bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bildverarbeitung und Simulation in der statistisch optischen Oberflächenmesstechnik Image Processing and Simulation Methods for Statistic Optical Surface Measuring Techniques
Authors: Patzelt Stefan , Prekel Helmut , Horn Frank , Tausendfreund Andreas , Goch Gert 
Published: October 2008

ZusammenfassungStreulichtbasierte Oberflächenmessverfahren eignen sich aufgrund der schnellen und berührungslosen Messdatenerfassung für den Einsatz in laufenden Fertigungsprozessen (in-prozess). Der Beitrag beschreibt verschiedene Streulicht-Messeffekte (Speckle-Elongation, Speckle-Intensitätsmodulation, Speckle-Bewegung) und deren Modellierung. Die resultierenden Laserstreulicht-Bilder werden digital verarbeitet und ausgewertet, um quantitative Informationen über das Werkstück (Position, Identifikation) oder die Oberflächenrauheit zu erhalten.
General Tilney's Timely Approach to the Improvement of the Estate in Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey
Authors: Kickel Katherine 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Improvement practices and their critique are core features of the Austen milieu. In this essay, though, I argue that in Austen's Northanger Abbey (1818), General Tilney's reliance on clock time to manage his estate's operations indicates a relatively unexamined aspect of the debate. Thus Austen contrasts the leisure of Bath to the labor of Northanger in order to highlight the new economic challenges that the landed gentry face. General Tilney's time-discipline management style suggests his anxiety about his home's declining value and his insistence on regulating his family's emotional lives. It reflects his effort to recoup some of his diminishing economic and patriarchal authority. Ultimately redefining the very notion of gentry leisure, Northanger Abbey functions as a site where domestic labor, leisure, and etiquette are all subordinate to the same rigid, time-discipline decorum that the General uses to regulate his home's marketable operations (e.g., its pinery, hot-houses, and timber). Viewing the General's chronometric improvements as both inhospitable and oppressive, Catherine Moreland's preference for the relaxed but modest Woodston at the novel's end is, in part, a reaction to the General's timekeeping dictums and, finally, an important register of the emotional toll that the General's improvement practices have wrought.
Sanctify Our Suffering World with Tears: Transamerican Sentimentalism in Joaquín Murieta
Authors: Windell Maria A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This essay explores the often-overlooked affective discourse that emerges from a close reading of the Mexican and European American women in the first Native American novel, John Rollin Ridge's sensational dime novel The Life and Adventures of Joaquín Murieta, the Celebrated California Bandit (1854). Through their investment in sentimental tropes such as the tearful scene, the angelic figure, and the untimely fainting fit, these women enact what I term a transamerican sentimental diplomacy that counters the attempt of the novel's men to define the United States via a nationalistic violence (the legacy of the U.S.-Mexican War). Through their tears, pleas, and actions, the women test the cultural and political milieu of the newly minted state of California. While the women's promotion of a peaceful paradigm for borderland interaction ultimately falls short, its undeniable presence is an important counterweight to the sensational violence in Joaquín Murieta that has thus far captivated critics.
Racial Duties: Toward a Pragmatist Ethic of Race in W. D. Howells's An Imperative Duty
Authors: Petrie Paul R. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
William Dean Howells's 1891 novel of interracial marriage, An Imperative Duty, has recently received increasing critical attention because of its saturation with the language of contemporary scientific racism and its complex and apparently inconsistent approach to questions of race and identity. The novel's other major conceptual concern with questions of moral duty, clearly announced in its title, has generally been neglected in this discussion. This essay examines the crucial interplay between questions of race and ethics, arguing that Howells's novel undertakes an ethical critique of late-nineteenth-century scientific racism from a specifically Pragmatist philosophical perspective. Reasoning according to Pragmatist principles, and pursuing an inherently Pragmatist narrative form, the novel implicitly asks its readers to understand the “facts” of race in terms of their intersections with personal and social morality rather than in strict accord with the essentialist claims of ascendant nineteenth-century race theory. In its refusal of ontological absolutism and its embrace of an ethically pluralist and instrumentalist approach to questions of race, Howells's novel offers a Pragmatist challenge to the interlocking absolutisms of traditional ethics and contemporary scientific racism.
yellow and ebony Are the Responsible Genes for the Larval Color Mutants of the Silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: Futahashi Ryo , Sato Jotaro , Meng Yan , Okamoto Shun , Daimon Takaaki , Yamamoto Kimiko , Suetsugu Yoshitaka , Narukawa Junko , Takahashi Hirokazu , Banno Yutaka , Katsuma Susumu , Shimada Toru , Mita Kazuei , Fujiwara Haruhiko 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Many larval color mutants have been obtained in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Mapping of melanin-synthesis genes on the Bombyx linkage map revealed that yellow and ebony genes were located near the chocolate (ch) and sooty (so) loci, respectively. In the ch mutants, body color of neonate larvae and the body markings of elder instar larvae are reddish brown instead of normal black. Mutations at the so locus produce smoky larvae and black pupae. F2 linkage analyses showed that sequence polymorphisms of yellow and ebony genes perfectly cosegregated with the ch and so mutant phenotypes, respectively. Both yellow and ebony were expressed in the epidermis during the molting period when cuticular pigmentation occurred. The spatial expression pattern of yellow transcripts coincided with the larval black markings. In the ch mutants, nonsense mutations of the yellow gene were detected, whereas large deletions of the ebony ORF were detected in the so mutants. These results indicate that yellow and ebony are the responsible genes for the ch and so loci, respectively. Our findings suggest that Yellow promotes melanization, whereas Ebony inhibits melanization in Lepidoptera and that melanin-synthesis enzymes play a critical role in the lepidopteran larval color pattern.
Utilization of a Rapid DNA-Based Assay for Molecular Verification of Channel Catfish, Blue Catfish, F1 Hybrids, and Backcross Offspring at Several Life Stages
Authors: Waldbieser Geoffrey C , Bosworth Brian G 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The F1 hybrid offspring of female channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus × male blue catfish I. furcatus contain many desirable traits for commercial production, such as enhanced growth and increased survivability. Hybrids can be produced through pond spawning (although at a low efficiency), but hybrid catfish cannot always be readily distinguished from channel catfish, especially at early life stages. The present research was designed to produce a rapid DNA-based test for the identification of hybrid catfish. Channel catfish and blue catfish genomic regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)using common primers for the follistatin (Fst) and hepcidin antimicrobial protein (Hamp) genes, and fragment length polymorphisms between the two species caused by ancestral insertions and deletions were resolved by agarose electrophoresis. The Fst amplicons were 348 and 399 base pairs (bp), while the Hamp amplicons were 222 and 262 bp from channel catfish and blue catfish, respectively. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (Mtco1) gene was also differentially amplified from each species by using species-specific primers to enable determination of the maternal parent species. The DNA preparation technique provided sufficient genomic DNA to test several life stages. The PCR products were successfully amplified from genomic DNA isolated from embryos at 1, 2, or 5 d after fertilization; from fry 2 d after hatching; from the blood and barbels of juveniles and adults; and from fresh, frozen, and cooked fillet samples. The results from this assay were available as soon as 24 h after receipt of sample. This assay will be useful for management of hybrid populations and postharvest detection of hybrid catfish products.
Farm-Level Economic Impacts of Bolbophorus Infections of Channel Catfish
Authors: Wise David J , Hanson Terrill R , Tucker Craig S 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The prevalence of infections by trematodes Bolbophorus sp. in populations of pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus was determined by sampling 64 ponds on a farm in northwestern Mississippi. Of the 40 food fish ponds sampled, 23 (58%) contained trematode-infected fish; 7 pond populations were categorized as having light infections (1–33% infection rates), 5 as having moderate infections (34–66% infection rates), and 11 as having severe infections (≥67% infection rates). Only 3 of the 24 fingerling ponds contained fish infected with Bolbophorus trematodes, and the infection rates were light. Feed consumption and estimated fish production in food fish ponds differed significantly among the four categories of within-population infection rate, and feed consumption and fish production decreased as infection rates increased. Relative to the production in uninfected populations, estimated fish production was reduced by 14, 35, and 40% in populations with light, moderate, and severe infections, respectively. Estimated catfish receipts and actual feed costs were used in a generalized enterprise budget format to calculate income above variable costs and net returns for each infection-rate category. The estimated net return to land for uninfected food fish populations was US$1,526/ha. Lower fish production in infected populations resulted in decreased incomes. The net return to land was $592/ha for the light-infection-rate category, a 61% reduction from that achieved in uninfected populations. Production receipts from food fish ponds in the moderate- and severe-infection-rate categories did not cover the costs of production, and the net returns to land were −$781/ha for moderately infected populations and −$1,123/ha for severely infected populations. This study shows that trematode infections reduce fish production and farm economic returns and that the impacts increase as infection rates increase. However, even light and moderate infections—which may go unnoticed by farmers—can seriously affect farm profitability.
Production Responses of Channel Catfish to Minimum Daily Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations in Earthen Ponds
Authors: Torrans Eugene L 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This study determined the effects of the minimum daily dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the production parameters of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in earthen ponds. Fifteen 1-acre ponds (five ponds per treatment) were managed as high-oxygen (minimum DO concentrations averaging 4.37 ppm or 54% air saturation from June through September), medium-oxygen (minimum DO concentrations averaging 2.68 ppm or 33.2% air saturation), or low-oxygen treatments (minimum DO concentrations averaging 2.32 ppm or 28.7% air saturation) using one 5-hp electric paddlewheel aerator per pond. Fish in the high-, medium-, and low-oxygen treatment ponds were fed a mean total of 14,008, 13,212, and 12,607 lb/acre of 28%-protein floating feed, respectively. Net production paralleled the total amount of feed fed, averaging 5,772, 5,278, and 5,113 lb/acre in the high-, medium-, and low-oxygen treatments, respectively. Individual fish weight at harvest also showed a similar trend, averaging 1.37, 1.33, and 1.30 lb in the high-, medium-, and low-oxygen treatments, respectively. No visible stress responses were observed in any ponds during this study. Total aeration averaged 5,245, 2,518, and 1,337 hp-h/acre in the high-, medium-, and low-oxygen treatments, respectively. Treatments with higher minimum DO concentrations had significantly higher nitrite-nitrogen, suspended solids, chlorophyll a, and pH and lower Secchi disk visibility, alkalinity, and hardness; however, no water quality parameters exceeded the normal acceptable range for channel catfish. While the cost of electricity must be considered, maintaining a minimum daily DO concentration of 2.3–2.5 ppm is suggested as a compromise between maximizing both the amount of feed fed and fish production while minimizing aeration costs.
Harvesting and Processing Zooplankton for Use as Supplemental Channel Catfish Fry Feed
Authors: Mischke Charles C , Wise David J 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
We present the methods that we used to capture and dry large zooplankton from ponds to feed to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fry. Using a submersible pump and canister filter, we were able to capture about 1.0 kg (wet weight; 200 g in terms of dry weight) of zooplankton from well-fertilized ponds over 24-h trapping periods. This was a practical method for obtaining the large zooplankton that catfish fry prefer. Fish culturists may be able to use this method to harvest zooplankton throughout the year and store dried zooplankton for the hatchery season. The drying process may also be useful for processing and storing small zooplankton for the culture of other species of fish. The cost was about US$200 for the submersible pump, $200 for the canister and filter, and $40 for the food dehydrator.
Salmonid Fry Stranding Mortality Associated with Daily Water Level Fluctuations in Trail Bridge Reservoir, Oregon
Authors: Bell Ethan , Kramer Sharon , Zajanc David , Aspittle Jennifer 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Little information exists on how reservoir fluctuations affect stranding risk for early life stages of salmonids. This study focuses on the effects of hydroelectric-related water level fluctuations in Trail Bridge Reservoir, Oregon, where salmonids, including the bull trout Salvelinus confluentus and spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, which are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, commonly occur. A distance-from-line sampling design was employed using permanently established transects to estimate the magnitude of stranding of juvenile salmonids during 30 surveys over 3 months in spring 2006. All stranded fish observed during field surveys were mapped onto spatially rectified, low-elevation aerial photographs to assess the patterns in stranding. Most fish were stranded in habitats with a slope of less than 6%, typically in interstitial spaces among cobbles, and in “potholes.” Fish were stranded in similar numbers following small or large fluctuations, and no relationship was apparent between the range in fluctuation and the number of stranded fish or between the average rate of water surface decline and the number of stranded fish. Based on extrapolation, we estimated that 808 spring Chinook salmon fry and 444 brook trout S. fontinalis fry were stranded in Trail Bridge Reservoir during spring 2006. One dead bull trout was observed, but based on the abrasions, open wounds, and signs of infection that we observed, it died prior to the decline in reservoir elevation. Our findings suggest that stranding in this reservoir could be reduced (while retaining the hydroelectric function of the reservoir) by restricting fluctuations to specific elevations during vulnerable fish migration periods, increasing the slope of areas identified as having a high stranding risk, or both.
Age, Growth, and Maturity of Chub Mackerel off Korea
Authors: Hwang Sun-Do , Kim Jin-Yeong , Lee Tae-Won 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The age, growth, and maturity of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus were determined by otolith analysis and gonad observation. Fish were subsampled monthly from Korean offshore commercial catches between September 1994 and August 1995. Gonad observations suggest that chub mackerel spawned mainly in May. The size at 50% maturity was calculated to be 28.8 cm fork length at an age of 1.01 years. Annuli in otoliths can be distinguished from false annuli because the true annuli were formed continuously all around the sagittal plane as distinct dark marks. They were mainly formed in May, coinciding with the main spawning season. Chub mackerel grew to over 20 cm by December and attained up to 28 cm in 1 year. Thereafter, the growth rate slowed down. The age composition was 40.2, 42.5, 15.4, 1.7, and 0.1% for age-groups 0–4, respectively. Using three different approaches, the von Bertalanffy growth parameter was estimated to be between 1.51 and 2.19 and the maximum length between 34.1 and 34.6 cm. The growth coefficient was higher than that in previous studies because of differences in aging technique and the inclusion of juvenile data in one of the approaches. Over 40% of the immature fish of age 0 were included in the current harvest owing to the catch of juveniles in summer and strong fishing intensity in autumn. We recommend regulating catch size during the fast-growing stage to allow the juveniles to grow and reducing the fishing efforts during autumn to conserve the spawning biomass.
Hybridization between Spring- and Fall-Run Chinook Salmon Returning to the Trinity River, California
Authors: Kinziger Andrew P. , Loudenslager Eric J. , Hankin David G. , Anderson Eric C. , Garza John Carlos 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
It is believed that spring- and fall-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha returning to the Trinity River, California, were once reproductively isolated such that spring-run fish spawned upstream in early fall, whereas fall-run fish spawned further downstream in late fall. However, construction of Lewiston Dam and the Trinity River Hatchery (TRH) in 1964 resulted in extensive compression of spawning habitat and the potential for inadvertent interbreeding of the two runs. In this study, we used genetic methods and developed a simulation procedure to assess the degree to which spring- and fall-run Chinook salmon returning to TRH were genetically distinct and to determine the extent of hybridization between the runs. Approximately 40 adults/week were sampled throughout the 1992 spawning season, and all individuals were genotyped at 29 polymorphic loci. Analysis with the program STRUCTURE (Pritchard et al. 2000) supported the hypothesis that the data represented two subpopulations. Individual assignments using STRUCTURE indicated that the spring- and fall-run proportions among fish sampled at TRH gradually shifted through time; weekly samples taken earlier in the spawning season had a higher proportion of presumptive spring run, and those taken later in the season had a higher proportion of presumptive fall run. Comparison of observed results with simulated data suggested the occurrence of hybridization between spring- and fall-run Chinook salmon returning to TRH, particularly during the transition or overlap period between fish from the two phenotypic groups. The extent to which hybridization was caused by hatchery operations or occurred prior to Lewiston Dam construction was unclear. Additional hybridization analyses of samples collected prior to dam and hatchery construction would be needed to evaluate the impacts of these facilities on hybridization. Further, studies of contemporary populations are needed to determine whether two runs currently exist despite the marked hybridization that was documented herein for the 1992 return year.
Assessment of Stocking Success of Walleye in the Eleven Point River, Arkansas
Authors: Henry Sam D. , Barkley Sam W. , Koppelman Jeffrey B. , Johnson Ronald L. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Few studies have evaluated stocking programs for walleye Sander vitreus in the southern United States; this may be the first such study for a southern river. The Eleven Point River, located in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas, has been supplementally stocked by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission (AGFC) and the Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) for many years. Our goals were (1) to assess the contribution of walleye fingerlings in the Arkansas section (∼60 km) of the Eleven Point River using the recapture rates of marked walleyes and (2) to assess the reproductive contribution of stocked walleyes using genetic tracking of mitochondrial DNA markers. All of the walleyes stocked by the AGFC during 1999–2002 were freeze-branded; these fish possess the A haplotype, which is the most common one rangewide. Wild fish and those stocked by the MDC in the Missouri portion of the Eleven Point River possess the native C haplotype of the Black River system, which includes the Eleven Point River. Electrofishing samples revealed that the stocked fish captured in Arkansas from 2002 to 2004 were almost evenly divided by cohort; 52% possessed the A marker and 43% the C marker. Forty-three percent of the walleyes older than age 3 (and therefore present in the river before the release of the freeze-branded fish) had the A marker. Walleyes originating from the AGFC-source fish had significantly greater relative weights than did native-spawned walleyes and fish released in Missouri. In addition, haplotype-A walleyes had significantly greater relative weights than haplotype-C walleyes. The high relative weights of the sampled fish throughout the study suggests a lack of intraspecific competition as a result of stocking.
A Proposed Standard Weight Equation for Blue Suckers
Authors: Neely Ben C. , Hamel Martin J. , Steffensen Kirk D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Length and weight data were obtained from 46 populations of blue suckers Cycleptus elongatus (N = 8,811 fish) across the species' geographic distribution to develop a standard weight (Ws) equation. The Ws equation was derived using the empirical percentile technique applied to fish between 240 and 809 mm total length (TL). We calculated a quadratic model and a linear model to derive Ws. The proposed 75th-percentile quadratic equation (metric units) is log10 Ws = −2.980 + 0.977 log10TL + 0.461(log10TL)2, where Ws is expressed in grams and TL is expressed in millimeters. The proposed English-equivalent 75th-percentile quadratic equation is log10 Ws = −3.354 + 2.273 log10TL + 0.461(log10TL)2, where Ws is expressed in pounds and TL is expressed in inches. The 75th-percentile linear equation (metric units) is log10 Ws = −6.301 + 3.456 log10TL, and the proposed English equivalent is log10 Ws = −4.104 + 3.456 log10TL.
Harvest Efficiency of Bloodworms on Maine Mudflats
Authors: Sypitkowski Eben , Ambrose William G. , Bohlen Curtis , Warren Joseph 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Efficiency of diggers of varying experience levels in harvesting bloodworms Glycera dibranchiata was documented during multiple tides on several intertidal flats in midcoast Maine. Individually coded-wire-tagged bloodworms were seeded in 20-m2 plots and harvested by professional diggers after allowing ample time for bloodworms to burrow. To ensure that bloodworms reached depths similar to those of naturally occurring individuals, we measured the depths at which tagged and naturally occurring bloodworms were found in preliminary experiments. Using the same methods but without measuring bloodworm depths, we performed efficiency experiments. The rate of tag loss was also determined. Measured efficiency of diggers ranged from 26% to 75% and averaged about 45%. Retrieved bloodworms were marginally larger than seeded bloodworms. Diggers generally dug deeper than bloodworms burrowed, and all seeded bloodworms reached depths similar to those of naturally occurring bloodworms within 1 h. The relatively low observed harvest efficiency and the bias towards larger individuals may contribute to the long-term sustainability of the bloodworm fishery.