bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF CATION TRANSPORT
Authors: Charnock JS , Rosenthal AS , Post RL 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYMembrane‐bound cation stimulated adenosine‐triphosphatase is thought to he closely associated with active ion transport phenomena. As this enzyme system requires the combination of both sodium and potassium ions for full activation its mechanism of action has been investigated under these conditions. Using adenosine triphosphate labelled with P32 only in the terminal position as substrate for the reaction we have been able to show that ATP32 is hydrolysed to adenosine diphosphate and radioactive orthophosphate via a phosphorylated intermediate. Sodium but not potassium ions are required for the formation of this intermediate and adenosine diphosphate; potassium ions are subsequently required for dephosphorylation of the intermediate complex with the release of P32 orthophosphate — that is, both sodium and potassium ions arr required for the turnover of the intermediate in a two step reaction.The cardiac glycoside ouabain (Strophanthin‐G) is without effect upon the formation of this intermediate complex, but can completely inhibit the K+ — requiring dephosphorylation reaction. Preliminary experiments indicate that sodium ions are bound to the enzyme system during the phosphorylation reaction and are released when this complex is broken down. Solvent extraction procedures designed to remove phospholipid components did not decrease the specific activity of the phosphorylated intermediate which suggests that it is phosphoprotein in nature.These results support the belief that Na+ + K + activated ATPase participates in active cation transport in a physical as well as chemical sense, and a possible biochemical mechanism of active cation transport is suggested.
APPLICATION OF A TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUE TO SCREEN COMPOUNDS FOR THE PREVENTION OF LIPOID DEPOSITION IN AORTA CELLS
Authors: Curtis RG , Galvin Margaret P 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYAn in vitro technique is described which is suitable for testing the ability of compounds to protect aorta cells against cholesterol‐induced lipoid deposition. However, some compounds known to be active in reducing the serum cholesterol level in humans were not effective in preventing lipoid deposition in vitro.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF IRON FOLLOWING PARENTERAL INJECTION OR ORAL INGESTION
Authors: Walsh RJ , Cantrill Shirley , Sanford Rona 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYTracer doses of iron salts containing 59Fe were administered to rats by mouth and by intravenous injection. At various intervals 59Fe in the blood and organs was measured by radioassay. The distribution was similar after intravenous injection to that following oral ingestion. An increase of storage iron in the liver and spleen, produced by injections of iron‐dextran or of red cell iron, resulted in an increased amount of the tracer dose in the tissues. Stimulated haemopoiesis following haemolysis of red cells increased the 59Fe in the blood, and transfusion polycythaemia, which depressed haemopoiesis, diverted absorbed tracer iron to the tissues. It is noted that two factors influencing the distribution of absorbed iron in the body ‐ the size of the iron stores and the rate of haemopoiesis ‐ also regulate the amount of iron absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.Iron absorbed from haemoglobin and liver in food is distributed in the same way as iron absorbed from iron salts. Iron from haemoglobin injected intravenously or subcutaneously ill distributed in a different manner.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Mitchell Judith , McDonald Wendy , Nossal GJV 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYRats were given a single intravenous injection of 3H‐thymidine in order to study two related questions, namely, the extent of reutilization of DNA amongst lymphoid cells and the relative rates of proliferation in various lymphoid organs. Autoradiographs of thymus, spleen and mesenteric and popliteal lymph nodes were prepared from rats killed five minutes to 20 days after the single administration of isotope. They were exposed for a length of time sufficient to give readily detectable labelling of the blast cells.It was shown that the kinetics of fall of the mean grain count in blast cells was not consistent with the generally‐accepted view for the source of labelling. Rather, they supported the view that continuous, but diminishing, reutilization of DNA occurred and that the greater part of the label seen amongst blast cells at three days after the administration of the isotope and thereafter was in fact ascribable to this source. The mean grain count of thymic blasts was three to four times lower than that of blast cells from other lymphoid organs.The thymus contained about five times as many cells capable of DNA synthesis as did the mesenteric lymph node or spleen, which in turn contained about four tunes as many as unstimulated popliteal nodes. Further, the rate of proliferation in the thymus was such that by one day, 50 p.c., and by four days over 90 p.c. of thymic cells were labelled. By contrast, the proportion of labelled cells in the other organs rose much more slowly. This finding raised an important issue about the fate of thymic small lymphocytes, which is the subject of further investigation.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Nossal GJV , Mitchell Judith , McDonald Wendy 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe primary immune response in rat popliteal lymph nodes to Salmonella flagella was studied by a combination of autoradiographic and single‐cell micromanipulatory techniques from the following three points of view: the cellular proliferative changes in the nodes; the kinetics of appearance of serum antibody; and the functional potential of small lymphocytes.It was shown that changes in cellular proliferation in the node occurred virtually without lag. Blast cells divided exponentially, giving rise to the exponential appearance of plasma cells and of cells forming antibody detectable by single cell techniques. Mature plasma cells, active single cells and the first trace of detectable scrum antibody all made their appearance simultaneously shortly after three days. The results suggested that antigen has the dual function of causing certain cells to proliferate and simultaneously to differentiate into massive protein producers, capable of accelerated antibody synthesis. Considerable net immigration of cells into the nodes during the first days was also suggested.The rise in serum antibody titres was exponential for two days or so following its first appearance. The lower the dose of antigen given, the earlier did the first traces of detectable antibody appear in the serum.The pattern of labelling of the first‐appearing plasmablasts did not favour the view that they were derived by dedifferentiation of small lymphocytes, as has been suggested in homograft situations. Rather, they suggested derivation from primitive lymphocytes, as in our previous studies on the secondary response. However, in view of the problems of reutilization discussed in the previous paper of this series, formal proof of a lack of participation of small lymphocytes could not be obtained.
THE AUTONOMOUS BEHAVIOUR OF NORMAL THYMUS GRAFTS
Authors: Metcalf Donald 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe growth of individual thymus grafts in isologous mice was unaffected by the presence of as many as twenty‐three other thymus grafts in the same host animal. The lymphoid organs of mice bearing multiple thymus grafts showed little deviation from normal.Thymus fragments, as small as 0·5 mg., were successfully grafted, but all successful grafts contained medullary tissue. The percentage of medullary tissue in all types of thymus grafts was constant and the size attained by a thymus graft appeared to be determined by the size of the surviving medullary tissue from the original graft.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPLENECTOMY IN NZB MICE
Authors: Holmes Margaret C , Burnet FM 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSplenectomy has been performed in mice of the “autoimmune” strain NZB either at one to four months of age (early) or after eight months of age when the Coombs positive state is established (late).Early splenectomy increased the incidence of lethal nephritis in both males and females but significantly diminished survival time only in females. It also delayed conversion to the Coombs positive state and diminished other manifestations of the haemolytic process in males.Late splenectomy showed no significant results in these respects.
CELL CHANGES IN ECTROMELIA VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Burgh PM 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe changes resulting from massive intravenous doses of ectromelia virus have been studied in the liver. The growth of virus and the changes in the composition of whole liver and of its cytoplasmic components, in various biochemical functions of the liver, and in its histology are described. A drop in the rate of synthesis of some proteins by the liver has been found at a time when the rate of virus synthesis is increasing. Luria's theory of virus‐produced repressors of host function is discussed in relation to findings in this host‐ virus system.
ANTIBODY IN THE RENAL TUBULES AND URINE OF MICE
Authors: Faine S 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYAn agar‐gel immune haemolysis method was developed for detecting antibody in the lumen of tubular structures in tissue sections. It was used to show haemolytic antibody in renal tubules and blood‐vessels in immunized mice. Globulins and antibody were also found by gel‐diffusion precipitin and immunoelectrophoresis techniques in concentrates of urine from normal or from immunized mice.
SEDIMENTATION AND DIFFUSION STUDIES ON PURIFIED HAEMOGLOBIN H
Authors: Curtain CC , Pye J 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA purified sample of haemoglobin H of New Guinea origin was examined in the analytical ultracentrifuge and by diffusion. The results indicated that, within the limits of the methods used, the haemoglobin preparation was homogeneous. A value of 66,000 was obtained for the molecular weight.
THE EFFECTS OF CALCIUM DEPLETION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE UPON THE RELATION BETWEEN STIMULUS PATTERN AND ACTION POTENTIAL, ANALYSED IN TERMS OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Authors: Gibbs CL 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effects of reducing the external calcium concentration to one quarter normal have been studied on action potentials from the rabbit right ventricle. It has been shown that calcium reduction has little effect on the relationship between the steady state action potential area and the frequency of stimulation. It does, however, greatly increase the rate at which the action potential area alters upon changing from one constant stimulus rate to another. These effects are examined in terms of a mathematical model proposed by Gibbs, Johnson and Tille (1963). The ability of this type of experimental approach to reveal changes in the mechanisms responsible for the generation of the cardiacaction potential is demonstrated.
INDIRECT TRANSFER OF RADIOGENIC LYMPHOMA
Authors: Ilbery PLT , Winn SM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAn incidence of generalised lymphoma of twenty‐two per cent has been seen in mice surviving neonatal inoculation with cell‐free extracts of radiation‐induced lymphomas. The median time to lymphoma induction was 600 days, compared with a mean induction time of some 200 days in the propositi following a leukaemogenic schedule of irradiation. Chromosome abnormalities which were seen in high frequency in radiogenic lymphoma were also observed in the lymphomas which followed inoculation with cell‐free extracts.
STUDIES OF ARTHROPOD‐BORNE VIRUS INFECTIONS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Doherty RL , Carley JG , Gorman BM , Buchanan Patricia , Welch JS , Whitehead RH 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe group‐reactive haemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) test applied to sera collected from children and sentinel fowls detected a series of infections with group B arboviruses in the Carpentaria‐Cape York Peninsula area between 1957 and 1961. The more specific neutralization test suggested that the infecting viruses included kunjin (several centres in 1958–1959), Kokobera (Mapoon, 1957–1959) and Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) (Mitchell River, 1960), Neutralization tests of egg‐yolks confirmed the occurrence of group B arbovirus infection at several centres in north and north‐west Queensland in 1959–60 and 1960–61.Mitchell River had evidence of a very high incidence of group B infection, in that 177 of 204 human survey sera were positive to MVE by the HI test. Neutralization tests on these sera provided additional evidence that Kunjin and Kokobera can infect man.Group B antibody was less frequent in human sera collected on the east coast of Queensland. Evidence of Kokobera and possibly Kunjin infection was found in man at Lockhart River. Some sera collected in Brisbane from patients with various diagnoses and human survey sera from Murray, Yama and Yorke Islands in Torres Strait had group B antibodies suggesting previous infection with dengue.Group B antibody was found in sera from horses (central and north Queensland), cattle (north and western Queensland), kangaroos (western Queensland), wallabies (south‐east Queensland) and domestic fowls (north Queensland). Neutralization tests suggested that the kangaroo antibody was to Kokobera and the wallaby antibody to Edge Hill. MVE and Kokobera appeared to be responsible for antibody in horses and cattle, and MVE (at Normanton and Townsville) and Kunjin (at Dunbar) for antibody in domestic fowls.
THE EFFECT OF URETHANE ON MITOTIC CELLS OF MICE OF DIFFERENT AGES AND STRAINS
Authors: Wakonig‐Vaartaja R 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn the four mouse strains used (A, Gowan A, E × H and C3H), the incidence of aberrant metaphases in bone marrow and spleen was recorded. Both tissues in the Gowan A mice showed a higher susceptibility to urethane than did those of the other three strains.The effect of urethane on the mitotic cells of mice of different ages and strains is shown. By studying ttie incidence of abnormal metaphases in the spleen, 2–12 day old mice were found to be more susceptible to urethane than older mice.An estimation of the mitotic index in the spleen of mice of different ages showed a marked decline from two to 12 days old, and then maintained a steady level.
THE APPLICATION OF THE FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE TO THE DETECTION OF CANDIDA ALBICANS IN ORAL PATHOLOGICAL MATERIAL
Authors: Schamschula RG 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe fluorescent antibody technique was applied to the detection of Candida albicans in oral smears. C. albicans was identified by cultural methods in 44 of 50 cases of suspected Candidiasis. When the fluorescent antibody technique was used, the organism was detected and identified in the original pathological material in 42 cases (95·4 per cent). This technique appears to be superior to other commonly‐used microscopical methods as far as the facility of detection of the organism is concerned and has the added advantage of serological specificity.
THE EFFECT OF TRAUMATIC SHOCK ON METABOLISM OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IN MICE
Authors: Lykke AWJ , Kosche ER 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn a controlled experiment using 27 pairs of litter‐mate white mice matched for weight, the rates of whole body metabolism of ethyl alcohol after intraperitoneal injection of ethyl alcohol were found to be significantly slower in animals in which a closed fracture of the femur was produced at the time of ethyl alcohol injection. Significant depressions of ethyl alcohol metabolism were found at 1, 1½ and 2 hours after production of the fracture. There was no significant interaction between treatments (i.e. the fracture versus the control) and the times at which estimations were made, but the rates of ethyl alcohol metabolism in control and fractured animals were significantly slower in the period 1½‐2 hours than in the period 1–1½ hours after ethyl alcohol injection.There was no significant sequestration of ethyl alchol in the fracture site, nor was there a significant difference between control and fractured animals in the whole‐body concentration of endogenous produced ethyl alcohol.
THE SYNTHESIS OF LIPID FROM ACETATE‐2‐14C IN THE ISOLATED PERFUSED NORMAL AND CHOLINE‐DEFICIENT LIVER OF THE RAT
Authors: Mishkel MA , Morris Bede 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe synthesis of liver lipids from atetate‐2‐14C and the oxidation of acetate‐2‐14C were studied in the isolated perfused liver from rats fed either on normal or choline‐deficient diets. Lipogenesis and oxidation of 14C acetate to CO2 were significantly lower in livers from rats fed a choline‐deficient diet than in livers from rots fed a normal diet. Livers from rats fed on a choline‐deficient diet added esterified fat to the perfusate at about the same rate as did livers from normal rats. Fatly acids synthesized from 14C acetate were also retransported into the perfusate by livers from rats fed on the choline‐deficient diet. Although retransport of lipid from the liver is not blocked in choline deficiency, the fractional rate of turnover of liver lipids due to retransport is significantly reduced.
A QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE SHORT TERM CHANGES IN THE FORCE OF CONTRACTION OF RABBIT PAPILLARY MUSCLE WITH THE PATTERN OF STIMULATION
Authors: Johnson EA , Rowe MJ , Vaughan PC 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe peak isometric tension developed during a twitch of isolated rabbit papillary muscle has been measured. The rapid short‐term changes in the peak tension produced by changes in the rate of stimulation have been investigated in experiments designed to avoid the irreversible effects of anoxia and fatigue. The experimental results have been shown to be well described by a hypothetical system in which the peak isometric tension, F, developed in a twitch is directly proportional to the magnitude, just prior to the twitch. of a hypothetical quantity, P; thus,     where K, a and b air constants and γ0 is tht‐ value of γ at t = P declines suddenly in a twilch and is subsequently regenerated in way described by equation (2), where γ is another quantity which increases suddenly in a twitch by an amount Δγ, and declines in between twiches according to equation (3).
SERUM AND LIVER FOLATE ACTIVITY IN THE RAT
Authors: Kelly A , Davis RE 
Published: December 2007

SummaryRats fed a folic acid‐deficient diet were found to have markedly diminished liver and serum folate activity. The body/liver weights ratio was significantly increased compared with a group of normal controls. All the folic acid‐deficient rats excreted the histidine metabolite formiminoglutamic acid, but this material was not excreted by any of the control groups.
THE BASIS FOR IMMUNITY TO MOUSE TYPHOID
Authors: Jenkin CR , Rowley D , Auzins I 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the carrier state in mouse typhoid. The carrier state was induced using an avirulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium. The results indicate that the enhanced resistance to superinfection with the virulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium during this period is due to the production of specific antibody and not to any specific peculiarity of the phagocytic cells. The persistence of bacteria in tho reticulo‐endothelial system has been shown to be due to a heterogeneity in the bactericidal properties of the population of phagocytic cells. The importance of these observations with reference to the concept of cellular immunity is discussed.
THE BASIS FOR IMMUNITY TO MOUSE TYPHOID
Authors: Rowley D , Turner KJ , Jenkin CR 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe data presented show that the capacity to transfer immunity to mouse typhoid passively by phagocytic cells harvested from the peritoneal cavity of immune mice is due to the presence of cell‐bound antibody. This antibody, which may be fluted from the “immune” cells, has been shown to be a 19S macroglobulin. The pertinence of these observations iu relation to the concept of cellular immunity is discussed.
THE EXPRESSION OF HETEROPHILE ANTIGENICITY BY SALMONELLAE
Authors: Collins FM , Rowley Derrick 
Published: December 2007

SummaryS. enteritidis and S. pullorum‐gallinarum were grown in mouse or fowl liver homogenate in 30 per cent serum broth for 10 successive subcultures. Fowls were immunised with suspensions of these organisms after one subculture in a defined casamino acid medium. Increased titres of haemagglutinating antibodies against mouse and rabbit red cells were detected in the fowl antisera. Cultures of both organisms grown in 30 per cent horse, pig, shark, kangaroo, rabbit or human serum broth all strongly absorbed the fowl serum haemagglutinins. The original strain of S. enteritidis could absorb the fowl serum haemagglutinins after one subculture in 30 per cent horse serum broth. This absorptive ability decreased sharply after one subculture in the synthetic medium.
THE EFFECT OF THE GROWTH RATE ON THE COMPOSITION OF S. ENTERITIDIS CELL WALLS
Authors: Collins FM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryS. Enteritidis Se 795 was grown in a chemostat under carefully controlled environmental conditions. Cells were grown at progressively faster dilution rates and the chemical composition of the cell walls was determined quantitatively. The total nitrogen and protein content of the walls decreased significantly as the growth rate increased. Chromatographic examination of hydrolysed cell walls showed a decrease in the mannose, rhamnose and tyvelose content of the walls with increasing rate of growth. Agglutination tests revealed that the fastest growing cells underwent a partial smooth to rough antigenic variation which was reversed when the growth rate was again reduced.
ENZYME CHANGES IN THE PLASMA AND PERITONEAL EXUDATE OF THE RAT FOLLOWING PANCREATIC DUCT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Herriott BA , Palmer AA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAmylase and lipase activity in the plasma and amylase activity in the peritoneal exudate have been followed in female albino rats after pancreatic duct obstruction with bile bypass and after obstruction to the common pancreaticobiliary duct.The enzyme activities rose rapidly to a maximum in 6 to 12 hours after operation; thereafter in rats with pancreaticobiliary duct ligation the levels fell at first rapidly and then more slowly; when the pancreatic duet alone was obstructed a second peak of activity occurred at 24 hours.When the enzyme levels were raised the ratio of amylase activity in the peritoneal exudate to that in the plasma became reversed from the normal and remained fairly steady at the altered value of about 14:1. With obstruction to the pancreatic duct alone there was a close correlation between peritoneal exudate amylase and plasma amylase in rats killed at the same time after operation; the correlation was not so close when the pancreaticobiliary duct was obstructed.The ratio of plasma amylase to plasma lipase fluctuated with time after operation.