bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transmembrane signaling through phospholipase C‐β in the developing human prefrontal cortex
Authors: Ruiz de Azúa Iñigo , del Olmo Elena , Pazos Angel , Sallés Joan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTo investigate changes in muscarinic receptor‐stimulated phospholipase C‐β (PLC‐β) activity during brain development, we examined the functional coupling of each of the three major protein components of the phosphoinositide system (M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptor subtypes; Gq/11 proteins; PLC‐β1–4 isoforms) in membrane preparations from post‐mortem human prefrontal cerebral cortex collected at several stages of prenatal and postnatal development. In human prenatal brain membranes, PLC was found to be present and could be activated by calcium, but the ability of guanosine‐5′‐o‐3 thiotriphosphate (GTPγS) or carbachol (in the presence of GTPγS) to modulate prenatal PLC‐β was significantly weaker than that associated with postnatal PLC‐β. Western blot analysis revealed that the levels of Gαq/11 did not change significantly during development. In contrast, dramatically higher levels of expression of PLC‐β1–4 isoforms and of M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors were detected in the child vs. the fetal brain, a finding that might underlie the observed increased activity of PLC. Thus, inositol phosphate production may be more efficiently regulated by altering the amount of effectors (PLC‐β1–4) and receptors (M1,3,5 subtypes) than by altering the level of Gαq/11 subunits. These results demonstrate that different PLC isoforms are expressed in the prefrontal cortex of the developing human brain in an age‐specific manner, suggesting specific roles not only in synaptic transmission but also in the differentiation and maturation of neurons in the developing brain. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence staining of human ovarian cancer tissue following application of 5‐aminolevulinic acid: Fluorescence microscopy studies
Authors: Löning Martin C. , Diddens Heyke C. , Holl‐Ulrich Konstanze , Löning Uta , Küpker Wolfgang , Diedrich Klaus , Hüttmann Gereon 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesApplication of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) for fluorescence‐guided second‐look laparoscopy has been shown to be a promising new procedure in the early diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma metastases. However, for assessing the reliability of this method, information on the microscopic distribution of protoporphyrin IX (PP IX) in the tissue is needed. Additionally, the selectivity of PP IX uptake is essential for a potential photodynamic therapy (PDT) of ovarian cancer metastases.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThirty‐six patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and two patients suffering from fallopian tube carcinoma underwent a laparoscopic second‐look procedure 5 hours after the application of ALA. In 17 patients 36 fluorescence‐guided biopsies were taken from fluorescing and non‐fluorescing tissues for further evaluation. Fluorescence microscopy and digital image processing were utilized to determine the presence of PP IX fluorescence.ResultsA specificity of 88% and a sensitivity of 100% with a negative predictive value of 100% and a positive predictive value of 91% were calculated for PP IX fluorescence on a microscopic level as marker for ovarian cancer metastases.ConclusionsOn a microscopic scale, ALA‐induced PP IX fluorescence is confined to ovarian cancer tumor tissue sparing stromal tissues. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microvascular blood flow dynamics associated with photodynamic therapy, pulsed dye laser irradiation and combined regimens
Authors: Smith Tia K. , Choi Bernard , Ramirez‐San‐Juan Julio C. , Nelson J. Stuart , Osann Kathryn , Kelly Kristen M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPrevious in vitro studies demonstrated the potential utility of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD) photodynamic therapy (PDT) for vascular destruction. Moreover, the effects of PDT were enhanced when this intervention was followed immediately by pulsed dye laser (PDL) irradiation (PDT/PDL). We further evaluate vascular effects of PDT alone, PDL alone and PDT/PDL in an in vivo rodent dorsal skinfold model.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA dorsal skinfold window chamber was installed surgically on female Sprague–Dawley rats. One milligram per kilogram of BPD solution was administered intravenously via a jugular venous catheter. Evaluated interventions were: control (no BPD, no light), PDT alone (576 nm, 16 minutes exposure time, 15 minutes post‐BPD injection, 10 mm spot), PDL alone at 7 J/cm2 (585 nm, 1.5 ms pulse duration, 7 mm spot), PDL alone at 10 J/cm2, PDT/PDL (PDL at 7 J/cm2), and PDT/PDL (PDL at 10 J/cm2). To assess changes in microvascular blood flow, laser speckle imaging was performed before, immediately after, and 18 hours post‐intervention.ResultsEpidermal irradiation was accomplished without blistering, scabbing or ulceration. A reduction in perfusion was achieved in all intervention groups. PDT/PDL at 7 J/cm2 resulted in the greatest reduction in vascular perfusion (56%).ConclusionsBPD PDT can achieve safe and selective vascular flow reduction. PDT/PDL can enhance diminution of microvascular blood flow. Our results suggest that PDT and PDT/PDL should be evaluated as alternative therapeutic options for treatment of hypervascular skin lesions including port wine stain birthmarks. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recessive Parkinson's disease
Authors: Kubo Shin‐Ichiro , Hattori Nobutaka , Mizuno Yoshikuni 
Published: April 2006

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the etiology of PD remains unclear, it is now clear that genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Recently, several causative genes have been identified in monogenic forms of PD. Accumulating evidence indicates that their gene products play important roles in mitochondrial function, oxidative stress response, and the ubiquitin–proteasome system, which are also implicated in sporadic PD, suggesting that these gene products share a common pathway to nigral degeneration in both familial and sporadic PD. Here, we review recent advances in knowledge about genes associated with recessive PD, including parkin, PINK1, and DJ‐1. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
A survey of language barriers from the perspective of pediatric oncologists, interpreters, and parents
Authors: Abbe Marisa , Simon Christian , Angiolillo Anne , Ruccione Kathy , Kodish Eric D 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundOncologists in the US increasingly face the challenge of communicating with non‐English speaking parents of children with cancer. This study explores this challenge from the perspectives of a sample of pediatric oncologists, interpreters, and Spanish‐speaking parents of children with newly diagnosed leukemia.ProcedureThirty‐seven oncologists and 17 professional language interpreters based at two non‐profit pediatric hospitals in the US were surveyed on the topic of language barriers in pediatric care. Seventeen parents who communicated with their child's oncologist through an interpreter were also surveyed.ResultsAll groups expressed considerable concern over the process of communicating across a language barrier. For oncologists, these concerns included the accuracy and completeness of interpretations, complexity of information, and loss of confidence and control over the communication process. For interpreters, they included complexity of information, information overload, and lack of clinician sensitivity toward the cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds of limited English proficiency (LEP) families. Parent concerns included difficulties comprehending information and anxiety over the possibility of missing out on important information. All groups provided multiple suggestions for improving communication across a language barrier.ConclusionsOncologists, interpreters, and parents expressed considerable concern over the process of communicating across a language barrier. Some of these concerns could be minimized through efforts to boost interpreter accuracy and completeness, including the use of more simple, easy to understand language. Other issues, such as differences in culture and socioeconomic background, warrant consideration of the intercultural knowledge and skills of interpreters. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2006;47:819–824. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracerebral hematoma as a complication of intrathecal methotrexate administration
Authors: Boran Perran , Tokuc Gulnur , Boran Burak O. , Oktem Sedat 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNeurotoxicity of methotrexate is a well‐documented issue, but development of an intracerebral hematoma following administration of intrathecal methotrexate is an extremely rare entity. A 6‐year‐old male with the diagnosis of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma was put on a treatment regimen, including intrathecal methotrexate. Six days following the last intrathecal methotrexate administration, the patient developed a deteriorating state of consciousness. There was no history of trauma. Coagulation studies and platelet count were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated a large left frontoparietal hematoma. Intracerebral hematoma may be a very rare, but serious, complication of intrathecal methotrexate administration. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:152–154. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of validity of assessment methods using indices of adjusted agreement
Authors: Nam Jun‐mo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFor comparing the validity of rating methods, the adjustedκ(Scoefficient) and Yule'sYindex are better than Cohen'sκwhich is affected by marginal probabilities. We consider a validity study in which a subject is assessed as exposed or not‐exposed by two competing rating methods and the gold standard. We are interested in one of the methods, which is closer in agreement with the gold standard. We present statistical methods taking correlations into account for comparing the validity of the rating methods usingScoefficient andYindex. We show how theScoefficient and Yule'sYindex are related to sensitivity and specificity. In comparing the two rating methods, the preference is clear when the inference is the same for bothSandY. If the inference usingSdiffers from that usingY, then it is not obvious how to decide a preference. This may occur when one rating method is better than the other in sensitivity but not in specificity. Numerical examples for comparing asbestos‐exposure assessment methods are illustrated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A knowledge warehouse system for enterprise resource planning systems
Authors: Zhang Hong , Liang Yin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this paper, a model of a data warehouse based on an ERP system is presented. A traditional data warehouse has the function of providing data to decision support systems (DSS) or online analytical processing systems (OLAP) but not knowledge. This paper proposes that an existing data warehouse can be extended to create a knowledge warehouse for knowledge management. The knowledge warehouse can manage not only data and information but also the knowledge assets of an enterprise. Both tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge can be analysed, integrated, and converted; new knowledge can be created through the synergistic interactions within the knowledge warehouse. In this paper, knowledge warehouse architecture based on ERP, how it works, and related technologies are discussed. The knowledge warehouse will provide more effective support for DSS and OLAP. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variability in the life history of the water strider Gerris lacustris (Heteroptera: Gerridae) across small spatial scales
Authors: Pfenning B. , Poethke H. J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.  1. Variability in life‐history traits of the common pond skater Gerris lacustris (L.) (Heteroptera: Gerridae) was investigated on a small geographical scale in Bavaria, Germany (≈ 49 °N). In an area of approximately 3.5 × 3.0 km, voltinism and wing length data of G. lacustris were recorded from 65 ponds located either in an open field or surrounded by forest.2. Life history differed significantly between populations in the two habitat types. Gerris lacustris showed a bivoltine life‐cycle in most of the field ponds with a high proportion of long‐winged individuals in the diapause generation and a large increase of the short‐winged morph in the midsummer generation. In contrast, almost all populations inhabiting forest ponds were univoltine. Only a few forest populations produced any second generation larvae. The long‐winged morph dominated during the whole season in forest ponds.3. The appearance of first‐instar larvae was delayed by 3–4 weeks in forest ponds compared with field ponds. Presumably, low temperatures led to this reduction in the developmental rate of eggs and larvae. Consequently, ‘field larvae’ of the first generation developed under increasing daylight conditions (triggering direct reproduction and brachyptery) but ‘forest larvae’ developed under a shortening photoperiod (triggering diapause and macroptery).4. Offspring raised from ‘forest parents’ in the laboratory showed the same variability in life history when reared in a cool (16.9 ± 2.4 °C) or warm (23.1 ± 1.8 °C) temperature regime.5. Given the small spatial scale of the study, it is concluded that the variability in the life history of G. lacustris has a strong phenotypic component.
Interdemic variation of cannibalism in a wolf spider (Pardosa monticola) inhabiting different habitat types
Authors: Vanden Borre Jeroen , Bonte Dries , Maelfait Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. 1. Cannibalism was investigated in the wolf spiderPardosa monticola(Clerck) using spiders collected from four populations with varying densities, inhabiting two different coastal dune habitat types. Sampled individuals were paired randomly and tested immediately for their cannibalism propensity.2. The occurrence of cannibalism was found to be influenced by the size (cephalothorax width) of both the smaller and the larger spider of a pair. Larger size differences enhanced cannibalism.3. Cannibalism rates were not significantly different in spiders from high‐density compared with low‐density populations. Cannibalism rates showed, however, large variability between habitat types, with higher rates in spiders from dune grasslands than from dune slacks. This is suggested to result from differences in prey availability throughout the growing season between both habitat types.4. Different size classes of spiders did not use different microhabitats, indicating that microhabitat segregation as a cannibalism‐avoidance behaviour is absent in this species.
Costs of cannibalism in the presence of an iridovirus pathogen ofSpodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Williams Trevor , Hernández Olivia 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. 1. The costs of cannibalism were examined in larvae ofSpodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the presence of conspecifics infected by a lethal invertebrate iridescent virus (IIV). The hypothesis of a positive correlation between insect density and the likelihood of disease transmission by cannibalism was examined in laboratory microcosms and a field experiment.2. Transmission was negligible following peroral infection of early instars with purified virus suspensions or following coprophagy of virus‐contaminated faeces excreted by infected insects. In contrast, 92% of the insects that predated infected conspecifics acquired the infection and died prior to adult emergence in the laboratory. Diseased larvae were more likely to be victims of cannibalism than healthy larvae.3. The prevalence of cannibalism was density dependent in laboratory microcosms with a low density (10 healthy insects + one infected insect) or high density (30 healthy insects + one infected insect) of insects, and field experiments performed on maize plants infested with one or four healthy insects + one infected insect.4. Cannibalism in the presence of virus‐infected conspecifics was highly costly toS. frugiperda; in all cases, insect survival was reduced by between ≈ 50% (laboratory) and ≈ 30% (field) in the presence of the pathogen. Contrary to expectations, the prevalence of disease was not sensitive to density because cannibalism resulted in self‐thinning. As infected individuals are consumed and disappear from the population, the prevalence of disease will be determined by the timescale over which transmission can be achieved, and the rate at which individuals that have acquired an infection become themselves infectious to conspecific predators.
Vertical stratification in the spatial distribution of the beech scale insect (Ultracoelostoma assimile) inNothofagustree canopies in New Zealand
Authors: Wardhaugh Carl W. , Blakely Tanya J. , Greig Hamish , Morris Paul D. , Barnden Annabel , Rickard Sarah , Atkinson Basil , Fagan Laura L. , Ewers Robert M. , Didham Raphael K. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. 1. The degree of infestation by New Zealand sooty beech scale insects (Ultracoelostoma assimile, Homoptera: Margarodidae) varies dramatically among adjacent southern beech trees (Nothofagusspp., Fagaceae), but has previously been assumed to be uniformly or randomly distributed within individual host trees. In this study, a full‐census survey was conducted from ground level to canopy level on 14 naturally occurring, canopy‐dominant red beech (Nothofagus fusca) trees (size range 38.7–107.6 cm diameter at breast height) to determine the degree of within‐tree heterogeneity in herbivore density.2. The within‐tree distribution of the sooty beech scale was vertically stratified and highly heterogeneous, with the greatest densities occurring on bark surfaces in the canopy rather than on the trunk, and on the lower rather than upper sides of the branches. The spatial distribution was strongly negatively correlated with trunk and branch diameter, and increasing bark thickness (as a function of diameter) provides a plausible explanation for differences in the establishment and population density of sooty beech scale insects with trunk and branch size. Furthermore, there was a significant change in the spatial distribution of scale insect populations on trunks and branches of trees of increasing diameter at breast height. This indicates a strong temporal component to the spatial dynamics of the sooty beech scale insect driven by changing host phenology. Future studies on phytophagous insects infesting large host trees need to consider more explicitly changes in population dynamics through space and time.3. Because of the high degree of within‐tree heterogeneity in population density, the total population size of scale insects on an individual tree could not be predicted from any measure of population density low on the trunk. However, the dry weight biomass of sooty mould fungi growing on the ground beneath infested trees was a remarkably accurate predictor of the total population size of scale insects. The use of sooty mould fungi as a relative measure of population size could be incorporated into studies of other honeydew‐producing hemipterans, since the growth of sooty mould is a distinctive feature synonymous with high concentrations of honeydew production worldwide.
Effects of the light environment on oviposition preference and survival of a leaf‐mining moth, Cameraria hamadryadella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), on Quercus alba L.
Authors: Connor Edward F. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.  1. Oviposition preference and the survival and mortality of larvae of Cameraria hamadryadella (Lepidoptera) on the foliage of Quercus alba L. (Fagaceae) in sun and shade were examined. To separate the effects of the environment of foliation from that of rearing, C. hamadryadella were allowed to oviposit on oak saplings that foliated either in the sun or shade. Subsequently, trees were placed into the sun or shade and larval survival was monitored.2. Trees that foliated in the shade had leaves that were 30% longer than those that foliated in the sun. However, the density of leaf mines did not differ between trees that foliated in the sun or shade.3. Larval survival was higher in the shade than in the sun, but no difference in survival due to the site of foliation was detected. Differences in larval survival between the sun and shade environments could not be attributed to differences in natural enemy mortality. However, ‘death by other causes’ was higher for larvae reared in the sun than in the shade. In sunny environments photochemical processes may reduce foliage quality, which results in lower survival of C. hamadryadella larvae.4. Ovipositing C. hamadryadella do not appear to discriminate between foliage produced in the sun or shade. This lack of discrimination, coupled with the fact that ovipositing C. hamadryadella are active after dark, accounts for the absence of a difference in abundance between sun and shade.5. The results presented here, combined with other published studies, argue that different patterns of insect herbivory and abundance in relation to the light level experienced by host‐plant foliage might be expected for species that oviposit either in the night or in the day.
The conservation management of mesotrophic (meadow) grassland in northern England. 1. Effects of grazing, cutting date and fertilizer on the vegetation of a traditionally managed sward
Authors: SMITH R. S. , BUCKINGHAM H. , BULLARD M. J. , SHIEL R. S. , YOUNGER A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe results are reported from an experiment on the effects of cutting date (14 June, 21 July and I September), fertilizer application (none or 80 kg ha−1 N plus 40 kg ha−1 P and K) and grazing treatments (none, autumn or autumn plus spring) on the vegetation of an upland mesotrophic grassland in Upper Teesdale. northern England, UK.Effects on plant species number and cover are reported for 4 years (1989–93) of treatment. Effects on ‘species ‐attributes’ are given for the fourth year.The cessation of grazing combined with the use of fertilizer progressively reduced species number by about 25%. Under traditional management (no fertilizer, cutting date on 21 July, autumn and spring grazing) the species number and cover remained relatively static over the 4 years.Comparison between treatments in the fourth year showed a reduction in species number under the fertilizer application, cutting date on 1 September and no‐grazing treatments. Fertilizer use together with cutting date on 1 September particularly lowered species number and cover.Analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of treatment on species that occurred frequently in the sward. A cutting date of 1 September favoured Agrostis capillaris. Alopecurus pratensis, Poa trivialis, Phleum pratense and Trisetum flavescens, The absence of grazing favoured Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus. The use of fertilizer particularly favoured A. pratensis and H. lanatus. Ordination methods were used to assess the effect of treatment on the less frequent species. These were primarily associated with the treatment combination that matched ‘traditional’ management. Deviations from this ‘traditional’ regime acted separately, rather than in combination, and favoured different grass species. Traditional management was associated with ruderal, stress‐tolerant ruderal and competitive ruderal strategists and with longer seed germination times, heavier seeds, some of which needed scarifying or chilling to break dormancy, and transient seed banks that germinated in the autumn.The original sward was an Anthoxanthum odora‐turn‐Geranium sylvatirum grassland, Briza media subcommunity (MG3b). After 4 years, Festuca ovina‐Agrostis capillaris‐Galium saxatile grassland, Holcus lanatus‐Trifolium repens subcom‐munity (U4b) and Lolium perenne‐Alopecurus pratensis‐Festuca pratensis grassland (MG7c) were found in many of the fertilized and late‐cutting treatments.