bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHANGES OF 5 ‐NUCLEOTIDASE ACTIVITY IN CULTURED GLIOMA CELLS
Authors: AMANO S. , SASAHARA M. , YAMADA E. , KATAOKA H. , HAZAMA F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAmano S., Sasahara M., Yamada E., Kataoka H. & Hazama F. (1984) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 11, 161–170Changes of 5 ‐nucleotidase activity in cultured glioma cellsChanges of 5′‐nucleotidase (5′‐N) activity during subcultivation of C6 clonal rat glioma cells were studied histochemically, cytochemically and biochemically. Two different cell populations were seeded with high or low cell density respectively. 5′‐N activity in cultured cells increased continuously in both populations. The enzyme activity was always higher in the cells growing in high density than in those growing in low density, and this difference became statistically significant after 6 days of subcultivation. It seemed likely that the increase in 5′‐N activity depended on cell density, not on the frequency of mitosis. Cytochemically, enzyme activity was detected on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of cell bodies or cell processes. Strong activity was found on the processes and cell membranes where cells touched each other. In the regions where cells had intimate cell‐to‐cell contact, marked elevation of the enzyme activity was seen. Increased 5′‐N activity, which appeared to depend on cell density, was considered to be related with this cell‐to‐cell contact.
IRRADIATION AND BCNU EFFECTS IN THE STROMA IN A RAT TRANSPLANTED GLIOMA MODEL: ANALYSIS OF CEREBRAL TUMOR BED EFFECT
Authors: SPENCE A. M. , GERACI J. P. , CENT R. R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSpence A. M., Geraci J. P. & Cent R. R. (1985) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 11, 229–244Irradiation and BCNU effects in the stroma in a rat transplanted glioma model: analysis of cerebral tumor bed effectF‐344 rats were treated with whole‐brain fractionated or unfractionated 137Cs at several time intervals up to 6 weeks before they received intracerebral grafts of an ethylnitrosourea‐induced rat astrocytoma (36B‐10). Rats treated with a single dose of 18 Gy at 3‐ and 2 week intervals prior to tumor implantation died earlier than unirradiated control tumor recipients (P< 005, log rank sum test). Delivered 2 weeks prior to tumor grafting single doses of 10, 15, and 20, but not 5 Gy also reduced animal life span (P< 005). Similarly, a total dose of 38 but not 28‐5, 19, or 9‐5 Gy, each delivered in five daily fractions 2% weeks before tumor grafting, shortened survival (P < 005). Chemotherapy with l,3‐bis(2‐chloroethyl)‐l‐nitrosourea (133mg/kg) alone or in combination with a single dose of irradiation of 18 Gy 3 weeks preceding transplantation showed no effect on animal survival. Unirradiated control tumors demonstrated sheets of densely‐packed isomorphic astrocytes, perivascular brain parenchymal invasion, sparse, thin‐walled vasculature, frequent mitoses, but little necrosis or hemorrhage. The tumors of rats irradiated before transplantation showed large areas of confluent necrosis associated with microvascular thrombosis, edema, and multifocal acute hemorrhages. These survival results and morphological changes indicate that the cerebral tumor bed effect involves early animal death and extensive morphological changes in the tumors; and they suggest that tumor cell death in irradiated brain tumors may, in part, result from radiation‐induced vascular injury.
TRANSIENT RETINO‐INFERIOR COLLICULAR FIBRES IN NEONATAL RATS: THEIR PERSISTENCE AFTER REMOVAL OF ONE EYE AT BIRTH
Authors: KATO T. , HIRANO A. , HONDA K. , KATAGIRI T. , SASAKI H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractKato T., Hirano A., Honda K., Katagiri T. & Sasaki H. (1985) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 11, 265–272Transient retino‐inferior collicular fibres in neonatal rats: their persistence after removal of one eye at birthRetinal projections to the inferior colliculus in the newborn albino rat were demonstrated by intraocular injection with horseradish peroxidase. During normal development, these retino‐inferior collicular fibres disappeared by 26 days of age. However, after removal of one eye at birth, distinct retino‐inferior collicular fibres arising from the remaining eye were preserved contralaterally in rats at 26 days of age.
PRIMARY DEMYELINATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF CATS
Authors: COOK R. D. , WILCOX G. E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCook R. D. & Wilcox G. E. (1985) Neuropathology and applied Neurobiology 11, 361–367Primary demyelination in the central nervous system of catsPrimary demyelinating lesions have been observed in the central nervous system of 16 (approximately 7%) of a total of 235 clinically normal cats. The size of the lesions varied from small perivascular lesions in white matter to a large lesion occupying the diameter of an optic nerve. Intracytoplasmic inclusions consisting of tubular structures were common to all lesions examined by electron microscopy. The features of these feline lesions are briefly compared with those seen in multiple sclerosis.
VENTRAL ROOT AXONOPATHY AND ITS RELATION TO THE NEUROFIBRILLARY DEGENERATION OF LOWER MOTOR NEURONS IN ALUMINUM‐INDUCED ENCEPHALOMYELOPATHY
Authors: TRIARHOU L. C. , NORTON J. , BUGIANI O. , GHETTI B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTriarhou L. C, Norton J., Bugiani O. & Ghetti B. (1985) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 11, 407–430Ventral root axonopathy and its relation to the neurofibrillary degeneration of lower motor neurons in aluminum‐induced encephalomyelopathy.The injection of metallic aluminum (Al) into the cerebrospinal fluid of adult rabbits induces neurofibrillary degeneration of lower motor neurons. We studied the ventral roots and the corresponding motor neurons of Al‐treated animals to clarify the modality and extent of reaction of the axon in relation to the severity of perikaryonal involvement. Moreover, the involvement of dorsal root ganglion cells was compared to that of lower motor neurons. Rabbits received 015 ml of a 1% Al slurry intracisternally and were perfused through the heart with aldehydes at 14–62 days after injection. Spinal cords and roots were embedded in Epon and examined morphologically and by morphometric techniques. An axonopathy was observed in the ventral roots, characterized by neurofilamentous axonal swellings and myelin attenuation in several size classes of axons. Results obtained from axons traced in serial sections indicate that there may be a unifocal or a multifocal axonopathy. Dorsal root ganglion cells showed milder changes by comparison with motor neurons and their axons in the ventral roots. The most severe axonopathy was associated both with an incidence of 66–81% of motor neurons showing neurofibrillary degeneration and with a rapidly progressing motor weakness. These findings are related in the discussion section to the pathological expression of human neurological disorders in which the lower motor neurons are selective targets.
HISTOCHEMICAL FIBRE TYPING AND ULTRASTUCTURE OF THE SMALL FIBRES IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Authors: WATKINS S. C. , CULLEN M. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWatkins S. C. & Cullen M. J. (1985) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 11, 447–460Histochemical fibre typing and ultrastructure of the small fibres in Duchenne muscular dystrophyFibre type differentiation was carried out on 20 biopsies from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) sufferers using the acid‐preincubated reaction for myofibrillar ATPase. Fibres, classified as either type 1, type 2 or 2C, were counted and their minimum diameters (least fibre axis) measured. Particular attention was paid to the population of small fibres that becomes increasingly prominent with the increasing age of the patient. Type 1 fibres were always predominant in the fibre population as a whole. The numbers of type 2 fibres declined with the increasing age of the patients while the numbers of 2C fibres increased. All fibre types were represented in the population of small fibres and the ratio of the numbers of types 1:2: 2C fibres was approximately 1:1:3. Ultrastructural examination of the small fibres showed them to be at varying stages of regeneration and differentiation. The continuous presence of regenerating fibres in DMD while the muscles are wasting implies that while regeneration can be initiated it becomes increasingly constrained or restricted as the disease progresses. The cause of this restriction and whether it is related to the basic genetic lesion is unknown. It is suggested that the accumulation of fibrous connective tissue interferes with growth, either directly, in the formation of pseudomyotendinous junctions, or indirectly, by reducing nutrient exchange with the vascular system.
CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROPATHOLOGY CUSHING'S DISEASE
Authors: McNICOL A. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMcNicol A. M. (1985) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 11, 485–498Cushing's diseaseThe application of modern investigative techniques, particularly electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry, to the pituitary gland in Cushing's disease have confirmed that in the majority of cases (up to 90% in some series) the disease is due to a corticotroph microadenoma. It has also been shown that the tumours may produce not only ACTH, but also other peptides derived from the same precursor molecule, pro‐opiomelanocortin and, in a small minority of cases, other pituitary hormones (e.g. prolactin). Since these peptides are known to have physiological actions they may account for some of the varied symptoms and signs of Cushing's disease. Because of the high incidence of single tumours the treatment of choice in many centres has become selective adenomectomy by the transsphenoidal route. However, a minority of cases appear to be the result of primary hypothalamic or central abnormalities and this may account for the identification of a normal pituitary gland or of corticotroph hyperplasia (with or without tumour formation). It is not possible at the present to identify these groups of patients on the basis of biochemical testing. It is hoped that detailed prospective studies correlating hormone secretion, responses to biochemical testing and detailed investigation of pathological tissue will provide further insight into the pathogenesis of particular variants of the disease.
SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY: A NEUROCYTOLOGIST'S VIEWPOINT WITH A NOTE ON ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Authors: GRAY E. G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGray E.G. (1986) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 12, 149–172Spongiform encephalopathy: a neurocytologist's viewpoint with a note on Alzheimer's diseaseUltrastructural studies of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) reveal no very early pathological changes in kuru where membrane lamellation has been reported. This observation is challenged. In the later stages of SE, two main theories are examined‐the spiroplasma theory and the prion (6 nm filament) theory. Neither are sufficiently convincing at present. In my own ultrastudies of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease brain, extensive dismantling of the dendritic microtubule cytoskeleton has been observed. Loss of dendritic cytoskeleton implies loss of dendritic cytotransport with abolition of postsynaptic events. This would explain neurological symptoms and death where other causes, pneumonia etc. are not involved. My experimental model, involving depletion or loss of dendritic microtubules, indicates that spongy vacuoles may be fixation artifacts. In a brief consideration of Alzheimer's disease, loss of dendritic microtubules has also been observed, with the implications mentioned above. Finally, the neuritic plaque will be considered.
IDIOPATHIC PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND THE LEWY BODY DISORDERS
Authors: GIBB W. R. G. 
Published: May 2008

Idiopathic Parkinson's disease and the Lewy body disordersA common clinical manifestation of idiopathic Lewy body disease is levodopa responsive idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Infrequently features such as dementia or autonomic failure predominate. The Lewy body is also reported; (a) as an incidental finding in 7–10% of normal individuals mostly over the age of 60 (b) as an incidental sporadic finding in Parkinson's syndrome from other causes, mostly over the age of sixty; (c) in an additional group of degenerative disorders at a younger age, some with familial inheritance. The incidental finding of Lewy bodies can precede clinical Parkinson's disease. It is thought they do not occur as an age‐related feature, although this cannot be stated with certainty. Current evidence suggests that about 10% of the population may possess the pathological substratum for idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
THE EFFECT OF INHIBITING SCHWANN CELL MITOSIS ON THE RE‐INNERVATION OF ACELLULAR AUTOGRAFTS IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE MOUSE
Authors: HALL SUSAN M. 
Published: May 2008

The effect of inhibiting Schwann cell mitosis on the re‐innervation of acellular autografts in the peripheral nervous system of the mouseReactive gliosis in the zone immediately proximal to transection of the sciatic nerve has been inhibited by intraneural injection of mitomycin C, an anti‐mitotic agent known to arrest Schwann cell division after transection, crush or demyelination. Mitomycin C‐pretreated proximal stumps were subsequently sutured to cellular or acellular autografts (0–5 cm long) and neurite growth into and within the grafts was examined during a 5‐week post‐operative period. Neurites grew into cellular autografts and became associated with the resident population of Schwann cells within the grafts, to the extent that remyelination was well established in the majority of Schwann cell basal lamina tubes by week 5 post‐suture. In marked contrast, very few neurites grew into acellular grafts during this time, and where axons and Schwann cells were seen they tended to be grouped in ‘minifascicles’. The results suggest that neurite outgrowth from proximal stumps is dependent upon active Schwann cell participation.
MULTIFOCAL ISCHAEMIC ENCEPHALOMYELOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH FIBROCARTILAGINOUS EMBOLI IN THE LAMB
Authors: JEFFREY M. , WELLS G. A. H. 
Published: May 2008

Multifocal ischaemic encephalomyelopathy associated with fibrocartilaginous emboli in the lambMultifocal, arterial, fibrocartilaginous embolism of the cervical spinal cord, medulla oblongata and cerebellum is described in a neonatal lamb. The emboli contained mucosubstances which, by the Alcian blue critical electrolyte concentration method, were identified as mainly keratan sulphate. This composition indicates the probable origin of emboli from the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs. Possible modes of entry of such material into the spinal cord vasculature are reviewed and a mechanism proposed to explain the localization of emboli in spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellar arteries in this case.
NEUROPATHOLOGY AND NEUROVIRULENCE OF CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS PLAQUE ISOLATES IN THE HAMSTER
Authors: ALLEN I. V. , COSBY S. L. , KIRK J. , MARTIN S. J. , DINSMORE S. 
Published: May 2008

Neuropathlogy and neurovirulence of canine distemper virus plaque isolates in the hamsterThe relationship between neuropathologiesl abnormalities, antibody response and neurovirulence of plaque isolates has been studied in an experimental model of canine distemper in the hamster. Genetic virus variance influenced neurovirulence and the experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that the mechanism of this effect may be through the modulating effect of circulating antibody. Large plaque virus (LPV) produced severe encephalitis with little early antibody response and a high degree of pathological abnormality. Small plaque virus (SPV) produced mild chronic encephalitis and early antibody response. Microscopically, histological abnormalities in this group were qualitatively similar to those seen with LPV but generally of lesser degree. Immunosuppression in SPV infected animals increased the severity of the encephalitis, reflected by the increase in inflammation and inclusion formation. Combined SPV and LPV infection produced high antibody levels and less severe disease than LPV infection alone with an intermediate pattern of histological abnormality.
SINUS HISTIOCYTOSIS WITH MASSIVE LYMPHADENOPATHY PRESENTING AS A MENINGIOMA
Authors: CAREY M. P. , CASE C. P. 
Published: May 2008

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy presenting as a meningiomaThis report documents a case of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) which was unusual in that it produced a localized mass on the intracranial dura, simulating a meningioma. The clinical, histological and ultrastructural features of this case are presented.
SCHWANN CELL RESPONSES DURING REGENERATION AFTER ONE OR MORE CRUSH INJURIES TO MYELINATED NERVE FIBRES
Authors: OHARA SHINJI , IKUTA FUSAHIRO 
Published: May 2008

Schwann cell responses during regeneration after one or more crush injuries to myelinated nerve fibresThe responses of Schwann cells during regeneration of myelinated nerve fibres were studied ultrastructurally in the distal segment of mouse phrenic nerve after a single or repeated localized crush injury. Chronological observations on nerves after a single crush confirmed the occurrence of myelination of only single regenerating axons among many that appeared in individual Bungner bands. The redundant axon sprouts often showed the structural features of degeneration and decreased in number with time. During the process, supernumerary Schwann cells not related to myelin formation were produced. They commonly failed not only to make a one–to–one relationship with an axon, but they also failed to acquire a new basal lamina of their own. With time, they showed shrinkage of their cytoplasm and became arranged circumferentially around the myelinating axon with unipolar or bipolar cytoplasmic processes.Electron microscopic, quantitative assessment of the nuclear population of Schwann cells following repeated crushes up to four times, clearly indicated a progressive and predominant increase in the number of the supernumerary Schwann cells with the number of crushes. Also, they were found to form separate concentric cytoplasmic lamellae around the myelinating axons, developing structures resembling onion–bulbs.It was concluded that essentially the same regenerating process as that observed after a single crush was repeated following re–crush, thereby resulting in the successive accumulation of supernumerary Schwann cells around a myelinating axon.
NEUROPATHOLOGY OF ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
Authors: GONZALES M. F. , DAVIS R. L. 
Published: May 2008

Neuropathology of acquired immunodeficiency syndromeThe nervous system is involved in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) by infections and infestations, by neoplasms, and by several diseases of uncertain pathogenesis. The most common pathological abnormalities are the changes associated with the HIV agent itself, the ‘HIV subacute encephalitis’; the most specific change is demyelination with multinucleate giant cells. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common secondary virus, but progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) is more frequently seen at biopsy. Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of abscess formation, but fungal infections, especially by cryptococcus, are more often the cause of meningitis. Mycobacterial infections and other opportunistic organisms are relatively rarely seen in the CNS. A vacuolar myelopathy of unknown pathogenesis is seen in AIDS; it involves the dorsal and lateral columns and the thoracic spinal cord most prominently. Endarteritis of unknown cause with resultant infarction is seen in children. Primary CNS lymphoma accounts for a major percentage of the lymphomas seen in AIDS; they are high grade tumours, are most often multiple, and are of B‐cell origin. Metastatic Kaposi's sarcoma is very rare. Several peripheral neuropathies occur in AIDS, and recently a myopathy with small rod bodies has been reported.
PATHOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN 40 CASES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
Authors: GRAY F. , GHERARDI R. , KEOHANE C. , FAVOLINI M. , SOBEL A. , POIRIER J. 
Published: May 2008

Pathology of the central nervous system in 40 cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)The central nervous system was examined in 40 AIDS patients who died between August 1982 and 1987. The cases included two children born to intravenous drug abusers and 38 male adults.The brains of eight patients who had no clinical or radiological evidence of central nervous system involvement showed non‐specific changes which included microglial nodules, perivascular mononuclear cuffs, mineralization of blood vessels and granular ependymitis.In 32 brains from patients with neurological symptoms, toxoplasmosis was the most frequent finding (19 cases) manifested by multifocal, necrotic lesions or a diffuse pseudo‐encephalitic process. Other opportunistic infections included cytomegalovirus (eight cases), progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (two cases), cryptococcosis (one case), aspergillosis (one case), multiple bacterial microabscesses (one case) and Mycobacterium avium intracellular (one case). Two patients had cerebral lymphoma. Subacute encephalitis with white matter lesions and multinucleated giant cells characteristic of HIV infection was present in 15 cases.Various combinations of all these infections were encountered in the same brain, sometimes in the same area and, occasionally, in the same cell.
A CLINICO–PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF HERPES SIMPLEX ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: KENNEDY P. G. E. , ADAMS J. HUME , GRAHAM D. I. , CLEMENT G. B. 
Published: May 2008

A clinico‐pathological study of herpes simplex encephalitisA retrospective clinical and pathological analysis has been performed of 24 cases of herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) seen at the Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow, between 1972 and 1985. All patients had been diagnosed on the basis of isolation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from, and/or the demonstration of characteristic histological changes of acute necrotizing encephalitis (ANE) in brain biopsy and/or autopsy tissue. Clinical presentation on admission included a prodromal influenzalike illness (46%), sudden onset of headache and confusion (54%), meningism (38%), deep coma (42%), aphasia (54%) and focal neurological signs (79%). Seizures occurred in 46% of cases during the course of the illness. Of the 24 cases, 14 (58%) died and 10 (42%) survived. Intravenous acyclovir treatment was associated with the best prognosis.Cerebral biopsy of one temporal lobe was performed in 22 cases and in 19 of these a positive histological diagnosis of HSE could be made. HSV was isolated from 15 of the 19 (79%) biopsied cases in whom virus isolation was attempted. Only seven out of the 15 cases (47%) in which immunofluorescence assays for HSV antigens were performed were unequivocally positive. Herpes simplex virus was isolated in culture from all cases which were negative by immunofluorescence.Immunocytochemical analysis on tissue sections of five representative brain biopsies demonstrated the presence of HSV antigens in some astrocytes, neurons and macrophages especially within areas of inflammatory infiltration. In situ hybridization experiments with a cloned HSV DNA probe demonstrated viral RNA in astrocytes, neurons and macrophages in two human biopsies and mouse brains in areas broadly corresponding to the distribution of viral antigen labelling. The combined immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization procedure showed that many but not all of the cells containing viral RNA also contained HSV antigens, indicating a productive infection in these double‐labelled cells.