bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Papillary haemangioma. A distinctive cutaneous haemangioma of the head and neck area containing eosinophilic hyaline globules
Authors: Suurmeijer A J H , Fletcher C D M 
Published: October 2007

Aims:  To investigate and define a morphologically distinctive group of cutaneous papillary haemangiomas.Methods and results:  Eleven patients (seven male, four female, age range 1–77 years, median 57) were identified with a solitary bluish cutaneous papule (median size 11 mm) arising in the head and neck region. Most lesions had been present for several years. None of the patients had associated systemic disease or polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M‐protein, skin changes (POEMS) syndrome. Only one lesion recurred locally. The lesions showed predominantly intravascular papillary growth within multiple ectatic dermal vessels. The papillae had cellular cores containing pericytes and stromal cells, arranged around normal small capillaries. The surfaces of the papillae were covered by focally swollen endothelial cells containing numerous hyaline globules, ultrastructurally representing giant lysosomes containing organelle debris and fat vacuoles (so‐called thanatosomes). These endothelial cells were immunopositive for CD31 and CD34 but negative for D2‐40 (podoplanin).Conclusions:  Papillary haemangioma is a distinctive benign cutaneous lesion containing eosinophilic hyaline globules consistent with dysfunction of the autophagocytic–lysosomal pathway.
Epidermal transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in idiopathic small nerve fibre disease, diabetic neuropathy and healthy human subjects
Authors: Wilder‐Smith E P , Ong W‐Y , Guo Y , Chow A W‐L 
Published: October 2007

Aims: The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) plays an important role in mediating pain and heat. In painful neuropathies, intraepidermal TRPV1 nerve fibre expression is low or absent, suggesting that pain generated is not directly related to sensory nerve fibres. Recent evidence suggests that keratinocytes may act as thermal receptors via TRPV1. The aim was to investigate epidermal TRPV1 expression in patients with neuropathic conditions associated with pain.Methods and results: In a prospective study of distal small nerve fibre neuropathy (DISN;n = 13) and diabetic neuropathy (DN;n = 12) intraepidermal nerve fibre density was assessed using the pan axonal marker PGP 9.5 and epidermal TPVR1 immunoreactivity compared with controls (n = 9). Intraepidermal nerve fibres failed to show TRPV1 immunoreactivity across all groups. There was moderate and strong TRPV1 reactivity of epidermal keratinocytes in 41.8% and 6% for DISN, 32.9% and 2.9% for DN and 25.4% and 5.1% for controls, respectively. Moderate keratinocyte TRPV1 expression was significantly increased in DISN compared with controls (P = 0.01).Conclusion: Our study suggests that in human painful neuropathies, epidermal TRPV1 expression is mainly in keratinocytes.
Gene‐expression signature of adhesion/growth‐regulatory tissue lectins (galectins) in transitional cell cancer and its prognostic relevance
Authors: Langbein S , Brade J , Badawi J K , Hatzinger M , Kaltner H , Lensch M , Specht K , André S , Brinck U , Alken P , Gabius H‐J 
Published: October 2007

Aims:  Lectins, and especially galectins, appear to be important in malignancy‐associated processes. The aim was to analyse comprehensively the presence of galectins in urothelial tumours.Methods and results:  Non‐cross‐reactive antibodies against seven family members from the three subgroups (prototype: galectin‐1, ‐2 and ‐7; chimera type: galectin‐3; tandem‐repeat type: galectin‐4, ‐8 and ‐9) were used. Gene expression was monitored in specimens of normal urothelium, fresh tumour tissue and cell lines by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence and evidence of tumour‐associated up‐regulation were shown for galectin‐1 and ‐3. This was less clear‐cut for galectin‐4 and ‐8. Galectin‐7 was expressed in all cell lines; galectin‐2 and ‐9 were detected at comparatively low levels. Galectin‐2, ‐3 and ‐8 up‐regulation was observed in superficial tumours, but not in muscle‐invasive tumours (P < 0.05). Immunoreactivity correlated with tumour grading for galectin‐1, ‐2 and ‐8, and disease‐dependent mortality correlated with galectin‐2 and ‐8 expression. Binding sites were visualized using labelled galectins.Conclusions:  The results demonstrate a complex expression pattern of the galectin network in urothelial carcinomas. Galectin‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐8 are both potential disease markers and also possible targets for bladder cancer therapy.
Cyclin D1 and p16 expression in pleomorphic adenoma and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland
Authors: Patel R S , Rose B , Bawdon H , Hong A , Lee C S , Fredericks S , Gao K , O’Brien C J 
Published: October 2007

Aims:  To compare cyclin D1 and p16ink4 (p16) expression in normal tissue, pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) of the parotid gland.Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry was used to examine cyclin D1 and p16 expression in 43 parotid tumours (29 PAs and 14 CXPAs). Cyclin D1 and p16 were both significantly more likely to be expressed in the neoplastic than in the normal epithelial and stromal components of PA and CXPA (P < 0.001 and P < 0.005, respectively). Cyclin D1 was more likely to be expressed in the malignant components of CXPA than in the benign components of PA (50% versus 31% and 31%, respectively), but the trend was not statistically significant. There was no evidence of this association for p16 (corresponding positivity rates 69% versus 81% and 52%).Conclusions:  Our findings provide preliminary evidence of roles for cyclin D1 and p16 in the development of PA and for cyclin D1 in the progression of PA to CXPA.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene copy number detection in non‐small‐cell lung cancer; a comparison of fluorescence in situ hybridization and chromogenic in situ hybridization
Authors: Ruiz M I Gallegos , Floor K , Vos W , Grünberg K , Meijer G A , Rodriguez J A , Giaccone G 
Published: October 2007

Aims:  The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an important target for anticancer therapy. In non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR and EGFR gene copy number have been demonstrated to identify patients most likely to benefit from EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. EGFR gene copy number has been assessed mainly by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), a method requiring the use of a fluorescence microscope and often hampered by the rapid fading of the fluorescent signal. These limitations of FISH can be overcome by using chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). To test the applicability of CISH for EGFR gene copy number testing in NSCLC, a comparison of CISH and FISH was performed.Methods and results:  A total of 58 formalin‐fixed, frozen NSCLC tissue samples were collected on which both CISH and FISH were performed. High concordance was found in the assessment of EGFR copy number between observers and between techniques (κ coefficient = 0.64–0.76). CISH seemed the ideal technique for paraffin sections, whereas FISH was favourable for frozen material.Conclusions:  CISH is a suitable alternative strategy to FISH in determining EGFR gene copy number in NSCLC patients.
Trypanosoma brucei infection in nude mice: B lymphocyte function is suppressed in the absence of T lymphocytes
Authors: CLAYTON CHRISTINE E. , OGILVIE BRIDGET M. , ASKONAS BRIGITTE A. 
Published: October 2007

Summary B lymphocyte function was assessed in outbred nude mice and nu/+ controls infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. On day 10 of the infection in outbred nu/nu mice in which the initial wave of parasites was strongly controlled, B cell function was unaltered or enhanced compared with uninfected animals or infected nu/+. In other nu/nu mice unable to control the initial parasitaemia, thymidine incorporation and Ig secretion by spleen cells were increased on day 10 and their response to lipopolysaccharide in vitro negated. By day 15 however, even the spleen cells of infected nu/nu which controlled the initial wave of parasites were proliferating and secreting Ig on removal from the mice and they were unable to respond to LPS in vitro.These experiments confirm results of a previous study of B cell function in T cell‐depleted mice (Askonas et al. 1979). T. b. brucei infection of mice causes both enhanced Ig production and suppression of the ability of B cells to respond to mitogen even in the absence of T cells, but the presence of T cells may accelerate the changes which occur in B lymphocytes following this infection.
Alterations in blood eosinophil morphology, binding capacity for complexed IgG and kinetics in patients with tropical (filarial) eosinophilia
Authors: SPRY C. J. F. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYAs the significance of the eosinophilia which is found in some patients with chronic filarial infections is unknown, blood eosinophils were studied in seven patients with tropical (filarial) eosinophilia who had blood eosinophil counts between 5·2 and 56·6 × 109/1. In six of these patients over 20% of the eosinophils were vacuolated, and degranulated eosinophils were found in the three patients with the most severe illness. In four patients serum eosinophil cationic protein levels were raised, and serial studies in two showed that they returned to normal after treatment with diethylcarbamazine. In addition, an increased proportion of eosinophils in these patients were able to bind to complexed IgG suggesting that they were responding to stimuli in the blood, and in one patient the blood eosinophil half‐time clearance was prolonged. Labelled cells were cleared into the spleen, liver and bone marrow. These findings support the hypothesis that in patients with tropical (filarial) eosinophilia, blood eosinophils are induced to release their granule constituents into the circulation. It is suggested that these secretion products may interact with microfilariae, and may give rise to some of the clinical features of chronic filarial infections.
Proteolytic cleavage of IgG bound to the Fc receptor of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula
Authors: AURIAULT C. , OUAISSI M.A. , TORPIER G. , EISEN H. , CAPRON A. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYAfter the binding of IgG to the surface Fc receptor of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula, the Fab portions of IgG are cleaved and small peptides are liberated in the culture medium. At least two types of proteinase activities have been demonstrated in the secretory products of schistosomula. One is an endoprotease with trypsin‐like activity, with an optimum pH of 7 and an optimum temperature of 45°C. The other is a metalloaminopeptidase with an optimum pH of 7 and temperature of 37°C.
A study of immunoregulation of BALB/c mice by Echinococcus granulosus equinus during prolonged infection
Authors: ALLAN D. , JENKINS P. , CONNOR R. J. , DIXON J. B. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYTwo models of intraperitoneal infection with E. granulosus equinus by protoscolices and by cyst passage in BALB/c mice were used to provide mesenteric lymph node cells for adoptive cell transfer into syngeneic recipient normal responder mice. The cell transfer inocula were shown to have depleted Thy‐1 cells, but to be highly suppressive to the normal sheep erythrocyte response of the recipients. The nature of the depletion and non‐specific suppression, and the infectious nature of the latter, are discussed in relation to other examples of mitogenic stimulation resulting in non‐specific T cell suppressor activity. The functions of Ly‐2,3+ cells, not only as suppressor, but as alloreactive cytotoxic cells, are discussed as a possible, autoimmune explanation for the longevity of the parasite within the mouse model, in contradistinction to the predictable early rejection of analogous xenografts.
Severe strongyloidiasis associated with hypogammaglobulinaemia
Authors: OLIVEIRA R.BRANDT DE , VOLTARELLI J. C. , MENEGHELLI U. G. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe association of severe strongyloidiasis and hypogammaglobulinaemia in one patient is described. Severe strongyloidiasis was observed twice (March 1971 and June 1974), and the Strongyloides stercoralis infestation probably lasted for at least 58 months (from March 1971 to December 1975), in spite of successive thiabendazole courses of treatment. Immunological studies performed disclosed severe, steady hypogammaglobulinaemia but no abnormality in cell‐mediated immunity. The respiratory infections also seen during the follow‐up were ascribable more to humoral immunity impairment than to cell‐mediated immunity impairment. This is the first report of the association of hypogammaglobulinaemia and severe strongyloidiasis, and it suggests that humoral immunity plays a relevant role in the human defences against S. stercoralis infestation.
The heterolgous protection of rats against a challenge with Fasciola hepatica by prior infection with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: DOY T.G. , HUGHES D.L. , HARNESS E. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryPrevious infection of rats with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was shown to result in protection against an oral challenge with Fusciola hepatica metacercariae but not against an intraperitoneal challenge with newly excysted juvenile (NEJ) flukes. The timing of the challenge was important and a double infection with the nematode gave more consistent results than a single. Resistance appeared to be associated with a prior induction of intestinal eosinophilia. Sera from these resistant rats, however, failed to induce eosinophil adherence to NEJ flukes in vitro.
An investigation of the antigenic structure of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: HUGHES H.P.A. , BALFOUR A.H. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYMechanical fragmentation has been the prime method for preparing soluble Toxoplasrna gondii antigens for use in serodiagnosis. The three methods most commonly used (lysis‐in‐water, sonication and freeze‐thawing) all yielded three antigenic peaks (4, 5 and 6) on crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Antigen 6 has been shown to be heat stable (56°C/I h) and appears to be a major antigen in the indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT). Saponin and octyl glucoside were found to be the most effective detergents for solubilization when used in combination, yielding between 7 and 11 antigens. Using a new triple‐staining technique, antigen 3 has been characterized as a glycoprotein, antigen 7 as a lipopolysacchiaride and antigens 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 8 to 11 as proteins. Molecular weight determination by gel filtration has been carried out and the majority of the antigens have a mol. wt of 105 to 1.5 × 105 daltons. Crossed immunoelectro‐focusing has shown that all the antigens are isoelectric at acidic pH. The findings of this preliminary investigation into the basic antigenic structure of T. gondii are discussed in relation to future work and the rational development of serodiagnostic tests.
Immunoprecipitation of biosynthetically‐labelled proteins from different Papua New Guinea Plasmodium falciparum isolates by sera from individuals in the endemic area
Authors: BROWN G.V. , ANDERS R.F. , STACE J.D. , ALPERS M.P. , MITCHELL G.F. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe human serum antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum infection in Papua New Guinea has been studied by electrophoretic analysis of immunoprecipitated biosynthetically‐labelled malaria proteins fro‐m three different isolates maintained in long‐term in vitro culture. Differences in protein antigenic composition in different lines have been described and simplified by examination of antigens recognized only by hyperimmune serum. An in vitro assay has been used to screen various human sera containing antimalarial antibody for their ability to inhibit parasite growth and the immunoprecipitation profiles of non‐inhibitory sera have been compared with those of a hyperimmune serum pool. In the discussion, emphasis is placed on the value of immunoprecipitation analyses using clinically‐defined sera with known in vitro function in the identification of antigens which may be responsible for the induction of host‐protective immunity.
Schistosomiasis from S. mansoni in mice: the relationship between acquired immunity and serum levels of lethal antibody
Authors: MOTA‐SANTOS T.A. , M. TOLEDO MARTA‐INEZ , CORREA M.C.R. , CORREA‐OLIVETRA R. , GAZZINELLI G. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYAcquired immunity to Schistosoma mansoni induced by a primary infection with cercariae of one or both sexes was assessed in mice by the recovery of parasites of a challenge infection from the lungs or the liver. In addition, the antibody‐dependent complement‐mediated cytotoxicity against schistosomula in vitro was titrated in sera obtained from both groups of animals. The degree of immunity as detected by the lung recovery technique in mice infected with a mixture of male and female cercariae was variable and lower than 50%. In contrast, no immunity was observed in the group of animals infected with 40 ‘single‐sex’cercariae. The titre of lethal antibody in a pool of sera from these animals was about 10, whereas it was about 640 in a pool of sera from bisexually infected animals. Lethal antibody titres ranged from 20 to 120 for unisexual infection and 240 to 1920 for bisexually infected mice. In some cases a significant degree of immunity was detected by liver perfusion in mice with a primary unisexual infection. However, the lethal antibody titre of sera from mice with a 'single‐sex’infection remained low, even when the immunity was apparent.
Natural resistance to African trypanosomiasis
Authors: ROELANTS G. E. 
Published: October 2007

Glossina infected with African trypanosomes infest 107 Km2 of intertropical Africa. Ten thousand cases of human sleeping sickness are officially recorded each year and 35 times 106 human beings are at risk. Animal trypanosomiasis impedes the use of 7times 106 Km2 of land adequate for cattle raising and constitutes a major constraint to increasing protein production in Africa.Several approaches are used to combat trypanosomiasis (a) vector eradication has been successful in certain denned situations but cannot be realistically extended to the whole area at risk, (b) prophylactic drugs, which are too toxic for humans, are widely used to protect cattle. This practice has led to field resistance to many drugs used in the past (reviewed in Holmes & Scott 1982) and the appearance of resistance to the last available prophylactic drug, isometamidium, is being reported (Bourn & Scott 1978, Kiipper & Wolters 1983, Pinder & Authie 1984), (c) the hope for a vaccine has been largely abandoned, in the present state of knowledge, due to the considerable extent of antigenic diversity in trypanosomes (reviewed in Doyle 1977, Turner 1982, Roelants & Pinder 1984), (d) consequently, the possible use of certain West African breeds of cattle, which appear resistant to trypanosomiasis, has been emphasized as a solution to this problem in domestic animals. The analysis of this natural resistance is the subject of the present essay.
Cytotoxic T‐cells elicited in cattle challenged withTheileria parva(Muguga): evidence for restriction by class I MHC determinants and parasite strain specificity
Authors: MORRISON W. I. , GODDEERIS B. M. , TEALE A. J. , GROOCOCK C. M. , KEMP S. J. , STAGG D. A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe MHC restriction and parasite strain specificity of cytotoxic cells elicited in a group ofTheileria parva(Muguga)‐immunized cattle following homologous challenge, were investigated. The cytotoxic cells were specific for parasitized target cells and in 9 of the 10 animals examined, they were clearly genetically restricted. Cytotoxicity could be inhibited by monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) to class I MHC molecules but not by MoAb to class II molecules, indicating that a large component of the response was restricted by class I MHC determinants. Low levels of inhibition of cytotoxicity were also obtained with a MoAb to the T‐cell subset marker BoT8, suggesting that at least part of the response was mediated by BoT8+lymphocytes. When cytotoxic cells from individual cattle were assayed on panels of parasitized target cells, there was a close correlation between susceptibility of the target cells to lysis and sharing of BoLA‐A locus‐encoded specificities with the effectors. This observation, taken together with the knowledge that within several of the sets of BoLA‐A‐matched targets the relevant BoLA‐A specificities were on different MHC haplotypes, indicated that the responses were restricted predominantly by BoLA‐A products.In individual cattle there was a striking bias in the restriction of the response to one or other BoLA‐A specificity. Among the six specificities represented, responses restricted by w6, w8 and KN18 consistently predominated over responses restricted by w7, w10 and w11. In the three cattle tested for parasite strain specificity, two showed complete specificity and one partial specificity for cells infected with the parasite stock used for immunization,T. parva(Muguga).
Cats with single Brugia pahangi infections: relationship between parasitological status and humoral responses to somatic and surface parasite antigens
Authors: FLETCHER C. , BIRCH D. W. , DENHAM D. A. 
Published: October 2007

Summary Cats given a single inoculation of Brugia pahangi infective larvae (L3) were retrospectively allocated into three groups according to parasitological outcome of infection. Recognition of somatic and surface antigens of B. pahangi by sera from each group was compared by ELISA, immunoelectroblotting, and immunoprecipitation techniques.In cats that never became microfilaraemic mean serum IgG antibody levels against somatic extracts from adult male worms. L3, and microfilariae (mf) were higher than levels in cats that initially became microfilaraemic (mf+ve) then spontaneously became nonmicrofilaraemic (mf‐ve). The lowest levels of antibody against each stage were found in cats that remained persistently mf+ve.Antigenic components of 18 kD and 22 kD in somatic extracts of adult worms and L3 were recognized by sera from cats that never became mf+ve and by spontaneously mf‐ve cats, but not by sera of persistently mf+ve cats.When radioiodinated surface antigens of mixed adult worms and microfilariae were immunoprecipitated by sera from cats in the three groups, no correlation was observed between recognition of individual antigen components and parasitological outcome of infection.
Arginine‐dependent generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates is instrumental in the in vitro killing of protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis by activated macrophages
Authors: KANAZAWA T. , ASAHI H. , HATA H. , MOCHIDA K. , KAGEI N. , STADECKER M. J. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe interaction between protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis and activated murine macrophages was examined in this study. Marked protoscolicidal activity was displayed by peritoneal macrophages (PM) activated with interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), or IFN‐y plus lipopolysaccharide. Pretreatment of the parasites with heat‐inactivated specific murine infection serum, but not with normal serum rendered them more susceptible to PM killing. NG‐monomethyl‐Larginine, a competitive inhibitor of L‐arginine completely inhibited the killing activity of activated PM. while reconstitution of arginine‐free medium with L‐arginine restored the killing properties of the activated PM. The results show that activated PM have the ability to kill E. multilocularis protoscoleces in vitro and suggest that reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNl) play an important role in the mechanism. An oxygen‐mediated mechanism did not appear to play a role because scavengers of reactive oxygen species did not reduce the killing activity. The arginine‐dependent killing mechanism was enhanced by superoxide dismutase (SOD), probably because SOD might prolong the effect of nitric oxide. Secretion of RNI by activated macrophages may be capable of a significant role in preventing of the dissemination of E. multilocularis infection in vivo.