bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective N-Alkylation of Imidazole with Alcohols over Calcined Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Santhanalakshmi Jayadevan , Raja Thirumalaiswamy 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Vapor-phase N-alkylation syntheses of imidazole were carried out with MeOH and EtOH over a series of calcined MgII–AlIII layered double hydroxides (LDHs) selectively produced in high yields of N-methyl (70%) and N-ethyl (63%) imidazoles only on the 3 : 1 atomic ratio of MgII–AlIII calcined LDH. Attempts on C-alkylation and dialkylation reactions over the same catalysts proved to be unsuccessful.
Preparation of Transparent Silica-Surfactant Nanocomposite Films with Controlled Microstructures
Authors: Ogawa Makoto , Igarashi Takanori , Kuroda Kazuyuki 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Novel silica-alkyltrimethylammonium (with the alkyl groups of decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, and octadecyl) bromide nanocomposite films were synthesized by coating the precursor solutions containing prehydrolyzed tetramethoxysilane and alkyltrimethylammonium bromide. The composites are thought to be composed of aggregates of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides and thin silica layers. The d values of the products varied depending on the relative ratios of tetramethoxysilane and surfactants, suggesting that the microstructures of the products can be controlled by simply changing the compositions. Since the present composites are obtained as transparent films, they have potential applicability as a new class of functional materials, especially for photofunctional purposes.
Inorganic–Organic Layered Materials Derived via the Hydrolysis and Polycondensation of Trialkoxy(alkyl)silanes
Authors: Shimojima Atsushi , Sugahara Yoshiyuki , Kuroda Kazuyuki 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Triethoxy(alkyl)silanes containing 12—18 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups were hydrolyzed and polycondensed to form ordered structured materials. The XRD pattern of each condensed product showed sharp diffraction peaks with higher orders. The basal spacings approximately corresponded to twice the extended molecular length of the alkyl groups, and increased linearly as a function of the alkyl chain length. The SEM images of the products exhibited a platy morphology, and the 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectra revealed the formation of siloxane bonds with various silicon sites from T1 to T3 environments. All of these results indicated the formation of highly-organized inorganic–organic layered materials.
Function and role of laughter in Malaysian women's and men's talk
Authors: David Maya Khemlani , Mohd Jan Jariah , Yip Cheng Karen Kow , Soon Chye David Yoong 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Academically speaking, for many years humour has been studied in the spheres of philosophy, linguistics, sociology, psychology, anthropology and even the neurosciences. In its role, humour allows the speaker to represent a parallel reality, which often induces positive feedback such as laughter, smiles and grins from his/her fellow listeners. This gender study of humour, analyses the roles and functions as well as the similarities and differences of humour found in the recorded discourses of Malaysian males and females. Whilst males and females tend to share similar topics (such as sex), the data shows that both genders approach them in different ways. That is to say, males tend to be more direct as opposed to females.
Some peculiarities of Malaysian Iyer English
Authors: Vijaya Sankar Lokasundari 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper discusses some peculiarities of Malaysian English as spoken by Malaysian Iyers. Previous research showed that Malaysian Iyers, a minority group of Tamils living in Malaysia, had shifted from their mother tongue of Tamil to English mainly, though Tamil was used functionally
(Sankar 2004). The study was conducted on 15 Malaysian Iyers who were audio taped in natural situations to study the linguistic patterns that emerged from their use of English. Approximately 120 minutes of audio taped data was analyzed by examining code switches made from English to Tamil. These switches were examined to find out if English grammar was applied to these switches. The findings showed that the respondents' use of the English language included Tamil words that were grammaticized into the English language through devices such as the inclusion of English suffixes such as the plural ‘s’, ‘-fy, ‘-en’ or the prefixes such as ‘un-’ and ‘de-’. Tamil verbs were also found to be conjugated to the past tense through the use of ‘-ed’ or the present continuous of ‘-ing’. These words appear to have become part of their English repertoire.
The historical Context of John Philoponus' De Opificio Mundi in the Culture of Byzantine-Coptic Egypt
Authors: MacCoull Leslie S.B 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

I. Introduction

John Philoponus (ca. 490–575) was the first and probably only universal mind of the culture of Christian Egypt. Since the publication eighteen years ago of a collection of studies entitled Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science, this sixth-century Alexandrian philosopher, theologian and polymath has become the focus of increased scholarly interest. As a documentary papyrologist working on the sixth-century Egyptian lawyer-poet Dioscorus of Aphrodito, I had even earlier come to speculate about a possible connection between that writer and Philoponus. However, despite the growth of scholarship on the society of late antique Egypt, studies on Philoponus have until recently continued to be carried on largely within the closed universe of late antique classical philosophy, with little attention paid to the actual social world within which Philoponus lived and worked, and concentrating on only one aspect of his output, the philosophical commentaries, to the comparative neglect of his theological works and his identity as a non-Chalcedonian thinker at the time of the early growth of Egypt's separate church. What I should like to do is try and understand Philoponus better within his social background of sixth-century Egypt, the world of the Greek and Coptic documentary papyri. In his great work, the De Opificio Mundi or “Explanations of Moses' Cosmogony” (CPG 7265), Philoponus produced a Miaphysite commentary on Genesis, the goal of which was to demonstrate to the people of his own place and time that only this correct understanding of Christ, the Miaphysite one, would provide a key to understanding the created universe through correctly reconciling the data of classical science with those of Christian revelation.
Silica, Amorphous
Authors: Waddell Walter H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAmorphous silica, a three‐dimensional, inorganic polymeric silicon dioxide, SiO2, does not have a crystalline structure as defined by the absence of definitive lines in X‐ray diffraction measurements. Amorphous silica can be naturally occurring or synthetic, and either anhydrous or surface‐hydrated with silanol groups. Synthetic amorphous silica can be divided into microamorphous silica and vitreous silica (glass) made by fusing quartz at temperatures greater than ∼ 1700°C. A discussion of microamorphous silica is presented, including colloidal silica, ie, sol or stable dispersion of discrete particles; silicas gelled or precipitated from solution; and pyrogenic and fused silica. Amorphous silica is characterized by chemical composition, physical properties, and characteristics of its particles, with exact analytical procedures depending on the type and application. Various methods to prepare and characterize each type of amorphous silica, commercial applications including principal global manufacturers, and health and safety issues are discussed.
Silica
Authors: Uhrlandt Stefan 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In recorded history, there are numerous indications of the omnipresence of silicates in humanity’s natural habitat. Siliceous minerals were either utilized by processing natural silica deposits, eg, clay, porcelain, glass or enamel, or obtained by means of chemical conversion. Silica in the form of amorphous white powders can also be made synthetically, using a thermal process (fumed silica) or a wet process (precipitated silica, silica gels). Forms of amorphous silica are used in various industries, such as food, feed, coatings, plant protection, tires, personal care, and many others, and are an essential part of many products of our everyday life.
This article briefly covers crystalline silica. The major focus is amorphous silica, its production processes, physical‐chemical characteristics, and uses in various everyday products. Health and safety aspects are also discussed.
Silylating Agents
Authors: Pape Peter G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Silylating agents are used to replace active hydrogens from the surface of organic materials by trisubstituted silyl groups. This procedure is effected for a variety of reasons. Simple organic compounds may be silylated for purposes of synthesis and analysis; inorganic mineral surfaces may be silylated for purposes of analysis, adhesion, and water repellence; metal oxides, glass, resins, enzymes, etc, may be silylated to effect corrosion resistance, antimicrobial activity, immobilization for catalysis, chromatography column material, waterproofing, etc. The various compounds and the methods utilized for silylation are discussed.
Sulfur Compounds
Authors: Weil Edward D. , Sandler Stanley R. , Gernon Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSulfur is a component of many industrially useful compounds, particularly process intermediates. Other sulfur compounds are important because of air pollution considerations, coming from natural sources (COS, SO2, H2S) as well as manmade. Carbon sulfides, carbonyl sulfide, thiophosgene, trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen polysulfides (sulfanes) and their salts, sulfur halides and oxyhalides, sulfur nitrides, sulfur oxides, sulfur oxygen acids and their salts, thiocyanic acid and its salts, methanesulfonyl chloride, and methanesulfonic acid are all discussed, along with properties, manufacture, shipment and storage, economic aspects, analytical methods, grades and specifications, health and safety, and uses in making agricultural pesticides, pharmaceuticals, food chemicals, oil additives, plastics and plastic additives, and refining catalysts. Elemental sulfur, sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide, carbon disulfide, thiosulfates and sulfur removal from natural gas are discussed in separate articles in thisEncyclopedia.
Porphyrin profiles in blood, urine and faeces by HPLC/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Danton Malcolm , Lim Chang Kee 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA high‐resolution high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry method is described for the analysis of porphyrins in blood, urine and faeces. The gradient elution reversed‐phase HPLC system using acetonitrile–methanol–1 m ammonium acetate/acetic acid buffer (pH 5.16) as gradient solvent mixtures was able to separate all porphyrin metabolites, including the type I and type III isomers of uroporphyrin, hepta‐, hexa‐ and penta‐carboxylic acid porphyrins and coproporphyrin. The porphyrins were positively identified by the protonated molecules [M+H]+ and further characterized by tandem mass spectrometric analysis with each porphyrin giving a characteristic collisioninduced dissociation product ion spectrum. The mass chromatograms obtained by HPLC/ESI MS are useful for the differential diagnosis of the porphyrias, since each type of porphyria has a typical porphyrin excretion pattern. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of MDMA and MDA in abusers' hair samples by semi‐micro column HPLC with fluorescence detection
Authors: Nakamura Shinichi , Tomita Mamoru , Wada Mitsuhiro , Chung Heesun , Kuroda Naotaka , Nakashima Kenichiro 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA sensitive semi‐micro column high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection method was developed for the determination of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), methamphetamine (MP) and amphetamine (AP) in human hair. 4‐(4,5‐Diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)benzoyl chloride (DIB‐Cl) and 1‐methyl‐3‐phenylpropylamine were used as labeling reagent and internal standard, respectively. These drugs were extracted from hair into 5% trifluoroacetic acid in methanol, and fluorescent labeled with DIB‐Cl. The separation of DIB‐derivatives was achieved on a reversed‐phase semi‐micro ODS column with an acetonitrile–methanol–water (30:40:30, v/v/v%) mixture as a mobile phase. The limits of detection at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3 for MDMA, MDA, MP and AP were 0.25, 0.15, 0.25 and 0.19 ng/mg, respectively. Precision of intra‐ and inter‐day assay as the relative standard deviation were in the range 1.5–6.8% (n = 5) and 2.7–4.7% (n = 5), respectively. The proposed method was highly sensitive and able to detect MDMA and its related compounds in small amounts of hair sample, and could be applied to quantification of six abusers' hair samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alterations of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid glutamate levels in rats treated with theN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist, ketamine
Authors: Tomiya Masayuki , Fukushima Takeshi , Kawai Junko , Aoyama Chiaki , Mitsuhashi Shogo , Santa Tomofumi , Imai Kazuhiro , Toyo'oka Toshimasa 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt has been reported that the repeated administration of a sub‐anesthetic dose of anN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist, ketamine, can produce an animal model of schizophrenia. Since no information is available on the alterations of the amino acid levels in ketamine‐treated rats, we investigated the amino acid composition in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of rats that were repeatedly administered with ketamine for 5 consecutive days (30 mg/kg/day). The plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acid compositions in the fifth week after cessation of repeated ketamine administration were determined by highperformance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection using a pre‐column fluorescence reagent, i.e. 4‐fluoro‐7nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole. Among the amino acids investigated in the present study, the level of plasma glutamic acid increased significantly (p< 0.05), while that of the cerebrospinal fluid glutamic acid decreased significantly in the ketamine‐treated rats as compared with these levels in control rats injected with saline (p< 0.05,n= 7). These alterations in the glutamic acid level in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid resemble those in schizophrenic patients, suggesting that ketamine‐treated rats may be a useful model for performing research on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The value of knowledge for colour design
Authors: Green‐Armytage Paul 
Published: June 2006

AbstractColour is not one single kind of “thing.” Here I propose a way of categorizing the different kinds of thing that colours are variously understood to be. I further propose that the means used to identify a colour determine what kind of thing it is that is being identified. My proposed categories are conventional colour, substance colour, formula colour, spectral profile colour, psychophysical colour, inherent colour, and perceived colour. I show how these different kinds of colour are the concern of people working in different disciplines and that these different disciplines all contribute knowledge that can be of value in colour design. I also show how recognition of the different kinds of colour can help designers to a clearer understanding of concepts that they use in their own discipline. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 253–269, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20222
Rejuvenating the color palette of Georges Seurat's A Sunday on La Grande Jatte—1884: A simulation
Authors: Berns Roy S. , Byrns Siobhan , Casadio Francesca , Fiedler Inge , Gallagher Christopher , Imai Francisco H. , Newman Alan , Taplin Lawrence A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGeorges Seurat first employed his divisionist painting technique, commonly called pointillism, on A Sunday on La Grande Jatte—1884 beginning in October 1885. Painting with pigments representing colors seen in the visible spectrum that were minimally mixed on the palette and using divided brushstrokes, he aimed to impart “luminosity” to the surface and to explore color theories that were being developed and disseminated at that time, such as simultaneous contrast, in his unique interpretation. In addition to the natural ageing of the painting materials causing an overall darkening of the painting, pigment analysis has disclosed that the brushwork containing zinc yellow has darkened significantly: yellow, green–yellow, and orange brushstrokes have become ochre‐like, olive–green, and reddish–brown, respectively. By performing spectral reflectance measurements in situ on darkened areas of the painting and on paint‐outs of comparable unaltered colors, using Kubelka–Munk turbid media theory, imaging the painting with color‐managed digital photography, and image editing with Adobe Photoshop, a digital version of the original, more luminous appearance of La Grande Jatte was simulated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 278–293, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20223
Appearance reproduction and multispectral imaging
Authors: Tsumura Norimichi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWith the recent progress of broadband networks, accurate appearance reproduction across various environments is required for objects in various applications such as e‐commerce, the designing process, and telemedicine. Multispectral imaging techniques are expected to perform cross‐environment color reproduction for objects. However, color is just one attribute for the appearance of objects. Other attributes such as glossiness, graininess, and translucency should be also considered for practical cross‐environment appearance reproduction. In this review, a framework for appearance reproduction is introduced with relation to computer graphics, computer vision, and image processing techniques. The importance of the multispectral imaging technique is also recognized again in this framework. Case studies are introduced based on the examples we have performed in our practical applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 270–277, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20225
Color and symbolic meaning of elements in nature
Authors: Kim Young‐In 
Published: June 2006

AbstractColors effectively communicate visual images, enabling the association of ideas and symbolic meanings based upon individual senses and experiences. The premise of this study is that colors stimulate interest in the aesthetics and significance of nature when they are applied to nature. Thus, the goal of this study is to convey the importance of nature through the colors of the four elements: air, water, earth, and fire. This article analyzes the application of colors and symbolic meanings of the four elements in art history, paintings, and fashion trends and examines whether they effectively represent nature. Finally, the four elements are represented by four color palettes. These colors may convey the image of nature and play an important role in shaping people's values that form aesthetic awareness and interests in nature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 341–349, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20232
Corporate social responsibility in host countries: a perspective from American managers
Authors: Engle Robert L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the beliefs of 56 US‐based senior international business executives regarding the importance of multinational corporations' involvement in the improvement of host countries' human rights, poverty, education, health care and environment. The results of this pilot study suggest that all five areas are considered important, with the environmental responsibilities of MNCs being perceived as the most important of these five areas. Little significant difference was found with regards to the executives' views of importance based on either their having lived overseas or based on the international component of their current job activity, with one exception: those executives with more than 50% of their job involving international activities believed that MNCs had a significantly greater environmental responsibility in host countries than did those with less job‐related international activity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Obscurin is required for the lateral alignment of striated myofibrils in zebrafish
Authors: Raeker Maide Ö. , Su Fengyun , Geisler Sarah B. , Borisov Andrei B. , Kontrogianni‐Konstantopoulos Aikaterini , Lyons Susan E. , Russell Mark W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObscurin/obscurin‐MLCK is a giant sarcomere‐associated protein with multiple isoforms whose interactions with titin and small ankyrin‐1 suggest that it has an important role in myofibril assembly, structural support, and the sarcomeric alignment of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In this study, we characterized the zebrafish orthologue of obscurin and examined its role in striated myofibril assembly. Zebrafish obscurin was expressed in the somites and central nervous system by 24 hours post‐fertilization (hpf) and in the heart by 48 hpf. Depletion of obscurin using two independent morpholino antisense oligonucleotides resulted in diminished numbers and marked disarray of skeletal myofibrils, impaired lateral alignment of adjacent myofibrils, disorganization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, somite segmentation defects, and abnormalities of cardiac structure and function. This is the first demonstration that obscurin is required for vertebrate cardiac and skeletal muscle development. The diminished capacity to generate and organize new myofibrils in response to obscurin depletion suggests that it may have a vital role in the causation of or adaptation to cardiac and skeletal myopathies. Developmental Dynamics 235:2018–2029, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toward a global picture of development: Lessons from genome‐scale analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic development
Authors: Ge Hui , Player Christopher M. , Zou Lihua 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDevelopment is the result of complex events, including cascades of transcriptional programs and numerous molecular interactions. Traditionally, research focus has been given to the characterization of individual mutants, regulators, or interactions. With the availability of complete genome sequences and high‐throughput (HT) experimental techniques, probing development on a system level has become feasible. Pioneering work initiated in invertebrate model systems such as Caenorhabditis elegans has provided first drafts of catalogs of essential components, transcriptional regulatory diagrams and molecular interaction networks underlying developmental processes. Integrating these drafts approximates a system‐level picture of development and provides local models for protein/gene functions. Here we summarize the progress toward elucidating developmental processes on a system level, including the applications of genomic technologies and computational analyses. We discuss C. elegans embryonic development in case studies to illustrate how various HT approaches can be integrated and how biological insights can be gained from these approaches. Developmental Dynamics 235:2009–2017, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.