bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between morphological and sedimentological parameters in source‐to‐sink systems: a basis for predicting semi‐quantitative characteristics in subsurface systems
Authors: Sømme Tor O. , Helland‐Hansen William , Martinsen Ole J. , Thurmond John B. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThe study of source‐to‐sink systems relates long‐term variations in sediment flux to morphogenic evolution of erosional–depositional systems. These variations are caused by an intricate combination of autogenic and allogenic forcing mechanisms that operate on multiple time scales – from individual transport events to large‐scale filling of basins. In order to achieve a better understanding of how these mechanisms influence morphological characteristics on different scales, 29 submodern source‐to‐sink systems have been investigated. The study is based on measurements of morphological parameters from catchments, shelves and slopes derived from a ∼1 km global digital elevation model dataset, in combination with data on basin floor fans, sediment supply, water discharge and deposition rates derived from published literature. By comparing various morphological and sedimentological parameters within and between individual systems, a number of relationships governing system evolution and behaviour are identified. The results suggest that the amount of low‐gradient floodplain area and river channel gradient are good indicators for catchment storage potential. Catchment area and river channel length is also related to shelf area and shelf width, respectively. Similarly to the floodplain area, these parameters are important for long‐term storage of sediment on the shelf platform. Additionally, the basin floor fan area is correlative to the long‐term deposition rate and the slope length. The slope length thus proves to be a useful parameter linking proximal and distal segments in source‐to‐sink systems. The relationships observed in this study provide insight into segment scale development of source‐to‐sink systems, and an understanding of these relationships in modern systems may result in improved knowledge on internal and external development of source‐to‐sink systems over geological time scales. They also allow for the development of a set of semi‐quantitative guidelines that can be used to predict similar relationships in other systems where data from individual system segments are missing or lacking.
Depositional architecture of a low‐gradient ramp shelf in an epicontinental sea: the lower Cretaceous of Svalbard
Authors: Midtkandal I. , Nystuen J. P. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTFacies belts have been recorded using conventional field methods in the Lower Cretaceous Helvetiafjellet Formation in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The formation was deposited upon a regional subaerial unconformity (SU) that developed downdip from an incised valley complex to the W, NW and possibly north of Spitsbergen during fall in relative sea level and incision into the marine Rurikfjellet Formation. The unconformity likely resulted from crustal tectonics related to the formation of the proto‐Amerasian basin. The unconformity was initially covered by braided stream facies sand and locally by small bay head delta deposits. Further rise in relative sea level resulted in transgression, and the initial braidplain turned into a low‐sloping shelf ramp of coastal plain and paralic to marine environments. Balance between increase in accommodation space and rate of sediment supply gave rise to aggradational stacking architecture of the middle and upper part of the Helvetiafjellet Formation, until further rise in sea level turned the shelf again into an open marine setting with deposition of the overlying Carolinefjellet Formation. Architectural pattern of fluvial distributary channel sandstone bodies in the aggradational succession is explained within the framework of the Boreal basin, not only the Spitsbergen outcrop domain as in previous models. The revised depositional model for the Helvetiafjellet Formation implies that fluvial systems in similar emerged epicontinental basins may have large potential to carry sand several hundreds of kilometres out into the basin with formation of fluvial sandstone intervals of large regional extent, bounded by semi‐parallel stratigraphic surfaces transecting time‐lines at very low angles. Sandstone bodies with clinoform geometry are in this setting restricted to local small‐scale paralic deltas and shoreface deposits.
Lack of pharmacokinetic bioequivalence between generic and branded amoxicillin formulations. A post‐marketing clinical study on healthy volunteers
Authors: Del Tacca Mario , Pasqualetti Giuseppe , Di Paolo Antonello , Virdis Agostino , Massimetti Gabriele , Gori Giovanni , Versari Daniele , Taddei Stefano , Blandizzi Corrado 
Published: February 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Generic medicinal products are ‘copies’ of patented drugs and can be marketed at low cost following patent expiration of the brand‐name preparations.• Although the development of generic medicinal products is regulated by specific guidelines, a number of issues and concerns continue to undermine the confidence of physicians and patients in generic drugs. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The present findings open interesting perspectives for the discussion of the quality of generic drugs in the postmarketing setting.• In particular, our trial shows that postmarketing evaluation of bioequivalence between branded amoxicillin and its generic copies might result in lack of interchangeability.AIMSThere are concerns about the quality of generic drugs in the postmarketing setting. The aim was to establish whether two generic formulations of amoxicillin, available on the Italian market, fulfil the criteria for clinical pharmacokinetic bioequivalence vs. the branded drug.METHODSTwo generic amoxicillin products (generic A and B) were selected among four fast‐release tablet formulations available on the Italian market. Twenty‐four healthy adult volunteers of either sex participated to a single‐dose, randomized, three‐treatment, crossover, single‐blind bioequivalence study designed to compare generic A and B with branded amoxicillin. Plasma samples were collected at preset times for 24 h after dosing, and assayed for amoxicillin levels by high‐performance liquid chromatography.RESULTSNinety percent confidence intervals of AUC ratios were 0.8238, 1.0502 (ratio 0.9302) and 0.8116, 1.1007 (ratio 0.9452) for generic A and B vs. branded amoxicillin, respectively. Ninety percent confidence intervals of Cmax ratios were 0.7921, 1.0134 (ratio 0.8960) and 0.8246, 1.1199 (ratio 0.9610) for generic A and B vs. branded amoxicillin, respectively. The mean pharmacokinetic profiles showed that the AUC value of branded amoxicillin was 8.5 and 5.4% greater than that estimated for generic A and B, respectively. Few adverse events were recorded; these were not serious and occurred without apparent relationship to any specific amoxicillin formulation.CONCLUSIONSThese results indicate that one of the two marketed amoxicillin generics analysed in the present study is not bioequivalent to the brand leader product for Cmax on the basis of single‐dose pharmacokinetic assessment.
15‐lipoxygenase metabolites play an important role in the development of a T‐helper type 1 allergic inflammation induced by double‐stranded RNA
Authors: Jeon S. G. , Moon H.‐G. , Kim Y.‐S. , Choi J.‐P. , Shin T.‐S. , Hong S.‐W. , Tae Y.‐M. , Kim S.‐H. , Zhu Z. , Gho Y. S. , Kim Y.‐K. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryBackground
We recently demonstrated that the T‐helper type 1 (Th1) immune response plays an important role in the development of non‐eosinophilic inflammation induced by airway exposure of an allergen plus double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA). However, the role of lipoxygenase (LO) metabolites in the development of Th1 inflammation is poorly understood.Objective
To evaluate the role of LO metabolites in the development of Th1 inflammation induced by sensitization with an allergen plus dsRNA.Methods
A Th2‐allergic inflammation mouse model was created by an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide‐depleted ovalbumin (OVA, 75 μg) and alum (2 mg) twice, and the Th1 model was created by intranasal application of OVA (75 μg) and synthetic dsRNA [10 μg of poly(I : C)] four times, followed by an intranasal challenge with 50 μg of OVA four times. The role of LO metabolites was evaluated using two approaches: a transgenic approach using 5‐LO−/− and 15‐LO−/− mice, and a pharmacological approach using inhibitors of cysteinyl leucotriene receptor‐1 (cysLTR1), LTB4 receptor (BLT1), and 15‐LO.Results
We found that the Th1‐allergic inflammation induced by OVA+dsRNA sensitization was similar between 5‐LO−/− and wild‐type (WT) control mice, although Th2 inflammation induced by sensitization with OVA+alum was reduced in the former group. In addition, dsRNA‐induced Th1 allergic inflammation, which is associated with down‐regulation of 15‐hydroxyeicosateraenoic acids production, was not affected by treatment with cysLTR1 or BLT1 inhibitors, whereas it was significantly lower in 12/15‐LO−/− mice compared with WT control mice. Moreover, dsRNA‐induced allergic inflammation and the recruitment of T cells following an allergen challenge were significantly inhibited by treatment with a specific 15‐LO inhibitor (PD146176).Conclusion
15‐LO metabolites appear to be important mediators in the development of Th1‐allergic inflammation induced by sensitization with an allergen plus dsRNA. Our findings suggest that the 15‐LO pathway is a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of virus‐associated asthma characterized by Th1 inflammation.
Lentiviral calnexin‐modified dendritic cells promote expansion of high‐avidity effector T cells with central memory phenotype
Authors: Wang Bei , Han Shuhong , Lien Lily , Chang Lung‐Ji 
Published: February 2009

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) are key immune mediators for the education and activation of effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Ex vivo manipulation of DCs is an attractive strategy in immunotherapy. The chaperone proteins are known to hold the keys to proper protein folding and antigen processing. However, little is known of the role of molecular chaperones in DC and T‐cell functions. We report that DCs expressing supraphysiological levels of calnexin, a chaperone protein, via lentiviral gene transfer stimulated the expansion of high‐avidity CTLs with increased central memory phenotype. Microarray RNA profiling and analyses of protein expression with flow cytometry and multiplex enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay indicated that calnexin had a global effect on DCs with up‐regulation of immune modulatory signals including costimulatory molecules, cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. Compared with unmodified DCs, calnexin‐DCs were capable of activating T cells to exhibit increased functional avidity associated with up‐regulation of CCR7 and costimulatory tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily molecules. These findings demonstrate a prominent role of calnexin in optimizing DC immunity with potential for improving immunotherapy.
Seed mass, abundance and breeding system among tropical forest species: do dioecious species exhibit compensatory reproduction or abundances?
Authors: Queenborough Simon A. , Mazer Susan J. , Vamosi Steven M. , Garwood Nancy C. , Valencia Renato , Freckleton Rob P. 
Published: February 2009

Summary

Dioecious species may suffer a reproductive handicap compared to sympatric cosexual (hermaphroditic or monoecious) species of equal abundance simply because populations of dioecious species contain fewer seed‐producing individuals. To compensate for this population‐level disadvantage, natural selection in dioecious populations should favour females that reallocate those reproductive resources, that in cosexual individuals are invested in male function, towards the production of higher quality or more seeds, potentially leading to a higher density of established individuals.
We tested for two compensatory fitness advantages (heavier seeds and higher population densities) in dioecious species in the flora of a high‐diversity tropical forest in Western Amazonia. Using a phylogenetically corrected generalized linear modelling approach, we examined the phylogenetic dependence (Pagel's λ) of seed mass, abundance, growth form and wood‐specific gravity for 641 species from Yasuní National Park, Ecuador. Seed mass was highly correlated with phylogeny, but abundance was not. We then used AIC values to test for models (including breeding system) that best explained seed mass and species abundance, using the maximum likelihood values of λ.
Contrary to expectations, dioecious species exhibited no advantage with respect to either seed mass or population density; there was no difference in mean seed mass or abundance between dioecious species and their most closely related cosexual species.
We compared our results with those from a similar forest in the Tambopata Wildlife Reserve, Peru. There, dioecious shrubs had larger seeds than hermaphroditic shrubs, but (as for Yasuní) there was no difference between breeding systems in seed size among trees. Differences in the composition of species sampled may have contributed to differences in the results between the two sites.
We suggest that other individual fitness advantages, such as reduced inbreeding, increased dispersal, superior seed quality (e.g. better defences) or increased seed number contribute to the persistence of dioecious populations at Yasuní.
Synthesis. Similarities in the statistical models of seed mass and abundance for plant species in a Western Amazonian rain forest indicate that selective pressures on the seed‐producing individuals are similar, despite variation in sexual system. Therefore, breeding system may play a more limited role in community assembly of tropical forests than was previously considered.
The MYB transcription factor GhMYB25 regulates early fibre and trichome development
Authors: Machado Adriane , Wu Yingru , Yang Youming , Llewellyn Danny J. , Dennis Elizabeth S. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryLittle is still known about the developmental control of the long seed coat trichomes of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). In Arabidopsis, leaf trichome initiation is regulated by a group of well‐defined transcription factors that includes MYB and homeodomain types. Many MYBs are expressed in fibres, but their roles in fibre development remain unclear. We analysed the function of one MYB transcription factor, GhMYB25, identified from transcriptome comparisons between wild‐type and fibreless cotton mutants. A GhMYB25 promoter‐GUS construct in transgenic cotton was expressed in the epidermis of ovules, developing fibre initials and fibres, in the trichomes of a number of tissues including leaves, stems and petals, as well as in the anthers, pollen and the epidermal layers of roots and root initials, but not in root hairs. Cotton is an allotetraploid with two very similar GhMYB25 genes that were silenced by a single RNAi construct. GhMYB25‐silenced cotton showed alterations in the timing of rapid fibre elongation, resulting in short fibres, dramatic reductions in trichomes on other parts of the plant, and reductions in seed production. Reciprocal crosses between transgenic and non‐transgenic plants indicated that pollen and ovule viability per se were not disrupted. Ectopic over‐expression of GhMYB25 had more subtle impacts, with increases in cotton fibre initiation and leaf trichome number. High expression appeared to adversely affect fertility. Our results provide convincing evidence for a role of GhMYB25, like other MIXTA‐like MYBS, in regulating specialized outgrowths of epidermal cells, including, in this case, cotton fibres.
Macroscopic Anatomy of the Ringed Seal [Pusa (Phoca) hispida] Lower Respiratory System
Authors: Smodlaka H. , Henry R. W. , Reed R. B. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThis investigation serves to document the normal anatomical features of the lower respiratory tract of the ringed seal [Pusa (phoca) hispida]. Evaluation of embalmed specimens and tracheobronchial casts showed that the right lung of this seal consists of four lobes while the left has only three lobes. The ventral margins of the lungs do not reach the sternum causing them to form the boundary of the broad recessus costomediastinalis. Lung lobation corresponds with bronchial tree division. Pulmonary venous drainage includes right and left common veins draining ipsilateral cranial and middle lung lobes, and one common caudal vein draining both caudal lobes and the accessory lobe. The right and left pulmonary arteries divide into cranial and caudal branches at the level of the principal bronchus. The ringed seal has three tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The trachea has an average of 87 cartilages that exhibit a pattern of random anastomoses between adjacent rings. The trachea exhibits to a small degree the dorsoventrally flattened pattern that is described in other pinnipeds. The tracheal diameter is smaller than that of the canine.
Bayesian Fraud Risk Formula for Financial Statement Audits
Authors: SRIVASTAVA RAJENDRA P. , MOCK THEODORE J. , TURNER JERRY L. 
Published: February 2009

In this article we extend the work of Loebbecke et al. (1989) and illustrate the use of an evidential reasoning approach for developing fraud risk analysis models under the Bayesian framework. New formulations facilitating fraud risk assessments are needed because decision tree approaches previously used to develop analytical models are not appropriate in complex situations involving several interrelated variables.To demonstrate the evidential reasoning approach, a fraud risk assessment formula is derived and illustrated. The fraud risk formula captures the impact of the presence or absence of and interrelationships between the three ‘fraud triangle’ risk factors: Incentives, Attitude and Opportunities. The formula includes the impact of risks and controls related to these three fraud risk factors as well as the impact of forensic audit procedures and relevant analytical and other procedures that provide evidence for the presence or absence of fraud. This formula may be used in audit practice both to help plan the audit and to assess fraud risk sequentially as audit evidence is obtained.
Path Dependency and Comparative Industrial Relations: The Case of Conflict Resolution Systems in Ireland and Sweden
Authors: Teague Paul 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article uses the theory of path dependency to explain the evolution of employment conflict resolution systems in Ireland and Sweden. It argues that the traditional ‘voluntarist’ conflict management path followed in Ireland has fragmented as a result of a series of internal developments that have reduced trade union density, increased the importance of employment law in the settlement of workplace disputes and established social partnership as the main wage‐setting mechanism. By contrast, the Swedish system has experienced reform within the boundaries of the established conflict management path, which is largely attributable to the still powerful role played by trade unions within the country. Thus, while the operating rules of the system have changed, its core underlying principles — collectivism and self‐regulation — remain intact.
Dominance Effects from Local Competitors: Setting Institutional Parameters for Employment Relations in Multinational Subsidiaries; a Case from the Spanish Supermarket Sector
Authors: Royle Tony , Ortiz Luis 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDominance effects are normally associated with multinational corporations (MNCs). However, we argue that a strong local competitor can create ‘dominance effects’ setting the institutional parameters for employment relations in multinational subsidiaries. Moreover such an effect can be persistent. In this case the Spanish‐owned El Corte Inglés (ECI) used its power and influence to establish an employer's federation and two ‘yellow unions’. These yellow unions infiltrated the French‐owned MNC Carrefour and most of the Spanish supermarket sector by the early 1980s and continue to dominate collective bargaining rounds and works council elections, marginalizing the main independent trade unions. This has resulted in poor pay and working conditions and a lack of effective employee representation across most of the Spanish supermarket sector. The fact that Carrefour established an international framework agreement to observe union rights in 2001 has as yet not changed this situation.
Gene expression profiles associated with aging and mortality in humans
Authors: Kerber Richard A. , O’Brien Elizabeth , Cawthon Richard M. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryWe investigated the hypothesis that gene expression profiles in cultured cell lines from adults, aged 57–97 years, contain information about the biological age and potential longevity of the donors. We studied 104 unrelated grandparents from 31 Utah CEU (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain – Utah) families, for whom lymphoblastoid cell lines were established in the 1980s. Combining publicly available gene expression data from these cell lines, and survival data from the Utah Population Database, we tested the relationship between expression of 2151 always‐expressed genes, age, and survival of the donors. Approximately 16% of 2151 expression levels were associated with donor age: 10% decreased in expression with age, and 6% increased with age. Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) and CORO1A exhibited strong associations both with age at draw and survival after draw (multiple comparisons‐adjusted Monte CarloP‐value < 0.05). In general, gene expressions that increased with age were associated with increased mortality. Gene expressions that decreased with age were generally associated with reduced mortality. A multivariate estimate of biological age modeled from expression data was dominated by CDC42 expression, and was a significant predictor of survival after blood draw. A multivariate model of survival as a function of gene expression was dominated by CORO1A expression. This model accounted for approximately 23% of the variation in survival among the CEU grandparents. Some expression levels were negligibly associated with age in this cross‐sectional dataset, but strongly associated with inter‐individual differences in survival. These observations may lead to new insights regarding the genetic contribution to exceptional longevity.
Normal human aging and early‐stage schizophrenia share common molecular profiles
Authors: Tang Bin , Chang Wei‐li , Lanigan Caroline M. , Dean Brian , Sutcliffe J. Gregor , Thomas Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryWe examined genome‐wide expression datasets from human prefrontal cortex of normal and schizophrenic individuals ranging from 19 to 81 years of age. We found that changes in gene expression that are correlated with aging in normal subjects differ dramatically from those observed with aging in schizophrenic subjects. Only 2.5% of genes were correlated with age in both groups. Surprisingly, we also found a significant overlap (29–34%) between those genes whose expression was correlated with aging in normal subjects and those significantly altered in subjects with early‐stage schizophrenia (within 4 years of diagnosis). This suggests that schizophrenia onset anticipates the normal aging process, and further, that some symptoms of aging, i.e. dementia and psychosis, might be explained by these common molecular profiles.
African Languages in the World of Global English1
Authors: Rodrigues Ângela Lamas 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis essay discusses the significance of African languages in contexts in which English figures as a dominant language both as a result of colonialism and of its current status as a global vehicle of communication and interaction. Kenya and Uganda are used as examples of places where practices of resistance to anglophony and projects for the promotion of African languages are carried out by communities, non‐governmental organizations and researchers.