bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invariant mRNA and mitotic protein breakdown solves the Russian Doll problem of the cell cycle
Authors: Cooper Stephen , Shedden Kerby , Vu‐Phan Dang 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIt has been proposed that cyclical gene expression occurs at a large number of different times during the cell cycle. The existence of a large number of cycle‐specific variations in mRNA and protein during the eukaryotic cell cycle raises the problem of how cell‐cycle variations are regulated. This is the “infinite regression” or Russian Doll problem where postulating a cell‐cycle specific control element pushes the explanation of cell‐cycle variation back one step to the problem of how that control element varies during the cell cycle.PCR studies on unperturbed cells indicate Cyclin mRNA content is invariant during the cell cycle. Furthermore, calculations reveal that variations in mRNA content do not account for observed protein variations.Continuous and constant gene expression during the cell cycle, continuous protein accumulation, and protein breakdown only within the mitotic window solves the Russian Doll problem or infinite regression problem. These results, and theoretical ideas support an alternative view of the cell cycle where many of the proposed control systems do not exist.
In union lies strength: Collaborative competence in new product development and its performance effects
Authors: Mishra Anant A. , Shah Rachna 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIt is widely recognized that new product development (NPD) is a highly interdependent process, yet efforts to empirically model the interdependence and examine its effect on firm performance are scarce. Our study addresses this research gap. We model firms’ abilities to collectively collaborate with suppliers, customers, and internal employee teams in NPD as collaborative competence and examine its impact on project and market performance. Using responses collected from 189 NPD managers, we find empirical evidence for collaborative competence and its differential impact on project and market performance. Specifically, we find that collaborative competence has a direct impact on project performance, but its impact on market performance is indirect, mediated through project performance. The results have significant managerial implications; achieving superior market performance from inter‐ and intra‐organizational involvement is contingent on achieving superior project performance, and companies that fail to achieve desired project performance outcomes will also fail in achieving market performance goals.
Conditions of formation of the Atbashi Ridge eclogites (South Tien Shan)
Authors: Simonov V.A. , Sakiev K.S. , Volkova N.I. , Stupakov S.I. , Travin A.V. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
New data on the conditions and time of formation of eclogites in the Atbashi Ridge (South Tien Shan) were obtained. The PT-conditions of crystallization of high-pressure minerals from eclogites have been established: 23–25 kbar, 510–570 °C. Analysis of fluid inclusions showed that the metamorphic processes of the eclogite formation involved salt-aqueous fluids (up to 6–12 wt.% NaCl). Primary fluid inclusions were trapped by omphacite and garnet on their high-pressure (23–25 kbar) crystallization. The pressures determined from thermodynamic data on the inclusions (6–7.2 kbar) reflect the adaptation of the host-mineral matrix to the decrease in ambient parameters, which led to the fluid re-equilibration in the inclusions. The pseudosecondary inclusions in omphacite, quartz, and garnet reflect the conditions of regressive processes running on the ascent of eclogites at pressures of up to 4.5–6.2 kbar. The stepwise 40Ar/39Ar dating showed that the high-pressure minerals from the Atbashi Ridge eclogites crystallized at 324–327 Ma. Data on trace and rare-earth elements indicate that the protoliths of two established types of eclogites (with characteristics of N-MORB and plateau basalts) formed synchronously as a result of the interaction of MOR magmatic systems with plateau-basaltic plume magmatism. These protoliths were basic paleo-oceanic complexes, whose fragments are localized as ophiolites in the Atbashi Ridge structures. The maximum time gap between the formation of ancient oceanic crust and the eclogite metamorphism in the subduction zones of the studied associations is ~120 Myr.
Fissured quartz and the problem of study of pre-Riphean metamorphosed residual crust of weathering on the Chuya-Nechera granites of the Patom upland
Authors: Sharov V.N. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The recognition of pre-Riphean metamorphosed residual crust of deep chemical weathering on the Chuya-Nechera (Chuya-Kodar) granites on the basis of found gravel-like quartz-sericite rocks (apparently, residual products of feldspar hydrolysis) is still debatable. Study of this crust in relation with deep-level hypergenesis shows that it consists of not only quartz pseudogravelstones of dispersed paleozone but also pseudoquartzite schists, pseudoquartzites of lithomarge paleozone, and physically weathered granites of clastic and fissure zones in its bottom. Inequigranular (pisolitic, fine- and thin-grained) fissured quartz differentiated with depth is the main indicator of this crust. This quartz and associated sericite are the lithified and metamorphosed direct (hydrolysate alumina), side (hydrolysate silica), and residual (large-ingrowth quartz) products of the chemical decomposition of feldspar. Some of them accumulated in situ — in lateritic crust, and others were redeposited — first, in the lower layers of the weathering profile and then, in the residual crust. The early quartz and sericite accumulations in the weathering profile date the formation of peneplain, and the late ones, marking the residual crust, date the beginning of the marginal-sea transgression onto the passive continental margin, the peneplain erosion, and the origin of the Bodaibo inner trough.
The system of neotectonic faults in southeastern Altai: orientations and geometry of motion
Authors: Novikov I.S. , Emanov A.A. , Leskova E.V. , Batalev V.Yu. , Rybin A.K. , Bataleva E.A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The implications of recent seismological and resistivity data for the geometry and orientations of neotectonic faults are generally consistent with the morphotectonic model of Gorny Altai as an area of crustal failure at the junction of two relatively stable blocks. The model predicts motions under general NW compression mainly on right-lateral strike-slip faults accompanied by systems of pinnate reverse and extensional faults.
The locations and mechanisms of aftershocks that followed the 2003 Chuya earthquake (Gorny Altai) indicate long seismic activity generated by a neotectonic NW right-lateral strike-slip fault which separates the North Chuya and South Chuya ranges from the Kurai-Chuya system of intermontane basins. The plane of the northwestern termination of the active fault zone dips in the SE direction, beneath the ranges, at about 70°.
MT data show two types of conductors that reach the surface, namely, nearly vertical zones along neotectonic faults between the blocks not involved into vertical motion, according to morphotectonic evidence, and inclined zones between the uplifted (subsided) blocks. We interpret the former as strike-slip faults and the latter as reverse or reverse oblique faults, which always dip beneath the uplifted blocks and record the general compressional setting.
New type of Cambrian section in eastern part of West Siberian Plate (based on Vostok-1 stratigraphic well data)
Authors: Kontorovich A.E. , Varlamov A.I. , Emeshev V.G. , Efimov A.S. , Klets A.G. , Komarov A.V. , Kontorovich V.A. , Korovnikov I.V. , Saraev S.V. , Filippov Yu.F. , Varaksina I.V. , Glinskikh V.N. , Luchinina V.A. , Novozhilova N.V. , Pegel T.V. , Sennikov N.V. , Timokhin A.V. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A new type of Cambrian section penetrated by the Vostok-1 stratigraphic test well in the east of the West Siberian Plate, Tomsk Region, is described in terms of paleontology. It can be considered a key section for this region. According to a complex of geological and geophysical characteristics, the section in the depth range of 2766–5010 m was divided into the Churbiga, Paidugina, Pudzhelga, Podelga, Kondes, Shedelga, and Pyzhina Formations, and their first description was made. The Cambrian section in Vostok-1 well is most similar to those of the Kotui-Igarka area of the northwestern Siberian Platform, where Cambrian deposits formed in the pre-reef zone of an open sea basin. In the lower section of the borehole the highly carbonaceous siliceous-argillaceous-carbonate Paidugina Formation was stripped, which is an analog of the Lower-Middle Cambrian Shumnaya and Kuonamka Formations of the Siberian Platform. The Paidugina Formation, which accumulated on the shelf and slope of the open sea facing the Paleo-Asian ocean, is considered oil-producing and suggests the high petroleum potential of the cis-Yenisei basin. Also, a highly promising generation-accumulation petroleum system has been revealed.
ROOT ROT RESISTANCE IN NEW CASSAVA VARIETIES INTRODUCED TO FARMERS IN NIGERIA
Authors: OKECHUKWU R. U. , DIXON A. G. O. , AKORODA M. O. , MWANGI M. , BANDYOPADHYAY R. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYIn 2004 and 2005 through field trials in over 2500 locations in several agroecological zones, 40 new cassava varieties were introduced in Nigeria. The trials were managed by scientists, extension workers and farmers. The aim in introducing these new varieties was to pre-emptively manage cassava mosaic disease, to avert an imminent threat from the Ugandan strain of the pathogen and prevent damage to the Nigerian cassava economy. From these trials, 10 new varieties were selected and officially released for high root yield, high dry matter content and acceptability for food, industry and livestock. Cassava root rot is a major source of yield loss in Nigeria, especially where farmers practice late harvest because they wait for a good price from the market before harvest and sales. This paper investigated how the 40 varieties together with three old improved varieties currently in farmers' fields during the formal trials responded to root rot disease. No absolutely resistant variety was found, indicating that early harvest (9–11 months after planting) is still the best way to reduce losses from root rot. Root rot is also significantly (p ≤ 0.05) influenced by genotype and environment interaction. Most root rot was recorded in the humid forest and the least was in the Sudan savanna agroecological zone. Using a rank-sum method, the 43 varieties were separated into highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible and highly susceptible classes.
CHALLENGES AND LESSONS WHEN USING FARMER KNOWLEDGE IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN AFRICA
Authors: VAN ASTEN P. J. A. , KAARIA S. , FERMONT A. M. , DELVE R. J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYFarmer participatory research (FPR) approaches are now considered mainstream and are especially applicable for developing appropriate technology options in complex, diverse and risk-prone regions, where local adaptations are crucial. Although the advantages of using farmer knowledge to guide scientific research are numerous and well documented, the challenges and potential pitfalls that befall biophysical researchers, in particular, when using FPR approaches have received much less attention, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Our experiences show that in certain cases, the methods used to collect farmer knowledge are flawed, leading to inaccurate or incomplete information being gathered. This potentially leads to the development and promotion of unsustainable, unprofitable or socially unacceptable technologies. This paper uses a series of examples to illustrate that discrepancies between farmer and researcher observations may occur because (i) farmers and scientists may not have sufficient insight into the systems complexity, (ii) farmers and scientists use different reference frameworks, and (iii) methodological errors may lead to farmers intentionally or unintentionally providing false or ‘desired’ information to achieve (short-term) benefits. This paper concludes by providing guidelines to improve the integration of farmer and scientific knowledge in order to develop appropriate technology options that are both environmentally sound and adaptable to local conditions.
Hearing results following intratympanic gentamicin perfusion for Ménière's disease
Authors: Kyrodimos E , Aidonis I , Sismanis A 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective:To evaluate hearing results following intratympanic gentamicin perfusion in patients with Ménière's disease.Materials and methods:Middle-ear perfusion of 0.4 ml of gentamicin 40 mg/ml solution was performed in Ménière's disease patients who had previously failed to respond to other medical treatment.Results:Between May 1999 and November 2005, 22 patients (mean age 58.5 years) underwent intratympanic gentamicin perfusion. Mean follow up was 30 months. At the first post-perfusion visit (four to six weeks following perfusion), three of the 22 patients (13.63 per cent) had a pure tone average improvement of at least 10 dB, 15 (68.18 per cent) showed no change and four (18.18 per cent) demonstrated a decrease in hearing of more than 10 dB. Regarding speech discrimination scores, one patient (4.54 per cent) exhibited an improvement of at least 15 per cent, 15 (68.18 per cent) showed no change and six (27.27 per cent) showed a decrease of at least 15 per cent. After long-term follow up (12–40 months following perfusion), 10 patients (45.45 per cent) showed stable hearing, and 12 (54.54 per cent) exhibited a pure tone average decrease of more than 10 dB. Six patients (27.27 per cent) showed a speech discrimination score decrease of at least 15 per cent, while 16 (72.72 per cent) had no change. Complete cessation of vertigo was reported by 20 of the 22 patients (90.9 per cent), while two (9.09 per cent) reported episodic vertigo spells.Conclusion:Intratympanic gentamicin perfusion provides effective control of vertigo in patients with Ménière's disease. However, significant hearing loss may occur immediately after perfusion; therefore, this treatment should be considered only for patients whose hearing has already been affected by the disease.
Platelet-rich plasma improves healing of tympanic membrane perforations: experimental study
Authors: Erkilet E , Koyuncu M , Atmaca S , Yarim M 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of local application of platelet-rich plasma to perforated rat tympanic membranes, in terms of healing time and histopathological outcome.Methods:Eighty-eight tympanic membranes of 44 rats were given a standard 3 mm perforation, and platelet-rich plasma was applied to the right tympanic membrane perforations. The left tympanic membranes were left to heal spontaneously, as controls. The 44 rats were divided into two groups. In group one, comprising 20 rats, daily otomicroscopic examination of the tympanic membrane perforations was performed. The 24 rats in group two were subdivided into four subgroups of six rats each; these subgroups were sacrificed sequentially on days three, seven, 14 and 28 for histopathological examination, regardless of tympanic membrane healing stage.Results:In group one, the mean tympanic membrane healing times for tympanic membrane perforations receiving platelet-rich plasma and controls were respectively 10.2 ± 2.1 and 13.0 ± 2.9 days (mean ± standard deviation). This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). In group two, histopathological evaluation of tympanic membrane perforation healing at days three, seven, 14 and 28 did not reveal any statistically significant difference, individually or within the four groups as a whole.Conclusion:These findings suggest that earlier healing of tympanic membrane perforations occurred in the platelet-rich plasma group compared with the control group. These findings suggest that platelet-rich plasma is effective in accelerating tympanic membrane perforation healing, and that it may be effective in human subjects, particularly as it is an autologous material.
Protective effect of melatonin against gentamicin ototoxicity
Authors: Ye L-F , Tao Z-Z , Hua Q-Q , Xiao B-K , Zhou X-H , Li J , Yuan Y-L 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective:To research the protective effect of melatonin against gentamicin ototoxicity.Methods:Guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups. The first group received intramuscular gentamicin (120 mg/kg body weight/day) for 17 days. Over the same time period, a second group simultaneously received intramuscular gentamicin (120 mg/kg body weight/day) plus (on the other side) intramuscular melatonin (0.3 ml kg body weight/day). Two groups of controls were treated for 17 days with either intramuscular melatonin or intramuscular saline. After the 17 days, each animal underwent distortion product otoacoustic emission testing (both ears). The guinea pigs were sacrificed by decapitation just after the final injection. Their cochleae were used to produce a tissue section, surface preparation and scanning electron microscope preparation.Results:Distortion product otoacoustic emission testing indicated gentamicin-induced hearing loss at 3, 4, 6 and 8 kHz in gentamicin-treated animals. Animals receiving melatonin co-therapy had significantly attenuated hearing loss and their cochleae showed lower rates of outer hair cell loss (comparing the same cochlear turns), compared with gentamicin-treated animals (p < 0.01).Conclusion:These findings confirm the occurrence of outer hair cell loss after gentamicin treatment, and the attenuation of such loss following simultaneous melatonin injection, using the method of morphological evaluation. These results suggest that melatonin protects against gentamicin ototoxicity by interfering with cytotoxic mechanisms.
Vertebral artery dissection after direct laryngoscopy: case report and literature review
Authors: Campbell-Lloyd A J M , Kanagalingam J , Bandi H , Coman S 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective:We report a case of vertebral artery dissection following direct laryngoscopy, and we provide an update on current knowledge regarding this condition and its relationship to movements of the neck.Method:A case report and review of the world literature are presented.Results:Vertebral artery dissection is an uncommon event leading to stroke. It has been associated with many risk factors, particularly extreme movement of the cervical spine. The pathogenesis of the condition and the true aetiological significance of neck movement are not known.Conclusion:To our knowledge, we present the first case of vertebral artery dissection following direct laryngoscopy. We highlight the need for caution when considering neck pain in patients after direct laryngoscopy.
Impact of isotonic and hypertonic saline solutions on mucociliary activity in various nasal pathologies: clinical study
Authors: Ural A , Oktemer T Kocak , Kizil Y , Ileri F , Uslu S 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective:To investigate the impact of nasal irrigation with isotonic or hypertonic sodium chloride solution on mucociliary clearance time in patients with allergic rhinitis, acute sinusitis and chronic sinusitis.Patients and methods:Mucociliary clearance time was measured using the saccharine clearance test on 132 adults before and after 10 days' application of intranasal isotonic or hypertonic saline. Patient numbers were as follows: controls, 45; allergic rhinitis, 21; acute sinusitis, 24; and chronic sinusitis, 42. The results before and after irrigation were compared using the Wilcoxon t-test.Results:Before application of saline solutions, mucociliary clearance times in the three patient treatment groups were found to be significantly delayed, compared with the control group. Irrigation with hypertonic saline restored impaired mucociliary clearance in chronic sinusitis patients (p < 0.05), while isotonic saline improved mucociliary clearance times significantly in allergic rhinitis and acute sinusitis patients (p < 0.05).Conclusion:Nasal irrigation with isotonic or hypertonic saline can improve mucociliary clearance time in various nasal pathologies. However, these solutions should be selectively prescribed rather than used based on anecdotal evidence. Further studies should be conducted to develop a protocol for standardised use of saline solution irrigation in various nasal pathologies.
‘The Crucible of the Malayan Nation’: The University and the Making of a New Malaya, 1938–62
Authors: STOCKWELL A. J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLike so many features of the British Empire, policy for colonial higher education was transformed during the Second World War. In 1945 the Asquith Commission established principles for its development, and in 1948 the Carr–Saunders report recommended the immediate establishment of a university in Malaya to prepare for self-government. This institution grew at a rate that surpassed expectations, but the aspirations of its founders were challenged by lack of resources, the mixed reactions of the Malayan people and the politics of decolonisation. The role of the University of Malaya in engineering a united Malayan nation was hampered by lingering colonial attitudes and ultimately frustrated by differences between Singapore and the Federation. These differences culminated in the university's partition in January 1962. In the end it was the politics of nation-building which moulded the university rather than the other way round.
Whither Science in WTO Dispute Settlement?
Authors: HERWIG ALEXIA 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article understands risk dialectically as a decision-making resource stressing probability but as also giving rise to further uncertainties. It shows that the panel report inEC–Biotechreflects an understanding of risk as decision-making that is deterministic and leaves little room for the application of precautionary approaches and non-scientific factors. It submits that such an approach is unsuitable for novel technologies with limited background knowledge and reduces the accountability of risk regulators. A different approach is put forth, which allows members greater scope for precautionary action while preventing trade protectionism. The article concludes that law can enhance its authority and epistemic validity through scientific evidence but only if it recognizes science's epistemic and its own limitations. Law has to approach science as contested knowledge and risk regulation as political decision-making, leading – inevitably – to more indeterminate solutions to legal conflicts.