bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EARLY ARAB WATER TECHNOLOGY IN SOUTHERN SPAIN
Authors: Headworth H. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes many of the ways by which the Arabs in southern Spain, during their eight hundred years occupation. raised, stored and distributed water without pumps, reservoirs or pipelines. The technology which they used in their water mills was simple but ingenious and differed from that evolving in Britain at that time. Using contourhugging open channels, the Arabs transferred snowmelt from the sierra over long distances, to recharge the ground above the mountainside villages and sustain the spring flows to their fountains through the year.
BRIGHTON MARINA TO OVINGDEAN GAP COAST‐PROTECTION SCHEME
Authors: Winfield P. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the background to, and the development of, the coastal‐management strategy since the mid‐1980s for the coastal frontage between Brighton Marina and Saltdean. The justification methodology had to develop with the changes in Government policy for coastal‐defence projects. In 1996, the Department for Environment. Food and Rural Affairs required the strategy to be reviewed, ten years after its initial acceptance. Construction work on the third and final scheme commenced in January 2003.
SLUDGE PHYTO‐CONDITIONING: LOW‐TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED TREATMENT
Authors: Taylor T. L. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAgricultural recycling of biosolids is coming under increasing regulatory and non‐regulatory pressure. The UK Government and the European Commission are introducing new microbiological standards for (a) sludge, (b) expanded nitrate vulnerable zones, and (c) more stringent maximum potentially toxic element concentrations in soils. Public perception continues to play an important and unpredictable role in the acceptability of biosolids agricultural recycling. Sludge phyto‐conditioning is a low‐technology process, growing grass on sewage sludge to produce a pleasant/low‐odour compost‐like material and reducing bacterial indicators to below detectable levels, whilst retaining the beneficial energy‐recovery aspects of anaerobic digestion.This paper describes the process stream and discusses the benefits for the operator, including treatment to ‘enhanced’status and reduction in volume. The process is batch in nature and results in a high‐quality soil conditioner.
ADDRESSING SUSTAINABILITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT DURING EMERGENCY DROUGHT RELIEF IN MOYALE, NORTH KENYA
Authors: Trigg M. , Gibson J. , Rowney M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the period 1999–2000, North Kenya experienced extended drought, which resulted in severe pressure on available water resources and increased mortality of livestock. In response, Action Against Hunger (an international relief agency with project‐specific funding from the EC Humanitarian Aid Office) implemented an emergency water‐resource programme in the Moyale District. This paper examines some of the sustainability issues relating to such implementations and their impact upon the fragile semi‐arid pastoral environment of the region. Specific aspects are drawn from the Moyale programme to illustrate what is often a complex situation. The challenge is how to strike the balance between the short‐term needs of an emergency response and the long‐term aims of sustainable development and use of resources.
POLLUTER PAYS THROUGH LOAD‐BASED LICENSING: THE IMPACT FOR A COASTAL SEWAGE‐TREATMENT WORKS
Authors: Raha D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTImplementation of the ‘polluter pays’principle through load‐based licensing encourages the prevention and reduction of pollution through the financial incentive of lower pollutant fees. It encourages fairness and equity in environmental‐protection licence fees among industries, based upon their individual environmental performance in reducing and managing pollution and risks and endeavours, to shift (internalise) external pollution costs from society to the polluter. It takes account of (a) pollutant load, (b) toxicity and (c) sensitivity of the receiving environment to which pollutants are released. This study shows that a coastal sewage‐treatment works of 34 Ml/d average capacity will be better off every subsequent year with the implementation of load‐based licensing ‐ at least for the period 2000–2005.
SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DRYING REED BED SYSTEMS IN DENMARK
Authors: Nielsen Steen , Willoughby Neil 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSludge Reed beds have been used for dewatering (draining and evapotranspiration) and mineralisation of sludge in Denmark since 1988 when the first sludge processing system was introduced. Sludge from wastewater treatment plants (2,500‐125,000 pe) is treated in sludge reed bed systems with 1–18 basins with loading rates of 25–2,200 tonnes dry solids/year for ten years. In 2002, approximately 95 systems were in operation. Dimensioning and design of reed bed systems depends on the sludge production rate, sludge type, quality and regional climate.The maximum sludge loading rate is approximately 50–60 kg DS/m2/year. Loading cycles are related to the sludge type and the age of the sludge reed systems. The sludge residue will, after approximately ten years of operation, reach an approximate height of 1.2–1.5 metres with dry solids content of 30–40%. Experience has shown that the quality of the final product with respect to heavy metals, hazardous organic compounds and pathogen removal after ten years of treatment make it possible to recycle the biosolids to agriculture as an enhanced treated product.
DOMESTIC CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS OF THE LEGITIMACY OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF THE RIVER NENE CATCHMENT, UK.
Authors: Gearey M. , Jeffrey P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTArticle 14 of the Water Framework Directive requires member states to demonstrate that they are enabling increased public participation in water governance issues at the river basin level. Yet little research has been conducted to understand in what regard water governance bodies are held by the public. In particular, few studies have concentrated on which water resource management issues concern consumers at the catchment and sub‐catchment scale within England and Wales. A household study was conducted in 2003 along the River Nene catchment in the east of England to understand in more detail the range of these consumer perceptions and attitudes at different spatial scales, focusing on water resource management issues such as flooding, sector performance and policy making. The results of the survey demonstrate that formulating policy at the catchment scale does not always capture the diversity of opinion or the range of legitimacy issues which concern consumers at the sub‐catchment level. The paper concludes that public participation initiatives may be improved by paying closer attention to the various legitimacy concerns at the catchment and sub‐catchment scales.
WATER RE‐USE ‐ CAPTURING A WASTE RESOURCE
Authors: Murrer J. , Macbeth I. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe east and south‐east of England has the lowest rainfall in the UK, water resources are limited and under pressure through increased demand and population growth. In the late 1990’s AW Innovation (the AW R&D group) developed a process that could produce high purity water from sewage effluent using membrane technology. In late 1999 Texas Utilities (TXU) signed a contract with Alpheus Environmental for the supply of high purity water for Peterborough Power Station. The novel treatment plant was built in 1999 ‐ 2000 and opened in July 2000 by the Mayor of Peterborough. This paper is a review of the plant design, the technology used for the treatment process and a summary of the first four years of operation.Changing from potable water to high purity water produced from sewage effluent has brought significant benefits for the power station resulting in higher purity steam generation while reducing chemical, power and effluent discharge costs. In addition Anglian Water is now saving 1,000 m3/day of potable water.
MEASURING FLOW THROUGH SMALL WASTEWATER TREATMENT WORKS USING MODIFIED DOSING SYPHONS
Authors: Howes T , Talt S J , Saul A J , Skipwoth P J , Fearnside D 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Environment Agency have proposed that daily flow volume discharged from small wastewater treatment works should be capable of being measured to an accuracy of ±8%, where the daily totalised flow volume is estimated to be greater than 5m3. It is estimated that every water company in the UK has several hundred small wastewater treatment works that will be required to be equipped with the capability of measuring the released daily totalised flow volume for specified periods. This paper investigates the feasibility of modifying existing dosing syphons, which are present within many of these works, to operate as flow measuring devices. Laboratory testing of a full‐scale syphon demonstrated that by the addition of two water level detectors and a data logger to monitor the filling part of the syphon cycle, it is possible to accurately calculate the daily totalised flow volume within the Environment Agency’s proposed performance criteria.
GULLANE OUTFALLS, SCOTLAND
Authors: Little M. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes design and construction of two new sea outfalls discharging from Gullane Waste Water Treatment Works (WwTW) to Aberlady Bay, on the south side of the Forth estuary (Firth of Forth), 25km east of Edinburgh, Scotland. The outfalls were installed by float and lower, using the Flow‐Lay® technique, believed to be a first for steel pipes. The paper also describes air transport, beach movement and soil liquefaction and their effect on pipe stability, material and profile.
Persistence of West Nile Virus-Specific Antibodies in Viremic Blood Donors
Authors: Prince Harry E. , Tobler Leslie H. , Yeh Cindy , Gefter Nelly , Custer Brian , Busch Michael P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

We evaluated West Nile virus (WNV) antibody persistence by using follow-up plasma samples from 35 blood donors who made viremic donations in 2005. At 26 to 34 days of follow-up, all of the donors (
n
= 33) were positive for WNV immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG. At 1-year of follow-up, 17% of the donors (
n
= 23) were positive for WNV IgM, 57% were positive for WNV IgA, and 100% were positive for WNV IgG.
Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of Mumps Virus RNA in Clinical Specimens
Authors: Boddicker Jennifer D. , Rota Paul A. , Kreman Trisha , Wangeman Andrea , Lowe Louis , Hummel Kimberly B. , Thompson Robert , Bellini William J. , Pentella Michael , DesJardin Lucy E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

The mumps virus is a negative-strand RNA virus in the family
Paramyxoviridae
. Mumps infection results in an acute illness with symptoms including fever, headache, and myalgia, followed by swelling of the salivary glands. Complications of mumps can include meningitis, deafness, pancreatitis, orchitis, and first-trimester abortion. Laboratory confirmation of mumps infection can be made by the detection of immunoglobulin M-specific antibodies to mumps virus in acute-phase serum samples, the isolation of mumps virus in cell culture, or by detection of the RNA of the mumps virus by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. We developed and validated a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid mumps diagnosis in a clinical setting. This assay used oligonucleotide primers and a TaqMan probe targeting the mumps SH gene, as well as primers and a probe that targeted the human RNase P gene to assess the presence of PCR inhibitors and as a measure of specimen quality. The test was specific, since it did not amplify a product from near-neighbor viruses, as well as sensitive and accurate. Real-time RT-PCR results showed 100% correlation with results from viral culture, the gold standard for mumps diagnostic testing. Assay efficiency was over 90% and displayed good precision after performing inter- and intraassay replicates. Thus, we have developed and validated a molecular method for rapidly diagnosing mumps infection that may be used to complement existing techniques.
Testing of Diagnostic Methods for Detection of Influenza Virus for Optimal Performance in the Context of an Influenza Surveillance Network
Authors: Pérez-Ruiz Mercedes , Yeste Ruth , Ruiz-Pérez María-José , Ruiz-Bravo Alfonso , de la Rosa-Fraile Manuel , Navarro-Marí José María 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
Influenza surveillance networks must detect early the viruses that will cause the forthcoming annual epidemics and isolate the strains for further characterization. We obtained the highest sensitivity (95.4%) with a diagnostic tool that combined a shell-vial assay and reverse transcription-PCR on cell culture supernatants at 48 h, and indeed, recovered the strain.
Sequence Variation in the Outer Membrane Protein-Encoding Gene
cmeC
, Conferring Multidrug Resistance among
Campylobacter jejuni
and
Campylobacter coli
Strains Isolated from Different Hosts
Authors: Fakhr Mohamed K. , Logue Catherine M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

A novel PCR primer pair was used to detect the presence of
cmeC
in 131
Campylobacter jejuni
and
C. coli
strains isolated from various hosts (cattle, turkeys, humans, and pigs). DNA sequence analysis revealed a high degree of genetic variation between the two species, while extremely limited genetic variation among isolates of the same species was detected.
A Recombinant Sendai Virus Is Controlled by CD4+Effector T Cells Responding to a Secreted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein
Authors: Brown Scott A. , Hurwitz Julia L. , Zirkel Amy , Surman Sherri , Takimoto Toru , Alymova Irina , Coleclough Chris , Portner Allen , Doherty Peter C. , Slobod Karen S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe importance of antigen-specific CD4+helper T cells in virus infections is well recognized, but their possible role as direct mediators of virus clearance is less well characterized. Here we describe a recombinant Sendai virus strategy for probing the effector role(s) of CD4+T cells. Mice were vaccinated with DNA and vaccinia virus recombinant vectors encoding a secreted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein and then challenged with a Sendai virus carrying a homologous HIV-1 envelope gene. The primed mice showed (i) prompt homing of numerous envelope-primed CD4+T cell populations to the virus-infected lung, (ii) substantial production of gamma interferon, and interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, and IL-5 in that site, and (iii) significantly reduced pulmonary viral load. The challenge experiments were repeated with immunoglobulin−/−μMT mice in the presence or absence of CD8+and/or CD4+T cells. These selectively immunodeficient mice were protected by primed CD4+T cells in the absence of antibody or CD8+T cells. Together, these results highlight the role of CD4+T cells as direct effectors in vivo and, because this protocol gives such a potent response, identify an outstanding experimental model for further dissecting CD4+T-cell-mediated immunity in the lung.
An Immunogenic and Protective Alphavirus Replicon Particle-Based Dengue Vaccine Overcomes Maternal Antibody Interference in Weanling Mice
Authors: White Laura J. , Parsons Melissa M. , Whitmore Alan C. , Williams Brandon M. , de Silva Aravinda , Johnston Robert E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
A candidate pediatric dengue virus (DENV) vaccine based on nonpropagating Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (VRP) was tested for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in weanling mice in the presence and absence of potentially interfering maternal antibodies. A gene cassette encoding envelope proteins prM and E from mouse-adapted DENV type 2 (DENV2) strain NGC was cloned into a VEE replicon vector and packaged into VRP, which programmed proper in vitro expression and processing of DENV2 envelope proteins upon infection of Vero cells. Primary immunization of 3-week-old weanling BALB/c mice in the footpad with DENV2 VRP resulted in high levels of DENV-specific serum immunoglobulin G antibodies and significant titers of neutralizing antibodies in all vaccinates. A booster immunization 12 weeks after the prime immunization resulted in increased neutralizing antibodies that were sustained for at least 30 weeks. Immunization at a range of doses of DENV2 VRP protected mice from an otherwise-lethal intracranial DENV2 challenge. To model vaccination in the presence of maternal antibodies, weanling pups born to DENV2-immune or DENV2-naïve dams were immunized with either DENV2 VRP or live DENV2 given peripherally. The DENV2 VRP vaccine induced neutralizing-antibody responses in young mice regardless of the maternal immune status. In contrast, live-DENV2 vaccination performed poorly in the presence of preexisting anti-DENV2 antibodies. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a VRP vaccine approach as an early-life DENV vaccine in populations with high levels of circulating DENV antibodies and suggests the utility of VRP-based vaccines in other instances where maternal antibodies make early vaccination problematic.
Association of the Astrovirus Structural Protein VP90 with Membranes Plays a Role in Virus Morphogenesis
Authors: Méndez Ernesto , Aguirre-Crespo Gabriela , Zavala Guadalupe , Arias Carlos F. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

VP90, the capsid polyprotein precursor of human astrovirus Yuc8, is assembled into viral particles, and its processing at the carboxy terminus by cellular caspases, to yield VP70, has been correlated with the cell release of the virus. Here, we characterized the effect of the VP90-VP70 processing on the properties of these proteins, as well as on their intracellular distribution. VP90 was found in membrane-enriched fractions (
m
VP90), as well as in fractions enriched in cytosolic proteins (
c
VP90), while VP70 was found exclusively in the latter fractions. Upon trypsin activation, infectivity was detected in all VP90-containing fractions, confirming that both
m
VP90 and
c
VP90 are able to assemble into particles; however, the two forms of VP90 showed differential sensitivities to trypsin, especially at their carboxy termini, which in the case of
m
VP90 was shown to remain membrane associated after protease digestion. Structural protein oligomers were detected in purified VP70-containing viruses, as well as in membrane-enriched fractions, but they were less evident in cytosolic fractions. Ultrastructural studies of infected cells revealed different types of viral particles, some of which appeared to be associated with membranes. By immunoelectron microscopy, structural proteins were shown to form virus particles in clusters and to associate with the edges of vesicles induced during infection, which also appear to contain subviral particles inside. Nonstructural proteins and viral RNA colocalized with
m
VP90, but not with
c
VP90, suggesting that
m
VP90 might represent the form of the protein that is initially assembled into particles, at the sites where the virus genome is being replicated.
Evidence for Involvement of BH3-Only Proapoptotic Members in Adenovirus-Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Subramanian T. , Vijayalingam S. , Lomonosova Elena , Zhao Ling-jun , Chinnadurai G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Mammalian cells infected with human adenoviruses (Ads) undergo an apoptotic response as a result of expression of the viral E1A proteins, and this process is suppressed by the viral E1B-19K protein. The intermediary steps in the Ad-induced apoptosis pathway are not fully resolved. The apical step in the canonical mammalian apoptosis pathway involves functional activation of one or more of the BH3-only BCL-2 family proapoptotic proteins. Previous reports have suggested that Ad-induced apoptosis may be initiated at checkpoints downstream of the BH3-only proteins. Here, we undertook genetic and biochemical studies to determine the roles of BH3-only proteins in Ad-induced apoptosis. We examined the activities of the cellular antiapoptosis protein BCL-xL and its mutants expressed from the E1B region of the Ad5 genome. Our results showed efficient suppression of Ad-induced apoptosis by a BCL-xL mutant (mt1) deficient in interaction with multidomain proapoptotic proteins BAX and BAK but proficient in interaction with BH3-only proteins, suggesting a role for BH3-only proteins in the initiation of Ad-induced apoptosis. Further, the antiapoptotic activity of BCL-xL mt1 in Ad-infected cells was observed in spite of BAK activation as a consequence of MCL-1 degradation. Analysis of the mRNA levels of various BH3-only members by reverse transcription-PCR revealed prominent activation of the
Bik
gene. Further, the BIK protein was also modified into an apoptotically enhanced phosphorylated form during the viral infection. In addition to BIK, enhanced level of BIM was observed in Ad-infected cells. Between the two major E1A proteins coded by the 12S and 13S mRNAs, the 13S product appeared to contribute to the activation of these BH3-only members and apoptosis during viral infection. Depletion of BIK by the use of small interfering RNA reduced the level of Ad-induced apoptosis. Our results are consistent with a model that activation of the BH3-only members may initiate Ad-induced apoptosis.
Vpr Is Required for Efficient Nef Expression from Unintegrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA
Authors: Poon Betty , Chang Michael A. , Chen Irvin S. Y. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Unintegrated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA are viral DNA products formed naturally during HIV replication. While the integrated proviral DNA form is transcriptionally active and results in productive infection, unintegrated DNA is also capable of expression of viral RNA and proteins. Previously, we showed that HIV Vpr enhances expression from integrase-defective HIV. Here we show that Vpr activation of expression is partially dependent upon the presence of a transcriptionally active HIV promoter and results in increased transcription of unspliced
gag
and spliced
nef
viral RNA. While Tat is detectable during infection with integrase-defective HIV, Tat levels are not affected by the presence of Vpr. Mutation studies reveal that Tat is dispensable for the Vpr-mediated enhancement of expression from unintegrated DNA. We find that virion-associated Vpr is sufficient for Nef expression from unintegrated viral DNA, resulting in the efficient downregulation of CD4 from the surface of infected cells. These results provide a mechanism by which Nef expression from unintegrated HIV type 1 DNA expression occurs.
Glycoprotein D-Independent Spread of Pseudorabies Virus Infection in Cultured Peripheral Nervous System Neurons in a Compartmented System
Authors: Ch'ng T. H. , Spear P. G. , Struyf F. , Enquist L. W. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
The molecular mechanisms underlying the directional neuron-to-epithelial cell transport of herpesvirus particles during infection are poorly understood. To study the role of the viral glycoprotein D (gD) in the directional spread of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection, a culture system consisting of sympathetic neurons or epithelial cells in different compartments was employed. We discovered that PRV infection could spread efficiently from neurons to cells and back to neurons in the absence of gD, the viral ligand required for entry of extracellular particles. Unexpectedly, PRV infection can also spread transneuronally via axo-axonal contacts. We show that this form of interaxonal spread between neurons is gD independent and is not mediated by extracellular virions. We also found that unlike PRV gD, HSV-1 gD is required for neuron-to-cell spread of infection. Neither of the host cell gD receptors (HVEM and nectin-1) is required in target primary fibroblasts for neuron-to-cell spread of HSV-1 or PRV infection.