bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinal fatty acids of piglets fed docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids from microbial sources
Authors: Craig‐Schmidt Margaret C. , Stieh Kathryn E. , Lien Eric L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6n‐3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20∶4n‐6) serve important roles in perinatal visual and neural development. A neonatal pig model was used to determine if dietary supplementation with DHA and AA at slightly greater concentrations than normally found in human milk would influence fatty acid accretion in retina. One‐day‐old piglets were assigned to one of four diets (n=5/group): (i) STD, standard diet containing fat similar to infant formula; (ii) STD+DHA, 0.7% of fatty acids as DHA; (iii) STD+AA, 0.9% as AA; and (iv) STD+BOTH, 0.8% as DHA plus 1.0% as AA. After 25 d, fatty acids in retina phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were determined. Supplementation with DHA resulted in approximately twofold increases (P<0.05) in PC‐DHA (4.88% in STD vs. 10.03% in STD+DHA and 9.47% in STD+BOTH). Similarly, AA supplementation increased PC‐AA 1.3–1.4‐fold (4.47% in STD vs. 6.19% in STD+AA and 5.70% in STD+BOTH). For PE, supplementation with either fatty acid or in combination resulted in no significant increases, except for a 1.2‐fold increase in DHA for STD+BOTH (32.66%) vs. STD (28.38%). Thus, PC responded to dietary supplementation, with addition of DHA, AA, or BOTH, resulting in increases in respective fatty acids; PE was less responsive, with only STD+BOTH resulting in increased DHA. No significant competition between DHA and AA in incorporation into phospholipids was observed. In conclusion, consumption of a combination of DHA and AA by neonatal pigs supported accretion of DHA in retina phospholipids, while simultaneously supplying the AA necessary for membrane phospholipids and eicosanoid biosynthesis.
Increased hepatic Δ6‐Desaturase activity with growth hormone expression in the MG101 transgenic mouse
Authors: Nakamura Manabu T. , Phinney Stephen D. , Tang Anna B. , Oberbauer Anita M. , German J. Bruce , Murray James D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGrowth hormone (GH) has many metabolic effects, but its mechanism(s) of action are not fully understood. We studied the short‐term effects of endogenously produced GH on liver Δ6‐desaturase activity and adipose and liver lipid fraction fatty acid composition in transgenic mice. MG101 transgenic mice ages 73–114 d received zinc to activate the ovine GH transgene for 7 d. Nontransgenic littermates, used as controls, also received zinc. Liver lipids were fractionated into phospholipids (PL), cholesteryl esters, and triglycerides (TG), and retroperitoneal adipose fractionated into PL and TG for fatty acid analysis. Liver microsomes were assayed for Δ6‐desaturase activity. Animals expressing the ovine growth hormone transgene had a 2.5‐fold higher liver Δ6‐desaturase activity than controls. Arachidonate and docosahexaenoate were significantly higher in liver PL of GH transgenic animals compared to controls, but both were decreased in adipose PL in the GH animals. We conclude that increased production of GH affects both production and organ distribution of highly unsaturated fatty acids. The changes in arachidonate in various lipid pools following transgene expression may mediate the systemic actions of GH.
Fatty acid composition of danish margarines and shortenings, with special emphasis ontrans fatty acids
Authors: Ovesen Lars , Leth Torben , Hansen Kirsten 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTrans fatty acids from hydrogenated vegetable and marine oils could be as hypercholesterolemic and atherogenic as saturated fatty acids. Hence, it is important to know the fatty acid composition in major food contributors, e.g., margarines and shortenings. In 1992 margarines were examined, and in 1995 brands covering the entire Danish market were examined. Significant amounts oftrans‐18∶1 were found only in hard margarines (mean: 4.2±2.8%) and shortenings (mean: 6.8 ±3.1%), whereas the semisoft and soft margarines contained substantially lesstrans‐18∶1 in 1995 than in 1992. Where marine oils had been used to a larger degree the meantrans‐monoenoic content was about 15%, of which close to 50% was made up of long‐chain (C20 and C22)trans fatty acids. A note‐worthy decrease in the content oftrans‐18∶1 had occurred for the semisoft margarines, from 9.8±6.1% in 1992 to 1.2±2.2% in 1995. Calculated from sales figures, the supply oftrans‐18∶1 plus saturated fatty acids from margarines had decreased over this three‐year period by 1.4 g/day, which has been replaced bycis monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Sterol composition ofPhaeodactylum tricornutumas influenced by growth temperature and light spectral quality
Authors: Véron Benoît , Billard Chantal , Dauguet Jean‐Claude , Hartmann Marie‐Andrée 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a detailed sterol analysis of the marine diatomPhaeodactylum tricornutum, free sterols as well as esterified and glycosylated conjugates were found. When the alga was grown under standard conditions (i.e., at 13°C under white light), 64% of total sterols were steryl glycosides. In all sterol classes, except steryl esters, (24S)‐24‐methylcholesta‐5,22E‐‐dien‐3β‐ol (epibrassicasterol) was the major (80 to 99%) sterol component. Eight other sterols were identified. Growth under different light spectral quality (red, blue, yellow, and green) at 13 and 23°C was examined. At 23°C, a dramatic decrease in total sterol content was observed, especially under blue light. The distribution of sterols between free and conjugated forms as well as sterol profile inside each class was found to be strongly dependent on the light spectral quality at both temperatures.
Plasma concentrations of dihydro‐vitamin K1 following dietary intake of a hydrogenated vitamin K1‐rich vegetable oil
Authors: Booth Sarah L. , Davidson Kenneth W. , Lichtenstein Alice H. , Sadowski James A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDihydro‐vitamin K1 is a dietary form of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) produced during the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. To determine if dihydro‐vitamin K1 is present in plasma following dietary intake of a hydrogenated fat, eight healthy adults consumed each of two diets containing 30% of calories from fat, of which 20% was either soybean oil or a partially hydrogenated soybean oil‐based stick margarine. Of the fats and oils analyzed, dihydro‐vitamin K1 was only found in the hydrogenated products. The soybean oil diet contained 180 ±12 μg (mean±SD) of vitamin K1/day and nondetectable levels of dihydro‐vitamin K1, whereas the stick margarine diet contained 199±7 μg of vitamin K1/day and 23±2 μg of dihydrovitamin K1/day. After consuming each diet for five weeks, plasma dihydro‐vitamin K1 concentrations were higher (P=0.002) in all eight subjects when consuming the stick margarine diet (0.56 ±0.33 nmol/L) compared to the soybean oil diet (0.12±0.11 nmol/L). There was no significant change in plasma vitamin K1 concentrations when the two diets were compared. In conclusion, dihydro‐vitamin K1 is detectable in plasma following dietary intake of a hydrogenated vitamin K1‐rich vegetable oil.
Physicochemical characterization of ATP binding to human 5‐lipoxygenase
Authors: Noguchi Masato , Miyano Masashi , Matsumoto Takashi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHuman 5‐lipoxygenase requires ATP as a stimulatory factor. At the two preferred concentrations of the free Ca2+, 0.02 μM with a resting cell and 20 μM with a stimulated cell, Scatchard analysis revealed that 5‐lipoxygenase has one affinity ATP binding site with aKd of 4.6 μM at the low Ca2+ concentration but has two affinity ATP binding sites with a higherKd of 4.4 μM and a lowerKd of 14.5 μM at the high Ca2+ concentration. In contrast, in a Tween 20 reaction system, 5‐lipoxygenase had similar activation coefficients for ATP at both Ca2+ concentrations; these were 12.7 μM at the low Ca2+ concentration and 12.0 μM at the high Ca2+ concentration. These results showed that 5‐lipoxygenase has an ATP binding site and suggest that self‐association of 5‐lipoxygenase in 20 μM Ca2+ may affect ATP binding affinity as measured by Scatchard analysis.
Fatty acyl desaturation in isolated hepatocytes from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Stimulation by dietary borage oil containing γ‐linolenic acid
Authors: Tocher Douglas R. , Bell J. Gordon , Dick James R. , Sargent John R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of different dietary oils on the fatty acid compositions of liver phospholipids and the desaturation and elongation of [1‐14C]18∶3n−3 and [1‐14C]18∶2n−6 were investigated in isolated hepatocytes from Atlantic salmon. Atlantic salmon smolts were fed diets containing either a standard fish oil (FO) as a control diet, a 1∶1 blend of Southern Hemisphere marine oil and tuna orbital oil (MO/TO), sunflower oil (SO), borage oil (BO), or oliver oil (OO) for 12 wk. The SO and BO diets significantly increased the percentages of 18:2n−6, 18:3n−6, 20:2n−6, 20:3n−6, and total n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in salmon liver lipids in comparison with the FO diet. The BO diet also increased the percentage of 20:4n−6. Both the SO and BO diets significantly reduced the percentages of all n−3 PUFA in comparison with the FO diet. The OO diet significantly increased the percentages of 18:1n−9, 18:2n−6, total monoenes, and total n−6 PUFA in liver lipids compared to the FO diet, and the percentages of all n−3 PUFA were significantly reduced. With [1‐14C]18:3n−3, the recovery of radioactivity in the products of Δ6 desaturation was significantly greater in the hepatocytes from salmon fed SO, BO, and OO in comparison with the FO diet. The BO diet also increased the recovery of radioactivity in the products of Δ5 desaturation. Only the BO diet significantly affected the desaturation of [1‐14C]18:2n−6, increasing recovery of radioactivity in both Δ6‐ and Δ5‐desaturation products. In conclusion, dietary BO, enriched in γ‐linolenic acid (18:3n−6), significantly increased the proportions of both 20:3n−6 and 20:4n−6 in salmon liver phospholipids and also significantly increased the desaturation of both 18:2n−6 and 18:3n−3 in salmon hepatocytes. The possible relationships between dietary fatty acid composition, tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition, and desaturation/elongation activities are discussed.
The fatty acid composition of a Vibrio alginolyticus associated with the alga Cladophora coelothrix. Identification of the novel 9‐methyl‐10‐hexadecenoic acid
Authors: Carballeira Néstor M. , Sostre Anthony , Stefanov Kamen , Popov Simeon , Kujumgiev Athanas , Dimitrova‐Konaklieva Stefka , Tosteson Carmen G. , Tosteson Thomas R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of a new strain of Vibrio alginolyticus, found in the alga Cladophora coelothrix, was studied. Among 38 different fatty acids, a new fatty acid, 9‐methyl‐10‐hexadecenoic acid and the unusual 11‐methyl‐12‐octadecenoic acid, were identified. Linear alkylbenzene fatty acids, such as 10‐phenyldecanoic acid, 12‐phenyldodecanoic acid and 14‐phenyltetradecanoic acid, were also found in V. alginolyticus. The alga contained 43% saturated fatty acids, and 28% C16–C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n−3 and n−6 families.
Women's Health Care Minimum Data Set: Pilot Test and Validation for Use in Clinical Practice
Authors: CNM Cindy L Farley , Tharpe Nell , Miller Liane , Ruxer Debbie Jenkins 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTBasic elements of the structure, process, and outcomes of midwifery practice have not been fully determined, particularly in the areas of women's gynecologic and primary health care. The American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM) supported the development of clinical data sets to describe structure, process, and outcomes of midwifery practice for use by clinical practitioners. The Woman's Health Care Minimum Data Set was developed using a panel of expert midwives and other women's health care professionals, as well as literature resources. Students of the Graduate Midwifery Program at Philadelphia University performed pilot testing of the Woman's Health Care Minimum Data Set as a service to the profession of midwifery while applying concepts learned in their research methods courses. Each student (n = 19) recruited a midwifery practice in which she had a clinical affiliation, and gathered data sets on the previous 30 consecutive women's health care encounters by CNMs or CMs (n = 569). Item analysis and refinement were done. Criterion‐related validity and construct‐related validity of the Woman's Health Care Minimum Data Set were explored through comparison with the medical record and through the testing of plausible hypotheses. The Woman's Health Care Minimum Data Set has the potential to be an important instrument in documenting and understanding the evolving nature of the practice of primary women's health care by midwives and other women's health care providers.
Current Issues in Emergency Contraception: An Overview for Providers
Authors: Brunton Jennifer , Beal Margaret W. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTEmergency contraception has the potential to greatly reduce the number of unintended pregnancies occurring each year in the United States. Emergency contraception is a safe and effective intervention to which all women should have easy access in the event of an act of unprotected intercourse. Methods of emergency contraception include combined hormone oral contraceptive pills, progestin‐only oral contraceptive pills, a dedicated progestin‐only emergency contraceptive product, and insertion of a copper intrauterine device. Barriers exist to the increased use of emergency contraception, including the prescription‐only status of all of the methods and lack of accurate knowledge on the part of health care providers and consumers. This article provides an overview of the clinical management of emergency contraception.
Gynecologic and Contraceptive Services Provided by Certified Nurse‐Midwives in North Carolina
Authors: Likis Frances E. , Petersen Ruth , Clark Kathryn Andersen , Payne Patricia A. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTGynecologic care by midwives has been little represented in the peer‐reviewed literature despite the fact that the majority of midwives provide these services. Offering patients a variety of contraceptive options is important for informed choice and consent and for reducing the unintended pregnancy rate, which is nearly 50% in the United States. This study describes the volume of gynecologic care and the contraceptive methods provided by certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs) in North Carolina. The study was conducted using a cross‐sectional, confidential, self‐administered mail questionnaire completed by 133 CNMs in clinical practice in North Carolina. The majority of the CNMs worked in private practice settings (67%), in urban areas (60%), and had 10 or fewer years of experience (62%). The median number of women seen weekly for gynecologic care was 15 (range 0–80), and 30% of CNMs provided gynecologic care to more than 25 women each week. The contraceptive methods discussed and provided by the CNMs were comprehensive. The high percentage of midwives providing gynecologic care merits further study of the content and quality of this care.
P38 MAP‐Kinase Pathway Is Involved in the Production of CLC‐3 in Nasal Epithelial Cells With Allergic Rhinitis Induced by Interleukin‐4
Authors: Han Demin , Zhou Bing , Cheng Lei , Oh Yun , Li Huabin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of p38 MAP‐kinase (MAPK) pathway on CLC‐3 expression after interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) induction in primary cultured human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).Methods: Cultured HNECs from five patients with AR were treated with IL‐4 (20 ng/mL) with or without SB203580, a selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK, at different concentrations and durations. CLC‐3 was detected in HNECs by immunohistochemistry and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. p38 MAPK and phosphorylated p38 MAPK (pp38 MAPK) was examined by Western blotting.Results: After exposure to SB203580, CLC‐3 expression induced by IL‐4 was downregulated in HNECs in a concentration and time‐dependent manner. This downregulation was associated with a decrease in pp38 MAPK.Conclusion: These results confirmed that IL‐4 can induce CLC‐3 production in HNECs with AR through a p38 MAPK‐dependent pathway. Inhibitors of p38 MAPK may become an important strategy for the treatment of AR.
Air Bag‐Induced Orbital Blow‐Out Fractures
Authors: Francis David O. , Kaufman Robert , Yueh Bevan , Mock Charlie , Nathens Avery B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRationale: Although air bags have decreased the risk of serious injury from motor vehicle crashes, their deployment is not innocuous and can result in injury. The force of the deploying air bag can cause orbital blow‐out fractures. We investigated the circumstances that predispose a crash occupant to this particular injury.Study Design: The authors conducted a case series.Methods: A total of 150 orbital fractures occurred among 2,739 occupants in crashes included in the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) database from January 1997 to July 2005. Ten orbital blow‐out fractures attributed solely to air bag deployment were extracted and four reported in depth. Occupant, vehicle, and crash characteristics were reviewed for predisposing similarities and to investigate the mechanism of injury.Results: All crashes had air bag deployment and a frontal or near‐frontal principle direction of force. Nine of 10 injured occupants were positioned within the air bag's deployment zone at the time of impact as a result of a forward seat track position, falling asleep at the wheel, being unrestrained, or having decelerated before impact. Six of 10 occupants experiencing orbital blow‐out fractures were of shorter than average height. Based on rigorous crash reconstructions, the orbital blow‐out injuries were felt to be causally related to air bag deployment.Conclusion: Air bag deployment may result in orbital blow‐out fractures. Occupants positioned in close proximity to the air bag during its deployment phase appear to be at increased risk for orbital blow‐out fractures.
Endoscopic‐Assisted Reduction of Anterior Table Frontal Sinus Fractures
Authors: Steiger Jacob D. , Chiu Alexander G. , Francis David O. , Palmer James N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study, we examined salvage operations after reexploration in head and neck reconstruction and analyzed ways to solve problems. Free flap reconstruction of the head and neck lesion was carried out for 513 cases in our hospital over the past 12 years. Twenty‐one cases of reexploration were caused by postoperative thrombosis (4.1%). We could only salvage seven cases (33.3%) of 21 cases from flap thrombosis. All seven cases were included in the category of venous thrombosis, and they were undertaken within 3 days postoperatively. Our results have shown that once thrombosis occurs, there is little possibility of flap salvage, particularly 3 days after operation and in infectious cases. When no flow phenomena are observed and no flap salvage is deemed possible, aggressive treatment such as a second free flap or next pedicle flap should be chosen as soon as possible to avoid any delay in postoperative treatment.
Health‐Related Quality‐of‐Life Study in Patients With Carcinoma of the Thyroid After Thyroxine Withdrawal for Whole Body Scanning
Authors: Chow Sin‐Ming , Au Kwok‐Hung , Choy Tim‐Shing , Lee Siu‐Hong , Yeung Nga‐Yan , Leung Angus , Leung Alex , Leung Hoi‐Leung , Shek Chi‐Chung , Law Stephen C. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The authors studied the change of health‐related quality of life (HR‐QOL) in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) with thyroxine (T4) withdrawal in preparation for whole body radioactive iodine scanning.Study Design: Seventy‐eight patients with DTC and history of radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation were prospectively recruited. They completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Treatment‐General (FACT‐G) questionnaire on weeks 0, 2, and 4 after T4 withdrawal with corresponding checking of serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH).Results: Overall, 74.5% (58 of 78) of patients completed all FACT‐G. Comparing FACT‐G scores at weeks 0 and 4, “physical” (P < .001), “social” (P = .04), and “emotional” (P = .047) aspects were lowered as well as “total” HR‐QOL (P = .001). However, the “functional” domain of HR‐QOL was not affected (P = .14). Comparing FACT‐G scores at week 0 and 2, we found that “physical” (P = .049) and “total” (P = .05) HR‐QOL were affected early (in the first 2 weeks) in T4 withdrawal. Comparison of week 2 and 4 showed that in the later half of the withdrawal period, “physical” (P = .001), “emotional” (P = .02), and “total” FACT‐G scores (P = .002) were affected. Mean TSH level (in mIU/L) increased gradually: 2.8 (week 0), 42.8 (week 2), 97 (week 3), and 153 (week 4). The percentage of patients attaining TSH level of >30 mIU/L were 55% (week 2), 96.2% (week 3), and 100% (week 4).Conclusions: HR‐QOL declines with time of T4 withdrawal. The impact is more severe in the later period of T4 withdrawal. In 3 weeks, 96.2% of our patients attained TSH level of 30 mIU/L. To minimize the impact on HR‐QOL, duration of T4 withdrawal can be decreased to 3 weeks.
Effects of inhaled ciclesonide on circulating T‐helper type 1/T‐helper type 2 cells in atopic asthmatics after allergen challenge
Authors: Kawayama T. , O'Byrne P. M. , Watson R. M. , Killian K. J. , Duong M. , Yoshida M. , Gauvreau G. M. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryBackground
The predominance of T‐helper type 2 (Th2) lymphocytes is thought to underlie the pathogenesis of asthma. Allergen inhalation challenge in atopic asthmatic subjects is associated with decreased interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) positive CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in peripheral blood and induced sputum.Objective
This study examined the effects of an inhaled corticosteroid on these previously described allergen‐induced changes in circulating Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes.Methods
Subjects were randomized to 7 days of placebo, 40 or 80 μg ciclesonide in a crossover study. Airway responses and peripheral blood were measured before and after treatment, and 24 h after allergen challenge.Results
Ciclesonide 40 and 80 μg significantly attenuated the late response and sputum eosinophils at 8 h post‐allergen (P<0.05). Circulating IFN‐γ positive CD4+ lymphocytes decreased after allergen challenge with placebo (P<0.05), and this was inhibited by 40 μg ciclesonide treatment (P<0.05). There was no effect of allergen inhalation or ciclesonide on IL‐4‐positive CD4+ lymphocytes or IFN‐γ and IL‐4‐positive CD8high lymphocytes. The allergen‐induced change of IFN‐γ/IL‐4 ratio on CD4+ cells correlated with the allergen‐induced change of peripheral blood eosinophils.Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that attenuation of allergen‐induced airway responses by ciclesonide may be mediated through regulation of IFN‐γ‐positive CD4+ cells.