bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photon propagation and the very high energy γ-ray spectra of blazars: how transparent is the Universe?
Authors: De Angelis A. , Mansutti O. , Persic M. , Roncadelli M. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Recent findings by γ-ray Cherenkov telescopes suggest a higher transparency of the Universe to very high energy (VHE) photons than expected from current models of the extragalactic background light. It has been shown that such transparency can be naturally explained by the DARMA scenario, in which the photon mixes with a new, very light, axion-like particle predicted by many extensions of the Standard Model of elementary particles. We discuss the implications of DARMA for observations of blazar VHE γ-ray spectra, and show that it successfully accounts for the observed correlation between spectral slope and redshift when the same intrinsic emission spectrum is adopted for faraway sources and for nearby ones. DARMA also predicts the observed blazar spectral index to become asymptotically independent of redshift for faraway sources. Our prediction can be tested with the satellite-borne Fermi/LAT (Large Area Telescope) detector as well as with the ground-based Cherenkov telescopes HESS, MAGIC, CANGAROO III, VERITAS and the Extensive Air Shower arrays ARGO-YBJ and Milagro.
Stability of relativistic jets from rotating, accreting black holes via fully three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations
Authors: McKinney Jonathan C. , Blandford Roger D. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Rotating magnetized compact objects and their accretion discs can generate strong toroidal magnetic fields driving highly magnetized plasmas into relativistic jets. Of significant concern, however, has been that a strong toroidal field in the jet should be highly unstable to the non-axisymmetric helical kink (screw) m= 1 mode leading to rapid disruption. In addition, a recent concern has been that the jet formation process itself may be unstable due to the accretion of non-dipolar magnetic fields. We describe large-scale fully three-dimensional global general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of rapidly rotating, accreting black holes producing jets. We study both the stability of the jet as it propagates and the stability of the jet formation process during accretion of dipolar and quadrupolar fields. For our dipolar model, despite strong non-axisymmetric disc turbulence, the jet reaches Lorentz factors of Γ∼ 10 with opening half-angle θj∼ 5° at 103 gravitational radii without significant disruption or dissipation with only mild substructure dominated by the m= 1 mode. On the contrary, our quadrupolar model does not produce a steady relativistic (Γ≳ 3) jet due to mass loading of the polar regions caused by unstable polar fields. Thus, if produced, relativistic jets are roughly stable structures and may reach up to external shocks with strong magnetic fields. We discuss the astrophysical implications of the accreted magnetic geometry playing such a significant role in relativistic jet formation, and outline avenues for future work.
CHANGES IN FREE FATTY ACID AND DIACYLGLYCEROL COMPOUNDS IN SHORT‐RIPENING DRY‐CURED SAUSAGE
Authors: GAMBACORTA G. , SINIGAGLIA M. , SCHENA A. , BAIANO A. , LAMACCHIA C. , PATI S. , LA NOTTE E. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT A study on lipolysis of Southern Italy short‐ripened dry‐cured sausages manufactured without and with starters was carried out. Samples were submitted to microbiological and chemical analysis during drying and ripening, whereas sensory analysis was performed at the end of the ripening. The starters, addition caused the inhibition of the Enterobacteriaceae. An increase of free fatty acids (FFAs) and diacylglycerols (DAGs) during the ripening was observed. The addition of starter did not affect FFA and DAG release. The DAG profile including 1,2‐ and 1,3‐isomers was analyzed for the first time in dry‐cured sausages. Oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids, and 1,2‐, 1,3‐palmitinolein, 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diolein were the most abundant compounds in FFA and DAG, respectively. A decrease in the concentration of some 1,2‐DAG and an increase of 1,3‐OO and 1,3‐OP species during the process was observed. Finally, the addition of starter cultures slightly influenced the sensory properties of sausages.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn this work the development and application of an analytical method for the determination of free fatty acids (FFAs) and diacylglycerols (DAGs) in sausages was achieved. DAGs are intermediate products of hydrolysis and also constitute a substrate for hydrolysis reactions leading to FFA release. These latter compounds undergo a series of reactions leading to the formation of low‐molecular‐weight products responsible for sensory properties of dry‐cured sausages. Therefore, the assessment of these lipolysis products is a useful tool for evaluating the ripening process of dry‐cured sausages.
EFFECTS OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID POSITIONAL DISTRIBUTION ON THE OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF MODEL TRIACYLGLYCEROL IN WATER EMULSION
Authors: SHEN ZHIPING , WIJESUNDERA CHAKRA 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT The effect of the positional distribution of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) within triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules on the oxidative stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions was investigated by using a synthetic TAG regio‐isomer pair SDS (1,3‐dioctadecanoyl‐2‐[4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoyl] glycerol) and SSD (1,2–dioctadecanoyl‐3‐[4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoyl] glycerol), where S and D represent stearic acid and DHA, respectively. Oil‐in‐water emulsions (10%, w/w) of each isomer were subjected to accelerated autoxidation by continuous exposure to air at 50C in the absence of light. Oxidation during the exposure (storage) was monitored by measuring a series of volatile compounds characteristic of DHA oxidation. SSD emulsion oxidized faster than SDS emulsion, showing that DHA is more stable to oxidation when located at the sn‐2 position of the TAG compared with the sn‐1(3) position. This regio‐isomeric effect is similar to that previously reported for bulk oil oxidation.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMany of the food products that have been selected for fortification with omega‐3 oils such as milk, yoghurt, salad dressings and juices are oil‐in‐water emulsions. This study, for the first time, demonstrated that the regio‐isomeric effects on oxidative stability of docosahexaenoic acid observed for bulk oil also apply to oil‐in‐water emulsion. Thus, potential exists for enhancing the oxidative stability of omega‐3‐fortified emulsion foods through modification of triacylglycerol structure.
SERUM HDL CHOLESTEROL WAS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH CHEESE INTAKE IN THE OSLO HEALTH STUDY
Authors: HØSTMARK ARNE T. , HAUG ANNA , TOMTEN SISSEL E. , THELLE DAG S. , MOSDØL ANNHILD 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT We have examined the association between cheese intake and serum lipids in the cross‐sectional Oslo Health Study (18,770 subjects), using ANOVA and linear regression. In both sexes and in most of four age groups, i.e., young (30 years), middle‐aged (40 and 45 years), seniors (59–60) and old (75–76 years), cheese intake was negatively associated with triacylglycerol (TAG) and positively with high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) (P < 0.05 for trend). In the whole material, HDL was 1.38 (1.36–1.40), 1.44 (1.42–1.45), 1.50 (1.49–1.51) and 1.57 (1.56–1.58) mmol/L in cheese intake groups 1–4, respectively (i.e., intake 0.5, 2.0, 5.0 or 10.5 times per week). Corresponding values for TAG were: 1.79 (1.73–1.86), 1.67 (1.63–1.71), 1.57 (1.54–1.61) and 1.48 (1.46–1.50) mmol/L. Also in multiple linear regression analysis with several confounding variables the serum HDL versus cheese intake association still prevailed (P = 0.001), but the cheese versus TAG association was not significant in the multivariate model.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe finding that cheese intake is positively and independently associated with serum high‐density lipoprotein in men and women across a wide age range, and negatively with serum triacylglycerol, raises the question of whether our dietary guidelines might have focused too much on negative effects of saturated fat whereby possible positive effects of cheese may have been overlooked. The results invite new experimental studies on the more comprehensive effects of cheese, butter and milk on blood lipids, apolipoproteins and coagulation factors.
AMP‐activated protein kinase – a sensor of glycogen as well as AMP and ATP?
Authors: McBride A. , Hardie D. G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe classical role of the AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is to act as a sensor of the immediate availability of cellular energy, by monitoring the concentrations of AMP and ATP. However, the β subunits of AMPK contain a glycogen‐binding domain, and in this review we develop the hypothesis that this is a regulatory domain that allows AMPK to act as a sensor of the status of cellular reserves of energy in the form of glycogen. We argue that the pool of AMPK that is bound to the glycogen particle is in an active state when glycogen particles are fully synthesized, causing phosphorylation of glycogen synthase at site 2 and providing a feedback inhibition of further extension of the outer chains of glycogen. However, when glycogen becomes depleted, the glycogen‐bound pool of AMPK becomes inhibited due to binding to α1→6‐linked branch points exposed by the action of phosphorylase and/or debranching enzyme. This allows dephosphorylation of site 2 on glycogen synthase by the glycogen‐bound form of protein phosphatase‐1, promoting rapid resynthesis of glycogen and replenishment of glycogen stores. This is an extension of the classical role of AMPK as a ‘guardian of cellular energy’, in which it ensures that cellular energy reserves are adequate for medium‐term requirements. The literature concerning AMPK, glycogen structure and glycogen‐binding proteins that led us to this concept is reviewed.
A2B5 Cells from Human Glioblastoma have Cancer Stem Cell Properties
Authors: Tchoghandjian Aurélie , Baeza Nathalie , Colin Carole , Cayre Myriam , Metellus Philippe , Beclin Christophe , Ouafik L'Houcine , Figarella‐Branger Dominique 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGlioblastomas, like other cancers, harbor small cell populations with the capability of sustaining tumor formation. These cells are referred to as cancer stem cells. We isolated cells expressing the surface marker A2B5 from three human glioblastomas (GBM) and showed that after grafting into nude mice, they generated dense and highly infiltrative tumors. Then, we extensively studied A2B5+ cells isolated from 11 human GBM. These cells display neurosphere‐like, self‐renewal, asymmetrical cell division properties and have multipotency capability. Stereotactic xenografts of dissociated A2B5+‐derived secondary spheres revealed that as few as 1000 cells produced a tumor. Moreover, flow cytometry characterization of A2B5+‐derived spheres revealed three distinct populations of cells: A2B5+/CD133+, A2B5+/CD133‐ and A2B5‐/CD133‐, with striking proportion differences among GBM. Both A2B5+/CD133+ and A2B5+/CD133‐ cell fractions displayed a high proliferative index, the potential to generate spheres and produced tumors in nude mice. Finally, we generated two green fluorescent protein‐cell lines that display—after serum induction—distinct proliferative and migratory properties, and differ in their CD133 level of expression. Taken together, our results suggest that transformed A2B5+ cells are crucial for the initiation and maintenance of GBM, although CD133 expression is more involved in determining the tumor's behavior.
Psychological well‐being of Australian veterinarians
Authors: Fritschi L , Morrison D , Shirangi A , Day L 
Published: February 2009

Objective  To use established psychological scales to measure levels of distress, anxiety and depression in veterinarians, and compare these levels between different veterinary subgroups and other professional groups.Methods  A cohort of veterinarians was identified through contact with veterinary schools in Australia. Participants completed a self‐reporting questionnaire that included queries about general health and demographics, psychological well‐being, job‐specific perceptions of health, dispositional characteristics and social support.Results  Of the 2125 respondents who completed the psychological questionnaire, approximately one‐third reported poor psychological health. Increasing age, increasing time in current job, increasing years since graduation and male gender was associated with fewer signs of distress, anxiety and depression. Compared with the general population, veterinarians experienced more negative emotions at work, but were similar to other professional groups.Conclusions  Poor psychological health is common in the profession and professional veterinary bodies may wish to consider providing training in dealing with work‐related distress, anxiety and depression.
Clinical and pathological findings associated with congenital hypovitaminosis A in extensively grazed beef cattle
Authors: Hill BD , Holroyd RG , Sullivan M 
Published: February 2009

Objective  To determine the cause of exceptionally high mortality (41.4%) in perinatal calves on a beef cattle property 50 km south‐west of Julia Creek in north‐western Queensland.Design  Investigations were based on clinical assessment of affected calves and laboratory analysis of pre‐ and postmortem specimens taken from 12 calves aged from 6 to 36 h of age.Methods  Associations between gross and histopathological findings and biochemical analyses conducted on serum and tissue samples were examined in relation to clinical observations.Results  Clinical signs varied, but commonly included mild to severe ataxia, difficulty finding a teat and sucking, blindness (partial or complete, as judged by avoidance of obstacles) and depression with prominent drooping of the head. Gross and histopathological findings included herniation of the cerebellar vermis through the foramen magnum, squamous metaplasia of interlobular ducts in the parotid salivary glands and Wallerian degeneration of the optic nerves. Biochemical analysis of serum and liver samples available from four of the calves revealed low or undetectable levels of both vitamin A and vitamin E.Conclusion  Although vitamin E is known to have a sparing effect on vitamin A, the role (if any) played by deficiency of this vitamin was uncertain. The combination of clinical signs, postmortem findings, histopathological features and biochemical findings indicate that gestational vitamin A deficiency was highly likely to have been an important contributor to perinatal calf mortalities in this herd.
Ausweitung der Absicherung im Krankheitsfall: potenzielle Verknüpfungen zwischen gesetzlichen sozialen Sicherungssystemen und gemeinschaftsgestützten Sozialschutzeinrichtungen
Authors: Schremmer Jens , Coheur Alain , Jacquier Christian , Schmitt‐Diabaté Valérie 
Published: February 2009

AuszugDie Ausweitung der sozialen Absicherung im Krankheitsfall in Entwicklungsländern wird vermehrt als eine vorrangige Aufgabe anerkannt. Um dieses Ziel zu verfolgen, können verschiedene Finanzierungsmodelle und institutionelle Methoden verwendet werden. Kurzfristig kann eine gesamthafte Absicherung jedoch mit keiner von ihnen erreicht werden. Auf der Grundlage einer Analyse der jeweiligen Stärken und Schwächen sozialer Krankenversicherungssysteme sowie gemeinschaftsgestützter Sozialschutzseinrichtungen zeigt dieser Artikel das große Potenzial von Strategien zur Ausweitung der Absicherung auf, die einen pluralistischen institutionellen Ansatz verwenden, um in optimaler Weise Verknüpfungen zu schaffen und Komplementaritätseffekte zu nutzen. Verschiedene Arten möglicher Verknüpfungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Methoden werden vorgestellt, deren spezifischer Mehrwert anhand von Beispielen auf der Landesebene veranschaulicht wird.
Der rechtliche Aufbau des Systems der sozialen Sicherheit der Republik Kosovo
Authors: Arastey Sahún María Lourdes , Vallejo Pilar Rivas 
Published: February 2009

AuszugNach erfolglosen Versuchen der internationalen Gemeinschaft, ein Abkommen zwischen Serbien und dem Kosovo auszuhandeln, erklärte das Kosovo am 17. Februar 2008 unter kontroversen Umständen seine Unabhängigkeit. Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt und analysiert das Sozialschutzsystem unmittelbar nach der Unabhängigkeitserklärung. Nach dem Konflikt und angesichts der enormen wirtschaftlichen Schwierigkeiten konnte die Gesellschaft im Kosovo keine vollständige Wiederherstellung des Systems der sozialen Sicherheit erwarten. Bisher hat sich die Mission der Vereinten Nationen verpflichtet, einen Mindestrechtsrahmen aufzubauen, um zu versuchen, auf die wichtigen und wesentlichen Herausforderungen einzugehen. Aber die Kernstruktur des Systems der sozialen Sicherheit muss noch geschaffen werden. In einer komplexen Situation wie im Kosovo ist die Verwirklichung eines Rahmens für den Sozialschutz indes als wesentlicher Mechanismus für den Wiederaufbau und die Erhaltung des Friedens anzusehen.
Developing 23 new polymorphic microsatellite markers and simulating parentage assignment in the Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis
Authors: MORISHIMA KAGAYAKI , YAMAMOTO HIROSHI , SAWADA YOSHIFUMI , MIYASHITA SHIGERU , KATO KEITARO 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTwenty‐three new polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated in the Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis. Each locus comprised three to 34 alleles. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged between 0.46 and 0.96 and between 0.44 and 0.97, respectively. The Kto9, Kto11, and Kto42 markers demonstrated significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium; high null allele frequencies (0.08–0.14) were observed in the deviating group. From the results of simulation of parentage assignment, a combination of four loci (i.e. Kto15, Kto23, Kto38, and Kto39) was considered the best for parentage assignment.
Variable microsatellite loci isolated from the Asian honeybee, Apis cerana (Hymenoptera; Apidae)
Authors: TAKAHASHI JUN‐ICHI , SHIMIZU SOUTA , KOYAMA SATOSHI , KIMURA KIYOSHI , SHIMIZU KIYOSHI , YOSHIDA TADAHARU 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe developed 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Asian honeybee, Apis cerana using the magnetic particle method. Eight of these 12 were highly polymorphic, having four to seven alleles with an expected heterozygosity of 0.38 to 0.78. The primers also produce polymorphic products in related honeybee species such as Apis nigrocincta. These loci can be used to study parameters associated with genetic structure, such as paternity frequency and worker reproduction.
Isolation and characterization of 10 microsatellite loci in the common dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius
Authors: NAIM DARLINA MD. , KEMP STEPHEN J. , TELFER SANDRA , WATTS PHILLIP C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTo assess the level and spatial pattern of genetic diversity of the common dormouse, Muscardinus avellanarius, we developed polymorphic microsatellite loci from partial genomic libraries enriched for microsatellite motifs. Ten dinucleotide polymorphic microsatellites were isolated and levels of genetic diversity were assessed in 139 individuals from Bontuchel, (Denbighshire, Wales). We observed high levels of heterozygosity (mean HO = 0.792 ± 0.077; mean HE = 0.730 ± 0.084) and a large number of alleles (Na = 6–17). There was no evidence of deviations from Hardy–Weinberg conditions, or genotypic disequilibrium between any pairs of loci. This is the first description of microsatellite primers from a common dormouse and these loci are currently being used to quantify dormouse spatial genetic structure.
Microsatellite loci for assessing genetic diversity, dispersal and clonality of coral symbionts in ‘stress‐tolerant’ clade D Symbiodinium
Authors: PETTAY DANIEL T. , LAJEUNESSE TODD C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractReef corals harbouring clade D Symbiodinium spp. (endosymbiotic dinoflagellates) appear more tolerant of environmental stress. As sea surface temperatures rise, symbioses involving Symbiodinium D may increase in prevalence. For this reason, eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for clade D Symbiodinium. From the analysis of 132 samples originating from cnidarian hosts in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, 4 to 35 alleles were found at each haploid locus and diversity indices ranged from 0.35 to 0.97. Population genetic analyses of these symbionts should reveal how environmental perturbations affect genetic diversity, geographical distributions, and possible host‐range expansions to new coral species.
Isolation and characterization of 11 new microsatellite markers for Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: BAIER CHRISTINA , GUICKING DANIELA , PRINZ KATHLEEN , FEY‐WAGNER CHRISTINA , WÖHRMANN TINA , WEISING KURT , DEBENER THOMAS , SCHIE STEPHAN , BLATTNER FRANK R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe provide primer sequences for 11 new polymorphic microsatellite markers developed in the tropical ant–plant genus Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae), after enrichment cloning of Macaranga tanarius and Macaranga hypoleuca. Allele numbers per locus ranged from two to 16 among 20 accessions of M. tanarius, and from three to 10 among 22 accessions of M. hypoleuca. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.150 to 0.900 and from 0.375 to 0.894 in M. tanarius, and from 0.545 to 1.000 and from 0.434 to 0.870 in M. hypoleuca, respectively. Six of the 11 primer pairs successfully cross‐amplified polymorphic polymerase chain reaction products in Macaranga winkleri.
Genome‐wide cross‐amplification of domestic sheep microsatellites in bighorn sheep and mountain goats
Authors: POISSANT J. , SHAFER A. B. A. , DAVIS C. S. , MAINGUY J. , HOGG J. T. , CÔTÉ S. D. , COLTMAN D. W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe tested for cross‐species amplification of microsatellite loci located throughout the domestic sheep (Ovis aries) genome in two north American mountain ungulates (bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis, and mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus). We identified 247 new polymorphic markers in bighorn sheep (≥ 3 alleles in one of two study populations) and 149 in mountain goats (≥ 2 alleles in a single study population) using 648 and 576 primer pairs, respectively. Our efforts increased the number of available polymorphic microsatellite markers to 327 for bighorn sheep and 180 for mountain goats. The average distance between successive polymorphic bighorn sheep and mountain goat markers inferred from the Australian domestic sheep genome linkage map (mean ± 1 SD) was 11.9 ± 9.2 and 15.8 ± 13.8 centimorgans, respectively. The development of genomic resources in these wildlife species enables future studies of the genetic architecture of trait variation.