bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“DESIGN TO COST”—A VIABLE CONCEPT IN NAVAL SHIP DESIGN
Authors: GRAHAM CLARK , NICKELSBURG MICHAEL 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe “Design to Cost” concept is investigated from a practical viewpoint by analyzing the impact this design philosophy has had on recent Navy ships. The Guided Missile Frigate design is used as a case study to determine the differences between naval ships “Designed to Cost” and those conventionally designed. The case study includes an investigation of naval architectural features, performance, cost, and an analysis of the design “trade‐off” decisions.The analysis of the FFG‐7 “Design to Cost” pointed out a number of significant differences compared to conventional ship design. A substantial weight and cost saving was realized due to the highly constrained design environment. It is estimated that the FFG‐7 would have displaced about 1500 tons (40 percent) more if it had not been for the “Design to Cost” procedure. This saving was achieved primarily as a result of a reduction in performance requirements.The future of “Design to Cost” as a viable design philosophy for naval ships is discussed. It is concluded that the Navy must follow this concept in order to hold down the cost of combatant ships but that a decrease in overall ship performance must be expected.
CHANGING SHIPYARDS TO IMPROVE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF SHIP MAINTENANCE
Authors: KAUNE JAMES E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe complexities of modern day overhauls are such that many of the shipyard management and repair techniques used during the past two decades are no longer valid. Shipyards are changing management methods, material handling procedures, and repair facilities and equipments to accommodate more cost effective and timely overhauls.Management changes encompass information systems based on extensive use of computers so that information is meaningful and up to date. This enables better management of personnel and utilization of available resources.Material handling and ordering procedures are being changed. Material control centers are being placed inside the industrial user shops. High use material is being identified and not being allowed to become depleted.Shipyards are modernizing their machinery and buildings. Numerical control equipment and numerical controlled propeller profilers have been programmed. One is in use at Philadelphia, one is under procurement, and two more are in the offing.This paper describes the evolution occurring in naval shipyards over the past decade which will better enable them to meet the critical repair and modernization needs of the Fleet of the 1980's.
SHIPBOARD DATA MULTIPLEX SYSTEM (SDMS) — A NEW DESIGN FOR LOWER SHIP COST AND IMPROVED FLEXIBILITY
Authors: BOLD NORBERT T. , WAPNER MARTIN , BLACKWELL LUTHER M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Shipboard Data Multiplex System (SDMS) is a general purpose information transfer system directed toward fulfilling the internal data intercommunication requirements of a variety of naval combatant ships and submarines in the 1980 time frame. The need for a modem interior communication system of the size and capability of SDMS has been increased in unison with the sophistication of shipboard electronic equipments and the associated magnitude of equipment‐to‐equipment signal traffic.Instead of the miles of unique cabling that must be specifically designed for each ship, SDMS will meet information transfer needs with general‐purpose multiplex cable that will be installed according to a standard plan that does not vary with changes to the ship's electronics suite (Figure 1). With standard multiplex cabling throughout the ship and standard SDMS interfaces to ship subsystems, adding new equipment will be almost as simple as plugging a TV into standard house wiring outlets. However, the greatest impact of SDMS will be the decoupling of ship subsystems from each other and from the ship. Standard multiplex interfaces will avoid the cost and delay of modifying subsystems to make them compatible. The ability to wire a new ship according to a standard multiplex cable plan, long before the ship subsystems are fully defined, frees both the ship and the subsystems to develop at their own pace, will allow compression of the development schedules and provide ships with more advanced subsystems.
ELF COMMUNICATIONS
Authors: McCLENON DONALD 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA desired military capability is continuous communications to all world wide deployed submarines, from one continental United States location, with minimum depth, speed, or heading constraints. Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) is the only usable portion of the electromagnetic spectrum which penetrates seawater to sufficient depths to meet these requirements. A practical ELF System can be hardened to withstand enormous enemy attacks, it can operate against jammers much larger than itself, and it is not seriously degraded by natural or nuclear induced ionospheric disturbances.A brief theoretical description óf system operation is presented, showing how a vertical E‐field wave is launched and propagated in the earth‐ionosphere cavity, and propagates downward into the world's oceans. The required relation is shown between natural parameters such as deep earth conductivity, ionospheric height, ELF receiver site noise level, and engineering parameters such as frequency, antenna length, antenna arrangement, and antenna current. Practical system information is provided including transmitting antenna systems, modulation techniques, receiving sensors, and receiver design. Some actual message test results are shown for a communication path from the Navy Wisconsin Test Facility to a distant submerged submarine receiver.
IMPLEMENTING SURVIVABILITY CHARACTERISTICS INTO NAVY SHIPS
Authors: JOLLIFF JAMES V. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSurvivability is that feature which enhances the ship's ability to survive in a combat environment and to emerge as a still effective combat system. The basic objectives for incorporating survivability features into ship design are to maintain combatant capability intact to the maximum degree possible after enemy attack, and failing in this, to maximize protection for the crew and for vital ship spaces. This can be achieved by passive hardening and active hardening, both of which are discussed along with the factors affecting survivability characteristics, the threats likely to be encountered, and the tentative survivability criteria that have been developed. The paper concludes by asking the question: What should the Navy's approach be with regard to the survivability of Navy ships? The Author answers the question with his viewpoints and summarizes his conclusions to the effect that the developed survivability goals can be achieved and be successful providing both the Navy and Industry work together toward the goals established.
AN OVER VIEW OF A CASDAC SUBSYSTEM—COMPUTER‐AIDED PIPING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION (CAPDAC)
Authors: SHERIDAN HARRY C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Navy has begun developing a large‐scale integrated computer‐aided ship design and construction system CASDAC which comprises several subsystems. The topic of this paper is the Computer‐Aided Piping Design and Construction system — CAPDAC. It will involve the use of computers and computer programs by which shipyard and design agent personnel can design piping systems and provide input to the planning and construction process. The progress of work on the system to date includes development of programs, meetings with industry, and an engineering analysis. This later effort Is outlined in some detail.The overall piping design process, Level II, III, and IV design requirements, computer based environment, integrated system, “stand‐alone” subsystems, “standalone” applications, and planning support and construction support aids are described. Current work on a piping composite drawing subsystem is reviewed and current efforts on automating the pipe fabrication process are discussed.
A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL HYBRID SURFACE SHIP CONCEPTS
Authors: MEYER JOHN R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn this paper several hybrid surface ship concepts are described and their estimated speed—power and range performance compared under calm and rough water conditions. The concepts analyzed are the Small Waterplane Area Single Hull (SWASH) Ship, Hydrofoil Small Waterplane Area Ship (HYSWAS), Large Hydrofoil Hybrid Ship (LAHHS), Hydrofoil Air Cushion Ship (HYACS), and Small Waterplane Area Air Cushion Ship (SWAACS). All concepts investigated are of 2,000–ton (2,032m ton) displacement having various combinations of buoyancy, foil lift, or powered static lift from an air cushion.Analysis showed that HYSWAS and LAHHS with about 70% buoyant lift and 30% dynamic lift are expected to have generally favorable characteristics in both calm and rough water over a broad speed spectrum leading to relatively good speed and range performance. These concepts, therefore, appear to be promising configurations for future consideration. However, for special purpose missions where, for instance, only a segment of speed spectrum is dominant or rough water operations are not anticipated, other hybrid forms may show potential and might be pursued further.
BARGESHIPS IN A SEAWAY
Authors: SHUMAKER GEORGE L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper coven the Naval Coastal System Laboratory's efforts under Naval Sea Systems Command sponsorship to determine whether the LASH and SEABEE Bargeships can be used in a resupply role for amphibious operations where there are no ports or protected waters. There are three questions involved. Can these ships unload barges in unprotected waters and what sea states are achievable? What are the barge handling problems? How can the barges be unloaded? The second question of handling barges constats of two parts: a) handling the barges at the stem of the Bargeship for both loading and unloading, and b) moving them from the ship to a marshalling or storage area from which they are taken to the unloading point.This paper covers the capabilities of the LASH ship type to unload or load barges in significant wave heights up to 8 feet, and the Tug and Deckhand operations to and from the stem of the Bargeship.
A SYSTEM ENGINEERING STATE—OF—THE—ART EQUAL TO MODERN WARSHIP DESIGN
Authors: ECKHART M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe general systems engineering state—of—the—art has not been equal to the functional diversity of modern multimission warships, nor to the more complex system relationships that are characteristically involved in their design. Resultant dependence upon qualitative assessments of higher level relationships in warship definition and design has been and is a critical impediment to the Navy's corporate purposes, both in prosecuting its vital rebuilding campaign and in dealing with the technological pace of naval warfare. A design methodology development, first reported on ASNE Day 74, has provided the basis for removing this impediment. The threshold criterion of system engineering, quantification, and correlation of total system design objectives, can be satisfied for warship definition and design. Further, the basic elements of an exploitive system engineering practice have been developed sufficiently to confirm their validity. This work is interpreted in terms of the system engineering structure that can be expected to emerge; first, because it can be done, and second, because its payoffs are so urgently needed by the Navy.
THE “TRADE—OFF” BETWEEN LEARNING AND INFLATION IN SHIPBUILDING
Authors: FRISCH FRANZ A.P. , TODD CHARLES 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTLearning leads to a decrease in program cost and inflation leads to an increase in program cost. At a certain time, the benefits of leaming and the penalty due to inflation will balance each other. This time is defined as the “critical time.”The “critical tune” depends upon the number of ships to be built because this determines the possible gain in learning. The “Critical time” also depends upon the assumed inflation, upon the achievable learning rate, and upon the material/labor ratio of the first ship. Learning expectation can be influenced by planning and the material/labor ration by a make– or buydecision. Assumptions on future learning are as vague as assumptions on inflation.The paper shows that it is almost impossible to beat inflation. It shows that accelerated programs are preferable and that make—decisions supersede the value of buy—decisions. The result is derived from an abstract treatment of the subject.
SHINPADS — A NEW SHIP INTEGRATION CONCEPT
Authors: CARRUTHERS JAMES F. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Shipboard Integrated Processing And Display System (SHINPADS) is a Canadian Forces Trademark, and is not really a system. It is rather a concept of ship integration. Not combat system integration or propulsion and machinery system integration but ship integration. It encompasses the entire ship system including all combat system equipments, marine engineering systems, and extending into administrative support hardware. It is a concept based upon the idea of synergism, a property which is best explained by stating the whole is greater than the sum of its constituent parts. When the normal horizons of the subsystem designer are discarded and the entire ship is considered as an entity, the number of constituent parts available increases dramatically. But how does one “get it all together”?A distributed system approach in which former local subsystem equipments are made to function as global ship resources is the answer. Whereas until recently (where shipboard computers were concerned) “bigger was better,” a distributed approach requires more numerous small processors to be considered. Of course information must be made available to all processors, so a high speed data exchange method must be provided. Enter the SHINPADS Data Bus which not only provides this “ship central nervous system” capability but replaces tons of point‐to‐point wiring in the process. Other aspects of the concept include standardization of hardware, software, and interfacing.The SHINPADS concept is Considered to provide redundancy and system survivability at a reduced life‐cycle cost. It is suggested that such survivability cannot otherwise be achieved.
THE IMPROVED NAVAL SHIPYARD MANA GEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM—A POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: SISSON JONATHAN A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe standard Naval Shipyard Management Information System (Shipyard MIS) in use at the eight United States Naval Shipyards is a computer‐based system that processes data related to virtually every element of naval shipyard operations. It has had almost thirteen years of operation constantly growing and improving along the way. In early 1976 a major improvement program was initiated to modernize this batch processing oriented system to meet the needs of management for information in a more responsive manner. Some of the products of this improvement program offer the potential to shipyard managers for improving productivity. This paper describes some of these products and the challenges to shipyard management to utilize them effectively such that improved performance or productivity and significant cost savings can be realized.
REDUCING THE COST OF SHIP CONSTRUCTION
Authors: SCHMIT JOHN , BRAUN MAX T. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTReducing the cost of ship construction is of vital importance to the military posture and economic strength of our country.This paper presents hard evidence which confirms COSTS of construction can be REDUCED WHEN the DESIGN is RESPONSIVE TO the real problems and COSTS ENCOUNTERED IN CONSTRUCTION.The Jetfoil, a 115‐ton, 45‐knot, submerged foil Passenger Hydrofoil Ferry is in service in Europe, Asia and South America. The hull is of 5456 welded aluminum construction. At the completion of Hull 10, significant design and manufacturing changes to reduce construction costs were made. Hull 11 was constructed for about 80% of the cost of Hull 10.This paper presents a direct comparison between an initial design and a redesign to reduce construction costs, using as a specific example the bow module. The evaluation team setup and evaluation methodology are explained. The designs are compared, including construction details, part count, and amount of welding. Manufacturing tools are compared. Construction buildup and sequencing are compared. Weights are compared, and finally, actual construction man‐hours for the two designs are compared.This comparison shows the cost reductions possible when manufacturing costs become an integral part of the design process.
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANAL YSIS OF THE DYNAMICS OF A SUBMERGED CRADLE IN A SEA WAY
Authors: COHEN JAY MARTIN 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSubmerged recovery of small submersibles by means of surface tethered platforms offers the possibility of operations in Sea States higher than is now possible using surface recovery means. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Submersible Support Catamaran LULU has such a tethered system. The system, consisting of cradle, chains, and hoist, is designed to recover DSRV ALVIN at a depth of 100 feet, and then Lift the submersible rapidly through the air‐sea interface. Scientific commitments as well as possible damage to the cradle and/or ALVIN, and danger to personnel have prevented full‐scale recovery experiments. A 1/40‐scale model of the Catamaran, chain, and cradle was constructed to investigate cradle heave and pitch response in regular sinusoidal waves. Model tests were conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Tow Tank Facility, and data was recorded electronically and photographically. Test runs were made at various ship speeds, cradle depths, wave heights, wave lengths, and cradle suspension modifications. Results indicate that for the existing system, cradle pitch and heave is only slightly attenuated over Catamaran response at speeds less than 3 knots (full scale). By decreasing the number of cradle suspension points, and varying hoist resiliency and cradle‐added mw characteristics, cradle motion can be substantially reduced over Catamaran motion.
OVERALL DESIGN/MAINTENANCE INTERFACES WITH TIYE FLEET: MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT PLANNING AS IT INTERFACES WITH SHIP DESIGN
Authors: HUGHES THOMAS J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper highlights 1) a number of arrangement problems in the layout of the main propulsion plants in various Ship Classes; 2) deviations hi Configuration Control and Specification Control within Ship Classes; 3) the lack of Repair and Test Specifications for use by the Ships Force in accepting contractor maintenance/repair; and 4) the hopeful look toward the future for increased design attention to these matters.
“FLOPPER STOPPERS” ZN OCEAN RESEARCH
Authors: ROSS JONATHAN M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT“Flopper Stoppers” compose a simple passive system for decreasing the rolling of a ship dead in the water at sea. In essence, “Flopper Stoppers” are damper plates suspended from poles on the port and starboard sides of the ship. The plates are submerged in the water, and their resistance to motion causes a damping of the ship's roll.In this paper, expressions are developed that may be used for designing “Flopper Stoppers.” One expression gives the decrement in roll angle caused by the “Flopper Stoppers.” Other expressions give stresses exerted on the Suspension system and the ship by the damper plates.
SHIP‐TO‐SHORE CONTAINER TRANSFER OVER NON‐IMPROVED BEACHES
Authors: FRANKEL ERNST G. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTFuture contingency requirements will impose a need for effective transfer of containerized or otherwise unitized cargo from non‐self‐sustaining ships to non‐improved beaches. Investigations and development of offshore transfer terminals which provide the required interface has led to the design of a number of attractive concepts.Single hull displacement, multiple hull displacement, and self‐elevating types of ships were considered. The analytical techniques and models used in converging on the ship characteristics as well as the general design and parameter optimization methods are described.Finally, the paper outlines the characteristics of the recommended concepts.
MANPOWER‐PROFILING APPROACH TO SHIPYARD PRODUCTIVITY MANAGEMENT
Authors: LAMARTIN F.H. , POWELL E.F. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTTraditional approaches to measuring shipyard productivity have many weaknesses. Some approaches lead to general overall measures that provide little insight of causes of productivity changes. Other techniques generate very detailed measures from which general conclusions cannot be drawn. Other methods measure only a small part of all shipwork.Some techniques for determining productivity were developed during analyses of manpower conditions at shipyards involved in recently‐resolved major shipbuilding claims. This manpower‐profiling technology measures productivity based upon the characteristics, the work force, and the working conditions in the shipyard.The manpower‐profiling approach is made up of three elements: 1) Identifying the work force characteristics and working conditions that affect productivity; 2) Establishing the relationship between productivity and each work force characteristic and working condition; and 3) Using the productivity relationships to measure overall productivity.These three elements are discussed in the paper along with suggestions for further development of the approach.
SOCIETY HISTORY —1888 TO 1980
Authors: GATZOULIS JULIANI 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTOn numerous occasions members of the Society have stated a desire to know more about ASNE, its origin, and its growth over the past 92 years. Since only a small brochure existed, used primarily for membership recruitment purposes, the recommendation was made that a history be prepared and published as a souvenir booklet suitable for distribution at the ASNE Day 63rd Annual Banquet held on 2 May 1980. As a result, the Council approved, a History Committee was established, and after many long hours of hard work and much research the task was completed in time for the banquet.Since many members were not able to attend ASNE DAY 1980, “Society History — 1888–1980” is shared with them at this time so that they too may have the benefit of the Committee's efforts. Reprinted herein, is the very concise and informative booklet prepared by Dr. Juliani Gatzoulis and her Committee.
INTEGRATING THE NAVY'S 21ST CENTURY MISSION REQUIREMENTS INTO TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED, YET AFFORDABLE, DESTROYER DESIGNS
Authors: BASKERVILLE JAMES E. , WHIDDON W. DAVID 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper defines the current state of balance of naval power between the United States and Russia, highlighting the shift in favor of the Soviet Navy. The various alternative weapons systems which could be employed to balance the growing Soviet threat are examined and the conventional surface combatant ship is found to be the most cost effective solution. System level technological improvements are discussed and various goals are identified to enable an increase in capabilities to fulfill future mission requirements without a drastic increase in acquisition cost.