bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of prostate carcinoma with contrast‐enhanced sonography using intermittent harmonic imaging
Authors: Halpern Ethan J. , Ramey John R. , Strup Stephen E. , Frauscher Ferdinand , McCue Peter , Gomella Leonard G. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe purpose of this study was to assess prostate carcinoma detection and discrimination of benign from malignant prostate tissue with contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography.METHODSIn all, 301 subjects referred for prostate biopsy were evaluated with contrast‐enhanced sonography using continuous harmonic imaging (CHI) and intermittent harmonic imaging (IHI) with interscan delay times of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 seconds, as well as continuous color and power Doppler. Targeted biopsy cores were obtained from sites of greatest enhancement, followed by spatially distributed cores in a modified sextant distribution.RESULTSCarcinoma was detected in 363 biopsy cores from 104 of 301 subjects (35%). Carcinoma was found in 15.5% (175 of 1133) of targeted cores and 10.4% (188 of 1806) of sextant cores (P < 0.01). Among subjects with carcinoma, targeted cores were twice as likely to be positive (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0, P < 0.001). Clustered receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of imaging findings at sextant biopsy sites yielded the following Az values: precontrast gray scale: 0.58; precontrast color Doppler: 0.53; precontrast power Doppler: 0.58; CHI: 0.62; IHI (0.2 sec): 0.64; IHI (0.5 sec): 0.63; IHI (1.0 sec): 0.65; IHI (2.0 sec): 0.61; contrast‐enhanced color Doppler: 0.60; contrast‐enhanced power Doppler: 0.62. A statistically significant benefit was found for IHI over baseline imaging (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONSThe carcinoma detection rate of contrast‐enhanced targeted cores is significantly higher when compared with sextant cores. Contrast‐enhanced transrectal sonography with IHI provides a statistically significant improvement in discrimination between benign and malignant biopsy sites. However, given the relatively low ROC areas, this technique may not be sufficient to predict which patients have benign versus malignant disease. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Targeted agents for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Stadler Walter M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMetastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is currently one of the most treatment‐resistant malignancies. However, the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying RCC development has led to the identification of promising targets for novel therapeutic agents. The involvement of the Von Hippel–Lindau protein pathway in clear cell RCC suggests that downstream targets of this pathway, namely, signaling through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in endothelial cells, platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) in endothelial cells and pericytes, and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway in tumor cells are all reasonable and rational therapeutic targets. A number of agents are in development that target VEGF (bevacizumab, a recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody) or its receptor, VEGFR (PTK787, SU011248, and BAY 43‐9006, all of which are small molecule inhibitors). Agents targeting EGFR also are being investigated clinically (gefitinib, cetuximab, erlotinib, and ABX‐EGF). The Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is an important downstream convergence point for signaling through VEGFR, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and EGFR (all have receptor tyrosine kinase activity) and also has important antiapoptotic effects, thereby providing an attractive target for intervention. In addition to inhibiting VEGFR and PDGFR‐mediated angiogenic pathways, BAY 43‐9006 has been shown to inhibit the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway at the level of Raf kinase. MEK‐directed therapeutic approaches are also in development. Given that multiple molecular pathways are implicated in tumor cell growth, antitumor activity may be increased by using individual agents that target multiple pathways, or by combining different agents to allow vertical or horizontal inhibition of relevant pathways. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis active infection misdiagnosed as cancer
Authors: Aisenberg Gabriel M. , Jacobson Kalen , Chemaly Roy F. , Rolston Kenneth V. , Raad Isaam I. , Safdar Amar 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDExtrapulmonary tuberculosis is an uncommon disease in the U.S., even in immunosuppressed cancer patients. This study evaluated characteristics and frequency of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients at a tertiary care referral cancer center.METHODSThe records of all consecutive patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosed during January 2001 through April 2005 at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center were reviewed after obtaining institutional review board approval.RESULTSThere were 26 patients with active tuberculosis during the period studied; 18 of them were cancer patients and the others had been referred for a presumed cancer but did not have cancer. The overall rate of active tuberculosis during this period was 0.2 in 1000 new cancer diagnoses. There were 18 men (69%), the median age was 54 years (range, 3–84 yrs), and 16 patients (62%) were born in the U.S. Thirteen (72%) of the 18 cancer patients had solid‐organ tumors; 3 of the 5 patients with a hematologic malignancy had non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Three patients (12%) had diabetes mellitus, and 2 patients (8%) had received high‐dose (>1 mg/kg of prednisone daily) corticosteroids in the previous week. No patient had a recent history (within the past 4 wks) of chemotherapy; 4 patients had neutropenia. Cough was a prominent symptom (31%), followed by bone pain (19%), dyspnea (15%), and fever (12%). Fifteen patients (58%) had extrapulmonary infection, including 5 patients with concurrent pulmonary involvement; 7 noncancer patients (88%) and 8 cancer patients (44%, P = 0.22) had extrapulmonary disease. In 11 patients (42%), the lungs were the only site of active tuberculosis. Cavitary pneumonia was seen radiographically in 3 of 16 patients (19%) with pulmonary tuberculosis. All M. tuberculosis isolates were susceptible to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide; streptomycin resistance was noted in 1 of 22 (5%) isolates tested. Twenty‐two patients (85%) received appropriate antituberculosis treatment; all had a clinical and radiographic response. In 3 patients (12%) the cause of death was attributed to M. tuberculosis disease; 2 of 18 cancer patients (11%) died of progressive M. tuberculosis, and they had advanced solid‐organ cancer, whereas 1 of 8 patients (13%) without cancer died and the tuberculosis diagnosis was made only on postmortem examination. Univariate analysis showed no significant differences in patients or disease characteristics between non–U.S.‐born and U.S.‐born patients, whereas noncancer patients (age 52 yrs) and those with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (age 53 yrs) were younger compared with cancer patients (63 yrs; P < 0.007) and those with pulmonary disease (age 60 yrs; P = 0.09).CONCLUSIONSExtrapulmonary tuberculosis was relatively common in younger patients with active M. tuberculosis infection, and was often initially misdiagnosed as cancer. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Characteristics of initiation and early events for muscle development in the Xenopus limb bud
Authors: Satoh Akira , Sakamaki Kazuhiro , Ide Hiroyuki , Tamura Koji 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn Xenopus laevis, limb buds start to develop at a later point of the larval stage, prior to metamorphosis. This onset of limb development in Xenopus is totally different from that in amniotes such as birds and mammals, in which limb buds emerge at an early stage of embryogenesis, in parallel with other organogenesis. We investigated limb myogenesis in Xenopus, focusing on myogenic gene expression, myogenic ability of limb bud cells in the early stage, and the origin of myogenic precursor cells in the limb bud. The Xenopus early limb bud contains myoD/cardiac actin‐positive and pax3/pax7‐negative cells. Interestingly, results of transplantation experiments have revealed that this early limb bud contains myogenic precursor cells. In order to know the contribution of myogenic cells in somites to myogenic precursor cells in the early limb bud, we used a Cre‐LoxP system for tracing over a long period. The results of fate tracing for myogenic cells in somites of the Xenopus embryo suggested that early‐specified myogenic cells in somites do not contribute to limb muscle in Xenopus. Taken together, the results suggest that limb muscle development in Xenopus has characteristics of initiation and early events distinct from those of other vertebrate clades. Developmental Dynamics 234:846–857, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An in vitro model for characterizing the post‐migratory cranial neural crest cells of the first branchial arch
Authors: Zhao Hu , Bringas Pablo , Chai Yang 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe cranial neural crest (CNC) is a transient cell population that originates at the crest of the neural fold and gives rise to multiple cell types during craniofacial development. Traditionally, researchers have used tissue explants, such as the neural tube, to obtain primary neural crest cells for their studies. However, this approach has inevitably resulted in simultaneous isolation of neural and non‐neural crest cells as both of these cells migrate away from tissue explants. Using the Wnt1‐Cre/R26R mouse model, we have obtained a pure population of neural crest cells and established a primary CNC cell culture system in which the cell culture medium best supports the proliferation of E10.5 first branchial arch CNC cells and maintains these cells in their undifferentiated state. Differentiation of CNC cells can be initiated by switching to a differentiation medium. In this model, cultured CNC cells can give rise to neurons, glial cells, osteoblasts, and other cell types, faithfully mimicking the differentiation process of the post‐migratory CNC cells in vivo. Taken together, our study shows that the Wnt1‐Cre/R26R mouse first branchial arch provides an excellent model for obtaining post‐migratory neural crest cells free of any mesodermal contaminants. The cultured neural crest cells are under sustained proliferative, undifferentiated, or lineage‐enhanced conditions, hence, serving as a tool for the investigation of the regulatory mechanism of CNC cell fate determination in normal and abnormal craniofacial development. Developmental Dynamics 235:1433–1440, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transforming growth factor‐β stimulates epithelial–mesenchymal transformation in the proepicardium
Authors: Olivey Harold E. , Mundell Nathan A. , Austin Anita F. , Barnett Joey V. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe proepicardium (PE) migrates over the heart and forms the epicardium. A subset of these PE‐derived cells undergoes epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and gives rise to cardiac fibroblasts and components of the coronary vasculature. We report that transforming growth factor‐β (TGFβ) 1 and TGFβ2 increase EMT in PE explants as measured by invasion into a collagen gel, loss of cytokeratin expression, and redistribution of ZO1. The type I TGFβ receptors ALK2 and ALK5 are both expressed in the PE. However, only constitutively active (ca) ALK2 stimulates PE‐derived epithelial cell activation, the first step in transformation, whereas caALK5 stimulates neither activation nor transformation in PE explants. Overexpression of Smad6, an inhibitor of ALK2 signaling, inhibits epithelial cell activation, whereas BMP7, a known ligand for ALK2, has no effect. These data demonstrate that TGFβ stimulates transformation in the PE and suggest that ALK2 partially mediates this effect. Developmental Dynamics 235:50–59, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel scavenger receptor gene is differentially expressed in the embryonic and adult mouse testis
Authors: Sarraj M.A. , McClive P.J. , Wilmore H.P. , Loveland K.L. , Sinclair A.H. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn an effort to understand the mechanisms that underpin gonadal differentiation at the time of sex determination, we identified a cDNA encoding a putative novel testis expressed scavenger receptor, Tesr. Based on its domain structure, we hypothesize that the function of Tesr is similar to that of other scavenger receptors that play roles in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, cell–cell adhesion, and defense. Tesr mRNA was detected in fetal mouse gonads of both sexes at 11.5 days post coitum (dpc). From 12.0 dpc, Tesr expression rapidly decreased in the female and was maintained in the male. Expression was seen in embryonic mouse sites other than the testis, such as in brain, eye, head, heart, neural arch, and cartilage primordium. Tesr expression in the newborn testis was faint to undetectable, but it increased from 2 days postpartum (dpp) until 15 dpp and was found in a subset of interstitial cells and in germ and Sertoli cells. Tesr mRNA in the adult mouse testis was observed in Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, round spermatids, and in a subset of interstitial cells. We conclude that Tesr is differentially expressed in the male vs. female embryonic gonad and is expressed in both the ovary and the testes postnatally after 2 dpp. Developmental Dynamics 234:1026–1033, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental expression analysis of the mouse and chick orthologues of IRF6: The gene mutated in Van der Woude syndrome
Authors: Knight Alexandra S. , Schutte Brian C. , Jiang Rulang , Dixon Michael J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDevelopment of the lip and palate involves a complex series of events that are frequently disturbed resulting in the congenital anomalies cleft lip and cleft palate. Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is an autosomal dominant disorder that is characterised by cleft lip, cleft palate, lower lip pits, and hypodontia. VWS arises as the result of mutations in the gene encoding interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6). To provide insights into the role of IRF6 during embryogenesis, we have analysed the expression of this molecule during mouse and chick facial development. Irf6 was expressed in the ectoderm covering the facial processes during their fusion to form the upper lip and primary palate in both mouse and chick. However, while Irf6 was expressed in the medial edge epithelia of the developing secondary palate of the mouse, which fuses as in man, Irf6 was not expressed in the medial edge epithelia of the naturally cleft chick secondary palate. Similarly, Irf6 was found to be down‐regulated in the medial edge epithelia of transforming growth factor beta3‐null mice, which also exhibit cleft palate. Together, these results support a role for IRF6 during the fusion events that occur during development of the lip and palate. Developmental Dynamics 235:1441–1447, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of pegylated copolymeric micelles and in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies
Authors: Lin Wen‐Jen , Chen Yi‐Chen , Lin Chi‐Chang , Chen Chau‐Fong , Chen Ji‐Wang 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pegylated copolymeric micelle carrier on the biodistribution of drug in rats. The copolymers were synthesized via a modified ring‐opening copolymerization of lactone monomers (ϵ‐caprolactone, δ‐valerolactone, L‐lactide) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG10,000 and PEG4000). The molecular weights and the polydispersities of synthesized copolymers were in the range of 15,000–31,000 g/mol and 1.7–2.7, respectively. All of the pegylated amphiphilic copolymers were micelles formed with low CMC values in the range of 10−7–10−8M. The drug‐loaded micelles were prepared via a dialysis method. The average particle size of micelles was around 150–200 nm. The cytotoxicity in terms of cell viability after treated with PCL–PEG, PVL–PEG, and PLA–PEG micelles was insignificant. PCL–PEG and PVL–PEG micelles without branch side chain in structures had higher drug loading than PLA–PEG micelles. In vitro release profiles indicated the release of indomethacin from these micelles exhibited a sustained release behavior. The similar phenomenon was also observed in vivo in rats. The pegylated copolymeric micelles not only decreased drug uptake by the liver and kidney, but also prolonged drug retention in the blood. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Effects of adhesive systems and luting agents on bonding of fiber posts to root canal dentin
Authors: Monticelli Francesca , Osorio Raquel , Albaladejo Alberto , Aguilera Fatima S. , Ferrari Marco , Tay Franklin R. , Toledano Manuel 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe study evaluated the influence of different luting materials on the microtensile bond strength of glass fiber posts to root canal dentin. Thirty extracted maxillary premolars were endodontically treated, and the roots were prepared for post cementation using the FRC Postec system (Vivadent). Two luting materials (Multilink, Vivadent and Clearfil Photo Core, Kuraray) were used in combination with three adhesive: Multilink Primer (Vivadent), Clearfil Photo Bond, and Clearfil New Bond (Kuraray). A composite build‐up was performed around the root to provide adequate gripping during testing. Specimens were cut to obtain beams with the post in the center and with the radicular dentin overlaid by the composite build‐up on each side. Microtensile testing was performed with a universal testing machine at a cross‐head speed of 0.5 mm/min. The failure mode was classified under a stereomicroscope and four representative beams of each group were selected for SEM analysis. Bond strength data that were analyzed with two‐way ANOVA and Student‐Newman‐Keuls multiple comparisons tests revealed that adhesive systems, luting materials, and the interaction between these two factors significantly influenced the bond strength results (p < 0.01). Multilink applied with its own adhesive system obtained the best results, while the lowest bond strength was achieved with clearfil photo core in combination with multilink primer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
In vitro studies on the influence of precultural conditioning method on osteoblast reactions of a new type of injectable calcium cement material
Authors: Chai Feng , Blanchemain Nicolas , Lefèvre Annie , Hildebrand Hartmut F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA new injectable dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (DCPD)‐based cement material “PD” VitalOs Cement® was studied to elucidate the process of equilibrium occurring in the early stage of implantation. The present study investigated the pH variations of the cement sample‐immersing culture medium at determined intervals, time‐dependent calcium/phosphate release, cell proliferation, and vitality in the cells–cement coculture milieu, after different preculture conditionings of the samples. Measurement of pH variation showed that without renewing the medium, pH value of sample lixiviate medium first dropped and, after 70 h, gradually balanced. When medium was renewed each day, pH value of lixiviate medium first descended and, after 24 h, gradually returned to pH 7.2. The cell viability revealed an excellent cytocompatibility of the cement. Both cell proliferation and vitality test showed that the preculture conditioning treatment is important at least for good performance of osteoblasts growing on the surface of calcium phosphate hydraulic cement (CPHC) samples in vitro. The results of calcium and phosphate assays clearly showed that this cement material can continuously dissolve to release calcium and phosphate in the liquid cell culture environment. The decrease of proliferation in some experimental groups with short conditioning is due to an excess of acid, which still can have some influence on cell growth after 24 h, since the biological milieu is not continuously renewed as in in vivo conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Enhanced cell‐seeding into 3D porous scaffolds by use of magnetite nanoparticles
Authors: Shimizu Kazunori , Ito Akira , Honda Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTo engineer functional tissues, a large number of cells must be successfully seeded into scaffolds. We previously proposed a methodology for tissue engineering using magnetite nanoparticles and magnetic force, which we termed “Mag‐TE.” In the present study, we applied the Mag‐TE technique to a cell seeding process and have termed the technique “Mag‐seeding.” The cell‐seeding efficiency of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts (FBs) by Mag‐seeding was investigated using six types of commercially available scaffolds (5 collagen sponges and 1 D,D‐L,L polylactic acid sponge) having various pore sizes. FBs were magnetically labeled with our original magnetite cationic liposomes (MCLs), which have a positive surface charge, to improve adsorption onto the cell surface. FBs labeled with MCLs were seeded onto a scaffold, and a magnet (4 kG) was placed under the scaffold. Mag‐seeding facilitated successful cell seeding into the deep internal space of the scaffolds. Cell‐seeding efficiency increased significantly in all scaffolds when compared to those without magnetic force. Moreover, when a high‐intensity magnet (10 kG) was used, cell‐seeding efficiency was significantly enhanced. These results suggest that Mag‐seeding is a promising approach for tissue engineering. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ultrananocrystalline diamond for coating of implantable retinal microchips
Authors: Xiao Xingcheng , Wang Jian , Liu Chao , Carlisle John A. , Mech Brian , Greenberg Robert , Guven Dilek , Freda Ricardo , Humayun Mark S. , Weiland James , Auciello Orlando 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn this work, ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) thin films were evaluated for use as hermetic and bioinert coatings for a retinal microchip. These films were deposited on highly conductive Si substrates at different temperatures (from 400 to 800°C), using microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition with argon‐rich Ar/CH4 gas mixtures and different relative amounts of hydrogen (0–20%). Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that all the films are dense and continuous. Results of cyclic voltammetry test revealed that when there was <2% of hydrogen in the plasma, the film obtained renders the surface electrochemically inactive, with very low leakage currents (∼4 × 10−7 A/cm2 at ±5 V). In addition, in vivo tests of the UNCD‐coated Si samples were performed by implanting them in the eyes of rabbits for 4–6 months within the eye physiological environment. According to all these results, it was concluded that UNCD is a promising candidate for use as the encapsulating coatings for implantable retinal microelectronic devices. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Embedding a latin square in a pair of orthogonal latin squares
Authors: Jenkins Peter 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn this paper, it is shown that a latin square of order n with n ≥ 3 and n ≠ 6 can be embedded in a latin square of order n2 which has an orthogonal mate. A similar result for idempotent latin squares is also presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 14: 270–276, 2006
Arc‐transitive homogeneous factorizations and affine planes
Authors: Lim Tian Khoon 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe study arc‐transitive homogeneous factorizations of a complete graph on 81 vertices and give an almost complete description of all possible factors that arise. In particular, we show that there exists an arc‐transitive homogeneous factorization of K81 such that the factors are isomorphic to the Hamming graph H(9,2). This gives rise to an edge partition of K81 into 90 copies of K9 and it turns out that these copies of K9 form the blocks of the exceptional nearfield affine plane of order 9. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 14: 290–300, 2006