bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Fredericamycin A: An Intramolecular Cycloaddition Pathway.
Authors: Kita Yasuyuki , et al. et al. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Octalactin A Using Asymmetric Aldol Reactions and a Rapid Lactonization to Form a Medium‐Sized Ring.
Authors: Shiina Isamu , Hashizume Minako , Yamai Yu‐suke , Oshiumi Hiromi , Shimazaki Takahisa , Takasuna Yu‐ji , Ibuka Ryoutarou 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Concise and Practical Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of (‐)‐CP‐99,994 (I) and (‐)‐L‐733,061 (II).
Authors: Takahashi Kouichi , Nakano Hiroto , Fujita Reiko 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Metal—Oxo Mediated Approach to the Synthesis of 21,22‐Diepi‐Membrarollin.
Authors: Hu Yulai , Brown Richard C. D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nitrogen Incorporation in the Biosynthetic Pathway of the Nitrogen‐Containing Polyketide, Pamamycin in Streptomyces alboniger.
Authors: Hashimoto Makoto , Kozone Ikuko , Kawaide Hiroshi , Abe Hiroshi , Natsume Masahiro 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure—Activity Relationships in Side‐Chain‐Modified Epothilone Analogues — How Important Is the Position of the Nitrogen Atom?
Authors: Bold Guido , Wojeik Severine , Caravatti Giorgio , Lindauer Renate , Stierlin Claire , Gertsch Juerg , Wartmann Markus , Altmann Karl‐Heinz 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Applications as Additives in Polymers, as Precursors to Magnetic Materials and in Biology and Medicine
Authors: Evans David G. , Duan Xue 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Paradoxes and Paradigms: When Do Alkali Metal (Na) and Alkaline Earth (Mg, Ca) Halides (F, Cl) Completely Dissociate? A Combined Analytical and Thermochemical Approach
Authors: Ponikvar Maja , Liebman Joel F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Coordination Compounds of Germanium(IV) Formed with Soft and Hard Donor Atoms: A Look into the Past and Present Work
Authors: Singh R. V. , Gupta Pratibha , Chaudhary Pratibha , Deshmukh C. N. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Approaches to Size‐Selective Formation of Fullerenes by Cyclization of Highly Reactive Polyyne Chains
Authors: Umeda Rui , Sonoda Motohiro , Wakabayashi Tomonari , Tobe Yoshito 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functional Liquid‐Crystalline Assemblies: Self‐Organized Soft Materials
Authors: Kato Takashi , Mizoshita Norihiro , Kishimoto Kenji 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recognition and Activation by Ureas and Thioureas: Stereoselective Reactions Using Ureas and Thioureas as Hydrogen‐Bonding Donors
Authors: Takemoto Yoshiji 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Augmented Indoles
Authors: Black David St. C. , Channon Michelle F. , Clayton Kylie A. , Condie Glenn C. , Harper Jason B. , Kumar Naresh , Pchalek Karin , Wahyuningsih Tutik Dwi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Non‐Fused Heterocycles in Zeolites and Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Candeias Nuno R. , Afonso Carlos A. M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chain‐Growth Polycondensation for Well‐Defined Condensation Polymers and Polymer Architecture
Authors: Yokozawa Tsutomu , Yokoyama Akihiro 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recycling Biosolids to Pasture‐Based Animal Production Systems in Australia: Evidence on the Control of Potentially Toxic Metals and Persistent Organic Compounds Recycled to Agricultural Land
Authors: Hill J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Redox Reactions of Selenium Compounds: Density Functional Theory Calculations on Model Intermediates and Transition Structures of the Redox Cycle Proposed for Selenoenzymes
Authors: Benkova Zuzana , Kona Juraj , Gann Gudrun , Fabian Walter M. F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Unifying Mechanism for all High‐Temperature Heck Reactions: The Role of Palladium Colloids and Anionic Species
Authors: De Vries Johannes G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thermal‐diffusion and diffusion‐thermo effects on convective heat and mass transfer in a visco‐elastic fluid flow through a porous medium over a stretching sheet
Authors: Salem A. M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn analysis has been carried out to obtain the thermal‐diffusion and diffusion‐thermo effects on the mixed free forced convective and mass transfer in a visco‐elastic fluid flow through a porous medium over a stretching sheet. Here, the driving force for the flow is provided by an impermeable sheet stretched with a velocity proportional to the distance from a slit and buoyancy effects due to both temperature and concentration gradient. The partial differential equations governing the problem under consideration have been transformed by a similarity transformation into a system of ordinary differential equations which are solved numerically by applying the shooting method. The effects of Soret number, Dufour number, visco‐elastic parameter, Porosity parameter, Grashof number and modified Grashof number on the velocity, temperature and concentration have been discussed. Numerical results for the problem considered are given and illustrated graphically. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ASOM applied to dynamic analysis
Authors: Ranjbaran A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe fundamental mode shape and frequency of structural systems are important quantities in all codes of practice for earthquake resistance design. Computation of these quantities is based on the concept of generalized coordinates and/or Rayleigh's method. In these methods the frequency is computed in terms of a chosen shape so is approximate. The exact result corresponds to the exact shape which is not known in advance. Here the method of analysis of structures by the optimization methods (ASOM) is used to obtain the actual shape and so the exact fundamental frequency and mode shape of structural systems. The maximum frequency and corresponding mode shape is obtained as well. The presented algorithm can be a good complement of codes for analysis of fundamental modes of structures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mean field dynamics of boson stars
Authors: Elgart Alexander , Schlein Benjamin 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe consider a quantum mechanical system of N bosons with relativistic dispersion interacting through a mean field Coulomb potential (attractive or repulsive). We choose the initial wave function to describe a condensate where the N bosons are all in the same one‐particle state. Starting from the N‐body Schrödinger equation, we prove that, in the limit N → ∞, the time evolution of the one‐particle density is governed by the relativistic nonlinear Hartree equation. This equation is used to describe the dynamics of boson stars (Chandrasekhar theory). The corresponding static problem was rigorously solved in [10]. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MOCVD and ALD of High‐k Dielectric Oxides Using Alkoxide Precursors
Authors: Jones A. C. , Aspinall H. C. , Chalker P. R. , Potter R. J. , Manning T. D. , Loo Y. F. , O'Kane R. , Gaskell J. M. , Smith L. M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA number of high‐permittivity (κ) dielectric oxides are currently being investigated as alternatives to SiO2 as the dielectric insulating layer in sub‐0.1 μm CMOS technology. Metal‐organic (MO)CVD and atomic layer deposition (ALD) are promising techniques for the deposition of these high‐κ dielectric oxides. In this paper it is shown how the use of “designed” metal alkoxide precursors, containing bidentate donor‐functionalized alkoxide ligands, in MOCVD leads to a marked improvement in the physical properties of the MOCVD precursors and process parameters. However, the use of such ligands is not as beneficial in the ALD process, highlighting the very different requirements of MOCVD and ALD precursors.
AVD and ALD as Two Complementary Technology Solutions for Next Generation Dielectric and Conductive Thin‐Film Processing
Authors: Schumacher M. , Baumann P. K. , Seidel T. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFurther scaling of functional layers for 45 nm technology nodes and below will reach the physical limits of conventional materials. It is expected that, for CMOS devices, silicon oxide and poly‐silicon will need to be replaced with alternative high‐k dielectrics, and electrode materials. Additionally for DRAM it appears that 100 % step coverage of deep‐trench structures with aspect ratios approaching 100:1 is going to be necessary. Advanced processing technologies will be needed to overcome the challenges to produce high quality films with high throughput. In this review article, two complementary advanced deposition technologies are described: Atomic vapor deposition (AVD), as a special metal‐organic (MO)CVD process mode, and atomic layer deposition (ALD). The operational principles and deposition results are described for a wide range of dielectric and conductive materials.
Atomic Layer Deposited High‐κ Films and Their Role in Metal‐Insulator‐Metal Capacitors for Si RF/Analog Integrated Circuit Applications
Authors: Zhu C. , Cho B.‐J. , Li M.‐F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we present an extensive evaluation of metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) capacitors by comparing various high‐κ dielectric structures based on atomic layer deposited HfO2 and Al2O3 films at two thicknesses. The results indicate that laminate‐structured MIM capacitors provide superior performance to their sandwiched/stacked counterparts in both thin (∼13 nm) and thick (∼55 nm) dielectric films. Benefits include low leakage current, good polarity‐independent electrical characteristics, high‐breakdown electrical field (voltage), and long time‐to‐breakdown while maintaining comparable capacitance density and voltage coefficients of capacitance. It is noted, however, that the benefits of the laminate structure become less significant when the dielectric thickness decreases. The advantages of the laminate structure are mainly attributed to the alternate insertions of Al2O3 into bulk HfO2, thereby preventing crystallization of HfO2.
Sustainable development ‘outside’ the European Union: what role for impact assessment?
Authors: Adelle Camilla , Hertin Julia , Jordan Andrew 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSustainable development is a cross‐cutting issue par excellence that necessitates a very high degree of policy coordination. This is especially true considering that the European Union's 2001 Sustainable Development Strategy demands that all European Union (EU) policies actively support the sustainable development of other countries, particularly those in the developing world. In order to fulfil this ambitious obligation, the EU has pledged to consider the impacts that all new policies have within and outside the EU as part of a new impact assessment (IA) regime. This paper aims to evaluate how well the new IA regime has helped address the ‘external’ dimensions of sustainability through the analysis of potential effects of EU policies on non‐EU countries. It finds that the IA procedure does not currently function as an effective instrument for the implementation of the Union's commitment to promoting sustainability in the developing world. Other coordination mechanisms need to be considered, given the horizontal and vertical complexity of this challenge. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Public attitudes towards the environmental impact of salmon aquaculture in Scotland
Authors: Whitmarsh David , Wattage Premachandra 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a survey of public attitudes towards aquaculture, using salmon farming in Scotland as a case study. The aims have been to identify the priority that people attach to the environmental performance of the salmon aquaculture industry, relative to other objectives, and to measure the economic benefits to society from salmon farmed using methods that cause less organic pollution. The results indicate that the public attach a relatively high importance to minimizing environmental damage from aquaculture, and this has its parallel in the finding that people are willing to pay a price premium for salmon produced in a more environmentally benign way. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
‘Sustainable development’ as a criterion for the interpretation of Article 6 of the Habitats Directive
Authors: Unnerstall Herwig 
Published: March 2006

AbstractArticle 6(4) of the Habitats Directive requires a weighing up of environmental and economic interests in order to allow for deviation from valid environmental standards. This provision has to be interpreted in the light of the tasks and aims of the European treaties, especially in the light of sustainable development (SD). It is not only a political aim, but was also introduced in the European treaties in 1997 as both legally binding task and goal. This paper develops a comprehensive interpretative understanding of these provisions and their consequences for the application of European environmental law. SD is usually understood as being one aim amongst others and having three dimensions of SD (ecological, social and economic) of equal weight. This concept of equal weight contradicts the idea of a common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR), which is an essential part of SD. The CBDR requires that ‘SD’ has de facto different meanings in different member states according to their economic development. Therefore, Article 6 of the Habitats Directive may only be applied in those areas of the Community having a development lag. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Diamagnetic versus Paramagnetic Structure of SPS‐Type Pincer‐Based CoI, RhI, and IrIComplexes
Authors: Doux Marjolaine , Le Floch Pascal , Jean Yves 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe lowest singlet and triplet states of SPS‐type pincer‐based [M(SPS)(PPh3)] complexes (M = Co, Rh, and Ir) were studied by means of DFT/B3PW91 calculations on the model complexes in which the nine phenyl substituents were replaced by H atoms. Although the Rh and Ir compounds were found to be diamagnetic with a square‐planar geometry, the yet unknown Co complex was predicted to be paramagnetic(ΔES/T= –22.4 kcal·mol–1) with two unpaired electrons localized on the metal center. Three minima were actually located on the triplet potential energy surface that differ by the arrangement of the ligands (nearly tetrahedral or butterfly geometries), two of them being close in energy (ΔE= 2.5 kcal·mol–1). Finally, the paramagnetism of the Co complex was confirmed by calculations on the real complex at the B3PW91//ONIOM(B3PW91:UFF) level of theory (ΔES/T= –29.6 kcal·mol–1). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Multielectron Storage and Photo‐Induced Electron Transfer in Oligonuclear Complexes Containing Ruthenium(II) Terpyridine and Ferrocene Building Blocks
Authors: Heinze Katja , Hempel Klaus , Beckmann Manuela 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe heteroleptic complex [(HOOC‐tpy)Ru(tpy‐NH2)](PF6)2 (tpy = 2,2′;6′,2″‐terpyridine) has been incorporated into a multicomponent system with ferrocene moieties attached on either the N‐terminal end or the C‐terminal end and on both ends of the ruthenium complex. Electrochemical studies reveal almost noninteracting subunits in the oligonuclear systems, whereas ground‐state and excited‐state optical properties are shown to strongly depend on the site of ferrocene attachment. Interpretation of the experimental results is supported by DFT calculations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
On the Staudinger Reaction of SP(N3)3 with PPh3 and(Me3Si)2N–(Me3Si)N–PPh2
Authors: Götz Nadine , Herler Sebastian , Mayer Peter , Schulz Axel , Villinger Alexander , Weigand Jan J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Staudinger reactions of SP(N3)3 (1) with 1, 2 and 3 equiv. of triphenylphosphane PPh3 and (TMS)2N–(TMS)N–PPh2 (2) have been investigated (TMS = Me3Si). Reaction with PPh3 yields the single and double Staudinger products SP(N3)2NPPh3 (3) and SP(N3)(NPPh3)2 (4), but not the triple, while the reaction with 2 results only in the formation of the single Staudinger product SP(N3)2NPPh2[N(TMS)N(TMS)]2 (5). Compound 5 is air‐ and moisture‐sensitive but stable under argon over a long period in the solid state and in common organic solvents. Although there are covalently bound azide groups in 3, 4 and 5, these Staudinger products are neither shock‐ nor heat‐sensitive in contrast to 1. Furthermore 3, 4 and 5 are easily prepared in bulk (yield > 95 %), and unlimitedly stable when cooled and stored in the dark. Compound 5 is thermally stable up to over 150 °C while 3 and 4 are stable only up to 96 °C. However, when a solution of 5 is heated, a new surprising eight‐membered ring (6) is formed in an intermolecular TMS–N3 elimination reaction. The structure and bonding is discussed on the basis of experimental X‐ray data and theoretical B3LYP calculations (thermodynamics, energy landscape and charge distribution). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure 2,3,4,6‐Tetrasubstituted Tetrahydropyrans by Prins‐Type Cyclization of Methyl Ricinoleate and Aldehydes
Authors: Biermann Ursula , Lützen Arne , Metzger Jürgen O. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe AlCl3‐catalyzed Prins‐type cyclization of methyl ricinoleate (1), an enantiomerically pure renewable compound, with aldehydes such as heptanal (2a), isobutyraldehyde (2b), pivaldehyde (2c) and benzaldehyde (2d) is a simple reaction for the diastereoselective synthesis of enantiomerically pure 2,3,6‐trialkyl‐substituted 4‐chlorotetrahydropyrans. The respective 4‐hydroxytetrahydropyrans are obtained e.g. with aldehydes 2a and 2d using montmorillonite KSF/O as the catalyst. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Nucleophilicity Parameters for Carbanions in Methanol
Authors: Binh Phan Thanh , Mayr Herbert 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of the reactions between eleven carbanions 2a–k (nitronates and malonic acid derivatives) and benzhydrylium ions 1a–g were investigated photometrically in methanol/acetonitrile (91:9, v/v) at 20 °C. Since the competing reactions of the benzhydrylium ions with methanol and methoxide ions are generally slower, the second‐order rate constants of the reactions between the benzhydrylium ions 1a–g and the carbanions 2a–k can be determined with high precision. The second‐order rate constants (log k) correlate linearly with the electrophilicity parameters E of the benzhydrylium ions, allowing us to determine the nucleophilicity parameters N and s of the carbanions in methanol/acetonitrile (91:9, v/v). The nucleophilic reactivities do not correlate with the acidity constants of the conjugate CH acids, and from the poor correlation of the reactivities of the substituted α‐nitrobenzyl anions 2d–h with Hammett’s σ– constants it can be inferred that the nucleophilic reactivities are strongly controlled by solvation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Diels–Alder Reactions of 2′‐Hydroxychalcones with ortho‐Benzoquino‐dimethane: A New Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐2‐naphthyl 2‐Hydroxyphenyl Ketones
Authors: Brito Cristela M. , Pinto Diana C. G. A. , Silva Artur M. S. , Silva Ana M. G. , Tomé Augusto C. , Cavaleiro José A. S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDiels–Alder reactions of the 2′‐hydroxychalcones 1a–e with ortho‐benzoquinodimethane (3) yielded the 3‐aryl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐2‐naphthyl 2‐hydroxyphenyl ketones 4a–e in good yields. The dehydrogenation of the cycloadducts 4a–e to 3‐aryl‐2‐naphthyl 2‐hydroxyphenyl ketones 5a–e was studied. Good results were obtained when DDQ was used as oxidant and microwave irradiation as energy source. Several benzoxanthone derivatives were also obtained as minor products. Structures of all new compounds were established by extensive NMR studies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)