bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental trials to determine effective fence designs for feral Cat and Fox exclusion
Authors: Robley Alan , Purdey Dan , Johnston Michael , Lindeman Michael , Busana Frank , Long Kirstin 
Published: October 2007

Summary  Exclusion fencing is being increasingly used to protect areas of high conservation value or to create ‘islands’ of protected habitat for native fauna. The objective of this study was to test a range of fence designs to assess the optimum physical and/or electrical barrier required to exclude feral Cats (Felis catus) and Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes). We tested against six fence designs by placing individual animals (18 Cats and 18 Foxes) in 20 × 20 m pens and recording their responses to various fence components. Fence design 1 was 1.8‐m high with one electric wire at 1200 mm and another at 1500 mm offset by 80 mm and a curved overhang 600 mm in diameter. Fence design 2 and 3 had single electric wires placed at 400 mm and 1700 mm, respectively. Fence design 4 had a single electric wire at the end of the overhang. Fence design 5 had no electric wire and fence design 6 was 1.2‐m high with an overhang and no electric wire. Neither feral Cats nor Foxes were able to scale the 1.8‐m fence regardless of the position or absence of electric wires. One Fox and one feral Cat successfully breached the 1.2‐m high fence by jumping onto the overhang and climbing over. Four Foxes excavated holes underneath the fence and one chewed through the mesh. Results from this work indicate that fences designed to exclude feral Cats and Foxes should be 1.8‐m high, have an overhang that is at least 600 mm in circumference that is curved or shaped in such a way that prevents animals climbing over from underneath, and have an apron with a mesh hard enough to prevent Foxes chewing through. Exclusion fences do not require electric wires. The omission of electric wires will provide significant savings in building and maintenance costs for exclusion fencing.
Deglycosylated anti‐amyloid beta antibodies reduce microglial phagocytosis and cytokine production while retaining the capacity to induce amyloid beta sequestration
Authors: Takata Kazuyuki , Hirata‐Fukae Chiho , Becker Amanda G. , Chishiro Saori , Gray Audrey J. , Nishitomi Kouhei , Franz Andreas H. , Sakaguchi Gaku , Kato Akira , Mattson Mark P. , LaFerla Frank M. , Aisen Paul S. , Kitamura Yoshihisa , Matsuoka Yasuji 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAccumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta) is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, and lowering Abeta is a promising therapeutic approach. Intact anti‐Abeta antibodies reduce brain Abeta through two pathways: enhanced microglial phagocytosis and Abeta transfer from the brain to the periphery (Abeta sequestration). While activation of microglia, which is essential for microglial phagocytosis, is necessarily accompanied by undesired neuroinflammatory events, the capacity for sequestration does not seem to be linked to such effects. We and other groups have found that simple Abeta binding agents are sufficient to reduce brain Abeta through the sequestration pathway. In this study, we aimed to eliminate potentially deleterious immune activation from antibodies without affecting the ability to induce sequestration. The glycan portion of immunoglobulin is critically involved in interactions with immune effectors including the Fc receptor and complement c1q; deglycosylation eliminates these interactions, while antigen (Abeta)‐binding affinity is maintained. In this study, we investigated whether deglycosylated anti‐Abeta antibodies reduce microglial phagocytosis and neuroinflammation without altering the capacity to induce Abeta sequestration. Deglycosylated antibodies maintained Abeta binding affinity. Deglycosylated antibodies did not enhance Abeta phagocytosis or cytokine release in primary cultured microglia, whereas intact antibodies did so significantly. Intravenous injection of deglycosylated antibodies elevated plasma Abeta levels and induced Abeta sequestration to a similar or greater degree compared with intact antibodies in an Alzheimer's transgenic mouse model without or with Abeta plaque pathology. We conclude that deglycosylated antibodies effectively induced Abeta sequestration without provoking neuroinflammation; thus, these deglycosylated antibodies may be optimal for sequestration therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
Continuous white noise exposure during and after auditory critical period differentially alters bidirectional thalamocortical plasticity in rat auditory cortex in vivo
Authors: Speechley William J. , Hogsden Jennifer L. , Dringenberg Hans C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractLong‐term potentiation (LTP) and long‐term depression are thought to mediate activity‐dependent brain plasticity but their role in the development of the thalamocortical auditory system in vivo has not been investigated. In adult urethane‐anaesthetized rats, theta‐burst stimulation of the medial geniculate nucleus produced robust LTP (40% amplitude enhancement) of field post‐synaptic evoked potentials recorded in the superficial layers of the primary auditory cortex. Low‐frequency (1‐Hz) stimulation resulted in transient depression (∼40%) of field post‐synaptic evoked potential amplitude. Both LTP and synaptic depression were found to be dependent on cortical N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors. Thalamocortical plasticity was also assessed after continuous white noise exposure, thought to arrest auditory cortex maturation when applied during the critical period of post‐natal primary auditory cortex development. Rats housed in continuous white noise for the first 50 days of post‐natal life exhibited greater LTP (∼80%) than controls reared in unaltered acoustic environments. The protocol used to elicit depression also resulted in substantial LTP (∼50%) in white noise‐reared animals. Adults housed in white noise for the same length of time exhibited normal LTP but displayed greater and persistent levels of synaptic depression (∼70%). Thus, the absence of patterned auditory stimulation during early post‐natal life appears to retard sensory‐dependent thalamocortical synaptic strengthening, as indicated by the preferential readiness for synaptic potentiation over depression. The fact that the same auditory manipulation in adults results in synapses favouring depression demonstrates the critical role of developmental stage in determining the direction of synaptic modification in the thalamocortical auditory system.
Ontogenetic quinpirole treatment produces long‐lasting decreases in the expression of Rgs9, but increases Rgs17 in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex
Authors: Maple Amanda M. , Perna Marla K. , Parlaman Joshua P. , Stanwood Gregg D. , Brown Russell W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOntogenetic treatment of rats with the dopamine D2‐like receptor agonist quinpirole produces a significant increase in dopamine D2 receptor sensitivity that persists throughout the animal's lifetime, a phenomenon known as D2 priming. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of priming of the D2 receptor on the expression of three different members of the regulator of G‐protein signaling (RGS) family: Rgs4, Rgs9 and Rgs17. Male offspring were ontogenetically treated with quinpirole or saline from postnatal days (P)1–21 and raised to adulthood. On ∼ P65, animals were given an acute quinipirole injection (0.1 mg/kg) and the number of yawns was recorded for 1 h after the injection. Yawning has been shown to be a behavioural event mediated by the dopamine D2/D3 receptor. Animals ontogenetically treated with quinpirole demonstrated a significant 2.5‐fold increase in yawning as compared to controls. Rgs transcripts were analysed through in situ hybridization several weeks later. Rats ontogenetically treated with quinpirole demonstrated a significant decrease in Rgs9 expression in the frontal cortex, but a more robust decrease in the striatum and nucleus accumbens as compared to controls. Regarding Rgs17, ontogenetic quinpirole produced a modest but significant increase in expression in the same brain areas. There were no significant differences in Rgs4 expression produced by drug treatment in any of the brain regions analysed. This study demonstrates that ontogenetic quinpirole treatment, which results in priming of the D2 receptor, results in significant decreases in Rgs9, which has been shown to regulate G‐protein coupling to D2 receptors.
Vasopressin modulates lateral septal network activity via two distinct electrophysiological mechanisms
Authors: Allaman‐Exertier G. , Reymond‐Marron I. , Tribollet E. , Raggenbass M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe lateral septal area is rich in vasopressin V1A receptors and is densely innervated by vasopressinergic axons, originating mainly from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the amygdala. Genetic and behavioral studies provide evidence that activation of vasopressin receptors in this area plays a determinant role in promoting social recognition. What could be the neuronal mechanism underlying this effect? Using rat brain slices and whole‐cell recordings, we found that lateral septal neurons are under the influence of a basal GABAergic inhibitory input. Vasopressin, acting via V1A but not V1B receptors, greatly enhanced this input in nearly all neurons. The peptide had no effect on miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents, indicating that it acted on receptors located in the somatodendritic membrane, rather than on axon terminals, of GABAergic interneurons. Cell‐attached recordings showed that vasopressin can cause a direct excitation of a subpopulation of lateral septal neurons by acting via V1A but not V1B receptors. The presence in the lateral septum of V1A but not of V1B receptors was confirmed by competition binding studies using light microscopic autoradiography. In conclusion, vasopressin appears to act in the lateral septum in a dual mode: (i) by causing a direct excitation of a subpopulation of neurons, and (ii) by causing an indirect inhibition of virtually all lateral septal neurons. This modulation by vasopressin of the lateral septal circuitry may be part of the neuronal mechanism by which the peptide, acting via V1A receptors, promotes social recognition.
Eye drop NGF administration promotes the recovery of chemically injured cholinergic neurons of adult mouse forebrain
Authors: Di Fausto Veronica , Fiore Marco , Tirassa Paola , Lambiase Alessandro , Aloe Luigi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe have recently shown that conjunctivally applied nerve growth factor (NGF) in rats can reach the retina, the optic nerve and the CNS. In the present study, we investigated whether NGF application as collyrium can promote the recovery of chemically injured basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. NGF was administered on the eye of adult male mice previously treated i.c.v. with ibotenic acid to impair cholinergic pathways. Mice were tested in the passive avoidance test, and after 2 weeks of NGF administration were killed and the brains used for structural, biochemical and molecular analyses. The results showed that application of NGF on the eye surface protected choline acetyl transferase levels. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that application of NGF on the eye can represent an alternative delivery route to promote the recovery of brain cells during degeneration, including neurons involved in learning and memory activities.
Cells in somatosensory areas show synchrony with beta oscillations in monkey motor cortex
Authors: Witham Claire L. , Wang Minyan , Baker Stuart N. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOscillatory synchronization between somatosensory and motor cortex has previously been reported using field potential recordings, but interpretation of such results can be confounded by volume conduction. We examined coherence between single‐unit discharge in somatosensory/parietal areas and local field potential from the same area as the unit, or from the motor cortex, in two macaque monkeys trained to perform a finger movement task. There were clear coherence peaks at ∼17.5 Hz for cells in the primary somatosensory cortex (both proprioceptive and cutaneous areas) and posterior parietal cortex (area 5). The size of coherence in all areas was comparable to previous reports analysing motor cortical cells and M1 field potentials. Many coherence phases clustered around –π/2 radians, indicating zero lag synchronization of parietal cells with M1 oscillatory activity. These results indicate that cells in somatosensory and parietal areas have information about the presence of oscillations in the motor system. Such oscillatory coupling across the central sulcus may play an important role in sensorimotor integration of both proprioceptive and cutaneous signals.
The contribution of the NMDA receptor glycine site to rhythm generation during fictive swimming in Xenopus laevis tadpoles
Authors: Issberner Jonathan P. , Sillar Keith T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe presence of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor glycine‐binding site and its role in locomotor activity have been examined using fictive swimming in stage 42 Xenopus laevis frog tadpoles as a simple model system. The specific NMDA/glycine site blocker L‐689560 (0.1–20 µm) impaired swimming rhythm generation and abolished NMDA‐induced locomotor‐like ventral root activity. d‐serine (50 µm), an agonist at the NMDA/glycine site, increased the duration of skin stimulus‐induced fictive swimming episodes, and produced slow modulations of burst frequency and amplitude. These effects of d‐serine were reversed by L‐689560. In some animals, d‐serine also induced an alternative intense, non‐locomotory form of rhythmic motor output termed struggling. Glycine (100 µm), another endogenous agonist at this site, triggered similar effects to d‐serine, but only when applied in the presence of strychnine. Manipulations of endogenous glycine levels using sarcosine or ALX 5407 (inhibitors of the glycine re‐uptake protein, GlyT1b), produced similar effects to glycine site agonists, including increased episode durations, and modulations in cycle period and burst amplitude. Sarcosine and ALX 5407 also induced struggling. In summary, these experiments support the hypothesis that NMDA receptors in the swimming network of Xenopus laevis tadpoles possess glycine‐binding sites, not all of which are fully occupied under normal circumstances. Altering the strength of the NMDA receptor‐mediated component of the synaptic drive for swimming by increasing or decreasing occupancy of this site potently influences the locomotor pattern.
Towards unravelling task‐related modulations of neuroplastic changes induced in the human motor cortex
Authors: Antal Andrea , Terney Daniella , Poreisz Csaba , Paulus Walter 
Published: October 2007

AbstractStimulation with weak electrical direct currents has been shown to be capable of inducing stimulation‐polarity‐dependent prolonged diminutions or elevations of cortical excitability, most probably elicited by a hyper‐ or depolarization of resting membrane potentials. The aim of the present study was to test if cognitive task and motor exercise practiced during the stimulation are able to modify transcranial direct current stimulation‐induced plasticity in the left primary motor cortex in 12 healthy subjects. Motor evoked potentials were recorded before and after 10 min of anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation. In Experiment 1, subjects were required to sit passively during the stimulation, in Experiment 2 the subject's attention was directed towards a cognitive test and in Experiment 3 subjects were instructed to push a ball in their right hand. Both the cognitive task and motor exercise modified transcranial direct current stimulation‐induced plasticity; when performing the cognitive task during stimulation the motor cortex excitability was lower after anodal stimulation and higher after cathodal stimulation, compared with the passive condition. When performing the motor exercise, the motor cortex excitability was lower after both anodal and cathodal stimulation, compared with the passive condition. Our results show that transcranial direct current stimulation‐induced plasticity is highly dependent on the state of the subject during stimulation.
How Leaders Woo Followers in the Romance of Leadership
Authors: Gray Judy H. , Densten Iain L. 
Published: October 2007

This empirical study examines the origins of the romance of leadership from a leader‐centric perspective. The impact of Self‐Deception and Impression Management on leader perceptions of their leadership was examined to gauge whether leaders hold romantic notions about their leadership. A national survey (N = 2,376) of business executives was conducted and data were analysed using a multiple‐method factor approach. The results indicate that leaders distort their self‐attributions to reflect romantic or “idealised” images of leadership. We contend that leaders are motivated to transmit these images through impression management to “woo” followers into constructing romantic images of leadership. Thus, leaders play an active role in the development of the romance of leadership. The study considers the practical and theoretical implications and proposes directions for future research.Cette étude empirique s’intéresse aux origines de la romance du leadership d’un point de vue centré sur le leader. L’impact des illusions sur soi et du management impressionnant sur la perception qu’ont les leaders de leur propre leadership a été pris en compte pour savoir si les leaders adhéraient à des notions romantiques à propos de leur leadership. Les données d’une enquête nationale (N = 2,376) sur des hommes/femmes d’affaires ont été analysées avec une approche factorielle à méthodes multiples. Les résultats montrent que les leaders distordent leurs auto‐attributions pour renvoyer des images romantiques ou idéalisées du leadership. Nous soutenons que les leaders cherchent à transmettre ces images à travers le management impressionnant pour amener les suiveurs àélaborer des images romantiques du leadership. Les leaders jouent donc un rôle actif dans le développement de la romance du leadership. On réfléchit aux conséquences théoriques et pratiques de cette étude et l’on propose des orientations pour les recherches à venir.
Daring to Dream: Promoting Social and Economic Justice at Work
Authors: Komaki Judith L. 
Published: October 2007

The promotion of justice in the workplace has been singled out as “unquestionably the major civil rights battleground of the 21st century” (Roberts, 1998, back cover). This article highlights changes since 1963. Illustrating the formidable challenges that organisations face and the substantial changes that organisations must make to achieve measurable results, two employment discrimination cases and two task force reports are described. To see what constructive steps organisations are taking to foster justice, the scholarly and applied literature is reviewed including stereotyping studies, performance appraisal experiments, analyses of court opinions of employment discrimination cases, and organisations’ diversity efforts. Inspired by psychologist B.F. Skinner (1978), a constructive, balanced, and long‐term Justice Model is proposed putting organisations in the driver's seat. Although the progress to date has not been as far‐reaching and long lasting as many had hoped, the suggested practices, particularly regarding the motivation of managers at all levels, hold the promise of realising Dr King's vision.La promotion de la justice sur le lieu de travail est incontestablement “le champ de bataille principal des droits civiques du 21ème siècle” (Roberts, 1998, quatrième de couverture). Cet article souligne les changements intervenus depuis 1963 sur cette question. Illustrant les défis redoutables que les organisations doivent relever et les changements substantiels qu’elles doivent réaliser pour obtenir des résultats décisifs, deux cas de discrimination à l’embauche et deux rapports d’un groupe de travail ont été analysés. Pour étudier les étapes que les organisations franchissent pour favoriser la justice, la littérature fondamentale et appliquée a été passée en revue, cet état de la question inclut les études sur les stéréotypes, les expériences sur l’évaluation d’exécution, les analyses des avis de justice concernant des cas de discrimination à l’embauche et des diverses actions mises en place par les organisations. Inspiré par le psychologue B.F. Skinner (1978), un Modèle constructif, équilibré et à long terme de la justice a été proposéà des organisations. Bien que le progrès n’ait pas jusqu’à présent été d’une aussi grande portée que prévu, les actions suggérées notamment celles concernant la motivation des responsables quel que soit leur niveau de responsabilité tendent à montrer que la vision du Dr King peut se réaliser.
International Employment Discrimination and Implicit Social Cognition: New Directions for Theory and Research
Authors: Chao Georgia T. , Willaby Harold W. 
Published: October 2007

This article contends that a complete understanding of employment discrimination should consider conscious and unconscious sources of bias. Research on implicit social cognition has described how prejudice and stereotypes operate at an unconscious level. These processes are believed to be fundamental properties of human cognition and universal across cultures; although specific targets of discrimination may vary by culture. Within an employment framework, implicit social cognitions can be measured to determine the extent to which unconscious prejudices influence organisational behavior. Human resource practices designed to minimise unfair employment discrimination may require interventions that operate at conscious and unconscious levels.Cet article soutient que la compréhension complète de la discrimination à l’embauche devrait prendre en compte les sources conscientes et inconscientes de ce phénomène. La recherche sur la cognition sociale implicite a décrit comment les préjugés et les stéréotype opèrent à un niveau inconscient. Ces processus sont pensés comme étant des propriétés fondamentales de la cognition humaine et universels du point de vue des cultures; bien que les cibles spécifiques de la discrimination puissent varier selon ces dernières. Dans le cadre d’une embauche, les cognitions sociales implicites peuvent être mesurées pour déterminer l’importance avec laquelle les préjugés inconscients influencent le comportement organisationnel. En matière de ressources humaines, les pratiques prévues pour réduire au minimum l’injuste discrimination à l’embauche peuvent exiger des interventions agissant aux niveaux conscient et inconscient.