bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benefits of a bolus calculator in pre‐ and postprandial glycaemic control and meal flexibility of paediatric patients using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
Authors: Shashaj B. , Busetto E. , Sulli N. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAims   To assess the efficacy in pre‐ and postprandial glycaemic control and the impact on treatment satisfaction of a bolus calculator (Bolus Wizard) incorporated into the insulin pump in Type 1 diabetic (T1D) paediatric patients using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) treatment at various stages of pubertal development.Methods   Thirty‐six T1D patients on CSII treatment (19 males; mean age 13.9 ± 3.5 years; range 4.9–17.8 years), were prospectively enrolled into this two‐period crossover study. Eighteen patients were randomized to begin phase A using the Bolus Wizard, followed by phase B, using their current conventional insulin dosing method to determine pre‐meal boluses. The remaining subjects were randomized to begin with phase B followed by phase A. Each study period lasted 2 weeks. A questionnaire assessing treatment satisfaction with the Bolus Wizard was compiled.Results   There was a significant reduction in blood glucose levels before and 2 h after meals and in the number of correction boluses during phase A with respect to phase B of the study. The lower frequency of hypoglycaemic events during phase A did not reach statistical significance. There were no differences between the two phases: insulin requirement, daily bolus rate (%) and meal bolus quantity.Conclusions   When paediatric patients used CSII, the bolus insulin dose calculated using the Bolus Wizard was more effective in improving pre‐ and postprandial glycaemic control with fewer correction boluses, without differences in the prandial insulin requirements and without restriction in the carbohydrate content of meals. The use of the Bolus Wizard was easy and was associated with a high level of satisfaction in these patients.
Plastid transformation of high‐biomass tobacco variety Maryland Mammoth for production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) p24 antigen
Authors: McCabe Matthew S. , Klaas Manfred , Gonzalez‐Rabade Nuria , Poage Miranda , Badillo‐Corona Jesus A. , Zhou Fei , Karcher Daniel , Bock Ralph , Gray John C. , Dix Philip J. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryChloroplast transformation of the high‐biomass tobacco variety Maryland Mammoth has been assessed as a production platform for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) p24 antigen. Maryland Mammoth offers the prospect of higher yields of intact functional protein per unit floor area of contained glasshouse per unit time prior to flowering. Two different transformation constructs, pZSJH1p24 (for the insertion of a native p24 cDNA between the rbcL and accD genes) and pZF5 (for the insertion of a chloroplast‐codon‐optimized p24 gene between trnfM and trnG) were examined for the production of p24. Plants generated with construct pZSJH1p24 exhibited a normal green phenotype, but p24 protein accumulated only in the youngest leaves (up to approximately 350 µg/g fresh weight or ~2.5% total soluble protein) and was undetectable in mature leaves. In contrast, some of the plants generated with pZF5 exhibited a yellow phenotype (pZF5‐yellow) with detectable p24 accumulation (up to approximately 450 µg/g fresh weight or ~4.5% total soluble protein) in all leaves, regardless of age. Total protein in pZF5‐yellow leaves was reduced by ~40%. The pZF5‐yellow phenotype was associated with recombination between native and introduced direct repeat sequences of the rbcL 3′ untransformed region in the plastid genome. Chloroplast‐expressed p24 was recognized by a conformation‐dependent monoclonal antibody to p24, and p24 protein could be purified from pZF5‐yellow leaves using a simple procedure, involving ammonium sulphate precipitation and ion‐exchange chromatography, without the use of an affinity tag. The purified p24 was shown to be full length with no modifications, such as glycosylation or phosphorylation, using N‐terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry.
What's in a Name?
Authors: Levi Don S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper is about the mode of being of names. The paper begins by explaining why the joke is on commentators who see Lewis Carroll's White Knight as applying the use/mention distinction. Then it argues that the real problem with the distinction is that the idea that names are used to mention what they name depends on mistakenly conceiving of language as existing autonomously; and that philosophers have this conception because they fail to appreciate what they are doing when they philosophise about language. This failure also explains why philosophers mistakenly think of any manifestation of a name as a (physical) token.
THE RECEPTION OF DIONYSIUS IN THE BYZANTINE WORLD: MAXIMUS TO PALAMAS
Authors: LOUTH ANDREW 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe first major theologian to engage the CD in the Byzantine world is Maximus the Confessor. His is a highly individual engagement, but without any of the embarrassment alleged by many modern scholars. Dionysian influence in Byzantium seems to have been mostly confined to the monastic tradition, and is traced here, in outline, from Symeon the New Theologian to Gregory Palamas. Various issues recur: the distinction between apophatic and kataphatic theology, the notion of hierarchy (often understood in a much cruder way than in Dionysius himself), the nature and importance of angelic mediation, and the central place of the sacramental liturgy.
THE EARLY LATIN DIONYSIUS: ERIUGENA AND HUGH OF ST. VICTOR
Authors: ROREM PAUL 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis essay sketches how Eriugena and Hugh of St. Victor interpreted the Areopagite, emphasizing key passages for each. Eriugena's translation of the CD and his Expositiones on The Celestial Hierarchy exerted a tremendous influence on subsequent Latin readers, including Hugh, and even survived the condemnation of his masterwork, the Periphyseon. The Victorine, whose own Augustinian inclinations were largely untouched by his encounter with the Areopagite, nevertheless exerted a distinctive influence by (falsely) attributing to Dionysius the view that in our pursuit of God, “love surpasses knowledge.” Together, despite their stark differences, they bequeathed a lively Dionysian tradition to the high medieval authors, scholastics and mystics alike.
Alcohol abuse, compulsory treatment and successive aftercare: a qualitative study of client perspectives
Authors: Ekendahl Mats 
Published: September 2008

In Sweden, the social welfare boards have a statutory duty to provide aftercare for compulsorily treated substance abusers. However, there are no data on how the aftercare is organised and how clients perceive this phase of the compulsory treatment process. The aim of the study is to analyse how a sample of compulsorily treated alcohol abusers (n = 12) characterise the current coercive treatment episode and evaluate previously experienced and forthcoming aftercare interventions. Qualitative interview‐data were coded into themes and sub‐themes encompassing relevant client perspectives. Results show that the alcohol abusers claimed to want (but be denied) adequate help for their problems, both during primary treatment and after discharge. Their perspectives on coercive care and aftercare interventions appeared related to their views on their own problems and on being incarcerated. For instance, those who recognised their own alcohol problems emphasised the importance of quitting consumption and were dissatisfied with interventions offered during and subsequent to compulsory treatment referrals.
Abortive aphthous‐like oral lesions: an underreported initial presentation of pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Daneshpazhooh M , Chams‐Davatchi C , Ramezani A , Moinedin F , Rezaei Hemami M 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackground  Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) usually presents as non‐healing, painful oral erosions, but transient or aphtha‐like lesions are not exceptional at the very beginning of the disease leading to the common misdiagnosis of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). We designed this cross‐sectional, questionnaire‐based study to evaluate this underreported yet important presentation of PV.Material and methods  One hundred and eighty‐five consecutive PV patients were interviewed and a questionnaire, comprising items related to the natural history of oral lesions, was filled in for each. Fourteen patients who had taken steroids (topical or systemic) before their final diagnosis were excluded.Results  Twenty‐three per cent of patients gave a history of transient aphthous‐like lesions; 95% of them were misdiagnosed as aphthae. These lesions were especially reported by patients aged 40 years or older (P < 0.047).Conclusion  PV should be kept in mind as a rare differential diagnosis of transient oral ulcerations. We recommend careful observation of these patients and performing indirect immunofluorescence or desmoglein ELISA and even biopsy in atypical cases, to rule out PV especially in older patients and predisposed ethic groups. To find out the differential aspects of RAS and aphthous‐like PV, a cohort study on RAS patients is suggested.Conflicts of interestNone declared
Examining Quality Improvement Programs: The Case of Minnesota Hospitals
Authors: Olson John R. , Belohlav James A. , Cook Lori S. , Hays Julie M. 
Published: August 2008

Objective. To determine if there is a hierarchy of improvement program adoption by hospitals and outline that hierarchy.Data Sources. Primary data were collected in the spring of 2007 via e‐survey from 210 individuals representing 109 Minnesota hospitals. Secondary data from 2006 were assembled from the Leapfrog database.Study Design. As part of a larger survey, respondents were given a list of improvement programs and asked to identify those programs that are used in their hospital.Data Collection/Data Extraction. Rasch Model Analysis was used to assess whether a unidimensional construct exists that defines a hospital's ability to implement performance improvement programs. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship of the Rasch ability scores with Leapfrog Safe Practices Scores to validate the research findings.Principal Findings. The results of the study show that hospitals have widely varying abilities in implementing improvement programs. In addition, improvement programs present differing levels of difficulty for hospitals trying to implement them. Our findings also indicate that the ability to adopt improvement programs is important to the overall performance of hospitals.Conclusions. There is a hierarchy of improvement programs in the health care context. A hospital's ability to successfully adopt improvement programs is a function of its existing capabilities. As a hospital's capability increases, the ability to successfully implement higher level programs also increases.
Turning the tide: Enabling sustainable development for Africa's mobile pastoralists
Authors: Davies Jonathan 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Sustainable development for Africa's mobile pastoralists is slowly becoming a reality. Success depends to a large extent on understanding the dynamics of drylands environments, accepting the logic of customary mobile livestock keeping, and enabling effective governance. Appropriate investment in pastoralism requires a clear understanding of the values that are attached to it and innovative approaches to marketing of the goods and services that emanate from the system. To make development truly sustainable it is imperative that the environmental services of pastoralism are recognised, rewarded and promoted. Constraints to sustainable pastoral development include low and misdirected public and private investment, weak security of resource rights, low human capital, weak pastoral voice and poor governance. Successful and sustainable development is observed in pastoral regions where customary governance has been legitimized, resource rights secured and economic development of the pastoral sector, as opposed to transformation of livestock keeping, has prevailed. This article presents state‐of‐the‐art knowledge on sustainable pastoralism, gathered through the GEF/UNDP/IUCN World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism (WISP), with data and case studies taken from three recently published WISP reports: “Global Economic Review of Pastoralism”, “Pastoralism as Conservation in the Horn of Africa”, and “Policy Impacts on Pastoral Environments”.
Whither La Plata? Assessing the state of transboundary water resource cooperation in the basin
Authors: Gilman Patrick , Pochat Víctor , Dinar Ariel 
Published: September 2008

Abstract In many ways, current treaty arrangements for cooperation over shared water resources among Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay — the five riparian states in South America's La Plata basin — have been relatively successful. These arrangements, mostly bilateral and trilateral partial coalition agreements and institutions that operate under the aegis of the 1969 La Plata River Treaty, have led to significant economic gains from the treaty arrangements for all five riparian states. But these economic gains have also generated significant externalities — particularly, severe environmental degradation — suggesting that alternate cooperative arrangements may be more optimal. Current work suggests that grand coalitions following principles of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) may provide the most efficient means of distributing the benefits and costs of water resource cooperation equitably across riparian states. Using a theoretical framework developed by

Just and Netanyahu (1998

), we find that the arrangement of partial coalitions that exists in the La Plata Basin is preferable to a grand coalition because of its higher degree of stability. Finally, given the ways in which these partial coalitions are beginning to incorporate IWRM techniques, gaining experience and international recognition, we consider whether it is likely that partial coalitions will lead to a grand coalition in the foreseeable future.
Clinical and Preclinical Rationale for CGRP‐Receptor Antagonists in the Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Tepper Stewart J. , Stillman Mark J. 
Published: September 2008

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is linked to migraine and other primary headache disorders. It is found in every location described in migraine genesis and processing, including meninges, trigeminal ganglion, trigeminocervical complex, brainstem nuclei, and cortex. It is released in animal models following stimulation of the CNS similar to that seen in migraine, and triptans inhibit this release. Injection of CGRP into migraineurs results in delayed headache similar to migraine. Elevation of CGRP occurs during migraine, resolving following migraine‐specific treatment. Finally, and most importantly, CGRP receptor antagonists terminate migraine with efficacy similar to triptans. Both intravenous olcegepant (BIBN 4096 BS) and oral telcagepant (MK‐0974) have been effective, safe, and well tolerated in phase I and II studies. Telcagepant is currently in phase III trials, and preliminary results are favorable.The potential for a migraine‐specific medication without vasoconstrictive or vascular side effects is enormous. CGRP receptor blockade may also have applications in other pathologic and pain syndromes.
Learning Contested Lessons: Participation Equity and Electric Utility Regulation
Authors: Laird Frank N. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractElectric utilities have typically enjoyed a close and cooperative relationship with the state regulatory bodies that oversee them. In 2001, the Colorado Public Utilities Commission mandated that the largest Colorado utility build a wind power plant as part of its conventional generating capacity, despite the utility's vigorous objections. Local environmental groups, intervening in a form of rule making called Integrated Resource Planning, succeeded in overturning regulatory capture. This paper explains this anomalous case and highlights the role of knowledge and learning in the outcome. The case shows the opportunities and limitations of using contested technical knowledge to push for institutional learning. The case also suggests the importance of repeated policy processes. Wind energy advocates perceived that they had acquired participation equity, ownership in the process akin to Kingdon's “softening up,” which led policy makers to take their arguments more seriously, opening up the possibility of institutional learning.
Pandemic Disease: A Past and Future Challenge to Governance in the United States
Authors: Cook Alethia H. , Cohen David B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThroughout history, pandemics have posed significant challenges to governments. Examination of the ways that governments have responded to pandemics can contribute to the U.S. government's ability to react in the future. We utilize past cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and multiple forms of influenza to identify specific challenges governments have faced. Based on that knowledge, we discuss the major issues that the United States will have to address in the event of a future pandemic.
Comparison of chlorpromazine versus morphine hydrochloride for treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome
Authors: Mazurier E , Cambonie G , Barbotte E , Grare A , Pinzani V , Picaud JC 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAim: To compare the duration of treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) using chlorpromazine versus morphine hydrochloride.Methods: We compared two case series of term infants with NAS treated with either morphine hydrochloride (MH) or chlorpromazine (CP). Seventeen infants were treated with MH from 1998 to 1999, and 20 infants were managed with CP from 2000 to 2001. The duration of treatment was compared, and multivariate analysis was used to identify independent risk factors related to the duration of treatment.Results: Characteristics of the mothers (duration of drug addiction, abuse of other substances) and infants (birth weight, proportion breastfed) were similar in the two groups. The mean duration of CP treatment was 6 days (range 3.5–9 days), significantly fewer days than with MH treatment, which was 16 days (range 10–21 days; p < 0.001). There were fewer hospitalization days (11 days; range 9–14 days) for CP treatment compared with MH‐treated infants (18 days; range 16–25 days). Treatment with CP was independently associated with shorter hospitalization time.Conclusion: CP appears to shorten the duration of NAS compared with MH. Larger prospective randomized trials are needed to confirm our findings.
Real‐time PCR of the 16S‐rRNA gene in the diagnosis of neonatal bacteraemia
Authors: Ohlin Andreas , Bäckman Anders , Björkqvist Maria , Mölling Paula , Jurstrand Margaretha , Schollin Jens 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate a real‐time PCR assay for the diagnosis of neonatal bacteraemia.Patients and methods: Two hundred ninety‐five plasma samples from 288 newborns with suspected neonatal sepsis were collected prospectively for the purpose of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based bacterial detection. A real‐time PCR targeting the bacterial gene for 16S‐rRNA gene combined with four specific probes designed to detect Gram‐negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CoNS) was developed. All samples positive in the universal PCR were further sequenced for bacterial identification.Results: When applied to a material from 50 patients with positive blood culture and 245 patients with negative blood culture, the universal PCR showed a sensitivity of 42% (28–57), a specificity of 95% (92–97), a positive predictive value of 64% (45–80), and a negative predictive value of 89% (84–92) (95% confidence intervals in brackets).Conclusion: A new real‐time PCR technique was for the first time applied to a well‐defined prospectively and consecutively enrolled material of newborns with suspected sepsis, combining the benefits of real‐time PCR with specific probes and sequencing. The method managed to detect bacteraemia with high specificity even though the sensitivity was low. Factors causing the low sensitivity are identified and further strategies to develop the method are described.
Drink driving and the patterns and context of drinking among New Zealand adolescents
Authors: Tin Sandar Tin , Ameratunga Shanthi , Robinson Elizabeth , Crengle Sue , Schaaf David , Watson Peter 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAim: To examine the association between drink driving and the patterns and locations of usual drinking among New Zealand adolescents.Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from a nationally representative youth health survey, the sampling frame for which was all New Zealand secondary schools with more than 50 students enrolled in years 9 to 13 (ages 12 to 18 years) in 2001. The analysis was restricted to the 3408 survey respondents aged 15 years or older who were current drinkers and drivers.Results: In total, 17.3% of participants reported drink driving in the previous month. Drink driving was significantly associated with frequent (at least weekly) alcohol use, binge drinking and usually drinking away from home, that is in cars, outdoors, at bars or nightclubs, at parties, at school and at work. Students' perception that parents and schools care about them, parental monitoring, and high academic achievement was associated with a reduced risk of drink driving while having friends who drink alcohol increased this risk. These associations were similar among boys and girls.Conclusion: The findings support calls to address how and where young people drink, and indicate the potential gains to be made with family‐ and school‐based interventions.
Normal brainstem responses in moderately preterm infants
Authors: Jiang Ze D , Wilkinson Andrew R 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to detect any differences in brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) to different click rates between moderately preterm and term infants.Methods: BAER was recorded with 21–91/s clicks at term age (37–42 weeks postconceptional age) in 39 moderately preterm infants (gestation 33–36 weeks). The results were compared with 37 healthy term infants.Results: The latencies of waves I, III and V, and I–V interval in preterm infants were all similar to term infants at all click rates. The I–III interval decreased slightly and differed from term infants at 91/s (ANOVA, p < 0.05), while the III–V interval increased slightly. The III–V/I–III interval ratio increased slightly and differed from term infants at 91/s (p < 0.05). Wave amplitudes were similar in the two groups of infants, except an increase in wave V amplitude at 91/s in preterm infants (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in BAER click rate‐dependent changes between the two groups.Conclusion: No marked differences were found in BAER at any click rates at term age between moderately preterm and term infants, suggesting that moderately preterm birth does not have a marked effect on neonatal BAER. BAER normal data and criteria from term infants can generally be used for moderately preterm infants.