bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HCMV‐DNA is detected more frequently than infectious virus in blood leucocytes of immunocompromised patients: A direct comparison of culture‐immunofluorescence and PCR for detection of HCMV in clinical specimens
Authors: Ratnamohan V. M. , Mathÿs J. M. , McKenzie A. , Cunningham A. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn two studies comparing detection of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in 118 patients (93 of whom were immunocompromised) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation using either early antigen detection by culture‐immunofluorescence or conventional cytopathic effect, DNA‐PCR was found to be the most sensitive, followed by culture‐immunof luorescence, then by cytopathic effect. Urine was inhibitory to the action of Taq polymerase; this was overcome by concentration of HCMV with PEG 6000 prior to gene amplification. Without PEG treatment, HCMV‐DNA in 6 of the 11 specimens positive by culture‐immunofluorescence was not detectable by PCR. In healthy seropositive individuals, HCMV‐DNA was not detected i n leucocytes. However, in immunocompromised patients with AIDS or transplants, and therefore at high risk of HCMV infection or reactivation, blood leucocytes were usually positive for HCMV‐DNA (19/20), some for as long as 20 weeks after initial detection and persisting for long after culture‐immunofluorescence became negative. Neither HCMV‐RNA nor infectious HCMV were detected in the follow‐up blood leucocycte specimens from immunocompromised patients who had detectable HCMV‐DNA in these cells. These data suggest that persistence of HCMV‐DNA in blood leucocytes of immunocom‐promised patients after reactivation or primary infection may be due to persistence of non‐viable virus, residual HCMV genomic DNA, or latent HCMV‐DNA. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection and serotyping of rotaviruses in stool specimens by using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification
Authors: Ushijima Hiroshi , Koike Hinako , Mukoyama Atsushi , Hasegawa Ayako , Nishimura Shuichi , Gentsch Jon 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDirect rotavirus serotyping (VP7, G type) in stool specimens was carried out by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification (RT‐PCR) and compared to serotyping by enzyme immunoassay with monoclonal antibodies (EIA‐MAb). The methods used for double‐stranded (ds) RNA extraction, RT‐PCR amplification, and the primers used were modified from previous reports [Gouvea et al.: Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29:519–523, 1990; Gentsch et al.: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1992]. For samples that were positive by both methods, the serotypes obtained were identical, however RT‐PCR typing was found to be considerably more sensitive (70.4% samples serotyped) than EIA‐MAb (35.6% of samples serotyped). The overall sensitivities for detection of rotavirus in stool samples by latex agglutination, enzyme immunoassay, electron microscopy, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and RT‐PCR were essentially the same. The results confirm that RT‐PCR typing (genotyping) is extremely valuable for G typing of samples which cannot be typed by EIA‐MAb. We also developed a PCR confirmation technique for serotypes 1, 2, and 4. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Duration of viremia in human hepatitis a viral infection as determined by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Yotsuyanagi Hiroshi , Iino Shiro , Koike Kazuhiko , Yasuda Kiyomi , Hino Kunihiko , Kurokawa Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractViremia in hepatitis A viral (HAV) infection is said to be limited to pre‐symptomatic period. However, it is not clear how long viremia lasts in human infection due to the lack of a simple and sensitive detection system. In an attempt to find HAV genome in patients′ sera, we used the RTPCR method by setting a pair of primers in the 5′ non‐coding region. While in most cases HAVRNA was detected only before alanine aminotransferase (ALT) reached peak levels with this sensitive system, the viral genome was observed in some patients′ sera even after ALT reached peak levels. Some patients also had HAV viremia after seroconversion to HAV antibody. These results show that viremia in HAV infection lasts longer than has been previously thought, and give a warning of possible secondary blood‐borne infection. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus maderaspatensis as agents for postexposure prophylaxis in neonatal duck hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Munshi Anupama , Mehrotra Raj , Panda Subrat K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe therapeutic potential of plant extracts of Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus maderaspatensis for postexposure prophylaxis against infection by Hepadnaviruses was studied in ducklings infected by the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV). Forty‐four Pekin ducklings were inoculated intraperitoneally with DHBV at 24 hr posthatch. They were treated by intraperitoneal injection of Phyllanthus amarus (aqueous extract) (100 mg/kg body weight) or Phyllanthus mad eraspatensis (alcoholic extract) (100 mg/kg body weight) for a period of 4 weeks. Infected ducklings treated with saline served as controls. Weekly serum samples obtained before, during, and after treatment were analysed for the presence of DHBV DNA in serum by dot blot hybridisation using α 32P‐labelled probes. Liver tissue was collected after killing the ducks at various time intervals and was studied for replicative status of the viral DNA and liver histopathology; 17 of 21 ducks were viraemic on completion of treatment with Phyllanthus amarus. At 16 week posttreatment follow‐up four of seven animals remained viraemic. Similar results were obtained with Phyllanthus maderaspatensis. There was no alteration in DHBV replication in the liver. No toxicity was observed with this treatment. These observations suggest that Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus maderaspatensis are not useful as therapeutic agents for postexposure prophylaxis against DHBV infection. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HCV RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon‐α
Authors: Liang T. Jake , Rustgi Vinod , Galun Eithan , Blum Hubert E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to assess the efficacy of interferon‐α on hepatitis C viral RNA in patients with chronic hepatitis C, we analyzed the levels of HCV RNA in sera and liver tissues of 16 patients pre‐ and posttreatment using a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Fifteen of 16 patients were positive for anti‐HCV antibodies by four‐antigen recombinant immunoblot assay (4‐RIBA). Only two patients demonstrated normalization of ALT in response to interferon; three patients showed a partial response. Only one patient from the partial responder group displayed a significant reduction of HCV RNA level posttreatment. In the nonresponder group, several patients, although their ALTs remained elevated, demonstrated significant decreases in HCV RNA levels in either serum or liver in response to interferon. Our data suggest that interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis C may not be effective in eradicating HCV infection and a reduction in ALT is infrequently associated with a decrease in HCV RNA level in either serum or liver. Cessation of treatment is frequently associated with the recrudescence of HCV replication and disease. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved detection of rhinoviruses in nasal and throat swabs by seminested RT‐PCR
Authors: Ireland D. C. , Kent J. , Nicholson K. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA seminested RT‐PCR (nRT‐PCR) was used to detect picornavirus (PV) RNA in cell cultures inoculated with rhinoviruses (HRVs) and enteroviruses (EVs). PCR tests in which a primary "touchdown" PCR was followed by secondary reactions using PV or HRV specific primers were able to differentiate HRVs of 48 serotypes from EVs. PVnRT‐PCR and HRVnRT‐PCR were then used to test nasal and throat swabs from adult subjects with naturally acquired respiratory virus infections. The swabs were also analysed for respiratory viruses by cell culture techniques and the rates of PV identification by the two methods were compared. PVnRT‐PCR was found to be at least five times more sensitive than cell culture for the detection of PVs in these clinical specimens. Paired acute and convalescent serum samples were tested for complement fixing antibodies to adenovirus, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3, Myco plasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect rises in antibody level to coronavirus types 229E and OC43. The overall rate of pathogen identification in 159 swabs from adult asthmatics increased from 28% when only cell culture and serology were used to 57% when these methods were supplemented by PVnRT‐PCR. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paramyxoviruses and Paget's disease
Authors: Cartwright E. J. , Gordon M. T. , Freemont A. J. , Anderson D. C. , Sharpe P. T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUsing the technique of in situ hybridisation, we extended our initial studies of the occurrence of canine distemper and measles virus in Paget's disease. Bone samples from untreated patients and patients treated with 3‐amino‐hydroxypropylidene 1,1 bisphosphonate pamidronate (APD) were examined for canine distemper nucleocapsid (CDV‐N), measles nucleocapsid (MV‐N), respiratory syncytial virus fusion (RSV‐F), and simian virus 5 haemoglutinin‐neuraminidase (SV5‐HN) sequences using 35S‐labelled sense and antisense riboprobes. Only CDV‐N mRNA was detected in osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and mononuclear cells. In untreated Paget's patients, 63.5% were found to have CDV sequences residing in bone cells, and 48.2% of those undergoing APD treatment were still found to have the viral sequences. RSV‐F mRNA was only found in one patient. None of the other paramyxoviruses tested were detected. This study shows that CDV can infect a human host and may be an aetiological agent of Paget's disease of bone. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultra‐rapid, simple, sensitive, and economical silica method for extraction of dengue viral RNA from clinical specimens and mosquitoes by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Chungue Eliane , Roche Claudine , Lefevre Marie‐France , Barbazan P. , Chanteau Suzanne 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA rapid, simple and efficient single‐tube procedure is described for the isolation of dengue virus RNA from small amount of serum (10 μl) followed by a reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Recovery of RNA is based on the lysing and nuclease‐inactivating properties of guanidinium thiocyanate in the presence of silica. The silica RT‐PCR can be completed within 5 hours starting from RNA extraction to agarose gel electrophoresis. All of the 63 dengue‐3 culture‐positive sera were RT‐PCR positive (virus titres: <102 to 1110.69). Of 33 culture‐ negative acute sera from serologically confirmed dengue fever patients collected during dengue‐3 epidemic, 4 were RT‐PCR‐positive. RT‐PCR was also positive in 29 of 30 dengue‐1 culture‐ positive sera (virus titres range: <102 to 108.69). Dengue‐1 virus was also detected in fieldcaught Aedes aegypti mosquitoes by silica RT‐PCR. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serological responses to human papillomavirus type 16 antigens in women before and after renal transplantation
Authors: Lewensohn‐Fuchs Ilona , Wester Daniele , Bistoletti Peter , Elfgren Kristina , Ohlman Sven , Dillner Joakim , Dalianis Tina 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFemale renal transplant recipients have an increased incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) associated lesions, such as cervical dysplasia and neoplasia [Schneider et al., 1983]. In this study we tested the serological responses by enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assays (ELISA) to 3 different antigenic regions of HPV type 16. Sera from 35 female renal transplant patients collected before and at different times, up to 3 years, after transplantation were collected and tested. Before transplantation IgG antibodies against peptide 49, corresponding to the HPV L2 region, were found in 21/35 of the patients′ sera. Of the L2 positive sera, 16 also demonstrated activity with the HPV L1 region derived peptide 31. All sera that were active against peptide 31 (L1) were also reactive with peptide 49 (L2). After renal transplantation, the antibody levels against these 2 peptides (peptides 49 and 31) dropped significantly (OD ≥ 0.2) in all previously positive sera and remained so throughout the study, which lasted up to 3 years. The proportion of patients with IgA activity against the E2 region (peptide 245), which is common among patients with cervical neoplasia, increased from 9/35 before transplantation to 18/35 after transplantation. In parallel, we monitored 25 of these patients′ sera before and after transplantation for antibody activity against measles, adenoviruses, and cytomegaloviruses (CMV). The majority of these sera—17/25 (68%) and 18/25 (72%), respectively—had no titer changes against measles and adenoviruses. Furthermore, the changes in antibody titers observed with CMV in these patients were not correlated with the fate of the antibodies against the HPV peptides. The results suggest that the interplay between persistent HPV, the host, and the immune system is altered upon therapeutic immunosuppression and that characteristic HPV serological profiles are seen. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathogenesis of the B variant of encephalomyocarditis virus
Authors: Shafi Raheel , Cerutis Delie R. , Giron David J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVariants of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) are immunologically indistinguishable by hyperimmune serum, but, with the exception of EMCV‐B, each produces a different disease syndrome and infects the central nervous system in mice infected via the intraperitoneal route of inoculation. The B variant is benign in that it does not produce any overt signs of infection at doses as high as 106 pfu per animal. The present study was carried out to determine if EMCV‐B was pathogenic when administered via the intracranial route and, if so, to delineate the area(s) of the brain infected. The results show that, when given i.c., EMCV‐B is similar to other variants of EMCV in that it infects and replicates in the brain, causing encephalitis, neuronal necrosis in Ammon's horn of the hippocampus, and clinical signs of infection. The data indicate that receptor sites for EMCV‐B are present on brain cells and suggest that its benign nature when given by the intraperitoneal route reflects an inability to cross the blood‐brain barrier. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence, genotypes, and an isolate (HC‐C2) of hepatitis C virus in Chinese patients with liver disease
Authors: Wang Yu , Okamoto Hiroaki , Tsuda Fumio , Nagayama Ryozo , Tao Qi‐Min , Mishiro Shunji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChina has not been extensively investigated for the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among people with or without liver disease. We analyzed serum from 2,177 liver disease patients from 7 cities in different areas of China. Of 435 acute hepatitis patients, only 11% were positive for HCV RNA, while hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 33%. Of 1,668 patients with chronic liver disease, 14% and 74% were positive for HCV RNA and HBsAg, respectively. Nearly 80% of non‐B chronic liver disease were negative for HCV RNA. The frequency of HCV RNA in chronic liver disease was significantly higher in Hami (32%) and Shenyang (30%) than in other cities (6–12%). The HCV genotype distribution varied by region. Genotype III was detected in 46–70% of HCV infections in Hami, Shenyang, and Lanzhou, while more than 90% of patients from southern cities (Nanjing, Nanning, and Chengdu) had genotype II. No evidence for genotype I or IV infections was found. A fulllength HCV genome sequence (HC‐C2) derived from a Beijing patient with genotype II was closely related to previous isolates from Japanese and Taiwanese patients. These results suggest that HCV prevalence and genotype distribution vary from region to region in China, and that the HCV now predominant in China may have evolved epidemiologically with infections in Japan and Taiwan. The study identified a high frequency of non‐B, non‐C chronic liver disease in China, suggesting possibly a new agent or infections with extreme variants of HCV. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis with IgG‐EIA using heat‐treated virions and synthetic peptides as antigens
Authors: Samuelson Agneta , Glimåker Martin , Skoog Eva , Cello Jeronimo , Forsgren Marianne 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo recently developed enzyme immunosorbent assays (EIA) for the detection of significant titre increases in enteroviral IgG‐antibodies were evaluated as diagnostic tools in 127 etiologically well‐characterized patients with aseptic meningitis. One assay was based on heat‐treated virions (H‐EIA) and one on synthetic peptides (PEIA) as antigens. The sensitivities, with virus isolation as reference method, were 0.67 by H‐EIA and 0.62 by P‐EIA, which were higher than by a routinely used complement fixation test (CFT, 0.51) but somewhat lower than the sensitivities found by two previously presented IgM‐assays, μ‐capture EIA, and solid‐phase reverse immunosorbent test (SPRIST). The specificities of the two IgG‐EIA techniques and CFT were apparently high, whereas the two IgM‐assays showed positive reactions in some non‐enteroviral cases. A relatively rapid increase in enteroviral IgG‐antibodies was apparent using H‐EIA and P‐EIA. The two IgG‐EIA tests contributed with considerable additional etiological information since significant IgG‐rises were obtained in 13 patients by H‐EIA and in 19 by P‐EIA, respectively, out of the 56 individuals in whom enterovirus isolation was negative and a non‐enteroviral diagnosis was not found. Thus, detection of enteroviral IgG‐antibodies by H‐EIA and P‐EIA seems to be a valuable alternative to CFT for the routine diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis. The IgM‐assays, μ‐capture EIA, and SPRIST, may allow a relatively rapid report of an enteroviral infection. However, since both the IgM‐tests are hampered by incomplete specificities, a confirmation of positive results by an IgG‐assay should be carried out. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of hepatitis B, C, and D virus markers in yemeni patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Guneid Abdulkader M. El , Gunaid Abdalla A. , O'Neill Ann Marie , Zureikat Nael I. , Coleman Jonathan C. , Murray‐Lyon Iain M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA serological survey for hepatitis B, C, and D markers was carried out in the Yemen Republic. Serum samples from 243 pregnant females, 294 male blood donors, and 108 patients with chronic liver disease were examined. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was found in 18.5% healthy individuals and 24.1% patients with chronic liver disease (P = 0.03). Evidence of any marker for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was found in 59.8% healthy individuals and 75.9% of patients with chronic liver disease (P = 0.0016). HBeAg was detected in 32.1% of the HBsAg‐positive pregnant females, indicating that vertical transmission probably plays a part in forming the pool of HBV carriers. Vaccination against HBV as part of the extended programme of immunisation (EPI) is recommended. Antibodies to hepatitis D were found in only 2 of 100 HBsAgpositive sera. Antibodies to hepatitis C (anti‐ HCV) were found in 2.1% healthy individuals and 21.5% patients with chronic liver disease (P = 0.0001).These results indicate that hepatitis B is hyperendemic in the Yemen Republic but that hepatitis D is very uncommon. The prevalence of anti‐HCV is higher than in Europe and similar to neighbouring Arab countries. Infection with both HBV and HCV are important causes of chronic liver disease in the Yemen Republic.© 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of hepatitis C virus genome in human serum by multi‐targeted polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Okamoto M. , Baba M. , Kodama E. , Sekine K. , Takagi T. , Kasukawa R. , Shigeta S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA multi‐targeted “hemi‐nested” PCR (M‐PCR) assay in which the primer pairs derived from the 5′ non‐coding (5′NC) and the nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) regions of HCV genome were concurrently used for amplification in order to compare the sensitivity and specificity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with different primer pairs in detecting hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome. Sera from patients with virus‐associated liver diseases were examined for the presence of HCV RNA by the M‐PCR method following reverse transcription to cDNA. The amplified products derived from both the 5′NC and the NS3 regions were detected in 28 (70%) of the 40 HCV RNA‐positive samples. However, 12 samples (30%) were devoid of the signal of NS3‐derived product. Sensitivity tests using serial dilutions of HCV RNA revealed that the 5′NC‐derived band was still detectable in the 105‐fold diluted sample by the M‐PCR method, yet the NS3‐derived band could hardly be detected in the 104‐fold diluted sample. Thus, as previously demonstrated by a single‐targeted “nested” PCR assay, the present study using the M‐PCR assay has clearly shown that the 5′NC‐derived primers are more sensitive and specific than the NS3‐derived primers in detecting HCV RNA.
Cytomegalovirus recurrence in seropositive pregnant women attending obstetric clinics
Authors: Shen Chen‐Yang , Chang Shu‐Fen , Chao Maio‐Fen , Yang Show‐Lin , Lin Gin‐Mei , Chang Whi‐Wen , Wu Cheng‐Wen , Yen Ming‐Shyen , Ng Heung‐Tat , Thomas James C. , Huang Eng‐Shang 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo understand reasons for cytomegalovirus (CMV) recurrence, a cohort of 350 CMV‐seropositive pregnant women attending obstetric clinics in Taiwan was examined for cervical or urinary CMV shedding. Urine specimens were collected from 350 women and cervical secretion specimens were collected from 220 women. We measured the association of various factors with CMV recurrence, which was defined as viral shedding identified by the presence of a CMV‐specific gene sequence amplified by the polymerase chain reaction in seropositive individuals. CMV recurrence status was independently associated with a sexual activity composite variable, which was defined by three sexual activity indicators: age at first sexual intercourse, total years of sexual experience, and average frequency of sexual intercourse prior to pregnancy. Pregnant women with a history of genital tract infection were more likely than women without such history to experience cervical CMV recurrence. Similarly, pregnant women with previous urinary tract infections were more likely to experience urinary CMV recurrence. The findings indicate that multiple exposure to CMV by sexual activity prior to pregnancy is an important determinant of CMV recurrence during pregnancy.
Is there a relationship between malnutrition, inflammation, and post‐vaccinal antibody response to influenza viruses in the elderly?
Authors: Pozzetto Bruno , Odelin Marie‐France , Bienvenu Jacques , Defayolle Michel , Aymard Michèle 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study was designed to explore the relationship between malnutrition, inflammation, and the specific antibody response after influenza vaccination in the elderly. Eighty‐two aged subjects, immunized annually against influenza with a trivalent inactivated vaccine, were evaluated for 9 protein markers (albumin, thyroxin‐binding prealbumin, transferrin, immunoglobulins (Ig) G, M, and A, orosomucoid, haptoglobin, and C reactive protein) and for their antibody response to influenza viruses in comparison to 29 younger adults who received the same vaccine and 21 unvaccinated adults. IgM and nutritional markers were significantly reduced in the aged as compared to controls, while the opposite pattern was seen for IgA and inflammatory markers. No difference was observed between the elderly and the controls with regard to the antibody response to influenza virus after vaccination. Reciprocally, influenza immunization had no influence on the levels of the protein variables. These results suggest that the protein status does not play an important role in the antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly, a fact which could be related to the slight involvement of cellular immunity in the defense against influenza reinfection.