bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucose Signaling in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Santangelo George M. 
Published: March 2006

SUMMARY
Eukaryotic cells possess an exquisitely interwoven and fine-tuned series of signal transduction mechanisms with which to sense and respond to the ubiquitous fermentable carbon source glucose. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has proven to be a fertile model system with which to identify glucose signaling factors, determine the relevant functional and physical interrelationships, and characterize the corresponding metabolic, transcriptomic, and proteomic readouts. The early events in glucose signaling appear to require both extracellular sensing by transmembrane proteins and intracellular sensing by G proteins. Intermediate steps involve cAMP-dependent stimulation of protein kinase A (PKA) as well as one or more redundant PKA-independent pathways. The final steps are mediated by a relatively small collection of transcriptional regulators that collaborate closely to maximize the cellular rates of energy generation and growth. Understanding the nuclear events in this process may necessitate the further elaboration of a new model for eukaryotic gene regulation, called “reverse recruitment.” An essential feature of this idea is that fine-structure mapping of nuclear architecture will be required to understand the reception of regulatory signals that emanate from the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Completion of this task should result in a much improved understanding of eukaryotic growth, differentiation, and carcinogenesis.
CXCR3 chemokine receptor immunoreactivity in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma: correlation with clinicopathological prognostic factors
Authors: Monteagudo C , Martin J M , Jorda E , Llombart-Bosch A 
Published: March 2006

Background:A role for CXCR3, the receptor for chemokines Mig, IP-10 and interferon-inducible T cell α-chemoattractant, in tumour cell migration during melanoma progression has been proposed.Aims:To analyse CXCR3 expression in primary cutaneous malignant melanomas and its comparison with clinicopathological and prognostic factors.Methods:A retrospective immunohistochemical study was carried out on formalin-fixed paraffin-wax-embedded sections from 82 patients with primary invasive cutaneous melanomas, with a monoclonal antibody to CXCR3 (clone 49801.111; R&D Systems). Immunoreactivity was semiquantitatively evaluated: labelling intensity (0, absent; 1, weak; 2, moderate; 3, strong) multiplied by the percentage of cells in each of the four intensity categories. A positive staining was considered when the score was >100. Melanomas were categorised by age, sex, primary site, tumour thickness, growth phase, ulceration, lymphocytic infiltration, recurrence, lymph node and distant metastasis, and survival. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were carried out.Results:Of the 82 patients, a positive CXCR3 staining was found in 26 (31.7%) patients, whereas 56 (68.3%) were negative. In univariate analysis, a significant association of CXCR3-positive tumour cell immunostaining with tumour thickness >1 mm (p = 0.003), absence of lymphocytic infiltration (p = 0.04) and the presence of distant metastasis (p = 0.048) was found. Multivariate analysis found tumour thickness as the only independent factor with considerable association with distant metastases.Conclusions:Our findings of a positive correlation of CXCR3 tumour cell immunoreactivity in human primary cutaneous melanoma with tumour thickness >1 mm and absence of intratumoral lymphocytic infiltration support the biological implication of CXCR3 in the tumour progression of cutaneous malignant melanoma.
Warrior Women of the Apocalypse: The Role of the Female in Some Apocalyptic Films
Authors: Pippin Tina 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe roles of women in the Apocalypse of John have been much debated in recent years. Even the "good" women do not triumph. Contemporary apocalyptic films vary in their presentation and involvement in warding off the End. In most of these films women have secondary roles as love interests, even if they are able to participate in stopping the violence. In utopia or dystopia women are usually left to sexual and reproductive roles, and women who try to rise above their status are portrayed as evil or are neutralized. It is interesting to observe some of the stereotypes of women in these films with the imaging of women in children's fairy tales, especially for those women who try to exercise their power. As with fairy tales, in the acts of storytelling there are openings for empowerment.
The Possibility of Error: Minority Report and the Gospel of Mark
Authors: Aichele George 
Published: March 2006

AbstractReferences to and images of eyes and of blindness and seeing (including natural sight, clairvoyance, and artificially recorded images) play significant parts in Stephen Spielberg's 2002 movie, Minority Report. Based on Philip K. Dick's story, "The Minority Report," the movie plays with familiar Dickian paradoxes of fate and freedom, and of truth that conceals and/or makes itself false. The gospel of Mark also features similar paradoxes of "blindness and insight." This essay plays Spielberg's movie against Dick's story, and the mutual relation between them against Mark's gospel, with the goal of exploring Mark's function as a "minority report" (in more ways than one) among the synoptic gospels, as well as the Christian "captivity" of the gospels in the canon.
Inherited Crypts of the Wife/Mother: Ang Lee's Hulk Meets Zechariah 5:5–11 in Contemporary Apocalyptic Discourse
Authors: Runions Erin 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper puts the political concerns expressed by secular apocalypse in Ang Lee's Hulk (2003) into conversation with the political concerns expressed by religious apocalypse in conservative Christian discourse. The film sets a revised version of the Akedah, in which the wife/mother is killed instead of the son, at the heart of its plot and of its critique of U.S. foreign policy. Set within Lee's apocalyptic analysis of repressed trauma, this quasi-biblical allusion points toward the repeating biblical tradition of the murdered wife/mother. One such repetition of this originary trauma can be found in what Diana Edelman has argued to be Yahweh's murder of his wife Asherah in Zechariah 5:5-11, a text which can be read in the same psychoanalytic terms that the film evokes. Both film and text represent the missed encounter of trauma and the entombment of the lost love object. In both film and text, the lost object, the mother, is entombed, encrypted and forgotten. But because this proto-apocalyptic text is one that conservative Christians take up in their defence of the war on Iraq as the precursor to the doomed Whore of Babylon, this text, uncannily, brings the film into contact with its religious apocalyptic roots. But where the biblical text is read in ways that only increase a violent repetition compulsion, the film models mourning and letting go as a way of working through the trauma. Thus, the film offers an alternate way of reading the biblical text in culture.
A Miserable Feast: Dishing Up the Biblical Body in The Cook, the Thief, His Wife and Her Lover
Authors: Black Fiona 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe paper considers the place of the Bible in the abject world of Peter Greenaway's The Cook, the Thief, His Wife and Her Lover. Two biblical intertexts are evident: Psalm 51, which is sung repeatedly throughout the film as a call to repentance, and the Last Supper, which forms the climactic revenge of one of the characters. The texts are interwoven with some significant themes in the film (corporeality, consumption and violence), all of which work to establish and manipulate the presence of the abject. With the assistance of the Bible, the characters' relation to the abject becomes contested and contradictory. Ultimately, the texts exhibit a peculiar logic that threatens to undermine the film's plot, and its characters.
A Historical Review of Popular Music and Social Change in Taiwan
Authors: Wai-Chung Ho 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article considers the relationship between popular music and the power of the state through an analysis of the history of Taiwan and the settings within which popular music was constructed and transformed by contentious political and social groups in the twentieth century. The historical formation of Taiwanese society falls into three distinct stages: Japanese colonization between 1895 and 1945; the Kuomintang's (KMT) military rule between 1947 and 1987; and the period from the end of martial law in 1987 to the resurgence of Taiwanese consciousness in the early 2000s. The evolution of Taiwan's popular music has always been connected with the state's production of new ideologies in line with changing socio-political and economic conditions, and this music still embodies a functional social content.
Deus in Machina Movet: Religion in the Age of Technological Reproducibility
Authors: Lardas John 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis essay demonstrates that the concept of feedback—as a technological condition, historical ontology, and theoretical frame—challenges traditional ways of conceiving of religion and writing its history. This essay "begins" in 1920's America, a moment when the capacity of machines to regulate both nonhuman and human systems reached a point of critical mass and intensity. Integrating theoretical exploration with historical specificity, I address responses to this changing technological atmosphere among Anglo-Protestant leaders as well as leaders of the infamous "Revival" of Herman Melville and his long-forgotten Moby-Dick (1851). Historically, I argue that Protestant strategies of self-centering, so pervasive in the early twentieth century, failed to hold their ground against the billowing nature of feedback technology. Theoretically, I argue that Protestant-inspired definitions of what constitutes religious belief and practice, still pervasive in the modern academic study of religion, are not equipped to deal with crises of the natural within (post)modernity.
The Role of Sea Surface Temperature in Reanalysis
Authors: Kanamitsu Masao , Hwang Seung-On 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
With the aim of understanding the role of SST in the reanalysis for the preradiosonde, presatellite, and satellite eras, a number of observation system experiments were performed using the NCEP/Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis system. Five pairs of experiments were conducted using observed and climatological SSTs for cases 1) without any observation, 2) surface pressure observation only with the observation density of 1915, 3) surface pressure observation with the observation density of 1997, 4) surface observation and radiosondes, and 5) all observations, including satellite retrievals. The analyses were run for 4 months in 1997 (strong El Niño) and 1993 (near-normal SST). The impact of SST and the various observation systems on the analysis of near-surface parameters, the upper-level field, and several diagnostic fields were compared against the control analysis with observed SST and all available observations.
The most important finding of this study is that the impact of SST varies with the time scale of the analysis, which is most apparent in the surface-pressure-only observation experiments. The impact of SST is largest for the low-frequency (seasonal) analyses and smaller for the high-frequency (daily) analyses. This is particularly apparent for near-surface temperature and upper-level height field analyses. In the extreme case of the strong El Niño year, the simulation with observed SST without any observations [Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-type run] produced seasonal mean 2-m temperature (T2M) and 500-hPa height fields that agreed better with the control analysis than the analysis with surface pressure observation only with climatological SST. On the contrary, the impact of surface pressure observation is greater on higher-frequency analyses, and lower on low-frequency analyses.
Generally speaking, accurate analysis of SST is important when limited atmospheric observation is available. But even for the full atmospheric observation system, climatological SST produces inferior analysis over ocean as well as land.
The introduction of radiosonde data drastically reduces errors in the analyses and diagnostic fields; thus, radiosonde data are indispensable for accurate estimation of the atmospheric state in both short and long time scales.
NOGAPS-ALPHA Simulations of the 2002 Southern Hemisphere Stratospheric Major Warming
Authors: Allen Douglas R. , Coy Lawrence , Eckermann Stephen D. , McCormack John P. , Manney Gloria L. , Hogan Timothy F. , Kim Young-Joon 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A high-altitude version of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) spectral forecast model is used to simulate the unusual September 2002 Southern Hemisphere stratospheric major warming. Designated as NOGAPS-Advanced Level Physics and High Altitude (NOGAPS-ALPHA), this model extends from the surface to 0.005 hPa (∼85 km altitude) and includes modifications to multiple components of the operational NOGAPS system, including a new radiative heating scheme, middle-atmosphere gravity wave drag parameterizations, hybrid vertical coordinate, upper-level meteorological initialization, and radiatively active prognostic ozone with parameterized photochemistry. NOGAPS-ALPHA forecasts (hindcasts) out to 6 days capture the main features of the major warming, such as the zonal mean wind reversal, planetary-scale wave amplification, large upward Eliassen–Palm (EP) fluxes, and splitting of the polar vortex in the middle stratosphere. Forecasts beyond 6 days have reduced upward EP flux in the lower stratosphere, reduced amplitude of zonal wavenumbers 2 and 3, and a middle stratospheric vortex that does not split. Three-dimensional EP-flux diagnostics in the troposphere reveal that the longer forecasts underestimate upward-propagating planetary wave energy emanating from a significant blocking pattern over the South Atlantic that played a large role in forcing the major warming. Forecasts of less than 6 days are initialized with the blocking in place, and therefore are not required to predict the blocking onset. For a more thorough skill assessment, NOGAPS-ALPHA forecasts over 3 weeks during September–October 2002 are compared with operational NOGAPS 5-day forecasts made at the time. NOGAPS-ALPHA forecasts initialized with 2002 operational NOGAPS analyses show a modest improvement in skill over the NOGAPS operational forecasts. An additional, larger improvement is obtained when NOGAPS-ALPHA is initialized with reanalyzed 2002 fields produced with the currently operational (as of October 2003) Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System (NAVDAS). Thus the combination of higher model top, better physical parameterizations, and better initial conditions all yield improved forecasting skill over the NOGAPS forecasts issued operationally at the time.
Modulation of South Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones by the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves
Authors: Bessafi Miloud , Wheeler Matthew C. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The subseasonal modulation of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis by large-scale atmospheric wave modes is studied using data from the south Indian Ocean region. The modes considered are the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), and the convectively coupled equatorial Rossby (ER), Kelvin, and mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves. Analysis of all TCs west of 100°E reveals a large and statistically significant modulation by the MJO and ER waves, a small yet significant modulation by Kelvin waves, and a statistically insignificant modulation by MRG waves. Attribution of the observed TC modulation was made through examination of the wave-induced perturbations to the dynamical fields of low-level vorticity, vertical shear, and deep convection. Possible thermodynamic influences on TC genesis were neglected. Different combinations of the three dynamical fields were necessary for successful attribution for each of the large-scale wave modes. For example, for the MJO, the modulation was best attributable to its perturbations to both the vorticity and shear fields, while for the ER wave, it was its perturbations to the convection and vorticity fields that appeared to best be able to explain the modulation. It appears that there is no single factor that can be used for the attribution of all subseasonal TC variability. Finally, it is shown that the modulation of TCs by at least the MJO and ER waves is large enough to warrant further investigation for prediction on the weekly time scale.
A Laboratory Study of the Benefits of Including Uncertainty Information in Weather Forecasts
Authors: Roulston Mark S. , Bolton Gary E. , Kleit Andrew N. , Sears-Collins Addison L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Modern operational methods of numerical weather prediction, such as “ensemble forecasting,” allow assessments of state-dependent predictability to be made. This means that forecast-specific estimates of the forecast standard errors are possible. Quantitative estimates of forecast uncertainty are often not communicated to the public as it is unclear what the value of this information will be to people who must make weather-dependent decisions. Using laboratory-based methods developed by experimental economists to study individual choice it is found that nonspecialists are able to make better decisions that increase their expected reward while reducing their exposure to risk, when provided with information about the day-to-day uncertainty associated with temperature forecasts. The experimental framework used herein may provide a useful tool for evaluating the effectiveness with which weather forecasts can be communicated to end users.
Improving Snowfall Forecasting by Accounting for the Climatological Variability of Snow Density
Authors: Ware Eric C. , Schultz David M. , Brooks Harold E. , Roebber Paul J. , Bruening Sara L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Accurately forecasting snowfall is a challenge. In particular, one poorly understood component of snowfall forecasting is determining the snow ratio. The snow ratio is the ratio of snowfall to liquid equivalent and is inversely proportional to the snow density. In a previous paper, an artificial neural network was developed to predict snow ratios probabilistically in three classes: heavy (1:1 &lt; ratio &lt; 9:1), average (9:1 ≤ ratio ≤ 15:1), and light (ratio &gt; 15:1). A Web-based application for the probabilistic prediction of snow ratio in these three classes based on operational forecast model soundings and the neural network is now available. The goal of this paper is to explore the statistical characteristics of the snow ratio to determine how temperature, liquid equivalent, and wind speed can be used to provide additional guidance (quantitative, wherever possible) for forecasting snowfall, especially for extreme values of snow ratio. Snow ratio tends to increase as the low-level (surface to roughly 850 mb) temperature decreases. For example, mean low-level temperatures greater than −2.7°C rarely (less than 5% of the time) produce snow ratios greater than 25:1, whereas mean low-level temperatures less than −10.1°C rarely produce snow ratios less than 10:1. Snow ratio tends to increase strongly as the liquid equivalent decreases, leading to a nomogram for probabilistic forecasting snowfall, given a forecasted value of liquid equivalent. For example, liquid equivalent amounts 2.8–4.1 mm (0.11–0.16 in.) rarely produce snow ratios less than 14:1, and liquid equivalent amounts greater than 11.2 mm (0.44 in.) rarely produce snow ratios greater than 26:1. The surface wind speed plays a minor role by decreasing snow ratio with increasing wind speed. Although previous research has shown simple relationships to determine the snow ratio are difficult to obtain, this note helps to clarify some situations where such relationships are possible.
A Novel Approach to Marine Wind Speed Assessment Using Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Sikora Todd D. , Young George S. , Winstead Nathaniel S. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
This paper describes a product that allows one to assess the lower and upper bounds on synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based marine wind speed. The SAR-based wind speed fields of the current research are generated using scatterometry techniques and, thus, depend on a priori knowledge of the wind direction field. The assessment product described here consists of a pair of wind speed images bounding the wind speed range consistent with the observed SAR data. The minimum wind speed field is generated by setting the wind direction field to be directly opposite to the radar look direction. The maximum wind speed field is generated by setting the wind direction field to be perpendicular to the radar look direction. Although the assessment product could be generated using any marine SAR scene, it is expected to be most useful in coastal regions where the large concentration of maritime operations requires accurate, high-resolution wind speed data and when uncertainty in the a priori knowledge of the wind direction precludes the generation of accurate SAR-based wind speed fields. The assessment product is demonstrated using a case in the northern Gulf of Alaska where synoptic-scale and mesoscale meteorological events coexist. The corresponding range of possible SAR-based wind speed is large enough to have operational significance to mariners and weather forecasters. It is recommended that the product become available to the public through an appropriate government outlet.
The Impact of Writing Area Forecast Discussions on Student Forecaster Performance
Authors: Market Patrick S. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A brief study is provided on the forecast performance of students who write a mock area forecast discussion (AFD) on a weekly basis. Student performance was tracked for one semester (11 weeks) during the University of Missouri—Columbia's local weather forecast game. The hypothesis posed is that student performance is no better on days when they compose an AFD. A nonparametric Mann–Whitney test cannot reject that hypothesis. However, the same test employed on precipitation forecasts (for days when precipitation actually fell) shows that there is a statistically significant difference (p = 0.02) between the scores of those students writing an AFD and those who do not. Similar results are found with a chi-square test. Thus, AFD writers improve their precipitation score on days when significant weather occurred. Forecaster confidence is also enhanced by AFD composition.