bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: VII, EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON PROPERTIES OF CASTING SLIPS*
Authors: Kocatopce Sahap S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstratctBinary and ternary mixtures were made of 0.2‐ to 0.4‐μ and 0.8‐ to 1.6‐μ size purified fractions of clay and of 16‐ to 44‐μ size purified flint. Specific gravity, deflocculation point, and hydrogen‐ion concentration determinations were made on each composition to obtain the same apparent viscosity. Small cylinders were prepared by solid casting, and the shrinkage, porosity, and modulus of rupture of the dried specimens were measured. The general conclusions are as follows: (1) The packing of particles and the ratio of the plastic to the nonplastic components affect all slip properties; (2) the best combination of properties for casting slips was obtained at the composition corresponding to the closest packed system; (3) the casting time and drying shrinkage, both very small for bodies containing 20 to 25% of clay, increase together with the fine component; (4) the porosity of the dried casts is greatly affected by the particle‐size distribution of the batch; (5) the minimum porosity of 28.5% obtained in this work is much lower than that of the standard sanitary body, which has a porosity of 35.5%; and (6) the particle‐size control of casting slips not only will provide uniformity of the products but will also permit the desired variations in the properties of casting slips and cast bodies.
LATENT MILLING MARKS ON GLASS*
Authors: Jones F. Shirley 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt is possible for ground or polished glass surfaces, which were originally milled to the desired shape with a diamond‐charged wheel and which are apparently flawless to microscopic examination in plain or polarized light, to reexhibit the milling pattern on being etched in acid. The depth of glass that must be removed to banish the effect varies with the size of the grit used in the tool. Thin polished slabs (under pressure) break at times along a milling mark whose presence is verified later by etching. The effect can be interpreted as due to tiny vertical fractures similar to those described by Preston in cutting glass with a glazier's diamond. The sides of the fracture must be in optical contact to escape detection by visual means. Another interpretation might be that a certain amount of surface flow exists during grinding. The glass in the milling marks differs in either case from the body of glass in its chemical and physical properties.
MINERALOGY AND PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL TEXAS CLAYS*
Authors: Nobles Melvin A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPowder diffraction, chemical, and thermal studies were made of four kaolins, two volcanic ashes, and eleven clays and, in addition, particle size, plastograph, electrodialysis, and soluble salt studies were made on five of the clays. The impurities present in the kaolins were quartz, calcite, and montmorillonite. The preponderate mineral in nine clays was either kaolinite or halloysite and that in two clays was illite: A correlation of all the studies made on the five clays which were used in Texas brick plants indicated that the gelatinous nature of the clays which caused increased power consumption during the extruding operation and large loss in the drier was due to organic matter, soluble salts, and montmorillonite.
SCREENING EFFICIENCY OF A DRY‐PAN GRINDING SYSTEM*
Authors: Brown D. P. , Hess Ralph 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe efficiency of an industrial screening operation was measured by using the screen analyses of the feed to the screens, the product passing the screens, and tailings. From these data, evaluations of the screwing operation and the effect of the dry‐pan grind on the screening efficiency were made according to published formulas. The effect is shown of several operating variables in grinding and screening.
PROPERTIES OF SANDSTONES AS A REFRACTORY MATERIAL*
Authors: Chen Tai , Hu ShenC‐en 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSandstories from Chungking were tested for their properties as a refractory material. Chemical, petrographical, rational, and sieve analyses were made; properties, such as porosity, refractoriness, specific gravity, thermal expansion, and resistance to spalling. were determined; and studies were made on changes in firing up to 1550°C.No inversion of the quartz grains in the rock into tridymite or cristohalite could be detected. The interstitial clay substances fused first, and the quartz grains then dissolved gradually into the glassy matrix on firing at high temperatures.Being free from mineralogical and structural changes, unusually low in thermal expansion and porosity, and good in spalling resistance after firing at high temperatures, sandstones are shown to be an excellent refractory if properly employed. Of the two kinds of rocks, the dense and the porous, the former was found much better in test for refractoriness under load. Prefiring of the material before lining in a furnace structure is desirable to eliminate the permanent expansion and to improve the resistance to spalling in the raw state.
ELECTROLYSIS PHFNOMENA IN SOFT‐GLASS STEMS Of RECTIFIER TUBES *
Authors: Gallup John 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study was made of the cause of stem cracks which developed along leads during the life of rectifier tubes. These were found to be due to electrolysis occurring in the soft‐glass stems The potential which produced the rupture was the result of glass bombardment by reverse emission from the rectifier plates. Other attendant electrolysis phenomena are described in the order in which they occurred.A special double‐ended tube was employed to study the gas produced in the electrolysis process. An analysis of the gas by means of the mass spectrometer gave composition results agreeing with those expected from electrolytic decomposition of soft glass.
PROPERTIES OF NATURAL ALUNITIC CLAYS
Authors: Knfžek Jan O. , Fetter Hans 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe mineral and chemical compositions and some of the refractory and firing properties of eight alunite‐bearing clays were investigated. It was found that alunite raises the softening temperature of clays. Secondary expansion occurs in reheating the clays at temperatures higher than the original firing temperature and the degree of expansion seems to depend uot only on the alunite concentration in the clay but also on its characteristics. This expansion is believed to be due to SO2 or/and SO2 gases released by the body in refiring; these gases expand at high temperature causing bloating of the body. The usefulness of thermal analysis in detecting small amounts of alunite is pointed out.
INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ENAMEL ON A FEW OF ITS PROPERTIES
Authors: Niklewski Bronislaw K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo enlarge the knowledge and data of the relation between the chemical composition of enamel and its properties, many enamels were melted and their acid resistance, viscosity, and opacity were measured. The results have been assembled in graphs representing measurements of these properties in relation to the systematic change of the composition. On the basis of the results, a revision of information is offered relating to the acid resistance of glass and enamel.
PORCELAIN ENAMELING CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME COMMON FERROUS METALS *
Authors: Deringer W. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe experimental evidence gathered during the investigation of seven ferrous metals shows that there is a relationship between the hydrogen behavior and enameling characteristics of these metals. This relationship can best be explained on the basis of diffusibility of atomic hydrogen through these metals and is in no way affected by the total carbon content or by the stabilization of the carbon through the formation of carbides other than iron carbide. These added metallic elements may decrease the diffusibility of hydrogen through steel in two ways, namely, (1) they may have a poisoning or reverse catalytic effect on hydrogen diffusion or (2) they may “plug the gaps” in the crystal lattice and by so doing render the metal impenetrable to atomic hydrogen diffusion.
MODIFIED DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS APPARATUS*
Authors: Herold Paul G. , Plan Je T. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe differential thermal analysis apparatus described consists of an important improvement. This is the arrangement of the sample and standard holder so that the thermocouples become both the holder and the differential temperature measuring device. This arrangement permits easy removal of the sample and also permits the investigation of exothermic and endothermic reactions at much higher temperatures without damage to the thermocouples.
INVESTIGATION OF ABRASION RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Baab Kenneth A. , Kranbr Hobart M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a new abrasion test for re‐fractories consisting of a controlled sandblasting operation wherein various brands of brick were tested. Graphs show correlations for abrasion loss per hour against other properties for the brands tested. Data and charts which compare this abrasion test with the A.S.T.M. rattler test for paving brick are also included.
EFFECTS OF CERIUM OXIDE ON THE SPECTRAL TRANSMISSION OF SOME EXPERIMENTAL GLASSES*
Authors: Kapnicky Jambs A. , Koehler W. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA number of samples of soda‐lime, borosilicate, and flint glasses were prepared. The composition of the samples of each type was varied by the use of different percentages of cerium oxide as a glass constituent. The spectral transmission of each sample was determined over the range 250 to 1000 mμ and transmission curves were plotted.
USE OF DOLOMITE AS AN AUXILIARY FLUX IN FLOOR TILE*
Authors: Morse G. T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt is a recognized fact that dolomite is a valuable addition as an auxiliary flux in white ware bodies, and an excellent glaze ingredient providing another RO member which imparts low thermal expansion to the glaze. There is evidence that the addition of dolomite to sanitary‐ware bodies has resulted in the lowering of the firing temperature without daunting or other ill effects.The present investigation involved a study of the use of dolomite in floor‐tile bodies. A review of the literature showed that little or no work has been done in this field, and it was, therefore, necessary to follow somewhat closely investigations carried on in the vitreous sanitary ware and dinnerware fields to determine the optimum percentages of dolomite to be incorporated in the test batches. A typical floor‐tile composition was taken as standard and dolomite was substituted in increasing amounts at the expense of the accepted flux.The purpose of this investigation is to ascertain if economies could be effected in lowering the firing temperature of the body by the addition of small amounts of a less costly constituent.
RELATIONSHIP OF SPECIFIC SURFACE FACTOR OF TALCS TO SLIP VISCOSITY AND DRY‐PRESSING CHARACTERISTICS*
Authors: Gaskins W. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study was made of specific surface, particle‐size distribution, and particle shape of several talcs from the Death Valley area of California and the effect of these factors upon the action of the tale in a casting and dry‐press body.Talcs of low‐specific surface were found to produce slips of greater fluidity and higher density with less water than tales of high‐specific surface. Talcs of low‐specific surface were found to produce dry‐press bodies which had less tendency to laminate than tales of high‐specific surface.
EFFECT OF HEAT‐TREATMENT ON THE DENSITY AND CONSTITUTION OF HIGH‐SILICA GLASSES OF THE BOROSILICATE TYPE*
Authors: Tool Arthur Q. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSome evidence leading to the supposition that certain borosilicate glasses containing a high percentage of silica are made up of two‐component glasses is presented. One of these components, which consists mainly of silica and has a low expansivity, forms a rigid network throughout the body of the glass while the temperature is still high enough to maintain the other component in a liquid state. At lower temperatures, the latter component also forms a rigid network that is intricately entwined with that of the high‐temperature component. The composition of the network that forms at relatively low temperatures is presumably not unlike that of a borosilicate glass containing a moderate percentage of silica. Consequently, the expansivity of this low‐temperature component is definitely higher than that of the other. Because of the difference between the expansivities, the low‐temperature component, as soon as it behaves as a rigid network on cooling, compresses the high‐temperature network and is correspondingly distended. By cooling very rapidly, these elastic strains are developed at temperatures within and even above the upper part of the annealing range of the low‐temperature component. When such strains are developed at high temperatures, they are relaxed by heat‐treatments at lower annealing temperatures, and this relaxation causes an expansion of the undercooled glass while at a constant temperature. However, in the early stages of the treatment, the expansion caused by the relaxation of the strains may be overshadowed by a contraction that results from the shrinkage of the low‐temperature component as it approaches equilibrium from its undercooled condition. These concepts concerning the constitution of borosilicate glasses that contain a high percentage of silica are used to explain the very unusual density changes that are observed when these glasses are subjected to heat‐treatments at different annealing temperatures.
CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHANGES IN STACK AND HEARTH REFRACTORIES OF A BLAST FURNACE*
Authors: Van Vlack L. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRefractory samples removed from the lining of a blast furnace exhibiting normal behavior were analyzed for chemical and mineralogical changes. The changes observed in the lining of this furnace are discussed and their probable effect upon the refractory life is indicated; On the basis of the findings, suggestions are made regarding blastfurnace refractory practice.
MULLITIZATION OF KAOLINITE*
Authors: Comeforo J. E. , Fischer R. B. , Bradley W. F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe thermal behavior of kaolinite was studied by electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. This study has shown that hexagonal‐shaped particles persist far above the dehydration temperature of kaolinite. It was concluded that two stages of reaction represent the steps in the firing of kaolinite. First, the chemically combined water is removed, resulting in the formation of a uniquely organized, noncrystalline compound. Second, the noncrystalline compound collapses into crystalline mullite nuclei which exhibit normal growth.
Phase Equilibrium in a Portion of the Ternary System Ba OA‐I2,O3,‐SiO2,
Authors: THOMAS ROBERT H. 
Published: June 2006

Phase‐equilibrium relations on the liquidus surface in the system Ba0‐A12O3‐SiO2 have been investigated by the quenching method. The compositions investigated within the ternary area were those containing less than 30%, A12O3 and more than 20% SiO2 by weight. Petrographic and X‐ray techniques were employed in the determination of the crystalline phases.The crystal phases that separate from melts within the area investigated are barium orthosilicate (2BaO. SiO2,), barium metasilicate (BaO 2SO2,), solid solutions, sanbornite (BaO 2SiO2), tridymite and cristobalite (SO2), mullite (3A12O3 2SiO2), and celsian (BaO A12O3.2SiO2). Diagrams show the isotherms and indices of refraction of the glasses.Five quintuple points and eleven boundary curves have been determined within = .5yo compositional variations. The liquidus‐surface temperatures have been obtained within limits of ± 125°C.
Relation of Composition to Viscosity of Enamel Glasses
Authors: YEE TIN BOO , MACHIN J. S. , ANDREWS A. I. 
Published: June 2006

The changes in the viscosities of a series of enamel glasses which were produced by varying the CaF2, Fe2O3, TiO2, CO3O4, NiO, MnO2, FeSO4, and NiSO4 contents were examined over a range of temperatures which corresponded approximately to normal firing temperatures. Similar studies on the variations in viscosity produced by blending selected hard and soft frits are reported.SummaryCalcium fluoride is a most effective reagent for modifying the viscosity of ground‐coat enamel. The first few additions
Relations Between Heat Losses of Glass, Forming Times, and Bottle Production in Blowing Machines
Authors: GIEGERICH W. 
Published: June 2006

The critical review of production numbers and forming times of different glass‐container machines is a problem of technical and economic importance that is recognized in nearly all glassworks. An exact technical and scientific investigation of these forming times is not possible because of (a) the limited knowledge of the heat transfer and flow of glass, (b) the great difficulties encountered in making measurements of the process, and (c) the influence of ordinary variations in the plant. Some simple relations between the timetable of operations and heat losses of glass during the forming process are given. Quite exact data for heat losses and operating times permit the assignment of standard values which characterize the special properties of the glass during forming.V. SummaryCritical judgment of the capacities and forming times of various glass‐processing machines is a task that has to be carried through almost daily in glassworks, since it is closely‐related to the necessity of finding out the best way of operation. An exact technical and scientific evaluation of the forming times is hardly possible for the following reasons: (a) the meager knowledge of heat transfer and flow during forming, (b) the great, nearly insurmountable difficulties with respect to the technical problems of measurement, and (c) the variety of the manifold operational influences. Therefore an attempt has been made to describe in simple relations the chronological sequence of the individual operations of the forming process, and the cooling of the glass during the process. On the basis of exact time studies of the individual operations, and with the aid of many calorimetric measurements of the heat rates in the individual forming stages, which were made on numerous fully automatic blowing machines, one can, by means of classification and comparison of the findings, set up approximate operational values. It is hoped that such an analysis has afforded some new ideas and suggestions concerning the technical principles of fully automatic bottle blowing.
Vapor Pressure of Gd2O3 from 2350° to 2590°K
Authors: MESSIER D. R. 
Published: June 2006

Knudsen evaporation experiments were made on gadolinium sesquioxide from 2350° to 2590°K. Two sets of Knudsen cell data yielded average values of 468.7 ± 0.8 and 471.0 ± 0.5 kcal/mole for the assumed evaporation reaction
image
The results indicate that the evaporation coefficient may be much less than one.
Vapor Pressure of Hypostoichiometric Urania as a Function of Composition
Authors: SZWARC R. , LATTA R. E. 
Published: June 2006

The vapor pressure of hypostoichiometric urania was measured as a function of temperature for a series of compositions. The data were obtained by an entrainment technique in which weight loss of a specimen vaporizing at high temperatures in a stream of carrier gas is followed continuously with a recording thermobalance. Use of suitable atmospheres produced constant vaporizing compositions which vaporized pseudocongruently. Equations obtained for the vapor pressure are:
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Relative Energies of Tilt Boundaries in Aluminum Oxide
Authors: SHACKELFORD JAMES F. , SCOTT WILLIAM D. 
Published: June 2006

The relative grain boundary energy and surface diffusion coefficient of aluminum oxide were determined by observing the thermal grooving behavior of a series of bi‐crystals containing symmetric tilt boundaries. The relative energy for high tilt angles (30° to 150°) was roughly constant and equal to 0.54. The variation of relative energy with tilt angle was consistent with a dislocation core model for grain boundaries. The surface diffusion coefficient was:The agreement of this value for a vacuum etch with previous data for etches in air ruled out the oxygen ion as a possible rate‐controlling diffusion species.
Evaporation of Hypostoichiometric Plutonium Dioxide from 2070° to 2380°K
Authors: MESSIER DONALD R. 
Published: June 2006

Total vapor pressures of PuO2‐x, compositions were measured gravimetrically with tungsten Knudsen cells from 2070° to 2380°K. The vapor pressure equation for the composition approximating the congruent one, PuO1.82, is
where Pc, is the pressure if the vapor is assumed to be entirely PuO2(g). The evaporation of PuO1.562 was univari‐ant, indicating the presence of two condensed phases, and that of PuO1.62 was bivariant from 2240° to 2380°K; this result confirms that the phase boundary of the PuO2‐x, phase remains at Pu1.61 at temperatures close to the liquidus.
Interdiffusion Coefficients in SiO2‐K2O Melts
Authors: MAY HENRI B. , WOLLAST ROLAND 
Published: June 2006

Chemical diffusion coefficients for Si were measured in potassium silicate compositions containing from 64 to 85 wt% SiO2; unidirectional diffusion couples were heated for 0.1 to 720 h at 600° to 1400°C. The diffusion coefficients, which were calculated by the Boltzmann‐Matano method, are described for a silicate containing 70 wt% SiO2 by:
image

The diffusion coefficients decreased with increasing O2 pressure. Below 800°C, the coefficients decreased with increasing SiO2 concentration; above 800°C, their dependence on SiO2 concentration was too weak to detect by the methods used. On the basis of a simple structural model for the glass, it was possible, from a phenomenological analysis of the diffusion, to establish a relation between the oxygen self‐diffusion coefficient and the chemical diffusion coefficient for a given composition.
Dependence of the Fictive Temperature of Glass on Cooling Rate
Authors: MOYNIHAN CORNELIUS T. , EASTEAL ALLAN J. , De BOLT MARY ANN , TUCKER JOSEPH 
Published: June 2006

An equation derived by Ritland relating the cooling rate and fictive temperature for glasses without memory is extended to those with memory, i.e. those which exhibit a spectrum of relaxation times. Provided that the spectrum of relaxation times is temperature‐independent, the limiting fictive temperature, T′f, obtained when a glass is cooled through the transition region, is shown to be related to the cooling rate, q, by d In |q|/d(1/T'f)=‐Δh★/Rwhere R is the ideal gas constant and Δh★ the activation enthalpy for the relaxation times controlling the structural relaxation. Values of T′f vs q obtained from enthalpy measurements by differential scanning calorimetry are presented for B2O3, 0.4Ca(NO3)2—0.6KNO3, and borosilicate crown glasses; Δh★ is equal, within experimental error, to the activation enthalpy for shear viscosity. Values of T′f from volume and enthalpy measurements obtained at the same cooling rate for the borosilicate crown glass are equal.