bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Displacement of Protein-Bound Thiopental by Sodium Methiodal May Contribute to Anesthetic Complications During Canine Myelography
Authors: Bonhaus Douglas W. , Sawyer Donald C. , Hook Jerry B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sodium methiodal is a contrast medium commonly used during subarachnoid myelography. Clinically occurring concentrations of sodium methiodal displaced bound thiopental from brain homogenate and serum in vitro. These results indicate that some anesthetic complications during canine myelography may be due to displacement of bound thiopental.
Pharmacokinetics of Naproxen in the Dog
Authors: Frey H. H. , Rieh Bettina 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of naproxen was studied in mongrel dogs. After iv injection of a 5 mg/kg dose, plasma concentrations decreased biexponentially, with an average elimination half-life of 74 hours. The drug was highly protein-bound (> 99%) and had a correspondingly low apparent volume of distribution (0.13 L/kg). After naproxen was given orally, absorption was rapid, and the bioavailability ranged between 68% and 100%. With an initial dose of 5 mg/kg given orally, therapeutic plasma concentrations could be maintained by giving 1 daily dose of 1.2 to 2.8 mg/kg.
Effects of Storage on Concentration of Hydrocortisone (Cortisol) in Canine Serum and Plasma
Authors: Olson Patricia N. , Bowen Richard A. , Husted Paul W. , Nett Terry M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A specific radioimmunoassay was used to measure concentrations of hydrocortisone (cortisol) in the serum and plasma of 4 dogs. Differences (P > 0.05) in concentrations of cortisol were not found between serum and plasma (from EDTA-treated and heparinized blood samples). Differences (P > 0.05) in serum or plasma concentrations of cortisol were not found between samples stored at 4 C for various times (10 minutes, 10 hours, 40 hours) after collection, but before removal of rbc.
In a study designed to determine the stability of cortisol in serum samples stored at room temperature, degradation was dependent on the initial serum concentrations of cortisol. Decreases (P > 0.05) did not occur in concentrations of cortisol in serum samples stored up to 15 days when initial concentrations of cortisol were less than 15 ng/ml. However, when initial concentrations of cortisol were approximately 55 ng/ml and 80 ng/ml, significant (P > 0.05) degradation occurred after 9 and 5 days of storage, respectively.
Results of this investigation indicate that either serum or plasma of dogs is suitable for radioimmunoassay of cortisol and that samples (with and without added coagulants) incubated at 4 C may be left uncentrifuged for up to 40 hours without cortisol degradation. However, prolonged storage of serum at room temperature is detrimental, particularly for samples having large concentrations of cortisol.
Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin in the Juvenile Dog
Authors: Riviere J. Edmond , Coppoc Gordon L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and/or creatinine clearances were investigated in eleven 5-month-old Beagles. A 2-compartment open model was used to describe the drug’s disposition, as judged by error sums of squares and residual plot analyses. Half-life (elimination phase) was 60.9 ± 7.8 minutes (mean ± sd), the volume of distribution calculated from the area under the curve was 35.4 ± 3.6 L/100 kg of body weight, and the clearance of the drug from the body was 4.08 ± 0.62 ml/min/kg of body weight. The 24-hour creatinine renal clearance in these dogs was 3.82 ± 0.92 ml/min/kg, consistent with gentamicin being eliminated mainly by glomerular filtration. Other pharmacokinetic values were also determined.
Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin in Experimental Chronic Lead Poisoning in Calves
Authors: George Jeanne Wright , Duncan J. Robert 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Erythrocyte protoporphyrin was measured in calves by the free erythrocyte porphyrin (fep) test. The fep of 15 healthy calves was 142.8 ± 32.4 μg/dl (mean ± sd) of packed erythrocytes or 45.6 ± 10.3 μg/dl of whole blood. Biweekly oral lead administration to 3 calves produced a continuous increase of fep to between 2,800 and 6,033 μg/dl of packed erythrocytes after 20 weeks. Fluorescence scans of diluted blood were used to demonstrate that erythrocyte protoporphyrin from lead-poisoned calves was present as an approximately 2:1 mixture of zinc protoporphyrin and free protoporphyrin. Blood lead concentration increased in calves after lead was given (orally), but had greater weekly fluctuations than fep. Mild anemia developed in 2 of 3 animals late in the experiment. Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes occurred in 1 calf.
Behavioral and Cardiorespiratory Responses to 4-Aminopyridine in Healthy Awake Horses
Authors: Klein Lin , Hopkins Judy 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
4-Aminopyridine was administered in incremental iv doses to healthy horses to evaluate cardiorespiratory and behavioral effects. Doses of 100 μg/kg produced apparent sensory discomfort, manifested by wiggling or curling of the lips and tongue, arching or stretching the neck, snorting, squealing, and coughing. At cumulative dosages of 300 to 500 μg/kg, muscle tremors, a stilted gait, and signs of excitement occurred. Once signs of excitement occurred, additional administration of 4-aminopyridine resulted in prolonged excitement consisting of severe muscle tremors and exaggerated responses to external stimuli. Heavy sedation with xylazine provided nearly complete relief from these effects. 4-Aminopyridine could be a useful adjunct to treatment of botulism in horses; however, administration of doses in excess of 300 to 500 μg/kg may cause severe cns excitatory effects.
Viral Antibody Studies of Laboratory Dogs with Diarrheal Disease
Authors: Binn L. N. , Marchwicki Ruth H. , Eckermann E. H. , Fritz T. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Viral antibody studies were done on laboratory dogs in an epizootic of gastrointestinal disease. Increased hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers to a parvovirus (pv) antigenically related to feline panleukopenia virus were found in convalescent serum specimens of 78% (20/26) of the affected dogs and in 83% (5/6) of apparently healthy dogs. With one exception, all dogs tested had significant levels of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody to this pv. Similar increased antibody titers were found to feline panleukopenia virus. Also, neutralizing antibody responses were detected to the canine coronavirus in 24% (6/25) and canine herpesvirus in 45% (10/22) of the affected dogs. However, antibody titers did not increase to canine distemper virus, infectious canine hepatitis virus, canine parainfluenza virus, or minute virus of canines.
Subsequent serotesting of the colony provided evidence that additional pv infections occurred in pups from each of 8 litters born 3 to 8 months after the epizootic. These findings indicated the continued presence of the pv for more than 1 year in the infected colony.
Of 19 laboratory personnel who worked with the affected dogs, none, including 4 with a concurrent diarrheal disease, developed or had antibodies to the pv or canine coronavirus.
Effects of an Anticholinergic and a Corticosteroid on Acute Pancreatitis in Experimental Dogs
Authors: Attix Edward , Strombeck Donald R. , Wheeldon Eric B. , Stern Judith S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a model developed to study acute pancreatitis in the dog, the disease process was comparable with the spontaneously occurring disease. Infusion of oleic acid into the accessory pancreatic duct induced, grossly and microscopically, acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis with pancreatic atrophy, fibrosis, fat necrosis, and edema. Clinical changes included persistent fever and tachycardia in all dogs and abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea in most. Serum amylase and lipase activities increased markedly as did activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. Hematologic alterations included hemoconcentration (despite intensive fluid therapy) and leukocytosis due primarily to neutrophilia and monocytosis. Neither corticosteroid nor anticholinergic therapy begun 24 to 32 hours after oleic acid infusion altered the course of the disease. Dogs survived 8 days and appeared clinically normal when the study was terminated.
Inheritance of Primary Glaucoma in the Beagle
Authors: Gelatt Kirk N. , Gum Glenwood G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Primary glaucoma in the Beagle is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Twenty-six matings of affected × affected Beagles resulted in 77 offspring with glaucoma (38 males/39 females). Four matings of glaucomatous Beagles (1 male/3 females) × normal laboratory-quality Beagles (3 males/1 female) yielded 15 ocular normotensive Beagles (6 males/9 females). Three matings of glaucomatous Beagles (3 males/1 female) × carrier Beagles (1 male/2 females) produced 19 offspring; 8 exhibited glaucoma (2 males/6 females) and 11 were ocular normotensive (6 males/5 females).
Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis: Effects of an Intranasal Live Canine Parainfluenza-Bordetella bronchiseptica Vaccine on Viral Shedding and Clinical Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough)
Authors: Kontor E. J. , Wegrzyn R. J. , Goodnow R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A modified-live intranasal (in) canine parainfluenza (cpi)-virus Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine was evaluated in dogs for efficacy against laboratory-induced canine infectious tracheobronchitis. The comparative efficacies of in and parenteral administrations of the cpi virus fraction were also evaluated. The frequency and duration of clinical tracheobronchitis, blood serum agglutination titer, humoral antibody response, and duration of cpi virus and B bronchiseptica shedding were measured.
Group A dogs were vaccinated subcutaneously or im with an experimental cpi vaccine and challenge exposed with cpi virus. Group B dogs were vaccinated in with avirulent cpi virus-B bronchiseptica live antigens and challenge exposed with virulent cpi virus and virulent B bronchiseptica. The in vaccination (group B) significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.001) the occurrence of clinical tracheobronchitis by 96%. The combined challenge exposure of virulent cpi and virulent B bronchiseptica produced a synergistic enhancement of the clinical signs of kennel cough.
The percentage of days after challenge exposure that virus shedding was detected for controls equaled 70% as compared with 50% and only 1% for parenterally and in vaccinated dogs, respectively. Isolation of virulent B bronchiseptica microorganisms was reduced 89% in dogs vaccinated in compared with controls. The geometric mean humoral antibody titers to cpi virus after 2 parenteral vaccinations and 1 in vaccination were 1:43 and 1:34, respectively.
Relationship of Selected Clinical Renal Function Tests to Glomerular Filtration Rate and Renal Blood Flow in Cats
Authors: Ross Linda Anne , Finco Delmar R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Results of 3 clinical tests of renal function—urine concentrating ability and disappearance of plasma phenosulfonphthalein (psp) and sodium sulfanilate (ss) were compared with those of 2 classic tests, glomerular filtration rate (gfr) and renal blood flow (rbf), in 11 cats before and after reduction of renal mass. Values (mean ± sd) obtained from normal cats were maximum urine concentration of 2,270 ± 407 mOsm/kg (specific gravity values of 1.067 ± 0.015); T½ for plasma disappearance of psp of 24.27 ± 3.5 minutes; Tν for plasma disappearance of ss of 44.42 ± 5.67 minutes; gfr of 2.94 ± 0.32 ml/min/kg; and rbf of 10.61 ± 1.71 ml/min/kg. After reduction of renal mass by vascular ligation and nephrectomy, the cats became azotemic and had significant decreases in gfr and rbf (P < 0.005), but still were able to concentrate urine to a considerable extent. Both maximum urine concentration and psp plasma decay were poorly correlated with gfr (r = 0.4060 and 0.3694, respectively) and rbf (r = -0.3439 and -0.3427). Sulfanilate half-life had better correlation with gfr (r = –0.7004) than with rbf (r = –0.5716). Both gfr and rbf increased significantly (P < 0.005) between postsurgical weeks 1 and 9.
It was concluded that experimental cats with azotemia retain considerable ability to concentrate urine and that the ss test is superior to both the psp test and urine concentretion test for clinical estimation of renal function.
Effects of Clinical and Subclinical Gastrointestinal Helminthiasis on Digestion and Energy Metabolism in Calves
Authors: Randall R. W. , Gibbs H. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Digestion and energy metabolism trials were conducted in 2 groups of 4 steer calves each, experimentally infected with Codperia and Ostertagia larvae. In group 1 calves given an amount expected to cause clinical parasitism (8,000 larvae/kg0.75), feed intake and nutrient digestibility were significantly (P < 0.05) depressed at postinfection week (piw) 3 (the time that infections became patent); nitrogen balance in these calves was also low. The apparent absorbed nitrogen fraction was significantly (P < 0.05) depressed because of a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in digestion. Protein catabolism was also increased. Although energy balance was significantly depressed at piw 3, the calves seemed to recover from the effects of parasitism by piw 5. In group 1 calves, weight gains were significantly (P < 0.05) depressed, with mean weight gains of 10.68 kg of body weight as compared with gains of 41.44 kg for group 3 calves (noninfected controls).
In group 2 calves given an amount expected to cause a subclinical infection (800 larvae/kg0.75), nitrogen absorption was significantly (P < 0.05) depressed at piw 2 and 3 and energy balance was significantly (P < 0.05) depressed at piw 3. In group 2 calves, mean weight gains (34.76 kg) were less than were those for group 3 calves (41.44 kg).
The degree of parasitism seen in group 2 calves was comparable with that observed in field examinations of naturally infected calves of approximately the same age. Seemingly, under grazing conditions in Maine, these low levels of parasitism could result in appreciable production losses in young animals.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Quantitation of Immunoglobulin G Bound to Escherichia coli
Authors: Mueller R. , Carroll E. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two strains of Escherichia coli were opsonized by incubation in heat-inactivated bovine blood serum and in whey. The opsonized bacteria were then immobilized by complexing with anti-bovine antibodies previously coated to walls of polystyrene tubes. The amount of bovine immunoglobulin (Ig) G in the immobilized complex was then determined by a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using peroxidase as enzyme. Thus, a direct measurement of one class of opsonic substances on the surface of the organisms was determined. The sensitivity for measurement of IgG ranged from nanograms to micrograms. After incubation in blood serum, 500-fold more IgG was found on the surface of the serum-sensitive E coli strain than on the surface of the serum-resistant strain. The amount of IgG absorbed from whey in each instance was much less than that absorbed from serum. The number of bound molecules per bacterium ranged between 2,000 and 2,000,000, depending on both the strain and the serum.
Phenylbutazone Toxicosis in Equidae: A Biochemical and Pathophysiologic Study
Authors: Snow D. H. , Douglas T. A. , Thompson H. , Parkins J. J. , Holmes P. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Toxic effects of phenylbutazone (pbz) in ponies and horses were studied, using a variety of biochemical, pathophysiologic, and pathologic methods. At dosage levels of 10 to 12 mg/kg of body weight/day for 8 to 10 days, ponies frequently developed clinical signs of toxicosis characterized by hypoproteinemia. Studies using 51CrCl3 demonstrated that pbz caused a protein-losing gastroenteropathy. The plasma loss was usually associated with gastrointestinal ulceration, but sometimes occurred without obvious lesions in mildly affected animals. Similar studies (8.2 mg/kg/day for 13 days) in Thoroughbreds indicated that they were less susceptible to pbz toxicity; however, a degree of hypoproteinemia occurred in 4 of 6 treated Thoroughbreds.
Resistance of Pasteurella multocida to Rabbit Neutrophil Phagocytosis and Killing
Authors: Rush Howard G. , Glorioso Joseph C. , DaRif Craig A. , Olson Leonard C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The susceptibilities of several Pasteurella multocida strains to serum bactericidins and to killing by rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) were investigated, using in vitro assays. Strain Bunia II (serotype 5,12:E) was killed by both immune and normal rabbit sera containing active complement, and strains R1 (serotype 3,12:A) and 656 (serotype 12:B) were serum resistant. Strain R1 opsonized with immune or normal rabbit serum with complement or with immune antibody alone was phagocytized by neutrophils, and strain 656 was ingested only after opsonization with immune antibody in the presence or absence of complement. Complement alone was ineffective as an opsonin for the last 2 serotypes. Neither isolate was resistant to pmn killing. Growth of strain R1 in subcutaneously implanted chambers in rabbits did not increase the resistance of this organism to pmn. Comparison of phagocytosis and killing of this isolate with 2 virulent rabbit strains of P multocida—strains L-A (serotype 12:A) and 7228 (serotype 14:D)— demonstrated that strain L-A was resistant to destruction by neutrophils, whereas strains 7228 and R1 were killed. Resistance of strain L-A was not associated with the hyaluronic acid capsule.
Evaluation of Electronic Tonometers in the Rabbit Eye
Authors: Gelatt Kirk N. , Gum Glenwood G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The MacKay-Marg, pneumatonograph, and EMT-20 tonometers were evaluated in the normal rabbit eye. Tonometric scale readings were compared with the manometric recordings from the anterior chamber. Tonometry was performed with the manometric system closed and open to the reservoir column. The MacKay-Marg tonometer evaluated in the closed and the open manometric systems was highly reliable (goodness of fit (r2) = 0.958 and 0.961, respectively) with intraocular pressures (iop) up to 50 mm of Hg and similarly (r2 = 0.949 and 0.967, respectively) with iop up to 100 mm of Hg. The pneumtiatongraph also exhibited high reliability, r2 = 0.936 (closed) and 0.898 (open), at pressures up to 50 mm of Hg and r2 = 0.932 (closed) and 0.948 (open) at iop up to 100 mm of Hg. The EMT-20 tonometer was least satisfactory for the normal rabbit eye, with r2 ranging from 0.069 to 0.171.
Infestivity of Psoroptes cuniculi in Rabbits
Authors: Arlian Larry G. , Kaiser Steven , Estes Stephen A. , Kummel Barbara 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Starving Psoroptes cuniculi were found to survive off the host for 4 to 21 days at relative humidities between 20% and 99% and temperatures between 5 and 30 C. Within these extremes, survival was greatest at low temperature and high relative humidity (rh). Mites were infestive for at least 50% of their survival times and may have infested new hosts in contaminated facilities. A temperature of 40 C and 20% rh maintained for 24 hours caused 100% mortality in test mites. Other selected combinations of temperature above 40 C and rh ≤ 75% also caused 100% mortality in 2 days or less. These conditions could be used to control these mites in vacated contaminated premises.
Retinal Atrophy in a Swiss Hound
Authors: Bergsjø T. , Olsen E. , Goebel H. , Koppang N. , Nilsson S. E. G. , Armstrong D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A new retinal dystrophy is reported in an 8-year-old Swiss hound. This abiotrophy demonstrated a profuse leakage of fluorescein dye, extinguished electroretinogram (a, b, c-wave), and standing potential of the eye.
Photoreceptor outer segments were destroyed; retinal pigment epithelial cells showed regional defects, while the remaining cells were frequently devoid of apical villi and basal infoldings. Migrating pigment-bearing cells were present in the markedly thin, gliotic retina, but synaptic contacts were still apparent.
Urine Concentrations of Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, and Kanamycin After Subcutaneous Administration to Healthy Adult Dogs
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Conzelman Gaylord M. , Franti Charles E. , Ruby Annette L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and kanamycin were given subcutaneously in separate trials to healthy adult dogs of both sexes. Daily dosage levels were as follows: gentamicin, 6.6 mg/kg of body weight; tobramycin, 3 mg/kg; amikacin, 15 mg/kg; and kanamycin, 11 mg/kg. Gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were given in divided doses at 8-hour intervals for 5 consecutive 8-hour periods, whereas kanamycin was given in divided doses at 12-hour intervals for 4 consecutive 12-hour periods.
Mean 8-hour urine concentrations ± 1 sd were gentamicin, 107 ± 33 μg/ml; tobramycin, 66 ± 39 μg/ml; and amikacin, 342 ± 153 μg/ml. Mean urine concentrations (± 1 sd) for kanamycin were 473 ± 306 μg/ml in urine collected between 0 and 6 hours after dosing and 63 ± 47 μg/ml in urine collected 6 to 12 hours after dosing.
A Serologic Survey of Mycoplasma putrefaciens Infection in Goats
Authors: Abegunde T. O. , Adler H. E. , Farver T. B. , DaMassa A. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prevalence of Mycoplasma putrefaciens infection in goat populations in Mendocino and Sonoma counties of northern California was studied, using the plate and tube agglutination tests. On a county basis, Mendocino had a higher antibody prevalence (13%) than Sonoma (10%). The overall antibody prevalence among the 377 goat serum samples tested was 11%.
There was no statistical evidence to show any significant difference in prevalence on the basis of herd size. Of the common goat breeds in California, the American La Mancha had the lowest prevalence (4.7%), the Tog-genberg, highest (10.8%). Angora goats shipped from Texas showed a much higher prevalence (67%) than any of the California breeds.
The age-specific risk calculations indicate that all age groups were more susceptible to M putrefaciens than 4-year-old goats, with the lowest prevalence of 3.8%. The highest prevalence (21.3%) was observed in the Angora goats.
Males had a lower prevalence (10.7%) than females (16.1%).
A flock of sheep included in the survey showed a prevalence of 15%.
Regional Renal Blood Flow in Ewes
Authors: Reddy V. K. , Zamora C. S. , Frandle K. A. , Samson M. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Regional blood flow to the kidneys was measured in 6 ewes by injecting carbonized microspheres (15 μm ± 5) labeled with 85Sr into the left ventricle. There was no significant (P > 0.25) difference in the mean arterial pressure before and after injection of the microspheres. Normal values of blood flow to the outer cortex, inner cortex, and medulla were determined. The blood flow to the outer cortex was highest, followed (in a decreasing order) by the inner cortex and the medulla. Significant differences in blood flow were not detected between comparable areas of the kidneys of both sides.
Sodium Oxacillin in the Horse: Serum, Synovial Fluid, Peritoneal Fluid, and Urine Concentrations After Single-Dose Intramuscular Administration
Authors: Stover Susan M. , Brown Murray P. , Kelly Robin H. , Farver Thomas B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six healthy adult mares were given a single dose (25 mg/kg of body weight) of sodium oxacillin im. Oxacillin concentrations in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine were measured serially over a 48-hour period. The mean peak serum oxacillin concentration was 9.75 μg/ml at 0.5 hour after injection. Mean peak oxacillin concentrations in synovial and peritoneal fluids were 1.45 μg/ml and 2.60 μg/ml at 1 hour and 2 hours, respectively. These concentrations decreased in parallel with serum values and were not measurable at 48 hours. Urine concentrations of oxacillin were high, with a mean peak concentration of 2,790.2 μg/ml at 0.5 hour.