bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silicon micropillar array electrospray chip for drug and biomolecule analysis
Authors: Nissilä Teemu , Sainiemi Lauri , Sikanen Tiina , Kotiaho Tapio , Franssila Sami , Kostiainen Risto , Ketola Raimo A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe have developed a lidless micropillar array electrospray ionization chip (µPESI) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) for analysis of drugs and biomolecules. The µPESI chip, made of silicon, contains a sample introduction spot for a liquid sample, an array of micropillars (diameter, height, and distance between pillars in the range of 15–200, 20–40, and 2–80 µm, respectively), and a sharpened tip for direct electrospray formation. The microchips were fabricated using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) which results in accurate dimensional control. The chip, providing a reliable open‐channel filling structure based on capillary forces and a electrospray emitter tip for ionization, allows an easy operation and reliable, non‐clogging liquid transfer. The µPESI chip can be used for a fast analysis using single sampling or for continuous infusion measurements using a syringe pump for sample introduction. The µPESI‐MS shows high sensitivity, with limit of detection 30 pmol/L (60 amol or 28 fg) for verapamil measured with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and using a sample volume of 2.5 µL. The system shows also good quantitative linearity (r2 > 0.99) with linear dynamic range of at least six orders of magnitude and good ion current stability (standard deviation <5%) in 1‐h continuous flow measurement. The µPESI‐MS is shown to be a very potential method for direct analysis of drugs and biomolecules. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covariate adjustment for two‐sample treatment comparisons in randomized clinical trials: A principled yet flexible approach
Authors: Tsiatis Anastasios A. , Davidian Marie , Zhang Min , Lu Xiaomin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThere is considerable debate regarding whether and how covariate‐adjusted analyses should be used in the comparison of treatments in randomized clinical trials. Substantial baseline covariate information is routinely collected in such trials, and one goal of adjustment is to exploit covariates associated with outcome to increase precision of estimation of the treatment effect. However, concerns are routinely raised over the potential for bias when the covariates used are selectedpost hocand the potential for adjustment based on a model of the relationship between outcome, covariates, and treatment to invite a ‘fishing expedition’ for that leading to the most dramatic effect estimate. By appealing to the theory of semiparametrics, we are led naturally to a characterization of all treatment effect estimators and to principled, practically feasible methods for covariate adjustment that yield the desired gains in efficiency and that allow covariate relationships to be identified and exploited while circumventing the usual concerns. The methods and strategies for their implementation in practice are presented. Simulation studies and an application to data from an HIV clinical trial demonstrate the performance of the techniques relative to the existing methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of an aggregated model of a wind farm consisting of fixed‐speed wind turbines with field measurement
Authors: Perdana Abram , Uski‐Joutsenvuo Sanna , Carlson Ola , Lemström Bettina 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA wind farm typically consists of a large number of wind turbines with relatively small size generators. In order to reduce computation time and complexity in power system stability studies, it is therefore desirable to aggregate wind turbines in the wind farm into a reduced number of equivalent units. The aggregation should be made without missing important properties or behaviors of wind power generation systems for the associated studies. Models of single and aggregated wind turbines are presented in the paper. The importance of induction generator and mechanical drive train models of wind turbines is examined. Simulation results of the models are then compared with field measurement data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preferential Efflux of Phytosterols over Cholesterol from Macrophages
Authors: Hovenkamp E. , Lourbakos A. , Duchateau G. S. M. J. E. , Tareilus E. W. , Trautwein E. A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPhytosterols are structurally similar to cholesterol. Increased dietary intake of phytosterols effectively lowers LDL‐cholesterol. Since phytosterols are incorporated in a growing number of foods and some of the ingested phytosterols reach the circulation, accumulation of phytosterols in foam‐cell‐prone cells such as macrophages might occur. Therefore we examined the influx and efflux of phytosterols by human THP‐1 macrophages. The influx rates of methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin delivered phytosterols did not significantly differ from that of cholesterol (~3.8 pmol/min per mg cellular protein), neither did the total influx of oxidised LDL delivered phytosterols differ from that of cholesterol. The efflux of β‐sitosterol and sitostanol from preloaded THP‐1 cells to HDL was more efficient than the efflux of campesterol and cholesterol (rate constants of 0.41 ± 0.04/h, 0.62 ± 0.08/h, 0.23 ± 0.05/h and 0.29 ± 0.03/h, respectively). The efflux of β‐sitosterol was not associated with a dominant transfer to ApoA‐I, nor did ABCA1 induction‐promoted cholesterol efflux to the level observed for β‐sitosterol. Our data show that THP‐1 macrophages take up phytosterols, but have efficient mechanisms to remove phytosterols from their cellular compartments. Consequently, it is less likely that macrophages preferentially accumulate phytosterols over cholesterol and hence promote foam‐cell formation in vivo.
Lipid Classes and Fatty Acid Composition of the Tropical Nudibranch Mollusks Chromodoris sp. and Phyllidia coelestis
Authors: Zhukova Natalia V. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTwo nudibranch mollusks, Chromodoris sp. and Phyllidia coelestis, collected from tropical waters of the Northwestern Pacific, were analyzed for lipids. The aim of this study was to fill the gap in knowledge of lipid biochemistry of mollusks. Phospholipids (PL) were the dominating lipid class followed by sterols (13%). Neutral lipids were not detected in Chromodoris sp. By contrast, P. coelestis contained TAG, diacylglyceryl ether, long chain alcohol and esters of sterols. Among PL, PC was predominant (about 50%); PE, PS and CAEP were almost in equal proportions. Sixty five FA were identified as methyl esters and N‐acyl pyrrolidides by GC–MS. The sea slugs exhibited a wide diversity of FA. The common marine n‐3 PUFA, 20:5n‐6 and 22:6n‐3, constituted 0.6–1.3% of the total FA, whereas n‐6 PUFA, 22:4n‐6, 20:4n‐6, and 18:2n‐6, were the main (25%). Among monounsaturated FA, 7‐21:1 was the main (up to 6.2%). The non‐methylene‐interrupted (NMI) FA were found (9.4 and 12.4%), including the known 5,11–20:2, 5,13–20:2, 7,13–22:2, 7,15–22:2 and a novel isomer 7,13–21:2 (up to 3.9%). The pathway of its biosynthesis was suggested. A series of very long chain FA (VLC FA), with the main 5,9–25:2 and 5,9–26:2, were identified. High level of VLC FA (8.7 and 11.7%) in sea slugs is apparently the result of predation on sponges. Another unique feature concerned a high abundance of various odd and branched FA (16.7 and 34%), which could have originated from the dietary origin or symbiotic bacteria. This is the first report on lipid and FA composition of nudibranchs.
Neuronal cell death in the arcuate nucleus of the medulla oblongata in stillbirth
Authors: Folkerth Rebecca D. , Zanoni Sallie , Andiman Sarah E. , Billiards Saraid S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe hypothesis that unexplained stillbirth arises in a similar manner as the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is based in part on shared neuropathologic features between the two entities, including hypoxic‐ischemic lesions such as white matter and brainstem gliosis, as well as aplasia or hypoplasia of the arcuate nucleus on the ventral surface of the medulla. The arcuate nucleus is the putative homologue of the respiratory chemosensory region at the ventral medullary surface in animals that is involved in central chemosensitivity. To determine arcuate nucleus pathology in stillbirth, and its co‐occurrence with evidence of hypoxia‐ischemia, we reviewed brain specimens from the archives of our hospitals from 22 consecutive stillbirths from 22 to 41 gestational weeks. Explained causes of death (n = 17) included nuchal cord, acute chorioamnionitis, placental abruption, and fetal glomerulosclerosis; 5 cases were unexplained. In 12 brains, we observed nuclear karyorrhexis and/or pyknosis with cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia in neurons in the arcuate nucleus in both explained (n = 8) and unexplained (n = 4) cases (54.5% of total cases). Three additional cases had arcuate aplasia (n = 1) or hypoplasia (n = 2) (13.6% of total cases); one of the latter cases also had neuronal necrosis in the hypoplastic arcuate. The degree of gliosis in the region of the arcuate nucleus was variable across all cases, without statistically significant differences between groups with and without arcuate nucleus necrosis. Other lesions in association with (n = 14) and without (n = 8) arcuate nucleus abnormalities were diffuse cerebral white matter gliosis, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), and neuronal necrosis in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, basis pontis, and brainstem tegmentum. In 16/20 (80.0%) cases (with or without histologic necrosis of the arcuate), immunostaining with caspase‐3 demonstrated positive neurons. Our findings suggest that neuronal pathology in the arcuate nucleus may be both developmental (13.6%) and acquired (54.5%). The association of neuronal necrosis and apoptosis in the arcuate nucleus with systemic entities involving fetal ischemia, and with other brain lesions consistent with ischemia, e.g., cerebral white matter gliosis, suggests that ischemia plays a role in the arcuate nucleus damage as well. Thus, the underpopulation of arcuate neurons detected postnatally in some SIDS infants may be secondary to an acquired insult in mid‐ or late gestation, and in other cases, a primary developmental lesion in early gestation, or both. The role of arcuate nucleus pathology in the pathogenesis of fetal demise remains to be determined.
What's so Funny about Richard Nixon? Vonnegut's Jailbird and the Limits of Comedy
Authors: KAUFMAN WILL 
Published: October 2007

This essay explores the questionable potency of satire in the light of Richard Nixon's political rehabilitation. Following a discussion of satirical treatments from the 1940s to the 1980s by, among others, the cartoonists Herbert Block (‘Herblock’) and Garry Trudeau, the comedians Mort Sahl and Lenny Bruce, and writers including Philip Roth and Robert Coover, I examine one work extensively – Kurt Vonnegut's Jailbird (1979) – as a disquisition on satiric impotence, setting that novel in the context of the comedic firepower that had been directed at Nixon since the dawn of his political career and which, in the end, could not prevent his rehabilitation.
Discrepancy between parental reports of infants' receptive vocabulary and infants' behaviour in a preferential looking task
Authors: HOUSTON-PRICE CARMEL , MATHER EMILY , SAKKALOU ELENA 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are described which explore the relationship between parental reports of infants' receptive vocabularies at 1 ; 6 (Experiment 1a) or 1 ; 3, 1 ; 6 and 1 ; 9 (Experiment 1b) and the comprehension infants demonstrated in a preferential looking task. The instrument used was the Oxford CDI, a British English adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates CDI (Words & Gestures). Infants were shown pairs of images of familiar objects, either both name-known or both name-unknown according to their parent's responses on the CDI. At all ages, and on both name-known and name-unknown trials, preference for the target image increased significantly from baseline when infants heard the target's label. This discrepancy suggests that parental report underestimates infants' word knowledge.
Errata and addendum: tensor products and Dunford–Pettis sets
Authors: Ghenciu Ioana , Lewis Paul 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGhenciu and Lewis introduced the notion of a strong Dunford–Pettis set and used this notion to study the presence or absence of isomorphic copies of c0 in Banach spaces. The authors asserted that they could obtain a fundamental result of J. Elton without resorting to Ramsey theory. While the stated theorems are correct, unfortunately there is a flaw in the proof of the first theorem in the paper which also affects subsequent corollaries and theorems. The difficulty is discussed, and Elton's results are employed to establish a Schauder basis proposition which leads to a quick proof of the theorem in question. Additional results where questions arise are discussed on an individual basis.
Astrometric Observations of Wide Southern Double Stars – II
Authors: Bauer Christina , White Graeme L. , Blank David L. , Hons Alex , Jones Paul A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAstrometric CCD observations have been made of wide (∼3 to 60 arcsec) southern double stars selected from the Washington Double Star catalogue (WDS). Southern double stars have not been well studied in the past; typically they had not been measured since about 1930, and ∼50% of them have been observed only once before our observations. Of the pairs measured ∼80% show no evidence of motion since the last observation. This is Paper II in which we present the observations of 290 WDS stars in the approximate RA range 17h 13m to 07h 30m and in the declination range −70° to −60°. We suggest 412 companions for these 290 stars and list 29 (10%) pairs that have shown significant motion.
Billingsley’s packing dimension
Authors: Das Manav 
Published: October 2007

For a stochastic process on a finite state space, we define the notion of a packing measure based on the naturally defined cylinder sets. For any two measures

ν
\nu

,

γ
\gamma

, corresponding to the same stochastic process, if
\[

F
⊆

{
ω
∈
Ω
:

lim

n

log
⁡
γ
(

c

n

(
ω
)
)

log
⁡
ν
(

c

n

(
ω
)
)

=
θ
}

,

F \subseteq \left \{ \omega \in \Omega : \lim _{n} \frac {\log \gamma (c_{n}(\omega ))}{\log \nu (c_{n}(\omega ))} = \theta \right \},

\]
then we prove that
\[

D
i
m

ν

(
F
)
=
θ

D
i
m

γ

(
F
)
.

{\rm {Dim}}_{\nu }(F) = \theta ~{\rm {Dim}}_{\gamma }(F).

\]
On diophantine approximation along algebraic curves
Authors: Burger Edward , Pillai Ashok 
Published: October 2007

LetF(x,y)∈Z[x,y]F(x,y)\in \mathbb {Z}[x,y]be a quadratic form such that the associated algebraic curveC:F(x,y)=1\mathcal {C} : F(x,y)=1contains a rational point. Here we show that there exists a domainD⊆R\mathcal {D} \subseteq \mathbb {R}such that for almost allξ∈D\xi \in \mathcal {D}, there exists an infinite sequence of nonzero integer triples(xn,yn,zn)(x_{n},y_{n},z_{n})satisfying the following two properties: (i) For eachnn,xn/ynx_{n}/y_{n}is an excellent rational approximation toξ\xi, in the sense thatlimn→∞|ξyn−xn|=0 ;\begin{equation*} \lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }| \xi y_{n}-x_{n}|=0\ ; \end{equation*}and (ii)(xn/zn,yn/zn)(x_{n}/z_{n},y_{n}/z_{n})is a rational point on the curveC\mathcal {C}. In addition, we give explicit values ofξ\xifor which both (i) and (ii) hold, and produce a similar result for a certain class of cubic curves.
Boosting multiclass learning with repeating codes and weak detectors for protein subcellular localization
Authors: Lin Chung-Chih , Tsai Yuh-Show , Lin Yu-Shi , Chiu Tai-Yu , Hsiung Chia-Cheng , Lee May-I. , Simpson Jeremy C. , Hsu Chun-Nan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMotivation: Determining locations of protein expression is essential to understand protein function. Advances in green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion proteins and automated fluorescence microscopy allow for rapid acquisition of large collections of protein localization images. Recognition of these cell images requires an automated image analysis system. Approaches taken by previous work concentrated on designing a set of optimal features and then applying standard machine-learning algorithms. In fact, trends of recent advances in machine learning and computer vision can be applied to improve the performance. One trend is the advances in multiclass learning with error-correcting output codes (ECOC). Another trend is the use of a large number of weak detectors with boosting for detecting objects in images of real-world scenes.Results: We take advantage of these advances to propose a new learning algorithm, AdaBoost.ERC, coupled with weak and strong detectors, to improve the performance of automatic recognition of protein subcellular locations in cell images. We prepared two image data sets of CHO and Vero cells and downloaded a HeLa cell image data set in the public domain to evaluate our new method. We show that AdaBoost.ERC outperforms other AdaBoost extensions. We demonstrate the benefit of weak detectors by showing significant performance improvements over classifiers using only strong detectors. We also empirically test our method's capability of generalizing to heterogeneous image collections. Compared with previous work, our method performs reasonably well for the HeLa cell images.Availability: CHO and Vero cell images, their corresponding feature sets (SSLF and WSLF), our new learning algorithm, AdaBoost.ERC, and Supplementary Material are available at http://aiia.iis.sinica.edu.tw/Contact: chunnan@iis.sinica.edu.twSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Telling time from fossils: a phylogeny‐based approach to chronological ordering of paleobiotas
Authors: Makovicky Peter J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe potential for using fossils for temporal ordering of sedimentary rocks is as old as historical geology itself. In spite of this, however, most current biostratigraphic and biochronologic techniques do not make use of phylogenetic information, but rely instead on some measure of species' presence or absence or their turnover in the fossil record. A common phylogenetic approach to biochronology has been to use “stage of evolution” arguments, whereas more rigorous, cladogram‐based methods have been proposed but have seen little use. Cladistic biochronologic analysis (CBA) is developed here as a new method for determining biochronologic order between paleobiotas based on the phylogenetic relationships of their constituent taxa. CBA is adapted from Brooks' parsimony analysis, and analyzes syntaxon information from clades that transcend a number of paleobiotas to determine relative temporal order among these paleobiotas. Because CBA is based on phylogenetic information, it is suited to problems where a good fossil record is available, but where stratigraphic or chronologic relationships are poorly constrained, such as the terrestrial vertebrate record. A practical example, based on the Cenozoic fossil record of North America, pits CBA against a test case in which the correct temporal order of biotas is known beforehand. The method successfully recovers correct temporal order between paleobiotas with reasonable levels of support, and is also shown to outperform a previously proposed cladistic biochronologic method. In a second example, CBA is used to achieve the first empirical temporal ordination for several Late Cretaceous localities in the Gobi Desert that produce fossils crucial to the understanding of modern amniote clades, but which have poorly resolved temporal relationships. CBA is sensitive to large amounts of extinction and poor sampling of the fossil record, but problems such as gaps in the fossil record (Lazarus taxa) can be dealt with efficiently through a number of a priori and a posteriori scoring techniques. CBA offers a novel approach for biochronologic analysis that is independent of, but complementary to and readily combinable with other chronologic/stratigraphic methods.© The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
Assessment of endothelial function: comparison of the pulse wave response to β2‐adrenoceptor stimulation with flow mediated dilatation
Authors: Rambaran Curtis , Jiang Benyu , Ritter James M. , Shah Ajay , Kalra Lalit , Chowienczyk Philip J. 
Published: October 2007

AimsTo assess the reproducibility of the digital pulse wave response to β2‐adrenoreceptor stimulation and to determine if an attenuated response to β2‐adrenoceptor stimulation is associated with impaired flow mediated dilatation (FMD).MethodsSubjects (n = 20) with endothelial dysfunction (ED), were compared with healthy control subjects (n = 20). Change in reflection index (ΔRI) of the digital volume pulse in response to salbutamol (SALB, 5 µg min−1 i.v) and to nitroglycerin (NTG, 5 µg min−1 i.v) was used to assess endothelium‐dependent (ΔRISALB) and endothelium‐independent (ΔRINTG) pressure wave reflection. ΔRISALB was assessed on two occasions to examine reproducibility. High resolution ultrasound of the brachial artery was used to measure FMD and also dilation to NTG (NTGD).ResultsThe mean difference in ΔRISALB between two visits was −0.2%, with SD of the difference 4.9%. Both ΔRISALB and FMD were impaired in subjects with ED compared with values in control subjects (5.0 ± 0.7 vs. 11.3 ± 1.2%, mean values ± SEM, P < 0.01 and 4.2 ± 0.6 vs. 7.5 ± 0.8%, P < 0.02 for ΔRISALB and FMD, respectively), whereas ΔRINTG and NTGD were similar in the two groups. ΔRISALB was correlated with FMD (r = 0.44, P < 0.01) and had 88% sensitivity and 79% specificity to detect abnormal (FMD < 4%).ConclusionsThe pulse wave response to a β2‐adrenoceptor agonist correlates with FMD and has high sensitivity and specificity in detecting abnormal endothelial function as defined by FMD. However, FMD is the preferred test to detect effects of interventions on endothelial function.
Effect of food or antacid on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat in healthy subjects
Authors: Khosravan Reza , Grabowski Brian , Wu Jing‐Tao , Joseph‐Ridge Nancy , Vernillet Laurent 
Published: October 2007

What is already known about this subject • Febuxostat is a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. What this study adds • This is the first manuscript to address the effect of food and antacid on the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of febuxostat.• The study will determine whether the drug can be administered regardless of food or antacid.• It will therefore influence how the drug should be administered.AimsTo evaluate the effects of food or antacid on the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of febuxostat.MethodsFour Phase I, two‐period, crossover studies were performed in healthy male and female subjects. Subjects either received single 40‐mg (n = 24), multiple 80‐mg (n = 24) and single 120‐mg (n = 20) doses of febuxostat in fasting and nonfasting conditions, or received single 80‐mg (n = 24) doses alone or with antacid.ResultsFood caused a decrease in Cmax (38–49%) and AUC (16–19%) of febuxostat at different dose levels following single or multiple oral dosing with febuxostat. However, a slightly greater percent decrease in serum uric acid concentrations (58% vs. 51%) after multiple dosing with 80 mg of febuxostat under nonfasting conditions was observed, which was statistically (P < 0.05) but not clinically significant. Antacid caused a decrease in Cmax (32%), but had no effect on AUC of febuxostat. Febuxostat was safe and well tolerated in all studies.ConclusionsEven though food caused a decrease in the rate and extent of absorption of febuxostat, this decrease was not associated with a clinically significant change in febuxostat pharmacodynamic effect. Despite a decrease in the absorption rate of febuxostat, antacid had no effect on the extent of febuxostat absorption. Therefore, febuxostat can be administered regardless of food or antacid intake.