bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of precore‐defective mutant of hepatitis B virus in HBV carriers
Authors: Niitsuma Hirofumi , Ishii Motoyasu , Saito Yukie , Miura Masahito , Kobayashi Koju , Ohori Hitoshi , Toyota Takayoshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo hundred and seventy‐three serum specimens from hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers were examined for the presence of a characteristic one point mutation at nucleotide (nt) 1896 from the EcoRI site of the HBV genome in the precore region (the preC mutant) using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. This assay approach could detect preC mutants or wild‐type sequences when either form constituted more than 10% of the total sample. Overall, 65.5% (76/116) of HBeAg‐positive carriers had only the preC wild‐type. All HBeAg‐positive asymptomatic carriers (n = 14) had only the preC wild‐type. In patients with chronic hepatitis B and in anti‐HBe‐positive asymptomatic carriers, increased prevalence of the preC mutant was associated with the development of anti‐HBe antibodies and normalization of the serum alanine aminotransferase concentration. Furthermore, 27 (29.0%) of 93 HBeAg‐negative carriers had unexpectedly preC wild‐type sequences only. Direct sequencing of the HBV precore region of HBV specimens from 24 patients revealed no mutation at nt 1896, supporting the specificity of the RFLP analysis. These results suggest that RFLP analysis was accurate for the detection of the preC mutation and that the absence of serum HBeAg cannot be explained solely by the dominance of the preC mutant. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of two immunoassay procedures for detecting enterovirus IgM
Authors: Hodgson Julian , Bendig Justin , Keeling Philip , Booth James C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEnteroviruses cause significant illness in man but viral diagnosis is problematic. Enterovirus specific IgM tests have been developed but due to the difficulties of obtaining reliable control sera the interpretation of assay data remains mainly arbitrary and empirical. The present study was undertaken to assess the reliability of such assays by comparing two tests performed independently in two different laboratories: a μ‐capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA) which utilizes 35S‐labelled Coxsackie virus antigens and an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). A feature of the MACRIA was that sera were tested in one large batch whereas the EIA was in routine use in a reference laboratory. The MACRIA was easy to perform but more suitable for research investigations than routine diagnostic use. Similar results were detected in the majority of sera tested in the two assays with 85% concordance achieved on testing 120 sera. Of the 18 discrepant results, 11 were positive by EIA only and 7 by MACRIA only. 89‐95% concordance was obtained on testing sera against individual Coxsackie B1‐5 serotypes, moreover 52% of the serapositive in MACRIA were reactive against only one viral antigen and the results on certain of the more strongly reactive sera suggested the existence of a measure of type specificity in the MACRIA test. Qualitative differences between the two tests highlighted problems of interpretation in the absence of a gold standard and cautioned against sole reliance on serology for diagnosis of enteroviral infections. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid and sensitive streptavidin‐biotin amplified fluorogenic enzyme‐linked immunosorbent‐assay for direct detection and identification of dengue viral antigens in serum
Authors: Malergue Fabrice , Chungue Eliane 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEach of the four serotypes of dengue viruses is responsible for a spectrum of illnesses that range from nonspecific febrile syndrome with good prognosis to dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Definite diagnosis of dengue is provided by the detection of virus in acute‐phase sera of patients. Virus isolation can be accomplished with mosquito cell lines or mosquito inoculations. However, these methods are time consuming and labour intensive. The reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) provides a potential means of rapid diagnosis but requires specialised facilities and equipment and is expensive. Therefore a rapid, simple, sensitive, and economical method for direct detection of viral antigens in viraemic sera is needed for clinical and epidemiological investigations. An amplified fluorogenic enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (F‐ELISA) is described for the detection and identification of dengue‐3 viruses in serum specimens. This assay utilizes biotinylated mouse IgG antibody directed against dengue antigens captured by anti‐dengue monoclonal antibody coated onto polystyrene microplate wells. lt takes advantage of the high affinity of biotin for the multivalent binding sites of streptavidin‐labelled β‐galactosidase, and combines the amplification effect of biotin‐streptavidin interaction with the high sensitivity of fluorogenic detection methods. Following optimisation of the procedure by reducing nonspecific binding of proteins and enhancing the specific binding of antigens, F‐ELISA was tested on 259 sera submitted routinely to our laboratory for confirmation of dengue diagnosis. The sensitivity of the F‐ELISA was 90%, the specificity was 99% and the agreement rate was 98% between F‐ELISA and virus isolation results. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibody prevalence and immunoglobulin IgG subclass pattern to norwalk virus in Sweden
Authors: Hinkula Jorma , Ball Judy M. , Löfgren Sture , Estes Mary K. , Svensson Lennart 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe antibody prevalence in Sweden to Norwalk virus (NV) was investigated using a baculovirus expressed capsid antigen. One hundred thirty‐two serum samples were examined for IgA, total IgG and IgG subclass antibodies to Norwalk virus. In young children, NV IgG antibody prevalence was higher than the IgA prevalence, whereas no difference was found in individuals older than 21 years. The IgG antibody prevalence was 50% in children below 5 years of age and increased to >8O% in individuals older than 10 years of age. To examine the IgG antibody response in more detail, IgG subclass patterns were characterized. IgG 1 predominated in all age groups. IgG 4, usually detected after repeated exposure to antigen, was the second most prevalent subclass, but was only found in individuals olderthan 21 years of age. IgG 3 subclass antibodies were found in 13% and IgG 2 in 3% of the sera examined. IgG 3 subclass antibodies have been recognized as a marker for recent or ongoing viral infections. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapidly recurrent enteroviral meningitis in non‐immunocompromised infants caused by different viral strains
Authors: Aintablian Nectar , Pratt R. Douglas , Sawyer Mark H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRepeated episodes for enteroviral meningitis occurring within a 1‐month priod in two non‐immunocompromised infant were investigated using molecular techniques to distinguish persistent or recrudescent infection from new infection. Viral RNA from cerebrospinal fluid was amplified by polymerase chanin reaction, cloned, and the nucleic acid sequences determined. This analysis demonstrated that both infants had recurrent episodes of meningitis caused by new infection with a distincy enterovirus strain. The moleular methods that were employed should prove useful in similar clinical settings as well as for the study of enteroviral outbreaks. These cases also illustrate the potential for rapid reinfection of infants with different viruses of the same genus. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Enterovirus 71 isolated from China is serologically similar to the prototype E71 BrCr strain but differs in the 5′‐noncoding region
Authors: Zheng Zhi‐Ming , He Pei‐Jun , Caueffield Diane , Neumann Mark , Specter Steven , Baker Carl C. , Bankowski Matthew J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEnterovirus71 H (E71 H), an isolate from an adult patient with hand‐foot‐mouth disease (HFMD) in China, was serologically similar to the prototype strain E71 BrCr, which was isolated from a patient with aseptic meningitis. The study further analyzed the similarity of E71 H to E71 BrCr at the 5′‐noncoding region (NCR), a location in genomic RNA that recently was found to be related to neurovirulence in poliovirus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Using a reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) technique and a unique primer pair I, a 397 bp product was detected from E7 I BrCr, Cox A9 (Griggs), Cox A16 (NIH), Cox B1 (HA antigen 201–4681, Cox 65 (wild type), and ECHO 11 (Gregory), but not from E71 H, Cox A24 (Joseph), and ECHO 5 (Noyce). However, all of the viruses generated a 154 bp product using a universal enterovirus primer pair II. Further comparative analysis using primer‐directed sequencing of both the E71 H and E71 BrCr 154 bp products revealed that they differed by 12 bases. The variations between the two viruses were clustered in two loci, one in the region of nucleotides 43–61 with eight variations, and the other in the region of nucleotides 120–133 with three variations. The differences within the 5′‐NCR between the E71 H (HFMD) and the E71 BrCr (aseptic meningitis) viruses might provide a clue to explain why E71 was associated with two different clinical patterns: polio‐like disease in the United States, Australia, and Eastern Europe, HFMD in China, Japan, and Singapore. © 1995 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Herpesvirus‐like DNA sequences in classic Kaposi's Sarcomas
Authors: Sarcomas Kaposi'S , Rady Peter L. , Yen Angela , Martin Robert W. , Nedelcu Ioan , Hughes Thomas K. , Tyring Stephen K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractKaposi's sarcoma (KS) accounts for more than 15% of AIDS‐related malignancies. The etiology of KS is unresolved but is postulated to be multi‐factorial, involving viruses and overexpression of cellular growth factors and/or oncogenes. Recently, herpesvirus‐like sequences (KSHV) were identified with high prevalence in AIDS‐KS (AKS), endemic KS, and in classic KS biopsies (CKS). To confirm the presence and the prevalence of the KSHV sequences, 18 CKS and 13 AKS samples were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. To our knowledge this is the highest number of CKS samples that has ever been included in a single study, and it is also important that the biopsies were obtained from different institutions and geographical locations. KSHV sequences were detected in 100% of the AKS samples and 72% of the CKS biopsies using PCR analysis. The presence of the unique KSHV sequences was confirmed by direct sequencing of representative PCR products obtained from AKS and CKS samples. Reverse transcriptase (RTI‐PCR experiments showed that the KSHV sequences were transcribed to mRNA in both AKS and CKS samples. Our results confirm that the putative new herpesvirus‐like agent is associated with both AKS and CKS and may have an etiological role in the pathogenesis of this malignancy. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of wild‐type and e antigen‐defective hepatitis B viruses during the course of a short‐term corticosteroid therapy in chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Daikoku Manabu , Nakata Keisuke , Hamasaki Keisuke , Ido Akio , Nakao Kazuhiko , Kato Yuji , Koga Michiaki , Yano Michitami , Nagataki Shigenobu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV), with a G‐to‐A point mutation at nucleotide 83 in the precore region (mutant HBV83), accounts for most cases of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐defective HBV. However, it is still not clear how mutant HBV83 is associated with HBe seroconversion. Twenty‐six HBeAgpositive patients with chronic hepatitis B who received oral prednisolone (30 mg/day) for 3 weeks were studied to clarify the prevalence of mutant HBV83 during the treatment using polymerase chain reaction with a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Twelve (46%) patients seroconverted to anti‐HBe 1 year after treatment, whereas 14 (54%) did not. The proportion of mutant HBV83 to whole HBV remained unchanged in both groups during an acute exacerbation induced by withdrawal of corticosteroids. Among 12 anti‐HBe‐0seroconverted patients, five (56%) of nine patients with only wild‐type HBV at baseline developed detectable levels of mutant HBV83 while all three patients with a mixed viral population of wild‐type HBV and mu tant HBV83 at baseline developed a higher pro portion of mutant HBV83 one year after treat ment. In contrast, these changes were observed in only one (14%) of seven who failed to seroconvert. The results indicate that a flare‐up of hepa titis precedes emergence or selection of mutant HBV83, followed by HBe seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Perinatal infection and persistence of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in infants
Authors: Cason John , Kaye Jeremy N. , Jewers Richard J. , Kambo Parminder K. , Bible Jon M. , Kell Barbara , Shergill Bhavneet , Pakarian Farzin , Raju K. Shanti , Best Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPerinatal transmission of genital human papillomaviruses (HPVs), including HPV‐16 and ‐18 which are associated with anogenital carcinomas have been described previously [Pakarian et al. (1994): British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101:514‐517; Kaye et al. (1994) Journal of Medical Virology 44:415‐421]. A study was undertaken to investigate whether HPV‐16 and ‐18 DNA in infants contaminated at delivery persists until they are 6 months of age. Of 61 pregnant women recruited, 42 (68.8%) were HPV‐16 and 13 (21.3%) were HPV‐18 DNA positive. At 24 hr there were transmission rates from HPV DNA positive mothers to their infants of about 73% (HPV‐16: 69%; HPV‐18: 76.9%). Ten mothers who were both HPV‐16 and ‐18 DNA positive produced six (60%) infants who were also doubly positive at 24 hr. HPV DNA persisted to 6 weeks in 79.5% (HPV‐16: 84%; HPV‐18: 75%) of those infants who were positive at birth. At 6 months of age, persistent HPV‐16 DNA was detected in 83.3% of cases, but HPV‐18 DNA persistence at this time was 20%. To extend these observations over a greater age range of children HPV‐16 L1 and L2 proteins were expressed in insect cells via recombinant baculoviruses and sera from 229 children were examined to determine at what age IgM antibodies to HPV were acquired. There was a bimodal distribution of IgM seropositivity which peaked between 2 and 5 and 13 and 16 years of age, suggesting that two distinct modes of transmission may occur. The observation that infection with high cancer risk genital HPVs may occur in early life and persist is of considerable importance for HPV vaccine strategies. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PCR detection of JC virus DNA in brain tissue from patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Ferrante Pasquale , Caldarelli‐Stefano Rita , Omodeo‐Zorini Elisabetta , Vago Luca , Boldorini Renzo , Costanzi Giulio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, which is thought to be a result of the reactivation of JC virus (JCV), a human polyomavirus. The disease occurs in individuals with immunosuppression and in recent years there has been an increase in PML cases due to AIDS.A nested polymerase chain reaction (n‐PCR) was employed to detect JCV and BK virus (BKV) DNA in brain tissue collected postmortem from 28 AIDS patients with PML and from 13 patients without PML, but with other diagnoses, including solid tumors, Alzheimer's disease, thromboembolism, myocardial infarction and acute cerebrovascular diseases.All 28 brain specimens from the patients with PML were positive for JCV DNA when tested by n‐PCR and three of the latter were also positive for BKV DNA. These results were confirmed by an enzyme restriction analysis and a DNA hybridization assay.Interestingly, in this study, JCV DNA was also found in 6 brain tissue specimens from 4 subjects with diseases unrelated to PML or AIDS. All the brain specimens from the control group were negative for BKV DNA.The results confirm that the n‐PCR is a useful tool for PML diagnosis. The presence of JCV DNA in the brain tissue of patients without PML is particularly important since it indicates that JCV could be latent in the brains of immunocompetent individuals. Moreover, detection of simultaneous presence of JCV and BKV in the brain tissue of the patients with PML demonstrates that BKV may also infect the human brain without causing any apparent neurological disease. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathogenesis of hepatitis A in orally inoculated owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus)
Authors: Asher Ludmila V. Shavrina , Binn Leonard N. , Mensing Timothy L. , Marchwicki Ruth H. , Vassell Russell A. , Young G. David 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe pathogenesis of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection was studied in owl monkeys following oral administration of the wild‐type HM‐175 strain of HAV. Stools were collected daily and blood and pharyngeal swabs twice weekly for viral isolation, and animals were necropsied at various intervals after inoculation. Organs were examined for the presence of virus by isolation in cell culture and for viral antigens by immunofluorescence. Monkeys excreted HAV in the stools for 1–4 days after inoculation, presumably due to the residual unabsorbed inoculum. No virus was found in stools for the next 2–3 days. HAV re‐appeared on days 4–7 and then persisted through day 39. Viremia occurred on the 10th day and continued until day 35. Virus was isolated occasionally from throat swabs 1 or 2 weeks after it was detected in stools and blood, and there was no evidence that HAV replicated in the pharyngeal tissues. Animals acquired anti HAV antibody by the 4th week, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was elevated 5–5.5 weeks after inoculation. HAV was isolated from liver 5 days after inoculation; however, viral antigens were first detected in Kupffer cells of the liver at 14 days and in hepatocytes at 21 days. HAV antigen was detected in epithelial cells of the intestinal crypts and in the cells of the lamina propria of the small intestine 3 days postinoculation and thereafter until the 5th week, suggesting that these cells might represent an additional site of HAV replication. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Comparison of monoclonal antibodies for immunostaining in the cytomegalovirus shell vial assay on 4, 388 specimens
Authors: George Kirsten St. , Rinaldo Charles R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe shell vial assay is a sensitive, rapid test for the detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in a variety of specimens. The sensitivity of this assay is dependent on a number of factors including the antibodies used for immunostaining. Monoclonal antibodies to the CMV major immediate early antigen (p72) from Chemicon (MAB810) and Dupont (NEA‐9221) were assessed side by side in duplicate vials on 4, 388 specimens from a patient population consisting of > 90% organ transplant recipients. A total of 240 specimens (5.5%) were CMV positive in either one or both vials. Positivity rates were variable across different specimen types but highest (12.9%) in urine Specimens. Of the positive specimens, 175 (72.9%) tested positive in both vials, 43 (17.9%) tested positive in the Chemicon‐stained vial only, and 22 (9.2%) tested positive in the Dupontstained vial only (P < 0.01, McNemar's chisquare test). This gave an overall positivity rate of 5.0% for Chemicon antibodies and 4.5% for Dupont. There was no difference in the fluorescent focus counts produced by the two antibody sets. It is concluded that use of the Chemicon antibodies provides increased sensitivity of detection of CMV in the shell vial assay above that afforded by the Dupont antibody. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ inhibit synergistically viral replication in hepatitis B virus‐replicating cells
Authors: Kawanishi Yuko , Hayashi Norio , Katayama Kazuhiro , Ueda Keiji , Takehara Tetsuo , Miyoshi Eiji , Mita Eiji , Kasahara Akinori , Fusamoto Hideyuki , Kamada Takenobu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of tumor necrosis factor‐a and/or interferon‐γ on the replication of hepatitis B virus were examined using HB611 cells. These cells were derived from human hepatoblastoma cells, Huh6, by integrating hepatitis B virus DNA, and produce hepatitis B virus continuously. Each of the cytokines inhibited hepatitis B virus replication in the cells assessed as the amount of episomal hepatitis B virus DNA, without a decrease in cell viability. When the two cytokines were administered together, the inhibitory effect became greater. Incubation of the cells with 1, 000 U/ml tumor necrosis factor‐α decreased HBV DNA replicative intermediates by 55%, and that with 1, 000 U/ml interferon‐γ decreased these by 51%. Furthermore, incubation with 1, 000 U/ml tumor necrosis factor‐α and 1, 000 U/ml interferon‐γ in combination decreased HBV DNA replicative intermediates by 71%. In contrast, the amount of hepatitis B virus RNA and secretion of hepatitis B e antigen were not apparently reduced by the cytokines, and 2′, 5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase activity was not detected in the supernatant. These results suggest that tumor necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ inhibit hepatitis B virus replication by blocking some step in reverse transcription and that the 2′, 5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase is not involved in the mechanism underlying the inhibition by these two cytokines. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of tight junctions of polarized epithelial MDCK cells in the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1
Authors: Hayashi Kyoko 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBefore completion of polarization, Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells showed high infectivity and progeny production of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. After polarization or formation of tight junctions, the infectivity and virus replication in MDCK cells was restricted significantly. The disruption of tight junctions by depletion of Ca2+ resulted in increasing virus infectivity and productivity. Mechanical disruption of tight junctions by scratching the cell monolayers with injection needle allowed markedly the replication of HSV‐I in the cells aligned along the injured area. In polarized MDCK cells the progeny were released preferentially from the apical surface of the cells. These data suggest that because polarized MDCK cells mimic the epithelial cell layers, this cell line is helpful for determining the factors which regulate viral transmission in the human body. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.