bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Itemmetric and scale analysis of a new computer‐assisted competency assessment instrument (CADCOMP)
Authors: Barnard George W. , Nicholson Robert A. , Hankins Gary C. , Raisani Kamal K. , Patel Nitin R. , Gies Dennis , Robbins Lynn 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMale defendants (n = 99) who had been court ordered to a forensic treatment facility as incompetent to stand trial were tested using the Computer‐Assisted Determination of Competency to Proceed (CADCOMP) instrument soon after admission (median days = 15). Shortly thereafter, competency was assessed by a forensic psychiatrist and by a majority decision of three mental health professionals who viewed a videotape of the forensic psychiatrist's interview. From the CADCOMP item pool, 18 scales were constructed on conceptual grounds. Internal consistency analyses revealed that most scales had reasonable item homogeneity and scale reliability. In addition, item and scale analyses, with few exceptions, followed predicted patterns of intercorrelation and association with competency as determined by both criteria. Scales and items measuring serious psychopathology, psycholegal ability, and criminal history demonstrated the strongest associations with competency. These findings suggest that additional research on CADCOMP is warranted. The instrument shows promise for use in forensic research and assessment.
Criminal personality profiling in the investigation of violent crime: Recent advances and future directions
Authors: McCann Joseph T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCriminal personality profiling is the process of analyzing various aspects of violent crime to derive a set of hypotheses about the characteristics of an unknown assailant. The ultimate goal of profiling is to assist in the successful apprehension and conviction of the perpetrator. Recent advances in the development of profiling as a forensic science are reviewed. While it is generally held that profiling is more art than science, there is evidence suggesting that greater scientific rigor can be attained. New methods of standardizing violent crime classification, the qualification of professional profilers as expert witnesses, and standard computerized data bases all point to the potential for a science of profiling. Future directions that may assist in expanding the empirical foundations of profiling are also discussed.
Death scene characteristics in 118 fatal cases of autoerotic asphyxia compared with suicidal asphyxia
Authors: Hucker Stephen J. , Blanchard Ray 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of 118 autoerotic asphyxial deaths, recorded by the Coroners or Medical Examiners from the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Alberta, were compared with the same number of asphyxial suicides matched by province, year of death (within 3 years) and method of asphyxiation. Comparison of the death scenes revealed major differences between the two groups, with nudity of the body, evidence of a wide range of sexual activity at the time of death, and absence of verbal or written indication of suicidal intent being characteristic of the autoerotic asphyxia group. The data indicate that autoerotic asphyxia and suicidal asphyxia can usually be readily distinguished by death scene features.
Socioscientific evidence and supreme court numerology: When justices attempt social science
Authors: Finkel Norman J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn Stanford v. Kentucky, in which two juveniles sentenced to death raised an Eighth Amendment challenge, Justice Scalia's plurality opinion set the ground rules for deciding juvenile death penalty cases. He ruled „socioscientific”︁ evidence and philosopher‐king decisions out of bounds. Scalia argued that the Court must do its own social science analysis of the objective indicia to gauge whether community sentiment finds such a punishment cruel and unusual. In determining whether a „national consensus”︁ exists, Justice Scalia transformed the empirical question into an impossible question, requiring that a categorical aversion must be shown. Petitioners lost, but so too did social science jurisprudence, as „statistical magic”︁ and „numerology”︁ reigned supreme.
Killing kids: The juvenile death penalty and community sentiment
Authors: Finkel Norman J. , Hughes Kevin C. , Smith Stephanie F. , Hurabiell Mane L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the Supreme Court's Eighth Amendment jurisprudence, “community sentiment” plays a central if not dispositive role in determining if a punishment is disproportionate. To gauge sentiment on the death penalty for juveniles, two experiments with death‐qualified subjects were run, where age (a 15–25 age range) and case (heinousness) were varied in the first, and type of defendant (principal, accessory, or felony‐murder accessory) and an extended age range (13–25) varied in the second. Significant age effects occur in both experiments, with approximately 75% and 65% refusing to give the death penalty for the youngest (13–15) and next youngest (16–18) groups, whereas 60% give the death penalty for the 25‐year‐old. In their reasons for their decisions, the killing kid was judged less blameworthy and death‐worthy. Although politicians have called for “a man‐sized punishment for a man‐sized crime,” this community does not see that “man‐sized” punishment fitting the kid.
Children in war and its aftermath: Mental health issues in the development of international law
Authors: Raundalen Magne , Melton Gary B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChildren now experience war as they never have in the past. This article presents clinical impressions of children from war zones and suggests interventions that might ameliorate the horrors of war for some of these children. It also describes the evolving framework in international law (i.e., the United Nations) that provides a context for implementing some of these interventions and for insulating children from some of the devastating effects of war.
Are children competent to make decisions about their own deaths?
Authors: Evans Jennifer L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAttorneys, philosophers, bioethicists and health care professionals have vigorously debated how much state control there should be over an individual's or family's decision to discontinue life‐sustaining treatment. Where treatment of a minor is involved, the debate becomes even more complex. The purposes of this study were to identify cases involving the withdrawal of Life‐sustaining treatment in children, to describe the legal response to, and the management of, these cases, to examine variables that influence decision making, and to determine what legal‐ethical standards are used and how they are applied. In addition, the author reviewed the literature on children's understanding of death and competence to participate in treatment decision making and applied those findings to argue for greater involvement of children in decision making related to the use of life‐sustaining treatment.
Capital punishment in Missouri: Examining the issue of racial disparity
Authors: Sorensen Jonathan R. , Wallace Donald H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGuided discretion statutes were designed to control arbitrariness and discrimination in capital sentencing. Using data from Supplemental Homicide Reports and Trial Judge Reports, this article examines the issue of racial disparity in Missouri's capital punishment process from 1977 through 1991. Findings from the three decision points examined suggest racial bias against the killers of whites, particularly if the offender is black, and a concomitant devaluation of black victims. The strongest effects noted are in the prosecutor's decision to charge homicide offenders with capital murder and to proceed to penalty trial in convicted capital murder cases. While the effects are not necessarily limited to the least aggravated categories, the effects of race are strongest when prosecutors and jurors are freed from the seriousness of the cases to consider other factors. The racial disparities are also apparent in mid‐range cases up until the sentencing stage. However, disparities occurring earlier in the process are not rectified during sentencing. In fact, in the least aggravated cases, racial disparities are magnified at the sentencing stage.
Criminal sentence recommendations in a simulated rape trial: Examining juror prejudice in Canada
Authors: Rector Neil A. , Bagby R. Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis experiment examined the moderating influence of judicial instructions on prejudicial sentencing recornmendations in a simulated videotaped rape trial. Subjects were 243 Canadian university students who were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions and asked to assume the role of juror. In the rape trial, the race of the defendant and victim were varied (either White or Black) and in half of the conditions the judge's instructions to the jury were excluded. Results indicated a 2 (defendant race) × 2 (victim race) × 2 (judicial instructions) interaction with interracial rape generating longer sentence recommendations in the presence of judicial instructions and intra‐racial rape eliciting longer sentence allotment in the absence of judicial instructions. Results are contrasted with reports on juror decision‐making in the U.S.
Predicting the present: Expert testimony and civil commitment
Authors: Schopp Robert F. , Quattrocchi Michael R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article uses the Supreme Court's decision in Daubert as an opportunity to address a chronic concern regarding the disparity between mental health law as officially enunciated and the practical application of that law. After Daubert, admissibility of expert evidence under the federal rules requires a qualified expert, a reliable basis for the testimony, and relevance to the legal issue. Ongoing psychological research pursues empirical data that expands the scope of psychological expertise and clarifies its limits. This article addresses the requirement of relevance by examining the logical relationship between the psychologist's actuarial and clinical expertise and the legal issues addressed by the court in civil commitment proceedings. Ideally, Daubert might stimulate a process of cooperative analysis in which psychologists and lawyers clarify the proper roles of psychological experts and of the courts with which those experts interact. This article begins that project by clarifying the legal determination required in civil commitment proceedings and by explicating the relationship between the responsibilities of experts and those of courts.
A hybrid decision framework for evaluating psychometric evidence
Authors: Marlowe Douglas B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe United States Supreme Court in Daubert v. Merrell Dour Pharmaceuticals (1993) directed federal trial judges to preliminarily evaluate the scientific bases of proffered expert evidence. This article presents a decision flowchart for evaluating psychometric data, and attempts to operationalize existing evidentiary standards in hybrid (part science/part law) terms. The resulting framework should better assist courts and forensic experts to understand, evaluate, and apply scientific reasoning in determining the admissibility and probative value of psychometric evidence.
Some post‐Daubert trial tribulations of a simple country judge: Behavioral science evidence in trial courts
Authors: Gless Judge Alan G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article is written from the unique perspective of a rural trial court judge dealing with scientific evidence. It compares Frye and Daubert, finding them not so different in theory, once the general acceptance concept is properly understood. It notes the difficulty that Frye creates in the use of behavioral science evidence. It proposes applying Fryel/Daubert only to a Limited aspect of clinician testimony. The application of the expert evidence rules is discussed through the depiction of a trial in a rural juvenile court protective action, based loosely on an action tried to the author, followed by discussion of special jury trial considerations. This article concludes that junk science problems have not been created by faulty rules of evidence, but by faulty judicial performance and proposes an approach to a solution.
Acknowledgement of limitations and understanding of their consequences in mental capacity assessments
Authors: Silberfeld Michel , Corber Wendy , Checkland David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a descriptive study of mental capacity assessments. Two criteria to assess the ability to make decisions, the acknowledgement of personal limitations, and the ability to understand the consequences of persons limitations were the criteria, investigated. The effectiveness of these criteria in differentiating capable/incapable persons supports the use of these criteria as part of the assessment of mental capacity. Nevertheless, the criteria applied are not a sufficient determinant of capacity in every case.
Decision‐making incapacity among nursing home residents: Results from the 1987 NMES survey
Authors: Goodwin Paige E. , Smyer Michael A. , Lair Tamra I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent legislative and regulatory developments have focused attention on older adults' capacity for involvement in health care decision‐making. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA 87) focused attention on the rights of nursing home residents to be involved in health care decision‐making to the fullest extent possible. This article uses data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES) to examine rates of incapacity for health care decision making among nursing home residents. Elements of the Oklahoma statute were used to operationalize decision making incapacity: disability or disorder, difficulty in decision‐making or communicating decisions, and functional disability. Fifty‐three percent of nursing home residents had a combination of either physical or mental impairment and an impairment in either self‐care or money management. The discussion focuses on the policy and practice implications of significant rates of incapacity among nursing home residents.
Über Ester der Metaphosphorigen Säure
Authors: Schwarz Robert , Geulen Hans 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs werden einige Polymetaphosphorigsäureester hergestellt. Die zurgrunde liegenden Monomeren sind nicht faßbar. Es tritt stets Polymerisation, meist unter Ringschluß, ein. Die hydrolytische Spaltung führt nicht zur freien Metaphosphorigen Säure; vielmehr erfolgt eine Aufspaltung der P  O  P‐Bindung.
Zur Biosynthese von Fettsäuren
Authors: Goldschmidt Stefan , Rehberg Heinrich , von Brand Vera 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEin Verfahren zur Trennung höherer gesättigter und ungesättigter Fettsäuren mittels Papierchromatographie wird beschrieben. Bei Verwendung eines wasserlöslichen Enzymsystems aus Taubenleber werden aus 14C1‐Natriumacetat hauptsächlich Palmitin‐, Stearin‐ und Ölsäure aufgebaut. Aus 14C1‐Natrium‐butyrat und 14C1‐Capronat entstehen keine höheren Fettsäuren, aus 14C1‐Caprylat nur in geringem Umfang. Die aus letzterem gebildete 14C‐Palmitinsäure liefert beim Schmidtschen Abbau Pentadecylamin, das noch 86.5% der Radioaktivität der eingesetzten Säure enthält. Schlußfolgerungen aus diesen Ergebnissen werden diskutiert.
Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Carbonyl‐ und Thiocarbonylverbindungen
Authors: Mecke Rolf , Mecke Reinhard , Lüttringhaus Arthur 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFür ausgewählte, möglichst symmetrische Moleküle mit einer Carbonyl‐bzw. Thiocarbonylgruppe im Fünfring werden die Eigenschwingungen zugeordnet. Es wird weiterhin der Einfluß von Nachbaratomen und, durch Vergleich mit offenkettigen Verbindungen, die Wirkung der Ringspannung auf die CO‐bzw. CS‐Valenzschwingung diskutiert.
Zur Photochemischen Distickstoffmonoxydbildung in Stickstoff ‐ Sauerstoff ‐ Gemischen
Authors: Groth Wilhelm , Schierholz Heinz 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDurch Einstrahlen der Resonanzwellenlängen des Xenons bei 1470 Å und 1295 Å werden in Sauerstoff‐Stickstoffgemischen O‐Atome mit hoher kinetischer Energie erzeugt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese Sauerstoffatome (u. U. auch angeregte Ozonmoleküle) mit Stickstoffmolekülen unter Bildung von N2O reagieren.
Die Wirkungsweise Einiger Effektoren der D‐Aminosäureoxydase, II. Das Verhalten der Katalase
Authors: Mosebach Karl‐Oskar , Dirscherl Wilhelm 
Published: May 2007

AbstractKristallisierte Rinderleberkatalase vermag gleich vielen Aminosäuren und verwandten Effektoren die D ‐Aminosäureoxydase vor Inaktivierungen durch Schwermetallionen, nascierendem Hydroperoxyd, Wärme usw. zu schützen, doch können diese Effekte nicht als einfache Protektorwirkungen aufgefaßt werden. Die Anfangsgeschwindigkeit wird durch die genannten Stoffe nicht nur aufrecht erhalten, sondern zum Teil erheblich gesteigert, insbesondere bei gleichzeitiger Zugabe von Katalase und L‐Aminosäure. Die Kinetik dieser Effekte ähnelt der cyclischen Oxydation, die D. Keilin und E. F. Hartree2 bei der Xanthinoxydase fanden. Bei der Histaminase wurde kein derartiger Effekt beobachtet.
Die Oligosaccharide des Johannisbrotes (Ceratonia Siliqua L.) Isolierung von Primverose und Ceratose
Authors: Wallenfels Kurt , Lehmann Jochen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIm Extrakt aus den reifen Schoten des Johannisbrotes wurden neben Xylose, Fructose, Glucose und Saccharose mehrere weitere Oligosaccharide nachgewiesen. Von diesen. wurden zwei reduzierende Disaccharide auch präparativ isoliert und als Xylosido‐glucose und Fructosido‐glucose gekennzeichnet. Das xylosehaltige Disaccharid erwies sich nach den Eigenschaften des Heptaacetats als identisch mit Primverose; das fructosehaltige Disaccharid, das bisher noch nicht beschrieben war und Ceratose genannt wird, konnte durch Kristallisation eines Azobenzolsulfonylhydrazons sowie eines Oktaazobenzolcarbonsäureesters charakterisiert werden. – Im Laufe der Reifung der Johannisbrotfrucht nimmt die Zahl der nachweisbaren Zucker ständig zu.
Reaktionen von Kohlenhydraten mit stickstoffhaltigen Substanzen, IV. Amadori‐Umlagerung in Pyridin
Authors: Rosen Lawrence , Woods James W. , Pigman Ward 
Published: May 2007

Abstract1‐ Desoxy‐1‐p‐toluidino‐D‐fructose (DTF) kann mit 2.6‐Dichlorphenol‐indo‐phenol in alkalischer Lösung unter optimalen Bedingungen mit einer Genauigkeit von etwa ± 5% titriert werden. Die unter verschiedenen Reaktions‐bedingungen durch Amadori‐Umlagerung aus p‐Toluidin‐D‐glucosid (PTG) erhaltenen Ausbeuten an DTF wurden mit dieser Methode bestimmt. – Die Amadori‐Umalgerung ist von der Basizität der Aminkomponente abhängig und gelingt mit schwach basischen Aminen unter den üblichen Bedingungen nur schlecht. Für PTG erwies sich eine homogene Lösung in Pyridin‐Eisessig am günstigsten. Die Umlagerung unterliegt vermutlich einer allgemeinen Säure‐Basen‐Katalyse; Sekundärreaktionen, die zur Zersetzung des DTF führen, werden durch Pyridiniumchlorid– oder höher aggregierte Salze–, nicht aber durch undissoziierte Essigsäure katalysiert. In salzsaurer Pyridinlösung wird daher die maximal zu erzielende Ausbeute durch das Verhältnis von Bildungs‐und Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit des DTF bestimmt.
Notiz Über den Diamagnetismus von Azulen und Tropolon
Authors: Klemm Wilhelm 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDas magnetische Verhalten von Verbindungen mit Doppelbindungen in ketten‐und ringförmigen Verbindungen wird besprochen. Im Gegensatz zum Cycloctatetraen verhalten sich Azulen und Tropolon magnetisch wie aromatische Verbindungen.
IV. Mitteil. über Isochroman; XV. Mitteil. über Alkylperoxyde. Isochroman‐Hydroperoxyde und Diisochromanyl‐Peroxyde Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Ätherautoxydation
Authors: Rieche Alfred , Schitz Ernst 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIsochroman und seine alkylierten Abkömmlinge sind als cyclische Benzyläther leicht autoxydabel. Sie bilden, entsprechend dem früher für die Ätherautoxydation aufgestellten Schema, Äther‐hydroperoxyde die in guten Ausbeuten isoliert werden können. Diese gehen, im Gegensatz zu den Hydroperoxyden aliphatischer Äther, bei längerem Stehenlassen in Lösung – besonders leicht in Gegenwart von Säuren – in dimere Ätherperoxyde über.
V. Mitteil. über Isochroman; XVI. Mitteil. über Alkylperoxyde. Synthesen von Isochromanyl‐Hydroperoxyd und Diisochromanyl‐Peroxyden Neue Wege zu Ätherperoxyden
Authors: Rieche Alfred , Schmitz Ernst 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVerschiedene Atome und Atomgruppen in 1‐Stellung des Isochromans sind leicht beweglich. Man erhält mit Wasserstoffperoxyd je nach den Reaktions‐bedingungen Isochromanyl‐(1)‐hydroperoxyd oder Di‐[isochromanyl‐(1)]‐peroxyde. Chlor, Hydroxy‐,Äthoxy‐ und Sulforgruppe werden glatt ausgetauscht. Hierdurch ergeben sich neue synthetische Möglichkeiten für die Herstellung von Peroxyden.
Heterocyclen im Stoffwechsel, III. Umwandlung von Purinen‐[5‐14C] und Pteridinen‐[8a‐14C] Durch Mikroorganismen
Authors: Korte Friedhelm , Weitkamp Horst , Schicke Hans‐Gerd 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIsoxanthopterin‐carbonsäure‐[8a‐14C] und Xanthopterin‐[8a‐14C] werden durch Streptococcus faecalis R, Pichia membranaefaciens und Candida albicans aufgenommen. Nach oxydativem Abbau läßt sich markierte 2‐Amino‐4‐hydroxy‐pteridin‐carbonsäure‐(6), die unter diesen Bedingungen aus Folsäure entsteht, chromatorgraphisch nachweisen. Aus Guanin‐[5‐14C] entsteht Adenin, aus Xanthin‐[5‐14C] Guanin und Adenin.
Metallorganische Verbindungen, XXIII. Über α‐Phenyl‐Isopropyl‐Kalium
Authors: Ziegler Karl , Dislich Helmut 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMethyl‐[α‐phenyl‐isopropyl]‐äther ist heute viel leichter zugänglich als früher. Damit verdient das daraus leicht zu gewinnende α‐Phenylisopropyl‐kalium als mannigfach verwendbares metallorganisches Reagens wieder erhöhte Beachtung. Es werden besprochen: seine Verwendung zur Reinheitsprüfung von Gasen, seine Addition an Äthylen, Tolan und Methylphenylacetylen sowie die Metallierung von methylierten Aromaten und Äthylenen durch die Kaliumverbindung.
Über die Reduktion des Benzoyl‐Diazoessigsäure‐Methylesters
Authors: Pfleger Robert , Reinhardt Friedrich 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBei der Reduktion des Benzoyl‐diazoessigsäure‐methylesters mit Aluminium‐amalgam oder mit Zink in Eisessig wird hauptsächlich β‐Phenyl‐hydracrylsäure‐methylester gebildet. Die katalytische Hydrierung liefert erythro‐β‐Phenyl‐serin‐methylester. Als Zwischenprodukt läßt sich hierbei das α‐Hydrazon des Benzoyl‐glyoxylsäure‐methylesters isolieren, mit dem verschiedene Umsetzungen vorgenommen werden.
Über organische Katalysatoren, XLVII Hydrolyse des p‐Nitrophenylacetats
Authors: Langenbeck Wolfgang , Mahrwald Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDas bei der Hydrolyse des p‐Nitrophenylacetats durch Imidazol als Zwischenstoff auftretende 1‐Acetyl‐imidazol wird präparativ nachgewiesen.
Über die Kondensation von 8‐Hydrazino‐Coffein mit Zuckern
Authors: Klosa Josef 
Published: May 2007

Abstract8‐Hydrazino‐coffein erwies sich als brauchbares Reagenz zur Abtrennung und Isolierung von Aldosen, da es sich mit diesen unter milden Bedingungen in Wasser zu schwer löslichen Hydrazonen, unter energischen Bedingungen, wie längeres Kochen, zu Osazonen umsetzt.
Pteridine, II. Über 7‐Hydroxy‐ und 7‐Hydroxy‐6‐Methyl‐2.4‐Dioxo‐Tetrahydropteridine
Authors: Pfleiderer Wolfgang 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Darstellung von 7‐Hydroxy‐ und 7‐Hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2.4‐dioxo‐tetrahydro‐pteridinen nach einheitlich verlaufenden Synthesen wird beschrieben. Auf Grund physikalischer Untersuchungen wird gezeigt, daß die 7‐Hydroxygruppen dieser Pteridinderivate in wäßriger Lösung vorwiegend in der Lactimkonfiguration vorliegen.
Pteridine, IV. Über 7‐Hydroxy‐2.4‐Dioxo‐Tetrahydropteridin‐Carbonsäuren‐(6)
Authors: Pfleiderer Wolfgang 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAuf physikalischem Wege wird bewiesen, daß in den 7‐Hydroxy‐2.4‐dioxo‐tetrahydropteridin‐carbonsäuren‐(6) die 7‐Hydroxygruppen vollständig lactimisiert sind. Diese Konfiguration wird durch die Möglichkeit der Ausbildung von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zur Carboxylgruppe in 6‐Stellung stabilisiert.