bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risky behaviours of males and females in a Spanish suburban community
Authors: Gil‐Lacruz Marta , Gil‐Lacruz Ana I. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHealth is determined by an accumulative process, so a perspective on life cycle is crucial in any health prevention programme. As a consequence of this accumulative dimension, lifestyles are a key determinant of the state of health of older people. The main contribution of this paper is to explain gender differences in lifestyle and the implications of lifestyle in men's and women's states of health.We have implemented our empirical analysis into Spanish society through the use of a self‐elaborated survey. From this survey, we have drawn a subsample of 938 people older than 14 years old who live in the Spanish neighbourhood of Casablanca, Zaragoza (452 men and 486 women).We conclude that men tend to consume more substances that may negatively affect their state of health (alcoholic beverages, tobacco products and coffee), and they are also less careful in keeping an adequate weight and dental hygiene. On the other hand, women tend to be more sedentary. These results are decisive for policy makers that strive to improve the citizens’ state of health, because it is not only important to improve the quality and extension of healthy goods and services, but also to promote healthy lifestyles.
Cigarette pack and advertising displays at point of purchase: community demand for restrictions
Authors: Hickling Jacqueline A. , Miller Caroline L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTobacco promotion influences tobacco consumption. Traditional forms of tobacco promotion have been heavily restricted in response to the harmful effects of tobacco. Tobacco displays at the point of purchase are increasingly important as a means of communicating brand imagery for the tobacco industry, especially when advertising is restricted at these points. Previous research has demonstrated that children exposed to tobacco advertising at the point of purchase have inflated perceptions of availability, use and popularity of tobacco. Internationally, laws are being debated and implemented to prohibit or restrict the display of tobacco at the point of purchase or put tobacco out of sight. Such measures would reduce tobacco product exposure and, hence, tobacco marketing among youth and the community. In South Australia, a ban on all cigarette advertising at the point of purchase was introduced in 2005. This study was designed to assess community support for restrictions on cigarette displays and advertising at the point of purchase.A telephone survey was conducted with a random sample of 2026 South Australian adults (aged 18 years and over) in July 2005.Overall, 63% of the community approved of a hypothetical total ban on cigarette displays at the point of purchase, with over three‐quarters believing this should happen in the next 12 months. A further 24% believed that cigarette displays should be restricted and 82% would approve of a ban on displays in stores that sell confectionary.Only 7% of adult smokers reported making their decision about the brand of cigarettes to buy at the point of purchase and 90% made their decision before they even entered the shop. The results strengthen arguments that cigarette displays are not necessary to maintain brand loyalty or to encourage brand switching of established smokers. Instead, the results make arguments more credible that cigarette displays normalize and promote smoking among young people and may also promote unplanned purchase or increased consumption among less frequent smokers or former smokers. Placing cigarettes out of sight would be unlikely to impact on brand choice for most smokers, who have already made up their mind before they enter the store.
The attitudes of health care staff to information technology: a comprehensive review of the research literature
Authors: Ward Rod , Stevens Christine , Brentnall Philip , Briddon Jason 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectives:  What does the publicly available literature tell us about the attitudes of health care staff to the development of information technology in practice, including the factors which influence them and the factors which may be used to change these attitudes?Methods:  Twelve databases were searched for literature published between 2000 and 2005 that identified research related to information technology (IT), health professionals and attitude. English language studies were included which described primary research relating to the attitudes of one or more health care staff groups towards IT. Letters, personal viewpoints, reflections and opinion pieces were not included.Results:  Complex factors contribute to the formation of attitudes towards IT. Many of the issues identified were around the flexibility of the systems and whether they were ‘fit for purpose’, along with the confidence and experience of the IT users. The literature suggests that attitudes of practitioners are a significant factor in the acceptance and efficiency of use of IT in practice. The literature also suggested that education and training was a factor for encouraging the use of IT systems.Conclusions:  A range of key issues, such as the need for flexibility and usability, appropriate education and training and the need for the software to be ‘fit for purpose’, showed that organizations need to plan carefully when proposing the introduction of IT‐based systems into work practices. The studies reviewed did suggest that attitudes of health care professionals can be a significant factor in the acceptance and efficiency of use of IT in practice. Further qualitative and quantitative research is needed into the approaches that have most effect on the attitudes of health care staff towards IT.
The farnesylated nuclear proteins KUGELKERN and LAMIN B promote aging‐like phenotypes in Drosophila flies
Authors: Brandt Annely , Krohne Georg , Großhans Jörg 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe nuclear lamina consists of a meshwork of lamins and lamina‐associated proteins, which provide mechanical support, control size and shape of the nucleus, and mediate the attachment of chromatin to the nuclear envelope. Abnormal nuclear shapes are observed in aging cells of humans and nematode worms. The expression of laminΔ50, a constitutively active lamin A splicing variant in Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome patients, leads to the lobulation of the nuclear envelope accompanied by DNA damage, and loss of heterochromatin. So far, it has been unclear whether these age‐related changes are laminΔ50 specific or whether proteins that affect nuclear shape such as KUGELKERN or LAMIN B in general play a causative role in senescence. Here we show that in adult Drosophila flies, the size of the nuclei increases with age and the nuclei assume an aberrant shape. Moreover, induced expression of the farnesylated lamina proteins Lamin B and Kugelkern cause aberrant nuclear shapes and reduce the lifespan of adult flies. The shorter lifespan correlates with an early decline in age‐dependent locomotor behaviour. Expression of kugelkern or lamin B in mammalian cells induces a nuclear lobulation phenotype in conjunction with DNA damage, and changes in histone modification similar to that found in cells expressing laminΔ50 or in cells from aged individuals. We conclude that lobulation of the nuclear membrane induced by the insertion of farnesylated lamina‐proteins can lead to aging‐like phenotypes.
MANAGERIAL OWNERSHIP, TAKEOVER DEFENSES, AND DEBT FINANCING
Authors: Ağca Şenay , Mansi Sattar A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe examine the effect of agency conflicts on debt financing and show that managerial ownership and its interaction with takeover defenses affect these decisions. We find that (1) the relation between leverage and takeover defenses becomes insignificant when we control for the interaction of these defenses with managerial ownership, and (2) firms with large managerial ownership operate at high debt levels unless they have a large number of takeover defenses. Therefore, a two‐dimensional aspect of governance that includes the interaction between managerial ownership and takeover defenses is useful in understanding the effect of agency conflicts on firms' debt financing decisions.
ORDER PLACEMENT STRATEGIES IN A PURE LIMIT ORDER BOOK MARKET
Authors: Cao Charles , Hansch Oliver , Wang Xiaoxin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractUsing order book information from the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX), we examine whether (and to what extent) the order book affects investors' order placement strategies. We find that the top of the book always affects order submissions, cancellations, and amendments, and the rest of the book mostly affects order cancellations and amendments. The previously documented order submission aggressiveness, given a crowded first step of the book, persists to other price steps and is found in order amendments and cancellations along the book. Finally, investors tend to fill in the large price gaps in the book by submitting or amending orders.
Modern Syrian Politics
Authors: Hinnebusch Raymond 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article examines major issues and debates in the study of modern Syrian politics including the identity crisis rooted in state formation; reasons for the failure of the early liberal experiment; the nature of the Ba'th regime and whether it can be considered to have carried out a revolution; explanations for the stabilization of the regime under Asad; the nature of Ba'thist political economy; the extent, causes, and consequences of economic liberalization; explanations for succession and the character of Bashar's rule; and the relation between the state and international forces.
From Impartial Liberty to Afro‐Christianity: Assessing the Revolution in Virginia's Religious Life
Authors: Ingham Cynthia Jo 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn the years after the American Revolution, the religious life of Virginians was dominated by the experience of living with and in ‘impartial liberty’– the expression often used to describe what Thomas Jefferson's ‘Statute for Establishing Religious Freedom’ had wrought. However, the Statute was merely the prelude, for it provided no guidance – only a door to Something Else as yet unknown. Lacking the referent of governmental authority, norms of religious liberty were not self‐evident but under construction. As Virginians began turning abstract concepts into everyday experience, they drew upon a revolutionary lexicon, well practiced in the legislative battle over religious liberty; and they also explored tolerance, or ‘Christian forbearance’, as the basis for good manners in the nondeferential world of the new nation. Yet the emergence of distinct denominational identities reveals that the meaning of the Revolution was plural, which Virginians discovered especially in their religious lives. Indeed, for one particular group, the elasticity of the postrevolutionary moment worked uniquely to their advantage. At a time when power was suspect, authority challenged, and norms pliant, those who most lacked power and authority – Afro‐Virginians, both slave and free – slipped through the unguarded spaces to mold Afro‐Christianity into a source of community, resistance, and hope.
Recent Work and Prospects in American Indian Contact Population
Authors: Henige David 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe population levels of the newly discovered western hemisphere at contact have been an object of observers’ attention since the first voyage of Columbus. The numbers that have been developed over time reflected the environments in which they evolved – sometimes they were very high and sometimes very low. The latest of these cycles, dating from the 1940s and still in vogue, reflects the highest numbers, as well as the most elaborate methodology, ever applied to the problem. The results have been estimates that are many times most of those previously advanced, and the mechanism to explain this substantially greater decline has been epidemic European diseases, to which the American Indians had no resistance. The High Counters’ methodology involves taking relatively small numbers in the record and multiplying these many times over to reach new numbers that are ten to twenty times as large. A major component of this practice is to presume that the epidemics in question spread across the hemisphere even before Europeans could assess their impact. For this hypothesis, and for several other elements of the exercise, there is no evidence whatever. Despite this handicap, the new cadres of numbers have themselves spread far and wide and can be found in a variety of sources aimed at various audiences.
The Political History of a Postwar Suburban Society Revisited
Authors: Vicino Thomas J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThere is a vast multidisciplinary literature on U.S. suburbs. Through an urban historical lens, this article charts the public policies that gave way to the rise of a suburban society. It explores the evolution of scholarly historical thought on the roles that political processes and public policies played in the development of the suburban landscape. Major political and social movements, including the areas of housing, transportation, and race relations, are surveyed. The future prospects for metropolitan America suggest that politics and policy contributed to complex social, economic, and political realities that confront suburbs in an era of uncontrolled urban sprawl and mounting suburban decline.
Whose War Was It Anyway? Some Australian Historians and the Great War
Authors: Bongiorno Frank , Mansfield Grant 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article will examine a neglected ‘front’ in Australia's ‘History Wars’: the debate over the Australian response to the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914. Since the 1980s, several historians have contributed to a body of literature which insists that Australia's vital interests were at stake in the confrontation between Britain and Germany in the Great War, and that Australia participated in order to protect these interests. In short, these historians are united in asserting that the Great War was ‘Australia's war’ as much as Britain's, and in condemning an alleged radical‐nationalist orthodoxy that presents Australia as a victim of the British Empire and the war as none of Australia's business. They also seek to redirect historical attention away from the themes emphasised by social and cultural historians, and towards strategy, diplomacy and high politics. Recently, several conservative newspaper columnists have also taken up their line of argument. This article seeks to explain how and why this somewhat one‐sided ‘debate’ has gathered momentum. While recognising the value of much of the new research generated by these historians, we also suggest that its terms are closely connected with efforts by the political right to defend the legitimacy of the British colonisation of Australia. At this point, the issues at stake in the historiography of Australia's response to the outbreak of the Great War intersect with some of the better‐known battles in Australia's ‘History Wars’, and notably those over the nature and extent of frontier conflict.
Early Modern Ireland: A British Atlantic Colony?
Authors: Gibney John 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe question of whether Ireland should be viewed as a colony within the British Empire has been debated within Irish historiography in recent decades. The term has proven contentious, and alternatives have been suggested. However, there is considerable merit in viewing Ireland in the early modern period as a colony. The period witnessed major British plantation projects, but also increasing levels of violence, expropriation, and cultural and sectarian conflict. The consequences and contested legacies of these events would influence Ireland's historical development as it became integrated into an emerging British Atlantic world, and eventually the British Empire.
Topiramate in older patients with partial‐onset seizures: A pilot double‐blind, dose‐comparison study
Authors: Ramsay R. Eugene , Uthman Basim , Pryor Flavia M. , Rowan A. James , Bainbridge Jacquelyn , Spitz Mark , Sirven Joseph I. , Frederick Tim E. 
Published: May 2008

Summary
Purpose: Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can be altered by age‐related changes in physiology, thereby altering clinical effects, especially tolerability, in older adults. We compared two dosages of topiramate (TPM) in a pilot study of patients ≥60 years of age with partial‐onset seizures.
Methods: In this 24‐week, double‐blind, randomized, parallel‐group study, patients with one or more seizures in previous 6 months were randomized to treatment with 50 or 200 mg/day TPM. TPM was initiated as monotherapy or added to one AED and titrated by 25 mg/day per week to target or maximum tolerated dose as the concomitant AED, if any, was withdrawn.
Results: Thirty‐eight patients were randomized to the 50 mg/day TPM (mean age, 68 years) and 39–200 mg/day TPM (69 years). Seizure control was similar with the two dosages when TPM could be used as monotherapy, whereas 200 mg TPM was more effective than 50 mg in patients requiring adjunctive therapy. The overall incidence of adverse events was similar for the two dosages—66% with 50 mg and 62% with 200 mg TPM. Most common adverse events were somnolence (TPM 50, 13%; TPM 200, 8%), dizziness (13% vs. 8%), and headache (13% vs. 5%). Of 10 (13%) patients reporting a cognitive‐related adverse event, six patients were assigned to the 50‐mg group. A total of 14 patients (18%; seven in each group) discontinued TPM due to adverse events.
Conclusions: This pilot study supports the practice of using low‐to‐moderate dosages of AEDs in older adults.
Predictors of pharmacoresistant epilepsy: Pharmacoresistant rats differ from pharmacoresponsive rats in behavioral and cognitive abnormalities associated with experimentally induced epilepsy
Authors: Gastens Alexandra M. , Brandt Claudia , Bankstahl Jens P. , Löscher Wolfgang 
Published: May 2008

SummaryPurpose:  Patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) exhibit an increased risk of psychiatric comorbidity, including depression, anxiety, psychosis, and learning disorders. Furthermore, a history of psychiatric comorbidity has been suggested as a predictor of lack of response to therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients with epilepsy. However, clinical studies on predictors of pharmacoresistant epilepsy are affected by several confounding variables, which may complicate conclusions. In the present study, we evaluated whether behavioral alterations in epileptic rats are different in AED nonresponders versus responders.Methods:  For this purpose, we used an animal model of TLE in which AED responders and nonresponders can be selected by prolonged treatment of epileptic rats with phenobarbital (PB). Behavioral and cognitive abnormalities were compared between responders and nonresponders as well as between epileptic rats and nonepileptic controls in a battery of tests.Results:  Fifteen epileptic rats with spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) either responding (11 rats) or not responding (4 rats) to PB were used for this study. The nonresponders differed markedly in behavioral and cognitive abnormalities from responders and nonepileptic controls in tests of anxiety (open field, elevated‐plus maze test), behavioral hyperexcitability (approach‐response, touch‐response, pick‐up tests), and learning and memory (Morris water maze).Discussion:  Our hypothesis that AED‐resistant rats will show more severe behavioral and cognitive changes than AED‐responsive rats was confirmed by the present experiments. The data substantiate that rodent models of TLE are useful to delineate predictors of pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
Carbamazepine‐induced DRESS and HHV6 primary infection: The importance of skin tests
Authors: Aouam Karim , Bel Hadj Ali Hichem , Youssef Monia , Chaabane Amel , Amri Montassar , Boughattas Naceur A. , Zili Jamel Eddine 
Published: May 2008

Summary A 34‐year‐old male with a 20‐year history of epilepsy was treated with valproic acid and phenobarbital. As he had frequent convulsive fits, carbamazepine (CBZ) was added. Thirty‐four days later, the patient developed hyperthermia, (39.5°C), cervical lymphadenopathy and generalized cutaneous exfoliated maculae and papulae. Biochemical investigation was characterized by a white cell count of 16.1 × 103/μl (17% eosinophils) and increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (50 and 116 IU/L, respectively). HHV6 serological tests performed on day 21, detected anti HHV6 IgM, suggesting a HHV6 primary infection. Hence, CBZ was discontinued. One month later, the skin eruption, fever, lymph node swelling, liver dysfunction, and eosinophilia were progressively relieved. Six weeks after complete recovery, prick and patch skin tests were performed. They were strongly positive at 48‐h reading. This report suggests the usefulness of skin tests in diagnosing CBZ‐induced‐DRESS, as well as s possible association between DRESS and HHV6 primary infection.
Carisbamate prevents the development and expression of spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges and is neuroprotective in cultured hippocampal neurons
Authors: Deshpande Laxmikant S. , Nagarkatti Nisha , Ziobro Julie M. , Sombati Sompong , DeLorenzo Robert J. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryPurpose:  Although great advances have been made in the development of treatments for epilepsy, acquired epilepsy following brain injury still comprises approximately 50% of all the cases of epilepsy. Thus, development of drugs that would prevent or decrease the onset of epilepsy following brain injury represents an important area of research.Methods:  Here, we investigated effects of carisbamate (RWJ 333369) on the development and expression of spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (SREDs) and its neuroprotective potential in cultured hippocampal neurons. This model utilizes 3 h of low Mg2+ treatment to mimic status epilepticus (SE‐like) injury in vitro. Following the injury, networks of neurons manifest synchronized SREDs for their life in culture. Neuronal cultures were treated with carisbamate (200 μM) for 12 h immediately after the SE‐like injury. The drug was then removed and neurons were patch clamped 24 h following drug washout.Results:  Treatment with carisbamate after neuronal injury prevented the development and expression of epileptiform discharges. In the few neurons that displayed SREDs following carisbamate treatment, there was a significant reduction in SRED frequency and duration. In contrast, phenytoin and phenobarbital, when used in place of carisbamate, did not prevent the development and expression of SREDs. Carisbamate was also effective in preventing neuronal death when administered after SE‐like injury.Conclusions:  Carisbamate prevents the development and generation of epileptiform discharges and is neuroprotective when administered following SE‐like injury in vitro and may offer a novel treatment to prevent the development of epileptiform discharges following brain injuries.
Lean Product and Process Development by Allen C. Ward
Authors: Reinertsen Donald 
Published: May 2008

Books reviewed in this issue:

Lean Product and Process Development
Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation Landscape
Putting Hope to Work: Five Principles to Activate Your Organization's Most Powerful Resource
Catalyst Code: The Strategies behind the World's Most Dynamic Companies
Invisible Engines: How Software Platforms Drive Innovation and Transform Industries