bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Worm-Like Nanorods and Ultrafine Nanospheres of Silver Via Solid-State Photochemical Decomposition
Authors: Navaladian S , Viswanathan B , Varadarajan TK , Viswanath RP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Worm-like nanorods and nanospheres of silver have been synthesized by photochemical decomposition of silver oxalate in water by UV irradiation in the presence of CTAB and PVP, respectively. No external seeds have been employed for the synthesis of Ag nanorods. The synthesized Ag colloids have been characterized by UV-visible spectra, powder XRD, HRTEM, and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Ag nanospheres of average size around 2 nm have been obtained in the presence of PVP. XRD and TEM analyses revealed that top and basal planes of nanorods are bound with {111} facets. Williamson–Hall plot has revealed the presence of defects in the Ag nanospheres and nanorods. Formation of defective Ag nanocrystals is attributed to the heating effect of UV-visible irradiation.
The Interfacial Tension Between Cationic Gemini Surfactant Solution and Crude Oil
Authors: Han Lijuan , Ye Zhongbin , Chen Hong , Luo Pingya 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe effects of the hydrocarbon chains and spacer groups of gemini surfactants, salt, temperature, and polymer on the interfacial tension of crude oil–water mixtures were investigated in this paper. The length of the alkyl chain is a major factor affecting the properties of a gemini surfactant, and the spacer group is also an important factor influencing the surfactant properties. The addition of salt results in a great decrease in the CMC and favors the reduction of interfacial tension, which shows that a gemini surfactant has a good synergism with salt. Variation in temperature will affect the dynamic and equilibrium interfacial tension, and increasing the temperature can shorten the time to reach the equilibrium and decrease the equilibrium interfacial tension in the range of experimental temperatures. With the addition of polyacrylamide (PAM), it takes longer to reach equilibrium, but this has little effect on the value of equilibrium interfacial tension.
TNF superfamily: Costimulation and clinical applications
Authors: Vinay Dass S. , Kwon Byoung S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe molecules concerned with costimulation belong either to the immunoglobulin (Ig) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. The tumor necrosis superfamily comprises molecules capable of providing both costimulation and cell death. In this review we briefly summarize certain TNF superfamily receptor–ligand pairs that are endowed with costimulatory properties and their importance in health and disease.
Treatment with FTY720 during the induction or effector phase suppresses the development of experimental allergic conjunctivitis in mice
Authors: Sumi Tamaki , Fukushima Atsuki , Nishino Koji , Fukuda Ken , Kumagai Naoki , Nishida Teruo , Ueno Hisayuki 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPurpose: To investigate whether experimental allergic conjunctivitis (EC) can be suppressed by treatment with the immunomodulatory drug FTY720, which reduces the recruitment of effector T cells into inflammatory sites.Methods: BALB/c mice were actively immunized with ragweed (RW) and then injected intraperitoneally with FTY720 on days 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 (induction phase treatment) followed by challenge on day 10 with RW‐containing eye drops. Alternatively, naïve mice that received RW‐primed splenocytes were injected intraperitoneally with FTY720 on days 2 and 4 (effector phase treatment) followed by RW challenge on day 4. Twenty‐four hours after RW challenge, conjunctivas and spleens were harvested for histology or immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometric analysis or cytokine assays, respectively.Results: FTY720 treatment during the induction phase suppressed the conjunctival infiltration of T cells as well as eosinophils and macrophages. The splenocytes from induction phase‐treated mice contained significantly less CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and showed significant suppression of Th2 but not Th1 cytokine production. Effector phase treatment with FTY720 suppressed conjunctival eosinophil infiltration.Conclusions: These data demonstrate that FTY720 treatment during the induction phase decreases the absolute number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen and suppresses Th2 cytokine production by splenocytes. This leads to the suppression of EC. FTY720 treatment also suppresses EC when delivered during the effector phase. Thus, FTY720 treatment may be suitable for treating severe forms of vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
A new pelvic muscle trainer for the treatment of urinary incontinence
Authors: Schmidt Adriana P. , Sanches Paulo R.S. , Silva Danton P. , Ramos José G.L. , Nohama Percy 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a new device for home treatment of urinary incontinence (UI) by comparing 3 conservative techniques and monitoring compliance and performance.MethodsThirty‐two patients with UI were allocated to 1 of 3 intervention groups: pelvic floor muscle exercises (PFME; n = 11) alone; PFME combined with biofeedback (n = 10); or PFME combined with electrical stimulation (n = 11). The outcomes assessed were: changes in quality of life score (QLS), urodynamic and perineometric parameters, episodes of urine loss, subjective assessment of improvement, and actual compliance and performance with treatment.ResultsIncreased pelvic muscle contraction strength (P < 0.05), improvement in QLS (P < 0.02), and fewer episodes of urine leakage were observed in all 3 groups (P < 0.05). Compliance was similar among the groups (P = 0.201).ConclusionAll 3 techniques were effective for home treatment of UI, with significant control of symptoms and improved quality of life. The device effectively monitored compliance and performance of exercises.
A new body of highly diamondiferous kimberlites in the Nakyn field of the Yakutian kimberlite province
Authors: Tolstov A.V. , Minin V.A. , Vasilenko V.B. , Kuznetsova L.G. , Razumov A.N. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We report the first data on the contents of main oxides and REE in rocks and the compositions of pyropes and almandines from the Maiskoe kimberlite body recently discovered in the Nakyn field of the Yakutian kimberlite province.
The kimberlites are characterized by low contents of Ti, a slight domination of Mg over Ca, and high contents of K2O in some samples. The pyropes have high contents of Cr2O3 (up to 14.5 wt.%); many of them (∼16%) are poor in Ca. In petrochemical and mineralogical features the kimberlites of the Maiskoe body are complementary to the highly diamondiferous kimberlites of the nearby Botuobinskaya and Nyurbinskaya pipes. At the same time, they are not the final link in the evolution of kimberlite magmatism in the Nakyn field, which makes the latter still more promising for diamonds.
Social Conflict and Change in the Mining Communities of North-West Derbyshire, c. 1600–1700
Authors: Wood Andy 
Published: February 2009

SummaryIncreased demand for lead on both domestic and international markets spurred on technological and organizational innovation in Derbyshire's lead mining industry. Population expanded due to immigration into the mining areas, and problems of poverty and proletarianization were created as the traditional small producers were marginalized by new capitalized mineworkings owned by aristocrats, merchants and gentlemen. Social conflict intensified over the ownership of mining rights; in particular, this dispute revolved around popular and élite notions of property and legality. This conflict engendered new forms of popular resistance and provides evidence of a language of class in the seventeenth century. The eighteenth century saw the marginalization of the independent free miner, but memories of lost liberties conditioned the class consciousness of Derbyshire's new working class at the end of the century.
Liberty and Fraternities in the English Revolution: The Politics of London Artisans' Protests, 1635–1659
Authors: Carlin Norah 
Published: February 2009

SummaryA series of artisan revolts in the London corporations between 1635 and 1659 found both radical ideas of individual liberty and the guild ethos of fraternity relevant to their aims. The apparent paradox of democratic demands combined with calls for stricter economic regulation can be explained only by examining the participants' concrete grievances and specific demands. The protesters were neither rising industrial capitalists nor a new wage-earning class, but small masters attempting to restrain competition, the use of cheap labour, and the enlargement of enterprises. Their concerns had something in common with those of the Levellers, but the movements diverged in significant ways.
Stalin's Bolshevism: The First Decade
Authors: van Ree Erik 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThis article discusses Stalin's Bolshevism during his Tiflis and Baku periods in the first decade of the century. It focuses on his position in the inner-faction debate between Lenin and Bogdanov. It holds that Dzhugashvili's tactical and organizational views in the years from 1907 to 1909 moved from sympathetic to Bogdanov to a position near Lenin, though remaining somewhat to the left of the latter. Dzhugashvili never belonged to the leftist tendency. He was a typical representative of the “Russian” praktiki, whose main concern was to further conciliation in the Bolshevik faction.
Colliery Deputies in the British Coal Industry Before Nationalization
Authors: Ackers Peter 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThis article challenges the militant and industrial unionist version of British coal mining trade union history, surrounding the Miners' Federation of Great Britain and the National Union of Mineworkers, by considering, for the first time, the case of the colliery deputies' trade union. Their national Federation was formed in 1910, and aimed to represent the three branches of coal mining supervisory management: the deputy (or fireman, or examiner), overman and shotfirer. First, the article discusses the treatment of moderate and craft traditions in British coal mining historiography. Second, it shows how the position of deputy was defined by changes in the underground labour process and the legal regulation of the industry. Third, it traces the history of deputies' union organization up until nationalization in 1947, and the formation of the National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers (NACODS). The article concludes that the deputies represent a mainstream tradition of craft/professional identity and industrial moderation, in both the coal industry and the wider labour movement.
Marks of Capital: Colonialism and the Sweepers of Delhi
Authors: Prashad Vijay 
Published: February 2009

SummaryIn a sub-field of Marxism, A.G. Frank and E. Laclau debated the intricate details of Frank's critique of the “dualist thesis”. That thesis argued that capitalism failed to overcome feudalism in its colonial adventure; Frank argued that to posit the duality between capital and feudal forms does violence to the structural integration of feudal forms into the logic of capital. Frank's critique, however, remained wedded to a level of abstraction which was unable to reveal the full implications of his suggestions. In this essay, I attempt to show that the logic of capital during colonial rule produced a municipal sanitation regime which relied upon the control over the labor of manual sweepers mediated through jobbers, overseers and contractors. Far from being the embodiment of “tradition”, the sweepers since colonial India bear on their bodies the marks of capital. This essay reveals those marks as well as demonstrating the integral relation between the logic of capital and barbaric colonial rule.
Wobblies and Mexican Workers in Mining and Petroleum, 1905–1924
Authors: Caulfield Norman 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), or “Wobblies”, represented a transitional stage in Mexican labor movement history. The Wobblies enjoyed support from workers because their philosophy corresponded to the Mexican labor movement's deeply-rooted anarchosyndicalist traditions. While cooperating with Mexican radical labor organizations, the IWW advocated workers' control, better pay, conditions, and union recognition. In mining and petroleum, the IWW built upon the earlier organizational efforts of mutual and gremial organizations. And, although the Wobblies failed to establish a permanent foothold inside Mexico, their efforts resulted in the eventual organization of industry-wide unions.
Unemployment Insurance, Trade Unions and the Strange Case of the Israeli Labour Movement
Authors: Gal John 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe goal of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the labour movement and unemployment insurance (UI). Following a brief overview of the evolution of the approach of labour movements towards UI, the focus shifts to an analysis of a case study of the Israeli labour movement. The study traces the development of the approach of this movement towards UI during the pre-state period and following the establishment of Israel. It indicates that, while the policy adopted by the Israeli labour movement in the pre-state period was similar to that of other labour movements, the motivation differed in that the goals of the Israeli movement were primarily nationalist. In the post-independence period, the labour movement objected to the adoption of UI and prevented the introduction of this programme for two decades. The reasons for this are linked to the values and perceptions of the labour movement leadership and the legacies of policies adopted during the pre-state period.
Life-Long Work or Well-Deserved Leisure in Old Age? Conceptions of Old Age Within the French and German Labour Movements in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Schniedewind Karen 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe close connection between old age and retirement and to what extent society accepts work-free retirement in old age emerged as the topical themes we know in France and Germany as late as the 1950s and 1960s. By analysing the relevant discussions in the labour circles of both countries the author examines whether this modern concept of retirement originated in the early phase of the welfare state. The concepts and points of criticism which each of the labour movements developed for old age provision show, by virtue of the different national mental attitudes, that their considerations about old age as a life phase diverged from one another to a great degree. The German labour movement believed that old age pensions were primarily a compensation for the reduction in income on reaching an advanced age, and it thus gave preference to the invalidity pension. In contrast, French society supported the idea of welfare security for the old. Along with criticisms of state social policies, the purpose of providing for the old is at the centre of the essay's analysis, more specifically the contrary forms this discussion took in Germany and France: obliged to work in old age or well-earned retirement.
Worker Resistance and Taylorism in Britain
Authors: Whitston Kevin 
Published: February 2009

SummaryWorker resistance and employer conservatism in Britain are said to have combined to retard British economic development and frustrate the emergence of modern managerial structures based on Taylorism and/or Fordism. However, the notion of worker resistance is a deeply unsatisfactory one because it fails to distinguish different forms of resistance and their implications for the labour process. And if British employers were slow to abandon older tools and techniques, they nevertheless did so. Worker resistance secured better terms and conditions of employment but was incapable of altering in any fundamental way the new methods of organizing work and managing production.
Mexican State Development Policy and Labor Internationalism, 1945–1958
Authors: Caulfield Norman 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe Mexican state's drive toward industrialization during World War II and the post-war years required the cooperation of organized labor. Central to this policy was the role played by American trade unions, which cooperated with US government agencies in providing financial and logistical support for Mexican trade unionists who complied with state development policy. The interests of American labor leaders, US policymakers and Mexican modernizing elites converged in an attempt to eradicate radical unionism and promote US hegemony in the western hemisphere. This study builds upon works that treat the earlier activities of US labor in Mexico.
Workless Revolutionaries: The Unemployed Movement in Revolutionary Iran
Authors: Bayat Asef 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThis article chronicles the genesis, process and forms of collective protests by the unemployed in Iran immediately following the revolution of 1979. It analyzes the dynamics of jobless mobilization in demanding employment and social protection by exploring its complex relationships with the Islamic government, the opposition forces and the broader revolutionary process. In developing countries, an organized struggle of the unemployed for jobs and protection is extremely rare, notwithstanding high rates of open and concealed joblessness. Family, kinship, patron-client relationships and especially the informal sector provide essential mechanisms for protection and survival; lack of ‘organization generally prevents the emergence of sustained protest movements. I argue that the conjuncture-based articulation of resources and political opportunity underlying the movement set the Iranian case apart. The resources included the post-revolutionary massive and sudden loss of jobs along with the rise of a revolutionary ideology among the jobless.
“Without Any More Law Than Their Own Caprice”: Cotton Textile Workers and the Challenge to Factory Authority During the Mexican Revolution
Authors: Bortz Jeffrey 
Published: February 2009

SummaryMuch current literature argues that the Mexican revolution was not a revolution at all, but rather a series of rebellions that did not fundamentally alter the social order. Similarly, many scholars assert the changes in the Mexican work world during the Mexican revolution were the result of a paternalistic state rather than the product of the actions of workers. This article examines cotton textile workers' relationship to authority in the workplace during the most violent phase of Mexico's revolution, 1910–1921. The results suggest that revolution indeed gripped the country, one that energized the country's still emerging factory proletariat. There is compelling evidence that millhands throughout Mexico continuously and successfully challenged the authority of owners and supervisors, fundamentally altering the social relations of work. It is this “hidden” revolution in the factories that explains changes in labor law, labor organization, and worker power in the immediate post-revolutionary period. The effectiveness of the workers' challenge to authority is what explains: 1) the new regime's need to unionize; 2) the development of pro-labor labor law after the revolution; 3) the power of unions after 1920. In short, workers' challenge to authority during the revolution is what explains the labor outcome of the revolution afterwards.
Reproductive characteristics ofCalyptogena gallardoi(Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae) from a methane seep area off Concepción, Chile
Authors: Parra Macarena , Sellanes Javier , Dupré Enrique , Krylova Elena 
Published: February 2009

Calyptogena gallardoiis a vesicomyid bivalve inhabiting a methane seep area located at a depth of 740–870 m off the Bay of Concepción, Chile. Vesicomyids host chemoautotrophic sulphide-oxidizing endosymbiont bacteria and are always found associated to reducing environments. In this study, the gonadal structure and the gametes produced byC. gallardoiare described. Light microscopy is used to examine serial histological sections of the gonads, and scanning electron microscopy is used to visualize the external morphology of gametes. The gonads of both males and females are organized in ramified tubular acini. In males, mature sperm are stored near genital openings in acini lined with a secretor epithelium that resembles a seminal receptacle. Spermatozoids have bullet-like heads with an average length of 30.3±2.6 μm (mean±1 SD). In females, the mature oocytes are driven toward the genital opening through evacuator conduits lined by ‘paddle’ cilia. The average diameter of oogonias is 11.6±2.5 μm and that of mature oocytes is 273.8±23.1 μm, making the size of the mature oocyte among the largest reported for bivalves. In addition,C. gallardoiis shown to have external sexual dimorphism. Shells of males are significantly smaller and more elongated with sloping postero-dorsal margin compared with shells of females. The data are discussed in the context of available information on reproductive biology of vesicomyids.
Phase transition of multivariate polynomial systems
Authors: FUSCO GIORDANO , BACH ERIC 
Published: February 2009

A random multivariate polynomial system with more equations than variables is likely to be unsolvable. On the other hand, if there are more variables than equations, the system has at least one solution with high probability. In this paper we study in detail the phase transition between these two regimes, which occurs when the number of equations equals the number of variables. In particular, the limiting probability for no solution is 1/e at the phase transition, over a prime field.We also study the probability of having exactly s solutions, with s ≥ 1. In particular, the probability of a unique solution is asymptotically 1/e if the number of equations equals the number of variables. The probability decreases very rapidly if the number of equations increases or decreases.Our motivation is that many cryptographic systems can be expressed as large multivariate polynomial systems (usually quadratic) over a finite field. Since decoding is unique, the solution of the system must also be unique. Knowing the probability of having exactly one solution may help us to understand more about these cryptographic systems. For example, whether attacks should be evaluated by trying them against random systems depends very much on the likelihood of a unique solution.
Lost in translation – using bilingual differences to increase emotional mastery following bullying
Authors: Tehrani Noreen , Vaughan Sarah 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAims & Objectives: This paper critically examines the nature and benefits of a therapeutic alliance created between a fluent, bilingual woman who had suffered a period of extreme bullying and her monolingual therapist. Method: The paper uses a case study approach to consider the underpinning psycho‐neurology and describes the theoretical frameworks used to inform the therapeutic process and facilitate recovery. Results: The therapeutic approach proved successful in dealing with the physical, emotional and psychological impact of the bullying and has enabled the subject to return to work successfully. Conclusions: The emotional distancing provided by language switching can be invaluable in enabling a traumatised person to make sense of their experience.