bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rates of and Reasons for Failure of Commercial Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viral Load Assays in Brazil
Authors: Drexler Jan Felix , de Souza Luna Luciano Kleber , Pedroso Celia , Pedral-Sampaio Diana Brasil , Queiroz Artur T. L. , Brites Carlos , Netto Eduardo M. , Drosten Christian 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

We examined failures of commercial human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral load assays of 1,195 plasma samples from Brazilian patients. Assay failure was assumed for samples in which the virus was undetectable by commercial assay but which tested positive by real-time reverse transcription-PCR of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) region or if the viral load differed by >2 log
10
from that determined by LTR assay. Failure rates for Bayer Versant bDNA 3.0, Roche Amplicor Monitor v1.5, and bioMerieux NucliSens QT were 0.68, 0.47, and 4.33%, respectively. NucliSens may be inadequate for use in Brazil.
First Case of Human Babesiosis in Korea: Detection and Characterization of a Novel Type of
Babesia
sp. (KO1) Similar to Ovine
Babesia
Authors: Kim Jung-Yeon , Cho Shin-Hyeong , Joo Hyun-Na , Tsuji Masayoshi , Cho Sung-Ran , Park Il-Joong , Chung Gyung-Tae , Ju Jung-Won , Cheun Hyeng-Il , Lee Hyeong-Woo , Lee Young-Hee , Kim Tong-Soo 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

We report on the first case of human babesiosis in Korea. The intraerythrocytic parasite (KO1) in the patient's blood mainly appeared as paired pyriforms and ring forms; but Maltese cross forms were not seen, and the parasite showed morphological features consistent with those of the genus
Babesia
sensu stricto. The sequence of the 18S rRNA gene of KO1 was closely related to that of
Babesia
spp. isolated from sheep in China (similarity, 98%). The present study provides the first evidence of the presence of a hitherto unidentified, new type of
Babesia
parasite capable of infecting humans.
Molecular Investigations of an Outbreak of Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in a Hematology Unit
Authors: Jalal Hamid , Bibby David F. , Bennett Julie , Sampson Rebecca E. , Brink Nicola S. , MacKinnon Stephen , Tedder Richard S. , Ward Katherine N. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
A large simultaneous outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza type 3 (PIV-3) infections occurred on an adult hematology unit. Implementation of enhanced infection control was complicated by cocirculation of the two different viruses, with prolonged viral shedding from infected patients, and placed great pressure on health care staff; of 27 infected hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients, 9 died, and the unit was closed for 2 months. Retrospective molecular investigation of the virus strains involved in the outbreak was performed by analyzing part of the fusion gene of PIV-3 and part of the glycoprotein gene of RSV. Reverse transcription-PCR on nasopharyngeal aspirates from patients infected before and during the simultaneous outbreak generated amplicons for sequence analysis. A single strain of RSV and a single strain of PIV-3 had spread from person to person within the unit; 7 patients were infected with RSV, 22 were infected with PIV-3, and 4 were infected with both viruses. The PIV-3 outbreak had started at the beginning of August 3 months before the RSV outbreak; it had arisen when PIV-3 was introduced from the community by a patient and passed to another patient, who became chronically infected with the identical strain and, in spite of being nursed in isolation, was most likely the source from which widespread infection occurred in November. Had these early cases been linked to a common PIV-3 strain at the time of diagnosis, enhanced infection control precautions might have prevented the eventual extensive spread of PIV-3, making it much easier to deal with the later RSV outbreak.
Acute Postoperative Endophthalmitis Caused by
Staphylococcus lugdunensis
Authors: Chiquet C. , Pechinot A. , Creuzot-Garcher C. , Benito Y. , Croize J. , Boisset S. , Romanet J. P. , Lina G. , Vandenesch F. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

Acute postoperative endophthalmitis caused by
Staphylococcus lugdunensis
is infrequently reported in clinical studies. Five cases of acute postcataract surgery endophthalmitis caused by
S. lugdunensis
were taken from a multicenter prospective study conducted in four university-affiliated hospitals in France (2004 to 2005). These cases were characterized by severe ocular inflammation occurring with a mean delay of 7.6 days after cataract surgery, severe visual loss (hand motions or less in three cases), and dense infiltration of the vitreous. Each of these patients was initially treated by using a standard protocol with intravitreal (vancomycin and ceftazidime), systemic, and topical antibiotics. Given the severity of the endophthalmitis, even though bacteria were sensitive to intravitreal antibiotics, pars plana vitrectomy was needed in four cases. The final visual prognosis was complicated by severe retinal detachment in three cases. The microbiological diagnosis was reached by using conventional cultures with specific biochemical tests and eubacterial PCR amplification followed by direct sequencing.
Enteric Ganglionitis in Rhesus Macaques Infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Orandle Marlene S. , Veazey Ronald S. , Lackner Andrew A. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTGastrointestinal (GI) disease is a debilitating feature of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that can occur in the absence of histopathological abnormalities or identifiable enteropathogens. However, the mechanisms of GI dysfunction are poorly understood. The present study was undertaken to characterize changes in resident and inflammatory cells in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of macaques during the acute stage of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection to gain insight into potential pathogenic mechanisms of GI disease. Ganglia from duodenum, ileum, and colon were examined in healthy and acutely infected macaques by using a combination of routine histology, double-label immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization. Evaluation of tissues from infected macaques showed progressive infiltration of myenteric ganglia by CD3+T cells and IBA1+macrophages beginning as early as 8 days postinfection. Quantitative image analysis revealed that the severity of myenteric ganglionitis increased with time after SIV infection and, in general, was more severe in ganglia from the small intestine than in ganglia from the colon. Despite an abundance of inflammatory cells in myenteric ganglia during acute infection, the ENS was not a target for virus infection. This study provides evidence that the ENS may be playing a role in the pathogenesis of GI disease and enteropathy in HIV-infected people.
Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Open Reading Frame 24 Is Required for Late Gene Expression after DNA Replication
Authors: Wong Elaine , Wu Ting-Ting , Reyes Nichole , Deng Hongyu , Sun Ren 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Open reading frame 24 (ORF24) of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) is conserved among beta- and gammaherpesviruses; however, its function in viral replication has not been defined. Using MHV-68 as a model, we have identified ORF24 as being essential for viral replication. An ORF24-null virus was generated and shown to be defective in late gene expression. Expression of early genes, as well as viral genome replication, was not affected. Furthermore, the defect in late gene expression was likely due to a deficiency in transcription. Thus, we have identified an MHV-68 protein, ORF24, that is essential for the expression of viral late proteins yet dispensable for viral DNA replication.
Murine Hepatitis Virus Replicase Protein nsp10 Is a Critical Regulator of Viral RNA Synthesis
Authors: Donaldson Eric F. , Sims Amy C. , Graham Rachel L. , Denison Mark R. , Baric Ralph S. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Coronavirus replication requires proteolytic processing of the large polyprotein encoded by ORF1a/ab into putative functional intermediates and eventually ∼15 mature proteins. The C-terminal ORF1a protein nsp10 colocalizes with viral replication complexes, but its role in transcription/replication is not well defined. To investigate the role of nsp10 in coronavirus transcription/replication, alanine replacements were engineered into a murine hepatitis virus (MHV) infectious clone in place of conserved residues in predicted functional domains or charged amino acid pairs/triplets, and rescued viruses were analyzed for mutant phenotypes. Of the 16 engineered clones, 5 viable viruses were rescued, 3 mutant viruses generated no cytopathic effect but were competent to synthesize viral subgenomic RNAs, and 8 were not viable. All viable mutants showed reductions in growth kinetics and overall viral RNA synthesis, implicating nsp10 as being a cofactor in positive- or negative-strand synthesis. Viable mutant nsp10-E2 was compromised in its ability to process the nascent polyprotein, as processing intermediates were detected in cells infected with this virus that were not detectable in wild-type infections. Mapping the mutations onto the crystal structure of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus nsp10 identified a central core resistant to mutation. Mutations targeting residues in or near either zinc-binding finger generated nonviable phenotypes, demonstrating that both domains are essential to nsp10 function and MHV replication. All mutations resulting in viable phenotypes mapped to loops outside the central core and were characterized by a global decrease in RNA synthesis. These results demonstrate that nsp10 is a critical regulator of coronavirus RNA synthesis and may play an important role in polyprotein processing.
Asian herbal-tobacco cigarettes: “not medicine but less harmful”?: Table 1
Authors: Chen Aiyin , Glantz Stanton , Tong Elisa 
Published: March 2007

Objective:To describe the development and health claims of Asian herbal-tobacco cigarettes.Methods:Analysis of international news sources, company websites, and the transnational tobacco companies’ (TTC) documents. PubMed searches of herbs and brands.Results:Twenty-three brands were identified, mainly from China. Many products claimed to relieve respiratory symptoms and reduce toxins, with four herb-only products advertised for smoking cessation. No literature was found to verify the health claims, except one Korean trial of an herb-only product. Asian herbal-tobacco cigarettes were initially produced by China by the 1970s and introduced to Japan in the 1980s. Despite initial news about research demonstrating a safer cigarette, the TTC analyses of these cigarettes suggest that these early products were not palatable and had potentially toxic cardiovascular effects. By the late 1990s, China began producing more herbal-tobacco cigarettes in a renewed effort to reduce harmful constituents in cigarettes. After 2000, tobacco companies from Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand began producing similar products. Tobacco control groups in Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand voiced concern over the health claims of herbal-tobacco products. In 2005, China designated two herbal-tobacco brands as key for development.Conclusion:Asian herbal-tobacco cigarettes claim to reduce harm, but no published literature is available to verify these claims or investigate unidentified toxicities. The increase in Asian herbal-tobacco cigarette production by 2000 coincides with the Asian tobacco companies’ regular scientific meetings with TTCs and their interest in harm reduction. Asia faces additional challenges in tobacco control with these culturally concordant products that may discourage smokers from quitting.
Existence and Multiplicity of Positive Solutions for Dirichlet Problems in Unbounded Domains
Authors: Wu Tsung-Fang 
Published: March 2007

We consider the elliptic problem−Δu+u=b(x)|u|p−2u+h(x)inΩ,u∈H01(Ω), where2<p<(2N/(N−2)) (N≥3), 2<p<∞ (N=2), Ωis a smooth unbounded domain inℝN, b(x)∈C(Ω), andh(x)∈H−1(Ω). We use the shape of domainΩto prove that the above elliptic problem has a ground-state solution if the coefficientb(x)satisfiesb(x)→b∞>0as|x|→∞andb(x)≥cfor some suitable constantsc∈(0,b∞), andh(x)≡0. Furthermore, we prove that the above elliptic problem has multiple positive solutions if the coefficientb(x)also satisfies the above conditions,h(x)≥0and0<‖h‖H−1<(p−2)(1/(p−1))(p−1)/(p−2)[bsupSp(Ω)]1/(2−p), whereS(Ω)is the best Sobolev constant of subcritical operator inH01(Ω)andbsup=supx∈Ωb(x).
What European Union Strategy for Integrating Migrants? The Role of OMC Soft Mechanisms in the Development of an EU Immigration Policy
Authors: Velluti Samantha 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe paper maintains that OMC mechanisms, if adequately designed and used, as policy instruments which combine the use of soft and hard law at all levels of decision-making, could help promote the adoption of a human rights model in immigration policies and foster the protection and strengthening of TCNs human rights. In particular, OMC mechanisms could help revisit the philosophy underpinning EU immigration policy and foster a process which entails a shift from a central focus on securitization of immigration towards a more inclusive and proactive immigration policy and, consequently, provide the basis for a more coherent EU framework.
'She Came to Test Him with Hard Questions': Foreign Women and their View on Israel
Authors: Gillmayr-Bucher Susanne 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFocusing on two foreign women, the queen of Sheba (1 Kings 10) and Rahab the prostitute (Joshua 2), this article shows how their otherness is shaped and used as a literary tool. Both women are introduced as strangers, but simultaneously they are portrayed with characteristic traits of good Israelites. The multifarious literary image of these women are used as a mirror for Israel. Hence inside and outside, self and other, and also superiority and inferiority are intermingled. Whereas the women themselves vanish from the stories, the interwoven aspects of their literary otherness cast a new light on Israel and its self-perception.
Contagion in Theology and Law: Ethical Considerations in the Writings of Two 14th Century Scholars of Nasrid Granada
Authors: Stearns Justin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Black Death, which struck al-Andalus in the second half of the 8th/14th century, was an unprecedented natural disaster. In this essay I examine the legal and ethical responses of two Granadan scholars to the social and intellectual challenge posed by this event. Whereas previous scholarship has almost universally lauded the stridently critical stance of the wazir Ibn al-Khatīb as an exceptional example of rational empiricism, I argue that his stance is more productively understood when compared to that of his teacher Ibn Lubb. Both scholars articulated an ethical response to an insurmountable challenge from within a medical and legal framework. Their interpretive choices and conclusions were based not so much on one scholar's privileging of empirical evidence over legal dogma, or vice versa, as they were on both scholars' grounding their respective statements in differing understandings of the nature of the evidence at hand.
Ties of Labour and Ties of Commerce: Corvée among Seoul Merchants in the Late 19th Century
Authors: Miller Owen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe wealthiest guilds of the Choson Dynasty (1392-1910) capital, Seoul, formed part of the government's provisioning system, providing mainly luxury goods for royal palaces, government offices and tribute gifts to China and Japan. The guild merchants were also expected to provide corvée labour to the government on a regular basis, although by the late nineteenth century much of this labour was commuted to cash payments. Using a collection of surviving documents from the guildhall of the Myonjujon (Guild of Domestic Silk Merchants), this paper looks in detail at the burden of corvée labour, particularly during the politically and economically tumultuous years between 1884 and 1894. It finds that the merchants' corvée reflected the close relationship between guilds and government and also the two-sided nature of this relationship for the merchants. Thus, while they received certain protections and privileges from the government, the guild merchants were also particularly vulnerable to official corruption, which found a damaging outlet in the corvée system. Les guildes les plus riches de la dynastie de Chosaon (1392-1910) Séoul ont fait partie du système de l'approvisionnement du gouvernement, fournissant principalement des marchandises de luxe pour les palais royaux, les bureaux du gouvernement et les cadeaux d'hommage pour la Chine et le Japon. Les guildes était aussi obligés à fournir au gouvernement la corvée régulière, bien que par la fin du dix-neuvième siècle beaucoup de ce travail ait été commuté aux paiements en espèces. En utilisant une collection de documents extant dansla maison de la guilde des marchands en soie domestiques (Myaonjujaon), cet article regarde en détail le fardeau de la corvée, en particulier pendant des années tumultueuses, politiquement et économiquement, entre 1884 et 1894. Il constate que la corvée des marchands reflétait la relation étroite entre les guildes et le gouvernement et également le caractère double de cette relation pour les marchands. Ainsi, alors qu'ils recevaient de certains protections et privilèges du gouvernement, les marchands de guilde étaient particulièrement vulnérables à la corruption officielle qui menait à l'abus du système de la corvée.
Modification of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer by a Small Island: Observations from Nauru
Authors: Matthews Stuart , Hacker Jörg M. , Cole Jason , Hare Jeffrey , Long Charles N. , Reynolds R. Michael 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Nauru, a small island in the tropical Pacific, generates cloud plumes that may grow to over 100-km lengths. This study uses observations to examine the mesoscale disturbance of the marine atmospheric boundary layer by the island that produces these cloud plumes. Observations of the surface layer were made from two ships in the vicinity of Nauru and from instruments on the island. The structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over the island was investigated using aircraft flights. Cloud production over Nauru was examined using remote sensing instruments. The diurnal cycles of surface meteorology and radiation are characterized at a point near the west (downwind) coast of Nauru. The spatial variation of surface meteorology and radiation are also examined using surface and aircraft measurements. During the day, the island surface layer is warmer than the marine surface layer and wind speed is lower than over the ocean. Surface heating forces the growth of a thermal internal boundary layer, within which a plume of cumulus clouds forms. Cloud production begins early in the morning over the ocean near the island’s lee shore; as heating intensifies during the day, cloud production moves upwind over Nauru. These clouds form a plume that may extend over 100 km downwind of Nauru. Aircraft observations showed that a plume of warm, dry air develops over the island that extends 15–20 km downwind before dissipating. Limited observations suggest that the cloud plume may be sustained farther downwind of Nauru by a pair of convective rolls. Suggestions for further investigation of the cloud plume are made.
Observations of Vertical Wind Shear Heterogeneity in Convective Boundary Layers
Authors: Markowski Paul , Richardson Yvette 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDual-Doppler wind syntheses from mobile radar observations obtained during the International H2O Project document some of the spatial variability of vertical wind profiles in convective boundary layers. Much of the variability of popular forecasting parameters such as vertical wind shear magnitude and storm-relative helicity is thought to result from pressure and temperature gradients associated with mesoscale boundaries (e.g., drylines, outflow boundaries, fronts). These analyses also reveal substantial heterogeneity even in the absence of obvious mesoscale wind shifts—in regions many might have classified as “horizontally homogeneous” with respect to these parameters in the past. This heterogeneity is closely linked to kinematic perturbations associated with boundary layer convection. When a mean wind is present, the large spatial variability implies significant temporal variability in the vertical wind profiles observed at fixed locations, with the temporal variability increasing with mean wind speed. Significant differences also can arise between true hodographs and “pseudohodographs” obtained from rawinsondes that are advected horizontally as they ascend. Some possible implications of the observed heterogeneity with respect to forecasting and simulating convective storms also are discussed.
Oxidative Degradation of Organic Pollutants by Hydrogen Peroxide in the Presence of FePz(dtnCl2)4 under Visible Irradiation
Authors: Sun Jie , Sun Yuping , Deng Kejian , Hou Haobo , Wang Duoyuan 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A novel photocatalyst of iron(II)–tetra(5,6-dichloro-1,4-dithin)porphyrazine (abbreviated as FePz(dtnCl2)4) has been found to exhibit high catalytic activity to activate hydrogen peroxide for oxidative degradation of organic pollutants under visible light irradiation (λ &gt; 420 nm) and wide pH range, in which Rhodamine B(RhB) and 4-nitro benzoic acid (NBA) were efficiently degraded and mineralized, while degraded residues and active oxygen species were also identified.
Dehydration of Concentrated Acetic Acid Solutions by Pervaporation Using Novel MER Zeolite Membranes
Authors: Nagase Takako , Kiyozumi Yoshimichi , Hasegawa Yasuhisa , Inoue Tomoya , Ikeda Takuji , Mizukami Fujio 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The dehydration for the 90 wt % acetic acid (AcOH) solution was successfully performed for the first time using novel merlinoite (MER) zeolite membranes. The water selectivity was greater than 8000 by the pervaporation (PV) method. The permeation flux at 40 °C was 0.1 kg m−2 h−1. Furthermore, the membranes were stable more than 100 h under acidic conditions of pH 3.4.
A Good Linear Relationship between the Logarithms of Formation Constants and the Stabilization Energies of α- and β-Cyclodextrin Complexes of Several Phenol and Benzoic Derivatives
Authors: Wang Hai Ming , Song Le Xin 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Semiempirical PM3 calculations in vacuo were performed on the inclusion complexation of α- and β-cyclodextrin (CD) with several phenol and benzoic acid derivatives. Those inclusion complexes with a higher negative value of stabilization energy (ΔEs) in vacuo should lead to a larger positive value of formation constant (Kf) in aqueous solution. A proposed mathematical expression was firstly given to assess the negative linear relationship between log Kf and ΔEs.