bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the oxygen uptake of fat emulsions used in intravenous alimentation
Authors: Geyer Robert P. , Saslaw Irving , Stare Fredrick J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe rate of oxidation of various emulsions designed for intravenous use was studied manometrically. Soybean phosphatide dispersions rapidly absorbed oxygen at 38°C. whereas when used in emulsions containing fat with or without additional stabilizing agents, little oxygen was absorbed even when such unsaturated oils as linseed were used. On the other hand, emulsions of oils stabilized with gelatin took up oxygen rapidly, and the finer the size of the fat particles, the more rapidly was oxygen taken up. At 60°C. all rates of oxidation were increased, but the differences between preparations remained. The results are discussed.
Chemical evaluation of oil from field‐and storage‐damaged soybeans
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Morrison W. H. , Burdick D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn recent years, prolonged wet weather during the harvest season resulted in excessive field‐ and storagedamaged soybeans, particularly in the Southeast. As the severity of the damage increased, analysis of the oil extracted from these beans showed a corresponding increase in free fatty acids, Lovibond color, and content of oxidative deterioration products which absorb at 270 nm. In general, there was a substantial decrease in total oil content and an almost complete deterioration of phospholipids in severely damaged beans during storage. Initially, the oxidative stability of the oils decreased rapidly. After storage damage became severe, the stability increased substantially, possibly because of the formation of unidentified deterioration products which had high antioxidant properties. The study clearly showed that the processing of field‐ and storage‐damaged soybeans would result in substantial refining losses to processors and that the finished oil would be of inferior quality.
Some physical, chemical, and biological properties of natural and synthetic unsaturated C18 acids
Authors: Gunstone F. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeries of octadecenoic (cis andtrans), octadecynoic, octadecadienoic (cis,cis andtrans,trans), and octadecadiynoic acids have been synthesized and employed in a comparative study of some physical (melting point, Raman spectra, NMR spectra, Ag+ thin layer chromatography, and gas liquid chromatography) and biological properties. The results show that the position of unsaturation has a considerable influence on the physical and biological properties of isomeric unsaturated acids. Several chemical reactions of linoleic acid and of the related oxygenated acids ricinoleic or vernolic (12,13‐epoxyoleic) furnish cyclopropane compounds and 1,4‐ (or 1,5‐) epoxides. The formation of these is rationalized in terms of neighboring group participation. The oxymercuration‐demercuration reaction is the basis of a new method of examining acids with Δ3, Δ4, or Δ5 unsaturation.
Application of urea complexes in the purification of fatty acids, esters, and alcohols. III. Concentrates of natural linoleic and linolenic acids
Authors: Swern Daniel , Parker Winfred E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryConcentrates of natural linoleic acid (linoleic acid content, 85–95%) have been prepared in 50–72% yields from corn oil fatty acids by preferential precipitation of the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids at room temperature as their urea complexes.By a similar procedure, concentrates of natural linolenic acid (linolenic acid content, 87–89%) have been prepared in 55–61% yields from perilla oil fatty acids by preferential precipitation of the saturated, monounsaturated, and diunsaturated fatty acids. Although concentrates of natural linolenic acid containing only 66–70% linolenic acid were obtained from linseed oil fatty acids, yields were 87–90%.A levelling‐off effect has been observed in the use of the preferential precipitation technique in raising the purity of concentrates of linoleic and linolenic acid. This parallels the experience in the purification of these acids by low‐temperature crystallization.
Alternative methods for dehydrating castor oil
Authors: Grummitt Oliver , Marsh Dean 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCastor oil can be effectively dehydrated by non‐conjugated oil‐maleic anhydride adducts to give use‐ful paint or yarnish oils. Castor acids dehydrated in the presence of alumina form diene acids of 60% two double bond conjugation. The glyceride from these acids dries more rapidly to a tack‐free film than conventional dehydrated castor oil. In both of these processes the course of dehydration is believed to be the decomposition of esters of the alcohol groups in ricinoleic acid. Acidic ion exchange resins exert some catalytic effect in the dehydration of castor oil, but the oil so made is inferior in color and film properties.
The function of vitamin B6 in fat metabolism
Authors: Sakuragi Taketami 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionIt is evident that vitamin B6 serves as a physiological antioxidant. The mechanism cannot be dependent solely on the chemical structure of the vitamin. Despite the favorable arrangement of the substituents, pyridoxine and its derivatives show no, or only slight, antioxidative activityin vitro. The inactivation apparently results from the nature of the pyridine ring.Vitamin B6 is one of the B vitamins which are required for the normal metabolism of the fats and essential fatty acids. However it still remains to be investigated whether the vitamin is directly associated with fat metabolism or whether the vitamin itself is responsible for the maximum function or the synthesis of enzymes involved.
Composition and control of potato chip frying oils in continuing commercial use
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Luckmann Frederick H. , Gooding Chester M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe oils in use on a continuing commercial basis in the production of potato chips on a nation‐wide scale are found to be free of thermal polymers. This conclusion is supported by the similarity in physical properties and in chemical composition between the fresh and heated oil in any one operation. In a) degree of unsaturation of oils, b) melting point, c) setting point, d) fatty acid composition, e) free fatty acid content, f) concentration of fatty acid isomers, g)solids content index, and h) in the crystallizing properties of the oils, there are no differences between fresh and heated oil of such magnitude to warrant criticisms of the wholesomeness of the oil being absorbed by the chip.The constancy in composition between heated and fresh oil, particularly with respect to the essential fatty acid content, which is largely responsible for the noncaloric functions of fats in the diet (19), permits the same conclusions to be made in regard to the nutritive value of the heated oils,i.e., of the triglycerides contained therein, as have been drawn from studies conducted on the corresponding fresh oils.Based upon statistical quality control considerations, the oils employed in the survey of the potato chip industry have been characterized by having a free fatty acid value of no greater than 0.60% and a decrease in iodine value of no greater than 3.0% in 95% of the operations. These control limits characterize the oils, which, on test, have led to the generalization about the absence of thermal polymers in commercial potato chip frying oils.
Nutritional evaluation of some heated oils
Authors: Alfin‐Slater Roslyn B. , Auerbach Sheila , Aftergood Lilla 
Published: May 2007

SummarySoybean oil, cottonseed oil, and lard were heatedin vacuo for either 70 and/or 100 min. at 610°F. and were fed to male and female rats at a level of 15% in the diet over a complete life span. Nutritional indices such as growth, including food efficiency and digestibility of the fats, reproduction and lactation, longevity, and tissue cholesterol and total lipid were measured. No evidence of impaired nutrition or harmfulness was observed in any group except in those fed the more highly polymerized soybean oil, where a decrease in iodine value of 10% and a 100% increase in viscosity was associated with a slight depression in growth and an interference with reproductive performance in the female animal. This interference with the reproductive process was alleviated by supplementation with α‐tocopherol. There was no evidence of increased tumor incidence in the groups ingesting the heated oils. Digestibility of the heated soybean and cottonseed oils was only slightly reduced.
Cytochrome P450‐Dependent Metabolism of Vitamin E Isoforms is a Critical Determinant of Their Tissue Concentrations in Rats
Authors: Abe Chisato , Uchida Tomono , Ohta Moeka , Ichikawa Tomio , Yamashita Kanae , Ikeda Saiko 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to clarify the contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP)‐dependent metabolism of vitamin E isoforms to their tissue concentrations. We studied the effect of ketoconazole, a potent inhibitor of CYP‐dependent vitamin E metabolism in cultured cells, on vitamin E concentration in rats. Vitamin E‐deficient rats fed a vitamin E‐free diet for 4 weeks were administered by oral gavage a vitamin E‐free emulsion, an emulsion containing α‐tocopherol, γ‐tocopherol or a tocotrienol mixture with or without ketoconazole. α‐Tocopherol was detected in the serum and various tissues of the vitamin E‐deficient rats, but γ‐tocopherol, α‐ and γ‐tocotrienol were not detected. Ketoconazole decreased urinary excretion of 2,5,7,8‐tetramethyl‐2(2′‐carboxyethyl)‐6‐hydroxychroman after α‐tocopherol or a tocotrienol mixture administration, and that of 2,7,8‐trimethyl‐2(2′‐carboxyethyl)‐6‐hydroxychroman (γ‐CEHC) after γ‐tocopherol or a tocotrienol mixture administration. The γ‐tocopherol, α‐ and γ‐tocotrienol concentrations in the serum and various tissues at 24 h after their administration were elevated by ketoconazole, while the α‐tocopherol concentration was not affected. The γ‐tocopherol or γ‐tocotrienol concentration in the jejunum at 3 h after each administration was also elevated by ketoconazole. In addition, significant amount of γ‐CEHC was in the jejunum at 3 h after γ‐tocopherol or γ‐tocotrienol administration, and ketoconazole inhibited γ‐tocopherol metabolism to γ‐CEHC in the jejunum. These results showed that CYP‐dependent metabolism of γ‐tocopherol and tocotrienol is a critical determinant of their concentrations in the serum and tissues. The data also suggest that some amount of dietary vitamin E isoform is metabolized by a CYP‐mediated pathway in the intestine during absorption.
Enzymatic Incorporation of Selected Long‐Chain Fatty Acids into Triolein
Authors: Hamam Fayez , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAcidolysis of triolein (tri C18:1) with selected long‐chain fatty acids (LCFA) was carried out using Candida antarctica (Novozym 435), Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM), Pseudomonas sp. (PS‐30), Aspergillus niger (AP‐12), and Candida rugosa (AY‐30). A better incorporation of stearic acid (SA), α‐linolenic acid (ALA), γ‐linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (AA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) was achieved using lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. Lipase from Pseudomonas sp. catalyzed a better incorporation of linoleic acid (LA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into triolein. Thus, Rhizomucor miehei and to a lesser extent Pseudomonas sp. might be considered as providing the most effective enzymes for acidolysis of triolein with selected LCFA. In general, incorporation of LCFA into triolein (tri C18:1) may be affected by chain length, number of double bonds, and the location and geometry of the double bonds as well as reaction conditions and reactivity and specificity of lipases used. As the ratio of the number of moles of a mixture of equimole quantities of C18 FA to triolein changed from 1 to 3, incorporation of C18 FA into triolein increased accordingly with Rhizomucor miehei lipase. Similarly, incorporation of n‐3 FA into triolein increased when ALA, DPA, DHA, and EPA were used. The same trend was noticed for a mixture of n‐6 FA (LA + GLA + AA) and triolein.
Otophyma: a case report
Authors: Daniels K , Haddow K 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective:We report a rare case of otophyma.Method:A case report of otophyma and a review of the current literature concerning otophyma and the more common rhinophyma, are presented.Results:A 46-year-old male presented with slow growing fleshy growths on both auricles which were excised. A diagnosis of otophyma was made. Although rosacea is more common, otophyma and other ‘phymas’ are thought to be the end stage of the rosacea spectrum of skin disease. However, unlike rhinophyma, otophyma is rarely seen and as a result there is little in the English language literature regarding it. Consequently, the management of otophyma is largely based on previous experiences with rhinophyma.Conclusion:To our knowledge this is the first case report of otophyma in the otolaryngology literature and only the second described in the English language literature. This case demonstrates the difficulties faced in diagnosing this rare condition and our successful management of this case.
Bi-lobar post-auricular skin flap for reconstruction of the earlobe
Authors: Khemani S , Rannard F , Kenyon G 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIntroduction:Ear lobule deformities can occur as a result of trauma. Surgical reconstruction can be challenging. There does not appear to be a consensus on the best form of repair. We report the case of a 27-year-old woman who suffered traumatic loss of the ear lobule during childhood. A novel technique is described using a posterior based bi-lobar flap to completely reconstruct the ear lobule in two stages.Discussion:This form of repair has the advantage of a well-hidden scar, with the donor site providing skin of similar thickness and pigmentation.
Comments on Caliciales Exsiccatae II
Authors: Tibell L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA second fascicle of a lichen exsiccata containing species of Caliciales has been issued; 25 species from Europe and North America are included. Some remarks on their taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution are given here. Calicium queenslandiae (F. Wilson) Tibell, Chaenothecopsis nana Tibell, Chaenothecopsis vainioana (Nádv.) Tibell and Phaeocalicium polyporaeum (Nyl.) Tibell are discussed in some detail. Distributional records of interest are given for Calicium queenslandiae, Chaenothecopsis nana, C. subpusilla (Vainio) Tibell, C. vainoiana, C. viridialba (Krempelh.) A. Schmidt and Phaeocalicium polyporaeum.
The Morphological Interpretation of Cladoniiform Thalli in Lichens
Authors: Ahti T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe term ‘cladoniiform lichens’ is applied to a group of lichen-forming discomycetes which either produce a ‘dimorphous’ thallus (differentiated into vertical and horizontal structures) or which resemble such lichens in having somewhat similar fruticose thalli and related phenolic chemistry. Seventeen genera comprising the families Cladoniaceae, Heterodeaceae, Cladiaceae, Baeomycetaceae and Siphulaceae are included in the group. A podetium is defined as a lichenized, stem-like portion (stipe) bearing the hymenial discs, and sometimes conidiomata, in a fruticose, simple or compound apothecium. The terminal structures commonly called apothecia on podetia or other ascomatal stipes in lichens are not whole apothecia but separate hymenial discs of a polydiscoid ascoma. In spite of superficial similarity in gross morphology and phenolic composition, the cladoniiform lichens are a life-form group rather than a taxonomic entity.
Carbon Dioxide Exchange in Lichens: Relationship Between the Diffusive Resistance of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour
Authors: Green T. G. A. , Snelgar W. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGaseous diffusion resistances for carbon dioxide and water vapour, thallus water content and thallus water potential were experimentally determined on species of the Stictaceae. The diffusion resistance to water loss was high only at low water contents and correlated closely with thallus water potential. Carbon dioxide diffusion resistances, however, were high at both low and high water contents and, even at medium water contents, were still an order of magnitude greater than the water resistance. These results indicate that carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange occur by different pathways in these lichens. Consequently it is suggested that the lichens have structural adaptations which separate the functions of water uptake, water storage and carbon dioxide exchange.
Clathroporina Calcarea, a Misunderstood Lichen Species, and a Note on the Genus Clathroporina in Europe
Authors: Jørgensen P. M. , Vězda A. , Botnen A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMicroglaena nidarosiensis Kindt has been rediscovered after 100 years on the west-coast of Norway. It is shown to be identical with Clathroporina calcarea W. Watson, and to belong in the genus Belonia which is placed in the Gyalectales as B. nidarosiensis (Kindt) comb. nov.The genus Clathroporina is typified on C. olivacea Müll. Arg., and is shown not to be present in Europe. C. caudata Vězda & Vivant is transferred to Belonia as B. caudata (Vězda & Vivant) comb. nov.
Some Effects of Disturbance on the Lichen Flora of Oceanic Hazel Woodland
Authors: Gilbert O. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe lichen flora of hazel woodland on the island of Eigg off the west coast of Scotland is described. One area is interpreted as representing ancient ‘climax’ woodland partly on account of its rich epiphytic lichen flora. At other sites various levels of exploitation have modified the lichen communities. Site comparison has enabled a number of species to be recognised which may be useful in the recognition of relict hazel woodland in other oceanic areas. The ecology of the indicator species is discussed. Pertusaria alpina Hepp ex Ahles is reported as new to the British Isles.
Non-Glabrous Species of Pseudocyphellaria from Southern South America
Authors: Galloway D. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFourteen species of Pseudocyphellaria having tomentose or pubescent lobe margins and scabrid-areolate, or ±tomentose upper surfaces occur in southern South America (including Juan Fernandez, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia) south of latitude 34°S. A key and details of the anatomy, chemistry, distribution, morphology and nomenclature of each species are given. Two main groupings are represented in this study: (1) taxa with a ±scabrid-areolate or pubescent upper surface, having sessile, laminal apothecia with a well-developed excipulum proprium (lacking photobiont cells) and containing colourless, acicularfusiform spores (P. compar, P. endochrysa, P. scabrosa and P. vaccind); (2) taxa with a ±tomentose upper surface, having mainly marginal, pedicellate apothecia, with a prominent excipulum thallinum (containing photobiont cells) and with yellowbrown to brown, ellipsoid spores (P. dubia, P. guillemini, P. hirsuta, P. mallota, P. obvoluta, P. pilosella, P. santessonii and P. subrubelld). Pseudocyphellaria piloselloides and P. pluvialis are not known fertile. Pseudocyphellaria pluvialis R. Sant., P. santessonii D. Galloway and P. scabrosa R. Sant., are newly described and a new combination, P. guillemini (Mont.) D. Galloway, is proposed.
Anatomical Features of Chondropsis Semiviridis (Nyl.) Nyl. in Relation to its Vagrant Habit
Authors: Lumbsch H. T. , Kothe H. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe anatomy of Chondropsis semiviridis (Nyl.) Nyl. shows adaptations to a vagrant life form and sub-arid habitat. The differential swelling of the thick upper cortex and the medulla is responsible for the rolling movement of the thallus under successive wet and dry conditions.
Studies in Pseudocyphellaria (lichens) II. Ecuadorean species
Authors: Galloway D. J. , Arvidsson L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEight species ofPseudocyphellariaare recorded from mainland Ecuador viz., P. arvidssonii, P. aurata, P. bartlettii, P. clathrata, P. crocata, P. dozyana, P. encoensis and P. intricata, with taxa asterisked being new records for Ecuador. Pseudocyphellaria bartlettii andP. encoensis are also new records for northern South America, and P. dozyana is new to South America. A key is given, and details of anatomy, morphology, chemistry, distribution, ecology and taxonomy are discussed.
Variation in thallus morphology in response to climatic and geographical distribution in an Usnea complex
Authors: Stevens G. Nell 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe morphological, anatomical and chemical characteristics of five taxa of Usnea (e.g.U. scabrida, U. elegans, U. molliuscula, U. queenslandica and U.ramulosissima), which belong to the U. scabrida- U. molliuscula complex are described.Usnea scabrida subsp. tayloriana is described as new. Usnea elegans and U.queenslandica are reduced to subspecies: U. scabrida subsp.elegans and U. molliuscula subsp. queenslandica. The species U. consimilis Stirton is considered synonymous with U. scabrida. A canonical discriminant analysis of geographic and climatic data was undertaken, which demonstrated that the species under investigation generally occupied discrete non-overlapping zones, indicating that the differences in thallus morphology correlated with particular climatic regions.
Process and Pattern in Cladonia Subcervicornis.
Authors: Hammer Samuel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMorphogenesis of podetia inCladonia subcervicornisis a non-linear, repeating process based upon a pattern of meristem enlargement and division. Variability in mature podetia ofC. subcervicornis, which may appear branched or scyphoid, is the result of variation early in ontogeny. The growth pattern ofC. subcervicornisrepresents a continuum of developmental stages. It is impossible to predict the form of the mature thallus ofC. subcervicornisbecause growth in this species is fluid. The morphology of the mature thallus ofC. subcervicornisis difficult to circumscribe using conventionalCladoniaterminology, because the processes that form the thallus are dynamic and heterogeneous. The meristem shapes that are produced during early ontogeny inC. subcervicornisare relatively simple, and the processes by which they are formed are uncomplicated. Yet podetial form inC.subcercicornisis difficult to interpret.
New insights into the origins of crustaceans of Antarctic lakes
Authors: Gibson John A.E. , Bayly Ian A.E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNew evidence regarding the origins of the Crustacea of Antarctic lakes is reviewed. Palaeolimnological data indicates that the cladoceran Daphniopsis studeri has been present in Lake Reid, Larsemann Hills, for over 120 000 yr. This is the first direct evidence of a continental lacustrine refugium during the last glacial maximum. There are strong indications that the calanoid copepod Boeckella poppei maintained populations over the same period in lakes of the Amery Oasis, and the rapid post-glacial colonization by this species of newly formed lakes on the Antarctic Peninsula and Signy Island argues for a local rather than an extra-continental source. Evidence for the entry of marine-derived species into the longer term fauna of the continent is also presented. It is concluded that many of the Crustacea in Antarctic lakes are likely to have had a long association with the continent.