bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations of the Morphogenesis of Filamentous Microorganisms
Authors: Kelly S. , Grimm L. H. , Jonas R. , Hempel D. C. , Krull R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSeveral biotechnological production processes are based on the cultivation of filamentous microorganisms like the fungus Aspergillus niger. The morphological development plays an important role for transport phenomena and the related productivity. The description of filamentous morphogenesis of A. niger as a model organism, given here, is structured in three morphological growth processes, a very fast conidial aggregation, followed by a second slower aggregation step promoted by germination and hyphal tip growth, and the growth of pellets as the last process.
Integrated Enzymatic Synthesis and Adsorption of Isomaltose in a Multiphase Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Ergezinger M. , Bohnet M. , Berensmeier S. , Bucholz K. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDextransucrase catalyzes the formation of dextran, but also of numerous oligosaccharides from sucrose and different acceptors, if appropriate conditions are chosen. A process on a technical scale with immobilized enzyme was established to produce isomaltose, a disaccharide of industrial interest. Isomaltose is also a reactant for dextransucrase and has to be quickly taken out of the reaction solution. This was realized by integrated adsorption of isomaltose on zeolites. In the case of biotransformation the reactor works with a fluidized bed of immobilized enzyme and the in situ separation is realized with a suspension flow of adsorbent. This process was investigated experimentally and theoretically. With a design model consisting of hydrodynamics, kinetics of enzymatic synthesis, and thermodynamics of adsorption, a comparison was made between experimental and calculated data.
Apparent Delay of Product Secretion by Product Adsorption in Aspergillus niger
Authors: Emmler M. , Jungebloud A. , Göcke Y. , Cordes C. , Horn H. , Hempel D. C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractOptimization and modeling of cultivation processes for the production of heterologous and homologous proteins requires a comprehensive characterization of product formation. Methods have been developed for the experimental investigation of mass transport, substrate turnover and product formation in biopellets of the fungus Aspergillus niger for the production of glucoamylase (GAM). GAM production in A. niger was chosen as a model system, its advantage being its potential for complex, posttranslational protein modifications.
Travelling‐wave multipath simulation of two‐conductor HF signalling over indoor power‐line networks and RMS‐delay‐spread dependence
Authors: Papaleonidopoulos Ioannis C. , Karagiannopoulos Constantinos G. , Theodorou Nickolas J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn efficient, travelling‐wave based multipath‐simulation technique is presented, suitable for the estimation of Power‐Line Communication channels' response in terms of both transfer function and power delay profile. The cable transmission parameters are thereupon requisite, as well as the vicinal network topology. The algorithm applies directly to narrowband single‐phase HF signalling over cabling compliant with the two‐conductor transmission‐line model. Experimental verification throughout the 1.6–30 MHz band on the basis of the quantitative path‐incorporation criterion proposed, reveals resultant amplitude‐response accuracy of no less than 5 dB. Dependency of the RMS delay spread on the multitude of network's impedance‐mismatch points, the overall network length, as well as the carrier frequency, is in addition investigated. Quite clear functional interrelations ensue thereupon, whereat proper analytical descriptions are proposed. Applicability of the multipath approach introduced is indicated for narrowband and wideband channel capacity estimations, and relevant hints towards the treatment of multiconductor line structures are suggested. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
Performance of FFH/BFSK AGC receiver over a Nakagami‐fading channel with partial‐band jamming
Authors: Zhu Li‐ping , Yao Yan , Zhu Yi‐Sheng , Dong Shi‐Wei 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe bit error rate (BER) performance of a noncoherent fast frequency‐hopped binary orthogonal frequency‐shift‐keying (FFH/BFSK) spread spectrum (SS) receiver with adaptive gain control (AGC) is investigated in the presence of partial‐band jamming (PBJ) and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) over frequency nonselective slow Nakagami‐fading channels. Exact BER expressions in a onefold integral is derived. The effects of arbitrarily values of fading parameter and diversity level on system performance are considered. Numerical results compare the worst‐case BER performance of the AGC receiver with that of the product combining (PC) receiver. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
Discounting in economic evaluations: stepping forward towards optimal decision rules
Authors: Gravelle Hugh , Brouwer Werner , Niessen Louis , Postma Maarten , Rutten Frans 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe National Institute for Clinical Excellence has recently changed its guidelines on discounting costs and effects in economic evaluations. In common with most other regulatory bodies it now requires that health effects should be discounted at the same rate as costs. We show that the guideline leads to sub‐optimal decisions because it fails to account for the changing value of health. NICE (and other regulatory bodies) should either use differential discounting or stipulate how the changing value of health should otherwise be dealt with. We also show how binding health service budget constraints should be incorporated in evaluations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of patient and population values for health states in varicose veins patients
Authors: Ratcliffe Julie , Brazier John , Palfreyman Simon , Michaels Jonathan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCost utility analyses typically incorporate preferences based upon the mean values for health states generated from a sample of the general population. The main argument for using general population values rests upon the premise that in a publicly funded health care system the main objective of the health care system is a societal one, namely to maximise health subject to equity concerns. Alternatively, it can be argued that patients themselves should be asked to value their own health state given that they have first hand experience of the state being valued. This paper investigates the relationship between patient and general population values within the context of a randomised controlled trial to compare alternative treatments for varicose veins. It was found that patients' own health valuations tended to be higher than those of the general population sample. The results from this study have important implications for economic evaluation. The incremental QALY gain for patients receiving treatment for moderate varicose veins would be almost halved if patients' own values were used to estimate QALYs in contrast to the general population values. The results also suggest that the variant of elicitation technique may be more important than the source of those values in revealing discrepancies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of octanol:water partition coefficients of organophosphorus compounds on biodistribution and percutaneous toxicity
Authors: Czerwinski Steven E. , Skvorak John P. , Maxwell Donald M. , Lenz David E. , Baskin Steven I. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractKnowledge of partition coefficient (log P) data can play a critical role in understanding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodistributive properties of toxic organophosphorus (OP) compounds. Using a recently published gas chromatographic method, the octanol:water log P values for the compounds tabun (GA), sarin (GB), cyclosarin (GF), and O‐ethyl‐S‐(2‐diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (VX) were determined to be 0.384 ± 0.033, 0.299 ± 0.016, 1.038 ± 0.055, and 0.675 ± 0.070, respectively. Based on these data, the log P value of the fluorophosphonate fragment, common to GB, soman (GD), and GF, was determined to be −2.256 ± 0.273. The predictive value for absorption and distribution of the determined log P values was compared to measured values. The time to onset of local fasciculations (47.3, 29.0, 8.8, 8.5, and 6.3 min, respectively) in guinea pigs exposed percutaneously to equilethal doses of GA, VX, GF, GB, or GD was used as an indicator of dermal penetration. There was a good correlation (r = 0.95) between the measured log P value and the rate of onset of local fasciculations. Assuming a direct correspondence, equilibrium tissue:blood log P may be estimated from octanol:water log P. Comparison of the estimated and directly measured tissue:blood log P revealed a correlation of 0.8 for GD in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Our results demonstrate the use of log P data to both predict absorption and determine the distribution of OP compounds in tissues. This facilitates further estimates of in vivo OP effects from in vitro experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 20:241–246, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20140
Influence of ethanol on methanol‐induced oxidative stress and neurobehavioral deficits
Authors: Sandhir Rajat , Kaur Kamaljit 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe present study examines the efficacy of ethanol as an antidote in methanol neurotoxicity in terms of its effect on antioxidant defense system and behavior. It was observed that acute methanol exposure (7.5 g/kg body weight) led to an increase in lipid peroxidation in various regions of brain. Ethanol administration (7.5 g/kg body weight), on the other hand, was found to accentuate methanol‐induced lipid peroxidation. Glutathione levels in brain were significantly reduced in methanol‐exposed animals. However, in the coexposed animals, the levels of glutathione were comparable to those observed in controls. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were decreased in the brain following methanol exposure, whereas in methanol‐ and ethanol‐coexposed animals there was no significant effect on these enzymes as compared to methanol‐exposed animals. The activity of acetylcholinesterase was significantly reduced in the methanol‐exposed animals. On the other hand, acetylcholinesterase activity was not affected in the coexposed animals in comparison to methanol‐treated group. Neurobehavioral studies revealed impaired motor and cognitive functions following methanol exposure. In contrast, ethanol exposure ameliorated the behavioral deficits induced by methanol. The findings from the present study suggest the beneficial effect of ethanol on neurobehavioral deficits induced by methanol along with intensification of methanol‐induced oxidative stress. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 20:247–254, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20141
Low‐carbohydrate diet and oxidative stress in diabetic and nondiabetic rats
Authors: Kamuren Zipporah T. , Sanders Ruth , Watkins John B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHyperglycemia of diabetes has been implicated in increased tissue oxidative stress, with consequent development of secondary complications. Thus, stabilizing glucose levels near normal levels is of utmost importance. Because diet influences glycemic control, this study investigated whether a low‐carbohydrate (5.5%) diet confers beneficial effects on the oxidative status of the heart, kidney, and liver in diabetes. Male and female normal and diabetic rats were fed standard chow (63% carbohydrates) or low‐carbohydrate diet for 30 days. Elevated glucose, HbA1c, and alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in diabetic animals were reduced or normalized by the low‐carbohydrate diet. While diabetes increased cardiac activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase, low‐carbohydrate diet normalized cardiac glutathione peroxidase activity in diabetic animals, and reduced catalase activity in females. Diabetic rats fed low‐carbohydrate diet had altered activities of renal glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase, but increased renal glutathione peroxidase activity in diabetic animals was not corrected by the test diet. In the liver, diabetes was associated with a decrease in catalase activity and glutathione levels and an increase in glutathione peroxidase and γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase activities. Decreased hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation were noted in diet‐treated diabetic rats. Overall, the low‐carbohydrate diet helped stabilize hyperglycemia and did not produce overtly negative effects in tissues of normal or diabetic rats. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 20:259–269, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20142
Influence of copper on the interaction between cytochrome c and sulfite in vitro
Authors: Wang Jinsheng , Guo Dongsheng , Yuan Xiaoying 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe quantitative influence of copper on the interaction between cytochrome c and sulfite, which is a derivate of sulfur dioxide in the human body, has been studied by fluorescence spectrometry and ultraviolet absorption spectrometry in vitro. The results indicate that copper may intensely combine with protein component and ferroporphyrin component in cytochrome c at the concentration of 0.1 mM, and the respective association constants (KA) are 3.77 × 104 L mol−1 and 9.38 × 103 L mol−1. Sulfite has little interaction with the protein component in cytochrome c (KA = 0.094 L mol−1), at either low concentrations or relatively high concentrations (<0.15 M). However, it can react with the ferroporphyrin component in cytochrome c (KA = 4.297 L mol−1). After copper is added to the sulfite–cytochrome c binary systems, the reaction between sulfite and the protein component in cytochrome c is obviously strengthened at a low concentration (KA = 7.289 L mol−1), while the addition of copper merely has a little effect on the interaction between sulfite and the ferroporphyrin component in cytochrome c. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 20:255–258, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20143
Characterization of esterase activity in Geobacillus sp. HBB‐4
Authors: Metin Kubilay , Burcu Bakir Ateslier Z. , Basbulbul Gamze , Halil Biyik H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA thermophilic esterase producing bacterium (Bacillus sp. 4), recently isolated from Alangüllü thermal spring in Aydın (Turkey), was analyzed using 16S rRNA and classified as Geobacillus sp. HBB‐4, most closely related to Bacillus sp. BGSC W9A59 (0.70% sequence divergence) which belongs to the newly described genus Geobacillus. The effects of several chemicals on the activity of thermostable esterase from Geobacillus sp. HBB‐4 were examined. Among the various metal ions tested, esterase activity was enhanced by Mn+2 and Ni+2, but was inhibited by Hg+2 and Cu+2, whereas Ca+2, Mg+2 and Co+2 had no effect. In addition, other metal ions studied have caused a slight inhibition on the esterase activity. EDTA partially inhibited the HBB‐4 esterase. The activator metal ions, Mn+2 and Ni+2 have restored partial inhibition of EDTA. The activity of HBB‐4 esterase was inhibited by ionic detergents while non‐ionic detergents activated the enzyme. However, a zwitterionic detergent, CHAPS, has caused a slight inhibition in the enzyme activity. HBB‐4 esterase activity was inhibited at the high concentrations of all the organic solvents tested in the present study. However, 50% final concentration of DMSO increased the enzyme activity about 7%. The HBB‐4 esterase has shown more than about 50% of activity in the presence of ethanol and methanol solutions. These characteristics of the enzyme along with its significant thermostability make the Geobacillus sp. HBB‐4 esterase a potent candidate for future industrial applications. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Downscaling daily maximum and minimum temperatures in the midwestern USA: a hybrid empirical approach
Authors: Schoof J. T. , Pryor S. C. , Robeson S. M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA new hybrid empirical downscaling technique is presented and applied to assess 21st century projections of maximum and minimum daily surface air temperatures (Tmax, Tmin) over the Midwestern USA. Our approach uses multiple linear regression to downscale the seasonal variations of the mean and standard deviation of daily Tmax and Tmin and the lag‐0 and lag‐1 correlations between daily Tmax and Tmin based on GCM simulation of the large‐scale climate. These downscaled parameters are then used as inputs to a stochastic weather generator to produce time series of the daily Tmax and Tmin at 26 surface stations, in three time periods (1990–2001, 2020–2029, and 2050–2059) based on output from two coupled GCMs (HadCM3 and CGCM2). The new technique is demonstrated to exhibit better agreement with surface observations than a transfer‐function approach, particularly with respect to temperature variability. Relative to 1990–2001 values, downscaled temperature projections for 2020–2029 indicate increases that range (across stations) from 0.0 K to 1.7 K (Tmax) and 0.0 K to 1.5 K (Tmin), while increases for 2050–2059 relative to 1990–2001 range from 1.4 K to 2.4 K (Tmax) and 0.8 to 2.2K (Tmin). Although the differences between GCMs demonstrate the continuing uncertainty of GCM‐based regional climate downscaling, the inclusion of weather‐generator parameters represents an advancement in downscaling methodology. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Risk assessments of polychlorinated dibenzo‐ p‐dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls in food
Authors: Larsen John Christian 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin‐like PCB) are ubiquitous in food of animal origin and accumulate in fatty tissues of animals and humans. The most toxic congener is 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD). The toxic responses include dermal toxicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Toxic equivalency factors have been established for the other PCDD, PCDF and dioxin‐like PCB relative to TCDD, and the combined toxicity of a sample can be expressed as toxic equivalent (WHO‐TEQ). The EC Scientific Committee for Food evaluated these compounds in 2001. The assessment used the most sensitive adverse toxicological end‐points of TCDD in experimental animals. These were developmental and reproductive effects in the male offspring of rats administered TCDD during pregnancy. Because of the large difference between rats and humans in the biological half‐life of TCDD, the assessment used a body burden approach to compare across species and derived a tolerable weekly intake of 14 pg TCDD/kg of body weight (bw), which was extended to include all the 2,3,7,8‐substituted PCDD and PCDF, and the dioxin‐like PCB, and expressed as a group tolerable weekly intake of 14 pg WHO‐TEQ/kg bw. The FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) performed a similar assessment whereas the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has paid more attention to human data on carcinogenicity.
Proximate composition, fatty acid analysis and protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score of three Mediterranean cephalopods
Authors: Zlatanos Spiros , Laskaridis Kostas , Feist Christian , Sagredos Angelos 
Published: September 2006

AbstractProximate composition, fatty acid analysis and protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) in three commercially important cephalopods of the Mediterranean sea (cuttlefish, octopus and squid) were determined. The results of the proximate analysis showed that these species had very high protein:fat ratios similar to lean beef. Docosahexaenoic, palmitic and eicosipentaenoic acid were the most abundant fatty acids among analyzed species. The amount of n‐3 fatty acids was higher than that of saturated, monounsaturated and n‐6 fatty acids. Despite the fact that cephalopods contain small amounts of fat they were found quite rich in n‐3 fatty acids. Finally, PDCAAS indicated that these organisms had a very good protein quality.
Design and experimental results of 15 pole spiral meander line HTS filter and its two tone distortion measurement
Authors: Pal Srikanta 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAimed at the application in the front‐end receiver of digital cellular communication service a new compact parallel‐coupled high‐temperature superconducting microstrip bandpass filter is realized. S‐parameter measurements show very encouraging frequency characteristics of the filter. To estimate the power handling capability of the filter, third‐order intermodulation distortion was measured and found to be the best that was ever reported. A suggestion to use the same design in 0.5% FBW applications is offered through sensitivity analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2451–2453, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21954
Perturbation analysis of fiber surface plasma resonance sensor
Authors: Sun F. G. , Zhang Z. Y. , Xiao G. Z. , Lu Z. G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPerturbation method is used to calculate the resonance wavelength shift and the sensitivity of fiber surface plasma resonance sensor. We show that the resonance wavelength always shifts to long wavelength direction as the sensed medium dielectric index increases. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2425–2427, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21956
A CMOS subharmonic mixer with input and output active baluns
Authors: Jackson Brad R. , Saavedra Carlos E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA CMOS 0.18 μm subharmonic mixer is experimentally demonstrated that uses active baluns at the local oscillator (LO) and RF inputs, as well as at the output. With this subharmonic mixer, a 2.1 GHz RF input and a 1.0 GHz LO input produce a 100 MHz output signal. The conversion gain is 8 dB, the LO and RF input reflection coefficients are better than −10 dB, and IIP3 is −8.5 dBm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2472–2478, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21957
Modified stack inverted‐F antenna with corner‐truncated techniques for WLAN 2.4/5 GHz band applications
Authors: Liu Chung Ping , Wu Jung Chang , Liu Ji‐Chyun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA modified design of stack inverted‐F antenna with corner truncated technique for 2.4/5.0 GHz dual‐band applications is presented in this paper. The new stack inverted‐F antenna consists of two parts, one is M‐shaped and the other is F‐shaped. For current distributions, proposed F‐shaped configuration determines the certain resonated frequencies of desired bands (4.98–5.25 GHz) and the M‐shaped configuration depicts the range of 2.40–2.75 GHz. It is a compact and available microstrip antenna for IEEE 802.11a/b WLAN′s applications. Simulation and experimental results with frequency responses, radiation patterns, and current distributions are presented and discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2378–2381, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21960