bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrolysis of fats and oils with moist oat caryopses
Authors: Parmar Shantilal , Hammond E. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTo improve the economic feasibility of hydrolyzing fats and oils with moist oat caryopses, various factors affecting the efficiency of the process were studied. Caryopses produced with an impact‐type dehuller exhibited greater lipase activity than those produced by a wringer‐type dehuller. Abrasion of oat caryopses against each other in a fluidized bed released particles rich in lipase. Such lipase concentrates could be added to moist caryopsis reactors to speed fat hydrolysis. Beef tallow, lard, soybean oil and crambe oil were hydrolyzed more efficiently than corn oil, castor oil and milk fat. The poor hydrolysis of castor oil was attributed to the formation of esters with the hydroxy group of ricinoleic acid, and the hydrolysis of castor oil was increased by dilution of the substrate with hexane. Diglycerides inhibited the hydrolysis and accounted for the slower hydrolysis of corn oil. Hydrolysis of milk fat by moist oat caryopses resulted in preferential hydrolysis of C6 to C10 acids. Erucic acid was released from crambe oil at significantly slower rates than the other acyl groups. High conversions of fats and oils to free fatty acids could be attained by (i) exposing the fats and oils to two to three lots of moist caryopses, (ii) the use of special oat varieties with elevated lipase content, (iii) the addition of oat lipase concentrates to moist caryopsis reactors, and (iv) dilution of the substrate with hexane. Estimates of the cost of producing free fatty acids with these processes indicated that the first three should be profitable. Growth ofClostridium sporogenes spores could not be demonstrated in caryopsis reactors. During the incubation of moist oat caryopses immersed in oil, the free fatty acid content of the internal caryopsis lipid increased only slightly, but there were changes in its fatty acid composition.
Use of cyclic anhydrides to remove cholesterol and other hydroxy compounds from fats and oils
Authors: Gu Y. ‐F. , Chen Y. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method for removing cholesterol from animal fats has been developed based on the reaction between the hydroxyl group of cholesterol and cyclic anhydrides. The reaction forms monoesters with acyl chains having a terminal free acid group. The conversion of cholesterol into an acid derivative makes it possible to remove the cholesterol from fats by extraction with aqueous alkali. A study of the reaction in model systems showed that optimal conditions were a molar ratio of cholesterol to succinic anhydride of 1∶3 at 135°C for several hours. Acid catalysts increased the rate of the reaction, and acetic was selected not only because of its catalytic power but also because its reflux prevented the distillation of the cyclic anhydride from the reaction mixture. If all the cyclic anhydride was added at the beginning of the reaction, animal fats such as lard, tallow and milk fats were reduced in their cholesterol content by about 40%. A study of the reaction mechanism showed that the cholesterol reduction could be increased to 60–70% by altering the amount and the addition sequence of cyclic anhydride. The effectiveness of acid catalysts was related inversely to the negative logarithm of their acid dissociation constant (pK), but as their effectiveness increased, so did their tendency to form other, unwanted esters of cholesterol. A mixture of monoethyl fumarate and acetic acid sped the reaction, compared with acetic acid alone, with minimal formation of cholesteryl acetate. Studies with14C‐cholesterol showed little formation of products other than cholesteryl hemiscuccinate during the reaction. The procedure removed some of the tocopherol from the fat but had no other detectable effect on fat stability. The procedure also can be used to concentrate the lactone precursors from milk fat.
Separation of molecular species ofcis‐ andtrans‐triacylglycerols intrans‐hardened confectionery fats by silver‐ion high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Smith K. W. , Perkins J. M. , Jeffrey B. S. J. , Phillips D. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSilver‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on silver nitrate‐loaded silica achieves incomplete separation of major triacylglycerol (TAG) classes present intrans‐hardened fats. The “ChromSpher Lipids” silverloaded cation exchange HPLC column has been found to yield good separations oftrans‐hardened TAG, with molecular species well resolved. Separations comparable to those previously possible for nonhardened fats are now possible fortrans‐hardened fats. The separation is on the basis of number and type (i.e.cis/trans) of double bonds only; the position of the double bond along the acyl group appears not to influence the separation significantly. The analysis of a palm fraction, hardened to a slip melting point of 37°C and chemically randomized, is presented as an example. This technique offers a new approach to understanding and controlling the hydrogenation and processing oftrans‐hardened fats.
Density and viscosity of low‐molecular weight triglycerides and their mixtures
Authors: Eiteman Mark A. , Goodrum John W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe viscosities of tributyrin (C4∶0) and binary mixtures of this triglyceride with a diesel fuel, tricaproin (C6∶0), and tricaprylin (C8∶0) were determined for the temperature range −5 to 85°C and for shear rates of 1.62–64.7 s−1. The resulting dynamic viscosities were fit to a power law model to obtain values for the consistency coefficient and the flow behavior index. These results indicated slightly pseudoplastic flow behavior (indices ranged from 0.94 to 0.99) for tributyrin and its mixtures. The calculated consistency coefficients for tributyrin and those previously obtained for tricaproin, tricaprylin and tricaprin were fit by a least‐squares method to the three‐parameter Vogel model to account for the effect of temperature. An ideal solution relationship and the Kendall‐Monroe model were used to predict the density and consistency coefficients, respectively, for binary and quaternary mixtures of these low‐molecular weight triglycerides.
Analysis of epoxidized soybean oil by gas chromatography
Authors: Han Li‐Ming T. , Szajer G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA fast and cost‐effective procedure to quantitate epoxidized soybean oil by means of an external standard method is reported. This procedure is applicable to commercial epoxidized oils, polymer additive packages and polymers—polyvinyl chloride (PVC)—containing epoxidized oils. The epoxidized soybean oil is converted into fatty acid methyl esters with tetramethylammonium hydroxide, and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with flame‐ionization detection. In PVC samples, the epoxidized soybean oil was extracted with toluene and followed by derivatization prior to analysis. The methyl esters of monoepoxyoctadecanoic, diepoxyoctadecanoic and triepoxyoctadecanoic acid were separated with a short capillary column.
Leaf wax alcohols inCoincya (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Vioque Javier , Pastor Julio , Vioque Eduardo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFree and ester alcohol compositions have been determined for leaf waxes in ten taxa belonging to the genusCoincya (Brassicaceae) on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Size of leaf wax alcohols in the genusCoincya varies between 20 and 31 carbon atoms. This series is dominated by alcohols with an even number of carbon atoms. The most abundant alcohols are C24, C26 and C28 among even and C25, C27 and C29 among odd alcohols, both in free alcohols and in wax esters.
Panel discussion and symposium: Nonfood uses of coconut oil: Where are we headed?
Authors: Sonntag N. O. V. , Fineberg H. , Molteni H. , Zabel H. , Pattison E. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCoconut oil prices will exert much influence on synthetic fatty acid commercialization; if domestic oil prices maintain at 12–13¢/lb, demand for coco acids and derivatives could triple during the next three years; however, at an oil price of 22–24¢/lb, about 90% of domestic research and development on lauric acid products would be dropped. Synthetic fatty acids could hold the market if they can be commercialized near present prices. Proportionally higher food uses will be evident for coconut oil for the next several years. Increased demand for short chain (C5–C9) acids in high temperature synthetic lubricants, estimated to grow from the present 25 million lb/year to 50 million lb/year by 1973, will exert an increased demand.
Continuous extrusion cooking of cottonseed kernels and of partially defatted meal
Authors: Clark S. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractContinuous extrusion cooking produces a short time pressure cooking of the material in process. The Wenger extruder‐cooker has been successfully applied by others to soybeans for manufacture of full fat flour. This is a report of an investigation of the extruder‐cooker applied to glanded cottonseed kernels and to partially defatted cottonseed meal. The purpose was production of cottonseed flour for human food. The principal objective in extruder processing was lowering of free gossypol to 0.12% of protein. On full fat kernels the extruder system was effective in lowering free gossypol. Most of the binding occurred in the preconditioner, and the extruder itself was relatively ineffective in binding gossypol. However the contribution of the extruder was necessary to allow free gossypol levels of 0.12% of protein to be reached. Flaked kernels cooked in this manner and then dried were successfully screwpressed. The extruder system was effective also in binding gossypol in ground, screened (through 30 mesh) meal but not in ground, unscreened meal.
Chemical evaluation of defattedvernonia galamensis meal
Authors: Ologunde M. O. , Ayorinde F. O. , Shepard R. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe defatted meal ofVernonia galamensis is rich in crude protein (43.76±0.17%) with methionine as the first limiting amino acid and lysine the second when calculated based on the FAO Provisional Scoring Pattern. The carbohydrate fraction (6.575) is rich in sucrose (2.36%), fructose (1.90%) and glucose (0.77%). Levels of the macrominerals, calcium (11.08 mg/g), potassium (14.18 mg/g) and magnesium (6.90 mg/g) not only meet nutritional requirements but are also higher than in contemporary oilseeds. The level of phosphorus is high (644 mg/g), perhaps accounting for the fairly high phytate (25.42±0.06 mg/g) content, although this value is slightly less than for American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) standard wheat bran (31.42±0.03 mg/g).Residual oil content of defatted meal was found to be approximately 0.5%, but could be higher depending on the method of extraction. Lipid analysis of the residual oils shows vernolic acid (76.06±1.80%) as the major component of the saponifiables (97.74±0.20%). C18∶2 (11.64±0.69%), C16∶0 (2.22±0.12%), C18∶0 (2.63±0.11%), C18∶1 (6.58±0.19%), and C20∶0 (trace) were all identified.Sterols constitute the major (94.65±0.08%) component of the unsaponifiables (2.06±0.16%) with β‐sitosterol (32%) and Δ5‐avenasterol (30%) being the major constituents. Cholesterol was fairly low (4.6%). Phytochemical screening for other possible toxicants did not reveal significant levels of antinutritional components.
Calculation of critical temperatures from the number of carbons in organic molecules
Authors: Fisher Charles H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe linearity of homolog critical temperatures (Tc,K) with the logarithms of chain length (the latter represented by molecular weight, M, or number of carbons, Nc) was used to develop simple equations correlating Tc,K with M (or with Nc+k) for 40 homologous series. Critical temperatures defined by the equations are presumed to be correct, whereas those in substantial disagreement are considered wrong. The equations can be used to estimate many new critical temperatures by interpolation or by prudent extrapolation.
Determination of relative ethoxylation rate constants from supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis of ethoxylated alcohols
Authors: Johnson Adrain E. , Geissler Paul R. , Talley Larry D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBased on ethylene oxide distributions in ethoxylated alcohols determined by supercritical fluid chromatography, a flexible computer model has been developed and applied to calculate relative ethoxylation rate constants for base‐catalyzed ethoxylations of normal octanol. These distribution coefficients are not substantially affected by the presence of another alcohol and were found to increase with increasing ethylene oxide content of the reactant ethoxylates. Their values, however, change as the average ethylene oxide content of the ethoxylated alcohol reaction medium increases. Using distribution coefficients averaged over an ethylene oxide/alcohol molar ratio range of 2 to 10, model predictions closely match experimentally determined ethylene oxide oligomer distributions.
The composition, active components and bacteriostatic activity of propolis in dietetics
Authors: Bonvehí Josep Serra , Coll Francesc Ventura , Jordà Rossend Escolà 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe composition and bacteriostatic activities of fifteen propolis samples from various botanic and geographic origins were determined. Twenty‐six phenolic components were identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography with array photodiode detector. Acacetin and apigenin were most abundant. Pinocembrin, quercetin, rutin and vanillin were present in lesser quantities. Variance analysis shows significant differences (P≤0.05) in the contents of phenols, flavonoids and active components. The minimum inhibitory concentration of propolis is about 53 times higher than that reported for tetracycline againstBacillus subtilis andStaphylococcus aureus, and about 400 times higher againstEscherichia coli.
Synthesis of methyl 9,12‐epoxyoctadecanoate from castor oil
Authors: Mhaskar S. Y. , Mani V. V. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe report here the synthesis of methyl 9,12‐epoxyoctadecanoate (2‐[7‐methoxycarbonyl‐heptyl]‐5‐hexanyl‐tetrahydrofuran). Methyl ricinoleate (methyl 12‐hydroxy‐9‐cis‐octadecenoate), isolated from castor oil methyl esters was isomerized with diphenyl disulfide as radical initiator under ultraviolet radiation to give thetrans isomer, methyl ricinelaidate. The latter was cyclized by slow addition of 10% bromine solution in dichloromethane to give methyl 10‐bromo‐9,12‐epoxyoctadecanoate, which on hydrogenation with Pd/C catalyst gave the title compound, methyl 9,12‐epoxyoctadecanoate.
Resolution ofvic‐dihydroxy acid diastereomers to four enantiomers by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Takagi Toru 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA chromatographic method is described for resolution of 9,10‐vic‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid. Thethreo anderythro isomers are both resolved into two enantiomers as di‐3,5‐dinitrophenylurethane derivatives by chiral‐phase highperformance liquid chromatography on (S)‐proline, (R)‐1‐(α‐naphthyl) ethylamine stationary phase. Simultaneous separation of thethreo anderythro dihydroxy acid mixtures to the four enantiomers is possible by this method.
Chromatographic separation of glucopyranosyl sinapate from canola meal
Authors: Amarowicz Ryszard , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe compound 1‐O‐β‐D glucopyranosyl sinapate (GPS), a phenolic glycoside, was separated from ethanolic extracts of defatted canola meal by a two‐step chromatographic method. The first step involved Sephadex LH‐20 chromatography with methanol as the eluting solvent. The solvent from the fraction containing GPS was evaporated, and glucopyranosyl sinapate was subsequently separated by a semi‐preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography method with an RP‐18 column and a mobile phase consisting of water/acetonitrile/acetic acid (88∶10∶2, vol/vol/vol).
Seed‐oil content of glanded and glandless cottons
Authors: da Silva Ramos Luis Carlos , Kohel Russell J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwelve cotton strains, six glanded and six glandless, with different seed‐oil contents, were mated in a full diallel system. All genotypes were evaluated for seed‐oil percentage (SO), seed index (SI, mg/seed) and seed‐oil index (SOI, mg/seed) to obtain information on the inheritance of these traits and to assess the significance of maternal and reciprocal effects. Data generated from the diallel mating system were additionally divided into two full diallels, glanded and glandless, of six parents each and evaluated by combining ability and diallel analyses.The results indicated that maternal effects were not statistically significant for any trait, but reciprocal effects were significant for SI and SOI. Additive effects, or general combining ability (GCA), were highly significant in both analyses. Deviations from additivity, or specific combining ability (SCA), were significant for SI and SOI, and for SO in the glanded diallel. Deviations from additivity were not homogeneous over all the genotypes. Only the additive parameter of the genetic analysis for glandless SO was significant. This result indicated that additivity was greater in crosses involving glandless genotypes. Heritability of 0.53 based on GCA values was obtained for SO, which indicated that selection procedures could be applied successfully to change the oil content of cottonseed.The highest SO parent was glandless, and the glandless genotypic arrays averaged more SO than glanded arrays, indicating that glandless genotypes could be preferred over glanded in breeding for this trait.
Hypohalogenation of β‐hydroxy olefinic fatty acid
Authors: Sinha S. , Osman S. M. , Ahmad M. U. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe reactions of hypohalous acids with β‐hydroxy olefinic (ricinoleic) acid have been examined. The hypobromination and hypoiodination reactions gave the expected halogen‐containing cyclic ether resulting from neighboring group participation between the hydroxyl group and the reaction occurring at the unsaturated center. A similar hypochlorination reaction did not furnish any cyclic ether. The structures of individual products were characterized by spectral methods. The mechanism of the cyclization reactions is discussed.
Studies on the antioxidants XVII: Photooxidation products of concomitantly used butylated hydroxyanisole and propyl gallate
Authors: Kurechi T. , Kunugi A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects of antioxidants were studied with a veiw to pursuing the fate of antioxidant molecules during the antioxidation processes. In this study, with the same view, an equal mixture of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and propyl gallate (PG) in ethanol was irradiated with ultraviolet rays and the chemical structure and antioxidative activities of the resulting oxides were examined. The resulting oxides were identified as 2,3,7,8‐tetrahydroxy [1] benzopyrano [5,4,3‐cde] [1] benzopyran‐5,10‐dione (ellagic acid), which was formed from PG by coupling of dehydrogenated molecules of OH group and by dealcoholization, and propyl 3,4‐dihydroxy‐5‐(2′‐hydroxy‐5′‐methoxy‐3′‐tert‐butylphenoxy)benzoate and propyl 3,5‐dihydroxy‐4‐(2′‐hydroxy‐5′‐methoxy‐3′‐tert‐butylphenoxy) benzoate, both of which were dimers, one formed from a BHA/PG mixture by separation of hydrogen in aromatic hydrogen and the other from PG by dehydrogenation of OH group. All of the resulting oxides showed antioxidative activity on lard, soybean oil, and methyl oleate in the stability testing by the active oxygen method (AOM).
Isolation of lipase from germinating oilseeds for biotechnological processes
Authors: Hassanien Fawzi R. , Mukherjee Kumar D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGerminating oilseeds have been explored as a possible source of lipases (glycerol ester hydrolase, EC.3.1.1.3) for the biotechnological processing of oils and fats. Seedlings of rape (Brassica napus) and mustard (Sinapis alba) at day 4 of germination and cotyledons of lupine (Lupinus albus) seedlings at day 3 of germination yield active crude lipase preparations upon homogenization with Tricine buffer (pH 7.5) followed by centrifugation at 23,000 g. The major portion of the lipase activity, determined with an emulsion of sunflower oil as substrate, is recovered in the supernatant fraction. These crude lipase preparations exhibit highest activity between pH 8 and 9, but they are inactive in acidic pH or at pH>10. Each of the crude lipase preparations is highly specific for thesn‐1,3 positions of triacylglycerols. The crude lipase preparations exhibit excellent stability on storage at −10 C, but about 50–60% of their activity is lost upon freeze‐drying. Dialysis of the crude lipase prior to freeze‐drying does not prevent the loss of activity. However, acetone powder obtained from the seedlings exhibits a lipase activity as high as the undialyzed crude lipase preparation.
Effect of methyl 2‐hexadecynoate on hepatic fatty acid metabolism
Authors: Wood Randall , Lee Theresa , Gershon Herman 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNormal and hepatoma bearing rats were fed a low level of methyl 2‐hexadecynoate in a low fat diet for one month. The effect of the acetylenic acid on lipid metabolism as derived from mass analysis of lipid classes, fatty acids and positional monoene isomers isolated from the major lipid classes of liver and hepatoma has been assessed. Methyl 2‐hexadecynoate caused a 25% decrease in body weight and the appearance of essential fatty acid deficiency symptoms within one week. Non‐tumor‐bearing animals contained a seven‐fold increase in all neutral lipid classes, except cholesterol, while host animals did not contain fatty livers. The apparent protective effect of the host animal by the hepatoma also resulted in only marginal changes in the fatty acid and positional monoene isomers from host liver and hepatoma lipids. In contrast to host liver and hepatoma, methyl 2‐hexadecynoate caused a massive accumulation of palmitate and hexadecenoates with a concomitant decrease in stearate and octadecenoates in most of the lipid classes from non‐tumor‐bearing animals. These changes were accompanied by a shift from the higher molecular weight triglycerides to lower molecular weights corresponding to carbon number 48. The high concentrations of hexadecenoates consisted predominantly of the Δ9 isomer. Despite the high concentrations ofcis Δ9 hexadecenoate, precursor ofcis Δ11 octadecenoate (vaccenate), total vaccenate levels of the five major lipid classes were lower than control values. All of these data strongly suggest that long‐chain 2‐ynoic acids inhibit elongation of saturated and monoene fatty acids.
A lipid mobilizing factor in serum of tumor‐bearing mice
Authors: Kitada S. , Hays E. F. , Mead J. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThere is considerable evidence that the growing tumor requires a source of unsaturated fatty acids, but the nature of this source and the mechanism of mobilizing the fatty acids from it are obscure. These experiments make use of AKR mice with implanted adipose tisue labeled with 1‐14C linoleic acid. With this experimental animal, it has been found that: (a) in the normal, fed mouse, fat is mobilized slowly and appears largely as respiratory CO2, following oxidation, (b) in the normal, fasted mouse, fat is mobilized rapidly and appears largely as respiratory CO2; (c) in the tumor‐bearing, fed mouse, fat is mobilized rapidly and appears largely in the tumor; and (d) the serum from tumor‐bearin mice, when injected into normal mice, produces an immediate massive fat mobilization that does not respond to feeding, whereas the serum from normal, fed mice does not. It is concluded that a mobilizing factor of unknown nature is present in the serum of tumor‐bearing AKR mice.