bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Thymine Adsorption on Cu- and Ag-Adlayers on Au(111) Electrodes
Authors: Thiel K.-O. , Vollmer A. , Hintze M. , Avci E. , Donner Constanze 
Published: September 2007

The electronic attributes of an electrochemically deposited copper monolayer on Au(111) were compared to its bulk equivalent by XPS experiments. Due to the modified interaction between the Cu-Cu as well as Cu-Au atoms at the surface a core level shift to lower binding energies occurs, which exceeds the values found for surface core level shifts of Cu atoms on Cu(100) surfaces.
It could be shown that the thymine orientation on a copper layer depends on the externally applied potential in analogy to the adsorption behaviour on Au(111) and Ag(111) single crystals. The transition between a chemisorbed and a physisorbed phase occurs around the potential of zero charge. Independently of the adsorption state of thymine the electron density around the surface copper atoms is reduced by the interaction between thymine molecules and the copper surface.
At electrochemically deposited silver monolayers, bilayers as well as at bulk silver on Au(111) different orientations and adsorption states of thymine could be evaluated. A comparison between XPS and electrochemical data reveal an alteration of the thymine–Ag interaction within the chemisorbed thymine layer deposited on 1 ML Ag/Au(111). It is notable that the transformation between the chemisorbed and physisorbed thymine phase does not seem to be dependent on the thickness of the silver adlayers, while the potential of zero charge differs by about 200 mV. In contrast, the onset of the hydrogen evolution shifts to lower potentials with increasing thickness of the Ag layers.
Enoxaparin Dosage Adjustment in Patients with Severe Renal Failure: Antifactor Xa Concentrations and Safety
Authors: Lachish Tamar , Rudensky Bernard , Slotki Itzchak , Zevin Shoshana 
Published: September 2007

Study Objective. To evaluate the safety and efficacy by measuring antifactor Xa levels, of enoxaparin 1 mg/kg subcutaneously once every 24 hours in patients with severe renal failure.Design. Prospective study.Setting. Emergency, internal medicine, geriatrics, and cardiology departments of a medical center in Israel.Patients. Nineteen patients with stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease who required full anticoagulation.Intervention. Patients received enoxaparin 1 mg/kg subcutaneously every 24 hours for 2 or more days, as determined by a treating physician.Measurements and Main Results. Data on patients' demographic and clinical characteristics were collected. Blood samples for peak and trough antifactor Xa levels were obtained during the enoxaparin treatment period. Of the 19 study patients, 14 (74%) had peak antifactor Xa levels within the recommended range for full anticoagulation of 0.5‐1.0 U/ml after their first enoxaparin dose; no concentration exceeded 1.0 U/ml. The mean peak antifactor Xa level was not significantly different after the first enoxaparin dose compared with the second and third doses. The mean ± SD trough antifactor Xa level, thought to be an indicator of drug accumulation, was 0.12 ± 0.12 U/ml; its clinical significance and target range are still unknown. No major bleeding events were noted.Conclusion. Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg once every 24 hours in patients with stage 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease who required full anticoagulation was safe, and this dose did not exceed recommended concentrations. The significance of enoxaparin trough levels remains unclear and should be investigated in future studies. Other dosing regimens of enoxaparin for specific patient populations should also be assessed for safety and efficacy.
Biological nutrient removal in membrane bioreactors: denitrification and phosphorus removal kinetics
Authors: Parco V. , du Toit G. , Wentzel M. , Ekama G. 
Published: September 2007

The impact of including membranes for solid liquid separation on the kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal was investigated. To achieve this, a membrane bioreactor (MBR) biological nutrient removal (BNR) activated sludge system was operated. From batch tests on mixed liquor drawn from the MBR BNR system, denitrification and phosphorus removal rates were delineated. Additionally the influence of the high total suspended solids concentrations present in the MBR BNR system and of the limitation of substrate concentrations on the kinetics was investigated. Moreover the ability of activated sludge in this kind of system to denitrify under anoxic conditions with simultaneous phosphate uptake was verified and quantified.
The denitrification rates obtained for different mixed liquor (ML) concentrations indicate no effect of ML concentration on the specific denitrification rate. The denitrification took place at a single specific rate (K2) with respect to the ordinary heterotrophic organisms (OHOs, i.e. non-PAOs) active mass. Similarly, results have been obtained for the P removal process kinetics: no differences in specific rates were observed for different ML or substrate concentrations. From the P removal batch tests results it seems that the biological phosphorus removal population (PAO) consists of 2 different sets of organisms denitrifying PAO and aerobic PAO.
Interleukin-6 Receptor Gene Variations, Plasma Interleukin-6 Levels, and Type 2 Diabetes in U.S. Women
Authors: Qi Lu , Rifai Nader , Hu Frank B. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE— To examine the associations between common variations in the IL6R gene and circulating interleukin (IL)-6 levels and diabetes risk.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We determined 10 linkage disequilibrium (LD)-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (SNP1 to SNP10) for the IL6R gene in a nested case-control study of 672 diabetic and 1,058 healthy European Caucasian women (IL-6 levels were measured in a subgroup of 1,348 women).RESULTS— In both control and diabetic patients, polymorphisms within an LD block spanning ∼42 kb were significantly associated with plasma IL-6 levels. A missense variant SNP7 in exon 9 (rs8192284, Asp358Ala) showed the strongest association (P = 0.0005 in control and P = 0.004 in case subjects). The corresponding false-discovery rates, which accounts for multiple testing, were 0.008 and 0.02, respectively. We inferred five common haplotypes to capture 94% allele variance of the LD block using SNP5, -7, -8, -9, and -10. Compared with the most common haplotype 12111 (one codes the common and two codes the minor alleles), haplotypes 11211 [difference in log(IL-6) = −0.11 (95% CI −0.23 to −0.01); P = 0.01] and 21122 (−0.15 [−0.27 to −0.03]; P = 0.01) were associated with significantly lower IL-6 levels (global test, P = 0.01). However, IL6R genotypes were not significantly associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes.CONCLUSIONS— IL6R genetic variations, especially SNP7 (rs8192284, Asp358Ala), were significantly associated with plasma IL-6 levels but not with diabetes risk in women. The strong associations between IL6R genetic variability and IL-6 concentrations deserve further investigation.
Subclinical Neuropathy Among Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Participants Without Diagnosable Neuropathy at Trial Completion
Authors: Albers James W. , Herman William H. , Pop-Busui Rodica , Martin Catherine L. , Cleary Patricia , Waberski Barbara ,   for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications (EDIC) Research Group
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—We sought to evaluate the prevalence of subclinical neuropathy in intensive and conventional treatment groups at completion of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We assessed neuropathy using nerve conduction results obtained at DCCT completion after stratifying the DCCT cohort to exclude subjects with progressively less severe degrees of diagnosable neuropathy. We began with those who had confirmed clinical neuropathy (the primary DCCT end point) and eventually excluded all subjects with any clinical or electrodiagnostic evidence of neuropathy.
RESULTS—After excluding subjects with confirmed clinical neuropathy at DCCT completion, 8 of 10 nerve conduction measures (including all lower-extremity measures) were significantly improved in the intensive treatment group (O'Brien rank-sum test across all nerve conduction measures, P &lt; 0.0001). Conduction velocity group differences were substantial, and the peroneal conduction velocity averaged 3.1 m/s faster in the intensive compared with the conventional treatment group (45.1 vs. 42.0 m/s, P &lt; 0.0001). Numerous significant differences in median and peroneal motor conduction velocities favoring the intensive treatment group persisted, regardless of the exclusion criteria applied.
CONCLUSIONS—Intensive and conventional treatment group subjects without diagnosable neuropathy at DCCT completion had significant differences in electrophysiologic measurements favoring the intensive treatment group. Differences in subsequent incident neuropathy between the original treatment groups may reflect, in part, their levels of subclinical neuropathy at DCCT completion, rather than persistent metabolic effects.
Reproductive efficiency of Flatrace and National Hunt Thoroughbred mares and stallions in England
Authors: ALLEN W. R. , BROWN L. , WRIGHT M. , WILSHER S. 
Published: September 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: Previous surveys of reproductive efficiency in British Thoroughbreds included only mares and stallions standing on studfarms in and around Newmarket. The present study was widened to compare Flatrace (FR) (Group A) and National Hunt (NH) (Group B) mares and stallions on studfarms throughout England. Objectives: To assess the influences of mare type, status and age, and veterinary manipulations on reproductive efficiency parameters. To compare the inherent fertility of stallions, based on singleton and twin pregnancy rates and pregnancy loss rates, in Groups A and B Thoroughbred breeding stock. Methods: Managers of 24 FR and 9 NH public studfarms were asked to complete a questionnaire for each mated oestrous cycle shown by 2321 Group A and 1052 Group B mares throughout the 2002 mating season. Parameters such as per cycle singleton and twin pregnancy rates, and pregnancy loss rates were noted, and the success of hormone treatments to induce oestrus and ovulation assessed. The number of matings per oestrus and per pregnancy were recorded, together with the incidence and effectiveness of uterine and other veterinary treatments. The inherent fertility of 84 Group A and 43 Group B stallions in the study, as measured by the singleton and twin early pregnancy rates and the pregnancy loss rates recorded in the mares they mated, was also estimated. Results: Per cycle early pregnancy (Days 13–16) was 63.2% for Group A and 65.3% for Group B mares; and 10.3% and 13.1%, respectively, of those pregnancies were twins or triplets. Early, middle and late pregnancy loss rates were 7.2% vs. 8.0% (Days 15–42), 3.6% vs. 6.1% (Days 42–1st October) and 2.7% vs. 2.1% (October‐foaling), respectively. Matings per oestrus and per early pregnancy were significantly higher in Group B vs. Group A mares. For stallions that mated ≥30 mares, overall early pregnancy rates per cycle in mares mated ranged from 30–89% across the 2 groups. Conclusions: No major differences in reproductive efficiency were identified between FR and NH mares and stallions. Increasing mare age was the single biggest limiting factor to an otherwise high rate of fertility in well‐managed English Thoroughbreds. Potential relevance: This study identified factors that influence reproductive efficiency in the Thoroughbred.
Equine influenza vaccine containing older H3N8 strains offers protection against A/eq/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) strain in a short‐term vaccine efficacy study
Authors: DALY J. M. , SINDLE T. , TEARLE J. , BARQUERO N. , NEWTON J. R. , CORNING S. 
Published: September 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: Surveillance of equine influenza viruses has suggested that strains included in currently licensed vaccines are a poor match for those predominantly circulating in the field. Objective: To assess the ability of Duvaxyn IE‐T Plus to provide cross protection against the newly evolved South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) strain of equine influenza virus. Methods: The vaccine efficacy was evaluated by challenge infection with influenza strain A/eq/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) 2 weeks after a primary course of 2 vaccinations with Duvaxyn IE‐T Plus given at a 4‐week interval. The outcome of challenge in vaccinated ponies was compared with that in unvaccinated animals. Results: At the time of challenge, all vaccinated ponies had high levels of antibody to Newmarket/1/93, Newmarket/2/93 and South Africa/4/03 strains measured by single radial haemolysis. After challenge infection, there were statistically significantly decreased clinical scores and virus shedding was significantly lower in the vaccinated ponies compared to unvaccinated controls. Conclusion: Two doses of Duvaxyn IE‐T Plus provides good clinical and virological protection against challenge with a variant virus 2 weeks after the 2 doses of vaccine. Potential relevance: When variant strains of equine influenza virus first emerge, booster immunisations with currently available vaccines may limit infection provided sufficiently high antibody levels are achieved, suggesting that vaccination in the face of an outbreak may be beneficial.
Risk factors for Thoroughbred racehorse fatality in jump starts in Victoria, Australia (1989–2004)
Authors: BODEN L. A. , ANDERSON G. A. , CHARLES J. A. , MORGAN K. L. , MORTON J. M. , PARKIN T. D. H. , CLARKE A. F. , SLOCOMBE R. F. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: The risk of fatality is greater in jump than in flat racing in Victoria, Australia. This is the first study to identify risk factors specific to jump starts in Victoria.Objective: To identify risk factors for fatality of Thoroughbred racehorses in jump starts on all racecourses in Victoria, Australia between 1989 and 2004.Methods: Fatalities comprised all horses that died during or immediately after a jump (hurdle or steeplechase) race or official jump trial and all horses that were subjected to euthanasia within 24 h of an event in which an injury was sustained. The retrospective study involved 191 case starts and 2324 control starts. Univariable and multivariable backward stepwise logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for fatality at any one start. A multiple level model was used with racecourse included as a random effect.Results: In the final multivariable model, the duration of the racing career of the horse, the number of flat, hurdle and steeple starts accumulated in the 60 days prior to the case or control start, the number of flat and jump starts accumulated over the racing career, if the horse had had a start between 1 and 14 days prior to the case or control start, the type of jump race (hurdle or steeple), the calendar year of the start and the location of the racecourse were associated with fatality.Conclusions: The findings highlight the need to investigate further the differences between hurdle and steeplechase events and the adverse effect of prolonged prior flat racing careers on the risk of fatality in jump starts.Potential relevance: This is the first study to examine risk factors for fatality in jump starts in Victoria. The results should shape the development of interventions to reduce the risk in jump starts in the future.
Rhodococcus equiinfection in foals: the science of ‘rattles’
Authors: MUSCATELLO G. , LEADON D. P. , KLAY M. , OCAMPO‐SOSA A. , LEWIS D. A. , FOGARTY U. , BUCKLEY T. , GILKERSON J. R. , MEIJER W. G. , VAZQUEZ‐BOLAND J. A. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryInfection withRhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equiis a well‐recognised condition in foals that represents a consistent and serious risk worldwide. The condition manifests itself primarily as one of pulmonary abscessation and bronchitis, hence the terminology of ‘rattles’ derived from its most obvious clinical sign, frequently terminal when first identified.This review addresses the clinical manifestation, bacteriology and pathogenesis of the condition together with recent developments providing knowledge of the organism in terms of virulence, epidemiology, transmission and immune responses.Enhanced understanding ofR. equivirulence mechanisms and biology derived from the recently available genome sequence may facilitate the rational development of a vaccine and the improvement of farm management practices used to controlR. equion stud farms in the future. Reliance on vaccines alone, in the absence of management strategies to control the on‐farm challenge is likely to be disappointing.
Analysis of X-ray extinction due to homogeneously distributed dislocations – Bragg case
Authors: Masimov Magsud 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Different phenomenological approximations for the analysis of the primary X-ray extinction due to homogeneously and randomly distributed dislocations have been discussed. It has been shown that the primary extinction coefficient calculated according to the models proposed by Ivanov et al. and Olekhnovich is in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data for silicon single crystals with a dislocation density of up to 106 cm−2, in which no correlation between dislocations exists. The model of randomly distributed dislocations proposed by Molodkin was also analysed and improved.
Integrated Assessment of the Dynamics, Stability and Resilience of the Inner Mongolian Grazing Ecosystems
Authors: Christensen Lindsey , Burnsilver Shauna , Coughenour Michael 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper presents results from an ecological assessment of land use and climate change in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Using a combination of fieldwork, rangeland monitoring, and simulation analyses, this study tackles the socio-economic issues faced by pastoralists in this region, focusing on linkages between climate, land use and human welfare. Employing a systems approach, we use the SAVANNA ecosystem simulation model to examine the long-term effects of anthropogenic pressures on the biophysical system. Our model demonstrates that in order to maintain grassland sustainability, climate variations must be considered by land managers making decisions on grazing. Our model indicates that traditional ways of nomadic herding, where nomads were able to move their herds in response to changing distributions of available forage, would be more adaptive in spatially and temporally variable climate and foraging conditions. In contrast, increased sedentarisation and restrictions on grazing movements imposed by political boundaries or fenced croplands may endanger sustainability by reducing options for adaptive grazing tactics. We suggest that new grazing systems must be developed to mitigate these changes in land use and land tenure.
Observations on Changes in Kazak Pastoral Use in Two Townships in Western China: A Loss of Traditions
Authors: Bedunah Don , Harris Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
We provide observations regarding changes in pastoral use within two Kazak areas in the People's Republic of China to illustrate how very different pastoral use can be in similar areas within the same cultural group. The first area is Jianshe Township of Aksai Kazak Autonomous County, in western Gansu Province. The second area is Kurti Township in Fuyun County, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. In both townships, livestock production from extensive rangelands was the primary economic activity. Our main reason for examining rangeland issues arose from a general view among county officials that overgrazing was threatening rangeland sustainability. Kazak pastoralists were traditional users in the study areas, at least for most of the twentieth century. By the time of our study, the largely Kazak-owned herds in Jianshe had given way to a Han majority, and traditional pastoral practices had been largely replaced by inexperienced contract herders who originated from other regions of China. The change to contract herders with little livestock experience may be a serious threat to sustainable grazing management as traditional ecological knowledge has been lost. In Kurti Township, Kazaks have maintained more traditional movement of livestock, with some herders moving 400 km between winter and summer pastures. However, even in this area the traditional Kazak pastoral culture is threatened from both within (Kazaks themselves) and from outside (policies from Beijing) by attempts to settle herders. In this township, agriculture has become important along rivers, herders are securing rights over irrigated lands to produce hay crops, and many complain of the long distances between pastures and want to become settled.
Reindeer Herding in Transition: Historical and Modern Day Challenges for Alaskan Reindeer Herders
Authors: Finstad Greg L. , Kielland Knut K. , Schneider William S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The people of northwestern Alaska have had a long relationship with local populations of Rangifer tarandus. During the last 200 years this relationship has changed from one of subsistence to overexploitation of caribou (the name for wild reindeer in North America), to commercial livestock production of semi domesticated reindeer and now may be returning to a subsistence economy based on caribou. Reindeer were introduced to Alaska in 1892 because of the disappearance of caribou, a subsistence resource. Until recently, reindeer meat and velvet antler production generated significant employment and revenue important to the economies of rural Alaskan communities. However, from 1976 to 1996 the Western Arctic Caribou Herd (WACH) increased from about 75,000 to 463,000 animals. Concurrently, winter range use of the WACH shifted westward onto traditional reindeer ranges of the Seward Peninsula for the first time in over 100 years. This event has produced socio-economic and ecological consequences for the region. Many reindeer herders have lost 75-100 percent of their herds through commingling and out-migration with wild caribou. This loss, amounting to over 17,000 reindeer, represents a potential economic value of millions of dollars. Many herders have adopted new technologies, such as satellite telemetry and intensive herding to salvage what is left of their herds. Here we discuss the role of grazing animals and patterns of human resource use in an Arctic system. We then discuss our findings on the effects and changes in management practices brought about by caribou incursion in the context of the regional economy on the Seward Peninsula.
The Performative Machine: Transfer of Ownership in a Northwest Russian Reindeer Herding Community (Kola Peninsula)
Authors: Konstantinov Yulian , Vladimirova Vladislava 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The article is based on longitudinal fieldwork with reindeer herders in the Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia. Its main ethnographic focus is SKhPK 'Tundra' (sel'sko khoziastvennaia proizvoditel'naia kooperatsiia - agricultural producing cooperative) of Lovozero. The main argument is that a state of communal affairs under the dominance of the state farm (sovkhoz), during the Soviet period, privileged domestic economies of the farm workers to be supported by the collective assets of the farm. The authors see this state of 'private-in-the-collective' arrangement as 'sovkhoism' and view the present variety of rural organisational forms in Russia as greater or lesser departures from it.