bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections: a review of epidemiology, clinical features, management, and prevention
Authors: Cohen Philip R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCommunity‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CAMRSA) infection is a global problem of epidemic proportions. Many of the patients who develop CAMRSA skin lesions do not have infection‐associated risk factors. Abscess, abscess with accompanying cellulitis, and cellulitis are the most common presentations of cutaneous CAMRSA infection; occasionally, these CARMSA‐related lesions are misinterpreted as spider or insect bites. Other manifestations of cutaneous CAMRSA infection include impetigo, folliculitis, and acute paronychia. The management of CAMRSA skin infection includes incision and drainage, systemic antimicrobial therapy, and adjuvant topical antibacterial treatment. In addition, at the initial visit, bacterial culture of the lesion should be considered. Direct skin‐to‐skin contact, damage to the skin surface, sharing of personal items, and a humid environment are potential mechanisms for the acquisition and transmission of cutaneous CAMRSA infection. Measures that strive to eliminate these causes are useful for preventing the spread of CAMRSA skin infection.
Increased blood loss in upright birthing positions originates from perineal damage
Authors: De Jonge A , Van Diem MTh , Scheepers PLH , Van Der Pal‐de Bruin KM , Lagro‐Janssen ALM 
Published: January 2007

Objective  To assess whether the risk of severe blood loss is increased in semi‐sitting and sitting position, and if so, to which extent blood loss from perineal damage is responsible for this finding.Design  Secondary analysis of data from a large trial.Setting  Primary care midwifery practices in the Netherlands.Population  About 1646 low‐risk women who had a spontaneous vaginal delivery.Methods  Blood loss was measured using a weighing scale and measuring jug. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the net effects of birthing position and perineal damage on blood loss greater than 500 ml.Main outcome measures  Mean total blood loss and incidence of blood loss greater than 500 ml and 1000 ml.Results  Mean total blood loss and the incidence of blood loss greater than 500 ml and 1000 ml were increased in semi‐sitting and sitting position. In logistic regression analysis, the interaction between birthing position and perineal damage was almost significantly associated with an increased risk of blood loss greater than 500 ml. Semi‐sitting and sitting position were only significant risk factors among women with perineal damage (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.00–1.69 and OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.37–3.71, respectively). Among women with intact perineum, no association was found.Conclusions  Semi‐sitting and sitting birthing positions only lead to increased blood loss among women with perineal damage.
Glutamate induces histone H3 phosphorylation but not acetylation in striatal neurons: role of mitogen‐ and stress‐activated kinase‐1
Authors: Brami‐Cherrier Karen , Lavaur Jeremie , Pagès Christiane , Arthur J. Simon C. , Caboche Jocelyne 
Published: January 2007

AbstractChromatin remodelling is thought to play a key role in gene regulation that underlies long‐term synaptic plasticity and memory formation. The dynamic process of chromatin remodelling requires post‐translational modifications of histones, a group of highly basic proteins that are tightly linked to DNA. In the present study, we investigated histone H3 modifications in response to glutamate stimulation leading to c‐Fos and c‐Jun induction in an in vitro model system of striatal neurons in culture. Intracellular signalling pathways implicated in these modifications were analysed. Histone H3 acetylation was strong in basal conditions and unmodified by glutamate treatment. By contrast, glutamate induced a strong phosphorylation of histone H3 that was inhibited by selective inhibitors of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathways, U0126 and SB203580, respectively. Blocking activation of mitogen‐ and stress‐activated kinase 1 (MSK1), a kinase downstream ERK and p38 MAPK, by pharmacological approach or using striatal cells from MSK1 deficient mice, totally abolished H3 phosphorylation, as well as c‐Fos and c‐Jun induction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed increased levels of phosphorylated H3 at the c‐jun promoter. Altogether, our data highlight the crucial role of MSK1 in the nucleosomal response necessary for gene induction in neuronal cells.
Commonalities and Variations in the Cash and Counseling Programs across the Three Demonstration States
Authors: Phillips Barbara , Schneider Barbara 
Published: January 2007

Objective. To describe the key features of the first three Cash and Counseling demonstration programs and identify those which the programs have in common and those on which they differ.Study Setting. Demonstration Cash and Counseling programs in Arkansas, Florida, and New Jersey.Data Sources. Interviews with program staff and program materials and discussion.Methods. Description and comparison.Principal Findings/Conclusion. The three Cash and Counseling demonstration programs have many common features; these arose because they were required to adhere to the basic tenets of the Cash and Counseling model and to federal regulations, to share the philosophy of consumer empowerment, and to work together to design their programs. However, their programs also differ substantially due to differences in state goals, Medicaid programs, and political environments. These variations must be taken into account to understand differences in the impact of the three programs.
Dynamic Changes of Ictal High‐Frequency Oscillations in Neocortical Epilepsy: Using Multiple Band Frequency Analysis
Authors: Ochi Ayako , Otsubo Hiroshi , Donner Elizabeth J. , Elliott Irene , Iwata Ryoichi , Funaki Takanori , Akizuki Yoko , Akiyama Tomoyuki , Imai Katsumi , Rutka James T. , Snead O. Carter 
Published: January 2007

Summary:  Purpose: To characterize the spatial and temporal course of ictal high‐frequency oscillations (HFOs) recorded by subdural EEG in children with intractable neocortical epilepsy. Methods: We retrospectively studied nine children (four girls, five boys; 4–17 yr) who presented with intractable extrahippocampal localization‐related epilepsy and who underwent extraoperative video subdural EEG (1000 Hz sampling rate) and cortical resection. We performed multiple band frequency analysis (MBFA) to evaluate the frequency, time course, and distribution of ictal HFOs. We compared ictal HFO changes before and after clinical onset and postsurgical seizure outcomes. Results: Seventy‐eight of 79 seizures showed HFOs. We observed wide‐band HFOs (∼250Hz, ∼120 electrodes) in six patients either with partial seizures alone (three patients) or with epileptic spasms (three patients). Three patients with partial seizures that secondarily generalized had wide‐band HFOs (∼170 Hz) before clinical onset and sustained narrow‐band HFOs (60–164 Hz) with electrodecremental events after clinical onset (∼28 electrodes). In four postoperatively seizure‐free patients, more electrodes recorded higher‐frequency HFOs inside the resection area than outside before and after clinical seizure onset. In five patients with residual seizures, electrodes recorded more HFOs that were of higher or equal frequency outside the surgical area than inside after clinical onset. Conclusion: For partial seizures alone and epileptic spasms, more electrodes recorded only wide‐band HFOs; for partial seizures that secondarily generalized, fewer electrodes recorded wide‐band HFOs, but in these seizures electrodes also recorded subsequent sustained narrow‐band ictal HFOs. Resection of those brain regions having electrodes with ictal, higher HFOs resulted in postsurgical seizure‐free outcomes.
Male‐produced aggregation pheromone of the cerambycid beetle Neoclytus mucronatus mucronatus
Authors: Lacey Emerson S. , Moreira Jardel A. , Millar Jocelyn G. , Ray Ann M. , Hanks Lawrence M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAdult male Neoclytus mucronatus mucronatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) were observed to display behaviors identical to calling behaviors of the congener N. acuminatus acuminatus F., males of which produce an aggregation pheromone. Odors collected from male N. m. mucronatus contained one major male‐specific compound, identified as (R)‐3‐hydroxyhexan‐2‐one. Bioassays determined that both sexes were weakly attracted to racemic 3‐hydroxy‐2‐hexanone. Further field trials determined that enantiomerically enriched (R)‐3‐hydroxyhexan‐2‐one (94% ee) attracted more beetles of both sexes than did the racemic blend. This aggregation pheromone is produced by glands that discharge through pores lying within shallow cuticular depressions in the pronotum of male N. m. mucronatus.
Pelvic Floor Involvement in Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction and the Role of Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation in Treatment: A Literature Review
Authors: Rosenbaum Talli Yehuda 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The sphincteric and supportive functions of the pelvic floor are fairly well understood, and pelvic floor rehabilitation, a specialized field within the scope and practice of physical therapy, has demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of urinary and fecal incontinence. The role of the pelvic floor in the promotion of optimal sexual function has not been clearly elucidated.

Aim
To review the role of the pelvic floor in the promotion of optimal sexual function and examine the role of pelvic floor rehabilitation in treating sexual dysfunction.

Main Outcome Measure
Review of peer-reviewed literature.

Results
It has been proposed that the pelvic floor muscles are active in both male and female genital arousal and orgasm, and that pelvic floor muscle hypotonus may impact negatively on these phases of function. Hypertonus of the pelvic floor is a significant component of sexual pain disorders in women and men. Furthermore, conditions related to pelvic floor dysfunction, such as pelvic pain, pelvic organ prolapse, and lower urinary tract symptoms, are correlated with sexual dysfunction.

Conclusion
The involvement of the pelvic floor in sexual function and dysfunction is examined, as well as the potential role of pelvic floor rehabilitation in treatment. Further research validating physical therapy intervention is necessary.
OILS IN THE NW NIGER DELTA: AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS CONTENT AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERISATION
Authors: Akinlua A. , Torto N. , Ajayi T. R. 
Published: January 2007

The occurrence and distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons in oil samples from an oilfield in the NW Niger Delta was investigated, focussing on naphthalenes, phenanthrenes and mono‐ and triaromatic steroids. Tetramethylnaphthalene is the most abundant of the naphthalene homologues, while dimethylphenanthrene is the most abundant of the phenanthrene homologues. The relative concentration of the sum total of the phenanthrenes and their isomers was greater than that of the naphthalenes.The distribution of naphthalenes and phenanthrenes was strongly controlled by thermal maturation and biodegradation of the oils. Various aromatic hydrocarbon‐ dependent geochemical parameters indicate that the oils are mature and were generated at similar levels of thermal maturation. Plots of these parameters showed that the distribution of homologues of both naphthalene and phenanthrene is sensitive to the biodegradation of the oils.Infrared spectroscopy (IR) was used for geochemical characterisation of the NW Niger Delta oil samples in terms of both source type and thermal maturity. The characterisation was based on the peak intensities of the aliphatic and the carbonyl groups relative to the aromatics. The study showed that IR may be useful for the determination of thermal maturity, but is not a good tool for source characterisation.
Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) Analysis of Temporally Matched
Listeria monocytogenes
Isolates from Human Clinical Cases, Foods, Ruminant Farms, and Urban and Natural Environments Reveals Source-Associated as Well as Widely Distributed PFGE Types
Authors: Fugett Eric B. , Schoonmaker-Bopp Dianna , Dumas Nellie B. , Corby Joseph , Wiedmann Martin 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT

A total of 495 temporally and geographically matched
Listeria monocytogenes
isolates from human clinical cases, foods, ruminant farms, and urban and natural environments were used to investigate
L. monocytogenes
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) type diversity. Two-enzyme (AscI and ApaI) PFGE discriminated 310 PFGE types and exhibited higher overall discriminatory power (Simpson's index of discrimination [
D
] = 0.995) than either EcoRI ribotyping (
D
= 0.950) or AscI or ApaI single-enzyme PFGE (
D
= 0.992 for both). Seven PFGE types showed significant associations with specific sources, including one and four PFGE types, respectively, associated with human clinical cases and foods. Spatial analysis of 13 PFGE types occurring >5 times showed that two PFGE types were specific to a single processing facility each, where they appear to have persisted over time. Nine PFGE types were geographically widespread and occurred among isolates from multiple sources. For example, a PFGE type that matched isolates from listeriosis outbreaks in Los Angeles and Switzerland occurred among isolates from farms (
n
= 7), human clinical cases (
n
= 4), environmental sources (
n
= 3), and foods (
n
= 1). Our data indicate that (i) PFGE is highly discriminatory for the subtyping of
L. monocytogenes
, (ii) some
L. monocytogenes
PFGE types are associated with specific sources, and (iii) some
L. monocytogenes
PFGE types are widely distributed and appear to be stable and pandemic. Large PFGE type databases representing isolates from different sources are thus needed to appropriately interpret subtype data in epidemiological investigations and to identify common as well as source-specific PFGE types.
Understanding the Failure of CD8+T-Cell Vaccination against Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: De Boer Rob J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough CD8+T cells play an important role in controlling viral infections, boosting specific CD8+T cells by prophylactic vaccination with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) epitopes fails to provide sterilizing immunity. Viral replication rates and viral contraction rates after the peak viremia hardly depend on the presence of memory CD8+T cells. To study these paradoxical findings, we parameterize novel mathematical models for acute SIV and human immunodeficiency virus infection. These models explain that failure of vaccination is due to the fact that effector/target ratios are too low during the viral expansion phase. Because CD8+T cells require cell-to-cell contacts, immune protection requires high effector/target ratios at the primary site of infection. Effector/target ratios become favorable for immune control at the time of the peak in the viral load when the virus becomes limited by other factors, such as the availability of uninfected target cells. At the viral set point, effector/target ratios are much higher, and perturbations of the number of CD8+effector cells have a large impact on the viral load. Such protective effector/target ratios are difficult to achieve with nucleic acid- or protein-based vaccines.
Andes and Prospect Hill Hantaviruses Differ in Early Induction of Interferon although Both Can Downregulate Interferon Signaling
Authors: Spiropoulou Christina F. , Albariño César G. , Ksiazek Thomas G. , Rollin Pierre E. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a severe respiratory disease which is thought to result from a dysregulated immune response to infection with pathogenic hantaviruses, such as Sin Nombre virus or Andes virus (ANDV). Other New World hantaviruses, such as Prospect Hill virus (PHV), have not been associated with human disease. Activation of an antiviral state and cell signaling in response to hantavirus infection were examined using human primary lung endothelial cells, the main target cell infected in HPS patients. PHV, but not ANDV, was found to induce a robust beta interferon (IFN-β) response early after infection of primary lung endothelial cells. The level of IFN induction correlated with IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) activation, in that IRF-3 dimerization and nuclear translocation were detected in PHV but not ANDV infection. In addition, phosphorylated Stat-1/2 levels were significantly lower in the ANDV-infected cells relative to PHV. Presumably, this reflects the lower level of IRF-3 activation and initial IFN induced by ANDV relative to PHV. To determine whether, in addition, ANDV interference with IFN signaling also contributed to the low Stat-1/2 activation seen in ANDV infection, the levels of exogenous IFN-β-induced Stat-1/2 activation detectable in uninfected versus ANDV- or PHV-infected Vero-E6 cells were examined. Surprisingly, both viruses were found to downregulate IFN-induced Stat-1/2 activation. Analysis of cells transiently expressing only ANDV or PHV glycoproteins implicated these proteins in this downregulation. In conclusion, while both viruses can interfere with IFN signaling, there is a major difference in the initial interferon induction via IRF-3 activation between ANDV and PHV in infected primary endothelial cells, and this correlates with the reported differences in pathogenicity of these viruses.
Comparison of Four Methods to Estimate Urban Heat Storage
Authors: Roberts Sarah M. , Oke T. R. , Grimmond C. S. B. , Voogt J. A. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The relative performance of four independent methods to estimate the magnitude and diurnal behavior of net heat storage fluxes (ΔQS) in a city center is assessed. This heat flux is a significant but understudied component of the urban surface energy balance (SEB). Direct measurement of this SEB term at the local scale (horizontal length scale ∼102–104 m) is practically unattainable primarily because of the complex array of materials and the three-dimensionality of urban systems. Results of an 8-day summertime observational study at a site in the center of Marseille, France, are presented. This locale is an ideal environment for such research because of the warm, dry climate (hence the SEB is dominated by sensible heat exchanges) and the high density of tall buildings with thick walls (hence it has a large thermal mass that favors heat storage as a component of the SEB). Estimates of ΔQS derived as residuals in the SEB, after the remaining terms are measured directly, (termed RES) are compared with those calculated from a parameterization scheme [objective hysteresis model (OHM)], a local-scale numerical model [Town Energy Balance model (TEB)], and a bulk heat transfer method [thermal mass scheme (TMS)]. Inputs to the methods include observed meteorological data and morphometric properties of the urban site. All approaches yield a similar diurnal course. The OHM and TEB methods tend to slightly overestimate storage uptake by day when compared with the RES, whereas TMS slightly underestimates it. All methods underestimate heat storage release at night when compared with RES and show some sensitivity to wind speed, especially above about 5 m s−1. OHM estimates perform satisfactorily in the mean but miss short-term variability and are poor at night. TEB simulations show the best agreement with RES results, particularly at night. TMS values are comparable to those from the other methods, but its extensive input requirements render it almost impractical. Overall, the convergence of results is reassuring but the lack of a standard for quantifying heat storage and the spread of results mean this term remains a source of imprecision in urban energy balance measurement and modeling.
Flt3 is dispensable to the Hoxa9/Meis1 leukemogenic cooperation
Authors: Morgado Ester , Albouhair Stéphanie , Lavau Catherine 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
HOX genes, MEIS1, and FLT3 are frequently up-regulated in human myeloid leukemias. Meis1 cooperates with Hox genes to induce leukemias in mice, hypothetically the consequence of Meis1-induced Flt3 overexpression. To test this, we compared the properties of Flt3−/− and Flt3+/+ progenitors transduced with Hoxa9 or Hoxa9/Meis1. In a myeloid clonogenic assay, Meis1 greatly enhanced the proliferation of Hoxa9-expressing cells, massively up-regulating Flt3 protein. However, the transforming potential of Hoxa9/Meis1 was unaltered in Flt3−/− cells. All mice that received Hoxa9/Meis1-transduced progenitors succumbed to rapid acute myeloid leukemias regardless of Flt3 genotype. Flt3 expression levels in leukemic blasts did not correlate with parameters reflecting their proliferative rate or their impaired differentiation. Furthermore, analysis of c-Myb expression levels in Hoxa9/Meis1-transformed cells showed that the up-regulation of this critical downstream effector was independent of Flt3. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that Flt3 is dispensable to the oncogenic cooperation of Meis1 with Hoxa9.
Yeast genomic expression patterns in response to low-shear modeled microgravity
Authors: Sheehan Kathy B , McInnerney Kate , Purevdorj-Gage Boloroo , Altenburg Sara D , Hyman Linda E 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The low-shear microgravity environment, modeled by rotating suspension culture bioreactors called high aspect ratio vessels (HARVs), allows investigation in ground-based studies of the effects of microgravity on eukaryotic cells and provides insights into the impact of space flight on cellular physiology. We have previously demonstrated that low-shear modeled microgravity (LSMMG) causes significant phenotypic changes of a select group of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes associated with the establishment of cell polarity, bipolar budding, and cell separation. However, the mechanisms cells utilize to sense and respond to microgravity and the fundamental gene expression changes that occur are largely unknown. In this study, we examined the global transcriptional response of yeast cells grown under LSMMG conditions using DNA microarray analysis in order to determine if exposure to LSMMG results in changes in gene expression.

Results

LSMMG differentially changed the expression of a significant number of genes (1372) when yeast cells were cultured for either five generations or twenty-five generations in HARVs, as compared to cells grown under identical conditions in normal gravity. We identified genes in cell wall integrity signaling pathways containing MAP kinase cascades that may provide clues to novel physiological responses of eukaryotic cells to the external stress of a low-shear modeled microgravity environment. A comparison of the microgravity response to other environmental stress response (ESR) genes showed that 26% of the genes that respond significantly to LSMMG are involved in a general environmental stress response, while 74% of the genes may represent a unique transcriptional response to microgravity. In addition, we found changes in genes involved in budding, cell polarity establishment, and cell separation that validate our hypothesis that phenotypic changes observed in cells grown in microgravity are reflected in genome-wide changes.
This study documents a considerable response to yeast cell growth in low-shear modeled microgravity that is evident, at least in part, by changes in gene expression. Notably, we identified genes that are involved in cell signaling pathways that allow cells to detect environmental changes, to respond within the cell, and to change accordingly, as well as genes of unknown function that may have a unique transcriptional response to microgravity. We also uncovered significant changes in the expression of many genes involved in cell polarization and bud formation that correlate well with the phenotypic effects observed in yeast cells when grown under similar conditions. These results are noteworthy as they have implications for human space flight.