bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic expression of retinoic acid‐synthesizing and ‐metabolizing enzymes in the developing mouse inner ear
Authors: Romand Raymond , Kondo Takako , Fraulob Valérie , Petkovich Martin , Dollé Pascal , Hashino Eri 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRetinoic acid signaling plays essential roles in morphogenesis and neural development through transcriptional regulation of downstream target genes. It is believed that the balance between the activities of synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes determines the amount of active retinoic acid to which a developing tissue is exposed. In this study, we investigated spatiotemporal expression patterns of four synthesizing enzymes, the retinaldehyde dehydrogenases 1, 2, 3, and 4 (Raldh1, Raldh2, Raldh3, and Raldh4) and two metabolizing enzymes (Cyp26A1 and Cyp26B1) in the embryonic and postnatal mouse inner ear by using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), in situ hybridization, and Western blot analysis. Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis and Western blot data revealed that the expression of CYP26s was much higher than that of Raldhs at early embryonic ages but that Cyp26 expression was downregulated during embryonic development. Conversely, the expression levels of Raldh2 and ‐3 increased during development and were significantly higher than the Cyp26 levels at postnatal day 20. At this age, Raldh3 was expressed predominantly in the cochlea, whereas Raldh2 was present in the vestibular end organ. At early embryonic stages, as observed by in situ hybridization, the synthesizing enzymes were expressed only in the dorsoventral epithelium of the otocyst, whereas the metabolizing enzymes were present mainly in mesenchymal cells surrounding the otic epithelium. At later stages, Raldh2, Raldh3, and Cyp26B1 were confined to the stria vascularis, spiral ganglion, and supporting cells in the cochlear and vestibular epithelia, respectively. The downregulation of Cyp26s and the upregulation of Raldhs after birth during inner ear maturation suggest tissue changes in the sensitivity to retinoic acid concentrations. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:643–654, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic organization of projections from the amygdala to visual cortical areas TE and V1 in the macaque monkey
Authors: Freese Jennifer L. , Amaral David G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe primate amygdaloid complex projects to a number of visual cortices, including area V1, primary visual cortex, and area TE, a higher‐order unimodal visual area involved in object recognition. We investigated the synaptic organization of these projections by injecting anterograde tracers into the amygdaloid complex ofMacaca fascicularismonkeys and examining labeled boutons in areas TE and V1 using the electron microscope. The 256 boutons examined in area TE formed 263 synapses. Two hundred twenty‐three (84%) of these were asymmetric synapses onto dendritic spines and 40 (15%) were asymmetric synapses onto dendritic shafts. Nine boutons (3.5%) formed double asymmetric synapses, generally on dendritic spines, and 2 (1%) of the boutons did not form a synapse. The 200 boutons examined in area V1 formed 211 synapses. One hundred eighty‐nine (90%) were asymmetric synapses onto dendritic spines and 22 (10%) were asymmetric synapses onto dendritic shafts. Eleven boutons (5.5%) formed double synapses, usually with dendritic spines. We conclude from these observations that the amygdaloid complex provides an excitatory input to areas TE and V1 that primarily influences spiny, probably pyramidal, neurons in these cortices. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:655–667, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of noradrenergic efferents to arousal‐related basal forebrain structures
Authors: España Rodrigo A. , Berridge Craig W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNorepinephrine acts within select basal forebrain regions to modulate behavioral state and/or state‐dependent processes, including the general regions encompassing the medial septal area, the medial preoptic area, and the substantia innominata. The present study examined the origin and organization of noradrenergic efferents to these basal forebrain regions by using combined immunohistochemical identification of noradrenergic neurons with retrograde tracing. Results indicate that the locus coeruleus provides the majority of noradrenergic input to these regions. Lesser, although at times substantial, contributions from the A1/C1 and A2/C2 adrenergic cell groups were also observed, particularly in the case of the medial preoptic region. Given the prominent state‐modulating actions of the locus coeruleus, additional studies examined: 1) lateralization of locus coeruleus efferents to these regions; 2) the topographical organization of basal forebrain‐projecting locus coeruleus neurons; and 3) the degree of collateralization of individual locus coeruleus neurons across these regions. Approximately 80–85% of locus coeruleus efferents to these regions project ipsilaterally. In general, basal forebrain‐projecting neurons were distributed throughout the entire dorsoventral and rostrocaudal extent of the locus coeruleus. Additionally, a large proportion of locus coeruleus neurons project simultaneously to these basal forebrain terminal fields. Combined, these observations indicate coordinated actions of locus coeruleus neurons across these basal forebrain regions implicated in the regulation of behavioral state and/or state‐dependent processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:668–683, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comprehensive analysis of the expression patterns of the adenylate cyclase gene family in the developing and adult mouse brain
Authors: Visel Axel , Alvarez‐Bolado Gonzalo , Thaller Christina , Eichele Gregor 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAdenylate cyclases (Adcys) are components of several developmentally, neurophysiologically, and pharmacologically relevant signaling pathways. A prominent feature of Adcys is their ability to integrate multiple signaling pathways into a single second messenger pathway, the production of cAMP. Nine isoforms of membrane‐bound Adcys are known, each encoded by a distinct gene. These isoforms differ in their response to regulatory upstream pathways as well as in their distribution in the brain and elsewhere. Use of various detection methods and animal species has, however, hampered a direct comparison of expression patterns, so the potential contribution of single isoforms to Adcy activity in different brain regions remains unclear. We have determined the expression patterns of all nine Adcy genes in the embryonic, postnatal day 7, and adult mouse brain by nonradioactive robotic in situ hybridization (ISH). Here we describe the salient features of these patterns. Regional colocalization of Adcy transcripts encoding isoforms with different regulatory properties was detected in the cortex, subregions of the hippocampus, olfactory bulb, thalamus, and striatum. Hence, our expression data support models for modulation of cAMP signaling by combinatorial action of multiple Adcy isoforms. However, in several instances, the expression domains of genes encoding isoforms with similar regulatory properties spatially exclude each other, which is most evident in not previously described expression domains of the embryonic midbrain roof. This is suggestive of functional specialization. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:684–697, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging spectrometer fundamentals for researchers in the biosciences—A tutorial
Authors: Lerner Jeremy M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOver the last 2 years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of bioscience laboratories using wavelength dispersive spectroscopy to study in vivo, in situ fluorescence. Transforming spectral information into an image provides a graphic means of mapping localized ionic, molecular, and protein–protein interactions. Spectroscopy also enables fluorophores with overlapping spectral features to be delineation. In this study, we provide the tools that a researcher needs to put into perspective instrumental contributions to a reported spectrum in order to gain greater understanding of the natural emission of the sample. We also show how to deduce the basic capabilities of a spectral confocal system. Finally, we show how to determine the true spectral bandwidth of an object, the illuminated area of a laser‐excited object, and what is needed to optimize light throughput. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Embryonic and larval expression of zebrafish voltage‐gated sodium channel α‐subunit genes
Authors: Novak Alicia E. , Taylor Alison D. , Pineda Ricardo H. , Lasda Erika L. , Wright Melissa A. , Ribera Angeles B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWhereas it is known that voltage‐gated calcium channels play important roles during development, potential embryonic roles of voltage‐gated sodium channels have received much less attention. Voltage‐gated sodium channels consist of pore‐forming α‐subunits (Nav1) and auxiliary β‐subunits. Here, we report the embryonic and larval expression patterns for all eight members of the gene family (scna) coding for zebrafish Nav1 proteins. We find that eachscnagene displays a distinct expression pattern that is temporally and spatially dynamic during embryonic and larval stages. Overall, our findings indicate thatscnagene expression occurs sufficiently early during embryogenesis to play developmental roles for both muscle and nervous tissues. Developmental Dynamics 235:1962–1973, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostate cancer cells use genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for progression to androgen independence
Authors: Murillo Horacio , Schmidt Lucy J. , Karter Melissa , Hafner Kari A. , Kondo Yasushi , Ballman Karla V. , Vasmatzis George , Jenkins Robert B. , Tindall Donald J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStudies on the genetic basis of prostate cancer (PCa) have lead to mixed results with the only consensus being that PCa is a complex disease. Our goal was to gain insight into potential events involved in the acquisition of the androgen‐refractory phenotype in PCa cells regardless of DNA‐change dependence. To this end, we examined two LNCaP PCa cell line models of progression—one developed in vivo and one developed in vitro—using molecular cytogenetic and microarray gene expression analyses and extended this investigation of specific events into PCa tumors. The chromosomal changes observed in both in vivo and in vitro androgen‐independent cell lines are similar to those seen in PCa during tumor progression. Correspondingly, gene expression analysis showed significant heterogeneity in the genes expressed among androgen‐independent cells, but with some common gene expression changes that correlated with the acquired androgen‐independent phenotype. Thus, growth conditions under which the cells progress appeared to impact the mechanisms used for progression, albeit within tumor‐type‐specific pathways. Our findings suggest that a dynamic and adaptable combination of epigenetic and DNA‐change‐dependent events can be used by PCa cells for the acquisition of the androgen‐independent phenotype. This article contains Supplementary Material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045‐2257/suppmat. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EphB4 provides survival advantage to squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Masood Rizwan , Kumar S. Ram , Sinha Uttam K. , Crowe David L. , Krasnoperov Valery , Reddy Ramachandra K. , Zozulya Sergey , Singh Jasbir , Xia Guangbin , Broek Daniel , Schönthal Axel H. , Gill Parkash S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe receptor tyrosine kinase EphB4 and its ligand EphrinB2 play critical roles in blood vessel maturation, and are frequently overexpressed in a wide variety of cancers. We studied the aberrant expression and biological role of EphB4 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We tested the effect of EphB4‐specific siRNA and antisense oligonucleotides (AS‐ODN) on cell growth, migration and invasion, and the effect of EphB4 AS‐ODN on tumor growth in vivo. All HNSCC tumor samples express EphB4 and levels of expression correlate directly with higher stage and lymph node metastasis. Six of 7 (86%) HNSCC cell lines express EphB4, which is induced either by EGFR activation or by EPHB4 gene amplification. EphrinB2 was expressed in 65% tumors and 5 of 7 (71%) cell lines. EphB4 provides survival advantage to tumor cells in that EphB4 siRNA and AS‐ODN significantly inhibit tumor cell viability, induce apoptosis, activate caspase‐8, and sensitize cells to TRAIL‐induced cell death. Furthermore, EphB4‐specific AS‐ODN significantly inhibits the growth of HNSCC tumor xenografts in vivo. Expression of EphB4 in HNSCC tumor cells confers survival and invasive properties, and thereby provides a strong rationale for targeting EphB4 as novel therapy for HNSCC. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk: Results from the Melbourne collaborative cohort study
Authors: Baglietto Laura , Severi Gianluca , English Dallas R. , Hopper John L. , Giles Graham G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough there is little evidence to support an association between alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk, questions remain concerning the effect on aggressive and nonaggressive tumours and the pattern and type of alcohol consumed. In a prospective cohort of 16,872 men aged 27–70 years at recruitment and followed‐up from 1994 to the end of 2003, 732 incident prostate cancers were identified through the local population cancer registry, including 132 aggressive cases and 53 prostate cancer deaths. Detailed information on alcohol consumption was taken at baseline by trained interviewers using a structured questionnaire. Overall, alcohol intake was not associated with prostate cancer incidence. Compared to abstainers, men consuming 1–19 g/d of alcohol had a slightly reduced incidence of aggressive prostate cancers (hazard ratio 0.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43, 1.06) and prostate cancer mortality (hazard ratio 0.56; 95% CI 0.28, 1.14), but their risk of nonaggressive prostate cancers was close to unity (hazard ratio 1.09; 95% CI 0.85, 1.40). No significant association with pattern of drinking or type of alcoholic beverage was found. Our results show that alcohol consumption does not influence overall prostate cancer incidence but we found suggestive evidence that alcohol consumption might decrease the incidence of aggressive prostate cancer and mortality. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo performance of a sol–gel glass‐coated collagen
Authors: Andrade Ângela Leão , Andrade Sílvia Passos , Domingues Rosana Zacarias 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSynthetic bioactive materials offer possibilities to repair large tissue defects. It is well known that bioactivity, angiogenesis, and inflammation are key events in implant incorporation. Using glass‐coated and glass‐free collagen as potential bone graft substitutes, we carried out in vitro bioactivity and an in vivo angiogenesis and inflammation studies. The in vitro study showed bioactivity when the glass‐coated samples were left in SBF for 5 days. This was confirmed by FTIR results, which presented PO vibration bands characteristic of hydroxyapatite close to 1060 cm−1 and 600 cm−1. The in vivo response was evaluated following subcutaneous implantation of the biomaterial in the mouse dorsa. Angiogenesis, as determined by hemoglobin content extracted from implants 7 and 14 days after implantation, increased progressively in both glass‐coated and glass‐free collagen implants. However, vascularization was higher in the glass‐coated collagen implants 14 days after implantation (μg Hb per mg wet tissue 6.0 ± 0.3) compared with the glass‐free group (1.6 ± 0.1). The inflammatory process, determined by the levels of myeloperoxidase and N‐acetylglucosaminidase, was similar for both implants. This study shows that glass‐coated collagen implants hold osteogenic and angiogenic potential and may be used in clinical conditions requiring improvement of these biological processes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Tissue response to in situ polymerization of a new two‐solution bone cement: Evaluation in a sheep model
Authors: Allen Matthew J. , Leone Kendall A. , Hasenwinkel Julie M. , Gilbert Jeremy L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA two‐solution bone cement (2‐SC) was evaluated in a non‐load bearing sheep model that simulated insertion of a cemented total joint replacement. A commercial powder–liquid bone cement formulation (Palacos® R) was used as the control. The systemic response to the two cements was determined by monitoring changes in arterial blood pressure (ABP) and serum concentrations of methyl methacrylate monomer at intervals after insertion of the cement. The short‐term tissue response to the two cements was assessed by quantifying histomorphometric parameters of new bone formation at 2, 4, and 12 weeks postsurgery. Intraoperatively, injection and pressurization of bone cement were well tolerated, with no significant changes in ABP in either group and no detectable circulating monomer in any animal. Several interesting trends were identified in the histomorphometry data. In the trabecular specimens, new bone formation immediately adjacent to the cement mantle was apparently suppressed in the first 2 weeks postsurgery, increased dramatically at 4 weeks, and then returned to baseline values by 12 weeks. This pattern was seen with both Palacos® and 2‐SC. In the cortical specimens, new bone formation was reduced on the endosteal surface when compared with the periosteal surface, with this effect being more noticeable at 2 and 4 weeks than at 12 weeks. There were no significant histopathological findings in either the bone or the draining lymph nodes. These data indicate that the biological response to 2‐SC is substantially equivalent to that of Palacos® R. Additional testing in a functional, load‐bearing animal model is now recommended to more fully characterize the long‐term biological response to 2‐SC and to determine the mechanical performance of this new cement in vivo. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Hydromediastinum associated with a peripherally inserted central venous catheter in a newborn infant
Authors: Maruyama Kenichi , Koizumi Takenobu 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe report a case of hydromediastinum in a newborn associated with a peripherally inserted central venous catheter. A 9‐day‐old male infant with total parenteral nutrition via a peripherally inserted central venous catheter had acute respiratory distress. A chest radiograph showed a widened mediastinal shadow and left pleural effusion, and sonography revealed fluid collection in the mediastinum and bilateral hydrothorax. Sonography is useful in the diagnosis of hydromediastinum when infants treated with peripherally inserted central venous catheters have acute respiratory distress. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 34:195–198, 2006
Accuracy of sonographic volume measurements of kidney transplant
Authors: Mancini Marcello , Mainenti Pier Paolo , Speranza Antonio , Liuzzi Raffaele , Soscia Ernesto , Sabbatini Massimo , Ferrara Liberato Aldo , Federico Stefano , Salvatore Marco 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPurpose.Sonographic measurement of renal volume is one of the parameters used in the diagnosis of renal transplant dysfunction and in follow‐up of patients with renal transplant. The aim of this study was to compare the prolate ellipsoid formula with a new formula in calculating the volume of a transplanted kidney.Methods.The renal volumes in 24 patients with a stable renal transplant were determined sonographically with the ellipsoid formula and via helical CT with the voxel‐count method, which is the gold standard. A new formula that uses renal length and the cross‐sectional area at the maximum transverse section has been evaluated in a small series of transplanted kidneys.Results.Renal volume was underestimated with the sonographic ellipsoid formula and the new formula. The new formula yielded the lowest underestimation of the mean renal volume, and the measurements obtained with it were not significantly different from those obtained with CT.Conclusions.The use of sonography is appropriate for accurate calculation of renal volume, and the new formula that uses only 2 ultrasound parameters best represents the volume of a renal transplant. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound34:184–189, 2006
Delineation of brain tumor margins using intraoperative sononavigation: Implications for tumor resection
Authors: Shinoura Nobusada , Takahashi Masamichi , Yamada Ryozi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPurpose.Sonography has been employed for real‐time intraoperative delineation of tumor boundaries during resection of brain tumors. However, the variably hyperechoic appearance of brain edema or gliosis surrounding the brain may interfere with accurate depiction of tumor margins. The goal of the present study was to use sononavigation, which provides coregistration between real‐time sonograms and MRI scans, to assess the accuracy of sonographic determination of tumor margins.Methods.Sononavigation was performed on 12 brain tumors (7 metastatic brain tumors, 2 meningiomas, 1 anaplastic oligodendroglioma, 1 anaplastic pilocytic astrocytoma, and 1 anaplastic astrocytoma). Sonograms of tumor margins were categorized into 1 of 3 types: in type 1, the tumor margin was clearly visualized and corresponded to the margin of the enhanced lesion on MR scan in all areas; in type 2, the tumor margin was clearly seen in some areas but was obscure in others due to hyperechoic edema; and in type 3, the tumor margin was indistinguishable from surrounding tissues in all areas.Results.Three metastatic brain tumors and 1 meningioma were categorized as type 1. Three metastatic brain tumors, 1 meningioma, and 1 anaplastic oligodendroglioma were categorized as type 2. The anaplastic pilocytic astrocytoma, 1 metastatic brain tumor (which consisted mainly of necrotic tissue), and the anaplastic astrocytoma were categorized as type 3. These data assist in determining whether the sonographic appearance of tumor margins is accurate and whether to rely on information from either sonography (type 1) or the sononavigation system when resecting tumor types 1, 2, and 3.Conclusions.Sononavigation can help categorize the sonographic tumor margins into 3 different patterns, and this categorization can assist in determining which imaging modalities are needed to better delineate the tumor margins for subsequent resection. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 34:177–183, 2006