bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Livramento/Rivera: The Linguistic Side of International Relations
Authors: Hensey Fritz 
Published: March 2007

Sociolinguistic studies in Latin America generally deal with situations in which one of the official languages is in contact with an American Indian language, one of the major languages of immigration (German, Italian, Japanese), or one of the creole languages or dialects spoken in the Caribbean area. Except for the latter case, such studies have usually emphasized such processes as acculturation or assimilation, internal migrations, or social mobility.A somewhat neglected research area is that of the coexistence of Spanish and Portuguese along the borders which Brazil shares with a number of Spanish-speaking nations. Just as it is an oversimplification to lump Brazil and its neighbors into a vaguely homogeneous “Latin” America, so also it would appear very risky to rely on the obvious linguistic similarities to generalize about communication between the two major speech communities.
La generacíon romántica argentina y el problema de Hispanoamérica
Authors: Jaén Didier T. 
Published: March 2007

¿No significa nada para la historia y la filosofía esta eterna lucha de los pueblos hispanoamericanos, esta falta supina de capacidad política e industrial que los tiene inquietos sin que sepan por qué no pueden conseguir un día de reposo, ni qué mano enemiga los echa y los empuja en el torbellino fatal que los arrastra, mal de su grado, y sin que les sea dado sustraerse a su maléfica influencia?Domingo Faustino Sarmiento,Facundo, “Introducción”Hispanoamérica se ha presentado constantemente a los ojos de muchos de sus escritores en forma problemática: como una entidad social o humana que, a pesar de sus muchos y continuados esfuerzos, no ha logrado satisfacer a plenitud los intereses o las esperanzas de felicidad y desarrollo humano que en ella han cifrado los propios hispanoamericanos. Esto no impide que, en la mayoría de los casos, esta visión inquietante y a veces desalentadora haya sido considerada con un grado de esperanza; con la convicción de que, si bien Hispanoamérica no ha logrado su plenitud, puede y debe lograrla.
Tropas e Tropeiros
Authors: Schmidt Carlos Borges 
Published: March 2007

O papel representado pelo muar, na economía nacional, através da historia, foi de marcada importancia. Sem a sua contribuicáo, tendo em vista, principalmente, a reconhecida capacidade que possui, de transportar cargas diversas a distancias excepcionalmente grandes, muito do que foi alcancado, na criacáo de riquezas, jamais teria sido possível obter. Durante mais de século e meio, desde o descobrimento das minas auríferas, ao entardecer do século XVII, até a alvorada da era ferroviaria, em 1867, sua colaboracáo foi de marcante relêvo.De início, atendeu ao abastecimento dos varios pontos de mineracáo no territorio nacional, suprindo-os de víveres e mercadorias de consumo, e o que mais necessário fósse. Depois, propiciou o desenvolvimento da producáo acucareira paulista, nao apenas para o abastecimento regular dos sertóes brasileiros, mas igualmente para a exportacáo, conduzindo-a ao porto de Santos.
Posiciones de Principio en la Historia Política Dominicana
Authors: Sanchez Pedro Troncoso 
Published: March 2007

La Proclamación de la República Dominicana el 27 de febrero de 1844 fué la culminación de un esfuerzo de los Trinitarios para J tomar la delantera a la facción que tramaba con los cónsules de Francia en Port-au-Prince y en Santo Domingo la separación del país respecto del poder haitiano con la protección contractual de la nación francesa. Los Trinitarios se anticiparon audazmente en la carrera que paralelamente emprendían ambos grupos, luchando entre sí, con los dos objetivos diferentes: ellos, la independencia pura, y el otro grupo rival (los afrancesados), la independencia mediatizada.No puede decirse sin embargo que la independencia dominicana fue un parto prematuro. En todo caso se trató de un parto apresurado.
El Faccionalismo: Supervivencia Medieval En America Latina
Authors: Guzmán Mauricio 
Published: March 2007

Cuentan que Cristóbal Colón al seguir la señal de una bandada de aves marinas, varió la ruta que directamente lo habría conducido a las playas atlánticas de los Estados Unidos de América. En cierto modo, pues, un hecho providencial permitió que este continente se poblara de sajones y latinos, dividiéndose en dos partes: América inglesa, representada hoy, principalmente, por aquella gran república del norte y Canadá; y América hispánica, constituida por las numerosas naciones, incluso Brasil, que se extienden del Río Bravo al Polo Sur.El continente americano, desde la extraordinaria hazaña del ilustre Navegante, quedó abierto a todas las corrientes de la cultura europea, especialmente a las influencias inglesa e ibérica; y durante trescientos años se fue acentuando, poco a poco, la personalidad étnica de los sectores de población que habitaban bajo su cielo.
Manuel Bandeira and the “Itinerario de Pasargada”
Authors: Pontiero Giovanni 
Published: March 2007

Vou-me embora pra PasárgadaLá sou amigo do reiLa tenho a mulher que eu queroNa cama que escolhereiVou-me embora pra PasárgadaVou-me embora pra PasárgadaAqui eu nao sou felizEm Pasárgada tem tudoÉ Outra civilizaçãoTem um processo seguroDe impedir a concepçãoTem telefone automáticoTem alcaloide a vontadeTem prostitutas bonitasPara a gente namorar— Lá sou amigo do rei —Terei a mulher que eu queroNa cama que escolhereiVou-me embora pra PasárgadaPublished in 1957, to mark his seventieth birthday, the “Itinerário” gives a lucid account of Manuel Bandeira's biography, in which he carefully details the significant events of his long career. But the book has even greater value as a document which traces the poet's dual formation as man and as artist, the shaping of his artistic sensibility and consciousness of poetic mission.
Argentine Radicalism: 1957-1963
Authors: Snow Peter G. 
Published: March 2007

The Peronist victories in the 1962 elections, the subsequent military coup, and the nationalistic platform of the President elected in 1963 have again focused attention on the Argentine political scene. Much has been written about these and other aspects of contemporary Argentine politics; however, one major factor that has been almost completely ignored is the split within Argentine Radicalism that produced two separate Radical Parties. This article attempts to point out some of the reasons for the formation of these parties and also to trace their evolution through July, 1963.The 1957 split was not the first to occur within theUnión Cívica Radical(Radical Civic Union or UCR); in fact the party was born of the 1891 split of the Civic Union into Nationals and Radicals. Although the UCR had definite internal factions as early as 1897, the first real split in the party came in 1922, when many Radicals left to form the Anti-personalist UCR under the leadership of President Marcelo T. Alvear.
Demographic Factors and Economic Integration in Central America
Authors: Duncan Julian S. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to examine public discussion in Central America of its rate of population growth, and to consider the related question of international migration into the region. These will then be considered within the setting of the problem of economic integration in Central America.The first of the published discussions to be considered is the writer's Reporte preliminar: Necesidades y recursos de El Salvador relacionados a diferentes tasas de crecimiento de población, published in San Salvador in 1956, and which will be hereafter cited as the 1956 Progress Report. The second is a study prepared under the auspices of the Economic Commission for Latin America of the United Nations on Los recursos humanos de Centroamérica, Panamá y México en 1950-1980 y sus relaciones con algunos aspectos del desarrollo económico. The third is a paper entitled La población salvadoreña, presented to the Primer Seminario Latino-Americano de Planificación de Familia in New York (June 4 to 15, 1962) by Drs. Roberto Pacheco and José Francisco Molina.
El “Dinero” en el Léxico Chileno
Authors: Iturrieta Hernán Contreras 
Published: March 2007

En la recopilación que presentamos aquí, hemos incluido las voces y locuciones que conforman un vocabulario nacional generalizado en Chile y que hace referencia al dinero, a los valores en uso en el país y a ciertos aspectos de la vida económica diaria. Hemos incluido, también, algunas variantes semánticas que esas voces y locuciones han originado y que constituyen una importante porción del léxico chileno.Sin embargo, no hemos considerado, para el presente estudio, las denominaciones y giros propios de una lengua comercial o técnica, de una lengua de minoría.
Derecho Agrario y Reforma Agraria en America Latina
Authors: Vivanco Antonino C. 
Published: March 2007

Se entiende por conceptos fundamentales a aquellos que permiten dar una idea cabal del contenido esencial de vocablos y de instituciones por ellos designados, que constituyen la base y fundamento de todo el tema desarrollado en este breve ensayo.Esto resulta indispensable, si se pretende elevar a un plano científico, lo que hasta ahora representa el tema preferido de quienes opinan y juzgan en materia agraria, sin tener mayores conocimientos acerca de ella, sobretodo en el orden jurídico, y pretenden participar en una polémica surgida con motivo de la Reforma Agraria, para denostarla al sólo efecto de preservar y defender sus intereses, aún a costa de la miseria y del atraso de millones de individuos que soportan el desequilibrio económico de América Latina y que viven propensos a la perturbación política de suma gravedad para la seguridad de los países latinoamericanos.
Meditaciones Politicas
Authors: Ramírez Alfonso Francisco 
Published: March 2007

La política, siendo en esencia el arte de gobernar, es inseparable de cualquier régimen; la encontramos en la quietud de los despotismos orientales y en el tumulto de las modernas democracias. Consiguientemente, el político aparece en todos los pueblos y en todos los tiempos.Ya el venerable Aristóteles decía que el hombre es “un animal político”, en el sentido de que nace con irresistible tendencia a vivir en sociedad, a organizarse en ciudades (polis), para cuya existencia es indispensable alguna clase de gobierno.Las ideas corrientes acerca de la política y los políticos, son profundamente erradas. Se cree que son algo abominable que debe desaparecer, sin comprender su necesidad imprescindible.
Mass Communication and the Climate for Modernization in Latin America
Authors: McNelly John T. 
Published: March 2007

Amounting number of studies have shown striking relationships between mass communication development and various economic, political and social aspects of national growth. Although these studies generally have been based on available data from countries throughout the world, similar relationships also can be found within regional groups of countries. Among the twenty Latin American countries, we find newspaper circulation per capita correlated .89 with urbanization, .82 with literacy, .80 with per capital income, and a negative .88 with percentage of population employed in agriculture.Such studies, of course, do not establish causal relations. Is mass communication merely a reflection of other more basic factors of development such as urbanization and industrialization, literacy and political participation? Or does mass communication play a functional role in the development process: can the communication of facts and opinions through the mass media actually influence people to move to the cities, take up new skills, learn to read and write, and become involved in politics?
Novedades Sobre la Verdadera Historia de los Incas
Authors: Grasso Dick Edgar Ibarra 
Published: March 2007

Presentamos aquí un ligero resumen sobre nuestras investigaciones sobre la verdadera historia de los Incas, en cuanto a su primer origen. Estos párrafos constituyen nuestras conclusiones en una obra extensa, que hemos entregado al Ministerio de Educación y Bellas Artes de Bolivia para su publicación. El título que lleva esa obra es La Verdadera Historia de los Incas.La obra más corriente y populaí de la historia incaica, la de Garcilaso de la Vega, en la cual se basan todas las historias corrientes sobre ese antiguo imperio indígena, está fundamentalmente alterada, incluso diremos falsificada, aunque en un noble deseo de ennoblecerla, toda la historia Incaica. Esto se advierte claramente comparando esa historia con las de los otros cronistas, que en su mayor parte son anteriores en sus escritos originales a la obra de Garcilaso, aunque en gran parte ellos se publicaron en épocas muy posteriores.
Deodoro da Fonseca, Fate's Dictator
Authors: Simmons Charles Willis 
Published: March 2007

The November 15, 1889, republican revolution in Brazil was led by a man who was a monarchist and an ardent admirer of the emperor whom he deprived of throne and country. This man, Deodoro da Fonseca, believed in constitutionalism and was forced by fate to become Brazil's first dictator. It is unfortunate that Marshal Deodoro's last few years of life made his name synonomous with the arbitrary use and abuse of power. This study seeks to explain fate's part in creating this dictator image and to modify and to mitigate that word when it is used to describe the man who became Brazil's first president.The revolution which made Deodoro provisional president was engineered by republican agitators who manipulated the military leaders in such a manner that they administered the coup de grace to the magnanimous reign of Dom Pedro II. Military leaders had been convinced by a series of incidents dating back two decades that the políticos who controlled the government sought to restrict their prestige and authority. By 1889, these leaders were convinced that further concessions would lead to dishonor. Benjamin Constant and Aristides Lobo with difficulty convinced a reluctant Deodoro that he must act if the honor of the military class was to be saved.
A Latin American-African Partnership
Authors: Saenz Paul 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to formulate some general conclusions about Latin American and African caucusing group voting behavior patterns in the United Nations General Assembly. This study will attempt to establish and correlate these voting behavior patterns in terms of: (1) issues; (2) intra-group solidarity; and (3) inter-group support.The method of inquiry is roll call voting analysis computed on the basis of percentage of total votes cast during a regular session of the Assembly on a general category of issues. The analysis includes all roll call votes (approximately 2,300) cast on entire resolutions during plenary sessions of the General Assembly from 1946 through 1966. This excludes from consideration all votes cast: (1) in the various committees of the Assembly; (2) on procedural matters; and (3) on parts of resolutions.
Nonmember Participation in the Organization of American States
Authors: Kim Jung-Gun 
Published: March 2007

Current experience in international relations reveals not only an increase in the number of international organizations but also a proportionately greater number of associated problems. One of these problems is the ascertainment of legal status and the assessment of the nature and significance of nonmembership.As long as there are international organizations that embrace less than a universal membership, there will be nonmembers. The problems of nonmembers become particularly acute when one or more of the “great powers” (or states sponsored by them) are involved; the absence of the United States from the League of Nations and the absence of continental China and the divided nations of Germany, Korea, Vietnam, and others from the United Nations attest to this fact.
La Campaña Permanente: Mexico's Antidrug Campaign
Authors: Craig Richard B. 
Published: March 2007

The problems associated with drug abuse in the United States have received considerable attention in recent years. By the mid-1970s, approximately 500,000 Americans were addicted to heroin, while at least 15 million were regular or casual users of marijuana. None of this heroin originates domestically, and only a small percentage of the marijuana, and this of low potency, is home-grown. Consequently, the question of source has become cardinal to most analyses of drug use and abuse in the United States.Mexico has long been the primary source of high potency marijuana for the American market. Despite the recent influx from Jamaica and Colombia, Mexico still supplies an estimated 70% of the annual American consumption, or some 10 million pounds. More importantly, Mexico is currently the source of 70% to 80% of the heroin on the U.S. market, an alarming 6-8 ton annual figure. Furthermore, Mexico is both a primary transshipment route for cocaine, an increasingly popular drug originating in South America, and the source of vast quantities of psychotropic substances.
Latin America and the Primary Product Trade
Authors: Junguito Roberto 
Published: March 2007

The impact on Latin American economies stemming from recent developments of the primary product markets is analyzed in this article. Brief comments are also offered on the political stands these countries have adopted or are considering adopting as a result of the ongoing dialogue taking place at both the academic and political levels on the new international economic order.Rather than pursue the traditional route of first reviewing major problems that primary product trade has imposed on economic development efforts and then recounting alternative control schemes adopted in primary trade, this article focuses primarily on the degree to which Latin America is dependent on primary products as a source of foreign exchange earnings, and second on the influence, relative to other developing countries (LDCs), that primary products have had on foreign earnings, export instability, and terms of trade.
The Dual Strategy Myth in Central American Policy
Authors: Vanderlaan Mary 
Published: March 2007

The Reagan administration is sending mixed messages on its policy in Central America, leading some observers to label the policy “schizoid” and influencing yet others to give the president the benefit of the doubt until policy implications become clearer or unavoidable. Commenting in July on White House policy as it has been iterated in the first half of 1983, Senator Christopher Dodd (1983), a leading administration critic, asserted that “there is total confusion in Washington as to what the administration's policies are, and there is a total confusion in Central America as to what U.S. intentions are.” Similar charges have been made from both sides of the aisle in Congress.Almost sadly, these charges are not part of an opposition's political ploy, but in fact are rooted in speeches, position papers, and actions formulated by the president and his Central America policy team.
Religious Allegiance and Economic Development in Rural Latin America
Authors: Clawson David L. 
Published: March 2007

The possible correlation between religious affiliation and economic status and development has long interested social scientists. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential contribution of Protestantism to the agricultural and economic development of Latin American agrarian communities.The effects of religious affiliation on economic behavior have been studied most extensively in Western Europe and the United States. Max Weber (1958: 35) concluded in his pioneering study,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, that in nations of mixed Catholic-Protestant religious composition the business leaders, owners of capital, and higher grades of skilled labor were “overwhelmingly Protestant.” Weber's initial intent was not to compare Protestant and Catholic economic achievement in Germany but, rather, to provide a non-Marxist interpretation of the rise of industrial capitalism and the attendant expansion of urbanization.
The Small State Alone: Jamaican Foreign Policy, 1977-1980
Authors: Lewis Vaughan A. 
Published: March 2007

This study is a sequel to one done by this writer on the foreign policy of Jamaica from 1972 to 1977 (Lewis, 1981) and covers the remaining period during which the People's National Party (PNP), led by Prime Minister Michael Manley, presided over the government of the country.In elections held on October 30, 1980, the PNP government was decisively defeated by the opposition Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). The latter had, in the previous elections of December 15, 1976, retained only 13 seats in Jamaica's parliament. When the Jamaica Labour Party administration took office, as the party had promised in its election manifesto, it reversed the central planks of the domestic and foreign policies of the PNP administration and reestablished a close relationship with the United States as the main element of its domestic and foreign policies.
From “Color” to “Rainbow”: U.S. Strategic Planning for Latin America, 1919-1945
Authors: Child John 
Published: March 2007

A series of recently declassified documents in the National Archives provide striking evidence of the shift of United States military strategic thinking away from the nineteenth and early twentieth century unilateral interventionist approaches to the bilateral approaches taken in World War II under the multilateral framework of the Good Neighbor Policy.It is also significant to note that, despite the multilateral thrust of this Good Neighbor Policy promulgated by President Roosevelt and the U.S. State Department, the U.S. Military Departments— War and Navy—made no provisions for multilateral strategic plans in World War II.But even as U.S. military planners prepared for bilateral cooperation with Latin American allies in the war, they continued to draft and update unilateral plans for intervention and invasion of key Latin American countries if cooperative approaches should fail.
Schooling in Latin America: What are the Patterns and What is the Impact?
Authors: Behrman Jere R. 
Published: March 2007

Schooling is thought to be of great importance in Latin America and elsewhere in the developing world. The World Bank (1980, 1981), Colclough (1982), Psacharopoulos (1981, 1983), and others emphasize strongly the critical role of schooling in increasing productivity, equalizing income distribution, improving health and nutrition, reducing fertility and in pursuing other objectives.In part because of such emphasis, there have been considerable and increasing resources devoted to schooling in recent decades in Latin America and in other developing regions. There also have been numerous studies that attempt to evaluate what determines investment in schooling and what are the private and social rates of return to schooling. The latter group of studies generally finds that such returns are fairly high, suggesting that expanding schooling indeed should be a high priority activity.
Political Change in Latin America: A Foreign Policy Dilemma for the United States
Authors: Vaky Viron P. 
Published: March 2007

In 1968 Henry Kissinger wrote: “A mature conception of our interests in the world … would deal with two fundamental questions: What is it in our interest to prevent? What should we seek to accomplish?” (Kissinger, 1974: 92) Whatever its general relevance, that passage is an apt description of the lens through which American policymakers have contemplated the phenomenon of political change in the Third World. Those are the first questions they tend to ask.The rationale for this particular concept of foreign policy tasks has its roots (1) in the complexities of an increasingly interdependent world in which world politics have become truly global for the first time in human history, and (2) in the deep antagonisms embedded in the US/Soviet relationship. Because nuclear realities .have placed a cap on the way in which the two superpowers confront and contend with one another, conflict between them tends to get pushed to the periphery and to take place in indirect ways.