bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene and Viral Therapy
Authors: Spurrell Emma L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe aim of gene therapy is to treat cancer by the introduction of genes that will sensitize tumour cells to other therapies, replace a mutated gene with a wild‐type copy, or activate an antitumour host immune response. Viruses can be used as vectors for carrying therapeutic transgenes, as well as being oncolytic in their own right. Using viruses to treat tumours derives from the inherent ability of a replicating virus to eventually destroy its host cell. Oncolytic viruses are tumour specific, causing lysis of tumour cells and not normal cells. There are viruses that are naturally tumour specific and viruses that have been engineered to become tumour specific. More recently, there has been increasing interest in the development of non‐viral vectors as gene therapy carriers. The benefits of using non‐viral vectors is that they are less likely to elicit an unwanted immune response, there is no risk of recombination, and they are easier to produce on a large scale. There are two main types of non‐viral gene delivery method—physical and via a chemical carrier. Both viral and non‐viral vectors have entered human phase I and II clinical trials in patients with a variety of solid tumour malignancies.
Blood and Bone Marrow: Myeloid Leukaemias and Related Neoplasms
Authors: Chang Karen L. , Weiss Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMyeloid malignancies represent one category of neoplastic proliferations of cells of the hematopoietic lineage. Knowledge of the normal myeloid ontogeny helps one to understand the numerous different types of myeloid malignancies.
Finite Element Methods for Elasticity with Error‐controlled Discretization and Model Adaptivity
Authors: Stein Erwin , Rüter Marcus 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe essential topics of the finite element method (FEM) for linear and finite elastic deformations of solids are presented in this chapter from both the mechanical and mathematical points of view.As a starting point, the nonlinear and linearized theory of elasticity are derived in a rigorous way, followed by the classical variational principles of elasticity, which are the basis for the FEM in its various forms. More precisely, the discrete variational approach of the (one‐field) Dirichlet minimization principle of the total potential energy is presented, followed by concise representations of the (two‐field) Hellinger–Reissner stationary dual‐mixed principle and the (three‐field) Hu–Washizu stationary mixed principle, including the main features of the associated FEMs.The main objective of this chapter is the systematic treatment of error estimation procedures and adaptivity for the linearized and finite elasticity problem covering both global and goal‐oriented a posteriori error estimators. The three basic classes, that is, residual‐, hierarchical‐, and averaging‐type error estimators are presented and applied to a fracture mechanics problem as an example.A further challenging topic is the combination of error‐controlled adaptive finite element solutions with hierarchical model and dimension adaptivity of the underlying mathematical model, especially for thin‐walled structures where model expansion is necessary in subdomains with boundary layers and other disturbances.
Advanced dental maturation in New Zealand Maori and Pacific Island children
Authors: Te Moananui Raymond , Kieser Jules A. , Herbison Peter , Liversidge Helen M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis study employs Demirjian's (1994: CD Rom. Norwood, MA: Silver Platter Education) method for assessing dental maturation to compare the rates of development in children of three ethnic populations living in New Zealand—Maori, Pacific Island, and European. We test the hypothesis that Maori and Pacific Island children will have significantly advanced dental maturation compared with New Zealand children of European extraction. The study population consists of orthopantomographs of 1,343 children (623 females and 660 males) between the ages of 2.5 and 14 years, and involves three ethnic groups—Maori, European, and Pacific Islander. Bland/Altman plots for the mean chronological age against the age difference suggest that dental age as determined by the Demirjian method is consistently lower than the chronological age of the children examined. A mixed model regression analysis shows that this difference between dental and chronological age is significantly greater in Maori than in European children (regression coefficient = 0.414; z = 7.01; P < 0.001) and also significantly greater in Pacific Island children than European children (regression coefficient = 0.574; z = 6.25; P < 0.001). Regression analysis shows that the 50th quantile maturity score of boys and girls differs by 1.49 (t = −6.18, P < 0.01) and the interaction of sex and age is also significantly different (t = −2.44, P < 0.01). Similarly, Maori girls show a difference in maturity score of 1.28 (t = −3.77, P < 0.01). However, the slopes for Maori boys and girls did not differ significantly (age/sex interaction, t = −1.25, P = 0.212). We conclude that Pacific Island children are advanced in dental maturity compared with Maori children who in turn are more advanced than New Zealand children of European origin. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the study of the interaction between PVC and plasticizers: PVC/plasticizer compatibility
Authors: González N. , Fernández‐Berridi M. J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe interactions between Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and Plasticizers, responsible for polymer plasticization, can be detected by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The interaction capacity between the two components depends on plasticizer chemical nature, PVC stereoregularity, and plasticizer content. In the case of ternary systems, consisting in PVC and two different plasticizers, their interaction with PVC depends essentially on their chemical nature. In this work, FTIR spectroscopy is applied to determine the effect of the cited factors on the compatibility between plasticizer and resin. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and mesomorphic properties of cholesteric elastomers based on chiral mesogenic crosslinking agent
Authors: Hu Jian‐She , Li Hao , Liu Cong , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Li Yan‐Xiang 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSix chiral monomers (M1−M6), and their corresponding polymers (P1, P4) and elastomers (P2, P3, P5, P6) derived from chiral mesogenic crosslinking agent were synthesized. The chemical structures of M1−M6 were confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The structure‐property relationships of M1−M6 and P1−P6 were discussed. Their mesomorphic properties and phase behavior were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) measurements. All monomers obtained, except M2 and M5, showed typical oily streaks texture and focal conic texture of cholesteric phase on heating and cooling cycles. The selective reflection of cholesteric monomers and elastomers shifted to the short wavelength region with increasing temperature. The elastomers P2 and P5 did not reveal the mesomorphic properties, and P3 and P6 showed cholesteric phase. TGA showed that P1−P6 had a high thermal stability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Mechanical and gas permeation properties of compatibilized polypropylene–layered silicate nanocomposites
Authors: Mittal Vikas 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNanocomposites of polypropylene with montmorillonite modified with dimethyldioctadecylammonium ions were prepared and the effect of compatibilizers on the mechanical and permeation properties was investigated. Compatibilizers were selected on the basis of their chemical nature, molecular weight, amount of grafting and location of the polar groups. Addition of small amount of compatibilizers led to improvements in the basal spacings of clay platelets indicating enhanced exfoliation. The modulus of the composites increased as compared with the values without compatibilizer. The oxygen permeation through the composite films either increased or remained unaffected due to possible interfacial free volume enhancement owing to the incompatibility of the surface modification and the compatibilizer. Increasing the amount of compatibilizer also increased correspondingly the extent of exfoliation. The modulus reached a plateau value after which the increasing compatibilizer led to its decrease. The gas permeation through the composite films remained unchanged with increase in the amount of compatibilizer owing to a possible balance between the decrease in permeation due to path tortuity and exfoliation and increase in permeation due to interfacial incompatibility. The improving exfoliation improved the yield and break stress indicating that the absence of tactoids can hinder the premature failure owing to better stress transfer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Dimethylsilylbis(1‐indenyl) zirconium dichloride/methylaluminoxane catalyst supported on nanosized silica for propylene polymerization
Authors: Li Kuo‐Tseng , Ko Fu‐Sheng 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA dimethylsilylene‐bridged metallocene complex, (CH3)2Si(Ind)2ZrCl2, was supported on a nanosized silica particle, whose surface area was mostly external. The resulting catalyst was used to catalyze the polymerization of propylene to polypropylene. Under identical reaction conditions, a nanosized catalyst exhibited much better polymerization activity than a microsized catalyst. At the optimum polymerization temperature of 55°C, the former had 80% higher activity than the latter. In addition, the nanosized catalyst produced a polymer with a greater molecular weight, a narrower molecular weight distribution, and a higher melting point in comparison with the microsized catalyst. The nanosized catalyst's superiority was ascribed to the higher monomer concentration at its external active sites (which were free from internal diffusion resistance) and was also attributed to its much larger surface area. Electron microscopy results showed that the nanosized catalyst produced polymer particles of similar sizes and shapes, indicating that each nanosized catalyst particle had uniform polymerization activity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Some aspects of the mechanical response of BMI 5250‐4 neat resin at 191°C: Experiment and modeling
Authors: Ruggles‐Wrenn M. B. , Balaconis J. G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe inelastic deformation behavior of BMI‐5250‐4 neat resin, a high‐temperature polymer, was investigated at 191°C. The effects of loading rate on monotonic stress–strain behavior as well as the effect of prior stress rate on creep behavior were explored. Positive nonlinear rate sensitivity was observed in monotonic loading. Creep response was found to be significantly influenced by prior stress rate. Effect of loading history on creep was studied in stepwise creep tests, where specimens were subjected to a constant stress rate loading followed by unloading to zero stress with intermittent creep periods during both loading and unloading. The strain‐time behavior was strongly influenced by prior deformation history. Negative creep was observed on the unloading path. In addition, the behavior of the material was characterized in terms of a nonlinear viscoelastic model by means of creep and recovery tests at 191°C. The model was employed to predict the response of the material under monotonic loading/unloading and multi‐step load histories. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Elastic properties of cast films from propylene elastomers
Authors: Tsou Andy H. , Lyon Michael K. , Chapman Bryan R. , Datta Sudhin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPropylene‐rich ethylene–propylene copolymers (P‐E elastomers) made using metallocene catalysts exhibit excellent elastic properties, including high elongation to break and low tension set, particularly when blended with polyethylene or polypropylene and then compression molded. During film casting, the orientation imposed on a P‐E elastomer lowers the extensibility and elastic recovery of films prepared from either neat P‐E or P‐E blends. A reduction in elongation to break of P‐E films, with or without blending, was found to correlate with an increase in planar birefringence. The presence of dispersed phases of PP or high density polyethylene in P‐E blends, which are drawn into elongated ellipsoids aligned in the machine direction, further reduces the recovery of these P‐E blends. This reduction in elastic recovery for films made from P‐E blends with aligned ellipsoidal dispersions was attributed to strain amplification around the dispersed particles in accordance with finite element simulation results, and was directly related to the dispersion tip radius. Films from P‐E elastomer blended with high density polyethylene (high interfacial tension) were demonstrated to have lower planar orientation in addition to reduced dispersion deformation, and, therefore, better elastic properties, versus films in which the P‐E elastomer was blended with PP (low interfacial tension). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Hyperbranched polyesters with internal and exo‐presented hydrogen‐bond acidic sensor groups for surface acoustic wave sensors
Authors: Hartmann‐Thompson Claire , Keeley Douglas L. , Voit Brigitte , Eichhorn Klaus‐J. , Mikhaylova Yulia 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThree hyperbranched aromatic polyesters carrying both internal and exo‐presented hydrogen‐bond acidic phenol, carboxylic acid, or mixed phenol/acetoxy groups were coated onto 500 MHz surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor platforms, and sensor responses to the nerve agent simulant dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and the explosives simulant dinitrotoluene (DNT) were studied. All three hyperbranched polyesters gave strong responses to DMMP, and the hyperbranched polyester carrying carboxylic acid groups gave a particularly strong response. The hyperbranched polyester carrying phenol groups gave the best response to DNT of the three polymers studied. The DMMP and DNT responses of the three hyperbranched polyesters were also compared with hyperbranched SAW sensor polymers carrying exo‐presented phenolic sensor groups only, and also with linear SAW sensor polymers carrying phenolic sensor groups. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Reconstruction and Morphometric Analysis of the Nasal Airway of the Dog (Canis familiaris) and Implications Regarding Olfactory Airflow
Authors: Craven Brent A. , Neuberger Thomas , Paterson Eric G. , Webb Andrew G. , Josephson Eleanor M. , Morrison Edward E. , Settles Gary S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe canine nasal airway is an impressively complex anatomical structure, having many functional roles. The complicated branching and intricate scrollwork of the nasal conchae provide large surface area for heat, moisture, and odorant transfer. Of the previous anatomical studies of the canine nasal airway, none have included a detailed rendering of the maxilloturbinate and ethmoidal regions of the nose. Here, we present a high‐resolution view of the nasal airway of a large dog, using magnetic resonance imaging scans. Representative airway sections are shown, and a three‐dimensional surface model of the airway is reconstructed from the image data. The resulting anatomic structure and detailed morphometric data of the airway provide insight into the functional nature of canine olfaction. A complex airway network is revealed, wherein the branched maxilloturbinate and ethmoturbinate scrolls appear structurally distinct. This is quantitatively confirmed by considering the fractal dimension of each airway, which shows that the maxilloturbinate airways are more highly contorted than the ethmoidal airways. Furthermore, surface areas of the maxilloturbinate and ethmoidal airways are shown to be much different, despite having analogous physiological functions. Functionally, the dorsal meatus of the canine nasal airway is shown to be a bypass for odorant‐bearing inspired air around the complicated maxilloturbinate during sniffing for olfaction. Finally, nondimensional analysis is used to show that the airflow within both the maxilloturbinate and ethmoturbinate regions must be laminar. This work has direct relevance to biomimetic sniffer design, chemical trace detector development, intranasal drug delivery, and inhalation toxicology. Anat Rec, 290:1325–1340, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light Microscopic and Ultrastructural Observations on the Vomeronasal Organ of Anoura (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
Authors: Bhatnagar Kunwar P. , Smith Timothy D. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe vomeronasal organ (VNO) is known to be present in bats of the family Phyllostomidae, but in most species this is inferred from the presence of accessory olfactory bulbs. Like primates, bats have profound intergroup variations in the vomeronasal system. Of the family Phyllostomidae (49 genera, 143 species) the VNO of approximately 60 species has been studied. Here, we report light microscopic observations of the VNO of Anoura geoffroyi (fetus and adult), A. caudifer, and A. cultrata, as well as ultrastructural observations of the VNO in adult A. geoffroyi. The organ is crescent‐shaped, with a wide lumen encroached by a “mushroom body” that contains a venous sinus. In adults, the vomeronasal cartilage is reduced, being longer in absolute length in fetal A. geoffroyi compared with the adult. In the neuroepithelium, the receptor cell microvilli are dark, distinct, and short, emerging from a vesicular tuft; the supporting cell microvilli are relatively much longer. Large paravomeronasal ganglia are observed. The receptor‐free epithelium is undulating and lacks cilia or microvilli. Some characteristics of the VNO in Anoura have not been reported in other chiropterans to date, such as the marked reduction of the vomeronasal cartilage and absence of cilia in the receptor‐free epithelium. Moreover, if A. geoffroyi is representative, the genus has an adult neuroepithelial volume similar to other mammals of its body size. Further examination of uninvestigated phyllostomid VNOs may elucidate a phylogenetic history of the family, as well as ecological or social correlates of the VNO in the order Chiroptera. Anat Rec 290:1341–1354, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Statistical Analysis of the Angle of Intrusion of Porcine Ventricular Myocytes from Epicardium to Endocardium Using Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Schmid Peter , Lunkenheimer Paul P. , Redmann Klaus , Rothaus Kai , Jiang Xiaoyi , Cryer Colin W. , Jaermann Thomas , Niederer Peter , Boesiger Peter , Anderson Robert H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPairs of cylindrical knives were used to punch semicircular slices from the left basal, sub‐basal, equatorial, and apical ventricular wall of porcine hearts. The sections extended from the epicardium to the endocardium. Their semicircular shape compensated for the depth‐related changing orientation of the myocytes relative to the equatorial plane. The slices were analyzed by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. The primary eigenvector of the diffusion tensor was determined in each pixel to calculate the number and angle of intrusion of the long axis of the aggregated myocytes relative to the epicardial surface. Arrays of axially sectioned aggregates were found in which 53% of the approximately two million segments evaluated intruded up to ±15°, 40% exhibited an angle of intrusion between ±15° and ±45°, and 7% exceeded an angle of ±45°, the positive sign thereby denoting an epi‐ to endocardial spiral in clockwise direction seen from the apex, while a negative sign denotes an anticlockwise spiral from the epicardium to the endocardium. In the basal and apical slices, the greater number of segments intruded in positive direction, while in the sub‐basal and equatorial slices, negative angles of intrusion prevailed. The sampling of the primary eigenvectors was insensitive to postmortem decomposition of the tissue. In a previous histological study, we also documented the presence of large numbers of myocytes aggregated with their long axis intruding obliquely from the epicardial to the endocardial ventricular surfaces. We used magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging in this study to provide a comprehensive statistical analysis. Anat Rec, 290:1413–1423, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relevance: A review of the literature and a framework for thinking on the notion in information science. Part II: nature and manifestations of relevance
Authors: Saracevic Tefko 
Published: October 2007

AbstractRelevant: Having significant and demonstrable bearing on the matter at hand.*A version of this article has been published in 2006 as a chapter in E.G. Abels & D.A. Nitecki (Eds.), Advances in Librarianship (Vol. 30, pp. 3–71). San Diego: Academic Press. (Saracevic, 2006).
Relevance: The ability as of an information retrieval system to retrieve material that satisfies the needs of the user.—Merriam‐Webster Dictionary 2005Relevance is a, if not even the, key notion in information science in general and information retrieval in particular. This two‐part critical review traces and synthesizes the scholarship on relevance over the past 30 years and provides an updated framework within which the still widely dissonant ideas and works about relevance might be interpreted and related. It is a continuation and update of a similar review that appeared in 1975 under the same title, considered here as being Part I. The present review is organized into two parts: Part II addresses the questions related to nature and manifestations of relevance, and Part III addresses questions related to relevance behavior and effects. In Part II, the nature of relevance is discussed in terms of meaning ascribed to relevance, theories used or proposed, and models that have been developed. The manifestations of relevance are classified as to several kinds of relevance that form an interdependent system of relevances. In Part III, relevance behavior and effects are synthesized using experimental and observational works that incorporate data. In both parts, each section concludes with a summary that in effect provides an interpretation and synthesis of contemporary thinking on the topic treated or suggests hypotheses for future research. Analyses of some of the major trends that shape relevance work are offered in conclusions.
Knowledge sharing in online environments: A qualitative case study
Authors: Hew Khe Foon , Hara Noriko 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis study expands the perspective of knowledge sharing by categorizing the different types of knowledge that individuals shared with one another and examining the patterns of motivators and barriers of knowledge sharing across three online environments pertaining to the following professional practices—advanced nursing practice, Web development, and literacy education. The patterns indicate the different possible combinations of motivators or barriers that may exist in individuals. Data were gathered through online observations and semistructured interviews with 54 participants. The cross‐case analysis shows that the most common type of knowledge shared across all three environments was practical knowledge. Overall, seven motivators were found. Analysis also suggests that the most common combination of motivators for knowledge sharing was collectivism and reciprocity. A total of eight barriers were identified. The most common combination of barriers varied in each online environment. Discussions as to how the types of professional practices may contribute to the different results are provided, along with implications and future possible research directions.