bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innervation of the human upper primary dentition: Implications for understanding tooth initiation and rethinking growth and eruption patterns
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H. , Langdon Herbert L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent comparisons of humans with apes and early fossil hominids have prompted renewed interest in the study of sequences of dental growth and development. Such comparisons, however, rely on certain assumptions about tooth development and dental homology and the biological reality of distinguishing “deciduous” from “permanent” teeth. In light of earlier suggestions by Schwartz that there might be a correlation between nerves and the stem progenitors of tooth classes, and thus between nerve branch number and number of tooth classes, we studied a large sample of ∼ 3 month fetuses to elucidate the nature of nerve branching patterns and the development of the primary dentition (i.e., the “deciduous” incisors, canine, and molars, and the first “permanent” molar). Contrary to expectation, variation in nerve branch patterning was the rule. If nerve fibers do have a role in tooth development, it can only be at the time of initiation, with definitive innervation occurring late in tooth development. In taking into consideration the entire span of tooth development—from initiation to innervation to eruption—and the process by which successional teeth arise (each from the external dental epithelium of a predecessor tooth), we suggest that dividing tooth growth and eruption into patterns of the “deciduous” teeth vs. those of the “permanent” is artificial and that a more meaningful approach would be the study of the entire dentition.
Increased vital and total lung capacities in Tibetan compared to Han residents of Lhasa (3,658 m)
Authors: Droma Tarshi , McCullough Rosann G. , McCullough Robert E. , Zhuang Jianguo , Cymerman Allen , Sun Shinfu , Sutton John R. , Moore Lorna G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLarger chest dimensions and lung volumes have been reported for Andean high‐altitude natives compared with sea‐level residents and implicated in raising lung diffusing capacity. Studies conducted in Nepal suggested that lifelong Himalayan residents did not have enlarged chest dimensions. To determine if high‐altitude Himalayans (Tibetans) had larger lung volumes than acclimatized newcomers (Han “Chinese”), we studied 38 Tibetan and 43 Han residents of Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China (elevation 3,658 m) matched for age, height, weight, and smoking history. The Tibetan compared with the Han subjects had a larger total lung capacity [6.80 ± 0.19 (mean ± SEM) vs 6.24 ± 0.18 1 BTPS, P < 0.05], vital capacity (5.00 ± 0.08 vs 4.51 ± 0.10 1 BTPS, P < 0.05), and tended to have a greater residual volume (1.86 ± 0.12 vs 1.56 ± 0.09 1 BTPS, P < 0.06). Chest circumference was greater in the Tibetan than the Han subjects (85 ± 1 vs 82 ± 1 cm, P < 0.05) and correlated with vital capacity in each group as well as in the two groups combined (r = 0.69, P < 0.05). Han who had migrated to high altitude as children (≤ 5 years old, n = 6) compared to Han adult migrants (≥ 18 years old, n = 26) were shorter but had similar lung volumes and capacities when normalized for body size. The Tibetans' vital capacity and total lung capacity in relation to body size were similar to values reported previously for lifelong residents of high altitude in South and North America. Thus, Tibetans, like North and South American high‐altitude residents, have larger lung volumes. This may be important for raising lung diffusing capacity and preserving arterial oxygen saturation during exercise.
Articular and diaphyseal remodeling of the proximal femur with changes in body mass in adults
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Scott William W. , Liu Allie Y.‐C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractProximal femoral dimensions were measured from radiographs of 80 living subjects whose current body weight and body weight at initial skeletal maturity (18 years) could be ascertained. Results generally support the hypothesis that articular size does not change in response to changes in mechanical loading (body weight) in adults, while diaphyseal cross‐sectional size does. This can be explained by considering the different bone remodeling constraints characteristic of largely trabecular bone regions (articulations) and largely compact cortical bone regions (diaphyses). The femoral neck shows a pattern apparently intermediate between the two, consistent with its structure. When the additional statistical “noise” created by an essentially static femoral head size is accounted for, the present study supports other studies that have demonstrated rather marked positive allometry in femoral articular and shaft cross‐sectional dimensions to body mass among adult humans. Body weight prediction equations developed from these data give reasonable results for modern U.S. samples, with average percent prediction errors of about 10%–16% for individual weights and about 2% for sample mean weights using the shaft dimension equations. When predicting body weight from femoral head size in earlier human samples, a downward correction factor of about 10% is suggested to account for the increased adiposity of very recent U.S. adults.
On the problem of immunological detection of antigens in skeletal remains
Authors: Lendaro Eugenio , Ippoliti Rodolfo , Bellelli Andrea , Brunori Maurizio , Zito Romano , Citro Gennaro , Ascenzi Antonio 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA detailed investigation with affinity‐chromatography‐purified fractions of antihemoglobin serum from rabbit shows that the hemoglobin content of human bones dating back 15 to 3,000 years may be very small. Some of the previous results (Ascenzi et al., 1985) indicating a high hemoglobin titer were vitiated because of an unexpected cross‐reactivity of bone extracts with the hemoglobin‐unreactive fraction of the antiserum.This study calls attention to possible artifacts intrinsic to the application of immunological techniques to the study of archaeological samples.
Petite bodies of the “robust” australopithecines
Authors: McHenry Henry M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe “robust” australopithecines are often depicted as having large and powerfully built bodies to match their massive masticatory apparatus, but until 1988 the sample of postcranial remains attributed with certainty to this group was very limited. Almost nothing was known about the body of the East African “robust” australopithecine because taxonomic attribution of the postcrania was so uncertain. The body of the South African “robust” australopithecine had to be reconstructed from about a dozen isolated fragments of postcrania. Now a partial skeleton is attributed with confidence to the East African “robust” group along with several isolated bones. The South African sample has more than tripled.Analyses of this vastly expanded sample reveal that a large portion of postcrania attributed to “robust” australopithecines from Swartkrans Member 1 (35%) are from extraordinarily small‐bodied individuals similar in size to a modern Pygmy weighing as little as 28 kg. These small elements include parts from the forelimb, spine, and hindlimb. About 22% of these Swartkrans 1 “robust” australopithecines are about the same size as a modern human weighing about 43 kgs and about 43% are larger than this standard but less than or equal to a 54 kg modern human. Approximately the same pattern is true for the Swartkrans 2 hominids, but taxonomic attribution is less certain. All of the Member 3 specimens are similar in size to the 45 kg standard. The partial skeleton of the East African “robust” australopithecine (KNM‐ER 1500) has hindlimb joints that would correspond to a modern human of 34 kgs although the actual weight may be 5 to 10 kgs greater judging from shaft robusticity and forelimb size. The largest postcranial element attributed with some certainty to the East African “robust” australopithecine group (the talus, KNM‐ER 1464) is about the same overall size as a modern human of 54 kgs, although its tibial facet is slightly smaller.Although many previous studies have hinted at the possibility that “robust” australopithecines had relatively small bodies, the new fossils provide substantial evidence that these creatures ranged from quite small to only moderate in body size relative to modern humans. These were the petite‐bodied vegetarian cousins of our ancestors. Sexual dimorphism in body size appears to be greater than that in modern humans, similar to that in Pan, and less than that in Gorilla or Pongo, although such comparisons are of limited value given the small samples, poorly known body proportions, time averaging, and many other problems.
Principal components analysis of regional bone density in black and white women: Relationship to body size and composition
Authors: Nelson Dorothy A. , Feingold Marcia , Bolin Frank , Parfitt A. Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBlack and white women in the United States differ with respect to bone mass and the risk of developing osteoporosis. It has been suggested that greater body size among U.S. blacks may contribute to greater bone density in this group. It is not known whether the fat or lean component contributes more to this relationship. Bone density was measured at seven sites in 161 normal black and white women using single and dual photon absorptiometry. The first principal component accounted for 73% of the variance in the sample and constitutes an index of skeletal mass. The second principal component added another 10% and contrasts the axial and appendicular sites. Both the regional bone densities and the first principal component showed significantly greater bone densities for blacks; adjustment for body size reduced bone mass differences by approximately 50%. Body composition analysis done on a subset of these women indicated that the fat component of body mass may be the more important factor in its effect on bone mass.
Body size, locomotion, and long bone cross‐sectional geometry in indriid primates
Authors: Demes B. , Jungers W. L. , Selpien K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe geometry of the midshaft cross‐sections of the femur and humerus of five indriid species was analysed. Internal (marrow cavity) and external diameters were measured on X‐rays in the anteroposterior (a‐p) and mediolateral (m‐l) planes; cross‐sectional areas, second moments of area, and section moduli were calculated using formulae for a hollow ellipse. Cortical thickness, robusticity indices (relating external diameters to the length of the bones), and a‐p/m‐l shape variables were also calculated. Model II regression was supplemented by analyses of correlation between size and shape. Indriids are saltatory, i.e., their locomotion is dominated by the hind limbs. Accordingly, the femur is more rigid than the humerus, and it shows a consistent difference between the a‐p and m‐l planes in measures related to bending strength. Cortical thickness varies considerably both within and across species. The type specimen of the new species Propithecus tattersalli is virtually indistinguishable from P. verreauxi on the basis of its long bone cross‐sectional geometry. Femoral robusticity is uncorrelated with size, but humeral robusticity decreases significantly with increasing size. Femoral shape variables (a‐p/m‐l) are all negatively correlated with body size, indicating that m‐l dimensions of the femur increase at a faster rate than do a‐p dimensions. The highly loaded plane of movement seems to be more reinforced in the smaller species. Contrary to static biomechanical scaling predictions of positive allometry, all cross‐sectional parameters scale relatively close to isometry. It is concluded that either changes in locomotor performance must compensate for the weight‐related, increase in forces and moments or that the larger‐bodied animals operate appreciably closer to the limits of their safety margins.
Unusual pathological condition in the lower extremities of a skeleton from ancient Israel
Authors: Hershkovitz I. , Speirs M. , Katznelson A. , Arensburg B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe report here an unusual pathology in a 1,500‐year‐old skeleton recovered from Bet Guvrin, Israel. The pathological changes in the lower extremities and the diagnostic difficulties are presented. We attribute this condition to Madura foot, found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, although other diagnoses are possible and are noted. We discuss its appearance in the region in light of the historical context. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin of the Koreans: A population genetic study
Authors: Saha N. , Tay J. S. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA population genetic study was undertaken to investigate the origin of Koreans. Thirteen polymorphic and 7 monomorphic blood genetic markers (serum proteins and red cell enzymes) were studied in a group of 437 Koreans. Genetic distance analyses by both cluster and principal components models were performed between Koreans and eight other populations (Koreans in China, Japanese, Han Chinese, Mongolians, Zhuangs, Malays, Javanese, and Soviet Asians) on the basis of 47 alleles controlled by 15 polymorphic loci. A more detailed analysis using 65 alleles at 19 polymorphic loci was performed on six populations. Both analyses demonstrated genetic evidence of the origin of Koreans from the central Asian Mongolians. Further, the Koreans are more closely related to the Japanese and quite distant from the Chinese. The above evidence of the origin of Koreans fits well with the ethnohistoric account of the origin of Koreans and the Korean language. The minority Koreans in China also maintained their genetic identity. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gummivory and gut morphology in two sympatric callitrichids (Callithrix emiliae and Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli) from western Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F. , Martins Eduardo S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA comparative analysis of the gastrointestinal tracts of wild caught marmosets, Callithrix emiliae, and tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli, was undertaken in order to evaluate the degree of specialisation for digestion of plant exudates. Compared to S.f. weddelli, C. emiliae exhibits a reduced small intestine and a relatively large, compartmentalised caecum in which gum is probably fermented. The apparent specialisation of the digestive tract in C. emiliae correlates with that of its dentition, which is adapted for gouging the bark of gum‐producing plants. A similar degree of specialisation of the caecum is predicted for other marmosets (Callithrix spp. and Cebuella pygmaea). © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interproximal tooth wear: A new observation
Authors: Kaidonis John A. , Townsend Grant C. , Richards Lindsay C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMicroscopic observations were made of wear on the proximal surfaces of tooth crowns of Australian Aboriginals and whites. Typical wear facets displayed well‐defined borders within which verticle or near vertical furrows, ranging from about 0.1 to 0.5 mm in width, were noted. Furrows on the interproximal surface of one tooth seemed to “interdigitate” with those on the proximal surface of the adjacent tooth. These observations are not consistent with the commonly‐held view that interproximal tooth wear results from a buccolingual movement of adjacent teeth that maintain contact through mesial migration. Vertical or near vertical movement of teeth, possibly including a tipping action, must be an important factor, although the precise nature of the movement requires further investigation. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palatine torus in the Greenlandic Norse
Authors: Halffman Carrin M. , Scott G. Richard , Pedersen P. O. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPhysical anthropologists have long been intrigued by the distinctive oral tori expressed by the medieval Norse populations of Iceland and Greenland. To assess the temporal and spatial variation of one form of oral tori, palatine torus, observations were made on all available Greenlandic Norse skeletons, as well as on samples of medieval Icelanders and Norwegians. In terms of temporal variation, 12th to 14th century (medieval) Greenlanders from the Eastern and Western settlements exhibited higher frequencies and more pronounced expressions of palatine torus compared with early 11th century Greenlanders. The early Greenlandic sample closely approximated the medieval Icelandic and Norwegian samples for total torus frequency, although the Norwegians exhibited the trait to a less pronounced degree. As degree of expression is the most distinctive aspect of torus variation among the Norse, some combination of environmental factors, including increased masticatory stress and chronic undernutrition, probably accounts for most of the difference between settlement period and medieval Greenlanders. Although palatine torus may be hereditary in part, environmental factors play a significant role in the expression of this trait. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population differences in the morphology of the first cervical vertebra
Authors: Huggare Jan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCephalometric radiographs from 180 healthy Caucasian females, 90 of whom lived in the north of Finland and 90 in the south, were analysed with respect to the morphology of the atlas vertebra. The main findings were a smaller dorsal arch height and a larger ventral arch height in those from the north, including a longer atlas vertebra. These results are interpreted as evidence of morphogenetic reactions to changes in function, in this case a raised head posture attributable to climatic conditions. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multivariate analysis of second trimester midfacial morphology in normal and cleft lip and palate human fetal specimens
Authors: Mooney Mark P. , Siegel Michael I. , Kimes Kyle R. , Todhunter John , Janosky Janine 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo better understand the contribution of congenital dysmorphogenesis to postnatal midfacial dysplasia in individuals with complete cleft lip and palate (CLP), a series of studies were undertaken to investigate age related changes in a number of midfacial components for a sample of 20 normal and 9 complete CLP second trimester fetal specimens. Using data from this sample, the present study assessed the complex multivariate relationships among these variables which represent the fetal normal and CLP midface. Ten variables were standardized relative to crown‐rump length and used in Canonical Discriminant Function Analysis (CDFA). CDF analysis revealed that five variables best described the midface and accounted for 72% of the overall variance. These included nasal capsule length, nasal airway volume, premaxillary length, premaxillary volume, and tongue volume. Classification using the CDFA coefficients resulted in correct group membership assignment for 26 of 29 total specimens (89.66%), 8 of 9 cleft (88.9%), and 18 of 20 normal specimens (90.0%). These results suggest that by as early as the second trimester CLP fetuses have a significantly distinct set of midfacial morphological relationships. Some or all of these factors may be responsible for postnatal growth dysplasias noted in CLP individuals. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic and environmental contributions to the variance of body height in a sample of first and second degree relatives
Authors: Tambs Kristian , Moum Torbjørn , Eaves Lindon J. , Neale Mike C. , Midthjell Kristian , Lund‐Larsen Per G. , Næss Siri 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHeight was measured in a health screening of the population in Nord‐Trøndelag, Norway. Correlations were computed for 24,281 pairs of spouses, 43,613 pairs of parents and offspring, 19,168 pairs of siblings, 1,318 pairs of grandparents and grandchildren, 1,218 cognate avuncular pairs, 849 noncognate avuncular pairs, 175 pairs of same‐sexed twins, and smaller groups of other types of relatives. Fitting of structural equation models showed proportions of additive genetic variance of approximately 0.8 for both sexes and small sex‐specific effects that probably reflect genetic dominance or environmental sibling effects. The correlations between parents and offspring were significantly lower in old than young cohorts, seeming to imply some kind of interaction effect between genes and environment. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of fronto‐occipital artificial cranial vault modification on the cranial base and face
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Kohn Luci A. P. , Konigsberg Lyle W. , Leigh Steven R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractArtificial reshaping of the cranial vault has been practiced by many human groups and provides a natural experiment in which the relationships of neurocranial, cranial base, and facial growth can be investigated. We test the hypothesis that fronto‐occipital artificial reshaping of the neurocranial vault results in specific changes in the cranial base and face. Fronto‐occipital reshaping results from the application of pads or a cradle board which constrains cranial vault growth, limiting growth between the frontal and occipital and allowing compensatory growth of the parietals in a mediolateral direction.Two skeletal series including both normal and artificially modified crania are analyzed, a prehistoric Peruvian Ancon sample (47 normal, 64 modified crania) and a Songish Indian sample from British Columbia (6 normal, 4 modified). Three‐dimensional coordinates of 53 landmarks were measured with a diagraph and used to form 9 finite elements as a prelude to finite element scaling analysis. Finite element scaling was used to compare average normal and modified crania and the results were evaluated for statistical significance using a bootstrap test.Fronto‐occipitally reshaped Ancon crania are significantly different from normal in the vault, cranial base, and face. The vault is compressed along an anterior‐superior to posterior‐inferior axis and expanded along a mediolateral axis in modified individuals. The cranial base is wider and shallower in the modified crania in the face is foreshortened and wider with the anterior orbital rim moving inferior and posterior towards the cranial base. The Songish crania display a different modification of the vault and face, indicating that important differences may exist in the morphological effects of fronto‐occipital reshaping from one group to another. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Australopithecus boisei calvaria from East Lake Turkana, Kenya
Authors: Brown B. , Walker A. , Ward C. V. , Leakey R. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe calvaria of an adult Australopithecus boisei from Area 104, Koobi Fora, Lake Turkana, is described. The specimen, KNM‐ER 23000, comes from sediments dated to about 1.9 Ma. It consists of the frontal, both parietals, both temporals, most of the occipital as well as two small pieces of sphenoid, and a mandibular tooth root. The specimen is presumed to be an adult male, based on its size and the great development of features associated with the masticatory apparatus. KNM‐ER 23000 is close in general size and shape to KNM‐ER 406, KNM‐ER 13750, and Olduvai Hominid 5 and it has a mixture of features seen in these three roughly contemporaneous crania. The frontal, especially the tori, resembles that of OH 5; the parietals are most like those of KNM‐ER 13750; the occipital is like those of the two other Turkana specimens, and the temporals have a mixture of features from all of these, This specimen adds to our knowledge of variability in A. boisei. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.