bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chilling damage in a changing climate in coastal landscapes of the subtropical zone: a case study from south Florida
Authors: ROSS MICHAEL S. , RUIZ PABLO L. , SAH JAY P. , HANAN ERIN J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFreeze events significantly influence landscape structure and community composition along subtropical coastlines. This is particularly true in south Florida, where such disturbances have historically contributed to patch diversity within the mangrove forest, and have played a part in limiting its inland transgression. With projected increases in mean global temperatures, such instances are likely to become much less frequent in the region, contributing to a reduction in heterogeneity within the mangrove forest itself. To understand the process more clearly, we explored the dynamics of a Dwarf mangrove forest following two chilling events that produced freeze‐like symptoms, i.e., leaf browning, desiccation, and mortality, and interpreted the resulting changes within the context of current winter temperatures and projected future scenarios. Structural effects from a 1996 chilling event were dramatic, with mortality and tissue damage concentrated among individuals comprising the Dwarf forest's low canopy. This disturbance promoted understory plant development and provided an opportunity for Laguncularia racemosa to share dominance with Rhizophora mangle. Mortality due to the less severe 2001 event was greatest in the understory, probably because recovery of the protective canopy following the earlier freeze was still incomplete. Stand dynamics were static over the same period in nearby unimpacted sites. The probability of reaching temperatures as low as those recorded at a nearby meteorological station (≤3 °C) under several warming scenarios was simulated by applying 1° incremental temperature increases to a model developed from a 42‐year temperature record. According to the model, the frequency of similar chilling events decreased from once every 1.9 years at present to once every 3.4 and 32.5 years with 1 and 4 °C warming, respectively. The large decrease in the frequency of these events would eliminate an important mechanism that maintains Dwarf forest structure, and promotes compositional diversity.
Seeing the forest for the trees: long‐term exposure to elevated CO2increases some herbivore densities
Authors: STILING PETER , MOON DANIEL , ROSSI ANTHONY , HUNGATE BRUCE A. , DRAKE BERT 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe effects of elevated CO2on plant growth and insect herbivory have been frequently investigated over the past 20 years. Most studies have shown an increase in plant growth, a decrease in plant nitrogen concentration, an increase in plant secondary metabolites and a decrease in herbivory. However, such studies have generally overlooked the fact that increases in plant production could cause increases of herbivores per unit area of habitat. Our study investigated leaf production, herbivory levels and herbivore abundance per unit area of leaf litter in a scrub‐oak system at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, under conditions of ambient and elevated CO2, over an 11‐year period, from 1996 to 2007. In every year, herbivory, that is leafminer and leaftier abundance per 200 leaves, was lower under elevated CO2than ambient CO2for each of three species of oaks,Quercus myrtifolia, Quercus chapmaniiandQuercus geminata. However, leaf litter production per 0.1143 m2was greater under elevated CO2than ambient CO2forQ. myrtifoliaandQ. chapmanii, and this difference increased over the 11 years of the study. Leaf production ofQ. geminataunder elevated CO2did not increase. Leafminer densities per 0.1143 m2of litterfall forQ. myrtifoliaandQ. chapmaniiwere initially lower under elevated CO2. However, shortly after canopy closure in 2001, leafminer densities per 0.1143 m2of litter fall became higher under elevated CO2and remained higher for the remainder of the experiment. Leaftier densities per 0.1143 m2were also higher under elevated CO2forQ. myrtifoliaandQ. chapmaniiover the last 6 years of the experiment. There were no differences in leafminer or leaftier densities per 0.1143 m2of litter forQ. geminata. These results show three phenomena. First, they show that elevated CO2decreases herbivory on all oak species in the Florida scrub‐oak system. Second, despite lower numbers of herbivores per 200 leaves in elevated CO2, increased leaf production resulted in higher herbivore densities per unit area of leaf litter for two oak species. Third, they corroborate other studies which suggest that the effects of elevated CO2on herbivores are species specific, meaning they depend on the particular plant species involved. Two oak species showed increases in leaf production and herbivore densities per 0.1143 m2in elevated CO2over time while another oak species did not. Our results point to a future world of elevated CO2where, despite lower plant herbivory, some insect herbivores may become more common.
Studies with experimental transmission of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Kongtorp R T , Taksdal T 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHeart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a transmissible disease causing mortality in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. It is characterized by epi‐, endo‐ and myocarditis and myocardial necrosis, as well as myositis and necrosis of red skeletal muscle. The present paper describes two infection experiments, with the aim of further exploring the infectivity and pathogenesis of HSMI. In both experiments, Atlantic salmon were intraperitonally injected with putatively infective material. The first experiment was carried out in fresh water, using cardiac tissue, blood plasma and cell cultured material as inoculates. In the second experiment, various tissues sampled from fish in the mid‐outbreak phase were used to inoculate experimental fish in sea water. Also, cardiac tissue sampled before and after the outbreak phase was used. Finally, cardiac tissue pre‐treated with chloroform was tested. In both experiments, all inoculates resulted in cardiac inflammation during the study period of 8 weeks. Early cardiac changes included perivasculitis and endocarditis, which were observed from 1–3 weeks post‐challenge (p.c.). Focal myocarditis first appeared 3 weeks p.c., and the number of fish showing myocardial changes at 8 weeks p.c. was high in all groups. A possible mechanism for the development of HSMI is discussed.
Morphological and molecular redescription of the myxozoan Unicapsula pflugfelderiSchubert, Sprague & Reinboth 1975 from two teleost hosts in the Mediterranean. A review of the genus Unicapsula Davis 1924
Authors: Alama‐Bermejo G , Cuadrado M , Raga J A , Holzer A S 
Published: February 2009

AbstractElongate plasmodia with myxosporean spores belonging to the genus Unicapsula, Davis, 1924 were found in the skeletal muscle of the striped seabream, Lithognathus mormyrus (L.), a candidate for the mediterranean aquaculture. The only species of Unicapsula described from the Mediterranean is Unicapsula pflugfelderi Schubert et al. 1975, which occurs in the picarel, Spicara smaris (L.). For morphological and molecular comparison of U. pflugfelderi from S. smaris with Unicapsula sp. from L. mormyrus measurements of plasmodia and spores, ultrastructural details and 18S and 28S rDNA sequences were analysed. Whereas plasmodia were 2–3 times larger in S. smaris than in L. mormyrus (length 2.47–0.81 mm; width 0.22–0.09 mm; P = 0.000), spore morphology showed minor differences and both 18S and 28S rDNA sequences were 100% identical identifying the myxozoan as U. pflugfelderi. Scanning electron microscopy of the spores revealed a different shell valve distribution than the one used for the diagnosis of the genus Unicapsula. This resulted in a review of the genus Unicapsula dividing it into two morphological groups of different spore valve arrangement. TEM revealed the presence of a yet undescribed crystalline structure in the sporoplasm of the spores.
Neuropsychologic status at the age 4 years and atopy in a population‐based birth cohort
Authors: Julvez J. , Torrent M. , Guxens M. , Antó J. M. , Guerra S. , Sunyer J. 
Published: February 2009

Background: Mental health has been reported to be associated with allergy, but only a few cohort studies have assessed if neurodevelopment predicts atopy.Objective: To investigate if neurobehavioral status of healthy 4‐year‐old children was associated with specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) at the same age and skin prick test results 2 years later.Methods: A population‐based birth cohort enrolled 482 children, 422 of them (87%) provided neurobehavioral data, 341 (71%) had specific IgE measured at the age of 4 years; and 395 (82%) had skin prick tests completed at the age of 6 years. Atopy was defined as IgE levels higher than 0.35 kU/l to any of the three tested allergens at the age of 4 or as a positive skin prick test to any of the six tested allergens at the age of 6. McCarthy Scales of Child Abilities and California Preschool Social Competence Scale were the psychometric instruments used.Results: Twelve percent of children at the age of 4 and 17% at the age of 6 were atopic. Neurobehavioral scores were negatively associated with 6‐year‐old atopy after adjustment for socio‐demographic and allergic factors, A relative risk of 3.06 (95% CI: 1.30–7.24) was associated with the lowest tertile (scorings ≤90 points) of the general cognitive scale. Similar results were found for verbal abilities, executive functions, and social competence. Asthma, wheezing, rhinitis, and eczema at the age of 6, but not at the age of 4, were associated with neurodevelopment at the age of 4.Conclusions: Neuropsychologic functioning and later atopy are negatively associated in preschool age children.
Major histocompatibility complex class II (DRB1*, DQA1*, and DQB1*) and DRB1*04 subtypes’ associations of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in a Greek population
Authors: Kokaraki G. , Daniilidis M. , Yiangou M. , Arsenakis M. , Karyotis N. , Tsilipakou M. , Fleva A. , Gerofotis A. , Karadani N. , Yovos J. G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease resulting from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The disease is associated with certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles in various populations. We aimed to determine in this study, for the first time in a Greek population, the association of HLA‐DRB1*, ‐DQA1*, and ‐DQB1* alleles with HT. HLA‐DRB1*, ‐DQA1*, and ‐DQB1* alleles’ and ‐DRB1*04 subtypes’ distribution was evaluated in 125 patients with HT and in 500 healthy control individuals by using a DNA‐based sequence‐specific primer method. Chi_squared tests and Bonferroni correction method were applied in the statistical analysis of the data. Significantly higher frequency of DRB1*04 (24.8% vs 7.7%, P < 0.0001) was observed in HT patients, while HLA‐DRB1*07 was significantly decreased (2.8% vs 7.9%, P < 0.05). HLA‐DRB1*04 subtyping showed a significant increase of DRB1*0405 (21% vs 7.8%, P < 0.0001) in HT patients. Also significant high frequencies of DQB1*0201 (14.8% vs 8.2%, P < 0.001), DQB1*0302 (18.8% vs 7.0%, P < 0.0001), and DQA1*0301 (25.6% vs 7.8%, P < 0.0001) were recorded in the patient group. Conducting the first research of this kind in a Greek population, our study tries to provide an evaluation of the prevalence of HT relating to HLA‐DRB1*0405, and we report a relative risk of 2.7 for HT in a Greek population.
Rapid typing of the human neutrophil antigen 1a by the particle gel agglutination assay
Authors: Abou‐Chaker K. , Meyer O. , Salama A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe human neutrophil antigen 1a (HNA‐1a) plays a major role in immune neutropenias and transfusion‐associated lung injury. In this study, we describe a simple and rapid particle gel agglutination assay (PaGIA) for HNA‐1a phenotyping. A commercially available monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to HNA‐1a was biotinylated and coupled onto superparamagnetic streptavidin particles. Diluted anticoagulated whole blood samples from healthy blood donors (n = 147) were incubated with MoAb‐coated particles, washed, transferred into an ID‐gel card, and, subsequently, centrifuged. HNA‐1a‐positive samples resulted in a visible agglutination of the particles on top of the gel column and could be evaluated macroscopically. The results obtained by the new test were identical with those obtained by the polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific priming technique that was performed in parallel. Seventy‐four (50.3%) of the 147 samples were found to be HNA‐1a positive. The HNA‐1a PaGIA is both simple and safe and can be implemented in various laboratory settings.
Biology and clinical relevance of granulysin
Authors: Krensky A. M. , Clayberger C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGranulysin is a cytolytic and proinflammatory molecule first identified by a screen for genes expressed ‘late’ (3–5 days) after activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Granulysin is present in cytolytic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Granulysin is made in a 15‐kDa form that is cleaved into a 9‐kDa form at both the amino and the carboxy termini. The 15‐kDa form is constitutively secreted, and its function remains poorly understood. The 9‐kDa form is released by receptor‐mediated granule exocytosis. Nine kiloDalton granulysin is broadly cytolytic against tumors and microbes, including gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, fungi/yeast and parasites. It kills the causative agents of both tuberculosis and malaria. Granulysin is also a chemoattractant for T lymphocytes, monocytes and other inflammatory cells and activates the expression of a number of cytokines, including regulated upon activation T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, MCP‐3, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α, interleukin (IL)‐10, IL‐1, IL‐6 and interferon (IFN)‐α. Granulysin is implicated in a myriad of diseases including infection, cancer, transplantation, autoimmunity, skin and reproductive maladies. Small synthetic forms of granulysin are being developed as novel antibiotics. Studies of the full‐length forms may give rise to new diagnostics and therapeutics for use in a wide variety of diseases.
Analysis of Pathotypic and Genotypic Diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in China
Authors: Li Gang , Song Cong‐Feng , Pang Xiao‐Mai , Yang Yue , Wang Jin‐Sheng 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVirulence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to evaluated the population structure of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) from the main rice‐growing region in China. The pathotype of Xoo was determined for 103 strains by inoculating 13 near‐isogenic rice lines using IR24 as the recurrent parent. Sixty‐one pathotypes was shared by these strains, on the basis of the consensus of three clustering statistics, and four clusters for pathotype were formed. Cluster 2 consists of strains with high molecular polymorphorism and many pathotypes that are either virulent to a majority of the 13 major resistance (R) genes or avirulent only to Xa21, and is geographically dispersed. The resistance gene Xa21 has broader resistance than others to the strains tested. A probe from a member of the avrBs3/pthA type III effector family, 1376 bp SphI‐digested fragment, was used to screen the genomes of 52 strains tested. Four common bands were found in the DNA fingerprint pattern of Xoo, suggesting basic patterns of evolutionary relationship for members of avrBs3/pthA family and/or the pathogen. Each distinct RFLP banding pattern of each strain was considered as a haplotype; 42 haplotypes were revealed by the probe and divided into four lineages by the same statistics method. It was observed that some isolates with different pathotypes shared the same haplotype and others with different haplotypes harboured identical pathotype. There was a weak correlation between virulent pathotypes and molecular haplotypes.
Retrospective observational study of the incidence of short‐term indwelling urinary catheters in elderly patients with neck of femur fractures
Authors: Kamdar Ami , Yahya Abdus , Thangaraj Latha 
Published: February 2009

Background:  15–25% of general hospital admissions tend to involve patients that have had a short‐term indwelling urinary catheter (IDC) inserted some time during their stay. There is little data on the specific incidence and complications of short‐term urinary catheterization in elderly patients with neck of femur fractures.Methods:  Data was collected from the notes of 50 patients at Hemel Hempstead General Hospital with neck of femur fractures retrospectively from 31 August 2007. Specific information on patient demographics, premorbid status, record and reason for urethral catheterization, place of insertion, gentamicin cover pre‐ and post‐removal of IDC, residual volumes, duration of catheter insertion, catheter clamping prior to removal of IDC, urinary tract infection with IDC, post‐IDC removal newly incontinent/in retention were collated from patient notes. Patients with prior chronic catheterization were excluded from the study.Results:  78% of the patients had an IDC insertion (95% confidence interval, 64–88.4%). Most of the catheters were inserted on the ward (75%) with the rest being inserted mostly in theatre and recovery. Only approximately one‐third of the sample that had IDC inserted had residual volume documented in the notes. Of these patients, the majority had residual volume above 300 mL. The main reasons for IDC insertion were urinary retention (50%), incontinence (30.8%) and fluid monitoring (11.5%). Of the patients, 31.4% had documented urinary tract infection as a result of IDC insertion.Conclusion:  This study revealed a higher incidence of short‐term IDC insertion (∼75%) in elderly patients with neck of femur fractures in comparison to general hospital admissions of 15–25%. There is a role for more effective documentation in patient notes on the reasons behind urinary IDC insertion and increased clinical vigilance in preventing unnecessary catheterizations.
The Future Is Another Country: Offshore Views of the British Industrial Revolution1
Authors: RIELLO GIORGIO , O'BRIEN PATRICK K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article is built upon a dense description and inferences drawn from the diaries and memoirs of travellers who visited the British Isles between 1815 and 1850. The majority came from Mainland Europe and North America and arrived aware of the economic growth and social change underway in Britain. We comment upon and analyze the ways that they reported and the language they used to describe novel features of the British economy. We reflect upon the key issues raised by these travellers on the economic, social and political change that they observed at first hand. Finally, we reflect on the overall contribution that sources from offshore might offer for the plurality of meanings attached to the First Industrial Revolution.
Engendering a Therapeutic Ethos: Modernity, Masculinity & Nervousness
Authors: WRIGHT KATIE 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article considers discourses of “nervousness” as an important historical dimension of the “therapeutic turn”. By tracing an emerging therapeutic sensibility through Australian medical literature and the popular print media of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it provides an Antipodean perspective on the discursive and cultural terrain receptive to Freudian ideas and psychology, which were central to the ascendancy of a psychotherapeutic ethos. Through a particular focus on concerns about “nervous men”, the article explores how perceived problems of “nervousness” destabilized masculine ideals and helped engender a greater concern with personal distress, factors significant for the florescence of therapeutic culture.
In Whose Interest? Women Organizing on the Waterfront – St. John's, Newfoundland, 1948
Authors: CULLUM LINDA 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn 1948, female fish and blueberry processors formed the Ladies' Cold Storage Workers Union in Job Brothers fish plant, St. John's, Newfoundland. This was accomplished in the context of structural and social change in the Newfoundland fishery that altered the social relations of paid work for the women. Literature on unionization generally assumes it to be a positive event for women workers, but closer examination of specific instances raises questions about economic, social and ideological conditions shaping experiences of unionization. Whose interests were served by the formation of the Ladies' Cold Storage Workers Union and how did women engage with “their union” in this moment?
Changes in cerebral blood flow after acetazolamide: an experimental study comparing near‐infrared spectroscopy and SPECT
Authors: Schytz H. W. , Wienecke T. , Jensen L. T. , Selb J. , Boas D. A. , Ashina M. 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose:  It is important to find a reliable and bedside method, which can estimate the cerebral blood flow (CBF) of patients in clinical settings. Estimation of CBF by calculating a blood flow index (BFI) using continuous wave near‐infrared spectroscopy (CW‐NIRS) and indocyanine green (ICG) as an iv tracer has been proposed to be a feasible and promising method. To validate if the BFI method can detect relative changes in CBF we compared data with the established method 133Xenon single photon emission computer tomography (133Xe‐SPECT).Methods:  Ten healthy subjects were investigated before and after a bolus of acetazolamide. NIRS data were obtained using a multi source detector separation configuration in order to assess a corrected BFI (BFIcorr) value, which attempts to eliminate contamination of skin blood flow.Results:  Data obtained showed no significant correlation between CBF changes measured by 133Xe‐SPECT and BFIcorr (0.133, P = 0.732). After acetazolamide, a 49% increase in CBF was detected using the 133Xe‐SPECT method, whereas no changes in any ICG variables were observed after acetazolamide.Conclusion:  The study shows that it is not possible to obtain reliable BFI data, which reflect changes in CBF after acetazolamide infusion, using the CW‐NIRS and ICG method.
Efficacy and safety of ginsenoside‐Rd for acute ischaemic stroke: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase II multicenter trial
Authors: Liu X. , Xia J. , Wang L. , Song Y. , Yang J. , Yan Y. , Ren H. , Zhao G. 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose: Ginsenoside‐Rd is a selective competitive Ca2+receptor antagonist. A phase II randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicenter study was conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of ginsenoside‐Rd in patients with acute ischaemic stroke.Methods: A total of 199 patients were randomized equally to receive a 14‐day infusion of placebo (group B), ginsenoside‐Rd 10 mg (group A) or ginsenoside‐Rd 20 mg (group C). Primary end‐points were National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at 15 days. Secondary end‐points were NIHSS scores and the Barthel Index at 8 days, the Barthel Index and the modified Rankin scale at 15 days and 90 days. The safety end‐points included serious and non‐serious adverse events, laboratory values and vital signs. Analysis was by intention to treat.Results: For the primary study outcome, there is significant difference amongst the three groups at 15 days in NIHSS scores (P = 0.0003). Comparing group A with B and group B with C, the difference in the mean for NIHSS was significant in statistics (P = 0.0004,P = 0.0009 respectively). This is no significant difference between group A and C (P = 0.9640). For the secondary study outcome, ginsenoside‐Rd did not improve neurological functioning. Incidence of serious and non‐serious adverse events was similar amongst the three groups.Conclusions: Ginsenoside‐Rd may be of some benefit in acute ischaemic stroke.