bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is interindexer consistency a hobgoblin?
Authors: Cooper William S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is often assumed that the amount of interindexer consistency experienced under a given method of indexing is somehow indicative of the quality of the indexing. To explore this assumption, two hypotheses are stated concerning the possible connection between interindexer consistency and indexing quality. A specific counter‐example is then exhibited which shows both hypotheses to be invalid. Although a mathematical analysis of the counterexample yields certain insights, the general relationship between interindexer consistency and successful retrieval is more subtle than might have been expected. It is concluded that until equations describing this relationship have been derived, measurements of interindexer consistency will have little meaning as clues to indexing quality.
The relevance of information science to library‐school curricula
Authors: Artandi Susan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is suggested that the point‐of‐view and research findings of information science and technology have a great deal of relevance to library school curricula. To produce up‐to‐date library school graduates it is not enough to append courses to existing curricula. A more imaginative and more fundamental approach is needed to integrate the fundamental concepts of information science into the entire curriculum.
Education in information science
Authors: Hayes R. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis report discusses the various approaches being taken to education in information science. It develops specific definitions of “information,” “information system,” and “information science” which serve to rationalize these approaches. The result is a common core of interest to which the variety of curricula can be related. The differences in curricula are exhibited in terms of the relative priority they will assign to different course offerings.
A comparison of a keyword from title index with a single access point per document alphabetic subject index
Authors: Jahoda G. , Stursa Mary Lou 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo indexes to a collection of 3,204 documents in the field of chemistry were test‐searched. The indexes are a keyword from title index without added keywords and a single access point per document alphabetic subject index. The indexes were searched by 13 graduate chemistry students using 55 questions. Search results are characterized in terms of recall, precision, and search time. There is no statistically significant difference in recall and precision search results between the multiple access points per document keyword from title index and the single access point per document alphabetic subject index. Search time was significantly better for the alphabetic subject index for all but those questions having only one relevant document.
A new, generalized model for information‐transfer: A systems approach
Authors: Libaw Frieda B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a new generalized model for information transfer that has at its heart a machinereadable record. The model points out how the core machine‐readable record makes possible interfacing computer typesetting with advanced information technology, the interfacing of primary with secondary publications, and the interfacing of data with document information systems. The model also illustrates how modular information transfer systems can be incrementally enlarged. IMPRINT (IMbricated PRogram for INformation Transfer) is one system based on this modular imbricated (overlapping) model. Some of the modules in IMPRINT, which have been developed by Cognitive Systems Incorporated, are described.
The mathematical foundations of bibliographic organization
Authors: Minder Thomas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractKnowledge, information, and bibliographic organization have mathematic properties of 1‐1 correspondence, infinity, countability, density, and continuity. A relation between elements of bibliographic organization exists just as a relationship exists between elements in mathematics. Knowledge and information are explained in mathematical terms. The properties of bibliographic organization and mathematics are combined to indicate that bibliographic organization is a form of mathematics.
Information gathering patterns and creativity a study of research chemists in an industrial research laboratory
Authors: Maizell Robert E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA comparison of creative and “noncreative” research chemists with respect to the ways in which they use their professional and technical literature. The creative chemists differ from the “noncreative” in that the former read more technical literature on the job, are less reluctant to use literature of greater reading difficulty, are less influenced in their independence of thought, read more extensively and consult more frequently the older material, are more inquisitive and have broader cultural interests. The findings of the study are believed to be helpful in planning library and information services, in refining future inquiries into the ways in which scientists use recorded information, and in improving tests for the identification of creative ability among chemists.
Training of patent abstracters for chemical abstracts
Authors: Platau Gerard O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA description of the training program used at the Chemical Abstracts Service for preparing abstractors to work in the peculiarly difficult field of abstracting patents while keeping in mind the needs of the chemist rather than those of the lawyer or patent examiner. Important success in improving the quality of the abstracts and increasing the period of service of the abstractors are claimed for this intensive and carefully planned program.
New indexing pattern for nuclear science abstracts
Authors: Lebow Irving , Day Melvin S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA detailed description of the mechanized techniques now being used by the Technical Information Service of the Atomic Energy Commission in the preparation of the several indexes for Nuclear Science Abstracts. These innovations which make use of standard equipment have resulted in substantial reductions in the time and cost required to prepare author (both personal and corporate) subject, and report number indexes for NSA. The new techniques have also proved of value in preparing cumulative indexes, as well as those for individual issues.
Foreign scientific literature in translation
Authors: Martin Robert L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe following report on translation sources and services represents a preliminary guide and report on the status of translation activities and means of making foreign technical information, especially the Soviet materials, available to scientists.The information has been assembled from a number of sources: from publishers' announcements, notes in technical periodicals, verbal assistance from several individuals, and similar aids. It may be noted that what follows tends to emphasize the number of uncoordinated activities in producing and recording translations of foreign publications.Because of rapidly changing conditions in the translation field, much of the information that follows will not long remain as recorded. A statement made today may not apply beyond tomorrow. Nonetheless, it is believed that the present information will be helpful to research workers, librarians, and others who today have a critical need for such information.
Application of a special punched card system to coordinated clinical statistics of malignant tumors of the female genitalia
Authors: Hosemann Hans , Haller Jürgen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe application of the mechanical punch card system to coordinated clinical statistics of malignant tumors of the female genitalia is here described. By means of a special procedure, the “mark sensing procedure”, a continuous record is maintained of all control examinations after the first treatment. It provides for a more rapid coordination of information on the therapeutical results on a national and international scale from which the patient should benefit.
The hungarian state technical library (OMK): Its role in coordinated hungarian scientific documentation
Authors: Beyerly Elizabeth 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe article presents a detailed description of documentation activities in Hungary with particular emphasis upon the work of the Hungarian State Technical Library. In this library are focused the acquisition, organization, servicing, translating, indexing, and abstracting of scientific and technical literature, both Hungarian and foreign materials. The library also assumes leadership in the training of personnel for technical library work.
Coordination of documentation research and information services by the American Petroleum Institute
Authors: Weil B. H. , Brenner E. H. , Ornsen Kate , Paddock Rita , Raymond Jurgen , Winn Sidney 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCentralized processing of technical information has been achieved for the petroleum‐refining industry through the American Petroleum Institute's Central Abstracting Service. The API operates this Service under the guidance of committees made up of member‐company representatives. Both management and information people cooperate on decisions that affect the cost and quality of the centralized services. Behind these decisions lies the pooled documentation experience and research of the individual companies, augmented by occasional specific studies conducted by the professionals who man the Service. Industry experience and research are tapped by the service of committee members themselves (who frequently consult with subject experts in their own companies), by appointment of study teams of industry expert in the specific documentation phases involved, by sending questionnaires to petroleum companies, and by holding open‐meeting discussions with users of API information services. Specific examples are cited of studies on classification systems, patent abstracting, Soviet‐literature abstracting, and machine coding.
A computer analysis of the merck sharp & dohme research laboratories indexing system
Authors: Schultz Claire K. , Shepherd Clayton A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA study of the indexing terms of 10,000 documents was conducted for the main purpose of analyzing the frequency of use of the indexing terms, both singly and in combination with one another. The serial number of each document and the indexing terms for it were typed onto magnetic tape using a Remington Rand Unityper magnetic‐tape typewriter, and this information was analyzed by a Univac I computer; the sequence of computer operations is given in a flow chart. The statistical results, presented graphically, include (1) the number of descriptors used to describe the content of a reference, (2) the distribution of use of the total vocabulary as contained in the dictionary (authority list) for the system, and (3) the frequency of occurrence of singles, pairs, and triples in describing individual documents. The data obtained through this analysis are informative, but not sufficient to fully evaluate an information system. Full evaluation would require analyzing the actual output of the system in terms of the desired output.
The historical development and present state‐of‐the‐art of mechanized information retrieval systems
Authors: Bourne Charles P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe last ten years of equipment development and the application of mechanization techniques are reviewed for each of several functionally separate approaches, such as punched‐card systems, computer systems, and magnetic media systems. Comments are made on the progress to date and the degree of activity to be expected during the next few years for each of these approaches.
Comparisons of four types of lexical indicators of content
Authors: Rath G. J. , Resnick A. , Savage T. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to determine which of four types of lexical indicators of content could be utilized best by subjects to determine relevant from irrelevant documents and to answer a set of 100 questions. The results indicate that there were no major differences between the groups using complete text and abstracts to select relevant documents, but the group utilizing the complete text obtained a significantly higher score on the examination.
A comparison of dictionary use within two information retrieval systems
Authors: Schultz Claire K. , Schwartz Phyllis D. , Steinberg Leon 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPersons performing research in the field of information retrieval need to be concerned with likenesses as well as differences in various automated systems. This paper uses the same computer routines to compare two dictionaries of different sizes, having some similar features and some different features. It compares the use of the dictionaries in building their input file, and discusses the frequency of occurrence of descriptors and their combining power, with an analysis of the data generated.
A paradigm for a retrieval effectiveness experiment
Authors: Bornstein Harry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBased upon the expectation that empirical research will eventually replace logical attempts to assess the effectiveness of different indexing rationales, the author presents a paradigm for such experimentation. The recommended criterion of retrieval effectiveness is a series of independent measures stated in terms of the user's requirements. The experimental procedures thought necessary to carry out such an experiment are illustrated in the paradigm. In addition, a series of appendices, each of which deals with a specific question or difficulty encountered in this kind of experimentation, is presented.
A study in the developments of colon classification
Authors: Tyaganatarajan T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe pioneering works of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan in the field of library classification have indeed penetrated the minds of many thinking men in the library profession and have considerably affected the pattern of current thought in library classification. This is clearly indicated in the recent researches of the British Classification Research Group which seems to be profoundly influenced by “facet analysis” as propounded by Ranganathan. Foskett (1), one of the members of the Group, writes, “After a great deal of (quite valuable) discussion, the British Classification Research Group accepted that ‘facet analysis’ must be the basis of a classification scheme able to meet the modern requirements…” The British National Bibliography has accepted some of the techniques of Ranganathan, viz., the imposition of “facet formula” on the Decimal Classification Schedule, “Chain indexing,” “detailed featuring,” etc. Although the Scheme itself is not known to have been used anywhere outside India (2), there is no gainsaying the fact that the Colon Classification has cut new ground. In this context, it may be worthwhile to study the Indian Scheme in its various stages of developments. The purpose of this paper, in the main, is to attempt a study of the Scheme in two stages: 1) from its inception until the publication of the third edition in 1950, and 2) from 1950 to the present day, laying emphasis on the theory of library classification.
Documentation in Poland
Authors: Wepsiec Jan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDocumentation services in the field of technology in Poland, organized in 1950, were reorganized in 1960. The network of services, structurally decentralized, consists of: (1) the Central Institute for Scientific, Technical and Economic Information which coordinates all services and reproduces, stores and distributes documentation materials, (2) the Departmental Information Centers which coordinate documentation services for groups of related industries, (3) Branch Information Centers which prepare abstracts and other documentation materials, and (4) Factory Information Centers which serve as reference units for particular factories or groups of factories. Polish documentation services selectively cover foreign and Polish technical literature. They supply abstract cards, periodical publications containing abstracts for particular industries, special bibliographies, analytical surveys of current developments, and translations of foreign materials. Intensive training of abstractors and information officers is conducted by the Central Institute and the Branch Information Centers.
Photoreproduction
Authors: Oster Gerald 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe science of photo‐reproduction has undergone revolutionary developments during the past few years. Although photography was invented in the early nineteenth century, it has been only in the last few years that one could snap a picture and obtain a finished photograph in less than a minute. The development of simple office‐copying techniques for the reproduction of letters and other documents is of very recent origin. Perhaps less well known but certainly of equal importance are the new photographic techniques for obtaining a matrix for printing, that is, a printing plate obtained by photographic means.It is the purpose of the present article to acquaint the reader with the scientific basis of photoreproduc‐tion techniques. Since historically, and perhaps economically, photomechanical techniques are of greatest importance, we shall consider them first. At the same time, it might be wise to review the essentials of printing techniques.
Computer generation of photocomposing control tapes. Part I. Preparation of flexowriter source material
Authors: Barnett M. P. , Kelley K. L. , Bailey M. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractComputer programs have been written that affect several processes of use in mechanized documentation. Encoding programs convert source material punched on a Flexowriter into the code of a Photon photocomposing machine. The encoding programs provide justification, mixed letter size and style, and format control, to meet requirements that are specified by comments which appear ahead of the text, or, identified by special quote marks, within the text. Further programs are being written to produce the Photon code for built up chemical and mathematical formulae from “linearized” input, punched on a Flexowriter, and which contains names of symbols not on the keyboard, and control codes to indicate subscript and superscript positions. Page composing programs are being written to organize one or several texts into a complicated page format whose structure is described to the computer in simple terms. Paginated document programs are being written to organize lengthy texts into codes to print sequentially numbered pages. Editing programs have been written that apply editorial instructions to verbal texts which have been stored in a computer. At present these instructions can set margins, delete, delete and close, insert, replace, exchange and indent portions of the text, run on paragraphs and start new lines, paragraphs and pages, as requested. Programs are being written to organize fragmentary information, submitted in random sequence, into catalogues, directories, dictionaries, bibliographies, listings and indexes. Considerable emphasis is placed in all this work on modern automatic coding techniques, and on the use of “stylized instruction languages,” the development of which is considered to be far more important than the actual coding of the individual programs. The following paper describes the preparation of Flexowriter source material to be converted with Photon code by a digital computer.
The bureau of ships rapid selector system
Authors: McMurray James P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe microfilm rapid selector—a dream 30 years ago and a laboratory instrument as recently as five years ago—is today the basis of an operating information retrieval system saving time and money for the Navy Department's Bureau of Ships.The present‐day Rapid Selector is a device for searching, selecting, and copying documents stored on microfilm. Readily adapted to the use of film made in any commercially available 35 mm microfilm camera, the Selector searches and selects at the rate of 100 document images per second. Copies of selected images are made on microfilm without any reduction in the speed of the film being searched. (A predictive search, in which copies are not made, is used to evaluate the question).Present coding capability is 240 bits, arranged in 60 hexidecimal fields. A single field or combination of fields can be used as the basis for a search. Binary notation and superimposed random‐number coding are used extensively. Coded information includes usual bibliographic information, major subject‐matter designations, and secondary subject‐matter designations. Average time for indexing a document is 20 minutes. Average time for complete search, including processing, is 12 minutes. Average number of searches per month is 150. Studies of development rate and use rate of indexing terms are being conducted continually.Convinced that high‐speed search and selection without high‐speed delivery of the results of the search creates an anomaly, the Bureau of Ships is presently testing newly‐developed fascimile equipment designed to deliver Rapid Selector output to remote destinations by microwave linkages.
A. I. Ch. E. Information‐retrieval activities
Authors: Morse R. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBeginning with the June 1961 issues of all A. I. Ch. E. publications and Petroleum Refiner, index information and an abstract provided by the author‐editor team is published with each article. The indexing terms used are selected from a thesaurus of chemical engineering terms published by the A. I. Ch. E. An overall program has been designed for application in small manual systems as well as the large automatic systems. Standards for use of the system, from author indexing with the use of key‐words to the building of an engineer's personal card file, were presented by the speaker and B. E. Holm in the May and June 1961 issues of Chemical Engineering Progress. Experiences with the program to date will be discussed.