bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
17 New Identifications in P. Oxy. 2180 (Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus)
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This papyrus, the tattered remains (about 1,000 letters) of an elegant roll, was edited by C. H. Roberts in vol. xviii of The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, published in 1941. Out of a total of fifty-three fragments he located twenty-nine; the twenty-four which he left unlocated are mere scraps, averaging six-and-a-half letters (maximum twelve, minimum two), with about a third of their letters represented by ambiguous and sometimes minimal remains. This chapter summarizes the following: (a) hitherto unknown, and possibly true: 524, 528; (b) hitherto unknown, and evidently false: 109, 438; (c) agreeing with a true variant against a false: 294, 461, 525; (d) agreeing with the medieval tradition in a reading which is commonly corrected: 200.
Introduction: What is a Letter?
Authors: Gibson Roy K. , Morrison A. D. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introduction ponders the question of what defines a letter as used by some authors over other types of document. One way of deciding where the boundary between letters and other forms of text lies, and whether this is a worthwhile question to pose, is to consider borderline cases. Two such cases — the history of the classification as letters of various Greek poems, more recently thought not to qualify as letters, and Cicero's De Officiis — are examined. It is asserted that the epistolary character of an individual text is often guaranteed by its place within a larger group of epistolary texts, such as in a letter-collection whose function is to guide the reader as to the need to read its constituent texts as letters. It is concluded that the only way to achieve a full appreciation of letter-collections is to take seriously their claims to epistolarity, and by remembering that the letter is not a type of text devoid of formal, structural, and thematic connections with other types of text.
5 The Importance of Form in Seneca's Philosophical Letters
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines what makes Seneca's philosophical letters work the way they do for their readers and why they were written the way they were. In this discussion, it is suggested that some of the striking features of the letters owe more than has yet been appreciated to the influence of the models Seneca had in view when he composed the collection and the formal constraints imposed by the epistolary genre. Based on Seneca's character and motivation, the chapter explores why he wrote in epistolary form, or why, at the end of a long life and a long and tumultuous political career, and (perhaps most relevant) at the end of a brilliant literary career of unmatched versatility, he wrote letters in the first place.
10 Back to Fronto: Doctor and Patient in his Correspondence with an Emperor
Authors: Freisenbruch Annelise 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter re-evaluates Fronto's letters within the traditions of epistolary scholarship and against the backdrop of a surge of interest in the epistolarity of the letter collections of antiquity. Because Fronto has a valuable role to play in the call for a reassessment of the Roman letter-writing voice and identity, his correspondence with his pupil, emperor-in-the-making Marcus Aurelius, is examined. The recurring narrative of sickness and health that features in over eighty of the extant letters between Fronto and Marcus Aurelius is examined, with a particular emphasis on the ailments of the former. This chapter explores the pressing question of whether Fronto and Marcus Aurelius' letters should be regarded as simply reflecting the trend of their age to open up about one's state of health, or whether there is something more pointed, more calculated about such an epistolary narrative.
13 Mixed Messages: The Play of Epistolary Codes in Two Late Antique Latin Correspondences
Authors: Ebbeler Jennifer 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers two celebrated epistolary relationships from the 4th century AD: the famously dysfunctional correspondence of Augustine and Jerome, and the reputedly bitter final years of Ausonius' correspondence with his former pupil Paulinus. In both of these exchanges, epistolary codes are cleverly manipulated to remarkable rhetorical effect; and any explication of what went wrong (or right) in these complicated letter exchanges requires close attention to the ‘rules’ of the epistolary game. In the case of Augustine and Jerome, the chapter argues that the discernible hostilities in the correspondence arise because Augustine deliberately refuses to play the iuuenis to Jerome's senex and instead represents himself as Jerome's exegetical equal. In the case of Ausonius and Paulinus, on the other hand, it is precisely through their careful adherence to the codes of father-son letters that evidence for a persistent amicitia can be seen despite apparent tensions.
14 St Patrick and the Art of Allusion
Authors: Fear Andrew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses how St Patrick used a letter, known as the Epistola, to campaign for the excommunication of Coroticus' men until they take penance and free their captives, although the letter makes it clear that Patrick holds out little hope that such repentance will be forthcoming. Coroticus is a warlord in Britain who, some time in the first 3rd of the 5th century AD, launched a slave raid on the coast of Ireland, at a time when St Patrick was holding a mass baptism of catechumens. The attack produced a bumper crop of captives for the raiders. A request was made by St Patrick to the attacker to agree terms for ransoming those abducted, but Coroticus refused. This provoked the saint to write Epistola, which falls into a distinct sub-genre of epistolary writing, the Open Letter, where it is made explicit that the intended audience is larger than simply the ostensible addressee in order that the addressee's sins, or more rarely praises, are broadcast as widely as possible.
Love and Death: Laodamia and Protesilaus in Catullus, Propertius, and Others (1998)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper takes a completely positive view of extreme love, as seen in Catullus' Laodamia. In this it follows The Latin Love Poets. But its view of Propertius fascinatingly combines the polemical author, ‘taking issue’ with another text, and the tortured author, whose subversion of his own vision subverts his attempt to confute Catullus.
Kant and the Historical Turn
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Immanuel Kant's work changed the course of modern philosophy; this book examines how. The book compares the philosophical system set out in Kant's Critiques with the work of the major philosophers before and after him (Descartes, Berkeley, Hume, Reid, Jacobi, Reinhold, the early German Romantics, Hegel, Feuerbach, and Marx). A systematic introduction argues that complexities in the interpretation of Kant's system led to a new emphasis on history, subjectivity, and aesthetics. This emphasis defined a distinctive interpretive style of philosophizing that has become especially influential and fruitful once again in our own time. The individual chapters provide case studies in support of the thesis that late 18th-century reactions to Kant initiated an ‘historical turn’, after which historical and systematic considerations became joined in a way that fundamentally distinguishes philosophy from science and art, without falling back into mere historicism. In this way it is shown that philosophy's ‘historical turn’ is both similar to and unlike the turn to history undertaken by most other disciplines in this era. Part One argues that close attention to the historical context of Kant's philosophy is crucial to avoiding frequent misunderstandings that have arisen in comparing Kant with other major modern philosophers. Part Two contends that it was mainly the writing of Kant's first major interpreter that led to special philosophical emphasis on history in other major post-Kantian thinkers. Part Three argues that Hegel's system and its influence on post-Hegelians were determined largely by variations on Reinhold's historical turn. Part Four engages with major contemporary philosophers who have combined a study of particular themes in Kant and German Idealism with an appreciation for phenomena closely associated with the general notion of an historical turn in philosophy.
Reinhold on Systematicity, Popularity, and the Historical Turn
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the way in which the historical turn provided an ever more relevant fallback position for Reinhold as he continued to run into difficulties in accounting for the ‘fate’ of the far from universal acceptance of the Critical philosophy — even after the publication of the Letters and his much more systematic Elementary-Philosophy. The first section of this chapter offers an account of the features central to the distinctively historical character of philosophical texts in general, and of how this makes philosophical writing both like and unlike science and art. In the second section, it is argued that the specific features of the initial historical turn in philosophy are not to be found very much earlier or later than Reinhold's Critical phase. Although several systematic features of Reinhold's work can make it appear as if history is a secondary interest for him, this presumption is easily overcome by a closer look at his full career and his deep involvement with radical social change ever since his early years in the Austrian reform movement.
Hegel's Aesthetics: New Perspectives on its Response to Kant and Romanticism
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers Hegel's claim that earlier aesthetic theory was not adequately ‘objective’, and Jean-Marie Schaeffer's contentions that the differences between Hegel's aesthetics and others in the classical German tradition are relatively insignificant because the tradition as a whole suffers from an overly unified ‘speculative’ and ‘ontological’ orientation. It argues that both Hegel and Schaeffer overlook significant and defensible ‘objective’ strands in the aesthetics and general philosophy of Kant and the Early Romantics.
On Beiser's German Idealism
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a brief discussion of Frederick Beiser's massive German Idealism: The Struggle against Subjectivism 1781-1801, which focuses mainly on the treatment of Kant and concerns about subjectivism. It agrees with Beiser that, contrary to still common presumptions, the philosophy of Kant and the later Idealists is primarily oriented against, rather than toward, a position of subjectivism. It further argues that rather than speaking of a ‘diminishing role’ of subjectivism in this era, it can be held that with Kant the era was solidly anti-subjectivist from the start.
How some people became farmers
Authors: Murphy Denis J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows how farming developed in Eurasia from increasingly intrusive plant management, which sometimes elicited rapid genetic responses from a few plants (especially cereals and pulses), coupled with a sudden climatic deterioration that removed many alternative food resources for human populations in the Near East. From 12,800-11,600 BP, the Younger Dryas Interval resulted in markedly cooler, drier conditions across much of Eurasia. Semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers in the Near East were forced to rely increasingly on the collection of wild cereals as other edible plants and all kinds of animals became much scarcer. The intense management of cereals like rye and barley favoured ‘domestication friendly’ mutations, such as large seed size and non-shattering seed heads. By 11,800 BP, the first domesticated rye variety was being cultivated in the Syrian village of Abu Hureyra. Over the next few millennia, domesticated versions of wheat, barley, and pulses were being grown across the Levant.
Evolution of agrourban cultures: I The Near East
Authors: Murphy Denis J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn the Near East, farming started in the Levant and northern Mesopotamia and, by 9,000 BP, was established across much of the region. Farming villages grew into towns that gradually increased in size and techno-social complexity. This development was punctuated by at least three serious aridification events in 8,200, 5,200, and 4,200 BP that led to the partial abandonment of rainfed farming and dramatic reductions in social complexity. A momentous development was the invention of irrigation by the Samarrans after 8,000 BP. This allowed the colonization of southern Mesopotamia and the evolution of the first true urban cultures in Sumerian centres such as Ur and Uruk. Sumerian agriculture was dominated by intensively farmed barley monocultures controlled by elites who developed writing, organized warfare, imperialism, and ruled over an increasingly coercively managed subject population.
Evolution of agrourban cultures: II South and east Asia
Authors: Murphy Denis J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Indus Valley region and China, where complex agro-urban cultures evolved at about the same time as in the Near East. Wheat and barley farming originated in the Kachhi Plain at least 9,000 BP and then spread to the Indus Valley. By 5,500 BP, flourishing urban centres had sprung up throughout this vast region. These impressively organized cities were managed by elites without the trappings of power and warfare found in contemporary Mesopotamia. Around 4,000 BP, the Indus Valley civilization was extinguished in what may have been a climate related catastrophe. Chinese agriculture began with broomcorn millet cultivation in the northern Yellow River catchment, but early urban cultures also collapsed around 4,000 BP, possibly due to climate change. In southern China, rice farming possibly started before 10,000 BP in the Yangtze Basin, but intensive paddy cultivation was not practiced until 3,000 BP.
Origins and Growth of the Hollywood Motion-Picture Industry: The First Three Decades
Authors: Scott Allen J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyses the forces that prompted a relocation in the early 20th century of the US film industry from New York to Hollywood. First, even though there were many other conceivable locations, Southern California was a suitable location for film production in the winter months due to the climate and the scenic landscape. Second, an unfavorable institutional set-up — particularly for independent motion producers — fostered a growing accumulation of movie production facilities in Hollywood. That led to various experiments, entry and exit, and created a sufficient agglomeration of activity (‘critical mass’) for take-off. Third, a new business model was invented. Thomas Ince, who arrived in 1911 in Southern California, established a new studio and re-organized the production process.
2 Strains in the Fabric
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors that eventually led to the civil war which altered Catalonia's history. These include the traumas of the pulmonary plague (the Black Death) and bubonic plague, economic recession, currency instability, and conflicts involving succession to the throne following the extinction of the Catalan dynasty which had ruled since the county of Barcelona was united with the kingdom of Aragon in 1137.
6 A Peasantry Expectant
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the efforts of remensas to promote their cause and the opposition they faced. In March 1452, Alfonso instructed Queen Maria to protect the remensas from harassment and ensure that they freely pursued their plea. Like that of the Busca, the cause of the remensas had to contend in the Neapolitan court with the influence of its enemies. Prominent among these were the deputies dispatched there by the Catalan Corts in December 1451. Pleading the Constitutions of Catalonia, they argued for an annulment or at least suspension of the remensa action.
15 In Extremis, France
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Catalan's search for a new leader following the death of Pedro in a time still filled with public disquiet and desperatation on the battlefronts. Sentiment and a desire to clothe rebellion with a semblance of legitimacy led them to search yet again in the genealogical tree of their ancestral rulers, among whose remaining branches the only one offering promise of adequate support now flourished in France. René of Anjou looked to be the answer to their dilemma. In addition to a Catalan ancestry, he had an impeccable record of hostility to the Trastámars, French estates within easy reach of Catalonia, a son and grandson to ensure dynastic continuity, and above all a claim upon the goodwill of Louis XI in return for services rendered during the war of the Bien Publique.
19 The Monarch Triumphant
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the civil war in Catalan. Juan's single-minded pursuit of the consequences of his fatal bargain with France kept Catalonia at war. It was governed, or more often misgoverned, by regional captains, and scant attention was paid either to the issues which had provoked civil war or to the grave consequences of that conflict.
Rensch's rule in insects: patterns among and within species
Authors: Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Meier Rudolf , Teder Tiit 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRensch's rule is a common pattern of allometry for sexual size dimorphism among animal species. This chapter evaluates Rensch's rule in insects, using three levels of analysis. When comparisons are made among species, Rensch's rule is not more common than that which would be expected by chance: it occurs in Diptera (flies) and Heteroptera (Gerridae; water striders), but not in other insect groups. Comparisons among populations within species also show little evidence of Rensch's rule, although when the populations were ordered by latitude, Rensch's rule was more common than that which would be expected by chance. Within populations, body size tends to be more phenotypically plastic in females than in males, resulting in allometry opposite to Rensch's rule. Data on scathophagid and sepsid flies show that patterns across the three levels of comparison do not correspond well. Thus, in insects, neither the allometric patterns nor their causative processes can be generalized among taxa or among levels of analysis.
Variation in selection, phenotypic plasticity, and the ecology of sexual size dimorphism in two seed-feeding beetles
Authors: Fox Charles W. , Stillwell R. Craig , Moya-Laraño Jordi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reviews recent studies on two seed beetle species with contrasting sexual size dimorphism (SSD): males are larger in Stator limbatus and females are larger in Callosobruchus maculatus. Male ejaculate size clearly affects male fitness in S. limbatus via both fecundity and sexual selection, but not in C. maculatus. Female S. limbatus lay more eggs when mating with large males, reflecting either direct nutritional benefits obtained from male ejaculates or increased female allocation of resources following mating with large males. This difference in patterns of sex-specific selection between the species contributes to explaining the difference in SSD between the two species. However, variation in SSD, both within and among species of seed beetles, is also caused by differential phenotypic plasticity of the sexes. The implications of this for overall patterns such as Rensch's rule are discussed.
Dimorphism in the hartebeest
Authors: Capellini Isabella 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSexual selection often favours sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in body size and fighting structures, since large males with massive weaponry achieve high reproductive success. However, sexual selection may be opposed by natural selection. This chapter describes a test of this hypothesis based on comparisons of sexual dimorphism, mating systems (sexual selection), and environmental variables (natural selection) among subspecies of hartebeest — a group of African savannah antelopes. The potential for polygyny explains dimorphism in fighting structures across hartebeest subspecies although it does not predict dimorphism in body size, suggesting that sexual selection toward large dimorphism is opposed by natural selection for smaller size. In addition to sexual selection, SSD in hartebeest may be influenced by antipredator advantages of small and agile males, intra-sexual competition for food and/or mates among female hartebeest, and fecundity selection.
Sex differences: genetic, physiological, and ecological mechanisms
Authors: Rhen Turk 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFemales and males share the same genome, which places a significant constraint on the evolution of sex differences. This chapter begins with a review of current theory explaining the initial evolution of anisogamy and subsequent differentiation of the sexes. It then describes four mechanisms that relieve constraints on sexual differentiation: (i) genetic differences between the sexes; (ii) sex-limited or differential expression of autosomal loci; (iii) trans-generational epigenetic effects; and (iv) phenotypic plasticity for sexual traits (i.e., environmental influences on sexual development). All four mechanisms have evolved convergently in different evolutionary lineages. The chapter closes by advocating research programmes that integrate evolutionary and mechanistic approaches to discover how sex-specific selection interacts with genetic (and physiological) variation to produce sexual dimorphism.
The genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism: the potential roles of genomic imprinting and condition-dependence
Authors: Bonduriansky Russell 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe first section of this chapter presents new theory showing that sex-specific patterns of genomic imprinting may play a role in the genetic architecture and expression of sexually dimorphic traits. Empirical evidence tentatively supports this novel theory. The second section considers the potential role of condition dependence in the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Life history theory predicts that sexual dimorphism and condition dependence will co-evolve because the degree of exaggeration of male secondary sexual traits by sexual selection is expected to reflect the viability costs of trait expression and, therefore, the benefits of condition dependence. This prediction is supported by positive covariation of sexual dimorphism and condition dependence among morphological traits. Condition dependence of male traits is also expected to reduce intersexual genetic correlations, and thus mitigate intralocus sexual conflict and facilitate the evolution of sexual dimorphism.
Gilbert Murray on Greek Literature: The Great/Greek Man's Burden
Authors: Griffith Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that Murray is best seen as a man who articulated contemporary concerns with supreme skill in a period of transition. It cites two main phases, or two modes to Gilbert Murray's career as a Greek scholar. The first (‘mode A’) was that of an upwardly-mobile professional classicist of the conventional kind, self-consciously engaged in close philological analysis and on-going debate with rival scholars. The second (‘mode B’) was aimed instead at a wider audience, including many non-classicists, and largely eschewed the apparatus of professional scholarship.