bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burleigh's Paradox
Authors: Jacquette Dale 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWalter Burleigh in his c. 1323 De Puritate Artis Logicae Tractatus Longior considers a counterexample to hypothetical syllogism. The paradox implied by Burleigh's inference has come to be known as the problem of the ass (asinum), or, more prosaically, ‘You are an ass’. The argument states: ‘If I call you an ass, then I call you an animal; if I call you an animal, then I speak truthfully; therefore, if I call you an ass, then I speak truthfully’. Burleigh's paradox is reconstructed and formalized for purposes of critical analysis, in which the putative counterexample is ultimately shown to involve a fallacy of equivocation.
Adequacy of food spending is related to housing expenditures among lower-income Canadian households
Authors: Kirkpatrick Sharon I , Tarasuk Valerie 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectivesA number of studies have pointed to the pressure that housing costs can exert on the resources available for food. The objectives of the present study were to characterise the relationship between the proportion of income absorbed by housing and the adequacy of household food expenditures across the Canadian population and within income quintiles; and to elucidate the impact of receipt of a housing subsidy on adequacy of food expenditures among low-income tenant households.DesignThe 2001 Survey of Household Spending, conducted by Statistics Canada, was a national cross-sectional survey that collected detailed information on expenditures on goods and services. The adequacy of food spending was assessed in relation to the cost of a basic nutritious diet.SettingCanada.SubjectsThe person with primary responsibility for financial maintenance from 15 535 households from all provinces and territories.ResultsAs the proportion of income allocated to housing increased, food spending adequacy declined significantly among households in the three lowest income quintiles. After accounting for household income and composition, receipt of a housing subsidy was associated with an improvement in adequacy of food spending among low-income tenant households, but still mean food spending fell below the cost of a basic nutritious diet even among subsidised households.ConclusionsThis study indicates that housing costs compromise the food access of some low-income households and speaks to the need to re-examine policies related to housing affordability and income adequacy.
Dietary and non-dietary determinants of central adiposity among Tehrani women
Authors: Azadbakht Leila , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the correlates of central adiposity.DesignPopulation-based cross-sectional study.SubjectsA total of 926 women (aged 40–60 years) from all districts of Tehran.MethodsDemographic data were collected and anthropometric indices were measured according to standard protocols. Dietary intakes were assessed by means of a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The suggested cut-off point for waist-to-hip ratio (WHR≥0.84) for Tehrani people, adjusted for their age group, was used to determine central adiposity. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the correlates of WHR, which were adjusted for age, taking medications and body mass index (BMI). The components of dietary intake were determined by factor analysis. Pearson correlation was used to determine the association between the dietary components and WHR. Analysis of covariance was employed to compare the mean values of WHR in different lifestyle groups, with adjustment for BMI and age.ResultsMean WHR was 0.82 ± 0.06. The possibility of being centrally obese was higher in women with light physical activity (odds ratio: 2.11; 95% confidence interval: 1.40–2.53), depressed women (1.36; 1.02–1.93), smokers (1.21; 1.02–1.56) and unemployed women (1.41; 1.13–1.72). Marriage (1.31; 1.10–1.82), menopause (1.22; 1.02–1.61), low vitamin C intake (2.31; 1.25–4.25) and low calcium intake (1.30; 1.07–3.78) were associated with central fat accumulation. Dairy consumption was inversely correlated with central fat accumulation (r= −0.2,P< 0.05).ConclusionCentral adiposity is associated with poor lifestyle factors including low physical activity, depression, smoking, low intake of vitamin C, low intake of calcium and dairy products and high fat consumption. Thus lifestyle modifications should be encouraged to achieve a healthier body shape.
Endocannabinoids and the gastrointestinal tract: what are the key questions?
Authors: Sanger G J 
Published: September 2007

Cannabinoid (CB1) receptor activation acts neuronally, reducing GI motility, diarrhoea, pain, transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) and emesis, and promoting eating. CB2 receptor activation acts mostly via immune cells to reduce inflammation. What are the key questions which now need answering to further understand endocannabinoid pathophysiology? GPR55. Does this receptor have a GI role? Satiety, Nausea, Vomiting, Gastro‐Oesophageal Reflux, Gastric Emptying. Endocannabinoids acting at CB1 receptors can increase food intake and body weight, exert anti‐emetic activity, reduce gastric acid secretion and TLESRs; CB2 receptors may have a small role in emesis. Question 1: CB1 receptor activation reduces emesis and gastric emptying but the latter is associated with nausea. How is the paradox explained? Q2: Do non‐CB receptor actions of endocannabinoids (for example TRPV1) also modulate emesis? Q3: Is pathology necessary (gastritis, gastro‐oesophageal reflux) to observe CB2 receptor function? Intestinal Transit and Secretion. Reduced by endocannabinoids at CB1 receptors, but not by CB2 receptor agonists. Q1: Do the effects of endocannabinoids rapidly diminish with repeat‐dosing? Q2: Do CB2 receptors need to be pathologically upregulated before they are active? Inflammation. CB1, CB2 and TRPV1 receptors may mediate an ability of endocannabinoids to reduce GI inflammation or its consequences. Q1: Are CB2 receptors upregulated by inflammatory or other pathology? Pain. Colonic bacterial flora may upregulate CB2 receptor expression and thereby increase intestinal sensitivity to noxious stimuli. Q1: Are CB2 receptors the interface between colonic bacteria and enteric‐ or extrinsic nerve sensitivity? Relevance of endocannabinoids to humans. Perhaps apart from appetite, this is largely unknown.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 663–670. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707422; published online 3 September 2007
Up‐regulation of proteinase‐activated receptor 1 and increased contractile responses to thrombin after subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Maeda Y , Hirano K , Kai Y , Hirano M , Suzuki S O , Sasaki T , Kanaide H 
Published: September 2007

Background and purpose:The mechanism for the development of post‐haemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) still remains unknown.Experimental approach:We investigated the role of thrombin and its receptor PAR1in the development of hyper‐contractility of the basilar artery in a rabbit double haemorrhage model, which received two injections of autologous blood into the cisterna magna.Key results:In the basilar artery isolated from the control rabbits, thrombin, only at 10 units ml−1, induced a transient endothelium‐dependent relaxation and a slight smooth muscle contraction. In SAH, the contractile response to thrombin was markedly enhanced, while the endothelium‐dependent relaxant effect of thrombin remained unchanged. The enhancement of the contractile responses was also observed in the absence of endothelium and thrombin induced an enhanced contraction at concentrations higher than 0.3 units ml−1. The contractile response to PAR1‐activating peptide was also enhanced after SAH. However, the contractile responses to high K+and endothelin‐1, and the myofilament Ca2+‐sensitivity remained unchanged after SAH. An immunoblot analysis suggested the up‐regulation of PAR1in the smooth muscle of the basilar artery. The heparinization of blood before injection prevented the enhancement of the contractile responses to thrombin and PAR1‐activating peptide.Conclusions and implications:The present study demonstrated, for the first time, that the contractile response of the basilar artery to thrombin was markedly enhanced after SAH. Mechanistically, our findings suggested that the activation of thrombin following hemorrhage up‐regulated the expression of PAR1, thereby inducing the hyper‐responsiveness to thrombin.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)152, 1131–1139; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707435; published online 3 September 2007
Grammatical formatives in a generative lexical theory: The case of Modern Greek και
Authors: Ingria Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWork within the framework of the Generative Lexicon (GL) has, to this point, concentrated on the lexical categories: nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Serious research on the non-lexical (minor) categories has not yet been undertaken. In this paper, I examine the polysemous behavior of Modern Greek και (ke “and”) and examine the ways in which GL theory can be used to account for its behavior, as well as the limitations of GL theory in treating και. Since this paper raises as many questions as it answers with regard to some of the more striking uses of και, it should be considered a report on work in progress.
Australian Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Programme: Real-World Schizophrenia: Economics
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul B. , Montgomery William , de Castella Anthony R. , Filia Kate M. , Filia Sacha L. , Christova Laura , Jackson Dan , Kulkarni Jayashri 
Published: September 2007

Objective: The treatment of patients with schizophrenia consumes a considerable proportion of health service budgets, yet there have been few attempts to prospectively analyse the costs associated with this condition. Amid the current debate about where to invest scarce treatment resources to achieve optimal outcomes, real-world studies, such as the Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Programme (SCAP) contrast with hypothetically based models and provide comprehensive and broad-ranging data. Method: Direct health-care costs were prospectively studied in a cohort of 347 patients with schizophrenia in Dandenong, Australia over 3 years. Indirect costs were estimated from patient self-reported information. Results: The average annual societal cost was AU$32 160 per participant in the first year of the study, AU$27 190 in the second year and AU$29 181 in the third year. Indirect costs accounted for 46% of the total costs in the first year, 52% of the total costs in the second year and 50% of the total costs in the third year. The most expensive component of treatment was inpatient hospital care, which accounted for 42%, 34% and 36% of the total costs in the first, second and third year, respectively. Conclusions: Considerable resources are required for the provision of treatment for patients with schizophrenia. But for the majority of people in this cohort, funding assertive treatment programmes and measures to reduce hospitalization was accompanied with enhanced functioning and quality of life, as well as a reduction in long-term societal and government costs. The distribution of health-care costs is highly skewed, with a relatively small proportion of patients (39%) consuming the majority of resources (80%). Improving rates of employment for this patient group could hold substantial benefits in reducing the overall economic and personal impact of this disorder.
Reflections on Masculinity, Culture and the Diagnosis of Depression
Authors: Mellsop Graham , Smith Barry 
Published: September 2007

Objective: To inform the debate on the relationship between gender and depression by examining clinicians’ ratings on selected HoNos items in two cultural groups. Method: Scores on items 1 (overactivity/aggression) and 2 (depression) as recorded by clinicians in the CAOS study of more than 12,000 unselected New Zealand psychiatric service users were analysed by gender and self identified ethnicity. Results: The lowest ratings for depression and highest for overactivity/agression were assigned to Maori males. Female Maori, were rated next, followed by male non-Maori. Female non-Maori were rated highest on depression and lowest on overactivity/agression. Conclusions: Amongst the hypotheses to explain these findings are those relating to service utilization, rater bias, criteria bias, and cultural pathoplastic effects. These questions need answers.
Are Violent Video Games Harmful?
Authors: Porter Guy , Starcevic Vladan 
Published: September 2007

Objective: The aim of this paper is to revisit the controversial issue of the association of violent video games and aggressive behaviour. Conclusions: Several lines of evidence suggest that there is a link between exposure to violent video games and aggressive behaviour. However, methodological shortcomings of research conducted so far make several interpretations of this relationship possible. Thus, aggressive behaviour may be a consequence of playing violent video games, an expression of hostile traits that existed before exposure to these games, and/or it may be a result of several possible combinations of these and other factors. Mental health professionals need to be aware of these potentially negative effects of violent video games when assessing patients who present with aggression. There is a need for prospective, long-term studies similar to those evaluating the effects of television and film violence on children and adolescents.
EDUCATIONAL HOMOGAMY IN 22 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Domański Henryk , Przybysz Dariusz 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT
Research on socioeconomic homogamy was developed by stratification researchers who used marriage patterns to describe how open stratification systems are. In cross-national studies primary concern on marriage homogamy lies in examination of commonality and differences in their social structures. Following large-scale international studies we use the European Social Survey data 2004–2005 to examine the association between spouses’ educational levels. Loglinear analysis is applied to assess: (i) degree of association between education of spouses, (ii) patterns of barriers to intermarriage, (iii) variation in homogamy for partners with the same education for primary, uncompleted secondary, secondary, and university levels, and (iv) asymmetry in marriage patterns between women and men. The strongest association between spouses’ education is in Slovakia, followed by Czech Republic, Norway, Germany, Ukraine, Poland, Hungary, Estonia, and Slowenia, whereas the lowest association displays in Luxembourg, France, Sweden, Finland and Belgium. In addition to previous research we found inter-country variation in division into post-communist and Western democracies. In line with all earlier studies we found – upon examination of parameters estimated for educational levels – a uniform tendency according to which the difficulties of intermarriage varies monotonically with differences between educational level of spouses. The tendency toward in-marriage proved to be the strongest in the lowest educational levels – such pattern takes place in the 14 countries. Finally, our analysis substantiated presence of net tendency to ‘marry up’ higher educated husbands by women but we find that it is by no means an universal rule and in seven, out of 22 countries examined, it is men who ‘marry up’ higher educated wives.
Logical basis for morphological characters in phylogenetics
Authors: Sereno Paul C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSystematists have questioned the distinction between characters and character states and their alignment with the traditional concept of homology. Previous definitions for character and character state show surprising variation. Here it is concluded thatcharactersare simply features expressed as independent variables andcharacter statesthe mutually exclusive conditions of a character. Together, characters and character states compose what are here termedcharacter statements. Character statements are composed of only four fundamental functional components here identified as locator, variable, variable qualifier, and character state, and these components exist in only two patterns, neomorphic and transformational. Several controversies in character coding and the use of “absent” as a character state are understood here as a consequence of incomplete character statements and the inappropriate mixing of neomorphic and transformational character statements. Only a few logically complete patterns for morphological character data exist; their adoption promises to greatly reduce current variability in character data between analyses.© The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
Consistency of self‐reported smoking over a 6‐year interval from adolescence to young adulthood
Authors: Stanton Cassandra A. , Papandonatos George , Lloyd‐Richardson Elizabeth E. , Niaura Raymond 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the reliability of self‐report cigarette smoking questions by describing recanting (denial of previous smoking reports) in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents followed throughout young adulthood. Predictors of recanting across stages of smoking uptake/progression are examined.Design  A total of 12 985 respondents to cigarette smoking questions during in‐home interviews at waves I and III (6 years apart) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The sample survey procedures of Stata 9.0 were used to produce nationally representative estimates, with standard errors adjusted for both clustering at the school level and stratification by geographical region.Measurements  Recanting probabilities determined by reports of stages of smoking uptake/progression at each time‐point were predicted by race/ethnicity, parental education, household income, poverty level, depression and peer daily smoking.Findings  Stage‐specific results indicated that recanting is higher when the earlier smoking was less frequent/intense. Recanters were older, from lower‐income households and had higher baseline depression levels. Non‐Hispanic black youth were significantly more likely to recant previous smoking compared to non‐Hispanic white youth, even in multivariate models controlling for socio‐demographic variables. Predictors of recanting differed by level of tobacco involvement. The greater likelihood of non‐Hispanic black respondents to deny previous smoking may be a reflection of less intense or more intermittent use of tobacco that leads to recall differences over time.Conclusions  Racial/ethnic subgroups and/or respondents endorsing depressive symptoms may be more vulnerable to misclassification during interpretation of national survey data and subsequently not identified properly for prevention/intervention programs.
Longitudinal predictors of changes to illicit drug use among young Australian women
Authors: Yorkston Emily , Russell Anne , Turner Cathy 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAim  Much information regarding predictors of illicit drug initiation and cessation is drawn from cross‐sectional data. This paper aims to determine the longitudinal changes in factors associated with initiation and cessation of illicit drugs by young Australian women over a 3‐year period.Participants  The sample was the cohort of young women moving from their mid‐ to late 20s, completing the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH) survey in 2000 and 2003, who were either ‘new’ users or ‘quitters’ at the 2003 survey.Measurements  Crude and multivariate associations between changes in predictor variables and the probability of illicit drug initiation or cessation were evaluated. Variables significant in univariate analyses were used to create multivariable logistic regression models which predicted initiation and cessation of illicit drugs.Findings  All categories of smokers, except ex‐smokers and those who adopted and quit smoking between surveys, were less likely to cease the use of illicit drugs. Women who became pregnant were more likely to cease illicit drug use. Women who continued to drink at levels described as long‐/short‐term risk and women who suffered continuing emotional abuse were less likely to cease use of illicit drugs.Conclusions  Longitudinal studies that examine factors associated with illicit drug initiation are best conducted in a cohort aged in their late teens to early 20s. Following the current cohort into their late 30s may further explain predictors of illicit drug cessation.
Rodent assemblage in a habitat mosaic within the Valley Thicket vegetation of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Kryštufek Boris , Haberl Werner , Baxter Rod M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe sampled small mammal assemblage in a mosaic of Valley Thicket vegetation in the Great Fish River Reserve during the summers of 2001 and 2002. Assemblage was dominated by seven rodent species with a single nonrodent species (Elephantulus edwardii) in the 357 trapped specimens. Rhabdomys dilectus was the most abundant in both years, followed by Mus minutoides (ranking 2nd in 2001) and Mastomys coucha (2nd in 2002). These three species, which are widespread generalists, made up 85.0% of the total rodent catch in 2001 and 74.3% in 2002. Individual species were captured on 2–14 sites of a total of 17 and M. minutoides was the most widespread. The majority of samples consisted of two (ten sites in a pooled sample for 2 years) or three species (ten sites). Significant morphological structuring was found only in two‐species samples. Species turnover was high both among sites and between the 2 years. We found no evidence of significant nested structure which would suggest hierarchical sets of ecological relationships among the species. Vegetation structure explained better than species interactions, the population variables in the rodent assemblage.
Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on onset of axillary plexus block
Authors: STEVENS M. F. , LINSTEDT U. , NERUDA B. , LIPFERT P. , WULF H. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe examined the effect of high frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the onset of brachial plexus block. Three groups of patients scheduled for surgery of the hand had a local anaesthetic block performed with 40 ml mepivacaine 1.5% using the axillary approach. After injection of the local anaesthetic transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation was applied for 15 min either to the median nerve or the ulnar nerve; no stimulation was applied in the control group. Before and for 45 min after, the injection of local anaesthetic touch perception, pin prick, motor strength andskin temperature were tested by a blinded investigator in the areas supplied by the median, musculocutaneous, radial and ulnar nerves. There were no differences in the onset of block between the groups. Thus, the frequency‐dependent action of local anaesthetics could not be demonstrated.