bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipids of gelatinous antarctic zooplankton: Cnidaria and Ctenophora
Authors: Nelson Matthew M. , Phleger Charles F. , Mooney Ben D. , Nichols Peter D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAntarctic gelatinous zooplankton, including Cnidaria (Calycopsis borchgrevinki, Diphyes antarctica, Stygiomedusa gigantea, Atolla wyvillei, Dimophyes arctica) and Ctenophora (Beroe cucumis, B. forskalii, Pleurobrachia pileus, Bolinopsis infundibulum) were collected near Elephant Island, South Shetland Islands, during January and February 1997 and 1998. Total lipid was low in all zooplankton (0.1–5 mg g−1 wet mass) and included primarily polar lipids (59–96% of total lipid). Triacylglycerols were 0–26% of total lipids, and wax esters were 0–11% in all species. Cholesterol was the major sterol in all Cnidaria (50–63% of total sterols) whereas in most ctenophores it was lower at 26–45%. These cholesterol levels are consistent with a combined carnivorous and phytoplanktivorous diet in the ctenophores, with the carnivorous diet more dominant in the Cnidaria. Other sterols included primarily trans‐dehydrocholesterol, desmosterol, 24‐methylcholest‐5,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol, 24‐nordehydrocholesterol, and 24‐methylenecholesterol. Total stanols were 0–6% in all zooplankton. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were the major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in all samples (7–25% of total fatty acids) except for A. wyvillei in which docosapentaenoic acid was 10% of total fatty acids. The PUFA 18∶5n−3 was not detected in 1997 samples, but constituted 0.2–0.8% in most 1998 samples. Monounsaturated fatty acids included primarily 18∶1n−9c, 16∶1n−7c, and 18∶1n−7c. The principal saturated fatty acids in all samples were 16∶0, 18∶0, and 14∶0. These data are the first for many of these zooplankton species and the first sterol data for most species. The use of the signature lipid approach has enabled examination of aspects of trophodynamics not obtainable by conventional techniques.
Trans fatty acids in adipose tissue of French women in relation to their dietary sources
Authors: Boué C. , Combe N. , Billeaud C. , Mignerot C. , Entressangles B. , Thery G. , Geoffrion H. , Brun J. L. , Dallay D. , Leng J. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study reports the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue in French women with special emphasis on the content of trans fatty acids originating from two main dietary sources, ruminant fats and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO). Adipose tissue trans fatty acid levels from 71 women, recruited between 1997 and 1998, were determined using a combination of capillary gas chromatography and silver nitrate thin‐layer chromatography. Results indicate that on average cis monounsaturates accounted for 47.9% of total fatty acids, saturates for 32.2%, and linoleic acid for 14.4%. Cis n−3 polyunsaturates represented only 0.7%. Total content of trans fatty acids was 2.32±0.50%, consisting of trans 18∶1 (1.97±0.49%), trans 18∶2 (0.28±0.08%), and trans 16∶1 (0.06±0.03%). Trans 18∶3 isomers were not detectable. The level of trans fatty acids found in adipose tissue of French women was lower than those reported for Canada, the United States, and Northern European countries but higher than that determined in Spain. Therefore, trans fatty acid consumption in France appears to be intermediate between that of the United States or North Europe and that of Spain. Based on the equation of Enig et al., we estimated the mean daily trans 18∶1 acid intake of French women at 1.9 g per person. The major trans 18∶1 isomer in adipose tissue was Δ11trans, as in ruminant fats. Estimates of relative contribution of trans fatty acid intake were 55% from ruminant fats and 45% from PHVO. This pattern contrasts sharply with those established for Canada and the United States where PHVO is reported to be the major dietary source of trans fatty acids.
Reinvestigation of positional distribution of fatty acids in docosahexaenoic acid‐rich fish oil triacyl‐sn‐glycerols
Authors: Ando Yasuhiro , Satake Motoi , Takahashi Yoichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPositional distribution of fatty acids in triacyl‐sn‐glycerols of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)‐rich tuna orbital and bonito head oils has been reanalyzed by a method based on chromatographic separation of isomeric and enantiomeric monoacyl‐sn‐glycerol (MAG) derivatives. When boric acid thinlayer chromatography (TLC) was used for separation of 1(3)‐ and 2‐MAG analytical intermediates, the stereospecific analysis showed the preferential association of DHA to the sn‐2 position followed by the sn‐3 position. This distribution pattern differed from that obtained by silicic acid LTC of their bis‐3,5‐dinitrophenylurethane (DNPU) derivatives. Reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography elution profiles of 1(3)‐ and 2‐MAG intermediates revealed that 1(3)‐ and 2‐MAG made up of both short‐ and long‐chain lengths cannot be clearly resolved by TLC after preparation of the DNPU derivatives. The 1(3)‐ and 2‐MAG must be resolved by boric acid TLC prior to derivatization.
Effect of a low‐fat diet enriched with oleic acid on postprandial lipemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Higashi Kenji , Shige Hideki , Ito Toshimitsu , Nakajima Kei , Ishikawa Toshitsugu , Nakamura Haruo , Ohsuzu Fumitaka 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a low‐fat diet enriched with oleic acid to those of a low‐fat diet enriched with linoleic acid on fasting lipids, postprandial lipemia, and oxidative susceptibility of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In a 3‐wk randomized crossover study, eight patients with type 2 DM were given an experimental low‐fat diet enriched with either oleic acid or linoleic acid. The oleic‐acid‐enriched diet contained 5, 15, and 5% energy from saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the linoleic‐acid‐enriched diet contained 5, 5, and 15% energy from saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. In addition to evaluating the fasting lipids and oxidative susceptibility of LDL, we evaluated postprandial lipemia using an oral fat load at the end of each 3‐wk dietary phase. There were no significant differences in fasting lipid profile or lag time of LDL oxidation between the two experimental dietary phases. The average and maximal increments of remnant‐like particle (RLP) cholesterol levels during oral fat load were significantly higher after the oleic‐acid‐enriched dietary phase than after the linoleic‐acid‐enriched dietary phase. The area under the curve of RLP cholesterol was also significantly larger after the oleicacid‐enriched dietary phase than after the linoleic‐acid‐enriched dietary phase. These results suggest that the oleic‐acidenriched diet was associated with increased formation of postprandial chylomicron remnants compared with the linoleicacid‐enriched diet.
A long‐term seal‐ and cod‐liver‐oil supplementation in hypercholesterolemic subjects
Authors: Brox Jan , Olaussen Kirsten , Østerud Bjarne , Elvevoll Edel O. , Bjørnstad Eivin , Brenn Tormod , Brattebø Guttorm , Iversen Hanne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this long‐term study, we wanted to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of seal oil (SO) as compared cod‐liver oil (CLO) on subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia. The test parameters included fatty acid composition in serum, blood lipids, platelet aggregation, and the activity of blood monocytes. After a run‐in period of 6 mon, 120 clinically healthy hypercholesterolemic (7.0–9.5 mmol/L; 270–366 mg/dL) subjects were randomly selected to consume either 15 mL of SO or CLO daily for 14 mon followed by a 4‐mon wash‐out period. A third group was not given any dietary supplement (control). Consumption of marine oils (SO and CLO) changed the fatty acid composition of serum significantly. Maximal levels were achieved after 10 mon. No further changes were seen after 14 mon. A wash‐out period of 4 mon hardly altered the level of n−3 fatty acids in serum. Addition of SO gave 30% higher level of eicosapentaenoic acid, as compared to CLO. Subjects taking SO or CLO had lower whole‐blood platelet aggregation than the control group. Neither SO nor CLO had any effects on the levels of serum total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, postprandial triacylglycerol, apolipoproteins A1 and B100, lipoprotein (a), monocyte function expressed as monocyte‐derived tissue factor expression, and tumor necrosis factor.
Modulation of apolipoprotein E‐mediated plasma clearance and cell uptake of emulsion particles by cholesteryl ester
Authors: Saito Hiroyuki , Okuhira Keiichirou , Tsuchimoto Nanoko , Vertut‐Doï Aline , Matsumoto Chizuko , Tanimoto Tsuyoshi , Okada Satoshi , Handa Tetsurou 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCholesteryl ester, along with triglyceride (TG), is the major core component of plasma lipoproteins. We investigated the effect of core composition on the physical state and metabolic behavior of lipid emulsions, as model particles of lipoproteins. Fluorescence studies using 1,6‐diphenylhexatriene analogs showed that although cholesteryl oleate (CO) significantly decreased core mobility, the surface rigidity of phosphatidylcholine (PC) monolayers was independent of core composition. When intravenously injected into rats, the increased amount of core CO tended to retard TG emulsion removal from plasma, and the initial clearance rate was correlated with the amount of apolipoprotein E (apoE) bound from plasma. In addition, PC liposomes with a similar emulsion particle size showed negligible binding of apoE and were cleared at a slower rate compared to all emulsions. Furthermore, the effect of CO on the binding behavior of apoE to the emulsion surface and the emulsion uptake by hepatocytes was assessed in vitro. Replacing core TG with CO was found to decrease the apoE binding capacity to emulsions markedly without changing the binding affinity and thereby to reduce the cell uptake of emulsion particles by HepG2 cells. These results indicate that the physical state of core lipids, which can be modulated by cO content, plays a role in emulsion metabolism through the alteration in apoE binding.
α‐ and γ‐tocotrienols are metabolized to carboxyethyl‐hydroxychroman derivatives and excreted in human urine
Authors: Lodge John K. , Ridlington James , Leonard Scott , Vaule Heather , Traber Maret G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLimited information is available regarding metabolism of vitamin E forms, especially the tocotrienols. Carboxyethyl‐hydroxychromans (α‐and γ‐CEHC) are human urinary metabolites of α‐ and γ‐tocopherols, respectively. To evaluate whether tocotrienols are also metabolized and excreted as urinary CEHC, urine was monitored following tocotrienol supplementation. Complete (24 h) urine collections were obtained for 2 d prior to (baseline), the day of, and 2 d after human subjects (n=6) ingested tocotrienol supplements. The subjects consumed 125 mg γ‐tocotrienyl acetate the first week, then the next week 500 mg; then 125 mg α‐tocotrienyl acetate was administered the third week, followed by 500 mg the fourth week. Urinary α‐ and γ‐CEHC were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Urinary γ‐CEHC levels rose about four‐ to sixfold in response to the two doses of γ‐tocotrienol and then returned to baseline the following day. Significant (P<0.0001) increases in urinary α‐CEHC were observed only following ingestion of 500 mg α‐tocotrienyl acetate. Typically, 1–2% of α‐tocotrienyl acetates or 4–6% of γ‐tocotrienyl acetates were recovered as their respective urinary CEHC metabolites. A γ‐CEHC excretion time course showed an increase in urinary γ‐CEHC at 6 h and a peak at 9 h following ingestion of 125 mg γ‐tocotrienyl acetate. In summary, tocotrienols, like tocopherols, are metabolized to CEHC; however, the quantities excreted in human urine are small in relation to dose size.
Removal of fat from Cow's milk decreases the vitamin E contents of the resulting dairy products
Authors: Kaushik Supriya , Wander Rosemary , Leonard Scott , German Bruce , Traber Maret G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to determine whether decreases in fat contents result in lower vitamin E contents. Milk samples of varying fat contents (half and half, whole milk, reduced‐fat milk low‐fat milk, and nonfat milk) were obtained from a local dairy on six different occasions, α‐locopherol was the major form of vitamin E (>85%); γ‐tocopherol and α‐tocotrienol were present to a lesser extent. As the fat contents of milk products decreased from 11 to 0.3%, the vitamin E contents decreased. For example, raw milk as compared to nonfat milk had both higher α‐tocopherol contents (45.5+‐4.6 vs. 4.5±0.5 μg/100 g; P<‐0.0001) and higher total lipids (3.46±0.49 vs. 0.30±0.07 g/100 g; P≤0.0001). Vitamin E, cholesterol, and total lipids increased as cream was added back to nonfat milk during production. For every 1 mg cholesterol increase, there was an increase of approximately 4 μg of α‐tocopherol; for every 1 g total lipids increase, the α‐tocopherol content increased by 17 μg. These data demonstrate that removal of milk fat markedly decreases the vitamin E content of various milk products
Biosynthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid in the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris
Authors: Bell Michael V. , Dick James R. , Kelly Maeve S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) was shown by using a deuterated tracer (D5−18∶3n−3) and quantitation by negative chemical ionization gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry to convert 18∶3n−3 to 20∶5n−3. The rate of conversion was very slow, corresponding to 0.09 μg/g tissue/mg 18∶3n−3 eaten over 14 d. Deuterated arachidonic acid (D8−20∶4n−6) was also included in the diet to give a measure of the relative amounts of diet eaten by the different animals. The recovery of this fatty acid in tissue lipids was 33.7% compared with only 0.95% recovery of D5−18∶3n−3 and its anabolites, indicating that the majority of the D5‐tracer was catabolized. Considerable elongation of D5−18∶3n−3 into 20∶3n−3 and a trace of 22∶3n−3 was found, and these were accompanied by minor amounts of the intermediates 18∶4n−3 and 20∶4n−3. No deuterated 22∶6n−3 was found.
Major clofibrate effects on liver and plasma lipids are independent of changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid composition induced by dietary fat
Authors: Pennacchiotti Graciela L. , Maldonado Eduardo N. , Aveldaño Marta I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of clofibrate on the content and composition of liver and plasma lipids were studied in mice fed for 4 wk on diets enriched in n−6 or n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from sunflower oil (SO) or fish oil (FO), respectively; both oils were fed at 9% of the diet (dry weight basis). Only FO was hypolipidemic. Both oil regimes led to slightly increased concentrations of phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TG) in liver as compared with a standard chow diet containing 2% fat. Clofibrate promoted hypolipidemia only in animals fed SO. Its main effect was to enlarge the liver, such growth increasing the amounts of major glycerophospholipids while depleting the TG. SO and FO consumption changed the proportion of n−6 or n−3 PUFA in liver and plasma lipids in opposite ways. After clofibrate action, the PUFA of liver PL were preserved better than in the absence of oil supplementation. However, most of the drug‐induced changes (e.g., increased 18∶1n−9 and 20∶3n−6, decreased 22∶6/20∶5 ratios) occurred inrrespective of lipids being rich in n−6 or n−3 PUFA. The concentration of sphingomyelin (SM), a minor liver lipid that virtually lacks PUFA, increased with the dietary oils, decreased with clofibrate, and changed its fatty acid composition in both situations. Thus. oil‐increased SM had more 22∶0 and 24∶0 than clofibrate‐decreased SM, which was significantly richer in 22∶1 and 24∶1.
Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid does not alter the resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection
Authors: Turnock Lori , Cook Mark , Steinberg Howard , Czuprynski Charles 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been used experimentally as a dietary supplement to increase lean body weight and to modulate inflammation in a variety of animal species. In addition, human use of dietary CLA as a supplement to regulate body fat has received both scientific and public attention. No reports have been published regarding the effects of dietary CLA on antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we provide evidence that feeding CLA for up to 4 wk does not alter host defense against Listeria monocytogenes in mice. These findings suggest that the anti‐inflammatory effects of CLA do not impair cellular immunity to this intracellular pathogen.
Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on fungal Δ6‐desaturase activity in a transformed yeast system
Authors: Chuang Lu‐Te , Thurmond Jennifer M. , Liu Jim‐Wen , Kirchner Stephen I. , Mukerji Pradip , Bray Tammy M. , Huang Yung‐Sheng 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA; 18∶2), a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (LA; 18∶2n−6), has been shown to modulate immune function through its effect on eicosanoid synthesis. This effect has been attributed to a reduced production of n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the precursor of eicosanoids. Since Δ6‐desaturase is the rate‐limiting enzyme of the n−6 PUFA production, it is our hypothesis that CLA, which has similar chemical structure to LA, interacts directly with Δ6‐desaturase. A unique and simple model, i.e., baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) transformed with fungal Δ6‐desaturase gene, previously established, was used to investigate the direct effect of CLA on Δ6‐desaturase. This model allows LA to be converted to γ‐linolenic acid (GLA; 18∶3n−6) but not GLA to its metabolite(s). No metabolites of CLA were found in the lipids of the yeast transformed with Δ6‐desaturase. The inability to convert CLA to conjugated GLA was not due to the failure of yeast cells to take up the CLA isomers. CLA mixture and individual isomers significantly inhibited the activity of Δ6‐desaturase of the transformed yeast in vivo. Even though its uptake by the yeast was low, CLA c9, t11 isomer was found to be the most potent inhibitor of the four isomers tested, owing to its high inhibitory effect on Δ6‐desaturase. Since CLA did not cause significant changes in the level of Δ6‐desaturase mRNA, the inhibition of GLA production could not be attributed to suppression of Δ6‐desaturate gene expression at the transcriptional level.
Cultured fish cells metabolize octadecapentaenoic acid (all‐cis δ3,6,9,12,15–18∶5) to octadecatetraenoic acid (all‐cis δ6,9,12,15–18∶4) via its 2‐trans intermediate (trans δ2, all‐cis δ6,9,12,15–18∶5)
Authors: Ghioni C. , Porter A. E. A. , Sadler I. H. , Tocher D. R. , Sargent J. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOctadecapentaenoic acid (all‐cis δ3,6,9,12,15–18∶5; 18∶5n−3) is an unusual fatty acid found in marine dinophytes, haptophytes, and prasinophytes. It is not present at higher trophic levels in the marine food web, but its metabolism by animals ingesting algae is unknown. Here we studied the metabolism of 18∶5n−3 in cell lines derived from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Cells were incubated in the presence of approximately 1 μM [U‐14C] 18∶5n−3 methyl ester or [U‐14C]18∶4n−3 (octadecatetraenoic acid; all‐cis δ6,9,12,15–18∶4) methyl ester, both derived from the alga Isochrysis galbana grown in H14CO3−, and also with 25 μM unlabeled 18∶5n−3 or 18∶4n−3. Cells were also incubated with 25 μM trans δ2, all‐cis δ6,9,12,15–18∶5 (2‐trans 18∶5n−3) produced by alkaline isomerization of 18∶5n−3 chemically synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid (all‐cis δ4,7,10,13,16,19–22∶6). Radioisotope and mass analyses of total fatty acids extracted from cells incubated with 18∶5n−3 were consistent with this fatty acid being rapidly metabolized to 18∶4n−3 which was then elongated and further desaturated to eicosatetraenoic acid (all‐cis δ8,11,14,17,19–20∶4) and eicosapentaenoic acid (all‐cis δ5,8,11,14,17–20∶5). Similar mass increases of 18∶4n−3 and its elongation and further desaturation products occurred in cells incubated with 18∶5n−3 or 2‐trans 18∶5n−3. We conclude that 18∶5n−3 is readily converted biochemically to 18∶4n−3 via a 2‐trans 18∶5n−3 intermediate generated by a Δ3, Δ2‐enoyl‐CoA‐iso‐merase acting on 18∶5n−3. Thus, 2‐trans 18∶5n−3 is implicated as a common intermediate in the β‐oxidation of both 18∶5n−3 and 18∶4n−3.
Characterization of N‐acylphosphatidylethanolamine and acylphosphatidylglycerol in oats
Authors: Holmback Jan , Karlsson Anders , Arnoldsson Kristina C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo polar lipid classes, both with three acyl groups, were isolated from an extract of oats and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electrospray mass spectrometry (MS), and electron ionization MS (EIMS). Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) and the two‐dimensional correlation experiments 1H‐detected heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation spectroscopy, double quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy, and total correlation spectroscopy provided sufficient information for determination of the structure of the two lipid classes. The polar lipid classes were found to be N‐acylphosphatidylethanolamine [1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho‐(N‐acyl)‐1′‐ethanolamine; N‐acyl‐PE] and acylphosphatidylglycerol [1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho‐(3′‐acyl)‐1′‐sn‐glycerol]. High‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization MS (HPLC‐ESMS) and with electrospray ionization tandem MS (HPLC‐MS/MS) were utilized for the separation and subsequent determination of molecular species. With HPLC‐ESMS, ions of deprotonated molecules were obtained and with HPLC‐MS/MS carboxylate ions (representin acyl groups) were obtained as well as other structurally significant ions. Fifty molecular species of N‐acylphosphatidylethanolamine and 24 molecular species of acylphosphatidylglycerol were found, with a molecular mass range of 924–1032 Da and 959–1035 Da, respectively. Identification of the fatty acid isomers, as picolinyl ester derivatives, was done with gas chromatography with EIMS. Three isomers of 16∶1 fatty acids were found in N‐acyl‐PE and their double bond positions were determined to 6, 9 and 11 with a relative abundance of 4∶10∶1.
Fatty acid composition of lipids present in selected lichenized fungi: A chemotyping study
Authors: Sassaki Guilherme L. , Cruz Leonardo M. , Gorin Philip A. J. , Iacomini Marcello 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe total‐lipid composition of 21 lichens of the ascomycetous genera Cladonia (11) and Cladina (1) of the family Cladoniacea, Cladia (1), Parmotrema (3), Ramalina (2), Leptogium (1), Cetraria (1), and the basidiomycetous genus Dictyonema (1) was determined. Analyses of those of Dictyonema glabratum were carried out with a total extract and those obtained after successive extractions with various solvents. Each extract was partitioned between n‐heptane/isopropanol and 1 M sulfuric acid, giving triglycerides (TG) in the upper phase. Extracts were methanolyzed and the resulting methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Methanolyzates of TG unexpectedly contained esters of 9‐oxodecanoic, 9‐methyl‐tetradecanoic, 6‐methyl‐tetradecanoic, 3‐hydroxy‐decanoic, nonanedioic, and decanedioic acids, as well as common fatty acids. Fatty acid methyl ester profiles from the lichens were submitted to cluster analysis, and the resulting dendogram showed a cluster consistent with Cladonia spp., suggesting an efficient aid to lichen taxonomy. The total carbohydrate content of each lipid extract was determined by a modified phenol‐sulfuric acid method, which compensated for the presence of pigments.