bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐ and two‐stage design proposals for a phase II trial comparing three active treatments with control using an ordered categorical endpoint
Authors: Whitehead John , Jaki Thomas 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPhase II clinical trials are performed to investigate whether a novel treatment shows sufficient promise of efficacy to justify its evaluation in a subsequent definitive phase III trial, and they are often also used to select the dose to take forward. In this paper we discuss different design proposals for a phase II trial in which three active treatment doses and a placebo control are to be compared in terms of a single‐ordered categorical endpoint. The sample size requirements for one‐stage and two‐stage designs are derived, based on an approach similar to that of Dunnett. Detailed computations are prepared for an illustrative example concerning a study in stroke. Allowance for early stopping for futility is made. Simulations are used to verify that the specified type I error and power requirements are valid, despite certain approximations used in the derivation of sample size. The advantages and disadvantages of the different designs are discussed, and the scope for extending the approach to different forms of endpoint is considered. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Überwachung der Plasmahomogenität
Authors: Michaeli Walter , v. Fragstein Friederike 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEin neues System wurde aufgebaut, das es ermöglicht, die örtliche Verteilung der Strahlungsintensität des Plasmas bei verschiedenen Wellenlängen schnell qualitativ zu ermitteln und auszuwerten. Dazu wird eine CCD‐Flächenkamera mit einem vorgeschalteten wellenlängenverstimmbaren Filter versehen. Der Einsatz dieses Systems wurde anhand von nicht‐schichtbildenden Argonplasmen sowie von schichtbildenden Acetylenplasmen erprobt. Der Fokus der Untersuchungen lag dabei auf dem Einfluss des Prozessdrucks auf die Plasma‐Emission und die resultierende Schichtabscheidung. Die Homogenität von sowohl Emission als auch Schichtabscheidung kann durch den Prozessdruck maßgeblich beeinflusst werden. Niedrige Prozessdrücke wirken sich in diesem Zusammenhang günstig auf beide Größen aus.
Stofftransport durch Schichtsysteme aus Polymeren und dünnen anorganischen Schichten
Authors: Miesbauer Oliver , Schmidt Marion , Langowski Horst‐Christian 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFlexible Schichtsysteme aus polymeren Substraten, dünnen, vakuumtechnisch erzeugten anorganischen Schichten und weiteren polymeren Schichten sind wegen hohe Sperreigenschaften vor allem gegenüber Sauerstoff und Wasserdampf weit verbreitet. Vor allem, wenn durch weitere polymere Beschichtungen die Defekte in den anorganischen Schichten ganz oder teilweise aufgefüllt werden können, hängen die Barriereeigenschaften solcher Systeme stärker von der Dicke der Schichten ab als bisher angenommen. Weiterhin ergibt sich, dass für den Stofftransport kondensierbarer Substanzen, insbesondere Wasserdampf, der anorganischen Schicht eine zusätzliche Porosität im sub‐nm‐Bereich zugeordnet werden kann, deren Effekt beim Transport von Gasen jedoch vernachlässigbar ist. Mehrschichtverbunde aus einer Substratfolie in Kombination mit alternierenden dünnen polymeren und anorganischen Schichten zeigen gegenüber Kombinationen aus einer Substratfolie und einer einzelnen anorganischen Schicht deutlich bessere Barriereeigenschaften, die aber geringer sind als in vorangegangenen Artikeln an dieser Stelle dargestellt wurde. Die Kondensation von Wasserdampf in sub‐nm‐Poren führt auch bei solchen Schichtsystemen zu deutlich höheren Stofftransportraten als aus einfachen Defektmodellen erwartet.
Lactotripeptides and antihypertensive effects: a critical review
Authors: Boelsma Esther , Kloek Joris 
Published: December 2008

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a significant health problem worldwide. Typically, lifestyle changes, including adopting a healthy diet, are recommended for people with an elevated blood pressure. Lactotripeptides are bioactive milk peptides with potential antihypertensive properties in man. These peptides, as part of a food product or as nutraceutical, may contribute to the prevention and treatment of hypertension. This paper reviews the current evidence of the blood pressure control properties of lactotripeptides in man. Blood pressure-lowering effects of lactotripeptides are typically measured after 4–6 weeks of treatment. However, in some cases, a blood pressure response has been observed after 1–2 weeks. Maximum blood pressure reductions approximate 13 mmHg (systolic blood pressure) and 8 mmHg (diastolic blood pressure) after active treatment compared with placebo, and are likely reached after 8–12 weeks of treatment. Effective dosages of lactotripeptides range from 3·07 to 52·5 mg/d. Evidence indicates that lactotripeptides are only effective at elevated blood pressure; no further lowering of normal blood pressure has been observed. Concomitant intake of antihypertensive medication does not seem to influence the potency of lactotripeptides to lower blood pressure. Similarly, ethnicity has not been found to influence the extent of lactotripeptide-induced blood pressure lowering. Based on the currently available data, lactotripeptides appear to be safe and effective. Thus, they can be part of a healthy diet and lifestyle to prevent or reduce high blood pressure.
Unusual low plasma levels of zinc in non-pregnant Congolese women
Authors: Kuvibidila Solo , Vuvu Mbele 
Published: December 2008

Zn is an essential trace element required throughout the life cycle. Although suboptimal Zn status is thought to be common in many sub-Saharan countries, there is a paucity of data in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The objective of the study was to determine Zn status in non-pregnant Congolese women. We measured plasma Zn and indicators of nutritional status (albumin, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein) and inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP), ceruloplasmin, α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP)) in seventy-seven lactating and thirty non-lactating women (mean age 28 and 31 years, respectively). Blood samples were collected in summer 1989 in rural Bas-Congo during a survey on Fe status. Mean lactation period was 8·3 months. Mean parity was higher in lactating (3·6) than in non-lactating (2·2) women (P < 0·05). Mean biochemical indicators of nutritional status, CRP and ceruloplasmin were within normal range and not different between groups. Mean AGP concentrations were above normal (>1·2 g/l) and higher in lactating (1·365 g/l) than in non-lactating (1·178 g/l) women (P < 0·05). Mean Zn concentration (540 μg/l) of the overall study population was below normal (700 μg/l); and the mean was lower in lactating (455 μg/l) than in non-lactating (759 μg/l) women (P < 0·05). Multiple regression analysis suggested that parity (P < 0·05), but not inflammation, was the most important factor associated with low Zn levels. Despite the lack of data on dietary intake, the results suggest that suboptimal Zn status may be common in the studied population.
Population genetics ofDrosophila ananassae
Authors: SINGH PRANVEER , SINGH BASHISTH N. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryDrosophila ananassaeDoleschall is a cosmopolitan and domestic species. It occupies a unique status amongDrosophilaspecies due to certain peculiarities in its genetic behaviour and is of common occurrence in India. Quantitative genetics of sexual and non-sexual traits provided evidence for genetic control of these traits.D. ananassaeexhibits high level of chromosomal polymorphism in its natural populations. Indian natural populations ofD. ananassaeshow geographic differentiation of inversion polymorphism due to their adaptation to varying environments and natural selection operates to maintain three cosmopolitan inversions. Populations do not show divergence on temporal scale, an evidence for rigid polymorphism.D. ananassaepopulations show substantial degree of sub-structuring and exist as semi-isolated populations. Gene flow is low despite co-transportation with human goods. There is persistence of cosmopolitan inversions when populations are transferred to laboratory conditions, which suggests that heterotic buffering is associated with these inversions inD. ananassae. Populations collected from similar environmental conditions that initially show high degree of genetic similarity have diverged to different degrees in laboratory environment. This randomness could be due to genetic drift. Interracial hybridization does not lead to breakdown of heterosis associated with cosmopolitan inversions, which shows that there is lack of genetic co-adaptation inD. ananassae. Linkage disequilibrium between independent inversions in laboratory populations has often been observed, which is likely to be due to suppression of crossing-over and random genetic drift. No evidence for chromosomal interactions has been found in natural and laboratory populations ofD. ananassae. This strengthens the previous suggestion that there is lack of genetic co-adaptation inD. ananassae.
Genetic variation and quantitative trait loci associated with developmental stability and the environmental correlation between traits in maize
Authors: ORDAS BERNARDO , MALVAR ROSA A. , HILL WILLIAM G. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThere is limited experimental information about the genetic basis of micro-environmental variance (VE) (developmental stability) and environmental correlations. This study, by using a population of maize recombinant inbred lines (RIL) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphic markers, aims at the following: firstly, to quantify the genetic component of theVEor developmental stability for four traits in maize and the environmental correlation between these traits, and secondly, to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence these quantities. We found that, when estimating variances and correlations and testing their homogeneity, estimates and tests are needed that are not highly dependent on normality assumptions. There was significant variation among the RILs inVEand in the environmental correlation for some of the traits, implying genetic heterogeneity in theVEand environmental correlations. The genetic coefficient of variation of the environmental variance ({\rm GCV}_{V_{{\rm E}} }) was estimated to be 20%, which is lower than estimates obtained for other species. A few genomic regions involved in the stability of one trait or two traits were detected, and these did not have an important influence on the mean of the trait. One region that could be associated with the environmental correlations between traits was also detected.
Stress and vocalic change in Hebrew: a diachronic study
Authors: Gibson J. C. L. 
Published: December 2008

1. Three stages of Hebrew are covered by the enquiry:(a) a Proto-Hebrew stage (= PH), when I assume Hebrew to have conformed to the language structure of the common Northwest Semitic of the second millennium B.C. Its lineaments can be recovered by a backward reconstruction from the following stage controlled by comparison with the surviving second millennium dialects, Amorite (see Gelb, 1958), Ugaritic (see Gordon, 1955) and Tell el-Amarna Canaanite (see Dhorme, 1951). The theory that Northwest Semitic at this early period was more or less a unity and that a division into Aramaic and Canaanite sub-groupings can be safely carried through only after about 1000 B.C. is now generally accepted; see Moscati, 1956; Garbini, 1960.
Possessive and transitive in Eskimo
Authors: Mey Jacob 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to give an account of some hitherto unexplained phenomena connected with the use of the Eskimo ‘relative case’. A deep structure is proposed that not only will account for the occurrence of certain surface morphemes, but also, and in a natural way, for the semantic affinities that exist between certain types of noun phrases and the transitive sentence in Eskimo. In particular, it is shown that in phrases of the type ‘the man's house’, there exists evidence for considering ‘man’ as the subject noun phrase, ‘house’ as the object noun phrase of some deep structure. The transformational machinery involved in deriving the correct surface structures is shown in some detail. A discussion of older terminology in Eskimo grammatical tradition provides additional, indirect confirmation of the naturalness of the proposed explanation.
Ordering paradoxes in phonology
Authors: Newton B. E. 
Published: December 2008

1. It may be claimed that current views regarding the nature of sound change fall into two broad categories: the more traditional attitude would treat an individual sound change as a complex trend or process taking perhaps several generations to establish itself, and then retaining its activity over a long period of time; whence the characteristic concern of classical historical linguistics with the establishment of absolute and relative termini post and ante quern, i More recently adherents of the generative–transformational school have interpreted sound changes as readjustments in the system of phonological rules; thus Postal (1968: 270) claims:‘What really changes is not sounds but grammars. And grammars are abstract objects – sets of rules represented in human organisms.’
Syllables, moras and accents in Beja
Authors: Hudson R. A. 
Published: December 2008

In his study of Japanese phonology, McCawley introduces an interesting typological classification of languages according to the kinds of rules needed for describing the distribution of prosodic features like stress and pitch (1968: 58–61). Whereas Trubetzkoy had made a simple distinction between ‘syllablecounting’ languages and ‘mora-counting’ languages, McCawley suggests that we should make two independent distinctions:(a) accordig to the ‘unit of phonological distance’ (the unit in terms of which the location of any accent is calculated) between ‘syllable-counting’ and ‘mora-counting’ languages;(b) according to the ‘prosodic unit’ (the unit the actually bears the accent) between ‘syllable languages’ and ‘mora languages’.
Three queries concerning one thesis concerning phonological representations
Authors: Vincent Nigel 
Published: December 2008

The first thesis concerning phonological representations enunciated by Anderson and Jones (henceforth A&J)(1974: 8) is ‘that phonological representations are more highly structured than the standard theory would claim’, where the level of structure with which they are particularly concerned is that of bracketing into syllables. The principles in terms of which this bracketing is assigned are given as (I) (= their (19)):(I) (a) Medial clusters are composed of a syllable-final preceding a syllable- initial sequence. (b) ‘Precede’ includes overlap where possible.A couple of points of elucidation are necessary here. First, it should be noted that a previous formulation of (Ia) in the same paper (4) states: ‘We claim that medial clusters are combination of clusters that can be final in monosyllables and clusters that can be initial.’ This reference to word-final and initial clusters must be borne in mind if (Ia) is not to be construed as either circular or trivial.
Good intensions
Authors: Watt W. C. 
Published: December 2008

1. There seems still to be some controversy over the matter of whether or not the putative presence in English of obligatory anaphoric references to overtly missing antecedents is of any service in resolving the question of where, if anywhere, these overtly missing antecedents are covertly present.2. The matter at hand was originally raised by Postal (1969), who asserted that if English permitted anaphors to recover missing antecedents from ‘within’ or ‘beneath’ their sentences' surface antecedents, then the (syntactic) derivations of those sentences had better include somewhere beneath the surface whatever it was that was recovered. Having said this, Postal concluded that English was (with trifling exceptions) unhappily devoid of such anaphoric recovery, since prime examples where such recovery would be required – for example, (1) – were plainly ungrammatical.
Ablative–locative transfers and their relevance for the theory of case-grammar
Authors: Mackenzie J. Lachlan 
Published: December 2008

It has been suggested by various proponents of case-grammar that locational and directional expressions are not distinct in underlying structure and that the interpretation of such expressions and, where relevant, the selection of the preposition that is to occur in such expressions are determined by properties of the verb on which each expression is dependent. Fillmore (1968: 25) writes:There is a certain amount of evidence… that locational and directional expressions do not contrast but are superficial differences determined either by the constituent structure or by the character of the associated verb.
The sound structure of verb roots in modern Hebrew
Authors: Morgenbrod H. , Serifi E. 
Published: December 2008

I. SOUNDS IN MODERN HEBREW Hebrew shorashim – the triliteral roots – have already been analysed from many points of view, for example in Morgenbrod & Serifi (1976, 1977, 1978). The aim of this article is an examination of the sound structure of shorashim.In general we can divide the consonants which form the shorashim into two different types; concerning (a) the manner of articulation (e.g. plosives, nasals, etc.); and (b) the place of articulation (e.g. bilabials, labiodentals, etc.).In this study we have concentrated on position of articulation and ignore manner of articulation.In Figure I the consonants forming the shorashim are related to the different kinds of sounds according to Wendt (1961).In order to investigate the relationship between the sounds it is convenient to establish so-called compound matrices with a computer. All computation was done by a program in COBOL running on the SIEMENS System 4004. As material for our analysis we took 2443 shorashim from the sources Barkaly (1972) and Even-Shoshan (1972).
Paradigms and transderivational constraints: stress and yod in Modern Greek
Authors: Nyman Martti 
Published: December 2008

The present paper1 will be concerned with some descriptive and theoretical issues connected with Glide Formation (GF) and Stress Placement (StrP) as well as with the interplay of these rules in the ‘phonological component’ of Modern Greek (MG). These problems have recently been discussed by Irene Warburton whose article (1976) will serve as a point of reference.Warburton's paper consists of two major parts of rather unequal strength. The first section (‘The relationship between stress and vowel length’, 260–268) makes a good case against attempts to condition the MG stress rule(s) phonologically by setting up never-surfacing distinctions of vowel length. It is also meritorious plea for the view that morphological conditioning ‘does not necessarily introduce irregularity in the language’ (Warburton, 259), as far as the rule makes reference to ‘a natural class of items… that can be subsumed wihin a single morphological feature (e.g. Past, Plural, etc.) that is independently available’ (l.c.).
The passive in English, German and Russian
Authors: Beedham Christopher 
Published: December 2008

It is usually assumed that English has two aspects, the perfect and the progressive. I would like to suggest, however, that there are in English not two but three aspects – the perfect, the progressive and the passive.The most common description of the (actional) passive is one which derives sentences containing be+ past participle from an underlying transitive active structure. In a description of this kind there are several defects of a theoretical nature which reveal themselves in three main areas. The first problem area is the set of verbs which are apparently transitive but which nevertheless do not passivize, for example in English have, suit, resemble, in German haben ‘have’, überkommen ‘come over’, erfordern ‘require’ (see Steube & Walther, 1972: 20–22).
Eliminating the feature [lateral]
Authors: Spencer Andrew 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe feature [lateral] has a very limited morphophonemic or classificatory role which makes its presence in the universal phonetic feature inventory questionable. A mode of elimination is suggested which involves (i) treating all laterals as [+ distributed]; (ii) limiting [distributed] as a distinctive feature to continuants; (iii) redefining [anterior] in terms of [labial], [apical] and [dental]; (iv) analysing approximant rhotics as glides (Kahn, 1976); (v) adopting Halle and Stevens' re-analysis of [coronal]. This also provides a natural characterization of retroflex sounds and of sibilants. A conceptual problem in child phonology is discussed in the light of the above proposals.
Purposive vagueness: an evaluative dimension of vague quantifying expressions
Authors: Powell Mava Jo 
Published: December 2008

Extending Montague's (1974) framework, Barwise and Cooper (1981) argue that some generalized expressions (which I shall call vague quantifying expressions), such as most, many ana few, correspond not to quantifiers, but to determiners within noun phrases. They argue that we need not determine the meanings of these expressions by logic; rather, we may draw upon an idea similar to the one we employ when interpreting the meaning of the quantifier Qxø(x), that is, we may appeal to an underlying topology for their interpretation (1981: 161). Similarly, they invoke one of the ‘simplifying assumptions often made in model theory’; namely,
… that one has a fixed context which determines the meaning of the basic expressions. We can think of this context as providing an interpretation for non-logical determiners… We shall assume… that there is a rich context held fixed that determines the PRECISE MEANING [my emphasis here] for the basic expressions, even those like ‘most’, ‘many’ and ‘few’. We refer to this as the fixed context assumption…The fixed context assumption is our way of finessing the vagueness of non-logical determiners. We think that a theory of vagueness like that given by Kamp (1975) for other kinds of basic expressions could be superimposed on our theory (1981: 163).
On some claims of Atomic Phonology
Authors: Wheeler Max W. 
Published: December 2008

Atomic Phonology is a theory constraining phonological rules and phonological components of grammars which has been developed largely by Daniel Dinnsen in a number of papers since 1978. The basic principles of Atomic Phonology are set out in the following quotation:(1) The theory of atomic phonology maintains that all linguistic variation requiring distinctly varied formulations of phonological rules is predictable from a set of atomic rules and universal principles of grammar… Atomic rules are entirely independent rules of grammar which are presumed to be the most basic, most specific rules that can be motivated on empirical grounds… Atomic rules thus specify all the necessary initial conditions from which any correct variation on that process for any natural language can be predicted by universal principles. Non-atomic rules are dependent on atomic rules. The dependence on atomic rules derives from the requirement that non-atomic rules are all and only those rules which are complements of atomic rules or complements of their complements. The complement relation may be defined as follows: Two rules are complements… if just those commonly shared (identical) features in the structural descriptions of the two rules are sufficient to define precisely the same set of input relations defined by the two rules jointly (Dinnsen; 1979: 31).