bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical implications of matrix metalloproteinase‐1, ‐3, ‐7, ‐9, ‐12, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 gene polymorphisms in colorectal cancer
Authors: Woo Mijung , Park Kyungsook , Nam Junghyun , Kim Jin C 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1, ‐3, ‐7, ‐9, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) are implicated in the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer, while MMP‐12 provides a protective role against colorectal cancer. The promoter and exon polymorphisms of their genes, which are known to affect the transcription of these genes, were assessed to correlate with colorectal cancer susceptibility.Methods:  MMP1, 3, 7, 9, 12 and PAI1 were assayed in 185 colorectal cancer patients and 304 healthy controls using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Respective genotypes and haplotypes were compared between the population groups and also between clinicopathological characteristics in the colorectal cancer patients.Results:  The homozygous MMP1‐1607*dupG genotype was significantly more frequent in colorectal cancer patients than in healthy controls. The frequency of MMP1‐1607*dupG homozygotes was also greater in patients of less than or equal to 50 years of age, and in patients with 10 or more metastatic lymph nodes, compared with those of older age or with fewer lymph nodes. The frequency of MMP9‐1562*C homozygotes was significantly greater in colorectal cancer patients than in healthy controls. However, the genotype and allele frequencies of MMP3‐1171dupA, MMP7‐181A > G, MMP12‐82A > G, MMP9‐90(CA)14−27, and R279Q did not differ between the population groups or clinicopathological parameters. The MMP7‐181A‐MMP1–1607dupG‐MMP3‐1171A‐MMP12‐82A and MMP9‐1562C‐90(CA)20+ 279Q haplotypes were significantly more frequent in colorectal cancer patients than in healthy controls. The genotype and allele frequencies of PAI1‐675*G were similar between patients and healthy controls, but the frequency of PAI1‐675*G homozygotes was significantly greater in patents over 50 years of age.Conclusions:  MMP1‐1607*dupG and MMP9‐1562*C homozygotes demonstrated an increased risk of colorectal cancer regardless of ethnic differences, whereas other MMP and PAI1 polymorphisms did not. Nevertheless, specific MMP haplotypes on 11q22.1–23.3 and 20q12–13 seem to be implicated in susceptibility to colorectal cancer.
Different effects of polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha and interleukin‐1 beta on development of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer
Authors: Sugimoto Mitsushige , Furuta Takahisa , Shirai Naohito , Nakamura Akiko , Xiao Fang , Kajimura Masayoshi , Sugimura Haruhiko , Hishida Akira 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  In Western countries, polymorphism of pro‐inflammatory cytokine genes is associated with the development of gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer. The aim of this study was to clarify the association of polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)‐1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α with susceptibility to peptic ulcer diseases and gastric cancer in Japan.Methods:  The IL‐1β‐511/‐31 and TNF‐α‐308/‐857/‐863/‐1031 genotypes were determined in Helicobacter pylori‐positive patients with gastritis only (n = 164), gastric ulcers (n = 110), duodenal ulcers (n = 94), or gastric cancers (n = 105), and in H. pylori‐negative controls (n = 172).Results:  Carriage of the alleles TNF‐α‐857 T (odd ratio [OR], 1.826; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.097–3.039), TNF‐α‐863 A (OR, 1.788; 95% CI, 1.079–2.905) and TNF‐α‐1031 C (OR, 1.912; 95% CI, 1.152–3.171) was associated with increased risk for gastric ulcer development. Carriage of the alleles TNF‐α‐857 T (OR, 1.686; 95% CI, 1.003–2.832), TNF‐α‐863 A (OR, 1.863; 95% CI, 1.118–3.107) and TNF‐α‐1031 C (OR 2.074; 95% CI, 1.244–3.457) was also associated with increased risk of gastric cancer development. There was no relationship between the development of H. pylori‐related diseases and polymorphisms of IL‐1β‐511/‐31 and TNF‐α‐308. The simultaneous carriage of three different high‐producer alleles of TNF‐α‐857/‐863/‐1031 significantly increased the risk of gastric ulcer (OR, 6.57; 95% CI, 2.34–18.40) and gastric cancer (OR, 5.20; 95% CI, 1.83–14.78).Conclusions:  Polymorphisms in TNF‐α rather than IL‐1β are associated with increased risk for gastric ulcers and gastric cancer in Japan. The simultaneous carriage of more than one high‐producer allele of TNF‐α further increased the risks for gastric ulcer and cancer.
Hepatocellular carcinoma in an Australian tertiary referral hospital 1975–2002: Change in epidemiology and clinical presentation
Authors: Roberts Stuart K , Kemp William 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim:  We compared the epidemiology and clinical features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases diagnosed between 1975 and 2002.Methods:  Retrospective and prospective analysis was performed of HCC cases diagnosed at The Alfred during the time periods 1975–1983 and 1995–2002. Demographic, epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data were recorded and compared between the two periods.Results:  Comparing the 1995–2002 cohort to the 1975–1983 cohort, patients were older (64 years vs 60 years; P = 0.02), and were more likely to be non‐Caucasian (25%vs 9%; P = 0.003) and born overseas (57%vs 40%; P = 0.03) particularly from Asia. In addition, hepatitis C virus (HCV) (35%), hepatitis B virus (HBV) (22%), and alcoholic liver disease (29%) were the major etiological factors for HCC with alcohol less likely the cause of underlying liver disease (33%vs 55%; P < 0.01). Among the 1995–2002 cohort, overseas‐born patients were more likely to be infected with HBV (P < 0.001) and HCV (P = 0.01), while alcohol was more likely to be the etiological factor in Australian‐born cases (P = 0.02), particularly among males. Detection of HCC by screening was the initial presentation in 38% of patients, and diagnosis of HCC was often by non‐invasive means.Conclusions:  The epidemiology of HCC has changed in Australia over the past 20 years with hepatitis C and hepatitis B now major etiological factors, and an increase in cases born overseas particularly from areas where HCV and HBV are endemic. This suggests the recent increase in incidence and death rates due to HCC in Australia relate to HCV and HBV infection.
Incidence of Retinopathy of Prematurity requiring treatment in infants born greater than 30 weeks’ gestation and with a birthweight greater than 1250 g from 1998 to 2002: A regional study
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed AT , Duncan Martin , Kent Alison ,   NICUS Group
Published: May 2006

Aim:  To ascertain the prevalence of significant Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) and ROP requiring treatment in infants born greater than 30 weeks gestation and with a birthweight greater than 1250 g, utilising the Neonatal Intensive Care Units’ (NICUS) data collection from 1998 to 2002. Second, to determine whether infants delivered at more than 30 weeks gestation or with a birthweight greater than 1250 g require ROP screening.Methods:  A review of the New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory NICUS data collection from 1998 to 2002 was performed. Infants of gestational age 31–33 weeks and with a birthweight greater than 1250 g were included. A review was performed of these infants to ascertain stage of ROP, threshold disease and treatment for ROP.Results:  2292 infants were greater than 30 weeks and had a birthweight greater than 1250 g. Of these 1386 (60%) were not examined or died prior to eye examination. No ROP was noted in 888 of the 904 infants examined (98%), 13 infants had stage 1 (1.4%), five infants stage 2 (0.6%) and no infant had stage 3 ROP. No infant developed stage 3 ROP, required treatment for ROP or had threshold disease.Conclusion:  In this regional study of infants greater than 30 weeks gestation and with a birthweight greater than 1250 g, the prevalence of any ROP was low (2.0%). This study supports evidence from other studies that screening for ROP could be restricted, at least within our referral network, to infants less than 30 completed weeks and a birthweight less than 1250 g.
Musculoskeletal findings in obese children
Authors: De Sá Pinto Ana L , De Barros Holanda Patricia M , Radu Ari S , Villares Sandra MF , Lima Fernanda R 
Published: May 2006

Aim:  A cross‐sectional study was conducted to explore osteoarticular alterations in obese children.Methods:  Twenty‐five boys and 24 girls (mean age: 10.8 ± 2.07 years) with a body mass index (BMI) above the 95th percentile were compared with 28 boys and 19 girls (controls, mean age: 10.4 ± 2.3 years) with a BMI below the 80th percentile.Results:  A higher frequency of at least one osteoarticular manifestation was observed in obese patients (55%) compared with the control group (23%) (P = 0.001). A statistically significant association was also found between obesity and lower back pain, genu valgum, genu recurvatum and tight quadriceps. Fibromyalgia tender points (=11) were present at similar frequency in both groups (obese: 3/38 (9%) vs. control: 1/48 (2%)).Conclusion:  The present data suggest that obesity has a negative impact on osteoarticular health by promoting biomechanical changes in the lumbar spine and lower extremities.
Serious injury is associated with suboptimal restraint use in child motor vehicle occupants
Authors: Brown Julie , McCaskill Mary E , Henderson Michael , Bilston Lynne E 
Published: May 2006

Aim:  To investigate the relationship between restraint usage and injury outcome in child motor vehicle occupants aged 2–8 years.Methods:  Retrospective case review of all child occupants presenting at the Children’s Hospital at Westmead between July 2002 and January 2005 subsequent to a motor vehicle crash. Injury severity was assessed in terms of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), by age and type of restraint.Results:  Data were collected for 152 child occupants aged 2 and 8 years. While nearly all children (94%) used some restraint, most (82%) used a suboptimal form of restraint. Injury severity between optimally restrained children and suboptimally restrained children differed significantly (Fisher’s exact test, P < 0.001), with suboptimally restrained children receiving a greater proportion of moderate to severe (AIS 2+) injuries. No optimally restrained child sustained an AIS 2+ injury.Conclusion:  A total of 82% of child occupants aged 2–8 years involved in crashes were suboptimally restrained. All children who sustained serious injuries were suboptimally restrained. There is a need to encourage correct use of the most appropriate restraint for child motor vehicle occupants in order to reduce the number and severity of injuries in these road users.
Lignocaine and chlorhexidine toxicity in children resulting from mouth paint ingestion: A bottling problem
Authors: Balit Corrine R , Lynch Anne‐Maree , Gilmore Simon P , Murray Lindsay , Isbister Geoffrey K 
Published: May 2006

Background:  A pharmaceutical product was marketed in Australia for ‘teething’ in an almost identical container to a popular paediatric paracetamol preparation. The product contained lignocaine and chlorhexidine. The similarity of the packaging resulted in large number of therapeutic errors in which the ‘teething’ preparation was given in error for paracetamol. As the exact dose of the erroneously administered mouth paint was known this provided an opportunity for outcome assessment of lignocaine ingestion.Methods:  Calls to two state poison information centres regarding this product were prospectively followed up. Information collected included: demographics, type of exposure, details of the exposure and adverse effects. A systematic review of the literature was used to identify all previous reported cases of lignocaine and chlorhexidine ingestion.Results:  There were 28 cases with complete follow up where the product was given in therapeutic errors (10 girls and 18 boys; median age 11 months; range 2 months−4 years). The mean ingested dose of lignocaine was 2.7 mg/kg (standard deviation 1.3 mg) and chlorhexidine was 0.06 mg/kg (standard deviation 0.03 mg). The largest ingested lignocaine dose was 5.9 mg/kg. Two children developed minor symptoms: one vomited twice and the other was reported to have increased salivation and difficulty with solid food for 20 min. No other adverse effects were reported. The literature review suggested that severe effects occurred with doses more than 15 mg/kg.Conclusion:  No major adverse effects occurred with lignocaine ingestions of less than 6 mg/kg and it would be appropriate to observe these patients at home. Chlorhexidine did not appear to cause clinical effects in this low concentration.
Cellulitis in childhood invasive pneumococcal disease: A population‐based study
Authors: Gubbay Jonathan B , Mcintyre Peter B , Gilmour Robin E 
Published: May 2006

Aim:  There are few detailed data on the age‐specific incidence and clinical pattern of pneumococcal cellulitis in children. We conducted a retrospective review of cellulitis as a subset of prospectively collected laboratory‐identified invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and performed a systematic review of published literature.Methods:  Prospective laboratory surveillance in urban regions of New South Wales, Australia, 1 June 1997–31 December 2001. Medical notes reviewed for each identified case and defined literature search strategy applied.Results:  There were 1067 cases of IPD in children aged 0–17 years; 38 (3.3%) were cellulitis (32 periorbital, 6 buccal). Compared with other types of IPD, a greater proportion of cellulitis cases occur in children <2 years (30/38, 79% vs. 617/1029, 60.0%; P = 0.004) in whom underlying illness was less common (0/30, 0% vs. 53/590, 9%; P = 0.06). Initially, another diagnosis was made in 13 (34%) of cases; only five had a lumbar puncture, all normal. Of the 239 cases of pneumococcal cellulitis documented in the literature, 28 (11.7%) had the diagnosis made by means other than positive blood culture and 95% were facial or orbital with underlying illness (6%) and associated meningitis (1.9%) uncommon.Conclusion:  Cellulitis is an uncommon focus in IPD in children, and is almost always facial. Most cases occur under 2 years of age, are seldom associated with meningitis or other complications, and are frequently not recognised on admission.
Foetal and neonatal autopsy rates and use of tissue for research: The influence of ‘organ retention’ controversy and new consent process
Authors: Khong TY , Tanner Alison R 
Published: May 2006

Aim:  To examine whether the ‘organ retention’ controversy and new autopsy consent process had any effect on foetal and neonatal autopsy rates and on permitting the use of tissue for scientific research and education.Methods:  An audit of perinatal autopsy rates in a tertiary hospital prior to (1999–2001) and subsequent to the ‘organ retention’ controversy (2001–2002), and the introduction of a new consenting process (2002–2004). Rates were compared also with those a decade earlier (1990–1993).Results:  Overall autopsy rates have been falling significantly between the three study periods (1999–2001 71.7%; 2001–2002 61.5%; 2003–2004 50.5%). Autopsy rates have fallen significantly between 1990–1993 and 1999–2001 (P < 0.00005) and between 1990–1993 and 1999–2004 (P < 0.0000001). The autopsy rates for stillbirths and neonatal deaths have fallen significantly further since the ‘organ retention’ controversy but not significantly so following the new consenting process. Significantly fewer autopsies are performed on foetuses less than 20 weeks gestation in recent years than a decade ago (P < 0.0000001). There were more external or limited autopsies in later years (P = 0.015). Permission for the use of tissue for education and research is less frequent following the ‘organ retention’ controversy and particularly following the introduction of the new consenting process.Conclusion:  Perinatal autopsy rates have fallen over the past 10 years. Fewer autopsies are being performed following the ‘organ retention’ controversy and use of tissue for research and education is permitted even less frequently following the introduction of the new consenting process.
Polioviruses and other enteroviruses isolated from faecal samples of patients with acute flaccid paralysis in Australia, 1996–2004
Authors: Kelly Heath , Brussen Kerri A , Lawrence Andrew , Elliot Elizabeth , Pearn John , Thorley Bruce 
Published: May 2006

Background:  Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is the most common clinical presentation of acute poliovirus infection, occurring in 0.1–1% of infected cases. AFP surveillance has been used world‐wide to monitor the control and eradication of circulating wild poliovirus. This study aims to review the significance of all enteroviruses, including polioviruses, isolated from patients with AFP in Australia between 1996 and 2004.Methods:  We undertook a retrospective review of all notified cases of AFP, aged 0–15 years and resident in Australia at the time of notification. We reviewed all available clinical and virological data for these cases and all records of the Polio Expert Committee, which determined the final classification for all cases.Results:  There were 335 notified cases that satisfied the case definition for AFP, 162 (48%) of whom had at least one faecal sample tested. Enteroviruses isolated from the faeces of 26 (16%) of the 162 cases were Coxsackie A24, Coxsackie B5, enterovirus 71, enterovirus 75, echovirus 9, echovirus 11 and echovirus 18. In addition, one or more polioviruses were isolated from the faeces of seven patients. Six of seven polioviruses were characterised as Sabin‐like, one was not characterised, but all were considered to be incidental isolates. Five of these cases were classified as infant botulism, one case as transverse myelitis and one as a focal mononeuropathy.Conclusion:  With the eradication of circulating wild polioviruses, other enteroviruses are being more commonly identified as the cause of polio‐like illnesses. In the polio end game, when there is increased testing for polioviruses, it is important to consider infant botulism as a differential diagnosis in cases presenting with AFP.
Health service utilisation of a regional cohort of very preterm infants over the first 2 years of life
Authors: Gray Diane , Woodward Lianne J , Spencer Carole , Inder Terrie E , Austin Nicola C 
Published: May 2006

Aim:  Very preterm infants represent major consumers of health services following neonatal discharge. We examined the health service utilisation of a regional cohort of very preterm infants over the first 2 years of life, including the association with neurodevelopmental outcome.Methods:  A regionally based 2‐year cohort of 100 very preterm infants along with a comparison sample of 104 full term control infants matched for sex, time and place of birth were recruited. Perinatal and social background factors that predispose very preterm infants to increased risk of subsequent general practitioner (GP) and hospital service use were identified. At 2 years, all children underwent a neurodevelopmental assessment, Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID‐II). Details of children’s medical contacts obtained by parent interview were cross‐checked against GP and hospital records/databases.Results:  Very preterm infants had a similar number of GP visits to term infants but more outpatient hospital visits. Fifty‐three (55%) very preterm infants were admitted to hospital on 131 occasions compared with 26 (26%) term infants on 37 occasions (p < 0.001). The main reason for hospitalisation in the preterm cohort was respiratory disorder. The frequency of hospital admissions was significantly related to birthweight (P = 0.01), gestational age (P < 0.001) and the number of people living in the family household (P = 0.02). No associations were found between hospital admission and neurodevelopment at 2 years.Conclusion:  Very preterm infants had higher rates of hospital admissions and visits than term infants unrelated to neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age. These findings highlight that very preterm birth is associated with ongoing health morbidity.
Attendance of paediatricians at elective Caesarean sections performed under regional anaesthesia: Is it warranted?
Authors: Atherton Neil , Parsons Simon J , Mansfield Peter 
Published: May 2006

Aim:  Whether or not a paediatric registrar or consultant paediatrician trained in advanced neonatal resuscitation is needed at elective Caesarean section (CS) deliveries remains controversial. The objective of this study was to provide recent population‐based data comparing the need for resuscitation of babies born at ≥37 weeks gestation by elective CS under regional anaesthesia with those born by spontaneous, unassisted vertex vaginal delivery.Methods:  We performed a population‐based cohort study in Tasmania using data collected between January 1998 and December 2003 inclusive. Data on all singleton births ≥37 weeks gestation was analysed from the Tasmanian Obstetric and Neonatal Audit database to determine the number and type of resuscitations, and the number of low 1‐min Apgar scores for each mode of delivery.Results:  There were 31 820 singleton deliveries born at ≥37 weeks gestation over the 6‐year period. Of these 21 733 (68.3%) were spontaneous unassisted vertex vaginal deliveries and 2918 (9.2%) were elective CSs performed under regional anaesthesia (2620 spinal and 298 epidural). The incidence of a 1‐min Apgar score of <4 and a 1‐min Apgar score of ≥4 and <7 for elective sections under spinal was significantly lower when compared with unassisted, spontaneous, vertex vaginal delivery at 0.57% and 11.8% respectively. The relative risks when compared with unassisted, spontaneous, vertex vaginal delivery were 0.36 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21–0.60, P < 0.05) and 0.73 (95% CI 0.65–0.81, P < 0.05), respectively. There was a small but statistically significant difference between unassisted, spontaneous, vertex vaginal delivery and elective CSs performed under regional anaesthesia in the requirement for resuscitation in the form of bag and mask ventilation. The relative risk for the need for bag and mask ventilation was 1.33 (95% CI 1.11–1.58, P < 0.05) for spinal anaesthesia and 1.99 (95% CI 1.33–2.96, P < 0.05) for epidural anaesthesia. There was no difference in the need for bag and mask ventilation or low 1‐min Apgar scores between non‐cephalic and cephalic presentation at elective CS under regional anaesthesia.Conclusion:  Elective CSs performed under regional anaesthesia are low‐risk deliveries. The slight increased requirement for bag and mask ventilation is not practically significant. Such deliveries do not require the routine attendance of experienced paediatric medical staff.