bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A politeness-theoretic approach to pragmatico-semantic change
Authors: Beeching Kate 
Published: September 2007

This paper posits that certain “qualificatory” semantic primes are recruited to serve face-management needs in a metonymic Meaning1>Meaning2 relationship at what Traugott and Dasher (2002) have called the inter­subjective, non-truth-conditional, procedural, scope-over-discourse end of the trajectory of pragmatico-semantic change. Terms expressing smallness, approximativeness, demurral/correction, adversativeness/concession and interrogation are applied in an attenuating manner in a number of languages. The paper draws on Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory, Sweetser’s (1990), Geeraerts’ (1997) and Kövecses and Radden’s (1998) cognitive and metaphorical/metonymic approaches to etymology, Traugott and Dasher’s (2002) Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change, Haspelmath’s (1999) notions of irreversibility and Kerswill and Williams’ (2002) sociolinguistic concept of “salience”. It is suggested that politeness theory, with its dual conceptualisation to do with conflict-avoidance and social indexing, has strong explanatory power in the two phases of semantic change: innovation and propagation. A new form–function configuration emerges in inter­action to manage rapport and is diffused, provided it is given positive social ­evaluation.
The semiotics of metaphor
Authors: Wee Lionel 
Published: September 2007

This article investigates the role of metaphor in the production and reproduction of language ideologies. It does this by focusing on official discourses concerning the language policy of Singapore, where recurrent appeal is made to the conduit metaphor (Reddy 1993) in articulating various claims and beliefs about language and its relation to questions of identity and values.The analytic framework adopted here treats language ideologies in terms of three semiotic processes: iconization, recursion, and erasure (Gal and Irvine 1995). By tracking a single metaphor through a variety of discourses, the article illustrates how these semiotic processes come together when metaphor is used in the service of ideology. The article also suggests the introduction of a fourth semiotic process, performativity, which draws attention to the various lexical realizations of the conduit metaphor.
War and peace
Authors: Krouglov Alexander 
Published: September 2007

The closing years of the 20th century provided increasing evidence of how changes in the political and socio-economic structures influence or sometimes even determine linguistic structure and/or behaviour. For this purpose the linguistic situation in Ukraine and the position of Ukrainian and Russian are examined in the period since the independence of the country in 1991 when rapid shifts in political, economic and cultural spheres have made a significant impact on language planning.Language politics of post-Perestroika and post-Communist era in Ukraine has resulted in deliberate changes in both status and corpus planning leading to the elevation of Ukrainian as the only official (“state”) language and downgrading Russian which, however, remains functional in many regions of the country. The linguistic picture would be incomplete without analysis of a mixed Russian-Ukrainian varietySurzhyk,which is not something stable and permanent. It is undergoing significant changes in the present linguistic environment as it is becoming the oral and even written language not only of Ukrainophones but also of Russophones.
Hegemonic struggles or transfer of knowledge?
Authors: Birkner Karin 
Published: September 2007

Job interviews are an important means for the selection of employees in Western industrialised countries. Thus, they may be decisive with regard to the future of the person seeking work, making the difference between successful social participation or marginalisation. After the German reunification, East Germans had to prove themselves in a communicative genre marked by West German standards hitherto unknown to them.The article analyses verbal sequences taken from job interviews between West German interviewers and East German job applicants in which genre specific knowledge is negotiated. It is shown that East German concepts of this genre are treated as knowledge deficits by the West German interviewers.There is a positive outcome in this, since this allows for a transfer of socially relevant knowledge. And from an analytical point of view, these sequences provide us with data showing how institutional agents pass procedural knowledge on to their clients. Nevertheless, these sequences often take an asymmetrical course which is linked with a high risk for the individual’s positive self presentation in the job interview. The fact that West German agents set their genre knowledge as being universally valid is based on their hegemonic claim.
The Negotiation of Literary Dialogue in Translation
Authors: Assis Rosa Alexandra 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Focussing on the pragmatic dimension of literary dialogue in narrative fiction, this paper analyses: (a) the negotiation of power carried out by characters and the way it is relayed in the text as signalled by forms of address; and (b) the negotiation performed by the translator in order to reproduce a power relation when dealing with the cultural and social environments of the source- and the target-language texts. By analysing one hundred years of Robinson Crusoe translated into European Portuguese (189– to 1992) the paper will attempt to reveal a possible historical development of translational norms and the way in which the historical, cultural and social environments may have influenced them.
Free Indirect Discourse in the Translation into Finnish
Authors: Rouhiainen Tarja 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Free indirect discourse (FID) is a narrative technique which purports to convey a character’s mental language while maintaining third-person reference and past tense. This paper deals with the problems the use of FID may create for Finnish translators of English literary narratives. A comparative analysis of D.H. Lawrence’s Women in Love and its translation into Finnish shows that the translator’s treatment of the pronouns he/she may shift the viewpoint from the character’s consciousness to the narrator’s discourse. The article concludes with the question of what stylistic norms could explain the translator’s avoidance of the spoken-language simulation typical of the source text.
Poor Relations and Black Sheep in Translation Studies
Authors: Stewart Dominic 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe opposition of translation into the mother tongue (L1 translation) vs. translation into the foreign language (L2 translation), with its clear relationship of superiority/inferiority in translation circles, is just one of a series of binary oppositions prevalent in the literature with an apparently similar relationship. These include principally (i) target language vs. source language, and (ii) original texts vs. translated texts. This paper examines what implications such oppositions might have for the L1 translation vs. L2 translation issue, particularly within the developing field of corpus linguistics, subsequently taking a look at some L1 and L2 translations and reflecting upon their degree of acceptability or unacceptability in the light of the discussions proposed.
Politeness in Translation between English and Spanish
Authors: Hickey Leo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIf we accept Brown and Levinson’s distinction between positive and negative politeness, it would seem justifiable to accept also that Britain tends to be a negative-politeness society whereas Spain tends towards positive politeness. The paper asks how positive-politeness readers (Spaniards) react to examples of negative (or English) politeness when translated literally. It reports on a smallscale experiment carried out to see how such readers reacted to translations from English of samples of negative politeness and poses the question whether translators (continue to) translate the locutionary dimension (the words) of such texts rather than attempt to convey the illocutionary force (the acts of politeness being performed).
The Concept of Text Type and Its Relevance to Translator Training1
Authors: García Izquierdo Isabel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to show the relevance that a correct interpretation of text types in the mother tongue has for the correct development of the translating activity by translator trainees. This paper briefly analyzes the results of a classroom activity in which students were asked to identify the text-type ascription of two texts. They were first-year students in the Translation and Interpreting program at the Jaume I University in Castellón (Spain). The results confirm, on the one hand, existing differences in the comprehension and interpretation of text types and, on the other hand, that the confusion that exists in practice between the concepts of text type and genre (Hatim and Mason 1990) may also be observed in the case of these students.
Two models for metaphor translation
Authors: Dickins James 
Published: September 2007

This paper establishes both full and simplified models for the textual analysis of metaphor in a translation context (Section 1). I present the comparison theory of metaphor (Section 2), show how this can be integrated with the notions of lexicalization and non-lexicalization (Section 3) and consider the semantic purposes of metaphor (Section 4).
The remainder of the paper focuses on the translation of metaphor, starting with more abstract langue-oriented notions. I offer a critique and revision of Newmark’s (1988) metaphor typology (Section 5), and demonstrate how the revised typology can be integrated with the notions of lexicalization and non-lexicalization (Section 6). I then consider Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) model of metaphorical ‘schemata’, and propose ways in which this can also be integrated into an overall model (Section 7). I discuss the practical application of this model to Arabic–English translation (Section 8).
In addition to langue-oriented notions, I suggest that a full account of metaphor for translation needs to take into account the more parole-oriented notion of the interaction of metaphors in texts. I consider the notions of metaphorical congruence (Section 9), and metaphorical exuberance and density. Illustrating my arguments with Arabic–English translation data, I suggest that in given registers, different languages may tolerate more or less metaphorical density and exuberance as well as different degrees of metaphorical mixing (Section 10). The paper concludes with a consideration of the kind of ‘Full Model’ one might build up for a detailed academic study of metaphor translation (Section 11).
Orientations de la recherche en traduction audiovisuelle
Authors: Gambier Yves 
Published: September 2007

RésuméEn une décennie, les transferts linguistiques à la télévision, au cinéma, pour les vidéos ont fait l’objet de réflexions nombreuses, ponctuelles souvent. Il y a encore peu d’études systématiques touchant leur production et leur réception, touchant leurs effets culturels et langagiers. Le transfert est encore fréquemment perçu comme exclusivement “pratique”, sinon mécanique. Par ailleurs, et de manière paradoxale, on doit noter une prédominance de la perspective linguistique, alors même que l’objet est multisémiotique, combinant images, sons, langage (oral et écrit), couleurs, proxémique, gestuel, etc, intégrés aux codes de l’audiovisuel (mise en scène, suite de séquences et de plans, jeu des voix et des lumières, scénographie, conventions narratives, etc.). Deux facteurs expliquent sans doute ce paradoxe et cette limitation : d’une part, la formation de la plupart des chercheurs, marquée par les langues et la littérature, d’autre part les contraintes de publication (imprimée) à deux dimensions. L’extension des modes de transfert et les possibilités offertes par les cédéroms, le DVD...qui permettent l’accès aux images et à la bande sonore devraient peu à peu modifier les orientations actuelles, encore dominées par le sous-titrage et l’analyse du verbal. Après avoir circonscrit le domaine (Section 1 et 2), nous aborderons successivement le sous-titrage (Section 3), les autres modes de transfert (Section 4) et leurs implications théoriques et socio-culturelles (Section 5). L’ensemble qui suit est marqué d’une conviction : la traduction audiovisuelle (TAV) n’est pas toujours un problème ou une constellation de problèmes mais une solution et un atout dans les échanges culturels internationaux multilingues.
Do symmetrical letter pairs affect readability?
Authors: Wiebelt Alexandra 
Published: September 2007

Our everyday experience shows that we have problems in recognizing objects which only differ in their symmetry properties (street signs with two arrows in different directions or mathematical signs such as 〈 and 〉). Perception is closely correlated with an inner comparison: the perceived object with its surrounding, the perceived object with former experience and so on. The brain has evolved different constancy abilities (e.g. colour constancy) and one of them is object constancy. This object constancy makes it possible to perceive an object regardless of its orientation in space. Symmetric letter pairs with different sound representations (such as 〈b〉 and 〈d〉) are, due to object constancy, typically identified as one object. This deficiency of distinctiveness should affect their readability.

The above hypothesis was examined in many scripts. The result was that mature scripts (which usually developed for a long time) avoid these symmetric letter pairs (called extrinsic symmetry) by adding distinctive features such as serifs or different stroke thickness. On the other hand, if a writer is allowed to invent letter shapes freely, he makes use of extrinsic symmetrical letter pairs. This is supposed to have aesthetic reasons — letters are often perceived as a standing object or even as a “body” on a plane. It is therefore possible to statistically separate mature scripts which show up no extrinsic symmetry from invented scripts full of extrinsic symmetry.
The runes are a writing system which does not quite fit in this widely proved distinction. They have developed from the Latin writing system (or a close relative of it) and have therefore inherited the avoidance of extrinsic symmetry. The reduction of the character set from 24 signs in the Old Futhark to 16 characters in the Younger Futhark is accompanied by a simplification of runic signs. During this period the runes develop a high degree of extrinsic symmetry. Moreover, the letter shapes are often related to different sound representations. These irregularities in usage may be caused by interference from the Latin writing system. The resulting lesser readability could have been one reason for the decline of the runes.
This paper shows in many figures and graphs how symmetry emerges and under what circumstances it is used to create new letter shapes.
THE PELGER‐HUET ANOMALY: INVESTIGATION OF FAMILY ‘A’
Authors: DAVIDSON WILLIAM M. , LAWLER SYLVIA D. , ACKERLEY A. G. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA family showing the Pelger‐Huët anomaly of the neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes is described, the first to be reported in England. Thirty‐four affected individuals have been examined; thirty‐one of these and thirty‐eight unaffected people, either parents or sibs of affected members, have been grouped for the ABO, MNS, Eh, P, Lewis, Kell, Lutheran and Duffy blood‐group systems. No linkage was demonstrated.We are indebted to Dr A. E. Mourant for most of the anti‐sera used in this investigation and to Drs D. Lehane and P. L. Mollison for supplies of anti‐Fya. We are grateful to the members of the family described here for their co‐operation. We would like to thank Mr W. Rivers, Senior Technician, King's College Hospital, for preparing the pedigree chart and Mr W. Smith, Medical Photographer, King's College Hospital, for the photomicrographs.
ON THE INHERITANCE OF MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Authors: WALTON JOHN N. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe results are reported of a survey of the mode of inheritance of muscular dystrophy, as determined from a series of 102 cases, of which 84 were examined personally. It is believed that this series approaches complete ascertainment of all cases at present recognized in the two counties of Northumberland and Durham. Available sibs and parents of affected individuals were examined whenever possible. It is agreed that rare ocular and distal forms of muscular dystrophy may be distinguished, but evidence is presented for suggesting that the commonly occurring cases can be classified into three types which are separate entities, both clinically and genetically. These maybe referred to as the Duchenne, facioscapulohumeral and limb‐girdle forms.A study of the mode of inheritance of the Duchenne type, in thirty‐four families containing fifty‐six cases, has indicated that the gene responsible for this disease is transmitted as a sexlinked recessive character with a high mutation rate. An estimation of the mutation rate in the present series gave a result of 4.3 × 10‐5. It is believed that the occasional occurrence of this form of the disease in females is not entirely incompatible with the suggested mode of inheritance; furthermore, the classification of such cases within this group is essential in view of their clinical similarity to the affected boys.In four families of the facioscapulohumeral type, containing twenty‐two cases, an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance was clearly indicated, although there was a possibility of sex limitation in one family and of incomplete manifestation in another.Eighteen families of the limb‐girdle form were examined and yielded twenty‐one cases. Except for one family, in which an autosomal dominant gene may have transmitted the disease, the pattern of inheritance was compatible with an autosomal recessive mechanism.The information available concerning one case of ocular myopathy and two of distal myopathy was insufficient to establish the mode of inheritance.Detailed blood grouping of blood samples was carried out in affected individuals, and in their sibs and parents, in nine families of the Duchenne type, and three of the facioscapulohumeral. No linkage between the gene for any type of myopathy and that for any blood group was discovered.Colour vision was tested in all families of the Duchenne type. Red‐green colour blindness was discovered in one family only (D6), but the information was insufficient to decide whether the gene responsible for this defect was closely linked to that responsible for the muscular dystrophy.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF BIRTH WEIGHT BASED ON AN ITALIAN SAMPLE
Authors: FRACCARO By M. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryBirth weight in relation to gestation time, maternal age, parity and survival has been studied in an Italian sample of 5486 single births. The results are compared with similar data on English births (Karn & Penrose, 1951). Italian babies are lighter at birth and have shorter gestation time (the correlation between birth weight and gestation time is 0·4), older maternal age and higher parity. The overall mortality is higher in the Italian sample (6·5%) than in the English (4·5%).Parabolas fitted to the logarithms of odds on survival for given birth weight and gestation time give maxima above the means. An alternative way of estimating birth weight and gestation time, associated with the lowest mortality, is given by the Z value (Penrose, 1955).The selective effect of the differential mortality with regard to birth weight and the problem of the measurement of natural selection in this case are discussed and a new formula is given for this measurement. Factors related to the rate of growth of the foetus are analysed and an attempt is made to give a better definition of ‘prematurity’ and of ‘postmaturity’.I wish to thank Prof. L. S. Penrose for his kind help and advice in the preparation of this paper. Thanks are also due to Miss Mary N. Karn for helping me in many ways and for drawing the graphs and diagrams.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HEREDITY OF THE P.T.C. TASTE CHARACTER BASED ON A STUDY OF 845 SIB‐PAIRS
Authors: DAS By S. R. 
Published: September 2007

Summary1. 128 sibships comprising 489 sibs and 845 sib‐pairs belonging to the Rárhi Bráhmin community of West Bengal have been studied for p.t.c. taste thresholds by the serial dilution method with a final sorting test.2. Expectations on the basis of (A) the hypothesis of recessive inheritance of the ‘non‐taster’ phenotype and (B) the hypothesis of chance combination of pairs without any influence of heredity have been compared with the observed data of sib‐pairs.3. Neither of the two hypotheses shows a satisfactory agreement (by the x2 test) with the entire mass of observed data. The hypothesis (A), however, appears to be a much closer approach (x2= 17·5 and 20·55, 2 d.f.) to the facts than the hypothesis (B) which yields much higher x2 values (x2= 87·11 and 86·93, 2 d.f.).4. The extreme ‘tasters’ and ‘non‐tasters’ when separated from the intermediate phenotypes show a very good agreement (x2= 4·340, 3 d.f.) with the hypothesis (A), but a wide divergence (x2= 75·892, 3 d.f.) from the hypothesis (B).5. The intermediate ‘tasters’ and ‘non‐tasters’, however, indicate merely a slightly nearer approach (x2= 18·45, 3 d.f.) to hypothesis (B) than to hypothesis (A) (x2= 26·69, 3 d.f.)The author records his thanks to Dr N. Datta‐Majumder, the Director, Department of Anthropology for providing the facilities for the work and to Dr E. C. Biichi, the Superintending Anthropologist for useful discussions. Thanks are also due to Sm. Lalita Ghosh for her sincere assistance.
NAIL‐PATELLA SYNDROME: CLINICAL AND LINKAGE DATA ON FAMILY G
Authors: JAMESON By R. J. , LAWLER SYLVIA D. , RENWICK J. H. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryEvidence for linkage between the ABO and nail‐patella loci has again been found in a large family and the recombination value of 10% is in agreement with the previous estimate. Clinical data are presented and a study has been made of the proteinuria which occurs in a few members of the family. The radiological data include evidence that in the elbow deformity, the increaeed length of the radius when present is the result rather than the cause of the hypoplasia of the capitellum.We are grateful to Dr J. A. Fraeer Roberts for the introductions which made this paper poeeible and to Dr A. C. P. D. Thomson who kindly undertook the radiological work. We are indebted to Dr A. E. Mourant for most of the anti‐sera used, and to Drs D. Lehane and P. L. Mollison for supplies of anti‐FyαPya serum. Drs G. K. McGowan and J. E. Cates very kindly investigated the renal function of one of our patients, and it is also a pleasure to express our appreciation of the work of Miss Margaret Welch whose mistance was indispensable. Finally, not a single member of the family failed to respond to our requests.