bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ELECTROMYOGRAM AND THE RESPIRATORY PATTERN
Authors: Yoshii Naosaburô , Ueda Kôichiro , Uno Toshio 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDifferent respiratory patterns were provoked experimentally in rabbit and were analyzed with simultaneous recording of pneumogram and of electromyograms from the inspiratory muscle (diaphragm), expiratory muscle (m. transversus thoracis or m. intercostalis internus) and deep expiratory muscle (m. obliquus abdominis externus).1. Normal respiration with normal rhythm (eupnea) is maintained by alternate contractions of inspiratory and expiratory muscles. A decresse in the depth of respiration is caused by decreased activity of expiratory muscles and an increase, on the contrary, by increased discharge of inspiratory muscles.2. In the case of increased respiration rate with increased depth of respiration (hyperpnea), three types can be differentiated: an alternating increase in contraction of both the inspiratory and expiratory muscles, the increase of inspiratory muscles alone, and that of expiratory muscle alone.3. In the case of increased rate with decreased depth of respiration (panting), there are also three types distinguishable: a type with decreased discharge of inspiratory muscles, another type with continuous discharge of inspiratory muscles and still another type with both high amplitude discharge of inspiratory and continuous discharge of abdominal muscles.4. Gasping is characterized by big discharge of inspiratory muscles with either synchronized discharges of expiratory muscles or without such of expiratory ones.5. Synchronized continuous discharging of both inspiratory and expiratory muscles are observed in the cases of inspiratory apnea or of spitting.6. Continuous discharging of expiratory muscles occurs in the case of expiratory apnea and is accompanied in some cases by weak intercurrent discharges of inspiratory muscles.7. It is evidenced by the present study that the behavior of respiratory centers could not be fully understood relying on changes in pneumogram alone.
REGULATORY INFLUENCE OF AMYGDALOID NUCLEI UPON THE UNITARY ACTIVITY IN VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS
Authors: Sawa Masaichi , Maruyama Naoshige , Hanai Taiji , Kaji Shizuo 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYUnder barbiturate anesthesia, the unitary activity of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus of 10 adult cats was picked up with the use of glass pipette electrodes, and the electrical stimulation on the three principal nuclei (lateral, medial and intermediate) of the amygdaloid nuclear complex was observed with reference to spike activities.The electrical stimulation given to the principal nuclei of the amygdala caused either inhibition of the unitary spike activity of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus or the transition of the responses from inhibition to facilitation.With regard to stimulus parameter, it was observed that low voltage, low frequency, and short pulse duration caused inhibitory response, while high voltage, high frequency (20–40 c/s) and long pulse duration gave rise to the inhibition‐facilitation response. In most cases, this facilitation phenomenon, we believe, is related to the seizure discharges induced in the stimulated portions. When the stimulation was repeated with the same stimulus parameter, these responses were gradually intensified, and the transition from inhibition to facilitation was observed. The stimulation given to each of the three principal nuclei caused the above responses, but there was some variance in the degree thereof, which was related to the degree of the reversal tendency of the responses. An explanation concering the functional properties of amygdala was made on the basis of the above results.
TETANY, MENTAL ILLNESS, AND FLUORINE
Authors: Spira Leo 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFluorine represents the long‐sought poison producing tetany.Tetany often leads to the development of mental illness. Two patients who for 3 years were suffering from severe depression accompanied by brown pigmentation of the skin were submitted to treatment directed against chronic fluorine poisoning. At the end of 3 months, in one of them both the mental condition and the pigmentation were simultaneously reversed; in the other, definite improvement occurred.Certain signs and symptoms common to tetany, to mental illness, and to chronic fluorine poisoning are recorded.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGFluor stellt das langgesuchte Tetaniegift dar.Tetanie führt in zahlreichen Fällen zur Entwicklung von Geistesstörungen. Zwei Patienten, welche 3 Jahre lang an schwerer Depression litten und eine braune Hautverfärbung zeigten wurden einer gegen chronische Fluorvergiftung gerichteten Behandlung unterzogen. Nach Ablauf von 3 Monaten gingen in dem einen Fall sowohl die Geistesstörung als auch die abnorme Hautverfärbung gleichzeitig zurück; im anderen trat eine wesentliche Besserung ein.Gewisse der Tetanie, der Psychose und der chronischen Fluorvergiftung gemeinsamen Symptome werden beschrieben.RÉSUMÉLe fluor représente le poison longtemps recherché de la tétanie.La tétanie amène souvent l'apparition de troubles mentaux. Deux malades, qui depuis trois ans souffraient d'une grave dépression accompagnée d'une pigmentation brune de la peau, furent soumis au traitement spécifique de l'empoisonnement chronique par le fluor. Au bout de trios mois on constata que chez l'un d'eux l'état mental pathologique et la pigmentation anormale s'atténuaient simultanément; chez l'autre eut lieu une amélioration définitive.On remarque que certains signes et symptômes sont communs à la tétanie, aux troubles mentaux et à l'empoisonnement chronique par le fluor.
Germ‐line mutation of KCNQ2, p.R213W, in a Japanese family with benign familial neonatal convulsion
Authors: Sadewa Ahmad H. , Sasongko Teguh H. , Gunadi  , Lee Myeong J. , Daikoku Kazunari , Yamamoto Akiyo , Yamasaki Takemi , Tanaka Shigenori , Matsuo Masafumi , Nishio Hisahide 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Benign familial neonatal convulsion (BFNC) is an autosomal‐dominantly inherited epilepsy of neonates. The KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 genes have been cloned as the responsible genes for BFNC. Detection of mutations in these genes is helpful for confirmation of BFNC or differential diagnosis of convulsive disorders in the neonatal period.Methods: A Japanese family with BFNC was investigated. Two siblings were clinically diagnosed as having BFNC. KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 were screened for mutations using a combination of polymerase chain reaction and denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography. Nucleotide substitutions were confirmed by direct sequencing.Results: In the affected siblings a C‐to‐T heterozygous substitution was detected at nucleotide 683 (c.683C>T) in KCNQ2, leading to substitution of arginine with tryptophan at amino acid position 213 (p.R213W) in the S4 voltage‐sensing domain of the KCNQ2 protein. The detected mutation may disrupt this highly conserved region among potassium channel proteins. The c.683C>T substitution in KCNQ2 was not present in the parents. KCNQ3 was also analyzed and a single nucleotide polymorphism, c.1241A>G (National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), SNP ID: rs2303995), was detected in the index family.Conclusions: Two siblings with BFNC had a novel heterozygous missense mutation, p.R213W, in KCNQ2. This mutation may affect potassium gating, leading to neuronal excitability or convulsions in the patients. Furthermore, neither of the parents had the p.R213W mutation, indicating that it was a germ‐line mutation. The possibility of recurrence of such a germ‐line mutation in the next siblings should be explained during genetic counseling.
Paternal X could relate to arithmetic function; study of cognitive function and parental origin of X chromosome in Turner syndrome
Authors: Ergür Ayça T. , Öcal Gönül , Berberoglu Merih , Tekin Mustafa , Kiliç Birim G. , Aycan Zehra , Kutlu Alev , Adiyaman Pelin , Sıklar Zeynep , Akar Nejat , Sahin Aynur , Akçayöz Duygu 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: 45,X Turner syndrome (TS) female subjects have visuospatial skill and social cognition deficits that may arise from X‐linked imprinting. The aim of the present study was to compare phenotypic characteristics and neurocognitive pattern of 12 monosomic TS girls, according to X‐linked imprinting.Methods: Microsatellite markers were used to determine the parental origin of the missing chromosome X. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Revised (WISC‐R) was administered as measures of general intellectual functioning. The results were compared in TS patients with maternally derived X chromosome (Xm) and paternally derived X chromosome (Xp).Results: Six out of 12 patients (50%) had Xm, and the other six (50%) had Xp chromosome. There was no difference in the total, verbal and performance IQ score between the TS subgroups with Xm and Xp. When the WISC‐R subtest score patterns were compared, the mean arithmetic scores were significantly poorer in the Xm TS than in the Xp TS.Conclusion: In monosomic TS cases, paternal imprinting may predict arithmetic ability, on the other hand, reductionist consideration defined by genetic imprinting is not sufficient to confirm this. Further studies should be undertaken to clarify this situation.
Multiple drug‐resistant gene 1 in children with steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Funaki Satoshi , Takahashi Shori , Wada Naohiro , Murakami Hitohiko , Harada Kensuke 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: A full dose of corticosteroid is required to induce complete remission (CR) in steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), unless it is possible to taper and discontinue along with the course after CR. But the mechanism of this change in steroid sensitivity remains unknown. P‐glycoprotein (PGP) can eliminate given corticosteroids from cytoplasm, which results in corticosteroid resistance. Therefore, drug delivery was analyzed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of multiple drug‐resistant gene 1 (MDR1; encoding PGP) mRNA expression.Methods: Fourteen patients with SSNS (male/female: 14/0; age: 1–23 years; mean 10.4 years) were enrolled in the study. MDR1 mRNA gene expression of peripheral blood nucleated cells (PBNC), before and after CR (19 sets of blood samples), was quantified using real‐time PCR.Results: The MDR1 mRNA levels before CR were variable in each patient, but there was an apparent decrease in the MDR1 gene expression of PBNC after CR (P < 0.003).Conclusion: PGP may play a role in the tapering of corticosteroids after CR in SSNS.
Early diagnosis of Kawasaki disease in patients with cervical lymphadenopathy
Authors: Yanagi Sadamitsu , Nomura Yuichi , Masuda Kiminori , Koriyama Chihaya , Sameshima Koji , Eguchi Taisuke , Imamura Mari , Arata Michiko , Kawano Yoshifumi 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Among typical patients with Kawasaki disease (KD), a few KD patients present with only fever and cervical lymphadenopathy at admission (KDL). These patients have a significant risk for misdiagnosis, delay in treatment for KD, and development of coronary artery abnormalities. Therefore, the development of an easy tool for early diagnosis in these patients is desirable.Methods and Results: Patients who presented with only fever and cervical lymphadenopathy at admission were studied. Of these, 14 patients were eventually diagnosed with KD (KDL) and 24 patients were successfully treated using antibiotics (control). KDL patients were significantly older than control patients (P > 0.022). Among the laboratory findings, neutrophil counts (P > 0.003), C‐reactive protein (CRP; P < 0.001), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; P > 0.018) were significantly different between the groups. To discriminate KDL patients from controls, cut‐off points of the aforementioned parameters (KDL indices) were determined using the receiver operating characteristic curves in order to maximize sensitivity and accuracy (age, 5.0 years; neutrophil counts, 10 000/μL; CRP, 7.0 mg/dL; AST, 30 IU/L). One point was assigned if a subject exceeded the cut‐off point in a KDL index. If a patient with three or four KDL indices was considered to have KD, the sensitivity was 78% and the specificity 100%. None of the patients with one or zero KDL index developed KD.Conclusions: KDL indices may be helpful in discriminating KDL from lymphadenitis at admission. It is important to monitor the symptoms of KD in a patient with three or four KDL indices at admission.
Genotype–phenotype correlation in children with familial Mediterranean fever in a Turkish population
Authors: Duşunsel Ruhan , Dursun Ismail , Gündüz Zübeyde , Poyrazoğlu M. Hakan , Gürgöze Metin Kaya , Dundar Munis 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: The aim of the present study was not only to review clinical and demographic features of child‐onset familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) patients but also to investigate whether there is a phenotype–genotype correlation in the same patient population.Methods: The medical records of 102 patients with FMF were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified into three groups according to mutations: group 1, Met694Val–Met694Val (homozygote); group 2, Met694Val–other; and group 3, other–other. These groups were compared with regard to gender, age of onset, age of diagnosis, time interval between disease onset and diagnosis, fever, abdominal pain, arthritis, chest pain, erysipelas‐like erythema, edema, amyloidosis, number of attacks per year before and after treatment, consanguinity, severity score, response of colchicines treatment, and family history of FMF and amyloidosis.Results: The presence of M694V homozygote was found to be associated with amyloidosis. Homozygosity for M694V was found in 46 patients (45%).Conclusions: M694V homozygosity is associated with phenotype II and amyloidosis compared to other common genotypes in patients with FMF. Despite current knowledge on FMF, prospective clinical studies with large numbers of patients and different ethnic groups will help us to clarify this considerable disease.
Increased numbers of macrophages in tracheal aspirates in premature infants with funisitis
Authors: Arai Hirokazu , Matsuda Takefumi , Goto Ryoji , Takada Goro 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Funisitis is a manifestation of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome, and intrauterine inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of lung injury in premature infants. The aim of the present paper was to examine the relationship between funisitis and lung injury in premature infants born at <28 weeks gestation. The present study focuses on the number of macrophages in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid (TAF).Methods: The numbers of CD68‐positive cells in cell cytopreps in TAF collected at <24 h of age were determined on immunocytochemistry. The funisitis (+) group (n > 8) was compared with the funisitis (−) group (n > 16).Results: There were no significant differences in gestational age and birthweight between these groups. The duration of intermittent positive pressure ventilation was significantly longer in the funisitis (+) group compared with the funisitis (−) group (P < 0.05). Funisitis (+) infants had increases of CD68+ macrophages in their TAF. The appearance of Wilson–Mikity syndrome (WMS), characteristic of the severe variant of chronic lung disease (CLD), was associated with funisitis (+) infants with higher numbers of macrophages.Conclusion: The presence of macrophages at birth plays an important role in the neonatal lung with funisitis.
Effects of sociodemographic factors on febrile convulsion prevalence
Authors: Aydin Adem , Ergor Alp , Ozkan Hasan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground:The aim of the present study was to determine the lifetime risk (LTR) of febrile convulsion and the effects of socioeconomic factors affecting this risk among school children in Izmir province, Turkey.Methods:Information was collected from school children aged 7–17 years in a school‐based cross‐sectional study. Stratified cluster sampling technique was used to define the study population, which represents the schools located in the metropolitan area of Izmir. Data were collected through a standard questionnaire from the parents.Results:LTR was 9.7% (girls, 9.3%; boys, 10.1%,P > 0.05). The risk of febrile convulsion for children whose fathers’ education level was equal to or less than primary school was 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–4.0) and, for children whose fathers were blue collar workers it was 1.4 (95%CI: 1.0–1.8).Conclusion:LTR for febrile convulsion was relatively high in this population, consistent with studies from other developing countries. Lower socioeconomic status and lack of knowledge about febrile convulsions were main factors related to this risk.
Early development in Williams syndrome
Authors: Tsai Sen‐Wei , Wu Shyi‐Kuen , Liou Ying‐Ming , Shu San‐Ging 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: The aim of the present study was to gain a better understanding of the motor performance in Williams syndrome for early intervention of rehabilitation programs.Methods: Eleven Williams syndrome patients were evaluated from the pediatric clinics. Seven patients younger than 42 months were evaluated with the Bayley II Test for mental development index (MDI) and psychomotor development index (PDI). Four patients older than 42 months were evaluated with the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test (short form) of motor profile. The raw scores were measured and converted to the standard scores for comparison.Results: A significantly mental and psychomotor development delay of 6.1 and 5.7 months individually was found compared to that of the mean age (P > 0.0047 and 0.0053). Juvenile Williams syndrome patients were apparently retarded (<10‰ rank) in motor development in comparison with persons of the same age. The results showed that motor performance was severely delayed not only in Williams syndrome children but also in Williams syndrome juveniles.Conclusion: It is important for clinicians to work out a comprehensive plan to help the motor development of patients with Williams syndrome in addition to treating their medical problems, and upper limb dexterity may be the goal for training.
Late‐onset circulatory dysfunction of premature infants and late‐onset periventricular leukomalacia
Authors: Kobayashi Satoru , Fujimoto Shinji , Koyama Norihisa , Fukuda Sumio , Iwaki Toshimitsu , Tanaka Taihei , Kokubo Minoru , Ohki Shigeru , Okanishi Tohru , Togari Hajime 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: The sudden appearance of hypotension and oliguria without obvious cause following stable circulation and respiration in preterm infants is frequent in Japan. Such episodes are referred to as late‐onset circulatory dysfunction of premature infants (LCD). Volume expanders and inotropic agents are often ineffective against this condition, whereas i.v. steroids are significantly effective. A major problem is that cystic periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) often develops a few weeks after an episode. The aim of the present study was to clarify the risk factors, including LCD, related to cystic PVL.Methods: A case–control study was performed for preterm infants who were delivered at <33 weeks of gestation and admitted to seven neonatal intensive care units in Japan. Cystic PVL infants were stratified into early‐onset PVL diagnosed within 28 days of age and late‐onset PVL diagnosed after more than 28 days of age. The reported and new risk factors for PVL, for each group of PVL infants, and for all PVL infants, were compared with controls.Results: Thirty‐two infants were diagnosed with cystic PVL (17 early‐onset and 15 late‐onset). All PVL infants significantly differed from controls on Apgar score, number of abortions and pregnancies, intraventricular hemorrhage, and LCD. LCD was diagnosed in 28.1% of both PVL groups compared with 6.3% of controls (P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis demonstrated significant association between late‐onset PVL and LCD.Conclusion: LCD was significantly associated with cystic PVL, especially late‐onset PVL. Elucidating the cause of LCD might reduce the incidence of PVL and improve the neurological prognosis of preterm infants.
Did the goodwill accounting standard impose material economic consequences on Australian acquirers?
Authors: James Kieran , How Janice , Verhoeven Peter 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis research explores the empirical association between takeover bid premium and acquired (purchased) goodwill, and tests whether the strength of the association changes after the passage of approved accounting standard AASB 1013 in Australia in 1988. AASB 1013 mandated capitalization and amortization of acquired goodwill to the income statement over a maximum period of 20 years. We use regressions to assess how the association between bid premium and acquired goodwill varies in the pre‐AASB and post‐AASB 1013 periods after controlling for confounding factors. Our results show that reducing the variety of accounting policy options available to bidder management after an acquisition results in a systematic reduction in the strength of the association between premium and goodwill.
Internal audit, alternative internal audit structures and the level of misappropriation of assets fraud
Authors: Coram Paul , Ferguson Colin , Moroney Robyn 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn recent years, the importance of good corporate governance has received significant public and regulatory attention. A crucial part of an entity's corporate governance is its internal audit function. At the same time, there has been significant public concern about the level of fraud within organizations. The purpose of this study is to assess whether organizations with an internal audit function are more likely to detect and self‐report fraud than those without. In this study, we use a unique self‐reported measure of misappropriation of assets fraud for the first time. The fraud data are from the 2004 KPMG Fraud Survey, which reported fraud from 491 organizations in the private and public sector across Australia and New Zealand. The internal audit data are from a separate mail survey sent to the respondents of the KPMG Fraud Survey. We find that organizations with an internal audit function are more likely than those without such a function to detect and self‐report fraud. Furthermore, organizations that rely solely on outsourcing for their internal audit function are less likely to detect and self‐report fraud than those that undertake at least part of their internal audit function themselves. These findings suggest that internal audit adds value through improving the control and monitoring environment within organizations to detect and self‐report fraud. These results also suggest that keeping the internal audit function within the organization is more effective than completely outsourcing that function.
Integrating a virtual learning environment into a second‐year accounting course: determinants of overall student perception
Authors: Wells Paul , De Lange Paul , Fieger Peter 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRapid acceptance of, and changes in, information technology are revolutionizing the way educators teach and students learn. This study reports on the use of Blackboard as a tool for creating a virtual learning environment (VLE). Responses from undergraduate accounting students in New Zealand provide data on the use of the VLE as a learning aid. Findings suggest that the students have openly embraced the VLE and support its adoption by faculty members in other courses. However, students appear unwilling to actively participate in two‐way online activities. This has implications for faculty contemplating the adoption of a VLE in their courses.