bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Incomplete Family: Ethnographic Explorations on Domestic Relations in Aden
Authors: Dahlgren Susanne 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWith the support of ethnographic material from Aden (Yemen), this chapter explores untypical family forms and residential patterns that break the normative conventions as regulated in law and reproduced in popular morality discourses. With material that extends from the late colonial era to the early 2000s, the chapter scrutinizes domestic relations in regards to the background of changes in family regulation (law and legal practice) during the course of the past fifty years. The family is analyzed as a concentration of relations of all kinds, both inside the family and in its contacts with the outside. The article raises pertinent questions about the family unit. How closed and autonomous is the family unit, actually? What outside relationships might dominate over family relations? How do matters of subsistence, translocal migration and global economies influence family patterns, maintenance arrangements and residence forms? Rather than looking at the family from a state perspective or as part of a nationalist agenda, this chapter draws the perspective from inside the family. What strengthens a family and what threatens it? Why is it that particular family forms are idealized while in practice other types might prevail? How do intimate needs, and sexual preferences and practices influence the experiences of closeness in a family? By applying practice perspective, that is, seeing household dynamics from structural and agentic perspectives complemented by agents' evaluations on the two, the article reviews critically Middle Eastern scholarship on domestic relations.
Mulier oder femina Augustinus im Streit um die richtige Bibelübersetzung
Authors: Hiltbrunner Otto 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn his Sermones Augustine is often obliged to ward off misunderstandings which might arise from differences between standard Latin and the colloquial language of his listeners. This is why he opposes their wish to replace mulier with femina in the scriptures. He explains the matter as follows: it is only in popular speech that mulier means a married woman, whereas in the Bible women of any age—including the Virgin Mary—are called mulieres. Femina is a word which in Old Latin inspires reverence through its use in sacral contexts and which was preferred by poets from Augustan times onwards. Thus it is regarded as more elevated than the commoner mulier. Nevertheless, because mulier, unlike femina, agrees with Hebrew išah and Greek γυνη in being used only of human beings (though applicable to women of all ages and conditions), it remains the most appropriate Latin translation.
Decreased differentiation of erythroid cells exacerbates ineffective erythropoiesis in β-thalassemia
Authors: Libani Ilaria V. , Guy Ella C. , Melchiori Luca , Schiro Raffaella , Ramos Pedro , Breda Laura , Scholzen Thomas , Chadburn Amy , Liu YiFang , Kernbach Margrit , Baron-Lühr Bettina , Porotto Matteo , de Sousa Maria , Rachmilewitz Eliezer A. , Hood John D. , Cappellini M. Domenica , Giardina Patricia J. , Grady Robert W. , Gerdes Johannes , Rivella Stefano 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn β-thalassemia, the mechanism driving ineffective erythropoiesis (IE) is insufficiently understood. We analyzed mice affected by β-thalassemia and observed, unexpectedly, a relatively small increase in apoptosis of their erythroid cells compared with healthy mice. Therefore, we sought to determine whether IE could also be characterized by limited erythroid cell differentiation. In thalassemic mice, we observed that a greater than normal percentage of erythroid cells was in S-phase, exhibiting an erythroblast-like morphology. Thalassemic cells were associated with expression of cell cycle–promoting genes such as EpoR, Jak2, Cyclin-A, Cdk2, and Ki-67 and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-XL. The cells also differentiated less than normal erythroid ones in vitro. To investigate whether Jak2 could be responsible for the limited cell differentiation, we administered a Jak2 inhibitor, TG101209, to healthy and thalassemic mice. Exposure to TG101209 dramatically decreased the spleen size but also affected anemia. Although our data do not exclude a role for apoptosis in IE, we propose that expansion of the erythroid pool followed by limited cell differentiation exacerbates IE in thalassemia. In addition, these results suggest that use of Jak2 inhibitors has the potential to profoundly change the management of this disorder.
Accuracy and reliability of pulse oximetry at different arterial carbon dioxide pressure levels
Authors: Muñoz X. , Torres F. , Sampol G. , Rios J. , Martí S. , Escrich E. 
Published: May 2008

The present study aimed to assess whether arterial carbon dioxide pressure (Pa,CO2) has an impact on agreement between oxygen saturation measured with pulse oximetry (Sp,O2) or arterial blood gas co-oximetry (Sa,O2).Sa,O2andSp,O2determinations were obtained simultaneously from 846 patients under assessment for long-term home oxygen therapy in a specialised outpatient clinic. Both measurements were taken with patients seated and breathing room air.Agreement betweenSa,O2andSp,O2results was analysed by the Bland–Altman method and the Lin concordance coefficient. In addition, potential interactions of arterial oxygen tension (Pa,O2) orPa,CO2on agreement were analysed by adjusted multivariate analysis.Upon comparison ofSa,O2andSp,O2results, the Bland–Altman technique yielded a bias (95% confidence interval (CI)) of -1.24 (-6.86–4.38) and -1.32 (-7.78–5.15) when P</emph>a,CO2>48 mmHg (6.39 kPa) orPa,O2<54 mmHg (7.20 kPa), respectively. Estimate by Lin's coefficient (95% CI) in these cases was 0.88 (0.85–0.90) and 0.81 (0.77–0.85). Adjusted multivariate analysis, performed to assess the impact of pH,Pa,O2,Pa,CO2and bicarbonate on bias, showed thatPa,O2,Pa,CO2and their interaction terms were the most important predictors of the bias (standardised estimates of -0.54, -0.94, and 0.85, respectively). The effect of pH, although statistically significant, was small, and bicarbonate had no significant effect.Arterial carbon dioxide pressure status can contribute to impaired agreement between arterial oxygen saturation and arterial oxygen saturation measured with pulse oximetry, particularly in patients with hypercapnia.
Bacterial cyanogenesis occurs in the cystic fibrosis lung
Authors: Sanderson K. , Wescombe L. , Kirov S. M. , Champion A. , Reid D. W. 
Published: May 2008

The cystic fibrosis (CF) lung environment is poorly defined, but data suggest that bacteria may encounter reduced oxygen tensions and possibly an anaerobic environment.Pseudomonas aeruginosaproduces the potent toxin cyanide under strictly microaerobic conditions. Evidence of bacterial cyanogenesis in the CF lung was investigated in the present study by measuring sputum cyanide concentrations.Sputum cyanide was measured in seven stable CF patients, as well as before and after intravenous antibiotic therapy during a hospital admission in a further eight patients experiencing acute exacerbations. All patients were chronically infected withP. aeruginosa. Comparative sputum data were obtained from nine CF patients with no documentedP. aeruginosainfection and 10 healthy, nonsmoking normal controls.High levels of cyanide were detected in all theP. aeruginosa-infected stable CF patients (median (range) 0.56 (0.37–2.81) μg·mL−1), and in seven out of eight acute sputum samples (0.73 (0–1.43) μg·mL−1). In contrast, cyanide was not detectable in sputum from eight out of nine CF patients withoutP. aeruginosainfection or in any of the normal controls. Intravenous antibiotic treatment significantly reduced sputum cyanide levels (median 0.73 to median 0.0 µg·mL−1).The cyanide detected indicates that the cystic fibrosis lung provides a predominantly microaerobic environment forPseudomonas aeruginosa. Cyanide is likely to be a potentially important virulence factor inPseudomonas aeruginosa-infected cystic fibrosis patients.
Efficacy and safety of a subacromial continuous ropivacaine infusion for post-operative pain management following arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery: A protocol for a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Coghlan Jennifer A , Forbes Andrew , Bell Simon N , Buchbinder Rachelle 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
Major shoulder surgery often results in severe post-operative pain and a variety of interventions have been developed in an attempt to address this. The continuous slow infusion of a local anaesthetic directly into the operative site has recently gained popularity but it is expensive and as yet there is little conclusive evidence that it provides additional benefits over other methods of post-operative pain management.

Methods/Design
This will be a randomised, placebo-controlled trial involving 158 participants. Following diagnostic arthroscopy, all participants will undergo arthroscopic subacromial decompression with or without rotator cuff repair, all operations performed by a single surgeon. Participants, the surgeon, nurses caring for the patients and outcome assessors will be blinded to treatment allocation. All participants will receive a pre-incision bolus injection of 20 mls of ropivacaine 1% into the shoulder and an intra-operative intravenous bolus of parecoxib 40 mg. Using concealed allocation participants will be randomly assigned to active treatment (local anaesthetic ropivacaine 0.75%) or placebo (normal saline) administered continuously into the subacromial space by an elastomeric pump at 5 mls per hour post-operatively. Patient controlled opioid analgesia and oral analgesics will be available for breakthrough pain. Outcome assessment will be at 15, 30 and 60 minutes, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hours, and 2 or 4 months for decompression or decompression plus repair respectively.
The primary end point will be average pain at rest over the first 12-hour post-operative period on a verbal analogue pain score. Secondary end points will be average pain at rest over the second 12-hour post-operative period, maximal pain at rest over the first and second 12-hour periods, amount of rescue medication used, length of inpatient stay and incidence of post-operative adhesive capsulitis.

Discussion
The results of this trial will contribute to evidence-based recommendations for the effectiveness of pain management modalities following arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery. If the local anaesthetic pain-buster provides no additional benefits over placebo then valuable resources can be put to better use in other ways.

Trial registration
Australian Clinical Trials Register Number ACTR12606000195550
Molecular analysis of the bovine anaphylatoxin C5a receptor
Authors: Nemali Sailasree , Siemsen Daniel W , Nelson Laura K , Bunger Peggy L , Faulkner Craig L , Rainard Pascal , Gauss Katherine A , Jutila Mark A , Quinn Mark T 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRecruitment of phagocytes to inflammatory sites involves the coordinated action of several chemoattractants, including the anaphylatoxin C5a. While the C5a receptor (C5aR) has been well characterized in humans and rodents, little is known about the bovine C5aR. Here, we report cloning of bovine C5R1, the gene encoding bovine C5aR. We also analyzed genomic sequence upstream of the C5R1 translation start site. Although the bovine C5aR amino acid sequence was well conserved among species, significant differences in conserved features were found, including major differences in the N terminus, intracellular loop 3, and transmembrane domain VII. Analysis of C5aR expression by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy demonstrated high levels of C5aR on all bovine neutrophils and a subset of bovine monocytes. C5aR was not expressed on resting or activated bovine lymphocytes, although C5aR message was present in these cells. C5aR was also expressed on a small subset of bovine mammary epithelial cells. Pharmacological analysis of bovine C5aR-mediated responses showed that bovine C5a and C5adesArg both induced dose-dependent calcium fluxes and chemotaxis in bovine neutrophils, with similar efficacy for both agonists. Treatment of bovine neutrophils with C5a or C5adesArg resulted in homologous desensitization of bovine C5aR and cross-desensitization to interleukin 8 (IL-8) and platelet-activating factor (PAF); whereas, treatment with IL-8 or PAF did not cross-desensitize the cells to C5a or C5adesArg. Overall, these studies provide important information regarding distinct structural and functional features that may contribute to the unique pharmacological properties of bovine C5aR.
Chemotherapy Dosing Strategies in the Obese, Elderly, and Thin Patient: Results of a Nationwide Survey
Authors: Field Kathryn M. , Kosmider Suzanne , Jefford Michael , Michael Michael , Jennens Ross , Green Michael , Gibbs Peter 
Published: May 2008

Purpose Determining the optimal starting dose of chemotherapy (CHT) presents a considerable challenge when using body-surface area (BSA)–based dosing, particularly in obese, elderly, or thin patients. We sought to document the range of approaches employed when administering CHT to these patients. Methods A questionnaire was developed by a panel of oncologists and mailed to all members of the Medical Oncology Group of Australia. Results From 315 oncologists, 188 responded (response rate 59.7%). BSA-based dosing is standard practice for 176 (97.2%) of the responding oncologists. In the adjuvant disease setting, 23 (12.7%) use ideal rather than actual body weight (BW) to calculate BSA, or choose whichever is less. When treating obese patients, only 6.1% of respondents routinely use actual BW. Of the remainder, 69.5% either cap the dose at 2 m2 or use ideal BW. In underweight patients, 95% (n = 171) routinely calculate BSA using actual BW. Forty one respondents (22.7%) routinely reduce dose in the fit elderly. Conclusion This analysis of BSA-based CHT dosing methods demonstrates significant variability in practice. Based on evidence from adjuvant studies showing that actual BSA-based dosing is desirable, a substantial number of Australian patients are being underdosed. Further education, together with ongoing research, is required to optimize individualized dosing for efficacy and tolerability.
Measurement of the thermoelastic response of short-fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 with application to a component under operating load
Authors: Klavzar A , Jimenez A , Renz R 
Published: May 2008

Thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) is a powerful technique to measure the temperature changes induced in a cyclically loaded material. For a quantitative analysis of the strain field from the measured temperature change a calibration of the measured TSA-signal is necessary. In the calibration of the fibre-reinforced materials, the anisotropic and inhomogeneous nature of the material has to be taken into account. The measured TSA-signal is usually provided in camera units (CUs). To calibrate the thermoelastic signal against the material's physical properties, a temperature calibration of the TSA-signal has to be performed. This is achieved using DeltaVision software by assigning the measured CUs to a temperature value, taking the infrared sensor's non-linear response into account. A calibration is conducted against a measurement on uniaxially loaded specimens with respect to the observed material's microstructure and its resulting mechanical and thermoelastic properties. The calibration constant evaluated is compared with a calibration against the material's physical properties and applied to a component under a working load. From the measurement results, it appears that the influence of the middle stress predicted by the higher-order theory of the thermoelastic effect is significant for the investigated material.
Between War and Tropics: Heritage Tourism in Postwar Okinawa
Authors: FIGAL GERALD 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This essay explores the ways in which legacies of the Battle of Okinawa (from battle site ruins to continuing U.S. military presence) and mainland Japanese desire to re-imagine Okinawa as a tropical beach resort destination have interacted with elements of heritage tourism on Okinawa Island. In this case, “heritage” becomes associated with the history and culture of the peaceful age of the premodern Ryukyu Kingdom even as World War II–related history remains deeply etched in contemporary Okinawan life and images of a Hawaii-like tropical paradise have been consciously cultivated by the prefectural government and tourism promoters to attract mainland Japanese tourists.
Use of alternating administration of carboplatin and doxorubicin in dogs with microscopic metastases after amputation for appendicular osteosarcoma: 50 cases (1999–2006)
Authors: Bacon Nicholas J. , Ehrhart Nicole P. , Dernell William S. , Lafferty Mary , Withrow Stephen J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of an alternating carboplatin and doxorubicin chemotherapy protocol in dogs with putative microscopic metastases after amputation for appendicular osteosarcoma and assess patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors for associations with prognosis.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—50 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—Records of dogs that underwent amputation for appendicular osteosarcoma and received an alternating carboplatin and doxorubicin chemotherapy protocol were reviewed. Dogs had full staging and were free of detectable metastases prior to chemotherapy. Data on disease-free interval (DFI), survival time, and toxicoses were retrieved from medical records and owner or referring veterinarian communications.
Results—Median DFI was 202 days. Median survival time was 258 days. Twenty-nine (58%) dogs completed the protocol as planned, and the rest were withdrawn typically because of metastases or toxicoses. Grade 3 or 4 myelosuppression was reported in 9 of 50 (18%) dogs and grade 3 or 4 gastrointestinal toxicosis in 6 of 50 (12%) dogs. There were no chemotherapy-related fatalities. Univariate factors associated with significant improvement in DFI included tumor location (radius), receiving doxorubicin as the first drug, starting chemotherapy more than 14 days after amputation, and no rib lesions on preamputation bone scans. Multivariate factors associated with a significant improvement in survival time were tumor location (radius) and completing chemotherapy.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Alternating administration of carboplatin and doxorubicin resulted in DFI and survival time similar to those reported for single-agent protocols. Clients should be counseled regarding the likelihood of toxicoses. Relevance of sequence and timing of starting chemotherapy should be further evaluated.
Factors influencing the survival of dairy cows after correction of left displaced abomasum
Authors: Sterner Keith E. , Grymer Jorgen , Bartlett Paul C. , Miekstyn Michele J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine factors that influenced culling or death of cows with left displaced abomasum (LDA) subsequent to correction by a roll-and-toggle (R&T) procedure or via laparotomy.
Design—Cohort study.
Animals—810 Holstein dairy cows with LDA.
Procedures—Data regarding method of repair and risk factors for survival after correction of LDA were collected during a 1-year period. Outcomes were compared at days 14 and 60 after LDA correction for 3 groups of cattle (veterinarians performed R&T [V-R&T], herd personnel performed R&T [H-R&T], and veterinarians performed surgical repair via laparotomy [V-Surg]).
Results—Survival rates 14 days after LDA correction for the V-R&T, H-R&T, and V-Surg groups were 87% (286/329), 81% (327/403), and 85% (66/78), respectively. At 60 days after LDA correction, survival rates for the V-R&T, H-R&T, and V-Surg groups were 79% (260/329), 71% (286/403), and 73% (57/78), respectively. Multivariable analysis indicated that factors positively associated with failure to remain in the herd at 60 days after LDA correction included current mastitis status, history of a previous LDA, high preoperative risk, and correction of LDA by herd personnel rather than by a veterinarian.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Correction of LDA by veterinarians via an R&T procedure yielded results that were generally comparable to those for correction by veterinarians via laparotomy. Although survival rates at days 14 and 60 after surgery differed significantly between the V-R&T and H-R&T groups, herd personnel in this study used the R&T procedure to correct LDA and achieved survival rates within the range for those of practicing veterinarians.
Sources and frequency of use of pet health information and level of confidence in information accuracy, as reported by owners visiting small animal veterinary practices
Authors: Kogan Lori R. , Goldwaser Gali , Stewart Sherry M. , Schoenfeld-Tacher Regina 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Objective—To gain a better understanding of sources and frequency of use of pet health information accessed by owners and assess the level of confidence in information accuracy as reported by pet owners who visit their veterinarians.
Design—Prospective study.
Sample Population—412 participants from 17 small animal veterinary clinics.
Procedures—Questionnaires pertaining to pet owners' habits related to pet health information (sources and frequency of their use and confidence in accuracy of information accessed) were distributed by front desk staff at 17 participating veterinary clinics. A cover letter was included with each survey that offered instructions for completion and assured respondents of their anonymity. All completed surveys were placed in an envelope and returned to the researchers for analysis.
Results—Results indicated that pet owners who visited their veterinarians acquired pet information from veterinarians via the telephone or in person and from family or friends more frequently than they acquired such information from the World Wide Web. Pet owners also reported more confidence in information received from veterinarians (in person and via telephone conversations), compared with information from any other accessible source.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The use of Web sites by owners as sources of pet health information will undoubtedly continue to grow. Veterinarians can play a more proactive role in helping pet owners to access reliable Web sites that provide useful pet health information, thereby providing a benefit to all parties.
Nutrient Inadequacies Among Elderly Residents Of Long-term Care Facilities
Authors: Lengyel Christina O. , Whiting Susan J. , Zello Gordon A. 
Published: May 2008

Purpose: Regular, non-therapeutic diets were examined in long-term care (LTC) residents to determine whether these residents consumed adequate nutrients according to current recommendations. Methods: Elderly (88 ± 8 years) residents (31 female, 17 male) in five Saskatoon LTC centres participated. All were receiving regular diets. Dietary intakes were collected for three days at breakfast, lunch, and dinner, by using simultaneous weighed and observation methods. Snacks provided and eaten were also recorded. Results: Observed intakes provided more complete data on nutrient intake than did weighed intakes. Inadequacy was most prevalent (in 70% or more of participants) for folate (according to prefortification intake levels), magnesium, zinc, vitamin E, and vitamin B6; inadequacy prevalence was below 50% for protein, vitamin C, and thiamine. Mean intakes of calcium, vitamin D, and dietary fibre were well below their respective Adequate Intake (AI) values. Energy consumed at meals and with snacks was 16% less than that offered at meals alone; other nutrients ingested ranged from 0% to 32% below energy offered. To model nutrient planning, target usual intake distributions were calculated where possible. Conclusions: These data suggest that nutrient-dense foods alone may not allow elderly LTC residents to meet intake requirements for many nutrients. Assessment of dietary adequacy in institutionalized elderly people allows for the development of realistic nutrition goals.