bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 1‐ and 3‐arylcarbonyl derivatives of 5‐fluorouracil
Authors: Caram Lolita , Doeleman Mech , Roberts William J. , Prankerd Richard J. , Perrin John H. , Underberg William J. , Sloan Kenneth B. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract4′‐Substituted 1‐arylcarbonyl‐5‐fluorouracil derivatives were synthesized from the reaction of the potassium salt of 5‐fluorouracil with one equivalent of aryl acid chloride in acetonitrile. 4′‐Substituted 3‐arylcar‐bonyl‐5‐fluorouracil derivatives were synthesized from the reaction of 5‐fluorouracil with 3 equivalents of the aryl acid chloride in pyridine and the subsequent hydrolysis of the 1,3‐diarylcarbonyl‐5‐fluorouracil derivatives in situ with a small amount of water. If a large amount of water were used in the second step, the 1,3‐diarylcarbonyl‐5‐fluorouracil precipitated before it hydrolyzed. The melting behaviors of both the 1‐arylcarbonyl‐5‐fluorouracil and 3‐arylcarbonyl‐5‐fluorouracil series suggested that thermal decomposition or rearrangement occurred on heating. The position of the C6‐H absorption in the 1H nmr spectra of 1‐arylcarbonyl‐5‐fluorouracils was 0.14 to 0.23 ppm farther downfield than that of the corresponding 3‐arylcarbonyl‐5‐fluorouracils while that of the 1,3‐diarylcarbonyl‐5‐fluorouracils was even farther downfield. The Rf values of 1‐arylcarbonyl‐5‐fluorouracils were significantly greater (0.23 to 0.41) than those of the corresponding 3‐arylcarbonyl‐5‐fluorouracils, while that of 1,3‐diarylcarbonyl‐5‐fluorouracil was slightly greater than that of 1‐arylcarbonyl‐5‐fluorouracils.
PolycyclicN‐Heterocyclic compounds.50. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 2,3,6,7‐Tetrahydrothieno[2,3‐H]‐imidazo[2,1‐f][1,6]naphthyridines,3,4,7,8‐Tetrahydro‐2H‐thieno‐[2,3‐h]pyrimido[2,1‐f][1,6]naphthyridines and their precursor
Authors: Sasaki Kenji , Rouf Abu Shara S. , Hirota Takashi , Nakaya Naoki 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSome novel 5‐hydroxyalkylamino‐1,2‐dihydrothieno[2,3‐h][1,6]naphthyridines were prepared by the reaction of 5‐chloro‐1,2‐dihydrothieno[2,3‐h][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives with some aminoalcohols in the presence of base. These derivatives were cyclized to the corresponding imidazo or pyrimido derivatives. The bronchodilatory activity of these compounds was evaluated on the basis of their relaxation activity to tracheal contraction induced by carbamylcholine chloride as a primaryin vitroassays. Effect of some naphthyridines on carbamylcholine chloride‐induced contractions of trachea in the presence or absence of milrinone or 4‐(3‐butoxy‐4‐methoxyphenyl)imidazolidin‐2‐one, which is inhibitor of phosphodiesterase III or IV, were also evaluated.
4‐Chloro‐3′‐methylsulfinyl‐5(6 or 8)‐nitro‐3,4′‐diquinolinyl sulfides
Authors: Maślankiewicz Maria J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractReaction of 4‐chloro‐3′‐methylthio‐3,4′‐diquinolinyl sulfides 3, 9b, 9c with a nitrating mixture proceeds via the 3′‐methylthio group monooxidation and yields 3′‐methylsulfinyl diquinolinyl sulfides 4, 5b, 5c, respectively. Further treatment of 4 with a nitrating mixture followed as C5‐ and C8‐nitration and gives mixture of 5a and 5c. Treatment of 3′‐methylsulfinyl quinolines 6 and 7 with hydrochloric acid/potassium iodide system causes reduction of the sulfoxide group in 6 and 7 to the sulfide group yielding 8, in case of 4‐methoxyquinolines 6, hydrolysis of the 4‐methoxyquinoline moiety to the 4‐quinolinone moiety takes place simultaneously. The proton and carbon chemical shifts of 4 and 5a were completely assigned following COSY, HETCOR and INEPT or COLOC studies.
Quinolone analogues 1. A convenient synthesis of 1‐alkyl‐4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydropyridazino[3,4‐b]quinoxaline‐3‐carboxylic acids
Authors: Kurasawa Yoshihisa , Tsuruoka Akiko , Rikiishi Nanae , Fujiwara Noriko , Okamoto Yoshihisa , Kim Ho Sik 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reaction of the alkylhydrazinoquinoxaline N‐oxides 2a‐d with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate gave the dimethyl 1‐alkyl‐1,5‐dihydropyridazino[3,4‐b]qumoxaline‐3,4‐dicarboxylates 3a‐d, whose reaction with nitrous acid effected the C4‐oxidation to afford the dimethyl 1‐alkyl‐4‐hydroxy‐1,4‐dihydropyridazino‐[3,4‐b]quinoxaline‐3,4‐dicarboxylates 4a‐d, respectively. The reaction of compounds 4a‐d with 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]‐7‐undecene in ethanol provided the ethyl 1‐alkyl‐4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydropyridazino[3,4‐b]quinoxa‐line‐3‐carboxylates 5a‐d, while the reaction of compounds 4a‐d with potassium hydroxide furnished the 1‐alkyl‐4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydropyridazino[3,4‐b]quinoxaline‐3‐carboxylic acids 6a‐d, respectively. Compounds 6c,d were also obtained by the reaction of compounds 5c,d with potassium hydroxide, respectively.
A simple method for knoevenagel condensation of α,β‐conjugated and aromatic aldehydes with barbituric acid
Authors: Jursic Branko S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSeveral aromatic and α,β‐conjugated aromatic aldehydes were condensed with barbituric acid in methanol solution in the absence of acid or base as a catalyst, affording 5‐ylidenebarbituric acid derivatives in almost quantitative yields.
Synthesis and spectral properties of 2‐[(o‐ and p‐substituted)aminophenyl] ‐3H‐5‐[(o‐ and p‐substituted)phenyl]‐7‐chloro‐1,4‐benzodiazepines
Authors: Cortés Eduardo Cortés , Franco Raúl Salazar , Mellado Olivia García 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA series of twelve new 2‐[(o‐ and p‐substituted)aminophenyl]‐3H‐5‐[(o‐ and p‐substituted)phenyl]‐7‐chloro‐1,4‐benzodiazepines, which have possible pharmacological properties has been obtained. The synthesis was carried out following six steps. The structure of all products was corroborated by ir, 1H nmr, 13C nmr and ms. In addition for the compound 2‐(o‐chloroaminophenyl)‐3H‐5‐(o‐fluorophenyl)‐7‐chloro‐1,4‐benzodiazepine 7, its structure was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction.
Studies with functionally substituted N‐alkylazoles: The reactivity of 1‐(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)‐acetone towards electrophilic reagents
Authors: Mohamed Mona Hassan , Elnagdi Mohamed Hilmy , Abdel‐Khalik Mervat Mohammed 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reaction of 1‐(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)acetone 4 with aromatic diazonium salts afforded the corresponding arylhydrazones 5a,b that were converted into pyridazines 6a,b and 8 via condensation with active methylene nitriles and dimethylformamide dimethylacetal, respectively. Condensation of 4 with phenylhydrazine afforded the phenylhydrazone 10, which could be converted into the indolylpyrazole 11 on treatment with ethanolic hydrochloric acid. Compound 4 also reacted with nitrous acid, benzyl‐idenemalononitrile to yield a variety of substituted new pyrazoles.
A facile synthesis of fluorine‐containing heterocycles ‐ use of 1,1,1‐trifluoro‐2‐alkanones as a convenient synthetic intermediate
Authors: Kamitori Yasuhiro 
Published: March 2009

Abstract1,1,1‐Trifluoro‐2,3‐alkanediones 2 easily obtainable from various aldehyde dialkylhydrazones were reacted with several diamines to afford trifluoromethylquinoxalines 3 and trifluoromethylpyrazines 4 in good yields. With the use of aldehydes and aqueous ammonia instead of diamines, diketones 2 were successfully converted to the corresponding 4‐trifluoromethylimidazoles 5 in satisfactory yields.
Synthesis of pyridazinone‐substituted 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles, ‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles and ‐1,2,4‐triazoles
Authors: Zou Xiajuan , Jin Guiyu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSeveral 1‐(1‐aryl‐1,4‐dihydro‐3‐carboxy‐6‐methylpyridazin‐4‐one)‐4‐aryl thio‐semicarbazides and their corresponding oxadiazole, thiadiazole and triazole derivatives were prepared and characterized by their spectral data. The preliminary biological tests showed that some new compounds exhibit good anti‐fungal activity.
Synthesis of novel flavonoid derivatives as potential HIV‐ Integrase inhibitors
Authors: Mateeva Nelly N. , Kode Rao N. , Redda Kinfe K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEighteen novel flavonoid derivatives ‐ substituted chalcones and flavones were synthesized and characterized by using NMR, IR, UV/Vis spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The target compounds were achieved by using a sequence of simple and effective reactions starting from phloroglucinol. The initial hydroxyl groups were protected by methylation and in the final flavones the 5‐OH group was selectively demethylated by means of AlBr3. 5‐methoxy flavones exhibit a strong fluorescence, which was quenched after the removal of the methyl group.
A study concerning the synthesis, basicity and hydrolysis of 4‐amino‐2‐(N,N‐diethylamino)quinazoline derivatives
Authors: Zieliński Wojciech , Kudelko Agnieszka 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA group of 2‐(N,N‐diethylamino)‐4‐aminoquinazoline derivatives have been synthesized in the reaction of N1,N1‐diethyl‐N2‐arylchlorocarboxyamidines with cyanamide in the presence of T1Cl4 as a catalyst. Such quinazolines decompose into the corresponding quinazolones in dilute aqueous HC1 solutions at higher temperature. Hydrolysis rates of 2‐(N,N‐diethylamino)‐4‐aminoquinazoline and 2‐(N,N‐diethylamino)‐4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐quinazoline have been determined to observe the influence of substituents at the 4‐amino group upon the hydrolysis. pKa values have been also determined for these compounds and analyzed in conjunction with the Hammett σ constants.
Novel synthesis of N‐{6‐aryl‐4‐[(E)‐2‐furylmethylene]‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐3‐oxopyridazin‐1 ‐ylcarbonyl}‐p‐toluenesulfonamides and N‐{5‐[(E)‐1‐aroylmethyl‐2‐(2‐furyl) vinyl]‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl} ‐p‐toluenesulfonamides
Authors: Hamad Abdel‐Sattar S. , Hashem Ahmed I. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNovel N‐{6‐aryl‐4‐[(E)‐2‐furylmethylene]‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐3‐oxopyridazin‐1 ‐ylcarbonyl}‐p‐toluene‐sulfonamides 4a‐d were prepared by the reaction of (E)‐2‐aroylmethyl‐3‐(2‐furyl) acrylohydrazides 2a‐d with tosylisocyanate. This has been shown to occur by initial formation of (E)‐2‐aroylmethyl‐3‐(2‐furyl)‐N'‐(tosylaminocarbonyl) acrylohydrazides 3a‐d followed by acid catalyzed cyclization to afford N‐{5‐[(E)‐1‐aroylmethyl‐2‐(2‐furyl)vinyl]‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl}‐p‐toluenesulfonamides 5a‐d.
Diastereoselective synthesis of linear‐fused tricyclic nitrogen heterocycles by a tandem reduction‐reductive amination reaction
Authors: Bunce Richard A. , Herron Derrick M. , Lewis Jason R. , Kotturi Sharadsrikar V. , Holt Elizabeth M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA two‐step diastereoselective synthesis of linear‐fused tricyclic nitrogen heterocycles has been developed from cyclic β‐ketoesters. The cyclization substrates are readily prepared by alkylation of the methyl 2‐oxo‐cycloalkanecarboxylates with 2‐nitrobenzyl bromide. Hydrogenation of these substrates initiates a reaction sequence involving (1) reduction of the aromatic nitro group, (2) condensation of the resulting hydroxyl‐amine or aniline nitrogen with the cycloalkanone and (3) reduction of the imine. The products are isolated in high yield as single diastereomers having the trans‐fused ring junction. The observed selectivity is rationalized in terms of a steric effect imposed by the ester group in the final reductive amination step which directs the incoming hydrogen to the opposite face of the molecule. By comparison, reductive cyclizations of substrates lacking the stereodirecting ester group give mixtures of cis and trans products with a preference for the cis‐fused heterocycle.
Preparation of unsubstituted dipyridine‐dibarbituric acid ylide through dimerization of pyridin‐2‐ylmethylenepyrimidinetrione as a reactive intermediate
Authors: Jursic Branko S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPreparation of 5,5′‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethylene)dipyrimidinetrione from barbituric acid and 2‐pyridinecarbox‐aldehyde in any polar solvent is a straightforward synthetic procedure, while preparation of the dipyridine‐dibarbituric acid ylide from the same starting materials is sensitive to the reaction media, pH, and temperature. For both products, the formation of the reactive intermediate 2‐pyridin‐2‐ylmethylenepyrimidinetrione is certain and this intermediate is a cross road for the reaction to be directed in one way or other. The experimental evidence for the formation of this important intermediate, as well as synthetic procedures for the preparation of both condensation products are presented.
Synthesis of trans‐disubstituted cyclam ligands appended with two 6‐hydroxymethylpyridin‐2‐ylmethyl sidearms: Crystal structures of the 1,8‐dimethyl‐4,ll‐di(6‐hydroxymethylpyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)cylam ligand and its Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes
Authors: Xue Guoping , Bradshaw Jerald S. , Dalley N. Kent , Savage Paul B. , Izatt Reed M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwo new trans‐disubstituted cyclam ligands; 1,8‐di(6‐hydroxymethylpyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1,4,8,11‐tetra‐azacyclotetradecane (5) and 1,8‐dimethyl‐4, 11‐di(6‐hydroxymethylpyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1,4,8,11 ‐tetraaza‐cyclotetradecane (6); have been synthesized and characterized. The crystal structures of ligand 6 and its Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes have been determined. Crystal data are given for 6, space group, P21/c, a = 11.095 (6) Å, b = 9.467 (5) Å, c = 13.283 (8) Å; β = 106.95 (5)°, Z = 2, R = 0.0715; for [Ni 6](C104)2, space group P21/c, a = 9.4848 (14) Å, b = 33.941(6) Å, c = 9.793(2) A, β = 95.264(14)°, Z = 4, R = 0.0567; for [Co 6](C104)2, space group, P21/c, a = 9.440 (6) Å, b = 33.848 (13) Å, c = 9.820 (3) Å, β = 95.16(3)°, Z = 4, R = 0.0718. In both complexes, the metal atoms are six‐coordinate with only one of the pendants interacting with the central metal atom and the other pendant remaining uncoordinated.
Synthesis of carbazole, acridine, phenazine, 4H‐benzo[def]carbazole and their derivatives by thermal cyclization reaction of aromatic amines
Authors: Horaguchi Takaaki , Oyanagi Takako , Creencia Evelyn Cuevas , Tanemura Kiyoshi , Suzuki Tsuneo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA variety of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles were synthesized by passing vapors of aromatic amines over calcium oxide at 450–650 °C under nitrogen carrier gas. Reaction of 2‐aminobiphenyl 3a at 560 °C gave carbazole 4 in 80% yield. Reaction of 2, 2′‐diaminobiphenyl 3b afforded a mixture of carbazole 4 and 4‐aminocarbozole 6b. In the case of 2‐amino‐2′‐nitrobiphenyl 3c, benzo[c]cinnoline 7 was obtained along with carbazole 4. Reaction of 2‐amino‐2′‐methoxybiphenyl 3d gave four products of carbazole 4,4‐hydroxycarbazole 6e, phenanthridine 8 and dibenzofuran 9. Reaction of 2‐aminodiphenylmethane 5a afforded acridine 10. In the case of 2‐aminobenzophenone 5b, acridone 11 was obtained as a major product. Reaction of 2‐aminobenzhydrol 5c gave acridine 10. When 2‐aminodiphenylamine 5d was reacted, phenazine 12 was obtained in good yield. In contrast, reaction of 2‐aminodiphenyl ether 5e produced only 2‐hydroxydiphenylamine 13. Reaction of 4‐aminophenanthrene 14 produced 4H‐benzo[def]carbazole 15 in 61% yield.
First synthesis of novel pentaheterocyclic ring system of 1,2,4‐triazolo[2″,3″:6′,1′]pyrimido[4′,5′:2,3]pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole
Authors: Elwan Nehal M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractReaction of 1‐amino‐3‐arylpyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole‐2,4‐dicarbonitrile (1) with dimethylformamide‐dimethylacetal (DMF‐DMA) gave 1‐[N,N‐(dimethylaminomethylene)amino]‐3‐arylpyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole‐2,4‐dicarbonitrile (2). Compounds (1) reacted with triethylorthoformate yielding 1‐[N‐(ethoxymethylene)amino]‐3‐arylpyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole‐2,4‐dicarbonitrile (3). 3‐Amino‐4‐imino‐5‐aryl‐6‐cyanopyrimido[5′,4′:5,6]pyrido[1,2‐α] benzimidazole (4) was synthesized via condensation of either (2) or (3) with hydrazine hydrate. Reactions of (4) with acetic anhydride, ethyl chloroformate or aryl isothiocyanate yielded the respective derivative of the new ring system namely 1,2,4‐triazolo[2″,3″:6′,1′]pyrimido[4′,5′:2,3]pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole (5–7).
Ruthenium‐catalyzed formal alkyl group transfer: Synthesis of quinolines from nitroarenes and alkylammonium halides
Authors: Cho Chan Sik , Lee Na Young , Kim Tae‐Jeong , Shim Sang Chul 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNitroarenes are reductively cyclized with an array of tetraalkylammonium halides and trialkylarnmonium chlorides in the presence of a catalytic amount of a ruthenium catalyst along with tin(II) chloride dihydrate at 180° to afford the corresponding quinolines in moderate to good yields. The addition of tin(II) chloride dihydrate is necessary for the effective formation of quinolines and toluene is the solvent of choice. A reaction pathway involving initial reduction of nitroarenes to anilines and conversion of alkylammonium halides to alkylamines, alkyl group transfer from alkylamines to anilines to form an imine, dimerization of imine, and heteroannulation is proposed for this catalytic process.
Stereoselective synthesis of conformationally constrained tropane analogues: 6‐Chloro‐2,5‐diazatetracyclo[8.5.0.02,13.04,9]pentadeca‐4,6,8‐triene‐11‐one and 6‐chloro‐2,7‐diazatetracyclo‐[8.5.0.02,13.04,9]pentadeca‐4,6,8‐triene‐11‐one
Authors: Cheng Jie , Xu Liang , Stevens Edwin D. , Trudell Mark L. , Izenwasser Sari , Wade Dean 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwo conformationally constrained tropane derivatives were prepared as rigid nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands. A palladium catalyzed intramolecular α‐arylation reaction was employed to generate the tricyclic compounds in good yields fromN‐(bromo‐chloropyridylmethyl)‐8‐azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan‐3‐ones.
Synthesis and structures of new chiral diamide‐ester macrocycles
Authors: Gao Ming Zhang , Reibenspies Joseph H. , Zingaro Ralph A. , Wang Bo , Xu Zun Le 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA series of new hetero‐macrocyclic diamide‐ester compounds (4a — 4z, 6a — 6b) were synthesized using 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine as catalyst and characterization by infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mass spectra and elemental analyses. The structures of 4e and meso 4b were determined by X‐ray crystallography. The association constants of the compounds with various metal ions were determined by UV‐visible spectroscopic titration, and showed a selective recognition for certain metal ions.
A versatile CARS microscope for biological imaging
Authors: Downes Andrew , Mouras Rabah , Elfick Alistair 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe have constructed a novel, versatile Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscope for biological imaging. The system employs a Nd:YVO4 laser as Stokes (6 ps, 1064 nm), and a tunable optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) (5 ps, 700–1000 nm) as pump excitation, resulting in an observable range of ∼600–4000 cm−1. A second OPO can be used as a replacement pump for low wavenumber excitation (down to ∼100 cm−1). Pump and Stokes excitations are focused onto a single‐mode fibre for ease of alignment, which is connected to the input of a confocal inverted optical microscope. The epi‐detected CARS signal is filtered using a spectrometer, and the photons counted with an avalanche photodiode. This detection is preferable to using bandpass filters and photomultipliers, as it allows all wavenumbers to be imaged and ensures rejection of unwanted fluorescent and scattered light. Our microscope comprises a heater stage and perfusion cell for imaging live cells, and allows complementary biological imaging techniques (differential interference contrast (DIC), second harmonic generation, sum frequency generation, one‐ and two‐photon fluorescence, fluorescence lifetime imaging). In addition, our system features an atomic force microscope (AFM) which enables CARS imaging at 10‐nm resolution. The details and advantages of the modular imaging system are described more fully, and the latest results are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of hydrolysis of cheese whey and use of hydrolysate for bioproduction of carotenoids by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor CBS 2636
Authors: Valduga Eunice , Tatsch Piehtra , Vanzo Larissa Tonial , Rauber Fernanda , Di Luccio Marco , Treichel Helen 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The increasing industrial demand for carotenoids has led to growing interest in their bioproduction. The need to reduce production costs has encouraged the use of low‐cost agroindustrial substrates. In this context, this work studied the pretreatment of Mozzarella cheese whey and the use of the pretreated whey as fermentation medium for the bioproduction of carotenoids by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor CBS 2636.RESULTS: Bioproduction was carried out in an orbital shaker using a 10 mL L−1 inoculum, incubation at 25 °C and a stirring rate of 180 rpm for 120 h in a non‐illuminated environment. The carotenoids were recovered using liquid N2 combined with dimethyl sulfoxide for cell rupture and an acetone/methanol mixture (7:3 v/v) for extraction. The maximum concentration of total carotenoids obtained was 590.4 µg L−1 in a medium with 900 g L−1 cheese whey hydrolysate and 4 g L−1 K2HPO4 at 180 rpm, 25 °C and pH 4.CONCLUSION: The use of enzyme‐hydrolysed cheese whey was more effective in carotenoid bioproduction by S. salmonicolor CBS 2636 than the use of acid‐hydrolysed cheese whey. The concentration of total carotenoids obtained with the enzymatic hydrolysate was six times higher than that obtained with the acid hydrolysate. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Crops with target‐site herbicide resistance for Orobanche and Striga control
Authors: Gressel Jonathan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIt is necessary to control root parasitic weeds before or as they attach to the crop. This can only be easily achieved chemically with herbicides that are systemic, or with herbicides that are active in soil. Long‐term control can only be attained if the crops do not metabolise the herbicide, i.e. have target‐site resistance. Such target‐site resistances have allowed foliar applications of herbicides inhibiting enol‐pyruvylshikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS) (glyphosate), acetolactate synthase (ALS) (e.g. chlorsulfuron, imazapyr) and dihydropteroate synthase (asulam) for Orobanche control in experimental conditions with various crops. Large‐scale use of imazapyr as a seed dressing of imidazolinone‐resistant maize has been commercialised for Striga control. Crops with two target‐site resistances will be more resilient to the evolution of resistance in the parasite, if well managed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing stakeholder evaluation concerns: An application to the Central Arizona water resources system
Authors: Robin Keller L. , Kirkwood Craig W. , Jones Nancy S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe present an approach for efficiently assessing stakeholder evaluation concerns in the first stage of problem structuring for decisions involving complex systems. We used a Web survey to assess the appropriateness of a set of evaluation concerns for evaluating Central Arizona water resources system policies and to gather information on stakeholder priorities. The resulting set of concerns brings a “decision focus” to the modeling efforts of the NSF‐funded Decision Center for a Desert City at Arizona State University. This problem structuring approach, the set of evaluation concerns, and the analysis of variations among stakeholder group priorities can serve as a starting point for other similar policy settings. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng