bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case of Lewis Negative ‘Bombay’ Blood Type
Authors: Gandini E. , Sacchi R. , Reali G. , Veratti M. A. , Menini C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA case of a ‘Bombay’, Lewis negative blood type is described. The saliva of the Proposita has apparently failed to cross — react with anti‐Pn XIV serum. Her red cells scored higher titers than red cells of normal ABO phenotypes with a lectins (Ricinus communis) known to possess anti‐Pn XIV specificity.
Lc‐11 (Hunt B, Jones) as a Mutually Exclusive Specificity to Lc‐1, 2, and 3 in the Main Human Leukocyte Group1
Authors: Walford R. L. , Wallace O. , Shanbrom E. , Troup G. M. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. The specificity Lc‐11, defined by properly adsorbed Hunt serum (Hunt B), or by the monospecific serum Jones, reveals a completely mutually exclusive relationship to Lc‐1, 2, and 3 of the main (HL‐A) leukocyte group, when tested against 290 random Caucasian donors and 56 negro donors. Jones antiserum was produced by planned immunization directed towards producing a specificity of this nature.A structural relationship of the various human leukocyte factors is proposed which is strictly analogous to the Rh system in man or the B blood group system in cattle. A number of criteria are set forth, the fulfillment of which would reinforce this interpretation.
The Antigenic Substances ‘A’ and ‘B’ in the Sera of Healthy Subjects
Authors: Fried D. , Shilo R. , Stanecki J. , Gotlibe A. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. The serum antigenic substances A and B were studied in 495 young healthy males, by a modified Hemagglutination Inhibition Test.Marked variations in sera levels were found. In the majority of subjects relatively small amounts of antigenic substance was detected (‘weak inhibitors’), while the minority had relatively large amounts (‘strong inhibitors’).The possible explanations of this phenomenon were discussed. Further investigations in disease states and family groups would possibly aid to clarify the subject.The method used appears to be useful for the detection of small amounts of anti‐A1 antibodies in sera.
Synergistic Action of Antibodies
Authors: NELKEN D. , HANNA N. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. The primary addition of a subagglutinating dose of isoantibodies to cells and the subsequent addition of heteroantibodies also in subagglutinating quantities causes strong agglutination.If the heteroantibodies are added before the isoantibodies no agglutination occurs. The mechanism by which the heteroantibodies interfere with cell agglutination is discussed.
Automated Detection of Gm Factors of Human γG Globulin
Authors: Litwin S. D. , Camp F. R. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. An automated method for the detection of human Gm γG globulin antigens is described for Gm(f), (a), (b), (z).Detector red cells are sensitized with anti‐Rh serum or human Fr II γ‐globulin after chromic chloride treatment.The automated method is compared to present methodology and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Cytotoxic Leucocyte Iso‐Antibodies Formed During the First Pregnancy
Authors: Overweg J. , Engelfriet C. P. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. Serum samples from 116 women taken at different times during and after the first pregnancy were tested for the presence of cytotoxic lcucocytc antibodies against the husbands' Ieucocytes.Antibodies were found in the serum of 15 women, 11 times during the pregnancy, and as early as at 24 weeks of gestation. All antibodies examined were IgG, even the earliest detectable antibodies. All sera contained antibodies against antigens common to granulocytes and lymphocytes; four sera also contained granulocytespecific antibodies and none lymphocyte‐specific antibodies. No antibodies were demonstrable in any of the cord‐blood and no granulo‐ or lympliopenia was seen in any of the children.
Serological Differences Between Related Species of Snails
Authors: Gold E. R. , Thompson T. E. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. The presence of B substance in saline extracts of albumen glands of Helix pomatia has been reported by Kim et al. [5] and the agglutination of Hela cells by anti‐AHel mentioned by Uhlenbbuck et al. [10]. We report in this paper serological differences between related species of snails revealed by haemolysis, agglutination of Hela cells and presence of B‐like substance.The same snail substances have been used as in Part I of this report. Saline extracts of seeds were prepared as described in [2] and anti‐BST was the same as that used for experiments in Part I of this report.
Anti‐Leb in the Serum of Le(a+b‐) and Le(a‐b‐) Persons: Absorption Studies with Erythrocytes of Different ABO and Lewis Phenotypes
Authors: Kornstad L. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. The occurrence of anti‐Leb in the serum of an A, Le(a+b‐) blood donor is described. This serum, and an anti‐Leb serum from an Le(a + b‐) person previously described by Bhendemoen [3] were subjected to absorption studies with red cells of different ABO and Lewis phenotypes. It was found evidence that the antibodies cross‐react with the H antigen, and that their affinity to the H antigen is in fact stronger than to the Leb antigenSimilar absorption studies were done on some anti‐Leb sera from Le(a‐b‐) persons. Again a certain cross‐reaction was found with the H antigen, but here the affinity of the antibodies to the Leb antigen seemed to be stronger than to the H antigen.It is suggested that the two classes of antibodies be called anti‐H(Leb) and anti‐Leb(H), respectively. For both types of antibodies the best reactions were obtained when Leb as wel as a greater amount of H antigen were present on the cells.
Anti‐I Agglutinins in Non‐Human Sera
Authors: Curtain C. C. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. Macroglobulin cold haemagglutinins, mostly of anti‐I specificity, were found in high incidence and titre in sera from sheep, cattle, kangaroos, wallabies, wombats and possums living in a range of environments in Australia. There was neither positive nor negative correlation between the I‐antigen content of the cells of the different species and the incidence of cold haemagglutinins. For example, the red cells of laboratory rabbits were still capable of binding radioactively labelled I‐antibody at 37°C, yet the rabbit sera had the weakest cold haemagglutinins in the lowest incidence.It is suggested that these results pointed to a widespread heteroantigen as the aetiological agent involved in the production of anti‐I cold haemagglutinins in animals and man. The configuration of the I‐antigen rather than that of the I‐antibody is probably altered by cooling so that it more closely resembles the heteroantigen. Thus anti‐I cold haemagglutinins would not be true autoantibodies since I does not exist at physiological temperatures in most species.The occurrence in sheep and cattle sera of higher titres of cold haemagglutinins after reinfection with Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus suggests that further studies should be carried out on the possible role of metazoan parasites as aetiological agents in the production of cold haemagglutinins.
Viruses and Autoimmunity
Authors: East June 
Published: March 2009

Summary. There is, to date, no firm experimental proof of a direct or indirect causal relationship between the presence of the type ‘C’ virus particles and any of the aberrations shown by the NZB mice. There are, nevertheless, considerable precedents for assuming that the virus may be responsible for the malignant proliferation of the reticulum cells, notably its ultrastructural similarity to other murine leukaemia viruses known to cause lymphocytic, erythroid, or myeloid leukaemia. There murine leukaemia viruses have certain important characteristics which must affect their biological activities.There is also little doubt that viruses can modify both the target cells and the immunological apparatus of their hosts and so could, theoretically, precipitate autoimmune reactions. They can cause proliferation of erythroblasts, or of im‐munocytes such as lymphocytes, and the transmissible agent of Aleutian mink disease undoubtedly evokes plasmacytosis and an increase in serum immunoglobulin. Viruses can provoke the formation of new antigens on cell surfaces, or leave their antigenic footprints within cell nuclei, or elicit the production of specific circulating antibody. Some murine leukaemia viruses can deprees the classical antibody response to exogenous antigenic stimulation, and some are present in prenatal life and possibly induce a state of tolerance.As far as the: NZB mice are concerned, the experimental evidence available points to the following conclusions. The autoantibody is predominantly IgG and can sensitize normal mouse erythrocytes. Florid positive antiglobulin reactions occur in germ‐free NZB mice shielded from external viral or bacterial antigens [8] so that the precipitating stimulus is, presumably endogenous. Positive Coombs reactions develop, and can indeed be accelerated, in NZB mice depleted of lymphocytes by neonatal thymectomy [6] indicating that the immune response is humoral rather than cell mediated. Splenic germinal centres are numerous and active and the plasma cell population is often increased in intact or thymectomized conventional, as well as in germ‐free NZB mice [5, 6, 8]. High serum levels of IgM are characteristic of conventional intact NZB mice and are not affected by thymectomy or isolation in a germ‐free environment [6, 81. Type ‘C’ virus particles are ubiquitous in NZB mice of all ages, including embryos, and can bud from the surface of plasma cells, lymphoid cells, erythroblasts and reticulum cells in most organs of the body. Thus, the argument as to whether the basic flaw responsible for the autoimmune reactions unique to this strain is an abnormality of the target erythrocytes or of the antibody‐producing cells remains unresolved.
Suppression of Primary Rh Immunization by Passively‐Administered Antibody. Experiments in Volunteers
Authors: Mollison P. L. , Hughes‐Jones N. C. , Lindsay Margaret , Wessely Jane 
Published: March 2009

Summary. Rh‐negative volunteers were given an injection of 1 ml of Rh‐positive red cells, either alone or with 15 μg or 75 μg anti‐D. Six months later anti‐Rh was detected in 2 out of 14 subjects who had originally received Rh‐positive red cells alone but in none out of 8 subjects who had also received 15μg anti‐D and in none out of 15 subjects who had also received 75μg anti‐D.Six months after the start of the experiment, thirty‐four of the subjects were injected with 1 ml of 51Cr labelled red cells without anti‐D. At 7–11 days after injection, survival was normal in all of 13 subjects who had received 75μg anti‐D with their first injection of red cells. By contrast, survival was subnormal in seven out of 13 cases who had received no anti‐D with their first injection of red cells. This difference is significant (p = 0.027) and is taken to indicate that primary immunization occurred when 1 ml of Rh‐positive red cells was given alone but was prevented when 1 ml of red cells was given with 75μg anti‐D. Survival at 7 days was slightly subnormal in 2 out of 8 subjects who had received 15μg anti‐D with their first injection of red cells; this is taken as evidence that no augmentation of primary immunization was produced with this dose.In a follow‐up study of another series of Rh‐negative volunteers, who had been injected with 0.3 ml of Rh‐positive red cells at a Lime when they had between 0.6 arid 4μg anti‐D in their circulation, 3 to 8 months later the survival of injected Rh‐positive red cells was normal in 5 out of 6 cases, suggesting that there had been no augmentation of primary immunization.
How to Enhance the Sensitivity of the Radial Single Diffusion Technique for the Quantitation of Antigens
Authors: Rümke Ph. , Breekveldt‐Kielich J. C. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. The sensitivity of the radial single diffusion technique for the immunochemical quantitation of antigens depends upon the lowest antibody concentration which gives recordable precipitation rings. It was found that this concentration can be lowered by the addition of sheep anti‐rabbit gammaglobulin to the agar‐rabbit antiserum mixture.An increase in the sensitivity of the test of 2–4 times could thus be reached.
High Voltage Agarose Gel Electrophoresis in the Study of C 3 Polymorphism
Authors: Teisberg P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new method of C 3 type determination on high voltage agarose gel electrophoresis is described. The influence of some electrophoretic variables on the results has been investigated and a standard technique developed. The method is quick, simple and gives good separation of C 3 proteins. The three common C 3 phenotypes and the four variant types so far studied are easily demonstrated.Preliminary allele frequencies in a Norwegian population sample is presented. The values found, C 3S = 0.80 and C 3F = 0.19, are in good accordance with the allele frequencies in two population groups of North American Caucasians.
Influence of the Parental Rhesus Types on the Segregation of Genetic Abnormalities
Authors: NIJENHUIS L. E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Following the observation that in families with elliptocytosis parental Rhesus types may influence the elliptocytosis segregation in the children, the hypothesis has been put forward that in families with other genetic abnormalities, abnormal segregations of the affections may be expected to depend to some extent on the parental Rhesus types. Influence of the Rhesus type of the normal mating partners on the carrier: non‐carrier segregation in the children has been demonstrated for abnormal serum cholinesterase and for the chromosomal translocation D/21. Children of normal E+ mating partners in families with abnormal cholinesterase were found to have an excess of non‐affected; when the normal mating‐partner is E‐ there is an excess of carriers. In families with D/21 translocation an excess of carriers was found when the normal parent is E+. In a pedigree with Wagner's syndrome no such influence could be demonstrated, the amount of genetic information available being, however, relatively small. In families with the nail‐patella syndrome the Rhesus types of both parents appeared to be important, together with the sex of the offspring. Mating types involving Ccee produce an excess of non‐affected children, those with CCee an excess of affected sons and a deficiency of affected daughters. Mating types with neither Ccee or CCee produce a relative excess of affected daughters.These and other phenomena appear to indicate that genetic abnormalities are to some extent balanced polymorphisms, the selective mechanism being most probably selective fertilization. Selections of this kind, caused by the genetic, rather than by the external environment, may be of importance in limiting the increase of the genetic load in man which is generally expected to occur in the near future.
IgG‐Type Cold Agglutinins in Children and Corresponding Antigens
Authors: Roelcke D. , Anstee D. J. , Jungfer H. , Nutzenadel W. , Webb A. J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two IgG‐type cold auto‐agglutinins causing transiently occurring haemolytic anaemia in children are described. The antibodies were limited to the IgG fraction obtained by DEAE cellulose chromatography and were resistant to 2‐mercaptoethanol treatment.One auto‐agglutinin reacted ‘incompletely’ (in the enzyme test), the other reacted ‘completely’ and its reactivity was furthermore abolished by treatment of red cells with proteolytic enzymes, but not with neuraminidase. Because of the inactivation of the corresponding antigen on red cells by proteolytic enzymes, this receptor belongs to the Pr complex, but it can be distinguished from Pr1/Pr2 through its resistance to neuraminidase. Therefore a new symbol ‘Pra’ is proposed.Based on these findings an immunochemical classification for antigens corresponding to cold auto‐antibodies is given and a new nomenclature of the antigens which are inactivated by proteases is proposed depending on their determination or non‐determination by neuraminic acid.
The Conversion Rate of Human C 3 under Different Storage Conditions
Authors: Teisberg P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The stability of the third component of human complement (C 3) under different storage conditions has been studied. Conversion of the protein was demonstrated by change in electrophoretic mobility on agarose.C 3 patterns were observed for 4–7 days, 15–24 days and 8–12 months in sera stored at 20, 4 and −23°C, respectively. After storage for 12 months at −75°C there was no sign of C 3 conversion. Addition of merthiolate did not increase C 3 stability. Exposure to air and haemolysate increased C 3 conversion rate.
Haemagglutination and Haemagglutination‐Inhibition Reactions of Extracts from Snails and Sponges
Authors: Khalap S. , Thompson T. E. , Gold E. R. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Agglutination‐inhibition, precipitation and precipitation‐inhibition tests have been performed with 2 sponge and 4 snail extracts using as inhibitors a number of biological materials and some glycoproteins and glycolipids. Some human salivas and fluids from ovarian pseudomucinous cysts inhibited, others did not inhibit. Inhibiting power was unrelated to presence of ABH substances.Some snail and seed extracts inhibited haemagglutination by Axinella sp. extract and some snail extracts haemagglutination by Cliona celata extract. Axinellasp. extract precipitated non‐haemagglutinating Achatina granulata and Hedleyella falconeri snail extracts; this precipitation was inhibited by the same sugars which also inhibit haemagglutination by Axinella sp. extract.
Alterations of Red Blood Cell Osmotic Fragility During Storage of Blood Drawn on ACD Solution1
Authors: Stoltz J. F. , Vigneron C. , Streiff F. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA study of red re11 osmotic fragility measured by the techniques of gradual and drastic haemolysis shows a ‘fragilisation’ during the storage of blood drawn on ACD solution, kept at 4°C. The rheological incidences are outlined.
Simultaneous Electrophoresis of Three Isoenzyme Polymorphisms; 6‐Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase (6‐PGD), Adenosine Deaminase (ADA), Adenylate Kinase (AK)
Authors: Brinkmann B. , Thoma G. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA method is described which renders possible simultaneous electrophoretic determination of 3 isoenzyme polymorphisms. Results are comparable with those obtained by original methods.
Rh Blood Groups of Australian Aborigines in the Tribe Containing the Original Rhnull Propositus
Authors: BOETTCHER B. , HASEKURA H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Quantitative haemagglutination studies on samples from 113 members of the tribe revealed 5 individuals whose red cells showed weak expression of Rh antigens. Two were of group R1R2, 2 of group R1R2, and one of group R2R0. All were close tribal relatives of the propositus.It is proposed that these individuals are heterozygous for the allele for which the propositus is homozygous, and which is responsible for her Rhnull phenotype. The case appears to be similar to that studied by Levine and co‐workers, and it seems that the propositus does not express Rh antigens due to a genetically‐determined lack of a precursor, which is necessary for Rh (and LW) antigen biosynthesis. The locus at which the block has occurred is not closely linked with the Rh locus.
Early ‘Enzyme’ Rh Antibodies and Second Pregnancies
Authors: MURRAY SHEILAGH 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 135 primiparous Rh(D) negative women were studied after delivery. 56 had been delivered of Rh positive ABO compatible infants and eleven Rh antibodies were found. Seven of the antibodies were able to be detected only with enzyme treated cells. Six of the seven patients had a second infant which, in each case, was Coombs' positive and required treatment for haemolytic disease of the newborn.398 serial blood samples were examined from 46 other primiparous Rh(D) negative patients and five early Rh antibodies were demonstrated (10.8%). The time of appearance and reactions of the antibodies are reported.
A Dextran Agglomeration Method for the Preparation in a Closed Plastic Bag System of Leucocyte Poor Blood for Transfusion
Authors: Wit J. J. Fr. M. de , Werner H. G. B. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method is described for the preparation of leucocyte poor red cell suspensions for transfusion.In this method a plastic bag system is used, consisting of 4 plastic bags filled with all the solutions necessary for the dextran agglomeration technique. The donor packed cells are allowed to flow into this system and the inlet tube is sealed. Consequently all manipulations are performed in a ‘closed’ system, which prevent bacterial contamination.The very short time (15 min) necessary for the sedimentation steps is the fundamental difference with earlier described methods of dextran sedimentation.The described procedure makes it possible to obtain ‘leucocyte poor’ blood with relative ease and without specially instructed technicians. Approximately 1% of the leucocytes remain in the treated packed cells, the red cell recovery is over 80%.
A New Genetic Marker of Human IgG3 Immunoglobulins
Authors: Loghem Erna van , Grobbelaar B. G. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antigenic determinant was found which is present on proteins of the main IgG3 allotypes, Gm(g) and Gm(b), but absent from IgG3 proteins carrying Gm(s). It was shown to be a genetical marker in family studies.The antiserum detecting this specificity is similar to antisera of ‘long specificity’, which term is used in HL‐A serology. The antigenic determinant offers a link for the generation sequence of Gm allotypes during evolution.
A Pure Example of Anti‐Cob and Frequency of the Cob Antigen in New Zealand and Australian Blood Donors
Authors: Case J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA pure example of anti‐Cob is reported which, in common with those previously recognized in mixtures, reacts preferentially by enzyme techniques. 224 Co(b +) bloods were found on screening 2471 randomly selected donors.
Anti‐NA. An Antibody Sub‐dividing Melanesian N
Authors: Booth P. B. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An antibody has been encountered occurring naturally in two healthy untransfused male Melanesian blood donors, the specificity of which is directed against a part of the N antigen. The effect is demonstrable with Melanesian but not so far with Caucasian red cell samples. Against the latter, the antibody acts as anti‐N, with a pronounced dosage effect, whereas a proportion of N‐containing Melanesian bloods fail to react. There are indications that the same may hold good for some American Negroes and South American Indians.The antibody may be ‘new’, or may possibly be the same as the ‘anti‐N’ reported on two occasions as occurring in MN individuals, but not acting as an auto‐agglutinin.The antibody has been designated anti‐NA, the corresponding part of the N antigen NA, and cells lacking this specificity Na. It has not proved possible to separate any component having the properties of anti‐NA from five human and one rabbit anti‐N sera, and these sera failed to distinguish NA from Na cells.Family studies on Melanesians show that NA appears to be inherited in a straightforward manner. The proportion of NN Melanesians who lack NA varies between 10 and 30% in different ethnic groups, in one of which there is a hint of significant association between S and NA. The varying IT content of Melanesian bloods does not enter into the NA — Na difference.
Freezing of Lymphocytes. Presentation of a New Fully Automated Device and Comparison Between Three Methods
Authors: Lindblom J. B. , Johansson H. , Högman C. F. , Säfwenberg J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A fully automated device for temperature‐controlled freezing of cell suspensions is described and compared with a commercially available apparatus and with a manual technique.The results obtained with the new machine, when used to freeze lymphocytes was superior to those of the two other methods both with respect to the amount of liquid nitrogen required for a freezing cycle, easiness to handle and freeze‐injury to the cells.