bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION OF NORMAL DOGS
Authors: RIJNBERK A. , der KINDEREN P. J. , THIJSSEN J. H. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The median urinary excretion of 17-oxosteroids in 22 normal unanaesthetized dogs was 0·06 (range: 0·02–0·24) mg./kg. body weight/24 hr. 17-Oxosteroid excretion increased markedly after the administration of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione, while testosterone caused only a very small increase.
The median urinary excretion of total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) in 21 dogs was 0·16 (range: 0·06–0·320 mg./kg. body weight/24 hr. This was calculated to amount to about 50–60% of the cortisol produced.
Stimulation with corticotrophin (ACTH) resulted in an increase of urinary 17-OHCS and of plasma 11β-OHCS levels, but 17-oxosteroid excretion was only slightly increased.
In 27 dogs the median plasma 11β-OHCS level was 4·0 (range: 1·3–9·7) μg./100 ml. at 8.00 hr. and 3·6 (range: 0·4–7·0) μg./100 ml. at 17.00 hr. In eight dogs 3-hourly plasma 11β-OHCS estimations were done; six of these animals showed a diurnal variation comparable to that in man.
A COMPARISON OF PROGESTERONE METABOLISM IN THE PREGNANT SHEEP AND GOAT: SOURCES OF PRODUCTION AND AN ESTIMATION OF UPTAKE BY SOME TARGET ORGANS
Authors: LINZELL J. L. , HEAP R. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Sites of production and uptake of progesterone were compared in acute experiments in two sheep and two goats 119–126 days pregnant. In the two goats progesterone was produced mainly by the ovaries (up to 10 mg./day, placenta 0 mg./day) whereas in the two sheep the placenta made the largest contribution (up to 14mg./day, ovaries about 2 mg./day). Adrenal production was less than 2% of the ovarian output except in one goat (20%). In four out of five foetuses studied, umbilical arterial concentrations of progesterone were higher than umbilical venous ones. Δ5-3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was demonstrated histochemically in the foetal adrenals but not the ovaries.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF AMNIOTIC AND ALLANTOIC FLUID VOLUME IN OVARIECTOMIZED SHEEP
Authors: ALEXANDER G. , WILLIAMS D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In pregnant ewes, ovariectomized 3 weeks after mating and maintained with progesterone (7 mg./day) injected intramuscularly, there was excessive accumulation of allantoic fluid after 2 months of gestation. The addition of oestradiol benzoate (5 μg./day) or an increase in the dose of progesterone reduced the allantoic fluid volume to normal; this reduction depended on the dose of oestrogen and on the dose ratio of oestrogen to progesterone. Whilst oestrogen reduced allantoic fluid volume to normal, it increased the incidence of 'bovine' type of cotyledons which are not normally seen in ewes 2 months pregnant. The large allantoic volumes were apparently due to the absence of luteal rather than other ovarian tissue, since large volumes were also present in ewes maintained on 7 mg. progesterone/day after corpora lutea had been surgically expressed from the ovaries left in situ. Embryonic survival was adversely affected when corpora lutea were removed from the ovaries, but there was no clear effect on the morphology of cotyledons.
CORTICOSTERONE AND METHYLATION OF NORADRENALINE BY EXTRAADRENAL CHROMAFFIN TISSUE
Authors: COUPLAND R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone in concentrations of 10 and 30 μ./ml. on organ cultures of extra-adrenal chromaffin cells of neonatal rabbits were investigated.
The presence of corticosterone resulted in synthesis and storage of about 35% of adrenaline. Deoxycorticosterone did not induce methylation so that the ratio of catecholamines remained at about 90% noradrenaline.
The results indicate the importance of the 11-oxy group in steroid-induced methylation of catecholamines.
THE EXCRETION OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE BY PATIENTS TREATED WITH GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: MORELL M. , CROOKE A. C. , BUTT W. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The excretion of injected pituitary and urinary follicle-stimulating hormone was studied in 13 patients with secondary amenorrhoea. The average recovery in the urine was 8·0% and did not depend on the dose given (whether it was given in single or multiple injections) or on the source of the hormone. There was a trend toward higher recoveries in patients with high control levels of gonadotrophin in their urine and in those who did not show signs of ovulation after treatment.
THE EFFECT OF PROPYLTHIOURACIL AND THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE ON THE SURVIVAL OF RAT THYROID CELLS IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Authors: SPEIGHT J. W. , BABA W. I. , WILSON G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The persistence of tritiated DNA ([3H]DNA) in the thyroids of rats given propylthiouracil (PTU) or PTU plus thyroxine was compared with that in control animals who received either no drugs or thyroxine alone. When only PTU was given, large goitres developed from which [3H]DNA was lost more rapidly than from thyroids of control animals. Administration of thyroxine with PTU led to only slight thyroidal enlargement, but the persistence of [3H]DNA was similarly reduced.
The results suggested that PTU might have a toxic effect, reducing the lifespan of thyroid cells and this was further investigated using monolayer thyroid cultures.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) accelerated the incorporation of tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) into cultures, but when PTU was also given the uptake was retarded. PTU alone was less effective in inhibiting [3H]TdR incorporation.
The persistence of [3H]DNA in thyroid cultures was unaffected by PTU and was decreased by TSH. When PTU and TSH were given together there was a greatly increased loss of isotope from the cells.
PITUITARY AND ADRENOCORTICAL FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF THE WATER AND ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION OF THE FRESHWATER EUROPEAN EEL (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA L.)
Authors: CHAN D. K. O. , JONES I. CHESTER , MOSLEY W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The hypophysectomized eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) in fresh water showed a marked decline in serum Na and Ca concentrations whilst serum K concentration was elevated compared with sham-operated controls. Muscle was hyperhydrated with decline in Na, K and Mg concentrations. The total amount of Na and K/kg. fat-free dried muscle was decreased. The ratio serum [Na]:[K] was lowered. Injection of mammalian prolactin rendered water content normal but not the electrolyte values. Injections of corticotrophin or cortisol brought electrolyte levels towards normal values though muscle hyperhydration was still evident. Injection of prolactin (2 mg./100g. body weight/day) plus cortisol (20 μg./100 g. body weight/day) rendered the values for water and electrolyte composition similar to those for intact and sham-operated controls. The results are discussed in terms of the equivalence of mammalian prolactin to the fish hormone, paralactin, and of cortisol as a prime agent in controlling electrolyte balance in the Teleostei.
THE METABOLISM IN VITRO OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE AND DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULPHATE BY SERTOLI CELL TUMOURS OF THE TESTIS OF TWO DOGS WITH CLINICAL SIGNS OF HYPEROESTROGENISM
Authors: PIERREPOINT C. G 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A comparative study was made of the metabolism in vitro of [4-14C] dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and [7α-3H]DHA sulphate by Sertoli cell tumours removed from two dogs with feminization and alopecia, respectively, and by a normal dog testis.
The formation of oestrone, oestradiol-17β, oestradiol- 17α and oestriol, from either precursor, was not significantly different in the two tumours from that in the normal testis.
The inversion of the relative production of androstenedione and testosterone from DHA by one of the tumours compared with the normal testis is discussed in the light of the clinical findings.
The transformation of DHA sulphate to C19 steroids by normal and neoplastic testicular tissue and to testosterone sulphate by the neoplasms is described.
THE URINARY CHANGES INDUCED IN RATS BY HIGH PITCHED SOUND (20 KCYC./SEC.)
Authors: OGLE C. W. , LOCKETT MARY F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Repeated exposures of intact rats, neurohypophysectomized rats and rats with denervated kidneys to high-pitched sound (20 kcyc./sec.) for 2 sec. with an intensity of 98–100 decibels caused diuresis, natriuresis and kaluresis: the rate of urinary excretion of adrenaline rose very significantly. Adrenal demedullation abolished the natriuresis and kaluresis in response to 20 kcyc./sec. and converted the diuresis to an antidiuresis. The renal response of normal rats to 20 kcyc./sec. was therefore attributed to the release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla in amounts sufficient to prevent an emotional release of antidiuretic hormone from the neurohypophysis. Since 20 kcyc./sec. caused a significant increase in the urinary output of vasopressin by adrenalectomized rats, an emotional release of vasopressin is assumed to have proceeded, uninhibited, in adrenal-de-medullated rats exposed to 20 kcyc./sec., and to have caused the observed antidiuresis.
The diuresis, natriuresis and kaluresis caused by 150 cyc./sec. mimicked by s.c. injection of 4 m-u. oxytocin, was unaffected by demedullation of the adrenals and was not accompanied by increase in urinary adrenaline.
LYMPHOCYTE CHROMOSOMES IN UNTREATED AND 131I-TREATED THYROTOXIC PATIENTS
Authors: SPEIGHT J. W. , SMITH E. , BABA W. I. , WILSON G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Lymphocyte chromosomes of untreated and thyrotoxic patients treated with radioactive iodine have been compared with those of control subjects studied concurrently. Untreated patients had a higher percentage of cells with more than 46 chromosomes. 131I-treated patients who were compared with controls within 2–3 months of therapy had significantly increased incidences of cells containing fewer than 46 chromosomes and cells with chromatid and chromosome aberrations. Patients examined 2–5 yr. after radioactive iodine treatment showed similar changes in lesser degree.
INHIBITION OF THE RESPONSE TO PITUITARY ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE IN THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RAT BY CIRCULATORY CORTICOSTERONE
Authors: HILL C. D. , SINGER BERTHA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The adrenal response to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), as determined by the secretion of corticosterone into adrenal vein blood,was measured in hypophysectomized rats in the presence of low and high levels of corticosterone in the peripheral circulation. To ensure that the level of corticosterone was low in the peripheral blood, the animals were hypophysectomized 24 hr. before the experiment, and one adrenal was removed before the start of infusion of ACTH. After the onset of the infusion the effluent from the remaining gland was collected in a receptacle, thus preventing any corticosterone produced under the influence of ACTH from reaching the general circulation. To study the effect of a high level of circulating corticosterone on the adrenal response to ACTH, corticosterone was injected subcutaneously, in beeswax and arachis oil, before the start of infusion of ACTH. In these experiments, too, the steroid secreted under the influence of ACTH was prevented from entering the general circulation. The peripheral levels attained by the injection of corticosterone were within the range observed during surgical stress, i.e. about 40 μg./100 ml. blood. When the corticosterone levels were within this range the response to a continuous infusion of ACTH was reduced by approximately 22% when compared with animals which had received no corticosterone and whose peripheral corticosterone levels were hardly measurable. These results suggest that corticosterone is probably involved in a direct feedback mechanism of adrenocortical secretion in the rat as its inhibitory effect on the response to ACTH can be demonstrated at peripheral levels of corticosterone which are within the range found during surgical stress.
SELF-LICKING AND MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT DURING PREGNANCY IN THE RAT
Authors: ROTH L. L. , ROSENBLATT J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Stimulation of the nipple lines and genital and pelvic regions by self-licking, found previously to increase during pregnancy in the rat, was studied for its effect on mammary gland development. Licking was prevented by fitting wide rubber collars around the necks of rats for the entire period of pregnancy or for either the first half (days 1–12) or the second half (days 12–22) of pregnancy. The percentage of secretory tissue, and ratings of lobulo-alveolar (L-A) development and secretory (S) activity were used to measure the development of the gland on either the 22nd or the 12th day of pregnancy. Notched collars, which permitted licking, were used as a control for any stress effects that resulted from the collars, and injections of formalin were used as a control for any stress produced by the collar. Mammary development was reduced to only 50% of normal, and L-A development and S-activity ratings showed a corresponding retarded development in animals wearing a collar throughout pregnancy. Notched collars did not affect gland development and formalin injections accelerated it. There was no difference in the effects of wearing a collar during the first or second half of pregnancy: both groups were equal in gland development on the 22nd day and their glands were more developed than those of females wearing a collar throughout pregnancy. In animals that wore collars from the beginning of pregnancy, gland development was already retarded (28%) by mid-pregnancy. Rats whose glands were reduced in development during the first half of pregnancy showed less nipple-line licking during the second half of pregnancy. These findings indicate that stimulation provided by self-licking contributes significantly to mammary gland development during pregnancy and, therefore, the activity of the gland before parturition, like lactation post partum, is regulated in part by external stimulation.
ADRENAL FUNCTION IN BREAST CANCER: PRODUCTION AND METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATE OF CORTISOL IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY OR ADVANCED BREAST CANCER AND IN NORMAL WOMEN *
Authors: JENSEN V. , DESHPANDE N. , BULBROOK R. D. , DOOUSS T. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The production rate of cortisol in patients with early or advanced breast cancer was compared with that of controls of comparable age. The miscible pool of this hormone was raised in advanced breast-cancer patients due to a higher production rate. The plasma clearance of cortisol remained unaffected, resulting in a higher titre of cortisol (both total and unbound) in advanced breast-cancer patients. There was no significant difference in the production rate between the early breast-cancer cases and controls.
The binding of cortisol to transcortin was studied in all cases. The amount of unbound cortisol was raised in advanced breast-cancer cases. There was a significant correlation between both total and unbound cortisol and the production rate of this hormone. The latter correlation suggests that there is no abnormality in the hepatic extraction of cortisol in these patients.
The metabolic clearance rate was found to be of the order of the blood flow through the liver when unbound cortisol was used for its estimation, showing that it is the unbound cortisol which is removed by the liver.
TREATMENT OF EUNUCHOIDAL MEN WITH HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN AND FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE
Authors: CROOKE A. C. , DAVIES A. G. , MORRIS R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Large doses of human chorionic gonadotrophin and human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone were given singly and in combination to six eunuchoidal men. None had an increased excretion of urinary gonadotrophin before treatment.
Histological examination of the testicles showed very immature germinal epithelium in five of the patients before treatment. Spermatozoa were found histologically in three patients, only after combined treatment with both gonadotrophins. Low concentrations of spermatozoa appeared in semen from two of these patients.
One patient was found to have histological evidence of spermatogenesis before treatment but was unable to produce semen. Treatment with chorionic gonadotrophin alone enabled him to produce semen containing up to 15,000,000 spermatozoa per ml.
Significant increases were found in the urinary levels of a variety of steroids and in total body potassium after treatment with chorionic gonadotrophin and a variable amount of somatic development took place.
THE ASSAY OF SECRETIN IN THE RAT
Authors: HEATLEY N. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Some characteristics of the pancreas of the rat relevant to the assay of secretin are described, including mean basal flow rate and output of bicarbonate, minute-by-minute changes in rate of flow after different doses of secretin, dose—response relationships, and quantitative differences between the sexes. The coefficient of variation for a single determination of secretin was found to be 15·6%.
Highly active secretin had no ecbolic effect, but pure cholecystokininpancreozymin (CCK-PZ) had a strong hydrelatic action. It is therefore formally impossible to assay secretin accurately in the presence of unknown amounts of CCK-PZ. This limitation applied to the cat also. Possible remedies are discussed.
Crude preparations of secretin hydrochloride of very low potency which have been used as standards since 1955 appear to have suffered no loss of activity over several years. The value of the Hammarsten Cat Unit and of the Clinical Unit which is based on it seems to be substantially different in 1967, compared with earlier values, when assayed in the rat.
DETERMINATION OF SOLVOLYSED SULPHATE ESTERS OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE AND ANDROSTERONE IN HUMAN PERIPHERAL PLASMA BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: WANG D. Y. , BULBROOK R. D. , THOMAS B. S. , FRIEDMAN M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A gas—liquid chromatographic method is described for the routine determination as the chloromethyldimethylsilyl ethers of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone obtained after solvolysis of a steroid sulphate fraction. 5α-Dihydrotestosterone sulphate is used as an internal standard.
The levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and androsterone sulphate have been measured in 61 males and 66 females aged 20 days to 91 yr. The steroid levels show an abrupt rise at the age of about 7 yr. and reach a peak between the ages of 20 and 30 yr. Thereafter they fall with advancing age.
The mean level of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate is significantly higher in adult men than in women but the mean level of androsterone sulphate is similar.
A BIOASSAY METHOD IN VITRO FOR PARATHYROID HORMONE
Authors: ZANELLI J. M. , LEA D. J. , NISBET J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A parallel-line bioassay for parathyroid hormone in vitro, based on the release of calcium from 6-day-old mouse calvaria maintained in tissue culture has been developed. The method has been compared with the Munson assay, and it offers the advantages of increased sensitivity, a wider dose-range, greater precision, and symmetrical data suitable for easy statistical analysis. The log.-dose response is linear over the range 0·01–1·0 units, and the mean index of precision was 0·15.
THE EFFECT OF UTERINE ANASTOMOSIS ON THE ACTION OF AN INTRA-UTERINE DEVICE IN THE RAT
Authors: MARSTON J. H. , KELLY W. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In the rat, when luminal continuity was established between the two uterine horns, a unilateral intra-uterine device (IUD) exerted a complete, bilateral contraceptive effect. This was related to the elimination of blastocysts from both uterine horns and to the bilateral inhibition of the decidual cell reaction. Both uterine horns showed leucocytic infiltration into the endometrium, although infiltration was greater in the IUD horn than in the control horn.
When the uterine horns were united without the establishment of luminal continuity a unilateral IUD exerted a strictly unilateral effect, and leucocytic infiltration was only detected in the IUD endometrium and uterine lumen.
These results support the view that the environment within the separate or continuous uterine lumina was altered in the presence of an IUD so that the decidual cell response was inhibited and blastocysts were eliminated. The possibility that this change was related to leucocytic infiltration into the endometrium and uterine lumen cannot be eliminated.
THE ROLE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND IN IMPLANTATION IN THE MOUSE: DELAY OF IMPLANTATION BY HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND NEURODEPRESSIVE DRUGS
Authors: BINDON B. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The optimum conditions for delay of implantation by hypophysectomy and neurodepressive agents are described. Hypophysectomy on day 1 without hormone replacement was followed by retarded development and subsequent degeneration of zygotes. Viability of blastocysts was maintained under these conditions by a single injection of a long-acting progestagen on day 1. Hypophysectomy at intervals beginning late on day 3 indicated that implantation is initiated by pituitary activity in the several hours around midnight of this day. In animals induced to ovulate and copulate by exogenous gonadotrophin injections, the corresponding time of pituitary activity was delayed by approximately 8 hr. This delay could not be explained solely on the basis of altered times of ovulation. It is evident that the events of early pregnancy do not follow the normal physiological pattern under these conditions, and caution should be exercised in utilizing such animals.
Of five neurodepressive agents examined, only trifluoperazine effectively delayed implantation. The effect of this substance injected at various times on day 3 of pregnancy suggests that implantation in the mouse is initiated by neurally regulated pituitary activity between 16.00 and 24.00 hr. on this day. Comparison with the mechanism of ovulation indicates that ovulation and implantation are regulated by separate hypothalamic-pituitary events, one peculiar to the oestrous cycle, the other to early pregnancy.
THE EFFECT OF HYPERBARIC OXYGEN ON Δ5-3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE, 11- AND 18-STEROID HYDROXYLASES, AND ON NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE-LINKED DEHYDROGENASES IN ORGAN CULTURES OF RAT ADRENAL GLANDS
Authors: COUPLAND R. E. , BISWAS S. , MacDOUGALL J. D. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
When organ cultures of rat adrenal glands are exposed to gaseous phases of air and hyperbaric oxygen at 2 atm., Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is inactivated in both gaseous phases. During the first 24 hr., inactivation is more rapid in air but after 24 hr. little or no difference in rate is observed and little or no activity remains after 72 hr.
Estimates of 11- and 18-steroid hydroxylases after various periods of culture in the two gaseous phases and in the absence of exogenous substrate showed similar rates of inactivation during the first 24 hr. When progesterone was used as an exogenous substrate more enzyme activity remained after 24 hr. culture in hyperbaric oxygen than in air. Little enzyme activity remained after 72 hr.
The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase and iso-citric dehydrogenase fall markedly when organ cultures of rat adrenal glands are incubated for 24 hr. in air and in hyperbaric oxygen at 2 atm.
The enzymes were, however, no more sensitive to hyperbaric oxygen than to air.