bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The upper crust low velocity layer; a Rayleigh (Rg) phase velocity study from SE Norway
Authors: Lokshtanov D.E. , Ruud B.O. , Husebye E.S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA recent surge of interest in short‐period fundamental mode Rayleigh waves (Rg) propagation is motivated by their usefulness for structural mapping and estimation of attenuation (Q) properties of the uppermost crust, their importance in scattering studies and as a nuisance (false alarms) in detection seismology. We have investigated Rg phase velocity dispersion characteristics, using recordings from 16 out of 22 subarrays of the NORSAR array of aperture 100 km. The observed phase velocity in combination with a one‐layer and two‐layers model over halfspace models were inverted using a maximum likelihood scheme. In view of the smoothness and simplicity of the dispersion curves, the number of unknowns were limited to three parameters, namely shear velocities and thickness, using a Poisson's ratio of 0.25 for P‐S velocity coupling and density fixed. In the general array siting area the derived low velocity layer has an average thickness of 1.02 km, and the associated shear velocity is 2.82 km s‐1. The underlying model half space appears to be uniform, and its derived shear velocity is 3.55 km s‐1, which is typical of the upper crust. In contrast to other similar studies, no obvious correlation was found with local geology, which mainly consists of Precambrian crystalline rock sequences. Group velocities were calculated from the structural models and compared to the observational ones. The agreement between calculated and observed group velocities was reasonable.
A NEW SERIES: CEO‐GIANTS OF THE PAST
Authors: Reymenf Richard 
Published: July 2007

Constantly assailed as we are by new ideas in Geology, it can be a sobering experience to restudy the works of the pioneers of our subject. The aim of the present series is to present cameos of important thinkers, whose fundamental contributions seem to have been forgotten or glossed over in the trimmed curricula we meet at universities today. Who, today, is told of the brilliant ideas of Johannes Walther, the many genial thoughts of Alcide d'orbigny, or the innovativeness of Charles Lyell.This new series presents vignettes of the life and times of early notables and the fact that all was not milk and honey in the pursuit of knowledge.The first profile we shall consider is Sven Nilsson, an important figure of the last century in Scandinavian natural history, including palaeontology. Our readership is invited to contribute articles on the founders of geo‐science in their own countries. Let us learn again what Choffat, Suess, Oppel, Backlund, Brogger, Sowerby, Lapworth, Brongniart, d'orbigny, von Schlotheim, etc. contributed to our pool of knowledge.The ‘wheel’ has been rediscovered many times in geology.SVEN NILSSON (1787–1883)
DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM
Authors: Victor Luis A. Mendes , Baptista Maria Ana Viana , Simoes José Z. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Portuguese coast has been affected several times in the past by strong earthquakes that generated tsunamis severely damaging the city of Lisbon.The most significant event known was the Lisbon earthquake of 1 November 1755. It is generally assumed that the location of this event was the Gorringe Bank region in the North Atlantic. This ridge, located 200 km south‐west of the Portuguese shore, was also the location of the 28 February 1969 magnitude Ms= 7.9 earthquake (Fukao, 1973), that generated a tsunami of small amplitude clearly recorded at the tidal stations of the Portuguese south and south‐west coasts.The need to reduce the social and economic impact of an event of this type, greatly amplified by the urban concentration of coastal areas, led to the research project ‘Destructive Earthquakes and Tsunami Warning System in SW Portugal’. This project, sponsored by the European Economic Community and the public Portuguese research funding agencies, has been conducted by the Geophysical Centre of the University of Lisbon, since April 1988.The main targets of the project are:•the installation of a pilot warning system against tsunamis, based on two ocean bottom stations, comprising a 3 component seismometer and a bottom mounted pressure sensor, linked by cable to a surface buoy. This buoy is equipped with a data acquisition and data transmission system. Seismic and water level data will be collected on an almost real‐time basis and will be transmitted to Lisbon via satellite;•the refinement of existing geological models, in order to clarify the genesis of the bank and the seismic activity in this area;•the installation of an adequate network of seismic monitoring stations in order to better locate off shore earthquakes (Fig. 1);•the evaluation of seismic and tsunami risk around the Iberian Peninsula.
The Numidian Sequence between Guelma and Constantine (Eastern Tell, Algeria)*
Authors: Moretti E. , Coccioni R. , Guerrera F. , Lahondère Jean‐Claude , Loiacono Francesco , Puglisi Diego 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Numidian Sequence represents one of the main tectono‐stratigraphic units involved in the geological evolution of the Maghrebian orogen during the Upper Oligocene‐Lower Miocene. Geo‐structural aqalysis led to the reconstruction of tectonc‐stratigraphic units and recognition of two main tectonic phases (Eocene and Lower Miocene). Sedimentological analysis of the studied sections has resulted in the distinction of arenaceous and conglomeratic facies generated by debris flows or high‐density turbidity currents on a submarine slope, present within the pelitic‐arenaceous and arenaceous‐pelitic sequences which also contain slumped units in places.Previous and new micropalaeontological data indicate Late Oligocene‐Early Burdigalian ages for the Numidian sequences of the Constantine Mountains. On the basis of petrographic study the Numidian rocks can be classified as poorly sorted quartzarenites containing siliciclastic matrix. The overall petrographic data indicate that the Continental intercalaire (Hoggar, Tassili and Fezzan) and Series Pharusienne (Hoggar and Eglab) are possible supply areas for the Numidian quartz.
Geochemical signature of the Cenomanian to Eocene rocks in Israel ‐a palaeoenvironmental indicator
Authors: Ilani Shimon , Rosenfeld Amnon , Kronfeld Joel , Flexer Akiva 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDistinctive trace‐metal concentrations characterize Cenomanian to Eocene marine carbonates from Israel. The Cenomanian‐Turonian platform carbonates, including clayey formations, exhibit low average values ranging between 2 and 29 ppm for Zn, Cr, V, Ni, Cu, U and Co. The Santonian‐Campanian and Early to Middle Eocene marine chalks show higher average concentrations of these trace‐metals ranging between 3 and 56 ppm. The highest average concentrations of these metals (5–118 ppm) are found in the Maastrichtian and in the Palaeocene marine chalks and marls. The possible relationship between these metal background levels and the lithology, the biogenic productivity, the organic matter content, the iron oxide concentration, the rate of sedimentation of the studied time‐rock units as well as the palaeogeographical changes are discussed. The extent of the exposed palaeo‐landmasses due to tectonics, the intensity of weathering conditions and the detritus supply into the basin, control primarily the iron and trace‐metal content in the studied sediments.
Anaphylaxis and toxic epidermal necrolysis or Stevens–Johnson syndrome after nonmucosal topical drug application: fact or fiction?
Authors: Sachs B. , Fischer‐Barth W. , Erdmann S. , Merk H. F. , Seebeck J. 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Drug‐induced anaphylaxis and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) or Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS) represent severe immediate and delayed‐type adverse drug reactions (ADRs), respectively. Occurrence of such reactions after topical drug application has only rarely been reported. Hence, we compiled a large number of such cases which we systematically analyzed.Methods:  All such cases contained in the ADR database of the competent pharmacovigilance authority in Germany and cases reported in literature were identified, evaluated and analyzed with regard to potential risk factors. Since the application of drugs to mucous membranes facilitates their entry to the systemic circulation only cases occurring after non‐mucosal topical drug application were considered.Results:  After evaluation 28 anaphylaxis database cases and 48 anaphylaxis literature cases remained for analysis. Application to skin wounds or to skin with impaired barrier function was identified as a risk factor in 10/28 (36%) of the database cases and in 42/48 (88%) of the literature cases. In 9/28 database cases (32%), anaphylaxis was induced by drugs used for their hyperemizing effect and, in 8/28 cases (29%) by antibiotics or antiseptics. In the literature cases, anaphylaxis was induced by antibiotics or antiseptics in 35/48 cases (73%). Only one SJS database case and one TEN literature case remained after case evaluation.Conclusion:  Anaphylaxis does occur after non‐mucosal topical drug administration. Application of drugs to skin wounds or to skin with impaired barrier function may pose a risk factor for its occurrence. TEN or SJS following non‐mucosal topical drug application seems to be extremely rare.
Influence of total IgE levels on the severity of sting reactions in Hymenoptera venom allergy
Authors: Sturm G. J. , Heinemann A. , Schuster C. , Wiednig M. , Groselj‐Strele A. , Sturm E. M. , Aberer W. 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Detection of specific IgE for Hymenoptera venoms and skin tests are well established diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of insect venom hypersensitivity. The aim of our study was to analyze the effect of total IgE levels on the outcome of generalized anaphylactic reactions after a Hymenoptera sting.Methods:  Two hundred and twenty patients allergic to bee, wasp, or European hornet venom were included in the study. Their specific and total IgE levels, serum tryptase levels, skin tests, and sting history were analyzed.Results:  In patients with mild reactions (grade I, generalized skin symptoms) we observed higher total IgE levels (248.0 kU/l) compared to patients with moderate reactions (grade II, moderate pulmonary, cardiovascular, or gastrointestinal symptoms; 75.2 kU/l) and severe reactions (grade III, bronchoconstriction, emesis, anaphylactic shock, or loss of consciousness; 56.5 kU/l; P < 0.001). Accordingly, 25% of the patients with low levels of total IgE (<50 kU/l), but no individual with total IgE levels >250 kU/l, developed loss of consciousness (P = 0.001). Additionally, specific IgE levels were related to total IgE levels: Specific IgE levels increased from 1.6 to 7.1 kU/l in patients with low (<50 kU/l) and high (>250 kU/l) total IgE levels, respectively (P < 0.001). Specific IgE levels correlated inversely to the clinical reaction grades, however, this trend was not statistically significant (P = 0.083).Conclusion:  Patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy and high levels (>250 kU/l) of total IgE, predominantly develop grade I and grade II reactions and appear to be protected from grade III reactions. However, this hypothesis should be confirmed by extended studies with sting challenges.
PPARγ expression profile and its cytokine driven regulation in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Dahten A. , Mergemeier S. , Worm M. 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Recent studies point to the pathophysiological role of the peroxisome proliferators‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the inflammatory immune response. We have showed that activation of PPARγ by specific ligands attenuates the allergic immune response via monocytes and lymphocytes. The objective of this study was to analyse the PPARγ expression and its regulation via inflammatory cytokines.Methods:  We examined the PPARγ expression in the lesional and nonlesional skin of atopic patients by immunohistochemistry. The expression patterns of PPARγ mRNA and its isoforms were investigated in peripheral mononuclear blood cells of atopic and nonatopic donors and in cytokine‐stimulated populations by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR.Results:  Our data show an increased PPARγ expression in lesional skin from atopic dermatitis patients. The analysis of PPARγ mRNA reveals a significantly up‐regulated expression of PPARγ1 but not of PPARγ2 in monocytes and CD4+ T‐cells from atopic dermatitis patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Th‐cytokines, like IL‐4, IL‐13 and IFNγ, which regulate the biphasic atopic immune response, directly regulate the expression of PPARγ1.Conclusion:  Taken together, these data demonstrate that PPARγ isoforms are differently expressed and regulated by the local cytokine‐milieu. Whether the increased expression of the PPARγ1 receptor may be beneficial or not for a PPARγ ligand‐based treatment of atopic dermatitis, is currently under investigation.
Politics and Theatrical Culture in Restoration England
Authors: Walkling Andrew R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between politics and the theatre in England between 1660 and 1688. Following a discussion of the place of the theatre within the broader political landscape, the article looks at the political nature of the drama during this period, outlining the various ways in which plays could comment upon contemporary politics, ranging from overt political satire to ‘impressionistic’ allegory to complexroman à clef. Additional political opportunities afforded by the publication of playtexts are also discussed. The article then examines the operation of politics in the playhouses themselves, including the behavior of actors, both onstage and off, and the close connections between the public theatres and the world of the royal court.
Communication and Contention: The Role of Literacy in Conflicts with ‘Abbāsid Officials
Authors: Van Berkel Maaike 
Published: July 2007

Abstract‘Abbāsid officials of the late ninth and early tenth centuries operated in a highly bureaucratized and literate environment and they expressed their identity in terms of expertise in writing. However, in their daily business they had to communicate with all kinds of social groups, some of which had not – or only to a certain level – been introduced to writing. During the last three decades a series of groundbreaking studies appeared on the introduction and dissemination of writing in Medieval Europe. The role of literacy in Arab and Islamic societies in this period have as yet received very little, and mainly rather specialized, attention. The communication between ‘Abbāsid officials and other social groups will be studied in cases of conflict and their settlements. Conflict settlement is also a field of research that recently witnessed important new insights. Studying the use of written documents in dispute settlements – a situation in which communication is of vital importance to all parties involved – forms therefore an excellent opportunity to analyse familiarity with, and confidence in, writing among the various groups within the ‘Abbāsid caliphate.
History for the Anthropocene
Authors: Robin Libby , Steffen Will 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGlobal history has become the business of more than just historians. This paper explores the history of scientific historiography, particularly a recent initiative of the Global Change community to write anIntegrated History and future Of People on Earth(IHOPE). A new geological epoch, the Anthropocene, has been declared, reflecting the scientific fact that anthropogenic change is now shaping planetary systems. Describing changes to the Earth system over time demands understanding of the history of the biophysical factors, the human factors and their integration. While global warming has motivated the recent initiative to write global history, the global atomic era also provided an incentive for scientists to write global history, as was revealed in the 1940s UNESCO initiatives for aScientific and Cultural History of Mankindand an International Union for the History of Science. We review recent developments in world and environmental historiography, and popular ‘millennial’ projects, such as the Clock of the Long Now, to identify potential common interests between historians and non‐historians writing world history at very different scales, and for different audiences.
Strategies for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy Effects†
Authors: Verma Sarika , Watt Gregory M. , Mai Zhiming , Hasan Tayyaba 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality for the selective destruction of cancerous and nonneoplastic pathologies that involves the simultaneous presence of light, oxygen and a light‐activatable chemical called a photosensitizer (PS) to achieve a cytotoxic effect. The photophysics and mechanisms of cell killing by PDT have been extensively studied in recent years, and PDT has received regulatory approval for the treatment of a number of diseases worldwide. As the application of this treatment modality expands with regard to both anatomical sites and disease stages, it will be important to develop strategies for enhancing PDT outcomes. This article focuses on two broad approaches for PDT enhancement: (1) mechanism‐based combination treatments in which PDT and a second modality can be designed to either increase the susceptibility of tumor cells to PDT or nullify the treatment outcome‐mitigating molecular responses triggered by PDT of tumors, and (2) the more recent approaches of PS targeting, either by specific cellular function‐sensitive linkages or via conjugation to macromolecules.
ELDONET—A Decade of Monitoring Solar Radiation on Five Continents
Authors: Häder Donat‐Peter , Lebert Michael , Schuster Martin , Ciampo Lineu del , Helbling E. Walter , McKenzie Richard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe European light dosimeter network (ELDONET) comprises more than 40 stations in 24 countries on 5 continents. The present report compares solar radiation data in the photosynthetic active radiation, UV‐A (315–400 nm) and UV‐B (280–315 nm) wavelength ranges for 17 stations at different latitudes on the northern and southern hemispheres for up to 10 years of monitoring. While the maximal irradiances on clear days follow a latitudinal gradient due to the cosine dependence on the solar angle, the total doses strongly depend on the local climate and atmospheric conditions as well as the day‐length distribution over the year. UV‐B irradiances and doses are strongly influenced by the total column ozone, which is recorded for all covered stations.
Photodynamic Therapy of Vertebral Metastases: Evaluating Tumor‐to‐Neural Tissue Uptake of BPD‐MA and ALA‐PpIX in a Murine Model of Metastatic Human Breast Carcinoma†
Authors: Akens Margarete K. , Yee Albert J. M. , Wilson Brian C. , Burch Shane , Johnson Crystal L. , Lilge Lothar , Bisland Stuart K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy has been successfully applied to numerous cancers. Its potential to treat cancer metastases in the spine has been demonstrated previously in a preclinical animal model. The aim of this study was to test two photosensitizers, benzoporphyrin‐derivative monoacid ring A (BPD‐MA) and by 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA)‐induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), for their potential use to treat bony metastases. The difference in photosensitizer concentration in the spinal cord and the surrounding tumor‐bearing vertebrae was of particular interest to assess the risk of potential collateral damage to the spinal cord. Vertebral metastases in a rat model were generated by intracardiac injection of human breast cancer cells. When tumor growth was confirmed, photosensitizers were injected systemically and the animals were euthanized at different time points. The following tissues were harvested: liver, kidney, ovaries, appendicular bone, spinal cord and lumbar vertebrae. Photosensitizer tissue concentration of BPD‐MA or PpIX was determined by fluorescence spectrophotometry. In contrast to BPD‐MA, ALA‐PpIX did not demonstrate an appreciable difference in the uptake ratio in tumor‐bearing vertebrae compared to spinal cord. The highest ratio for BPD‐MA concentration was found 15 min after injection, which can be recommended for therapy in this model.
Comparison of thoracic kyphosis in two groups of elite Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers and a group of non-athletic participants
Authors: Rajabi R , Doherty P , Goodarzi M , Hemayattalab R 
Published: July 2007

Background:Freestyle and Greco-Roman are two types of wrestling that place the spine of athletes in different positions. Theoretically, it can be argued that this can lead to adverse effects on the spine and might be an important factor associated with changes in the degree of kyphosis.Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate whether the extent of thoracic kyphosis differs in two groups of elite wrestlers and a group of non-athletic participants.Methods:Sixty elite Iranian male wrestlers including 30 freestyle (mean (SD) age 23.5 (2.8) years, height 176 (7.1) cm and weight 77.8 (16.1) kg) and 30 Greco-Roman (age 23.9 (2.9) years, height 176 (4) cm and weight 80.1 (11.1) kg) wrestlers and 30 male non-athletes (age 23.3 (2.1) years, height 175 (8) cm and weight 75.2 (6.7) kg) were recruited. All wrestlers competed at international level with the Iranian national team or Iranian student national team. Each selected wrestler had to meet a minimum criterion of 5 years' wrestling. The degree of kyphosis was measured using a modified electrogoniometer.Results:Mean (SD) kyphosis was 30° (3.8), 24.3° (3.7) and 27.4° (3.2) for the freestyle, Greco-Roman style and non-athlete groups, respectively. A significant difference was found in mean kyphosis between all groups (p<0.05) with freestyle being the highest and Greco-Roman the lowest.Conclusions:The degree of kyphosis was highest in freestyle wrestling, followed by non-athletes and then Greco-Roman wrestlers. The extent of kyphosis was not influenced by years of training or age of starting wrestling.
Fructose-induced hypertension in Wistar–Kyoto rats: interaction with moderately high dietary saltThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cardiovascular Dysfunction, Dhalla 70th Birthday Tribute.
Authors: Vasdev Sudesh , Gill Vicki , Parai Sushil , Gadag Vereesh 
Published: July 2007

We investigated the effects of 4% fructose plus moderately high salt (MHS) (4% NaCl) treatment on tissue aldehyde conjugates, platelet cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i), renal morphology, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in Wistar–Kyoto rats, and whether these effects were reversible (R) after withdrawal of treatment. At age 7 weeks, rats were divided into 4 groups: NS group, given normal salt (NS) diet (0.7% NaCl) for 18 weeks; NS+F(R) group, NS diet and fructose in water for 14 weeks, then 4 weeks fructose withdrawal; MHS+F group, NS diet and fructose for 6 weeks, then MHS diet and fructose for 12 weeks; and MHS+F(R) group, NS diet and fructose for 6 weeks, then MHS diet and fructose for 8 weeks, then MHS and fructose withdrawal for 4 weeks. SBP in the NS+F(R) group increased during fructose treatment, but normalized within 1 week of withdrawal. Tissue aldehyde conjugates and platelet [Ca2+]i were normal at completion. Adverse renal vascular changes did not reverse to normal and were similar to those of the salt plus fructose-treated groups. This may have implications for future development of hypertension. MHS did not cause any additional increase in SBP or associated tissue alterations when added to fructose treatment. However, the SBP and tissue changes persisted even after discontinuation of treatment. The fructose and salt combination may result in long-lasting vascular alterations leading to hypertension.