bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction between canine platelets and adult heartworms: Platelet recognition of heartworm surfaces
Authors: Clemmons R. M. , Yamaguchi R. A. , Schaub R. G. , Fleming J. , Dorsey-Lee M. R. , McDonald T. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An interaction between blood platelets and adult heartworms was examined in vitro. Surfaces of glutaraldehyde-fixed heartworms, which were taken from infected dogs, washed, and incubated in platelet-rich plasma (prp), were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Adherence of platelets to heartworms occurred only with prp from infected dogs. Aggregation to epinephrine and adenosine diphosphate of prp incubated with heartworms was monitored. Seemingly, platelet activation to heartworm membranes occurs in dogs with heartworm disease. The increased platelet reactivity was also observed in dogs with occult heartworm disease, indicating that the presence of circulating microfilaria was not important for this process. The ability to transfer the reactivity to heartworm-negative platelets by suspending them in heartworm-positive plasma indicated that this reactivity resided in the plasma. The processes leading to platelet activation may be responsible for the platelet-associated vascular disorders of canine heartworm disease.
Efficacy of oxfendazole as administered by intraruminal injection to naturally infected calves
Authors: Yazwinski T. A. , Presson B. L. , Featherstone H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Oxfendazole, formulated into a 22.5% suspension, was administered by intraruminal injection to cattle at the rates of 0, 1.125, 2.25, 4.50, and 6.75 mg/kg of body weight. In total, 50 naturally infected calves were used, with 10 animals being allocated to each of the 5 treatment groups on the basis of pretreatment counts of nematode eggs per gram of feces. All animals were necropsied 7 days after treatment. The trial was done between December 1983 and January 1984, with the animals kept on concrete for a minimum of 35 days immediately before necropsy. For all nematodes and stages combined, efficacies were 97.4%, 98.8%, 99.5%, and 99.8% for oxfendazole at dosages of 1.125, 2.25, 4.50, and 6.75 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Early 4th-stage larvae of Ostertagia and Nematodirus helvetianus adults were eliminated at rates > 93% only at the dosages of 4.50 mg/kg and above. Local or systemic adverse reactions were not observed in any of the animals.
Hepatic morphology and effects of intravenous injection of sodium propionate on plasma propionate and glucose in fed and fasted dairy cattle
Authors: Bruss M. L. , Grùhn Y. , Huffman E. M. , Lindberg L.-A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sodium propionate (3 mmol/kg) was injected iv into 8 nonlactating dairy cows before and after 6 days (144 hours) of fasting. During fasting, long-chain fatty acids in plasma increased from 0.30 ± 0.05 (se) mM to 1.09 ± 0.15 mM (P < 0.05). Liver fat increased from 0.5 ± 0.3% to 9.3 ± 1.7% (P < 0.05). Half-life of injected sodium propionate increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 7.6 ± 0.5 minutes to 10.1 ± 1.0 minutes during fasting. Sulfobromophthalein half-life did not change significantly (3.8 ± 0.79 minutes to 5.3 ± 1.3 minutes). Increases in plasma glucose concentrations after propionate loading were significantly less during fasting than during feeding. Thus, the change in glucose concentration served as an indicator of hepatic conversion of propionate to glucose. Increases in glucose concentration of less than 2 mM at 30 minutes after propionate loading indicated that liver function was altered in nonlactating dairy cows.
Long-term biochemical and physiologic effects of surgically placed portacaval shunts in dogs
Authors: Schaeffer Monica C. , Rogers Quinton R. , Buffington C. A. , Wolfe Bruce M. , Strombeck Donald R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
After surgical placement of end-to-side portacaval shunts (pcs), 4 adult mongrel dogs (11.8 to 18.2 kg) were fed purified diets and monitored for approximately 50 weeks for changes in body weight, neurologic status, and an array of clinically important biochemical variables. Two healthy dogs, fed the same diets and maintained in the same environment, were also observed (controls). Body weights were relatively stable over the period of observation. The branched-chain ratio ([valine] + [leucine] + [isoleucine]/[phenylalanine] + [tyrosine]), an index of the degree of change in plasma amino acid concentrations, was significantly lower in dogs with pcs than in controls. Despite this depression in branched-chain ratio, the principals (dogs with pcs) were essentially free of neurologic symptoms. Statistically significant decreases due to portacaval shunting were seen in the serum concentrations of glucose, calcium, urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, and albumin. Total protein, globulin, and triglyceride concentrations tended to be lower in the serum of principals than in serum of controls, but the differences were not statistically significant. Statistically significant increases due to portacaval shunting were seen in plasma concentrations of total conjugated bile acids and sulfobromophthalein retention. Concentrations of the following compounds tended to be higher in serum of principals than in serum of controls: phosphorus, chloride, uric acid, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. Liver biopsy at 7 months after operation showed mild-to-extensive atrophy of hepatocytes, mild-to-extensive fibrosis, and collapsed portal veins in all principals examined.
Normal blood supply of the canine patella
Authors: Howard Paul E. , Wilson James W. , Robbins Teresa A. , Ribble Gail A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The normal blood supply of the canine patella was evaluated, using microangiography and correlated histology. Arterioles entered the cortex of the patella at multiple sites along the medial, lateral, and dorsal aspects. The body of the patella was vascularized uniformly, with many arterioles that branched and anastomosed extensively throughout the patella. The patella was not dependent on a single nutrient artery for its afferent supply, but had an extensive interior vascular network. These factors should ensure rapid revascularization and healing of patellar fractures, provided appropriate fracture fixation is achieved.
Effects of urinary bladder distention on location of the urinary bladder and urethra of healthy dogs and cats
Authors: Johnston Gary R. , Osborne Carl A. , Jessen Carl R. , Feeney Daniel A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Evaluation of the anatomic location of the distended and empty urinary bladders and urethras of healthy adult male and female dogs and cats by retrograde urethrocystography revealed substantial variations. In 15 dogs in lateral recumbency with empty bladder lumens, the caudal portion of the urinary bladder was within the pelvic canal in 5 of 7 male and 5 of 8 female dogs. In female dogs examined in ventrodorsal recumbency, only 4 of 8 had the empty urinary bladders in part within the pelvic canal. After luminal distention, 3 of 7 male and 3 of 8 female dogs, while in lateral recumbency, had the urinary bladders in part intrapelvically. However, when female dogs were placed in ventrodorsal recumbency, only 1 of 7 urinary bladders was in part within the pelvis. The urinary bladders of 14 cats were consistently within the abdominal cavity, irrespective of whether the bladder lumen was distended or empty.
Urethral flexures occurred in dogs with intrapelvic bladders that were distended or empty. Urethral flexures were not found in cats. The urethras of dogs and cats in lateral recumbency were generally closer to the floor of the pelvis after urinary bladder distention than when the bladder was empty. The urethra of the dogs and cats in ventrodorsal recumbency was to the left or right of or on the midsagittal plane, whether the urinary bladder was empty or distended. A greater degree of lateral displacement was encountered in ventrodorsal recumbency after urinary bladder distention.
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in cattle with left displaced abomasum with or without concurrent infections
Authors: Gyang E. O. , Markham R. J. F. , Usenik E. A. , Maheswaran S. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cattle submitted to the University of Minnesota for surgical correction of left displaced abomasum (lda) were examined for the in vitro phagocytic and bactericidal activities of their polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn). The pmn from cattle with lda with or without concurrent infection had depressed phagocytic function when compared with pmn from healthy animals (controls). Those with concurrent infection had phagocytic activities lower than those in the group of cattle with lda without any concurrent infection, and the former group was also observed to have depressed intracellular killing. Cattle with lda complicated by infection were the only group in which phagocytic function was altered during surgical correction of lda (and recovery). Treatment of pmn from both groups of affected cattle with levamisole in vitro enhanced intracellular killing, but had no effect on phagocytosis.
In vitro bactericidal efficacy of equine polymorphonuclear leukocytes against Corynebacterium equi
Authors: Yager J. A. , Foster S. F. , Zink M. C. , Prescott J. F. , Lumsden J. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from adult horses were separated from whole blood, using a 2-step Percoll gradient, and were tested for bactericidal function against Corynebacterium equi. Staphylococcus aureus, an organism against which equine neutrophils have proved efficacy, was a positive control. The percentage of uptake after a 15-minute preincubation of the neutrophils and bacteria in the presence of normal horse serum was also calculated. The results indicated that equine neutrophils effectively phagocytosed and killed C equi and S aureus. The percentage of uptake for S aureus (95% ± 3%) was greater than that for C equi (85% ± 6%) (P < 0.001), but the bactericidal efficacy was equivalent. More than 90% of the ingested or attached bacteria were destroyed during the 3-hour incubation period (mean percentage of C equi killed = 96 ± 2%; mean percentage of S aureus killed = 91 ± 8%). These results indicated that a failure of bacterial killing by neutrophils is unlikely to be important in the pathogenesis of C equi pneumonia in the horse.
In vitro sulfoxidation of albendazole by ovine liver microsomes: Assay and frequency of various xenobiotics
Authors: Galtier P. , Alvinerie M. , Delatour P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The in vitro biological oxidation of albendazole to its pharmacologically active sulfoxide and its sulfone by ovine liver microsomes has been studied. Sulfoxidation (maximal rate = 0.412 nmole/min/mg of protein, Michaelis constant = 185 × 10−6 M) was 107 times more potent than formation of albendazole sulfone. The sulfoxidation corresponds to a reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent enzymatic system characterized by a pH optima value around 8. Flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing monooxygenase could be responsible for this S-oxygenation because of the strong inhibitory effect of methimazole.
Albendazole sulfoxidase is inhibited competitively by the related anthelmintic drug fenbendazole (inhibitory constant = 243 × 10−6M) and noncompetitively by chlorpromazine (inhibitory constant = 135 × 10−6M). At high concentration, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, and hexobarbital are less active inhibitors, whereas dexamethasone acetate significantly enhances the reaction which is not inhibited by either carbon monoxide, griseofulvin, imidazole, phenylbutazone, or proadifen.
Anti-tumor evaluation of benzaldehyde in the dog and cat
Authors: MacEwen E. Gregory 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fourteen dogs and 11 cats with various malignant tumors were treated daily with benzaldehyde at a dosage rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight, orally, divided into 4 doses. Clinical signs of toxicosis were not observed. A partial response (> 50% regression) was observed in animals with an oral squamous cell carcinoma and an oral melanoma. A minimal response (< 50% regression) was observed in animals with a sweat gland adenocarcinoma and a mast cell sarcoma. One dog with an oral melanoma had stabilization of tumor growth for 8 weeks. Seemingly, benzaldehyde has only minimal anti-tumor activity at the dose studied.
Effect of flushing the vasa deferentiaa at the time of vasectomy on the rate of clearance of spermatozoa from the ejaculates of dogs and cats
Authors: Frenette M. D. , Dooley M. P. , Pineda M. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Flushing the vasa deferentia (ductus deferentes)a at the time of vasectomy reduced to zero the number of intact spermatozoa by postvasectomy day 6 in the dog and by postvasectomy day 7 in the cat and shortened the time from vasectomy to azoospermia in the dog, but not in the cat. The fluid used to flush the vasa deferentia was not eliminated through the penile urethra, but flowed into the urinary bladder, indicating that the least resistant pathway for the exit of vasal content in the anesthetized dog and cat is toward the urinary bladder. Both control and treated dogs and cats had spermatozoa in the urine obtained by cystocentesis immediately after ejaculation or ejaculation and flushing of the vasa deferentia.
Flushing the vasa deferentia at the time of vasectomy is easy to do, safe, and can be used in clinical practice to decrease the time from vasectomy to the safe utilization of dogs and cats as teasers. The procedure has potential application to males of other species.
Types of myofibers parasitized in experimentally induced infections with Sarcocystis cruzi and Sarcocystis capracanis
Authors: Powell E. C. , Pezeshkpour G. , Dubey J. P. , Fayer R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eighteen calves were orally inoculated with either 200,000 or 225,000 sporocysts of Sarcocystis cruzi. Eight goats were orally inoculated with 20,000 sporocysts of S capracanis. Calves and goats were euthanatized at various times after inoculation, and portions of their right and left biceps femoris, right and left longissimus dorsi, myocardium, and tongue were frozen at −150 C in pre-cooled isopentane and stored at −70 C. Frozen sections of these muscles were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, modified Gomori's trichrome, nonspecific esterase, diphosphopyridine nucleotide tetrazolium reductase, and adenosinetriphosphatase at pH 10.4 and 4.6. Muscle from the same locations was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed for paraffin embedding, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopic examination of both calf and goat tissue indicated that both type I and type II muscle fibers were equally infected and that infected myofibers showed no apparent damage other than displacement by sarcocysts. Occasionally, muscle fibers within the muscle spindles contained sarcocysts.
Survival of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in axenic purulent exudate on common barnyard fomites
Authors: Augustine John L. , Renshaw Harland W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Several inanimate surfaces (eg, plastic, wood, and steel) and particulate fomites (eg, wood shavings, hay, straw, and feces), common to the environment of confined small ruminants, were inoculated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in axenic purulent exudate that had been surgically removed from a naturally occurring case of caprine caseous lymphadenitis. Each inoculated fomite was incubated at 37, 22, and 4 C, and the length of time that C pseudotuberculosis survived was determined by isolation of bacteria from the fomite. The organism remained viable longer when caseous lymphadenitis abscess contents were mixed with particulate fomites than when spread on surfaces. Incubation at lower temperatures generally extended the survival potential of C pseudotuberculosis. Depending on the particulate fomite and the incubation temperature, viable C pseudotuberculosis organisms were isolated for mean periods ranging from 7 to 55 days, whereas recovery of bacteria from surfaces varied from 1 to 8 days.
Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin: Physicochemical characteristics and susceptibility of leukotoxin to enzymatic treatment
Authors: Chang Yung-Fu , Renshaw Harland W. , Richards Alan B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sterile, concentrated culture supernatant from Pasteurella haemolytica (biotype A, serotype 1) strain 630 was subjected to physical, chemical, and immunologic treatments to determine their influence on leukotoxin (cytotoxin) activity contained in the supernatant. Each treated sample contained approximately 8 chemiluminescence inhibitory units of leukotoxin. Treatment effects were evaluated for their ability to inactivate leukotoxin activity. Leukotoxin activity in treated samples was determined by inhibition of the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence response of bovine neutrophils. Optimal leukotoxin synthesis by Ρ haemolytica occurred when the bacteria were at the logarithmic growth phase, whereas stationary phase cultures contained minimal amounts of leukotoxin activity in their culture supernatant. Leukotoxin activity was heat labile; activity was substantially decreased when concentrated culture supernatant samples containing leukotoxin activity were incubated at 37 C for several hours. When concentrated culture supernatant was incubated at progressively decreasing temperatures, there was a progressive increase in the length of time that the leukotoxin retained its biologic activity. Samples stored at − 70 C retained activity for at least 2 months. Leukotoxin activity was nondialyzable and was able to withstand considerable extremes in hydrogen ion concentration. Leukotoxin activity could not be pelleted when subjected to forces of 100,000 × g for 1 hour.
Chemical and enzymatic studies suggested that Ρ haemolytica leukotoxin contained carbohydrate and protein moieties. Chemical treatment with 0.2% sodium lauryl sulfate, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 7.5 mM EDTA and 8M urea with 8 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and enzymatic treatment with lipase, ribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease had no discernible effect on leukotoxin activity. However, chemical treatment with appropriate concentrations of potassium metaperiodate and enzymatic treatment with chymotrypsin, trypsin, protease, and amylase completely inactivated leukotoxin activity. The leukotoxin preparation was without hemolytic activity against erythrocyte suspensions prepared from 12 different nonhuman animals and from human beings with each of the 4 ABO blood groups (A, B, O, and AB). Bovine fetal serum was without neutralizing activity against leukotoxin. Neutralizing activity was found in a serum pool from young cattle and in a convalescent phase serum collected from a cow that had recovered from spontaneously occurring pneumonia caused by Ρ haemolytica. Collectively, results from this study and previous studies suggest that metabolically active Ρ haemolytica synthesize and secrete into the culture supernatant a heat-labile, oxygen-stable, pH-stable, nondialyzable, nonhemolytic, and water-soluble antigenic glycoprotein that is toxic to ruminant leukocytes and that may be an important virulence factor of the microorganism.
Enterotoxin activity of a Salmonella typhimurium of equine origin in vivo in rabbits and the effect of Salmonella culture lysates and cholera toxin on equine colonic mucosa in vitro
Authors: Murray Michael J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine whether a strain of Salmonella typhimurium (UCD 1755) of equine origin had enterotoxin activity, 2 ml of a cell-free culture lysate of strain UCD 1755 and approximately 109 viable strain UCD 1755 organisms were inoculated into ligated small intestinal segments of rabbits. Intestinal segments inoculated with viable strain UCD 1755 organisms and those inoculated with a cell-free culture lysate of strain UCD 1755 had significant (P < 0.05) accumulations of fluid 10 hours after inoculation when compared with ligated intestinal segments either inoculated with sterile brain-heart infusion broth or left empty. There was not a statistically significant difference between fluid accumulation of intestinal segments inoculated with viable strain UCD 1755 and that of segments inoculated with a cell-free culture lysate of strain UCD 1755.
The responses of equine colonic mucosa to culture filtrates of 2 strains of Salmonella typhimurium (UCD 1755 and SL 1027) and purified cholera toxin were studied in vitro. Isolated samples of colonic mucosa were incubated for 4 hours at 37 C in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (khb) alone, khb plus culture lysate of strain UCD 1755, khb plus culture lysate of strain SL 1027, and khb plus 1 μg of cholera toxin/ml. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content of each sample was determined. Mucosa incubated in khb plus cholera toxin had a significantly (P < 0.01) greater cAMP content than did mucosa incubated in khb alone. Mucosa incubated in either khb plus strain UCD 1755 culture lysate or khb plus strain SL 1027 lysate had a greater cAMP content than did mucosa incubated in khb alone, but the difference was not significant.
Seroepizootiology of types 3 and 7 adenoviruses and bovine viral diarrhea virus infections of beef cattle from birth to first parturition
Authors: Stauber Ε. H. , Abinanti F. R. , Whitbeck G. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-nine female Angus cattle were monitored from birth until 24 months of age for infection with types 3 and 7 adenoviruses (AV3, AV7) and bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus by virus isolation and neutralization tests. Twenty-seven animals remained in the study for 450 days, whereas 16 animals remained at the conclusion of the tests. Viruses were not isolated from test animals. Seroepizootiologic examination indicated that there were 28 infections with AV3, 33 infections with AV7, and 13 infections with bvd virus. Of these infections, 5 with AV3, 6 with AV7, and 2 with bvd virus were reinfections. All but 1 primary AV3 infection had occurred between 180 and 360 days after parturition. Infection with AV7 occurred earlier than that with AV3, as shown by 6 seropositive animals by 180 days. Most adenovirus infections were documented after animals had left confinement and were turned out to pasture. Most bvd virus infections occurred within the first 90 days after parturition. At completion of the study, only 1 animal had not shown evidence of AV3 infection, 2 animals had not been infected with AV7, and 7 cows had remained free of bvd virus infection.