bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Men
Authors: Gales Barry J , Gales Mark A 
Published: December 2007

Objective: To review the efficacy of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men. Data Sources: MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched (1970–August 2007) using the terms phosphodiesterase inhibitor, sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil, tower urinary tract symptoms, and benign prostatic hypertrophy. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language clinical trials, case reports, and background material were evaluated for safety and efficacy data. References of reviewed articles were examined and used to identify additional sources. Data Synthesis: Erectile dysfunction (ED) and lower urinary tract symptoms have numerous shared risk factors and are common in aging men. PDE-5 inhibitors may relax urinary tract smooth muscle tissue, which has led to interest in their utility for lower urinary tract symptoms. Six 12 week clinical trials were identified. Three uncontrolled trials (N = 158) examined the effects of on-demand sildenafil ED dosing on lower urinary tract symptoms. The 2 largest trials found that, the greater the ED response, the larger the reduction in lower urinary tract symptoms. A single prospective placebo-controlled trial (N = 369) studied sildenafil 100 mg daily in men with ED and lower urinary tract symptoms. Lower urinary tract symptoms improved significantly in the sildenafil group; patents with the worst lower urinary tract symptoms experienced the greatest benefits. An open-label trial (N = 62) compared daily sildenafil 25 mg, alfuzosin 10 mg, or sildenafil 25 mg plus alfuzosin 10 mg on ED and tower urinary tract symptoms. Combination therapy resulted in greater improvements in ED and lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary flow than did either drug alone. The effects of daily tadalafil 20 mg were studied in 281 men with lower urinary tract symptoms independent of ED. Tadalafil produced statistically significant but clinically modest improvements in tower urinary tract symptoms when compared with placebo. Conclusions: PDE-5 inhibitors consistently produced modest reductions in lower urinary tract symptoms. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the efficacy, cost effectiveness, safety, and appropriate place in therapy of PDE-5 inhibitors. At this time, data are insufficient to routinely recommend chronic use of PDE-5 Inhibitors for tower urinary tract symptoms in men.
Characteristics and Reasons Associated with Nonacceptance of Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment
Authors: Geffen Erica CG van , Hulten Rolf van , Bouvy Marcel L , Egberts Antoine CG , Heerdink Eibert R 
Published: December 2007

Background: Studies have shown that up to 38% of patients who start treatment with antidepressants fill only a single prescription at the pharmacy, apparently not accepting treatment. Objective: To determine characteristics and reasons associated with nonacceptance of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRf) treatment, Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 37 community pharmacies in the Netherlands; patients who presented a prescription from a general practitioner (GP) for a newly started SSRI treatment were selected, Nonaccepters were defined as patients who filled only one SSRI prescription; patients who received at least 3 fills of an SSRI prescription were defined as accepters. Patient characteristics were obtained from automated dispensing records and from questionnaires. Areas of evaluation included sociodemographics, disease, and treatment. Nonaccepters were asked their reasons for not filling second prescriptions. Results: Of the patients who started SSRI treatment, 22.0% were nonaccepters, filling only a single prescription. Fifty-seven nonaccepters and 128 accepters were included in our analysis. Nonacceptance was more common among patients with a low level of education (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.1 to 5.9) and in patients who reported nonspecific symptoms like fatigue, stress, and restlessness as the reason for SSRI use (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.4 to 5.5). Of the nonaccepters, 29.8% (n = 17) did not start SSRI use, and 70.2% (n = 40) discontinued SSRI use within 2 weeks. Fear of adverse effects and the actual occurrence of adverse effects were main reasons for not accepting SSRI treatment. Of the nonaccepters, 55.0% discontinued treatment without informing their GPs. Conclusions: Acceptance of SSRI treatment is a decisive moment in a patient's adherence to treatment initiated by his or her GP and deserves more attention; GPs and pharmacists should address treatment issues, especially in groups at risk for nonacceptance.
Cloning, functional analysis, and mitochondrial localization of Trypanosoma brucei monothiol glutaredoxin-1
Authors: Filser Michael , Comini Marcelo A. , Molina-Navarro Maria M. , Dirdjaja Natalie , Herrero Enrique , Krauth-Siegel R. Luise 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
African trypanosomes encode three monothiol glutaredoxins (1-C-Grx1 to 3). 1-C-Grx1 has a putative CAYS active site and Cys181 as single additional cysteine. The recombinant protein forms non-covalent homodimers. As observed for other monothiol glutaredoxins, Trypanosoma brucei 1-C-Grx1 was not active in the glutaredoxin assay with hydroxyethyl disulfide and glutathione nor catalyzed the reduction of insulin disulfide. In addition, it lacked peroxidase activity and did not catalyze protein (de)glutathionylation. Upon oxidation, 1-C-Grx1 forms an intramolecular disulfide bridge and, to a minor degree, covalent dimers. Both disulfide forms are reduced by the parasite trypanothione/tryparedoxin system. 1-C-Grx1 shows mitochondrial localization. The total cellular concentration is at least 5 μm. Thus, 1-C-Grx1 is an abundant protein especially in the rudimentary organelle of the mammalian form of the parasite. Expression of 1-C-Grx1 in Grx5-deficient yeast cells with its authentic presequence targeted the protein to the mitochondria and partially restored the growth phenotype and aconitase activity of the mutant, and conferred resistance against hydroperoxides and diamide. The parasite Grx2 and 3 failed to substitute for Grx5. This is surprising because even bacterial and plant 1-Cys-glutaredoxins efficiently revert the defects, and may be due to the lack of two basic residues conserved in all but the trypanosomatid proteins.
Reassessing the role of a 3′-UTR-binding translational inhibitor in regulation of circadian bioluminescence rhythm in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax
Authors: Lapointe Mathieu , Morse David 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The nightly bioluminescence of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax is a circadian rhythm caused by the presence in cells of specialized bioluminescent organelles, termed scintillons, containing the reaction catalyst luciferase, the substrate luciferin and a luciferin-binding protein (LBP). LBP levels increase at the start of the night phase because of increased protein synthesis rates in vivo, and this regulation has been ascribed to circadian binding of an inhibitory protein factor binding to the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of lbp mRNA at times when LBP is not normally synthesized. To purify and characterize the binding factor, the electrophoretic mobility shift assays and UV crosslinking experiments used to first characterize the factor were repeated. However, neither these protocols nor binding to biotinylated RNA probes confirmed the presence of a specific circadian RNA-binding protein. Furthermore, neither RNA probe screening of a cDNA library expressed in bacteria nor three-hybrid assays in yeast were successful in isolating a cDNA encoding a protein able to bind specifically to the lbp 3′UTR. Taken together, these results suggest that alternative mechanisms for regulating lbp translation should now be examined.
Cloning, expression and characterization of insulin-degrading enzyme from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Authors: Huet Yoann , Strassner Jochen , Schaller Andreas 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A cDNA encoding insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) was cloned from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and expressed in Escherichia coli in N-terminal fusion with glutathione S-transferase. GST-SlIDE was characterized as a neutral thiol-dependent metallopeptidase with insulinase activity: the recombinant enzyme cleaved the oxidized insulin B chain at eight peptide bonds, six of which are also targets of human IDE. Despite a certain preference for proline in the vicinity of the cleavage site, synthetic peptides were cleaved at apparently stochastic positions indicating that SlIDE, similar to IDEs from other organisms, does not recognize any particular amino acid motif in the primary structure of its substrates. Under steady-state conditions, an apparent K
m of 62±7 μm and a catalytic efficiency (k
cat/K
m) of 62±15 mm
-1 s-1 were determined for Abz-SKRDPPKMQTDLY(NO3)-NH2 as the substrate. GST-SlIDE was effectively inhibited by ATP at physiological concentrations, suggesting regulation of its activity in response to the energy status of the cell. While mammalian and plant IDEs share many of their biochemical properties, this similarity does not extend to their function in vivo, because insulin and the β-amyloid peptide, well-established substrates of mammalian IDEs, as well as insulin-related signaling appear to be absent from plant systems.
Collagen IV regulates Caco-2 cell spreading and p130Cas phosphorylation by FAK-dependent and FAK-independent pathways
Authors: Sanders Matthew A. , Basson Marc D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We previously observed that collagen IV regulates Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell spreading and migration via Src-dependent p130Cas phosphorylation and stimulates focal adhesion kinase (FAK). However, the role of FAK and the related kinase, Pyk2, in Caco-2 spreading and migration is unclear. FAK- or Pyk2-specific siRNAs reduced protein levels by 90%. However, when detached cells were replated on collagen IV neither individual nor combined FAK and Pyk2 siRNAs affected the cell spreading rate. As combined FAK and Pyk2 siRNAs increased p130Cas protein levels, we cotransfected cells with 1 nm p130Cas siRNA to partially reduce p130Cas protein to control levels. Although p130Cas Tyr(P)249 phosphorylation was reduced by 60%, cell spreading was unaffected. Combined siRNA reduction of FAK, Pyk2 and p130Cas increased cell spreading by 20% compared to p130Cas siRNA alone, suggesting that FAK and Pyk2 negatively regulate spreading in addition to stimulating spreading via p130Cas. FAK-binding mutant SH3 domain-deleted rat p130Cas was not phosphorylated after adhesion and, unlike full-length p130Cas, did not restore spreading after human-specific p130Cas siRNA knockdown of endogenous p130Cas. Together, these data suggest that FAK positively regulates Caco-2 spreading on collagen IV via p130Cas phosphorylation, but also suggests that FAK may negatively regulate spreading through other mechanisms and the presence of additional FAK-independent pathways regulating p130Cas.
Differential effects of novel tumour-derived p53 mutations on the transformation of NIH-3T3 cells
Authors: Donninger Howard , Binder Anke , Bohm Lothar , Parker M. Iqbal 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The p53 tumour suppressor gene is frequently mutated in human tumours and different tumour-derived mutations have varying effects on cells. The effect of a novel tumour-derived p53 mutation and two recently described mutations from South African breast cancer patients on the growth rate, colony formation, cell cycle arrest after irradiation and response to chemotherapeutic drugs was investigated. None of the p53 mutations had any significant effect on the inherent growth rate of the cells; however, contact inhibition of growth in two of the mutants was lost. These same two mutants formed colonies in soft agar, whereas the third mutant did not. All three of the mutants failed to show a G1 cell cycle arrest after exposure to 7 Gy of [60Co] radiation, albeit to different degrees. Cells expressing the p53 mutants were either more sensitive to cisplatin and melphalan or more resistant than the untransfected cells, depending on the mutation. However, there was no difference in response to daunorubicin treatment. These results demonstrate that different p53 mutations exert varying biological effects on normal cells, with some altering checkpoint activation more effectively than others. The data also suggest that the nature of the p53 mutation influences the sensitivity to cytostatic drugs.
Downhole Recording System for MWD
Authors: Franz David G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Downhole recording systems are an important category of measurement-while-drilling (MWD) systems that has been obscured by the recent concentration of development work on mud-pulse communications systems. The recording system can serve a segment of the MWD market that cannot be economically served, at present, by systems having real-time data communications. This paper describes the development of a downhole recording system.
Guidelines for Compliance With Railroad Commission of Texas Statewide Rule 36 in Districts 5 and 6
Authors: Earley Randall K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Railroad Commission of Texas, Oil & Gas Division, amended Statewide Rule 36 on March 15, 1976. This rule applies to any operations whether drilling, production, injecting, gathering, processing, transporting, or storing hydrocarbon fluids that are part of, or directly related to, field production, transportation, and handling of hydrocarbon fluids that contain hydrogen sulfide as a constituent.
Since that time, it has become more profitable to produce from formations containing this toxic gas due to improved technology, higher oil and gas prices, and increased exploration.
An obvious consequence of the increased activity is the large number of operators encountering hydrogen sulfide and complying with Statewide Rule 36 for the first time.
This paper will explain in detail the necessary steps to be taken to comply with Statewide Rule 36 in Railroad Commission Districts 5 & 6. It will be divided into sections as it applies to drilling, work-over, producing, sweetening, pipeline, and gathering operations. The paper will discuss not only the provisions of the rule but also the district policy developed through experience with operations in the Smackover and Cotton Valley Lime formations of East Texas.
Gas Reservoir Simulation Using Semi-Implicit Rates With Multiple Compressor Stations
Authors: Baldwin James O. , Kirchner W. D. , Kennedy James H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Reservoir simulation of oil or natural gas reservoirs enables the petroleum engineer to evaluate both the physical and economic consequences of various production scenarios (1). This paper describes a mathematical formulation devised to couple the line pressure drop and centrifugal compressor equations to a three-dimensional reservoir simulator. The assumptions applied are: The fluid flowing is a single phase gas.The compressor has a fixed horsepower and efficiency as a function of time.The delivery point pressure from the compressor station is known as a function of time.
This method has been applied to a gas-water reservoir where the production consisted of essentially a single gas phase. There was a multiple well header at the inlet of each compressor station. Four separate compressor stations were used in the case history study although the method is general in the number of stations desired. The field problem was a three-dimensional system with two non-connected layers. A successful history match was obtained over a three-year production period, and multiple prediction runs were carried out in order to maximize ultimate gas recovery.
This simulation technique will allow for multiple reservoir depletion by defining no-flow regions around each reservoir that is modeled. Simulation of gas storage reservoirs is also possible with this method to accurately predict requirements for compressor horsepower and well spacing as a function of desired deliv-erability. The gravity and frictional losses are accounted for in each tubing string to the surface. Individual layer rates are computed implicitly in the solution process with a gradient term to maintain a pressure differential between layers. Using this scheme, crossflow will occur between layers in a well-bore for areas where pressure differentials arise due to excessive production from one layer.
Procedures, Results, and Benefits of Detailed Fracture Treatment Analysis
Authors: Dobkins Terry A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Significant progress has been made in the last two to three years regarding massive hydraulic fracture treatment design and evaluation. Much of the progress stems from new techniques for analyzing downhole treating pressures and fracture heights.
This paper presents the results of fracture treatment tests on two wells in a tight formation gas play. It gives procedures used for closure stress tests, fluid leak-off tests, and fracture treatment design. It also presents results of МНF treatment analysis to determine fracture length, height, and, in one well, reason for a screenout. The test results on the two wells showed both to have several hundred feet of fracture growth, probably below the perforated zone. This growth, identified by pressure response, was not detectable from post-fracturing temperature surveys. The techniques outlined in this study can be used to reduce treatment screenouts and increase treatment effectiveness in future stimulations.
Expansion of Solution Cavern Storage Technology
Authors: Querio Charles W. , Steiner Mark Erik , Durnell William E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve being created along the Gulf Coast will provide the largest inventory of crude oil of any nation in the world. Unique engineering has been employed to solve the problems presented in creating large volume underground caverns rapidly and for handling the high flow rates required during oil withdrawal. This paper discusses the design considerations (criteria), development schedules and methods used to meet the objectives of the program.
Underground Coal Gasification Product Quality Parameters
Authors: Bruggink Paul R. , Davis Burl E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A simplified model is described which will indicate the economic value of the raw product gas from an experimental underground coal gasification test on a real-time basis in order to aid in the optimization of the process during the course of the test. The model relates the properties of the product gas and the injection gas to the cost of producing each of five potential commercial products. This model is being utilized to evaluate data during the Gulf-DOE underground coal gasification test at Rawlins, Wyoming in the fall of 1981.
Reciprocation of Liner During Cement Displacement as Practiced in the Prudhoe Bay Unit
Authors: Turcich Thomas A. , Goad Bobby F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Pipe reciprocation, a method proven to be successful for obtaining good full string cementing jobs is not widely used when cementing liners. Previously valid operator objections to reciprocating liners have been largely overcome in recent years.
Over 100 liners have been successfully cemented in the Prudhoe Bay Unit using reciprocation during slurry flow. The method described has been used on more than 20 jobs and is currently the method of choice.
The Tuscaloosa-Woodbine Trend: Tracking its Unique Pressure Profiles
Authors: Gill James A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The current drilling play in the Tuscaloosa Trend across Central Louisiana from Baton Rouge eastward through Lake Pontchartrain and the Rigolets, and westward into East and Central Texas (Map) is perhaps the most exciting concentrated inland boom since "Dad" Joiner discovered the East Texas Woodbine in 1930.
Although these 20,000 foot wells may cost $10 million or even $20 million to drill and complete, the extraordinary porosities (28%) and permeabilities (200 m.d.) of the Tuscaloosa sands are so rewarding that these wells can pay out in 90 days. That's the good news. Here's the bad.
Unfortunately, a high proportion of these expensive wells are never completed - largely due to pore pressure problems.
The major drilling problems (Table 1) are caused by pressure imbalance: either too much or too little mud density in relation to the everchanging formation pore pressure(s).
The pressure profiles of these Tuscaloosa wells are rather unique, by traditional Gulf Coast standards, and require unique tracking techniques. Pressure interpretation from a single logging parameter is almost hopeless because of the many trend line shifts. But when several different pressure monitoring parameters are plotted side-by-side, in a "Pressure Evaluation Profile", pressure interpretation becomes more reliable.
An Integrated, Computerized World Energy Planning System
Authors: Dougherty E. L. , Nugent Jeffry , Johnston Jack , Zaga Bascer , Lombardino Enrico 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the principal features of an integrated, computerized world energy planning system resulting from three year's research work, at USC. The paper presents the organization of the computer system and its associated data base, reviews the major conceptual assumptions made in developing the system's computational algorithms and procedures, outlines the flow of calculations between the system's segments during a planning run, and discusses results derived during an example planning study.
Fiberglass Sucker Rods - A Futuristic Solution to Today's Problem Wells
Authors: Treadway Robert B. , Focazio Ken R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Prior to 1979, the solution to lowering increasing fluid levels in rod pumped wells was to get a larger downhole pump and a higher capacity beam unit. This was simple to do and considered economic. However, with the shortage of steel for sucker rods and beam units, the luxury of obtaining larger units (API 456, 640, etc.) within several months has all but disappeared. Then a new solution appeared on the horizon -fiberglass sucker rods. Although they have been in existence since 1973, many problems have prevented their widespread use, until recent developments made them a suitable alternative to steel rods.
The original rods, manufactured from 1975 to 1978, were constantly plagued with rod parts due to knots in the glass fiber and gas pockets in the rod body formed during improper curing. In addition, beginning in 1978, rod parts increased due mainly to rod pinch-off at the end connections. A new rod design was developed, which incorporated many new and major modifications to correct the problems that had plagued the previous rod. The actual field performance of these new rods supports their applicability in the oil field.
Sucker Rod Pumping Systems Design - Another Look
Authors: Bommer Paul M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a computer generated three dimensional design profile of gear box torque, maximum rod stress, and peak beam load as a function of pumping speed and pumping depth. This approach can be used to quickly define the optimum operating limits of any beam pumping system. It can also be used to compare various design methods, operating conditions, and pumping system configurations.
The three dimensional profiles shown in this paper are accompanied by a comprehensive review of pumping unit types and design methods. A calculational technique is also suggested as an approximate guide to the use of new pumping unit geometries.