bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of a Brief Behavioral Intervention to Promote Condom Use Among Female Sex Workers in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico
Authors: Patterson Thomas L. , Mausbach Brent , Lozada Remedios , Staines-Orozco Hugo , Semple Shirley J. , Fraga-Vallejo Miguel , Orozovich Prisci , Abramovitz Daniela , de la Torre Adela , Amaro Hortensia , Martinez Gustavo , Magis-Rodríguez Carlos , Strathdee Steffanie A. 
Published: September 2008

Objectives. We examined the efficacy of a brief behavioral intervention to promote condom use among female sex workers in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Methods. We randomized 924 female sex workers 18 years or older without known HIV infection living in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez who had recently had unprotected sex with clients to a 30-minute behavioral intervention or a didactic control condition. At baseline and 6 months, women underwent interviews and testing for HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. Results. We observed a 40% decline in cumulative sexually transmitted illness incidence (P = .049) in the intervention group. Incidence density for the intervention versus control groups was 13.8 versus 24.92 per 100 person-years for sexually transmitted illnesses combined (P = .034) and 0 versus 2.01 per 100 person-years for HIV (P < .001). There were concomitant increases in the number and percentage of protected sex acts and decreases in the number of unprotected sex acts with clients (P < .05). Conclusions. This brief behavioral intervention shows promise in reducing HIV and sexually transmitted illness risk behaviors among female sex workers and may be transferable to other resource-constrained settings.
The Promotion and Marketing of OxyContin: Commercial Triumph, Public Health Tragedy
Authors: Van Zee Art 
Published: September 2008

I focus on issues surrounding the promotion and marketing of controlled drugs and their regulatory oversight. Compared with noncontrolled drugs, controlled drugs, with their potential for abuse and diversion, pose different public health risks when they are overpromoted and highly prescribed. An in-depth analysis of the promotion and marketing of OxyContin illustrates some of the associated issues. Modifications of the promotion and marketing of controlled drugs by the pharmaceutical industry and an enhanced capacity of the Food and Drug Administration to regulate and monitor such promotion can have a positive impact on the public health.
Dynamics and GPR stratigraphy of a polar rock glacier on James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Fukui Kotaro , Sone Toshio , Strelin Jorge A. , Torielli Cesar A. , Mori Junko , Fujii Yoshiyuki 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe describe field measurements (ground-penetrating radar (GPR), geodetic survey and ice-core drilling) to provide new information on the movement mechanism and internal structure of a polar rock glacier on James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula. We collected GPR data along longitudinal and transverse profiles. The longitudinal GPR profiles identify inter-bedded debris-rich layers that dip up-glacier, similar to the thrust structures in the compression zone of a valley glacier. The transverse GPR profiles indicate a syncline structure inclined towards the central part of the rock glacier, resembling the transverse foliation of a valley glacier. The stratigraphy of two boreholes shows that the rock glacier consists primarily of bubbly ice with thin debris-rich layers, an internal structure similar to the ‘nested spoons’ structure common in the interior of valley glaciers. These results indicate that the glacier motion is controlled by shear movement, common in valley glaciers. The geodetic survey confirms that flow velocities decrease towards the lower part of the rock glacier. Such heterogeneous movement causes longitudinal compression and forms thrusts which then create the debris-rich layer by uplifting basal ice and debris. Pushing of the upstream ice against the downstream ice bends the surface layers, forming transverse ridges on the rock glacier surface.
The effect of particles on creep rate and microstructures of granular ice
Authors: Song Min , Baker Ian , Cole David M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe microstructures of particle-free granular freshwater ice and ice containing 1 wt.% of 50 ± 10 mm uniformly distributed particles were investigated before and after compressive creep to ∼10% strain with stresses of 1.45 MPa at −10°C and 0.4 MPa at −5°C. Creep rates of particle-containing ice were always higher than those of particle-free ice. For an initial stress of 1.45 MPa at −10°C, dynamic recrystallization occurred with new grains nucleating and growing along grain boundaries for both sets of specimens, and the ice with particles showed a higher nucleation rate. Under creep with an initial stress of 0.4 MPa at −5°C, dynamic recrystallization also occurred by the nucleation and growth of new grains along the grain boundaries for ice containing particles, but recrystallization in the particle-free ice occurred through grain boundary migration.
Seasonal fluctuations in the advance of a tidewater glacier and potential causes: Hubbard Glacier, Alaska, USA
Authors: Ritchie J. Brent , Lingle Craig S. , Motyka Roman J. , Truffer Martin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSatellite imagery has been used to acquire seasonal terminus positions of tidewater Hubbard Glacier, Alaska, USA, from 1992 to 2006. During this 15 year time period, the width-averaged advance of the entire terminus has been ∼620 m at a mean rate of 35 m a−1. Seasonal fluctuation of the terminus ranges from 150 to 200 m on average and varies spatially. A section of the terminus, near a narrow gap where the glacier has now twice closed off 40 km long Russell Fiord, exhibited little to no mean advance during this time period but displayed seasonal fluctuations of 300–500 m. Seasonal variability in surface ice speeds and surface sea-water temperatures was also observed; both are potential forcing mechanisms for terminus fluctuations. Seasonal changes in sea-water temperature of 10–12°C, as well as seasonal changes in subglacial freshwater discharge, are inferred to influence calving and submarine melting at the terminus, driving seasonal variations. Displacements of the medial moraine separating Hubbard and Valerie Glaciers at the terminus suggest surge-like pulses of the latter, with a periodicity of several years. The timing of these pulses suggests they may influence the Hubbard terminus near Gilbert Point and have implications for future closures of Russell Fiord.
The evolution of surface flow stripes and stratigraphic folds within Kamb Ice Stream: why don’t they match?
Authors: Campbell Ian , Jacobel Robert , Welch Brian , Pettersson Rickard 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFlow stripes seen in satellite imagery of ice streams and ice shelves are caused by surface undulations with kilometer-scale spacing and meter-scale relief and generally indicate current or recent fast ice flow. On a similar scale, folding of internal ice stratigraphy depicted in cross-flow ice-penetrating radar profiles is also a common occurrence in ice streams, suggesting a possible relationship between the two sets of features. We have traced surface flow stripes in RADARSAT and MODIS imagery on Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica, from the onset of streaming flow into the near-stagnant trunk. We compare the morphology and evolution of the surface flow stripes to the folds seen in the internal stratigraphy in cross-ice-stream radar profiles. We find essentially no correspondence in the observed locations or spacings between the radar internal layer folds at depths greater than 100 m and the flow stripes on the surface. The gap in the radar data and the surface mappings in the top 100 m of firn prevents a precise depiction of how the flow stripes and fold patterns at depth diverge. We explore hypotheses about how flow stripes and internal stratigraphic folds can originate and evolve differently as ice flows downstream. We suggest that flow stripes are subject to surface processes that can modify their morphology independently of the internal stratigraphy, leading to changes in the pattern of flow stripes relative to the internal layers below.
Basal icequakes during changing subglacial water pressures beneath Gornergletscher, Switzerland
Authors: Walter Fabian , Deichmann Nicholas , Funk Martin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractUsing dense networks of three-component seismometers installed in direct contact with the ice, the seismic activity of Gornergletscher, Switzerland, was investigated during the summers of 2004 and 2006, as subglacial water pressures varied drastically. These pressure variations are due to the diurnal cycle of meltwater input as well as the subglacial drainage of Gornersee, a nearby marginal ice-dammed lake. Up to several thousand seismic signals per day were recorded. Whereas most icequakes are due to surface crevasse openings, about 200 events have been reliably located close to the glacier bed. These basal events tend to occur in clusters and have signals with impulsive first arrivals. At the same time, basal water pressures and ice-surface velocities were measured to capture the impact of the lake drainage on the subglacial hydrological system and the ice-flow dynamics. Contrary to our expectations, we did not observe an increase of basal icequake activity as the lake emptied, thereby raising the subglacial water pressures close to the flotation level for several days. In fact, the basal icequakes were usually recorded during the morning hours, when the basal water pressure was either low or decreasing. During the high-pressure period caused by the drainage of the lake, no basal icequakes were observed. Furthermore, GPS measurements showed that the glacier surface was lowering during the basal seismic activity. These observations lead us to conclude that such icequakes are connected to the diurnal variation in glacier sliding across the glacier bed.
Initial experience with 10 cases of Indiana pouch continent urinary diversion
Authors: Alam S.M. Mahbub , Hoq Md. Muzharul , Hoque Monwarul , Rahman Mizanur 
Published: September 2008

Indiana pouch continent urinary diversion provides patient control over elimination of urine with periods of dryness. This allows emptying of urine from the pouch by catheter at convenient intervals avoiding major metabolic abnormalities with satisfactory renal function. Detubularization of the ascending colon and caecum with tapering of the terminal ileum and tunneled tenial implants of the ureters have resulted continent cutaneous urinary reservoir. In total 10 patients were included and follow-up period was for a period of 6 months to 5 years. One year after surgery overall day and night continence rate was in 70% patients, some leakage at day and night in 30% cases and no patient developed day or night incontinence. The mean capacity of the pouch was 530 ml at 12-18 months. Pouch pressure at full capacity was 16 cm H20 at 18 months.Â Indiana pouch provides better attention for urinary diversion in developing countries as it is well accepted, economically more suitable and relatively easy to construct, with good results in terms of continence and reduced complications with satisfactory renal function.Keywords: Indiana pouch; urinary diversionDOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i1.1166Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 21-25
Clinicopathological correlation of blistering diseases of skin
Authors: Kabir A.K.M. Nurul , Kamal Mohammed , Choudhury Aga Masood 
Published: September 2008

Blistering diseases are alarming skin conditions where blister formation occurs in various ways and cannot be differentiated clinically. For confirmation of diagnosis, along with routine histological examination, immunofluorescence study is essential. Tzanck smear may be used as a rapid diagnostic tool. We included here 34 cases of different blistering lesions. Other than routine Hematoxylin & Eosin stain, direct immunofluorescence test was done in 31 cases, indirect immunofluorescence in 28 cases and Tzanck smear in 33 cases. Direct immunofluorescence stain was also applied on Tzanck smears. The most frequent diagnoses were pemphigus (n=16), bullous pemphigoid (n=11) and linear IgA dermatosis (n=3).Â Clinical findings and histological examination were sufficient for the diagnosis of most cases. Direct immunofluorescence study is essential in many cases, and indirect immunofluorescence study is a useful method for diagnosis of some of the blistering diseases, especially in pemphigus. Direct immunofluorescence staining on Tzanck smear is a novel technique for the diagnosis of pemphigus.Keywords: Blistering disease; SkinDOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i2.1175Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 48-53
Association between Catechol O‐methyltransferase (COMT) haplotypes and severity of hyperactivity symptoms in Adults
Authors: Halleland H. , Lundervold A.J. , Halmøy A. , Haavik J. , Johansson S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIt has been suggested that symptoms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is related to low dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex. The enzyme catechol O‐methyltransferase (COMT), which degrades dopamine and other catecholamines, is important for monoamine signaling in this brain‐region, but genetic studies of the functional Val158Met (rs4680) polymorphism in ADHD have been inconsistent. However, recently it was shown that also common synonymous COMT variants modulate total COMT enzymatic activity by affecting the expression of the gene [Nackley et al. (2006); Science 314(5807):1930–1933]. We therefore hypothesized that analysis of haplotypes could reveal more about the association between COMT and ADHD symptoms than the Val158Met polymorphism alone. SNPs rs6269, rs4633, rs4818, and rs4680, tagging the common putative functional COMT haplotypes, were genotyped in 435 adult subjects with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD and 383 controls and analyzed for association with ADHD and the hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention dimensions from the Adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale (ASRS). All markers showed a trend for association with the hyperactivity/impulsivity scale, peaking at marker rs6269 (P = 0.007). Haplotype analysis revealed that the rs6269 risk allele tags the suggested high COMT‐activity haplotype, which is associated with the highest hyperactivity/impulsivity score in our sample (P = 0.01). Our results also suggest that there is a stepwise decreased hyperactivity/impulsivity score associated with the proposed mid and low activity haplotypes described previously. In conclusion, we suggest that COMT haplotype variation is associated primarily with the hyperactivity/impulsivity dimension of ADHD and point to the importance of testing this hypothesis in future studies. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of the dopamine transporter (SLC6A3/DAT1) gene 9–6 haplotype with adult ADHD
Authors: Franke B. , Hoogman M. , Arias Vasquez A. , Heister J.G.A.M. , Savelkoul P.J. , Naber M. , Scheffer H. , Kiemeney L.A. , Kan C.C. , Kooij J.J.S. , Buitelaar J.K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractADHD is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by chronic hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity, which affects about 5% of school‐age children. ADHD persists into adulthood in at least 15% of cases. It is highly heritable and familial influences seem strongest for ADHD persisting into adulthood. However, most of the genetic research in ADHD has been carried out in children with the disorder. The gene that has received most attention in ADHD genetics is SLC6A3/DAT1 encoding the dopamine transporter. In the current study we attempted to replicate in adults with ADHD the reported association of a 10–6 SLC6A3‐haplotype, formed by the 10‐repeat allele of the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the 3′ untranslated region of the gene and the 6‐repeat allele of the VNTR in intron 8 of the gene, with childhood ADHD. In addition, we wished to explore the role of a recently described VNTR in intron 3 of the gene. Two hundred sixteen patients and 528 controls were included in the study. We found a 9–6 SLC6A3‐haplotype, rather than the 10–6 haplotype, to be associated with ADHD in adults. The intron 3 VNTR showed no association with adult ADHD. Our findings converge with earlier reports and suggest that age is an important factor to be taken into account when assessing the association of SLC6A3 with ADHD. If confirmed in other studies, the differential association of the gene with ADHD in children and in adults might imply that SLC6A3 plays a role in modulating the ADHD phenotype, rather than causing it. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A common haplotype at the dopamine transporter gene 5′ region is associated with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Genro Júlia P. , Polanczyk Guilherme V. , Zeni Cristian , Oliveira Angélica S. , Roman Tatiana , Rohde Luis A. , Hutz Mara H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe dopamine transporter (DAT) is the major site of methylphenidate action, which is one of the main drugs used to treat attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Most association studies with ADHD focused in a VNTR at the 3′‐untranslated region of the gene (3′UTR) presenting conflicting results. However, the most common explanation to inconsistent results is variable linkage disequilibrium with an adjacent functional variant, just a few number of DAT1 studies have reported LD structure across the gene. In this study, we screened 16 polymorphisms across theDAT1gene to understand LD structure in a Brazilian sample of families with ADHD probands and to verify if there were evidence for a biased transmission of alleles and haplotypes from parents to their 243 children with ADHD. In the DSM‐IV combined subtype, we observed a preferential transmission of the haplotype A/C/C/C/A derived from five SNPs (rs2550948, rs11564750, rs261759, rs2652511, rs2975223) in 5′ region (Pcorrected = 0.018) and no association with any allele/haplotype at the 3′ region of the gene, including the 3′ VNTR and the VNTR of intron 8. These results suggest a role for the promoter region in ADHD susceptibility and that allele heterogeneity should be highly considered in DAT1 gene association studies highlighting the importance of this gene in the genetics of the disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and properties of a second‐order, nonlinear‐optical, addition‐type polyimide with high thermal and temporal stability
Authors: Li Shaojun , Kang Hu , Wu Wei , Ye Cheng 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA highly thermally and temporally stable, second‐order, nonlinear‐optical polyimide with an X‐type chromophore (2‐{4‐[4,5‐di(4‐nitrophenyl)imidazolyl]phenyl}‐4,5‐di(4‐aminophenyl)imidazole) was synthesized by the Michael addition reaction. The structure of the prepolymer was characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Its thermal stability and curing behavior were studied with differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and FTIR. After the curing, the glass‐transition temperature of the polyimide greatly increased. The FTIR results suggested that addition and/or crosslinking reactions were carried out during the thermal curing of the prepolymer. A poling polyimide film was achieved, and the thermal and temporal stability of the poling‐induced orientation were evaluated with a multistep corona‐poling technique at an elevated temperature and with in situ second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements. The temporal orientation of the poled polyimide film was over 1000 h at 150°C; it retained 85% of the initial second‐order, nonlinear‐optical coefficient. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Deformation and fracture behavior of polyamide nanocomposites: The effect of clay dispersion
Authors: Kotek Jiří , Kelnar Ivan , Baldrian Josef , Šlouf Miroslav 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis study describes the effect of the clay content and its dispersion on deformation and fracture behavior of polyamide nanocomposites. Two nanocomposite systems, intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites containing layered silicate, were compared. They were prepared by melt‐compounding of polyamide with sodium montmorillonite or organophilized montmorillonite. It has been shown that while the exfoliated structure imparts to the nanocomposite higher stiffness and strength, the toughness is inferior to the intercalated nanocomposite. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and properties of MDI/H12MDI‐based water‐borne poly(urethane‐urea)s—Effects of MDI content and radiant exposure
Authors: Huh Jae Ho , Kim Hea In , Rahman Mohammad Mizanur , Kim Han Do 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWater‐borne poly(urethane‐urea)s (WBPUs) were prepared by a prepolymer mixing process using aromatic diisocyanate (MDI, 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate)/aliphatic diisocyanate (H12MDI, 4,4′‐methylenebis cyclohexyl isocyanate), polypropylene glycol (PPG, Mn = 1000), dimethylol propionic acid, and ethylene diamine as a chain extender, and triethylamine as a neutralizing agent. The effect of MDI on the molecular weight, chemical structure, dynamic thermo, and tensile properties of WBPUs was investigated. The yellowness index (YI, photo‐oxidation behavior) change of WBPUs under accelerated weathering exposure was also investigated. The WBPUs containing higher MDI content showed lower molecular weight, which verified the participation of some high reactive isocyanate groups of MDI into side reaction instead of chain growing reaction. As the MDI content increased, the storage modulus and tensile modulus/strength of WBPUs film increased, and their glass transitions of soft segments (Tgs) and hard segments (Tgh) were shifted to higher temperature. The intensity of tan δ peak of all three samples increased with increasing radiant exposure. The YI of H12MDI‐based WBPU sample (WBPU‐0) was not occurred. The YI of WBPUs containing MDI increased with increasing MDI content and radiant exposure. However, the YI of sample WBPU‐25 containing 25 mol % of MDI at 11.3 MJ/m2 (radiant exposure) was 6.6 which is a permissible level for exterior applications. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Polymer‐modified halloysite composite nanotubes
Authors: Li Cuiping , Liu Jiguang , Qu Xiaozhong , Guo Baochun , Yang Zhenzhong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA natural clay halloysite, which is a kind of aluminosilicate with a predominantly nanosized hollow tubular structure, was modified by polymers achieving polymer‐halloysite composite nanotubes. Polymer chains can grow from both interior and exterior surfaces of the halloysite nanotubes by atom transfer radial polymerization (ATRP). Eventually, the composite nanotubes were evolved to a core‐shell coaxial structure after the interior cavity was fully covered by the polymer. After dissolution of the halloysite template, polymeric nanotubes and nanowires were derived. The composition could be controlled from polymer to carbon after being treated at high temperature. The idea can be extended to a cast halloysite fabric resulting nonwoven composites, which had some interesting wettability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008