bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A longitudinal study of enuresis from five to nine years
Authors: McGEE ROB , MAKINSON TRACY , WILLIAMS SHEILA , SIMPSON ANNE , SILVA PHIL A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe prevalence of primary and secondary enuresis was examined longitudinally in a large sample of New Zealand children at ages 5, 7, and 9 years. While the prevalence of primary enuresis fell over time, secondary enuresis increased in prevalence between 5 and 7 years. There were no sex differences. An examination of some of the developmental and background characteristics of the sample indicated that enuresis was not associated with neurodevelopmental delay or ‘psychosocial’ factors. However, there were strong, long term associations between secondary enuresis and behavioural deviance. The behavioural results suggested that behaviour problems did not arise as a consequence of enuresis, but rather preceded it.
Radiological services in a hospital Emergency Department — an evaluation of service delivery and radiograph interpretation
Authors: NOLAN TERENCE M. , OBERKLAID FRANK , BOLDT DAVID 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Radiological services to the Department of Ambulatory Paediatrics were audited over 1 month. Of a total of 782 separate radiographs, more than two‐thirds were performed outside hours when radiologists are normally in the hospital. For only 171 of the 782 radiographs (22%) were there immediate reports by a radiologist.To determine whether the absence of immediate radiologist reports affected clinical care, a process was introduced whereby radiologists reviewed interpretation of radiographs made by resident medical officers (RMO) when no report was available. Over a 5 month period 2888 patients had radiographs when there was no immediate radiologist's report. Comparisons were made between RMO interpretation and ultimate radiologist report in 1411 of these patients. In 232 cases (16.4%) there was a discrepancy between RMO interpretation and radiologist report; 70% of these were false positive (the RMO interpreting a normal film as abnormal) while 71 were false negative (the RMO interpreting an abnormal film as normal).This study demonstrates the utility of a relatively simple quality assurance measure in situations where clinical decisions have to be made in the absence of an immediate radiologist report.
Reliability of mothers' reports of birth data
Authors: OATES R. KIM , FORREST DOUGLAS 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTo determine the reliability of recall of birth and early childhood events, a group of 47 mothers was asked details of their child's birth and about any child‐rearing problems at an average of 5–6 years after the birth. Thirty‐four of these mothers were asked similar questions 3 years later. The information given by the mothers was compared with the information documented in the hospital records when the children were born. The mothers overestimated the length of pregnancy and overestimated the number of neonatal problems. Only half could recall the birth weight accurately. When asked the same questions 3 years later there was a tendency for memory to have mellowed with fewer pregnancy complications and child‐rearing difficulties being recalled than on the previous interview. Information given by mothers about such objective data as length of gestation, birth weight and obstetric complications is not necessarily accurate. Less objective data may be recalled even less accurately.
Biochemical diagnosis of Type 1b glycogen storage disease
Authors: HAWKINS R. A. , KAMATH K. R. , DORNEY S. F. A. , ADAMS A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA child with the classical signs and symptoms of Type 1 glycogen storage disease is presented who on investigation was shown to have a recently described variant of this disease known as Type 1b glycogen storage disease. A reliable and simple procedure for the diagnosis and differentiation of Types 1 and 1b glycogen storage disease is described, as the conventional diagnostic approach of assaying glucose‐6‐phosphate phosphohydrolase in frozen tissue will not diagnose Type 1b glycogen storage disease.A portion of biopsy tissue should be maintained at a temperature near 0°C (but not frozen) and the remainder frozen. Glucose‐6‐phosphate phosphohydrolase assays are carried out on the tissue homogenates of both portions. In Type 1 glycogen storage disease, glucose‐6‐phosphate phosphohydrolase activity will be tow or absent in both frozen and unfrozen tissues. In Type 1b glycogen storage disease the frozen tissue homogenate will exhibit normal glucose‐6‐phosphate phosphohydrolase activity due to the disruption of the microsomes by tee crystals, white in the unfrozen tissue low levels of glucose‐6‐phosphate phosphohydrolase activity will be detected.
Low birth weight in Tasmania 1975‐1983: The effect of socioeconomic status
Authors: LUMLEY JUDITH , CORREY J. F. , NEWMAN N.M. , CURRAN J.T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn analysis of all births in Tasmania from 1975 to 1983 showed that social class differences in low birth weights were almost entirely restricted to infants between 1500 and 2500 g weight at birth. There was a marginal increase in very low birth weight infants (<1500 g) among women whose partners were unemployed or in unskilled work but extremely low birth weight infants (<1000 g) were evenly distributed across the whole social spectrum.
Mortality and two year outcome of infants of birthweight 500‐1500 g: relationship with neonatal cerebral ultrasound data
Authors: KITCHEN WILLIAM H. , FORD GEOFFREY W. , MURTON LAURENCE J. , RICKARDS ANNE L. , RYAN MARGARET M. , LISSENDEN JEAN V. , DE CRESPIGNY L. CHAMPION , FORTUNE DENYS W. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTCranial ultrasounds were performed on 218 (96%) of 227 liveborn infants of birthweight 500‐1500 g delivered in the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, in an 18‐month period concluding in March 1982. Seventy‐two (31.7%) of the children died; 28 children (38.9%) had cerebroventricular haemorrhage, 35 (48.6%) showed no bleeding and there were nine (12.5%) with no data. Paired necropsy and ultrasound data were congruent in 22 (88%) of 25 children. One hundred and forty‐eight (95.5%) of 155 survivors were seen at 2 years of age. Forty‐one (28%) had cerebroventricular haemorrhage; nine children (6%) had both ventricular dilatation and haemorrhage and two had ventricular dilatation alone. Apart from a marginal advance in gestation and higher number of immigrant and less educated mothers in children without cerebroventricular haemorrhage, all other perinatal, biographical and social variables between those with haemorrhage and those without were similar. The major handicap rate overall was 14.2% (21 patients). The children with cerebroventricular haemorrhage had a trend for greater prevalence of handicap and lower mean Bayley psychological scores. This was even more evident with ventricular dilatation being present. Of children with major handicap 57.1% (12/21) had normal serial ultrasound findings during their primary hospitalization. Major handicap occurred in 15% (3/20) of children with grade 1 haemorrhage, 23.5% (4/17) with grade 2 or 3 bleeds and 25% (1/4) of those with grade 4 haemorrhage. Laterality of cerebral palsy did not correlate with ultrasound findings. Ultrasound findings did not improve statistical prediction of deaths or major handicap.
A Case of ring 20 chromosome with cardiac and renal anomalies
Authors: BURNELL R. H. , STERN LEON M. , SUTHERLAND GRANT R. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA case of ring 20 chromosome is reported. In contrast to the few children documented previously with this problem who had no significant malformations the present case had major malformations of the heart and urinary tract as well as mental retardation and seizures.
Late development of airway obstruction in the Robin anomalad (Pierre Robin Syndrome) in the newborn
Authors: OGBORN MALCOLM R. , PEMBERTON PATRICK J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract A survey of the records of 26 consecutive cases of the Robin anomalad, admitted in the first year of life, was undertaken to review the time at which airway obstruction was first noted to occur after birth.Sixteen cases required active treatment for episodes of airway obstruction associated with cyanosis. Of these, 11 developed obstruction on the first day of life, but five did not obstruct until later (3–21 days). Two infants, both from the early presentation group, died as a result of airway obstruction at 13 and 95 days of age. Management techniques varied over the 11 year period studied, and included prone nursing, body frame, naso‐tracheal intubation, nasopharyngeal intubation, and lip tongue anastamosis. Tracheostomy was not performed on any case.There is a significant risk of major airway embarrassment in this disorder (16 of 25, 62%) even if the infant seems initially well (five of 26, 18%). Early management of infants with the Robin anomalad should, therefore, be undertaken at centres where skilled airway support is available.
Gastrointestinal hypersensitivity to cow's milk protein: The diagnostic value of gut function tests
Authors: FORD RODNEY P. K. , BARNES GRAEME L. , HILL DAVID J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThirty‐six children with suspected gastrointestinal hypersensitivity to cow's milk protein were investigated before and after challenge with cow's milk protein by one or more of four tests of gut function: the appearance of small bowel mucosa, mucosal disaccharidase levels, a 1‐h blood‐xylose test, and a 50 g‐lactose breath‐hydrogen test. These tests were not always abnormal in children who had definite adverse reactions to milk. Conversely changes were seen in some with negative milk challenges. Although small bowel biopsy, assessment of disaccharidase activity and perhaps the breath‐hydrogen test have an importannt place in the pre‐challenge assessment to exclude other causes of gastrointestinal symptoms, these gut function tests and the 1‐h xylose test done following milk provocation do not appear to have any advantage over careful clinical observation.
Education in childhood asthma: A preliminary study of need and efficacy
Authors: VAN ASPEREN PETER , JANDERA EVA , DE NEEF JOYCE , HILL PETA , LAW NERIDA 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis study initially assessed in parents of children with asthma, their knowledge of the condition and its management. Using a knowledge questionnaire a mean score for 30 parents of 69.1% was found, with a range between 44% and 86%. The study went on to examine whether an educational intervention program for parents could both improve knowledge and lower morbidity. The results for 14 parents who completed the educational intervention program were compared to those for 14 parents who did not complete the program. Both groups showed an increase in knowledge at 1 and 3 months after their initial interview (P<0.005) but the active group had significantly better knowledge at 1 month (P<0.0001) and 3 months (P< 0.001) compared to the control group. There was no change in morbidity in either group as assessed by hospital admissions, visits to a doctor, days off school and number of wheezing episodes. We have shown that knowledge can be improved by an educational program for parents of children with asthma but have not been able to demonstrate an effect on short‐term morbidity.
Screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Hong Kong
Authors: LOW L C. K. , LIN H. J. , CHEUNG P. T. , LEE F. T. , CHU S. Y. , KWOK T. L. , BACON‐SHONE J. , YEUNG C. Y. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA pilot cord blood TSH screening program for congenital hypothyroidism was commenced in Hong Kong in April 1982. By April 1984, 14 411 neonates born in two hospitals were screened for this disorder. Five cases of primary hypothyroidism and two cases of transient hypothyroidism were detected. The detection of cases of congenital hypothyroidism with only moderately elevated cord blood TSH values means that the recall rate will remain high.
Transcutaneous bilirubinometer: Its use in Chinese term infants and the effect of haematocrit and phototherapy on the TcB index
Authors: FOK TAI‐FAI , LAU SAM‐PING , HUI CHIK‐WING , FUNG KAM‐PUI , WAN CHUN‐WAI 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe application of the transcutaneous bilirubinometer in screening for neonatal jaundice was evaluated in 259 full‐term Chinese infants: 202 who had not received any treatment and 57 who were receiving phototherapy. The transcutaneous bilirubin index correlated well with the serum bilirubin level (SB) of the untreated infants and the coefficient of correlation was slightly higher for TcB readings obtained over the mid‐sternal area (r=0.91; P<0.001) than those over the forehead (r=0.85; P<0.001). Transcutaneous bilirubinometry was unreliable in predicting the SB level in infants receiving phototherapy even if the SB readings were obtained over shaded skin. The haematocrit of the infants, though having a statistically significant effect on the TcB index, contributed only minimally to the regression line and correlation coefficient between the TcB index and SB level.
Liver transplantation in children: Experience with the development of an Australian pilot programme THE QUEENSLAND LIVER TRANSPLANTATION PROGRAMME*
Authors: Shepherd R.W. , Powell L. W. , Cleghorn G. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractChildren with end‐stage liver disease now form a major sub‐group of patients considered suitable for liver transplantation (ltp), and enjoy better survival statistics after transplantation than do adults. Since June 1984, a paediatric ltp programme has been developed in Brisbane with an initial working relationship and ongoing close links with two USA centres (Pittsburgh, and the UCLA Medical Center).Fourteen children with end‐stage liver disease have been referred to the Queensland Liver Transplantation Programme for formal assessment. Following frank, informed discussion with their parents, 10 of these children were offered the option of ltp. During the transition stage, two infants with biliary atresia were referred to UCLA at their parents' request and, subsequently, eight children aged from 9 months to 6 years have been placed on a transplant candidacy list in Brisbane. A donor procurement team with access to a Queensland Government jet has been available to cover all mainland States except Western Australia. Six of the children have now had orthotopic ltp (two children at the UCLA Medical Center; four children at the Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane). One UCLA patient died with a non‐functioning graft, and one Brisbane patient died 5 weeks post‐transplant with rejection, hepatic artery thrombosis and sepsis. The other four children are alive and well, three with normal liver function and one with unexplained intrahepatic cholestasis, during the 1‐20 month follow‐up to date. Three further children have died of their liver disease without a donor of an appropriate blood group and size being found, and one patient still awaits a suitable donor.The experience of these authors suggests that ltp is a major advance in the treatment of paediatric liver disease, and that the procedure can be carried out successfully in Australia with initial results comparable with leading overseas centres. The procedure requires the full array of services of a major paediatric tertiary care facility, an intensive team effort with awareness of the special needs of children, and a widespread procurement capability. A major problem for Australia is the procurement of sufficient numbers of optimal paediatric donor livers.
A comparative study of a premature infant formula and preterm breast milk for low birthweight infants
Authors: TUDEHOPE D. I. , MITCHELL F. , COWLEY D. M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAlthough the unique composition of preterm milk (PTM) has led to its increasing use in feeding of low birthweight (LBW) infants, controversy exists as to whether such milk adequately meets their requirements. This study compares the clinical tolerance and anthropometric, biochemical and haematological parameters of LBW infants fed exclusively with their own mother's PTM, a premature infant formula (Alprem; Nestlé Australia) and a mixture of PTM and Alprem. Of 90 enrolled LBW infants (1000‐1750 g birthweight), 78 completed the feeding trial for a mean duration of 42 days. Twenty‐eight babies were fed Alprem (Group A), 31 received a mixture of Alprem and PTM (Group B) and 18 received PTM (Group C). Babies in Groups A and B were smaller, less mature and more asphyxiated at birth than those in Group C.Weight gain from full enteral feeding was greater in Group A (18.1 g/kg per day) and Group B (17.6 g/kg per day) than in Group C (13.0 g/kg per day). Throughout the trial, weight gain in Groups A and B exceeded predicted intra‐uterine growth rates, whereas that for Group C approximated the predicted intra‐uterine growth rates. Growth rates of length and head circumference were also greatest in the Alprem‐fed babies. Infants receiving PTM were supplemented with calcium, sodium, vitamins and energy, whereas the only three infants requiring mineral supplementation in the Alprem group were those receiving Frusemide therapy for chronic lung disease.Lower serum concentrations of phosphorus, iron, albumin and urea, and higher zinc and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were found in infants receiving PTM (P<0.05). Overall both PTM and Alprem were well tolerated with the four cases of necrotizing enterocolitis and five cases of transient gastrointestinal intolerance distributed equally among the groups. Alprem is a satisfactory alternative to PTM for the feeding of LBW infants as it provides adequate nutrition and supports a growth rate in excess of that in utero without stressing the infant's metabolic or excretory systems.
The response of asthmatic children to the heated nebulization of Salbutamol
Authors: UNTER C. E. M. , ALLAN J. , DAWSON K. P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe effect of a nebulized solution of Salbutamol heated to 37°C was compared with that of Salbutamol nebulized in the standard manner. Forty asthmatic children were assigned randomly to a heated or standard nebulization. Each child received randomly either half or the full recommended dose of Salbutamol on separate occasions. No untoward side effects were observed. Baseline measurements of peak exploratory flow rate (PEFR), forced vital capacity (FVC) and 1 s forced expiratory volume (FEV1) were not significantly different among the groups. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups when assessed 15 min after treatment, indicating that neither a change in temperature nor in dose had any significant effect on response at this time. It is concluded that at the dosages used there is no advantage in heating nebulized Salbutamol to 37°C. The equipotent effect of half the recommended dose of Salbutamol at both temperatures suggests that the recommended dose of Salbutamol is too high and that the lowest optimal dose needs to be ascertained.
Acute cervical lymphadenitis in children
Authors: WRIGHT J. E. , REID I. S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA retrospective study of 78 children with acute cervical lymphadenitis treated in Newcastle over the last 9 years revealed that abscesses formed in 50 children despite antibiotic treatment. Children under 2 years of age were more likely to form an abscess than older children. The commonest organism isolated was penicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus. Beta‐haemolytic Streptococcus was isolated less commonly and isolation of penicillin‐sensitive staphylococci was rare. Penicillin and amoxycillin alone are unsuitable as first line antibiotics. Severe infections and those failing to respond rapidly to initial antibiotic treatment should be admitted to a paediatric unit for intravenous beta‐lactamase‐resistant antibiotics.
Food intake at age 8 3. Distribution and food density by meal
Authors: MAGAREY A. , NICHOLS J. , BOULTON J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis report describes how nutrient intake was distributed throughout the day, and the nutrient density according to meal, in 78 boys and 63 girls who have been studied from birth. The food intake was calculated from 4 day weighed records using the CSIRONET data bank based on British tables of food composition.The percentages of total energy from breakfast, lunch, evening meal, and snacks were 20, 26, 31, 23%. There was a very wide range of individual nutrient intake for each meal. The evening meal made the largest contribution to fat and protein intake. Most starch came from lunch (30%) and least from snacks (16%). Snacks contained a large portion of the simple sugars (39%).Breakfast was an important source of calcium and B vitamins, but with wide ranges of micronutrients occurring for each meal.This analysis of nutrient density and distribution contributes towards the formulation of practical recommendations about beneficial dietary changes.
Adrenal haemorrhage presenting as an abdominal mass in the newborn
Authors: WRIGHT J. E. , BEAR J. W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAdrenal haemorrhage in the newborn, an entity well recognized at autopsy and as a cause of massive haemorrhage, may present as an asymptomatic abdominal mass. Three cases of neonatal adrenal haemorrhage are described and the literature is reviewed. Most of the affected babies were of normal birthweight, full term and with no history of difficult delivery or neonatal asphyxia. Most presented with a flank mass and jaundice. The haemoglobin was not always low. Intravenous urography and sonography were the investigations of choice. The most serious condition in the differential diagnosis is neuroblastoma, but the chance of this presenting in the newborn period with normal catecholamine secretion and no evident metastases is sufficiently rare to justify expectant management. Follow‐up physical examination and repeat sonography at 1 month are recommended. This interval is long enough to allow resolution of a mass caused by adrenal haemorrhage.
Neonatal cranial ultrasonography as predictor of 2 year outcome of very low birthweight infants
Authors: TUDEHOPE D. I. , MASEL J. , MOHAY H. , O'CALLAGHAN M. , BURNS Y. , ROGERS Y. , WILLIAMS G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Real time ultrasound scans using an ATL 300C sector scanner with 5–7.5 MHz transducer were performed on days 1, 4, 7 and thereafter as clinically necessary on 153 consecutively discharged very low birthweight (VLBW) infants. One hundred and forty‐six long‐term survivors were assessed fully at 2 years. The prevalence of cerebroventricular haemorrhage (CVH) in these survivors was 34.2% (grade 1—21.2%; grade 2—4.8%; grade 3—3.4%; grade 4—4.8%), ventricular dilatation 19.9% (including 4.1% with ventriculoperitoneal shunt), and ischaemia 9%. Impairments at 2 years were classified as nil, mild, moderate, severe or multiply severe, based on the criteria of Kitchen et al.Overall, 120 infants (82.2%) were unimpaired and 6.2% had mild, 3.4% had moderate, 4.1% had severe and 4.1% had multiply severe impairment. The major factors associated with impairment were gestational age < 28 weeks, birthweight < 1000 g, vaginal delivery, respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, pulmonary air leaks and CVH. When these factors were reanalysed in a logistic regression model for odds ratios, only CVH (P < 0.005) and birth by spontaneous vaginal delivery (P < 0.05) were significant. The prevalence of impairment was 11.4% with no CVH, 6.5% grade 1, 71% grade 2, 20.0% grade 3 and 100.0% grade 4 CVH. The sensitivity of CVH of grade 2 or greater as a screening test was 64.7% for impairment, 78.6% for cerebral palsy and 70% for severe intellectual handicap. The mean general quotient (GQ) (Griffiths) at 2 years for infants with CVH was 89.1, and 97.5 for those without CVH (P < 0.001). Although infants with ventricular dilatation had an average GQ that was 13.1 units less than those with normal ventricles, the difference was only significant in those with a CVH of grade 2–4.The study shows the sonographic diagnosis of CVH and ventricular dilatation, but not ischaemia, to be a useful adjunct in predicting impairment and intellectual performance in VLBW infants but does not replace the need for multidisciplinary follow‐up.