bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A single dose of citalopram increases fear recognition in healthy subjects
Authors: Browning M. , Reid C. , Cowen P.J. , Goodwin G.M. , Harmer C.J. 
Published: January 2007

We have previously shown that a single dose of intravenous citalopram in healthy volunteers enhances the detection of fearful facial expressions, suggesting an effect of acute selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment on the processing of anxiety-related stimuli. The aim of the present study was to confirm and extend this finding by studying the effects of a single dose of oral citalopram on a range of tasks designed to assess different aspects of emotional processing. A total of 32 healthy volunteers were randomly allocated to double-blind treatment with either citalopram 20 mg orally or placebo. Participants then completed a series of tasks assessing emotional aspects of attention (visual-probe task), perception (categorization of facial affect), memory (emotional memory task) and reactivity to threat (emotion potentiated startle). Relative to placebo-treated subjects, participants treated with citalopram demonstrated improved recognition of fearful faces and increased baseline startle response. However, the citalopram group also showed an attentional bias towards positive words. Our data suggest that acute oral citalopram increases the processing of anxiety-related stimuli in healthy volunteers. This mechanism could underlie the known tendency of SSRIs to increase anxiety in patients early in treatment. Our data also suggests that some of the positive biases in emotional processing produced by SSRI treatment might be detectable at the beginning of treatment.
Measuring similarities between gene expression profiles through new data transformations
Authors: Kim Kyungpil , Zhang Shibo , Jiang Keni , Cai Li , Lee In-Beum , Feldman Lewis J , Huang Haiyan 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Clustering methods are widely used on gene expression data to categorize genes with similar expression profiles. Finding an appropriate (dis)similarity measure is critical to the analysis. In our study, we developed a new measure for clustering the genes when the key factor is the shape of the profile, and when the expression magnitude should also be accounted for in determining the gene relationship. This is achieved by modeling the shape and magnitude parameters separately in a gene expression profile, and then using the estimated shape and magnitude parameters to define a measure in a new feature space.

Results
We explored several different transformation schemes to construct the feature spaces that include a space whose features are determined by the mutual differences of the original expression components, a space derived from a parametric covariance matrix, and the principal component space in traditional PCA analysis. The former two are the newly proposed and the latter is explored for comparison purposes. The new measures we defined in these feature spaces were employed in a K-means clustering procedure to perform analyses. Applying these algorithms to a simulation dataset, a developing mouse retina SAGE dataset, a small yeast sporulation cDNA dataset, and a maize root affymetrix microarray dataset, we found from the results that the algorithm associated with the first feature space, named TransChisq, showed clear advantages over other methods.

Conclusion
The proposed TransChisq is very promising in capturing meaningful gene expression clusters. This study also demonstrates the importance of data transformations in defining an efficient distance measure. Our method should provide new insights in analyzing gene expression data. The clustering algorithms are available upon request.
Transient trimethylaminuria related to menstruation
Authors: Shimizu Makiko , Cashman John R , Yamazaki Hiroshi 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Trimethylaminuria, or fish odor syndrome, includes a transient or mild malodor caused by an excessive amount of malodorous trimethylamine as a result of body secretions. Herein, we describe data to support the proposal that menses can be an additional factor causing transient trimethylaminuria in self-reported subjects suffering from malodor and even in healthy women harboring functionally active flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3).

Methods
FMO3 metabolic capacity (conversion of trimethylamine to trimethylamine N-oxide) was defined as the urinary ratio of trimethylamine N-oxide to total trimethylamine.

Results
Self-reported Case (A) that was homozygous for inactive Arg500stop FMO3, showed decreased metabolic capacity of FMO3 (i.e., ~10% the unaffected metabolic capacity) during 120 days of observation. For Case (B) that was homozygous for common [Glu158Lys; Glu308Gly] FMO3 polymorphisms, metabolic capacity of FMO3 was almost ~90%, except for a few days surrounding menstruation showing < 40% metabolic capacity. In comparison, three healthy control subjects that harbored heterozygous polymorphisms for [Glu158Lys; Glu308Gly] FMO3 or homozygous for wild FMO3 showed normal (> 90%) metabolic capacity, however, on days around menstruation the FMO3 metabolic capacity was decreased to ~60–70%.

Conclusion
Together, these results indicate that abnormal FMO3 capacity is caused by menstruation particularly in the presence, in homozygous form, of mild genetic variants such as [Glu158Lys; Glu308Gly] that cause a reduced FMO3 function.
Immune-mediated changes in actinic keratosis following topical treatment with imiquimod 5% cream
Authors: Torres Abel , Storey Leslie , Anders Makala , Miller Richard L , Bulbulian Barbara J , Jin Jizhong , Raghavan Shalini , Lee James , Slade Herbert B , Birmachu Woubalem 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study was to identify the molecular processes responsible for the anti-lesional activity of imiquimod in subjects with actinic keratosis using global gene expression profiling.MethodsA double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study was conducted to evaluate gene expression changes in actinic keratosis treated with imiquimod 5% cream. Male subjects (N = 17) with ≥ 5 actinic keratosis on the scalp applied placebo cream or imiquimod 3 times a week on nonconsecutive days for 4 weeks. To elucidate the molecular processes involved in actinic keratosis lesion regression by imiquimod, gene expression analysis using oligonucleotide arrays and real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were performed on shave biopsies of lesions taken before and after treatment.ResultsImiquimod modulated the expression of a large number of genes important in both the innate and adaptive immune response, including increased expression of interferon-inducible genes with known antiviral, anti-proliferative and immune modulatory activity, as well as various Toll-like receptors. In addition, imiquimod increased the expression of genes associated with activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells, as well as activation of apoptotic pathways.ConclusionData suggest that topical application of imiquimod stimulates cells in the skin to secrete cytokines and chemokines that lead to inflammatory cell influx into the lesions and subsequent apoptotic and immune cell-mediated destruction of lesions.
Can preoperative duplex marking of the saphenopopliteal junction be avoided?
Authors: Kambal A A , Najem M , Jacobs D , Modaresi K , Smart P , Renton S , Hussain S T 
Published: January 2007

Objectives: Patients undergoing saphenopopliteal junction (SPJ) surgery are currently subjected to two duplex scans. The first is to confirm the reflux, and the second is done preoperatively to accurately mark the SPJ for surgery. The aim of this study was to assess whether the use of hand-held Doppler (HHD) can substitute the second duplex scan. Methods: Sixty limbs with suspected SPJ reflux were studied. Patients underwent an initial duplex scan. The report detailed the position of SPJ in relation to popliteal crease. Guided by this, a HHD was then used to mark the SPJ. Deviation of the HHD mark from the duplex one of ≤10 mm was considered acceptable for surgical accuracy. Results: HHD accurately localized all 27 patients with SPJ reflux (100% accuracy). The distances between the HHD and duplex points in this group ranged between 0 and 5 mm (median=0). Twenty-five patients had SPJ with no reflux, and 22 of them were accurately localized (88%). The distances between the two points in the latter group ranged between 0 and 16 mm (median=3). Conclusion: HHD, guided by the routine duplex scan, can accurately mark SPJ with reflux. A second duplex is not required for marking prior to surgery. This will reduce the workload of the vascular laboratory.
Prevalence and management of ovarian venous insufficiency in the presence of leg venous insufficiency
Authors: Sutaria R , Subramanian A , Burns B , Hafez H 
Published: January 2007

Objective: The correlation between ovarian venous insufficiency and lower limb venous insufficiency remains poorly understood. Clinically, incompetent ovarian veins in association with lower extremity varicose veins are suspected when leg varicose veins are found in atypical distributions. Such distributions include upper lateral or posterior thigh, on the buttocks, crossing the inguinal ligament, and also in the vulval or perineal regions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ovarian venous insufficiency in those with clinically suspicious varicose veins, and to assess the effectiveness of ovarian venous embolization/ligation in treating this condition. Methods: Between June 2001 and December 2004, 424 female patients with lower limb superficial venous insufficiency were seen by a single vascular surgeon. These patients were clinically assessed, and those with atypical varicose veins were investigated with venous duplex examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) venography. Patients with proven ovarian venous insufficiency were offered venography with a view to embolization or laparoscopic ligation. Results: A total of seven patients were clinically suspected of having ovarian venous insufficiency, of which three had recurrent varicose veins (42.9%). Of these, six were confirmed on MRI venography with the left side being more affected than the right; one of them had an occluded vena cava, three were treated by embolization, and two had laparoscopic ligation. Discussion: The prevalence of clinically detectable ovarian venous insufficiency in association with lower extremity varicose veins is in the region of 1.65%. Compared with the estimated prevalence of incidental ovarian venous insufficiency of 10–47%, this suggests that only a minority of incompetent ovarian veins will present with clinically detectable lower limb venous insufficiency. In our opinion, patients with signs suggestive of ovarian venous insufficiency in association with lower limb venous insufficiency should have their ovarian insufficiency controlled prior to embarking on limb venous surgery.
Quantification of venous reflux parameters using duplex scanning and air plethysmography
Authors: Yamaki T , Nozaki M , Sakurai H , Takeuchi M , Kono T , Soejima K 
Published: January 2007

Objective: To compare different duplex-and air plethysmography (APG)-derived parameters between patients with relatively early and those with advanced chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), and to investigate the indicative parameters reflecting the progression of CVI. Methods: Design: Prospective study at the University Hospital. Patients: In total 686 limbs in 574 patients at various clinical stages of CVI were included. The clinical manifestations were categorized according to the CEAP (clinical, aetiologic, anatomic and pathophysiologic) classification, and the patients were divided into two groups: group I (C1-3EP,SAS,D,PPR,O, relatively early stage of CVI) and group II (C4-6EP,SAS,D,PPR,O, advanced CVI). The distribution of venous insufficiency including the sapheno-femoral junction (SFJ), great saphenous vein (GSV), sapheno–popliteal junction (SPJ), common femoral vein (CFV), femoral vein (FV), popliteal vein (POPV), thigh perforators (TPV) and calf perforators (CPV) was determined by duplex ultrasound. The main duplex-derived parameters assessed were the reflux time (RT; s), peak reflux velocity (PRV; cm/s) and peak reflux flow (PRF; mL/s). The venous reflux was assumed to be present if the duration of reflux was ≥0.5 s. The data obtained by APG were on VV (mL), VFI (mL/s), EF (%) and RVF (%). Results: There was no significant difference in overall superficial venous reflux between the groups ( P=0.331). The frequency of deep and perforating vein incompetence differed only when superficial reflux was included in group II. The VFI and RVF were significantly higher in secondary CVI than in primary CVI ( P=0.0001, 0.003, respectively). In the secondary CVI, patients with reflux and obstruction showed significantly higher RVF than those with reflux alone ( P=0.003). The RT did not improve the discrimination power between the groups. In contrast, the PRV had significant discrimination power at the SFJ ( P<0.0001) and SPJ ( P=0.022), and in the GSV ( P<0.0001), the FV ( P=0.017), and the POPV ( P=0.0003). The PRF was significantly higher in group II at the SFJ ( P<0.0001), in the GSV ( P=0.002), in the CFV ( P=0.011), in the FV ( P=0.027), and the POPV ( P=0.016). Conclusions: This present study has suggested the importance of superficial venous insufficiency in the development of advanced CVI. In the secondary CVI, obstruction affects the RVF alone. The PRV and PRF are better parameters than the RT for discrimination of clinical severity in both superficial and deep venous insufficiency, and should be used to quantify venous valvular insufficiency.
Is venous reflux a common disease in post-thrombotic patients with unilateral deep vein thrombosis episode?
Authors: Asbeutah A M , Asfar S K , Shawaz N J , Al-Muzaini A F , Cameron J D , McGrath B P 
Published: January 2007

Objectives: To investigate reflux development and changes in resting venous diameters in the DVT and the non-DVT lower limbs. Methods: Twenty subjects (40 limbs) with acute unilateral proximal DVT diagnosed by ultrasound, who were treated with low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH), followed by at least three months of oral warfarin therapy, were enrolled in the study. The limbs were classified according to CEAP (clinical, aetiologic, anatomic, pathophysiology) clinical classification on a scale of 0–6. Duplex ultrasound (DUS) was employed to assess DVT resolution, vein diameter and venous reflux in both limbs at intervals of zero, three, six and 12 months. Venous reflux was defined as a valve closure time more than 1 s. Results: There were 13 men and seven women, average age was 40.8 years and average body mass index 27.7 kg/m2. In the DVT limbs at three, six and 12 months, deep veins were non-occluded in 40%, 60% and 85%, respectively. By 12 months, 16 (80%) had developed venous reflux, mostly in the femoral (FV) and popliteal veins (PV); eight limbs (40%) were in clinical classes 4–6. In the contralateral 20 non-DVT limbs, four limbs developed borderline reflux at the sapheno-femoral junction (SFJ) after six months and mean diameters of SFJ, FV and PV increased significantly. Conclusions: Venous reflux is highly likely to occur in DVT limbs within a year follow-up period. Venous dilatation can occur in the contralateral unaffected lower limb, consistent with a systemic effect. Our results are suggestive and further studies are needed.
Common peroneal nerve injury as a complication of short saphenous vein surgery
Authors: Atkin G K , Round T , Vattipally V R , Das S K 
Published: January 2007

Objectives: To determine the incidence of common peroneal nerve (CPN) injury following short saphenous vein surgery (SSV) in a UK district general hospital, and establish possible risk factors, and preventative strategies to minimize the risk of nerve injury following this type of surgery. Methods: Retrospective review of all cases of SSV surgery performed in a single institution during the period January 2002–October 2004. Results: Sixty-four patients underwent SSV surgery during the review period. Three patients (4.7%) developed a CPN injury postoperatively. One patient recovered fully after 24 h, whereas the other two patients' symptoms recovered within six months. All three patients had a saphenopopliteal junction (SPJ) located high above the popliteal skin crease. Conclusions: CPN injury during SSV surgery occurs with an appreciable frequency. In view of this, there is a need for a revised approach to the management of SSV disease, possibly incorporating less-invasive techniques such as endovenous closure.
Rapid healing of chronic venous ulcers following ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy
Authors: Hertzman P A , Owens R 
Published: January 2007

Objective: To measure the short term response of venous ulcers in patients treated with ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) at a two-week clinic in Honduras. Methods: Nine females (ages 25-86; mean 48.1 years) with 13 venous ulcers and saphenofemoral junction reflux were treated with UGFS (polidocanol 3% foam; 1–4 injections; 2–11 cc; Mean Volume 5.4 cc). The dimensions of each ulcer and of the great saphenous vein (GSV) were measured before treatment and one week later. Results: At one week follow-up 2 ulcers healed, 2 GSVs closed, and there was significant improvement in ulcer dimensions (p=0.00) and size of GSV (p=0.00). Conclusions: Venous ulcers in patients with serve venous insufficiency responded quickly to UGFS. Long-term follow-up will be important to determine the sustainability of these results.
Current issues on CCHDS
Authors: Altman Keith 
Published: January 2007

The Central Committee for Hospital Dental Services (CCHDS) of the British Dental Association (BDA) represents all hospital-based dentists in the UK, including oral and maxillofacial surgeons. CCHDS deals with many matters relevant to hospital dentists. However, the current issues of concern to it are: > regulation of dental professionals, > Modernising Medical Careers (MMC), and > staff and associate specialist (SAS) contract negotiations.
‘Evidence’ and equality in Northern Ireland
Authors: Osborne R.D. 
Published: January 2007

English
Policy intervention to secure greater equality between Protestants and Catholics in the Northern Ireland labour market is now 30 years old. In its most recent formulation fair employment policy has involved affirmative action incorporating targets and timetables. This article examines how fair employment has been operationalised, with its emphasis on ‘evidence’. In contrast to this outcome-oriented approach, the more recent ‘mainstreaming equality’ provisions of the 1998 Northern Ireland Act emphasise process issues in policy making. The article concludes by suggesting that the Northern Ireland experience may offer lessons for elsewhere.
From evidence to practice: addressing health inequalities through Sure Start
Authors: Halliday Joyce , Asthana Sheena 
Published: January 2007

English
Tackling health inequalities has become a key policy objective in the UK in recent years, with inequalities in early life accorded strategic importance. The Sure Start programme has been central to this strategy. Over time, however, the early recognition given to the evidence base and the interconnected nature of social problems has given way to a more targeted approach, arguably marginalising those aspects that have been key to success. The aim of this article is to explore and explain this shift in focus and to assess the implications for the health inequalities agenda.
The ethics of policy research
Authors: Spicker Paul 
Published: January 2007

English
Codes of ethics governing research in social science have tended to focus on the rights of participants in research. This focus is too narrow to be an effective guide for ethical policy research. Some typical problems concern the development of organisational research, research in the public domain, and conflicts between the rights of participants and others. Policy research needs to be guided by standards related to professional practice in policy, public accountability and general principles related to the promotion of welfare.
The social construction of the cost of mental illness
Authors: Wolff Nancy 
Published: January 2007

English
Economists have given little attention to the social construction of illness and how it undergirds cost-of-illness estimates. Social construction captures the prevailing conceptions of normative behaviour. This article focuses on three of the most influential conceptions: the stigmatisation of mental illness and those who have a mental illness; the punitive attitudes that society holds towards those whose behaviour is deemed deviant; and the linkage of mental illness with productivity. The cost of mental illness is a product of the social norms embedded in the socialisation of the illness and the science underpinning the estimate.
Commissioning research that is used: the experience of the NHS Service Delivery and Organisation Research and Development Programme
Authors: Allen Pauline , Peckham Stephen , Anderson Stuart , Goodwin Nick 
Published: January 2007

English
This article discusses the experiences of the NHS Service Delivery and Organisation Research and Development Programme (the SDO) in transferring knowledge from research into practice. In the context of relevant theories, four main difficulties in achieving knowledge transfer are described and two modes of knowledge production are uncovered: one being discipline based, and the other valuing research for its usefulness. In attempting to hold a balance between the two modes, the article shows how the SDO has dealt with the difficulties in knowledge transfer and concludes that a key to successful knowledge transfer is to achieve significant interaction between decision makers and research commissioners at the earliest possible stage.
Evaluating the impact of patient and public involvement initiatives on UK health services: a systematic review
Authors: Daykin Norma , Evans David , Petsoulas Christina , Sayers Adrian 
Published: January 2007

English
This article reports on a systematic review of the patient and public involvement (PPI) literature in the UK that was undertaken in 2005 to support an evaluation of the Patient Advice and Liaison Services (PALS) in England. The general PPI literature has been extensively reviewed; here we focus on the relatively small empirically based evaluation literature. The research adopts the framework of realistic evaluation, which identifies contexts, mechanisms and outcomes that lead to favourable and unfavourable outcomes. The question guiding the review is therefore: ‘What context and mechanism factors can be identified from empirical research that will lead to successful PPI outcomes?’.
Designing a social experiment for the UK: how it was done and some lessons learned
Authors: Greenberg David , Poole Lindsey 
Published: January 2007

English
The UK's Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) Demonstration is currently evaluating a new strategy for job retention and advancement for disadvantaged workers. This article focuses on the ERA design phase and lessons from that effort. The design phase had a number of unusual features: the location of the core project team performing the design work at the Cabinet Office, rather than at the department initiating the project or the department implementing it; the multidisciplinary core project team; the use of external, including US, consultants; the use of random assignment; and the integration of the evaluation design into the programme design.