bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of the Quantity of Reward On the Learning Performance in Honeybees
Authors: Menzel Randolf , Erber Joachim 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
(i) In a first series of experiments dark-adapted honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica) were trained to spectral colours (444 nm, 590 nm) in an Y-maze. The learning curves for different quantities of the reward (50 μl, 25 μl, I0 μl, 5 μl sucrose solution) were registered. The learning process is independent of the quantity of the reward. (2) In a second series of experiments freely flying bees were trained on horizontal ground-glass discs under daylight conditions. Broad-banded spectral light was projected onto the discs from below. The duration of the reward was kept constant (30 sec). By varying the influx velocity of the sucrose solution (25 μl/30 sec, 9 μl/30 sec, 2.5 μl/30 sec) the bees were offered different quantities of the reward. It can be shown that learning progress is better with the smallest quantity than with the greater ones. (3) In the discussion the learning system is described as being independent of a mechanism controlling the motivation. The experiments enable us more exactly to characterize the bee's learning system with its short-term and long-term retention.
Roles and Activities of Male Geladas (Theropithecus Gelada)
Authors: Fedigan Linda M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTheropithecus gclada males may live in all-male groups, one-male groups, or in isolation. They play different roles in these different groups. Two recording techniques were developed to quantify the activities and interactions of the male geladas. There was found to be a significant relationship between a male's activities and interactions and the role he plays. There were found to be patterns of activities and interactions which correspond to male roles. These are described.
Observations On the Transmission of Queen Substances in the Honey Bee Colony By the Attendants of the Queen
Authors: Velthuis H.H.W. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe material produced in the mandibular glands of queen honey bees can be transported by her attendants and causes an inhibition of oogenesis in the workers who cannot make a direct contact with the queen. It seems that the only substance involved in this procedure is 9-oxo-decenoic acid from the queen's mandibular glands. A worker bee from a queenless group of workers shows a variety of behaviour types when it encounters a queen. This consists of avoidance and aggression, offering food, feeding and retinue behaviour and finally negligence. Although most changes of one behaviour type into another occur randomly, the overall pattern can be divided into an initial phase in which avoidance and aggression are frequently observed, a second phase characterized by feeding and retinue behaviour and a final phase in which negligence of the queen dominates. When back in her group of workers this bee functions as substitute queen by attracting the attention of the others, which show principally the same behaviour types to her. This attractiveness of the substitute queen is due to mandibular gland substances from the queen, adhering to the bee's body. Food exchange between the substitute queen and her attendants is mainly directed to the substitute queen. Feeding by the substitute queen is almost always related to the occurrence of aggression towards her. This is opposite to what might be expected when food exchange would be the mechanism by which information about the presence of the queen is distributed among the colony members. When a queen is deprived of her mandibular glands she evokes the same behaviour types in an encountered bee, but the frequency of negligence is higher, whereas feeding and retinue occur less frequently. When back in her group of workers this bee hardly functions as substitute queen, since she is almost treated as an arbitrary bee. Both the attractiveness of the returned worker and the direction of food exchange indicate that sensory perception by means of the antennae of 9-oxo-decenoic acid on the body of the queen or the substitute queen plays a major part in the "queenright" behaviour of the bees.
Stereotypy of Agonistic Movements in the Spider Crab Microphrys Bicornutus
Authors: Hazlett Brian A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractCine films of the movements of the spider crab Microphrys bicurnulus during walking, feeding, and agonistic interactions were analyzed. 1. The variability in final position of ambulatory leg movements (displays) executed during agonistic interactions was significantly less (F = 2.29, p < 0.05) than the variability in final leg position during walking. 2. The variability in final position of cheliped movements (displays) executed during agonistic interactions was significantly less (F = 2.21, p < 0.05) than the variability in final cheliped position during feeding. 3. There was no significant decrease in temporal variability between non-display and display movements.
Simple Versus Elaborate Behavior in Grasshoppers an Analysis of Communication in the Genus Syrbula
Authors: Otte Daniel 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe species in the genus Syvbula possess more elaborate courtship behavior than other Orthoptera. This fact is difficult to explain because other species living in similar situations possess very simple behavior. Pair formation is achieved through the attraction of females to stridulating males, or through reciprocal stridulating and approaching between males and females. Occasionally females attract males by singing spontaneously. The two Syrbula species live together in parts of Texas. Reproductive isolation is ensured and needless sexual interactions are prevented by call differences; i.e., females respond only to the songs of their own species. Elaborate courtship is omitted when pairs are formed through an exchange of calling signals. However, in the presence of sexually unreceptive females, males perform elaborate courtship behavior. The movements of appendages are mostly synchronous suggesting they are controlled by a single command from the brain; however, some asymmetry of movements exists (the appendages on the two sides of the body assume different positions and may be out of phase with one another) indicating a more complicated control system than exists in the European species, GomPhocerus rufus. Males assume a position nearly parallel to the female during courtship and the near appendages perform one set of movements and the far appendages a different set. Each side of the body can perform both sets of movements. Intermale rivalry takes several forms: stealing of females by non-calling or non-courting males, the production of male-identifying or male-spacing signals and, possibly, chorusing. The causes for the evolution of elaborate behavior are unknown. It may have evolved due to sexual selection or due to the fact that females of Syrbula require some special sort of priming before each mating. Selection for reproductive isolation does not usually seem to result in elaboration of courtship in grasshoppers. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced and its importance may lie in sexual or species recognition.
Influence De La Lumiere Et De L'Obscurite Sur L'Induction Au Vol Et Sa Cessation Chez Le Criquet Pelerin Schistocerca Gregaria (Forskål) Eleve En Isolement Ou En Groupes Denses
Authors: Michel Raoul 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDes Schistocerca gregaria mâles élevés en groupes denses ou isolément depuis un nombre variable de générations sont testés sur des manèges individuels animés par leurs seuls battements d'ailes et isolés dans enceintes. Les criquets sont soumis à des séquences alternativement lumineuses ou obscures (lumière naturelle ou artificielle). Les passages d'une séquence à l'autre sont progressifs (3 minutes environ) et dans ces conditions, si le criquet est arrêté lors de l'exposition progressive à la lumière, celle-ci peut induire une brève activité de vol. Si au contraire, le criquet vole, il s'arrête d'autant plus tôt et plus longuement que sa tendance au vol est faible et que l'intensité lumineuse est forte. Fondamentalement, la lumière tend à inhiber le vol de Schistocerca gregaria. Inversement, l'activité de vol que peut présenter Schistocerca gregaria à l'obscurité apparaît d'autant plus tard que la lumière à laquelle il a été soumis auparavant était plus forte et que sa tendance à voler est faible. La lumière exerce une inhibition rémanente. La durée de l'activité de vol à l'obscurité dépend de la tendance au vol. Tout changement d'éclairement peut être suivi d'une activité de vol. Pour une tendance au vol donnée, cette activité se développe librement à l'obscurité mais d'autant moins à la lumière que celle-ci est intense. L'effet de la lumière sur l'activité de vol des criquets dépend pour une intensité lumineuse donnée de leur seule tendance au vol qu'ils soient élevés en groupes denses ou isolément.
Some Social and Hormonal Determinants of Nest-Building Behaviour in the Ring Dove (Streptopelia Risoria)
Authors: Martinez-Vargas Marie Christine , Erickson Carl J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Two experiments were performed to evaluate some of the controlling factors in ring dove nest-building behaviour. In the first study six pairs of animals were observed each day until the first egg appeared. Behaviour was recorded during four intervals on each day in order to obtain estimates of diurnal changes in behaviour. Moreover, each pair was presented with a variety of nest-building materials in order to determine those kinds that would be most acceptable to the animals in subsequent studies. The birds showed striking diurnal changes in behaviour. Bow-cooing, aggressive pecking by the male, nest soliciting, time-in-the-nest, and allopreening exhibited a steady decline throughout the day. Nest-building activity reached a peak between one and seven hours after the lights came on in the morning and then declined throughout the remainder of the day. By contrast, copulatory behaviour, though infrequent in the morning hours, rose sharply in the late afternoon and reached a peak during the evening watch. Feeding and self-preening also increased slightly during the afternoon and evening. The ring doves also showed marked preferences in their choice of nest materials. Light-colored reed was preferred almost exclusively to dark-colored reed. Moreover, as nest construction progressed, there was a change in the type of material collected. During early building approximately equal numbers of pine needles as well as light and heavy reed were collected. As the nest neared completion, reed collection diminished and pine needles alone were collected. The resulting structure consisted of a base of several materials lined with pine needles alone. Observations in this first experiment suggested that gathering activity by the male was elicited by the presence of the female in the nest site. A second experiment was designed to examine this relationship. Twelve female ring doves were injected with progesterone and diethylstilboestrol while another twelve females served as oil-injected controls. Hormone-treated females were found to become more firmly established at the nest site during the first two days after introduction to a male. The males mated with these hormone-treated females engaged in more nest material gathering than did males mated with oil-treated females. It was concluded that gathering behaviour by the male is determined, at least in part, by relevant social cues from the female.
Motivational Analysis of Fish Feeding
Authors: Colgan Patrick 
Published: June 2008

Abstracti. Problems and approaches in the analysis of the motivation (internal stimuli) of animal behaviour are reviewed and the nature and advantages of stimulus-response models in dealing with complex cases are discussed. 2. The data on the motivation of fish feeding are reviewed by considering the topics of homeostasis, deprivation and satiation, systemic need versus gastric volume, and preference and selectivity. 3. Based on these observations, a tentative model is proposed. In this model hunger is presumed to be determined jointly by the metabolic debt (systemic need) of the fish and the amount of food in the stomach (gastric volume), two parameters which are themselves affected by many physiological and ecological factors. For given environmental conditions hunger determines the probability that an encountered item is eaten and the interval between encounters. From these parameters monophagous encounter and feeding rates can be calculated. In the case of polyphagy the rates can be calculated provided the relative availabilities of the food types are known. 4. It is shown that the model clarifies several points in the literature and predicts certain response relations present, but apparently unrealized, in the published data. Further, the model makes a number of untested predictions. 5. Some of these predictions were tested and confirmed in a controlled experiment involving pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), in individual aquaria, fed in a standard Latin square design with added control conditions. The fish were fed three different proportions of housefly adults and pupae after one or two days of deprivation. Food items were presented one at a time over a 30 minute feeding bout. The changes in behaviour following changes in deprivation and relative availability of food types were as predicted by the model. The key prediction that response measures would be related in a manner invariant over changes in the independent variables was also supported despite nonstationarities in several response measures. 6. The modelling approach, traditional drive theory, and the case study of fish hunger were used to develop a rigorous general definition of "drive" based on stimulus-invariant response relations. The preferred nature of such a concept for dealing with bodies of motivational data containing such relations is shown. The consequent overall possibilities of modelling diverse motivational systems are considered.
Territory Choice Guided By Familiar Object Cues From Earlier Territories in the Jewel Fish, Hemichromis Bimaculatus Gill 1862 (Pisces, Cichlidae)
Authors: Heuts B.A. , De Boer J.N. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
When two jewel fishes (Hemichromus binwculatus) in groups of 4 or 5 fishes are territorial, they retain identical territory positions with respect to the only transparent aquarium side permitting an outward look, after several transfers to new similar aquarium tanks (Exp. 1). If the cues on which such relative territory positions in equivalent tanks depend, are merely given by familiar objects (a sheet of slate and two glass filters) in the tanks, the fishes choose their territories according to a familiar view of these cues (Exp. 2, 7, and partly Exp. 3, 5, and 6). When, however, too strong counteracting cues reveal the positions of the new tanks in the experimental room (as manipulated with purpose in Exp. I) the fishes choose their territories according to these cues (Exp. 4 and partly so Exp. 3, 5 and 6), or possibly according to both kinds of cues, so that a random choice results (partly in Exp. 5 and 6). There are indications that relative territory choices can be imposed by former exposure to the territory area, and are further maintained in similar environments. Further experiments investigating related factors determining territory choice are suggested. A possible function of the demonstrated persistent territory choice effect is briefly mentioned.
Zur Steuerung Der Putzbewegungen Der Honigbiene
Authors: Pflumm Walter 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDas Putzen nektarsammelnder Honigbienen (Apis mellifica) an der Futterquelle, auf das sich die Enthemmungshypothese für Übersprunghandlungen anwenden läßt (PFLUMM, 1969a), wird hinsichtlich der Verteilung der Putzbewcgungen auf die Körperpartien untersucht. Bei konstanter Reizsituation an der Futterquelle hängt die Verteilung der Putzbewegungen auf die Körperpartien von der Anzahl sämtlicher Putzbewegungen pro Besuch - und damit von der Stärke der Aktual-Putzbereitschaft - ab: Je häufiger sich die Bienen während eines Besuchs putzen, desto weiter hinten liegende Körperpartien beziehen sie in den Putzvorgang ein (Abb. I und 2). Die gleiche Anzahl Putzbewegungen pro Besuch - und damit der gleiche Grad der Enthemmung der Potential-Putzbereitschaft (vgl. das Verrechnungsschema bei PrLUMM, 1969a) - ist in verschiedenen Reizsituationen an der Futterquelle zu beobachten. Bei gleich häufigem Putzen führen die Bienen jedoch unterschiedliche Putzbewegungen aus (Abb. 3, 4 und 5): Der Grad der Enthemmung legt also nicht die Verteilung der Putzbewegungen auf die Körperpartien fest. Die Abhängigkeit der verschiedenen Putzbewegungen von der Konzentration des Zuckerwassers, seiner Zuflußgeschwindigkeit und der Lufttemperatur an der Futterquelle ist dargestellt (Abb. 6, 9 und 10). Der Zeitpunkt, zu dem sich die Bienen während des Aufenthalts an der Futterquelle putzen, hängt von der Zuflußgeschwindigkeit ab (Abb. 7). Wechselt dieser Zeitpunkt, ändert sich die Verteilung der Putzbewegungen auf die Körperpartien (Abb. 8). Die Ergebnisse werden mit an Wirbeltieren gewonnenen Resultaten verglichen.
Genealogical Mating Activity in Free-Ranging Groups of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) On Cayo Santiago
Authors: Missakian Elizabeth A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBehavioral observations on a large group of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were carried out on Cayo Santiago from January I968 through December I969 and from October through December I970. Records of mating activity (single mounts, mount series, copulations) indicated that genealogical mating activity on Cayo Santiago had the following characteristics : (I) 5.4% of all recorded mount series and copulations involved mother-son pairs; (2) mating was observed in 3I% of 26 individual pairs of mothers and sons; (3) mating was seen in I2% of 42 individual pairs of brothers and sisters; (4) of I0 instances of mother-son mating, seven involved pairs in which the mother was dominant to the son; (5) mating in mother-son and brother-sister pairs occurred in high and low ranking genealogies within the group; (6) with two exceptions, all three to five-year old males who did engage in sexual activity with their mothers did not mate with non-related females during that breeding season; and (7) with one exception, all instances of mother-son and brother-sister mating involved males from three to five years of age. These findings are in sharp contrast to observations made on a smaller group on Cayo Santiago. Possible causes for this difference between social groups of different size are discussed.
Exploration and Attachment Behaviour in Infant Guinea Pigs
Authors: Porter Richard H. , Berryman Julia C. , Fullerton Clare 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Individual infant guinea pigs were tested oncde a week during the first 4 weeks of life in a square enclosure which was separated from a smaller enclosure (confinement cage) by a wire-mesh partition. In the Experimental condition (E) the mother and siblings of the subject were present in the confinement cage during testing - while in the Control condition (C) the confinement cage was empty during testing. The young guinea pigs tested in the presence of the mother and siblings displayed a much greater level of activity (i.e. exploratory behaviour) than did those tested with the empty confinement cage. They thus appeared to use the mother and/or siblings as a base from which to explore a novel environment. Exploratory behaviour in condition E showed a significant increase between weeks I and 2 (possibly due to the waning of an initial immobility reaction), and a gradual decline over weeks 3 and 4 (believed to be due to habituation to the test enclosure). In condition C, there were no significant differences in activity between trials. The guinea pigs tested in the presence of the mother and siblings spent significantly more time near the wire partition separating the test enclosure from the confinement cage than did the control subjects - for whom the confinement cage was empty. Subjects in condition E spent significantly more time in the proximity of the mother and siblings during weeks 2-4 as compared to week I. The responsiveness of the young guinea pigs to conspecifics therefore appears to have increased over the first 2 weeks post-partum. The possible adaptive significance of the interaction between exploration and attachment behaviour was discussed.
Scholartracking: the Ethics and Politics of Studying "Others" in the Work of Sam D. Gill
Authors: Urban Hugh B. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWhat was I to do about the cold, hard fact that I and my teachers before me had manipulated cultural materials beyond the constraints of my sources to make them fit my views, my theories?.... I suspected ... that this incident reflects Western man's way of being in the world-colonist and imperialist, arrogant and insensitive, professing great humane causes but accomplishing the opposite. I began to fear that this tiny incident in my academic practice characterized not only my work but also the work of my profession and my cultural and intellectual heritage. Not wanting to face this way of spending ... my life, the research and reflections that have become this book were self-examination in the service of self-justification: my efforts to rationalize why I am doing with my life what I am.
Christ's Birth of a Virgin Who Became a Wife: Flesh and Speech in Tertullian's De Carne Christi
Authors: Otten Willemien 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article explores the powerful efficacy of Tertullian's theological discourse in his treatise De came Christi. Departing from the conventional wisdom of evaluating early Christian theological texts according to their adherence to formal rhetorical models, which makes them vulnerable to postmodern criticism, this article advocates an alternative approach. It analyzes Tertullian's arguments by relating them directly to his central topic of discussion: the flesh of Christ. Tertullian's insistence on the physical concreteness of Christ's flesh, which connects Christ's human birth inseparably with his death and resurrection, serves to underscore what he calls "the law for our resurrection" (ch. 1). The article demonstrates that the physical concreteness of Christ's flesh so dominates Tertullian's theological discourse that it underlies even his well-known use of paradox. An example is found when Tertullian makes the truth of Christ's resurrection following his crucifixion dependent on how it mocks wordly wisdom (ch. 5). The article reveals specifically how a view of Tertullian's discourse as pivoting on the concreteness of Christ's flesh sheds light on his arguments regarding Christ's birth of a virgin (chs. 17-23). For Tertullian, Christ's flesh can only lay down the law for humanity's bodily resurrection if the divine Word heeds the "law of the opened body" (ch. 23) by undergoing a fully human birth. In his logic Christ's exit into this world, which opened his mother's womb, caused Mary to change from virgin to wife. Since Christ's birth is thus itself a signum contradicibile, Tertullian's discourse is stripped of its former dependence on paradoxes to describe its salvific novelty, gaining a new-found accuracy instead.