bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing Iron‐Reducing from Sulfate‐Reducing Conditions
Authors: Chapelle Francis H. , Bradley Paul M. , Thomas Mary Ann , McMahon Peter B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGround water systems dominated by iron‐ or sulfate‐reducing conditions may be distinguished by observing concentrations of dissolved iron (Fe2+) and sulfide (sum of H2S, HS−, and S= species and denoted here as “H2S”). This approach is based on the observation that concentrations of Fe2+ and H2S in ground water systems tend to be inversely related according to a hyperbolic function. That is, when Fe2+ concentrations are high, H2S concentrations tend to be low and vice versa. This relation partly reflects the rapid reaction kinetics of Fe2+ with H2S to produce relatively insoluble ferrous sulfides (FeS). This relation also reflects competition for organic substrates between the iron‐ and the sulfate‐reducing microorganisms that catalyze the production of Fe2+ and H2S. These solubility and microbial constraints operate in tandem, resulting in the observed hyperbolic relation between Fe2+ and H2S concentrations. Concentrations of redox indicators, including dissolved hydrogen (H2) measured in a shallow aquifer in Hanahan, South Carolina, suggest that if the Fe2+/H2S mass ratio (units of mg/L) exceeded 10, the screened interval being tapped was consistently iron reducing (H2∼0.2 to 0.8 nM). Conversely, if the Fe2+/H2S ratio was less than 0.30, consistent sulfate‐reducing (H2∼1 to 5 nM) conditions were observed over time. Concomitantly high Fe2+ and H2S concentrations were associated with H2 concentrations that varied between 0.2 and 5.0 nM over time, suggesting mixing of water from adjacent iron‐ and sulfate‐reducing zones or concomitant iron and sulfate reduction under nonelectron donor–limited conditions. These observations suggest that Fe2+/H2S mass ratios may provide useful information concerning the occurrence and distribution of iron and sulfate reduction in ground water systems.
Students' perceptions of school meals: a challenge for schools, school‐meal providers, and policymakers
Authors: Lülfs‐Baden Frederike , Spiller Achim 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSchool‐meal programmes in Germany are of growing public interest and are gaining in importance, not least because of their ability to influence pupils' eating habits and thereby establish sustainable nutrition patterns. It is in this context that it is important to understand adolescents' perceptions of school food in order to enable policymakers, schools and school‐meal providers to fulfil their nutritional requirements. Therefore, the aim of this study is to create a theoretical model to measure students' satisfaction and to identify the underlying dimensions. The results show that the main predictors of customer satisfaction are service, quality of food and atmosphere, which underlines and reinforces the importance of service quality. Other factors, such as canteen organisation and the foods' nutritional value, influence satisfaction indirectly. Finally, a higher satisfaction level leads to a higher willingness to participate in school‐meal programmes.
Incorporation of ground flaxseed into bakery products and its effect on sensory and nutritional characteristics – a pilot study
Authors: Lipilina Elina , Ganji Vijay 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe determined the optimum amount of ground flaxseed substitution for flour in bakery products and evaluated the effect of flaxseed on sensory and nutritional qualities of those bakery products using a consumer panel (n = 45). Flaxseed was added to yeast breads at 15, 25 and 30% and to muffins at 33, 50 and 66% substitution levels for flour on a weight for weight basis. Breads containing 30% and muffins containing 50% flaxseed were rated better than their counterparts regarding overall acceptability scores. Linolenic acid, fiber and folate contents were improved by 28 g, 16 g and 387‐µg dietary folate equivalents (DFE), respectively, in 30% flaxseed bread compared to control. In 50% flaxseed muffins compared to control, linolenic acid, fiber and folate contents were improved by 21 g, 17 g and 341‐µg DFE, respectively. Flaxseed at 30–50% substitution for flour greatly enhanced the nutritional qualities of some nutrients without affecting the overall acceptability of bakery products.
Agreement Features
Authors: Wechsler Stephen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGrammatical agreement in features such as person, number, and gender presents several puzzles that are of ongoing interest to the linguist. What is the nature of the grammatical mechanism responsible for agreement, and how does it relate to other aspects of syntax? The two main alternative approaches, lexicalist and derivational, will be contrasted. A second question is whether agreement is determined by the form or the meaning of the subject or other phrase that triggers agreement. The answer seems to vary between these two options, and so we must explain how the grammar negotiates between them. Finally, we consider the phenomenon of agreement mismatches, in which conflicting features appear in the same sentence. We consider how to explain these cases, and what they tell us about normal agreement.
Data‐Driven Dialectology
Authors: Nerbonne John 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMost studies of language variation proceed from the geographic or social distribution of single elements (features), and find it difficult to proceed further. Data‐driven dialectology, and more generally, data‐driven variationist studies, begin instead from an aggregate view of language variation and reap immediate benefits in dealing with well‐known exceptions in the distributions of single features and in avoiding the need to select which features to use as the basis of characterizations. But the major advance is the opportunity to characterize general tendencies in linguistic variation.
Typology of Ergativity
Authors: McGregor William B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractErgativity refers to patterning in a language whereby the subject of a transitive clause behaves differently to the subject of an intransitive clause, which behaves like the object of a transitive clause. Ergativity can be manifested in morphology, lexicon, syntax, and discourse organisation. This article overviews what is known about ergativity in the world's languages, with a particular focus on one type of morphological ergativity, namely in case‐marking. While languages are rarely entirely consistent in ergative case‐marking, and the inconsistencies vary considerably across languages, they are nevertheless not random. Thus splits in case‐marking, in which ergative patterning is restricted to certain domains, follow (with few exceptions) universal tendencies. So also are there striking cross‐linguistic commonalities among systems in which ergative case‐marking is optional, although systematic investigation of this domain is quite recent. Recent work on the diachrony of ergative systems and case‐markers is overviewed, and issues for further research are identified.
Watching the Word Go by: On the Time‐course of Component Processes in Visual Word Recognition
Authors: Grainger Jonathan , Holcomb Phillip J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe describe a functional architecture for word recognition that focuses on how orthographic and phonological information cooperates in initial form‐based processing of printed word stimuli prior to accessing semantic information. Component processes of orthographic processing and orthography‐to‐phonology translation are described, and the behavioral evidence in favor of such mechanisms is briefly summarized. Our theoretical framework is then used to interpret the results of a large number of recent experiments that have combined the masked priming paradigm with electrophysiological recordings. These experiments revealed a series of components in the event‐related potential (ERP), thought to reflect the cascade of underlying processes involved in the transition from visual feature extraction to semantic activation. We provide a tentative mapping of ERP components onto component processes in the model, hence specifying the relative time‐course of these processes and their functional significance.
Best Practices in Technology and Language Teaching
Authors: Hoopingarner Dennie 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLanguage teaching can be enhanced by effective uses of educational technology. Based on research findings in language acquisition and computer‐assisted language learning, best practices take into account effective language pedagogy, and appropriate roles of technology. Best practices in using technology to support language teaching and learning see technology as a tool that can enhance teaching and learning by augmenting input, providing additional opportunities for language practice, and serving as a platform for interaction and tasks‐based learning activities.
Genetic diversity and divergence among coastal and offshore reefs in a hard coral depend on geographic discontinuity and oceanic currents
Authors: Underwood Jim N. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractUnderstanding the evolutionary processes that have shaped existing patterns of genetic diversity of reef‐building corals over broad scales is required to inform long‐term conservation planning. Genetic structure and diversity of the mass‐spawning hard coral, Acropora tenuis, were assessed with seven DNA microsatellite loci from a series of isolated and discontinuous coastal and offshore reef systems in northwest Australia. Significant subdivision was detected among all sites (FST = 0.062, RST = 0.090), with the majority of this variation due to genetic differentiation among reef systems. In addition, genetic divergence was detected between the coastal and offshore zones that cannot be adequately explained by geographic distance, indicating that transport of larvae between these zones via large‐scale oceanic currents is rare even over time frames that account for connectivity over multiple generations. Significant differences in the amount of genetic diversity at each system were also detected, with higher diversity observed on the lower latitude reefs. The implications are that these reef systems of northwest Australia are not only demographically independent, but that they will also have to rely on their own genetic diversity to adapt to environmental change over the next few decades to centuries.
Oestrogenicity of prenylflavonoids from hops: activation of pro‐oestrogens by intestinal bacteria
Authors: Possemiers Sam , Verstraete Willy 
Published: February 2009

SummaryFor many centuries, hops (Humulus lupulus L.) have been used as essential ingredient in beers, providing the typical bitterness and hoppy flavour. However, the last few years the plant has gained increasing attention as a source of prenylflavonoids and in 1999, 8‐prenylnaringenin (8‐PN) was identified as the most potent phyto‐oestrogen known so far. Hop extracts are therefore now marketed to reduce menopausal complaints. However, 8‐PN concentrations in hops are very low, and variable efficiency of these extracts was observed. Yet, hops also contain isoxanthohumol (IX) in much higher amounts (IX/8‐PN ratio in hop extracts is typically 10–20). This article reviews our recent findings on how the human intestinal microbiota may activate IX. Depending on inter‐individual differences in the intestinal transformation potential, this conversion could easily increase the 8‐PN exposure 10‐fold. The variability in efficacy of hop extracts may therefore be explained by variable intestinal metabolism. Based on this scientific knowledge, an innovative strategy was developed to decrease this variability. First, Eubacterium limosum, capable of rapidly metabolizing all IX into 8‐PN, was isolated from the complex intestinal ecosystem. This bacterium was then used to develop a new generation of hop products with increased reliability in effect. This strategy involves the use of the bacterium as probiotic, in which the bacterium is administered in combination with the original hop extract. This leads to efficient intestinal 8‐PN production, also in individuals who originally did not harbour the appropriate bacteria. The findings presented in this review can therefore be considered as a typical example that good insight in the specific metabolic potential of complex microbial communities and individual bacterial species may offer important opportunities for the management and modulation of the microbial organization towards a certain metabolic function.
Comparative study of hematologic and plasma biochemical variables in Eastern Atlantic juvenile and adult nesting loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)
Authors: Casal Ana B. , Camacho María , López‐Jurado Luis F. , Juste Candelaria , Orós Jorge 
Published: February 2009

Background:Plasma biochemical and hematologic variables are important in the management of endangered sea turtles, such as loggerheads. However, studies on blood biochemistry and hematology of loggerheads are limited, and different concentrations according to variable criteria have been reported.Objective:The purpose of this study was to establish and compare baseline plasma chemistry and hematology values in Eastern Atlantic juvenile and adult nesting loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta).Methods:Blood samples were collected from 69 healthy juvenile loggerhead sea turtles after their rehabilitation in captivity, and from 34 adult nesting loggerheads after oviposition. Fresh blood was used for leukocyte differential count and PCV determination. Heparinized blood was used for RBC and WBC counts. Plasma biochemical concentrations were measured using an automated biochemical analyzer. For the comparative study, nonparametric statistical analysis was done using the Mann–WhitneyU‐test.Results:Minimum, maximum, and median concentrations were obtained for 14 hematologic and 15 plasma chemistry variables. Statistically significant differences between juvenile and adult turtles were found for PCV; RBC, WBC, and leukocyte differential counts; total protein, albumin, globulins, calcium, triglycerides, glucose, total cholesterol and urea concentrations; and lactate dehydrogenase activity.Conclusions:Age, size, and reproductive status cause important variations in the hematologic and plasma biochemical results of loggerheads. The reference values obtained in this study may be used as a standard profile, useful for veterinary surgeons involved in sea turtle conservation.
A New Fork for Clinical Application: Targeting Forkhead Transcription Factors in Cancer
Authors: Yang Jer-Yen , Hung Mien-Chie 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Forkhead O transcription factors (FOXO) play a pivotal role in the regulation of a myriad of cellular functions including cell cycle arrest, cell death, and protection from stress stimuli. Activation of cell survival pathways such as phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT/IKK or RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase are known to phosphorylate FOXOs at different sites which cause FOXOs nuclear exclusion and degradation, resulting in the suppression of FOXO's transcriptional activity. Perturbation of FOXO's function leads to deregulated cell proliferation and accumulation of DNA damage, resulting in diseases such as cancer. Emerging evidence shows that active FOXO proteins are crucial for keeping cells in check; and inactivation of FOXO proteins is associated with tumorigenesis, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and leukemia. Moreover, clinically used drugs like paclitaxel, imatinib, and doxorubicin have been shown to achieve their therapeutic effects through activation of FOXO3a and FOXO3a targets. In this review, we will focus the novel functions of FOXOs revealed in recent studies and further highlight FOXOs as new therapeutic targets in a broad spectrum of cancers.
Prognostic Implications of and Relationship Between CpG Island Hypermethylation and Repetitive DNA Hypomethylation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Lee Hwan Seok , Kim Baek-Hee , Cho Nam-Yun , Yoo Eun Joo , Choi Minhee , Shin So-Hyun , Jang Ja-June , Suh Kyung-Suk , Kim Yong Sung , Kang Gyeong Hoon 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between CpG island DNA hypermethylation and global genomic DNA hypomethylation and their prognostic implications in hepatocellular carcinoma. The association of DNA methylation changes with clinicopathologic factors and the chronological ordering of DNA methylation changes along multistep hepatocarcinogenesis were also assessed.
Experimental Design: Hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 20) and nonneoplastic liver samples (n = 72) were analyzed for their methylation status at 41 CpG island loci and 3 repetitive DNA elements (LINE-1, ALU, and SAT2) using MethyLight or combined bisulfite restriction analysis. After selection of 19 CpG island loci showing cancer-specific DNA methylation, another set of 99 hepatocellular carcinoma samples was analyzed for these loci.
Results: The number of methylated genes in hepatocellular carcinoma was significantly higher in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with a cirrhotic liver than in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with a noncirrhotic liver (9.9 versus 7.0, P = 0.001). Hepatocellular carcinoma from female patients showed a higher number of methylated genes than hepatocellular carcinoma from male patients (11.2 versus 8.4, P = 0.006). The genes CRABP1 and SYK showed significant association between CpG island hypermethylation and patients' poor survival. SAT2 hypomethylation occurred earlier than LINE-1 or ALU hypomethylation along the multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. Depending on the type of CpG island locus, a direct, inverse, or no relationship between CpG island hypermethylation and repetitive DNA hypomethylation was observed in hepatocellular carcinomas.
Conclusion: The varying relationships between the hypermethylation of individual CpG island loci and the hypomethylation of repetitive elements suggests that they are not mechanically linked. SYK and CRABP1 hypermethylation may serve as useful tumor markers for prognostication of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
MDM2 Antagonist Nutlin-3 Displays Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Activity in Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Tabe Yoko , Sebasigari Denise , Jin Linhua , Rudelius Martina , Davies-Hill Theresa , Miyake Kazunori , Miida Takashi , Pittaluga Stefania , Raffeld Mark 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Purpose: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has one of the poorest prognoses of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and novel therapeutic approaches are needed. We wished to determine whether Nutlin-3, a novel small-molecule murine double minute 2 (MDM2) antagonist that efficiently activates TP53, might be effective in inducing cell death in MCL.
Experimental Design: MCL cell lines with known TP53 status were treated with Nutlin-3, and biological and biochemical consequences were studied. Synergies with the prototypic genotoxic agent doxorubicin and the novel proteasome inhibitor bortezomib were assessed.
Results: Nutlin-3 resulted in a reduction in cell proliferation/viability (IC50 &lt; 10 μmol/L), an increase in the apoptotic fraction, and cell cycle arrest in wild-type (wt) TP53 Z-138 and Granta 519 cells. These effects were accompanied by TP53 accumulation and induction of TP53-dependent proteins p21, MDM2, Puma, and Noxa. Cell cycle arrest was characterized by suppression of S phase and an increase in the G0-G1 and G2-M fractions and accompanied by suppression of total and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein and a decrease in G2-M-associated proteins cyclin B and CDC2. The combination of Nutlin-3 with doxorubicin or bortezomib was synergistic in wt-TP53 MCL cells. Nutlin-3 also induced cell cycle arrest and reduced cell viability in the mutant TP53 MINO cells but at a significantly higher IC50 (22.5 μmol/L). These effects were associated with induction of the TP53 homologue p73, slight increases in p21 and Noxa, and caspase activation. Nutlin-3 and bortezomib synergistically inhibited cell growth of MINO.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that the MDM2 antagonist Nutlin-3 may be an effective agent in the treatment of MCL with or without wt-TP53.
Functional B7.2 and B7-H2 Molecules on Myeloma Cells Are Associated with a Growth Advantage
Authors: Yamashita Taishi , Tamura Hideto , Satoh Chikako , Shinya Eiji , Takahashi Hidemi , Chen Lieping , Kondo Asaka , Tsuji Takashi , Dan Kazuo , Ogata Kiyoyuki 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPurpose: B7 family molecules expressed on antigen-presenting cells stimulate or inhibit normal immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate whether functional B7.2 and B7-H2 molecules are expressed on myeloma cells and, if so, whether they are associated with pathophysiology in myeloma.Experimental Design: The expression of B7.2 and B7-H2 molecules on normal plasma and neoplastic (myeloma) plasma cells was analyzed. The cell proliferation and immunomodulatory function of myeloma cells related to B7.2 and B7-H2 expression were examined.Results: Human myeloma cell lines commonly expressed B7.2 and B7-H2 molecules. B7.2 expression on plasma cells was more common in myeloma patients (n = 35) compared with that in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (n = 12) or hematologically normal individuals (n = 10). Plasma cells expressing B7-H2 were observed in myeloma patients alone, although rarely. Patients whose myeloma cells showed high B7.2 expression were more anemic and thrombocytopenic than other myeloma patients. The expression of these molecules was induced or augmented by cultivating myeloma cells with autologous stroma cells or tumor necrosis factor-α, a key cytokine in myeloma biology. Cell proliferation was more rapid in the B7.2+ and B7-H2+ populations compared with the B7.2− and B7-H2− populations, respectively, in the human myeloma cell lines examined. B7.2 and B7-H2 molecules on myeloma cells induced normal CD4+ T cells to proliferate and produce soluble factors, including interleukin-10 that stimulate myeloma cell proliferation.Conclusions: Functional B7.2 and B7-H2 molecules detected on myeloma cells may be involved in the pathophysiology of myeloma.