bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macular oedema in central retinal vein occlusion treated with intravitreal triamcinolone
Authors: Gelston Christopher D. , Olson Jeffrey L. , Mandava Naresh 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate the efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone as treatment for macular oedema in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Methods:  We conducted a retrospective comparative case series of nine patients with macular oedema associated with CRVO (six non‐ischaemic and three ischaemic) treated with an intravitreal injection of 4 mg triamcinolone acetonide, compared with 10 control (observation) patients (six non‐ischaemic and four ischaemic). Examination included visual acuity (VA) tests and complete ophthalmic examinations at baseline, 1, 2 and 6 months postoperatively. Results:  The mean baseline VA was 20/161 for CRVO treatment group patients and 20/75 for observation group patients (p = 0.15). No significant difference in VA between CRVO treatment group patients (20/99) and controls (20/282) was observed at the final 6‐month visit (p = 0.33). Subgroup analysis of the non‐ischaemic CRVO treatment patients compared with the non‐ischaemic controls also showed no significant difference at the 6‐month visit (20/59 and 20/100, respectively; p = 0.20). At 6 months, five of the six non‐ischaemic treated patients had VA ≥ 20/100, compared with five of the six non‐ischaemic control patients. All patients tolerated the procedure well, but there was a significant increase in intraocular pressure by the 2‐month visit (p = 0.015). Conclusions:  Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone may not be effective for treatment of macular oedema in all CRVO patients or all non‐ischaemic CRVO patients. A trend towards VA improvement was noted but was not statistically significant. Although our treatment was not hindered by severe complications, there was a significant increase in IOP in the 2 months following treatment.
Inert intraocular eyelash foreign body following phacoemulsification cataract surgery
Authors: Islam Niaz , Dabbagh Ahmed 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Introduction:  We describe the first reported case of tolerated eyelash inoculation following phacoemulsification surgery, with 4 years follow‐up, that did not result in endophthalmitis or low grade chronic uveitis. Case report:  A 79‐year‐old man with bilateral cataracts underwent phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in the right eye. Three months later, he was found to have an eyelash within the right anterior chamber. The patient opted to leave his asymptomatic right eye alone. Four years later, he was referred to our hospital for review of his intraocular foreign body. He had remained asymptomatic with bilateral 6/6 vision, and without pain, photophobia or monocular diplopia. He declined surgery to remove the foreign body and opted for annual review. Discussion:  Intraocular implantation of cilia is a rare surgical complication following cataract surgery. The reaction of the eye to cilia has been reported to be variable and unpredictable, varying from absolute lack of reaction to endophthalmitis. Careful preoperative preparation can prevent similar incidents with potential complications. The position of the cilium is an important consideration. In contrast to other organic materials, a cilium is relatively inert and is rarely associated with infection. Acute inflammation most commonly occurs within days or after a few months, although the eye can tolerate the cilium for many years. Some ophthalmologists prefer observation, particularly when there is no inflammation present. We believe that each patient should be considered on an individual basis. The decision to remove an intraocular eyelash remains controversial and should be considered at the onset of inflammatory or infective clinical signs.
Attitudes to Animals: Demographics Within a Community Sample
Authors: Taylor Nicola , Signal Tania 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe results of various studies have suggested a range of demographic and personality variables that may affect attitudes toward the treatment of nonhuman species; however, the literature has reached little consensus. Various limited populations have used The Attitude to Animals Scale (AAS), developed initially by Herzog, Betchart, and Pittman (1991), as a quantitative measure of attitudes toward the treatment of nonhuman species. The current study administered the AAS to a large community sample within Australia, resulting in approximately 600 respondents. The study found demographic variables such as age, educational level, presence of children in the current dwelling, current, and past companion animal ownership to have no statistically significant effect on AAS scores. The study found both occupation and income to have an effect on AAS scores. This paper examines and discusses all of these variables and their effects (or lack thereof).
Is male song quality important in maintaining pair bonds?
Authors: Adkins-Regan Elizabeth , Tomaszycki Michelle 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study investigated a possible mechanism for maintaining long-term pair bonds in a socially monogamous songbird, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Only males sing in this species. Song is thought to be important in female choice, and our earlier research showed that distortion of song by tracheosyringeal nerve transection (TS) and temporary muting by puncturing the interclavicular air sac (AS) both had profound effects on female's choice of male mates and pair formation. Males continue to sing when paired, though function and importance of this song is not well understood. The current study investigated whether these same vocal manipulations affected the maintenance of pair bonds. A total of 27 males and females formed pairs in aviaries. After 3 weeks of pairing and one week after the start of egg laying, males were experimentally manipulated. Eggs were then removed, so that females were forced to decide whether or not to engage in another breeding attempt with their mate. Novel unpaired males and females were added to the aviaries for potential extra pair copulation partners or new mates and pairs were then observed for four weeks. Only two pairs separated after song-altering surgery (both in the TS group), and one of these TS males quickly paired with another female. Of the pairs that remained together, there were no significant differences in courtship or pairing behaviors compared with control pairs. These results suggest that song quality has surprisingly little effect on female pairing decisions once the pair has formed, and that the song quality mechanisms of pair bond formation are not required in the maintenance of the pair bond.
BINOMES MÉCONNUS DE GATERAU (1789)
Authors: Raynal J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGaterau's publication Description des plantes qui croissent aux environs de Montauban … of 1789 contains 73 names by Gaterau of which 50 are not listed in the Index kewensis. These names are all validly published but illegitimate because proposed as new names for earlier legitimate ones which were considered inappropriate. The fifty names not taken up by the Index kewensis are here listed in accordance with their nomenclatural status (later homonyms, earlier homonyms, earlier publications of the same name and names totally absent from the Index kewensis).
DIE GATTUNG OTOZAMITES
Authors: Küpper Karl 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn continuation of the history, nomenclature, and systematic of some mesozoic genera the genusOtozamiteswill be discussed. The name of this genus is an illegitimate synonym ofOtopterisLindley & Hutton. A conservation is proposed. There are given some remarks on the systematic position, anatomical features, nomenclature, and the oldest species. 1843OtozamitesFr. Braun in Münster: 36, nomen conserv. prop. (240) 1834OtopterisLindley & Hutton: 142, pro syn., sed cum prior.
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF CERTAIN FORMS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE: A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: Davidson Robert A. , Dunn Rosalie A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA 3‐dimensional model based upon a modified discriminant function analysis is considered to be a valuable aid to concepts of evolutionary relations between Froelichia (cottonweed; Amaranthaceae) species. To test whether the model's configuration is a reflection of multivariate relationships rather than merely an artefact, a computer program was designed to simulate the kind of evolutionary change which characterizes Froelichia and many other “closely related” taxa. A 3‐dimensional discriminant function model based upon five simulated taxa accurately portrayed the relationships programmed. This result, plus others not cited here, are taken as initial support for the validity of such models when applied to real biological objects.
DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY FOR CYSTOLITH AND RAPHID BEARING PLANT ORGANS
Authors: Sreemadhavan C. P. , Henry A. N. , Subramanyam K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe term ‘furuncle’ (Lat. swelling; adj. furunculate) is proposed for use in describing plant organs having ‘cystoliths' or ‘raphids' as cell‐inclusions, discernible in herbarium specimens as elevated areas on the surfaces of leaves and other organs.
CLERODENDRUM PHILIPPINUM Schauer replaces “CLERODENDRUM FRAGRANS”
Authors: Howard Richard A. , Powell Dulcie A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe correct name for the plant commonly cultivated and escaped in tropical areas currently known in horticulture as “Clerodendrum fragrans” is Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer. The name is here lectotypified; the main synonymy is listed.
NOTES ON THE USE OF FORMALDEHYDE FOR THE PREPARATION OF HERBARIUM SPECIMENS
Authors: Steyermark Julian A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDuring the past seven years, while collecting plants in Venezuela, the author has resorted, whenever deemed necessary or expedient, to the use of formaldehyde. By using this liquid, it has been possible, within the confines of a limited budget, to devote more time in the field to the task of collecting plants, as well as to prepare a much greater number of specimens in greater quantity for the herbarium in a relatively shorter time, and at the same time to cut down on the bulk of equipment and labor costs for transportation of this equipment.In the course of preparation of specimens by the formaldehyde method, the author has made use of certain techniques and practises which he has found convenient. These methods may be of interest to his botanical colleagues in other areas, and are explained in the following paragraphs. Finally, some observations have been made on the subject of the preservation of specimens prepared with formaldehyde and the deterrent effects on herbarium beetles.
BEMERKUNGEN ZUR BENENNUNG DER BASTARDE
Authors: Natho Günther 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe naming of hybrids is insufficiently solved by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Terrell (1963) proposed to use the signs < and > in naming the products of introgressive hybridization. When there are hybrids with three components the number of signs is high. It is now proposed to use the Greek letter Θ (symbol for a double arrow) in naming introgressive hybrids (e.g. Betula pendula Θ Betula pubescens; B. Θ aschersoniana). In the case of dominance of one parent in the hybrid, this may be shown by an arrow (e.g. B. pendula ← B. pubescens, in the case of dominant B. pendula).
THE NOMENCLATURE OF INFRASPECIFIC CHEMICAL TAXA
Authors: Tétényi P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe recognition of infraspecific chemical differentiation and the existence of several infraspecific taxa at a definite moment of the metabolism, has resulted in some differences in scientific concepts. The author sets forth his suggestions in connection with some of these problems. The polychemism known to occur now in more than 600 species and the recognition in general of chemical taxa, makes compulsory a wider application of the rules of nomenclature as put forward e.g. by Tétényi in 1958 and 1960.
RAMARIA [HOLMSKJOLD] S. F. GRAY VERSUS RAMARIA (FRIES) BONORDEN
Authors: Petersen Ronald H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe common acceptance of Holmskjold as the original author makes typification of Ramaria Holmskjold per S. F. Gray with R. coralloides var. alba apicibus purpurascentibus advisable. Ramaria (Fries) Bonorden is then simply a later homonym and need not be conserved.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CITRUS AS A TOOL IN PHYLOGENY
Authors: Scora R. W. , Malik M. N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe rough lemon group was investigated as to its coherence and affinity to the true lemon group. The probable affiliation of the Moroccan rough lemon was scrutinized. The possible origin of the true lemons were studied with the help of genetic and essential oil analysis. A divergence diagram of these groups and of a few old‐line species is presented based upon an essential oil discriminant computer analysis.
TAUTONYMS AND CONFUSION IN THE INTERNATIONAL CODE
Authors: Wood C. E. , Webster G. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUnder the present provisions of Articles 19, 22, and 26 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, various taxa between the ranks of family and genus and genus and species and below the rank of species can have two equally correct names without any change whatever in circumscription, position, or rank. This circumstance, which is in direct contradiction to Principle IV and Article 11 of the Code, has come about through too broad extension of the tautonymic principle whereby the names of various taxa which include the nomenclatural type of the next higher taxon must be based either on the same stem as that name or must repeat the name or epithet of the next higher taxon unaltered. This principle works excellently for the names of taxa which include the nomenclatural types of families, genera, and species, respectively, but when extended to all taxa between the ranks of family and genus, to all subgenera and sections, and to all subspecific categories, it results in the possibility for two correct names for some taxa (without change in circumscription, position, or rank), depending solely upon whether or not the next higher rank is used in the taxonomic classification. Since the Code clearly specifies that a taxon can have only one correct name in a given circumscription, position, and rank, proposals are made to restrict the tautonymic principle to the taxa which include the nomenclatural types of families, genera, and species, thereby eliminating this conflict within the Code.
ONCIDIUM SPECIES DESCRIBED BY JACQUIN AND THE TYPIFICATION OF ONCIDIUM
Authors: Williams Norris H. , Dressler Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe identity of the species of Oncidium described by Jacquin (under Epidendrum) in his Enumeratio (1760) and in his Selectarum stirpium (1763) is discussed. The choice of Epidendrum altissimum as the lectotype of the generic name Oncidium ‐ originally made in 1874 ‐ is upheld.
DAS HERRENHÄUSER HERBAR IN GÖTTINGEN
Authors: Wagenitz Gerhard 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe “Systematisch‐Geobotanisches Institut” of the University of Göttingen acquired as a gift the herbarium of the former Royal Gardens at Herrenhausen near Hannover. This herbarium contains plants from F. Ehrhart, types of plants described by Johann Christoph Wendland, Heinrich Ludolph Wendland and Hermann Wendland. Of importance is further the material collected by Hermann Wendland during his journey to Central America in 1856/57.
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SARRACENIACEAE
Authors: DeBuhr Larry E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOther than the insectivorous nature of the three families, there is little evidence supporting an alliance between the Sarraceniaceae, Droseraceae, and Nepenthaceae. Floral morphology and embryology indicate a relationship between the Sarraceniaceae and the Theales. The Sarraceniaceae are best placed as a suborder in the Theales.
IDENTIFICATION OF VELLOZO'S BIGNONIACEAE
Authors: Gentry A. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThirty‐nine of the forty‐three species of Bignoniaceae treated by Vellozo are identified, nine of them for the first time. Four new combinations ‐ Arrabidaea elegans (Vell.) A. Gentry, Pleonotoma fluminensis (Vell.) A. Gentry, Cuspidaria convoluta (Vell.) A. Gentry, and Parabignonia unguiculata (Vell.) A. Gentry ‐ are proposed. A number of existing but rarely used combinations based on Vellozo names which must be adopted are also pointed out as are several commonly used but erroneous Vellozo‐based combinations.
TYPIFICATION OF SISYRINCHIUM BERMUDIANA AND SISYRINCHIUM ANGUSTIFOLIA (IRIDACEAE)
Authors: Guédès Michel 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA specimen from the Miller herbarium (BM) is selected as the neotype of Sisyrinchium bermudiana L. Another specimen from the same herbarium is designated as the lectotype of S. angustifolia Miller. Photographs of both specimens are provided.
PLANT TAXONOMY AND THE ORIGIN OF CULTIVATED PLANTS
Authors: Li Hui‐Lin 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn analysis of the different taxa ‐ orders, families, genera and species indicates that some concept of the latter three must have been formulated by man from the very early times where plants were first being domesticated. However, the generic concept seems to be the earliest and most basic. In the process of domestication the primitive man apparently picked plants on the basis of their features without discrimination as to species. Except in the case of monotypic genera or single species isolated from the main generic range, hybridization among species has played from the very beginning an important role in the origin of cultivation. As a result, in most cultigens, no single ancestral species would be traceable in later times and also it would be impossible to trace the origin of most of these plants to a single precise geographical center.
CHEMOSYSTEMATISCHE BETRACHTUNGEN ZUR GROSSGLIEDERUNG DER DICOTYLEN
Authors: Kubitzki K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is almost unanimously agreed that the Ranales s.l. (= Polycarpicae) constitute the universal basic group for at least all dicotyledons. Cronquist, for example, derives from them the two principal lines of his system, his Rosalean branch and his Guttiferalean branch. Attention is called to the fact that phytochemical evidence is inconsistent with such a view: some alkaloids highly characteristic for the Polycarpicae (protoaporphines, aporphmes as well as berberin and other quaternary bases) are absent from both the Rosales and the Guttiferales. They are present, however, in the Rutaceae, other chemical as well as morphological features of which support the conjecture of a direct link with the Polycarpicae. On the other hand, the Rosalean and Guttiferalean branches (at least their more primitive members) coincide in the possession of biogenetically obviously related trihydroxylated phenolic substances like ellagic acid, gallic acid, myricetin, and leucodelphinidin. These substances are absent from the Polycarpicae. A similar pattern of distribution is exhibited by the iridoid substances (aucubin etc.), which constitute in all probability a homologous series of plant products. Also, morphological characters are mentioned which link the Rosiflorae with the Guttiferales but remove them from the Polycarpicae.On this basis the idea is advanced that the Polycarpicae represent an odd lateral branch of the evolution of the dicotyledons which appears wholly fixed and has remained primitive in different respects, and which has only given rise to a limited number of more modern groups like Papaverales (s. str.) and Rutaceae. The Rosiflorae and the Guttiferales must have had a common origin, but one different from the Polycarpicae; it is from them that most of the choripetalous and all sympetalous groups were derived.
GIVING RANKS AND NAMES TO SUBSIDIARY GROUPS
Authors: Hall A. V. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is shown that a group may be made up of subgroups all of which are relatively compact or homogeneous. Another group may have one or more subgroups scattered among comparatively diverse members. These scattered sets are called here sibling groups. The possibility that the ranks with the prefix ‘sub‐’ arose to meet an unwritten need to accommodate sibling groups is suggested. Their use for this is briefly examined. Giving the same rank to the sibling group and its allies is shown to be misleading. A simple nomenclatural device is proposed to show the presence of sibling groups.
CONTRASTING MODES OF EVOLUTION IN TWO GROUPS OF PEREZIA(MUTISIEAE; COMPOSITAE) OF SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Simpson Beryl B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTwo species groups of the closely knit South American section of the genus Perezia occur in the Andes of southern America but differ conspicuously in the number of species they contain, and the habitat and amount of morphological specialization of their constituent species. These differences reflect the contrasting evolutionary histories of the two species groups. The evolutionary mode most significant in forming each group has been, in turn, determined by the age, geographical extent and vicissitudes of the habitat in which each group occurs. In one case, the habitat is old, covers a large continuous geographical area and has remained relatively stable since the arrival of the ancestral stock well before the Pleistocene. In the second case, the habitat is young, of discontinuous and often limited extent and has undergone numerous rapid alterations since its inception at the end of the Pliocene. In the first case the Pereziae have followed a course of phyletic evolution; in the second, a mode of true speciation.
LOCAL FLORAS: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
Authors: Shinners Lloyd H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe first serious flora written in America (Thomas Walter's Flora Caroliniana, 1788) was essentially a local flora, written by a plantation owner. Many subsequent early botanists were diverted away from local floras by the need of a general work (Thomas Nuttall, Amos Eaton, John Torrey, Asa Gray), but important local ones were also written (W. P. C. Barton, Jacob Bigelow, William Darlington). A majority of early botanists were Doctors of Medicine; smaller numbers were teachers, or belonged to other professions (e.g. Stephen Elliott, banker). Tabulation of state and local floras listed in Jackson's Guide to the Literature of Botany (1881) and Blake and Atwood's Geographical Guide to Floras of the World, Part I (1942), and of works published since the 1939 closing date for entries in the latter, shows that more and better ones are being produced in mid 20th Century than ever before in American history, but coverage of the country is still very incomplete and uneven. Despite current dominance of non‐floristic approaches to systematics, of other fields than systematics within botany, and of physical sciences over botany itself, the immediate future is likely to see continuation of the trend to more and better floras. The possible future history of local floras will end only if the entire human race is transported into outer space. General cultural conditions, economic factors, and world political problems will be important influences, but the surprising vigor of the anima naturaliter botanica in the face of difficulties in recent decades augurs very well for its future.