bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematics for Humans
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines Kant's much-criticized views on mathematics in general and arithmetic in particular. It makes a case for the claim that Kant's theory of arithmetic is not subject to the most familiar and forceful objection against it, namely, that his doctrine of the dependence of arithmetic on time is plainly false, or even worse, simply unintelligible. It is argued that Kant's doctrine about time and arithmetic is highly original, fully intelligible, and with qualifications due to the inherent limitations of his conceptions of arithmetic and logic, to an important extent defensible. The most philosophically striking thing about Kant's doctrine is the fact that arithmetic turns out to be a paradigm of the exact sciences (exacten Naturwissenschaften) only by virtue of its ultimately being one of the human or moral sciences (Geisteswissenschaften).
The Shaping of Ulster Presbyterian Belief and Practice, 1770-1840
Authors: Holmes Andrew R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Until now, scholars of Ulster Presbyterianism have focused upon internal theological debates, institutions, and the political implications of Presbyterian theology as a way to explain the origins of the United Irish movement and the swift conversion of Presbyterians to support for the Union with Great Britain thereafter. This book breaks new ground by considering the religious beliefs and practices of Presbyterians in their own right. It examines the various forms of public and private religiosity in order to determine how the community should be characterized. By stressing the integrity and importance of religious motivation, this book examines the dynamic relationship between the beliefs and practice prescribed by the church and those held by the laity, the rise to prominence of evangelicalism and its roots within the Presbyterian theological tradition, and the variety of Presbyterianism in terms of theological belief, social standing, gender, and regional location. During this period, Presbyterian belief and practice was shaped by three principal influences: tradition in the form of the doctrinal standards of the church and also those beliefs and customs of long continuance held by the laity; the forces of reform, particularly evangelicalism, that attempted to transform the structures and beliefs of the church and remove the popular accretions upon official Presbyterian belief and practice; finally, the programme of reform evangelicals embarked upon from the 1820s was stimulated by a broader revival of religion from the 1790s, entailed a revival of traditional Presbyterian practice as laid down in the Westminster standards, and would act as a stimulus to a further revival of religion within the denomination. Rather than seeing evangelicalism as a byword for religious enthusiasm and unbridled individualism, this book defines it as a movement for reformation and revival within Presbyterianism that had its roots in the Presbyterian religious tradition and which ultimately produced the 1859 revival.
The Emergence of a Scientific Culture
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe West's sense of itself, its relation to its past, and its sense of its future have been profoundly altered since the 17th century as cognitive values generally have gradually come to be shaped around scientific ones. The issue is not just that science brought a new set of such values to the task of understanding the world and our place in it, but rather that it completely transformed the task, redefining the goals of enquiry. This is a distinctive feature of the development of a scientific culture in the West and it marks it out from other scientifically productive cultures. This book examines the first stage of this development, from the 13th-century introduction of Aristotelianism and its establishment of natural philosophy as the point of entry into systematic understanding of the world and our place in it, to the attempts to establish natural philosophy as a world-view in the wake of the Scientific Revolution. It offers a conceptual and cultural history of the emergence of a scientific culture in the West from the early-modern era to the present. Science in the modern period is treated as a particular kind of cognitive practice and as a particular kind of cultural product, with aim to show that if we explore the connections between these two, we can learn something about the concerns and values of modern thought that we could not learn from either of them taken separately.
Science and Modernity
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter sets out the basic ideas that motivate the book. First, science in the West from the early modern era onwards has developed in a very distinctive way that distinguishes it from earlier forms of scientific activity, which had traditionally exhibited a pattern of slow, irregular, intermittent growth that alternated with substantial periods of stagnation. Second, the emergence of a scientific culture reveals that the distinctive features of scientific culture are not sui generis, something to be elucidated merely through reflection on the supposed nature of science. Rather, they have arisen as a result of specific and contingent challenges that have emerged since the 17th century, challenges which are generated in an intellectual culture that goes beyond developments internal to particular scientific programmes. Third, this distinctiveness of Western scientific practice and its cultural and cognitive standing derives in large part from the legitimatory aspirations that it takes on in the course of the 17th century.
Augustinian Synthesis to Aristotelian Amalgam
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the 13th century, natural philosophy changed status from an enterprise of marginal significance into one that formed the principal point of entry into the understanding of the world and our place in it. This was effected through the introduction of Aristotelianism into the University of Paris at the beginning of the 13th century where, in its new role as a philosophical foundation for systematic theology, natural philosophy became the single point of entry into natural knowledge of the natural and supernatural realms. The compatibility of Aristotelian natural philosophy was never wholly resolved, however, and matters came to a head at the beginning of the 16th century on the question of the immortality of the soul, where Aristotelian natural philosophy and Christian teaching were in conflict. In many ways, this conflict, which centred around the work of Pomponazzi, provided a model for the later Copernicanism disputes.
Renaissance Natural Philosophies
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere were three competing movements in 16th-century natural philosophy. Platonism was revived in the 15th century and Ficino and Patrizi attempted, unsuccessfully, to provide an alternative to Aristotelianism. The renaissance naturalism of the 16th century aimed to secure autonomy for natural philosophy by presenting an increasingly radicalized naturalistic picture of the natural realm. Late scholastic textbook writers, from the late 16th to the early 17th centuries, attempted, unsuccessfully, to reform and systematize Christianized Aristotelianism to meet the new demands placed on it by developments in natural philosophy.
Reconstructing Natural Philosophy
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany of the perceived failures of Aristotelian natural philosophy in the late 16th and early 17th centuries were put down to his conception of method. In fact, both defenders of Aristotle and his critics took his method of presentation for a method of discovery, the former trying to establish how it could act as a method of discovery, and the latter replacing it with something new. Bacon attempted to provide a radical alternative to Aristotelianism, though in some respects, it was locked into the same programme as Aristotle. Of more immediate significance were disputes over the hypothetical standing of Copernicanism, disputes in which Kepler and Galileo were major players.
Experimental Natural Philosophy
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter deals with experimental philosophy, as represented in Gilbert on magnetism, Hobbes on the air pump, and Newton on the production of the spectrum. It is shown that experimental philosophy differs from mechanism in quite radical ways. In particular, it has explanatory success but in apparently very localized domains, and it construes causation not in terms of underlying causes but in terms of causes acting at the same level. Its difference from mechanism is manifest in the contrast between Descartes' and Newton's accounts of the production of the spectrum: Descartes provides a fully geometrical account of the separation of coloured rays, but then shifts into a different register, a qualitative and speculative one in attempting to provide a micro-corpuscularian account of the physical basis of colour production; Newton manages to account for the spectrum without leaving the phenomenal geometricized level, eschewing any recourse to ‘underlying’ causes.
The Quantitative Transformation of Natural Philosophy
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter looks at attempts to quantify natural phenomena and, in particular, forces. Early efforts along these lines — notably by Galileo and Descartes — tried to extrapolate from statics to dynamics, whereas later in the century kinematics, as pioneered by Galileo, was taken as the model by Huygens and Newton. Newton, building on Hooke's suggestion that planetary orbits were not a given and unquestionable feature of the cosmos, was able to show how such orbits were generated and clarify the dynamics needed to account for the processes involved. In this way, mechanics, traditionally excluded from natural philosophy in the Aristotelian sense, is transformed not only into a natural-philosophical discipline, but into what was in many respects the natural-philosophical discipline par excellence.
An ensemble approach to microarray data-based gene prioritization after missing value imputation
Authors: Hua Dong , Lai Yinglei 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMotivation: Microarrays have been widely used to discover novel disease related genes. Some types of microarray, such as cDNA arrays, usually contain a considerable portion of missing values. When missing value imputation and gene prioritization are sequentially conducted, it is necessary to consider the distribution space of prioritization scores due to the existence of missing values. We propose an ensemble approach to address this issue. A bootstrap procedure enables us to generate a resample multivariate distribution of the prioritization scores and then to obtain the expected prioritization scores.Results: We used a published microarray two-sample data set to illustrate our approach. We focused on the following issues after missing value imputation: (i) concordance of gene prioritization and (ii) control of true and false positives. We compared our approach with the traditional non-ensemble approach to missing value imputation. We also evaluated the performance of non-imputation approach when the theoretical test distribution was available. The results showed that the ensemble imputation approach provided clearly improved performances in the concordance of gene prioritization and the control of true/false positives, especially when sample sizes were about 5–10 per group and missing rates were about 10–20%, which was a common situation for cDNA microarray studies.Availability: The Matlab codes are freely available at http://home.gwu.edu/~ylai/research/Missing.Contact: ylai@gwu.edu
CGHcall: calling aberrations for array CGH tumor profiles
Authors: van de Wiel Mark A. , Kim Kyung In , Vosse Sjoerd J. , van Wieringen Wessel N. , Wilting Saskia M. , Ylstra Bauke 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSummary: CGHcall achieves high calling accuracy for array CGH data by effective use of breakpoint information from segmentation and by inclusion of several biological concepts that are ignored by existing algorithms. The algorithm is validated for simulated and verified real array CGH data. By incorporating more than three classes, CGHcall improves detection of single copy gains and amplifications. Moreover, it allows effective inclusion of chromosome arm information.Availability: An R-package (GUI), a manual and an example data set are available at http://www.few.vu.nl/~mavdwiel/CGHcall.html.Contact: mark.vdwiel@vumc.nlSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
5‐Fluorouracil Ointment for the Treatment of Otitis Media With Effusion
Authors: Kanemaru Shin‐ichi , Nakamura Tatsuo , Yamashita Masaru , Magrfov Akhmar , Omori Koichi , Ito Juichi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Our aim was to evaluate the combined effect of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and myringotomy for the treatment of otitis media with effusion (OME). OME is usually treated with medication, myringotomy, or insertion of a ventilation tube (VT). Except for VT insertion, however, treatment effects are short‐lived. VT insertion has numerous sequelae: increased susceptibility to infection, large perforation of the tympanic membrane, cholesteatoma, and eventual hearing deterioration. We estimated the depressant action of 5‐FU on normal cell proliferation in vitro. In addition, clinically, we assessed whether 5‐FU has the potential to prolong the effect of myringotomy.Study Design: An in vitro study and a clinical study were conducted.Materials and Methods: In study I, fibroblasts harvested from the peritoneum of three green fluorescent protein transgenic mice were cultured with different doses of 5‐FU. After 2 weeks, their proliferation rates were compared. In study II, patients (54 males, 47 females) were selected randomly from a group of patients with intractable OME. Myringotomy with or without a single dose of 5‐FU ointment (approximately 0.10–0.30 mg) was performed in group I (n = 64) and group II (n = 37), respectively. The natural closure rates of the tympanic membrane were assessed in both groups.Results: In vitro, 5‐FU inhibited the growth of fibroblasts in a dose‐dependent manner. The average time to tympanic membrane closure was 20.5 days in group I and 8.1 days in group II. No adverse events were observed in either group.Conclusions: Topical application of 5‐FU ointment is useful in prolonging the effect of myringotomy. 5‐FU ointment therapy is easy, safe, and cost‐effective and may be of wide application.
Quantitative GUS Activity Assay of Plant Extracts
Authors: Blázquez Miguel 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTIONThe activity of ß-glucuronidase (GUS) can be accurately determined in extracts of plant tissue using 4-methylumbelliferyl ß-D-glucuronide (4-MUG) as a substrate. Upon hydrolysis by GUS, the fluorochrome 4-methyl umbelliferone (4-MU) is produced. Using excitation at 365 nm and measuring emission at 455 nm, the amount of 4-MU produced can be quantified. Under these conditions, background fluorescence from the substrate is negligible, especially if the appropriate filter is selected.
Anthrax outbreak among Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi) in Samburu, Kenya
Authors: Muoria Paul K. , Muruthi Philip , Kariuki Waititu K. , Hassan Boru A. , Mijele Dominic , Oguge Nicholas O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn anthrax outbreak occurred in the Wamba area of southern Samburu, Kenya, between December 2005 and March 2006. The outbreak affected equids including the endangered Grevy's zebras (Equus grevyi), plain zebras (Equis Burchelli) and donkeys (Equus asinus). Most of the deaths were localized in Nkaroni area just west of Wamba town. The diagnosis of anthrax was rapidly confirmed by bacteriological methods. The relevant government departments, including the Kenya Wildlife Service and Veterinary Department, and other stakeholders were promptly informed. Fifty‐three Grevy's zebra and 26 plains zebras died from anthrax. An equal number (eighteen) of adult male and female Grevy's zebras succumbed to the disease. The outbreak affected immature and mature individuals equally. The dead plain zebras included fifteen adult females, two adult males and nine immature individuals. The Veterinary Department responded by vaccinating livestock while Kenya Wildlife Service vaccinated 620 Grevy's zebras within southern Samburu. Examination of sites at which carcasses of animals which succumbed to the disease were burnt, revealed that unsupervised burning did not eliminate anthrax spores in 42% of the cases (n = 14). There is an urgent need to incorporate strategic wildlife disease monitoring in the struggle to save Grevy's zebras and other endangered species.
Effect of light curing type on cytotoxicity of dentine‐bonding agents
Authors: Ergün G. , Eğilmez F. , Üçtaşli M. B. , Yilmaz Ş. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAim  To compare the cytotoxic effects of dentine‐bonding agents (DBAs) polymerized with two different curing units at 24 h and 72 h on L‐929 cells.Methodology  Disc‐shaped test samples of light‐activated DBAs were prepared according to manufacturers’ instructions and cured with either conventional quartz tungsten halogen or light‐emitting diode light curing units (LCUs). After curing, the samples were transferred into a culture medium for 24 h. Eluates were obtained and pipetted onto L‐929 mouse fibroblast cultures (3 × 104 cells per well), incubated for evaluation after 24 and 72 h. After both incubation periods, measurements were performed by an dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium assay. The degree of cytotoxicity for each sample was determined according to the reference value represented by the cells with a control (culture without sample). Statistical significance was determined by a three‐way analysis of variance followed by the Mann–Whitney U‐test.Results  No significant three‐factor interaction occurred amongst LCUs, DBAs and time factors (P = 0.955). LCUs and DBAs had a significant two‐factor interaction (P < 0.001). In general, the test materials cured with the light‐emitting diode LCU demonstrated higher cell survival rates when compared with the those cured with the quartz tungsten halogen.Conclusions  Differential toxic effects of the DBAs cured with the quartz tungsten halogen or the light‐emitting diode on the fibroblast cells may prove to be very important when suitable DBAs or LCUs are used for operative restorations.
Valuing of altruism and honesty in nursing students: a two‐decade replication study
Authors: Johnson Martin , Haigh Carol , Yates‐Bolton Natalie 
Published: February 2007

Abstract Title. Valuing of altruism and honesty in nursing students: a two‐decade replication study Aim.  This paper reports a study investigating changes in the self‐reported values of nursing students over the period 1983–2005 in the light of changes in student demography.Background.  Nurses’ values have been studied by both qualitative and survey methods over half a century. Generally idealism and altruism are said to wane as a result of professional socialisation, whilst honesty has been rarely examined.Method.  Building on an instrument designed by William Scott, further items were developed which addressed value orientations in a nursing context. Using a Likert scale and demographic items, a 1983 survey of three schools of nursing in England was repeated with a comparable population of students in 2005.Findings.  Student valuing of altruism and honesty has changed in important ways in the intervening decades. Nursing students are now generally less altruistic (P = 0·01) but value honesty with patients a great deal more (P = 0·01) than their counterparts in 1983.Conclusion.  The current situation, with older students having more domestic responsibilities and some students needing to have extra jobs besides their nursing course, seems to have led them to adopt a pragmatic approach. However, there are encouraging changes in the valuing of honesty with patients, which reflect in part students’ increased maturity and changed social attitudes to healthcare professional paternalism.
A qualitative examination of changing practice in Canadian neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Stevens Bonnie , Lee Shoo K. , Law Madelyn P. , Yamada Janet ,   Canadian Neonatal Network EPIC Study Group
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective  The goal was to explore the perspectives of health care professionals on factors that influence change to policies, protocols and practices in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) with regard to nosocomial infection and chronic lung disease.Study design  An exploratory descriptive design using semi‐structured individual and focus group interviews was used. Individual interviews (n = 76) and focus group sessions (n = 14 with a total of 78 participants) were conducted for a total of 154 health professional participants.Methods  Mayring’s qualitative content analysis approach was used to analyse the data. All interviews were audio‐taped, transcribed and analysed using inductive reasoning. The data were then organized into categories that reflected emerging themes.Results  Seven categories that influenced practice change were derived from the data including staffing issues, consistency in practice, the approval process, a multidisciplinary approach to care, frequency and consistency of communication, rationale for change and the feedback process. These categories were further delineated into three emerging themes related to human resources, organizational structure and communications. Pettigrew’s conceptual framework provided a lens to view the results in relation to the process of change.Conclusions  This study has helped to further our understanding of individual and organizational factors that facilitate and hinder changes in clinical practice in the NICU. These factors will be used as a starting point for organizational change to enhance infant outcomes in the NICU.