bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 Competing Under Stress: The Shrimp Cluster in Venezuela
Authors: Penfold Michael 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAs a consequence of the great economic and institutional volatility experienced during the last two decades, Venezuela has registered low economic growth rates that hindered the development of a competitive non-oil export sector. One of the few exceptions is the emergence, expansion, and consolidation of the shrimp industry which is dominated by both national and international firms. Although the Venezuelan shrimp production has not attained the same importance as its counterparts in countries like China, Vietnam, and Thailand, it is among the most important regional players in that field in Latin America, behind countries such as Brasil, Ecuador, and Colombia. This chapter explores the competitiveness of the shrimp industry using cluster analysis. It highlights how the emerging shrimp cluster in Venezuela lacks the tools for cooperation between its producers and the support institutions that could enhance its productivity and guarantee its long-term consolidation.
9 Corporate Strategies of Business Groups in the Wake of Competitive Shocks: Lessons from Argentina
Authors: Fracchia Eduardo , Mesquita Luiz F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn the first half of the 1990s, a broad macroeconomic reform took place in Brazil leading to changes in institutions, industries, and firms. Ultimately, the reform opened the local market to foreign firms and gave local firms a strong incentive to go abroad. This chapter discusses Brazilian firms' competitive capacity in the new business environment. The study is based on three levels of analysis — national, industry, and firms — with emphasis on the firm level. The objective is to depict the current situation and discuss how Brazilian firms can be competitive in the global market. The chapter shows how successful Brazilian firms dealt with the new open, transitional, and turbulent environment, and proposes four sets of success factors for Brazilian firms to be competitive. The aim of this chapter is for lessons drawn from the Brazilian environment to be useful to firms in other emerging economies with similar characteristics.
11 Sources of Competitiveness of Large Mexican Groups
Authors: Grosse Robert , Thomas Douglas 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the processes of organizational adaptation and competitiveness of firms in an emerging economy. The study is set in the Argentine context of the 1990s when a combination of economic and political change triggered a massive change in the competitive context of indigenous firms. Two highly flexible firms from the pharmaceutical and edible oil industries are studied, and longitudinal data are supplied to explore the determinants of organizational flexibility in those organizations.
16 Conclusions: So … Can Latin American Firms Compete?
Authors: Mesquita Luiz F. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Latin America presents unique challenges, such as roller-coaster bouts of economic development boom and bust; massive presence of state in the economy; failing markets for human and physical capital, and many other intermediate production goods; and underdeveloped and unstable institutional environments, especially in areas related to finance and law. Some firms have successfully learned how to navigate such a difficult environment. This book aims to help disseminate the lessons these firms bring to other firms and economic sectors. This chapter summarizes these in light of three leading theoretical perspectives: institutional theory, transaction cost economics, and the resource-based view of the firm. The chapter weaves common threads across the studies, and distills common strategic factors and decisions used by successful Latin American firms to compete.
Empirical Analysis of Barriers to International Services Transactions and the Consequences of Liberalization
Authors: Deardorff Alan V. , Stern Robert M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter reviews methods used to identify and quantify barriers to international trade in services. Barriers typically take the form of regulations that either restrict supply or make it more costly. The economic impact of barriers can, in principle, be quantified as a ‘tariff equivalent’, defined as the percentage tax on foreign suppliers that would have the same effect on the domestic market for the service as is caused by the barrier. Barriers to trade in services can be those that restrict entry of firms versus those that affect firms' operations, and those that discriminate against foreign-service providers versus those that do not. The measurement of services barriers are either direct or indirect. Direct measurement involves documenting barriers that are known to exist, either by extracting information about them from government documents or by questioning those market participants who confront them. Indirect measurement attempts to infer the presence of barriers from their market effects, much as non-tariff barriers on trade in goods are often inferred from price differences across borders. Approaches to measuring services barriers are illustrated by citing a number of studies that have been carried out. The chapter concludes with a presentation of guideline principles and recommended procedures for measuring services barriers and assessing the consequences of their liberalization.
Trade in Infrastructure Services: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Dee Philippa , Findlay Christopher 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses what many infrastructure industries have in common — economies of scale or scope — and how this poses some significant policy challenges for successful trade policy reform. These conditions can lead to natural monopoly. The problem is that the single producer may abuse its monopoly power by restricting the quantity or quality of output and pricing above costs. Opening this market to trade creates opportunity for alternative suppliers but also creates challenges of arranging the transition to a new provider and regulating them appropriately. The chapter discusses how international trade negotiations can contribute to ensuring successful outcomes. The key messages are that while natural monopoly is a common feature of the infrastructure sector, care should be taken not to exaggerate its importance. There are circumstances in which no policy problem arises. Further, even if there is an apparent natural monopoly, it is important to separate that part of the chain of supply from other elements in which competition can develop. Even so, natural monopoly elements remain. The GATS is relevant to natural monopoly markets and contains some disciplines on policy in those markets. Trade-policy reform can contribute to performance in markets in which natural monopolies have some influence. However, market opening has to be complemented by the appropriate regulatory structures to capture these benefits, for example, related to the terms on which competitive firms have access to bottleneck facilities. Commitments made through international trade negotiations can facilitate the necessary regulatory reform.
Trade in Services Telecommunications
Authors: Cowhey Peter F. , Aronson Jonathan D. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on issues of negotiations on trade arrangements for international telecommunications and information services. The first part of the chapter provides background on the major changes that have transformed and globalized communications and information technology during the past two decades. The second part reviews the agreements that came out of the Uruguay Round (1994), including the Basic Telecommunications Agreement (1997) and other international agreements. It also examines the regulatory choices tied to competition and trade in telecommunications services. The third part of the chapter considers the experiences of Ghana and South Korea as they adapted their national systems to the post-1997 telecommunications reality. The final part of the chapter provides an overview of the international telecommunications/IT issues that are under consideration in the Doha Round negotiations. It seeks to explain what the industrial countries are seeking, why they argue that these additional reforms are desirable, and whether and under what circumstances these arguments might make sense to developing countries and their negotiators. The addendum to the chapter discusses the commitments of Costa Rica with regard to telecommunication services in the context of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the United States.
E‐Commerce Regulation: New Game, New Rules?
Authors: Primo Braga Carlos A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe rapid expansion of electronic commerce (e-commerce) is impacting economic activities both at the national and international levels. E-commerce is still in its infancy, but it is often identified as one of the main drivers of the economic and social changes associated with the ‘networking revolution’. There is broad consensus that the establishment of the regulatory environment under which economic agents practice e-commerce plays an important role in shaping the impact and depth of these transformations. Most countries have by now introduced domestic legislation devoted to foster an adequate ‘digital’ environment with special emphasis on the rules and regulations relevant for e-commerce. At the international level, debate is also ongoing not only under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO), but also in many other forums (e.g., OECD, WIPO, ICANN, ITU). This chapter reviews the case for multilateral rules and the challenges faced by regulators around the world to cope with the extra-territorial implications of e-commerce. It first discusses the economic dimensions of e-commerce and the most relevant regulatory issues for its expansion, and thereafter analyzes the case for multilateral rules concerning e-commerce, focusing on ongoing discussions on trade-related issues in the WTO.
An Introduction to Women's Anti‐Suffragism
Authors: Bush Julia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Women played an important and in some ways distinctive role in the British anti-suffrage movement, though many female ‘antis’ were reluctant to take an active part in public campaigning. It could be argued plausibly before 1914 that the majority of ‘ordinary’ women did not want the parliamentary vote. Anti-suffragists' prominent role within the largest non-political women's organizations suggests their views were closely attuned to mainstream female opinion on desirable gender roles. Anti-suffrage beliefs were varied in origin and diverse in expression. The new approaches which have shaped revisionist histories of suffragism in recent years are of equal relevance to understanding the complex history of its female opponents. These women's ideas formed part of an extended debate on the Woman Question, rather than merely over the franchise issue. Suffragists and female anti-suffragists found much common ground, drawing from the same developing spectrum of ideas around gender and citizenship. The chapter concludes with a summary of the book's structure and contents.
Maternal Reformers and Social Duty
Authors: Bush Julia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Women's wider social duty was understood by most female anti-suffragists to be a benign extension of their maternal role, though it must not be allowed to overshadow home life. The lives of the five women discussed in Chapter 2 are followed through in relation to their social activism at the end of the 19th century. Individual social action gradually led to a deepening involvement in collective work for philanthropic and religious causes. The National Union of Women Workers was the largest ‘umbrella’ organization for womanly social service from the 1890s onwards, and an important meeting ground for suffragists and anti-suffragists until an acrimonious split within its Council in 1912-13. The major Anglican women's organizations — the Girls' Friendly Society and the Mothers' Union — were more successful in maintaining an apolitical stance at the height of the suffrage campaign, whilst at the same time subtly reinforcing the gender conservatism which underpinned female anti-suffragism.
Imperial Ladies
Authors: Bush Julia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Both suffragists and anti-suffragists laid claim to the mantle of empire. This chapter outlines the general imperial contours of the suffrage debate, and examines male definitions of an imperialist anti-suffrage agenda, before turning to the leading imperialist women. The anti-suffragism of Violet Markham, Gertrude Bell, Margaret Jersey, Ethel Colquhoun, Mary Kingsley, and Flora Shaw was closely related to their views on empire and their relationships with male imperialists. These relationships varied between imperial hero-worship (Markham and Bell), imperial wifehood (Jersey and Colquhoun), and the more independent status of Kingsley and Shaw as imperial celebrities with a high public profile and a circle of male imperialist friends. The chapter concludes with an account of the leading female imperialist associations in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain, and their connections to the anti-suffrage cause.
The Women's Appeal and After
Authors: Bush Julia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The anti-suffrage movement has been portrayed by most historians as reactive and episodic. This account emphasizes its continuities in terms of female support, and the importance of female agency in determining its extra-parliamentary strategies. 1889 was the year in which women anti-suffragists first voiced their collective viewpoint, as authors and mass signatories of an Appeal Against Female Suffrage published in the Nineteenth Century journal. This chapter considers the parliamentary and extra-parliamentary contexts of the Appeal, before proceeding to a discussion of its arguments, its publicly-declared female support, and its short-term and longer-term aftermath. A detailed review of the available evidence suggests that women played a significant part in initiating the Appeal, authoring its content, and mustering signatures. They were far from being the ‘cats-paws’ of the male anti-suffragists as some historians have suggested, though they certainly valued male support and depended upon male collaboration to make their Appeal effective.
Working with Men
Authors: Bush Julia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Despite its considerable achievements, the WNASL was handicapped by limited funding and lack of direct parliamentary influence. Meanwhile, the Men's League for Opposing Woman Suffrage, founded in December 1908, suffered from weak organization and political complacency. In 1910, the way was prepared for a full-scale merger of the two organizations. This proved an unexpectedly difficult process as male and female leaders vied for influence over procedures and policies. The WNASL commitment to promoting women's public service in local government was a major stumbling block. There were also conflicts over the name, constitution, and administrative arrangements of the new National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage, finally launched in December 1910. The chapter provides a detailed analysis of the formation and development of the NLOWS, focusing particularly upon gender relations, but also investigating propaganda methods and local branch-building across Britain. Despite some setbacks, female activism remained vital to organized anti-suffragism.
Suffrage, Sexuality, Citizenship
Authors: Bush Julia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The internal problems of the NLOWS were linked to evolving gender beliefs as well as to contested organizational tactics. This chapter reviews various aspects of anti-suffrage gender ideology, developed both within the NLOWS and through dialogue between suffragists and women anti-suffragists. Anti-suffrage women commented with increasing dismay upon female sexual behaviour in early 20th-century Britain, connecting suffragette militancy to various forms of sexual deviance. Feminism was attacked as a sexualized threat to social solidarity and imperial strength. However, anti-suffrage women hesitated to exaggerate links between the more insidious forms of feminism and the suffrage cause, partly because of their awareness of shared ground with many suffragists over issues of moral reform. Though a suffrage truce was never likely in the pre-war years, the anti-suffrage forward policy and related constitutional reform proposals were closely aligned to the suffragists' advocacy of more feminized forms of citizenship.
Anti‐Suffragists at War
Authors: Bush Julia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Anti-suffrage women believed that their particular virtues and capacities would be needed more than ever during the First World War. Political campaigns were suspended, but an undercurrent of suffrage debate flowed through the war relief efforts of suffragists and anti-suffragists alike. Anti-suffrage women were keen to demonstrate their superior patriotism, and to carry forward their gender beliefs into the new wartime debates over such issues as female employment, maternity, and childcare. In 1916, it became clear that franchise reform was inevitable, and supporters and opponents of votes for women resumed subdued levels of activism. The NLOWS was a much-weakened organization, but far from entirely quiescent as women's suffrage inexorably neared the statute book. Women continued to play a significant opposition role beyond Parliament, and were outraged by Lord Curzon's final capitulation. The NLOWS wake in April 1918 was a mainly female affair, emphasizing commitment to the future political education of women voters.
The Unity of Time and Narrative
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis final chapter explores the idea that time could consist of a number of parallel and unconnected time-streams. Various considerations against the coherence of this supposition are discussed, and none are found to be compelling. Attention is then focused on fictional time, and the question asked whether the constraints of fictional narrative rule out fictions in which parallel time-series are represented. A number of fictions that appear to present disunified time are discussed, and conclusions drawn, both concerning the nature of real time and of mechanisms of fictional representation.
2 Myth, Fiction, Innovation
Authors: Wright Matthew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyses Euripides' use of myth in the escape-tragedies. It begins with a detailed discussion of the terms ‘myth’ and ‘plot’ in relation to Greek tragedy, and explores the precise extent of Euripides' innovation and creativity when dealing with pre-existing material. The chapter examines certain central strands in the mythical traditions relating to the plays' heroines, including counterfactuality, geography, and the escape-theme. It argues that Euripides' innovation lies in a disconcerting mixture of pre-existing elements from myth: he has not invented the plots that he uses, nor has he directly inherited them from specific or single literary sources (such as Stesichorus). The chapter concludes by identifying a specific type of mythical self-conscious, which the chapter terms ‘metamythology’.
3 A Tragic Landscape
Authors: Wright Matthew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the different ways in which Euripides and Greek tragedy in general creates a ‘sense of place’, and the ways in which dramatic setting contributes to the meaning of these works. It explores the startlingly exotic settings of the escape-tragedies (Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Black Sea), but shows that the plays make little attempt to describe these settings accurately or distinctively. It examines the plays' paradoxical presentation of cultural and ethnic identity, and shows that the traditional polarity between ‘Greeks’ and ‘barbarians’ is destabilized. It argues that the ‘sense of place’ in the escape-tragedies is metaphorical rather than literal: the plays rely on an idealized ‘imaginary landscape’ which reflects the characters' own identity and situations.
5 The Tragic Universe
Authors: Wright Matthew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the role in the escape-tragedies of ritual, religion, the gods, and other supernatural forces, which are seen by Euripides and his characters as being at work in the universe. It shows that Euripides' plays — far from being heterodox, atheistic, or agnostic as is often thought — are in fact based on a theological world-view familiar to many Greeks. The religious problems posed by the plays must be seen in connection to the philosophical problems discussed in Chapter 4. This chapter briefly examines the connections between real-life religious ritual and the plots of the plays, and argues against the view that Euripides invented aetiological cult. It examines the connection between religious views and irony, and the role of tyche or ‘chance’ in the plays' world-view. The chapter ends by viewing Euripidean gods as one of a range of ‘interpretative strategies’ by which the characters try, and fail, to make sense of their own role in the universe.
1 Historical and Conceptual Background
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the four different interpretations of the doctrine of the Trinity discussed in the two succeeding chapters included in Part I of this book. All of them use Gregory of Nyssa's writings; some focus on him in more detail than others. The authors have been divided into two pairs, each highlighting a particular interpretation of Gregory's work, that is, Gregory as philosopher and Gregory as a (proto-) ‘social Trinitarian’.
6 Salvation
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores criticisms and defences of Gregory's soteriology which are less closely connected with his Christology, but all of which have been matters of some controversy: specifically Gregory's analogy of the fish-hook, the concept of cooperation (sunergia), and his idea of universal salvation (apokatastasis). Discussion of the theme of the fish-hook centres on a soteriological idea presented by Gregory in narrative form in his Catechetical Oration. Having already established that humanity was in the power of devil (or death) owing to the Fall, and that God's justice demanded that God should win humankind back through payment of a ransom (Christ) rather than seizing it back by force, Gregory then explains how the devil was deceived into accepting as a ransom a payment which he could not possibly keep.
11 Creation in the Image of God
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Gregory of Nyssa's account of humans' creation and why it attracted the attention of feminists. Gregory of Nyssa claims that human nature as a whole was created in the image of God, but that humans were also created as individuals, male and female, and that this sexual differentiation does not reflect God. This theory has attracted the attention of feminists because its assertion that men and women were created simultaneously appears to be a more egalitarian departure from the early Church norm of emphasizing the sequential and allegedly hierarchical creation account of Adam and Eve in Genesis 2; because it appears to imply that sexual difference is not essential to human identity; and because there is a great deal of uncertainty over whether Gregory means that sexual difference in some way a fall from humanity's original, ideal state. First creation as a purely original state, first creation as an embodied original state, and first creation as eternal human nature is discussed.
12 What is Virginity?
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter shows how different readings of Gregory's On Virginity have been generated by different assumptions about what he means by virginity. Most agree that he is not disgusted by sexual activity in itself, but there is considerable disagreement about what Gregory is rejecting. Topics discussed include virginity defined by the body, virginity defined socially and spiritually, and the virgin body.