bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schizotypy and psychosis-like experiences from recreational cannabis in a non-clinical sample
Authors: Barkus E. , Lewis S. 
Published: January 2008

BackgroundThe relationship between cannabis use and psychosis is still a matter for debate. Accounting for the individual differences in subjective experiences to recreational cannabis use in the general population may hold some clues to the aetiological relationship between cannabis and psychotic symptoms. We hypothesized that schizotypy would account for the individual differences in subjective experiences after cannabis use but not in patterns of use.MethodIn a sample of 532 young people who had used cannabis at least once, we examined the relationship between the Cannabis Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ) and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Additionally, we examined the psychometric properties of the CEQ.ResultsWe replicated our previously reported findings that schizotypy was associated with increased psychosis-like experiences and after-effects, but also found that high-scoring schizotypes reported more pleasurable experiences when smoking cannabis. Using new subscales derived from principal components analysis (PCA), we found that the psychosis-like items were most related to varying rates of schizotypy both during the immediate use of cannabis and in the after-effects of cannabis use. High-scoring schizotypes who used cannabis experienced more psychosis-like symptoms during and after use.ConclusionsOur results suggest that cannabis use may reveal an underlying vulnerability to psychosis in those with high schizotypal traits.
CB2 cannabinoid receptors: new vistas
Authors: Mackie K , Ross R A 
Published: January 2008

Over the years CB2 cannabinoid receptors have received much less attention than CB1 receptors, the latter mediating most of the psychoactive effects of cannabis. Primarily this was due to difficulties in assigning a physiological function to CB2 receptors. In recent years this situation has changed, and CB2 receptors have been implicated in processes as diverse as analgesia, hepatic fibrosis, bone growth, and atherosclerosis. This special issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology addresses these and other topics in CB2 receptor research by compiling a series of reviews and primary research papers stemming from a meeting ‘CB22 cannabinoid receptors: New vistas’ that was held in Banff, Canada, from May 31 to June 3, 2007.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 177–178; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707617
Palmatine, a protoberberine alkaloid, inhibits both Ca2+‐ and cAMP‐activated Cl−secretion in isolated rat distal colon
Authors: Wu D Z , Yuan J Y , Shi H L , Hu Z B 
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:The protoberberine alkaloid berberine has been reported to inhibit colonic Cl−secretion. However, it is not known if other protoberberine alkaloids share these effects. We have therefore selected another protoberberine alkaloid, palmatine, to assess its effects on active ion transport across rat colonic epithelium.Experimental approach:Rat colonic mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers and short circuit current (ISC), apical Cl−current and basolateral K+current were recorded. Intracellular cAMP content was determined by an enzyme immunoassay. Intracellular Ca2+concentration was measured with Fura‐2 AM.Key results:Palmatine inhibited carbachol‐induced Ca2+‐activated Cl−secretion and the carbachol‐induced increase of intracellular Ca2+concentration. Palmatine also inhibited cAMP‐activated Cl−secretion induced by prostaglandin E2(PGE2) or forskolin. Palmatine prevented the elevation of intracellular cAMP by forskolin. Determination of apical Cl−currents showed that palmatine suppressed the forskolin‐stimulated, apical cAMP‐activated Cl−current but not the carbachol‐stimulated apical Ca2+‐activated Cl−current. Following permeabilization of apical membranes with nystatin, we found that palmatine inhibited a carbachol‐stimulated basolateral K+current that was sensitive to charybdotoxin and resistant to chromanol 293B. However, the forskolin‐stimulated basolateral K+current inhibited by palmatine was specifically blocked by chromanol 293B and not by charybdotoxin.Conclusions and implications:Palmatine attenuated Ca2+‐activated Cl−secretion through inhibiting basolateral charybdotoxin‐sensitive, SK4 K+channels, whereas it inhibited cAMP‐activated Cl−secretion by inhibiting apical CFTR Cl−channels and basolateral chromanol 293B‐sensitive, KvLQT1 K+channels.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 1203–1213; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707684; published online 21 January 2008
Effects of St John's wort andCYP2C9genotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gliclazide
Authors: Xu H , Williams K M , Liauw W S , Murray M , Day R O , McLachlan A J 
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with conventional drugs without clear evidence of safety or the risk of herb–drug interactions. The aim of this study was to assess potential pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions between St John's wort and gliclazide in healthy subjects with different cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) genotypes.Experimental approach:A crossover controlled study was conducted in 21 healthy subjects. Each received gliclazide (80 mg) either alone or during 15 days treatment with St John's wort. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0−∞), apparent clearance (CL/F) and elimination half‐life (t1/2) of gliclazide and incremental changes in glucose and insulin AUC0−4were compared.CYP2C9*2andCYP2C9*3alleles were identified using PCR followed by restriction enzyme digestion analysis.Key results:St John's wort significantly altered gliclazide pharmacokinetics in all except for four healthy subjects. The mean ratio and 90% confidence interval (CI) of gliclazide AUC0−∞and CL/F were 0.67 (0.55–0.81) and 1.50 (1.24–1.81), respectively, after St John's wort treatment. St John's wort decreased gliclazidet1/2, with mean ratio and 90% CI of 0.85 (0.74–0.93). There were no significant changes in glucose or insulin AUC0−4after St John's wort treatment and no significant differences according toCYP2C9genotype.Conclusions and implications:Treatment with St John's wort significantly increases the apparent clearance of gliclazide which is independent ofCYP2C9genotype. People with diabetes receiving this combination should be closely monitored to evaluate possible signs of reduced efficacy.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 1579–1586; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707685; published online 21 January 2008
Standardizing catch rates: is logbook information by itself enough?
Authors: Bishop J. , Venables W. N. , Dichmont C. M. , Sterling D. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Bishop, J., Venables, W. N., Dichmont, C. M., and Sterling, D. J. 2008. Standardizing catch rates: is logbook information by itself enough? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 255–266. The goal of the work was to maximize the accuracy of standardized catch per unit effort as an index of relative abundance. Linear regression models were fitted to daily logbook data from a multispecies penaeid trawl fishery in which within-vessel changes in efficiency are common. Two model-fitting strategies were compared. The predictive strategy focused on maximizing the explained variance, and the estimation strategy on finding realistic coefficients for important components of changing catchability. Realistic values could not always be obtained, because the regression factors were not orthogonal, and data on the presence of technology were sometimes unreliable or systematically incomplete. It was not possible to separate fishing power from abundance by analysing logbook data alone; it was necessary to incorporate external information within the standardization model. Therefore, the resultant estimation models incorporated external information and expert knowledge by offsets. There was no single best estimation model. Instead, a series of models provided an envelope of possible changes in relative fishing power and prawn abundance since 1970. Compared with the prediction models, the estimation models revealed different trends in relative fishing power and relative abundance.
CONGENITAL ATRESIA OF THE ILEUM
Authors: Corkill T. F. , Corkill Harold K. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. A case of congenital atresia of the ileum with recovery after ileo‐sigmoidostomy and enterostomy at the age of two days is reported.2. Various theories of etiology are noted.3. Surgical treatment is discussed, and a table of published successful cases is presented.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF LUNG ABSCESS AND OF BRONCHIECTASIS.1
Authors: Bennett L. A. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. The physiology of the pleural cavity, medical treatment, pathological changes and localization of cavities in the lung are considered very briefly,*in so far as they influence surgical treatment of intrapulmonary suppuration.2. The indications for surgical measures in abscess of the lung and bronchiectasis are discussed.3. The operative procedures in general use are considered, with details of surgical technique of the operations of external drainage of abscess of the lung, partial cautery lobectomy and phrenic avulsion.
POSTOPERATIVE PANCREATITIS AS A COMPLICATION OF BILIARY SURGERY
Authors: INGRAM D. M. , HOUSE A. K. , GARCIA‐WEBB P. 
Published: January 2008

Forty patients who underwent biliary surgery were investigated for postoperative pancreatic disturbance as measured by the amylase creatinine clearance ratio (ACCR). Its relevance to preoperative pancreatitis, exploration of the common bile duct, and operative cholangiography were examined.The results suggested that a recent clinically proven episode of pancreatitis did not predispose to a postoperative recurrence following biliary surgery. Similarly, cholecystectomy alone did not produce a postoperative pancreatic disturbance. However, exploration of the common bile duct did frequently cause a postoperative elevated ACCR, and hence we recommend that duct exploration should be performed as carefully and as atraumatically as possible. The small number of patients who did not have operative cholangiograms prevented statistical evaluation of the effect of this procedure on the pancreas. However, information from elsewhere suggests that the plasma amylase level is not likely to be raised by cholangiography.
THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF POST‐TRAUMATIC PAIN SYNDROMES (CAUSALGIA)
Authors: Thopson Jesse E. 
Published: January 2008

SmmaryThere are two major categories of post‐traumatic pain syndroms: (1) causalgia: and (2) mimocausalgia states or reflex sympatheic dystrophy. Vasoconstricition is usually present. Because of the pain, limitation of motion of the extremity occurs, and may result in permanent disability. There is often a great disparity between the apparent trauma and the severity of the pain.sympathetic blocks and sympathectomy are definitive modes of therpy. In a series of 147 patients, 56% required surgical sympathectomy. The rest were treated by blocks, physical therapy, and other medical measures. Eighy‐two percent had excellent relief of pain, 11% had good relief, while 7% had no relief. Thirty‐one percent of patients had residual symptoms resulting from the original injury, or from irreversible occurrences on the basis of pain and trophic changes. Emphasis is placed on early recognition and proper treatment.
THE SURGICAL TERATMENT OF ANAL INCONTINENCE
Authors: Failes David , Killingback Mark , Stuart Malcolm , Luca Catherine De 
Published: January 2008

This study is a review of 31 patients undergoing surgery for anal incontiencne. Three groups of patients are defined ‐ those with incontience due to trauma (nine patients), to a combination of trauma and degeneratin (five patients), and to degeneratin alone (17 patients). Two surgical techniques were used ‐ etiher a direct repair of the anal sphincter or a postanal repair of the levator ani muscles and external sphincter (Parks operation). In the trauma group and the combined group the more common method use was a direct repair (ten patients) ‐ five underwent a Parks operation. In the degeneration groups all but one patient underwent a Parks operation. A defuctioning proximal colostomy was carried out in only four patients ‐ all with incontinence due to trauma.Satisfactory continece was restored in 80% of these patients. Although this is a samll series, the results are considered wothwhile and greater awarnesess and use of the above tecniques is recmmended.
RECTAL PROLAPSE: RELATIONSHIP WITH JOINT MOBILITY
Authors: Marshman D. , Percy J. , Fielding I. , Delbridge L. 
Published: January 2008

Joint mobility was assessed in 25 patients who had undergone surgery for complete rectal prolapse and in 25 age‐and sex‐matched control subjects. A significant increase in extensibility of the fifth finger was found in the patients with rectal prolapse. It was further found that there was a progressive decrease in joint mobility with age in both groups.The pathophysiology of rectal prolapse is complex. Factors considered to be important include rectal intussusception associated with the commonly observed lack of rectal fixation within the sacral hollow, with a deep pouch of douglas and weak pelvic floor musculature. The joint hypermobilily demonstrated in these patients suggests an underlying connective tissue abnormality which perhaps contributes to the lack of rectal fixation within the pelvis and to the rectal wall intussusception.
A DEBATE: ASYMPTOMATIC GALLSTONES SHOULD NOT BE REMOVED
Authors: Coleman M. J. , Ham J. M. , Watts J. McK. , Kune G. A. , Hugh T. B. 
Published: January 2008

This is the edited transcript of a continuing education meeting held under the auspices of the new south wales state committee, royal australasian college of surgeons, at the sheraton‐wentworth hotel, sydney, on 21 march 1986. The meeting took the form of a debate, in which a group of speakers were asked to assemble the appropriate facts and arguments for and against the proposition that ‘asymptomatic gallstones should not be removed’.As the contributors in some cases found themselves supporting a point of view with which they did not necessarily agree, individual participants are not identified in the transcript.
A DOUBLE‐BLIND COMPARISON OF THE RELATIVE EFFICACY, SIDE EFFECTS AND COST OF BUPRENORPHINE AND MORPHINE IN PATIENTS AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY
Authors: Rabinov M. , Rosenfeldt F. L. , Mclean A. J. 
Published: January 2008

The analgesic effcacy, side effects and cost of administration of regimens of intravenous buprenorphine and intravenous morphine were compared in a randomized double‐blind trial performed during the first 24 h after cardiac surgery. Seven patients received buprenorphine by intermittent intravenous injection and six received morphine by continuous infusion. Both these regimens provided good analgesia for the entire 24 h period, with only mild pain at rest and moderate pain on vigorous coughing. Both regimens also produced mild respiratory depression but this was not of clinical importance: the mean arterial pco2 in both groups was less than 45 mmhg after extubation.The major difference between drugs in the clinical setting was the ease of administration. Buprenorphine had no narcotic code restriction and could be given by intermittent intravenous injection, whereas morphine required checking and handling as a restricted drug and administration by continuous intravenous infusion. When labour and material costs were computed, over the first 24 postoperative hours, it cost $19.76 per patient to administer morphine, but only $3.16 to administer buprenorphine. Thus the use of buprenorphine injections for the first 24 h after cardiac surgery produced pain relief and respiratory depression comparable to that produced by a morphine infusion, but with a significant cost saving in terms of labour and materials.
TRANSVERSE DISRUPTION OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL – A TELLTALE SIGN OF SEAT BELT RELATED HOLLOW VISCUS INJURY
Authors: Johnstone BruceR. , Waxman BruceP. 
Published: January 2008

A pattern of injuries has been observed in five (5) female front seat passengers wearing seat belts. All were involved in high speed frontal impact motor vehicle accidents on country roads. Varying degrees of abdominal wall disruption involving fat, fascia or muscle, were universally associated with hollow viscus injury and right‐sided rib fractures. Most patients had mesenteric or omental tears, flail chests and left clavicular injuries. Intimal tears of the distal aorta, right breast injuries and spinal injuries were also observed.The hollow viscus and mesenteric injuries may result from direct crushing, sudden rises of iniraluminal pressure, or shearing forces acting at points of mesenteric attachments. At laparotomy it is recommended that necrotic or contused fascia and muscle be excised with primary abdominal closure and contused fat be excised or curetted and suction drainage applied to the subcutaneous tract.Abdominal wall disruption from seat belt trauma reflects the forces involved on impact and should alert the surgeon to the observed pattern of internal injuries.
OPTIMAL IRRIGATION PRESSURES IN OPERATIVE CHOLEDOCHOSCOPY
Authors: Lau W. Y. , Fan S. T. , Yip W. W. , Poon G. P. , Wong K. K. 
Published: January 2008

A prospective study was conducted on 20 consecutive patients who underwent elective exploration of common bile‐ducts for stones to determine the optimal imgation pressures in choledochoscopy. Ten patients had rigid choledochoscopy and 10 patients had flexible choledochoscopy. Choledochoscopic views were assessed at low irrigation pressure (irrigant delivered at hydrostatic pressure of 1 m of water or 80 mmHg) and high irrigation pressure (irrigant delivered at cuff pressure of 300 mmHg plus hydrostatic pressure of 80 mmHg). Choledochoscopic views were better with high than low irrigation pressures for rigid choledochoscopy. However, there was little difference in the views for flexible choledochoscopy.Common bile‐duct pressures were measured with irrigant delivered at pressures 80–380 mmHg at intervals of 50 mmHg. With increasing irrigation pressures, the common duct pressures rose and they were consistently higher in flexible than rigid choledochoscopy. The common duct pressures in rigid choledochoscopy never exceeded the recommended safety limit, even at the high irrigation pressure of 380 mmHg. With flexible choledochoscopy, the common duct pressure was below the recommended safety limit only with low irrigation pressure of 80 mmHg. Therefore, it is recommended that a high irrigation pressure of 380 mmHg for rigid choledochoscopy and a low irrigation pressure of 80 mmHg for flexible choledochoscopy be used.
INTRATHORACIC STAPLED ANASTOMOSIS AFTER OESOPHAGECTOMY FOR CANCER
Authors: Woods S. D. S. , Mcguire L. J. , Chung S. C. S. , Crofts T. J. , Li A. K. C. 
Published: January 2008

Fifty consecutive oesophagectomies for cancer are reported which were performed using a two‐stage technique with an intralhoracic stapled anastomosis. The oesophagus was resected through a right ihoracotomy. Continuity was restored using ortholopic stomach, mobilized through an abdominal incision and anastomosed to the oesophagus at the apex of the thorax.No deaths occurred within 30 days, but two patients died without leaving hospital. Routine contrast study revealed no anastomotic leaks. Major complications were: chylothorax (one), transient bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (one), anastomotic bleed (one), respiratory failure (one) and brain abscess (one). Four upper resection margins contained tumour (all in middle third tumours).With this technique, a reliable anastomosis can be made high in the chest. The amount of oesophagus removed is comparable with that obtained with the ‘three‐stage’ or transhiatal procedures. The problem of occult submucosal spread in oesophageal tumours remains.
AETIOLOGY OF DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTURE
Authors: Murrell George A. C. , Hueston John T. 
Published: January 2008

Dupuytren's contracture is a fascinating, deforming, fibrotic condition of the palmar fascia which has confounded clinicians and scientists for centuries. The aim of this paper is to place in perspective the longstanding associations of age, sex, race, hereditary factors, diabetes and alcohol consumption with the more recent novel investigations at the cellular level.In concert, the findings indicate that a number of factors may lead to the narrowing of palmar fascia microvessels, with localized ischaemia and oxygen free radical release. Oxygen free radicals are likely to damage the surrounding stroma, and stimulate fibroblast proliferation. Proliferating fibroblasts lay down collagen and contract in the lines of stress. The process is likely to encourage further microvessel ischaemia with a positive feedback effect that is consistent with the progressive nature of the condition.
COEXISTING TUBERCULOSIS AND CARCINOMA OF THE COLON
Authors: Jain B. K. , Chandra S. Sarath , Narasimhan R. , Ananthakrishnan N. , Mehta R. B. 
Published: January 2008

Four cases of coexisting tuberculosis and carcinoma of the colon (CTCC) are reported. All the patients were female and the mean age was 49 ± 11 years. The tumour involved the right colon in three patients and the distal transverse colon in the other. The two lesions coexisted at the same site in two patients. Mucinous carcinoma was the predominant type seen in three patients.The characteristics of patients with CTCC were compared with those of 54 patients who had carcinoma of the colon (CC) and 17 patients with tuberculosis of the colon (TC) seen during the same period. All the four CTCC patients were female, compared with 13 of 54 patients with CC (P < 0.001). These two groups were similar in mean age, anatomic sites and histopathological tumour types. The CTCC patients were significantly older than the TC patients (49 ± 11 years vs 34 ± 10 years, P < 0.05). The sex distribution of TC patients was similar to that of CTCC patients, 14 of 17 patients being female. All TC lesions were confined to the right colon.The present study showed a high frequency of carcinoma in patients with colonic tuberculosis, signifying the need for epidemiological and histopathological investigations into the aetiological relationship between the two diseases, the possibility of which was suggested recently by Japanese researchers. The relevant literature on 58 previously reported patients with CTCC was reviewed.
PERCUTANEOUS LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY: INDICATIONS, CONTRAINDICATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS
Authors: Nottle P. D. 
Published: January 2008

The indications, contraindications and complications of percutaneous laparoscopic cholecystectomy (PLC) were established from a group of 308 patients referred for cholecystectomy. Of the 308 patients 86% underwent PLC, 5% were commenced laparoscopically, but converted to open cholecystectomy and 9% were performed as open cholecystectomy from the outset.Complications included two bile leaks from the gall‐bladder bed, one cystic duct stump leak and three retained stones. Pre‐operative rather than intra‐operative duct imaging was used so that common duct stones could be removed before operation. PLC is a safe procedure that has now become the standard technique for cholecystectomy.