bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The private health sector in Malawi: Opening pandora's box?
Authors: Banda Ellias Ngalande , Walt Gill 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1987 the Malawi government liberalized its Medical Practitioners and Dentists Act, allowing doctors in the public sector to undertake part‐time private practice, and permitting paramedical and allied health professionals to enter into private practice. Using a policy analysis approach, the authors trace the context within which policy change occurred, the actors involved, and how the process was initiated and implemented. A rapid survey was undertaken of about half the paramedicals and one fifth of the doctors practising privately. This showed that growth of private practice has been greatest among paramedicals, that a typical private clinic has a single practitioner, is located in a township, trading centre or peri‐urban area, and that although charges per patient visit are relatively low, incomes in the private sector are considerably higher than in the public sector. Growth in the private health sector raises a number of policy questions around control and quality of care for the majority of Malawians.
Households, health and crises: Coping with economic upheaval in Jordan, 1988–1991
Authors: Dejong Jocelyn 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDrawing on baseline data from an urban development project which provided services and legal land tenure to Palestinian refugee‐squatters in five low‐income areas of Amman, Jordan, this article analyses the impact of economic crisis, structural adjustment and the Gulf War on two out of five of the upgraded communities. A study was conducted in 1991, following the Gulf crisis, to analyse the sustainability of child health improvements that had been achieved during the first five years of the upgrading project and to examine the relationships between poverty and health. It was found that several health indicators had deteriorated since 1985 (which was before the economic crisis which had begun in 1988), but that households used a number of strategies to alleviate the growing income constraints on access to health care and basic goods. Despite a sophisticated health care system, there were few institutionalized mechanisms to generate policy‐relevant data which might have led to action to protect the poor from the negative effects of the economic crises.
Does trade liberalization lead to productivity increases? A case study of Bolivian manufacturing
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe impact of a more open trade regime on productivity is often cited as a major argument for trade liberalization. The paper reviews the theoretical arguments linking trade liberalization and productivity growth and the existing empirical evidence. It then provides an analysis of the Bolivian experience since the mid‐1980s, paying particular attention to three main mechanisms through which liberalization might lead to increased productivity. It concludes that there is no evidence that the Bolivian trade reforms have led to improved productivity performance.
Sustaining Southern NGOs in resource‐dependent environments
Authors: Hudock Ann C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper argues that Southern non‐governmental organizations (SNGOs) are particularly vulnerable to external control, given their dependence on organizations in their environment for so many critical resources, and their inability to reduce uncertainty created by this dependence. After presenting a conceptual framework for understanding SNGOs transactions with organizations in their external environment, discussion turns to implications of resource dependence for Northern nongovernmental organizations (NNGOs) working with SNGOs in capacity building or scaling‐up initiatives in low‐income countries.
Malaysia: Industrial success and the role of the government
Authors: Lall Sanjaya 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the debate on industrial policy in Malaysian industrialization. This was recently led by exports, mainly of electrical and electronic products by multinationals. Domestic‐oriented industrialization was promoted by moderate protection and state ownership of heavy industry. The government is now withdrawing from direct ownership, shifting to an East‐Asian‐style targeting of activities for promotion and concentrating on support measures. It is concluded that the neo‐liberal case that only market friendly policies were responsible for Malaysia's success is unwarranted. It notes the deficiencies and benefits of industrial policy, and makes a case for interventions in the future.
Indonesia: From ‘chronic dropout’ to ‘miracle’?
Authors: Hill Hal 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews Indonesia's development record and policy framework, focusing in particular on its industrial policy regime. Although not matching the Asian Tigers in its economic performance since 1970, the country has one of the most creditable records in the Third World. Indonesia has resembled its East Asian neighbours in its generally conservative macroeconomic management and, since the mid‐1980s, in its export orientation. However, it is difficult to discern any evidence to support the proposition that the government's industrial policy—in the sense of selective, micro‐level interventions—has contributed to Indonesia's rapid industrialization. A case could be made for more non‐discretionary intervention to enhance supply‐side capabilities, especially in the areas of education and training.
Economic efficiency of small farmers in a changing world: A survey of recent evidence
Authors: Ali Mubarak , Byerlee Derek 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe growing literature on economic efficiency of farmers in Third World agriculture is reviewed with emphasis on conceptual and methodological issues, and empirical results of studies aimed at measuring technical efficiency. While substantial methodological progress has been made in measuring inefficiency, important conceptual problems remain. Results from regions undergoing rapid technological change suggest substantial technical inefficiencies, of the order of 30 per cent, as well as allocative inefficiencies on the use of purchased inputs. Most studies are able to relate levels of inefficiency to farmers' information and skills, and input supply problems. The results suggest that further improvements in productivity in Green Revolution areas will need to give more emphasis to exploiting the technical efficiency ‘gap’ through adaptive research, extension, farmer education, and improved input supply.
Why do multinational firms seek out joint ventures?
Authors: Blomström Magnus , Zejan Mario 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper uses a model of dichotomous choice to distinguish the characteristics of Swedish multinational firms that seek out joint ventures from those that do not. The main findings suggest that firms with brief experience of foreign production and highly diversified product lines are the most likely to choose minority ownership. There was also some support for the hypothesis that multinationals choose minority ownership for affiliates producing different (two‐digit) output than their parents.
Intersectoral linkages in Asian agriculture
Authors: Parikh Ashok 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe objectives of this paper are to provide a comprehensive survey of linkages (emerging from the net increase in income in the agricultural sector) to other sectors of the economy. Production, consumption, employment, saving‐investment and foreign trade linkages are discussed and their measurement and various concepts based on input‐output methodology are outlined. The advances on social accounting matrix analysis and partial input‐output models, in which income distribution is explicitly built‐in, are also considered. The methodology of computable general‐equilibrium models is used to conduct policy analysis in many developing countries. It is suggested that policy simulation before and after policy changes can be performed adequately with the help of computable general‐equilibrium models. It is, however, asserted that in developing agriculture, land reform, new technology and credit institutions can promote agricultural growth faster than employment growth leading to increases in productivity growth. This will presumably generate incomes and consumption growth intersectorally and also reduce inequality in the distribution of income if the government policies are correctly implemented.
Contractual relations, foreign direct investment, and technology transfer: The case of China
Authors: Leung H. M. , Thoburn John T. , Chau Esther , Tang S. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses in terms of transactions costs how foreign investors choose contractual forms. It argues that the unusually wide choice of contracts available in China can be shown roughly to correspond to varying degrees of within‐firm governance. Other factors, particularly locational choice within China, contribute to reducing the scope for opportunism on the part of the host country where a well‐enforced legal framework is lacking. Technology transfer is rendered more complex by the importance of team organization in the technology on offer from firms from Hong Kong, the largest foreign investor.
Did mauritius really provide a ‘case study in Malthusian economics’?
Authors: Greenaway David , Milner Chris 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the early 1960s James Meade visited Mauritius as adviser to a Commission evaluating population structure and growth. Out of that visit emerged two papers which were Malthusian in their prognosis of economic prospects for Mauritius. This paper reconsiders the Meade evaluation and compares his predictions with actual outcomes. As it turns out, his pessimism was not justified. The factors which led him to reach his set of conclusions, and the factors which explain actual economic performance, are both assessed in detail.
Supporting small‐scale enterprises for women farmers in the Sahel
Authors: Creevey Lucy E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article explores reasons for the success and failure of small‐scale enterprise programmes for rural women in the Sahel sponsored by a Malian NGO. The CILCA Mali programme has assisted projects in rainfed crop production, vegetable production, sheep fattening, poultry raising, and soap and textile production based on a revolving credit scheme operating both for collective and individual loans. They have also placed heavy emphasis on training village women, on helping make viable village women's organizations, on health and sanitation activities and on preschools. Their eclectic approach, with its underlying emphasis on economically viable microenterprises in agricultural, animal husbandry and manufacturing activities, has been quite successful. It seems that the project has benefited village women both in terms of status and in terms of family welfare. The ‘integrated’ approach to development which tries to do everything simultaneously has often been criticized. in this case, though, the many non‐economic activities seem to have been important assets reinforcing the success of the micro‐enterprises. The generalist/technician character of the women's technical team and their back‐up from the rural technical institute are also factors in CILCA‐Mali's success. CILC A‐Mali may be seen as a useful example of what can be accomplished for and with village women in the poorest circumstances and the worst possible climatic conditions by a microenterprise strategy embedded in a broader village system approach.
Access to health services
Authors: Bhalla A. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper examines interrelationships between health status, access and utilization. Indicators for each of these are measured for China and India. It is shown that China, both during Mao and Deng periods, scores over India in the provision of health services to the rural population. Differences in economic inequalities, organization of health services and motivation account for this. Contrary to the prevailing view there is no conclusive evidence that the post‐Mao reforms have lowered the access of rural people to health services. The decline of barefoot doctors has been accompanied by an increase in private medical practitioners, and a decline in rural health insurance has coincided with new and alternative experiments in this domain.
Predicting turnover: A comparison of part‐time and full‐time employees
Authors: Peters Lawrence H. , Jackofsky Ellen F. , Salter James R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe predictability of turnover was compared for part‐time versus full‐time workers. This was accomplished using variables (1) that were hypothesized by Mobley (1977) to precede the turnover decision and (2) that have been shown in previous research to be significantly related to turnover. Measures of these variables were assessed via questionnaires following the second month of employment. Turnover was assessed directly from company records for a period of up to twelve months following employment. None of the hypothesized antecedent variables were significantly related to turnover within the part‐time group. However, within the full‐time group, all of the hypothesized precursors to turnover were found to be at least marginally related to actual turnover. Further, there was evidence to suggest differential predictability of turnover across full‐time and part‐time employment status groups, suggesting that the two groups may have a different ‘psychology of work’. These results are discussed in terms of the supportive evidence provided.
Employee influence on decisions: An analysis
Authors: Lawler Edward E. , Renwick Patricia A. , Bullock R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAttitude data from a national sample of 2300 working adults are reported. The data show that employees feel they should have more influence on a number of decisions. This feeling is stronger for decisions affecting how their job is done, than for matters of corporate policy and personnel decisions. However, it is in the policy and personnel areas that they perceive the greatest discrepancy between the amount of influence they presently have and the amount of influence they feel they should have. Older, better educated, and higher‐paid respondents felt they should have more influence on all decisions. The implications of these findings for the Quality of Work Life movement were considered. The data suggest a favourable future climate for certain types of employee influence/Quality of Work Life projects.
A study of cross‐cultural differences in work attitudes among three groups of Israeli prison employees
Authors: Shamir Boas , Drory Amos 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe study investigated differences in work attitudes among three cultural groups of Israeli prison officers: Druze (N = 83), Jews of North African origin (N = 127) and Jews of Georgian origin (N = 96). Several hypotheses were derived from previous knowledge of the three cultures and differences were explored in the relationships between perceptions and attitudes concerning specific aspects of the job on the one hand, and two measures of overall affective responses—general job satisfaction and tedium—on the other hand. Consistent cross‐cultural differences that can be related to characteristics of the studied cultures were revealed only with regard to satisfaction with promotion and to role ambiguity. No other coherent and meaningful cross‐cultural differences could be identified. The theoretical and practical significance of these results is discussed and a general direction for future studies in this area is recommended.
Sociotechnical design and self‐managing work groups: The impact on control
Authors: Denison Daniel Roland 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper compares employees perceptions of control in 20 manufacturing plants within one corporation. Four of the plants have incorporated self‐managing groups as a part of their organizational design, while the other 16 plants have more traditional designs. Survey data from the 20 plants are compared and used to test a set of hypotheses derived from the literature on Sociotechnical systems. These analyses indicate that the workers and supervisors in the Sociotechnical plants have higher levels of perceived control than do their counterparts in the more traditional plants. Top and middle management respondents, how‐ ever, have similar perceptions of control in both the Sociotechnical and traditional plants. Discussion focuses on the impact of Sociotechnical design, the measurement of control, and future research issues in Sociotechnical design and self‐managing work groups.
Unionization and deprofessionalization: Which conies first?
Authors: Raelin Joseph A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper constitutes a review of the question whether unionization leads to deprofessionalization or whether deprofessionalization occurs first to be followed by union efforts to restore professional Matus to a profession under attack from social, political, and enconomic forces, including the bureaucracy. The evidence mustered from the historical literature appears to support the latter hypothesis, although it is questionable whether a union by itself can return an established profession to its original status prior to deprofessionalization.
Life stage versus career stage: A comparative test of the theories of Levinson and Super
Authors: Ornstein Suzyn , Cron William L. , Slocum John W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUsing survey data collected from 535 salespeople, a study comparing the career development models of Levinson el at. (1978) and Super (1957) was conducted. Support was found for both models. The Levinson et al. model is more closely related to individuals' career decisions, while the Supermodel is more closely related to individual's job attitudes. Implications and future directions are proposed.
Preferences for forms of supervisory social influence
Authors: Vecchio Robert P. , Sussmann Mario 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs part of a study of the predictive utility of employee preferences for forms of supervisory inducements, a sample of 236 administrators and first‐line supervisors provided survey data regarding their individual superiors. The respondents' statements of preferred forms of social influence from their superiors were statistically adjusted for the reported level of influence used in order to determine more precisely whether discrepancies between actual and preferred forms of influence could uniquely predict criterion variance. Results indicated that these adjusted discrepancy values were inversely correlated with satisfaction with supervision, ingroup status, and superior's considerate‐ness. These supportive results suggest that discrepancies between preferences for inducements and reported forms of influence may be an important ingredient in a fuller explanation of the phenomenon of motivation and leadership.
The impact of job demands and behavioral control on experienced job stress
Authors: Perrewe Pamela L. , Ganster Daniel C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe present study examines the impact of behavioral control on the experience of work strain under conditions of work overload. Extending experimental laboratory findings that suggest that control can lessen the impact of aversive stimuli on psychological and physiological strain responses, we hypothesized an interaction between control and workload such that the effects of high demands on strain would be less if the worker had behavioral control over the task. This hypothesis is also consistent with Karasek's job demands‐job decision latitude model of work strain and health. The hypothesis was tested in a laboratory experiment in which 125 subjects worked on a mail sorting task with either a high or moderate level of workload and either a high or low level of behavioral control. Strain responses were assessed with measures of job satisfaction, anxiety, and physiological arousal. The hypothesis was only partially supported in that high control lessened the impact that work overload had on anxiety. While not fully supportive of the model, the results are seen as conservative given the constraints on the manipulation of work overload inherent in the laboratory environment.
The mentor advantage: Perceived career/job experiences of proteges versus non‐proteges
Authors: Fagenson Ellen A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDo proteges report having more positive job/career experiences than non‐proteges? Do male proteges report having more favorable job/career experiences than female proteges? Do high‐level proteges report having more favourable work experiences than low‐level proteges? To answer these questions, mentored and non‐mentored men and women in high‐ and low‐level positions were asked to evaluate, on a survey questionnaire, their level of satisfaction, career mobility/opportunity, recognition, security and promotion rate. The extent to which these career/job experiences varied as a function of their mentored status, sex and organizational level was examined. The results of the study revealed that mentored individuals reported having more satisfaction, career mobility/opportunity, recognition and a higher promotion rate than non‐mentored individuals. However, proteges' perceptions of their job/career situations were not affected by their sex or level. Whether systematic differences exist in the experience of being mentored has yet to be examined.
Stress on and off the job as related to sex and occupational status in white‐collar workers
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Lundberg Ulf , Fredrikson Mats , Melin Bo , Tuomisto Martti , Myrsten Anna‐Lisa , Hedman Monica , Bergman‐Losman Bodil , Wallin Leif 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSixty healthy non‐smoking white collar employees, aged 30–50, from a large corporation in Sweden participated in the study. There were four groups: 15 male and 15 female middle managers, 15 male and 15 female clerical workers. Each participant was examined individually with regard to cardiovascular and neuroendocrine functions and self‐reports for 12 consecutive hours under each of two conditions: (1) a normal day at work (9 a.m.–5 p.m.) and after work (6–9 p.m.), and (2) for the same time period during work‐free conditions at home. In addition, everyone was given a videotaped type A‐interview and a general health check‐up including blood‐lipid determination. Attitudes towards work, total workload (including responsibilities outside the paid work) and sex role identity were examined by questionnaires. As expected, all groups showed a moderate increase in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine activity during the day at work. After work, however, interesting group differences emerged, suggesting slower unwinding in female managers. Differences related to occupational level and/ or sex were found for autonomy and social support at work, competitiveness, sex role and reported conflict between demands from paid work and other responsibilities. The stress profile of the female managers was considered in terms of possible long‐term health risks.
The validity of situational interviews for administrative jobs
Authors: Robertson Ivan T. , Gratton Lynda , Rout Usharani 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the validity of situational interviews for making predictions of ratings of job performance and potential. The validation sample consisted of 63 candidates. The correlations of potential and performance with situational interview scores were statistically significant and both predictor and criterion measures showed acceptable levels of reliability. The study provides additional evidence on the validity of situational interviews in a new job family, i.e. administrative jobs in a large U.K. financial services organization. The discussion questions the extent to which situational interviews provide unique or overlapping predictive validity when compared with mental ability tests.