bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salmonella induces prominent gene expression in the rat colon
Authors: Rodenburg Wendy , Keijer Jaap , Kramer Evelien , Roosing Susanne , Vink Carolien , Katan Martijn B , van der Meer Roelof , Bovee-Oudenhoven Ingeborg MJ 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundSalmonella enteritidisis suggested to translocate in the small intestine.In vivoit induces gene expression changes in the ileal mucosa and Peyer's patches. Stimulation ofSalmonellatranslocation by dietary prebiotics fermented in colon suggests involvement of the colon as well. However, effects ofSalmonellaon colonic gene expressionin vivoare largely unknown. We aimed to characterize time dependentSalmonella-induced changes of colonic mucosal gene expression in rats using whole genome microarrays. For this, rats were orally infected withSalmonella enteritidisto mimic a foodborne infection and colonic gene expression was determined at days 1, 3 and 6 post-infection (n = 8 rats per time-point). As fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) affect colonic physiology, we analyzed colonic mucosal gene expression of FOS-fed versus cellulose-fed rats infected withSalmonellain a separate experiment. Colonic mucosal samples were isolated at day 2 post-infection.ResultsSalmonellaaffected transport (e.g. Chloride channel calcium activated 6, H+/K+transporting Atp-ase), antimicrobial defense (e.g. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein, Defensin 5 and phospholipase A2), inflammation (e.g. calprotectin), oxidative stress related genes (e.g. Dual oxidase 2 and Glutathione peroxidase 2) and Proteolysis (e.g. Ubiquitin D and Proteosome subunit beta type 9). Furthermore,Salmonellatranslocation increased serum IFNγ and many interferon-related genes in colonic mucosa. The gene most strongly induced bySalmonellainfection was Pancreatitis Associated Protein (Pap), showing >100-fold induction at day 6 after oral infection. Results were confirmed by Q-PCR in individual rats. Stimulation ofSalmonellatranslocation by dietary FOS was accompanied by enhancement of theSalmonella-induced mucosal processes, not by induction of other processes.ConclusionWe conclude that the colon is a target tissue forSalmonella, considering the abundant changes in mucosal gene expression.
The effect of different skin-ankle brace application pressures on quiet single-limb balance and electromyographic activation onset of lower limb muscles
Authors: Papadopoulos Emmanuel S , Nikolopoulos Christos , Badekas Athanasios , Vagenas George , Papadakis Stamatios A , Athanasopoulos Spyros 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
Several studies have been carried out in order to investigate the effect of ankle bracing on ankle joint function and performance. However, no study so far has examined the role of skin-brace interface pressure in neuromuscular control. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different skin-ankle brace interface pressures on quiet single limb balance and the electromyographic (EMG) activation sequence of four lower limb muscles.

Methods
Thirty three male physical education students who volunteered to take part in the study were measured under three ankle brace conditions: i) without brace, ii) with brace and 30 kPa application pressure and iii) with brace and 60 kPa application pressure. Single limb balance (anteroposterior and mediolateral parameter) was assessed on the dominant lower limb, with open and closed eyes, on a force platform, simultaneously with the EMG recording of four lower lower limb muscles' (gastrocnemius, peroneus longus, rectus femoris and biceps femoris) activation onset.

Results
The results showed that overall balance (total stability parameter) was not significantly affected in any of the three ankle brace conditions. However, the anteroposterior centre of pressure excursion and centre of pressure excursion velocity were significantly increased with the application of ankle brace, both with 30 and 60 kPa application pressures. Furthermore, it was found that single limb balance was significantly worse with closed eyes compared to open eyes. EMG measurements showed that the sequence of lower limb activation onset was not affected in any of the three ankle brace application conditions. The results of this study showed that the application of an ankle brace with two different skin-brace interface pressures had no effect on overall single limb balance and the sequence of lower limb muscle activation.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that peripheral joint receptors are either not adequately stimulated by the brace application and therefore are not able to alter the balance control strategy of the CNS, or that they play a less important role in the control of single limb balance. Further research is needed in this area with more dynamic and functional measurements, before the safe use of ankle bracing can be widely recommended.
The embryonic muscle transcriptome of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Fox Rebecca M , Watson Joseph D , Von Stetina Stephen E , McDermott Joan , Brodigan Thomas M , Fukushige Tetsunari , Krause Michael , Miller David M 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Background
The force generating mechanism of muscle is evolutionarily ancient; the fundamental structural and functional components of the sarcomere are common to motile animals throughout phylogeny. Recent evidence suggests that the transcription factors that regulate muscle development are also conserved. Thus, a comprehensive description of muscle gene expression in a simple model organism should define a basic muscle transcriptome that is also found in animals with more complex body plans. To this end, we applied microarray profiling of Caenorhabtidis elegans cells (MAPCeL) to muscle cell populations extracted from developing C. elegans embryos.

Results
We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate myo-3::green fluorescent protein (GFP) positive muscle cells, and their cultured derivatives, from dissociated early C. elegans embryos. Microarray analysis identified 7,070 expressed genes, 1,312 of which are enriched in the myo-3::GFP positive cell population relative to the average embryonic cell. The muscle enriched gene set was validated by comparisons with known muscle markers, independently derived expression data, and GFP reporters in transgenic strains. These results confirm the utility of MAPCeL for cell type specific expression profiling and reveal that 60% of these transcripts have human homologs.

Conclusion
This study provides a comprehensive description of gene expression in developing C. elegans embryonic muscle cells. The finding that more than half of these muscle enriched transcripts encode proteins with human homologs suggests that mutant analysis of these genes in C. elegans could reveal evolutionarily conserved models of muscle gene function, with ready application to human muscle pathologies.
Bcl-2 Overexpression in Thyroid Carcinoma Cells Increases Sensitivity to Bcl-2 Homology 3 Domain Inhibition
Authors: Mitsiades Constantine S. , Hayden Patrick , Kotoula Vassiliki , McMillin Douglas W. , McMullan Ciaran , Negri Joseph , Delmore Jake E. , Poulaki Vassiliki , Mitsiades Nicholas 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Context: The Bcl-2 family of proteins regulates apoptosis in various models and may represent a promising therapeutic target in human malignancies.
Objective/Methods: We evaluated the sensitivity of thyroid carcinoma cell lines (two papillary, one follicular, two anaplastic, three medullary) in vitro to BH3I-1 and BH3I-2′, two cell-permeable inhibitors of the Bcl-2 homology (BH)-3 domain-mediated interaction between proapoptotic and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. The thyroid carcinoma cell line FRO was stably transfected with cDNA for Bcl-2 or constitutively active Akt and evaluated for sensitivity to BH3-domain inhibition.
Results: BH3-domain inhibition disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential in thyroid carcinoma cells, induced caspase-dependent apoptosis, and potently sensitized them to sublethal concentrations of doxorubicin and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Velcade). Overexpression of constitutively active Akt suppressed BH3I-1-induced cell death. Bcl-2-overexpressing FRO cells were more resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents (such as doxorubicin) but significantly more sensitive to BH3I-1 than control cells and were found to overexpress caspase-9, caspase-8, Bmf, Bok, and Bik transcripts and express less A1, BRaf, and FLIP transcripts.
Conclusions: Bcl-2 expression protects thyroid carcinomas against chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Nevertheless, overexpression of Bcl-2 may result in “oncogene addiction” of the cancer cell, which can be exploited by using BH3-domain inhibitors alone or in combination with other agents, including conventional chemotherapeutics (such as doxorubicin) or novel targeted therapies (such as the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib), for the treatment of aggressive thyroid cancer, including the medullary and anaplastic types.
Young Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Have Evidence of Early Coronary Atherosclerosis
Authors: Shroff Rupal , Kerchner Angela , Maifeld Michelle , Van Beek Edwin J. R. , Jagasia Dinesh , Dokras Anuja 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Context: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with comorbidities that may contribute to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. PCOS is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and diabetes, but it remains unclear whether traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors can help predict coronary artery disease in this population.
Objective: The objectives of the study were to detect early-onset subclinical coronary atherosclerosis (using coronary artery calcium as a marker) in young women with PCOS, compared with age- and body mass index-matched controls, and to compare traditional CV risk factors and inflammatory markers in the two groups.
Design: This was a prospective case-control study.
Setting: The study was conducted at a university hospital.
Subjects: Twenty-four obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) PCOS subjects and 24 obese controls participated.
Outcome Measures: Coronary artery calcium, inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6, TNFα, adiponectin, leptin), fasting blood tests (glucose, lipids, insulin), and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan for body fat distribution were measured.
Results: Coronary artery calcium was detected in eight of 24 PCOS subjects (33%) and two of 24 controls (8%) (odds ratio 5.5, 95% confidence interval 1.03, 29.45, P &lt; 0.03). Traditional CV risk factors did not differ significantly between the two groups, nor did markers of inflammation or adiposity, body fat distribution, or metabolic parameters with the exception of significantly lower quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (marker for insulin resistance) in the PCOS group (P &lt; 0.05).
Conclusions: Young, obese women with PCOS have a high prevalence of early asymptomatic coronary atherosclerosis, compared with obese controls. This increased risk is independent of traditional CV risk factors and novel markers of inflammation. These findings underscore the need to screen and aggressively counsel and treat these women to prevent symptomatic CV disease.
Escitalopram Therapy for Major Depression and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Baldwin David S , Reines Elin Heldbo , Guiton Christina , Weiller Emmanuelle 
Published: September 2007

Background: Randomized controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that escitalopram is efficacious in a range of mood and anxiety disorders, but the individual trials are insufficiently large to allow a full exploration of its tolerability. Objective: To assess (he tolerability and safety of escitalopram through analysis of all randomized controlled clinical trials in major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. Methods: Analyses of tolerability were based on data from all available randomized, double-blind, controlled studies completed by December 2006 in which escitalopram was compared with placebo or active compounds (citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine). Adverse events (AEs) that occurred more frequently with escitalopram than with placebo were listed, and tolerability and safety were evaluated. Results: Nausea was the only AE with an incidence greater than or equal to 10% and 5 percentage points greater than with placebo during short-term treatment. In general, AEs were mild to moderate in severity. AEs related to sexual dysfunction were similarly frequent with escitalopram and Citalopram, but were higher with paroxetine. No suicide occurred among escitalopram-treated patients, and there were no significant differences between escitalopram and placebo in incidence of suicidal behavior, measured by self-harm and suicidal thoughts. The 8 week withdrawal rate due to AEs was higher with escitalopram than with placebo (7.3% vs 2.8%; p < 0,001) but lower than with paroxetine (6.6% vs 9.0%; p < 0.01) or venlafaxine (6.1% vs 13.2%; p < 0.01) (Fisher's Exact test, 2 tailed). Compared with paroxetine, escitalopram resulted in significantly fewer discontinuation symptoms (average increase in Discontinuation Emergent Signs and Symptoms Scale of 1.6 vs 3.9; p < 0.01). There were no clinically relevant changes in clinical laboratory values in patients treated with escitalopram. Mean weight change after 6 months of treatment with escitalopram (0.58 ± 2.63 kg) was similar to that with placebo (0.15 ± 2.33 kg). The incidence of cardiovascular events was similar to that with placebo. The risk of AEs was no higher in special patient populations, such as the elderly (≥65 y of age) or those with hepatic dysfunction. Conclusions: Based on data from randomized controlled trials involving more than 4000 escitalopram-treated patients, escitalopram (10–20 mg/day) is safe and well tolerated in short- and long-term treatment.
Evaluation of Centrally Acting Cholinesterase Inhibitor Exposures in Adults
Authors: McCain Keith R , Sawyer Tama S , Spiller Henry A 
Published: September 2007

Background:There are 4 centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitors (CA-ChEI) available in the US: tacrine, galantamina, rivastigmine, and donepezil. Documented clinical experience involving exposure to these agents is limited. The lack of information makes decisions involving excessive or unintended CA-ChEI exposure difficult.Objective:TO assess the effects, demographics, and outcomes of CA-ChEI exposures reported to US poison centers.Methods:A retrospective review of the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System of the American Association of Poison Control Centers data of acute and acute-on-chrontc exposures involving only a CA-ChEI in patients 19 years of age or older with documented medical outcomes from 2000–2005 was performed.Results:There were 1026 records that met criteria for this study. Patients aged 70–89 years made up 73% of reports; 69% of the patients were female. Moderate (197) and major outcomes (20) accounted for 21% of exposures. There were no deaths. Clinical effects that occurred in 5% or more of patients included vomiting (34%), nausea (28%), diarrhea (12%), dizziness/vertigo (9.9%), drowsiness/lethargy (7.7%), diaphoresis (7.4%), tremor (5.2%), and bradycardia (5%). Patients were admitted to the hospital in 19% of all exposures. Of those patients, 42% were admitted to a critical care unit. The majority (65%) of exposures were attributed to unintentional therapeutic error. Patients received at least one form of therapy In 47% of exposures, including intravenous fluid (111), antiemetic (46), atropine (17), benzodiazepine (15), oxygen (14), antihypertensive (4), pralidoxime (4), intubation (3), antihistamine (2), antiarrhythmic (1), anticonvulsant (1), and pacemaker (1).Conclusions:The majority of patients evaluated in this retrospective study experienced no or mild effect; however, significant or life-threatening effects were observed in a small group of patients and an appreciable number of patients were admitted to a healthcare facility.
Role of Chemotherapy and Rituximab for Treatment of Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in Solid Organ Transplantation
Authors: Lee Jin-Joo , Lam Masha SH , Rosenberg Amy 
Published: September 2007

Objective: To evaluate the role of chemotherapy and/or rituximab for treatment of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in solid organ transplantation. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2007) was conducted using the key words posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, solid organ transplantation, chemotherapy, and rituximab. References of relevant articles and abstracts from recent hematology, oncology, and transplantation scientific meetings (2004–May 2007) were also reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Prospective and retrospective studies identified from the data sources were evaluated, and all information deemed relevant was included for this review. Data Synthesis: Overall response rates ranged from 53% to 68%, 25% to 83%, and 74% to 100% for rituximab monotherapy, chemotherapy, and chemotherapy plus rituximab, respectively. Positive response to treatment was influenced by prognostic factors, including presence of Epstein-Barr virus in tumor cells, normal lactate dehydrogenase levels, good performance status, early disease onset after transplantation, and early disease stages. These factors in study patients likely contribute to the variability in response rates seen between treatment options. Severe adverse effects, ranging from grade 3 neutropenia to infection resulting in death, occurred more frequently in patients receiving chemotherapy than in patients receiving only rituximab. Conclusions: Although reduction in immunosuppressive medications remains the first-line therapy for PTLD treatment, many cases do not respond to this treatment alone, especially monomorphic or more aggressive cases of lymphoma. Therefore, it is reasonable to begin active treatment including rituximab and/or chemotherapy initially, along with reduction in immunosuppression in many cases. Further prospective, comparative studies are urgently needed to confirm the efficacy of these treatment strategies as well as to clarify which subset of patients may benefit most from them.
Inappropriate Continuation of Stress Ulcer Prophylactic Therapy After Discharge
Authors: Wohlt Paul D , Hansen Lizbeth A , Fish Jeffrey T 
Published: September 2007

Background: Medications for stress ulcer prophylaxis are appropriately started in critically ill patients with risks for developing stress ulcers. It is unknown whether these drugs are discontinued once the risk factors are removed. Objective: TO assess the duration of stress ulcer prophylactic therapy in critically ill patients. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted at a multidisciplinary, 24 bed medical/surgical intensive care unit (ICU) of a university-affiliated tertiary referral medical center. Three hundred ninety-four patients fulfilled eligibility criteria during the study period of July 1, 2005, through September 30, 2005. Patients were considered to be appropriately discharged from the hospital on gastric acid suppressants it they met any of the following criteria: continued mechanical ventilation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, peplic ulcer disease, history of gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding within the past year, prescribed medications used for stress ulcer prophylaxis prior to admission, gastrointestinal bleed during hospitalization, or prescriber indication of reason to continue therapy. Results: Three hundred fifty-seven patients received stress ulcer prophylaxis during their ICU stay. Of these, 80% continued on gastric acid suppressants on transfer from the ICU, with 60% of the therapy being inappropriate. The percentage of critically ill patients discharged from the hospital with inappropriate prescription of gastric acid suppressants was 24.4%. Based on the average wholesale cost, the total cost for unnecessary gastric acid suppressant therapy within the follow-up period was $13,973. Conclusions: Gastric acid suppressant medications initially prescribed for stress ulcer prophylaxis are frequently prescribed inappropriately on discharge for patients who were initially admitted to the medical/surgical ICU.
Karyological observations on the occurrence of meiosis in the life cycle of Porphyra haitanensis Chang et Zheng (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Yan Xing-hong , He Liang-hua , Aruga Yusho 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The occurrence of meiosis in the life cycle of the heteromorphic dioecious marine red alga, Porphyra haitanensis, is described. Chromosome numbers indicated that conchosporangial cells and conchospores are diploid (2n=10), while two- and three-celled stages of conchospore germlings, vegetative cells and spermatia of the gametophytic blades are haploid (n=5). We observed karyological changes in leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diakinesis, metaphase and anaphase of the meiosis, and the change in ploidy at the two-celled stage of conchospore germling. Characteristics of the first division of the conchospore and the change in ploidy at the two-celled stage indicated that meiosis I occurs during the germination division of conchospore in this species.
“Congenial to Almost Every Shade of Radicalism”: The Delaware Valley and the Success of Early Mormonism
Authors: Fleming Stephen J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWith many theories about the rise of Mormonism, this article turns to early Mormonism's growth in the Delaware Valley for insights. By testing the relative wealth of the converts, this article argues that Mormon conversion was not a product of deprivation as the converts tested were somewhat wealthier than their neighbors and were drawn from across the socioeconomic spectrum. Instead of appealing to the dispossessed, Mormonism offered a radical supernatural biblical message that appealed to certain cultural and religious orientations. Mormonism was successful among Methodists in central New Jersey, whose religious practice was still full of the enthusiasm common to Methodism's early years in America. Many of these Methodists saw Mormon supernaturalism as a welcome addition to their experience, while the considerably more formal Methodists on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware were much less receptive to Mormonism. A Quaker heritage among the converts was common on both sides of the river. The converts were principally not practicing Quakers but still maintained aspects of their heritage and were, thus, termed “hickory” Quakers. Such individuals were common in the Delaware Valley since so many Quaker's had been cut off from the fold largely resulting from the mid-eighteenth-century Quaker reformation that reinstituted strict guidelines on the membership. Yet, the reformation did not reinstitute the enthusiasm of the Quakers’ early years that had been lost after its first generation. The lapsed Quakers who were drawn to Mormonism's supernatural worldview had a romantic inherited memory of Quakerism's origins and were eager to join a religion that manifested the fervor of Quakerism's origins. Thus, Mormonism was congenial to both these kinds of religious radicalism.
After the Exodus: The New Catholics in Boston's Old Ethnic Neighborhoods
Authors: Jackson Regine O. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article contributes to the growing body of work on the impact of religious institutions on the identities and experiences of new immigrants from the Caribbean, Latin America, and Asia. Drawing from ethnographic research on Haitian immigrants in Boston, I find a relationship between initial residential settlement patterns and the location of Catholic churches. Following Gerald Gamm'sUrban Exodus: Why Jews Left Boston and the Catholics Stayed, I argue that Haitian immigrants who arrived in Boston in the 1960s were attracted to certain neighborhoods despite the racial climate because they were Catholic. In addition to the influence of rules governing membership and religious authority, I show that Haitians turned to a Catholic narrative of their experience in Boston because being Catholic was the most acceptable way of being Haitian in that social context.