bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vortex breakdown in the small Mach number regimes
Authors: Dhurandhar Shesh N , Sharma Manjul , Mohan Vishnu , Sameen A 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The effect of compressibility for flow inside the cylinder with the top rotating lid (Vogel-Escudier flow) is examined. Three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations for compressible flow in Cartesian coordinates are used to simulate the flow using open-source OpenFOAM software. The Mach number (Ma) of the flow is varied from 0.1 to 0.3, and the Reynolds number

(
Re
)

is varied from 1000 to 5000 for a fixed aspect ratio (Γ = 2.5) of the cylinder. The flow is found to have a transition from a steady axisymmetric state to a non-axisymmetric state exhibiting multiple azimuthal waves as the Mach number and the Reynolds number are varied. The flow field changes significantly with an increase in Ma for unsteady flow at higher Re. An increase in Ma increases the side wall azimuthal instability, as found in the perturbation contour plots and time series analysis. Further, we reconstruct phase portraits to show the dynamics of the flow finally becoming chaotic as the Reynolds number is increased to 5000. Finally, we support the argument with Lyapunov exponents for the higher Re samples. The Lyapunov Exponent is found to increase with Ma.
Polarization and frequency multiplexed multi-channel focusing terahertz vortex with a birefringent dielectric metasurface
Authors: Ren Zhi , Zhao Yinghui , Wang Wanqing , Yao Hongjia , Ren Guanhua , Li Songtao , Wang Ruoxing 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We propose an approach to generate polarization and frequency multiplexed focusing vortex beams using a birefringent dielectric metasurface in terahertz (THz) range. The designed metadevice consists of Si nanopillars with different sizes. The transmission efficiency of each unit cell under orthogonal polarized illumination can exceed 70% at both operating frequencies 1 THz and 1.2 THz. Combining the functions of beam deflection, focusing, and vortex beam generation in the interference holography design strategy, polarization and frequency multiplexed multi-channel focusing THz vortex beams with different topological charges and generation positions can be achieved, which can greatly improve the transmission capacity of THz communications. Combining its compact and efficient features with multiplexing methods, our designed metadevice has enormous potential for application in THz vortex generation and information processing.
Tailoring the optical properties of dye–polymer composite films based on polyvinyl alcohol doped with phenol red toward flexible optoelectronic applications
Authors: Al-Muntaser A A , Althobiti Randa A , Al Naim Abdullah F , Alzahrani Eman , Tarabiah A E 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The composite films of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) incorporating varying concentrations of phenol red (PR) dye were fabricated using the solution casting method. Structural characteristics of the prepared films were explored through XRD and FTIR spectroscopy analyses. The inclusion of PR dye within the PVA matrix induced cross-linking, enhancing the amorphous nature of the doped PVA samples, as evidenced by XRD patterns. In the presence of PR dopants, the FTIR peaks for PVA exhibited altered intensities and increased width, indicating physical interactions between the functional groups of PVA and PR dopants. The impact of PR additives on the optical properties of PVA was investigated across the spectral range of 190–2500 nm. The PVA/phenol red composite demonstrated enhanced UV blocking in the 190–400 nm wavelength range, rendering it suitable for applications such as UV notch filters, including laser blocking filters. The indirect and direct optical band-gaps of PVA polymer films were reduced from 5.20 eV and 5.78 eV to 4.30 eV and 5.28 eV, respectively, with an increase in the PR filling ratio from 0 wt% to 1.8 wt%. The dispersion region of the refractive index was analyzed using the single oscillator model (Wemple-DiDomenico). Calculation and discussion of values such as dispersion and oscillation energies (Ed and Eo), permittivity at infinite frequency (ε
∞), and lattice contribution to the dielectric function (ε
L) of PVA/PR composite films were conducted. These advancements position PVA/PR composite films for potential applications in flexible optoelectronic devices, including light-emitting diodes and photodetectors.
Efficient doping of functionalized graphene and h-BN by molecular adsorption
Authors: Fu Shiyang , Yang Yuhan , Zhang Mai , Gao Nan , Wang Qiliang , Li Hongdong 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this work, we investigate the structural and electronic properties of molecular acceptors and donors adsorbed on H/F-functionalized graphene and h-BN by using first principles calculation. Graphane adsorbed with acceptors show p-type doping features, and fluorographene with donors are n-type doping. On the other hand, both H- and F-functionalized BN adsorbed systems exhibit n-type doping. The different doping characteristics depend on the relative energy level alignment of the molecules and substrates, which determines the electron transfer direction. In addition, the bands of adatoms are close to the band edges of substrates near Fermi level (0.0004–0.113 eV), denoting the efficient doping for H/F-functionalized graphene and h-BN. These results provide important indications for designing novel two-dimensional materials with suitable doped characteristics for opto-electronics applications.
Thermal analysis of black hole in de Rham–Gabadadze–Tolley massive gravity in barrow entropy framework
Authors: Yasir Muhammad , Xia Tiecheng , Upadhyay Sudhaker 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study examines a recently hypothesized black hole solution in de Rham–Gabadadze–Tolley massive gravity. Firstly, we consider the negative cosmological constant as a thermodynamic pressure. We extract the thermodynamical properties such as Hawking temperature, heat capacity and Gibbs free energy using the barrow entropy. We also obtain a new pressure associated to the perfect fluid dark matter and discuss the first-order van der Waals-like phase transition. This black hole’s stability is investigated through specific heat and Gibbs free energy. Also, we analyze the thermodynamic curvatures behavior of black hole through geometry methods (Weinhold, Ruppeiner, Hendi-Panahiyah-Eslam-Momennia (HPEM), and geometrothermodynamics (GTD)).
Analysis of the Characteristics of Rice Husk and Pinecone Bio-briquettes with Tapioca Flour Adhesive
Authors: Suanggana D , Qalbi AM C , Fijatmoko F , Duma GA 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Making bio briquettes is one way to produce environmentally friendly and renewable energy. Biobriquette raw materials can come from rice husk and pinecone waste, often found in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the characteristics of bio briquettes from a mixture of rice husks and pinecones with tapioca flour adhesive, including moisture content and calorific value, and to determine the characteristics of the best mixture based on SNI 01-6235-2000 standards. This study uses an experimental method where rice husks and pinecones are first converted into charcoal by a carbonization process and mixed with an adhesive from tapioca flour. Variations of husk and pinecone mixture used were SP1 (100% rice husk), SP2 (75%:25%), SP3 (50%:50%), SP4 (25%:75%, and SP5 (100% pinecones). Based on the results of the research on the characteristics of rice husk and pinecones bio briquettes with tapioca flour adhesive for the moisture content of SP1 28.42%, SP2 28.8%, SP3 27.07%, SP4 26.99%, and SP5 27.84%, while the calorific value obtained, is SP1 2745.13 cal/g, SP2 4302.73 cal/g, SP3 4777.10 cal/g, SP4 5485.93 cal/g, SP5 6152.83 cal/g. However, according to SNI, the bio briquettes’ moisture content characteristics for each variation have not met the standard. It has met the SNI standard when viewed from the calorific value of the SP4 and SP5 variations.
An Effect of Gap Ratios at Four Circular Cylinders in a Staggered Configuration Near a Plane Wall
Authors: Wailanduw A G , Yuwono T 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The flow that crosses the arrangement of four circular cylinders will form a certain flow pattern according to the geometry of the body contour, the distance between the cylinders, and the flow orientation (α), and generated aerodynamic forces, such as lift force, drag force, as well as induced vibration on the body. The force coefficients on four circular cylinders in an equispaced arrangement with a staggered configuration located near a plane wall were calculated through the pressure distributions measurement. The pressure distributions on each cylinder surface and the plane wall were measured for various gap ratio values of G/D= 0.0 and 0.2 (G, the gap between cylinder to the plane wall; D, diameter) and L/D= 2.7 (L, gap spacing between cylinders) in a uniform flow at a Reynolds Number of 1.743 x 104. The results show that the drag and lift coefficients on the cylinders depend on the gap ratio value of G/D. The drag coefficient decreases, when the amount of G/D increases, especially on the upstream cylinders. The lift coefficient on the upper-downstream cylinders has a significant value more than other cylinders at a small spacing ratio.
Social Parameter’s Role in BEM-PSO-Based Inverse Analysis for Locating Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Fonna S , Ibrahim I B M , Julianda A , Kurniawan R , Huzni S , Ariffin A K 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of social parameter on the performance of boundary element inverse analysis (BEIA) to determine the location of reinforcing steel corrosion in concrete. BEIA was constructed by integrating the Boundary Element Method (BEM) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) (PSO). BEM was used to calculate the corrosion potential on the whole surface of reinforced concrete. The cost function for detecting corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete was evaluated using PSO. BEIA was conducted with 15 electrical potential data on the surface of reinforced concrete as a reference, such as from half-cell potential measurement. Numerical simulations of reinforced concrete with a single reinforcement reveal a difference in the speed of BEIA in locating corrosion sites. The higher the social parameter value, the faster the particles tend to migrate. However, if the parameter value is too high, the number of iterations required for the particles to converge increases, which has a negative effect on locating the corrosion point. Consequently, the variation of the social parameter affects the performance of BEIA in detecting the location of corrosion in reinforced concrete.
Cell Design in Crash Box to Increase the Energy Absorption Efficiency
Authors: Harbelubun M M , Hardi W , Umar K 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Researchers have completed many methods to increase the ability of thin tubes to absorb impact energy. Various methods are proposed covering the use of different materials, including new designs, which are expected to improve their performance. This study aims to obtain an Impact Energy Absorber (IEA), which has a low peak impact force and has better crash force efficiency (CFE), energy absorption (EA), and specific energy absorption (SEA). This study made a design change from an empty square tube to a square tube with a cell structure inside. A thin-walled box in the form of a box with a base size of 50 mm x 50 mm without a lid and a height of 150 mm with a thickness of 2 mm was used in this study. A load strikes the tube from the axial direction with a speed of 100 m/s while the other end is supported by fixed support. Deformation, impact force, and absorbed energy were recorded in all types of specimens. The results showed an increase in the reaction force between boxes that were given cells compared to empty ones. While the addition of cell variations from 1 to 2 did not experience a significant change in the impact force. The maximum deformation decreases with the number of cells, while the energy absorbed per unit length increases. The deformation pattern changes due to cells in the box because there is an obstacle when it is deformed towards the outside of the tube. The results of this study are considered in manufacturing high-speed crash boxes.
Development of Two Wheel Drive Electric Bikes for Extreme Road and A Long-Range Capabilities
Authors: Candra S , Tjandra S , Soesanti A , Susanto H , Prihartono T W 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper aims to develop the electric bicycle by using a two-wheel drive that has a long range of use. This development is motivated by many extreme roads and the absence of a charging station except in the user’s own house. A folding bicycle type bicycle for adults with 16-inch wheels was used in this study. The two-wheel drive can be adjusted using the driving motor to be more flexible and adapt to road conditions, although the motor power used is small, 350-Watt 24 Volt for one wheel. The battery capacity used is quite large for the range quite far away, which is 24 volts 80 Amps, and the charging time is about 2 hours. The placement of the battery has calculated the center of gravity and balance of the bike. Results show that this electric bicycle can be used for slippery road conditions and slopes of not more than 1A maximum speed of the bicycle can reach up to 30 km/hour, on flat road conditions. Likewise, the bicycle’s range for a full charge is around 220-260 km, with an average speed of 15-16 km/hour. Two drives can be implemented independently, adjusting the running conditions by moving the drive motor selection button. For extreme conditions, it is recommended to use two electric motors.
Commissioning of the test system for PS and 2S hybrids for the Phase-2 Upgrade of
the CMS Outer Tracker
Authors: Szydlik P. , Allongue B. , Blanchot G. , Carnesecchi R. , Kovacs M. , Mateos Dominguez I. , Schleidweiler K. , Zografos A. ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Phase-2 Upgrade [1] of the CMS Outer Tracker [2] requires the production of 7608 Strip-Strip (2S) and 5592 Pixel-Strip (PS) modules, altogether incorporating 45 192 hybrid circuits of 15 design variants. The module design makes the potential repairs impractical; therefore, performing production-scale testing of the hybrids is essential. Accordingly, a scalable, crate-based test system was designed and manufactured, allowing for parallel, high-throughput testing. To reproduce the operating conditions, the system was integrated within a climate chamber, which required the development of a remote control interface and the calibration of thermal cycles. The results and lessons learned from the test system integration and commissioning will be presented.
CaloClouds II: ultra-fast geometry-independent highly-granular calorimeter simulation
Authors: Buhmann Erik , Gaede Frank , Kasieczka Gregor , Korol Anatolii , Korcari William , Krüger Katja , McKeown Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Fast simulation of the energy depositions in high-granular
detectors is needed for future collider experiments at
ever-increasing luminosities. Generative machine learning (ML)
models have been shown to speed up and augment the traditional
simulation chain in physics analysis. However, the majority of
previous efforts were limited to models relying on fixed, regular
detector readout geometries. A major advancement is the recently
introduced CaloClouds model, a geometry-independent diffusion
model, which generates calorimeter showers as point clouds for the
electromagnetic calorimeter of the envisioned International Large
Detector (ILD).

In this work, we introduce CaloClouds II which features a
number of key improvements. This includes continuous time
score-based modelling, which allows for a 25-step sampling with
comparable fidelity to CaloClouds while yielding a
6× speed-up over Geant4 on a single CPU (5×
over CaloClouds). We further distill the diffusion model
into a consistency model allowing for accurate sampling in a single
step and resulting in a 46× speed-up over Geant4
(37× over CaloClouds). This constitutes the first
application of consistency distillation for the generation of
calorimeter showers.
High-precision 3D printing of multi-branch vascular scaffold with plasticized PLCL thermoplastic elastomer
Authors: Han Yunda , Wang Heran , Guan Yuheng , Li Song , Yuan Zewei , Lu Lihua , Zheng Xiongfei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a transformative technology for tissue engineering, enabling the production of structures that closely emulate the intricate architecture and mechanical properties of native biological tissues. However, the fabrication of complex microstructures with high accuracy using biocompatible, degradable thermoplastic elastomers poses significant technical obstacles. This is primarily due to the inherent soft-matter nature of such materials, which complicates real-time control of micro-squeezing, resulting in low fidelity or even failure. In this study, we employ Poly (L-lactide-co-ϵ-caprolactone) (PLCL) as a model material and introduce a novel framework for high-precision 3D printing based on the material plasticization process. This approach significantly enhances the dynamic responsiveness of the start-stop transition during printing, thereby reducing harmful errors by up to 93%. Leveraging this enhanced material, we have efficiently fabricated arrays of multi-branched vascular scaffolds that exhibit exceptional morphological fidelity and possess elastic moduli that faithfully approximate the physiological modulus spectrum of native blood vessels, ranging from 2.5 to 45 MPa. The methodology we propose for the compatibilization and modification of elastomeric materials addresses the challenge of real-time precision control, representing a significant advancement in the domain of melt polymer 3D printing. This innovation holds considerable promise for the creation of detailed multi-branch vascular scaffolds and other sophisticated organotypic structures critical to advancing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Recent trends in bone tissue engineering: a review of materials, methods, and structures
Authors: Moghaddam Armaghan , Bahrami Mehran , Mirzadeh Motahareh , Khatami Mehrdad , Simorgh Sara , Chimehrad Mohammadreza , Kruppke Benjamin , Bagher Zohreh , Mehrabani Davood , Khonakdar Hossein Ali 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) provides the treatment possibility for segmental long bone defects that are currently an orthopedic dilemma. This review explains different strategies, from biological, material, and preparation points of view, such as using different stem cells, ceramics, and metals, and their corresponding properties for BTE applications. In addition, factors such as porosity, surface chemistry, hydrophilicity and degradation behavior that affect scaffold success are introduced. Besides, the most widely used production methods that result in porous materials are discussed. Gene delivery and secretome-based therapies are also introduced as a new generation of therapies. This review outlines the positive results and important limitations remaining in the clinical application of novel BTE materials and methods for segmental defects.
Exploring macroeconomic models in the water, energy, food, and ecosystem (WEFE) field: a comprehensive review
Authors: Castelli Chiara , Castellini Marta , Gusperti Camilla , Gaia Romani Ilenia , Ciola Emanuele , Vergalli Sergio 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study conducts a comprehensive review of macroeconomic models within the Water, Energy, Food, and Ecosystem (WEFE) nexus, considering four different approaches: computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, integrated assessment models (IAMs), agent-based models (ABMs), and dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. Specifically, we examine how macroeconomic models represent not only the WEFE nexus as a whole but also its individual components and their combinations. Spanning a collection of 77 papers published in the last 20 years, this review underscores the prevalence of CGE models and IAMs, followed by ABMs, as dominant avenues of research within this field. CGE models frequently investigate interconnections between pairs of WEFE elements, while IAMs focus on the whole nexus. At the same time, ABMs do not exhibit a clear pattern, whereas DSGE models predominantly concentrate on the energy component alone. Overall, our findings indicate that the development of DSGE models and ABMs is still in its early stages. DSGE models potentially allow the analysis of uncertainty and risk in this field, while ABMs might offer new insights into the complex interactions between natural and human systems but still lack a common framework.
Stability analysis of uncertain simple pendulum equation
*
Authors: Qiu Xiaoyue , Liu Liying 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The law of motion of a simple pendulum system is described by an uncertain simple pendulum equation which is a second-order uncertain differential equation driven by Liu process (LP). The stability of a simple pendulum system refers to whether the system tends to the equilibrium state under small perturbation. In order to discuss the sensitivity of the uncertain simple pendulum equation to the perturbation in the initial state, we give the concept of many kinds of stability of the uncertain simple pendulum equation, including almost deterministic stability, distributional stability and exponential stability. And, the sufficient conditions of almost deterministic stability, distributional stability and exponential stability of the uncertain simple pendulum equation are proved respectively.
Stretched sapwood, ultra-widening permeability and ditching da Vinci: revising models of plant form and function
Authors: Anfodillo Tommaso , Olson Mark E 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
The mechanisms leading to dieback and death of trees under drought remain unclear. To gain an understanding of these mechanisms, addressing major empirical gaps regarding tree structure–function relations remains essential.

Scope
We give reasons to think that a central factor shaping plant form and function is selection simultaneously favouring constant leaf-specific conductance with height growth and isometric (1:1) scaling between leaf area and the volume of metabolically active sink tissues (‘sapwood’). Sapwood volume–leaf area isometry implies that per-leaf area sapwood volumes become transversely narrower with height growth; we call this ‘stretching’. Stretching means that selection must favour increases in permeability above and beyond that afforded by tip-to-base conduit widening ("ultra-widening permeability"), via fewer and wider vessels or tracheids with larger pits or larger margo openings. Leaf area–metabolically active sink tissue isometry would mean that it is unlikely that larger trees die during drought because of carbon starvation due to greater sink–source relationships as compared to shorter plants. Instead, an increase in permeability is most plausibly associated with greater risk of embolism, and this seems a more probable explanation of the preferential vulnerability of larger trees to climate change-induced drought. Other implications of selection favouring constant per-leaf area sapwood construction and maintenance costs are departure from the da Vinci rule expectation of similar sapwood areas across branching orders, and that extensive conduit furcation in the stem seems unlikely.

Conclusions
Because all these considerations impact the likelihood of vulnerability to hydraulic failure versus carbon starvation, both implicated as key suspects in forest mortality, we suggest that these predictions represent essential priorities for empirical testing.