bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wayang and Ludruk: Polarities in Java
Authors: Hatley Barbara 
Published: April 2006

In contemporary Western society, theatre has become primarily a source of entertainment and sometimes of social criticism; its older function of articulating and instilling prevailing values is now performed by the mass media and specialized educational and propaganda institutions. In Indonesia, however, and elsewhere in Asia where mass media and educational facilities are less developed and private reading is not a widely established habit, popular drama still transmits sociopolitical ideals between the court (or city) and the countryside, and reinforces religious tradition. While some of its communicative role is now shared with movies and other new media, live theatre is still a vital and popular teacher.In Java the Wayang Kulit, or shadow-puppet theatre, epitomizes the traditional Javanese world view; it has functioned as an art form, a religious rite, and a medium of instruction for more than a thousand years.
The Classification of Circus Techniques
Authors: Burgess Hovey 
Published: April 2006

In writing on theatre, various authors have pointed out that circus-type performances have always been more prevalent than performances of literary drama; that circus-type performance has been a deep secondary tradition of the theatre from which the legitimate stage has repeatedly drawn new strength and vitality; and that the circus is looked to by the public “for violent satisfactions, the intentions of which do not deceive them.” I use the term “circus-type” to emphasize an important distinction between the very ancient “circus-type” skills of contortionists, equilibrists, tumblers, jugglers, clowns, etc., and the modern form of “circus,” even though the latter is the most obviously significant depository of the former.The modem circus is by no means a direct descendant of the ancient Roman circus. Roman circuses, such as Circus Maximus, were architectural structures designed primarily for chariot races.
Atelier Théâtre et Musique
Authors: Shank Theodore 
Published: April 2006

The French theatre group ATEM (Atelier Théâtre et Musique) was formed by composer Georges Aperghis in the fall of 1975 to begin explorations that would lead to a series of productions in which commonplace gestures and sounds are scored according to musical principles. The group has developed what Aperghis calls a “grammar” consisting of “systems” that provide a means of structuring fragments of everyday life, setting them off in such a way that the spectator perceives them afresh rather than ignoring them as commonplace.Five actor-musicians, together with Aperghis, comprise the entire group, taking on all of the research, administrative, technical, and performance responsibilities. They are subsidized in part by the city of Bagnolet, a bedroom suburb of Paris with a population of 36,000, and have attempted to relate their work to everyday life in the community.
Modeling of the current limitations of PEFC
Authors: Zhukovsky K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPEFC operation in the regime of limiting current has been considered. The phenomenon of oxygen depletion on the cathode is considered responsible for the highest current limits of the cell. The performance of the cell appears to depend strongly on the geometry of the gas diffuser and supply channels. The study of the most promising geometric configurations of the electrodes is carried out. We consider serpentine, interdigitated, and interlaced designs of the gas supply in the electrode. The effect of the geometry on the liquid water removal from the electrode and air pressure in gas channels are studied to identify the best geometry of the gas supply net in terms of the maximum cell current. A comparison between model predictions and experimental data is carried out. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Intensification of catalytic olefin hydroformylation in CO2‐expanded media
Authors: Jin Hong , Subramaniam Bala , Ghosh Anindya , Tunge Jon 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCO2‐expanded liquids (CXLs) are demonstrated to be effective reaction media for the catalytic hydroformylation of 1‐octene. The performance of several rhodium catalysts, Rh(acac)(CO)2, Rh(acac)[P(OPh)3]2, Rh(acac)(CO)[P(OAr)3], and two phosphorous ligands, PPh3 and biphephos, was compared in neat organic solvents and in CXLs wherein more than 50% of the solvent volume is replaced with dense CO2 at relatively mild temperatures (30–90°C) and pressures (<12 MPa). For all catalysts, enhanced turnover frequencies (TOFs) were observed in CXLs. For the most active catalyst, Rh(acac)(CO)2 modified by biphephos ligand, the selectivity to aldehyde products was improved from approximately 70% in neat solvent to nearly 95% in CXL media. The enhanced rates and selectivity are attributed to increased syngas availability in the CXL phase. In experiments performed without added solvent, a TOF maximum was observed at an optimum CO2 content. It appears that at higher than optimum CO2 content, the TOF decreases as a result of dilution of substrate by CO2, whereas at lower than optimum values the TOF is limited by reduced syngas availability. The observed TOF (∼300 h−1), n/i ratio (>10), and aldehyde selectivity (∼90%) at the optimum CO2 content were either comparable to or better than values reported with other media and catalysts. Furthermore, the operating pressure (3.8 MPa) and temperature (60°C) for the CXL process are significantly milder than those reported for industrial hydroformylation processes. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Enthalpy change on mixing a couple of S‐ and R‐enantiomers of some chiral compounds at 298.15 K
Authors: Kimura Takayoshi , Khan Mohammed Abdullah , Ishii Masakazu , Kamiyama Tadashi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEnthalpy change on the mixing of R‐ and S‐enantiomers of chiral liquid compounds such as dimethyl malate (1), methyl 3‐hydroxylbutanoate (2), 2‐butanol (3), ethyl 4‐chloro‐3‐hydroxylbutanoate (4), 1,3,3‐trimethylbicycle‐[2.2.1]heptan‐2‐one (5), 3,7‐dimethyl‐6‐octenal (6), and 8‐bromo‐2,6‐dimethyl‐2‐octene (7) is measured over the entire range of mole fractions at 298.15 K, albeit very small values. The mixing of chiral liquids of R‐1 + S‐1, R‐2 + S‐2, R‐3 + S‐3, R‐6 + S‐6, and R‐7 + S‐7 produces enthalpic destabilization over the entire range of mole fractions, while that of R‐4 + S‐4 and R‐5 + S‐5 shows enthalpic stabilization over entire compositions. Enthalpy change on mixing at an equimolar concentration and the intermolecular interaction obtained by the molecular mechanics calculations show a linear correlation, except for a few compounds measured. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Entry to Novel Platinum Complexes: Carboxylation of Dihydroxoplatinum(IV) Complexes with Succinic Anhydride and Subsequent Derivatization
Authors: Reithofer Michael , Galanski Mathea Sophia , Roller Alexander , Keppler Bernhard K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn improved carboxylation method of (OC‐6‐33)‐dichloro(ethane‐1,2‐diamine)dihydroxyplatinum(IV) based on succinic anhydride is reported. Reaction of the uncoordinated carboxylic acid with simple amines and alcohols leads to the corresponding amides and esters in the presence of 1,1′‐carbonyldiimidazole. The resulting new complexes are characterized by IR, 1H, 13C, 15N, and 195Pt NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. This reaction provides an entry to a new class of kinetically inert platinum(IV) complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Monomeric and Polymeric Amines as Dual Reductants/Stabilisers for the Synthesis of Gold Nanocrystals: A Mechanistic Study
Authors: Richardson Michael J. , Johnston James H. , Borrmann Thomas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUniform, monodisperse gold nanocrystals have been prepared in a single‐step synthesis by the addition of secondary and tertiary alkylamines, or a cationic polymer containing these moieties, to dilute solutions of gold tetrachloraurate. The acidic pH resulted in the formation of quaternary ammonium sites, scavenging loosely bound chloride ions from the tetrachloraurate species, lowering the overall potential and reducing AuIII to nanocrystalline Au0. The secondary amino groups then served to stabilise the particles, preventing aggregation and collapse of the colloidal system. Addition of further capping groups was thus not required. The particles were characterised by UV/Visible spectroscopy, HR‐TEM, X‐ray diffraction, electrochemical potential and pH measurements (Eh‐pH) and FTIR. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Outgrowth of human liver metastases after resection of the primary colorectal tumor: A shift in the balance between apoptosis and proliferation
Authors: Peeters Charlotte F.J.M. , de Waal Robert M.W. , Wobbes Theo , Westphal Johan R. , Ruers Theo J.M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRapid outgrowth of metastases after removal of the primary tumor has been described in several mouse models. Loss of primary tumor‐induced inhibition of angiogenesis in the metastases has been suggested as the underlying cause. Accordingly, we recently demonstrated that vascular density in human colorectal liver metastases increases after primary tumor resection. Here, we investigate whether this increase in vascular density has, in its turn, effects on the tumor growth of the liver metastases. We analyzed tumor growth in synchronous liver metastases from patients with the primary tumor in place, in synchronous metastases from patients with the primary tumor resected and in metachronous metastases. Tumor growth was studied by assessing the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis by activated caspase‐3 staining, and the percentage of proliferating cells by Ki‐67 staining. While the percentage of proliferating cells within the metastases showed a modest increase after primary tumor resection, a significant decrease in the percentage of apoptotic cells was observed. Taken together, an increased net tumor growth of the metastases occurred after primary tumor resection. This acceleration of tumor growth could be confirmed by studying biopsies taken from the same patient before and after tumor resection. Our data show that in human cancer patients, a primary tumor may inhibit the growth of its liver metastases. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frequent EGFR mutations in brain metastases of lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Matsumoto Shingo , Takahashi Kenji , Iwakawa Reika , Matsuno Yoshihiro , Nakanishi Yukihiro , Kohno Takashi , Shimizu Eiji , Yokota Jun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLung adenocarcinomas often metastasize to the brain, and the prognosis of patients with brain metastases is still very poor. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene is mutated in a considerable fraction of primary lung adenocarcinomas, in particular those with drastic response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The present study was designed to elucidate the prevalence of EGFR mutations in brain metastases and the timing of their occurrence during cancer progression. EGFR mutations were detected in 12 of 19 metastatic lung adenocarcinomas to the brain (63%). This frequency was higher than those in previous studies for EGFR mutations at various stages of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asia, including Japan (i.e., 20–55%). In 6 cases with EGFR mutations, the corresponding primary lung tumors were also examined for the mutations, and in all of them, the same types of EGFR mutations were detected also in the primary tumors. In 2 of them, second metastatic brain tumors in addition to the first ones were also available for analysis, and the same types of EGFR mutations were detected in both the first and second ones in both cases. These results indicate that EGFR mutations are present frequently in brain metastases and occur preceding brain metastasis. These findings will be highly informative for treatment of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma to the brain. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Family history of breast cancer and short‐term effects of childbirths on breast cancer risk
Authors: Albrektsen Grethe , Heuch Ivar , Thoresen Steinar , Kvåle Gunnar 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe long‐term protective effect of a pregnancy on breast cancer risk is preceded by a short‐term adverse effect, possibly reflecting a promoting effect of pregnancy hormones. In the present study, we explore whether a family history of breast cancer modifies time‐related effects of pregnancies, with special emphasis on the transient increase in risk of breast cancer shortly after birth. Our study cohort comprises 1,067,289 Norwegian women aged 20–74 years. The mean follow‐up time was 18 years. Incidence rate ratios were estimated by Poisson regression analyses of person‐years at risk. Of the 7,377 women diagnosed with breast cancer during follow‐up, a total of 828 (11%) had a mother or a sister with breast cancer diagnosis. Women with a family history of breast cancer had a 2–3‐fold higher risk of breast cancer than did women without any affected family member, highest for those with a relative diagnosed before they were 50 years. Similar to women without a familial excess risk, increasing parity was associated with an overall protective effect among women with a familial predisposition, regardless of age at diagnosis of the relative. Whereas women with no familial excess risk experienced a transient increase in risk mainly after late age births, women with a family history of breast cancer experienced an adverse effect of pregnancies also at younger ages. The present results give further support to the hypothesis that the adverse effect of a term birth can be explained by a promoting effect of pregnancy hormones. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary fiber intake and subsequent risk of colorectal cancer: The Japan Public Health Center‐Based Prospective Study
Authors: Otani Tetsuya , Iwasaki Motoki , Ishihara Junko , Sasazuki Shizuka , Inoue Manami , Tsugane Shoichiro 
Published: April 2006

AbstractResults on the association of dietary fiber intake with colorectal cancer risk were inconsistent among previous large prospective studies, but studies in non‐Western populations are lacking. Consequently, the authors investigated the association between dietary fiber intake and the subsequent risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort study of a Japanese population. Dietary fiber intake was estimated from food‐frequency questionnaires comprising 44 or 52 items at the baseline survey and 138 food items at a 5‐year follow‐up survey. The authors identified 907 cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed pathologically in 86,412 subjects during a 10‐year follow‐up from the baseline survey. After the 5‐year follow‐up survey, 522 cases were identified in 78,326 subjects during a 5.8‐year follow‐up. The authors estimated the multivariate‐adjusted hazard ratios of colorectal cancer for dietary fiber intake using Cox's proportional hazards model. The authors found no statistically significant association between dietary fiber intake and colorectal cancer in analyses using data either from the baseline survey or from the 5‐year follow‐up survey. However, the risk of only the lowest quintile was high, compared with the second to the fifth quintiles. Furthermore, the lowest subtertile in the lowest quintile was associated with an increased risk in women (hazard ratioSub1 vs. Q5, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.0–5.2). In conclusion, although a minor effect cannot be ruled out, the results did not support a hypothesis of a dose‐dependent protective effect of dietary fiber intake against colorectal cancer. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An analysis of the distribution of extremes in indices of share returns in the US, UK and Japan from 1963 to 2000
Authors: Gettinby G. D. , Sinclair C. D. , Power D. M. , Brown R. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper seeks to characterize the distribution of extreme returns for US, UK and Japanese equity indices over the years 1963–2000. In particular, the suitability of the following distributions is investigated: Normal, Frechet, Gumbel, Weibull, Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), Generalized Pareto and Generalized Logistic (GL). Daily returns were obtained for each of the countries, and the minima over a variety of selection intervals were calculated. Plots of higher moment statistics for the minima on statistical distribution maps suggested that the best fitting distribution would be either the GEV or the GL. The results from fitting each of these distributions to extremes of a series of US, UK and Japanese share returns supported the preliminary evidence that the GL distribution best fitted the data in all three countries over the period of study. The GL distribution has fatter tails than the GEV distribution; hence this finding is of importance to investors who are concerned with assessing the risk of a portfolio. The paper highlights the important finance implications and in particular the potential for underestimation of risk if distributions without fat enough tails are employed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitric oxide contributes to the development of a post‐injury Th2 T‐cell phenotype and immune dysfunction
Authors: Daniel TanJanika , Alexander Michelle , Hubbard William J. , Chaudry Irshad H. , Choudhry Mashkoor A. , Schwacha Martin G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSevere injury induces immune dysfunction resulting in increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that post‐burn immunosuppression is mediated by nitric oxide (NO) due to the increased expression of macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In contrast, others suggest that injury causes a phenotypic imbalance in the regulation of Th1‐ and Th2 immune responses. It is unclear whether or not these apparently divergent mediators of immunosuppression are interrelated. To study this, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to major burn injury and splenocytes were isolated 7 days later and stimulated with antiCD3. Burn injury induced NO‐mediated suppression of proliferative responses that was reversed in the presence of the NOS inhibitor L‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine and subsequently mimicked by the addition of the NO donor, S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐penicillamine (SNAP). SNAP also dose‐dependently suppressed IFN‐γ and IL‐2 (Th1), but not IL‐4 and IL‐10 (Th2) production. Delaying the addition of SNAP to the cultures by 24 h prevented the suppression of IFN‐γ production. The Th2 shift in immune phenotype was independent of cGMP and apoptosis. The addition of SNAP to cell cultures also induced apoptosis, attenuated mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization. However, these detrimental cellular effects of NO were observed only at supra‐physiologic concentrations (>250 µM). In conclusion, these findings support the concept that NO induces suppression of cell‐mediated immune responses by selective action on Th1 T cells, thereby promoting a Th2 response. J. Cell. Physiol. 208: 418–427, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lactic acid fermentation of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris): microbiological and chemical characterization
Authors: Granito Marisela , Álvarez Glenda 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLegumes, and particularly Phaseolus vulgaris, are an important source of nutrients, especially in developing countries. In spite of being part of the staple diets of these populations, their consumption is limited by the flatulence they produce. Natural lactic acid fermentation has proved to be an effective method to decrease flatulence‐producing compounds. However, in order to use this method as a process on a large scale, it is fundamental to identify the microbial flora involved. When fermented seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris (black bean) were analysed microbiologically, it was found that the microorganisms present were Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum. On performing back‐slopping or induced fermentation with different inocula, a 63.35% decrease was found for the soluble fibre and 88.6% for raffinose, one of the main flatulence‐producing compounds. When cooking under atmospheric pressure was applied to the fermented samples, a significant diminution of the trypsin inhibitors and tannins was found as well as an increase in the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of the beans. All these results demonstrate that the lactic acid bacteria used for the induced fermentation can lead to a functional food with improved nutritional quality. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of pediatric oncology patients with previous multiple central catheters for vascular access: Is doppler ultrasound needed?
Authors: Gupta Himesh , Araki Yuko , Davidoff Andrew M. , Rao Bhaskar N. , Hoffer Fredric A. , Billups Catherine , Wu Jianrong , Shochat Stephen J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground/PurposePediatric oncology patients who have undergone placement of multiple central venous catheters may have thrombosis or stenosis in the upper venous system. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict venous thrombosis or stenosis and to evaluate the role of Doppler ultrasonography in assessing the upper venous system of pediatric patients requiring multiple central vascular catheters.MethodsThe medical records of eligible patients were reviewed with regard to demographics, primary disease, type of catheter, duration of previous central venous access, association with infection, operative notes, and Doppler ultrasonographic findings.ResultsOur evaluation criteria were met in 50 cases (47 patients). In 10 cases, Doppler ultrasonography revealed abnormality in the upper venous system. Patient demographics, primary disease, type of catheter, duration of previous central venous access, or association with infection were not found to significantly predict the abnormality in the upper venous system. Placement of central venous access device was performed without difficulty when the site of placement was chosen on the basis of ultrasonographic findings.ConclusionDoppler ultrasonography is useful in diagnosing thrombosis or stenosis in asymptomatic pediatric patients requiring placement of multiple central venous catheters. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:527–531. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of race on outcome of white and black children with acute myeloid leukemia: The St. Jude experience
Authors: Rubnitz Jeffrey E. , Lensing Shelly , Razzouk Bassem I. , Pounds Stanley , Pui Ching‐Hon , Ribeiro Raul C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe association between race and outcome of treatment for childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not been adequately studied.ProcedureWe compared the clinical characteristics, biological features, and outcomes between white and black children with AML who were treated on five consecutive clinical protocols (1980–2002) at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. We used proportional hazards modeling to investigate the relation between race and outcome.ResultsWe observed no statistically significant differences between the 229 white and 58 black patients in clinical characteristics, FAB subtype, cytogenetic features, or outcome. There were no significant differences in event‐free survival (EFS) or overall survival (OS) between the two race groups in individual clinical trials or in all studies combined. For the study group as a whole, the 5‐year survival estimate was 39.2% ± 3.6% for white patients and 33.8% ± 6.5% for black patients. However, on our most recent trial (AML‐97), there was a trend towards inferior outcome among black patients: the 5‐year survival estimates were 55.6% ± 12.3% and 27.3% ± 13.5% for whites and blacks, respectively.ConclusionsAlthough we detected no differences in treatment outcome between white and black children with AML over the entire study period, black children appear to have worse outcomes than white children during more recent studies. Improved treatment is needed for all children with AML. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:10–15. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.