bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of 4 techniques for clinical detection of early plaque formed during different dietary regimes
Authors: Lim L. P. , Tay F. B. K. , Waite I. M. , Cornick D. E. R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of 4 clinical techniques used in detecting early plaque during a period of dietary sucrose restriction and during a period of sucrose supplementation. The accumulation of plaque during experimental periods of 3 h, 6 h and 18 h was recorded in a group of 38 dental personnel for the 1st part of the study, and in a group of 32 for the 2nd part. Plaque levels were assessed using a caries probe, a plaque detection probe, erythrosin and a 2‐tone disclosing agent.There was a progressive increase in plaque over the period of the study, with significant variation between the detection methods used and the sites being assessed. Plaque formed more rapidly interdentally and on the posterior teeth. 3 h after the teeth had been thoroughly cleaned, plaque was detectable on over 12% of sites for the sucrose‐restricted diet and on up to 23% of sites for the sucrose‐supplemented diet. After 18 h of plaque formation, the proportion of plaque‐covered surfaces had increased to between 52% and 73%.For minimal amounts of plaque, the disclosing solutions were found to be the most sensitive assessment techniques. However, for moderate and abundant plaque deposits, the techniques using the probes resulted in a greater degree of differentiation in the proportional measurements of plaque. Overall, the plaque probe was found to be as sensitive or better than the other techniques under most conditions and was favourd on clinical grounds, as it aided access to the interdental areas and provided a contrasting colour at the tip to enable plaque to be detected with greater ease. The results of the study indicated that when assessing the compliance of an individual with plaque control procedures, the amounts of deposits should be assessed almost immediately after the subject has performed oral hygiene procedures. Alternatively, allowances must be made for the time that has lapsed since the teeth were last cleaned as well as for the other factors which would influence the amount of plaque recorded, e.g., the number of teeth in the mouth and their position, the sensitivity of the detection system for plaque, and the number of intakes of food or drink that contain sucrose.
Comparative longitudinal study of 2 methods of scheduling maintenance visits; 2‐year data
Authors: Listgarten M. A. , Levin S. , Schifter C. C. , Sullivan P. , Evian C. I. , Rosenberg E. S. , Laster L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This report compares the clinical and microbiological status of 2 groups of subjects with treated periodontitis on different maintenance schedules. 43 control (C) subjects were given prophylaxes every 3 months. 40 test (T) subjects were given this service on a flexible schedule according to the proportions of spirochetes and/or motile rods in fresh smears of subgingival scrapings. Both groups were examined every 6 months clinically and microbiologically. This report presents base line, 1‐ and 2‐year data. Generally, mean values for both groups did not differ significantly from one another. Both groups exhibited comparable increases in GI and PLI scores during the first 2 years of this study. No change in probing depth was noted between base line and the 2‐year examination. However, a slight increase in attachment level, as determined by probing, was noted in both groups. Both groups also exhibited similar proportions of bacterial morphotypes at base line and subsequent examinations.Disease recurrence, defined as an increase in probing depth of 3 mm or more from base line on any tooth surface during the 2‐year period, tended to be more prevalent in the C than in the T group (15/43 C and 9/40 T subjects). However, the proportional difference between the groups was not statistically significant. Subjects with disease recurrence in the T group had greater proportions of spirochetes at base line than subjects in the same group without disease recurrence (20.2% versus 9.8%, P < 0.01). This difference in proportions persisted if both groups were examined jointly, but was only of borderline significance (16.0% versus 10.5%, p= 0.05). The difference did not reach statistical significance when C subjects alone were examined. The difference between groups with respect to correlation of spirochete % at base line and future disease recurrence may be due to differences in the recall schedule, with regular tri‐monthly prophylaxes more likely to interfere with the expected tissue response to the resident subgingival microbiota. After 2 years, although both groups averaged about 7 recall visits, the time elapsed since the last prophylaxis averaged 2.4 months for the C versus 13.7 months for the T group. No other criteria examined at base line were significantly correlated with disease recurrence.
The effectiveness of citric acid as an adjunct to surgical re‐attachment procedures in humans
Authors: Smith Billy A. , Mason William E. , Morrison Edith C. , Caffesse Raul G. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate the effect of citric acid on re‐attachment and re‐adaptation in conjunction with periodontal surgery. A split‐mouth design was used in 10 patients involving 30 quadrants of surgery. A total of 120 teeth were treated. Each quadrant consisted of at least 2 teeth from cuspid to second molar. One quadrant was treated with a modified Widman flap alone while the root surfaces of the contralateral side were also treated with a 3 min application of citric acid.Immediately following hygienic phase and at 3 and 6 months postsurgically, the following measurements were taken in this sequence: gingival index, gingival crevicular fluid flow, plaque index, furcation involvement, level of attachment and probing depth. All the data were statistically analyzed using the paired t‐test, X2 and Fisher exact probability test.The biometric results showed that both surgical techniques resulted in a loss of attachment in shallow pockets and a gain in deeper pockets. Both techniques resulted in similar amounts of recession and probing depth reduction at 6 months. Gingival index, plaque index and furcation values decreased at 3 and 6 months postsurgically. The gingival crevicular fluid values remained essentially the same up to 6 months postsurgically.
Treatment of juvenile periodontitis without antibiotics
Authors: Saxén Leena , Asikainen Sirkka , Sandholm Leena , Kari Kirsti 
Published: December 2005

Abstract 20 patients with juvenile periodontitis (JP) were treated with oral hygiene instruction, scaling and rootplaning, possibly with flap surgery but with no antibiotics. The patients were monitored after 6 to 12 years. Re‐examination revealed that no probing depth of 7 mm or more existed any longer, and that sites with probing depth of 4 to 6 mm had decreased from 237 to 46. The bone loss scores had changed from 18% (range 2.0 to 48.1) to 14% (range 0 to 44.4) and the bleeding on probing scores from 39% (range 0 to 100) to 10% (range 0 to 40). Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) had neither been cultivated nor serologically tested at the initial examination. At the re‐examination, it was found in 2 patients out of 20 at 5 sites. 7 patients, the 2 with positive cultures included, had elevated titers to A.a. strain Y4 in whole or parotid saliva or both.It is concluded that there is a marked improvement in the periodontal condition of these patients, and that good periodontal health in patients with JP can be reached without antibiotics.
Gingival inflammation at deciduous and permanent teeth An intra‐individual comparison
Authors: Matsson Lars , Goldberg Per 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Previous studies showed that the tendency to develop gingivitis differed between pre‐school children with deciduous dentition and adults. A similar difference was noted between juvenile dogs with deciduous teeth and adult dogs with permanent teeth. The juvenile dogs showed morphologic characteristics which might interfere with the permeability of the junctional epithelium, thus protecting the underlying tissues from bacterial irritation. An indirect way to test whether structural differences of clinical importance exist in humans between the gingiva at deciduous and that at permanent teeth is to study the gingival reaction to a controlled amount of plaque in children with mixed dentition. The present paper reports an intra‐individual comparison of the gingival reaction at deciduous teeth with that at permanent teeth.30 children, 7–9 years of age. took part in the study. The amount of plaque was assessed in terms of the plaque index and the degree of gingival inflammation by applying the gingival index. The mean distribution of gingival index scores did not differ significantly between deciduous and permanent teeth, but a higher % of plaque index score 2 + 3 was found in permanent teeth. In the comparison based on areas of similar plaque irritation, a tendency toward a higher degree of gingivitis was found at the deciduous teeth. The results indicate that structural differences, if any. between the gingiva at deciduous teeth and that at permanent teeth have no impact of clinical significance on the gingivitis reaction.
Clinical and microbiological effects of sustained release chlorhexidine in periodontal pockets
Authors: Stabholz Ayala , Sela Michael N. , Friedman Michael , Golomb Gershon , Soskolne Aubrey 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Previous studies have shown that a 3‐day exposure of the pocket flora to the sustained release of chlorhexidine significantly reduced the relative numbers of spirochetes and motile rods in periodontal pockets to negligible amounts. By 14 days post‐treatment, their numbers had returned to pre‐treatment levels. The present study extended the exposure time of the pocket flora to the sustatined release of chlorhexidine in an attempt to prolong the suppression of the microbial flora for a clinically significant period of time. Clinical parameters were also studied. Sustained release devices (SRD) were inserted into 13 pockets from 8 patients. Pocket depth ranged between 5 and 8 mm. The SRD's were replaced every 3 days to give a total exposure of 9 days. Plaque index (P1I). bleeding on probing and pocket depth were measured, and bacterial samples taken for dark field microscopy and anaerobic culture.There was a marked decrease in the relative proportions of spirochetes and motile rods and the total anaerobic count post‐treatment. Pocket depth was reduced in all 13 pockets. These results indicate that a prolonged exposure to chlorhexidine suppresses the pocket flora to negligible amounts and reduces pocket depth for up to 11 weeks post‐treatment.
Hemangioendothelioma of the gingiva
Authors: Ebo Chantal M. , de Boever Jan A. , Adriaens Patrick A. , Roels Hendrik 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The hemangioendothelioma is a benign neoplasm, rarely observed in the mouth. In the literature, reports on the treatment and on the therapeutic results are lacking. This type of gingival neoplasm was observed in a young adult male. It was located in the attached gingiva in the upper and in the lower jaw, covering almost the entire coronal part of the anterior teeth.An exhaustive internal and neurological examination revealed no associated general disease. The gingival biopsies displayed the typical characteristics of a hemangioendothelioma: proliferation of the blood vessels, with a reduced lumen surrounded by swollen endothelial cells. The treatment consisted of a meticulous mechanical plaque control, chlorhexidine rinses, gingivectomy procedures and a monthly professional prophylaxis. 3 years after the periodontal treatment, the gingival structures remained clinically healthy.In the biopsies, only a small amount of inflammatory cells could be detected. This report shows a case of benign gingival neoplasms of unknown etiology in which meticulous plaque control, combined with extensive gingivectomies and repeated professional prophylaxis may have prevented or. at least, retarded the recurrence of the lesion.
Proteases and their inhibitors in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease
Authors: Sandholm Leena 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This article reviews the current knowledge of the sources, function and interactions of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease.Proteolytic tissue degradation is a typical phenomenon in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. The proteolytic enzymes can be both host‐ and bacteria‐derived. The proteases of the inflammatory cells are aimed for digestion of bacteria, enhanced locomotion through connective tissue, demarcation of the site of infection and tissue remodeling. Uncontrolled release of proteases in inflammation causes self‐digestion and tissue destruction. The potential of the bacterial proteases in degradation of connective tissue is not yet known. Biochemical and immunologic mediators of inflammation are released by proteolytic reactions. Immunoglobulin‐cleaving proteases present a specific mechanism in perturbation of host defenses.The 2 main protease inhibitors in serum, alpha‐1‐antitrypsin and alpha‐2‐macroglobulin, are also present in the gingival tissue fluid guarding the function of proteases. It has been suggested, although not confirmed, that deficiency in serum protease inhibiting capacity could be correlated with susceptibility to periodontal disease. Mucous secretions contain local low molecular weight protease inhibitors, but their possible rôle in saliva is not known. Bacteria‐derived, antiproteolytic short peptides may prove to be useful in pharmacological control of tissue destruction at inflammatory sites.
Periodontal ligament areas and occlusal forces in dentitions restored with cross‐arch unilateral posterior two‐unit cantilever bridges
Authors: Laurell Lars , Lundgren Dan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This investigation was undertaken in order to analyse to what extent the magnitudes of chewing and biting forces in dentitions restored with cross‐arch unilateral posterior two‐unit cantilever bridges are correlated to the area of the periodontal tissue supporting the abutments.12 subjects, whose dentitions were periodontally treated and prosthetically restored, participated in the study.The chewing and biting forces, simultaneously measured in various parts of, as well as over the entire dentition, were correlated to the periodontal ligament areas of the abutments supporting the bridge constructions. A strong positive correlation (r= 0.83; P <0.01) was found between the total remaining periodontal ligament area and the mean total chewing force. A positive correlation (r= 0.57; P= 0.05) was also found between the local remaining periodontal ligament area of the posterior end abutment tooth and the local chewing force in that region. No positive correlation was found between the amount of periodontal tissue support and the magnitude of the forces developed during biting with maximal strength in habitual occlusion either totally or locally, although there was a strong tendency (r= 0.54; 0.6 > P >0.5) towards decreasing total maximal bite force with decreasing total remaining periodontal ligament area.A strong positive correlation (r= 0.74; P < 0.01) was found on the end abutment side between the local remaining periodontal ligament area of the end abutment tooth and the local forces in that region during biting with maximal strength over a limited area at a time. The remaining periodontal ligament area of the abutment tooth adjoining the cantilever segment was not found to have any influence on the local chewing or biting forces over the distal cantilever segment. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Treatment of localized gingival recessions with coronally displaced flaps and citric acid
Authors: Gottlow Jan , Nyman Sture , Karring Thorkild , Lindhe Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present study was designed to examine the effect of citric acid conditioning on the result of healing following treatment of localized gingival recessions with coronally displaced flaps.In 3 beagle dogs, localized gingival recessions were surgically created at the buccal surfaces of canines, premolars and molars. All experimental sites were allowed to accumulate plaque for a period of 6 months. Following preparation of notches in the buccal root surfaces at the level of the gingival margin, buccal and lingual mucoperiosteal flaps were raised. The exposed portion of the root surfaces was scaled and the cementum layer was removed. Another notch was prepared in the root surfaces at the level of the crest of the alveolar bone. Half the number of the roots were treated by topical application of citric acid while the remaining roots were used as non‐acid treated controls. The flaps were sutured in a coronally displaced position. After 3 months of healing, the dogs were sacrificed and the jaws removed and placed in fixative. After decalcification, histological sections of the experimental roots and their periodontal tissues were produced.The 2 notches described above were used as reference points in the histological examination. The histological analysis disclosed that new attachment had formed on all test and control roots and extended in some specimens of both groups to a position coronal to the presurgical level of the gingival margin. The amount of new attachment was similar in the 2 categories of roots, demonstrating that citric acid conditioning did not produce additional new attachment.
Prevalence of incipient juvenile periodontitis at age 16 years in Switzerland
Authors: Kronauer E. , Borsa G. , Lang N. P. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present radiographic and clinical survey was performed to study the prevalence of “incipient juvenile periodontitis” in a population of 16‐year old adolescents in Switzerland. The subjects to be screened were selected on the basis of the population distribution in the year 1980 in the territory of Switzerland. 7% of all 16‐year old adolescents proportionally distributed into the different ethnic groups of Switzerland were incorporated in the study. From the school dental systems, a total of 7604 pairs of bite‐wing radiographs were obtained and evaluated for (i) fillings and iatrogenic factors, (ii) gross amounts of calculus, (iii) resorption of alveolar bone.A diagnosis of “incipient juveline periodontitis” was given if the clinical criteria of this disorder proposed by Baer were met.In 7142 pairs of bite‐wing radiographs, such a diagnosis was attributed to 7 female and 12 male patients. Subsequently, they were asked if they would be examined at the University of Berne School of Dental Medicine. On the basis of history, a complete periodontal chart and full mouth radiographs, the diagnosis was confirmed or refuted. 8 patients (4 female and 4 male) were definitely diagnosed as “incipient juvenile periodontitis”. This resulted in a prevalence of 0.1% with a ratio of female to male of 1:1 in the country of Switzerland at age 16. As in other industrialized countries, this prevalence seems not to be a major public health problem.
Microbial populations and active tissue destruction in experimental periodontitis*
Authors: Zappa Urs E. , Polson Alan M. , Eisenberg Arthur D. , Espeland Mark A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Although specific subgingival microflora are being associated with active tissue destruction in periodontitis, little information exists on the relationship between subgingival flora and histological evidence of tissue destruction. The present study was undertaken to explore these relationships during experimental marginal periodontitis in squirrel monkeys.In 4 squirrel monkeys, experimental periodontitis was induced around bicuspids and molars using silk ligatures. The buccal part of the subgingival ligature was removed for bacterial sampling 3, 7, and 14 days after ligature placement. Dark‐field microscopy was used to quantify motile forms, spirochetes, straight and curved rods, filaments, cocci and fusiforms. Subgingival plaque prior to periodontitis induction was dominated by cocci, but fusiforms and straight rods were also present. Spirochetes, filaments, curved rods and motile forms were absent. 3 days after induction of periodontitis, there were marked increases in spirochetes, motile forms, filaments, curved and straight rods. The proportions of coccoids and fusiforms decreased. The bacterial proportions stayed at approximately the same levels through 7 and 14 days. Histometric quantification of periodontal destruction showed loss of connective tissue attachment and crestal alveolar bone. A positive correlation was found between periodontal tissue destruction and both total number of subgingival bacteria and spirochetes.
Longitudinal observation of “unattached,” mobile gingival areas
Authors: Kisch Jenö , Badersten Anita , Egelberg Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Facial gingival surfaces over cuspids and bicuspids in 20 patients were monitored for 5 years to evaluate the importance of attached gingiva in the maintenance of a stable periodontium. 43 surfaces “at risk” were compared to 36 “non‐risk” surfaces within these patients. Surfaces “at risk” had to meet the following 3 criteria as established by both of 2 independent examiners: (1) width of keratinized gingiva < 1.0 mm; (2) absence of attached gingiva; (3) mobility of the gingival margin.During the 5 years of observation, “non‐risk” surfaces showed a trend toward decrease in mean width of keratinized gingiva, while this measurement remained unchanged for the surfaces “at risk.” Probing depths remained unaltered for both groups. A trend toward gingival recession and loss of probing attachment was observed for both “risk” and “non‐risk” surfaces. Thus, this study failed to demonstrate that “unattached” and mobile facial gingival surfaces are more susceptible to periodontal breakdown than “attached” surfaces.
Artificial periodontal defects and frequency of tooth brushing in beagle dogs
Authors: Corba N. H. C. , Jansen J. , Pilot T. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This investigation was designed to determine the influence of different frequencies of tooth brushing on artificial periodontal defects in the beagle dog after a period of healing.In 12 beagle dogs, periodontal defects were created using elastic bands placed in the sulci below the gingival margin after having cut the dento‐gingival fibres to the level of the alveolar bone crest. This active phase of creating defects lasted for 6 weeks. After removal of the elastic bands, the created defects were left undisturbed during the remainder of the pre‐experimental period (12 weeks). 6 premolars in the lower jaw were used (2P2, 3P3, 4P4).After the pre‐experimental period, the 12 dogs were distributed into 3 groups of 4 dogs each. Each group was brushed with a certain frequency, i.e., 7 times, 3 times or once a week.Registrations of plaque index, gingival index and probing depth using a constant force probe were carried out on approximal surfaces. The experiment lasted for 24 weeks. A brushing effect was calculated for each dog to include information on all within‐dog and between‐dog variations. It was shown in relation to artificially‐induced periodontal defects in beagle dogs that after a period of healing, brushing 7 times a week is superior to brushing 3 times a week in establishing and maintaining gingival health.