bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative pharmacokinetics and anesthetic effects of methohexital, pentobarbital, thiamylal, and thiopental in Greyhound dogs and non-Greyhound, mixed-breed dogs
Authors: Sams R. A. , Muir W. W. , Detra R. L. , Robinson E. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetics and duration of anesthesia of methohexital, pentobarbital, thiamylal, and thiopental in Greyhound and non-Greyhound, mixed-breed dogs were compared. In all dogs evaluated, pentobarbital induced the longest duration of anesthesia and methohexital induced the shortest duration. Pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital and methohexital were similar in both groups of dogs.
Thiobarbiturates induced longer anesthetic effects in Greyhound dogs than in mixed-breed dogs. Plasma thiobarbiturate concentrations remained above normal longer in Greyhound dogs than in mixed-breed dogs. Disposition of thiobarbiturates in Greyhound dogs was characterized by nonlinearity from 45 minutes to 8 hours after dosing.
Feline model for the study of frozen osteoarticular hemijoint transplantation: Qualitative and quantitative assessment of bone healing
Authors: Henry William B. , Sckachar Norman S. , Wadsworth Peter L. , Castronovo Frank P. , Mankin Henry J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-four outbred cats underwent massive osteoarticular allograft and control autograft transplantation, using the right distal femur with its articular cartilage, capsule, and medial collateral ligament intact. The cats were monitored clinically and radiographically for 1 year. Groups of cats (4 allografts and 2 control autografts) were euthanatized at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month intervals. At necropsy, the grafts were photographed and assessed for bone healing and replacement by standard radiography, quantitative 99mTc bone scans, microradiography, and histologic examination of decalcified and nondecalcified specimens.
The osteosynthesis site of the allografts usually healed by 5 months, compared with the autografts that healed by 3 months. As illustrated by quantitative bone scans, creeping appositional new bone slowly invaded and replaced the allograft bone.
Seemingly, the cat can be used as an acceptable and clinically comparable model for the massive osteoarticular allografts currently being used for the reconstruction of joints damaged or destroyed by neoplasm surgery in limb-sparing procedures in human beings. This model may also be used to assess the rate and method of bone healing.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of milk immunoglobulins to leukocidin toxin of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Loeffler David A. , Norcross Neil L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Leukocidin toxin from a bovine strain of Staphylococcus aureus was partially purified by ion exchange chromatography. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to quantitate antibodies specific for leukocidin in bovine milk. This was used to assay quarter samples from 88 cows in a S aureus-in-fected herd for antibody levels to the toxin. Milk samples from 65 cows with S aureus infections in at least one quarter produced a mean optical density of 1.054, whereas milk samples from 23 cows that were free of bacteria on cultural examination had a mean optical density of 0.584. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in milk anti-leukocidin levels between these 2 groups. Evaluation of serum samples from 40 of these cows indicated that the milk anti-leukocidin concentrations were reflective of systemic anti-leukocidin values.
The capability of 57 milk samples to neutralize the cytolytic effect of minimal amounts of leukocidin on bovine peripheral blood neutrophils was examined. Good correlation existed between the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody concentration and toxin-neutralizing capability of individual milk samples.
Endotoxic shock in the awake young pig: Absence of beneficial effect of prednisolone sodium succinate treatment
Authors: Schrauwen Eric M. , Houvenaghel André M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In nonanesthetized young pigs, the influence of prednisolone sodium succinate therapy on a 65% lethal dose of Escherichia coli endotoxin was studied by evaluating clinical signs, several hemodynamic variables, survival rate, and changes seen at necropsy. Endotoxin infusion induced reproducible clinical signs characterized by nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, cyanosis, and moderate excitement followed by severe cns depression. Among the hemodynamic variables, there were decreases in arterial blood pressure and cardiac output and increases in pulmonary arterial pressure, heart rate, and total peripheral and pulmonary vascular resistances. Core temperature and arterial pH did not change significantly. Survival rate at 30 hours after the start of the endotoxin infusion was 35%. According to the necropsy, marked edema and hemorrhages were in several organs.
Treating the experimental animals with prednisolone sodium succinate (3 injections of 10 mg/kg of body weight after the start of the endotoxin infusion) did not influence any of the monitored hemodynamic variables, except for arterial blood pressure, which was higher at the end of the hemodynamic recording period (270 minutes after the start of the endotoxin infusion). Clinical signs, survival rate, and changes at necropsy were similar in both treated and nontreated pigs. This lack of effect can be due to an inappropriate dosage of the steroid or failure of steroid treatment to alleviate endotoxin-mediated effects.
Development and clinical application of methods for detection of antineutrophil antibody in serum of the cat
Authors: Chickering William R. , Prasse Keith W. , Dawe Donald L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two techniques, leukoagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence, were adapted to test for the presence of antineutrophil antibody in cat serum. The leukoagglutination test was analogous to an indirect Coombs' test. The test was performed on freshly isolated cat blood neutrophils, with the test results read from stained smears (Wright's stain) made from sedimented antiserum-treated neutrophils. A positive test response was indicated by agglutinated neutrophils on the stained smear. The indirect immunofluorescence test was performed by incubating paraformaldehyde-fixed cat blood neutrophils with test serum, after which the neutrophils were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-tagged antiglobulin. A positive test response was a ring of fluorescence surrounding the cells, as viewed through a uv microscope.
Serum samples (n = 55) from clinically neutropenic cats were tested for the presence of antineutrophil antibody by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Ten positive-control sera (rabbit anti-cat neutrophil serum) and 10 negative-control sera (normal cat serum) were included. Only the positive control sera exhibited neutrophil fluorescence, indicative of antineutrophil antibody. None of the 55 samples of clinical origin showed any appreciable fluorescence.
Effects of aspirin and propranolol on feline platelet aggregation
Authors: Greene Craig E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three groups of cats were given aspirin in single dosages of 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg. A 4th group was given 2 dosages of 25 mg/kg, 3 days between doses. The degree of inhibition of platelet function and the duration of antagonism to platelet aggregation were studied. The dosage of 25 mg/kg (single and repeated) consistently inhibited platelet function, and the effects lasted 3 to 5 days. Additive drug effect was not noted in group 4, since the 2nd dosage antagonized platelet function to a degree and duration similar to the effects of the 1st. The dosage of aspirin recommended for antiplatelet activity in the average-sized cat (3 kg) equals approximately 1 pediatric aspirin (90 mg) given twice a week. Propranolol, given to cats at dosages of 2.5 to 15 mg had no effect on platelet aggregation.
Cardiopulmonary effects of an intravenous infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and xylazine in dogs
Authors: Benson G. J. , Thurmon J. C. , Tranquilli W. J. , Smith C. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 5% solution of dextrose in water containing 50 mg of guaifenesin, 0.25 mg of xylazine, and 1 mg of ketamine/ml was infused iv at the rate of 2.2 ml·kg−1·hour−1 in dogs. Heart rate, systemic vascular resistance, mean arterial blood pressure, rate-pressure product, and arterial oxygen tension were not altered significantly from baseline values during 2 hours of anesthesia. Cardiac index was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased from base-line values. Hypoventilation resulted in increased arterial carbon dioxide tension and decreased arterial pH. After the dogs were given glycopyrrolate, cardiac index returned to base line, and heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and rate-pressure product were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than base-line values.
Prevention of coccidiosis in domestic dogs and captive coyotes (Canis latrans) with sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim combination
Authors: Dunbar Mike R. , Foreyt William J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim combination was evaluated as a coccidiostat against experimentally induced coccidiosis in young dogs and coyotes (Canis latrans). The animals were experimentally inoculated with 50,000 or 100,000 sporulated oocysts of Isospora ohiohensis (98%) and Isospora canis (2%). In experiment 1, daily treatment for 13 to 23 days with a combination of 27.5 mg of sulfadimethoxine/kg of body weight (bw) and 5.5 mg of ormetoprim/kg of bw admixed to the feed resulted in no significant (P > 0.05) difference in fecal oocyst counts between treated and nontreated groups of dogs or coyotes. In experiment 2, treatment with a combination of 55 mg of sulfadimethoxine/kg of bw and 11 mg of ormetoprim/kg of bw for 23 days was 99.8% effective against Isospora spp infections in dogs. Significantly (P < 0.05) fewer oocysts were present in feces of treated dogs than were present in feces of nontreated dogs from first passage of oocysts at day 4 to the end of the patent period at days 19 to 21. After the 2nd week of treatment, bw of treated dogs were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than bw of nontreated dogs. Evidence of drug toxicity was not observed clinically or by serum chemical analyses.
Immunologie reactions of pigs regrouped at or near weaning
Authors: Blecha Frank , Pollmann D. Steven , Nichols David A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Using 64 pigs, 2 experiments (32 pigs each) were conducted to evaluate the effects of regrouping nonlittermate pigs at weaning or 2 weeks after weaning on mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, intradermal reactions to phytohemagglutinin, and primary antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes. Plasma cortisol concentrations were determined in all pigs and behavior of regrouped pigs was monitored. Compared with control values, plasma cortisol concentrations were higher in nonlittermate pigs regrouped at weaning (P < 0.001) or 2 weeks after weaning (P < 0.01). However, negrouping pigs at weaning or 2 weeks after weaning did not influence lymphocyte blastogenesis, phytohemagglutinin skin-test responses, or antibody titers to sheep erythrocytes. Plasma cortisol concentrations were not related to agonistic behavior in regrouped pigs or to lymphocyte blastogenic or phytohemagglutinin skin-test responses; however, higher plasma cortisol concentrations were related (P < 0.05) to lower sheep erythrocyte antibody titers. These data indicate that regrouping nonlittermate pigs at weaning or 2 weeks after weaning is an acute stressor that does not detrimentally affect mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, intradermal reactions to phytohemagglutinin, or primary antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes.
Field-trial evaluation of a Pasteurella vaccine in preconditioned and nonpreconditioned lightweight calves
Authors: Kadel Wade L. , Chengappa M. M. , Herren Charles E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A field-trial evaluation confirmed the efficacy of a pasteurella vaccine as a means of preventing bovine pneumonia. The vaccine was comprised of streptomycin-dependent Pasteurella multocida (type A:3) and Pasteurella haemolytica (type 1). Vaccinal efficacy was defined in terms of greater body weight gains, less severe clinical signs of pneumonia, and smaller death rates as compared with the same factors in nonvaccinated calves. During the 50-day trial, vaccinated calves gained weight faster than did nonvaccinated calves (P = 0.05). Economic advantage was not found for administering a booster dose of the vaccine (P = 0.25). Nonpreconditioned nonvaccinated calves made greater dollar profits than did preconditioned nonvaccinated calves (P = 0.16). A comparison of all preconditioned calves with all nonpreconditioned calves revealed that illness and death losses were less in the preconditioned calves (P = 0.07).
An evaluation of the cost vs benefit factors revealed significant advantages for administering 1 dose of vaccine of $19.08 for a preconditioned calf (P = 0.006) and of $11.39 for a nonpreconditioned calf (P = 0.05). The data indicated that there was no economic advantage for preconditioning and that the greatest economic gain was made by the vaccinated nonpreconditioned calves.
Early phase components of the kallikrein kinin system in hemorrhagic ascitic fluid and plasma in the rat with induced acute pancreatitis
Authors: Seung Won P. , Feldman Bernard F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (ahp) was induced in 43 anesthetized rats by retrograde injection of sodium taurodeoxycholic acid into the common pancreatic biliary duct. At postinjection hours 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18, samples of plasma and hemorrhagic ascitic fluid (haf) were obtained from rats in which ahp was induced and from rats that were sham operated.
Early phase components of the kallikrein kinin system, including kallikrein-like (kk) activity and prekallikrein pkk) and kallikrein inhibitor (kki) concentrations, were measured in plasma and haf samples. In the rats with induced ahp, pkk concentrations were decreased significantly in 18-hour plasma samples (P < 0.05) and in all haf samples (P < 0.001) from 1 to 18 hours after induction of ahp. The kk activity was significantly increased (P < 0.001) in the 6- and 12-hour plasma samples. In the 1-hour haf samples, kk activity was increased > 10 times over that in the plasma pool of rats and remained increased for 18 hours. The kki concentrations were markedly decreased in all haf samples. In the sham-operated group, no significant change was observed.
Histopathologic changes included edema, extensive hemorrhage, focal necrosis of many acinar cells around the head of the pancreas, slight inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular thrombosis, and partial lysis of pancreatic ducts.
The extent of the changes of pkk, kk, and kki values haf was greater than the extent of those in plasma. Increasing kk activity in plasma and haf is indicative of bradykinin generation and the participation of this system in local and systemic pathologic change. In addition, the simple measurement of plasma pkk, kk activity, and kki concentrations in haf may prove useful in the diagnosis and treatment of ahp.
Angles of inclination and anteversion in hip dysplasia in the dog
Authors: Hauptman Joe , Cardinet G. H. , Morgan J. P. , Guffy M. M. , Wallace L. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The angles of inclination and anteversion of the femoral head and neck were measured on 150 limbs of 75 dogs. These hip angles were compared with pathoanatomic and radiographic scores of hip dysplasia. There was a minimal difference between dysplastic and healthy dogs in the angles of inclination and anteversion. It was concluded that in this series of dogs, hip angles did not have a part in the development of hip dysplasia.
Enhancement of resistance of lambs to Haemonchus contortus by previous infection with Ostertagia circumcincta
Authors: Blanchard J. L. , Wescott R. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two experiments were performed to determine whether previous infection of young lambs with Ostertagia circumcincta increased their resistance to the development of Haemonchus contortus and to explore alterations in the microenvironment of the abomasum related to the interaction. The parasitic infections were monitored with periodic fecal egg counts and by recovery and enumeration of parasites at necropsy of the lambs. Alteration of the microenvironment was examined by measurement of serum gastrin concentrations at critical times during both experiments.
The results indicated that the numbers of H contortus were significantly (P < 0.05) less in lambs which had O circumcincta infections before their exposure to H contortus. There was less reduction in lambs from which O circumcincta was removed (anthelmintic therapy) before their exposure to H contortus. Fecal egg counts also were significantly (P < 0.05) less in the former group of lambs (exposed to both parasites) than those in lambs exposed only to H contortus. Serum gastrin values were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in lambs infected with O circumcincta and indicated that the interaction observed could be due, in part, to alteration of abomasal pH.
Oral lactose tolerance test in foals: Technique and normal values
Authors: Martens Ronald J. , Malone Polly S. , Brust David M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Oral lactose tolerance tests were evaluated in 25 healthy foals (principals) assigned to 4 groups of approximately 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks of age. Lactose monohydrate (1 g/kg of body weight [in a 20% water solution]) was administered via nasogastric tube after a 4-hour fast. Plasma glucose concentrations were monitored before dosing (0 minutes) and sequentially for 300 minutes. Six control foals were given a volume of water equivalent to the volume of lactose mono-hydrate administered to principal foals.
After oral lactose loading, mean plasma glucose concentrations of all principal foals increased from 99.76 mg/dl at 0 minutes to 176.80 mg/dl by 90 minutes. Peak increases in plasma glucose concentrations were attained by 8% of the foals (2 foals) at 30 minutes, 76% (19 foals) at 60 minutes, and 16% (4 foals) at 90 minutes. The mean plasma glucose concentration increase of principal foals, regardless of age or time of peaking, was 77.04 mg/dl.
There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in fasting plasma glucose concentrations (0 minutes) among the 4 groups of principal foals or between principal and control foals; however, there was a significant (P < 0.05) difference in peak glucose concentrations between 1-week-old and 12-week-old principal foals, with the older foals having the higher concentrations.
Mean plasma glucose concentrations of control foals decreased from 79.67 mg/dl at 0 minutes to 55.17 mg/dl by 180 minutes. The mean peak decrease in plasma glucose concentrations of control foals, regardless of time of peaking, was 24.50 mg/dl.
Oral lactose tolerance tests in healthy foals between 1 and 12 weeks of age should increase the plasma glucose concentration by at least 34.96 mg/dl (mean increase ± 2 sd) within 90 minutes.
Enhanced biliary bilirubin excretion after heparin-induced erythrocyte mass depletion
Authors: Engelking Larry R. , Mariner Jeffrey C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of large-dose heparin therapy on erythrocyte mass depletion in ponies was investigated to determine whether stimulation of reticuloendothelial cell activity and catabolic function would be evidenced by enhanced catabolism of heme to bilirubin. Ponies with chronic external biliary fistula were used to examine biliary excretion of bilirubin both before and after heparin loading (107 U/kg, iv, plus 320 U/kg, subcutaneously) and at maintenance dosages of 320 U/kg given (subcutaneously) at 12 and 24 hours after initial loading with heparin. Results indicated that by 48 hours after ponies were first treated with heparin, catabolism of heme increased, resulting in a 35% increase in plasma bilirubin concentration and a 65% enhancement in biliary bilirubin excretion. During this period, both hematocrit and blood hemoglobin concentrations decreased by 35%. After the last heparin treatment at 24 hours after initial heparin loading, all measured variables returned toward base line within 48 hours. These studies indicated that heparin augments phagocytosis of erythrocytes, resulting in enhanced plasma bilirubin concentration and biliary bilirubin excretion.
Importance of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of acute pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves
Authors: Slocombe R. F. , Malark J. , Ingersoll R. , Derksen F. J. , Robinson N. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acute lung injury was induced in 24 calves by intratracheal inoculation with Pasteurella haemolytica. Calves in groups 1 and 2 were neutrophil depleted, using hydroxyurea given iv. Group 1 calves (n = 7) were inoculated intratracheally with saline solution, and group 2 calves (n = 7) were inoculated with P haemolytica. Group 3 calves (n = 7) had normal numbers of neutrophils and were inoculated with P haemolytica. Group 4 calves (n = 3) were treated acutely with hydroxyurea iv, had normal numbers of neutrophils, and were inoculated with P haemolytica. After inoculation, calves with normal numbers of neutrophils (groups 3 and 4) became hypoxemic 2 hours after inoculation, and hypoxemia persisted until necropsy (6 hours after inoculation). These calves also developed tachypnea, bradycardia, neutropenia, and lymphopenia. Lung lesions consisted of necrosis of the alveolar walls, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, and a severe exudative and necrotizing bronchopneumonia, with accumulation of proteinaceous fluid in alveoli and lymphatics. In neutrophil-depleted calves (groups 1 and 2), blood gas values, heart and respiratory rates, and numbers of circulating leukocytes did not change after inoculation with saline solution or with P haemolytica. At necropsy, the lungs of neutrophil-depleted calves were grossly normal. Therefore, neutrophils were required for the acute lung injury induced by P haemolytica. The protective effect of neutrophil depletion was a specific effect of hydroxyurea because calves with high circulating concentrations of hydroxyurea and calves with normal numbers of neutrophils (group 4) developed lung injury.
Lymphocyte blastogenesis, complement fixation, and fecal culture as diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis in North American wild ruminants and domestic sheep
Authors: Williams Elizabeth S. , DeMartini James C. , Snyder Stanley P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of the lymphocyte blastogenesis and complement-fixation tests and fecal culture for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection was assessed in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (O virginianus), bighorn × mouflon (O musimon) hybrid sheep, and domestic sheep. Spontaneously infected bighorns were tested at the time of capture; experimentally infected animals were tested monthly for 12 months or periodically for 36 months.
Lymphocyte blastogenesis tests were conducted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells and protein antigens of M avium, M bovis, and M paratuberculosis. Best diagnostic results were obtained when M avium purified-protein derivative was used as antigen and 20% bovine fetal serum was incorporated in the culture medium; a positive test was defined as a stimulation index ≥ 3.5. Test sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were 82% and 94% in hybrid sheep and were 72% and 100% in domestic sheep. Sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were 39% and 94% in elk and 53% and 92% in deer. When infection was determined in spontaneously infected bighorns by culture of M paratuberculosis and/or the presence of acid-fast bacilli in characteristic microscopic lesions, sensitivity was 75% and specificity was 87%.
Fecal cultures and the complement-fixation tests seldom correctly identified infected animals.