bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
l‐Buthionine (S,R) Sulfoximine Depletes Hepatic Glutathione But Protects Against Ethanol‐Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Donohue Terrence M. , Curry‐McCoy Tiana V. , Todero Sandra L. , White Ronda L. , Kharbanda Kusum K. , Nanji Amin A. , Osna Natalia A. 
Published: April 2007

Background: l‐Buthionine (S,R) sulfoximine (BSO) is an inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis and has been used as an effective means of depleting glutathione from cells and tissues. Here we investigated whether treatment with BSO enhanced ethanol‐induced liver injury in mice.Methods: Female C57Bl/6 mice were pair fed with control and ethanol‐containing liquid diets in which ethanol was 29.2% of total calories. During the final 7 days of pair feeding, groups of control‐fed and ethanol‐fed mice were given 0, 5 or 7.6 mM BSO in the liquid diets.Results: Compared with controls, ethanol given alone decreased total liver glutathione. This effect was exacerbated in mice given ethanol with 7.6 mM BSO, causing a 72% decline in hepatic glutathione. While ethanol alone caused no decrease in mitochondrial glutathione, inclusion of 7.6 mM BSO caused a 2‐fold decline compared with untreated controls. l‐Buthionine (S,R) sulfoximine did not affect ethanol consumption, but serum ethanol levels in BSO‐treated mice were nearly 6‐fold lower than in mice given ethanol alone. The latter decline in serum ethanol was associated with a significant elevation in the specific activities of cytochrome P450 2E1 and alcohol dehydrogenase in livers of BSO‐treated animals. Ethanol consumption caused a 3.5‐fold elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase levels but the enzyme fell to control levels when BSO was included in the diet. l‐Buthionine (S,R) sulfoximine administration also attenuated ethanol‐induced steatosis, prevented the leakage of lysosomal cathepsins into the cytosol, and prevented the ethanol‐elicited decline in proteasome activity.Conclusions: l‐Buthionine (S,R) sulfoximine, administered with ethanol, significantly depleted hepatic glutathione, compared with controls. However, despite the decrease in hepatic antioxidant levels, liver injury by ethanol was alleviated, due, in part, to a BSO‐elicited acceleration of ethanol metabolism.
Long‐Term Ethanol Self‐Administration by the Nonhuman Primate,Macaca fascicularis, Decreases the Benzodiazepine Sensitivity of Amygdala GABAAReceptors
Authors: Anderson Nancy J. , Daunais James B. , Friedman David P. , Grant Kathleen A. , McCool Brian A. 
Published: April 2007

Background:Rodent models of chronic alcohol exposure are typically constrained to relatively short periods of forced ethanol due to the lifespan of these animals. Nonhuman primate models, particularly those employing long‐term self‐administration, are conceptually more similar to human alcoholic individuals.Methods:We performed whole‐cell patch clamp recordings on acutely dissociated amygdala neurons isolated from cynomolgus macaque coronal temporal lobe slices. Slices were prepared from control monkeys or monkeys allowed to self‐administer oral ethanol for 18 months. Flunitrazepam and acute ethanol modulation of currents gated by exogenousγ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) application was assessed in these isolated neurons. Complementary experiments were performed on amygdala total RNA using quantitative real‐time reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction to understand potential ethanol‐dependent adaptations to subunit composition.Results:γ‐Aminobutyric acid‐gated currents from ethanol‐exposed macaque amygdala neurons exhibited reduced modulation by flunitrazepam compared with control neurons. However, this was specific for benzodiazepines as the modest inhibition of GABA‐gated currents by acute ethanol was not affected by the chronic ethanol consumption. We also measured mRNA expression levels for theβ,γ, andδsubunits in total amygdala RNA isolated from control and ethanol‐drinking animals.β1andγ2expression was significantly reduced in samples from ethanol‐exposed amygdala.Conclusions:Our findings demonstrate that chronic ethanol self‐administration reduces the benzodiazepine sensitivity of amygdala GABAAreceptors. This reduced sensitivity may be the result of decreased expression of an amygdalaγsubunit. These findings suggest that, while rodent and nonhuman primate models of chronic ethanol exposure share many characteristics, the specific molecular adaptations associated with the amygdala GABAergic system may not be identical.
REVIEW OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES
Authors: Russell A. L 
Published: April 2007

Yahres, Herbert. Your teethhow to save them.Sandler, H. C., and Struscer, Harry. Studies in public health dentistry: dental treatment needs of 3,282 children aged 2 to 16 years, in New York City.American Dental Association. Compulsory health insurance is not the answer.Wisan, J. M. and Gruebbel, A. O. Dental health habits: a questionnaire survey.Entine, Martin. A survey of dental diseases as a diagnostic aid in rheumatic fever.Lawrence, J. D. American dentistry.Scott, D. B., Kaplan, Harry and Wyckoff, R.W.G. Replica studies of changes in tooth surface with age.Fosdick, L. W., and Ludwick, W. E. Ammonia content of dental plaque in relation to dental caries.Engel, M. B. Glycogen and carbohydrate‐protein complex in developing teeth of the rat.Becks, Hermann, and Jensen, A. Dental caries prevention service.Dretsen, Samuel, Green, H. I., Carson, Bess C., and Speis, T. D. The in vitro production of a “yellow‐brown melanin‐like pigment” in organic matrix of noncarious human tooth crowns by methylgiyoxal (pyruvic aldehyde) and acetol (acetyl carbinol).
Projecting Shortages and Surpluses of Dentists From Availarle Data
Authors: Beck James D. , McGill James T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe usefulness of manpower projections are reviewed and methodologies for projecting are reviewed.Estimates of current (1975) and projected (1990) surpluses and deficits of dentists are presented for Illinois. The model used to derive these estimates has the following characteristics.1. Only generally available data are used.2. Mortality rates of dentists, production and retention of new dentists, dental productivity by age, and inmigration of dentists are all accounted for.3. It is assumed that the distribution of new dentists in the future will be similar to the distribution of currently practicing dentists.4. The assumptions regarding the demand variables of dental productivity and patient visits per person per year can be varied according to the specific situation.
In Vitro Treatment of Human Root Surfaces With Fluorides
Authors: Shannon I. L. , Buchanan W. E. , Mahan C. J. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryTwo‐minute topical applications with four different fluoride compounds, acidulated phosphate fluoride, sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophospate and stannous fluoride, were evaluated for ability to reduce the acide solubility of human root surfaces in vitro. Each fluoride was in aqueous solution with the fluoride level adjusted to 1.23 percent and the pH native. Rectangular windows were prepared on root surfaces and control versus test differences were invariably studied within teeth and not between teeth.Sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate solutions reduced root surface solubility by approximately 30 percent while acidulated phosphate fluoride and stannous fluoride were more than 2.5 times more effective, the solubility reduction exceeding 80 percent.Root surfaces thus are similar to enamel in their reactions to topically applied fluorides. Based upon these results the clinician should choose between acidulated phosphate fluoride and stannous fluoride when making the choice of a single treatment compound for office application.
Caries Patterns in Head Start Children in a Fluoridated Community*
Authors: Johnsen David C. , Schultz Diane W. , Schubot David B. , Easley Michael W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAssessment of caries experience based on the person rather than on the tooth opens the possibility for qualitative descriptions of caries in a population, as well as for the study of specific factors associated with different caries experiences. The study of a Head Start population in adjacent fluoridated communities was divided into two parts.It was the purpose of part one of the study to determine the prevalence of specific caries patterns (presumably associated with different etiologies). Of the children, 39 percent were caries‐free; 32 percent had carious lesions only in pit‐and‐fissure defects of molars; 6.5 percent had carious lesions in hypoplastic defects; 11 percent had facial‐lingual lesions, compatible with “nursing caries”; and 11.5 percent had approximal lesions of molars; no child in the study had rampant caries.The second part compared specific lifestyle variables with specific caries patterns. Statistically significant differences or trends were found between caries‐free children and those with smooth‐surface lesions for mother's educational level, time spent with grandparents, mother's perceived primary reason for cavities, and mother's tendency to permit the child to eat sweets without restriction. No significant differences or trends were found for lifestyle variables between caries‐free children and those having lesions associated only with tooth defects.
Is It Time for CONFER, a Computer‐Based Conference for Dental Public Health?
Authors: Eklund Stephen A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe usual methods of information exchange within a specialty, such as journals and newsletters, have deficiencies in terms of speed. Adjuncts to them such as the telephone, traditional correspondence, and meetings have other problems with coverage and cost. Advances in computing and telecommunications provide an additional medium for group communication that can be a complement to the strengths of the other media. By using a computer‐based conference, a geographically dispersed group can have an efficient and orderly exchange of information and ideas in a way that makes it easy for all members of the group to participate without the usual time or place requirements. Use of such a facility by those in the specialty of dental public health could provide an important focus for ideas, information, discussion, and group identity.
Prevalence of Nontraditional Dental Hygiene Practice
Authors: Cohen Leonard , LaBelle Ann , Singer Jacquelyn , Blandford Donald , Groeneman Sid 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThere is little knowledge of the number or the work characteristics of dental hygienists outside the private‐practice setting. This survey was conducted to determine the percentage of hygienists practicing in nontraditional (nonprivate‐practice) settings and the types of settings in which they are employed. Mail questionnaires were returned from a total of 21,847 (56.9%) of the hygienists in the survey sample. The percentage of active hygienists practicing in nontraditional settings was 11.8. Dental or dental hygiene schools, and government and nongovernment‐supported clinics were the most frequent nontraditional practice settings. State supervision requirements were found to be associated significantly with the prevalence of nontraditional hygiene practice.
The School‐Based Dental Care Systems of New Zealand and South Australia—a Decade of Change
Authors: Jones Rhys B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to review and update the highly successful school‐based dental care systems of the country of New Zealand and the state of South Australia. These school‐based systems have undergone changes in the past 10 years. The New Zealand Dental Service has greatly reduced the number of dental nurses in training. Declining birth rates, changes in disease patterns, revision of diagnostic criteria, and longer employment trends in women have all had an impact on the system. The South Australian School Dental Service has expanded rapidly in recent years to serve a high percentage of eligible South Australian children. This system also is responding to these factors with flexible programs to meet new trends. Both systems are examples of comprehensive programs of quality dental care that dissolve away SES utilization differences providing equal access to continuity of care for all children.
Dental Treatment and Demand for Services in a Veterans Administration Nursing Home Care Unit*
Authors: Benson Beth H. , Niessen Linda C. , Toga Carl J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPlanning the provision of dental care in nursing homes requires evaluation of both dental needs and demand for services. Dental treatment needs have been documented for residents of long‐term care facilities. This paper examines the actual dental care provided to institutionalized persons demanding care. Dental records of 144 patients at a Veterans Administration Nursing Home Care Unit (NHCU) were reviewed to evaluate needs and treatment demands. About 20 percent of the NHCU patients were currently receiving dental treatment; the remainder were on recall (closed cases). Of the total services needed, slightly over half were denture related services, about a quarter were oral surgical services, and 16 percent were operative procedures. Almost a third refused some or all of the proposed dental treatment; seven percent were unable to be examined or treated. No statistically significant difference was found between the age and the level of nursing home care needed for those receiving treatment and those refusing treatment. Once the backlog of need was met, this NHCU dental program consisted primarily of recall exams, and prosthetic and oral surgical treatment. The case mix and refusal rate may change, however, as future cohorts of elders retain more teeth and have experienced preventive dental services during their lifetimes.
Infectious and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Implications for Dental Public Health*
Authors: Silverman Sot 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has stimulated renewed attention toward infectious diseases and dental public health. Currently, AIDS is defined as individuals with Kaposi's sarcoma and/or pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and/or other life‐threatening opportunistic infections (e.g., specific forms of tuberculosis or meningitis, candidal esophagitis), and associated immu‐nosuppression that cannot be accounted for by another disease process and/or medications. As of January 1986, the AIDS epidemic has afflicted over 16,000 persons in the United States and has taken over 8,000 lives. All present indications point toward a much more extensive epidemic based on the lack of a vaccine and effective forms of treatment, the large number of carriers in the population, and variable modes of transmission.
Dental Hygienists in Nontraditional Settings: Practice and Patient Characteristics
Authors: Singer Jacquelyn L. , Cohen Leonard , LaBelle Ann 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe dental hygienist's role in the treatment of special populations in nontraditional settings is an important one. Little is known about the hygienist's practice characteristics in these settings, nor about the patients receiving care. To gain needed information, a representative sample of the entire population of licensed hygienists in the United States was screened (n = 38,380). This screening identified 1,205 hygienists practicing in nontraditional settings. These hygienists were sent comprehensive questionnaires examining practice and patient characteristics. Completed questionnaires were returned by 1,016 (84.3%) hygienists. This report describes reported hygiene practice characteristics; hygienist interactions with patients and providers; and patient characteristics, including age, medical/emotional/social conditions, and dental treatment needs. Major findings of respondents' reports reveal that: 1) approximately 90 percent of patients were in need of dental/dental hygiene services with approximately one in four requiring only dental hygiene services; 2) the dental hygienists perceived a high level of acceptance of their role by patients and providers; 3) the majority of patients treated were categorized as generally medically healthy (65.7%); and 4) the clinical practice of dental hygiene in nontraditional settings mirrors that of private practice.
A Cost Analysis Comparing Xeroradiography to Film Technics for Intraoral Radiography
Authors: Graft Barton M. , Sickles Edward A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn the United States during 1978 $730 million was spent on dental radiographic services. Currently there are three alternatives for the processing of intraoral radiographs: manual wet‐tanks, automatic film units, or xeroradiography. It was the intent of this study to determine which processing system is the most economical. Cost estimates were based on a usage rate of 750 patient images per month and included a calculation of the average cost per radiograph over a five‐year period. Capital costs included initial processing equipment and site preparation. Operational costs included labor, supplies, utilities, darkroom rental, and breakdown costs. Clinical time trials were employed to measure examination times. Maintenance logs were employed to assess labor costs. Indirect costs of training were estimated. Results indicated that xeroradiography was the most cost effective ($0.81 per image) compared to either automatic film processing ($1.14 per image) or manual processing ($1.35 per image). Variations in projected costs indicated that it a dental practice performs primarily complete‐mouth surveys, exposes less than 120 radiographs per month, and pays less than $6.50 per hour in wages, then manual (wet‐tank) processing is the most economical method for producing intraoral radiographs.
Bacteriologic and Nonbacteriologic Criteria for Identifying Individuals at High Risk of Developing Dental Caries: A Review
Authors: Vanderas Apostole P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA review of the literature on bacteriologic and non‐bacteriologic criteria for identifying individuals at high risk to dental caries is presented. The studies have been evaluated on the basis of 1) their ability to predict future caries activity of individuals and 2) their practical use. Single measurements of past caries experience in the primary and permanent dentitions, filled tooth surfaces, and S. mutans in dental plaque and saliva were found to have limited value in identifying individuals that later would develop carious lesions, as judged from the low values of sensitivity and specificity. Lactobacilli counts in saliva indicated some evidence of high reliability as a basis for selecting patients susceptible to dental decay. The results of these studies, however, were not comparable because of variations in methods, critical value of the screening criteria, and age and size of the samples. A combination of two or more predictors showed promising results, as the predictive value was increased. More research is needed on appropriate screening methods to provide higher reliability and validity of the predictors.
Time of Development of Occlusal and Proximal Lesions: Implications for Fissure Sealants
Authors: Eklund Stephen A. , Ismail Amid I. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAnalysis of surface and tooth‐specific data from NHANES I and HHANES shows that the pattern of dental caries differs greatly from tooth to tooth and surface to surface. Occlusal caries precedes all other types, and increases most rapidly and to the highest levels in the molars. Caries on the proximal surfaces comes later.For sealants to be of value, they must reduce the need for restorations. Therefore, the value of sealants will be determined by the balance between high enough levels of potential caries on occlusal surfaces to give them something to prevent, and low levels of, or sufficiently delayed, proximal lesions to prevent the loss of the otherwise saved occlusal surface.The data presented demonstrate that as of the time of NHANES I, the number of permanent molars that could have had surfaces saved from restoration, at least for a number of years, appears to be sufficient to warrant widespread use of sealants on those teeth. More recent data (HHANES) suggest that the current decline in caries prevalence is likely to reduce the value of sealants in the short run because there are fewer occlusal lesions in young children, but may increase the value of sealants in the long run because proximal caries in older children and adults is also declining.
Factors Affecting the Cost of Fissure Sealants: A Dental Insurer's Perspective
Authors: Eklund Stephen A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe slow adoption of sealants into dental practice is attributed partly to the fact that few prepayment plans pay for sealants. An important concern of insurers is how a sealants benefit will affect premiums.In this analysis, caries rates for various surfaces and teeth, failure rates for both sealants and amalgam restorations, fees and copayments, interest rates, reimbursement policies for replacement and repair, and the passage of time were studied to assess the cost to an insurer of amalgam restorations versus sealants. The results indicate:1. Sealants as a covered benefit for molars may not cause premiums to increase if fees and copayment levels are properly balanced. If caries in children continues to decline, however, higher premiums may be required if a sealant benefit is provided.2. Sealants as a covered benefit for bicuspids are likely to require higher premiums.3. The level of dental caries in the population should be monitored closely, because a further substantial decline in caries prevalence could diminish the economic argument for sealants.
Controversy over the Supervision of Dental Hygienists: Impact on a Community‐Based Sealant Program*
Authors: Siegal Mark D. , Calderone James J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn 1983, the New Mexico Board of Dentistry ruled that the New Mexico Health and Environment Department's sealant program violated its rules and regulations concerning the supervision of dental hygienists. The state was forced to reduce the number of children served by the program to comply with the decision. Attempts to secure a revision of the rules and regulations to accommodate the needs of public programs were unsuccessful. Relief eventually came through the revision of the Dental Practice Act itself to permit general supervision of all dental hygienists. The supervision controversy was an explosive political issue between dentists and dental hygienists that had negative repercussions for the state dental public health preventive program.
Usefulness of a Statewide Referral Directory of Dentists Found Willing to Treat Disabled Persons
Authors: Siegal Mark D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractReferral directories of dentists willing to treat disabled individuals have been used as an expeditious means of improving access to care for this group. The purpose of this survey was to assess the usefulness of one such statewide referral directory. Agencies, individual field workers, and organizations to which the directory had been sent 18 months earlier were surveyed to determine the usefulness of the directory. Of the 77 groups and individuals surveyed, 46 (59.7 percent) reported that they had received the directory. The directory was considered “useful” or “very useful” by 58.7 percent of the acknowledged recipients. An additional 19.6 percent considered it to be “marginally useful.” The directory was estimated to be used at least once per month by 59.1 percent of the recipients. Referral directories address only one aspect of access to dental care for disabled individuals; the effectiveness of such directories depends on their appropriate use by referring agencies.