bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
12 ‘Multilatinas’ Go to China: Two Case Studies
Authors: Goldstein Andrea , Toulan Omar 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the globalization challenges faced by multinationals from Latin America (multilatinas), focusing on Embraer and Techint — the two South American firms that best epitomize world-class manufacturing based not only on the intensive use of natural resources, but also on technology and human capital. Specifically, the chapter looks at their experiences in China, and whether or not they have any advantages coming from emerging markets themselves. Among the commonalities the chapter finds between these two firms are excellence at managing institutional relations, supply chains, and the boundaries of the firm. Also important is the clear and articulated global vision of the firms' top management. These firms decided to look internationally while still enjoying domestic protection. By being proactive, they were able to reach quality standards earlier and under a less pressured environment than firms that were forced to adapt quickly to increased local competition following market liberalization in their home countries. When entering other emerging markets like China, their familiarity with institutional voids can serve as an advantage compared to firms from more developed economies. But they will still face the same challenges as other firms regarding technology and governance issues.
14 National Financial Systems in Latin America: Attributes, Credit Allocation Practices, and Their Impact on Enterprise Development
Authors: Edmunds John C. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMost firms headquartered in Latin America are not large enough to rank highly among the top firms in the world, and do not operate in industry sectors that are classified as rapidly growing. Most explanations for this do not assign a causative role. It is argued that those financial systems have played a role in determining the kinds of firms that obtained financing, and thus share the responsibility for the small number of world class, high growth, high valued-added firms in the region. This chapter argues that the national financial systems suffered from attributes that diminished their capability. Six attributes are identified, which would hinder the growth of these sorts of firms. Some of the attributes are well known (i.e., that Latin American national financial systems are small relative to the economies in which they operate, and suffer frequent collapses), while other attributes are less well known (i.e., that those financial systems tended to channel loans to plantations, mines, and firms that produce commodities). Evidence is presented indicating that four of the attributes do describe Latin American financial systems accurately. There are also arguments why the attributes would lead to the mix of firms observed today. The evidence is not complete enough to prove decisively that Latin America's national financial systems were the main determinants of the size and sophistication of the firms that have risen in the region.
15 Beating the Paradoxes of Emerging Markets: Strategies for Reaching the Consumers at the Bottom of the Pyramid
Authors: D'Andrea Guillermo 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter reviews the strategies of Latin American companies that have attained leading positions in the region, facing and beating major global companies in their product categories. The companies studied include Cemex, Corona Beer, Arcor, Jabon La Corona, Nazca Cosmetics, Bodegas Lopez, and others. The chapter examines the complex context drawn by scarcity in the region, and several ‘myths’ about the poor that blur managers' perspective when assessing the real market potential. Consumer research conducted in six major markets proves them wrong. The paradoxes that prevent managers from developing innovative strategies that have given the examined companies access to broad mass markets in the region are considered.
Financial Services and International Trade Agreements: The Development Dimension
Authors: Dobson Wendy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter notes the special role of financial services in an economy and distinguishes policy reform from domestic deregulation and capital account deregulation. The impacts of policy reform and the benefits and risks of broader financial sector development, growth, income distribution, and poverty are discussed. The impacts of reform include: increased domestic competition; causing further reform and greater regulatory transparency; increased resiliency of the domestic financial system to shocks; encouragement of the diffusion of new skills, products and technologies; and facilitation of access to international capital. The elements of successful trade-policy reform are noted, based on the experiences of China, Thailand, and Latin America. Issues in need of additional research are identified, including the impact on domestic financial performance of foreign equity participation, improvement of available data on and transparency of barriers to cross-border transactions and foreign entry, measures used to moderate unanticipated impacts of liberalization, and further elucidation of the rationales for the WTO Financial Services Agreement (FSA) commitments. The role of international negotiations is addressed in terms of how they can help individual countries, what can be learned from international rules and commitments undertaken, whether there is scope for improvement, whether existing commitments promote desirable policies, possible reasons for refraining from commitments, and issues in need of further research. An addendum reviews the liberalization of financial services in the Western Hemisphere and in China.
Transport Services
Authors: Findlay Christopher 
Published: January 2008

AbstractLower transport costs are associated with integration of markets within an economy and of those domestic markets with the rest of the world. These linkages support economic development. Determinants of transport costs include policy choices by government. A wide set of policies affects the performance of the transport sector, but the focus in this chapter is the contribution of trade policy and its reform. GATS provides a structure in which policy makers can commit to policy changes in the transport sector. Foreign participation in the transportation sector offers gains from specialization and trade, from competition, and from making available a wider variety of services. Reform in the transport services sector can lead foreign suppliers to establish local operations. There are some special features of the transport sector that complicate the application of trade-policy reform that indicate that successful trade-policy reform in this sector will demand a high level of capacity in government to design a trade-policy reform strategy. Support in this is an item for economic cooperation between developed and developing countries. A further concern linked to policy reform in the transport sector will be its impact on poor areas. International negotiations and the related commitments made through the GATS has added credibility to domestic policy, which is important because of the nature of the investment necessary in the transport sector, to suggest the direction of changes in regulatory reform, and perhaps to offer additional market-access opportunities that ease the adjustment costs in domestic markets that are becoming more open. The addendum to the chapter discusses issues and trade-offs for competition and reliability in trade in transport services.
Trade in Health Services and the GATS
Authors: Smith Richard , Blouin Chantal , Drager Nick , Fidler David P. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Services of many kinds play important roles in the protection of public health and the delivery of health care to individuals. The GATS affects health-related services in many ways for health policymakers. In addition, the GATS establishes a process designed to liberalize progressively trade in services, and health policymakers must be prepared to participate in this process to ensure that such liberalization unfolds in a way sensitive to the needs of national governments. Any liberalization should aim to produce better quality, affordable, and effective health-related services. It should also ensure the necessary policy and regulatory space that governments require to promote and protect health needs. The GATS creates health opportunities and challenges, especially for developing countries. Countries are encouraged to embed the following health-policy principles: liberalized trade in health-related services should lead to an optimal balance between preventive and curative services; involvement of both private industry and civil society is important to promote participatory health policy towards achieving national goals; it is necessary to improve access and affordability of health-related services; developing countries, especially least-developed countries, deserve special consideration in liberalizing trade in health-related services. Health status as a human right should inform proposals to liberalize trade in health-related services. In an addendum to this chapter, it is noted that the GATS is unlikely to have a direct effect on the health of poor people because the health services they receive are not the ones being liberalized. But the GATS could have an indirect, beneficial effect if it helps countries break out of the trap of capture of the health budget by the rich and the health-service providers, releasing resources for improving the health of the poor.
Retracing the Past: Memory and Passage
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the nature of episodic memory, in other words, the kind of memory that links us with our past experiences. The two theories of time introduced in the previous chapter — namely the A-theory and the B-theory — are shown to provide quite different models of memory. It is argued that of these two, it is the B-theory that provides the correct view of the epistemological connection between a memory of a past experience and the original experience, in terms of content and well-groundedness.
Projecting the Present: The Shock of the Now
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOne of the key arguments for the A-theory of time is the argument from experience, which states that there are certain features of our experience (the fact that it is limited to the present, a present that we all share, and that it presents us with a constantly changing world). All these features, according to the argument, point to the objective passage of time. This chapter critically discusses this argument and shows how the characteristic temporal features of experience can be accommodated within the B-theory. En route, the doctrine of the specious present and the puzzle of motion perception are discussed.
The Wider View: Precedence and Duration
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the Causal Truth-Maker Principle introduced in Chapter 2. This says that to count as perceptual knowledge, beliefs must be caused by whatever in the world makes them true. That works well for events or states of affairs that can be located at particular times, for they can be causes. But facts of temporal order and duration — that A is earlier than B, or that C lasted for such-and-such an amount of time — are not locatable in this way, and so cannot be fitted into the causal picture. We have then a serious problem of time perception, and this chapter sets out to solve it.
The Fictional Future
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSome fictions, such as H. G. Wells's The Time Machine and J. B. Priestley's Time and the Conways, represent the future as fixed, i.e., as completely determinate. Yet standard accounts of truth in fiction (in terms of possible worlds, or fictional narrators) have difficulty in accommodating this phenomenon. The problem arises in part from the difficulty of making sense of an event's being fictionally past, present or future. This chapter calls upon the resources of the B-theory of time to provide an understanding of the fictional representation of time.
Gregory of Nyssa, Ancient and (Post)modern
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The 4th-century Christian thinker, Gregory of Nyssa, has been the subject of a huge variety of interpretations over the past fifty years, from historians, theologians, philosophers, and others. This study analyses these recent readings of Gregory of Nyssa and asks: what do they reveal about modern and post-modern interpretations of the Christian past? What do they say about the nature of Gregory's writing? Working thematically through studies of recent Trinitarian theology, Christology, spirituality, feminism, and post-modern hermeneutics, the book develops an approach to reading the Church Fathers which combines the benefits of traditional scholarship on the early Church with reception-history and theology.
3 The Social Doctrine of the Trinity
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on two theologians who are especially reliant on the Cappadocians as sources, albeit in different ways. John Zizioulas places little emphasis on Gregory of Nyssa in particular, but this is perhaps significant in itself. His interpretation of early Eastern trinitarian theology, with its great stress on the revolutionary achievement of the Cappadocians, has had enormous influence on recent modern Anglo-American readings of their writings. David Brown provides one of the most detailed recent studies specifically of Gregory of Nyssa. His study has become a benchmark for a particular sort of appraisal of Trinitarian theology, in which the analytic study of sources plays a major part in the search for a coherent and cogent doctrine.
7 Spirituality: Perpetual Progress inthe Good
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of how Gregory of Nyssa's spiritual writings have rarely been the subject of extended and systematic theological reflection in English, nor do they seem to have been a useful place of reference for those interested in spirituality from a more practical point of view. The reason for the latter is because unlike many of the medieval mystics, Gregory gives no account of his own spiritual experiences, nor, arguably, any account which can be read as a straightforward description of a spiritual experience in the modern sense (as defined, for example, by William James or Rudolf Otto). It is argued that Gregory's reflections on spirituality arise from a profound belief in the transformation of human individuals in all their relationships (with each other as well as with God) as a result of the complex interplay between grace and humans' remaking of themselves.
18 Returning to the Trinity
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
John Milbank deals with Gregory's concept of the Trinity in only a few brief passages and, although he has written much more on the subject, Coakley's comments are found in various articles on rather different themes. This chapter attempts to pull some of these threads together in respect of each author in order to try to draw some comparative conclusions and to try to investigate how their general interpretations of Gregory's theology — which are among the most sophisticated dealt with in this book — have an effect on their reading specifically of his trinitarian theology.
2 Russia's Client Party System
Authors: White Stephen 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines political party development in Russia, from the late 19th century to the post-communist era. It considers the popular legitimacy and organizational strength of political parties. It then examines their role in the process of government, in particular, governance, interest articulation and aggregation, political recruitment, and political participation and communication. It shows that Russian political parties operate within a uniquely adverse environment characterized by scepticism or hostility from the public, a weak link between election outcomes and party representation in the Duma, and lack of membership.
Building Party Government
Authors: Kopecký Petr 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the rise of political parties in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Topics discussed include party systems, party legitimacy, party organizational strength, and the role of the party in the process of government. It is shown that both countries display behavioural and institutional features which provide for a strong form of party government. The parties control political recruitment; directly or indirectly, they are largely in charge of setting the agenda of the mass media; they enjoy their own autonomous power base; they control proceedings in parliaments; in the absence of strong challengers, they also enjoy a near monopoly over political representation. However, both countries also represent their own version of the generic model of party government, both in terms of its particular configuration of behavioural and institutional features, as well as in terms of its temporal development.
Parties and Governability in Brazil
Authors: Ames Barry , Power Timothy J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the historical development and contemporary functionality of the Brazilian party system, emphasizing the post-1985 democratic regime. Environmental factors such as authoritarianism, federalism, presidentialism, statism, corporatism, personalism, and clientelism have all exercised strong anti-party effects in Brazil. The current party system is depicted as highly fragmented, highly competitive, highly volatile, and weakly institutionalized. The system is also extremely uneven in terms of parties' commitments to ideology and organization — the major exception being the Workers' Party (PT), which finally captured the presidency in 2002. The primary explanatory focus is on the electoral system used for the lower house (open-list proportional representation or OLPR), but the analysis also illustrates how OLPR interacts with various structural, historical, and institutional variables in Brazil. The chapter concludes by explaining how the party system persistently undermines the possibilities for governability in Brazil.
8 ‘Que se Vayan Todos!’
Authors: Szusterman Celia 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines party politics in Argentina, in particular, the breakdown of trust between citizens and political parties. Topics discussed include the political legitimacy, organizational strength, and role of political parties in the process of government. The slogan, ‘Que se vayan todos!’ reflects the middle-class frustration with the inability of politicians to understand changes in the political culture that had taken place in Argentina since 1983. At the core of those changes is the unprecedented mobilization of civil society behind the banners of the human rights movement. Since 2002, an attempt to explain the breakdown of trust between citizens and parties has given rise to a further question: how is it that the widespread repudiation of politicians in 2002 did not result in the collapse of the party system as such, and the emergence of old-style populist leadership via extra-institutional actors, as in Venezuela, Peru, or Ecuador?
Political Parties in Costa Rica
Authors: Booth John A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractArising from the 1948 Costa Rican civil war, a multiparty system developed in Costa Rica under a social democratic National Liberation Party (PLN) that dominated the polity for decades. Small conservative opposition parties coalesced to win the presidency upon occasion. These merged into the Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC), which challenged the PLN for dominance within the system in the 1990s. Under stresses imposed by neo-liberalism, the Costa Rican party system destabilized in the early 2000s. This chapter traces the evolving system, examines the parties in presidential and legislative elections over time, and discusses citizen electoral participation. It examines major parties' social bases and their evolving legitimacy, organization, membership, recruitment, financing, factionalism, and interest articulation. It describes the impact for the party system of the rise of media-dominated retail electoral politics, depersonalization partisan politics, and the adoption of primary elections. The PLN stumbled badly in the elections of 1998 and especially 2002, but rallied while the PUSC — plagued by scandals in two administrations — effectively collapsed in the 2006 election. Trends suggest increasing instability and volatility of the system.
Arrogance and Related Vices
Authors: Tsouna Voula 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines On Arrogance, which is probably the full title of the tenth book of Philodemus' On Vices. The discussion proceeds as follows. The first section presents Philodemus' outline of arrogance, as well as the principal characteristics of that vice, the ways in which it influences one's attitudes and relationships to others, and its consequences. It also discusses the contrast between the sage and the arrogant man whom the sage is sometimes accused of being. The next section concerns Aristo's treatment of people who are arrogant on account of their good luck and Aristo's therapies for arrogance. The third section shows how arrogance is further individuated by being compared and contrasted with other traits. The next section focuses on Aristo's account of the characters of which arrogance is an important constituent. In particular, it analyses Aristo's conception of complex vices containing arrogance, speculates on their nature, and gives reasons why Aristo's typology can be considered an appropriate end for Philodemus' treatise.
Anger and the Desire for Revenge
Authors: Tsouna Voula 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines Philodemus' diatribe On Anger, a principal piece of On the Passions and an important contribution to the philosophical literature on that subject. The first section supplies some semantic and historical context for Philodemus' discussion. The next section presents the methodological objections raised by Timasagoras, one of Philodemus' professional rivals, and shows how Philodemus responds to them. The chapter then discusses how Philodemus accounts for the nature and symptoms of anger, the beliefs, and feelings that it involves, and its consequences. The next section after that is devoted to Philodemus' refutation of certain Peripatetics whom, rightly or wrongly, he takes to encourage one to lose one's temper. In addition, this section discusses the case of people who give the appearance of irascibility without really being irascible. The chpater then deals with the issue of whether anger is a good or a bad thing. Finally it examines whether the sage experiences no less anger than the common man. It discusses three arguments in the form of έπιλογισμός (translit. epilogismos, pl. epilogismoi) to the effect that the sage feels as much anger as the common man, and then another three arguments whereby Philodemus rebuts the epilogismoi of his opponents.