bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time‐dependent, anisotropic pore structure and soil strength in a 10‐year period after intensive tractor wheeling under conservation and conventional tillage
Authors: Peng Xinhua , Horn Rainer 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAny soil deformation induced by agricultural machinery is transmitted three‐dimensionally and the “kneading effect” of tractor wheeling further rearranges soil particles and aggregates anisotropically. In this work, we investigated how heterogeneous soil structure remained 10 y after a complete wheeling of fields in 1995 with a single pass of 2 × 2.5 Mg and of 6 × 5 Mg on a silty loam Luvisol derived from loess. Control plots received no tractor wheeling. We also analyzed how soil physical properties responded to the tractor wheeling under two management systems: continuous conservation tillage (chisel plow = CS) with mulch cover and conventional tillage (plowing to 25 cm depth annually = CT).We compared three sampling dates: done before wheeling in 1995, after wheeling in 1995, and in 2004. Results showed that applying tractor wheeling in 1995 not only reduced total soil‐pore volume but also increased soil strength as expressed by precompression stress. The reduction of total pore volume at 30 cm depth was more pronounced in CS than in CT. After 10 y of continuous use of the two tillage systems, the precompression stress of the wheeled soils was greater in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. This anisotropy of soil strength and its load dependency were also more pronounced in CS than in CT. The effect of wheeling on the fluxes of gas and water was covered up by the effects of biochannels, causing a prevailing vertical passage. From this study, we conclude that heavy, agricultural machinery causes soil degradation, which is more evident in CS than in CT.
Chemical and organic immobilization treatments for reducing phytoavailability of heavy metals in copper‐mine tailings
Authors: Jamal Khan Mohammad , Jones David L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of diammonium phosphate (DAP), agricultural limestone (lime), and green‐waste compost mixed with 30% treated sewage sludge (GCS) applied alone or in combination as chemical immobilization treatment using tomato as a test crop. Mine waste was collected from an abandoned copper‐mine tailing site at Mynydd Parys, Anglesey (UK). Lime was applied at the rate of CaCO3 equivalent (CCE, pH = 7), DAP at the rate of 23 g P per kg substrate, and 10% by weight, GCS as sole application. Half rate of each amendment was also tested as a combined treatment and an untreated substrate (control). Plant‐available metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) were measured in substrate with conventional diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and sequential Ca(NO3)2 extraction. Plant–dry biomass yield was significantly (p < 0.001) increased by the combined application of all the three amendments while sole application of DAP reduced yield by 4‐fold compared to unamended soil probably due to P toxicity. Addition of lime reduced the DTPA‐extractable Cu, Fe, and Zn by 75%, 81%, and 85%, respectively, while Pb availability was reduced by 88% in combined DAP + lime + GCS treatment compared to control. The extraction capacity of DTPA was higher than that of Ca(NO3)2 by 3‐fold for Cu and Fe, 8‐fold for Pb, and 2‐fold for Zn. The leaf‐tissue concentrations of Cu and Fe were reduced by 77% and 83% in the lime + GCS amendment, respectively, while both Pb and Zn were reduced by 89% and 33%, respectively, in substrate treated with the combined application of all three amendments. These results suggest that alkaline amendments (both lime and GCS) were effective in reducing the phytoavailability of Cu, Fe, and Zn while DAP mixed with either GCS or lime was effective in reducing Pb availability.
Improved RP‐HPLC and anion‐exchange chromatography methods for the determination of amino acids and carbohydrates in soil solutions
Authors: Meyer Axel , Fischer Holger , Kuzyakov Yakov , Fischer Klaus 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn spite of their low concentrations in soil solutions, low–molecular weight organic substances (LMWOS) such as amino acids, sugars, and uronic acids play a major role in the cycles of C and N in soil. With respect to their low concentrations and to possible matrix interferences, their analysis in soil leachates is a challenging task. We established two HPLC (high‐performance liquid chromatography) methods for the parallel determination of amino acids and carbohydrates in soil leachates. The pre‐column derivatization of amino acids with an o‐phthaldialdehyde (OPA) mercaptoethanol solution yields quantitation limits between 0.03 and 0.44 µmol L–1 and SD values of <8.3% (n = 9). High‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography (HPAEC) on a Dionex CarboPac PA 20 column with a NaOH acetate gradient combined with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) was used for the determination of carbohydrates. The calibration curves obtained for 11 carbohydrates showed excellent linearity over the concentration range from 0.02 to 50.0 mg L–1. Recovery studies revealed good results for all analytes (89%–108%). Interferences from Hg(II) salts and chloroform used for stabilization of the leachates did not occur with both chromatographic methods. The optimized method was successfully used for quantitative determinations of amino acids and carbohydrates in soil leachates.
Enantioseparation of nuarimol by affinity electrokinetic chromatography‐partial filling technique using human serum albumin as chiral selector
Authors: Martínez‐Gómez Maria Amparo , Escuder‐Gilabert Laura , Villanueva‐Camañas Rosa M. , Sagrado Salvador , Medina‐Hernández Maria J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe present paper deals with the enantiomeric separation of nuarimol enantiomers by affinity EKC‐partial filling technique using HSA as chiral selector. Firstly, a study of nuarimol interactions with HSA by CE‐frontal analysis was performed. The binding parameters obtained for the first site of interaction were n1 = 0.84; K1 = 9.7 ± 0.3×103 M–1 and the protein binding percentage of nuarimol at physiological concentration of HSA was 75.2 ± 0.2%. Due to the moderate affinity of nuarimol towards HSA the possibility of using this protein as chiral selector for the separation of nuarimol using the partial filling technique was evaluated. A multivariate optimization approach of the most critical experimental variables in enantioresolution, running pH, HSA concentration and plug length was carried out. Separation of nuarimol enantiomers was obtained under the following selected conditions: electrophoretic buffer composed of 50 mM Tris at pH 7.3; 160 μM HSA solution applied at 50 mbar for 156 s as chiral selector; nuarimol solutions in the range of 2–8×10–4 M injected hydrodynamically at 30 mbar for 2 s and the electrophoretic runs performed at 30°C applying 15 kV voltage. Resolution, accuracy, reproducibility speed and cost of the proposed method make it suitable for quality control of the enantiomeric composition of nuarimol in formulations and for further toxicological studies. The results showed a different affinity between nuarimol enantiomers towards HSA.
Biodegradable Nanogels Prepared by Self‐Assembly of Poly(L‐lactide)‐Grafted Dextran: Entrapment and Release of Proteins
Authors: Nagahama Koji , Ouchi Tatsuro , Ohya Yuichi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe showed previously that poly(L‐lactide)‐grafted dextran could form biodegradable nanogels in water. In this paper, various properties of Dex‐g‐PLLA nanogels were compared with Dex‐Chol (dextran‐cholesterol conjugate) nanogels to investigate the effects of hydrophobic units. Dex‐g‐PLLA nanogels exhibited significantly lower CAC and higher colloidal stability, indicating a strong tendency to form nanogels. We prepared lysozyme‐loaded Dex‐g‐PLLA nanogels, and they exhibited a sustained release of lysozyme for 1 week without denaturation in PBS at 37 °C. The Dex‐g‐PLLA nanogels therefore have great potential as a delivery vehicle for therapeutic protein.magnified image
Polyarylene Synthesis by Suzuki Polycondensation of Aryl Dichlorides and an Aryl Diboronic Acid Ester
Authors: Kandre Ramchandra , Schlüter A. Dieter 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper describes the successful application of the Suzuki polycondensation (SPC) to the synthesis of high molecular weight polyphenylenes using aryl dichloride monomers. From readily available starting material, two meta‐dichloromonomers (2b and 2c) were prepared and subjected to SPC with benzene 1,4‐diboronic acid ester to produce reasonably high molar mass poly(para‐meta‐phenylene)s 4a and 4b, respectively, if freshly prepared Pd‐catalyst, Buchwald ligand and the base K3PO4 were used. The polymer with butoxy substituent (4a) was compared regarding GPC molar mass and glass transition temperature with its exact same congener which had been synthesized in a previous work starting from a meta‐dibromo monomer. This comparison unequivocally confirms the molar masses achieved and, thus, establishes the first reported case of a SPC using aryl chloride monomers, instead of the more expensive and less amply available aryl bromides which had to be used otherwise.magnified image
Multi‐actuated functionally graded piezoelectric micro‐tools design: A multiphysics topology optimization approach
Authors: Carbonari Ronny C. , Silva Emílio C. N. , Paulino Glaucio H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMicro‐tools offer significant promise in a wide range of applications such as cell manipulation, micro‐surgery, and micro/nanotechnology processes. Such special micro‐tools consist of multi‐flexible structures actuated by two or more piezoceramic devices that must generate output displacements and forces at different specified points of the domain and at different directions. The micro‐tool structure acts as a mechanical transformer by amplifying and changing the direction of the piezoceramics output displacements. The design of these micro‐tools involves minimization of the coupling among movements generated by various piezoceramics.To obtain enhanced micro‐tool performance,the concept of multifunctional and functionally graded materials is extended by tailoring elastic and piezoelectric properties of the piezoceramics while simultaneously optimizing the multi‐flexible structural configuration using multiphysics topology optimization. The design process considers the influence of piezoceramic property gradation and also its polarization sign. The method is implemented considering continuum material distribution with special interpolation of fictitious densities in the design domain. As examples, designs of a single piezoactuator, anXYnano‐positioner actuated by two graded piezoceramics, and a micro‐gripper actuated by three graded piezoceramics are considered. The results show that material gradation plays an important role to improve actuator performance, which may also lead to optimal displacements and coupling ratios with reduced amount of piezoelectric material. The present examples are limited to two‐dimensional models because many of the applications for such micro‐tools are planar devices. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Least‐squares mixed finite elements for small strain elasto‐viscoplasticity
Authors: Schwarz A. , Schröder J. , Starke G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe main aim of this contribution is to provide a mixed finite element for small strain elasto‐viscoplastic material behavior based on the least‐squares method. The L2‐norm minimization of the residuals of the given first‐order system of differential equations leads to a two‐field functional with displacements and stresses as process variables. For the continuous approximation of the stresses, lowest‐order Raviart–Thomas elements are used, whereas for the displacements, standard conforming elements are employed. It is shown that the non‐linear least‐squares functional provides an a posteriori error estimator, which establishes ellipticity of the proposed variational approach. Further on, details about the implementation of the least‐squares mixed finite elements are given and some numerical examples are presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhaled insulin treatment for type 1 diabetes, following major skin loss from necrotising fasciitis
Authors: Maguire D , Bodansky HJ 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA 21‐year‐old female with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes was admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis and a groin abscess which was incised and drained. She developed necrotising fasciitis affecting the lower abdomen and upper thighs, which required extensive debridement. Subsequent skin grafts were successful; however, injection sites were now limited. She was commenced on inhaled insulin with meals and glargine insulin once daily.This is an unusual indication for inhaled insulin. This case demonstrates the importance of alternative routes of administration of insulin when intensive subcutaneous therapy is not possible. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons.
Suboptimal glycaemic control in primary care: is the need for intensification of therapy recognised?
Authors: Rosindale S , Lockett H , Bromige R , Darby A , Dyer R 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study demonstrated the importance of good glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Despite this knowledge, half of the population with diabetes have an HbA1c above 8%.Five general practices in Torbay identified all patients with type 2 diabetes and suboptimal glycaemic control (HbA1c >7.5%) who were not on insulin. A retrospective review of the general practice records of patients was performed. Patients were categorised into: need to consider insulin; need to increase oral agents; treatment has recently been appropriately increased; patient plans to commence insulin; insulin considered inappropriate or patient declined insulin; patient under a secondary care diabetes team; patient diagnosed with diabetes within the last year.In all, 376 patients with an HbA1c >7.5% were identified. Of these, 118 patients (31.4%) had appropriately increased their oral medication. Only 21 had discussed insulin initiation but an additional 74 were classified as needing to consider insulin therapy. Twenty‐three percent required an increase in their oral hypoglycaemic medication. Insulin was declined by the patient or thought inappropriate in 49 cases. There were 17 new diagnoses and only eight under secondary care.In conclusion, 43% of patients with type 2 diabetes and HbA1c >7.5% required an increase in oral medication or consideration for insulin. This need had not been recognised in the majority of cases. We believe that closer liaison between primary care and specialist diabetes teams is required. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons.
Quality of life and impact of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for children and their parents
Authors: Barnard KD , Speight J , Skinner T C 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis study aimed to identify key components of quality of life (QoL) and assess the impact of insulin pump therapy on children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents.The Schedule for the Evaluation of Individualised Quality of Life (SEIQoL) interview was adapted to be (1) insulin pump‐specific, (2) suitable for children and their parents, and (3) suitable for telephone administration. Interviews were conducted separately with children/parents to elicit the five most important aspects of life for their QoL and to identify the impact of insulin pump therapy on those domains.All children (and parents) who were registered on the Roche Diagnostics insulin pump user customer database were invited to participate.Participants included 15 children/adolescents (mean age 12.07±2.71 years; range 9–17 years) and 17 parents. Mean diabetes duration was 6.67±2.42 years (range: 2–12 years). There was no significant difference in length of interview between parents and children (p = 0.281). All parents reported the impact of their children's insulin pump therapy on their own overall QoL as positive (47.1% very much better, 35.3% much better, 17.6% better). Fourteen children/adolescents answered this question and all responses were positive (28.6% very much better, 57.1% much better, 14.3% better). For parents, the most frequently reported aspects of life important for their QoL were ‘health’ and ‘family’ whilst children most frequently reported ‘family’, ‘friends’ and ‘school’.In conclusion, all children and their parents reported the impact of pump therapy on their QoL to have been positive. Furthermore, parents perceive many benefits of importance for their own QoL from their child(ren) using insulin pump therapy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons.
Synthesis and characterization of hybrid fluoro‐emulsion based on silica/copolymer composite particles
Authors: Qu Ailan , Wen Xiufang , Pi Pihui , Cheng Jiang , Yang Zhuoru 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: To create a hydrophobic surface, a commonly used two‐step process is the formation of a rough surface and its subsequent modification with materials of low surface energy. Here, a new method for making a hydrophobic surface is proposed using emulsion copolymerization with a low‐surface‐energy fluoropolymer in the presence of a high percentage of silica particles creating a well‐spread roughness.RESULTS: Irregular core–shell structural composite particles such as of snowman shape and sandwich shape were obtained and characterized. The hydrophobicity and chemical structure of the hybrid film were investigated. It was found that strong inter‐ and intramolecular chemical bonding in the composite film may improve the properties of the hybrid film. Enrichment of fluorine on the film surface and well‐distributed roughness due to the silica particles covered by the fluoropolymer contribute to the increased hydrophobicity of the film. The water contact angle on the film increased from 106 ± 2° to 135 ± 2°.CONCLUSION: The stable core–shell hybrid latex synthesized in this work will be of use in preparing high‐performance hydrophobic aqueous coatings. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of protein and RNA expression levels of common housekeeping genes in a mouse model of neurodegeneration
Authors: Calvo Ana C. , Moreno‐Igoa María , Manzano Raquel , Ordovás Laura , Yagüe Gema , Oliván Sara , Muñoz María J. , Zaragoza Pilar , Osta Rosario 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe choice of housekeeping proteins or genes for internal standards should be made carefully, taking into account the cell and tissue type, the experimental conditions, and the healthy/disease state(s) under consideration. Furthermore, as the correlation between transcriptional and translational levels of commonly used housekeeping genes is often discussed, this study shed light on the transcriptional levels of β‐actin and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and the translational levels of β‐actin, GAPDH, and β‐tubulin in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model.
A novel method for isolation of membrane proteins: A baculovirus surface display system
Authors: Zhang Yaozhou , Lv Zhengbing , Chen Jian , Chen Qin , Quan Yanping , Kong Lingyin , Zhang Haihua , Li Si , Zheng Qingliang , Chen Jianqing , Nie Zuoming , Wang Jiang , Jin Yongfeng , Wu Xiangfu 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe have developed a novel baculovirus surface display (BVSD) system for the isolation of membrane proteins. We expressed a reporter gene that encoded hemagglutinin gene fused in frame with the signal peptide and transmembrane domain of the baculovirus gp64 protein, which is displayed on the surface of BmNPV virions. The expression of this fusion protein on the virion envelope allowed us to develop two methods for isolating membrane proteins. In the first method, we isolated proteins directly from the envelope of budding BmNPV virions. In the second method, we isolated proteins from cellular membranes that had disintegrated due to viral egress. We isolated 6756 proteins. Of these, 1883 have sequence similarities to membrane proteins and 1550 proteins are homologous to known membrane proteins. This study indicates that membrane proteins can be effectively isolated using our BVSD system. Using an analogous method, membrane proteins can be isolated from other eukaryotic organisms, including human beings, by employing a host cell‐specific budding virus.
Proteomics Data Collection – 3rd ProDaC Workshop April 22nd 2008, Toledo, Spain
Authors: Eisenacher Martin , Hardt Tanja , Martens Lennart , Häkkinen Jari , Apweiler Rolf , Hamacher Michael , Meyer Helmut E. , Stephan Christian 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe “Coordination Action” ProDaC (Proteomics Data Collection) – funded by the EU within the 6th framework programme – was created to support the dissemination, utilization and publication of proteomics data. Within this international consortium, standards are developed and maintained to support extensive data collection by the proteomics community. An important part of ProDaC are workshops organized on a regular basis (two per year) to allow discussions and communication between the ProDaC partners and to report on the progress of the project. The kick‐off meeting took place in October 2006 in Long Beach, CA, USA. The 1st ProDaC workshop was held in Lyon, France (April 2007) and the 2nd in Seoul, Korea in October 2007. ProDaC organized the 3rd ProDaC workshop at the Beatriz Hotel, Toledo, on 22nd April, 2008, directly before the HUPO ‐ PSI spring meeting (Human Proteome Organisation ‐ Proteomics Standards Initiative). The work package coordinators presented talks about the progress achieved during the past six months. Additionally four external speakers presented their work on data conversion and data repositories. The concluding discussion session was chaired by the Journal's representative.
1st Irish Proteomics Workshop April 17th 2008, University College Dublin, Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
Authors: McManus Ciara A. , English Jane A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe workshop assembled an excellent collection of speakers from across Ireland and beyond who presented many interesting and diverse topical issues. Various proteomic applications were discussed throughout the day ranging from 2‐DE and 2‐D DIGE, to GeLC‐MS/MS, high density Protein and Antibody Arrays, with a particular focus on the importance of quantitative mass spectrometry in proteomics.