bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntheses of (RS)‐ and (S)‐(−)‐Nazlinin and (RS)‐ and (+)‐6‐Azacyclodeca[5,4‐b]indol‐1‐amine
Authors: Mahboobi Siavosh , Wagner Wolfgang , Burgemeister Thomas 
Published: October 2006

Abstract(RS)‐1‐(4‐Aminobutyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline ((RS)‐1) was synthesized in two different ways. The preparation of (S)‐(−)‐1 was performed both by asymmetric reduction with ⩾ 95% ee and by synthesis from (S)‐(+)‐3. From this compound also (+)‐6‐azacyclodeca[5,4‐b]indol‐1‐amine ((+)‐2) was prepared with high enantioselectivity.
1,3‐Diphenylpropane‐1,3‐diamines, VI: DNA‐Interaction, Estrogen Receptor Affinity, and Cytostatic Activity of 1,3‐Diphenylpropane‐1,3‐diamine‐Pt(II) Complexes
Authors: Kammermeier Thomas , Wiegrebe Wolfgang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Pt(II) complexes of 1,3‐diphenylpropane‐1,3‐diamines (part IV 2)) were tested for DNA interaction (UV‐difference spectroscopy, Tables 1 and 2), for affinity to the estrogen receptor (calf uterus cytosol; scarcely any affinity), and for cytostatic activity at estrogen independent MDA‐MB 231 cells (Tables 3 and 4) and estrogen dependent MCF‐7 cells (Tables 5 and 6). The data are compared with those reported for the analogous 1,2‐diphenylethane‐1,2‐diamine‐Pt(II) complexes: most probably, the cytostatic activity is not mediated by the estrogen receptor.
Dialkylaminoalkyl‐isothiochroman‐S,S‐dioxide
Authors: Unterhalt Bernard , Brüning Stefan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEs werden Dialkylaminoalkyl‐isothiochroman‐S,S‐dioxide und Dialkylaminoalkyl‐ethylsulfonyl‐isothiochroman‐S,S‐dioxide synthetisiert. An zwei Verbindungen wird ein allgemeines Screening durchgeführt.
Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents, Part 19: E‐2‐Pyrrolizin‐5‐yl Acrylic Acids as Potent Dual or Selective Inhibitors of Bovine Cyclooxygenase and 5‐Lipoxygenase
Authors: Dannhardt Gerd , Kiefer Werner , Nowe Ulrike 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pyrrolizinyl substituted acrylic acid derivatives represent another class of dual and selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5‐lipoxygenase. By modifying their substitution pattern at the phenyl moiety of C‐6 the balance between the activity against cyclooxygenase and against 5‐lipoxygenase can be shifted. Structure‐activity relationships are discussed. Compound 6k is the most potent and well‐balanced dual inhibitor of both enzymes, while the highest selectivity of lipoxygenase inhibition was found for 6j. The activity and selectivity of compounds with an additional sulfur moiety depend on the oxidation status of this atom, giving an indication of the discussed coupling between peroxidase and cyclooxygenase. The inhibition of cyclooxygenase was determined in a bovine thrombocyte intact cell assay and that of 5‐lipoxygenase using intact bovine PMNLs.
An Improved and Large Scale Synthesis of the Natural Coumarin Scopoletin
Authors: Hauer Hermann , Ritter Thomas , Grotemeier Gregor 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIsovanillin was oxidized with magnesium monoperoxyphthalate to 4‐methoxyresorcinol (2) and the latter was reacted with 3‐oxopropionic acid ethylester prepared in situ to give scopoletin (1). These reactions can be achieved in kg scale in high yields.
Drug‐Protein Conjugates: Preparation of Triamcinolone‐Acetonide Containing Bovine Serum Albumin/Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin‐Conjugates and Polyclonal Antibodies
Authors: Gabor Franz , Pittner Fritz , Spiegl Paul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA radioimmunoassay has been developed for the quantitation of triamcinolone‐acetonide (TAAc) at the picogram level. For use of TAAc as an antigenic epitope, first the drug was hemisuccinoylated at C‐21 as confirmed by 13C‐NMR‐ and mass spectroscopy after derivatization. This hapten was conjugated to the carrier‐protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) by different amide‐bond generating methods (imidazolide‐, carbodiimide‐, carbodiimide/sulfo‐N‐hydroxysuccinimde‐, mixed anhydride‐method) yielding antigens of quite different conjugation number, solubility and usefulness. The mixed anhydride‐method yielded most useful soluble conjugates bearing 0.3–31.5 mol TAAc per mol carrier‐protein. Coupling by the carbodiimide‐method yielded insoluble conjugates, inappropriate for antigen synthesis in hapten immunoassays because of formation of coupling agent modified residues and crosslinking of the carrier‐protein. Specificity of the antisera obtained by immunization with TAAc‐BSA and TAAc‐KLH was assessed by isolation of the soluble hapten‐antibody complex and a RIA protocol was developed providing a detection limit of 200 pg (0.46 pmol) TAAc/ml sample.
Synthesis and Smooth Muscle Calcium Channel Antagonist Effects of Dialkyl 1,4‐Dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐aryl‐3,5‐pyridinedicarboxylates Containing a Nitrooxy or Nitrophenyl Moiety in the 3‐Alkyl Ester Substituent
Authors: Iqbal Nadeem , Knaus Edward E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA group of racemic 3‐[2‐nitrooxyethyl(1,3‐dinitrooxy‐2‐propyl or 4‐nitrophenylethyl)] 5‐isopropyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐[2‐trifluoromethylphenyl (2‐nitrophenyl or 3‐nitrophenyl)]‐3,5‐pyridinedicarboxylates 13–15 were prepared using the Hantzsch reaction that involved the condensation of 2‐nitrooxyethyl 9a, 1,3‐dinitrooxy‐2‐propyl 9b or 4‐nitrophenylethyl 9c acetoacetate with isopropyl 3‐aminocrotonate 11 and 2‐trifluoromethyl 12a, 2‐nitro 12b or 3‐nitro 12c benzaldehyde. In vitro calcium channel antagonist activities were determined using a guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle assay. Compounds 13–15 exhibited superior, or equipotent, calcium channel antagonist activity (10−8 to 10−10 M range) relative to the reference drug nifedipine (IC50 = 1.43 × 10−8 M). The R1 C‐3 ester substituent was a determinant of calcium channel antagonist activity where the potency order was CH2CH2ONO2 > CH2CH2‐C6H4‐4‐NO2 ≥ CH(CH2ONO2)2. In contrast, the C‐4 R2‐aryl substituent (2‐CF3‐C6H4‐, 2‐O2N‐C6H4‐ or 3‐O2N‐C6H4‐) was not a major determinant of activity. Compounds 13a–15a, which possess a 3‐(2‐nitrooxyethyl) ester substituent exhibit superior calcium channel antagonist smooth muscle relaxant activity (IC50 = 10−10 M range) relative to nifedipine, could serve as potential probes to investigate the in vivo release of nitric oxide (NO) which induces vascular muscle relaxation.
The Anti‐inflammatory Activity of N‐Substituted Indazolones in Mice
Authors: Tse Elaine , Butner Lori , Huang Yunsheng , Hall Iris H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractN‐Substituted indazolones were shown to be potent anti‐inflammatory and analgesic agents in mice at 8 mg/kg. In addition, the agents were able to protect against death caused by endotoxins similar to those found in chronic infections. In part, the ability of these agents to suppress the inflammatory process is due to their blockage of cytokine release, e.g. TNFα and IL‐1, as well as their inhibition of high affinity binding to receptors on target cells of inflammation. Suppressing these receptors can be linked to the inhibition by the agents of lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes, prostaglandin cyclooxygenase and 5°‐lipoxygenase activities. Free radical generation involved in inflammation was also stabilized in the presence of most of these agents.
New Antifolate 4,4′‐Diaminodiphenyl Sulfone Substituted 2,4‐Diamino‐5‐benzylpyrimidines. Proof of Their Dual Mode of Action and Autosynergism
Authors: Wiese Michael , Schmalz Dietmar , Seydel Joachim K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNew 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone substituted 2,4‐diamino‐5‐benzylpyrimidines were synthesized. These compounds are highly active inhibitors of both bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroic acid synthase (SYN). The simultaneous inhibition of both enzymes leads to autosynergism in whole cells in the same way as known for combinations of sulfonamides with trimethoprim. The inhibitory activity is demonstrated in cell‐free systems of DHFR and SYN derived from various species (M. lufu, E. coli, C. albicans) and in whole cell systems of the mycobacterial strain M. lufu. The compounds are rare examples for the combination of two mechanisms of action in one molecule.
Synthesis and Anti‐inflammatory Evaluation of New Sulfamoylheterocarboxylic Derivatives
Authors: Díaz Juan A. , Morante M. Esther , Vega Salvador , Darias Victoriano , Abdala Susana , Delgado Laura , de las Heras Beatriz , Villar Angel , Vivas José María 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA series of new sulfamoylthiophene and sulfamoylpyrazole carboxylic acid derivatives was synthesized. Some of these compounds show interesting analgesic properties and significant nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory activities in several models of inflammation.
Aziridine‐2,3‐dicarboxylic Acid Derivatives as Inhibitors of Papain
Authors: Schirmeister Tanja 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAziridine‐2,3‐dicarboxylates and N‐acylated derivatives have been evaluated as potential irreversible inhibitors of the cysteine proteinase papain. Dependence of inhibition activity on stereo‐chemistry of the aziridine moiety has been analyzed. Whereas unsubstituted (R,R)‐ and (S,S)‐ diethyl aziridine‐2,3‐dicarboxylates (5) and (2) show no significant difference in inactivation the derivative acylated with BOC‐(S)‐Phe (BOC‐(S)‐Phe‐(S,S)‐Azi) (10) shows a 6 fold higher activity than the diastereomer BOC‐(S)‐Phe‐(R,R)‐Azi (11). Analogs acylated with Z‐ or BOC‐(S)‐Ala (9, 8) have lower second‐order rate constants, indicating binding of the amino acid moiety of the inhibitors to the S2 subsite of the enzyme.
2‐Anthracenonyl Acetic Acids as 5‐Lipoxygenase Inhibitors
Authors: Prinz Helge , Müller Klaus 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of 2‐substituted anthracenonyl acetic acid (2‐AA) derivatives is described. The key step is the Marschalk reaction of 1‐hydroxy‐8‐methoxy‐anthracenedione with glycolic acid. After protection of the resulting 2‐anthracenonyl acetic acid derivative, the 2‐monoalkylated derivatives are selectively obtained by direct alkylation. The methodology proves quite general and allows for the introduction of various substituents onto the 2‐position of the carboxylic side chain. Reduction of the anthracenediones proceeds with concomitant protecting group removal and provides final 2‐AA products in good yields. The results of initial biological studies demonstrate enhanced 5‐lipoxygenase inhibition compared to anthralin.
Investigations on the Pathway of the Fluorescence Reaction of a Pharmaceutically Important 1,3‐Diamine with 2‐Benzoylbenzaldehyde
Authors: Troschütz Reinhard , Heinemann Oliver 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe reaction of 2‐benzoylbenzaldehyde (1) with primary diamine 2, generated by rearrangement and hydrolysis of Oxazepam, in CD3OD leads to intensely fluorescing deuterated isoindoloquinazolines 3 and 4. Reduction of ethyl 2‐benzoylbenzoate (5) with LiAlD4 followed by oxidation with MnO2 yields 2‐benzoylbenz[D]aldehyde (7). The condensation of 7 with diamine 2 leads to isoindoloquinazoline 12, free of deuterium. On the basis of these experiments a plausible pathway is proposed for the “fluorescence reaction”.
Phosphono Analogues of Glutathione as New Inhibitors of Glutathione S‐Transferases
Authors: Kunze Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPhosphono‐analogues of glutathione containing the O=P(OR)2 moiety in place of the cysteinyl residue CH2SH 1a–1d were prepared by solution phase peptide synthesis. Benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and tert‐butyl protecting groups were used to mask the individual amino acid functional groups. The formation of peptide bonds was achieved by the usual peptide synthesis via activation of carboxylic functions with cyclohexylcarbodiimide and subsequent reaction with free amino groups. The thus obtained, fully‐protected peptides were each purified by normal phase column chromatography. Deprotection was accomplished by hydrogenolysis and by treatment with HBr/acetic acid yielding the desired phosphonic acid diester 1a–1d. The inhibition of the glutathione conjugation of 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene by human placental glutathione S‐transferase was studied by determining the IC50 values of the new glutathione analogues. The IC50 values were 291 μM, 139 μM, 64 μM, and 21 μM for the dimethyl, diethyl, diisopropyl, and di‐n‐butyl esters, respectively. The results clearly show that the formal substitution of the glutathione thiol function by phosphonic acid esters leads to a new class of glutathione S‐transferase inhibitors. Further investigations directed at the question of whether or not these glutathione analogues are suitable for a modulation in chemotherapy are in progress.
Syntheses, Calcium Channel Antagonist and Anticonvulsant Activities of Substituted 1,4‐Dihydro‐3,5‐pyridinedicarboxylates Containing Various 3‐Alkyl Ester Substituents
Authors: Yiu Sai‐Hay , Knaus Edward E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA group of 3‐alkyl 5‐isopropyl 4‐aryl‐1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐3,5‐pyridinedicarboxylates 10–20 containing an amine, quaternary ammonium, aryl(heteroaryl)alkenyl, 4 ‐ (4‐fluorophenyl)‐piperazin‐1‐yl or methoxy moiety in the C‐3 alkyl ester R‐substituent in combination with a C‐4 phenyl ring bearing a 2,3‐Cl2, 3‐NO2, 3‐NMe2, 4‐NMe2 or 3,4,5‐(OMe)3 X‐substituent were prepared using the Hantzsch 1,4‐dihydropyridine reaction. In vitro calcium channel antagonist activity (CCA) was determined using a guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle assay. In the C‐4 3‐nitrophenyl series of compounds, the C‐3 ester R‐substituent was a determinant of CCA activity where the relative potency order was −CH2CH2CH=C‐(2‐methylphenyl)2 ± −CH2CH2NMe2.HCl > −CH2CH2CH=C‐(3‐methyl‐2‐thienyl)2 > −CH2CH2+NMe3 I−. The position and nature of the C‐4 phenyl X‐substituent, were also determinants of CCA activity where the relative activity order was 3‐NMe2 > 4‐NMe2 > 3,4,5‐(OMe)3. Anticonvulsant activities were determined in mice using the subcutaneous metrazol (scMet) and maximal electroshock (MES) screens. The compounds investigated were generally not effective for protecting againist scMet induced seizures, except for 10 {X = 2,3‐Cl2, R = 2‐[4‐(4‐fluorophenyl)piperazin‐1‐yl]ethyl} and 14a (X = 3‐NMe2.HCl, R = CH2CH2OMe), which exhibited modest activity. Compound 11a (X = 3‐NO2, R = −CH2CH2NMe2.HCl) was the most effective agent in the MES screen. All of the compounds investigated, except for 11b (X = 3‐NO2, R = −CH2CH2+NMe3 I−, Kp = 0.15), are lipophilic with n‐octanol/aqueous phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4) partition coefficients (Kp) in the 121–424 range relative to the reference drug nimodipine (Kp = 187). The structure‐activity relationships acquired reinforce the concept that calcium is only one of several factors that are involved in seizure generation.
Synthesis and Smooth Muscle Calcium Channel Effects of Dialkyl 1,4‐Dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐aryl‐3,5‐pyridinedicarboxylates Containing a Nitrone Moiety in the 4‐Aryl Substituent
Authors: Anana Raymond D. , Ng Helen , Howlett Susan E. , Knaus Edward E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA group of dialkyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐{3‐ (or 4‐)[[(Z)‐N‐oxo‐N‐[4‐substituted‐phenylmethylene (or vinylmethylene)]‐λ5‐azanyl]phenyl}‐3,5‐pyridinedicarboxylates] 7a–n were synthesized. Reaction of the C‐4 nitrophenyl compounds 6a–d with an aryl Grignard reagent afforded the corresponding nitrone derivatives 7a–e. Alternatively, reaction of the aryl hydroxylamine compounds 8a–b prepared by reduction of the nitrophenyl compounds 6c–d with Zn/NH4Cl, or the aryl hydroxylamine compounds 8c–d prepared by reduction of the nitrophenyl compounds 6e–f with 5% rhodium‐on‐charcoal and 65% hydrazine hydrate, with a 4‐substituted‐benzaldehyde, benzaldehyde or acrolein afforded the respective nitrone compounds 7f–n. In vitro calcium channel (CC) antagonist activities were determined using the guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle assay. This class of compounds containing a nitrone moiety on the 1,4‐dihydropyridine C‐4 phenyl ring exhibited CC antagonist activities (10−5 to 10−9 M range) relative to the reference drug nifedipine (IC50 = 1.43 × 10−8 M). Structure‐activity relationships showed that the position of the nitrone moiety on the C‐4 phenyl ring was a determinant of CC antagonist activity where the potency order was always meta‐nitrone > para‐nitrone. The effect of the ester alkyl substituent was variable depending upon whether the nitrone substituent was at the meta or para‐position (meta‐nitrone, Et > i‐Pr ≈ Me; para‐nitrone, i‐Pr > Me ≈ Et). In the diethyl ester series of compounds having a meta‐nitrone moiety, the difference in potency for the various R2‐nitrone substituents varied by a factor of 15‐fold (IC50 = 1.51 × 10−7 to 9.84 × 10−9 M range) (4‐Cl‐C6H4‐±4‐Me‐C6H4‐ ≈ C6H5‐≥4‐O2N‐C6H4‐ 4‐F3C‐C6H4‐>CH2=CH‐). Whole‐cell voltage‐clamp studies using isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes indicated that, the 4‐{3‐[(Z)‐N‐oxo‐N‐(phenylmethylene)‐λ5‐azanyl]‐phenyl} compound 7c (10 μM) is a calcium channel antagonist which decreased the calcium current (Ica).
Synthesis and in vitro anti‐HIV Activity of Certain 2‐(1H‐Benzimidazol‐2‐ylamino)pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones and Related Derivatives
Authors: Badawey El‐Sayed A. M. , Kappe Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn an ongoing effort to develop novel non‐nucleoside human immunodeficiency virus inhibitors, a series of substituted 2‐(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐ylamino)pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones and related derivatives were synthesized via cyclocondensation of 2‐guanidino‐1H‐benzimidazole with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate, substituted diethyl malonates, some β‐keto esters and 2‐acetylbutyrolactone. From these series of compounds, 2‐(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐ylamino)‐6‐hydroxy‐5‐phenylpyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones (5f, NSC 666286) was confirmed to have a moderate in vitro anti‐HIV activity.
Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents, Part 24[1] Pyrrolidino Enaminones as Models to Mimic Arachidonic Acid
Authors: Dannhardt Gerd , Bauer Adrea , Nowe Ulrike 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pyrrolidino enaminones, with the carboxylic acid chain fixed at the nitrogen, inhibit cyclooxygenase more potently or selectively than 5‐lipoxygenase. According to the structure‐activity relationships discussed the potency depends significantly on the chain length of the carboxylic acid, the substitution pattern of the heterocyclic moiety and of the phenyl group. Compound 4c is the most efficient inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. For the binding profile the unfolded conformation of arachidonic acid and the energy‐minimized conformations of flurbiprofen, diclofenac, ML 3000, and lead compound 4a were compared. In addition to known structural features, similar distances of the carboxylic acid function and the phenyl residue were found as hypothesized to explain the interaction with the active sites of the enzyme. The inhibition of cyclooxygenase was determined in a bovine thrombocyte intact cell assay and that of 5‐lipoxygenase using intact bovine PMNLs.
SAR Studies on the Potent and Selective Muscarinic Antagonist 2‐Ethylthio‐2,2‐diphenylacetic Acid N,N‐Diethylaminoethyl Ester
Authors: Scapecchi Serena , Angeli Piero , Dei Silvia , Ghelardini Carla , Gualtieri Fulvio , Marucci Gabriella , Paparelli Fiorella , Romanelli M. Novella , Teodori Elisabetta 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMolecular modification of the potent and selective muscarinic antagonist 2‐ethylthio‐2,2‐diphenylacetic acid N,N‐diethylamino‐ethyl ester was performed in order to identify M2 selective antagonists able to cross the blood brain barrier and potentially useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Modifications included substitution or hydrogenation of one of the phenyl rings as well as their incorporation in a tricyclic system. In general the changes introduced were detrimental for both affinity and selectivity. Only a modest M2 selectivity is present in some compounds that, on the other hand, carry a quaternary ammonium group which precludes their penetration into the brain.
The Oriented Development of Antituberculotics: Salicylanilides
Authors: Waisser Karel , Matyk Josef , Divišová Hana , Husáková Petra , Kuneš Jirí , Klimešová Vera , Kaustová Jarmila , Möllmann Ute , Dahse Hans‐Martin , Miko Milan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOn the basis of our previous results 22 salicylanilides were synthesized. The compounds were tested for in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium avium. The Free‐Wilson method was used to evaluate structure‐antimycobacterial activity relationships. 4‐Chloro‐N‐(4‐propylphenyl)salicylamide and 5‐chloro‐N‐(4‐propylphenyl)salicylamide were selected for preclinical studies.
Brüche an Isolierglasscheiben – ein thermisches Problem
Authors: Béguin Gilbert H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBeim Fassadenbau liegt der Trend eindeutig auf vermehrtem Gebrauch von Glas. Dies schafft neuartige Probleme. Der Beitrag stellt einige Schadensfälle in Form von Glasbrüchen während der kalten Jahreszeit vor. In jedem Falle traten die Brüche am inneren Float‐Glas auf. Als Ursachen wurden zunächst mechanische Einflüsse vermutet. Messungen zeigten die Wirkung dieser Faktoren als geringfügig. Deshalb wurden dann thermische Einwirkungen vermutet. Zur Untersuchung wurden zwei an den Rändern verbundene Scheiben als zwei thermisch gekoppelte halbunendliche Glasscheiben modelliert. Die entsprechenden Fourier‐Gleichungen wurden mit der Laplace‐Transformation behandelt. Die Berechnungsresultate zeigen bei starkem Wärmeverlust an der äußeren Scheibe das Auftreten von Zugspannungen am Rande der inneren Floatscheibe. Zwei Annahmen für den Verlauf des Wärmeverlustes wurden betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse sind in Graphiken dargestellt.
Autobiographien von Apothekern als Quelle für die Wissenschaftsgeschichte
Authors: Friedrich Christoph 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of autobiographies of dispensing chemists for the history of science. The analysis of the autobiographies of E. W. Martius, D. H. Hoppe, F. T. Kützing and other pharmacists of the 18th and 19th centuries shows, that these books give many informations about the history of medicine, chemistry or botany. The memoirs of pharmacists, published in the later 19th and 20th centuries, for example by Th. Fontane or by H. Sudermann, are especially interisting origins for the history of pharmacy.
Jesuiten zwischen Religion und Wissenschaft
Authors: Blum Paul Richard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNatural sciences and natural philosophy of the Jesuits are based on theology. At least the concept of God is an integral part of their theoretical structure. Examples are taken from Rudjer Boskovic, Honoré Fabri and Nicolaus Cabeus. In fact, the Jesuits, e.g. Theophil Raynaud, dealt with natural theology as the spiritual foundation of knowledge independent of revelation. But natural theology, as in Raimundus Sabundus, has an anthropocentric and hence moral dimension: it links knowledge with religion. ‘Ignatius of Loyola influenced decisively the Jesuits’ concept of science and its relationship to religion through his Spiritual Exercises in which meditation and religious practice are developed into a technique and a scientific approach to faith.
On the Structure of a Scientific Golden Age Social Change, University Investments and Germany's Discontinuous Rise to 19th Century Scientific Hegemony
Authors: Willink Bastiaan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn diesem Beitrag werden Indikatoren vorgeschlagen für die schwankende Zuwachsrate des Wachstums der Wissenschaften in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert. Einer Analyse der Entwicklung des deutschen Universitätswesens, die insbesondere die Zu‐ und Abnahme der Zahl der Universitätslehrer und der finanziellen Aufwendungen berücksichtigte, sind erklärende Faktoren entnommen worden. Der Aufstieg des Wirtschaftsbürgertums sowie die Zusammenarbeit Bismarcks mit den National‐Liberalen um 1870 bildeten die Grundlage für das Wachstum nach 1860. Wenn möglich, werden Vergleiche mit den zwei damals wichtigsten rivalisierenden Staaten, Großbritannien und Frankreich, angestellt.