bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Giemsa Stain for the Diagnosis of Bovine Babesiosis. I. Staining Properties of Commercial Samples and Their Component Dyes
Authors: SAAL J. R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Studies on the composition of commercial Giemsa stain and its effect upon staining quality are reported. These studies were supplemented by observations on the preparation of the components of Giemsa stain and their staining properties in aqueous solution, in Nocht's solution, and in laboratory prepared Giemsa stains containing one azure component. Five groups of commercial batches were differentiated on the basis of their staining reactions on thick and thin films of bovine blood containing Babesia bigemina and B. argentina. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic analysis showed that four groups differed in the proportions of the thiazine components present, while the fifth‐group did not appear to be Giemsa stain. Comparison of their staining effects with those obtained with each component in laboratory prepared stains indicated that the major effects of commercial batches on both blood cells and parasites were due to the thiazine component or components in highest proportions, with satisfactory staining of protozoa associated with those batches containing high proportions of methylene blue and azure B and low proportions of the remaining thiazine components.The function of each component of Giemsa stain is defined and the need for the proper balancing of thiazine eosinates with free azure is shown. Close correlation was obtained between analysis by spectrophotometry and chromatography and direct staining tests when samples initially with low MX values were re‐examined spectrophotometrically after removal of their methylene violet content. The existence of a leuco form of eosin is reported and its possible significance to the Romanowsky effect is discussed.
An Unusual Pattern of Tritiated Thymidine Incorporation in Euglena
Authors: SAGAN LYNN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Thymidine‐methyl‐H2 is incorporated into the cytoplasm of Euglena. The label is non‐nuclear and not in DNA; evidence for its presence in RNA and protein is presented. Only Euglena which maintain the potentiality to develop chloroplasts show this incorporation; it was not observed in streptomycin. uv, benadryl, O‐methyl threonine or heat “bleached”Euglena, nor in Astasia longa.Preliminary incorporation experiments show that exogenous pyrimidines are not utilized as nucleic acid precursors in Euglena in general. However, the tritiated purines are incorporated into DNA and RNA. The use of thymidine to localize DNA autoradiographically in Euglena is completely excluded.
The Genus Lagenophrys Stein, 1852 (Ciliata, Peritricha) on Australasian Parastacidae
Authors: KANE JOHN R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A survey of the genus Lagenophrys Stein, 1852 (Ciliata, Peritricha) on freshwater crayfish (Parastacidae) revealed a wide range of new species in Australia and New Zealand. Fourteen new species are described. L. seticola sp. nov. is close to L. vaginicola Stein. L. spinosa, L. bispinosa, L. latispinosa, L. communis, L. occlusa, L. lawrii, L. lingulata spp. nov. form one species group. L. willisi, L. rugosa, L. darwini, L. deserti, L. ditngogi and L. engaei spp. nov. form a second group distinguished by characters of the lorica, lorica mouth and macronucleus.Nenninger's classification of degree of specificity of commensal‐host relationship is applied to the whole genus and expanded in the light of the Australian material. The zoogeographic problems resulting from the specificity of Lagenophrys and the limited range of some of its hosts are indicated.
The Results of Parenteral Injections of Sporulated or Unsporulated Oocysts of Eimeria bovis in Calves
Authors: FITZGERALD PAUL R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Five experiments using newborn Holstein‐Friesian and weaner Hereford calves were conducted to observe the effects caused by parenteral injections of oocysts of Eimeria bovis. Sporulated oocysts were given intraperitoneally (IP), subcutaneously (SC), intramuscularly (IM) and intravenously (IV). Unsporulated oocysts or merozoites were given IP or IM.Coccidiosis developed in calves in three experiments after they were inoculated IP with sporulated oocysts. Immunity to reinfection resulted from these infections. No infections occurred at any time after SC, IM or IV inoculation with sporulated oocysts or after IP or IM inoculation with unsporulated oocysts or merozoites.Coccidiosis failed to occur in two experiments when special precautions were used to prevent puncture of the intestines during IP inoculations. There was no detectable immunological response to any of the inoculations unless intestinal infections occurred.In one experiment sporulated oocysts were exposed to 60,000 r irradiation by x‐ray in an attempt to attenuate the oocysts. Calves became infected when given orally administered oocysts irradiated at this level.
Studies on the Early Development of the Eugregarine Gregarina garnhami
Authors: HARRY OWEN G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The Eugregarine Gregarina garnhami is parasitic in the mid‐intestine and caecae of the desert locust Schistocerra gregaria (Forsk). The penetration oi the sporozoite and its development into a three‐segmented cephalont is described. At no time in its development is the Fregarine completely intracellular; the so‐called intracellular stages of other workers are shown to be the breakdoan products of the intestinal host cells themselves.After penetrating the host intestinal cell the sporozoite grows rapidly and the anterior intracellular region outgrows the posterior estracellular region. Once the intracellular region reaches a size 13–16 μ in diameter. growth oi this region ceases and growth is now concentrated in the posterior region. When this latter region has reached 20 μ in diameter an annulus appears. This, by growing diametrically across the posterior epimerite region, divides the extracellular region into protomerite and deutomerite.Detachment of the cephalont is considered to be a passive and not an active process and is dependent on the breakdown and extrusion of host cells. In this process the epimerite may or may not become detached from the protomerite.A system of lonpitudinal fibres (myonemes) exists within the protomerite, and these play an important role in converting the protomerite into an adhesil‐e disc prior to conjugation.Extensive folding of the epicyte occurs in both the protomerite and deutomerite in the three‐segmented cephalont; this folding could not be observed prior to the division of the gregarine into three regions. The epimerite has a dual function in the early stages of development, serving both as an attachment organelle and as an absorptive region across which iood materials may pass from the host cell.
The Characterization of Hexokinase from Trypanosoma rhodesiense and Trypanosoma gambiense*
Authors: SEED JOHN RICHARD , BAQUERO MAURO A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A hexokinase found in both the soluble and particulate fractions of Trypanosoma gambiense extracts has the following characteristics: A) temperature optimum (50–60°C); B) pH optimum 7.0–9.0; C) required Mg++ and ATP; D) inhibited by ADP, p‐hydroxymercuribenzoate and also competitively inhibited by mannose, glucosamine and N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine; E) phosphorylated glucose (km 2.8 × 10‐4 M), fructose (km 1.4 × 10‐3 M), mannose (km 2.6 × 10‐4 M), 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose, and glucosamine.This enzyme was clearly distinguished from yeast hexokinase on the basis of its temperature optimum, inhibition by sulfhydryl inhibitors, and immunological specificity. The inhibition by p‐hydroxymercuribenzoate would suggest a similarity to the animal hexokinases. It has also been found that this enzyme is not the rate limiting step in carbohydrate metabolism. Therefore, differences in the rate of hexose utilization by T. gambiense cannot be accounted for by differences in the rate of phosphorylation of various hexoses.The enzyme from T. rhodesiense has not been as completely characterized as the enzyme from T. gambiense; however, the preliminary results would suggest a close similarity in their properties.
Growth of Trypanosoma cruzi in Cultures of Chick Embryo Cells, and Effects of Furazolidone and Tris (p‐Aminophenyl)Carbonium Chloride
Authors: WAITZ J. ALLAN , THOMPSON PAUL E. , BAYLES ANITA 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Monolayers of cells of coverslips were produced by culturing known numbers of trypsinized chick cells in growth medium (solution 199 plus 20% calf serum) at 37 C for 2 days. The fluid was then replaced with maintenance medium (solution 199 plus 5% calf serum) containing various known numbers of T. cruzi and the preparations were incubated at 33 C for 5 days; fresh maintenance medium was substituted on the 2nd or 3rd day. The inocula of parasites were obtained from T. cruzi‐cell cultures, supplemented with 2% sterile NNN overlay, or from NNN cultures.The numbers of extracellular parasites, proportions of infected cells, and percentage distribution of infected cells relative to the number of intracellular leishmanial bodies were determined on days 2 or 3 and 5 of parasite cultivation in many experiments. Analyses of the data gave the following results. Extracellular parasites increased 2‐ to 14‐fold during the first 2 or 3 days, depending upon the source and size of the inocula, and 10‐ to 20‐fold during the last 2 or 3 days. Cell infection continued throughout incubation at daily rates of 1.4‐4.5%; 8‐22% of the cells became infected during the 5 days of incubation. Intracellular growth was reflected most clearly by increases in the proportion of cells having >10 leishmanial bodies. This increase was about 5% daily during the last 2 or 3 days of incubation.A useful test procedure for assessing the antiparasitic action and chick embryo cell toxicity of drugs is illustrated by data obtained with furazolidone and tris (p‐aminophenyl)carbonium chloride.
Amino Acid Activation in Subcellular Fractions of Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: ROSENBAUM JOEL L. , HOLZ G. G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The presence of amino acid activating enzymes was demonstrated in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. By employing a sensitive hydroxamate assay procedure, the activation of L‐valine was assayed in various subcellular fractions of the ciliate, and some characteristics of the enzyme activity in the most active fraction were determined. Most of the activity resided in pH 5 fractions isolated from high speed supernatants of ciliates disrupted by various physical and chemical methods. No activity could be demonstrated in isolated cilia, in pellicles with attached kinetosomes, in microsomes or in macronuclei, providing these organelles were thoroughly washed. A washed mitochondrial preparation isolated by the Mager and Lipmann procedure activated L‐valine; mitochondria isolated by the procedure of Hogg and Kornberg did not.The pH 5 fraction isolated from the 102,000 X g supernatant of digitonin‐lysed ciliates was stable for several weeks when stored in 0.1 M Tris buffer, pH 7.6 at – 25 C. The activity of this fraction with respect to L‐valine activation was dependent on the presence of ATP1 and magnesium in the reaction mixture. The optimal concentrations of these components and of L‐valine and hydroxylamine were determined, and the linearity of activity with time and enzyme concentration was demonstrated. Valine activation was not modified by dialysis of the pH 5 fraction, or treatment with RNase, or the addition of boiled pH 5 fraction.
Blood and Tissue Protozoa of the English Sparrow (Passer domesticus domesticus) in Galveston, Texas*
Authors: BOX EDITH D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The 42% incidence of Plasmodium in blood films of English sparrows reported here is the highest on record for surveys of blood parasites of birds in the United States. The only Plasmodium species identified in the sparrows was P. relictum. Adult birds were almost universally infected and tended to experience the highest degree of parasitemia in the spring months, while young birds had a higher blood positivity in the summer months. The lowest incidence of Plasmodium positive blood films occurred in fall and winter in the Galveston area. Overwintering birds had a decrease in parasitemia corresponding to reported minimal gonadal activity in sparrows.The 20% incidence of Lankesterella (avian Toxoplasma) in the blood of these sparrows was also higher than has been reported in other blood film surveys in this country. Incidence of this parasite in blood films was highest in the summer months, corresponding with highest average temperature for the year. Lankesterella could be found in 95% of sparrows whose tissues were examined after autopsy.Ducks and pigeons in the immediate vicinity of the survey sparrows had neither Plasmodium nor Lankesterella in blood films. Resident wild birds from adjacent rural areas, including redwinged blackbirds, boat‐tailed grackles, laughing gulls and meadowlarks, had fewer Plasmodium and Lankesterella than the sparrows. A few Lankesterella were found in the liver or spleen of young redwinged blackbirds, and only 2 of 79 wild birds had the organisms in their heart blood. Plasmodium was found only in meadowlarks and included P. hexamerium and elongatum as well as relictum.
Pentamidine Resistance in the Parasitic Flagellate Crithidia (Strigomonas) oncopelti
Authors: WALLIS O. CARYL 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A strain of Crithidia (Strigomonas) oncopelti has been developed which shows increased resistance to pentamidine. Growth of organisms from the sensitive strain was inhibited by 5.07 × 10−5 M pentamidine while the resistant strain was capable of growth in 5.07 × 10−5 M drug. Resistance developed gradually during 26 subcultures in the presence of sub‐inhibitory concentrations of the drug and was markedly reduced after a further 84 subcultures in the absence of pentamidine. The pentamidine‐resistant strain was also resistant to stilbamidine and propamidine and showed some cross resistance to an aminoquinaldine drug (antrycide, quinapyramine) and a phenanthridine drug (ethidium, homidium).The binding of pentamidine and stilbamidine by pentamidine‐resistant and sensitive strains of the organism was compared. The pentamidine‐resistant strain bound very low concentrations of both drugs compared with the sensitive strain. The distribution of pentamidine among those subcellular fractions of disrupted preparations of C. oncopelti, which could be separated by differential centrifugation, was compared in the two strains. The majority of the drug was bound to material sedimenting in 10 min at 700 ×g in both strains.
Hemagglutination and Erythrophagocytosis Associated with the Anemia of Plasmodium berghei Infections of Rats*
Authors: COX HERBERT W. , SCHROEDER WILLIAM F. , RISTIC MIODRAG 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The presence of anemia that often seems excessive for the amount of parasitemia in Plasmodium berghei infections had led to the suggestion that autoimmunity might be in part responsible for the anemia. In another erythrocytic infection, Anaplasma marginale of cattle, the association of erythrophagocytosis, autohemagglutination and anemia with infection has led to the suggestion that autoimmunization may occur in anaplasmosis. The possibility that similar findings might be present in P. berghei infections of rats has been investigated. Groups of rats infected with P. berghei were examined at 2–3 day intervals during the course of infection. Red blood cell counts, hematocrit values and percentages of parasitized erythrocytes were determined. The rats were bled at intervals and the sera tested for agglutinins for trypsinized rat erythrocytes. Other infected rats were killed, and their spleens and bone marrow were examined for evidence of erythrophagocytosis.Parasitemia reached a peak on the 9th day of infection and became subpatent by the 14th. The greatest depression in erythrocyte numbers occurred on the 11th day, and the counts remained below normal until the 23rd day. Phagocytized erythrocytes, predominantly uninfected, were found in the phagocytes of the spleen and bone marrow from the 5th through the 21st day. Agglutinins for trypsinized normal rat erythrocytes were present in the sera of the rats in titers as high as 1:64 from the 5th through 14th day of infection. Lower agglutinin titers (1:8) were found from time to time in sera of rats made anemic by repeated bleedings.It is not clear whether these agglutinins are responsible for erythrophagocytosis; however, the fact that predominantly uninfected erythrocytes were phagocytized suggests that the erythrocytes might have been opsonized by an autoantibody associated with the P. berghei infections.
Isocitrate Dehydrogenases and NADP‐Alcohol Dehydrogenase of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris*
Authors: DANFORTH WILLIAM F. , HUNTER F. R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) linked isocitrate dehydrogenase and NADP linked alcohol dehydrogenase have been detected in Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris.The NADP isocitrate dehydrogenase showed half‐maximal activity at a concentration of 3 × 10−5 M DL‐isocitrate, but did not follow simple Michaelis‐Menten kinetics with respect to substrate concentration. The optimal NADP concentration was about 0.06 mM, and activity fell off sharply on either side of this optimum. Fresh preparations of the enzyme migrated as single bands in disc electrophoresis, but two enzymatically active bands were present after frozen storage.The NAD isocitrate dehydrogenase followed Michaelis‐Menten kinetics with respect to substrate. In crude extracts, no requirement for adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate, or sulfhydryl compounds could be found.NADP alcohol dehydrogenase activity could be found with either ethanol or propanol as substrate. Low concentrations of coenzyme A were moderately inhibitory.In tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer (tris buffer), Euglena extracts reduced NAD slowly in the absence of exogenous substrate. In the absence of tris, no such reduction occurred. A similar phenomenon was observed with NADP.
The Evacuation Mechanism of the Water Expulsion Vesicle (“Contractile Vacuole”) of Amoeba proteus*
Authors: WIGG DUNCAN , BOVEE E. C. , JAHN T. L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Frame by frame analysis of cinephotomicrographs of the evacuation of the water excretory vesicle ofAmoeba proteusshows that this organelle (commonly called the “contractile vacuole”) does not contract as the water is expelled. Instead, pressure exerted by the underlying endoplasmic “gel” pushes the vesicle against the plasmalemma, bulging the latter until a pore opens through it. The cell membrane and apposed vesicular membrane both rupture through the plasmalemmar pore; the fluid rushes out; and the vesicle collapses against and inverts into itself, but does not contract. There is therefore no systole of the vesicle due to any contraction of it. A survey of the literature shows that others who have studied the evacuation of these water excretory vesicles in amebas, suctorians, and ciliates have also described them as collapsing, not contracting. Recent electronmicrographs of a number of protozoa also indicate that the water excretory vesicle collapses, and does not contract as it evacuates its contents; and that there are no fibrils surrounding the organelle which might promote its contraction. We suggest that the term “contractile vacuole” be discarded as a descriptive and identifying term for such organelles; and that they be called “water expulsion” organelles. We further suggest that the term “vacuole,” which implies that the structure is empty, be replaced by the termveside, implying its function as a small container, and that the organelle be preferentially called thewater expulsion vesicle.We also suggest that the terms “systole” and “diastole” be discarded and be replaced withenlargementandevacuationso that the erroneous implication of a contraction and relaxation cycle may be dispelled.The succeeding new water expulsion vesicle in Amoeba proteus seldom forms at the site of the old one, but usually forms at a new site in the sol anterior to the gel of the tail region, to which it is transferred prior to expulsion. A tentative suggestion of how this transfer may occur is offered.
Ultrastructure of the Giant Amoeba Pelomyxa palustris*
Authors: DANIELS EDWARD W. , BREYER EVELYN P. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The ultrastructure of the herbivorous amoeba Pelomyxapalustris was studied. Nuclear division is not understood in this amoeba, and evidence for the method of nuclear division was sought. This species typically has many spheroidal nuclei which are similar within a given cell. However, some amoebae from our collections differed from this common type in both the number and structure of their nuclei. This suggested stages associated with nuclear division. One current hypothesis of nuclear division in this organism is that of nuclear budding. Our evidence is more in accord with this method than with mitosis.The cytoplasm contained no mitochondria, Golgi bodies, contractile vacuoles or crystals. Most amoebae had 2 types of bacteria (bacteroids or endosymbionts) in their cytoplasm; a separate vesicle enclosed each of these. Characteristically, only 1 type of bacterium (Bn) surrounded the nucleus. Another type (B) was found elsewhere in the cytoplasm. Also in the cytoplasm were the following: food vacuoles enclosing various algae, relatively clear vacuoles and vesicles, glycogen, various electron‐opaque particles, and occasional microtubules. The plasmalemma was smooth, lacking the external fringe which characterizes other large fresh‐water amoebae.
Incorporation of Tritium from Thymidine‐methyl‐H3 into DNA, RNA, Lipids and Protein in Logarithmic and Stationary Phase Tetrahymena pyriformis, Strain W*
Authors: ALBACH RICHARD A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Numerous reports may be found in the literature on cytoplasmic and non‐DNA utilization of tritium from H3‐thymidine. Such reports underscore the need to clarify the metabolic fate of H3‐thymidine. This investigation outlines the fate of thymidinemethyl‐H3 (TMH3) in logarithmic phase and stationary phase Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain W. Isotope identification by liquid scintillation spectrometry in chemically derived fractions of log phase cultures grown thruout the initial 48 hours of population growth with TMH3 revealed the majority of the radioactivity (90% of intracellular recovery) to be in the DNA fraction. The remainder of the intracellular label was recovered in the acid soluble fraction, lipid fraction, and a small amount in the RNA and cell residue. On chromatographs, tritium appeared only in the thymine moiety of the nucleic acid derivatives.Hence in dividing cells, thymidine‐methyl‐H3 is “essentially” specific for DNA at the dosage used although some incorporation into other compounds was detected.Fractionation of the lipid extract from the above experiment on a florisil column localized most of the label to the triglyceride and phospholipid fractions with some recovery in the cholesterol‐esters.Similar scintillation counting of the various fractions of early stationary phase cells incubated for the last 48 hours of culture with TMH3 revealed limited tritium distribution in all fractions.