bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward Reproducible Three-Dimensional Microstructure Analysis of Granular Materials and Complex Suspensions
Authors: Holzer Lorenz , Münch Beat 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFocused ion beam nanotomography (FIB-nt) is a novel method for high resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging. In this investigation we assess the methodological parameters related to image acquisition and data processing that are critical for obtaining reproducible microstructural results from granular materials and from complex suspensions. For this purpose three case studies are performed: (1) The precision of FIB-nt is evaluated by analyzing a reference sample with nanospheres. Due to the implementation of an automated correction procedure, drift phenomena can be removed largely from the FIB data. However, at high magnifications remaining drift components can induce problems for 3D-shape reconstructions. (2) Correct object recognition from densely packed microstructures requires specific algorithms for splitting of agglomerated particles. To establish quantitative criteria for the correct degree of splitting, a parametric study with dry portland cement is performed. It is shown that splitting with a k-value of 0.6 leads to accurate results. (3) Finally, the reproducibility of the entire cryo-FIB analysis is investigated for high pressure frozen cement suspensions. Reproducible analyses can be obtained if the magnification is adapted to the particle size. At low magnifications the small particles and their surface area are underestimated. At high magnifications representativity is questioned because local inhomogeneities can become dominant.
Chemical Shift of Electron Energy-Loss Near-Edge Structure on the Nitrogen K-Edge and Titanium L3-Edge at TiN/Ti Interface
Authors: Terada Shohei , Asayama Kyoichiro , Tsujimoto Masahiko , Kurata Hiroki , Isoda Seiji 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe investigated the chemical shift of the electron energy-loss near-edge structure (ELNES) for the nitrogen K-edge and titanium L3-edge measured from the interface region between a titanium nitride layer and a titanium layer. Both the titanium nitride and titanium layers were prepared by a sputtering method. Elemental analysis for nitride and titanium in the vicinity of the interface region was performed using a standard technique in electron energy-loss spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that both the ELNES of nitrogen K-edge and titanium L3-edge presented the chemical shift, more or less, depending on the composition of TiNx. The experimental findings were interpreted using a first-principles band structure calculation. The chemical shifts of nitrogen K-edge and titanium L3-edge can be used as fingerprinting for readily distinguishing the composition of TiNx.
Next 50 years of space research
Authors: Bonnet R.-M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractForecasting the next 50 years of space research is a dangerous game and a somewhat irresponsible action. Fortunately, the past 50 years have evidenced what remains in the realm of realism and of the feasible and what definitely belongs to the realm of utopia. Nevertheless those who, like me today, take the risk of forecasting such a relatively long time trend are sure of one thing: to be wrong!
The maximum magnetic flux in an active region
Authors: Livadiotis George , Moussas Xenophon 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Photometric-Magnetic Dynamical model handles the evolution of an individual sunspot as an autonomous nonlinear, though integrable, dynamical system. The model considers the simultaneous interplay of two different interacted factors: The photometric and magnetic factors, respectively, characterizing the evolution of the sunspot visible area A on the photosphere, and the simultaneous evolution of the sunspot magnetic field strength B. All the possible sunspots are gathered in a specific region of the phase space (A, B). The separatrix of this phase space region determines the upper limit of the values of sunspot area and magnetic strength. Consequently, an upper limit of the magnetic flux in an active region is also determined, found to be ≈7.23 × 1023 Mx. This value is phenomenologically equal to the magnetic flux concentrated in the totality of the granules of the quite Sun. Hence, the magnetic flux concentrated in an active region cannot exceed the one concentrated in the whole photosphere.
The mid-term periodicities in sunspot areas
Authors: Getko Ryszarda 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe sunspot area fluctuations for the northern and the southern hemispheres of the Sun over the epoch of 12 cycles (12–23) are investigated. Because of the asymmetry of their probability distributions, the positive and the negative fluctuations are considered separately. The auto-correlation analysis of them shows three quasi-periodicities at 10, 17 and 23 solar rotations. The wavelets gives the 10-rotation quasi-periodicity. For the original and the negative fluctuations the correlation coefficient between the wavelet and the auto-correlation results is about 0.9 for 90% of the auto-correlation peaks. For the positive fluctuations it is also 0.9 for 70% of the peaks. For 90% of cycles in both hemispheres the auto-correlation analysis of negative fluctuations shows that two longer periods can be represented as the multiple of the shortest period. For positive fluctuations such dependences are found for more than 50% of cases.
Determining the full halo coronal mass ejection characteristics
Authors: Fainshtein V. G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this paper we determined the parameters of 45 full halo coronal mass ejections (HCMEs) for various modifications of their cone forms (“ice cream cone models”). We show that the CME determined characteristics depend significantly on the CME chosen form. We show that, regardless of the CME chosen form, the trajectory of practically all the considered HCMEs deviate from the radial direction to the Sun-to-Earth axis at the initial stage of their movement.
Major solar flares without coronal mass ejections
Authors: Gopalswamy N. , Akiyama S. , Yashiro S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe examine the source properties of X-class soft X-ray flares that were not associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). All the flares were associated with intense microwave bursts implying the production of high energy electrons. However, most (85%) of the flares were not associated with metric type III bursts, even though open field lines existed in all but two of the active regions. The X-class flares seem to be truly confined because there was no material ejection (thermal or nonthermal) away from the flaring region into space.
Re-examining the correlation of complex solar type III radio bursts and solar energetic particles
Authors: MacDowall R. J. , Richardson I. G. , Hess R. A. , Thejappa G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractInterplanetary radio observations provide important information on particle acceleration processes at the Sun and propagation of the accelerated particles in the solar wind. Cane et al. (2002) have drawn attention to a class of prominent radio bursts that accompany >20 MeV solar proton events. They call these bursts ‘type III-L’ because: they are fast drifting (like normal type III bursts associated with electrons accelerated at impulsive solar flares); they are Long-lasting compared to normal type III bursts; they occur Late compared to the onset of the related solar event; and, they commence at Lower frequencies (~100 MHz) than normal type III bursts, suggesting that they originate higher in the corona at ~0.5 Rs above the Sun. We report on an analysis of the correlated radio and SEP events during 1996-2006 using the Wind Waves and near-Earth SEP data sets, and discuss whether the characteristics of the complex type III bursts (at less than 14 MHz) will permit them to serve as proxies for SEP event occurrence and intensity.
Magnetic reconnection in the heliosphere: new insights from observations in the solar wind
Authors: Gosling J. T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMagnetic reconnection plays a central role in the interpretation of a wide variety of observed solar, space, astrophysical, and laboratory plasma phenomena. The relatively recent discovery that reconnection is common at thin current sheets in the solar wind opens up a new laboratory for studying this fundamental plasma process and its after-effects. Here we provide a brief overview of some of the new insights on reconnection derived from observations of reconnection exhaust jets in the solar wind.
Forbush effects and their connection with solar, interplanetary and geomagnetic phenomena
Authors: Belov A. V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractForbush decrease (or, in a broader sense, Forbush effect) - is a storm in cosmic rays, which is a part of heliospheric storm and very often observed simultaneously with a geomagnetic storm. Disturbances in the solar wind, magnetosphere and cosmic rays are closely interrelated and caused by the same active processes on the Sun. Thus, it is natural and useful to investigate them together. Such an investigation in the present work is based on the characteristics of cosmic rays with rigidity of 10 GV. The results are derived using data from the world wide neutron monitor network and are combined with relevant information into a data base on Forbush effects and large interplanetary disturbances.
Bootstrap energization of relativistic electrons in magnetized plasmas
Authors: Roth Ilan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn situ and remote observations indicate that relativistic or ultra relativistic electrons are formed at various magnetized configurations. It is suggested that a specific bootstrap mechanism operates in some of these environments. The mechanism applies to (a) relativistic electrons observed on localized field lines in outer radiation belt - through a process initiated at a distant substorm injection; (b) relativistic electrons observed at the interplanetary medium - through a process initiated via coronal injection, at large distances from flares or propagating CME; (c) ultra-relativistic electrons deduced at the galactic jets - through a process initiated via local injection at the small-scale magnetic field. The injected nonisotropic electrons excite whistler waves which boost efficiently the tail of the electron distribution.
Simulations of shock structures of a flare/CME event in the low corona
Authors: Pomoell Jens , Vainio Rami , Pohjolainen Silja 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe study the MHD processes related to a flare/CME event in the lower solar corona using numerical simulations. Our initial state is an isothermal gravitationally stratified corona with an embedded flux rope magnetic field structure. The eruption is driven by applying an artificial force to the flux rope. The results show that as the flux rope rises, a shock structure is formed, reaching from ahead of the flux rope all the way to the solar surface. The speed of the shock quickly exceeds that of the driving flux rope, and the shock escapes from the driver. Thus, the shock exhibits characteristics both of the driven and blast wave type. In addition, the temperature distribution behind the shock is loop-like, implying that erupting loop-like structures observed in soft X-ray images might be shocks. Finally, we note that care must be taken when performing correlation analysis of the speed and location of type II bursts and ejecta.
Body elimination attitude family resemblance in Kuwait
Authors: Al‐Fayez Ghenaim , Awadalla Abdelwahid , Arikawa Hiroko , Templer Donald I. , Hutton Shane 
Published: March 2009

The purpose of the present study was to determine the family resemblance of attitude toward body elimination in Kuwaiti participants. This study was conceptualized in the context of the theories of moral development, importance of cleanliness in the Muslim religion, cross‐cultural differences in personal hygiene practices, previous research reporting an association between family attitudes and body elimination attitude, and health implications. The 24‐item Likert‐type format Body Elimination Attitude Scale—Revised was administered to 277 Kuwaiti high school students and 437 of their parents. Females scored higher, indicating greater disgust, than the males. Moreover, sons' body elimination attitude correlated more strongly with fathers' attitude (r = .85) than with that of the mothers (r = .64). Daughters' attitude was similarly associated with the fathers' (r = .89) and the mothers' attitude (r = .86). The high correlations were discussed within the context of Kuwait having a collectivistic culture with authoritarian parenting style. The higher adolescent correlations, and in particular the boys' correlation with fathers than with mothers, was explained in terms of the more dominant role of the Muslim father in the family. Public health and future research implications were suggested. A theoretical formulation was advanced in which “ideal” body elimination attitude is relative rather than absolute, and is a function of one's life circumstances, one's occupation, one's culture and subculture, and the society that one lives in.
Semantic publishing: the coming revolution in scientific journal publishing
Authors: SHOTTON David 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTRecent developments in Web technology can be used for semantic enhancement of scholarly journal articles, by aiding publication of data and metadata and providing ‘lively’ interactive access to content. Such semantic enhancements are already being undertaken by leading STM publishers, and automated text processing will help these enhancements become affordable and routine. Publisher, editor, and author all have primary roles in that process; an incremental approach is needed. Publication of data and metadata to the Web make possible added‐value ‘ecosystem services‘; semantic publishing will bring substantial benefits to scholarly communication.
Scholarly journal information‐seeking and reading patterns of faculty at five US universities
Authors: KING Donald W. , TENOPIR Carol , CHOEMPRAYONG Songphan , WU Lei 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSurveys at five US universities show that faculty read articles for research, teaching, writing, and other purposes; the largest number of readings is for research. The time spent reading scholarly articles (an estimated average of 132 hours and 240 articles per year) demonstrates their value to faculty's work; over one‐third of readings are reported to be absolutely essential, and to affect the reader's purpose in many ways, including helping to improve results, or to broaden or change the focus. Faculty prefer print for personal subscriptions, although library electronic collections provide a majority of readings, and most readings from library collections are from electronic sources; older articles are also more commonly from electronic library collections. Faculty use a variety of means to find articles, including browsing and searching, the latter particularly for research purposes, and to locate older articles. Faculty members who publish more, or who have won awards, read more articles on average than their less productive or successful colleagues.
Methylation of estrogen receptor 1 in colorectal adenomas is not age‐dependent, but is correlated with K‐ras mutation
Authors: Horii Joichiro , Hiraoka Sakiko , Kato Jun , Saito Shunsuke , Harada Keita , Fujita Hideyuki , Kaji Eisuke , Yamamoto Kazuhide 
Published: March 2009

The promoter region of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) has been shown to be methylated in normal colorectal mucosa in an age‐dependent manner. However, the methylation of this region in colorectal tumors has not sufficiently been investigated. The methylation status of ESR1 in 105 colorectal adenoma tissues was examined by MethyLight and presented as the percentage of methylated references (PMR). Factors that affect the PMR of ESR1 in adenomas were determined using parameters including patient age, sex, past history of malignancy, family history of colorectal cancer, smoking and drinking habits, clinical characteristics of adenomas (location, size, macroscopic appearance, and histology), and K‐ras mutation. Multiple linear regression revealed that the PMR was not correlated with patient age. K‐ras mutation was significantly correlated with the higher methylation status of ESR1 in adenoma (t‐value = 3.21, P = 0.0018), whereas alcohol exposure was significantly correlated with lower methylation status (t‐value = –2.37, P = 0.02). Because methylation of O6‐methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) has been reported to be correlated with K‐ras G‐to‐A transition, methylation of ESR1 was compared with that of MGMT with regard to K‐ras mutation. Contrary to expectations, methylation of MGMT was not significantly correlated with K‐ras G‐to‐A transition, but that of ESR1 was strongly correlated with K‐ras G‐to‐A transition. Thus, the methylation status of ESR1 in adenomas was not correlated with patient age, but was associated with K‐ras mutation, suggesting that methylation of ESR1 in tumors functions differently from that in normal colon mucosa. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1005–1011)
Shear stress induces internalization of E‐cadherin and invasiveness in metastatic oesophageal cancer cells by a Src‐dependent pathway
Authors: Lawler Karen , O'Sullivan Gerald , Long Aideen , Kenny Dermot 
Published: March 2009

Metastatic disease is dependent on tumor cell migration through the venous and lymphatic systems and requires dynamic rearrangement of adherens junctions. Endocytosis of cadherins is a key mechanism to dynamically arrange adherens junctions, signaling, and motility in tumor cells; however, the role of shear in regulating this process in metastatic cells is unknown. In this study, the role of shear in regulating cell surface expression of E‐cadherin was investigated. We found that exposure to venous shear (shear rate, 200/s) induced internalization of E‐cadherin in adherent metastatic oesophageal tumor cells (OC‐1 tumor cell line). Internalized E‐cadherin was found localized to Rab5‐positive endosomes and was not present in lysosomes. As the Src family of tyrosine kinase have been implicated in regulating cadherin expression, we investigated the role of shear in regulating E‐cadherin through Src activity. Pretreatment of OC‐1 cells with the specific Src kinase inhibitor 4‐amino‐5‐ (4‐methylphenyl)‐7‐(t‐butyl)pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine (PP1) prevented shear‐induced internalization of E‐cadherin. Direct measurement of Src activity (phosphorylation on Y416) showed that Src is activated in sheared OC‐1 cells and that the shear‐induced increase in phospho‐Src is inhibited by the presence of PP1. Moreover, we show that shear stress significantly increased the invasive capacity of OC‐1 cells (P < 0.001), a process inhibited by the presence of PP1. These results indicate a novel role for shear in regulating the endocytosis of E‐cadherin and invasiveness in metastatic cells. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1082–1087)
Towards ground truthing exploration in the central Arctic Ocean: a Cenozoic compaction history from the Lomonosov Ridge
Authors: O'Regan M. , Moran K. , Baxter C. D. P. , Cartwright J. , Vogt C. , Kölling M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Integrated Ocean Drilling Program's Expedition 302, the Arctic Coring Expedition (ACEX), recovered the first Cenozoic sedimentary sequence from the central Arctic Ocean. ACEX provided ground truth for basin scale geophysical interpretations and for guiding future exploration targets in this largely unexplored ocean basin. Here, we present results from a series of consolidation tests used to characterize sediment compressibility and permeability and integrate these with high‐resolution measurements of bulk density, porosity and shear strength to investigate the stress history and the nature of prominent lithostratigraphic and seismostratigraphic boundaries in the ACEX record. Despite moderate sedimentation rates (10–30 m Myr−1) and high permeability values (10−15–10−18 m2), consolidation and shear strength measurements both suggest an overall state of underconsolidation or overpressure. One‐dimensional compaction modelling shows that to maintain such excess pore pressures, an in situ fluid source is required that exceeds the rate of fluid expulsion generated by mechanical compaction alone. Geochemical and sedimentological evidence is presented that identifies the Opal A–C/T transformation of biosiliceous rich sediments as a potential additional in situ fluid source. However, the combined rate of chemical and mechanical compaction remain too low to fully account for the observed pore pressure gradients, implying an additional diagenetic fluid source from within or below the recovered Cenozoic sediments from ACEX. Recognition of the Opal A–C/T reaction front in the ACEX record has broad reaching regional implications on slope stability and subsurface pressure evolution, and provides an important consideration for interpreting and correlating the spatially limited seismic data from the Arctic Ocean.
Searching for DNA markers for milk production and composition on chromosome 6 in sheep
Authors: Árnyasi M. , Komlósi I. , Lien S. , Czeglédi L. , Nagy S. , Jávor A. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySeveral milk protein polymorphisms are potential tools for selection in dairy ruminants. However, research results for dairy sheep are not as conclusive as those for goats or cattle and are often controversial. The main objective of this study was to find and later use molecular genetic markers in selection to improve milk production and milk composition in Awassi ewes. Chromosome 6 was chosen because several studies have reported the presence of significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting milk production traits on ovine and bovine chromosome 6. Altogether, genotypes for 13 microsatellite loci were determined for 258 ewes, which were purebred Awassi or Awassi‐Merino crosses. Phenotypic data were lactation yield of milk, milk fat, protein and lactose (kg), average milk protein and fat percentage and average somatic cell count. Five out of the 13 microsatellites showed significant association with at least one of the examined traits.
Transitional credit modelling and its relationship to market value at risk: an Australian sectoral perspective
Authors: Allen David E. , Powell Robert 
Published: March 2009

AbstractInternal credit risk modelling is important for banks for the calculation of capital adequacy in terms of the Basel Accords, and for the management of sectoral exposure. We examine Credit Value at Risk (VaR), Conditional Credit Value at Risk (Credit CVaR) and the relationship between market and credit risk. Significant association is found between different Credit CVaR methods, and between market and credit risk. Simpler Credit CVaR methods are found to be viable alternatives to more complex methodology. The relationship between market and credit risk is used to develop a new model that allows banks to incorporate industry risk into transition modelling, without macroeconomic analysis.
Leveraged superannuation
Authors: Dunn Peter , Francis Scott , Hall Jason 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRules governing superannuation investments are made with respect to investment‐specific risks, rather than overall portfolio risks. In particular, legislation prohibits borrowing except in specific circumstances and on a non‐recourse basis. We model the distribution of leveraged portfolio outcomes for a representative investor, accounting for their age‐earnings profile, differing taxation of dividends, capital gains and franking credits, and the volatility of equity returns and interest rates. With explicit portfolio modelling, there is no need to categorize specific investments as ‘too risky’ on a stand‐alone basis. We show that leverage is likely to enhance retirement outcomes for investors with low risk aversion.