bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative coding strategies and the inapplicable data coding problem
Authors: Seitz Volkhard , Garcia Sol Ortiz , Liston Aaron 
Published: April 2006

SummarySeitz, V., Ortiz García, S. & Liston, A.: Alternative coding strategies and the inapplicable data coding problem. – Taxon 49: 47‐54. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A comprehensive overview of the relationship of alternative coding strategies to the inapplicable data coding problem is presented. In contrast to Pleijel, who argued that the presence/absence coding method (coding each observable feature as a separate character) avoids problems with non‐applicable states, we show that the problem of inapplicable data is the same, no matter whether observable features are coded as separate characters or as two or more states of a character. The inapplicable data problem is concealed in presence/absence coding if the distinction between inapplicable and absent data is not made.
A molecular phylogeny of Tropaeolaceae and its systematic implications
Authors: Andersson Lennart , Andersson Stephan 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAndersson, L. & Andersson, S.: A molecular phylogeny of Tropaeolaceae and its systematic implications. – Taxon 49: 721–736. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Relationships among 35 species of Tropaeolaceae are estimated based on nucleotide sequence variation in plastid DNA (the rbcL gene and the rps16 intron) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (the ITS1–5.8S‐ITS2 tandem repeat). Tropaeolum becomes paraphyletic when Magallana and Trophaeastrum are segregated; therefore, Magallana and Trophaeastrum should be reduced to synonyms of Tropaeolum. The two new combinations Tropaeolum porifolium (Cav.) L.Andersson & S.Andersson and T. trialatum (Suess.) L. Andersson & S. Andersson are made. Further, although most of the sections of Tropaeolum that were recognised in Sparre and Andersson's monograph are monophyletic, only two entities can be distinguished that are both monophyletic and morphologically diagnosable. Therefore, the genus Tropaeolum should be subdivided into two sections, T. sect. Tropaeolum and T. sect. Chilensia. Tropaeolum sect. Tropaeolum should include the formerly recognised sections Bicolora, Dipetala, Mucoronata, Schizotrophaeum, Serratociliata, Tropaeolum, and Umbellata. Tropaeolum sect. Chilensia should include the formerly recognised genera Magallana and Trophaeastrum, and the formerly recognised T. sect. Chymocarpus.
Taxonomic reassessment of some Central Asian and Himalayan scale‐leaved taxa of Juniperus (Cupressaceae) supported by random amplification of polymorphic DNA
Authors: Adams Robert P. , Turuspekov Yerlan 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAdams, R. P. & Turuspekov, Y.: Taxonomic reassessment of some Central Asian and Himalayan scale‐leaved taxa of Juniperus (Cupressaceae) supported by random amplification of polymorphic DNA. ‐ Taxon 47: 75–83.1998. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Analysis of central Asian Juniperus using RAPD revealed that J. centrasiatica, J. turkestanica, and J. pseudosabina appear to belong to a single species, to be named J. pseudosabina. This conclusion is also supported by previous work on terpenoids. Putative J. indica from Nepal (shrub form) was found to be distinct from J. pseudosabina. It appears that the common scale‐leaved shrub or tree juniper of the Himalayas should be called J. indica not J. pseudosabina.
A contribution to the generic delimitation of Sechium (Cucurbitaceae, Sicyinae)
Authors: Lira Rafael , Caballero Javier , Dávila Patricia 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLira, R., Caballero, J. & Dávila, P.: A contribution to the generic delimitation of Sechium (Cucurbitaceae, Sicyinae). – Taxon 46: 269‐282. 1997. – ISSN 040‐0262.The generic limits of Sechium continue to be controversial. A phenetic analysis of the species of Sechium and its allies in subtribe Sicyinae, using both palynological and macromorphological characters, was carried out. The results of the analysis basically support the taxonomic circumscription of this genus proposed by Jeffrey (1978). Both cluster and ordination analyses showed that all the species recognized by Jeffrey as pertaining to the genus Sechium, as well as others more recently described, form a well defined group constituted by 11 species and clearly separated from other taxa in the subtribe Sicyinae. The observed clustering within Sechium does not correspond to the two sections of the genus recognized by Jeffrey. Sechiopsis appears to be the closest relative of Sechium.
Lectotypification of the names of Linnaean Echium species now in Lobostemon (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Buys M. H. , Van der Walt J. J. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBuys, M. H. & Van der Walt, J. J. A.: Lectotypification of the names of Linnaean Echium species now in Lobostemon (Boraginaceae). – Taxon 45: 515‐517. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Lectotypes are designated for three Linnaean names: Echium capitatum, E. fruticosum, and E. laevigatum. Thereby the third becomes a synonym of the second.
Phragmites in Crete, Cenchrus frutescens, and the nomenclature of the common reed (Gramineae)
Authors: Greuter Werner , Scholz Hildemar 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGreuter, W. & Scholz, H.: Phragmites in Crete, Cenchrus frutescens, and the nomenclature of the common reed (Gramineae). – Taxon 45: 521‐523. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Phragmites is represented by two taxa on the S. Aegean island of Crete (Greece), one of which corresponds to the cosmopolitan common reed, P. australis. The other deviates in several features and is here described and named as a new species, P. frutescens H. Scholz; it has been studied in the wild and was found to have a peculiar, frutescent, branched habit, to produce inflorescences only occasionally, and never fertile flowers; reproduction appears to take place only vegetatively, by stolons and by leafy propagules replacing the flowers. The Cretan reed has been taxonomically equated by some authors with a doubtful Linnean species, Cenchrus frutescens, and the latter name has been recently proposed for rejection so as to prevent displacement of P. australis by the older supposed synonym. Although one of the original elements of C. frutescens arguably belongs to P. frutescens, it is an old illustration that cannot be interpreted with ultimate certainty; furthermore it is in major conflict with the remainder of the protologue. Choice of the epithet frutescens for the new species eliminates future uncertainty and makes the proposal to reject C. frutescens unnecessary. Those who (like one of the authors) are unconvinced of the specific distinctness of the Cretan reed are free to treat it at an appropriate infraspecific level under P. australis.
On the conspecificity of Aglaothamnion tenuissimum and A. byssoides (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Furnari G. , L'Hardy‐Halos M.‐T. , Rueness J. , Serio D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFurnari, G., L'Hardy‐Halos, M.‐T., Rueness, J. & Serio, D.: On the conspecificity of Aglaothamnion tenuissimum and A. byssoides (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta). – Taxon 47: 843‐849. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Crosses between Mediterranean strains of Aglaothamnion tenuissimum and Atlantic strains of both A. byssoides and A. pseudobyssoides support the conclusion that A. tenuissimum is conspecific with A. byssoides but that A. pseudobyssoides is a distinct species. Ceramium tenuissimum (the basionym of A. tenuissimum) antedates Callithamnion byssoides (the basionym of A. byssoides), so that the correct name of this species is A. tenuissimum. Because diagnostic features are lacking in the type specimen of C. tenuissimum, an epitype for that name is chosen. Moreover, A. tenuissimum var. mazoyerae, var. nov., is proposed for Mediterranean populations of this species that grow in habitats of low light intensity and differ morphologically from the nominal variety in the shape and size of the tetrasporangia, in the size and shape of axial cells in the basal region of the thallus, and in the absence of rhizoidal cortication.
Pollen morphology and the systematic position of Triplostegia (Dipsacales)
Authors: Backlund A. , Nilsson S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBacklund, A. & Nilsson, S.: Pollen morphology and the systematic position of Triplostegia (Dipsacales). – Taxon 46: 21‐31. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Triplostegia comprises two species of perennial herbs from southeast Asia, T. glandulifera and T. grandiflora. The systematic position of the genus has been debated ever since it was described, and it has been placed in either Dipsacaceae or Valerianaceae, or in a family of its own Triplostegiaceae. Pollen of Triplostegia, investigated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, is similar to that of both Dipsacaceae and Valerianaceae. Presence of numerous branched and bent columellae as well as an aperture margin structure resembling the halo found in Valerianaceae indicates a closer relationship to the Valerianaceae. A sister‐group relationship between Triplostegia and the Valerianaceae is furthermore supported by other studies of molecular and morphological data. In order to maximize information content in the framework of mandatory classificational ranks, Triplostegia is best included in the family Valerianaceae, as the sole member of a subfamily Triplostegioideae.
Plant macromolecular systematics in the past 50 years: one view
Authors: Crawford Daniel J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCrawford, D. J.: Plant macromolecular systematics in the past 50 years: one view. ‐ Taxon 49: 479–501.2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.An overview of plant macromolecular systematics during the period 1950–2000 is presented. The general trend during this period has been from secondary compounds (not included in this review) to proteins and then to DNA. Amino acid sequencing of proteins from the 1960s through the 1970s, while having very little lasting impact on plant phylogeny, raised a number of issues that continue to be discussed. Enzyme electrophoresis has provided data at the population and lowest taxonomic levels, and has stimulated discussions and studies on the tempo and mode of speciation. DNA data, initially from restriction sites and subsequently from sequencing, have been employed extensively in generating phytogenies for groups ranging from species and genera up to plants as a whole. Despite the potential, molecular data have been used infrequently to study evolutionary processes and speciation. Phylogenies generated from molecular data provide the necessary framework for such investigations. The incorporation of molecular data has had a positive stimulatory effect on plant systematics during the past five decades, but the results of molecular studies are of greatest value when they are part of more broadly‐based investigations that include more “traditional” approaches such as field and chromosomal studies. However, one of the side effects of increased emphasis on molecular systematics has been less emphasis on “traditional” systematic studies. Hopefully, the next five decades will witness a melding of the old and new to continue the “unending synthesis” that makes systematics such a vital discipline in plant biology.
Mediterranean lichens on‐line
Authors: Grabe Martin , Nimis Pier Luigi 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGrube, M. & Nimis, P. L.: Mediterranean lichens on‐line. – Taxon 46: 487‐493. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.In the frame of a project of the OPTIMA Commission for Lichens, a workspace has been created on the Internet for the compilation of a checklist of Mediterranean lichens. The World Wide Web now offers quick access to the lichen checklists of several countries, and facilitates the coordination of future work through a common format of data presentation. As a first step, the checklists were placed on the Web as plain text files, except for the lichen data from Slovenia, which are organized in a relational database. Placing new information on the Web is equivalent to a kind of publication, which raises some issues which need being discussed.
Rank and typification in North American dwarf cherries, and a key to the taxa
Authors: Catling P. M. , McKay‐Kuja S. M. , Mitrow G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCatling, P. M., McKay‐Kuja, S. M. & Mitrow, G.: Rank and typification in North American dwarf cherries, and a key to the taxa. – Taxon 48: 483‐488. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Pubescent twigs are characteristic ofPrunus susquehanae, a plant of acid, sandy or rocky barrens, whereas other members of the dwarf cherry complex, mostly of alkaline or neutral substrates of prairies, lakeshores, and scree slopes, have glabrous twigs. The correlation of this character with habit, ecology, and other morphological characters provides a basis for treatingP. susquehanae(=P. pumilavar.cuneata)as a distinct species. Related taxa are best treated as varieties ofP. pumila.Current application of the scientific names is confirmed.P. pumilais lectotypified by a Miller figure, but in view of its ambiguity, a supporting epitype is also selected. Lectotypes are also designated forP. besseyiandP. susquehanae.A key and conspectus are included.
Retitribrevicolporites is a synonym of Tricolporopollis (Tertiary pollen from India)
Authors: Saxena R. K. , Tripathi S. K. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySaxena, R. K. & Tripathi, S. K. M.: Retitribrevicolporites is a synonym of Tricolporopollis (Tertiary pollen from India). – Taxon 48: 493‐496. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The genus Retitribrevicolporites was established by Kar in 1985 to accommodate Lakiapollis matanomadhensis, whereas this species was united with the earlier Tricolporopollis by Tripathi & H. P. Singh in 1985. The latter taxonomic treatment is here confirmed. Tricolporopollis presently comprises four named species known only from Indian Tertiary (Palaeocene to Eocene) sediments. Its possible relation to fossil pollen from other areas is unknown.
A comprehensive reference model for biological collections and surveys
Authors: Berendsohn Walter G. , Anagnostopoulos Anastasios , Hagedorn Gregor , Jakupovic Jasmin , Nimis Pier Luigi , Valdés Benito , Güntschl Anton , Pank‐hurst Richard J. , White Richard J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBerendsohn, W. G., Anagnostopoulos, A., Hagedorn, G., Jakupovic, J., Nimis, P. L., Valdés, B., Güntsch, A., Pankhurst, R. J. & White, R. J.: A comprehensive reference model for biological collections and surveys. – Taxon 48: 511‐562. 1999. ISSN 0040‐0262.The article describes an extended entity‐relationship model covering biological collections, i.e. natural history collections of biotic origin; data collections used in floristic or faunistic mapping, survey, and monitoring projects; live collections such as botanical or zoological gardens, seed banks, microbial strain collections and gene banks; as well as novel collection kinds such as of secondary metabolites or DNA samples. The central element in the model is the unit, which stands for any object containing, being or being part of a living, fossilised, or conserved organism. The unit may be gathered (observed or collected) in the field and derived units may recursively emerge from it through specimen processing, breeding or cultivation. In addition, units may form associations (e.g. host/parasite), ensembles (lichen on a rock with fossils), and assemblages (herd, artificial grouping). Gathering events, specimen management (acquisition, accession, storage, preservation, exchange, ownership), and taxonomic or other identifications relate to the unit and are treated in detail. Geographic and geo‐ecological data have not been fully modelled; taxonomic (name) data and descriptive information are treated by reference to other published models.
Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Luzula and Juncus (Juncaceae)
Authors: Kirschner Jan , Kaplan Zdeněk 
Published: April 2006

SummaryKirschner, J. & Kaplan, Z.: Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Luzula and Juncus (Juncaceae). ‐ Taxon 50: 1107–1113. 2001. – ISSN 0040–0262.New taxa and combinations are presented to be included in the prepared treatment of Juncaceae in the Flora of the World. A new section, Luzula sect. Atlanticae, and a new species, Luzula indica, are described, and three new combinations are made: Luzula nipponica (Satake) Kirschner & Miyamoto, L. lutescens (Koidzumi) Kirschner & Miyamoto, and Luzula alpino‐pilosa subsp. deflexa (Kozuharov) Kirschner. A new name, Juncus meianthus K. Wilson is proposed for a later homonym, J. gracilis R. Br. The name Luzula acuminata Raf. is neotypified in order to retain its current usage.
Lectotypification of the name Dipentodon sinicus (Dipentodontaceae)
Authors: Peng Hua 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPeng, H.: Lectotypification of the name Dipentodon sinicus (Dipentodontaceae) – Taxon 50: 1177–1178. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040–0262.The type of Dipentodon sinicus Dunn was not indicated when the name was first published, and a lectotype is now designated. The species is very well known, representing a monospecific family, Dipentodontaceae.
The stable M/G/1 queue in heavy traffic and its covariance function
Authors: Ott Teunis J. 
Published: April 2006

Let X(t) be the virtual waiting-time process of a stable M/G/1 queue. Let R(t) be the covariance function of the stationary process X(t), B(t) the busy-period distribution of X(t); and let E(t) = P{X(t) = 0|X(0) = 0}.For X(t) some heavy-traffic results are given, among which are limiting expressions for R(t) and its derivatives and for B(t) and E(t).These results are used to find the covariance function of stationary Brownian motion on [0, ∞).
A birth, death and migration process by immigration
Authors: Aksland M. 
Published: April 2006

A finite number of colonies, each subject to a simple birth-death and immigration process is studied under the condition of migration between the colonies.Kolmogorov's backward equations for the process are solved for some special cases, and a sequence of functions uniformly converging to the p.g.f. of the process is given for the general case. Further, a set of algebraic equations for the extinction probabilities are studied for the process without immigration, and a necessary and sufficient condition that the extinction probability be one is obtained.
Evolution processes with continuity of types
Authors: Eshel Ilan 
Published: April 2006

The objective of this work is to study the long range evolutionary traits in a population with an infinite number of types; we are especially interested in the asymptotic rate of evolution, variance and type-distribution. In this paper we concentrate on an asexual population with the same probabilistic mutation force acting over all types in the population.Most results are proved under the assumption that the mutation effect is also unchanged in time; some are extended to more general cases with time-changed distribution of mutation.
Possible velocities for a simple epidemic
Authors: Mollison Denis 
Published: April 2006

It is here shown that for a deterministic simple epidemic in which the spatial distribution of the contacts made by an infectious individual is negative exponential, propagation of the epidemic as a travelling wave is only possible for velocities at or above a certain minimal velocity; and that there exists exactly one waveform for each such velocity. The method employed is to reduce the equation of propagation to a three-dimensional autonomous differential equation, and attack this mainly using topological considerations.This result is similar to those obtained by Kolmogoroff et al. (1937) for the advance of an advantageous gene, and by Kendall (1965) for the deterministic “general” epidemic, but these were achieved using the considerable simplification of approximating the spatial dependence by a diffusion term in the equation of propagation. Taken together with Mollison (1972), in which it was shown that when the spatial distribution of contacts (V) is more spread than negative exponential (∫eksdV(s) divergent for all k > 0), no finite bound can be set on the velocity of propagation: the present work suggests that the diffusion-term approximations may be reasonable if, as well as only if, V is less spread than negative exponential.
The sampling theory of selectively neutral alleles
Authors: Watterson G. A. 
Published: April 2006

In a paper of the same title, Ewens has considered the problem of inferring whether the genotypic frequencies observed in a small sample are consistent with a particular population model, in which all types are selectively neutral. The present paper gives the general theory of such sampling schemes, when the sampling is from either a deterministic, or a stochastically varying, population.The theory is illustrated on a population model which was introduced by Karlin and McGregor. Various results are proved for both the population, and its sample. It is shown that Ewens' sampling theory applies to this population model, and conjectures as to why different population models may have the same sampling theory are made.
A note on two measures of dependence and mixing sequences
Authors: Peligrad Magda 
Published: April 2006

In this note we establish an inequality between the maximal coefficient of correlation and the φ -mixing coefficient which is symmetric in its arguments. Motivated by this inequality, we introduce a mixing coefficient which is the product of two φ -mixing coefficients.We also study an invariance principle under conditions imposed on this new mixing coefficient. As a consequence of this result it follows that the invariance principle holds when either the direct-time process or its time-reversed process is φ -mixing; when both processes are φ-mixing the invariance principle holds for sequences of L2-integrable random variables under a mixing rate weaker than that used by Ibragimov.
Estimation of the correlation between relatives
Authors: Smith Cedric A. B. 
Published: April 2006

Suppose, to take a simple example, we have a set of sibships. Each individual (sib) has a certain measured character x. We wish to estimate the interclass (or sib–sib) correlation for this character. Our model is as follows. In sibship s the observed values x are supposed drawn from a distribution with (true) mean ms and variance vs. The sibships are drawn from a population of sibships, so that the ms have a mean M and variance B, and the vs have mean A. (We also suppose that the number ns of sibs in sibship s is independent of ms and vs.) The interclass correlation is then easily seen to beρ = B/(A + B).The obvious way to proceed is to estimate A and B first, and then find ρ. Take a sample of k sibships. In sibship s the observed mean is and the deviance (sum of squares of deviations) δs. Let n = σ ns = the total number of individuals in the sample, and δ = σ δs = the total deviance within sibships. Proceed iteratively as follows:
Time-reversible diffusions
Authors: Kent John 
Published: April 2006

Symmetric diffusions on manifolds with boundary are studied. Symmetric diffusions are nicer to work with than non-symmetric diffusions because (1) it is easier to tell if an equilibrium density exists, and (2) it is easier to find the equilibrium density when it does exist. If an equilibrium density exists, a symmetric diffusion istime reversible.On the line essentiallyalldiffusions are symmetric.Using symmetric diffusions, it is shown that a large family of densities can be realized as equilibrium densities of time-reversible diffusions. Some examples are given.