bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcification of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
Authors: Bourke Johnny , Murphy Matthew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Calcium is deposited in the skin in a variety of situations. It is sometimes seen in tumours and in inflammatory disorders such as CREST and dermatomyositis. It may happen as a result of trauma, injection of calcium‐containing solutions or in the setting of systemic dysregulation of calcium homeostasis. In a small number of cases it may be idiopathic. This chapter reviews the classification, diagnosis and treatment of each form of cutaneous calcinosis.
Acquired Disorders of Hair
Authors: Harries Matthew J. , Holmes Susan , McMichael Amy , Messenger Andrew G. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews acquired hair disorders, including common scarring and non‐scarring alopecia presentations, conditions characterised by excessive body hair growth and acquired hair shaft disorders. We also describe the biology of normal hair follicles, including structure, hair cycle control and immunity, to better understand the mechanisms underlying these conditions. We present methods for clinical assessment, recommended investigation and management of each disease, and present summaries of frequently used therapeutics and cosmetic options employed when treating these problems.
Acquired Disorders of Dermal Connective Tissue
Authors: Fahy Caoimhe M. R. , Lovell Christopher R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews acquired changes in dermal connective tissue during normal ageing and in disease processes, including photodamage. Corticosteroids are a potent cause of dermal atrophy, which may also be congenital or induced by inflammatory disorders related to morphoea. Enzymatic degradation of elastic tissue results in localised or generalised skin laxity, which resembles genetic disorders such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum and cutis laxa. In contrast, some disorders are characterised by excessive deposition of collagen or elastic tissue. Fibrosis is associated with contracture, which causes deformity and restricted movement as in palmoplantar fibromatosis. Several chemical environmental triggers induce diffuse fibrosis resembling systemic sclerosis. Keloids represent an abnormal scarring response to trauma. Finally, dermal connective tissue components may be extruded via the epidermis in perforating disorders such as elastosis perforans serpiginosa.
Dermatoses of Perineal and Perianal Skin
Authors: Mallon Eleanor 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The perineum lies below the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm. It is diamond shaped and can be divided into an anterior urogenital and posterior anal triangle. The domain of the dematologist begins at the anal verge. The skin of the anal verge is pigmented, hairless and is puckered due to contraction of muscle fibres. Perianal skin conditions include congenital abnormalities, inflammatory skin disease, infections and benign and malignant tumours.
Dermatoses of the Neonate
Authors: Clayton Timothy H. , Sharif Jennifer C. Harrison 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of neonatal skin function and intrauterine skin development. The impact on the skin of gestational age at birth is discussed along with cutaneous complications arising from prematurity and neonatal medical procedures. Skin care practices and considerations for neonates are summarised and physiological appearances and changes are described. On overview of disordered skin in neonates is provided, including pustular eruptions, atrophic skin lesions, disorders of neonatal fat, colloidion baby, blueberry muffin baby, purpura fulminans and common neonatal dermatosis. The clinical manifestions in a neonate of transplacental transfer of maternal autoantibodies is evaluated, including in conditions such as pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, herpes gestationis, lupus erythematosus and maternal malignancy. Finally, on overview of infective skin pathologies and clinical manifestations in neonates is provided including viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens.
Cutaneous Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
Authors: Fearfield Louise , Edwards Charlotte 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The number of people diagnosed with cancer each year continues to rise, with an estimated one in two people likely to be affected in their lifetime. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are crucial to cancer management; however, treatments are commonly associated with skin toxicity. In this chapter we summarise the key features, diagnosis and treatments associated with the commonest skin‐related adverse effects.
Mechanical Injury to the Skin
Authors: Bashir Saqib J. , Chew Ai‐Lean 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Healthy skin is able to withstand the effects of a variety of mechanical forces, such as friction, pressure, contusion and vibration. However, when the force is of sufficient intensity or duration, mechanical injury may occur. Phenomena such as the isomorphic (Koebner) response and Nikolsky sign are of interest to the dermatologist in consideration with the underlying pathology. Other conditions are important to recognise, as they may potentially be confused with skin cancers (black heel, spectacle frame acanthoma) or important dermatological diseases (foreign body reaction, friction blisters, sclerodermiform reaction, semicircular lipoatrophy). Mechanical insult to the skin may reflect an occupational hazard, such as the diverse skin reactions to musical instruments, traumatic effects of sports, hypothenar hammer syndrome and hand–arm vibration syndrome. The diverse presentations of cutaneous mechanical injury are discussed in this chapter.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Orton David , Stone Natalie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is considered to be a prototype of delayed hypersensitivity reactions requiring two phases – induction and elicitation. The amount of allergen per skin surface area is the key factor that determines the risk of induction. Exposure‐related factors that influence the elicitation phase include allergen concentration (dose), duration and frequency of exposure, the matrix, the presence of irritants and the region of application. A diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis requires careful evaluation of a patient's clinical history when the suspicion is aroused, physical examination, and various types of skin testing (patch testing, photopatch testing and repeat open application tests. During the last few decades much effort has been put into standardisation of allergens, vehicles, test concentrations and the scoring of test reactions. This chapter provides information on the diagnosis and management of allergic contact dermatitis and information on the major allergens involved in regional dermatitis.
Cutaneous Histiocytoses
Authors: Tran Thai Hoa , Pope Elena , Weitzman Sheila 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Skin involvement is common in all forms of histiocytic disorders and is seen in all ages. In general, for convenience, the histiocytoses were divided into those involving dendritic cells (DC disorders) and those involving the macrophage–monocyte lineage (or non‐DC disorders). Recent molecular insights, however, have led to a new classification system in which disorders that commonly harbour mutations in the MAPK pathway are classified together as the L group, while disorders that mainly involve skin and mucosa form the C group, the various forms of Rosai‐Dorfman disease constitute the R group, the malignant histiocytoses represent the M group, and finally the family of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytoses comprise the H group. This chapter will provide an overview of the histiocytic disorders including a brief discussion of possible pathogenetic mechanisms, followed by an in‐depth discussion of the skin manifestations, pathology and therapy of the histiocytic disorders.
Systemic Treatment of Melanoma
Authors: Dummer Reinhard , Goldinger Simone M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Systemic therapy for melanoma patients has dramatically improved over the past decade. New treatment strategies have significantly ameliorated survival and prognosis of affected patients. The indication for immune directed and targeted therapies has expanded and can be considered for both very early melanoma stages as well as advanced disease. Ongoing challenges deal with reducing development of primary and secondary resistance to antitumoural drugs and identifying useful biomarkers as well as improving quality of life of affected patients. Overall, the aim to cure metastatic melanoma has become more tangible than ever before.
The Skin and Disorders of the Haematopoietic and Immune Systems
Authors: Basu Tanya N. , Kulasekararaj Austin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter the cutaneous manifestations of malignant and benign haematological disease are reviewed, as well as skin disorders associated with primary and acquired immunodeficiency. The vast array of skin manifestations associated with disorders of the haematopoietic and immune systems highlights the importance of close collaboration between dermatology, haematology and immunology teams to enable the delivery of optimal multidisciplinary patient care.
The Skin and Disorders of the Respiratory System
Authors: Molin Sonja , Ruzicka Thomas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
There are many disorders which affect both the skin and the respiratory system, ranging from common infections and allergies to complex multisystem diseases. This chapter examines the relationship between the two organ systems and discusses selected disorders from amongst the diverse groups of diseases which may affect both. After a brief discussion of allergic disorders affecting the upper respiratory tract, the chapter focuses on pulmonary involvement in autoimmune disorders, vasculitides, infections and hereditary syndromes.
Aesthetic Uses of Botulinum Toxins
Authors: Lowe Nicholas J. , Lowe Philippa L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins have proven efficacy for a variety of clinical conditions resulting from neuromuscular hyperactivity, which includes spasticity and blepharospasm. The approved aesthetic and dermatological indications for type A botulinum toxins include treatment of hyperfunctional facial muscles causing facial lines and the treatment of focal hyperhidrosis. In 1992, botulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) was reported as being effective in reducing muscle‐induced forehead lines, followed by confirming the efficacy of BTX‐A for the reduction of dynamic facial lines. Botox™, now designated onabotulinumtoxinA (BTX‐A Ona), was developed in the USA as the first BTX‐A for aesthetic treatments. It rapidly gained popularity during the 1990s and the early 21st century. In the UK, an alternative type of BTX‐A, abobotulinumtoxinA (BTX‐A Abo), was developed for similar indications. Another approved indication for BTX‐A Ona is the treatment of severe axillary sweating. BTX‐A is now a recognised treatment option for severe localised hyperhidrosis. Three types of BTX‐A currently exist and are approved in Europe and the USA for several aesthetic indications. In addition, botulinum toxin type B (BTX‐B) has distinct pharmacological mechanisms but similar clinical responses to those of type A toxins.
Emerging Frontiers of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides in Photovoltaics Solar Cell
Authors: Zhou Zhanren , Lv Junling , Tan Chao , Yang Lei , Wang Zegao 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have gained much attention due to their excellent electronic and optoelectronic properties. The reasonable band gap, higher light‐matter interaction, hundreds of categories as well as wafer‐scale growth and Si‐compatible fabrication etc. proof their immense potential for next‐generation solar cells. Over the past years, a variety of specific device structure are investigated including multi‐field tunable 2D TMDCs‐based photovoltaic solar cell since its electronic structure is easily tunable. Their work function distributes in a wide range which facilitate interfacial modulation and optimize the electron/hole transfer layer in perovskite‐/organic‐based photovoltaic solar cell. In this review, the recent developments of TMDCs in photovoltaic solar cell are comprehensively described. First, the energy diagram of traditional semiconductor and 2D TDMCs are discussed. Then, 2D TMDCs‐based photovoltaic solar cell is introduced considering the homojunction, heterojunction and Schottky‐junction as well as their multi‐field tunability. Third, the role of 2D TMDCs layer as photosensitive layer and modifying layer in silicon‐based solar cells, as well as their applications in perovskite‐/organic‐based solar cells are summarized considering their role of electron/hole transfer layer or active layer. Lastly, the prospect for future materials, device and process trends and practical applications of TMDCs‐based photovoltaic solar cell are presented.
Non‐Resonant Structure Induces N‐Rich Solid Electrolyte Interface toward Ultra‐Stable Solid‐State Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Shuoxiao , Liu Han , Liu Zhengbo , Zhao Yajun , Yan Jie , Zhang Yangqian , Liu Fangyan , Liu Qi , Liu Chen , Sun Gang , Wang Zhenbo , Yang Jiayi , Ren Yang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe practical application of all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) is limited by lithium (Li) anode instability including Li dendrite formation and deteriorating interface with electrolytes. Here, a functional additive, isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) with a non‐resonant structure (O2−N−O−) is reported, which improves its reactivity and is utilized to build a stable N‐rich solid electrolyte interface, effectively alleviating Li dendrite and side reactions for poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)‐lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI)‐based electrolyte (PLE‐ISMN). In addition, the ion‐dipole interaction between ISMN and Li ions facilitates the dissociation of LiTFSI to form carrier ions, improving the ionic conductivity (4.4 × 10−4 S cm−1) and transference number (0.50) of PLE‐ISMN. Consequently, the Li/Li symmetric cell delivers a high critical current density of 2.0 mA cm−2 and stable Li stripping/plating cycling over 5000 h with a capacity of 1.0 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the Li|LiFePO4 cell delivers an excellent initial discharge capacity of 154.0 mAh g−1 with an outstanding capacity retention of 88.9% after 500 cycles at 0.5 C. The Li|LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cell also exhibits a good cycling performance at 4.4 V at 1 C.
Semiconductor–Semimetal Composite Engineering Enabling Record‐High Thermoelectric Power Density for Low‐Temperature Energy Harvesting
Authors: Xie Liangjun , Peng Guyang , Sun Yuxin , Liu Zihang , Li Fushan , Zhu Yuke , Zhu Jianbo , Wu Hao , Qu Nuo , Shi Wenjing , Jiao Lei , Guo Fengkai , Cai Wei , Wu Haijun , Sui Jiehe 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSustained thermoelectric efforts have concentrated on the enhancement of conversion efficiency of power generators, while simultaneously achieving high output power continues to lag. Specifically, the highest output power density of emerging Mg‐based modules reported so far is only half of that of commercial Bi2Te3‐based, mainly due to the low power factor of MgAgSb. Herein, homogenously distributed MgCuSb in situ nanoprecipitates in the MgAgSb matrix effectively optimized carrier concentration due to the effect of carrier injection from the metal–semiconductor Ohmic contact. As a result, a record‐high average power factor of 27.2 µW cm−1 K−2 is obtained in MgCu0.1Ag0.87Sb0.99 composite within the temperature range of 300–550 K, which is much higher than ever reported values of MgAgSb system. Benefiting from the combination of the optimized average power factor of p‐leg and low interface resistivity, a fabricated eight‐pair MgCu0.1Ag0.87Sb0.99/Mg3.2Bi1.5Sb0.5 module demonstrates an unprecedently high output power density of 2.9 W cm−2 under a temperature difference of 300 K, outperforming all low‐temperature advanced thermoelectric modules. Meanwhile, a competitive conversion efficiency of 7.65% is obtained simultaneously. The work significantly advances high‐power thermoelectric applications of Mg‐based modules in the field of low‐temperature sustainable energy harvesting.
Materials Inspired by Living Functions
Authors: Kostiainen Mauri A. , Priimagi Arri , Timonen Jaakko V. I. , Ras Robin H. A. , Sammalkorpi Maria , Penttilä Merja , Ikkala Olli , Linder Markus B. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractEngineering or mimicking living materials found in nature has the potential to transform the use of materials. Unlike classic synthetic materials which are typically optimized for static properties, economics, and recently also for sustainability, materials of life are dynamic, feedback‐controlled, evolving, and adaptive. Although synthetic materials do not typically exhibit such complicated functionalities, researchers are increasingly challenging this viewpoint and expanding material concepts toward dynamic systems inspired by selected life‐like functions. Herein, it is suggested that such materials can be approached from two perspectives: through engineering of biological organisms and their functions to provide the basis for new materials, or by producing synthetic materials with selected rudimentary life‐inspired functions. Current advances are discussed from the perspectives of (i) new material features based on built‐in memory and associative learning, (ii) emergent structures and self‐regulated designs using non‐equilibrium systems, and (iii) interfacing living and non‐living systems in the form of cellular community control and growth to open new routes for material fabrication. Strategies combining (i)–(iii) provide materials with increasingly life‐inspired responses and potential for applications in interactive autonomous devices, helping to realize next‐generation sensors, autonomous and interactive soft robots, and external control over the bioproduction of self‐organizing structural materials.
CO2 and Lignin‐Based Sustainable Polymers with Closed‐Loop Chemical Recycling
Authors: Ghorai Arijit , Chung Hoyong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis work highlights the conversion method of chaining up greenhouse gas CO2 with biomass lignin to develop new sustainable, recyclable polymers from abundant and non‐food based renewable resources. A cyclic carbonate monomer has synthesized using a cost‐effective, non‐phosgene‐based, and greener approach under atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The fully programable ring‐opening polymerization is accomplished by varying the catalyst (DBU and TBD), catalyst loading (0.5–5.0%) and reaction time (2–40 min). The best polymer is obtained in 1% TBD with a 30‐min reaction. The precise characterization of the synthesized cyclic carbonate monomer and polymers' structure are established using spectroscopic analyses including 1H, 13C, and 2D HSQC NMR, FT‐IR, and GPC. The new polymers exhibit high molecular weights (Mn: 120.34–154.58 kDa) and adequate thermal stabilities (Td5%: 244–277 °C from TGA and Tg: 33–52 °C from DSC), rendering them advantageous for practical applications. Significantly, the CO2 and lignin‐based polymers have successfully recycled to the monomer for a circular plastic economy by heating at 90 °C for 12 h in the presence of DBU. This process yields original monomers for another polymerization without unwanted changes in chemical structures, presenting an ultimate sustainable solution.
2D Catalytic Nanozyme Enables Cascade Enzyodynamic Effect‐Boosted and Ca2+ Overload‐Induced Synergistic Ferroptosis/Apoptosis in Tumor
Authors: Wang Zeyu , Wang Xue , Dai Xinyue , Xu Tianming , Qian Xiaoqin , Chang Meiqi , Chen Yu 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe introduction of glucose oxidase, exhibiting characteristics of glucose consumption and H2O2 production, represents an emerging antineoplastic therapeutic approach that disrupts nutrient supply and promotes efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the instability of natural enzymes and their low therapeutic efficacy significantly impede their broader application. In this context, 2D Ca2Mn8O16 nanosheets (CMO NSs) designed and engineered to serve as a high‐performance nanozyme, enhancing the enzyodynamic effect for a ferroptosis–apoptosis synergistic tumor therapy, are presented. In addition to mimicking activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, oxidase, and peroxidase, the engineered CMO NSs exhibit glucose oxidase‐mimicking activities. This feature contributes to their antitumor performance through cascade catalytic reactions, involving the disruption of glucose supply, self‐supply of H2O2, and subsequent efficient ROS generation. The exogenous Ca2+ released from CMO NSs, along with the endogenous Ca2+ enrichment induced by ROS from the peroxidase‐ and oxidase‐mimicking activities of CMO NSs, collectively mediate Ca2+ overload, leading to apoptosis. Importantly, the ferroptosis process is triggered synchronously through ROS output and glutathione consumption. The application of exogenous ultrasound stimulation further enhances the efficiency of ferroptosis–apoptosis synergistic tumor treatment. This work underscores the crucial role of enzyodynamic performance in ferroptosis–apoptosis synergistic therapy against tumors.
Electrostatic Smart Textiles for Braille‐To‐Speech Translation
Authors: Li Zhaoyang , Liu Zhe , Xu Sumei , Zhang Kaijun , Zhao Dazhe , Pi Yucong , Guan Xiao , Peng Zhengchun , Zhong Qize , Zhong Junwen 
Published: March 2024

AbstractA wearable Braille‐to‐speech translation system is of great importance for providing auditory feedback in assisting blind people and people with speech impairment. However, previous reported Braille‐to‐speech translation systems still need to be improved in terms of comfortability or integration. Here, a Braille‐to‐speech translation system that uses dual‐functional electrostatic transducers which are made of fabric‐based materials and can be integrated into textiles is reported. Based on electrostatic induction, the electrostatic transducer can either serve as a tactile sensor or a loudspeaker with the same design. The proposed electrostatic transducers have excellent output performances, mechanical robustness, and working stability. By combining the devices with machine learning algorithms, it is possible to translate the Braille alphabet and 40 commonly used words (extensible) into speech with an accuracy of 99.09% and 97.08%, respectively. This work demonstrates a new approach for further developments of advanced assistive technology toward improving the lives of disabled people.