bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical diagnoses and growth of children residing in Russian orphanages
Authors: Miller Laurie C. , Chan Wilma , Litvinova Aina , Rubin Arkady , Tirella Linda , Cermak Sharon 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAims: Survey the health of young children residing in Russian orphanages.Methods: Retrospective chart review of all 193 ‘healthy’ young children (105M:88F, age range 2–72 months) residing in orphanages in Murmansk, Russia.Results: Mothers of these institutionalized children had complex histories including chronic health problems (38%), use of tobacco (41%), alcohol (39%) and illicit drugs (7%). Frequent diagnoses of the children included rickets (21%), foetal alcohol syndrome (10%), anemia (6%), developmental delay (11% mild, 25% moderate, 28% severe), behavioural problems (60%) and ‘perinatal encephalopathy’ (46% <1 year of age). At orphanage entry, growth delays were common (underweight 34%, short stature 25%, microcephaly 34%). During orphanage residence, height z scores further decreased (p = 0.01), but head circumference improved (p < 0.0001, paired t‐tests). Head circumferences increased significantly in 62% of microcephalic children. Smaller children (z score <−2) at entry exhibited more rapid growth (z score/month) for weight (+0.24 vs. −0.12, p = 0.04), height (+0.81 vs. −0.65, p = 0.0001), and head circumference (+1.02 vs. −0.10, p = 0.0004). Growth correlated with child developmental status.Conclusions: Young institutionalized children in Murmansk have complex medical status, social histories and frequent growth and developmental delays. Anthropometric measurements—particularly head circumference—improved during orphanage residence in children who entered with more severe growth delays.
Cholesterol screening in school children: is family history reliable to choose the ones to screen?
Authors: Derinoz Okşan , Tumer Leyla , Hasanoglu Alev , Pasaoglu Hatice , Aksakal F. Nur , Ceyhan Mustafa Nuri 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAim: Hyperlipidemia is a major factor accompanying atherosclerosis. As the basis of atherosclerotic heart disease begins at early childhood, we aim to find out which children should be tested for hypercholesterolemia, what the high cholesterol level in children is and what cautions should be taken to avoid atherosclerosis.Methods: The study was carried on 2096 school children (1043 male, 1053 female) in Ankara. Their mean age was 9.03 years. Demographic properties of the study group and their families were determined and the serum lipid levels of the subjects were obtained. The relation between these demographic properties and lipid levels were investigated.Results: In 135 of the subjects' serum cholesterol level was ≥200 mg/dL and in 83 subjects serum LDL‐cholesterol level was ≥130 mg/dL. Despite 64.4% of the subjects reported a family history of hyperlipidemia, no relations between family history and serum lipid levels were found.Conclusion: We suggest that regardless of family history, all children over 5 years should be screened for hyperlipidemia. Education about hyperlipidemia and precautions for its complications should be given to both children and families. The best and easiest way to reach children is to screen them at schools. School is also a good place for education of children about hyperlipidemia and risk factors.
Act and Event in Rahner and von Balthasar: A Case Study in Catholic Systematics
Authors: Olsen Cyrus P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn Benedict XVI's God is Love §1 humanity's relationship with God is described as an encounter with an ‘event’, the Christ‐event. I argue that this shift in Catholic theology towards language of act and event signalled a relationship to existentialism, which, taken broadly, entailed an emphasis upon subjectivity and freedom uncharacteristic of the focus upon objectivity common to neo‐Scholastic thought. As we shall see with Karl Rahner and Hans Urs von Balthasar, however, this newfound emphasis on subjectivity and freedom did not necessitate an abandonment of all the elements of the more ‘objective’ perspective. Rather, the task during the ascendancy of existentialist thought became the integration of human subjectivity with the objective and independent reality of the world and God. I suggest that Rahner and von Balthasar use notions such as act and event as a way of being mindful of the role of the subject's creativity and freedom in its encounter with the world, God, and other persons, without thereby undermining the freedom and creativity of that which is other than the subject.
Hope and the Hopeless: The Contemporary Addressee of Gaudium et spes
Authors: Brownsberger William 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHenri de Lubac argues that Christians today lack an appreciation of the centrality of the Gospel to human meaning. This apologetically disastrous deficiency is related, for him, to Cajetan's “corruption” of Thomas's understanding of nature and grace. After presenting this issue, this article examines the reception of ideas akin to Cajetan's conception by Christians and popular culture, which latter has accordingly adopted an indifferentist mentality toward religion. Other impediments to thinking through the Gottesproblem today are taken up next, specifically the legacy of critical atheism and the distraction that shields persons from this problem's relevance. Distraction, although aimed at saving persons from the thought of death and from anxiety, actually produces a deadening and banalization of human hope. The hope of Gaudium et spes, which is addressed last, is not the eviscerated hope of contemporary persons. The language barrier centering on “hope” between the Council fathers and contemporary persons can only be bridged by addressing the formative causes of the hope of those indifferent to the Gospel.
From Soul to Self
Authors: Theron Stephen 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe origin of self as subject can be sought neither in astrology, genetics nor in arbitrary divine will. These answers depend upon a realist belief in a world of objects, governed by the sufficient reason principle, as if the divine ideas were a necessary set of the possibles! The alternative is the unity of self and God, i.e. personal contingency is impossible. Otherness, rather, is in any thinkable God (any non‐abstract infinity is differentiated). The world too, as other, is inseparable from God, therefore, willing to be what he then is, though not temporally. Transcendence, as infinite, demands immanence. Why God has no real relation to creatures (Aquinas) is because they are not as God is, or as God transcends such being. Human actuality requires inversion of the common‐sense world. The idea of a privileged access to truth is arbitrary. Truth, rather, must be intrinsically human. We live in God. Only so are we, images, in ourselves. Emergent knowledge is natural to the universe. It constructs it.
Presence of a Sexual Problem may not Affect Women's Satisfaction from their Sexual Function
Authors: Ferenidou Fotini , Kapoteli Voula , Moisidis Kyriakos , Koutsogiannis Ioannis , Giakoumelos Alexandros , Hatzichristou Dimitrios 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
It has been proposed that women's sexual problems/dysfunctions, in the absence of personal and interpersonal distress, may have little clinical importance, as they may not necessarily affect women's sexual satisfaction. However, data are missing to support such interpretation.

Aim
The objective of the present study was to examine whether the presence of a sexual problem necessary affects women's satisfaction with sexual function.

Method
The study included 164 women who visited a general hospital because of symptoms not related to their sexual function and were asked to complete voluntarily and anonymously demographic data and two questionnaires.

Main Outcome Measures
Women completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI)—an instrument which evaluates women sexual function—and the Symptom Checklist of Sexual Function—women version (SCSF-w), a screening tool of women's self-perception of sexual function.

Results
Mean patients’ age was 43 ± 12.6 (18–72) years. According to the FSFI, 48.8% of the participants had a sexual dysfunction. However, based on their self-perception of sexual function (SCSF), 80.5% of the sample declared to be satisfied with their sexual function, despite the fact that 69.5% of them reported at least one sexual problem. Of all women, only 26.2% would like to talk about their sexual problem(s) with a doctor (57.4% of those who are “bothered” by their sexual symptoms). Logistic regression analysis revealed no association between any sexual dysfunction and women's satisfaction from their sexual function.

Conclusion
Despite the presence of sexual problem(s), women may be satisfied with their sexual function, but half of those who are bothered would like to talk about it with their doctor. The presence of a sexual problem or its severity is not a determinant of women's help-seeking behavior. Such data strongly support current definitions of women's sexual dysfunction, where the presence of personal distress has been included as a crucial dimension.
A Rapid Method for Hydraulic Profiling in Unconsolidated Formations
Authors: Dietrich Peter , Butler James J. , Faiß Klaus 
Published: October 2007

AbstractInformation on vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity (K) can often shed much light on how a contaminant will move in the subsurface. The direct‐push injection logger has been developed to rapidly obtain such information in shallow unconsolidated settings. This small‐diameter tool consists of a short screen located just behind a drive point. The tool is advanced into the subsurface while water is injected through the screen to keep it clear. Upon reaching a depth at which information about K is desired, advancement ceases and the injection rate and pressure are measured on the land surface. The rate and pressure values are used in a ratio that serves as a proxy for K. A vertical profile of this ratio can be transformed into a K profile through regressions with K estimates determined using other techniques. The viability of the approach was assessed at an extensively studied field site in eastern Germany. The assessment demonstrated that this tool can rapidly identify zones that may serve as conduits for or barriers to contaminant movement.
Agricultural Pollutant Penetration and Steady State in Thick Aquifers
Authors: Kraft G.J. , Browne B.A. , DeVita W.M. , Mechenich D.J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe leakage of pollutants from agricultural lands to aquifers has increased greatly, driven by increasing fertilizer and pesticide use. Because this increase is recent, ground water pollutant concentrations, loads, and exports may also be increasing as pollutants penetrate more deeply into aquifers. We established in an aquifer profile a ground water recharge and pollutant leakage chronology in an agricultural landscape where 30 m of till blankets a 57‐m thick sandstone aquifer. Pollutant concentrations increased from older ground water (1963) at the aquifer base to younger ground water (1985) at its top, a signal of increasing pollutant leakage. Nitrate‐N increased from 0.9 to 13.2 mg/L, implying that leakage increased from 1.9 to 16.5 kg/ha/year. Nitrate load and export could increase from 130% to 230% before reaching a steady state in 20 to 40 years. Chloride increases were similar. Pesticide residues alachlor ethane sulfonic acid (ESA), metolachlor ESA, and atrazine residues partially penetrated the aquifer profile. Their concentration‐age‐date patterns exhibited an initial increase and then a leveling corresponding to the timing of product adoption and leveling of demand. Unlike NO3, projecting pesticide residue steady states is complicated by the phasing in and out of pesticide products over time; for example, neither alachlor nor atrazine is currently used in the area, and newer products, which have not had time to transit to the aquifer, have been adopted. The circumstances that resulted in the lack of a pollutant steady state are not rare; thus, the lack of steady states in agricultural region aquifers may not be uncommon.
Air‐Based Measurements of Permeability in Pebbly Sands
Authors: Conrad Caleb M. , Ritzi Robert W. , Dominic David F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe considered small‐scale measurement of permeability in pebbly sands having coarser grains supported in a finer grained matrix (fine packing). Our central question was whether air‐based measurements are representative if made with a permeameter tip seal pressed in the sand matrix. We created pebbly sands and variably sorted sands, with systematic variation in aspects of their fine packing. We made permeability measurements by inserting the tip seal of an air permeameter in the matrix of these samples and compared them to the permeability of the composite sample determined by both water‐based methods and theory. The air‐permeameter measurements made in this way represent the permeability of the composite mixtures of coarser and finer grains and allow for the discernment of permeability between samples with different matrix compositions, ranging from fine to coarse sand. Furthermore, the collective results show that permeability differences in the pebbly sands and variably sorted sands with fine packing, however measured, are primarily due to differences in matrix permeability and not due to differences in the size or the percentage of the coarser grains.
Storm‐Damaged Saline‐Contaminated Boreholes as a Means of Aquifer Contamination
Authors: Carlson Douglas A. , Van Biersel Thomas P. , Milner L. Riley 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSaline water from a storm surge can flow down storm‐damaged submerged water supply wells and contaminate boreholes and surrounding aquifers. Using data from conventional purging techniques, aquifer test response analysis, chemical analysis, and regression analysis of chloride/silica (Cl/Si) ratio, equations were derived to estimate the volume of saline water intrusion into a well and a porous media aquifer, the volume of water needed to purge a well shortly following an intrusion event, and the volume of water needed after delay of several or more months, when the saline plume has expanded. Purging time required is a function of volume of water and pumping rate. The study site well is located within a shoreline community of Lake Pontchartrain, St. Tammany Parish, in southeastern Louisiana, United States, which was impacted by two hurricane storm surges and had neither been rehabilitated nor chlorinated prior to our study. Chemical analysis of water samples in fall 2005 and purging of well and aquifer in June 6, 2006, indicated saline water had intruded the well in 2005 and the well and aquifer in 2006. The volume of water needed to purge the study well was approximately 200 casing volumes, which is significantly greater than conventionally used during collection of water samples for water quality analyses.
Baroreflex control of sinus node during dynamic exercise in humans: effect of muscle mechanoreflex
Authors: Vorluni L. , Volianitis S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAim:  This study evaluated the influence of muscle mechanical afferent stimulation on the integrated arterial baroreflex control of the sinus node during dynamic exercise.Methods:  Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse interval (PI) were measured continuously and non‐invasively in 15 subjects at rest and during passive cycling. The arterial baroreflex was evaluated with the cross‐correlation method (xBRS) for the computation of time‐domain baroreflex sensitivity on spontaneous blood pressure and PI variability. xBRS computes the greatest positive correlation between beat‐to‐beat SBP and PI, and when significant at P = 0.01, slope and delay are recorded as one xBRS value. Heart rate variability (HRV) was evaluated in the frequency domain.Results:  Compared with rest, passive exercise resulted in a parallel increase in heart rate (67 ± 3.2 vs. 70 ± 3.6 beats min−1; P < 0.05) and mean arterial pressure (87 ± 2 vs. 95 ± 2 mmHg; P < 0.05), and a significant decrease in xBRS (13.1 ± 1.8 vs. 10.5 ± 1.7 ms mmHg−1; P < 0.01) with an apparent rightward shift in the regression line relating SBP to PI. Also low frequency power of HRV increased while high frequency power decreased (56.7 ± 3.5 vs. 62.7 ± 4.8 and 43.2 ± 3.4 vs. 36.9 ± 4.9 normalized units respectively; P < 0.05).Conclusion:  These data suggest that the stimulation of mechanosensitive stretch receptors is capable of modifying the integrated baroreflex control of sinus node function by decreasing the cardiac vagal outflow during exercise.
Prediction of twelve‐month service disengagement from an early intervention in psychosis service
Authors: Turner Mark , Smith‐Hamel Cecilia , Mulder Roger 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAim: The aim is to examine disengagement in an early psychosis treatment service and contrast clinical and demographic variables of patients who disengage against those who do not.Methods: Those with termination of treatment, despite therapeutic need within 12 months of entry (disengagers) (n = 57; 24.6%), were compared with those who remained in treatment at 12 months (n = 175) on a range of clinical and demographic variables collected at admission. After testing the difference between proportions, data analysis was conducted using methods of logistic regression.Results: Alcohol and/or cannabis abuse/dependence, initial diagnosisother than mood disorder, long duration of untreated psychosis, lower Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total symptoms, and lower insight at referral accounted for 27% of variance in patient ‘disengagement’ within 12 months.Conclusion: A significant proportion of patients with first episode psychosis disengage from treatment within 12 months. Despite a number of factors being associated with disengagement, prediction using admission factors was poor. Early Intervention in Psychosis Services would benefit from increased attention to alcohol and drug problems, trying to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis, improving psychiatric symptoms and increasing insight in all patients to decrease service disengagement.
Climatic Fluctuations and Forecasting of Streamflow in the Lower Colorado River Basin1
Authors: Thomas Blakemore E. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract: Water‐resource managers need to forecast streamflow in the Lower Colorado River Basin to plan for water‐resource projects and to operate reservoirs for water supply. Statistical forecasts of streamflow based on historical records of streamflow can be useful, but statistical assumptions, such as stationarity of flows, need to be evaluated. This study evaluated the relation between climatic fluctuations and stationarity and developed regression equations to forecast streamflow by using climatic fluctuations as explanatory variables. Climatic fluctuations were represented by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). Historical streamflow within the 25‐ to 30‐year positive or negative phases of AMO or PDO was generally stationary. Monotonic trends in annual mean flows were tested at the 21 sites evaluated in this study; 76% of the sites had no significant trends within phases of AMO and 86% of the sites had no significant trends within phases of PDO. As climatic phases shifted in signs, however, many sites had nonstationary flows; 67% of the sites had significant changes in annual mean flow as AMO shifted in signs. The regression equations developed in this study to forecast streamflow incorporate these shifts in climate and streamflow, thus that source of nonstationarity is accounted for. The R2 value of regression equations that forecast individual years of annual flow for the central part of the study area ranged from 0.28 to 0.49 and averaged 0.39. AMO was the most significant variable, and a combination of indices from both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans explained much more variation in flows than only the Pacific Ocean indices. The average R2 value for equations with PDO and SOI was 0.15.
Mitf contributes to melanosome distribution and melanophore dendricity
Authors: Kawasaki Akiha , Kumasaka Mayuko , Satoh Akira , Suzuki Makoto , Tamura Koji , Goto Toshiyasu , Asashima Makoto , Yamamoto Hiroaki 
Published: October 2007

SummaryMitf is a transcription factor of the basic/helix‐loop‐helix/leucine‐zipper family which is indispensable for development of melanocytes and the retinal pigment epithelium. Our previous work using Xenopus laevis as a model system suggested that Mitf regulates melanosome dispersal in vivo though whether this was via melanosome transport or melanophore dendricity was not obvious. To better understand the role of Mitf, we have now characterized neural tube cultures from wild‐type Mitf‐injected or a dominant‐negative Mitf‐injected embryos and compared them with controls. In vitro, lower levels of Mitf activity induced less dendritic melanophores with aggregated melanosomes, whereas melanophores overexpressing Mitf had an extensive dendritic morphology with dispersed melanosomes. Moreover, immunorfluoresence assays reveal that expression of a dominant‐negative Mitf leads to decreased Rab27a expression. These results suggest that Mitf is involved in the regulation of melanosome transport and the level of dendricity in melanophores.
Effects of hydroxyethyl starches on hemostasis
Authors: KOZEK‐LANGENECKER SIBYLLE A. , SCHARBERT GISELA 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYHydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions are frequently used colloidal plasma expanders which are indicated to restore and maintain intravascular volume and to improve tissue perfusion. The development of HES solutions since their introduction into clinical practice has centered on designing starch molecules with an increased oncotic pressure and hemodynamic efficacy while minimizing the risk of adverse reactions such as anticoagulant effects. This article reviews specific anticoagulant side effects of various HES generations, including hetastarch, pentastarch and tetrastarch. Slowly degradable HES solutions have a more pronounced impact on coagulation than rapidly degradable HES. The decrease in factor VIII and von Willebrand factor may be due to complex binding to HES macromolecules and accelerated elimination. Extracellular coating of platelets by HES molecules results in an inhibition of platelet aggregation and adhesion. Thrombin–fibrin interaction, fibrin polymerization, activation of factor XIII, as well as clot resistance to fibrinolytic degradation is reduced in the presence of HES. Balanced salt solutions cause fewer coagulation abnormalities than HES dissolved in saline. Possible approaches to reverse HES‐induced coagulopathy may include the administration of desmopressin, fibrinogen and factor XIII concentrates. Hetastarch attenuates hypercoagulability in patients at risk for thrombotic episodes and increases perioperative bleeding, while blood loss and transfusion requirements were not different in patients exposed to tetrastarch compared with gelatin or albumin. Accordingly, tetrastarch appears to be a suitable volume expander in the routine perioperative setting because of adequate volume efficacy and minimal risk for hemostatic derangements. Contraindications and maximum daily doses need to be acknowledged.