bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life after survival: long-term daily life functioning and quality of life of patients with hypoxic brain injury as a result of a cardiac arrest
Authors: Middelkamp Wietske , Moulaert Veronique RMP , Verbunt Jeanine A , van Heugten Caroline M , Bakx Wilbert G. , Wade Derick T. 
Published: July 2007

Objectives : To determine the level of daily functioning and quality of life of patients with hypoxic brain injury after a cardiac arrest and to investigate the predictive value of the duration of coma and post-traumatic amnesia in long-term functioning. Design : A retrospective cohort study. Setting : A Dutch rehabilitation centre. Subjects : Thirty-two patients with hypoxic brain injury caused by a cardiac arrest 2—7 years ago, who were admitted to a brain injury rehabilitation programme. Main outcome measures : Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), Frenchay Activities Index (FAI), Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Quality of Life after Brain Injury questionnaire (QOLIBRI). Data on duration of coma and post-traumatic amnesia were retrieved from medical files. Results : A significant association was found between duration of coma, complaints of cognitive functioning (r = 0.57, P < 0.05) and quality of life after brain injury (r = —0.70, P < 0.01). Duration of post-traumatic amnesia was associated with both daily functioning (r = —0.70, P < 0.01) and quality of life (r = —0.70, P < 0.01). Furthermore complaints of cognitive functioning were associated with both the level of participation in society (r = 0.76, P < 0.01) and quality of life (r = 0.77, P < 0.01). Conclusions : Long-term outcome of patients with hypoxic brain injury after a cardiac arrest shows that this group is limited in cognitive and daily functioning, participation and quality of life. Based on the duration of coma and post-traumatic amnesia, an estimation of daily life functioning and quality of life 2—7 years after a cardiac arrest can be made.
KIT is required for hepatic function during mouse post-natal development
Authors: Magnol Laetitia , Chevallier Marie-Clémence , Nalesso Valérie , Retif Stéphanie , Fuchs Helmut , Klempt Martina , Pereira Patricia , Riottot Michel , Andrzejewski Sandra , Doan Bich-Thuy , Panthier Jean-Jacques , Puech Anne , Beloeil Jean-Claude , de Angelis Martin Hrabe , Hérault Yann 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
The Kit gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in various biological processes including melanogenesis, hematopoiesis and gametogenesis in mice and human. A large number of Kit mutants has been described so far showing the pleiotropic phenotypes associated with partial loss-of-function of the gene. Hypomorphic mutations can induce a light coat color phenotype while complete lack of KIT function interferes with embryogenesis. Interestingly several intermediate hypomorphic mutations induced in addition growth retardation and post-natal mortality.

Results
In this report we investigated the post-natal role of Kit by using a panel of chemically-induced hypomorphic mutations recently isolated in the mouse. We found that, in addition to the classical phenotypes, mutations of Kit induced juvenile steatosis, associated with the downregulation of the three genes, VldlR, Lpin1 and Lpl, controlling lipid metabolism in the post-natal liver. Hence, Kit loss-of-functions mimicked the inactivation of genes controlling the hepatic metabolism of triglycerides, the major source of energy from maternal milk, leading to growth and viability defects during neonatal development.

Conclusion
This is a first report involving KIT in the control of lipid metabolism in neonates and opening new perspectives for understanding juvenile steatosis. Moreover, it reinforces the role of Kit during development of the liver and underscores the caution that should be exerted in using KIT inhibitors during anti-cancer treatment.
Systematic reviews of adverse effects: framework for a structured approach
Authors: Loke Yoon K , Price Deirdre , Herxheimer Andrew ,   the Cochrane Adverse Effects Methods Group
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
As every healthcare intervention carries some risk of harm, clinical decision making needs to be supported by a systematic assessment of the balance of benefit to harm. A systematic review that considers only the favourable outcomes of an intervention, without also assessing the adverse effects, can mislead by introducing a bias favouring the intervention.
Much of the current guidance on systematic reviews is directed towards the evaluation of effectiveness; but this differs in important ways from the methods used in assessing the safety and tolerability of an intervention. A detailed discussion of why, how and when to include adverse effects in a systematic review, is required.

Methods
This discussion paper, which presupposes a basic knowledge of systematic review methodology, was developed by consensus among experienced reviewers, members of the Adverse Effects Subgroup of The Cochrane Collaboration, and supplemented by a consultation of content experts in reviews methodology, as well as those working in drug safety.

Results
A logical framework for making decisions in reviews that incorporate adverse effects is provided. We explore situations where a comprehensive investigation of adverse effects is warranted and suggest strategies to identify practicable and clinically useful outcomes. The advantages and disadvantages of including observational and experimental study designs are reviewed. The consequences of including separate studies for intended and unintended effects are explained. Detailed advice is given on designing electronic searches for studies with adverse effects data. Reviewers of adverse effects are given general guidance on the assessment of study bias, data collection, analysis, presentation and the interpretation of harms in a systematic review.

Conclusion
Readers need to be able to recognize how strategic choices made in the review process determine what harms are found, and how the findings may affect clinical decisions. Researchers undertaking a systematic review that incorporates adverse effect data should understand the rationale for the suggested methods and be able to implement them in their review.
Nuclear Factor 90(NF90) targeted to TAR RNA inhibits transcriptional activation of HIV-1
Authors: Agbottah Emmanuel T , Traviss Christine , McArdle James , Karki Sambhav , St Laurent Georges C , Kumar Ajit 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
Examination of host cell-based inhibitors of HIV-1 transcription may be important for attenuating viral replication. We describe properties of a cellular double-stranded RNA binding protein with intrinsic affinity for HIV-1 TAR RNA that interferes with Tat/TAR interaction and inhibits viral gene expression.

Results
Utilizing TAR affinity fractionation, North-Western blotting, and mobility-shift assays, we show that the C-terminal variant of nuclear factor 90 (NF90ctv) with strong affinity for the TAR RNA, competes with Tat/TAR interaction in vitro. Analysis of the effect of NF90ctv-TAR RNA interaction in vivo showed significant inhibition of Tat-transactivation of HIV-1 LTR in cells expressing NF90ctv, as well as changes in histone H3 lysine-4 and lysine-9 methylation of HIV chromatin that are consistent with the epigenetic changes in transcriptionally repressed gene.

Conclusion
Structural integrity of the TAR element is crucial in HIV-1 gene expression. Our results show that perturbation Tat/TAR RNA interaction by the dsRNA binding protein is sufficient to inhibit transcriptional activation of HIV-1.
Cardiopulmonary bypass via common carotid artery cannulation in redo sternotomy
Authors: Bhudia Sunil K , Vohra Hunaid A , Hassan Asif , Abid Qamar 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
There are certain situations in redo cardiac surgery in adults where it may not be possible to use alternate arterial cannulation sites like the common femoral artery and axillary artery. We report a case where we established safe cardiopulmonary bypass with common carotid artery cannulation in an adult patient. The patient underwent aortic valve replacement for severe aortic regurgitation 8 months after repair of type A aortic dissection plus aortic valve resuspension.
A proteome-wide protein interaction map for Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Parrish Jodi R , Yu Jingkai , Liu Guozhen , Hines Julie A , Chan Jason E , Mangiola Bernie A , Zhang Huamei , Pacifico Svetlana , Fotouhi Farshad , DiRita Victor J , Ideker Trey , Andrews Phillip , Finley Russell L 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Background
Data from large-scale protein interaction screens for humans and model eukaryotes have been invaluable for developing systems-level models of biological processes. Despite this value, only a limited amount of interaction data is available for prokaryotes. Here we report the systematic identification of protein interactions for the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni, a food-borne pathogen and a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide.

Results
Using high-throughput yeast two-hybrid screens we detected and reproduced 11,687 interactions. The resulting interaction map includes 80% of the predicted C. jejuni NCTC11168 proteins and places a large number of poorly characterized proteins into networks that provide initial clues about their functions. We used the map to identify a number of conserved subnetworks by comparison to protein networks from Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We also demonstrate the value of the interactome data for mapping biological pathways by identifying the C. jejuni chemotaxis pathway. Finally, the interaction map also includes a large subnetwork of putative essential genes that may be used to identify potential new antimicrobial drug targets for C. jejuni and related organisms.

Conclusion
The C. jejuni protein interaction map is one of the most comprehensive yet determined for a free-living organism and nearly doubles the binary interactions available for the prokaryotic kingdom. This high level of coverage facilitates pathway mapping and function prediction for a large number of C. jejuni proteins as well as orthologous proteins from other organisms. The broad coverage also facilitates cross-species comparisons for the identification of evolutionarily conserved subnetworks of protein interactions.
Evolutionary conservation of regulated longevity assurance mechanisms
Authors: McElwee Joshua J , Schuster Eugene , Blanc Eric , Piper Matthew D , Thomas James H , Patel Dhaval S , Selman Colin , Withers Dominic J , Thornton Janet M , Partridge Linda , Gems David 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Background
To what extent are the determinants of aging in animal species universal? Insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 signaling (IIS) is an evolutionarily conserved (public) regulator of longevity; yet it remains unclear whether the genes and biochemical processes through which IIS acts on aging are public or private (that is, lineage specific). To address this, we have applied a novel, multi-level cross-species comparative analysis to compare gene expression changes accompanying increased longevity in mutant nematodes, fruitflies and mice with reduced IIS.

Results
Surprisingly, there is little evolutionary conservation at the level of individual, orthologous genes or paralogous genes under IIS regulation. However, a number of gene categories are significantly enriched for genes whose expression changes in long-lived animals of all three species. Down-regulated categories include protein biosynthesis-associated genes. Up-regulated categories include sugar catabolism, energy generation, glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and several other categories linked to cellular detoxification (that is, phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism of xenobiotic and endobiotic toxins). Protein biosynthesis and GST activity have recently been linked to aging and longevity assurance, respectively.

Conclusion
These processes represent candidate, regulated mechanisms of longevity-control that are conserved across animal species. The longevity assurance mechanisms via which IIS acts appear to be lineage-specific at the gene level (private), but conserved at the process level (or semi-public). In the case of GSTs, and cellular detoxification generally, this suggests that the mechanisms of aging against which longevity assurance mechanisms act are, to some extent, lineage specific.
Response of the integrated polariscope
Authors: Pindera J T , Straka P 
Published: July 2007

A new photoelastic technique has been developed for simultaneous recording of the amount of birefringence in transmitted and in scattered light. This paper presents the basic theories of transmission and scattered-light polariscopes and hence deduces the theoretical foundation of the method and technique of the developed integrated polariscope. A laser is used as light source, or two identical lasers are used. In a one-laser system the linearly polarized ray is split into two beams, one of which is expanded and passes through the standard transmission polariscope, and the other, being about 1 mm in diameter, enters the photoelastic object parallel to its middle plane. An ‘integrating prism’ has been developed for simultaneous recording of the standard isochromatics and of three scattered light beams; a beam scattered parallel to the polariscope axis and two complementary beams scattered at angels of − π/4 and + π/4.
Reinforced discontinuous bend subjected to uniform internal pressure: Effect of reinforcing ring stiffness
Authors: Holland M , Barlow N , Mitchell H 
Published: July 2007

This paper deals with the results of an experimental study undertaken to assess the stress-reducing effect of internally bracing a traditional constant-depth elliptical reinforcing ring. Stress profiles, calculated from strain readings recorded by electrical-resistance foil strain gauges bonded to inner and outer surfaces of the cylindrical limbs of model Araldite bends, are presented for four reinforcement conditions: constant-depth (traditional) elliptical ring; constant-depth ring with internal cruciform bracing; constant-depth ring with a single brace across the minor diameter; perfectly rigid reinforcing plate. When a traditional reinforcing ring was used the greatest stress-concentration factor (referring to circumferential membrane stress remote from the discontinuity as unity) was found to be 4.15. This was reduced to 2.90 by the use of a ring with a single minor-diameter brace and was further reduced to 2.70 when a ring having a cruciform brace set across major and minor diameters was used. The effect of an infinitely rigid reinforcement was to reduce the maximum stress-concentration factor to 2.60.
Partially conforming plate bending elements for static and dynamic analyses
Authors: Ross C T F 
Published: July 2007

Two partially conforming flat-plate bending elements have been developed for static and dynamic analyses through the principle of virtual work. One of these elements is triangular and the other quadrilateral and both have corner nodes only, with three degrees of freedom per node. By use of these elements in the matrix displacement method, the natural frequencies of vibration of a square cantilevered plate have been calculated; these calculated results have been compared with experimental results. Agreement has been found to be good, and in general, convergence appears to take place.
Holographic photoelasticity: Influences of inaccuracies of optical retarders on isochromatics and isopachics
Authors: Ajovalasit A 
Published: July 2007

In this paper the influence of inaccuracies of the optical retarders on the isochromatic and isopachic fringes obtained by holographic photoelasticity is studied. For the single-exposure hologram it is shown that the isochromatic visibility decreases as for light- and dark-field configurations, whereas the isochromatic fringes are distorted only for the dark-field configuration. For the double-exposure hologram it is shown that the isopachic fringes are generally distorted; with the isochromatics there is a decrease of fringe visibility. Experimental results confirming the theory are reported.
Stress concentrations at dimples in crankshafts
Authors: Diver P , Fessler H 
Published: July 2007

Photoelastic tests have been carried out to determine stress-concentration factors for spherical and elongated dimples which may be machined into the bearing surfaces of crankshafts to remove cracks or inclusions. The shapes and sizes are based on the proposed British Standard. The effects of proximity of dimples to one another and to a radiused shoulder are also studied. The results show that the stress concentrations at dimples are much smaller than those at circumferential grooves on which the proposed British Standard is based.
Numerical stress concentrations for stepped shafts in torsion with circular and shaped fillets
Authors: Battenbo H , Baines B H 
Published: July 2007

A computer programme has been developed to solve for torsion of solids of revolution by numerical solution of an exact boundary integral equation which is valid for any shape and any degree of connectivity. The programme gives solutions directly at the boundary and requires only simple boundary data defining the contour to be input. The basic integral equation has been differentiated to give internal stresses directly, when required. The computed results have been checked experimentally by photoelastic techniques and are compared with analytical solutions for the circular cylinder and the cone. Comprehensive charts are given for stress concentrations in stepped shafts with circular fillets and fillets constructed of two blending radii. Fillets giving stress concentrations close to unity have also been investigated.
Creep characteristics of an experimental model composite
Authors: Lomax A B 
Published: July 2007

A simple experimental model is proposed to simulate the creep properties of composite materials with aligned continuous reinforcement. A complete programme of testing, covering the full range of percentage reinforcements at three test temperatures, is described. The experimental results are compared with predictions based on various theoretical methods; for this comparison incremental techniques devised by the author are used. Digital-computer programmes have been written to make the latter methods tractable. Quantitative allowance for material scatter is included in the analyses. The implications of the author's results for composites, and also for more complex structural creep, are indicated. It is found that the effects of scatter are so predominant that it is not appropriate to resort to methods more complex than those based on the mechanical equation of state.
Stresses in high-pressure taper-hub flanges with recesses for nut facings
Authors: Fessler H , Perry D A 
Published: July 2007

Frozen-stress photoelastic analyses were carried out to determine the elastic stresses, due to initial bolting only, set up in a British Standard 250 mm taper-hub flange rated at 250 bar and in 15 different shapes of flange in which recesses were used to reduce the diameter and the peak stresses. It was found that stress concentrations occur at the recess fillets as wel as at the flange fillet. Two shapes were determined which are smaller and lighter and have lower peak stresses than the B.S. shape without recesses.
A single hologram technique for the determination of absolute retardations in holographic photoelasticity
Authors: Ajovalasit A 
Published: July 2007

A method for the determination of the absolute retardations families in photoelasticity. The method, which use real-time holographic interferometry, requires only one hologram for the observation of the absolute retardations over the whole model. This is achieved by viewing in the reconstruction process the loaded model through a polarizer. Where the polarization direction is parallel to one of the principal stresses, only the corresponding family of absolute retardations is observed. As an example of application the absolute retardations and stresses in a deep beam centrally loaded are determined.
Crack closure at positive stresses during random load fatigue crack growth
Authors: Dover W D , Boutle N F 
Published: July 2007

Fatigue crack closure at positive stresses during broad band, random load fatigue crack growth, has been investigated. Tests were performed on centre-notched specimens made from an aluminium alloy (B.S. 2L 71). The closure stress was found to be dependent upon the material thickness, the mode of fracture and the stress ratio Q. Under plane strain fracture mode conditions it was found that the closure stress for 22 mm thick specimens was greater than that found with 6 mm thick specimens. This difference in closure behaviour produced a slower fatigue crack growth rate for the thicker specimens. In addition it was found that for a given r.m.s. stress the fatigue crack closure level only impinged upon the dynamic range at low mean stress levels.
The effects of cross-section deformations on the displacements of a multiple-shell roof composed of π-shaped elements
Authors: Gambarova Pietro , Giuriani Ezio 
Published: July 2007

The subject of this paper is the analysis, by means of an optical-interferometric method, of the displacements of a multiple-shell roof, composed of π-shaped elements, mutually connected by linear hinges. The first part deals with both the warping of the section (due to combined bending and torsion) and plane cross-section deformations: two different theoretical approaches (‘rigid section’ and ‘deformable section’) are considered, so that experimental and theoretical results can be compared; a linear load is applied to each hinge in turn, In the second part, the effects of diaphragm spacing on the section distortion are analysed in the case of a single prismatic element.
The effect of differential thermal expansion on residual stresses in a welded connection
Authors: Procter E , Beaney E M 
Published: July 2007

Two tests were conducted on a welded joint between a forging and a pipe adaptor, to investigate the effect of differential thermal expansion in the various parts of the joint, on the residual stress. The first test was carried out with the weld in the approved manufacturing stress relieved condition. The second test was carried out following normalizing and extended stress relief heat treatments. Strain gauge measurements were made on the heat affected zones and at various positions across the weld as the forging was heated and cooled through approximately 250° C. The apparent strain outputs of the gauges used at each location were determined from gauges attached to ‘stress free islands’ machined in the weld at the required postions Since the tests could only be carried out over a 250° C range the results were linearly extrapolated to cover the range of stress relief temperatures. It is shown that differential expansion can have significant effects on residual weld stresses as the structures are temperature cycled.
Model studies of the elastic buckling of a stiffened plate
Authors: Tulk J D , Walker A C 
Published: July 2007

The paper reports on an experimental investigation of the elastic buckling behaviour of a small-scale model of a stiffened plane. The model was made from epoxy resin to allow large buckle deflections within the elastic strain range. These tests are part of a programme aimed at proving the feasibility of using small-scale models to elucidate the behaviour of large stiffened plates such as are used in marine or civil engineering structures. It is shown for the geometry examined here that, although the component stringer and plate elements of the panel would individually exhibit stable post-buckling, together they interact to give unstable behaviour. The effects of imperfections are systematically studied and it is shown that the load-carrying capacity of such a structural configuration is sensitive to initial geometric deformations. A simple mathematical analysis is developed which indicates the parameters governing the physical problem and which could form the basis for future rational studies of the level of imperfections at which sensitivity may be considered slight.