bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glutathione-Dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase AdhC Is Required for Defense against Nitrosative Stress in
Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Kidd Stephen P. , Jiang Donald , Jennings Michael P. , McEwan Alastair G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

In
Haemophilus influenzae
Rd KW20, we identified a gene,
adhC
, which encodes a class III alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhC) and has
S
-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity.
adhC
exists on an operon with
estD
, which encodes an esterase. Divergent to the
adhC
-
estD
operon is the
Haemophilus influenzae nmlR
gene (
nmlR
HI
), which encodes a MerR family regulator that is homologous to the
Neisseria
MerR-like regulator (NmlR). Analysis of an
nmlR
HI
mutant indicated that expression of the
adhC
-
estD
operon is regulated by NmlR
HI
in strain Rd KW20. Chromosomal inactivation of either
adhC
or
nmlR
HI
resulted in sensitivity to
S
-nitrosoglutathione and decreased
S
-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity. Examination of the NmlR
HI
-AdhC system in the genome sequences of nontypeable
H. influenzae
strains R2846, R2866, and 86-028NP identified significant variations. The
adhC
gene of 86-028NP was predicted to be nonfunctional due to a premature stop codon. Polymorphisms in the operator/promoter region of R2866 resulted in reduced enzyme activity. This correlated with an increased sensitivity to
S
-nitrosoglutathione. The
adhC
-
nmlR
HI
system was examined in thirty-three clinical isolates (both capsular and nontypeable strains). Nucleic acid sequence data showed that only strain 86-028NP contained a premature stop codon. There were some variations in the DNA sequence of the operator/promoter region which altered the
nmlR
HI
promoter. However, the clinical isolates still possessed
S
-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity and showed at least the equivalent ability to grow in the presence of
S
-nitrosoglutathione as Rd KW20. These data suggest that the
nmlR
HI
-
adhC
system has a role in the defense against nitrosative stress in
Haemophilus influenzae
.
Differential Effects of Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Indole on
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 Chemotaxis, Colonization, and Gene Expression
Authors: Bansal Tarun , Englert Derek , Lee Jintae , Hegde Manjunath , Wood Thomas K. , Jayaraman Arul 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

During infection in the gastrointestinal tract, enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) O157:H7 is exposed to a wide range of signaling molecules, including the eukaryotic hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, and bacterial signal molecules such as indole. Since these signaling molecules have been shown to be involved in the regulation of phenotypes such as motility and virulence that are crucial for EHEC infections, we hypothesized that these molecules also govern the initial recognition of the large intestine environment and attachment to the host cell surface. Here, we report that, compared to indole, epinephrine and norepinephrine exert divergent effects on EHEC chemotaxis, motility, biofilm formation, gene expression, and colonization of HeLa cells. Using a novel two-fluorophore chemotaxis assay, it was found that EHEC is attracted to epinephrine and norepinephrine while it is repelled by indole. In addition, epinephrine and norepinephrine also increased EHEC motility and biofilm formation while indole attenuated these phenotypes. DNA microarray analysis of surface-associated EHEC indicated that epinephrine/norepinephrine up-regulated the expression of genes involved in surface colonization and virulence while exposure to indole decreased their expression. The gene expression data also suggested that autoinducer 2 uptake was repressed upon exposure to epinephrine/norepinephrine but not indole. In vitro adherence experiments confirmed that epinephrine and norepinephrine increased attachment to epithelial cells while indole decreased adherence. Taken together, these results suggest that epinephrine and norepinephrine increase EHEC infection while indole attenuates the process.
Pneumococcal Cell Wall-Induced Meningitis Impairs Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis
Authors: Hoffmann Olaf , Mahrhofer Cordula , Rueter Nina , Freyer Dorette , Bert Bettina , Fink Heidrun , Weber Joerg R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBacterial meningitis is a major infectious cause of neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus. Neurogenesis, a continuous process in the adult hippocampus, could ameliorate such loss. Yet the high rate of sequelae from meningitis suggests that this repair mechanism is inefficient. Here we used a mouse model of nonreplicative bacterial meningitis to determine the impact of transient intracranial inflammation on adult neurogenesis. Experimental meningitis resulted in a net loss of neurons, diminished volume, and impaired neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus for weeks following recovery from the insult. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunoreactivity was prominent in microglia in nonproliferating areas of the dentate gyrus and hilus region after meningitis induction. Treatment with the specific iNOS inhibitorN6-(1-iminoethyl)-l-lysine restored neurogenesis in experimental meningitis. These data suggest that local central nervous system inflammation in and of itself suppresses adult neurogenesis by affecting both proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Repair of cognitive dysfunction following meningitis could be improved by intervention to interrupt these actively suppressive effects.
The World Bank Administrative Tribunal's External Sources of Law: A Retrospective of the Tribunal's First Quarter-Century (1981–2005)
Authors: Hansen Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe jurisprudence of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal has grown and evolved dramatically over its first quarter-century. Mr. Hansen's study comprehensively surveys the numerous doctrinal contributions provided by external sources during this time. Organized under rubrics suggested by Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which sets out that Court's sources of law, Mr. Hansen's study reviews: (i) the roles of the contract of employment, Bank rules, international treaties and national laws in the composition of the pactum established between a staff member and the Bank; (ii) the development of binding custom from the practices of the Bank, other institutions and national governments; (iii) the Tribunal's use of general legal principles drawn from other legal systems; and (iv) the Tribunal's use of international and domestic tribunal precedents. Extensively footnoted, Mr. Hansen's study is intended for both academics and practitioners specializing in international administrative law and dispute settlement.
The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal: What Lies Ahead?
Authors: Weiner Allen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Iran-United States Tribunal has recently celebrated its 25th anniversary. Although it has resolved all of the cases brought by private claimants, it is still likely to be many more years before the Tribunal is able to complete the remaining government-to-government cases on its docket. There are multiple reasons why so much time will be required: the pending cases are extremely complex, the governments brief them slowly, and the Tribunal's decision-making process itself is slow. There does not for the foreseeable future appear to be an alternative to continued litigation, because the prospects of a global settlement of the remaining claims before the Tribunal are remote. The parties face challenges in developing reasonable assessments of the legal and economic costs and benefits of settlement. Beyond this, the strained political relations between the United States and Iran would make even a legally and economically rationale settlement extremely difficult to achieve. The challenge facing the Tribunal in the remaining years of its existence, in which the Iran and United States are the only parties before it, is to continue to decide cases in a principled fashion on the basis of the law and the facts, and to resist the temptation to reach compromise decisions in the interests of political expediency.
Transparency versus Confidentiality in International Investment Arbitration – The Biwater Gauff Compromise
Authors: Reinisch August , Knahr Christina 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecent years have seen a trend towards increasing transparency in international investment arbitration. This trend has been reflected in arbitral practice and in the amendments to the ICSID Arbitration Rules in 2006, which now expressly allow for participation of non-disputing parties as amicus curiae. Still more problematic, however, is the publication of arbitral documents, which has recently been controversial in Biwater Gauff v. Tanzania. This paper will discuss the core provisions on the publication of documents of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, the ICSID Arbitration Rules and NAFTA Chapter 11. It will analyze the reasoning and the findings of the Biwater Tribunal in this regard as well as the pertinent practice of previous investment tribunals. Important policy issues underlying the decision of the Biwater Tribunal will also be analyzed.
Recent Fact-Finding Developments at the International Court of Justice
Authors: Teitelbaum Ruth 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article discusses the Court's treatment of evidence and the burden of proof with emphasis on recent cases involving armed conflict, genocide and violations of human rights. The article frames the discussion by examining the Court's powers within its Statute and Rules and asks whether the Court is making adequate use of those powers. The article evaluates the Court's use of its fact-finding powers in relation to the following matters: the standard and burden of proof, the drawing of inferences and the use of secondary evidence, the treatment of facts derived from U.N. Reports, the reliance on outside commissions and fact-finding bodies for gathering evidence, and finally, the treatment of evidence based on the decisions of other international courts.
Interpretation of Jurisdictional Instruments in International Dispute Settlement
Authors: Orakhelashvili Alexander 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe field of international judicial jurisdiction constantly witnesses the presence of interpretative argument and consent-based argument. The principle of consent is sometimes presented as the crucial factor in interpreting the instruments conferring jurisdiction to international tribunals. This contribution examines the relevant practice from the times of the Permanent Court of International Justice to the present, and demonstrates that although the jurisdiction of international tribunals is based on consent, the relevance of consent ceases once the relevant tribunal engages in interpreting the actual instrument interpreting jurisdiction. In this area, the normal principles of interpretation applicable to treaties determine the outcome. The reference to consensual principle has no autonomous relevance to determine or upset the outcomes in this process.
Victim and Witness Measures of the International Criminal Court: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Mclaughlin Colin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe protections of victims and witnesses have evolved from the inception of the ICTY and continue through to the creation of the ICC. The ICTY set the benchmark on victim and witness protection through reliance on varying national court systems as well as on international standards. The ICTY's approach has been followed by the ICTR and the SCSL, though each tribunal made important advances in victim and witness protection.Today, ICC continues to follow the lead of the other tribunals. Although it is still unknown how well the ICC will protect victims and witnesses, if the Rules of Procedure and Evidence are any indication, the ICC will provide proper protection measures for victims and witnesses in the international tribunal arena.After comparing the different victim and witness measures implemented by the ICC to similar measures of the other Tribunals, as well as various national court systems, it is apparent that the ICC has developed extensive victim and witness measures that mirror those established by the other tribunals. Understanding both the benefits as well as possible shortcomings of each measure, the ICC will be better equipped to implement the measures deemed necessary for the victims and witnesses whose lives have been impacted by the crimes that come before the Court.
Documentation of Uncertainties and Biases Associated with Surface Temperature Measurement Sites for Climate Change Assessment
Authors: Pielke Roger , Nielsen-Gammon John , Davey Christopher , Angel Jim , Bliss Odie , Doesken Nolan , Cai Ming , Fall Souleymane , Niyogi Dev , Gallo Kevin , Hale Robert , Hubbard Kenneth G. , Lin Xiaomao , Li Hong , Raman Sethu 
Published: June 2007

The objective of this research is to determine whether poorly sited long-term surface temperature monitoring sites have been adjusted in order to provide spatially representative independent data for use in regional and global surface temperature analyses. We present detailed analyses that demonstrate the lack of independence of the poorly sited data when they are adjusted using the homogenization procedures employed in past studies, as well as discuss the uncertainties associated with undocumented station moves. We use simulation and mathematics to determine the effect of trend on station adjustments and the associated effect of trend in the reference series on the trend of the adjusted station. We also compare data before and after adjustment to the reanalysis data, and we discuss the effect of land use changes on the uncertainty of measurement.
A major conclusion of our analysis is that there are large uncertainties associated with the surface temperature trends from the poorly sited stations. Moreover, rather than providing additional independent information, the use of the data from poorly sited stations provides a false sense of confidence in the robustness of the surface temperature trend assessments.
Mixing in Symmetric Holmboe Waves
Authors: Smyth W. D. , Carpenter J. R. , Lawrence G. A. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Direct simulations are used to study turbulence and mixing in Holmboe waves. Previous results showing that mixing in Holmboe waves is comparable to that found in the better-known Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) billows are extended to cover a range of stratification levels. Mixing efficiency is discussed in detail, as are effective diffusivities of buoyancy and momentum. Entrainment rates are compared with results from laboratory experiments. The results suggest that the ratio of the thicknesses of the shear layer and the stratified layer is a key parameter controlling mixing. With that ratio held constant, KH billows mix more rapidly than do Holmboe waves. Among Holmboe waves, mixing increases with increasing density difference, despite the fact that the transition to turbulence is delayed or prevented entirely by the stratification. Results are summarized in parameterizations of the effective viscosity and diffusivity of Holmboe waves.
The Annual Cycle of Circulation of the Southwest Subtropical Pacific, Analyzed in an Ocean GCM*
Authors: Kessler William S. , Gourdeau Lionel 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
An ocean GCM, interpreted in light of linear models and sparse observations, is used to diagnose the dynamics of the annual cycle of circulation in the western boundary current system of the southwest Pacific Ocean. The simple structure of annual wind stress curl over the South Pacific produces a large region of uniformly phased, stationary thermocline depth anomalies such that the western subtropical gyre spins up and down during the year, directing flow anomalies alternately toward and away from the boundary at its northern end, near 10°S. The response of the western boundary currents is to redistribute these anomalies northward toward the equator and southward to the subtropical gyre, a redistribution that is determined principally by linear Rossby processes, not boundary dynamics. When the subtropical gyre and South Equatorial Current (SEC) are strong (in the second half of the year), the result is both increased equatorward transport of the New Guinea Coastal Current and poleward transport anomalies along the entire Australian coast. Because of this opposite phasing of boundary current anomalies across 10°S, annual migration of the bifurcation point of the total SEC, near 18°S in the mean, has no significance regarding variability of transport from subtropics to equator.
Interaction of a Coastal Kelvin Wave with the Mean State in the Gulf Stream Separation Area
Authors: Février Sabine , Sirven Jérôme , Herbaut Christophe 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The interaction of a coastal Kelvin wave with the mean state in the Gulf Stream separation area is studied using a hierarchy of numerical models including both low- and high-resolution 2.5-layer models and a coarse-resolution ocean general circulation model (OGCM) in a simple configuration. When the Kelvin front reaches the separation area in the low-resolution 2.5-layer model, an anomaly of opposite sign emerges and remains in the upper layer of the separation area. The mechanism leading to its buildup is the following: the variations of thickness in the active midlayer due to the propagation of the Kelvin wave induce current variations that act as a source of thickness anomalies for the upper layer (negative feedback). This source term is proportional to the mean vorticity gradient. The latter therefore must be large enough to obtain a significant response, which explains why this phenomenon occurs only in the separation area. The anomaly remains in the separation area because the advection by the mean zonal current is balanced by the current anomalies due to the variations of thickness in the surface layer. A very similar response is obtained in the high-resolution case and with the OGCM; thus, the mechanism leading to this evolution seems also largely independent of the model. However, in the OGCM, the surface current is sufficiently strong to advect the anomaly in the surface layers (above 200-m depth). Note finally that these anomalies do not prevent the Kelvin waves from pursuing their travel southward and then eastward toward the eastern boundary where Rossby waves are radiated. Numerous recent results based on this adjustment mechanism therefore would be robust.
Origin and Composition of Seasonal Labrador Sea Freshwater
Authors: Schmidt Sunke , Send Uwe 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The depth of winter convection in the central Labrador Sea is strongly influenced by the prevailing stratification in late summer. For this late summer stratification salinity is as important as temperature, and in the upper water layers salinity even dominates. To analyze the source of the spring and summer freshening in the central region, seasonal freshwater cycles have been constructed for the interior Labrador Sea, the West Greenland Current, and the Labrador Current. It is shown that none of the local freshwater sources is responsible for the spring–summer freshening in the interior, which appears to occur in two separate events in April to May and July to September. Comparing the timing and volume estimates of the seasonal freshwater cycles of the boundary currents with the central Labrador Sea helps in understanding the origin of the interior freshwater signals. The first smaller pulse cannot be attributed clearly to either of the boundary currents. The second one is about three times stronger and supplies 60% of the seasonal summer freshwater. Transport estimates and calculated mixing properties provide evidence that its source is the West Greenland Current. The finding implies a connection also on interannual time scales between Labrador Sea surface salinity and freshwater sources in the West Greenland Current and farther upstream in the East Greenland Current. The freshwater input from the West Greenland Current thus also is the likely pathway for the known modulation of Labrador Sea Water mass formation by freshwater export from the Arctic (via the East Greenland Current), which implies some predictability on longer time scales.
Is the Loop Current a Chaotic Oscillator?
Authors: Lugo-Fernández Alexis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDynamical systems theory is employed to study the irregular Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico using a short database of shedding periods and north–south positions of the current. Two independent tests based on these data suggest that the Loop Current is not chaotic but behaves as a nonlinear driven and dampened oscillator with a very short memory. It is suggested that this current varies around a limit-cycle elliptical attractor. It was found that the amplitude and period of the oscillation vary at time scales of 3–5 yr, a time scale that agrees with those of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and/or ENSO; however, it is proposed that NAO provides the link between these systems. The proposed mechanism is the ITCZ changes caused by NAO, which affects the wind strength and the transport across the Yucatan Channel. A forecasting scheme that allows for prediction of the next eddy-shedding period from knowledge of the last shedding event, a condition caused by the short memory of the system, is provided.
Cascade Inequalities for Forced–Dissipated Geostrophic Turbulence
Authors: Arbic Brian K. , Flierl Glenn R. , Scott Robert B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAnalysis of spectral kinetic energy fluxes in satellite altimetry data has demonstrated that an inverse cascade of kinetic energy is ubiquitous in the ocean. In geostrophic turbulence models, a fully developed inverse cascade results in barotropic eddies with large horizontal scales. However, midocean eddies contain substantial energy in the baroclinic mode and in compact horizontal scales (scales comparable to the deformation radius Ld). This paper examines the possibility that relatively strong bottom friction prevents the oceanic cascade from becoming fully developed. The importance of the vertical structure of friction is demonstrated by contrasting numerical simulations of two-layer quasigeostrophic turbulence forced by a baroclinically unstable mean flow and damped by bottom Ekman friction with turbulence damped by vertically symmetric Ekman friction (equal decay rates in the two layers). “Cascade inequalities” derived from the energy and enstrophy equations are used to interpret the numerical results. In the symmetric system, the inequality formally requires a cascade to large-scale barotropic flow, independent of the stratification. The inequality is less strict when friction is in the bottom layer only, especially when stratification is surface intensified. Accordingly, model runs with surface-intensified stratification and relatively strong bottom friction retain substantial small-scale baroclinic energy. Altimetric data show that the symmetric inequality is violated in the low- and midlatitude ocean, again suggesting the potential impact of the “bottomness” of friction on eddies. Inequalities developed for multilayer turbulence suggest that high baroclinic modes in the mean shear also enhance small-scale baroclinic eddy energy. The inequalities motivate a new interpretation of barotropization in weakly damped turbulence. In that limit the barotropic mode dominates the spatial average of kinetic energy density because large values of barotropic density are found throughout the model domain, consistent with the barotropic cascade to large horizontal scales, while baroclinic density is spatially localized.