bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern Fortran Explained
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Fortran remains one of the principal programming languages used in high-performance scientific, numerical, and engineering computing. The language as defined by its most recent standards, with their introduction of object-oriented programming and of coarrays, is often referred to generically as ‘Modern Fortran’, and this term is increasingly used in the literature. Thus, we see that Fortran’s particular advantages as a high-end numerical language, especially where arrays are the main form of data object and/or where complex arithmetic is involved, are still to the fore. It is able to attain the highest achievable optimization, mainly because multi-dimensional arrays are ‘natural’ objects and because its pointers are highly constrained. There is every sign that Modern Fortran will continue to be used to tackle major scientific computing problems in the next decade and beyond. This third edition of Modern Fortran Explained offers, in 20 chapters, a comprehensive and uniform description of Fortran 2018. The additional features now brought by the 2023 standard, which are mostly relatively minor in nature, are described in two final chapters, the first on generic programming and the second on other new or enhanced features. This structure enables the reader to distinguish clearly between what is old and what is new. This new edition, written by experts in the field, three of whom have actively contributed to Fortran 2023, is thus a complete and authoritative description of Fortran in its latest form, with the intention that it remain the main reference work in the field.
Basic interoperability with C
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm , Bader Reinhold 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Fortran provides a standardized mechanism for interoperating with C. Any entity involved must be such that equivalent declarations of it may be made in the two languages. This is enforced within the Fortran program by requiring all such entities to be interoperable. We explain in turn what this requires for types, variables, and procedures. They are all requirements on the syntax so that the compiler knows at compile time whether an entity is interoperable. We examine interoperability for global data and then discuss some examples.
Introduction
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The death of a loved one can be very distressing, impacting a person’s security, life balance, and identity. There are also secondary losses that compound the difficulties in adaptation. The death can cause a crisis of meaning, disrupting world assumptions and making it difficult to rebuild one’s life. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is a therapeutic approach that can be utilized to treat the trauma of grief and facilitate the assimilation and accommodation of the loss. EMDR therapy can target distressing moments, allowing the processing of ‘raw felt’ emotions and the linking in of adaptive information which is often experiences as the emergence of positive heartfelt memories. These memories are the basis of an adaptive inner representation giving the mourner a sense of connection to the loved one. The main goal of this book is to guide the clinician in providing EMDR therapy treatment for grief and mourning.
The “R” Processes of Mourning
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The ‘R’ processes provide a direction for a clinician to understand and guide the client through the mourning process and can be facilitated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy. This framework describes the processes that are important for adaptation to the loss. The R processes are: (1) recognize the loss, (2) react to the separation, (3) recollect and re-experience the deceased and the relationship, (4) relinquish the old attachments to the deceased and the old assumptive world, (5) readjust to move adaptively into the new world without forgetting the old, and (6) reinvest. Stuck points can be reprocessed to enable the transition to the new world without forgetting the old (the fifth ‘R’ process).
Three-Pronged Protocol
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Present triggers are the situations, places, and people that evoke distress. When mourners think or are reminded of the deceased loved one, powerful separation distress can be experienced, or the traumatic aspects of the loss can be evoked. Targeting these present triggers facilitates further integration and adaptation to the loss. Future templates help mourners deal with their fear of the future, identify skills that need to be learned, and facilitate the implementation the therapeutic gains in the office into real life. The processing of a present trigger should be followed by a future template. This ‘one-two punch’ helps build resilience and facilitates adaptation.
On Being a German Jew in the ‘Golden Years’
Authors: Mecklenburg Frank 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Although the preponderance of his life was spent in England, FA Mann’s German birth and education and Jewish background are determinative features of his biography, if only because racial persecution in Germany was the immediate catalyst for his emigration to England. ‘German Jews’ and ‘Jews in Germany’ are topics that have dramatically changed since the time when Mann grew up and lived—i.e. in pre-Holocaust, pre-Cold War Germany. Mann was born during a period often referred to as the ‘Golden Years’ of German Jewry, when the emancipation of Jews in German society had reached a point of unprecedented equality, and Mann’s home state was among the more advanced. In hindsight, this period only lasted two or three generations (i.e. between 1871 and 1933). But the achievements of these generations were substantial and the subsequent downfall was equally unprecedented. This chapter explores Mann’s biography as a German Jew, reflecting on what being Jewish and German meant in Mann’s day and what it means in ours.
Before Mann
Authors: Ernst Wolfgang 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Martin Wolff (1872–1953) had been FA Mann’s pre-war supervisor at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin. Mann held a lifelong affection for his teacher, who also had to emigrate to England. One of Wolff’s many fields of work was monetary law, on which he wrote the most comprehensive German treatise at the time (1917). Wolff’s theory was post-metallistic, yet critical of Knapp’s state theory of money. When Wolff began to write on the conflict of laws in 1933, monetary obligations were treated with particular expertise. Mann and Wolff continued to discuss legal matters, most intensively in the area of monetary law, and mutually influenced each other’s views. They both came to endorse Knapp’s theory, alas not without qualifications.
Mann on Cryptocurrency
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the legal nature of lex monetae in order to establish what control rights a non-state creator of a crypto-payment token which is accepted by a state might have over the circulation of that token after it passes into currency. This analysis draws heavily on FA Mann’s work on exchange controls, and his consideration of the basis for their recognition by courts other than the courts of the monetary sovereign. It concludes that there can be no private lex monetae and that existing private law doctrines do not provide a basis for the recognition of such control rights.
Divided Power in Athenian Decree-Making
Authors: Esu Alberto 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the workings of divided power in Classical Athenian decree-making. It identifies in the process of delegation of power from the assembly to the council a key aspect of Athenian divided power in the realm of political decision-making. It engages with current views on Athenian decree-making and reaffirms the deliberative role of the council. It examines the bouleutic oath and bouleutic speeches and reconstructs the discursive practice of the council. It observes that discourse and procedures worked together to foster the acquisition of expertise through mass deliberation. A close analysis of divided power in practice follows which explores delegation from the assembly to the council in the inscribed decrees of the period 412–325 bce. The analysis shows continuity in the practice of divided power throughout the Classical period and demonstrates that the council had an important and distinctive role which went beyond the simple preparation of the assembly agenda and nuances the distinction between the decree-making power of the council and that of other magistracies.
Divided Power and Eunomia
Authors: Esu Alberto 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter opens the second part of the book and introduces the theme of the balance between deliberation and control of constitutionality in the Greek world. It illustrates the workings of an oligarchic form of divided power through the analysis of Spartan decision-making. The first section reviews the relevant scholarship on Spartan political institutions and places the discussion about the Great Rhetra within the debate of intentional history. It also argues against the exceptionality of Spartan decision-making. The second section examines the relationship between the key Spartan institutions and their relevant powers and underpinning ideologies. The third section shows that the powers of probouleusis (preliminary deliberation) and nomophulakia (guardianship of the laws) were divided between the gerousia and the ephors. It explores the implications of unanimity and majority rule in the Spartan deliberative system. Unanimity in the gerousia was a requirement for a motion to be submitted to the assembly for final ratification, but the ephors could anyway put the bill to a vote of the assembly. The chapter argues that, in this case, the elders could veto by majority vote a motion passed by the assembly with a majority vote. The control of constitutionality was placed in the hand of a restricted body which shaped deliberation according to oligarchic values enshrined in the relevant procedures and voting systems.
Operations Other than All-Out War
Authors: Rees Wyn 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
After the end of the Cold War, the US and the UK experienced ‘wars of choice’ in which they were able to choose whether to intervene in conflicts outside of NATO territory. These conflicts brought their own unique challenges because the two allies lacked the doctrine and the experience to address peace-making and peacekeeping tasks. The British military worked with their American counterparts in conflicts that ranged from the Balkans to Libya and Syria. It was notable that in such conflicts the US was reluctant to lead. The conflicts led to tensions between the two sides over such issues as the appropriate objectives, the level of risk to be tolerated and the role of international organizations.
Social Norms and Attitudes towards Women’s Entitlement to Land
Authors: Kelkar Govind , Govindnathan Pallavi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Feminist political economy contributes to a gender analysis of the rights to own and control land by analysing the gender dimensions of state policies, intra-household relations, and institutions. However, it only has a limited analysis of the societal embeddedness of gender norms that influence both policies and practices. Gender-based inequalities and unfreedoms of women are created and reinforced through social and cultural norms, as well as masculine attitudes; they are regarded as slow-moving institutions compared to legal and technological changes. This study intends to explore policy changes for women’s ownership rights to agricultural land in the diverse socio-political context of women farmers’ demand for their unmediated ownership rights to land; also, the state’s delayed and flawed response that considered the male right to land as part of cultural norms in India. Our analysis has summarized the complexity of social norms as an important determinant of land rights and agricultural produce. Notwithstanding influence of social norms on policies and practices, male-centred attitudes and norms change when (1) women have unmediated asset ownership rights to land, houses, energy infrastructure; (2) they are organized in groups for production and control over resources and finances; (3) they have acquired new knowledge and skills in operating new technology; and (4) women have experienced effects of policy change addressing gendered norms, as we see in the Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005.
Barriers and Pathways to Girls’ Education
Authors: Menon Geeta , Sharma Aparajita 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
At 70.3 per cent female literacy rate, it certainly appears that progress has been made in educating women in India. However, gaps continue to persist; nearly 30 per cent of women in the country are not literate as yet, disparities amongst states on female literacy is stark, female literacy rates for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) is an area of concern, and in particular a sharp decline is observed in female enrolment at secondary and higher-secondary levels of education. Poverty, entrenched and pervasive patriarchy, geographical remoteness, unforeseen crisis, poor governance, and access and quality related issues combine to adversely impact girl’s education. The paper suggests select pathways to strengthen current efforts in educating girls. This includes the need to work intensively with girls in order to: address the internalized patriarchy and empower them to pursue their life goals; address patriarchy by working with community institutions and boys; work in a comprehensive and consistent manner with marginalized groups like SC, ST, and Muslims; provide a safe and supportive environment; ensure quality and equity at all levels; and mount concerted efforts to enable girls to transit and succeed in secondary and higher-secondary schooling. It is equally imperative that a general environment of gender equality is created, facilitating women’s participation in civic and economic life.
Gradual RevolutionSEWA, An Example of the Women’s Movement
Authors: Jhabvala Renana , Nangalia Nitya 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association) is at the nexus of an organization and a movement. As a movement it has deep roots in the labour movement and the Gandhi-led struggles a century ago, as well as in the ongoing women’s movement. As an organization, it took shape nearly half a century ago and has been changing and adapting ever since. This is the story of how an organization, deeply connected to movements for justice, remains relevant and active through economic, political, and social change. In this paper we examine the changes in SEWA through the lens of the changes in the economy in India. The period covers three major shifts from a socialistic economy, to a liberalizing one with the heady years of reform ending in the economic crisis of 2008, and finally through the digital revolution. The early years allowed SEWA to focus on developing its core agenda and core values which have held SEWA in good stead all these years. This internal development in turn allowed SEWA to evolve with and adapt to changing global economic cycles and remain relevant through the turmoil in the external world, while continuing to advocate for its members, until this day. Here, we situate SEWA within the national and international context, and then trace the evolution of the SEWA model across the changes in the Indian economy, capturing the resonance of SEWA values across time and space.
Pictures Do Not Speak for Themselves
Authors: Hak Jonathan W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter asserts that pictures do not necessarily speak for themselves, no matter how compelling they might be. Rather, they must be viewed and interpreted with an understanding of the context in which they were created, the perspective chosen by the photographer, and the narrative they are being associated with by their proponent. Images should be viewed with caution and frequently require testimonial support for proper content comprehension. This chapter states that in certain cases, evaluation, interpretation, and testimony by a forensic imagery expert may be required to fully understand what images have to offer as well as their limitations. This includes the need to technically assess digital video images for such issues as compression, resolution, frame rate, and aspect ratio anomalies. Additionally, this chapter outlines the role of forensic video analysis and various image processing and analytical techniques that can be employed to maximize the evidential value of images.
The new money
Authors: Volckart Oliver 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter opens with the account of how Charles V’s attempt to implement the new common currency came to grief within months. The debacle is traced to the way the imperial diet reached its decisions, which was—as shown in Chapter 3—good at generating consensus but prone to the danger that any agreement was superficial and would fall apart once the diet dispersed. A new start became possible only after Charles V abdicated, leaving his younger brother Ferdinand free to succeed as emperor. Ferdinand, who unlike Charles preferred a compromise-based style of rule, negotiated an agreement with the princes of the Empire that addressed the currency problem. He persuaded the majority of the imperial diet to abandon the idea of using the common currency as an instrument to ease the servicing of their debts. Instead, Ferdinand refocused the discussions on their original aim: creating conditions where Gresham’s Law was no longer a problem. At the same time, he persuaded the Rhineland princes to agree to capping the price of gold. On this basis, the diet finally passed a currency bill which from 1559 onwards was successfully implemented. The chapter also looks at measures taken to make the common currency a success.
Epilogue
Authors: Volckart Oliver 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Epilogue uses the account of Fynes Moryson’s travels through the Empire in the 1590s as a starting point to assess to what extent the common currency can be considered a success. It shows that Moryson was comparing the Empire’s currency in some respects favourably with that of England. The chapter examines why he did so. It finds that the currency suffered from defects typical of those of other currencies of the time, primarily from a weak integration of small change with the larger denominations and from the continuing circulation of foreign money. This latter problem appeared in sixteenth-century England, too, while the scarcity of small change that characterized England’s monetary economy did not exist in the Empire. The conclusion is that the imperial currency functioned no worse than most others. The chapter concludes with an outlook at the development of the monetary economy of Germany from the early seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century.
The Assam Rifles and the Rashtriya Rifles
Authors: Nidumolu Raghuveer , Raghavan Srinath 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The modern Indian state, from its origins as a colonial autocracy through its development as a post-colonial democracy, has had a long and continuous history of armed insurrections. Yet, the counter-insurgency practices of the post-colonial state, and the Indian Army in particular, have not received sustained historical evaluation. This chapter focuses on a particular institutional innovation in the Indian state and military’s capacity to deal with insurgencies: the two large and specialized counter-insurgency forces of the Assam Rifles and Rashtriya Rifles. This chapter offers a comparative analysis of the Assam Rifles and the Rashtriya Rifles along four dimensions: historical development, organizational structure, human resources, and performance and reforms. The analysis suggests that the Assam Rifles and the Rashtriya Rifles present contrasting yet similarly instructive models of specialized counter-insurgency forces. Their capabilities and challenges also cast into relief larger questions of state capacity and reform in the security domain.
The Central Bureau of Investigation and the National Investigation Agency
Authors: Wasan Navneet Rajan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
India’s Central Bureau of Investigation—also known as the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE), its primary investigative wing—and the National Investigation Agency (NIA) are two of the Indian government’s premier investigation agencies. The CBI investigates conventional, economic, and corruption offences, while the NIA exclusively handles crimes related to terrorism and internal security. This chapter examines the history of both agencies in the context of ongoing jurisdictional conflicts between Indian states and the central government, or centre. It also analyses core issues related to human resources, institutional credibility, and political interference. As both organizations share many commonalities, face identical challenges, and function in similar ways, this chapter focuses primarily on the CBI; the NIA is discussed where policies and issues substantially differ.
Lagrangian mechanics
Authors: Kotkin G. L. , Serbo V. G. , Chernykh A. I. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Lagrangian equations of motion. The transformation of energy and generalized momenta under the coordinate transformation. The integrals of motion for a particle moving in the field with a given symmetry (Noether’s theorem). The displacement from the vertical of a particle which is dropped from a given height with zero initial velocity. The Lagrangian functions and the Lagrangian equations of motion for the electromechanical system. The influence of constraints and friction on the motion of a system.
Between the Primary Duties and Open Borders
Authors: Akhtar Sahar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores whether non-identity criteria, such as health mandates, professional qualifications, or language requirements, can violate the primary duties. It demonstrates that, often, such criteria constitute the use of proxies designed to select against particular groups and can therefore violate the primary duties. But when they do not amount to proxies, non-identity criteria do not generally violate these duties. This discussion has implications for actions related to immigration proposals and policies beyond the use of criteria, such as the proposal to build a wall along the United States’ southern border. This chapter also explores whether states have further antidiscrimination duties, such as duties to not exclude anyone who faces significant disadvantage (material, political, or otherwise), with implications for non-identity groups such as the global poor and people with significant health conditions. In the process of exploring such duties, the chapter outlines some important differences between the kinds of social relations inside a state and those among members of different states. Finally, this chapter highlights the distinctions between the antidiscrimination approach and the open-borders view, and critically evaluates the main deontological arguments for the latter, which attempt to establish something like a moral right to international freedom of movement (or a right to migrate). Though the case for such a right is powerful, this chapter demonstrates that the central question for establishing such a right—that of whether states, or their members, collectively own the relevant territories or goods and institutions—has not been adequately addressed.