bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro phagocytosis and killing of Corynebacterium equi by alveolar macrophages of foals
Authors: Zink M. C. , Yager J. A. , Prescott J. F. , Wilkie B. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 5 times, sequentially, on 3 healthy foals while each foal was 6 to 63 days of age. Phagocytosis and bactericidal assays were performed on recovered alveolar macrophages. Corynebacterium equi and alveolar macrophages at a ratio of 10:1 were incubated for 1 hour in medium containing 1% heat-inactivated rabbit anti-C equi serum. After incubation, > 90% of the alveolar macrophages contained at least 1 ingested bacterium and each alveolar macrophage contained 9.4 ± 1.0 bacteria (mean ± se). After alveolar macrophages and C equi were incubated for 1 hour in medium containing heat-inactivated pooled normal horse serum, approximately 24% of the alveolar macrophages contained at least 1 bacterium and each alveolar macrophage contained 0.8 ± 0.7 bacteria. From 6 to 61 days of age, each foal had significantly (P < 0.05) decreased phagocytic activity by alveolar macrophages, but a significant change in killing of C equi by alveolar macrophages was not found in the foals from 21 to 61 days of age. After incubating alveolar macrophages and C equi for 4 hours in vitro, approximately 75% of ingested C equi remained viable.
Experimentally induced ostertagiosis in rabbits inoculated with Ostertagia ostertagi of bovine origin
Authors: Snider Theron G. , Williams James C. , Romaire Terry L. , Besch Ε. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Weanling specific-pathogen-free rabbits were orally inoculated with 50,000 Ostertagia ostertagi 3rd-stage infective larvae cultured from bovine feces and were killed 42 days after inoculation. Two preliminary trials were done, using conventionally reared weanling rabbits inoculated with 2,500, 5,000, and 50,000 Ο ostertagi 3rd-stage larvae and dexamathasone in 1 of the trials; the rabbits were killed 14 and 28 days after inoculation. Fecal egg counts were monitored, and worm burdens were determined. The pH of the gastric contents was measured at necropsy. Recoveries of the parasite from the gastric mucosa comprised early 4th-stage larvae and larvae that had developed beyond the early 4th stage. The maximum worm burden established at 42 days after inoculation was 1,668 immature nematodes or 3.34% of the inoculum. Gross and microscopic gastric lesions were present. Gross nodular mucosal elevations, which tended to be confluent in the cardiac region, were observed. Microscopic changes were principally mucosal hyperplasia, focal lymphocyte accumulation with moderate glandular dilation, and slight variable eosinophil and plasma cell accumulation. The pathologic changes had characteristics similar to those in cattle infected with Ο ostertagi and other conditions characterized by gastric mucosal hyperplasia.
Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in ruminants in Georgia: Survey by serotest and virologie isolation
Authors: Odiawa Godfrey , Blue J. L. , Tyler D. E. , Shotts Ε. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The frequencies of precipitating antibodies to bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in domestic ruminants and white-tailed deer (wtd) in Georgia were 36% and 32%, respectively (n = 2,200). The frequencies of seropositivity to btv and ehdv were high among cattle (47% and 42%, respectively [n = 1,068]) and less so in wtd (36% and 34% [n = 414]). The frequencies among sheep were 34% for btv and 29% for ehdv (n = 286), whereas among goats, seropositivity was 8% for btv and 7% for ehdv (n = 433). Serum samples from northeastern Georgia (1 of the 4 regions in the survey) had the highest frequency of precipitating antibodies for btv (45%) and ehdv (38%). The lowest frequency was in southeastern Georgia, with 29% seropositivity for btv and 24% seropositivity for ehdv. Of the 175 farms or herds in the serosurvey, 70% included animals that had btv-precipitating antibodies, and 67% included animals which had ehdv-precipitating antibodies.
Seventeen viral isolates were obtained from individual animals on 9 different farms. Fifteen of the isolates were btv—8 from cattle, 4 from sheep, and 3 from wtd; 8 of them were serotype 11, and 7 were serotype 17. Viral isolates from each of 2 wtd were identified as ehdv serotype 1 and serotype 2. Of the total 17 isolates, 11 were from clinically healthy ruminants, and 6 were from animals with clinical signs of bt or ehd. Five of the viral isolates originated from northeastern Georgia, 7 from the northwestern region, and 5 from the southwestern region; none was obtained from specimens from the southeastern region.
Clavulanic acid-potentiated activity of amoxicillin against Bacteroides fragilis
Authors: Indiveri Mary C. , Hirsh Dwight C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seventy-seven clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis from animal sources were examined for β-lactamase production and resistance to amoxicillin. Sixty-five (84%) of the isolates produced detectable amounts of β-lactamase. Concentrations of amoxicillin > 8 µg/ml were required to inhibit all but 13 (17%) of the isolates evaluated.
Clavulanic acid, a β-lactamase inhibitor, minimally inhibited growth of B fragilis when used alone. However, a synergistic effect was found when amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were used together against B fragilis. Ninety-nine percent of the isolates were inhibited by concentrations of 1 µg of amoxicillin/ml in combination with 0.5 µg of clavulanic acid/ml.
Mononuclear phagocytes of transport-stressed horses with viral respiratory tract infection
Authors: Anderson N. V. , DeBowes R. M. , Nyrop K. A. , Dayton A. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve horses comprised 3 treatment groups; all horses in 2 of the groups had recently been transported and had clinical and laboratory evidence of respiratory tract infection, with equine influenza type 2 virus being the principal pathogen. Mononuclear phagocytes and other leukocytes from blood, lung, and peritoneal cavity were studied in phagocytosis and erythrocyte-antibody (ea) rosette assays. Total numbers of pulmonary alveolar macrophages were increased over control values in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid of group 3 horses after recovery from influenza (P < 0.02), whereas the increase in neutrophils in the fluid of those horses approached significance. Lymphocytes in bal fluid of group 3 horses (after recovery from influenza) were in larger proportion than those in fluid of group 1 horses during acute influenza (P < 0.05). Pulmonary alveolar macrophages of group 1 horses formed a lower percentage of ea rosettes than did those of controls (P < 0.01) or group 3 horses (P < 0.02). The differential counts of peritoneal macrophages and neutrophils in horses of groups 1 and 3 were virtually identical at the first collection, but differed from controls at the second collection 4 weeks later; peritoneal macrophages were reduced (P < 0.01), whereas peritonea! neutrophils were increased (P < 0.01). Peritoneal macrophages and peritoneal neutrophils of horses with acute influenza were phagocytic in larger proportion than were those in controls at both collection times (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01 for peritoneal macrophages, and P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 for peritoneal neutrophils, respectively), Peritoneal macrophages displayed immunoglobulin G receptors (ea rosettes), but did not differ in proportion between groups.
Serologic response and lesions in goats experimentally infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis of caprine and equine origins
Authors: Brown Corrie C. , Olander Harvey J. , Biberstein Ernst L. , Moreno Deborah 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifteen goat kids were experimentally inoculated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Five were given a strain of caprine origin (nitrate-negative biotype) intradermally, 5 were given a strain of equine origin (nitrate-positive biotype) intradermally, and 5 were inoculated intranasally with the caprine-origin strain. Animals were monitored for 127 days. The goats given the inocula intradermally developed abscesses; those given caprine-origin strain had multiple lesions both peripherally and in visceral locations (primarily endothoracic abscesses), whereas those given the equine-origin strain had abscesses only at injection sites and draining nodes. The difference in extent of lesions could be due to biotypic bacterial differences or to the individual strains used. Intranasally inoculated goats did not develop abscesses and were essentially no different from controls. The cranial part of the respiratory tract may not be an important portal of entry for C pseudotuberculosis.
Serum samples obtained monthly from all animals were subjected to the synergistic hemolysis-inhibition test, which measures antibodies to the exotoxin of C pseudotuberculosis. Animals with abscesses developed titers within 1 month of inoculation. Animals without abscesses remained seronegative. The synergistic hemolysis-inhibition test may be a reliable diagnostic assay for caseous lymphadenitis in goats.
Thermography of the bovine scrotum
Authors: Purohit Ram C. , Hudson Robert S. , Riddell M. Gatz , Carson Robert L. , Wolfe Dwight F. , Walker Donald F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thermographic patterns of the bovine scrotum were established in 15 clinically normal bulls and were compared with patterns in 10 bulls with scrotal and testicular diseases. Thermography of a normal scrotum was characterized by a symmetrical and constant thermal pattern with a temperature gradient of 4° to 6° (C) from the base to the apex of the scrotum. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the temperature from the base to the apex of the scrotum (34.94 ± 0.60 C to 30.11 ± 0.91 C).
Lack of thermal symmetry was seen in bulls with unilateral lesions. Inflammation of one testicle increased ipsilateral scrotal infrared emission temperature 2.5° to 3° (C) above that in the contralateral side. If both testes were inflamed and hypermic, there was an overall increase in scrotal temperature of at least 3° (C), and a reduction in temperature gradient of 2 to 3° (C) from the base to the apex of the scrotum. Area temperatures in bulls with chronic testicular degeneration with fibrosis were reduced.
Changes in leukocyte populations in pulmonary lavage fluids of calves after inhalation of Pasteurella haemolytica
Authors: Walker R. D. , Hopkins F. M. , Schultz T. W. , McCracken M. D. , Moore R. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The distribution of leukocytes in bovine bronchoalveolar lavage fluids was determined in 15 calves at various times after aerosol exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica. For comparison, 10 calves were exposed to aerosols of phosphate-buffered saline solution; 15 calves, to Staphylococcus epidermidis; and 10 calves, to Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin. At 10 minutes after inhalation exposure for each group, the predominant cell type was the macrophage. Macrophages remained the predominant cell type throughout each lavage interval for calves exposed to phosphate-buffered saline solution and Staph epidermidis. For calves exposed to P haemolytica, there was a decrease in the percentage of macrophages detectable by 30 minutes after exposure, with a corresponding increase in the percentage of neutrophils. Sixty minutes after the inhalation exposure to P haemolytica, the percentages of macrophages and neutrophils in the lavage fluid were equal. By 240 minutes after exposure to P haemolytica, > 90% of the cells in the lavage fluids was neutrophils. The increase in the percentage of neutrophils in lavage fluids from calves exposed to S typhimurium endotoxin was similar to that seen for the calves exposed to P haemolytica.
Efficacy of morantel against nematode populations in calves exposed on a pasture stocked for two years with morantel sustained-release bolus-treated calves
Authors: Newby T. J. , Yazwinski T. A. , Presson B. L. , Greenway T. E. , Holtzen H. M. , Bischoff M. J. , Featherstone H. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two groups of 10 parasite-free calves were maintained either for 2 weeks on a pasture grazed by nonmedicated cattle (pasture A) or for 3 weeks on a pasture grazed by morantel sustained-release bolus-treated cattle (pasture B) for the preceding 2 years. After a 4-week holding period to allow for maturation of acquired gastrointestinal nematodes, 5 calves from each group were administered a therapeutic dose (10 mg/kg of body weight) of morantel tartrate. All calves were necropsied 1 week later, and the abomasal and small intestinal nematodes were isolated, identified, and enumerated. A comparison of efficacies between nonmedicated and morantel tartrate-treated calves of each pasture demonstrated that morantel was equally effective against the gastrointestinal nematode infections, regardless of infection source (ie, pasture A vs pasture B). The overall nematode reductions due to morantel tartrate treatment of calves that grazed pastures A and B were 98% and 96%, respectively. It was concluded that the sensitivity of gastrointestinal nematodes to morantel tartrate was not diminished in calves maintained on pasture B, which had been stocked with morantel sustained-release bolus-treated calves for the preceding 2 grazing seasons.
Effect of ionophore antibiotics on experimentally induced lactic acidosis in cattle
Authors: Nagaraja T. G. , Avery T. B. , Galitzer S. J. , Harmon D. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Salinomycin, a new ionophore antibiotic, was tested and compared with lasalocid and monensin for preventing experimentally induced lactic acidosis. Five rumen-fistulated adult cattle were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design, and the treatments were as follows: no treatment (control), 0.11 mg of salinomycin/kg of body weight (S1), 0.22 mg of salinomycin/kg (S2), 0.66 of lasalocid/kg, and 0.66 mg of monensin/kg. Acidosis was induced by intraruminal administration of a ground corn-corn starch mixture (50:50, 12.5 g/kg) once a day for up to 4 days. Antibiotics were administered along with grain-starch mixture. Rumen and blood samples were obtained before and at 6, 12, and 24 hours after each carbohydrate-antibiotic dosing to monitor acid-base status. Control and S1-treated cattle became ruminally acidotic within 54 hours, whereas cattle treated with S2, lasalocid-. and monensin resisted acidosis for up to 78 hours after dosing. Cattle treated with S2, lasalocid, or monensin had higher rumen pH and lower l( + ) - and d(-)-lactate concentrations than did control or S1-treated cattle. Rumen pH decrease to below 5.0 in S2-, lasalocid-, and monensin-treated cattle was not due to lactic acid, but to increased production of volatile fatty acids. Rumen propionate proportion increased initially in antibiotic-treated cattle, but after 48 hours, butyrate proportion increased significantly. Despite low rumen pH and high lactate concentration, lacticacidemia was not evident, and the systemic acid-base disturbance was mild in control cattle, Blood pH, bicarbonate, and base excess values were higher in S2-, lasalocid-, and monensin-treated cattle than in the control cattle. Hemoconcentration was evident in all cattle. Both control and antibiotic-treated cattle had significant decreases in serum urea nitrogen and potassium concentrations.
Antitrypsin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase as markers of mastitis in a herd of Ayshire cows
Authors: Mattila T. , Sandholm M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Microplate analyzers for N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) and antitrypsin in milk were high-capacity systems for determination of subclinical mastitis on a mammary-quarter basis in a herd of 80 Ayshire cows. Infected quarters could be better differentiated from non-infected quarters by interquarter evaluation of milk NAGase and antitrypsin, than by adaptation of threshold values based on measured NAGase and antitrypsin values. This differentiation between healthy quarters and mastitic quarters was further improved by using absolute values and interquarter evaluations in combination. Therefore, quarter-based sample collection in combination with microplate technology and computerization is proposed as the method of choice for monitoring udder health in herds.
Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in the calf: Developmental changes
Authors: Clarke Cyril R. , Short Charles R. , Hsu Ruei-Ching , Baggot J. Desmond 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic values for gentamicin in neonatal calves and to compare these values with those in adult cattle (cows). Gentamicin (4 mg/kg of body weight) was administered iv to 7 Holstein bull calves on days 1 (between 12 and 24 hours of age), 5, 10, and 15 after birth, and was administered once iv to 7 Holstein cows. Serum was collected from each animal before administration and at 22 different time intervals from 2 to 400 minutes after injection. Sera were analyzed for gentamicin concentrations. Decay of serum gentamicin concentrations was best described by a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Elimination half-life (t½(β)) of gentamicin decreased from day 1 (149 minutes) to day 5 (119 minutes), but did not change between days 5 and 15 (111 minutes). Compared with the t½(β) in 1- and 15-day-old calves, the t½(β) in cows was shorter (76 minutes). In the calves, apparent volume of distribution (based on total area under the disposition curve) did not change between 1 (393 ml/kg) and 5 (413 ml/kg) days of age, decreased on day 10 (341 ml/kg) and cows day 15 (334 ml/kg), and was markedly smaller than that in cows (140 ml/kg). Total body clearance of gentamicin in cows (1.29 ml/min·kg) was lower than that seen in calves on day 1 (1.92 ml/min·kg) and on day 15 (2.10 ml/min·kg). The decrease in apparent volume of distribution of gentamicin was mirrored by a large decrease in the extracellular fluid volume, as measured by inulin space. Age-related changes in total body water were not found, as measured by antipyrine space. The percentage protein binding of gentamicin was < 30%.
Oxytetracycline concentrations in plasma and lung of healthy and pneumonic calves, using two oxytetracycline preparations
Authors: Ames T. R. , Patterson E. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Drug concentrations in lung tissue and plasma pharmacokinetics of a long-acting preparation of oxytetracycline were compared with those of a standard preparation of oxytetracycline given to healthy and pneumonic calves. Both preparations achieved higher concentrations in the pneumonic lung when compared with those in the normal-appearing lung of the same group. A difference in concentrations in lung tissue was not found between preparations at either 24 or 48 hours. The plasma pharmacokinetic values did differ between preparations. Comparatively, the long-acting oxytetracycline had a smaller rate constant for disposition, a larger volume of distribution divided by bioavailability constant, and a longer half-life. A difference in pharmacokinetic values was not observed between healthy and pneumonic calves.
Neostigmine methylsulfate delays gastric emptying of particulate markers in horses
Authors: Adams Stephen B. , MacHarg Margaret A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eight horses were allotted to 2 groups, each of 4 horses. All horses were given 100 plastic markers intragastrically via a nasogastric tube. One group of animals (control group) was not given medication after marker administration. The other group (test group) was given neostigmine methylsulfate (0.022 mg/kg of body weight) in the subcutaneous tissue at the time of marker administration and 30, 60, and 90 minutes later. All horses were killed 135 minutes after marker administration to locate the beads in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastric emptying of the markers was significantly delayed (P < 0.05) in horses given neostigmine methylsulfate.
Experimental infection of lactating goats with Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and hardjo
Authors: Tripathy D. N. , Hanson L. E. , Mansfield M. E. , Thilsted J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pathogenesis of Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona and hardjo was evaluated in 14 lactating goats. Although mild clinical signs of leptospiral infection characterized by pyrexia and reduction in milk yield appeared in some animals, a consistent clinical pattern was not observed in the inoculated animals. The pomona serovar was isolated from the kidney of 1 of the 4 goats inoculated with serovar pomona. The hardjo serovar (strain UI 750) was isolated in the rabbit serum-supplemented bovine albumin polysorbate-80 liquid medium only from the mammary gland of 1 of 4 goats at 13 days after inoculation with serovar hardjo. The positive culture was detected after an 8-month incubation period.
Effect of skin graft preparation and graft survival on the secondary contraction of full-thickness skin grafts in dogs
Authors: Pope Eric R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of 4 skin grafting techniques and graft survival on the secondary contraction of full-thickness skin grafts were evaluated. A total of 48 skin grafts were done on 12 dogs, with 2 skin grafts placed on both sides of the thorax of each dog. The grafting techniques included the sheet graft, sheet graft with continuous low-level suction provided by a butterfly catheter and evacuated glass tube, pie-crust graft, and nonexpanded mesh graft. Graft viability was assessed by visual inspection 10 days after surgical operation. Thirty skin grafts (64%) had a viability of 90% or greater. The final area of these grafts ranged from 73% to 119% of the original area.
The secondary graft contraction followed a similar pattern for all graft types. During the first 10 days after surgical operation, the grafts contracted to 83% of their original area. Enlargement of the grafts began between 10 and 21 days after surgical operation. By 12 weeks, the grafts had attained a mean value of 96% of the original area. A significant difference in final area was not observed among graft types. Grafts with a high percentage of viability generally contracted less than those with larger areas of necrosis, but statistical relationship between viability and degree of contraction could not be proven. The results of the present study indicate that full-thickness skin grafts may be successfully done in dogs and that the grafts can be expected to undergo minimal postoperative contraction when graft survival is nearly complete.
Deposition of fibronectin in articular cartilage of canine osteoarthritic joints
Authors: Burton-Wurster N. , Lust G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Deposition of fibronectin was examined in articular cartilage of healthy and osteoarthritic joints of Labrador Retriever dogs. Abnormal cartilage from osteoarthritic joints contained up to 20 times more fibronectin than did disease-free cartilage. Compared with normal cartilage, the rate of fibronectin synthesis in osteoarthritic cartilage was increased and a greater proportion of the newly made fibronectin accumulated in the lesion cartilage matrix. The rate of release of endogenous prelabeled [3H]fibronectin from disease-free expiants was similar to the rate of release from degenerated cartilage expiants into incubation media. Concentrations of fibronectin were greater in synovial fluid from osteoarthritic joints than in synovial fluid from healthy joints, but both types of fluid had less fibronectin than in blood plasma.