bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Researches among the Cyclades
Authors: Bent J. Theodore 
Published: May 2006

About a year ago I paid a hurried visit to the Cyclades, with the purpose of ascertaining how far they would repay a more lengthened sojourn; and having satisfied myself that no part of Greece offered a better field for examination than the islands of the Aegaean sea, this last winter I undertook to visit the Cyclades one by one—no trifling matter when we consider that there are twenty-two of them, and only two of them have anything like hotel accommodation.The objects of interest there to be studied may be conveniently classed under four distinct heads, and every one of these interests is essentially due to the position of the islands, as the stepping-stones used in all ages before the invention of steam between Europe and Asia.
The Arabs in Asia Minor (641–750), from Arabic Sources
Authors: Brooks E. W. 
Published: May 2006

Considering the attention now paid to the geography ot Asia Minor, it has struck me that a collection of the notices relating to the Arabic invasions of that district, which are scattered here and there in the Arabic annalists and must be sought through thousands of pages of Arabic print, would serve a very useful purpose. These extracts not only throw light on geography and the Arabic nomenclature of the localities, but, when compared with the accounts of the same events in Greek and Syriac writers, are of great value for the study of chronology.The writers from whom extracts are given under years are the following:—
Some Early Funeral Lekythoi
Authors: Bosanquet R. C. 
Published: May 2006

Among the white lekythoi, upwards of a hundred in number, which have passed into the National Museum at Athens from excavations at Eretria, there is one which especially claims attention on account of its unusual size and exceptionally well preserved design. It is reproduced on Plate II. after a water-colour drawing made in the summer of 1896 by M. Chesnay, architect, of Paris, who was then working in Greece under the direction of the French School. I am much indebted to Dr. Cavvadias for permission to publish what is justly regarded as one of the chief treasures of the Greek national collection, and to Dr. Staïs for facilities in studying it.It was found in 1889, ἐν κτήμασι Νοστράκη on an estate which yielded a large proportion of the wonderful harvest obtained during the authorised excavations of 1888–92.
Poseidon's Trident
Authors: Walters H. B. 
Published: May 2006

We have all been accustomed to associate the familiar form of the trident with a marine deity, whether the Greek Poseidon or the Roman Neptune, but it may not have occurred to many to enquire what is the particular appropriateness of such an emblem to the ruler of the sea, or in what way it was adopted as his emblem. It is my purpose to offer some suggestions which may throw light on the subject, and may further tend to show that, in artistic representations at least, the trident is merely an evolution of a somewhat different form, that it is in fact the development of an originally purely decorative ornament.Such developments of simple decorative motives into definite mythological representations are by no means uncommon in Greek art. In a former number of this Journal Miss Harrison has traced the ‘Odysseus and Sirens’ type to a purely decorative origin. The same writer, in her Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens, pp. cxiv., cxxv., suggests that the tortoise of the robber Skiron slain by Theseus, and the clue which guided that hero through the labyrinth of the Minotaur, found their way into mythology from vase-paintings in which they were merely decorative. These may be only suggestions, but I am of opinion that difficult points in many myths may be cleared up in this way.
The Chariot-Group of the Mausoleum
Authors: Gardner Percy 
Published: May 2006

As the re-arrangement of the sculptures at the British Museum has now reached the Mausoleum Room, the questions as to the restoration of that famous building are naturally brought to the front, and it is to be hoped that the occasion will arouse fresh interest in it in the minds of English friends of art and antiquity.I do not propose in the present paper to do more than call attention to one point, the composition of the chariot-group which is sometimes supposed to have crowned the edifice. Larger and more general questions I leave. The restorations of Fergusson, Pullan and Petersen, which have been repeated by subsequent writers, all professedly follow the statements of Pliny, and hold the building to have consisted of a pteron standing on a lofty base, and supporting a pyramid on which the chariot-group stood. These writers all gave the Mausoleum the height fixed by Pliny of 140 feet: but recently Dr. Trendelenberg has called this view in question, maintaining that the full height was only 75 feet, and that the high base is a modern fancy. The question would be worthy of a more careful discussion than it has yet received. Both the older and the newer view are by no means free from difficulty: but I do not propose in this place to say more on the matter.
A Scarab from Cyprus
Authors: Pierides G. D. 
Published: May 2006

Mr. Hogarth in his Devia Cypria, page 9, describes a scarab found near Chrysochou, as follows :—‘It is beautifully engraved with a group of Heracles, armed with bow, quiver and skin, wrestling with a lion, while behind him stands a draped female figure, without any distinguishing attributes. Over the group are cut the following characters:i.e., genitive of the name , which occurs in the twenty-first line of the bronze tablet of Dali (Sammlung der gricch. dialekt-Inschr. i. p. 28). I was unable to take an impression of the scarab, or to examine it satisfactorily; but I should judge the lettering to be of the fourth century B.C.’
An Athenian Lekythos
Authors: Murray A. S. 
Published: May 2006

The Athenian lekythos here published has been recently acquired by the British Museum. It is interesting in two aspects. First, the design upon it illustrates the use to which such lekythi were put. We see a woman, apparently an ordinary mourner, carrying offerings for the dead. In her right hand is a funeral lekythos of just the same shape as the one on which the design itself occurs. In her left is a basket of fruits and a coloured sash to bind round the stelè on the tomb when she reaches it. Secondly, but more important, is the inscription beside her, Πάτροκλ(༵) χαῖρ༵. On first thought one would suppose that the vase-painter must have intended to represent one of the women who, according to the Iliad (xix. 301), mourned ostensibly for Patroclos but each having her own sorrows in her bosom,with which may be compared the parallel passage later on in the same book (338)
A Celtic Cult and Two Sites in Roman Galatia
Authors: Anderson J. G. C. 
Published: May 2006

Eleven years ago I contributed to the Journal an account of exploration in Galatia, and in summarizing the evidence which it supplied as to the civilization of Galatia, I pointed out that the Celtic conquerors assimilated the culture of the conquered Phrygians without seriously modifying its character. And more particularly in the religious sphere I observed that the evidence indicated that the religion prevailing in the Imperial period was ‘purely Phrygian: there is no trace of any Celtic cult…The new settlers perforce adopted the native cultus: for it was always necessary to “know the manner of the god of the land” (2 Kings, xvii. 26). Doubtless they identified their gods with the Phrygian, and did not keep up any separate cult: otherwise it would be incredible that no trace of it should have remained.’A similar view was expressed in the following year by Sir W. M. Ramsay. ‘Few traces,’ he says, ‘of the old Gaulish religion can be detected in Galatia. It would be difficult to mention any except the sacrifice of captives, which was practised as late as B.C. 160, and presumably the rites at Drynemeton. It is hardly probable that the Gaulish religion was wholly disused or forgotten in the last century B.C. But certainly almost all the references—unfortunately very few—to Galatic religion point to the rapid adoption of the ancient and impressive cult of Cybele… The Galatians may perhaps have modified to some degree the character of the Phrygian ritual by their own nature and customs, as both the Phryges and the Greeks did. But we have no evidence on this point.’ His survey ends with the observation that in the inscriptions of the Roman period no allusion is made to any religion except that of the old Phrygian gods and that of the Emperors.
A Rare Vase-Technique
Authors: Six J. 
Published: May 2006

Cette figure, d'un beau dessin, est peinte en noir sur un fond blanc. Les traits de l'intérieur, au lieu d'être tracés à la pointe, le sont ici en relief noir, comme sur les figures rouges. This is the Duc de Luynes' description in 1840 of the technique of a lekythos, with a hoplite in black swinging his lance, wearing a helmet and holding a shield, in outline, and wounded by two arrows. It was then in his collection, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris. This description, in which so distinguished an amateur can hardly have made a mistake, the object being in his own hands, is fully corroborated by Plate XVI. of his work, made as all those of this publication, not with a view to the subject, but in the intention of rendering the art. Here this design of black on black has been rendered by deeply bitten etched lines, standing out in velvet-black relief on an even tint of gray so dark that it looks black on the white paper. I need hardly add that a mechanical reproduction of this plate is impossible.That this technique is not altogether unknown I shall soon show by a few examples.
The Last Scene of the Eumenides
Authors: Headlam Walter 
Published: May 2006

At the end of the play, when the Eumenides are to be ushered to their cave beneath the Areopagus, Athena joins to the procession a special escort of her own temple-servants, and sets forth the procession with these words:The unsolved questions in lines 1028–1030 are two:—first, how to punctuate them, that is, who are to be the wearers of the crimson cloaks, the Escort or the Eumenides themselves: and second, what is the reason for the crimson colour? Neither question, perhaps, may seem to be of great importance; but Aeschylus is not a poet who does things at random; he is apt to have more than superficial meanings; and enquiry may, I hope, reward us with a new significance.
Two Greek School-Tablets
Authors: Kenyon F. G. 
Published: May 2006

Mr. Milne's article in the last volume of the Journal (xxviii. 121 ff.) calls attention to an interesting class of documents, the tablets or ostraka which served as school-books in Graeco-Roman Egypt. The British Museum has recently acquired two unusually good and complete specimens of this class. As they are, to the best of my belief, the most perfect that have yet come to light, it seems worth while to publish them in extenso.The first (now Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 37516) is a single wooden tablet, 1 ft. 4½ in. in length, 5¼ in. high at the left-hand end, and 4¾ in. at the right-hand end. Projecting from the left-hand end is a small knob, nearly an inch in diameter, through which a hole is bored, by which means the tablet could be suspended from a nail in the wall of the school, as in the well-known kylix of Douris at Berlin. The corners at both ends are rounded.
Thasos. Part I.—Inscriptions
Authors: Tod Marcus N. , Baker-Penoyre J. ff. 
Published: May 2006

During his visit to Thasos, of which an account, with a map of the island, and plans and drawings of the more important sites will appear in a subsequent number of this Journal, Mr. J. ff. Baker-Penoyre took copies and squeezes of a number of inscriptions both on the island itself and at Cavalla on the mainland opposite.The inscriptions of Thasos are collected in I.G. xii. 8, which is now in the press and may be expected to appear shortly. Hitherto the most complete collection of them has been that in M. G. Dimitsas, ῾Η Μακεδονία i. (Athens, 1896), pp. 853–1000, consisting of 481 texts. A bibliography of Thasian epigraphy will be found in B.C.H. 1900, 263 f. together with 46 inscriptions previously unpublished.
A Vase Fragment from Orvieto
Authors: Van Buren E. Douglas 
Published: May 2006

Perhaps an apology is due to the readers of the Journal of Hellenic Studies for venturing to call their attention to so fragmentary a vase as the one depicted in the accompanying illustrations, Figs. 1, 2; the excuse must be that the design offers certain points of interest which make one regret its mutilated state.All that are preserved are the stem and part of the interior design, cm. 5·5 × 4·8, of a r.-f. kylix which was purchased at Orvieto and purports to have been found there. The clay is fine and well worked, the black varnish of the stem of a brilliant lustre. Of the exterior design there remains only a small section of the ring indicating the ground, and one long, slender foot.
Ancient Decorative Wall-Painting
Authors: Rostovtzeff M. 
Published: May 2006

The history of ancient decorative wall-painting has yet to be written. The attention of the whole world was attracted by the wonderful discoveries made in Pompeii, and indeed for many years Pompeii stood for ancient decorative wall-painting in general.That Pompeii so completely overshadowed modern ideas on the evolution of this art is due in great measure to the fact that at Pompeii it had found a wonderful exponent and explorer in the late Professor August Mau. His book dealing with the Pompeian decorative mural painting at once became a classic and influenced profoundly text-books and popular works on the history of ancient art and customs.Two facts, however, should be borne in mind. First, that the decoration of Pompeian houses illustrates the art of one epoch. only—the Hellenistic and the earlier Roman Empire, except for a few examples from a still earlier age, and those not before the third century B.C. Also it should be remembered that this art at Pompeii can be taken as characteristic only of Italy and indeed only of Southern Italy; it does not follow that it developed on the same lines in other regions of the ancient world.
The Progress of Greek Epigraphy, 1923–1924
Authors: Tod M. N. 
Published: May 2006

In the following Bibliography an attempt is made briefly to summarise the progress made during the years 1923 and 1924 in our knowledge of Greek inscriptions, alike by the addition of new epigraphical texts to those already known and by the more adequate restoration or interpretation of documents previously discovered. I follow once again the order adopted in my last Bibliography, namely, that of the Inscriptiones Graecae so far as Europe is concerned and, beyond its boundaries, that of the Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum.I. GeneralThe ever-increasing number of epigraphical books and articles calls for, and gives additional value to, the various bibliographies which aim at rendering them more generally useful to students. In addition to my own summary for 1921–1922 in this Journal and that which dealt separately for the same period with the Greek inscriptions found in Egypt, I may specially mention the ‘Bulletin Bibliographique’ of M. Lacroix for 1919–1922 and the very full and valuable survey by P. Roussel of the epigraphical contents of the periodicals bearing the date 1921. The pertinent sections of the ‘Revue des Revues’ appended to the Revue de Philologie should also be noted, as well as P. Kretschmer's ‘Literaturbericht’ for 1919 and 1920, which is restricted to questions of philological interest.
Hellenistic Ruler-Cult: Interpretation of Two Texts
Authors: Farnell L. R. , Tarn W. W. 
Published: May 2006

The article published by Mr. Tarn on ‘The Hellenistic Ruler-Cult and the Daimon’ in J.H.S., 1928, p. 206, is convincing in its main points and an effective refutation of certain serious errors into which Miss Taylor and Dr. Schnabel have fallen. I merely write this note to criticise his interpretation of two passages in his Greek authorities, which I consider wrong, while it does not affect his main argument.The first is Plutarch, Alexand. c. 54 (p. 696 A), containing the account given by Chares of Mitylene of Alexander's feast, where all the guests drank his health with προσκύνησις, except Kallisthenes, who refused this act of adoration: the first who received the cup from Alexander is said πρὸς ἑστίαν ἀναστῆναι καὶ πιόντα προσκυνῆσαι πρῶτον, εἷτα φιλῆσαι τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον: the phrase πρὸς ἑστίαν ἀναστῆναι puzzled Dr. Schnabel, but Mr. Tarn regards as convincing Prof. Otto's elucidation, ‘who has brilliantly shown that the function of the ἑστία in question was to carry the eternal fire which burnt before the Persian kings’ (p. 207). According to this, the first person who drank Alexander's health rose and before he drank turned towards the πῦρ ἀθάνατον. I need not discuss the significance of this act; for Mr. Tarn himself does not, and I regard the explanation as far-fetched, unnatural, and in fact impossible; for the words will not bear the weight put upon them.
The New Athenian Statue Bases
Authors: Casson S. 
Published: May 2006

The three marble statue bases found in February 1922, incorporated as integral parts of the wall of Athens, are unique records of Attic art. While their supreme importance was recognised from the moment of their discovery, their exact contribution to our knowledge of Attic art is a matter upon which a variety of opinions has been expressed.M. Philadelpheus, who as Ephor of antiquities of Attica was responsible for their custody at the time of discovery, was the first to publish them. He describes each briefly. No. I. he dates to the end of the sixth century B.C. No. II. he leaves undated, and No. III. he assigns either to the Peisistratid period or to the period of the Republic before 480. He makes no attempt to deal with the works in detail or to analyse their artistic significance.M. Oikonomos has published a brief account of II. b, in which he suggests an interpretation of the so-called ‘hockey’ game. He disregards the problems of style and date.Dr. della Seta of the Italian School at Athens is the only authority at present to discuss the artistic value and significance of Bases I. and II. and to attempt to place them chronologically in the Attic series. His exhaustive and attractive articles deserve the closest attention.
Greek Sea-Power, 776–540 B.C., and The ‘Carian’ entry in the Eusebian Thalassocracy-List
Authors: Burn A. R. 
Published: May 2006

I. The Problem.—The purpose of this note is to suggest a possible solution of a notorious difficulty in that curious and interesting historical document, the Thalassocracy-list quoted by Eusebius from Diodorus; and, secondly, to trace the historical implications following on the adoption of that suggestion.The list of ‘those who held the empire of the sea, from the fall of Troy to Xerxes' crossing into Europe,’ was evidently given by Diodorus in the lost ‘second volume’—Books VI to X—of his Historical Library in forty books. That work, we know, was arranged in sections of five books each, the second of which covered exactly that period—from the Τρωικά to the Μηδικά—and this no doubt gives us the reason why the list does not continue so as to cover the thalassocracy of Athens. The latter fact cannot therefore, unfortunately, be used as evidence for an early fifth-century origin for the document. This, however, obviously need not deprive the list of all interest for us, especially since it appears to be corroborated by such evidence on its subject as we have from other sources.
The Primitive Sculpture of Cyprus
Authors: Lawrence A. W. 
Published: May 2006

The chronology of early Cypriote sculpture has only once been treated in detail, when Professor J. L. Myres, in his Handbook of the Cesnola Collection, attempted to distinguish styles and arrange them in an intelligible sequence. His conclusions cannot be neglected by the student of ancient art, for if they are correct some of the most ambitious statues date from the first half of the seventh century B.C., which means that sculpture is at least a century older in Cyprus than in other Greek lands. (It must be remembered that the island was as Greek then as it ever was; an Assyrian inscription records the names of ten Greek kings reigning in it at this time. The object of this paper is to examine how far his distinctions are accurate and to put forward an alternative arrangement.Foreign influence is evident in a large number of statues in native limestone, and Myres' view is that one influence is Assyrian and contemporary with Assyrian domination, which began in 709 B.C., and the next Egyptian. It was Amasis, 570–526 B.C., who actually effected the annexation, but Myres ascribes the earliest imitations of Egyptian art to the end of the seventh century, thereby making the duration of the two periods more alike. The Persian conquest, which is not later than the time of Darius, results in a decline of pure Egyptian style and the rise of an eclectic art based on Egyptian and older traditions that passes insensibly into a variety of late archaic Greek. In the next few pages I shall endeavour to show that he has been too definite in describing the Oriental influence as mainly Assyrian, and so there is no proof that it is as old as the seventh century, and that he has grouped as Oriental certain sculptures which are early archaic Greek.
Une Recette Homérique
Authors: Késer J. 
Published: May 2006

Cette phrase, qui se retrouve avec quelques variantes cinq fois dans l'Iliade et cinq fois dans l'Odyssée, me paraît n'avoir pas été expliquée jusqu'ici d'une manière satisfaisante; il s'agit, dans tous ces passages (Il. i. 465, ii. 428, vii. 317, ix. 210, xxiv. 623; Od. iii. 463, xii. 365, xiv. 75, xiv. 431, xix. 422) d'un repas, souvent accompagné de rites religieux, ou d'un sacrifice proprement dit. Pessonneaux traduit μιστύλλω par: diviser, couper en menus morceaux; Lang, Leaf et Myers: they sliced, ou cut up small, all the rest and pierced it through with spits; ou encore: they minced it (the ox) cunningly and pierced it through with spits; Voss: wohl zerstückte er das Fleisch und steckte es alles an Spiesse; ou: das Uebrige schnitten sie klein und steckten's an Spiesse.Μιστύλλω signifie hacher, couper en petits morceaux, broyer, piler; μιστύλη, c'est le morceau de pain creusé en cuiller pour puiser les aliments liquides ou demi-liquides. On pourrait supposer que les morceaux de viande étaient assez grands pour être embrochés à la file les uns des autres, comme des perles sur une aiguille; cependant μιστύλλω semble indiquer une subdivision plus fine de la viande, une sorte de hachis; la traduction exacte serait alors, si cette hypothèse est admise: ils hachèrent le reste de la viande, le fixèrent sur des broches (et le firent rôtir avec soin). Mais comment peuton fixer de la viande hachèe sur une broche, ou autour d'une broche, sans qu'elle se détache et tombe dans le feu?
Valona
Authors: Miller William 
Published: May 2006

The Italian occupation of Valona has drawn attention to what has been called one of the two keys of the Adriatic. It may, therefore, be of interest to trace the history of this important strategic position, which has been held by no less than twelve different masters.The name αὐλών ‘a hollow between hills,’ was applied to various places in antiquity, and from the accusative of this word comes the Italian form ‘Valona,’ or, as the Venetians often wrote it, ‘Avalona.’