bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF TWO PROSECUTION POLICIES IN CASES OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE: MANDATORY CASE FILING VERSUS FOLLOWING THE VICTIM'S LEAD*
Authors: DAVIS ROBERT C. , O'SULLIVAN CHRIS S. , FAROLE DONALD J. , REMPEL MICHAEL 
Published: January 2009

Research Summary This study capitalized on differences in domestic violence prosecution policies between two boroughs of New York City. In Brooklyn, arrest cases generally are filed, but in the Bronx, cases typically are not filed when the victim does not want to proceed. We sampled 272 intimate partner cases declined by the Bronx prosecutor and 211 similar cases filed by the Brooklyn prosecutor. The Brooklyn policy is more costly, and most cases ultimately were dismissed. After 6 months, rearrest rates did not differ significantly between the two boroughs, although victims offered qualified support for the universal filing policy. Policy Implications Prosecutors face conflicting pressures when victims do not support prosecution. Victim empowerment and resource conservation favor declining such cases, but sending a message of zero tolerance favors filing. Our results support an intermediate policy of filing most cases but dropping them sooner to give victims a voice while avoiding heavy investments in cases headed for dismissal.
Out of India: Immigrant Hindus and South Asian Hinduism in the USA
Authors: Bauman Chad , Saunders Jennifer B. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe article provides a survey of research on immigrant Hindus and South Asian Hinduism in the USA, focusing in particular on certain trends in the development of American Hinduism (e.g., Americanization, protestantization, ecumenization, congregationalization, homogenization, and ritual adaptation) and prominent themes in more recent scholarship on the topic (e.g., race, transnational connections, and Hindu nationalism).
Infrared Monitoring of Interlayer Water in Stacks of Purple Membranes†
Authors: Dioumaev Andrei K. , Lanyi Janos K 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe thermodynamic behavior of films of hydrated purple membranes from Halobacterium salinarum and the water confined in it was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the 180–280 K range. Unlike bulk water, water in the thin layers sandwiched between the biological membranes does not freeze at 273 K but will be supercooled to ∼256 K. The melting point is unaffected, leading to hysteresis between 250 and 273 K. In its heating branch, a gradually increasing light‐scattering by ice is observed with rate‐limiting kinetics of tens of minutes. Infrared (IR) spectra decomposition provided extinction coefficients for the confined water vibrational bands and their changes upon freezing. Because of the hysteresis, at any given temperature in the 255–270 K range, the interbilayer water could be either liquid or frozen, depending on thermal history. We find that this difference affects the dynamics of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle in the hysteresis range: the decay of the M and N states and the redistribution between them are different depending on whether or not the water was initially precooled to below the freezing point. However, freezing of interbilayer water does block the M to N transition. Unlike the water, the purple membrane lipids do not undergo any IR‐detectable phase transition in the 180–280 K range.
Endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation of hemodynamics related to variceal relapse in esophageal variceal patients
Authors: Sato Takahiro , Yamazaki Katsu , Toyota Jouji , Karino Yoshiyasu , Ohmura Takumi , Akaike Jun 
Published: January 2009

Aim:  To evaluate retrospectively the hemodynamics of esophageal varices before and after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) using endoscopic color Doppler ultrasonography (ECDUS).Methods:  The study included 306 patients whose esophageal varices had been treated with EIS. The underlying pathologies of portal hypertension in these 306 patients included liver cirrhosis (193), cirrhosis associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (102), primary biliary cirrhosis (6), idiopathic portal hypertension (4) and extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (1). ECDUS was used for the examination of all 306 cases before EIS and 3–5 months after EIS. ECDUS was performed to evaluate flow in the left gastric vein, paraesophageal veins, perforating veins and cardiac intramural veins.Results:  The patients were divided into three groups according to time of esophageal variceal recurrence: early recurrence within one year (Group A, n = 16), no recurrence over three years (Group B, n = 12), and recurrence between one and three years (Group C, n = 278). Before EIS, the frequency of detection of perforating veins and the inflowing type of perforating veins using ECDUS was significantly higher for Group A than Groups B or C. After EIS, the frequency of detection of cardiac intramural veins, perforating veins and the inflowing type of perforating veins using ECDUS was significantly higher in Group A than Groups B or C.Conclusion:  Endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation of the hemodynamics in esophageal varices before and after EIS enables prediction of early variceal recurrence.
FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography for the detection of extrahepatic metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kawaoka Tomokazu , Aikata Hiroshi , Takaki Shintaro , Uka Kiminori , Azakami Takahiro , Saneto Hiromi , Jeong Soo Cheol , Kawakami Yoshiiku , Takahashi Shoichi , Toyota Naoyuki , Ito Katsuhide , Hirokawa Yutaka , Chayama Kazuaki 
Published: January 2009

Aims:  To compare the efficacy of positron emission tomography (PET) computed tomography (CT), multi‐detector helical computed tomography (MDCT) and bone scintigraphy for the detection of extrahepatic metastases in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:  Thirty‐four patients diagnosed with metastatic HCC were enrolled in this study. The lesions included lung (n = 18), bone (n = 12) and lymph node (n = 16) metastases. For receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, lesions were diagnosed as metastatic HCC by two experienced abdominal radiologists. Another three physicians independently reviewed both positive and negative images. Each physician read three sets of images of MDCT, PET–CT and bone scintigraphy for bone metastasis.Results:  The mean sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of lung metastasis were 85.2 and 88.9% for MDCT, and 59.2 and 92.6% for PET–CT, respectively. For lymph node metastasis, these values were 62.5 and 79.2% for MDCT, and 66.7 and 91.7% for PET–CT, respectively; and for bone metastasis 41.6 and 94.5% for MDCT, 83.3 and 86.1% for PET–CT, and 52.7 and 83.3% for bone scintigraphy, respectively. The mean Az values were 0.95 and 0.77 for MDCT and PET–CT in lung metastasis, respectively, 0.75 and 0.80 for MDCT and PET–CT for lymph node metastasis, respectively, and 0.59, 0.88 and 0.62 for MDCT, PET–CT and bone scintigraphy for bone metastasis, respectively.Conclusion:  PET–CT has high sensitivity and is more suitable for the detection of bone metastases from primary HCC, relative to MDCT and bone scintigraphy.
The WikiID: An Alternative Approach to the Body of Knowledge
Authors: Mendoza Hannah Rose 
Published: January 2009

A discussion of the locus of design knowledge is currently underway as well as a search for clear boundaries defined by a formal Body of Knowledge (BoK). Most attempts to define a BoK involve the creation of “jurisdictional boundaries of knowledge” that “allow those who possess this knowledge to claim authority over its application” ( Guerin & Thompson, 2004 , p. 1). This claim is attractive but such control may no longer be an option in the Internet Age, when even the call for the discussion of the BoK definition process is on the Web. Marshall–Baker (2005) argued that “the moment knowledge is bordered it is no longer knowledge” (p. xiv). Whereas data and information are easily captured and generalized, knowledge is specific to users and their evolving understandings, implying purposeful application over time. This paper explores knowledge as process transcending boundaries and seeks to answer not “where” the locus lies but rather “what” that locus could be. Using a feminist framework, I argue that in conjunction with the work done thus far we should move toward the creation of an inclusive model for the BoK. In such a model, the value of the profession is felt as a result of inclusion in and interaction with the knowledge creation process. I propose that the BoK should not be a printed document, but a Web–based organizational system that supports change and innovation. Wikipedia provides this type of inclusive, mutable system, and the same framework could be applied to the creation of a systemic BoK. I call this creation the WikiID.
Perceptions of Light–Space Compositions: Is Light like Language?
Authors: Beever Meaghan H. , Blossom Nancy H. 
Published: January 2009

Referred to as “the prime animator of space,” light is a subject of broad application within the environmental design disciplines ( Ching, 1987 , p. 126). A scan of the literature demonstrates the diverse contexts in which light is studied. Recently, scholars posit that light is most often applied to an interior design solution as a functional additive rather than considered first as an essential design element along with form, color, texture, and others. This raises the question of how designers’, educators’, and students’ approaches to designing with light might be redefined to regard light as a significant contributor to spatial compositions. The purpose of this study was to test a new framework for understanding light as a design element. It did so by measuring whether light can be perceived through analogy to language. Suggesting that language and design are analogous in that they are both governed by rules of syntax—the orderly and systematic arrangement of parts—this study used language as a model for investigating the role of light in spatial compositions. Findings are presented from an exploratory study in which upper–level interior design students were asked to respond to a series of photographs of compositions of light. An instrument was designed to measure participants’ perception of light in four primary linguistic roles: noun, verb, adjective, and adverb. Preliminary findings suggest that the linguistic model may be an effective analogy for exploring light's role as a compositional element in interior space.
Is histological diagnosis of primary liver carcinomas with fibrous stroma reproducible among experts?
Authors: Malouf G , Falissard B , Azoulay D , Callea F , Ferrell L D , Goodman Z D , Hayashi Y , Hsu H-C , Hubscher S G , Kojiro M , Ng I O , Paterson A C , Reynes M , Zafrani E-S , Emile J-F 
Published: January 2009

Aims:In the era of targeted therapeutics, histological typing of hepatobiliary carcinomas has major clinical implications. Little is known about the reproducibility of the pathological diagnosis of primary liver carcinomas. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the worldwide variation in the pathological expert diagnoses of primary liver carcinomas with fibrous stroma in patients who did not have cirrhosis.Methods:A single set of slides was selected from 25 tumours, and this set was reviewed independently by 12 pathologists who have worldwide expertise in liver tumours. Reproducibility of the diagnoses was evaluated by Light’s κ, and diagnoses were clustered by multidimensional scaling. Immunohistochemistry was performed after histological review.Results:The interobserver reproducibility for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma subtypes and cholangiocarcinomas was poor (κ 0.23–0.52), even when the experts considered that the diagnosis required no additional stains or clinical information. Interestingly, multidimensional scaling revealed three main clusters of tumours: hepatocellular carcinoma with no other specifications (n = 13), fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 3) and cholangiocarcinoma (n = 9). Using immunohistochemistry, these histological clusters correlated with expression of anti-hepatocyte and anti-cytokeratin 19 (p<0.001).Conclusions:The results demonstrate the poor reproducibility among experts of the pathological diagnosis of primary liver carcinomas with fibrous stroma in patients who did not have cirrhosis, and highlight that the systematic use of immunohistochemistry may improve the diagnostic accuracy.
Peritoneal stromal endometriosis: a detailed morphological analysis of a large series of cases of a common and under-recognised form of endometriosis
Authors: Boyle D P , McCluggage W G 
Published: January 2009

Aims:It is generally considered that an unequivocal histological diagnosis of endometriosis requires the presence of endometrioid-type glands and endometrioid-type stroma. However, small nodules or plaques of endometrioid-type stroma without glands have been noticed by the authors in repeated peritoneal biopsies performed for suspected endometriosis. These are often, but not always, accompanied by typical endometriosis with glands. This form of endometriosis has been previously referred to as stromal or micronodular stromal endometriosis. However, there has been little reference to this condition in the literature.Methods:In this study, there was a review of a large series (n = 274) of peritoneal biopsies with a diagnosis of endometriosis with a view to ascertaining the frequency of stromal endometriosis.Results:Stromal endometriosis, characterised histologically by small microscopic nodules or plaques of endometrioid-type stroma, sometimes with a whorled pattern and prominent vascularity and erythrocyte extravasation, was identified in 44.9% of the biopsies. In 6.6% of the biopsies, stromal endometriosis occurred without typical endometriosis. The foci of stromal endometriosis usually had a superficial location just beneath the mesothelial surface or protruding above this. Associated histological features present in some cases included reactive mesothelial proliferation, inflammation, giant cell or granuloma formation, haemosiderin pigment deposition, microcalcification and decidualisation and myxoid change.Conclusions:Stromal endometriosis, usually in the form of superficial nodules or plaques, is a relatively common form of endometriosis which typically occurs in association with typical endometriosis but occasionally on its own. Pathologists should be aware of the existence of this form of endometriosis, the morphological features of which may be subtle. The typical location, intimately associated with surface mesothelium, may suggest that stromal endometriosis derives from mesothelial or submesothelial cells via a metaplastic process.
Deadwood abundance in Labrador high-boreal black spruce forests
Authors: Hagemann Ulrike , Moroni Martin T. , Makeschin Franz 
Published: January 2009

Deadwood (woody debris (WD), standing dead trees (snags), stumps, and buried deadwood) abundance was estimated in Labrador humid high-boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forests regrown following natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Aboveground deadwood (DW) abundance in Labrador was similar to values observed in other boreal forests experiencing drier or warmer climates. Clear-cut harvest generated large amounts of WD, which had almost completely decomposed 34–36 years following harvesting, with a fitted volume reduction rate of –0.058 year–1. Total WD in all harvested stands was composed of predominantly <10 cm pieces, which should be included in DW inventories of disturbed coniferous boreal forests. Postfire WD likely peaked ∼20 years following disturbance, as a result of the collapse of snags, and was dominated by large amounts of medium-sized logs (10.0–19.9 cm). Buried DW stocks considerably exceeded total aboveground DW stocks in old-growth, middle-aged, and older harvested stands. Old-growth stands contained 179.3 m3·ha–1 of buried DW, a vast amount indicative of long-term accumulation requiring significantly depressed rates of WD decomposition following burial. DW stocks could be significantly underestimated if buried DW is excluded from DW inventories in cool and moist coniferous forests with long fire-return intervals.
Multidrug Resistance Decreases with Mutations of Melanosomal Regulatory Genes
Authors: Xie Tong , Nguyen Thuyen , Hupe Melanie , Wei Maria L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Whereas resistance to chemotherapy has long impeded effective treatment of metastatic melanoma, the mechanistic basis of this resistance remains unknown. One possible mechanism of drug resistance is alteration of intracellular drug distribution either by drug efflux or sequestration into intracellular organelles. Melanomas, as well as primary melanocytes from which they arise, have intracellular organelles, called melanosomes, wherein the synthesis and storage of the pigment melanin takes place. In this study, comparisons of congenic cells with and without functional molecules regulating melanosome formation show that sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agent cis-diaminedichloroplatinum II (cis-platin) significantly increases with the mutation of genes regulating melanosome formation, concomitant disruption of melanosome morphology, and loss of mature melanosomes. Absence of the melanosomal structural protein gp100/Pmel17 causes increased cis-platin sensitivity. Independent mutations in three separate genes that regulate melanosome biogenesis (Dtnbp1, Pldn, Vps33a) also result in increased cis-platin sensitivity. In addition, a mutation of the gene encoding the integral melanosomal protein tyrosinase, resulting in aberrant melanosome formation, also causes increased cis-platin sensitivity. Furthermore, sensitivity to agents in other chemotherapeutic classes (e.g., vinblastine and etoposide) also increased with the mutation of Pldn. In contrast, a mutation in another melanosomal regulatory gene, Hps1, minimally affects melanosome biogenesis, preserves the formation of mature melanosomes, and has no effect on cis-platin or vinblastine response. Together, these data provide the first direct evidence that melanosomal regulatory genes influence drug sensitivity and that the presence of mature melanosomes likely contributes to melanoma resistance to therapy. [Cancer Res 2009;69(3):992–9]
A Requirement for Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 in Thymocyte Development and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Hu Miaofen G. , Deshpande Amit , Enos Miriam , Mao Daqin , Hinds Elisabeth A. , Hu Guo-fu , Chang Rui , Guo Zhuyan , Dose Marei , Mao Changchuin , Tsichlis Philip N. , Gounari Fotini , Hinds Philip W. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) promotes cell cycle progression and is overexpressed in human lymphoid malignancies. To determine the role of CDK6 in development and tumorigenesis, we generated and analyzed knockout mice. Cdk6-deficient mice show pronounced thymic atrophy due to reduced proliferative fractions and concomitant transitional blocks in the double-negative stages. Using the OP9-DL1 system to deliver temporally controlled Notch receptor–dependent signaling, we show that CDK6 is required for Notch-dependent survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Furthermore, CDK6-deficient mice were resistant to lymphomagenesis induced by active Akt, a downstream target of Notch signaling. These results show a critical requirement for CDK6 in Notch/Akt-dependent T-cell development and tumorigenesis and strongly support CDK6 as a specific therapeutic target in human lymphoid malignancies. [Cancer Res 2009;69(3):810–8]
IFN Regulatory Factor 8 Sensitizes Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cells to Death Receptor–Initiated Apoptosis via Repression of FLICE-like Protein Expression
Authors: Yang Dafeng , Wang Suizhao , Brooks Craig , Dong Zheng , Schoenlein Patricia V. , Kumar Vijay , Ouyang Xinshou , Xiong Huabao , Lahat Guy , Hayes-Jordan Andrea , Lazar Alexander , Pollock Raphael , Lev Dina , Liu Kebin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIFN regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) has been shown to suppress tumor development at least partly through regulating apoptosis of tumor cells; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying IRF8 regulation of apoptosis are still not fully understood. Here, we showed that disrupting IRF8 function resulted in inhibition of cytochrome c release, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) cells. Inhibition of the mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis signaling cascade is apparently due to blockage of caspase-8 and Bid activation. Analysis of signaling events upstream of caspase-8 revealed that disrupting IRF8 function dramatically increases FLIP mRNA stability, resulting in increased IRF8 protein level. Furthermore, primary myeloid cells isolated from IRF8-null mice also exhibited increased FLIP protein level, suggesting that IRF8 might be a general repressor of FLIP. Nuclear IRF8 protein was absent in 92% (55 of 60) of human STS specimens, and 99% (59 of 60) of human STS specimens exhibited FLIP expression, suggesting that the nuclear IRF8 protein level is inversely correlated with FLIP level in vivo. Silencing FLIP expression significantly increased human sarcoma cells to both FasL-induced and tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)–induced apoptosis, and ectopic expression of IRF8 also significantly increased the sensitivity of these human sarcoma cells to FasL- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our data suggest that IRF8 mediates FLIP expression level to regulate apoptosis and targeting IRF8 expression is a potentially effective therapeutic strategy to sensitize apoptosis-resistant human STS to apoptosis, thereby possibly overcoming chemoresistance of STS, currently a major obstacle in human STS therapy. [Cancer Res 2009;69(3):1080–8]
Large-Scale Profiling of Archival Lymph Nodes Reveals Pervasive Remodeling of the Follicular Lymphoma Methylome
Authors: Killian J. Keith , Bilke Sven , Davis Sean , Walker Robert L. , Killian M. Scott , Jaeger Erich B. , Chen Yidong , Hipp Jason , Pittaluga Stefania , Raffeld Mark , Cornelison Robert , Smith, William I. , Bibikova Marina , Fan Jian-Bing , Emmert-Buck Michael R. , Jaffe Elaine S. , Meltzer Paul S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Emerging technologies allow broad profiling of the cancer genome for differential DNA methylation relative to benign cells. Herein, bisulfite-modified DNA from lymph nodes with either reactive hyperplasia or follicular lymphoma (FL) were analyzed using a commercial C/UpG genotyping assay. Two hundred fifty-nine differentially methylated targets (DMT) distributed among 183 unique genes were identified in FL. Comparison of matched formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and frozen surgical pathology replicates showed the complete preservation of the cancer methylome among differently archived tissue specimens. Analysis of the DMT profile is consistent with a pervasive epigenomic remodeling process in FL that affects predominantly nonlymphoid genes. [Cancer Res 2009;69(3):758–64]
In-Depth Proteomics to Define the Cell Surface and Secretome of Ovarian Cancer Cells and Processes of Protein Shedding
Authors: Faça Vitor M. , Hanash Samir M. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Current proteomics technologies allow substantial depth of analysis of cellular and subcellular proteomes as shown in the proteomic profiling of ovarian cancer cells. This in-depth analysis has elucidated the repertoire of proteins expressed on the cell surface and proteins released into the extracellular milieu, uncovering extensive shedding of extracellular domains of cell adhesion proteins and a highly dynamic protein secretion process. The protein sets identified provide a rich resource of potential circulating markers and targets for imaging and therapeutics for ovarian cancer. [Cancer Res 2009;69(3):728–30