bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF SALICYLATE AND RELATED DRUGS ON THYROXINE BINDING IN MAN
Authors: Good BF , Potter Helen A , Hetzel BS 
Published: December 2007

SummaryPrevious studies have demonstrated a fall in circulating thyroid hormone, measured as plasma protein bound iodine (PBI), as well as evidence of a suppression of thyrotrophin (TSH) from the pituitary following the administration of salicylate to normal human subjects. This association is contrary to the classical concept of the negative feedback regulation of the thyroid‐pituitary axis.Using the dialysis procedure of Christensen for the determination of free thyroxine, it has been demonstrated in acute experiments that the administration to normal subjects of sodium salicylate (5 g.) and sodium γ‐resorcylate (8 g.) produced an increase in circulating free thyroxine within two hours, in spite of the depression in plasma PBI. The administration of sodium p‐hydroxy‐benzoate (5 g.) was without effect. Displacement of thyroxine from the thyroxine‐binding prealbumin site of the serum proteins separated by paper electrophoresis in ammonium carbonate buffer (0.12 M at pH 8.4), was demonstrated following salicylate and γ‐resorcylate in vivo, whereas p‐hydroxybenzoate was inactive. Thus, in vivo, salicylate and γ‐resorcylate compete for binding sites on prealbumin displacing bound thyroxine into the free state.The hypermetabolism induced by salicylate as the cause of the depression in thyroid function may now be excluded since γ‐resorcylate is without metabolic activity. The depression in TSH release produced by these drugs appears to be correlated with an increase in free thyroxine.It is concluded that the level of circulating free thyroxine serves as the regulator of the negative feedback system controlling thyroid‐pituitary interrelations.
THE HOST RANGE AND PLAQUE MORPHOLOGY OF RABBITPOX VIRUS (RPu+) AND ITS u MUTANTS ON CHICK FIBROBLAST, PK‐2a, AND L929 CELLS
Authors: McClain Mary E 
Published: December 2007

SummaryRabbitpox virus (RPu+), 18 white pock (u) mutants derived from it and several strains of vaccinia virus were examined in respect to their cytopathology in chick embryo fibroblast cultures, and several continuous lines of mammalian cells; PK‐2a (pig kidney), L929 (mouse fibroblast), FAF (Chinese hamster fibroblast), AT (Chinese hamster, epithelial), KB (human epithelial), FL (human amnion) and Chang liver (human epithelial). The plaquing characteristics of the viruses, and the capacity to multiply exhibited by those which did not produce plaques, were investigated in chick fibroblast, PK‐2a, and L929 cells.Cytopathic changes were characterized by early toxic effects, cellular fusion, and progressive destruction of monolayers, the pattern of changes being a function of specific virus‐cell combinations. With input inocula of 1‐5 PFU per cell, most of the virus strains and mutants produced toxic changes in most of the epithelial type cells (PK‐2a, FL, Chang liver) but not in the fibroblastic cells, and to a very slight degree in KB cells. Three mutants which failed to multiply in PK‐2a cells nevertheless produced moderate toxic changes in them.Pronounced fusion of cells was produced in the epithelial type cells, but not in fibroblastic cells, by most of the viruses which multiplied in them, but not by mutants which failed to multiply.All the mutants produced plaques on chick embryo fibroblasts, and these could be distinguished as turbid or clear, and differed in size and in cultural requirements for maximal plating efficiency. A standard plaque assay method is described which gives good plaques with the majority of mutants.Conditions for optimal plaque assays on PK‐2a and L929 cells are also described, and several distinctive plaque types were recognized. Some mutants failed to produce plaques on PK‐2a or L929 cells, and in all cases except one this was shown to be due to their failure to multiply in the cells concerned.
PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS IN URINE
Authors: Martin FIR 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe mean recovery of biological activity of urinary pituitary gonadotrophin added to normal urine was 40.5 per cent as determined by the mouse uterus response.Investigation of some methodological variables, including the mode of storage and pH of urine, did not incriminate these as additional sources of error above those directly determined from the method of extraction and assay used.
THE EFFECT OF ANGIOTENSIN II ON THE SENSITIVITY OF THE PAROTID GLAND OF THE SHEEP TO ALDOSTERONE
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Goding JR , Wright RD 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAldosterone was infused intravenously into sodium‐replete or sodium‐deplete adrenalectomized sheep until the fall of salivary Na/K ratio had stabilized. Then valine‐5‐angiotensin II was infused simultaneously into the carotid artery supplying the isolated parotid gland. Angiotensin did not cause a further full in the salivary Na/K ratio. The results suggest that the factor which sensitizes the parotid gland to the action of aldosterone in sodium depletion is not angiotemin II.
THE EFFECT OF VASOPRESSIN ON WATER DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Cross RB , Sherrington LA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effect of vasopressin on the distribution of water in the kidney was studied in alcohol anaesthetized rats during osmotic diuresis.Under all the circumstances investigated there was an increasing gradient of H2O content from cortex to papilla.In rats infused with 0·033 M NaCl, 0·11 M glucose in 6 per cent C2H5OH vasopressin caused a significant decrease in papillary H2O content. Increasing the osmotic load in the infusion inhibited this effect.The data suggest that the previously reported increase in Na content of wet papillary mass seen after vasopressin is due to a primary accumulation of Na in tlie papilla and is not merely secondary to a shift of H2O out of the tissue.
CORTISONE ACETATE TREATMENT OF HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA IN NZB MICE
Authors: Giltinan Pamela J , Holmes Margaret C , Burnet FM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effects of treatment of haemolytic anaemia in NZB mice with cortisone acetate were examined. A dosage of 2 mg./mtmsc/week, caused a reversal of the Coombs test in Coombs positive mice ami prevented the Coombs conversion in younger mice for as long as treatment was continued. The reticulocyte levels, which in control mice are grossly elevated, Were reduced to normal limits, but the haemoglobin and haematocrit levels were no different in treated mice from those in controls. This was ascribed to a probable iron deficiency anaemia associated with repeated experimental bleeding.There was a high incidence of infections in treated mice, and the mortality was higher than in the controls. For this reason, it was not possible to decide whether cortisone therapy decreased the incidence of renal lisions in the NZB mice.
SPLEEN GRAFT MAST CELL POPULATION CHANGES FOLLOWING SPLENECTOMY OF THE HOST
Authors: Metcalf Donald 
Published: December 2007

SummaryOne‐day‐old C57B1 spleens grafted to splenectomised C57B1 and (AKR × C57B1)F1 recipients grew to a three times larger size, but contained fifteen to twenty times fewer mast cells than comparable grafts in sham operated recipients. Splenectomy of mice bearing established Spleen grafts led to a similar increase in graft size and fall in mast cell content. These effects of splnectomy were observed with both subcutaneous und kidney sub‐capsular spleen grafs. Confirmatory results were obtained with AKR and C3H spleen grafts in isologous and F1 hybrid splenectomised and sham operated recipients. Treatment of splenectomised mice with spleen extracts or spleen tissue in dif fusion chambers did not change the number of spleen graft mast cells. Splenec‐tomy had no effect on the mast cell content of other host tissues, or on the mast cell content of thymus grafts. Splenectomy before pregnancy had no effect on mast cell development in the fix‐till spleen.
CLOTTING IN HEPARINISED PLASMA
Authors: Fantl P 
Published: December 2007

SummaryOne volume of plasma with 6–8 units heparin per ml. incubated with two volumes of 0·3M d‐glucose formed clots after 30 to 100 minutes at 37°. Incubation with thiourea or sodium chloride produced smaller quantities of plasma clots. Heparinised plasma from a haemophilia A patient (factor VIII deficiency) and plasma from patients, under treatment with oral anticoagulants, deficient in factor II (prothrombin), factor VII (proconvertin), and factor X (Prower‐Stuart factor) did not clot after incubation with d‐glucose. Platelets are essential in this process but can be replaced by erythrocyte ghosts or by brain phospholipids but lecithins are inactive. Calcium ions must also be present. No appreciable loss of heparin occurred, but clotting was associated with reduction of heparin co‐factor (antithrombin II). The thrombin clotting time of heparinised plasma which contained d‐glucosc, mannitol, saccharose, glycine and also thiourea was shorter than that in the presence of sodium chloride. In contrast, thrombin clotting time of citrated plasma is not shortened by any of the above compounds except glycine. Incubation of plasma containing between 1 and 1·6 heparin units/ml. without further additions produced high yield of plasma clots. The addition of thromhin to heparinised plasma gave shorter clotting times in platelet‐containing plasma than in platelet poor plasma. The yield of plasma clot was dependent upon the thrombin concentration, but a low concentration of thrombin added to heparinised platelet‐containing plasma caused more fibrin formation than in platelet‐poor plasma. A low concentration of thrombin added to platelet‐containing plasma deficient in factor II (prothrombin), factor VII (proconvertin), factor X (Prower‐Stuart factor) gave a low yield of fibrin. The difference of fibrin yield between platelet‐containing and platelet‐poor plasma was seen with both commercial and purified bovine thrombin preparations. Very dilute human brain extracts added to heparinised platelet‐poor plasma gave, despite a very long clotting time, high yields of fibrin. Heparin co‐factor activity (antithrombin II) is greater in plasma than in serum.
THE EFFECTS OF DECREASED MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW ON POST‐EXERCISE HYPERAEMIA IN THE HUMAN FOREARM
Authors: Fewings JD , Roberts ML , Stepanas AV , Whelan RF 
Published: December 2007

SummaryPost‐exercise hyperaemia following one, two or three minute periods of forearm exercise was studied in man, before and after tilting recumbent subjects to 45° in the feet down position. Tilting reduces forearm muscle blood flow, due to a sympathetic vaso‐constrictor reflex.The magnitude and the duration of post‐exercise hyperaemia were significantly reduced by tilting. Peak blood flows were also decreased, but this trend was significant only for the one minute period of exercise.It is concluded that if two functional circulations exist in skeletal muscle, they do not have independent regulation.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Roser B 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMouse peritoneal macrophages were labelled in vivo with radioactive colloidal gold (198Au) and the distribution of these cells, after intravenous injection into isologous strain mice, was determined at various time intervals up to 72 hours after injection. Their distribution was compared with that of heatl killed macrophages.After a brief initial period of pulmonary sequestration, living peritoneal nacrophages localised specifically and virtually exclusively in the liver and spleen, with the spleen containing five times as many cells us the liver per milligram of tissue. Labelled cells were demonstrable in radioautographs of these organs. In the liver they were found in the sinusoids where they resembled Kupffer cells. In the spleen they were found only in the red pulp.Heat killed macrophages were retained within the lungs for a much longer period than living cells, and the eventual redistribution of radioactivity to liver and spleen differed quantitatively and qualitatively from that occurring with living cells.
ESTIMATION OF PLASMA NON‐ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS AND TRIGLYCERIDE FATTY ACIDS BY THIN‐LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND COLORIMETRY
Authors: Sheath June 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA method for the estimation of plasma non‐esterified fatty acids and triglyceride fatty acids is described. Plasma is extracted with heptane‐isopropyl alcohol‐sulphuric acid and the lipid extract subjected to thin‐layer chromato‐graphy for separation of the relevant fractions which are readily eluted from the chromatogram by means of a new device. Non‐esterified fatty acids and fatty acids liberated from triglycerides on saponification arc estimated colorimetrically by formation of a copper complex.
THYMIC, LYMPHOID AND MARROW INOCULA IN CYTOGENETIC REPOPULATION STUDIES OF IRRADIATED MICE
Authors: Ilbery PLT 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe incidence of lymphoma was lowered from 62 per cent to 27 per cent by post‐irradiation bone marrow grafting, and there was an inverse relationship between the “take” of chromosomally labelled donor cells of bone marrow and lymph node origin and the incidence of lymphoma. The postulate that inhibition of lymphoma is due to colonization of the host's tissues by unirradiated graft cells (with suppression of activity of the host's own radiation damaged cells) appears only partly true, for even the cells of donor origin which had successfully colonized the irradiated hosts' tissues were subject themselves to malignant transformation.The inability of lymphocytes to protect against the supervention of lymphoma is reflected in their inability, observed cytogenetically, to penetrate the thymus. When equal numbers of haemopoietic cells and lymphoid cells have been given intravenously to lethally irradiated mice the same thymic barrier effect has been seen. Combining the cytogenetic data and the information from mitotic rates in bone marrow and thymus, it was apparent that it was a cell derived from the recolonized haemopoietic stores which gained entry to the thymus.No contrast was shown between chimacras resuscitated with foetal haemopoietic cells, and supplemented with adult or newborn lymphocytes, or thymocytes in the restoration of the blood count and the lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio. It must be assumed, in the absence of cytogenetic evidence to the contrary, that consequent upon failure of lymphoid material to colonize the thymus the circulating lymphocytes were derived from the grafted haemopoietic elements. It appeared that they were immunologically competent.
THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL HAEMORRHAGE ON THE LEVELS OF HAEMOGLOBIN, PLASMA IRON AND TOTAL IRON‐BINDING CAPACITY IN DAIRY CALVES
Authors: Bremner KC , Ronalds JA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryWhen healthy dairy calves were subjected to a single blood withdrawal of 10, 20 or 30 ml./kg. body weight, levels of plasma total iron‐binding capacity increased. Plasma iron concentrations also increased significantly after bleeding at the two highest levels, but were unaffected by a blood loss of 10 ml./kg. The bleeding of calves daily for two weeks at rates of 2, 4 or 6 ml./kg./day similarly caused significant increases in plasma total iron‐binding capacity. Blood losses of 2 or 4 ml./kg./day resulted in an elevation of plasma iron concentration. However, phlebotomies of 6 ml./kg./day eventually caused a marked depression of plasma iron levels, but, when the bleedings were terminated, plasma iron concentrations increased to abnormally high values. It is suggested that the increased plasma iron levels were due to an increased absorption of dietary iron. Labile iron reserves in the experimental calves were estimated to lie within the range of 1·0‐1·4 g., and were associated with liver concentrations of non‐haem iron of about 30 μg./g. of wet liver. In calves, levels of non‐haem iron in liver tissue of less than 20 μg./g. appear to be indicative of iron deficiency.
THE SYNTHESIS OF MACROGLOBULIN ANTIBODY TO A BACTERIAL ANTIGEN IN MICE AFTER TREATMENT WITH THOROTRAST
Authors: Jenkin CR , Auzins Ieva , Reade PC 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIt has been found that mice pretreated with thorotrast and then given antigen respond with a prolonged macroglobulin response. Further, if thorotrast is given following antigen stimulation, similar results may be obtained. Various parameters of the system have been investigated and are given below.
LOCALIZATION OF PARTICULATE CARBON IN METAPHYSEAL VESSELS OF GROWING RATS
Authors: Ham Kathryn N , Hurley JV , Ryan GB , Storey E 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIntravenously injected carbon particles localize selectively adjacent to blood vessels in the metaphysis of long bones of young rats. Deposition is greatest in rapidly growing animals, and decreases as the growth rate slows in older animals.Similar deposition cannot be detected in relation to growing vessels in either granulation tissue or recent tumour implants.Electron microscopic examination shows that the growing ends of metaphyseal blood vessels consist only of attenuated endothelium containing numerous wide gaps. At deeper levels in the metaphysis the vascular wall is much thicker, and resembles actively growing vessels seen in other tissues. Occasional gaps in the endothelium occur here, and neither a basement membrane nor peri‐endothelial cell layer is present.It appears that carbon deposition in the metaphysis is due to the peculiar structure of its small blood vessels, and does not indicate a temporary change associated with an increase in vascular permeability to protein as it does in most other tissues.
A SIMPLE ISOLATED NERVE‐BLOOD VESSEL PREPARATION
Authors: de la Lande IS , Rand MJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryObservations have been made on the effects of nerve stimulation and drugs on an isolated perfused segment of the central artery of the rabbit ear.Stimulation applied transmurally, peri‐arterially or to the ventral auricular nerve caused vascoconstriction.The vascoconstrictor response to peri‐arterial stimulation was due to excitation of nerve fibres arising from the superior cervical ganglion. The response was enhanced after cocaine, and abolished or greatly reduced after guanethidine, procaine and dibenyline.Noradrenaline produced vascoconstrictor responses which were enhanced after ganglionectomy and after cocaine, and abolished by dibenyline.Acetyl choline caused dilatation, but only when the tone of the artery was raised by sympathetic stimulation. The effect of acetyl choline was greatly reduced after atropine.Histamine caused vasoconstriction which was abolished after mepyramine.5‐hydroxytryptamine had only weak vasoconstrictor activity, but it markedly potentiated the action of noradrenaline and sympathetic nerve stimulation.Angiotensin has weak vasoconstrictor activity.
EFFECTS OF HYPERKALAEMIA UPON THE GENERAL AND CORONARY HAEMODYNAMICS OF THE DOG
Authors: Maxwell GM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryVascular pressures, cardiac output (Fick) and coronary flow (N2O Fick) were measured before and after the production of hyperkalaemia in intact dogs. Respiratory exchange and heart rate increased; vascular pressures and cardiac output did not vary. There was no significant change in coronary flow, but cardiac oxygen extraction and metabolism increased.
PARTIAL PURIFICATION OF THE “PROTECTIVE” ANTIGEN OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM AND ITS DISTRIBUTION AMONGST VARIOUS STRAINS OF BACTERIA
Authors: Jenkin CR , Rowley D 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the distribution of the heat labile protective antigen of Salmonella typhinurium amongst other strains of apparently unrelated gram‐negative bacteria. Evidence is presented to show that this antigen is possessed by a number of different species of bacteria. Results obtained on the protective effect of various antigens from Salmonella typhimurum suggest that only certain antibodies are effective in promoting killing by phagocytic cells, though all may’ enhance phagocytosis.
THE USE OF 131I‐ALBUMIN IN ASSAYS OF DRUGS THAT INCREASE VASCULAR PERMEABILITY IN THE SKIN OF GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Garlick DG 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe measurement of radioactivity of skin pieces excised from guinea‐pigs with circulating 131I‐albumin provided a useful means of relating increased exudation of the protein to the dose of permeability‐increasing drugs, injected intradermally. Intravenous injection of Evans blue dye, given at the same time as 131I‐albumin, permitted visual identification of skin areas with increased vascular permeability, due to the exudation of dye‐albumin complex. After establishing a suitable experimental procedure, linear log dose‐response curves were obtained for three drugs, viz. histamine, bradykinin and compound 48/80.The use of two‐way restraints of Latin and Youden squares for injection patterns meant that the effect of sites of injections, as well as differences between animals, could be determined. Their effects were frequently found to be significant. A 6 × 5 Youden square, divided between two guinea‐pigs, provided a convenient plan for a comparative dilution assay. The linear regressions for histamine and for the polypeptide, bradykinin, were significantly different. The linear regressions for histamine and for the histamine‐liberator, compound 48/80, were significantly parallel. At an equipment level, the dose of compound 48/80 was approximately 27‐fold greater than that for histamine; or 5·6‐fold greater in the comparison of their molar concentrations.
THE SKEWNESS OF VOLUME DISTRIBUTION CURVES OF ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Winter H , Shieard RP 
Published: December 2007

SummaryVolume distribution curves of erythrocytes, obtained by automatic cell counting, are skew, the right side being flatter than the left one, indicating a greater than normal population of larger cells. This is in contrast to the familiar Price‐Jones curves which show a more symmetrically bell‐shaped distribution, as expected from a normal homogenous population. So far the skewness has been attributed to presence of white cells, mathematical distortion due to change from linear to cubic scale, and to coincidence, when two cells are counted as one larger one.The present investigation has shown that white cells and change of scale do not cause skewness, while coincidence is only a relatively small contributing factor. After excluding the possibility of inherent bias of the celluscope, the skewness has been attributed to younger, and therefore larger, erythrocytes superimposed on a population of normally distributed, more mature cells. These cells, being relatively thicker than the fully nature erythroeytes, have a greater volume than indicated by their diameters. As automatic cell counters are sensitive to volumes and not merely to diameters, the curves obtained give a more accurate picture of cell size distribution. Accuracy is also Improved by the increased number of points on the curves compared with Price‐Jones technique, where the diameter of 1000 × the enlarged cells can be measured only In the nearest half millimetre.
THE SYNTHESIS BY FOETAL CHICKS AND RATS OF SERUM PROTEINS HAVING SOME PROPERTIES OF THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: Reade PC , Jenkin CR , Turner KJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe rates of synthesis of serum proteins have been studied in foetal chicks and rats at various stages in their development. It has been shown that, at all ages studied, these foetuses are capable of synthesizing proteins which have the electrophoretic and aritigenic properties of immunoglobulins.