bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol and the Woman of Childbearing Age – A Public Health Problem
Authors: Pratt Oliver 
Published: January 2006

Summary Recent work has established on a rational basis what has been understood instinctively throughout recorded history – that excessive maternal consumption of alcohol is harmful to the baby developing in utero. From conception onwards, the risk of anomalies of development (mostly minor) and retardation of intrauterine growth increases more or less in proportion to the level of alcohol consumption. Since much of the damage occurs early in pregnancy before most women realise that they are pregnant, the problem of prevention becomes one for the public health field. All professional workers concerned with women of child‐bearing age should be aware, therefore, of what the facts are and how to help the woman who may become pregnant to reduce her alcohol intake. They have a dual role to play – detection of those at risk and effective counselling of the patients after their identification.
Effects of Raising the Legal Drinking Age in Ontario*
Authors: Vingilis Evelyn , Smart Reginald G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reports four types of data which are relevant to the study of the effects of the increase in the drinking age. The data are from: (1) surveys of drinking and drinking problems among high school students; (2) a study of perceptions of vice‐principals; (3) a trend analysis of young drinking offender charges; and (4) trend analyses of drinking‐driving statistics. The results suggest a minimal effect for the changes in the legal drinking age.
Prohibition and Alcohol Intoxication
Authors: Thakur Chandreshawar Prasad , Sharma Ram Naresh , Akhtar Hafiz Shah Mohammad Qurban 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe effect of total prohibition imposed in Bihar State with effect from April, 1979, was assessed on the basis of the hospital records of Patna Medical College Hospital. During the first seven months of prohibition, there was a significant decrease in the number of alcohol intoxication cases as compared to the numbers of such cases during the corresponding periods of 1976, 1977 and 1978 (P < 0.001). During the subsequent Jive months of prohibition the number of cases increased and the figure was not significantly different from those of previous years (P. > 0.07). Age, sex and urban or rural distributions of cases remained unaltered during prohibition and pre‐prohibition periods. A similar trend was observed in Pilgrim Hospital, Goya which is situated 92 km south of Patna. There was however a significant decrease in alcohol related crimes during prohibition compared to previous years (P. < 0.01), and possible reasons for discrepancy between the hospital and arrest indicator are discussed. During the prohibition period there was a 20 per cent increase in illicit trade in liquor. While people from the lower income group favoured prohibition, those from the higher income group did not approve of it. People from both groups got alcohol in the black market. Except for the initial drop in the number of hospital cases, the medical problem of alcohol intoxication was not solved by the ineffective enforcement of prohibition.
Alcohol and Violent Crime Re‐examined: Self‐Reports from Two Sub‐Groups of Scottish Male Prisoners
Authors: Myers Ted 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTo re‐examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and violent crime, 100 men from a Scottish prison were interviewed. Fifty respondents (the assailants) were convicted of violent offences and 50 (the control group) had been convicted of non‐violent offences.Assailants were more likely to have consumed alcohol at the time of the offence than the controls. The discrepancies which were found support previous findings that alcohol consumption at the time of the offence is associated with violent crime. The relationship cannot, however, be explained simply by the‘intoxicating effect’of alcohol. A pattern of regular heavy drinking was evident amongst both sub‐groups.
Self‐Reported Drinking Habits and Alcohol‐Related Consequences Amongst a Cohort of Scottish Teenagers
Authors: Plant Martin A. , Peck David F. , Stuart Ray 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results of the first phase of a follow‐up study of drinking habits and alcohol‐related consequences amongst 1,036 Scottish teenagers are reported. These data revealed a very high level of alcohol involvement amongst the study group and, in particular, amongst females. The results lend support to the view that differences in levels of alcohol‐related problems experienced by the sexes are diminishing. Social class background, school, general attitudes to alcohol and exposure to alcohol education were all unrelated to self‐reported alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related consequences.
The Piccadilly Drug Scene
Authors: Burr A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA participant observation study of the Piccadilly drug scene is described. A thriving market in diverted illicit drugs exists around this area, much of it an overspill from Drug Dependency Units and general practitioner prescribing. The economic organization of this market is described, the role of the dealers and runners, and the characteristics of the buyers. The nature and origins of the Piccadilly subculture are discussed, and its functional meaning. Public Health implications are also considered.
An Instrument for Measuring Coping Behaviours in Hospitalized Alcoholics: Implications for Relapse Prevention Treatment
Authors: Litman Gloria K. , Stapleton John , Oppenheim A. N. , Peleg B. Michelle 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results of a principal components analysis of the Coping Behaviours Inventory administered to 256 hospitalized alcoholic patients are compared with a reanalysis of data obtained from a different group of patients five years ago. These results indicate that the factor structure of the Inventory is stable over time and with different alcoholic patient populations. The four factors emerging from the present study, which account for 54% of the variance, were:

Positive Thinking
Negative Thinking
Avoidance/Distraction
Seeking Social Support

The possible uses of this instrument in monitoring and informing some types of alcoholism‐treatment programmes are discussed.
Situations Related to Alcoholism Relapse
Authors: Litman Gloria K. , Stapleton John , Oppenheim A. N. , Peleg Michelle , Jackson Paul 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results of a Principal Components analysis of the Relapse Precipitants Inventory administered to 256 hospitalized alcoholic patients are compared with a reanalysis of data obtained from a different sample 5 years ago. These results indicate that the factor structure of the Inventory is stable over time and with different populations of alcoholic patients. The three factors emerging from the present study, accounting for 55 per cent of the variance were:

Unpleasant Mood States
External Events and Euphoria
Lessened Cognitive Vigilance

The factor scores at intake on‘Unpleasant Mood States’and‘External Events and Euphoria', and the total number of situations seen as dangerous were found to have a predictive relationship to subsequent outcome 6 to 12 months later. Some gender differences on relapse precipitants were also found. The clinical application of this instrument is discussed both in terms of prediction of relapse and informing person‐specific treatment programmes.
Use of Benzodiazepines in the Nordic Countries in the 1960s and 1970s*
Authors: Hemminki Elina , Bruun Kettil , Jensen Thor øivind 
Published: January 2006

SummarySince their introduction on the market, sales of benzodiazepines have continuously increased in Finland, Norway and Sweden. The overall trends and the level of consumption show great similarities in the three countries. Benzodiazepines can be substituted by other drugs, and here we found remarkable differences between the countries, both as regards trends in the level of sales of all sedatives, and all psychotropic drugs, too.The information given by the industry has been biased: wide indications have been promoted and adverse effects have been neglected. Our survey of patients belonging to a psychiatric patients’society found that many adverse reactions were felt by patients, and regular users had experienced serious problems when they tried to stop using benzodiazepines.We argue that the level of consumption might provide an important indicator for determining the goals of drug policy. But models to advise how consumption levels should be used for drug policy strategy should be developed.
Alcoholism and Degeneration in 19th Century European Medicine and Psychiatry
Authors: Bynum W. F. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMuch medical, psychiatric and social thinking in the second half of the nineteenth century was influenced by the concept of progressive hereditary degeneration most systematically formulated by the French psychiatrist B.A. Morel (1809–1873). Alcoholism was one of the conditions postulated by Morel as leading to direct hereditary consequences for the offspring. This essay examines the pervasiveness of hereditary degenerationism in general, and alcoholic degenerationism in particular, in British and European psychiatry in the period, and then describes the work of several individuals who challenged this notion.
The Alcohol Problem in America: From Temperance to Alcoholism
Authors: Levine Harry Gene 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper traces the ideology and politics of the ‘liquor problem’ in America from its invention or discovery at the end of the 18th century up to the present. In the 17th and 18th centuries alcohol was highly regarded, universally consumed, and even Puritans called it ‘the Good Creature of God’. In the early 19th century, physicians and laymen developed and promulgated a new scientific and popular view of alcohol as an addicting, toxic, and dangerously unpredictable stimulant ‐ and they organized a mass movement to spread their ideas and to get people to give up drinking. Throughout the 19th century, temperance supporters regularly referred to alcohol addiction as a disease beyond the control of the will and engaged in reform and treatment efforts for habitual drunkards. They campaigned against alcohol because they believed it to be the cause of most of the major social problems in America. In short, they made alcohol a scape‐goat.The paper then discusses the passage and repeal of national Constitutional prohibition. They should be understood in the context of the new economic and political conditions of 20th century America ‐ especially the new power of the corporation, the decline of the old middle class, and the rapid growth of the industrial working class. The middle class supported prohibition as a panacea for many social problems, but the 18th Amendment's passage was achieved partly through the help of the corporate sector. Similarly, the repeal effort was led by the key elements of the corporate rich. Repeal was passed, and alcohol regulatory systems were designed and put into place, in the midst of the Great Depression ‐ in large part as a response to the political forces the Depression unleashed.Since the 1930s, concerns and policies about alcohol have focused on helping to aid the treatment and recovery of ‘alcoholics ‘. The paper traces the development of Alcoholics Anonymous and the spread of its ideas about alcoholism and its organizational forms; it also briefly looks at new public health and social scientific ideas about ‘alcohol problems’ or ‘alcohol abuse’. The paper suggests that both alcoholism and public health conceptions have much more in common with 19th century temperance ideas than is usually thought. Indeed, nearly all present day ideas – like addiction – are derived from temperance ideas. Further, both 19th and 20th century forumulations have a tendency to blame drinking and individual behaviour for many problems which have much broader political and economic causes.
The Illicit Non‐Pharmaceutical Heroin Market and Drug Scene in Kensington Market
Authors: Burr Angela 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA social anthropological study of the Kensington Market ‘drug scene’ is described. The social structure of this heroin black‐market is analysed with consideration of the role played by a small group of Persian dealers and their relationship with the buyers. Public health implications are considered and the relevance of these findings to current estimates of the prevalence of addiction are explored.
Drinking Habits and Alcohol‐Related Beliefs of Australian, Papua New Guinean and American Youth
Authors: Wilks Jeffrey , Callan Victor J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryResults are reported from a cross‐national investigation of the drinking habits and beliefs about alcohol of 793 male and 365 female high school students in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the United States. Only a third of Papua New Guinean males and a tenth of Papua New Guinean females had drunk alcohol. In contrast, almost all Australian and American students had drunk alcohol, with about half the males and Australian females having a drink in the previous week. Across cultures students were against drinking and driving, and the majority agreed that alcohol was detrimental to the healthy development of children and to one's own health.
Pathological Gamblers, Heroin Addicts and Controls Compared on the E.P.Q.‘Addiction Scale’
Authors: Blaszczynski A. P. , Buhrich N. , McConaghy N. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA 32 item Addiction Scale derived from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was administered to 60 pathological gamblers, 25 male and 26 female heroin addicts and 27 male and 25 female controls. The purpose of the study was to replicate Gossop and Eysenck's (1980) finding that the scale differentiated drug addicts from controls and to test the hypothesis that pathological gambling is an addictive disorder and that pathological gamblers would show a profile similar to substance addicts.Gossop and Eysenck's findings were replicated. Results also supported the present hypothesis. Male addicts and gamblers had significantly higher Addiction, Neuroticism and Psychoticism scale scores than controls. Female addicts scored significantly higher on the Addiction and Psychoticism scales than their female counterparts. As items composing the scale load on anxiety and depression it was concluded that any similarities between pathological gamblers and substance addicts may reflect a general factor of affective disturbance.The role of excitement and arousal as the addictive agent in pathological gambling is discussed.
Dependence and Society
Authors: Room Robin 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe connections between sociocultural factors and alcohol dependence may be approached in several ways. Sociocultural factors can be treated as predictors and correlates extrinsic to dependence, viewed as a disease entity. The concept of dependence can be reexamined in terms of its presumed ‘seating’‐ in the individual's psyche or body ‐ and expanded to include the possibility of seating at supraindividual sociocultural levels. And the idea of dependence can be reinterpreted as ‘culture‐bound’, that is, as depending for its existence and meaningfulness on sociocultural characteristics specific to particular times and places. The paper focuses on the latter two approaches, with particular attention to the development of sociological ‘constructionist’ thinking that views the concept and experiential reality of addiction or dependence as a product of particular cultural conditions rather than as a transcultural universal.
Drug Use and Religious Affiliation, Feelings and Behaviour
Authors: Adlaf Edward M. , Smart Reginald G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe present study examined the relationship between religious affiliation, intensity of religious feelings, frequency of church attendance on the one hand, and on the other, drug use among a sample of adolescent students (N =2,066). Six drug‐use measures were employed: alcohol use; cannabis use; non‐medical and medical drug use; hallucinogenic use; and polydrug use. The findings indicate that, religious‐affiliation of students was insignificantly related to drug use. The only exception to this rule was for alcohol use, in which case non‐affiliated students used less frequently than did Protestant or Roman Catholic students. Church attendance exhibited a stronger negatives effect on drug use than did religiosity; however, the effect of the latter had greater impact among females than among males. Overall, the impact of both variables increased as the drug examined moved towards the upper end of the licit‐illict drug continuum. Finally, many of the results varied according to students' gender and age.
The Relationship Between Induced Behavioural Aggression and Mood after the Consumption of Two Doses of Alcohol
Authors: BOND ALYSON , LADER MALCOLM 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlcohol in two doses (0.75 g/kg and 0.25 g/kg) and a placebo were administered to three matched groups of subjects. A range of measures including self‐ratings, body sway and breath alcohol concentration was taken before and at 30‐min intervals up to 2 h after intake. At I k after the drink the subjects performed a competitive reaction time task which elicits hostility that can be measured behaviourally and on self‐ratings. It was found that subjects on alcohol responded more aggressively but rated themselves as less angry compared to subjects on placebo. Alcohol had positive dose‐related mood effects. Body sway and bodily symptoms were increased by the high dose and decreased by the low dose.
Emergence of a Day‐Care Centre for Alcoholics in India–its referral system and public response
Authors: CHERIAN R. R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe stigma of alcoholism has a long history in India. When Mr Ranganathan died an alcoholic at the age of 33, everyone condemned his affluence and parental upbringing. No one seemed to have understood the illness called ‘Alcoholism’. At that time in 1979, there were no specialized institutions in India to treat alcoholics. Mr Ranganathan's family took the initiative in establishing a day‐care centre for alcoholics in 1980 in the belief that alcoholism is a treatable disease. A dedicated team of psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, social workers and a recovered alcoholic work for the centre. The foundation offers a three‐phase programme, namely, detoxification, an intensive out‐patient programme for 21 days, after‐care and Alcoholics Anonymous. 465 cases were registered from 1981 to February 1984. Only five patients were female. The foundation also offers various programmes to educate the public. The good public response and the positive results of treatment justify the emergence of this centre in India.
The Alcohol Dependence Syndrome: a concept as stimulus to enquiry★
Authors: EDWARDS GRIFFITH 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA ‘provisional description’ of the alcohol dependence syndrome was first given in 1976. An outline is provided of the historical background to the syndrome formulation. Ideas emanating from the Maudsley campus were important but so was the international input from a WHO Scientific Group. Since its original delineation the syndrome idea has attracted discussion and has become a focus for research. Studies which bear on the measurement and validity of the syndrome concept are summarized and criteria for the establishment of validity discussed. Understanding of the nature of this condition is still incomplete but research has now reached a stage where it is legitimate to go beyond the question as to whether a dimensional syndrome exists, to an exploration of theoretical questions relating to its scientific basis. Further elucidation will require contributions from many different disciplines. The syndrome can offer part of the explanation of why some people continue to drink too much in the face of negative consequences but measurement and conceptualization of this one dimension should help toward the design of more powerful, multidimensional and interactive models. A plea is made for a spirit of openess and interdisciplinary enquiry rather than perseveration with the unproductive rhetoric of the ‘disease’ debate.
A Difficult Business: detecting and managing alcohol problems in general practice
Authors: THOM BETSY , TÉLLEZ CARLOS 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe appeal to general practitioners in the U.K. to take a more active role in the detection and management of alcohol problems has fallen largely on deaf ears. Yet the reasons general practitioners give for their reluctance to become more deeply involved in this area are often dismissed as mere ‘rationalizations’. This paper reports general practitioners’ perceptions of their experiences of diagnosing alcohol problems; their difficulties in offering the diagnosis to patients and the strategies they employ in attempting to do so; their attempts to offer help within general practice and their use of hospital services. The data are drawn from 33 interviews with general practitioners using an ‘open discussion’ technique. Some suggestions are made on ways of supporting the medical response to alcohol problems but it is argued that, in the long run, medical intervention is influenced by extraneous political and social factors and that changes are needed in public opinion about the use of alcohol.
The Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption, Alcohol Intoxication and Negative Consequences of Drinking in Four Scandinavian Countries★
Authors: HAUGE RAGNAR , IRGENS‐JENSEN OLAV 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn February 1979 identical questionnaires were mailed w representative samples totalling 3000 persons between 20 and 69 years of age in the populations of each of four Scandinavian countries, (Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden), in order to study‐among other things‐the relationship between alcohol consumption, alcohol intoxication and negative consequences of drinking in various cultural settings.The results indicate that it is not possible on the basis of the total consumption of a country to make a reliable prediction of the negative consequences of alcohol consumption that the study considers. In a country with a high total consumption, the scale of negative consequences could be much lower than in a country with a lota total consumption.However, the likelihood of having experienced the types of negative consequences inquired about in the questionnaire was approximately the same in all four countries, when intoxication frequency was maintained at a constant level. The national differences in the experience of negative consequences therefore mainly seems to correlate with differences between the countries in intoxication frequency.
Opioid Use and Burglary
Authors: MOTT JOY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn order to investigate the extent of the involvement of opioid users in residential burglary offences estimates were made of the proportions of persons who were notified addicts amongst all those prosecuted in 1983 and convicted of the offence by courts in four London and two Merseyside Petty Sessional Divisions (PSDs). The proportions ranged from 1% to 15% in the Merseyside PSDs and from 3% to 11% in the London PSDs. The factors likely to account for these variations, including differences in police clear‐up rates for the offence, are discussed. It is concluded that the presence of relatively large numbers of young male opioid users in a local population may well contribute to increases in the number of residential burglary offences in the area.
Why Drug Users Sought Help From One London Drug Clinic
Authors: SHEEHAN MARGARET , OPPENHEIMER EDNA , TAYLOR COLIN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis report seeks to explore the issue of help seeking of ‘new to treatment’ drug users at one London Drug Dependency Clinic. The focus is on the drug users' reasons for seeking help and for choice of service or agency. One of the most striking findings was that subjects perceived themselves as having little or no choice of agency and most knew very little about the way it operated. They came for help because of their addiction to drugs or for emotional reasons and not because they were unable to get drugs.