bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is sluice gate management beneficial for spawning migrations? The case of the shark catfish (Helicophagus waandersii) in the Mun River below the Pak Mun Dam, Thailand
Authors: Jutagate Tuantong , Thapanand Thanitha , Tabthipwan Pratak 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe reproductive ecology of shark catfish Helicophagus waandersii in the Mun River, the largest Mekong tributary in Thailand, was studied from July 2003 to December 2004. The aim of the study was to determine whether shark catfish, which contribute greatly to fish catches, benefits in terms of spawning, from the management regime of the Pak Mun Dam to open all sluice gates annually for 4 months during the rainy season. In total, 228 females were studied. The highest average gonadosomatic index (4.42% ± 1.90%) was observed in the rainy season in June 2004. Fecundity ranged from 21 550 to 191 540 eggs. Three hormonal profiles viz. testosterone (T), 17 β‐estradiol (E2), and 17, 20 β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (17, 20 βP) were determined by radioimmunoassay. The highest levels of T (0.96 ng ml−1), E2 (14.37 pg ml−1), and 17, 20 βP (0.81 ng ml−1) were respectively measured in April to May, July, and May. Changes in the maturity stage and the annual sex hormonal profiles revealed that the spawning period of H. waandersii is from May to June. There was no spatial statistical difference (p > 0.05) for each sex steroid profiles. The results indicated that H. waandersii spawn during the rainy season in the rapid areas, both downstream and upstream, and the sluice gates opening management regime for 4 months in the rainy season is of advantage for H. waandersii in terms of feeding and nursery grounds in the upstream area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sand deposition in shoreline eddies along five Wild and Scenic Rivers, Idaho
Authors: Andrews E. D. , Vincent Kirk R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSand bars deposited along the lateral margin of a river channel are frequently a focus of recreational activities. Sand bars are appealing sites on which to camp, picnic, fish and relax because they are relatively flat, soft, non‐cohesive sand, free of vegetation and near the water's edge. The lack of vegetation and cohesion make sand bars easily erodible. Without appreciable deposition of new material, number and size of bars through a given reach of river will decline substantially over a period of years. We studied 63 beaches and their associated eddies located throughout 10 selected reaches within the designated Wild and Scenic River sections of the Lochsa, Selway, Middle Fork Clearwater, Middle Fork Salmon and Salmon Rivers in Idaho to determine the relation of beaches to the frequency and magnitude of streamflows that deposit appreciable quantities of sand. At present, these rivers have been altered little, if at all, by flow regulation, and only the Salmon River has substantial diversion upstream of a study reach. The river reaches studied have an abundance of sand bar beaches of appreciable size, in spite of suspended sand concentrations that rarely exceeded a few hundred milligrams per litre even during the largest floods.Calculated mean annual rates of deposition in an eddy vary from 5.8 to more than 100 cm depending primarily on: (1) the duration of streamflows that inundate the eddy sand bar depositions; (2) the rate of the flow exchange between the channel and an eddy and (3) the concentrations of suspended sand in the primary channel. The annual thickness of sand deposition in an eddy varies greatly from year to year depending on the duration of relatively large streamflows. Maximum annual sand depositions in an eddy are three to nine times the estimated long‐term mean values. Relatively large, sustained floods deposit an appreciable portion of total deposition over a period of years. For the period of record, 1930–2002, the seven largest annual depositions, which represent more than 40% of all material deposited over the Lochsa River 21.9 km eddy, occurred in the years with the seven largest instantaneous annual peak floods. Beach area and volume for most beaches, however, are less variable year‐to‐year than the variation in annual deposition would indicate. Accumulative 10‐year weighed deposition rate was computed to estimate the effective variability of beach deposition. Although less variable than the annual deposition, the cumulative 10‐year deposition calculated for the longest hydrologic records, 71 years, existing on the Idaho Wild and Scenic Rivers varied by more than an order of magnitude from less than 20 cm to more than 220 cm. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection of river flow indices for the assessment of hydroecological change
Authors: Monk Wendy A. , Wood Paul J. , Hannah David M. , Wilson Douglas A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA wide range of ‘ecologically relevant’ hydrological indices (variables) have been identified as potential drivers of riverine communities. Recently, concerns have been expressed regarding index redundancy (i.e. similar patterns of variance) across the host of hydrological descriptors on offer to researchers and water resource managers. Some guiding principles are required to aid selection of the most statistically defensible and meaningful river flow indices for hydroecological analysis. In this short communication, we investigate the utility of a principal components analysis (PCA)‐based method that identifies 25 hydrological variables to characterize the major modes of statistical variation in 201 hydrological indices for 83 rivers across England and Wales. The emergent variables, and all 201 hydrological variables, are used to develop regression models [for the whole data set and three river flow regime shape (i.e. annual hydrograph form) classes] for an 11‐year macroinvertebrate community dataset (i.e. LIFE scores). The same ‘best’ models are produced using the PCA‐based method and all 201 hydrological variables for two of the three river flow regime groups. However, weaker models are yielded by the PCA‐based method for the remaining (flashy) river flow regime class and the whole data set (all 83 rivers). Thus, it is important to exercise caution when employing data reduction/index redundancy approaches, as they may reject variables of ecological significance due to the assumption that the statistically dominant sources of hydrological variability are the principal drivers of, perhaps more subtle (sensitive), hydroecological associations. © Crown copyright 2006. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of training in stress and contingency management in cases of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Fernández Concepción , Amigo Isaac 
Published: December 2006

AbstractForty patients with irritable bowel syndrome were assigned at random to four treatment conditions (two experimental groups: training in stress management and training in contingency management; and two control groups: medical treatment and placebo). In each of the groups (N = 10), care was taken to ensure that half the cases were suitable for training in stress management due to the respondent nature of the illness in these cases and the other half suitable for training in contingency management due to the operant nature of their problem. The patients underwent six individual sessions of specific treatment according to the condition. All of the subjects completed symptom‐monitoring diaries. In the post‐treatment, a MANOVA of mixed factorial design was carried out to analyse the interaction between the suitability of the patient and the type of treatment for the global value of the symptomatology and for each symptom. The results showed that statistically significant changes occurred depending on the interaction between suitability‐treatment p < 0.1) and on the type of treatment (p < 0.05). The clinical changes recorded by the gastroenterologist were maintained after a year. An analysis is made of the behavioural predictors of the resolution of the patients according to suitability and the type of treatment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping is not an ‘either’ ‘or’: the interaction of coping strategies in regulating affect, arousal and performance
Authors: Sideridis Georgios D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the present studies was to (a) examine the association between coping, affect, and stress during demanding, stressful tasks, and (b) examine the presence of a synergy between coping strategies towards regulating stress, affect and performance. In Study 1 participants were 53 first year undergraduate students at a state university. Student's coping strategies were assessed prior to a job interview. Results indicated that emotion‐focused coping was associated with significantly elevated negative affect compared to problem‐focused coping. Inclusion of an interaction term reflecting different levels of the two coping strategies showed enhanced adaptation compared to the use of either problem‐focused or emotion‐focused coping strategies. Study 2 aimed at replicating the findings of Study 1, and extend them with assessment of behavioral and physiological indices of stress. Participants were 48 undergraduate students and their coping, affect, and behavioral and physiological stress were assessed prior to an in‐class presentation. Results indicated that neither problem nor emotion‐focused coping were associated with stress levels. However, the interaction of problem‐focused and emotion‐focused strategies was associated with significantly lessened stress. It is concluded that the presence of more than one coping strategy at a given time may be more adaptive compared to the adoption of one type of strategy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of microenvironmental heterogeneity on the seed‐to‐seedling process and tree coexistence in a riparian forest
Authors: Masaki Takashi , Osumi Katsuhiro , Takahashi Kazunori , Hoshizaki Kazuhiko , Matsune Kenji , Suzuki Wajirou 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn a temperate riparian forest, the effects of substrate types, canopy gaps and conspecific seedfall density were investigated on the seed‐to‐seedling process for the five dominant species (Aesculus turbinata, Fagus crenata, Acer mono, Pterocarya rhoifolia and Cercidiphyllum japonicum). Densities of seedfall and subsequent seedling recruits were measured in the stand over a period of 6 years. A model assuming that local density of seedling recruits is proportional to seedfall density in the preceding year significantly explained a spatial variation in seedling recruits for all species. Several environmental factors were then added. Substrate composition had a positive effect on P. rhoifolia and C. japonicum. P. rhoifolia was favored by gravel substrate, which also explained the adult distribution of this species in this forest. C. japonicum appeared to be facilitated by a mineral‐soil substrate. However, the distributions of this substrate and adults of C. japonicum did not follow each other closely. A. mono was negatively affected by gaps, and F. crenata was negatively affected by conspecific seedfall density. In contrast, A. turbinata was not significantly affected by any of the environmental factors tested. The microenvironmental heterogeneity in this forest explained species coexistence to a limited extent in the context of seed‐to‐seedling processes. Performances at later stages of the life‐cycle and/or catastrophic disturbances (e.g. landslides) might have a stronger influence on species coexistence in this forest.
n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: From molecular biology to the clinic
Authors: Calder Philip C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe immune system is involved in host defense against infectious agents, tumor cells, and environmental insults. Inflammation is an important component of the early immunologic response. Inappropriate or dysfunctional immune responses underlie acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. The n−6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) is the precursor of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and related compounds that have important roles in inflammation and in the regulation of immunity. Feeding fish oil results in partial replacement of AA in cell membranes by EPA. This leads to decreased production of AA‐derived mediators, through several mechanisms, including decreased availability of AA, competition for cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes, and decreased expression of COX‐2 and 5‐LOX. This alone is a potentially beneficial anti‐inflammatory effect of n−3 FA. However, n−3 FA have a number of other effects that might occur down‐stream of altered eicosanoid production or might be independent of this effect. For example, dietary fish oil results in suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines and can modulate adhesion molecule expression. These effects occur at the level of altered gene expression. Fish oil feeding has been shown to ameliorate the symptoms of some animal models of autoimmune disease and to protect against the effects of endotoxin. Clinical studies have reported that oral fish oil supplementation has beneficial effects in rheumatoid arthritis and among some asthmatics, supporting the idea that the n−3 FA in fish oil are anti‐inflammatory. There are indications that the inclusion of fish oil in enteral and parenteral formulae is beneficial to patients.
n−3 long‐chain FA decrease serum levels of TG and remnant‐like particle‐cholesterol in humans
Authors: Hamazaki Kei , Itomura Miho , Huan Mingming , Nishizawa Hiroto , Watanabe Shiro , Hamazaki Tomohito , Sawazaki Shigeki , Terasawa Katsutoshi , Nakajima Shuuji , Terano Takashi , Hata Yoshiya , Fujishiro Seiichi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA large number of papers have reported that administration of n−3 FA reduced serum TG concentrations in hypertriglyceridemic patients. However, few studies have examined the effect of n−3 FA on serum concentrations of remnant‐like particle (RLP) cholesterol. Volunteers (n=41) whose serum TG concentrations were 100–300 mg/dL were recruited and randomly assigned to either an n−3 FA group or a control group with stratification by sex, age, and serum TG level in a double‐blind manner. The subjects in the n−3 FA group were administered 125 ml of fermented soybean milk with fish oil containing 600 mg of EPA and 260 mg of DHA/d for 12 wk. The controls consumed control soybean milk with olive oil. Fasting blood samples were obtained before the start of administration and at 4, 8 and 12 wk. EPA concentrations in red blood cells increased significantly in all but one subject in the n−3 FA group, with no significant changes in the control group. TG levels decreased more in the n−3 FA group than in the control group at weeks 4 (P<0.05), 8 (P<0.01), and 12 (P<0.05) with their baseline as covariate. RLP cholesterol levels decreased more in the n−3 FA group than in the control at weeks 8 (P<0.01) and 12 (P<0.05) with their baseline as covariate. The groups did not differ in the other lipid levels. It is likely that n−3 long‐chain FA may exert anti‐atherosclerotic effects by lowering serum TG and RLP‐cholesterol levels even at the dose of 860 mg/d.
Phytosterols and human lipid metabolism: efficacy, safety, and novel foods
Authors: St‐Onge Marie‐Pierre , Jones Peter J. H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPlant sterols have been known for several decades to cause reductions in plasma cholesterol concentrations. These plant materials have been granted a conditional health claim in the United States regarding their effects in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and are being sold in functional foods in several countries in Europe as well as in the United States and Australia. It is generally suggested that daily consumption of ∼2 g of plant sterols can lower cholesterol concentrations as part of a dietary prevention strategy. However, phytosterols have been added and tested for their cholesterol‐lowering effects mainly in spreads. Consumption of these high‐fat foods seemingly flies in the face of current recommendations for the promotion of heart health, which suggest lowering total fat and energy intake to maintain weight. Hence, new food formulations are being evaluated using phytosterols incorporated into low‐fat and reduced‐fat food items. The purpose of this review is to examine the cholesterol‐lowering efficacy of plant sterols, focusing on novel food applications, their mechanism of action, and safety. These novel food formulations include new solubilization processes that lead to improved uses for plant sterols, as well as new foods into which phytosterols have been incorporated, such as breads, cereals, and beef. Such new foods, and formulations should pave the way for greater use of phytosterols in heart health promotion, increasing the longer‐term potential for the creation of innovative functional foods containing plant sterols and their derivatives.
Modulation of body composition and immune cell functions by conjugated linoleic acid in humans and animal models: Benefits vs. risks
Authors: Kelley D. S. , Erickson K. L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe have reviewed the published literature regarding the effects of CLA on body composition and immune cell functions in humans and in animal models. Results from studies in mice, hamsters, rats, and pigs generally support the notion that CLA reduced depot fat in the normal or lean strains. However, in obese rats, it increased body fat or decreased it less than in the corresponding lean controls. These studies also indicate that t10,c12‐CLA was the isomer that reduced adipose fat; however, it also increased the fat content of several other tissues and increased circulating insulin and the saturated FA content of adipose tissue and muscle. Four of the eight published human studies found small but significant reductions in body fat with CLA supplementation; however, the reductions were smaller than the prediction errors for the methods used. The other four human studies found no change in body fat with CLA supplementation. These studies also report that CLA supplementation increased the risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease including increased blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, VLDL, C‐reactive protein, lipid peroxidation, and decreased HDL. Most studies regarding the effects of CLA on immune cell functions have been conducted with a mixture of isomers, and the results have been variable. One study conducted in mice with the purified c9,t11‐CLA and t10,c12‐CLA isomers indicated that the two isomers have similar effects on immune cell functions. Some of the reasons for the discrepancies between the effects of CLA in published reports are discussed. Although significant benefit to humans from CLA supplementation is questionable, it may create several health risks in both humans and animals. On the basis of the published data, CLA supplementation of adult human diets to improve body composition or enhance immune functions cannot be recommended at this time.
Docosapentaenoic acid does not completely replace DHA in n−3 FA‐deficient rats during early development
Authors: Greiner Rebecca S. , Catalan Janice N. , Moriguchi Toru , Salem Norman 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe reciprocal replacement of DHA by docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn−6) was studied in rats that consumed an n−3 FA‐deficient or n−3 FA‐adequate diet. Dams were fed the two experimental diets from weaning and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Their pups were then fed the respective diets after weaning. Cortex FA analysis was performed at various times (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 91 d) after birth to determine whether DPAn−6 completely replaced DHA in the n−3‐deficient group. Cortical DHA levels were significantly lower (average 86%) in the n−3‐deficient rats. DPAn−6 increased significantly in the n−3‐deficient rats starting with a 6.5‐fold increase at day 0 up to a 54‐fold increase at day 91 compared with the n−3‐adequate group. However, this significant increase did not completely replace the loss of DHA at postnatal days 5, 10, and 20 in which there was still an 11.5, 10.3, and 8.0% deficit in the sum of DHA and DPAn−6, respectively, in the n−3‐deficient group. Once docosatetraenoic (DTA) and arachidonic acids (AA) were included in the sum (DHA+DPAn−6+DTA+AA), the levels between the two groups were similar, These results suggest that not only DPAn−6 but also other n−6 FA, including DTA and AA, replace DHA in n−3‐deficient rats. The lack of total 22‐carbon (22C) FA in the brain during the rapid membrane biogenesis that occurs during early development could be a factor in the nervous ystem functional deficits associated with n−3 FA deficiency.
Effects of docosapentaenoic acid on neuronal apoptosis
Authors: Kim Hee‐Yong , Akbar Mohammed , Lau Audrey 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe previously established that n−3 FA status in membrane phospholipids influences the biosynthesis and accumulation of PS in neuronal tissues. We also demonstrated that neuronal apoptosis under adverse conditions is prevented by DHA enrichment in a PS‐dependent manner. In this study, we examined the effect of a structural analog of DHA, docosapentaenoic acid (22∶5n−6, DPA), which accumulates in neuronal membranes during n−3 FA deficiency. We observed that enrichment of neuronal cells with DPA increased the total PS content in comparison to nonenriched control. However, the increase was significantly less than that observed in DHA‐enriched cells, primarily due to the fact that the 18∶0,22∶5n−6 species was not accumulated as effectively as 18∶0,22∶6n−3 in PS. As was the case with DHA, DPA enrichment also protected against cell death induced by staurosporine treatment in Neuro 2A cells, but to a lesser extent. These data indicate that provision of DPA in place of DHA is sufficient neither for fully supporting PS accumulation nor for cell survival. The in vitro interaction between Raf‐1 and membrane was affected not only by the PS content but also by the fatty acyl composition in PS. The reduction of PS concentration as well as the substitution of 18∶0,22∶6 with 16∶0,18∶1 in the liposome considerably reduced the interaction with Raf‐1. These data suggest that depletion of DHA from neuronal tissues may have a compounding effect on Raf‐1 translocation in growth factor signaling. The fact that DPA cannot fully support the protective role played by DHA may provide a basis for the adverse effect of n−3 FA deficiency on neuronal development and function.