bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using the net benefit regression framework to construct cost-effectiveness acceptability curves: an example using data from a trial of external loop recorders versus Holter monitoring for ambulatory monitoring of "community acquired" syncope
Authors: Hoch Jeffrey S , Rockx Marie Antoinette , Krahn Andrew D 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Background
Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves (CEACs) describe the probability that a new treatment or intervention is cost-effective. The net benefit regression framework (NBRF) allows cost-effectiveness analysis to be done in a simple regression framework. The objective of the paper is to illustrate how net benefit regression can be used to construct a CEAC.

Methods
One hundred patients referred for ambulatory monitoring with syncope or presyncope were randomized to a one-month external loop recorder (n = 49) or 48-hour Holter monitor (n = 51). The primary endpoint was symptom-rhythm correlation during monitoring. Direct costs were calculated based on the 2003 Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) fee schedule combined with hospital case costing of labour, materials, service and overhead costs for diagnostic testing and related equipment.

Results
In the loop recorder group, 63.27% of patients (31/49) had symptom recurrence and successful activation, compared to 23.53% in the Holter group (12/51). The cost in US dollars for loop recording was $648.50 and $212.92 for Holter monitoring. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the loop recorder was $1,096 per extra successful diagnosis. The probability that the loop recorder was cost-effective compared to the Holter monitor was estimated using net benefit regression and plotted on a CEAC. In a sensitivity analysis, bootstrapping was used to examine the effect of distributional assumptions.

Conclusion
The NBRF is straightforward to use and interpret. The resulting uncertainty surrounding the regression coefficient relates to the CEAC. When the link from the regression's p-value to the probability of cost-effectiveness is tentative, bootstrapping may be used.
Free radical theory of autoimmunity
Authors: Kannan Subburaj 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Despite great advances in clinical oncology, the molecular mechanisms underlying the failure of chemotherapeutic intervention in treating lymphoproliferative and related disorders are not well understood.

Hypothesis
A hypothetical scheme to explain the damage induced by chemotherapy and associated chronic oxidative stress is proposed on the basis of published literature, experimental data and anecdotal observations. Brief accounts of multidrug resistance, lymphoid malignancy, the cellular and molecular basis of autoimmunity and chronic oxidative stress are assembled to form a basis for the hypothesis and to indicate the likelihood that it is valid in vivo.

Conclusion
The argument set forward in this article suggests a possible mechanism for the development of autoimmunity. According to this view, the various sorts of damage induced by chemotherapy have a role in the pattern of drug resistance, which is associated with the initiation of autoimmunity.
Comparison of Body Composition Assessment Methods in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Wasting Receiving Growth Hormone
Authors: Esposito John G. , Thomas Scott G. , Kingdon Lori , Ezzat Shereen 
Published: June 2006

AbstractContext: Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) and skinfold anthropometry (SKF) have been used to monitor body composition among patients with HIV wasting; however, validation of these techniques during recombinant human GH (rhGH) treatment has not been performed.Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the degree of agreement between criterion measurements of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and those of BIS and SKF in patients with HIV wasting treated with rhGH.Design and Setting: We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover trial at the University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto, Canada).Patients: A referred sample of 27 community-dwelling men with HIV-associated weight loss (≥10% over preceding 12 months) despite optimal antiretroviral therapy participated in the study.Intervention: Intervention was one daily injection of rhGH (6 mg) or placebo self-administered for 3 months in a crossover fashion with a 3-month washout.Main Outcome Measures: Fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were measured by BIS, SKF, and DXA before and after rhGH and placebo treatment.Results: FFMBIS was not significantly different from FFMDXA after rhGH treatment (P = 0.10). Mean differences (bias ± sd) according to Bland-Altman analysis were smaller for SKF than for BIS (P &lt; 0.05) at all time points, yet treatment-induced change in FM was better detected with BIS than with SKF. BIS estimates of FFM and FM showed better agreement with those of DXA after rhGH treatment (1.6 ± 4.6 kg and −2.1 ± 3.9 kg) compared with baseline (3.8 ± 3.5 kg and −4.1 ± 3.6 kg) and placebo (2.7 ± 4.4 kg and −3.1 ± 4.6) (P &lt; 0.05). BIS overestimated and SKF underestimated the treatment-induced changes in FFM and FM.Conclusions: SKF was more accurate than BIS when measuring body composition in patients with HIV wasting before and after rhGH treatment; nonetheless, the accuracy of BIS increased after treatment. Change in FM because of treatment was not accurately assessed with SKF.
Another Glance through the Historian's Lens: Testimonies in the Study of Health and Medicine in the Ghetto
Authors: Ofer Dalia 
Published: June 2006

The essay addresses the issues of health and medicine in the ghettos of eastern Europe, emphasizing the centrality of oral testimonies and memoirs to historical analysis. It opens with some general remarks on Holocaust testimonies and then moves on to a discussion of medicine in the ghettos. It first deals with the state of public health and medicine there, which was shaped by both the community's medical experience and the catastrophic results of the Nazi policy of starvation, persecution, terror, and killing. More than any other factor in ghetto life, public health and medicine represented the coalescence of the private and public spheres. What reinforced the meshing of private and public health was the “work as rescue” strategy, adopted by some Jewish Judenräte (ghetto administrative councils), on the assumption that the Nazis would not kill the workers they needed. As a result, the physical ability of ghetto residents to work became a central interest of the ghetto's Jewish authorities: a health department was established in all large and medium-sized ghettos.Documentation kept in the ghetto archives provided information about health services. Reports from clinics and hospitals on disease and mortality were included in Judenräte statistical bulletins. However, much of the activity of these health departments and doctors had to be concealed from the German authorities and thus is not reflected in formal ghetto records. Some information can be gleaned from the few surviving diaries and underground sources. Oral testimonies and memoirs not only fill in missing information but also contribute insights into the activities and efforts of the medical services. They are also centrally important for understanding the wider significance of these human efforts and their successes and failures in times of extreme crisis.
Screen Time, Sociodemographic Factors, and Psychological Well-Being Among Young Children
Authors: Kwon Soyang , Armstrong Bridget , Wetoska Nina , Capan Selin 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceYoung children’s screen time increased during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, but it is unknown whether their screen time returned to prepandemic levels in 2021. Knowledge of the relationship between screen time and child development and health will inform prevention and intervention targets and strategies.ObjectiveTo evaluate screen time by family income and race and ethnicity in the prepandemic (ie, 2018, 2019) and pandemic (ie, 2020, 2021) periods and to examine the relationship between screen time and psychological well-being among young children in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsCross-sectional population-based web or mail survey study of 2018-2021 National Survey of Children’s Health participants aged 6 months to 5 years.ExposureDaily screen time (&amp;lt;1, 1, 2, 3, or ≥4 h/d) reported by participants’ primary caregivers.Main outcomes and MeasuresFlourishing and externalizing behaviors, as indicators of psychological well-being. All analyses were weighted, accounting for the complex survey sample design.ResultsOf the 48 775 participants (50.7% female), the proportion of those with high screen time (defined as ≥1 h/d for children aged 6 months-1 year and ≥2 h/d for children aged 2-5 years) was 48.5% (95% CI, 46.3%-50.7%) in 2018, 49.2% (95% CI, 47.0%-51.5%) in 2019, 55.3% (95% CI, 53.4%-57.2%) in 2020, and 50.0% (95% CI, 48.3%-51.6%) in 2021. Among children living in poverty (federal poverty level &amp;lt;100%), the proportion of those with high screen time was 48.7% (95% CI, 42.8%-54.6%) in 2018, 52.0% (95% CI, 45.4%-58.6%) in 2019, 60.9% (95% CI, 55.4%-66.4%) in 2020, and 58.9% (53.7%-64.1%) in 2021. Adjusted odds ratio of flourishing was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.51-0.85), 0.81 (95% CI, 0.66-0.99), 0.68 (95% CI, 0.52-0.88), and 0.53 (95% CI, 0.42-0.69) for less than 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more hours per day vs 1 hour per day of screen time, respectively, among children aged 3 to 5 years. No association between screen time and flourishing was found among children aged 6 months to 2 years. An adjusted externalizing behavior score was higher by 0.2 points (95% CI, −0.1 to 0.5), 0.5 points (95% CI, 0.3 to 0.8), 1.3 points (95% CI, 1.0 to 1.6), and 2.1 points (95% CI, 1.7 to 2.5) for less than 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more hours per day vs 1 hour per day of screen time, respectively, among children aged 3 to 5 years.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this multiyear cross-sectional study of a representative sample of young children in the US, the increased prevalence of high screen time in 2020 returned to prepandemic levels in 2021; however, it remained elevated in children living in poverty. Two hours or more of daily screen time was associated with lower psychological well-being among preschool-aged children.
Self‐Portrait with Burned Weapon: The Wound That Does Not Heal
Authors: Dorrian Mark 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSetting aside organic metaphors of growth and maturation, architect and author Mark Dorrian addresses the ‘early work’ by attending to Lebbeus Woods's descriptively yet evocatively named Black Notebooks. Turning his mind's eye to the Notebooks as a record of the interior struggles of their author – as spiritual diaries – he takes on the symbolism of the wound that must be suffered, and finds much that sheds light on the younger Woods and on his lasting ambitions for architecture.
Post‐Apocalypse: The ‘Ring’ Cycle
Authors: Gleiter Jörg H 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn the late 1970s, Lebbeus Woods embarked on an ambitious project: to depict Richard Wagner's The Ring Cycle. Jörg H Gleiter, Professor of Architectural Theory at the Technical University Berlin, takes us through the intersected worlds of music, drama and visual expression, suggesting that both Wagner and Woods are critics of Enlightenment. Exploitation of Earth, greed and envy are the beginning of the End, for Wagner. A century later, Woods extends this negative mythology.
Exit Velocity: Einstein Tomb
Authors: Becker Joseph 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAs the 1970s faded, Lebbeus Woods set about memorialising the great theoretical physicist Albert Einstein and his theory of relativity. A cosmic scale and an anti‐gravity mode of this visual and poetic remembrance is embodied in his Einstein Tomb project. Joseph Becker, Associate Curator of Architecture and Design at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, articulates its evolution, marrying Woods's cyclic epistemology with the quadripartite mandala form.
Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Based on Rigid Lactam Acceptors: Simultaneously Achieving Desirable Emission Efficiency, Horizontal Orientation, and Reverse Intersystem Crossing
Authors: Wu Ze‐Ling , Sun Yu‐Fu , Lv Xin , Zhang Dong‐Hai , Zhou Liang , Meng Lingyi , Chen Xu‐Lin , Lu Can‐Zhong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials that exhibit simultaneously high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), rapid reverse intersystem crossing (RISC), and a high horizontal transition dipole ratio are highly desirable for realizing high‐performance organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, achieving this goal remains a formidable challenge due to the stringent molecular design principles involved. Herein, three highly efficient TADF materials based on lactam‐type electron‐acceptors are reported. The inherent rigidity and planar structure of lactam units, along with the ordered molecular arrangement in solid states, contribute to the reduction of nonradiative decay and the high horizontal transition dipole ratio in the optimized TADF emitters. Moreover, through precise control of the alignment of the lowest excited states by adjusting the charge transfer strength, the rate constants for reverse intersystem crossing (kRISC) are dramatically boosted. Consequently, the two optimized emitters exhibit outstanding merits of ultra‐high PLQYs (98% and 99%), high horizontal transition dipole ratios (91% and 87%), and fast RISC (kRISC ≈ 1.7 × 106 s−1). Thanks to these merits, the doped OLEDs achieve excellent performance. The top‐performing device achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency of 34.3%, a peak luminance of 57376 cd m−2, and small efficiency roll‐off.
Laser‐Guided Self‐Assembly of Thin Films into Micro‐Rolls
Authors: Chen Yi , Tan Min , Yang Rongliang , Lee Connie Kong Wai , Zhong Haosong , Xu Yang , Huang Yangyi , Tang Miao , Li Mitch Guijun 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAdvanced manufacturing techniques offer tremendous potential in electronics, photonics, and biomedicine. Self‐assembly is a powerful strategy for creating three‐dimensional (3D) artificial structures, but existing thin film release techniques have limitations in the relatively complex processes. Herein, a localized laser scribing strategy is proposed to guide the self‐assembly of two‐dimensional thin films into 3D microstructures. It is revealed that laser‐induced heating and momentum can release thin films and roll them into various microstructures. Uniquely, this method allows accurate control of shapes, curvatures, orientations, and sizes for the fabricated rolls. This is a one‐step strategy with no pre‐patterning or post‐drying required. The proposed method represents a significant improvement over existing self‐assembly techniques and may enrich the thin film self‐assembly materials and applications. As proof of concept, the prepared gold micro‐rolls are demonstrated as implanted stents in porcine arteries with impressive flexibility. This study provides a new approach to creating 3D microstructures with simplicity and high repeatability and has significant implications for the future of advanced manufacturing, especially in emerging miniaturized applications, such as invasive robotics, minimized drug delivery, implanted batteries, and nanophotonics.
Perovskite Quantum Dots for the Next‐Generation Displays: Progress and Prospect
Authors: Shan Qingsong , Dong Yuhui , Xiang Hengyang , Yan Danni , Hu Tianjun , Yuan Beichen , Zhu Hong , Wang Yifei , Zeng Haibo 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe “Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023” is awarded to Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus, and Alexey I. Yekimov for discovering and synthesizing Quantum Dots (QDs). Colloidal QDs possess fascinating size‐, morphological‐, composition‐, and assembly‐tunable electronic and optical properties, which makes them star materials for various optoelectronic applications, especially as luminescent materials for next‐generation wide color gamut ultra‐high‐definition displays. Perovskite QDs (PQDs) have gained widespread attention in recent years. In less than ten years, research on perovskite‐related materials and devices has basically been perfected in terms of quantum yield and external quantum efficiency (EQE). However, on the eve of its industrial application, some key technical indicators and technical processes need to be met and resolved. The development and transformation of QD materials and then focuses on the progress of luminescence linewidth and EQE of the PQD light‐emitting diode. Finally, several application avenues are reviewed for PQDs, and some challenges and opportunities in the field are proposed.
In‐Operando Spatiotemporal Imaging of Coupled Film‐Substrate Elastodynamics During an Insulator‐to‐Metal Transition
Authors: Stone Greg , Shi Yin , Jerry Matthew , Stoica Vladimir , Paik Hanjong , Cai Zhonghou , Schlom Darrell G. , Engel‐Herbert Roman , Datta Suman , Wen Haidan , Chen Long‐Qing , Gopalan Venkatraman 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe drive toward non‐von Neumann device architectures has led to an intense focus on insulator‐to‐metal (IMT) and the converse metal‐to‐insulator (MIT) transitions. Studies of electric field‐driven IMT in the prototypical VO2 thin‐film channel devices are largely focused on the electrical and elastic responses of the films, but the response of the corresponding TiO2 substrate is often overlooked, since it is nominally expected to be electrically passive and elastically rigid. Here, in‐operando spatiotemporal imaging of the coupled elastodynamics using X‐ray diffraction microscopy of a VO2 film channel device on TiO2 substrate reveals two new surprises. First, the film channel bulges during the IMT, the opposite of the expected shrinking in the film undergoing IMT. Second, a microns thick proximal layer in the substrate also coherently bulges accompanying the IMT in the film, which is completely unexpected. Phase‐field simulations of coupled IMT, oxygen vacancy electronic dynamics, and electronic carrier diffusion incorporating thermal and strain effects suggest that the observed elastodynamics can be explained by the known naturally occurring oxygen vacancies that rapidly ionize (and deionize) in concert with the IMT (MIT). Fast electrical‐triggering of the IMT via ionizing defects and an active “IMT‐like” substrate layer are critical aspects to consider in device applications.
Fabrication and Characterization of Electrically Conductive 3D Printable TPU/MWCNT Filaments for Strain Sensing in Large Deformation Conditions
Authors: Koohbor Behrad , Xue Wei , Uddin Kazi Z. , Youssef George , Nerbetski Daniel , Steiger Bradley , Kenney Joseph , Yarem Dana 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis study investigates the development of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filaments incorporating multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) to enhance strain‐sensing capabilities. Various MWCNT reinforcement ratios are used to produce customized feedstock for fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing. Mechanical properties and the piezoresistive response of samples printed with these multifunctional filaments are concurrently evaluated. Surface morphology and microstructural observations reveal that higher MWCNT weight percentages increase filament surface roughness and rigidity. The microstructural modifications directly influence the tensile strength and strain energy of the printed samples. The study identifies an apparent percolation threshold within the 10–12 wt.% MWCNT range, indicating the formation of a conductive network. At this threshold, higher gauge factors are achieved at lower strains. A newly introduced Electro‐Mechanical Sensitivity Ratio (ESR) parameter enables the classification of composite behaviors into two distinct zones, offering the ability to tailor self‐sensing structures with on‐demand properties. Finally, flexible structures with proven application in soft robotics and shape morphing are fabricated and tested at different loading conditions to demonstrate the potential applicability of the custom filaments produced. The results highlight a pronounced piezoresistive response and superior load‐bearing performance in the examined structures.
An In‐Depth Investigation of the Combined Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Properties of Lead‐Free Cs2AgBiBr6 Double Perovskite Solar Cells Using DFT and SCAPS‐1D Frameworks
Authors: Uddin M. Shihab , Hossain M. Khalid , Uddin Md Borhan , Toki Gazi F. I. , Ouladsmane Mohamed , Rubel Mirza H. K. , Tishkevich Daria I. , Sasikumar P. , Haldhar Rajesh , Pandey Rahul 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn the backdrop of today's environmental priorities, where toxicity and stability hinder lead‐based perovskite solar cell (PSC) progress, the emergence of lead‐free alternatives like Cs2AgBiBr6 perovskites has gained significance. This study revolves around the comprehensive evaluation of Cs2AgBiBr6 as a potential photovoltaic (PV) material, using density functional theory (DFT) calculations with CASTEP. Revealing a vital bandgap of 1.654 eV and emphasizing the contributions of Ag‐4d and Br‐4p orbitals, this analysis also underscores Ag atoms' dominance in charge distribution. Optically, Cs2AgBiBr6 exhibits UV absorption peaks around 15 eV, intensifying with photon energy up to 3.75 eV, hinting at its promise for solar applications. Guided by DFT, forty configurations involving various electron transport layers (ETLs) and hole transport layers (HTLs) are explored. Among these, CNTS emerges as the prime HTL due to ideal absorber alignment. The spotlight architecture, FTO/AZnO/Cs2AgBiBr6/CNTS/Au, boasts exceptional efficiency (23.5%), Voc (1.38 V), Jsc (21.38 mA cm−2), and FF (79.9%). In contrast, FTO/CdZnS/Cs2AgBiBr6/CNTS/Au achieves a slightly lower 23.15% efficiency. Real‐world intricacies are probed, encompassing resistances, temperature, current–voltage (J–V) traits, and quantum efficiency (QE), enhancing practical relevance. These findings are thoughtfully contextualized within prior literature, showcasing the study's contributions to non‐toxic, inorganic perovskite solar technology. This work aspires to positively steer sustainable PV advancement.
Direct Observation of Semimetal Contact Induced Charge Doping and Strain Effect in CVD‐Grown Monolayer MoS2 Transistors
Authors: Feng Xuewei , Yu Zhi Gen , Guo Haoyue , Li Yida , Zhang Yong‐Wei , Ang Kah‐Wee 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTwo‐dimensional Materials (2DMs) offer significant promise for advancing device miniaturization and extending Moore's law. Despite the challenges posed by high contact resistance in transistors, recent discoveries highlight semimetals as an effective approach for achieving ohmic contact with near‐quantum‐limit contact resistance. The energy band hybridization between semimetal and MoS2 is found to create degenerate states and heavily doped contact, which is proposed as the underlying mechanism responsible for reducing contact resistance. However, a quantitative and comprehensive characterization of the semimetal‐MoS2 interface is lacking, leaving the physical interactions elusive. This study reveals that semimetals induce n‐type doping and tensile strain in monolayer MoS2 grown using CVD, which serve as the contact resistance and mobility boosters. Among the semimetals investigated, including Bismuth (Bi), Antimony (Sb), and their alloy, Bi results in the highest electron doping of 2 × 1013 cm−2 and a 0.5% tensile strain, leading to reduced contact resistance and enhanced mobility. First‐principles calculations and spectroscopy measurements unveil the impact of electron doping and strain in MoS2, and the thermal effects are subsequently explored. This research underscores the potential of semimetals in boosting device performance and lays the foundation for reducing contact resistance in transistors made from 2D materials.