bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parcelization: Forest Change Agent in Northern Wisconsin
Authors: Haines Anna L. , Kennedy Timothy T. , McFarlane Daniel L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Parcelization-induced forest fragmentation is eating away at private, nonindustrial forests. Parcel sizes are declining and the number of landowners is increasing. These conditions make it challenging for resource managers to maintain economical timber harvesting on smaller privately held forested parcels. Shrinking parcel sizes also aggravate landscape and habitat fragmentation. In this article, we analyze parcelization and its link to private land-use change. Reconstruction of historic tax parcels and land use in three rural towns in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, allowed us to examine the effects of parcelization over a 53-year period. Our results indicate that parcelization is a significant factor in landscape change in northern Wisconsin. This research provides empirical evidence of the necessity to manage how private land is subdivided and used in amenity and natural resource rich areas.
How Clustering Dynamics Influence Lumber Utilization Patterns in the Amish-Based Furniture Industry in Ohio
Authors: Bumgardner Matthew S. , Graham Gary W. , Goebel P. Charles , Romig Robert L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Preliminary studies have suggested that the Amish-based furniture and related products manufacturing cluster located in and around Holmes County, Ohio, uses sizeable quantities of hardwood lumber. The number of firms within the cluster has grown even as the broader domestic furniture manufacturing sector has contracted. The present study was undertaken in 2008 (spring/summer) to develop lumber use estimates specific to Amish manufacturing and provide more detail regarding the impacts of clustering on lumber consumption patterns. Results, based on 196 firms responding to a survey, suggested that lumber use ratios (bd ft per employee) differed among firms of different sizes and type of product manufactured, but in aggregate was similar to the broader US furniture industry. Red oak was the most commonly used species. Local suppliers of hardwood lumber and components were used extensively by most firms. The study confirmed that the Holmes County furniture cluster was important to regional hardwood demand, facilitated by well-developed supply chains that enable high specialization and enhance aggregate productivity among the numerous small manufacturers.
New York Society of American Foresters' Perceptions of Climate Change
Authors: Labriole Michaela M. , Luzadis Valerie A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Climate change may greatly impact forests in the northeastern United States, but no research has been conducted on how forest managers perceive this threat. Foresters' perceptions of climate change could impact their management decisions. We conducted an online survey of professional members of the New York Society of American Foresters (NYSAF). In this exploratory study, we found that although the majority was completely or mostly convinced that climate change is occurring, there was a great deal of disagreement regarding the impacts of climate change on New York State forests. Academic foresters, foresters with less than 10 years of experience, and liberal respondents were more likely to feel that climate change is occurring. These results can facilitate education and discussion within the national forestry community and contribute to a better understanding of the implications of forester perceptions on forest management, providing an important foundation for identifying if foresters feel that it is necessary to implement management regimes to mitigate the effects of climate change.
Site Classification Systems Could Link Social and Ecological Management Constraints
Authors: Peck JeriLynn E. , Zenner Eric K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Many landownerships face a diverse set of complex management objectives constrained by both ecological and social factors but lack an integrated conceptual organizational framework to efficiently guide long-term management planning. We suggest that three tools independently developed in recent decades—conservation filters, ecological classification systems, and geographic information systems—can be efficiently combined to facilitate diverse management objectives. Both research and management could benefit from combining these tools to develop iteratively refined site classification systems (SCS), the structures of which are based on ecological and social data and are constrained by periodically revised management objectives. The proposed SCS framework builds on existing tools but additionally directly incorporates human dimensions. By enabling database searches targeted to relevant management objectives, the use of broad, evolving, and site-specific SCS could facilitate addressing various and diverse management objectives and provide flexibility to address emerging issues such as forest health and bioenergy.
Applying Innovation Theory to Maine's Logging Industry
Authors: Stone Ian J. , Benjamin Jeffrey G. , Leahy Jessica 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Innovation is often identified as a critical aspect of continued growth and competitiveness of industries and businesses in general. Currently, very little literature exists on innovation in forest-based industries, and almost no literature exists on innovation in logging. Development, adoption, and assessment of innovation by contract logging services firms are poorly understood. Furthermore, very little is known about the innovation system—the interconnected groups and associated influences that is part of the innovation process of these firms. To better understand innovation in Maine's logging industry, a series of cases studies involving 10 innovative logging firms was performed. Results show that logging innovations are very capital intensive and carry high risk for the adopting firm. Logging innovation is typically focused on increasing profitability and production efficiency, but a given contractor's desire to conduct high-quality work can moderate these influences. Finally, the logging innovation system is strong with respect to the industry infrastructure, other logging firms, and market influences. Several weak connections exist with regard to policy and regulation and public research and education institutions. Increasing collaboration and idea transfer in the system could improve innovation development in the future.
Agroforestry
Authors: Zamora Diomides , Wyatt Gary , Current Dean , Gullickson Dan , Smith David , Knights Joe , Paudel Dinesh , Zamora Diomides , Wyatt Gary , Drover Damion , Jackson Rhett , Grotta Amy , Jones Eric , Buttolph Lita , Nygren Tom , Earnshaw Kyle , Orr Blair , Borden Kira , Isaac Marney , Leitch Zachary , Hill Deborah B. , Forde Angel , Onokpise Oghenekome U. , Louime Clifford , G. Brown Bravo 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
375Blowing and drifting snow on Minnesota's roadways is a transportation efficiency and safety concern. Living snow fence is an agroforestry system involving planting of woody/tree species such as hybrid poplars, willow, other shrubs and pine trees along drifting snow areas. Establishing living snow fences improves driver visibility and road surface conditions and has the potential to lower costs of road maintenance, reduce accidents attributed to blowing and drifting snow, sequester carbon, and avoid the carbon emissions of snow removal operations. In recent years the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MNDOT) has paid farmers to leave standing corn rows to protect identified snow problem roadways. It also encourages farmers to plant living snow fences for such purpose but the adoption is too low. With increasing demand for corn to fuel the ethanol industry, paying $1.50 per bushel above market rate may not be sufficient incentive for leaving standing corn rows or to take land of production. With MNDOT's Memorandum of Understanding with USDA to plan living snow fences through the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), now is an opportune time to review MNDOT's annual payment structure to farmers and prepare a new one. This project aims to 1) develop a calculator to estimate payments for farmers that will include considerations of safety and snow removal cost savings using living snow fence agroforestry systems; 2) work closely with MNDOT's engineers and plow operators to estimate the safety and snow removal costs and carbon emissions avoided through establishing living snow fences; and 3) evaluate farmers' willingness to establish snow fence and identify farmers/landowners constraints to adoption. This data will be provided to MNDOT to assist them in their decision making related to their living snow fence program, and data will be useful for other states wishing to address drifting snow problem areas using agroforestry systems.
Planning Longleaf Pine Regeneration Cuttings for Best Seedling Survival and Growth
Authors: Maple William R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A 5-year study in south Alabama indicated that the best initial stocking and survival of longleaf pine can be achieved by advance control of understory hardwoods and brush, and thinning to an overstory density of 20 to 40 square feet. Seedling survival and growth can be enhanced by overstory removal at age 1.
Public Forest Policy, Wood Prices, and the Consumer
Authors: Fight Roger D. , YoungDay Douglas J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
When the prices of consumer goods and services change, the effect on consumers is equivalent to a change in income, which may be distributed differentially to high- and low-income consumers. In dollar amount, an increase in log prices has the greatest effect on high-income consumers. In proportional terms, however, the reduction is a greater percent of total expenditures of low-income consumers. The same relation holds for reductions in log prices, except that their effects are equivalent to increases in consumer income.
Maine's Spruce Budworm Program: Moving toward Integrated Management
Authors: Irland Lloyd C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Epidemic populations of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), infest a large portion of the spruce-fir forest of northeastern North America. The Maine Forest Service is responding to this outbreak with large spray projects, totalling 6.6 million acres in the past three years. It is also embarking on a program to develop an environmentally sound program of integrated management, relying heavily on silviculture, salvage, research, and improved insecticides.
Enrollment Trends in Professional Forestry Schools, 1972-1976
Authors: Vasey Richard B. , Theoe Donald R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
With some variation by region of the United States, numbers of undergraduates seeking professional degrees increased 19 percent in the years 1972-1976; most of the gain was accounted for by women students, who now comprise 18 percent of the total. Enrollment and degree awards have increased in master's programs and held steady in Ph.D. studies. Forestry continues to be the leading area of specialization, outranking wildlife, products, recreation, and other disciplines.
Towards Integrated Protection from the Southern Pine Beetle
Authors: Coster Jack E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Current southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) control depends heavily upon direct approaches having short-term payoffs. Chemical or physical tactics have failed to check epidemics in the Gulf South. A major challenge lies in developing and using indirect methods for managing this pest. Promotion of stand resistance and biotic agents, and manipulation of stand density and cutting practices, hold prospect for reducing the incidence and severity of beetle-caused losses.
Pitch Canker of Slash Pine in Florida
Authors: Dwinell L. D. , Phelps W. R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Pitch canker is reducing growth and deforming stems of large numbers of planted slash pines (Pinus elliottii Englem. var. elliottii) in Florida. In fall, needles on cankered shoots turn yellow to reddish. New shoots often wilt and die the following spring because the pitch-soaked cankers have girdled the branches. Controls have not yet been developed. The fungus has been identified both as Fusarium lateritium (Nees) emend. Synder & Hansen f. sp. pini and as F. moniliforme var. subglutinans Wr. & Rienk.
Characteristics of Ponderosa Pine Snags Used by Cavity - Nesting Birds in Arizona
Authors: Scott Virgil E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the Southwest, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) snags are important as nest sites for cavity-nesting birds. A study in Arizona found that birds selected snags that were greater than 15 inches in d.b.h. and taller than 75 feet. Preferred snags had more than 40 percent bark cover and had been dead six or more years.
Nature of Land and Resource Classification--A Review
Authors: Bailey Robert G. , Pfister Robert D. , Henderson Jan A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Various approaches to classification have been developed and applied at the local and regional scale. The taxonomic approach seeks to establish land units by grouping sites with similar properties. Under the regionalization approach, land is subdivided into natural units on the basis of spatial patterns that affect resource use and natural processes. The appropriate system depends on the kind of information needed.
PACFORNET: Technical Information Services for Pacific Coast Foresters
Authors: Yerke Theodor B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
PACFORNET is a pioneer information network operating in three western regions and two research stations of the USDA Forest Service. It combines research library facilities with recently available information-handling technology, telecommunications, and document delivery, thus serving foresters even in remote ranger districts. The network is working effectively, and recommendations for its geographic expansion have been made.
Expanded Gypsy Moth Research and Development Program
Authors: McManus Michael L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Since it was introduced into New England in 1869, the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., has slowly spread through the oak-hickory forests to the south and west and continues to be the most serious forest insect problem in the East. Work on the moth was increased substantially in 1971 to cope with a region-wide outbreak in the Northeast, and in 1975 it was accelerated through the USDA Combined Forest Pest Research and Development Program. New technology from the program is being incorporated into an integrated system for managing this insect.
The University Environment and Forestry Education
Authors: Foil R. Rodney 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forestry education is shaped by its location in universities that are publicly controlled and subject to close public scrutiny, are no longer expanding their enrollments, and are increasing their research and extension functions at some cost to their programs of undergraduate instruction. The present trend toward aggregating all renewable-resource programs into one academic unit is a means to maintain autonomy, reduce costs, and foster interdisciplinary activity.
Systematic Approach to Multiple-Use Management
Authors: Biesterfeldt Robert C. , Boyce Stephen G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A computerized system is available to help make decisions about multiple-use management. On a forest, production of individual benefits, such as turkey habitat, is mathematically related to rotation lengths and sizes of openings for reproduction. From these equations, which are independent of one another, the benefits that will accrue from a management alternative are computed and displayed. A manager can therefore base his decisions upon benefit production. Once a combination of benefits is chosen, the system indicates the rates of timber harvest and the sizes of openings required to produce that combination.
1977 Enrollment and Degrees in Forestry
Authors: Flinchum D. Mitchell 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Bachelors and doctors degrees granted in 1977 declined modestly from 1976, while the number of masters degrees topped the previous record in 1974. Enrollment decreased slightly in 1977 at the undergraduate and master levels, and reached an all-time high in Ph.D. programs. However, trends in undergraduate enrollments forecast a record-breaking graduation class in 1980. Women are increasingly interested in forestry degrees, and in 1977 comprised 19.5 percent of total enrollment. Racial minorities made up 1.7 percent of the total enrollment--more than estimated in past years. As in the past, general forest resources options attracted the most students, with the wildlife-range-fisheries option being the second most popular.
World Forestry: Coordinating Range and Wildlife Management in Kenya
Authors: Casebeer Robert L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To ease competition between livestock and game in Kenya, FAO specialists devised methods whereby revenues from hunting or observing game, or from sale of live specimens, could be shared with ranchers whose forage helped to subsist the animals. An attempt was made to harvest animals for sale to urban dwellers, but the meat could not be marketed for less than the price of beef and some leaders objected to game cropping.
Yellow-Poplar: A Component of Climax Forests?
Authors: Buckner Edward , McCracken Weaver 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Although classed as intolerant and requiring exposed mineral soil for vigorous regeneration, yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) has long been considered a dominant in climax stands on good sites in the southern Appalachians. More in keeping with its silvical traits is its role as an aggressive pioneer on disturbed sites. The disturbances necessary to perpetuate this light-demanding tree in otherwise stable climax communities are explained by the species' growth habit. The trees reach great size and age at maturity, and their dominant crown position makes them highly susceptible to windthrow. Their falling thus creates openings and exposes mineral soil sufficient for regeneration.
Wildlife in a Herbicide-Treated Jeffrey Pine Plantation in Eastern California
Authors: Savidge Julie Ann 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In a plantation of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. and Balf.), spraying with 2,4,5-T thinned some brush species (Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. in particular) while encouraging others. The change in vegetation substantially reduced populations of resident birds, both in numbers of individuals and species. Mule deer likewise were reduced in number on the sprayed area. Conversely, some small mammals, particularly chipmunks, increased.
Measuring Trail Conditions with Stereo Photography
Authors: Rinehart Robert P. , Hardy Colin C. , Rosenau Henry G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Stereo photographs taken with an ordinary camera mounted on a shop-made tripod attachment proved valuable in studying trail entrenchment, and may have other field applications. Entrenchment can be measured from the photos on a stereo plotter. The photos also illustrate changes in earth movement and facilitate relocation of transects.
National Forests and Reserved Water Rights in the Western United States
Authors: Fairfax Sally K. , Andrews Barbara T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The "Winters Doctrine" indicates that when the federal government reserved land to accomplish public purposes, it implicitly reserved sufficient water to accomplish those purposes, even though water was not mentioned when the land was reserved and state water allocation law was not complied with. Originally enunciated in connection with Indian reservations, the doctrine has been extended to other federal reservations, including national forests, and presents possible conflict between federal and state water-resource planning.
Applied Urban Forestry--An Example
Authors: Merrill Gary O. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Murray, Utah, is an example of a community with a functioning urban forestry program. The city forester supervises a Forestry Divison with responsibilities in power line clearance, street and park tree maintenance, planting, and public information. Special projects include efforts in wood utilization, employee training, and a city tree inventory. Problems center around urban environmental impacts and public education.
Agency Literature as an Aid to Wilderness Management
Authors: Fazio James R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Posing as a backpacker planning a trip, the author wrote for literature from units of three federal agencies responsible for wilderness management. Almost all units responded, in an average time of three days, and approximately five pieces of literature were sent per response. Only a portion of the information sent was wilderness-related, however, and that portion was judged only moderately effective in aiding management.
Reconstituted Products--A Use for Mixed Tropical Hardwoods
Authors: Youngs Robert L. , Laundrie James F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Mixtures of wood species typical of lowland moist tropical forests were used at the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory to make a variety of reconstituted products. Kraft pulps had strength properties at least equal to those of market pulps produced in North America or Scandinavia. Successful newsprint, writing and school papers, tissue and toweling grades, hardboards, particleboards, and even linerboard and corrugating medium were also made.
Forest Fertilization in the United States: Progress and Outlook
Authors: Bengtson George W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Greatest operational use of fertilizers in U.S. forests is, and will continue to be, in the Pacific Northwest and the Southeast. Western practice involves aerially applying nitrogen as granular urea to pole-sized or larger Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) across a wide range of west-side sites. In the southeastern Lower Coastal Plain, on soils classified as very poorly drained, phosphorus-containing fertilizers generally are used to assure rapid growth of new plantings of slash pine Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda). Established stands of these species are boosted by mid- to late-rotation applications of nitrogen as urea or ammonium nitrate, or compound NP fertilizers. By mid-1978, 1,200,000 acres had been fertilized in the Northwest and 900,000 in the Southeast. Projections for the coming decade are that up to 500,000 acres will be treated annually in the West and about 250,000 in the South. Fertilizer for these purposes would total less than 1 percent of U.S. consumption in 1977. The supply situation, considered worldwide, is good for phosphate but somewhat uncertain for U.S. users of nitrogen.
Adjusting Discount Rates for Risk
Authors: Foster Bennett B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Determining the premium to be added to a discount rate for evaluating a risky investment is rather straightforward and easily understood when the annual risk probability is known. However, if the risk is best perceived as an accumulated "lump" at some future time, then this determination should be made with caution. The duration over which the lumps accumulate acutely influences magnitude of the risk premium.
Biomass Prediction for Young Southern Pines
Authors: Edwards M. Boyd , McNab W. Henry 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Sapling-sized loblolly, shortleaf, slash, and longleaf pines (Pinus taeda, P. echinata, P. elliottii var, elliottii, P. palustris) were cut from even-aged stands in central Georgia, and their above-ground biomass was measured. Regression equations were then developed to predict total dry weight per sapling. With these equations, weight can be predicted from diameter at groundline and total height.