bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of fenpiclonil on phosphorylation of glucose in Fusarium sulphureum
Authors: Jespers Ad B. K. , De Waard Maarten A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phenylpyrrole fungicide fenpiclonil inhibited the metabolism of glucose in mycelium of Fusarium sulphureum Schlecht at a concentration which only slightly inhibited mycelial growth (EC15). At the same concentration, fenpiclonil also inhibited accumulation and, to a greater extent, phosphorylation of 2‐deoxy[U‐14C]glucose in starved mycelium loaded with unlabelled 2‐deoxyglucose. Fenpiclonil did not affect cell‐free phosphorylation of 2‐deoxyglucose or the ATP content of mycelium. Therefore, the primary mode of action of the fungicide may be based on inhibition of transport‐associated phosphorylation of glucose. This may cause a cascade of metabolic events which eventually lead to fungal growth inhibition and death. One major event affected by inhibition of transport‐associated phosphorylation is the accumulation of polyols, such as glycerol and mannitol, in mycelium. This was not observed in an osmotically sensitive, fenpiclonil‐resistant laboratory isolate of the fungus.
Relationship between chemical structure and biological activity of triazole fungicides against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Stehmann Christiane , De Waard Maarten A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe inhibitory activity of commercial and experimental triazole fungicides on the target enzyme, sterol 14α‐demethylase (P45014DM), was studied in a cell‐free sterol synthesis assay of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. In order to assess structure‐activity relationships, the inhibitory activities of the compounds on radial growth of the fungus were tested as well. The EC50 values (concentrations of fungicide inhibiting radial growth of B. cinerea on PDA by 50%) of all triazoles tested ranged between 10−8 and 10−5 m. IC50 values (concentrations of fungicide inhibiting incorporation of [2‐14C]mevalonate into C4‐desmethyl sterols by 50%) generally ranged between 10−9 and 10−7 M and correlated with inhibition of radial mycelial growth. However, differences in IC50 values did not reflect quantitatively the observed differences in EC50 values, since the ratio between EC50 and IC50 increased with decreasing fungitoxicity. For a limited number of compounds the correlation between intrinsic inhibitory activity and fungitoxicity was low. Both in‐vitro tests were used to investigate structure‐activity relationships for stereoisomers of cyproconazole, SSF‐109 and tebucona‐zole. Fungitoxicity and the potency to inhibit cell‐free C4‐desmethyl sterol synthesis correlated for all stereoisomers tested. Mixtures of isomers of tebucona‐zole or cyproconazole were slightly less active than the most potent isomer. The high activity of several commercial triazoles in both experiments implies that poor field performance of triazole fungicides against B. cinerea is due neither to insensitivity of the P45014DM nor to low in‐vitro sensitivity of the fungus.
Fungicidal activity of N‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoximinoacetyl)amino acids and their derivatives
Authors: Smith Paul H. , Chamberlain Keith , Sugars Jane M. , Bromilow Richard H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMore than 20 N‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoximinoacetyl)amino acids and derivatives were synthesised and tested for antifungal activity against grape downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola (de Bary) Berl. & de Toni, and rape downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica Fr. Two of the compounds containing a free carboxylic acid group, a moiety which has been shown to confer phloem mobility on compounds, showed high activity, especially against P. parasitica, in protectant tests. These results indicate that there is no incompatibility between the acid function and fungicidal activity. A number of the esters showed activity comparable with that of cymoxanil in the protectant tests, and the tert‐butyl esters of the methionine derivative and its sulfone were more than ten times as active as the commercial compound.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XXXVIII—optimisation of insecticidal activity in 3‐[(alkoxyimino)methyl]‐4‐fluorobenzyl esters
Authors: Beddie David G. , Farnham Andrew W. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOptimisation of activity in 3‐[(alkoxyimino)methylbenzyl] esters has been investigated by introducing an α‐cyano group and a fluorine atom in position 4 of the benzylic moiety in conjunction with varying the length and nature of the side chain. Of the five side‐chain variations investigated, the 3‐methoxyiminomethyl was more effective than others. Introduction of fluorine in position 4 of the benzylic moiety generally increased activity, particularly against mustard beetles, as in previous instances. Surprisingly, the effect on insecticidal activity of introducing an α‐CN group ranged from positive to negative depending upon the nature of the alkoxyimino substituent, an effect not observed previously. The most effective esters were derived from α‐cyano‐4‐fluoro‐3‐[(methoxyimino)methyl]benzyl alcohol, which was synthesised from 2‐{4‐fluoro‐3‐[(hydroxyimino)methyl]phenyl}‐1,3‐dioxolane.
The toxicity of cyromazine to Chironomus zealandicus (chironomidae) and Deleatidium sp. (leptophlebiidae)
Authors: Robinson Peter W. , Scott Robert R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of cyromazine and a commercial formulation, ‘Vetrazin’®, to Chironomus zealandicus (thummi) Hudson and Deleatidium sp. was investigated. Under acute test conditions, the LC50 values for each species were quite comparable. For C. zealandicus, the value varied according to instar, 100–400 mg litre−1 for second‐ and third‐instar to 1000–10000 mg litre−1 for older fourth‐instars. For the one size class of Deleatidium tested (c.10 mm long), the value was 300–400 mg litre−1. High control mortalities of C. zealandicus limit that species' usefulness as an acute bioassay candidate. Under chronic test conditions, cyromazine showed a high toxicity to eggs or early‐instar larvae of C. zealandicus. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration for cyromazine against C. zealandicus was approximately 17.5 μg litre−1. The possibility of water contamination at this level is discussed. Whole‐of‐life chronic tests with C. zealandicus indicated that the most susceptible stage was in the egg or soon after larval emergence. These results highlight the dangers of using short‐term acute toxicity results to formulate environmental exposure limits for modern pesticides that do not have dysfunction of the nervous system as their mode of action.
Determination of methyl bromide residues in stored foods using automated headspace gas chromatography
Authors: Norman Kevin N. T. , Scudamore Keith A. , Matthews Wendy A. , Wilson Michael F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn automated gas chromatographic headspace method capable of detecting methyl bromide (MB) down to 0.01 mg kg−1 has been developed and evaluated. The method is suitable for analysing cereals, nuts, seeds and dried fruit. Commodities are extracted with solvent and MB present is derivatised to methyl iodide (MI) which is determined by automated headspace gas chromatography. Results from the method described are compared with those using an established solvent extraction method and show good quantitative agreement. The analytical conditions recommended are likely to be suitable for examination of other commodities for MB residues.
N‐(pyrid‐3‐yl)thioureas and derivatives as acaricides. II. Quantitative structure‐activity relationships and chemodynamic behaviour
Authors: Pascual Alfons , Rindlisbacher Alfred , Schmidli Heinz , Stamm Erich 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe biological activity of a series of N‐(pyrid‐3‐yl)thioureas and ‐carbodiimides, analogues of the insecticide/acaricide diafenthiuron, towards the carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd.) and the two‐spotted spider mite (T. urticae Koch) was analysed using QSAR methodology. A canonical correlation analysis allowed for the establishment of a prediction model and the identification of outliers within that model. The chemodynamic behaviour of certain compounds in the two series, including these outliers, determined by using photochemical experiments in the laboratory as well as in the glasshouse, was shown to be responsible for anomalous results obtained in the biological tests. It was found from the above study that the biological activity towards both spider mite species is extremely sensitive to the kinetics of formation of the carbodiimides from the corresponding thioureas and to the photostability of the former. The results obtained with a thiourea which underwent no appreciable photochemical transformation into the corresponding carbodiimide supported the hypothesis that the thioureas are also in‐vivo propesticides of the acaricidal carbodiimides.
Methods for determining the vapour pressure of active ingredients used in crop protection. Part IV. An improved thermogravimetric determination based on evaporation rate
Authors: Gückel Walter , Kästel Roland , Kröhl Thomas , Parg Adolf 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe vapour pressure of thermally stable substances can be determined easily at ambient pressure using the evaporation rate method. It is possible to measure the evaporation by thermogravimetry in the temperature range from 30°C to 800°C. Vapour pressures as low as 10−10 Pa (10−12 mbar) can be determined with excellent reproducibility.
The spatial distribution of ribwort plantain: A computer‐based learning approach to the poisson distribution
Authors: Bedford Sarah , Redfern Edwin , Davies Neville 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn approach to self‐paced teaching and learning using a computer module, which is one of a suite produced by a consortium of seven UK universities, is described using the problem of investigating the spatial distribution of ribwort plantain as an example. This provides the focus for learning about randomness, the Poisson distribution and goodness‐of‐fit testing using the chis‐quare distribution.
Dissipation of cyproconazole and quinalphos on/in grapes
Authors: Papadopoulou‐Mourkidou Euphemia , Kotopoulou Athena , Papadopoulos George , Hatziphanis Christos 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe persistence of cyproconazole and quinalphos on/in grapes was investigated when both compounds were applied to vines at the locally recommended application frequencies and rates and at double these rates, using commercially available formulations. Residues of cyproconazole applied at recommended and double the recommended rates of application in/on grapes immediately after the last application were 0‐049 (±0.034) and 0.077 (±0.008) mg kg−1, respectively, reduced to 0.011 (±0.003) and 0.018 (±0.010) mg kg−1 respectively seven days after the last application. The corresponding residue levels of quinalphos immediately following the last application were 1.42 (±0.10) and 3.36 (±0.07) mg kg−1, reduced to 0.043 (±0.002) and 0.072 (±0.028) mg kg−1 respectively 21 days after the last application. Cyproconazole, being systemic, is rapidly absorbed by the grape tissues and its residues dissipate with a half‐life of three to four days, while quinalphos, being non‐systemic, dissipates faster with a half‐life of two or three days. The residues of both pesticides were analysed by a GLC‐NPD system.
Control of Phytophthora crown and root rot of apple trees with fosetyl‐aluminium in new plantings
Authors: Utkhede Raj , Smith Emmerson 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFosetyl‐aluminium applied as a foliar spray, monoammonium phosphate (MAP) as a planting hole treatment, and a combination of MAP and Enterobacter aerogenes (Kruse) Hornaeche & Edwards (B8) were evaluated for eight years for control of Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) Schroet, crown and root not in newly planted and artificially infected Macspur apple trees on MM.106 rootstock in the Okanagan valley of British Columbia. Fosetyl‐aluminium completely controlled the disease, and increased growth and fruit yield. The combination of planting hole treatment with MAP plus annual drench applications of strain B8 significantly increased trunk cross‐sectional area for the first three years after planting. The application of MAP alone did not have any effect on the disease, growth, or fruit yield of apple trees.
Disposition kinetics of cypermethrin and fenvalerate in black bengal lactating goats
Authors: Mandal Tapan K. , Chakraborty Animesh K. , Bhattacharyya Anjan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDisposition kinetics of cypermethrin and fenvalerate were investigated in lactating black Bengal goats following single dose intravenous administration at 57 and 45 mg kg−1 respectively. The maximum and minimum blood concentrations of cypermethrin were 18.49 (±3.17) and 0.06 (±0.002) μg ml−1, while the corresponding values for fenvalerate were 14.58 (±2.37) and 0.04 (±0.005) μg ml−1 respectively. Both cypermethrin and fenvalerate remained present in blood for 36 h. The mean t1/2β) and Vdarea values were 5.56 (±0.28) h and 10.38 (±2.20) litre kg−1 for cypermethrin and 5.66 (±0.35) h and 11.31 (±2.20) litre kg−1 respectively for fenvalerate. Both cypermethrin and fenvalerate persisted in goat milk for 36 h. The t1/2β) and AUC values of fenvalerate were 7.37 (±1.84) h and 122.38 (±11.65) μg h ml−1 whilst the corresponding values for cypermethrin were 6.66 (±1.54) h and 99.48 (±7.81) μg h ml−1 in milk respectively.
Impedimetric evaluation of compounds for antifungal activity versus Aspergillus niger
Authors: Bryant Stephen D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe procedure described utilized a microbial monitoring system (bactometer) to measure impedimetrically the inhibitory activity of known antifungal compounds (2‐(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole [TCMTB], 3‐iodo‐2‐propynylbutyl carbamate [IPBC], chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, and copper‐8‐quinolinolate [Cu‐8]) on growth of Aspergillus niger Teigh. in a liquid medium. The MIC values determined were based on the activity of the compounds to inhibit a change in the capacitance of the medium during a 96‐h period after inoculation. The MIC values obtained with the bactometer were compared with MIC values derived from the inhibition of radial growth of A. niger on the same liquid medium solidified with agar. The MIC values for all the compounds tested were substantially lower when determined with the bactometer than on agar. The impedimetric evaluation of compounds for antifungal activity offers advantages of speed, sensitivity, and data collection.
A gas‐liquid chromatographic method to determine size spectra of droplets of an aerially applied non‐volatile spray mix deposited on kromekote® cards
Authors: Sundaram Alam , Sundaram Kanth M. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA non‐volatile oil‐based spray mix of a low‐vapour‐pressure insecticide, aminocarb, containing an oil‐soluble red dye was applied at a dosage rate of 70 g AI in 1‐5 litre ha−1, using a fixed wing aircraft equipped with four ‚Micronair’︁® AU3000 atomizers, over a 1000 × 500 m spray block selected in Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada. Spray was applied twice, at an interval of five days, to provide a total dosage rate of 140 g AI in 3.0 litre ha−1. Spray mass recovery was assessed on glass plates and droplets were collected on ‚Kromekote’︁® cards, both at ground level. The stain sizes were grouped into different categories. The area containing the stains was excised, and the aminocarb present was quantified by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). The mass of aminocarb per droplet in each stain size category was evaluated. From the mass, the spherical droplet diameter (d), number and volume median diameters (DN.5 and Dv.5 respectively), a new parameter [mass (of aminocarb) median diameter] (DM.5), and the droplet size spectra were calculated. The DM.5 for the first application was 56 μm, which was identical to the Dv.5. whereas the DN.5 was smaller at 45 μm. The corresponding values for the second application were: DM.5 = Dv.5 = 63 μm, but the DN.5 was 53 μm. Because the spray mix was non‐volatile, all the droplet size spectra parameters were identical both at spray release height and at ground level.The present study has provided, for the first time in the literature, a novel method to determine directly the spherical diameters of the droplets deposited on artificial samplers, without having to go through the tedious procedures of spread factor measurements under laboratory conditions. In fact, the present study has made it possible to calculate spread factors under field conditions, by using the stain diameters measured and the spherical diameters calculated from the aminocarb concentration levels.
Accumulation of tebuconazole by isolates of Botrytis cinerea differing in sensitivity to sterol demethylation inhibiting fungicides
Authors: Stehmann Christiane , De Waard Maarten A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAccumulation of tebuconazole by germlings of wild‐type isolates of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. was characterized by a high initial level of intracellular tebuconazole during the first 10 min of incubation and a subsequent gradual release of the fungicide into the surrounding medium. This transient accumulation pattern indicates that the efflux of the fungicide has an inducible character. Accumulation of tebuconazole by laboratory‐generated mutants resistant to sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) was significantly less, suggesting that efflux capacity in these mutants is correlated with resistance. Accumulation of tebuconazole by field isolates with a relatively low sensitivity to DMI fungicides was transient in time and accumulation levels did not differ significantly from those of the wild‐type isolates tested. These results suggest that reduced accumulation of tebuconazole in fungal mycelium may account for resistance in laboratory‐generated mutants but not in field isolates of B. cinerea with a relatively low sensitivity to the fungicide. Various chemicals such as carbonyl cyanide 3‐chlorophenylhydrazone, copper sulfate, fluazinam and BAS 490F enhanced accumulation of tebuconazole by a DMI‐sensitive and a DMI‐resistant isolate. This enhanced accumulation is ascribed to inhibition of the energy‐dependent efflux of the fungicide.
Stability and controlled release properties of carboxymethylcellulose‐encapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis
Authors: Cokmus Cumhur , Elçin Y. Murat 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mosquito and blackfly pathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. var. israelensis (B.t.i.). containing spores and toxin crystal, was successfully encapsulated in an insolubilized carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)‐aluminum matrix creating a controlled‐release bead formulation. The release rate of B.t.i. from this formulation was sufficient to kill Culex sp. larvae during bioassays performed in the laboratory. The CMC concentration significantly affected the release rate of the bacterium. All types of beads tested exhibited a high initial release of B.t.i. in the first week of experiments, followed by a slower rate later. Levels of 10 g kg−1 CMC solution and 0–05 m aluminium sulfate were found to be optimal in the formulation mixture for polysaccharide and gellant, respectively. This type of bead gave the fastest release of the bacterium and caused 100% larval mortality as from the second day of treatment. While acidic pH, high temperature and UV exposure drastically decreased spore viability of B.t.i., the CMC‐encapsulated formulation was more stable to these conditions. Larvicidal activity of encapsulated B.t.i. was more resistant to high temperature (50°C) than the unformulated B.t.i. The high response of Culex larvae to the encapsulated B.t.i. suggests that the formulation could be employed effectively in the field.
Fungicidal activity of N‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoximinoacetyl)methionine and its derivatives and analogues
Authors: Smith Paul H. , Chamberlain Keith , Sugars Jane M. , Bromilow Richard H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirty compounds comprising derivatives and analogues of N‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoximinoacetyl)methionine were synthesised and tested for anti‐fungal activity against grape downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola (de Bary) Berl. & de Toni, and rape downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica Fr. The most fungicidal compounds were the tert‐butyl ester of the substituted methionine and its oxidation products, the sulfoxide and sulfone, and the methioninol derivative and its oxidation products. Some of these compounds were up to ten times more active, especially against the grape downy mildew, than the commercial fungicide cymoxanil. The tert‐butyl esters of the methionine derivatives were consistently much more active than isomeric butyl esters, lower alkyl esters, free acids and S‐methylcysteine analogues of the active compounds, and possible reasons for these structure/activity correlations are discussed.
Novel synthesis and insecticidal activity of MTI‐800, desfluoro MTI‐800 and their intermediates
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Geetha , Suresh G. , Anandhi S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new route to the synthesis of 2‐(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐2‐methyl‐5‐(3‐phe‐noxyphenyl)pentane (desfluoro MTI‐800) and 2‐(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐2‐methyl‐5‐(4‐fluoro‐3‐phenoxyphenyl)pentane (MTI‐800) and the insecticidal activities of these compounds and some of the synthetic intermediates against the tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (F.) is reported.
The sorption of limonene/ethyl acetate binary vapour mixtures by a biaxially oriented polypropylene film
Authors: Nielsen Tim J. , Giacin Jack R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sorption of ethyl acetate and limonene as individual sorbates and in binary vapour mixtures by an oriented polypropylene was determined by two independent methods, namely by gravimetric and thermal stripping/thermal desorption procedures. The two methods showed excellent agreement. The solubility coefficients for the two species were found to be independent of sorbate concentration within the ranges studied, indicating that sorption followed Henry's law. Calculated and experimentally obtained sorption profile curves agreed well for both ethyl acetate and limonene at low vapour activities. At a limonene vapour activity of 0.29 there was a lack of agreement between experimental and calculated results. This was attributed to the onset of non‐Fickian relaxation effects occurring within the polymer matrix at this limonene concentration. The results of sorption studies involving binary vapour mixtures indicated that at the concentration levels evaluated, the co‐permeant did not effect the sorption characteristics of the other sorbate.