bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delayed ventricular fibrillation following blunt chest trauma in a 4‐year‐old child
Authors: TOME RIAD , SOMRI MOSTAFA , TESZLER CHRISTIAN B. , YANOVSKI BORIS , GAITINI LUIS 
Published: December 2005

SummaryA 4‐year‐old boy who was involved in a motor vehicle accident as a pedestrian and suffered blunt chest trauma was admitted to the emergency room. Unpredictable delayed ventricular fibrillation was diagnosed and treated successfully 2 h later. This case cannot be classified as commotio cordis as the ventricular fibrillation (VF) developed so long after the sustained chest injury. At the same time, other possible etiologies of VF such as cardiac pathology or electrolyte and metabolic disorders had been ruled out. Thus, an etiological link between the chest trauma and the subsequent VF could not be ruled out and is in fact plausible despite the late onset.
Spinal anesthesia in infants with ventriculoperitoneal shunt: report of five cases and review of literature
Authors: KACHKO LUDMYLA , PLATIS CARI M. , LIVNI GILAT , TARABIKIN EVELYNA , MICHOWIZ SHALOM , KATZ JACOB 
Published: December 2005

SummaryWe describe five cases of children with ventriculoperitoneal shunt who underwent abdominal and perineal procedures under spinal anesthesia. Four of them had been born prematurely, and all had suffered from severe neonatal complications. All of our patients suffered from severe respiratory impairment, that had required mechanical ventilation, and three of them suffered additionally from apnea of prematurity. Four patients had ventriculoperitoneal shunt inserted because of obstructive hydrocephalus and one because of congenital central nervous system anomalies. Two underwent subsequently shunt revision. The benefits of spinal anesthesia in this high‐risk population are described. The risks of spinal anesthesia in the presence of a ventricular shunt device, especially infection and dural leakage, are discussed, and the literature about this topic briefly reviewed.
Anesthetic management of tracheoesophageal fistula repair in a newborn with hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: SAADE EDOUARD , SETZER NANCY 
Published: December 2005

SummaryWe present a case of a newborn with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). The anesthesia management for the repair of the TEF is presented and the management of the unique pathophysiology of the HLHS circulation is discussed.
RETURNING GENETIC RESEARCH RESULTS TO INDIVIDUALS: POINTS‐TO‐CONSIDER
Authors: RENEGAR GAILE , WEBSTER CHRISTOPHER J. , STUERZEBECHER STEFFEN , HARTY LEA , IDE SUSAN E. , BALKITE BETH , ROGALSKI‐SALTER TARYN A. , COHEN NADINE , SPEAR BRIAN B. , BARNES DIANE M. , BRAZELL CELIA 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper is intended to stimulate debate amongst stakeholders in the international research community on the topic of returning individual genetic research results to study participants. Pharmacogenetics and disease genetics studies are becoming increasingly prevalent, leading to a growing body of information on genetic associations for drug responsiveness and disease susceptibility with the potential to improve health care. Much of these data are presently characterized as exploratory (non‐validated or hypothesis‐generating). There is, however, a trend for research participants to be permitted access to their personal data if they so choose. Researchers, sponsors, patient advocacy groups, ethics committees and regulatory authorities are consequently confronting the issue of whether, and how, study participants might receive their individual results. Noted international ethico‐legal guidelines and public policy positions in Europe and the United States are reviewed for background. The authors offer ‘Points‐to‐Consider’ regarding returning research results in the context of drug development trials based on their knowledge and experience. These considerations include: the clinical relevance of data, laboratory qualifications, informed consent procedures, confidentiality of medical information and the competency of persons providing results to participants. The discussion is framed as a benefit‐to‐risk assessment to balance the potential positive versus negative consequences to participants, while maintaining the integrity and feasibility of conducting genetic research studies.
The Impact of Sure Start
Authors: ORMEROD PAUL 
Published: December 2005

The first report from the national Sure Start evaluation team concludes that to date not only has the Sure Start programme not been a success, but for certain groups of disadvantaged families it has led to a worse outcome. The cost to date has been £3 billion.This is simply the latest in a series of spectacular policy failures: for example, the Child Support Agency, family tax credits, truancy reduction, lack of literacy amongst many children, reductions in access to top universities from state schools.Each has its own reasons for failure, but there are now so many examples in so many diverse areas that something more fundamental is going on. The problem is the increasingly complicated nature of the interventions of the social democratic state. These increase rather than reduce the probability of failure. Government still has an important role. But it should be as simple as possible.
Gypsy Justice versus Gorgio Law: Interrelations of Difference
Authors: Okely Judith 
Published: December 2005

Resonating with Frankenberg, this article explores the role of the individual stranger/outsider. The non-Gypsy (gorgio) individual or system is often used to settle internal disputes among Traveller-Gypsies, although rarely in the relatively benign role, as in Frankenberg's study. The outsider's system, while representing centuries of sedentarist and racist persecution, may also be open to manipulation. While popular discourse represents the Gypsies’ non-literate system as an isolate in some potential evolution, the few studies of Gypsies’ resolution of conflict have attracted attention in other disciplines because they raise questions about alternative controls and local cooperation in post-industrialist societies. Rather than any classical contrast and comparison, the article demonstrates inter relations of differences with emphasis on agency and institutions of law enforcement as a resource. My ethnographic material emerges not from former colonies but the once centre of the British Empire. The Traveller-Gypsies also have relatively independent, appropriate means of settling conflicts. Hitherto, this detailed material from localized fieldwork rather than from afar, has been withheld for a safe passage of time. It may have become even more relevant.
Penalized Spline Models for Functional Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Yao Fang , Lee Thomas C. M. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryWe propose an iterative estimation procedure for performing functional principal component analysis. The procedure aims at functional or longitudinal data where the repeated measurements from the same subject are correlated. An increasingly popular smoothing approach, penalized spline regression, is used to represent the mean function. This allows straightforward incorporation of covariates and simple implementation of approximate inference procedures for coefficients. For the handling of the within-subject correlation, we develop an iterative procedure which reduces the dependence between the repeated measurements that are made for the same subject. The resulting data after iteration are theoretically shown to be asymptotically equivalent (in probability) to a set of independent data. This suggests that the general theory of penalized spline regression that has been developed for independent data can also be applied to functional data. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure is demonstrated via a simulation study and an application to yeast cell cycle gene expression data.
Model Selection and Estimation in Regression with Grouped Variables
Authors: Yuan Ming , Lin Yi 
Published: December 2005

SummaryWe consider the problem of selecting grouped variables (factors) for accurate prediction in regression. Such a problem arises naturally in many practical situations with the multifactor analysis-of-variance problem as the most important and well-known example. Instead of selecting factors by stepwise backward elimination, we focus on the accuracy of estimation and consider extensions of the lasso, the LARS algorithm and the non-negative garrotte for factor selection. The lasso, the LARS algorithm and the non-negative garrotte are recently proposed regression methods that can be used to select individual variables. We study and propose efficient algorithms for the extensions of these methods for factor selection and show that these extensions give superior performance to the traditional stepwise backward elimination method in factor selection problems. We study the similarities and the differences between these methods. Simulations and real examples are used to illustrate the methods.
Sufficient Dimension Reduction in Regressions Across Heterogeneous Subpopulations
Authors: Ni Liqiang , Dennis Cook R. 
Published: December 2005

SummarySliced inverse regression is one of the widely used dimension reduction methods. Chiaromonte and co-workers extended this method to regressions with qualitative predictors and developed a method, partial sliced inverse regression, under the assumption that the covariance matrices of the continuous predictors are constant across the levels of the qualitative predictor. We extend partial sliced inverse regression by removing the restrictive homogeneous covariance condition. This extension, which significantly expands the applicability of the previous methodology, is based on a new estimation method that makes use of a non-linear least squares objective function.
Bandwidth Selection in Local Polynomial Regression Using Eigenvalues
Authors: Prewitt Kathryn , Lohr Sharon 
Published: December 2005

SummaryLocal polynomial regression is commonly used for estimating regression functions. In practice, however, with rough functions or sparse data, a poor choice of bandwidth can lead to unstable estimates of the function or its derivatives. We derive a new expression for the leading term of the bias by using the eigenvalues of the weighted design matrix where the bias depends on the arrangement of the X-values in the bandwidth window. We then use this result to determine a local data-driven bandwidth selection method and to provide a diagnostic for poor bandwidths that are chosen by using other methods. We show that our data-driven bandwidth is asymptotically equivalent to the optimal local bandwidth and that it performs well for relatively small samples when compared with other methods. In addition, we provide simulation results for first-derivative estimation. We illustrate its performance with data from Mars Global Surveyor.
Does Government Spending Crowd in Private Consumption? Theory and Empirical Evidence for the Euro Area*
Authors: Coenen Günter , Straub Roland 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we revisit the effects of government spending shocks on private consumption which have been at centre stage of the macroeconomic policy debate for quite a long time. We conduct our analysis in an estimated model of the euro area, which is representative of a new generation of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models usable for quantitative policy analysis. We show that the inclusion of non‐Ricardian households, which simply consume their current disposable income, is in general conducive to raising the level of consumption in response to government spending shocks when compared with a benchmark specification without non‐Ricardian households. However, we find that there is only a fairly small chance that government spending shocks crowd in consumption, mainly because the estimated share of non‐Ricardian households is relatively low, but also because of the large negative wealth effect induced by the highly persistent nature of government spending shocks.
Maternal depression, child frontal asymmetry, and child affective behavior as factors in child behavior problems
Authors: Forbes Erika E. , Shaw Daniel S. , Fox Nathan A. , Cohn Jeffrey F. , Silk Jennifer S. , Kovacs Maria 
Published: December 2005

Background:  Despite findings that parent depression increases children's risk for internalizing and externalizing problems, little is known about other factors that combine with parent depression to contribute to behavior problems.Methods:  As part of a longitudinal, interdisciplinary study on childhood‐onset depression (COD), we examined the association of mother history of COD, child frontal electroencephalogram asymmetry, and affective behavior with children's concurrent behavior problems.Results:  Children in the COD group had higher anxious/depressed and aggressive problems than did children in the control group, but this was qualified by a COD‐by‐asymmetry interaction effect. For COD but not control children, left frontal asymmetry was associated with both anxious/depressed and aggressive child problems. Children with left frontal asymmetry and low affect regulation behavior had higher anxious/depressed problems than did those with high affect regulation behavior. Boys with left frontal asymmetry had higher aggressive problems than did those with right frontal asymmetry.Conclusions:  In children of mothers with COD, physiological and behavioral indices of affect regulation may constitute risks for behavior problems.
Population and service characteristics of youth with schizophrenia‐spectrum diagnoses in the Hawaii system of care
Authors: Schiffman Jason , Daleiden Eric L. 
Published: December 2005

Background:  Population and service characteristics were compared for youth (age 0–18 years) with and without schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders, who received public mental health services in Hawaii's comprehensive system of care between July 1, 2000 and June 30, 2001.Methods:  Electronic records of youth with a diagnosis in the schizophrenia‐spectrum (n = 71) were compared to all other youth (n = 13,904) who received services with respect to age, gender, ethnicity, comorbidity, type of service, and service cost.Results:  The schizophrenia‐spectrum group had higher Asian representation, greater comorbidity, and was more likely to receive restrictive services for a higher average annual expense. When restrictive services were provided, they were of similar duration and intensity across groups. Almost all youth received less intensive services, but the schizophrenia‐spectrum group received a higher frequency or longer duration of such services.Conclusions:  Although youth with schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders were uncommon, collectively they represented a distinct population with above average service consumption. Future monitoring of interventions and outcomes may help develop systematic and effective treatment strategies for youth with schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders.
Attention development in 10‐month‐old infants selected by the WILSTAAR screen for pre‐language difficulties
Authors: James‐Roberts Ian St , Alston Enid 
Published: December 2005

Background:  WILSTAAR comprises a programme for identifying and treating 8–10‐month‐old infants who are at risk of language and cognitive difficulties. It has been adopted by health trusts, and included in Sure Start intervention schemes, throughout the UK. This study addresses one of the main queries raised by critics of the programme, by providing evidence about the psychological abilities of infants who fail the WILSTAAR screening assessment.Methods:  Thirty 10‐month‐old infants who failed the screen (‘at‐risk’ infants) and 30 gender‐ and age‐matched infants who passed the screen (‘not‐at‐risk’ infants) were assessed using a standard, validated measure of attention, the Distractibility Task.Results:  The at‐risk infants were found to have poorer focused attention, and were more distractible, than the not‐at‐risk infants. The not‐at‐risk infants were quicker in deducing that distractor slides included in the task were of little importance, spent more sustained periods of time in focused attention on toy play, and were quicker in learning to use the information available in the task.Conclusions:  The findings contribute to knowledge about infants’ psychological development and provide partial support for the thinking underlying WILSTAAR. Evidence was found to support concerns about the accuracy of the WILSTAAR screening assessment, and issues about the trade‐off between assessment age and the inclusion of WILSTAAR in routine services are discussed.
Infant motor development is associated with adult cognitive categorisation in a longitudinal birth cohort study
Authors: Murray G.K. , Veijola J. , Moilanen K. , Miettunen J. , Glahn D.C. , Cannon T.D. , Jones P.B. , Isohanni M. 
Published: December 2005

Background:  The relationship between the age of reaching infant developmental milestones and later intellectual function within the normal population remains unresolved. We hypothesised that the age of learning to stand in infancy would be associated with adult executive function and that the association would be apparent throughout the range of abilities, rather than confined to extremes.Methods:  The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort is based upon 12,058 live‐born children in a geographic and temporally defined population. Information on age at learning to stand without support was obtained at one year. At age 33–35 a random sample of 104 subjects underwent a neuropsychological test battery including tests of executive function (cognitive categorisation), visuo‐spatial memory, verbal learning and visual object learning. We investigated associations between developmental data and adult neuropsychological test scores.Results:  There was a significant linear relationship between age of learning to stand and adult categorisation: the earlier the attainment of the milestone, the better was the categorisation. No such relationships were observed between infant neurodevelopment and adult cognition in other neuropsychological domains.Conclusion:  Even within the normal range of development, early development in the gross motor domain is associated with better adult executive function (in tests of categorisation). Investigation of the determinants and sequelae of normal neural development will facilitate research into a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Predictors of parent training efficacy for child externalizing behavior problems – a meta‐analytic review
Authors: Reyno Sandra M. , McGrath Patrick J. 
Published: December 2005

Background:  The differential effectiveness of parent training has led researchers to examine a variety of child, parent, and familial variables that may predict treatment response. Studies have identified a diverse set of child, parent psychological/behavioral and demographic variables that are associated with treatment outcome and dropout.Method:  The parent training literature was examined to isolate child, parent, and family variables that predict response to parent training for child externalizing behavior problems. A literature review was conducted spanning articles published from 1980 to 2004 of indicated prevention (children with symptoms) and treatment (children with diagnosis) studies. Meta‐analyses were conducted to determine standardized effect sizes associated with the identified predictors.Results:  Many of the predictors of treatment response examined in this meta‐analysis resulted in moderate standardized effect sizes when study results were subjected to meta‐analytic procedures (i.e., low education/occupation, more severe child behavior problems pretreatment, maternal psychopathology). Only low family income resulted in a large standardized effect size. Predictors of drop‐out resulted in standardized effect sizes in the small or insubstantial range.Conclusions:  Response to parent training is often influenced by variables not directly involving the child, with socioeconomic status and maternal mental health being particularly salient factors.
Oral treatment and in vitro incubation with fructose modify vascular prostanoid production in the rat
Authors: Peredo H. A. , Mayer M. A. , Rodríguez Fermepín M. , Grinspon D. , Puyó A. M. 
Published: December 2005

Summary 1 In the rat, a fructose‐enriched diet induces hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, insulin resistance and hypertension; a model which resembles the human metabolic syndrome. 2 Prostanoids, metabolites of arachidonic acid, include vasoactive substances synthesized and released from the vascular wall that have been implicated in the increase of peripheral resistance, one of the mechanisms involved in the fructose‐induced hypertension. 3 The aim of the present study was to: (i) analyse the effects of the in vitro incubation with fructose on the production and release of prostanoids in rat thoracic aorta and in rat mesenteric bed and (ii) compare the effects of incubation with those of the in vivo acute and chronic treatment of rats with fructose and with the combination of both in vivo and in vitro procedures. 4 Blood pressure, glycaemia and triglyceridaemia were significantly elevated in both 4‐ and 22‐week fructose‐treated groups. Meanwhile, body and heart weight as well as insulinaemia were similar between experimental animals and controls. 5 In aortae, 4 weeks of Fructose treatment did not modify the prostanoid pattern release, but in vitro incubation decreased prostacyclin (PGI2) production. However, after 22 weeks, fructose treatment and incubation exerted the same effect. 6 In mesenteric bed, after 4 weeks, the incubation and the combination of both procedures reduced the release of the vasodilators PGI2 and PGE2, while fructose treatment only diminished the PGE2 release. On the contrary, the production of the vasoconstrictor thromboxane A2 (TXA2) was enhanced by incubation and both the procedures. After 22 weeks, fructose treatment increased PGI2 release, while it was reduced by incubation. The combination of both did not modify this peripheral resistance when compared with controls. Finally, incubation of tissues from treated rats increased the release of the vasoconstrictors, PGF2α and TXA2. 7 In conclusion, the mesenteric bed, a resistance vascular bed, seems to be more sensitive than the aorta, a conductance vessel, to the effects of fructose on prostanoid production. This difference could be related to a more relevant role of resistance vessels in the regulation of peripheral resistance and consequently of blood pressure. The observed effects should contribute to a shift in the balance of the release of prostanoid in favour of vasoconstrictor metabolites. This phenomenon could be related to an increase in the peripheral resistance and the mild hypertension observed in the fructose‐treated rats.