bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of metabolite disorder in orange trees caused by citrus sudden death disease
Authors: PRESTES ROSILENE A. , COLNAGO LUIZ A. , FORATO LUCIMARA A. , CARRILHO EMANUEL , BASSANEZI RENATO B. , WULFF NELSON A. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYCitrus sudden death (CSD) is a new disease of sweet orange and mandarin trees grafted on Rangpur lime and Citrus volkameriana rootstocks. It was first seen in Brazil in 1999, and has since been detected in more than four million trees. The CSD causal agent is unknown and the current hypothesis involves a virus similar to Citrus tristeza virus or a new virus named Citrus sudden death‐associated virus. CSD symptoms include generalized foliar discoloration, defoliation and root death, and, in most cases, it can cause tree death. One of the unique characteristics of CSD disease is the presence of a yellow stain in the rootstock bark near the bud union. This region also undergoes profound anatomical changes. In this study, we analyse the metabolic disorder caused by CSD in the bark of sweet orange grafted on Rangpur lime by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging. The imaging results show the presence of a large amount of non‐functional phloem in the rootstock bark of affected plants. The spectroscopic analysis shows a high content of triacylglyceride and sucrose, which may be related to phloem blockage close to the bud union. We also propose that, without knowing the causal CSD agent, the determination of oil content in rootstock bark by low‐resolution NMR can be used as a complementary method for CSD diagnosis, screening about 300 samples per hour.
Accuracy of detecting changes in auditory heart rate in a simulated operating room environment*
Authors: Chou E. , Lim J. , Brant R. , Ford S. , Ansermino J. M. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe threshold for the identification of changes in heart rate and the accuracy in estimating heart rate were compared between 20 anaesthetists and 20 non‐anaesthetists in a simulated operating theatre, both with and without distraction tasks. Typical operating theatre distractions were simulated by requiring anaesthetists and non‐anaesthetists to perform secondary tasks. There were no differences found between the groups in identification of heart rate changes. The distraction tasks reduced performance in both groups (to a greater extent in the anaesthetists group). A change of > 10 beats per minute was required for 80% of the changes to be detected. An upward heart rate change was more easily detected than a reduction. Anaesthetists were found to be marginally better at estimating the heart rate change from an auditory tone alone. However, the study did not confirm that anaesthetists have a superior ability to detect changes in heart rate than non‐anaesthetists.
Characterization of the complete porcine MSTN gene and expression levels in pig breeds differing in muscularity
Authors: Stinckens A. , Luyten T. , Bijttebier J. , Van den Maagdenberg K. , Dieltiens D. , Janssens S. , De Smet S. , Georges M. , Buys N. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryMyostatin (MSTN), a transforming growth factor β superfamily member, is an essential factor for the growth and development of muscle mass. The protein functions as a negative regulator of muscle growth and is related to the so‐called double‐muscling phenotype in cattle, where a series of mutations renders the gene inactive. One particular breed of pigs, the Belgian Piétrain, also shows a heavily muscled phenotype. The similarity of muscular phenotypes between the double‐muscled cattle and Piétrain pigs indicated that MSTN may be a candidate gene for muscular hypertrophy in pigs. In this study, we sequenced and analysed the complete MSTN gene from 45 pigs of five different breeds, including the heavily muscled Piétrain breed at one extreme and the Meishan and Wild boar breeds at the other extreme. In total, 7626 bp of the porcine MSTN gene were sequenced, including the 5′ and 3′ UTR. Fifteen polymorphic loci were found, three of which were located in the promoter region, five in intron 1 and seven in intron 2. Most mutations were found when comparing the obtained MSTN sequence with porcine MSTN sequences already published. However, one polymorphism located at position 447 of the porcine MSTN promoter had a very high allele frequency in the Piétrain pig breed and disrupted a putative myocyte enhancer factor 3 binding site. Real‐time PCR using Sybr Green showed that this mutation was associated with expression levels of the MSTN gene in m. longissimus dorsi at an age of 4 weeks.
Ancestral matrilineages and mitochondrial DNA diversity of the Lidia cattle breed
Authors: Cortés O. , Tupac‐Yupanqui I. , Dunner S. , García‐Atance M. A. , García D. , Fernández J. , Cañón J. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryTo clarify the genetic ancestry and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity of the Lidia cattle breed, a 521‐bp D‐loop fragment was sequenced in 527 animals belonging to 70 herds distributed across 29 lineages. The mtDNA diversity recorded was similar to that seen for Middle Eastern breeds and greater than that recorded for the majority of European breeds. Haplotype T3 was the most common (81%), followed by the African T1 haplotype (17%); very low frequencies were recorded for haplotypes T and T2. The results agree with there being two major ancestral lines for the Lidia breed, European and African, similar to that seen for other Mediterranean breeds. A wide range of variation in haplotype frequencies was seen between the examined lineages. Haplotype T3 was present in all those analysed; in five it was the only one present, and in only one lineage (Miura) was its frequency lower than that of T1. T1*, a haplotype reported in Criollo breeds and to date in only a single European breed (the Retinta breed from Spain), was found in a single animal belonging to the Concha y Sierra lineage. Network analysis of the Lidia breed revealed the presence of two major haplotypes: T3 and T1. The Lidia breed appears to be more closely related to prehistoric Iberian and Italian than to British aurochs.
Albinism in the American mink (Neovison vison) is associated with a tyrosinase nonsense mutation
Authors: Anistoroaei R. , Fredholm M. , Christensen K. , Leeb T. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryAlbino phenotypes are documented in various species including the American mink. In other species the albino phenotypes are associated with tyrosinase (TYR) gene mutations; therefore TYR was considered the candidate gene for albinism in mink. Four microsatellite markers were chosen in the predicted region of the TYR gene. Genotypes at the markers Mvi6025 and Mvi6034 were found to be associated with the albino phenotype within an extended half‐sib family. A BAC clone containing Mvi6034 was mapped to chromosome 7q1.1‐q1.3 by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Subsequent analysis of genomic TYR sequences from wild‐type and albino mink samples identified a nonsense mutation in exon 1, which converts a TGT codon encoding cysteine to a TGA stop codon (c.138T>A, p.C46X; EU627590). The mutation truncates more than 90% of the normal gene product including the putative catalytic domains. The results indicate that the nonsense mutation is responsible for the albino phenotype in the American mink.
Associations between the 11‐bp deletion in the myostatin gene and carcass quality in Angus‐sired cattle
Authors: Gill J. L. , Bishop S. C. , McCorquodale C. , Williams J. L. , Wiener P. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryAn 11‐bp deletion in the bovine myostatin (MSTN) gene was identified as the causative mutation for the double‐muscling phenotype in Belgian Blue and Asturiana cattle. More recently, this mutation was also identified in the South Devon breed of cattle, in which it has been found to be associated with a general increase in muscle mass. The present study found that the mutant allele was also segregating in a commercial population of Scottish Aberdeen Angus beef cattle. The mutation was found at a low frequency (0.04) with no animals homozygous for the mutation in the sample population (536 animals). The effects of this mutation on various carcass traits of economic interest were then tested. We found that the mutation significantly increased carcass weight, sirloin weight, hindquarter weight, muscle conformation score and eye muscle area, but had no effect on the fat traits.
Family treatment of childhood anxiety
Authors: Maid Rachel , Smokowski Paul , Bacallao Martica 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTAnxiety in childhood and adolescence can cause serious impairment across many settings in a child's life. Childhood anxiety may be impacted by parent‐child attachment and by three specific parenting characteristics: acceptance, control and modelling of anxious behaviours. We review two evidence‐based family interventions for childhood and adolescent anxiety problems. Cognitive behavioural treatment is currently the most commonly used form of psychotherapy to treat specific anxieties. Global or diffuse anxiety, however, may be better suited to experiential interventions such as communications approaches to family treatment. Experiential therapists examine how dysfunctional family roles exacerbate childhood anxiety. These intervention techniques and their implications for social work practice were discussed.
Beneficial effects of iodized salt prophylaxis on thyroid volume in an iodine deficient area of southern Italy
Authors: Bonofiglio Daniela , Catalano Stefania , Perri Anna , Baldini Maria Pia , Marsico Stefania , Tagarelli Andrea , Conforti Domenico , Guido Rosita , Andò Sebastiano 
Published: September 2008

SummaryObjective and subjects  Goitre prevalence in school‐age children is an indicator of the severity of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in an endemic area. The aims of the present study were (i) to provide ultrasound thyroid volume (TV) reference values in a healthy population of school‐children aged 11–14 year living in iodine‐sufficient areas of Calabria region (ii) to assess both goitre prevalence and urinary iodine (UI) concentration in all children aged 11–14 year from four mildly iodine‐deficient areas in which we have carried out a program of salt iodization and (iii) to evaluate the efficacy of the iodoprophylaxis in an adult population living in a small village of the same endemic area.Design  Cross‐sectional and prospective studies.Methods  TV was assessed by ultrasonography and iodine intake was estimated by measuring iodine excretion in spot urine samples.Results  We provided the ultrasound normal reference values as a function of age and body surface area, which displayed significant differences from those recommended by the World Health Organization. By adopting local criteria, the prevalence of goitre in children ranged from 23·4% to 27·7% normalized for age and body surface area, respectively, while the UI excretion was < 100 µg/l in 38% of subjects studied. In an adult population living in the same endemic area, goitre prevalence was lowest in the 18–27‐year‐old age group, and increased progressively with age.Conclusion  We propose for the first time local reference ultrasound values for TV in a population of 11–14‐year‐old school‐children that should be used for monitoring IDDs and have demonstrated the beneficial effects of iodoprophylaxis in consistent with reduced goitre prevalence in children and in the young adult population studied.
Collembola foraging responses to interacting fungi
Authors: ROTHERAY TIMOTHY D. , BODDY LYNNE , JONES T. HEFIN 
Published: September 2008

Abstract1. Temperate woodland Collembola feed predominantly on plant detritus and fungi. They exhibit preferences for different fungi reflecting resource value in terms of Collembola growth and reproduction.2. Studies of fungal grazing by Collembola have focused on non‐interacting fungi and have used one genetic isolate as representative of an entire fungal species. This study examines the effects of fungal interactions on Collembola behaviour, and elucidates differences arising from the use of genetically distinct fungal isolates.3. Folsomia candidawere added to microcosms in which paired combinations of the fungi,Hypholoma fasciculare(four isolates),Phallus impudicus,Phanerochetae velutinaandResinicium bicolor(two isolates), were interacting. Collembola movement and mortality was recorded for 26 days. A constant preference for one fungal mycelium over the other was shown by Collembola in 12 of the 36 interactions studied. Lowest Collembola mortality was normally recorded on the preferred mycelium.4. In 11 of the remaining 24 interactions, Collembola preference switched from one mycelium to the other; the greatest number of dead Collembola was recorded on the final preference.5. Collembola behaviour on different fungal isolates was broadly similar, although in one species’ combination a change in fungal isolate resulted in a total reversal of Collembola preference. The implications of these results for decomposer food webs are considered.
TLR‐ and CXCR1‐dependent innate immunity: insights into the genetics of urinary tract infections
Authors: Ragnarsdóttir B. , Fischer H. , Godaly G. , Grönberg‐Hernandez J. , Gustafsson M. , Karpman D. , Lundstedt A. C. , Lutay N. , Rämisch S. , Svensson M. L. , Wullt B. , Yadav M. , Svanborg C. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe susceptibility to urinary tract infection (UTI) is controlled by the innate immune response and Toll like receptors (TLRs) are the sentinels of this response. If productive, TLR4 signalling may initiate the symptomatic disease process. In the absence of TLR4 signalling the infected host instead develops an asymptomatic carrier state. The activation of mucosal TLR4 is also influenced by the properties of the infecting strain, and pathogens use their virulence factors to trigger ‘pathogen‐specific’ TLR4 responses in the urinary tract but do not respond to the asymptomatic carrier strains in patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). The TLR4 dependence has been demonstrated in mice and the relevance of low TLR4 function for protection for human disease was recently confirmed in children with asymptomatic bacteriuria, who expressed less TLR4 than age matched controls. Functional chemokines and functional chemokine receptors are crucial for neutrophil recruitment, and for the neutrophil dependent bacterial clearance. Interleukin (IL)‐8 receptor deficient mice develop acute septic infections and chronic tissue damage, due to aberrant neutrophil function. This mechanism is relevant for human UTI as pyelonephritis prone children express low levels of the human CXCL8 (Il‐8) receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1) and often have heterozygous CXCR1 polymorphisms.This review illustrates how intimately the innate response and the susceptibility to UTI are linked and sophisticated recognition mechanisms that rely on microbial virulence and on host TLR4 and CXCR1 signalling.
Therapeutic challenges of urosepsis
Authors: Wagenlehner F. M. E. , Pilatz A. , Naber K. G. , Weidner W. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTUrosepsis accounts for approximately 25% of all sepsis cases and may develop from a community or nosocomial acquired urinary tract infection (UTI). The underlying UTI is almost exclusively a complicated one with involvement of parenchymatous urogenital organs (e.g. kidneys, prostate). In urosepsis, as in other types of sepsis, the severity of sepsis depends mostly upon the host response. The treatment of urosepsis comprises four major aspects: Early goal directed therapy, early optimal pharmacodynamic exposure to antimicrobials, early control of the complicating factor in the urinary tract and specific sepsis therapy. Following these prerequisites there appear two major challenges that need to be addressed:Firstly, time from admission to therapy is critical; the shorter the time to effective treatment, the higher the success rate. This aspect has to become incorporated into the organisational process. Secondly, adequate initial antibiotic therapy has to be insured. This goal implies however, a wide array of measures to ensure rational antibiotic policy. Both challenges are best targeted if an interdisciplinary approach at any level of the process is established, encompassing urologists, intensive care specialists, radiologists, microbiologists and clinical pharmacologists working tightly together at any time.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections in pregnancy
Authors: Schnarr J. , Smaill F. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTSymptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in pregnant women. A history of previous urinary tract infections and low socioeconomic status are risk factors for bacteriuria in pregnancy. Escherichia coli is the most common aetiologic agent in both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection and quantitative culture is the gold standard for diagnosis. Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria has been shown to reduce the rate of pyelonephritis in pregnancy and therefore screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria has become a standard of obstetrical care. Antibiotic treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is associated with a decrease in the incidence of low birth weight, but the methodological quality of the studies limits the strength of the conclusions that can be drawn. Debate exists in the literature as to whether treated pyelonephritis is associated with adverse fetal outcomes. There is no clear consensus in the literature on antibiotic choice or duration of therapy for infection. With increasing antibiotic resistance, consideration of local resistance rates is necessary when choosing therapy.
Experimental evidence of the dynamic effect of free‐floating plants on phytoplankton ecology
Authors: O’FARRELL INÉS , DE TEZANOS PINTO PAULA , RODRÍGUEZ PATRICIA L. , CHAPARRO GRISELDA , PIZARRO HAYDÉE N. 
Published: September 2008

Summary1. There is an increasing concern to understand the role of free‐floating plants (FFP) on the functioning and structure of shallow lakes, particularly the mechanisms by which their dominance is self‐stabilizing and how they may outcompete phytoplankton.2. In a field experiment with mesocosms, we simulated three commonly encountered scenarios in warm temperate shallow lakes: FFP dominance, FFP fluctuation and FFP absence. We explored the effects of several key processes, triggered by FFP dynamics, on the composition, diversity and production of phytoplankton, and on the physicochemical conditions.3. The effects of persistent floating mats on light interception triggered a complex response by the phytoplankton: species were lost and biomass was low, yet high diversity and productivity potential were maintained. A contrasting phytoplankton response characterized mesocosms lacking FFP, where light was sufficient but nitrogen was limiting. Fluctuating FFP cover brought periodic shifts between these two limiting resources for the phytoplankton, which most probably explain the maintenance of richness, diversity and production in these shallow lakes.4. These results support the recently proposed framework of alternative stable states, providing experimental field evidence of the mechanisms resulting from the shifts between floating plants and phytoplankton dominance.
Stromal cells promote bone invasion by suppressing bone formation in ameloblastoma
Authors: Sathi G S A , Nagatsuka H , Tamamura R , Fujii M , Gunduz M , Inoue M , Rivera R S , Nagai N 
Published: September 2008

Aims:  To study the stromal variation and role of stromal–tumour cell interaction in impaired bone formation as well as enhanced bone resorption in ameloblastoma.Methods and results:  Four types of stroma were observed histologically; fibrous, desmoplastic, myxoid and myxoid with hyalinization. Osteoblast and osteoclast were counted using haematoxylin and eosin sections and immunohistochemistry with CD68. After histomorphometric analysis, only fibrous and myxoid types of stroma were distinctly identified. Secreted frizzled‐related peptide (sFRP)‐2, transforming growth factor‐beta 1 and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) revealed strong expression in myxoid type compared with the normal stroma. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2 was negative in myxoid type, but positive in normal stroma. Fibrous‐type stroma showed weak expression of all antigens except RANKL compared with myxoid type.Conclusions:  The results suggest that stroma does not act only in bone resorption, but also in the suppression of new bone formation. sFRP‐2 is the main factor for impaired bone formation. The expression of markers related to osteoclastogenesis and suppression of osteoblast formation is higher in myxoid‐type than in fibrous‐type stroma. Tumour cells create a favourable environment for impaired bone formation by secreting sFRP‐2 as well as bone resorption by secreting RANKL and interleukin‐6.
Capillary apposition and density in the diagnosis of alveolar capillary dysplasia
Authors: Melly L , Sebire N J , Malone M , Nicholson A G 
Published: September 2008

Aim:  Alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD) is a rare disorder, typically presenting with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. The aim was to characterise further the histological features of patients suspected of having ACD and to correlate histopathological features with outcome.Methods and results:  Three pathologists retrospectively reviewed 21 surgical lung biopsy specimens (SLBx) where ACD entered the differential diagnosis. Semi‐quantitative assessment showed that there was a spectrum of muscular arterial hypertrophy, capillary apposition to epithelium and capillary density within the interstitium, with the latter being more disordered in ACD. Misalignment of pulmonary vessels was also frequently seen. Four of 19 patients survived beyond the neonatal period, these having higher degrees of capillary apposition and density. Associated extrapulmonary abnormalities were common, most frequently with ACD.Conclusion:  Poor capillary apposition and density, allied with medial arterial hypertrophy and misalignment of pulmonary vessels are the strongest diagnostic features of ACD. Of the four patients alive, all had high capillary apposition and density, suggesting that these features may be of prognostic value. SLBx remains useful in such cases as it may help predict patients who survive the neonatal period and also identify patients with disorders that are not primarily vascular anomalies.
Salivary duct carcinoma in situ of the parotid gland
Authors: Simpson R H W , Desai S , Di Palma S 
Published: September 2008

Aims:  To describe three cases of purely in situ salivary duct carcinoma, so as better to define the entity.Methods and results:  Three primary tumours of the parotid gland are presented, in each case composed of cysts and ducts and lined by high nuclear grade epithelial cells. All parts of each tumour were surrounded by a myoepithelial cell rim and there was no evidence of invasion. The tumour cells expressed immunohistochemical markers seen in invasive salivary duct carcinoma of usual (high‐grade) type. In two cases the androgen receptor (AR) reaction was strong, but there was no immunohistochemical expression of HER2 protein or gene amplification by in situ hybridization. In the remaining case, fewer nuclei stained for AR, but both HER2 protein and gene amplification were demonstrated.Conclusions:  Salivary duct carcinoma in situ is morphologically similar to breast ductal carcinoma in situ and, although our cases are few, salivary duct carcinoma in situ can possibly be subdivided into luminal and non‐luminal cell types, as can analogous mammary neoplasms. The present study cannot determine whether low‐grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma, architecturally similar but immunohistochemically different, is part of the spectrum of salivary duct carcinoma in situ, or whether it represents a separate entity.