bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acid phosphatase activity: A marker of androgen action in prostate explant cultures
Authors: Shao T. C. , Kong A. Y. , Cunningham G. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAcid phosphatase activity in rat ventral prostate explants has been assayed to determine if this parameter could serve as a specific and quantitative marker of androgen action in this in vitro model. Dihydrotestosterone (10 nM) caused an absolute increase in both total (42.5 ± 2.9 vs control 27.1 ± 4.0 nmoles p‐nitrophenol generated in 30 min/μg DNA, P < .01) and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase activity (34.1 ± 1.5 vs control 17.2 ± 2.8 U/μg DNA, P < .05), and this effect was maximal on the 4th day of culture. This was the time when explant weight and DNA content tended to fall or only to be maintained by androgen. Similar changes were observed with the potent synthetic androgen, mibolerone. The addition of either the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate or flutamide in a 100‐fold excess to that of androgen caused significant inhibition in acid phosphatase activity. No significant change was observed at low concentrations of estradiol or progesterone, and only minimal and inconsistent increases in activity were noted at high concentrations. No increase was noted when cortisol, cyproterone acetate, or flutamide was added to the media. We conclude that measurement of acid phosphatase activity in cultured explants of rat ventral prostate provides a biochemical marker of androgenicity that is more specific than measurement of [3H]‐thymidine incorporation.
Medical, life‐style, and occupational risk factors for prostate cancer
Authors: Checkoway Harvey , Diferdinando George , Hulka Barbara S. , Mickey Don D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInformation on suspected risk factors for prostate cancer was obtained from in‐person interviews as part of a case‐control study of tissue sex hormone receptors and serum hormone levels. The risk factors examined were medical history (including venereal disease), sexual history, smoking, alcohol consumption, and occupational exposures. Study subjects were 40 prostate cancer patients and 64 benign prostatic hyperplasia controls who were newly diagnosed during 1984‐1985 at North Carolina Memorial Hospital in Chapel Hill. Subjects were white and black men aged 50 years and older. Comparisons of cases' and controls' past medical histories did not support a venereal disease hypothesis of prostate cancer etiology. The most prominent finding is an association with farming employment: 75% of cases compared to 38% of controls reported farmwork occupations. Exposures to pesticides and herbicides, while more common among the patients, did not account for the association detected for farming. No relationship was observed with cadmium exposure, the most frequently cited occupational risk factor for prostate cancer.
Papillary carcinoma of the prostate, location, morphology, and immunohistochemistry: The histogenesis and entity of so‐called endometrioid carcinoma
Authors: Wernert Nicolas , Lüchtrath Helmut , Seeliger Harro , Schäfer Monika , Goebbels Rolf , Dhom Georg 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFifty carcinomas that were partially to completely papillary in nature were examined. According to urethroscopic and rectal palpation findings, six of the carcinomas were located centrally, 40 tumors were in the prostate proper, and four were clinical stage T0. The epithelium of the papillary portions of the tumors was dark in some instances, light in others. Immunohistochemistry revealed that 20 of 22 tumors were positive for prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA). In no case was a topical relationship to the utriculus prostaticus demonstrable. The epithelium of the utriculus in seven additional patients who were not involved in this series also stained positively for PAP and PSA. Usual carcinomas of the prostate proper can develop endometrioid structures that do not differ immunohistochemically from ordinary portions of the carcinoma. Tumors located in central portions of the prostate are, in our opinion, morphologic variants of usual prostatic carcinomas, and apparently arise in prostatic ducts. We conclude that a distinction between endometrioid carcinomas and tumors of prostatic ducts does not seem justified and that papillary prostatic carcinomas should be treated like common prostatic cancer.
Radioimmunoassay in blood plasma of arginine esterase: The major secretory product of dog prostate
Authors: Frenette Gilles , Dubé Jean Y. , Lacoste Daniel , Tremblay Roland R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have developped a radioimmunoassay to determine serum levels of arginine esterase, the major secretory product of the canine prostate. Although the antibodies recognized other related proteins in immunoblotting conditions, particularly in the pancreas, the radioimmunoassay appeared specific for arginine esterase of prostatic origin and reacted only slightly or not at all with cytosolic proteins from salivary glands, liver, skeletal muscles, and kidney. In serum samples, the sensitivity limit of the assay was about 2.5 ng per ml. The interassay and intraassay variations for serum samples that contained concentrations of arginine esterase ranging from 6 to 21 ng per ml were, respectively, 14% and 24%. Sera from 30 adult males and 14 adult females contained, respectively, 71 ± 9 and 5.3 ± 0.4 ng per ml. In a group of 12 dogs treated daily for 36‐39 days with 50 μg of D‐Trp6‐luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone ethylamide, the concentrations of arginine esterase in the serum decreased progressively and became identical with those observed in the females. These results constitute the first evidence for the presence of a serum marker of the normal prostate in an experimental model. It should be particularly useful to test the effects of various agents on the prostate.
Primary culture of epithelial cells derived from the rat ventral prostate: Formation of three‐dimensional acinus‐like structure in collagen gel
Authors: Kawamura H. , Ichihara I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRat ventral prostate epithelial cells were cultured in collagen gel after collagenase digestion. The primary cultures were mainly composed of single and spherical cells. After 10 days incubation in growth medium containing insulin, transferrin, and cholera toxin, there was a 3.8‐fold increase in cell numbers, aggregates of which formed three‐dimensional acinus‐like structures. These structures consisted of one layer of cells surrounding the lumen. The cells were joined together with a junctional complex and had microvilli on the luminal surface and secretory vacuoles in the cytoplasm facing the lumen. The ultrastructural features of the cells were not altered by growth medium containing steroids. This culture system may prove to be very useful in elucidating proliferation, organization, and differentiation of prostatic epithelial cells in relation to the extracellular matrix and stromal cells.
In vitro growth inhibition of dunning rat prostate tumor by bone marrow factor
Authors: Klose Arthur G. , Bencuya Paul S. , Mickey Don D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNormal Copenhagen rat bone marrow was assayed for growth inhibition of cultured MAT LyLu rat prostate tumor cells. A marrow‐derived factor was identified that had significant growth inhibitory activity in vitro against MAT LyLu as well as against DU‐145 human prostate tumor and MBT‐2 mouse bladder tumor cells but that was noninhibitory to normal rat fibroblasts. The factor was stable to degradation by acid, heat, freezing, trypsin, and carboxypeptidase B. The factor was nonreactive with Coomassie blue, and the molecular weight was estimated as < 620 daltons. A similar factor was identified in normal human and normal rat sera. The presence of this factor in bone marrow may explain the absence of osseous metastases in the Dunning rat prostate tumor model.
Chemical demonstration of nuclear androgen receptor following affinity chromatography with immobilized ligands
Authors: Bruchovsky Nicholas , Rennie Paul S. , To Mary P. , Snoek Robert , Lefebvre Yvonne A. , Golsteyn Elizabeth J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWith increasing purification of the androgen receptor from nuclei of rat ventral prostate, a receptor‐like protein could be demonstrated by chemical staining with silver nitrate. After sonication and digestion of nuclei with micrococcal nuclease, the solubilized receptor was applied to a column of Matrex Gel Green A and eluted with a linear gradient of 0‐2 M NaCl. Characterized by specific binding of dihydrotestosterone, this form of the receptor was also androgen dependent and yielded an apparent Mr of 33,000 when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver nitrate staining. To facilitate recovery following chromatography, the receptor was precipitated with 0‐40% ammonium sulfate. Analysis of the 15‐fold enriched fraction by sucrose density‐gradient centrifugation confirmed the presence of a 3S androgen‐binding protein. About 200 ng of the precipitated protein was applied to a column of dihydrotestosterone‐17 β‐succinyl agarose (ligand concentration, 0.25 μmol/ml). The fractions eluted with 50 μM dihydrotestosterone were electrophoresed and stained as before; again, the presence of a 33,000 Mr protein sensitive to castration was demonstrated. Alternatively, when the precipitated protein was fractionated by fast protein liquid chromatography utilizing a SuperoseTM 12 HR 10/30 column, the receptor coeluted with nuclear proteins in the 29,000–36,000 Mr range as determined both by retention time and electrophoresis. In combination, the above methods may be used to obtain a receptor protein purified to near homogeneity with a yield of 5‐10%. The amount of receptor afforded by the purification sequence is small but nevertheless sufficient for chemical detection. We anticipate that with modification, the procedures may prove suitable for the recovery of nuclear androgen receptor on a preparative scale.
Excretion of three major prostatic secretory proteins in the urine of normal men and patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy or prostate cancer
Authors: Tremblay Jacques , Frenette Gilles , Tremblay Roland R. , Dupont André , Thabet Michel , Dubé Jean Y. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have studied the mode of excretion of three prostatic secretory proteins, namely acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and β‐inhibin, in the urine of normal adult men, and we have determined the urinary levels of these proteins in men with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) or adenocarcinoma. The output of the three proteins was highly variable during the day. In order to minimize these variations, 24‐hour urine samples were collected thereafter. Our study showed that PAP concentrations in 50% of men with or without symptomatic BPH were similar to those of normal young men. In the remaining 50%, PAP was undetectable. In contrast, average PSA and β‐inhibin concentrations were higher in patients with BPH than in young men (p < 0.05). The three markers were decreased or nondetectable in about half of the patients with untreated prostatic cancer. This phenomenon was even more pronounced in patients receiving hormonal treatment (castration or diethylstilbestrol). However, some of these patients still excreted normal amounts of PAP, PSA, and β‐inhibin. Urinary and serum PAP levels showed no correlation. These results indicate that urinary prostatic markers provide an easy means to study the behavior of the primary prostatic tumor. This information may be of potential value since it is not obtained with serum markers which originate mostly from metastatic cells.
Histological findings in the rat prostate cancer model during treatment with a luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonist and novantrone
Authors: Paz‐Bouza Jose I. , Schor Norberto A. , Monje Elvira , Redding Tommie W. , Schally Andrew V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMorphological changes produced by the treatment with the D‐tryptophan‐6 analog of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH) and mitoxantrone (novantrone) were studied in the Dunning R3327H rat prostate cancer model. Microcapsules of D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH, calculated to release a controlled dose of 25 μg/day, were injected intramuscularly once a month. Novantrone (0.25 mg/kg body weight) was injected intravenously once every 3 weeks. The pathology of tumors was studied in two experiments. In the first experiment, the treatment was started 135 days after tumor transplantation, and the therapy was continued for 105 days. In the second experiment, the treatment was initiated 45 days after tumor transplantation, and was carried on for 70 days. The rats were divided into four groups: 1) untreated control, 2) microcapsule‐injected, 3) novantrone‐injected, and 4) combination of microcapsules and novantrone‐injected. In both experiments, similar results were obtained, which included significant reduction in the tumor volume and weight, a very striking decrease in the number of epithelial tumoral cells with atrophy of the glandular epithelium, and an increase in the stromal connective tissue. All these changes were more prominent in the group treated with the combination of microcapsules and novantrone than in the groups treated with microcapsules or novantrone alone. Pathological results support the view that combined therapy may be more efficacious than the treatment with single agents.
Steroid‐sensitive proteins, growth hormone and somatomedin C in prostatic cancer: Effects of parenteral and oral estrogen therapy
Authors: Stege Reinhard , Fröhlander Nils , Carlström Kjell , Pousette Åke , Von Schoultz Bo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of parenteral and parenteral plus oral estrogen therapy on the serum levels of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), pregnancy‐associated (α‐PAG), growth hormone (GH), and somatomedin C (SmC) were studied in 26 patients with prostatic cancer. Intramuscular polyestradiol phosphate treatment, yielding a mean serum level of estradiol‐17β of 1,446 pM and a mean testosterone level of 4.5 nM, had no significant effects on α‐PAG, GH, and SmC and increased SHBG levels only marginally. Combined treatment with intramuscular polyestradiol phosphate and oral ethinyl estradiol greatly increased SHBG and α‐PAG levels and caused elevated GH and decreased SmC levels. The route of estrogen administration is probably of major importance for the hormonal effects on hepatic activity as reflected by SHBG and α2‐PAG levels. Bypassing the portal circulation might be advantageous with respect to liver‐related side effects of estrogen therapy. GH and SmC might act as mediators of estrogen effects on the human liver.
Cytochemistry and biochemistry of acid phosphatases VII: Immunohistochemistry of canine prostatic acid phosphatase
Authors: Aumüller Gerhard , Vedder Helmut , Enderle‐Schmitt Ulrike , Seitz Jürgen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAcid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2.) has been isolated from canine prostatic gland homogenates by gel permeation chromatography (AcA34 or G150), by affinity chromatography (con A‐Sepharose), or by using fluid phase liquid chromatography (FPLC) using Superose 12 and Mono P columns. Acid phosphatase‐enriched fractions were submitted to analytical SDS‐PAGE or to analytical isolelecuic focusing. A protein with a molecular weight of 30 kD (on SDS gels) was used for immunization of rabbits. The antiserum produced was cross‐reactive with prostatic acid phosphatase (canine and human) as shown by immunoblotting. When applied to paraffin or plastic sections of normal canine prostate, a positive immunoreaction was found exclusively in the secretory cells. In experimentally altered glands (castration and/or hormone treatment), a varying pattern of immunoreactive cells was found. In canine prostatic carcinomas, intensively reacting cell clusters were found along with nonreactive cells. The antiserum was also slightly cross‐reactive with the respective human antigen, but the cross‐reactivity of an antiserum prepared against human prostatic secretory acid phosphatase with canine prostatic acid phosphatase was far more pronounced.
Percutaneous transperineal placement of gold 198 seeds for treatment of carcinoma of the prostate
Authors: Crusinberry Richard A. , Kramolowsky Eugene V. , Loening Stefan A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThirty‐one patients have been treated for carcinoma of the prostate with 198 Au seeds placed transperineally using transrectal ultrasonic guidance. Twenty patients have been followed postoperatively for periods ranging from 3 to 31 months, with an average follow‐up time of 12 months. Cumulative dose of radiation to the prostate calculated by dosimetry was either 9,000 rads or 15,000 rads. Serial transrectal ultrasound examinations performed on these patients showed a decrease in prostate size in all patients within 6 months of treatment, with a statistically significant decrease observed between the third and sixth months. No significant difference in amount or rate of tumor regression was noted when tumor stage and grade were correlated to volume decrease after treatment. Patients who received the larger doses of radiation (15,000 rads) showed a significantly greater rate of decline in prostatic volume than those who received 9,000 rads. Seven patients underwent prostate biopsy between 12 and 18 months after treatment; six biopsies showed residual tumor. Complications after treatment included urinary retention because of prostatic edema (three), radiation urethritis (three), and rectal ulceration (one). Transperineal placement of 198Au is well tolerated and offers an alternative to external beam radiation for treatment of carcinoma of the prostate.
Effect of cyclophosphamide on leukocytic subset distributions in rats carrying the dunning R3327‐MAT‐LyLu prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Shaw Michael W. , Rubenstein Marvin , Dubin Alvin , McKiel Charles F. , Guinan Patrick D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Dunning R3327 adenocarcinoma represents a model for studying prostate cancer in rats; early studies have indicated its utility for studying relationships between tumor growth, immunologic markers, and chemotherapy. Normal animals and those bearing the metastatic Dunning R3327 MAT‐LyLu tumor were treated with 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg doses of cyclophosphamide (CTX) and their spleens assayed for leukocytic subset distributions using monoclonal antibodies. Tumor‐bearing animals had significant reductions in helper T cell content as well as reduced helper/suppressor T cell ratios, compared to controls. These effects occurred rapidly following implantation and were not reversed by chemotherapy. When administered to both tumor‐ and non‐tumor‐bearing animals, CTX also depleted T cell populations. Despite reductions produced in all subsets, two administrations of CTX (30 mg/kg) were capable of retaining (in non‐tumor‐bearing animals) or restoring (in tumor‐bearing) normal helper/suppressor T cell ratios. Such studies aid in identifying therapeutically effective dosages of cytotoxic drugs that minimize their deleterious effects on the immune system.
Eight years experience with neutron radiotherapy in the treatment of stages C and D prostate cancer: Updated results of the RTOG 7704 randomized clinical trial
Authors: Russell K. J. , Laramore G. E. , Krall J. M. , Thomas F. J. , Maor M. H. , Hendrickson F. R. , Krieger J. N. , Griffin T. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe records of 91 patients enrolled between June 1977 and April 1983 in the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) randomized study investigating fast neutron radiation therapy in the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer were reviewed. Patients with stages C and D1 adenocarcinoma were randomized to receive either combined fast neutron and photon irradiation (mixed‐beam) or conventional photon irradiation alone. Survival (actuarial) at eight years for the mixed‐beam cohort was 63% vs 13% for the patients receiving photons alone (P =.01). Corresponding “determinental” survival rates, adjusted by exclusion of intercurrent deaths, were 82% and 54%, respectively (P =.02). Freedom from locally recurrent prostate cancer was 77% for mixed‐beam patients and 31% for patients receiving photons alone (P <.01). Analyses of outcomes accounting for all major prognostic determinants confirm the greater efficacy of mixed beam treatment with P <.05 for survival, determinental survival, and local control.
The major 40‐kDa glycoprotein in human prostatic fluid is identical to Zn‐α2‐glycoprotein
Authors: Frenette Gilles , Dubé Jean Y. , Paradis Gilles , Tremblay Roland R. , Lazure Claude , Chrétien Michel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA major 40‐KDA protein secreted by human prostate was isolated from whole seminal plasma by sequential column chromatography on DEAE‐Sepharose CL‐6B, concanavalin A(Con A)‐Sepharose, and Sephadex G‐100. Although the purified preparation still contained minor contaminants, its amino acid composition was found to be identical to the one of a glycoprotein isolated previously from seminal plasma by Lin et al(1983). Antibodies against this protein were produced in rabbits and their use in immunoblotting experiments revealed the presence of the antigen in several tissues including the prostate, the liver, the heart, the kidney, the epididymis, and the testis. A radioimmunoassay confirmed these results and showed that blood serum concentrations of this protein were relatively high in men (81 ± 3 μg/ml), women (68 ± 3 μg/ml), and cord blood of newborns (32 ± 1 μg/ml). The serum concentrations of this protein along with its physicochemical characteristics suggested that it could be identical to Zn‐α2‐glycoprotein, a human serum protein previously isolated by Burgi and Schmid (1961). This hypothesis was confirmed by a double immunodiffusion analysis using a commerical anti‐Zn‐α2‐glycoprotein antiserum. Finally, in vitro translation of prostatic poly(A)+ RNA in rabbit reticulocyte lysate in the presence of canine pancreatic microsomal membranes resulted in the formation of an immunoprecipitable 42‐kDa band. These results show that Zn‐α2‐glycoprotein can be synthesized in the prostate itself. The demonstration of high concentrations of this protein in prostatic tissue and prostatic secretion should facilitate the elucidation of its role in the prostate and in other tissues.
Enhanced expression of the c‐myc protooncogene in high‐grade human prostate cancers
Authors: Buttyan Ralph , Sawczuk Ihor S. , Benson Mitchell C. , Siegal John D. , Olsson Carl A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe examined a series of 29 surgical specimens of benign and malignant human prostate tissue for the expression of both the cHa‐ras and c‐myc protooncogenes. Northern blots were prepared using polyadenylated mRNA extracted from nine prostatic adenocarcinomas, 19 benign hypertrophied prostates (BPH) and one normal prostate. When the Northern blots were hybridized to a probe for cHa‐ras, only one specimen of BPH showed an appreciable amount of the 1.2‐kb transcript homologous to cHa‐ras. Upon reprobing these blots with c‐myc, six cancers showed a considerable amount of a 2.4‐kb transcript homologous to c‐myc. Three other cancers and all the benign tissue showed little or no detectable 2.4‐kb c‐myc transcript. On retrospective analysis, the cancers with elevated c‐myc transcripts were found to have a Gleason score of 5 and above (poorly differentiated tumors), while the cancers with little or no c‐myc transcripts were all of Gleason score 4 and lower. Finally, we compared our ability to detect c‐myc transcripts in mRNA extracted from a surgically derived prostate tumor with mRNA extracted from the same tumor subject to a sham electrocautery procedure, as would occur during transurethral resection. The electrocautery procedure decreased both the intensity and the integrity of the c‐myc signal in mRNA from the tumor. Thus, our exclusive use of surgically derived prostate tumors may be the reason we are able to detect an elevation in the expression of c‐myc mRNA in high‐grade tumors.