bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective and diastereoselective separation of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on a novel chiral stationary phase by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Tan Xulin , Hou Shicong , Wang Min 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA novel chiral packing material for high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was prepared by connecting (R)‐1‐phenyl‐2‐(4‐methylphenyl) ethylamine (PTE) amide derivative of (S)‐isoleucine to aminopropyl silica gel through 2‐amino‐3,5‐dinitro‐1‐carboxamido‐benzene unit. This chiral stationary phase was applied to the enantioselective and diastereoselective separation of five pyrethroid insecticides by HPLC under normal phase condition. To achieve satisfactory baseline separation an optimization of the variables of mobile phase composition was required. The two enantiomers of fenpropathrin and four stereoisomers of fenvalerate were baseline separated using hexane‐1,2‐dichloroethane‐2‐propanol as mobile phase. The results show that the enantioselectivity of CSP is better than Pirkle type 1‐A column for these compounds. Only partial separations for the cypermethrin and cyfluthrin stereoisomers were observed. Seven peaks and eight peaks were observed for cypermethrin and cyfluthrin, respectively. The elution orders were assigned by using different stereoisomer‐enriched products. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
C‐fosexpression at the spinal dorsal horn of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Morgado C. , Tavares I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundPain during diabetic neuropathy is associated with peripheral nerve damage but recent evidences suggest the occurrence of central effects. We used the activation of the c‐fosprotooncogene to study the activity of spinal dorsal horn neurons in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats in the absence of stimulation or in response to innocuous or noxious stimuli.MethodsFour weeks after saline or STZ (50 mg/kg) injection, rats were anaesthetized and either not further manipulated or submitted to innocuous (gentle touch), noxious mechanical (pinching) or noxious thermal (radiant heat) stimulation of the hindlimb skin. In each experimental situation, the numbers of Fos‐immunoreactive (Fos‐IR) neurons occurring in the superficial (laminae I–II) or deep (laminae III–V) dorsal horn were compared.ResultsIn the absence of stimulation, STZ‐injected rats presented significantly higher numbers of Fos‐IR neurons than controls, both in the superficial and deep dorsal horn (DDH). In comparison with the respective baseline levels, innocuous stimulation did not induce a significant increase in the numbers of Fos‐IR neurons in controls or STZ‐rats. Noxious mechanical and noxious thermal stimuli increased the numbers of Fos‐IR neurons, both in control and STZ‐rats, but in a more pronounced manner when diabetic rats were subjected to noxious mechanical stimulation.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates that the responses of spinal cord neurons are strongly affected during diabetes. The higher baseline neuronal activity probably underlies the spontaneous pain detected during diabetes since the spinal dorsal horn is the major relay station in the ascending transmission of nociceptive input to the brain. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responsibility attribution by groups and individuals: The effects of the interaction episode
Authors: Forgas Joseph P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied the effects of formal and informal interaction styles on the extremity of responsibility attribution judgements by groups. The stimuli were eight scenarios describing typical ‘life dilemmas’, incorporating the manipulation of the following two variables in a 2 × 2 design: (a) the risky‐cautious decision taken by the actor in response to the dilemma, and (b) the outcome of the decision (success‐failure). Subjects (N = 130) provided judgements about the attributed responsibility of the actor, and their perception of the actor and the situation first as individuals, followed by (a) formal or (b) informal group discussion, leading to consensus judgements. Results showed that group attributions were significantly more extreme than individual attributions, but only following the informal group interaction. The actors' riskiness and success were also significantly related to the size of the extremity shift. The findings are discussed in terms of the importance of the social context and the specific interaction episode in attribution judgements, and the possible implications of the results for such real life decision‐making groups as committees and interviewing panels are considered.
Explanations, attributions and the social context of unexpected behaviour
Authors: Lalljee Mansur , Watson Margaret , White Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe study investigated the effect of the expectancies a perceiver holds about the occurrence of a particular behaviour and his or her familiarity with the situation in which the behaviour occurs, for the way in which an event is explained. Subjects were presented with brief descriptions of hypothetical events which varied in terms of the familiarity of the situation. Dependent variables included ratings of causality to personal and situational causes as well as open‐ended explanations which were content analysed to distinguish between four different types of person and four different types of situation elements. The results showed that explanations for unexpected behaviour are more complex than for expected behaviour; that if the situation is familiar to the subject, unexpected behaviour is explained by introducing more person elements while if it is unfamiliar, unexpected behaviour is explained by introducing more situation elements; and that the distribution of different types of person and situation elements is affected by familiarity and expectancy.
Creative problem solving as a result of majority vs minority influence
Authors: Nemeth Charlan Jeanne , Wachtler Joel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA comparison of influence processes exerted by a majority versus a minority is made, both theoretically and empirically. In this study, comparing the two processes in the same experimental setting, it was hypothesized that subjects would ‘follow’ the majority more than the minority, that is, they would be more influenced to adopt the exact same position. However, it was predicted that subjects exposed to the minority would be stimulated to find new solutions to the problem, solutions that were not offered by the minority but that the subjects would not have found by themselves. Further, these solutions would tend to be correct rather than incorrect. Results support these predictions.
Accuracy in perceptions of consensus: Differential tendencies of people with majority and minority positions
Authors: Sanders Glenn S. , Mullen Brian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhen people are interested in how common one or more of their attributes is in a reference population, they must often generate their own comparison information based on a limited sample of acquaintances and experiences. Subjects in the present research were asked to describe themselves in terms of a variety of attributes, and were also asked to estimate the percentage of other college students who would indicate possession of each attribute. For each attribute, subjects were assigned a majority or minority status, depending on whether the majority of the population did or did not share their attribute. The principle findings were (1) the majority subjects generated more accurate comparison information than did the minority; (2) the majority subjects were better than chance and better than minority subjects in distinguishing between attributes for which there was high versus moderate consensus; and (3) the minority subjects tended to overestimate the consensus for their attributes, while the majority subjects tended to err in the direction of underestimation of their Consensus. The discussion focused on possible causes of these tendencies, and on research implications involving attributional biases and intergroup conflict.
Effects of salience of rape on sex role attitudes, trust, and self‐esteem in non‐raped women
Authors: Schwarz Norbert , Brand Julianne F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWomen who thought about rape prior to answering questions about themselves reported lower self‐esteem, stronger belief in traditional sex roles, and lower trust in other persons than women who were not induced to think about rape. Achievement motivation and locus of control, on the other hand, were not affected by the salience of rape. The data suggest that rape has an intimidating effect on non‐raped women as previously suspected in feminist literature, although not all variables suspected may be affected.
Actors' and Observers' attributions, self‐serving bias and positivity bias
Authors: van der Pligt Joop , Eiser J. Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of evaluative factors upon preference for situational and dispositional attributions. Subjects listened to a tape recording of a group discussion on smoking, two actors presenting arguments in favour of smoking and two actors arguing against smoking. Subjects were then asked to explain in attributional terms the actors' behaviour and their own smoking behaviour, their evaluation of smoking being separately assessed. Results provided no support for a general self‐other attributional difference; subjects did not explain their own behaviour in more situational terms while explaining the behaviour of others in more dispositional terms. Findings indicated that individuals generally attributed positively evaluated behaviour to dispositional factors and negatively evaluated behaviour to situational factors, regardless of attributor role (actor or observer). The results are interpreted as offering support for a positivity bias in attributional preference.
The protestant work ethic: A review of the psychological literature
Authors: Furnham A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDespite criticism of Weber's thesis concerning the Protestant Work Ethic (PWE) and the rise of Capitalism, few have challenged the specification of the behaviour patterns, goals and values of those adhering to this ethic. Whereas psychologists have not been very interested in the nature of the historical, political and sociological arguments concerning the PWE, they have devoted a great deal of research to its measurement and correlates. In this paper the concept of the PWE; the literature on the instruments devised to measure the PWE; studies on the relationship between the PWE and work and unemployment; as well as research on the PWE and individual differences is reviewed. Despite great heterogeneity in aims, methodology and instruments used in different studies, a coherent picture of PWE beliefs emerges. Finally an elaboration of a new perspective on PWE research is suggested.
Social dilemmas and leadership
Authors: Ruve C. G. , Wilke H. A. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubjects acted in a social dilemma situation. Two variables were experimentally manipulated: use and variance. One third of the subjects thought that the others in their group were overusing the common resource, one third thought that the others were underusing it, and the remaining third were led to believe that the others were using the resource optimally. Moreover, half of the subjects thought that the others took relatively similar harvests (low variance) while the other half thought the others differed greatly (high variance). Support was found for Homans' assumption that the internal function of leaders is to allocate outcomes equitably over group members, whereas their external function is to deal efficiently with the external environment.The results indicated that more subjects in the overuse condition voted to give up free access to the resource and to hand over the management of the resource to a leader than in the other me conditions. Moreover, more subjects in the high variance condition voted for a leader than in the low variance condition. Over all conditions, furthermore, subjects preferred themselves most as prospective leader. In addition, group members who were similar to the subject, competent at the task and concerned for the group were preferred as Leader. When subjects acted as leader they were more moderate in withdrawing harvests from the resource than as regular group member. Moreover, leaders allocated outcomes equitably to the group members.
Speech norms and perceptions of ethno‐linguistic group differences: Toward a conceptual and research framework
Authors: McKirnan David J. , Hamayan Else V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPerceptions of social group membership are crucial both to social behaviour generally, and to social conflict: The basis for ingroup versus outgroup distinctions and the personal and social significance of such judgments are thus important areas of study. This paper describes a model of social norms as it applies to speech use and, in particular, the role of speech in perceptions of social groups. The context of this discussion is a general research and conceptual framework for studying perceptions of and reactions to social group differences. The framework is in three stages, consisting of the recognition of group differences, the ‘definition’ or evaluative interpretation of a given speech act, and the development of a ‘problem resolution’ or social change strategy. Social group distinctions are hypothesized to be based on shared norms, modelled here as structured expectancies regarding the behaviour appropriate to specific social contexts. Norms are seen as varying in their content, i.e. the specific behaviours that are socially evaluated, in their clarity, which controls the strength and certainty of social judgments based on norms, and in the size and nature of the social group sharing a given norm. The specific components of the norm model are discussed in light of existing data on language behaviour. The second stage of the model is briefly discussed via social psychological judgments that are hypothesized to control responses to a given speech event. This framework is hoped to have heuristic value in studying language use and social processes.
Birth order and person perception dispositions
Authors: Lewicki Pawel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe early social experiences of firstborn, laterborn, and only children were analyzed from the viewpoint of how those experiences influence the child's general image of human nature. It was hypothesized that there are some differences in the centrality of an evaluative dimension, that are related to birth order. Subjects in Poland and in the United States rated 20 known stimulus persons on 25 trait dimensions. The results supported the hypotheses and seem to point to some origins of individual differences in certain person perception processes.
On the origin of illusory correlations
Authors: Fiedler Klaus , Hemmeter Uli , Hofmann Carolin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEmpirical attempts to explain the genesis of illusory correlations have been largely confined to the demonstration of biased recall processes, although it has been acknowledged that perception and encoding processes may also contribute to the illusion. In the present research, illusory correlations between person types (a student versus a clerk) and educational attitudes (liberal versus authoritarian statements) are demonstrated under conditions where selective recall processes are highly unlikely. The cognitive bias that gives rise to the illusion is shown to already be effective when the stimulus information is perceived. Interestingly, there are marked interindividual differences between experimental participants. The results are discussed in the context of the literature on illusory correlations.
Trait attribution: Evaluation, description and attitude extremity
Authors: van der Pligt Joop , Taylor Colin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examines the importance of evaluation and description in attributional inference. Sets of trait attributes were selected to remove the usual confounding of descriptive and evaluative aspects of trait attribution. Results demonstrated that both evaluative and descriptive aspects play an important role in attributional inference. Furthermore, results suggest that extremity of own attitude leads to an increasing influence of evaluative factors in the ascription of personality traits. When subjects were forced to choose between evaluative congruity and descriptive consistency, more extreme subjects tended to ignore the descriptive properties of the trait attributes. This finding suggests that more extreme subjects' trait inferences primarily reflect their evaluation of the target. Implications of these findings for attributional inference research are discussed.
Nature, culture and social psychology
Authors: Jahoda Gustav 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt is proposed that ideas about ‘nature’ and ‘culture’, key concepts in structural anthropology, have an important bearing on assumptions underlying rival theoretical approaches in social psychology. Experimental social psychologists tend to make the tacit assumption that they are dealing only with nature, while ethogenists like Harré explicitly concentrate on culture and treat nature as irrelevant. Others like Tajfel and Moscovici occupy a middle ground, being concerned with both aspects. Perhaps the most radical critic is Gergen, whose rejection of nature and culture is discussed in detail and shown to be largely based on western cultural beliefs. It is further suggested that mainstream experimental social psychology, epitomized by Aronson's The Social Animal, is equally culture‐bound, although masquerading as the study of nature. This contention is supported by an account of predominant failure of replication in a not greatly dissimilar culture. It is concluded, with Doise and Berry, that we need ‘multiple social psychologies’, and with Tajfel and Pepitone that social psychological research must consider the wider system within which social behaviour takes place.
The vicissitudes of attitudes and similar representational constructs in twentieth century psychology
Authors: McGuire William J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract‘Attitudes’ has been the central concept of social psychology in three different periods, over which the interest evolved to three progressively more sophisticated topics. The first of these three peakings was the 1920s and 1930s preoccupation with the static topics of attitude scaling and relation to behaviour. Then, after a 1935–1955 interlude in which the study of group processes supplanted attitude as the central concern of social psychology, attitude research re‐emerged as the dominant interest during the 1950s and 1960s enthusiasm for the dynamic topic of attitude change, approached by a convergent style in the 1950s and a divergent style in the 1960s. During the 1965–1985 period interest shifted from attitudes to social cognition, including representational reductions in information encoding and decoding as well as inferential extrapolations in meaning attribution, person perception, and cognitive ramifications. Now we are experiencing the beginnings of a third flourishing of attitude research likely to dominate the 1980s and 1990s, this third peaking focused on more evolved structural issues, including the structure of individual attitudes, of systems of attitudes, and of attitudinal systems as they relate to other systems within the person. Intrinsic and extrinsic forces underlying these shifts of interest are considered.
Mood and memory for tightly organized social information
Authors: Fiedler Klaus , Pampe Heidi , Scherf Ulrike 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe frequently cited finding that mood‐congruent information can be better recalled than mood‐incongruent information is tested using categorically organized stimulus material which imposes a systematic structure on the recall process. A target person was described with respect to six categories of social behaviour, with predominantly desirable behaviours in some categories and predominantly undesirable behaviours in others. Participants were induced either an elated mood state or a neutral state using Velten's procedure. Instructions (impression formation versus memory) were also manipulated. Although the mood manipulation apparently worked and did influence the impression judgments of the target person, it did not selectively facilitate the recall of mood‐congruent material, neither at the level of specific items nor at the categorical level. However, when only deviating behaviours are considered which do not fit the structural constraints, mood‐congruent information is indeed better recalled. To interpret these results, it is argued that the manifestation of mood effects depends on the restrictions of different tasks or response modes. Three other findings were obtained: Superior recall of redundant, structurally consistent information compared with deviating information; an advantage of positive over negative information which is confined to the impression formation condition; and, surprisingly, an incongruency effect for the encoding mood which may reflect the deeper processing of incongruent material.
Differentiation Processes for Social Stimuli with Different Degrees of Category Representativeness
Authors: Capozza Dora , Nanni Renato 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe influence of the categorization process is investigated in the context of conceptions of categories as fuzzy sets, represented by prototypes. The experiment specifically considers two social categories corresponding to Italian regional groups: for each of these, stimuli were constructed which represented the respective categories in different degrees. We hypothesized that the accentuation of the degree in which individual exemplars represent a category, obtained by the addition of an attribute of the category, produces the effect of accentuating inter‐category differences and intra‐category similarities. Our results confirm the hypothesis regarding differentiation, but not that regarding assimilation. The effect of differentiation is strong at the category borders, i.e. for the less representative exemplars.A final issue considered is the theoretical problem of distinguishing, within the prototype of a category, between stereotypical attributes and those which permit categorial identification of individual cases.
Negotiation versus influence
Authors: Nemeth Charlan , Brilmayer Alice G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe bargaining and minority influence literatures offer contradictory theories for the efficacy of compromise for influence. Assuming that the relative merits of these two classes of theories lie in their concentration on the public versus the private aspect of influence, we predicted that consistency (without compromise) would be more effective for attitude change but that compromise would be more effective for public concessions. We further predicted that the timing or context of the compromise could change the meaning and the consequences of that strategy. In particular, compromise ‘at the last minute’ was assumed to be a negotiating tactic that fostered both public concessions and private attitude change. The predictions were generally confirmed.
The intuitive personologist and the individual differences model
Authors: Beauvois Jean‐Léon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubjects are required to estimate sociability as expressed in questionnaires supposedly completed by different individuals and make a prediction of conduct for each of these individuals. The results are compared to four models: three versions of the individual differences model (IDM) and a dialectical model. Two rudimentary versions of the IDM give the best approximations to results obtained, one for absolute value judgments of sociability, the other for conduct prediction. The conclusion is that the IDM does exist as a model in implicit psychology before becoming a model in learned psychology. The fact that such a model be preponderant in intuitive psychology in spite of its known inadequacies is discussed in terms of self‐fulfilling prophecy in the exercise of power.