bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intracellular mammalian DNA stimulates myeloid dendritic cells to produce type I interferons predominantly through a toll‐like receptor 9–independent pathway
Authors: Martin David A. , Elkon Keith B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjectiveExogenous nucleic acids, including bacterial unmethylated DNA and viral single‐stranded RNA, are potent activators of innate immunity through interaction with the Toll‐like receptors (TLRs). In contrast, mammalian DNA has been generally thought to have a limited activation effect, or even a suppressive effect, on innate immunity. Since DNA is a major component of dying cells and recent studies indicate that mammalian nucleic acids may be stimulatory under certain conditions, we undertook this study to examine the effect of intracellular mammalian DNA on myeloid dendritic cell (DC) activation.MethodsMammalian DNA was introduced into murine bone marrow–derived DCs (BMDCs) by transfection. BMDC activation was determined by flow cytometry (CD40, CD86). Production of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin‐6 was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and production of type I interferons (IFNs) by bioassay. Parallel studies were conducted using BMDCs from mice deficient in myeloid differentiation 88 (MyD88), TLR‐9, and IFNα/β receptor.ResultsIntracellular mammalian DNA activated immature BMDCs, as determined by the up‐regulation of CD40 and CD86 as well as by the production of significant quantities of type I IFN. The interferogenic response was shown to be relatively independent of TLR‐9, and the TLR adaptor MyD88. The IFN response to intracellular DNA was reduced in BMDCs lacking IFNα/β receptor but was intact in embryonic fibroblasts lacking protein kinase R.ConclusionThese results indicate that intracellular DNA stimulates BMDC maturation and IFN production predominantly through a TLR‐independent pathway, and support a model whereby inefficient clearance and/or degradation of endogenous DNA may stimulate innate immune responses similar to the TLR‐independent response to exogenous (i.e., viral) double‐stranded RNA.
Predictors of joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis treated with high‐dose methotrexate with or without concomitant infliximab: Results from the ASPIRE trial
Authors: Smolen Josef S. , Van Der Heijde Désirée M. F. M. , St.Clair E. William , Emery Paul , Bathon Joan M. , Keystone Edward , Maini Ravinder N. , Kalden Joachim R. , Schiff Michael , Baker Daniel , Han Chenglong , Han John , Bala Mohan ,   Active‐Controlled Study of Patients Receiving Infliximab for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis of Early Onset (ASPIRE) Study Group
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo identify disease characteristics leading to progression of joint damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with methotrexate (MTX) versus those treated with infliximab plus MTX.MethodsPatients who had not previously been treated with MTX with active RA were randomly assigned to receive escalating doses of MTX up to 20 mg/week plus placebo or infliximab at weeks 0, 2, and 6, and every 8 weeks thereafter through week 46. Radiographic joint damage was assessed using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde score (SHS). The relationship between disease activity measures at baseline and week 14, as well as those averaged over time, were examined in relation to the change in SHS from baseline through week 54.ResultsC‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and swollen joint count were associated with greater joint damage progression in the MTX‐only group, while none of these parameters was associated with progression in the infliximab plus MTX group. Mean changes in SHS among patients in the highest CRP (≥3 mg/dl) and ESR (≥52 mm/hour) tertiles in the MTX‐only group were 5.62 and 5.89, respectively, compared with 0.73 and 1.12 in the infliximab plus MTX group (P < 0.001). Patients with greater joint damage at baseline (SHS ≥10.5) showed less progression with infliximab plus MTX compared with MTX alone (−0.39 versus 4.11; P < 0.001). Patients receiving MTX alone who had persistently active disease at week 14 showed greater radiographic progression of joint damage than those taking MTX plus infliximab.ConclusionHigh CRP level, high ESR, or persistent disease activity was associated with greater radiographic progression in the group taking MTX alone, while little radiographic progression was seen in patients receiving both MTX and infliximab, regardless of the abnormal levels of these traditional predictors.
Development and validation of a sensitive ELISA for quantitation of Grastim® (rhG‐CSF) in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Nirmala Chandrasekar , Trivedi Ravikumar , Prasanthi Penubaka Venkata , Mullangi Ramesh , Srinivas Nuggehally R 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGrastim® is bacterially produced recombinant counterpart of human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF). It has biological activity similar to that of endogenous G‐CSF. In the present work a sensitive, accurate, precise and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitation of G‐CSF in rat plasma was developed and validated. The ELISA method employed a technique in which anti‐human‐G‐CSF was adsorbed onto 96‐well maxisorp plates and used to capture the G‐CSF in rat plasma samples. The captured G‐CSF was then detected using streptavidin‐HRP amplification system. Absolute recovery was >90% from rat plasma. The validation includes assessments of method accuracy and precision, range of reliable response, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), storage stability (30 days) in rat plasma and assay specificity. The standard curve for G‐CSF was linear (R2 > 0.996) in the concentration range 4.88–625 pg/mL. The LLOQ was established at 4.88 pg/mL. The inter‐ and intra‐day precisions in the measurement of quality control (QC) samples, 15, 250 and 500 pg/mL, were in the range 3.00–8.66% relative standard deviation (RSD) and 1.03–4.69% RSD, respectively. Accuracy in the measurement of QC samples was in the range 87.28–110.79% of the nominal values. The assay shows dilutional linearity and specificity. Stability of G‐CSF was established for 30 days at −80°C and through three freeze–thaw cycles. The validated assay was successfully employed for the assessment of pharmacokinetic disposition of G‐CSF in rats. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the quantitation of muraglitazar in monkey plasma
Authors: Yao Ming , Srinivas Nuggehally 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric (LC/MS) assay was developed and validated for the determination of muraglitazar, a novel α/γ, dual PPAR activator, in monkey plasma. The method utilized trazodone as the internal standard (IS). The extraction scheme involved a simple protein precipitation procedure with the use of a mixture of acetonitrile and methylene chloride. Separation was carried out on a BDS Hypersil C18 analytical column (2 × 50 mm, 3 µm) and an effective chromatographic separation of muraglitazar (3.31 min) and trazadone (2.27 min) was achieved at a ßow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The mobile phase, used in an isocratic mode, consisted of 90% A (acetonitrile: 0.1% formic acid, 50:50 v/v) and 10% B (acetonitrile: 0.1% formic acid, 95:5 v/v). Detection of muraglitazar and trazodone was by positive ion turbo‐ion spray mass spectrometry in the SIM mode. The mass spectrometer was programmed to admit the protonated molecules at m/z 372.0 (IS) and m/z 517.1 (muraglitazar). The standard curve, which ranged from 2 to 500 ng/mL, was fitted to a 1/x weighted linear regression model. The between run precision and within‐run precision values of the assay was within 6.2% RSD. The assay accuracy was within 10.0% of the nominal values of the range of QC samples (6.0–400 ng/mL). At the lower limit of quantitation (LLQ) of 2 ng/mL, the deviation of the predicted concentrations from the nominal value of LLQ samples (n = 6) were within ±16.6%. Muraglitazar was stable in monkey K3EDTA plasma for at least three freeze–thaw cycles. The processed samples (spiked samples) were stable for 48 h in auto‐sampler at 10°C. The average extraction recoveries of muraglitazar and IS were 83.3 and 91.9%, respectively. The assay was applied to delineate the pharmacokinetic disposition of muraglitazar in monkeys following a single oral dose. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC quantification of the HIV‐1 protease inhibitor saquinavir in brain and testis of mice
Authors: Mudigonda Koteshwara , Jukanti Raju , Apte Shashank S. , Ajjala Devender R. , Shrivastava Wishu , Kandikere Vishwottam N. , Nirogi Ramakrishna V. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA rapid, reliable HPLC method with UV detection (240 nm) was developed and validated for quantitation of saquinavir in mice brain and testis. Saquinavir and the internal standard were isolated from homogenized tissue matrices using liquid–liquid extraction procedure and were then analyzed using an isocratic mobile phase by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography. The lower limit of quantification was 50 ng/g for both brain and testis. A linear dynamic range of 50–5000 ng/g for both brain and testis was established. This HPLC method was validated with between‐batch precision of 0.5–4.4 and 1.5–5.5% for brain and testis, respectively. The between‐batch accuracy was 94.7–105.9% and 97.5–105.0% for brain and testis, respectively. The present method was applied for tissue distribution studies of the novel drug delivery systems of saquinavir in mice. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple HPLC method for the determination of apigenin in mouse tissues
Authors: Cai Hong , Raynaud Delphine , Steward William P. , Gescher Andreas J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe flavone apigenin occurs in many leafy vegetables and fruits. It has been reported to have cancer chemopreventive efficacy in rodents. An HPLC method described previously for the determination of tricin, the dimethoxy cogener of apigenin, was modified and validated for measurement of apigenin in mouse tissues. Separation was carried out on a Hypersil‐BDS C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm) with an isocratic mobile phase of 55% methanol in 0.1 m ammonium acetate, pH 5.10, containing 0.27 mm disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. UV detection was at 336 nm, without interference from endogenous tissue compounds. The assay was linear in the range 25–400 ng/mL, 0.25–4 µg/mL and 2.5–40 µg/mL, with r2 > 0.99 in all cases, for mouse plasma, liver and intestinal mucosa, respectively. Apigenin in mouse plasma, liver and intestinal mucosa was efficiently extracted with 0.1 m acetic acid in acetone. The assay recovery at low, medium and high concentrations was between 94.6 and 131.7% for all biomatrices, with a relative standard deviation of <10%. The lower limit of quantification for plasma was 25 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation of <15%. The method was used to measure the steady‐phase apigenin levels in tissues of mice receiving apigenin in their diet. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous estimation of six anti‐diabetic drugs—glibenclamide, gliclazide, glipizide, pioglitazone, repaglinide and rosiglitazone: development of a novel HPLC method for use in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations and its application to human plasma assay
Authors: Venkatesh P. , Harisudhan T. , Choudhury Hira , Mullangi Ramesh , Srinivas Nuggehally R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a convenient method for the separation and simultaneous determination of six anti‐diabetic drugs viz., glibenclamide (GLB), gliclazide (GLC), glipizide (GLZ), pioglitazone (PGL), repaglinide (RPG) and rosiglitazone (RGL) in pharmaceutical formulations. Also, the assay has been shown applied to support quantification of the six anti‐diabetic drugs in human plasma. The analytes were either injected directly onto the column after suitable dilution (pharmaceutical formulation analysis) or a simple extraction procedure, using acetonitrile, from human plasma spiked with anti‐diabetic drugs and internal standard (IS). Ternary gradient elution at a flow rate of 1 mL/min was employed on an Intertisl ODS 3V column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) at ambient temperature. The mobile phase consisted of 0.01 m formic acid (pH 3.0), acetonitrile, Milli Q water and methanol. Celecoxib was used as an IS. The six anti‐diabetic drugs were monitored at a wavelength of 260 nm. The nominal retention times of RGL, PGL, GLZ, GLC, GLB, IS and RGL were 11.4, 13.3, 14.8, 17.6, 20.78, 22.1 and 25.4 min, respectively. The assay developed for formulation analysis was found to be accurate and precise. The calibration curves ranged from 0.1 to 100 µg/mL for all analytes with the exception of GLB, where the range was 0.3–100 µg/mL. The plasma assay was validated for parameters such as specificity, accuracy and extraction recovery. The proposed method is simple, selective and can be extended for routine analysis of anti‐diabetics in pharmaceutical preparations and in biological matrices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Realization of discrete (inverse) wavelet transforms in arbitrary dimensions
Authors: Vogt Frank , Booksh Karl S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne‐dimensional (1D) wavelet transforms (WTs) have become a valuable tool in chemometrics, which is currently expanded to multi‐dimensional WTs for applications in multi‐way analyses. In this short communication we present a unified concept for realizing multi‐dimensional WTs of arbitrary order. Goal of this technical report is to demonstrate that multi‐dimensional WTs can be realized solely by means of well‐established 1D WTs. The high practicality of the proposed approach is due to a recursive algorithm, which derives a N‐dimensional WT (N ≥ 2) by combining the already available (N − 1)‐dimensional WT with an additional 1D WT. This concept for designing WTs in arbitrary dimensionality has the potential to open new chemometric perspectives for hyphenated measurement techniques. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who wants to control the habit? A multi‐dimensional hypnotic model of smoking cessation
Authors: Bonshtein Udi , Shaar Izhar , Golan Gabi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe article describes and demonstrates a short‐term psychotherapeutic intervention model for smoking cessations, which integrates behaviour and cognitive apparatus with hypnotic techniques. This model puts exclusive emphasis on examination, creation and intensification of the patient's motivation to eradicate the habit, by strengthening self‐control, integrating suggestions that are tuned to the patient's needs, and using aversion techniques in the hypnotic state.This model has been found efficient in our clinical work, can be used to treat other habit disorders and creates an opportunity for empirical research that examines the efficacy of this integrative model as compared to other methods. Copyright © 2005 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional correlates of conversion and hypnotic paralysis: a neurophysiological hypothesis
Authors: Tallabs Felipe A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSince conversion disorder was thoroughly described by Pierre Janet psychiatric findings have traditionally been the only available source of contribution to the clarification of the phenomena. Some recent cognitive approaches though, have tried to explain conversion paralysis in terms of a disconnection phenomenon supposedly causative of degeneration in motor information processes. These approaches though relevant are purely theoretical, and only in recent years has neurological research provided sufficient evidence to commence developing a neuropsychological theory of conversion paralysis. Defined cortical regions like the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been found to be related to conversion and hypnotic paralysis, while on the other hand, psychological evidence linking hypnotizability and conversion has also emerged. This paper attempts to relate some neurological and psychological evidence in a first step towards a general theory of conversion paralysis. Copyright © 2005 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The production of hypnotic time‐distortion: determining the necessary conditions
Authors: Naish Peter L.N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn attempt was made to find the components of the hypnotic experience that give rise to familiar time‐distortion effects. A series of experiments is described that examined a variety of hypnosis and hypnosis‐like situations, known or expected to induce errors of time judgement. It was found that, if participants closed their eyes and imagined vividly, even in the absence of an induction or any reference to hypnosis, hypnotic‐like time effects could be achieved. The results are interpreted in terms of the model proposed by Naish (2001), in which it is suggested that an internal clock runs more slowly when a person becomes detached from reality and generates his or her own experiences. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotic suggestibility and academic achievement: a preliminary study
Authors: West Victoria 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA correlational study examined the relationship between hypnotic suggestibility and academic achievement. Fifty‐eight undergraduate students were administered the HGSHS:A (Shor and Orne, 1962) and their assessment grades from a range of taught modules were collected. Significant negative correlations were found, showing that the higher the academic achievement, the lower the hypnotic suggestibility. Multiple regression found that academic grades were significant predictors of hypnotic suggestibility. The implications are discussed. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Understanding the multidimensional mechanisms of hypnotic analgesia
Authors: Benedittis Giuseppe De 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPain is a multidimensional sensory experience, mainly based upon a three factorial model: sensory‐discriminative, motivational‐affective and cognitive. Each dimension of the pain experience is subserved by discrete neuroanatomical pathways and is apparently coded at different levels and sites of the central nervous system. An increasing body of evidence has shown that hypnosis can be effective in the down‐modulation of the pain sensation in both acute and chronic pain states. In acute pain, the effect of hypnotic analgesia is specific, positively correlated with hypnotic responsiveness and unrelated to endogenous opioid mechanisms. The neural mechanisms underlying hypnotic states and responses to hypnotic suggestions of analgesia remain largely unknown.On a psychophysiological basis, the neo‐dissociation theory by Hilgard and Hilgard (1994) has provided a heuristic framework to explain some aspects and apparent paradoxes of hypnotic analgesia. On neurophysiological grounds, recent evidence has shed, at least, some light on the mystery of pain relief in hypnosis. It is likely that hypnotic suggestions of analgesia may modulate pain processing at multiple levels and sites within the central nervous system. At the peripheral level, hypnosis may modulate nociceptive input by down‐regulating A delta and C fibres stimulation and reducing sympathetic arousal. At a spinal level, sensory analgesia during hypnosis has been shown to be linearly related to a reduction of the nociceptive flexion (RIII) reflex, a polysynaptic spinal reflex. At supraspinal cortical level, neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies have shown that hypnotic suggestions of analgesia can modulate directly both sensory and affective dimensions of the pain perception (the affective being reduced significantly more than the sensory), thus confirming, at least partially, the neo‐dissociation theory. Moreover, highly hypnotizable subjects possess stronger attentional filtering abilities than do low hypnotizable subjects. This greater cognitive flexibility might result in better focusing and diverting attention from the nociceptive stimulus as well as better ignoring irrelevant stimuli in the environment. Cognitive control processes are associated with a ‘supervisory attentional system’, involving the frontotemporal limbic cortices.Multiple, hierarchical pain control systems during hypnotic suggestions of analgesia provide a new description of the neurobiological basis of hypnotic analgesia, demonstrating specific patterns of peripheral and central activation associated with the hypnotic state and with the processing of hypnotic suggestions. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Mediation and moderation of hypnotic and cognitive‐behavioural pain reduction
Authors: Milling Leonard S. , Breen Amanda 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe mediator function of response expectancies and the moderator function of hypnotic and non‐hypnotic imaginative suggestibility were evaluated in the analogue treatment of pain. One hundred and sixty‐seven participants previously assessed for hypnotic and imaginative suggestibility were randomly assigned to distraction, cognitive‐behavioural package (i.e., Stress Inoculation Training), hypnotic cognitive‐behavioural package, hypnotic analgesia suggestion, placebo control, or no‐treatment control conditions. The four ‘active’ treatments reduced pain more than the no‐treatment control condition. There was no statistical difference in effectiveness between these four treatments, but only the cognitive‐behavioural package reduced pain more than the placebo control condition. Response expectancies partially mediated the effects of treatment on pain. Imaginative suggestibility, defined as a generalized tendency to respond to imaginative suggestions delivered outside of hypnosis, moderated the effects of the cognitive‐behavioural package. Contrary to prediction, neither hypnotic suggestibility, nor hypnotizability (operationalized as hypnotic suggestibility with imaginative suggestibility statistically controlled) moderated the effects of the hypnotic treatments. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotic phenomena and altered states of consciousness: a multilevel framework of description and explanation
Authors: Kallio Sakari , Revonsuo Antti 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere is currently agreement that, in addition to the changes in external behaviour, suggestions presented in a hypnotic context may give rise to changes in subjective experience. Yet, there is no general agreement about the theoretical framework within which these changes in experience should be explained. Though different theories about hypnosis overlap in many respects, there is still disagreement on whether reference to a specific internal state of the individual is necessary in order to explain these changes. We place the explanatory task in the context of a multilevel framework of explanation, which reveals that the disagreement between the ‘state’ and ‘nonstate’ view is about the level of description at which the phenomenon ‘hypnosis’ should be conceptualized. We propose a novel approach using the multilevel explanation which helps to formulate empirically testable hypotheses about the nature of hypnosis. We will outline the basic elements of such an approach and hope that our proposition will help hypnosis research to integrate with the multidisciplinary research on other phenomena of consciousness. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis