bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing the urban land pooling/readjustment technique into Thailand to improve urban development and land supply
Authors: Archer R. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLand pooling/readjustment (LP/R) is a technique for managing the planned development of urban‐fringe lands, whereby a government agency consolidates a selected group of land parcels and then designs, services and subdivides them into a layout of streets, open spaces and serviced building plots, with the sale of some of the plots for cost recovery and the distribution of the remaining plots back to the landowners to develop or to sell for development. Widely used in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, LP/R is being adopted in Indonesia, Nepal and Malaysia. The community benefits that the technique can provide in the Thailand situation of weak urban land‐use controls and inadequate provision of urban network infrastructure are outlined. The landowner benefits the technique can provide that make it a fully acceptable and feasible technique are identified. Pilot LP/R projects should be undertaken to demonstrate and learn the technique in the Thai context. A draft scheme for one such project, to install distributor roads and utility lines in advance of private land development, is outlined. These pilot projects would also provide the local experience for designing a law, administration and procedures for the wide use of LP/R in Thailand. The main elements of such a national LP/R system are outlined. A similar approach is recommended for the adoption of LP/R by the other developing countries of Asia.
Linking decentralization and centralization: A critique of the new development administration
Authors: Werlin Herbert 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article examines the orientation of what is here called the ‘New Development Administration’ (NDA), as put forth by Esman (1988). It does so using political elasticity theory. The article is sympathetic to the NDA's emphasis upon decentralization, community development, deregulation, privatization, minimal government, popular participation and flexible forms of foreign aid. However, it argues that these require an administrative framework to be effective, including strong leadership, effective bureaucracies, the cooperation of beneficiaries and the ability to shift from soft to hard forms of power. While the importance of a bureaucratic reorientation is generally recognized, NDA supporters seem unclear about the requisites needed. Without adequate supervision and control, NDA objectives cannot be achieved.
Performance of local councils in the collection of revenue in Bangladesh
Authors: Huque Ahmed Shafiqul 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLocal councils in Bangladesh have been provided with several sources of revenue that can be utilized for the maintenance of the councils, as well as the initiation of developmental projects. The union and upazila level councils have fared miserably in collection of such revenue. An examination of twelve upazilas during 1986–90 demonstrates that their performance has been affected by a lack of administrative support for the task, a dearth of adequate knowledge and skills on the part of local leaders and a failure to plan carefully on the part of the government. The Ordinances through which they have been established did not identify realistic sources of revenue nor did they provide guidelines on their utilization. Consequently, collection of revenue is done in an arbitrary and disorganized manner. It is recommended that adequate and appropriate administrative structures are developed and that proper training is provided to enhance the knowledge and skills of local leaders and to enable the councils to perform the task of revenue collection efficiently. Some suggestions are presented to utilize properly the market facilities, which appear to be highly potent sources for the generation of revenue.
Women in the Zambian civil service: A case of equal opportunities?
Authors: Pat O'connor Thomas Turner 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere is a paucity of empirical microlevel studies of women in the formal sector in developing countries. This article attempts to redress this deficit and focuses on the position of women in the Zambian civil service using information from a sample of personnel records. Although women are disproportionately represented in the civil service compared with other areas of the formal economy, the current positions of males and females are significantly different. However, the results of the survey are not easily encompassed in prevailing theoretical frameworks and, rather surprisingly, it appears that it is age rather than gender that is the crucial explanatory variable. Finally, a number of possible explanations are advanced to account for our findings.
A policy framework for surface water and shallow groundwater allocation, with special reference to the Komadougou Yobe River Basin, northeast Nigeria
Authors: Carter Richard C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Hadejia and Jama'are rivers rise on the Basement Complex of Kano and Bauchi States, and on entering the area underlain by sedimentary rocks, they lose most of their water in their passage through Jigawa, Yobe and Borno to Lake Chad. Water resource developments on the Hadejia branch are now so far advanced that effectively the entire flow is consumed before the confluence, where the river changes name to the Yobe. These developments have taken place in the absence of a coherent, integrated water management policy, either nationally, for the river basin, or at a local level. The Jama'are tributary is so far undeveloped, although this is unlikely to remain so for much longer. In this article proposals for an analytical framework for water allocation policy in the river basin are made, together with an analysis of the characteristics of the major existing water‐using activities. The article argues, not for a particular water allocation policy, but for clarity and transparency in the development of such policy by the relevant authorities in Nigeria.
Die Höhen‐ und Zenitwinkelabhängigkeit der Energiespektren von Ultrastrahlungsteilchen
Authors: Allkofer O. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDie Energiespektren der kosmischen Strahlung sind von zweifacher Bedeutung. Einmal stellen sie eine wichtige „Konstante”︁ der kosmischen Strahlung dar, zum anderen lassen sich durch Vergleich der Spektren in verschiedenen Höhenbereichen der Atmosphäre stattfinden.
Die gängigen apparativen Methoden reichen zwar im allgemeinen aus, Energiespektren auf Meereshöhe stattfinden.Die gängigen apparativen Methoden reichen zwar im allgemeinen aus, Energiespektren auf Meereshöhe zu untersuchen, sie sind jedoch in ihrem Aufbau meistens zu kompliziert und in ihren Dimensionen zu groß, um damit Messungen auf Höhenlabors oder in Flugzeugen durchführen zu können. Erst durch neue Detektortechniken ist es möglich geworden, Ultrastrahlungsspektrometer so zu konstruieren, daß auch in größeren Höhenbereichen Messungen von Spektren vorgenommen werden können. Dementsprechend ist das Material über die Höhenabhängigkeiten von Spektren im Vergleich zu den Spektren auf Meereshöhe weit dürftiger. Trotzdem gibt es ein Reihe von Untersuchungen von Spektren in in verschiedenen Höhenbereichen, die jedoch in ihren Resultaten nicht immer übereinstimmen.Die vorliegende Arbeit faßt die Untersuchungen der Ultrastrahlungsspektren in den verschiedenen Höhenbereichen, die zum größten Teil in den letzten Jahren durchgeführt worden waren, zusammen. Eingeschlossen in diese Zusammenfassung sind auch Neigungsspektren und der Positive Exzeß.
Kollektives Kernmodell und Quasiteilchen‐Anregungen
Authors: Weller F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described which extends the usual Coriolis coupling band mixing calculations by the inclusion of rotation‐vibration interaction and quasiparticle‐phonon interaction. It is based on Bohr's collective Hamiltonian and on the rotation‐vibration interaction model of Faessler and Greiner. These collective models are described in detail. The success of the method depends on a careful treatment of the pairing correlations which have a striking influence. This is because the operators of the quasiparticle‐phonon interaction commute with the time‐reversal operator, so that their matrix elements between single‐particle states are in many cases considerably reduced by the pairing correlations. Because this interaction mixes high‐lying configurations with low‐lying ones, it is important to take the blocking effect into account. The influence of the number conservation is investigated.Energies of nuclear states and their theoretical level structure, allowed and K‐forbidden gamma‐ray transitions in odd‐mass rare earth nuclei are calculated and compared with the experimental values. Good agreement with experimental results is obtained for M 1 transitions; K‐forbidden E 1 transitions are about an order of magnitude too fast.
Linear Symmetries of Scattering Amplitudes
Authors: Daboul Jamil 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIf we define, roughly, linear symmetries as those symmetries which lead to linear relationships among scattering amplitudes, we are then faced with the question whether we already know all possible types of linear symmetries or whether there are new types of symmetries which we can yet discover. We argue that for an important class of these symmetries there can be no new types of symmetries, except for one which we call scaling symmetry. We also attempt to point out all types of symmetries which other classes have. In analyzing the above question we are led to a simple and consistent formalism for describing linear symmetries which takes linearity as the starting point for dealing with these symmetries. In this approach all linear symmetries are formally treated on an equal footing. General results on linear symmetries are derived: These symmetries are then classified into three main classes, and an effort is made to discover the characteristic properties of the individual classes.
Greensche Funktionen in der Theorie der Kernmaterie
Authors: Weigel M. , Wegmann G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe aim of this article is the representation of the theory of nuclear matter with the technique of many‐body Green functions. We have treated the theory of Green functions thoroughly in the first chapters taking support of the functional method, which offers a convenient approach to the construction of the theory. After treatment of the properties of the exact two‐point function and of the effective single‐particle potential, preconditions and properties of the approximate solutions are discussed. Results achieved todate are treated in chapter 6. Brueckner theory and allied methods are not further discussed, since these are sufficiently known. The theory of linear response, being important for the semi‐phenomenological treatment of real atomic nuclei, is presented in appendix A.
Theoretical Aspects of High Resolution Spectroscopy in the Presence of Strong Doppler Broadening
Authors: Paul H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSome important types of spectroscopic experiments which allow to detect substructures masked by the Doppler width of the lines are discussed within a unified theoretical framework. It is pointed out that, in case of a three‐ or more‐level system, besides saturation effects also processes of Raman type play an essential role. The effect of high intensity of one (monochromatic) partial wave on the shape and width of the resonances (inverted Lamb dip) is studied in detail taking fully into account the dynamic Stark effect in addition to the power‐broadening of the holes burnt into the absorption profile.
Existence of Dressed One Electron States in a Class of Persistent Models
Authors: Fröhlich Jürg 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper the dynamics of a class of simple models (so called persistent models) including Nelson's model is studied. These models describe conserved, non relativistic, scalar electrons interacting with neutral, scalar bosons. Special attention is paid to the so called one particle problem: the existence of dressed one electron states – corresponding to an isolated one particle shell in the spectrum of the energy‐momentum operator (H, P) – is established for the models with massive bosons and the ones with bosons of rest mass zero and an infrared cutoff in the interaction.
Superfields as Representations
Authors: Rühl W. , Yunn B. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe study irreducible and reducible representations of the generalized Lie algebra of Wess and Zumino. The algebra is integrated to a group with the help of Grassmann algebras and the representations of the algebra are made into representations of the group. We construct invariant sesquilinear forms that are positive definite for the Wess‐Zumino algebra over the complex field. We define irreducible superfields for any spin J as specific realizations of such representations. All superfields appearing in the literature are either equivalent to one of these or built up out of these superfields.
Structural Stability Theory and Phase Transitions Models
Authors: de Alfaro V. , Rasetti M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGlobal stability theory is introduced as a tool allowing the classification of mathematical models of phase transitions. The point of view is that a topological structure whose stability controls the transition, can be identified in the process of computation of the partition function. In particular we discuss mean field theories and the two dimensional Ising model.Interesting features are disclosed concerning the classification of the instabilities, such as the number of parameters and possible approximations.
“Proper Time” Method Calculation of the “One Loop” Thermodynamical Potential for QED in External Electromagnetic Field
Authors: Cabo Alejandro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe extension of the “proper time” method to the statistical field theory is obtained. The procedure is used to calculate the “one loop” contribution to the thermodynamical potential in electrodynamics, when the electron positron gas is located in a combination of an inhomogeneous electrostatic field and an uniform magnetic one. Also, a “proper time” representation of the temperature Green function for this problem is given.
Using proportional hazard modelling in plant maintenance
Authors: Love Charles E. , Guo R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for the application of proportional hazard modelling to plant maintenance. Two regimes are investigated; a good‐as‐new regime where the hazard rate of the system is refreshed by either failure or preventive maintenance action, and a bad‐as‐old regime where only preventive maintenance action refreshes the hazard rate. The output of the analysis is the recommendation of optimal preventative maintenance plans under both of these regimes. Data for a local firm are used to illustrate the models. The inclusion of proportional hazard modelling is shown to yield improved maintenance plans in both regimes. A proposal for an adaptive scheme is made such that the maintenance plan can be adjusted as changing plant conditions warrant it.
Sample size determination of bogey tests without failures
Authors: Wang C. Julius 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHighly reliable products that will last for a long time can result in the impracticality of conducting life testing at the designed normal usage conditions. When accelerated life tests can be applied to represent the normal product operating conditions with a shorter testing time, engineers usually terminate the accelerated life test upon successfully running to a multiple of a pre‐specified bogey without any failure. This testing philosophy is called ‘bogey test’ or ‘extended test’ in the automotive industry and is a subset of type I censored tests in standard reliability literature. This paper focuses on the determination of sample size when planning or assessing the applicability of such a bogey test. The underlying life characteristic is assumed to follow a Weibull distribution with a given shape parameter. In addition, the required reliability and confidence levels at the bogey to be demonstrated are pre‐determined.
The Al‐1 per cent Si/TiN/Ti interconnection scheme: Electromigration and reliability extrapolations
Authors: Caprile Candida , Specchiulli G. , Sala D. , Fantini F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe electromigration performance of the Al‐1 per cent Si/TiN/Ti metal scheme is investigated both for contacts and for stripes and compared with the results for the standard Al‐1 per cent Si metallization. Statistical extrapolations at the operating conditions for a device have been performed to calculate the useful life of contacts and stripes. The results indicate that the most severe limitation to the interconnection reliability is given by the contacts without the diffusion barrier layer.
Cumulative score charts
Authors: Box George , Ramírez José 
Published: July 2007

AbstractShewhart charts are direct plots of the data and they have the potential to detect departures from statistical stability of unanticipated kinds. However, when one can identify in advance a kind of departure specifically feared, then a more sensitive detection statistic can be developed for that specific possibility.In this paper Cuscore statistics are developed for this purpose which can be used as an adjunct to the Shewhart chart. These statistics use an idea due to Box and Jenkins which is in turn an application of Fisher's score statistic. This article shows how the resulting procedures relate to Wald‐Barnard sequential tests and to Cusum statistics which are special cases of Cuscore statistics. The ideas are illustrated by a number of examples. These concern the detection in a noisy environment of (a) an intermittent sine wave, (b) a change in slope of a line, (c) a change in an exponential smoothing constant and (d) a change from a stationary to a non‐stationary state in a process record.
Pragmatic procedure for the estimation of thin dielectric reliability
Authors: Vollertsen R.‐P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA pragmatic procedure is developed for the reliability evaluation of thin dieletrics. It applies knowledge and plausible arguments for reasonable selection and implication of models. It is deduced that the Weibull distribution and the 1/Emodel are the best choice for reliability predictions of thin dielectrics. Uncertainties and measurement expense can be reduced if worst‐case conditions are used. The measurement procedure, including the test structure requirements, is described in detail. A complete set of simple equations is given for data evaluation and reliability prediction. The study and comparison of reliability data is simplified. The effect of a burn‐in can be considered.
Using rainbow net simulation to measure fault tolerance in a multiprocessor
Authors: Johnson Allen M. , Schoenfelder Michael A. , Lebold David J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Rainbow net simulation technique is applied to modelling the impact of system load and fault handling on the availability of a fault‐tolerant multiprocessor architecture. Rainbow nets are described along with the motivation for creating this modelling technique. A Rainbow net fault‐handling model is created for the fault‐tolerant multiprocessor architecture and the topology is shown to remain constant in size, independent of the number of processor, memory and I/O elements configured in the system. Simulation is performed with a varying load in terms of the number of active jobs the system must support. Results are given showing how the fault‐tolerant capability varies with load. Two new metrics for evaluating fault tolerance are introduced; namelyfull fault‐tolerability and partial fault‐tolerability.They are based on simple observations in the model.
Gamma function tables for the estimation of the mean and standard deviation of the weibull distribution
Authors: Bohoris G. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper provides tabulated numerical values for the gamma function necessary for the analytical estimation of the mean and standard deviation of the Weibull distribution. The tables produced also include estimates of the Weibull coefficient of variation, a quantity very important for maintenance optimization calculations when Glasser's charts are employed.
Making full use of taguchi's orthogonal arrays
Authors: Lin Dennis K. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTaguchi1has provided 18 orthogonal arrays which have been widely touted as useful frameworks for planning experiments. Thirteen of these are ‘saturated designs’, that is, they are appropriate for investigating (N‐ 1) factors inNruns, thus using the full capacity of the design. Here, the other five ‘non‐saturated’ designs are discussed. By creating additional, orthogonal columns which provide estimates of interaction effects, we can essentially wring out some additional information over and above that suggested by Taguchi, without additional cost. In particular, if only the linear effect is of interest for any specific factor, one can accommodate more factors than the number suggested by Taguchi. An example is given for illustration.
Testability consideration based on a test pattern length estimation
Authors: Takasaki Shigeru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA testability evaluation method is described based on an estimated test pattern length to obtain the desired fault coverage. The test pattern length is estimated from network attributes, i.e., No. of gates, No. of signal lines, No. of inputs/outputs, etc. The proposed method begins with modeling a fault coverage curve as a function of test patterns and a curve coefficient. The curve coefficient is described as a function of network attributes based on the previous execution data. The test patterns required to obtain the desired fault coverage can be estimated in the range of upper and lower bounds. The upper and lower bounds are obtained using the interpolation method. The proposed estimation method is evaluated from the relationships between estimated patterns and actual automatic test generation patterns.
Formal description of systolic algorithms and an analysis of the information flow
Authors: Aso Hirotome , Inagaki Yasuyoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDue to the development of VSLI fabrication technologies systolic algorithms are now being implemented as practical hardware. As a result, it is becoming more important to know their design methodologies and the scope of their object problems. In this paper as a basis to know the scope of the object problems we formalize systolic algorithms as mathematical objects in a strict manner. In other words, it is formalized by a triple systolic array, a data location space, and a set of timing functions. Moreover, equivalence between systolic arrays is defined. Under this formulation we define a data dependency graph as a tool for analyzing the flow of information, and show that wiring structures can be classified into several types. We give a condition that it is reduced equivalently to a simple memory‐type one. Finally, we consider the data flow processed in a systolic array and give not only an equation for data flow, but also the initial arrangement for a necessary encounter for interaction between data flows.
A model of integrated information processing mechanism for human and computer based on cooperative functional modules
Authors: Anzai Yuichiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCombining the human and the computer to form an information processing system, an integrated model is constructed. This paper proposes, as a practical model for such an integrated information processing mechanism, a hierarchical network model composed of cooperative functional modules. As examples of such a model, a cooperative functional module model for the visual pattern recognition and symbolic inference in human problem solving, as well as the cooperative functional module model for the interactive processing of Japanese language are discussed. Then the integrated man‐computer functional module model is discussed from the viewpoint of matching/nonmatchings among various component modules.