bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is prenatal alcohol exposure related to inattention and hyperactivity symptoms in children? Disentangling the effects of social adversity
Authors: Rodriguez A. , Olsen J. , Kotimaa A.J. , Kaakinen M. , Moilanen I. , Henriksen T.B. , Linnet K.M. , Miettunen J. , Obel C. , Taanila A. , Ebeling H. , Järvelin M.R. 
Published: February 2009

Background:  Studies concerning whether exposure to low levels of maternal alcohol consumption during fetal development is related to child inattention and hyperactivity symptoms have shown conflicting results. We examine the contribution of covariates related to social adversity to resolve some inconsistencies in the extant research by conducting parallel analyses of three cohorts with varying alcohol consumption and attitudes towards alcohol use.Methods:  We compare three population‐based pregnancy–offspring cohorts within the Nordic Network on ADHD from Denmark and Finland. Prenatal data were gathered via self‐report during pregnancy and birth outcomes were abstracted from medical charts. A total of 21,678 reports concerning inattention and hyperactivity symptoms in children were available from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire or the Rutter Scale completed by parents and/or teachers.Results:  Drinking patterns differed cross‐nationally. Women who had at least some social adversity (young, low education, or being single) were more likely to drink than those better off in the Finnish cohort, but the opposite was true for the Danish cohorts. Prenatal alcohol exposure was not related to risk for a high inattention‐hyperactivity symptom score in children across cohorts after adjustment for covariates. In contrast, maternal smoking and social adversity during pregnancy were independently and consistently associated with an increase in risk of child symptoms.Conclusions:  Low doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy were not related to child inattention/hyperactivity symptoms once social adversity and smoking were taken into account.
Eye‐movement patterns are associated with communicative competence in autistic spectrum disorders
Authors: Norbury Courtenay Frazier , Brock Jon , Cragg Lucy , Einav Shiri , Griffiths Helen , Nation Kate 
Published: February 2009

Background:  Investigations using eye‐tracking have reported reduced fixations to salient social cues such as eyes when participants with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) view social scenes. However, these studies have not distinguished different cognitive phenotypes.Methods:  The eye‐movements of 28 teenagers with ASD and 18 typically developing peers were recorded as they watched videos of peers interacting in familiar situations. Within ASD, we contrasted the viewing patterns of those with and without language impairments. The proportion of time spent viewing eyes, mouths and other scene details was calculated, as was latency of first fixation to eyes. Finally, the association between viewing patterns and social‐communicative competence was measured.Results:  Individuals with ASD and age‐appropriate language abilities spent significantly less time viewing eyes and were slower to fixate the eyes than typically developing peers. In contrast, there were no differences in viewing patterns between those with language impairments and typically developing peers. Eye‐movement patterns were not associated with social outcomes for either language phenotype. However, increased fixations to the mouth were associated with greater communicative competence across the autistic spectrum.Conclusions:  Attention to both eyes and mouths is important for language development and communicative competence. Differences in fixation time to eyes may not be sufficient to disrupt social competence in daily interactions. A multiple cognitive deficit model of ASD, incorporating different language phenotypes, is advocated.
Environmental influences on the longitudinal covariance of expressive vocabulary: measuring the home literacy environment in a genetically sensitive design
Authors: Hart Sara A. , Petrill Stephen A. , DeThorne Laura S. , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Thompson Lee A. , Schatschneider Chris , Cutting Laurie E. 
Published: February 2009

Background:  Despite the well‐replicated relationship between the home literacy environment and expressive vocabulary, few studies have examined the extent to which the home literacy environment is associated with the development of early vocabulary ability in the context of genetic influences. This study examined the influence of the home literacy environment on the longitudinal covariance of expressive vocabulary within a genetically sensitive design.Methods:  Participants were drawn from the Western Reserve Reading Project, a longitudinal twin project of 314 twin pairs based in Ohio. Twins were assessed via three annual home visits during early elementary school; expressive vocabulary was measured via the Boston Naming Test (BNT), and the Home Literacy Environment (HLE) was assessed using mothers’ report.Results:  The heritability of the BNT was moderate and significant at each measurement occasion, h2 = .29–.49, as were the estimates of the shared environment, c2 = .27–.39. HLE accounted for between 6–10% of the total variance in each year of vocabulary assessment. Furthermore, 7–9% of the total variance of the stability over time in BNT was accounted for by covariance in the home literacy environment.Conclusions:  These results indicate that aspects of the home literacy environment, as reported by mothers, account for some of the shared environmental variance associated with expressive vocabulary in school aged children.
Ancestral xerophobia: a hypothesis on the whole plant ecophysiology of early angiosperms
Authors: FEILD T. S , CHATELET D. S. , BRODRIBB T. J 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTToday, angiosperms are fundamental players in the diversity and biogeochemical functioning of the planet. Yet despite the omnipresence of angiosperms in today's ecosystems, the basic evolutionary understanding of how the earliest angiosperms functioned remains unknown. Here we synthesize ecophysiological, paleobotanical, paleoecological, and phylogenetic lines of evidence about early angiosperms and their environments. In doing so, we arrive at a hypothesis that early angiosperms evolved in evermoist tropical terrestrial habitats, where three of their emblematic innovations – including net‐veined leaves, xylem vessels, and flowers – found ecophysiological advantages. However, the adaptation of early angiosperm ecophysiology to wet habitats did not initially promote massive diversification and ecological dominance. Instead, wet habitats were permissive for the ecological roothold of the clade, a critical phase of early diversification that entailed experimentation with a range of functional innovations in the leaves, wood, and flowers. Later, our results suggest that some of these innovations were co‐opted gradually for new roles in the evolution of greater productivity and drought tolerance, which are characteristics seen across the vast majority of derived and ecologically dominant angiosperms today.
Wealth Distributions of Migrant and Australian‐born Households*
Authors: DOIRON DENISE , GUTTMANN ROCHELLE 
Published: February 2009

Wealth is an important measure of overall economic well‐being and a crucial factor in migrants’ ability to integrate into their new country. Using data from the 2002 HILDA survey, this study explores the disparity between the wealth distributions of native‐born and foreign‐born households in Australia. Using quantile regressions the results reveal that migrants have significantly less wealth than their Australian‐born counterparts throughout the wealth distribution. This is despite the greater wealth‐generating characteristics of the foreign‐born. The wealth differentials are reduced but still negative for the migrant cohorts who have been in Australia for over 25 years.
The Asset Portfolios of Native‐born and Foreign‐born Australian Households*
Authors: COBB‐CLARK DEBORAH A. , HILDEBRAND VINCENT A. 
Published: February 2009

This paper analyses the net worth and asset portfolios of native‐ and foreign‐born Australian families. Specifically, we estimate a system of asset equations with an adding‐up constraint imposed to control for diversity in household wealth. We find that the wealth of mixed and native‐born couples is not significantly different; however, immigrant‐only couples have approximately $162 000 less wealth than native‐born couples. Relative to equally wealthy native‐born couples, immigrant‐only couples hold substantially more wealth in their homes and less in the form of vehicles. Mixed couples and single individuals allocate their wealth across assets in the same way their native‐born counterparts.
The role of tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor in health and disease states
Authors: DelGiudice Louis A. , White George A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective
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To review the veterinary and human literature on the role of tissue factor (TF) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in health and disease states.Data Sources
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Original research articles and scientific reviews from both human and veterinary literature were searched for relevance to TF and TFPI.Human Data Synthesis
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Interest in both TF and TFPI has grown widely over the last several years. The impact TF plays in coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, and cellular signaling has become apparent. Treatment with TFPI for severe sepsis has been examined and is still currently under investigation. Inhibition of the TF pathway is being studied as an aid in the treatment of neoplasia. The important physiologic and pathophysiologic role these molecules play has only begun to be understood.Veterinary Data Synthesis
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There is a paucity of publications that discuss the importance of TF and TFPI in veterinary medicine. An enhanced understanding of the TF pathway in human medicine, in experimental animal models treating sepsis with TFPI, and in animal models demonstrating the proangiogenic properties of TF provides relevance to veterinary medicine.Conclusion
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It is apparent that TF and TFPI are important in health and disease. An enhanced understanding of the physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of these factors provides better insight into coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and tumor metastasis. This greater understanding may provide for the development of therapeutics for sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and neoplasia.
Thrombelastography in 26 healthy horses with and without activation by recombinant human tissue factor
Authors: Epstein Kira L. , Brainard Benjamin M. , Lopes Marco A.F. , Barton Michelle H. , Moore James N. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives –To develop a standardized technique for thrombelastography (TEG) analysis in healthy adult horses, with and without the ex vivo addition of tissue factor (TF) as an activator. To determine reference intervals for TEG parameters in the horse, and to determine if traditional coagulation tests correlate with TEG.Design –Prospective, observational.Setting –Veterinary teaching hospital.Animals –Twenty‐six healthy adult horses.Interventions –None.Measurements and Main Results –Thrombelastography with (TF‐TEG) and without (TEG) the addition of TF performed by 4 operators. Coagulation profiles (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, platelet count, fibrinogen, antithrombin, and fibrinogen degradation products) were assessed in a subset of horses. Mean values (SD) for TEG parameters in healthy horses were: reaction time (R)=17.0 minutes (3.0 min),Ktime (K)=5.8 minutes (2.3 min), clotting rate (Ang)=42° (14°), maximum clot strength (maximum amplitude [MA])=60.3 mm (5.7 mm), CL30=97.0% (2.0%), LY30=0.8% (0.6%), CL60=92% (5.9%), LY60=3.2% (2.5%). Mean values (SD) for TF‐TEG parameters were:R‐TF=6.6 minutes (1.4 min),K‐TF=3.1 minutes (1.0 min), Ang‐TF=50.9° (9°), MA‐TF=62.3 mm (5.1 mm), CL30‐TF=97.8% (1.6%), LY30‐TF=0.6% (0.5%), CL60‐TF=90.8% (4.2%), and LY60‐TF=3.6% (1.9%). The addition of TF decreasedRandKand increased Ang. TF‐TEG had a narrower SD forR, K, Ang, CL60 and LY60 compared with TEG. Interoperator differences were reduced by the addition of TF. Regression analysis indicated a positive relationship between MA and fibrinogen concentrations (P=0.02) andR‐TF time and prothrombin time (P=0.03).Conclusion –TF‐TEG using the described protocol may minimize variability in data obtained across institutions or users. However, due to the variability associated with different operators, it is recommended that each laboratory set up individual reference intervals with the personnel who will perform the assay, and that the assay protocols and data obtained are compared on a regular basis.
Preliminary evaluation of hemostasis in neonatal foals using a viscoelastic coagulation and platelet function analyzer
Authors: Dallap Schaer Barbara L. , Wilkins Pamela A. , Boston Ray , Palmer Jon 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives
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To compare coagulation and platelet function parameters measured using a viscoelastic analyzer in 3 groups: foals presenting to a neonatal intensive care unit with presumed sepsis, normal foals, and adult horses.Design
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Preliminary prospective trial.Setting
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Veterinary teaching hospital.Animals
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Ten clinically healthy foals, 13 clinically healthy adult horses, and 17 foals sequentially admitted for suspected sepsis.Intervention
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A single citrated (3.8%) blood sample collected at admission was submitted for coagulation evaluation using a viscoelastic analyzer.Measurements and Main Results
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Time to initial clot formation (ACT), clot rate (CR), platelet function, and time to peak parameters were collected from the signature generated with the associated software. Peak clot strength was collected manually from signature tracings. Signalment, presenting complaint, blood culture results, clinical progression, and outcome were collected from the medical record. Kruskal‐Wallis testing was used to determine differences in coagulation parameters between groups, as well as to identify any associations between coagulation variables, foal variables, and outcome. Normal foals were more likely to have increased platelet function (P=0.04) compared with normal adult horses. Prolonged ACT (P=0.004) and decreased CR (P=0.03) were associated with foals with positive blood culture. There was a trend toward prolonged ACT and increased likelihood of death (P=0.06).Conclusions
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Healthy foals differ in values measured by the viscoelastic coagulation and platelet function analyzer compared with healthy adult horses. ACT and CR abnormalities were more likely to be observed in foals with positive blood cultures. The viscoelastic coagulation and platelet function analyzer may be useful in identifying early hemostasic and platelet dysfunction in critically ill foals, particularly those that are septic.
A prospective, randomized comparison of Oxyglobin (HB‐200) and packed red blood cell transfusion for canine babesiosis
Authors: Zambelli Anthony B. , Leisewitz Andrew L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective
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To establish the efficacy of Oxyglobin (HB‐200) in canine babesiosis and compare it to standard therapy, packed red blood cell transfusion (pRBCT) with respect to improvements in specific parameters of blood gas, acid‐base, blood pressure, and subjective evaluations.Design
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Prospective, randomized, clinical trial.Setting
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Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital.Animals
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Twelve dogs (8–25 kg) naturally infected with Babesia rossi and a hematocrit of 0.1–0.2 L/L (10–20%).Interventions
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Treatment groups were randomized to receive either 20 mL/kg of Oxyglobin or pRBCT over 4 hours via a central venous catheter. Transfusions were followed by lactated Ringer's solution infusion. Rectal temperature, femoral arterial and mixed venous blood sampling, oscillometric blood pressure, and subjective assessment of patient status (habitus), and appetite were performed at time points 0, 1, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours.Main Results
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Dogs presented with a hypoalbuminemic alkalosis; hyperchloremic, dilutional acidosis; normotensive tachycardia; pyrexia; depression; and anorexia. Both treatments produced similar results, with the exception of significant differences in pH (4 h); PCO2 (4 h); hemoglobin (8 h, 24 h); mean arterial pressure (48 h); albumin (4 h, 8 h); habitus (8 h, 48 h); and appetite (24 h). Arterial O2 content was higher for pRBCT than Oxyglobin at 72 hours, but central venous PO2 did not differ between groups or over time and was consistently subnormal.Conclusions
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Oxyglobin provides similar overall improvements to pRBCT in dogs with anemia from babesiosis, with respect to blood gas, acid‐base and blood pressure, although patients receiving packed cells tended to have more rapid normalization of habitus and appetite.
Pulmonary thromboembolism
Authors: Goggs Robert , Benigni Livia , Fuentes Virginia Luis , Chan Daniel L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective –To review the pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in small animals.Data Sources –Human and veterinary clinical studies, reviews, texts, and recent research in canine and feline PTE diagnosis and thromboembolic therapeutics.Human Data Synthesis –In humans, clinical probability assessment and point‐of‐care D‐dimer‐based algorithms are widely used. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography is the gold standard for PTE diagnosis in humans. Echocardiography is increasingly used for bedside assessment of affected patients. In low‐risk human patients anticoagulants alone are recommended while patients with cardiogenic shock are treated with thrombolytics followed by anticoagulation.Veterinary Data Synthesis –PTE is associated with numerous predisposing conditions causing hypercoagulability, blood flow stasis, or endothelial injury. Identifying at‐risk patients is key to diagnosis in small animals. Thromboelastography provides a method for identifying hypercoagulable patients. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography may replace selective pulmonary angiography as the imaging technique of choice for PTE diagnosis. PTE therapy consists of supportive treatment combined with appropriate, individualized thromboembolic pharmacotherapy for acute treatment and chronic management. Thrombolytic therapy for PTE remains controversial but may be indicated in hemodynamically unstable acute PTE. Thromboprophylaxis in specific conditions is rational although evidence of efficacy is limited. Prognosis depends upon degree of cardiopulmonary compromise and patient response to therapy. Mortality rates in small animals are unknown.Conclusions –New diagnostic techniques and advances in therapy offer significant potential for improvements in the identification and treatment of PTE in small animals. Further study must be directed to validating new diagnostic modalities and evaluating therapeutic regimes.
Cathodoluminescence imaging and titanium thermometry in metamorphic quartz
Authors: SPEAR F. S. , WARK D. A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCathodoluminescence (CL) of quartz from metamorphic rocks representing a range of conditions from the garnet grade to the migmatite grade reveals a variety of textures, that is, a function of metamorphic grade and deformation history. Ti concentrations, determined by electron microprobe and ion microprobe, generally correlate with CL intensity (blue wavelengths), and application of the Ti‐in‐quartz thermometer (TitaniQ) reflects the temperature of quartz growth or recrystallization, and, in some settings, modification by diffusion. Quartz from garnet grade samples is not visibly zoned, records temperatures of 425–475 °C, and is interpreted to have recrystallized during fabric formation. Quartz grains from staurolite grade samples are zoned in CL with markedly darker cores and brighter rims, some of which are interpreted to have been produced by the dominant staurolite‐producing reaction, whereas others are interpreted as having formed by diffusion of Ti into quartz rims. Quartz from the matrix of kyanite and sillimanite grade samples are generally unzoned, although locally displays slightly brighter rims (higher Ti); quartz inclusions within garnet and staurolite have distinctly brighter rims, which are interpreted as having been produced by diffusive exchange with the host mineral. Quartz from migmatite grade samples displays highly variable CL intensity, which is dependent on the location of the grain. Matrix grains in melanosomes are largely unzoned or rarely zoned with darker cores. Leucosome quartz is strongly zoned with bright cores and dark rims and is interpreted as having formed during crystallization of the melt. Locally within the leucosome is observed oscillatory‐zoned quartz, which is interpreted as a subsolidus recrystallization to achieve strain relaxation. Quartz inclusions within garnet or plagioclase crystals often show bright domains separated by zones of dark CL. These enigmatic textures possibly reflect local melting fluxed by fluid inclusions. Temperatures calculated from the Ti–in–quartz thermometer are a function of the metamorphic grade of the sample, the textural setting of the quartz, the reaction history and the deformation history of the rock. The TitaniQ temperatures can be used to constrain the conditions at which various metamorphic processes have occurred.
TheP–Tpath of the ultra‐high pressure Lago Di Cignana and adjoining high‐pressure meta‐ophiolitic units: insights into the evolution of the subducting Tethyan slab
Authors: GROPPO C. , BELTRANDO M. , COMPAGNONI R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Lago di Cignana ultra‐high‐pressure unit (LCU), which consists of coesite–eclogite facies metabasics and metasediments, preserves the most deeply subducted oceanic rocks worldwide. New constraints on the prograde and early retrograde evolution of this ultra‐high pressure unit and adjoining units provide important insights into the evolution of the Piemontese–Ligurian palaeo‐subduction zone, active in Paleocene–Eocene times. In the LCU, a first prograde metamorphic assemblage, consisting of omphacite + Ca‐amphibole + epidote + rare biotite + ilmenite, formed during burial at estimatedP < 1.7 GPa and 350 < T < 480 °C. Similar metamorphic conditions of 400 < T < 650 °C and 1.0 < P < 1.7 GPa have been estimated for the meta‐ophiolitic rocks juxtaposed to the LCU. The prograde assemblage is partially re‐equilibrated into the peak assemblage garnet + omphacite + Na‐amphibole + lawsonite + coesite + rutile, whose conditions were estimated at 590 < T < 605 °C andP > 3.2 GPa. The prograde path was characterized by a gradual decrease in the thermal gradient from ∼9–10 to ∼5–6 °C km−1. This variation is interpreted as the evidence of an increase in the rate of subduction of the Piemonte–Ligurian oceanic slab in the Eocene. Accretion of the Piemontese oceanic rocks to the Alpine orogen and thermal relaxation were probably related to the arrival of more buoyant continental crust at the subduction zone. Subsequent deformation of the orogenic wedge is responsible for the present position of the LCU, sandwiched between two tectonic slices of meta‐ophiolites, named the Lower and Upper Units, which experienced peak pressures of 2.7–2.8 and <2.4 GPa respectively.