bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Kasper Gabriele 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This Special Issue contributes to current conceptualizations of politeness as a discursive phenomenon. Although earlier theories of politeness differ in some important respects, the most influential proposals, those of Brown and Levinson (1987) and Leech (1983), rest on one or more of the following assumptions. 1. Politeness is grounded either in a set of social maxims or the social psychological construct of face. Either way, the theories adopt a rational actor model of politeness, focusing on speakers' goals and social motivations. 2. Social acts are understood as endowed with inherent relational properties and hence categorized as ‘face threatening’ and ‘face supportive’, or as ‘competitive’, ‘convivial’, ‘conflictive’, and ‘collaborative’, in abstractu, outside of activities in natural settings. 3. Likewise, the linguistic resources serving to ‘encode’ politeness are seen as having fixed relational values. Nonverbal and nonvocal resources are not examined for their possible politeness-implicative functions. 4. Social context, viewed as configurations of discourse-external social variables, is the determining force in speakers' selection of politeness strategies. 5. Context factors assumed to have a bearing on politeness are understood as prespecified and static. Typically such factors are confined to power relations, social distance, and the culturally variable degree of ‘imposition’ inherent in a social act. 6. Politeness results from an actor's internal assessment of context variables in relation to the social act she or he is planning to perform. In other words, politeness as a form of linguistic behavior is conceptualized as a dependent variable, determined by the values of the context factors as independent variables.
Japanese politeness as an interactional achievement: Academic consultation sessions in Japanese universities
Authors: Cook Haruko Minegishi 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
From a social constructionist perspective, this paper examines speech-style shifts in academic consultation sessions between professors and students in Japanese universities and demonstrates that politeness is an interactional achievement. It has been argued that politeness in Japanese society is predominantly ‘discernment (wakimae)’, which differs from ‘volition (i. e., strategic politeness based on face needs)’ as proposed by Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987). This paper attempts to demonstrate that the dichotomy between the two types of politeness – ‘discernment’ and ‘volition’ – is irrelevant. It reanalyzes what was previously described as a display of ‘discernment’ as an active co-construction in which the grammatical structures and the sequential organization of talk serve as resources for the participants to construct their identities in the moment-by-moment unfolding of interaction.
Negotiation of face in web chats
Authors: Golato Andrea , Taleghani-Nikazm Carmen 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Using conversation analytic methodology, this paper investigates how ‘politeness’ and ‘face’ are negotiated in web chats. Following previous conversation analytic research (Heritage 1984), we first tie the concepts face and social solidarity to the conversation analytic concept of preference organization. We then proceed to describe the system of communication of chats, delineating some technological constraints of the medium that have an impact on the resources available for participants for indicating preferred and dispreferred turns. Specifically, we indicate that some resources available in ordinary talk-in-interaction are not available in web chats, while web chats also allow for certain resources not available in ordinary talk-in-interaction. By analyzing requests (i. e., first pair parts) and second assessments (i. e., second pair parts), we demonstrate how participants adapt their interaction to the specific environment of web chats when negotiating issues of social solidarity.
When once is not enough: Politeness of multiple requests in oral proficiency interviews
Authors: Kasper Gabriele 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The paper takes a conversation-analytic approach to examine the politeness of multiple requests in Oral Proficiency Interviews (OPI). In this assessment activity, interviewers regularly reissue a first request in environments of increased task demands or in response to candidates' difficulties with the first directive. In such multiple request sequences, two kinds of structurally parallel operations of mitigation and conventionally indirect request frames are observed. For the most part, interviewers treat mitigational material and conventionally indirect request frames as dispensable in the subsequent version, a pattern seen in multiple requests in same-turn as well as in other-initiated and third position repair. When local contingencies increase the risk that the interviewer's request may not generate the projected action, subsequent versions tend to be prefaced by the marker please. Furthermore, in environments of topic introduction or change, presequences also play a politeness-implicative role. The paper closes by considering some implications of the analysis for an interaction-based theory of politeness.
Effects of Increased Feeding Frequency on Growth of Hybrid Bluegill in Ponds
Authors: Sager Clifton R , Winkelman Dana L 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Increased feeding frequency has been used in aquaculture to increase growth and food conversion efficiency, and recent laboratory studies have indicated that feeding frequency could be used to reduce the size variation within groups of hybrid bluegills (F1: Male bluegill Lepomis macrochirus × female green sunfish L. cyanellus). Our experiment evaluated the growth of pond-reared hybrid bluegills fed equal amounts of food either once or four times per day. We were particularly interested in reducing the size variation and increasing the percentage of harvestable-size fish (≥110 g). After 194 d, there was no significant effect of feeding frequency on growth, food conversion efficiency, size variation, or percentage of harvestable-size fish.
Using Portable Lactate and Glucose Meters for Catfish Research: Acceptable Alternatives to Established Laboratory Methods?
Authors: Beecham Rachel Venn , Small Brian C , Minchew C Douglas 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Simple and portable methods for assessing the physiological state of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus would be valuable tools in field situations where problems with blood storage and transportation occur. This study compared the use of handheld lactate and glucose meters with established laboratory methods in stressed (fatigued) and unstressed (control) channel catfish fingerlings. The results obtained from the Accutrend (Roche Diagnostics Corp.) lactate meter and the Accu-Chek Advantage (Roche Diagnostics) glucose meter were consistently lower (P &lt; 0.05) than those obtained with the laboratory reference method. However, significant differences (P &lt; 0.0001) were found between the control and fatigued fish for both lactate and glucose, regardless of the method of analysis. Both handheld meters were found to be reliable and suitable for use in field or laboratory situations where relative measurements are acceptable. The costs associated with using the handheld meters were higher than those associated with accepted laboratory methods; however, the initial capital investment was lower for the handheld meters. Ease of use, portability, and rapidity of sample analysis make the handheld meters attractive alternatives to traditional laboratory methods.
Developing Methods for Harvesting Rosy Red Fathead Minnow Eggs
Authors: Masson Ignacio , Stone Nathan , Lee Yong-Woo 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We evaluated the effectiveness of different types of spawning substrates in retaining the eggs of rosy red fathead minnow Pimephales promelas, the potential substrate preference of the fish, and the effectiveness of different concentrations of sodium sulfite for detaching eggs from substrates without affecting egg survival. Egg adherence was determined by placing replicate sections of four types of conveyor belt material of varying roughness into a pool stocked with fathead minnow. A screened tray was suspended below each substrate to catch the eggs that did not adhere. Substrate preference was evaluated by following a similar protocol, but only three males were stocked (equal to the number of replicates of each substrate). To test the efficacy of sodium sulfite in removing eggs, substrates with eggs were placed in 0.0, 1.5, and 3.0% solutions and uniformly agitated. The effect of exposure time and egg age was tested by exposing eggs to a 1.5% solution of sodium sulfite for 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min. The two rougher substrates retained a significantly greater percentage of eggs than the two smoother ones (72–77% versus 34–39%). Nest locations near the water inlet and air stones were preferred regardless of substrate type. The 1.5% sodium sulfite solution was as effective as the 3.0% solution in removing eggs from substrates. There were no significant differences in hatching rate or percentage of atypical fry resulting from exposure of eggs to 1.5% sodium sulfite for up to 30 min. An egg harvesting system consisting of placing a rough or textured substrate in well-aerated locations and subsequent egg removal with sodium sulfite appears to be feasible, although economic questions remain.
Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Ravaglia Giovanni , Forti Paola , Maioli Fabiola , Bastagli Luciana , Chiappelli Martina , Montesi Fausta , Bolondi Luigi , Patterson Christopher 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—Little is known about the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among elderly people in Italy, its association with all-cause mortality, and whether measurement of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 affects this association.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The baseline prevalence of metabolic syndrome, diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria, and all-cause mortality at 4 years were recorded in an Italian population-based cohort (981 subjects, 55% women, aged 65–97 years). A Cox model adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and medical variables was used to investigate 1) whether metabolic syndrome was a predictor of mortality and 2) how the association was affected by baseline high CRP (&gt;3 mg/l) and IL-6 (&gt;1.33 pg/ml).
RESULTS—Overall, metabolic syndrome prevalence was 27.2% [95% CI 24.0–30.5] and higher in women (33.3% [28.7–38.0]) than in men (19.6% [15.5–24.2]). During follow-up, 137 deaths occurred. Using the no metabolic syndrome/no high IL-6 group as the reference, mortality was not associated with the metabolic syndrome alone (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio 1.24 [0.60–2.59]), only weakly associated with high IL-6 alone (1.66 [1.04–2.63]), but strongly associated with the concurrent presence of metabolic syndrome and high IL-6 (3.26 [2.00–5.33]). High CRP was not a mortality predictor (0.83 [0.58–1.20]) nor did it affect the association of the other variables with mortality.
CONCLUSIONS—Metabolic syndrome by NCEP criteria is highly prevalent in the Italian elderly population. It is not itself associated with mortality but may improve the usefulness of IL-6 as a mortality predictor in older age.
Sustained Virological Response Correlates With Reduction in the Incidence of Glucose Abnormalities in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Simó Rafael , Lecube Albert , Genescà Joan , Esteban Joan Ignaci , Hernández Cristina 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—There is evidence to suggest that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a high-risk condition for developing type 2 diabetes. However, there are no interventional studies that confirm that HCV infection causes diabetes. The main aim of this study was to compare the incidence of glucose abnormalities (diabetes plus impaired fasting glucose) between HCV-infected patients with or without sustained virological response (SVR) after antiviral therapy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Patients with normal fasting glucose (&lt;100 mg/dl) with biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis C without cirrhosis and with at least 3 years of follow-up after finishing antiviral therapy were included in the study (n = 234). Patients received interferon α-2b (alone or with ribavirin) for 6 or 12 months according to genotype. Cumulative incidence of glucose abnormalities was evaluated by using the Kaplan-Meier method comparing subjects with and without a SVR to antiviral treatment. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to explore the variables independently associated with the development of glucose abnormalities.
RESULTS—During follow-up, 14 of 96 (14.6%) patients with SVR and 47 of 138 (34.1%) nonsustained responders developed glucose abnormalities (P = 0.001). Patients with SVR did not develop diabetes during follow-up, whereas nine cases of diabetes were detected in nonsustained responders (P = 0.007). After adjustment for the recognized predictors of type 2 diabetes, the hazard ratio for glucose abnormalities in patients with SVR was 0.48 (95% CI [0.24–0.98], P = 0.04).
CONCLUSIONS—Our results provide evidence that eradication of HCV infection significantly reduces the incidence of glucose abnormalities in chronic hepatitis C patients. In addition, this study supports the concept that HCV infection causes type 2 diabetes.
Association of Pro12Ala Polymorphism in Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor γ With Pre-Diabetic Phenotypes
Authors: Tönjes Anke , Scholz Markus , Loeffler Markus , Stumvoll Michael 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—The provariant of the Pro12Ala polymorphism in peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)γ has been identified as a risk allele for type 2 diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to reveal a significant association with pre-diabetic phenotypes in nondiabetic individuals based on a systematic meta-analysis of all available published evidence.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We performed a classical meta-analysis of data from ∼32,000 nondiabetic subjects in 57 studies to assess the effect of the Pro12Ala polymorphism on pre-diabetic traits.
RESULTS—In the global comparison, there were no differences in BMI, glucose, insulin, or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance between the Pro/Pro and X/Ala genotype. However, in the Caucasian subgroup, the X/Ala genotype was associated with significantly increased BMI. In the obese subgroup (BMI &gt;30 kg/m2), fasting glucose (P = 0.041) and insulin resistance (by homeostasis model analysis) (P = 0.020) were significantly greater in the Pro/Pro group. In subjects with the homozygous Ala/Ala genotype, fasting insulin was significantly lower compared with the Pro/Pro genotype (P = 0.040, NAla/Ala = 154).
CONCLUSIONS—Across all studies, the Pro12Ala polymorphism had no significant effect on diabetes-related traits. Only in selected subgroups, such as Caucasians and obese subjects, did we see an association of the Ala allele with greater BMI and greater insulin sensitivity. This demonstrates the importance for appropriate stratification of analyses by environmental or other genetic factors. Meta-analysis of Ala/Ala homozygotes more clearly demonstrated the association with greater insulin sensitivity of carriers of the Ala allele.
Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Philadelphia Is Higher in Black Than White Children From 1995 to 1999
Authors: Lipman Terri H. , Jawad Abbas F. , Murphy Kathryn M. , Tuttle Alan , Thompson Rebecca L. , Ratcliffe Sarah J. , Levitt Katz Lorraine E. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—To determine the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in children in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1995 through 1999 and compare these data with previous cohorts.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This is a report of a retrospective population-based registry maintained since 1985. Hospital records meeting the following criteria were reviewed: newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, age 0–14 years, residing in Philadelphia at the time of diagnosis, and diagnosed from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 1999. The secondary source of validation was the School District of Philadelphia. Incidence rates by race and age were compared with 1985–1989 and 1990–1994 cohorts.
RESULTS—A total of 234 case subjects were identified, and the registry was determined to be 96% complete. The overall age-adjusted incidence rate in Philadelphia was 14.8 per 100,000/year. Incidence rates in Hispanic children (15.5 per 100,000/year) and white children (12.8 per 100,000/year) have been relatively stable over 15 years. The incidence in black children (15.2 per 100,000/year), however, has increased dramatically, rising 64% in children 5–9 years of age (14.9 per 100,000/year) and 37% in the 10- to 14-year age-group (26.9 per 100,000/year).
CONCLUSIONS—The overall incidence of type 1 diabetes in Philadelphia is increasing and is similar to other U.S. registries. These are the first data reporting a higher incidence in black children in a registry of children 0–14 years of age. The etiology of the marked increase in incidence in the black population is unknown and underscores the need to establish type 1 diabetes as a reportable disease, so that environmental risk factors may be thoroughly investigated.
Design and Validation of a Population-Based Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A. , Rojas Rosalba , Gonzalez-Villalpando Clicerio , Gómez-Pérez Francisco J. , Mehta Roopa , Olaiz Gustavo , Rull Juan A. , Cox David R. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) definition of the metabolic syndrome was modified to be described as a continuous variable and adapted to the characteristics of a Hispanic population.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Age/sex population percentiles for every component of the NCEP criteria were included in this approach using population-based data from a Mexican nationwide survey (2,158 subjects). One point was given per decile for every component. The total number of points accumulated was used to classify subjects. The predictive power for incident diabetes was evaluated using the 7-year follow-up results of the Mexico City Diabetes Study.
RESULTS—Our population-based method had a significantly better prognostic power compared with the original and the updated NCEP definitions (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.746 vs. 0.697 and 0.723, respectively, P &lt; 0.05). Using individuals with ≤1 component of the NCEP definition as reference, the odds ratio was greater in the upper quartile of the points scale (≥39 points) (12.71 [95% CI 5.67–28.49]) compared with that calculated for the original (9.52 [4.69–19.31]) and the updated (11.14 [5.33–23.30]) NCEP criteria. The major advantage of our approach is the detection of subjects at the extremes of the range of diabetes risk and the ability to estimate this risk as a continuum.
CONCLUSIONS—Our method adapts the NCEP criteria to the characteristics of a Hispanic population. It improves the predictive power of the NCEP criteria for future diabetes.
Analysis of Efficacy and Safety in Patients Aged 65–75 Years at Randomization
Authors: Neil H. Andrew W. , DeMicco David A. , Luo Don , Betteridge D. John , Colhoun Helen M. , Durrington Paul N. , Livingstone Shona J. , Fuller John H. , Hitman Graham A. ,   on behalf of the CARDS Study Investigators
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—Rates of cardiovascular disease are highest in the elderly. Lipid-lowering statin therapy reduces the proportional risk as effectively in older patients as in younger individuals; however, limited data are available for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. We conducted a post hoc analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin among 1,129 patients aged 65–75 years at randomization with 1,709 younger patients in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—CARDS was a randomized placebo-controlled trial of 10 mg/day atorvastatin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients aged 40–75 years with LDL cholesterol concentrations ≤4.14 mmol/l followed for a median of 3.9 years. The primary end point was time to first occurrence of acute coronary heart disease events, coronary revascularizations, or stroke.
RESULTS—Atorvastatin treatment resulted in a 38% reduction in relative risk ([95% CI −58 to −8], P = 0.017) of first major cardiovascular events in older patients and a 37% reduction ([−57 to −7], P = 0.019) in younger patients. Corresponding absolute risk reductions were 3.9 and 2.7%, respectively (difference 1.2% [95% CI −2.8 to 5.3], P = 0.546); numbers needed to treat for 4 years to avoid one event were 21 and 33, respectively. All-cause mortality was reduced nonsignificantly by 22% ([−49 to 18], P = 0.245) and 37% ([−64 to 9], P = 0.98), respectively. The overall safety profile of atorvastatin was similar between age-groups.
CONCLUSIONS—Absolute and relative benefits of statin therapy in older patients with type 2 diabetes are substantial, and all patients warrant treatment unless specifically contraindicated.
Hematocrit, Independent of Chronic Kidney Disease, Predicts Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Tong Peter C.Y. , Kong Alice P.S. , So Wing-Yee , Ng Margaret H.L. , Yang Xilin , Ng Maggie C.Y. , Ma Ronald C.W. , Ho Chung-Shun , Lam Christopher W.K. , Chow Chun-Chung , Cockram Clive S. , Chan Juliana C.N. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—Anemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in diabetes. We examined the association between hematocrit, stratified by the presence of CKD, and cardiovascular events in a cohort of Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 3,983 patients who underwent assessment for diabetes complications were recruited. Subjects were categorized into five groups. Group I included subjects with hematocrit below the normal sex-specific range. The cutoff points for groups II–V were selected to represent the distribution of the hematocrit for each sex. CKD was defined by the estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;60 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Cardiovascular events were defined as cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, including new onset of myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, revascularization, heart failure, and stroke requiring hospitalization.
RESULTS—A total of 294 subjects (7.4%) developed cardiovascular events during the median of 36.4 months. The rate of cardiovascular events was highest in subjects with low hematocrit (group I, 18.6%) compared with group V (3.4%, P &lt; 0.001). The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio for cardiovascular events diminished with increasing hematocrit (group I, 1.0; group II, 0.73 [95% CI 0.51–1.04]; group III, 0.57 [0.39–0.83]; group IV, 0.61 [0.39–0.95]; and group V, 0.36 [0.17–0.79]). After stratifying by the presence of CKD, the previously observed reduction in the risk of developing cardiovascular events with increasing hematocrit was abolished in the cohort with CKD but persisted in the non-CKD cohort.
CONCLUSIONS—In Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes, low levels of hematocrit and the presence of CKD are associated with increased risk of developing adverse cardiovascular events.