bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Three Types of Marijuana Dependencies
Authors: Harms Ernest 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne of the major reasons why we fail to combat the presort drug dependencies is because we try to simply deal with the dependency as such. We do not take into consideration that there are a variety of addictions which should be treated in different ways according to their specific characters. In an effort to make these matters understandable, one can point to the two major types of dependency, that of marijuana and that of heroin. Suck a basic differentiation however, cannot stop simply after establishing this fact. To be really factual and concrete one must go farther and, distinguish specific reaction types of such major drugs. In this way we have to distinguish three types of marijuana and four types of heroin dependencies. The purpose of this study is to present in detail and with exemplifictions the three kinds of marijuana dependencies and to offer certain basic directions for the specific therapy which ought to be applied to them.
Milieu Management for Drug Addicts: Extended Drug Subculture or Rehabilitation?*
Authors: Hart Larry 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to attempt to show that present day paraprofessional drug milieu treatment facilities are extended drug subcultures and are not fully rehabilitating addicts.Research tends to indicate that Synanon House of California may offer its residents a protective society and a program which is not conducive to complete rehabilitation. It was also noted that ex‐addicts may become part of Synanon's ex‐addict social system and that the ex‐addict may become emotionally dependent upon Synanon. Also, numerous clinical impressions and observations made by the writer during a graduate field work placement were noted. It was suggested that professional ex‐addicts may be part of an extended drug subculture. Maintenance of the extended subculture and some of the inter‐ and inter personal dynamics which appear to be operating at a para‐professional drug rehabilitation facility were discussed.Lastly, modifications of present day drug programs were suggested to facilitate rehabilitation. Generally, the recommendations centred around getting community people into the facility and getting residents out of the facility.
Ethical and Social‐Psychological Aspects of Urinalysis to Detect Heroin Use*
Authors: Lewis Virginia S. , Petersen David M. , Geis Gilbert , Pollack Seymour 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the social scientific aspects of urinalysis procedures in the detection of heroin use. Data on attitudes toward urinalysis and subject behavior in regard to the test were derived from interviews with 53 former addicts who were subject to urinalysis as part of their release requirements from a federal commitment program. The study results indicate that a great deal of anxiety is associated with urinalysis both for the former addicts and the supervisory staff. Information is also provided on the procedures used by the former addicts to subvert the test. The accuracy of urinalysis tests under field conditions is questioned.
Taste Thresholds in Drug Addicts and Alcoholics
Authors: Smith S. E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTaste thresholds to quinine have been measured in 27 drug addicts and 28 alcoholics. By comparison with suitably matched control healthy subjects, drug addicts had significantly lower, and alcoholics significantly higher, thresholds. In the drug addicts no relationship was found between thresholds to quinine, amphetamine and pentobarbitone and individual drug‐taking preferences for amphetamines, hypnotics, narcotics or psychotomimetic agents. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Out‐Patient Treatment of Narcotic Addiction. Who Benefits?
Authors: Oppenheim G. B. , Wright Jean E. , Buchanan J. , Biggs Leo 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe fast three years work of a drug dependence Out‐Patient clinic is discussed. 40 patients who succeeded in overcoming their drug habit are compared with a similar number still on drugs. No clear differences emerged which offered a prognostic guide.
Toward a Model of Primary Prevention of Drug Abuse in Elementary Schools
Authors: Weimar Robert H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryEmphasis upon a public health model with two elements of primary prevention (non‐specific health promotion and specific protection) is employed to critique methods and techniques listed in twenty‐seven curriculum outlines and guidelines for drug abuse prevention programs in elementary schools. Responses from twenty‐four states and territories, five cities, a federal agency and a private association are listed.The techniques, which were most often cited, using grade five as a base, were: the listing and the classification of drugs, the use of role play and/or dramatization, the discussion of prescription vs. non‐prescription drugs, the use of bulletin board displays, the discussion of drug storage, the discussion of the history of drugs, suggestions for a doctor or nurse presentation, and the collection of articles and advertisements about drugs.Critique of existing methods is based upon the finding that most programs focused upon specific protection rather than upon the non‐specific health promotional aspects of primary prevention.
Drug Abuse in the East Midlands. A Study of 139 Patients Referred to an Addiction Unit
Authors: Ritson E. B. , Toller Penny , Harding Felicity 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn the fast part of a long‐term evaluation of a specialised service for the treatment of drug and alcohol addicts, interviews were conducted with 139 drug abusers referred in 1969 and 1970. The problems of drug abuse in the East Midlands differ from those described in metropolitan areas. The problem in terms of notified opiate addiction is small although over half the sample had had at least one experience with opiates. There was a low incidence of physical disability due to drug abuse, compared to the London clinics. The most commonly abused drugs were oral amphetamines and cannabis, but patients usually had experience of more than one drug. There was a marked increase in LSD abuse since 1970. Dependence was on a drug sub‐culture rather than on any particular drug. Social pressures appeared more important in the genesis of drug abuse than mental distress. Over half claimed to have been introduced to drugs by “a friend” and only 6 per cent by “a pusher”. This would suggest that the efficacy of legislators making a distinction between pusher and user is blurred.The mean age of the sample was 23 years. Most were unmarried and all were British by birth. No social class was disproportionately represented. Most were resident in Nottingham or Nottinghamshire. Distance and lack of information may have been a barrier to patients further afield using the service. Over half were unemployed at first contact. The majority of the sample had an unstable work record.The number of patients referred to the Addiction Unit is increasing probably because the Clinic is becoming better known in the area. It is suggested, however, that the patients seen represented only a small proportion of the overall problem of drug abuse in the East Midlands. There is a growing need for treatment centres in the provinces to deal with the problems of drug abuse which differ from the metropolitan pattern.
A Cross‐cultural Study of Attitudes about Marijuana Smokers
Authors: Doctor Ronald M. , Sklov Monny 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt is well known that British and American legal and health professions have established very different modes of dealing with drug addiction problems. Presumably, differences in treatment of the addict are also reflected in public attitudes about addiction and addicted individuals. It seems reasonable to assume that public attitudes would also differ regarding individuals who smoke marijuana. The purpose of this survey was to determine the nature of British and American attitudes about marijuana smokers. It was hypothesized that British citizens would tend to be more tolerant of the marijuana user, would be less socially rejecting, more inclined to view their behavior as a medical problem with physical determinants than American citizens. In order to identify differences and similarities between British and American views of marijuana users, samples of students from these countries were asked to complete an attitude questionnaire that sampled views of etiology, treatment, and personal reactions to people who smoke marijuana. Comparisons were also made between users and nonusers of marijuana in the two cultural samples in order to isolate attitudes within these subgroups.
Psychological Differentiation and the Response of Opiate Addicts to Pharmacological Treatment
Authors: Feldstein Stanley , Chesler Phyllis , Fink Max 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe degrees of psychological differentiation of 21 opiate dependent males, as measured by the Embedded Figures Test, were found to be unrelated to their scores on a self‐report questionnaire (HAQ) which a previous study had shown capable of distinguishing between addicts who do and do not respond well to an heroin antagonist. The HAQ, however, Has sufficiently high internal consistency to warrant further exploration of its usefulness.
Police and Illicit Drug Markets: Some Economic Considerations*
Authors: Koch James V. , Grupp. Stanley E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe role and effects of police activity in the enforcement of drug laws are examined using the economic tools of supply and demand analysis. In view of the epidemic nature of the drug abuse problem and its obvious economic aspects, the infrequent application of economic analysis in the area seems an anomaly. This analysis suggests that some of our current enforcement practices are apparently futile. It is clear, however, that no simple solution to illicit drug abuse exists because of the interdependence of the markets for different drugs, because of the interplay between the supply and demand sides of most clandestine drug markets, and because of changing social mores and legal standards. Several important implications for the activities of police are evident. Vigorous drug law enforcement by police appears to be counterproductive and dysfunctional when it is: (1) directed at drugs such as heroin which are addictive in nature and which have price inelastic (unresponsive) demands; and (2) directed primarily at the supply side of the market. Supply‐reducing law enforcement activities will apparently not be counterproductive and will not greatly increase the number and character of crimes if it is directed at drugs which are nonaddictive in nature (for example, marihuana), and which have price elastic (responsive) demands.Demand‐reducing policies are more appropriate for addicting drugs such as heroin. Demand‐reducing polices analysed include; (1) education; (2) rehabilitative incarceration; and (3) drug substitutes such as methadone. The role of police in demand‐reducing policies is probably smaller, however, than their corresponding role in supply‐reducing policies. The role of police in a medically‐oriented approach similar to that existing in Geat Britain is also minimal.
Locus of Control and Alcoholism
Authors: Costello Raymond M. , Manders Kenneth R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPerformances of active and recovered alcoholics were compared on two measures of locus of control, I‐E and EC, and on the MC. The finding of excessively low scores on the I‐E for drinking groups was again replicated. A relationship among measures existed, such that a low scorer on the I‐E tended to be a high scorer on the MC and on EC–OE. The study was extended to include a wider sample of subjects and to test the reliability of the 1–E as a monitor of the recovery process. The one‐day coefficient of stability of the I‐E was 0.94; the 30‐day coefficient was 0.85, The phenomenon measured by the I‐E was relatively refractory to manipulation over a 30‐day treatment interval, suggesting that it was a relatively stable personality characteristic in this sample of problem drinkers. The I–E was again related to the EC (A) at the external locus; high scorers on the I–E tended also to score high on the EC–FE. A racial effect on I–E was found, such that non‐whites scored higher than whites.
An Investigation of an Alcoholism Rehabilitation Halfway House: HI Reciprocal Staff‐Resident Evaluations
Authors: Orford Jim , Hawker Ann , Nicholls Peter 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwo members of staff at an alcoholism rehabilitation halfway house were found to employ, as a major dimension for describing residents of the halfway house, an evaluative dimension to which both professional and personal constructs contributed. There was a significant tendency for the two members of staff to evaluate the same residents positively and the same negatively, and positive evaluations of residents by staff were correlated significantly with positive evaluations by residents of the halfway house programme. It was concluded that social worker–resident relationships in the context of an alcoholism halfway house could not be fully understood as relationships between neutral skilled technicians and their clients, but rather had to be understood in terms of the same processes affecting normal, every‐day social relationships. Neither initial evaluations of residents by staff, nor early evaluations of the halfway house by residents, were predictive of either length of stay or type of discharge.
The Experimental Approach to Alcoholism *
Authors: Littleton J. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe author discusses the biochemical basis of physical and psychological dependence on ethanol, with particular reference to the role of acetaldehyde, monoamines and amino acids. Preliminary results are presented in which the factors of environment, heredity, sex, age and diet are shown to affect susceptibility of mice to ethanol dependence, and an attempt is made to relate the influence of these factors to the biochemical basis of dependence.
Who Goes to Alcoholic Units *
Authors: Hore Brian , Smith Eileen 
Published: January 2006

SummaryData on 334 patients (male 269, female 65) attending as inpatients 15 of the 17 alcoholic units in England and Wales was obtained. The mean age was 42 years ± 12·1 (males) and 40·3 years ± 9·7 (females). Patients educated at Grammar School were over represented compared with school leavers in 1950. 85·3% of the patients were reared by one or more parents. In terms of Social Class by occupation (30·1% males and 12·3% females were unemployed) the male distribution was S.C. I (14%) S.C. II (25%) S.C. III (35%) S.C. IV (12%) S.C. V (14%) whilst for females S.C. I(18%) S.C. II (32%) S.C. III (23%) S.C. IV (15%) S.C. V (12%). There was over representation of S.C. III and V in the patient sample compared with census (1961) data. In relation to Social Stability scores (Strauss and Bacon 1951) the distribution was as follows. 4 points (25·5%) 3 points (30·8%) 2 points (19·6%) 1 point (15·9%) 0 points (5·1%).This data was compared with clients attending Information Centres in England, A.A. members in London, clients attending Alcoholism Treatment Centres in the U.S.A. and the London Skid Row members. Patients attending Alcoholism Units closely resemble the former three groups, if anything being even more stable, and all four groups are sharply different from members of Skid Raw. Although the units were homogeneous some inter‐unit differences in population was evident which would make comparisons of treatment very difficult.
Characteristics of Successful Alcoholism Treatment Programs for American Workers
Authors: Schramm Carl J. , DeFillippi Robert J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the question of determining the component characteristics of successful industrial alcoholism treatment programs by analyzing the findings reported in twenty‐four previous studies. The review begins by speaking to methodological problems in comparing reports of treatment outcomes such as comparability of the data measurement problems, and differences in treatment populations. It speaks directly to the importance of coercive and confrontation tactics on the part of management as being necessary to successful identification and referral of problem drinkers in industrial programs. Indeed, the authors conclude that the significance of company identification and referral procedures may play a greater part in rehabilitation than the components of the treatment situation. The paper also describes the unique importance of the industrial setting as having a potentially greater rehabilitative affect than other treatment settings.
A Monitoring and Evaluation Plan for Alcoholism Programs
Authors: Helmick Edward , Miller Sheldon I. , Nutting Paul , Shorr Gregory , Berg Lawrence 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn 1972 a study was undertaken to evaluate the quality of services being delivered to a population of alcohol abusers. This study focused primarily on the system of health care rather than the outcome of treatment modalities. The results of this study indicated a great deficit in the health care delivery system and therefore a system was devised to help correct this identified deficit. This system is described in detail and is currently being implemented in the state of Alaska. The goals are multiple and include assurance of a minimum standard of care, collection of data which will allow audit of the sytsem and of the health care providers and finally information which will increase our understanding of the types of treatment most effective in the care of a given patient.
Blood Chemistry Changes in Drinking Alcoholics*
Authors: Gellens Harvey K. , Gottheil Edward , Arayata L. , Alterman Arthur I. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe harmful effects of excessive alcohol intake, on a physiological as well as psychological basis, have been accepted for some time now. It has been suggested that in those alcoholic treatment programs where the patient is allowed to drink, there may actually be some adverse effects on hepatic functioning. One of the major features of our program relates to the fact that alcohol is made available, in limited quantities, to the patient on a fixed interval basis. In order to check on the possibility of adverse effects in our own program, we decided to use the SMA 12, which had been utilized routinely as a screening device, to compare the status of our patients at the beginning of the program with their subsequent status at the end of the program five weeks later.The subjects in this study, 75 male patients between the ages of 25 and 55 years, were initially screened for any medical illness or history of psychosis, or brain damage that would be aggravated by the use of alcohol. For purposes of analysis, they were divided into three groups based on the average amount of alcohol consumed daily: nondrinkers, moderate drinkers, and heavy drinkers.Tests for 11 blood chemistry variables, the SMA 12 less creatine phosphokinase, were carried out at the beginning of the program and again just before the program ended. The major results were as follows: (1) the majority of the patients showed a general overall reduction on the blood chemistry variables, which would seem to be related to improvement in overall physiological function; (2) the degree of apparent improvement over the course of the program was not related to the amount of alcohol consumed, in that a patient who drank “heavily” while on the program could be expected to show the same degree of apparent improvement on the blood chemistry tests as did another patient who elected to abstain; some possible reasons for this finding were discussed at length in the paper, as was, also, the relevance of these findings to other alcoholic treatment programs in which alcohol consumption is utilized as one of the avenues of treatment.
An Evaluation of the Treatment and After‐Care of a Hundred Alcoholics
Authors: Davidson Anne F. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA follow‐up study was carried out on a series of a hundred alcoholic patients discharged from Warlingham Park Hospital Alcoholic Unit during the period October 1968 to May 1970. An attempt has been made to evaluate treatment results together with various aspects of the after‐care available to patients.The role of Out‐patient Groups, Alcoholics Anonymous, Re‐union Meetings and informal social contacts are discussed. Treatment prospects for the female alcoholic are considered and attention is given to the role of the hostel in consolidating the gains made by the patient during his or her stay in the Alcoholic Unit. Also discussed is the role of the spouse in the recovery programme of the alcoholic. Comment is also made about the relationship between occupational class and treatment outcome. It was found that just under 50% of the traceable sample appeared to have benefited from treatment. The survey also discusses and attempts to evaluate aspects of the after‐care support available to patients following discharge. Some suggestions are made as to the planning of future facilities.
The Effects of Drug Talks to School Children
Authors: Morgan H. Gethin , Hayward Alan 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn attempt was made to assess the effects of drug education. A questionnaire study of schoolboys receiving talks showed that an informal discussion which allows adequate time for topics raised by the pupils is probably far better than a formal lecture. The majority of pupils were found to be antagonistic to the use of hard drugs.No evidence was found to suggest that informal talks made the pupils more sympathetic to drug use. Talks should aim at reinforcing negative attitudes which most pupils already possess with regard to hard drugs. However, it seems to be more important to allow free discussion about soft drugs such as sedatives, stimulants and cannabis, towards which children may be more sympathetic.
Testing Predictive Efficiency of Patient Classifications for Methadone Maintenance Clients
Authors: Babst Dean V. , Ellis Rosalind , Schmeidler James 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study tests the predictive accuracy of a typology for male methadone maintenance patients. The test consists of ascertaining how well the patient classification developed earlier predicts program retention for a new group. Each client was followed up after exactly two years to determine whether he was still in the program.The typology was developed using data based on the first patients admitted to the Dole‐Nyswander methadone maintenance program from fiscal 1965 through 1968. The predictive efficiency of the typology was tested with subjects admitted in fiscal 1969.The classification scheme had some predictive ability, but in general it performed poorer than most other prediction tests of this type. Within this study, the patient classifications with the most consistency were those based on two main items, number of prior convictions and job status at admission.
Alcohol, Drug, Tobacco and Sniffing Practices among Swedish Schoolchildren 1971–1974
Authors: Hibell Björn , Jonsson Erland 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStarting in 1971, random samples of Swedish schools are used to study the students' practices concerning alcohol, drugs, tobacco and sniffing.Fewer 13‐year‐olds reported in 1974 to drink, smoke or have sniffing experience, than in 1971. The same trend can be seen on the tobacco and sniffing practices among boys aged 16. It has become less prevalent among the 16‐year‐olds to drink beer once a week or more. In the two youngest age groups the girls drink about as often as the boys. However, the boys usually drink larger quantities on each occasion.No important variations between the different social classes, as to the number of consumers, can be seen.