bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Motivational Bases of Attitudes Toward Animals
Authors: Hills Adelma M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe need for a theoretical grounding of the human-animal relationship is addressed from the perspective of the motivational bases of attitudes toward animals. Building on recent developments in attitude theory, and integrating themes from the historical and cultural background to Western attitudes, a model is developed that proposes three fundamental motivational bases, where responses to animals depend on instrumental self interest, empathylidentification, or people's beliefs and values about the nature and status of animals. Initial empirical studies using the model revealed reduced instrumentality, heightened empathy, and strong commitment to a value perspective endorsing equal status for humans and animals among animal rights supporters. Farmers exhibited an opposite pattern, and supported the dominant status of humans. The urban public evidenced moderate levels of instrumentality and empathy, and a neutral value position with some individuals exhibiting considerable ambivalence (agreeing with both equality and dominance). Gender differences on instrumentality (favoring males) and empathy (favoring females), were less evident for values, and were confined to female and male farmers. Directions for future research are discussecl, as is the practical value of this approach.
Personality Differences between Pro- and Antivivisectionists
Authors: Miele Joseph , Tingley Leanne , Kimball Robert , Broida John 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe examined the possibility that opinions on the animal rights debate reflect differences in personality. Our survey of 1055 college students compared scores on the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory and other personality measures with scores on the Animal Research Survey. We found people supportive of animal experimentation more likely to be male, masculine, conservative and less empathic than those opposed to it. Animal rights advocates were more likely to support vegetarianism and to be more ecologically concerned. They also indicated less faith in science. Students likely to encounter animal experimentation in their studies (psychology, biology majors) tended to oppose animal experimentation more than others. Intuitive and feeling types were more opposed to animal experimentation than were sensate and thinking types. Extraverted-sensate and extraverted-thinking types were more likely to favor animal experimentation than were extraverted-intuitive and extraverted-feeling types. Implications of these results are discussed.
Labels and the Treatment of Animals: Archival and Experimental Cases
Authors: Rasmussen Jeffrey Lee , Craft Heather D. , Rajecki D.W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe proposition that sheer labels or categories are important in people's reactions to the treatment of animals was supported by evidence from two sources. First, print archives showed that in the real world animals with a great deal in common such as (a) dolphins and tuna in the same nets; (b) cats and dogs, and pigs and goats in the same laboratories; and (c) native and feral species in the same parks are viewed or treated quite differently by humans. Second, original experiments were conducted wherein some hypothetical maltreatment of animals was held constant, but the animal label was varied over different respondents. Depending on the fictional maltreatment (hooking, shooting) and label (dog, cat, bird, fish, pig, goat) men and women respondents showed strong and systematic patterns of more or less tolerance for such treatment.
The "Disgusting" Spider: The Role of Disease and Illness in the Perpetuation of Fear of Spiders
Authors: Davey Graham C. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRecent studies of spider phobia have indicated thatfearof spiders is closely associated with the disease-avoidance response of disgust. It is argued that the disgust-relevant status of the spider resulted from its association with disease and illness in European cultures from the tenth century onward. The development of the association between spiders and illness appears to be linked to the many devastating and inexplicable epidemics that struck Europe from the Middle Ages onwards, when the spider was a suitable displaced target for the anxieties caused by these epidemics. Such factors suggest that the pervasive fear of spiders that is commonly found in many Western societies may have cultural rather than biological origins, and may be restricted to Europeans and their descendants.
The Law is an Ass: Reading E.P. Evans' The Medieval Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals
Authors: Beirne Piers 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this essay I address a little-known chapter in the lengthy history of crimes against (nonhuman) animals. My focus is not crimes committed by humans against animals, as such, but a practical outcome of the seemingly bizarre belief that animals are capable of committing crimes against humans.2 I refer here to the medieval practice whereby animals were prosecuted and punished for their misdeeds, aspects of which readers are likely to have encountered in the work of the historian Robert Darnton (1985).
Animals in Experimental Reports: The Rhetoric of Science
Authors: Birke Lynda , Smith Jane 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze the ways in which the use of animals is described in the "Methods" sections of scientific papers. We focus particularly on aspects of the language of scientific narrative and what it conveys to the reader about the animals. Scientific writing, for example, tends to omit details of how the animals are cared for. Perhaps more importantly, it is constructed in ways that tend to minimize what is happening to the animal; thus, animal death is obscured by euphemisms, omission, or circumlocutions. What is done to animals is, moreover, often subordinate in the text to the details of experimental procedures and apparatus. We consider how such writing supports a particular kind of image of the "animal" in science, and also creates an impression that what happens to animals is somehow devoid of human agency. This impression, we argue, contributes to the way science is perceived by a wider public.
Metaphoric Relationships with Pets
Authors: Belk Russell W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUsing depth interviews and participant observation, the predominant metaphors that emerge in pet owners' relationships with theiranimals are pets as pleasures, problems, parts of self, members of the family, and toys. These metaphors as well as patterns of interacting with and accounting for pets, suggest vacillation between viewing companion animals as human and civilized and viewing them as animalistic and chaotic. It is argued that these views comprise a mixed metaphor needed to more fully understand our fascination with pets.
Pigs, Politics and Social Change in Vanuatu
Authors: Miles William F. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPigs have long held great symbolic import for the people of Vanuatu, a sprawling archipelago 1,000 miles northeast of Australia. In most of the indigenous, small-scale communities which comprised traditional Vanuatu society, pig ownership and pig killing conveyed status, wealth, and informal power. Such rituals were the sole measure of social standing and political rank. In this study, I show how the cultural valuation of an animal, in this case the pig, can evolve as a society undergoes socio-economic development, and also how it can be used to foster nationalistic, partisan. and other political ends. I show how competing nationalist leaders used pig symbolism in their struggle to create a unified national identit_v,for-varying island groups, and how even today, local leaders derive their legitimacy through the manipulation of traditional animal rites.
Physical Cruelty Toward Animals in Massachusetts, 1975-1996
Authors: Luke Carter , Arluke Arnold 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article describes the nature of animal abuse and the response of the criminal justice system to all cruelty cases prosecuted by the Massachusetts Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals between 1975 and 1996. Dogs were the most common target; when combined with cats, these domestic animals composed the vast majority of incidents. Almost all of these animals were owned, and females were the majority of complainants. Suspects were almost always young males, and most of the time they allegedly shot, beat, stabbed, or threw their victims. Reportedly, adults were more likely than minors to abuse dogs, shoot them, and commit such acts alone rather than in a group, while minors were more likely to abuse cats, beat them, and commit such acts with peers present. Less than half of the alleged abusers were found guilty in court, one-third were fined, less than one-quarter had to pay restitution, one-fifth were put on probation, one-tenth were sent to jail, and an even smaller percent were required to undergo counseling or perform community service.
Dogs: God's Worst Enemies?
Authors: Menache Sophia 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a broad survey of negative and hostile attitudes toward canines in pagan, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim traditions, the author posits that warm ties between humans and canines have been seen as a threat to the authority of the clergy and indeed, of God. Exploring ancient myth, Biblical and Rabbinical literature, and early and medieval Christianity and Islam, she explores images and prohibitions concerning dogs in the texts of institutionalized, monotheistic religions, and offers possible explanations for these attitudes, including concern over disease.
Beyond Mead: Symbolic Interaction between Humans and Felines
Authors: Alger Janet M. , Alger Steven F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRecent research on the cognitive abilities and emotional capacities of animals has fueled the animal rights movement and renewed debate over the differences between human and non-human animals. This debate has not been central to sociology, although George Herbert Mead drew a very hard line between humans and animals by asserting that the latter were not capable of symbolic interaction. Sociologists are now beginning to question this assumption, and this article falls within this new line of research. We begin by presenting alternative interpretations of symbolic interaction that allow for the possibility of such activity in non-human animals. We review recent research on symbolic interaction between humans and dogs, and we present our own research findings on human-feline interaction. We conclude that there is growing evidence that symbolic interaction is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom, and that it enables animals to survive more effectively in a wide variety of environments.
Das Datum Der Shih-Ching-Finsternis
Authors: Hartner Willy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDie Sonnenfinsternis von - 775 IX 6 (jul. Stil), die in China seit dem Ende der Hanzeit, in Europa seit rund 200 Jahren (Gaubil) als "Shih-ching-Finsternis" betrachtet wird, kann nicht mit dieser identisch sein, da sie im Gebiet des alten China (Unterlauf des Gelben Flusses) nicht sichtbar gewesen ist. Die Sonnenfinsternis von - 734 XI 30 ist in der Zeit zwischen dem Beginn der Choudynastie (1122 v. Chr.) und dem Ende der Ch'un-ch'iu-Periode (470 v. Chr.) die einzige, die mit den Angaben der Shih-ching-Ode + (Chinese Classics IV, 320) übereinstimmt. Es ergibt sich, dass die Monatsangabe nach Hsiastil (, Jahresbeginn im III. astronomischen Monat) gerechnet ist; der Neumond des 30. November - 734 sollte zwar theoretisch den 11., nicht den 10. bürgerlichen Monat im Hsiakalender einleiten, doch lässt sich diese Diskrepanz mit der Angabe des Textes ungezwungen beseitigen, wenn man annimmt, dass das Herbstäquinoktium des Jahres - 734 infolge ungenauer Beobachtung (innerhalb der durch die Gnomon-Methode bedingten Fehlergrenze) um 1-2 Tage zu spät angesetzt und demzufolge der Schaltmonat verfrüht eingeschoben worden ist. Der Vergleich mit den Finsternisberichten aus späterer Zeit zeigt, dass fehlerhafte Monatsschaltungen dieser Art nicht selten vorkamen. Die Anspielungen auf politische Verhältnisse im Texte der Ode sowie der drei folgenden, stehen nicht im Widerspruch mit den Angaben des über die Regierungszeit von P'ing-wang; insbesondere enthält die 7. Strophe der Ode einen deutlichen Hinweis auf die offenbar schon längere Zeit geplante und i. J. 722 v. Chr. endgültig erfolgte Verlegung der Hauptstadt von Hsi-an Fu nach Lo-yang. Als weitere Bestätigung darf angesehen werden, dass unmittelbar vor der Sonnenfinsternis von - 734 XI 30 eine Häufung von totalen, in China sichtbaren Mondfinsternissen eintrat, auf die die Textworte offensichtlich Bezug nehmen. - Die Annahme von Schreibfehlern in der Monatsnummer oder in einer der beiden Komponenten der Tagesnummer im 60er-Zyklus führt zu keinem brauchbaren Resultat. Aus alledem ergibt sich, dass die Sonnenfinsternis von - 734 XI 30, die in Hsi-an Fu eine Grösse von annähernd 11 Zoll (11/12 des Sonnendurchmessers) erreicht hat, die einzige ist, die Anspruch darauf erheben kann, mit der Shih-ching-Finsternis identisch zu sein.
Semantics and Metaphysics in Gilbert of Poitiers
Authors: De Rijk L.M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEach inhabitant of our world Gilbert calls (following Boethius) an id quod est or subsistens. Its main constituents are the subsistentiae (or the subsistent's id quo which is sometimes taken collectively to stand for ea quibus) and these are accompanied by the 'accidents', quantity and quality. The subsistent owes its status (or transitory condition) to a collection of inferior members of the Aristotelian class of accidents, which to Gilbert's mind are rather 'accessories' or 'attachments from without' (extrinsecus affixa). The term 'substantia' is used both to stand for substance and substantial form (subsistentia), i.e., that by which something is subsistent (or 'is a substance'). The collection of subsistentiae (substantial forms) or the forma totius is called natura. However, 'natura' is also used to stand for either just one subsistentia or all the forms found in a subsistens even including its 'accidental' forms (quantity and quality). The inclusion of all kinds of accidents (including those inferior ones that make up a thing's status) is seldom found in the intension of the word 'natura'. One of the key notions featuring in Gilbert's ontology is esse aliquid. 'To be a-something' has a threefold import. First, it means 'to be only some thing', and to miss perfection. Second, it has the positive sense of 'being a something', i.e. 'being determinate and well-delineated', not indefinite, not formless that is. Third, 'to be a something' implies concreteness, corporealness and singularity.
Taking Notice1
Authors: Rose Deborah Bird 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResting on the belief that knowledge unfolds through dialogue this paper takes a dialogical approach to the exploration of worldviews. Understanding a worldview as a process of becoming rather than being, the paper engages with the thought of the Aboriginal teacher Jessie Wirrpa in relation to the work of the philosopher Emmanuel Levinas. In particular, the paper explores ideas of knowledge, caring and 'attentive intersubjectivity'.
Neue Felseneidechsen (Reptilia: Lacertidae) aus dem Kaukasus und aus der Türkei
Authors: Darevsky Ilia S. , Eiselt Josef 
Published: April 2008

AbstractZusammenfassung. Präsentation von Lacerta rudis svanetica ssp. nov. vom Südabfall der zentralen Kaukasus-Hauptkette in Nordwest-Grusinien einschließlich einer isolierten Population in Nordwest-Abchasien und von Lacerta parvula adjarica ssp. nov. von der türkischen Schwarzmeerküste samt ihrem Hinterland zwischen Trabzon und Batumi sowie im (Çoruh- (Tschoroch-)tal ab Borçka, in Adjarien und in den angrenzenden Gebieten Grusiniens zwischen Meria (SE Poti) und Borzomi; bei Bakuriani existiert ein isoliertes Vorkommen.
The Postcranial Skeleton of Lanthanotus borneensis (Reptilia, Lacertilia)
Authors: Rieppel Olivier 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe postcranial skeleton of Lanthanotus borneensis is described and compared to that of Heloderma and Varanus. In an evolutionary sense, Lathanotus is intermediate in structure between Heloderma showing relatively primitive and Varanus showing relatively advanced character states. This conclusion is well supported by the structure of the tarsus. Cladistically, Lanthanotus is the sister-taxon of Varanus, the two lineages together forming the sister-taxon of Heloderma, a conclusion based on the distribution of shared derived characters.
Eine neue Art der Gattung Tarentola (Reptilia : Sauria : Gekkonidae) aus Westafrika
Authors: Joger Ulrich 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTarentola parvicarinata n. sp. appears to be closely related to T. annularis (GEOFFROY), but differs from the latter species in (1) a paler colour lacking the four white scapular spots typical for T. annularis (Figs. 1,2) ; (2) delicately keeled dorsal scales and tubercles (Figs. 3, 4); (3) in general only 12 rows of dorsal tubercles; (4) a lower count of lamellae and scales under the tows, especially the fifth tow (Fig. 6); (5) smaller size (snout-vent below 10 cm). T. parvicarinata is distributed in rocky areas of southern Mauritania, eastern Senegal, western Mali, northern Guinea, and on Mt. Loma in Sierra Leone. In the Mauritanian Adrar mountains, sympatry with T. annularis occurs (Fig. 7). In Senegal, there is evidence for an anthropogenic extension of range, presently taking place along the railway line Kayes-Dakar.
Age Determination of Male Bufo bufo (Amphibia, Anura) from the Netherlands, based on Year Rings in Phalanges
Authors: Hemelaar Agnes S. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBased on both the pattern of year rings in a particular phalanx of adult male specimens of the common toad Bufo bufo and the thickness of this bone in first-year toads, the rate of resorption of year rings in each toad could be assessed. It appeared that this rate of resorption is small. Therefore the age of male specimens of Bufo bufo from the Netherlands can be determined for about 92% by counting the number of year rings in hematoxylin-stained cross-sections of this particular phalanx. This percentage can be raised to 93-98% by considering the year rings resorbed. The age of the remaining toads may be underestimated by not more than one year.
Heterochromatin Distribution in the Chromosome Complement of Triturus boscai (Amphibia: Caudata: Salamandridae)
Authors: Herrero Pilar 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe C-banding pattern of the I berian endemism Triturus boscai has been analyzed using mitotic chromosomes from gastric tissue and testes. The chromosome pairs are characterized for presenting a small black spot on their centromeres although a pair of pericentric bands are placed on both sides of the centromere region. Some chromosomes are characterized by the presence of terminal and subterminal bands. Present results are compared with those referred to related species within the group Triturus.
Régime alimentaire de Lacerta vivipara et Rana temporaria dans deux populations sympatriques du Puy-de-Dôme
Authors: Pilorge Thierry 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe diets of Lacerta vivipara and Rana temporaria were determined from the analysis of the stomach contents of individuals caught at the same time in the same place (Puy-de-Dôme, France). The diet of the common frog is more diversified, according to taxonomy as well as to the size of prey items. Besides, average length of prey captured by the frog (7.9 mm) is greater than that of the lizard (4.6 mm). Nevertheless the diet overlap index is much greater according to the later criterium than to taxonomic classification. Contrary to what has been shown in several cases where prey size is the main factor, trophic behaviour, hunting stratum and daily activity cycle- between others - play a great part in the separation of the trophic niches of the two studied populations. Finally, to evaluate the intensity of competition between the two species requires the determination of the availability of trophic resources as compared with the needs of predators.
Observation and Conservation of a Relict Population of the Natterjack Toad Bufo calamita (LAURENTI) in Southern England over the Period 1972-1981
Authors: Beebee Trevor , Bolwell Stephen , Buckley John , Corbett Keith , Griffin John , Preston Michael , Webster Jonathan 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A relict population of natterjack toads (Bufo calamita) on heathland in southern England has been studied over a ten year period. During this time the numbers of adults have not fluctuated significantly although there has been recruitment only in the latter five years. pH, inorganic ions and organic components of the freshwaters have been studied together with thermal properties, tadpole growth rates and abundance of potential predators. Conservation measures and their success so far are also described.
Effect of Prey Density on Reproduction, Foraging and Other Activities in the Adder, Vipera berus
Authors: Andrén Claes 
Published: April 2008

AbstractReproduction, foraging and other activities of an island population of adder, Vipera berus, were documented in 1974 after a high density of rodents in 1973. The study was repeated in 1975 after one year of diminished food resources. In spring 1974 the weight status (body mass/length) of all categories of island adders was significantly higher than in adjacent mainland populations. After one year of food scarcity mean body mass had decreased significantly in all categories of adders. At the same time mean body length in males, (but not in females) increased significantly. Survival after one year of low food resources was markedly higher in non-reproductive females than in reproductive ones, pointing to a high cost of reproduction at low food density. In 1975, spring sloughing in males was delayed and prolonged, and reproduction failed completely. The foraging period was prolonged and included spring. Most adders then left their normal spring habitats close to the hibernation area and moved to foraging habitats. Predator evasion distance was much shorter than in well-nourished adders.
Electrophoresis of Proteins in small Blood-Samples from live Frogs, in 1 mm thick Polyacrylamide Gels
Authors: Wijnands Harrie E. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA method is described that can help preventing the mass killing of frogs when only minute samples oftissue-specificallyblood-are needed, such as for electrophoresis ofproteins in aid ofpopulation genetic studies. About 10 microliter of serum were rather easily collected from the feet, while the animals (belonging to several forms of Rana esculenta complex) stayed relatively unharmed. By means ofvertical electrophoresis in I mm thick polyacrylamide gels several protein patterns were demonstrated in samples as small as I microliter of serum (plus 1 microliter sucrose solution). Patterns of albumin, LDH and esterase could easily be analysed and were compared with literature data. Some more experimenting might result in the production ofgood zymograms ofa-GDH and PHI too. AAT, PGM and CK appeared to be absent in serum but could easily be demonstrated in samples from skeletal muscle.
Inheritance of Vertebral Stripe in Rana ridibunda PaLL. (Amphibia, Ranidae)
Authors: Berger Leszek , Smielowski Jan 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The authors examined the inheritance of the vertebral stripe in the progeny of F1,F2 and F3 generations of Rana rridibunda from Turkey. The female as unstriped and the male as striped. All F1, froglets were striped, in F2 froglets this colour pattern segregated according to MENDEL'S law 3:1 (95 frogs were striped and 29 unstriped). In F3 froglets which were received from unstriped parents, only unstriped individuals appeared. Numbers of females and males among individuals of both colour patterns were normal (1:1). The authors concluded that the vertebral stripe in R. ridibunda is controlled by an autosomic gene and that the allele responsible for the presence oflight stripe is dominant and its antagonistic one is recessive.