bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE VALUE OF RATS WITH HEREDITARY HYPOTHALAMIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS FOR THE BIOASSAY OF VASOPRESSIN
Authors: JONES J. J. , LEE J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The pituitary glands of 11 rats (six females and five males, weighing 140–200g.) with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI) were found to contain oxytocin but no vasopressin.
The DI rats could not always be distinguished from rats without diabetes insipidus (non-diabetes insipidus, NDI rats) by measurement of their daily urine volume.
Stimulation of the neurohypophysis by fall in arterial pressure (haemorrhage, methacholine) or by nicotine, released vasopressin in NDI rats to produce a sustained antidiuresis, but in the DI rats there was only a transient fall in urine flow which did not outlast the hypotension.
The DI rats were about twice as sensitive to vasopressin as NDI rats. As assay preparations they have the advantage that they cannot respond to vasopressin-releasing stimuli.
Prolonged administration of Pitressin tannate in oil increased maximum urinary osmolality in DI rats, but failed to increase their sensitivity to intravenously injected vasopressin.
THE EFFECTS OF PROGESTERONE ON BODY WEIGHT AND COMPOSITION IN THE RAT
Authors: HERVEY ELIZABETH , HERVEY G. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of progesterone administration on the weight and composition of the body have been studied in rats. Female rats injected with 5 mg. progesterone/day initially gained weight at an average rate of 2 g./day, compared with 0·4 g./day for controls. When treatment was continued for a month or more their weight stabilized at 40–50 g. above the control level. The bodies of the progesterone-treated rats contained increased amounts of water, fat and solids other than fat. These effects were smoothly related to the dose of progesterone.
In terms of percentage composition, fat increased at the expense of the other two constituents. The composition of the fat-free solids did not change, but the proportion of water in the fat-free body increased. About a tenth of the gain of live weight was accounted for by an increase in the contents of the alimentary tract. The composition of the rest was equivalent, typically, to 43% lean tissue, 26% water additional to that in the lean tissue, and 31% fat.
Male rats treated with progesterone showed no changes other than a small gain of water.
It seems likely that in females progesterone reproduces the changes in body composition which occur in pregnancy. The gain of lean tissue seems to reflect increased growth it, and the accumulation of fat, may both be consequences of the production of a positive energy balance.
ANDROGEN PRODUCTION IN HYPOGONADAL MEN
Authors: JEFFCOATE S. L. , BROOKS R. V. , LIM N. Y. , LONDON D. R. , PRUNTY F. T. G. , SPATHIS G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Various parameters of androgen metabolism have been studied in a group of 11 hypogonadal men. They included the rates of: 17-oxosteroid excretion, total production of C-19 steroids, secretion of testosterone and total production of testosterone (including testosterone converted peripherally from other steroids). The concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione were also measured in peripheral and testicular venous plasma. In addition the effects of stimulation and suppression of adrenocortical function and of testicular stimulation were studied.
2. The patients were divided into three groups according to clinical features, gonadotrophin excretion and testicular histology and an attempt was made to correlate these tests with the steroid studies.
3. Patients with poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics had a low testicular secretion of testosterone. There was also an indication that in these cases the adrenal gland contributed significantly to the plasma testosterone.
4. Methods involving estimations of androgens in blood are shown to be of more value than estimations in urine. In some instances anomalous results were obtained for the rates of secretion of testosterone. The possible significance of these anomalies is discussed.
INHIBITION BY METHYLENEDIANILINE OF TESTICULAR 17-OXOSTEROID SECRETION STIMULATED BY HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: YAMASHITA K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of methylenedianiline on the increased testicular 17-oxosteroid secretion caused by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was studied in dogs.
A single i.v. administration of 20 i.u. HCG/kg. produced a marked increase in the secretion of testicular 17-oxosteroids. The increase in the secretion occurred within 15 min. after the injection and was sustained during the 4 hr. of observation. At the maximum rate of secretion, an i.v. injection of 25 mg. or 100 mg./kg. of methylenedianiline caused a substantial diminution in testicular 17-oxosteroid secretion. This decrease occurred within 15 min. after the injection; the response was reversible. The effect is believed to be due to a block of androgen biosynthesis in the testis.
THE RATE OF UPTAKE OF LOCALLY APPLIED OESTRADIOL AND OESTRONE BY THE VAGINAL EPITHELIUM OF THE OVARIECTOMIZED MOUSE
Authors: POLLARD IRINA , MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The rate at which oestrogens reached their sites of action was investigated by the local application of dimethylstilboestrol at short intervals after the local application of each oestrogen. Receptor occupation appeared to be complete within 2–4 min. of the application of oestradiol-17β and of oestrone and in some cases with oestradiol within 1 min. However, such was the degree of variability between experiments that more precise estimates were not possible. These findings are discussed in relation to the mode of action of the oestrogens.
PREVENTION OF IMPLANTATION IN RATS BY I.C.I. 46,474: ROLE OF HISTAMINE
Authors: HARPER M. J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Implantation was largely prevented in rats given a single dose of I.C.I. 46,474 on day 4 of pregnancy. Aminoguanidine bicarbonate given on days 2–5 inclusively prevented this effect in intact, but not in adrenalectomized rats. Neither histamine dihydrochloride nor dl-histidine prevented the effect of I.C.I. 46,474 on implantation. Histidine, but not histamine, prevented the action of aminoguanidine in intact pregnant rats given I.C.I. 46,474.
The failure of aminoguanidine to reverse the effects of I.C.I. 46,474 in adrenalectomized rats indicates that I.C.I. 46,474 does not prevent implantation by virtue of its anti-histaminic activity.
OVULATION IN IMMATURE RATS TREATED WITH OVINE FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE: FACILITATION BY PROGESTERONE AND INHIBITION BY CONTINUOUS LIGHT
Authors: MEYER R. K. , McCORMACK C. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ovulation in immature rats induced by daily subcutaneous administration of sheep follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was prevented by appropriately timed injection of phenobarbitone or by exposure to continuous light. Progesterone produced ovulation in light-blocked rats and in rats kept in standard lighting which had received a non-ovulatory dose of FSH.
These findings are interpreted to mean that ovulation produced by these preparations of FSH was due to a release of ovulating hormone from the pituitary gland. It is suggested that slight luteinizing hormone activity in an FSH preparation produces ovulation by causing the secretion of progesterone which then facilitates the release of ovulating hormone from the pituitary gland.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONCENTRATION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS IN AVIAN PLASMA AND NASAL GLAND FUNCTION
Authors: MACCHI I. A. , PHILLIPS J. G. , BROWN PATRICIA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Nasal gland salt secretion and plasma corticosteroid concentrations in wing venous plasma were measured at 15 min. intervals after intravenous loading of male ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) with 154 mm- or 500 mm-NaCl and gulls (Larus argentatus) of undetermined sex with 500 mm-NaCl. Plasma corticosteroids were measured by fluorimetry, Na+ and K+ in nasal fluid by flame photometry, and changes in plasma volume of the duck by dye dilution. Age and/or seasonal variations in plasma corticosteroid concentrations were observed in the duck. Corticotrophin (10 i.u./kg. in the duck and 20 i.u./kg. in the gull) caused a progressive rise in plasma corticosteroid concentrations in both species. The nasal glands began to secrete in both species within 15 min. after loading with 500 mm-NaCl but in the gull the secretion rate reached a peak earlier and declined more rapidly. Although no clear relationship between adrenocortical and nasal gland functions was found in either species, comparison of changes in plasma corticosteroid concentrations and plasma volume in the duck under both conditions of saline loading supported this connexion.
THE URINARY EXCRETION OF 11-DEOXY-17-OXOSTEROIDS AND 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS BY NORMAL JAPANESE AND BRITISH WOMEN
Authors: BULBROOK R. D. , THOMAS B. S. , UTSUNOMIYA J. , HAMAGUCHI E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The excretion of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids by normal British and Japanese women has been compared. British women excreted more 17-hydroxycorticosteroids than Japanese women but the difference disappears if corrections are made for body weight. Young British women excreted more 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids than Japanese women of comparable age. This difference remains after correction for differences in body weight. Japanese women aged 40–59 yr. had a significantly higher ratio of androsterone to aetiocholanolone than British women of the same age.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE HEN'S OVULATION CYCLE
Authors: BULLOCK D. W. , NALBANDOV A. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ovarian ascorbic acid-depletion assay has been used to determine the luteinizing hormone (LH) content of plasma at different times in the laying cycle of the hen. The existence of three peaks of LH release preceding ovulation was confirmed and no fourth peak was determined. By injection of an anti-adrenergic drug (dibenzyline) to prevent ovulation, all three releases of LH were inhibited.
Preceding the missed ovulation leading to a pause in the laying cycle, no peaks of plasma LH were found. These results provide direct evidence on which theories for the hen's ovulation cycle can be assessed.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON THIOACETAMIDE-INDUCED HEPATIC NECROSIS
Authors: CROOK LAURA E. , REES K. R. , VARCOE J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
It has been confirmed that adrenalectomy protects the rat against the hepatotoxic action of thioacetamide. This protective effect may be reversed by hydrocortisone injections and it is concluded that the removal of the adrenal cortex rather than the absence of the medulla plays the major role in this protective action.
THE EFFECT OF CHORIOCARCINOMA ON SERUM THYROID HORMONE-BINDING CAPACITY
Authors: GODDEN JENNIFER D. , GARNETT E. S. , SOMMERVILLE I. F. , BAGSHAWE K. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Thyroid hormone binding capacity in serum was measured indirectly by a [131I]tri-iodothyronine (T3) resin uptake method in 36 patients with trophoblastic tumours.
A low [131I]T3 resin uptake (raised thyroid hormone-binding capacity) was found in approximately one-third of the patients but none showed clinical or other evidence of hypothyroidism. There was no correlation between [131I]T3 resin uptake test and gonadotrophin excretion. The results suggest that the increased thyroid-hormone binding capacity found in some patients with trophoblastic tumours may be related to oestrogen secretion and further study is required to establish this.
THE ENTRY OF ASCORBIC ACID INTO THE CORPUS LUTEUM IN VIVO AND IN VITRO AND THE EFFECT OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE
Authors: STANSFIELD D. A. , FLINT A. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Judged from the exchange rate between luteal and plasma ascorbic acid there appears to be no compartmentalization of ascorbic acid within the corpus luteum. Evidence is presented to show that the uptake of ascorbic acid into slices of superovulated rat ovary is an energy-dependent process which is inhibited by luteinizing hormone (LH) by means of its stimulatory effect on progesterone synthesis. The results are discussed in relation to the adrenal cortex and methods involving ascorbic acid depletion used in the assay of corticotrophin and LH.
STEROL SYNTHESIS IN RATS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED POLYCYSTIC OVARIES
Authors: ADAMS W. C. , LEATHEM J. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Immature female rats were fed thiouracil for 30 days and injected with 10 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) for the last 20 days. In thiouracil-fed animals, HCG produced large ovaries containing follicular cysts. These ovaries showed a subnormal concentration of cholesterol but both a normal total content and normal incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into digitonin-precipitable-sterols. Liver and serum cholesterol concentrations were reduced, but in vivo, 4 hr. incorporation of acetate into sterols was doubled suggesting either an acceleration of cholesterol turnover or delayed utilization of sterol precursors of cholesterol. HCG also reduced ovarian cholesterol concentration in euthyroid animals but total organ content and incorporation of [14C]acetate were not altered, nor were liver and serum cholesterol affected. Since the effect of induced ovarian cysts on sterol metabolism cannot be accounted for by known effects of thyroid or gonadal hormones it is suggested that influences of steroid hormones on lipid metabolism may be greatly modified in thyroid deficiency.
OVARIAN HORMONES AND THE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE MALE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: MICHAEL R. P. , HERBERT J. , WELEGALLA JUDY 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Male sexual behaviour was studied quantitatively by observing pairs of oppositely sexed, adult rhesus monkeys during regular hourly test sessions over 2 yr.; at all other times the animals were housed singly. Rhythmic fluctuations in the mounting behaviour of males occurred in relation to the menstrual cycles of female partners. Two patterns were seen: those with high and low levels of mounting, respectively, in follicular and luteal phases, and those with more isolated maxima near mid-cycle. Ejaculation times were shortest and mounting rates highest near ovulation. Bilateral ovariectomy of females abolished all rhythmic variations in the behaviour of the males, which also stopped ejaculating. Subcutaneous injections of oestradiol into ovariectomized females restored the sexual performance of males, an effect which was partly antagonized by the subsequent addition of progesterone. These findings indicate that sexual behaviour in a male primate is influenced, in some way, by the secretory activity of the female's ovaries.
THE PRODUCTION OF 11-DEOXYCORTISOL (REICHSTEIN'S SUBSTANCE S) IN PATIENTS WITH ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION
Authors: DENNIS P. M. , COPE C. L. , PEARSON J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Using an isotope dilution technique, secretion rates of both 11-deoxycortisol and cortisol were measured simultaneously in a group of control subjects and in 13 patients with adrenocortical hyperplasia or tumour. The rate of 11-deoxycortisol secretion was 3·0% of the combined cortisol and 11-deoxycortisol secretions in the control patients, and 2·5% in most cases of Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocortical hyperplasia. This implied a normal efficiency of the 11β-hydroxylase system in most of these patients. In four patients with adrenocortical tumour there was evidence of reduction of the efficiency of the 11β-hydroxylase system below the normal range.
EFFECT OF HYPERBARIC OXYGEN ON CORTICOSTEROID SECRETION AND MORPHOLOGY OF ORGAN CULTURES OF ADULT RAT ADRENAL GLANDS
Authors: BISWAS S. , MacDOUGALL J. D. B. , COUPLAND R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Slices of adrenal glands of 4- to 6-months-old Sprague—Dawley rats were cultured for up to 6 days under air or hyperbaric oxygen in a mixture of 80% Parker's tissue culture Medium 199 and 20% horse serum. The use of hyperbaric oxygen instead of air resulted in a marked improvement in the microscopic appearance of the adrenal slices in cultures of 3–6 days duration.
There was a marked stimulation of steroid output in cultures exposed to hyperbaric oxygen during the first 24 hr. After this time, in spite of the improved histological appearance of the tissue slices, no significant difference in steroid output was observed.
Female glands secrete about twice as much steroid per unit weight as male glands under similar hyperbaric conditions.
Corticosterone, 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone were the most abundant steroids secreted, but smaller amounts of aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone were also identified. Hyperbaric oxygen did not materially affect the relative amounts of the various steroids.
The presence of a greater quantity of adrenocortical tissue in female animals was confirmed. The absolute weight of the medulla in male animals was significantly greater than that of females of the same age, but when expressed in terms of body weight the female medulla was greater than the male medulla.
CORTICOSTEROID SECRETION IN KANGAROOS (MACROPUS CANGURU MAJOR AND M. (MEGALEIA) RUFUS)
Authors: WEISS MAGDA , McDONALD I. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Adrenal venous and peripheral blood was collected from five adult and two immature kangaroos, anaesthetized with pentobarbitone.
Seven C-21 Δ4, 3-oxo steroids were identified in extracts of adrenal venous blood from all animals. The major component—72–92% of detected corticosteroids—was cortisol. The remainder were 11-deoxy and 21-deoxy cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, 11β-OH and 17α-OH progesterone. In four out of six experiments, i.v. corticotrophin caused variable degrees of increase in corticosteroid secretion. Maximum cortisol secretion rates in all the adults and the immature male were in the range 29–70 μg./hr./100 mg. adrenal, or 28–58 μg./hr./kg. body weight and 98 μg./hr./100 mg. or 114 μg./hr./kg. in the immature female.
Average aldosterone secretion rate in the adults was 0·27 μg./hr./100 mg. adrenal, or 0·18 μg./hr./kg. body weight. It was significantly higher in the immature male. However, the Na status of the animals was not known.
Cortisol was the major corticosteroid in peripheral blood plasma at concentrations of 2·0–8·1 μg./100 ml.
The unusual secretion of 21-deoxy cortisol suggests there may be differences in some aspects of adrenocortical biosynthesis, compared with eutherians.
THE EFFECT OF NORETHANDROLONE (NILEVAR) ON GROWTH IN THE FEMALE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: REED MAY 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of norethandrolone (17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone), an anabolic steroid, on growth in the female guinea-pig under normal conditions and conditions of mild stress, has been studied. Norethandrolone (and hydrocortisone acetate) reduced the adrenal weights of the test animals. Both norethandrolone-treated and hydrocortisone-treated groups of guinea-pigs stressed by heart puncture under ether anaesthesia continued to gain weight, whilst the control animals showed a temporary loss in weight. The results suggest that norethandrolone inhibits the release of ACTH in the female guinea-pig.
THYROXINE SECRETION RATE IN THE HORSE IN VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES
Authors: IRVINE C. H. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Studies on the rate of thyroxine secretion (t.s.r.) in the horse, as measured from degradation of labelled thyroxine, are reported. In the resting horse, the mean t.s.r. was 0·49 mg./453·6 kg. (1000 lb.), with a mean value of PBI of 1·80 μ./100 ml., volume distribution of 60 1., and a half-life of 2·31 days. Partly and fully trained horses showed increases of 38% and 65% in t.s.r. associated with lower values for PBI and a greatly decreased half-life. During adaptation to cold, there was an increase of 66% in t.s.r. In horses adapted to cold, t.s.r. was increased by 17%. In pregnancy, the mean increase in t.s.r. of 18% was not statistically significant.
THE EFFECTS OF OESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE AND PROLACTIN ON BROOD PATCH FORMATION IN OVARIECTOMIZED CANARIES
Authors: HUTCHISON R. E. , HINDE R. A. , STEEL ELIZABETH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of certain exogenous hormones on the brood patch of ovariectomized canaries during the non-breeding season are described.
Defeathering and vascularity of the brood patch were produced by oestrogen alone and by combinations of oestrogen and progesterone or prolactin, but not by progesterone or prolactin alone. The development of vascularity varied with the dose level of oestrogen: a dose of 0·2 mg. oestrogen produced stage 3 vascularity, which normally occurs at the time of egg-laying. There was a significant fall in the tactile sensitivity threshold of the brood patch in females treated with oestrogen and progesterone, and in one group treated with progesterone alone. All other groups showed no significant changes.
Oestrogen alone and in combination with progesterone and prolactin caused increase in oviduct weight.
These results confirm the view derived from experiments with intact canaries that oestrogen produces vascularity, but that combinations of oestrogen and prolactin or possibly progesterone are necessary for defeathering. In addition these experiments indicate that oestrogen and progesterone are necessary for a change in sensitivity threshold of the brood patch.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS ON REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY IN SHEEP
Authors: RADFORD H. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Electrolytic lesions were made in the hypothalamus of 41 Merino ewes which were subsequently observed for 2–16 months.
Ovarian inactivity resulted from bilateral medial and ventral lesions placed immediately posterior to the optic chiasma (four ewes) or immediately anterior to the mammillary body (five ewes). Failure to show oestrus while apparently still ovulating regularly was a feature in another four ewes in which bilateral medial and ventral lesions were placed between the sites already described. Small bilateral lesions in these ventral regions led initially to ovarian inactivity, but final re-establishment of apparently normal reproductive activity in three ewes. Bilateral lesions in regions other than those described above resulted in no apparent change in reproductive activity (eight ewes). Similarly, unilateral or asymmetrical lesions in the remaining 17 ewes failed to affect their reproductive activity.
The results are consistent with the hypothesis that in sheep a region of the median eminence responsible for the production of gonadotrophin-releasing factors requires neural inputs traversing both anterior and posterior hypothalamic areas.
THE ASSAY OF HUMAN THYROCALCITONIN IN MICE
Authors: LALJEE H. C. K. , SMITH R. N. , DORRINGTON K. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A mouse assay for thyrocalcitonin using either intravenous or intraperitoneal injections is described. Responses to porcine thyroid extracts were similar to those in rats. Extracts of human thyroid glands obtained at autopsy or surgical operation caused hypocalcaemia in the mouse. The rat was less sensitive to human thyrocalcitonin. Studies on autopsy tissue showed that human thyrocalcitonin could only be detected if thyroids were removed within 12 hr. after death. Crude extracts of human thyroids were assayed in mice by intraperitoneal injection and the thyrocalcitonin content was determined in tissue obtained from patients with thyrotoxicosis or non-toxic goitre.
THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM CORTICOTROPHIN TREATMENT ON THE CORTICOSTEROID-BINDING CAPACITY OF TRANSCORTIN
Authors: ÁCS ZSUZSANNA , STARK E. , CSÁKI L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In rats consecutive daily doses of corticotrophin significantly reduced the corticosterone-binding capacity of transcortin as measured by the gel filtration method, even after previous removal of the adrenals or ovaries. Treatment with formalin for 14 days produced similar, though slightly lesser, changes.