bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel approach for simultaneous determination of 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole and derivatives of 2‐thiouracil in animal tissue by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Yuan , Zou Qiong‐Hui , Xie Meng‐Xia , Han Jie 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA novel approach for determination of 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) and other thyreostatic residues in animal tissues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in selected ion monitoring mode was developed. The analytes in animal tissues (including hypothyroid, pork muscle and beef samples) were extracted by acetonitrile, and then purified by a matrix solid‐phase dispersion (MSPD) procedure after the extraction residues had been dissolved in water. The thyreostatic residues were derivatized by pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr) under strong basic conditions and then N‐methyl‐N‐(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) before GC/MS analysis. Different kinds of solid supports with various polarities for the MSPD procedure were investigated, and it was found that silica gel was suitable for the purpose. The average recoveries of the thyreostatic drugs in animal tissues ranged from 71.5–96.9% with the relative standard deviations below 10%. By using the developed method, the limits of detection were 10 µg/kg for MBI; 5 µg/kg for 6‐phenyl‐2‐thiouracil; and 2 µg/kg for 2‐thiouracil, 6‐methyl‐2‐thiouracil and 6‐propyl‐2‐thiouracil. The stability of the thyreostatic drugs in spiked animal tissues was tested, and the results showed that the thyreostatic drugs did not decompose within 3 months if the sample was stored in darkness below −20°C. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MSE with mass defect filtering for in vitro and in vivo metabolite identification
Authors: Bateman Kevin P. , Castro‐Perez Jose , Wrona Mark , Shockcor John P. , Yu Kate , Oballa Renata , Nicoll‐Griffith Deborah A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMetabolite identification studies involve the detection and structural characterization of the biotransformation products of drug candidates. These experiments are necessary throughout the drug discovery and development process. The use of high‐resolution chromatography and high‐resolution mass spectrometry together with data processing using mass defect filtering is described for in vitro and in vivo metabolite identification studies. Data collection was done using UPLC™ coupled with an orthogonal hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. This experimental approach enabled the use of MSE data collection (where E represents collision energy) which has previously been shown to be a powerful approach for metabolite identification studies. Post‐acquisition processing with a prototype mass defect filtering program was used to eliminate endogenous interferences in the study samples, greatly enhancing the discovery of metabolites. The ease of this approach is illustrated by results showing the detection and structural characterization of metabolites in plasma from a preclinical rat pharmacokinetic study. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immobilized polysaccharide derivatives: chiral packing materials for efficient HPLC resolution
Authors: Ikai Tomoyuki , Yamamoto Chiyo , Kamigaito Masami , Okamoto Yoshio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPolysaccharide‐based chiral packing materials (CPMs) for high‐performance liquid chromatography have frequently been used not only to determine the enantiomeric excess of chiral compounds but also to preparatively resolve a wide range of racemates. However, these CPMs can be used with only a limited number of solvents as mobile phases because some organic solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, and so on, dissolve or swell the polysaccharide derivatives coated on a support, e.g., silica gel, and destroy their packed columns. The limitation of mobile phase selection is sometimes a serious problem for the efficient analytical and preparative resolution of enantiomers. This defect can be resolved by the immobilization of the polysaccharide derivatives onto silica gel. Efficient immobilizations have been attained through the radical copolymerization of the polysaccharide derivatives bearing small amounts of polymerizable residues and also through the polycondensation of the polysaccharide derivatives containing a few percent of 3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl residue. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 91–103; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20107
7. Sorting out genital ulceration
Authors: Sonnex Chris 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGenital herpes is the commonest cause of genital ulceration in the UK, but other, less common causes, such as syphilis or fixed drug eruption, should be excluded. Dr Sonnex provides an overview of genital ulceration relevant to primary care and outlines approaches to management. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Determination of solid fat index by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: van de Voort F. R. , Memon K. P. , Sedman J. , Ismail A. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA unique and rapid Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method for the determination of solid fat index (SFI) of fats and oils was developed, which is capable of predicting the SFI profile of a sample in approximately two minutes, without the need for tempering. Hydrogenated soybean oil samples (n=72), pre‐analyzed for SFI by dilatometry, were melted and their FTIR spectra acquired using a 25 μm NaCl transmission flow cell maintained at 80°C. Approximately half the samples were used for calibration, with the balance used as validation samples. Partial least squares (PLS) calibrations were developed from selected spectral regions that are associated with thecis, trans, ester linkage and fingerprint regions of the spectrum and related to the dilatometric SFI values obtained at 50, 70, 80, and 92°F. The calibrations were initially optimized and cross‐validated by using the “leave one out” approach, with the accuracy and reproducibility of the calibration models assessed by predicting the validation samples. The overall cross validation accuracy of the PLS calibration models was in the order of ±0.71 SFI units over the four temperatures. Week‐to‐week validation accuracy and reproducibility was determined to be ±0.60 and ±0.38 SFI units, respectively, the reproducibility being within the specifications associated with the dilatometric reference method. To facilitate routine “on‐line” FTIR analyses, a Visual Basic program was written to drive the spectrometer, prompt the user to load the sample, calculate, and print the SFI values determined from the PLS calibrations. As structured, the FTIR method has the potential to serve as a viable substitute for the traditional dilatometric SFI method, with the elimination of the tempering step reducing analysis time from hours to minutes. The FTIR approach should also be applicable to the determination of solid fat content if calibrated against solids data obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance.
Cessation of polyunsaturated fatty acid formation in four selected filamentous fungi when grown on plant oils
Authors: Kendrick Andrew , Ratledge Colin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFour fungi,Conidiobolus nanodes, Entomophthora exitalis, Mortierella isabellina, andMucor circinelloides, were grown on various oils (triolein, sesame, safflower, linseed, and oil fromM. isabellina) and produced lipids in which the fatty acids were predominantly the same as those of the original staring substrate. Only in the first two cases was there evidence of a small amount of chain elongation and of fatty acid desaturation taking place. The extent of this was only about 10% of that seen in glucose‐grown cells. The apparent repression of the fatty acid desaturases and elongases was not reversed by growing cells on glucose and oils as mixed substrates—the fatty acid profiles were the same as when the fungi had grown in oils alone. Neither was the cessation of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis due to the presence of nonoil components (NOC) in the oil. Only the NOC from sesame oil affected one single conversion, that of 20∶3n‐3 to 20∶4n–6. We conclude that fatty acid desaturase and elongase systems are repressed either partially or completely in a filamentous fungi grown on triacylglycerol oils.
Comparison of the effects of three different phosphatidylcholines on casein‐stabilized oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Fang Yuan , Dalgleish Douglas G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSoy oil‐in‐water emulsions, stabilized by casein, but incorporating one of three different phosphatidylcholines (PC), namely egg‐PC, di‐palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and di‐oleyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), have been studied by photon correlation spectroscopy, light scattering, fast protein liquid chromatography, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). Egg‐PC enhanced the stability of emulsions made with low casein concentration, and it competed for space with casein at the oil‐water interface during the emulsification process, but no further displacement of protein was found. DPPC had little effect on emulsion stability nor did it show a detectable competition at the interface with casein during or after emulsification. DOPC, however, not only competed with casein at the interface during emulsification, it also removed casein from the interface during storage of the emulsion. The displacement of casein caused instability of the emulsions. Adding DOPC to emulsions also led to displacement of casein from the interface and caused instability of the emulsion, but the process was much slower and occurred to a smaller extent compared to emulsions prepared with DOPC. The different behavior of egg‐PC, DPPC, and DOPC on the oil‐water interface was in good agreement with their relative solubility in the oil phase as measured by spectrophotometry. All three lipids modified the hydrodynamic thickness of the adsorbed casein layer corresponding to their modification of the surface concentration of casein.
Epoxidation of natural triglycerides with ethylmethyldioxirane
Authors: Sonnet P. E. , Foglia T. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPhase‐transfer catalyzed biphasic epoxidation of a series of fats and oils with ethylmethyldioxirane in 2‐butanone was conducted. The series of glycerides studied varied from monounsaturated (olive) to highly polyunsaturated (flaxseed) oils. Best conversions for polyunsaturate‐containing oils were obtained with a molar ratio of 2.5:1 (oxidant/oil) with two‐step addition of oxidant. Conversion to epoxides was monitored by gas‐liquid chromatography, and oxirane content was determined by titration. The effect of phase‐transfer catalyst or solvent used for the epoxidation reaction also was investigated.
Survey of seed oils for use as diesel fuels
Authors: Kalayasiri Piyaporn , Jeyashoke Narumon , Krisnangkura Kanit 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFifty‐one out of 364 plant seeds being surveyed had fatty acid contents greater than 15% (dry weight), and their methyl esters had cetane indices higher than 50. Rambutan seed was an exception, with a lipid content of only 14.7%, but a high cetane index (67.1); thus, it was included in this report. Twenty seed oil methyl esters had cetane indices greater than 60. Three seed oils from the Sapindaceae family not only had high cetane indices but also contained long‐chain fatty acids of 20 carbon atoms. Gross heats of combustion of the fatty acid methyl esters were slightly higher than those of neat oil, ranging from 38.2 to 40.8 j/g, whereas the heating values of the oils ranged from 37.4 to 40.5 j/g. Thus, these plant seed oils have great potential for development as diesel fuel or diesel fuel extender.
Some compositional properties of seeds and oils of eightAmaranthus species
Authors: Budin John T. , Breene William M. , Putnam Daniel H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGrain of 21Amaranthus accessions (eight species) was analyzed for crude fat, fatty acid profiles (FAP), and vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols). Contents of (1→3), (1→4) β‐glucan were determined in 12 accessions (four species), and trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) in 20 accessions (six species). FAP and vitamin E profiles were compared to those of barley, buckwheat, corn, lupin, oat, and wheat oils. Crude fat content ranged from 5.2 to 7.7%, and of the oils examined, amaranth oil was most similar in FAP to corn and buckwheat oils. Amaranth was higher than all but wheat and lupin in tocopherol content but was virtually devoid of tocotrienols, which have been shown to have hypocholesterolemic activity. Amaranth grain did not contain (1→3), (1→4) β‐glucans and was low in trypsin inhibitor activity (≤4.3 trypsin units inhibited/mg). Any hypocholesterolemic effects of dietary amaranth are apparently due to substances other than (1→3), (1→4) β‐glucans or tocotrienols.
Stereospecific analysis of triacyl‐sn‐glycerols in Docosahexaenoic acid‐rich fish oils
Authors: Ando Yasuhiro , Ota Toru , Matsuhira Yukiko , Yazawa Kazunaga 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the positional distribution of fatty acids in docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6n‐3)‐rich fish oil triacyl‐sn‐glycerols (TG). Stereospecific analysis of TG was carried out by a nonenzymatic method. The TG of bonito head oil, obtained after a winterization process, contained 22∶6n‐3 at concentrations of 28,7, and 49 mole % in thesn‐1,sn‐2, andsn‐3 positions, respectively. In the TG of oil before the winterization process, 22∶6n‐3 was concentrated in thesn‐3 position, followed evenly by thesn‐1 andsn‐2 positions. Tuna orbital oil, obtained after winterization, showed the preferential association of 22∶6n‐3 to thesn‐3 position, followed by thesn‐1 position. This distribution pattern was similar to that observed for seal oil TG rather than sardine oil TG. The bonito head and tuna orbital oils are useful as fish oils with characteristics different from those of common fish oils, such as menhaden, sardine, and herring oils.
The mass spectra of the 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives of some conjugated hydroxy ene‐yne C17 and C18 fatty acids
Authors: Spitzer Volker 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe mass spectra of the 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives from various fatty acids with a hydroxy group in conjugation with conjugated double‐triple bonds (7‐hydroxy‐trans‐10‐heptadecene‐8‐ynoic acid; 7‐hydroxy‐trans‐10, 16‐heptadecadiene‐8‐ynoic acid; 8‐hydroxy‐rans‐11‐octadecene‐9‐ynoic acid; 8‐hydroxy‐trans‐11, 17‐octadecadiene‐9‐ynoic acid) have been examined and compared with their analogous nonhydroxy derivatives. The position of the hydroxy group was unequivocally proven by characteristic odd‐numbered fragment peaks, explainable by α‐cleavage at the hydroxy group at the oxazoline end of the molecule. The weak ions produced by α‐cleavage at the other side of the hydroxy group indicated that the hydroxy group must be in conjugation with the ene‐yne system. Fragments that allow one to distinguish between ene‐yne or yne‐ene systems were absent. In conjunction, the weak molecular ion and the more intense M‐18 ion could confirm the molecular weight of each fatty acid.
Comparison of the composition and properties of canola and sunflower oil sediments with canola seed hull lipids
Authors: Liu H. , Przybylski R. , Dawson K. , Eskin N. A. M. , Biliaderis C. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe phase transition behavior and chemical composition of sediments from Canadian and Australian canola oils, as well as from sunflower oil, were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, polarized‐light microscopy, and chromatographic techniques. Australian canola sediment was similar to Canadian canola sediment in both melting and crystallization behaviors and chemical composition. Compared to canola sediment, sunflower sediment underwent phase transformation (melting and crystallization) at lower temperatures, and the enthalpies associated with the phase changes were greater. The X‐ray diffraction patterns for these materials were similar, indicating identical crystalline structures. Sunflower sediment contained mainly wax esters (99%), while canola sediment contained about 72–74% of waxes. Moreover, sunflower sediment consisted of shorter‐chainlength fatty acids and alcohols than canola sediment. A hexane‐insoluble fraction from Canadian canola hull lipids had fatty acid and alcohol profiles and X‐ray diffraction pattern similar to the corresponding oil sediment.
A preferred solvent system for high‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis of soybean phospholipids with evaporative light‐scattering detection
Authors: Abidi S. L. , Mounts T. L. , Finn T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNormal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography separations of phospholipids (PL) depend heavily on the variation in mobile phases. Incorporation of pure tetrahydrofuran to a mobile phase of chloroform, methanol, and ammonium hydroxide improved the separation of polar phospholipids. However, impurities were often found to be present in tetrahydrofuran that caused severe peak interferences with PL analytes. The use of a common chromatographic solventtert.‐butyl methyl ether, in lieu of tetrahydrofuran in mobile phases, eliminated problems associated with solvent contamination and yielded reproducible results. The modified method has been applied for the quantitative analysis of phospholipids in crude soybean oils.
The amplified distillation of methyl esters of fatty acids
Authors: Weitkamp A. W. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryAmplified distillation is a useful technique for the quantitative analysis of mixtures of fatty acid esters, especially for the detection and estimation of minor components and for the analysis of small samples. The amplified distillation of free fatty acids is largely limited to qualitative work on account of the formation of azeotropes with mineral oils.
Predicate diagrams for the verification of real-time systems
Authors: Kang Eun-Young , Merz Stephan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article discusses a new format of predicate diagrams for the verification of real-time systems. We consider systems that are defined as extended timed graphs, a format that combines timed automata and constructs for modelling data, possibly over infinite domains. Predicate diagrams are succinct and intuitive representations of Boolean abstractions. They also represent an interface between deductive tools used to establish the correctness of an abstraction, and model checking tools that can verify behavioral properties of finite-state models. The contribution of this article is to extend the format of predicate diagrams to timed systems. We establish a set of verification conditions that are sufficient to prove that a given predicate diagram is a correct abstraction of an extended timed graph; these verification conditions can often be discharged with SMT solvers such as CVC-lite. Additionally, we describe how this approach extends naturally to the verification of parameterized systems. The formalism is supported by a toolkit, and we demonstrate its use at the hand of Fischer’s real-time mutual-exclusion protocol.
Building an active citizenry: the role of neighborhood problems, readiness, and capacity for change
Authors: Foster-Fishman Pennie G. , Cantillon Daniel , Pierce Steven J. , Van Egeren Laurie A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCommunity‐building initiatives strive to involve residents as the drivers of the change process, involving them in an array of activities including collective action efforts. Recent evaluations of many of these initiatives, however, suggest that developing the levels of resident involvement needed in such efforts is challenging. This study examines the neighborhood conditions that are related to whether and how much residents become involved in individual activism and collective action efforts. A random‐digit‐dial phone survey of 460 residents in 7 distressed neighborhoods suggested that while demographic variables were relatively unimportant, resident perceptions of neighborhood readiness (i.e., hope for the future and collective efficacy) and capacity for change (i.e., social ties and neighborhood leadership), and the level of neighborhood problems were strongly related to whether and how much residents were involved in individual and collective action efforts. Moreover, different elements of these neighborhood conditions were more or less important depending on the type and level of resident involvement. For example, while perceptions of neighborhood problems was the strongest predictor of whether an individual became involved at all, perceived strength of neighborhood leadership was the strongest predictor of an individual's level of activity. The implications of these findings for practitioners and scientists are discussed.
Effects of HgCl2 on porphobilinogen‐synthase (E.C. 4.2.1.24) activity and on mercury levels in rats exposed during different precocious periods of postnatal life
Authors: Peixoto N.C. , Kratz C.P. , Roza T. , Morsch V.M. , Pereira M.E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPorphobilinogen‐synthase (PBG‐synthase) is an enzyme extensively used as a bioindicator of metals and other oxidizing agents. The objective of this study was to verify the effects of HgCl2 (5 mg/kg/day, s.c.), a metal that mainly affects the nervous and renal systems, on kidney, liver and brain from rats exposed during one of the phases considered critical for development. Mercury decreased PBG‐synthase activity from liver, kidney and brain and altered corporal, renal and cerebral weights. The kidney was the most sensitive tissue. It accumulated a large amount of metal and PBG‐synthase activity was decreased up to 50%. The second period seemed to be the most sensitive, because in this phase the rats presented alterations in body, brain and kidney weights, and there was also an expressive inhibition in hepatic and renal PBG‐synthase activities. In general, large quantities of metal accumulated in the tissues are in agreement with the inhibition verified in these tissues.
Pre‐pregnant body mass index, weight gain and the risk of delivering large babies among non‐diabetic mothers
Authors: Kabali C. , Werler M.M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjective: Pre‐pregnancy overweight and excess weight gain during pregnancy have each been associated with an increased risk of delivering large babies. However, previous studies have focused on the separate effects of these two indices of weight in diabetic women. Method: This study analyzed both separate and combined effects of pre‐pregnant body mass index and weight gain in relation to macrosomia (≥ 4000 g) in offspring among 815 non‐diabetic women, using data collected from a retrospective study. Result: Compared to mothers with normal pre‐pregnancy BMI and pregnancy weight gain, risk of macrosomia in offspring was significantly elevated only in overweight women with excess weight gain (adjusted OR = 2.6, 95% CI [1.2,5.4]) but not among normal weight mothers with excess gain (adjusted OR = 1.1, 95% CI [0.5,2.4]) or overweight mothers with normal or low gain (adjusted OR = 1.1, 95% CI [0.4,3.1]). Conclusion: Given the complications that are associated with delivering large babies, overweight women may benefit from not gaining excess weight in pregnancy.