bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Independent component analysis of Alzheimer's DNA microarray gene expression data
Authors: Kong Wei , Mou Xiaoyang , Liu Qingzhong , Chen Zhongxue , Vanderburg Charles R , Rogers Jack T , Huang Xudong 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Background
Gene microarray technology is an effective tool to investigate the simultaneous activity of multiple cellular pathways from hundreds to thousands of genes. However, because data in the colossal amounts generated by DNA microarray technology are usually complex, noisy, high-dimensional, and often hindered by low statistical power, their exploitation is difficult. To overcome these problems, two kinds of unsupervised analysis methods for microarray data: principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) have been developed to accomplish the task. PCA projects the data into a new space spanned by the principal components that are mutually orthonormal to each other. The constraint of mutual orthogonality and second-order statistics technique within PCA algorithms, however, may not be applied to the biological systems studied. Extracting and characterizing the most informative features of the biological signals, however, require higher-order statistics.

Results
ICA is one of the unsupervised algorithms that can extract higher-order statistical structures from data and has been applied to DNA microarray gene expression data analysis. We performed FastICA method on DNA microarray gene expression data from Alzheimer's disease (AD) hippocampal tissue samples and consequential gene clustering. Experimental results showed that the ICA method can improve the clustering results of AD samples and identify significant genes. More than 50 significant genes with high expression levels in severe AD were extracted, representing immunity-related protein, metal-related protein, membrane protein, lipoprotein, neuropeptide, cytoskeleton protein, cellular binding protein, and ribosomal protein. Within the aforementioned categories, our method also found 37 significant genes with low expression levels. Moreover, it is worth noting that some oncogenes and phosphorylation-related proteins are expressed in low levels. In comparison to the PCA and support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) methods, which are widely used in microarray data analysis, ICA can identify more AD-related genes. Furthermore, we have validated and identified many genes that are associated with AD pathogenesis.

Conclusion
We demonstrated that ICA exploits higher-order statistics to identify gene expression profiles as linear combinations of elementary expression patterns that lead to the construction of potential AD-related pathogenic pathways. Our computing results also validated that the ICA model outperformed PCA and the SVM-RFE method. This report shows that ICA as a microarray data analysis tool can help us to elucidate the molecular taxonomy of AD and other multifactorial and polygenic complex diseases.
Use of anabolic-androgenic steroids masking the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis: a case report
Authors: de Larrea Carlos Fernández , Duplat Aglae , Rivera-Olivero Ismar , de Waard Jacobus H 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Introduction
Tuberculous pleural effusions are not always easy to diagnose but the presence of a lymphocyte-rich exudate associated with an increased adenosine deaminase level and a positive skin test result are highly sensitive diagnostic signs.

Case presentation
We report a case of pleural tuberculosis in a 31-year-old white male patient from Caracas, Venezuela who was negative for human immunodeficiency virus and presented 2 weeks after injecting the anabolic-androgenic steroid nandrolone decanoate, in whom all the tests for tuberculosis were initially negative; an eosinophilic pleural effusion with a low adenosine deaminase level, a negative tuberculin skin test and negative for acid-fast bacilli staining and culture of the pleural fluid. After excluding other causes of eosinophilic pleural effusion malignant pleural effusion was suspected. The patient did not return until 4 months later. The second thoracentesis obtained a pleural fluid suggestive for tuberculosis, with a predominance of lymphocytes, an elevated adenosine deaminase level (51 U/l) and a positive tuberculin skin test. Culture of pleural fragments confirmed pleural tuberculosis.

Conclusion
This case suggests that the use of an anabolic-androgenic steroid masks the definitive diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis by changing the key diagnostic parameters of the pleural fluid, a finding not previously reported. Available evidence of the effects of anabolic steroids on the immune system also suggests that patients using anabolic-androgenic steroids might be susceptible to developing tuberculosis in either reactivating a latent infection or facilitating development of the disease after a recent infection.
Strategic Manipulation of Empirical Tests
Authors: Olszewski Wojciech , Sandroni Alvaro 
Published: January 2009

Theories can be produced by experts seeking a reputation for having knowledge. Hence, a tester could anticipate that theories may have been strategically produced by uninformed experts who want to pass an empirical test. We show that, with no restriction on the domain of permissible theories, strategic experts cannot be discredited for an arbitrary but given number of periods, no matter which test is used (provided that the test does not reject the actual data-generating process). Natural ways around this impossibility result include (1) assuming that unbounded data sets are available and (2) restricting the domain of permissible theories (opening the possibility that the actual data-generating process is rejected out-of-hand). In both cases, it is possible to dismiss strategic experts but only to a limited extent. These results show significant limits on what data can accomplish when experts produce theories strategically.
Seasonal and Sex Variation of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Healthy Adults: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Chiriboga David E , Ma Yunsheng , Li Wenjun , Stanek Edward J , Hébert James R , Merriam Philip A , Rawson Eric S , Ockene Ira S 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Background: Cross-sectional studies have reported seasonal variation in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). However, longitudinal data are lacking.
Methods: We collected data on diet, physical activity, psychosocial factors, physiology, and anthropometric measurements from 534 healthy adults (mean age 48 years, 48.5% women, 87% white) at quarterly intervals over a 1-year period between 1994 and 1998. Using sinusoidal regression models, we estimated peak-to-trough amplitude and phase of the peaks.
Results: At baseline, average hsCRP was 1.72 mg/L (men, 1.75 mg/L; women, 1.68 mg/L). Overall seasonal variation amplitude was 0.16 mg/L (95% CI 0.02 to 0.30) and was lower in men (0.10 mg/L, 95% CI −0.11 to 0.31) than in women (0.23 mg/L, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.42). In both sexes, hsCRP peaked in November, with a corresponding trough in May. Relative plasma volume, waist and hip circumference, diastolic blood pressure, and depression scores were major factors associated with changes in amplitude of seasonal variation of hsCRP, and taken together explain most of the observed seasonal change. There was a 20% increase in the percentage of participants classified in the high-risk category for hsCRP (≥3 mg/L) during late fall and early winter compared with late spring and early summer.
Conclusions: Concentrations of hsCRP were modestly increased in fall and winter compared to summer, with greater seasonal amplitude of variation observed in women. Conventional classification methods fail to consider seasonality in hsCRP and may result in substantial misclassifications in the spring and fall. Future clinical practice and research should take these variations into account.
Different Apparent Prognostic Value of hsCRP in Type 2 Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Biasucci Luigi M , Liuzzo Giovanna , Della Bona Roberta , Leo Milena , Biasillo Gina , Angiolillo Dominick J , Abbate Antonio , Rizzello Vittoria , Niccoli Giampaolo , Giubilato Simona , Crea Filippo 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is an established prognostic marker in acute coronary syndromes (ACS); however, no study has specifically addressed its prognostic role in type 2 diabetes with ACS. We evaluated the prognostic role of CRP separately in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with ACS.
Methods: We enrolled 251 patients with unstable angina and measured serum concentrations of high sensitivity (hs)CRP. Ninety-seven patients underwent coronary angiography with evaluation of atherosclerotic disease severity and extent by Bogaty score. Assessed endpoint was the combined occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI) and death at 1 year.
Results: No significant differences were found in hs-CRP between patients with and without diabetes. By Cox regression, hsCRP was not associated with 1-year follow-up events in diabetic patients but was strongly associated with events in nondiabetic patients (P = 0.0012). Coronary angiography exhibited a higher extent index in patients with diabetes than in those without (P = 0.04). hsCRP concentrations were not associated with angiographic atherosclerotic burden. By Cox analysis, hsCRP and extent score were associated with events in patients who underwent coronary angiography (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.034, respectively). In nondiabetic patients, hsCRP was the only predictor of events at 1-year follow-up (P &lt; 0.001), whereas in diabetic patients, hsCRP was not associated with events and a weak association was observed for extent score (P = 0.06).
Conclusions: Our study suggests that different pathophysiological mechanisms may be responsible for MI and death in unstable angina patients with or without diabetes and that severity of coronary artery disease plays a major role in diabetes (and inflammation in the absence of diabetes).
Functional glucocorticoid receptor gene variants do not underlie the high variability of 17-hydroxyprogesterone screening values in healthy newborns
Authors: Schreiner Felix , Tozakidou Magdalini , Maslak Rita , Holtkamp Ute , Peter Michael , Gohlke Bettina , Woelfle Joachim 
Published: January 2009

Objective17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) screening for classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is part of many newborn screening programs worldwide. Cut-off values are relatively high, and screening sensitivity does not reach 100%. Recently, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) N363S-variant has been linked to relatively low degree of virilization and comparatively lower 17-OHP serum concentrations in clinically diagnosed female CAH patients. We sought to determine whether functional GR gene variants, either increasing (N363S, BclI) or decreasing GR sensitivity (R23K), underlie the variable 17-OHP screening levels in healthy newborns.DesignGR genotypes were compared with 17-OHP screening values in 1000 random samples from routine screening. 17-OHP was measured by conventional immunoassay (TRFIA) and a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method (LC–MS/MS), which has been shown to increase screening specificity by steroid profiling and avoiding cross-reactions of the 17-OHP-antibody.ResultsThere was no significant association of 17-OHP with GR genotypes, even after inclusion of gestational and postnatal age as covariates. However, among LC–MS/MS steroid measurements, we observed some unexpected trends, including lower 11-deoxycortisol concentrations in both 363S- and 23K-carriers. For carriers of the frequent BclI variant, linear regression analysis revealed a significant increase of 4-androstenedione levels with every mutant allele inherited.ConclusionsFunctional GR variants do not underlie the variation of 17-OHP values observed in healthy individuals. However, whether and to which extent genetically determined differences in individual GR sensitivity influence 17-OHP screening levels in conditions of a pathological hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal gland-axis stimulation and thus may explain false-negative screening results in those affected by CAH remains to be investigated.
Measures of bioavailable serum testosterone and estradiol and their relationships with muscle mass, muscle strength and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study
Authors: van Geel Tineke A C M , Geusens Piet P , Winkens Bjorn , Sels Jean-Pierre J E , Dinant Geert-Jan 
Published: January 2009

ObjectiveThe physiologic role of circulating endogenous testosterone and estrogen concentrations in relation to lean body mass (LBM) and muscle strength is not as well documented in postmenopausal women as in elderly men.DesignThree hundred and twenty-nine healthy postmenopausal women were randomly selected from a general practice population-based sample aged between 55 and 85 years.MethodsTotal testosterone and estrogen (TT and TE) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were determined and estimates of bioavailable testosterone (free androgen index (TT/SHBG, FAI), calculated free testosterone (cFT), and estrogen (TE/SHBG, ESR) were calculated. Examinations included bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine and femoral neck (FN), LBM, maximum quadriceps extension strength (MES) and maximum handgrip strength (MGS), timed up-and-go test (TUGT), osteocalcin (OC), and urinary deoxy-pyridinoline/creatinine (DPyr). Correlations were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r).ResultsWith advancing age, LBM, MES, MGS, BMD, and ESR significantly declined (ranger: −0.356 to −0.141) and TUGT, and DPyr significantly increased (ranger: 0.135 to 0.282 (P<0.05)). After age-adjustment, LBM, MES, and BMD in spine and FN were significantly related to bioavailable testosterone (ranger: 0.146 to 0.193, for cFT, and 0.157 to 0.224, for FAI) and to ESR (ranger: 0.162 to 0.273). OC and DPyr were significantly inversely related to ESR (r: −0.154 and −0.144 respectively).ConclusionsAge-related loss of LBM, MES and BMD in postmenopausal women is partly dependent on the presence of endogenous bioavailable testosterone and estrogen.
66.2: An Approach for Achieving Ideal Readability on Electronic Paper: Extraction of Essential Disadvantages in Conventional Displays
Authors: Omodani Makoto , Imai Junko 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study aims to clarify the factors behind readability of paper documents; the clarification is intended to yield good guidelines for realizing truly readable Electronic Paper. Proofing tasks were prepared on various reading conditions; display area was varied from 1/2 page to 4 pages on the screens. Performance is shown to increase with the number of pages simultaneously provided. This result agrees to our general impression that we generally feel that it is difficult to complete proofing tasks on a computer screen, which usually provides less than one page.
66.3: Visual Ergonomic Effects of Screen Gloss on LCDs
Authors: Brunnström Kjell , Josefsson Katarina , Andrén Börje , Nordin Helena , Rydell Niclas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study investigated if a requirement for screen gloss is needed in the TCO Requirements and was, therefore, targeted towards finding an acceptable reflex level. The results show that a glossy surface has an impact on the visual ergonomics, and for this reason we believe that a requirement is needed. Although, the results do not point to a single value that is better than another, so a selection for a requirement level has to be augmented with additional information. Such a discussion is given and 60 gloss units at 60 degrees (GU60) was selected as the new requirement level for the TCO Requirements (TCO '03 and TCO '05).
67.2: Permanent Bistable Twisted Nematic Displays Using Bi‐Directional Alignment Surface
Authors: Li Yuet‐Wing , Lee Chung Yung , Kwok Hoi Sing 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA new bi‐directional alignment surface is developed. Such alignment surface can be used to control the backflow direction of the liquid crystal. Base on this new alignment layer, a bistable twisted nematic LCD which switches between U and T states without surface anchoring energy breaking has been fabricated successfully.
67.3: Electrophoretically Controlled Nematic LCD: Plastic Bistable Technology with Memorized Intrinsic Grey Scale
Authors: Sikharulidze David , Rudin John , Kramer Laura , Combs Gregg 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHere is presented a nematic LCD based on an electrophoretically controlled orientational effect in suspension of solid nanoparticles in nematic liquid crystal: electrophoretically controlled nematic (EPCN). Polarity controlled electromigration of the nanoparticles, results in the stabilization of the molecular alignment and provides the bistable/multistable switching in a conventional nematic LC cell. The EPCN display allows multiplexing with intrinsic grey scale capability, high resolution and contrast, uses standard LCD materials and techniques and is easily producible by plastic technology.
68.2: Achieving High Color Gamut with Microcavity on White OLED
Authors: Lee Sungsoo , Chu Changwoong , Chung Jinkoo , Lee Joohyeon , Choi Junho , Ha Jaekook , Kim Seongmin , Choi Joonhoo , Jung Jaehoon , Kim Chiwoo , Lee Jinseok 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe have demonstrated bottom‐emission white OLED devices, which have RGBW sub‐pixel and high color gamut over 100% NTSC ratio with White‐to‐Green microcavity technique. Large‐Sized AMOLED TV has to show very high quality display images to overcome LCD TV. However, the R, G and B colors filtered by LCD color‐filters are not saturated enough. Especially, green emission peak is very broad because blue emission peak is not removed perfectly by green color‐filter. Therefore, we fabricate white OLED having saturated green color by adapting microcavity technique. The results of green pixels are (0.211, 0.723) in color coordinates, and the efficiency of green is 15.4 cd/A, which was (0.217, 0.600) and 7.5 cd/A. And the color gamut with microcavity reaches more than 100% NTSC.
68.3: High Efficient All‐Fluorescence White OLED with Double ETL and Its Analysis
Authors: Kim Mu‐Gyeom , Lee Sunghun , Song Jung‐Bae , Kim Sang‐Yeol , Tamura Shinichiro , Kang Sung‐Kee , Kim Jong‐Min 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWithout using P/N doping materials, all‐fluorescence white OLED having double ETL showed efficiencies of 18.4cd/A, 11.5lm/W, and 8.4% at 5.0V, emitting 4000cd/m2 with CIEx,y color of (0.31,0.35) comparable to P/N doped one. We investigated its principle of high efficiency and degradation by getting relative exciton profile from an optical simulation and spectrum transient EL.
68.4: Micro‐cavity Design of RGBW AMOLED for 100% Color Gamut
Authors: Lee Baek‐woon , Hwang Young In , Lee Hae‐yeon , Kim Chi Woo , Ju Young‐gu 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe report two optical structures for bottom‐emitting white OLED. We employed RGBW color system because of its high efficiency. for RGB‐subpixels, the cavity resonance was enhanced by dielectric mirror, and for W‐subpixel, the mirror was removed. Optical lengths were controlled by two different methods: by the thickness of dielectric filler on top of the mirror or by the angle of oblique emission. with both methods, we were able to fabricate AMOLEDs that exhibited color gamut exceeding 100% NTSC. More importantly, the transmission of white OLED through R/G/B color filters was significantly higher (up to 50%) than that of the conventional structure employing no mirror, even though the color gamut increased from ∼75% to ∼100%.
69.1: Invited Paper: Time Multiplexed Optical Shutter (TMOS) — Advantages & Advances
Authors: Van Ostrand Dan , Cox B. Tod 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper will outline the concept of Time Multiplexed Optical Shutter (TMOS) technology, the operational principle of an innovative Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR) display system, discussing the range of advantages and advances offered by this technology.
69.3: Transflective IPS‐LCD with Improved Reflective Contrast Ratio
Authors: Mori Kenichi , Sakamoto Michiaki , Matsushima Jin , Nagai Hiroshi , Inoue Daisuke , Naka Kenichirou , Sumiyoshi Ken 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe devised the novel driving method for large inter‐electrode spaces and the double layer electrode of the transflective IPS‐LCD. Applying these two technologies, we developed the transflective IPS‐LCD which had a high contrast ratio (15:1) in the reflective mode and wide viewing‐angle characteristics in the transmissive mode. This reflective contrast ratio is well‐improved in transfective IPS‐LCDs.
70.2: Invited Paper: Holographic Laser Projection Technology
Authors: Buckley Edward 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLight Blue Optics' holographic laser projection technology exploits the physical process of two‐dimensional diffraction to form video images. Such a method of image projection and display has long been desired, but was never previously realised, due to computational complexity and the poor quality of the resultant images. LBO's approach represents an entirely new approach to hologram generation and display, matched to human visual perceptive factors, which overcomes both of these problems enabling — for the first time — a high quality, real‐time holographic projector.
70.3: Novel Single Panel Projection Systems
Authors: Wang Yong‐Jing , Lupino James , Pei Manlin , Lu Guohua , Ren Honglin , Zheng Zhengrong , Li Haifeng 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA novel single panel projection system using angular color technique is proposed to increase the color efficiency and to reduce the cost of projection systems. This system uses a single panel to display RGB information in spatially separated color zones. Special projection optics is utilized to merge the RGB pictures into a full color picture on the projection screen. The advantages are: 1) it has almost 100% color efficiency comparing with less than 33% efficiency in other sequential color systems, 2) the light engine is very compact and the cost is very low comparing with a traditional three panel systems. This light engine structure is compatible with traditional projection lamps, LEDs, and laser light sources. It is applicable to most of the microdisplay panel technologies including HTPS‐LCDs, LCOS, and DLP. A projector with HTPS‐LCD and Ujoy lamp was developed. This technology is very promising for ultra‐compact min projectors.
70.5L: Late‐News Paper: A Mobile Projection Engine with a Multi‐layer Reflective Polarizer Based PBS
Authors: Ardashnikov Boris , Duncan John , Glinski Alexander , Grace Jennifer , Pol Tom , Phillips Bill , Ridgeway Chuck , Rutherford Todd , Shiba Eitoku , VanOverloop Ron , Delmore Michael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe report the development of a compact, efficient and low cost VGA projection engine for mobile devices using LED illumination and a color filter LCoS panel. A number of advances in materials and polarization system design enable a 12.5 mm thick engine, with efficiency over 5 lm/W.
71.1: Invited Paper: Field Sequential Color LCD‐TV Using Multi‐Area Control Algorithm
Authors: Tai Wen‐Chih , Tsai Chi‐Chung , Chiou Shian‐Jun , Su Chih‐Ping , Chen Huang‐Min , Liu Chia‐Lin , Mo Chi‐Neng 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA new multi‐area control (MAC) algorithm was developed for color filter‐less LCD display and was verified on 32″ LCD‐TV and 15.4″ notebook platforms. As there is no color filter on the panel, the RGB LED must be used as the backlight source. Compared to the standard field sequential color algorithm, the MAC algorithm increases the brightness and decreases the demand for the liquid crystal response time. Furthermore, a combination of MAC algorithm and Color Local Dimming Sequential (CLDS) method can greatly reduce the power consumption and increase the contrast and color situation in LCD‐TV.