bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TREATMENT OF URINARY INFECTIONS WITH NITROFURANTOIN (FURADANTIN)
Authors: F.R.C.S. MichaelSalvaris 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYNitrofurantoin has established itself in the treatment of urinary infections. Its effects in sensitivity tests in vitroagainst the organisms which invade the urinary tract are of a high order, and it is superior to many antibiotics and sulphonamides. It is of particular use in Proteus infections.It is a safe drug to administer, since reactions are few, and as yet no fatal cases have been recorded in the literature which could be ascribed specifically to its use.Nitrofurantoin is rapidly excreted in the urine, reaches antibacterial levels within thirty minutes of oral administration, and is largely eliminated within six to eight hours. It appears to be more effective in acid urine and more soluble in alkaline urine.The blood level is low (0.2 mg. per 100 ml.) and has been challenged as perhaps too low for adequate treatment of fulminating systemic infections, yet the therapeutic response appears satisfactory.The results of sensitivity tests in vitrowith nitrofurantoin are compared with those of the commonly used antibiotics and sulphonamides. A report on the use of nitrofurantoin in 145 cases of urinary infection is included. Of these, rather less than one half were acute and the remainder were chronic.The response to treatment was very good in the acute cases and, as well as might be reasonably expected in the chronic cases, in view of the causative factors.
THE COMPLICATIONS OF URETHRAL STRICTURE
Authors: F.R.C.S.(Ed.) A. Marshall 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. The results of a study of 146 patients suffering from urethral stricture are presented and compared with those of other writers.2. The main upper tract lesions found were stone, dilatation, and pyelonephritis.3. The main lower tract lesions were a post‐voiding residual urine of over 3 oz., bladder diverticula, chronic prostatitis, and prostatic calculi.4. These complications are shown to be influenced by the age of the patient, the duration of symptoms, the diameter of the stricture, and the presence of urinary infections.5. In view of the high incidence of complications in all types of stricture it is suggested that a plastic type of operation to reconstruct the urethra might be used to a much greater extent in treatment.
TRANSPERITONEAL URETEROLITHOTOMY
Authors: Michalowski E. , Modelski W. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYUp to now we have performed three transperitoneal urcterolithotomies as recommended by Kneise (1935). The technique described by this writer was modified inasmuch as we combined the transperitoneal approach with retroperitoneal drainage, thus avoiding the danger of the urinary extravasation and infection.
THE TRANSPERITONEAL REMOVAL OF CERTAIN VESICAL DIVERTICULA AND A RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE FOR DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Pyrah L. N. , Keates P. G. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYThe transperitoneal removal of certain medium‐sized and large vesical diverticula is a valuable alternative to other methods of removal; there is less trauma to the bladder than in extra peritoneal or transvesical methods of removal, since not only can the sac be excised without opening the bladder but only a relatively small area of the bladder wall requires dissection. The possibility of infecting the general peritoneal cavity may formerly have been an important argument against the use of this route, especially in patients who had had repeated catheterisation resulting in cystitis. In our clinics the great majority of prostate patients in recent years have either been admitted with acute retention without a catheter having been passed, or have been investigated in the out‐patient clinics and have had no instrumentation prior to immediate pre‐operative cystoscopy; the urine in consequence is usually free from infection. Moreover, the greater control of infection in the urinary tract, should it exist, by the use of antibiotics and sulphonamides, has made the urologist much less fearful of opening the peritoneal cavity for operation on the bladder than used to be the case. The radiographic technique described has proved a valuable aid in the selection of cases for the transperitoneal operation. Ten successful cases of transperitoneal diverticulectomy have been described.
URETHRAL DIVERTICULA AND CALCULI
Authors: Wood Kenneth 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYTwo cases of urethral diverticula are reported; in one case the sac was empty and in the other there was a large stone weighing 104 g.Urethral diverticula are congenital or acquired, the latter being the consequence of peri‐urethral abscess, trauma, or stricture.Irrespective of origin the changes that can occur in a urethral diverticulum are the same and depend upon the size of the communication with the urethra; either acute infective episodes occur or, if there is adequate drainage into the urethra, a stone slowly forms.The diagnosis of an infected empty sac is made by urethrogram. If a calculus is present it can be palpated and the diagnosis confirmed radiologically and by urethroscopy.Treatment is by excision of the diverticulum and removal of any calculi present, combined with temporary diversion of the urinary flow.
DIVISION OF THE EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER IN THE TREATMENT OF THE PARAPLEGIC BLADDER: A Preliminary Report on a New Procedure
Authors: Ross J. Cosbie , Gibbon N. O. K. , Damanski M. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. Division or resection of the external sphincter is a new operation designed to relieve retention of urine (or a high residue) in patients with an open bladder‐neck and a narrow, rigid external sphincter area and in whom subarachnoid alcohol block, pudendal neurectomy or a bladder‐neck resection have failed to help. The operation converts a chronic retention to an easily expressible bladder.2. Ten patients are reported.3. The operation technique is described.4. During the post‐operative period care is necessary in preventing or dealing with clot‐retention and with severe infection due to absorption of organisms in the urethra.5. The operation should not be attempted in patients with grossly dilated upper urinary tracts and in those with uncontrollable infection.6. The eight surviving patients have been spared the catheter life and, possibly, subsequent damage to the upper urinary tract.
Sodium Excretion after Relief of Urinary Tract Obstruction in Children
Authors: GHAZALI S. , BARRATT T. M. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYAfter relief of obstructive nephropathy urinary sodium excretion rose in 39 of 50 children to a mean in the whole group of 59% above preoperative levels.There was a significant positive correlation between the increase in sodium excretion in the first 24 hours after operation and the increase in GFR at 1 week.The data are compatible with the hypothesis that the reversibly obstructed kidney is characterised by nephron underperfusion and enhanced proximal reabsorption of filtrate due to hydrodynamic factors.
The Effect of Ubretid on Bladder Function after Recent Complete Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: SMITH P. H. , COOK J. B. , PRASAD E. W. M. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYRecordings of bladder pressure and urine flow have been carried out in 4 patients in the early weeks after spinal cord injury in the control situation, following the injection of 0–25 mg carbachol, and after injection of 0–5 mg Ubretid.In the control situation the bladder pressure remains constant and low.Following the injection of carbachol there is a predictable rise in the bladder pressure of 30 to 60 cm of water which gradually falls towards the base line after 30 to 50 minutes and, on occasions, is associated with a flow of urine.After the injection of Ubretid the basal bladder pressure rises and rhythmical contractions occur, of 10 to 60 cm of water in maximum height but in no case did this assist the patient to void urine.In our view Ubretid is not indicated in the management of the bladder in early weeks after spinal cord injury.
Bilateral Breast Metastases from Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: SCOTT JAMES , ROBB‐SMITH A. H. T. , BURNS IAN 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA case of bilateral breast metastases developing in a patient with carcinoma of the prostate while on oestrogen therapy is described.Differentiation between prostatic metastases and primary breast tumours under these circumstances is important as the treatment for each is different.Such differentiation may be difficult by conventional histological techniques, but histochemical analysis can resolve the problem, as was possible in this case.
Composition of Urinary Calculi by X‐ray Diffraction. Collected Data from Various Localities. Parts XV‐XVII
Authors: SUTOR D. JUNE , WOOLEY SUSAN E. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYAn X‐ray diffraction study of the composition of upper tract urinary stones from 3 centres in Great Britain shows that the calcium oxalates and the calcium phosphates are the most abundant and frequently occurring crystalline constituents, and that the most common varieties of stones are those composed of pure calcium oxalate and calcium oxalate+calcium phosphate. The relative proportions of these types, however, vary in the different areas.Infection stones consisting of struvite + calcium phosphate are the next important type in the collections from Bristol and Dundee, but there are few of these stones in the collection from the Royal Navy.In a small collection of lower urinary tract calculi from Dundee, stones composed of calcium oxalate + calcium phosphate again predominate, but they are exceeded by infection stones if the different varieties of these are grouped together.Whereas a few composition types dominate the collections of upper urinary tract calculi, there are many more combinations of constituents found in the collection of lower tract stones.
The Incidence, Investigation and Treatment of Idiopathic Hypercalciuria
Authors: ROSE G. ALAN , HARRISON A. R. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA hundred and eight patients with renal calculi attending a single clinic were studied in order to try and establish the primary cause of their stones. Sixty‐six of these patients (61 %) proved to have idiopathic hypercalciuria, confirming that this is the most common cause of renal calculi in adult males.A total of 87 patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria were investigated. Plasma calcium was normal with no “tendency to a low plasma calcium”, plasma inorganic phosphate was only 0–5 mg/100 ml below normal, and plasma urate only 0–5 mg/100 ml above normal.The long‐term effect on the urinary calcium of patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria treated with bendrofluazide and/or cellulose phosphate has been studied. The success rate in lowering urinary calcium was 54% for thiazide alone, 60% for cellulose phosphate alone, and 100% in the small number treated with both drugs together. The overall success rate was 75 %, but may yet rise further.
A Personal Experience with 37 Turner‐Warwick Scrotal Inlay Urethroplasties
Authors: ASHKEN MICHAEL HANDLEY 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe use of the Turner‐Warwick scrotal inlay urethroplasty has been reviewed in 37 cases, of whom 25 have been completed with closure of their urethroplasties.The patients have been delighted with their micturition even during the review stage but slight post‐micturition dribbling and impaired ejaculation have been reported in a few cases.The use of fine Dexon absorbable sutures throughout all stages of the urethroplasty has been recommended.I wish to express my gratitude to Richard Turner‐Warwick for initiating me into this technique of scrotal inlay urethroplasty.
The Role of Some Tryptophan Metabolites in Certain Diseases of the Genito‐Urinary System1
Authors: AL‐HADITHI NAJIM A. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThin‐layer chromatography (qualitative and quantitative) was used to examine the excretion of 4 tryptophan metabolites, kynurenine and 3‐hydroxy‐kynurenine, anthranilic acid and xanthurenic acid.The control group showed a small range of variation from day to day and from person to person, except for one who was on the contraceptive pill. She showed a marked increase in the amount of the metabolites excreted.The excretion was increased in a proportion of the kidney and bladder neoplasm patients. In the calculus cases, 2 showed a marked rise, while of the patients with prostatic hyperplasia 1 had a very high excretion as did 1 of the cases of retroperitoneal fibrosis.High excretion can occur in a variety of conditions but as yet is no aid to diagnosis.
Renal Angiomyolipoma–Report of 5 Cases
Authors: MA MICHAEL KIN GAY , CHAN KEENG WAI 
Published: November 2008

SummaryFive cases of unilateral renal angiomyolipoma seen in Chinese patients in Hong Kong are reported.The clinical manifestations are reviewed in 57 cases which included 52 collected in the literature. The predominant features are pain (73.7 %), haematuria (26.3 %) and the presence of a loin mass (42.1%).Among various investigative procedures, renal angiogram is probably the most useful.We would like to thank Professor G. B. Ong, Dr T. B. Teoh and Dr K. T. Tham for their kind assistance in the study of these cases.
Sodium Cellulose Phosphate in Vitamin D Intoxication
Authors: QURESHI M. S. A. , MOORE RALPH , GOLDSMITH H. J. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA case of hypercalcaemia due to iatrogenic vitamin D intoxication is reported. Following treatment with prednisolone and sodium cellulose phosphate early symptomatic improvement occurred. The 24‐hours urinary calcium excretion returned to normal after 5 weeks of treatment but the patient became normocalcaemic only after 13 months. Renal function also improved marginally over this period.Wae wish to thank the staff of the biochemistry department, Sefton General Hospital for their help.
Further Experience with the Rectosigmoid Bladder
Authors: GHONEIM M. A. , ASHAMALLAH A. 
Published: November 2008

Summary89 patients suffering from carcinoma of the bladder treated by cystectomy and construction of a rectal bladder were reviewed.The immediate postoperative mortality was 12.5 %, most deaths being due to infection.64 patients had been followed for 6 months to 3 years.The 64 patients possessed a total of 115 kidneys, and there was radiological evidence of postoperative deterioration in 23 instances. Anastomotic stricture formation was the commonest complication.Measurement of rectal bladder capacity showed the functional to be smaller than the anatomical. This was shown radiologically to be due to a change of posture; the capacity is greater when the patient is supine than when he is erect.Nearly all patients were continent by day; leakage at night occurred in 40 %29 of 32 patients were at work 1 year after operation.
Prostatic Calculi as a Source of Recurrent Bacteriuria in the Male
Authors: EYKYN SUSANNAH , BULTITUDE M. I. , MAYO M. E. , LLOYD‐DAVIES R. W. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThree patients with recurrent symptomatic bacteriuria are presented, in each of whom radio‐opaque prostatic calculi were present and were shown to harbour the infecting organism.We thank Dr B. Rowe for kindly typing the E. coli strains and Miss C. Jenkins for careful technical assistance.
Determination of the Optimum Temperature for Regional Renal Hypothermia during Temporary Renal Ischaemia
Authors: WARD J. P. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryTo determine the optimum temperature at which the in situ kidney should be maintained while it is ischaemic, 47 mongrel dogs were studied.35 of these underwent 90 minutes of left renal ischaemia with the kidney temperature maintained at 37°, 30°, 22°, 15°, 10°, 5° and 0° C respectively.The effect on renal function was determined by measurements of G.F.R. before and at regular 15‐minute intervals after the ischaemic period. Computer statistical analysis exposed the optimum temperature to be 15° C.Renal artery blood flow, renal histology, 51Cr labelled platelets and renal arteriography were used to determine the mechanism of ischaemic injury.Quantitation of renal cell injury confirmed that no additional protection to ischaemia could be gained by cooling below 15° C.15° C is recommended as the optimum temperature for use in clinical renal hypothermia.
A Critical Review of the Management of Bladder Neoplasia using a Modified Form of Helmstein's Pressure Therapy
Authors: GLASHAN R. W. 
Published: November 2008

Summary30 patients with proven bladder malignant disease have been treated by Helmstein's hydrostatic pressure technique.Massive necrosis of tumour tissue has been shown to occur at cystoscopy, cytologically and on histological examination.Double contrast cystography can indicate reduction in tumour size within 2 weeks of treatment. Haematuria is usually stopped with diminution of frequency and dysuria.This treatment is suitable for large bulky T1 tumours and advanced T4growths where palliation is the only treatment possible but not for T2and T3growths.Elderly and ill patients can tolerate this therapy easily and there were no serious side‐effects in this series.
A Study of the Bladder Blood Flow During Distension in Rabbits
Authors: DUNN M. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThis study has shown that there is a linear relationship between bladder blood flow and bladder pressure. At a bladder pressure of 80 mm Hg (blood pressure in rabbits varying from 90/60100/70 mm Hg) the blood flow in the bladder is minimal.It is suggested that bladder distension at 80 mm Hg in rabbits leads to hypoxia in the bladder wall as a result of the reduced blood flow.Prolonged bladder wall hypoxia occurring as a result of prolonged bladder distension may be responsible for selective necrosis of bladder tumours.
The Technique and Results of One‐stage Island Patch Urethroplasty
Authors: BLANDY J. P. , SINGH MANMEET 
Published: November 2008

Summary27 one‐stage island patch urethroplasties have been performed with the longest follow‐up of 3 years.The method seems to have most of the advantages of standard 2‐stage scrotal flap urethroplasty, and is suited to all but the most difficult and complicated strictures at any site in the urethra.
Hypertension and Renal Artery Stenosis with Aneurysm Formation in a Solitary Kidney in a Patient with Neurofibromatosis
Authors: HARDY D. G. , HATELY W. , NEWTON J. R. , DATHAN J. R. E. , BLANDY J. P. , EADIE D. G. A. , GOODWIN F. J. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA case of hypertension in a patient with neurofibromatosis and renal artery stenosis with aneurysm formation in a solitary kidney is descrited.Studies of plasma renin activity and body sodium content are presented and have been related to findings in patients and experimental animals with renovascular hypertension.A reconstructive operative procedure is described in which the kidney is perfused in situ.
Urodynamic Observations Following Spinal Trauma
Authors: THOMAS D. G. , SMALLWOOD R. , GRAHAM D. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA method of the urodynamic investigation of paraplegic and quadriplegic patients is described. Serial measurements of the urethral pressure profile in patients with developing reflex micturition demonstrate a rising pressure at the external urethral sphincter with time following spinal trauma.Patterns of micturition with detrusor‐sphincteric imbalance are described in patients with both early and well‐established reflex micturition.
The Relationship of the Urinary Cations, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium, in Patients with Renal Calculi
Authors: WELSHMAN S. G. , MCGEOWN M. G. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryCalcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were estimated in the 24‐hour urine collections of 101 idiopathic male stone‐formers, 89 male patient controls and 59 young male adult controls.The results were calculated in terms of 24‐hour volume and 1 g of creatinine. The concentrations of the 4 cations, relative to a gram of creatinine, were also determined in the early‐morning urines of 41 male stone‐formers and 43 young male adult controls.No difference was observed in the 24‐hour excretion of calcium, magnesium and sodium between the stone‐formers and controls. The mean daily potassium excretion, however, was significantly reduced in the urine of stone‐formers.The linear regression equations were calculated for calcium on magnesium, calcium on sodium, and calcium on potassium, using the 24‐hour excretion values of these cations. Only the calcium on potassium line of stone‐formers was significantly different from that of the normal subjects.A significant increase by stone‐formers in the urinary calcium concentration of their early‐morning specimens was found. The high concentration of urinary calcium in overnight urines of stone‐formers combined with a low magnesium concentration might possibly contribute to the development of renal stone disease.
Oestrogen Therapy and Serum Cortisol in Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: MORALES ALVARO , KRAUS ARTHUR S. , BRUCE ANDREW W. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryPatients with prostatic cancer, receiving oestrogen therapy were found to have elevated serum Cortisol levels and lymphopenia. Oestrogens are known to have a profound effect on the immune system; the possibility that this effect is mediated through the adrenal cortex is discussed. The significance of these findings, however, remains to be determined.
Serial Fluorine‐18 Bone Scans in the Follow‐up of Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: BUCK A. C. , CHISHOLM G. D. , MERRICK M. V. , LAVENDER J. P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary74 patients with prostatic cancer were studied annually by combined radiological and fluorine‐18 scan survey over a 5‐year period.The results of the long term follow‐up of bone scans is reported.At the time of the initial diagnosis 71·5% of the patients had advanced disease and 56% had radiological or scan evidence of metastases. A critical evaluation of the scans resulted in the detection of early bone lesions in 25% of patients with no radiological evidence of metastases. Follow‐up of these patients has shown that scan abnormalities preceded radiological changes from between 1 to 4 years and there was good correlation proven histologically by bone biopsy or autopsy in more than half of the patients. In patients with a positive bone scan and positiveX‐rays the scan abnormalities were more extensive than the corresponding X‐ray lesions. When bone healing occurred with endocrine treatment this was more readily apparent on the X‐rays. False negative scans were not seen with fluorine‐18 which allows for greater accuracy in the detection of skeletal metastases.Bone scanning has enabled correct staging to be carried out.This study confirms the high incidence of cardiac and vascular complications in patients treated with oestrogens.
Vas Anastomosis: a Return to Simplicity
Authors: SCHMIDT STANWOOD S. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryVas anastomosis is successful in restoring sperm to the ejaculate in 80 to 90% of cases.A simple, end‐to‐end, mucosa‐to‐mucosa anastomosis performed with non‐absorbable, monofilament sutures is, in the author's opinion, the best procedure.Pregnancies follow in about one‐third of the cases.
Ampicillin, Carbenicillin Indanyl Ester, and Nifuratel in the Treatment of Urinary Infection in Domiciliary Practice
Authors: Davies B. I. , Mummery R. V. , Brumfitt W. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA total of 120 patients, including 53 pregnant women with significant bacteriuria, received 163 7‐day courses of oral antimicrobial agents allocated in a randomised manner. The cure rates after 6 weeks' follow‐up ranged from 73% to 86%, and there was no statistical difference between preparations of ampicillin, carbenicillin indanyl ester, and 2 different formulations of nifuratel. Side‐effects occurred in 30% to 40% of the courses of penicillin drugs, but in under 15% of the course of nifuratel.It is concluded that the new oral preparation of carbenicillin is a useful addition to the list of antimicrobial agents which are effective in the treatment of urinary infections in domiciliary patients. Furthermore, nifuratel has been confirmed as a highly active non‐toxic drug which is valuable in the treatment of urinary infections.