bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Vitamin B6 Intake and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Theodoratou Evropi , Farrington Susan M. , Tenesa Albert , McNeill Geraldine , Cetnarskyj Roseanne , Barnetson Rebecca A. , Porteous Mary E. , Dunlop Malcolm G. , Campbell Harry 
Published: January 2008

AbstractVitamin B6, a coenzyme in the folate metabolism pathway, may have anticarcinogenic effects. Laboratory and epidemiologic studies support the hypothesis of its protective effect against colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this large Scottish case-control study, including 2,028 hospital-based cases and 2,722 population-based controls, was to investigate the associations between dietary and supplementary intake of vitamin B6 and CRC. Three logistic regression models adjusted for several confounding factors, including energy, folate, and fiber intake, were applied in the whole sample and after age, sex, cancer site, folate, MTHFR C677T (rs1801133), MTHFR A1298C (rs1801131), MTR A2756G (rs1805087), and MTRR A66G (rs1801394) stratification (analysis on genotypes on 1,001 cases and 1,010 controls ≤55 years old). Moderately strong inverse and dose-dependent associations in the whole sample were found between CRC risk and the intake of dietary and total vitamin B6 in all three models [model III: odds ratio (OR), 0.77; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.61-0.98; P for trend = 0.03; OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.69-1.07; P for trend = 0.12]. In addition, meta-analyses of published studies showed inverse associations between vitamin B6 and CRC (combined relative risk, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68-0.96; test for overall effect P = 0.01; combined odds ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.60-0.75; test for overall effect P &lt; 0.00001). Analysis within the stratified subgroups showed similar associations apart from a stronger effect among ≤55-year-old individuals. Evidence from larger cohort and experimental studies is now required to confirm and define the anticarcinogenic actions of vitamin B6 and to explore the mechanisms by which this effect is mediated. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(1):171–82)
Haplotype Analyses of CYP19A1 Gene Variants and Breast Cancer Risk: Results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study
Authors: Cai Qiuyin , Kataoka Nobuhiko , Li Chun , Wen Wanqing , Smith Jeffrey R. , Gao Yu-Tang , Shu Xiao Ou , Zheng Wei 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Estrogens play a central role in the etiology of breast cancer. The CYP19A1 gene encodes aromatase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of estrogens. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) or haplotypes in the CYP19A1 gene have been evaluated in relation to breast cancer risk. However, the results have been inconsistent. In this study, we constructed haplotypes of the CYP19A1 gene using 19 haplotype-tagging SNPs in Chinese women and evaluated the variation of this gene in relation to breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study involving 1,140 cases and 1,244 community controls of the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Five common haplotypes in block 1, three common haplotypes in block 2, five common haplotypes in block 3, and four common haplotypes in block 4 were identified. No apparent association was observed between common haplotypes and breast cancer risk in analyses including all subjects nor in analyses stratified by menopausal status. Similarly, no statistically significant differences were found between cases and controls in the genotype distributions of the 19 individual SNPs and the (TTTA)n repeat polymorphism evaluated in the study. No overall association of breast cancer risk with common CYP19A1 gene variants among Chinese women was observed in this large-scale, comprehensive study. Further studies are needed to explore CYP19A1 gene-environment interactions in relation to breast cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(1):27–32)
Measurement and Meaning of Oxidatively Modified DNA Lesions in Urine
Authors: Cooke Marcus S. , Olinski Ryszard , Loft Steffen ,   members of the European Standards Committee on Urinary (DNA) Lesion Analysis (ESCULA)
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Background: Oxidatively generated damage to DNA has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases. The noninvasive assessment of such damage, i.e., in urine, and application to large-scale human studies are vital to understanding this role and devising intervention strategies.
Methods: We have reviewed the literature to establish the status quo with regard to the methods and meaning of measuring DNA oxidation products in urine.
Results: Most of the literature focus upon 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), and whereas a large number of these reports concern clinical conditions, there remains (a) lack of consensus between methods, (b) possible contribution from diet and/or cell death, (c) no definitive DNA repair source of urinary 2′-deoxyribonucleoside lesions, and (d) no reference ranges for healthy or diseased individuals.
Conclusions: The origin of 8-oxodG is not identified; however, recent cell culture studies suggest that the action of Nudix hydrolase(s) on oxidative modification of the nucleotide pool is a likely candidate for the 8-oxodG found in urine and, potentially, of other oxidized 2′-deoxyribonucleoside lesions. Literature reports suggest that diet and cell death have minimal, if any, influence upon urinary levels of 8-oxodG and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine, although this should be assessed on a lesion-by-lesion basis. Broadly speaking, there is consensus between chromatographic techniques; however, ELISA approaches continue to overestimate 8-oxodG levels and is not sufficiently specific for accurate quantification. With increasing numbers of lesions being studied, it is vital that these fundamental issues are addressed. We report the formation of the European Standards Committee on Urinary (DNA) Lesion Analysis whose primary goal is to achieve consensus between methods and establish reference ranges in health and disease. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(1):3–14)
Modeling Turbulent Flow in an Urban Central Business District
Authors: Burrows Donald A. , Hendricks Eric A. , Diehl Steve R. , Keith Robert 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The Realistic Urban Spread and Transport of Intrusive Contaminants (RUSTIC) model has been developed as a simplified computational fluid dynamics model with a k–ω turbulence model to be used to provide moderately fast simulations of turbulent airflow in an urban environment. RUSTIC simulations were compared with wind tunnel measurements to refine and “calibrate” the parameters for the k–ω model. RUSTIC simulations were then run and compared with data from five different periods during the Joint Urban 2003 experiment. Predictions from RUSTIC were compared with data from 33 near-surface sonic anemometers as well as 8 sonic anemometers on a 90-m tower and a sodar wind profiler located in the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, central business district. The data were subdivided into daytime and nighttime datasets and then the daytime data were further subdivided into exposed and sheltered sonic anemometers. While there was little difference between day and night for wind speed and direction comparisons, there was considerable difference for the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) comparisons. In the nighttime cases, RUSTIC overpredicted the TKE but without any correlation between model and observations. On the other hand, for the daytime cases, RUSTIC underpredicted the TKE values and correlated well with the observations. RUSTIC predicted both winds and TKE much better for the exposed sonic anemometers than for the sheltered ones. For the 90-m tower location downwind of the central business district, RUSTIC predicted the vertical profile of wind speed and direction very closely but underestimated the TKE.
Properties of the Wind Field within the Oklahoma City Park Avenue Street Canyon. Part II: Spectra, Cospectra, and Quadrant Analyses
Authors: Nelson M. A. , Pardyjak E. R. , Brown M. J. , Klewicki J. C. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Velocity data were obtained within Park Avenue in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, using three-dimensional sonic anemometers under unstable atmospheric conditions. These data are used to produce velocity spectra, cospectra, and weighted joint probability density functions at various heights and horizontal locations in the street canyon. This analysis has helped to describe a number of physically interesting urban flow phenomena. Previous research has shown that the ratio of Reynolds shear stresses to normal stresses is typically much smaller deep within the canopy than those ratios found at the top of canopy and in the roughness sublayer. The turbulence in this region exhibits significant contributions to all four quadrants of a weighted joint-probability density function of horizontal and vertical velocity fluctuations, yielding the characteristic small Reynolds shear stresses in the flow. The velocity cospectra measured at the base of the canopy show evidence of discrete frequency bands of both positive and negative correlation that yield a small correlation, as indicated by the Reynolds shear stresses. Two major peaks were often observed in the spectra and cospectra: a low-frequency peak that appears to be associated with vortex shedding off the buildings and a midfrequency peak generally associated with canyon geometry. The low-frequency peak was found to produce a countergradient contribution to the along-wind vertical velocity covariance. Standard spectral tests for local isotropy indicate that isotropic conditions occur at different frequencies depending on spatial location, demonstrating the need to be thorough when testing for local isotropy with the urban canopy.
Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations of Plume Dispersion in Urban Oklahoma City
Authors: Flaherty Julia E. , Stock David , Lamb Brian 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A 3D computational fluid dynamics study using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes modeling was conducted and validated with field data from the Joint Urban 2003 dispersion study in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The modeled flow field indicated that the many short buildings in this domain had a relatively small effect on the flow field, whereas the few tall buildings considerably influenced the transport and diffusion of tracer gas through the domain. Modeled values were compared with observations along a vertical profile located about 500 m downwind of the source. The isothermal base case using the standard k–ɛ closure model was within 50% of the concentration measurements, and a convective case with ground and building surfaces 10°C hotter than ambient temperatures improved the modeled profile to within 30% of observations. Varying wind direction and source location had a marked effect on modeled concentrations at the vertical profile site. Ground-level concentrations were 6 times the observed values when the approach flow wind direction was changed by +15° and were nearly zero when the wind direction was changed by −15°. Similar results were obtained when the source was moved 50 m to the east and to the west, respectively. All cases underestimated wind speed and turbulent kinetic energy near the surface, although adding heat significantly improved the magnitude of the modeled turbulent kinetic energy. Model results based upon a Reynolds stress closure scheme were also compared with the vertical concentration profiles. Neither the isothermal case nor the thermal buoyancy case resulted in an improvement over the standard k–ɛ model.
A Validation of FEM3MP with Joint Urban 2003 Data
Authors: Chan Stevens T. , Leach Martin J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Department of Homeland Security, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for simulating airflow and dispersion of chemical/biological agents released in urban areas has recently been developed. This model, the Finite Element Model in 3-Dimensions and Massively Parallelized (FEM3MP), is based on solving the three-dimensional, time-dependent Navier–Stokes equations with appropriate physics submodels on massively parallel computer platforms. It employs finite-element discretization for effective treatment of complex geometries and a semi-implicit projection scheme for efficient time integration. A simplified CFD approach, using both explicitly resolved and virtual buildings, was implemented to improve further the model’s efficiency. Results from our model are continuously being verified against measured data from wind-tunnel and field studies. Herein, this model is further evaluated using observed data from intensive operation periods (IOP) 3 and 9 of the Joint Urban 2003 field study conducted in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in July 2003. The model simulations of wind and concentration fields in the near and intermediate regions, as well as profiles of wind speed, wind direction, friction velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the urban wake region, are generally consistent with and compared reasonably well to field observations. In addition, this model was able to reproduce the observed split plume of IOP 3 and the end vortices along Park Avenue in IOP 9. The dispersion results and TKE profiles at the crane station indicate that the effects of convective mixing are relatively important for the daytime release of IOP 3 but that the stable effects are relatively unimportant for the nighttime release of IOP 9. Results of this study also suggest that the simplified CFD approach implemented in FEM3MP can be a cost-effective tool for simulating urban dispersion problems.
Rethinking international social work
Authors: Mohan Brij 
Published: January 2008

English> This article challenges contemporary professional culture to rethink international social work as a liberating praxis and a discipline of academic significance. Currently international social work tends to spatialize its objects of study. Since humankind's wellbeing is intrinsically linked with science and social transformation, the vocabularies of change merit meaningful contextualization. French Cet article met au défi la culture professionnelle contemporaine de repenser le travail social international pour en faire une praxis libératoire et une discipline académique significative. Le travail social international a tendance à spacialiser les objets de son étude. Comme le bien-être de l'humanité est intimement lié aux transformations scientifiques et sociales, les vocabulaires du changement méritent une mise en contexte significative. Spanish Este artículo desafía la cultura profesional contemporánea para repensar el trabajo social internacional como una práctica liberadora y una disciplina de significación académica. Actualmente, el Trabajo Social Internacional tiende a especializar sus objetos de estudio. Desde que el bienestar de la humanidad está intrínsecamente vinculado con la ciencia y la transformación social, los vocabularios de cambio merecen contextualizar sus significados.
Community in a diverse society
Authors: Haijing Dai  
Published: January 2008

English In this article three different perspectives on community organization in a Western context – structural, cultural, and critical cultural approaches – are described in order to shed light on the discussion of community development in post-socialist urban China, where the decline of socialist communities has caused increasing concerns about rediscovering community attachment. French Cette étude passe en revue trois différentes perspectives sur l'organisation communautaire dans un contexte occidental – approches structurelle, culturelle et culturelle critique – et les applique pour jeter de la lumière sur la question du développement communautaire de la Chine urbaine post-socialiste où le déclin des communautés suscite des préoccupations croissantes sur la façon de redécouvrir l'attachement communautaire. Spanish En este trabajo se investigan tres perspectivas diferentes de organización comunitaria en el contexto estructural occidental, cultural y los acercamientos culturales críticos y se utilizan para iluminar la discusión del desarrollo comunitario en la china urbana post-socialista, donde la declinación de las comunidades socialistas ha generado una creciente preocupación sobre el re-descubrimiento del apego a la comunidad.
What difference does it make?
Authors: Carey Malcolm 
Published: January 2008

English The article explores the privatization of social work in both England and Canada. Although differences persist in the structural organization of social services in both countries, it is argued that such disparities are increasingly blurred by radical market reforms of the social work labour process (among other changes). French Cet article étudie la privatisation du travail social en Angleterre et au Canada. Même s'il subsiste des différences quant à l'organisation des services sociaux dans ces deux pays, cette étude soutient que ces différences s'estompent de plus en plus en raison des réformes de marché radicales qui s'opèrent notamment en ce qui concerne le traitement de la main-d'œuvre en travail social. Spanish Se explora la privatización en Inglaterra y Canadá. Aunque perduran las diferencias respecto a la organización estructural de los servicios sociales en ambos países, se arguye que tales diferencias se oscurecen cada vez más por las reformas radicales derivadas del mercado de los procesos laborales del trabajo social (entre otros cambios).
Crosstalk between the α2β1 integrin and c-met/HGF-R regulates innate immunity
Authors: McCall-Culbreath Karissa D. , Li Zhengzhi , Zutter Mary M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractData from several investigators suggest that the α2β1 integrin, a receptor for collagens, laminins, decorin, E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase-1, endorepellin, and several viruses, is required for innate immunity and regulation of autoimmune/allergic disorders. We demonstrated that the innate immune response to Listeria monocytogenes required α2β1 integrin expression by peritoneal mast cells (PMCs). Ligation of the α2β1 integrin by C1q contained in immune complexes comprised of Listeria and antibody was required for PMC activation in vitro and in vivo. However, ligation of the α2β1 integrin alone was insufficient to activate cytokine secretion, suggesting that one or more additional signals emanating from a coreceptor were required for PMC activation. Here, we demonstrate that C1q, but neither other complement proteins nor FcRγ, is required for early innate immune response to Listeria. The binding of Listeria's Internalin B (InlB) to hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGF-R)/c-met provides the costimulatory function required for PMC activation. Either HGF or Listeria InlB bound to c-met and either C1q or type I collagen bound to α2β1 integrin stimulates PMC activation. These findings suggest that crosstalk between c-met and the α2β1 integrin may contribute to mast-cell activation in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
Epidermal growth factor receptor structural alterations in gastric cancer
Authors: Moutinho Cátia , Mateus Ana R , Milanezi Fernanda , Carneiro Fátima , Seruca Raquel , Suriano Gianpaolo 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
EGFR overexpression has been described in many human tumours including gastric cancer. In NSCLC patients somatic EGFR mutations, within the kinase domain of the protein, as well as gene amplification were associated with a good clinical response to EGFR inhibitors. In gastric tumours data concerning structural alterations of EGFR remains controversial. Given its possible therapeutic relevance, we aimed to determine the frequency and type of structural alterations of the EGFR gene in a series of primary gastric carcinomas.

Methods
Direct sequencing of the kinase domain of the EGFR gene was performed in a series of 77 primary gastric carcinomas. FISH analysis was performed in 30 cases. Association studies between EGFR alterations and the clinical pathological features of the tumours were performed.

Results
Within the 77 primary gastric carcinomas we found two EGFR somatic mutations and several EGFR polymorphisms in exon 20. Six different intronic sequence variants of EGFR were also found. Four gastric carcinomas showed balanced polysomy or EGFR gene amplification. We verified that gastric carcinoma with alterations of EGFR (somatic mutations or copy number variation) showed a significant increase of tumour size (p = 0.0094) in comparison to wild-type EGFR carcinomas.

Conclusion
We demonstrate that EGFR structural alterations are rare in gastric carcinoma, but whenever present, it leads to tumour growth. We considered that searching for EGFR alterations in gastric cancer is likely to be clinically important in order to identify patients susceptible to respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Nitrous Oxide sedation for intra-articular injection in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Uziel Yosef , Chapnick Gil , Rothschild Michal , Tauber Tsivia , Press Joseph , Harel Liora , Hashkes Philip J 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
Intra-articular corticosteroid injection in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is often associated with anxiety and pain. Recent reports advocate the use of nitrous oxide (NO), a volatile gas with analgesic, anxiolytic and sedative properties.

Objective
To prospectively evaluate the effectiveness and safety of NO analgesia for intra-articular corticosteroid injection in JIA, and to assess patients and staff satisfaction with the treatment.

Methods
NO was administered to JIA patients scheduled for joint injection. The patient, parent, physician and nurse completed visual-analog scores (VAS) (0–10) for pain, and a 5-point satisfaction scale. Change in heart rate (HR) during the procedure was recorded in order to examine physiologic response to pain and stress. Patient's behavior and adverse reactions were recorded.

Results
54 procedures (72 joints) were performed, 41 females, 13 males; 39 Jewish, 13 Arab; mean age was 12.2 ± 4.7 year. The median VAS pain score for patients, parents, physicians and nurses was 3. The HR increased ≥ 15% in 10 patients. They had higher VAS scores as evaluated by the staff. The median satisfaction level of the parents and staff was 3.0 and 5.0 respectively. Adverse reactions were mild.

Conclusion
NO provides effective and safe sedation for JIA children undergoing intra-articular injections.