bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
T-Cell Immunity to the Folate Receptor Alpha Is Prevalent in Women With Breast or Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Knutson Keith L. , Krco Christopher J. , Erskine Courtney L. , Goodman Karin , Kelemen Linda E. , Wettstein Peter J. , Low Philip S. , Hartmann Lynn C. , Kalli Kimberly R. 
Published: August 2006

PurposeStudies have demonstrated that the generation of immunity to tumor antigens is associated with improved prognosis for many cancers. A candidate antigen is the folate receptor alpha (FRα), which is overexpressed in breast and ovarian cancers. Our goal in this study was to attain a better understanding of the extent of endogenous FRα immunity.MethodsUsing a CD4+T cell epitope prediction algorithm, we predicted promiscuous epitopes of FRα, and tested for immunity in 30 breast (n = 17) or ovarian (n = 13) cancer patients and 18 healthy donors using enzyme-linked immunospot analysis.ResultsFourteen peptides were predicted, seven each from the carboxy- and amino-terminus halves of the protein. More than 70% of patients demonstrated immunity to at least one FRα peptide. Patients responded to an average of 3 ± 0.5 peptides, whereas healthy donors responded to 1 ± 0.4 peptides (P = .004). Five peptides were recognized by more than 25% of patients. Responses to three peptides were higher (P < .05) in patients than in healthy donors, suggesting augmented immunity. Compared with healthy individuals, patients developed higher immunity to the amino-terminus half of the receptor (P = .03). There was no difference between each group in the responses to nonspecific (P = .2) and viral stimuli (P = .5). Lastly, patients demonstrated elevated levels of FRα antibodies consistent with a coordinated immune response.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that the FRα is a target of the immune system in breast and ovarian cancer patients. Understanding which antigens are targeted by the immune system may be important for prognosis or immune-based therapies.
Somatic Activation of KIT in Distinct Subtypes of Melanoma
Authors: Curtin John A. , Busam Klaus , Pinkel Daniel , Bastian Boris C. 
Published: August 2006

Purpose Melanomas on mucosal membranes, acral skin (soles, palms, and nail bed), and skin with chronic sun-induced damage have infrequent mutations in BRAF and NRAS, genes within the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway commonly mutated in melanomas on intermittently sun-exposed skin. This raises the question of whether other aberrations are occurring in the MAP kinase cascade in the melanoma types with infrequent mutations of BRAF and NRAS. Patients and Methods We analyzed array comparative genomic hybridization data from 102 primary melanomas (38 from mucosa, 28 from acral skin, and 18 from skin with and 18 from skin without chronic sun-induced damage) for DNA copy number aberrations specific to melanoma subtypes where mutations in BRAF and NRAS are infrequent. A narrow amplification on 4q12 was found, and candidate genes within it were analyzed. Results Oncogenic mutations in KIT were found in three of seven tumors with amplifications. Examination of all 102 primary melanomas found mutations and/or copy number increases of KIT in 39% of mucosal, 36% of acral, and 28% of melanomas on chronically sun-damaged skin, but not in any (0%) melanomas on skin without chronic sun damage. Seventy-nine percent of tumors with mutations and 53% of tumors with multiple copies of KIT demonstrated increased KIT protein levels. Conclusion KIT is an important oncogene in melanoma. Because the majority of the KIT mutations we found in melanoma also occur in imatinib-responsive cancers of other types, imatinib may offer an immediate therapeutic benefit for a significant proportion of the global melanoma burden.
Early Manifestation of Type 1 Diabetes in Children Is a Risk Factor for Changed Bone Geometry: Data Using Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography
Authors: Bechtold Susanne , Dirlenbach Isa , Raile Klemens , Noelle Vera , Bonfig Walter , Schwarz Hans Peter 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. Normal to severely decreased bone mineral density has been reported in children with type 1 diabetes. To detect possible abnormalities in bone mineralization, geometry, and muscle bone unit, we measured selective parameters in children with type 1 diabetes using peripheral quantitative computed tomography.
METHODS. Measurements of the radius by peripheral quantitative computed tomography were made to assess cortical and trabecular bone characteristics as well as muscle mass in 88 patients (42 girls, 46 boys) at a mean age of 11.7 ± 3.0 years, a mean disease duration of 5.6 ± 3.7 years, and a mean manifestation age of type 1 diabetes of 6.1 ± 3.5 years. Height, weight, Tanner stage, insulin regimen, and glycosylated hemoglobin values were recorded. Bone metabolism was studied by measurement of bone formation and bone resorption parameters. Dynamic muscle force was measured using a grip strength device.
RESULTS. Overall, cortical, trabecular, and total bone mineral density were within the reference range. Total and cortical bone cross-sectional area and muscle mass were low in prepubertal patients, and total cross-sectional area was low in early puberty. Adolescent patients showed normal bone and muscle parameters. Grip strength and recreational physical activity were normal in all in relation to a healthy reference population. In a subgroup of 18 patients, early manifestation of type 1 diabetes was detected as a risk factor for altered bone development with significantly reduced cortical bone mineral density and total, cortical, and muscle cross-sectional area (−0.9 ± 1.3 SD, −2.1 ± 1.3 SD, −1.6 ± 0.7 SD, and −1.0 ± 0.7 SD, respectively). Bone characteristics were not influenced by metabolic control, disease duration, or insulin regimen.
CONCLUSIONS. Manifestation of type 1 diabetes at an early age may impair bone development. Longitudinal data are needed to determine whether this impairment persists into adolescence and adulthood.
Efficacy of training in theriogenology as determined by a survey of veterinarians
Authors: Root Kustritz Margaret V. , Chenoweth Peter J. , Tibary Ahmed 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether veterinarians perceive that theriogenology training at veterinary medical schools in North America and the Caribbean is adequate for achievement of theriogenology skills commonly used in private practice.
Procedures—A survey was mailed to members of the veterinary medical associations of Alabama, Kansas, Pennsylvania, and Washington. With regard to reproductive procedures in bovine, equine, porcine, small ruminant, camelid, and small animal species, veterinarians (predominantly practitioners) were asked to rate the importance of that procedure in their job and to assess their own degree of competency in that procedure at the time of their graduation from veterinary school.
Results—Procedures considered most valuable in practice were those that represent basic theriogenology education and training, such as transrectal palpation of cows and mares and interpretation of vaginal cytologic specimens in bitches. Dystocia management was a high priority in all species. Correlations between rankings for value in practice and competency at graduation were good, varying from 0.75 in cattle and 0.78 in horses to 0.98 in dogs and 1.0 in cats, small ruminants, and pigs.
Conclusions—Analysis of these data suggests that appropriate theriogenology procedures are being taught in veterinary medical schools but perhaps not to the extent required to achieve adequate competency immediately at graduation. Issues requiring further investigation include the effect of tracking in the veterinary curriculum on theriogenology training, methods by which more students could receive greater practical exposure during theriogenology training, and the apparent relative lack of theriogenology training (including contraception) in small animals and exotic animals.
Intramuscular administration of a low dose of ACTH for ACTH stimulation testing in dogs
Authors: Behrend Ellen N. , Kemppainen Robert J. , Bruyette David S. , Busch Katherine A. , Lee Hollie P. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare adrenal gland stimulation achieved following administration of cosyntropin (5 μg/kg [2.3 μg/lb]) IM versus IV in healthy dogs and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism.
Design—Clinical trial.
Animals—9 healthy dogs and 9 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism.
Procedures—In both groups, ACTH stimulation was performed twice. Healthy dogs were randomly assigned to receive cosyntropin IM or IV first, but all dogs with hyperadrenocorticism received cosyntropin IV first. In healthy dogs, serum cortisol concentration was measured before (baseline) and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after cosyntropin administration. In dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, serum cortisol concentration was measured before and 60 minutes after cosyntropin administration.
Results—In the healthy dogs, serum cortisol concentration increased significantly after administration of cosyntropin, regardless of route of administration, and serum cortisol concentrations after IM administration were not significantly different from concentrations after IV administration. For both routes of administration, serum cortisol concentration peaked 60 or 90 minutes after cosyntropin administration. In dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, serum cortisol concentration was significantly increased 60 minutes after cosyntropin administration, compared with baseline concentration, and concentrations after IM administration were not significantly different from concentrations after IV administration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that in healthy dogs and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, administration of cosyntropin at a dose of 5 μg/kg, IV or IM, resulted in equivalent adrenal gland stimulation.
Evaluation of ilial screw loosening after triple pelvic osteotomy in dogs: 227 cases (1991–1999)
Authors: Doornink Michael T. , Nieves Mary A. , Evans Richard 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Objective—To investigate factors influencing screw loosening after triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) and ischial wire stabilization of the acetabular segment.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—227 dogs with congenital hip dysplasia or subluxated hip joints.
Procedures—Medical records and radiographs of 227 dogs that underwent 332 TPO procedures were evaluated, and data pertaining to screw type, plate position, sacral screw engagement, use of ischial interfragmentary wires, and pelvic alignment were assessed for associations with screw loosening.
Results—Complications developed in 96 of the 332 (29%) procedures. Cancellous screws without sacral engagement were associated with the lowest frequency (6%) of loosening, compared with cancellous and cortical screws engaging the sacrum and cortical screws that did not engage the sacrum. Frequency of screw loosening increased when cortical or cancellous screws engaged the sacrum and when cortical screws were used. In dogs that had surgery bilaterally, the first limb on which TPO was performed had a higher frequency of screw loosening than the second limb. Pelvic alignment loss was greatest (5.4°) when the 3 most cranial screws were loosened. Loss of pelvic alignment was significantly different between dogs that underwent surgery and had complications and those that underwent surgery and did not have complications in association with loosening of 1, 2, and 3 screws.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—TPO screw loosening was multifactorial and related to stability of the affected ilium, screw type, and screw position. Placing cancellous screws that do not engage the sacrum in pelvic osteotomy plate positions 1 through 3 may decrease the number of screws that loosen.
Efficacy of tulathromycin for treatment of cattle with acute ocular Moraxella bovis infections
Authors: Lane V. Michael , George Lisle W. , Cleaver Dawn M. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a single injection of tulathromycin, compared with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution-treated control calves, for treatment of induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in calves.
Design—Clinical trial.
Animals—30 Holstein bull calves ranging from 5 to 6 months old and 75 to 200 kg (165 to 440 lb) with no history of Moraxella bovis infections, no history of M bovis vaccination, and negative results for M bovis on 3 consecutive ocular bacterial cultures.
Procedures—Both eyes of each calf were infected with 1 X 1010 colony-forming units of piliated M bovis for 3 consecutive days prior to the trial. On day 0, ocular lesion scores were determined for each calf and the calves were weighed and assigned to a treatment (2.5 mg/kg [1.14 mg/lb] of body weight, SC) or control group according to a stratified random allocation based on weight and lesion score. Eyes were stained with fluorescein and photographed daily to record healing. Eyes were evaluated bacteriologically for M bovis on days 0 to 6 and at 3-day intervals thereafter.
Results—Median time to ulcer resolution in calves treated with tulathromycin was 9.1 days. More than 50% of control calves still had ulcers at the end of the trial (21 days). Moraxella sp was isolated less often from the eyes of treated calves than from the control calves. By day 10, the treated calves had lower ocular lesion scores than control calves.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A single dose of tulathromycin (SC) was an effective treatment of calves with experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. The long serum half-life of tulathromycin, along with the results of this trial, suggests that tulathromycin may be a rational choice as a single-injection treatment for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.
Cover Picture: 3D Polymer Microframes That Exploit Length‐Scale‐Dependent Mechanical Behavior (Adv. Mater. 16/2006)
Authors: Jang J.‐H. , Ullal C. K. , Choi T. , Lemieux M. C. , Tsukruk V. V. , Thomas E. L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe cover shows a simulation of a four‐functional microframe network undergoing plastic deformation, illustrating the significant ductility of the connector struts between nodes, as reported for such microframes fabricated by Thomas and co‐workers on p. 2123. The inset shows a scanning electron microscopy image of an SU8 epoxy microframe in a region of the structure with large strain‐to‐break of the component struts.
Inside Front Cover: A Supramolecular Approach to Optically Anisotropic Materials: Photosensitive Ionic Self‐Assembly Complexes (Adv. Mater. 16/2006)
Authors: Zakrevskyy Y. , Stumpe J. , Faul C. F. J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractApplication of the supramolecular synthesis strategy ionic self‐assembly for the facile production of low‐molecular‐weight photosensitive materials is presented on p. 2133 by Stumpe, Faul, and Zakrevskyy. The materials so synthesized possess good film‐forming properties, are capable of undergoing light‐induced generation of optical anisotropy, and possess dichroic ratios of approximately 50.
Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin in cytomegalic neurons of human cortical dysplasia
Authors: Ljungberg M. Cecilia , Bhattacharjee Meenakshi B. , Lu Yaojuan , Armstrong Dawna L. , Yoshor Daniel , Swann John W. , Sheldon Michael , D'Arcangelo Gabriella 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe cortex of patients with cortical dysplasia contains several abnormal cell types. Among the dysplastic cells, cytomegalic neurons are known to be electrically hyperactive and may contribute to epileptic activity. In this study, we sought to identify molecular markers of cytomegalic neurons in focal or hemispheric cortical dysplasia and to determine whether the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is abnormally high in these cells.MethodsMicroarray analysis of gene expression in large dysplastic cells microdissected from cortical dysplasia surgical specimens was used to identify markers of cytomegalic neurons. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis of cortical sections was used to validate the microarray results and to probe the activity of mTOR in cytomegalic neurons using phospho‐specific antibodies directed against known mTOR targets.ResultsWe demonstrate that the neurofilament heavy chain is a reliable marker of cytomegalic neurons and that targets of the mTOR kinase, such as the ribosomal protein S6, eIF4G, and Akt, are hyperphosphorylated in these dysplastic neurons.InterpretationWe conclude that mTOR kinase hyperactivation is a molecular mechanism underlying the development of cytomegalic neurons. This finding may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for childhood epilepsy associated with cortical dysplasia. Ann Neurol 2006
“Durch den Raum” konjugierte Cyclophanpolymere
Authors: Morisaki Yasuhiro , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: August 2006

AbstractKonjugierte Polymere haben einzigartige optische und elektronische Eigenschaften, die zu vielfältigen Anwendungen als optoelektronische Materialien und molekulare Funktionseinheiten geführt haben. Während aber in der Chemie sowohl der Cyclophane als auch der konjugierten Polymere bemerkenswerte Fortschritte zu verzeichnen sind, wurden bislang nur wenige Beispiele für Synthesen von konjugierten Polymeren mit Cyclophaneinheiten in der Hauptkette beschrieben. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst aktuelle Entwicklungen bezüglich Synthesen, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen von “durch den Raum” konjugierten Polymeren auf Cyclophanbasis zusammen.
The use of volunteers for conducting sponge biodiversity assessments and monitoring using a morphological approach on Indo‐Pacific coral reefs
Authors: Bell James J. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Sponges are an important component of coral reef ecosystems, but even though they are widespread with the ability to significantly influence other benthic community members they rarely feature to any great extent in current monitoring or biodiversity assessment programmes conducted by volunteer and professional groups. This exclusion is usually because of the taxonomic problems associated with sponge identification.
A potential alternative to monitoring temporal or spatial change in sponge assemblages and assessing biodiversity levels is to characterize sponges using morphologies present rather than collecting species data. Quantifying sponge biodiversity (for monitoring and biodiversity assessments) at the morphological level is less time and resource consuming than collecting species data and more suited to groups with little training and experience of sponge taxonomy or in regions where detailed taxonomic information on sponges is sparse.
This paper considers whether the same differences and similarities in sponge richness and assemblage composition can be identified using species and morphological data in response to environmental gradients at two coral reef ecosystems in south‐east Sulawesi, Indonesia, and whether volunteers can be used to reliably collect morphological information. Sponge morphologies were classified into 14 groups and different morphological assemblages were found by the author at the two sites and between depth intervals. Comparisons of sponge species and morphological composition data showed that common patterns in assemblage structuring and richness could be identified irrespective of whether morphological or species data were used. In addition, a positive linear relationship was found between sponge species and morphological richness.
The morphological data recorded by volunteer divers (n=10) were compared with that collected by the author. Although volunteers recorded fewer sponges than the author (approximately 15% less), missing mainly small encrusting specimens, similar assemblage structure could be identified from both the volunteers' and the author's data.
The results showed that the same differences in sponge assemblages between sites and depths could be identified from both species and morphological data. In addition, these morphological data could be reliably collected by volunteer divers.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐Assisted Heterogeneous Cross‐Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Nickel‐in‐Charcoal (Ni/C)
Authors: Lipshutz Bruce H. , Frieman Bryan A. , Lee Ching‐Tien , Lower Asher , Nihan Danielle M. , Taft Benjamin R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA study involving the relatively rare combination of heterogeneous catalysis conducted under microwave conditions is presented. Carbon–carbon bond formation, including Negishi and Suzuki couplings, can be quickly effected with aryl chloride partners by using a base metal (nickel) adsorbed in the pores of activated charcoal. Aminations were also studied, along with cross‐couplings of vinyl alanes with benzylic chlorides as a means to stereodefined allylated aromatics. Reaction times for all these processes are typically reduced from several hours to minutes in a microwave reactor.
Determination of the Cryptic Stereochemistry of the First PKS Chain‐Extension Step in Ansamitocin Biosynthesis by Actinosynnema pretiosum
Authors: Kubota Takaaki , Brünjes Marco , Frenzel Thomas , Xu Jun , Kirschning Andreas , Floss Heinz G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic, ansamitocin, involves the assembly of a linear octaketide on the ansamitocin (asm) polyketide synthase (PKS), which is then cyclized to proansamitocin and further modified to the final product. In the first chain‐extension step on the asm PKS, a stereocenter is generated which is then obliterated in a subsequent double‐bond migration. The cryptic configuration at this stereocenter was determined by first synthesizing the two enantiomers of the intermediate diketide as their N‐acetylcysteamine (SNAC) thioesters. These were then used to demonstrate that only the R enantiomer complements a 3‐amino‐5‐hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA) deficient mutant of Actinosynnema pretiosum to restore ansamitocin formation. The low efficiency of complementation by the diketide, compared to AHBA, is due to inefficient loading onto the PKS and not the inhibition of the enzyme. A presumed next chain‐extension intermediate—the triketide with an unrearranged double bond—was also synthesized as its SNAC ester, but did not complement the AHBA− mutant.