bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE TYPIFICATION OF THE GENUS FRULLANIA (HEPATICAE)
Authors: Stotler Raymond E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn historical review of the genus Frullania Raddi and discussion of its typification are presented. Frullania tamarisci (L.) Dum. is selected as the type species and a type collection is designated. Thus the proper application of the subgeneric name Frullania is clarified.
DEMYTHOLOGIZING BIOLOGICAL DATA BANKING
Authors: Shetler Stanwyn G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe author asserts that biologists have been quite unrealistic in their predictions of what the computer can do for them in the realm of computerized data banking. With a backdrop of several years of “hands‐on” experience in the Flora North America Program, he analyzes the veritable mythology about data banking that has been fostered unwittingly by the proponents of computer‐based information (data) retrieval systems and challenges biologists and other scientists who are prospective designers of such systems to demythologize computers and data banks. The data bank is not a larger‐than‐life creature of science and technology having vast, McLuhanesque powers to digest information and spew back answers. The myths about the computer lead to unrealistic assumptions and expectations, becoming in time grand delusions and dangerous snares. Four myths are discussed: I. The Myth of the Automatic System, II. The Myth of the User‐Oriented System, III. The Myth of Compatibility, and IV. The Myth of the Liberated Scientist. Under the first myth, six specific fallacies about data banking are discussed, concerning personnel requirements, the flexibility of computer media, and the computer's capacity to facilitate the organization, editing, and publication of data. The computer, it is asserted repeatedly, has a greater potential to enslave than to liberate the scientist. It is concluded that computerized systems are not alternatives for conventional systems of storing and retrieving information (data), but merely extensions or enhancements of such systems. Computers will not substitute for people, nor will automation replace the hand of the expert. The author, even while exposing what he terms data‐banking myths, tries to make plain his own continuing dedication to the computer revolution in systematics as it pertains to information retrieval, but he stresses that this revolution can go forward only on the basis of realities, not on myths.
ORTHOGRAPHY OF NAMES AND EPITHETS: STEMS AND COMPOUND WORDS
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Brooks Robert A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCriteria are given for determination of stems of regularly declined nouns and adjectives in Greek or Latin based on knowledge of the nominative and genitive singular forms. Rules and examples are given for regular derivation of the compounding forms from the stems. Revisions are proposed for Article 73 and Recommendation 73G of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. A section is included on simple composition of botanical names.
EVOLUTION AND MEASUREMENT OF SPECIES DIVERSITY
Authors: Whittaker R. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGiven a resource gradient (e.g. light intensity, prey size) in a community, species evolve to use different parts of this gradient; competition between them is thereby reduced. Species relationships in the community may be conceived in terms of a multidimensional coordinate system, the axes of which are the various resource gradients (and other aspects of species relationships to space, time, and one another in the community). This coordinate system defines a hyperspace, and the range of the space that a given species occupies is its niche hypervolume, as an abstract characterization of its intra‐community position, or niche. Species evolve toward difference in niche, and consequently toward difference in location of their hypervolumes in the niche hyperspace. Through evolutionary time additional species can fit into the community in niche hypervolumes different from those of other species, and the niche hyperspace can become increasingly complex. Its complexity relates to the community's richness in species, its alpha diversity.Species differ in the proportions of the niche hyperspace they are able to occupy and the share of the community's resources they utilize. The share of resources utilized is expressed in species' productivities, and when species are ranked by relative productivity (or some other measurement) from most to least important, importance‐value or dominance‐diversity curves are formed. Three types of curves may represent manners in which resources are divided among species: (a) niche pre‐emption with strong dominance, expressed in a geometric series, (b) random boundaries between niches, expressed in the MacArthur distribution, and (c) determination of relative importance by many factors, so that species form a frequency distribution on a logarithmic base of importance values, a lognormal distribution. The forms of importance‐value curves do not permit strong inference about resource division, but are of interest for their expression of species relationships and bearing on measurement of diversity.
NOMENCLATURE OF CEUTHOSPORA, PYRENOPHORA AND BLENNORIA (FUNGI)
Authors: Sutton B. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe modern concept of Ceuthospora Fries (1825), originally described with two species, has largely been based on the two later species of Greville (1827). Fries (1832) effectively selected C. phaeocomes (Rebent. ex Fr.) Fr. as the lectotype of Ceuthospora, a generic name which is earlier than Pyrenophora Fries (1849), an obligate nomenclatural synonym. The alternative, which is to typify Ceuthospora by C. inclusa (Schmidt & Kunze ex Fr.) Fr. places the genus in the Mycelia Sterilia. It is suggested that by conserving Ceuthospora Greville (1827), lectotype species C. lauri (Greville) Greville, against Ceuthospora Fries (1825), lectotype species C. phaeocomes (Rebent. ex Fr.) Fr., the nomenclature of Pyrenophora Fries, a common genus of plant pathogens, and Ceuthospora will be stabilised according to usage extending from 1869 and 1827 respectively to the present.
LAMARCK: THE BIRTH OF BIOLOGY
Authors: Stafleu Frans A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA review of the development of Lamarck's ideas on biological systematics with special reference to the origin and development of his concept of organic evolution. Lamarck's development towards biological systematics is traced through his early botanical and geological writings and related to the gradual change in his scientific outlook from a static and essentialist view of nature towards a dynamic and positivist concept of the life sciences as a special discipline. This development is seen against the background of the general cultural developments during the course of his life.
THE FIRST PUBLIC AUCTION OF AN AMERICAN HERBARIUM INCLUDING AN ACCOUNT OF THE FATE OF THE BALDWIN, COLLINS, AND RAFINESQUE HERBARIA )
Authors: Stuckey Ronald L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOne of the major facets in the development of botany in America during the latter part of the eighteenth and the early portion of the nineteenth century was the preparation of private pressed plant collections or herbaria. When these herbaria were no longer needed by their owners, they were either given or bequeathed to a public institution, sold privately, or auctioned publicly. The first known public auction of a private herbarium in America occurred in Philadelphia on the 3rd of June 1833. Owned by the late Zaccheus Collins, well‐known Quaker philanthropist and botanist, this herbarium included (1) plants Collins collected in New Jersey and Pennsylvania and plants from various parts of the United States obtained by exchange with his friends, (2) an extensive collection of exotic plants, and (3) the entire herbarium of the late William Baldwin. At the auction the first two parts were acquired by the executor of the estate, and the latter was purchased by Daniel Steinhauer for the Rev. Lewis David von Schweinitz. In amalgamating the Baldwin plants with his own, Schweinitz replaced the original data with a cryptic notation for each specimen, thereby creating problems for future botanists. Schweinitz's herbarium was bequeathed to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. That portion of Collins' herbarium belonging to the executor was later acquired by C. S. Rafinesque as a partial settlement of a claim Rafinesque had against the Collins estate. After Rafinesque's death, Elias Durand purchased the Rafinesque herbarium. Durand selected out Collins' plants and discarded most of Rafinesque's own plants. Collins' plants evidently formed a large part of Durand's herbarium which he gave to the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, where it remains today as a separate collection. A summary of the numbers of taxa described from specimens in Baldwin's and Collin's herbaria as determined from major selected publications are eight described by Baldwin himself, 109 described from Baldwin's specimens by other botanists, and 103 described from specimens in Collins' herbarium by Rafinesque.
HORTUS NITIDISSIMUS
Authors: Tjaden W. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLike many other 18th century natural history works produced primarily for their coloured copper‐plate illustrations, this was published in instalments a few plates at a time, and the relevant text was not issued simultaneously. In consequence publication should not be quoted as consisting of three volumes, but as 188 (nominally, 190) plates published between 1750 and 1792 with text published in 1756, 1768 (? late 1767), 1772 and 1786. The dates of engraving the plates are given, where available.
BERICHT UBER DIE KARTIERUNG DER FLORA MITTELEUROPAS
Authors: Niklfeld Harald 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe mapping scheme for the Flora of Central Europe forms the basis for the preparation of a distributional atlas. This atlas should contain the maps of all Central European vascular plants (Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta) based on grid units of 10′ long. × 6′ lat. The maps will cover Austria, western and central Czechoslovakia, Germany (G.D.R. and G.F.R.), Switzerland, northern Italy and northwestern Yugoslavia (north of 45° N and west of 19° 10′ E), together with some neighbouring territories.Work on the mapping scheme was started a few years ago in most Central European countries with the help of numerous voluntary collaborators, many local working groups, and several regional centers. The current activity is characterized by international cooperation and the accumulation of data prepared for modern machine handling. A “Check list of the vascular plants of Central Europe” (Ehrendorfer & al., cf. fig. 1) and a grid system based on geographical longitudes and latidudes supply the numerically coded taxonomical and geographical reference units. The system of data handling is demonstrated in fig. 2: Records from field work as well as herbarium and literature sources are first incorporated into printed field lists (fig. 3), punch cards with text (fig. 4) or data forms (fig. 5). Records are then transferred to punched cards or magnetic tape, partly through mark‐sensing coding‐forms and mark‐sensing reader. Finally, lists of records as well as distributional maps will be available by automatic printing from tabulators and/or data plotters.10 sample maps demonstrate the design and information value of the distributional maps for the atlas; at the same time they illustrate the considerable deficiencies in our present knowledge of actual distribution in higher plants. Everybody interested in Central European floristics and geobotany is therefore invited to participate in regional or national organizations of the mapping scheme in order to realize the project of a distributional atlas of the Central European flora.
GEOGRAPHIC ERRORS IN BONPLAND COLLECTIONS OF MELASTOMATACEAE
Authors: Wurdack J. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe type localities given in Bonpland's Monographia Melastomacearum are sometimes erroneous, the true collection data often being ascertainable by consultation of the holotypes in Paris, by comparison with isotypes, or from modern data on species distribution. Study of Bonpland's field books and comparison of specimens with published illustrations will often confirm the actual collection information.
CHOROLOGY, COLLECTION DATES, AND TAXONOMIC RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: Strother John L. , Smith Alan R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTaxonomists generally recognize the value of collection dates in planning biosystematic research but do not always appreciate their usefulness in documenting migrations and introductions. A survey of several journals shows that many taxonomists fail to include collection dates in monographs and other taxonomic treatises. Correlation of collection dates for a particular taxon with dates of general botanical collecting in a particular locality has been used to document an eastward migration of ***Dyssodia tenuiloba (DC) Rob. in Texas and the introduction of Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E. St. John into the New World.
ANMERKUNGEN ZUR ERNEUTEN TYPISIERUNG VON ANDROSACE VITALIANA (L.) LAP. (PRIMULACEAE)
Authors: Kress A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAndrosace vitaliana (L.) Lap. (Primula vitaliana L.) has been typified differently by recent authors. The proposal to typify the name by Sesler's plate is rejected; instead the typification on the basis of the relevant specimen in the Burser herbarium is reiterated.
NACHTRAG ZUR NOMENKLATUR DER ACONITUM NAPELLUS‐GRUPPE IN EUROPA
Authors: Seitz Wolfgang 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe name Aconitum divergens Pančić (1883) (see Seitz 1969) is a younger homonym for Aconitum divergens Rafinesque (1836) which is synonymous with A. uncinatum L. — a species from North America. Therefore, A. divergens Panč. must be rejected according to article 64 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN 1961). The legitimate name of A. divergens Panč. is “Aconitum pentheri Hayek (1917)” including the type subspecies “ssp. pentheri” and the new combination “ssp. burnatii (Gayer) Seitz comb. nov.”.
SOMATIC CELL HYBRIDIZATION: APPLICATION IN PLANT SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Levin Donald A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe technique of somatic cell hybridization or the fusion of protoplasts of different plant species has reached the stage that it may be exploited by systematists for experimentally interpreting phylogenetic relationships of highly divergent lineages. The value of this technique is discussed in relation to others currently employed, and in relation to what we might expect to find at the levels of proteins, secondary products, and morphology based upon our knowledge of plant hybrids and animal hybrid cell cultures.
GRAMMOSCIADIUM AND CAROPODIUM (UMBELLIFERAE‐APIOIDEAE)
Authors: Tamamschian Sophia G. , Vinogradova Vera M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe genus Grammosciadium as circumscribed by Boissier (1844, 1872) should not be divided by splitting of Caropodium and Stenodiptera. A review of the nomenclature of the seven species is given, followed by a key to the four sections.
GAMETOPHYTIC APOMIXIS AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS
Authors: de Wet J. M. J. , Stalker H. T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryApomixis is not necessary. Neither agamospermy, nor its common companion polyploidy, confer selective advantages on populations that are not equally well provided for in the diploid sexual breeding system. Yet, gametophytic apomixis is widely distributed among diverse families of flowering plants, and agamospecies are frequently as widely distributed as their most successful sexual relatives. The principal adaptive advantage of apomixis is that it can restore fertility in sexually sterile individuals. Polyploidy enhances interspecific hybridization, and it is among such hybrid complexes where apomixis is commonly encountered. Once established, apomixis contributes toward immediate fitness by fixing and reproducing advantageous genotypes. Continuous progressive evolution, however, depends on an essential equilibrium between sexual and asexual reproduction.
SYNOPSIS OF A REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE PORTULACACEAE
Authors: McNeill J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAttention is drawn to the unsatisfactory nature of the suprageneric classification of the family Portulacaceae adopted in the Pflanzenfamilien. A new arrangement is proposed in which seven tribes only are recognised; two of these, the Calyptrotheceae and the Calyptrideae, are new.
INVALIDITY OF NAMES PUBLISHED IN SECRETAN'S MYCOGRAPHIE SUISSE AND SOME REMARKS ON THE PROBLEM OF PUBLICATION BY REFERENCE.
Authors: Demoulin V. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn the application of Art. 23 and 32 no valid publication can be found in Secretan's ‘Mycographie Suisse’ (1833). The total outlawing of the 591 usually forgotten new names of this work is highly satisfactory for nomenclatural stability. Some comments and proposals for modification of the code are expressed on the problem of publication by reference and incidental mention.
THE WEST INDIAN SPECIES OF GOSSYPIUM OF VON ROHR AND RAFINESQUE
Authors: Fryxell Paul A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn the 1780's J. P. B. von Rohr (1737–1793) intensively studied the cottons of the West Indies. His observations are recorded in a book that not only is a basic source of knowledge of the cottons of the 18th century, but which also provides the descriptions used by C. S. Rafinesque as the basis for 38 names of species and varieties in Gossypium. The present paper reports observations on 52 specimens of Gossypium collected by von Rohr and preserved in the Copenhagen Museum. From these specimens, lectotypes have been chosen for 12 of the Rafinesquian names (Table 2). The remaining names (Table 1) must thereupon be typified by the published descriptions. Lectotype species are also designated for the three subgenera of Gossypium published by Rafinesque (Table 3), the earliest available names in that rank. The presence of symptoms of the bacterial blight disease, caused by Xanthomonas malva‐cearum (E. F. Smith) Dows., on two of von Rohr's specimens, is noted as perhaps the earliest known occurrence of this disease. A review of the nomenclature of the kidney cottons is appended.
G. F. SCOTT‐ELLIOT AND HIS PLANT LOCALITIES
Authors: Gledhill D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFewer than half of the Scott‐Elliot specimens from the northern boundary of Sierra Leone originated in Sierra Leone itself. The greater part of his itinerary, and his collecting localities, lay in the French territory of the present Republic of Guinea. In consequence, the type localities of some species based upon Scott‐Elliot specimens are properly in Guinea, and not in Sierra Leone as stated in the Flora of West Tropical Africa.
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY IN SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Zusi Richard L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe study of functional anatomy, biological roles of features, and adaptations is not a practical starting point for establishing a classification but the concepts derived from such studies may be powerful tools in solving difficult taxonomic problems. They also serve to modify or corroborate classifications and to make them biologically meaningful. The functional approach may be used at any taxonomic level. The biological species definition provides an important base line for comparison with other categories. Functional anatomy may play a role in ranking taxa into a hierarchy through its contribution to recognition of key adaptations, adaptive radiation, parallel evolution, convergent evolution, determining the direction of evolution, and determining the most closely related group. Ultimately we may understand the hierarchy of adaptations that forms the basis for natural groupings of organisms.
ZUR SYSTEMATISCHEN STELLUNG DER HELLEBORINAE (RANUNCULACEAE) EIN VERGLEICHEND‐SEROLOGISCHER BEITRAG
Authors: Jensen Uwe 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOn the basis of many similarities in taxonomical characters the genera Eranthis and Helleborus are combined in the subtribe Helleborinae, Ranunculaceae. Former investigations in comparative serology indicated, that this close relationship can be dubious. This work confirms earlier findings: in serological characters Eranthis is more similar to Actaea/Cimicifuga than to Helleborus. Although Helleborus itself seems to have much in common with Eranthis, it shows unexpected strong similarities with achene‐fruited or annual members of the Ranunculaceae (Myosurus, Adonis, Consolida) too. These results cannot be caused by undifferentiated embryos in mature seeds of Eranthis. Even fully developed embryos show the same antigenic pattern until the beginning of germination. An overall revision of the subtribe Helleborinae is suggested.
ON THE USE OF HYPHAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE TAXONOMY OF SOOTY MOLD ASCOMYCETES
Authors: Reynolds Don R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHyphal morphology has been used by various authors to define sooty mold Ascomycete taxa and to establish pleomorphic relationships between sexually and asexually reproducing species occurring together in a naturally developed colony. Evidence is presented to indicate that the presence of hyphal ornamentation is an unreliable taxonomic character. Reports in the literature of pleomorphic relationships based on culture work are reviewed. It is concluded that experimental evidence must be obtained to support taxonomic use of hyphal morphology data taken from sooty mold colonies developed in Nature.
IV. HOW MANY ARE THE KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS?
Authors: Leedale Gordon F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe division of living organisms into Plantae and Animalia fails to recognise the major evolutionary discontinuity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In addition, fungi and “plant‐animal” unicells lie uncomfortably in such a two‐kingdom system. Systems have been proposed which separate prokaryotes from eukaryotes and divide the latter into several kingdoms. These schemes share two limitations. The “low” eukaryote kingdom (Protoctista or Protista) contains phyla more closely related to phyla of the “higher” kingdoms than to other phyla in the same kingdom. Secondly, the higher kingdoms are polyphyletic to a disturbing degree.Can one make broad classifications without these limitations? A Prokaryota/Eukaryota two‐kingdom scheme is one possibility; another is a four‐kingdom scheme in which the protistan level is absorbed into the eukaryote kingdoms; a third possibility is a system in which phylum and phylogeny units stand as monophyletic kingdoms; such a multikingdom scheme provides fruitful scope for discussion. The Prokaryota/Eukaryota and multikingdom schemes allow flexibility for incorporation of new information on relationships, but may be thought too fragmentary for practical taxonomy. If so, various four‐ or five‐kingdom schemes are available.
TRENDS IN METABOLIC SPECIALIZATION AMONG THE FUNGI
Authors: Sussman Alfred S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe basis for, and advantages of, the use of sequence analysis of proteins are presented. Cytochrome c is used as an example and it is suggested that not enough work has been. done upon the amino acid sequences of proteins of fungi, especially cytochrome c. Other means of studying proteins and enzymes in order to acquire data useful to evolutionists who deal with fungi are discussed, including analysis of mechanisms of control of enzyme activity, electrophoretic migration and properties of enzymes such as response to activators and inhibitors, pH and temperature optima etc. Finally, micromolecules are discussed in the context of their function in the fungi, and suggestions are made as to their present and potential use in phylogenetic studies of these organisms.