bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathologic findings from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium
Authors: Weaver Donald L. , Rosenberg Robert D. , Barlow William E. , Ichikawa Laura , Carney Patricia A. , Kerlikowske Karla , Buist Diana S. M. , Geller Berta M. , Key Charles R. , Maygarden Susan J. , Ballard‐Barbash Rachel 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo the authors' knowledge, a comprehensive analysis of pathology outcomes after screening mammography, as it is practiced clinically in the U.S. general population, has not been performed.METHODSBreast Cancer Surveillance Consortium data from 1996–2001 were used to identify pathology specimens that were obtained within 1 year of screening mammograms performed on 786,846 women ages 40–89 years. The pathology results were classified as invasive carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or benign. The associations between overall pathology outcomes and invasive tumor size and lymph node status were analyzed by age and mammography assessment category.RESULTSThe rates of both recommending and performing a biopsy varied little with age. The 1,664,032 screening mammograms were followed by 26,748 known biopsies (1.6%) and 8815 diagnoses of breast carcinoma (0.53%). Overall, 81% of carcinomas were invasive, and 78% of those were pathologically lymph node‐negative tumors, in contrast to the 66% prevalence observed in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data during the same period. Most invasive tumors measured between 0 mm and 10 mm (35%) or between 11 mm and 20 mm (36%) in greatest dimension, and 92% and 78% were lymph node‐negative tumors, respectively: Biopsy results that were classified as malignant increased with age (P < 0.0001) and were most likely to follow Breast Imaging, Reporting, and Diagnosis System Category 5 and 4 assessments, respectively. Ductal hyperplasia (19.6%), fibroadenoma (18.5%), and other benign findings (56.1%) were the most common benign diagnoses.CONCLUSIONSPathologically negative lymph nodes were more prevalent in this mammographically screened population than in the overall SEER population. The prevalence of invasive carcinoma, DCIS, and benign findings presented herein establish a range of expected biopsy outcomes for women after screening mammography in the general U.S. population. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Twenty‐five years of follow‐up in patients with operable breast carcinoma
Authors: Arriagada Rodrigo , Le Monique G. , Dunant Ariane , Tubiana Maurice , Contesso Genevieve 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDSome investigators have suggested a decreased prognostic value for conventional prognostic factors over time in patients with breast carcinoma. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of prognostic factors on the risk of death in patients with breast carcinoma over a long follow‐up.METHODSThe authors assessed clinicopathologic prognostic factors in patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma over a follow‐up > 25 years and analyzed the variation of their effect on death in consecutive 5‐year follow‐up intervals. The study included 2410 women who primarily underwent complete surgical resection. Time‐dependent variables were analyzed by using different multivariate models.RESULTSFour factors were related strongly to the risk of death in the first 5 years: tumor size, histologic grade, the number of involved axillary lymph nodes, and age at diagnosis. After 10–15 years of follow‐up, only age at diagnosis was related to the risk of death. The effect of powerful prognostic factors, except age at diagnosis, on the risk of death was time limited, and no effects or very small effects were detectable after 10 years of follow‐up.CONCLUSIONSConventional and widely accepted prognostic factors may explain a significant portion of early deaths among patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma, but they were of limited value to explain late mortality, that also may be influenced by late events, such as new primary malignancies and treatment complications. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Randomized Phase II study of two opposite administration sequences of irinotecan and cisplatin in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Han Ji‐Youn , Lim Hyeong‐Seok , Lee Dae Ho , Ju So Young , Lee Sung Young , Kim Hyae Young , Park Yong‐Hoon , Park Chun Gun , Lee Jin Soo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDCombined chemotherapy with irinotecan and cisplatin (IP) is active in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, the optimal administration schedule needs to be defined to maximize its synergic effect. The authors evaluated the efficacy, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of IP chemotherapy given on two administration sequences in chemotherapy‐naive patients with NSCLC.METHODSEighty eligible patients were assigned randomly to receive 1 of 2 irinotecan and cisplatin administration sequences on Day 1: irinotecan followed by cisplatin (I‐P) (n = 39 patients) or cisplatin followed by irinotecan (P‐I) (n = 41 patients). Treatment was comprised of irinotecan at a dose of 80 mg/m2 intravenously on Days 1 and 8 and cisplatin at a dose of 60 mg/m2 intravenously on Day 1 of a 21‐day cycle for a maximum of 6 cycles. For PK analysis, serial plasma samples were obtained on Day 1 of the first cycle.RESULTSIn total, 77 patients were assessable for efficacy. The overall response rate was 47%, and there was a trend in favor of P‐I (54%) compared with I‐P (39%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the P‐I sequence and female gender were found to be significant predictors of a better response (P = 0.047 and P = 0.011, respectively). Overall toxicity profiles and PK parameters were similar in both arms.CONCLUSIONSIP chemotherapy showed promising activity with a favorable 1‐year survival rate. For future clinical use, the authors recommend administering cisplatin first and then irinotecan, because that sequence was associated with a higher response rate. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Are venous thromboembolic events associated with subsequent breast and colorectal carcinoma diagnoses in the elderly?
Authors: Polite Blase N. , Lamont Elizabeth B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDMultiple epidemiologic studies have reported associations between venous thromboembolic events and subsequent cancer diagnoses, but the published results have not suggested clear cancer screening approaches.METHODSUsing data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare Program, the authors identified patients who were diagnosed with breast and colorectal carcinoma (n = 7166 patients) and compared them with a noncancer control group (n = 126,668 patients) according to their history of hospitalization for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) in Medicare claims files over the previous 24 months. Using logistic regression analysis, the authors calculated the odds of receiving a diagnosis of breast carcinoma or colorectal carcinoma in the 24 months after admission for DVT or PE.RESULTSPatients who were hospitalized for DVT or PE had nearly 3.0 times the odds of being diagnosed with colorectal carcinoma (odds ratio [OR], 2.83; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.92–4.17) and > 1.5 times the odds of being diagnosed with breast carcinoma (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.05–3.02) in the subsequent 24 months.CONCLUSIONSBecause hospitalization for DVT or PE is associated with an increased risk of a breast or colorectal carcinoma diagnosis in the subsequent 2 years, physicians should be vigilant in assessing the cancer screening status of patients with new DVT and/or PE to be certain that they are up to date with recommended breast and colorectal screening guidelines. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Prostate cancer screening in high‐risk men
Authors: Weinrich Sally P. ,   African American Hereditary Prostate Cancer Study Network
Published: January 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere are scant data available on prostate cancer screening among high‐risk African American men with positive family histories. It is important to determine whether or not their screening rates differ from those in the general population.METHODSThis study computed rates of previous digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer in cancer‐free (unaffected) relatives age 40–69 years from African American families that had four or more men with prostate cancer. The rates for these 134 high‐risk African American men from the African American Hereditary Prostate Cancer Study (AAHPC) were compared with nationwide estimates obtained from participants in the 1998 and 2000 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), for which the numbers of demographically comparable subjects were 5583 (4900 Caucasians, plus 683 African Americans) and 3359 (2948 Caucasians, 411 African Americans), respectively.RESULTSMen in the AAHPC cohort (with a strong positive family history) had significantly less screening than both African Americans and Caucasians in the NHIS cohorts. Only about one‐third (35%) of the men in the AAHPC unaffected cohort had ever had a DRE, and only about 45% of them had ever received a PSA test. These rates were much lower than those obtained for African American men in the NHIS: 45% for DRE and 65% for PSA. These discrepancies increased with age.CONCLUSIONSOlder African American men with positive family histories report surprisingly low rates of DRE and PSA screening compared with their counterparts in the NHIS surveys. At‐risk men need to be informed of the benefits and limitations of prostate cancer screening and actively involved in decision‐making for or against prostate cancer screening. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Role of exposure to radon and silicosis on the cell type of lung carcinoma in German uranium miners
Authors: Taeger Dirk , Fritsch Arno , Wiethege Thorsten , Johnen Georg , Eisenmenger Andreas , Wesch Horst , Ko Yon , Stier Sebastian , Michael Muller Klaus , Bruning Thomas , Pesch Beate 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn East Germany, uranium mining was undertaken on a large scale from 1946 to 1990. Poor working conditions led to a high level of exposure to ionizing radiation and quartz dust. This analysis evaluates the histopathology of lung carcinoma in uranium miners in relation to radon exposure and silicosis.METHODSA database developed for autopsy cases ascertained in a pathological tissue repository of German uranium miners was used to estimate odds ratios for developing lung carcinoma by major cell type with regard to radon exposure and silicosis. Silicosis information was extracted from autopsy protocols. Working level months (WLM) were calculated with a job‐exposure matrix to assess lifetime radon exposure. Risk estimates were based on 3414 male miners who died from small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC, n = 1446), squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC, n = 1006), or adenocarcinoma (AC, n = 962) between 1957 and 1990.RESULTSSCLC and SqCC seem more likely to be associated with high radon exposure than AC. Mean cumulative radon exposure was 868 (SD 631) WLM in SCLC, 871 (SD 652) WLM in SqCC, and 743 (SD 598) WLM in AC. Silicosis prevalence was 26% in SCLC, 38% in SqCC, and 30% in AC. In silicotics, AC and SqCC had a relatively higher frequency at the expense of SCLC. SCLC occurred earlier than AC and SqCC.CONCLUSIONHigh radon exposure was associated with a higher relative frequency of SCLC and SqCC than AC. Silicosis tended to increase the appearance of SqCC and AC. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Smaller white‐matter volumes are associated with larger deficits in attention and learning among long‐term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Reddick Wilburn E. , Shan Zuyao Y. , Glass John O. , Helton Susan , Xiong Xiaoping , Wu Shengjie , Bonner Melanie J. , Howard Scott C. , Christensen Robbin , Khan Raja B. , Pui Ching‐Hon , Mulhern Raymond K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have deficits in neurocognitive performance, and smaller white‐matter volumes are associated with these deficits.METHODSThe patients studied included 112 ALL survivors (84 patients who had received chemotherapy only, 28 patients who had received chemotherapy and irradiation; 63 males, 49 females; mean age ± standard deviation, 4.1 yrs ± 2.6 yrs at diagnosis; mean ± standard deviation yrs since diagnosis, 6.0 ± 3.5 yrs), and 33 healthy siblings who participated as a control group. Neurocognitive tests of attention, intelligence, and academic achievement were performed; and magnetic resonance images were obtained and subsequently were segmented to yield tissue volume measurements. Comparisons of neurocognitive measures and tissue volumes between groups were performed, and the correlations between volumes and neurocognitive performance measures were assessed.RESULTSMost performance measures demonstrated statistically significant differences from the normative test scores, but only attention measures exceeded 1.0 standard deviation from normal. Patients who had received chemotherapy alone had significantly larger volumes of white matter than patients who had received treatment that also included cranial irradiation, but their volumes remained significantly smaller than the volumes in the control group. Smaller white‐matter volumes were associated significantly with larger deficits in attention, intelligence, and academic achievement.CONCLUSIONSSurvivors of childhood ALL had significant deficits in attention and smaller white‐matter volumes that were associated directly with impaired neurocognitive performance. Cranial irradiation exacerbated these deficits. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Integrating generations with advanced reference counting garbage collectors
Authors: Azatchi Hezi , Petrank Erez 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe propose the use of generations with modern reference counting. A reference counting collector is well suited to collect the old generation, containing a large fraction of live objects that are modified infrequently. Such a collector can be combined with a tracing collector to collect the young generation, typically containing a small fraction of live objects. We have designed such a collector appropriate for running on a multiprocessor. As our building blocks, we used the sliding‐views on‐the‐fly collectors. We have implemented the new collector on the Jikes Research Java Virtual Machine (Jikes RVM) and compared it with the concurrent reference counting collector supplied with the Jikes RVM package. Our measurements demonstrate short pause times, retaining those of the original on‐the‐fly collectors and a gain in application throughput time. It turns out that a modern reference counting collector may benefit from the use of generations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multimedia vectorization of floating‐point MIN/MAX reductions
Authors: Bik Aart J. C. , Tian Xinmin , Girkar Milind B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFinding the minimum or maximum value in an array forms an important step in a variety of applications. This paper discusses vectorization schemes that take advantage of the streaming‐SIMD‐extensions in commonly used floating‐point MIN and MAX reductions. Performance advantages are demonstrated with experimental results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An overlapping task assignment scheme for hierarchical coarse‐grain task parallel processing
Authors: Yoshida Akimasa 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper proposes an overlapping task assignment scheme for the hierarchical coarse‐grain task parallel processing on multiprocessor systems. In coarse‐grain task parallel processing, the compiler extracts parallelism among coarse‐grain tasks automatically and the coarse‐grain tasks are assigned to processor clusters at runtime. However, several programs may decrease the processor‐cluster utilization factor owing to lack of parallelism inside each coarse‐grain task. Therefore, in order to improve the processor‐cluster utilization factor, this paper proposes the execution scheme with overlapping task assignment whose dynamic scheduler can assign several coarse‐grain tasks to a processor cluster simultaneously. Also, the performance evaluations by simulations and executions on SMP showed that the proposed scheme could reduce the execution time remarkably. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instruction scheduling for a clustered VLIW processor with a word‐interleaved cache
Authors: Gibert Enric , Sánchez Jesús , González Antonio 
Published: January 2006

AbstractClustering is a common technique to overcome the wire delay problem incurred by the evolution of technology. Fully distributed architectures, where the register file, the functional units and the data cache are partitioned, are particularly effective to deal with these constraints and moreover they are very scalable. In this paper, effective instruction scheduling techniques for a word‐interleaved cache clustered VLIW processor are presented. Such scheduling techniques rely on (i) loop unrolling and variable alignment to increase the fraction of local accesses, (ii) a latency assignment process to schedule memory instructions with an appropriate latency, and (iii) different heuristics to assign memory instructions to clusters. Memory consistency is guaranteed by constraining the assignment of memory instructions to clusters. In addition, the use of Attraction Buffers is also introduced. An Attraction Buffer is a hardware mechanism that allows some data replication in order to increase the number of local accesses and, in consequence, reduces stall time. Performance results for the Mediabench benchmark suite demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented techniques and mechanisms. The number of local accesses is increased by more than 25% by using the mentioned scheduling techniques, while stall time is reduced by more than 30% when Attraction Buffers are used. Finally, IPC results for such an architecture are 10% and 5% better compared to those of a clustered VLIW processor with a centralized/unified data cache depending on the scheduling heuristic, respectively. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UFS: a global trade‐off strategy for loop unrolling for VLIW architectures
Authors: Heydemann K. , Bodin F. , Knijnenburg P. M. W. , Morin L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEmbedded systems are increasingly expected to provide good performance at low cost. As the characteristics of compiled code can have an impact on the overall cost of an embedded system, a compilation strategy must be cost aware as well as achieve high performance. As one major factor for system cost is memory size, code size becomes an important issue in code generation. Thus, cost‐effective optimization strategies that are able to perform a good trade‐off between code size and performance improvement are needed. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on Integer Linear Programming for computing efficient unroll factors for collections of loop nests with control over code size and side‐effects of the transformation. We define a notion of trade‐off between code size and performance. Experiments on the Philips Trimedia show that our method achieves excellent trade‐offs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing code‐copying JIT compilers for virtual stack machines
Authors: Gregg David , Ertl M. Anton 
Published: January 2006

AbstractJust‐in‐time (JIT) compilers are widely used to implement stack‐based virtual machines, such as the Java and .NET virtual machines. One disadvantage of most JIT compilers is that they are unportable; much of the back‐end is specific to the target machine. An alternative to machine‐specific code generation methods is to define a routine in a high‐level language for each virtual machine instruction. These can be compiled to native code using a normal C compiler. The native code for these routines can then be strung together, allowing very simple, unoptimized code to be produced just in time. In this paper we present such a system based on an existing implementation of the Forth language. We present a novel system of optimizations for the system based on exploiting common sequences of virtual machine instructions. We use a small domain specific language and tool to generate stack‐optimized code for sequences of virtual machine instructions, and for choosing the most useful sequences for a code‐copying compiler. By measuring the length of the resulting executable code, we allow machine‐specific sequences to be chosen without any machine‐dependent code in our system. Experimental results show that best (average) speedups of 47.2% (15.75%) are possible on a Pentium 4 machine, and even higher an a PowerPC based machine. Furthermore, our optimizations allow the size of the generated code to be reduced by an average of 17.9% on the Pentium 4, and 20.5% on the PowerPC over a wide range of programs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is Morton layout competitive for large two‐dimensional arrays yet?
Authors: Thiyagalingam Jeyarajan , Beckmann Olav , Kelly Paul H. J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwo‐dimensional arrays are generally arranged in memory in row‐major order or column‐major order. Traversing a row‐major array in column‐major order, or vice versa, leads to poor spatial locality. With large arrays the performance loss can be a factor of 10 or more. This paper explores the Morton storage layout, which has substantial spatial locality whether traversed in row‐major or column‐major order. Using a small suite of dense kernels working on two‐dimensional arrays, we have carried out an extensive study of the impact of poor array layout and of whether Morton layout can offer an attractive compromise. We show that Morton layout can lead to better performance than the worse of the two canonical layouts; however, the performance of Morton layout compared to the better choice of canonical layout is often disappointing. We further study one simple improvement of the basic Morton scheme: we show that choosing the correct alignment for the base address of an array in Morton layout can sometimes significantly improve the competitiveness of this layout. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Middleware adaptation with the Delphoi service
Authors: Maassen Jason , van Nieuwpoort Rob V. , Kielmann Thilo , Verstoep Kees , den Burger Mathijs 
Published: January 2006

AbstractGrid middleware needs to adapt to changing resources for a large variety of operations. Currently, however, there is only low‐level information available about Grid resources, coming from various but functionally isolated monitoring and information systems. In this paper, we present the Delphoi service. It provides a unified interface to the necessary information, and also matches the abstraction level needed by middleware services to adapt their behavior. We describe Delphoi's architecture, the information it provides, and we evaluate the quality of its performance information. Delphoi has been developed as part of the EC‐funded GridLab project and is currently being deployed on the project's testbed for adding adaptivity to GridLab's middleware services. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.