bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Injection drug use and patterns of highly active antiretroviral therapy use: an analysis of ALIVE, WIHS, and MACS cohorts
Authors: Morris John D , Golub Elizabeth T , Mehta Shruti H , Jacobson Lisa P , Gange Stephen J 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Sustained use of antiretroviral therapy has been consistently shown to be one of the primary predictors of long-term effectiveness. Switching and discontinuation reflect patient and provider decisions that may limit future treatment options. In this study, we utilize data reported at semi-annual study visits from three prospective cohort studies, the AIDS Link to IntraVenous Exposure (ALIVE), the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), to investigate determinants of HAART modification with a particular focus on reported injection drug use (IDU).

Methods
Longitudinal data collected between 1996 and 2004 contributed from 2,266 participants (37% with a reported history of IDU) who reported initiating their first HAART regimen during follow-up were utilized. Separate proportional-hazards models were used to identify factors measured prior to HAART-initiation associated with the time to first HAART discontinuation and first switch of components of HAART among continuous HAART users.

Results
The use of PI- vs. NNRTI-based regimens among HAART users with and without any history of IDU was similar over follow-up. The median time to a first report of discontinuation of HAART was 1.1 years for individuals with a history of IDU but 2.5 years for those without a history of IDU and multivariate analyses confirmed overall that individuals with a history of IDU were at greater risk for HAART discontinuation (adj RH = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.03–1.48). However, when restricting to data contributed after 1999, there was no longer any significant increased risk (adj RH = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.81–1.36). After adjusting for pre-HAART health status and prior ARV exposure, individuals who were ethnic/racial minorities, reported an annual income < $10,000/year, and were not employed were at significantly greater risk for HAART discontinuation. The median time to a first change in HAART regimen was approximately 1.5 years after first HAART report and was not elevated among those with a history of IDU (adj RH = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.89–1.34).

Conclusion
Our analyses demonstrate that injection drug use by itself does not appear to be an independent risk factor for HAART switching or discontinuation in more recent years. However, as continued HAART use is of paramount importance for long-term control of HIV infection, efforts to improve maintenance to therapy among disadvantaged and minority populations remain greatly needed.
Targeting services to reduce social inequalities in utilisation: an analysis of breast cancer screening in New South Wales
Authors: Birch Stephen , Haas Marion , Savage Elizabeth , Van Gool Kees 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Many jurisdictions have used public funding of health care to reduce or remove price at the point of delivery of services. Whilst this reduces an important barrier to accessing care, it does nothing to discriminate between groups considered to have greater or fewer needs. In this paper, we consider whether active targeted recruitment, in addition to offering a 'free' service, is associated with a reduction in social inequalities in self-reported utilization of the breast screening services in NSW, Australia.

Methods
Using the 1997 and 1998 NSW Health Surveys we estimated probit models on the probability of having had a screening mammogram in the last two years for all women aged 40–79. The models examined the relative importance of socio-economic and geographic factors in predicting screening behaviour in three different needs groups – where needs were defined on the basis of a woman's age.

Results
We find that women in higher socio-economic groups are more likely to have been screened than those in lower groups for all age groups. However, the socio-economic effect is significantly less among women who were in the actively targeted age group.

Conclusion
This indicates that recruitment and follow-up was associated with a modest reduction in social inequalities in utilisation although significant income differences remain.
The PTPN221858C/T polymorphism is associated with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody-positive early rheumatoid arthritis in northern Sweden
Authors: Kokkonen Heidi , Johansson Martin , Innala Lena , Jidell Erik , Rantapää-Dahlqvist Solbritt 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe PTPN22 1858C/T polymorphism has been associated with several autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We have shown that carriage of the T variant (CT or TT) of PTPN22 in combination with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies highly increases the odds ratio for developing RA. In the present study we analysed the association between the PTPN22 1858C/T polymorphism and early RA in patients from northern Sweden, related the polymorphism to autoantibodies and the HLA-DR shared epitope, and analysed their association with markers for disease activity and progression. The inception cohort includes individuals who also donated samples before disease onset. A case–control study was performed in patients (n = 505; 342 females and 163 males) with early RA (mean duration of symptoms = 6.3 months) and in population-based matched controls (n = 970) from northern Sweden. Genotyping of the PTPN22 1858C/T polymorphism was performed using a TaqMan instrument. HLA-shared epitope alleles were identified using PCR sequence-specific primers. Anti-CCP2 antibodies were determined using enzyme-linked immunoassays. Disease activity (that is, the number of swollen and tender joints, the global visual analogue scale, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate) was followed on a regular basis (that is, at baseline and after 6, 12, 18 and 24 months). Both the 1858T allele and the carriage of T were associated with RA (χ2 = 23.84, P = 0.000001, odds ratio = 1.69, 95% confidence interval = 1.36–2.11; and χ2 = 22.68, P = 0.000002, odds ratio = 1.79, 95% confidence interval = 1.40–2.29, respectively). Association of the 1858T variant with RA was confined to seropositive disease. Carriage of 1858T and the presence of anti-CCP antibodies was independently associated with disease onset at an earlier age (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), while the combination of both resulted in an even earlier age at onset. Smoking was identified as a risk factor independent of the 1858T variant and anti-CCP antibodies.
Fibrocytes in lung disease
Authors: Gomperts Brigitte N , Strieter Robert M 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFibrocytes were first described over a decade ago as a population of cells in circulation with fibroblast-like properties, which were involved in tissue repair. Since that time, we have learned a significant amount about these bone marrow-derived cells, which contribute to wound healing and fibrosis. Fibrocytes express leukocyte markers such as CD34, CD45, and CD13 and also express mesenchymal markers such as pro-collagens I and III, vimentin, and fibronectin. In addition, they have been shown to express the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7, which appear to be important in cellular trafficking from the vascular to the extravascular compartment. Fibrocytes have been shown to contribute to a number of fibrotic disorders, and here, we review their involvement in lung diseases including pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and vascular remodeling.
Association of Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Visceral Adiposity in Chinese Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jia Weiping , Wu Haiya , Bao Yuqian , Wang Chen , Lu Junxi , Zhu Jiehua , Xiang Kunsan 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Objective: Previous studies have shown that adipose-derived serum retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels are increased in insulin-resistant mouse models and in subjects with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. However, the association of visceral fat and serum RBP4 has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum RBP4 and regional fat distribution in Chinese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes.
Design: We measured serum RBP4 concentrations from 1033 Chinese subjects with various degrees of obesity and tested the association between visceral adiposity and serum RBP4. In a subgroup of this study, euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp was performed to measure insulin sensitivity. The association between visceral adiposity and serum RBP4 was also determined in response to rosiglitazone treatment in a subgroup of patients with diabetes.
Results: Serum RBP4 level was positively correlated with visceral adipose area in male (r = 0.171; P &lt; 0.001) and female (r = 0.215; P &lt; 0.001) subjects. However, there was no correlation between serum RBP4 and body mass index. Subjects with visceral obesity had higher serum RBP4 concentrations than those without visceral obesity in both men and women. Rosiglitazone treatment in patients with diabetes resulted in a lower serum RBP4 level (35.2 ± 10.2 vs. 24.9 ± 5.6 μg/ml, before vs. after treatment). These changes were accompanied by improved insulin sensitivity and reductions in visceral fat area. The latter was found to be highly correlated with the decline of serum RBP4 levels (r = 0.471; P = 0.027).
Conclusions: Serum RBP4 level is positively associated with visceral adiposity in both men and women. Our data suggest that RBP4 may contribute to the development of insulin resistance along with other adipokines.
Blood Glucose Control by a Model Predictive Control Algorithm with Variable Sampling Rate Versus a Routine Glucose Management Protocol in Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hovorka Roman , Kremen Jaromir , Blaha Jan , Matias Michal , Anderlova Katerina , Bosanska Lenka , Roubicek Tomas , Wilinska Malgorzata E. , Chassin Ludovic J. , Svacina Stepan , Haluzik Martin 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Context: Elevated blood glucose levels occur frequently in the critically ill. Tight glucose control by intensive insulin treatment markedly improves clinical outcome.
Objective and Design: This is a randomized controlled trial comparing blood glucose control by a laptop-based model predictive control algorithm with a variable sampling rate [enhanced model predictive control (eMPC); version 1.04.03] against a routine glucose management protocol (RMP) during the peri- and postoperative periods.
Setting: The study was performed at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital.
Patients: A total of 60 elective cardiac surgery patients were included in the study.
Interventions: Elective cardiac surgery and treatment with continuous insulin infusion (eMPC) or continuous insulin infusion combined with iv insulin boluses (RMP) to maintain euglycemia (target range 4.4–6.1 mmol/liter) were performed. There were 30 patients randomized for eMPC and 30 for RMP treatment. Blood glucose was measured in 1- to 4-h intervals as requested by each algorithm during surgery and postoperatively over 24 h.
Main Outcome Measures: Mean blood glucose, percentage of time in target range, and hypoglycemia events were used.
Results: Mean blood glucose was 6.2 ± 1.1 mmol/liter in the eMPC vs. 7.2 ± 1.1 mmol/liter in the RMP group (P &lt; 0.05); percentage of time in the target range was 60.4 ± 22.8% for the eMPC vs. 27.5 ± 16.2% for the RMP group (P &lt; 0.05). No severe hypoglycemia (blood glucose &lt; 2.9 mmol/liter) occurred during the study. Mean insulin infusion rate was 4.7 ± 3.3 IU/h in the eMPC vs. 2.6 ± 1.7 IU/h in the RMP group (P &lt; 0.05). Mean sampling interval was 1.5 ± 0.3 h in the eMPC vs. 2.1 ± 0.2 h in the RMP group (P &lt; 0.05).
Conclusions: Compared with RMP, the eMPC algorithm was more effective and comparably safe in maintaining euglycemia in cardiac surgery patients.
Highly Regioselective Hydrolysis of Substituted 2-Benzylidene-1,3-propylene Diacetates Using Porcine Pancreas Lipase
Authors: Miura Tsuyoshi , Kawashima Yuya , Umetsu Satoe , Kanamori Daisuke , Tsuyama Nanae , Jyo Yuki , Murakami Yasuoki , Imai Nobuyuki 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Hydrolysis of substituted 2-benzylidene-1,3-propylene diacetates in the presence of 100 w/w % of porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) Type II proceeded to afford the corresponding Z-monoacetates in excellent yields with high regioselectivities.
Management of Anthracycline Extravasation Injuries
Authors: Reeves David 
Published: June 2007

Objective: To review the evidence for the management of anthracycline extravasation and determine the optimal treatment of such injuries. Data Sources: A search of MEDLINE (1966–February 2007) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–February 2007) was performed using the search terms anthracyclines and extravasation. Data Synthesis: Extravasation of anthracyclines can have devastating effects. After infiltration of these drugs into the interstitial tissue, damage may range from mild erythema and pain to severe tissue necrosis. Many agents have been studied in the management of these injuries; however, few have demonstrated efficacy and treatment remains controversial. Nonpharmacologic modalities shown to limit extravasation injuries include local tissue cooling and elevation of the affected area. Corticosteroids, sodium bicarbonate, hyaluronidase, hyperbaric oxygen, heparin fractions, α-tocopherol, N-acetylcysteine, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor have all either been shown to be ineffective or have limited data supporting their use. Topical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been shown in prospective studies to limit the course of extravasation injuries. Dexrazoxane has been shown in animal models and case reports to be useful in the management of anthracycline extravasation. Two recent prospective clinical trials examining intravenous dexrazoxane 1000 mg/m2 within 6 hours of extravasation, 1000 mg/m2 24 hours after extravasation, and 500 mg/m2 48 hours after extravasation injuries add to the data supporting the use of this agent in such injuries. Of the 54 patients enrolled, surgery-requiring necrosis was avoided in 98.2%. Conclusions: The optimal treatment of anthracycline extravasation includes local tissue cooling, elevation of the afflicted extremity, dexrazoxane administration, and possibly topical DMSO. Many other drugs have been investigated; however, due to a lack of data, they cannot be recommended for the management of anthracycline extravasation.
Irradiation of GAPDH: a model for environmentally induced protein damage
Authors: Voss Peter , Hajimiragha Hossein , Engels Martina , Ruhwiedel Carsten , Calles Christian , Schroeder Peter , Grune Tilman 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Environmental factors, including sunlight, are able to induce severe oxidative protein damage. The modified proteins are either repaired, degraded or escape from degradation and aggregate. In the present study we tested the effect of different sunlight components such as UV-A, UV-B, and infrared radiation on protein oxidation in vitro. We chose glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a model enzyme and analyzed the irradiation-induced enzyme activity loss, fragmentation and aggregation, and quantified various oxidative amino acid modifications. Since γ-irradiation was used in numerous studies before, we used it for comparative purposes. Infrared radiation was unable to damage GAPDH in the dose range tested (0–1000 J/cm2). UV-A led to a decrease in free thiol content, which was connected with a loss in enzyme activity, while only at very high doses could moderate protein aggregation and fragmentation be observed. UV-B (0–2 J/cm2) and γ-irradiation (0–500 Gy) led to a dose-dependent increase in protein modification. Interestingly, UV-B acted on specific amino acids, such as arginine, proline, and tyrosine, whereas γ-irradiation acted more randomly. The possibility of using the amino acid oxidation pattern as a biomarker of the source of damage is discussed.
Increased carcinogenic potential of myeloid tumor cells induced by aberrant TGF-β1-signaling and upregulation of cathepsin B
Authors: Reisenauer Anita , Eickelberg Oliver , Wille Aline , Heimburg Anke , Reinhold Annegret , Sloane Bonnie F. , Welte Tobias , Bühling Frank 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The TGF-β signaling pathways are implicated in cancer. Cysteine cathepsins can contribute to the carcinogenic potential of tumor cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of cysteine cathepsin expression by TGF-β1 and the functional implications in tumor cells. We found an upregulation of cathepsin B (CathB, 2- to 5-fold) in different myeloid tumor cells (THP-1, MonoMac-1, MonoMac-6) after incubation with TGF-β1. No upregulation was found in monocytes, and there was suppression of CathB expression in epithelial tumor cells (A549). Increased cathepsin B activity led to enhanced carcinogenic potential, which was reflected by increased migration and invasion of the cells and resistance to inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Analysis of the TGF-β signaling pathways showed no alterations in TGF-β/BMP receptor expression or SMAD2/3 phosphorylation, and no influence of MAP kinase pathways. However, a reduction in SMAD1 expression was detected. The lack of BMP action on cysteine cathepsin expression in myeloid tumor cells, but not in epithelial tumor cells, suggests a defect in the Smad1/Smad5 pathway. We located a related TGF-β1-responsive element within the first intron of the CathB gene. In conclusion, alterations in the TGF-β1 signaling pathway lead to upregulation of CathB, which contributes to the carcinogenic potential of tumor cells.
Anti-innexin 2 aptamers specifically inhibit the heterologous interaction of the innexin 2 and innexin 3 carboxyl-terminiin vitro
Authors: Knieps Martin , Herrmann Sonja , Lehmann Corinna , Löer Birgit , Hoch Michael , Famulok Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe recently demonstrated that heteromerization of innexins 2 and 3 fromDrosophila melanogaster(Dm) is crucial for epithelial organization and polarity of the embryonic epidermis. Both innexins are thought to interact via their C-terminal cytoplasmic domains during the assembly of heteromeric gap junction channels. However, the mechanisms that control heteromeric versus homomeric channel formation are still largely unknown. Here we report the isolation of both non-modified and 2′-fluoro-2′-deoxy-modified RNA anti-innexin 2 aptamers byin vitroselection. The aptamers bind to a proximal epitope on the carboxyl-tail ofDminnexin 2 protein and specifically inhibit the heterologous interaction of innexin 2 and innexin 3 carboxyl-terminiin vitro. These domain-specific inhibitors represent the first step towards functional studies focusing on the activity of these domainsin vivo.
Impoliteness, preference organization and conducivity
Authors: Bousfield Derek 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Traditional approaches to politeness (e. g. Brown and Levinson 1987) and impoliteness (e. g. Culpeper 1996 and Lachenicht 1980), rarely consider the effects of their face-oriented strategies outside of the context of a single turn. While Culpeper, Bousfield and Wichmann (2003) do consider both how impoliteness pans out in extended discourse and the role of prosody in conveying impoliteness, what's not considered are the effects that manipulating or exploiting interactant expectations through the exploitation of specific turn-taking mechanisms can have in the production of impolite face damaging utterances. The broad aim of this paper is to explore the role in impoliteness production of one such mechanism, Preference Organization (see Sacks 1992), which, when coupled with the concept of Conducivity in questions (see Quirk et al. 1985), can give rise to extremely powerful face damaging acts and act sequences. More specifically, the paper will consider and discuss the dynamic verbal interplay between individuals using preference organization and conducivity pragmatically for impolite purposes within such confrontational discourses as car-parking disputes, military training programmes and within restaurant kitchens. The conclusions drawn here with impoliteness will have important implications for politeness theories in particular and for discourse and conflict resolution studies in general.
Cantonese as an additional language in Hong Kong: Problems and prospects
Authors: Sachs Gertrude Tinker , Li David C. S 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Based on data obtained from a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews with four Caucasians and four dark-skinned Asians, this study shows that while some ‘foreigners’ do make an effort to learn Cantonese, many find the teaching methods not so useful and the language difficult to master, especially its tone system. The data are analyzed following the interactive multicultural model of acculturation. The findings point toward a huge chasm between non-local groups and the Cantonese-speaking community. The receptivity of Hong Kong Chinese towards attempts by members of non-local groups to speak Cantonese varies, depending on their racial identity and socioeconomic status.
Was motiviert die partielle Unflektiertheit des indefiniten Artikels? Markiertheitstheoretische und sprachhistorische Überlegungen / What motivates the partial uninflectedness of the indefinite article? Markedness-theoretical and languagehistorical considerations
Authors: Bittner Dagmar 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGerman noun phrases containing an article realise gender and case inflection on that article. There seems to be only a few exceptions to this rule, e.g., the indefinite article (
Historical Sociolinguistics Network (HiSoN)
Authors: Elspaß Stephan , Langer Nils , Scharloth Joachim , Vandenbussche Wim 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Historische Soziolinguistik hat sich in den letzten 25 Jahren zu einer zentralen Teildisziplin der sprachhistorischen Forschung entwickelt, von der auch wichtige Impulse für die Linguistik der Gegenwartssprache ausgehen. Dennoch sind bislang nur wenige Versuche unternommen worden, den zahlreichen Forschungsansätzen ein gemeinsames Forum zu geben, das einen intensiven Austausch über Theorien und Methoden der Disziplin, aber auch über forschungspraktische Fragen ermöglichen würde. Im vergangenen Jahr wurde auf der Konferenz „Language History from Below“ in Bristol das „Historical Sociolinguistics Network“ (HiSoN) gegründet. HiSoN besteht zur Zeit aus über 100 Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern aus unterschiedlichen Philologien.