bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prognostic value of POD24 in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma—A SCHOLAR‐5 analysis
Authors: Limbrick‐Oldfield Eve H. , Kanters Steve , Ray Markqayne D. , Best Timothy , Palivela Madhu , Beygi Sara , Patel Anik R. , Gribben John G. , Ghione Paola 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTIntroductionFollicular lymphoma (FL) has a heterogeneous prognosis. Progression within 24 months of starting front‐line therapy (POD24) is prognostic of overall survival (OS). Despite its prognostic value in early lines, the role of POD24 in relapsed/refractory (R/R) patients initiating later lines of therapy (LoTs) is unknown.MethodsWe analyzed the SCHOLAR‐5 real‐world cohort to investigate whether POD24 is prognostic in patients with R/R FL initiating ≥3rd LoT.ResultsAmong the 128 SCHOLAR‐5 patients, 34 patients experienced POD24. POD24 patients received their ≥3 LoT after a shorter time compared with non‐POD24 patients (median 42.0 months [range: 8.8‒17.8] vs. 109.9 months [range: 29.6‒310.2]). Using a time‐dependent multivariate Cox model, POD24 was predictive of shorter OS from initiation of ≥3rd LoT with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.44 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20‒4.96). For progression‐free survival, using a multivariate repeated‐measures Cox model, the effect was similar but not statistically significant (HR: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.94‒2.11).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that among patients with R/R FL initiating a ≥3rd LoT, POD24 patients reach these LoTs sooner after diagnosis and POD24 remains prognostic of subsequent OS. This suggests that POD24 status can inform clinical decision making in this population.
Interstratified Illite‐Hydroxy‐Interlayered Smectite—A Disorder Structure Model for Quantification Using Rietveld Refinement
Authors: Dietel Jan , Ufer Kristian , Gröger‐Trampe Jens , Kaufhold Stephan , Dohrmann Reiner 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe acidic weathering of soils is known as a problem for decades. It leads to the deterioration of essential soil properties, including soil fertility, water, or cation buffering capacity due to solution and solid storage of Al3+ by polymerization in the interlayer of (former) swellable clay minerals. These Al3+‐intercalated minerals/phases are known as hydroxy‐interlayered minerals (HIM). X‐ray diffraction, especially in combination with Rietveld refinement, is a powerful tool to quantify HIM and characterize the soil. Disorder structure models for hydroxy‐interlayered smectite (HIS) exist, but in soils, discrete smectite is less common than interstratifications like illite‐smectite. The process of hydroxy‐interlayering turns the latter into illite‐HIS (Ilt‐HIS), an interlayering of micaceous (illitic) layers with HIS layers and still swellable smectitic layers.AimsThe aim of the present study was to develop disorder structure models for Ilt‐HIS, taking into account different states (air‐dried or ethylene‐glycol saturated) and different Reichweite values typically present in soils (R0, R1, and R3).ResultsThese models were tested on real Al‐treated samples (ISCz–1 as R1, illitic clay from Király‐hegy near Sárospatak, Hungary as R3) or verified by comparison with independently calculated/simulated diffraction patterns (R0). Physical mixtures of selected R1 and R3 Ilt‐HIS samples with corundum were quantified, and the models validated by results deviating ≤5% w/w from actual values. Where higher deviations were present, these were explained by the presence of x‐ray amorphous phases as detected by Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy and simultaneous thermal analysis. For both R1 and R3 samples, the hk lines did not differ significantly with increasing Al treatment, indicating no significant change of the stacking and ordering.ConclusionsThe created structure models can be used to quantify Ilt‐HIS samples (R0, R1, and R3) in soil.
Increased posterior tibial slope leads to altered pressure distribution in the lateral tibial plateau—A biomechanical in‐vitro study
Authors: Hoffeld Kai , Göker Luis , Grevenstein David , Hockmann Jan Philipp , Rosswinkel Benjamin , Eysel Peer , Oppermann Johannes 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study is to investigate the impact of increased posterior tibial slope (PTS) on pressure distribution in the medial and lateral tibial plateau. The focus is on compartment‐specific effects and potential correlations with cartilage damage, due to altered anterior tibial translation caused by increased PTS.MethodTen freshly frozen knee specimens were prepared and subjected to biomechanical testing. PTS was modified by inserting 5°, 10°, 15° and 20° polylactic acid wedges into osteotomy gaps. Pressure distribution was measured using Tekscan's Pressure Mapping Sensor 5040™ beneath the menisci at varying PTS angles. The kinetic data were tracked using the Optotrak Certus® system. Statistical analyses were employed to evaluate the pressure shifts and their significance.ResultsThe study revealed that increased PTS significantly shifted the pressure point anteriorly on the lateral tibial plateau, while no significant changes were observed on the medial plateau. The analysis of tibial translation showed a corresponding rise in anterior translation with increasing PTS, especially at higher angles.ConclusionIncreased PTS, particularly above 10°, induces significant anterior translation and altered pressure distribution, primarily affecting the lateral tibial plateau. These findings support the hypothesis that elevated PTS contributes to biomechanical stresses in the knee, potentially increasing the risk of lateral compartment cartilage degeneration. These results highlight the importance of considering PTS in clinical assessments and interventions aimed at optimizing knee joint health.Level of EvidenceLevel IV.
Fabrication of Core‐Crosslinked Polymer Micelles via Photoinduced Azide Crosslinking
Authors: Baysoy Betül Sena , Günaydın İrem , Batu Hatice Kubra , Civelek Dilek Ozturk , Temel Binnur Aydogan 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPolymer micelles have shown significant promise as drug delivery systems, particularly for poorly water‐soluble chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin (DOX). However, their instability in biological environments and the potential for easy drug release remain major challenges. This study investigates the fabrication of core‐crosslinked polymer micelles using photoinduced azide crosslinking to enhance stability and achieve controlled drug release. Amphiphilic copolymers are synthesized using reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, incorporating poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PEG) as the hydrophilic block and a styrene‐based azide monomer for the hydrophobic core. The micelles are crosslinked via photoinduced azide crosslinking and characterized for size, morphology, and drug loading capacity (DLC). DOX‐loaded micelles demonstrated pH‐responsive release, with minimal release at physiological pH (7.4) due to strong π–π stacking interactions between DOX and the hydrophobic core. At acidic pH (5), these interactions weakened, resulting in enhanced drug release, mimicking the conditions of the tumor microenvironment. Core‐crosslinked micelles exhibited superior stability, reduced drug leakage, and improved release control compared to non‐crosslinked micelles. These results highlight the potential of photo‐crosslinked polymer micelles as a robust platform for the delivery of hydrophobic anticancer drugs, addressing key limitations of conventional micelle‐based systems.
Synthesis and Application of Polyvinyl Butyral Resins: A Review
Authors: Zhang Yifan , Fan Yinqi , Yang Yang , Chen Zhizhong , Chen Jiangyi , Zhao Keliang , Chen Chongyi , Liu Zhenguo 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPolyvinyl butyral (PVB) resin exhibits strong adhesion to a wide range of substrates, making it a valuable material in various commercial applications as an adhesive, primer, organic binder, and flexible substrate. Recently, PVB has attracted growing interest due to its versatility and potential for diverse engineering applications, including smart windows, wearable electronics, tissue engineering, and multifunctional materials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, characterization, and applications of PVB, and highlights recent advancements in synthetic techniques and explores its use in laminated glass, flexible electronics, anti‐corrosion coatings, composites, and electronic ceramics. Additionally, current challenges and future opportunities are discussed to underscore emerging research directions for PVB and its analogues in engineering applications. By offering an in‐depth perspective, this review aims to guide both fundamental research and the development of commercial applications of polyvinyl acetal materials.
The Longitudinal and Transverse Piezoelectric Effects of the Ferroelectric Polymer P(VDF‐TrFE)
Authors: Revenant Christine , Toinet Simon , Lawrence Bright Eleanor , Benwadih Mohammed 
Published: February 2025

AbstractPolyvinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene (P(VDF‐TrFE)) exhibits outstanding electromechanical properties and is a material of choice for non‐volatile memories, energy‐harvesting systems, multifunctional actuators, and sensors. However, this polymer remains one of the least understood materials among ferroelectric materials due to its semi‐crystalline structure with chains folding in elongated grains through the lamellae and amorphous regions. Here, operando high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction is exploited to unravel the P(VDF‐TrFE) structural evolution upon the first electric field application, called poling. This X‐ray technique allows revealing drastic changes in the lamellae with the ordered amorphous (OA) emergence between crystalline nanodomains. The discovery of this OA emergence is critical because it significantly affects the structure, as well as the mechanical, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of the polymer. After poling, even small nanostructural changes lead to measurable effects yielding the piezoelectric coefficients. The longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric effects can be explained by the complex P(VDF‐TrFE) structure. The elongated grains consist of lamellae separated by isotropic amorphous (IA) regions. This study not only sheds light on the fundamental mechanisms occurring in P(VDF‐TrFE), but also offers guidance for new ferroelectric organic materials for flexible, biocompatible sensor and energy applications.
Weaving Through Fire and Force: Fire Behavior and Fire Stability of Unidirectional, Bidirectional, and Woven Roving Glass‐Fiber Composites
Authors: Jauregui Rozo Maria , Sunder Sruthi , Inasu Sneha , Meinel Dietmar , Ruckdäschel Holger , Schartel Bernhard 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis study systematically investigates the transfer of flame retardants (FRs) from epoxy resins to composites. The flame‐retardant composites are formulated using bisphenol A diglycidyl ether as the resin and dicyandiamide as the hardener, reinforced with glass fibers (GFs) using various textile architectures: unidirectional (UD), bidirectional (BD), and woven rovings (WR). These composites are evaluated using bench‐scale fire stability tests and cone calorimeter experiments to assess critical parameters, including the temperature at failure, time to failure, and fire behavior. Among the tested configurations, UD‐GFs demonstrate superior flame retardancy, fire stability, flammability, and mechanical performance, attributed to their higher residue yield, forming a more efficient protective char layer. However, the addition of FRs is limited by their impact on the material's mechanical properties. When the FR content increases to 30 and 50 wt.% of the resin, the composites exhibit a decrease in mechanical performance, adversely affecting both time to failure and temperature at failure. While adding FRs reduces the risk of fire propagation, it does not substantially enhance fire stability or mechanical performance.
FOIM: Thermal Foaming of Shape Memory Polyurethane Foil
Authors: Poser Anna‐Lisa , Pretsch Thorsten 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis work introduces the semi‐finished product FOIM, a neologism from FOIl and foaM, a phase segregated polyester urethane urea (PEUU) foam, which is synthesized from poly(1,6‐hexylene adipate) diol, 4,4’‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, polyethylene glycol and water as blowing agent. The PEUU is obtained by following a one‐shot synthesis and is characterized by a hard/soft segment ratio of 1.06 and an open pore content of 78%. Differential scanning calorimetry reveals a melting peak at 45 °C and a crystallization signal at 14 °C, both of which are associated with the phase transitions of the soft segment. The glass transition temperature, which is determined as a local maximum within the tan δ using dynamic mechanical analysis, is 1 °C. During programming, the foam is heavily compressed at 60 °C. Once unloaded at 23 °C, a translucent foil, the FOIM, is obtained. When reheated to 60 °C, the foil switches back to the foam due to its pronounced shape memory properties. Intriguingly, the structure remains largely unaffected by the drastic deformation as indicated by buoyancy and heat transmission measurements. The ease of manufacture and functionality makes the technology attractive for applications, in which both low transport volumes and drastic shape changes are desired.
Chan–Vese aided fuzzy C‐means approach for whole breast and fibroglandular tissue segmentation: Preliminary application to real‐world breast MRI
Authors: Qadri Syed Furqan , Rong Chao , Ahmad Mubashir , Li Jing , Qadri Salman , Zareen Syeda Shamaila , Zhuang Zeyu , Khan Salabat , Lin Hongxiang 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBackgroundMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a highly sensitive modality for diagnosing breast cancer, providing an expanding range of clinical usages that are crucial for the care of women at elevated risk of breast cancer development. Segmentation of the whole breast and fibroglandular tissue (FGT), used to evaluate breast cancer risk, is often manually delineated by radiologists in clinical practice. In this paper, we aim to substitute handcrafted breast density segmentation and categorization. The traditional fuzzy C‐means (FCM) enable automatic segmentation but may be susceptible to heterogeneity or sparse FGT distribution in MRI.PurposeWe develop a new automated technique for the segmentation of whole breast and FGT for the coronal‐view MRI.MethodsWe propose a Chan–Vese (CV) aided FCM segmentation approach for estimating the FGT in the whole breast using fat‐suppressed (FS) precontrast T1‐weighted breast MRI. We present a methodology pipeline comprising region‐of‐interest (ROI) extraction, nonparametric non‐uniform intensity normalization N4 algorithm‐based intensity inhomogeneity correction, skin‐layer extraction, and then whole breast and FGT segmentation. Our approach involves the FCM algorithm to assign membership degrees to pixels, distinguishing FGT regions from surrounding adipose tissues by assessing their probability of belonging to specific FGT regions, and subsequently, the region‐based active contour CV model leverages these membership degrees to direct contour evolution and enhance segmentation boundaries. The proposed method adeptly tackles common challenges in MRI, including blurred edges, low contrast, and intensity inhomogeneity, with efficiency.ResultsWe evaluated our approach on the Duke Breast Cancer MRI data (DBCM‐data) and achieved good segmentation accuracy in terms of Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Intersection‐over‐Union (IoU), and Sensitivity (SEN). Our method demonstrates significant accuracy, achieving a DSC (%) of 93.2 ± 3.3 and 84.1 ± 4.9, IoU (%) of 86.4 ± 3.5 and 73.2 ± 5.1, and SEN 87.3 ± 4.1 and 76.7 ± 4.1 for the segmentations of whole breast and FGT, respectively.ConclusionOur results demonstrated that the CV‐aided FCM approach significantly outperformed the existing methods and resulted in significantly more accurate whole breast and FGT segmentation in MRI data.
Impact of porous lung substitute on linear energy transfer (LET) assessed via Monte Carlo simulation and CR‐39 measurement with a carbon‐ion beam
Authors: Zhao Jingfang , Chen Bo , Moyers Michael , Yang Zhiyuan , Yang Shiyan , Wang Weiwei 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBackgroundCarbon‐ion beam radiotherapy offers substantial physical and biological advantages due to its distinct Bragg peak (BP) depth dose distribution and higher linear energy transfer (LET) in the peak region that enhances its efficacy in tumor eradication compared to x‐ray beams. Porous structures, such as those found in lung and lung‐equivalent tissues, unfortunately, introduce significant uncertainties in both dose and LET distributions, which current treatment planning systems (TPS) inadequately address.PurposeThis study aims to investigate the effects of porous lung‐equivalent structures on LET distribution using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and CR‐39 measurements. It seeks to understand how porous structures influence LET spectra and dose‐averaged LET (LETd) in carbon‐ion beams.MethodsA Gammex LN300 phantom and a binary voxel virtual phantom composed of water and air were used to represent lung‐equivalent tissues for measurements and MC simulations. LET spectra measured with CR‐39 at different depths within the LN300 slabs were compared with MC‐calculated LETd distributions. The impact of porous structures on dose and LETd distributions was evaluated using various beam configurations, including single‐beam and multi‐beam setups. Additionally, a convolution method with modulation power (Pmod) was proposed to improve LETd prediction in porous media.ResultsThe study demonstrated that porous structures broaden both the dose and LETd distributions, especially around the BP region. Multiple beam angles helped mitigate dose degradation but did not resolve discrepancies in the LETd distributions. Compared with calculation results based on CT images, intensity‐modulated particle therapy (IMPT) using a distal LETd patching method in porous structure increased the median LETd in the target from 67.2 to 69.6 keV/µm, and the minimum LETd from 51.5 to 58.0 keV/µm, respectively. Moreover, to improve the prediction of LETd in porous structures, analytical convolution‐based predictions showed good agreement with the MC simulations, with mean LETd deviations of −1.9% ± 1.6% in the plateau, −3.1% ± 4.9% in the BP, and −1.1% ± 7.7% in the tail region.ConclusionsPorous lung‐equivalent structures significantly affect LETd distributions in carbon‐ion therapy, as confirmed by both CR‐39 measurements and MC simulations. IMPT with LETd optimization may be more impacted by porous structures in terms of median and minimum LETd values within the target. The Gaussian convolution function shows promise for enhancing LETd calculation accuracy, but further validation in anatomically complex models is needed to assess its clinical feasibility.
Impact of Bladder Management Strategies on Autonomic Dysreflexia Severity in People With Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Palanjian Rita , Welk Blayne , Myers Jeremy B. , Lenherr Sara M. , Elliott Sean P. , O'Dell Diana , Stoffel John T. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTPurposeWe investigated whether severity of autonomic dysreflexia (AD) was associated with more patient‐reported bladder and bowel symptoms and compared AD severity by bladder management strategy in people with spinal cord injury (SCI).MethodsThe Neurogenic Bladder Research Group SCI Registry is a prospective study which evaluated quality of life after SCI. Bladder and bowel symptoms were assessed through Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score and Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction score, respectively. AD severity was assessed with the Autonomic Dysreflexia Following Spinal Cord Injury (ADFSCI) instrument. Bladder management was classified as volitional voiding, clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), indwelling catheter (IDC), and surgery (augmentation and diversion).ResultsAD scores were identified for 1473 people. The mean age was 45. Bladder management was CIC in 754 (51%), IDC in 271 (18%), surgery in 195 (13%) and voiding in 259 (18%). On univariate analysis, higher ADFSCI scores occurred with complete injuries (3.1 vs 3.4, p = 0.03), cervical/thoracic injuries (3.8 vs 1.5, p < 0.0001), and chronic pain (3.9 vs 2.9, p = 0.0004). IDC (5.2) and surgery (4.5) had higher ADFSCI scores than CIC (3.0) and volitional voiding (2.8) (p < 0.0001). Sub‐analysis showed bladder augmentation had significantly higher ADSCI scores than diversion (4.7 vs 3.7, p = 0.03). On multivariate analysis, level of injury, bladder management, and bowel and bladder symptoms remained associated with worse AD.ConclusionLevel of injury, age, worse bowel and bladder symptoms and bladder management type were associated with higher AD scores. Bladder management with surgery, particularly bladder augment, and IDC had associated greater AD symptoms compared to CIC or voiding.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov NTC06216081 and HSRP20153564, U.S. National Library of Medicine, wwwcf.nlm.nih.gov.
Improving acrylonitrile rubber properties by recycled nano graphene oxide prepared from sugarcane bagasse
Authors: EL‐Nashar Doaa , Tohamy Hebat‐Allah S. , Koriem Adel 
Published: February 2025

AbstractNaturally occurring inexpensive substance is useful as a raw material like graphite. Graphene oxide (GO) is made from sugarcane bagasse (SB) to create nano graphene oxide (GO‐SB). Nitrile rubber (NBR) was used as base matrix while (GO‐SB) filler was combined at various loadings [2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 Part per hundred part of rubber (phr)]. The impact of the prepared (GO‐SB) loading on the physicomechanical and curing characteristics of NBR nanocomposites was examined and evaluated. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), x‐ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR) were used to estimate and characterize the prepared investigated rubber samples. Excellent dispersion of (GO‐SB) (8 phr) in the NBR matrix was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The filler agglomerations in the matrix were found to be a heterogeneous dispersion of (GO‐SB) (10 phr). Curing characterizations showed that the compounded rubber with (GO‐SB) had larger maximum and minimum torques, a torque difference at 8 phr, and a faster cure rate than the unfilled NBR compound. The equilibrium swelling and mechanical characteristics demonstrated that reinforcing effect of the prepared nanocomposites contained 8 phr (GO‐SB). When the filler content increased up to 10 phr, Shore A hardness values increased.Highlights
Graphene oxide nanosized prepared from sugarcane bagasse.
Transmission electron microscopy verified the nanoscale of Graphene oxide.
Nano Graphene oxide and ingredients are incorporated in NBR by rubber mixer.
Effect of Nano Graphene oxide on mechanical properties of NBR evaluated.
The products have better physico mechanical properties.