bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular effects of submaximal aerobic training on a treadmill in Standardbred horses, using a standardized exercise test
Authors: Bayly W. M. , Gabel A. A. , Barr S. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seven healthy, nonexercised, previously trained, adult Standardbred horses were allotted to 2 groups and trained 78 days on a treadmill set at a 7° 30' angle. The groups were trained on different schedules, and the effects of training on heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, systemic blood pressure, and venous lactic acid were determined.
Measurements were made at rest, during exercise on the treadmill at rates of 55 m/min, 75 m/min, 100 m/min, and 154 m/min, and at 5 minutes after exercise (standardized exercise test).
Heart rate and cardiac output decreased during the training period. Significantly slower heart rates were observed at 55 m/min by day 8, at 100 m/min and 154 m/min by day 36, at 1 minute after exercise by day 57, and at 5 minutes after exercise by day 78 (P < 0.05). Stroke volume increased with exercise, but not significantly.
The arteriovenous oxygen difference increased significantly (P < 0.05) with each increase in work load. There was no significant increase with training, although an upward trend was recorded.
Mean systemic blood pressure did not differ from resting with treadmill rates of 55 m/min, 75 m/min, or 100 m/min. It was greater at 154 m/min, although this was not significant. During exercise, the total peripheral resistance decreased to as little as 30% of its resting value. After exercise, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures and peripheral resistance increased. Marked increases in blood volume and blood viscosity during exercise were closely related to the decrease in peripheral resistance. There was no significant effect of training on blood pressure.
Venous lactic acid concentrations at rest were greater than those of the horses on the treadmill at rates of 55 m/min, 75 m/min, and 100 m/min and at 5 minutes after exercise on days 1, 8, and 15. Subsequently, they were not different from resting values.
Differences in the effects of the different training programs could not be detected.
Mechanical responses to peroneal nerve stimulation in halothane-anesthetized horses in the absence of neuromuscular blockade and during partial nondepolarizing blockade
Authors: Klein Lin , Hopkins Judy , Beck Ernest , Burton Bridget 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Neuromuscular function in anesthetized horses was monitored by stimulating the peroneal nerve and recording the mechanical responses. Responses to stimulation at various frequencies during halothane anesthesia in the absence of neuromuscular blockade, during partied nondepolarizing blockade, and after pharmacologic antagonism of the blockade are reported.
Chromosome identification of the rusty-spotted cat (Felis rubiginosa): One more down and four to go
Authors: Centerwall Willard R. , Wurster-Hill Doris H. , Maruska Edward J. , Kramer Lynn W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The chromosomes of the rusty-spotted cat, Felis rubiginosa, of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) were analyzed. Although the 38-chromosome complement of F rubiginosa closely resembles that of several other species, it seems to be unique with only minor variations in the D and F chromosomes. This reduces, from 5 to 4, the number of the 37 recognized world feline species not yet cytogenetically studied.
Despite great differences in size and distribution, the feline species of the world are one of the most homogenous families of mammals, with only subtle chromosomal differences separating most species. By comparative cytogenetic analyses, it is becoming possible to map the probable evolutionary pathway of the world’s cats.
Immunochemical studies to purify rabbit and chicken immunoglobulin G antibody by protein A-Sepharose chromatography
Authors: Ansari A. A. , Chang T. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The immunoglobulin (Ig) G binding properties of protein A made affinity chromatography with protein A an acceptable method for isolation of IgG in mammals. Rabbit IgG was isolated by fractionation of serum on a column containing protein A coupled to Sepharose. The IgG molecules of subclasses 1, 2, and 4 and their fragments containing the Fc region had this affinity, but not IgG-3. The second peak, after washing with 1M acetic acid eluate (pH 7.0) as shown in the Ouchterlony agar immunodiffusion test, was the IgG fraction. Similar studies on normal and hyperimmune chicken sera indicated that chicken IgG does not bind to protein A molecules. Further studies indicated that chicken plasminogen did not bind covalently to protein A molecules and subsequently did not interfere in the affinity of protein A to bind to IgG molecules. The inhibition of binding of chicken IgG to protein A molecule is still unknown.
Comparison of two oxytetracycline formulations in the treatment of laboratory-induced pasteurellosis of pigs
Authors: George Lisle W. , Magonigle Robert , Weiss Raul 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two experiments were performed. In the first, pigs were given an intratracheal inoculation of Pasteurella multocida and then were either left untreated (group T1; n = 10) or 4 hours later, were given a commercially available oxytetracycline formulation. Pigs (group T2; n = 10), one of the antibiotic treatment groups, were given an im administration (11 mg of antibiotic/kg of body weight) of a formulation containing oxytetracycline (50 mg/ml). The dose was repeated 12 hours later. The pigs in the other treated group (group T3; n = 10) were given a single im administration (20 mg of antibiotic/kg of body weight) of a long-lasting formulation containing oxytetracycline (200 mg/ml). On the 7th post inoculation day, all of the pigs that survived were euthanatized. Necropsies were performed on all pigs immediately after death. By the 7th day after the pigs were inoculated, 7 of the controls and 1 of the 1-time treated pigs (200 mg/ml formulation) had died. Clinical signs and pathologic changes in the lungs of the pigs given the 200 mg/ml formulation were similar to those in the pigs given the 2 doses of the 50 mg/ml formulation. In general, both groups of treated pigs gained more weight, were less depressed (cns), had lower total wbc counts, and had less severe lung lesions than did the controls.
In the 2nd experiment, serum antibiotic concentrations produced by each formulation were measured in pigs. Four pigs were given either 1 im dose, or 2 equivalent doses (11 mg/ kg of body weight) spaced 12 hours apart of the 50 mg/ml formulation. Ten days later, 4 of the pigs were given a single im dose (20 mg of oxytetracycline/kg of body weight) of the 200 mg/ml formulation. In all pigs, the average peak serum antibiotic concentrations were similar in magnitude and occurred 2 hours after the drugs were administered. The pigs given the 50 mg/ml formulation twice and the 200 mg/ml formulation once had serum oxytetracycline concentrations exceeding 1 μg/ml for 48 hours. The average serum oxytetracycline concentration of pigs given a single dose of the 50 mg/ml formulation was < 0.5 μg/ml by 16 hours.
Relation of lipid content and exotoxin production to virulence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in mice
Authors: Muckle C. A. , Gyles C. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-five isolates of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from lesions of caseous lymphadenitis in goats were examined for cell wall lipid content, exotoxin production, and virulence in mice. The mean percentage of lipid content was 6.52% and significant (P < 0.005) differences were demonstrated between some isolates. Exotoxin in broth culture filtrates of the 25 isolates was measured by the staphylococcal β-hemolysin inhibition (bhi) test and a radioassay for phospholipase D. All isolates were positive for exotoxin in both tests and 1 isolate had higher activity than the others. Because the correlation between the bhi test and radioassay was poor, it may be that the radioassay detects only enzymatically active exotoxin, whereas the bhi test detects active and inactive exotoxin. All isolates were virulent in mice at 2 dosage levels used to produce subacute-chronic and acute disease. Differences in virulence among isolates were detected only at the lower dosage level. There was a direct relationship between percentage of lipid and induction of chronic abscessation in mice, but not between lipid content and mortality. Although exotoxin production in vitro could not be related quantitatively to virulence, the results of inoculating mice with bacterial cells and broth culture supernatant were consistent with a role for exotoxin in disease.
Distribution of abscesses and shedder state in swine inoculated with group E streptococci via routes other than oral
Authors: Miller R. B. , Olson L. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pathogenesis of group E streptococcal abscesses of swine which occur at sites other than the head and neck (atypical sites) was studied after groups of swine were each inoculated by 1 of 4 routes (intragastric, intraenteric, footpad, or intratracheal). Abscesses were observed in the head and neck of all swine and at atypical sites in 3 of the 5 swine inoculated by the intragastric route. In 20 swine inoculated by the intraenteric route, head and neck abscesses were recognized in 7 and abscesses at atypical sites occurred in 11. Inoculation by footpad scarification induced head and neck abscesses in 1 of 5 swine and atypical sites abscesses in 2 of 5 swine. Intratracheal inoculation produced head and neck abscesses in 3 of 5 swine and an abscess at an atypical site (lung parenchyma) in 1 of the 3 with head and neck abscesses. Four of 5 noninoculated swine had abscesses in the mandibular lymph nodes 55 days after they had access to a manure pit used also by swine inoculated by footpad scarification. Abscesses in atypical sites were not recognized in 29 sentinel swine with abscesses exposed by nose and/or oral contact.
In transmission studies, all principal swine were inoculated with group E streptococcus by the intraenteric route. A group of 5 principals transmitted the organism to 1 of 2 susceptible penmates. Each of another 5 principals transmitted group E streptococcus to 4 of 5, 4 of 4, 3 of 4, 3 of 4, and 2 of 4 of their respective contact sentinels. In the last experiment, when 5 swine were inoculated and penned separately, 2 of 2 transmitted group E streptococcus by drinking water, 2 of 3 transmitted group E streptococcus by drinking water and/or nose contact, and 2 of 5 transmitted group E streptococcus by their feces. Transmission was determined by isolation of group E streptococcus from sentinel abscess exudate. In the last experiment, transmission also was determined by a microtitration agglutination test.
Contagious equine metritis: Distribution of organisms in experimental infection of mares
Authors: Acland H. M. , Allen P. Z. , Kenney R. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
After contagious equine metritis bacteria were inoculated into the uterus of mares, genital tract tissues were examined for presence of the organism by bacteriologic cultural technique and an indirect immunofluorescent staining technique. Up to 14 days after mares were inoculated, the organism was frequently in the lumen of the uterus and in the cervix and, less frequently, in the vagina, vestibule, clitoral fossa, clitoral sinus, and uterine tubes. After 21 to 116 days, the organism was occasionally found on the ovarian surface, in the uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina and more frequently in the clitoral sinus and clitoral fossa. The distribution of organisms in the remainder of the genital tract was not different in mares that had been clitorectomized.
Depression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function associated with experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis in sows
Authors: Löfstedt J. , Roth J. A. , Ross R. F. , Wagner W. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a study of susceptibilities of sows from 2 herds to experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis, a marked difference was seen. The “susceptible” sows were from a conventional herd and “resistant” sows were from a specific-pathogen-free herd. The purpose of the study was to determine whether deficient neutrophil function was associated with increased susceptibility to E coli-induced mastitis. Four in vitro procedures were used to evaluate polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) function: (i) random migration under agarose, (ii) ingestion of 125I-iododeox-yuridine-labeled Staphylococcus aureus, (iii) quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and (iv) iodination.
After parturition and intramammary inoculation with E coli, sows from the susceptible herd were neutropenic and the neutrophils which were present in the peripheral blood had reduced function. Specifically, there were depressed random migration under agarose, S aureus ingestion, and iodination when compared with pmn function in resistant sows. These data indicate that susceptibility to E coli mastitis was associated with deficiencies in pmn numbers and function. Potential causes of the neutrophil dysfunction are discussed and include possible systemic hormonal aberrations or the presence of an inapparent viral or bacterial infection.
Analysis of serum and lymphocyte surface IgM of healthy and immunodeficient horses with monoclonal antibodies
Authors: McGuire Travis C. , Perryman Lance E. , Davis William C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nine monoclonal antibodies which reacted with equine immunoglobulin (Ig)M and not other equine Ig and serum proteins were prepared. Cells producing antibodies (C 1.9) which precipitated with IgM and bound to staphylococcal protein A were triple-cloned (C 1.9/3.2) and the antibodies further characterized. Monoclonal antibody C 1.9/3.2 reacted with an IgM determinant present on serum IgM from horses of several breeds. Studies with 125I-labeled IgM revealed the presence of this determinant on all IgM molecules. The monoclonal antibody enabled quantitation of IgM in presuckling foal and adult horse sera, using rocket electrophoresis. This procedure was used because presumably it gives a positive precipitation reaction over a wide range of antigen-antibody ratios. The C 1.9/3.2 monoclonal antibody recognized an exposed μ-chain determinant on live B lymphocytes, as determined by immunofluorescence, Also, IgM-containing cells could be identified in acetone-fixed frozen sections of lymphoid tissue. Sera from several other species carry the determinant identified by C 1.9/3.2, suggesting that the reagent may be useful for IgM studies in other species.
In vivo harboring of equine herpesvirus-1 in leukocyte populations and subpopulations and their quantitation from experimentally infected ponies
Authors: Scott J. C. , Dutta S. K. , Myrup A. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pony foals were experimentally inoculated with equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) to detect and quantitate the in vivo presence of the virus in peripheral blood leukocyte populations and subpopulations, plasma, and nasal secretions. Pony foals had typical clinical signs of respiratory tract disease and developed a transient lymphopenia that peaked on postinoculation day (pid) 4 involving T and B lymphocytes. However, the relative proportions of the lymphocytes subpopulations remained constant during the course of the lymphopenia.
Equine herpesvirus-1 was not detected by plaque assay from the disrupted leukocytes. It was detected 4 from the mononuclear cells and sub-populations (T cells, B cells, and monocytes) by infective center (ic) assay by cocultivation of intact cells onto permissive equine monolayer cell cultures.
After mitogen stimulation in culture, virus was detected in a higher number of these cells by ic assay, and a large concentration of virus was also detected by plaque assay. The highest number of mononuclear cells harboring virus was on pid 4 with a value of 43 ic/2 × 106 and 514 ic/2 × 106 cells and 0 plaque-forming unit (pfu)/ml and 6,803 pfu/ml for noncultured and cultured cells, respectively. Of the mononuclear cells, the predominant cells harboring virus were the T lymphocytes with peak values on pid 4 of 76 ic/2 × 106 and 851 ic/2 × 106 cells for noncultured and cultured cells, respectively. The corresponding plaque-assay titers were 0 and 10,464 pfu/ml, respectively. A lower number of B lymphocytes and monocytes contained virus on pid 4. Virus was detected in the mononuclear cells up to pid 14. The virus was not detected in neutrophils, before and after culture, by ic assay or plaque assay.
A low and variable concentration of ehv-1 was detected from the plasma samples up to pid 7, and on subsequent days, it was not detected. The virus was recovered from nasal swab samples up to pid 14 to 20. Seemingly, ehv-1 is a T-lympho-tropic herpesvirus.
Phenylbutazone toxicosis in the foal
Authors: Traub Josie L. , Gallina Anthony M. , Grant Barrie D. , Reed Stephen M. , Gavin Patrick R. , Paulsen Lynn M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of a clinical therapeutic dosage level of phenylbutazone (pbz) on the gastric mucosa of the foal was determined by using endoscopy, double-contrast radiography, and postmortem and histologic examinations. Toxic effects of pbz were monitored by clinical examination, changes in blood chemical values, and gross postmortem and histologic examinations.
Eight foals were given pbz (group A, n = 5) or placebo (group B; n = 3) mixed in molasses orally twice a day. Seven foals were given pbz (group C; n = 5) or placebo (group D; n = 2) in an encapsulated form orally twice a day. Phenylbutazone (10 mg/kg of body weight/day) was given for 12 to 42 days.
At necropsy, a significant number (P = 0.05) of pbz-treated foals had ulcers in the glandular portion of the stomach and the oral cavity. Other lesions observed in pbz-treated foals included edema of the colon in 3 foals and ulceration in the right dorsal colon in 1 foal. Ulceration of the nonglandular portion of the stomach adjacent to the margo plicatus (mp) was observed in 6 pbz-treated foals and 4 controls. Histologic evaluation of ulcers occurring adjacent to the mp indicated a parasitic cause.
Clinical observations in 10 foals given pbz included diarrhea in 5, oral ulceration in 6, a trend toward an increase in blood urea nitrogen in 5, and a decrease in total protein in 9.
Ring-like lesions and/or filling defects were detected radiographically, using a double-contrast technique in 6 of 9 pbz-treated foals and 0 of 5 controls. A thickened cranial stomach wall was observed in 6 of 9 pbz-treated foals and 2 controls. Endoscopy of the stomach allowed visualization of ulcers adjacent to the mp in 4 of 10 pbz-treated foals and 1 control; these ulcers were confirmed at necropsy. Evaluation of the glandular portion of the stomach was difficult.
Phenylbutazone (10 mg/kg/day) for 12 to 42 days resulted in ulcers in the oral cavity and the glandular portion of the stomach. Endoscopy and double-contrast radiography indicated promise as diagnostic techniques to detect gastric ulceration in the foal.
Endotoxin-induced hemodynamic changes in dogs: Role of thromboxane and prostaglandin I2
Authors: Bottoms G. D. , Johnson M. A. , Roesel O. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma concentrations of thromboxane and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) before and after iv injection of endotoxin and resulting hemodynamic changes were evaluated. Effects of flunixin meglumine on plasma concentrations of these prostaglandins and the related hemodynamic changes were also determined.
Shock was induced in 2 groups of anesthetized dogs. Four dogs were given endotoxin only and 4 dogs were given endotoxin and then were treated with flunixin meglumine. Arterial blood pressure (bp), cardiac output (co), and heart rate were measured, and blood samples were collected at postendotoxin hours (peh) 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Plasma thromboxane and PGI2 concentrations were increased in canine endotoxic shock. Thromboxane concentration was highest early in shock, and appeared to be associated with an initial decrease in bp and co. The increased concentration of PGI2 was associated with systemic hypotension at peh 1 to 2. Treatment of dogs with flunixin meglumine at peh 0.07 prevented further increase of thromboxane and blocked the release of PGI2, resulting in an increased co, bp, and tissue aerobic metabolism.
Simplified technique for histochemical determination of three fiber types in equine skeletal muscle
Authors: Hodgson David R. , Rose Reuben J. , Allen Jennifer R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
For determination of 3 muscle fiber types in equine skeletal muscle, a comparison of 2 preincubation buffers, each followed by myosin adenosine triphosphatase staining, was made. Serial sections of the muscle samples (n = 75) were preincubated in an acid buffer (pH 4.6) or a formaldehyde-glycine buffer (pH 7.25) and then were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase. Differentiation of muscle fibers into type I, IIA, and IIB was identical with both techniques; however, in the samples prepared at pH 4.6, type I fibers were black; type IIA, light gray; and type IIB, dark gray. In the samples prepared at pH 7.25, types I, IIA, and IIB fibers were white, light gray, and dark gray respectively.
The formaldehyde-glycine preincubation buffer (at pH 7.25) gave more consistent results, was easier to prepare, and retained cytoarchitecture better, compared with the samples prepared at pH 4.6.
Embryo transfer from cattle infected with bluetongue virus
Authors: Bowen R. A. , Howard T. H. , Elsden R. P. , Seidel G. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Embryos recovered nonsurgically from donor cattle during the peak of bluetongue viremia were surgically transferred to seronegative recipients 7 to 8 or 10 to 11 days after the onset of donor estrus. Virus was isolated from the uterine flushing medium recovered from 11 of the 20 donors. Bluetongue virus was not isolated from the blood of any of 39 recipients, nor did any recipient seroconvert to the virus following transfer. The number of recipients that became pregnant after transfer of embryos from infected donors (21 of 39) was not significantly different from contemporary controls. Virus antigen was not detected by immunofluorescence in any of 63 embryos and oocytes recovered from viremic donors. These results indicate that under standard embryo transfer conditions, transmission of bluetongue virus from infected donors to uninfected recipients is unlikely to occur.
Pharmacokinetics of chlortetracycline potentiation with citric acid in the chicken
Authors: Pollet R. A. , Glatz C. E. , Dyer D. C. , Barnes H. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum concentrations of chlortetracycline (ctc) in healthy chickens were determined for the 24-hour period after they were given ctc (with and without citric acid) as an oral (25 mg/kg) or iv (0.9 mg/kg) dose. The oral time-course drug data were fitted adequately by a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model with absorption.
The resulting absorption rate constant (Ka) for the birds orally given ctc with citric acid was nearly equal to that for the birds given ctc alone. Although the uptake of orally administered ctc was rapid, only a small fraction of the dose was absorbed. The administration of citric acid-ctc significantly increased the mean serum concentration of ctc and the fraction of the dose absorbed. The citric acid-ctc mixture also produced significantly higher elimination (Kel) and distribution (K12) rate constants for ctc.
Studies of the pathogenesis of anemia of inflammation: Erythrocyte survival
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Krehbiel Janver D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Erythrocyte survival was investigated in healthy cats and in cats with sterile abscesses. Erythrocyte survival time in cats with sterile abscesses was found to be significantly reduced. The erythrocyte destruction appeared to be the major factor in the early stages of anemia of inflammation.