bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caries risk factors in the permanent dentition of Tanzanian children: a cohort study (1997–2003)
Authors: Scheutz Flemming , Matee Mecky I. , Poulsen Sven , Frydenberg Morten 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective:  The aims of the cohort study were to study the association between permanent dentition caries and malnutrition and other risk factors or indicators in a group of children with little or no access to restorative and preventive dental care.Methods:  The study was conducted at two primary schools in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in the period 1997–2003. One school recruits its children from affluent families and the other school is attended by the children of poor families. The children attended grade 1 at the first examination and had a mean age of 7.6 years (SD = 0.4); when the study was completed, the mean age was 13.3 years. Two‐hundred and eighteen children examined in 1997 were re‐examined in 1999; 147 of the children were examined in 1997 as well as in 2003, and 122 children were examined in all three years. An age‐ and sex‐based body mass index (BMI) was computed to determine the nutritional status of each child. Each year, the same standard methods were used to determine the count of lactobacilli and mutans streptococci, stimulated flow rate and buffering capacity of saliva, and caries. Risk ratios were computed with generalized linear models using the tooth as the unit of analysis.Results:  Mean annual caries increment was 0.27 in the period 1997–1999 and 0.80 in the period 1999–2003 with most children developing no caries at all. Malnutrition at baseline in 1997 was insignificantly predictive for the development of caries, whereas a low stimulated flow rate of saliva (≤0.7 ml/min) and a high count of lactobacilli (≥100 000/ml) at baseline in 1997 were significantly associated. However, the generalized linear models for the two time periods 1997–1999 and 1999–2003 presented a confusing picture with different risk ratios and without consistency of the associations between the exposure variables and the development of caries. In accordance with this finding, the consistency of the exposure variables over time for the individuals was very low.Conclusions:  The results were inconclusive and left us with more questions than answers. The findings do, however, support the view that our methods for predicting caries are inappropriate or nonexistent.
A German version of the GOHAI
Authors: Hassel Alexander J. , Rolko Claudia , Koke Ulrich , Leisen Joachim , Rammelsberg Peter 
Published: May 2007

Abstract –  Objectives:  Translation, reliability analysis and validation of a German version of the Geriatric/General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) was the aim of this study.Methods:  Translation was performed by a forward–backward process. Validity was assessed as convergent validity in comparison with another self‐perceived assessment of oral health (OHIP‐14) and as group validity (n = 218; mean age 73 years). Reliability was proved in terms of internal consistency, inter‐item and item‐scale correlations, and stability (test–retest procedure; n = 36; mean age 77 years). The responsiveness to change in oral health status was assessed by pre‐ and post‐treatment comparison (n = 21; mean age 63 years).Results:  A German version of the GOHAI is presented. Convergent validity was sufficient (r = −0.76 compared with OHIP‐14); group validity could be demonstrated for self‐perceived need for treatment, chewing problems, number of own teeth, caries lesions present and dental status. The internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92) as were inter‐item and item‐scale correlations, for which good homogeneity of the index was apparent. The test–retest correlation for the summary score was r = 0.84, single item correlations ranged from r = 0.36 to r = 0.89. The GOHAI sum score increased significantly after patients received new dentures, indicating responsiveness of the GOHAI to clinical change in the expected direction.Conclusions:  The German version of the GOHAI had sufficient reliability, validity and responsiveness to be used as measure of oral health‐related quality of life in cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies of the elderly.
The Visual Subject,c.1810–1840: Trends in Romanticism and Victorianism
Authors: Garrison Laurie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article surveys trends in criticism on three‐dimensional visual culture in the early nineteenth century. Romanticists and Victorianists, inspired by Jonathan Crary's groundbreaking studyTechniques of the Observer, have become fascinated by visual technologies such as panoramas, magic lanterns, kaleidoscopes and stereoscopes as well as other forms of viewing. Engagements with these technologies inspired Gothic doublings, subjective vision and experiments with multiple subjectivities. Conceptions of subjectivity at this time not only came to be formulated in new ways, but seeing, perspective and point of view were crucial in shaping these transformations.
EFFECT OF SIRE TYPE AND PLANE OF NUTRITION ON LAMB LOIN SHEAR FORCE, MYOFIBRILLAR FRAGMENTATION INDEX AND CALCIUM CONCENTRATION
Authors: HOPKINS D. L. , HEGARTY R. S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe tenderness, myofibrillar fragmentation (MF) and calcium concentration of 140 female lambs sired by Poll Dorset sires of 3 sire types (3 selected for growth, 3 selected for muscling and 3 control) and fed either a low or high plane of nutrition from birth to slaughter was examined. Carcasses were electrically stimulated and portions of m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (loin) aged for 1,3 or 5 days. Sire type had no effect on shear force values or MF values. Low plane animals produced tougher loins at each aging period with a greater reduction in shear force during aging in low plane animals. MF values increased with aging indicative of increased degradation, but were lower in low plane animals consistent with the increased toughness in this group. There was no effect of sire type on ‘free‘ calcium concentration in loin muscle, but low plane lambs had a higher calcium concentration. The concentration of free calcium increased with aging. The findings suggest that plane of nutrition can influence loin tenderness and this is reflected in reduced myofibril degradation, but sire type effects are not important as tested in this work.
CONDUCTIVITIES AND OHMIC HEATING OF MEAT EMULSION BATTERS
Authors: SHIRSAT N. , LYNG J. G. , BRUNTON N. P. , MCKENNA B. M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe conductive nature of meat emulsions and their ohmic heating rates were investigated by examining model and commercial meat batters. Results indicate that salt or other electrolytic ingredients were essential for ohmic heating, and for a given batter, an increase in salt content increased electrical conductivity and increased ohmic heating rate (P<0.001). Conversely, an increase in fat content caused a reduction in conductivity (P<0.001) leading to an increase in ohmic heating time (P<0.001). Results of a study examining the impact of nonelectrolytic dry ingredients, such as spices, potato starches and soya protein isolates on the conductivity and ohmic heating rates of emulsion batters was inconclusive and further work is needed before definite conclusions can be made in this regard. Overall results suggest ohmic heating could be used for cooking meat batters but would not be as effective for cooking meats to which no salt or other electrolytes have been added.
Chemical Characterisation of NIST Silicate Glass Certified Reference Material SRM 610 by ICP‐MS, TIMS, LIMS, SSMS, INAA, AAS and PIXE
Authors: Rocholl Alexander B.E. , Simon Klaus , Jochum Klaus Peter , Bruhn Frank , Gehann Roland , Kramar Utz , Luecke Werner , Molzahn Michael , Pernicka Ernst , Seufert Michael , Spettel Bernhard , Stummeier Jens 
Published: May 2007

National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) silicate glass SRM 610 is widely used as a certified reference material for various micro‐analytical techniques such as SIMS or laser ablation ICP‐MS. SRM 610 has been nominally doped with sixty one trace elements at the 500 μg g−1 level, but certified concentration data exist for only a few of these elements. This study reports concentration data for fifty nine trace elements obtained by ICP‐MS, SSMS, LIMS, TIMS, INAA, AAS, and PIXE analyses of two different SRM 610 wafers. Most elements fall within a 10% band around a median value of about 440 μg g−1. The REE concentrations are shown to be constant to 3% (1 σ), thus emphasizing the value of SRM 610 as a reference material for REE analyses.Comparison of our values with published data suggests that different SRM 610 wafers are, within errors, chemically identical for most elements. Exceptions to this general rule appear to be restricted to elements which were partly lost during the production of the glass, e.g. Ag and Br. On the basis of six independent determinations of Rb concentrations, which are systematically lower by a few percent than the reported NIST value, we argue that the certified Rb concentration may not be representative for all distributed SRM 610 wafers.
Does l‐carnitine have any effect on cold preservation injury of non‐fatty liver in the University of Wisconsin solution?
Authors: Coskun Abdurrahman , Gunal Omer , Sahin Ibrahim , Aslaner Arif , Yildirim Umran , Yavuz Ozlem 
Published: May 2007

Aim:  To evaluate the protective effect of l‐carnitine on liver tissue preserved in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution.Methods:  Twenty Wistar Albino rats were divided into two groups, a control (UW) group and a UW plus l‐carnitine group. Retrieved liver grafts were preserved in UW and UW plus l‐carnitine solutions at +4°C. Preservation solution samples were assessed at 2, 24, 36, and 48 h to measure alanine aminotransferase and acid phosphatase activity. Tissue injury was scored on paraffin sections.Results:  No micro or macrovacuolar fat droplets were observed in the tissue slices. l‐Carnitine effectively decreased enzyme release when added to UW solution (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  In addition to fatty liver, l‐carnitine might be a metabolic adjunct in preservation solutions for non‐fatty liver within UW solution.
Evaluation of the effects of combination therapy with branched‐chain amino acid and zinc supplements on nitrogen metabolism in liver cirrhosis
Authors: Hayashi Miho , Ikezawa Kenji , Ono Akiko , Okabayashi Sachiyo , Hayashi Yoshito , Shimizu Satoshi , Mizuno Tatsuyoshi , Maeda Kosaku , Akasaka Tomofumi , Naito Masafumi , Michida Tomoki , Ueshima Dan , Nada Takayuki , Kawaguchi Kiyotaka , Nakamura Tekefumi , Katayama Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2007

Aim:  Disorders of protein metabolism in liver cirrhosis can affect prognosis or cause complications. Treatment with branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) and zinc supplements has been shown to be effective against abnormal nitrogen metabolism in liver cirrhosis. There are, however, few studies on the effects of combining these supplements. In this study, the effect of combining BCAA and zinc treatment in cirrhosis was investigated.Methods:  Forty patients with liver cirrhosis who had blood albumin levels of 3.5 g/dL or less and blood zinc levels of 70 μg/dL or less were randomized to receive either BCAA alone or a combination of BCAA and zinc supplements. Blood albumin, the Fischer ratio, and ammonia levels were compared over 5–6 months of treatment.Results:  In the combination group, the post/pre treatment change ratio in blood ammonia levels decreased significantly (0.87 ± 0.26 vs. 1.22 ± 0.38, P = 0.0033), and the change ratio in the Fischer ratio increased significantly (1.22 ± 0.29 vs. 1.08 ± 0.16, P = 0.0165) in comparison with the BCAA monotherapy group. The change ratio in blood albumin levels showed no significant difference between the groups (1.01 ± 0.07 vs. 1.03 ± 0.08, P = 0.4646).Conclusions:  More improvement in disorders of nitrogen metabolism in liver cirrhosis occurred after administration of BCAA with zinc than after BCAA alone over 5–6 months of treatment. Further investigation is necessary to determine mechanisms of the action and longer‐term clinical efficacy.
Enhanced Ex Vivo Stimulation ofMycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Persons via Antigen Delivery by theBordetella pertussisAdenylate Cyclase Vector
Authors: Connell Tom G. , Shey Muki S. , Seldon Ronnett , Rangaka Molebogeng X. , van Cutsem Gilles , Simsova Marcela , Marcekova Zuzana , Sebo Peter , Curtis Nigel , Diwakar Lavanya , Meintjes Graeme A. , Leclerc Claude , Wilkinson Robert J. , Wilkinson Katalin A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe genetically detoxifiedBordetella pertussisadenylate cyclase is a promising delivery system for immunodominant tuberculosis antigens in gamma interferon release assays. This system has not been evaluated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons in high tuberculosis prevalence areas. A whole-blood gamma interferon release assay withMycobacterium tuberculosisantigens (early-secreted antigenic target 6, culture filtrate protein 10, alpha-crystallin 2, and TB10.3) delivered by adenylate cyclase in addition to native tuberculosis antigens (without adenylate cyclase delivery) was evaluated in 119 adults in Khayelitsha Township, Cape Town, South Africa. Results were compared to tuberculin skin test results of 41 HIV-positive and 42 HIV-negative asymptomatic persons, in addition to 36 HIV-positive persons with recently diagnosed smear- or culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Delivery of tuberculosis antigens by adenylate cyclase decreased by 10-fold the amount of antigen required to restimulate T cells. Furthermore, the responses of HIV-positive persons with a low response to native tuberculosis antigens were enhanced when these antigens were delivered by adenylate cyclase. When gamma interferon responses to the tuberculosis antigens (with or without delivery by adenylate cyclase) were combined, a significantly higher number of patients were scored positive than by tuberculin skin testing. Ex vivo responses to tuberculosis antigens delivered by adenylate cyclase are maintained in the context of HIV infection. Our findings suggest that the majority of those in this population are infected with tuberculosis, which is of significant public health importance.
Evaluation of Serological Tests To Identify
Trypanosoma cruzi
Infection in Humans and Determine Cross-Reactivity with
Trypanosoma rangeli
and
Leishmania
spp
Authors: Caballero Zuleima C. , Sousa Octavio E. , Marques Waldelania P. , Saez-Alquezar Amadeo , Umezawa Eufrosina S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Five commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), one in-house ELISA, and two hemagglutination assays were evaluated to determine their diagnostic accuracy for Chagas' disease in two studies. In study 1, ELISA kits showed 100% sensitivity, but specificities ranged from 82.84% to 100% when leishmaniasis cases were included and from 95.57% to 100% when leishmaniasis cases were excluded. Kits using recombinant antigens or synthetic peptides are more specific than those using crude extracts from
Trypanosoma cruzi
epimastigote forms. Kits evaluated in Panama, in study 2, showed 75% to 100% sensitivity and 97.12% to 100% specificity. These data were obtained by using a Western blot assay with
T. cruzi
trypomastigote excreted-secreted antigens as a reference test to confirm
T. cruzi
infection.
Dengue Virus Detection Using Whole Blood for Reverse Transcriptase PCR and Virus Isolation
Authors: Klungthong Chonticha , Gibbons Robert V. , Thaisomboonsuk Butsaya , Nisalak Ananda , Kalayanarooj Siripen , Thirawuth Vipa , Nutkumhang Naowayubol , Mammen Mammen P. , Jarman Richard G. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
Dengue is one of the most important diseases in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, with an estimated 2.5 billion people being at risk. Detection of dengue virus infections has great importance for the clinical management of patients, surveillance, and clinical trial assessments. Traditionally, blood samples are collected in serum separator tubes, processed for serum, and then taken to the laboratory for analysis. The use of whole blood has the potential advantages of requiring less blood, providing quicker results, and perhaps providing better sensitivity during the acute phase of the disease. We compared the results obtained by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) with blood drawn into tubes containing EDTA and those obtained by RT-PCR with blood samples in serum separator tubes from 108 individuals clinically suspected of being infected with dengue virus. We determined that the extraction of RNA from whole blood followed by RT-PCR resulted in a higher detection rate than the use of serum or plasma. Using a selection of these samples, we also found that our ability to detect virus by direct C6/36 cell culture and mosquito inoculation was enhanced by using whole blood but not to the same extent as that seen by the use of RT-PCR.
RTX Toxin Actin Cross-Linking Activity in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of
Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Cordero Christina L. , Sozhamannan Shanmuga , Satchell Karla J. Fullner 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Vibrio cholerae
strains from diverse O-antigen groups were evaluated for RTX toxin actin cross-linking activity. This study demonstrates that the actin cross-linking domain sequence is present within
rtxA
in the majority of clinical and environmental isolates tested, and the RTX toxin produced by these strains catalyzes the covalent cross-linking of cellular actin.
Comparison of Two Versions of the IDI-MRSA Assay Using Charcoal Swabs for Prospective Nasal and Nonnasal Surveillance Samples
Authors: Zhang Sean X. , Drews Steven J. , Tomassi Joanne , Katz Kevin C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

An updated IDI-MRSA assay version was released to address the assay's low positive predictive value (PPV). A prospective analysis of two assay versions indicated no significant improvement in the PPV. Colonization by methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
in 24% of patients would not have been detected if only nasal samples had been tested, as approved, by this molecular method.
Cystitis Caused by
Aeromonas caviae
Authors: Al-Benwan Khalifa , Abbott Sharon , Janda J. Michael , Huys Geert , Albert M. John 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Aeromonas
sp. organisms rarely cause urinary tract infection. We report for the first time a case of urinary tract infection caused by
A. caviae
in an adult patient with a history of increased frequency of urination, dysuria, hematuria, and weight loss.
Clinical Validation of the Molecular BD GeneOhm StaphSR Assay for Direct Detection of
Staphylococcus aureus
and Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
in Positive Blood Cultures
Authors: Stamper Paul D. , Cai Mian , Howard Tracy , Speser Sharon , Carroll Karen C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

The rapid detection of
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteremia and a swift determination of methicillin susceptibility has serious clinical implications affecting patient mortality. This study evaluated the StaphSR assay (BD GeneOhm, San Diego, CA), a real-time PCR assay, for the identification and differentiation of methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
(MSSA) and methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) from 300 positive blood cultures. The BD GeneOhm StaphSR assay was performed and interpreted according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Positive blood cultures (containing predominantly gram-positive cocci in clusters) were subcultured on 5% sheep blood agar plates. After 18 to 24 h of incubation, isolates morphologically consistent with
S. aureus
were presumptively identified by latex agglutination (Staphaurex Plus; Remel, Lenexa, KS). Susceptibility testing was initially performed with the Phoenix automated microbiology system (BD Diagnostics, Sparks, MD). Additional susceptibility testing of samples with discrepant results was done using BBL oxacillin screen agar (BD Diagnostics, Sparks, MD), oxacillin and cefoxitin Etests (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) on Mueller-Hinton agar, an immunoassay for penicillin binding protein 2′ (Denka Seiken Co., Tokyo, Japan), and
mecA
PCR. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the BD GeneOhm StaphSR assay for MSSA detection were 98.9, 96.7, 93.6, and 99.5%, respectively. For the detection of MRSA, the BD GeneOhm StaphSR assay was 100% sensitive and 98.4% specific; positive and negative predictive values for MRSA detection were 92.6 and 100%, respectively. Inhibition was seen with only one sample, and the issue was resolved upon retesting. The BD GeneOhm StaphSR assay appears to be a valuable diagnostic tool for quickly differentiating bacteremia caused by MSSA and MRSA from that caused by other gram-positive cocci.
Phylogenetic Analysis and Structural Predictions of Human Adenovirus Penton Proteins as a Basis for Tissue-Specific Adenovirus Vector Design
Authors: Madisch Ijad , Hofmayer Soeren , Moritz Christian , Grintzalis Alexander , Hainmueller Jens , Pring-Akerblom Patricia , Heim Albert 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
The penton base is a major capsid protein of human adenoviruses (HAdV) which forms the vertices of the capsid and interacts with hexon and fiber protein. Two hypervariable loops of the penton are exposed on the capsid surface. Sequences of these and 300 adjacent amino acid residues of all 51 HAdV and closely related simian adenoviruses were studied. Adjacent sequences and predicted overall secondary structure were conserved. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering corresponding to the HAdV species and recombination events in the origin of HAdV prototypes. All HAdV except serotypes 40 and 41 of species F exhibited an integrin binding RGD motif in the second loop. The lengths of the loops (HVR1 and RGD loops) varied significantly between HAdV species with the longest RGD loop observed in species C and the longest HVR1 in species B. Long loops may permit the insertion of motifs that modify tissue tropism. Genetic analysis of HAdV prime strain p17′H30, a neutralization variant of HAdV-D17, indicated the significance of nonhexon neutralization epitopes for HAdV immune escape. Fourteen highly conserved motifs of the penton base were analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis of HAdV-D8 and tested for sustained induction of early cytopathic effects. Thus, three new motifs essential for penton base function were identified additionally to the RGD site, which interacts with a secondary cellular receptor responsible for internalization. Therefore, our penton primary structure data and secondary structure modeling in combination with the recently published fiber knob sequences may permit the rational design of tissue-specific adenoviral vectors.