bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy‐related Hemorrhage
Authors: McCARRON MARK O. , NICOLL JAMES A.R. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract: Following the identification of the role of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease (AD), this gene was examined in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). As in AD, the APOEɛ4 allele was found to be associated with CAA. Lobar intracerebral hemorrhage is the major clinical manifestation of CAA. Initial studies on a small number of patients with CAA‐related hemorrhage (CAAH) identified overrepresentation of APOEɛ4. However, it became clear that confounding bias from concomitant AD and the need for pathologically confirmed cases of CAAH would also have to be considered. A larger series of pathologically confirmed cases of CAAH, also assessed for AD pathology, found a surprising overrepresentation of the APOEɛ2 allele. Because of the association between CAA and AD, it might have been predicted that patients with CAAH would have a low, rather than a high, ɛ2 frequency. The overrepresentation of APOEɛ2 was present both in patients with and without AD, whereas a high ɛ4 frequency correlated with concomitant AD.Further studies found that overrepresentation of APOEɛ2 is specific for CAAH and is not found in intracranial hemorrhages due to other causes. In CAAH, APOEɛ2 may interact with putative risk factors for hemorrhage, including antiplatelet/anticoagulant medication, minor head trauma, and hypertension. Several microvascular abnormalities in amyloid‐laden blood vessels have been assumed to antedate CAAH and increase its likelihood. APOEɛ2 has now been found to be associated with some of these vascular abnormalities, specifically a “double‐barrel” appearance and fibrinoid necrosis.The currently favored interpretation is that APOEɛ4 enhances deposition of amyloid‐β protein in the walls of cerebral blood vessels, whereas ɛ2 is a risk factor for hemorrhage from amyloid‐laden blood vessels by promoting specific “CAA‐associated vasculopathies.”
Earlier Age of Onset of Alzheimer's Disease in Patients with Both the Transferrin C2 and Apolipoprotein E‐ɛ4 Alleles
Authors: VAN RENSBURG S. J. , POTOCNIK F.C. V. , DE VILLIERS J.N. P. , KOTZE M. J. , TALJAARD J.J. F. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract: The etiology of Alzheimer's disease is now known to be multifactorial. The genetic factors transferrin C2 (TfC2) and apolipoprotein E ɛ4 (ApoE‐ɛ4) have both been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Transferrin is the carrier protein for iron in the blood, while ApoE is involved with the transport and redistribution of lipids. In the present study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to determine the frequency of both TfC2 and ApoE‐ɛ4 in 27 AD patients, 9 vascular dementia (VaD) patients, and 27 controls. Patients were diagnosed according to the criteria as set out in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM‐IV).The frequency of the TfC2 allele for the AD patients was 24%, while for the VaD patients it was 12.5%, which was not significantly different from the controls at 13%. The frequency of ApoE‐ɛ4 for the AD patients was 44%, for the VaD patients 22%, and controls 17%. Of the 27 AD patients, 8 had both TfC2 and ApoE‐ɛ4. The age of onset of the disease in these 8 patients (51–67 years, mean 60.25) was significantly earlier (p <0.02) than in the remaining AD patients (49–76 years, mean 66.9). None of the VaD patients had both the TfC2 and the ApoE‐ɛ4 alleles.
CADASIL: Hereditary Arteriopathy Leading to Multiple Brain Infarcts and Dementia
Authors: VIITANEN MATTI , KALIMO HANNU 
Published: January 2006

Abstract: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) often begins with migraine with aura. Recurrent strokes usually appear between 30 and 50 years of age. The arteriopathy develops slowly, resulting in destruction of smooth muscle cells and thickening and fibrosis of the walls of small and medium‐sized penetrating arteries with consequent narrowing of the lumen. This impairs cerebral blood flow, visible in PET, and produces characteristic white‐matter hyperintensities in T2‐weighted MRI on the basis of which CADASIL may be diagnosed well before the first stroke. Multiple lacunar infarcts, mainly in the frontal white matter and basal ganglia, lead to progressive permanent brain damage manifested as cognitive decline and finally as dementia. At present, no specific therapy is available.Infarcts result from thickening and fibrosis of the walls of small and medium‐sized penetrating arteries with consequent obliteration and/or thrombosis. Although the symptoms are almost exclusively neurological, the arteriopathy is generalized and diagnosis can be made on the basis of accumulation of pathognomonic basophilic, PAS‐positive and in electron microscopy osmiophilic material between degenerating smooth muscle cells in dermal arteries. CADASIL is caused by missense point mutations in the Notch3 gene, which enodes a transmembrane receptor protein with an important signaling function during development. The gene defects lead to either a gain or loss of a cysteine residue in the extracellular N‐terminal part of the molecule, most probably causing a conformational and functional alteration. The function of Notch3 in adults and the definite pathogenesis of CADASIL are still unknown, but interestingly its intramembranous proteolytic cleavage may be regulated or implemented by presenilin similarly as cleavage of amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease.
The Diagnosis of “Mixed” Dementia in the Consortium for the Investigation of Vascular Impairment of Cognition (CIVIC)
Authors: ROCKWOOD K. , MACKNIGHT C. , WENTZEL C. , BLACK S. , BOUCHARD R. , GAUTHIER S. , FELDMAN H. , HOGAN D. , KERTESZ A. , MONTGOMERY P. ,   FOR THE CIVIC INVESTIGATORS
Published: January 2006

Abstract: If vascular risk factors are risks for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and if “pure” vascular dementia (VaD) is less common than has been thought, what do we make of the diagnosis of mixed dementia? We report characteristics of those with mixed dementia in a prospective, seven center, clinic‐based Canadian study.Of 1,008 patients, 372 were diagnosed with AD, 149 with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) including 76 with mixed AD/VaD, and 82 with other types of dementia. The mean age of patients with mixed AD/VaD was 78.0 ± 7.6 years; 49% were female. These proportions differed significantly between dementia diagnosis subgroup (p <0.001) showing a trend which is evident in all comparisons‐AD/VaD patients fall in between AD and VaD.Vascular risk factors were present significantly more often in mixed AD/VaD than in AD (p <0.001). More mixed AD/VaD (20%) than AD patients (4%) had focal signs, compared with 38% of those with vascular dementia and 12% with other types of dementia. Between the initial clinical diagnosis and the final diagnosis (which utilized neuroimaging and neuropsychological data) AD/VaD was the least stable diagnosis. Neuroimaging of ischemic lesions was the most common reason for reassignment from AD to the mixed AD/VaD diagnosis (17 cases).These data suggest that an operational definition of mixed AD/VaD can be proposed on presentation and clinical/radiographic findings, but indifferent to vascular risk factors. The concept of mixed dementia should be extended to include vascular dementia in combination with dementias, other than Alzheimer's disease.
Effect of the Inlet Geometry on the Flow in a Cylindrical Cyclone Separator
Authors: Erdal Ferhat M. , Shirazi Siamack A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe use of Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLLC©) separators for gas-liquid separation is a new technology for oil and gas industry. Consequently, it is important to understand the flow behavior in the GLLC© and the effect of different geometrical geometries to enhance separation. The main objective of this study is to address the effect of different inlet geometries on the flow behavior in the GLLC© by measuring velocity components and the sum of the axial and tangential velocity fluctuations inside the GLLC© using a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV). Three different inlet geometries were considered, namely, one inclined inlet, two inclined inlets, and a gradually reduced inlet nozzle. Axial and tangential velocities and turbulent intensities across the GLLC© diameter were measured at 24 different axial locations (318-900mm below the inlet) for each inlet geometry. Flow rates of 0.00454 and 0.00063m3∕s were selected to investigate the effect of flowrate (Reynolds number) on the flow behavior. Color contour maps color contour plots of axial and tangential velocity and the sum of the axial and tangential velocity fluctuations revealed some remarkable details of the flow behavior.
Evidence That Hydrogen Sulfide Is a Genotoxic Agent
Authors: Attene-Ramos Matias S. , Wagner Elizabeth D. , Plewa Michael J. , Gaskins H. Rex 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced by commensal sulfate-reducing bacteria, which are often members of normal colonic microbiota, represents an environmental insult to the intestinal epithelium potentially contributing to chronic intestinal disorders that are dependent on gene-environment interactions. For example, epidemiologic studies reveal either persistent sulfate-reducing bacteria colonization or H2S in the gut or feces of patients suffering from ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. However, a mechanistic model that explains the connection between H2S and ulcerative colitis or colorectal cancer development has not been completely formulated. In this study, we examined the chronic cytotoxicity of sulfide using a microplate assay and genotoxicity using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE; comet assay) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and HT29-Cl.16E cells. Sulfide showed chronic cytotoxicity in CHO cells with a %C1/2 of 368.57 μmol/L. Sulfide was not genotoxic in the standard SCGE assay. However, in a modified SCGE assay in which DNA repair was inhibited, a marked genotoxic effect was observed. A sulfide concentration as low as 250 μmol/L (similar to that found in human colon) caused significant genomic DNA damage. The HT29-Cl.16E colonocyte cell line also exhibited increased genomic DNA damage as a function of Na2S concentration when DNA repair was inhibited, although these cells were less sensitive to sulfide than CHO cells. These data indicate that given a predisposing genetic background that compromises DNA repair, H2S may lead to genomic instability or the cumulative mutations found in adenomatous polyps leading to colorectal cancer. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(1):9–14)
Jotham's fable and the crux interpretum in Judges ix
Authors: Tatu Silviu 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe article surveys the linguistic and historical data available in order to assess the identity of the plant called upon in Jotham's fable as the last of the candidates to king-ship, the 'ātād. Mesopotamian linguistics and literary tradition indicate that the interpretation of the term ed-de-tu allows one to interpret it as a thorn-tree. Although not always coherent, the historical renderings regarding this plant admit the possibility of multiple varieties of plants sharing several qualities of which the most important are extreme habitat, valuable shade, healthy fruits and green foliage, and combustible wood. Modern botanists do not exclude totally 'ātād 's interpretation as Ziziphus spina-Christi, but it is contemporary Israeli botanists who holds it as the only legitimate interpretation. Its presence in the Levant and particularly in Israel throughout the centuries is just one more reason to support such a possibility. Only such a literal rendering prompts the prophetic value of Jotham's imprecation on the irony of dilemma in which the citizens of Shechem found themselves.
Vom Opfer zur Auslösung. Analyse ausgewählter Texte zum Thema Erstgeburt im Alten Testament
Authors: Finsterbusch Karin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn the present study the relevant texts in the Hebrew Bible concerning sacrifice or redemption of the first born of humans and animals are considered in detail. The most important findings are the following: 1. An Israelite could understand the instructions in Ex. xxii 28f. to mean that he should sacrifice his first-born child to JHWH. 2. Ez. xx 25f. describes such first-born sacrifices for JHWH as practised. Therefore it cannot be ruled out that in early Israel at a particular time such a sacrificial practice could indeed have occurred. 3. In the laws of the first-born in the Book of Covenant, in the Dodecalogue and in the original layer of Num. xviii 15-18 (P) the corresponding terms bekôr and peter rekhem refer to the male and female first-born of human and animal. The regulation in Deut. xv, to consecrate only the male first-born clean animals to JHWH and to consume them in JHWH's presence during the Feast, is connected with a clearly farmer-friendly tendency of the deuteronomic law-maker. Apart from that a limitation to the male first-born prevails only in the later post-exilic period. According to the note in Num. xviii 16, the redemption of the human first-born applies only to male children; according to the law of the first-born in Exod. xiii only the male first-born of human and animal (of female Israelites and animals) are affected.
"Holy" land in the Old Testament: Numbers and Joshua
Authors: Seebass Horst 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLooking through the Numbers-traditions of the holy land one has to answer the question whether Joshua is thought of as the literary continuation of Numbers. The survey shows that the traditions of Numbers and Joshua seem to be quite different, though there are parallels in the dividing of the land among the tribes. Probably there is one real connection, because elements of Josh. xviii 1-10 are used in Num. xxvi 55f. All other affinities regarding the theme of the holy land seem to be redactional and quite late. In Numbers one finds awareness of Transjordan as being holy to YHWH, though xxxiv 1-12 excludes it. xxxii 4 remembers land that YHWH had smitten and that is therefore available for Gad and Reuben. Numbers xxxv mentions cities of asylum in Transjordan as much as in West Jordan, for an already existing population.
Nonspherical and Octopus-like Poly(methyl methacrylate) Particles Prepared by Seeded Dispersion Polymerization
Authors: Zhou Li-min , Shi Shan , Kuroda Shin-ichi , Kubota Hitoshi 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Nonspherical and octopus-like particles were prepared for the first time in one-component system by seeded dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on spherical and micron-sized polyMMA (PMMA) seed particles. The essential synthesis conditions and formation mechanism were discussed.
Bio-inspired Materials for Electron Donors and Charge-transfer Complex Formation Based on the Imidazopyrazinone Luciferin Core
Authors: Suzuki Mai , Fujii Takashi , Nogami Takashi , Hirano Takashi , Ishida Takayuki 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The electron-donating properties of 2-phenyl- and 2-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-ones were confirmed by the oxidation potentials. The 1/1 molecular complex from the former and TCNQ was characterized by means of X-ray crystallographic analysis, and the charge-transfer degree was estimated to be 16% from the IR nitrile stretching bands.
Importance of Blocking Layers at Conducting Glass/TiO2 Interfaces in Dye-sensitized Ionic-liquid Solar Cells
Authors: Xia Jiangbin , Masaki Naruhiko , Jiang Kejian , Wada Yuji , Yanagida Shozo 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Thin Nb2O5 film works as a potential blocking layer when deposited between fluorine-doped tin oxide and nanocrystalline TiO2 layer, improving Voc and conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells using ionic liquid electrolytes.
Adsorptive Removal of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals by Calix[4]crown Oligomer: Significant Improvement of Removal Efficiency by Oligomerization
Authors: Tsue Hirohito , Takimoto Tatsuya , Kikuchi Chieko , Yanase Haruna , Ishibashi Koichi , Amezawa Koji , Miyashita Hideaki , Miyafuji Hisashi , Tanaka Shunitz , Tamura Rui 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Adsorptive removal of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals by finely powdered calix[4]crown oligomers has been studied. Batch adsorption experiments and electron microscope measurements demonstrated that morphology of the adsorbents played a central role in the control of the present adsorption behavior.
Platinum Layer Formation on a Self-assembled Monolayer by Electrochemical Deposition
Authors: Qu Deyu , Uosaki Kohei 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
A platinum metal-self-assembled monolayer (SAM)–gold substrate sandwich structure without a short circuit between the two metals was successfully constructed by electrochemical deposition of platinum on top of a 1,4-benzenedimethanethiol (BDMT) SAM-covered Au(111) substrate. Deposition of Pt was carried out by electrochemical reduction of Pt ions, which were adsorbed on free thiol end groups of the BDMT SAM, in a Pt ion-free sulfuric acid solution. Electrochemical measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed the reduction of the adsorbed Pt ions to metallic platinum on top of the SAM. After a cathodic potential scan of the Pt–SAM–Au electrode to −1.25 V in 0.1 M KOH solution, a typical cyclic voltammogram of the Au(111) electrode was obtained, showing that the BDMT SAM was reductively desorbed with a Pt layer and that no platinum was deposited directly on the Au(111) surface.
Synthesis of Coordinatively Unsaturated Cobalt(II)–Alkyl Complexes Bearing Phosphorus-bridged [1.1]Ferrocenophanes
Authors: Imamura Yuki , Mizuta Tsutomu , Miyoshi Katsuhiko , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Alkylation of a tetrahedral cobalt(II)–dichloro complex bearing a sterically demanding and electron-donating diphosphine chelate gave a corresponding dialkyl-complex, which is the first coordinatively unsaturated cobalt(II)-(diphosphine)(dialkyl) complex isolated and characterized by X-ray analysis. This complex is expected to serve as a model intermediate in the cobalt(II)-catalyzed Heck-type reactions.
Development of a 5′-Nuclease Real-Time PCR Assay Targeting fliP for the Rapid Identification of Burkholderia mallei in Clinical Samples
Authors: Tomaso Herbert , Scholz Holger C , Al Dahouk Sascha , Eickhoff Meike , Treu Thomas M , Wernery Renate , Wernery Ulrich , Neubauer Heinrich 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Background: Burkholderia mallei is a potential biological agent that causes glanders or farcy in solipeds, a disease notifiable to the Office International des Epizooties (OIE). The number of reported outbreaks has increased steadily during the last decade, but diagnosis is hampered by the low bacterial load in infected tissues and excretions.
Methods: We developed a B. mallei-specific 5′-nuclease real-time PCR assay that targets the fliP gene of B. mallei and includes an internal amplification control. Specificity was assessed with 19 B. mallei strains, 27 Burkholderia pseudomallei strains, other Burkholderia strains of 29 species, and clinically relevant non-Burkholderia organisms.
Results: Amplification products were observed in all B. mallei strains but in no other bacteria. The linear range of the B. mallei real-time PCR covered concentrations from 240 pg to 70 fg of bacterial DNA/reaction. The detection limit was 60 fg of B. mallei DNA. The clinical applicability of the assay was demonstrated by use of organ samples from diseased horses of a recent outbreak that was reported to the OIE by the United Arab Emirates in 2004.
Conclusions: Compared with conventional PCR, our rapid 5′-nuclease real-time PCR assay for the specific identification of B. mallei has a lower risk of carryover contamination and eliminates the need for post-PCR manipulations. This real-time PCR assay also shortens the turnaround time for results and has the potential for automation.
Time Profile of Appearance and Disappearance of Circulating Placenta-Derived mRNA in Maternal Plasma
Authors: Chiu Rossa WK , Lui Wing-bong , Cheung Mei-chun , Kumta Nihal , Farina Antonio , Banzola Irina , Grotti Silvia , Rizzo Nicola , Haines Christopher J , Lo YM Dennis 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Background: Fetal RNA of placental origin has been detected in the plasma of pregnant women, but the timing of the first appearance and the detailed kinetics of postdelivery clearance of such circulating RNA have not been studied.
Methods: To address the timing of the first appearance of circulating placental RNA, we collected serial maternal blood samples from 47 women who had conceived by assisted reproductive procedures. To address the postdelivery clearance kinetics, we collected serial postdelivery blood samples from 6 pregnant women who had delivered by cesarean section. Placenta-derived transcripts were sought by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR.
Results: The earliest gestational age at which human placental lactogen and human chorionic gonadotropin β-subunit mRNAs were detectable in a proportion of the pregnant women was the 4th week of gestation. The postdelivery study indicated that the median apparent half-life for the clearance of human placental lactogen mRNA was 14 min.
Conclusions: Placenta-derived mRNA can be found in maternal plasma from very early on in gestation, suggesting a possible role for early noninvasive prenatal diagnosis or monitoring. The rapid kinetics of circulating placental mRNA suggest that its plasma concentrations may be used to monitor recent physiologic or pathologic events.
Prespawning Movement of Wild and Hatchery Fall Chinook Salmon Adults in the Snake River
Authors: Connor William P. , Garcia Aaron P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe used radiotelemetry to describe the prespawning movement of adult fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (5 wild males, 4 wild females, and 27 hatchery females) in the Snake River. We characterized the migratory phase as consecutive detections made in an upstream direction after radio‐tagging and release. A transition from the migratory phase to the search phase was usually observed after wild adults passed their natal rearing areas and after hatchery adults passed the locations where they were released as subyearlings. This provided evidence for successful imprinting. A similar level of exposure to riverine habitat during a sensitive period coinciding with the parr–smolt transformation was a plausible explanation for this imprinting. The search phase was usually characterized by a series of downstream and upstream excursions ending with spawning site selection. Hatchery females moved an average of four to five times farther and two to three times more frequently than wild fish during these excursions. Available measures of genetic lineage, environmental conditions, and competition did not fully explain this pattern. We hypothesize that hatchery females moved farther and more frequently than wild adults partly because hatchery females had difficulty locating and identifying suitable spawning habitat as a result of hatching and early rearing in captivity.
Safe Use of Hazardous Chemicals
Authors: Lunn George , Lawler Gretchen 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis appendix provides protocols for some commonly used disposal and decontamination procedures along with analytical techniques that are used to verify that reagents have been decontaminated. Some of the specific reagents covered are diaminobenzidine, ethidium bromide, cyanogen bromide and chloromethylsilane. With modification, these assays may also be used to determine the concentration of a particular chemical.