bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeated Habituation and Overhabituation of the Orienting Response
Authors: Waters William F. , McDonald David G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis investigation was designed to test (a) whether stimuli presented in the form of repeated blocks of habituation trials, as opposed to.1 single continuous series of stimuli, would produce a progressive decline. in amount of spontaneous recovery and trials to rehabituation of the skin conductance component of the orienting response; and (b) whether 30 or 50 post‐habituation trials would produce a return of the orienting response which could be related In sensitization effects. Results showed that repeated habituations strengthened habituation as reflected in progressively decreasing spontaneous recovery across blocks, but not in speed of habituations. Further, neither 30 nor 50 post‐habituation trials produced a return of the orienting response, although 30 such trials did result in increased skin conductance level. Discussion centers on whether habituation beyond asymptotic levels (‘below‐zero’) within sessions was unambiguously obtained; relationships among stimulus intensity, frequency, and the return of the orienting response; and factors affecting measures of retention of habituation within sessions.
Evoked Potential, Stimulus Intensity, and Drug Treatment in Hyperkinesis
Authors: Hall R. A. , Griffin R. B. , Moyer D. L. , Hopkins K. H. , Rappaport M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe response of hyperkinetic (HK) boys to light flashes of four different intensities were measured with averaged visual evoked potential (AVEP). Latency, amplitude and stability data, including the slope of the regression of these measures with flash intensity, were obtained in initial and replicate samples of HK and control subjects. Repeated tests were done in attending and inattending conditions in a drug‐free condition, and 1 hr. 1 week, and 5 weeks after treatment with dextroamphetamine.The data failed to support the hypotheses that HK children show small response to weak stimuli and normal to increased response to strong stimuli or “hyperaugmentation.” that they show increased response to weak stimuli or “reduction” when they are treated with dextroamphetamine, and that behavioral responsiveness In this drug is related to the degree of augmentation. The data also failed to support the hypothesis that detection of AVEP abnormalities in HK subjects is enhanced by testing in an attending condition. However, a few replicated findings were obtained which suggest that some AVEP factors other than the augmentation reduction measure may be related to both the degree of initial hyperactivity and the degree of decrease of hyperactivity with dextroamphetamine.
Longitudinal Study of Infant Sleep: Results of 14 Subjects Studied at Monthly Intervals
Authors: Emde Robert N. , Walker Stephan 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe sleep of 14 normal infants was studied every month throughout the first year. A computer program incorporated an analysis of multiple variables from polygraphic data as recommended by a recently standardized new born scoring manual. Under our recording conditions, quiet sleep increased during the first 3 months but indeterminate sleep did not decline over the year as expected. This finding is incompatible with the notion that indeterminate sleep reflects immaturity or “undifferentiation” in sleep organization.
Blood Pressure Control: A Comparison of Feedback and Instructions Using Pulse Wave Velocity Measurements
Authors: Steptoe Andrew 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA comparison was made between blood pressure changes with exteroceptive feedback and simple instructions. Twenty subjects were instructed either to raise or lower pressure for four sessions, while a further 20 were allowed to view an analogue visual display of mean arterial pressure. Pressure changes were continuously monitored with the pulse wave velocity method.When changes were analyzed from the initial baseline, both groups showed divergence between Increase and Decrease over trials, but feedback enhanced control in Increase only. On assessment from the running baseline, feedback control was superior in both direction conditions. This difference may In due to interaction between running baseline changes and experimental conditions. Control by feedback groups deteriorated when feedback was withdrawn. Modifications were accompanied by alterations in heart rate, respiratory activity and movement, although the association was of a gross nature only, being more prominent in increase conditions.
CO2 and the Cephalic Direct Current System: Studies on Humans and a Biophysical Analysis
Authors: Cowen Murray A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe TCDC/CO, hypothesis is that slowly changing potentials, source resistances and source currents, measured between electrodes placed over specific diploic/emissary vein distributions on the scalp, largely reflect regional differences in subelectrode CO2 concentrations which are in equilibrium with subjacent cortical differences in metabolism and CO2 production. Studies on humans show that TCDC parameters do show the expected relationships with the effects of regional differences in CO2 concentration.An explicit quantitative formulation of the hypothesis is developed based on the best available measures of all essential parameters, and it in shown that this model permits the correct computation of all TCDC empirical norms under essentially all conditions of measurement. Although it now appears that MIX studies have a substantial theoretical foundation it must be emphasized that the analysis in this paper is based on normative—i.e. averaged—values and cannot yet be applied to isolated TCDC measurements on single subjects.
Delayed Habituation of the Electrodermal Orienting Response as a Function of Increased Level of Arousal
Authors: Bohlin Gunilla 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTLevel of arousal was manipulated by having subjects perform arithmetic tasks during a habituation procedure, which consisted of 55 presentations or a 1000 Hz. 80 dB tone. For one group a threat of shock was added to the task performance in order to include aspects of stress in the arousal manipulation. These two groups were compared with a group who heard the same stimuli but were simply instructed to relax. The three groups differed in level of arousal according to KEG signs of drowsiness, skin conductance level, and frequency of spontaneous skin conductance responses, All three groups differed from each other in number of trials to habituation criterion for skin conductance responses to stimuli. Since the delay of habituation was seen tin‐ both the Task group and the Shock‐threat group, it was concluded that the effect was not bound to aspects of stress but was a general effect of increased arousal. For vasomotor responses an analysis in terms of habituation was difficult to apply because the two high arousal groups were very unresponsive from the beginning.
Automated System For Selecting Time‐Locked Signals From Analog Recorders
Authors: Sumter Dirk F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn research centers where particular attention is paid to evoked potentials or event‐related slow potentials, e.g. contingent negative variation or motor potentials, the computer can facilitate the task of the researcher in distinguishing the numerous valid and non‐valid trials on a registration on‐line. A non‐valid trial is one that has been contaminated by artifacts such as eyeblinks, eye‐movements, etc. Many of them, however, still use magnetic tape for data storage for off‐line analysis. Simultaneous with the visual control of the EEG the valid trials are selected and then averaged by means of a special purpose computer (averager) I. These analyses are time‐consuming and quite fatiguing because in case of a heavily contaminated registration, one must stop and restart the averager continuously: for this reason tape speed is limited for off‐line analysis. This paper describes a system. Automatic Data Selector (A.D.S.), which can be programmed and then automatically selects the valid trials. See Fig. 1.
Average Evoked Potential Changes as a Function of Processing Complexity
Authors: Poon Leonard W. , Thompson Larry W. , Marsh Gail R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTElectrophysiologic potentials (average evoked potentials (AEP) and contingent negative variation (CNV)) recorded during simple recognition and discriminative responses to tachistoscopically presented letter‐pair stimuli showed a systematic shift toward greater overall positivity (i.e., smaller CNVs and larger late positive components) during increased processing load. In addition, more positive P2 components were found in the right as compared to the left hemisphere during simple recognition, and this asymmetry was enhanced during the more complex processing condition.
EEG Correlates of the Afterimage of Visual Stimulation
Authors: Barry Robert J. , Beh Helen C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOccipital EEG alpha activity following visual stimuli of varying intensity was studied with particular reference to the visual afterimage. Subjects each received three stimuli of differing intensity under two conditions: with and without reporting of afterimage onset and offset required. A third condition controlled for possible reporting effects on the EEG. Findings indicate that visual afterimages are a significant determinant of the duration of EEG alpha desynchronization following visual stimulation and that where visual stimuli are employed the duration of EEG alpha blocking is unsuitable as an indicator of the OR to such stimulation.
Visual Evoked Potentials and Reaction Time in Normal and Dyslexic Children
Authors: Sobotka Karen R. , May James G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis investigation compared the visual evoked responses (VERs) and reaction time (RT) performance of 24 dyslexic boys and 24 controls at four different age levels (7, 9, 11, and 13 yrs). Prescreening and matching techniques were used to eliminate differences due to social or educational deprivation, gross sensory‐motor handicaps, specific neurological deficiencies, or intellectual impairment. The VER was recorded from four scalp locations (O1, O2, P3, and P4) referenced to the vertex during a detection task in which subjects were required to respond to dim flashes occurring in a train of brighter flashes. An overall hemispheric asymmetry in VER amplitude (right > left) was observed in both experimental and control subjects. Dyslexics exhibited an increased amplitude to unattended stimuli and a slower RT to attended stimuli. Normals exhibited significant correlations between RT and VER latency, dyslexics did not. There were no significant VER‐IQ correlations. The results are discussed in terms of an attentional deficit hypothesis.
Cortical Evoked Response Recovery Functions: Physiological Manifestations of the Psychological Refractory Period?
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA group of 12 young adults were subjects in two separate experiments. In the first experiment subjects listened to 71 dB clicks presented in stimulus sequences consisting of a single click and a pair of clicks. Interspersed at random among these loud clicks were soft clicks—singles and pairs of clicks—which subjects were required to detect and respond to by pressing a button. Average evoked potentials (AEPs) to the second click of the pairs of loud clicks were investigated as a function of the interstimulus interval (ISI), which had values of 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 msec distributed at random. In the second experiment, similar sequences of clicks were used. Single clicks were soft clicks, pairs of clicks were loud clicks, and subjects were required to respond as quickly as possible to the second click of each pair. Reaction time (RT) was investigated as a function of the ISI, which varied as in the first experiment.Both the latency of the P1 and P2 components of the AEP and the RT were found to increase with decreasing ISI. These results were statistically significant at the .01 level of confidence. Analysis of covariance suggested that the latency differences in P1 associated with ISI could account for nearly half of the RT variance due to ISI. Findings suggest that latency differences in the P1 component of the AEP may provide a physiological basis for the delays known as the psychological refractory period which occur in the processing of closely‐spaced stimuli.
Individual Differences in Fear and Autonomic Reactions to Affective Stimulation
Authors: Klorman Rafael , Weissberg Roger P. , Wiesenfeld Alan R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTKlorman et al. (1975) found that mutilation‐fearful persons reacted with heart rate speeding to mutilation slides and to neutral stimuli. The within‐subject design of that study suggested that these paradoxical reactions to neutral slides may have been due to subjects' anticipation of phobic materials. In the present work, 84 female subjects, categorized by a standardized questionnaire as high or low in fear of mutilation, viewed one of three types of slides: 1) mutilated bodies; 2) persons and objects in incongruous or humorous poses; or 3) standard photographs of persons, objects, and landscapes. Mutilation materials evoked cardiac acceleration and high subjective tension in fearful subjects vs bradycardia and moderate tension in low‐fear subjects. Neutral and incongruous slides prompted similar reactions from both fear groups: heart rate deceleration and low tension. Low‐fear subjects shown mutilation slides tended to exceed the groups receiving nonaversive stimulation in magnitude of cardiac deceleration. Extensive analyses of respiratory activity showed that these differential heart rate reactions were not attributable to breathing. Mutilation stimuli evoked greater skin conductance responses than nonaversive slides, but there were no electrodermal differences as a function of fear relevance. The lawful relationship uncovered in the present research between cardiac reactions and individual differences in fear supports our suggestion that anticipation may have played a role in our earlier work.
Interaction of Learned Relaxation and Aversion
Authors: Grings William W. , Schandler Steven L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStimulus controlled elicitation of aversive and relaxation responses was used in a compound stimulus transfer paradigm to examine counterconditioning of autonomic responses. During a single session, experimental and control groups of 18 subjects each received aversive conditioning and relaxation training to criteria. For experimental subjects, both learning experiences involved signal stimuli, whereas control subjects received no contingencies between training and cues. Test trials were presented prior to aversive conditioning and after training was completed. On each test trial subjects received presentations of the aversive cue alone, a compound of the aversive cue with an untrained cue, and a compound of the aversive cue with the relaxation cue. During the preconditioning test trials there were no differences among skin conductance and digital pulse volume responses to the test stimuli. On the test trials after training, responding was significantly reduced to the compound of aversive cue and relaxation cue, as compared to the aversive cue alone or the compound of aversive cue and untrained cue for the experimental group. Control group responses did not differ.
Myocardial Degeneration and Cardiac Arrest in Squirrel Monkey: Physiological and Psychological Correlates
Authors: Corley K. C. , Shiel F. O'M. , Mauck H. P. , Clark L. S. , Barber J. H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBehavioral factors and cardiovascular changes associated with myocardial degeneration and cardiac arrest induced by shock avoidance stress were studied. Pairs of avoidance and yoked squirrel monkeys were exposed to a 24‐hr session. Myocardial degeneration and cardiac arrest were more readily induced in avoidance than yoked monkeys. The cardiac lesions were not related to body weight, aggressive behavior, or number of shocks received during stress, but an increased heart rate without hypertension during the first stress hour was more evident in avoidance than yoked monkeys. These cardiac changes were attributed to an autonomic disturbance associated with the response contingencies of the avoidance situation. An autonomic effect also appeared to be involved with stress‐induced death. These deaths were characterized by a sudden, severe bradycardia without initial hypotension and cardiac arrest which was attributed to either parasympathetic activation or sympathetic inhibition. While heart rate decreased in all monkeys, stress‐induced death followed only in monkeys which gave up and stopped contending with the stress. Thus, stress‐induced myocardial changes and death were related to autonomic disturbances precipitated by psychological stress.
Short‐Term Memory During Stage‐2 Sleep
Authors: Oltman Philip K. , Goodenough Donald R. , Koulack David , Maclin Edward , Schroeder H. Robert , Flannagan Michael J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA recently‐proposed model of dream recall phenomena (Koulack & Goodenough, 1976) assumes a short‐term memory store which functions during sleep, and from which either dreams or externally‐delivered stimuli can be retrieved if the subject is awakened during the life of the short‐term trace. To test this assumption, two experiments were designed to examine short‐term memory for auditory stimuli over intervals of uninterrupted stage‐2 sleep. A random series of single‐digit numbers was presented at the rate of one every 30 sec throughout the night, at an intensity slightly above normal conversational levels. Subjects habituated to the sound and did not awaken spontaneously. Experimental awakenings took place either at 1 sec (Experiment 1) or at 1, 5, or 10 sec (Experiment 2) after selected target stimuli, and the subjects were asked to recall which number they had heard. Significant recall was obtained over intervals of up to 10 sec, and the likelihood of recall was inversely related to reaction times to the awakening stimulus. Repeating the target numbers at 30‐sec intervals increased EEG alpha activity and K‐complex amplitude, suggesting that some form of trace persists for at least 30 sec.
Orientation, Conditioning, and Learning
Authors: Grings William W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDifficulties arising from failure to separate the concepts of orienting behavior, conditioning, and learning are discussed. The major reasons for ambiguity are lack of explicit definitions of terms and a tendency to overgeneralize from limited empirical demonstrations. Criteria are needed for differentiating learning, viewed generically, from conditioning, where learning is inferred from a specific stimulational arrangement. Because unlearned orienting behavior due to stimulus chaise may contribute to responses also involving learned behavior, the contribution of each needs to be assessed. At the same time, orienting behavior, as a class of behavior related to attention, may have learned as well as unlearned components. Confusion results from failure to specify assumed connotations in specific situations, as well as the experimental presuppositions involved in empirical definitions.The two basic experimental paradigms for defining learning are discussed, the control groups arrangement and the control stimuli arrangement. Data are presented to reemphasize that different paradigms may lead to quite different laws. The research task is seen as the careful utilization of variations on the paradigms with special extensions and control considerations for increasing the explanatory power of tests of learning and orientation.
Short‐Interval Classical SCR Conditioning and the Stimulus‐Sequence‐Change‐Elicited OR: The Case of the Empirical Red Herring
Authors: Furedy John J. , Poulos Constantine X. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTClassical conditioning experiments which employ CS‐US intervals shorter than the latency of the CR, and which therefore require interspersed CS‐alone test trials to assess conditioning, are open to the stimulus‐sequence‐change‐elicited (SSCE) OR argument. The form of the SSCE argument which denies associative status to SCRs elicited by the CS‐alone test trials is here termed an “empirical red herring” because: a) the argument cannot be dismissed on purely logical grounds, but requires the assessment of evidence for its examination; b) the argument enjoys empirical plausibility in the minds of the scientific community, as evidenced by published statements in both experimental articles and textbook chapters on autonomic conditioning; c) critical examination of the evidence which apparently supports the argument reveals that while the argument has provided a fascinating byway in the progress of our understanding of SCR conditioning, it is now time to bid farewell to the argument since it lacks any genuine empirical base. In the course of examining this particular argument, both the advantages and disadvantages of such arguments for scientific progress are discussed. Finally, it is emphasized that if one wants to study multiple‐response phenomena in SCR conditioning, then a longer CS‐US interval is clearly desirable. Our message only is that if the aim is to study SCR conditioning—defined as an increase in responding to a CS relative to some appropriate control condition(s) which is attributable to the contiguity of the CS with the UR to the US—in its most robust form, then the short‐interval CS‐US arrangement should not be avoided on the basis of the SSCE argument which, on examination, turns out to be an empirical red herring.
Physiological Response Patterns in Ulcer Patients: Phasic and Tonic Components of the Electrogastrogram
Authors: Walker Barbara B. , Sandman Curt A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhysiological response patterns in duodenal ulcer patients, rheumatoid arthritics, and healthy subjects were investigated by recording electrogastrograms (EGGs) and several other physiological measures during presentations of mildly stressful stimuli. Ulcer patients were physiologically less reactive to the stimuli than the other groups; with the exception of increases in tonic galvanic skin potential (GSP) responses during arithmetic problems, ulcer patients were responsive only while viewing slides taken during autopsies when they evidenced increases in gastric activity and phasic GSP responses. The EGG proved to be a valuable measure for differentiating both the groups and the tasks. Both ulcer patients and healthy subjects demonstrated increases in phasic (frequency and amplitude) EGG activity during affective but not during cognitive stimuli, and ulcer patients and arthritics could be differentiated from healthy subjects on the basis of tonic (basal resting levels and displacement) EGG activity. These results were interpreted to surest the possibility that phasic and tonic components of the EGG may each be associated with different types of gastrointestinal activity.
Classical Skin Conductance Response Conditioning: Effects of Random Intermittent Reinforcement
Authors: Williams William C. , Prokasy William F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo assess some implications of incremental‐decremental learning theories for classical conditioning, skin conductance response conditioning in humans was examined as a function of reinforcement schedule. First anticipatory responses (FARs: latency from 1.0 to 3.5 sec after signal onset) were not affected by reinforcement ratio, but, during the first half of training, the probability of second anticipatory responses (SARs: latency from 3.6 to 7.0 sec after signal onset) increased with increases in reinforcement ratio. FAR and SAR probabilities decreased across sequences of successively reinforced trials and increased across sequences of successively nonreinforced trials. These results are incompatible with the theoretical expectation that response likelihood should increase following reinforced trials and decrease following nonreinforced trials. Alternative accounts of the results are discussed.