bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the depth profile of water in the stratum corneum treated with water
Authors: Egawa Mariko , Kajikawa Tomoko 
Published: March 2009

Background/purpose: Water in the stratum corneum (SC) plays an important role in keeping the skin surface soft and smooth. Information regarding the depth profile of the molecular composition of the skin, such as water and free amino acids, can be obtained non‐invasively using the recently developed confocal Raman spectrometer. In this study, we investigated changes in the depth profile of water in the SC treated with water. We also unveil a relationship between the depth profile patterns of water content in the SC and cutaneous sensation.Methods: Depth profiles of Raman spectra in the region 2600–4000 cm−1 were obtained using a 671‐nm laser at 2 μm intervals from the skin surface toward the interior with a confocal Raman spectrometer. Water content (mass%), expressed in grams of water per 100 g wet tissue, was calculated from the water‐to‐protein ratio of the Raman band. Skin surface temperature was measured by an infrared irradiation thermometer. Changes in the depth profile of water and skin temperature were measured at 1, 5, and 10 min after the application of water to the skin surface. In addition, questionnaires regarding cutaneous sensation were administered.Results: Water content in the middle to lower part of the SC increased with increased water‐application time. Warming of the skin during water application increased the water‐penetration amount, depth, and holding time in the SC. Steamer application increased water content particularly in the upper part of the SC. Increasing water content in the upper part of the SC was associated with cutaneous sensations, such as hydrate and water‐rich feelings. On the other hand, the increasing water content in the middle and lower part of the SC was associated with water penetration and tension feelings.Conclusion: The water content in the upper part of the SC changed easily. When water was applied externally, the water content in both the upper and middle/lower part of the SC increased with increasing water‐application time. In addition, warming of the skin during water application increased the water‐penetration depth, amount, and holding time of water in the SC. Thus, we were able to control the depth profile of water in the SC by externally applying water. The location of water in the SC also affected cutaneous sensations.
The Use and Misuse of Early English Books Online
Authors: Gadd Ian 
Published: March 2009

Abstract Early English Books Online (EEBO) is a key electronic resource for scholars working on pre‐1700 British literature and history. This article provides a brief history of this resource from its origins as a microfilm project and its relationship with other bibliographical and electronic resources. It also considers the problems inherent in representing a three‐dimensional object, a book, as a two‐dimensional image.
Marketing healthy food to the least interested consumers
Authors: Lone Todd A. , Pence Dan , Levi Annette E. , Chan Kenny K. , Bianco‐Simeral Stephanie 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis study discusses specific marketing strategies for two broad groups of consumers with radically different approaches to food selection. For over three decades strategies aimed at improving food choices assumed that providing nutritional information would change eating behaviors. We show that this strategy is only effective for consumers, a largely female group, already highly interested in the nutrient density and subsequent healthfulness of their food choices. In contrast, the nutritional information strategy does not change the food choices for those who have low interest in their food's nutrition, a group that is overwhelmingly male. These gender differences when making food choices are an opportunity for foodservice providers to implement a ‘dual‐track’ marketing strategy that can expand their customer base and increase their revenue while still meeting emerging nutrition mandates. In addition, this new approach will help address the nation's obesity epidemic.
The prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism in Hispanics with two or more risk factors for metabolic syndrome in the primary care setting
Authors: Neira Claudia P. , Hartig Margaret , Cowan Patricia A. , Velasquez‐Mieyer Pedro A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPurpose: The purposes of this observational prospective study were (a) to identify the prevalence of undiagnosed impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) including impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 55 Hispanic subjects with two or more risk factors for the metabolic syndrome, (b) to examine the association between glucose metabolism and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF), including metabolic syndrome components, and (c) to identify predictors of IGM.Data sources: Subjects underwent a physical examination and a 2‐h 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test. Data were analyzed using SAS v9.1 with p ≤ .05 considered significant. Nonparametric tests were applied including Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test and Spearman correlation coefficient. Stepwise logistic multiple regression was used to predict IGM.Conclusions: Twenty‐five patients (46%) had IGM (18% IFG, 15% IGT, and 13%T2DM). Normal fasting glucose was found in 48% of subjects who had IGM. Lipid abnormalities were present in 98% including elevated triglycerides (TG 66%), total cholesterol (48%), low‐density lipoprotein (68.8%), and low high‐density lipoprotein (67.9%). Twenty‐nine percent had body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2 and 62% had BMI >30 kg/m, hypertension (24%), and elevated high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (63%), and mean number of cardiometabolic risk factors (#CMRF) was 4.5. Mean values for each risk factor were no different between groups except for #CMRF (p = .0001) and TG (p = .0001). Total #CMRF was the best predictor of IGM.Implications for Practice: The prevalence of IGM is extremely high in Hispanics with metabolic syndrome. Screening for IGM with fasting blood glucose alone underestimates the prevalence of IGM in this population. In subjects with multiple CMRF, screening at lower levels of BMI is warranted.
Middle lobe syndrome: a nationwide study on clinicopathological features and surgical treatment
Authors: Einarsson Jon Thorkell , Einarsson Jonas Geir , Isaksson Helgi , Gudbjartsson Tomas , Gudmundsson Gunnar 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIntroduction:  Middle lobe syndrome (MLS) is a relatively uncommon lung disease that is characterized by damage to the middle lobe and often needs surgical intervention.Objective:  To study clinical, radiological and histological features of all patients who underwent surgical resection for MLS in Iceland over a 13‐year period, including evaluation of surgical outcome.Methods:  Information on patients who underwent surgery of the right middle lobe in Iceland from 1984 to 2006 was obtained from a centralized diagnosis and pathology registry. Clinical data were collected retrospectively from clinical records from hospitals and from private offices. All pathology specimens were reviewed.Results:  We studied 18 patients, 3 males and 15 females between the ages 2 and 86 years (mean 55). The most common clinical features were recurrent infection (n = 15), chronic cough with productive sputum (n = 9), chest pain (n = 8) or dyspnea (n = 7). The most common findings on chest radiographs and on computerized tomography of the chest were atelectasis, consolidation and bronchiectasis. One patient had a foreign body. The most common major histological finding was bronchiectasis in nine patients, and two had foreign body reaction. Minor findings included bronchiolitis, organizing pneumonia and peribronchial inflammation. All patients survived surgery with minor peri‐ and postoperative complications.Conclusion:  MLS is more common in females, and recurrent infections, chronic productive cough and dyspnea were the most common symptoms. Bronchiectasis is the most common histological finding. MLS can be treated effectively with lobectomy with low mortality and rate of complications.Please cite this paper as: Einarsson JT, Einarsson JG, Isaksson H, Gudbjartsson T and Gudmundsson G. Middle lobe syndrome: a nationwide study on clinicopathological features and surgical treatment. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2009; 3: 77–81.
Aniridia among children and teenagers in Sweden and Norway
Authors: Edén Ulla , Beijar Caroline , Riise Ruth , Tornqvist Kristina 
Published: March 2009

In the November 2008 issue (AOS 86:7), the article by Ulla Edén et al. was not published correctly in the printed issue. Unfortunately, part of the section ‘Visual acuity’ in the Results was repeated on page 732, and the start of the Discussion was omitted on page 732.The full and correct version of this article is printed hereunder.The Publisher apologises for this error.ReferenceEdén U,
Beijar C,
Riise R &
Tornqvist K (2008): .
Acta Ophthalmol
86: 730–734.
Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate patients under the age of 20 with aniridia in Sweden and Norway in order to estimate the prevalence of aniridia, to describe clinical signs and identify complications in the young, which will help improve diagnostic tools and treatment.Methods:  A thorough search for patients with aniridia (of all ages) was performed. Sixty‐two of the 181 patients were under the age of 20. Fifty‐two of them were examined and they constituted the study population. Patient history was obtained and all participants underwent clinical ophthalmologic examination, including photography. Blood samples were taken for mutation analysis.Results:  Epidemiological data are only based on the results in Sweden. The age‐specific prevalence in Sweden was 1:47 000, male/female ratio was 0.57, mean age 12 years and median age 14 years. The proportion of sporadic cases including WAGR (Wilms tumour, Aniridia, Genitourinary abnormalities, Mental Retardation) and Gillespie syndrome (aniridia, cerebellar ataxia and mental retardation) was 48%. In the entire study population (Sweden and Norway), the mean visual acuity (VA) was 0.2 (range 0.04–0.9). We found VA < 0.3 in 80% and <0.1 in 18% of the patients. Twenty‐two patients (42%) had one or more of the sight threatening complications such as cataract/lens luxation, corneal clouding or glaucoma.Conclusion:  Descriptions of aniridia in the younger are rare. This study shows that aniridia seems to be more common than previously estimated and that some complications appear early in life. Watchfulness as regards these complications and regular examinations are essential even in the youngest.
Evaluation of Antibodies against Different Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 Peptides in Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Gu Ai-Di , Mo Hao-Yuan , Bei Jin-Xin , Xie Yan-Bo , Chen Li-Zhen , Feng Qi-Sheng , Kang Tiebang , Zeng Yi-Xin 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTEpstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is a protein expressed consistently in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Although antibody levels against three different EBNA1 peptides were all high in NPC patients, the correlation between any two biomarkers was low. Therefore, the selection of distinct EBNA1 peptides could render different results in serological detection for individuals with NPC.
Distribution of Phage-Associated Virulence Genes in Pharyngeal Group A Streptococcal Strains Isolated in Italy
Authors: Vitali Luca Agostino , D'Ercole Stefania , Petrelli Dezemona , Di Luca Maria Chiara , Rombini Silvia , Prenna Manuela , Ripa Sandro 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe presence and assortment of 16 known virulence/resistance genetic determinants carried by prophages or prophage-like elements were tested in 212 clinical group AStreptococcus(GAS) strains and related to available data from SmaI macrorestriction/pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis andemmtyping. A strong correlation existed among the three analyses. This finding supports the substantial contribution to the evolution and diversification of the GAS genome attributed to phages.
High Levels of
mecA
DNA Detected by a Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay Are Associated with Mortality in Patients with Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacteremia
Authors: Ho Ya-Chi , Chang Shan-Chwen , Lin Su-Ru , Wang Wei-Kung 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Persistent methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) bacteremia is known to be a poor prognostic factor. While several PCR assays for the detection of MRSA in various clinical samples were recently reported, the possibility that a quantitative PCR assay could be used to quantify and monitor MRSA bacteremia has not been explored. In this study, we established a quantitative real-time PCR assay for the
mecA
gene using known copy numbers of a plasmid containing
mecA
DNA as a standard and the previously described
mecA
-specific primers and probe (P. Francois et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:254-260, 2003). We employed this assay to examine 250 sequential whole-blood samples from 20 adult patients, including 13 survivors and 7 nonsurvivors, with culture-proven MRSA bacteremia at the intensive care units of National Taiwan University Hospital between 1 July 2006 and 31 January 2007. The levels of
mecA
DNA in the nonsurvivors were significantly higher than those in the survivors during the three periods of bacteremia examined (days 0 to 2, 3 to 5, and 6 to 8) (
P
= 0.003 by two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test). Moreover, the nonsurvivors had higher
mecA
DNA levels than the survivors after 3 days and 7 days of anti-MRSA therapy (medians for nonsurvivors and survivors at 3 days, 5.86 and 4.30 log copies/ml, respectively; medians for nonsurvivors and survivors at 7 days, 5.21 and 4.36 log copies/ml, respectively;
P
= 0.02 and
P
= 0.04, respectively, by two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test). Together, these findings suggest that the level of
mecA
DNA in blood could potentially be used to monitor MRSA bacteremia and evaluate responses to therapy.
First Insight into Genetic Diversity of the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Complex in Albania Obtained by Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis and Spoligotyping Reveals the Presence of Beijing Multidrug-Resistant Isolates
Authors: Tafaj Silva , Zhang Jian , Hauck Yolande , Pourcel Christine , Hafizi Hasan , Zoraqi Grigor , Sola Christophe 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

We characterized a set of 100
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex clinical isolates from tuberculosis (TB) patients in Albania, typing them with a 24-locus variable-number tandem-repeat-spoligotyping scheme. Depending on the cluster definition, 43 to 49 patients were distributed into 15 to 16 clusters which were likely to be epidemiologically linked, indicative of a recent transmission rate of 28 to 34%. This result suggests that TB is under control in Albania. However, two multidrug-resistant (MDR) Beijing genotypes harboring the same S531A mutation on the
rpoB
gene were also found, suggesting a potential recent transmission of MDR TB. Three brand new genotypes, Albania-1 to Albania-3, are also described.
Mutations in gp120 Contribute to the Resistance of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 to Membrane-Anchored C-Peptide maC46
Authors: Hermann Felix G. , Egerer Lisa , Brauer Frances , Gerum Christian , Schwalbe Harald , Dietrich Ursula , von Laer Dorothee 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT
Binding of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein (Env) to the cellular CD4 receptor and a chemokine coreceptor initiates a series of conformational changes in the Env subunits gp120 and gp41. Eventually, the trimeric gp41 folds into a six-helix bundle, thereby inducing fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. C peptides derived from the C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR) of gp41 are efficient entry inhibitors as they block the six-helix bundle formation. Previously, we developed a membrane-anchored C peptide (maC46) expressed from a retroviral vector that also shows high activity against virus strains resistant to enfuvirtide (T-20), an antiviral C peptide approved for clinical use. Here, we present a systematic analysis of mutations in Env that confer resistance of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) to maC46. We selected an HIV-1 BaL strain with 10-fold reduced sensitivity to maC46 (BaL_C46) by passaging virus for nearly 200 days in the presence of gradually increasing concentrations of maC46. In comparison to wild-type BaL, BaL_C46 had five mutations at highly conserved positions in Env, three in gp120, one in the N-terminal heptad-repeat (NHR), and one in the CHR of gp41. No mutations were found in the NHR domain around the GIV motif that are known to cause resistance to enfuvirtide. Instead, maC46 resistance was found to depend on complementary mutations in the NHR and CHR that considerably favor binding of the mutated NHR to the mutated CHR over binding to maC46. In addition, resistance was highly dependent on mutations in gp120 that accelerated entry. Taken together, resistance to maC46 did not develop readily and required multiple cooperating mutations at conserved positions of the viral envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41.
Isolation and Preliminary Characterization of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Primary Enveloped Virions from the Perinuclear Space
Authors: Padula Maryn E. , Sydnor Mariam L. , Wilson Duncan W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) nucleocapsids exit the nucleus by budding into the inner nuclear membrane, where they exist briefly as primary enveloped virions. These virus particles subsequently fuse their envelopes with the outer nuclear membrane, permitting nucleocapsids to then enter the cytoplasm and complete assembly. We have developed a method to isolate primary enveloped virions from HSV-1-infected cells and subjected the primary enveloped virion preparation to MALDI-MS/MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-tandem mass spectrometry) analyses. We identified most capsid proteins, a tegument protein (VP22), a glycoprotein (gD), and a cellular protein (annexin A2) in the primary enveloped virion preparation. We determined that annexin A2 does not play an essential role in infection under our experimental conditions. Elucidating the structure and biochemical properties of this unique virus assembly intermediate will provide new insights into HSV-1 biology.
CD4+T Cells Are Required for the Priming of CD8+T Cells following Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Authors: Rajasagi Naveen K. , Kassim Sadik H. , Kollias Christina M. , Zhao Xiangyi , Chervenak Robert , Jennings Stephen R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe role of CD4+helper T cells in modulating the acquired immune response to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) remains ill defined; in particular, it is unclear whether CD4+T cells are needed for the generation of the protective HSV-1-specific CD8+-T-cell response. This study examined the contribution of CD4+T cells in the generation of the primary CD8+-T-cell responses following acute infection with HSV-1. The results demonstrate that the CD8+-T-cell response generated in the draining lymph nodes of CD4+-T-cell-depleted C57BL/6 mice and B6-MHC-II−/−mice is quantitatively and qualitatively distinct from the CD8+T cells generated in normal C57BL/6 mice. Phenotypic analyses show that virus-specific CD8+T cells express comparable levels of the activation marker CD44 in mice lacking CD4+T cells and normal mice. In contrast, CD8+T cells generated in the absence of CD4+T cells express the interleukin 2 receptor α-chain (CD25) at lower levels. Importantly, the CD8+T cells in the CD4+-T-cell-deficient environment are functionally active with respect to the expression of cytolytic activity in vivo but exhibit a diminished capacity to produce gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, the primary expansion of HSV-1-specific CD8+T cells is diminished in the absence of CD4+-T-cell help. These results suggest that CD4+-T-cell help is essential for the generation of fully functional CD8+T cells during the primary response to HSV-1 infection.
Adenovirus Transforming Protein E1A Induces c-Myc in Quiescent Cells by a Novel Mechanism
Authors: Kadeppagari Ravi-Kumar , Sankar Natesan , Thimmapaya Bayar 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Previously we showed that the E1A binding proteins p300 and CBP negatively regulate c-Myc in quiescent cells and that binding of E1A to p300 results in the induction of c-Myc and thereby induction of S phase. We demonstrated that p300 and HDAC3 cooperate with the transcription factor YY1 at an upstream YY1 binding site and repress the
Myc
promoter. Here we show that the small E1A protein induces c-Myc by interfering with the protein-protein interaction between p300, YY1, and HDAC3. Wild-type E1A but not the E1A mutants that do not bind to p300 interfered in recruitment of YY1, p300, and HDAC3 to the YY1 binding site. As E1A started to accumulate after infection, it transiently associated with promoter-bound p300. Subsequently, YY1, p300, and HDAC3 began to dissociate from the promoter. Later in infection, E1A dissociated from the promoter as well as p300, YY1, and HDAC3. Removal of HDAC3 from the promoter correlated with increased acetylation of Myc chromatin and induction. In vivo E1A stably associated with p300 and dissociated YY1 and HDAC3 from the trimolecular complex. In vitro protein-protein interaction studies indicated that E1A initially binds to the p300-YY1-HDAC3 complex, briefly associates with it, and then dissociates the complex, recapitulating somewhat the in vivo situation. Thus, E1A binding to the C-terminal region of p300 disrupts the important corepressor function provided by p300 in repressing c-Myc. Our results reveal a novel mechanism by which a viral oncoprotein activates c-Myc in quiescent cells and raise the possibility that the oncoproteins encoded by the small-DNA tumor viruses may use this mechanism to induce c-Myc, which may be critical for cell transformation.
Cell-Specific Transduction of
Prdm1
-Expressing Lineages Mediated by a Receptor for Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup B
Authors: Asimakopoulos Fotis , Varmus Harold E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

The transcription factor Blimp-1 has emerged as a regulator of cell fate in embryonic (germ cell) and adult (B- and T-cell immune effector and epithelial) lineages. It has also been proposed to act as a tumor suppressor in B-cell malignancy. Here, we present a novel in vivo system enabling the targeted genetic manipulation of cells expressing
Prdm1
, the gene encoding Blimp-1. We created bacterial artificial chromosome-transgenic mice expressing the avian leukosis virus (ALV) receptor TVB, fused to monomeric red fluorescent protein, under regulation by
Prdm1
transcriptional elements, and we achieved transduction of TVB-expressing lymphocytes by ALV vectors bearing a subgroup B envelope. The system presented here incorporates a number of innovations. First, it is the first mammalian transgenic system that employs the ALV receptor TVB, thus expanding the flexibility and scope of ALV-mediated gene delivery. Second, it represents the first ALV-based system that allows gene transfer and expression into in vivo-activated mature lymphocytes, a cell type that has traditionally presented formidable challenges to efficient retroviral transduction. Third,
Prdm1
:TVB-mRFP transgenic animals could provide an invaluable tool for exploring the diverse roles of Blimp-1 in lineage commitment, immune regulation, and tumorigenesis.