bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parotid gland involvement, the presenting sign of high grade non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in two patients with Gaucher disease and sicca syndrome
Authors: Shvidel L. , Sigler E. , Shtalrid M. , Feldberg E. , Berrebi A. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIncreased risk of haematological malignancies has been described in Gaucher disease patients; however, high‐grade lymphoma has been rarely observed. We report two patients with Gaucher disease and sicca syndrome diagnosed with aggressive lymphoma involving the parotid gland. A 29‐year‐old woman with Gaucher disease developed tumour of the left parotid gland. She reported chronic arthralgias, xerostomia and xerophthalmia. Parotid gland biopsy disclosed diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. No lymphadenopathy was found. Bone biopsy revealed focal lymphomatous infiltration consistent with stage IV disease. MACOP‐B chemotherapy regimen (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, methotrexate, bleomycin, vincristine, prednisone) resulted in complete remission for 15 years. A 76‐year‐old patient with Gaucher disease suffered from dry‐mouth feeling. He developed a left parotid gland tumour. CT scan disclosed diffuse lymphadenopathy, pleural effusion and multiple lung nodules. A cervical lymph node biopsy revealed mantle cell lymphoma. Fine‐needle aspiration of the parotid gland showed lymphoma cells. Immunochemotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab resulted in complete remission. Accumulation of the glucocerebroside in Gaucher disease activates macrophages, inducing release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines which may be involved in the pathogenesis of second malignancy. Patients with Gaucher disease bear an increased risk of haematological malignancies; however, aggressive lymphoma has been described only occasionally. In both our patients the presenting sign of lymphoma was tumour of the parotid gland. The patients suffered from sicca syndrome, which increases risk for developing lymphoma. The underlying Gaucher disease and sicca syndrome might be implicated as immunological triggers for lymphoma occurrence and its propensity for the parotid gland in these patients.
Exhaust Emissions from an Engine Fueled with Biodiesel from High‐Oleic Soybeans
Authors: Tat Mustafa E. , Wang Paul S. , Van Gerpen Jon H. , Clemente Thomas E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBiodiesel is a fuel comprising mono‐alkyl esters of medium to long‐chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. Typically, engines operated on soybean‐based biodiesel exhibit higher emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) compared with petroleum diesel. The increase in NOx emissions might be an inherent characteristic of soybean oil's polyunsaturation, because the level of saturation is known to affect the biodiesel's cetane number, which can affect NOx. A feedstock that is mostly monounsaturated (i.e. oleate) helps to balance the tradeoff between cold flow and oxidative stability. Genetic modification has produced a soybean event, designated 335‐13, with a fatty acid profile high in oleic acid (>85%) and with reduced palmitic acid (<4%). This high‐oleic soybean oil was converted to biodiesel and run in a John Deere 4045T 4.5‐L four‐stroke, four‐cylinder, turbocharged direct‐injection diesel engine. The exhaust emissions were compared with those from conventional soybean oil biodiesel and commercial No. 2 diesel fuel. There was a significant reduction in NOx emissions (α = 0.05) using the high‐oleic soybean biodiesel compared with regular soybean oil biodiesel. No significant differences were found between the regular and high‐oleic biodiesel for unburned hydrocarbon and smoke emissions.
Host-based identification is not supported by morphometrics in natural populations of Gyrodactylus salaris and G. thymalli (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea)
Authors: OLSTAD K. , SHINN A. P. , BACHMANN L. , BAKKE T. A. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYGyrodactylus salaris is a serious pest of wild pre-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. The closely related G. thymalli, originally described from grayling (Thymallus thymallus), is assumed harmless to both grayling and salmon. The 2 species are difficult to distinguish using traditional, morphometric methods or molecular approaches. The aim of this study was to explore whether there is a consistent pattern of morphometrical variation between G. salaris and G. thymalli and to analyse the morphometric variation in the context of ‘diagnostic realism’ (in natural populations). Specimens from the type-material for the 2 species are also included. In total, 27 point-to-point measurements from the opisthaptoral hard parts were used and analysed by digital image processing and uni- and multivariate morphometry. All populations most closely resembled its respective type material, as expected from host species, with the exception of G. thymalli from the Norwegian river Trysilelva. We, therefore, did not find clear support in the morphometrical variation among G. salaris and G. thymalli for an a priori species delineation based on host. The present study also indicates an urgent need for more detailed knowledge on the influence of environmental factors on the phenotype of gyrodactylid populations.
The clinical and public health value of non-culture methods in the investigation of a cluster of unexplained pneumonia cases
Authors: SHEPPARD C. L. , SALMON J. E. , HARRISON T. G. , LYONS M. , GEORGE R. C. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYDuring 2003, a cluster of initially unexplained pneumonia cases (two fatal) occurred in patients aged <50 years in a British city. Routine culture tests were inconclusive, however, pneumococcal infection was suspected and the putative outbreak was investigated using non-culture methods. Clinical samples from ten patients were tested by pneumococcal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), or Binax NOW® pneumococcal urine antigen test and serotype-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lung samples from the deceased patients were PCR positive and yielded different MLST types. Two patients in one family group were serotype 1 pneumococcal antigen positive. Two further patients were serotype 1 antigen positive, and one serotype 4 positive. Two antigen-positive cases were also serum PCR positive. Non-culture methods confirmed the disease aetiology in six cases. Serotype and MLST results showed no single outbreak, but a family cluster of cases in a high background of pneumococcal pneumonia, providing important epidemiological data that would not otherwise have been available.
Trends in resistance to penicillin and erythromycin of invasive pneumococci in Portugal
Authors: DIAS R. , CANIÇA M. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYAntimicrobial resistance of pneumococci is influenced by serotypes, antimicrobial consumption and vaccine use. Serotyping of 697 out of 1331 pneumococcal isolates, recovered in Portugal from 1994 to 2004, showed that the theoretical rate of heptavalent conjugate vaccine coverage was 91·7% and 63·6% for penicillin and erythromycin non-susceptible strains, respectively, in children up to 1 year old. The use of amoxicillin and erythromycin decreased in the vaccine period 2001–2004 (P=0·04 andP<0·01, respectively) but azithromycin usage increased in the same period (P<0·01). By using linear regression models, we evaluated the role of antimicrobial and vaccine use in the trends of resistance to penicillin and erythromycin among the isolates. The models suggest that the use of macrolides was the main factor associated with an increase of penicillin and erythromycin non-susceptible isolates from adults (P<0·01) and erythromycin non-susceptible isolates among children (P=0·006). These models also suggest that heptavalent vaccine is failing to reduce antimicrobial resistance as expected, possibly due to the increased consumption of azithromycin (P=0·04). The efficient use of new antibiotics may reverse the present trends of antimicrobial resistance.
Epidemiological characteristics and medical follow-up of 61 patients with acute hepatitis C identified through the hepatitis C surveillance system in France
Authors: BROUARD C. , PRADAT P. , DELAROCQUE-ASTAGNEAU E. , SILVAIN C. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYThis study aimed to describe current epidemiological and clinical characteristics, medical follow-up and outcome in the real practice of acute hepatitis C (AHC) patients. AHC cases were retrospectively identified through the French Hepatology Reference Centres Surveillance system and additional data were collected. Sixty-one patients with AHC were identified (sex ratio: M/F 1·7/1; mean age 39 years). Forty-four (72%) had documented seroconversion within a 6-month period. Main reported risk exposures were intravenous or nasal drug use (35%), invasive medical procedures (25%) and sexual contact with a HCV-positive partner (20%). Spontaneous clearance of HCV RNA was observed in seven out of 16 patients followed without therapy. This study confirms the major role of drug use in HCV transmission and highlights the role of invasive medical procedures and occupational exposure.
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO CYTOTOXICITY INDUCED BY AN ATTENUATED SALMONELLA: RELATION TO BACTERIAL CARRIER STATE AND RESISTANCE TO TUMOUR GROWTH
Authors: Ashley Michael P , Kotlarski Ieva 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn vivo and in vitro parameters of tumour resistance were examined after immunization of mice with the attenuated 11RX strain of S. enteritidis. During the bacterial carrier state produced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) injection of 11RX the mice were resistant to i.p. tumour growth, could destroy i.p. injected 125I‐ or 131I‐labelled tumour cells in vivo and had non‐specifically cytotoxic peritoneal cells (PC) which could lyse 51Cr‐labelled tumour cells in vitro. Most of the in vivo and in vitro cytotoxic activity could be attributed to activated macrophages (La Posta et al., 1982). The predominantly local nature of 11RX‐induced anti‐tumour activity was indicated by the superiority of the i.p. route of infection for induction of tumour resistance and in vivo and in vitro cytotoxicity.After i.v. injection of 11RX, none of the anti‐tumour effects outlasted the bacterial carrier state. However, after i.p. infection, a dichotomy was observed between in vitro and in vivo anti‐tumour effects. In vitro PC cytotoxicity lasted only for the length of the 11RX carrier state (approximately 30 days), whereas resistance to i.p. tumour growth lasted for 60 to 100 days and was correlated closely with cytotoxic activity measured in vivo. Possible reasons for this dichotomy are discussed.
MODELS FOR THE METABOLIC PRODUCTION OF OXALATE FROM XYLITOL IN HUMANS: A ROLE FOR FRUCTOKINASE AND ALDOLASE
Authors: James Heather M , Bais Renze , Edwards John B , Rofe Allan M , Conyers Robert AJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIt has been proposed previously that oxalate precursors may be formed in the transketolase reaction during the metabolism of xylitol. It is shown in this paper that fructokinase and aldolase, purified from human liver, provide an alternative model in that, in coupled sequence, they produce glycolaldehyde, an oxalate precursor, from D‐xylulose via D‐xylulose I‐phosphate; D‐fructose does not give rise to glycolaldehyde. It is concluded that metabolic pathways based on a combination of the transketolase, fructokinase and aldolase reactions can account for the production of glucose, lactate, tetronates (D‐threonic and D‐erythronic acids) and oxalate (precursors) during the metabolism of xylitol administered parenterally.
THE EFFECT OF DOPAMINE ON HUMAN GASTRIC SMOOTH MUSCLE
Authors: Thompson BK , de Carle DJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryDopamine had inhibitory effects on contractions of human gastric smooth muscle strips. Inhibition of spontaneous contractions occurred at high concentrations only, the mean maximum inhibition being 17% at a concentration of 4·7 × 10−4 M. It was unaffected by haloperidol (10−5 M) or textrodotoxin (10−6 M) but was abolished by a combination of phenoxybenzamine (10−5 M) and propranolol (10−5 M). Isoprenaline caused a dose‐dependent inhibition of spontaneous contractions with mean maximal inhibition at a concentration of 4·6 × 10−6 M. These results suggest that there are no specific dopamine receptors in human gastric smooth muscle and that dopamine‐induced inhibitory effects are due to stimulation of adrenergic receptors.
TOXICITY STUDIES OF THE TOXINS ISOLATED FROM ANNUAL RYEGRASS (LOLIUM RIGIDUM) INFECTED BY CORYNEBACTERIUM RATHAYI
Authors: Berry PH , Vogel P 
Published: August 2007

SummaryEstimates of the LD50's of 7 glycolipid toxins (corynetoxins) isolated from toxic annual ryegrass varied in the range 0·1–1·3 mg/kg in 2‐week‐old rats. The delay in onset of neurological signs in rats and sheep was independent of dose rate and could be the result of inhibition of protein biosynthesis. In sheep, no influence of the route of administration on the delay in onset of neurological signs was demonstrated. The relationship between the partial structures of the two major corynetoxins and their toxicity is discussed.
METABOLISM OF BABESIA PARASITES IN VITRO. GLUCOSE AND ENERGY METABOLISM AND SURVIVAL OF BABESIA RODHAINI IN A BASAL MEDIUM WITH AND WITHOUT ADENOSINE
Authors: Barry DN 
Published: August 2007

SummaryDuring in vitro incubation in Krebs Ringer phosphate (KRP) medium, rat erythrocytes about 20% parasitized with B. rodhaini used two to four times as much glucose as unparasitized erythrocytes. However, the ATP concentration and ATP production of parasitized erythrocytes decreased. For example, before incubation the ATP concentration in parasitized erythrocytes was significantly higher than unparasitized erythrocytes, but following 0·5 h incubation it was reduced to about the same as in unparasitized erythrocytes.Addition of 5 × 10−3 M adenosine to the basal medium increased the ATP production and the adenylate energy charge of parasitized erythrocytes. Infectivity tests in susceptible mice showed that, despite these seemingly favourable changes in energy metabolism, adenosine had no detectable effect on the survival of B. rodhaini. Absence of infectivity showed the inability of KRP medium to support B. rodhaini for 22 h in vitro with or without adenosine.Adenosine also greatly decreased the glucose uptake by parasitized erythrocytes, apparently by competitive inhibition, since lactate production was unchanged.
STRONGYLOIDES RATTI INFECTIONS IN CONGENITALLY HYPOTHYMIC (NUDE) MICE
Authors: Dawkins HJS , Mitchell GF , Grove DI 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe course of infection with Strongyloides ratti was examined in congenially hypothymic CBA/H, C57B1/6 and BALB/c nude mice. The intensity of infection and the duration of faecal larval excretion were both increased in nude mice when compared with intact mice. Adult worms persisted in the small intestine of nude mice for at least 6 weeks. Greater worm burdens were found in such mice after subcutaneous injection as compared with percutaneous infection. Hypothymic mice did not acquire resistance to re‐infection. It is concluded that both the spontaneous expulsion of worms in primary infection and resistance to challenge infection are T cell‐dependent events. Autoinfection was not seen.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EFFECTOR CELLS RESPONSIBLE FOR TUMOUR RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS 11RX‐IMMUNIZED MICE
Authors: La Posta Vincent J , Ashley Michael P , Kotlarski Ieva 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn an attempt to characterize the effector cells responsible for tumour resistance in Salmonella enteritidis 11RX‐immunized mice the anti‐macrophage agent trypan blue was used in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Resistance was measured in vivo by the clearance of 125I from she peritoneal cavity of mice injected intraperitoneally with 125I‐5‐iododeoxyuridine labelled Ehrlich Ascites Tumour (EAT) cells. The in vitro correlate was measured by lysis of 51Cr‐labelled tumour cells by peritoneal cells (PC) from 11RX‐immunized mice. Pre‐treatment of resistant mice with trypan blue greatly reduced both 125I clearance and 51Cr release. The in vitro cytolytic activity was non‐specific.Fractionation of cytotoxic PC on the basis of adherence to plastic or nylon wool and buoyant density, coupled with the use of appropriate cell targets, showed that the bulk of cytotoxic activity resided with macrophages, with some contribution from other cells such as natural killer cells.Killing of labelled tumour cells could be inhibited by competition with unlabelled cells or by separating the PC and tumour cells by a cell impermeable membrane. This showed that close association between the effector and target cells was necessary before killing could occur.
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE FUNNEL‐WEB SPIDER VENOM INHIBITOR FOUND IN RAT PLASMA
Authors: Atkinson RK 
Published: August 2007

SummaryStrong evidence has been obtained that the funnel‐web spider venom inhibitor, previously found to occur naturally in the blood of rats, is at least partly immunoglobulin in composition. However, the results of chromatographic and immunological studies, including the use of specific antisera, indicate that this inhibitor is not a single chemical entity and apparently resides within more than one immunoglobulin class. In addition, it was observed that challenge of rats with Atrax venom substantially increased the venom‐inhibiting powers of their blood and that these powers were located in the same plasma fractions as in unchallenged rats.
DISTRIBUTION OF α1‐ANTITRYPSIN (PI) SUBTYPES FROM NEWBORNS
Authors: Mulley John C 
Published: August 2007

SummaryPI phenotypes were determined from 420 cord bloods from Adelaide. Allele frequencies for the subvariants P1*M1, P1*M2 and P1*M3 were 0·73, 0·14 and 0·09, respectively. The combined frequency of other alleles was 0·04. This relatively high level of variation makes PI useful for gene mapping, paternity testing and zygosity testing. For this locus the average probability of detecting non‐paternity in this population is 28%.
HUMAN ALLOGENEIC RESPONSES: LYMPHOKINE REQUIREMENT FOR THE IN VITRO GENERATION OF SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC RESPONSES TO A MALIGNANT MELANOMA CELL LINE
Authors: Warren Hilary S , Pembrey Richard G , Wildermuth Catherine E 
Published: August 2007

SummaryRequirements for the in vitro generation of specific cytotoxic responses by human T‐lymphocytes to an allogeneic malignant melanoma cell line (MM‐170) have been examined. The responder T‐lymphocytes used were isolated from peripheral blood and were essentially free of non‐specific cytotoxic effector cells and their precursors. MM‐170 alone was found to be an inadequate stimulator of cytotoxic responses. Stimulation did occur in cultures with both MM‐170 and an Interleukin‐2 containing human lymphokine supernatant. The cytotoxic effector cells generated were specific for MM‐170 when the MM‐170 cells used for stimulation had been metabolically inactivated by glutaraldehyde treatment.
PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HAEMOLYTIC LIPIDS FROM PEROXIDIZED RAT LIVER MICROSOMES
Authors: Willis RJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryToxic substances are generated by microsomes undergoing NADPH‐dependent lipid peroxidation. In the present experiments the nature of the haemolytic material extracted from peroxidized microsomes is further examined. Suspensions of peroxidized rat liver microsomes were extracted with lipid solvents and the haemolytic material obtained subjected to gel exclusion chromatography. The haemolytic activity eluted as a single broad peak with an average size of 720 daltons. There was no evidence of haemolytic compounds less than 500 daltons. On a silicic acid column the activity eluted with the phospholipid. In both separations the presence of haemolytic activity correlated well with the peroxide content.
TWO ANTI‐TUMOUR CYTOTOXIC CELLS IN THE PERITONEAL CAVITY OF RATS: NATURAL OCCURRENCE, AUGMENTATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Inoue Y , Nelson DS 
Published: August 2007

SummaryMononuclear cells cytotoxic to methylcholanthrene‐induced fibrosarcoma cells were detected in the peritoneal cavities of normal rats by means of 16 h 51Cr release and 48 h 125IUdR release assays. Carriage of a tumour which induces concomitant immunity, or intraperitoneal injections of Corynebacterium parvum or proteose‐peptone, led to increases in mononuclear cell numbers. Injections of C. parvum and proteose‐peptone led to increases in cytotoxicity in 51Cr release assays. Carriage of an immunogenic tumour led to an increase in cytotoxicity to homologous tumour cells in the 125IUdR release assay. Cells were separated by sedimentation velocity, metrizamide density gradients and adherence to glass or plastic. Small cells were more active than large cells in 51Cr release assays. Larger cells tended to be more active in 125IUdR release assays. Generally, low density cells were more active in both assays, except that high density cells induced by C. parvum were most active in 125IUdR release. Adherent cells from C. parvum‐injected rats were more active than non‐adherent cells in both assays. On the basis of differential stimulation and separation by sedimentation velocity it is suggested that two cell types, possibly NK cells and macrophages, are operative. 125IUdR‐labelled fibrosarcoma cells were lysed after intraperitoneal injection into normal and concomitantly immune rats, more rapidly and extensively in the latter case. These cytotoxic cells may be important in both natural and acquired resistance of rats to tumour growth.
MULTIPLE INFECTIONS WITH NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS IN MICE SELECTED FOR LIABILITY TO A SINGLE INFECTION
Authors: Brindley PJ , Dobson Colin 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe faecal egg counts and worm burdens of mice selected over 7 generations as refractory (R), random (Rd) or liable (L) to primary infection with Nemataspiroides dubius were significantly different, but the antibody titres (generation 8 mice) after 21 days infection were similar, demonstrating that selection had separated populations of mice which differed in their innate immunity. Variations in adaptive immunity were also shown between the three colonies in terms of protection after challenge infections, self‐cure reactions, humoral antibody titres and ability of immune serum from R, Rd and L donors to passively protect recipient Quackenbush (Q) strain mice. R mice were more refractory to primary infection and more proficient in acquiring protective levels of adaptive immunity than L colony mice. Correlation of the faecal parasite egg count after primary with that after secondary infection supported the conclusion that the genetic control of liability to primary infection and of the adaptive immune response following challenge infections were at least partially linked.