bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consistent Viewing and Interaction for Multiple Users in Projection‐Based VR Systems
Authors: De Haan Gerwin , Molenaar René , Koutek Michal , Post Frits H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract In projection‐based Virtual Reality (VR) systems, typically only one headtracked user views stereo images rendered from the correct view position. For other users, who are presented a distorted image, moving with the first user's head motion, it is difficult to correctly view and interact with 3D objects in the virtual environment. In close‐range VR systems, such as the Virtual Workbench, distortion effects are especially large because objects are within close range and users are relatively far apart. On these systems, multi‐user collaboration proves to be difficult. In this paper, we analyze the problem and describe a novel, easy to implement method to prevent and reduce image distortion and its negative effects on close‐range interaction task performance. First, our method combines a shared camera model and view distortion compensation. It minimizes the overall distortion for each user, while important user‐personal objects such as interaction cursors, rays and controls remain distortion‐free. Second, our method retains co‐location for interaction techniques to make interaction more consistent. We performed a user experiment on our Virtual Workbench to analyze user performance under distorted view conditions with and without the use of our method. Our findings demonstrate the negative impact of view distortion on task performance and the positive effect our method introduces. This indicates that our method can enhance the multi‐user collaboration experience on close‐range, projection‐based VR systems.
Shape‐aware Volume Illustration
Authors: Chen Wei , Lu Aidong , Ebert David S. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract We introduce a novel volume illustration technique for regularly sampled volume datasets. The fundamental difference between previous volume illustration algorithms and ours is that our results are shape‐aware, as they depend not only on the rendering styles, but also the shape styles. We propose a new data structure that is derived from the input volume and consists of a distance volume and a segmentation volume. The distance volume is used to reconstruct a continuous field around the object boundary, facilitating smooth illustrations of boundaries and silhouettes. The segmentation volume allows us to abstract or remove distracting details and noise, and apply different rendering styles to different objects and components. We also demonstrate how to modify the shape of illustrated objects using a new 2D curve analogy technique. This provides an interactive method for learning shape variations from 2D hand‐painted illustrations by drawing several lines. Our experiments on several volume datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve visually appealing and shape‐aware illustrations. The feedback from medical illustrators is quite encouraging.
Style Transfer Functions for Illustrative Volume Rendering
Authors: Bruckner S. , Gröller M. E. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Illustrative volume visualization frequently employs non‐photorealistic rendering techniques to enhance important features or to suppress unwanted details. However, it is difficult to integrate multiple non‐photorealistic rendering approaches into a single framework due to great differences in the individual methods and their parameters. In this paper, we present the concept of style transfer functions. Our approach enables flexible data‐driven illumination which goes beyond using the transfer function to just assign colors and opacities. An image‐based lighting model uses sphere maps to represent non‐photorealistic rendering styles. Style transfer functions allow us to combine a multitude of different shading styles in a single rendering. We extend this concept with a technique for curvature‐controlled style contours and an illustrative transparency model. Our implementation of the presented methods allows interactive generation of high‐quality volumetric illustrations.
THE CONDITIONS FOR HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE POLICY: ROUTINES AND INSTITUTIONS IN THE DUTCH CASE OF NEED ASSESSMENT
Authors: VAN RAAK ARNO , PAULUS AGGIE , VAN DER MADE JAN 
Published: October 2007

By focusing on institutions (rules for action) and routines (patterned behaviour) our intention is to contribute to the understanding of government policy and its outcomes in health and social care. We analysed data to show how the relationship between a new idea for a routine and new rules from the government on the one hand, and existing rules and routines in society on the other, as well as the interaction between rule makers and rule takers (i.e. those who are governed by those rules), have an impact on the change or maintenance of routines. The data concern the case of government policy for need assessment (that is, assessment of needs) in The Netherlands.As our discussion will show, even a national government, however, is not able to completely impose its will on other agents in order to change existing routines. The concept of ‘negotiated order’ helps us to understand why. In the case reported here, the Dutch government and the home care agencies had to exercise give and take, the outcome being a suboptimal result for both.
LXXX1X.—The theories of Cardinal Pierre D'Ailfy concerning forms of government in church and state, with special reference to his interest in suggestions made by William of Occam
Authors: Roberts Agnes E. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
LXXXIX.—The theories of Cardinal Pierre D'Ailly concerning forms of government in church and state, with special reference to his interest in suggestions made by William of Occam. By Agnes E. Roberts, M.A.
Conquest, Colonization and the Church: Ecclesiastical Organization in the Danelaw
Authors: Hadley Dawn M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article reconsiders the fate of the Church in the Danelaw in the period following the Viking invasions and settlement of the region. It is generally accepted that the peculiarities of ecclesiastical organization found in the Danelaw can be attributed to the impact of the Vikings, but although they undoubtedly inflicted terrible damage on the Church there may be other explanations for the idiosyncracies of the region. Pre-existing regional differences and the impact of the West Saxon conquest of the region must also be considered. The existing model for the development of the parochial system in Anglo-Saxon England-the so-called ‘minster model’-increases the sense that the Danelaw had experienced a great calamity. Yet this model is open to criticism, and its applicability to the Danelaw is brought into question. Elements of continuity can be identified as can evidence for change, and this article concludes that the period of Scandinavian settlement was but one factor that shaped ecclesiastical organization in the later Anglo-Saxon centuries.
The Rise of Ethical Anarchism in Britain, 1885–1900
Authors: Bevir Mark 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, anarchists were strict individualists favouring clandestine organization and violent revolution: in the twentieth century, they have been romantic communalists favouring moral experiments and sexual liberation. This article examines the growth of this ethical anarchism in Britain in the late nineteenth century, as exemplified by the Freedom Group and the Tolstoyans. These anarchists adopted the moral and even religious concerns of groups such as the Fellowship of the New Life. Their anarchist theory resembled the beliefs of counter-cultural groups such as the aesthetes more closely than it did earlier forms of anarchism. And this theory led them into the movements for sex reform and communal living.
The Institute of Historical Research, 1971–96: its Third Quarter-century
Authors: Smith Steven R. B. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The Institute of Historical Research is the national centre for historical research, as well as being an international meeting place for historians, and it will be celebrating its seventy-fifth anniversary in July 1996. This article is an outline of its developments over the last quarter of a century, including statistical data on seminars, training courses, income and membership, along with information on the Institute's library, research projects, publications and role as an information centre.
Saint Anselm and his Father, Gundulf
Authors: Robson Michael 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Saint Anselm quarrelled with his father, Gundulf, left home and settled at Bec. There is a negative account of Gundulf in Eadmer's biography, although there is a reference to his taking the monastic habit near the end of his life. A necrology of Christ Church cathedral priory at Canterbury in two late manuscripts contains a hitherto unnoticed entry for Anselm's parents. This discovery, which is not mentioned in R. W. Southern's two major studies of Anselm, is of particular relevance for the saint's later dealings with his father. It leaves open the question of a subsequent reconconliation, despite the assumptions of medieval hagiography.
The Hundred Rolls of 1255
Authors: Roffe David 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Although less ambitious than the inquests of 1274 and 1279, the Hundred Rolls survey of 1255 was probably the first comprehensive audit of regalities in the localities. Its context was the grave financial embarrassment of the Crown in the early twelve-fifties, and the findings were almost certainly used to reassess increments on shire farms which reached a record high in 1256/7. Subsequently, the rolls were not as influential as the records of Edward I's inquests, for the policy that brought them into being led directly to the baronial plan of reform of 1258. However, their concerns are echoed in the later Hundred Rolls, and it seems clear that they informed the period of inquiry and legislation of the twelve-seventies and eighties. The articles of the inquiry have been reconstructed from the surviving returns and are here appended.
The Origins of the Nottinghamshire Whigs: an Analysis of the Subscribers to the Election Expenses of Sir Scrope Howe and John White
Authors: Seddon P. R. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
An investigation of the support for Sir Scrope Howe and John White at the Nottinghamshire election of I September 1679 from an analysis of subscribers to their election expenses. A foremost proponent of Exclusion, William Sacheverell, and men who were to sustain the Whig cause in Nottinghamshire were the principal subscribers. Numerically a minority, dissenters led by patrons of Presbyterianism and Independency with three Anglican incumbents subscribed. Contributions from lesser freeholders and townsmen of Nottingham indicate ‘popular’ support. Though subscriptions from the aristocracy, the majority of the shire's and Nottingham office-holders are absent, from diverse sources a campaign to defeat their lieutenant's nominee was funded.
The Rise and Fall of a Noble Dynasty: Henry VII and the Lords Willoughby de Broke
Authors: Luckett D. A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A study of the first two lords Willoughby de Broke. The career of Robert, the first baron, is traced from his service under Edward IV, through rebellion against Richard III and subsequent exile. His part in the Bosworth campaign of 1485 and the rewards he subsequently received from Henry VII are examined, as is his later career as a leading Crown agent in Wiltshire, Devon and Cornwall. The article then looks at how the family fared after Robert's death in 1502. The most striking aspect of this is the way in which Henry VII attempted to undermine the power of Robert's son and heir through harsh fines and other (apparently unjustified) impositions. In doing so, the article concludes, Henry was betraying his growing feelings of political insecurity by striking against an apparently innocent young man.
Sir William Herbert's Acquisition of Offices in Wales on the Death of Henry, Earl of Worcester in 1549
Authors: ROBINSON W. R. B. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The article discusses the series of royal grants which marked the rapid rise of William Herbert in the years before his creation as earl of Pembroke in 1551, and particularly a hitherto unnoticed grant of 14 December 1549 (summarized) of most of the offices in south and central Wales previously held by Henry Somerset (d. 1549), earl of Worcester. Using mainly Public Record Office sources, it underlines the importance of this grant in establishing Herbert's predominance in Wales and describes how the loss of these offices by the Somerset family exacerbated its financial embarrassment in the mid sixteenth century.
Responses to Revolution: the November Crisis of 1792
Authors: Mori Jennifer 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This article examines the British government's domestic policies during the last two months of 1792, when the arrival of domestic popular radicalism and the success of the French army against opposing Austro-Prussian forces in the Low Countries suggested that Britain and other neighbouring states of France would follow it into revolution. Based on official and private papers, it is claimed that the decisions of the Younger Pitt's ministry vis-à-vis war and revolution were not determined by simple panic or ‘tory’ intellectual and social considerations, but rather by long-established patterns of eighteenth-century official action and the strength of traditional ‘whig’ convictions.
The Lisbon Letter of the Second Crusade
Authors: Edgington Susan B. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The basis of the article is a collation and comparison of three extant versions of a letter sent by participants in the siege of Lisbon, 1147; entries in annals from Cologne and Magdeburg, and a recently discovered manuscript fragment. It is concluded that the original letter was sent by a priest, Winand, to the archbishop of Cologne. The medieval transmission of the text is further shown to be revealing of politics in mid twelfth-century Cologne and of Rhineland participation in the second crusade. An edition of Winand's letter, with variants from the Trier fragment, is appended.
Mary Tudor, Parliament and the Renunciation of First Fruits, 1555
Authors: Carter Patrick 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
First fruits levied by the Crown since the Reformation presented serious problems for Mary Tudor and her government. The queen and Cardinal Pole were determined to restore these profits of schism to the church, while parliament and some councillors opposed such a move because of the Crown's fiscal difficulties and the precedent the action might set for a later compulsory resumption of former monastic property now in lay hands. It now appears that Mary did not wait for parliamentary sanction, but moved on her own to release all clergy from payment of first fruits in the summer of 1555. With difficulty Pole sought confirmation of the grant by statute, forcing Mary to intervene and make an unusual personal appeal to her parliament. The episode offers further evidence of Mary's direct role in shaping royal policy, and of the tensions which her actions could create.
Staff‐Averse Challenging Behaviour in Older Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Hartley Sigan L. , MacLean William E. 
Published: October 2007

Background  People with intellectual disabilities are increasingly reaching older adulthood. Little is known about age‐related change in the prevalence of challenging behaviours among older adults with intellectual disabilities.Materials and method  The frequency and severity of staff‐averse challenging behaviours of 132 older adults with intellectual disabilities was assessed through informant ratings on the Inventory of Client and Agency Planning at two time points 8–10 years apart.Results  There was an intraindividual decline in the frequency and severity of challenging behaviour using both lenient and more restricted definitions of challenging behaviour. There was a low prevalence but high comorbidity of severe challenging behaviour. Level of mental retardation and adaptive behaviour were related to the frequency and severity of challenging behaviour.Conclusions  An understanding of age‐related intraindividual change in challenging behaviour has implications for staff wellbeing and optimizing the care of older adults with intellectual disabilities.
The Prevalence, Incidence, and Factors Predictive of Mental Ill‐Health in Adults with Profound Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Cooper Sally‐Ann , Smiley Elita , Finlayson Janet , Jackson Alison , Allan Linda , Williamson Andrew , Mantry Dipali , Morrison Jillian 
Published: October 2007

Background  There are no previous studies of the prevalence and incidence of mental ill‐health in adults with profound intellectual disabilities.Method  In this population‐based prospective cohort study, adults with profound intellectual disabilities underwent psychiatric assessment (n = 184), with further assessment after 2 years (n = 131).Results  Point prevalence of mental ill‐health was 52.2% by clinical, 45.1% by Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for use with Adults with Learning Disabilities (DC‐LD), 10.9% by the ICD‐10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Diagnostic Criteria for Research (1993) (DCR‐ICD‐10) and 11.4% by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (2004) (DSM‐IV‐TR) criteria. The highest 2‐year incidence rates were for affective disorders (6.1%) and problem behaviours (6.1%). Type of accommodation/support, and the number of preceding life events were predictive of incidents of mental ill‐health, but age, gender, living in areas of greatest deprivation, and having special communication needs were not.Conclusions  Mental ill‐health is more commonly experienced by adults with profound intellectual disabilities than the general population, or other adults with intellectual disabilities, warranting proactive supports/interventions. Predictive factors differ, compared with the general population.
Resilience in Families with Children and Adult Members with Intellectual Disabilities: Tracing Elements of A Psycho‐Social Model
Authors: Grant Gordon , Ramcharan Paul , Flynn Margaret 
Published: October 2007

Aim  This paper seeks to illumine how families with children and adult members with intellectual disabilities manage to manifest a buoyant and durable capacity over time. It is therefore concerned centrally with the idea of resilience.Method  Drawing from diverse theoretical literatures from child development and protection and gerontology, the paper begins with a review of constructions of resilience. In an attempt to assess where there seems to be support for resilience in families, the core of the paper tests empirical evidence about positive experiences of families supporting children and adults with intellectual disabilities against the theoretical literature on resilience.Result and Conclusions  The findings are used to suggest conditions under which resilience is produced and maintained, and to identify emergent elements of a psycho‐social model of resilience in families with children and adult members with intellectual disabilities.
The geochemical evolution of very dilute CO2‐rich water in Chungcheong Province, Korea: processes and pathways
Authors: KIM K. , JEONG D. H. , KIM Y. , KOH Y.‐K. , KIM S.‐H. , PARK E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA geochemical study was carried out on the CO2‐rich water occurring in granite areas of Chungcheong Province, Korea. In this area, very dilute and acidic CO2‐rich waters [62–242 mg l−1 in total dissolved solid (TDS), 4.0–5.3 in pH; group I) occur together with normal CO2‐rich waters (317–988 mg l−1 in TDS, 5.5–6.0 in pH; group II). The concentration levels and ages of group I water are similar to those of recently recharged and low‐mineralized groundwater (group III). Calculation of reaction pathways suggests that group I waters are produced by direct influx of CO2 gas into group III type waters. When the groundwater is injected with CO2, it develops the capacity to accept dissolved solids and it can evolve into water with very high solute concentrations. Whether the water is open or closed to the CO2 gases becomes less important in controlling the reaction pathway of the CO2‐rich groundwater when the initial pco2 is high. Our data show that most of the solutes are dissolved in the CO2‐rich groundwater at pH > 5 where the weathering rates of silicates are very slow or independent of pH. Thus, groundwater age is likely more important in developing high solute concentrations in the CO2‐rich groundwaters than accelerated weathering kinetics because of acidic pH caused by high pco2.
Dementia and Medicare at Life's End
Authors: Lamb Vicki L. , Sloan Frank A. , Nathan Anil S. 
Published: October 2007

Objective. To determine the effect of a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or related dementias (ADRD), and the timing of first ADRD diagnosis, on Medicare expenditures at end of life. Data Sources. Monthly Medicare payment data for the 5 years before death linked to the National Long‐Term Care Survey (NLTCS) for decedents between 1996 and 2000 (N=4,899).Data Extraction Methods. Medicare payment data for the 5 years before death were used to compare 5‐year and 6‐month intervals of expenditures (total and six subcategories of services) for persons with and without a diagnosis of ADRD during the last 5 years of life, controlling for age, gender, race, education, comorbidities, and nursing home status. Covariate matching was used.Principal Findings. On average, ADRD diagnosis was not significantly associated with excess Medicare payments over the last 5 years of life. Regarding the timing of ADRD diagnosis, there were no significant 5‐year total expenditure differences for persons diagnosed with dementia more than 1 year before death. Payment differences by 6‐month intervals were highly sensitive to timing of ADRD diagnosis, with the highest differences occurring around the time of diagnosis. There were reduced, non‐significant, or negative total payment differences after the initial diagnosis for those diagnosed at least 1 year before death. Only those diagnosed with ADRD in the last year of life had significantly higher Medicare payments during the last 12 months of life, primarily for acute care services.Conclusions. ADRD has a smaller impact on total Medicare expenditures than previously reported in controlled studies. The significant differences occur primarily around the time of diagnosis. Although rates of dementia are increasing per se, our results suggest that long‐term (1+ year) ADRD diagnoses do not contribute to greater total Medicare costs at the end of life.
Physician Characteristics and the Reported Effect of Evidence‐Based Practice Guidelines
Authors: Sammer Christine E. , Lykens Kristine , Singh Karan P. 
Published: October 2007

Objective. To explore characteristics that may contribute to the effect practice guidelines have on the practice of medicine.Data Sources. From the third round of the Community Tracking Study, Physician Survey, 2000–2001.Study Design. An ordinal logistic regression model was estimated to capture the full range of responses.Principal Findings. Recent medical school graduates, women, minorities, ob‐gyn specialists, physicians who use computers for information in their practices, and physicians in nonsolo practice types were significantly more likely to state practice guidelines had an effect on their practice.Conclusions. Many barriers have prevented wide acceptance of practice guidelines among the medical community. Our findings suggest there will be positive results on guideline effects as recent graduates, women, and minorities enter the physician workforce.