bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioremediation of PCP‐contaminated soil: Bench to full‐scale implementation
Authors: Mahaffey William R. , Sanford Robert A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPentachlorophenol (PCP) is a widely used wood treatment agent and pesticide that is often listed among the contaminants at hazardous waste sites. Bench‐scale studies were performed to develop a microbial culture and biodegradative process that could treat PCP at higher concentrations than previously reported. Several substrate formulations and culture techniques were evaluated. Ultimately a “self‐feeding” (pH auxostat) continuous culture system (pH auxostat) was used to select for biodegradative activity with PCP as the carbon and energy source. After a period of 50 days, influent PCP concentrations reached 3,500 mg/liter at a dilution rate of 0.066 H−1. Of the total theoretical chloride that could be released from PCP, 99% was detected as free chloride in the reactor effluent. PCP analysis of the effluent verified complete degradation by the microbial consortium. The reactor was converted to a constant PCP feed. At steady state conditions, the dilution rate was 0.05 H−1 with an influent PCP concentration of 2,560 mg/liter and a biomass yield of 018 mg (dry weight) per mg of PCP. Mineralization studies performed with the microbial consortium using [U‐14C1]‐PCP indicated that 36.5% of the label was released as 14C‐carbon dioxide.
Cost estimating of the closure/post‐closure phase
Authors: Cressman Kenneth R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is beginning major environmental restoration projects of both active and inactive sites throughout the United States. The problems at the sites include contaminated soils, groundwater and surface waters, structures, and old waste disposal areas.IT Corporation, under the direction of the Office of Independent Cost Estimating (OICE) for DOE, developed a list of environmental problems at the sites and probable cleanup technologies and techniques that could be used. Estimated unit costs were then developed for these cleanup technologies, using available data and references.Some procedures developed were common to many or all cleanup projects. These included site characterization, remedial investigation (RI), feasibility studies (FS), and the closure/post‐closure phase. The article will focus on cost estimating of the closure/post‐closure phase of a cleanup project. The cost data provided are for budget level or check estimates. Site‐specific conditions as well as items peculiar to the environmental industry, such as governmental regulations and community relations, can influence both the cost and duration of a cleanup project.
Successful UV/oxidation of VOC‐contaminated groundwater
Authors: Fletcher David B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUltraviolet light/oxidation has proven its effectiveness in destroying volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) found in groundwater during a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) field study. Under the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program, PRC Environmental Management, Inc., and EPA monitored the performance of a system employing advanced oxidation techniques at the Lorentz Barrel & Drum (LB&D) Superfund site in San Jose, California.The firm of Ultrox International (Santa Ana, CA) demonstrated its technology for combining ultraviolet light, hydrogen peroxide and ozone to oxidize toxic organic chemicals found in water. All evaluation criteria were successfully met in the study's results. Greater than 90% of the VOCs were removed. The applicable discharge standards (National Pollution Discharge Elimination System) were attained, and there were no emissions.
Effective low‐temperature thermal aeration of soils
Authors: Bell Brian M. , Giese Raymond G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLow‐temperature thermal aeration (LTTA) is a remedial technology developed by Canonie Environmental Services Corp. (Canonie) for use on soils containing nonchlorinated hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chlorinated pesticides, and low levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The LTTA system separates these hazardous constituents from excavated soils and allows the treated soils to be redeposited on‐site without restriction.This article describes the various components and operation of LTTA systems for the remediation of soils contaminated with chlorinated and nonchlorinated constituents. The article also details the results of projects completed to date, principally for soil impacted with chlorinated hydrocarbons, and discusses the general characteristics and results of systems used for soils contaminated with nonchlorinated hydrocarbons (gasoline, etc.).
State‐of‐the‐art VOC abatement from soil‐venting operations
Authors: Buck F. A. M. , Seider E. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe development of treatment technologies to limit the discharge of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere has proceeded apace with the increasing use of soil venting for the remediation of contaminated soil. This article surveys the commonly‐used emission control systems that have developed under air pollution control regulations in California. Emphasis is on equipment operating characteristics, typical performance results (destruction efficiencies of VOCs), and operating costs. A recently commercialized process for treating halogen‐containing VOCs is described, and some operating and cost data are included.
Remediating groundwater using a hydraulic containment system for pump and treat
Authors: Harrod Peter E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwenty years of waste disposal operations at the Conservation Chemical Company (CCC) site in Kansas City, Missouri, led to contamination of soils and groundwater on a six‐acre site. As a result of this contamination, the site was listed on the federal government's National Priorities List.Following extensive litigation initiated in 1982, more than 200 contributors to the site (Potentially Responsive Parties or PRPs), CCC's insurance companies, and the government ultimately reached a settlement to fund the remedial action. The remedy that was agreed upon included: (1) a permeable cap to allow water intrusion to assist groundwater cleanup; (2) a with drawal well system to achieve an inward groundwater gradient; and (3) a groundwater treatment system employing several unit operations. Containment of the contaminated plume relied on hydraulic, rather than structural, containment to prevent mitigation of contaminants from the site. ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (ABB‐ES) was retained to perform treatability tests and to design, construct, and start up the groundwater treatment plant after the installation of the permeable cap by others.
How to negotiate remediation projects with regulatory agencies
Authors: Evans Louis A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe news that a company has been identified as a potentially responsible party (PRP) at a federal or state Superfund site usually sends a current of fear through the company's management. Even executives with experience in Superfund projects foresee a lengthy, complicated process that involves enormous expenditures and a possible public relations disaster. The author argues, however, that the Superfund process can be managed in a cost‐effective way, prevent reactive responses, inaction, and ineffective action, and applying the business acumen that enabled the company to prosper in the first place. This article explores a critical aspect of the remediation process—negotiation of settlements with regulatory agencies (EPA or a state department of environmental protection)—and details the practical steps needed to conduct those negotiations. It also describes common mistakes that can be avoided. For brevity and clarity, it is assumed that the company in question is the only PRP that has received a notice letter from the regulatory agency.
Removing gasoline from soil and groundwater through air sparging
Authors: Marley Michael C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough a soil vapor extraction system (SVES) had effectively remediated the vadose zone soils at a gasoline spill site in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, gasoline remained in the soils below the water table. The state Department of Environmental Management (DEM) closure criteria of 10,000 parts per billion (ppb) were still not met after five years. This article describes how an air sparging system was added to the effort for $57,000, and how after three weeks, closure criteria were achieved.
Two granular‐activated carbons for adsorbing army explosives
Authors: Dennis Ronald M. , Lowe William L. , Wujcik Walter J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExplosives‐contaminated groundwater percolating from storage ponds at the Milan Army Ammunition Plant (MAAP) in Milan, Tennessee, into the Claiborne aquifer threatens to contaminate more groundwater—and possibly surface water—in the area. The research described in this article sought to determine whether granular‐activated carbon (GAC) could help remove the explosives from the water and to identify which carbons can adsorb the most TNT, RDX, HMX, Tetryl, and others. Two carbons—Atochem, Inc. GAC 830 and Calgon Filtrasorb 300—were found to be promising candidates. As for what to do with the explosives that would be adsorbed, as well as the contaminated carbon, stay tuned.
Comparing groundwater remediation options
Authors: Cheremisinoff Paul N. , Goessmann Glenn 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough many conventional physical remediation methods are viewed as proven, they often only relocate wastes to other sites or into the air. How do the emerging biological and chemical in situ methods perform in the same applications? This article reviews their results (much of it in the laboratory) as well as their promise of more complete neutralization of hazardous wastes, lower capital costs, and longer‐duration cleanup processes. The optimal method may be a combination of chemical and biological in situ techniques with physical pump‐and‐treat methods.
How changing regulations determine biotreatment options for petroleum wastes
Authors: Day Sue Markland 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRemediation of refinery wastes is regulated by three major federal environmental statutes: the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); other statutes apply, but to a lesser degree. During the past two years, RCRA's rules have effectively outlawed the passive biological treatment of primary refinery waste sludges in waste ponds and lagoons, even though the law recommends active biological treatment as the second stage in the waste treatment train. RCRA's land disposal restrictions may also outlaw land farming treatment for the bottom sludges involved in crude oil storage. Since 1980, when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency listed an initial group of five waste streams as hazardous, the agency has listed two more waste streams and twenty‐five organic constituents, several found in petroleum wastes. Now it is about to list fourteen more petroleum refining wastes and is studying the addition of fifteen more waste streams. Treatment standards and restrictions have also been promulgated. This article explores the biotreatment techniques and technologies that are still available to petroleum and environmental engineers.
Stabilization and a multimedia cap for a doe mixed waste site
Authors: Bowers Marvin H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractClosure often of the eleven waste management units covering almost seventy‐five acres at the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Y‐12 Plant has been completed. Costing about $47 million, DOE's accelerated Closure and Post Closure Program (CAPCA) has involved structural waste stabilization and installation of a multimedia cap to contain ferrous metals, salts, uranium, solvents, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), oils and coolants, asbestos, and material contaminated with radioisotopes. Designs for closure of the remaining waste unit—used for disposing depleted uranium chips, metals, oxides, organic and caustic chemicals, aged ethers, and more—are being prepared now; they will address the potentially explosive and pyrophoric nature of these wastes. This article describes CAPCA's innovative design and construction methods, as well as how its management coordinated the tight schedules mandated by agreements with federal and state regulatory agencies.
Proven methods for managing public perception of cleanups
Authors: Germann Ray 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNegative public perceptions can dramatically increase site remediation costs or even bring projects to a grinding halt. Public opposition and ensuing political pressure are two damaging, but often ignored, obstacles that confront remediation managers. This article discusses these and other public management issues, recommending tactics proven for maintaining positive working relationships with a site's human neighbors, the media (electronic and print), government officials, regulatory agencies, and other concerned groups to allow site cleanup to proceed without intervention, opposition, or unnecessary delay. It illustrates its warnings about public and political hostility with case histories from Superfund, RCRA, and other cleanup sites, recounting how corporate management won the public's confidence and kept their projects on time and within budget.
Forum
Authors: Lagoy Peter K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe State of Washington's Model Toxics Control Act cleanup standards, argues the author, provide the best available strategy for setting and achieving cleanup goals. Besides Protecting human health and the natural environnment, Washington's guidelines, which took effect March 1, 1991, incorporate enough flexibility to handle site‐specific, finaical, and tehnological considerations. This column outlines the law's three approaches for defining cleanup levels for groundwater, surface water, air, industrial soils, and nonindustrial soils, comparing these methods with related methods in California, New Jersey, and New York.
Recent developments in cleanup technologies
Authors: Simon John A. , McCulloch John I. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA recent draft report from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory in Ada, Oklahoma, entitled „General Methods for Remedial Operation Perforrmance Evaluation,”︁ establishes protocols for evaluating and optimizaing the performance of groundwater pump‐and‐treat systems (EPA 1992). For the first time, EPA proposes guidelines for determining when these systems can be terminated, regardless of whether a site's remediation goals are met. This column reviews the chemical and physical limits of pump‐and‐treat technology and discusses how these protocols can improve pump‐and‐treat performance and determine when it may be time to pull the plug.
Translating a remediation technology into the required air, water, and rcra permits
Authors: Chizzonite Jan J. , Schlesinger Martin M. , Powell Christopher D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBecause remediation techniques and technologies are themselves generally viewed as contaminant source by hazardous waste laws and regulations, permits are required to use them, even if it is only to contain or remove a site's principal contaminants. Referring to such major environmental laws as the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, RCRA, TSCA, and CERCLA, this article outlines the steps needed to translate cleanup projects into the appropriate permits.
Recent developments in cleanup technologies
Authors: Wyckoff John S. , Simon John A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTraditional environmental investigations are expensive and time‐consuming, involving heavy drilling equipment, several intermediate processes, and analyses at off‐site commercial laboratories. New, relatively inexpensive in situ sampling surveys can now quickly generate preliminary data in the field, helping to analyze soil gas and soil and groundwater forvolatile organic compounds (VOCs). Many of the companies that do them now also provide their own mobile laboratories for delineating contaminant plumes more quickly and at less cost than the traditional methods and guiding the placement of groundwater monitoring wells and soil borings. This column describes the main in situ sampling surveys available today, calculates their costs per sample, explores their advantages and disadvantages for remedial investigations, and offers advice on how to carry them out.
Expect the best but plan for the worst: Negotiating contracts for remediation services
Authors: Smith Diane R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe risks associated with environmental remediation projects are of concern to engineers, consultants, contractors, owners, and the public. The cost, scheduling, and other uncertainties inherent in performance of construction at sites contaminated by hazardous substances dictate caution with respect to contract terms. Further, the possibility that conditions will be exacerbated by the work, or the public or workers exposed to on‐site substances, makes remediation projects of particular concern to those who will be held accountable for the effects and impacts of such substances.This article discusses particularly important contractual issues and suggests approaches for liability allocation and incentives. Practical, effective, realistic approaches to management of environmental remediation are presented, including the form of contract utilized, negotiated terms, attention to contractor selection and management, and the parties' relative economic strength.
Chromium removal from groundwater using simple physical/chemical treatment
Authors: Koolik Scott I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGroundwater at a Superfund site in west Texas has been found to contain chromium at concentrations exceeding EPA's drinking water standard of .05 mg/l. Alternative treatment methods for this site were investigated; this article presents the evaluation of a physicochemical treatment system, in which removal of total chromium to levels below the drinking water standard was achieved through reduction of hexavalent chromium and subsequent removal by coprecipitation with iron. Costs for the construction of the pilot and full‐scale systems are also discussed.
Techniques for rapidly evaluating the progress of in‐situ remediation
Authors: Marrin Donn L. , Adriany John J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough standard methods of monitoring the progress of in‐situ remediation may provide general results for the most permeable zones affected by soil vapor extraction or bioventing, they are essentially unsuccessful at providing information on the degree of heterogeneity within the remediation zone and on the existence of “hot spots.” Data are presented that suggest that monitoring the concentrations of fixed and biogenic gases and measuring soil permeability on a small‐scale basis may circumvent the common problems associated with assessing the progress of in‐situ remediation. The costs of these monitoring techniques are minor compared to those of designing and operating an in‐situ remediation system, and may save additional time and costs by identifying problem areas early in the cleanup process.
Negotiating for assistance and cost control: Effectively interacting with environmental regulatory agencies
Authors: Smith Diane R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRegulatory agencies are involved in analysis of plans for, and results of, virtually every environmental site investigation and remediation project. Controlling the cost of such projects is largely dependent on arriving at a reasonable scope of work. Regulatory approval is heavily influenced by the approach, cooperation, level of expertise, communication skills, preparation, and diplomacy of those who interact directly with agency personnel. Agencies also can be sources of assistance in obtaining the cooperation of other responsible parties. This article discusses a practical approach to maximize assistance, cooperation, and collaboration from regulatory agencies.
Using ultraviolet light to investigate petroleum‐contaminated soil
Authors: Colligan Thomas H. , LaManna John M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) light can aid in the investigation of petroleum‐contaminated soil and sediment. The visible fluorescence of many petroleum products under UV illumination often results in a striking contrast when compared with surrounding, uncontaminated media. This contrast can be used in a variety of applications, including delineating the extent of petroleum in excavations, locating seeps along shorelines, and selecting sample intervals in sediment cores.In another application, a field screening test using UV light combined with solvent extraction was developed to detect low levels of petroleum in soil. The test rapidly screens soil samples for the presence and relative concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons. The test was used to screen samples for laboratory analysis and identify residual petroleum product in boring samples.
Nitrate enhancement of in‐situ bioremediation of monoaromatic compounds in groundwater
Authors: Gersberg Richard M. , Dawsey W. John , Bradley Mark D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRemoval of benzene, toluene, and the isomers of xylene (BTX) from gasoline‐contaminated groundwater under denitrifying conditions was investigated. In laboratory microcosms, benzene removal was found to be significantly stimulated by phosphorus addition. For total xylenes, removal followed a similar response, but toluene disappearance was unaffected by phosphorus enrichment. An in‐situ bioremediation project was conducted to extend this laboratory work to an actual field‐scale cleanup of gasoline‐contaminated groundwater. The flow of groundwater from two extraction wells to an infiltration gallery created a mostly closed loop to recycle the groundwater enriched with added nutrients and the electron acceptor (nitrate). The coincident occurrence of BTX loss (greater than 90 percent) in situ, nitrate (as well as phosphorus and ammonia) appearance, and increased levels of denitrifying bacteria at a downgradient well all suggested that denitrification may play a significant role in BTX remediation at this site.
Application of in‐situ bioremediation to a gasoline spill in fractured bedrock
Authors: Hoffman Adam H. , Bell Richard A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAfter achieving remediation goals during only thirty‐two months of operation, the first full‐scale in‐situ bioremediation (ISB) system in the state of Missouri was shut down in 1990. In addition to ISB, the system included a combination of soil venting and air stripping to remediate subsurface gasoline contamination at a large manufacturing facility. More than 84,000 pounds of gasoline were degraded or removed from the fractured limestone bedrock aquifer and overburden materials. The successful application of ISB in this complex geologic environment and the fact that this was the first such system to complete remediation in Missouri make this system unique.