bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Verbal and Pictorial Measures of Hunger During Fasting in Normal Weight and Obese Subjects
Authors: Lowe Michael R. , Friedman Mark I. , Mattes Rick , Kopyt Diana , Gayda Christine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Friedman, Ulrich, and Mattes described a new pictorial instrument for assessing hunger wherein respondents outline areas on a drawing of a human figure to depict the location of their hunger sensations. The present study compared normal weight and obese individuals on the pictorial measure and on more traditional verbal hunger measures during a 22‐hour fast.Research Methods and Procedures: The pictorial measure, along with 13 verbal items assessing hunger and hunger‐related symptoms, was administered to 29 normal weight college students and 46 overweight clinic patients four times during a 22‐hour fast. Factor analyses of verbal hunger items produced Hunger, Somatic Symptoms, and Stomach Symptoms factors. The pictorial measure was divided into peripheral (arms, legs, head) and central (trunk) body areas.Results: The increases in hunger during the fast were greater when measured using the pictorial as opposed to the verbal instrument. Correlations between and within the three verbal hunger measures and two pictorial measures were generally few in number and modest in size. The overall pattern of correlations suggested that the verbally based hunger measures more adequately reflected the experience of hunger in normal weight than in obese individuals. A significant interaction between weight status and assessment period was found for the pictorial measure, indicating that normal weight subjects experienced more bodily hunger than overweight subjects initially but experienced less hunger than obese subjects after a prolonged period of food deprivation.Discussion: Although more testing is needed, these results suggest that the pictorial hunger assessment provides information about the experience of hunger that could complement information provided by traditional verbally based hunger measures.
Body Mass Index and the Prevalence of Hypertension and Dyslipidemia
Authors: Brown Clarice D. , Higgins Millicent , Donato Karen A. , Rohde Frederick C. , Garrison Robert , Obarzanek Eva , Ernst Nancy D. , Horan Michael 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To describe and evaluate relationships between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C), and hypertension and dyslipidemia.Research Methods and Procedures: A national survey of adults in the United States that included measurement of height, weight, blood pressure, and lipids (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III 1988–1994). Crude age‐adjusted, age‐specific means and proportions, and multivariate odds ratios that quantify the association between hypertension or dyslipidemia and BMI, controlling for race/ethnicity, education, and smoking habits are presented.Results: More than one‐half of the adult population is overweight (BMI of 25 to 29.9) or obese (BMI of ≥30). The prevalence of high blood pressure and mean levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased as BMI increased at ages younger than 60 years. The prevalence of high blood cholesterol and mean levels of cholesterol were higher at BMI levels over 25 rather than below 25 but did not increase consistently with increasing BMI above 25. Rates of low HDL‐C increased and mean levels of HDL‐C decreased as levels of BMI increased. The associations of BMI with high blood pressure and abnormal lipids were statistically significant after controlling for age, race or ethnicity, education, and smoking; odds ratios were highest at ages 20 to 39 but most trends were apparent at older ages. Within BMI categories, hypertension was more prevalent and HDL‐C levels were higher in black than white or Mexican American men and women.Discussion: These data quantify the strong associations of BMI with hypertension and abnormal lipids. They are consistent with the national emphasis on prevention and control of overweight and obesity and indicate that blood pressure and cholesterol measurement and control are especially important for overweight and obese people.
Differences in Body Fat and Central Adiposity between Swedes and European Immigrants: The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study
Authors: Lahmann Petra H. , Lissner Lauren , Gullberg Bo , Berglund Göran 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Comparative data on ecological differences in body fatness and fat distribution within Europe are sparse. Migration studies may provide information on the impact of environmental factors on body size in different populations. The objective was to investigate differences in adiposity between European immigrants and native Swedes, specifically to examine gender differences and the effect of time since immigration, and to compare two selected immigrant groups with their native countrymen.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional analysis of 27,808 adults aged 45 to 73 years participating in the Malmö Diet and Cancer prospective cohort study in Sweden was performed. Percentage body fat (impedance analysis) and waist‐hip ratio (WHR) were compared between Swedish‐born and foreign‐born participants.Results: Obesity was 40% more prevalent in non‐Swedish Europeans compared with Swedes. Controlling for age, height, smoking, physical activity, and occupation, it was found that women born in the former Yugoslavia, southern Europe, Hungary, and Finland had a significantly higher percentage of body fat, and those from Hungary, Poland, and Germany had more centralized adiposity compared with Swedish women. Men born in the former Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Denmark had a significantly higher mean percentage of body fat compared with Swedish‐born men, whereas Yugoslavian, Finnish, and German men differed significantly in mean WHR. Length of residence in Sweden was inversely associated with central adiposity in immigrants. A comparison between German and Danish immigrants, their respective native populations, and Swedes indicated an intermediate positioning of German immigrants with regard to body mass index and WHR.Discussion: Differences in general and central adiposity by country of origin appear to remain after migration. Central adiposity seems to be more influenced than fatness per se by time of residency in Sweden.
Topiramate Reduces Energy and Fat Gains in Lean (Fa/?) and Obese (fa/fa) Zucker Rats
Authors: Picard Frédéric , Deshaies Yves , Lalonde Josée , Samson Pierre , Richard Denis 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:This study examined the effects of topiramate (TPM), a novel neurotherapeutic agent reported to reduce body weight in humans, on the components of energy balance in female Zucker rats.Research Methods and Procedures:A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was performed in which two cohorts of Zucker rats differing in their phenotype (phenotype: lean,Fa/?; obese,fa/fa) were each divided into three groups defined by the dose of TPM administered (dose: TPM 0, vehicle; TPM 15, 15 mg/kg; TPM 60, 60 mg/kg).Results:The reduction in body weight gain induced by TPM in both lean and obese rats reflected a decrease in total body energy gain, which was more evident in obese than in lean rats. Whereas TPM administration did not influence the intake of digestible energy in lean rats, it induced a reduction in food intake in obese animals. In lean, but not in obese rats, apparent energy expenditure (as calculated by the difference between energy intake and energy gain) was higher in rats treated with TPM than in animals administered the vehicle. The low dose of TPM decreased fat gain (with emphasis on subcutaneous fat) without affecting protein gain, whereas the high dose of the drug induced a reduction in both fat and protein gains. The effects of TPM on muscle and fat depot weights were representative of the global effects of TPM on whole body fat and protein gains. The calculated energetic efficiency (energy gain/energy intake) was decreased in both lean and obese rats after TPM treatment. TPM dose independently reduced hyperinsulinemia of obese rats, but it did not alter insulinemia of lean animals.Discussion:The present results provide sound evidence for the ability of TPM to reduce fat and energy gains through reducing energetic efficiency in both lean and obese Zucker rats.
Comparison of Thermogenic Sympathetic Response to Food Intake between Obese and Non‐obese Young Women
Authors: Matsumoto Tamaki , Miyawaki Chiemi , Ue Hidetoshi , Kanda Tomo , Yoshitake Yasuhide , Moritani Toshio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Sympathetic nervous system abnormality in humans is still a matter of debate. The present study was designed to examine diet‐induced autonomic nervous system activity and metabolic change in obese and non‐obese young women.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixteen age‐ and height‐matched obese and non‐obese young women participated in this study. Sympathovagal activities were assessed by means of our newly developed spectral analysis procedure of heart‐rate variability during the resting condition and after mixed‐food ingestion (480 kcal). Energy expenditure was also measured under these two conditions.Results: There was no significant difference in any of the parameters of the heart‐rate variability between the obese group and control group during the resting condition. In the control group, both absolute values (221.5 ± 54.5 vs. 363.8 ± 43.7 ms2, p < 0.05) and relative values (0.23 ± 0.03 to 0.36 ± 0.02, p < 0.05) of a very‐low‐frequency component and global sympathetic nervous system index (1.46 ± 0.19 vs. 3.26 ± 0.61, p < 0.05) were significantly increased after mixed‐food ingestion compared with the values obtained after resting condition. However, no such sympathetic response was found in the obese group. Energy expenditure increased in the two groups after the meal, but the magnitude of the increase above the preprandial resting condition was significantly greater in the control group than in the obese group (11.2 ± 2.3 vs. 6.7 ± 0.8%, p < 0.05).Discussion: Our data suggest that despite identical sympathovagal activities at the resting condition, obese young women may possess a reduced sympathetic response to physiological perturbation such as mixed food intake, which might be related to lowered capacity of thermogenesis and the state of obesity.
Association of BMI with the β3‐Adrenergic Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Japanese: Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Kurokawa Naoyuki , Nakai Kunihiko , Kameo Satomi , Liu Zhong‐Min , Satoh Hiroshi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the effect of the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the β3‐adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB3) on body mass index (BMI) in the Japanese population.Research Methods and Procedures: We selected studies that evaluated the association between BMI and ADRB3 polymorphism among Japanese, using MEDLINE and PubMed. After data collection, an extension of ANOVA was performed to assess the differences according to the genotype.Results: In a total of 35 subgroups including 2316 subjects with the Trp64Arg variant and 4266 subjects without this variant, the weighted mean difference in BMI was 0.26 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval: 0.18 to 0.42; p < 0.01), indicating that variant carriers exhibited higher BMI than did normal homozygous subjects.Discussion: Although it is known that the allele frequency of the ADRB3 polymorphism differs among races, this study focuses on the Japanese population, which has a high allele frequency of ADRB3 polymorphism. We assumed that statistical errors would be prevented due to the sufficient number of subjects. In conclusion, the results support the hypothesis that ADRB3 gene polymorphism is associated with BMI.
Men Gain Additional Psychological Benefits by Adding Exercise to a Weight‐Loss Program
Authors: Kiernan Michaela , King Abby C. , Stefanick Marcia L. , Killen Joel D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Adding exercise to a comprehensive weight‐loss program might not only attenuate any psychological distress associated with weight‐loss attempts but also may provide psychological benefits. This study examined whether a diet‐plus‐exercise weight‐loss program improved psychological outcomes more than a diet‐only weight‐loss program or an assessment‐only control group.Research Methods and Procedures: This study was part of a larger 1‐year randomized weight‐loss trial examining the effects of diet and exercise on cardiovascular disease risk factors in 264 overweight adults. Psychological measures specific to weight control (e.g., cognitive restraint, disinhibition, hunger, and body dissatisfaction) as well as traditional measures of psychological distress (e.g., symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress) were obtained at baseline and 1 year.Results: Men and women in either weight‐loss program reported greater restraint, less disinhibition, and less hunger at 1 year than those in no program. Men in the diet‐plus‐exercise program experienced additional increases in restraint and decreases in hunger than did men in the diet‐only program. Women in the diet‐plus‐exercise program did not experience additional psychological benefits specific to weight control than those in the diet‐only program, despite increases in aerobic capacity.Discussion: The pattern seen for overweight men in the diet‐plus‐exercise program at 1 year—greater restraint, less disinhibition, and less hunger—is similar to the pattern seen in successful weight maintainers. These results underscore the need for innovative strategies that will enhance and sustain the pattern of psychological benefits specific to weight control associated with successful weight loss, especially for overweight women.
Prediction of Body Fat by Anthropometry in Older Chinese People
Authors: Kwok Timothy , Woo Jean , Lau Edith 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To derive regression equations for fat percentage by using simple anthropometric measurements applicable in normal and immobile (cannot stand or walk) older people.Research Methods and Procedures: The study population comprised 352 females and 261 males, apparently well and community‐dwelling, aged 69 to 82 years. Fifty‐one females and 27 males were recruited for external validation. Body weight, standing height, arm span, triceps and biceps skinfold thicknesses (SFTs), and midarm circumference were measured. The reference method of total body fat percentage was dual‐energy X‐ray densitometry. Predictive equations for fat percentages were derived by stepwise multiple linear regression on anthropometric indices and gender.Results: Upper‐limb SFTs, body mass index, and gender yielded the more predictive equation. The SEE was 4.1% weight. There was a significant trend of underestimation in overweight subjects, especially in females. The equation using SFTs and midarm circumference was less reliable but more applicable to older immobile people and those with significant kyphoscoliosis.Conclusions: The combination of body mass index and upper‐limb SFTs gives reliable prediction of fat percentages in older Chinese people, except in the obese.
Treatment Approaches: Food First for Weight Management and Health
Authors: Blackburn George L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMany genetic, environmental, behavioral, and cultural factors affect health. Diet is as vital as any of them for preventing disease and promoting well‐being. We know that what we eat can lead to premature disability and mortality: to obesity, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, degenerative arthritis, sleep apnea, and other illnesses. Now scientific evidence points to links between dietary patterns and illness. The study of these links is a new approach to understanding the role that diet plays in chronic disease. Initial studies include those on eating patterns and risk of colon cancer. More recently, researchers have investigated all‐cause mortality and leading causes of chronic disease. Novel epidemiological approaches include factorial analysis to evaluate dietary patterns and cluster analysis to examine nutrient intake, gender, and weight status across food‐pattern clusters. These methods work best within groups to identify major dietary patterns, but not necessarily ideal diets. They may also differ across population groups. The success of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension and Lyon Diet Heart studies supports the value of dietary pattern analysis. At the same time, the relative failure of single‐nutrient studies underscores the need for new methodologies and directions in research.
Food Provision as a Strategy to Promote Weight Loss
Authors: Wing Rena R. , Jeffery Robert W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIntervention strategies used in weight‐control programs typically rely on participants to make behavior changes on their own. Better results might be achieved if more direct approaches were taken to make environmental changes by providing food to participants and paying them for weight loss. Two studies on food provision for improving weight loss were conducted. The first study used a five‐group design contrasting no treatment, standard behavior therapy (SBT), SBT plus food provision, SBT plus financial incentives, and SBT plus food provision and incentives. At 6, 12, and 18 months, weight losses in the two groups receiving food provision were significantly greater than in the two groups without food provision. The incentives did not affect weight loss. To better understand the reasons for the success of food provision a second study was conducted comparing SBT, SBT plus menus, SBT plus food provision with a copay, and SBT plus free food. Groups 2, 3, and 4 all had better weight losses than SBT and did not differ from each other at the end of the 6‐month treatment and at the 18‐month follow‐up. Food provision and menus were associated with increased behavior compliance, increased nutrition knowledge, more regular meals and fewer snacks, reduced barriers to weight loss, and improved quality of foods in participants’ homes. Food provision seems to be a useful strategy for promoting weight loss.
Foods, Health Claims, and the Law: Comparisons of the United States and Europe
Authors: Greene Harry L. , Prior Tessa , Frier Hank I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGovernment, academia, and the food industry can play a significant role in the identification of healthy foods and ingredients important for weight management and health. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration developed regulations that define specific food categories for weight management and health. These categories include foods for special dietary uses and medical foods. Medical foods are classified for use in specific disease states and require a physician's recommendation and continuous monitoring. The European regulations specify energy‐restricted foods as a subcategory of food for particular nutritional uses, which includes infant formula, medical foods, and foods for sports. European standards for energy‐restricted diets have been established, leaving little flexibility for change. Three categories exist (i.e., very‐low‐calorie diets [450 to 800 kcal], low‐calorie diets [800 to 1200 kcal], and meal replacements [200 to 400 kcal]). No claims on anticipated weight loss can be made even where significant clinical research has demonstrated long‐term efficacy, thereby preventing informed choice management. Dramatic changes in lifestyle (e.g., disruption of the family unit, altered eating occasions, fast foods, and food grazing) have resulted in an epidemic of obesity and chronic disease. Regulating food selection or dietary patterns to limit the epidemic is not realistic. However, stimulating government health agencies and the food industry to increase public awareness through educational programs and regulating the definition of acceptable methods and products can provide an environment for change. A consensus is needed among academia, government, and industry for appropriate food labeling and claims. These actions are needed to help individuals make healthy food selections and maintain a healthy weight. Public health initiatives should change consumer attitudes with programs that are simple, affordable, effective, and accessible.
Very‐Low‐Calorie Diets and Sustained Weight Loss
Authors: Saris Wim H.M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To review of the literature on the topic of very‐low‐calorie diets (VLCDs) and the long‐term weight‐maintenance success in the treatment of obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: A literature search of the following keywords: VLCD, long‐term weight maintenance, and dietary treatment of obesity.Results: VLCDs and low‐calorie diets with an average intake between 400 and 800 kcal do not differ in body weight loss. Nine randomized control trials, including VLCD treatment with long‐term weight maintenance, show a large variation in the initial weight loss regain percentage, which ranged from −7% to 122% at the 1‐year follow‐up to 26% to 121% at the 5‐year follow‐up. There is evidence that a greater initial weight loss using VLCDs with an active follow‐up weight‐maintenance program, including behavior therapy, nutritional education and exercise, improves weight maintenance.Conclusions: VLCD with active follow‐up treatment seems to be one of the better treatment modalities related to long‐term weight‐maintenance success.
Meal Replacements in Weight Intervention
Authors: Ashley Judith M. , St. Jeor Sachiko T. , Perumean‐Chaney Suzanne , Schrage Jon , Bovee Vicki 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effectiveness of meal replacements (MRs) in weight loss interventions in premenopausal women.Research Methods and Procedures: Overweight premenopausal women (n = 113; body mass index: 25 to 35 kg/m2; 30 to 50 years old) were randomized into three interventions: group A, a dietitian‐led intervention; group B, a dietitian‐led intervention incorporating MRs; and group C, a clinical office‐based intervention incorporating MRs. In year 1, groups A and B attended 26 group sessions, whereas group C received the same educational materials during 26 10‐minute office visits with a physician–nurse team. In year 2, participants attended monthly group seminars and drop‐in visits with a dietitian.Results: For the 74 subjects completing year 1, weight loss in the office‐based group C was as effective as the traditional dietitian‐led group A (4.3 ± 6.5% vs. 4.1 ± 6.4%), while group B maintained a significantly greater weight loss (9.1 ± 8.9%; p < 0.02; mean ± SD). For the 43 subjects completing year 2, group B showed significant differences in the percentage of weight loss (−8.5 ± 7.0%) compared with group A (−1.5 ± 5.0%) and group C (−3.0 ± 7.0%; p < 0.001).Discussion: Study results showed that a traditional weight loss intervention incorporating MRs was effective as a weight loss tool in the medical office practice and in the dietitian‐led group setting.