bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Environmental Intervention to Promote Lower-Fat Food Choices in Secondary Schools: Outcomes of the TACOS Study
Authors: French Simone A. , Story Mary , Fulkerson Jayne A. , Hannan Peter 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We evaluated an environmental intervention intended to increase sales of lower-fat foods in secondary school cafeterias. Methods. Twenty secondary schools were randomly assigned to either an environmental intervention or a control group for a 2-year period. The intervention increased the availability of lower-fat foods and implemented student-based promotions. Results. A steeper rate of increase in sales of lower-fat foods in year 1 (10% intervention vs −2.8% control, P = .002) and a higher percentage of sales of lower-fat foods in year 2 (33.6% intervention vs 22.1% control, P = .04) were observed. There were no significant changes in student self-reported food choices. Conclusions. School-based environmental interventions to increase availability and promotion of lower-fat foods can increase purchase of these foods among adolescents.
Improvements in Heart Health Behaviors and Reduction in Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors in Urban Teenaged Girls Through a School-Based Intervention: The PATH Program
Authors: Bayne-Smith Marcia , Fardy Paul S. , Azzollini Ann , Magel John , Schmitz Kathryn H. , Agin Denise 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We sought to assess the effects of a school-based intervention program on cardiovascular disease risk factors in urban girls. Methods. We compared heart health knowledge, health behaviors, cardiovascular risk factors, and physical fitness among a group of 442 multiethnic teenaged girls (310 experimental participants vs 132 control participants). Testing was conducted before and after a 12-week program of vigorous exercises integrated with lectures and discussions on diet, exercise, stress, and smoking. Results. Significant differences in body fat, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart health knowledge, and whether breakfast was eaten were observed between experimental participants and control participants. Conclusions. An integrated program of exercise and heart health–related lectures and discussions had a beneficial effect on health knowledge, health behaviors, and onset of risk factors for coronary artery disease among urban girls.
Sociodemographic and Geographic Correlates of Meeting Current Recommendations for Physical Activity in Middle-Aged French Adults: the Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux Antioxydants (SUVIMAX) Study
Authors: Bertrais Sandrine , Preziosi Paul , Mennen Louise , Galan Pilar , Hercberg Serge , Oppert Jean-Michel 
Published: December 2008

Objective. We evaluated the characteristics of French subjects meeting current public health recommendations for physical activity. Methods. We assessed leisure-time physical activity cross-sectionally in 7404 adults aged 45 to 68 years with applied logistic regression models. Results. Meeting the recommended physical activity levels was more likely in subjects aged 60 years and older and in women with higher education levels or living in rural areas and was less likely in smokers. No association was found with time spent watching television. The contribution of vigorous activity to total time spent being active was approximately 2 times higher in subjects meeting recommendations. Conclusions. Participation in some vigorous activity may be viewed as a “facilitator” to attain physical activity recommendations. Relationships with physical environment variables in Europe need further investigation.
Urban Sprawl and Risk for Being Overweight or Obese
Authors: Lopez Russ 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. I examined the association between urban sprawl and the risk for being overweight or obese among US adults. Methods. A measure of urban sprawl in metropolitan areas was derived from the 2000 US Census; individual-level data were obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. I used multilevel analysis to assess the association between urban sprawl and obesity. Results. After I controlled for gender, age, race/ethnicity, income, and education, for each 1-point rise in the urban sprawl index (0–100 scale), the risk for being overweight increased by 0.2% and the risk for being obese increased by 0.5%. Conclusions. The current obesity epidemic has many causes, but there is an association between urban sprawl and obesity.
A Potential Natural Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence From a National Study
Authors: Kuo Frances E. , Faber Taylor Andrea 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined the impact of relatively “green” or natural settings on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms across diverse subpopulations of children. Methods. Parents nationwide rated the aftereffects of 49 common after-school and weekend activities on children’s symptoms. Aftereffects were compared for activities conducted in green outdoor settings versus those conducted in both built outdoor and indoor settings. Results. In this national, nonprobability sample, green outdoor activities reduced symptoms significantly more than did activities conducted in other settings, even when activities were matched across settings. Findings were consistent across age, gender, and income groups; community types; geographic regions; and diagnoses. Conclusions. Green outdoor settings appear to reduce ADHD symptoms in children across a wide range of individual, residential, and case characteristics.
Associations Between Early-Adolescent Substance Use and Subsequent Young-Adult Substance Use Disorders and Psychiatric Disorders Among a Multiethnic Male Sample in South Florida
Authors: Gil Andres G. , Wagner Eric F. , Tubman Jonathan G. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined the associations among early-adolescent substance use, subsequent young-adult substance use disorders, and psychiatric disorders among a community sample of males. Methods. Early-adolescent data were collected in classroom surveys (1990–1993), and young-adult data were collected in face-to-face interviews (1998–2000). Results. We found strong associations between early-adolescent substance use and young-adult substance use disorders and psychiatric disorders. The magnitudes of these associations varied by racial/ethnic group and were strongest among African Americans and foreign-born Hispanics, who reported the lowest early-adolescent substance use. Conclusions. Early-adolescent substance use is most strongly associated with a later pattern of dysfunction among the racial/ethnic groups that reported the lowest levels of early use. The implications of our findings in the context of primary and secondary prevention are discussed.
Hepatitis A Virus Immunity and Seroconversion Among Contacts of Acute Hepatitis A Patients in Amsterdam, 1996–2000: An Evaluation of Current Prevention Policy
Authors: Sonder Gerard J. B. , van Steenbergen Jim E. , Bovee Lian P. M. J. , Peerbooms Paul G. H. , Coutinho Roel A. , van den Hoek Anneke 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We evaluated the hepatitis A virus (HAV) control policy (hygienic precautions and passive immunization with immune globulin) for “household contacts” (defined as all people who lived in the same house and who shared the same toilet with the patient, people who took care of an HAV-infected child, and sexual partners of the patient) of acute hepatitis A patients between 1996 and 2000. Methods. We examined the characteristics and the serological outcomes of household contacts. All susceptible contacts were invited for retesting 6 weeks after they received immune globulin. Results. Of 1242 contacts of 569 HAV patients, more than 50% (n = 672) were found to be HAV immune. Among the remaining contacts, 161 (28.2%) had a concurrent infection, and 86 of these individuals were symptomatic. The remaining 409 susceptible contacts received immune globulin, with 186 (45%) returning for retesting 6 weeks later (64 [34%] were infected, but only 12 had symptoms). Conclusions. Immune globulin does not protect all household contacts from HAV infection; however, it attenuates symptoms and effectively reduces further HAV transmission.
The Role of Fault Quotient in Determination of the Distance to a Transmission Line Fault
Authors: Survilo J. 
Published: December 2008

The Role of Fault Quotient in Determination of the Distance to a Transmission Line Fault
The notion of fault quotient refers to single-phase-earth and phase-to-phase faults in one-terminal and two-terminal (double fed), single or parallel power lines at determination of the distance to a fault place using the apparent impedance method. The fault quotient is determined as the ratio of the current through a fault place (fault current) to the current in a faulty phase at single-phase-earth faults and to the difference of currents in faulty phases at phase-to-phase faults. For one-terminal lines at single-phase-earth faults, neglecting capacitive and load currents, this ratio is 1, and for phase-to-phase faults it equals 1/2. For other cases it is a complex quantity, with the absolute value > 1 for single-phase-earth faults. Its significance grows with the fault resistance Rf. At Rf = 0 this ratio loses its significance for determination of the distance to a fault place. The tangent of the fault quotient angle with a real axis enters into the ultimate expressions for the reactance to fault place and for the fault resistance. The use of such a quotient facilitates reiterative calculations of the distance to a fault place.
Electronic Nose for Identification of Lung Diseases
Authors: Ogorodnik V. , Kleperis J. , Taivans I. , Jurka N. , Bukovskis M. 
Published: December 2008

Electronic Nose for Identification of Lung DiseasesIn the paper, the authors analyze the preliminary results of testing a classical gas sensing instrument - the electronic nose (a metal oxide transistor sensor of chemical substances) in a hospital where patients with different lung diseases are treated. To reveal the correlation between the amplitudes of the sensor's responses and the patients' diagnoses, different statistical analysis methods have been used. It is shown that the lung cancer can easily be discriminated from other lung diseases if short breath sampling and analysis time (less than 1 min) is used in the test. Volatiles obtained from a breath sample of a patient with lung cancer give the major contribution to the responses of different e-nose sensors, so in these cases highly precise identification could be achieved.
Impact of Drug Plan Management Policies in Canada: A Systematic Review
Authors: Morrison Alena , MacKinnon Neil J. , Hartnell Nicole R. , McCaffrey Karen J. 
Published: December 2008

Background/objective: In Canada, pharmaceutical expenditures require an increasing proportion of total health care dollars. Drug plan managers use various policies to manage medication use and control costs, but these policies can have unintended consequences. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the impact of drug policies on economic, clinical and humanistic (quality of life or satisfaction) outcomes. Methods: Articles in which the primary objective was to evaluate the impact of a drug policy tool or technique in Canada and that measured one or more economic, clinical or humanistic outcomes were considered for inclusion. Studies were excluded if they were based in institutions or not published in peer-reviewed journals. The search process included searching 9 electronic databases, searching the reference lists of identified articles and working papers and contacting drug policy researchers. Studies were assessed for quality and suitability for meta-analysis. We performed a qualitative synthesis of the study design, study sample and outcomes. Results: Thirty-five articles satisfied the inclusion criteria. Most ( n= 25, 71%) determined that drug policies reduced the costs, utilization or both of the studied drug therapy. Only 13 studies (37%) measured the impact of the drug policy on the cost or utilization of medical care, and the impact of the policy was favourable in only 4 of these cases. Six studies (17%) evaluated the impact of the policy on clinical outcomes; none reported a favourable impact. No studies evaluated the impact of the drug policy on humanistic outcomes. Discussion: Although the drug policies in most of the studies included in this systematic review did achieve the desired goal of reducing drug costs, utilization or both, the impact on other outcomes was seldom examined. In the 6 studies in which clinical outcomes were included in the evaluation framework, the impact was inconclusive. Humanistic outcomes have been completely excluded from evaluations to date.
Development of cross‐linked starch microcellular foam by solvent exchange and reactive supercritical fluid extrusion
Authors: Patel Sameerkumar , Venditti Richard A. , Pawlak Joel J. , Ayoub Ali , Rizvi Syed S. H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractStarch microcellular foams (SMCFs) are prepared by pore preserving drying or formation processes and contain pores in the micron size range. SMCFs have high specific surface area and are useful for applications such as opacifying pigments or as adsorbent materials. The objective of this research was to determine how the processing conditions and use of a crosslinking agent would affect the foam structure and properties. SMCFs (crosslinked and uncrosslinked) were prepared from molded aquagels and carbon dioxide extrusion processes separately and then solvent exchanged. Extruded samples showed macroscopic pores whereas samples from aquagels showed a much finer micropore structure. Aquagel‐based SMCF samples had lower density and higher brightness than did extruded samples. The starch foams with micropore structure had low density and high brightness. The solvent exchange process was the most important variable in generating a microcellular structure. Micropores and not macropores contributed to increased brightness of these materials. The brightness and density of the foams were found to be linearly related. Crosslinking with epichlorohydrin imparted significant water resistance to the extruded samples as evidenced in lower water swelling and higher contact angles. Equilibrium moisture content was correlated with the microporous structure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) microspheres via dispersion polymerization: Effect of the concentration of 4‐vinylpyridine
Authors: Han Hyekyung , Hong Chang Kook , Hong Jinho , Park Dong Wha , Shim Sang Eun 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAmphiphilic copolymer microspheres of poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) were prepared by dispersion polymerization in an alcohol/water medium. The synthesis of poly(styrene‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) microparticles was successfully carried out, and the latexes had a spherical morphology with good monodispersity. The degree of conversion in the early stage of polymerization decreased with increasing 4‐vinylpyridine (4VP) monomer content, but the final conversions were similar (>95%). The copolymerization rate decreased with increasing 4VP content, and a broad particle size distribution was observed with 20 wt % 4VP because of the prolonged nucleation time. With the 4VP concentration increasing, the molecular weight of the copolymer microspheres decreased, and the glass‐transition temperature of the copolymers increased; this indicated that all the copolymers were random and homogeneous. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Time Dependent Differential Yield as a Scale‐up Parameter in Enzyme and Fermentation Reactors
Authors: Crooke P. S. , Tanner R. D. , Park D.‐H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe yield function, for an enzyme‐substrate kinetic model of the system, is investigated. Considering Y to be a function of the substrate concentration S, its value as S → O+ is investigated.In the “pseudo‐steady‐state domain,” this differential yield function is shown to be bounded above and below by yield functions that are obtained by using the Michaelis‐Menten and Briggs‐Haldane functions to relate the enzyme‐substrate concentration C to S. It is also shown that the yield constant, which is commonly used for enzyme and fermentation systems, is an integral average of the differential yield function. The average yield constant can be used to show consistency of data by relating the area above and below the average yield line when the yield function is plotted against the substrate concentration. The role of the dimensionless parameter, ε = km/E*, on the asymptotic yield, is also investigated. The mathematical results are demonstrated on experimental data for a horseradish‐peroxidase enzyme system and a gluconic acid fermentation process.
Oxygen Transfer in Membrane‐Ceramic Composite Materials For Immobilized‐Cell Monolithic Reactors
Authors: Kornfield Julia , Stephanopoulos Gregory , Voecks G. E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA novel bioreactor concept is described for facilitated gas‐liquid mass transfer, specifically oxygen supply, at low shear rates and low power input. The cross flow monolithic reactor is a single piece of ceramic consisting of continuous flow passages manifolded in a cross flow arrangement. Liquid medium circulates through the passages in one direction and gas circulates through the passages in an orthogonal direction; thus, the two streams are contacted across a large area of a porous ceramic, gas permeable membrane composite.A test cell was designed and used to measure the rate of oxygen transfer across such a composite. High oxygen transfer rates (6.62g O2 × l−1 × hr−1), with minimal power requirements (estimated below 5 × 10−3 watts/l reactor volume), were found. This corresponds to a transfer efficiency of greater than 1000 kg O2/kW · hr, orders of magnitude greater than the values reported by Serieys, et al.14 due to the low flow rates and low pressure drops required in a cross flow monolith. This contacting configuration could be employed with highly aerobic, immobilized‐cell fermentations to enhance oxygen transfer rates with a parallel decrease of process power requirements.
Dual‐Functional Affinity Protein Purification
Authors: Ruaan R.‐C. , Blair J. B. , Shaeiwitz J. A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA rapid, single stage purification scheme for the enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK), overproduced by a genetically altered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is presented. A single affinity adsorption, washing and elution stage using a novel dual‐functional polyacrylamide affinity gel produces 60% recovery of PK and purification to near homogeneity within a few hours. A second elution step increases the recovery to 77%, but does not enhance purification. The novel dual‐functional polyacrylamide affinity gel is a crosslinked matrix containing both Cibacron Blue F3G‐A and carboxylic acid groups, resulting in a higher fraction of accessible Cibacron Blue F3G‐A groups than Blue Sepharose CL‐6B. The significant purification achieved in a single stage is due in part to the large initial PK concentration in the recombinant yeast. However, the unique dual‐functional interaction between PK and the support surface greatly facilitates the one‐step purification. PK interacts with the pseudoaffinity ligand, Cibacron Blue F3G‐A, as well as the carboxylic acid groups on the gel support. This dual functional binding increases the strength of the PK‐gel binding and the selectivity for PK when binding is carried out below the pI of PK. Elution is accomplished under mild conditions, by raising the pH above the isoelectric pH of PK, making the interaction between PK and the carboxylic acid groups repulsive. The general applicability to other enzymes is demonstrated in the purification of 3‐phosphoglycerate kinase, initially present as 3–5% of the total intracellular protein, which is purified 13‐fold in a similar single stage operation.
Detection of pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 by a hybrid microfluidic SPR and molecular imaging cytometry device
Authors: Zordan Michael D. , Grafton Meggie M. G. , Acharya Ghanashyam , Reece Lisa M. , Cooper Christy L. , Aronson Arthur I. , Park Kinam , Leary James F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCurrent methods to screen for bacterial contamination involve using costly reagents such as antibodies or PCR reagents or time‐costly growth in cultures. There is need for portable, real‐time, multiplex pathogen detection technology that can predict the safety of food. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging is a sensitive, label‐free method that can detect the binding of an analyte to a surface by the changes in refractive index that occur upon binding. We have designed a hybrid microfluidic biochip to perform multiplexed detection of single‐celled pathogens using a combination of SPR and fluorescence imaging. The device consists of an array of gold spots, each functionalized with a capture biomolecule targeting a specific pathogen. This biosensor array is enclosed by a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic flow chamber that delivers a magnetically concentrated sample to be tested. The sample is imaged by SPR on the bottom of the biochip and epi‐fluorescence on the top. The prototype instrument was successfully able to image antibody‐captured E. coli O157:H7 bacteria by SPR and fluorescence imaging. The efficiency of capture of these bacteria by the magnetic particles was determined using spectrophotometric ferric oxide absorbance measurements. The binding of the E. coli to each spot was quantified by measuring the percent of the gold spot area upon which the bacteria was bound and analyzed using NIH ImageJ software. This hybrid imaging approach of pathogenic E. coli detection coupled with an estimate of relative infectivity is shown to be a working example of a testing device for potential foodborne pathogens. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Expanding the Size of Organometallic Nanostructures: A Hexanuclear (Cymene)Ru Cylinder with a Length of More Than 3 nm
Authors: Olivier Céline , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCoordination cages based on organometallic half‐sandwich complexes are of interest, because they can display unique structures and host properties. This communication describes the synthesis and structure of a cylindrical nanostructure containing six (p‐cymene)RuII fragments. The complex was obtained by reaction of [(p‐cymene)RuCl2]2 with a novel C3‐symmetrical ligand containing a triarylamine core and three dihydroxypyridine groups in its periphery. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
[4+2]/HyBRedOx Approach to C‐Naphthyl Glycosides: Failure in the Projuglone Series and Reinvestigation of the HyBRedOx Sequence
Authors: Maingot Lucie , Vu Nguyen Quang , Collet Sylvain , Guingant André , Martel Arnaud , Dujardin Gilles 
Published: December 2008

AbstractC‐Naphthyl glycosides displaying a 1,5‐difunctionality on the naphthalene ring that can undergo oxidation to bromonaphthoquinone are key intermediates in the synthesis of natural C‐aryl glycoside analogues. In this area, sugar‐modified derivatives are of specific interest, but their synthesis is challenging. The de novo access to such compounds has been investigated through a [4+2] heterocycloaddition route, previously validated in a model series. For this purpose, two new dienophiles, conveniently protected at the phenolic positions, were synthesized. From an extensive study of their reactivity towards a range of 4‐hetero‐substituted (“prosugar”) heterodienes, the expected heteroadducts were stereoselectively obtained in acceptable yields. Application of the hydroboration/reduction/oxidation sequence did not afford the target C‐glycosides from the reduced adducts. The negative effect of the conformational bias of the substrate on this tandem reaction is discussed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)