bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the zetacrit and zeta sedimentation ratio in dogs
Authors: Martin Dale G. , Hall James E. , Patrick Darryl H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The Wintrobe erythrocyte sedimentation rate (esr) has been used in animals and persons as a screening test for inflammatory disease and as a monitor for disease progression in individuals. Now, the zetacrit (zc) and zeta sedimentation ratio (zsr) are suggested as suitable rapid laboratory tests to replace the esr in dogs. In 65 dogs, a strong inverse correlation between esr and zc was observed (r = -0.961, P < 0.05). Significant correlations of similar magnitude between zc and hematocrit (r = 0.587, P < 0.05) and esr and Hct (r = 0.569, P < 0.05) were observed. In addition, influences of various protein fractions, such as fibrinogen, globulin, and albumin, on the esr and zc were evaluated and found to be of similar magnitude. These data indicate that esr and zc are equivalent methods for determining erythrocyte sedimentation rates in dogs. A strong correlation (r = 0.900, P < 0.05) between Wintrobe esr, adjusted for the effect of Hct (esrHct), and zsr was observed. The influence of plasma proteins on esrHct and zsr was of similar magnitude. However, a weak yet significant correlation between esrHct and the microhematocrit remained (r = 0.291, P < 0.05). Data indicate that the latter more effectively factors out the influence of Hct on sedimentation.
Advantages of zc and zsr over esr in dogs include; (i) rapid results (6 minutes vs 1 hour); (ii) small sample sizes (less than 0.2 ml vs 1.0 ml whole blood); (iii) improved reproducibility; and (iv) a suitable correction for Hct.
Regional hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in dogs with asymptomatic dirofilariasis
Authors: Chapleau Mark W. , Fish Richard E. , Levitzky Michael G 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pulmonary hemodynamic response to unilateral alveolar hypoxia was investigated in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs with mild heartworm (hw) disease and in dogs free of hw (hwf). Left lung nitrogen ventilation in hwf dogs resulted in a decrease in the fraction of the cardiac output (qt) perfusing the left lung (QL) from 0.37 ± 0.03 (sem) to 0.20 ± 0.02 (P < 0.01). In contrast, dogs with mild hw disease did not develop a significant decrease in ql/qt which decreased from 0.38 ± 0.02 to 0.33 ± 0.02. This attenuated pulmonary vascular response to regional alveolar hypoxia in dogs with hw disease was associated with a normal pulmonary arterial pressure (14.8 ± 1.5 mm of Hg) that was not different from that seen in hwf dogs (15.8 ± 1.7 mm of Hg). These results indicate that mild hw disease interferes with the ability of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction to redistribute pulmonary blood flow away from hypoxic regions of the lung.
Attenuated properties of thymidine kinase-negative deletion mutant of pseudorabies virus
Authors: Kit Saul , Kit Malon , Pirtle Eugene C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A thymidine kinase (tk)-negative (tk-) deletion mutant of the Bucharest (BUK) strain of pseudorabies virus (prv) was isolated. The mutant, designated as prv (BUK d13), did not revert to tk-positive (tk+), even when propagated in medium that selected for tk+ viruses. The mutant also replicated equally well at 39.1 C and 34.5 C, and was easily distinguished from other prv strains by molecular hybridization experiments, restriction nuclease fingerprints, and plaque autoradiography or other assays for the tk phenotype. The prv (BUK d13) had greatly reduced virulence for mice and rabbits, compared with parental tk+ strains, prv (BUK-5) and prv (BUK-5A-R1), and provided mice with solid protection against the tk+ BUK and Aujeszky strains of prv. Experiments were done in 5- to 6-week-old pigs to assess the safety and efficacy of prv (BUK d13) in the natural host. In one experiment, pigs were vaccinated im with 7.5 × 108 plaque-forming units of tk- prv (BUK d13), and were then challenge exposed intranasally (in) with 4.3 × 108 tcid50 of virulent prv [Indiana-Funkhauser (IND-F)]. Vaccinated pigs did not have clinical signs of illness after vaccination or after challenge exposure. One nonvaccinated control pig died on postchallenge day 4; a 2nd nonvaccinated control pig became moribund, but eventually recovered. Pigs developed virus-neutralizing antibodies after vaccination, and had a secondary immunologic response after challenge exposure; however, prv was not isolated from the tonsils or trigeminal ganglia of vaccinated pigs at postchallenge exposure day 11. In a 2nd experiment, pigs were vaccinated im or in, with approximately 7.5 × 108 plaque-forming units of tk prv (BUK dl3), and were challenge exposed in with either 105 or 107 tcid50 prv (IND-F). Vaccinated and challenge-exposed pigs were also treated with dexamethasone to induce recrudescence of latent virus. Vaccination reduced the duration and amount of in replication of prv (INDF) challenge virus, but an anamnestic response was observed. After dexamethasone treatment, prv was not isolated from nasal swabs, tonsillar scrapings, tonsillar tissue, and trigeminal ganglia of pigs that had been vaccinated, but not challenge exposed. After dexamethasone treatment of pigs that had been vaccinated im and then challenge exposed, prv (IND-F) was isolated only from tonsillar tissue. However, prv (INDF) was recovered from nasal swabs, tonsillar scrapings, and tonsillar tissues of pigs that had been vaccinated in and challenge exposed. Results indicated that prv (BUK dl3) may be defective in establishing latency, that prv (BUK dl3) is efficacious in protecting pigs from clinical signs of disease caused by large doses of virulent prv, and that prv (BUK dl3) administered im reduces virulent virus shedding, but does not totally prevent persistent tonsillar infection by virulent prv.
Comparison of carbonated lidocaine and lidocaine hydrochloride for caudal epidural anesthesia in horses
Authors: Schelling Curtis G. , Klein Lin V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A double-blind comparison of carbonated lidocaine and lidocaine hydrochloride in caudal epidural anesthesia was performed in 8 horses. Among 5 horses with successfully paired bilateral caudal epidural blockades, no significant differences in onset time, duration, or sensory blockade were demonstrated. In the present study, carbonated lidocaine did not offer an advantage over the hydrochloride salt for caudal epidural anesthesia in the horse.
Histologic and immunocytochemical study of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the cow and calf
Authors: Kitamura Nobuo , Yamada Junzo , Calingasan Noel Y. , Yamashita Tadayuki 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The regional distribution and relative frequency of argyrophil cells, and of cells immunoreactive for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht), substance P (sp), somatostatin, glicentin, glucagon, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (bpp), gastrin, leucine-enkephalin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (gip), cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, and neurotensin were studied in 9 segments from the gastrointestinal tract of cows (> 1 year old) and calves (< 3 months old). Argyrophil cells, 5-ht-immunoreactive cells, and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, whereas the other immunoreactive cells were more restricted in distribution. Most endocrine cells were more numerous in the calf than in the cow. This feature was most conspicuous in the abomasum. In the abomasum, argyrophil cells in the cow and calf and 5-ht-immunoreactive cells in the calf were found predominantly in the fundic region, whereas somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and gastrin-immunoreactive cells in the cow and calf and 5-ht-immunoreactive cells in the cow were most numerous in the pyloric region. Substance P-, glucagon-, bpp-, and leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were rarely detected. In the small intestine, argyrophil cells, 5-ht-, sp-, somatostatin-, gastrin-, gip-, cholecystokinin-, secretin-, and motilin-immunoreactive cells were most numerous in the duodenum. Neurotensin-, glicentin-, glucagon-, and bpp-immunoreactive cells were detected with the highest frequency in the ileum. In the large intestine, argyrophil cells and 5-ht-, glicentin-, bpp-, somatostatin-, glucagon-, and sp-immunoreactive cells occurred with the highest frequency in the rectum.
Longitudinal study of the effects of lungworm infection on bovine pulmonary function
Authors: Lekeux P. , Hajer R. , Breukink H. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clinical and physiologic investigations were done weekly in 5 nonsedated Friesian calves before, during, and after an induced infection with Dictyocaulus viviparus infective larvae.Clinical, hematologic, serologic, and parasitologic findings were all compatible with the classic picture of moderate subacute verminous bronchitis. Most pulmonary function values revealed significant (P ≤ 0.05) changes in the 2nd or 3rd week after inoculation and maximal changes at 5 weeks after inoculation. Most marked changes included a decrease in tidal volume, dynamic lung compliance, and arterial oxygen tension, and an increase in minute ventilation, minute viscous work of breathing, and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference. Minute ventilation, dynamic lung compliance, minute viscous work of breathing, and PaO2 revealed the most homogeneous change. Conversely, maximal change of intrapleural pressure, total pulmonary resistance, and viscous work of breathing had higher variability from week to week.
Porcine malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: Erythrocytic osmotic fragility
Authors: O'Brien Peter J. , Rooney Michèle T. , Reik Theresa R. , Thatte Hemant S. , Rempel William E. , Addis Paul B. , Louis Charles F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Erythrocyte osmotic fragility was determined in 27 Pie-train swine which were susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (mh), 29 Yorkshire swine which were resistant to mh (controls), and 50 crossbred swine (Pietrain × Yorkshire), half of which were mh susceptible. Halothane challenge tests and blood creatine kinase activity were used as criteria for determining mh susceptibility. Mean values for osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in concentrations of NaCl between 60 and 120 mM were significantly different for the 3 groups (P < 0.001). Hemolysis (50%) of erythrocytes occurred at NaCl concentrations of 90 mM for Pietrains, 85 mM for crossbreds, and 78 mM for controls. Increased fragility values occurred in 96% of the Pietrains, 3% of the controls, and 42% of crossbred swine that were halothane test-positive, and 58% of halothane test-negative crossbreds (P < 0.05). The mean time of onset of signs of mh in response to halothane challenge testing was twice as long in the crossbreds as in Pietrains (P < 0.01). Reticulocyte counts were moderately high in blood samples from both the Pietrains (P < 0.001) and the crossbreds (P < 0.05).
Of the swine which were tested for erythrocyte selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity, values were within acceptable laboratory limits in 18 of 20 Pietrains, 14 of 14 halothane test-negative crossbreds, and 8 of 8 halothane test-positive crossbreds. In 2 of 20 Pietrains, a 35% deficiency of this enzyme was found. Heinz bodies were not detected in erythrocytes examined from 21 Pietrains, 20 crossbred swine (8 halothane test positives), and 12 controls.
In Pietrains which were homozygous for the mh defect, the genetic defect resulting in erythrocyte osmotic fragility demonstrated a high correlation with mh susceptibility. Two-thirds of the Pietrain-Yorkshire crossbred swine which were predicted to be heterozygous for the mh defect had increased erythrocyte fragility. In crossbreeding experiments, increased erythrocyte fragility was inherited independently of the inheritance of a positive halothane challenge test and increased blood creatine kinase activity. The pattern of inheritance of erythrocyte fragility was most consistent with a dominant mode, whereas the halothane-challenge test response was inherited as a recessive trait. Results of the present study are consistent with the proposals that susceptibility to mh is multifactorial and associated with a generalized membrane defect in swine and that erythrocyte osmotic fragility may be used as an aid in the determination of mh susceptibility.
Experimental infection of fattening pigs with Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus: Efficacy of attenuated live- and inactivated-virus vaccines in pigs with or without passive immunity
Authors: Vannier P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacies of attenuated live-and inactivated-virus vaccines against Pseudorabies (pr) in fattening pigs were compared. Pigs born from vaccinated or nonvaccinated sows were vaccinated with one or the other vaccine and were challenge exposed at the end of the fattening period. The particular form of pr observed in fattening units in the field could be reproduced. A marked difference was seen between the control lot and the lots of the pigs vaccinated with the attenuated live- and inactivated-virus vaccines. The protection was real, but not absolute, in the vaccinated pigs. The inactivated-virus vaccine conferred a strong passive immunity to the young pigs of vaccinated dams which interfered with the development of an active immunity. The titer of the colostral antibodies in the sera of pigs born from the sows vaccinated with the attenuated-live virus vaccine was low and decreased rapidly. The active protection obtained with this vaccine was similar to that observed with the inactivated-virus vaccine. Thermal curves, weight losses, and time necessary for recovering the weight of pigs at the time of challenge exposure seemed to be good criteria for measuring the protection of fattening pigs against this particular form of pr. The conditions of the outcome of respiratory tract disorders in these pigs are discussed.
Detection of β-lactamase produced by Staphylococcus intermedius
Authors: Hoskins Johnny D. , Newman Susan S. , Roy Alma F. , Foil Carol S. , Cox Hollis Utah 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
One iodometric, 2 chromogenic, and 3 acidometric methods were compared for the detection of β-lactamase produced by Staphylococcus intermedius (n = 105) isolated from dogs. Of 575 tests performed, using the 6 methods evaluated, 316 (55.0%) were positive for β-lactamase production. The iodometric method was the reference method. With the exception of a high correlation (r = 0.962) between 1 acidometric method and 1 chromogenic method, the 5 commercial methods had correlation coefficients < 0.900 when comparisons were made among them. The 6 methods were in agreement for 69 (65.7%) of the isolates. Based on the findings of this study, an inexpensive, laboratory-prepared, paper strip iodometric method was as reliable as 5 commercial methods for β-lactamase detection and is recommended for routine use in clinical laboratories.
Sensitivity and specificity of the indirect-fluorescent antibody test and two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in canine dirofilariasis
Authors: Sisson David , Dilling George , Wong Ming M. , Thomas William P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ninety dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis and 103 noninfected dogs, as determined by necropsy, were used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the cuticular and somatic reactions of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa-c and ifa-s, respectively) and 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa). In microfilaremic and amicrofilaremic heartworm-infected dogs, negative results were common for all serotests. In dogs without adult heartworms at necropsy, 32% to 49% were positive, using 1 elisa, 27% to 29% were positive with the other elisa, 15% to 36% were positive with the ifa-s, and 0% to 1% were positive using the ifa-c, depending on the classification of borderline reactions. The prevalence of false positive serotests was probably not due to the detection of precardial stages of D immitis in dogs obtained from areas of low endemicity. Until the causes of the false-positive tests are resolved, the use of currently available serotests for routine diagnostic screening or as criteria for instituting treatment is not recommended.
Comparative efficacy of clorsulon and albendazole against Fasciola hepatica in cattle
Authors: Kilgore R. L. , Williams M. L. , Benz G. W. , Gross S. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a dosage-confirmation trial, anthelmintic activities of clorsulon and albendazole against Fasciola hepatica were evaluated and compared. Twenty-eight cattle (8 to 12 months old) with natural F hepatica infections were randomly allotted to 4 groups of 7 cattle each: group 1, no treatment (controls); group 2, clorsulon suspension given orally at 3.5 mg/kg of body weight; group 3, clorsulon suspension given orally at 7 mg/kg; and group 4, albendazole paste given orally at 10 mg/kg. At necropsies, performed 7 and 8 days after treatment, control cattle harbored a geometric mean of 133.2 F hepatica, 16.0 of which were immature. Clorsulon administered at 3.5 mg/kg or 7 mg/kg resulted in > 99% removal of F hepatica, including immatures. Albendazole treatment resulted in a 76% overall reduction in F hepatica, including a 91% reduction of immatures. Fascioloides magna also were found in the cattle, but neither clorsulon nor albendazole caused significant reductions of the parasite. Adverse reactions to the 2 drugs were not observed.
Serum selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activities in cattle grazing forages of various selenium concentrations
Authors: Stevens J. B. , Olson W. G. , Kraemer R. , Archambeau J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In cows from 15 dairy herds (n = 210), serum selenium (Se) concentrations ranged from 0.021 to 0.789 μg/ml, whereas 0.05 to 0.40 μg/ml is the reported range for adequate serum Se concentrations in cattle.
Serum Se concentrations of dairy cattle appeared to follow a geographic distribution pattern. On the basis of herd mean serum Se concentrations, adequate serum Se concentrations were found in cattle from only 1 of 5 herds grazing forage in the geographic area classified as Se deficient for cattle.
Adequate mean serum Se concentrations were found in cattle from 4 of 5 herds located in geographic areas described as having variable forage Se concentrations (Se-marginal areas). Of the 10 herds from these 2 areas, there were only 2 herds in which 95% of the cattle had serum Se concentrations in the Se-adequate range (0.05 to 0.40 μg/ml). In 2 selected neighboring farms in the Se-deficient area, cattle in 1 herd had adequate serum Se concentrations and cattle in the other herd had less than adequate serum Se concentrations (< 0.05 μg/ml). Therefore, more cattle are at risk of developing Se-deficiency disease than is commonly believed and forage of neighboring farms may have different Se concentrations. Serum Se concentrations (up to 0.789 μg/ml) correlated with glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity; this serum Se concentration (0.789 μg/ml) is approximately 6.2 times higher than previously reported in dairy cattle. Therefore, rbc glutathione peroxidase activity may be useful in determining the diagnosis of chronic Se toxicosis.
Transmission of Anaplasma marginale by adult Dermacentor andersoni during feeding on calves
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Barron Selwyn J. , Ewing S. A. , Hair Jakie A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Laboratory-reared Dermacentor andersoni ticks experimentally infected as nymphs with Anaplasma marginale were allowed to feed as adults from 1 to 9 days on susceptible, splenectomized calves to determine when, during feeding, the hematozoan was transmitted from ticks to cattle. In experiment 1, ticks were allowed to feed on calves for 1, 2, 3, 4,5, or 6 days and anaplasmosis did not result. The same calves were used for experiment 2, and ticks were allowed to feed for 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, or 9 days and anaplasmosis occurred in all calves on which ticks fed for ≥ 6 days. In 2 trials in experiment 3, ticks were allowed to feed on calves for 1 to 9 days. Anaplasmosis developed only in calves on which ticks fed for 7, 8, or 9 days. The prepatent periods shortened with longer tick feeding, and linear regression analysis of combined prepatent periods of both trials of experiment 3 indicated a significant (P = 0.05) slope with an estimated daily decrease of 7.75 days from day 7 to 9 of feeding. There was no apparent correlation between length of tick feeding and severity of clinical signs in those calves that developed anaplasmosis. Seemingly, A marginale can be transmitted to cattle by adult D andersoni ticks no earlier than the 6th or 7th day of feeding.
Factors influencing enhanced Salmonella typhimurium infection in Eimeria tenella-infected chickens
Authors: Baba E. , Fukata T. , Arakawa A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To investigate a possible mechanism involved in the enhancement of Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens concurrently infected with Eimeria tenella, S typhimurium was given orally to chickens 7 days after E tenella inoculation. The number of viable S typhimurium decreased in the ceca of chickens not inoculated with E tenella, whereas the number gradually increased in the ceca of chickens inoculated with E tenella. Cecal contents were analyzed for pH value, oxidation-reduction potential, and amounts of short-chain fatty acids and bile acids. In the ceca of E tenella-inoculated chickens, the oxidation-reduction potential significantly (P < 0.05) shifted to the oxidative phase, and the concentration of volatile fatty acids (acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. In both aerobic and anaerobic incubations, the number of viable S typhimurium in vitro decreased as the molar concentration of fatty acids increased. Experimental evidence indicated that multiplication of S typhimurium in the ceca of E tenella-inoculated chickens was associated with decreased concentrations of volatile fatty acids.
Experimentally induced phenylbutazone toxicosis in ponies; Description of the syndrome and its prevention with synthetic prostaglandin E2
Authors: Collins Lynda G. , Tyler David E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Phenylbutazone (pbz) toxicosis was induced in 9 ponies to further define the clinical and pathologic changes occurring with this syndrome. Six additional ponies were treated with pbz and a synthetic prostaglandin E2 to determine the role of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of pbz toxicosis.
Ponies given only pbz exhibited cns depression, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, cyanotic mucous membranes, and oral ulcers. Total serum protein concentration gradually decreased during the 10-day treatment period. Marked mucosal atrophy, focal erosions, and ulcers characterized the lesions in the alimentary tract. Ponies given PBZ and prostaglandin E2 remained clinically healthy and did not develop hypoproteinemia or mucosal atrophy. A few erosions were seen, but ulcers were not observed. The results of the present study indicate that mucosal atrophy is a characteristic lesion of pbz toxicosis. It is also evident that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis has an important role in the development of this syndrome.
Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to Brucella ovis in sheep; Field trial
Authors: Walker Richard L. , LeaMaster Brad R. , Stellflug John N. , Biberstein Ernst L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using an autoclave-extracted soluble antigen, for the detection of serum antibodies to Brucella ovis in sheep was developed. The test seemed to be both sensitive and specific, on the basis of the control groups studied. The antigen showed no deterioration in prepared plates stored at −70 C for up to a year.
The elisa was used in conjunction with palpation of rams for epididymal lesions as a means to detect and control B ovis infection in a naturally infected flock. All rams were evaluated by the elisa. At the time that the first blood sample was obtained, all positive and suspicious reactors were removed. With subsequent blood sample collections, only the positive reactors were removed. Brucella ovis was not isolated from any rams during the following year, and none of the mature breeding rams developed epididymal lesions.