bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of forest maturation in causing the decline of Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix
Authors: PEARCE‐HIGGINS JAMES W. , GRANT MURRAY C. , ROBINSON MARTIN C. , HAYSOM SUSAN L. 
Published: December 2006

Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix in Britain have declined through the 20th century, and most birds are now in Scotland. Many causes for this decline have been suggested, notably agricultural intensification, increased grazing levels and moorland afforestation. We examine habitat correlates of Black Grouse distribution and population change from a 700‐km2 area in the core of the Scottish range, where the numbers of lekking male Black Grouse declined by an estimated 70% to 270 between 1990 and 2002. Habitat data were derived from satellite imagery, in combination with map and field‐collected data. Lek occurrence, lek size and changes in lek size were all correlated with forest structure, either positively with the amount of pre‐thicket forest cover, or negatively with closed canopy cover. Additional effects of the cover of grass moor and dry heath suggest that Black Grouse are most likely to occur where moorland comprises Heather Calluna vulgaris and grass mosaics. Analysis of the change in Black Grouse abundance within 1.5 km of discrete forest blocks suggests that forest maturation, which has been the dominant habitat change during the course of the study, alone accounts for 58–78% of the decline. Given the close association of Black Grouse and the occurrence of woodland (and particularly conifer plantation) throughout much of their British range, these findings can be used to inform the design of management schemes for the recovery of Black Grouse.
The role of antimetabolites in filtration surgery for neovascular glaucoma: intermediate‐term follow‐up
Authors: Sisto Dario , Vetrugno Michele , Trabucco Tiziana , Cantatore Francesco , Ruggeri Giuseppe , Sborgia Carlo 
Published: December 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To compare the intermediate‐term efficacy of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and Mitomycin C (MMC) as adjunctive antimetabolites in neovascular glaucoma (NVG) filtration surgery.Methods:  Forty consecutive eyes of 40 patients with NVG refractory to medical therapy were randomized to receive antimetabolite‐augmented trabeculectomy. Eighteen eyes received postoperative 5‐FU (5‐FU group) and 22 eyes received intraoperative, low‐dose (0.2 mg/ml) MMC for 2 mins (MMC group). The main outcome measure was intraocular pressure (IOP). Surgical success was defined as IOP < 21 mmHg with topical treatment (qualified success) or without topical treatment (complete success). Surgical failure was defined as IOP ≥ 21 mmHg, despite postoperative topical treatment, and by postoperative blindness.Results:  The mean follow‐up period was 35.8 ± 22.6 months in the 5‐FU group and 18.6 ± 17.2 months in the MMC group. This difference was not significant. Mean IOP decreased from 40.4 ± 10.3 mmHg to 14.7 ± 3.4 mmHg (p < 0.0001) in the 5‐FU group and from 42 ± 11.3 mmHg to 22.9 ± 13.3 mmHg (p = 0.0006) in the MMC group; however, the difference between the 5‐FU and MMC groups was not significant at any point. The success rate in the 5‐FU group was 55.5% (44.4% complete, 11.1% qualified), compared with 54.5% (9.1% complete, 45.4% qualified) in the MMC group. This difference was not significant.Conclusions:  The percentage of patients who achieved postoperative IOP < 21 mmHg was similar in both groups, although a larger proportion of patients treated with MMC‐augmented trabeculectomy required topical treatment in comparison with the 5‐FU group.
Sequels of Purtscher's retinopathy imaged by enhanced optical coherence tomography
Authors: Soliman Wael , Zibrandtsen Nathalie , Jørgensen Thomas , Sander Birgit , Alsbirk Poul‐Helge , Larsen Michael 
Published: December 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To report the optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in a case of Purtscher's retinopathy.Methods:  Enhanced optical coherence tomography, fundus photography, multifocal electroretinography.Results:  A 27‐years‐old female parachutist demonstrated outer retinal opacification with small intraretinal hemorrhages and corresponding binocular pericentric ring scotomata one day after suffering an unusually abrupt arrest of a free fall upon the unfolding of her parachute. When seen 20 years later, the scotomata were unchanged and optical coherence tomography showed bilateral disorganization at the transition between the retinal photoreceptor outer segments and the retinal pigment epithelium plus attenuation of the outer nuclear layer.Conclusions:  Our observations document that the long term sequels of Purtscher's retinopathy are located in the outer segments of the photoreceptors.
THE CONTROL OF PEPSINOGEN SECRETION*
Authors: Hirschowitz Basil I. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe peptic cell makes and secretes a protein (pepsinogen) and the cellular mechanisms governing the rate of synthesis and its relation to secretion are described and schematically illustrated.The peptic cell as a system secreting protein exists side by side with the parietal cell transporting H+, Cl, water and electrolytes. The functions of these two systems are usually closely integrated with each other and with the gastric musculature, but, under several well‐defined conditions, each system may be stimulated or inhibited separately from the other. The actions of cholinergic stimuli, histamine and gastrin and some of the characteristics of inhibition are described herein.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PEPSIN INHIBITORS
Authors: Cook D. L. , Drill V. A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA review of the literature along with certain experimental studies in our laboratories on the physical, chemical and biological properties of a variety of synthetic sulfated polysaccharides have shown that the pharmacological activities of these substances seem to depend upon a complex interaction of two or more physical or chemical parameters. For example, only fair correlations existed between high antipepsin, antiulcer and anticoagulant activity and high molecular weight or sulfate content. The roles of monosaccharide content, chain shape or the type of glucosidic linkage were difficult to evaluate with the data at hand.Sulfated amylopectin (SN‐263) with high molecular weight and sulfate content along with a branched chain shape was found to be an active pepsin inhibitor with relatively low anticoagulant activity. Pepsin inhibition studies were carried out using both the hemoglobin and the RISA methods. Oral administration of SN‐263 to pyloric‐ligated rats has shown significant inhibition of gastric ulceration with reductions in proteolytic activity of the gastric juice. The volume of gastric juice or secretion of free and total acid were not significantly altered. SN‐263 also inhibited Δ1‐cortisol‐induced gastric ulceration in rats and histamine‐induced duodenal ulcers in guinea pigs. Reserpine‐induced ulceration in the rat was not significantly affected. SN‐263 possessed low anticoagulant activity both in vitro and when given i.v. to dogs. However, no effects on blood coagulation were found after large oral doses administered to normal dogs or to rats with previously induced ulcers. SN‐263 was nonanticholinergic and did not affect gastrointestinal propulsion, as measured by the charcoal meal test in mice.
REGULATION OF SECRETION OF MUCUS FROM THE GASTRIC ANTRUM*
Authors: Menguy René , Thompson A. E. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryGastric secretion of mucus was studied in dogs by collecting secretions from vagally‐denervated or ‐innervated gastric antral pouches. Mucous secretions were studied for volume and for concentration of nitrogen, hexsoses, hexsosamines, L‐fucose and sialic acid concentrations in dialyzed, lyophilized mucosubstance. Gastric mucosal content of mucus of rats was measured by analyzing the concentration of hexsosamine and sialic acid in freeze‐dried gastric mucosal scrapings. Vagal stimulation of the gastric antrum and administration of cholinomime‐tic agents had no detectable influence on either the volume or the biochemical composition of antral mucus. Insulin‐induced hypoglycemia appeared to depress the secretion of mucus. Adrenergic stimulation was without influence. Serotonin had a strong stimulatory effect on the volume of mucus secretion but did not alter its biochemical composition. Cortisone had a profound inhibitory influence on the secretion of mucus and altered its biochemical composition by decreasing the concentration of sialic acid. Parathyroid extract was found to increase gastric mucosal content of mucus in rats.
BLOOD VOLUME CHANGES AND SODIUM DISTRIBUTION IN PATIENTS WITH BURNS
Authors: Davies J. W. L. 
Published: December 2006

In a recent study of the effects of various forms of therapy given during the first 48 hr to patients with burns, colloidal solutions were shown to be more effective in maintaining blood volume levels than only hypotonic saline solutions (Davies, 1964). Since these patients also received different amounts of sodium, the question whether the different inputs of sodium may have modified the changes in blood volume was left open.This study attempts an assessment of the effects of differing inputs of sodium upon blood volume levels. A direct comparison has been made between the blood volume levels in patients given equal volumes of either hypotonic bicarbonate saline or isotonic lactate saline. A more complex comparison has been devised for patients with burns of more than 40% of the body surface since they were also given varying volumes of colloid–usually reconstituted freeze‐dried plasma.Since all these forms of therapy result in substantial intakes of sodium, a study has also been made of some of the effects of these large intakes using two radioactive isotopes of sodium. Measurements have been made of the biological half‐life of sodium, its total exchangeable content, the dilution volume of sodium, and the amounts of sodium lost in urine and exudate.
VENTILATORY MANAGEMENT OF THE PULMONARY BURN*
Authors: Lee Arthur B. , Kinney John M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryVentilatory management begins with a consideration of the requirements for gas exchange. The impaired ventilatory apparatus may adequately cope with resting demands for gas exchange, but may be unable to meet the requirements of increased metabolism.Resting hypermetabolism may be particularly severe in the burn patient. This hypermetabolism with its increased rates of gas exchange places severe prolonged demands on ventilation.Measurements of blood gas tensions and gas exchange describe the balance between cardiopulmonary supply and tissue need for gas exchange. This balance becomes more evident when gas tension and gas exchange are considered respectively as intensive and extensive properties of the same system. The hazard to the burn patient of elevation in gas exchange, cardiac output and heat loss may be unsuspected when only measuring intensive variables such as gas tensions.The specificity of the failure of oxygenation as the ultimate functional lesion of the pulmonary burn has been described.Asepsis, chest physiotherapy, airway humidification and quantitation of ventilator and oxygen therapy have been emphasized in the successful management of the severe pulmonary burn.
GRAPHICAL CONFLICT I: A NEW CLASS OF EXTREMAL PROBLEMS
Authors: Harary Frank , Kabell Jerald A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryInspired by the analogy with the three traditional types of conflict in psychology (approach/approach, approach/avoid, and avoid/avoid), we consider corresponding types of extremal problems in graph theory. These are translated into the determination of extremal values of the product or quotient of two graphical parameters, subject to given constraints. For purposes of exemplification, we study and determine both the exact solution and the extremal graphs for several products and quotients which include confrontations of (a) point‐ and line‐independence and covering, (b) connectivity and coloring, (c) covering and connectivity. We conclude with an indication of several unsolved problems for future research.
PHARMACOLOGICAL MODIFICATION OF THE Ca2+‐PUMP ATPase ACTIVITY OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES*
Authors: Vincenzi Frank F. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe Ca2+‐pump ATPase of human RBC membranes appears to be exquisitely sensitive to a variety of amphipathic molecules. The acidic protein calmodulin (CaM) activates the enzyme some three‐ to fivefold with an apparent Kd of approximately 1–5 nM. A variety of other amphipathic anions, such as acidic phospholipids, free fatty acids, and anionic detergents, are less potent and in some cases less efficacious than CaM, but also activate the enzyme. Similar results have been observed for other CaM‐dependent enzymes, and it is suggested that these agents mimic CaM in a general, but rather nonspecific, fashion. Activation of the human RBC Ca2+‐pump ATPase by CaM or other amphipathic anions can be selectively antagonized by a wide variety (structurally and pharmacologically) of amphipathic cations. There is no simple relationship between antagonism of CaM in vitro and the general systemic pharmacology of these drugs. The only common feature of such drugs is that they are amphipathic cations. Neutral molecules such as saponin exerted neither CaM‐like activity nor CaM antagonism. Great caution is urged in the inferential use of presumed anti‐CaM drugs to study biological systems.
Strategic Defense Initiative Research A Gray Area for Ethics
Authors: ELZINGA AANT 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe arguments concerning the militarization of research fifteen years ago in connection with the war in Vietnam had to do with more manifest indicators of a military link. Then it was a question often of applied research, and the physical or institutional control over such research. Today we are dealing with new technologies and their basic research underpinnings. Because of the character of these new military technologies, we are facing extensive gray areas. It is no longer possible to so clearly discern boundary lines. Thus it becomes more difficult also to clearly determine when one should hold off from a certain type of research for ethical reasons. Such boundaries also blur.As research and development has become increasingly target or mission oriented, externalist assessments relating to social and political problem definitions have taken on greater prominence in defining what is important. An epistemic drift has been noted, a shift whereby assessments of quality or utility by outsiders and nonscientists have become more common. A corollary to this epistemic drift is the erosion of the meaning of basic research in the direction of practice‐relevance, a problem that concerns laser physicists as well as social scientists in newly emerging disciplines.37At a very general level, we might speak of a change in the social paradigm of science, a change that has become more obvious in the last couple of decades as the role of the state has expanded.Finally it is clear that the concept of epistemic drift has to be divested of ideological overtones, particularly those that would equate it with a purist assumption of autonomy and disembodied science. Science as a whole is founded as a social mandate, and autonomy is always relative. What is at issue here is rather the integrity and meaning of scientific enterprise.
Countably Compact Spaces which Cannot Be Cancellative Topological Semigroups
Authors: HOTA SANJU , PURISCH S. , RAJAGOPALAN M. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTForty years ago A.D. Wallace asked whether a countably compact, cancellative topological semigroup is a topological group.We will prove that for various types of spaces Wallace's problem has an affirmative answer. This is done by showing that the most promising candidates for counterexamples do not admit cancellative topological semigroup structures.
On Free Topological Groups with the Inductive Limit Topologiesa
Authors: SIPACHEVA OLGA V. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTCountable spaces with an only nonisolated point for which the free topological groups are the inductive limits of the sets of words having restricted length are characterized. It is proved for a collectionwise normal X that if its free topological group is the inductive limit of the sets of words having restricted length, then any closed discrete set of non‐P‐points in X is countable. All the results obtained are valid for both Abelian and non‐Abelian free groups.
THEORETICAL SETTING OF INNER REVERSIBLE QUANTUM MEASUREMENTS
Authors: ZIZZI PAOLA A. 
Published: December 2006

We show that any unitary transformation performed on the quantum state of a closed quantum system describes an inner, reversible, generalized quantum measurement. We also show that under some specific conditions it is possible to perform a unitary transformation on the state of the closed quantum system by means of a collection of generalized measurement operators. In particular, given a complete set of orthogonal projectors, it is possible to implement a reversible quantum measurement that preserves the probabilities. In this context, we introduce the concept of "Truth-Observable", which is the physical counterpart of an inner logical truth.
Notes on the Augenblick in and Around Jacques Derrida's Reading of Paul Celan's "The Meridian"
Authors: Pasanen Outi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractJacques Derrida wrote twice, in 1984 in "Shibboleth" and in 2002 for his Paris seminar lectures, about "The Meridian," Paul Celan's Georg Büchner prize speech that forms the most elaborate exposition of the poet's poetics. In both readings Derrida, in one way or the other, deals with the question of time. In "Shibboleth," at stake is the notion of date; in the seminar lectures, the "other's time." Through the Greek, Christian, and Jewish experiences involved, the present article takes the notion of Augenblick as a fil conducteur.
Resilience, Family Adversity and Well-Being Among Hawaiian and Non-Hawaiian Adolescents
Authors: Carlton Barry S. , Goebert Deborah A. , Miyamoto Robin H. , Andrade Naleen N. , Hishinuma Earl S. , Makini George K. , Yuen Noelle Y.C. , Bell Cathy K. , McCubbin Laurie D. , Else 'Iwalani R.N. , Nishimura Stephanie T. 
Published: December 2006

Background: Minorities and indigenous peoples are likely to have poor mental health and physical outcomes. This study examines resiliency indicators in Hawaiian adolescents. Aims: Multiple resiliency indicators were examined across different domains including individual, family and community in relation to increased psychological well-being. Methods: Existing data from the Native Hawaiian Mental Health Research Development Program (NHMHRDP) were used. These data included information from a community sample of five high schools on three islands from the state of Hawai'i. The sample included 1,832 students, where 64% were Native Hawaiian and 36% were non-Hawaiian. Results: This study found that Native Hawaiian youth experienced more family adversity compared with non-Hawaiians, but Native Hawaiians were also more likely to have higher levels of family support. For internalizing symptomatology, the most robust resiliency factors were family support and physical fitness/health for Native Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian adolescents. For externalizing symptomatology, achievement and family support were consistently strong resiliency factors. The indicator for physical fitness and health was more influential among Native Hawaiians than non-Hawaiians for externalizing symptoms, while academic achievement was more influential among non-Hawaiians than for Native Hawaiians for the protection against internalizing symptoms. Conclusions: Our findings support the need for intervention programs designed to promote resilience in adolescents, including highlighting the importance of the family. Further research is needed to design and evaluate programs that promote well-being, enhance resilience and improve mental health in culturally appropriate ways.
Change in Work Performance in Vocational Rehabilitation for People with Severe Mental Illness: Distinct Responder Groups
Authors: Watzke Stefan , Galvao Anja , Gawlik Berthold , Huehne Michael , Brieger Peter 
Published: December 2006

Background: Vocational rehabilitation aims to improve work performance. Few studies have examined the course of work performance during vocational rehabilitation. It remains unclear whether all subjects profit equally from rehabilitation programs regarding improvement of work performance. Aims: The purpose of this study is to examine the course of work performance in order to differentiate between responder groups and to distinguish between those groups regarding sociodemographic status, psychiatric diagnosis, level of individual satisfaction and vocational rehabilitation success. Methods: Work performance of N = 125 subjects with severe mental disorders was rated on intake to the rehabilitation program and six months later with the German version of the Work Personality Profile (WPP). A cluster analysis was conducted to identify different responder groups. Results: Groups with poor, moderate, improving and superior work performance were identified. These groups differed in educational level, psychiatric diagnosis, individual satisfaction and rehabilitation outcome. Conclusion: Not all subjects profit equally from vocational rehabilitation in terms of improvement of work performance. Unfavorable courses of work skills were shown for participants with schizophrenia and low education. Low individual satisfaction with performance is related to consistently low or moderate performance. Group differences predicted reintegration success. Future research should focus on different responder groups and their identification in early stages of the rehabilitation process to ensure appropriate assistance, particularly for subjects with poorer performance.
Schizophrenia Should be Renamed to Help Educate Patients and the Public
Authors: Levin Tomer 
Published: December 2006

Background: A new name for schizophrenia, reflecting a biopsychosocial conceptualization, may have utility in educating patients and the public. If readily translatable, it would be of great value in transcultural psychiatry. It may be clinically beneficial to psychoeducation in evidence-based treatment modalities such as medication management, multifamily group psycho-education and cognitive therapy. Discussion: Neuro-Emotional Integration Disorder (NEID) is proposed as the biopsychosocial candidate term to replace schizophrenia. The following subtypes are proposed: defensive type replacing paranoid, motoric type replacing catatonic, Brief Neuro-Emotional-Integration Breakdown (B-NEIB) replacing brief psychotic episode, NEID-Time Limited replacing schizophreniform disorder. Schizoaffective disorder might be termed NEID-Bipolar type. Anti-psychotic medication would be termed NEI-Enhancing medication. Conclusions: By emphasizing the neuropsychiatric basis of this ‘highly treatable brain disorder’ through its labeling, stigma may ultimately be reduced. Even if the term NEID is not ultimately adopted, the principles outlined here should be helpful in choosing a replacement term for ‘schizophrenia’.