bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loads on Muscles, Tendons and Bones in the Hind Extremities of Sheep – A Theoretical study*
Authors: Hutzschenreuter P. O. , Sekler E. , Faust G. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMuscle forces and bending moments were calculated with a two‐dimensional non‐linear force and moment analysis (according to the Finite Element Method) during the foot‐lowering phase, stance phase and stem phase in the hind legs of sheep. During the foot‐lowering phase, the largest production of force is detectable in the m. biceps femoris and the highest bending moment in the proximal third of the metatarsal bone. The lowest influence of force resulted during the stance phase. During the stance phase, high forces are detectable only in the patellar ligament and middle‐high forces in the m. flexor digitalis profundus. In contrast, bending forces are almost equal in strength in the metatarsus and tibia. The strongest forces are detectable in the m. quadriceps femoris and extreme demands of the patellar ligament as well as of the flexors in the proximal ankle joint during the stem phase.AbstractIn order to determine the internal loads to which the sheep's hind extremities are subjected during the foot lowering, stance, and stem phases, a two‐dimensional, non‐linear analysis of forces and moments was performed using the finite‐element method (FE). That muscles and tendons are capable of transmitting tensile forces only was taken into consideration in a non‐linear, three‐dimensional solution algorithm. The functional efficiency of this approach to a solution was illustrated, using a two‐dimensional example, without limiting its generality. The minimum solution obtained was discussed and verified on the basis of actual conditions in the metatarsus of the sheep. Three phases of internal loads in sheep's hind extremities were analysed: in the foot lowering phase the mainly axial forces occurred in the biceps femoris muscle (367 and 818 N, Fig. 7 a), the mainly axial forces in the distal femur (‐1926 N, Fig. 7 b) and the mainly bending moments in the metatarsus (22 N, Fig. 7 b). In the stance phase, a favorable distribution of force occurred (Figs. 8 a; 8 b). In the stem phase, a development of force in the quadriceps femoris (467 N, 937 N, 1236 N) and an extreme loading of patellar ligament (4046 N) nearly equal to the high axial forces of ‐4133 N in the proximal tibia were seen. For the initial position for a powerful propulsion of the sheep, the stem phase is a realistic suggestion.
Globule Leukocytes and bovine Parasitic Bronchitis
Authors: Akpavie S. O. , Pirie H. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryGlobule leucocytes (GL) occur in the respiratory tract of cattle from foetuses to adult animals. Large numbers of this cell have been found in the lungs of cows both in normal lung and in the lungs of cows from various outbreaks of respiratory diseases, but the significance was not known.In the rat and in cattle, the occurrence of GL in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts has been associated with parasitic infections.The relationship between the respiratory tract GL and Dictyocaulus viviparus infections in cattle was studied in three groups of parasite free calves experimentally infected with D. viviparus.Group 1 animals received single challenge infections. Group 2 had three subgroups (2a, 2b, 2c) which were either vaccinated and challenged (2a), given a single challenge (2b) or used as vaccinated controls (2c). Group 3 with four subroups (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) were either used as environmental controls (3a), vaccinated and repeatedly challenged (3b), given normal larvae of D. viviparus and repeatedly challenged (3 c) or as a trickled group 3 d.Although GL were found in infected calves, it was not possible to demonstrate a clear cut correlation between their presence or density and the method of exposure.
Aportaciones a la Topografía Craneoencefálica de la Cabra
Authors: Puerta R. C. , Monterde J. G. , Diz A. , Carmona J. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryRadiographic projection of a median section of the brain and skull in goatThis study, based on three goats, provides a radiographic projection of a median section of the brain and the skull. The method allows a topographic correlation of brain structures with the skull and surrounding osseous structures. A standard skull position, with the basic horizontal plane passing through the external acoustic meatus, and parallel to the floor of the skull, results in a method of localizing brain structures in specific transverse planes. This stereotaxic method allows investigators to account for variability in topography between animals in the localization of brain structures through external morphology.
Gross Anatomy of the Canine Portal Vein
Authors: Kalt D.J. , Stump J. E. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe gross anatomy of the portal vein of 21 dogs was studied by venous portography, corrosion casting, and gross dissection. The portal vein in all specimens originated by confluence of the cranial and caudal mesenteric veins. Its large tributaries were the splenic and gastroduodenal veins, which entered the portal vein between its origin and the hepatic porta. At the hepatic porta, the portal vein divided into a short right branch and a larger left branch. The right branch ramified in the caudate process of the caudate lobe and in the right lateral lobe of the liver. The left branch was essentially the continuation of the portal vein from which successive branches passed to each of the remaining lobes of the liver and the papillary process of the caudate lobe.
Intramuscular Distribution of Fibre Types in the Gluteus Medius of the Horse: A Histochemical Analysis
Authors: Rivero J. L. Loapez , Diz A. M. , Monterde J. G. , Agüera E. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe results from a recent study by Bruce and Schurg (1990) indicate that the gluteus medius (Gm) of the horse is a complex muscle subdivided by an internal tendinous sheet into two regions (dorsal and ventral) which may subserve different functions. In the present study, both regions were found to contain a similar proportion of histochemically‐determined muscle fibre types. Fibre type composition did not generally vary over the length of the muscle at the same relative depth. In contrast, there was a significant tendency for the percentage of type I fibres to increase gradually in accordance with depth. These histochemical results do not suggest that the two regions of the Gm assume distinct functional roles; they do, however, indicate that at a given relative depth the muscle fibre type distribution is relatively uniform over the length of the muscle. Nevertheless, care should be exercised in sampling and interpreting data obtained from limited biopsy of equine Gm, due to the substantial histochemical variation of fibre type compositon as a function of sampling depth.
Sur la Microvascularisation des Plexus Choroïdes des Ventricules Latéraux chez la Chèvre (Capra hircus)
Authors: Scala G. , Mirabella N. , Paino G. , Pelagalli G. V. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe goat choroid plexus angioarchitecture of the lateral ventricles was studied under the SEM using the method of “microvascular corrosion casts”. The whole plexus is semilunar shaped and directed in an antero‐posterior, latero‐median fashion. In the plexus the lateral extremity is larger than the median one. All the components of the vascular bed (arteries, venes and capillaries) of the choroid plexus have interesting morpho‐structural features. In particular, the capillaries are more developed than the other components and they are variously located on both sides of the plexus. The capillary network has a various organization in different zones of each side of the plexus.
Heterogeneity of Pericyte Populations in Equine Skeletal Muscle and Dermal Microvessels: A Quantitative Study
Authors: Sims D. , Horne M. M. , Creighan M. , Donald A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe objective of this ultrastructural investigation was to determine if populations of pericytes in equine dermal and skeletal muscle capillaries increase in a head‐to‐foot direction, as has been reported in human skeletal muscles. Samples of equine microvessels were obtained from the longis‐simus dorsi skeletal muscle 150 cm. from the ground, from the dermis above this muscle, from the extensor carpi radiali muscle at 55 cm. from the ground, from the dermis adjacent to that muscle, and from dermis 15 cm. from the ground, just above the hoof wall. Tissues were processed for transmission electron miscroscopy. Electron micrographs were analyzed with a digitizing tablet and computer, to determine the ratios of endothelial cell outer circumference and pericyte inner lengths. Pericytes were separated into two classes; those closest to the endothelial cells were defined as covering capillaries. Those separated from endothelial cells by another layer of pericytes were termed enveloping pericytes. There was much greater coverage and envelopment of dermal capillaries (85 % and 135 %) than skeletal muscle capillaries (27 % and 31 %). Regression analysis of the pericyte coverage and envelopment of dermal capillaries revealed a significant increase in pericytes toward the ground. Similarly, the two skeletal muscle tissues differed significantly in their pericyte coverage and envelopment (25/27 % at 150 cm., 31/35 % at 55 cm.). The data indicate that, as in humans, capillary pericytes are not homogeneously distributed within the same tissues, but are more numerous closer to the ground. Differences in pericyte populations could affect studies of microvessel function.
Two‐Headed, Two‐Necked Conjoined Twin Calf with Arnold‐Chiari Malformation in a Japanese Shorthorn Calf
Authors: Madarame H. , Takai S. , Ito N. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA dicephalic Arnold‐Chiari malformation (ACM) case revealed asymmetrical cranial bone abnormalities: the right cranium had the typical findings associated with bovine monocephalic ACM cases, whereas the left cranium had malformation that has not yet been described in previous bovine ACM cases. The only common finding in each cranium was a relative smallness of the cranium as the encasement of the brain.
Retinal Photoreceptor Fine Structure in the Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias)
Authors: Braekevelt C. R. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe morphology of the retinal photoreceptors of the great blue heron (Ardea herodias) has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. They consist of rods, single cones and double (unequal) cones present in a ratio of about 2:1:1 respectively. The rods are slender elongated cells with outer segments that reach to the retinal epithelial (RPE) cells and are surrounded by pigment‐rich apical processes of the RPE cells in the light‐adapted state. The rod inner segment displays an ellipsoid of mitochondria, an hyperboloid of glycogen, much rough ER, numerous polysomes, Golgi zones and autophagic vacuoles. The rod nucleus is located deep in the outer nuclear layer and the rod synaptic pedicle displays both invaginated and superficial synaptic sites. Single cones display a slightly tapered outer segment, a large electron lucent oil droplet and an ellipsoid of mitochondria in the apex of the inner segment. Double cones consist of a long thin chief member which shows an electron dense oil droplet and a shorter, stouter accessory cone with no oil droplet but a paraboloid of glycogen below the ellipsoid. As in the single cone, polysomes, RER and Golgi zones are present in the myoid region of both members of the double cone. All photoreceptor types have a connecting cilium joining inner and outer segments. Near the external limiting membrane, the chief and accessory cones show intercellular junctions. All cone photoreceptors are relatively small in diameter and hence tightly packed. While rods are felt to undergo retinomotor movements, cones are felt to move minimally or not at all. Both single and double cones display several invaginated (ribbon) synapses as well as numerous superficial (conventional) synaptic sites.
Enzyme‐Histochemical Profiles of Fiber Types in Mature Canine Appendicular Muscles
Authors: Rivero J. L. L. , Diz A. , Toledo M. , Aguera E. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe histochemical characteristics of skeletal muscle were assessed using a range of samples from 7 appendicular muscles taken from adult mixed‐breed dogs (1.5 to 3 years of age). Two slow‐twitch fiber subtypes (IA and IB) and three II subtypes (IIA, IIB and IIC) were identified according to myofibrillar myosin adenosine triphosphatase reaction after acid and alkaline preincubation. Type IIB fibers were not found in all muscles, and were only biologically significant in m. semiten‐dinosus. The metabolic potential of these fibers is fairly similar to that of IIA fibers, but significantly different to that of IIB fibers in other mammals, suggesting that they may be designed to play a different functional role during locomotion. All canine muscle fibers have moderate to high oxidative capacity, which may be related to the extraordinary athletic capability of the species.
Some Aspects of Macroscopic Studies of the Placentation in the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Ghazi S. R. , Oryan A. , Pourmirzaei H. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe paper presents some salient aspects of a study on the placentation of camel at gross, light and electron microscopic levels. The study involved factors analysis on five pregnant uteri from camel slaughter house in Yazd, Iran.The experimental observations confirmed that unlike other animals, in camel, the fetus only developed in the left horn of the uterus. Based on the distribution type of the chorionic villi, in camel, similar to horse, the placenta was found to be in diffused form. At light microscopic level, the results revealed six layers between the fetal and maternal blood. From this it inferred that camel's placenta was also of epitheliochorial form.The detailed examination further showed that similar to cow and sheep umbilical cord in camel was also limited to the amniotic sac but it contained two arteries, two veins and one urachus. Little amount of elastic fibers were also observed in the histological and electron microscopical sections. At the electron microscopic level, both binucleated and mononucleated cells in trophoblastic layer were confirmed.
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Fine Structure in the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Authors: Braekevelt C. R. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe fine structure of the retinal epithelial (RPE) region has been investigated by light and electron microscopy in the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). In this species the RPE consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells which display numerous deep basal (scleral) infoldings and plentiful apical (vitreai) microvillar processes which surround photoreceptor inner and outer segments. The RPE cells are joined laterally by a series of tight junctions (VERHOEFF'S membrane) located in the mid to basal region. Within the epithelial cells, smooth endoplasmic reticulum is very abundant while rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is scarce. Mitochondria of various shapes are abundant basally while polysomes are plentiful and widespread. In the light‐adapted state RPE nuclei are large and vesicular and basally located while the melanosomes of these cells are predominantly located with the apical processes indicating photomechanical movements. Myeloid bodies are large and numerous and often have ribosomes on their outer surface. Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) is typical of avian species in that it is pentalaminate and the lamina densa is displaced near the cho‐riocapillaris. The endothelium of the choriocapillaris is thin facing Bruch's membrane but is only moderately fenestrated. Some of these fenestrations display a double‐layered diaphragm while the majority show the more typical single‐layered diaphragm noted in most species.
The Macroscopic Vascular Anatomy of the Equine Ethmoidal Area
Authors: Bell B. T. L. , Baker G. J. , Abbott L. C. , Foreman J. H. , Kneller S. K. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe vascular anatomy of the ethmoidal area in six normal horses and two normal ponies was studied using vascularcorrosion casts. The major arterial supply to the ethmoidal area sterns from an intracranial source. The internal and external ethmoidal arteries anastomose on the rostral intracranial surface of the cribriform plate to form the arterial ethmoidal rete which arborizes and passes through the perforations of the cribriform plate to supply the ethmoid labyrinth. A minor arterial supply to the ventral portion of the ethmoid labyrinth sterns from a small caudal nasal branch of the sphenopalatine artery. Multiple parallel venules drain the ethmoid labyrinth rostrally to its apex then join the venous drainage from the surrounding sinuses.
Ultrastructural Characteristics of the Testicular Capillaries in the Dog (Canis familiaris, L.)
Authors: Duarte H. E. , Oliveira C. de , Orsi A. M. , Vicentim C. A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe main ultrastructural and cytophysiological characteristics observed on the testicular capillaries in the dog concern exocytosis and endocytosis processes, probably related to fluid and solute transport through the cells.
Longitudinal Growth of Leg and Wing Bones of Chickens Reared in Cages and on the Floor
Authors: Vitorovic D. , Nikolic Z. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe histomorphometry of proximal growth plate and rate of longitudinal growth was estimated in tibia and humerus of chickens reared in the cages and on the floor, during 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age. The floor vs. the cage area was 3:1. All chicks were fed ad libitum standard broilers mixture: starter (0‐4 weeks) with 0.9% Ca; 0.7% P and grower (4‐8 weeks) with 0.8% Ca; 0.5% P. The rearing system showed no significant effect on macroscopy estimated tibia and humerus growth in length, just as in case of bone's proximal growth plate microscopy of floor reared chickens. However, our results suggested that wing bones are more affected by the housing system than that of leg bones. The proliferative zone, hypertrophic zone and total growth plate of the humerus in cage reared birds were significantly higher than in those reared on the floor.
Morphological Studies of the Valves of the Kidney Vein in Domestic Swine
Authors: Vodenicharov A. , Cirnuchanov P. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIt was established macroscopically that 37.5% of the renal veins investigated possess valves. Valves were observed on both sides, but predominantly on the left side of the kidneys (14.58%). Some valves were also observed in the main branches of the renal veins. The structure of the valves was studied with the use of light and electron microscopy. The most important finding was the observation of mast cells in the valves. This is probably a common biological phenomenon, since mast cells have been observed in the cardiac valves and the wall of the renal artery and vein.
An SEM Study of the Morphology of the Lower Respiratory‐tract Surface of the Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)
Authors: Saari S. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe morphological features of the surface of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchus, bronchiolus, distal airways, and alveoli) from 10 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.), differing in age and sex, were studied using scanning‐electron microscopy. The respiratory surface of the reindeer generally resembles that reported previously in similar studies for other mammalian species. Ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, microvillous cells, Clara cells, alveolar epithelial cells of type 1 and type 2, and alveolar macrophages could be distinguished by their universally characteristic surface morphologies. The rarity of Kohn pores in the alveolar walls of reindeer was considered to be the most striking difference in comparison to most other species.
The Endocrine Cells in the Gastro‐enteric Tract of Adult Fallow Deer (Dama dama L.)
Authors: Ceccarelli P. , Pedini V. , Gargiulo A. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryEndocrine cells were detected in the gastro‐enteric tract of the fallow deer by means of immunohistochemical procedures, using antibodies against serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, glucagon and cholecystokinin. The number of cells positive for each antiserum in each region was evaluated. Serotonin‐containing enterochromaffin (Ec) cells were present in every region investigated and were most numerous in the proximal duodenum. Cells positive for somatostatin were present in all the regions studied, with the exception of the colon, and were especially numerous in the proper gastric‐gland region. Cells that were stained by the anti‐gastrin antibody were very numerous in the pyloric‐gland region but only rare in the duodenum. Glucagon‐immunoreactive cells were only detected in the large intestine and their frequency was always less than 10/0.5 mm2. Cholecystokinin‐containing cells were scarce and restricted to the pyloric‐gland region and duodenum.
Descriptive and Comparative Myology of the Hindlimb of the Babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa L. 1758)
Authors: Macdonald A. A. , Kneepkens A. F. L. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA description is given of the anatomy of the muscles of the hindlimb of the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa L. 1758). Four adult animals, two males and two females were dissected and the results compared with previously published information. Significant differences were found between the accounts and these were analysed within the contexts of material availability and advances in anatomical nomenclature. Comparisons made with published descriptions of the pig (Sus scrofa) showed that the muscular anatomies of the two species are very similar. Those differences which are apparent, despite intra‐species variation in structure, include a thoracic vertebral origin for the M. psoas minor in babirusa but not pig, a smaller gluteal tongue to the M. gluteus medius in the babirusa, a failure of the Mm. gluteus medius to meet on the dorsal mid‐line in the babirusa unlike the case in the pig, the two heads of the M. gluteus accessorius are of unequal size in the babirusa but not in the pig, the vertebral head of the M. obturatorius externus is absent in the babirusa and present in the pig.
Methods for Permanent Conservation of Biological Objects and Anatomic Preparations in Synthetic Resins
Authors: Vodenicharov A. , Pavlov A. , Chervenkov S. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe first method is applied when adding corrosive preparations to epoxid resin. The corrosive preparation is soaked in a mixture of epoxid resin and hardener in a ratio, experimentally determined. The induration proceed at room temperature for 12 h.The second method has two options and is applied for the conservation of biological objects and anatomical preparations in polymethylmethacrilate by a successive immersing of the object in a system of dehydrating mixtures: 50%, 70%, 90% and 96% water solution of methanol and ethanol and in a mixture of acetone and ethanol (1:1) and in acetone or in methylenechloride.The object, thus prepared, is impregnated in vacuum with forpolymer of methylmethacrylate, benzoil peroxide and stearine acid or in a composition containing: methylmethacrylate, benzoilperoxide, dibutilphtalat and tertiary aromatic amin, in optimum correlations of the components, experimentally determined. The induration proceed by heating in a water bath (37 + 3°C) for 3 h and at 30°C temperature in the course of 6‐8 h in the first option or at room temperature for about 3 days in the second option.The advantages of the proposed methods are: the use of cheap and available materials for the production of a simplified technological scheme of strongly transparent packages, preserved over a long period; preserving the sizes, the form and natural colour of the objects and preparations as well as a possibility for selective tinting of the separate tissues and systems in the preserved biological objects and anatomical preparations; a possibility for stereomicroscopic observation of the objects and preparations preserved.