bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communicating Uncertainty in Weather Forecasts: A Survey of the U.S. Public
Authors: Morss Rebecca E. , Demuth Julie L. , Lazo Jeffrey K. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Weather forecasts are inherently uncertain, and meteorologists have information about weather forecast uncertainty that is not readily available to most forecast users. Yet effectively communicating forecast uncertainty to nonmeteorologists remains challenging. Improving forecast uncertainty communication requires research-based knowledge that can inform decisions on what uncertainty information to communicate, when, and how to do so. To help build such knowledge, this article explores the public’s perspectives on everyday weather forecast uncertainty and uncertainty information using results from a nationwide survey. By contributing to the fundamental understanding of laypeople’s views on forecast uncertainty, the findings can inform both uncertainty communication and related research.
The article uses empirical data from a nationwide survey of the U.S. public to investigate beliefs commonly held among meteorologists and to explore new topics. The results show that when given a deterministic temperature forecast, most respondents expected the temperature to fall within a range around the predicted value. In other words, most people inferred uncertainty into the deterministic forecast. People’s preferences for deterministic versus nondeterministic forecasts were examined in two situations; in both, a significant majority of respondents liked weather forecasts that expressed uncertainty, and many preferred such forecasts to single-valued forecasts. The article also discusses people’s confidence in different types of forecasts, their interpretations of the probability of precipitation forecasts, and their preferences for how forecast uncertainty is conveyed. Further empirical research is needed to study the article’s findings in other contexts and to continue exploring perception, interpretation, communication, and use of weather forecast uncertainty.
Conjugation and optoelectronic properties of acetylenic scaffolds and charge-transfer chromophores
Authors: Kivala Milan , Diederich François 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOur group started a research program in acetylene chemistry in 1987; since then, an intense research effort led to a fascinating journey into acetylenic scaffolding, aimed at exploring conjugative and optoelectronic properties of acetylenic chromophores. This journey included the generation of a unique molecular construction kit for acetylenic scaffolding, consisting of (E)-1,2-diethynylethenes [DEEs, (E)-hex-3-ene-1,5-diynes], tetraethynylethenes (TEEs, 3,4-diethynylhex-3-ene-1,5-diynes), chiral 1,3-diethynylallenes (DEAs, hepta-3,4-diene-1,6-diynes), 1,4-di and 1,1,4,4-tetraethynylbutatrienes, chiral trialkynylmethanes, and 1,1,2,2-tetraethynylethanes. These building modules were subsequently applied to the synthesis of carbon-rich architectures extending into one, two, and three dimensions. They include multinanometer-long monodisperse oligomers as models for infinite acetylenic polymers, molecular switches, perethynylated dehydroannulenes, expanded radialenes, and radiaannulenes, and an octamethoxy-substituted expanded cubane with a central C56core. Donor-substituted cyanoethynylethenes (CEEs) and 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-dienes (TCBDs) were introduced as new push-pull chromophores featuring intense intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) interactions. Dendritic multivalent CT chromophores were constructed using atom-economic, "click"-like reactions, and these systems were shown to behave as "molecular batteries", featuring exceptional electron uptake and storage capacity. The research finally led to the development of an unprecedented cascade reaction for the preparation of dendritic and oligomeric donor-acceptor (D-A) molecules. New [AB]-type oligomers become accessible in domino reactions involving repetitive sequences of [2+2] cycloadditions of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) to polyynes, followed by retro-electrocyclizations.
Heterophenes revisited
Authors: Luh Tien-Yau , Lin Hsin-Chieh , Chou Chih-Ming 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBy employing the furan annulation protocol, a new series of furan-containing teraryl [n.2]cyclophenes (n= 2-6 and 12) are prepared. These cyclophenes exhibit charge-transfer character in the absorption spectra and unusually large Stokes shifts in the emission spectra. They have neither particularly strong electron-donating moieties nor electron-withdrawing groups, but exhibit unusual second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The π-systems in teraryl system and in the bridging double bond are highly twisted. Interaction between these twisted π-systems may account for the significant enhancement in hyperpolarizability. Thiophene analog behaved similarly. The five-membered heteroaromatic rings may not only serve as electron donors, but also may accommodate the appropriate geometry to enable the interactions between the oligoaryl systems and the double bond leading to unusual photophysical and NLO properties.
Photochromic diarylethene as an information processing unit: Magnetic and electric switching
Authors: Matsuda Kenji 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPhotochromic compounds reversibly change not only the absorption spectra but also their geometrical and electronic structures. This principle can be applied for the photoswitching of the physical properties of the molecular materials. In particular, photoswitching of the flow of information through the molecule is interesting because information processing using molecular devices is attracting interest in the molecular electronics field. The photoswitchings of the magnetic exchange interaction and the electrical conductance using photochromic diarylethene are described.
Novel aromatic species containing group 14 atoms
Authors: West Robert 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The dianions of tetraphenylsilole and tetraphenylgermole behave as aromatic species, as shown by the equalization of C-C bond lengths in these rings and by nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations. Similarly, the dianions of 9-silafluorene and 9-germafluorene are aromatic. In the latter species, the heteroatom five-membered rings are more aromatic than the attached benzene rings. Also to be recognized as aromatically stabilized compounds are the stable unsaturated diiminocarbenes, diiminosilylenes, and diiminogermylenes. Evidence for the aromatic delocalization in these molecules comes from NMR, NICS calculations, Raman spectroscopy, isodesmic molecular orbital (MO) calculations, and calculated isomerization stabilization energies. From the presently available evidence, the aromaticity appears to alternate, with C > Ge > Si, going down group 14.
Self-assembly and properties of low-dimensional nanomaterials based on π-conjugated organic molecules
Authors: Lv Jing , Liu Huibiao , Li Yuliang 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBuilding supramolecular architectures with well-defined shapes and functions is of great importance in materials science, nanochemistry, and biomimetic chemistry. In recent years, we have devoted much effort to the construction of well-defined supramolecular structures through noncovalent forces such as hydrogen bonding, π-stacking, metal-ligand bonds, and hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, with the aid of functional building blocks. The morphologies and their physical properties were studied, and new methods for the construction of one-dimensional nanoscale structures have been developed. In this review, we summarize our recent studies on the design and synthesis of the supramolecular systems, as well as the physical properties of nanoscale structures.
Sind winkelstabile Plattensysteme mit elastischen Eigenschaften für die Stabilisierung der Oberarmkopffraktur vorteilhaft? / Eine in-vitro biomechanische Untersuchung
Authors: Hessmann M. H , Sternstein W , Mehler D , Korner J , Hofmann A , Rommens P.M 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWinkelstabile Platten werden mit zunehmender Häufigkeit zur Stabilisierung von Oberarmkopfbrüchen verwendet. Rigide Implantate führen bei osteoporotischen Knochenverhältnissen u. U. aber häufiger zum Versagen. Um den Effekt der Implantatelastizität zu beurteilen wurden in einer in-vitro Studie die biomechanischen Eigenschaften eines rigiden und eines elastischen winkelstabilen Plattensystems vergleichend analysiert. An 8 Humeruspaaren wurde eine instabile subkapitale Fraktur simuliert. Die Proben wurden axial- und torsions-belastet. Analysiert wurden die Steifigkeit, das Setzverhalten unter Dauerlast und die Versagensbelastung.Das elastische Plattensystem kennzeichnete sich durch eine geringere Torsionssteifigkeit und eine größere Verformung unter Axial- und Torsionsbelastung. Die Proben versagten früher als beim rigiden Plattenystem.Unter biomechanischen Gesichtspunkten bieten Implantate mit elastischen Eigenschaften am Oberarmkopf somit keine Vorteile. There is a recent interest for the use of angle-fixed plates in the management of proximal humerus fractures. Rigid implants might be associated with an increased risk of cutting-out. In order to analyse the potential beneficial effects of the implant elasticity on fracture fixation, the biomechanical properties of a rigid and an elastic angle-fixed plating system were assessed in an experimental study. An unstable fracture of the surgical neck was created in 8 pairs of human humeri. Specimens were subjected to axial loading and torque. Stiffness, subsidence and load to failure were assessed.The implant with elastic properties was characterized by a lower torsional stiffness and a higher subsidence during axial loading and torque. This implant failed at lower loads than the rigid implant did.Elastic implant properties of angle-fixed plates have shown not to be advantageous for the management of fractures of the proximal humerus.
Changes in the Population Ecology of Hatchery and Wild Coho Salmon in the Strait of Georgia
Authors: Beamish R. J. , Sweeting R. M. , Lange K. L. , Neville C. M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn analysis of the results of a 10‐year study of the population ecology of juvenile hatchery and wild coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in the Strait of Georgia produced new information about the interannual and interseasonal fluctuations in abundance and marine survival. A decline in the percentage of hatchery coho salmon was related to declines in hatchery fish abundance and marine survival; wild coho salmon abundance was more stable. The declining marine survival of hatchery coho salmon appeared to be related to a fixed average date of release from hatcheries and a possibility of earlier prey production. The relatively stable abundance of wild coho salmon may relate to a natural trend toward earlier ocean entry dates. Oscillations in hatchery coho salmon percentage and abundance were related to oscillations in abundance of juvenile pink salmon O. gorbuscha. The impact of oscillating density affected marine survival of hatchery coho salmon more than that of wild coho salmon. Marine survival and abundance of hatchery and wild coho salmon in July were positively related to average fork length, indicating that growth within the first few months after ocean entry affected marine survival. However, absolute size was not important, as wild coho salmon were consistently smaller than hatchery coho salmon. Wild coho salmon responded to conditions in the marine ecosystem differently than hatchery coho salmon, as relationships among growth, survival, and abundance were apparent for wild coho salmon earlier in the year than for hatchery fish. The length increase between July and September was inversely related to marine survival, suggesting that fish that were larger in July grew less and survived better because they were storing more lipids than smaller coho salmon. The study indicated that a more experimental management strategy is needed for both hatchery and wild coho salmon.
Formation of Underwater Cuttings Piles in Offshore Drilling
Authors: Fang Qian , Guo Boyun , Ghalambor Ali 
Published: March 2008

Summary
The discharge of drill cuttings to the seabed can significantly reduce offshore drilling cost. However, the formation of cuttings piles on the seabed near the rigsite can present problems for drilling and production operations. When the problem is likely to occur in the areas of low-current velocity, the cuttings are not discharged to seabed, but ground and injected to formation or transported onshore for disposal, which increases drilling cost. It is highly desired to have an accurate method to predict the location and configuration of the cuttings piles in the design stage of well drilling. This paper presents a solution to the problem.
Starting from Newton's second law of motion, a mathematical model has been developed in this study to predict the location, configuration, and characteristics of cuttings piles. Factors considered include water depth, current velocity, cuttings properties (e.g., size distribution, density, and sphericity), and water properties (such as density and viscosity). This mathematical model has been computerized. It provides well planners a useful tool for predicting the characteristics of cuttings piles during drilling. Application of the tool can reduce the cost of drilling through better handling of drill cuttings such as discharging to water vs. injecting into the formation.
New Technology Improves Performance of Viscoelastic Surfactant Fluids
Authors: Crews James B. , Huang Tianping , Wood W. Russell 
Published: March 2008

Summary
For a number of years, viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluids have been used for a variety of stimulation treatment applications, including hydraulic fracturing, acid diverting, and gravelpacking. VES fluid systems typically offer higher-retained permeability and conductivity of the formation sand and proppant pack than polymeric systems. However, preliminary cost, a 200°F temperature limit, excessive leakoff, and no internal breaker mechanism for dry gas applications have limited VES use.
New VES fluid technology has been developed that substantially improves product performance and cost effectiveness. The temperature range has been extended to 300°F by using newly developed VES stabilizer technology. The system works with high-density brines up to 14.4 ppg. Internal breakers have been developed that permit a controlled viscosity break from ambient to 300°F. Laboratory tests have determined that an internally broken fluid rapidly achieves &gt;90% returned permeability and conductivity of the formation sand and proppant pack without the presence or need for contacting hydrocarbons. Fluid loss-control technology has been developed that reduces VES fluid leakoff similar to wall-building fluids, but without filtercake damage.
This paper discusses the development of the new VES system chemistry and its properties. The paper also addresses the merits of a viscous fluid that can work in a variety of base fluids for high-pressure applications, such as managing surface-treating pressure or for gas-hydrate inhibition in deep gas or deepwater environments. Breaker technology discussion addresses the ability to ensure and enhance VES fluid-viscosity breaking. Fluid loss-control technology effective to at least 2,000 millidarcies (mD) is presented. This paper also presents rheological, return permeability and conductivity, fluid loss control, treating pressure, and financial results.
Presence of shrubs influences the spatial pattern of soil seed banks in desert herbaceous vegetation
Authors: Li Feng‐Rui 
Published: March 2008

AbstractQuestion: Do shrubs influence the spatial pattern of soil seed banks in herbaceous vegetation and are these effects influenced by wind direction, sampling position (windward vs leeward sides of the shrub) and distance from the shrub?Location: Horqin desert in eastern Inner Mongolia, China.Methods: A pioneer shrub, Artemisia halodendron, occurring in a mobile sandy habitat was used as a case study. Species composition and abundance of the seed bank and established herbaceous vegetation around six target shrubs were sampled along transects aligned to the four main wind directions and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4.5 and 6 m from the shrub base on both windward and leeward sides of a transect.Results: The presence of shrubs significantly modified the spatial pattern of seed deposition, but effects varied with wind direction, sampling position and distance from the shrub. More seeds were deposited on the leeward side than on the windward sides in all four transects, especially on transects with the most prevailing wind directions. Shrubs also caused a marked variation in seed deposition across sampling locations; this effect was more pronounced on the leeward side of transects with the most prevailing wind directions, suggesting the mean range of the shrub's influence is within ca. 2 m.Conclusions: The study shows clear evidence of shrubs as a source of spatial heterogeneity in seed availability in the herbaceous layer. Shrub presence effects were strongly influenced by complex interactions between wind direction, sampling position, and distance from the shrub.
Tissue Engineering
Authors: Jagur‐Grodzinski Joseph 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

The concept of tissue engineering (TE) was born when Vacanti and Langer suggested that living cells may form
in vitro
, at appropriate conditions, structures identical with those they form in live bodies. Tissue engineering is a fast growing branch of biomedical engineering. It currently consists of several branches. Seeding and culturing cells on scaffolds, which imitate extracellular matrix (ECM), is the basis of the most commonly used method. Scaffolds are prepared from various natural and synthetic polymers. Another variant of TE involves injection of gels that form scaffolds
in situ
. Acellular scaffolds may also be inserted
in vivo
. They mobilize cells from the adjacent tissues, from circulating body fluids, or stem cell sources. The above mentioned methods eliminate the
in vitro
stage of TE procedures. Another branch of TE is called cell‐sheet engineering (CSE). It involves culturing cell sheets on a surface of a polymer, whose structure undergoes sudden transition at a certain critical temperature (
T
tr
). Cells are cultured at
T
>
T
tr
. However, when a sheet is formed it separates spontaneously from the supporting surface when the temperature is decreased <
T
tr
. Sheets thus formed can be harvested without damaging cell–cell or cell–ECM interactions. The CSE is particularly suitable for TE of liver and heart, since they consist of cells loosely associated with ECM.

Materials used for formation of scaffolds and methods used for their preparation are described in some detail. Techniques, eg, rapid prototyping (RP) and photopattering, are discussed. Inverse RP, as well as the engineering of scaffolds surfaces, is also mentioned. The operation mechanism of various bioreactors for TE and their effect on the properties of the engineered tissues are reviewed.
Acrylic Elastomers, Survey
Authors: Starmer Philip H. , Wolf Fred R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAcrylic elastomers have the ASTM designation ACM for polymers of ethyl acrylate and other acrylates, and ANM for copolymers of ethyl or other acrylates with acrylonitrile. In both cases, the M indicates a polymer having a saturated chain of the polymethylene type. The combination of a saturated backbone with polar side chains results in a class of polymers with very good resistance to heat and oil, including oils containing hypoid additives. Acrylic elastomers also have good resistance to sunlight and ozone. Ethylene–acrylic elastomers are discussed in a separate article.The first acrylic elastomers were homopolymers of either ethyl acrylate or methyl acrylate. Because these had limited utility, particularly for vulcanized applications, various copolymer modifications were developed to improve performance, and there evolved a division of monomers into two types:backbone monomers, which comprise the principal proportion of the monomers and determine the physical and chemical properties of the polymer, andcure‐site monomers, which are incorporated to the extent of 1–5% to introduce reactive sites for subsequent cross‐linking reactions.Emulsion and suspension polymerization are the important methods for preparing the elastomers. Their rheological characteristics require processing that addresses contamination more than for other types. Fairly rigid processing is required. The monomers from which these elastomers are prepared have varying degrees of toxicity. Because of the wide property range, the acylic elastomers have many application, eg, coatings, textiles, automotive products, adhesives, paper, and agriculture.
Palladium(0) Nanoparticles on Glass‐Polymer Composite Materials as Recyclable Catalysts: A Comparison Study on their Use in Batch and Continuous Flow Processes
Authors: Mennecke Klaas , Cecilia Raul , Glasnov Toma N. , Gruhl Susanne , Vogt Carla , Feldhoff Armin , Vargas M. A. Larrubia , Kappe C. Oliver , Kunz Ulrich , Kirschning Andreas 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPalladium particles were generated by reduction of palladate anions bound to an ion exchange resin inside microreactors. The size and distribution of the palladium particles differed substantially depending on the degree of cross‐linking and the density of ion exchange sites on the polymer/glass composites, the latter parameter having a larger influence than the former. The polymer phase of the composite materials was used for the loading with clusters composed of palladium particles which are 1 to 10 nm in diameter. The reactivity and stability of six different palladium‐doped polymer/glass composite samples for transfer hydrogenations was investigated both under conventional and microwave heating in the batch mode as well as under continuous flow conditions using the cyclohexene‐promoted transfer hydrogenation of ethyl cinnamate as a model reaction. Regarding the heating method it was found that catalysts that are composed of larger metal particles perform better under microwave irradiating conditions whereas samples with smaller particle sizes perform better under conventional heating. Comparing batch experiments with flow‐through experiments the latter technique gives better conversion. Reusability was better in microwave heated experiments than in traditional heating.
Half‐Sandwich Scorpionate Vanadium, Iron and Copper Complexes: Synthesis and Application in the Catalytic Peroxidative Oxidation of Cyclohexane under Mild Conditions
Authors: Silva Telma F. S. , Alegria Elisabete C. B. A. , Martins Luísa M. D. R. S. , Pombeiro Armando J. L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe new half‐sandwich scorpionate complexes [hydridotris(1‐pyrazolyl)methane]vanadium trichloride, ([VCl3{HC(pz)3}] 1 (pz=pyrazolyl), [tris(1‐pyrazolyl)methanesulfonate]vanadium trichloride, [VCl3{SO3C(pz)3}] 2, [hydrido(1‐pyrazolyl)methane]iron dichloride, [FeCl2{HC(pz)3}] 3, lithium [tris(1‐pyrazolyl)methanesulfonate]dichloroferrate, Li[FeCl2{SO3C(pz)3}] 4, and [tris(1‐pyrazolyl)methanesulfonate]copper chloride, [CuCl{SO3C(pz)3}] 5 were synthesized, characterized and shown to act, as well as the related (tripyrazolylmethane)copper dichloride, [CuCl2{HC(pz)3}] 6, as selective catalysts (or catalyst precursors) for the peroxidative oxidation (with hydrogen peroxide) of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, under mild conditions (at room temperature and using an aqueous solution of H2O2). The iron complexes are the most active ones (reaching TON values up to ca. 690), the effects of a variety of factors are reported and the reaction is shown to proceed via both C‐ and O‐centred radical mechanisms, conceivably involving a metal‐based oxidant.
Highly Efficient Copper(I) Iodide‐Tolyl‐BINAP‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Methylmagnesium Bromide to α,β‐Unsaturated Esters
Authors: Wang Shun‐Yi , Lum Tze‐Keong , Ji Shun‐Jun , Loh Teck‐Peng 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA highly efficient asymmetric conjugate addition of methylmagnesium bromide (MeMgBr) to α,β‐unsaturated esters catalyzed by copper(I) iodide‐tolyl‐BNIP (CuI‐Tol‐BINAP) is described.