bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Small Scale Testing Compared to Cal 133 Mockup Test: Part II
Authors: Stone Herman , Pcolinsky Michael 
Published: March 2007

Development of a simple laboratory scale ignition test to serve as a quality control tool in conjunction with larger scale tests such as California Technical Bulletin 133 has been continued. Using the California Technical Bulletin 117 configuration the proposed foam test procedure uses a lightweight standard polypropylene fabric and an igni tion source of a 55 ml cube of 160 kg/m3 density rigid foam. Alternatively the procedure may be useful in screening fabrics and in nerliners with an appropriate foam. Main criteria are burn time and weight loss.
Compensation Under Seige
Authors: Longnecker Brent M. , Wood Cynde L. 
Published: March 2007

Dateline: The Southwest. A utilities company comes under attack for "excessive" executive compensation practices. These practices include supplying a cov ered garage and awarding bonuses to executives. Dateline: The Midwest. A disgruntled employee of a publicly owned beauty-supply company sues her employers, complaining of excessive executive com pensation. Her case is based on the argument that given her age and experience in the field, her com pensation should match management's. Dateline: The South. A minority shareholder accuses a husband-and-wife-owned investment firm of shady practices when it comes to self-compensation. The shareholder states that the owners are being compen sated far above what is considered appropriate.
Does Citizen Participation Matter?: Toward the Development of Theory
Authors: Pollak Patricia Baron 
Published: March 2007

Requirements for private citizen involvement in the local implementation of federal programs have existed for a number of years now. In urban planning programs, a role for "citizen participation" has been formalized since the "workable program" of the Housing Act of 1954. During the three decades since 1954, requirements for citizen participation have been incorporated in programs of a number of other fed eral agencies as well. As a result, a number of scholars have focused their attention on a variety of aspects of citizen participation and an impressive body of literature has been developed. There is, however, little in that literature that focuses upon the effect of "required" citizen participation on decision outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to add an additional dimension to the existing literature by proposing a conceptual framework for examining the impact of mandated citizen participation on planning decisions. Based on the assumptions that (1) mandated citizen participation groups can be regarded as interest groups, and (2) that the nature of the administrative and deci sion making processes to which mandated citizen participation committees are as cribed are political rather than technical, the paper suggests the uttlity of a decision making framework for the analysis of the impact of citizen participation efforts. A model of the decision making process based upon reference group theory is proposed for examining the role of mandated citizen participation in the decision making pro cess. While the proposed model explicitly addresses mandated citizen participation in the role of contributor to a planning decision, the conceptual framework should be applicable to other organized efforts to "participate" in public policy decisions.
The electronic information industry in Europe
Authors: Casey Michael 
Published: March 2007

Developments in the electronic information industry in Europe in recent years have hitherto been dis cussed mainly in the context of developed countries such as France, West Germany and the United Kingdom. The contribution to date of less developed economies (LDEs) to the European information indus try has received little attention from market analysts for a number of reasons. First, there has been a pre occupation with wider issues such as cultural, political, legal and tech nical barriers facing a pan- European information industry, and second, there has been little to report on developments in the less developed countries. There is now, however, clear evidence of a grow ing electronic information business throughout Europe and the less developed countries are determined to secure their share. For the purposes of this paper, Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain are defined as LDEs on the basis of prevailing general socio-economic indicators. An analysis of the con tributions of LDEs to the European information industry, using the lat est available European macro-statis tics, indicates that LDEs are very minor players in the business. Reasons for poor performance are examined in the context of the information environments in these countries and the issues highlight ed include the following: national information policy; information awareness; small and medium sized enterprises; role of the public sec tor ; telecommunications; informa tion market constraints; private sector players; information person nel, education and training; experi ence in the information business; and multilingualism. The paper concludes with detailed analysis of very recent trends, i.e. over the last two years, in individual LDEs, based on local reporting of national developments. Significant strides are apparent in Spain where there is a marked shift from public to private sector play ers. Parallel developments (although on different scales) are reported in Portugal and Ireland where there is a growing videotex services industry with emphasis on vertical niche markets. Greece appears to be trailing behind because of telecommunications infrastructural and other problems in the market-place.
Religion and the Business Enterprise: An American Perspective
Authors: Ostas Daniel T. 
Published: March 2007

The main thesis of this essay is that religious inquiry can and should be central to business ethics instruction in both the business school classroom and the corporate boardroom. Religious conviction has always been a major factor in social progress in America. Hence, removing religious inquiry from ethical instruction severely restricts the potency of such instruction to effect change. The essay first analyzes two aspects of American culture that tend to inhibit religious dialogue: (a) American faith in a wall between the secular and the sacred; and (b) a cultural commitment to 'scientific' inquiries when discussing business matters. Although both cultural beliefs must be taken seriously, however, they need not silence one's religious beliefs and values. Two contemporary frameworks for analyzing issues in business ethics—'stakeholder theory' and 'social contract theory'— are then focused upon and it is demonstrated that religious dialogue and religious principles can usefully supplement either approach.
A Pvm Implementation of the Mchf Atomic Structure Package
Authors: Stathopoulos Andreas , Ynnerman Anders B. , Fischer Charlotte F. 
Published: March 2007

The Multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) package is a suite of programs that provide the atomic data re quired by many science and engineering disciplines. Previous implementations of the MCHF on parallel computers provided means for meeting the ever- increasing computational demands posed by these calculations. However, the resulting codes had strict limitations on speed, problem size, and communication. In this paper, a Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) imple mentation of the MCHF is considered on a cluster of high-end workstations. Some of the limitations are overcome through the high utilization of resources (in cluding CPU, prime memory, and disk space). The de velopment of efficient routines for global operations and of a user-friendly interface exploits the special characteristics of PVM programming. Moreover, a re structuring of the methods provides new codes that do not bear the above limitations and that exhibit signifi cantly better speedups. Besides the algorithmic im provements, this paper presents a flexible code that can be used equally well on workstations and on the IBM SP2 multiprocessor to solve problems of one or der of magnitude larger than any previous attempts, and thus facilitates new research in various scientific fields.
Review : A tripartite approach to assessing practice
Authors: Long Tony , Asbury Jill 
Published: March 2007

■ Assessment of clinical practice is at least as important as assessment of theory. ■ To date the assessment of clinical competence at differing levels has been neglected. ■ When assessing clinical practice it is vital to utilise multiple sources of evidence. ■ A tripartite relationship of practitioner or student, supervising practitioner, and lecturer is a versatile arrangement for evaluating evidence of achievement.
Great expectations? Parental participation in care
Authors: Blower Kirsty , Morgan Elizabeth 
Published: March 2007

■ A structured questionnaire was used to compare the views of 80 parents and nurses examining expectations of parental participation in care. ■ Nurses and parents shared many expectations. However, there were instances when parents expected a different and sometimes greater level of participation. ■ A lack of negotiation between parents and nurses with regard to expected roles resulted in parents often feeling unable to express their desired level of participation. ■ Both parties indicated that if parents received greater guidance and support, it would be possible for their expectations to be met more adequately.
Review : Higher Education: making an informed choice
Authors: Bramwell Rosalind Susan , Dixon Annie Mary 
Published: March 2007

■ Potential students need to make informed choices when undertaking further study. ■ Potential students should access different sorts of information regarding the institution of their choice. ■ Potential students need to be aware of how service needs influence the choices available. ■ Potential students should have a clear idea of what they are aiming for. ■ Potential students should be aware of the differences between similar courses.
Review : Simple febrile convulsions: evidence for best practice
Authors: Hawksworth Dawn L 
Published: March 2007

■ Febrile convulsions are common in early childhood and may be the first sign of an illness. ■ Witnessing the convulsion and experiencing the subsequent admission is extremely stressful for parents. ■ Children's nurses need to identify the evidence for best practice in the management of febrile convulsions. ■ Parent education is an essential component of the management of care.
Review : Head louse infection: a health promotion activity
Authors: Maynard Elisabeth 
Published: March 2007

■ Head lice are the most common human ectoparasite ■ Although an infectious disease, louse infection rarely cause physical problems other than an itchy scalp ■ Social stigma surrounding infection induces feelings of shame, anger and embarrassment for families ■ Preventative health education and promotion via screening can effectively reduce the incidences of lice infection ■ The Mosaic Model of Treatment is recommended as the most up-to-date treatment regime, suitable for use on all children
Enhanced Enzymatic Reaction of Tyrosinase-immobilized Polyacrylamide–(γ-Cyclodextrin) Membrane Coated on a Platinum Disk Electrode in Acetonitrile
Authors: Nakamura Toshio , Ji Xueping , Endo Kazuyoshi , Takano Daisuke 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A functionalized stable film, polyacrylamide–(γ-cyclodextrin) (PAA–γ-CD), synthesized from polyacrylamide (PAA) and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD), was used to immobilize enzyme. The membrane containing γ-CD provided an excellent environment for enzymatic kinetics between tyrosinase in the membrane and the substrates in acetonitrile.
Long-term Effects of Pancreatic Transplant Function in Patients with Advanced Juvenile-onset Diabetes
Authors: Gliedman Marvin L , Tellis Vivian A , Soberman Robert , Rifkin Harold , Veith Frank J 
Published: March 2007

Present methods of management of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus do not prevent serious and debilitating complications affecting multiple organ systems. In an effort to reverse advanced forms of these complications, segmental transplantation of the pancreas has been performed on 10 patients, seven of whom simultaneously or subsequently received renal transplants. Long periods of normoglycemia (two to four and one-half years) were achieved in two patients who also maintained transplant kidney function. The course of these two patients is described to illustrate the possible value and limitations of the procedure. These patients had normal blood glucose levels, exhibited repeated normal intravenous glucose tolerance curves, and had repeated normal endogenous insulin levels. Their courses were characterized by (1) absence of problems related to pancreatic exocrine secretions into the bladder; (2) stable eye changes despite some episodes of hemorrhage from preëxisting retinopathy; (3) vascular complications, including stroke and gangrene of extremities necessitating amputation despite successful femoropopliteal bypass grafting; (4) peripheral neuropathy; and (5) repeated infections. Both patients succumbed to vascular complications.
Thus, pancreatic transplantation can maintain blood glucose and insulin at normal levels for extended periods of time. However, it does not reverse such complications as advanced retinopathy or atherosclerosis. Since the procedure may have value in preventing progression of these complications, it should be evaluated in patients with less advanced complications of diabetes.
Spectrum of Proteinuria in Type I and Type II Diabetes
Authors: Jerums George , Cooper Mark E , Seeman Ego , Murray Robin M L , McNeil John J 
Published: March 2007

We prospectively investigated the evolution of proteinuria in 52 type I diabetics over 7.8 ± 0.3 (mean ± SE) yr and in 61 type II diabetics over 6.4 ± 0.3 yr. Measurements of renal protein clearance were performed serially, and the time course of proteinuria was classified in each subject based on a threshold albumin clearance of 11 nl/s, equivalent to a urinary albumin excretion rate of 30 μg/min. The classification based on this threshold yielded four distinct patterns of albuminuria: minimal, intermittent, progressing, and established. These patterns occurred in both type I and type II diabetics independently of the duration of follow-up. This study has identified a pattern of intermittent microalbuminuria that is also associated with transient elevations of transferrin and IgG clearances.
The relationship of clinical and biochemical parameters to proteinuria patterns was evaluated. No relationship was detected between proteinuria patterns and glycemic control in either type I or type II diabetics. In type I but not type II diabetics, established proteinuria was associated with higher systolic blood pressure and decreased creatinine clearance.
The phase of intermittent proteinuria detected in this study may represent a reversible stage in the development of diabetic nephropathy, but the factors that trigger the transition to progressing proteinuria remain obscure.
Visual Impairment and Retinopathy in People With Normal Glucose Tolerance, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, and Newly Diagnosed NIDDM
Authors: Klein Ronald , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth L , Blunt Barbara A , Wingard Deborah L 
Published: March 2007

Objective
Prevalence rates of visual impairment and retinopathy were compared in 1992 people with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or newly diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

Research Design and Methods
Glucose tolerance status was based on an oral glucose tolerance test after exclusion of those with a history of diabetes and/or diabetes medication use in an upper middle-class community of older white adults in southern California between 1984 and 1987.

Results
Although many sex-specific comparisons were made between glucose tolerance groups, only a few emerged as statistically significant. Among those, women with IGT had significantly higher age-adjusted rates of visual impairment (10.8%) than women with normal glucose tolerance (4.4%). Among men, those with IGT had significantly higher age-adjusted rates of visual impairment (7.9%) than men with newly diagnosed NIDDM (4.0%).

Conclusions
Low frequencies of retinopathy were found in all three glucose tolerance groups.
Patterns of Glucose and Lipid Abnormalities in Black NIDDM Subjects
Authors: Chaiken Rochelle L , Banerji Mary Ann , Pasmantier RoseMarie , Huey Howard , Hirsch Sondra , Lebovitz Harold E 
Published: March 2007

Objective
We had previously shown two variants among black non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) subjects in a normoglycemic remission: one with insulin resistance and the other with normal insulin sensitivity. This study examined whether these two variants exist in the ordinary hyperglycemic black NIDDM population.

Research Design and Methods
Fifty-two black NIDDM subjects were assessed for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (euglycemic clamp), glycemic control (fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c), and fasting lipid profiles.

Results
The distribution of glucose disposal in 30 black NIDDM subjects (body mass index; BMI &lt; 30 kg/m2) was bimodal, which indicated two populations. Eighteen of 30 subjects (BMI 26.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2) had insulin resistance (glucose disposal 3.21 ± 0.24 mg·kg−1·min−1). Twelve of 30 subjects (BMI 24.83 ± 1.1 kg/m2) had normal insulin sensitivity (glucose disposal 7.19 ± 0.46 mg·kg−1·min−1). Twenty-one of the remaining 22 subjects (BMI 33.4 ± 0.7 kg/m2) were insulin resistant (glucose disposal 2.88 ± 0.21 mg·kg−1·min−1). Fasting serum triglyceride levels were lowest in the insulin-sensitive population (0.91 ± 0.07 mM) and different from the insulin-resistant population, BMI &lt; 30 and &gt; 30 kg/m2, (1.20 ± 0.10 mM, P &lt; 0.05 and 1.42 ± 0.17 mM, P &lt; 0.025, respectively). Fasting serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were not significantly different among the groups, although it did increase with insulin resistance and increasing obesity. Total serum cholesterol levels and glycemic control were similar for all three groups. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in women compared with men.

Conclusions
In the hyperglycemic black NIDDM population, two variants exist: one with insulin resistance and one with normal insulin sensitivity. This insulin-sensitive variant represents 40% of subjects with a BMI &lt; 30 kg/m2. Moreover, the insulin-sensitive group has a lower risk profile for cardiovascular disease.
Factors Determining Recall of Examination Results in Diabetic Population
Authors: Moss Scot E , Klein Ronald , Klein Barbara EK 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To determine factors influencing recall of examination results after 4 yr.

Research Design and Methods
At two examinations that were 4 yr apart, a diabetic population was asked, “Have you been told that your diabetes has affected the back of your eyes, that is the retina?” Participants were informed by letter whether they had retinopathy. Subjects in this study included younger-onset (n = 311) and older-onset (n = 279) diabetic subjects who had retinopathy at baseline and did not know it.

Results
Forty-two percent of younger-onset and 29% of older-onset subjects recalled at follow-up that they had been told their diabetes had affected their eyes. People in both groups were more likely to recall they had retinopathy if they had more severe retinopathy, had more symptoms of neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease, had seen an ophthalmologist within 2 yr, or monitored their blood glucose more often. In addition, younger-onset diabetic subjects with poorer visual acuity or who were on a combination insulin regimen and older-onset people taking insulin, having more education, or who were younger were more likely to recall they had retinopathy. Factors not associated with recall in either group included sex, duration of diabetes, proteinuria, glycosylated hemoglobin, and family income.

Conclusions
These results underscore the need to develop better methods to deliver health-care information to people who have diabetes.
Split-Mixed Insulin Regimen With Human Ultralente Before Supper and NPH (Isophane) Before Breakfast in Children and Adolescents With IDDM
Authors: Wolfsdorf Joseph I , Laffel Lori MB , Pasquarello Cynthia , Vernon Anne , Herskowitz Raymonde D 
Published: March 2007

Objective
Fasting hyperglycemia is common in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) treated with twice-daily subcutaneous insulin regimens. We postulated that substituting human ultralente insulin for the presupper dose of intermediate-acting insulin would improve overnight glycemic control in children and adolescents with IDDM.

Research Design and Methods
This 6-mo double-blind crossover study compared a conventional insulin regimen, a mixture of human NPH and regular given before both breakfast and supper (NPH), with a novel twice-daily regimen in which human ultralente replaced NPH before the evening meal (ultralente). This study was comprised of 20 children and adolescents (mean age and duration of IDDM 11.3 ± 2.9 and 2.4 ± 1.3 yr, respectively) from the Youth Clinic of the Joslin Diabetes Center, all of whom regularly performed self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and had been treated exclusively with human insulin (mean daily dose 0.75 ± 0.22 U/kg). Subjects performed SMBG on a prescribed schedule with a glucose meter with an electronic memory, and recorded results of blood glucose measurements, insulin dosages, and episodes of hypoglycemia. Monthly measurements were obtained for height, weight, and HbA1, and mean daily insulin dosages and average blood glucose level before breakfast, lunch, supper, bedtime snack, and between 0200 and 0300 were calculated. Nonfasting serum lipids were measured at entry, crossover, and the end of the study.

Results
After 3 mo, mean HbA, did not differ significantly (9.1 ± 1.7 vs. 9.5 ± 1.4%, NPH and ultralente, respectively). Mean fasting blood glucose was significantly lower on ultralente (9.6 ± 1.9 vs. 10.3 ± 2.2 mM, P &lt; 0.05, and blood glucose showed a similar trend (0.05 &lt; P &lt; 0.1) before lunch (8.9 ± 1.7 vs. 9.8 ± 2.6 mM. Mean blood glucose before bedtime snack was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.01) on NPH (8.4 ± 1.9 vs. 10.0 ± 2.1 mM) but did not differ significantly before supper or between 0200 and 0300. On the two regimens, growth and serum lipids were normal and similar, and no differences were observed in the incidence or severity of hypoglycemia.

Conclusions
Compared with a mixed dose of regular and NPH, a similar dose of a mixture of regular and human ultralente insulin before supper caused a modest reduction in fasting blood glucose levels but was associated with higher blood glucose levels before the bedtime snack. Overall glycemic control, reflected in HbA1 values, was not significantly improved.