bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound Screening for Thyroid Carcinoma in Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Case Series
Authors: Brignardello Enrico , Corrias Andrea , Isolato Giuseppe , Palestini Nicola , Cordero di Montezemolo Luca , Fagioli Franca , Boccuzzi Giuseppe 
Published: September 2008

Context: Childhood cancer survivors need regular monitoring into young adulthood and beyond, because they are at risk for developing late-onset complications of cancer therapy, including second malignancies.
Objective: This study focuses on the use of thyroid ultrasound to screen for thyroid carcinoma in a population of childhood cancer survivors.
Patients: A total of 129 subjects who had received radiotherapy to the head, neck, or upper thorax for a pediatric cancer were studied in the setting of a long-term follow-up unit.
Design: Thyroid ultrasound usually began 5 yr after radiotherapy and was repeated every third year, if negative. Median follow-up time since childhood cancer diagnosis was 15.8 yr (range 6.1–34.8 yr). Solid thyroid nodules were found in 35 patients. Fine-needle aspiration was performed in 19 patients, of which 14 had nodules above 1 cm.
Main Outcome Measure: The main outcome measure was the finding of not palpable thyroid cancers.
Results: Cytological examination of specimens diagnosed papillary carcinoma in five patients who underwent surgery. The cytological diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma was confirmed in all cases by histological examination. Notably, only two of these patients had palpable nodules; the other three were smaller than 1 cm and were detected only by ultrasound. However, histological examination showed nodal metastases in two of these.
Conclusions: Although ultrasound screening for thyroid cancer in the general population is not cost effective and could lead to unnecessary surgery, due to false positives, we believe that in childhood cancer survivors who received radiotherapy involving the head, neck, or upper thorax, it would be worthwhile.
Cannibals and Crusaders
Authors: Rubenstein Jay 
Published: September 2008

During the First Crusade (1095–99) the Franks cannibalized the Muslim dead at the city of Ma`arra. More than a dozen narrative sources describe this act, but with significant differences in detail. Through an examination of the different accounts and of the probable historical, biblical, and literary models used to shape them, this article suggests that cannibalism was in part a product of necessity but also that the crusaders used it as a tool of psychological warfare. Their status as God's warriors and their project of holy war both justified and inspired such tactics. The article thus questions the direction of current scholarship, which sees the First Crusade as a result of ordinary medieval practices of warfare and piety, rather than as an unprecedented event as disconcerting to medieval sensibilities as to modern ones.
Durant la Première Croisade (1095–99) les Francs se nourrirent de la chair des Musulmans morts à la ville de Ma`arra. Ce fait est attesté par plus d'une douzaine de sources, mais dont les détails diffèrent significativement. A travers l'examen des différents comptes rendus ainsi que des probables modèles historiques, bibliques et littéraires qui les ont inspirés, cet article suggère que le cannibalisme fut en partie causé par la nécessité, mais aussi que les croisés en firent également un outil de guerre psychologique. Leur qualité de combattants de Dieu comme leur projet de guerre sainte justifiaient et inspiraient de telles tactiques. L'article questionne ainsi l'historiographie qui voit la Première Croisade comme le produit des pratiques médiévales ordinaires de guerre et de piété davantage que comme un événement exceptionnel et troublant pour les hommes médiévaux ainsi que pour les modernes.
Shades of Fraternity: Creolization and the Making of Citizenship in French India, 1790–1792
Authors: Carton Adrian 
Published: September 2008

On October 16, 1790, a group of topas men wrote a petition to the Colonial Assembly at Pondichéry, protesting the decision of September that year to exclude them from the electoral list of active citizens on the basis of “race.” These propertied, free men of color demanded to have the same rights as Europeans and the métis. While historians of the French empire have long considered how mulatto and creole people in the French Caribbean negotiated the boundaries of citizenship after the Revolution, the debate that emerged in India offers a different view. This essay argues that the topas drew on precedents from other French colonies, as well as on the status of foreigners in France itself, to argue that domicile (ius solis) rather than bloodline (ius sanguinis) formed the basis of what it meant to be French. Hence skin color could not be a barrier to citizenship rights.
Le 16 octobre 1790, un groupe d'hommes topas ont rédigé une pétition adressée à l'Assemblée coloniale de Pondichéry pour protester contre une décision prise au mois de septembre de la même année visant à les exclure de la liste électorale des citoyens actifs en raison de leur « race ». Ces hommes de couleur libres et propriétaires ont exigé les mêmes droits que les Européens et les métis. Tandis que les historiens de l'empire français se penchent depuis longtemps sur la manière dont les mulâtres et les créoles ont négocié les frontières de la citoyenneté aux Caraïbes français après la Révolution, le débat suscité en Inde offre une vue différente. Cet essai soutient que les topas se sont inspirés de précédents dans d'autres colonies françaises ainsi que du statut des étrangers en France elle-même pour affirmer que c'était le « domicile » (ius solis) plutôt que la « lignée » (ius sanguinis) qui constituait la base de ce que voulait dire être français. Ainsi, la couleur de la peau ne pouvait pas être une barrière aux droits liés à la citoyenneté.
Anti-windup adaptive control of concatenated closed-link hyper-redundant manipulators
Authors: Koganezawa K , Stoten D P 
Published: September 2008

This paper addresses the problem of controlling serial link hyper-redundant manipulators (HRM). Due to the large number of degrees of freedom (DOF) in such devices, the associated dynamics are relatively complicated, non-linear, and subject to a high level of parameter uncertainty. This makes the control problem particularly difficult to solve. An adaptive control scheme based on the minimum control synthesis (MCS) algorithm has therefore been proposed that has been successfully used for controlling similarly complex machines and devices across a number of diverse fields. MCS has a number of attractive features: e.g. no a priori knowledge of the robot structure is required, there is no need for parameter identification, no precise adjustment of control parameters is necessary, and stability proofs have been well established. After a brief summary of the basic MCS algorithm, an improved algorithm is introduced, which provides a more robust environment in terms of adaptive gain windup protection. A proof of stability, based upon the passivity criterion, is also provided. Simulation results are included, which demonstrate the control effectiveness of the new adaptive algorithm when applied to a manipulator consisting of serially connected, closed-link units.
Severe Sepsis Caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Therriault Bridgette L , Daniels Lindsay Mayer , Carter Yvonne L , Raasch Ralph H 
Published: September 2008

Objective: To describe a case of severe sepsis, cavitary pneumonia, and pyomyositis caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. Case Summary: An 18-year-old male with a medical history significant for mild asthma presented to the emergency department complaining of a 7-day history of fever, diffuse myalgias, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and pain in his right upper quadrant, right shoulder, and left thigh. Cultures of blood, bronchoalveolar fluid, and suríace and surgical swabs from the patient's left lower extremity grew A haemolyticum. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous penicillin G 4 million units every 4 hours and azithromycin 500 mg onca daily for 14 days. Within 36 hours after initiation of focused therapy, he became afebrile, pain decreased, and pulmonary symptoms abated. Oral azithromycin 500 mg/day for an additional 3 weeks was prescribed on discharge, and the patient showed no relapse at 2-month follow-up. Discussion: A. haemolyticum Is a weakly acid-fast, branching gram-positive bacillus most commonly implicated in pharyngitis in healthy adolescents and skin and soft-tissue infections in older, immunocompromised patients. Systemic infections are rarely reported in the literature. This organism remains susceptible to most classes of antimicrobials, Including penicillins, cephalosporins, carba-penems, macrolides, tetracyclines, clindamycin, and vancomycin. Routine resistance has been reported only with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Conclusions: To our knowledge, there are no published case reports of severe sepsis caused by A. haemolyticum. While treatment options are numerous, we recommend (he use of intravenous penicillin or a cephalosporin as first-line pharmacologic management of deep-seated infections caused by this rare organism.
Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Everolimus and Antifungal Triazoles in a Liver Transplant Patient
Authors: Pea Federico , Baccarani Umberto , Tavio Marcello , Cojutti Piergiorgio , Adani Gian Luigi , Londero Angela , Baraldo Massimo , Franceschi Loretta , Furlanut Mario , Viale Pierluigi 
Published: September 2008

Objective: TO describe the management of a pharmacokinetic interaction between azole antifungals (fluconazole and voriconazole) and everolimus in a patient who underwent an orthotopic liver transplant. Case Summary: A 65-year-old male who received an orthotopic liver transplant experienced an iatrogenic retroperitoneal duodenal perforation on postoperative day 55. His condition was subsequently complicated by severe sepsis and acute renal failure. Intravenous fluconazole 400 mg, followed by 100 mg every 24 hours according to impaired renal function, was immediately started; to avoid further nephrotoxicity, immunosuppressant therapy was switched from cyclosporine plus mycophenolate mofetil to oral everolimus 0.75 mg every 12 hours. Satisfactory steady-state minimum concentration (Cmin) of everolimus was achieved (∼5 ng/mL). On day 72 posttransplant, because of invasive aspergillosis, antifungal therapy was switched to intravenous voriconazole 400 mg every 12 hours on the first day, followed by 200 mg every 12 hours; to prevent drug toxicity, the everolimus dosage was promptly lowered to 0.25 mg every 24 hours. At that time, the everolimus Cmin averaged approximately 3 ng/mL. The concentration/dose ratio of everolimus (ie, Cmin reached at steady-state for each milligram per kilogram of drug administered) was markedly lower during fluconazole versus voriconazole cotreatment (mean ± SD, 3.49 ± 0.29 vs 11.05 ± 0.81 ng/mL per mg/kg/daily; p < 0.001). Despite intensive care, the patient's condition continued to deteriorate and he died on day 84 posttransplant Discussion: Both azole antifungals were considered probable causative agents of an interaction with everolimus according to the Drug Interaction Probability Scale. The Interaction is due to the inhibition of CYP3A4–mediated everolimus clearance. Of note, prompt reduction of the everolimus dosage since the first azole coadministration, coupled with intensive therapeutic drug monitoring, represented a useful strategy to prevent drug overexposure. Conclusions: Our data suggest that during everolimus-azole cotreatment, a dose reduction of everolimus is needed to avoid overexposure. According to the different inhibitory potency of CYP3A4 activity, the reduction should be lower during fluconazole than during voriconazole cotreatment.
Perioperative D-Dimer Levels in Patients with Musculoskeletal Tumors
Authors: Morii Takeshi , Mochizuki Kazuo , Kotera Masazumi , Imakiire Naoaki , Moriwaki Takahiro , Satomi Kazuhiko 
Published: September 2008

Background:
D-dimer (DD) levels have been reported as a sensitive but non-specific indicator for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Few reports have examined perioperative DD levels in musculoskeletal tumor.

Materials/Methods:
Subjects comprised 77 patients who had undergone oncological resection of musculoskeletal tumor. DD levels were assessed preoperatively and on postoperative days 1 and 7. Multidetector-row computed tomography (MD-CT) was performed to detect DVT/PE for cases with DD level >10.0 µg/ml.

Results:
Mean preoperative DD level was 0.84 µg/ml. Significant elevation of postoperative DD levels was confirmed. DD levels were significantly changed by various clinical conditions, such as malignancy, age and prosthetic reconstruction. In 4 of 5 cases with postoperative DD levels >10.0 µg/ml, DVT/PE was detected.

Conclusion:
Activation of the coagulation system by surgery and heterogeneity of DD levels under various clinical conditions in musculoskeletal tumor patients were suggested.
"Contagious Love": A Qualitative Study of the Couple Relationships of Ten AIDS Carriers
Authors: Hadas Doron , Noa Teichner , Adi Grey , Yehudit Goldstein 
Published: September 2008

The qualitative study in this article portrays the couple relationship among AIDS carriers, based on Sternberg's triangular love theory (involving domains of intimacy, passion and commitment). The central study hypothesis is that certain components of the Sternberg model will be more significant than others among the AIDS carrier population. The study was conducted on ten AIDS carriers aged 21-37 who had experienced a couple relationship. Six men and four women participated; most of them were in a romantic couple relationship of homosexual orientation.The interviewees answered a questionnaire that included the three domains-- intimacy, passion and commitment--in the personal interview technique. The interview focused on interviewee's attitude towards his/her relationship with a partner, as he/she understood it. The findings of the study focus on relevant content that was gathered from the interviews and these portray a limited view of couple patterns in the world of AIDS carriers. The study reveals two major findings regarding the carrier's desires: On the one hand, the carrier describes a powerful need for a stable, permanent relationship--from the diagnosis of AIDS and throughout the subsequent years. On the other hand, the carrier also expresses powerful sexual desires that are not necessarily limited to a permanent partner. Thus passion is the dominant among the three domains.The intimacy domain is mainly affected by disclosure of the disease and the joint coping that follows.The findings are discussed in the context of the romantic internalized model theory and Sternberg's triangular love theory.
Dentoskeletal and Soft Tissue Effects of Mini-Implants in Class II division 1 Patients
Authors: Upadhyay Madhur , Yadav Sumit , Nagaraj K. , Nanda Ravindra 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To examine the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue treatment effects of retraction of maxillary anterior teeth with mini-implant anchorage in nongrowing Class II division 1 female patients.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-three patients (overjet ≥7 mm) were selected on the basis of predefined selection criteria. Treatment mechanics consisted of retraction of anterior teeth by placing mini-implants in the interdental bone between the roots of the maxillary first molar and second premolar. A force of 150 g was applied, bilaterally. Treatment effects were analyzed by taking lateral cephalograms and study casts at T1 (before initiation of retraction) and at T2 (after complete space closure).
Results: The upper anterior teeth showed significant retraction (5.18 ± 2.74 mm) and intrusion (1.32 ± 1.08 mm). The upper first molar also showed some distal movement and intrusion, but this was not significant (P &gt; .05). The upper and lower lips were retracted by 2.41 mm and 2.73 mm, respectively, and the convexity angle reduced by over 2° (P &lt; .001).
Conclusion: Mini-implants provided absolute anchorage to bring about significant dental and soft tissue changes in moderate to severe Class II division 1 patients and can be considered as possible alternatives to orthognathic surgery in select cases. (Angle Orthod. 2009:79; )
Masticatory Function and Maturation of the Jaw-Opening Reflex
Authors: Changsiripun Chidsanu , Yabushita Tadachika , Soma Kunimichi 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the null hypothesis that alteration in masticatory function due to liquid-diet feeding during growth does not affect jaw-opening reflex (JOR) maturation.
Materials and Methods: Soon after weaning, 70 female Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups and fed either solid (control group) or liquid (experimental group) diets. At 5, 9, and 13 weeks, the rats were anesthetized and the JOR was recorded in the anterior belly of the digastric muscles as evoked by a low-intensity electrical stimulation of the left inferior alveolar nerve.
Results: There were similar tendencies at each recording age. Peak-to-peak amplitude of the JOR was significantly smaller, and the latency was significantly longer in the experimental group, although the duration was not significantly different between the two groups.
Conclusions: These data suggest that long-term masticatory functional change due to liquid-diet feeding during growth may impede the learning for JOR maturation, and thus may affect the masticatory performance in the adult.
Orthognathic Treatment with Autotransplantation of Impacted Maxillary Third Molar
Authors: Kitahara Toru , Nakasima Akihiko , Shiratsuchi Yuji 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This article presents orthognathic treatment in successful collaboration with autotransplantation of the maxillary third molar. The case report describes a 24-year-old man with severe mandibular protrusion and severe crowding in both dentitions. Overbite was 0 mm, overjet, −15 mm. Maxillary second molars and mandibular third molars were extracted, and presurgical multibracket treatment was begun. Maxillary third molars were impacted completely at 18 months in terms of presurgical tooth alignment. Autotransplantation of the teeth was achieved to substitute for extracted maxillary second molars. At 6 months after autotransplantation, the maxilla was advanced 4 mm on both sides through a Le Fort I procedure; left and right sides of the mandible were set back 15 and 18 mm, respectively, via sagittal split ramus osteotomy to improve mandibular protrusion. The total treatment period lasted 37 months. Autotransplantation treatment is an effective modality for tooth replacement when a donor tooth is available. Fully impacted maxillary third molars are potentially reliable candidates for autotransplantation.
Lip Morphological Changes in Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Islam Rafiqul , Kitahara Toru , Naher Lutfun , Hara Atsushi , Nakasima Akihiko 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the morphological changes in the lips and to determine the degree of improvement in the smile after orthodontic treatment for Class II division 1 malocclusion.Materials and Methods: The sample subjects were divided into two groups: a group that consisted of 20 adult female patients with Angle Class II division 1 malocclusion and a control group that consisted of 28 adult female volunteers with normal occlusion. Frontal photographs were taken before and after orthodontic treatment, and 35 landmarks were placed on each tracing made from the photograph. Thereafter, landmarks were digitized into an x- and y-coordinate system with the subnasal point as the origin. The comparisons between pretreatment and posttreatment at rest and on smiling, and the comparisons between Class II division 1 and control group were made using Student's t-test.Results: Both the upper and lower lips in the smile of patients in the Class II division 1 pretreatment group were positioned downward, and the upward movement of the upper lip and mouth corners was smaller in comparison with the control group. These characteristics of the Class II smile improved after orthodontic treatment, but the differences with the control group remained unchanged immediately after treatment.Conclusion: The soft tissue morphology shows a relative improvement after orthodontic treatment.
Stability in Dental Changes in RME and SARME: A 2-Year Follow-up
Authors: Sokucu Oral , Kosger H. Huseyin , Bıcakci A. Altug , Babacan Hasan 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To compare the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) on dentoalveolar structures following orthodontic treatment, as well as stability at 2-year follow-up.
Materials and Methods: Two groups of subjects were used in the study. Group 1 consisted of 14 subjects (mean age, 12.7 ± 1.4 years) who were treated with RME, and Group 2 consisted of 13 subjects (mean age, 18.5 ± 2.3 years) who were treated with SARME. In both groups, all cases had a maxillary width deficiency with bilateral crossbites. Maxillary dental casts were available at three different intervals: pretreatment (T1), after orthodontic treatment (T2), and at follow-up recall (T3). Intermolar and interpremolar width, palatal height, and maxillary arch depth and length were assessed from maxillary dental casts.
Results: Treatment by RME and SARME produced significant increases in intermolar and interpremolar width and maxillary arch length after expansion (T2) (P &lt; .05). The amount of relapse was not significantly different 2 years after treatment (P &gt; .05).
Conclusions: Although age ranges of the patient groups are different, the dentoalveolar responses of RME and SARME were similar after orthodontic treatment. (Angle Orthod. 2009:79; )
Chromium Release from New Stainless Steel, Recycled and Nickel-free Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Sfondrini Maria Francesca , Cacciafesta Vittorio , Maffia Elena , Massironi Sarah , Scribante Andrea , Alberti Giancarla , Biesuz Raffaela , Klersy Catherine 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the amounts of chromium released from new stainless steel brackets, recycled stainless steel brackets, and nickel-free (Ni-free) orthodontic brackets.
Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was performed using a classic batch procedure by immersion of the samples in artificial saliva at various acidities (pH 4.2, 6.5, and 7.6) over an extended time interval (t1 = 0.25 h, t2 = 1 h, t3 = 24 h, t4 = 48 h, t5 = 120 h). The amount of chromium release was determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. Statistical analysis included a linear regression model for repeated measures, with calculation of Huber-White robust standard errors to account for intrabracket correlation of data. For post hoc comparisons the Bonferroni correction was applied.
Results: The greatest amount of chromium was released from new stainless steel brackets (0.52 ± 1.083 μg/g), whereas the recycled brackets released 0.27 ± 0.38 μg/g. The smallest release was measured with Ni-free brackets (0.21 ± 0.51 μg/g). The difference between recycled brackets and Ni-free brackets was not statistically significant (P = .13). For all brackets, the greatest release (P = .000) was measured at pH 4.2, and a significant increase was reported between all time intervals (P &lt; .002).
Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected, but the amount of chromium released in all test solutions was well below the daily dietary intake level.