bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral staff management: An analogue study of acceptability and its behavioral correlates
Authors: Davis John R. , Russell Robert H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examined the acceptability of four behavioral staff management techniques: instruction/ modeling, reinforcement, punishment, and self‐management. Staff working with developmentally handicapped clients were randomly assigned to these conditions, which were presented in role‐plays with a handicapped confederate, while the experimenter directed the management techniques toward the reinforcing behaviors of staff. Dependent variables included number of reinforcers delivered by the staff person, number of problems attempted by the confederate, and ratings of acceptability from staff. Instruction/modeling was most acceptable, followed, in order, by self‐management, reinforcement, and punishment. A significant interaction showed number of reinforcers to increase only for instruction/modeling and self‐management conditions.
Comparative costs for institutional services and services for selected populations in the community
Authors: Schalock Mark , Fredericks H. D. Bud 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDeinstitutionalization of large institutions for individuals with mental retardation has been an ongoing process for almost 20 years. Because the process continues and because there are still many concerns about deinstitutionalization, especially for populations with more challenging behaviors, the question of relative costs of institutional services and community services is raised periodically by legislators, bureaucrats, and advocates. This study compares the costs within one institution, Fairview, in Oregon, with the costs of providing community‐based services in five small group homes and an apartment complex serving populations with more challenging behaviors. In general, institutional costs are slightly higher than the community‐based programs. However, after equalizing salary rates between the two environments, community‐based residences that serve individuals with challenging behaviors are more expensive than the institution.
Use of delayed feedback and reinforcement for reducing inappropriate behaviors with chronically institutionalized mental clients
Authors: Curran James P. , Licht Mark H. , Himadi Bill 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the efficacy of: (a) delayed feedback; (b) delayed feedback and social reinforcement; or (c) delayed feedback, social reinforcement, and tangible reinforcement for reducing the rate of bizarre motoric behaviors for 2 female and 1 male chronically institutionalized mental clients. These treatments were consecutively employed with each subject, utilizing a multiple baseline across subjects experimental design. Results indicated that these subjects were able to retain and understand the feedback on both their problem and alternative behaviors but that reductions in the inappropriate motoric behaviors resulted only when tangible reinforcers were included in the treatment. Implications for further investigations and for the utility and efficiency of delayed feedback and reinforcement with chronically institutionalized adults are discussed.
Assessment of the use of timeout in an inpatient child psychiatry treatment unit
Authors: Jones Robert N. , Downing Robert H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article describes the use of response contingent brief social isolation (i.e., timeout) with 770 children admitted to an inpatient child psychiatry treatment unit during a 2‐year study period. A total of 2,256 timeouts were recorded during the study period. Preliminary normative frequency, duration, and reason for timeout information are reported for age and sex groups and for common diagnostic categories. Only a third (255) of the inpatients earned one or more timeouts during their hospitalization. The results suggest 2 trends for timeout in this inpatient setting. First, there was an inverse relationship between timeout frequency and subjects' age; i.e., frequency of timeouts tended to decrease as subjects' age increased. Second, there was a positive relationship between timeout duration and subjects' age; i.e., older subjects required longer timeouts. A third and tentative finding suggested that the frequency of timeout was differentially associated with primary diagnosis for some groups. Alternative treatment procedures are discussed.
Case study: Reinforcement control of severe aggression exhibited by a child with autism in a family home
Authors: Paisey Timothy J. , Fox Sheila , Curran Christopher , Hooper Kristina , Whitney Robert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis clinical case study describes in‐home treatment of severe aggression and tantrum behavior exhibited by an 11 ‐year‐old child with autism, using methods of differential reinforcement comparable to those of a case study by Luiselli (1990). No significant reductions in problem conduct occurred when a parent implemented differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) in conjunction with publicly posted ‘good behavior rules,’ physical management training, and redirection to relaxation. Control was established when the child was reinforced for compliance with task demands in conjunction with extinction, implemented directly by professional support staff working in the home. Despite demonstrable parental consistency, systematic training, and fading of supports, results were not maintained at follow‐up. The generality of differential reinforcement as a practical intervention for severe aggression in family homes is questioned.
Assessment of delusional beliefs during the modification of delusional verbalizations
Authors: Himadi Bill , Osteen Frances , Kaiser Andrew J. , Daniel Kimberly 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examined the strength of delusional beliefs during the modification of delusional verbalizations of a 51 year‐old chronically mentally ill inpatient. The changing‐criterion design was used to document the effectiveness of a behavioral treatment package to alter the rate of delusional responses to personal background questions. The results revealed a stepwise decline in the frequency of delusional responses. Generalization effects to novel interviewers were obtained. No changes were obtained on the subject's ratings of delusional beliefs, with the subject assigning ratings of absolute conviction to his beliefs throughout the duration of the study.
Employee recognition: A procedure to reinforce work attendance
Authors: Werner Glenn A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn employee recognition program to improve work attendance was conducted for one year in 1986 as part of a 3‐year study using the awarding and posting of attendance certificates as the primary method of employee recognition. Compared to sick leave usage during 1985, those employees in the recognition group decreased their use of sick leave by 28%. In 1987, the year following the end of the recognition program, the average sick leave returned to a level higher than the 1986 level. In addition, the sick leave of a nonintervention control group of employees showed a sequential increase each year from 1985 to 1987, with their use in 1986 being 16% greater than those employees in the employee recognition group.
Reducing problem behaviors in a residential unit using structural analysis and staff management procedures: A preliminary study
Authors: Bodfish James W. , Konarski Edward A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA structural analysis of the problem behaviors of 32 adults with mental retardation living together in a residential facility showed that a disproportionate number of these behaviors were associated with a period of time scheduled for leisure activities. A staff management program was implemented during this time which included activity and staff scheduling, staff inservice training, and staff performance monitoring and feedback. The results showed an 83% decrease in problem behaviors when the program was implemented during the leisure period and no decrease in problem behaviors during adjacent time periods where the program was not utilized. Follow‐up assessments indicated maintenance of these decreased levels of behavior at 3 and 6 months. It was concluded that this approach of combining a structural analysis with staff management procedures was effective in reducing a high level of problem behavior in a residential setting. The results are discussed with regard to pragmatic strategies for the pretreatment analysis of problem behaviors in residential settings, and the role of organizational behavior management techniques in habilitative programing for individuals with behavior disorders.
A program for increasing manual signing by a nonvocal adult within the daily environment
Authors: Schuebel Christine L. , Lalli Joseph S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn instructional program was implemented to increase an adult's repertoire of manual signlanguage skills. The participant was a 39‐year‐old male with mental retardation who had never demonstrated vocal speech. The program used modified incidental teaching strategies consisting of modeling, verbal prompts, physical guidance, positive reinforcement, and naturally occurring reinforcers within the participant's daily environment. The teaching program was implemented by eight direct care personnel who interacted with the participant and five other residents in a community living arrangement (CLA) on a daily basis. Results indicated that the participant learned to independently use manual signing during structured interactions and that the independent levels of responding were maintained for the duration of this study. Results are discussed regarding the potential benefits of teaching manual signs to nonvocal individuals.
Prevalence of severe behavior disorders in persons with mental retardation and treatment procedures used in community and institutional settings
Authors: Meador Darlene M. , Osborn Robert G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA statewide survey of moderate and severe behavior disorders in persons with mental retardation in institutional and community settings was conducted. Information on the treatment procedures used and the adequacy of available resources in both settings was also gathered. Results indicated that community staff had considerably less experience than institutional staff in dealing with serious behavior disorders exhibited by persons with substantial cognitive and physical impairments. The types of aberrant behaviors with the highest prevalence rates showed differences in the institutions and the community. The largest differences in prevalence rates for severe behavior disorders in the two settings occurred for aggressive and self‐injurious behaviors. Community staff thus had appreciably less experience than institutional staff in designing interventions for severe aggressive and self‐injurious behaviors. About half of the identified individuals in both settings received psychotropic medications. Institutional staff were most likely to use restrictive behavioral procedures than community staff. Findings indicated that the most restrictive procedures were used primarily with only certain severe behavior disorders. Subjective ratings of the overall effectiveness of interventions were lower by community than institutional staff. The usefulness of the obtained data base for statewide planning in the area of behavioral supports is discussed.
The pattern of child sexual abuse in northern ireland
Authors: Kennedy M. T. , Manwell M. K. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA team from the Departments of Child Psychiatry, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, and of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queens University Belfast, conducted a study in 1987 of the reported incidence of child sexual abuse in Northern Ireland. The incidence rate of established cases of child sexual abuse was 0.9 per 1000 children under the age of 17 years. Further analysis of all the cases of sexual abuse (suspected, alleged and established) and an estimation of the potential under‐ascertainment indicated that the actual rate was between 0.9 per 1000 and 1.85 per 1000 children. Data obtained from a detailed structured questionnaire on each sexually abused child was analysed. The results are presented in relation to the child, age and sex; the abuse, type and duration; the abuser, sex, age and relationship to the child; and outcome factors, initial psychological sequelae, physical signs and symptoms, and social sequelae.
Children's comprehension of war
Authors: Miljević‐Ridjički Renata , Lugomerarmano Goranka 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to show how pre‐school children, both from Zagreb and refugees, experienced and comprehended the war during 1992. The study included 98 children from Zagreb kindergartens (pre‐school nurseries). The children were asked five questions about the war in Croatia. Each was interviewed individually. A content analysis of the answers revealed that the children, in defining the warring parties and the causes of the war, besides using much information obtained through the media, based their concepts of the war on personal experience. The worst war‐related experience for Zagreb children was the air‐raid alarms, while the displaced or refugee children felt worst when there were bombardments, destruction and shooting—mostly personally experienced events. Generally, the children's answers suggest more mature comprehension of war than usually expected and found at the pre‐school age.
Getting to know you … young people's knowledge of their partners at first intercourse
Authors: Ingham Roger , Woodcock Alison , Stenner Karen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOne aspect of the British public health campaigns in the field of the sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS has encouraged people to ‘get to know their partners’. This article draws on interview material (n = 95) to explore the extent to which such advice is followed amongst young people in relation to first‐ever intercourse. There was very little evidence that attempts are made to assess HIV risk factors in prospective partners, and a number of powerful reasons for not doing so emerged. Time to intercourse since becoming ‘a couple’ was 2 weeks or less for half the sample and within 24 hours for a quarter. Roughly equal proportions of respondents knew their partner's sexual status, assumed their sexual status or knew nothing. Condom use was more frequent amongst older females who progressed to intercourse later in relationships. The implications of the results for HIV/AIDS interventions are discussed, as well as some problems with health belief models based on notions of rational decision‐making.
Risk‐taking, control over partner choice and intended use of condoms by virgins
Authors: Breakwell G. M. , Fife‐Schaw C. , Clayden K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses a model to predict intended condom use among a sample of British, 16‐20 year old virgins (n = 571). This group are of interest as they hold attitudes and have beliefs about condoms and their ability to use them that are not based upon experience of condom use. In particular the paper focuses upon intentions to use condoms despite the possible disadvantages that condoms are perceived by some to have (e.g. lost spontaneity, the need to carry them etc.). The resulting model suggests that perceptions of personal control over sexual relationships and the perceived ability to use condoms whatever the situation can predict intentions to use condoms. Where respondents expect not to have control, either over sexual relationships generally or condom use specifically, they are less likely to intend to use condoms. A willingness to take risks as a general trait of individuals also provides additional predictive power in the model. The results are discussed with reference to Bandura's (1989) theory of self‐efficacy and health education policy.
Police officers' definitions of rape: A prototype study
Authors: Krahé Barbara 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe study investigates police officers' definitions of different rape situations. On the basis of the concept of ‘cognitive prototypes’ a methodology is developed which elicits consensual feature lists describing six rape situations: the typical, i.e. most common rape, the credible, dubious, and false rape complaints as well as the rape experiences that are particularly hard vs. relatively easy for the victim to cope with. Qualitative analysis of the data allows the identification of the characteristic features defining the prototype of each rape situation, as well as comparisons between the situations in terms of their common and distinctive features. It is shown that police officers, while sharing some of the widely held stereotypes about rape, generally perceive rape as a serious crime with long‐term negative consequences for the victim. The quantitative analysis of prototype similarity between the six situations corroborates this conclusion by demonstrating a high similarity between the prototypes of the typical and the credible rape situation. In addition, subjects' general attitude towards rape victims is measured to compare the prototypes provided by respondents holding a positive vs. negative attitude towards rape victims. Findings for the two groups, however, reveal more similarities than differences in their descriptions of rape prototypes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the feasibility of the prototype approach presented in this study as a strategy for investigating implicit or common‐sense theories of rape.
Determining the need for community alternatives to prevent unnecessary admissions to an adult inpatient psychiatric unit
Authors: Whittle Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAdmissions to an adult psychiatric inpatient unit were monitored for a period of 4 months in order to determine the necessity for those admissions. Staff considered that 34–58 per cent of admissions would have been unnecessary if appropriate alternatives had been available in the community. The study was repeated using a different methodology and 50 per cent of admissions were then considered unnecessary. As these results are based on post‐hoc judgements, made with some knowledge of outcome, the conclusions are drawn cautiously. Implications regarding the development of services are considered.
Reflections upon charitable giving: A comparison of individuals from business, ‘manual’ and professional backgrounds
Authors: Radley Alan , Kennedy Marie 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper compares three groups of individuals in their beliefs about charitable giving. Focusing upon their preferences for different kinds of needy recipients, the paper compares the views of 49 people from (a) business, (b) professional and (c) ‘manual’ backgrounds. Their justifications of need provided the basis for comparisons on the basic themes of emotional response to requests for funds, to local versus overseas aid and to the relative roles of charity and state provision. It is argued that distinctions between the groups show the need to examine specific beliefs as well as generally held ideologies about charity. In addition, a further comparison of the groups is used to argue that they exemplify differences in the actual form of the gift relationship. These differences in form show the importance of examining charitable giving within specific social contexts, as well as with reference to the various ways of raising funds.
Assumptions in people's talk about AIDS
Authors: Willig Carla 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGovernment AIDS education campaigns are based on a number of tacit assumptions. They presuppose that an increase in knowledge of HIV transmission routes will produce behaviour change in and of itself. In addition, the major slogans used in nationwide media campaigns make three further assumptions: 1. there are objective facts that are undisputably true, 2. such facts can be assessed via scientific inquiry, and 3. individual freedom of behavioural choice.Research reported in this paper aims to assess to what extent a consensus with regard to these assumptions can be expected among ‘the general public’. The material presented in this paper is based on a series of depth interviews with 12 representative individuals. Qualitative analysis of interview transcripts via the identification of fundamental assumptions about the world in respondents' discourse revealed a concern with emotional and psychological factors which is not matched by national AIDS slogans.
Fear of victimization in Mexico
Authors: Lira Luciana Ramos , Andrade‐Palos Patricia 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the influence on Mexican citizens of several variables that have been reported as being important in the literature on fear of victimization. Sociodemographic variables such as gender, age group and socioeconomic level, together with perceived risk of victimization, perceived seriousness in the face of different acts, experienced victimizations and perception of control of violence and crime are included among these variables. One hundred and eighty‐one people were interviewed in a cross‐sectional field study. Multiple regression analyses were carried out in three fear of victimization dimensions: personal, property and general situations. On the whole, the findings confirm the influence of the aforesaid variables. Being a woman, feeling at risk of being the object of violent attacks and the seriousness with which moderately violent acts are perceived were some of the major variables considered to predict fear of victimization.
Does medics' social identification increase handicap for mentally retarded patients?
Authors: Claire Lindsay St. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBriefs about mentally retarded people are more negative than briefs about other social categories; professionals, such as medical doctors evaluate them most negatively of all. It was hypothesized (a) that medics' beliefs about mentally retarded people are mediated by psychological salience of their clinical social identification, rather than by personal characteristics that medics happen to share and (b) that such beliefs will bias decisions, rather than enhance accuracy. Forty‐five doctors and medical students were randomly assigned to conditions designed to enhance salience of their shared clinical social identification or individual self‐perceptions. Subjects completed semantic differentials about mentally retarded people and distinguished between slides of ‘mentally retarded’ and ‘normal’ children. Beliefs of subjects in the medical condition were significantly more negative than those in the personal condition. A signal detection analysis revealed no difference between conditions in subjects' ability to distinguish between children but showed that subjects in the medical condition were significantly more likely to judge a child ‘mentally retarded’ when in doubt. Results were discussed within an information processing framework and supported the idea that a salient clinical social identity can mediate beliefs that are likely to handicap patients.
Über die Substitutionsverhältnisse bei der Chlorphosphonylierung der Paraffinkohlenwasserstoffe
Authors: Geiseler Gerhard , Asinger Friedrich , Fedtke Manfred 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie bei der gemeinsamen Einwirkung von Phosphortrichlorid und Sauerstoff auf Propan, n‐Butan und Isobutan sich bildenden stellungsisomeren Alkanphosphonsäure‐dichloride stehen praktisch im gleichen Verhältnis zueinander wie die entsprechenden Isomeren in den Monosubstitutionsprodukten der Sulfochlorierung oder Chlorierung. Die Untersuchung der Substitutionsverhältnisse bei der Chlorphosphonylierung von n‐Dodecan führte noch zu keinem exakten Ergebnis; zum allergrößten Teil entstehen die sekundären Isomeren.
Eliminierung der Ringe C und D aus dem Strychnin
Authors: Rosenmund Peter , Wieland Theodor 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDihydrodesoxystrychnin wird in 2‐Stellung nitriert, an seiner isolierten Doppelbindung mit Osmiumtetroxyd/NaClO3 zum Glykol oxydiert und dieses mit Bleitetraacetat zur Ketoverbindung gespalten. Der dabei entstehende Acetaldehyd liefert den Beweis für die β.γ‐Stellung der Doppelbindung zum Lactamcarbonyl.