bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of p27kip1 in urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Fu Ting‐Ying , Tu Ming‐Shium , Tseng Hui‐Hwa , Wang Jyh‐Seng 
Published: September 2007

Objectives:  Cyclins and cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) complexes have important regulatory roles during cell cycle progression and can be used as prognostic markers in various kinds of malignant tumors. This study investigated the expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53, Rb, p27kip1, and cyclin D1 by immunostains in bladder tumors, especially urothelial papilloma, papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential, and low and high grade urothelial carcinoma, to see if their expression is associated with classification or grading of the urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma.Method:  Nuclear expression of PCNA, p53, Rb, p27kip1, and cyclin D1 was determined immunohistochemically in a series of 89 urinary bladder tumor specimens, including 13 papilloma, 15 urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential, 17 low grade urothelial carcinoma, and 44 high grade urothelial carcinoma. The results of immunoreactivity were analyzed with respect to the associations with tumor grade.Results:  Eighty‐two percent (38/45) of the p27kip1 positive tumors were urothelial carcinoma, and the percentage of the p27kip1 positivity was higher with increasing grade of the urothelial carcinoma (P = 0.011). A tendency of higher percentage of positive p53 immunoreactivity was noted in the urothelial carcinoma (P = 0.053). There was no significant difference in cyclinD1, Rb and PCNA expression between benign, low malignant potential and urothelial carcinoma.Conclusion:  We first noted an overexpression of p27kip1 in urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma. The result indicates that some urothelial carcinomas may tolerate this inhibitor of cell cycle progression.
Expression of aquaporin 3 in the human prostate
Authors: Wang Jianbo , Tanji Nozomu , Kikugawa Tadahiko , Shudou Masachika , Song Xishuang , Yokoyama Masayoshi 
Published: September 2007

Objective:  Aquaporins (AQPs) function as selective pores allowing water, glycerol and other small solutes to pass through the cell membrane. The present study investigated the expression and localization of AQP3 in the human prostate.Methods:  Three human prostate cancer cell lines (DU‐145, LNCaP and PC‐3) and one normal human prostate cell line (PNT1A) were used in this study. Clinical materials from patients with prostate cancer were also used. AQP3 mRNA and protein expression were examined using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical methods.Results:  Aquaporin 3 mRNA was expressed in normal and cancerous prostate cells. Moreover, the expression of AQP3 mRNA was seen in both normal and cancerous epithelia of human prostate tissues, but not in the mesenchyme. In the normal epithelia of the prostate, localization was limited to cell membranes, particularly the basolateral membranes. However, the expression of AQP3 protein in the cancer epithelia was not observed on the cell membranes.Conclusion:  The results suggest that water‐channel protein may be involved in the preservation of cellular character in the human prostate and prostate cancer is associated with an alteration of water‐transporting mechanisms. Changes in the localization of AQP3 in cancer cells may result from tumorigenesis.
Fatigue assessment and fatigue life calculation of quenched and tempered SAE 4140 steel based on stress–strain hysteresis, temperature and electrical resistance measurements
Authors: STARKE P. , WALTHER F. , EIFLER D. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTIn this paper, mechanical stress–strain‐hysteresis, temperature and electrical resistance measurements are performed for the detailed characterization of the fatigue behaviour of quenched and tempered SAE 4140 steel used for many applications in the automotive industry. Stress‐controlled load increase and constant amplitude tests (CATs) were carried out at ambient temperature on servo‐hydraulic testing systems. The applied measurement methods depend on deformation‐induced changes of the microstructure in the bulk material and represent the actual fatigue state. The plastic strain amplitude, the change in temperature and the change in electrical resistance can be equally used for an assessment of baseline fatigue properties in generalized cyclic deformation curves as well as in generalized Morrow and Coffin–Manson curves. On the basis of comprehensive experimental fatigue data, the physically based fatigue life calculation method ‘PHYBAL’ based on the generalized Basquin equation was developed. S–N (Woehler) curves calculated with ‘PHYBAL’ using data from only three fatigue tests agree very well with the conventionally determined ones.
Prevalence of highly host‐specific cyanophages in the estuarine environment
Authors: Wang Kui , Chen Feng 
Published: September 2007

SummaryCyanophages that infect coastal and oceanic Synechococcus have been studied extensively. However, no cyanophages infecting estuarine Synechococcus have been reported. In this study, seven cyanophages (three podoviruses, three siphoviruses and one myovirus) isolated from four estuarine Synechococcus strains were characterized in terms of their morphology, host range, growth and genetic features. All the podoviruses and siphoviruses were highly host specific. For the first time, the photosynthesis gene (psbA) was found in two podoviruses infecting estuarine Synechococcus. However, the psbA gene was not detected in the three siphoviruses. The psbA sequences from the two Synechococcus podoviruses clustered with some environmental psbA sequences, forming a unique cluster distantly related to previous known psbA clusters. Our results suggest that the psbA among Synechococcus podoviruses may evolve independently from the psbA of Synechococcus myoviruses. All three estuarine Synechococcus podoviruses contained the DNA polymerase (pol) gene, and clustered with other podoviruses that infect oceanic Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, suggesting that the DNA pol is conserved among marine picocyanobacterial podoviruses. Prevalence of host‐specific cyanophages in the estuary suggests that Synechococcus and their phages in the estuarine ecosystem may develop a host–phage relationship different from what have been found in the open ocean.
Methodological Issues in Inclusive Intellectual Disability Research: A Health Promotion Needs Assessment of People Attending Irish Disability Services
Authors: Boland M. , Daly L. , Staines A. 
Published: September 2007

Background  This paper describes a novel combination of inclusive methods to evaluate health and health promotion needs of service users (clients) with intellectual disability. Sixty centres provide disability services to over 900 clients with intellectual disability in the East Coast Area Health Board region of Ireland (population approximately 325 000). This is the first known triangulated large‐scale approach to inclusive needs assessment of clients using regional disability services in Ireland.Method  The research included interviewer‐directed surveys of 247 clients with intellectual disability (or advocates) and 180 clients with physical/sensory disability; focus groups for clients, service providers and carers; and a postal survey for centre managers. Modification of existing surveys was required for people with intellectual disability.Results  Fifty‐six of 60 (93.3%) centres participated. The response rate at the client level was 98.8% (3/250 refusals). Health behaviours, likes and dislikes were well described by clients and advocates. Clients identified the need for more creative therapy, physical activity, relaxation therapy and social activities. Service providers and carers emphasized more the need for speech and language therapy, counselling, occupational therapy and physiotherapy.Conclusions  Inclusive research methods can produce useful outcome measures of the health promotion needs of those with disability. Triangulation is valuable, where clients, carers and service providers are all involved in the research process.
Mixtures of papermill biosolids and pig slurry improve soil quality and growth of hybrid poplar
Authors: Lteif A. , Whalen J. K. , Bradley R. L. , Camiré C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHybrid poplar plantations in Quebec, Canada, are generally established on marginal agricultural lands characterized by low pH and low inherent soil fertility. Here, we tested the hypothesis that two potential organic fertilizer (OF) sources, papermill biosolids (PBs) and liquid pig slurry (LPS), would improve soil quality and the growth performance of hybrid poplars (Populus trichocarpa × Populus deltoides), especially if applied in mixtures rather than separately. The fertilizer treatments included an unfertilized control, inorganic fertilizer (IF) (calcium ammonium nitrate and triple superphosphate) and OFs (PBs alone, LPS alone and two combinations of PBs and LPS) applied at two rates. Fertilizers were broadcast within 1 m of tree trunks and unincorporated, to prevent damage to tree roots. Hybrid poplar growth was the greatest in plots fertilized with a combination of PBs and LPS, suggesting that the two OFs complemented themselves and/or interacted to improve soil nutritional quality. PBs were the most efficient at raising soil pH, providing plant‐available Ca and increasing nitrification rates over the long term, whereas LPS provided more readily available NO3‐N, P and K. Applied together, PBs and LPS interacted to provide more extractable P and mineralizable NH4‐N than when applied separately. OFs increased soil biological activity, notably basal respiration, microbial biomass, metabolic quotient and mineral N production rates. Community‐level catabolic profiles of the extractable soil microflora in plots with OFs differed significantly from the control and IF treatments. This implies that surface‐applied OFs may induce fundamental changes to the diversity and composition of microbial communities in the underlying rooting zone. Although this study has shown beneficial effects of OF mixtures on soil quality and hybrid poplar growth, further research should focus on their possible environmental impacts.
Regression‐Based Tests of the Market Pricing of Accounting Numbers: The Mishkin Test and Ordinary Least Squares
Authors: KRAFT ARTHUR , LEONE ANDREW J. , WASLEY CHARLES E. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThe test developed in Mishkin [1983] (hereafter, MT) is widely used to test the rational pricing of accounting numbers. However, contrary to the perception in the accounting literature, the exclusion of variables from the MT's forecasting and pricing equations leads to an omitted variables problem that affects inferences about the rational pricing of accounting variables. Only if the omitted variables are rationally priced is their exclusion irrelevant. Failure to recognize this issue leads accounting researchers to employ the MT without appreciating how omitted variables affect the inferences they draw. We demonstrate that when additional explanatory variables are included in the MT, the rational pricing of accruals is not rejected. That is, the accrual anomaly documented in Sloan [1996] vanishes when additional explanatory variables are incorporated into the MT. We also show that in accounting research settings, where samples are large, ordinary least squares (OLS) is equivalent to the MT. As a result, accounting researchers should consider using OLS or be more explicit about the exact advantages of the MT over OLS in their research setting.
Early Cognitive Change in the General Population: How Do Different Definitions Work?
Authors: Stephan Blossom C. M. , Matthews Fiona E. , McKeith Ian G. , Bond John , Brayne Carol ,   the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Aging Study
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVES: To explore the application of existing classifications of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and associated states in a large population sample.DESIGN: Prospective cohort study, baseline phase (cross‐sectional analysis).SETTING: Large‐scale multicenter study in the United Kingdom.PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen thousand four individuals aged 65 and older from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Aging Study. From this, a subsample of 2,640 individuals was selected and completed a more‐detailed cognitive assessment.MEASUREMENTS: Information on sociodemographic status, general health, cognitive impairment (measured using the Mini‐Mental State Examination), and functional ability was collected in a structured interview at baseline. The Geriatric Mental State Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer‐Assisted Taxonomy and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination were used in assessment to determine cognitive status. Using a systematic literature review to collect all symptom classifications for nonnormal dementia states, these were then operationalized retrospectively. Each participant was classified according to each.RESULTS: Population prevalence estimates were variable (range 0.1–42%), reflecting differences in the focus and content of each state. Limited overlap existed between states such that many individuals were concurrently classified as normal and impaired. This highlights the heterogeneity in classification as captured using different definitions.CONCLUSION: Classification of cognitively impaired and cognitively normal individuals is dependent on the way criteria are defined and operationalized. Each classification captures a unique group of individuals, with little concordance. Given the importance of early detection of dementia and the calls for screening, and recruitment into pharmacological trials of cognitively impaired individuals, there is an urgent need for an agreed‐upon standard MCI case definition to use as a criterion standard.
Poststroke Urinary Incontinence: One‐Year Outcome and Relationships with Measures of Attentiveness
Authors: Pettersen Renate , Saxby Brian K. , Wyller Torgeir Bruun 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prognostic effect of poststroke urinary incontinence (UI) on 1‐year outcome in relation to measurements of attention and mental processing speed.DESIGN: Prospective observational study.SETTING: Geriatric department (stroke and rehabilitation unit) in a university hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred thirty‐five previously continent patients (median age 78) with an acute stroke.MEASUREMENTS: Clinical stroke syndromes, subtypes of UI, pre‐ and poststroke cognitive function and activities of daily living, computerized assessment of attention and processing speed for 110 of the participants, mortality and accommodation at 1 year.RESULTS: One hundred seventy patients remained continent, and 65 developed UI (27 with urge UI, 38 with UI with impaired awareness of the need to void (IA‐UI). Patients with urge UI had poorer power of attention and speed of memory than continent patients but similar continuity of attention (P<.001, .001, and .07, respectively). Patients with IA‐UI performed poorer in all categories than continent and patients with urge UI (all P<.01). In regression analyses, IA‐UI was the strongest predictor of mortality and nursing home residence after 1 year (odds ratio=15.7, 95% confidence interval=3.6–69.7). When deaths were excluded, IA‐UI and continuity of attention remained independent risk factors.CONCLUSION: Patients with poststroke UI are less attentive than continent patients. Those with IA‐UI perform poorest. Sustained attention seems important for outcome and should be taken more into account in the rehabilitation process. In patients who recognize their incontinence, attention‐focused training might be the most effective measure of reestablishing bladder control.
The Bounds of Classical Risk Management and the Importance of a Behavioral Approach
Authors: Goto Shigeyuki 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDecisions under uncertainty can be influenced by individual subjective risk perceptions and biases. Subjective biases interfere with the ability or willingness of a decision‐maker to evaluate even objective probabilities, and can be even more detrimental when dealing with uncertain events. The effects of subjective bias are termed judgmental risk. Successful risk management must confront judgmental risk. There is no agreement on best practices to do this. This article suggests ways of controlling employee‐subjective biases and judgmental risk. Because the biases and risk are aspects of behavior, the approach is called “behavioral risk management.”
Loss Modeling Using Spreadsheet‐Based Simulation
Authors: Joaquin Domingo Castelo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWith the dramatic increase in the speed of personal computers and steep decline in the cost of computing, simulation has become one of the standard tools in the risk manager's toolbox and should now become one of the standard tools in the risk management and insurance student's toolbox. This teaching note aims to facilitate this process by showing how to create and run a simulation in a spreadsheet environment, and interpret simulation results to gain insight and understanding about a real‐world problem. Specifically, this teaching note provides step‐by‐step instruction for simulating the present value of payments for losses occurring within a 1‐year policy period. Losses are covered by an aggregate excess of loss treaty. The uncertainty lies in the frequency and severity of losses as well as in claim processing time, and also in the discount rate for calculating the present value of loss payments.
Mothers, Babies, Perception
Authors: Lotas Marilyn B. , Willging Judith M. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryFindings of this study include evidence of the relationship between mothers having had a rooming‐in hospital experience and a higher incidence of breast feeding. There is also evidence that rooming‐in mothers in the immediate postpartum period expected less difficulty with some aspects of their infant's care. Both these findings indicate that there are some positive outcomes of rooming‐in. Future study might explore the amount of contact actually experienced by mothers and the kinds of activities in which they are involved with their babies in rooming‐in settings.A finding of particular clinical consequence was that mothers having had five or more prenatal classes and who had natural childbirth had a more positive perception of their infants. Another interesting and expected outcome was that multiparae expected fewer difficulties with the care of their babies than did primiparae. This finding, as well as the positive effect of prenatal classes, may be a result of the mothers' ability to practice the mother role.
Proposed Metaparadigm for Nursing Research and Theory Development: An Analysis of Orem's Self Care Theory
Authors: Smith Mary Colette 
Published: October 2007

SummaryA classification scheme is proposed to organize existing research and set directions for future studies and theory development in nursing. Orem's self‐care approach to nursing forms the basis of the scheme, with the recommendation to study the phenomena of the field through a constructivist methodology. Scholars, theorists, and researchers are invited to participate in examination and use of the scheme from a variety of perspectives.
A Publication Project At The Undergraduate Level
Authors: Brooten Dorothy A. , Tanis Julia , Brown Linda , Hollingsworth Andrea , Fischer Dorothy 
Published: October 2007

SummaryFaculty and project leaders believe this project indicates that writing for publication can and should be included in the undergraduate nursing curriculum as part of socialization in the professional role. They agree with Styles (1978) who, in identifying reasons for nurses to publish, emphasized:“The primary reason to publish is because the future of the profession depends upon it. (p. 29)
Evolution of Nursing Science: Implications For Nursing World Wide
Authors: Ahad Mohammed A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article uses the framework of professionalization and discussess one central criterion, generation of a unique body of knowledge, as a requirement for professional maturity. Following the lead provided by the nursing profession in the United States of America, the standards of nursing education and practice are steadily increasing around the world. However, success in this area of improving professional performance greatly depends on the generation of commensurate scientific knowledge. The writer pleads for systematic efforts for sharing and evaluating nursing theory across national boundaries, identifies additional possible channels, and hopes that the attempts of Sigma Theta Tau in this direction will be effective.
A Science of Nursing– To Be or Not To Be?
Authors: Feldman Harriet R. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThis paper has presented: views of nursing science, based on readings in the basic and social sciences and nursing; an assessment of the present state of a science of nursing, using specific characteristics of science as a system; methods for facilitating the advancement of nursing knowledge; and, a research question that connects two phenomena of concern to nursing as prerequisite to prediction and prescription. A great deal of thinking and soul searching occurred in formulating and articulating views on nursing science; it is expected that this process will continue for many years.
Nursing Practice Conceptualized: An Interaction Model
Authors: Brodish Mary S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a broadly based conceptualized model of nursing practice. Nursing is defined as the therapeutic use of self for the benefit of others after first having acquired the knowledge and skill necessary to identify need. Essential to nursing is the interaction of nurse with client(s). Interactions can be diagnostic, therapeutic, educative, or supportive, and can address four categories of client needs: health, developmental, emotional, and interpersonal.
Questioning the Mailed Questionnaire as a Valid Instrument for Research in Nursing Education
Authors: Woolley Alma S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA steadily increasing number of requests to participate in mailed questionnaire surveys was the impetus for an investigation of what nursing research texts say about this methodology as well as what the communications field has discovered about it. The body of knowledge about nursing education will not be expanded through reliance on the data collected by this spurious methodology.
The Contributions of Dickoff and James to Theory Development in Nursing
Authors: Ohashi Julianne P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper is an analysis of a number of articles on nursing by lames Dickoff and Patricia James. The analysis includes their speech given at the Nurse Educators Conference in 1978. Three major content areas are identified: (a) theory as a practice discipline, (b)the role of research, and (c) beliefs and values. There is discussion of how these ideas have changed and developed over time. Other characteristic themes are addressed as well. It is concluded that the greatest contribution of Dickoff and lames to theory development in nursing has been to generate controversy and equilibrium