bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controls and Reference Conditions in Forestry: The Role of Old-Growth and Retrospective Studies
Authors: Frelich Lee E. , Cornett Meredith W. , White Mark A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest stands that experience only natural disturbance can serve as controls to provide a scientific basis for comparison with harvested forests to help determine when harvesting has been done in a sustainable manner. Primary stands can serve as references for silvicultural trials that attempt to mimic the primary forest structural attributes on shorter time scales of a few decades. At the landscape scale, retrospective techniques can be used to examine proportion and variation in proportion of stands among structural and successional stages expected under the natural disturbance regime. These analyses are referred to as range of natural variation and serve as landscape-scale reference conditions for comparison with the managed forest landscape.
Southern Pine Beetle Prevention in Florida: Assessing Landowner Awareness, Attitudes, and Actions
Authors: Mayfield Albert E. , Nowak Jarek , Moses Galen C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The fragmentation of nonindustrial private forests (NIPF) into progressively smaller parcels presents challenges to landscape-level management of forest pests such as the southern pine beetle (SPB). In a survey of northern Florida NIPF landowners, awareness of the SPB, forest management plan use, importance of timber income, and implementation of preventive management practices all decreased with decreasing ownership size. Small parcel size, expense, and lack of knowledge were frequently cited reasons for lack of forest management. Educational approaches that motivate forest management on small NIPF tracts are needed to promote landscape-level forest health. We discuss some broadly applicable landowner education strategies that may help address this challenge.
Awareness and Management of Invasive Plants among West Virginia Woodland Owners
Authors: Steele Jennifer , Chandran Rakesh S. , Grafton William N. , Huebner Cynthia D. , McGill David W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Although the need to engage woodland owners in managing invasive plants has been recognized, little is known about what motivates them to undertake such activities. Based on key informant interviews and a landowner questionnaire, this study assesses awareness and management of invasive plants among woodland owners in West Virginia and outreach implications. Although findings suggested that the issue of invasive plants was moderately salient, landowners identified a limited range of species. A large proportion of landowners who were aware of undesirable plants on their property had tried to control them, suggesting the absence of widespread barriers to initiating management. Instead, needs lie with improving effectiveness and follow-through and building awareness of a wider range of invasive plants and their impacts.
Citations, Publications, and Perceptions-Based Rankings of the Research Impact of North American Forestry Programs
Authors: Laband David N. , Zhang Daowei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Using the online citation service available through the Institute for Scientific Information and publication records, we constructed rankings of 53 North American forestry programs based on (1) total citations to the scholarly contributions of current faculty, (2) citations per research faculty member, (3) total number of publications in five top forestry journals, (4) total number of pages, (5) total number of publications per research faculty member, and (6) total number of page per research faculty member, from January 1997 to December 2001. We then compared these results against a ranking of the top forestry schools, based on perceived research profile, as indicated by survey responses from deans and department heads.
Managing Forest Disturbances and Community Responses: Lessons from the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
Authors: Flint Courtney G. , Haynes Richard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Managing forest disturbances can be complicated by diverse human community responses. Interviews and quantitative analysis of mail surveys were used to assess risk perceptions and community actions in response to forest disturbance by spruce bark beetles. Despite high risk perception of immediate threats to personal safety and property, risk perceptions of broader threats to community and ecological well-being were found to be more likely to influence participation in community action. Results imply that increased dialogue between resource managers and local community residents contributes to broader risk assessment and prioritization of risk mitigation strategies. Identifying community risk perceptions, tapping into local capacities for action, and accepting controversy facilitate sound decisionmaking and give voice to local concerns regarding risk mitigation after forest disturbance.
Outside-Bark Green Tons per Thousand Board Feet: A Case Study Using Sawtimber-Sized Hardwood Trees in Arkansas
Authors: Doruska Paul , Patterson David , Hartley Jonathan , Hurd Matthew 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Timber transactions have shifted from a volume basis to a weight basis over the last 40 years in much of the southeastern United States. This shift has posed problems when sawtimber inventories are conducted in terms of board feet and then converted to outside-bark green tons for valuation. This case study examines tons per thousand board feet conversion factors for the Doyle, Scribner, and International ¼ log rules for a collection of hardwood species in Arkansas. Conversion factors ranged from 20 tn/mbf Doyle to 5 tn/mbf Doyle as scaling diameters increased from 8 to 26 in. Conversion factors for the Scribner and International ¼ log rules varied from about 9 tn/mbf to about 5 tn/mbf over the same range in scaling diameters. Often, a single tons per mbf conversion factor is used for a given species class (i.e., pine, oak, … ) in a given region of the United States. Regardless of the region of the United States, tree species, or board foot log rule, the results of this case study suggest more appropriate conversion factors should be used.
The Latinization of Forest Management Work in Southern Oregon: A Case from the Rogue Valley
Authors: Sarathy Brinda 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Mexican immigrants constitute the vast majority of forest workers on federal lands in Oregon today. In southern Oregon, Latinos also make up a significant share of forest contractors and a growing portion of the resident population. Although there has been some recent attention to immigrant workers in the United States, Latino forest workers remain marginal in the eyes of policymakers and the general public. This article examines the Latinization of forest work in the Rogue Valley and provides a social and historical context with which to understand this phenomenon, shedding light on the importance of federal immigration policies, immigrant social networks, and changes to forest management.
Endemic Plant Distributions in Eastern North America: Implications for Conservation
Authors: Loehle Craig 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The conservation of rare plants is an important goal. Many rare plants are, in fact, endemics rather than remnants of once abundant populations. Plant endemics pose both challenges and opportunities for conservation. For eastern North America, there is a North-South gradient in endemicrichness, with the highest concentrations in two parts of Florida and few endemics in the recently glaciated North. The hot spots of the Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plain could all benefit from the restoration of natural fire regimes. Cedar glades, dolomite outcrops, balds, and granite outcrops,each containing their own endemic species, act as island archipelagos, with infrequent dispersal between them. This means that local extinctions (on a single patch) will not be restored by natural immigration on reasonable time scales. These shallow-soil communities also would be difficultto restore if denuded. The opportunity presented by these habitats is that many of them have low economic value and thus are cheap to protect and may occur as small patches within commercial forest. In addition, the pine savannah habitats are likely to have feasible dual conservation and timbermanagement, grazing, and hunting uses if care is taken.
The Irrationality of Continued Fire Suppression: An Avoided Cost Analysis of Fire Hazard Reduction Treatments Versus No Treatment
Authors: Snider Gary , Daugherty P.J. , Wood D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Without large-scale implementation of fire hazard reduction treatments, the costs of uncharacteristic crown fires in southwest forests will continue to increase. Federal policy continues to allocate vastly more funds to suppression than to prefire hazard reduction. We examined the economicrationality of continuing this policy of emphasizing fire suppression activities over restoration-based fire hazard reduction treatments. We compared treatment plus fire suppression costs to the cost of fire suppression without treatments over 40 years for southwestern forests. This avoided-costanalysis estimates the amount one could invest in treatments to avoid the future cost of fire suppression. Using conservative economic values, we found that avoided future costs justifies spending $238–601/ac for hazard reduction treatments in the southwest. We conclude that thepolicy of underfunding hazard reduction treatments does not represent rational economic behavior, because funding hazard reduction would pay for itself by lowering future fire suppression costs.
What Do Teenagers Think of Environmental Issues and Natural Resources Management Careers?
Authors: Hager Sarah , Straka Thomas , Irwin Heather 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
High school student knowledge of and interest in natural resources issues and careers is important to the future of the forestry profession. This article reports on a high school student's research project to establish what these knowledge and interest levels are. This student used MySpace to survey high school students across the country. Interest in the environment and natural resource issues was high, but interest in natural resource careers, especially forestry, was low. One major reason for the results seems to be a lack of information concerning natural resource careers at the high school counseling level. This suggests that marketing may be needed to attract students to the forestry profession.
The 2005 Planning Rule as a Teaching Tool
Authors: Kim Yeon-Su , Dewhurst Stephen , Hospodarsky Denver 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 2005, the US Forest Service released a new planning rule, more incremental in its approach, and intended to overcome limitations identified in previous US Forest Service planning approaches. We have adopted a new framework broadly based on the 2005 rule and enhanced by the use of scenario planning techniques for our senior capstone planning course. Our methodology is described, along with the positive and negative effects of the new approach we have observed in our 2 years of experiences. Although our key learning outcomes remain unchanged, the new approach has shifted the emphasis toward the recognition of multiple perspectives and divergent social values and uncertainty, at some cost to the rigor of the technical analysis. Examples of student management plans, and a public presentation by the 2007 class, are available on our class website.
Nonmarket Resource Valuation in the Postfire Environment
Authors: Calkin David , Jones Greg , Hyde Kevin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
After the containment of large wildland fires, major onsite and downstream effects including lost soil productivity, watershed response, increased vulnerability to invasive weeds, and downstream sedimentation can cause threats to human life and property. Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) teams are responsible for developing treatment plans to mitigate negative consequences associated with these postwildfire events. BAER teams are charged with demonstrating that proposed treatments are economically justified. When the resources at risk are market values this poses few challenges; however, when the resources at risk are nonmarket values serious challenges occur including limited supporting scientific research, a lack of economics expertise and training among BAER team members, and tight time frames for conducting assessments resulting in final assessments that may not be defensible. In this study we show a clear and reproducible valuation procedure termed implied minimum value that may be adopted by BAER teams to improve the economic justification of treatments proposed to protect nonmarket resource values.
Keeping Pace with Global Positioning System Technology in the Forest
Authors: Wing Michael G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Global positioning system (GPS) technology continues to spread throughout society with an increased number of GPS receivers becoming available at lower costs to consumers. GPS applications in forested settings have developed at a more modest pace than other applications because of the difficulty in maintaining satellite communication under tree canopy and in steep terrain. Several recent studies, however, have found that accurate GPS measurements are possible within forested settings using relatively low-cost GPS receivers. In addition, GPS hardware and satellite systems are in a state of development with significant improvements expected in the near future. This article describes current GPS technology and expected future trends that are likely to benefit GPS operators. In addition, considerations for improving GPS measurement accuracy in forested settings are discussed.
Family Forest Stewardship: Do Owners Need a Financial Incentive?
Authors: Kilgore Michael A. , Snyder Stephanie , Taff Steven , Schertz Joseph 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study assessed family forest owner interest in formally committing to the types of land use and management practices that characterize good stewardship if compensated for doing so, using Minnesota's Sustainable Forest Incentives Act (SFIA) as a proxy measure of forest stewardship. The SFIA provides an annual payment in return for obtaining and using a forest management plan and adhering to Minnesota's timber harvesting and forest management guidelines, among other requirements. Results of a mail survey indicate the typical Minnesota family forest owner has relatively small acreage, owns the land for a long time, lives in a rural area, is an absentee owner, considers hunting the most important reason for forestland ownership, and is not an active forest manager but supplies timber to the marketplace. Analysis of the survey data using a logit model found landowner interest in enrolling in the SFIA program was significantly influenced by the SFIA payment amount, acres of forestland owned, intention to obtain a forest management plan, opposition to the program's covenant requirement, and familiarity with the program. The model also estimated considerable compensation is needed to secure substantial participation of family forest owners in the SFIA program—nearly $24/ac per year to enroll one-half of the owners surveyed. Marketing efforts to increase the program visibility and extolling the virtues of a forest management plan should be part of a strategy to increase family forest owner participation in the SFIA program.
Some Timber Product Market and Trade Implications of an Invasive Defoliator: The Case of Asian Lymantria in the United States
Authors: Prestemon Jeffrey P. , Turner James A. , Buongiorno Joseph , Zhu Shushuai , Li Ruhong 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
US policy and forest product industry decisionmakers need quantitative information about the magnitude of timber product market impacts from the possible introduction of an exotic and potentially dangerous defoliating forest pest. We applied the Global Forest Products Model to evaluate the effects on the United States of an invasion by the Asian gypsy (Lymantria dispar L.) and/or nun (Lymantria monacha L.) moths. Results suggest that the current ban on softwood log imports from the Russian Far East has little effect, beyond what market forces alone would do, on the likelihood of the introduction of the pests in the country. However, an introduction of the pests in the United States, by the timber trade or other means, could have severe impacts on the timber product market, particularly if the United States' trading partners responded by banning imports of US logs.
Newer Technologies and Bioenergy Bring Focus Back to Bark Factor Equations
Authors: Doruska Paul F. , Patterson David , Hartley Jonathan , Hurd Matthew , Hart Timothy 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recent technological advances have made estimating outside bark, upper stem diameters on tree stems more commonplace. Inside bark diameters and bark thicknesses are also often needed at upper stem locations for volume determination applications, but those attributes are not easily measured, even with the newer technologies. Interest in bark and timber residue for bioenergy uses has also put increased focus on the ability to measure or estimate bark thickness at various heights aboveground. Bark factor (BF) equations allow one to estimate the ratio of inside bark diameter to outside bark diameter at a given height aboveground for a given tree. This ratio can then be multiplied by outside bark diameter measurements to yield estimates of inside bark diameters. Bark thickness can then be found via subtraction. This project developed BF equations for three hardwood species found in northwest Arkansas, nine hardwood species found in southeast Arkansas, and two hardwood species found in north central Wisconsin. Three distinct patterns in BF were observed, with the R2 of the fitted regression equations ranging from 0.76 to 0.97. Example applications are also described.
Heart Size of Sugar Maple Sawlogs across Six Northern States
Authors: Yanai Ruth D. , Germain René H. , Anderson Nathaniel M. , Coates T. Adam , Mishler Andrew K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Sugar maple is among the most important commercial tree species in the northern United States. Sawlogs with the highest proportion of white wood to discolored heart are the most valuable; logs with more than one-half the log diameter in dark wood must be marketed as pallet logs. Foresters, loggers, and landowners have long speculated about regional variations in heart size, but to date, no one has tested these theories. We examined 53 harvest sites across six northern states and found no significant variation in heart size related to geography, ecoregions, or soil orders. We did observe larger hearts on sites on Spodosols than on Alfisols, which are more base rich. Heart size increased only slightly with diameter at most sites, such that the heart-size ratio decreased (P &lt; 0.001), suggesting that the risk of finding large hearts does not increase with tree age, as previously believed.
Landowner Awareness and Adoption of Wildfire Programs in the Southern United States
Authors: Jarrett Adam , Gan Jianbang , Johnson Cassandra , Munn Ian A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We surveyed nonindustrial private (family) forestland owners in five states in the southern United States to identify their perception, awareness, and adoption of wildfire prevention and mitigation programs. Wildfire is perceived as an imminent threat by the majority of the survey respondents, and over two-thirds of them have taken some preventive measure. Program awareness, wildfire experience and risk perception, information sources, wildfire preventive activities, and preferences for government interventions differ across racial groups; experience with wildfire, knowledge and activities of fire protection, information sources, and desire for government intervention and technical assistance are also significantly different between male and female landowners. Additionally, program awareness by landowners does not necessarily translate into action in preventing and mitigating wildfire, suggesting that additional assistance and stimuli would be needed to encourage private landowners to be more proactive against wildfire.
Harmonizing National Forest Inventories
Authors: McRoberts Ronald E. , Tomppo Erkki , Schadauer Klemens , Vidal Claude , Ståhl Göran , Chirici Gherardo , Lanz Adrian , Cienciala Emil , Winter Susanne , Smith W. Brad 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
National forest inventories are a primary source of data for national and large area assessments of sustainability and biodiversity and for international forest resource reporting. However, the ability of countries to produce compatible estimates using these data is impeded by the diversity of their national inventory definitions, sampling designs, plot configurations, measured variables, and measurement protocols. In addition, because the differing features of these inventories have historical, commercial, and environmental justification, prospects for standardizing inventories are minimal. The best current alternative is to harmonize estimates, a process that focuses on developing methods for producing compatibility despite the different inventory features. Action E43 (COST E43, 2008, Harmonization of national forest inventories in Europe: Techniques for common reporting; Available at online at www.metla.fi/eu/cost/e43/index.html; last accessed May 2008) of the European program, Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST), has focused on developing harmonization methods for European inventories in three areas: harmonized definitions, harmonized estimation procedures for carbon pools, and harmonized indicators for biodiversity assessments. The Forest Inventory and Analysis program of the US Forest Service has participated in COST Action E43 and has provided data for testing proposed harmonization methods. Although considerable progress has been made in developing methods to facilitate harmonization, considerable work still remains.
The Ectomycorrhizal Community Structure in European Beech Forests Differing in Coppice Shoot Age and Stand Features
Authors: Di Marino Erika , Montecchio Lucio , Scattolin Linda , Abs Clemens , Agerer Reinhard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The composition and the structure of the ectomycorrhizal (EM) community were investigated in seven European beech coppices, and differing for the year of the last cut (2–48 years), in Northern Italy. The research was conducted on the spatial and temporal distribution of the ectomycorrhizal species, to study if possible changes in the community could be correlated to the application year of these human practices, together with site variables (site slope, pH, C/N, Corg, Norg, soil moisture, exposure, altitude, and bedrock type). The preliminary results indicated that ectomycorrhization degree significantly changes between the organic and mineral horizons. The ecological indexes of richness and evenness showed significant variations in the sampled sites but were not correlated with either coppicing age or slope. EM species composition revealed a significant correlation with slope and soil moisture but not with shoot age. The coppice treatment seems to be not dangerous for the EM community structure, but additional studies are necessary to understand the possible application of the “short rotation” practices in this ecological context, as a sustainable activity, according to the new trends in European Union energetic policies. An EM resilient condition is supposed.