bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depression in General Practice:
Authors: Sireling L I. , Paykel E. S. , Freeling P. , Rao B. M. , Patel S. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryUsing multiple diagnostic and epidemiological criteria, three samples of general practice (GP) depressives were studied: those prescribed a new course of antidepressants, those given other treatment, and those missed by the GP. The majority of patients qualified as psychiatric cases on the PSE Index of Definition, the Bedford College Criteria, and the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Most satisfied diagnostic criteria for depression, or (fewer) anxiety. The disorders were relatively mild and often borderline on all three systems. Depressives given other treatment most often failed to meet diagnostic criteria. About half the antidepressant treated patients received RDC diagnoses of major depression. Among the other treatment sample, only one-fifth met these criteria, and half had non-depressive diagnoses. Most cases of depression treated by GPs satisfy criteria for psychiatric disorder, but tend to be relatively mild and borderline in quality.
Depression in General Practice:
Authors: Sireling L. I. , Freeling P. , Paykel E. S. , Rao B. M. , Patel S. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryGeneral practice (GP) depressives prescribed an antidepressant were compared with those given other treatment, and with antidepressant-treated psychiatric out-patient depressives. GP depressives were considerably less severely ill than out-patients, with fewer depressive symptoms and shorter illness, as well as less primary and less endogenous depression. The two groups of GP depressives differed less, but those receiving other treatment tended to have less severe depression than those receiving antidepressants and were less likely to satisfy diagnostic criteria for depression. Depressives in GP differ considerably in clinical characteristics from psychiatric out-patient depressives, and clinical features influence the GP's decision to treat with antidepressants.
A Survey of Serum Antibodies to Eight Common Viruses in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: King D. J. , Cooper S. J. , Earle J. A. P. , Martin S. J. , McFerran N. V. , Rima B. K. , Wisdom G. B. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySerum antibody titres to eight neurotropic viruses were measured by enzyme immunoassay in 450 psychiatric in-patients and 143 controls. A seasonal variation in schizophrenic births was observed, with a peak incidence between March and April. Both herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus antibody titres correlated with age and, when this was controlled for, no significant differences emerged between any patient group and the controls. Mumps antibody titres were significantly lower in patients with mental subnormal and neurosis or personality disorder; measles and rubella antibody titres were lower in male but not female mentally handicapped patients; males had lower antibody titres to mumps, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus than females in all groups. A decrease in mumps antibody titres was also found in schizophrenics if the medication factor was excluded. These low antibody titres may indicate an impaired immune response. Thus perinatal or childhood subclinical viral infections of the central nervous system, particularly of mumps, might lead to a range of possible psychiatric outcomes in later life.
Serum and CSF Antibody Titres to Seven Common Viruses in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: King D. J. , Cooper S. J. , Earle J. A. P. , Martin S. J. , McFerran N. V. , Wisdom G. B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCSF and matched serum antibody titres to seven common viruses were measured in 20 chronic schizophrenic patients, and 17 of these were age and sex-matched with orthopaedic controls. CT scans were carried out in patients and age and sex-matched radiological controls. There was a trend for CSF viral antibody titres (except CMV, HSV and VZV) to be decreased in the patients compared to controls, statistically significant for mumps and IgG. The CSF/serum ratios showed a reduction in the patients, compared to controls, statistically significant for measles and rubella as well as mumps and IgG. Cerebral ventricular size was significantly increased in the patients compared to controls, but did not correlate with any of the antibody data. These findings suggest that there is a reduced immune response to certain common viruses in the CNS of schizophrenic patients, but possible effects of institutionalisation or current medication could only be adequately excluded by further prospective studies.
The Pattern and Prevalence of Symptoms During the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: van den Akker Olga , Steptoe Andrew 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred volunteers completed a modified version of the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire daily for 35 days. The purpose of the study was disguised. None of the participants was taking oral contraceptives. Significantly more symptoms were reported in the premenstrual and menstrual phases and fewer during the follicular phase of the cycle, but the pattern of response varied considerably between subjects. Symptom reporting was higher, in all phases of the cycle, in women with high trait anxiety or psychiatric morbidity (indexed by the General Health Questionnaire) but these measures did not relate to fluctuations of symptoms around the menstrual cycle. The need for prospective longitudinal studies of menstrual cycle symptomatology is emphasised.
Home Care for Chronic Mental Illness in Bangalore: An Experiment in the Prevention of Repeated Hospitalisation
Authors: Pai Shaila , Channabasavanna S. M. , Nagarajaiah  , Raghuram R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe article describes the outcome of a comparative study of home care, by a trained nurse, versus hospital out-patient supervision in the management of chronic psychiatric patients in Bangalore, India. Twenty-five patients, with a mean duration of illness of nine years, were started on the home care programme while a matched control group of 25 similar patients continued the regular out-patient contact offered by the hospital. Comparative assessments were carried out on the groups at the time of intake and again after two years. The results indicate that hospital admission was less often needed among the home care group.
Ageing and Affective Disorders: The Age at First Onset of Affective Disorders in Scotland, 1969–1978
Authors: Eagles John M. , Whalley Lawrence J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFirst admission rates from 1969–78 for Scottish psychiatric units were calculated for discharge diagnoses of affective psychosis for each five-year age-group from 15 years to over 74 years. There were clear-cut linear increases in rates of depressive psychoses, mania, and all affective psychoses, consistent with a relatively steady increase in the rate of first-onset affective psychoses with increasing age. These findings are discussed in terms of social, psychological, and biological hypotheses of the causes of affective disorder. It is argued that no single factor could produce the observed linear increases with age and that the data appear more consistent with an integrative aetiological model of affective disorder.
Social Support and Long-Term Lithium Outcome
Authors: O'Connell Ralph A. , Mayo Julia A. , Eng Leonard K. , Jones J. Sidney , Gabel Richard H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe failure rate in long-term lithium treatment of bipolar affective disorder is in the range of 20 to 30%, even with rigorous diagnostic criteria and adequate serum lithium levels. This may be due to a variety of biologic and psychosocial factors. Psychosocial factors affecting treatment outcome were studied in 60 RDC diagnosed bipolar patients treated with lithium for one year. Outcome was measured using an affective episode score, a social adjustment scale and a global assessment scale. Social support was the factor most strongly correlated with a good outcome on all three measures.
Comparison of the Nutritional State of New and Long-term Patients in a Psychogeriatric Unit
Authors: Greer A. , McBride D. H. , Shenkin A. 
Published: August 2008

Nutritional deficiencies have been implicated in the pathophysiology of various mental disorders. Life in institutions has been associated with development of nutritional deficiencies, the elderly being most at risk especially those with senile dementia. In this study nutritional status, particularly vitamin and essential mineral status was assessed in a group of 64 new admissions to a psychogeriatric unit and 49 long-term patients.The results indicated that psychogeriatric patients were at risk of experiencing nutritional deficiencies and those with senile dementia were likely to have more abnormalities than those with functional illnesses. Those patients in long-term care would appear to have a better nutritional state than those on admission.
Capgras Syndrome in a Patient with Dementia
Authors: Kumar Vinod 
Published: August 2008

The Capgras syndrome was first described as an ‘illusionf doubles' in 1923 by two French psychiatrists, Capgras and Reboul-Lachaux. Since then, a number of cases have been reported of this syndrome co-existing with functional as well as organic disorders. Enoch & Trethowen (1979) regarded the syndrome as purely functional – a manifestation of schizophrenia. Recently, there have been case reports describing the occurrence of Capgras syndrome with diabetes (MacCallum, 1973), hypothyroidism (Madakursira & Hall, 1981), hepatic encaphalopathy (Pies, 1982; Cummings, 1985), pseudo-hypoparathyroidism (Hay et al, 1974), temporal lobe epilepsy (Chawla & Virmani, 1977) and vitamin B12 deficiency (Zucker et al, 1981).The following report discusses the presence of Capgras syndrome in a patient with dementia.
Hospital Admissions Before and After Shipyard Closure
Authors: Bartley Mel , Fagin Leonard 
Published: August 2008

“To determine the effect of job loss on health an investigation was made of admissions to hospitals in 887 men five years before and three years after the closure of a Danish shipyard. The control group comprised 441 men from another shipyard. The information on hospital admissions was obtained from the Danish national register of patients. The relative risk of admission in the control group dropped significantly in terms of the number of men admitted from the study group from 1.29 four to five years before closure to 0.74 in the three years after closure. This was especially true of admissions due to accidents (1.33 to 0.46) and diseases of the digestive system (4.53 to 1.03). For diseases of the circulatory system, particularly cardiovascular diseases, the relative risk increased from 0.8 to 1.60, and from 1.0 to 2.6 respectively.These changes in risk of illness after redundancy are probably a consequence of a change from the effects of a high risk work environment to the effects of psychosocial stresses such as job insecurity and unemployment.”
Monosomal Karyotype in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Better Indicator of Poor Prognosis Than a Complex Karyotype
Authors: Breems Dimitri A. , Van Putten Wim L.J. , De Greef Georgine E. , Van Zelderen-Bhola Shama L. , Gerssen-Schoorl Klasien B.J. , Mellink Clemens H.M. , Nieuwint Aggie , Jotterand Martine , Hagemeijer Anne , Beverloo H. Berna , Löwenberg Bob 
Published: August 2008

Purpose To investigate the prognostic value of various cytogenetic components of a complex karyotype in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients and Methods Cytogenetics and overall survival (OS) were analyzed in 1,975 AML patients age 15 to 60 years. Results Besides AML with normal cytogenetics (CN) and core binding factor (CBF) abnormalities, we distinguished 733 patients with cytogenetic abnormalities. Among the latter subgroup, loss of a single chromosome (n = 109) conferred negative prognostic impact (4-year OS, 12%; poor outcome). Loss of chromosome 7 was most common, but outcome of AML patients with single monosomy −7 (n = 63; 4-year OS, 13%) and other single autosomal monosomies (n = 46; 4-year OS, 12%) did not differ. Structural chromosomal abnormalities influenced prognosis only in association with a single autosomal monosomy (4-year OS, 4% for very poor v 24% for poor). We derived a monosomal karyotype (MK) as a predictor for very poor prognosis of AML that refers to two or more distinct autosomal chromosome monosomies (n = 116; 4-year OS, 3%) or one single autosomal monosomy in the presence of structural abnormalities (n = 68; 4-year OS, 4%). In direct comparisons, MK provides significantly better prognostic prediction than the traditionally defined complex karyotype, which considers any three or more or five or more clonal cytogenetic abnormalities, and also than various individual specific cytogenetic abnormalities (eg, del[5q], inv[3]/t[3;3]) associated with very poor outcome. Conclusion MK enables (in addition to CN and CBF) the prognostic classification of two new aggregates of cytogenetically abnormal AML, the unfavorable risk MK-negative category (4-year OS, 26% ± 2%) and the highly unfavorable risk MK-positive category (4-year OS, 4% ± 1%).
Evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyl remediation at a superfund site using tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) as indicators
Authors: Spears Brian L , Brown Michael W , Hester Cyrus M 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe studied tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) at the Sangamo National Priorities List (NPL) site and a reference area (Little Grassy) within Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge, Illinois, USA, to evaluate the bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at the NPL site following remediation. Tree swallow eggs and 12- to 17-d-old chicks were collected from April to June 2004 and 2005. Total egg PCB concentrations in eggs did not differ between years at Sangamo; mean concentrations at Sangamo in 2004 to 2005 (4,452 ng/g) were higher than those from Little Grassy in 2004 (351 ng/g; p = 0.002) and 2005 (705 ng/g; p = 0.007). A positive PCB dilution in chicks is equivalent to relatively large amounts of exposure and absorption. Total PCB daily dilution in chicks in 2004 and 2005 averaged 92.4 and —203 ng/g/d at Sangamo and —21.8 and —42.7 ng/g/d at Little Grassy. Dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQs) in eggs in 2004 and 2005 were 1,844 and 676 pg/g at Sangamo and 165 and 128 pg/g at Little Grassy. Mean TEQs in chicks in 2004 and 2005 were 117 and 23.8 pg/g body weight at Sangamo and 0.8 and 0.7 pg/g body weight at Little Grassy. Total PCB concentrations in eggs and chicks at Sangamo and Little Grassy appeared to be comparable to other PCB-contaminated and reference sites. Our data demonstrate that tree swallows using the Sangamo site continue to accumulate significant quantities of PCBs seven years after remedial actions. These findings prompted a reevaluation of remediation at the site and underscore the importance of postremediation monitoring of ecological receptors, particularly in cases involving persistent environmental contaminants.
Fate and effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in outdoor plankton-dominated microcosms in Thailand
Authors: Daam Michiel A , Crum Steven J. H , Van den Brink Paul J , Nogueira António J. A 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe fate and effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos were studied in plankton-dominated, freshwater microcosms in Thailand. Disappearance rates of chlorpyrifos from the water column in the present study were similar to those in temperate regions. Insecticide accumulation in the sediment was relatively small, with the major part in the top layer (depth, 1.5 cm). Application of chlorpyrifos led to significant changes in freshwater biological communities. Clam shrimps (Conchostraca) and the cladoceran Moina micrura were the most susceptible species (no-observed-effect concentration [NOEC], 0.1 μg/L) and macroinvertebrates the most sensitive community (NOEC, 0.1 μg/L). These results are in agreement with those from semifield experiments with chlorpyrifos in temperate regions. The results of an in situ bioassay were used to calculate a NOEC of 0.1 μg/L and a 48-h median lethal concentration of 0.6 μg/L for M. micrura, which are similar to toxicity values reported for Daphnia magna in studies in temperate regions. Overall, these findings support the use of toxicity data from temperate regions for the risk assessment of low-persistent insecticides like chlorpyrifos for aquatic communities in tropical regions.
Accumulation and maternal transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls in snapping turtles of the upper Hudson River, New York, USA
Authors: Kelly Shannon M , Eisenreich Karen M , Baker Joel E , Rowe Christopher L 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe conducted field studies over three years to assess body burdens and maternal transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as indices of sexual dimorphism in snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) of the upper Hudson River (NY, USA.) We collected adult turtles in areas known to be contaminated with PCBs and in nearby reference areas for measurement of body size, precloacal length, and penis size. We analyzed PCB concentrations in eggs collected over three years and in whole blood from adults in one year. Total PCB concentrations (mean ± standard error) in eggs were 2,800 ± 520 and 59 ± 5 ng/g wet weight in the contaminated area and the reference area, respectively. Eggs from the contaminated area were significantly enriched in tri-, penta-, and hepta-PCBs relative to the reference area. Blood from adults in the contaminated area averaged 475 ± 200 and 125 ± 34 ng/g wet weight for males and females, respectively. In the reference area, blood PCB concentrations were 7 ± 3 and 4 ± 1 ng/g wet weight for males and females, respectively. Significant positive relationships were found between carapace length and blood PCB concentration for both sexes in the contaminated area; however, only a marginal relationship was found between female carapace length and concentration of PCBs in their eggs. Our results suggest that PCB contamination of the upper Hudson River presents risks of establishing high body burdens and of maternal transfer of PCBs to eggs, although our measures of gross morphology revealed no discernable expression of abnormal sexual development or reproduction.
A simple probabilistic estimation of spray drift—factors determining spray drift and development of a model
Authors: Wang Magnus , Rautmann Dirk 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Spray drift represents a major mode of exposure in off-crop habitats or surface waters after pesticide spray application. Currently, the estimation of exposure by spray drift is based on a deterministic estimation of the amount of drifting residues, either with the use of default drift values or deterministic models, which, however, do not reproduce the entire range of spray drift observed in reality. However, because a series of data from extensive field trials are available, probabilistic methods based on Monte Carlo simulation can reveal realistic estimates of the entire range of exposures. For the development of a probabilistic spray drift model, previously published data from a series of field trials was analyzed to reveal how these data could be used for the parameterization of a probabilistic model. This analysis showed that wind speed, agricultural equipment (nozzle type, spray pressure), and relative humidity showed the strongest effect on spray drift. But remarkably, the effect differed for different distances from sprayed fields. For example, higher wind speed increased spray drift only at larger distances while it even reduced spray drift very close to field borders. Also spray pressure influenced spray drift predominantly close to fields. After identifying the parameters with the strongest effects, a probabilistic model for the estimation of the exposure by spray drift in off-crop habitats was developed. Spray drift can be simulated for any given distance from fields. It is demonstrated how the exposure and the amount of effects can be estimated when applying this model in real landscapes. Results are compared with a deterministic risk assessment.
Atomic Bomb Health Benefits
Authors: Luckey T. D. 
Published: August 2008

“The collected data strongly suggest that low-level radiation is not harmful, and is, in fact, frequently ‘apparently beneficial’ for human health.” — Kondo, 1993 Media reports of deaths and devastation produced by atomic bombs convinced people around the world that all ionizing radiation is harmful. This concentrated attention on fear of miniscule doses of radiation. Soon the linear no threshold (LNT) paradigm was converted into laws. Scientifically valid information about the health benefits from low dose irradiation was ignored. Here are studies which show increased health in Japanese survivors of atomic bombs. Parameters include decreased mutation, leukemia and solid tissue cancer mortality rates, and increased average lifespan. Each study exhibits a threshold that repudiates the LNT dogma. The average threshold for acute exposures to atomic bombs is about 100 cSv. Conclusions from these studies of atomic bomb survivors are: One burst of low dose irradiation elicits a lifetime of improved health. Improved health from low dose irradiation negates the LNT paradigm. Effective triage should include radiation hormesis for survivor treatment.
Small Interfering RNA–Mediated Suppression of Proislet Amyloid Polypeptide Expression Inhibits Islet Amyloid Formation and Enhances Survival of Human Islets in Culture
Authors: Marzban Lucy , Tomas Alejandra , Becker Thomas C. , Rosenberg Lawrence , Oberholzer Jose , Fraser Paul E. , Halban Philippe A. , Verchere C. Bruce 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—Islet amyloid, formed by aggregation of the β-cell peptide islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP; amylin), is a pathological characteristic of pancreatic islets in type 2 diabetes. Toxic IAPP aggregates likely contribute to the progressive loss of β-cells in this disease. We used cultured human islets as an ex vivo model of amyloid formation to investigate whether suppression of proIAPP expression would inhibit islet amyloid formation and enhance β-cell survival and function.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Islets from cadaveric organ donors were transduced with a recombinant adenovirus expressing a short interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to suppress human proIAPP (Ad-hProIAPP-siRNA), cultured for 10 days, and then assessed for the presence of islet amyloid, β-cell apoptosis, and β-cell function.
RESULTS—Thioflavine S–positive amyloid deposits were clearly present after 10 days of culture. Transduction with Ad-hProIAPP-siRNA reduced proIAPP expression by 75% compared with nontransduced islets as assessed by Western blot analysis of islet lysates 4 days after transduction. siRNA-mediated inhibition of IAPP expression decreased islet amyloid area by 63% compared with nontransduced cultured islets. Cell death assessed by transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining was decreased by 50% in transduced cultured human islets, associated with a significant increase in islet insulin content (control, 100 ± 4 vs. +Ad-siRNA, 153 ± 22%, P &lt; 0.01) and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (control, 222 ± 33 vs. +Ad-siRNA, 285 ± 21 percent basal, P &lt; 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS—These findings demonstrate that inhibition of IAPP synthesis prevents amyloid formation and β-cell death in cultured human islets. Inhibitors of IAPP synthesis may have therapeutic value in type 2 diabetes.