bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced lipoxidation end‐products mediate lipid‐induced glomerular injury: role of receptor‐mediated mechanisms
Authors: Iacobini Carla , Menini Stefano , Ricci Carlo , Scipioni Angela , Sansoni Viola , Mazzitelli Giulia , Cordone Samantha , Pesce Carlo , Pugliese Francesco , Pricci Flavia , Pugliese Giuseppe 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAtherosclerosis and renal disease are related conditions, sharing several risk factors. This includes hyperlipidaemia, which may result in enhanced lipoprotein accumulation and chemical modification, particularly oxidation, with formation of advanced lipoxidation endproducts (ALEs). We investigated whether increased lipid peroxidation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of lipid‐induced renal disease, via receptor‐mediated mechanisms involving the scavenger and advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) receptors. Mice knocked out for galectin‐3 (Gal3−/−), an AGE receptor previously shown to protect from AGE‐induced renal injury, and the corresponding wild‐type (Gal3+/+) animals, were fed an atherogenic high‐fat diet (HFD; 15% fat, 1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% sodium cholate); mice fed a normal‐fat diet (NFD; 4% fat) served as controls. Gal3+/+ mice fed a HFD developed glomerular disease, as indicated by proteinuria, mesangial expansion and glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis. Glomerular injury was associated with increased glomerular matrix protein expression, ALE and oxidized LDL content, oxidative stress, AGE and scavenger receptor expression and macrophage infiltration, with only modest renal/glomerular fat accumulation and changes in lipid metabolism. Fibrotic and inflammatory changes, together with accumulation of ALEs, such as 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal adducts and Nε‐carboxymethyllysine, oxidative stress and expression of the receptor of AGEs (RAGE), were significantly more marked in Gal3−/− animals, whereas fat deposition and abnormalities in lipid metabolism remained modest. Thus, lipid‐induced renal damage is mainly dependent on lipid peroxidation with formation of carbonyl reactive species and ALEs, which accumulate within the kidney tissue, thus triggering receptor‐mediated pro‐inflammatory signalling pathways, as in atherogenesis. Moreover, galectin‐3 exerts a significant role in the uptake and effective removal of modified lipoproteins, with diversion of these products from RAGE‐dependent pro‐inflammatory pathways associated with downregulation of RAGE expression. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using mass spectrometry to identify ubiquitin and ubiquitin‐like protein conjugation sites
Authors: Jeram Stanley M. , Srikumar Tharan , Pedrioli Patrick G. A. , Raught Brian 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUbiquitin (Ub) and the ubiquitin‐like proteins (Ubls) are polypeptides that are covalently conjugated to proteins and other biomolecules to modulate their turnover rate, localization, and/or function. The full range of Ubl functions is only beginning to be understood, and the wide variety of Ubl conjugates is only beginning to be identified. Moreover, how Ubl conjugation is regulated, and how Ubl conjugate populations change, e.g., throughout the cell cycle, in response to hormones, nutrients, or stress, or in various disease states, remains largely enigmatic. MS represents a powerful tool for the characterization of PTMs. However, standard sample preparation and data search methods are not amenable to the identification of many types of Ubl conjugates. Here, we describe the challenges of identifying Ub/Ubl conjugates, and propose an improved workflow for identification of Ub/Ubl conjugation sites. Considering the importance of Ubls in normal cellular physiology, and their roles in disease etiology and progression, it will be critical to develop improved high‐throughput MS methods capable of efficiently identifying proteins and other biomolecules modified by these very interesting and important PTMs.
The role of remittances in Botswana: does internal migration really reward sending families?
Authors: Campbell Eugene K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study examines internal labour migration of Botswana citizens and their remittance behaviour. Although international remittance is among topical global issues that will be investigated for quite some time into the future, it does not appear to contribute much towards national development in Botswana presently. About 25 years ago remittances from internal migration did little to assist households in meeting their basic needs. This study indicates that this situation has not changed. From primary data, the usefulness of remittances and factors influencing remittances are examined. Following this is an examination of the impact of remittances on households' access to basic items. The results indicate that migrants maintain economic and social links with their home‐based households through remittance in cash and goods as well as through visitation. The visits actually encourage migrants to remit. There is considerable variation in the extent to which remittances are appreciated as a reliable means of subsistence in the household. Regression results reveal that economic and social factors are associated with remittances from migrants. However, the remittances do not have significant effect on the ability of households to access basic items needed to maintain a reasonable standard of living. Policy implications are addressed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetoresistivity model and ionization‐energy approximation for ferromagnets
Authors: Arulsamy Andrew Das , Cui Xiangyuan , Stampfl Catherine , Ratnavelu Kurunathan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe evolution of resistivity versus temperature (ρ (T)) curve for different doping elements, and in the presence of various defects and clustering are explained for both diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) and manganites. Here, we provide unambiguous evidence that the concept of ionization energy (EI) which is explicitly associated with the atomic energy levels, can be related quantitatively to transport measurements. The proposed ionization energy model is used to understand how the valence states of ions affect the evolution of ρ (T) curves for different doping elements. We also explain how the ρ (T) curves evolve in the presence of, and in the absence of defects and clustering. The model also complements the results obtained from first‐principles calculations. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inference on treatment effects for targeted clinical trials under enrichment design
Authors: Liu Jen‐Pei , Lin Jr‐Rung , Chow Shein‐Chung 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAfter completion of a human genome project, the disease targets at molecular level can be identified. As a result, treatment modality for molecular targets can be developed. In practice, targeted clinical trials are usually conducted for evaluation of the possibility and feasibility of the individualized treatment of patients. However, the accuracy of diagnostic devices for identification of such molecular targets is usually not perfect. Therefore, some of the patients enrolled in targeted clinical trials with a positive result by the diagnostic device might not have the specific molecular targets and hence the treatment effects of the targeted drugs estimated from targeted clinical trials could be biased for the patient population truly with the molecular targets. Under an enrichment design for targeted clinical trials, we propose to use the EM algorithm and bootstrap method for obtaining the inference of the treatment effects of the targeted drugs in the patient population truly with molecular targets. A simulation study was conducted to empirically investigate the bias and variability of the proposed estimator and the size and power of the proposed testing method. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed estimator is unbiased with adequate precision and the confidence interval can provide satisfactory coverage probability. In addition, the proposed testing procedure can adequately control the size with sufficient power. A practical example illustrates the utility of the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reusable specification modules for type analysis
Authors: Kastens Uwe , Waite William M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractType analysis can be characterized by a language‐independent collection of standard computational roles such as ‘typed identifier use’ (e.g. a variable name appearing in an expression) and ‘dyadic expression’ (e.g. addition of two values). A type analyzer for a specific language is then defined by stating which language construct(s) play each role. The computational roles provide a framework for understanding the general process and a vocabulary for applying that understanding to the solution of particular problems. We have captured this knowledge in attribute grammar modules that are carefully designed to be combinable and adaptable, exporting language‐independent roles that define the general type analysis problem. From this collection, the compiler designer instantiates the appropriate modules and identifies the relevant source‐language constructs; an attribute grammar processor then weaves the necessary computations into the compiler's semantic analyzer. Our attribute grammar modules provide a precise definition of the actions constituting the various roles and the dependences among them. They can therefore also be used to describe the type analysis process to students, or to specify a hand‐coded semantic analyzer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four Keys to Success (Theory, Implementation, Evaluation, and Resource/System Support): High Hopes and Challenges in Participation
Authors: Wandersman Abraham 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this article, I attempt to merge two themes. First, there is often a large gap between high hopes about impacts of policies or programs and the demonstrated results. I describe four keys/threats to success in any social problem area: theory, implementation, evaluation, and resource/system support. Second, I present theory and research from over 30 years of work on participation, conducted by my colleagues and myself that can illuminate and be illuminated by theory, implementation, evaluation, and resource/system support. I offer ideas for solutions that increase the probability of success. I conclude with the need to have high hopes tempered by theory and research to develop realistically ambitious solutions to social problems.
The Evolutionary History of Ehrhartoideae, Oryzeae, and Oryza
Authors: Kellogg Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Rice is a member of the genus Oryza, which has a history extending back into the Miocene. Oryza is in turn a member of the tribe Oryzeae, which along with the tribe Ehrharteae is included in the subfamily Ehrhartoideae. This paper reviews current knowledge of the genus, tribe and subfamily, and places rice in the larger evolutionary context of the entire grass family. The morphological characteristics of rice are an amalgam of characters that have originated at different times in its long evolutionary history. Increasingly, genomic characteristics are also being placed in a broad evolutionary context and it is becoming possible see which are characteristic of all grasses and which are more restricted to the genus Oryza or even to rice itself.
Gamma‐linolenic acid induces apoptosis and lipid peroxidation in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells
Authors: Ge Haitao , Kong Xiuqin , Shi Limei , Hou Lijuan , Liu Zhili , Li Ping 
Published: January 2009

AbstractVarious polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially gamma‐linolenic acid (GLA), inhibit the growth of a variety of tumor cells. Some evidence indicates that polyunsaturated fatty acid can kill cells by apoptosis. In the current study, we tested the apoptotic effect of GLA on human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. GLA induced K562 cell death in a dose‐dependent manner. Typical apoptotic nuclei were shown by staining of K562 cells with DNA‐binding fluorochrome Hoechst 33342, characterized by chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. Flow cytometric analysis also demonstrated that GLA caused dose‐dependent apoptosis of K562 cells. The apoptosis could be inhibited by a pancaspase inhibitor (z‐VAD‐fmk), suggesting the involvement of caspases. Further, release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase‐3 and cleavage of PARP were found in GLA‐induced apoptosis. GLA treatment could also elevate lipid peroxidation in K562 cells, and antioxidant α‐tocopherol could reverse the cytotoxicity of GLA. The saturated fatty acid SA, which did not exhibit significant increase in lipid peroxidation, also did not induce cytotoxicity. Intracellular GSH was also determined, and there was no marked change of GSH levels in cells after incubation with GLA compared with the control. These results demonstrate that GLA could induce apoptosis in K562 cells. Apoptosis is mediated by release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase‐3. Lipid peroxidation may play a role in GLA cytotoxicity.
ON DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN RANDOM WALK AND CHANGE IN THE MEAN ALTERNATIVES
Authors: Aue Alexander , Horváth Lajos , Hušková Marie , Ling Shiqing 
Published: January 2009

We study test procedures that detect structural breaks in underlying data sequences. In particular, we wish to discriminate between different reasons for these changes, such as (1) shifting means, (2) random walk behavior, and (3) constant means but innovations switching from stationary to difference stationary behavior. Almost all procedures presently available in the literature are simultaneously sensitive to all three types of alternatives.The test statistics under investigation are based on functionals of the partial sums of observations. These cumulative sum–type (CUSUM-type) statistics have limit distributions if the mean remains constant and the errors satisfy the central limit theorem but tend to infinity in the case when any of the alternatives (1), (2), or (3) holds. On removing the effect of the shifting mean, however, divergence of the test statistics will only occur under the random walk behavior, which in turn enables statisticians not only to detect structural breaks but also to specify their causes.The results are underlined by a simulation study and an application to returns of the German stock index DAX.
Long-Term Outcome of the Lidcombe Program for Early Stuttering Intervention
Authors: Miller Barbara , Guitar Barry 
Published: January 2009

Purpose
To report long-term outcomes of the first 15 preschool children treated with the Lidcombe Program by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who were inexperienced with the program and independent of the program developers. Research questions were: Would the treatment have a similar outcome with inexperienced SLPs compared to outcomes when implemented by the developers? Is treatment duration associated with pretreatment measures? Is long-term treatment outcome affected by variables associated with natural recovery?

Method
Fifteen preschool children who completed the Lidcombe Program were assessed prior to treatment and at least 12 months following treatment. Pretreatment data were obtained from archived files; follow-up data were obtained from interviews and recordings completed after the study had been planned.

Results
Measures of stuttering indicated significant changes from pretreatment to follow-up in percentage of syllables stuttered and scores on the Stuttering Severity Instrument, Third Edition. Pretreatment severity was significantly correlated with treatment time. Handedness was the only client characteristic that appeared to be related to long-term treatment outcome.

Conclusions
The treatment produced significant long-term changes in children’s speech, even when administered by SLPs newly trained in the Lidcombe Program. Treatment results appear to be influenced by pretreatment stuttering severity.
Use of Gesture Development in Profiling Children’s Prelinguistic Communication Skills
Authors: Crais Elizabeth R. , Watson Linda R. , Baranek Grace T. 
Published: January 2009

Purpose
Comparing children’s skills across and within domains of development has become a standard in providing early intervention services. Profiling a child’s strengths and challenges can help in making decisions regarding eligibility, diagnosis, and intervention. Profiling is particularly important for children who are not yet talking, due to the variability in production skills and the lack of guidelines as to which children are “at risk” for communication deficits versus those who are “late talkers.” One area underutilized in profiling is gesture development, despite the fact that research has indicated that the amount and type of gesture use can help in early identification and is predictive of later language.

Method
To guide practicing professionals and researchers in using gesture development to profile children’s communication skills, this article provides an overview of the types of gestures and their development, describes assessment methods and tools to document gesture development, pinpoints behaviors and factors important in identifying children with disabilities, and ends with brief examples of using profiling in assessment and intervention planning.

Conclusions
Gesture use should be an important component in profiling children’s communication skills, and this type of profiling can enhance both the assessment and intervention process.
Advance Bandwidth Scheduling Algorithms in Dedicated Networks
Authors: Lin Yunyue , Wu Qishi , Rao Nageswara S. V. , Zhu Mengxia 
Published: January 2009

An increasing number of high performance research network testbeds and production networks have the capability of provisioning dedicated channels for high speed data transfer in support of large scale scientific applications. Each dedicated channel in these networks typically consists of one or more physical links that are shared by multiple applications in both time and bandwidth through in advance reservation. The design of efficient bandwidth scheduling algorithms is critical to maximizing the utilization of dedicated network resources and meeting diverse end-to-end transport performance requirements. The topology of a dedicated network is represented by a graph, where each link maintains a list of residual bandwidths specified as segmented constant functions of time. Given a graph with an aggregated time-bandwidth table combining the reservation information on all links, designated source, and destination vertices, and a specified data size, we formulate and investigate five bandwidth scheduling problems to minimize the data transfer end time under different path and bandwidth constraints: (i) variable path with variable bandwidth (VPVB), which computes the widest (highest bandwidth) path in each time slot; (ii) fixed path with variable bandwidth (FPVB), which computes a fixed path with varying bandwidths across different time slots; (iii) variable path with fixed bandwidth (VPFB), which computes one path in each time slot with the same bandwidth; (iv) fixed path with fixed bandwidth (FPFB), which computes a fixed path with a constant bandwidth; and (v) multiple fixed paths with fixed bandwidths (MFPFB), which computes multiple concurrent fixed paths with constant bandwidths. Among these problems, VPVB represents the most flexible scenario where the network resources are fully utilized and the minimal transfer end time is achieved, while FPFB imposes the most stringent transport conditions by fixing both path and bandwidth. We design an optimal algorithm for each of these scheduling problems. VPVB is solved using an extension of the classical Dijkstra's algorithm, and FPVB is solved using Maximum Permutation Algorithm, which tries all possible permutations of throughputs at different time slots to obtain the minimal transfer end time. The algorithm for VPFB, FPFB, and MFPFB are based on Adjacent Time Slots Search, which finds the minimum transfer end time by examining the possibility of data transfer in any number of contiguous time slots. All these algorithms are of polynomial or pseudo polynomial time complexity with respect to the network size and the total number of time slots in a bandwidth reservation table.
A Rate Control Scheme of the Even Low Bit-Rate Video Encoder
Authors: Zhou Bing , Su Shi-Mei , Zhang Xingjin , Li Xiaoqiang 
Published: January 2009

Rate control plays an important role in transmitting low-delay and high-quality images over the channel of very low bandwidth. The rate control algorithm in MPEG-4 or H.26X only defined the rate control model of P-frame, and did not introduce the rate control model of I-frame as it supposed that only the first frame is an I-frame, the others are all P-frames. However, in practical applications, a certain number of I-frames have to be inserted to meet the demand for fault-tolerant transmission and information retrieval. Oriented toward the application demand of remote surveillance system based on PSTN, a rate control strategy is proposed for encoding video at even low bit-rate in this paper. The strategy includes a rate-control algorithm for I-frame and introduces a quadratic rate distortion model, which solves the problem of the rate control used at very low bit-rate preferably. The rate distortion model of I-frame is designed referring to that of P-frame. It mainly involves three processes: initial quantization parameter calculation, objective bit number allocation, and objective quantization parameter calculation. TM5 of MPEG-2 proposed the target bit-number allocation model of I, P, and B frame, but the algorithm for the model is a bit complex. Based on the quadratic rate distortion model, a novel algorithm for the target bit-number allocation is presented in this paper. In order to keep the stability of image quality, VM8 limits the change range of the new quantization parameter from −0.25 to 0.25 times of the previous frame. As a result, if the previous frame's quantization parameter is small but the current frame's quantization parameter is calculated to be large, the current frame's quantization parameter should have been corrected with a small value, which will cause excessive coding bits, and worsen the transmission delay. In this paper, we present a correction algorithm for the computation of P-frame's quantization parameter. The results of experiments show that the proposed scheme reduces the delay of encoder buffering greatly, and improves the quality of reconstructed images clearly at the same time. In terms of the system's transmission delay, our scheme uses reasonable algorithms for computing the quantization parameters of I-frame and P-frame, and adjusting the GOP length dynamically. The transmission delays are significantly decreased and the buffer overflows are avoided. In terms of the reconstructed image quality, the test sequence's PSNRs with our scheme are higher than VM8's at all the bit rates, and the coded bit-number of our scheme is less than VM8's at the same bit rate. In terms of the deviation of output bit-streams, the average deviation of our algorithm is much less than VM8's. The less the deviation of the output bit-stream is, the more appropriate it is to be transmitted at the given bandwidth, and the less the transmission delay is.