bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and concentrations in body fluids and bronchoalveolar cells of foals
Authors: Womble Ariel Y. , Giguère Steeve , Lee Elise A. , Vickroy Thomas W. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and concentrations in body fluids and bronchoalveolar (BAL) cells of foals.
Animals—6 healthy 2-to 3-week-old foals.
Procedures—In a crossover design, clarithromycin (7.5 mg/kg) was administered to each foal via IV and intragastric (IG) routes. After the initial IG administration, 5 additional doses were administered IG at 12-hour intervals. Concentrations of clarithromycin and its 14-hydroxy metabolite were measured in serum by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. A microbiologic assay was used to measure clarithromycin activity in serum, urine, peritoneal fluid, synovial fluid, CSF, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF), and BAL cells.
Results—After IV administration, elimination half-life (5.4 hours) and mean ± SD body clearance (1.27 ± 0.25 L/h/kg) and apparent volume of distribution at steady state (10.4 ± 2.1 L/kg) were determined for clarithromycin. The metabolite was detected in all 6 foals by 1 hour after clarithromycin administration. Oral bioavailability of clarithromycin was 57.3 ± 12.0%. Maximum serum concentration of clarithromycin after multiple IG administrations was 0.88 ± 0.19 μg/mL. After IG administration of multiple doses, clarithromycin concentrations in peritoneal fluid, CSF, and synovial fluid were similar to or lower than concentrations in serum, whereas concentrations in urine, PELF, and BAL cells were significantly higher than concentrations in serum.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration of clarithromycin at 7.5 mg/kg every 12 hours maintains concentrations in serum, PELF, and BAL cells that are higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (0.12 μg/mL) for Rhodococcus equiisolates for the entire 12-hour dosing interval.
Association between ceftiofur use and isolation of Escherichia coli with reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone from fecal samples of dairy cows
Authors: Tragesser Lesley A. , Wittum Thomas E. , Funk Julie A. , Winokur Patricia L. , Rajala-Schultz Päivi J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To estimate the association between ceftiofur use and the isolation of Escherichia coli with reduced ceftriaxone susceptibility from fecal samples of dairy cow populations.
Animals—1,266 dairy cows on 18 farms in Ohio.
Procedures—Individual fecal samples from all cows in the study herds were tested for Escherichia coli with reduced ceftriaxone susceptibility. Herd antimicrobial use policy and antimicrobial treatment records were also obtained. Plasmid DNA from these isolates was tested for the presence of the AmpC β-lactamase gene (blaCMY-2). Minimum inhibitory concentrations to a standard panel of 16 antimicrobial drugs were determined by use of a broth microdilution system.
Results—Herds for which ceftiofur use was reported were more likely to have cows from which reducedsusceptibility E coli was isolated than herds that did not report ceftiofur use (odds ratio, 25.0). However, at the individual cow level, no association was found between recent ceftiofur treatment and isolation of reduced-susceptibility E coli (adjusted odds ratio, 1.01). No observed linear relationship was found between the percentage of cows from which E coli with reduced ceftriaxone susceptibility was isolated and the percentage of cows in the herd recently treated with ceftiofur.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our observation of a herd-level but not an individual cow-level association between ceftiofur use and isolation of E coli with reduced ceftriaxone susceptibility from fecal samples suggests that interventions to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes in agricultural animals will be most effective at the herd level.
M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic reference values for male New Zealand white rabbits
Authors: Fontes-Sousa Ana Patrícia N. , Brás-Silva Carmen , Moura Cláudia , Areias José Carlos , Leite-Moreira Adelino F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine M-mode and Doppler echocardiographic reference values in healthy New Zealand white rabbits.
Animals—52 healthy male rabbits.
Procedures—The rabbits were anesthetized and M-mode measurements of the left ventricle, left atrium, and aorta and Doppler measurements of pulmonary and aortic outflow and mitral inflow were recorded.
Results—Mean ± SD heart rate during echocardiographic examination was 155 ± 29 beats/min. Mean ± SD measurements in diastole and systole for the interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular internal diameter, and left ventricular free wall thickness were 2.03 ± 0.37 mm and 3.05 ± 0.45 mm; 14.37 ± 1.49 mm and 10.25 ± 1.22mm; and 2.16 ± 0.25 and 3.48 ± 0.55 mm, respectively. Mean ± SD left atrial-to-aortic diameter ratio was 1.17 ± 0.14, and mean ± SD mitral valve E-point–to–septal separation interval was 1.71 ± 0.29 mm. Mean ± SD for fractional shortening and ejection fraction were 30.13 ± 2.98% and 61.29 ± 4.66%, respectively. Mean ± SD maximal aortic and pulmonary artery outflow velocities were 0.85 ± 0.11 m/s and 0.59 ± 0.10 m/s, respectively, and the peak E-to-peak A wave velocity ratio of the mitral valve was 2.19 ± 0.46.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results provide echocardiographic reference values for young adult male New Zealand white rabbits anesthetized with ketamine and medetomidine. Values obtained from unanesthetized rabbits, rabbits sedated with other agents, or rabbits of different size may differ from those reported here.
Intraobserver and interobserver repeatability of ocular biometric measurements obtained by means of B-mode ultrasonography in dogs
Authors: Boroffka Susanne A. E. B. , Voorhout George , Verbruggen Anne-Marie , Teske Erik 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objective—To assess intra- and interobserver repeatability of ocular biometric measurements obtained by means of high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography in dogs.
Animals—6 Beagles without ocular abnormalities.
Procedures—B-mode ultrasonography was performed bilaterally with a 10.5-MHz broadband compact linear array transducer. All measurements were made on 2 different occasions by 2 observers. The Bland-Altman method was used to assess agreement between measurements obtained by the 2 observers and between the 2 sets of measurements obtained by each observer.
Results—Intra- and interobserver repeatability was highest for larger measurements, such as depth of the eye and depth of the anterior chamber. When repeatability was examined, bias was significantly different from 0 for only a few measurements, but the percentage difference between observations was as high as 180% for some measurements.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that most measurements of intraocular distances and structures obtained by means of high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography have acceptable intra- and interobserver repeatability. However, the percentage difference between observations can be high for smaller measurements.
Assessing utility values in rheumatoid arthritis: A comparison between time trade‐off and the EuroQol
Authors: Ariza‐Ariza Rafael , Hernández‐Cruz Blanca , Carmona Loreto , Dolores Ruiz‐Montesinos Maria , Ballina Javier , Navarro‐Sarabia Federico 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the utility values and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) obtained by the Time Trade‐Off instrument (TTO) and the EuroQol‐5D (EQ‐5D) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); to analyze the association between utility values and Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ).MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal, prospective, 1‐year study of RA patients selected randomly from 10 rheumatology clinics. TTO and EQ‐5D were administered at 4 scheduled visits.ResultsThe study sample comprised 300 RA patients (82% women, mean age 59 years, mean disease duration 10.3 years). A total of 260 patients completed both the TTO and the EQ‐5D at baseline, and the mean ± SD TTO scores were significantly higher than the EQ‐5D scores (0.81 ± 0.22 versus 0.53 ± 0.35, P < 0.0001). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the utility methods was 0.19. Data about changes in both TTO and EQ‐5D scores during the study year were available in 163 patients. These changes tended to be larger in the TTO scores than the EQ‐5D scores (mean ± SD 0.05 ± 0.25 versus −0.005 ± 0.35, P = 0.054). The ICC for the mean changes in the utility scores was 0.24. Patients obtained a mean ± SD of 0.04 ± 0.20 QALYs based on TTO scores and 0.004 ± 0.27 based on EQ‐5D scores (P = 0.12). At baseline, the EQ‐5D scores were highly correlated with the HAQ (r = −0.74) and moderately correlated with the DAS28 (r = −0.47), whereas the TTO correlated poorly with both the HAQ and DAS28. Correlation between the mean change in the EQ‐5D and in the HAQ was moderate (r = −0.55).ConclusionTTO and EQ‐5D do not yield the same utility values. The results suggest that the EQ‐5D is more representative of RA status than the TTO, a valuable conclusion when addressing economic evaluations in RA.
Erdbebenrisiko‐Kartierung für Deutschland
Authors: Tyagunov Sergey , Grünthal Gottfried , Wahlström Rutger , Stempniewski Lothar , Zschau Jochen , Münich Johannes Christian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAnspruch dieser Studie ist die Beurteilung und Darstellung des seismischen Risikos für Deutschland in bezug auf die zu erwartenden Verluste durch Schäden an Wohngebäuden. In bestimmten Regionen des Landes sind Erdbeben mit MLMagnituden von über 6 beobachtet worden. Dies entspricht einer makroseismischen Intensität von VIII nach der EMS‐98 Skala. Die zerstörende Wirkung wird umso deutlicher, wenn zusätzlich die Daten über die Bevölkerungs‐ und Industriedichte mit den Erdbebendaten verschnitten werden. In Deutschland treffen – wie in vielen Industrienationen – die Gefährdungen mit einer hohen Konzentration von gefährdeten Werten zusammen. In dieser Studie wird eine Methode vorgestellt und angewendet, mit deren Hilfe das seismische Risiko in Form erwarteter monetärer Verluste berechnet werden kann. Dies geschieht anhand intensitätsbasierter probabilistischer seismischer Gefährdung, Vulnerabilitätsmodelle, die auf der Verteilung von Wohngebäuden unterschiedlicher struktureller Typen in repräsentativen Gemeinden basieren und der Verteilung der Werte durch Angabe der Wiederherstellungskosten für Wohngebäude. Die Schätzungen des Risikos werden durch Angabe des primären ökonomischen Schadens aufgrund struktureller Schäden an Wohngebäuden für eine Nichtüberschreitenswahrscheinlichkeit der Gefährdung von 90% in 50 Jahren (entspricht einer Wiederkehrperiode von 475 Jahren) dargestellt. Die erhaltenen Resultate werden kartographisch durch Schadens‐ und Risikoverteilungen dargestellt. Für eine Nichtüberschreitenswahrscheinlichkeit von 90% in 50 Jahren ist die mittlere Schadensrate bis 20%, das Risiko in besonders betroffenen Gemeinden beträgt bis zu mehreren hundert Millionen Euro. Die entwickelten Modelle wurden anhand beobachteter Daten einiger Schadenerdbeben der letzten 30 Jahren in Deutschland und des näheren Umfelds validiert.
Effect of temperature on the extraction kinetics and diffusivity of Cyclosporin A in the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum
Authors: Ly May , Margaritis Argyrios 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe influence of temperature on the extraction kinetics of Cyclosporin A (CyA) from the mycelia of Tolypocladium inflatum was examined in this study. The extraction of CyA from mycelia was performed in a 2‐L stirred, baffled vessel using 30% v/v aqueous methanol. The temperature range used was from 5 to 45°C. A linear relationship was found between the extraction yield of CyA and temperature. As the temperature increased, the yield of CyA increased with a maximum CyA yield of 18.3% obtained at 45°C, which is 21.3% higher than the yield at 25°C. The activation energy for the extraction of CyA from T. inflatum was found to be 36.7 kJ/mol, which indicates that the extraction of CyA from T. inflatum is controlled by both solubilization of CyA and diffusion of CyA through the solid phase of mycelia. The overall mass transfer coefficient, kLaS, was found to increase from 1.02 × 10−3 to 1.34 × 10−2 s−1 as the temperature increased from 5 to 45°C. The effective diffusivity of CyA in the solid matrix of mycelia was found to increase from 1.05 × 10−15 to 1.43 × 10−14 m2/s as the temperature increased from 5 to 45°C. A mathematical diffusion model was developed and was used to fit the experimental kinetic data of CyA extraction and determination of CyA effective diffusivities at different temperatures. This is the first time CyA diffusivities as a function of extraction temperature are reported in the literature. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:945–955. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contribution of gene expression to metabolic fluxes in hypermetabolic livers induced through burn injury and cecal ligation and puncture in rats
Authors: Banta Scott , Vemula Murali , Yokoyama Tadaaki , Jayaraman Arul , Berthiaume François , Yarmush Martin L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSevere injury activates many stress‐related and inflammatory pathways that can lead to a systemic hypermetabolic state. Prior studies using perfused hypermetabolic rat livers have identified intrinsic metabolic flux changes that were not dependent upon the continual presence of elevated stress hormones and substrate loads. We investigated the hypothesis that such changes may be due to persistent alterations in gene expression. A systemic hypermetabolic response was induced in rats by applying a moderate burn injury followed 2 days later by cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) to produce sepsis. Control animals received a sham‐burn followed by CLP, or a sham‐burn followed by sham‐CLP. Two days after CLP, livers were analyzed for gene expression changes using DNA microarrays and for metabolism alterations by ex vivo perfusion coupled with Metabolic Flux Analysis. Burn injury prior to CLP increased fluxes while decreases in gene expression levels were observed. Conversely, CLP alone significantly increased metabolic gene expression, but decreased many of the corresponding metabolic fluxes. Burn injury combined with CLP led to the most dramatic changes, where concurrent changes in fluxes and gene expression levels occurred in about 1/3 of the reactions. The data are consistent with the notion that in this model, burn injury prior to CLP increased fluxes through post‐translational mechanisms with little contribution of gene expression, while CLP treatment up‐regulated the metabolic machinery by transcriptional mechanisms. Overall, these data show that mRNA changes measured at a single time point by DNA microarray analysis do not reliably predict metabolic flux changes in perfused livers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97:118–137. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flux analysis shows that hypoxia‐inducible‐factor‐1‐alpha minimally affects intracellular metabolism in tumor spheroids
Authors: Kim Byoung‐jin , Forbes Neil S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHeterogeneous metabolic microenvironments in tumors affect local cell growth, survival, and overall therapeutic efficacy. Hypoxia‐inducible‐factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) is a transcription factor that responds to low‐oxygen environments by upregulating genes for cell survival and metabolism. To date, the metabolic effects of HIF‐1α in three‐dimensional tissue have not been investigated. Preliminary experiments have shown that the effects of HIF‐1α are dependent on glucose availability. Based on this observation, we hypothesized that HIF‐1α would not affect cell survival and metabolism in the center of spheroids, where the concentrations of oxygen and glucose are low, similar to hypoxic regions found in tumors. To test this hypothesis we used fluorescence microscopy and the tumor cylindroid model to quantify cellular viability in three‐dimensional tissue. Isotope labeling and metabolic flux analysis were also used to quantity the intracellular metabolism of wild‐type and HIF‐1α‐null spheroids. As hypothesized, cell survival and intracellular metabolism were not different between wild‐type and HIF‐1α‐null tissues. In addition, small spheroids, which contain less quiescent cells and are less nutritionally limited, were found to have increased carbon flux through the biosynthetic pentose phosphate and pyruvate carboxylase pathways. These results show how nutrient gradients affect cell growth and metabolism in spheroids and suggest that metabolic microenvironment should be taken into account when developing HIF‐1α‐based therapies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:1167–1182. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stability and catalytic activity of α‐amylase from barley malt at different pressure–temperature conditions
Authors: Buckow Roman , Weiss Ulrike , Heinz Volker , Knorr Dietrich 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe impact of high hydrostatic pressure and temperature on the stability and catalytic activity of α‐amylase from barley malt has been investigated. Inactivation experiments with α‐amylase in the presence and absence of calcium ions have been carried out under combined pressure–temperature treatments in the range of 0.1–800 MPa and 30–75°C. A stabilizing effect of Ca2+ ions on the enzyme was found at all pressure–temperature combinations investigated. Kinetic analysis showed deviations of simple first‐order reactions which were attributed to the presence of isoenzyme fractions. Polynomial models were used to describe the pressure–temperature dependence of the inactivation rate constants. Derived from that, pressure–temperature isokinetic diagrams were constructed, indicating synergistic and antagonistic effects of pressure and temperature on the inactivation of α‐amylase. Pressure up to 200 MPa significantly stabilized the enzyme against temperature‐induced inactivation. On the other hand, pressure also hampers the catalytic activity of α‐amylase and a progressive deceleration of the conversion rate was detected at all temperatures investigated. However, for the overall reaction of blocked p‐nitrophenyl maltoheptaoside cleavage and simultaneous occurring enzyme inactivation in ACES buffer (0.1 M, pH 5.6, 3.8 mM CaCl2), a maximum of substrate cleavage was identified at 152 MPa and 64°C, yielding approximately 25% higher substrate conversion after 30 min, as compared to the maximum at ambient pressure and 59°C. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97:1–11. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
G2(+) Investigation on the α‐Effect in the SN2 Reactions at Saturated Carbon
Authors: Ren Yi , Yamataka Hiroshi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAs a continuing theoretical study on the α‐effect in the SN2 reactions at saturated carbon centers, 28 gas‐phase reactions have been examined computationally by using the high‐level G2(+) method. The reactions include: Nu−+CH3X→CH3Nu+X− (X=F and Cl; Nu−=HO−, HS−, CH3O−, Cl−, Br−, HOO−, HSO−, FO−, ClO−, BrO−, NH2O−, and HC(O)OO−). It was found that all α‐nucleophiles examined exhibit downward deviations from the correlation line between the overall barriers and proton affinities for normal nucleophiles, indicating the existence of the α‐effect in the gas phase. The transition states (TS) for the α‐nucleophiles are characterized by less advanced CX bond cleavages than the normal nucleophiles, leading to smaller deformation energies and overall barriers. The size of the α‐effect is related to the electron density on the α‐atom, and increases when the position of α‐atom is changed from left to right and from bottom to top in the periodic table. The reaction with CH3F exhibits a larger α‐effect than that with CH3Cl, which can be explained by a later TS and a more positively charged methyl group at the TS for CH3F, [Nu⋅⋅⋅CH3⋅⋅⋅F]−≠. Thus, a higher electron density on the α‐atom and a more positive methyl moiety at the TS result in a larger α‐effect.
Synthesis of Extended Polyphosphacumulenes
Authors: Martin David , Tham Fook S. , Baceiredo Antoine , Bertrand Guy 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAddition of two equivalents of (Me3Si)2CLiCl to the C‐[(diphenyl) (diisopropylamino)phosphonio]‐P‐(diisopropylamino)phosphaalkene 2 affords the 1σ4,3σ3‐diphosphabuta‐1,2,3‐triene E1 in 55 % yield. Derivative E1 was fully characterized, including a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study. Alkylation of E1 with methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate gives rise to the first C‐phosphonio‐bis(methylene)phosphorane 5, which was isolated in 84 % yield. Because the second carbon center is also nucleophilic, cumulene E1 reacts as a “pincer” with BF3⋅OEt2, leading to the formation of a novel four‐membered PCBC heterocycle 6 with a betaine‐like structure. Addition of three equivalents of P‐[diphenyl(diisopropylamino)]methylene phosphorane to (diisopropylamino)dichlorophosphane, followed by addition of one equivalent of CCl4, and subsequent deprotonation with lithium hexamethyldisilazide gave rise to 1σ4,3σ3,5σ4‐triphosphapenta‐1,2,3,4‐tetraene F1, which was isolated in 62 % yield.
Ethylenediamine‐Functionalized Resin‐Supported Pd(0) Complex: An Effective and Recyclable Catalyst for Heck Vinylation
Authors: Yang Yuan‐Fa , Zhuang Ming , Zeng Chao‐Xia , Huang Chao‐Biao , Luo Meng‐Fei 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe ethylenediamine‐functionalized resin‐supported Pd(0) complex was prepared from PdCl2and ethylenediamine‐functionalized chloromethylated polystyrene, followed by reduction with KBH4. The complex was characterized by FT‐IR, XRD, BET, SEM and EDS. The resin‐supported catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity in the Heck reaction and could be reused up to 17 times in NMP or 16 times in DMF at 90 °C in the Heck reaction of iodobenzene with acrylic acid. The leaching investigation disclosed that the palladium leaching was caused by the interaction of iodobenzene with the metal Pd(0) on supported catalyst. The leached palladium species in filtrate was very stable and could be reused five times after the solid catalyst was filtered off. A cross‐transfer test in recycling in the presence of additional carbon disclosed that the soluble leached palladium species had much higher catalytic activity than supported and/or adsorbed palladium in solid‐solution heterogeneous Heck reaction.
Summary of ‘Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants’
Authors: Milne Andrea 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Shah SS, Ohlsson A. Ibuprofen for the prevention of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004213. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004213.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Expert Commentary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics and key findings for ‘Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants’
Authors: van Dalen Elvira , Offringa Martin , Kremer Leontien 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThese are the characteristics and key findings for a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Ohlsson A, Walia R, Shah S. Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and/or low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003481. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003481.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Expert Commentary articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.