bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Distilling During the Period of the Excise System in Russia (1863–1894)
Authors: Goryushkina N. E. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance. Despite the wide coverage in the press of the process of economic evolution of distillery in excise Russia, the grounds for dividing factories into agricultural and industrial, the reasons for state guardianship of distilleries in rural areas have not received systematic scientific analysis. However, this topic is very important for understanding the essence of the excise tax. In this regard, the presented article has absolute relevance and significance.The purpose is to assess the state of agricultural distillery during the period of the excise tax system on alcohol in Russia.The objectives of the article follow from the set goal and are to: identify trends in the development of distillery production under excise duty; justify the division of factories into agricultural and industrial; explain government steps to support agricultural distilleries.Methodology. The principles of historicism and objectivity were used as methodological tools, supplemented by historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-descriptive research methods.Results. The wine reform of 1863 established excise rules for distilling. They were getting tougher every year. Distilleries located in landlords' estates, which smoked wine from the products of their farms, used production waste for livestock feed and for fertilizing fields, could not cope with the norms and were closed. Factories that produced alcohol for commercial purposes intensified the production process and grew quantitatively. The Ministry of Finance received requests to support agricultural-type plants. Act of June 4, 1890 He determined the legal status of agricultural distilleries and provided them with preferential taxation.Conclusion. Distillery production was improved under the influence of strict excise regulations. Distilleries of rural owners could not withstand the competition of industrial enterprises. The government showed paternalistic concern for agricultural distillery, which went against the financial interests of the state.
The Feat of the Gunners of the 3rd Fighter Brigade in Defensive Battles on the Northern Face of the Kursk Bulge
Authors: Nemtsev A. D. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance lies in the need to preserve the historical truth about the events of the Great Patriotic War and one of its most important battles – the Battle of Kursk. Despite the significant historiographical groundwork, the generalization of the experience of fighting in the defense zone of the Central Front troops continues to be actively developed. The retrospective factography of participation in the battles of individual units and formations requires further clarification, researchers should pay attention to the restoration of the destinies and names of the heroes of the summer battles of 1943. Whose example continues to inspire the exploits of modern defenders of the Fatherland.Purpose. On the basis of documentary sources from the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, to reveal the specifics of the organization of defensive battles at Teplov heights by the forces of the gunners of the 3rd fighter brigade.Objectives: to identify and study archival materials about the defensive battles of the 3rd Fighter Brigade on the northern face of the Kursk Bulge; to note the role of gunners in deterring the offensive of German troops on July 5-12, 1943; to determine the behavior of individual servicemen who distinguished themselves during the summer battles, to characterize the problems of establishing their destinies.Methodology. During the research, the author adhered to the principles of objectivity and historicism. The information revealed in the sources was systematized and analyzed, allowing to reveal the problems of using artillery in defensive battles during the Battle of Kursk.Results. The generalization of the experience of combat operations of the 3rd Fighter Brigade during defensive battles on the northern face of the Kursk Bulge indicates a well-thought-out and successfully implemented tactics of using individual artillery units in the organization of anti-tank defense.Conclusion. An example of the courage and bravery of the soldiers of the 3rd fighter Brigade during the battles at Teplovsky Heights testifies to their high moral and volitional qualities, as well as the rational alignment of forces and means at the occupied defense lines, which ensured the successful fulfillment of the combat tasks assigned to the gunners.
Kursk Fortress: on the Question of the Borders of Natural Defense Fortentions
Authors: Petrov A. A. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance. This article is an attempt at a comparative analysis of the changes in the central part of Kursk that occurred during the implementation of the master plan for the construction of the city. This topic is poorly represented in the scientific literature, and therefore is relevant and in demand.The purpose of the article: on the basis of available materials (plans, drawings, photographs) to determine the boundaries of the medieval defensive ditch of the city of Kursk and its influence on the city plan.The objectives arise from the set goal: to find the boundaries of the Kursk medieval fortress; find out how the ditch was «fitted» into the new plan of Kursk; establish the location of the defensive ditch.Methodology. The article is based on the general principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. In addition to the above principles, the reconstruction method and the comparative historical method were used.Results. Thanks to the method of superimposing city plans and satellite images of the city, the location of the defensive ditch of Kursk as it was at the end of the 18th century was established. The possible boundaries of the medieval fortress and the location relative to existing buildings have been established, taking into account the repeated changes in the relief of the central part of the city. The boundaries of the moat were established on the northern and western sides of the fortress.Conclusion. In the work done, the probable boundaries of the medieval city and the location of the defensive moat on the north and west sides were established. The width and depth of the moat in the Pervomaisky Park area were also determined. A time frame has been set for filling in the defensive structure in connection with the implementation of the urban development plan of 1782.
Development of Tram Traffic in the Post-War Recovery Period on the Territory of the RSFSR (Using the Example of the City of Lipetsk)
Authors: Davydov A. S. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance.Currently, electric transport is undergoing great development in the Russian Federation. A whole range of investment programs from the state is aimed at both updating and reconstructing tram traffic, the material base of which has no longer met the requirements in the field of transport services for the population, and at restoring communication systems damaged as a result of the hostilities that unfolded in the Donbass. In this regard, the experience achieved by the Soviet country in the post-war recovery period is of exceptional importance. At that time, tram enterprises were not only restored, but also emerged in large industrial centers to provide stable transportation.Purpose:to characterize the process of establishing tram traffic in Lipetsk, the last of the cities in the Central Black Earth Region to receive this type of electric transport.Objectives:based on the study of archival sources, analyze projects for organizing tram traffic in the city of Lipetsk, find out the role of government agencies in the formation and development of tram infrastructure.Methodology.When writing the work, the author relied on the fundamental principles of historical science (historicism and objectivity), as well as on a number of specific historical and general scientific methods (analytical, comparative historical).Results.Based on a multidimensional analysis of archival sources, it was possible to trace the main stages and trends in the formation of the Lipetsk tram in 1945–1950 in the initial period of its development, when the tram was the main type of urban transport.Conclusion.As a result of the study, we can conclude that during the post-war restoration of the national economy of the RSFSR, the tram as a type of public transport achieved not only the restoration of the indicators of the pre-war period, but also appeared in new cities that needed stable transport services.
Stage Repertoire of the Soviet Regional Theater During the Period of Late Socialism
Authors: Zaelskaya S. A. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance. Addressing the repertoire policy of theaters is relevant due to the fact that the study of the repertoire allows us to trace not only the main directions of artistic processes, but also the specifics of social changes of the era being studied.Purpose of the study: to study the specifics of the process of formation and implementation of the stage repertoire of theaters in the Urals in the political and ideological conditions of «developed socialism».Objectives. To achieve the research goal, the following tasks were formulated: to characterize the general principles of the formation of the stage repertoire and the practical mechanism for its compilation; study the themes and genre structure of the repertoire plans of regional theaters in the late Soviet period.Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was a systemic-historical approach, which allows us to study repertory policy as a system functioning in the socio-political environment of the era of late socialism.Results. The stage repertoire was an expression of the creative search of theater groups, carried out in conditions of compromise with the official policy of the state, the ruling party and the natural course of the artistic and aesthetic process. From the point of view of ideology and adherence to party guidelines, «mature ideological and artistic» and «box office» works stood out in the repertoire plans of theaters. The leading place was occupied by the plays of modern Soviet playwrights. The national orientation of the theaters of the multinational Urals was manifested in the embodiment of the works of national playwrights on the stages. A feature of the era was the introduction of plays for children and youth into the repertoire of not only theaters specializing in youth audiences, but also opera and drama groups.Conclusion. The repertoire of the Ural theaters was represented by a variety of works and was built taking into account the requirements of the era. The implementation of the repertoire policy of theaters contributed to the involvement of various socio-demographic groups of the population in the theatrical process, the expansion and complexity of the cultural space of the era under study.
The Legal Nature of the Institution of the Commissioner for the Rights of Consumers of Financial Services
Authors: Kulakova D. V. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance. In 2018, the Institute of the Commissioner for Consumer Rights of Financial Services was established in the Russian Federation. The number of financial services provided to consumers is undoubtedly growing, and the number of cases of violation of citizens' rights by financial market organizations is also increasing. The Financial Commissioner is established to protect the rights of consumers, he considers disputes between consumers of financial services and financial organizations. The importance of the institution of the Commissioner for the Rights of Consumers of Financial services is increasing, which can be seen in the increase in the number of incoming appeals. However, studies of the legal nature of the institute have not been adequately reflected in legal science, which determines the relevance of this research topic.The purpose is to determine the legal nature of the institution of the Commissioner for the Rights of Consumers of Financial Services in the Russian Federation.Objectives: based on the analysis of the regulatory legal framework and scientific literature to determine the main activities of the Institute of financial Ombudsman to establish the essence of its legal nature.Methodology. In the course of the work, the methods of theoretical research (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, mental modeling), as well as the statistical method were used.Results. In the course of the study, the author proposed an understanding of the legal nature of the institution of the financial commissioner as a complex legal phenomenon, including human rights and quasi-judicial legal components.Conclusions. According to the results of the study, conclusions are drawn that the key areas of activity of the Institute of Financial Commissioner are the protection of the rights of consumers of financial services and dispute resolution. The Commissioner for the Rights of Consumers of Financial Services is a human rights body that embodies the guarantee of the state for the protection and observance of the rights and interests of consumers by financial organizations. The Financial Commissioner acts as a judge in the dispute, upon the outcome of the consideration of the case, makes a binding decision aimed at resolving the dispute, restoring justice and based on regulatory legal acts.
The Views of Representatives of the Party and Political Activists of the Kursk Province on the Change in the Social Structure of the Urban Population (1918–1921)
Authors: Petrov N. V. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance. At the present stage of development of the Russian Federation, the preservation of historical truth is one of the main directions of state policy. Statements about the need to return the state ideology allow us to judge the relevance of referring to the experience of the early Soviet period, when communist doctrine became the basis for the formation of a new model of the state, which subsequently achieved considerable success on the world stage in various fields. The urban population has become a pillar for revolutionary transformations, which arouses interest in studying the views of representatives of regional authorities on the problems of the development of the social structure of society.The purpose – to reveal the specifics of the evolution of the public views of the party and political activists of the region on the social composition of the urban population of the Kursk province from 1918 to 1921.Objectives: based on the analysis of archival documents, to identify general trends in the formation of the social structure of the urban population of the Kursk province.Methodology. In the process of working on the research, the basic principles of historical science were used: historicism, objectivity and consistency. General scientific methods were also applied (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical method), special historical methods: historical-genetic, comparative-historical.Results. Based on the analysis of archival documents, the peculiarities of the formation of views on the image of the social composition of the Kursk province in the views of the Kursk communists of the first years of Soviet power are revealed.Conclusion. The political basis of the social structure of the urban population of the region was recognized by the proletarians, who were the mainstay in the revolutionary transformations of all spheres of public life. The party activists of the Kursk province perceived the provisions of the communist teachings as a key model for the formation of an urban community. The semi-proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia, in the opinion of party leaders, should become part of the working people as the sole bearer of power. For the first time, women were considered as an equal part of the urban community in the field of state building.
Leo Trotsky – the Path to Revolution
Authors: Kolupaev A. A. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance. The article highlights the biography of one of the leaders of the Bolshevik Party, Leon Trotsky. He was an example of a passionate personality. Thanks to his organizational and oratorical qualities, the Bolsheviks organized an uprising in October 1917 and seized power in the country. Bringing in new historical facts provides an opportunity to rethink key moments of the past. In this regard, the article is relevant and in demand.The purpose of the article is to highlight the path of the leader of the Bolshevik Party, Leon Trotsky, into the revolution and his active participation in the revolutionary process.The objectives of the research are: a historical analysis of the revolutionary leader's life path, an assessment of the events of 1917 and the Civil War.Methodology. The article is based on the principles of consistency, objectivity and historicism, which have been supplemented by chronological and historical-comparative methods.The results of the scientific research prove the importance of studying the role of passionate personalities in history. It is shown that at the beginning of the XX century Russia was "infected" by the revolution. Revolutionary ideas attracted significant masses of young people from different strata of the population. One of such prominent representatives of the revolutionary youth was Leon Trotsky. His organizational and oratorical talent was reflected in the revolutionary events of 1917. Despite the huge number of opponents and difficult historical realities, Leon Trotsky and other leaders of the revolution were able to rally millions of Russian citizens to fight against external and internal enemies and win a difficult and bloody Civil War.Conclusions. Trotsky became one of the leaders of the Bolshevik party, which was popular among the broad masses. Through all his activities, he proved how great the role of a passionate personality in history can be.
Mediation and Representation Relations in the Exercise of Copyright and Related Rights by Non-Profit Organizations
Authors: Barkovskaia L. E. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance. The article analyzes contractual and other legal grounds, using which collective management organizations and other non-profit organizations can perform the functions of intermediaries and representatives of authors and other right holders in order to ensure the lawful use of copyright and related rights objects in modern conditions.The purpose of the research is to develop theoretical provisions necessary for the development of legal regulation of the activities of non-profit organizations related to the implementation of copyright and related rights.Objectives: to identify the peculiarities of legal regulation of mediation and representation relations arising from the participation of non-profit organizations in the implementation of copyright and related rights; to identify the problems associated with such legal regulation, to develop proposals aimed at their elimination.Methodology. The author used dialectical-materialistic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formallegal method.The results of the research are of theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of civil legal relations.Conclusions. The conclusions made in the article are of a discussion nature, aimed at continuing research on the development of legal regulation of the activities of non-profit organizations related to the implementation and protection of copyright and related rights, including the expansion of the range of non-profit organizations able to participate in the implementation and protection of rights to the results of intellectual activity, as well as to simplify their obtaining the powers necessary for the implementation of such activities.
Startup Activity. Subjects and Signs
Authors: Bykova S. P. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance.Currently, there is no common understanding and approach to the definition of startup activity, startup, startup project, as well as to the range of their subjects. Many by-laws are adopted in which the concept of a startup and its subject composition contradicts previously adopted similar documents: for each state support program, its requirements for recipients are defined, which prevents equal access of entrepreneurs to economic benefits.The purposeof the article is to determine the range of subjects and distinctive features of startup activity.Objectives.Defining the circle of participants in startup activities; forming the concepts of «startup» and «startup project»; highlighting the main features of startup activities.Methodology.To achieve reliable results, general scientific methods of analysis, induction and deduction, interpretation and systematization of legal norms were used, the formal legal method and methods of generalization of legal norms were also used.Results.In the course of the study, a circle of subjects of startup activity was established, which includes both legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, as well as individuals.Conclusion.Startup activity combines startups and startup projects. If we are talking about startup entities, then we can include legal entities and individual entrepreneurs registered in accordance with the legislation. If we talk about the subjects of a startup project, then the circle of subjects includes mainly individuals who can only plan the launch of their innovative business. The idea may not necessarily develop into a real entrepreneurial activity, since various obstacles may arise on the way to a successful project, such as economic, technological, legal and social factors.
Criminal Record as Personal Data and the Basis of General Legal Restrictions
Authors: Alikhadzhiyeva I. S. 
Published: March 2024

Relevance. The issues related to the phenomenon of criminal record as special personal data of a citizen, the availability of information about the conviction of a person and ensuring their safety are considered. The article analyzes the positions of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, courts of general jurisdiction regarding the reflection of a criminal record in certificates of absence of a criminal record and (or) the fact of criminal prosecution or on the termination of criminal prosecution by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation upon its repayment or withdrawal.The purpose of the study is to supplement theoretical provisions aimed at deepening scientific knowledge about criminal record as a negative consequence, expressed in the creation of general legal restrictions not based on law for a convicted person by the Administrative Regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation on the provision of public services for the issuance of criminal record certificates dated 09/27/2019 № 660.Objectives: to analyze the decisions of the Constitutional and Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, reviews of judicial practice, court decisions on cases challenging the provisions of the Administrative Regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, to identify and comprehend the restrictions created by it for persons whose criminal record has been removed or extinguished.Methodology. The article actively uses the methods of theoretical research (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction), as well as formal legal, system-analytical methods, documentary, as well as the method of generalization of judicial practice.The results of the study are theoretical and applied in nature and contain proposals for solving problems related to a citizen's criminal record, when it is repaid or withdrawn, when general legal restrictions, among other things, are the result of gaps in the Administrative Regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The necessity of changing its wording is argued.Conclusion. The state and the law enforcement officer have not comprehended the socially dangerous consequences of decisions on the compliance of departmental acts that create artificial obstacles to the exercise of labor, electoral, social and other rights by ex-convicts to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation.