bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicity of cadmium to six species in two genera of crayfish and the effect of cadmium on molting success
Authors: Wigginton Andrew J. , Birge Wesley J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNine acute (96-h) toxicity tests were conducted on six species of crayfish (Cambaridae). Six tests focused on adults, and three tests examined juveniles. Lethal concentration to 50% of a population (LC50) and lethal concentration to 10% of a population (LC10) values, respectively, for the adults of individual test species were as follows: Orconectes juvenilis, 2.44 and 0.623 mg Cd/L; Orconectes placidus, 0.487 and 0.092 mg Cd/L; Orconectes virilis, 3.30 and 0.947 mg Cd/L; Procambarus acutus, 0.368 and 0.048 mg Cd/L; Procambarus alleni, 3.07 and 0.386 mg Cd/L; and Procambarus clarkii, 2.66 and 0.486 mg Cd/L. The Orconectes LC50 genus mean acute value (GMAV) was 1.57 mg Cd/L, whereas the LC50 GMAV for Procambarus was 1.44 mg Cd/L. The LC10 GMAVs were 0.379 and 0.208 mg Cd/L, respectively. Family mean acute values (FMAVs) also were calculated for the Cambaridae using all species data (LC50, 1.51 mg Cd/L; LC10, 0.281 mg Cd/L). For tests with juvenile crayfish, the LC50 and LC10 values, respectively, were as follows: O. juvenilis, 0.060 and 0.014 mg Cd/L; O. placidus, 0.037 and 0.002 mg Cd/L; and P. clarkii, 0.624 and 0.283 mg Cd/L. The GMAVs were calculated for juvenile Orconectes (LC50, 0.047 mg Cd/L; LC10, 0.005 mg Cd/L). Additionally, FMAVs were calculated for juvenile crayfish (LC50, 0.111 mg Cd/L; LC10, 0.020 mg Cd/L). Crayfish sensitivity to Cd varied by a factor of nine among species tested as adults and by a factor of 17 among species tested as juveniles. Molting was a sensitive life stage for crayfish. Most individuals that molted shortly before or during exposure to Cd died, whereas all controls that molted in the adult assays survived. Because molting is a sensitive, recurring life-cycle event, molting individuals should be included in toxicological analysis despite some contrary recommendations.
Variability of the protective effect of sodium on the acute toxicity of copper to freshwater cladocerans
Authors: De Schamphelaere Karel A.C. , Bossuyt Bart T.A. , Janssen Colin R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The acute biotic ligand model (BLM) is proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to incorporate bioavailability in calculating aquatic life criteria for Cu in freshwater. This approach currently assumes that the effects of water chemistry on acute Cu toxicity can be described with one single set of identical BLM parameters for all organisms. An important water characteristic is the concentration of Na, which protects aquatic organisms against Cu toxicity. Based on physiological considerations related to the mechanism of Cu toxicity and the possible role of Na therein, we hypothesized that an interspecies variability of the protective effect of sodium on Cu toxicity might exist among freshwater organisms. To test this hypothesis, acute 48-h toxicity assays with Cu were conducted with 16 field-collected cladoceran populations and a laboratory-reared clone of Ceriodaphnia dubia at Na concentrations of between 0.077 and 10 mM. Increased Na protected all but one population. Contrary to what the BLM predicts, however, an upper limit to this protective effect was observed for some populations at Na concentrations of greater than 4 mM. This may suggest that processes other than just Cu-Na competition at a single unidentate biotic ligand site may be involved in Cu toxicity. Between populations, conditional stability constants for binding of Na to the biotic ligand (log K*NaBL which quantify the protective effect of Na, varied between 2.2 and 4.4. Higher log K values generally were associated with more sensitive populations. Although a full mechanistic explanation for our observations is lacking, our data may potentially be used to refine the U.S. EPA procedure to establish site-specific water-quality criteria for Cu.
Mutagenicity assessment of produced water during photoelectrocatalytic degradation
Authors: Li Guiying , An Taicheng , Nie Xiangping , Sheng Guoying , Zeng Xiangying , Fu Jiamo , Lin Zheng , Zeng Eddy Y. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOilfield produced water was treated by photocatalysis, electro-oxidation, and photoelectrocatalysis, respectively. The chemical composition and toxicity of the raw effluent and treated products were assessed by chemical and mutagenicity analysis. The raw effluent exhibited mutagenic activity in both strains of Salmonella typhimurium. The lowest concentration of the dichloromethane extract capable of inducing a positive response in strains TA98 and TA100 were as low as 4 and 5 μg/plate, respectively. All three technologies could detoxify direct-acting mutagenic organic pollutants efficiently, although they could not completely eliminate mutagenicity in the water after 60 min of treatment. At equivalent doses, photoelectrocatalysis exhibited the greatest capability to reduce genotoxicity, whereas photocatalysis was the least effective and did not cause appreciable change in mutagenicity. The gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that n-alkanes (259.4 ng/L) and phenolic compounds (2,501.4 ng/L) were the main organic constituents in the oilfield produced water. Thus, the results of both biological and chemical analysis indicate that photoelectocatalysis was the most effective technology for degradation of oilfield wastewater.
The theory underlying dose-response models influences predictions for intermittent exposures
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Newman Michael C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrediction of pulsed or intermittent exposure effects on populations is emerging as an important issue in ecotoxicology. However, the underlying theory of the dose-response models has not been tested rigorously enough to provide a true understanding for predicting the effects of pulsed exposures. Since its introduction, the individual effective dose (IED) theory has remained the dominant explanation in the literature. The present study tested whether the IED theory is the dominant explanation for the probit model (or similar models) for both copper sulfate (CuSO4) and sodium pentachlorophenol (NaPCP). Three groups of amphipods (Hyalella azteca) were first exposed to lethal, sublethal, and zero concentrations of each toxicant. After recovery, all survivors were exposed to lethal concentrations, and their mortalities during a second exposure were compared. Under the specific concentrations and durations used, stochastic processes were dominant for CuSO4. Both stochasticity and IED appeared to be relevant for NaPCP, but stochasticity dominated the dynamics. Current ecotoxicology tests should include assessment of the underlying dynamics as one of the first steps of studying pulsed or intermittent exposure effects.
Rheological properties and processability of chemically modified poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐ethylene isophthalate)
Authors: Yamaguchi Masayuki , Wakabayashi Takashi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRheological properties and extrusion processability have been evaluated for poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐ethylene isophthalate) (P(ET‐EI)) modified by a styrene‐acrylate‐based copolymer with glycidyl functionality in an extruder. Adding a small amount of the modifier enhances melt elasticity to a great extent. Consequently, modified P(ET‐EI) exhibits excellent processability without sagging, that is, downward deformation of extrudates by gravitational force. Considering that molecular weight and its distribution hardly change, which is confirmed by GPC measurements, generation of long‐chain branches is responsible for the rheological properties and thus the processability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25:236–241, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20078
Treatment of chronic knee synovitis with arthroscopic synovectomy after failure of intraarticular injection of radionuclide
Authors: Combe Bernard , Krause Eric , Sany Jacques 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough satisfactory results have been obtained with conventional synovectomy of the knee, there are frequent complications, and a long period of rehabilitation is necessary after this surgery. We performed arthroscopic synovectomy of the knees of 30 patients (33 knees), 22 of whom had rheumatoid arthritis. These patients underwent the procedure after failure to respond to an intraarticular injection of either osmic acid or yttrium 90. The operated knee was moved 3–5 hours after the arthroscopy, and the patients walked the next day. No rehabilitation was needed. The followup period ranged from 6 months to 36 months, with an average of 17.7 months. Except for 1 patient with severe arthritis, all patients experienced improvement. Results were rated as “good” or “very good” in 27 knees. Six months after synovectomy, the patients were asked to rate their improvement; the mean ± SEM degree of improvement was 79.1 ± 22.9%. All patients had significant improvement in the range of motion of the knee. One patient required manipulation of the knee (while under anesthesia) soon after the arthroscopy. There were no other complications. There was no detectable radiographic evidence of disease progression in 24 patients who were seen 1 year after the procedure or in 9 patients who were seen 2 years after the arthroscopy. Thus, arthroscopic synovectomy appears to be an effective and simple treatment for chronic knee synovitis, and has a low morbidity rate.
Relative role of genetic and environmental factors in disease expression: sib pair analysis in ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Calin Andrei , Elswood Judith 
Published: February 2007

AbstractForty‐two sib pairs concordant for ankylosing spondylitis (mean disease duration 20.1 years) were assessed to define the relative role of genetic and environmental factors in determining age and calendar year of disease onset, systemic features, functional outcome and prognosis, and radiologic progression. Twenty‐seven pairs were of the same sex (male/male n = 21, female/female n = 6). The correlation coefficient was not significant for age at onset (rs = 0.235), but was much higher for calendar year of onset (rs = 0.702, P < 0.01). These data were confirmed by two‐way analysis of variance: between sibs, the F probability was 0.07 for age at onset (41 degrees of freedom, F ratio 1.6) and was < 0.001 for calendar year of onset (41 degrees of freedom, F ratio 5.45). Thus, it is suggested that environmental factors play the greater role in the timing of onset. Concordance for the presence or absence of uveitis was only 43%, again suggesting that genetic factors are less significant than the environment. Conversely, genetic factors are more important in influencing prognosis. A disability and pain index revealed that sibs had a closer score than expected by chance alone (P = 0.035); also, the correlation coefficient for blinded radiologic analysis (pelvic and lumbar views) was significant for pairs of sibs (rs = 0.859, P < 0.01), but was not significant for random pairs of subjects (rs = ‐0.144). In contrast, within–sib pair and random subject–pair analyses of hip radiographs revealed rs = ‐0.111 and ‐0.033, respectively, neither of which was significant. In summary, these results suggest that environmental factors are more important in determining date of onset, and therefore, coincidental age at onset, of ankylosing spondylitis. This in turn relates to the risk of hip involvement because younger age at onset is associated with greater risk of hip disease. Genetic factors have the greater influence on radiologic progression and disability. The phenotypic expression is a composite picture of both.
Class ii major histocompatibility complex gene sequences in rheumatoid arthritis. The third diversity regions of both DRβ1 genes in two DR1, DRw10–positive individuals specify the same inferred amino acid sequence as the DRβ1 and DRβ2 Genes of a DR4 (Dw14) haplotype
Authors: Merryman Parvin F. , Crapper Richard M. , Lee Sicy , Gregersen Peter K. , Winchester Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe DR1 and DRw10β1, chain genes were isolated from each of 2 individuals with rheumatoid arthritis who were heterozygous for these class II major histocompatibility complex specificities. The sequences of the DR1β1 chains from both patients were identical, differing from previously reported DRβ1 chains of individuals without RA by 2 amino acid substitutions, at positions 85 (Val‐Ala) and 86 (Gly‐Val), and by a silent mutation at the last nucleotide of codon 78 (C–T), resulting in the loss of a Pst I restriction endonuclease site. Identical DRw10β1, chain genes were found in both patients. These were shown to encode the epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody 109d6. This antibody also recognizes an epitope on the DRw53β2 chain of the DR4 haplotype. The third diversity regions of the DR1β (amino acids 67–74) and the DRw10β1 chains (amino acids 67–73) were identical, respectively, with those of the DR4 (Dw14) β1, and β2 chains, raising the possibility that in these patients, the third diversity regions of the two DRβ1, chain genes present in trans are conformationally equivalent to the cis‐encoded third diversity regions of the DR4 (Dw14), DRβ1, and β2 chains. The nucleotide sequences of the DQβ complementary DNA clones were identical to that of the DQw1β chain, and no DRβ2 complementary DNA clones were identified.
Changes in lymphocyte infiltration of the synovial membrane and the clinical course of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Rooney Madeleine , Whelan Alex , Feighery Conleth , Bresnihan Barry 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMultiple samples of synovial membrane were obtained by needle biopsy from 24 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before, and 1 year after, standard antirheumatic drug therapy was given. Changes in the immunohistologic features of the synovial membrane (read blindly) were compared with the clinical course of RA in each patient. A composite clinical index of disease activity (IDA) and spontaneous in vitro synthesis of IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM‐RF) by blood mononuclear cells were also measured before and after treatment. In 16 patients (group A), the IDA indicated 26–69% improvement, and the values for spontaneous IgM‐RF decreased substantially. In 8 patients (group B), the IDA indicated deterioration or no improvement, and the values for spontaneous IgM‐RF were unchanged. In group A patients, the intensity of the T cell infiltrate decreased from a mean score of 1.3 to a mean score of 0.8 (P = 0.025). The ratio of T helper cells to T suppressor/cytotoxic cells was ⩽2:1 in 90% of group A patients before treatment, compared with 20% of these patients after treatment (P = 0.016), and the number of biopsy samples that contained identifiable B cells decreased from 36% before treatment to 7% after treatment. In group B patients, there were no changes in the intensity of T cell infiltration, the ratio of T helper cells to T suppressor/cytotoxic cells, or the number of biopsy samples with identifiable B cells.
The effects of methotrexate on the production and activity of interleukin‐1
Authors: Segal Rafael , Mozes Edna , Yaron Michael , Tartakovsky Boris 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo explore the possibility that the mechanism of action of methotrexate (MTX) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is related to modulation of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), the effects of MTX on IL‐1 production and activity were evaluated. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and murine peritoneal and splenic cells were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide to produce IL‐1. No inhibition of IL‐1 synthesis or secretion caused by MTX treatment could be demonstrated either in vitro or in vivo, in patients with RA or in mice treated with MTX. We did show, however, that MTX had an inhibitory effect on IL‐1 activity in 2 assays that demonstrate 2 different functions of IL‐1. In a 2‐step assay using LBRM‐33‐1A5 (1A5) and CTLD cells, MTX inhibited the secretion of IL‐2 by 1A5 lymphoma cells in response to phytohemag‐glutinin and IL‐1. In an assay using D10.G4.1 (D10) cells, MTX inhibited IL‐1–induced proliferation of the D10 T cell clone. No effect of the drug on IL‐2 activity was observed. The results demonstrate that MTX is capable of inhibiting some IL‐1 activities without affecting IL‐1 production or secretion. We propose that the inhibition of IL‐1 activity or IL‐1–dependent events may be one of the mechanisms of action of MTX in RA.
Antiproliferative effects of methotrexate on peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Olsen Nancy J. , Murray Lisa M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMethotrexate was added to cultured mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of normal individuals and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to study the drug's effects on mononuclear cell proliferation and antibody synthesis. In the presence of methotrexate, marked antiproliferative effects (to levels <15% of baseline) were seen with 3H‐deoxyuridine, but not with 3H‐thymidine, as the marker of cell division. This difference was not due to altered kinetics of proliferation or the presence of salvage nucleotides in the culture medium. The absence of suppression of antibody production preactivated by pokeweed mitogen in vitro and the low levels of suppression of spontaneous IgM rheumatoid factor production by blood mononuclear cells from RA patients suggested a relative resistance of activated cells to the effects of methotrexate. The effects of methotrexate on both cell proliferation and antibody synthesis were completely reversed by the addition of high concentrations of exogenous folinic acid. The results suggest that methotrexate has effects on immuno‐competent cells that may contribute to the efficacy of this drug in the treatment of RA and other autoimmune diseases.
Proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to autologous and allogeneic muscle in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis
Authors: Kalovidouris Apostolos E. , Pourmand Rachman , Passo Murray H. , Plotkin Zoya 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe examined the proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to autologous and homologous muscle homogenates in 21 patients with early, active, untreated polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM), 8 patients with chronic PM/DM, 10 patients with myopathies other than PM/DM, 7 patients with connective tissue diseases without myositis, and 12 healthy individuals. PBMC from patients with PM/DM and from control subjects were incubated with various dilutions of autologous and homologous muscle homogenates. PBMC from patients with active PM/DM underwent significant proliferation on exposure to both the autologous muscle and the homologous muscle homogenates. In contrast, PBMC from patients with chronic PM/DM, other myopathies, connective tissue diseases without myositis, and from healthy individuals did not respond to either autologous or homologous muscle. Our findings demonstrate that the PBMC of patients with PM/DM are sensitized to muscle.
Lymphoid irradiation in intractable rheumatoid arthritis. Long‐term followup of patients treated with 750 rads or 2,000 rads
Authors: Soden Muriel , Hassan Jaythoon , Scott David L. , Hanly John G. , Moriarty Michael , Whelan Alex , Feighery Conleth , Bresnihan Barry 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwenty patients with intractable rheumatoid arthritis were randomized to receive 750 or 2,000 rads of lymphoid irradiation (LI) in a double‐blind comparative study, and were followed for a maximum of 48 months (mean 40 months) after treatment. During followup, sustained immunomodulation (including lymphopenia, particularly of the T helper cell subset; reduced ratio of helper cells to suppressor cells; and impaired in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen) was observed. Significant improvements in early morning stiffness, Ritchie articular index, pain score, grip strength, and 15‐meter walk time were observed in both treatment groups, but these were not sustained through the followup period. Progressive joint damage was observed radiologically in both groups during followup. Thus, LI induced sustained immunosuppression, but resulted in only shortlived clinical improvement and was associated with progressive joint erosion in these patients.
Enhanced production of interleukin‐6 in mice with type II collagen–induced arthritis
Authors: Takai Yasuyuki , Seki Nobuo , Senoh Hachiro , Yokota Takashi , Lee Frank , Hamaoka Toshiyuki , Fujiwara Hiromi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe established an interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)–dependent cell line from murine plasmacytoma MOPC‐104E cells. This cell line (designated PIL‐6) was found to respond to murine and to human IL‐6, but not to any other cytokines. We used this cell line to investigate the involvement of IL‐6 production in type II collagen–induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice. Only marginal IL‐6 activity was detected in sera from DBA/1 mice inoculated with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) alone, with an unrelated protein (bovine serum albumin) plus FCA, or with type II collagen plus Freund's incomplete adjuvant. However, enhanced IL‐6 activity was observed in DBA/1 mice that had been injected with type II collagen plus FCA to induce arthritis. The elevated level of serum IL‐6 activity was associated with high levels of IL‐6 produced when lymph node cells from arthritic mice were stimulated in vitro with type II collagen. We also found that the L3T4+ T cell subset is responsible for the enhanced production of IL‐6 in arthritic mice. The results are discussed in the context of potential roles of IL‐6 in the induction and/or expression of chronic, progressive arthritis.
Therapy for systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with γ‐interferon: A pilot study of nine patients
Authors: Pernice W. , Schuchmann L. , Dippell J. , Suschke J. , Vogel P. , Truckenbrodt H. , Schindera F. , Humburg Ch. , Brzoska J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNine severely ill patients with a confirmed diagnosis of systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were treated with recombinant γ‐interferon (γ‐IFN) in addition to the therapy they were previously receiving for their disease. Improvements in clinical symptoms were noted in 7 of the patients, and median laboratory values also showed a marked improvement after γ‐IFN treatment. A relapse occurred in 1 patient. The results of this study should stimulate further research on the use of γ‐IFN in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, particularly in determining the appropriate effective dosage.
Prophylactic treatment of canine osteoarthritis with glycosaminoglycan polysulfuric acid ester
Authors: Altman Roy D. , Dean David D. , Muniz Ofelia E. , Howell David S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe prophylactic effect of glycosaminoglycan polysulfuric acid ester (GAGPS) on cartilage lesions was studied using the Pond‐Nuki model of canine osteoarthritis. Starting 2 days after anterior cruciate transection, GAGPS or saline was administered intraarticularly twice weekly for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, gross and histologic medial femoral condylar lesions had developed to a lesser degree in GAGPS‐treated dogs than in saline‐treated dogs. The uronic acid and hydroxyproline levels in cartilage were significantly higher in the GAGPS‐treated dogs than in the saline‐treated dogs. Levels of active and latent collagenase in the cartilage of GAGPS‐treated dogs were lower than in the cartilage of saline‐treated dogs. With GAGPS treatment, swelling of the cartilage, an indicator of collagen network integrity, remained near control levels. Although increased synthesis of proteoglycan and collagen may account for some of these results, we propose that one mechanism of action of GAGPS is its ability to decrease collagen degradation, either by decreasing the synthesis of collagenase or by directly inhibiting the production of collagenase in cartilage.