bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
Strains Generally Lack Functional Trg and Tap Chemoreceptors Found in the Majority of
E. coli
Strains Strictly Residing in the Gut
Authors: Lane M. Chelsea , Lloyd Amanda L. , Markyvech Tiffany A. , Hagan Erin C. , Mobley Harry L. T. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

The prevalence and function of four chemoreceptors, Tsr, Tar, Trg, and Tap,
were determined for a collection of uropathogenic, fecal-commensal, and
diarrheagenic
Escherichia coli
strains.
tar
and
tsr
were present or functional in nearly all isolates.
However,
trg
and
tap
were significantly less
prevalent or functional among the uropathogenic
E. coli
strains (both in 6% of strains) than among fecal-commensal strains
(both in ≥50% of strains) or diarrheal strains (both in≥
75% of strains) (
P
<
0.02).
Role of Histone-Like Proteins H-NS and StpA in Expression of Virulence Determinants of Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
Authors: Müller Claudia M. , Dobrindt Ulrich , Nagy Gábor , Emödy Levente , Uhlin Bernt Eric , Hacker Jörg 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

The histone-like protein H-NS is a global regulator in
Escherichia coli
that has been intensively studied in nonpathogenic strains. However, no comprehensive study on the role of H-NS and its paralogue, StpA, in gene expression in pathogenic
E. coli
has been carried out so far. Here, we monitored the global effects of H-NS and StpA in a uropathogenic
E. coli
isolate by using DNA arrays. Expression profiling revealed that more than 500 genes were affected by an
hns
mutation, whereas no effect of StpA alone was observed. An
hns stpA
double mutant showed a distinct gene expression pattern that differed in large part from that of the
hns
single mutant. This suggests a direct interaction between the two paralogues and the existence of distinct regulons of H-NS and an H-NS/StpA heteromeric complex.
hns
mutation resulted in increased expression of alpha-hemolysin, fimbriae, and iron uptake systems as well as genes involved in stress adaptation. Furthermore, several other putative virulence genes were found to be part of the H-NS regulon. Although the lack of H-NS, either alone or in combination with StpA, has a huge impact on gene expression in pathogenic
E. coli
strains, its effect on virulence is ambiguous. At a high infection dose,
hns
mutants trigger more sudden lethality due to their increased acute toxicity in murine urinary tract infection and sepsis models. At a lower infectious dose, however, mutants lacking H-NS are attenuated through their impaired growth rate, which can only partially be compensated for by the higher expression of numerous virulence factors.
Fibronectin binding proteins contribute to the adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to intact endothelium in vivo
Authors: Sinha Bhanu , Preissner Klaus , Menger Michael , Kerdudou Sylvain , Laschke Matthias , Herrmann Mathias 
Published: July 2006

SummaryStaphylococcal adhesins mediate attachment to matrix proteins and endothelial cells in vitro, yet, their role in primary adherence to the physiologic vessel wall has not been studied in vivo, and complex endocarditis models yielded ambiguous results. Recently, we developed a hamster model to study interaction kinetics of S. aureus with intact microvasculature using intravital fluorescence microscopy (Laschke et al. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 435-43) providing the basis for this study. S. aureus Cowan 1 wild type (WT) log phase cells adhered to postcapillary venules to a significantly larger extent compared to stationary phase staphylococci, a finding in congruence with the fact that the staphylococcal adhesin repertoire largely depends on the growth phase. In comparison, the adherence rate of the fnbA deleted mutant (DU5895) to the vessel wall was significantly reduced to approximately 40% of WT. These DU5895 attachment rates were similar to those of an S. carnosus strain (TM300). In contrast, upon heterologous complementation of TM300 with either fnbA and fnbB, adherence of these transformants to the microvasculature increased, an increase found to be significant for fnbA transformant single cocci and clusters at 30 and 60 min when compared to S. carnosus TM300 WT. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that staphylococcal FnBPs significantly contribute to primary interaction with intact endothelium under physiologic conditions. Accordingly, this attribution of staphylococcal FnBPs providea rationale for novel intervention strategies such as the use of anti-FnBP antibodies in endovascular S. aureus disease.
Platelet activation and high tissue factor level predict acute stent thrombosis in pig coronary arteries: Prothrombogenic response of drug-eluting or bare stent implantation within the first 24 hours
Authors: Strehblow Christoph , Sperker Wolfgang , Hevesi Akos , Garamvölgyi Rita , Petrási Zsolt , Pavo Noemi , Ferdinandy Péter , Csonka Csaba , Csont Tamás , Sylvén Christer , Declerck Paul , Imre Pavo , Wojta Johann , Glogar Dietmar , Huber Kurt , Gyöngyösi Mariann 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIncreased thrombogenicity of drug-eluting stents (DESs) has recently been reported.The aim of the present study was to investigate the prothrombogenic effect of DESs and Bare stents, and determine factors predictive of acute stent thrombosis (AST) in preclinical experiments using new stent design or coating.Circulating preand post-stenting parameters of platelet activation (mean platelet volume, MPV; platelet distribution width, platelet large cell ratio), thrombin activation (thrombin-antithrombin complex, TAT and prothrombin fragments, F1+2), tissue factor antigen (TF-ag) and -activity (TF-act) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were measured in 141 consecutive pigs. Stent implantations were performed after pretreatment with aspirin and clopidogrel with unfractionated heparin anticoagulation. Nineteen pigs (groups AST-DES, n=12; and AST-Bare, n=7) died mean 6.3 ± 2.9 h after stent implantation from AST.The remaining 122 control (C) pigs (groups C-DES,n=76,and C-Bare,n=46) survived the 1-month follow-up. Non-significantly elevated levels of post-stent F1+2 and TAT were measured in AST groups. Post-stenting MPV was increased significantly in the groups ASTDES and AST-Bare as compared with the groups C-DES and C-Bare (11.73 ± 1.12 and 11.6 ± 0.68 vs. 8.85 ± 0.78 and 9.04 ± 0.81 fL; p<0.001), similarly toTF-ag (189.1± 87.5 and 127 ± 34.9 vs. 42.5 ± 24.6 and 35.3 ± 37.6 pg/ml; p<0.001, respectively),TF-act (3.23 ± 0.95 and 2.73 ± 1.68 vs. 1.43 ± 1.12 and 1.61 ± 1.31 pM; p<0.01, respectively) and PAI-1 (99.1 ± 15.8 and 99 ± 14.7 vs.53.4 ± 40.2 and 46.9 ± 42.4 ng/ml;p<0.01,respectively).Multivariate analysis revealed elevated post-stenting plasma levels of TF-ag (p=0.016) and MPV (p=0.001) as independent risk factors for developing AST within the first 24 h in a porcine coronary stent model.
The usefulness of an intensive preparatory course for EAL thesis writers
Authors: Manalo Emmanuel 
Published: July 2006

English Over the past decade, most Australasian universities have experienced significant increases in numbers of international and new immigrant students, including those enrolling at the graduate level. This article describes a non-credit, intensive course for English as an additional language (EAL) students preparing to undertake a thesis or dissertation in the upcoming year. The rationale for the course, its content, feedback from students who have attended, and completion rates of students - some of which are significantly better than faculty averages - are described and discussed. French Au cours des dix dernières années, la plupart des universités australiennes ont enregistré une augmentation importante du nombre d'étudiants internationaux et immigrants, notamment de ceux qui s'inscrivent au deuxième cycle universitaire. Cet article fait la description d'un cours supplémentaire intensif d'anglais en tant que langue seconde destiné aux étudiants qui se préparent à passer une thèse ou un mémoire l'année suivante. Les unités de ce cours ne sont pas prises en comptent pas pour la sanction des études. L'article expose et analyse la raison d'être de ce cours, son contenu, les commentaires des étudiants y ayant participé et les taux de réussite de ces derniers (certains de ces taux sont bien meilleurs que les taux moyens obtenus par d'autres étudiants de la même faculté ne suivant pas ce cours intensif). Spanish Durante la última década, la mayoría de las universidades de Australasia han experimentado un aumento considerable en el número de alumnos procedentes de otros países que se han matriculado en estudios de grado y posgrado. Este artículo describe un curso intensivo, sin créditos, dirigido a alumnos con el inglés como lengua adicional que comenzarán a preparar su tesis en el año siguiente. Se describen y analizan los siguientes puntos: los objetivos del curso, su contenido, las opiniones de los alumnos que ya lo han cursado y el promedio de alumnos que, después de hacer el curso, terminan sus estudios universitarios (que, en algunos casos, supera considerablemente al promedio de aquellos alumnos que no lo hacen).
Altered granulopoietic profile and exaggerated acute neutrophilic inflammation in mice with targeted deficiency in the sialyltransferase ST6Gal I
Authors: Nasirikenari Mehrab , Segal Brahm H. , Ostberg Julie R. , Urbasic Ashlee , Lau Joseph T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractElevation of serum sialic acid and the ST6Gal-1 sialyltransferase is part of the hepatic system inflammatory response, but the contribution of ST6Gal-1 has remained unclear. Hepatic ST6Gal-1 elevation is mediated by P1, 1 of 6 promoters regulating the ST6Gal1 gene. We report that the P1-ablated mouse, Siat1ΔP1, and a globally ST6Gal-1–deficient mouse had significantly increased peritoneal leukocytosis after intraperitoneal challenge with thioglycollate. Exaggerated peritonitis was accompanied by only a modest increase in neutrophil viability, and transferred bone marrow–derived neutrophils from Siat1ΔP1 mice migrated to the peritonea of recipients with normal efficiency after thioglycollate challenge. Siat1ΔP1 mice exhibited 3-fold greater neutrophilia by thioglycollate, greater pools of epinephrine-releasable marginated neutrophils, greater sensitivity to G-CSF, elevated bone marrow CFU-G and proliferative-stage myeloid cells, and a more robust recovery from cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression. Bone marrow leukocytes from Siat1ΔP1 are indistinguishable from those of wild-type mice in α2,6-sialylation, as revealed by the Sambucus nigra lectin, and in the expression of total ST6Gal-1 mRNA. Together, our study demonstrated a role for ST6Gal-1, possibly from extramedullary sources (eg, produced in liver) in regulating inflammation, circulating neutrophil homeostasis, and replenishing granulocyte numbers.
Predicting candidate genes for human deafness disorders: a bioinformatics approach
Authors: Alsaber Rami , Tabone Christopher J , Kandpal Raj P 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
There are more than 50 genes for autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hereditary deafness that are yet to be cloned. The human genome sequence and expression profiles of transcripts in the inner ear have aided positional cloning approaches. The knowledge of protein interactions offers additional advantages in selecting candidate genes within a mapped region.

Results
We have employed a bioinformatic approach to assemble the genes encoded by genomic regions that harbor various deafness loci. The genes were then in silico analyzed for their candidacy by expression pattern and ability to interact with other proteins. Such analyses have narrowed a list of 2400 genes from suspected regions of the genome to a manageable number of about 140 for further analysis.

Conclusion
We have established a list of strong candidate genes encoded by the regions linked to various nonsyndromic hereditary hearing loss phenotypes by using a novel bioinformatic approach. The candidates presented here provide a starting point for mutational analysis in well-characterized families along with genetic linkage to refine the loci. The advantages and shortcomings of this bioinformatic approach are discussed.
International medical graduates in family medicine in the United States of America: an exploration of professional characteristics and attitudes
Authors: Morris Amanda L , Phillips Robert L , Fryer George E , Green Larry A , Mullan Fitzhugh 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe number of international medical graduates (IMGs) entering family medicine in the United States of America has steadily increased since 1997. Previous research has examined practice locations of these IMGs and their role in providing care to underserved populations. To our knowledge, research does not exist comparing professional profiles, credentials and attitudes among IMG and United States medical graduate (USMG) family physicians in the United States. The objective of this study is to determine, at the time when a large influx of IMGs into family medicine began, whether differences existed between USMG and IMG family physicians in regard to personal and professional characteristics and attitudes that may have implications for the health care system resulting from the increasing numbers of IMGs in family medicine in the United States.MethodsThis is a secondary data analysis of the 1996–1997 Community Tracking Study (CTS) Physician Survey comparing 2360 United States medical graduates and 366 international medical graduates who were nonfederal allopathic or osteopathic family physicians providing direct patient care for at least 20 hours per week.ResultsCompared to USMGs, IMGs were older (p < 0.001) and practised in smaller (p = 0.0072) and younger practices (p < 0.001). Significantly more IMGs practised in metropolitan areas versus rural areas (p = 0.0454). More IMG practices were open to all new Medicaid (p = 0.018) and Medicare (p = 0.0451) patients, and a greater percentage of their revenue was derived from these patients (p = 0.0020 and p = 0.0310). Fewer IMGs were board-certified (p < 0.001). More IMGs were dissatisfied with their overall careers (p = 0.0190). IMGs and USMGs did not differ in terms of self-rated ability to deliver high-quality care to their patients (p = 0.4626). For several of the clinical vignettes, IMGs were more likely to order tests, refer patients to specialists or require office visits than USMGs.ConclusionThere are significant differences between IMG and USMG family physicians' professional profiles and attitudes. These differences from 1997 merit further exploration and possible follow-up, given the increased proportion of family physicians who are IMGs in the United States.
Relationship between oxygen supply and cerebral blood flow assessed by transcranial Doppler and near – infrared spectroscopy in healthy subjects during breath – holding
Authors: Molinari Filippo , Liboni William , Grippi Gianfranco , Negri Emanuela 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
Breath – holding (BH) is a suitable method for inducing cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR). The assessment of VMR is of clinical importance for the early detection of risk conditions and for the follow-up of disabled patients. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is used to measure cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) during BH, whereas near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measures the concentrations of the oxygenated (O
2
Hb) and reduced (CO
2
Hb) hemoglobin. The two techniques provide circulatory and functional-related parameters. The aim of the study is the analysis of the relationship between oxygen supply and CBFV as detected by TCD and NIRS in healthy subjects performing BH.

Methods
20 healthy subjects (15 males and 5 females, age 33 ± 4.5 years) underwent TCD and NIRS examination during voluntary breath – holding. VMR was quantified by means of the breath-holding index (BHI). We evaluated the BHI based on mean CBFV, O
2
Hb and CO
2
Hb concentrations, relating the baseline to post-stimulus values. To quantify VMR we also computed the slope of the linear regression line of the concentration signals during BH. From the NIRS signals we also derived the bidimensional representation of VMR, plotting the instantaneous O
2
Hb concentration vs the CO
2
Hb concentration during the BH phase. Two subjects, a 30 years old current smoker female and a 63 years old male with a ischemic stroke event at the left middle cerebral artery, were tested as case studies.

Results
The BHI for the CBFV was equal to 1.28 ± 0.71 %/s, the BHI for the O
2
Hb to 0.055 ± 0.037 μ mol/l/s and the BHI for CO
2
Hb to 0.0006 ± 0.0019 μ mol/l/s, the O
2
Hb slope was equal to 0.15 ± 0.09 μ mol/l/s and the CO
2
Hb slope to 0.09 ± 0.04 μ mol/l/s. There was a positive correlation between the CBFV and the O
2
Hb increments during BH (r = 0.865). The bidimensional VMR pattern shows common features among healthy subjects that are lost in the control studies.

Conclusion
We show that healthy subjects present a common VMR pattern when counteracting cerebral blood flow perturbations induced by voluntary BH. The proposed methodology allows for the monitoring of changes in the VMR pattern, hence it could be used for assessing the efficacy of neurorehabilitation protocols.
Variants in the 5α-Reductase Type 1 and Type 2 Genes Are Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the Severity of Hirsutism in Affected Women
Authors: Goodarzi Mark O. , Shah Nissar A. , Antoine Heath J. , Pall Marita , Guo Xiuqing , Azziz Ricardo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractContext: Despite the importance of dihydrotestosterone in androgen action, polymorphisms in the genes for the two isoforms of 5α-reductase (SRD5A1 and SRD5A2) have not been evaluated as risk factors for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Objective: The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that haplotypes in the SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 genes are risk factors for PCOS and the severity of hirsutism in affected women.Design: PCOS and control subjects were genotyped for seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms in SRD5A1 and eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms in SRD5A2. Haplotypes were determined and tested for association with PCOS diagnosis and component phenotypes.Setting: Subjects were recruited from the reproductive endocrinology clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham; control subjects were recruited from the general surrounding community. Genotyping took place at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.Participants: A total of 287 White women with PCOS and 187 controls participated.Main Measurements: SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 genotype, quantitative hirsutism score, and hormonal and metabolic phenotypes were assessed.Results: Haplotypes within both genes were associated with PCOS risk. The Leu allele of the Val89Leu variant in SRD5A2 was associated with protection against PCOS; this allele is known to modestly reduce 5α-reductase activity. Haplotypes in SRD5A1 but not SRD5A2 were also associated with the degree of hirsutism in affected women.Conclusions: This study presents genetic evidence suggesting an important role of both isoforms of 5α-reductase in the pathogenesis of PCOS. That only SRD5A1 haplotypes were associated with hirsutism suggests that only this isoform is important in the hair follicle.
Identification of Distinct Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Length or Weight Variability at Birth in Humans
Authors: Fradin Delphine , Heath Simon , Lepercq Jacques , Lathrop Mark , Bougnères Pierre 
Published: July 2006

AbstractContext: The variability of human fetal growth is multifactorial. Twin and family studies demonstrate that genetic determinants influence normal fetal growth, but the responsible genetic polymorphisms are unknown.Objective: The objective of the study was the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for birth length and weight.Design and Methods: To approach the genetic factors implicated in the normal variation of birth length and weight, we conducted a genome-wide approach of these two quantitative traits in 220 French Caucasian pedigrees (412 sibling pairs) using a variance components method.Results: We observed evidence for several QTLs influencing birth length or birth weight independently. Whereas birth length and weight showed a close correlation (r = 0.76, P &lt; 0.0001), their genetic variability appeared largely determined by distinct genomic loci. Birth length was influenced by two major QTLs located in 2p21 and 2q11 (LOD scores 2.69 and 3.57). The variability of birth weight was linked to another QTL on 7q35 (LOD score 3.1). Several other regions showed more modest evidence for linkage with LOD score values of 1–2 on chromosomes 7, 8, 10, 13, and 17 for birth length and chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, and 20 for birth weight.Conclusion: These preliminary QTLs provide a first step toward the identification of the genomic variants involved in the variability of human fetal growth. Our results should, however, be considered preliminary until they are replicated in other studies.
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF TRANS-DICHLORO-DIETHYLENEDIAMINE COBALTTC CHLORIDE IN ITS AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Matsuno Kichimatsu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1. By means of the coagulation of arsenious sulphide sol, the mechanism of the substitution reactions,
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
has been studied, and it has been proved that this change is a monomolecular successive reaction.
2. The velocity constants of the first and second reaction of the substitution above mentioned has been calculated as k1=0.011 and k2=0.0031.
3. The time when the intermediate compound would be in its maximum concentration could be computed.
The author is indebted to Prof. Yuji Shibata for his kind advice and to Mr. Haruto Tsukamoto, professor of chemistry in the Hamamatsu Technical High School, for his kind assistance.
THE HIGHLY UNSATURATED ACIDS IN SARDINE OIL. II. THE CONSTITUTION OF HIRAGONIC ACID C16H26O2
Authors: Toyama Yoshiyuki , Tsuchiya Tomotaro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Methyl hiragonate has been prepared from Japanese sardine oil, and it was subjected to the oxidation by the permanganate method and by the ozonide method. Among the oxidation products obtained by the permanganate method, succinic acid, acetic acid and methyl hydrogen adipate were identified. The products obtained by the ozonide method contained, besides the above-mentioned three acidic compounds, acetaldehyde and semialdehyde of methyl hydrogen adipate, and also the presence of semialdehyde of succinic acid and succinic aldehyde (or its polymerised products) was indicated. Accordingly, the constitution of hiragonic acid is Δ6:7, 10:11, 14:15-hexadecatrienoic acid as expressed by the following formula: CH_3·CH=CH·(CH_2)_2·CH=CH·(CH_2)_2·CH=CH·(CH_2)_4·COOH
DETERMINATION OF FIXED POINTS IN THE LOW TEMPERATURE WITH A HYDROGEN THERMOMETER
Authors: Aoyama Shin’ichi , Kanda Eizô 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A hydrogen gas thermometer for the standard of the low temperature measurement was constructed wholly of glass. The accuracy of temperature obtained, ±0.036° at 0°C. and ±0.025° at −200°C., was discussed, the volume of thermometer bulb, the dead spaces, and the temperature of the room being taken into consideration. The determination of the boiling points of liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen and that of the sublimation point of solid carbon dioxide were made with this thermometer. The calibration of copper-constantan thermocouples was also made against the thermometer at various low temperatures.
SORPTION OF GAS BY MINERAL. V
Authors: Sameshima Jitsusaburo , Morita Noriyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(1) The sorptions of ammonia and carbon dioxide under one atmospheric pressure at 25°C. by the dehydrated samples of mordenite, thomsonite, scolecite, epistilbite, and phillipsite have been measured.
(2) Mordenite sorbs either ammonia or carbon dioxide in a considerable amount. This is a sorbent of the chabazite type.
(3) Thomsonite, scolecite, epistilbite, and phillipsite sorb ammonia in a large amount but not carbon dioxide. These minerals combine chemically with ammonia and form definite compounds.