bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of osmoregulation in embryos of intertidal crabs(Hemigrapsus sexdentatusandH. crenulatus, Grapsidae,Brachyura): putative involvement of the embryonic dorsal organ
Authors: Seneviratna Deepani , Taylor H. H. 
Published: March 2006

SUMMARYThis study examined whether the existence of hyperosmotic internal fluids in embryos of euryhaline crabs (Hemigrapsus sexdentatus and H. crenulatus) in dilute seawater reflects osmotic isolation due to impermeability of the egg envelope, as proposed for other decapods, or active osmoregulation. When ovigerous crabs with eggs at gastrula stage were transferred from 100% seawater (osmolality 1000 mmol kg–1) to 50% seawater, embryogenesis and hatching of zoea were completed normally, but were delayed. Hatching failed if the transfer to 50% seawater occurred before gastrulation, and embryogenesis was abnormal in 25% seawater. In 100%seawater, embryos at all stages were internally hyperosmotic by 150–250 mmol kg–1. On transfer to 50% seawater, osmolality initially decreased but remained 200–350 mmol kg–1 hyperosmotic to the medium for several weeks until hatching. High efflux rates of tritium-labelled water (t1/2 16–75 min)and 22Na (t1/2 109–374 min) from H. crenulatus embryos were inconsistent with the osmotic isolation hypothesis. It is concluded that post-gastrula embryos were actively hyper-osmoregulating. The diffusional water permeability of the embryos decreased during development while the sodium efflux rate increased 10-fold. Very rapidly exchanging pools of water and sodium (t1/2 a few seconds to minutes) probably corresponded to peri-embryonic fluid and implied that the egg envelope was a negligible barrier to diffusion of water and salts. Higher Na+/K+-ATPase activities in late embryos of H. crenulatus incubated in 50% seawater than in embryos incubated in full strength seawater were consistent with an acclimation response. An area of the embryonic surface located over the yolk in the region of the embryonic dorsal organ stained with AgNO3. Staining appeared at gastrulation, persisted throughout development and was lost at hatching. Deposits of AgCl between the outer and inner membranes, identified by X-ray microanalysis, suggest that the dorsal organ was a site of chloride extrusion. A model for osmoregulation in post-gastrula embryos is proposed: osmotic uptake of water is balanced by excretion of water and salts via the dorsal organ and salt loss is balanced by active uptake over the general embryonic ectoderm.
Evaluation Procedures of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel for Highly Reliable Bearings
Authors: Unigame Y , Hiraoka K , Takasu I , Kato Y 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe improvement in rolling contact fatigue life is a key subject to increase the reliability of bearings. It has been well known that the fatigue properties are significantly affected by nonmetallic inclusions in steel. The rolling contact fatigue life may be divided into two types, according to the type of reliability requirements. One is “L10 life,” which represents general bearing performance. The other is “accidental short life,” where a bearing prematurely fails in its service period and its calculated life is hardly met. Since the probabilities of these failures are significantly different, the distribution densities of the corresponding life-limiting inclusions are also expected to be widely different. When nonmetallic inclusions are evaluated as an index of fatigue life, therefore, testing volume should be appropriately determined according to the concerned type of life. From this point of view, it is effective for the reliability assessment of bearing steel to combine the evaluations of large microscopic inclusions by statistics of extreme value and macroscopic inclusions in larger volume by a high-frequency ultrasonic test. It was found that the L10 life determined by thrust-type rolling-contact fatigue tests was well correlated with maximum micro-inclusion diameter predicted by the statistics of extreme value, where both oxide and sulfide played as life-limiting inclusions. Fifteen MHz ultrasonic testing was employed to evaluate the macroscopic inclusions. The combination of these two procedures was able to demonstrate the difference in reliability clearly, even when other cleanliness indices could not characterize the concerned materials.
Outcomes of Drug and Alcohol Treatment Programs Among American Indians in California
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Spear Suzanne E. , Huang Yu-Chang , Hser Yih-Ing 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. We examined differences in substance abuse treatment outcomes between American Indians and their non–American Indian counterparts in California, during 2000 to 2002.Methods. A total of 368 American Indians and a matched sample of 368 non–American Indians from 39 substance abuse treatment programs in 13 California counties were assessed at multiple time points. Records on arrests, driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, and mental health care were obtained 1 year before and 1 year after treatment entry. Differences in pretreatment characteristics, services received, treatment satisfaction, treatment completion and retention, and outcomes were examined.Results. Pretreatment problems were similarly severe among American Indians and non–American Indians. About half in both groups either completed treatment or stayed in treatment more than 90 days; American Indians in residential care had significantly shorter treatment retention. American Indians received fewer individual sessions and out-of-program services, especially for alcohol abuse, but were nevertheless generally satisfied with their treatment. Both groups improved after treatment, with American Indians demonstrating greater reductions in arrests than non–American Indians.Conclusion. American Indians benefit from substance abuse treatment programs, although the type and intensity of services offered could be improved.
Fostering International Collaboration in Birth Defects Research and Prevention: A Perspective From the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research
Authors: Botto Lorenzo D. , Robert-Gnansia Elisabeth , Siffel Csaba , Harris John , Borman Barry , Mastroiacovo Pierpaolo 
Published: March 2006

The International Clearing-house for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research, formerly known as International Clearinghouse of Birth Defects Monitoring Systems, consists of 40 registries worldwide that collaborate in monitoring 40 types of birth defects. Clearinghouse activities include the sharing and joint monitoring of birth defect data, epidemiologic and public health research, and capacity building, with the goal of reducing disease and promoting healthy birth outcomes through primary prevention.We discuss 3 of these activities: the collaborative assessment of the potential teratogenicity of first-trimester use of medications (the MADRE project), an example of the intersection of surveillance and research; the international databases of people with orofacial clefts, an example of the evolution from surveillance to outcome research; and the study of genetic polymorphisms, an example of collaboration in public health genetics.
Telephone Coverage and Health Survey Estimates: Evaluating the Need for Concern About Wireless Substitution
Authors: Blumberg Stephen J. , Luke Julian V. , Cynamon Marcie L. 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. We sought to determine whether the exclusion of adults without landline telephones may bias estimates derived from health-related telephone surveys. Methods. We took data from the 2004 and 2005 National Health Interview Survey and used logistic regression to compare the odds of behavioral risk factors and health care service use for adults with landline telephones to those for adults with only wireless telephones and adults without any telephone service. Results. When interviewed, 7.2% of adults, including those who did and did not have wireless telephones, did not have landline telephones. Relative to adults with landline telephones, adults without landline telephones had greater odds of smoking and being uninsured, and they had lower odds of having diabetes, having a usual place for medical care, and having received an influenza vaccination in the past year. Conclusions. As people substitute wireless telephones for landline telephones, the percentage of adults without landline telephones has increased significantly but is still low, which minimizes the bias resulting from their exclusion from telephone surveys. Bias greater than 1 percentage point is expected only for estimates of health insurance, smoking, binge drinking, having a usual place for care, and receiving an influenza vaccination.
Work Activity in Pregnancy, Preventive Measures, and the Risk of Delivering a Small-for-Gestational-Age Infant
Authors: Croteau Agathe , Marcoux Sylvie , Brisson Chantal 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. We undertook a case–control study to evaluate whether some occupational conditions during pregnancy increase the risk of delivering a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant and whether taking measures to eliminate these conditions decreases that risk. Methods. The 1536 cases and 4441 controls were selected from 43898 women who had single live births between January 1997 and March 1999 in Québec, Canada. The women were interviewed by telephone after delivery. Results. The risk of having an SGA infant increased with an irregular or shift-work schedule alone and with a cumulative index of the following occupational conditions: night hours, irregular or shift-work schedule, standing, lifting loads, noise, and high psychological demand combined with low social support. When the conditions were not eliminated, the risk increased with the number of conditions (Ptrend =.004; odds ratios=1.00, 1.08, 1.28, 1.43, and 2.29 for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4–6 conditions, respectively). Elimination of the conditions before 24 weeks of pregnancy brought the risks close to those of unexposed women. Conclusions. Certain occupational conditions experienced by pregnant women can increase their risk of having an SGA infant, but preventive measures can reduce the risk.
Reproductive Health Care and Family Planning Needs Among Incarcerated Women
Authors: Clarke Jennifer G. , Hebert Megan R. , Rosengard Cynthia , Rose Jennifer S. , DaSilva Kristen M. , Stein Michael D. 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. Women in correctional institutions have substantial reproductive health problems, yet they are underserved in receipt of reproductive health care. We assessed the level of risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the reproductive health needs of 484 incarcerated women in Rhode Island to plan an intervention for women returning to the community. Methods. We used a 45-minute survey to assess medical histories, pregnancy and birth control use histories, current pregnancy intentions, substance use during the past 3 months, histories of childhood sexual abuse, and health attitudes and behaviors. Results. Participants had extremely high risks for STDs and pregnancy, which was characterized by inconsistent birth control (66.5%) and condom use (80.4%), multiple partners (38%), and a high prevalence of unplanned pregnancies (83.6%) and STDs (49%). Only 15.4% said it was not likely that they would have sexual relations with a man within 6 months after release. Conclusion. Reproductive health services must be offered to incarcerated women. Such interventions will benefit the women, the criminal justice systems, and the communities to which the women will return.
Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Use Among Adults and Adolescents in the United States
Authors: Nelson David E. , Mowery Paul , Tomar Scott , Marcus Stephen , Giovino Gary , Zhao Luhua 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. Smokeless tobacco has many adverse health effects. We analyzed long-term national trends in smokeless tobacco use. Methods. We used 1987 to 2000 National Health Interview Survey data for adults aged 18 years and older, 1986 to 2003 data from Monitoring the Future surveys of adolescents, and 1991 to 2003 data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey for 9th- to 12th-grade students to examine overall and demographic-specific trends. Results. Smokeless tobacco use among adult and adolescent females was low and showed little change. Smokeless tobacco use among men declined slowly (relative decline=26%), with the largest declines among those aged 18 to 24 years or 65 years and older, Blacks, residents of the South, and persons in more rural areas. Overall and demographic-specific data for adolescent boys indicate that smokeless tobacco use increased for 12th-grade students from 1986 until the early 1990s, but has subsequently declined rapidly in all grades since then (range of relative overall declines=43% to 48%). Conclusions. Smokeless tobacco use has declined sharply, especially among adolescent boys. Ongoing prevention and cessation efforts are needed to continue this trend.
Improving Birth Control Service Utilization By Offering Services Prerelease Vs Postincarceration
Authors: Clarke Jennifer G. , Rosengard Cynthia , Rose Jennifer S. , Hebert Megan R. , Peipert Jeffrey , Stein Michael D. 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. We examined whether incarcerated women would substantially increase birth control initiation if contraceptive services were available within the prison compared with after their release back into the community. Methods. During phase 1 of the study, a nurse educator met with women at the Rhode Island Adult Correctional Institute and offered them referrals for contraceptive services at a community health clinic after their release. During phase 2, contraceptive services were offered to women during their incarceration. Results. The majority of the participants (77.5%) reported a desire to initiate use of birth control methods. Within 4 weeks of their release, 4.4% of phase 1 participants initiated use of a contraceptive method, compared with 39.1% of phase 2 participants (odds ratio [OR]=14.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]=5.5, 38.8). Conclusions. Provision of contraceptive services to women during their incarceration is feasible and greatly increases birth control initiation compared to providing services only in the community.
Justice and Fairness in the Kennedy Krieger Institute Lead Paint Study: the Ethics of Public Health Research on Less Expensive, Less Effective Interventions
Authors: Buchanan David R. , Miller Franklin G. 
Published: March 2006

The Kennedy Krieger lead paint study stirred controversial questions about whether research designed to develop less expensive interventions that are not as effective as existing treatments can be ethically warranted. Critics questioned the social value of such research and alleged that it sanctions a double standard, exploits participants, and is complicit in perpetuating the social injustice. In response, we demonstrate the propriety of conducting research on interventions that can be extended to the population in need by stipulating the limited conditions in which it is ethically warranted and providing fair terms of participation. We contend that the failure to conduct such research causes greater harm, because it deprives disadvantaged populations of the benefits of imminent incremental improvements in their health conditions.
A novel gas chromatographic method to measure sorption of dense gases into polymers
Authors: Galia Alessandro , Abduljawad Mohamed , Scialdone Onofrio , Filardo Giuseppe 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA novel experimental approach to determine the solubility of gaseous compounds inside polymers is here described. The method is based on the gas chromatographic determination of the composition of the fluid phase at equilibrium with the polymer. To take into account the effect of the volume swelling on the measurement a suitable probe, nonabsorbable by the polymer, was added to the fluid phase. Under the adopted configuration the apparatus can operate up to 35 MPa and 80°C. This experimental technique has been used to determine the solubility of carbon dioxide in poly(vinylidene fluoride) using argon as a probe. The latter was chosen because it is negligibly absorbed by the polymer and does not significantly alter the chemical potential of CO2. The uncertainty of the method in the determination of the solubility was estimated for each experimental points by error analysis. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Behavioral and temperamental features of children with Costello syndrome
Authors: Galéra Cédric , Delrue Marie‐Ange , Goizet Cyril , Etchegoyhen Kattalin , Taupiac Emmanuelle , Sigaudy Sabine , Arveiler Benoît , Philip Nicole , Bouvard Manuel , Lacombe Didier 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCostello syndrome (CS) is a rare genetic condition due to germline mutations in HRAS proto‐oncogene and characterized by increased birth weight, postnatal growth retardation, distinctive facial appearance, typical medical problems (including feeding problems in the neonatal period), cutaneous anomalies, and developmental delay. Outgoing personality has often been noted in case reports, but few studies have focused specifically on the behavioral aspects of CS. A preliminary survey described irritability in younger patients with improvement between age 2 and 4, but a standardized psychometric tool was not used. A second study using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) showed relatively high (albeit subclinical) levels of internalizing problems. These descriptive investigations lacked a control group. We describe a comparative survey to evaluate the behavioral and temperamental features of children with CS. We conducted a cross‐sectional assessment using the CBCL and the Emotionality, Activity, Shyness, Sociability (EAS) temperament questionnaire to evaluate behavior and temperament in 11 CS children (2 years 5 months to 9 years) comparing them to 33 gender‐ and age‐matched children without disability. The results suggest that the high levels of internalizing problems found before age 4 in CS patients might decrease with age. They also point to possible “hyperemotionality.” Further studies using a larger sample size and IQ‐matched control groups are needed to more accurately characterize individuals with this rare syndrome. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fumarase deficiency caused by homozygous P131R mutation and paternal partial isodisomy of chromosome 1
Authors: Zeng Wen‐Qi , Gao Hanlin , Brueton Louise , Hutchin Tim , Gray George , Chakrapani Anupam , Olpin Simon , Shih Vivian E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe report on the first case of fumarase deficiency (FD) caused by uniparental isodisomy. An affected patient was found to be homozygous for the P131R mutation in the FH gene. In this nonconsanguineous family, the unaffected father was found to be heterozygous for the same mutation, and the mother was found to be homozygous wild‐type. Analysis of chromosome 1 markers showed that the patient inherited both paternal alleles with complete absence of the maternal homolog. The two copies of the paternal chromosome 1 are heterodisomic for most of the chromosome except the distal 1q region which is isodisomic for the mutant alleles of the FH gene. The genotypes of other chromosome markers are consistent with the patient inheriting alleles from both parents. Although FD is an autosomal recessive disorder, the effects of uniparental disomy (UPD) should be considered in genetic counseling since the recurrence risk of an affected child is significantly reduced when the disorder is due to UPD. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A prospective study of PHACE syndrome in infantile hemangiomas: Demographic features, clinical findings, and complications
Authors: Metry D.W. , Haggstrom A.N. , Drolet B.A. , Baselga E. , Chamlin S. , Garzon M. , Horii K. , Lucky A. , Mancini A.J. , Newell B. , Nopper A. , Heyer G. , Frieden I.J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPHACE (OMIM no. 606519) is a neurocutaneous syndrome that refers to the association of large, plaque‐like, “segmental” hemangiomas of the face, with one or more of the following anomalies: posterior fossa brain malformations, arterial cerebrovascular anomalies, cardiovascular anomalies, eye anomalies, and ventral developmental defects, specifically sternal defects and/or supraumbilical raphe. The etiology and pathogenesis of PHACE is unknown, and potential risk factors for the syndrome have not been systematically studied. The purpose of this study was thus to determine (1) the incidence of PHACE and associated anomalies among a large cohort of hemangioma patients, (2) whether certain demographic, prenatal or perinatal risk factors predispose infants to this syndrome, and (3) whether the cutaneous distribution of the hemangioma can be correlated to the types of anomalies present. We undertook a prospective, cohort study of 1,096 children with hemangiomas, 25 of whom met criteria for PHACE. These 25 patients represented 20% of infants with segmental facial hemangiomas. Compared to previous reports, our PHACE patients had a higher incidence of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular anomalies. Two developed acute arterial ischemic stroke during infancy, while two with cardiovascular anomalies showed documented evidence of normalization, suggesting that both progressive and regressive vascular phenomena may occur in this syndrome. Correlation to the anatomic location of the hemangioma appears to be helpful in determining which structural abnormalities might be present. A comparison of demographic and perinatal data between our PHACE cases and the hemangioma cohort overall showed no major differences, except a trend for PHACE infants to be of slighter higher gestational age and born to slightly older mothers. Eighty‐eight percent were female, a finding which has been noted in multiple other reports. Further research is needed to determine possible etiologies, optimal evaluation, and outcomes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reporting genetic results in research studies: Summary and recommendations of an NHLBI working group
Authors: Bookman Ebony B. , Langehorne Aleisha A. , Eckfeldt John H. , Glass Kathleen C. , Jarvik Gail P. , Klag Michael , Koski Greg , Motulsky Arno , Wilfond Benjamin , Manolio Teri A. , Fabsitz Richard R. , Luepker Russell V. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractProspective epidemiologic studies aid in identifying genetic variants associated with diseases, health risks, and physiologic traits. These genetic variants may eventually be measured clinically for purposes of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. As evidence of the potential clinical value of such information accrues, research studies face growing pressure to report these results to study participants or their physicians, even before sufficient evidence is available to support widespread screening of asymptomatic persons. There is thus a need to begin to develop consensus on whether and when genetic findings should be reported to participants in research studies. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) convened a Working Group on Reporting Genetic Results in Research Studies to discuss if, when, and how genetic information should be reported to study participants. The Working Group concluded that genetic test results should be reported to study participants when the associated risk for the disease is significant; the disease has important health implications such as premature death or substantial morbidity or has significant reproductive implications; and proven therapeutic or preventive interventions are available. Finally, the Working Group recommended procedures for reporting genetic research results and encouraged increased efforts to create uniform guidelines for this activity. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.