bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disparities in Race and Ethnicity Reporting and Representation for Clinical Trials in Stroke: 2010 to 2020
Authors: Nanavati Hely D. , Andrabi Mudasir , Arevalo Yurany A. , Liu Evan , Shen Jeffrey , Lin Chen 
Published: March 2024

Background
Racial and ethnic minority groups are at a higher stroke risk and have poor poststroke outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of race reporting and proportions of race and ethnicity representation in stroke‐related clinical trials.

Methods and Results

This is a descriptive study of stroke‐related clinical trials completed between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2020, and registered on
ClinicalTrials.gov
. Trials conducted in the United States, related to stroke and enrolling participants ≥18 years, were considered eligible. Trials were reviewed for availability of published results, data on race and ethnicity distribution, and trial characteristics. Overall, 60.1% of published trials reported race or ethnicity of participants, with a 2.6‐fold increase in reporting between 2010 and 2020. White patients represented 65.0% of the participants, followed by 24.8% Black, 2.4% Asian or Pacific Islander, and <1% Native American and multiracial participants; 9.0% were of Hispanic ethnicity. These trends remained consistent throughout the study period, except in 2018, when a higher proportion of Black participants (53.1%) was enrolled compared with White participants (35.8%). Trials with the National Institutes of Health/federal funding had higher enrollment of Black (28.1%) and Hispanic (13.8%) participants compared with other funding sources. Behavioral intervention trials had the most diverse enrollment with equal enrollment of Black and White participants (41.1%) and 14.5% Hispanic participants.

Conclusions
Despite the increase in race and ethnicity reporting between 2010 and 2020, the representation of racial and ethnic minority groups remains low in stroke trials. Funding initiatives may influence diversity efforts in trial enrollment.
A Systematic Review of Computational Approaches to Deciphering Bronze Age Aegean and Cypriot Scripts
Authors: Braović Maja , Krstinić Damir , Štula Maja , Ivanda Antonia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This article provides a detailed insight into computational approaches for deciphering Bronze Age Aegean and Cypriot scripts, namely, the Archanes script and the Archanes formula, Phaistos Disk, Cretan hieroglyphic (including the Malia Altar Stone and Arkalochori Axe), Linear A, Linear B, Cypro-Minoan, and Cypriot scripts. The unique contributions of this article are threefold: (1) a thorough review of major Bronze Age Aegean and Cypriot scripts and inscriptions, digital data and corpora associated with them, existing computational decipherment methods developed in order to decipher them, and possible links to other scripts and languages; (2) the definition of 15 major challenges that can be encountered in computational decipherments of ancient scripts; and (3) an outline of a computational model that could possibly be used to simulate traditional decipherment processes of ancient scripts based on palaeography and epigraphy. In the context of this article the term decipherment denotes the process of discovery of the language and/or the set of symbols behind an unknown script, and the meaning behind it.
Expert Authority Politics in the Marine Biodiversity Complex
Authors: Langlet Arne , Vadrot Alice 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The negotiations for a new instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of high-seas marine biodiversity (marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction; BBNJ) finally concluded after difficult negotiations. The BBNJ negotiations had to address a regime complex of sectoral and regional organizations regulating different aspects of marine biodiversity and a political struggle about the epistemologies that ought to inform marine biodiversity governance, which is driven by limited, unequally distributed, and contested knowledge. However, to be implemented, the new BBNJ Agreement will have to be equipped with expert authority to be able to address these challenges and make competent statements about the state of high-seas marine biodiversity. We address a gap in empirical work on expert authority in the regime complex by analyzing state references to the expertise of different international organizations in the BBNJ negotiations. Combining collaborative event ethnography and social network analysis, we show that states strategically and politically refer to the expertise of international organizations, and we coin the term authority shopping to describe this behavior.
Plastic Politics of Delay: How Political Corporate Social Responsibility Discourses Produce and Reinforce Inequality in Plastic Waste Governance
Authors: Vandenberg Jessica 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As the global plastics pollution crisis grows in severity and complexity, diverse solutions are being proposed across the public and private sectors. Notably, multinational corporations (MNCs) from the petrochemical and consumer goods sectors have become increasingly involved. From providing recycling infrastructure to directly participating in drafting action plans and policies, MNCs are engaging as political actors in plastics waste governance, influencing discourses and actions globally, a process referred to as political corporate social responsibility (CSR). In this article, I examine Coca-Cola’s World Without Waste initiative as a case study of this process. I evaluate how Coca-Cola frames the problems of plastics waste, their solutions, and the roles that Coca-Cola asserts within this complex, transboundary environmental governance issue. Borrowing from literature on corporate climate delay tactics, I demonstrate how the initiative implements discourses and practices of delayed action, hindering comprehensive governance strategies. Through this analysis, I argue that political CSR actions can exacerbate the global plastics pollution crisis through ineffective and inequitable waste governance approaches that perpetuate uneven plastics pollution burdens.
Obtaining Lower Query Complexities Through Lightweight Zeroth-Order Proximal Gradient Algorithms
Authors: Gu Bin , Wei Xiyuan , Zhang Hualin , Chang Yi , Huang Heng 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization is one key technique for machine learning problems where gradient calculation is expensive or impossible. Several variance, reduced ZO proximal algorithms have been proposed to speed up ZO optimization for nonsmooth problems, and all of them opted for the coordinated ZO estimator against the random ZO estimator when approximating the true gradient, since the former is more accurate. While the random ZO estimator introduces a larger error and makes convergence analysis more challenging compared to coordinated ZO estimator, it requires only O(1) computation, which is significantly less than O(d) computation of the coordinated ZO estimator, with d being dimension of the problem space. To take advantage of the computationally efficient nature of the random ZO estimator, we first propose a ZO objective decrease (ZOOD) property that can incorporate two different types of errors in the upper bound of convergence rate. Next, we propose two generic reduction frameworks for ZO optimization, which can automatically derive the convergence results for convex and nonconvex problems, respectively, as long as the convergence rate for the inner solver satisfies the ZOOD property. With the application of two reduction frameworks on our proposed ZOR-ProxSVRG and ZOR-ProxSAGA, two variance-reduced ZO proximal algorithms with fully random ZO estimators, we improve the state-of-the-art function query complexities from Omindn1/2ε2,dε3 to O˜n+dε2 under d&gt;n12 for nonconvex problems, and from Odε2 to O˜nlog1ε+dε for convex problems. Finally, we conduct experiments to verify the superiority of our proposed methods.
Frequency Propagation: Multimechanism Learning in Nonlinear Physical Networks
Authors: Anisetti Vidyesh Rao , Kandala Ananth , Scellier Benjamin , Schwarz J. M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We introduce frequency propagation, a learning algorithm for nonlinear physical networks. In a resistive electrical circuit with variable resistors, an activation current is applied at a set of input nodes at one frequency and an error current is applied at a set of output nodes at another frequency. The voltage response of the circuit to these boundary currents is the superposition of an activation signal and an error signal whose coefficients can be read in different frequencies of the frequency domain. Each conductance is updated proportionally to the product of the two coefficients. The learning rule is local and proved to perform gradient descent on a loss function. We argue that frequency propagation is an instance of a multimechanism learning strategy for physical networks, be it resistive, elastic, or flow networks. Multimechanism learning strategies incorporate at least two physical quantities, potentially governed by independent physical mechanisms, to act as activation and error signals in the training process. Locally available information about these two signals is then used to update the trainable parameters to perform gradient descent. We demonstrate how earlier work implementing learning via chemical signaling in flow networks (Anisetti, Scellier, et al., 2023) also falls under the rubric of multimechanism learning.
Column Row Convolutional Neural Network: Reducing Parameters for Efficient Image Processing
Authors: Im Seongil , Jeong Jae-Seung , Lee Junseo , Shin Changhwan , Cho Jeong Ho , Ju Hyunsu 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Recent advancements in deep learning have achieved significant progress by increasing the number of parameters in a given model. However, this comes at the cost of computing resources, prompting researchers to explore model compression techniques that reduce the number of parameters while maintaining or even improving performance. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been recognized as more efficient and effective than fully connected (FC) networks. We propose a column row convolutional neural network (CRCNN) in this letter that applies 1D convolution to image data, significantly reducing the number of learning parameters and operational steps. The CRCNN uses column and row local receptive fields to perform data abstraction, concatenating each direction's feature before connecting it to an FC layer. Experimental results demonstrate that the CRCNN maintains comparable accuracy while reducing the number of parameters and compared to prior work. Moreover, the CRCNN is employed for one-class anomaly detection, demonstrating its feasibility for various applications.
New Nabataean Inscription from al-CUlā
Authors: al-Theeb Solaiman , al-Hishan Madallah 
Published: March 2024

This article focused on a Nabataean inscription found in al-cUlā province, northwest of Saudi Arabia.
The importance of this inscription, which consists of five lines, lies in the appearance of the noun, singular, masculine, emphatic “wklwƆ” for the first time in Nabataean inscriptions. Its historical significance lies in the period it was written, which was during the thirty-ninth year of the rule of alḥrtt, the King of the Nabateans, one year before his death.
Quality characteristics and storage stability of pork patties added with drone pupae (Apis mellifera) powder
Authors: Choi N.Y. , Park S.H. , Park Y.H. , Park G.T. , Oh S.H. , Kim Y.A. , Jang S.Y. , Kim Y.J. , Ahn K.S. , Choi J.S. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this study, the quality characteristics and functionality of pork patties added with drone pupae powder (DP) were investigated. Pork patties were prepared by adding 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 % of DP and stored in a refrigerator for 7 days. As the content of DP increased, moisture decreased while protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents increased compared to those in the control group. Cooking Loss (CL) showed a decreasing tendency compared to the control group. Total microbial count (TMC) showed a significant difference according to the storage period (). Treatment groups with the addition of DP showed lower TMC values than the control group, indicating that DP could inhibit microorganisms. The addition of 3% DP inhibited lipid oxidation (TBARS) and protein deterioration (VBN). The group to which 3% of DP was added showed the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH). These results suggest that DP has a positive effect on the storage properties of pork patties. In conclusion, the addition of 3% of DP lead to the best quality characteristics and storage stability, suggesting that it can be used as an additive in meat product manufacturing.
Eliza Orme’s Ambitions
Authors: Howsam Leslie 
Published: March 2024

Why are some figures hidden from history? Eliza Orme, despite becoming the first woman in Britain to earn a university degree in Law in 1888, leading both a political organization and a labour investigation in 1892, and participating actively in the women’s suffrage movement into the early twentieth century, is one such figure.
Framed as a ‘research memoir’, Eliza Orme’s Ambitions fills out earlier scant accounts of this intriguing life, while speculating about why it has been overlooked. Established historian Leslie Howsam shapes the story around her own persistent curiosity in the context of a transformed research landscape, where important letters and explosive newspaper accounts have only recently come to light. These materials show how Orme’s career ambitions brought her into conflict with the male-dominated legal community of her time, while her political ambitions were cut short by disputes with other women activists whose notions of political strategy she repudiated. In public, Orme was a formidable debater for the causes she supported and against opponents whose strategies—even for women’s suffrage—she repudiated. In private, she was generous, warm, and witty, close to friends, family, and her female partner. Howsam’s account of uncovering Orme’s professional and personal trajectory will appeal to academic and non-academic readers interested in the progress and setbacks women experienced in the late-Victorian and Edwardian decades.
3. The Commitment to Law
Authors: Howsam Leslie 
Published: March 2024

In her early twenties, Eliza Orme decided to enter the legal profession, enlisting the help of Helen Taylor, the stepdaughter and assistant of John Stuart Mill. Orme’s award-winning performance in her university courses attracted the attention of other mentors, some of whom tried to help her secure a position, not in one of the Inns of Court (which remained unthinkable) but by working as a junior in a barrister’s chambers. That was unsuccessful. Later, guided by another mentor, she established her own chambers in Chancery Lane, the legal district, and began working there with Mary Ellen Richardson. They were conveyancers and patent agents, and both were directors of the Nineteenth-Century Building Society (an organization for financing real estate transactions). Some of their legal work was legitimate because unregulated, while the more lucrative, regulated, opportunities came about when senior barristers paid for Orme and her associates to prepare legal documents which would appear under the official (male) signature. In an enthusiastic letter to Taylor, Orme described their chambers as ‘a miniature Girton’.
There is evidence of discrimination and challenges, including a fellow-student who sought to appropriate a scholarship she had earned and a newspaper column speculating on the matrimonial ambitions of someone who had led her class in Roman Law. To counter this, Howsam offers a letter from an American woman lawyer describing Eliza Orme and Reina Emily Lawrence working together in a busy, well-appointed office: ‘a fine chaos’. Orme persisted through the challenges and prospered, along with Richardson, Lawrence and other women colleagues. The chapter ends with Leslie Howsam’s informed speculations about the level of Orme’s commitment to legal practice—was that the extent of her ambition, or was it a step on the way to exercising her passionate interest in contemporary politics?
4. Private Life
Authors: Howsam Leslie 
Published: March 2024

This chapter opens with an analysis of the sole surviving photograph of Eliza Orme, and a description of the circumstances by which Leslie Howsam acquired a copy after many years of research without access to a visual image. It covers Eliza’s family and childhood, including the three London houses where the family lived, and corrects a much-quoted error about her mother’s early life. The two most significant of Eliza’s friends and colleagues are the philosopher Samuel Alexander (whose correspondence with Orme, only recently discovered by Howsam, reveals the frivolous side of her personality) and the lawyer-turned-local-politician Reina Lawrence (whose professional partnership with Orme might also have been an intimate one). Notable among her many connections were the politician/editor William Alexander Hunter, the novelist George Gissing, and the politician Charles Dilke. Orme’s life overlapped repeatedly with that of Hunter, although the connection has to be inferred because no direct correspondence has apparently survived. Whereas Gissing referred in his letters and diaries to Orme’s practical assistance with the breakdown of his marriage (but he apparently destroyed all her many letters to him, and may not have known or cared about her public achievements). In the case of Dilke, there is direct evidence of her political support for his radical ideas and his Liberal candidacy, and tantalizing but ambiguous evidence of her assistance at a crucial moment of scandal in Dilke’s career.
As an adult Orme lived with her younger sister Beatrice and one of her brothers; she stayed in touch with a wide family connection of siblings, nieces, and nephews, but she left her estate to Beatrice Orme and Reina Lawrence. The narrative returns to Orme’s retirement and last years in chapter 7.
5. Public Figure
Authors: Howsam Leslie 
Published: March 2024

Continuing to trace Eliza Orme’s public life from the date of her 1888 LL.B. degree when she was forty years of age, this chapter shows how her public persona was shaped by a commitment to the Liberal Party of William Ewart Gladstone. Crucially, Gladstone and other Liberals opposed women’s suffrage, a circumstance that created difficulties not only for Orme personally, but also for the Women’s Liberal Federation of which she was a founding member. The chapter begins with a newspaper profile of Orme from 1892 that reveals how differently she was seen by allies and antagonists. For allies she was a ‘quick-witted champion, with a convenient appetite for combat’ in debate, while the antagonists saw her as an ‘arch-villain’ and ‘malignant schemer’ prepared to undermine the Federation’s objectives. The latter group, led by Rosalind Howard, Countess of Carlisle, held views of feminist political strategy that came into conflict with Orme’s legally-inflected approaches. Leslie Howsam’s recent discovery of this and other important new evidence is woven into Orme’s story.
Sections include: ‘Public Engagement and the Campaign for Irish Home Rule’ (this included editing the a political newspaper, the Women’s Gazette & Weekly News); ‘The Women’s Liberal Federation Splits over the Question of Suffrage’ (a little-known story involving duelling strategies and dirty tricks); ‘Factory Inspection and the Royal Commission’ (Orme’s role as Senior Lady Assistant Commissioner of the Royal Commission on Labour of 1892-3, including her reports on the work of women as barmaids and in the iron industry); and ‘Prison Committee’ (an 1894 political appointment to a government committee investigating the conditions of prisons for women). The chapter concludes by characterizing Orme as ‘An Independent Single Professional Woman in Public Life’ and speculates on the reasons for her relative historical obscurity in the light of what was clearly a period of well-publicized activity. One of these was the dispute with Lady Carlisle, which put her, apparently, on the wrong side of history. Another was the accident of Orme’s longevity. By the time she died in 1937, there was no one to write her obituary, and a new generation of independent, single, and professional women was taking advantage of opportunities that she had missed.
8. Who was Eliza Orme?
Authors: Howsam Leslie 
Published: March 2024

The closing chapter draws together the threads of evidence in the context of Leslie Howsam’s memories of a prolonged investigation and her informed speculation about Eliza Orme’s ambitions. It describes Howsam’s return, after retirement and during the Covid pandemic, to the study of Orme in the dual context of a transformed (digital) research environment and a renewed academic interest in women’s professional lives. One such thread is ‘Loyalty, logic, and strategy: the case of Charles Dilke’s divorce scandal’, where the strong circumstantial evidence of Orme’s professional involvement is discussed. Another is ‘Speculation: Eliza’s thwarted ambition’ which adduces the argument that Orme might have been aiming for election as part of the first cohort of women members of Parliament. Turning to the questions of identity that have framed the book as a whole, the following sections ask: ‘Who was Eliza to her friends and family?’, ‘Who was Miss Orme to lawyers (then and now)?’ and ‘Who was she to posterity?’.
The chapter concludes that Eliza Orme was an independent single professional woman in public life; she described herself as ‘hopelessly practical’ while aiming to do first one, and then another unthinkable job for a woman of her time, initially to be a lawyer, and perhaps also to be a politician, on equal terms with men.
The Relative Importance of Antarctic Sea Ice Loss within the Response to Greenhouse Warming
Authors: Hay Stephanie , Kushner Paul J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The response to Antarctic sea ice loss within a coupled modeling framework is examined in comparison to the response to Arctic sea ice loss and within the context of general greenhouse warming. Sea ice loss responses are found to be linear (particularly in response to Antarctic or global sea ice loss) with respect to the degree of imposed perturbation and additive when perturbations are applied in hemispheres separately and concurrently. Globally, and in the tropical Pacific in particular, Antarctic sea ice loss plays a relatively larger role than Arctic sea ice loss in both the atmosphere and the ocean, within the parameters of our experiments. The pattern of response to Antarctic sea ice loss is also found to more closely resemble that of greenhouse warming, again particularly in the tropics. An extension to multiparameter pattern scaling is developed to include a scaling factor for Antarctic change in addition to those for tropical warming and Arctic sea ice loss. The decomposition is applied to the modeled response to Antarctic sea ice loss to break it down into component partial responses that scale with Antarctic, tropical, and Arctic changes. This reveals the aspects of the response that are directly related to Antarctic change, such as an equatorward intensification of tropical precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere, and those that are modified via the induced changes in the tropics and Arctic, such as Northern Hemisphere temperature change. With this, we hope to gain a deeper understanding of the role of each of these changes for the development of physical mechanisms of the response.