bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of the Effects of Xanthan on the Phase Behavior of Single-Component Surfactant/Reservoir Oil/Brine Systems Using PVT Measurements
Authors: Veggeland Kirsti , Hodne Helge , Avstad Tor 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Co-injection of a low concentration surfactant and polymer solution, termed Low Tension Polymer Flood (LTPF), has been suggested to improve the efficiency of chemical flooding. The multiphase behavior of a live crude oil from the North Sea containing a single-component anionic surfactant, n-C12-o-xylene sulfonate and NaCl brine, has been studied at different temperatures and pressures with and without the presence of biopolymer. Both systems showed the usual types of phase behavior, i. e., a lower microemulsion, a middle phase microemulsion, and an upper microemulsion termed II(-), III and II(+) respectively. No optimal pressure or temperature was observed by conducting pressure and temperature scans. The solubilization parameter of water is always higher than the solubilization parameter of the oil, S(w)&gt;S(o).
The effect of temperature on the phase behavior is complicated. Equilibrium between two microemulsion phases at temperatures close to the critical temperature for phase transitions, is suggested. The system moved into the II(+) state without reaching optimal conditions for oil recovery as the temperature is increased. The phase behavior is discussed in terms of the oil composition.
The addition of xanthan resulted in an increasing ratio S(w)/S(o) and the system is moved toward the II(-) state. The pressure for the phase transition III/II(-) is lowered, while the pressure for the phase transition II(+)/III is nearly unaffected.
Effect of Surfactants on Hydrate Formation Kinetics
Authors: Kalogerakis Nicolas , Jamaluddin A. K. M. , Dholabhai P. D. , Bishnoi P. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In this paper we investigate experimentally the effect of surfactants on the formation kinetics of methane hydrate. The compounds tested include: anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants. Experimental results indicate that surfactants (at concentrations levels near their CMC) do not influence the thermodynamics, however, they have a strong influence on the kinetics of gas dissolution in the water phase as well as on the overall rate of hydrate formation. In addition, the formed hydrate particles in the presence of the various surfactants exhibit diverse agglomeration characteristics. This work is part of an overall effort to develop the technology required for the safe operation of offshore oil and gas transportation pipelines without inhibitors.
Improved Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Reservoir Gas and Condensate Samples
Authors: Kriel W. A. , Spence A. P. , Kolodziej E. J. , Hoolahan S. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A methodology is provided for analyzing high temperature and high pressure reservoir fluid samples directly on a gas Chromatograph. Coupled with a procedure for concentrating the heavy end fraction of lean gases, the methodology is extended to samples containing as little as 1 wt % C6+. Analysis of example fluids demonstrates relative precision and accuracy of 97% for most components when present in significant concentrations. For lean gases, errors of ±10% are demonstrated for heavy end components of samples with 2–8 wt % C6+. The methodology has been successfully applied in estimation of condensate reserves and gas cycling studies.
Establish Chemical Treatment and Management System for Oil Production and Water Injection Facilities in the North Sea
Authors: Georgie W. J. , Bryne K. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With potential increase in water injection requirement, increase in oil production rate and the unavoidable increase in water production, an improvement in the chemical treatment programmes was deemed to be necessary in the mid eighties. As a result, an assessment of the chemical treatment programmes philosophy was carried out in the Statfjord field. The assessment programme philosophy covered different aspects of all chemicals used for the water injection systems, process systems as well as utility process related facilities, such as, ballast water systems, heating and cooling systems and fire water systems on the three Statfjord platforms. The assessment programme was intended to improve the methods used for selecting chemicals for the different systems and improve the application and the daily follow up of the chemicals offshore. Consequently, a better control on the consumption of the chemicals in the field can be achieved, as well as reduce the environmental impact and risk of the use and discharge of production chemicals in the North Sea.
The objectives were achieved by adapting a systematic approach in the selection and application of chemicals. The issues covered in these objectives included: Clearer definition of individual problems in the systemsSelect suitable simplified methods for testing new chemicals, either onshore or offshoreSystem parameters optimisation included in the testing programme for chemicalsChemicals characteristics and partitioning in the individual systemsThe toxicity of chemicals and biodegradabilityThe handling aspects of chemicals by offshore personnelImprovements and upgrading of the chemical injection facilitiesEstablish operation procedures in order to implement and follow up the required treatmentsImprove the chemical injection facilities on the platforms
In addition, a training programme was introduced for operation personnel, in order to improve the level of knowledge as well as understanding of chemical treatment requirements, and the importance of these programmes in maintaining stable operation and in reducing fluid handling related problems.
Having completed the assessment and the implementation of the new chemical treatment programme philosophy by the late eighties, a new chemical treatment and management system was established on Statfjord platforms. The outcome of such an approach was, more effective treatment, as well as reduced cost and quantity of chemicals used per volume of oil produced, treated produced water and treated injected water.
With the increased environmental awareness, the new procedures gave a better and an instantaneous view on the level of used and discharged chemicals. Such data are required for regular reporting to the environmental authorities.
The experience gained over the past few years has been also used in improving the design of the required chemical injection facilities on newly developed platforms, as well as chemical treatment programmes on newly developed fields.
Rheological Characteristics of Reticulated Bacterial Cellulose as a Performance Additive to Fracturing and Drilling Fluids
Authors: Westland J. A. , Lenk D. A. , Penny G. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Working since 1983 Weyerhaeuser through biotechnology research has developed a new form of cellulose with an intertwined reticulated structure. This cellulose, produced from bacteria, has unique properties and functionalities unlike other conventional celluloses. When added to aqueous systems, the Reticulated Bacterial Cellulose (RBC) dramatically improves fluid rheology and particle suspension over a wide range of conditions. Extensive laboratory and pilot equipment testing has been done using RBC as an additive to a variety of fracture fluids and to a limited extent, drilling fluids. The test results show advantages in fluid performance and significant economic benefits by the addition of RBC.
Delayed Crosslink Fracturing Fluid Rheology Influenced by Thermal and Shear History
Authors: Lord D. L. , Yaritz J. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Using a Model 50 Fann viscometer, the viscous behavior of a delayed-crosslink fracturing fluid was evaluated after the fluid was subjected to various combinations of thermal and shear history. Fluid thermal and shear histories were created by pumping a mixture of polymer solution and crosslinking additive through tubing coils situated in a series of thermally-controlled baths. Specifications of the preconditioning device are provided in the paper. By varying bath temperatures and flow rates through the preconditioning coils, it was possible to create a wide variety of fluid thermal and shear histories. An organo-metallic crosslinking agent was continuously mixed into the polymer solution as it was being injected into the preconditioning device. At the point where the chemically reacting mixture exited the preshear device, it was routed, without stopping, into a rotating viscometer cup by means of a quick-connect. In this manner, the fluid sample captured within the viscometer cup experienced a continuous shearing action similar to that experienced in the field environment. Sample rheology was then monitored over a 2-hour period at elevated temperature using a R1 B5 X measurement configuration. The merits of using the R1 B5 X rather than the wide gap R1 B2X measurement configuration are discussed. Rheology results from nine uniquely different thermal-shear history combinations were compared to determine the relative influence of each parameter on the final fluid viscosity.
The Investigation of the Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism Utilizing AB Initio Quantum Mechanical Calculations
Authors: Simpson C. Q. , Gdanski R. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
To understand the fundamental principles that control the corrosion inhibition mechanism, ab initio quantum-mechanical calculations have been performed on three corrosion inhibitors and their reaction products resulting from hydrogen atom attack. The results of these calculations and electron population analysis are correlated with experimental corrosion-test data. Based on this correlated data, a reaction for the inhibition mechanism is suggested, factors controlling inhibition effectiveness are determined, and recommendations are made for improved corrosion inhibitors.
NMR Imaging of Gelation Processes Inside Rock Cores
Authors: Maddinelli Giuseppe , Carati Claudio , Brancolini Alberto , Rossi Elio , Causin Emilio 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Although permeability modifications of oil reservoirs by means of in-situ gelation processes are of great interest in additional oil recovery, little information on the phenomena taking place inside the porous media during gelation is available.
A new approach based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), a novel non-destructive technique, has been tested. The NMR method is compared with classic laboratory tests based on rheology and pressure drop measurements. The results of several laboratory experiments carried out at different conditions, in vitro and inside porous media, are presented. NMR imaging constitutes a powerful tool to characterize the gelling process inside the porous media complementary to the classical displacement tests (i.e. pressure drop).
Effective Gelation-Delaying Additives for Cr+3/Polymer Gels
Authors: Albonico Paola , Burrafato Giovanni , Lullo Alberto Di , Lockhart T. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A coordination chemical approach for delaying the gelation of Cr+3/polymer compositions has been explored. By screening organic ligands for their gelation delaying power with hydrated Cr+3/polymer and Cr(OAc)3/polymer solutions several powerful retarding ligands have been identified. Use of the pre-formed Cr+3 complexes of these ligands together with additional, uncomplexed ligand in the gelant solution provides outstanding control over the gelation time over the temperature range 60°-135°C. With these compositions gelation times spanning the range from several hours to one month or more have been obtained at temperatures up to 120°C; such gelation delays should be suitable for a number of near-well and in-depth gel treatments. In virtue of the low toxicity of Cr+3 and its complexes, the potential environmental impact of the new gelation compositions is notably reduced relative to those employing Cr+6 or formaldehyde. A number of variables have been evaluated for their influence on the gelation delay, and preliminary experimental results on the propagation of Cr+3 in porous media at high temperature are reported. Our current mechanistic understanding of the gelation delay chemistry is also described.
A Synergistic Approach to the Development of the Dulang Field, Offshore Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Egbogah E. O. , Chandramohan S. , Embong M. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the evolution of a synergistic approach to the successful development of the Dulang Field, Offshore Peninsular Malaysia. The key factors that have contributed to the success of the approach include careful planning, systems-based execution, integration of multidisciplinary technical expertise and effective team approach to field development and reservoir management Team members consisting of geologists, geophysicists, drilling engineers, petrophysicists, reservoir engineers, petroleum technologists and facilities/project engineers convinced management early in the project life that a sound, integrated reservoir management plan was critical for maximizing the value of oil and gas reserves from discovery through abandonment of the Dulang field.
The staged development of this complex field with two of the planned four platforms currently onstream entails the application of reservoir management strategies for up to fifty separate depletion plans for identified reservoir units. It is an innovative approach to offshore development, involving management commitment and synergism of disciplines that has placed a premium on flexibility in approach. The development of the field has been justified by the large reserves potential. The original hydrocarbons-in-place include about 685 MMSTB of oil and 495 BSCF of gas. Optimized depletion strategy developed through geological reservoir description and reservoir studies have formed the basis for the staged development now in use in the Dulang field.
The synergistic approach being reported here has been facilitated by the availability of integrated data storage and interactive technologies within PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd (Carigali). These systems have provided interactive working environment amongst team members and it shall continue to serve as the basis for further development and management of the Dulang field.
New Emphasis in Engineering Schools on Graduate Education
Authors: Staley Thomas F. , Thomas Gordon W. , Brown Kermit E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1957 the first Sputnik was launched into space. A crash program was started to increase our technical know-how. In particular, the universities of our nation were called upon to produce more and more qualified engineers and produce more and more qualified engineers and scientists. A new emphasis was placed on graduate research at the M.S. and Ph.D. levels. More research funds were made available from both government and industry. Competitive bargaining for top graduate students now exists between universities and the good students themselves realize that they are at a premium.
Has university research moved from its position to seek out new knowledge and to serve position to seek out new knowledge and to serve in its proper perspective as a part of the teaching process or is research now being conducted as an end in itself? Have undergraduate curricula been neglected to the extent that the graduate program itself is in jeopardy?
Some universities have chosen to place most of their emphasis on graduate research. Many professors have made a status symbol of a light professors have made a status symbol of a light teaching load to the extent that they measure their prestige by the infrequency of their contact hours with students.
The University of Tulsa offers both an M.S. and Ph.D. in Engineering. However, our feeling is that we must maintain and continue to emphasize the undergraduate programs. An Honor's Program was initiated in Petroleum Engineering Program was initiated in Petroleum Engineering in 1966. Effective September, 1969, an average of 100 students in Petroleum Engineering will be receiving Honor's scholarships. This assures a high quality undergraduate program since these young men must maintain a "B" average or better. These programs have now been initiated in the entire College of Engineering and Physical Sciences as well as an over-all University Scholarship Program.
An outstanding university must have both superior teaching and research. A strong graduate research program is necessary since this is the way in which the ideal college professor maintains his competence and enthusiasm in his area of specialization. However, we must not lose sight of the fact that our main objective is the promotion of learning and inquiry for students and faculty alike.
Samarang K5/7 Reservoir Simulation Study
Authors: Lee Boo-Soon 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A 3-dimensional, 3-phase reservoir Simulation model was constructed using a black oil reservoir Simulator to understand the complex reservoir fluid dynamics, and its effects on ultimate oil recovery. The paper describes the various phases of the model study, which entails the construction of the reservoir model, matching of the historical well performance and optimising reservoir Operation strategy through prediction of future reservoir performance under various operating scenarios. The flndings of the study were used to formulate a cost-effective reservoir management strategy and further development plan to maximize hydrocarbon recovery.
Continuing Education Program - Los Angeles Basin
Authors: Fazio Patrick J. , Donnelly William L. , MacLean M.A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Los Angeles Basin Section Continuing Education Program was the first in the SPE and is typical of SPE efforts around the country. Initial membership interest was high, but recent classes have been only partially filled. Other SPE Sections have had partially filled. Other SPE Sections have had similar experiences. This lack of participation is the result of lack of motivation participation is the result of lack of motivation and should be of great concern to the industry. Primary responsibility for maintaining technical competence rests with the individual; however, companies share this responsibility. In the opinion of the authors, most oil companies have been permissive but not energetic in their support of the SPE Program. A number of techniques industry can use to motivate their employees toward continuing education are presented and discussed.
Introduction
Unlimited opportunity exists for the engineer in today's technically snowballing society to expand his capabilities and contributions. The degree to which he should pursue continuing education is commonly pursue continuing education is commonly debated in connection with the age-old controversy of experience versus academic achievement. Oil companies go to great expense to improve their technical staffs and even recruiting practices are influenced by where key company personnel stand in this "great debate." One thing is certain, the employee will be more valuable if he updates himself in matters which pertain to his area of endeavor.
In February, 1965, the Los Angeles Basin Section kicked off the SPE Continuing Education Program. The objective of this program has been to provide a means of raising the general level of technical competence in the petroleum industry. Thirty-one Sections now offer some form of continuing education to 85% of the SPE total membership; however, the Los Angeles Basin Section Program which is typical of others in the SPE has attracted only about 15% of its membership. Apparently, you can lead the engineer to education, but you can't make him learn.
In this paper, the authors who are members of the Los Angeles Basin Section Continuing Education Committee, discuss the reasons for the declining participation. Techniques are recommended for the motivation of the hard-core, inactive member.
Well Testing for Gas Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Thompson L. G. , Niu Jin-Guo , Reynolds A. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The analysis of well-testing pressure data obtained at a well producing a gas condensate reservoir is considered. It is assumed that a liquid bank forms in the vicinity of the well. Only radial flow problems are considered; thus, our objective is to find semilog analysis procedures that can be applied to our two-phase flow problem.
The contributions and results of this research work can be summarized as follows: (i) We present theoretical results for drawdown and buildup semilog analysis equations based on the single-phase real gas pseudopressure of Al-Hussainy. (ii) A theoretical equation for the apparent skin factor observed during buildup is derived. The apparent skin factor is a linear combination of the mechanical skin factor and a pseudoskin factor due to the existence of a two-phase Zone near the wellbore. The value of the pseudoskin factor depends on the size of the liquid bank and the near-wellbore value of effective gas permeability with the two-phase Zone, (iii) It is shown that by combining results of drawdown and buildup analysis or by analyzing buildup data from a a modified isochronal test, we can separate the components of the skin factor, i.e., to determine the mechanical skin factor, the radial extent of the liquid zone and the average effective gas permeability within the liquid zone. The determination of the individual components is based on the theoretical equation for the buildup apparent skin factor.
What is Balanced Pressure Drilling?
Authors: Bingham M.G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Other things being equal the minimum footage drilling cost will ensue when penetration rates approach a maximum value. penetration rates approach a maximum value. One of the major factors controlling optimum penetration rates is the mud-column pressure. In penetration rates is the mud-column pressure. In planning a drilling program for drilling recent planning a drilling program for drilling recent sediments, it is critical to know whether a maximum penetration rate will occur when the differential pressure [difference between formation pressure and dynamic mud-column pressure] is overbalanced, balanced or pressure] is overbalanced, balanced or underbalanced.
A review of literature shows that from laboratory drilling tests the maximum penetration rate likely occurs at a balanced-pressure penetration rate likely occurs at a balanced-pressure condition. Rates tend to decrease when either an underbalanced or overbalanced condition is established. Results of single chisel tests tend to support these results.
Recently published field results are apparently incompatible with the above work in that they report drilling rates tending to increase as formation pore pressures exceed the dynamic mud-column pressure. The dynamic mud-column pressure has been defined in these reports as:
PP = PDYN = P STATIC + ABP PP = PDYN = P STATIC + ABP where pp = formation pore pressure, psiPSTATIC= static mud-column pressure, psiABP = annulus pressure drop due to flow, psi.
A review of known data suggests a balanced pressure drilling condition actually occur pressure drilling condition actually occur when
PP = PDYN = PSTATIC + ABP + PI + PR,
where PI = Impact pressure in a vertical direction under the bit due to bitrotation, psi. PR = impact pressure in a vertical direction under the bit due to bitrotation, psi.
Using this relationship, recently reported field tests become compatible with previously reported work and it is possible to conclude.
A balanced pressure drilling condition can be defined as: PP = PDYN = PSTATIC + ABP + PI + PR The maximum penetration rate under many drilling conditions occur when formation pore pressure and dynamic mud-column pressures pore pressure and dynamic mud-column pressures are equal.