bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of Thermodynamics to the Stretching of Cellulose Fibers
Authors: Roseveare W.E. , Poore Louise 
Published: March 2008

Mechanical deformations of cellulose are recognized to take place primarily in the amorphous regions whose nature has not been well defined. Since these regions do not have a regular type of order, attention has been turned to entropy of stretching as a sta tistical measure of the changes in structure on stretching. Data are presented giving the.retractive force, coefficient of thermal expansion, and modulus under a wide variety of conditions. Thermodynamic treatment of the data shows that moisture content and temperature control the bonding between chains in the amorphous regions. These cross links to a large extent determine the mechanical prop erties, which vary from an elastic glass in the dry state to those of a partially rubbery material in the wet state at high temperatures. At low temperatures in the wet state, the amorphous parts of the chains "precipitate" out of the swelling water and thereby form cross links between chains, which makes the modulus tend to approach infinity at the cellulose-water eutectic point. This work provides a better understanding of the relationship between molecular and fiber properties.
On the Bulk Compression Characteristics of Wool Fibers
Authors: deMaCarty P.C. , Dusenbury J.H. 
Published: March 2008

A method has been found to prepare bulk samples of wool fibers in such a way that reproducible compression tests may be performed upon them. An evaluation of the bulk compression characteristics of 29 widely different wool samples shows that compressive load, rather than resilience, serves to bring out differences among them. This finding suggests that quality differences among wools, as determined by handling, are related to differences in the wools' resistance to compression rather than to differences in compressional resilience. For these 29 wool samples there is an inverse relationship between compressive load and mean fiber diameter. Although this finding is in agreement with similar results re ported for cotton fibers, it conflicts with the predictions from a theoretical model that has been proposed to explain the compressional behavior of wool. The theoretical model, which was based on a consideration of bending forces only during compression, has been claimed to fit results found for 310 samples of Merino wool. There is, therefore, an implication either that there is a different dependency of resistance to compression on fiber diameter within a wool breed as compared to that among different breeds or that the proposed theory is inadequate. When the compressing piston size is varied at a constant sample size for a Targhee 60's wool card sliver, it is found that the effective volume of fibers being compressed is greater than the volume of fibers beneath the piston, probably because of fiber-to-fiber entanglements. The experimental results indicate that a constant area should be added to the compressing piston areas in order to achieve a constant compressive stress. This area increment is independent of sample diameter, providing the sample diameter is suf ficiently greater than that of the compressing piston, and this area increment decreases with increasing degree of compression.
Penetration of Alkaline Solutions into Wool Fibers Determined by Changes in the Rigidity Modulus
Authors: Kärrholm Marianne , Nordhammar Gösta , Friberg Ove 
Published: March 2008

An apparatus is described for determination of the torsional rigidity and rigidity modulus of textile fibers. The apparatus is a modification of the torsion pendulum and is especially suitable for determination of changes in torsional moduli, e.g., after some treatment. Tests have been made on wool fibers subjected to treatments with either potassium hydroxide in ethanol or sodium hydroxide in butanol kerosene. In the first case the rigidity modulus decreased about 10% on account of the treatment, while no change occurred in the second case. The rigidity modulus is a much more sensitive indicator of changes in the outer parts of the fiber than is Young's modulus.
Observations on Certain Fluorescent Spots in Raw Cotton Associated with the Growth of Microorganisms
Authors: Marsh P.B. , Bollenbacher K. , San Antonio J.P. , Merola G.V. 
Published: March 2008

Evidence is presented which indicates that certain fluorescent spots observed in raw cotton under ultraviolet light are associated with the prior growth of microorganisms on the fiber. A striking and characteristic type of spot which fluoresces bright greenish- yellow was noted frequently in classers' samples from the 1954 cotton crop grown around Yuma, Arizona, and Brownsville, Texas. It was also, but less frequently, noted in samples from other regions of Texas and occasionally in samples from other states. Spots of this particular type have been shown to be associated with growth on the fiber of the fungus Aspergillus flavus, three principal lines of evidence having been obtained : (1) the very common occurrence of A. flavus in the fluorescent spots; (2) the production of a fluorescence of similar appearance by A. flavus growing on cotton fiber in pure culture; and (3) the similarity of the fluorescent substances from field- and A. flavus -incubated fiber in chromatographic behavior and absorption spectrum. The fluorescent fiber in commercial samples exhibited abnormally high swelling in alkali and decreased strength. A white-fluorescent spot, less striking and less easily recognized than the above, has been found to be associated with certain isolates of the fungus Alternaria sp. Several other common types of microbial growth on cotton prior to harvest were not accom panied by distinct differences in fluorescence as compared with uninfected fiber, indi cating that under the conditions here employed ultraviolet examination is not a general tool capable of detecting all of the types of microbial infection present in commercial cotton.
The Properties of Cotton Reacted with β-Propiolactone
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Reid J. David , Daul George C. 
Published: March 2008

A number of the textile and chemical properties of cotton reacted with β-propiolactone have been investigated and are reported. Differences in the properties of the products of the reflux and of the alkali methods of treatment are shown. Reaction of cotton with β-propiolactone yields a cellulose derivative with a bound graft polymer. The results of this unusual reaction are shown by optical means with micro scopic cross sections and electron micrographs, by changes in X-ray diffraction patterns, by influence on textile properties, by chemical effects such as saponification to yield car boxyethylcellulose, and by the production of unsaturation in the cellulose derivative.
The Measurement of Tearing Strength of Textile Fabrics
Authors: Turl L.H. 
Published: March 2008

Current versions of two methods commonly used for the determination of tearing strength require clarification regarding treatment of the data obtained and revision to accommodate newer types of inertialess testing machines. Experimental information, providing the necessary background data, has been obtained. Sixteen fabrics of mili tary interest have been tested by the Tongue (single rip) method and the Trapezoid method, on both pendulum and inertialess testing machines. The experimental data for these fabrics are analyzed to permit a comparison of both methods and both machines. It is concluded that existing test method procedures are vague in respect to the inter pretation of the data obtained, and results given by the two types of testing machine differ significantly. The Trapezoid method could be interpreted equally well through a single maximum tearing force for each specimen, but the Tongue (single rip) method is the more satisfactory experimental procedure. It is suggested that the latter be utilized in specifications governing fabric procure ment. The question of the relationship between existing tearing-strength test methods and service conditions and requirements is raised.
The Effect of Cotton Fiber Strength on the Properties of 2-Ply Carded Yarns
Authors: Fiori Louis A. , Brown John J. , Sands Jack E. 
Published: March 2008

Two cottons (Hopi Acala 50-an irrigated variety, and Variety A) and the single yarns used in a previous study, plus yarns spun from an additional cotton, identified as Variety B, form the basis for the 2-ply constructions covered by this report. The single yarns were spun (Z twist) using twist multipliers ranging from 2.75 to 5.75 in increments of 1.00. Each single yarn twist construction was 2-ply twisted (S twist) with the same range of twist multipliers. In addition, a "balanced" ply twist construction was made wherein the ply twist multiplier was found to be approximately 0.7 times the single yarn twist multiplier. Single yarn number was held as constant as possible by varying the spinning draft to compensate for the contraction due to twist. It was found that for cottons of comparable fiber length and weight fineness, the stronger fibered cotton produced the stronger 2-ply yarns. Also, differences in fiber strength do not affect twist-strength trends or percentage gain in strength of 2-ply over single yarns. The results of this study also indicate that fiber elongation is directly related to 2-ply yarn elongation.
Cotton Quality and Fiber Properties
Authors: Leitgeb Donald J. , Wakeham Helmut 
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this research was to evaluate fiber fineness as a cotton quality factor, especially with regard to processing characteristics and fabric performance. Three lots of cotton having Micronaire values of 3.6, 4.5, and 5.4 were studied. In addition, equal weights of the 3.6 and 5.4 cottons were mixed to prepare a fourth lot of medium fineness to compare with the 4.5 cotton. The cottons were spun into 30/1 yarns, woven into a 66 X 68 fabric construction, and bleached, mercerized, dyed, and resin-finished. Samples taken throughout the trial were used to determine the properties of the single fibers, rovings, yarns, and fabrics. Increasing fineness, or decreasing Micronaire, was found to increase roving and yarn strengths, and to decrease spinning end-breakage rates. Maximum yarn strength was reached at lower twists for the finer cottons. Neps increased with increasing fineness. The fabrics of the finest cotton possessed more strength, more abrasion resistance, more elasticity, and a softer hand than the fabrics of the coarser cottons. Resin treat ment eliminated most of the fabric advantages of the finer cottons. Increasing fineness also caused greater fabric shrinkage and somewhat poorer crease recovery. The blended lot was generally equal to the lot of medium fineness in both processing char acteristics and fabric quality. In general these observations suggest that distinct benefits can be obtained by the use of finer cottons, provided the accompanying increase in neps can be tolerated.
The Relation between the softness of Handle of Wool in the Greasy and Scoured States and Its Physical Characteristics
Authors: Roberts N.F. 
Published: March 2008

Three sets of samples were submitted to panels of wool buyers for appraisal of handle, and partial regression analyses were carried out to determine the association of their grading for handle with their mean diameter, coefficient of variation ( C. of V.) of diame ter, number of crimps per inch, staple length, Young's modulus, yield, percentage of wax, percentage of suint, and percentage of dirt. In a preliminary experiment the mean gradings given by 12 appraisers to 36 samples, which varied in diameter from 18 to 27 μ, were analyzed. The important characteristics were found to be mean diameter, number of crimps per inch, and, in the greasy halves of the samples, the yield. The suint was the component of yield that affected handle. In the second experiment 66 samples varying in diameter from 16.6 to 31.6 μ were appraised by ten buyers, under more carefully controlled conditions. The gradings for handle in these appraisals appear to have been determined primarily by diameter and secondly by crimp, with staple length and C. of V. of diameter having a small influence. Neither yield nor Young's modulus were significantly associated with handle. In the third experiment 50 samples with a range of only 2.7 μ in diameter, but a range of 10 in number of crimps per inch, and of 28% in yield were appraised by five buyers who had not been concerned in the tests previously. Once again diameter and crimp, but not yield, had statistically significant associations with softness of handle. The results suggest that softness of handle should be used more frequently in con junction with the visual indication given by crimp for appraising fiber diameter.
Determination of the Degree of Crystallite Orientation in Cotton Fibers by Means of the Recording X-Ray Diffraction Spectrometer
Authors: Creely Joseph J. , Segal Leon , Ziifle Hilda M. 
Published: March 2008

An improved technique is described for the quantitative determination of the degree of crystallite orientation of cellulose in cotton and related cellulosic fibers, using the X-ray diffraction spectrometer with potentiometer recording and a rotating specimen mount. The method is based on the angular dispersion of the 002 diffraction arc of cellulose but employs the somewhat more conveniently determined angle at half-maximum in tensity instead of the photographically determined "40% angle," used by Berkley. It is shown that the angle of half-maximum intensity (50% angle by analogy) is less than Berkley's "40% angle" by a constant value of 3.3°. The effects upon the precision of the results of sample preparation and instrumental variations are described. Under the conditions proposed, the precision of the half- maximum angle is about 0.65°. This compares with a precision of about 1.0° for results obtained by photographic recording and photometering of the X-ray patterns [2]. Using the improved X-ray spectrometer technique described, the dark room required for photographic determination of orientation, with its rigid processing control, can be dispensed with, and a determination can be made in about one-fourth of the time.
A Study of Blended Woolen Structures
Authors: Coplan Myron J. , Klein William G. 
Published: March 2008

At the time of publication of Parts I and II [1, 2], the mathematical approach to establishment of criteria for judging blend distribution had been governed by two factors. First, the experimental procedures involved microscopic examination and counting of fiber sections at yarn cross sections. Second, the materials under exami nation were stock-blended woolen yarns where the manifest objective of the fiber mixing processes was to achieve random intermingling. It was desired to extend the appropriate probability theory considerations to a more general level. This has now been accomplished, and suitable statistical criteria have been derived for use with experimental methods of measuring blend composition which involve gravimetric analysis of finite lengths of yarn, roving, or sliver. To this extent the utility of the earlier work has been considerably expanded. Beyond this, however, the question has been examined as to whether or not the same basic criteria of blend uniformity apply to worsted-type yarns where blending is accom plished by doubling of slivers. It is shown that such methods can be expected to yield no better than a random blended yarn and therefore are subject to the same limiting ideal.
Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of Cotton Yarns and Fabrics Treated with Anhydrous Ethylamine and with Mercerizing Caustic
Authors: Ziifle Hild M. , Eggerton F.V. , Segal Leon 
Published: March 2008

Samples of cotton yarn, tire cord, and fabric were subjected to treatment with an hydrous ethylamine to produce cellulose III. The physical and mechanical properties of these products were compared with those of the untreated materials (containing cel lulose I crystal lattice) and of mercerized cotton (containing cellulose II crystal lattice). The ethylamine treatment produced effects upon the textile properties of the original materials which were similar to those of slack-mercerization but smaller percentagewise. The properties of the treated cottons apparently were affected more by the accompanying fiber swelling and yarn shrinkage than by the shift in crystal lattice. Ethylamine-treated bandage gauze compared favorably with the slack-mercerized "conforming bandage" pioneered at the Southern Regional Research Laboratory.
High Strength Regenerated Cellulose Fibers
Authors: Smith D.K. 
Published: March 2008

Substantial improvements in the physical strength properties of certain fibrous regenerated cellulose products, notably rayon tire cord, have been achieved during the past decade. These advances in tensile and fatigue properties of tire cord rayon are reviewed and the factors responsible for the improvements are discussed in such a manner as to point the way for similar quality gains in related products, such as staple fiber. Improvement in properties is primarily attributed to the combined use of physical and chemical actions to accomplish controlled crystallite development and orientation in the spinning filament. Beneficial use has been made of various types of chemical re generation retarding agents to prolong the plastic-gel state, thereby facilitating heavy stretching along with dehydration of the coagulated filament to yield a highly consoli dated and uniaxially oriented structure prior to complete regeneration. The relation of current spinning practices to mechanical properties attained in the final filament are outlined and interpreted in the light of filament cross-sectional struc ture, secondary swelling properties, and differential dyeing characteristics. Potential strength aims for future cellulosics are discussed and some suggestions made as to the type of products for which the structural skeleton of the cellulose polymer appears to offer outstanding advantages, particularly when coupled with bonding or stabilizing resins in intimate molecular association.
Effect of Creaseproofing Agents on Lightfastness of Sensitive Dyes
Authors: Goldstein Herman B. , Koenig David N. 
Published: March 2008

The lightfastness of several classes of dye is known to be greatly affected by certain types of finishing agents such as cationic softeners and conventional types of crease proofing agents. However, little or nothing has heretofore been published by either the dye companies or chemical manufacturers regarding the effects on lightfastness of some of the newer or lesser known creaseproofing cotnpounds. Three classes of dye which show the greatest sensitivity of lightfastness are the directs, the diazotized and developed, and the new "linkage" or "reactive" type dyes. This paper will describe the effects on lightfastness of most of the presently available creaseproofing agents on these three classes of dyes. A few selected vat dyes will also be included in the study. The data presented will be helpful to mills in selecting creaseproofing compounds for the finishing of dyed and printed fabrics.
Formic Acid Colloid of Methylolmelamine as a Weather and Rot Resistant Finish for Cotton
Authors: Norbert Berard W. , Gautreaux Gloria A. , Reeves Wilson A. 
Published: March 2008

A study of application techniques of methylolmelamine resins to cotton has revealed a practical method for producing cotton fabric with outstanding rot resistance and im proved weather resistance. This method is based upon the use of an acid colloid of methylolmelamine. The method of application of the colloid is the same as that con ventionally used for resin finishing; that is, pad, dry, and cure. The main difference is the use of formic acid to produce a colloid. Photomicrographs show that methylol melamine colloids (1-4 hr. old) are deposited in the outer portion of the cell wall of the fiber, whereas the conventional process deposits resin about halfway through the cell wall and the wet-cure Arigal 3 process deposits uniformly throughout the cell wall. Colloids five hours or older are deposited in much the same position as obtained by the conventional process. Only the fresh (1-4 hr.) colloids give outstanding rot resistance. Cotton fabric finished with the acid colloids compares favorably with partially acetylated, fully acetylated, cyanoethylated, and Arigal fabrics which are known to have excellent resistance to rot. Experimental evidence indicates that the mechanism through which rot resistance is acquired by the acid colloid is "controlled penetration" rather than a continuous surface film. Several acids were evaluated for colloid production; formic was the only acid which produced suitable colloids. A number of metal halides have been used as catalysts with the colloids. Small amounts of the metals become tenaciously bound in the fabric, and some of the metals alter outdoor weathering and other properties of the fabric.
Effects of Heat-Drying on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cottons
Authors: Nelson Mary L. , Andrews Frederick R. , Grant James N. 
Published: March 2008

The poor spinnability of some lots of gin-dried cotton has been attributed to over heating of the seed cotton. To determine what changes in the lint might be responsible, two series of gin-dried cottons and one series that was flash-heated in the laboratory were studied. Appropriate physical and chemical properties of the lint were measured, such as fiber length distribution, single-fiber and fiber-bundle strength and elongation, moisture regain, nepping potential, fiber friction, microscopical swelling, alkali swelling, wet tability, fluorescence, copper number, carboxyl content, pH, infrared spectra, and wax properties. Limited spinning and weaving tests allowed yarn and fabric properties to be measured. Nearly all tests showed no evidence of radical permanent changes in lint properties. The one significant finding was an altered fiber length distribution in some heated lots such that the proportion of shorter fibers was increased while the percentage of long fibers was slightly decreased. This change appeared to be correlated with poorer yarn appearance and uniformity, a slight reduction in yarn and fabric strength, and poorer resistance to flex-abrasion. A blend of unheated lint with enough short (cut) fibers to give a fiber-length distribution approximately the same as that of a gin-overheated lot produced yarns and fabric with properties in close agreement with the overheated lot whose fiber-length distribution was approximated by the blending. Laboratory tests showed that fiber strength was lower when tested immediately after heating—that is, when the moisture regain was temporarily greatly reduced. From this finding it is deduced that the change in length distribution is the result of excessive fiber breakage when lint is subjected to mechanical agitation at too low a moisture content.