bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inexpensive Apparatus to Rapidly Collect Water Samples from a Linear-Design, Plug-Flow Hatchery Raceway
Authors: Bowker James D , Carty Daniel G , Bowman Molly P 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In July 2001, we conducted a study to determine whether a target concentration of chloramine-T (a waterborne chemical) could be achieved and maintained for 60 min in linear-design, plug-flow hatchery raceways (devoid of fish) via a “charged” flow-through treatment methodology. In each of four independent trials, a raceway was charged to achieve the target concentration by turning off the inflow water (creating a static bath) and manually mixing in a premeasured volume of chloramine-T stock solution. Water inflow was then turned on, and the target concentration was maintained by metering additional chloramine-T stock solution into the inflow water via a calibrated chicken-watering system. To help verify chloramine-T concentrations during treatment, we built an apparatus to rapidly collect many water samples from throughout a raceway. The apparatus comprised three fixed sampling stations, each of which was equipped with 9 water collection devices (i.e., nine 60-mL plastic syringes fitted with fixed-length “suction needles” made of rigid polyvinyl chloride pipe threaded with flexible vinyl tubing) and 9–11 plastic bottles for storing the collected samples. During each of the four 60-min trials, water samples were collected at elapsed times of 0, 30, and 60 min; thus, 12 sampling events were conducted during the study. During each sampling event, three people (working simultaneously but independently) collected a total of 29 water samples (27 for chloramine-T dose verification and 2 for quality control). The time for one person to collect 9–11 water samples (50–60 mL per sample) from one sampling station averaged 1.5 min (SD = 0.382; n = 36) and ranged from 0.9 to 2.5 min. The apparatus was inexpensive, easy to build and use, and portable; it ultimately helped us verify the spatial and temporal distribution of chloramine-T in linear-design, plug-flow hatchery raceways during 60-min charged flow-through treatments.
A Packed-Bed Filtration System for Collection of Myxobolus cerebralis Triactinomyxons
Authors: Lukins Halcyon J. , Zale Alexander V. , Barrows Frederic T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Information on the distribution and abundance of Myxobolus cerebralis triactinomyxons in natural systems is limited because direct and accurate sampling methods for this life stage have not been developed. Existing methods are based on indirect measures of triactinomyxon densities and are therefore confounded. Direct estimation of triactinomyxon concentrations would more exactly pinpoint the ambient infection risk to wild fish and allow evaluation of management strategies designed to mitigate the effects of the disease. We developed a mobile packed-bed filtration system that quickly, accurately, and precisely collects, concentrates, and quantifies triactinomyxons. The system includes pumping, prefiltration, two rounds of packed-bed filtration, and centrifugation. Laboratory tests of the completed system using known quantities of triactinomyxons resulted in a mean recovery rate of 91% with a minimum detectable concentration of triactinomyxons of 0.04/L. We subsequently field-tested the system at a site known to be positive for the parasite and recovered triactinomyxons at densities of 0.7–1.4/L. The packed-bed filtration system has the potential to quickly determine the temporal and spatial variation in infection risk and to test the efficacy of various management strategies.
Effect of Implant Surface Roughness and Loading on Peri‐Implant Bone Formation
Authors: Vandamme Katleen , Naert Ignace , Vander Sloten Jozef , Puers Robert , Duyck Joke 
Published: December 2007

Background: Critical factors for the establishment of osseointegration are the implant surface microtopography and the local mechanical environment. The present study evaluated the bone response around a turned (T) and a roughened (R) implant for either an unloaded or a well‐controlled loaded situation.Methods: Bone chambers were installed in the tibia of 20 rabbits. In each of the chambers, two identical displacement‐controlled loading experiments were performed: 30 μm for 400 cycles at 1 Hz, three times a week for 9 weeks versus 0‐μm implant displacement. A linear mixed model and a logistic mixed model with α = 5% were set to study the significant effect of the surface texture on the peri‐implant bone response in the unloaded (T‐0 μm versus R‐0 μm) and the loaded (T‐30 μm versus R‐30 μm) mode.Results: Results indicated no microtopographic dependence of the bone response further away from the implant in unloaded and loaded conditions. For a load‐free implant, osseointegration seemed to occur with a higher incidence at a roughened compared to a turned implant surface. In the presence of loading, the topographic dependency of the osteogenic activity at the interface was overruled by the loading‐related bone response, revealing no significant differences in osseointegration incidence between T and R.Conclusion: A predominant effect of the interfacial mechanical environment over the implant surface characteristics on the differentiating cell population is suggested.
Comparison of Injectable Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement Grafting and Open Flap Debridement in Periodontal Intrabony Defects: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Shirakata Yoshinori , Setoguchi Takashi , Machigashira Miho , Matsuyama Takashi , Furuichi Yasushi , Hasegawa Kozue , Yoshimoto Takehiko , Izumi Yuichi 
Published: December 2007

Background: Regeneration of lost periodontium is the ultimate goal of periodontal therapy. Bone grafts, guided tissue regeneration, and application of growth factors are used for periodontal regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a new, injectable calcium phosphate bone cement (CPC) in human periodontal intrabony defects.Methods: Thirty subjects (mean age, 53.4 ± 9.1 years) with periodontitis and narrow intrabony defects were enrolled in the study. Subjects were classified randomly into the CPC graft group (N = 15) or the open flap debridement (OFD) alone group (N = 15). Clinical measurements were performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months; radiographs were taken at baseline, 2 weeks, and 6 and 12 months after surgery. The Student t test was used for statistical analysis.Results: In the CPC group, six cases showed exposure or loss of the CPC within 12 months, whereas the remaining nine cases (CPC‐R group) showed no adverse reaction, including infection or suppuration. Overall, CPC‐R and OFD treatment groups exhibited a significant reduction in probing depth and a significant gain in clinical attachment level at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months compared to baseline values. However, there were no significant differences in any of the clinical parameters between the groups. In the CPC‐R group, radiographic bone level gain appeared to be greater than in the OFD group.Conclusions: The present study failed to demonstrate any superior clinical outcomes for the CPC group compared to the OFD group; however, radiographs revealed more favorable results in the CPC‐R group. The filling volume and stiffness of CPC may compromise the clinical outcomes for periodontal intrabony defects.
Regeneration of Degree II Furcation Defects With a 4% Doxycycline Hyclate Bioabsorbable Barrier
Authors: Lyons Lillian C. , Weltman Robin L. , Moretti Antonio J. , Trejo Pedro M. 
Published: December 2007

Background: Bacterial contamination of a healing regenerative site has been shown to affect the response to therapy adversely. Doxycycline possesses antibacterial properties as well as other biologic actions that may result in an increased production and maintenance of collagen and bone. The purpose of this study was to assess if the sustained release of 4% doxycycline through a bioabsorbable barrier would enhance the regenerative outcomes of healing furcation sites.Methods: Individuals with a single degree II furcation defect in a mandibular molar participated. They were assigned randomly to one of three treatment groups: poly(DL‐lactide) polylactic acid (PLA) barrier containing 4% doxycycline hyclate + demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft (DFDBA) (BG+PDox); poly(DL‐lactide) PLA barrier without doxycycline + DFDBA (BG+P); or DFDBA alone (BG). Clinical parameters included vertical probing depth (VPD), vertical clinical attachment level (VCAL), gingival recession, and horizontal probing depth (HPD). Intrasurgical measurements to calculate vertical and horizontal furcation fill were obtained at the time of surgery (baseline) and during a reentry procedure 9 months later. Statistical tests were used to assess changes in the clinical and surgical parameters before and after treatment among groups and within each group.Results: Mean changes at 9 months for all groups yielded VPD reductions and VCAL gains. However, no significant difference was noted for the group that was treated with 4% doxycycline barrier compared to the other two groups. Vertical bone fill was 0.89, 1.44, and 1.18 mm for the BG+PDox, BG+P, and BG groups, respectively. Furcation horizontal bone was 2.33, 2.11, and 1.18 mm for the BG+PDox, BG+P, and BG groups, respectively.Conclusions: Addition of doxycycline to the guided tissue regeneration barrier did not enhance treatment outcomes compared to the non‐antibiotic–loaded barrier or bone graft alone. All treatment modalities provided similar improvement in clinical and intrasurgical parameters.
A 5‐Year Longitudinal Study of Tannerella forsythia prtH Genotype: Association With Loss of Attachment
Authors: Hamlet S.M. , Ganashan N. , Cullinan M.P. , Westerman B. , Palmer J.E. , Seymour G.J. 
Published: December 2007

Background: Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis) in subgingival plaque has been recognized as a defined periodontal pathogen, but its mere presence may be insufficient for disease initiation and/or progression. The organism may produce a cysteine protease, encoded by the prtH gene, which may play a role in the transition from commensal organism to opportunistic pathogen. This study aimed to relate changes in the level of T. forsythia prtH genotype over a 5‐year period to a concomitant loss of attachment.Methods: Real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the level of the prtH gene in plaque samples from subjects with and without attachment loss (≥2 mm in at least two sites) over a 5‐year period. Clinical measures and subgingival plaque samples were obtained at yearly intervals.Results: Baseline levels of the prtH genotype were significantly lower in the subjects without loss of attachment compared to those who lost attachment over 1, 2, 4, or 5 years. In the subjects with loss of attachment, the higher prtH levels at baseline were not maintained until the end of the observation period.Conclusion: Higher levels of the prtH genotype were associated significantly with future attachment loss.
An investigation of domestic water consumption through taps and its impact on urban water flows
Authors: Memon F.A. , Ton-That L. , Butler D. 
Published: December 2007

Taps are an important micro-component of domestic water consumption. This paper describes the characteristics of a water consumption dataset utilised for a tap use investigation study. The measured tap water consumption data was investigated to establish the tap use distributions with respect to flow and duration and identify factors influencing tap use patterns. In order to quantify the influence of usage patterns, a methodology has been proposed and implemented to demonstrate its application for developing water consumption and wastewater discharge profiles for a range of tap use scenarios.
The results indicate that some 30% of household residents ‘consume’ between 20 and 30 l/head.day water through tap usage. Over 60% were found to use taps for 5 to 10 minutes everyday. Water consumption diurnal patterns were found to be more sensitive to tap use scenarios than wastewater discharge profiles.
Shear measurements across the northern margin of Whillans Ice Stream
Authors: Van Der Veen C.J. , Jezek K.C. , Stearns L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractField measurements of surface deformation across the northern shear margin of Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica, were analyzed to better understand the processes controlling the position and migration of this margin. Four lines of poles extending ~6km from the interstream ridge into the shear margin were installed in November 1997 and resurveyed in January 2000, using GPS methods. A band of arcuate crevasses form where the surficial shear stress reaches ~130 kPa, and a chaotic zone of crevassing occurs where this stress reaches a maximum of ~270 kPa. Inspection of the RAMP mosaic indicates that the band of arcuate crevasses is separated from the chaotic zone by a narrow zone (~250m) with a relatively undisturbed surface morphology. A force-budget analysis suggests the transition from no basal sliding to full basal sliding must be restricted to a relatively narrow band, ~1.5 km wide beneath the chaotic zone. On the ice stream, resistance from the bed is near zero and the driving stress is balanced by gradients in lateral shearing. Basal drag reaches a maximum close to the shear margin where basal conditions transition from well lubricated (beneath the ice stream) to no basal slip (beneath the ridge). The zone of elevated basal drag is ~4 km wide. Within this zone, lateral drag is reduced and becomes increasingly restricted to upper layers. Localized meltwater production under the region of elevated basal drag is similar in magnitude to melting under the ice stream. The uniform bed morphology, inferred from radar sounding, excludes the presence of abundant basal water either in a water film at the glacier bed or in a thick saturated till layer. This suggests that most of the meltwater produced under the shear margin is diverted towards the ice stream, possibly playing a crucial role in maintaining lubricated conditions allowing streaming flow.
A comparison of powder-snow avalanches at Vallée de la Sionne, Switzerland, with plume theories
Authors: Turnbull B. , McElwaine J.N. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPowder-snow avalanches are natural hazards which affect the way populations live in mountainous areas. Field measurements from avalanches remain one of the most significant and useful sources of information about their dynamics and behaviour. In this paper, we consider all the video data from the Swiss Vallée de la Sionne test site from the years 2003–05. General scaling laws are sought for the avalanche front velocity based on plume theories. Avalanche Froude numbers are found, comparing three different length scales: the cube root of the fracture volume; the avalanche height; and the depth of entrained snow cover. We discuss the difficulties in defining the volume of a powder-snow avalanche: should we include just the head or also the turbulent wake that extends back to the starting zone? This relates to whether we use a compact model for the avalanche, such as the KSB model (Ancey, 2006; Turnbull and others, 2006) or a plume model (Turner, 1973). Observations are made regarding the lateral spreading behaviour of the avalanches. We show that the slow lateral spreading can be explained by large internal velocities and anisotropic turbulence generated by the large-scale motion in the avalanche head.
Contact spectroscopy for determination of stratigraphy of snow optical grain size
Authors: Painter Thomas H. , Molotch Noah P. , Cassidy Maureen , Flanner Mark , Steffen Konrad 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe present a technique for in situ measurement of the vertical and spatial stratigraphic distribution of snow optical grain size with a coupled contact illumination probe and field spectroradiometer. Accurate measurements of optical-equivalent grain size are critical for modeling radiative properties of snow such as spectral albedo and microwave emission. Measurements of the spectral reflectance of the snow-pit surface are made at 2 cm intervals in the vertical plane under constant illumination and view geometries. We invert the integral of the continuum normalization of the ice absorption feature with maximum at 1.03 μm wavelength for optical-equivalent grain size using the validated model of Nolin and Dozier (2000) that has accuracy of ±10–50 μm across the grain-size range 50–900 μm. Results are presented for an alpine site in southwest Colorado, USA, across the ablation season and for a Greenland ice-sheet site at the onset of snowmelt. These results suggest that traditional measurements of grain size using a hand lens are nearly accurate only for rounded grains (R2 = 0.41, rmse = 160 μm); for polycrystals and faceted grains the hand-lens approach is very inaccurate (R2 = 0.03 and 0.24, rmse = 1206 and 1010 μm, respectively). We demonstrate an order-of- magnitude improvement in modeling of shortwave spectral albedo and net shortwave flux with contact spectroscopy measurements of grain-size stratigraphy over those from a hand lens.
A physically based method for correcting temperature profile measurements made using thermocouples
Authors: Cathles L. Maclagan , Cathles L.M. , Albert M.R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractHigh-frequency (diurnal) temperature variations occur simultaneously at multiple depths separated by meters of snow in at least several and probably many Arctic and Antarctic thermocouple datasets. These temperature variations cannot be caused by heat conduction from the surface because their amplitudes are too large and there is no phase lag with depth, and they cannot be caused by heat advection because the air flux required is greater than is available. Rather, the simultaneous temperature variations (STVs) appear to originate within the box that houses the data logger as thermocouple-like offset voltages, wire heating or thermistor error. The STVs can be corrected by requiring that the temperatures vary smoothly with time at the greatest depth at which temperature is measured. The correction voltage determined in this fashion, when applied to the thermocouples at other depths, corrects the entire dataset. The method successfully removes STVs with 24 hour period that are up to 3.8°C in amplitude, and is superior to the averaging techniques commonly used to correct thermocouple data because it introduces no spurious (non-physical) temperature variations. The correction method described can be applied to all thermocouple data where temperature measurements have been made at depths > ~0.5 m into the snowpack. The corrections should allow more physical process and parameter information to be extracted more confidently from existing firn temperature data. Identification of the STVs and their probable cause also suggests how better data might be collected in the future.
Flotation and retreat of a lake-calving terminus, Mendenhall Glacier, southeast Alaska, USA
Authors: Boyce Eleanor S. , Motyka Roman J. , Truffer Martin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMendenhall Glacier is a lake-calving glacier in southeastern Alaska, USA, that is experiencing substantial thinning and increasingly rapid recession. Long-term mass wastage linked to climatic trends is responsible for thinning of the lower glacier and leaving the terminus vulnerable to buoyancy-driven calving and accelerated retreat. Bedrock topography has played a major role in stabilizing the terminus between periods of rapid calving and retreat. Lake-terminating glaciers form a population distinct from both tidewater glaciers and polar ice tongues, with some similarities to both groups. Lacustrine termini experience fewer perturbations (e.g. tidal flexure, high subaqueous melt rates) and are therefore inherently more stable than tidewater termini. At Mendenhall, rapid thinning and simultaneous retreat into a deeper basin led to flotation conditions along approximately 50% of the calving front. This unstable terminus geometry lasted for approximately 2 years and culminated in large-scale calving and terminus collapse during summer 2004. Buoyancy-driven calving events and terminus break-up can result from small, rapidly applied perturbations in lake level.
What motivates hate crimes based on sexual orientation? Mediating effects of anger on antigay aggression
Authors: Parrott Dominic J. , Peterson John L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the role of anger in response to gay men within three theoretical models of antigay aggression. Participants were 135 exclusively heterosexual men who completed a structured interview designed to assess sexual prejudice, anger in response to a vignette depicting a nonerotic male–male intimate relationship (i.e. partners saying “I love you”, holding hands, kissing), and past perpetration of antigay aggression. Among identified antigay assailants, motivations for one earlier assault (i.e. sexual prejudice, peer dynamics, thrill seeking) were also assessed. Results indicated that anger fully mediated the relationship between sexual prejudice and antigay aggression, partially mediated the effect of peer dynamics on antigay aggression, and did not account for the relationship between thrill seeking and antigay aggression. These findings indicate that anger in response to gay men facilitates antigay aggression among some, but not all, antigay perpetrators. Aggr. Behav. 34:306–318, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental study of the differential effects of playing versus watching violent video games on children's aggressive behavior
Authors: Polman Hanneke , de Castro Bram Orobio , van Aken Marcel A.G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThere is great concern about the effects of playing violent video games on aggressive behavior. The present experimental study was aimed at investigating the differential effects of actively playing vs. passively watching the same violent video game on subsequent aggressive behavior. Fifty‐seven children aged 10–13 either played a violent video game (active violent condition), watched the same violent video game (passive violent condition), or played a non‐violent video game (active non‐violent condition). Aggression was measured through peer nominations of real‐life aggressive incidents during a free play session at school. After the active participation of actually playing the violent video game, boys behaved more aggressively than did the boys in the passive game condition. For girls, game condition was not related to aggression. These findings indicate that, specifically for boys, playing a violent video game should lead to more aggression than watching television violence. Aggr. Behav. 34:256–264, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An analytical model for internal moisture content during the decreasing drying rate period
Authors: Derdour L. , Desmorieux H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA system of analytical expressions for internal moisture distribution during the falling drying rate period for porous nonhygroscopic slabs is presented. This model is derived by resolution of thermal balance and mass flux continuity equations and on the assumption of a parabolic internal moisture profile in the liquid transport zone. This study is based on the assumption of the existence of a receding evaporative front within the product during the decreasing drying rate period and on heat transfer being the limiting mechanism. The model addresses the cases where heat transfer is the limiting mechanism during drying and applies to flat slabs which are classified into two groups, namely, thick products and thin products, depending on their thicknesses and drying conditions. Overall, the model predictions were in a slight deviation from experimental data obtained on plaster. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008