bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dual design approach as a tool for the interdisciplinary design of human‐centered systems
Authors: Bohnhoff Armin , Brandt Dietrich , Henning Klaus 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring recent years, developments in production seem to have shown a strong orientation toward finding the best technical solution to a problem. Frequently, there has been little consideration of people concerned. This approach may be called “technocentric.” In contrast to this approach, it may be feasible to look for solutions which balance the advantages of a merely technical solution, and the skills and competencies of people. Systems of this latter kind may be called “human‐centered.” Such systems support flexible production processes based on skill‐based workplaces and group work, and they are embedded into flat hierarchical structures in industry. They are increasingly considered viable in economic terms. This article discusses the concept of human‐centered systems in some detail. It suggests the dual design approach as a tool to design such systems.
Societal embedding of production and inventory control systems: American and japanese influences on adaptive implementation in britain
Authors: Clark Peter , Newell Sue 
Published: July 2007

AbstractProduction and inventory control systems as steering and monitoring mechanisms were formalized at an early stage in large American firms. The shape and use of these systems contains many core features which are identifiably American and reflect their societal embedding. These core features are evident in their contemporary variants. When the systems were transferred to Japan, key elements of the core were repositioned to create an alternative template of corporate coordination. In Britain their adaptive implementation is impeded by the competing templates of international best practice and by the structured inability to create a relevant blending of the available elements.
Implementation of CIM technology: The key role of organizational learning
Authors: Lei David , Goldhar Joel D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article develops a conceptual model by which to examine the relationship between effective implementation of CIM technology with different levels and characteristics of organizational learning. Although a large number of firms have invested enormous sums into CIM and other advanced manufacturing technologies recently, many have not been able to garner the full potential of these investments to produce high variety at low cost. This article contends that successful implementation and utilization of CIM require a commensurate organizational commitment to instill double‐loop learning in which experimentation, risk‐taking, and an open‐systems perspective become the basis for redesigning organizational structures, reward systems, and human resource practices. Firms that are locked into patterns of single‐loop learning in which organizational change is resisted face the greatest difficulties in making the transition from traditional to advanced manufacturing technologies.
Management of technology, corporate culture and educational paradigms: Lessons from a case study
Authors: Manders André J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article discusses the relationship between the behavior of Research and Development management, and corporate culture and general socialization processes. It shows that, on the one hand, managerial attitudes are the product of corporate culture and socialization processes and, on the other, that management significantly contributes to their legitimation. This aspect of management behavior raises some questions. The analysis of these attitudes reveals that at least to a degree they have an economically debilitating effect. It is argued in this article that Research and Development management attitudes are a block on the road to solve a well‐known management problem, namely of finding an equilibrium between stimulating individual creativity and organizing effective cooperation. In support of this proposition the results of a case study are presented in which the decision‐making process about production technology at the Center for Manufacturing Technology is analyzed. The CMT is a Research and Development department of Philips Electronics Corporation in The Netherlands. First, the article elaborates the major elements of the Philips corporate culture, and the characteristics of the ruling educational paradigm at Dutch Technical Universities. With regard to the Philips culture the following factors are dealt with: the historical background of the Research and Development department and the related ambiguity of its position, the autonomy of the researcher, the industrial background of the R&D manager, the impact of personal commitment for successful research, skepticism about the quality of the intermediate goods supplied by the company, and disciplinary chauvinism. In addition attention is given to the “frame of existing solutions” (Sinclair), the close relationship between university and industry and the emphasis on “personal achievement” which are characteristic of the mainstream educational paradigm at Dutch technical universities. Second, the management behavior of the Philips Center for Manufacturing Technology department is described from the point of view of corporate culture to illustrate how the attitudes of CMT management contribute to the corporate culture in the enterprise and to the dominating technological paradigm, and how these attitudes detract from successful Research and Development activities.
An empirical study of hybrid inspection systems and allocation of inspection functions
Authors: Hou Tung‐Hsu , And Drury Li Lin Colin G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWith the demand for zero‐defect products and the requirement of shorter lead‐time production, designs of inspection systems have changed from using sampling inspection and human inspectors to 100% inspection and automated inspection systems. Unfortunately, automated inspection systems usually cannot meet the required performance without some human intervention. The objectives of this research are to demonstrate the feasibility of hybrid inspection systems, to compare these systems with the unaided human system and unaided automated inspection systems, and to develop a framework to allocate humans and computers in an inspection system in order to achieve the best system performance. This research found that a hybrid inspection system had better performance than either human inspection or entirely automated inspection systems. A proposed function allocation procedure was found to be feasible.
Survey of robot safety in industry
Authors: Hirschfeld R. A. , Aghazadeh F. , Chapleski R. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA questionnaire was mailed to 55 industrial robot users in the United States to determine what safety measures were used in the field. Nineteen companies using a total of over 580 robots responded to the survey. The questionnaire investigated types of robots, types of safety devices, optimal work range, ability to enclose, and response to error condition. Only 20% of robots were found to be completely enclosed, while 60% had a limited barrier or no barrier. Active safety measures such as light curtains and floor mats were found to be the most widely used safety devices at 67% and 59%, respectively. In addition, industrial users demonstrated poor conformance to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations and to the American National Standards Institute/Robot Industries Association (ANSI/RIA) standards.
Multifactor learning and forgetting models for productivity and performance analysis
Authors: Badiru Adedeji B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article presents an approach to modeling multifactor learning curve models for productivity and performance analysis in manufacturing. The models account for alternate periods of learning and forgetting and the resulting performance of an operator. Multi‐factor learning curves facilitate the inclusion of more than one important factor in performance and productivity analysis. The inclusion of a component that accounts for the rate of forgetting establishes a realistic representation of the effects of learning and forgetting on performance. Analyses based on the proposed approach can facilitate more reliable management decisions in productivity analysis. Two‐factor models are used to illustrate cases where forgetting occurs continuously or intermittently over a given time period.
Human resource issues affecting the survival of U.S. apparel manufacturing
Authors: Schroer Bernard J. , Ziemke M. Carl 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBetween 1988 and 1991, the market share of the U.S. apparel manufacturing industry became slightly more than 50% of retail sale costs. Previous to this period, domestic apparel manufacturers counted on increased automation to counteract decreasing market share. When this did not work, apparel manufacturers turned their attention to human resource issues as a means to improve worker retention, productivity, and product quality. Most of these management changes occurred during the past four years and are discussed in detail in this article.
Evaluation of alternative transition strategies for advanced technology systems
Authors: Luxhoj James T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the next 10 years the Federal Aviation Administration will be modernizing its Air Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs) with advanced technology navigation, communication, and radar systems. There are a number of design strategies for technology transition under consideration. In this article, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used as a justification methodology to integrate and evaluate both quantitative and qualitative factors in this complex, multi‐attribute problem domain. Four alternative transition strategies are compared with respect to the criteria of cost, functionality during transition, difficulty of work during transition, efficiency of the final layout, and controller satisfaction in a hypothetical example.
Balancing technological, organizational, and human aspects in manufacturing development
Authors: Berger Anders 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article, which is based on three case studies, operationalizes and tests the widely quoted notion (and assumption) that balancing technological, organizational, and human aspects is important to the success of manufacturing development. As such, this article is also a test of a framework inspired by manufacturing strategy to opertionalize the intuitively sound concept of “balance” applied to manufacturing lead time reduction. The results in all three cases showed considerable improvements in reducing lead times but, as a consequence of the limited variation in success, few conclusions concerning the balance of aspects could be drawn. It is concluded that the analytical framework was useful with respect to describing and analyzing the balance between technological, organizational, and human aspects, in terms of an “amount” relationship. However, the data from the shop floor indicated that reaching a better understanding of the interdisciplinary features of the redesigns would require a more process‐oriented framework covering leading actors, participation, change organization, etc. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Repetitive and manual jobs—content and effects in terms of physical stress and work‐related musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Christmansson Marita 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that there exists a relationship between work‐related musculoskeletal disorders and repetitive, manual jobs. However, this relationship has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to discuss the relationship between repetitive, manual tasks and work‐related disorders in the neck and upper limbs. The study was carried out in a manufacturing company. Five assembly tasks were analyzed with respect to physical activities and stress caused by these activities. The tasks were analyzed by means of the Hand‐Arm‐Movement‐Analysis (HAMA) method. The results show that the tasks resulted in a constrained but varying use of the hands and arms. Four of the tasks resulted in a static working posture for the shoulders and neck. The disorders that the workers suffered from were mainly located in the shoulders and neck, giving support for the relationship between work‐related musculoskeletal disorders and repetitive, manual tasks. The HAMA method proved to be a useful method for task analysis, giving a detailed description and analysis of the use of the upper limbs. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rapid prototyping—the Swedish industry experience
Authors: Trygg Lars 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe growing emphasis on timeliness as a competitive weapon has forced companies around the world to search for time‐slacks and other possibilities to reduce lead times in the process of product refinement. In this respect, an especially interesting bottleneck is the development and manufacturing of prototypes. Traditional prototype methods, mostly performed by craftsmen, are known to be both costly and time‐consuming. However, the development within the IT area has lately made it possible to speed up and compress this particular process step. Depending on the purpose of the prototype, a new technology called Rapid Prototyping can be used in many situations, reducing lead times in the development of prototypes from weeks and months down to hours, hence affecting the overall lead time. However, adopting this new technology also means considerably new working requirements as well as new options for most actors involved in the product development process, including external participants. Especially cross‐functional and cross‐organizational collaboration is strongly promoted by this technology, improving working relationships. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effects on health of qualified computer work: Implications of the use of computer‐aided design systems
Authors: Hovmark Svante , Norell Margareta 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPeople employed in the design section of three companies participated in a questionnaire and interview study to investigate the health effects of computer work. Of the members of the study group, 63% used Computer‐Aided Design (CAD) systems and the remaining 37% were non‐CAD users. Complaints of the hands/wrists, upper back, and skin were significantly greater among those who spent a relatively higher number of hours on CAD work. CAD users who had greater difficulties in handling their CAD system reported relatively more skin rashes and complaints of the elbows and upper back.
A fuzzy knowledge‐based system of learning by analogy for a process analysis task: The sewing industry
Authors: Tabe Tsutomu , Taguchi Yumiko , Maki Noriko , Asai Hiroyasu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents preliminary information concerning a methodology for applying Fuzzy Logic to a knowledge‐based system based on learning by analogy for a process analysis task in a sewing shop in the Japanese apparel industry. Many Japanese sewing shops respond to an order by implementing a lot production system on the assembly line. A foreman analyzes the manufacturing process in the preparation stage after deciding to accept an order and then carries out a line balancing task based on the result of the process analysis task. When he/she carries out this task, he/she analyzes the process for a newly released order by comparing with the manufacturing process for a product that has similar design features, and clarifies the necessary constituent operations and linkages. There are two types of design features: explicit (crisp) and ambiguous (fuzzy). In this research, to support such process analysis of manufacturing tasks, we clarify the framework of a fuzzy knowledge‐based system based on learning by analogy to generate a process analysis table for a newly ordered product semiautomatically. It is confirmed that the system can generate a real process analysis table by personal computer according to the result of experimentation with a prototype that we have constructed in this study.
Human interaction with computers and robots
Authors: Nickerson Raymond S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe evolution of information technology has been characterized by three trends: increasing ethereality, increasing connectivity, and increasing versatility. As a consequence of these trends, the nature of many of the devices and systems with which people interact, in the workplace and elsewhere, has been changing rapidly and is likely to continue to do so in the future. In particular, devices are acquiring more and more cognitive‐type capabilities and are being used to perform an increasingly large fraction of the tasks once done by human beings. On the other hand, the increasing versatility of machines can expand greatly the universe of things that people can do with their help. Human factors researchers and engineers are concerned with the question of how to design tools, appliances, vehicles, communication devices and other artifacts so they are well matched to the capabilities and limitations of human beings and contribute positively to the safety, comfort, and productivity of their users. This concern will be at least as important in the future as it has been in the past, but the context in which it is exercised will be different in many respects. Reflection on how information technology may continue to evolve and be used raises many human factors issues and questions that need to be addressed. @ 1995 John WIley & Sons, Inc.
Teleoperators for advanced manufacturing: Applications and human factors challenges
Authors: Draper John V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAdvanced manufacturing systems integrate human workers with computers, automation, and robots. However, they do not often include a class of robotic device called a teleoperator. Teleoperators are human‐robot systems that combine powerful human perceptual and problem‐solving capabilities with the hardiness of machines. Therefore, they are more capable of interacting with dynamic environments than autonomous robots and yet insulate the human user from hazards in the work environment. The aims of this paper are to (1) introduce the reader to teleoperators and show how they might find a niche in advanced manufacturing systems and (2) discuss the human factors challenges presented by teleoperation. The paper concentrates on the existing state‐of‐the‐art, including examples of the capabilities of existing teleoperator technology and current challenges in teleoperator human‐machine interfaces. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New technology, automation, and work organization: Stress problems and improved technology implementation strategies
Authors: Smith Michael J. , Carayon Pascale 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFrom the turn of the century to today there has been a revolution in the technology in use at the workplace. Coupled with this has been a major change in the way in which work is organized and managed. The integration of technology and how work is designed, organized, and managed have not always been smooth, as there has often been lags between the application of workplace automation and workplace design to accommodate the new technology and workforce needs. New theories of work organization and design to address automation and workforce issues have emphasized the need for more workforce involvement in the planning for automation and during the implementation of new technology, and for better workplace design to enhance human‐machine interfaces. Theories such as sociotechnical systems, macroergonomics, and high involvement management provide some insight into the problems of automation and solutions. The balance theory of Smith and Carayon‐Sainfort (1989) provides a framework for successful implementation of automation. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of self‐reported accidents attributed to advanced manufacturing systems
Authors: Järvinen Jari , Karwowski Waldemar 
Published: July 2007

AbstractReviewing past accidents is one way to identify hazards caused by advanced manufacturing systems and to manage accident prevention efforts. However, only a limited amount of data is currently available on industrial accidents due to advanced manufacturing environments, or these data cannot be easily distinguished from general industrial accident statistics. The main objective of this study was to examine the self‐reported accident data attributed to advanced manufacturing environments, based on the results of an anonymous questionnaire requesting information about one serious accident that occurred in the respondents' plant. The presented results are based on the analysis of 103 reported cases. A majority of the accidents occurred within the context of the stand‐alone automated equipment, followed by flexible manufacturing systems or cells. The injured personnel were operators of automated equipment (67%), followed by maintenance or repair personnel (20%). Typical activities performed at the time of the accident were related to production disturbances, such as clearing a blockage, fault finding or rectification, and adjustment of part or machine. In 55% of the analyzed accidents and 75% of the robot accidents, the manufacturing equipment was in the automatic operating mode. In 74% of the reported accidents, the safeguarding applied to the involved equipment was claimed to be inadequate. The above results suggest a need for the design of more effective safety systems that would not interfere with the human operator's work. The study results were also compared to results of previous studies of accidents in advanced manufacturing environments. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sensory integration in a neural network‐based robot safety system
Authors: Zurada Jozef , Graham James H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article presents an architecture for a real‐time robot safety system for advanced manufacturing environments. The system is based on neural network technology, and contains the neural network detection unit and the neural network decision unit implemented at the intermediate and high level of processing, respectively. A new, computationally efficient methodology for sensory fusion at the intermediate level in the dynamic robot cell environment is also proposed. In particular, the neural network detection unit is used to combine basic probability mass functions encoded in certainty grids (local maps) into one final map of the robot environment containing potential collision zones with the human operator. The map produced by the neural network detection unit along with other information will be utilized by the neural network decision unit to produce appropriate robot safety decisions. The results of initial computer simulation indicate that the proposed approach can be very useful for design of robot safety in advanced manufacturing environments. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A portrait of the relationship between mechanization and work in the U.S. economy
Authors: Adler Paul S. , Borys Bryan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResearch on the effects of technological change on work has generated a wide and confusing array of findings. A key problem to date has been the lack of large‐scale studies of the relationship between mechanization and work characteristics. This study analyzes this relationship using data from the 1980 Census of Population. The results are mixed: work characteristics in more mechanized industries compared to less mechanized industries are higher in some dimensions and lower in others. A path model approach allows aggregation of these mixed results. Using wages as a yardstick, and controlling for other determinants of wages, we find that the work characteristics of more mechanized industries are upgraded in the aggregate, compared to those in less mechanized industries. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.