bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MEASUREMENT OF TRIGLYCERIDE IN BRAIN AND THE METABOLISM OF BRAIN TRIGLYCERIDE IN VITRO
Authors: Rowe C. E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Triglyceride has been isolated from brain by thin‐layer chromatography and determined by absorption of the carbonyl group at 1740 cm−1. The means of yields from whole mouse brain, whole rat brain, rat brain grey matter, rat brain stem, and incubated slices of rat brain cortex were 0.15–0.17 μmole/g tissue.
The distribution of fatty esters varied from preparation to preparation. Palmitate, stearate and oleate usually occurred in greatest amounts. Hydrolysis of a preparation of triglyceride from whole rat brain with pancreatic lipase indicated that palmitate was equally distributed between the α and β esters.
[1‐14C]Acetate was rapidly incorporated into triglyceride of slices of incubated rat brain cortex. When the resulting triglyceride was hydrolysed with pancreatic lipase the distribution of radioactivity amongst the hydrolysis products was consistent with both the α and β esters of the triglyceride having been radioactively labelled.
INCORPORATION OF 32P IN VITRO INTO TRIPHOSPHOINOSITIDE AND RELATED LIPIDS OF RAT SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLIA AND VAGUS NERVES
Authors: Yagihara Y. , Salway J. G. , Hawthorne J. N. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Rat sympathetic ganglia, vagus nerve and sciatic nerve were each incubated with inorganic 32P for various lengths of time and the resultant labelling of their inositol lipids was measured.At all times up to 3 hr phosphatidylinositol was the most highly labelled lipid of ganglia, while triphosphoinositide was the most active lipid of vagus and sciatic nerves. Removal of calcium ions from the incubation media had no significant effect on the incorporation of phosphate into any of the inositol lipids of sympathetic ganglia.
A REGIONAL STUDY OF SOME OSMOTIC, IONIC AND AGE FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF CEREBRAL LYSOSOMES1
Authors: Sellinger O. Z. , Nordrum Linda M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— An examination was made of the effect of changes in the osmolarity and the ionic composition of the homogenizing medium on the partition of lysosomal arylsulphatase and N‐acetylglucosaminidase of cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and thalamus of the rat. Sulphatase appeared to be more sensitive to hypotonicity than glucosaminidase, since a higher proportion of the sulphatase was released from the lysosomes into the soluble fraction of the cells from all three neuroanatomical areas examined. In the presence of 250 mM‐sucrose, supplementation with 10 mM‐Mg led to clumping of the lysosomes and their translocation into the heavy‐particulate fraction; no such effect of 10 mM‐Mg was noted in the absence of 250 mM‐sucrose.The intracellular distribution of bound N‐acetylneuraminic acid (bound‐NANA) was also examined. The shifts observed in its intracellular localization as a result of changes in the ionic composition of the homogenizing medium rule out bound‐NANA as a structural component of the membrane of the cortical lysosome. However regional differences in the response of bound‐NANA to ionic factors were observed.Lysosomes from cerebral cortex of adult and 12‐day‐old rats were also compared. Differences in the pattern of distribution of lysosomes in linear sucrose gradients and in response to ionic factors were uncovered.The results support the previously enunciated concept (Sellinger and Hiatt, 1968) of a regional microheterogeneity of lysosomes and add a new, age‐related dimension to it.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED NUCLEI FROM ADULT RAT BRAIN
Authors: Burdman J. A. , Journey L. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Nuclei from adult rat brains isolated with isotonic sucrose were incubated with [3H]leucine and later purified by centrifugation through hypertonic sucrose solutions. It was found that under these conditions, tritiated leucine was incorporated into TCA precipitable material. Protein synthesis was impaired if the nuclei were treated with the nonionic detergent Triton X‐100 or hypertonic sucrose. The presence of puromycin or cycloheximide markedly inhibited the incorporation of the radioactive amino acid. Actinomycin D and RNase did not have any effect on the incorporation. Autoradiography indicated the presence of labelled material within the nuclei and not in cytoplasmic contaminants. Glial nuclei were more actively involved in protein synthesis than neuronal nuclei.
CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (ChAc) ACTIVITY IN DEVELOPING CHICK OPTIC CENTRES AND THE EFFECTS OF MONOLATERAL REMOVAL OF RETINA AT AN EARLY EMBRYONIC STAGE AND AT HATCHING
Authors: Marchisio P. C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity was measured in the optic centres of chick embryos after early removal of the optic cup and of young chicks after monolateral extirpation of the right eyeball after hatching. The contralateral optic lobes were thus deprived of their complement of retinal fibres. The following results were obtained: in chick embryos the ChAc was slightly lower in the deafferented lobe between the 10th and the 14th day of incubation; between the 14th and the 17th day a critical fall in activity was observed leading to a significant ChAc loss of 71 per cent. In eye deprived chicks no significant change in total ChAc activity occurred during the first postoperative month; significant changes were found only in the second month.The results reached so far suggest that removal of retinal fibres does not cause short term changes in optic centre ChAc in either the embryo or the chick. ChAc contained in nerve cell bodies seems independent of synapses and its behaviour is interpreted as a reflection of metabolic disturbance of the centre.
ALKALINE PHOSPHODIESTERASE ACTIVITY OF GOAT BRAIN CORTEX RIBOSOMES
Authors: Datta R. K. , Ghosh J. J. , Bhattacharyya K. C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The ribosome preparation of goat cerebral cortex was found to possess acid and alkaline phosphodiesterase (PDase) activities, the alkaline PDase activity was greater. The alkaline PDase activity increased sharply between pH 8 and 9 and showed maximum activity between 35° and 40°. The alkaline PDase lost about half of its activity on heating the ribosome preparation at 83° for 5 min. Storage at low temperature or freezing and thawing did not cause significant loss of enzymic activity, but prolonged dialysis beyond 24 hr in the cold against magnesium‐cacodylate buffer caused some loss of activity. Copper, cobalt, inorganic phosphate ions, EDTA, urea and detergents were found to be inhibitors of the PDase activity. Differential inactivation in the presence of arsenate and zinc ions suggests the distinctness of the PDase activity from the phosphomonoesterase (PMase) activity of the ribosome preparation. The enzyme appeared firmly bound to ribosomal particles and attempts to solubilize it were unsuccessful.
BRAIN SEROTONIN CHANGES IN PHENYLALANINE‐FED RATS: SYNTHESIS STORAGE AND DEGRADATION1
Authors: Yuwiler A. , Geller E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The brain serotonin levels of rats maintained on a 5 % phenylalanine diet rose more slowly (0.18 μ g/g brain/hr) after administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor than did serotonin levels of controls (0.41 μ g/g brain/hr). The rate of brain serotonin decline following reserpine or dimethylaminobenzoyl methyl reserpate was the same for both groups as was basal monoamine oxidase activity. Brain uptake of monoamine oxidase inhibitor was also the same for both groups. It was concluded that the decrease in brain serotonin levels in phenylalanine‐fed animals was due to decreased serotonin formation rather than enhanced degradation. On the basis of available data it was concluded that both hydroxylase inhibition and inhibited precursor transport were involved.
CHANGES IN THE HYPOTHALAMO‐NEUROHYPOPHYSICAL NEURO‐SECRETORY MATERIALS OF RATS DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Ray A. K. , Ghosh J. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Acute morphine treatment of rats increased the concentration of neuro‐secretory material in the posterior pituitary. These changes were accompanied by the presence of more neurosecretory materials in the axons of the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular neurons and in the hypothalamic capillaries and sinuses. In the perikarya of the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular neurons, the neurosecretory material is in a dispersed state.
Following chronic morphine treatment, neurosecretory material was almost absent from the posterior pituitary, whereas in the perikarya of the supraoptic and paraventricular neurons, congestion of neurosecretory material is observed which is accompanied by the absence of the neurosecretory material from the axons arising from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and from the hypothalamic capillaries and sinuses.
During nalorphine‐induced abstinence, there was sudden reappearance of the neurosecretory material in the posterior pituitary along with the appearance of neurosecretory material in the hypothalamic neurosecretory neuronal tracts, blood capillaries and sinuses together with the dispersion of the neurosecretory materials from the hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons.
BOUND ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE NERVE ENDING PARTICLES1
Authors: Takeno K. , Nishio A. , Yanagiya I. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

The bound ACh of rabbit brain tissue homogenate was studied with the French press technique by means of which nerve endings can be ruptured under isotonic condition.
Two fractions of B‐ACh, stable and labile were obtained which were roughly equal in amount. The yield of B‐ACh after disruption of nerve ending particles was about 28 per cent of the initial total ACh and higher than that formed after the hypotonic disruption.
The results support the view that the stable fraction of B‐ACh is enclosed inside the vesicle membrane, while the labile fraction is present in the cytoplasm of the cell.
ACh released from such intact vesicle fractions was roughly parallel to the ionic strength of the solution at 0°, without relation to the nature of the ion itself.
Electronmicroscopic examination with PTA showed that the vesicles released by the French press technique were largely intact, although the nerve ending particles were completely disrupted by the same treatment.
32P INCORPORATION INTO DIFFERENT MEMBRANOUS STRUCTURES SEPARATED FROM RAT CEREBRAL CORTEX1
Authors: Lapetina E. G. , Arnaiz Georgina Rodríguez De Lores , Robertis E. De 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The time course of incorporation, between 3 hr and 16 days, of ortho[32P]phosphate into different membranous structures isolated from the rat cerebral cortex was studied. After subarachnoideal administration into the CSF it was found that myelin, mitochondria, microsomes and purified nerve‐ending membranes and synaptic vesicles incorporate 32P at the same rate. Most of the individual phospholipids of the synaptic vesicles and nerve‐ending membranes also have similar rates of incorporation. Only phosphoinositides and/or phosphatidylserine may have a more rapid metabolism. The incorporation of 32P into phosphoproteins follows a different pattern from that of the phospholipids. The intraperitoneal route is less effective in the 32P incorporation and differences among the fractions may be found.These results are discussed in relation to the problem of the blood‐brain barrier to phosphate and to the labelling of individual phospholipids in the different membranes.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF ACID RIBONUCLEASE IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Ghosh Swati , Ghosh J. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The staining pattern of acid ribonuclease activity in the nervous tissues of rats has been studied with different fixatives and incubation media. Certain modifications in the method adopted (Vorbrodt, 1961) produced a definite improvement in the localization as well as distinct subcellular distribution at the pHs studied. The modifications introduced consisted of preincubation of tissue sections with prostatic acid phosphatase, omission of acid phosphatase from the standard incubation medium and its addition at a later stage of incubation. This avoids much of the diffused cytoplasmic and filamentous background staining at pH 5.2–5.8, eliminates the irregular nuclear staining at pH 4.5 and replaces the strong nuclear positivity at pH 5.2 by a fine granular dispersion.A study of the enzyme activity of subcellular fractions at the different pHs used was performed to confirm the histochemical localization.
STUDY OF RNA IN SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS FROM RAT BRAIN: SIMULTANEOUS INCORPORATION OF [14C]URIDINE AND [3H]METHYL‐l‐METHIONINE
Authors: Saborio J. L , Alemán V 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— By using a combination of subcutaneous and intraventricular injections of [14C]uridine and [3H]methyl‐l‐methionine we have obtained maximum incorporation in about 40 min of both radioactive precursors into nuclear RNA from rat brain. In this nuclear fraction we found at least two different types of RNA that were rapidly labelled. One of them incorporated both [14C]uridine and [3H]methyl groups and seemed to correspond to species of rRNA and their precursors. The other RNA fraction was less methylated or non‐methylated and exhibited sedimentation coefficients distributed along a continuous 8–30 % sucrose density gradient. At least part of the latter type of RNA very probably was mRNA, but much of it must conespond to a different RNA similar to that recently described in HeLa cells by Penman, Vesco and Penman (1968).We also found that labelled 185 and 285 rRNA components began leaving the nucleus for the cytoplasm within 24 to 33 min after the radioactive precursors had been injected, and, in the cytoplasmic fraction, the patterns of incorporation for [14C]uridine and [3H]‐methyl groups were similar for the 18S and 28S rRNA components. We estimate that in this fraction of rat brain the 18S rRNA component was 1·4 times more methylated than the 28S component. We also detected a lower sedimentation coefficient for the non‐ or slightly methylated, species of soluble RNA found in the cytoplasmic fraction.
ENZYMATIC FLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN BIOLOGICAL EXTRACTS1
Authors: O'Neill John J , Sakamoto Tetsuhiko 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Acetylcholine was determined fluorometrically by the following enzymic reactions:(1) ACh = Acetate + Choline(2) Acetate + ATP + CoASH = Acetyl‐SCoA + AMP + PPi(3) Malate + NAD+= Oxalacetate + NADH(4) Oxalacetate + Acetyl‐SCoA = CoASH + CitrateThe fluorescence produced by NADH was stoichiometric with the ACh present and the citrate formed. The complete system contained acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), acetyl‐CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), and citrate condensing enzyme (EC 4.1.3.7). The acetyl‐CoA synthetase was rate limiting in the system.Authentic samples of ACh (10−8 to 10−9mol) were measured with ±5 per cent reproducibility; this corresponds to the content of an 80 mg (fresh weight) sample of brain. Tissue levels of ACh in this concentration range, within normal biological variation, were determined with ±15 per cent reproducibility. The method can also be employed to measure acetate and acetyl‐SCoA with the same degrees of sensitivity and reproducibility. The method can be used to measure ‘total’ and ‘bound’ ACh and thus to estimate ‘free’ ACh, by varying the extraction procedure. Values obtained in the manner described agree with those previously reported in the literature.Troublesome fluorescence in brain extracts was effectively removed with acid‐washed Florisil.
RETENTION AND EXCHANGE OF POTASSIUM IN A SYNAPTOSOMAL FRACTION OF MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: Weinstein H , Kuriyama K 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Myelin, synaptosomal and mitochondrial fractions obtained from homogenates of whole mouse brain contain K+ which can exchange with 42K+ at 2º in 0·32 m‐sucrose. The content and rates of exchange of K+ were greater at pH 8·2 than at 6·1. In the synaptosomal preparations, the rates of exchange and content of 42K+ and K+ declined progressively with decreasing pH.Of the total synaptosomal K+, 95 per cent could exchange with external 42K+. At pH 7·5, 20 per cent of the K+ and 78 per cent of the Na+ appeared to reside in osmotically insensitive pools. Synaptosomal K+ at 2º was slowly displaced by NaCl (0·18 m) and the rate of exchange between 42K+ and K+ was retarded. KCI (0·18 m) did not readily displace endogenous Na+. Synaptosomal K+ exchanged with exogenous K+ more rapidly than with exogenous Na+.These observations have been discussed in terms of possible roles for ion exchange as the principal means by which K+ traverses the plasma membrane at 2º.
METABOLISM OF HIGHLY BASIC PROTEINS OF RAT BRAIN DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Gaitonde M. K , Martenson R. E 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— (1) The encephalitogenic basic protein obtained from adult rat brain by treatment with 0·03 N‐HCl was demonstrable in the brain on the 10th day after birth. It showed a marked increase in quantity during the phase of active myelination.(2) The proteins extracted under similar conditions from 5‐day old rat brain contained several highly basic proteins other than the encephalitogenic basic protein. These basic proteins, which were electrophoretically similar to highly basic proteins extracted similarly from adult rat liver, are histones.(3) For metabolic studies the entire group of highly basic proteins in the acid extract was obtained after one‐step adsorption of other proteins on DEAE‐cellulose equilibrated at pH 9·8(4) After injection of [14C]lysine the fractions containing highly basic proteins, water soluble non‐basic proteins and other tissue proteins of the brain showed higher relative specific radioactivities during the period 1–10 days after birth than during later stages of postnatal development. The fraction containing proteolipid protein, another myelin protein, showed a low relative specific radioactivity throughout the whole period of postnatal development. The relative specific radioactivity of proteolipid protein was somewhat higher in young than in adult rat brain.
A NEW PROCEDURE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF ACID‐SOLUBLE GLUTAMINE OF TISSUE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE BRAIN
Authors: Dobkin J. , Marton M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—A simple method is described for the measurement of free brain glutamine by spectrophotometric means, without prior separation by either paper or column chromatography. Through the application of this method, it was also possible to obtain an approximate value for the combined concentrations of glutamic acid, y‐aminobutyric acid and glutathione in brain.
SOME PROPERTIES OF GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE AND THE CONTENT OF PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE IN BRAINS OF THREE VERTEBRATE SPECIES
Authors: Tapia R. , Pasantes Herminia , Massieu G. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Some properties of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) were studied in the brain of the carp (Carassius auratus), the pigeon (Columbia livia) and the mouse (Mus musculus). The optimum pH for GAD in the three species was 6·3‐6·5. In the three species studied, GAD activity of brain homogenates in water was higher than that of homogenates in buffer. The supernatant from homogenates in Triton‐X‐100 gave an enzyme preparation which showed greater activation by pyridoxal phosphate than those obtained from complete water or buffer homogenates or from the supernatant of Water homogenates.In the absence of pyridoxal phosphate, the activity of carp GAD was considerably lower than that of mouse or pigeon GAD. The addition of pyridoxal phosphate resulted in a much greater activation of carp GAD than that of pigeon or mouse GAD. Pyridoxal phosphate content was also measured in brains of the species studied. The difference between coenzyme levels in carp and mouse was very small in comparison to the difference in GAD activity in the absence of exogenous coenzyme. The pyridoxal phosphate content of pigeon brain was higher than that of the other two species.
COMPARTMENTATION OF CITRIC ACID CYCLE METABOLISM IN BRAIN: EFFECT OF AMINOOXYACETIC ACID, OUABAIN AND Ca2+ ON THE LABELLING OF GLUTAMATE, GLUTAMINE, ASPARTATE AND GABA BY [1‐14C]ACETATE, [U‐14C]GLUTAMATE AND [U‐14C] ASPARTATE1
Authors: Berl S. , Clarke D. D. , Nicklas W. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) The effects of aminooxyacetic acid, ouabain and Ca2+ on the compartmentation of amino acid metabolism have been studied in slices of brain incubated with sodium‐[1‐14C]acetate, l‐[U‐14C]glutamate and l‐[U‐14C]aspartate as tracer metabolites.(2) Aminooxyacetic acid (10‐3 m) inhibited the labelling of aspartate from [14C]acetate and [14C]glutamate, as well as the incorporation of label from [14C]aspartate into glutamate and glutamine. It also inhibited the labelling of GABA from all three radioactive precursors, as would be anticipated if there was inhibition of several transaminases as well as glutamate decarboxylase. The RSA of glutamine labelled from [1‐14C]acetate was increased. This finding indicated that the glutamate pool which is utilized for glutamine formation is associated with glutamate dehydrogenase, and this enzyme appears to be related to the ‘synthetic tricarboxylic acid cycle’. AOAA exerted its major inhibitory effects on the citric acid‘energy cycle’with which transaminases are associated.(3) Ouabain (10‐5 m) inhibited the labelling of glutamine to a much greater extent than the labelling of glutamate from [1‐14C]acetate. It also caused leakage of amino acids from the tissue into the medium. Its effect on the glutamate–glutamine system was interpreted to be a selective inhibition of the 'synthetic’citric acid cycle.(4) The omission of Ca2+ from the incubation medium was associated with formation of glutamine with RSA less than 1·0 when labelled from [U‐14C]glutamate, [U‐14C]aspartate and lower than normal when labelled from [1‐14C]acetate.
THE REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF SIALOGLYCOPROTEINS, GANGLIOSIDES AND SIALIDASE IN BOVINE BRAIN
Authors: Roukema P. A. , Heijlman J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Sialoglycoproteins and gangliosides were characterized in various bovine brain regions by determining the amount of sialic acid. Expressed per g dry weight, the gangliosidic sialic acid ranged from 11·20 to 1·93 μmol and the glycoprotein sialic acid from 8·93 to 1·84 μmol in grey and white matter respectively (values not corrected for incomplete release and breakdown during hydrolysis). Both the sialoglycoproteins and the gangliosides occur in highest concentration in areas predominating in neuronal cell bodies (cerebral grey, cerebellar grey, caudate nucleus). The lowest concentrations are found in those areas, consisting largely of myelinated fibre tracts and glial cells (pons, medulla, corpus callosum, cerebral white). Relative to the gangliosides the sialoglycoproteins are somewhat more concentrated in white matter.The sialidase activity was investigated with endogenous substrate as well as with additional gangliosides or sialoglycopeptides. In all conditions the activity was much greater in grey matter than in white matter. The regional sialidase distribution more or less parallels the distribution of sialic acid in the various regions. At high substrate level the sialoglycopeptides inhibit the sialidase activity. There are indications that gangliosides are a far better substrate for brain sialidase than glycoproteins or glycopeptides. The possible significance of this phenomenon is discussed.