bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and kinematics of the equine hind limb: In vivo tendon loads and force plate measurements in ponies
Authors: Riemersma Dirk J. , Schamhardt Henk C. , Hartman Wrister , Lammertink Jos L. M. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Loads on the suspensory ligament, deep digital flexor tendon, superficial digital flexor tendon, and long digital extensor tendon of the equine hind limb were determined in ponies by use of implanted strain gauges consisting of silicone rubber tubes filled with mercury. Recordings were made simultaneously with force plate measurements and high-speed film recordings while the ponies were walking. The relationship between strain gauge signals and tendon loads was obtained from tension-strain tests performed after death of the ponies. The suspensory ligament and the 2 digital flexor tendons were loaded during the stance phase, and the extensor tendon was loaded mainly during the swing phase. The loading pattern of the suspensory ligament, with peak loads of 4.6 N/kg of body weight, correlated well with the vertical component of the ground reaction force. Maximal loading of the deep digital flexor tendon was observed during the second half of the stance phase, with peak values of 6.7 N/kg. The superficial digital flexor tendon was loaded maximally at the beginning of the stance phase, with a peak load of 4.1 N/kg, and the long digital extensor tendon was loaded maximally during the swing phase, with a peak load of 0.3 N/kg.
Recordings made from this procedure for calibration of the strain gauge signals to tendon load and tendon strain, in combination with the force plate measurements, enabled verification of the results by torque analysis of the lower portion of the hind limb, using the vector of the ground reaction force, limb conformation, and limb geometric configuration. Torque analysis of the lower extremity indicated that the determined tendon loads were in agreement with the recorded ground reaction forces.
Studies on the pathogenesis and interspecies transmission of respiratory syncytial virus isolated from sheep
Authors: Bryson David G. , Evermann James F. , Liggitt H. Denny , Foreyt William J. , Breeze Roger G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Inoculation of lambs with an ovine isolate of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) by a combined intranasal and intratracheal route resulted in mild respiratory tract illness, with respiratory tract lesions. Lung lesions were characterized by bronchitis and bronchiolitis, hyperplasia of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium, peribronchiolar and perivascular accumulations of lymphocytes, alveolar septal thickening, and collapse. Respiratory syncytial virus was recovered from the respiratory tract of inoculated lambs, and rsv antigen was demonstrated by immuno-peroxidase staining of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells in pneumonic lesions of lambs euthanatized on post-inoculation days 5 and 6. Other primary respiratory tract pathogens were not isolated. Clinical signs of respiratory tract illness or respiratory tract lesions did not develop in the in-contact control lamb.
Inoculation of the ovine rsv isolate into calves and deer fawns resulted in infection in both species, and at necropsy, pneumonic lesions were present. A mild to moderate respiratory tract illness developed in the calves, but clinical disease was not seen in the fawns. Lung lesions in fawns were similar to those seen in lambs; lesions in calves were characterized by collapse, scattered areas of parenchymal necrosis, and bronchiolitis. Respiratory syncytial virus was reisolated from the lower respiratory tract of inoculated calves and fawns, and immunoperoxidase-positive epithelial cells were seen in pneumonic lesions. Other primary respiratory pathogens were not detected. Respiratory syncytial virus infection was not demonstrable in control animals that were in contact with inoculated animals.
We concluded that an ovine rsv isolate, when inoculated in a severe challenge regime, caused mild primary pneumonia in lambs and lesions similar to those described in epizootics of naturally occurring ovine respiratory tract disease. Also, the ovine rsv caused lower respiratory tract lesions in infected calves and deer.
Effect of respiratory infections caused by bovine herpesvirus-1 or parainfluenza-3 virus on bovine alveolar macrophage functions
Authors: Brown Talmage T. , Ananaba Godwin 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calves, 90 to 130 days old, were inoculated with bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) or parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus. Pulmonary lavage specimens obtained from calves before virus inoculation contained 98% alveolar macrophages (am) and 1% neutrophils. Six days after inoculation, the mean percentage of neutrophils in lavage specimens had significantly increased to 7.9 ± 6.0% in bhv-1-inoculated calves and to 18.3 ± 9.9% in pi-3 virus-inoculated calves, reflecting viral-induced pulmonary inflammation that was confirmed histologically. Approximately 75% of am obtained before virus inoculation had Fc surface receptors, and 60% had C3b receptors. Six days after inoculation, the percentage of am with Fc and C3b receptors was significantly reduced to 69.7 ± 8.6% and 27.1 ± 19.8%, respectively, in bhv-1-inoculated calves and to 67.8 ± 15.4% and 38.8 ± 23.2%, respectively, in pi-3 virus-inoculated calves. Alveolar macrophages obtained after virus inoculation were significantly impaired in their ability to phagocytize opsonized Staphylococcus epidermidis, but were able to kill ingested bacteria. Alveolar macrophage dysfunctions caused by bhv-1 or pi-3 respiratory infection did not differ appreciably.
Identification of viral antigens that induce antibody responses on exposure to coronaviruses
Authors: Ingersoll Jerald D. , Wylie Dwane E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Various techniques were used to look for protective, non-cross-reactive antibodies in the sera of cats exposed to virulent feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv). Antibodies reactive with feline enteric coronavirus (fecv) from fipv-exposed cats were adsorbed by several passages over an fecv-Sepharose column. In an elisa against fecv and fipv, the activity against both viruses was removed at the same rate; thus, no fipv-specific antibodies could be identified. By gel electrophoresis-derived elisa, the responses of cats surviving fipv exposure were compared with those of cats succumbing to fipv exposure to determine whether survival could be correlated with an antibody response against a particular virus protein. Results indicated that both groups responded in the same way to the matrix envelope protein and nucleocapsid proteins. Even though the response to peplomer in each group was weak, the survivor group responded better to this protein. Furthermore, the response of this group to the peplomer protein had the highest correlation with virus neutralization titer.
Comparison of serologic assays for measurement of antibody response to coronavirus in cats
Authors: Ingersoll Jerald D. , Wylie Dwane E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serologic virus neutralization tests, indirect immunofluorescence tests, and elisa, using tissue culture-adapted feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv) or feline enteric coronavirus (fecv) were compared for their ability to distinguish specific virus exposure in cats. Sera of specific-pathogen-free cats inoculated with virulent or modified fipv or fecv were used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the homologous assays to a heterologous assay that measures antibody reactivity with transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine. The geometric means of the serologic titers in fipv and fecv assays were higher for fipv- or fecv-infected specific-pathogen-free cats than the geometric means of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus assays for most groups. None of the assays was specific enough to discern the virus to which a cat had been exposed. However, the fipv virus neutralization test appeared to be more sensitive for detection of an early response to fipv infection than did the fipv immunofluorescence test or fipv-elisa.
Adherence of streptococcal isolates from cattle and horses to their respective host epithelial cells
Authors: Valentin-Weigand Peter , Chhatwal Gursharan S. , Blobel Hans 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Adherence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates from cattle and S equi isolates from horses to their respective host epithelial cells was compared with the adherence of S pyogenes to human epithelial cells. The adherence was quantitatively determined by use of fluorescein-labeled streptococci. All 3 streptococcal species adhered selectively to their respective host cells. The mechanism of adherence was evaluated by binding studies with adhesive plasma protein, fibronectin. Although all 3 streptococcal species bound fibronectin, S dysgalactiae and S equi interacted preferentially with a 210-kilodalton (kD) C-terminal fragment of fibronectin, whereas S pyogenes bound only a 29-kD N-terminal fragment. A synthetic peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, representing the host cell attachment site of fibronectin, partially inhibited the binding of fibronectin and of its 210 kD fragment to S dysgalactiae, but not to S equi. The binding of fibronectin and its 29-kD fragment to S pyogenes was not inhibited by Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser. These differences in binding activities corresponded to the ability of fibronectin to mediate the adherence of the streptococci to the epithelial cells: fibronectin strongly inhibited the adherence of S pyogenes and S equi to the epithelial cells, but only weakly inhibited that of S dysgalactiae.
Atherosclerosis in coronary, aortic, and sciatic arteries from wild male turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris)
Authors: Krista L. M. , McQuire J. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Heart, aorta, and sciatic arteries were collected from 157 wild male turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) by hunters in 9 states during the spring 1983 and 1984 hunting seasons. In descending order of extent and severity, intimal vascular changes were observed in the left sciatic artery, aorta at the celiac region, cranial abdominal portion of the aorta, sciatic bifurcation, caudal abdominal portion of the aorta, coronary arteries, and thoracic portion of the aorta. Only the aorta from the celiac region and right sciatic artery had significant differences (P < 0.05) among turkeys from various locations. Turkeys from Indiana had significantly (P < 0.05) larger plaque scores in the celiac region than did those from Alabama, Missouri, and South Carolina. Turkeys from Indiana also had significantly (P < 0.05) greater plaque scores in the right sciatic artery than did turkeys from Arkansas. When all tissues were considered, tissues from turkeys from Michigan had the highest plaque scores and those from Iowa had the lowest. Plaque scores for turkeys from Michigan were significantly (P < 0.05) higher overall (including all blood vessels) than were plaque scores for turkeys from Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, and South Carolina.
Few significant (P < 0.05) correlations were detected among plaque scores in turkeys from within states of origin (geographic location). Also, only a few significant (P < 0.05) correlations were determined between age or body weight and atherosclerosis for blood vessels from turkeys within various states.
Capillary permeability to endogenous macromolecules in the equine digit
Authors: Allen Douglas , Korthuis Ronald J. , Clark E. Susan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Microvascular permeability characteristics were evaluated in digits of 7 adult horses. After capillaries were isolated and an extracorporeal perfusion circuit for the digit was established, a lymphatic vessel draining the distal portion of the phalangeal region was cannulated at the level of the coronary band. Venous pressure was increased in a stepwise manner, and lymph flow, lymph protein concentration (Cl), and plasma protein concentration (Cp) were determined after measured variables were allowed to reach steady state. Lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratios (Cl/Cp) and lymph and plasma oncotic pressures were determined from samples collected during steady state. The osmotic reflection coefficient was determined after Cl/Cp became constant, regardless of increasing lymph flow, and was expressed as 1 — Cl/Cp. The osmotic reflection coefficient for the digit was 0.67. Seemingly, the microvasculature bed of the digit was relatively permeable and could maintain only 67% of the endogenous macromolecules within the vasculature.
Stimulated esophageal groove closure in adult goats
Authors: Mikhail Michel , Brugère Henri , Le Bars Henri , Colvin Harry W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In healthy adult goats, closure of the esophageal groove was induced by thirst, iv administered vasopressin, and intracarotid administration of hypertonic NaCl solutions. The efficiency of stimulation was tested directly by visual inspection of the course taken by orally administered solutions through a ruminal or abomasal fistula, palpation of the lips of the esophageal groove through a ruminal fistula, and indirectly by following the glucose dynamics in the blood after oral administration of glucose solution.
Esophageal groove closure was observed during drinking after a 48-hour period of water deprivation. Intracarotid administration of 1.5 ml of a saturated solution or 10.5 ml of a 1.5% solution of NaCl also stimulated groove closure; however, groove closure stimulated by administration of vasopressin is the most satisfactory procedure for passing compounds of therapeutic importance directly from the cardiac orifice to the abomasum.
Bacterial population and histologic changes in dogs with perianal fistula
Authors: Killingsworth C. R. , Walshaw Richard , Dunstan R. W. , Rosser E. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ages of 44 dogs with perianal fistula, ranged from 6 months to 13 years (mean, 5.2 years). German Shepherd Dogs and Irish Setters were statistically (P < 0.01) over-represented compared with those breeds in a canine hospital population (n = 22,047) for the same period. There was a 2:1 male-to-female ratio, with 38 (86.4%) of dogs sexually intact and 6 (13.6%) of dogs neutered. Eleven types of bacterial organisms were recovered from deep perianal tissues of which Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, (β-hemolytic streptococci, and Proteus mirabilus were most common. Organisms were not recovered from 7 dogs. Of 93 isolates, 88.3% were susceptible to gentamicin, 80.5% to cephalothin, 79.2% to chloramphenicol, and 74% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Fifty-one biopsy specimens from 44 dogs were classified as having early, intermediate-, and late-stage lesions based on the amount of fibrosis, severity of the inflammatory response, and, if present, depth of sinus tracts. In most biopsy specimens, all 3 stages were represented in the same histologic section. In 45 specimens, most inflamed lesions were in the dermis of the zona cutanea. Hidradenitis was present in 22 biopsy specimens and was associated with the formation of epithelial-lined sinus tracts.
Topically applied cyclosporin for modulation of induced immunogenic uveitis in rabbits
Authors: Kaswan Renee L. , Kaplan Henry J. , Martin Charles L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The experimental model of immunogenic uveitis induced by intraocular injection of human serum albumin in rabbits was inhibited by the topical application of cyclosporin A. The acute nonspecific inflammatory response that immediately follows intravitreous injection was not affected. However, the severe panuveitis that develops during the second week was markedly reduced. The safety and efficacy of topically applied cyclosporin A in this model of uveitis suggests that topical administration of this antigen-nonspecific immunosuppressor may be an effective route of therapy for certain immune-mediated forms of uveitis.
Histopathologic effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on equine endometrium
Authors: Frazer Grant S. , Rossol Thomas J. , Threlfall W. R. , Weisbrode S. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Endometrial fibrosis is a major cause of infertility in broodmares. Because of the proven anti-inflammatory effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) and its influence on collagen, the effect of dmso on the endometrium was investigated in mares. Solutions of dmso (25%, 50%, or 75%) were infused into the uterus of clinically normal mares. Examination of serially obtained biopsy specimens revealed epithelial ulceration and stromal inflammation that were proportional to the dmso concentration infused, but vasodilatation was not observed. In all mares, the endometrium had returned to normal by day 21 after dmso infusion.
Characterization and purification of the F17 adhesin on the surface of bovine enteropathogenic and septicemic Escherichia coli
Authors: Lintermans Paul F. , Pohl Pierre , Bertels Anne , Charlier Gerard , Vandekerckhove Joel , Van Damme Jozef , Schoup Johan , Schlicker Christine , Korhonen Timo , De Greve Henri , Van Montagu Marc 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The F17 antigen from bovine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain (E coli 25KH09), which adhered to calf intestinal villi, was isolated. An enterotoxin-negative derivative (25KH09st) was used for further studies. Using an immunogold-labeling technique, the F17 antigen was characterized as a fimbrial protein. Pure fimbriae with a subunit molecular weight of 20,000 were obtained by homogenization and use of a sucrose gradient. The adhesion of E coli 25KH09st was mediated by the F17 fimbriae, as both F17 antibodies and F17 protein blocked the adhesion of the strain 25KH09st. The F17 fimbriae were serologically distinct from K88, K99, F41, and 987P fimbriae and did not agglutinate bovine, ovine, guinea pig, human, or chicken erythrocytes. Peptide fingerprint analysis revealed F17 and F(Y) adhesins to be homologous, if not identical.
Failure to demonstrate transmission of enzootic bovine leukemia virus infection from cows to sheep by use of common injection needles
Authors: Weber A. F. , Meiske J. C. , Haggard D. L. , Sorensen D. K. , Domagala A. M. , Flaum A. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four bovine leukemia virus (blv)-seropositive and 2 blv-seronegative cows were used as donors in a study to provide evidence whether im injection with common needles is a means of spreading bovine leukemia. Sheep were used as recipients. Of the 4 blv-seropositive cows, 2 had high virus expression (ve; 43% and 28% of their lymphocyte thin sections had associated blv-particles), whereas the other 2 cows did not have observed ve. After each of the 4 cows was given an injection of a 5-antigen Leptospira bacterin, a blv-seronegative sheep was immediately given an injection of the same bacterin with the same needle. None of these sheep seroconverted, nor did either of 2 sheep given only the bacterin (with a previously unused needle). Sheep inoculated iv with 0.2 ml of whole blood from both of the cows with high ve and from 1 of the 2 blv-seropositive cows that did not have observed ve did seroconvert. In contrast, the sheep inoculated with 0.2 ml of blood from the remaining blv-seropositive (0% ve) cow and from the 2 blv-seronegative cows remained seronegative. These results were interpreted to indicate that the quantity of infective lymphocytes passed during injection with common needles is too small to induce infection.
Effect of efrotomycin in feed on the quantity, duration, and prevalence of shedding and antibacterial susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium in experimentally infected swine
Authors: Jacks Thomas M. , Frazier Easter , Judith Fredric R. , Olson George 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of efrotomycin administered at the rate of 16 mg/kg of feed in 10 Salmonella typhimurium-inoculated pigs was determined by comparing this group with a group of 10 pigs inoculated with S typhimurium that were given nonmedicated feed. Two control groups of 4 noninoculated pigs each, 1 group medicated with efrotomycin at 16 mg/kg of feed, the other nonmedicated, also were evaluated.
An inoculum of 1.7 × 1010 colony-forming-units/pig induced colonization of S typhimurium in all 20 pigs. Evaluation of the quantity of shedding did not reveal a clear or consistent treatment-related increase in S typhimurium counts; mean differences between the nonmedicated and medicated groups never exceeded 1 log unit. On the last day of the study (day 56 of the medication), 8 nonmedicated and 9 medicated pigs were determined to be infected with S typhimurium via enrichment procedures, so there was no difference in duration of shedding, and there were no significant differences in prevalence of shedding between the nonmedicated and medicated groups at any of the sampling times. Of 1,340 S typhimurium colonies isolated from the nonmedicated and medicated groups, 1,330 were susceptible to all 12 antibacterials tested, indicating no treatment-related effect on susceptibility. At necropsy, S typhimurium was not isolated from any liver or spleen specimens, and was isolated from only 2 of 20 lymph nodes. However, S typhimurium was isolated via enrichment from the cecal contents from all 20 pigs. There were no treatment-related differences in feed consumption, weight gain, or feed efficiency.
Appreciable differences in the measurements were not found between the efrotomycin-medicated and nonmedicated pigs.
Evaluation of a combination of xylazine, ketamine, and halothane for anesthesia in llamas
Authors: Gavier Dolores , Kittleson Mark D. , Fowler Murray E. , Johnson Lynne E. , Hall George , Nearenberg Deborah 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Anesthesia induced by use of a combination of xylazine, ketamine, and halothane, under conditions of spontaneous and mechanically controlled ventilation, was evaluated in 5 llamas positioned in dorsal recumbency. Using chronically implanted catheters, systemic arterial blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, heart rate and rhythm, cardiac output, blood pH and gas tensions, body temperature, and respiratory rate were measured before anesthesia induction (baseline), throughout the anesthetic period, and for 1 hour into the recovery period. During anesthesia, llamas undergoing spontaneous ventilation developed hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis. Cardiovascular function was decreased during both types of ventilation. The combination of xylazine, ketamine, and halothane in various doses and 2 ventilation procedures (spontaneous and controlled) provided a reliable method for general anesthesia in llamas, but marked cardiovascular depression developed during anesthesia maintenance with halothane. Spontaneous ventilation resulted in potentially clinically important respiratory acidosis.