bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN OBJECTIVE REQUIREMENT?
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In this chapter the fact that desires have a direction of fit which is opposite to that of beliefs is employed to suggest that objectivism with respect to reasons for desire is implausible. Because desires are not formed to fit the world, but are rather formed to make the world fit their content, the idea of value as something desires must fit is not called for. Rather, desires fill their function if their object is something that one can bring about, thus satisfying the desire. It is maintained that this opposition as regards direction of fit explains why practical reasoning consists in the derivation of a desire for something which is sufficient for the end desired, while theoretical reasoning consists in the derivation of a belief whose truth is necessary if the premises are true. Some objectivist theories, e.g., John McDowell’s, are examined and rejected.
REPRESENTATIONAL MECHANISMS
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter develops the account of weakness of will suggested in the preceding chapter by indicating some factors which could prevent dispositional reasons from receiving episodic mental representation. One such factor is a bias towards the perceived (or a bias towards the present, as Derek Parfit calls it), i.e., a tendency to have one’s attention glued to what one currently perceives. Another such factor is derived from David Hume’s principles of association of ideascalled the mechanism of spontaneous induction, which induces one to imagine that the future will be like what one has experienced.
THE IRRATIONALITY OF THE BIAS TOWARDS THE FUTURE
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that the irrationality of the bias towards the future, i.e., the tendency to be more concerned about the future than the past, should be understood in roughly the same way as the irrationality of the bias towards the near. That is, it is due to representational distortions resulting from the bias towards the perceived, the mechanism of spontaneous induction and the general future-directedness of our imagination which reflects our experience of temporal succession. As opposed to what Derek Parfit suggests, it cannot be based in how we conceive of time, for in that case there would not be an ‘asymmetry’ he himself notes, that while the bias towards the future is very strong when we consider our own future, it is more or less non-existent when we consider the future of other people, even those close to us.
THE RATIONAL INSIGNIFICANCE OF IDENTITY AND CONTINUITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
If we should endorse a factual nihilism to the effect that there is no defensible account of our identity, it follows that we should also endorse an evaluative nihilism to the effect that the bias towards oneself, i.e., the special concern and liking for a being for the reason that it is identical to oneself, is not rationally justifiable. This chapter argues that the bias towards oneself could not be based on the notion of personal identity, even if animalism or psychologism were correct by appealing to thought-experiments in which your body is radically disintegrated but an exactly similar copy of you is created a moment later out of different constituents. The replica would not be you on any plausible theory of personal identity, but it would seem to be rational to be as much concerned about it as about your future self. It has been objected that this could not be rational, since you could not anticipate having the experiences of this replica in the same intimate way as you could anticipate having your own future experiences. This objection is however shown to be unfounded by an analysis of anticipation of experiences as an act of imaginging having the experiences of a subject which could be distinct from yourself.
THE REQUIREMENT OF PERSONAL NEUTRALITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter contends that, just as it is rationally permissible in the intra-personal domain of prudence to set aside the goal of maximizing the fulfilment of one’s own life in order to pursue some ideal, so it is rationally permissible in the inter-personal domain of morality to set aside the utilitarian goal of maximizing fulfilment overall in order to pursue some ideal. The argument for this extension derives from the rational insignificance of personal identity established in earlier chapters. Rationality only imposes a requirement of universalizability which leaves room for this choice between idealism and utilitarianism.
RESPONSIBILITY AND DESERT
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter starts by analysing the concept of desert along lines suggested by Joel Feinberg. It then argues that this concept is applicable to us only if we have ultimate responsibility, i.e., responsibility for all conditions in virtue of which we have direct responsibility, but that we are not ultimately responsible for anything. It rebuts the attempt by Robert Nozick to block this regress argument against desert by an appeal to rights to our own bodily and psychological resources, as they are conceived in the rights-tradition of John Locke. It also contends that it would be of no avail to assume indeterminism: attributions of desert are undermined irrespective of whether determinism or indeterminism is true. Finally, it rejects the idea that we can have ultimate responsibility because we exercise a special sort of causation, agent-causation, which is irreducible to ordinary causation between events.
THE EMOTIVE GENESIS OF DESERT
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that the concept of desert evolves out of agent-oriented and comparative emotions. In chapter 6, it was seen that the agent-oriented emotion of anger is directed at what is taken as an epistemically ultimate cause of harm to oneself or someone closely related to oneself, i.e., as a cause about whose causal origin no belief is entertained. In comparison to the rival hypothesis that anger is directed at what is taken to be a conscious cause of harm, this hypothesis has the merit of providing a more plausible explanation of why people get angry with inanimate objects and of how simple-minded animals can feel anger. The chapter ends by suggesting that this hypothesis captures not only how we conceive of those to which we attribute desert, but also those to which we attribute rights to things they have acquired.
THE DILEMMA AS REGARDS RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Since it has been found in earlier chapters of part V that the concept of desert and of rights, along with agent-oriented emotions like anger, gratitude, remorse and feelings of guilt and comparative emotions like pride, shame, admiration and contempt, all presuppose the notion of an epistemically ultimate cause, this chapter contends that rationalists who seek to be as rational as possible will have to rid themselves of these concepts and emotions for their pursuit of causal inquiries will dissolve this notion. It does not follow that rationalists will have to rid themselves of the concept of justice, for even though differences with respect to desert and rights disappear, justice can survive in the shape of equality. If so, satisfactionalists who subject their goal of maximizing fulfilment to requirements of rationality, will not only aim to maximize fulfilment overall, but will also aim to distribute it as equally as possible. It will however not be rational for these satisfactionalists to join company with rationalists in the striving to rid themselves of all agent-oriented and comparative emotions, for this will interfere with their satisfactionalist goal. So, we face a third dilemma between rationalism and satisfactionalism, a dilemma as regards responsibility. This treatment of our attitudes surrounding responsibility is then compared to the celebrated treatment P. F. Strawson and, following him Jonathan Bennett, has given of ‘reactive attitudes’.
2 ‘Being All, Knowing All, Loving All’
Authors: Marshall Paul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The classic characterizations of extrovertive mystical experience by R. M. Bucke, Rudolf Otto, W. T. Stace, and R. C. Zaehner are summarized and their limitations exposed. The author proceeds to give a more nuanced description of extrovertive phenomenology, based on his study of a large number of mystical accounts. Several kinds of extrovertive unity are distinguished, and details are given of other notable characteristics: self-transcendence, expansive knowledge, all-encompassing love, visual and auditory phenomena, altered time-experience, presences and realities, somatic phenomena, paranormal phenomena, and fusion of characteristics, including synaesthesia. The experiences are often uplifting, but there can be disturbing features too, especially in cases associated with drugs, mental breakdown, and kundalini arousal.
5 Empty your Mind
Authors: Marshall Paul 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough empty of contents, pure consciousness formed the basis of W. T. Stace’s explanation of content-rich extrovertive mystical experience, an explanation in which spirit and nature were radically separated. However, Stace’s approach is complicated by his borrowings from philosophical ideas that are not entirely harmonious, empirico-phenomenalist, Kantian, and Hegelian. The result is somewhat confused and fails to address important extrovertive characteristics. It is shown that Stace’s explanations of mystical experience can be fully understood only when the development of his metaphysical thought is taken into account. More recently, Robert Forman has also raised pure consciousness, but in a way that departs from Stace’s spirit-nature dualism. The possibility of a permanent extrovertive state, allegedly attainable through Transcendental Meditation and other spiritual practices, is considered.
6 Scholars Lock Horns
Authors: Marshall Paul 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter classifies mystical epistemologies into five types (direct contact, post-Kantian, mediatory, radical contextualist, naturalistic), and examines two competing perspectives on mystical experience. On the one hand, radical contextualists such as Bruce Garside and Steven Katz have claimed that mystical experience is largely a product of indoctrination and enculturation and is therefore conservative. On the other hand, deconstructivists such H. N. Wieman and Arthur Deikman have supposed that mystical experience depends on a deconditioning or reconditioning of experience that allows new insights to emerge. The latter position envisages a content-rich, nondual state of awareness that is to be distinguished from the contentless pure consciousness of Stace and Forman. Weaknesses in the contextualist case are brought out, and the deconstructivist position is found to be more appropriate for extrovertive experience and its circumstances. However, a simple deconditioning of experience is insufficient to explain the more complex extrovertive features, and further insights must be sought elsewhere.
Heidegger and the Question Concerning Technology
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the philosophy of Heidegger, for whom the question of technology was central, and whose views typify a wide range of critical views. Heidegger sees technology as the ultimate outworking of Greek metaphysics, with Nietzsche as its ultimate ideologue. In technology, the world is subject to enframing by the goals of the technological project as the condition of its experienceability. This approach permeates the contemporary university, including the humanities. The poetry of Hölderlin, however, provides Heidegger with another perspective, one in which, in dialogue with the Pre-Socratics, we are invited to thinking as a radical counter-movement to technology.
From Thinking about God to Acting in the World
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the ethical issues raised by genetic engineering, and the prospect of a posthuman future, or as some commentators put it, a posthuman present in which everyone has become cyborgs. A variety of positive and negative responses to this situation are noted, with particular reference to Fukuyama and Habermas. It is argued that such questions mark a limit to any purely rational philosophical ethics. Religious perspectives are not only legitimate, but may be seen as an implicit background for ethical argumentation, although this does not require a return to religion’s heteronomous control of human morality.
Postscript: City of the Homeless
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The modern city is often seen as a massive instantiation of the principle of enframing, as ‘the city spectacular’ or ‘a container for spectacles’. But can there be holy places, sacred space, beyond the reach of enframing in such cities? Heidegger spoke of the graveyard as a place of remembrance within the flux of planetary homelessness, but even the traditional graveyard has been overtaken by contemporary practices for disposing of bodies. If one’s transience is accepted, in spatial and temporal terms, the city can still give scope for another view of ourselves and, as in Edwin Muir’s eponymous poem, become a place of transfiguration.
Durandus of St Pourcain
Authors: Iribarren Isabel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The controversy between the Dominican Durandus of St Pourcain and his order plays a central role in explaining how Thomas Aquinas became one of the most influential medieval theologians. Covering a period of almost twenty years in the early fourteenth century, this controversy saw the confrontation of two first-rate Dominican theologians, at a time when the order was fully engaged in promoting the doctrine of Aquinas. Hervaeus Natalis was a hard-line follower of Aquinas, who saw in Durandus an independent spirit and a threat to the order’s sense of doctrinal identity. Through a close examination of the central issues from unpublished manuscript sources, this book reveals a picture of the debate which challenges the standard accounts of a clear-cut clash between ‘Thomists’ and ‘anti-Thomists’. Aquinas did not rise to canonical status on a Dominican platform alone. Franciscan intellectual achievements had much to contribute, an aspect which recasts the role played by the rival mendicant order in the development of a Dominican intellectual tradition. A ‘maverick’ within his order, yet actively supported by the papacy, Durandus lived a career which illustrates the currents at work in the fourteenth-century church. Unconcerned about Dominican internal quarrels, the Avignonese papacy was more preoccupied with forming its own theological entourage away from the subverting forces of the new Franciscan spirituality.
The Worlds of Prostitution in the Early Republic
Authors: Ho Virgil K.Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe working conditions and lives of many prostitutes in Canton were not as horrific as frequently described in official propaganda and writings by concerned intellectuals. The reasons for their entry into this trade, their experiences at work, their fate, and their images in the eyes of the common people were so diverse that they defied any simple generalization. Prostitution also served a meaningful social purpose, generating a significant amount of revenue for the local ‘revolutionary’ government.
Schiller as Philosopher
Authors: Beiser Frederick 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This book is an attempt to rehabilitate Schiller as a philosopher. It defends his philosophy against his Marxist, post-modernist and Kantian critics. Some chapters are exegetical, others thematic. The exegetical chapters (2-4) re-examine the arguments and context of some of his most important writings, Kallias Briefe, Anmut und Würde, and the Äesthetische Briefe. The thematic chapters treat Schiller’s intellectual development, his concept of freedom, his theory of tragedy, and his dispute with the Kantians. In defense of Schiller, it is argued that his project for an objective aesthetic was not misguided in principle, that he does not conflate aesthetic and moral values, that his concept of the beautiful soul should not be confused with its Rousseauian variants, and that his concept of grace does not mean acting from natural sentiment. It is also contended that Schiller offers a plausible revision of Kant’s moral philosophy, an interesting response to the problem of freedom in post-Kantian philosophy, and a much underrated theory of tragedy, and a remarkable attempt to square the demands of aesthetic autonomy with moral purpose in the arts. The aim is not to sanctify or whitewash Schiller, but to show that his critics have largely misunderstood him.
Grace and Dignity
Authors: Beiser Frederick 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter is an exegesis of Schiller’s Anmut und Würde. It discusses the sources and influences on the text, both classical and contemporary. It critically assesses Schiller’s attempt to bridge the Kantian dualisms with the concept of beauty. It contends that Schiller’s concept of grace has been seriously misunderstood by many of his critics, who tend to conflate it with natural character and confuse the distinction between temperamental and moral virtue.
Argument and Context of the Ästhetische Briefe
Authors: Beiser Frederick 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the context and argument of Schiller’s most famous text. Schiller’s critics contend that the work is hopelessly divided into philosophical and historical halves. It is argued that the work is a coherent whole. An attempt is made to bring out the political context behind the work, especially its neglected affiliation with the republican tradition of Machiavelli, Montesquieu, Ferguson and Rousseau. Schiller’s hidden polemic against Fichte and Rousseau is also reconstructed.
The Philosophy of Freedom
Authors: Beiser Frederick 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses the various meanings Schiller gave to freedom in his philosophical writings. It traces the development of Schiller’s thinking about freedom, and explains its relations to his predecessors and contemporaries, especially Spinoza, Kant, and Fichte. It argues that Schiller’s thinking about freedom involves his attempt to resolve the renewed tension between naturalism and moral responsibility that arose from the critique of the Kantian dualisms.
2 Conceptions of Judah, I: Idolatrous Cults
Authors: MIDDLEMAS JILL 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Because ancient Israel maintained copious literature that is theological in nature and the Golah community invested much energy in reflection on worship, it is important to consider how the situation in the homeland impacted theological conceptions of reality. This chapter considers biblical perceptions of what was considered by some as the ‘heterodox’ religiosity of Templeless Judah. Biblical literature about Templeless Judah remains almost exclusively focused on the on-going worship of deities either in distinction to or in addition to Yahweh. The chapter provides an overview of the types of worship practices attributed to the population in the homeland. In conjunction with that discussion, it is noted that the evidence for these practices does not stem from sixth-century Judah itself and tends to serve a greater theological agenda.
4 The Voice of the Land: Lamentations
Authors: MIDDLEMAS JILL 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter turns to Lamentations as it is most widely regarded as stemming from Templeless Judah. Of the five poems in the book, chapters 1, 2, 4, and 5 have the greatest claim to belong to Templeless Judah. These chapters of the book of Lamentations are used typologically to isolate prominent concepts. Five themes are found to be distinctive to the religious thought of Templeless Judah: (1) an emphasis on the extent of unalleviated human suffering, (2) the explicit assertion of uncertainty in future possibilities, (3) the downplaying of the association of human sin and judgement, (4) the need to witness to pain through the expression of grief especially within worship, and (5) the forming of grief in such a way as to limit it and evoke a future orientation. The delineation of themes distinctive to Judah provides a measuring rod with which to approach other material thought to stem from the homeland.
Conclusion
Authors: MIDDLEMAS JILL 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The title, ‘The Troubles of Templeless Judah’, encapsulates the dual foci of this book. On the one hand, there is great difficulty in approaching this time period from an historical perspective as sources are incomplete, their usage in an historical task is disputed as are conclusions based on them. Moreover, other sources of information for Judah exhibit an ideological stance not in keeping with a perception from the homeland itself. Additionally, ‘troubles’ alludes to the type of literature that stems from Judah. Ironically, the Templeless laments enabled the alleviation of the suffering of the sixth-century Judahites whilst providing the means to overturn the lamentable situation faced by modern interpreters of the period formerly known as the exile.
United Against the United States? The EU's Role in Global Trade and Finance
Authors: Henning C. Randall , Meunier Sophie 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In economic relations, the EU has the capacity to exercise a global role on par with the United States. Yet the EU is not always able to effectively defend its interests. While the EU has firmly established its role as a global player in trade, it has faced difficulties in acquiring such a role in money and finance. Institutional legacies best explain this uneven progress. EU trade policy-making is centralized, whereas centralization is incomplete in the area of money and finance. Power struggles among the various EU bodies and member-states hamper effectiveness.
Parliamentary Government or Division of Powers: Is the Destination Still Unknown?
Authors: Shackleton Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe increasing power of the European Parliament has been one of the most steady and striking developments of Europe’s past several decades. Most analyses of the EP tend to see this process as moving the EU somewhat toward a model of parliamentary government, converging on the institutions prevalent in most European countries. But in fact, the EP now plays a role much more like an autonomous separation-of-powers legislature on the US model, and its future development is likely to move further in this direction.
Stock Exchange Competition and the Nasdaq Bargain in Europe
Authors: Posner Elliot 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSmall capitalization markets like the US Nasdaq have proliferated in Europe in recent years as part of a broad but uneven process of financial reforms. Though often seen as a fairly direct response to financial globalization and market forces, they are, in fact, the product of supranational entrepreneurship and intra-European national rivalries. Nationally-based stock markets suddenly created small-cap markets not because of widely-perceived market pressures, but in response to moves by the European Commission that threatened to replace national markets with European ones.
The Dynamics of EU Enlargement in American Perspective
Authors: Scherpereel John A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The territorial expansion of the USA provides an interesting comparative vantage point for the recent and on-going enlargement of the European Union. Incumbents and prospective members on both sides of the Atlantic have faced similarly fundamental questions: Who are ‘we’? (When) should we apply for membership? (When) should we admit applicants? What are the normative, institutional, and policy implications of expansion? In light of the US experience, this chapter examines the European pathways to membership, decisions to expand, and power asymmetries.