bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vinyl Chloride Polymers
Authors: Summers James W. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: June 2006

Abstract
PVC has a large sales volume, second only to polyethylene. Its high chlorine content provides it with a high level of combustion resistance for building products, electrical enclosures, and wire and cable insulation. PVC has a unique ability to be compounded with a wide variety of additives, making it possible to produce materials in a range from flexible elastomers (the first thermoplastic elastomers) to rigid compounds, materials that are weatherable such as for siding and windows, compounds that have stiff melts and little elastic recovery for outstanding dimensional control useful in profile extrusion, or low viscosity melts which compete effectively with ABS and PC/ABS in thin‐walled injection molding parts such as computer monitor housings.
Some PVC properties are attributed to unique morphology. The polymer precipitates from its monomer and grows into primary particles, which are later the melt flow units. Fusion into larger structures and product strength are controlled by breakdown of the grains into primary particles, by choice of additives, by amount of melting (temperature), and by number of tie molecules (molecular weight).
The main type of polymerization is the suspension process, with significant polymerization made by the mass, solution, microsuspension, and emulsion processes. In the suspension process, the polymerization takes place in droplets of monomer suspended in water. From an environmental viewpoint, PVC is over 50% chlorine and as a result, is one of the most energy‐efficient polymers. PVC is an inherent flame retardant, and acts as a marker, enabling automated equipment to sort PVC containers from other plastics in the waste stream. All types of vinyl products can be recycled and processed into second generation products. The analysis from 155 large‐scale, commercial incinerator facilities found no relationship between the chlorine content of waste nor the addition of PVC, and dioxin emissions from combustion processes. New requirements from the U.S. EPA make scrubbers mandatory on all incinerators and are necessary whether or not PVC is present in the waste feed.
Silica, Vitreous
Authors: Smith Charlene M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractVitreous silica is a single‐component glass commercially available in a wide range of purities. It is used in a wide variety of applications, from “low tech” tubing and container applications to “high tech” applications, such as lens elements in microlithography steppers and optical waveguides. It has superior chemical resistance, low thermal expansion, and excellent optical transmission from the vacuum ultraviolet (uv) to the near‐infrared (ir). Thermal history and trace contamination can have significant effects on a number of properties, ranging from electrical conductivity to absorption characteristics. Vitreous silica is the material of choice for a variety of commercial and scientific applications, including tubing and containers for chemical processing, uv‐optical elements, envelope material of mercury vapor lamps, and windows for space vehicles. Vitreous silica’s high viscosity, even at its melting point, precludes the use of traditional glass‐forming techniques. Manufacture usually involves specialized methods, such as flame hydrolysis or high temperature sintering in helium or vacuum.
Determination of S‐phenylmercapturic acid in human urine using an automated sample extraction and fast liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometric method
Authors: Li Yinghe , Li Austin C. , Shi Haihong , Junga Heiko , Jiang Xiangyu , Naidong Weng , Lauterbach John H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractS‐phenylmercapturic acid is widely accepted as a specific biomarker for the evaluation of benzene exposure. Here, we describe a fast, specific and sensitive high‐performance liquid achromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method that has been developed and validated for the determination of S‐phenylmercapturic acid in human urine. Isotope‐labeled S‐phenylmercapturic acid‐d5 was used as internal standard to improve the method ruggedness. The fully automated solid‐phase extraction method on a 96‐well Oasis MAX (mix‐mode anion exchange) plate was employed to clean up the urine samples before analysis. The rapid LC‐MS/MS analysis of extracted samples was achieved on a Genesis C18 column with a run time of only 3 min. Negative electrospray ionization with multiple reaction monitoring (ESI‐MRM) mode was used to detect S‐phenylmercapturic acid (m/z 238 → 109) and S‐phenylmercapturic acid ‐d5 (m/z 243 → 114). The method fulfils all the standard requirements of method validation. The calibration curve was linear within the concentration range 0.400–200 ng/mL. The method performed accurately and precisely in validation with <7.5% relative error and <6.5% relative standard deviation of quality control samples. The method efficacy was also verified by the analysis of urine samples from 12 smokers and 12 non‐smokers. With the fully automated sample cleanup procedure and the fast LC‐MS/MS analysis, a sample analysis throughput of 384 samples per day could be achieved. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colours in Pompeiian cityscape: Adding pieces to the puzzle
Authors: Fridell Anter Karin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article is an extended and revised version of the paper Colour in Pompeiian Cityscape. In Search of a Lost Treasure, which was presented as an invited lecture at the AIC Congress in Granada, May 2005. It presents the preliminary results of a work in progress, carried out by an architect—myself—in close collaboration with the archaeologist Marina Weilguni. The aim is to understand the role of colour in the cityscape of Roman Pompeii. I here present some of our methods, including the study of excavation reports and artistic reproductions as well as reports on technical analyses of pigments and other material remains. For each method I will discuss how it adds to the knowledge and understanding. Finally, I take you for a walk through the streets of Pompeii, trying to see them and their colours as they were when the city was alive. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 331–340, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20228
Preparation and drug release activity of scaffolds containing collagen and poly(caprolactone)
Authors: Prabu P. , Dharmaraj N. , Aryal Santosh , Lee B.M. , Ramesh Vijaya , Kim H.Y. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA new biodegradable polymeric scaffold was prepared by using collagen and poly(caprolatctone) (PCL). These scaffolds were found to be soft, spongy, and transparent in nature and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and FTIR spectrum. To these biodegradable polymeric scaffolds, antibiotic drugs namely amikacin and gentamycin were incorporated separately to study their release pattern from scaffolds. Amikacin and gentamycin release activity of the scaffolds containing a constant quantity of collagen but different quantities of PCL were studied at various time intervals viz. 1, 4, 24, and 48 h by measuring the optical density at 257 and 255 nm, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
A Religious Diversity Tale: A Multi‐Faith Case Study
Authors: Levine Deborah J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article examines the creation of a network of diverse religious leadership in a Midwest suburb where the intersection of religion and national pride fomented a community‐wide conflict. Activated during a heated controversy over displaying a Christmas tree in a public school, the Network became a laboratory for testing viable strategies for community healing. The case of a Jewish student suspended for fighting when taunted for not singing Christmas Carols became a catalyst for debating what is religious, what is secular, and what is culturally American. The interaction of the key players is noted; educators, religious leaders, students and their families, particularly the mothers who regularly interacted across religious boundaries. The article describes the Network's experiment with deploying resources that accommodated diverse experiences of religion and patriotism, historically and culturally, within an American context.
Toward greater integration of insights from organization theory and supply chain management
Authors: Ketchen David J. , Hult G. Tomas M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOrganization theory (OT) has the potential to offer provocative and helpful wisdom to the field of supply chain management, yet OT's potential has remained largely underdeveloped in the supply chain arena. As a result, enormous opportunities exist to integrate insights from organization theory and supply chain management in order to build understanding of why some supply chains excel while others do not. We preview the contributions toward developing such a synthesis offered by each of the articles contained in this special issue. Collectively, the articles take a significant step toward closing the gap between ‘what we know’ and ‘what we need to know’ about supply chain management.
Gender‐Specific Effects of Medicinal Drugs on Hearing Levels of Older Persons
Authors: Lee Fu‐Shing , Matthews Lois J. , Mills John H. , Dubno Judy R. , Adkins Warren Y. 
Published: June 2006

As part of a large‐scale study of presbyacusis, responses to a medicinal drug questionnaire from 85 female and 126 male human subjects were analyzed. Medicinal drugs were divided into 35 categories based on their pharmacologic effects. Subjects' ages ranged from 60 to 82 years. At least 10% of subjects reported taking drugs in 14 of 35 categories. Results were significantly different between female and male subjects. In men, none of the 14 categories showed a statistically significant relation to the pure‐tone average (PTA) of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. In women, 3 of the 14 categories showed a statistically significant relation to the PTA. First, the average PTA of female subjects taking β‐adrenergic medication was 20 dB higher (poorer) than those not taking β‐adrenergic medication. Second, women taking antihistamine/cold preparations had an average PTA 9 dB higher (poorer) than those not taking antihistamine/cold preparations. Third, the average PTA of women taking calcium‐channel blockers (CCBs) was 12 dB lower (better) than those not taking CCBs. In men, however, these drugs produced effects on the PTA of less than 3 dB. Differences between women and men were not explainable by differences in age or hearing level.
Quelque part: du spatial au non spatial en passant par l'indétermination et la partition
Authors: KLEIBER GEORGES , GERHARD-KRAIT FRANCINE 
Published: June 2006

Notre objectif est de décrire l'évolution de la locution adverbiale quelque part de son emploi spatial standard à des emplois non spatiaux en vogue à l'heure actuelle, mais non encore analysés, comme ceux qu'exemplifient les séquences:Moi, ça m'embête quelque part de dire à un enfant euh non tu parles pas comme ça. Quelque part, il y a eu un abandon de la structure éducative (propos d'un député UMP sur le rôle des parents et de l'école dans la prévention de la fugue et de l'école buissonnière)Je sais que Brian n'est pas mon enfant, mais quelque part il l'est aussi (propos d'une mère dont la fille de 15 ans a eu un enfant et que la mère aide à élever, 27/01/03, émission TV)(Quelque part, ça m'interpelle/m'attriste/me dérange/me chagrine, (relevé à l'oral)Dans une première partie, nous analyserons le ‘sens’ spatial en mettant plus particulièrement en relief les deux propriétés qui le caractérisent, notamment le trait de ‘partition’ généralement omis dans les descriptions. Après avoir distingué les emplois non spatiaux des emplois spatiaux, nous essaierons dans notre deuxième partie:
de faire ressortir deux types d'emplois non spatiaux,d'expliquer ces emplois, dans une perspective de grammaticalisation, à partir des deux traits sémantiques postulés pour les emplois spatiaux,de décrire les effets de sens auxquels ils donnent lieu et qui expliquent en partie leur succès.
Research synthesis in sport and exercise psychology: Chaos in the brickyard revisited
Authors: Biddle Stuart J.H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA short introductory commentary is provided addressing research synthesis in sport and exercise psychology. The focus is on quantitative systematic reviews, including meta‐analyses. Building on Forscher's call over 40 years ago (Forscher, B. K. [1963]. Chaos in the brickyard. Science, 142, 35) for a more systematic approach to building a research evidence “edifice”, examples and purposes of research synthesis are provided. Important issues in the conducting and use of systematic reviews provide a conclusion.
Spiritual care in nursing: an overview of the research to date
Authors: Ross Linda 
Published: June 2006

Aims.  The paper gives an overview of nursing research papers published on spiritual care between 1983 and October 2005. It also provides pointers for the future direction of research in this emerging field.Background.  Spiritual care of patients/clients is expected of nurses and is reflected in nursing codes of ethics, nurse education guidelines, policy documents and nursing guidance. Recent years have seen a proliferation in nursing research in this area, particularly in the UK and North America, and now in other European countries. It seemed timely, therefore, to review this published research.Method.  Included in the review were 47 original published nursing research papers identified from a CINAHL search and from a collection held by the author since 1983. Papers were sorted into five categories, a template to aid reviewing was produced and a short summary and critique of each paper was written.Conclusions.  Research on spirituality and health needs to move forward in a systematic and co‐ordinated way.Relevance to clinical practice.  Hopefully, the research summarized in this paper will be useful to clinicians and nurse educators as they strive to incorporate spiritual care within their practice. In turn patients/clients and their families should benefit from care which is more holistic and addresses their deepest concerns and needs.
East meets West: applying Eastern spirituality in clinical practice
Authors: Chan Cecilia LW , Ng SM , Ho Rainbow TH , Chow Amy YM 
Published: June 2006

Aims and objectives.  The paper discusses the application of the Eastern body‐mind‐spirit approach in healthcare practice.Background.  Traumas, sufferings and losses may induce immense distress in patients and their families, as well as apathy and exhaustion in healthcare workers. Over‐specialization and compartmentalization of services may provide a convenient shelter for healthcare workers to be detached and to simply focus on a narrowly defined scope of intervention. However, the existential problems are still there. Based upon eastern philosophies and holistic health practices, we propose the body‐mind‐spirit approach in healthcare settings.Methods.  This is a review paper summarizing the application of the approach on various clinical populations.Results.  The approach has been trialled with promising results in a number of health conditions and psychosocial predicaments. Spirituality is not restricted to any religious practices, nor is it narrowed to the pursuit of knowledge at a high level of abstraction. The interconnectedness of the body, mind and spirit presupposes that the practice of spirituality is multidimensional and multi‐levelled.Conclusions.  Using the body–mind–spirit framework flexibly we can engage more clients while facilitating the important process of exploration and change. The key components include getting in touch with the inner self, coming back to our senses, connecting our body and mind and rebalancing our relationship with the natural and social environment. The ultimate goal is to move out of meaninglessness and to reach a state of mature spirituality of tranquillity and transcendence.Relavence to clinical practice.  The practice of spirituality can be easily applied to daily life.
Five‐year follow‐up on the PAT study: specific immunotherapy and long‐term prevention of asthma in children
Authors: Niggemann B. , Jacobsen L. , Dreborg S. , Ferdousi H. A. , Halken S. , Høst A. , Koivikko A. , Koller D. , Norberg L. A. , Urbanek R. , Valovirta E. , Wahn U. , Möller C. ,   The PAT Investigator Group
Published: June 2006

Background:  A 3‐year course of specific immunotherapy (SIT) in children with hay fever to grass and/or birch pollen significantly reduced the risk of developing asthma. To investigate the long‐term preventive effect, we performed a follow up – 2 years after termination of immunotherapy.Methods:  A total of 183 children, aged 6–14 years with grass and/or birch pollen allergy could be investigated 2 years after discontinuation of SIT or no treatment. Conjunctival provocation tests (CPTs) and methacholine bronchial provocation tests were carried out during the season and winter after 5 years. The development of asthma was assessed by clinical evaluation.Results:  The significant improvement in hay fever and CPT results observed after 3 years of SIT persisted at the 5‐year follow‐up. No difference in bronchial responsiveness to methacholine was found after 5 years because of spontaneous improvement during the follow‐up period in the control patients. The immunotherapy‐treated children had significantly less asthma after 5 years as evaluated by clinical symptoms [odds ratio 2.68 (1.3–5.7)] in favor of SIT for prevention of development of asthma and significantly less patients reported an increase in asthma scores (P < 0.01).Conclusion:  Immunotherapy for 3 years with standardized allergen extracts of grass and/or birch shows long‐term clinical effect and preventive effect on development of asthma in children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis.
Adhesion and allometry from metamorphosis to maturation in hylid tree frogs: a sticky problem
Authors: Smith J. M. , Barnes W. J. P. , Downie J. R. , Ruxton G. D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMany species of climbing frog possess large disc‐like digital pads, which facilitate adhesion. The consensus of earlier studies is that frogs depend on a wet adhesive mechanism, chiefly influenced by pad area and surface tension properties of the mediating adhesive fluid. The relationship between morphology, size and adhesion is of particular interest for tree frogs, because evolution of adhesive ability has facilitated niche expansion into arboreal habitats. If frogs are geometrically similar, and growth occurs isometrically, then mass will increase at a higher rate than toe‐pad area, and an adhesive system directly dependent on area may be adversely affected. We investigated scaling of adhesive ability with ontogeny in seven species of hylid tree frog to test whether the responses to the challenges of maintaining adhesion with growth were sufficient to allow adult frogs to stick as effectively on smooth substrates as juvenile frogs. In all species, mass increased at a lower rate than expected with isometric growth. This was less pronounced in larger species, perhaps owing to the demands of locomotory modes such as jumping. In smaller hylids, this non‐isometric increase in mass was sufficient to enable adult frogs to adhere as effectively as juveniles. In larger species, however, the ability of adult frogs to adhere was significantly lower than that of juveniles, despite evidence of increased toe‐pad efficiency. Within all species adhesive forces increased at a greater rate than toe‐pad area, suggestive of changes in the relative influence of the contributory components of the wet adhesive mechanism with growth.
Associated 21-cm H i absorption towards the radio galaxy 3C 452 (J2245+3941)
Authors: Gupta Neeraj , Saikia D. J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
We report the detection of 21-cm H i absorption towards the core of the Fanaroff-Riley II radio galaxy 3C 452 (J2245+3941). The absorption profile is well resolved into three components; the strongest and narrowest component being coincident with the velocity corresponding to [O iii] emission lines while the other two components are blueshifted with respect to it by ∼30 and ∼115 km s-1. If the systemic velocity of the host galaxy is determined from low-ionization lines, which are redshifted with respect to the [O iii] doublet by about ∼200 km s-1, then both the [O iii] emission and the 21-cm absorption lines are associated with outflowing material. The neutral hydrogen column density is estimated to be N (H i) = 6.39 × 1020 (Ts/100) (fc/1.0)-1cm-2, where Ts and fc are the spin temperature and partial coverage of the background source, respectively. If the 21-cm absorber is also responsible for the nuclear extinction at infrared wavelengths and X-ray absorption, then for a spin temperature of ∼8000 K the absorber occults only ∼10 per cent of the radio core.
Macrophage Elastase (Matrix Metalloproteinase-12) Suppresses Growth of Lung Metastases
Authors: Houghton A. McGarry , Grisolano Jay L. , Baumann Mary L. , Kobayashi Dale K. , Hautamaki R. Dean , Nehring Leslie C. , Cornelius Lynn A. , Shapiro Steven D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMP) have been implicated in virtually all aspects of tumor progression. However, the recent failure of clinical trials employing synthetic MMP inhibitors in cancer chemotherapy has led us to hypothesize that some MMPs may actually serve the host in its defense against tumor progression. Here we show that mice deficient in macrophage elastase (MMP-12) develop significantly more gross Lewis lung carcinoma pulmonary metastases than their wild-type counterparts both in spontaneous and experimental metastasis models. The numbers of micrometastases between the two groups are equivalent; thus, it seems that MMP-12 affects lung tumor growth, and not metastasis formation, per se. MMP-12 is solely macrophage derived in this model, being expressed by tumor-associated macrophages and not by tumor or stromal cells. The presence of MMP-12 is associated with decreased tumor-associated microvessel density in vivo and generates an angiostatic&gt;angiogenic tumor microenvironment that retards lung tumor growth independent of the production of angiostatin. These data define a role for MMP-12 in suppressing the growth of lung metastases and suggest that inhibitors designed to specifically target tumor-promoting MMPs may yet prove effective as cancer therapeutics. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(12): 6149-55)