bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
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Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Gene expression initiates with the production of RNA products from DNA templates, activated by transcription factors (TFs) bound to transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). As a consequence of bursty transcription at individual gene loci and high rates of transcript decay, mean numbers of transcripts per cell are often on the order of 20 or fewer, with a high amount of variation among cells within a population. Noise levels are reduced at the level of proteins, which have longer half-lives. TFBSs are typically 8–16 bp in length and have binding kinetics with their cognate TFs described by simple biophysical models. The small number of matching residues sufficient for strong binding results in substantial variation among genes and species in the degree of matching to consensus binding site motifs. Depending on the number of client genes associated with a particular TF, there can be substantial evolutionary wandering of the underlying regulatory vocabulary. Such meandering can lead to regulatory systems drift among species, with network topologies remaining the same despite the complete replacement of the underlying molecular participants. TFs can operate as either activators or repressors, with the modes of regulation utilized by specific genes depending on the general level of activity, such that reliance on repressors is most common when the client gene is infrequently used. Regulatory pathways in eukaryotes, especially in multicellular species, are often expanded in baroque ways, suggesting the passive emergence of overdesign rather than selection for optimal designs for robustness and future evolvability.
What Is a Multiple Artwork?
Authors: Davies David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
‘Multiple artworks’ are generally understood to be artworks that admit of multiple instances. It is argued that we need to distinguish between two ways in which something can qualify as an ‘instance’ of an artwork: by being an ‘epistemic instance’ and by being a ‘provenential instance’. Something qualifies as the former purely in virtue of its capacity to play a particular experiential role in the appreciation of a work, while something qualifies as the latter in virtue of also standing in a particular kind of relation to the provenance of a work. A ‘strict’ epistemic instance is one which is ‘fully qualified’ to play the experiential role. This allows us to distinguish two senses in which an artwork or an art form might be multiple in virtue of allowing for a plurality of strict instances: by being e(pistemically)-multiple and by being p(rovenentially)-multiple. A version of Gregory Currie’s ‘Instance Multiplicity Hypothesis’, read as the claim that most if not all artworks are e-multiple, is then defended and a number of challenges to Currie’s claims are addressed. The conditions under which a work might be e-singular are also explored. It is concluded that the intuitive distinction, in the literature, between singular and multiple artworks cannot be drawn in terms of e-multiplicity.
Methodological Interlude
Authors: Davies David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents two methodological challenges to Dodd’s dialectical strategy as outlined in the previous chapter. It then considers his more recent attempts to defend this strategy by invoking certain general meta-ontological principles. It is argued first that Dodd’s strategy in Works of Music fails to respect what I have termed the ‘pragmatic constraint’. This is apparent in Dodd’s assumption that we can answer the ontological question—what kind of thing is a (musical) work of art?—before addressing ‘epistemological’ questions about the proper appreciation and evaluation of works. Dodd treats the relevant epistemological issues later in his book, but this compounds the problem because (1) he uses the ontological conclusions of the first seven chapters of his book to discount claims about ‘proper appreciation’, and (2) the defence of ‘moderate empiricism’ is question-begging. Furthermore, Dodd’s dialectical strategy leads him to identify the question ‘how do we individuate musical works?’ with the question ‘how do we identify instances of musical works?’ Appeal is made to the ‘appreciation constraint’ in arguing that we shouldn’t identify these questions. Finally, there is consideration of Dodd’s claim that appeals to practice in defence of instrumentalist and contextualist views of musical works go against a meta-ontological principle governing work in applied ontology more generally, and fail to take seriously the properly explanatory goals of the ontology of art. In countering this claim, more general constraints on exercises in applied ontology are considered, and it is argued that artistic practice must be accorded the role in the ontology of art assigned to it by the pragmatic constraint.
Further Explananda
Authors: Davies David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Three further putative explananda are considered: modal flexibility, temporal flexibility, and variability. First, Rohrbaugh claims that multiple artworks like photographs and non-multiple artworks like paintings share two fundamental features, modal flexibility and temporal flexibility, which could not be possessed by types as understood by Dodd. Rohrbaugh’s argument for the modal and temporal flexibility of photographs appeals to the putative modal and temporal flexibility of paintings. But while the physical object ‘housing’ a painting may be temporally and modally flexible, it doesn’t follow that the painting is. It is argued, however, that the idea of multiples as eternally existing norm-types or as ‘initiated types’ is highly counter-intuitive if extended to multiples initiated by means of a production artefact. The problem of variability arises for those art forms—e.g. music—where a work can have multiple strict p-instances at a given time that differ in those properties that bear upon the appreciation of the work of which they are strict instances. The problem is to account for the range of variation amongst such instances. Contra the idea that the property-associate of the work, qua norm-kind, serves to identify the properties required in strict instances of a work, Brandom’s pragmatic theory of norms is cited in arguing that the import of these norms cannot be characterized independently of those concrete practices through which content is given to the idea that particular performances are strict or flawed performances of a work.
The Nine Explananda Revisited
Authors: Davies David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As argued in Chapter 5, an ontological account of multiple artworks is to be judged by its capacity to make sense of those features of our artistic practices that would be upheld on rational reflection. This chapter begins by recapitulating the conclusions drawn in preceding chapters concerning the nine different features of our practices identified earlier as putative explananda for such an account. It also looks in more detail at how we should think about the possibility of unexemplified works in different multiple art forms. It is then argued that a compelling case has been presented against Dodd’s Platonist view of musical works. This case rests on a number of things: (1) its inability to account for variability; (2) identified failings in the arguments offered for the default status of the type-token theory—a) the two explananda supposedly best explained by that theory, repeatability and perceivability, can be explained using resources available to other ontological accounts, and b) the choice of these two explananda as the touchstone of an ontological theory of multiples is methodologically flawed; (3) while explananda that would present serious problems for the Platonist—modal and temporal flexibility—have been questioned, other explananda that seem incompatible with Platonism have been endorsed—a) art-historical contextualization, and b) the need to accommodate artistic practices that incorporate instrumentalism; (4) Platonism cannot accommodate the creatability of multiples initiated by means of a production artefact.
Can Non-Platonists Be Realists about Multiple Artworks?
Authors: Davies David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines three anti-realist arguments for the conclusion that, if we reject Platonist accounts of multiple artworks, then we cannot be realists about such works. It first assesses Mag Uidhir’s claim that what are standardly regarded as separate instances of a single multiple artwork should instead be viewed as distinct singular works that stand to one another in relations of ‘relevant similarity’. It argues that Mag Uidhir’s account is more revisionary of our practice concerning artworks than he suggests. Related accounts by Hazlett and Moruzzi are also considered. All these views have difficulty allowing for uninstantiated works, and are in other ways revisionary of our practices. Furthermore, the realist ‘Wollheimian-type’ account can preserve the assets of such views without incurring their liabilities. Kania’s suggestion that non-Platonist realism concerning talk of musical works is untenable, and that we should instead adopt a fictionalist stance towards such talk, is then considered. Finally, the chapter turns to Azzouni’s claim that fictionalist accounts more generally may fail to satisfy an ‘external discourse constraint’. This exists when statements in other indisputably realist discourses require that statements in the putatively fictionalist discourse be truth-apt. Azzouni claims that such truth-aptness is compatible with rejecting realism concerning the entities posited in such discourses. This, he claims, applies to discourse about fictional characters. It is asked whether a parallel argument might be given for discourse about multiple artworks. The chapter concludes by offering a provisional defence of non-Platonist realism about multiples.
The ‘propulsive’ imperfect
Authors: Bertinetto Pier Marco 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The perfective/imperfective opposition is especially relevant for past-referring tenses, allowing speaker/writers to attune to the narration needs. See for instance the foreground/background opposition characterizing the canonical types of aspectual switch, as in the interplay of an aoristic and a progressive past tense. But Italian literary texts also offer less conventional uses, with imperfective pasts supporting the perfective ones in fulfilling the ‘propulsive’ function, i.e. in the advancement of the narrative thread. This, however, does not undermine the aspectual system; the very possibility of such unconventional uses is allowed by the system’s solid foundations. Most importantly, the ‘propulsive’ use of the Imperfect should not be mistaken for the so-called ‘narrative’ Imperfect, which presupposes a counter-determining, perfective context. Although most examples are from Italian authors, the effects here described can possibly be found in any literary tradition exploiting the perfective/imperfective contrast among past-referring tenses.
Aspect, modality, interrogativity
Authors: Celle Agnès 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the meaning of aller (‘go’) and venir (de) (‘come’ (‘to’)) + infinitive in qu’est-ce que questions in French. It is contended that the aspecto-temporal meaning of these periphrases is associated with information-seeking questions, self-addressed questions, and rhetorical questions, i.e. questions where the wh-word is referential. In contrast, the ‘extraordinary’ meaning Damourette and Pichon (1911) is reported to derive from the original motional meaning of these verbs, which contributes to shaping the aspecto-modal contour of an unexpected eventuality. It is further argued that this modal meaning is found in surprise questions, which are analysed as biased questions. Surprise questions convey a judgement of incongruity (Kay and Fillmore 1999) that sets them apart from rhetorical questions. A distinctive feature of these questions is the semantic shift undergone by the interrogative word, which cannot be interpreted referentially.
What is the Event Elaboration Constraint?
Authors: Michaelis Laura A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A paradoxical behaviour of the English resultative present perfect is that while the causal event is unique, its time cannot be specified adverbially, at least in current US English: *We have moved here in 2012. Klein’s influential pragmatic explanation—that the constraint arises from the quantity-based injunction against simultaneously fixing event and reference times—is hard to reconcile with some of the facts: the constraint is neither defeasible nor apparently applicable to past-perfect sentences. I have proposed that the time-specification constraint is one aspect of a broader constraint preventing use of the Resultative Present Perfect (RPrP) to say more about an event that is mutually presupposed to have occurred. In this chapter I extend this constraint to several contexts, only vaguely described in my earlier work, in which verb class, and in particular the directionality of the denoted event, affects usability of the RPrP.
The speaker’s viewpoint on events
Authors: Robert Stéphane 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Based on Wolof data, this chapter introduces a new framework to account for the various functions of TAM markers in discourse while maintaining a unitary definition for each of them. This framework relies on a new functional definition of assertion, operationalizing the speaker’s viewpoint and the time of speech as the founding parameters of the default frame of reference for any utterance. These two parameters function as the source of the modal and temporal specifications of the utterance. Their varying salience for a same TAM marker is shaped by the context of use. Applied to the Wolof verbal system, this approach makes it possible to account for the various uses of the zero-tense, ranging from a narrative to a subordinating mood through various forms of subjective or intersubjective modality. Applied to the perfect, presentative, and to the imperfective suffix, this framework also reveals regular mechanisms connecting aspect, tense, modality, and stance.
Children’s use of tenses beyond time
Authors: Morgenstern Aliyah , Parisse Christophe , de Pontonx Sophie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Children experience language (Ochs 2012) as they are involved in their everyday life, but language can also create worlds of its own. Children progressively use language about objects and events that they are not experiencing in the here and now. The current study asks whether some situations, constructed through language—called ‘langspace’—provide the affordances for children to learn the use of specific verb forms to mark disconnection—and going beyond the present time, the present space, the present reality. This study is based on the analyses of a longitudinal dataset of seven French-speaking children in interaction with their family at home. The analyses demonstrate that parents use specific verb forms to mark disconnections in their interactions with their children, and that as of age 2, children start producing these forms in similar langspace situations, especially when they express memories. They use those verb forms more and more productively and creatively to express a variety of disconnections as they get older.
Bringing Child Suspects into the Light
Authors: Bevan Miranda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an in-depth exploration of the invisibility of child suspects in several arenas: in legislation and policy, in the courts and accountability mechanisms, and in academic consideration. It considers what is meant by a ‘child’ in the context of police custody in England and Wales, introduces the theoretical framework within which the experiences of children in police detention will be evaluated and describes the research methods employed in the empirical work to explore the custody process from a child suspect perspective. The chapter closes by setting out the framework of the book and the progression of the chapters through the child’s police custody journey.
The Child as Legal Actor
Authors: Bevan Miranda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the child as legal actor in police custody, beginning with the delivery of rights information as part of the booking-in process. I explore, in particular, children’s understandings of their legal rights and the barriers they experience in taking up the offer of legal advice—the challenges of engaging with complex rights information in the emotional turmoil of custody and the misconceptions and misunderstandings that hamper their decision-making. The discussion situates the research findings on these issues in the context of previous research internationally, particularly in North America. For those who do request legal advice, the analysis then explores the challenges for children of engaging with their representative and of navigating the complex loyalties at play in providing instructions and making the decisions required of them. The chapter closes with a call for mandatory legal advice for children in police custody.
Police Interview
Authors: Bevan Miranda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This final empirical chapter addresses the culmination of the custody process—the police interview—and evaluates the outcomes of police detention against the theoretical framework. I review the challenges of assessing fitness for interview in the custody block and the inadequacies of the current arrangements. In relation to the obtaining of accurate and reliable evidence, the analysis explores the cumulative impact of the child’s custody experience on their ability to cope with interview and to give a good account of themselves when questioned. I focus, in particular, on the counterproductive impact of coercive interviewing tactics, which are liable to confuse and frustrate rather than to foster effective participation and elicit reliable evidence. I argue, in the conclusion, for a recognition that, in most cases, the investigation, and the wider purposes of the youth justice process, are not best served by interviewing a child in detention.
General Introduction
Authors: dos Santos Fernando 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the relevant issues of this book, including the explanation of relevant technology-related concepts and the important role technology plays in promoting development. It then unveils the inability of Africa pre-colonial governing systems to develop appropriate frameworks to protect technology and to promote technological progress. The chapter illustrates how the colonial system suppressed local innovation by promoting western-style intellectual property (IP) systems which were only fit to protect European innovations. It further reveals how developmental policies adopted by African states after independence failed to mainstream IP, thus perpetuating the prevailing scenario. The chapter then addresses the challenges to shaping a global legal framework to promote technology transfer, with particular emphasis on the abortive UNCTAD Draft International Code of Conduct for the Transfer of Technology. The chapter suggests the need for change in philosophical, policy, legal, institutional, and practical approaches for Africa to overcome the challenges in accessing technology.
The Challenges of Promoting Innovation through Technology Transfer into Africa
Authors: dos Santos Fernando 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter establishes that to promote technology transfer and innovation to developing states requires the establishment of a uniform international legal framework. It provides details of the attempts to establish such a regime and these include: the Draft International Code of Conduct for the Transfer of Technology developed in 1976 by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Multilateral Agreement on Access to Basic Science and Technology (ABST), partially embraced by the WIPO Development Agenda, and the attempt to compound an International Transfer of Technology Agreement (ITT). This chapter explains that with the failure to establish a uniform regime, separate and sectoral regimes of technology transfer mushroomed, especially in the environmental sector, leading to the fragmentation of the international legal framework on the matter. The chapter proposes, as a solution, to condense the positive aspects of the previous proposals into a single international legal instrument.
The Proposal to Establish the Agreement on Trade-Related Issues of Technology Transfer and Innovation (TRITTI)
Authors: dos Santos Fernando 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides details of the efforts to establish an international legal regime to regulate technology transfer to developing countries. The chapter unveils the causes of the deadlock in negotiations which include hosting organization, legal character of the instrument, scope, technical assistance, definition of developed states’ obligations, mechanism to persuade private sector to support technology transfer, and Dispute Settlement Mechanism. The chapter illustrates the proliferation of sectoral regimes that resulted in fragmentation of the global technology transfer regime. The chapter then tables a proposal for the adoption of a uniform international technology transfer agreement within the framework of the WTO to be designated as the Agreement on Trade-Related Issues of Technology Transfer and Innovation (TRITTI). The chapter argues that, given the changing geopolitical landscape, there is a greater chance that the instrument will be approved if the underlying issues that led to previous negotiations’ deadlock are effectively addressed.
The Role of Developing States and LDCs in the Quest for Technology Transfer: Recommendations
Authors: dos Santos Fernando 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the role that African states can play in attracting or absorbing technology and defines the mechanisms and incentives that must be put in place to that end. The chapter also emphasizes the need to develop absorptive capacities in the recipient countries. Hence, the chapter recommends that a special focus be placed on the use of utility models to facilitate technological learning, and to improve absorptive capacities and adaptation of imported technologies to address local needs and foster local innovation. In so doing, the chapter draws lessons from the successful experiences of East Asian states that have managed to overcome the technology-averse culture and that have enabled technology transfer and local innovation to thrive in their respective jurisdictions. The chapter also dedicates special attention to the need to leverage the opportunities offered by the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) to enable the continent to catch up on technological progress.
Effects of climate change on insect phenology
Authors: Ma Gang , Ma Chun-Sen , Lann Cécile Le , van Baaren Joan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Climate change has affected insect phenology substantially, causing increased or decreased phenological synchronization between species in natural and managed ecosystems. Phenological mismatches can be induced by different environments that interacting species experience or by differences in climate sensitivity among species. Insect phenology can shift due to the changes in metabolic and developmental responses to climate change. Phenological shifts may result in advanced spring emergence and delayed winter diapause, causing variation in voltinism in some species. Consequently, insect abundance may either increase due to the additional generations or decline or even go extinct due to “developmental/ecological traps.” At the community and ecosystem levels, phenological mismatches between species may modify interspecific antagonistic and mutualistic interactions, leading to changes in structure, functioning and provision of biocontrol and pollination ecosystem services. These phenological shifts may also offer promising opportunities for implementing engineering ecological methods (e.g., plant diversity manipulation) for improving these ecosystem services.