bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smad3 Is Overexpressed in Advanced Human Prostate Cancer and Necessary for Progressive Growth of Prostate Cancer Cells in Nude Mice
Authors: Lu Shan , Lee Juwon , Revelo Monica , Wang Xiaohong , Lu Shan , Dong Zhongyun 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of Smad3, a key mediator of transforming growth factor-β signaling, in progression of prostate cancer.
Experimental Design: Expression of Smad proteins was determined in human prostate cancer tissue array and cell lines. Growth and metastasis of cells overexpressing dominant-negative Smad3 (Smad3D) were studied to determine its role in tumor progression in mice. Cell growth, apoptosis, and expression of angiogenic molecules in tumor lesions were studied to determine potential pathways that Smad3 promotes tumor progression.
Results: Smad3 was overexpressed in human prostate cancer, which correlated with Gleason score and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Androgen-independent PC-3MM2 and DU145 cells expressed much higher levels of Smad3 than did androgen-dependent LNCaP, 22Rv1, and LAPC-4 cells. Overexpression of Smad3D in PC-3MM2 cells (PC-3MM2-Smad3D) had minimal direct effects on cell growth but attenuated effects of transforming growth factor-β1 on gene expression and cell growth. Overexpression of Smad3D did not significantly alter tumor incidence but reduced tumor growth rate and metastasis incidence. Most cells in the control tumors, but not PC-3MM2-Smad3D tumors, were positively stained by an antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Microvessels and expression of angiogenic molecule interleukin-8 were significantly reduced in tumors from PC-3MM2-Smad3D cells. PC-3MM2-Smad3D tumors also expressed lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor.
Conclusions: These data suggest that Smad3, through regulating angiogenic molecule expression in tumor cells, is critical for progression of human prostate cancer.
Comparative Study of the Legal Framework of Securities Disclosure Requirements in Kuwait and the U.S.
Authors: Al-Zumai Fahad 
Published: October 2007

This paper examines the regulatory framework of disclosure in Kuwait in comparison with the situation in the United States of America. It covers the theoretical arguments for and against mandatory disclosure and then engages in a regulatory analysis of the rules governing disclosure in Kuwait and the U.S.
The main areas that are explored in this paper include,
inter alia
, the disclosure of interest; periodic and real time disclosures; and rumours and duties to disclose in both jurisdictions. Afterward, anti-fraud provisions and their role in enhancing the disclosure framework are discussed and the investigation concludes that the absence of an anti-fraud provision in securities regulation in Kuwait is undermining the efficiency of the regulatory framework of disclosure in the country. Finally, the paper concludes that regulatory reform is needed in Kuwait to fill in the gaps in the current structure and in particular the current available remedies. The scope of disclosure should also be expanded to capture all major sensitive information that needs to be disclosed to the public and the shareholders.
Islamic Insurance: National Features and Legal Regulation
Authors: Bekkin Renat 
Published: October 2007

The present paper studies Islamic insurance (
takaful
) as opposed to conventional one. The first part of the paper covers, among other things, such issues as the nature and historic roots of Islamic insurance and early forms of Islamic insurance and it narrates the disputes among Muslim scholars concerning the compatibility of insurance with Islamic Shariah. The second part deals with the history and emergence of Islamic insurance in the modern financial market, as well as the practice of Islamic insurance in different countries. The third part discusses the feasibility of Islamic insurance in Russia in the current legal framework. The paper contains a comprehensive glossary of related terms.
Longitudinal grey-matter and glutamatergic losses in first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Théberge Jean , Williamson Kate E. , Aoyama Naoko , Drost Dick J. , Manchanda Rahul , Malla Ashok K. , Northcott Sandra , Menon Ravi S. , Neufeld Richard W. J. , Rajakumar Nagalingam , Pavlosky William , Densmore Maria , Schaefer Betsy , Williamson Peter C. 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundProgressive volumetric changes in the brains of people with schizophrenia have been attributed to a number of factors.AimsTo determine whether glutamatergic changes in patients with schizophrenia correlated with grey-matter losses during the first years of illness.MethodLeft anterior cingulate and thalamic glutamatergic metabolite levels and grey-matter volumes were examined in 16 patients with first-episode schizophrenia before and after 10 months and 30 months of antipsychotic treatment and in 16 healthy participants on two occasions 30 months apart.ResultsHigher than normal glutamine levels were found in the anterior cingulate and thalamus of never-treated patients. Thalamic levels of glutamine were significantly reduced after 30 months. Limited grey-matter reductions were seen in patients at 10 months followed by widespread grey-matter loss at 30 months. Parietal and temporal lobe grey-matter loss was correlated with thalamic glutamine loss.ConclusionsElevated glutamine levels in never-treated patients followed by decreased thalamic glutamine and grey-matter loss in connected regions could indicate either neurodegeneration or a plastic response to reduced subcortical activity.
Chocolate craving when depressed: a personality marker
Authors: Parker Gordon , Crawford Joanna 
Published: October 2007

SummaryWe examined links between chocolate craving in people who are depressed and both personality style and atypical depressive symptoms, with a web-based questionnaire completed by nearly 3000 individuals reporting clinical depression. Chocolate was craved by half of the respondents (more so by women), judged as beneficial for depression, anxiety and irritability, and associated specifically with personality facets encompassed by the higher-order construct of neuroticism. The simple question of depression-associated chocolate craving appeared an efficient discriminator of DSM – IV atypical depression symptoms.
Sexual Violence at the Border
Authors: Fassin Éric 
Published: October 2007

Translated by James Swensonéric fassin is a professeur agrégé at the École Normale Supérieure (Paris), a sociologist at IRIS (CNRS/EHESS), the author of L'inversion de la question homosexuelle (Éditions Amsterdam, 2005) and (with Clarisse Fabre) of Liberté, égalité, sexualités (Éditions 10/18, 2004), and editor (with Didier Fassin) of De la question sociale à la question raciale? (La Découverte, 2006).james swenson teaches at Rutgers University, where he is chair of the French department. He has also translated essays by Étienne Balibar and Jacques Rancière and is currently working on a series of essays concerning the relation between the Enlightenment and Romanticism.
Photo-Elastimetric Researches on Mechanical Engineering Problems
Authors: Coker E. G. , Dewrance John 
Published: October 2007

In a former Graduates' Lecture delivered in 1913* the Lecturer described the general principles of Photo-Elasticity, and some applications to Engineering. The present Lecture was therefore devoted to a consideration of some developments of the subject which have taken place since, and attention was mainly directed to improvements in apparatus for photo-elastic investigation and to the results obtained by this method of research when applied to elucidate the action of cutting tools. A prime necessity in all such work is a beam of polarized light of large cross-section and considerable purity, and the scarcity of Iceland spar for Nicol's prisms of sufficiently large size has led to the use of other forms of polarizers, of which a very convenient one was described, consisting of a thin slice of Iceland spar suitably mounted between glass wedges, and provided with converging and diverging lens systems, whereby a beam of large cross-section and of great purity is obtained.
Calculation of the Specific Surface of a Powder
Authors: Heywood Harold 
Published: October 2007

The advantage of expressing the fineness of a powder by means of the specific surface is the facility with which this factor may be correlated with external factors in an investigation on the production or use of fine powders. A method of calculating the specific surface of a powder has been devised, which can be applied to practically all powders irrespective of the material from which they are produced. The dimension of a single particle having the same shape and density as the particles constituting a powder, and having the same specific surface as the average for the powder, can be calculated from the grading analysis. The shape of an irregular particle can be defined numerically by two parameters. These shape factors are combined with the above dimensional factor and the density of the material to obtain an expression from which the specific surface of the powder can be calculated.
Diesel Traction
Authors: Lomonossoff G. V. 
Published: October 2007

The author points out the difficulty in designing steam locomotives of high overall efficiency, no matter to what type they may belong, and shows that the efficiency of Diesel locomotives is considerably higher, while they also possess certain other advantages, particularly in bringing about a reduction in permanent way maintenance costs. Early Diesel locomotives are described and an account is given of the collaboration between the German and Russian railways, to investigate various types of transmission, and of the transportable locomotive laboratory which was built for carrying out the necessary tests. The economic aspect of railway operation is carefully analysed, and the results of extended trials in Russia of steam, Diesel-electric, and Diesel geared locomotives are given and compared with the latest available figures for operating costs in this country, and with figures for sparsely populated regions in Asia. The author, while not advocating wholesale adoption of Diesel locomotives everywhere, arrives at the conclusion that they have a definite sphere of usefulness, particularly in regions where water is scarce or of bad quality. He also emphasizes the necessity for standardized types of Diesel locomotives, and suggests that owing to the inherent drawbacks in the transmissions both of the Diesel-electric and Diesel geared types, there may be a future for the Diesel locomotive with direct drive with an enlarged engine, provided that, by research and experimental work, the difficulties previously encountered with direct drive can be removed. The author also notes that from the point of view of fuel consumption and simplicity the speed of the Diesel engine and the number of cylinders should not exceed certain limits.
The Evaluation of Coal, with Particular Reference to Small Coal for Steam Raising
Authors: Grumell E. S. 
Published: October 2007

It is generally recognized that the sale and purchase of coal for steam generation on the basis of its calorific value would be more rational than the present methods. In the paper the advantages of the calorific value basis are briefly discussed, and reasons given for its relatively slow development. The non-uniformity of industrial coals makes it difficult to assess their value except in relatively large quantities. This has an important bearing on the selection of coal by the short boiler-trial method. Apart from the technical difficulties of attaining a reasonable degree of accuracy in a short boiler-trial, there must always be a doubt as to whether the sample tested was really representative. An alternative method of evaluation is described which enables larger and more representative quantities of coal to be examined. This method is based on accurate sampling and analysis, and is claimed to be less liable to error. At the same time it permits a greater number of types of coals to be investigated, thus giving the purchaser a wider choice, and increasing his knowledge of coals. In addition, the author provides a basis of control for subsequent deliveries. It is, in any case, strongly recommended as a check on any other method.
Achievements in High Specific-Speed Water Turbines
Authors: Fulton A. A. 
Published: October 2007

The steady increase in the capacity of generating sets created a demand for the high specific-speed turbine which was met by several experimenters. “Specific speed” is the speed at which a turbine will run under unit head when developing unit power, and nowadays a “high specific-speed” water turbine denotes one having a runner of the propeller type and a specific speed between 100 and 230 r.p.m. Difficulties were encountered in the development of propeller turbines, especially in connexion with cavitation. Laboratory tests and the use of visual study methods have played an important part in the solution of these difficulties. The method of fixing suction head in conjunction with laboratory test results is explained, and a comparison is made between the various forms of suction tube in use. Much work has been done to overcome the effects of localized cavitation, and stainless steel has been found to be very effective, especially when runners are cast entirely of that material. A method of operation has been developed to dispense with the use of inlet sluice gates in large machines. Several methods in use for operating the movable runner blades are described. The introduction of the high specific-speed turbine has led to a large increase in the number of automatic stations. The great size attained by these turbines has entailed the construction of equally large generators, the development of which has had its own problems.
The Loss of Heat by Natural Convection from Parallel Vertical Plates in Air
Authors: Carpenter L. G. , Wassell H. C. 
Published: October 2007

The variation with height, spacing, and temperature excess above ambient air, of convective loss per unit area, averaged over the whole surface of a plate, has been determined experimentally for both tall (4-foot) and short (1 ft. 4 in.) plates. In the case of tall plates, the heat losses from the upper, middle, and bottom portions have been determined separately, so the effect of spacing and temperature excess on the relative efficiency of the various parts of a plate is known. Some observations have been made on the effect of prolonging the plates upwards by means of a chimney of wood.
Notes on Roll Failures with Reference to Chilled Iron Cast Rolls Containing Chromium and Molybdenum
Authors: Caswell J. Selwyn 
Published: October 2007

The details of some remarkable fractures of chromium-molybdenum rolls are given in this paper, and they are compared with the fractures usually associated with ordinary chilled iron rolls. Some interesting and informative foundry experiments with chromium-molybdenum rolls are described and illustrated by photographs. The probable causes of fracture of the chromium-molybdenum rolls are discussed in the light of the quality and structure of the iron, the design of the rolls, and the effect of thermal stress. It is suggested that the causes of failure were (1) low strength of the iron, resulting from excess of chromium, (2) the defective design of the roll wobbler, and (3) the thermal stresses set up in the rolls during service. Detailed consideration is given to the effect of the wobbler design in preventing the free contraction of the roll after casting. It is suggested that the interference set up had produced definite planes of weakness in the rolls. Particulars of an unusually long life of an ordinary chilled iron roll are given together with a comprehensive analysis of the iron in this roll.
The Care of Modern Steam-Generating Plant from the Water Side
Authors: Glinn R. J. 
Published: October 2007

The condition of the metal of the boiler units of the modern steam-generating plant is affected by the condition of the water which is used as feed. Compared with typical figures of a few years ago, the working pressure and the degree of superheat of the steam have increased, in addition to the rate of evaporation resulting from improved methods of firing and combustion. These factors influence the effect of the water on the metal parts. An examination is made of various feed water circuits and of the methods of treating and controlling the quality of the feed and boiler water. Various examples are given of the difficulties which can occur, due to incorrect treatment and control, both in respect of scale and corrosion troubles. The causes of such troubles and the means for overcoming them are also considered. Instances of failures of economizer, boiler, and superheater tubes are given, and additional reference is made to the causes and effect of caustic embrittlement of the metal of the boiler. By careful attention to definite rules for the correct treatment and control of feed and boiler water conditions, steam-generating plants will keep in satisfactory condition under the exacting influence of the high pressures, high superheats, and high ratings of the present day.
Worm Gear Performance
Authors: Merritt Henry E. 
Published: October 2007

The paper represents an attempt to establish a basis upon which the load-carrying capacity and efficiency of worm gears may be predicted. It forms a supplement to a forthcoming British Standard Specification. The requirements of a worm thread profile are briefly considered and the use of the involute helicoid as a basis of worm thread design is recommended. The geometrical properties of the involute helicoid are discussed and a simple method of determining the zone and lines of contact is given. On a theorem on the curvature of tooth profiles as basis, the relative curvature of worm threads and wheel teeth is determined. A method of comparing the stress conditions between lubricated surfaces making moving line-contact is presented and its application to the determination of the allowable loading on worm gear teeth results in simple formulæ. A comparative method of determining wheel tooth strength is also given. An experimental apparatus has been developed for investigating the friction between surfaces in lubricated line-contact, and some of the results obtained therefrom are described. The relation between the results obtained from rolling and sliding disks and from actual worm gears is discussed, and average values of the coefficient of friction which may be used in design are given.
The Bend Test, and Its Value as a Guide to Ductility
Authors: Schuster L. W. 
Published: October 2007

Considerable scientific study has been devoted to the tensile and other forms of mechanical test, but the bend test, though one of the most useful, has escaped any such treatment, with the consequence that it is, as often as not, carried out in a slipshod manner that leads to fortuitous results and gives little or no knowledge of the properties of the material. The paper correlates the ductility shown by tensile and bend specimens, and enables the ultimate performance of a bend specimen to be foretold with reasonable accuracy. It gives a large amount of data that may be found useful in preparing specifications. Owing to the complexity of the problems involved in plastic bending, the subject does not lend itself to theoretical treatment, but by the use of empirical data very simple formulæ can be derived, sufficiently accurate for applying to commercial tests and correlating various test conditions with one another. The results given by the more usual forms of bend test are analysed, and the special characteristics of the tests are described. Several methods of carrying out tests are shown to be faulty and to lead to unnecessary straining of the metal; consequently widely different results are obtained by different operators working to the same specification. Suggestions are given for designing the most suitable apparatus and for modifying methods of test, to improve results and to overcome inconsistencies. The special problems involved in making a bend test on a welded joint are also discussed, and recommendations for tests are made. The ductility developed by such a test is also correlated with the ductility shown by a tensile test on the weld metal itself.
Relation between Theory, Experiment, and Practice in Journal Bearing Design
Authors: Haslegrave H. L. 
Published: October 2007

The first section of the paper is devoted to the correlation of experimental and theoretical research on journal bearings embracing the angles of 360 deg., 180 deg., and 120 deg., and attempts to combine hitherto isolated experimental data by making use of the results of Kingsbury's experiments based upon an electrical analogy. The possible causes of divergence in the results obtained by different workers are enumerated and their effect on the general agreement explained. There is considerable experimental evidence to support the basic principles of the method of design derived in the preceding paper by Dr. Swift. The second section analyses current methods of design in the light of these principles, and explains the reasons for departure from the theoretical method in some cases. Particulars relating to journal bearings used in various types of machines are tabulated, and values of the dimensionless criteria used in actual practice are compared with those suggested by theory. Design examples are worked out, and results tabulated, in order to explain the methods which may be employed in order to secure optimum running conditions in various circumstances, and their resultant effect on performance. A summary is given in the last section of the existing state of knowledge relating to journal bearings, considered from the point of view of the designer. Further data still necessary are enumerated and the avenues of research yet to be explored in order to obtain this knowledge are explained.
The Determination of Mass Flow in the Vapour-Compression Refrigerator
Authors: Smith E. C. 
Published: October 2007

The paper describes an experimental determination of the mass flow of refrigerant per minute and refrigerating effect per minute in a vapour-compression refrigerator, when the state of the refrigerant at the exit from the evaporator was varied over a wide range of superheat temperatures and dryness fractions. The usual methods of measuring the flow of liquids in pipes were not suitable for the present work and a special type of flow meter, described in the text, was developed. The results obtained were not as theory would tend to suggest, but were substantially modified by practical conditions, particularly for dryness fractions between 0·97 and 0·87. The volumetric efficiency changed abruptly over this range from a higher to a lower value. The reduction was attributed to the effect of re-evaporation of. the liquid portion of the refrigerant in the compressor during the suction stroke, as it was found that the higher volumetric efficiency was obtained when the refrigerant was superheated throughout most of the delivery stroke, and the lower volumetric efficiency occurred when the state of the refrigerant on entering the compressor resulted in liquid being present in the cylinder at the end of the delivery stroke. The reduction in the volumetric efficiency resulted in a corresponding reduction in the mass flow, the refrigerating effect, and the heat rejected by the condenser per minute, and in the coefficient of performance for dryness fractions ranging between 0·97 and 0·87.