bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wissenschaftssystematik als Kulturaufgabe. Möglichkeiten eines offenen Kulturbegriffs in Paul Hinnebergs Enzyklopädieprojekt
Authors: Ziche Paul 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe systematization of the sciences as a cultural task. Options for an open understanding of culture in Paul Hinneberg's Encyclopedia. – Paul Hinneberg promises, in his multi‐volume Kultur der Gegenwart (1906sqq.), to capture the ‘culture’ of his time in its entirety; only a veritable encyclopedia could be adequate to the task of synthesizing the manifold and disparate tendencies of ‘Kultur’. Surprisingly, however, any attempt to make explicit the systematic principles governing his encyclopedic synthesis is missing from his project. It is argued that this – unusual – feature of Hinneberg's Kultur der Gegenwart can itself be understood as a result of typical analyses of ‘Kultur’ at the turn of the century; culture, as an open, multi‐sided, and integrative concept may indeed best be captured in an open system that avoids strict and explicit demarcations. In these respects, the task of capturing Kultur turns out to be closely linked to another task prominent around 1900: that of providing a systematic ordering of the various ‘Wissenschaften’.
A New Photothermal Therapeutic Agent: Core‐Free Nanostructured AuxAg1−x Dendrites
Authors: Hu Kuo‐Wei , Huang Chih‐Chia , Hwu Jih‐Ru , Su Wu‐Chou , Shieh Dar‐Bin , Yeh Chen‐Sheng 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA new class of AuxAg1−x nanostructures with dendrite morphology and a hollow interior were synthesized by using a replacement reaction between Ag dendrites and an aqueous solution of HAuCl4. The Ag nanostructured dendrites were generated by the reaction of AgNO3 with ascorbic acid in a methanol/water system. The dendrites resemble a coral shape and are built up of many stems with an asymmetric arrangement. Each stem is approximately 400 nm in length and 65 nm in diameter. The bimetallic composition of AuxAg1−x can be tuned by the addition of different amounts of HAuCl4 to the Ag dendritic solution. The hollowing process resulted in tubular structures with a wall thickness of 10.5 nm in Au0.3Ag0.7 dendrites. The UV/Vis spectra indicate that the strongest NIR absorption among the resulting hollow AuxAg1−x dendrites was in Au0.3Ag0.7. The MTT assay was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity of Ag dendrites, hollow Au0.06Ag0.94 and Au0.3Ag0.7 dendrites, and Au nanorods. It was found that hollow Au0.06Ag0.94 and Au0.3Ag0.7 dendrites exhibited good biocompatibility, while both Ag dendrites and Au nanorods showed dose‐dependent toxicity. Because of absorption in the NIR region, hollow Au0.3Ag0.7 dendrites were used as photothermal absorbers for destroying A549 lung cancer cells. Their photothermal performance was compared to that of Au nanorod photothermal therapeutic agents. As a result, the particle concentration and laser power required for efficient cancer cell damage were significantly reduced for hollow Au0.3Ag0.7 dendrites relative to those used for Au nanorods. The hollow Au0.3Ag0.7 nanostructured dendrites show potential in photothermolysis for killing cancer cells.
Calculation of conformational energies and optical rotation of the most simple chiral alkane
Authors: Grimme Stefan , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian 
Published: March 2008

AbstractQuantum chemical calculations have been performed to investigate the conformer distribution of 4‐ethyl‐4‐methyloctane and its optical rotation. With the reference methods MP2 and SCS‐MP2, the energies of seven conformers are found within a range of about 1.5 kcal mol−1. It is demonstrated that the relative energies cannot be reliably predicted with conventional GGA or hybrid density functionals, Hartree‐Fock, semiempirical AM1, and classical force field (MM3) calculations. An empirical dispersion correction to GGA (PBE‐D), hybrid (B3LYP‐D), or double hybrid (B2PLYP‐D) functionals corrects these errors and results in very good agreement with the reference energies. Optical rotations have been calculated for all seven conformers at the TDDFT(BHLYP/aTZV2P) level. The computed macroscopic rotation is derived from a classical Boltzmann average. The result (1.9–3.2 deg dm−1 (g/mL)−1) is very close to the experimental value of 0.2 deg dm−1 (g/mL)−1 for the (R)‐enantiomer and has the right sign. Because six conformers are significantly populated at room temperature and the rotations of individual conformers differ in sign and magnitude, the calculated average rotation is rather sensitive to the conformer population used. From the electronic structure point of view, this example emphasizes the effect of long‐range dispersion effects for the evaluation of population averaged quantities in large molecules. Computations based on free enthalpies are in worse agreement with experiment that is attributed to artefacts of the harmonic approximation used to compute the vibrational entropy terms. Chirality, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity in mammalian chiasmatic architecture: Ipsilateral axons are deflected at glial arches in the prechiasmatic optic nerve of the eutherian Tupaia belangeri
Authors: Knabe Wolfgang , Washausen Stefan , Happel Nicole , Kuhn Hans‐Jürg 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPermanent ipsilaterally projecting axons approach the chiasmatic midline in rodents but are confined to lateral parts of the optic chiasm in marsupials. Hence, principally different mechanisms were thought to underlie axon pathway choice in eutherian (placental) and marsupial mammals. First evidence of diversity in eutherian chiasmatic architecture came from studies in the newborn and adult tree shrew Tupaia belangeri (Jeffery et al. [1998] J. Comp. Neurol. 390:183–193). Here, as in marsupials, ipsilaterally projecting axons do not approach the midline. The present study aims to clarify how the developing tree shrew chiasm is organized, how glial cells are arranged therein, and the extent to which the tree shrew chiasm is similar to that of marsupials or other eutherians. By using routinely stained serial sections as well as immunohistochemistry with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, and medium‐molecular‐weight neurofilament protein, we investigated chiasm formation from embryonic day 18 (E18) to birth (E43). From E22 onward, ipsilaterally projecting axons diverged from contralaterally projecting axons in prechiasmatic parts of the optic nerve. They made sharp turns when arriving at glial arches found at the transition from the optic nerve to the chiasm. Thus, during the ingrowth period of axons, Tupaia belangeri and marsupials have specialized glial arrays in common, which probably help to deflect ipsilaterally projecting axons to lateral parts of the chiasm. Our observations provide new evidence of diversity in eutherian chiasmatic architecture and identify Tupaia belangeri as an appropriate animal model for studies on the mechanisms underlying axon guidance in the developing chiasm of higher primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:437–457, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenolipoma of the thyroid gland: Report of a case with diagnosis by fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Kim Hun‐Soo , Yun Ki‐Jung 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAdenolipomas are rare benign neoplasms composed of mature adipose tissue and thyroid follicles. The preoperative fine‐needle aspiration cytology of such lesion has rarely been cited. Approximately 12 cases have been reported in the literature worldwide, diagnosed solely on histopathology. A 65‐year‐old woman presented with a 4‐month history of a thyroid nodule. A FNA cytology specimen showed a few benign follicular cells with adipose tissue. Right lobectomy was performed and the specimen revealed a solid yellowish mass measuring 3 × 2.5 cm. Microscopic findings showed a solid tumor predominantly composed of mature adipose tissue intermixed with thyroid follicles. The pathological diagnosis was adenolipoma of the thyroid gland. The presence of adipose tissue is a common finding within the cytologic specimen, especially in obese individuals or with inadequate sampling. But suspicion may be possible if excess amounts of adipose tissue are present in the submitted sample. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:253–256. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnosing mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children using fine needle aspiration biopsy: Cytomorphology, ZN staining and autofluorescence—Making more of less
Authors: Wright Colleen A. , van der Burg Mirjam , Geiger D. , Noordzij Jeroen G. , Burgess Steven M. , Marais Ben J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAlthough the incidence of TB has stabilized or declined in most world regions, it is increasing in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Eastern Mediterranean, fuelled by the HIV pandemic. More than 4,000 people died daily from TB‐related illnesses in 2005. TB is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in these developing countries, and there is an urgent need for rapid and definitive modalities for mycobacterial diagnosis in children. This prospective study in Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, evaluates the ability of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) to diagnose mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children, using cytomorphology, autofluorescence on Papanicolaou stained smears, Ziehl‐Nielsen (ZN) staining and/or culture. FNABs were performed on 200 children, and 25 (12.5%) aspirates were inadequate. Cultures were positive in 79/175 (45%); Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified in 61 and Mycobacterium bovis BCG in 18 cases. Using culture as the gold standard, the concordance of the different techniques was as follows: cytomorphology 70%, ZN staining 73%, and autofluorescence 68%. Using an alternative gold standard (culture positive and/or suggestive cytomorphology plus positive autofluorescence or ZN smear), the “true” diagnostic performance of the various techniques was as follows: cytomorphology—sensitivity 78%, specificity 91%, positive predictive value (PPV) 93%, ZN staining ‐ sensitivity 62%%, specificity 97%, PPV 97%; autofluorescence—sensitivity 67%, specificity 97%, PPV 97%; and culture—sensitivity 75%, specificity 100%, and PPV 100%. FNAB was shown to provide a rapid and definitive diagnosis in the majority of cases of suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis in children, based on cytomorphology and identification of the organism. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:245–251. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of endometriosis in cesarean section scar and rectus sheath mass lesions—A study of seven cases
Authors: Gupta Raj K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe diagnosis of endometriosis is usually established by a biopsy. Since endometriotic lesions can present as a mass lesion, it seems feasible to investigate them by the noninvasive method of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). In this study, seven cases (5 from a cesarean scar and 2 from rectus sheath) are presented in which FNAC was indicative of endometriosis. The aspirate was obtained using a disposable 10 ml syringe and 22 gauge needle. The material was collected as syringe and needle washings in a cytology container in which 30% ethyl alcohol was present. From half of this material, filter preparations were made on size 3 μm filters and stained by Papanicolaou method, while the remaining aspirate was spun and a cell block was made from the sediment and sections cut and stained with hematoxylin‐eosin stain. In all cases the cytologic preparations showed tubular structures indicative of endometrial tissue and stromal cells indicative of endometriosis. This was further confirmed on examination of cell blocks, which showed histologic features of endometriosis characterized by endometrial glands separated by endometrial stroma and rare siderophages. The seven cases described are interesting, since the cytohistological finding in FNAC sample and cell block not only were indicative of the diagnosis of endometriosis, but also obviated the need for an invasive surgical procedure. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:224–226. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrapancreatic accessory spleen: Mimic of pancreatic endocrine tumor diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Schreiner Andrew M. , Mansoor Atiya , Faigel Douglas O. , Morgan Terry K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIntrapancreatic accessory spleen forms a well‐defined nodule within the tail of the pancreas and is commonly mistaken by imaging studies as a neuroendocrine tumor. We report three cases of intrapancreatic accessory spleen diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. Imaging studies showed well‐circumscribed nodules in the tail of the pancreas. Two lesions were clinically suspicious for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and one appeared to be a cyst. EUS‐guided FNA revealed predominantly small lymphocytes with a subset of histiocytes, conspicuous eosinophils, and plasma cells. There was also characteristic CD8 positive immunostaining of endothelial cells in cell block sections. We report the first series of accessory spleen in the pancreas diagnosed by EUS‐guided FNA with the aid of CD8 immunostaining of splenic sinus endothelial cells. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:262–265. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of object concepts in macaque monkeys
Authors: Hall‐Haro Cynthia , Johnson Scott P. , Price Tracy A. , Vance Jayme A. , Kiorpes Lynne 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOne of the most interesting questions in cognitive development is how we acquire and mentally represent knowledge about objects. We investigated the development of object concepts in macaque monkeys. Monkeys viewed trajectory occlusion movies in which a ball followed a linear path that was occluded for some portion of the display while their point of gaze was recorded with a corneal‐reflection eye tracker. We analyzed the pattern of eye movements as an indicator of object representation. A majority of eye movements of adult monkeys were anticipatory, implying a functional internal object representation that guided oculomotor behavior. The youngest monkeys lacked this strong internal representation of objects. Longitudinal testing showed that this ability develops over time providing compelling evidence that object concepts develop similarly in monkeys and humans. Therefore, the macaque monkey provides an animal model with which to examine neural mechanisms underlying the development of object representations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 278–287, 2008.
Differences in early lineage segregation between mammals
Authors: Kuijk Ewart W. , Du Puy Leonie , Van Tol Helena T.A. , Oei Christine H.Y. , Haagsman Henk P. , Colenbrander Ben , Roelen Bernard A.J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTwo lineage segregation events in mammalian development form the trophectoderm, primitive endoderm, and pluripotent primitive ectoderm. In mouse embryos, Oct4, Cdx2, Nanog, and Gata6 govern these events, but it is unknown whether this is conserved between mammals. Here, the expression patterns of these genes and their products were determined in porcine oocytes and embryos and in bovine embryos. CDX2 and GATA6 expression in porcine and bovine blastocysts resembled that of mouse, indicating conserved functions. However, NANOG expression was undetectable in porcine oocytes and embryos. Some inner cell mass cells in bovine blastocysts expressed NANOG protein. OCT4 protein was undetectable in porcine morulae, but present in both the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass of blastocysts, suggesting that downregulation of OCT4 in the trophectoderm does not precede trophectoderm formation. Combined, the results indicate differences in lineage segregation between mammals. Developmental Dynamics 237:918–927, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The transmembrane inner ear (tmie) gene contributes to vestibular and lateral line development and function in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Shen Yu‐Chi , Jeyabalan Anandhi K. , Wu Karen L. , Hunker Kristina L. , Kohrman David C. , Thompson Deborah L. , Liu Dong , Barald Kate F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe inner ear is a complex organ containing sensory tissue, including hair cells, the development of which is not well understood. Our long‐term goal is to discover genes critical for the correct formation and function of the inner ear and its sensory tissue. A novel gene, transmembrane inner ear (Tmie), was found to cause hearing‐related disorders when defective in mice and humans. A homologous tmie gene in zebrafish was cloned and its expression characterized between 24 and 51 hours post‐fertilization. Embryos injected with morpholinos (MO) directed against tmie exhibited circling swimming behavior (∼37%), phenocopying mice with Tmie mutations; semicircular canal formation was disrupted, hair cell numbers were reduced, and maturation of electrically active lateral line neuromasts was delayed. As in the mouse, tmie appears to be required for inner ear development and function in the zebrafish and for hair cell maturation in the vestibular and lateral line systems as well. Developmental Dynamics 237:941–952, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary cilia in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: From chondrons to clusters
Authors: McGlashan S.R. , Cluett E.C. , Jensen C.G. , Poole C.A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration. The etiology of OA is unknown. Because several previous studies have shown that primary cilia play critical roles in joint development, this study examined the incidence and morphology of primary cilia in chondrocytes during joint degeneration in a naturally occurring bovine model of OA. Primary cilia were detected using antibodies to acetylated α‐tubulin in normal cartilage as well as in mild and severe OA tissue. In normal cartilage, cilia number and length were lowest in the superficial zone and increased with distance from the articular surface. In OA tissue, the incidence and length of cilia increased at the eroding articulating surface, resulting in an overall increased proportion of cilia. This is the first study to show that primary cilia are present on chondrocytes throughout OA progression and that the overall percentage of ciliated cells within the degenerating cartilage increases with OA severity. Developmental Dynamics 237:2013–2020, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioinspired Energy Conversion Systems for Hydrogen Production and Storage (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 9/2008)
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe cover picture shows the photocatalytic production of hydrogen and the interconversion between hydrogen and formic acid with the use of catalysts. These processes have become important in the search for alternative energy resources that are renewable, in order to combat global environmental problems. Hydrogen is a clean energy source, and therefore its production and storage is a key to the future. Details are presented in the Microreview by S. Fukuzumi on p. 1351 ff.
Photochemical Arylation of Alkenols: Role of Intermediates and Synthetic Significance
Authors: Protti Stefano , Dondi Daniele , Fagnoni Maurizio , Albini Angelo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA one‐pot, tandem synthesis of cyclic ethers is obtained by addition of photogenerated phenyl cations to hydroxyalkenes. Thus, 2‐ (or 3‐) phenyl‐substituted tetrahydrofurans were prepared by irradiation of 4‐chloro‐N,N‐dimethylaniline, ‐anisole, and ‐phenol with β‐hydroxyalkenes and 2‐benzyltetrahydrofurans with γ‐hydroxyalkenes. With nonterminal alkenes [diastereomeric (E)‐ and (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ols] trans‐2‐ethyl‐3‐aryltetrahydrofuran derivatives were stereoselectively formed from both isomers. The output of the photoreaction is structure and solvent dependent and is rationalized through the intermediacy of a phenonium ion from the addition of the primarily formed triplet phenyl cation to the alkenol double bond. Intramolecular addition of the OH group to form benzyl (aryl) tetrahydrofurans is favored inpolar protic solvents, where hydride shifts to form aryltetrahydropyrans also occur, whereas in ethyl acetate, intermolecular addition of the chloride anion to the phenonium ion takes place. The mechanism of the above reactions is also discussed on the basis of computational data.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Silica‐Immobilized NHC–CuI Complex: An Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for A3‐Coupling (Aldehyde–Alkyne–Amine) under Solventless Reaction Conditions
Authors: Wang Min , Li Pinhua , Wang Lei 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA novel silica‐immobilized NHC–CuI complex was developed and used as a highly efficient catalyst in the three‐component coupling reactions of aldehydes, alkynes and amines (A3‐coupling). The reactions were applicable to aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, alkynes and amines, and generated the corresponding propargylamines in good yields only in the presence of SiO2–NHC–CuI (2 mol‐%) at room temp. under solvent‐free reaction conditions. Moreover, the catalyst was quantitatively recovered from the reaction mixture by a simple filtration and reused for ten cycles with almost consistent activity.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Solar photocatalytic degradation of dye wastewater in the presence of heat‐treated anatase TiO2 powder
Authors: Wang Jun , Li Ronghe , Zhang Zhaohong , Sun Wei , Xie Yingpeng , Xu Rui , Xing Zhiqiang , Zhang Xiangdong 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe phase transformation from anatase to rutile of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was attempted by heat‐treatment and a novel TiO2 catalyst with high photocatalytic activity under sunlight irradiation was obtained. The heat‐treated anatase TiO2 powders at various transition stages were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The tests of photocatalytic activities of the heat‐treated anatase TiO2 powders were conducted by the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous solution under sunlight irradiation. The results reveal that the anatase TiO2 powder heat‐treated at 700°C for 60 min shows the highest photocatalytic activity, which can effectively degrade rhodamine B in aqueous solution under sunlight irradiation. The remarkable improvement of photocatalytic activity of the anatase TiO2 powders was mainly elucidated by the formation of special interphase between rutile and anatase phases, which can limit the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes efficiently. Therefore, this method may be envisaged as a technology for treating dye wastewaters using solar energy. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008
A nonlinear time series analysis using two‐stage genetic algorithms for streamflow forecasting
Authors: Chen Chang‐Shian , Liu Chin‐Hui , Su Hui‐Chen 
Published: March 2008

AbstractStreamflow forecasting is very important for the management of water resources: high accuracy in flow prediction can lead to more effective use of water resources. Hydrological data can be classified as non‐steady and nonlinear, thus this study applied nonlinear time series models to model the changing characteristics of streamflows. Two‐stage genetic algorithms were used to construct nonlinear time series models of 10‐day streamflows of the Wu‐Shi River in Taiwan. Analysis verified that nonlinear time series are superior to traditional linear time series. It is hoped that these results will be useful for further applications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.