bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Multivariate Simultaneous Prediction System for Stand Growth and Yield with Fixed and Random Effects
Authors: Fang Zixing , Bailey Robert L. , Shiver Barry D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest biometricians often deal with a simultaneously interdependent model system in which common stand characteristics such as dominant height, basal area, and total volume are included. Permanent plots with some specific design are usually the main source of data for such a model system to evaluate stand growth and yield in conjunction with different silvicultural treatments or site conditions. Two basic sources of errors are very common for such data. One is within-plot error, and the other is the variation from plot to plot. Within-plot variation is usually modeled by a reasonable variance function that accounts for within-plot heteroscedasticity and correlation. The between-plot variation can be modeled by random effects that allow parameters in the model to be varied from plot to plot. The more information available on these sources of variation, the more precise the predictions of the stand characteristics for a new observation. The interdependency among the components in the system is another key to the precision of the prediction. The observed components in the system can be used to improve the prediction of the unobserved components by accounting for the contemporaneous correlation among the components. A simultaneous system containing components of a nonlinear mixed effects dominant height growth model, a log-linear basal area model, and a log-linear total volume model is developed for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations with different silvicultural treatments. Accounting for both contemporaneous correlation and random effects, we have shown the gains in the precision of the prediction of new observations that were obtained from the recommended simultaneous model system, with detailed examples for distinct situations. It has been demonstrated that dominant height is the fundamental component in the three-component system. With contemporaneous correlation and random effects for dominant height considered, including random effects in basal area and total volume model proved to be unnecessary. Between-plot variation is the main source of error for dominant height prediction, dominant height itself dominates the precision of basal area prediction, and basal area itself is the main source of error for total volume prediction. With both random effects in dominant height and contemporaneous correlations among the three components considered, the error bound (half the 95% confidence interval divided by the predicted value) of total volume prediction decreased from 52.6% to 5.8%. For. Sci. 47(4):550–562.
The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms
Authors: Jensen Edward C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This glossary provides definitions and illustrations of over 2400 terms used to describe and classify vascular plants. The majority of terms refer to structural parts of plants visible to the naked eye or with a low power hand lens. The book is divided into two major sections: a glossary without illustrations and a set of labeled illustrations without definitions, requiring one to flip back and forth between sections for both. The illustrations are simple but effective, and all of the terms identified in the illustrations are well defined in the glossary. I found the combination to be an effective and efficient way to accomplish the authors' goals.
Habitat Requirements for the Conservation of Arboreal Marsupials in Dry Sclerophyll Forests of Southeast Queensland, Australia
Authors: Wormington Kevin Ray , Lamb David , McCallum Hamish Ian , Moloney Damien John 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The habitat requirements of arboreal marsupials were investigated in the dry sclerophyll forests of southeast Queensland, Australia. Species richness and abundance of arboreal marsupials was correlated to the proportion of total stand basal area occupied by lemon-scented gum (Corymbia citriodora), the height of the tallest trees, and density of hollow-bearing trees. The first two factors suggested that the most productive forests were also the most suitable habitats for arboreal marsupials. Importantly, the number of hollow-bearing trees was a significant factor in determining species richness and abundance of arboreal marsupials in this study, with the maximum number of species reached at sites containing≥4 hollow-bearing trees/ha, and maximum abundance occurring at sites with≥6 hollow-bearing trees/ha. The proportion of C. citriodora was significant for the presence of the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), greater glider (Petauroides volans), and the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis), while understory Acacia sp. density was important for the presence of the sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps). The yellow-bellied glider was also affected by two other variables: the density of hollow-bearing trees &gt;50 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), and the time since the last logging. Current “Codes of Practice” regulating the density of hollow-bearing trees and silvicultural practices in state-owned timber production forests appear to provide adequate protection for arboreal marsupials, but the recently introduced increase in timber extraction rates within state forests may be detrimental to the animals. Also, protective prescriptions do not apply to the privately owned and leasehold estates, which contain the majority of the dry sclerophyll forests in southeast Queensland. FOR. SCI. 48(2):217–227.
Small Mammal Habitat Associations at Patch and Landscape Scales in Oregon
Authors: Martin Karl J. , McComb William C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To investigate multiscale habitat associations, we examined patterns of capture rates of small mammals in thirty 250–300 ha landscapes in the central Oregon Coast Range. We compared capture rates of 14 species within ≥7 patch types to expected capture rates based on sampling effort. We used landscape level capture rates to test for associations with percent area (composition) and 8 pattern indices at the landscape scale. Capture rates of 10 of 14 small mammal species were higher in conifer and/or mixed large sawtimber patch types. At the landscape scale, capture rates of 6 of 14 species of small mammals were positively associated with the area of patch types. The pattern of patches on the landscape may influence the distribution of 5 small mammal species in this region. We conclude that some small mammals may respond to landscape pattern and/or composition, while other small mammals may not respond to either landscape pattern or composition. Our results suggest that mature forest habitat, patch richness, pattern, and composition are key landscape features that should be considered in management plans, particularly when biodiversity of forest floor mammals is a management objective. FOR. SCI. 48(2):255–264.
Response of Forest Floor Vertebrates to Riparian Hardwood Conversion Along the Bear River, Southwest Washington
Authors: MacCracken James G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The conversion of riparian red alder (Alnus rubra) forest to conifers for salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) habitat improvement is controversial. I monitored changes in vegetation, microclimate, and the abundance, distribution, and body condition of small mammals and amphibians during the initial stage of alder conversion. Treatments reduced alder and moss cover [mean standardized effect size (ES) = -2.38 and -1.23, respectively (P = 0.0001)], but increased shrub and forb cover [ES = 0.98 and 0.37, respectively (P = 0.0001)]. Treatment effects on microclimate were neutral to moderate (ES = 0.00 to 0.67, P = 0.2). Effects on pitfall trap capture rates of small mammals were small to moderate (ES = -0.04 to 0.51, P = 0.2) and varied by taxon, and effects on captures of amphibians were small (P = 0.2), but positive (ES = 0.05 to 0.26). Pitfall captures were influenced more by seasonal weather patterns than treatment effects on vegetation. Differences in the density of torrent salamanders (Rhyacotriton kezeri) in streams in conversion and control sites were large (ES = -1.00, P = 0.4) and moderate for giant salamanders [ Dicamptodon spp. (ES = 0.31, P = 0.4)]. Treatment effects on the mass/individual for three species of shrew were small (P = 0.2 to 0.9) and either negative or neutral (ES = -0.21 to 0.00) for juveniles and adults. Effects on the mass of western red-backed salamanders (Plethodon vehiculum) were small for adults (ES = -0.12, P = 0.6) and juveniles (ES = 0.08, P = 0.8). Treatment effect on the mass of red-legged frogs (Rana aurora) was positive ( P = 0.2) for both age classes (adult ES = 0.52, juvenile ES = 0.20). The effect of conversion on the mass of torrent salamanders was positive (adult ES = 1.00, P = 0.002; juvenile ES = 0.25, P = 0.02). Additional research should focus on confirming my results, longer term effects, and additional wildlife species. FOR. SCI. 48(2):299–308.
The Effects of Shelterwood Logging on Bird Community Composition in the Black Hills, Wyoming
Authors: Anderson Stanley H. , Crompton Bradley J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Black Hills of Wyoming and South Dakota are characterized by a complex history of both natural and human disturbance regimes. Historically, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) communities were characterized by frequent, cool ground fires. Intensive fire suppression and timber harvest throughout the past century have drastically altered the structure of existing forests. Today, much of the area has been harvested using shelterwood logging resulting in open even-aged stands. The goal of this study was to compare bird communities in treated (areas that have recently been harvested) and untreated (areas receiving minimal silvicultural treatment) in the past 40 yr. Of the 20 commonly observed bird species, 3 species [red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta Canadensis), brown creeper (Certhia Americana), and ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus)] were conspicuously less abundant in treated than in untreated stands. Eleven other species were more abundant in treated stands, while six species showed no response to treatment. Although bird species diversity and the abundance of birds were highest in treated stands, this does not imply that logging is beneficial to the entire bird community. The abundance of particular bird species may appear to have increased, but the composition of the bird community has been altered. As more of the forested areas are harvested, the bird community will shift from one with birds typical of both open pine and dense pine forest to one dominated by ground foraging species. FOR. SCI. 48(2):365–372.
Roads as Edges: Effects on Birds in Forested Landscapes
Authors: Ortega Yvette K. , Capen David E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Numerous studies have documented that forest edges affect habitat use and reproductive success of forest birds, but few studies have considered edges created by narrow breaks in the forest canopy. We compared predation rates on artificial nests placed within forest habitat along edge transects, 10 m from unpaved roads, and along interior transects, 300 m from forest-road boundaries. Local factors, such as nest concealment, and landscape factors, such as the degree of forestation in surrounding areas, were accounted for when testing for edge effects on nest predation. We conducted fixed-radius point counts to compare relative abundance of 34 bird species on edge and interior transects. Also, seven study plots were established adjacent to unpaved roads to map the distribution of bird territories within edge areas, 0–150 m from unpaved roads, and interior areas, 150–300 m from roads. Rates of nest predation on artificial nests did not differ between edge and interior transects, but the distribution of forest birds was influenced by unpaved roads. Four of 18 forestinterior species had lower relative abundance or territory density adjacent to roads, while four of six species categorized as edge nesters had higher relative abundance on edge transects. Our results suggest that narrow openings within forested landscapes may affect habitat use but not nest predation levels, emphasizing the need to frame definitions of “edge effects” within the context of multiple ecological processes. FOR. SCI. 48(2):381–390.
Reproduction of Amphibians in Natural and Anthropogenic Temporary Pools in Managed Forests
Authors: DiMauro Danielle , Hunter Malcolm L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Vernal-pool breeding amphibians often oviposit in anthropogenic pools formed during industrial forest-management activities, as well as in natural ephemeral pools. We quantified wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) reproductive effort and metamorph emergence, pool hydroperiods and environmental features, and the density of natural and anthropo-genic pools across the landscape to compare the reproductive effort and success of amphibians breeding in natural and anthropogenic pools in managed forests in Maine. Numbers of egg masses in anthropogenic and natural pools did not differ for either wood frogs (median number masses/pool = 15 and 14, respectively) or spotted salamanders (13 and 13 masses/pool). Anthropogenic pools outnumbered natural pools on survey transects by a factor of 3.7. Pool area, depth, temperature, solar exposure, and coverage of closed-canopy forest within 100 m influenced amphibian reproductive effort in temporary pools. In a year with typical breeding-season rainfall (1997), anthropogenic pools dried sooner than natural pools (median drying dates: June 17 and July 30, respectively), and extensive larval mortality occurred upon pool drying. During an unusually wet breeding season (1996), the two pool types had similar hydroperiods (median drying dates: August 17 and 28). Metamorphs emerged from natural pools later and at larger size than metamorphs emerging from anthropogenic pools. Anthropogenic pools seem to function as ecological traps for breeding wood frogs in most years, and thus they should be avoided or designed with adequate size, depth, and shading to maintain an adequate hydroperiod. FOR. SCI. 48(2):397–406.
Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington
Authors: DeGraaf Richard M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This is a massive compilation that greatly expands on the coverage and regional themes introduced in the epochal Wildlife Habitat Relationships in Managed Forests: the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington (1979. J.W. Thomas, tech. coord., Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, Portland, OR), Management of Wildlife and Fish Habitats in Forests of Western Oregon and Washington (1985. E.R. Brown, tech. ed., Pacific North-west Region, USDA Forest Service, Portland, OR), and Atlas of Oregon Wildlife (1997. B. Csuti, et al., Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR). The much-litigated natural resources management plans in the Pacific Northwest have focused attention on a few species, largely in mixed conifer forests. But the region is very diverse, and the current work covers the entire range of vegetative communities, from eastern shrubsteppe and agriculture, interior forests, westside grasslands and chaparral, to riparian, coastal, and marine environments, in addition to the more familiar mixed conifer forests.
Causes for Continuation of State Cost-Share Programs for Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners
Authors: Mehmood Sayeed R. , Zhang Daowei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
State cost-share programs for nonindustrial private forest landowners are public assistance programs in the form of direct subsidy payments. A total of 18 states have such programs. This article presents a political economy model and empirical evidences of the factors that determine their presence and continuation. A logit regression is used in the empirical analysis, and the results suggest that the importance of forestry in a state's economy and healthy state finances are significant determinants. Furthermore, there is also evidence of significant regional differences within the United States and some effects of bureaucratic intent. Irrespective of the rationales or justifications for these programs, political pressure on the forest industry made them possible, and a healthy state economy made them a reality. FOR. SCI. 48(3):471–478.
On the Optimality of a Normal Forest with Multiple Land Classes
Authors: Salo Seppo , Tahvonen Olli 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We analyze a discrete time forestry model with nonlinear utility and any number of forest age and land classes. It is shown that under discounting, this model possesses a cyclical stationary state instead of an even flow of timber. The cycle length in timber flow equals the least common multiple of the rotation lengths of the various land classes. The cycle structure is dependent on the initial age-class allocation. As the discount factor approaches unity, the cyclicality in total timber harvest vanishes, but the forest age-class structure may not approach a normal forest in any land class. An aggregate even timber flow is associated with a normal forest in each land class only if there does not exist any pair of land classes with rotation periods having a common divisor greater than one. FOR. SCI. 48(3):530–542.
The Silver Lining: The Benefits of Natural Disasters
Authors: Peterson Chris J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this welcome and accessible volume, Seth Reice, a stream ecologist who specializes in the study of disturbance effects on community structure, explains to the informed nonspecialist how important are disturbances to the health and diversity of ecosystems. It is important to note that this book is intended to enlighten a lay audience; it is not intended strictly or even primarily for forest scientists or ecologists. And therein lies its potential value: by making the benefits of natural disasters clear to the nonspecialist, Reice communicates how, by embracing the inevitability of natural disturbances and recognizing their benefits for natural systems, we can adopt more sustainable policies, behaviors, and attitudes. I wholeheartedly applaud this goal, and believe as a whole that Reice's book is an excellent step in that direction.
Modeling Forest Dynamics with a Combined Matrix/Individual-Based Model
Authors: Picard Nicolas , Bar-Hen Avner , Franc Alain 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A combined model, with a matrix component to describe the trees whose diameters are below a threshold, and an individual-based component for the trees above the threshold, is proposed. The combined model is derived from a matrix model and simulates the dynamics of a tropical rainforest in French Guiana, with a management orientation. The methodology to build a combined model starting from a matrix model is specified. The crucial point lies in three continuity conditions at the transition diameter. To establish them, both the matrix and the individual-based components are reformulated into a continuous distribution-based model, which is analytically more tractable. The combined model provides a more detailed description of the tail of the diameter distribution, which can be useful for management purposes. It also permits the separation of the dynamics of small trees, which are numerous and for which matrix coefficients can be quite precisely assessed, from the dynamics of large trees. For. Sci. 48(4):643–652.
Nutrient Use Efficiency in Three Fast-Growing Tropical Trees
Authors: Hiremath Ankila J. , Ewel John J. , Cole Thomas G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We measured nutrient use efficiency (NPP/nutrient uptake) in three species of tropical trees, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Cedrela odorata, and Cordia alliodora. We tested the prediction that on fertile soils species with very different biomass and nutrient allocation and turnover would converge on a common value of nutrient use efficiency. Due to high soil fertility, nutrient use efficiencies of the species studied were low (95–150 and 433–962 for N and P use efficiency, respectively). Nutrient use efficiency was examined in terms of its components, nutrient productivity and the mean residence time of nutrients. Although the species converged on the same nitrogen (but not phosphorus) use efficiency, differences in nutrient productivity and nutrient residence time may confer varying abilities to deal with nitrogen limitation. A combination of high nutrient productivity and longer nutrient retention (e.g., Hyeronima) signals an ability to prosper on infertile sites, whereas high nutrient productivity in the absence of long nutrient retention (e.g., Cedrela) indicates a capacity for high productivity, but only on fertile soil. Nutrient use efficiency and its components help explain species' distributions in natural communities and can be important criteria in selecting perennial plants for human use. For. Sci. 48(4):662–672.
Applying Fuzzy Logic to Tree Bucking Control
Authors: Kivinen Veli-Pekka , Uusitalo Jori 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this article, we introduce a fuzzy logic based control system that calibrates the price list controlling the tree bucking of a modern harvester according to the unique conditions of an individual stand prior to harvesting. The system employs a bucking simulator that predicts an output distribution for any price list generated. A fuzzy controller is used to recalculate the price list according to the difference between the demand distribution and the actual output distribution. The tests with perfect knowledge of the stems showed that the control system clearly works efficiently. However, calibrating the price list prior to harvesting seemed to be very sensitive to the precision of the prior information on the trees. The simulations showed that while no gain can be achieved by preharvest inventorying of the stands and fine-tuning the price lists with this imperfect knowledge, the same or even better bucking results can be obtained by the bucking-to-demand process in which the price list is continuously adjusted after each cutting. For. Sci. 48(4):673–684.
The Epidemiology of Pitch Canker of Monterey Pine in California
Authors: Storer Andrew J. , Wood David L. , Gordon Thomas R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The progression of pitch canker disease, caused by Fusarium circinatum, was followed over 4 yr (1992–1996) in urban stands of Monterey pine, Pinus radiata, with initially zero, light, moderate, and severe disease intensity. The disease progressed from a few to many branch tip symptoms, followed by the appearance of cankers on the main stem. Symptomatic branch tips at the start of the study were predictive of tree mortality or removal after 4 yr. Trees with canopy dieback and stem cankers were often attacked by the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens. Among initially disease-free trees, disease progression and final severity were greater in plots with initially severe and moderate disease intensity. Apparent infection rates did not differ between plots with different initial disease intensities. Over the 4 yr of the study, 2% of trees in the five plots with most severe disease never exhibited disease symptoms and thus may be resistant to pitch canker. In addition, 7% of symptomatic trees in these plots never had more than two symptomatic branch tips, which may reflect a moderate level of resistance. FOR. SCI. 48(4):694–700.