bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of volatile compounds in cows' milk using headspace GC-MS
Authors: TOSO BARBARA , PROCIDA GIUSEPPE , STEFANON BRUNO 
Published: July 2008

The composition of the volatile fraction of milk from cows was investigated in a survey of milk samples using a headspace sampling technique and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Milk samples were collected from 12 farms, selected for similar management, breed and level of production. Farms were also grouped according to the type of forage in the ration: (1) hay; (2) hay and maize silage; (3) hay, maize silage and grass silages. Forty-one compounds in milk were isolated and identified from GC-MS headspace analysis. Quantitatively, the most representative chemical class was ketones (eight compounds, 170 μg/kg), followed by aldehydes (nine compounds, 63 μg/kg), alcohols (eight compounds, 36 μg/kg), and lower amounts of hydrocarbons (six compounds), sulphur compounds (three compounds), esters (four compounds) and terpenes (three compounds). The novel headspace sampling technique, and the consequent reduction of sample pre-treatment, allowed the identification of low-molecular weight volatile compounds, and reduced the risk of producing artefacts during analysis.Discriminant analysis was used to identify a classification criterion for milk samples, using type of forage in the ration as a grouping variable. Posterior probability error rate indicated that aldehydes provided one of the best discriminant criteria for grouping milks according to ration composition. When all 41 identified volatile compounds were included, discriminant analysis selected nine compounds (acetone, 2,3-butanedione, 2-butanone, ethanol, acetaldehyde, ethylacetate, ethylisovalerate, dimethylsulphone) that did not fail the tolerance test and which correctly classified 100% of the original cases.
Introduction
Authors: Vincent Mary 
Published: July 2008

‘Certain things go inevitably with war and are war. The main thing is fighting, winning, killing and being killed, being masculine and aggressive and abnormally vigorous, violent and physical.’The experience of total war dominated the history of Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. Not only did the First World War inaugurate a new era in warfare, but its memory, commemoration and image was also incorporated in a profound sense into the culture of the interwar period. Combatants' memories and cinematic images contributed to keeping the war ever-present, as much in the pacifist desires of those who abhorred it as in the militarist ambitions of those intoxicated by it. The spirit of the trenches was to be reborn in the new fascist man of the 1920s and 1930s. As the opening quotation suggests, soldiering was the quintessential masculine experience. Military service – repackaged as national service during peacetime – was a school for forging men from callow boys, a cultural supposition which spanned the political divides of left and right, democracies and dictatorships. The experience of war restated and exaggerated conventional expectations of men and women. Indeed, for some theorists, war in the twentieth century was men's equivalent to women's experience of child-bearing. The front was an heroic, male arena, explicitly contrasted to the home front where women, children and those ‘unmanned’ by age or injury provided support and succour for the soldiers.
The geriatric depression scale in palliative care
Authors: Crawford Gregory B. , Robinson Julie A. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTObjective:This research examined the psychometric properties of previously published short forms of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) in patients receiving palliative care. It also uses the full form of the GDS to examine the prevalence of nonsomatic symptoms of depression in palliative patients.Method:Participants were 84 patients with advanced cancer attending palliative care outpatient clinics. Scores for short forms of the GDS were derived from administering the original 30-item scale. Patients also completed the single item numerical analogue scale for depression from the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System and parallel numerical analogue scales for will-to-live and hope. A subset of the sample completed the measures twice. Short forms were judged on the extent to which they captured information gained from the full scale and their internal consistency, test–retest reliability, convergent and concurrent validity, and their distribution of scores.Results:Overall, five short forms showed good psychometric properties at both visits. Two of these forms were very brief. Some nonsomatic symptoms assessed on the full GDS were reported with high frequency. However, few individuals reported a large number of symptoms. At both visits, patients identified as likely to have severe depression gave different responses from other patients on most items on the GDS-30.Significance of results:Several short forms of the GDS may be appropriate for use in palliative care. Patients identified as likely to have severe depression showed many of the same symptoms that characterise depression in other geriatric populations.
Psychiatric disorders and background characteristics of cancer patients' family members referred to psychiatric consultation service at National Cancer Center Hospitals in Japan
Authors: Asai Mariko , Akechi Tatsuo , Nakano Tomohito , Shimizu Ken , Umezawa Shino , Akizuki Nobuya , Uchitomi Yosuke 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTObjective:Psychological distress of cancer patients' family members is treated by psychiatric consultation service for outpatients at National Cancer Center Hospitals in Japan. The purpose of this study was to identify psychiatric disorders and explore background characteristics of cancer patients' family members referred to psychiatric consultation service, so that we could better understand current utilization of this psychiatric consultation service for cancer patients' family members.Methods:A retrospective descriptive study using clinical practice data obtained for 5 years (from January 2000 to December 2004) was conducted at two National Cancer Center Hospitals. We reviewed the psychiatric consultation database, computerized patient database of the National Cancer Center Hospitals, and medical charts of cancer patients' family members who were referred to psychiatry and their cancer patients.Results:Out of a total of 4992 psychiatric consultations, 118 (2%) were for cancer patients' family members. The most common psychiatric disorders among cancer patients' family members were adjustment disorders (n = 69, 58%), followed by major depression (n = 30, 25%). Female (n = 101, 86%), spouse (n = 87, 74%), married (n = 92, 78%), and housewife (n = 63, 53%) were the most common background characteristics of the family members. Sixty-four percent of cancer patients (n = 75) were hospitalized at the time of their family members' referral and 34% of cancer patients (n = 40) had already received psychiatric consultation service and 55% of cancer patients (n = 65) had delivered bad news prior to their family members' referral.Significance of the research:We found that very few family members were provided with psychiatric consultation service at two National Cancer Center Hospitals. Adjustment disorders are suggested to be the most common psychiatric disorders among cancer patients' family members.
The impact of varying autonomic states on the dynamic beat‐to‐beat QT–RR and QT–TQ interval relationships
Authors: Fossa A A 
Published: July 2008

The beat‐to‐beat dynamicity of the QT–RR interval relationship is difficult to assess with the use of traditional correction factors (QTc) and changes in QTc do not accurately reflect or quantify arrhythmogenic risk. Further, the interpretation of arrhythmogenic risk is influenced by autonomic state. To visualize the QT–RR interval dynamics under varying conditions of autonomic state from impaired repolarization, we have developed a system to sequentially plot the beat‐to‐beat confluence of ECG data or ‘clouds’ obtained from conscious dogs and humans. To represent the non‐uniformity of the clouds, a bootstrap sampling method that computes the mathematical centre of the uncorrected beat‐to‐beat QT value (QTbtb) and defines the upper and lower 95% confidence bounds is used. The same method can also be used to examine heterogeneity, hysteresis (both acceleration and deceleration) and restitution (beat‐to‐beat QT–TQ interval relationship). Impaired repolarization with the combination of E‐4031 and L‐768,673 (inhibitor of IKs current) increased heterogeneity of restitution at rest 55–91%; increased hysteresis during heart rate acceleration after isoproterenol challenge by approximately 40–60%; and dramatically diminished the minimum TQ boundary by 72% to only 28 ms. Impaired repolarization alters restitution during normal sinus rhythm and increases hysteresis/heterogeneity during heart rate acceleration following sympathetic stimulation. These findings are supported by similar clinical observations in LQT1 and LQT2 syndromes. Therefore, the assessment of the dynamic QT–RR and QT–TQ interval relationships through quantification of heterogeneity, hysteresis and restitution may allow a more accurate non‐invasive evaluation of the conditions leading to cardiac arrhythmia. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 1508–1515; doi:fn1; published online 21 April 2008
PDE4 inhibitors: current status
Authors: Spina D 
Published: July 2008

Phosphodiesterase4 inhibitors are currently under development for the treatment of respiratory diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The rationale for the development of this drug class stems from our understanding of the role of PDE4 in suppressing the function of a range of inflammatory and resident cells thought to contribute toward the pathogenesis of these diseases. Similarly, numerous preclinicalin vivostudies have shown that PDE4 inhibitors suppress characteristic features of these diseases, namely, cell recruitment, activation of inflammatory cells and physiological changes in lung function in response to a range of insults to the airways. These potentially beneficial actions of PDE4 inhibitors have been successfully translated in phase II and III clinical trials with roflumilast and cilomilast. However, dose limiting side effects of nausea, diarrhoea and headache have tempered the enthusiasm of this drug class for the treatment of these respiratory diseases. A number of strategies are currently being pursued in attempts to improve clinical efficacy and reduce side effects, including delivery via the inhaled route, and/or development of non‐emetic PDE4 inhibitors and mixed PDE inhibitors.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)155, 308–315; doi:fn1; published online 28 July 2008
Teaching a Young Child With Autism to Request Assistance Conditionally: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Reichle Joe , Dropik Patricia L. , Alden-Anderson Elizabeth , Haley Tom 
Published: July 2008

Purpose
Investigators taught a 5-year-old boy with autistic disorder and severe language delay to conditionally use requests for assistance.

Method
A within-participant multiple-probe design across 3 functional tasks was implemented in order to evaluate the child’s acquisition and conditional use of requests for assistance during intervention with each task.

Results
Results indicated initial acquisition of requests for assistance followed by a brief period of overgeneralization. As independence in completing a task increased, requests for assistance correspondingly decreased. The participant’s conditional use of requests for assistance and independent task completion were sustained across time.

Conclusion
This study highlights the need to assess conditional use of newly taught communicative behavior.
Dynamic Mechanical Relaxation Behavior of Block Copolymers: Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Rubber, SBS
Authors: Mansour Ashraf A. , Mohammady Sayed Z. 
Published: July 2008

The real and imaginary parts of the complex shear compliance (J0 and J00) of styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer, SBS, have been measured isothermally over the frequency range; 0.03-30 Hz, at different temperatures ranging from -70 to 130°C. SBS is taken as representative example of thermoplastic rubbers, which are not susceptible for direct construction of master curves by the usual time-temperature-superposition, tTs, technique. A method has been developed to construct master curves, which we call “step mastering technique”. The step mastering was carried out by constructing different master curves at different temperatures covering both glass transitions which were then superpositioned as whole to maintain the individual shift factors of different processes unchanged. The relaxation frequency of the low temperature glass process can be obtained at any given reference temperature by fitting and extrapolating the activation curve in order to superposition its low temperature master curve (as whole) on the high temperature master one at the correct position of frequency that corresponds the new reference temperature. Accordingly, it was possible for the first time to construct a complete master curve for J0 and J00 for SBS at 30°. The validity of the master curves obtained by the step mastering technique were confirmed by real frequency measurements in the MHz region using the Quartz method. The analysis showed that the relaxation spectrum consists of four relaxation processes. Using a molecular (meander) model, it was possible from the plateau compliance to determine the size of the structural units of the two phases, which was estimated to be 6.5 and 19.5 nm for PB- and PS-phases, respectively. A possible geometrical packing of the different domains is suggested and compared with the literature data.
In vitroallergen challenge of peripheral blood induces differential gene expression in mononuclear cells of asthmatic patients: inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2αovercomes the asthma‐associated response
Authors: Whalen K. A. , Legault H. , Hang C. , Hill A. , Kasaian M. , Donaldson D. , Bensch G. W. , Bensch G. , Baker J. , Reddy P. S. , Wood N. , Ramarao M. K. , Ellis D. K. , Csimma C. , McKee C. , Clark J. D. , Ryan J. , Dorner A. J. , O'Toole M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBackgroundExisting treatments for asthma are not effective in all patients and disease exacerbations are common, highlighting the need for increased understanding of disease mechanisms and novel treatment strategies. The leukotriene pathway including the enzyme responsible for arachidonic acid release from cellular phospholipids, cPLA2α, is a major contributor to asthmatic responses and an attractive target in asthma therapies.ObjectiveThe study reported here investigates (a) the differential effects ofin vitroexposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to allergen between asthma and healthy subjects, and (b) the contribution of cPLA2α to these differences in gene expression.MethodsIn vitroresponses of asthma (N=26) and healthy (N=11) subject PBMC samples to allergen stimulation in the presence and absence of cPLA2α inhibition or 5‐lipoxygenase inhibition were compared at the gene expression level using oligonucleotide arrays and at the protein level using ELISA.ResultsSubject samples within both asthma and healthy groups showed allergen‐dependent cytokine production and allergen‐dependent gene expression changes, although transcriptional profiling identified 153 genes that were modulated significantly differently by allergen between asthma and healthy subjects. Among these were genes previously associated with asthma, but the majority (about 80%) have not previously been associated with asthma.ConclusionsTranscriptional profiling elucidated novel gene expression differences between the asthmatic and healthy subject samples. Although 5‐lipoxygenase inhibition did not significantly affect allergen‐modulated gene expression, the inhibition of cPLA2α activity affected many of the allergen‐dependent, asthma‐associated gene expression changes.
Preparing nurses for practice: A phenomenological study of the new graduate in Australia
Authors: Kelly Jennifer , Ahern Kathy 
Published: July 2008

Aims.  To explore the expectations of final year nursing students before they start employment and to describe the experiences of newly graduated nurses during their first six months of employment as registered nurses.Background.  Nursing shortages are at crisis point world wide with registered nurses leaving the profession at a high rate and changing occupations. Thus, there is a need to reflect on new graduate nurses experiences in relation to retention and support.Design.  Husserl’s phenomenological approach was used to gain insight and understanding into the lived experiences of new graduate nurses.Methods.  Students enrolled in a Bachelor of Nursing programme at an Australian University were interviewed in their final semester and during employment in the hospital setting. Semi‐structured interviews were used to gather data from 13 participants. Data were collected at three intervals: prior to commencing employment, one month and six months postemployment and the results were analysed thematically.Results.  As students, the participants held positive perceptions surrounding their impending role as a registered nurse and what it would encompass. However, after one month of employment, it became apparent that nursing comprised of a culture that embraced cliques which excluded them. The graduates were unprepared for ‘bitchiness’ and the limited amount of assistance with unfamiliar tasks they received from registered nurses. Participants also found rotating to different wards recreated the feelings they experienced on commencing employment.Conclusions.  Nursing curricula should prepare new graduates for foreseeable stressors and oppressive practices so that graduates can become proactive in preventing and responding to factors such as silence and aggression. Moreover, nursing courses need to ensure that socialisation issues are addressed to assist in the eradication of oppressive practices. Finally, organisations need to address socialisation issues such as hostility within the workplace to address the attrition of new graduates from the profession.Relevance to clinical practice.  Individuals in clinical practice settings need to be cognisant of the significant role that experienced registered nurses and nurse unit managers occupy in the socialisation of new graduate nurses. Additionally, there needs to be increased awareness that nursing culture can influence recruitment and retention of new graduates. Further, health care organisations need to evaluate the benefits of new graduates rotating through clinical areas in the first 12 months of employment.
SILIP: a novel stable isotope labeling method for in planta quantitative proteomic analysis
Authors: Schaff Jennifer E. , Mbeunkui Flaubert , Blackburn Kevin , Bird David McK. , Goshe Michael B. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryDue to ease of manipulation, metabolic isotope coding of samples for proteomic analysis is typically performed in cell culture, thus preventing an accuratein vivo quantitative analysis, which is only achievable in intact organisms. To address this issue in plant biology, we developed SILIP (stable isotope labeling in planta) using tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Rutgers) as a method that allows soil‐grown plants to be efficiently labeled using a 14N/15N isotope coding strategy. After 2 months of growth on 14N‐ and 15N‐enriched nitrogen sources, proteins were extracted from four distinct tomato tissues (roots, stems, leaves and flowers), digested, and analyzed by LC/MS/MS (data‐dependent acquisition, DDA) and alternating low‐ and elevated‐energy MS scans (data‐independent acquisition, MSE). Using a derived relationship to generate a theoretical standard curve, the measured ratio of the M (monoisotopic) and M‐1 isotopologues of 70 identified 15N‐labeled peptides from 16 different proteins indicated that 15N incorporation was almost 99%, which is in excellent agreement with the 99.3%15N‐enriched nitrate used in the soil‐based medium. Values for the various tissues ranged from 98.2 ± 0.3%15N incorporation in leaves to 98.8 ± 0.2% in stems, demonstrating uniform labeling throughout the plant. In addition, SILIP is compatible with root‐knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) development, and thus provides a new quantitative proteomics tool to study both plant and plant–microorganism systems.
The DOF transcription factor OBP1 is involved in cell cycle regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Skirycz Aleksandra , Radziejwoski Amandine , Busch Wolfgang , Hannah Matthew A. , Czeszejko Joanna , Kwaśniewski Mirosław , Zanor Maria‐Inès , Lohmann Jan U. , De Veylder Lieven , Witt Isabell , Mueller‐Roeber Bernd 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn contrast to animal growth, plant growth is largely post‐embryonic. Therefore plants have developed new mechanisms to precisely regulate cell proliferation by means of internal and external stimuli whilst the general core cell cycle machinery is conserved between eukaryotes. In this work we demonstrate a role for the Arabidopsis thaliana DNA‐binding‐with‐one‐finger (DOF) transcription factor OBP1 in the control of cell division upon developmental signalling. Inducible overexpression of OBP1 resulted in a significant overrepresentation of cell cycle genes among the upregulated transcripts. Direct targets of OBP1, as verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation, include at least the core cell cycle gene CYCD3;3 and the replication‐specific transcription factor gene AtDOF2;3. Consistent with our molecular data, short‐term activation of OBP1 in cell cultures affected cell cycle re‐entry, shortening the duration of the G1 phase and the overall length of the cell cycle, whilst constitutive overexpression of OBP1 in plants influenced cell size and cell number, leading to a dwarfish phenotype. Expression during embryogenesis, germination and lateral root initiation suggests an important role for OBP1 in cell cycle re‐entry, operating as a transcriptional regulator of key cell cycle genes. Our findings provide significant input into our understanding of how cell cycle activity is incorporated into plant growth and development.
Selective mRNA translation coordinates energetic and metabolic adjustments to cellular oxygen deprivation and reoxygenation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Branco‐Price Cristina , Kaiser Kayla A. , Jang Charles J. H. , Larive Cynthia K. , Bailey‐Serres Julia 
Published: July 2008

SummaryCellular oxygen deprivation (hypoxia/anoxia) requires an acclimation response that enables survival during an energy crisis. To gain new insights into the processes that facilitate the endurance of transient oxygen deprivation, the dynamics of the mRNA translation state and metabolites were quantitatively monitored in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings exposed to a short (2 h) or prolonged (9 h) period of oxygen and carbon dioxide deprivation and following 1 h of re‐aeration. Hypoxia stress and reoxygenation promoted adjustments in the levels of polyribosomes (polysomes) that were highly coordinated with cellular ATP content. A quantitative comparison of steady‐state and polysomal mRNA populations revealed that over half of the cellular mRNAs were restricted from polysome complexes during the stress, with little or no change in abundance. This selective repression of translation was rapidly reversed upon reoxygenation. Comparison of the adjustment in gene transcripts and metabolites demonstrated that profiling of polysomal mRNAs strongly augments the prediction of cellular processes that are altered during cellular oxygen deprivation. The selective translation of a subset of mRNAs promotes the conservation of ATP and facilitates the transition to anaerobic metabolism during low‐oxygen stress.