bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nachhaltigkeit im Wald – vor und hinter der Welle der Globalisierung | Sustainable Forest Management – In Front and Behind the Wave of Globalization
Authors: Küchli Christian 
Published: April 2007

Are there any common patterns in the transition processes from traditional and more or less sustainable forest management to exploitative use, which can regularly be observed both in central Europe and in the countries of the South (e.g. India or Indonesia)? Attempts were made with a time-space-model to typify those force fields, in which traditional sustainable forest management is undermined and is then transformed into a modern type of sustainable forest management.
Although it is unlikely that the history of the North will become the future of the South, the glimpse into the northern past offers a useful starting point for the understanding of the current situation in the South, which in turn could stimulate the debate on development. For instance, the patterns which stand behind the conflicts on forest use in the Himalayas are very similar to the conflicts in the Alps. In the same way, the impact of socio-economic changes on the environment – key word ‹globalisation› – is often much the same. To recognize comparable patterns can be very valuable because it can act as a stimulant for the search of political, legal and technical solutions adapted to a specific situation.
For the global community the realization of the way political-economic alliances work at the head of the ‹globalisationwave›can only signify to carry on trying to find a common language and understanding at the negotiation tables. On the lee side of the destructive breaker it is necessary to conserve and care for what survived. As it was the case in Switzerland these forest islands could once become the germination points for the genesis of a cultural landscape, where close-to-nature managed forests will constitute an essential element.
Wo entsteht Nachhaltigkeit? Ein Blick in die internationale Forstpolitik der Schweiz | Where is Sustainability Developed? Elements of Switzerland’s International Forest Policy
Authors: Brantschen Evelyn Coleman 
Published: April 2007

Bilateral development co-operation projects in forestry have been continuously enlarging their field of action to encompass national policies for forestry and other relevant sectors, with the aim of taking better account of the situation in the country in question. At the same time, international (multilateral)political processes are attempting to create favourable conditions for countries to implement a sustainable forest management. In both cases, the national level is decisive, showing the potential of national forest programmes.
By following the steps that led to development co-operation as it is today, the author derives elements of an international forest policy for Switzerland and views its actual engagement.
Das Förderprogramm Holz 2001 bis 2003 | The Timber Promotional Programme 2001–2003
Authors: Starck Christoph 
Published: April 2007

From 2001 to 2003 the Confederation plans to carry out a timber promotional programme, in collaboration with the forest and timber industry. The most important goal of this programme will be to increase the use of wood, a native, regenerating resource. One aim will be to use advertising to promote the market demand for timber products. Another will be to increase the competitiveness of the timber production chain. To achieve its objectives, the programme will be divided into five subject modules, the central ones being communication and the market presence of the industry. To support these areas, resource use will be optimised and entrepreneurial performance promoted. In parallel, technological advances will be promoted. The programme's content will be established during the initial phase of the programme. This process marks the starting point of the programme.
The promotional programme will be officially launched in spring 2001, and will be linked to a major forest and timber industry event.
Vom Kleinen zum Grossen in der langfristigen Walddynamik: Die Bedeutung verschiedener Massstabsebenen | Moving from the small to large in longterm forest dynamics: the importance of scaling issues
Authors: Bugmann Harald 
Published: April 2007

The dynamics of forest ecosystems span very large ranges of time and space, from milliseconds to millennia and from square millimeters to the entire globe. Experiments and observations,however, are typically performed on small patches of land and for relatively short time spans. Thus, the problem arises as to how forest science can answer questions related to the development of forests under the impacts of changes in the socio-economic, political, physical and chemical environment in the 21st century.
The concept of scale and the transition between different scales, so-called scaling, are introduced, and methods for the scaling of ecological information are discussed. Scaling questions can be answered by direct observation or experimentation,but such studies tend to be very expensive because they be performed over long periods of time and on several spatial scales. As an alternative, mathematical models that are based on hierarchy theory can be used to address scaling issues. Three examples are used to illustrate how ecological information can be scaled from small areas and short times to larger areas and long periods. Problems arising with hierarchy theory are also addressed.
Dauerhaftigkeit von Holz – Umweltbezogene Optimierung des Holzschutzes (Cost Action E22) | Durability of wood – environmentally-friendly optimisation of wood protection (Cost Action E22)
Authors: Graf Erwin 
Published: April 2007

Cost Action E22 intends to optimise the wood protection taking into account the environmental compatibility. Apart from Switzerland, 19 countries have signed the Memorandum of Understanding. In an action plan set up by the Management Committee the aims of the three working groups are defined regarding durability of wood products and protection measures,their interaction with the environment and the possibilities for new developments shown. Open questions on basic methods and guidelines will be addressed in seminars and workshops. This action is very important for promoting quality improvement and use of wood to facilitate the wood trade within Europe and the conversion of European guidelines into national law.
Swiss scientists have the opportunity to participate in the different meetings, to report their experience, to visit a partner institute for a short time and to build up networks for future European research projects. The action plan runs until the end of 2003.
Conservation des forêts et développement territorial | Forest conservation and spatial development
Authors: Rumley Pierre-Alain 
Published: April 2007

We open the discussion by ascertaining the importance of the forest for spatial development, in so far as it currently covers 31% of the area of Switzerland, a percentage that is even increasing.
The treatment of the forest from a historical planning perspective is touched on. The forest, as an element, was not given much consideration until the end of the 1980s. One could say that this phase of «benevolent ignorance» was subsequently followed by a phase characterised by co-ordination and integration– a development, which is still unfolding. That this development became possible can be explained primarily by the setting of the political agenda and article 18, paragraph 3 RPG, which led to the forestry law of 1991 and its enactment in 1992.
The article closes with a conjuring-up of the contents of a possible future forestry policy for Switzerland. In the opinion of the author, a total revision of existing policies is unnecessary. Nevertheless, some planning seems desirable, and it might be appropriate to address more profoundly two essential questions,which still lack a satisfactory answer:• Is the area covered by forest in Switzerland today too much,too little, or just right?• Are the forests in the right place?
An adaptive tracking problem for a family of retarded time‐delay plants
Authors: Momeni Ahmadreza , Aghdam Amir G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMost of the existing switching control techniques are developed specifically for finite‐dimensional linear time‐invariant (LTI) systems. In many practical applications, however, it is essential to take time delay into consideration in the modelling as the control system can be highly sensitive to delay. In this paper, a multi‐model switching control algorithm is proposed for retarded time‐delay systems. It is assumed that the plant is represented by a family of known multi‐input multi‐output, observable, LTI models with multiple delays in the states, and that corresponding to each model in the known family, there exists a high‐performance finite‐dimensional LTI controller. In addition, it is supposed that a bound on the magnitude of the external inputs and disturbances is available. It is then shown that the proposed switching controller can stabilize the uncertain system, and that under some mild conditions, output tracking can be achieved in the given problem setting. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and polyelectrolyte behavior of poly(methacrylic acid) star polymers
Authors: Furukawa Taiichi , Uchida Satoshi , Ishizu Koji 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPoly(tert‐butyl methacrylate) [P(tBMA)] star polymers were synthesized by copolymerization of p(tBMA) macroinitiator with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate via atom transfer radical polymerization method. P(tBMA) stars had a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.06–1.15). The ratio of radius of gyration to hydrodynamic radius RG/RH, which indicates inner segment density, was in the range 1.16–1.22 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) (arm number f = 25–142). These stars behaved not as hard spheres but as soft spheres in THF. Poly(methacrylic acid) stars were obtained by the hydrolysis of P(tBMA) arms. We investigated the conformation of star polyelectrolyte as a function of pH and ionic strength by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS). The hydrodynamic diameter increased gradually from 18.8 to 48.3 nm as a function of the solution pH. In addition, we compared experimental results with theoretical models for star polyelectrolytes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
A novel synthesis of reactive nano‐clay polyurethane and its physical and dyeing properties
Authors: Wang Huei‐Hsiung , Chen Ko‐Vin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study is about polyurea prepolymer, which was synthesized from the extender (N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, HEDA or ethylene diamine, EDA) with 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), as an intercalative agent to intercalate the organic modified montmorillonite clay. Then, it is further reacted with the polyurethane prepolymer, which is polymerized from the polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG) and MDI, to proceed the intercalative polymerization to form a polyurethane/clay nanocomposite polymer. The experimental parameters contain the use of polyurea intercalative prepolymer extender and also the contents of organo‐clay in the prepolymer etc. We expect to get better mechanical property and also to improve the dyeing properties of nano‐clay polyurethane. The polyurethane/clay polymer is synthesized using two‐step method: synthesizing the polyurethane prepolymer from PTMG and MDI and then extended with the polyurea prepolymer modified with the organo‐clay. Because the extender HEDA contains side chain of hydroxyl groups, the modified PU can further react with the reactive dye. From the experimental results of the fine structure (X‐ray and FT‐IR) and mechanical analysis, it is found that the intercalation is successfully achieved. Thedistance of interlayer spacing is manifestly enlarged. The mechanical properties are significantly improved as the content of organo‐clay is increased. Besides, although thedye up‐take is decreased with the increasing content oforgano‐clay, but the water‐resistant fastness is improved. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Dissolution and wet spinning of silk fibroin using phosphoric acid/formic acid mixture solvent system
Authors: Ki Chang Seok , Lee Ki Hoon , Baek Doo Hyun , Hattori Masahiro , Um In Chul , Ihm Dae Woo , Park Young Hwan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRegenerated silk fibroin (SF) filaments could be prepared by wet spinning in common solvent/coagulation system. SF was directly dissolved in mixture solvent of phosphoric acid and formic acid (20/80–30/70 ratio) and coagulated in methanol bath. The concentration and stability of SF dope solution have been studied by varying the mixture ratios of these solvents in accordance with elucidating the role of formic acid in the mixture solvent system. Morphological structure as well as crystalline structure of the regenerated filament was examined using SEM and XRD analyses. As a result of tensile test, the regenerated SF filament, which was made by one‐step dissolution and coagulation process, had good mechanical properties, 2.3 gf/d tenacity and 18% breaking strain. In this study, a simple wet spinning method which enables to apply to practical production has been reported for the preparation of the regenerated SF filament. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and properties of PSF/PTMEG copolyurethanes
Authors: Sun Gang , Liu Yu , Lv Hong , Zhu Na , Hu Keao 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA series of polysulfide (PSF)/polyoxytetramethylene glycol (PTMEG) copolyurethanes have been synthesized, which were based on isophorone diisocyanate‐terminated liquid PSF, 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate‐terminated PTMEG, and 2,5‐diamino‐3,6‐dimethylmercaptotoluene (Ethacure‐300). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra have established the formation of PSF polyurea and PSF/PTMEG copolyurethanes. The properties were investigated by DMA, stress–strain, and hardness analysis. Those results showed that the miscibility of the copolyurethane increases with the increase of PSF polyurea content. With the increase in PTMEG polyurethane content, the tensile strength and elongation increase, whereas the Shore A hardness decreases. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis of diblock copolymers comprising poly(2‐vinylpyridine‐co‐acrylonitrile) and polystyrene blocks by nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization
Authors: Lokaj J. , Poláková L. , Holler P. , Starovoytova L. , Štěpánek P. , Diat O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNitroxide‐mediated radical copolymerization of 2‐vinylpyridine (2VP) with acrylonitrile (AN) at various mole fractions of 2VP in the feed at 125°C was studied. An alkoxyamine containing the diethoxyphosphoryl group (MAMA‐SG1) or a two‐component system of 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) or dibenzoyl peroxide in combination with nitroxyl radicals TEMPO were used for the initiation; in addition, spontaneous thermal radical copolymerization of both the comonomers was performed in the presence of a nitroxide. The obtained nitroxide‐terminated 2VP‐AN copolymers showed a low polydispersity (Mw/Mn ∼ 1.2). They initiated polymerization of styrene (S) giving poly(2VP‐co‐AN)‐block‐polyS diblock copolymers; however, in dependence on the used macroinitiator, the resulting products might be markedly contaminated with inactive polymer chains. On the other hand, the 2VP‐AN copolymerization, which was initiated at 125°C with a TEMPO‐terminated polyS, proved to be an efficient synthetic route for the preparation of diblock copolymers comprising blocks of polyS and poly(2VP‐co‐AN). The synthesized copolymers were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and size‐exclusion chromatography. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Preparation of a heterogeneous hollow‐fiber affinity membrane modified with a mercapto chelating resin
Authors: Wang Bing , Huang Lei , Xiao Feng , Liu Wei , Jiang Xipeng 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA high‐quality, heterogeneous hollow‐fiber affinity membranes modified with mercapto was prepared through phase separation with blends of a chelating resin and polysulfone as membrane materials, poly(ethylene glycol) as an additive, N,N‐dimethylacetamide as a solvent, and water as an extraction solvent. The effects of the blending ratio and chelating resin grain size on the structure of the hollow‐fiber affinity membrane were studied. The effects of the composition of the spin‐cast solution and process parameters of dry–wet spinning on the structure of the heterogeneous hollow‐fiber affinity membrane were investigated. The pore size, porosity, and water flux of the hollow‐fiber affinity membrane all decreased with an increase in the additive content, bore liquid, and dry‐spinning distance. With an increase in the extrusion volume outflow, the external diameter, wall thickness, and porosity of the hollow‐fiber affinity membrane all increased, but the pore size and water flux of the hollow‐fiber affinity membrane decreased. It was also found that the effects of the internal coagulant composition and external coagulant composition on the structure of the heterogeneous hollow‐fiber affinity membrane were different. The experimental results showed that thermal drawing could increase the mechanical properties of the heterogeneous hollow‐fiber affinity membrane and decrease the pore size, porosity, and water flux of the heterogeneous hollow‐fiber affinity membrane, and the thermal treatment could increase the homogeneity and stability of the structure of the heterogeneous hollow‐fiber affinity membrane. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
The effect of silica nanoparticles on the thermomechanical properties of polystyrene
Authors: Kontou E. , Anthoulis G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA series of polystyrene (PS)/SiO2 nanocomposites were prepared. Silica nanoparticles with an average diameter of 16 nm were used, and treated with dimethyldichlorosilane, while their weight fraction varied from 4 up to 10%. The viscoelastic‐thermomechanical properties of the nanocomposites and their interrelation with the material's structure were studied with various experimental techniques. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile testing at three different temperatures were applied. The stress–strain curves at 85°C, where the material's viscoplastic response is manifested, were simulated through a plasticity model, developed in previous works. The 4% weight fraction was found to be the optimum one for the enhancement of the thermomechanical properties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and corrosion protection performance of polydiphenylamine
Authors: Sathiyanarayanan S. , Muthukrishnan S. , Venkatachari G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn recent years, the conducting polymers are used in organic coatings as a replacement of chromate based pigments. The effectiveness of polydiphenylamine (PDPA) in the vinyl coating towards the corrosion protection of steel in acidic environment has been found out. The polymer PDPA was synthesized by chemical oxidation of diphenylamine by ammoniumpersulfate in hydrochloric acid medium. The polymer was characterized by FTIR and XRD. The corrosion protection performance of the PDPA containing 0–5% in vinyl coating on steel in 0.1N HCl has been assessed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Coatings containing more than 3% PDPA are found to offer excellent corrosion protection of steel in acid media due to redox property of PDPA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Vestiges of vibrissal capsular muscles exist in the human upper lip
Authors: Tamatsu Yuichi , Tsukahara Kazue , Hotta Mitsuyuki , Shimada Kazuyuki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn nonhuman mammals, sinus hairs grow around the nostrils and serve for tactile sensation. The hair follicles of sinus hairs are rooted in vibrissal capsular muscles connected to the underlying, deeper orbicularis oris, thereby enabling the voluntary movement of sinus hairs. These vibrissal capsular muscles as well as the sinus hairs are believed to have been lost during human evolution, and no previous reports can be found on the existence of vestiges of sinus hairs in humans. Our study, however, has now verified the existence of vestigial muscles of vibrissae in the human upper lip. Using conventional histological techniques, microscopic observations were made on specimens obtained from the upper lips of human adult cadavers. In 35% of these individuals, several striated muscle fascicles diverging from the underlying orbicularis oris and reaching the hair follicles were observed. Histological findings of the vibrissal capsular muscle complex suggest that these fascicles are a vestigial remnant of the sinus hair muscle. Clin. Anat. 20:628–631, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiproliferative effects of some N‐benzylideneanilines
Authors: Özkay Yusuf , İncesu Zerrin , Işıkdağ İlhan , Yeşilkaya Mehmet 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA series of Schiff bases including N‐benzylideneaniline (NBA) nuclei were prepared. The chemical products obtained were characterized by mass spectometry (APCI), 1H NMR, and IR spectroscopy in order to seek their cytotoxic and proliferation effects on human small lung (A549) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines with biochemical assays. All of the synthesized compounds showed antiproliferative effects to different extents. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and Bonding in Cyclic Isomers of BAl2Hnm (n = 3—6, m = ‐2 to +1): Preference for Planar Tetracoordination, Pyramidal Tricoordination, and Divalency
Authors: Jemmis Eluvathingal D. , Parameswaran Pattiyil 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First‐Principles Calculations of the Structural and Electronic Properties of Cu3MN Compounds with M: Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, Ag, and Cd.
Authors: Moreno‐Armenta Ma. Guadalupe , Lopez Perez William , Takeuchi Noboru 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the New Ternary Nitrides: Ca4TiN4 and Ca5NbN5.
Authors: Hunting Janet L. , Szymanski Marta M. , Johnson Philip E. , Kellar C. Brenhin , DiSalvo Francis J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Na3F[WO4]: A Sodium Fluoride ortho‐Oxotungstate(VI) with Strands of Face‐Shared Fluoride‐Centred Sodium Octahedra According to ∞1{[FNa6/2]2+}.
Authors: Hartenbach Ingo , Schleid Thomas 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ionothermal Synthesis of β‐NH4AlF4 and the Determination by Single Crystal X‐Ray Diffraction of Its Room Temperature and Low Temperature Phases.
Authors: Parnham Emily R. , Slawin Alex M. Z. , Morris Russell E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rb2BaNb2Se11: A New Quaternary Niobium Polyselenide with Infinite Anionic Chains Composed of Nb2Se11 Building Block.
Authors: Wu Yuandong , Naether Christian , Bensch Wolfgang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.