bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Availability of organic nutrient sources and their effects on yield and nutrient recovery of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] and on soil properties
Authors: Tulema Balesh , Aune Jens Bernt , Breland Tor Arvid 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInadequate nutrient and organic‐matter supply constitutes the principal cause for declining soil fertility and productivity in much of sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). In a survey in Gare Arera, the central Ethiopian highland, farmyard manure (FYM) and compost enriched with ash were identified as underutilized organic nutrient sources. Mustard meal, a by‐product of mustard‐seed oil production, is also locally available. On‐farm experiments were carried out on two major soil types (Nitisol and Vertisol) to study effects of the organic fertilizers, synthetic fertilizer (urea + triple superphosphate) and an unfertilized control on the yield and yield components of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc) Trotter] and selected soil properties. Application of organic fertilizers at an N rate equivalent to that of urea produced grain yields of 82% and 99% of that produced with urea on Nitisol and Vertisol, respectively. The apparent N recovery from urea, mustard meal, FYM, and compost was, respectively, 31%, 25%, 16%, and 28% on Nitisol and 23%, 17%, 26%, and 21% on Vertisol. The mean agronomic efficiency for the organic and synthetic fertilizers on Nitisol was 20 and 24 kg grain (kg N)–1 applied, respectively, whereas on the Vertisol, it was 13 kg grain (kg N)–1 for both. On Vertisol, tef was most responsive to FYM and on Nitisol, it was most responsive to compost. Soil N and P contents increased due to organic‐fertilizer application. The results showed that compost enriched with ash is a good choice on Nitisol while FYM works well on Vertisol. Mustard meal can be applied on both soils.
Carbon sequestration under Miscanthus in sandy and loamy soils estimated by natural 13C abundance
Authors: Schneckenberger Katja , Kuzyakov Yakov 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMost studies of soil organic‐carbon (SOC) dynamics using 13C natural abundance have been conducted with maize. Here, we present data about the sequestration of C derived from a perennial C4 plant, Miscanthus × giganteus (Greef et Deu.) grown on loamy and sandy soils for 9 and 12 y, respectively. We expected a higher contribution of Miscanthus‐derived C to SOC formation compared to maize because of (1) higher net biomass production by Miscanthus, (2) lower shoot‐to‐root ratio, (3) deeper roots, and (4) the absence of plowing. In both soils, there was a significant contribution of Miscanthus‐derived C down to 1 m soil depth. The maximal contents of 3.0 g C4‐C (kg soil)–1 and 2.4 g C4‐C (kg soil)–1 for loamy and sandy soil, respectively, were observed for the upper 0–10 cm layer. The decline in the amount of Miscanthus‐derived C with soil depth was significant for both soils, but without significant differences between the differently textured soils except the depth of 0–10 cm. The total SOC was similar under Miscanthus and under reference grassland in the sandy soil (both 6.4 kg C m–2 down to 1 m soil depth). Amounts of SOC were slightly higher under grassland at the loamy site (12.1 kg C m–2 compared with 11.2 kg C m–2). So, C accumulation under Miscanthus was similar to that under perennial grasses. After 9 and 12 y, respectively, the yearly incorporation of Miscanthus‐C in SOC of the upper 0–30 cm was 0.23 g C4‐C (kg soil)–1 y–1 in the loamy and 0.11 g C4‐C (kg soil)–1 y–1 in the sandy soil. This C4‐C incorporation in loamy soil under Miscanthus was 1.6–1.8 times higher than results reported for maize C4‐C incorporation in SOC grown under similar climatic conditions. In the sandy soil, the C4‐C incorporation under Miscanthus was nearly the same as under maize. The fraction of 22% of the Miscanthus residues remaining in SOC was similar to that one of maize residues in loamy soil. In sandy soil, only a small fraction of 9% of the Miscanthus residues was incorporated in SOC.
Drought pretreatment increases the salinity resistance of tomato plants
Authors: Cayuela Encarna , Muñoz‐Mayor Alicia , Vicente‐Agulló Francisco , Moyano Elena , Garcia‐Abellan Jose O. , Estañ Maria T. , Bolarín Maria C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAgricultural productivity is worldwide subjected to increasing salinity problems. Various strategies are applied to overcome the deleterious effects of salinity on plants. This study was conducted in order to determine whether drought pretreatment of seedlings or seed pretreatment with NaCl increases the long‐term salinity resistance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and whether the adaptive response to salinity is accompanied by physiological changes throughout the plant‐growth cycle. When plants were pretreated at the five‐leaf growth stage, the plant dry weight was significantly higher in drought‐pretreated than in non‐pretreated plants after 50 d of salt treatment. The positive effect of drought pretreatment applied at the five‐leaf stage was maintained throughout the entire growth cycle, as fruit yield of drought‐pretreated plants was 40% higher than that of non‐pretreated plants at the end of the harvest period (150 d of 70 mM NaCl treatment). Moreover, the most productive plants maintained lower Na+ and Cl– accumulation in their leaves until the end of the growth cycle, which shows that adaptation is a long‐term response during which the plants adjust their physiology to the environmental conditions. Salt resistance was also improved through seed pretreatment with NaCl. In conclusion, drought pretreatment applied at the five‐leaf stage or seed pretreatment with NaCl provide an alternative way to enhance salt resistance in tomato, and the increase in yield is associated with physiological changes throughout the plant‐growth cycle.
Multiphoton microscopy for monitoring intratissue femtosecond laser surgery effects
Authors: Wang Bao‐Gui , Riemann Iris , Schubert Harald , Schweitzer Dietrich , König Karsten , Halbhuber Karl‐Juergen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveMultiphoton microscopy/tomography has been used as a novel diagnostic method for corneal imaging with subcellular resolution. Here, we used this technique to monitor femtosecond laser intratissue surgery effects.Materials and MethodsMultiphoton microscopy/tomography on rabbits based on intense 90 MHz femtosecond Ti: sapphire laser was realized at intensities of MW‐GW/cm2, whereas the surgical procedures were performed with the same system at a higher light intensity on the order of TW/cm2.ResultsMultiphoton microscopy/tomography proved capable of determining the target of interest, and of visualizing and optically evaluating the in vivo intrastromal laser surgical outcomes with high efficiency. More interesting, using this technique, activated intrastromal keratocytes (myofibroblasts) were detected in vivo 24 hours after intrastromal surgery.ConclusionMultiphoton microscopy/tomography is an efficient and convenient non‐invasive imaging method which can be used not only to assess intrastromal microsurgical performance but also to perform in vivo follow‐up observations on wound repair. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:527–533, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sialorrhea in Parkinson's disease: A review
Authors: Chou Kelvin L. , Evatt Marian , Hinson Vanessa , Kompoliti Katie 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA significant number of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience sialorrhea. This problem can cause social embarrassment, and because saliva pools in the mouth, may lead to aspiration pneumonia. Sialorrhea in PD is thought to be caused by impaired or infrequent swallowing, rather than hypersecretion. Oral medications, botulinum toxin injections, surgical interventions, radiotherapy, speech therapy, and trials of devices may be used to treat sialorrhea in PD, but few controlled trials have been published. This article reviews current knowledge regarding the frequency, etiology, assessment, and treatment of sialorrhea in PD. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of atypical parkinsonism
Authors: Shih Ludy C. , Tarsy Daniel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) has gained widespread acceptance for improving motor function and disability in Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients with features suggestive of atypical parkinsonism (AP) usually have a poorer and less sustained response to levodopa and a poorer prognosis overall when compared with patients with PD. However, experience in the use of DBS with this group of patients is limited and evidence is lacking with regards to its efficacy and adverse effects. We review in detail the experience of DBS surgery in patients with several forms of AP including multiple system atrophy. On the basis of the limited available data reviewed here, DBS for patients with AP is not recommended. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Measurement of spin‐lattice relaxation times and chemical exchange rates in multiple‐site systems using progressive saturation
Authors: Galbán Craig J. , Spencer Richard G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new method for measuring spin‐lattice relaxation times and chemical exchange (CE) rate constants in multiple‐site exchanging systems is described. The method, chemical exchange and T1 measurement using progressive saturation (CUPS), was applied to determine T1s and analyze phosphorus exchange among phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi), mediated by creatine kinase (CK) and ATP synthase, using 31P‐MRS. Two‐site exchange was analyzed in vitro and in the rat leg, and three‐site exchange was analyzed in the rat heart. Data were fitted to a model of progressive saturation incorporating T1 relaxation and CE. For the in vitro system at 8.45T, we found T1(PCr) = 2.86 s and T1(γ‐ATP) = 1.72 s. For the rat gastrocnemius at 1.9T, we found T1(PCr) = 6.60 s and T1(γ‐ATP) = 2.06 s. For the rat heart at 9.4T, we found T1(PCr) = 3.35 s, T1(γ‐ATP) = 0.69 s, and T1(Pi) = 1.83 s. All of these values were within 20% of literature values. Similarly, the determined exchange rates were in the same range as published values. Using simulations, we compared CUPS with transient saturation transfer as a method for measuring T1s and rates. The two methods showed similar sensitivity to noise. We conclude that CUPS is a viable alternative for measuring T1s and CE rates in exchanging systems. Magn Reson Med 58:8–18, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accurate flip‐angle calibration for 13C MRI
Authors: Hancu Ileana , Watkins Ronald , Kohler Susan J. , Mallozzi Richard P. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract13C imaging and spectroscopy in the presence of injected labeled compounds can vastly extend the capability of MRI to perform metabolic imaging. The details of imaging in the presence of injected compounds, however, pose new technological challenges. Pulse sequences, in general, rely on precise flip‐angle (FA) calibration to create high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), artifact‐free images. Signal quantification also requires precise knowledge of the excitation FA. In MRI scans that rely on signal acquisitions from injected compounds, however, such FA calibration is challenged by low natural‐abundance 13C signal levels before injection, and by time‐varying signal following injection. A method to precisely set the FA at the 13C frequency based on FA calibration at the 23Na frequency is presented here. A practical implementation of a coil (a dual‐tuned, 23Na/13C low‐pass birdcage coil) suitable for this calibration in vivo is also documented. Accurate FA calibration is demonstrated at the 13C frequency for in vivo rat experiments using this approach. Magn Reson Med 58:128–133, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Local planar gradients with order‐of‐magnitude strength and speed advantage
Authors: Aksel Bulent , Marinelli Luca , Collick Bruce D. , Von Morze Cornelius , Bottomley Paul A. , Hardy Christopher J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA three‐axis uniplanar gradient coil was designed and built to provide order‐of‐magnitude increases in gradient strength of up to 500 mT/m on the x‐ and y‐axes, and 1000 mT/m for the z‐axis at 640 A input over a limited FOV (∼16 cm) for superficial regions, compared to conventional gradient coils, with significant gradient strengths extending deeper into the body. The gradient set is practically accommodated in the bore of a conventional whole‐body, cylindrical‐geometry MRI scanner, and operated using standard gradient supplies. The design was optimized for gradient linearity over a restricted volume while accounting for the practical problems of torque and heating. Tests at 320 A demonstrated up to 420‐mT/m gradients near the surface at efficiencies of up to 1.4 mT/m/A. A new true 2D gradient‐nonlinearity correction algorithm was developed to rectify gradient nonlinearities and considerably expand the imageable volumes. The gradient system and correction algorithm were implemented in a standard 1.5T scanner and demonstrated by high‐resolution imaging of phantoms and humans. Magn Reson Med 58:134–143, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2D arbitrary shape‐selective excitation summed spectroscopy (ASSESS)
Authors: Qin Qin , Gore John C. , Does Mark D. , Avison Malcolm J. , de Graaf Robin A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConventional single‐voxel localization for MR spectroscopy (MRS) is restricted to selecting only rectangular‐shaped regions of interest (ROIs). The complexity of tissue shapes of interest and the desire to maximize the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) while minimizing partial‐volume effects require more sophisticated localization techniques. A group of spatially selective RF pulses are proposed in this work for the measurement of spectra from regions of arbitrary shape based on using a radial trajectory in k‐space. Utilizing a single k‐line per excitation results in a broad spectroscopic bandwidth. However, spatial localization accuracy is compromised for nutation angles > 10° because of the small‐tip‐angle approximation of the Bloch equations. By interleaving multiple radial k‐lines per excitation with nonselective refocusing pulses, one can achieve accurate localization for nutation angles up to 90° while simultaneously maintaining the spectral bandwidth. The technique is described and compared with existing localization methods, and in vivo results are demonstrated. Magn Reson Med 58:19–26, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A coupled damage–plasticity model for concrete based on thermodynamic principles: Part I: model formulation and parameter identification
Authors: Nguyen Giang D. , Houlsby Guy T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe development of a coupled damage‐plasticity constitutive model for concrete is presented. Emphasis is put on thermodynamic admissibility, rigour and consistency both in the formulation of the model, and in the identification of model parameters based on experimental tests. The key feature of the thermodynamic framework used in this study is that all behaviour of the model can be derived from two specified energy potentials, following
procedures established beforehand. Based on this framework, a constitutive model featuring full coupling between damage and plasticity in both tension and compression is developed. Tensile and compressive responses of the material are captured using two separate damage criteria, and a yield criterion with a multiple hardening rule. A crucial part of this study is the identification of model parameters, with these all being shown to be identifiable and computable based on standard tests on concrete. Behaviour of the model is assessed against experimental data on concrete. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aromatic VOC Removal by Formation of Microparticles in Pure Nitrogen Discharge Barrier Discharge
Authors: Ognier Stephanie , Cavadias Simeon , Amouroux Jacques 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe treatment of an oxygen‐free gaseous effluent polluted by an aromatic VOC in a discharge barrier discharge (DBD) was investigated. The gaseous mixture was prepared by diluting toluene in N2. The efficiency was investigated in terms of pollutant conversion and by‐product formation. With regard to the pollutant conversion, the destruction efficiency was comparable to that obtained when air was used. However, an original polymerisation mechanism was evidenced by the use of N2 in the DBD reactor. SEM analysis showed that toluene reacts in the DBD to form micrometric particles that can easily be removed by filtration. The polymerisation pathways were determined using GC/MS and XPS analysis. The respective roles of the nitrogenated active species and the hydrodynamics of the discharge are shown.magnified image
Developmental changes in rat surfactant lipidomics in the context of species variability
Authors: Bernhard Wolfgang , Schmiedl Andreas , Koster Grielof , Orgeig Sandra , Acevedo Christa , Poets Christian F. , Postle Anthony D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLung surfactant comprises mainly phosphatidylcholine (PC) species together with phosphatidylglycerols and surfactant proteins (SP) SP‐A to ‐D. Changes in the concentrations of its principal components dipalmitoyl‐PC, palmitoylmyristoyl‐PC, palmitoylpalmitoleoyl‐PC relative to developmental, structural and physiological differences are only partially understood. Particularly, their attribution to differences in air–liquid interface curvature, compared with dynamic parameters, such as respiratory rate, are controversial. We postulated that during alveolarization the changes in these principal PC components of surfactant differ from those in other phospholipid parameters, and that across endothermic vertebrates their concentrations are related to lung physiology rather than structure. We therefore investigated in rats from postnatal day (d)1 to d42 the pattern of surfactant phospholipids relative to alveolarization (d4–d14), and we discuss these changes in terms of molecular adaptation to pulmonary structure or physiology. Contrary to mammals with advanced alveolarization and increased respiratory rate (RR) at term, concentrations of dipalmitoyl‐PC (49–52%) and palmitoylmyristoyl‐PC (7–9%) in lung lavage fluid were identical at d1 and d42. At d7–d14, when in rats RR is increased, palmitoyl‐myristoyl‐PC transiently increased by 2.5‐ to 3.9‐fold at the expense of dipalmitoyl‐PC (−32% to 34%) and palmitoyl‐palmitoleoyl‐PC (−16%). Other lipidomic changes followed essentially different patterns of increase or decrease. Palmitoyl‐myristoyl‐PC was increased in large aggregates suggesting that it is an integral component of active surfactant. In the overall context of vertebrates, irrespective of age and lung structure, fractions of palmitoyl‐myristoyl‐PC, dipalmitoyl‐PC and palmitoyl‐palmitoleoyl‐PC correlate with differences in RR rather than alveolar curvature. In adult mammals, however, only concentrations of palmitoyl‐palmitoleoyl‐PC correlate with RR. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:794–804. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A sweat test centered protocol for the disclosure and diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in a newborn screening program
Authors: Doull I.J.M. , Hall S.J. , Bradley D.M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe describe the development of a sweat test centered protocol for disclosure and diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis. Our protocol aims to identify infants early, minimizes the time of uncertainly for the parents, and yet gives them time to begin to come to terms with the possibility of diagnosis. Over a 9‐year period 295,247 newborn infants were screened for CF in Wales, of whom 121 infants were diagnosed as having CF. During this period there were four false negatives (3.3%). Parental satisfaction with the process appears very high 6 months after disclosure. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:773–778. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New amphoteric surfactants containing a phosphoric acid group: II. Binary system of amphoteric/anionic surfactant of sodium 2‐(N‐2‐hydroxytetradecyl‐N‐methylamino)ethyl hydrogen phosphate
Authors: Tsubone Kazuyuki , Uchida Noriko , Mimura Kunio 
Published: July 2007

We studied behaviors of the binary system of 2‐(N‐2‐hydroxytetradecyl‐N‐methylamino)ethyl hydrogen phosphate (C14‐HMP) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in aqueous solution. We found that C14‐HMP reduced the ability of SDS to denature protein, to inhibit enzyme activity and to decrease transepidermal water loss. These phenomena were considered to be due to the interaction between the cationic group in the zwitterionic structure of C14‐HMP and the anionic group of sulfate in SDS molecule.These behaviors suggest that C14‐HMP has a potential to reduce skin irritation when applied to personal care products such as cleaners and shampoos having anionic surfactants.
Thermal polymerization of methyl linolenate, alpha‐ and beta‐eleostearates
Authors: Paschke R. F. , Wheeler D. H. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe rates of polymerization of alpha and beta eleostearates agree with second order kinetics, as would be expected for a bimolecular Diels‐Alder addition. The all‐trans, beta isomer reacts faster than thecis, trans, trans alpha isomer, in agreement with knowncis, trans effects on diene activity.The polymerization of normal linoleate follows an apparent first order reaction. It is suggested that conjugation is the slow rate determining monomolecular reaction, as has been proposed for the non‐conjugated linoleate isomers.
Drying oils from xylitol
Authors: Teeter H. M. , Bell E. W. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryEsters of xylitol with linseed and soybean fat acids were prepared. An average of four of the five hydroxyl groups in xylitol could be esterified, one group being lost by dehydration. These esters were evaluated in paints. Although thixotropy and crawling were objectionable in the soybean ester paints, the speed of drying and loss of residual tack were superior in comparison to the corresponding properties of paints containing only soybean oil as the vehicle.
Studies of the spectral characteristics of alkali‐isomerized autoxidized fatty acids
Authors: Privett Orville S. , Lundberg W. O. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe nature and extent of the interferences by autoxidized fatty acids in the application of spectrophotometric methods of fatty acid analysis are described.A simplified countercurrent extraction procedure for the quantitative removal of the oxygenated fraction of autoxidized fatty acid esters was developed. By means of a preliminary interesterification process it was found possible to apply the extraction procedure in the analysis of autoxidized glyceridic fats.
Segregation of fatty acids by preferential neutralization
Authors: Nicholsen Richard , Formo Marvin W. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIt has been shown that soybean fatty acids neutralized with a mixture of 40% of sodium hydroxide and 60% of barium hydroxide (on equivalent basis) form about 35% soluble soaps, which after separating from the insoluble soaps and splitting with sulfuric acid, form fatty acids of about 165 iodine number. From these acids a synthetic drying oil was prepared by esterification with glycerol which formed films almost as good as those of linseed oil.It was also shown that the same process applied to fish oil fatty acids, but using in this case 60% of sodium hydroxide and 40% of barium hydroxide, resulted in a yield of about 50% of fatty acids of about 283 iodine number, which when esterified with glycerol gave a very fast drying synthetic drying oil forming tack‐free films.