bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF IN VITRO THYROID FUNCTION TESTS IN 100 CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS REFERRED TO A THYROID CLINIC
Authors: TOFT A. D. , SETH J. , KIRKHAM K. E. , MARSHALL A. , IRVINE W. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn a series of 100 consecutive patients referred to a thyroid clinic the total serum thyroxine (serum T‐4) measured by competitive protein binding analysis had a much higher diagnostic accuracy than either the serum protein‐bound iodine (PBI) or the triiodothyronine serum uptake (T3 serum uptake) when used alone. In contrast to previous reports, the free thyroxine index (FTI) calculated from the serum PBI and the T3 serum uptake gave disappointing results. The FTI calculated from the serum T‐4 and the T3 serum uptake correlated well with thyroid status, but equally good results were given by the effective thyroxine ratio (ETR) which, although expensive, has the advantage of being a single procedure.Primary hypothyroidism can be diagnosed with a high degree of accuracy from a single venepuncture by demonstrating a low total serum thyroxine and an elevated plasma thyrotrophin (TSH). There were no false negative results. Fortysix of the fifty euthyroid patients had plasma TSH levels less than 12 μU/ml. The four euthyroid patients with TSH levels greater than 12 μU/ml had evidence of impaired thyroid reserve.
SERUM THYROTROPHIN RESPONSE TO THYROTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE IN NORMAL CHILDREN AND IN PATIENTS WITH SHORT STATURE AND VARIOUS ENDOCRINE OR GENETIC DESEASES
Authors: MALVAUX P. , BECKERS C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe TSH response to TRH has been investigated in a group of forty‐two children, including eight normal controls, eight patients with short stature and without growth hormone deficieny, twelve hypopituitary patients, seven patients with thyroid disorders and seven others with various diseases, including four cases of Turner's syndrome.All children with short stature and without GH deficiency demonstrate a normal response to TRH. The same conclusion arises from the data obtained in most of the cases with isolated GH deficiency. In one out of three cases of organic hypopituitarism, the maximal TSH response was delayed to 60 min after injection. Patients with Turner's syndrome have a normal response to TRH while the pituitary response was definitely enhanced in one case of pseudohypoparathyroidism.
THE EXCRETION OF 17‐DEOXYCORTICOSTEROIDS BY WOMEN PREGNANT WITH A NORMAL OR AN ANENCEPHALIC FETUS
Authors: DIVER M. J. , CAWOOD MARION L. , HEYS R. F. , OAKEY R. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe urinary excretion of 17‐deoxycorticosteroids by women with a normal fetus, near term, was 15.8 ± 4.2 mg/day (mean ± SD). In contrast, women pregnant with an anencephalic fetus, non‐pregnant subjects and women taking oral contraceptives containing oestrogen excreted 3.8 ± 1.3 mg/day, 3.1 ± 1.4 mg/day and 2.5 ± 0.7 mg/day, respectively. It is concluded that, in normal pregnancy, the fetal adrenal makes a substantial contribution to the production of urinary 17‐deoxycorticosteroids, or their precursors, near term. Analysis of C21 corti‐costeroids in maternal urine of selected pregnancies may help in the identification of the steroids secreted by the fetus.
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN JUVENILE DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: DONIACH I. , MORGAN A. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe number of islets per square centimetre section of post‐mortem pancreas was counted and the intensity of β‐cell granulation (Gomori's aldehyde‐fuchsin stain) assessed in thirteen cases of untreated juvenile diabetes and thirteen matched controls, and in thirteen cases of treated juvenile onset diabetes and thirteen matched controls. The morphology of the islets was studied.In two cases of untreated diabetics the number of islets overlapped with those of the control series. In the remaining eleven, the number was reduced to an average of about one seventh of the controls. β‐Cell granulation was normal in five cases and markedly reduced in the remainder. Eleven of the thirteen treated diabetics showed a similarly marked reduction in number of islets and loss of β‐granulation. In one case the islets showed marked β‐cell hyperplasia with margination of granules. The remaining case showed marked loss of exocrine parenchyma, diffuse fibrosis and crowded surviving islets rich in β‐cells.Nuclear pleomorphism and hypertrophy of some islets was slightly more marked in untreated juveniles, dying within a few weeks of onset of the disease, than in matched controls. There were no examples of lymphocytic infiltration of islets. Pancreatic fibrosis was seen much more commonly and was more marked in the diabetics than in the controls. The average weight of pancreas was reduced to 32 g in the treated diabetics, the expected weight being 68 g.It is suggested that the findings support the hypothesis that juvenile diabetes results from failure of islet cell regeneration in response to injury rather than exhaustion atrophy of overstimulated normal β‐cells, and that this is associated with retardation of growth of the exocrine pancreas.
IODINE METABOLISM IN AUTONOMOUS HOT NODULES OF THE THYROID
Authors: KOUTRAS D. A. , LIVADAS D. , RIGOPOULOS G. A. , SFONTOURIS J. , MALAMOS B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe thyroidal iodide clearance rate, the plasma inorganic iodine (PII), the absolute iodine uptake (AIU) by the thyroid, the serum PBI, the intrathyroidal exchangeable iodine pool, the renal iodide clearance rate and the urinary iodine excretion were measured in twenty‐one cases of autonomous hot thyroid nodule with suppression of the normal parenchyma (toxic adenoma, TA), in eight cases of autonomous hot nodule without such suppression (subtoxic adenoma, STA), and in eighteen controls; the 131 I uptake and PB131 I were measured in 390 cases of TA and 111 of STA compared with eighty‐one controls.The most striking finding was a greatly reduced pool of intrathyroidal exchangeable iodine in the TA group. This explained the high PB131 I values (out of proportion to the degree of hyperthyroidism) and the short biological half‐life of radioiodine within the gland. There was no evidence of iodine deficiency, either from the PII or the urinary iodine measurements. Otherwise the patients with TA showed evidence of mild hyperfunction: increased 131I uptake, AIU and PBI, but with a considerable overlap with the normal range. The patients with STA had, in general, laboratory values intermediate between the TA group and the controls. The intrathyroidal exchangeable iodine pool was not significantly reduced, probably because in STA the normal parenchyma surrounding the nodule was still actively taking part in the exchange, whereas in the TA the normal parenchyma constituted a practically dormant iodine pool.
FAILURE OF TSH RADIOIMMUNOASSAY TO CONSISTENTLY DETECT MILD TSH MEDIATED THYROID STIMULATION
Authors: KOHLER H. , OPL W. , von MÜHLENEN A. , BÜRGI H. , STUDER H. , ORMSTON B. J. , HALL R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay for serum TSH has been tested against a direct method for assessment of thyroid function. Fifteen healthy euthyroid volunteers received an oral dose of 80 μCi 125I in order to label endogenously produced thyroid hormones. Five days later 20 μCi 131I‐T4 were injected intravenously to serve as an internal reference source of T4 deiodination rate. The TSH response to an oral dose of 3 mg TRH given on two consecutive days was evaluated by radioimmunoassay and by determination of urinary 125/131I ratios.An increase of the urinary 125/131I ratio of the order of 200% (P<0.01 and P= 0.02) indicated an identical stimulation of the thyroid gland on both days. Following the first dose of TRH the serum TSH the serum TSH level rose by an average of 35% (P<0.05) whereas no change of TSH concentration could be detected on the second day of TRH administration. The findings indicate that mild TSH‐mediated stimulation of the thyroid gland may escape detection by radioimmunoassay of serum TSH concentration. Thus, the sole failure of serum TSH levels to rise by a measurable amount does not at present constitute proof for the autoregulatory nature of an observed change of thyroid function.
SERUM TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Authors: PATEL Y. C. , BURGER H. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYUsing a double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of serum triiodothyronine (T3), the present study was undertaken to define the role of this hormone in normal and abnormal thyroid states. Other tests of thyroid function performed included measurement of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, euthyroid range <0.2‐3.6 μU/ml by RIA) and free thyroxine index (FTI, 4.6‐10.0).In forty‐six normal subjects (aged 18‐40 years) serum T3 ranged from 75 to 177 with a mean value of 128 ng/100 ml. This differed significantly (P<0.01) from that of the mean T3 level of nine subjects taking oral contraceptives (174 ng/100 ml). The administration of 200 μg i.v. synthetic thyrotrophin releasing hormone to six normal subjects produced a significant serum T3 elevation in all with a mean increase at 120 min of 56%. Serum T3 values in hyperthyroidism were as follows: diffuse goitre (n= 14, mean 600 ng/100 ml, range 290‐1150); multinodular goitre (n= 8, mean 283, range 179‐440); Solitary nodule (n= 4, mean 258, range 195‐305): T3‐toxicosis (n= 2, mean 262). There was no overlap with the normal range. Twenty patients with severe primary hypothyroidism (FTI 0.2‐4.3, serum TSH 83‐1546 μU/ml) had a mean serum T3 level of 42 ng/100 ml. Eighteen patients were studied following drug or radioiodine treatment of thyrotoxicosis. All were clinically euthyroid but had elevated serum TSH (6.0‐84 μU/ml). Serum T3 in this group was normal (87‐185 ng/100 ml) whereas T4 was low in eleven. It is concluded that serum T3 measurements provide a reliable index of thyroid function, facilitate the diagnosis of T3‐toxicosis and correlate with the clinical status during and after treatment of thyrotoxicosis in a more appropriate manner than do T4 measurements which may be misleading.
SUPPRESSION OF PLASMA ACTH LEVELS WITH CORTICOSTEROIDS IN ADDISON'S DISEASE
Authors: HOLDAWAY I. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFollowing intravenous injection of a pharmacological dose of dexamethasone, there was a prompt fall in both C‐terminal and N‐terminal plasma immunoreactive ACTH levels in nineteen subjects with Addison's disease. Intravenous infusion of cortisol, sufficient to give physiological plasma levels in three of these subjects, induced a fall in plasma C‐terminal immunoreactive ACTH concentration only when plasma corticosteroid levels exceeded 20–25 μg/IOO ml. Thus although negative feedback control of ACTH secretion was still operative in these subjects, it seems likely that this mechanism of ACTH regulation had diminished sensitivity compared with that found by other workers in normal individuals.
PRODUCTION OF A CORTICOTROPHIN‐LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE AND OF CORTICOTROPHIN BY A BRONCHIAL CARCINOID TUMOUR
Authors: RATCLIFFE J. G. , SCOTT A. P. , BENNETT H. P. J. , LOWRY P. J. , McMARTIN C. , STRONG J. A. , WALBAUM P. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe isolation and partial characterization of a peptide with C‐terminal corticotrophic immunoactivity from a bronchial carcinoid tumour associated with the ectopic ACTH syndrome is described. It resembles corticotrophin‐like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP) in amino acid composition and end group analyses. It is suggested that the specific measurement of circulating CLIP may serve as a biochemical marker of tumour activity.
THE TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE RESPONSE TO THYROTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE IN THE ASSESSMENT OF THE PITUITARY‐THYROID AXIS
Authors: LAWTON N. F. , ELLIS S. M. , SUFI S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe thyroidal component of the response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) has been studied by measurement of serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).In normal subjects a significant increase in serum T3 followed intravenous administration of TRH 200 μg. A less consistent increase was detected in serum T4 concentration.Oral TRH at a dose of 40 mg caused a significant rise in serum T4 in normal subjects. The increase in T4 at 24 hr was considered to provide a convenient index of pituitary and thyroidal response.Fourteen patients with pituitary disease, of whom twelve were euthyroid, were investigated by an oral TRH test. The majority of these patients retain a normal pituitary TSH reserve though a small group can be identified in whom it is diminished.A significant correlation was obtained between the T4 and TSH response to oral TRH. It is suggested that measurement of serum concentration of thyroid hormone is of value in the assessment of the pituitary response to TRH and the integrity of the pituitary‐thyroid axis.
CIRCULATING LEVELS OF PROLACTIN DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: McNEILLY A. S. , CHARD T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn detailed studies on seventeen volunteers, it has been shown that changes in prolactin levels during the menstrual cycle are irregular and inconsistent. Some, but not all, subjects have elevated levels at mid‐cycle, and higher levels in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase. At all stages of the cycle, prolactin levels may show short‐term random fluctuations of as much as 110%. There was no apparent relation between levels of prolactin and those of LH, FSH, oestradiol‐17β or progesterone. It is suggested that if prolactin has any role in the control of the menstrual cycle, then the normal circulating levels are considerably in excess of the threshold requirements for its action.
SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF GALACTORRHOEA AND AMENORRHOEA AND SUBSEQUENT RESTORATION OF OVARIAN FUNCTION BY A NEW ERGOT ALKALOID 2‐BROM‐α‐ERGOCRYPTINE
Authors: ROLLAND RUNE , SCHELLEKENS LOUIS A. , LEQUIN RUDOLF M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThree patients with galactorrhoea and menstrual disturbances, due to hyperprolactinaemia and of more than 2 years duration, are described. Administration of 2‐Brom‐α‐ergocryptine effectively lowered the plasma prolactin concentrations in all three patients and restored the normal cyclic ovarian activity. One pregnancy was noticed during therapy. The role of prolactin on ovarian function is discussed. 2‐Brom‐α‐ergocryptine seems to be an effective drug in the long‐term treatment of galactorrhoea associated with menstrual disturbances.
LONG‐TERM ADMINISTRATION OF MEDROXY‐PROGESTERONE ACETATE (MPA) TO ACROMEGALIC PATIENTS
Authors: JOSEFSBERG Z. , LARON Z. , MATHIAS Sh. , KERET R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe long‐term administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), 40 mg/day, has not proved to be an effective treatment of acromegaly. It neither stops the growth of the tumour nor adequately suppresses growth hormone secretion and it brings no change in the glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinism.
PLASMA CORTICOTROPHIN LEVELS DURING INSULIN‐HYPOGLYCAEMIA : COMPARISON OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAY AND CYTOCHEMICAL BIOASSAY
Authors: FLEISHER M. R. , GLASS D. , BITENSKY LUCILLE , CHAYEN J. , DALY J. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDevelopment of a highly sensitive bioassay for ACTH has enabled bioassayable ACTH to be measured in plasma during the course of the insulin hypoglycaemia test for the first time. Comparison with radioimmunoassay (RIA) on the same plasma samples shows that the latter consistently overstimates the true, or biologically active, ACTH level. This overstimate appears to be most marked when ACTH levels are highest and during the fall in plasma levels which occurs following the ACTH peak. This may limit the value of the RIA of ACTH, in some situations.
SALIVARY GLAND ENLARGEMENT IN ACROMEGALY
Authors: THOMSON JOHN A. , McCROSSAN JOHN , MASON DAVID K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThree patients with active acromegaly and salivary gland enlargement are described. Detailed studies of flow rate, the biochemistry of the saliva from both the parotid and submandibular salivary glands, sialography and isotope scanning of the glands showed no significant abnormality in function. The literature is reviewed and it would appear that enlargement of the submandibular salivary glands in acromegaly is a relatively common clinical finding although it is not widely known.
EPISODIC SECRETION OF ALDOSTERONE IN PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM: RELATIONSHIP TO CORTISOL
Authors: VETTER H. , BERGER M. , ARMBRUSTER H. , SIEGENTHALER W. , WERNING C. , VETTER W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma aldosterone, plasma cortisol and plasma renin activity were determined at short time intervals in three supine patients suffering from primary aldosteronism. The patients were studied both under normal conditions and during suppression of ACTH secretion by dexamethasone. Though abnormally high levels were found, aldosterone was secreted episodically in each patient while plasma renin activity was uniformly undetectable. In each patient the secretory episodes of aldosterone were paralleled by those of cortisol indicating that physiological variations in ACTH secretion markedly altered the secretion of aldosterone. The assumption that ACTH played an important role in the regulation of aldosterone secretion in primary aldosteronism was strengthened by the observation that, contrary to normal controls, dexamethasone produced a significant decrease in plasma aldosterone concentrations and that during suppression of ACTH secretion no secretory episodes of aldosterone were observed.
EFFECT OF ORAL THYROTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE ON SERUM THYROXINE IN GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENT AND NORMAL CHILDREN
Authors: ZUPPINGER K. A. , JOSS E. E. , KÖNIG M. P. , STAUB J. J. , GIRARD J. , EHRENGRUBER H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOral administration of synthetic TRH in a dose of 80 mg/1.73 m2 at 0 and 12 h to normal and constitutionally small children caused a significant increase of total serum thyroxine (T4) within 6–24 h. The mean maximal T4 increment was + 3.7 ± 1.1 and + 3.8 ± 1.2 μg/dl (mean ± 1 SD) respectively in the two groups. Of seventeen euthyroid GH deficient children, fifteen showed a normal and two patients a slightly subnormal response. Of fifteen hypothyroid GH deficient children nine had a prompt and normal increase of serum T4 indicating primary TRH deficiency. Two had a delayed T4 response and four had no response, even after prolonged stimulation. The localization of the primary defect in these latter subjects with severe hypothyroidism can not be made by measuring T4 only, since the thyroid gland may become unresponsive to TSH after longstanding TSH deficiency. TSH measurements are necessary in these circumstances for a clear localization of the primary defect. One GH deficient patient with hypothalamic TRH deficiency was treated with high oral TRH doses for 7 months and showed no side effects.
THE EFFECT OF YTTRIUM‐90 IMPLANTATION ON ENDOCRINE FUNCTION AND VISUAL FIELDS IN PATIENTS WITH ‘FUNCTIONLESS’ PITUITARY TUMOURS, WITH BIOPSY AND RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS
Authors: JOPLIN G. F. , JACKSON R. A. , ARNOT R. N. , BURKE C. W. , DOYLE F. H. , HARSOULIS P. , LEWIS P. D. , MACERLEAN D. P. , MARSHALL J. C. , VAN NOORDEN S. , FRASER T. RUSSELL 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThirty patients with symptoms from ‘functionless’* pituitary tumours were treated by yttrium‐90 implants, and we report here the effects on symptoms, pituitary function and visual fields. On biopsy, about a third of the tumours showed some hormone granules. In the sixteen fully assessed at 1 year, pituitary function was improved in 25%, unchanged in 62.5%, and reduced in 12.5%. Improvement was confined to those in whom gonadotrophin secretion was the only function impaired pre‐implant.Visual field defects were present pre‐implant in ten patients (twenty eyes); at 1 year post‐implant these defects had lessened in 80% and deteriorated in only 5% of eyes. Subsequently, within 5 years of the implant the field defects had worsened or recurred in four patients, all with initially extensive suprasellar projection; further treatment was then given. Remineralization of the sella was seen after implantation in seven cases, with reduction in fossa size in five.Thus pituitary implantation appears to be a practicable and reasonably simple procedure suitable for the treatment of most cases of ‘functionless’ pituitary tumour. The ‘supressive’ doses of irradiation used are adequate to shrink most tumours without loss of pituitary function.
A RAPID 5 HOUR RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF PROGESTERONE AND OESTRADIOL IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: ASO T. , GUERRERO R. , CEKAN Z. , DICZFALUSY E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA rapid 5 h radioimmunoassay method for the determination of progesterone and oestradiol in the plasma of non‐pregnant women is described. Due to the high specificity of the antisera used, it is possible to perform the radioimmunoassay directly on the ether extracts of plasma, without employing chromatographic purification of the steroids.Evidence is presented indicating that the rapid assay is almost as reliable as the previously described radioimmunoassay method which involves chromatography. The within‐assay and between‐assay coefficients of variation in the progesterone assay were 7.74 and 14.9 and in the oestradiol assay 7.36 and 18.1 respectively. Comparisons between increasing doses of authentic hormone and endogenous hormone extracted from plasma indicated no deviation from parallelism. Progesterone and oestradiol were assayed in 300 plasma samples by the rapid method and by the method involving chromatography. The slopes obtained by a regression analysis were close to unity for both progesterone and oestradiol (1.04 and 1.06, respectively), the y‐intercepts were −0.21 and −0.16 and the correlation coefficients 0.98 and 0.88, respectively. When the data obtained by both techniques in fourteen menstrual cycles were compared, the results were practically identical.In ten repeated studies conducted by four investigators it was shown that two workers can complete the assay of both progesterone and oestradiol in twentyfive plasma samples in duplicates within 5 h. The same time is required for the assay of either progesterone or oestradiol in twenty‐five duplicates by one worker.
SERUM TRIIODOTHYRONINE CONCENTRATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: MARSDEN P. , McKERRON C. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe serum triiodothyronine concentration is superior to the serum thyroxine concentration, the resin uptake test and the free thyroxine index in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.Over a 14 month period fifty‐five patients attending an endocrine clinic with suspected thyrotoxicosis of all degrees of severity had blood taken on initial attendance and the serum was stored for routine thyroid function tests and triiodothyronine estimation. The patients were followed up and forty‐six proved to be toxic and seven to be euthyroid; two could not be classified. Analysis of the initial serum showed that the serum triiodothyronine concentration was superior to the serum thyroxine concentration, the resin uptake test and the free thyroxine index in predicting the clinical outcome.