bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic alterations of CCND1 and EMSY in breast cancers
Authors: Kirkegaard T , Nielsen K V , Jensen L B , Campbell F M , Müller S , Tovey S M , Brown S , Cooke T G , Bartlett J M S 
Published: April 2008

Aims:  CCND1 and EMSY, on 11q13, are frequently amplified in breast cancer. CCND1 is implicated in cell cycle progression and EMSY is a BRCA2‐associated repressor protein. The aim was to investigate gene copy numbers of CCND1 and EMSY and to determine if CCND1 amplification is associated with reduced survival of tamoxifen‐treated breast cancer patients.Methods and results:  Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on 111 consecutive and 354 oestrogen receptor (ER)+ tamoxifen‐treated breast cancers. In the consecutive set, CCND1 and EMSY were amplified in 14.8% and 7.2%, respectively, and deleted in 8.7% and 13.5%, respectively. In the ER+ set, CCND1 and EMSY were amplified in 20.6% and 9.6%, respectively, and deleted in 1.7% and 4.2%, respectively. CCND1 and EMSY gene amplifications were associated with decreased overall survival (OS) (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively) of patients in the ER+ set.Conclusion:  As hypothesized, CCND1 amplifications are associated with poor OS in ER+ patients. EMSY amplification is also associated with poor OS. However, as >70% of EMSY amplifications were CCND1 amplified, EMSY may not have any additional effect on survival of ER+ breast cancer.
How people with motor neurone disease talk about living with their illness: a narrative study
Authors: Brown Janice , Addington‐Hall Julia 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTitle.  How people with motor neurone disease talk about living with their illness: a narrative study. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study which explores patients’ experiences and how they talk about living and coping with motor neurone disease.Background.  Living with motor neurone disease is challenging, frightening and disabling. It leads to progressive physical decline, normally with a prognosis of 3–5 years. Patients have to deal with many problems, including loss of mobility and the inability to communicate. There is little evidence about how people manage these problems or live with this illness.Method.  Narrative case studies were used, the unit of analysis being a patient living in their own home or a care home. Thirteen adults were recruited through purposeful sampling. Longitudinal narrative interviews were conducted at three‐monthly intervals over an 18‐month period in 2005–06. Interviews were analysed focusing on the form and content of the patients’ narratives.Findings.  Four types of narrative, or storyline were identified. The sustaining storyline is about living life as well as possible through keeping active and engaged in life. In contrast, the enduring storyline concerns living in an insurmountable situation leaving the person feeling disempowered, unable to fight for life or against death. Survival is the essence of the preserving storyline, while the fracturing storyline concerns loss and fear of what is to come.Conclusion.  Storylines help make sense of complex narratives by encouraging closer attention and active listening to the stories and serve as organizing threads to help patients, families and healthcare professionals better understand living with motor neurone disease.
Enteral nutrition and liver function test abnormalities
Authors: Richardson Rosemary A. , Garden O. J. , Shenkin A. 
Published: March 2008

There have been reports of liver enzyme abnormalities among enterally fed patients. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of liver function tests (LFTs) in patients on enteral nutrition support receiving a minimum of 1500 kcal/day for at least two weeks. In addition, factors which might be responsible for such changes were defined. Patients with normal LFTs at the start of the study period had liver function tests repeated weekly during nutritional support. Body weight, arm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold and serum albumin were measured on entry to the study.Nineteen patients fulfilled the study entry criteria. Eleven patients (Group 1) developed abnormal LFTs; in the remaining eight patients LFTs remained normal (Group 2). There was no significant difference between the two groups at the start of enteral feeding with respect to anthropometric measurements or serum albumin. Six of the 11 patients in Group 1 developed septic complications. No patient in Group 2 had clinical or bacterial evidence of infection during nutritional support.Abnormalities in LFTs are more likely to be due to associated clinical complications than the enteral nutritional support alone.
Metabolic response to beet fibre test meals
Authors: Hagander B. , Holm J. , Asp N.‐G. , Efendi S. , Lundquist I. , Nilsson‐Ehle P. , Scherstén B. 
Published: March 2008

Test meals with 10.9 g dietary fibre from sugar beet and corresponding control meals were given to eight healthy subjects, aged 67 ± 9 years. The postprandial glucose, triglyceride, hormone and glycerol responses were monitored during 3 hours. After the beet fibre meal the insulin and C‐peptide areas were reduced by 28 (P < 0.01) and 22% (P > 0.025), respectively, and the somatostatin levels increased by approximately 30% (P > 0.05). Further, the maximum relative postprandial reduction of plasma glycerol levels was less evident after the fibre‐rich meal than after the control meal (36 ± 4% v. 46 ± 4%, P < 0.05). There was no apparent difference in the overall glycaemic response between the meals. The triglyceride levels were similar after both test meals.Suspension of beet fibre bread given to rats by oro‐gastric intubation induced lower blood glucose response than a control bread at 15 and 30 min (P < 0.001), respectively, but a similar insulin response.The results suggest an effect of beet fibre on the rate of carbohydrate absorption, expressed as a lower insulin response in the healthy volunteers and a reduced glucose response in the rat.The mechanism behind this effect in healthy subjects could possibly be mediated by an increased somatostatin response.
Food intake and nutritional status in stable Crohn's Disease
Authors: Coyle B. L. , Sladen G. E. , Reshef R. 
Published: March 2008

Food intake was assessed in 25 normal weight and 15 underweight patients with stable Crohn's Disease. Normal weight was taken as 90% or more of ideal body weight (body mass index > 20) and this was based on a larger study of patients with various gastrointestinal disorders.There was no significant difference in the energy intake of the two groups. A comparison of selected nutrients (protein, fat, fibre, zinc, vitamins D and E and essential fatty acids) showed that the intake of protein and zinc was higher in the underweight female group than in normal weight females, but no other significant differences were observed. The intake of micronutrients by both groups was generally low compared with published recommendations.It is concluded that the nutritional intake of underweight patients with Crohn's Disease, in a stable condition, is similar to that of the normal weight group. It is likely that they have increased requirements as a result of increased expenditure or malabsorption. Body weight may be a poor guide to the adequacy of intake of micronutrients.
The Harrow Slimming Club: report on 1090 enrollments in 50 courses, 1977–1986
Authors: Bush Anne , Webster Joan , Chalmers Gillian , Pearson Morag , Penfold Patricia , Brereton Pamela , Garrow J. S. 
Published: March 2008

The Harrow Slimming Club is a non‐profit making group run by Harrow Health Authority using Health Service premises, and with trained dietitians as counsellors. The administration structure, recruitment procedure and nutrition advice are described.Data is presented on 1090 enrollments in 50 courses. The club members were typically women about 13 kg overweight, and 30–50 years old, although there was a wide range in both age and degree of obesity. Men (114) attended either mixed courses or men only courses.During the first initial 10‐week course the average attendance was 8.4 with a 5.4 kg weight loss for members who later attended another course or courses. Members who attended only one course lost 3.82 kg during 6.8 attendances. Men who attended men‐only courses attended more frequently and lost more weight than men on mixed courses.The results presented are similar to those obtained from the first 14 courses (Seddon et al., 1981)
Longitudinal study of food intake of psychiatric patients following food policy implementation
Authors: Wallis Catherine , Poulter Jennifer 
Published: March 2008

In order to evaluate the effects of food policy implementation, a study was made of food chosen and eaten by male patients on a medium‐stay psychiatric ward at Horton Hospital, Epsom, Surrey. Data was collected for five consecutive days at the same point in the menu cycle inn August of 1985 and 1986. The educational component of the District Food Policy was initiated at this hospital in January 1985.There appeared to be a trend towards a healthier dietary balance in 1986, as significant changes in the proportion of calories derived from fat and carbohydrate were found. Indeed, the distribution of energy in 1986 resembled short‐term NACNE targets (NACNE, 1983). This was observed together with a higher average consumption of dietary fibre, but salt intake appeared to increase as well. These differences are explained in terms of more varied food choices, together with recipe development and changes in catering practice. As expected, long‐term NACNE recommendations (NACNE, 1983) were not fully met at any stage in the study and therefore more awareness and action is required on the part of catering, paramedical and medical staff to achieve dietary goals set out in the district food policy document.
Individual variation in the dietary intake of a group of Scottish men
Authors: Thomson Marjory , Elton Robert A. , Fulton Mary , Brown Sandra , Wood David A. , Oliver Michael F. 
Published: March 2008

The variability of nutrient intake within individuals has been examined using data from a 7‐d weighed inventory record from a population sample of 164 middle‐aged men. Four main aspects of within‐person variation were examined: variation according to day of the week, daily variation as a proportion of individual mean values, daily variation in relation to betweenperson variation, and long‐term variation, in mean daily intake.The intake of some nutrients showed a significant day of the week variation, but apart from alcohol and energy, most of these variations were small. The within‐person coefficient of variation generally showed wide ranges for most nutrients.To assess the individual intake of 90% of the men, to within a s.e. of 10% a weighed record of seven days was sufficient for the calculation of the percentage of energy derived from protein, fat and carbohydrate, but not for nutrients such as linoleic acid and fibre. Seven days was adequate to classify 80% of these men into their appropriate third of true rank order of intake for all dietary constituents studied, except for amounts of linoleic acid and cholesterol.Considerable long‐term stability in mean nutrient intake was shown in the 30 men who completed a 7‐d weighed record after a period of two years but evidence of long term changes in dietary habit was also found.
The effect of dietary advice on nutrient intakes: evidence from the diet and reinfarction trial (DART)
Authors: Fehily Ann M. , Vaughan‐Williams Elaine , Shiels Kathleen , Williams Ann H. , Horner Margaret , Bingham Georgina , Burr Michael L. , Holliday Ruth M. 
Published: March 2008

The effect of dietary advice on nutrient intakes was examined in a random subsample of 459 men who were taking part in a randomized controlled trial of secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. The trial is of factorial design, to examine the effect of three dieteary aims, alone and in combination:

A reduction in total fat to 30% of energy, together with an increase in polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio (P/S) to 1.0.
An increase in fatty fish consumption to at least 300 g/week (3 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)).
An increase in cereal fibre intake to 18 g/day (total fibre 30 g/day). Men were randomly allocated to one of the eight regimens (fat, fish, fibre, fat plus fish, fat plus fibre, fish plus fibre, fat plus fish plus fibre, or none of these) and are being followed up for at least two years. Six months after the advice was given, nutrient intakes were assessed from 7‐d weighed intake records. Of those advised to reduce fat intake and increase P/S ratio, mean intakes were 31% of energy and 0.85, respectively. This compared with 35% of energy and 0.45 for those not given this advice. Mean EPA intake was 2.5 g/week for the fish advice group and 0.79 g/week for the no fish advice group. Mean cereal fibre intake of the fibre advice group was 15 g/d (26 g/d total fibre) compared with 9 g/d (20 g/d total fibre) for the no fibre advice group. Thus for each of the dietary aims, the advice had a substantial effect on intakes.
Improving oral energy intake in older children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Williams J. , Handy D. J. , Weller P. H. 
Published: March 2008

The effect of intensive dietary counselling in 28 older children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis was monitored over a one‐year period, assessing dietary intake and nutritional status. There was a significant improvement in energy intake (P<0.01) and fat intake (P<0.01) in the group as a whole, including control patients. The most significant improvement was in the group who received intensive counselling and standard pancreatic enzyme supplements (P<0.02). Correlation with change in nutritional status was poor.We conclude that energy intake can be improved in this difficult group of patients but that more individualization of intake to achieve normal growth is required.
Evaluation methodologies for food and health policies
Authors: Gibson Liz , Poulter Jennifer , Winkler J. 
Published: March 2008

In 1986 and 1987 work was carried out to investigate the quality and extent of evaluation processes associated with implementation of local food health policies (LFHP). The responses from two national postal questionnaires suggest the following trends:

Most Health Authorities and Health Boards (HA & HBs) with a formally approved LFHP recognize the need for evaluation.
Some confusion probably exists between the processes of collecting baseline data, monitoring {checking on the progress by repeatedly collecting data using similar methods), evaluation (determining effectiveness of an action or series of actions), and review (deciding to continue, stop or modify action).
Most evaluation of LFHP activity appears to have taken place within the NHS.
Questionnaires appear to be the most frequently used (71%) research tool.
Most research aims to assess levels of nutritional knowledge or dietary behaviour, with little attention being paid to investigations of food availability. Recommendations for the future development of evaluative processes for LFHPs are made.
Malnutrition in children with malignant solid tumours
Authors: Smith D. E. , Stevens M. C. G. , Booth I. W. 
Published: March 2008

Forty‐eight children with newly diagnosed malignant solid tumours underwent prospective longitudinal anthropometric assessment. At diagnosis there was a marked discrepancy between the results of conventional assessment, which relies on height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐height and the results of arm anthropometry: the study group did not differ from controls or from reference standards in height‐for‐age or weight‐for‐height, but had significantly lower mid‐upper‐arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness. Only 7% of patients were identified as malnourished by conventional assessment, compared with 26% by arm anthropometry. Conversely, during therapy, change in weight‐for‐height appeared to over‐estimate deterioration in nutritional status.We suggest that these observations are largely accounted for by the effects of tumour mass, which by adding to body weight at diagnosis, inevitably elevates weight‐for‐height and by decreasing during therapy exaggerates any loss of true body weight.At diagnosis the prevalence of malnutrition identified by arm anthropometry was 27%. During therapy this increased to 46% (P= 0.04), despite supplementary enteral or parenteral feeding in one third of patients.Patients with abdominal primary disease were the most likely to be malnourished, both at diagnosis and during therapy. Patients with Wilm's tumour were particularly poorly nourished.These results suggest that there is a greater need than previously realized for nutritional support in children with malignancy. There are also implications for the assessment and monitoring of nutritional status, not only in children with cancer but also in children with malnutrition secondary to other causes.
A survey of the use of special food products by diabetics
Authors: Fairchild R. M. , Daniels C. E. J. , Ellis P. R. 
Published: March 2008

A food frequency of consumption questionnaire was completed by 137 diabetic outpatients attending the University of Wales Hospital in Cardiff, to provide information about the use of special dietary products.Seventy‐four per cent of the diabetics used special dietary products, the most popular of which were artificial sweeteners (45%) and preserves (47%), followed by squash (34%), sweets (31%) and chocolate (31%). Twenty per cent of diabetics consumed biscuits and tinned fruit. Cake and other products (e.g. jelly), were used by less than 10% of the respondents. Over half of all the diabetics consumed one or more products on a daily basis. The use of special products bore no significant relationship to the sex of the respondents, nor to the duration of the diabetes. However, a significantly higher proportion of the Insulin Dependent Diabetics (IDDM) group used dietary products compared with the Non‐Insulin Dependent Diabetics (NIDDM) group. This can be explained largely by the differences in age between the diabetics; the under‐18‐year‐old age group (who were all IDDM respondents) were the greatest users of sweets, chocolate and squash.Forty‐three per cent of diabetics who did not use special food products cited at least one reason for non‐use. The reasons included dietetic advice (NIDDM respondents only), high cost, poor palatability, lack of availability and unsuitability for other members of the family.
An enquiry into the attitudes of Muslim Asian mothers regarding infant feeding practices and dental health
Authors: Williams Sonia A. , Sahota Pinki 
Published: March 2008

Recent studies have highlighted some unfavourable dietary practices among Asian infants in the UK. A number of reasons for such nutritional patterns have been suggested. In the present study, attitudes, beliefs and expectations of 100 first‐generation Muslim Asian mothers regarding infant feeding practices were explored through group discussions in their mother tongue.It was found that mothers generally favoured breast‐feeding but lacked knowledge of weaning practices. There was great emphasis on the consumption of milk. The advice from health professionals to discontinue using a feeding bottle by 12 months of age was not considered acceptable. Some mothers thought the change might cause infants to stop drinking milk and that there was little alternative suitable nourishing food available for that age group. The main requirement for infant foods was that they must be halal. Sugar was used either because it ensured that more milk would be consumed, or because it was considered to be intrinsically beneficial. Some mothers fed children on demand, some stated that children chose what they wanted to eat, and that mothers lacked firm control of dietary intake.Against a background of conflicting advice from health professionals, pressure from in‐laws, and the powerful influence of advertising, there is considerable scope for the training of health professionals and for continuing education for families and communities.
Energy utilization and repletion during endurance exercise: an historical perspective
Authors: Noakes T. D. 
Published: March 2008

Some of the first studies of the effects of diet on exercise performance were reported in the late 1920s. These studies established that eating a high carbohydrate diet before, and ingesting glucose during prolonged exercise delayed the onset of fatigue and enhanced performance, in part by preventing the development of hypoglycaemia.The next significant advance came with the introduction of the muscle biopsy needle which allowed muscle carbohydrate (glycogen) content to be measured for the first time. This technique focused attention on the role of muscle glycogen as possibly the more important factor explaining fatigue during prolonged exercise. Subsequent research inevitably focused on the identification of techniques that would either increase muscle glycogen storage before exercise or decrease the rate of muscle glycogen utilization during subsequent exercise, or both.Coincidentally, studies of fluid balance and of the control of gastric emptying during exercise suggested (a) that dehydration posed a serious health risk especially to marathon runners and (b) that dehydration could only be prevented during prolonged exercise if water alone was ingested. Thus the ‘state of the art’ knowledge in 1970 was that a high carbohydrate diet should be eaten before competition; that muscle glycogen depletion was the main cause of fatigue during prolonged exercise; and that water alone should be ingested in large volumes during exercise. The value of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise was systematically ignored despite the evidence from the classical studies of the 1920s.Fortunately commercial interests came to the rescue of exercise physiology in the mid‐1980s. Whereas water is without commercial value, carbohydrate added to the water and ingested by millions of athletes throughout the world has attractive commercial potential. Thus research funded and orchestrated largely by the commercial sector has established that adequate fluid delivery can be provided from drinks containing carbohydrate and that the ingestion of carbohydrate during prolonged exercise can prevent the onset of premature fatigue caused by liver glycogen depletion, hypoglycaemia and a low rate of carbohydrate oxidation.Thus the ‘state of the art’ knowledge in 1990 is that there is no proven value of ingesting water alone during prolonged exercise: that liver glycogen depletion is an important and preventable cause of fatigue during prolonged exercise: and that although muscle glycogen depletion is an important contributor, the real biochemical explanation for fatigue during prolonged exercise is still not clearly established. Nevertheless, there is clear evidence that the provision of exogenous carbohydrate at high rates is essential to delay fatigue and optimize performance during prolonged exercise. It has also become apparent that high rates of both carbohydrate and fluid delivery can be achieved by the adoption of appropriate drinking techniques during exercise.
Nutrition teaching in European dental schools
Authors: Beeley Josie A. 
Published: March 2008

A survey has been carried out on nutrition teaching in European dental schools. Whilst The Netherlands and some Scandinavian countries report high levels of teaching with 40 or more hours on average devoted to the subject, others report little or none. With the exception of the former, the extent of teaching of this subject is very varied and in the majority of cases, inadequate.Only 5 schools reported separate courses in nutrition; elsewhere the hours refer to information related to nutrition included in other courses in the curriculum. Whilst current curriculum revision in some countries may improve the situation, in the absence of either European or national guidelines, amelioration will continue to depend on enthusiasm within individual dental schools and medical faculties.