bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CLUES TO LANGUAGE CHANGE FROM NON‐STANDARD ENGLISH
Authors: Denison David 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTColloquial speech has a different grammar from written English, and published descriptions of English are largely based on the written form; therefore the grammatical consensus may be missing important facts about everyday English. Non‐standard language often prefigures changes which spread eventually into the standard; sometimes it preserves forms lost elsewhere. Linguistic change in standard English can sometimes be detected by looking at different forms of non‐standard English, or by comparison of different national standards. These useful windows on the standard language are illustrated with examples from unplanned speech, internet data, and British and American usage.
Machine Politics and Democracy: The Deinstitutionalization of the Argentine Party System
Authors: Scherlis Gerardo 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article contends that intra-party dynamics based on particularistic exchanges constitute a double-edged sword for a political system. On the one hand, they provide party leaders with strategic flexibility, which can be essential for their party stability and for the governability of the political system. On the other hand, in permitting office holders to switch policies whenever they consider fit, these dynamics render governments unpredictable and unaccountable in partisan terms, thus debasing the quality of democratic representation. The hypothesis is illustrated by recent Argentine political development.
Accounting for Negative, Zero and Positive Willingness to Pay for Landscape Change in a National Park
Authors: Hanley Nick , Colombo Sergio , Kriström Bengt , Watson Fiona 
Published: September 2008

Abstract In contingent valuation, despite the fact that many externalities manifest themselves as costs to some and benefits to others, most studies restrict willingness to pay to being non‐negative. In this paper, we investigate the impact of allowing for negative, zero and positive preferences for prospective changes in woodland cover in two UK national parks, the Lake District and the Trossachs. An extended spike model is used to accomplish this. The policy implications of not allowing for negative values in terms of aggregate benefits are also investigated, by comparing the extended spike model with a simple spike making use of only zero and positive bids, and a model which considers positive bids only. We find that ignoring negative values over‐states the aggregate benefits of a woodland planting project by up to 44%.
Are There Similar Sources of Environmental Concern? Comparing Industrialized Countries*
Authors: Marquart‐Pyatt Sandra T. 
Published: September 2008

Objectives. Despite the emergence of environmental concern worldwide, the social forces underlying its expression are not well understood. This research extends previous cross‐national studies by employing multi‐item indicators of environmental concern in order to more accurately portray concern for the environment as a multifaceted concept and to determine whether the sources of environmental concern are similar among industrialized countries.Methods. Survey data from the ISSP 2000 Environment data set are analyzed for 19 countries.Results. The findings are threefold. First, there are some remarkably consistent influences on both measures of concern for the environment. Second, some differences remain, which are linked with measuring environmental concern. Third, these results suggest that models explaining environmental concerns appear to operate similarly in this sample of industrialized countries.Conclusions. This investigation provides a baseline for future research to introduce additional cases and correlates to empirically test explanations regarding environmental concern's global reach.
Neoliberal Knowledge: The Decline of Technocracy and the Weakening of the Montreal Protocol*
Authors: DuPuis E. Melanie , Gareau Brian J. 
Published: September 2008

Objective. The turn to participatory, stakeholder modes of governance has been accompanied by the legitimization of a new “particularist knowledge regime” emphasizing the knowledge claims made by private interests and local voices. It has also tended to de‐legitimize the ways of knowing that had characterized central state governance, namely, state expertise based on general welfare analytics such as cost‐benefit analysis. This turn away from state expertise, what we call the “anti‐technocratic consensus,” while stemming from democratic motivations, may actually make environmental governance less democratic.Method. We examine the problems that arise from the abandonment of general welfare economic analytics and technical expertise—the anti‐technocratic consensus—through a specific case study: the recent handling of “critical use exemptions” to the ban on methyl bromide under the Montreal Protocol, a treaty that mandates the elimination of methyl bromide in order to protect the ozone layer. We show that decisionmakers specifically rejected general welfare analytics as a basis of regulatory action in favor of a particularist form of analytics based on measuring market disruption.Results. This case illustrate how the de‐legitimization of technical expertise can weaken the effectiveness of an environmental agreement in meeting its regulatory mandate. Critics have often criticized technical expertise as supporting the economic status quo. However, in the case of methyl bromide and the Montreal Protocol, technical experts using general welfare analytics represented a challenge to U.S. regulatory officials who supported industrial interests and their request for significant exemptions to the ban.Conclusion. The legitimization of a particularist knowledge regime opens up policy making to domination by private interests playing the stakeholder game. Stakeholder input and particularist knowledges are important to democratic decision making. However, technical expertise, despite all its weaknesses, is a form of knowledge that remains necessary to the protection of the environment and public health.
Substrate Availability May Be More Important than Aquatic Insect Abundance in the Distribution of Riparian Orb‐web Spiders in the Tropics
Authors: Chan Eric K. W. , Zhang Yixin , Dudgeon David 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTSpiders that are abundant along streams may depend on energy subsidies across land–water ecotones, but the effects of season and habitat structure on this trophic linkage remain poorly understood in the tropics. We carried out surveys and a manipulative experiment to investigate the effects of season and substrate availability on the distribution of riparian orb‐web spiders in Hong Kong, southern China. In the surveys, spider abundance, prey, substrate use, and web orientation were recorded. The experiment involved installation of in‐stream artificial substrates (ropes and bamboo poles) to increase substrate availability for web attachment. We found no seasonal difference in web abundance, but seasonal differences were observed for the prey on webs: aquatic insects (mostly Ephemeroptera and chironomid midges) contributed 69 percent of total prey collected during the wet season, but only 38 percent during the dry season. Most webs (50–80%) were < 0.5 m above the water and 45–51 percent of them tended to be orientated horizontally to the water surface and supported by overhanging vegetation and boulders. The addition of artificial substrates resulted in a 23–34 percent increase in the number of webs at the four treatment sites compared to controls, indicating that availability of web‐building substrates is a critical determinant of the spider distribution. Our results suggest that riparian zones are potential ‘hotspots' of food availability for spiders, and that the aquatic insect subsidy allows this habitat to support increased densities of spiders when the constraint of substrate availability is relaxed.
Feathered dinosaurs from China and the evolution of major avian characters
Authors: XU Xing 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRecent discoveries of feathered dinosaurs from Early Cretaceous deposits in Liaoning, China, have not only lent strongest support for the dinosaurian hypothesis of bird origins, but have also provided much‐needed information about the origins of feathers and avian flight. Preliminary analysis of character evolution suggests that the major avian osteological characters were acquired during the early evolution of maniraptoran dinosaurs. The available evidence also suggests that the first feathers with a filamentous morphology probably evolved in basal coelurosaurs and pennaceous feathers (including those with aerodynamic features) were developed in non‐avian maniraptorans, indicating that feathers evolved before the origin of birds and their flight. An evolutionary model is proposed here to describe the major stages of feather evolution, a process characterized by a combination of both transformational and innovative modifications. This model is different from some recent developmental models, which suggest that feathers are evolutionary novelties without a homologous relationship to reptilian scales. Although non‐avian theropods are traditionally regarded as distinctly cursorial animals, recent discoveries suggest that the closest relatives of birds might be arboreal theropods. Many bird features, such as the furcula and pennaceous feathers, evolved in a terrestrial context, whereas others, such as some pedal modifications, may have evolved in an arboreal context. Consequently, arboreality may have also contributed to the origin of avian flight.
The Jehol Biota (Lower Cretaceous, China): new discoveries and future prospects
Authors: BARRETT Paul M. , HILTON Jason M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractContinuing work on the paleontology and sedimentology of the Jehol Group (Lower Cretaceous, China) is yielding numerous new insights into the evolution of many Mesozoic plant and animal clades. Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered regarding Jehol paleoenvironments, paleobiology and paleobiogeography. All of this information will be crucial in providing a detailed reconstruction of this extinct ecosystem.
Using economic instruments to overcome obstacles to in situ conservation of biodiversity
Authors: McNEELY Jeffrey A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe leading direct cause of the loss of biodiversity is habitat alteration and disruption. If we are to address this cause directly, we need to find ways of changing the behavior of rural people. Experience has shown that this is done most effectively through the use of economic instruments, ranging from taxes that discourage over‐exploitation, to direct payments for conservation activities carried out by rural land‐owners or those occupying the land. In many parts of the world, governments provide incentives such as tax breaks to private land‐owners. Other countries recognize specific use rights on particular parts of the land, enabling the land‐owners to earn appropriate benefits. Since many protected areas have resident human populations, it is especially important that they be encouraged to contribute to the objectives of the protected area, and economic incentives offer an important way of doing so; they might, for example, be given employment in the protected area or in associated tourism activities. Direct payments to farmers for conserving watersheds is becoming increasingly popular, in both developed and developing countries. Improved conservation will require both removing perverse subsidies and developing a wide range of approaches for rewarding land‐owners for biodiversity conservation activities.
Comparative immunology
Authors: COOPER Edwin L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAs a discipline, comparative immunology enhances zoology and has gained wide acceptance in the biological sciences. It is an offshoot of the parent field, immunology, and is an amalgam of immunology and zoology. All animals from protozoans to humans have solved the threat of extinction by having evolved an immune‐defense strategy that ensures the capacity to react against foreign, non‐self microorganisms and cancers that disturb the homeostatic self. Invertebrate‐type innate immune responses evolved first and they characterize the metazoans. These rapid natural responses act immediately and are often essential for the occurrence of slower, more specific, adaptive vertebrate‐type immune responses. As components of the innate immune system, there is an emphasis on several major steps in the evolutionary process: (i) recognition; (ii) the phagocytic cell; and (iii) the natural killer cell. When vertebrates evolved, beginning with fish, thymus‐controlled T cells first appeared, as did bone marrow‐derived B cells (first found in amphibians with long bones). These were the precursors of the plasma cells that synthesize and secrete antibodies. Confirming the concept of self/non‐self, invertebrates possess natural, non‐adaptive, innate, non‐clonal, non‐anticipatory immune responses, whereas vertebrates possess adaptive, acquired, clonal, and anticipatory responses. This symposium concerns: (i) aspects of the immune spectrum in representative groups; (ii) specific findings (in particular models; e.g. earthworms); (iii) clues as to the possible biomedical application of relevant molecules derived from animals, notably invertebrates; and (iv) some views on the more practical applications of understanding immune systems of invertebrates and ectotherms, and their possible role in survival.
The case for mandatory inclusion of ethics within the zoological sciences curriculum
Authors: BUCKERIDGE John S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTraditionally, undergraduate science curricula include little or no “ethics,” either as theory or practice. However, zoologists are currently enjoying considerable media exposure: some of it positive (as in conservation practice), but more often negative (pertaining to issues such as the use of animals for testing of drugs, and genetic engineering). More than ever before, zoologists are being asked to make value judgments, and many of these involve moral assessment; if we accept that zoologists (along with other scientists) are professionals, then we must accept that they are responsible for any decisions they make, and it then follows that they are accountable, which can have serious ramifications in cases of malpractice. Ethics involves the application of morality in a professional setting. In light of this, teaching ethics is mandatory in degree programs such as engineering and medicine. This paper contends that a key output of zoological education is the undergraduate who is cognizant of the ethical framework and constructs within which he/she must function. The paper concludes with comment on the nature and style of delivery of ethics education.
Therapeutic Activity of an Anti-Idiotypic Antibody-Derived Killer Peptide against Influenza A Virus Experimental Infection
Authors: Conti Giorgio , Magliani Walter , Conti Stefania , Nencioni Lucia , Sgarbanti Rossella , Palamara Anna Teresa , Polonelli Luciano 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
The in vitro and in vivo activities of a killer decapeptide (KP) against influenza A virus is described, and the mechanisms of action are suggested. KP represents the functional internal image of a yeast killer toxin that proved to exert antimicrobial and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activities. Treatment with KP demonstrated a significant inhibitory activity on the replication of two strains of influenza A virus in different cell lines, as evaluated by hemagglutination, hemadsorption, and plaque assays. The complete inhibition of virus particle production and a marked reduction of the synthesis of viral proteins (membrane protein and hemagglutinin, in particular) were observed at a KP concentration of 4 μg/ml. Moreover, KP administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 μg/mice once a day for 10 days to influenza A/NWS/33 (H1N1) virus-infected mice improved the survival of the animals by 40% and significantly decreased the viral titers in their lungs. Overall, KP appears to be the first anti-idiotypic antibody-derived peptide that displays inhibitory activity and that has a potential therapeutic effect against pathogenic microorganisms, HIV-1, and influenza A virus by different mechanisms of action.
Cytotoxic-T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4 Blockade Abrogates Protection by Regulatory T Cells in a Mouse Model of Microbially Induced Innate Immune-Driven Colitis
Authors: Watanabe Koichiro , Rao Varada P. , Poutahidis Theofilos , Rickman Barry H. , Ohtani Masahiro , Xu Shilu , Rogers Arlin B. , Ge Zhongming , Horwitz Bruce H. , Fujioka Toshio , Erdman Susan E. , Fox James G. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTCytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) expressed at high levels by CD4+CD25+CD45RBlowregulatory T cells (Treg) is essential to their homeostatic and immunoregulatory functions. However, its relevance to anti-inflammatory roles of Treg in the context of colitogenic innate immune response during pathogenic bacterial infections has not been examined. We showed earlier in Rag2-deficient 129/SvEv mice that Treg cells are capable of suppressing colitis and colon cancer triggered byHelicobacter hepaticus, a widespread murine enterohepatic pathogen. Using this model, we now examined the effects of antibody blockade of CTLA-4 on Treg function during innate immune inflammatory response. Consistent with our previous findings, we found that a single adoptive transfer of Treg cells prior to infection prevented colitis development despite persistentH. hepaticusinfection in recipient mice. However, when infected mice were injected with anti-CTLA-4 antibody along with Treg cell transfer, they developed a severe acute colitis with poor body condition that was not observed in Rag2−/−mice without Treg cell transfer. Despite high numbers of Foxp3+Treg cells, evident by immunohistochemical analyses in situ, the CTLA-4 antibody-treated mice had severely inflamed colonic mucosa and increased rather than decreased expression levels of cytokines gamma interferon and interleukin-2. These findings indicate that antibody blockade of CTLA-4 clearly abrogates Treg cell ability to suppress innate immune-driven colitis and suggest that Treg cell CTLA-4 cognate interactions may be necessary to maintain homeostasis among cells of innate immunity.
“I don’t like that, it’s tricking people too much…”: acute informed consent to participation in a trial of thrombolysis for stroke
Authors: Mangset M , Førde R , Nessa J , Berge E , Wyller T Bruun 
Published: September 2008

Background:Informed consent is regarded as a contract between autonomous and equal parties and requires the elements of information disclosure, understanding, voluntariness and consent. The validity of informed consent for critically ill patients has been questioned. Little is known about how these patients experience the process of consent.Objective:The aim of this study was to explore critically ill patients’ experience with the principle of informed consent in a clinical trial and their ability to give valid informed consent.Design:11 stroke patients who had been informed about thrombolytic treatment and had been through the process of deciding whether or not to participate in a thrombolysis trial went through repeated qualitative semistructured interviews.Results:None of the patients had any clear understanding of the purpose of the trial. Neither did they understand the principles of randomisation and voluntariness. Reasons for giving or not giving consent were trust, conceptions of benefits and risks and altruism. Several patients found it immoral to involve patients in the consent procedure and argued that this was the doctors’ responsibility. Others argued that it is a duty to question patients and perceived it as a sign of being treated with respect and dignity. A majority of the patients found the consent process vague and ambiguous.Conclusions:The results indicate that the principle of informed consent from critically ill patients cannot be seen as a contract between equal and autonomous parties. Further studies are needed to explore critically ill patients’ experiences with the process of informed consent.
In vitro regeneration of Pinus pinaster adult trees
Authors: De Diego N. , Montalbán I. A. , Fernandez de Larrinoa E. , Moncaleán P. 
Published: September 2008

Regeneration of adult conifer trees by means of in vitro culture has been the subject of intense study during the last 20 years. Propagation by tissue culture may become the best method for obtaining multiple identical trees and for capturing the genetic gain in breeding programs. However, the method has several problems related to phase change of trees (juvenile–adult) that limit its practical applications. In this study, shoot buds were collected from 20 maritime pine ( Pinus pinaster Ait.) adult trees (>20 years old) from November to March. Buds were cut transversely into 0.5–1.0 cm slices and cultured on several media (DCR, WP and modified LP) supplemented with cytokinins (6-benzyladenine, metatopolin, or zeatin) at two concentrations (25 or 50 μmol/L). The highest organogenic response (axillary shoots formation ability) occurred on DCR medium supplemented with 25 μmol/L zeatin and metatopolin, and 25 or 50 μmol/L 6-benzyladenine. All shoots that regenerated on DCR medium with 25 μmol/L 6-benzyladenine developed healthy and well rooted plantlets. The ability to micropropagate adult trees represents a significant progress in the application of biotechnology to forest tree improvement programs, and it opens the possibility of using select trees in agroforestry areas under biotic or abiotic stress.
The effect of winter thinning on the spread of Heterobasidion parviporum in Norway spruce stands
Authors: Piri Tuula , Korhonen Kari 
Published: September 2008

Genets of Heterobasidion were identified in eight 43- to 56-year-old Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands in southern Finland. Four of the stands had been thinned in winter ca. 10 years prior to the study, and four had been left unthinned. It was hypothesized that the felling of decayed trees promotes the vegetative spread of the fungus from thinning stumps into the adjacent trees, and hence the Heterobasidion genets should be larger in thinned stands. Although the number of infected stumps per areal unit was lower and the genets were slightly smaller in the previous tree generation of thinned plots, the genets, particularly the old ones, in the present tree generation were larger on thinned plots. The genets originating from the previous rotation included, on average, 12.2 trees on thinned plots and 6.7 trees on unthinned plots. The mean number of trees infected by new genets (not found in previous generation) was also slightly higher (p < 0.05) on thinned than on unthinned plots, 1.8 and 1.2 trees, respectively. The results indicate that the rapid expansion of old Heterobasidion infections after a thinning operation may significantly contribute to the occurrence of root rot in the residual stand.
FINITE GROUPS WITH GIVEN NEARLY S-QUASINORMAL SUBGROUPS
Authors: Hutsko Nataliya V. , Lukyanenko Vladimir O. , Skiba Alexander N. 
Published: September 2008

Let G be a finite group and H a subgroup of G. Then H is said to be S-quasinormal in G if HP = PH for all Sylow subgroups P of G. Let HsG be the subgroup of H generated by all those subgroups of H which are S-quasinormal in G. Then we say that H is nearly S-quasinormal in G if G has an S-quasinormal subgroup T such that HT = G and T ∩ H ≤ HsG. Our main result here is the following theorem. Let [Formula: see text] be a saturated formation containing all supersoluble groups and G a group with a normal subgroup E such that [Formula: see text]. Suppose that every non-cyclic Sylow subgroup P of E has a subgroup D such that 1 < |D| < |P| and all subgroups H of P with order |H| = |D| and every cyclic subgroup of P with order 4 (if |D| = 2 and P is a non-abelian 2-group) having no supersoluble supplement in G are nearly S-quasinormal in G. Then [Formula: see text].