bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical research on the resource‐based view of the firm: an assessment and suggestions for future research
Authors: Newbert Scott L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe resource‐based view (RBV) is one of the most widely accepted theories of strategic management. However, to date no systematic assessment of the RBV's level of empirical support has been conducted. In response, a sample of RBV‐grounded empirical articles was analyzed from which it was found that the RBV has received only modest support overall and that this support varies considerably with the independent variable and theoretical approach employed. It is therefore suggested that scholars avoid the tendency to test models reflecting early incarnations of the RBV and instead test those that incorporate its more contemporary theoretical extensions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deregulation and environmental differentiation in the electric utility industry
Authors: Delmas Magali , Russo Michael V. , Montes‐Sancho Maria J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper analyzes how economic deregulation impacts firm strategies and environmental quality in the electric utility industry. We find evidence that the deregulation introduced to this historically staid industry has stimulated environmental differentiation. Differentiation is most likely to appear where its point of uniqueness is valued by customers, and we confirm this relationship in our sample. Specifically, utilities that served customers who exhibited higher levels of environmental sensitivity generated more ‘green’ power. The tendency for firms to differentiate in this way is lessened if they are relatively more dependent on coal‐fired generation or relatively more efficient. Thus, there is evidence that firms sort themselves into either differentiation or low‐cost strategies as the competitive realities of a deregulated world unfold. Deregulation and the ensuing environmental differentiation illustrate how utilities exploited formerly unmet customer demand for green power. The result has been greater levels of renewable generation and, hence, a cleaner environment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunocontraception and increased longevity in equids
Authors: Kirkpatrick Jay F. , Turner Allison 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIntensive population management by means of fertility control has been shown to change the age profile of a wild horse herd. The primary change has been an increase in the number and percent of older animals, as expected, but also the appearance of new and older age classes. An examination of direct effects of fertility control on two groups of treated animals shows a significant increase in longevity over non‐treated animals that is associated with contraceptive treatment. The mean age at death (MAD) was calculated for 128 wild horses for which precise birth and death dates were known, including 56 stallions, 42 untreated mares, 11 mares treated with a porcine zona pellucida contraceptive vaccine for 1–2 years, and 19 mares treated with the same vaccine for ≥3 years. The MAD for stallions (10.3±0.84 [SEM] years), and mares treated for 1–2 years (10.2±0.56), was significantly greater (P<0.05) than for untreated mares (6.4±0.85), and significantly <19.9±1.66 for mares treated ≥3 years (19.9±1.66). Zoo Biol 26:237–244, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rat neutrophil function, and leukotriene generation in essential fatty acid deficiency
Authors: Gyllenhammar Hans , Palmblad Jan , Ringertz Bo , Hafström Ingiäld , Borgeat Pierre 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSince the essential fatty acid linoleic acid is the precursor of arachidonic acid and thus of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) may result in decreased synthesis of this stimulator of neutrophil granulocyte functions. Peritoneal and blood neutrophils from rats fed a diet with only 0.3% of energy requirements as linoleic acid and exhibiting biochemical evidence of EFAD showed substantial functional impairments compared to neutrophils from rats maintained on a diet with 3% of the energy requirement as linoleic acid. Oxidative burst activation (assessed by chemiluminescence), chemotaxis and aggregation were impaired upon stimulation with formylpeptides or the ionophore A23187. In contrast, these functions were intact on stimulation with exogenous LTB4. Chemiluminescence was slightly but not significantly enhanced in EFAD rat neutrophils compared to controls when stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). There were no differences between EFAD and control peritoneal neutrophils in the number of f‐metleu‐phe (fMLP) receptors, or in their affinity for the ligand, assessed with fML(3H)P. The fraction of responding cells also were similar, assessed with dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence. Moreover, the endogenous LTB4 production in response to A23187 or fMLP was decreased by 57.7% and 63.5%, respectively, in EFAD peritoneal neutrophils. Thus, EFAD was associated with reductions of LTB4 production and neutrophil responsiveness to A23187 and formylpeptides but not to LTB4 or PMA, which supports the hypothesis that endogenous LTB4 may contribute to the activation of neutrophil functions involved in inflammation and host defense.
New oxidation products of α‐tocopherol
Authors: Suarna Cacang , Southwell‐Keely Peter T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA major product of the reaction between α‐tocopherol andt‐butyl hydroperoxide in chloroform is 5‐ethoxymethyl‐7,8‐dimethyl tocol, the source of the ethoxy group being the ethanol that is used to stabilize the chloroform. Two new products of this oxidation have now been identified as 2‐(3′‐hydroxy‐3′,7′,11′,15′‐tetramethylhexadecyl), 3‐ethoxymethyl‐5,6‐dimethylbenzo‐1,4‐quinone and 5‐ethoxycarbonyl‐7,8‐dimethyl tocol. These two compounds and another major product, 5‐formyl‐7,8‐dimethyl tocol appear to be formed by further oxidation of 5‐ethoxymethyl‐7,8‐dimethyl tocol.
The effect of alfalfa‐corn diets on cholesterol metabolism and gallstones in prairie dogs
Authors: Cohen Bertram I. , Mosbach Erwin H. , Matoba Naoguki , Suh Sung Ock , McSherry Charles K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCholesterol gallstones were present in prairie dogs fed alfalfa plus corn with and without exogenous cholesterol (0.4%). The diets fed to the animals for eight weeks contained alfalfa plus corn in fixed proportions of 50∶50, 85∶15 and 15∶85 (w/w). At sacrifice, all animals were healthy but had not gained weight; no deaths occurred during the experiment. Cholesterol gallstones were present in all groups. In the absence of exogenous cholesterol, the highest stone incidence was found in the animals which received the lowest fiber (highest corn) diets (alfalfa plus corn, 50∶50, 67%; alfalfa plus corn, 15∶85, 83%). Cholesterol gallstone incidence was 100% when exogenous cholesterol was added to the alfalfa plus corn diets (50∶50 and 15∶85). No pigment gallstones were detected in any animal. Liver and plasma cholesterol concentrations were highest in the animals receiving alfalfa plus corn (15∶85) plus 0.4% cholesterol (4.29 mg/g, and 356 mg/dl, respectively). These values were lowest in animals receiving 85% alfalfa plus 15% corn without cholesterol (2.19 mg/g and 88 mg/dl, respectively). Lithogenic indices were below 1.00 in all groups. Biliary bile acids were mainly amidates of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, with the former predominating. Thus, gallstones can be formed in prairie dogs in the absence of exogenous cholesterol; gallstone incidence is reduced by dietary fiber.
Reduced glutathione effects on α‐tocopherol concentration of rat liver microsomes undergoing NADPH‐dependent lipid peroxidation
Authors: Graham Kenneth S. , Reddy C. Channa , Scholz Richard W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFactors involved in reduced glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E‐mediated inhibition of NADPH‐dependent rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation were examined. Lipid peroxidation was monitored over a time‐course of 180 min by thiobarbituric acid reactive product formation. The addition of 5 mM GSH to the reaction system containing microsomes from rats fed a diet supplemented with 150 IU/kg of α‐tocopherol acetate for eight weeks produced a lag in peroxidation of >30 min. This effect was not observed for microsomes prepared from rats fed a diet deficient in vitamin E. Indeed, a prooxidant effect of 5 mM GSH was observed in assays containing microsomes from rats fed a diet deficient in vitamin E. The inhibition by GSH of lipid peroxidation in microsomes prepared from livers of vitamin E supplemented rats was not restricted by its availability, for it was found that approximately 92% of the GSH remained in the reduced form after 60 min. Additional experiments revealed that the α‐tocopherol content of peroxidizing microsomes decreased rapidly in the absence of GSH. The addition of 5 mM GSH to the assay system markedly depressed the loss of microsomal α‐tocopherol. The results ofin vivo labeling of liver microsomes with [14C] α‐tocopherol demonstrated that i) GSH addition to thein vitro peroxidizing medium reduced the disappearance of α‐tocopherol, and ii) a compound that interfered with the determination of α‐tocopherol was separated by HPLC and was not an oxidation product of α‐tocopherol. A portion of the microsomal14C‐labeled α‐tocopherol was converted to an unidentified product with HPLC retention characteristics that was similar, but not identical, to α‐tocopherol quinone.
Activity of fatty acyl CoA‐lysophospholipid acyltransferases in liver microsomes of rats fed a choline‐deficient diet
Authors: Chen S. ‐H. , Lombardi B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFeeding a choline‐deficient diet to rats has no effect on the activity of fatty acyl CoA‐lysophospholipid acyltransferases, even though liver microsomes are severely depleted of lecithins. Thus lecithins appear to have no functional role in the activity of these transferases. It can be excluded that the latter enzymes are involved in the production of the changes in the fatty acid composition of liver phospholipids occurring in choline‐deficient rats. These changes result most likely from alterations in the biosynthesis of liver lecithins and cephalins.
Clinical, enzymatic and molecular characterization of nine new patients with malonyl‐coenzyme A decarboxylase deficiency
Authors: Salomons G. S. , Jakobs C. , Pope L. Landegge , Errami A. , Potter M. , Nowaczyk M. , Olpin S. , Manning N. , Raiman J. A. J. , Slade T. , Champion M. P. , Peck D. , Gavrilov D. , Hillman R. , Hoganson G. E. , Donaldson K. , Shield J. P. H. , Ketteridge D. , Wasserstein M. , Gibson K. M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryWe report nine new patients with malonic aciduria associated with enzyme‐confirmed malonyl‐CoA decarboxylase (MCD) deficiency in eight. Clinical details were available on eight, and molecular genetic characterization was obtained for nine. As for 15 previously described patients, cardinal clinical manifestations included developmental delay and cardiomyopathy; metabolic perturbations (e.g. acidosis) and seizures, however, were infrequent or not observed in our patients. For all, detection of elevated malonic acid in urine (± increased C3DC acylcarnitine by analysis employing tandem mass spectrometry) led to pursuit of enzyme studies. MCD activities (nmol/h PER mg protein) revealed: control (n = 22), 16.2 ± 1.8 (SEM; range 5.7–46.2); patients (n = 8, assayed in duplicate), 1.7 ± 0.3 (10% of parallel control; range 0.6–2.8). Molecular characterization by DNA sequence analysis and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification revealed nine novel mutations (c.796C>T; p.Gln266X, c.481delC; p.Leu161CysfsX18, c.1367A>C; p.Tyr456Ser, c.1319G>T; p.Ser440Ile, c.1430C>T; p.Ser477Phe, c.899G>T; p.Gly300Val, c.799–1683_949–1293del3128, and two other large genomic deletions comprising exons 1 or the complete gene) and two known mutations in the MLYCD gene. Our findings increase the number of enzyme‐confirmed MCD‐deficient patients by >50%, and expand our understanding of the phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity of this rare disorder.
Study on Production of Lanonol Phosphates by a Sustained‐Release Method
Authors: Taotao Qiang , Xuechuan Wang , Longfang Ren 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLanonol phosphate was synthesized by a sustained‐release phosphorylation reaction method using P2O5 dispersed in lanonol phosphate. The phosphorylation reaction studies confirmed the best condition was a reaction temperature of 75 °C, a reaction time of 2.5 h and a molar ratio of hydroxyl and P2O5 of 3.0:1.0. The mole fraction of monoalkyl phosphate made by the sustained‐release method increased by 14.3% compared to that obtained by the direct addition of P2O5. Preparation of lanonol phosphates by this method overcomes the agglomeration problem of phosphorus pentoxide, and the reaction rate is steady. Since lanonol phosphate was used as the dispersant for P2O5 powder, impurities due to the presence of other dispersants were eliminated, allowing synthesis of a nearly pure product. A mixture of monoalkyl phosphate and dialkyl phosphate with high monoalkyl content is obtained with light color. It is an eco‐friendly reaction with minimal waste.
What can be learnt from the natural history of anxiety disorders?
Authors: Rubio Gabriel , López-Ibor Juan José 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackgroundThere is insufficient knowledge of the long-term course of panic disorder (PD).AimTo determine the long-term course and prognostic variables in patients diagnosed with PD.MethodsPatients who were diagnosed of anxiety states between 1950 and 1961, were examined using a structured clinical interview (SCID-DSM-III-R) between 1984 and 1988 (n = 144). A re-examination was performed in the period 1997–2001 (N = 125). Mean length of follow-up from onset was 47 years.ResultsPD tends to be chronic. Among those who recovered, 93% had done so already by the 1980s. Lack of regular treatment compliance, progression to agoraphobia and number of episodes of panic disorder were associated with worse outcome. Agoraphobia without panic attacks and somatization symptoms were the most prevalent clinical status at follow-up.ConclusionAfter several decades, participants improve with regard to number of panic attacks, though most continue to have residual symptoms.
Clinical and molecular analysis of GM2 gangliosidosis in two apparent littermate kittens of the Japanese domestic cat
Authors: Hasegawa Daisuke , Yamato Osamu , Kobayashi Masanori , Fujita Michio , Nakamura Shinichiro , Takahashi Kimimasa , Satoh Hiroyuki , Shoda Toru , Hayashi Daisuke , Yamasaki Masahiro , Maede Yoshimitsu , Arai Toshiro , Orima Hiromitsu 
Published: January 2007

This case report documents clinical and molecular findings in two littermate kittens of the Japanese domestic cat with GM2 gangliosidosis variant 0. Analysis included detailed physical, magnetic resonance imaging, biochemical, pathological and genetic examinations. At first, these littermate kittens showed typical cerebellar signs at approximately 2 months of age. About 2 months later, they progressively showed other neurological signs and subsequently died at about 7 months of age. Magnetic resonance imaging just before the death showed an enlarged ventricular system, T1 hyperintensity in the internal capsule, and T2 hyperintensity in the white matter of the whole brain. Histological findings suggested a type of lysosomal storage disease. Biochemical studies demonstrated that the kittens were affected with GM2 gangliosidosis variant 0, and a DNA assay finally demonstrated that these animals were homozygous for the mutation, which the authors had identified in a different family of the Japanese domestic cat. The findings in the present cases provide useful information about GM2 gangliosidosis variant 0 in Japanese domestic cats.
New insight into the disappearing Arctic sea ice
Authors: Francis Jennifer A. , Hunter Elias 
Published: December 2006

The dramatic loss of Arctic sea ice is ringing alarm bells in the minds of climate scientists, policy makers, and the public. The extent of perennial sea ice—ice that has survived a summer melt season—has declined 20% since the mid‐1970s [Stroeue et al., 2005]. Its retreat varies regionally, driven by changes in winds and heating from the atmosphere and ocean.Limited data have hampered attempts to identify which culprits are to blame, but new satellite‐derived information provides insight into the drivers of change. A clear message emerges. The location of the summer ice edge is strongly correlated to variability in longwave (infrared) energy emitted by the atmosphere (downward longwave flux; DLF), particularly during the most recent decade when losses have been most rapid. Increasing DLF, in turn, appears to be driven by more clouds and water vapor in spring over the Arctic.
Tracking climate forcing: The annual greenhouse gas index
Authors: Hofmann David J. , Butler James H. , Conway Thomas J. , Dlugokencky Edward J. , Elkins James W. , Masarie Kenneth , Montzka Stephen A. , Schnell Russell C. , Tans Pieter 
Published: December 2006

Global monitoring of atmospheric greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2),has been a goal of the U.S. government for over 30 years.The monitoring program evolved into high‐precision measurements of global, long‐lived greenhouse gases that are used to calculate changes in radiative climate forcing. The change in global radiative forcing caused by increases in atmospheric abundances of long‐lived greenhouse gases has been used to define the Annual Greenhouse Gas Index Lsqb;Hofmann et al., 2006].This article presents a brief history of global greenhouse gas measurements of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),and how these data are being made accessible and user‐friendly.
Dombeck receives 2006 F.L. Scarf Award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: December 2006

John Dombeck has been awarded the E L. Scarf Award, which is given annually to a recent Ph.D. recipient for outstanding dissertation research that contributes directly to solar‐planetary sciences. Dombeck's thesis is entitled "“roperties of Alfvén waves in the magnetotail below 9 RE and their relation to auroral acceleration and major geomagnetic storms.” He will be formally presented with the award during the 2006 AGU Fall Meeting, which will be held 11–15 December in San Francisco, Calif., at the Space Physics and Aeronomy Section dinner.Dombeck received a B.S. in electrical engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee in 1992 with a second major in physics in 1995. He also received an M.S. in 2001 and a Ph.D. in 2005 in physics under the supervision of Cynthia Cattell at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (Minneapolis). He has held various engineering and technical positions including positions at Eaton Corporation, IBM, and the U.S. National Weather Service. Dombeck is currently a researcher at the University of Minnesota's Space Physics Group, and his research interests include major storm‐related magnetospheric processes, auroral particle acceleration, and solitary waves.
Past millennia climate variability
Authors: Mann Michael E. , Briffa Keith R. , Jones Philip D. , Kiefer Thorsten , Kull Christoph , Wanner Heinz 
Published: December 2006

Human influences on climate operate against a background of long‐term natural climate variability. Our ability to characterize this long‐term variability and to distinguish it from climate change due to human activities is limited by the relative shortness of the instrumental record. Thus, investigators turn to a combination of indirect paleoclimate proxy evidence and theoretical climate models to ascertain the nature and causes of climate changes on centennial and longer timescales.Particularly relevant in this context is the time frame of the last few millennia, which is termed the ‘Late Holocene.’ During this period, the fundamental external boundary conditions on the climate, such as the configuration of the continents, the size and locations of the major ice sheets, and the mean radiative forcing due to changes in Earth‐orbital geometry, are similar to those today. Study of this interval thus allows insights into the natural variability that might be expected today in the absence of human influences.
Continental breakup and sedimentary basin formation
Authors: Coffin Millard F. , Sawyer Dale S. , Reston Timothy J. , Stock Joann M. 
Published: December 2006

Earth history is punctuated by continents breaking apart and births of oceans, phenomena occurring today in places such as the high Arctic, East Africa/Red Sea, the Gulf of California, and the western Pacific near Papua New Guinea.The tectonic, magmatic, geodynamic, and sedimentary processes associated with continental rifting and breakup interact to produce a variety of margin styles of rifting and breakup, ranging from narrow to hyperextended margins, from weakly to strongly magmatic margins, and from sedimentstarved to thickly sedimented margins. The wide variety of styles has puzzled and inspired Earth scientists for generations, who have employed an increasingly diverse and sophisticated set of observational tools to investigate, and conceptual models to explain, continental rifting and breakup.
On “Earth sciences and public schools”
Authors: Narasimhan T. N. 
Published: December 2006

Earlier this year, Robert Kitchen (Eos, 87(24), 235,2006) drew attention to declining interest in Earth science education in public schools. The reason for a lack of interest in teaching Earth sciences in public schools may involve more than just the attitudes of parents who may wish for their children a better preparation for advanced placement courses later on. Part of the problem may lie with our present mind‐set that technology can solve all the world's problems, from poverty, to better health, and to prosperity.Underlying this mindset is an implicit belief in the primacy of the physical sciences. A corollary is that Earth sciences do not have an independent existence within human knowledge, but exist merely as an adjunct to physical‐mathematical sciences. Given sufficient time, and bigger computers, it is believed, science can and will know everything there is to know about the Earth. This perception probably has an influence on school administrators who feel that students need a demanding curriculum, comprising rigorous training in the physical sciences.
Uncertainty Underground: Yucca Mountain and the Nation's High‐Level Nuclear Waste
Authors: Hinze William J. , Hornberger George M. 
Published: December 2006

How many projects with major issues involving geophysics, geochemistry, hydrology, and essentially every other Earth science discipline have had expenditures of approximately U.S.$8 billion over the past 25 years? No wonder characterization of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is a subject that inspires awe, admiration, concern, disbelief, and other reactions from Earth scientists.Finding a suitable site for geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high‐level radioactive waste in the United States has been a tortuous process at best. Scientists, engineers, laypersons, and policy makers need access to information about this important venture, but heretofore no book has been available summarizing the project. The central theme of Uncertainty Underground: Yucca Mountain and the Nation's High‐Level Waste is the technical issues and related uncertainties underlying evaluation of Yucca Mountain as an underground repository with a subtheme of potential problems in performance assessment of the repository resulting from these uncertainties.