bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Provision for youngsters with autistic spectrum disorders in mainstream schools: what parents say — and what parents want
Authors: Whitaker Philip 
Published: November 2007

Relatively little research has focused on parental perceptions and experience of educational provision in mainstream settings for children and young people with autism. Much of that which has been undertaken (and certainly that which is most widely cited) has tended to rely on samples which may not be sufficiently representative. In the study reported here, Philip Whitaker, of the Children and Young People's Service in Northamptonshire sought the views of every parent or carer of a child with an autistic spectrum condition living within one English county. Almost half the parents of the 350 children attending mainstream schools responded to a questionnaire exploring their experiences, views, attitudes and levels of satisfaction. The analysis looks at the differences and similarities between the experiences and views of the ‘satisfied’ and ‘dissatisfied’ groups of parents.Overall, 61% of respondents reported themselves satisfied with the provision being made for their children. The extent to which parents felt that school staff understood (and empathised) with their children's difficulties, and the perceived flexibility of the schools’ responses to the children's needs were the factors which most sharply differentiated the two groups of parents. The extent and quality of reciprocal communication between home and school also seemed strongly associated with levels of satisfaction. The two groups of parents shared many concerns, with the schools’ role in promoting social development and social relationships emerging as a high priority. Philip Whitaker discusses the implications of these findings for schools and for the development of local authority provision founded in mainstreaming.
Metric Displacement Dissonance and Romantic Longing in the German Lied
Authors: Malin Yonatan 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis article seeks to explore the hermeneutics of metric dissonance by examining the association between displacement or syncopation‐type conflicts and Romantic longing (Sehnsucht) in the German Lied. It includes close readings of music‐text relations in four specific songs: the ‘Wandrers Nachtlied II’ (Goethe/Schubert); ‘Intermezzo’ (Eichendorff/Schumann); ‘Immer leiser wird mein Schlummer’ (Lingg/Brahms); and ‘Unterm Schutz’ (George/Schoenberg). The primary methodology for the process of metric analysis derives from the work of Harald Krebs.The article as a whole traces changes both in the use of displacement dissonance, and in the nature of Sehnsucht, as well as correlations between the two over the course of the ‘long nineteenth century’. The four analyses as a group outline an historical progression of ‘introduction’ (in Schubert), ‘intensification’ (in Schumann), ‘complication’ (in Brahms) and ‘refraction’ (in Schoenberg). The study thereby combines a history of metric dissonance – one of the recurring elements of nineteenth‐century style – with that of Sehnsucht – one of the most prominent features of Romantic consciousness.
The End of Die Feen and Wagner's Beginnings: Multiple Approaches to an Early Example of Double‐Tonic Complex, Associative Theme and Wagnerian Form
Authors: Bribitzer‐stull Matthew 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTExamples of directional tonality, associative tonality, associative theme and motivic parallelism all appear in the Act III Finale to Die Feen, Wagner's first complete opera. The inter‐relationships evident among these compositional principles foreshadow a level of sophistication usually attributed to the more mature music dramas, suggesting that the keys to unlocking das Geheimnis der Form can, in some senses, be found in an understanding of the earlier works. The present study adopts a range of theoretical paradigms in order to address the variety of Wagner's musical and dramatic techniques. Used in conjunction, Schenkerian generative views of tonality, Robert Bailey's dramatic‐tonal concepts, neo‐Riemannian transformations and an understanding of thematic association enable a series of analytical observations unattainable through any single interpretative approach.
Rioting with Stravinsky: a Particular Analysis of the Rite of Spring
Authors: Chua Daniel K. L 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe riot that greeted the Rite of Spring only found its analytical counterpart some 70 years after its première, with factions headed by Pieter van den Toorn, Richard Taruskin and Allen Forte. But the analytical tussle was hardly a genuine riot in as much the differing camps subscribed to a premise of authenticity in order to stabilise the work under a universal concept: the result was a Rite unified by theory. The scholars may have battled with each other, but the music was not allowed to have its own riot. This article suggests a more contingent analysis of the Rite, focussing on the rebellion of the particular against the universal. The point is not to champion an anarchic or barbaric reading of the music, which is often attributed to the work because of the ballet's violent content, but to open the possibility of a new order that arises from the rioting particular.
Global meta‐analysis shows that relationships of leaf mass per area with species shade tolerance depend on leaf habit and ontogeny
Authors: Lusk Christopher H. , Warton David I. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIt was predicted that relationships of leaf mass per area (LMA) with juvenile shade tolerance will depend on leaf habit, and on whether species are compared at a common age as young seedlings, or at a common size as saplings. A meta‐analysis of 47 comparative studies (372 species) was used to test predictions, and the effect of light environment on this relationship. The LMA of evergreens was positively correlated with shade tolerance, irrespective of ontogeny or light environment. The LMA of young seedlings (≤ 1 yr) of deciduous species in low light was also positively correlated with shade tolerance; more weakly so in high light. By contrast, size‐specific comparisons of deciduous saplings gave negative correlations of LMA with shade tolerance. Independent contrasts and cross‐species analyses yielded broadly similar results. We conclude that ontogeny strongly influences the relationship of LMA with shade tolerance of deciduous trees, but has little impact on that of evergreens. Size‐specific comparisons reveal opposing trends in deciduous and evergreen taxa: the negative relationship of LMA with shade tolerance of deciduous species is probably dominated by interspecific differences in palisade thickness, whereas patterns in evergreens are probably shaped more by the degree of structural reinforcement, linked to wide variation in leaf lifespan.
Systematic review: Accuracy of body mass index in predicting pre‐eclampsia: bivariate meta‐analysis
Authors: Cnossen JS , Leeflang MMG , De Haan EEM , Mol BWJ , Van Der Post JAM , Khan KS , Ter Riet G 
Published: November 2007

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of body mass index (BMI) (pre‐pregnancy or at booking) in predicting pre‐eclampsia and to explore its potential for clinical application.Design Systematic review and bivariate meta‐analysis.Setting Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, MEDION, manual searching of reference lists of review articles and eligible primary articles, and contact with experts.Population Pregnant women at any level of risk in any healthcare setting.Methods Reviewers independently selected studies and extracted data on study characteristics, quality, and accuracy. No language restrictions.Main outcome measures Pooled sensitivities and specificities (95% CI), a summary receiver operating characteristic curve, and corresponding likelihood ratios (LRs). The potential value of BMI was assessed by combining its predictive capacity for different prevalences of pre‐eclampsia and the therapeutic effectiveness (relative risk 0.90) of aspirin.Results A total of 36 studies, testing 1 699 073 pregnant women (60 584 women with pre‐eclampsia), met the selection criteria. The median incidence of pre‐eclampsia was 3.9% (interquartile range 1.4–6.8). The area under the curve was 0.64 with 93% of heterogeneity explained by threshold differences. Pooled estimates (95% CI) for all studies with a BMI ≥ 25 were 47% (33–61) for sensitivity and 73% (64–83) for specificity; and 21% (12–31) and 92% (89–95) for a BMI ≥ 35. Corresponding LRs (95% CI) were 1.7 (0.3–11.9) for BMI ≥ 25 and 0.73 (0.22–2.45) for BMI < 25, and 2.7 (1.0–7.3) for BMI ≥ 35 and 0.86 (0.68–1.07) for BMI < 35. The number needed to treat with aspirin to prevent one case of pre‐eclampsia ranges from 714 (no testing, low‐risk women) to 37 (BMI ≥ 35, high‐risk women).Conclusions BMI appears to be a fairly weak predictor for pre‐eclampsia. Although BMI is virtually free of cost, noninvasive, and ubiquitously available, its usefulness as a stand‐alone test for risk stratification must await formal cost‐utility analysis. The findings of this review may serve as input for such analyses.
Change in knowledge of midwives and obstetricians following obstetric emergency training: a randomised controlled trial of local hospital, simulation centre and teamwork training
Authors: Crofts JF , Ellis D , Draycott TJ , Winter C , Hunt LP , Akande VA 
Published: November 2007

Objectives  To explore the effect of obstetric emergency training on knowledge. Furthermore, to assess if acquisition of knowledge is influenced by the training setting or teamwork training.Design  A prospective randomised controlled trial.Setting  Training was completed in six hospitals in the South West of England, UK and at the Bristol Medical Simulation Centre, UK.Population  Midwives and obstetric doctors working for the participating hospitals were eligible for inclusion in the study. A total of 140 participants (22 junior and 23 senior doctors, 47 junior and 48 senior midwives) were studied.Methods  Participants were randomised to one of four obstetric emergency training interventions: (1) 1‐day course at local hospital, (2) 1‐day course at simulation centre, (3) 2‐day course with teamwork training at local hospital and (4) 2‐day course with teamwork training at simulation centre.Main outcome measures  Change in knowledge was assessed by a 185 question Multiple‐Choice Questionnaire (MCQ) completed up to 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after the training intervention.Results  There was a significant increase in knowledge following training; mean MCQ score increased by 20.6 points (95% CI 18.1–23.1, P < 0.001). Overall, 123/133 (92.5%) participants increased their MCQ score. There was no significant effect on the MCQ score of either the location of training (two‐way analysis of variants P = 0.785) or the inclusion of teamwork training (P = 0.965).Conclusions  Practical, multiprofessional, obstetric emergency training increased midwives’ and doctors’ knowledge of obstetric emergency management. Furthermore, neither the location of training, in a simulation centre or in local hospitals, nor the inclusion of teamwork training made any significant difference to the acquisition of knowledge in obstetric emergencies.
The effect of hyoscine butylbromide on the first stage of labour in term pregnancies
Authors: Samuels LA , Christie L , Roberts‐Gittens B , Fletcher H , Frederick J 
Published: November 2007

Objective  To determine whether hyoscine butylbromide shortens the first stage of labour, without an increase in maternal or neonatal complications.Design  Randomised, double‐blinded, controlled trial.Setting  The Antenatal clinics and Labour and Delivery ward of the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.Population  Women in spontaneous labour at term.Methods  Either drug or placebo was given intravenously once the women entered active labour.Main outcome measures  The duration of the first stage of labour. Secondary outcomes included comparisons of the duration of the second and third stages of labour, blood loss at delivery, rate of caesarean section, and APGAR scores in the neonates between the two groups.Results  A total of 129 women yielded data for analysis. Of these, 69 women received the placebo and 60 received hyoscine butylbromide. The mean time for the first stage in the control group was 228 minutes, compared with 156 minutes in the drug group, representing a decrease of 31.7% (P = 0.001). There was no significant change in the duration of the second and third stages of labour, and no difference in blood loss or in APGAR scores. There was a slight (but statistically insignificant) increase in the caesarean section rate.Conclusion  Hyoscine butylbromide is effective in significantly reducing the duration of the first stage of labour, and it is not associated with any obvious adverse outcomes in mother or neonate.
Annual surveillance by CA125 and transvaginal ultrasound for ovarian cancer in both high‐risk and population risk women is ineffective
Authors: Woodward ER , Sleightholme HV , Considine AM , Williamson S , McHugo JM , Cruger DG 
Published: November 2007

Objective  To assess the efficacy of annual CA125 and transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) scan as surveillance for ovarian cancer.Design  Retrospective audit.Setting  NHS Trust.Population  Three hundred and forty‐one asymptomatic women enrolled for ovarian cancer screening: 179 were in a high‐risk group (>10% lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer), 77 in a moderate risk group (4–10% lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer) and 71 in a near population risk group (<4% lifetime risk).Methods  Retrospective audit of case records, laboratory CA125 results, radiology reports, histology records and local cancer registry data.Main outcome measures  Ovarian cancers occurring in study population. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of TVU, and CA125 as a screening tool for ovarian cancer.Results  Four ovarian cancers and one endometrial cancer occurred. One ovarian cancer was detected at surveillance, three occurred in women who presented symptomatically between screenings. Thirty women underwent exploratory surgery because of abnormal findings at surveillance. Two women had cancer (PPV = 6.7%); one had ovarian cancer and the other endometrial cancer. Twenty‐eight women (93.3%) had no malignancy. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for TVU in the whole cohort were 33.3, 85.8, 0.6 and 99.8%, respectively. For high‐risk individuals, the figures for TVU were 33.3, 84.5, 1.1 and 99.6, respectively. Combining both modalities for the whole cohort, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 66.7, 82.9, 1.5 and 99.8% and 50.0, 82.8, 1.3 and 99.7%, respectively, for the high‐risk group alone.Conclusions  Ovarian screening by annual TVU and CA125 is inefficient at detecting early‐stage ovarian cancers.
Explaining differences in birthweight between ethnic populations. The Generation R Study
Authors: Troe EJWM , Raat H , Jaddoe VWV , Hofman A , Looman CWN , Moll HA , Steegers EAP , Verhulst FC , Witteman JCM , Mackenbach JP 
Published: November 2007

Objective  To examine whether differences in birthweight of various ethnic groups residing in the Netherlands can be explained by determinants of birthweight.Design  Population‐based birth cohort study.Setting  Data of pregnant women and their partners in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.Population  We examined data of 6044 pregnant women with a Dutch, Moroccan, Turkish, Capeverdean, Antillean, Surinamese‐Creole, Surinamese‐Hindustani and Surinamese‐other ethnic background.Methods  Regression analyses were used to assess the impact of biomedical, socio‐demographic and lifestyle‐related determinants on birthweight differences.Main outcome measure  Birthweight was established immediately after delivery in grams.Results  Compared with mean birthweight of offspring of Dutch women (3485 g, SD 555), the mean birthweight was lower in all non‐Dutch populations, except in Moroccans. Differences ranged from an 88‐g lower birthweight in offspring of the Turkish women to a 424‐g lower birthweight in offspring of Surinamese‐Hindustani women. Differences in gestational age, maternal and paternal height largely explained the lower birthweight in the Turkish, Antillean, Surinamese‐Creole and Surinamese‐other populations. Differences in birthweight between the Dutch and the Capeverdean and Surinamese‐Hindustani populations could only partly be explained by the studied determinants.Conclusions  These results confirm significant differences in birthweight between ethnic populations that can only partly be understood from established determinants of birthweight. The part that is understood points to the importance of determinants that cannot easily be modified, such as parental height. Further study is necessary to obtain a fuller understanding.
Systematic review: Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss: individual patient data meta‐analysis
Authors: Jorgensen AL , Alfirevic Z , Tudur Smith C , Williamson PR ,   cerclage IPD Meta‐analysis Group
Published: November 2007

Background  Several observational studies have claimed high success rates for cerclage in women with cervical insufficiency. A recent Cochrane review found no conclusive evidence of benefit, although significant heterogeneity was present for some of the important clinical outcomes.Objectives  We undertook an individual patient data (IPD) meta‐analysis to examine effect of cerclage on neonatal and maternal outcomes. In an attempt to explain the heterogeneity, we investigated whether obstetric factors including multiple gestation are associated with effectiveness.Search strategy  Search methods described in the original Cochrane review were adopted and updated to December 2005.Selection criteria  This IPD systematic review and meta‐analysis was of randomised trials comparing cervical cerclage during pregnancy with expectant management or no cerclage in women with confirmed or suspected as having cervical insufficiency.Analysis  Multilevel logistic regression models stratified by trial with random treatment effects were fitted to investigate the impact of obstetric factors and multiple gestation on treatment effect. Primary outcome measures were pregnancy loss or death before discharge from hospital and absence of neonatal morbidity.Main results  The meta‐analysis included seven trials and 2091 randomised women. In singleton pregnancies, the reduction in pregnancy loss or death before discharge from hospital following cerclage failed to reach statistical significance (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.60–1.10). Cerclage was found to have a detrimental effect on the outcome of pregnancy loss or death before discharge from hospital in multiple gestations (OR 5.88; 95% CI 1.14–30.19), although only a small number of multiple pregnancies were included in the analysis. Neither indication for cerclage nor obstetric history was found to have a statistically significant impact on the effect of cerclage.Conclusions  Cerclage may reduce the risk of pregnancy loss or neonatal death before discharge from hospital in singleton pregnancies thought to be at risk of preterm birth, but further large trials are needed to elucidate the risk‐benefit ratio precisely. Cerclage in multiple pregnancies should be avoided. The efficacy of cerclage was not influenced by either indication for cerclage or mother’s obstetric history.
Meta‐analysis using individual patient data from randomised trials to assess the effectiveness of laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain: a proposed protocol
Authors: Xiong T , Daniels J , Middleton L , Champaneria R , Khan KS , Gray R , Johnson N , Lichten EM , Sutton C , Jones KD , Chen F‐P , Vercellini P , Aimi G , Lui W‐M ,   International LUNA IPD Meta‐analysis Collaborative Group
Published: November 2007

Background  Currently, there are a number of clinical trials, but no international collaboration for collating research on effectiveness of laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation (LUNA) for alleviating chronic pelvic pain.Objective  Meta‐analysis was used by collecting individual patient data (IPD) from the existing trials, to provide a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of LUNA that will be generalisable in various clinical contexts.Methods  IPD will be sought and collected from all relevant (both already finished and continuing) randomised trials identified through previous systematic reviews. After obtaining raw data and cleaning the database, analysis will be of all patients ever randomised based on the intention‐to‐treat principle using endpoints measured at 12 months following randomisation.Proposal  We will update searches, contact all authors, obtain data in whatever form it can be provided, build a single database, produce results for individual studies, have them verified by original authors, explore of any heterogeneity and reasons behind it and finally pool all raw data in to a meta‐analysis using appropriate statistical methods. The project will test the effectiveness of LUNA for women with chronic pelvic pain. It will also motivate collaborating primary investigators to undertake new primary studies to corroborate or improve upon the conclusions derived from the retrospective analysis.
A randomised controlled trial of prophylactic levonorgestrel intrauterine system in tamoxifen‐treated women
Authors: Chan SSC , Tam WH , Yeo W , Yu MMY , Ng DPS , Wong AWY , Kwan WH , Yuen PM 
Published: November 2007

Objective  To study the prophylactic use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS) in the prevention of endometrial pathology in women having breast cancer treated with tamoxifen.Design  Randomised controlled trial.Setting  A tertiary teaching hospital.Population  One hundred and thirteen women (66 premenopausal/47 postmenopausal) who required adjuvant tamoxifen for breast cancer after the completion of postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Methods  Women were randomised to treatment group (prophylactic LNG‐IUS insertion before the commencement of tamoxifen) or control group. Uterine cavity was examined by outpatient hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy before and at 12 months after commencement of tamoxifen.Main outcome measures  De novo endometrial pathology at 1 year of tamoxifen.Results  Women in the treatment group had a much lower incidence of endometrial polyp (1.8 versus 15.5%, P= 0.017) (relative risk: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02–0.91) at 12 months. There was no significant difference in the incidence of submucosal fibroid between the two groups (1.8 versus 3.4%, P= 1.0). LNG‐IUS was retained in 95% women in the treatment group at 1 year.Conclusion  LNG‐IUS reduces the occurrence of de novo endometrial polyp in women treated with tamoxifen for breast cancer.