bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphologic and biochemical characterization of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas
Authors: Reed Shannon K. , Semevolos Stacy A. , Rist Paul K. , Valentine Beth A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine the morphologic and biochemical characteristics of hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas.
Animals—12 adult llamas (6 with bilateral hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints and 6 age- and sex-matched control llamas).
Procedures—Llamas were evaluated by use of lameness examination, ultrasonography, and radiography. A CBC, serum biochemical analysis, and determination of concentrations of trace minerals in serum and liver samples were performed. Llamas were euthanized, and samples of the superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, and suspensory ligament were obtained from 4 areas and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen or suspended in neutral-buffered 10% formalin. Immunohistochemical evaluation of collagen types I and III and assays for measurement of lysyl oxidase activity were performed.
Results—2 affected llamas had a visible gait deficit associated with metacarpophalangeal joint hyperextension. Radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis was detected in 1 severely affected llama, and ultrasonographic changes of soft tissue mineralization and suspensory desmitis were observed in 2 llamas. Liver concentrations of copper were lower and serum concentrations of zinc higher in affected llamas, compared with values in control llamas. Lysyl oxidase activity and collagen distribution did not differ significantly between groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints in llamas does not appear to be the result of injury or degeneration of the suspensory ligament or flexor tendons. Lower copper concentrations coupled with higher zinc concentrations in affected llamas may be indicative of secondary copper deficiency.
Noninvasive assessment of the facilitation of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex by repeated electrical stimulations in conscious dogs
Authors: Bergadano Alessandra , Andersen Ole K. , Arendt-Nielsen Lars , Spadavecchia Claudia 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the facilitation of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) by repeated electrical stimuli and the associated behavioral response scores in conscious, nonmedicated dogs as a measure of temporal summation and analyze the influence of stimulus intensity and frequency on temporal summation responses.
Animals—8 adult Beagles.
Procedures—Surface electromyographic responses evoked by transcutaneous constant-current electrical stimulation of ulnaris and digital plantar nerves were recorded from the deltoideus, cleidobrachialis, biceps femoris, and cranial tibial muscles. A repeated stimulus was given at 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1 × It (the individual NWR threshold intensity) at 2, 5, and 20 Hz. Threshold intensity and relative amplitude and latency of the reflex were analyzed for each stimulus configuration. Behavioral reactions were subjectively scored.
Results—Repeated sub-It stimuli summated and facilitated the NWR. To elicit temporal summation, significantly lower intensities were needed for the hind limb, compared with the forelimb. Stimulus frequency did not influence temporal summation, whereas increasing intensity resulted in significantly stronger electromyographic responses and nociception (determined via behavioral response scoring) among the dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs, it is possible to elicit nociceptive temporal summation that correlates with behavioral reactions. These data suggest that this experimental technique can be used to evaluate nociceptive system excitability and efficacy of analgesics in canids.
Anatomic distribution and electrophysiologic properties of accessory atrioventricular pathways in dogs
Authors: Santilli Roberto A. , Spadacini Gianmario , Moretti Paolo , Perego Manuela , Perini Alberto , Crosara Serena , Tarducci Alberto 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the anatomic distribution and electrophysiologic properties of accessory pathways (APs) in dogs.
Design—Case series.
Animals—10 dogs with tachyarrhythmias associated with an AP.
Procedures—Each dog underwent electrophysiologic testing to determine the inducibility of documented and undocumented arrhythmias and to identify location, conduction properties, and antegrade and retrograde effective refractory periods of the APs. Radiofrequency catheter ablation was then performed.
Results—15 APs were identified; 7 dogs each had a single AP, and 3 had multiple APs. Fourteen of the 15 APs were right-sided (6 right free wall, 4 posteroseptal, 3 midseptal, and 1 anteroseptal), and 1 was left-sided (left free wall). All APs conducted in an all-or-none fashion. Unidirectional retrograde conduction was observed in 11 APs, and bidirectional conduction was observed in 4. All documented tachyarrhythmias could be induced during electrophysiologic testing; atrial fibrillation was also inducible in 2 dogs. Mean ± SD cycle duration of orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia was 215.80 ± 44.87 milliseconds. Mean shortest R-R interval during atrial fibrillation was 247.33 ± 83.17 milliseconds.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that in dogs, most APs are right-sided, had unidirectional retrograde conduction, and are associated with various arrhythmias, including orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia and atrial fibrillation without evidence of pre-excitation.
Use of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations to rule out a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: 123 cases (2000–2005)
Authors: Lennon Elizabeth M. , Boyle Tonya E. , Hutchins Rae Grace , Friedenthal Arit , Correa Maria T. , Bissett Sally A. , Moses Lorra S. , Papich Mark G. , Birkenheuer Adam J. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether basal serum or plasma cortisol concentration can be used as a screening test to rule out hypoadrenocorticism in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case-control study.
Animals—110 dogs with nonadrenal gland illnesses and 13 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism.
Procedures—Sensitivity and specificity of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations of either ≤ 1 μg/dL or ≤ 2 μg/dL to detect dogs with hypoadrenocorticism were estimated by use of the ACTH stimulation test as the gold standard.
Results—Basal cortisol concentrations of ≤ 1 μg/dL had excellent sensitivity (100%) and specificity (98.2%) for detecting dogs with hypoadrenocorticism. For basal cortisol concentrations of ≤ 2 μg/dL, sensitivity was 100% but specificity was 78.2%.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of sensitivity and specificity, basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations had high negative predictive values over a wide range of prevalence rates and can be used to rule out a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism. Dogs with basal cortisol concentrations > 2 μg/dL that are not receiving corticosteroids, mitotane, or ketoconazole are highly unlikely to have hypoadrenocorticism. However, if the basal cortisol concentration is ≤ 2 μg/dL, little to no information regarding adrenal gland function can be obtained and an ACTH stimulation test should be performed.
Congenital retrosternal (Morgagni) diaphragmatic hernias in three horses
Authors: Pauwels Frederik F. , Hawkins Jan F. , MacHarg Margaret A. , Rothenbuhler Ryan D. , Baird Debra K. , Moulton Jason S. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Case Description—3 horses were examined and treated because of sudden onset of signs of abdominal pain.
Clinical Findings—All horses had a retrosternal (Morgagni) hernia involving the right side of the diaphragm. In each horse, the large colon was incarcerated in a right muscular defect in the diaphragm with a large hernial sac.
Treatment and Outcome—Definitive surgical repair of the hernia was not performed during the initial celiotomy. The hernia was repaired with mesh herniorrhaphy, but without resection of the hernia sac in 2 horses. For 1 horse, conservative management was applied. In the 2 horses treated with surgical correction, no major postoperative complications developed, and all 3 horses have been free of signs of abdominal pain.
Clinical Relevance—Horses with retrosternal hernias involving the diaphragm can develop clinical signs of intermittent obstruction of the large colon and chronic colic. In horses, retrosternal diaphragmatic hernias appear to develop exclusively in the right ventral aspect of the diaphragm and could represent an embryologic defect of diaphragm formation. Affected horses can be successfully treated with mesh herniorrhaphy or, in some instances, with conservative management.
Physical aggression as a function of perceived fighting ability among male and female prisoners
Authors: Archer John 
Published: August 2007

AbstractStudy 1 used two scenarios depicting provocations to investigate whether prisoners' willingness to engage in physical aggression would vary according to the perceived fighting ability (Resource Holding Power [RHP]) of the opponent. RHP was operationalized in terms of three levels of the size, number of allies, and reputation. The sample (both sexes; N=1,253) was taken from a range of British prisons. Unexpectedly, the prisoners said that they would be less likely to attack a weaker opponent than an equally matched one. The predicted decline from equally matched to more formidable opponents was found only under some conditions. A further sample of male prisoners (N=260), completed a similar provocation scenario, with response options covering fear, several forms of aggression, the importance of the provocation for reputation, and that the provocation was unimportant. Fear increased with RHP as predicted. Lower physical aggression to a low RHP opponent was again found, and it was associated with a lesser impact on reputation of an insult from this source. There was also a lower likelihood of responding with physical aggression to a high RHP opponent, as originally predicted. Implications of the findings for motivational theories of aggression are discussed, and also the applicability to humans of concepts from game theory models of the evolution of fighting strategies. Aggr. Behav. 33:563–573, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Helping the cognitive system learn: exaggerating distinctiveness and uniqueness
Authors: Dror Itiel E. , Stevenage Sarah V. , Ashworth Alan R. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe caricature advantage demonstrates that performance is better when exaggerated stimuli are presented rather than a faithful image. This can be understood with respect to a theoretical framework in which caricaturing maximises the distinctiveness and thus minimises any perceptual or representational confusion. In this study we examine the possibility to harness caricatures to enhance learning. Thus, during learning the caricatures help the cognitive system pick up the unique and distinctive features of the learned material. This in turn helps to construct representations that correctly direct attention to the critical information. We trained 113 participants to identify aircraft across any orientation and found that the use of caricature is advantageous. However, the caricature advantage was most effective in complex learning where it is difficult to differentiate among different aircraft. Furthermore, the caricature advantage for subsequent recognition is attenuated when over‐learning has been achieved. These results are discussed in terms of the learning situations in which caricatures can be most effective in enhancing learning. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel mutation of the β‐globin gene promoter (−102 C>A) and pitfalls in family screening
Authors: Aguilar‐Martinez Patricia , Jourdan Eric , Brun Sophie , Cunat Séverine , Giansily‐Blaizot Muriel , Pissard Serge , Schved Jean‐François 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe describe a family with β‐thalassemia in which several pitfalls of genetic diagnoses were present. These include coherent family phenotypes with discrepancies in molecular findings because of nonpaternity, and a false β‐globin gene homozygous genotype due to a large deletion in the second locus. These findings underline the difficulties of family genetic studies and the need for tight relationship between professionals involved in laboratory studies and those in‐charge of the clinical follow‐up and genetic counselling. In this family, we also report a new silent β‐thalassemia mutation, −102 (C>A), in the distal CACCC box of the β‐globin gene promoter. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term outcome of Leigh syndrome caused by the NARP‐T8993C mtDNA mutation
Authors: Debray François‐Guillaume , Lambert Marie , Lortie Anne , Vanasse Michel , Mitchell Grant A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMutations at mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) nucleotide 8993 can cause neurogenic weakness, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP syndrome), or maternally inherited Leigh syndrome (LS), with a correlation between the amount of mutant mtDNA and the severity of the neurological disease. The T8993C mutation is generally considered to be clinically milder than the T8993G mutation but when the level of heteroplasmy exceeds 90%, progressive neurodegeneration has been found. We report on a long‐term follow‐up of a patient who presented at 4 years of age with typical LS but showed an unexpected resolution of his symptoms and a favorable outcome. At 18 years of age, his neurological examination was near normal, with neither peripheral neuropathy nor retinopathy. mtDNA analysis identified the presence of T8993C mutation at high level (>95%) in the patient's blood leukocytes. This case report and literature review emphasizes the variability of the phenotypic expression of the T8993C mutation and the need for caution in predictive counseling in such patients. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Four siblings with distal renal tubular acidosis and nephrocalcinosis, neurobehavioral impairment, short stature, and distinctive facial appearance: A possible new autosomal recessive syndrome
Authors: Faqeih Eissa , Al‐Akash Samhar I. , Sakati Nadia , Teebi Prof. Ahmad S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe report on four siblings (three males, one female) born to first cousin Arab parents with the constellation of distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA), small kidneys, nephrocalcinosis, neurobehavioral impairment, short stature, and distinctive facial features. They presented with early developmental delay with subsequent severe mental, behavioral and social impairment and autistic‐like features. Their facial features are unique with prominent cheeks, well‐defined philtrum, large bulbous nose, V‐shaped upper lip border, full lower lip, open mouth with protruded tongue, and pits on the ear lobule. All had proteinuria, hypercalciuria, hypercalcemia, and normal anion‐gap metabolic acidosis. Renal ultrasound examinations revealed small kidneys, with varying degrees of hyperechogenicity and nephrocalcinosis. Additional findings included dilated ventricles and cerebral demyelination on brain imaging studies. Other than distal RTA, common causes of nephrocalcinosis were excluded. The constellation of features in this family currently likely represents a possibly new autosomal recessive syndrome providing further evidence of heterogeneity of nephrocalcinosis syndromes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association study between gilles de la tourette syndrome and two genes in the robo‐slit pathway located in the chromosome 11q24 linked/associated region
Authors: Miranda D.M. , Wigg K. , Feng Y. , Sandor P. , Barr C.L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractGilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) is an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of motor and phonic tics. Previous genetic studies have identified linkage and association between GTS and the 11q24 chromosomal region. We selected for study, within this region, two possible susceptibility genes for GTS, the ROBO3 and ROBO4 genes. These two genes were selected because of the recent identification of SLITRK1 as a potential susceptibility gene for GTS based on a translocation breakpoint and the further finding of two mutations in the SLITRK1 gene in three patients with GTS. While thus far, the SLITRK1 gene appears to account for only a few cases of GTS, these findings, if confirmed, point to other genes in these pathways that may contribute to GTS. Based on this, we examined two genes in the Slit‐Robo pathway involved in cell migration, axonal pathfinding, and/or neuronal differentiation because of their location in 11q24, a region previously identified as linked and associated with GTS. We selected six haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for ROBO3 and four for ROBO4 and genotyped them in our sample of trios and sibpair families diagnosed with GTS. Based on 155 nuclear families with 255 affected children, we did not find evidence for association between GTS and either the ROBO3 or ROBO4 genes. Thus, these two genes are unlikely to be the susceptibility genes contributing to GTS on 11q24. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Azobisisobutyronitrile‐initiated free‐radical copolymerization of limonene with vinyl acetate: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Sharma Saroj , Srivastava A. K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe solution copolymerization of limonene (Lim) and vinyl acetate (VA) with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator in dioxane at 65 ± 0.1°C for 2 h under a nitrogen blanket has been carried out. The kinetic expression is [AIBN]0.5[VA]1.0[Lim]−1.0. The overall energy of activation has been computed to be 30 kJ/mol. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has shown bands at 1731 cm−1 due to acetoxy protons of VA and at 1689 cm−1 due to trisubstituted olefinic protons (CH CHCH2) of Lim. 1H‐NMR spectroscopy of the copolymer has shown peaks at δ = 1.2–1.5 and δ = 5.3–5.6 due to acetoxy and trisubstituted olefinic protons of VA and Lim, respectively. The reactivity ratios have been calculated to be 0.05 for VA and 0.011 for Lim with the Kelen–Tüdos method. The glass‐transition temperature of the copolymer, determined by differential scanning calorimetry, is 32.4°C. The copolymer is likely biodegradative in nature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Preparation, characterization, and utilization of cationized hemp as anion exchanger for removing permanganates and dichromate anions
Authors: Fahmy H. M. , Kohler R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUsing a software experimental design strategy and through 25 experiments, steam exploded hemp bast fibers (HBF) as well as their shives were cationized by the exhaustion method using 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride solution. The results obtained revealed that at pH 13, raising the temperature of a bath containing 100 g/L cationizing agent aqueous solution at liquor to substrate ratio 1/15 to 80°C for 90 min produces the cationized forms of HBFs as well as their shives with percent nitrogen content 0.2240 and 0.4893 respectively. The statistical analysis for the results indicated that the percent nitrogen content is significantly influenced by factors of time, pH, and primarily the cationizing agent concentration. The cationized forms of HBFs as well as their shives, having amino contents 76 and 104 mequiv/100 g respectively, were characterized by studying their potentiometric titration and were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis. Both of these cationized substrates were utilized as anion exchangers for adsorption of permanganate and dichromate anions from their acidic aqueous solutions. Adsorption dynamics of the removal of such anions were first‐order reactions whereas the adsorption isotherms showed that the adsorption of those anions on all the aforementioned anion exchangers was favorable. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Effects of cashew nut shell liquid as a plasticizer on cure characteristics, processability, and mechanical properties of 50 : 50 NR/EPDM blends: A comparison with paraffin oil
Authors: Arayapranee Wanvimon , Rempel Garry L. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract50 : 50 natural rubber (NR) and ethylene–propylene–diene monomer rubber (EPDM) blends were prepared with different contents of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a natural product obtained from the shells of the cashew nut, as a plasticizer. For comparison, a commercial paraffin oil plasticizer was also used. The effect of plasticizer content on the cure characteristics, processability, and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young's modulus before and after ageing was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the blend morphology. The results indicated that the CNSL plasticizer resulted in lower Mooney viscosity and lower cure time of the 50 : 50 NR/EPDM blends. The incorporation of CNSL into 50 : 50 NR/EPDM blends improved tensile strength and elongation at break but decreased Young's modulus. On addition of CNSL the resistance of the blends to heat and weathering ageing improved. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the morphology of the blend plasticized with CNSL is finer and more homogeneous compared with the blend plasticized with paraffin oil. Overall results indicate that CNSL can be used as a cheaper plasticizer to replace paraffin oil in NR/EPDM blends with improved processability and mechanical properties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Curing and thermal behaviour of epoxy resin in the presence of pyromellitic dianhydride and imidazole
Authors: Jain Ritu , Choudhary Veena , Narula A. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe curing behaviour of DGEBA was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry in the presence of varying amounts of PMDA. The molar ratio of DGEBA : PMDA was varied as 1 : 0.8, 1 : 1, 1 : 1.5, 1 : 2.0, and 1 : 2.5. The heat of polymerization (ΔH) was found to be maximum at a molar ratio of 1 : 0.8 (DGEBA : PMDA). To study the effect of imidazole content on the curing behaviour, varying amounts of imidazole, i.e., 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.3% (w/w) were used keeping the ratio of DGEBA : PMDA (1 : 0.8) constant. A broad exotherm was observed in all the samples. A significant decrease in the peak exotherm was observed when 0.1% imidazole was used. Further increase in the imidazole concentration up to 0.2% resulted in a marginal decrease in the peak exotherm temperature. Thermal stability of epoxy resin, cured isothermally, was evaluated by recording thermogravimetric traces in nitrogen atmosphere. The percent char yield was highest in case of resin sample, IP1‐30 (i.e., DGEBA (1 mole) cured using 0.8 mole of PMDA in the presence of 0.3 (w/w) of imidazole). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Modification of polysulfide sealant with polysulfide polythio‐urethane‐urea
Authors: Quan Yiwu , He Peng , Zhou Baijie , Chen Qingmin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWith a small amount of isocyanate‐terminated polysulfide (NCO‐PSF‐NCO) as additive, the commercial polysulfide‐based sealant had significant improvement in mechanical properties. The test results showed that 5% of NCO‐PSF‐NCO could help to rise 50% in the tensile strength and 27% in the ultimate elongation of the polysulfide sealant. The adhesive strength to substrates such as steel, epoxy‐coated or polyurethane‐coated surface also increased significantly. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that formed polysulfide polythio‐urethane‐urea (polysulfide‐urea) contributed to a slight increase in the Tg of the polysulfide sealant. It might be due to the domains of polysulfide‐urea, which had effects of physical crosslinking and chain‐extending on the polysulfide sealant. However, the introduction of polysulfide‐urea structures had no appreciable influence on oil resistance of the polysulfide sealant. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007