bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causal learning by infants and young children: From computational theories to language practices
Authors: Basch Samantha , Wang Su‐hua 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCausal reasoning—the ability to reason about causal relations between events—is fundamental to understanding how the world works. This paper reviews two prominent theories on early causal learning and offers possibilities for theory bridging. Both theories grow out of computational modeling and have significant areas of overlap while differing in several respects. Explanation‐Based Learning (EBL) focuses on young infants' learning about causal concepts of physical objects and events, whereas Bayesian models have been used to describe causal reasoning beyond infancy across various concept domains. Connecting the two models offers a more integrated approach to clarifying the developmental processes in causal reasoning from early infancy through later childhood. We further suggest that everyday language practices offer a promising space for theory bridging. We provide a review of selective work on caregiver–child conversations, in particular, on the use of scaffolding language including causal talk and pedagogical questions. Linking the research on language practices to the two cognitive theories, we point out directions for further research to integrate EBL and Bayesian models and clarify how causal learning unfolds in real life.This article is categorized under:
Psychology > Learning
Cognitive Biology > Cognitive Development
Development and validation of a lifting‐line code associated with the vortex particle method software Dorothy
Authors: Dufour M.‐A. , Pinon G. , Rivoalen E. , Blondel F. , Germain G. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis paper presents a lifting‐line implementation in the framework of a Lagrangian vortex particle method (LL‐VP). The novelty of the present implementation lies in the fluid particles properties definition and in the particles shedding process. In spite of mimicking a panel method, the LL‐VP needs some peculiar treatments described in the paper. The present implementation converges rapidly and efficiently during the shedding sub‐iteration process. This LL‐VP method shows good accuracy, even with moderate numbers of sections. Compared to its panel or vortex filaments counterparts, more frequently encountered in the literature, the present implementation inherently accounts for the diffusion term of the Navier‐Stokes equations, possibly with a turbulent viscosity model. Additionally, the present implementation can also account for more complex onset flows: upstream ambient turbulence and upstream turbine wakes. After validation on an analytical elliptic wing configuration, the model is tested on the Mexnext‐III wind turbine application, for three reduced velocities. Accurate results are obtained both on the analytical elliptic wing and on the New MEXICO rotor cases in comparison with other similar numerical models. A focus is made on the Mexnext‐III wake analysis. The numerical wake obtained with the present LL‐VP is close to other numerical and experimental results. Finally, a last configuration with three tidal turbines in interaction is considered based on an experimental campaign carried out at the IFREMER wave and current flume tank. Enhanced turbine‐wake interactions are highlighted, with favourable comparisons with the experiment. Hence, such turbine interactions in a farm are accessible with this LL‐VP implementation, be it wind or tidal energy field.
Introduction: On the Conflict Between Common Good and Individual Good
Authors: Toivanen Juhana , Haara Heikki 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis introductory chapter delineates the purpose and content of the edited volume. It reflects on how the potential tension and compatibility between self-interest and the common good have been addressed in the history of philosophy, and it elaborates on the theoretical conditions that must be met in order for a real distinction between these two notions to emerge. The introduction also underscores the advantages of exploring this subject over the transitional period from medieval to early modern philosophy, and suggests ways in which historical views may be useful for contemporary discussions. The chapter concludes by outlining the structure of the book and summarizing the arguments presented in individual chapters.
Alignment of the Individual and Common Good in the Political Theory of Johannes Althusius
Authors: Ruokanen Jukka 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe chapter analyses the relationship between the individual and common good in the political theory of Johannes Althusius (1563–1638). Within a broadly Aristotelian and Calvinist framework, Althusius paints a picture of a reciprocal and harmonious society in which the individual and common good align through the division of labour and jurisdiction between different individuals and various types and levels of communities. Closer scrutiny reveals that the composition is delicately structured and requires the fulfilment of several conditions. Particularly important are the normative guidelines of social life that direct individuals to justice in relation to their fellow human beings and to piety in relation to God. Nevertheless, conflicts do arise even in Althusius’ schema for society, but in so doing, they also provide further insights into the alignment of the individual and common good. Analyzing conflict situations, we learn first that careful balancing is needed in the ruler–people relationship in order to prevent tyranny, on the one hand, and sedition on the other hand. Second, while reciprocal life is built on a division of labour, not all contributions are welcome since all activities need to be useful for others and morally acceptable. Finally, the alignment of the individual and common good also requires regulating the pursuit for material good in order to serve both the good of the soul as well as the body. Consequently, the alignment of the individual and common good is a possible result of successful politics, not a guaranteed state of affairs.
Individual and Common Utility Within Grotius’s Theory of the State
Authors: Ramelet Laetitia 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAccording to Hugo Grotius’s De Iure Belli ac Pacis, human beings are born naturally sociable, yet it is for the sake of some personal utility that they join a state. To this aim, they consent to grant it rights that may subsequently take precedence over their own whenever necessary for the community. This founding act places the individual’s interest at the very foundation of the state, and concomitantly, allows for restrictions to self-interest for the sake of common utility. Central to this account is Grotius’s juridical conception of the state as a voluntary association equipped with rights of its own to fulfil the functions attributed to it by its members. What the state needs to perform these functions determines the concessions that subjects have to make for the common good. This is mostly determined in reference to the utility that subjects derive from the state – or alternately, when the state’s very subsistence is at stake, to the moral ties that unite the association’s members. Across all these passages, Grotius is keen to highlight the congruence of the individual and common good, against appearances to the contrary.
The Compatibility of Individual and Common Good in Hobbes’s Philosophy
Authors: Chadwick Alexandra 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis chapter considers the extent to which individual and common good are compatible within Thomas Hobbes’s philosophy. It explores Hobbes’s notion of “good”, and considers how he allows for the existence of “real” individual goods. Next, it examines Hobbes’s definition of common good as that which is “good for the commonwealth”. It is the sovereign who decides what is good for the commonwealth, but just as there are real individual goods, there are real common goods. Real goods for the commonwealth are those things that preserve its existence. It is argued that, in Hobbes’s theory, real individual goods are compatible with real common goods; moreover, it is this compatibility that ensures the stability and prosperity of the commonwealth. However, a condition in which all laws are directed to the real common good, and citizens see where their own real good lies, is an ideal, not a realistic political scenario for Hobbes. Real politics requires defusing potential conflict between individual goods and the common good in a different way: namely, by encouraging citizens to accept the sovereign’s judgement of what is “good”. Nevertheless, there are limits to what subjects will accept. Tracing the theoretical compatibility between real goods for individuals and for commonwealths in Hobbes’s thought shows how the preservation of a Hobbesian political community relies not only on citizens accepting the sovereign’s judgement, but also on the ability of sovereigns to see the real common good.
Self-Interest as a Source of the Common Good in Post-Hobbesian Natural Law
Authors: Haara Heikki 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThomas Hobbes’s radical tendency to view natural law as a means of individual self-preservation sparked critical responses among natural law theorists in England and continental Europe. This chapter compares how two of Hobbes’s immediate successors and critics – Richard Cumberland and Samuel Pufendorf – dealt with the potential conflict between self-interest and the requirements of natural law. The chapter shows how both intended to reply to Hobbes in their own distinctive ways by attempting to show that the ultimate aim of natural law, imposed by God, obligated people to promote the common good of humankind as a whole rather than mainly function as the means for individual and social utility. They did not, however, consider self-interest to be merely destructive for social cooperation and natural law. Both argued in their distinct ways that self-interest is the most effective motivation for people to consider the advantage of others and it leads them to promote the common good. This chapter also points out notable differences between Cumberland’s and Pufendorf’s treatment of the relation between the private good and the common good.
Honestum to Goodness
Authors: Normore Calvin G. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis chapter traces some of the ancient and medieval history of the debate about whether there are distinct and potentially conflicting true goods or genuine tension between the pursuit of self-interest and the pursuit of what has intrinsic value. Much modern moral theory posits that morally good agents are prepared to restrain the pursuit of even their enlightened self-interest when it conflicts with what is intrinsically good or is good for others. This puts Morality at odds with a long Ethical tradition that is especially indebted to Aristotle and his followers and that proposes the ultimate aim of any rational agent to be that agent’s flourishing or happiness. The chapter concludes, pace Elizabeth Anscombe and Alasdair MacIntyre, that while the view embedded in much modern moral theory reached its full development in the context of a theologically infused medieval tradition, which involved Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Abelard and John Duns Scotus, its roots are earlier, and its metaphysical underpinnings are independent of that context.
Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas on Charity and the Common Good
Authors: Costa Iacopo 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis article draws attention to the conception of charity found in two important Dominican theologians of the thirteenth century, namely Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. The texts that they devoted to this theological virtue show to what extent the true good of human beings can only be understood in a social and political dimension: individual good can only be achieved if the faithful put their own personal interest behind the love of God and love of neighbour.
Formally verified asymptotic consensus in robust networks
Authors: Tekriwal Mohit , Tachna-Fram Avi , Jeannin Jean-Baptiste , Kapritsos Manos , Panagou Dimitra 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDistributed architectures are used to improve performance and reliability of various systems. Examples include drone swarms and load-balancing servers. An important capability of a distributed architecture is the ability to reach consensus among all its nodes. Several consensus algorithms have been proposed, and many of these algorithms come with intricate proofs of correctness, that are not mechanically checked. In the controls community, algorithms often achieve consensusasymptotically, e.g., for problems such as the design of human control systems, or the analysis of natural systems like bird flocking. This is in contrast to exact consensus algorithm such as Paxos, which have received much more recent attention in the formal methods community.This paper presents the first formal proof of an asymptotic consensus algorithm, and addresses various challenges in its formalization. Using the Coq proof assistant, we verify the correctness of a widely used consensus algorithm in the distributed controls community, theWeighted-Mean Subsequence Reduced (W-MSR) algorithm. We formalize the necessary and sufficient conditions required to achieve resilient asymptotic consensus under the assumed attacker model. During the formalization, we clarify several imprecisions in the paper proof, including an imprecision on quantifiers in the main theorem.
Hand eczema symptoms, exposures and skin care in orthodontics
Authors: Wiechens Bernhard , Meyer-Marcotty Philipp , Buhl Timo , Werfel Thomas , Bauer Andrea , Apfelbacher Christian , Forkel Susann , Hollstein Moritz M. , Traidl Stephan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Objectives
Occupational hand eczema is a common inflammatory skin condition among healthcare professionals. Orthodontists are frequently exposed to a variety of irritating and allergenic substances, and therefore they belong to a predisposed group to develop hand eczema. However, current data on the prevalence and predisposing factors among orthodontists to provide adequate prophylaxis are lacking.

Methods
An anonymous online survey was conducted in Germany between January and February 2023 and distributed to 2402 orthodontists. The questionnaire addressed general information on current skin status, as well as occupational skin exposure and skin care.

Results
A total of 209 orthodontists responded to the survey. Seventy-four percent reported experiencing hand eczema-specific symptoms within the last 12 months, with 24% describing moderate and 10% describing severe symptoms. The average daily glove wearing time was stated to be 6 ± 2 h. The most frequently reported triggers at work were frequent hand washing (62.7%) and hand disinfection (59.1%). Among all the respondents, 22.6% stated not using either barrier cream or moisturizer.

Conclusions
This study showed a high prevalence of hand eczema symptoms among orthodontists, which is probably due to frequent disinfection, hand washing, and contact with allergens such as acrylates. In this professional group especially, against a background of future increasing acrylate and epoxy resin exposures due to in-office three-dimensional printing processes, timely education and skin protection could decisively counteract the pathogenesis of hand eczema.
Analysis of postoperative complications 5 years after osteosynthesis of patella fractures—a retrospective, multicenter cohort study
Authors: Berninger Markus T. , Korthaus Alexander , Eggeling Lena , Herbst Elmar , Neumann-Langen Mirjam V. , Domnick Christoph , Fehske Kai , Barzen Stefan , Kösters Clemens , Zellner Johannes , Raschke Michael J. , Frosch Karl-Heinz , Hoffmann Reinhard , Krause Matthias 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Purpose
The study aims to investigate the influence of patient- and fracture-specific factors on the occurrence of complications after osteosynthesis of patella fractures and to compare knee joint function, activity, and subjective pain levels after a regular postoperative course and after complications in the medium term.

Methods
This retrospective, multicenter cohort study examined patients who received surgery for patella fracture at level 1 trauma centers between 2013 and 2018. Patient demographics and fracture-specific variables were evaluated. Final follow-up assessments included patient-reported pain scores (NRS), subjective activity and knee function scores (Tegner Activity Scale, Lysholm score, IKDC score), complications, and revisions.

Results
A total of 243 patients with a mean follow-up of 63.4 ± 21.3 months were included. Among them, 66.9% of patients underwent tension band wiring (TBW), 19.0% received locking plate osteosynthesis (LPO), and 14.1% underwent screw osteosynthesis (SO). A total of 38 patients (15.6%) experienced complications (TBW: 16.7%; LPO: 15.2%; SO: 11.8%). Implant-related complications of atraumatic fragment dislocation and material insufficiency/dislocation, accounted for 50% of all complications, were significantly more common after TBW than LPO (p = 0.015). No patient-specific factor was identified as a general cause for increased complications. Overall, particularly following complications such as limited range of motion or traumatic refracture, functional knee scores were significantly lower and pain levels were significantly higher at the final follow-up when a complication occurred. Implant-related complications, however, achieved functional scores comparable to a regular postoperative course without complications after revision surgery.

Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that implant-related complications occurred significantly more often after TBW compared to LPO. The complication rates were similar in all groups.
(Continuous) Non-malleable Codes for Partial Functions with Manipulation Detection and Light Updates
Authors: Kiayias Aggelos , Liu Feng-Hao , Tselekounis Yiannis 
Published: April 2024

AbstractNon-malleable codes were introduced by Dziembowski et al. (in: Yao (ed) ICS2010, Tsinghua University Press, 2010), and its main application is the protection of cryptographic devices against tampering attacks on memory. In this work, we initiate a comprehensive study on non-malleable codes for the class of partial functions, that read/write on an arbitrary subset of codeword bits with specific cardinality. We present two constructions: the first one is in the CRS model and allows the adversary to selectively choose the subset of codeword bits, while the latter is in the standard model and adaptively secure. Our constructions are efficient in terms of information rate, while allowing the attacker to access asymptotically almost the entire codeword. In addition, they satisfy a notion which is stronger than non-malleability, that we call non-malleability with manipulation detection, guaranteeing that any modified codeword decodes to either the original message or to $$\bot $$
⊥
. We show that our primitive implies All-Or-Nothing Transforms (AONTs), and as a result our constructions yield efficient AONTs under standard assumptions (only one-way functions), which, to the best of our knowledge, was an open question until now. Furthermore, we construct a notion of continuous non-malleable codes (CNMC), namely CNMC with light updates, that avoids the full re-encoding process and only uses shuffling and refreshing operations. Finally, we present a number of additional applications of our primitive in tamper resilience.
Exploring the comminution process of waste printed circuit boards in recycling: a review
Authors: Abbadi Alaa , Rácz Ádám , Bokányi Ljudmilla 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe increasing amount of electronic waste (e-waste) has placed significant burdens on society and the environment, particularly with regards to waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), which are essential in electronics manufacturing. As natural resources become scarce, it is crucial to effectively recycle and reclaim WPCBs due to their high value and large output. Comminuting printed circuit boards is a crucial step in enabling the recovery of valuable materials, and this review provides an in-depth analysis of WPCB comminution. It explores the structure, types, and composition of the WPCBs, including their mechanical properties. The review thoroughly surveys conventional mechanical comminution machinery and also discusses emerging technologies such as innovative pretreatment approaches, electrodynamic disintegration, high voltage electrical pulses, and abrasive waterjet cutting. The literature has been critically examined to identify research gaps and inconsistencies, and future directions for increased efficiency and sustainability are proposed.
The role of automatic pollen and fungal spore monitoring across major end-user domains
Authors: Tummon Fiona , Adams-Groom Beverley , Antunes Célia M. , Bruffaerts Nicolas , Buters Jeroen , Cariñanos Paloma , Celenk Sevcan , Choël Marie , Clot Bernard , Cristofori Antonella , Crouzy Benoît , Damialis Athanasios , Fernández Alberto Rodríguez , González Délia Fernández , Galán Carmen , Gedda Björn , Gehrig Regula , Gonzalez-Alonso Monica , Gottardini Elena , Gros-Daillon Jules , Hajkova Lenka , O’Connor David , Östensson Pia , Oteros Jose , Pauling Andreas , Pérez-Badia Rosa , Rodinkova Victoria , Rodríguez-Rajo F. Javier , Ribeiro Helena , Sauliene Ingrida , Sikoparija Branko , Skjøth Carsten Ambelas , Spanu Antonio , Sofiev Mikhail , Sozinova Olga , Srnec Lidija , Visez Nicolas , de Weger Letty A. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe advent of automatic pollen and fungal spore monitoring over the past few years has brought about a paradigm change. The provision of real-time information at high temporal resolution opens the door to a wide range of improvements in terms of the products and services made available to a widening range of end-users and stakeholders. As technology and methods mature, it is essential to properly quantify the impact automatic monitoring has on the different end-user domains to better understand the real long-term benefits to society. In this paper, we focus the main domains where such impacts are expected, using Europe as a basis to provide qualitative estimates and to describe research needs to better quantify impacts in future. This will, in part, also serve to justify further investment and help to expand monitoring networks.
Taxonomy of inline code comment smells
Authors: Jabrayilzade Elgun , Yurtoğlu Ayda , Tüzün Eray 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCode comments play a vital role in source code comprehension and software maintainability. It is common for developers to write comments to explain a code snippet, and commenting code is generally considered a good practice in software engineering. However, low-quality comments can have a detrimental effect on software quality or be ineffective for code understanding. This study aims to create a taxonomy of inline code comment smells and determine how frequently each smell type occurs in software projects. We conducted a multivocal literature review to define the initial taxonomy of inline comment smells. Afterward, we manually labeled 2447 inline comments from eight open-source projects where half of them were Java, and another half were Python projects. We created a taxonomy of 11 inline code comment smell types and found out that the smells exist in both Java and Python projects with varying degrees. Moreover, we conducted an online survey with 41 software practitioners to learn their opinions on these smells and their impact on code comprehension and software maintainability. The survey respondents generally agreed with the taxonomy; however, they reported that some smell types might have a positive effect on code comprehension in certain scenarios. We also opened pull requests and issues fixing the comment smells in the sampled projects, where we got a 27% acceptance rate. We share our manually labeled dataset online and provide implications for software engineering practitioners, researchers, and educators.