bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cultural Forms of Trypanosoma ranarum (Lankester, 1871). I. Relation Between Cyclic Development of Culture Forms, Oxygen Consumption in the Presence of Glucose, and Malonate Inhibition.*
Authors: LEHMANN DONALD L. , SORSOLI WAYNE A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ten‐ or 12‐day cultures of Trypanosoma ranarum in Diamond's SNB‐9 medium contain large numbers of slender crithidia and considerably smaller numbers of pear‐shaped crithidia, but in fresh media the pear‐shaped bodies constitute about 93% of the population after 5 days whereas slender forms make up about 4–5%; the remainder are leishman bodies. Succeeding days show a different cycle in that the slender forms increase to some 93% at 10–13 days and the pear bodies decrease to some 3% of the total at the same time.When washed in Krebs‐Ringer phosphate buffer alone, neither morphological type shows endogenous respiration; in glucose containing buffer, O2 consumption becomes evident; pear‐shaped crithidia use, on an average, 12.6 μl O2/hr/108 whereas slender forms utilize 17.7 μl O2/hr/108 parasites. Malonate at 0.01 m inhibits O2 consumption of slender forms about 61% as compared to 27% with the pear‐shaped bodies. A speculative discussion of the relation between morphological types, O2 consumption in the presence of glucose, and malonate inhibition is presented.
Distribution of Tetrahymena pyriformis in Europe*
Authors: ELLIOTT ALFRED M. , ADDISON MARY A. , CAREY SUSANNE E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. One hundred eighty‐eight fresh‐water samples from France (30), Italy (42), Austria (12), Germany (1), Switzerland (35), Holland (20), England (26), and Sweden (22) were examined for T. pyriformis. The habitats included rivers, mountain streams, lakes, ponds, irrigation ditches, roadside ditches, running and dead water canals, and fountains. The temperature ranged from 10° to 30°C, locations from 42° to 68° North latitude, with elevations from sea level to approximately 3,000 feet. Of the samples taken 28 contained T. pyriformis from which 411 clones were established in axenic media. Thirty‐three additional samples contained ciliates other than T. pyriformis. All clones grew well in 1% proteose peptone; when screened for their nutritional requirements a few failed to grow on the completely defined medium and several others survived eight sub‐inoculations without thiamine.The nuclear and sexual activity pattern followed that of previous collections. In distribution, variety 6 was found in Italy, variety 3 in Austria, and variety 4 in England. A new variety (variety 10) with two mating types was isolated from four different habitats in England. Several strains from Italy, France, Holland, and England constitute one group which mated among themselves, but only a few of which reacted with mating type I of variety 6 from America. This demonstrates the close affinities of the European and American strains, yet shows the possible evolution of a new variety (species).
Biochemical Studies on Irradiated Protozoa. I. Effect of Metabolites on the Respiration of X‐Irradiated Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: ROTH J. S. , Fiorentino Eileen , Henry Eleanor , Wiercinski Carol 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. When Tetrahymena suspended in water were given increasing doses of radiation, oxygen consumption decreased with increasing dose, reaching 60–90% at 600,000 r. Cells irradiated in 0.07 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, showed no significant decrease in oxygen consumption even at 600,000 r. The decrease in respiration observed on irradiation of Tetrahymena pyriformis W in water with 300,000 r of X‐radiation was prevented by addition of pyruvate or acetate during or immediately after irradiation. Pyruvate stimulated the respiration of the X‐irradiated cells, particularly at 10 and 60 min post‐irradiation.Lactate markedly stimulated the respiration of control suspensions of Tetrahymena cells and oxidation of lactate by cells irradiated with 300,000 r was increased by 20 to 100%, depending on the concentration of lactate and the time after irradiation. Pyruvate was considerably more effective than lactate in increasing O2 uptake of X‐irradiated cells, particularly at 10 min post‐irradiation. Thioctic acid affected neither the respiration of control or X‐irradiated Tetrahymena nor the oxidation of pyruvate.The growth lag of Tetrahymena increased proportionately with increasing radiation dose; no cells survived 600,000 r. The presence of metabolites during irradiation did not affect the lag period or subsequent growth rates. The effects observed were discussed in terms of an alteration of the permeability of Tetrahymena after irradiation.
Steroid Requirements of Trichomonads*
Authors: LUND PAULINE G. , SHORB MARY S. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The steroid requirement of a Trypticase‐requiring strain, SLT, of Trichomonas gallinae on the Shorb‐Lund synthetic basal medium minus ribonucleic acid was fulfilled by cholesterol, 7‐dehydrocholesterol(provitamin D3), cholestanol (dihydrocholesterol), and to a lesser degree, by ergosterol (provitamin D2), β‐sitosterol and zymosterol acetate. Cholestanol was inhibitory at certain concentrations. All steroids were subsequently checked by gas chromatography. Only cholesterol and zymosterol acetate showed one peak, the others containing 2 to 4 peaks. Repurified cholestanol was active and showed no inhibition of growth, but repurified β‐sitosterol was inactive. The following were also inactive: diethylstilbestrol, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, testosterone, desoxycorticosterone acetate, cortisone acetate, compound A, 5,6‐dihydro‐ergosterol, dihydroergosterol acetate, stigmasterol, sodium taurocholate, cholic acid, methyl desoxycholate, desoxycholic acid and methyl cholate. Precursors in cholesterol synthesis, acetate, mevalonic acid, mevalonic acid plus a liver extract and squalene were inactive in replacing cholesterol, although acetate is required for growth in the presence of cholesterol. Crystalline fat soluble vitamins, carotene, calciferol (vitamin D2), activated 7‐dehydrocholesterol (vitamin D3), menadione (vitamin K3) and tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) were inactive in replacing cholesterol.Trichomonas species PN from the pig's nose utilized cholesterol, 7‐dehydrocholesterol and the impure β‐sitosterol sample in a modified SL medium with acetate omitted. A reinvestigation of steroid requirements seems to be indicated when a completely synthetic medium and pure steroids are available.
Relationships between Feeding Organelles and Encystment in Oxytricha fallax Stein
Authors: HASHIMOTO KANEJI 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In Oxytricha fallax, extrusion of all the excretory crystals and some refractile bodies occurs when food is with held. The precystic animals thus resulting become transparent and undergo dedifferentiation of organelles. First the undulating membrane and cytostome are entirely resorbed, producing astomial forms. Then the adoral membranelles vanish gradually, accompanying which the somatic ciliature such as the cirri comes to be resorbed. Occasionally, early precystic animals retaining the intact feeding organelles reorganize spontaneously (physiological regeneration), but they become irreversibly encystable by high‐temperature treatment; for hastening resorption of feeding organelles accelerates encystment.When transparent animals at various precystic stages are cut in half the posterior fragment (PF) always encysts faster than the anterior one (AF) from the same parent, except that some of the AFs from early stages reorganize into normal vegetative forms. The time difference for completion of encystment between an AF and PF pair is at early stages larger than at later ones. If the anterior part of AF is further excised, the time difference for encystment between AF and PF from the same source becomes smaller or indistinguishable, with the exception that some AFs from early stages regenerate instead. Further, when the anterior part of whole precystic animals is removed, the time for their encystment is reduced. Also in this case, the fragments from early stages normally regenerate.From these results, it is presumed that the adoral membranelles tend to inhibit the encystment process as they do the initiation of an oral primordium in dividers and regenerants of Stentor and other ciliates. Accordingly, when resorption of membranelles becomes extensive as precystic processes progress, their dominance over and inhibition of cyst formation may be diminishing. From the fact that regeneration of fragments from early stages into normal forms may be due to retention of the undulating membrane, its resorption is considered to be an essential prerequisite for the initiation of irreversible encystment.
Limits of Transplantation Tolerance in Large Amoebae. I. Microfusion Studies Using Amoeba proteus, Pelomyxa illinoisensis, and Three Strains of Pelomyxa carolinensis*
Authors: DANIELS E. W. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Protoplasm transferred to a multinucleated amoeba is well tolerated if the donor and recipient portions are from the same amoeba, from different amoebae of a single clone, from different amoebae of the same species found in a given location, or from different amoebae of the same species found in widely separated geographic areas. On the other hand, protoplasm is not tolerated and death invariably follows interspecific or intergeneric microtransfers between any two of the three species of amoebae used in this study.Attempts to overcome the tolerance block in heterologous transfers by the use of x‐radiation failed although a significant extension of the mean survival time was obtained. The latter can also be interpreted as a limited therapeutic effect of nonirradiated, heterologous donor protoplasm on supralethally irradiated recipients.
Intracellular Phagotrophy in Babesia rodhaini as Revealed by Electron Microscopy*
Authors: RUDZINSKA MARIA A. , TRAGER WILLIAM 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An electron microscope study of thin sections of Babesia rodhaini parasitizing mouse erythrocytes showed that this intracellular parasite feeds on its host cell in the same way as do malarial parasites. Large portions of erythrocyte cytoplasm are engulfed by invaginations of the plasma membrane leading to the formation of food vacuoles. The digestion of hemoglobin seems to be complete in Babesia since no pigment (hemozoin) could be detected either in the food vacuoles or in the cytoplasm.The fine structure of Babesia rodhaini is very similar to that of Plasmodium berghei. In both, typical mitochondria are lacking. Instead a structure was found composed of concentric membranes which it is assumed might perform mitochondrial functions. As in Plasmodium berghei a double‐membraned vacuole with a matrix of low density is present in almost all sections. The endoplasmic reticulum is represented by small vesicles; the ground‐substance is filled with Palade's small particles. The nucleus is large and surrounded by two membranes.Babesia reproduces by budding and binary fission. Reproduction is not easy to identify since the parasite forms large pseudopods resembling stages in division.
The Occurrence of the Protozoan Parasite Histomonas meleagridis in the Adults and Eggs of the Cecal Worm Heterakis gallinae*
Authors: GIBBS BYRON J. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Females of Heterakis gallinae were separated on the basis of their capacity to transmit the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis. Sections of worms, capable of transmitting the protozoon, revealed the organism in both males and females as well as in the eggs. Infected male worms contained histomonads in the gut wall and the wall and lumen of the reproductive system. Female worms infected with H. meleagridis showed the organisms throughout the reproductive system. Histomonads, found in uterine eggs possessing shells, had a larger nucleus and reduced cytoplasm.Because of the presence of the protozoon among the sperm in the male reproductive system, it is believed the organism can be transmitted to female worms through copulation. The cycle in the worms also supports the assumption that H. meleagridis was originally a parasite of the worm.
Ophryoglena mugardi n. sp. (Ciliata Hymenostomatida Ophryoglenidae). Cycles de reproduction*
Authors: SAVOIE ALBERT 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ophryoglena mugardi is an Ophryoglena of medium size characterized by its spindle‐shaped and bimicronuclear theront, by its rather bulky trophont and by its physiological reproductive cycle. During starvation its physiological evolution causes a secondary and temporary encystment of the theront lasting 6 or 7 days (at 18°C). The ultimate re‐encystment leads to cytolysis. Feeding induces the physiological reproductive cycle; if food is given soon after the release of the tomites, it determines a primary cycle, usually allowing eight tomites; if it is dispensed only after the secondary encystment of the hungry theront and after its excystment it causes the appearance of secondary cycles, allowing two or four tomites.When the starved theront, becoming smaller and smaller, is fed it produces trophonts which encyst. These no longer divide; each one delivers one theront only. These theronts, smaller and smaller, are able to produce the original major forms, but only after several successive alimental cycles and without any secondary encystment of the theront.
Electron Microscope Studies on Eimeria perforans (Sporozoa)
Authors: SCHOLTYSECK ERICH O. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. By means of electron microscopy, a study has been made of the fine structure of the macrogametocytes, microgametocytes and oocysts of Eimeria perforans from the intestine of the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The parasites lie in a vacuole within the host cell. The surface of the gametocytes is not plain, but displays irregular protrusions. A large intranuclear body can be detected within the macrogametocytes. Similar structures are also found within the cytoplasm. Within the latter there exists a large spread out reticulum, the channels and vesicles of which concentrate especially close to the nuclear membrane. Tubuli are seen in the numerous mitochondria, which often have a dumb‐bell shape.In most of the gametocytes irregular, strongly osmiophilic lipid inclusions are observed, which always are surrounded by the endoplasmic reticulum. Strange folded ovoid bodies are found within the cytoplasm of the oocysts. Nothing can be told with certainty of their nature and function. Probably they represent specific storage bodies.
Cellular Responses to Thermal and Photo Stress II. Chlorotic Euglenids and Tetrahymena*
Authors: GROSS J. A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Three chlorotic Euglena substrains, PBZ‐G4, SM‐L1, and HB‐G, were cultured in light and dark at 25° and 33–35°C. These permanently chlorophyll‐less flagellates with different carotenoid distributions were originally derived from a photosynthetic stock culture. Astasia longa, a naturally pigmentless flagellate, and the ciliate Tetrahymena were also employed.None of the organisms were light‐dependent at 25°C. At high temperatures only the Euglena substrains showed an effect of light on growth: PBZ‐G4 was inhibited, as was the photosynthetic parent strain, whereas SM‐L1 and HB‐G were stimulated. In all three substrains, monster forms were produced at elevated temperatures; SM‐L1 and HB‐G were multinucleated, while PBZ‐G4 had an enlarged, single nucleus. A small percentage of astasias became multinucleated and almost all the tetrahymenas became giants when cultured at high temperature but neither was affected by light.Light‐temperature interactions in the nonphotosynthetic substrains of Euglena are, at present, unexplained. The results are discussed in relation to the carotenoid content and the possible site of interaction. The major factor inducing abnormality is thermal stress.
The Mode of Action of Certain 3‐ and 5‐Nitropyridines and Pyrimidines. I. Prophase Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: MICHAELS RHODA M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Of 17 derivatives of 3‐ and 5‐nitropyridine and pyrimidine which inhibited Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro, 7 also inhibited in vivo. The ones with the greatest in vitro activity, and the only ones that were active in vivo, were 5‐nitropyridines and pyrimidines with a single substituent at C2. With combinations of compounds, the in vitro inhibitory action was additive. The in vitro inhibitory activity of each was reversed by structurally related compounds, e.g. 2‐acetamido‐5‐nitropyridine. All inhibitors presumably were acting similarly. In later work with 2‐amino‐5‐nitropyrimidine (inhibitor) as model compound, the inhibition represented by extreme prolongation of the generation time was immediately reversible on removal of the inhibitor and without subsequent effect on the lag phase or generation time of the surviving cells even in a population made up of >90% non‐viable cells.Staining indicated that, after 2‐hour growth with inhibitor, mitosis was arrested at prophase. To verify this subjective observation, cells were exposed to both inhibitor and 10−3 M colchicine since after 5‐hour growth with colchicine all cells were in “c” (colchicine)‐mitosis. If the inhibitor did act at prophase, then cells exposed both to inhibitor and colchicine should proceed only as far as prophase. This proved the case.Since 2‐amino‐5‐nitropyrimidine had the same killing characteristics as 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP), which blocks mitosis at prophase by inhibiting phosphorylation, the metabolism of resting cells was compared in the presence of 4 × 10−4 M DNP (the concentration 90% growth inhibitory) or 2‐amino‐5‐nitropyrimidine. This concentration of DNP uncoupled phosphorylation since it stimulated the rate of reduction of 2,3,5‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride. 2‐Amino‐5‐nitropyrimidine did not change the metabolic rate on simple addition to resting cells. But when cells were grown with at least 40μg/ml for at least 3 hr, endogenous metabolism was inhibited while utilization of malate was stimulated and became linear with time. It was demonstrated that both metabolic disturbances were due to accumulation of diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN). Accumulation of DPN was not responsible for prophase blockage. The lesion resulting in prophase blockage remains unknown.
Mechanisms of Locomotion in Flagellates. I. Ceratium*
Authors: JAHN THEODORE L. , HARMON WALLACE M. , LANDMAN MICHAEL 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Observation of the longitudinal flagellum of Ceratium tripos and C. furca with stroboscopic light revealed that this flagellum beats with a planar wave very close in form to a sine wave. The transverse flagellum, however, was seen to beat with a circular or elliptical helical wave, the amplitude of which was such that about half the wave was out of the girdle. With dark‐field illumination, suspensions of polystyrene spheres (1.18 μ in diameter) made possible the observation and photography of currents set up by the organism's flagella. This technique revealed an unsuspected component of the force generated by the transverse flagellum, which drives the organism forward.A wire helix, rotating under water, was found to generate a current in one direction along the axis of the helix. When a “girdle” formed from modeling clay was placed around the helix, thus simulating the transverse flagellum, the current was found to flow across the axis of the helix. The girdle in both the model and the dinoflagellate is assumed to cancel those components of force generated by the portion of the helical wave within it which would tend to cause the water to rotate about the helix. The only effective components of this force are therefore those generated by that side of the helix not enclosed in the girdle, and their action is to drive water across the girdle.
The Characterization of Antigens Isolated from Trypanosoma rhodesiense*
Authors: SEED J. RICHARD 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two blood trypanosome antigens (PR and AG) have been isolated from the serum of infected rats. These antigens are specific for each strain of trypanosome. The AG antigens, detected by agar diffusion techniques, have been extensively purified and are prctein in nature. Those isolated from two different strains differ in their heat sensitivity and in their elution patterns from calcium phosphate gel. The AG antigens are apparently not involved in the protection of mice after immunization with infected rat serum. The PR antigens, not yet detected by agar diffusion techniques, protect mice after immunization. These antigens also appear to be proteins.At least two antigens in the soluble portion of blood trypanosome homogenates are common to the “brucei” group of trypanosomes. These antigens are not involved in determining the serotype of different strains of trypanosomes. Furthermore, there are no biological properties by which the common antigen can at present be characterized.The enzyme hexokinase has also been found to be antigenically similar in both blood and culture trypanosomes. This enzyme, however, has not been detected by agar diffusion techniques. This, therefore, suggested that there are probably numerous antigens common to different strains of T. rhodesiense which have not been detected by this technique.
Histomonas wenrichi n. sp. (Mastigophora: Mastigamoebidae), a Nonpathogenic Parasite of Gallinaceous Birds
Authors: LUND EVERETT E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A nonpathogenic histomonad, morphologically identical to that found in pheasants by Wenrich in 1943, is described as Histomonas wenrichi n. sp. Its dimensions are about 1.5 × those of H. meleagridis. It has 4 flagella instead of the 1 or 2 that characterize the latter species. It does not multiply in the host tissues nor produce visible responses to its presence there, and it does not exist as the clear “tissue form” that is common in active H. meleagridis infections.Histomonas wenrichi n. sp. can be transmitted to turkeys, chickens, and pheasants by either rectal inoculation or by feeding embryonated eggs of Heterakis gallinarum grown in birds harboring the nonpathogenic histomonad in the ceca. Usually fewer than half the female heterakids so grown produce eggs capable of transmitting this histomonad, and a total of 200 to several thousand eggs from worms recovered from Histomonas‐infected birds may be required to produce one Histomonas infection.Histomonas wenrichi n. sp. has been propagated in more than 2000 chickens and turkeys over an 8‐year period, during which time it has been transmitted by 18 generations of Heterakis. It has frequently been grown in birds in which H. meleagridis was also present, and upon reisolation it maintained all of its original characteristics. It has not yet been cultivated in vitro.