bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CORTISONE‐RESISTANT EFFECTOR T CELLS IN ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS AND LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES INFECTION OF MICE
Authors: Zinkernagel RM , Doherty PC 
Published: November 2007

SummarySensitized T cells in both lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) and listeriosis are apparently unaffected by treatment of mice with cortisone acetate. Cortisone‐resistant immune T cells readily transfer acute, fatal LCM or protection against L. monocytogenes infection. Treatment of recipient mice with cortisone, however, impairs T cell‐dependent effector mechanisms (i.e. macrophages) in listeriosis, but has no effect on induction of LCM. Acute LCM may thus represent a T cell‐mediated pathological process which does not require participation of macrophages.
THE ORIGIN OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN SALIVARY SECRETION OF SHEEP
Authors: Cripps AW , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA comparative study was made on the secretion of IgG1 and IgA into parotid and submaxillary saliva of sheep. The purpose of the study was to examine the suggestion that in the external secretory organs of ruminants there is an inverse relationship between the capacity to selectively transfer IgG1 and the development of the IgA secretory system. Despite a marked difference in the secretion of IgA between the parotid and submaxillary salivary glands, the magnitude of selective transfer of IgG1 was similar. Thus, there appears to be no relationship between the selective transfer of IgG1 and the secretion of IgA into the saliva of sheep.
INTRAHEPATIC MICROVASCULAR CHANGES IN CARBON TETRACHLORIDE‐INDUCED CIRRHOTIC LIVERS IN THE RAT
Authors: Koo Anthony , Liang Isabella YS , Cheng Kwok‐Kew 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLiver cirrhosis was produced in the rat by combined carbon tetra‐chloride‐phenobarbitone treatment, and the microcirculation in the cirrhotic liver was observed by a quantitative in vivo transillumination technique. The total sinusoidal flow in the observed region of the cirrhotic liver did not differ significantly from that in the normal liver, despite the reduced number of sinusoids and the increased portal venous pressure. The cirrhotic liver also presented a fast‐velocity population of portal and hepatic venules and sinusoids in addition to the normal slow‐velocity population. The possible mechanism of these “arterialized” microvessels is discussed.
HUMAN T LYMPHOCYTE COLONIES IN AGAR: A COMPARISON WITH OTHER T CELL ASSAYS IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS AND CANCER PATIENTS
Authors: Wilson JD , Dalton Gael 
Published: November 2007

SummaryColonies of human lymphocytes with T cell characteristics will grow in agar from repeated mitotic divisions with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. The colonies comprise spheres of tightly‐packed cells with up to 500–1,000 blast‐like cells in each colony. 65% of cells from pooled colonies bound AET‐treated sheep red cells. 1,100–2,500 colonies/106 peripheral blood lymphocytes developed when cell donors were healthy but lower numbers (350–1,000 colonies/106 lymphocytes) were detected in blood from cancer patients. Comparison with other non‐specific assays of cell‐mediated immunity showed that, while 66% of cancer patients were anergic (to five recall antigens) and 78% exhibited depressed mitotic activity in standard cultures with low dose PHA, 100% of these patients revealed T cell colony formation below normal. It is suggested that further studies of T lymphocyte colony‐forming cells in healthy people and in a number of disease states may significantly advance our understanding of mechanisms of cell‐mediated immunity.
GENERALIZED GLYCOGENOSIS IN BEEF SHORTHORN CATTLE — HETEROZYGOTE DETECTION
Authors: Jolly RD , Van‐De‐Water NS , Richards RB , Dorling PR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA preliminary study of acidic α‐glucosidase in a variety of tissues was carried out in an attempt to develop a test which might be used to detect individuals heterozygous for the genetype associated with generalized glycogenosis in beef Shorthorn cattle. Of the tissues readily available peripheral lymphocytes were chosen as being likely to be the most suitable. It was concluded that, when coupled with genealogical information, assays of α‐glucosidase in extracts of lymphocytes were useful for identifying heterozygous individuals with a reasonably high degree of probability.
STUDIES ON IMMUNE RESPONSES TO LARVAL CESTODES IN MICE. INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CERTAIN MOUSE STRAINS AND HYPOTHYMIC MICE TO TAENlA TAENIAEFORMIS AND ANALYSIS OF PASSIVE TRANSFER OF RESISTANCE WITH SERUM
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Goding James W , Rickard Michael D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryVarious inbred strains of mice vary markedly in their susceptibility to the larvae of the cestode, Taenia taeniaeformis. Males are generally more susceptible than females and the most susceptible common inbred mouse strains are those which are deficient in C5 and/or C4 components of complement. However, no genetic evidence is yet available to implicate loci controlling complement levels in susceptibility/resistance, and multiple genetic factors appear to be operative. Hypothymic, nu/nu (“nude”) mice of the relatively resistant mouse strain, BALB/c, are highly susceptible in that cystic larvae in the liver develop in large numbers and more rapidly than in intact BALB/c.nu/+ littermates. Cyclophosphamide pretreatment also increases the susceptibility of relatively resistant strains of mice in terms of both the number and size of liver cysts. Hypothymic and intact mice can be protected, absolutely, by an injection of serum from infected intact mice, provided the serum is given to recipient mice close to the time of oral egg administration. The protective activity of immune serum is absorbed totally by staphylococcal protein A‐Sepharose columns and can be abolished by treatment of recipients with cobra venom factor. Cyst fluid from established larvae facilitates the activity of subhaemolytic amounts of guinea pig complement in a standard direct PFC assay. The data suggest that complement‐fixing antibodies are responsible for inhibition of establishing larvae in mice and that one method of protection for established cystic larvae involves the alteration of host complement activity within the cyst.
THE ORIGIN OF IgA‐CONTAINING CELLS IN INTESTINAL LYMPH OF SHEEP
Authors: Beh KJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe origin of IgA‐containing cells in sheep intestinal lymph was determined by antigenically stimulating a mesenteric lymph node and by studying afferent intestinal lymph.Since antigenic stimulation of the node resulted almost exclusively in the appearance of IgG1 antibody‐containing cells, it was proposed that IgA‐containing cells are normally produced either in the Peyer's patches or lamina propria of the intestine.These conclusions were supported by studying lymph obtained by cannulation of a lymphatic duct afferent to the mesenteric lymph node. Study of the cells in afferent lymph revealed the presence of a significant population of IgA‐containing blast cells. This was convincing evidence that the IgA‐containing cells normally found in intestinal lymph originate from sites in the intestine.
ISOLATION OF ROTAVIRUS FROM FOALS WITH DIARRHOEA
Authors: Tzipori Saul , Walker M 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA rotavirus, morphologically similar to other known rotaviruses, was demonstrated in the faeces of 5 foals with diarrhoea on two properties. Four of these 5 samples produced specific intracytoplasmic fluorescence in cell culture when reacted with calf rotavirus antiserum conjugate. Sixteen affected foals from both properties were depressed, did not suckle and became recumbent. Most had a watery diarrhoea which lasted for 3 days and resulted in some dehydration and loss of body condition. Sick foals were separated from their mothers following the onset of diarrhoea and given fluid therapy and antibiotics, but despite these measures 4 of 12 affected foals on one property died. Acute and convalescent sera were collected from 6 foals, and in each case a rise in the titres of complement fixing and neutralising antibodies was demonstrated. Faecal filtrates containing foal rotaviruses were fed to gnotobiotic piglets and the effects compared with those of other rotaviruses. Viral isolates from both properties produced an asymptomatic infection in piglets. This contrasts with the other rotaviruses isolated in Australia that have been shown to cause diarrhoea in gnotobiotic piglets.
THE BINDING OF RAT LIVER CELL MULTIPLICATION‐STIMULATING ACTIVITY (MSA) TO HUMAN PLACENTA AND SERUM PROTEINS
Authors: Brinsmead MW , Liggins GC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMultiplication‐stimulating activity (MSA) from the medium of BRL‐3A rat liver cells in culture binds to cell membrane and cytosol receptors from human placenta and to serum proteins. The binding of MSA to placental cell membranes is dependent on time, temperature, pH and divalent ion concentration. MSA bound to placental cytosol receptor and serum is not displaced by insulin, whereas that bound to placental cell membranes is displaced by insulin and insulin‐like peptides. The affinity of the three receptors for MSA is similar (≏ 108 M ‐1). An assay using 125I‐MSA and placental membrane receptor detects somatomedin‐like receptor activity (SmLRA) in unextracted sera from man and animals. A binding protein in serum that competes for 125I‐MSA with receptor could not be completely separated from SmLRA by‐heating, acidification, charcoal treatment and gel chromatography of the serum. The relative activities of SmLRA and serum binding protein remained constant in three disorders of human growth (acromegaly, growth hormone deficiency and Laron's dwarfism) in which values of SmLRA varied widely. However, the binding protein is only partly responsible for the apparent SmLRA of unextracted serum. It is concluded that MSA is a suitable radioligand for the investigation of somatomedin disorders in man either by receptor assays or by studies of tissue receptors.
EXPERIMENTAL OXALATE UROLITH FORMATION IN RATS
Authors: McIntosh GH , Belling GB , Bulman Felicia H 
Published: November 2007

SummaryUrinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate were produced in male hooded Wistar rats fed a vitamin B6 deficient diet over 16 weeks. This basic diet was modified by doubling the phosphate content or loading with vitamin C or D3 in three treatment groups. The number of rats developing oxalate stones was not altered by the addition of vitamin D3 or phosphate, but there was a significant increase in total weight of stone formed and histological evidence of extensive renal damage in rats on the high vitamin D3 diet. The addition of vitamin C to the vitamin B6 deficient rats resulted in a reduction in the number of rats with uroliths and a fall in urinary oxalate excretion, while similarly loaded vitamin B6 supplemented controls were free of oxalate calculi.It is concluded that the oxalate urolithiasis induced by vitamin B6 deficiency was exacerbated by added vitamin D3 and reduced by vitamin C.
INTERLEUKIN 2 PRODUCTION BY ALLOANTIGEN (H‐2) ACTIVATED T CELLS
Authors: Andrus Linda , Lafferty Kevin J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryH‐2 alloantigen‐activated T cells release Interleukin 2 in response to a secondary stimulus by either Concanavalin A or alloantigen. No detectable lymphokine is released in the absence of secondary stimulation and. in the case of alloantigen restimulation, lymphokine release is antigen‐specific. Once formed, however, the lymphokine shows no antigen specificity in its action.Like the precursor of the cytotoxic T cell, the precursor of the Interleukin 2‐producing T cell requires two signals for its activation; alloantigen and a source of costimulator activity. Once activated, T cells will release lymphokine in response to alloantigen alone.
A COMPARISON OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN IN EXTRACTS OF TUMOUR TISSUE, ASCITIC AND CYST FLUID FROM OVARIAN CANCER
Authors: Hill R , Daunter B , Magon H , Khoo SK , Mackay EV 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn view of the reported disagreement in the physicochemical properties of ovarian carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), this study was undertaken to compare the properties of CEA obtained from extracts of ovarian tumour tissue, ascitic fluid and cyst fluid. On the basis of molecular weight estimation and binding properties with Concanavalin A and wheat germ lectin, ovarian CEA from these three sources appeared similar, and also possessed similar properties to those of colonic CEA. On isoelectric focusing, however, it was found that the isoelectric point of CEA from tumour tissue and cyst fluid differed from that from ascitic fluid. It is most likely that this is due to a loss of sialic acid from the CEA released into ascitic fluid.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON DIHYDROOROTATE DEHYDROGENASE FROM P. BERGHEI AND THE MOUSE RETICULOCYTE
Authors: Gero Annette M , Finney Kenneth G , Bennett Julie C , O'Sullivan William J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryKinetic parameters on dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHO‐DHase) from the rodent malarial parasite, Plasmodium berghei, have been determined. This enzyme, the fourth in de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, is particulate and is absent in the mature mammalian red cell. The Km of the substrate, dihydroorotate, was determined to be 23 μM and the K1 values for a number of substrate analogues have been determined. The most potent inhibitor was dihydroazaorotate (K1, 3 μM). The product orotate was also a good inhibitor (K1, 5 μM) as were methylorotate (K1, 10 μM), 5‐azaorotate (K1, 20 μM) and other pyrimidine analogues. The activity of the enzyme was also affected by a number of respiratory chain inhibitors.As the P. berghei infection is accompanied by reticulocytosis, a comparative study of DHO‐DHase in mouse reticulocytes was also carried out. The general properties of the enzyme from these sources were similar to those of the parasite enzyme. However, significant differences in the response of the two enzymes to various inhibitors were observed and could provide a rational basis for the development of chemotherapeutic agents active against the parasite.
CHANGES IN CONGLUTININ, IMMUNOCONGLUTININ, COMPLEMENT C3 AND FIBRONECTIN CONCENTRATIONS IN CATTLE ACUTELY INFECTED WITH BABESIA BOVIS
Authors: Goodger BV , Wright IG , Mahoney DF 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFurther pathophysiological studies of the hypotensive shock syndrome associated with acute Babesia bovis infection in cattle have demonstrated changes in the plasma concentrations of conglutinin, complement C3, fibronectin and immunoconglutinin. Decreases in the first three components are presumably due to their contribution towards intravascular sludging of infected erythrocytes within the microvascular system during the acute phase of infection. In contrast, the increase in fibronectin and immunoconglutin in the recovery phase suggests the involvement of these proteins in the reticulo‐endothelial clearance of infected or damaged erythrocytes, immune complexes and cryofibrinogen.
Dietary shifts inBrycinus sadleri(Pisces: Characidae) from southern Lake Victoria
Authors: Wanink Jan H. , Joordens José C. A. 
Published: November 2007

We studied the diet of Brycinus sadleri in Lake Victoria after extensive environmental changes during the 1980s. To check for diet expansion following these changes, as observed in some other fish species, we compared our results with data from the 1950s. Stomach contents were analysed in relation to fish size and time of the day to investigate ontogenetic and diel shifts in the diet.Comparison of diets before and after the environmental changes showed a shift to more generalist feeding. The main food sources in the 1950s were plants during daytime and surface insects at night. Hardly any plant material was eaten during the late 1980s, but chironomid larvae, chaoborid larvae and pupae, shrimps, Odonata nymphs and fish contributed to a broader daytime diet. These prey species were also commonly taken at night, though, like in the 1950s, surface insects accounted for the major part of the diet. We found dietary shifts during ontogeny. Juveniles fed exclusively on zooplankton. Chironomid larvae, relatively large food items in comparison with zooplankton, were the key prey of sub-adult fish. Their importance decreased in the diet of adults, which included even larger prey like shrimps, Odonata nymphs and fish. At night, surface insects replaced chironomid larvae in the diet of adult fish.Diet expansion may result from reduced competition after the decline in fish mass following the Nile perch boom. An alternative explanation, increasing the prey spectrum in response to deteriorated light conditions, is not likely to hold for B. sadleri. The ontogenetic shift to increasingly larger prey and the nocturnal shift to surface insects probably reflect optimal foraging behaviour and diel vertical migration patterns of the fish respectively. These dietary shifts emphasize the feeding flexibility of B. sadleri, which may have been essential in surviving the environmental changes in Lake Victoria.
Strategies for antiviral resistance in transgenic plants
Authors: PRINS MARCEL , LAIMER MARGIT , NORIS EMANUELA , SCHUBERT JÖRG , WASSENEGGER MICHAEL , TEPFER MARK 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYGenetic engineering offers a means of incorporating new virus resistance traits into existing desirable plant cultivars. The initial attempts to create transgenes conferring virus resistance were based on the pathogen‐derived resistance concept. The expression of the viral coat protein gene in transgenic plants was shown to induce protective effects similar to classical cross protection, and was therefore distinguished as ‘coat‐protein‐mediated’ protection. Since then, a large variety of viral sequences encoding structural and non‐structural proteins were shown to confer resistance. Subsequently, non‐coding viral RNA was shown to be a potential trigger for virus resistance in transgenic plants, which led to the discovery of a novel innate resistance in plants, RNA silencing. Apart from the majority of pathogen‐derived resistance strategies, alternative strategies involving virus‐specific antibodies have been successfully applied. In a separate section, efforts to combat viroids in transgenic plants are highlighted. In a final summarizing section, the potential risks involved in the introduction of transgenic crops and the specifics of the approaches used will be discussed.
The effects of obesity and non‐pharmacological weight loss on vascular and ventricular function and structure
Authors: Skilton M. R. , Sieveking D. P. , Harmer J. A. , Franklin J. , Loughnan G. , Nakhla S. , Sullivan D. R. , Caterson I. D. , Celermajer D. S. 
Published: November 2007

Aims:  The mechanisms by which obesity confers increased cardiovascular risk and the effects of moderate weight loss on cardiovascular health are incompletely understood. We sought to characterize the preclinical changes in cardiac and vascular health that accompany obesity and the influence of lifestyle modification on these parameters.Methods:  Preclinical markers of vasculopathy in resistance vessels and conduit arteries and left ventricular structure and function were assessed in 39 obese subjects (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and 11 healthy weight controls. The influence of serum on cellular adhesion molecule (CAM) expression on human endothelial cells was studied ex vivo in a subgroup of 13 obese and nine healthy weight subjects. These analyses were repeated in all 17 of the obese subjects who complied with 4–9 months of lifestyle modification treatment (six with weight loss >5% and 11 with weight loss <5%).Results:  Compared with healthy weight controls, obese subjects had decreased peak hyperaemic forearm blood flow (p = 0.015), increased carotid intima–media thickness (p = 0.009), increased left ventricular wall thickness and volume and evidence of systolic and diastolic dysfunction as assessed using tissue Doppler imaging (S′, p = 0.09; E′/A′, p = 0.02), and serum from obese subjects increased the intercellular CAM‐1 expression on human endothelial cells (p = 0.009). However, arterial endothelial function assessed by flow‐mediated dilatation was not altered (p = 0.99). Lifestyle modification treatment resulted in potentially beneficial changes in fibrinogen (p = 0.003), HDL cholesterol (p = 0.05) and soluble vascular CAM‐1 (p = 0.06). In subjects with weight loss greater than 5% of body weight, there was also a decrease in low‐level inflammation (high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, p = 0.05), lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid–reactive substances, p = 0.05) and triglycerides (p = 0.07).Conclusions:  Obesity is associated with widespread alterations in cardiac and vascular structure and function. Moderate short‐term weight loss by lifestyle modification results in some beneficial changes in serum profile; however, these are not accompanied by significant alterations to either cardiac or vascular structure and function.
Duchenne muscle activity evaluation and muscle function preservation: is it possible a prophylactic strategy?
Authors: Palmieri B. , Sblendorio V. , Ferrari A. , Pietrobelli A. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDuchenne muscular dystrophy yields pervasive and progressive muscle mass loss. In the current measures relating to the monitoring of disease progression the following are relevant (i): the type of scale used, (ii) the clinical significance of the attribute being measured and (iii) the mathematical properties of the data provided. The high prevalence of obesity at an early stage of this pathology could result not only from reduced physical activity, but also from low resting energy expenditure, abnormal nutrient utilization or overfeeding. This muscle weakness may be attenuated by regular low‐intensity exercise. However, there is a critical lack of data to support appropriate exercise prescription. Because inappropriate activity may exacerbate the dystrophic process, a systematic analysis of muscle function to determine potential exercise load thresholds to avoid injury in dystrophic mice and dogs, and then in humans is recommended.
Back and Forth: Immigrants' Stories of Migration and Return
Authors: Tannenbaum Michal 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the experience of re‐migration. It uses the narratives of 32 adults, emigrants from Israel who intended to stay abroad permanently, but eventually returned, to explore central themes. Among the themes which emerged from the narratives are language and identity, idealization and reality, and the role of the wider social ethos in affecting the personal experiences of first migration and return. The paper then analyzes these narratives in light of two central models: Berry's acculturation model, and Sussman's cultural identity model.
The BaeSR Two-Component Regulatory System Mediates Resistance to Condensed Tannins in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Zoetendal Erwin G. , Smith Alexandra H. , Sundset Monica A. , Mackie Roderick I. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

The gene expression profiles of
Escherichia coli
strains grown anaerobically with or without
Acacia mearnsii
(black wattle) extract were compared to identify tannin resistance strategies. The cell envelope stress protein gene
spy
and the multidrug transporter-encoding operon
mdtABCD
, both under the control of the BaeSR two-component regulatory system, were significantly up-regulated in the presence of tannins. BaeSR mutants were more tannin sensitive than their wild-type counterparts.