bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutrophils phagocytose activated platelets in vivo: a phosphatidylserine, P-selectin, and β2 integrin–dependent cell clearance program
Authors: Maugeri Norma , Rovere-Querini Patrizia , Evangelista Virgilio , Covino Cesare , Capobianco Annalisa , Bertilaccio Maria T. S. , Piccoli Antonio , Totani Licia , Cianflone Domenico , Maseri Attilio , Manfredi Angelo A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Activated platelets express ligands, which are recognized by counterreceptors on neutrophils. Here, we show that the ensuing cell-to-cell interaction programs neutrophil phagocytic function, resulting in activated platelet clearance. Neutrophils that have internalized platelets circulate in the blood of patients with acute myocardial infarction, and the extent of platelet clearance correlates with expression of platelet activation, including P-selectin. Activated platelets injected intravenously in experimental animals are detectable in circulating neutrophils 60 minutes after, and within 3 hours, more than 70% circulating neutrophils have internalized platelets. Platelet clearance comprises 2 events: adhesion to neutrophils, which requires divalent cations and depends on P-selectin, on the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), and on the CD11b/CD18 β2 integrin; and internalization, which is abrogated by the phosphatidylserine-binding protein annexin A5. Adhesion to platelets causes neutrophil degranulation and is blocked by antibodies specific for P-selectin and PSGL-1, either in a synthetic medium in vitro or in the whole blood, therefore in the presence of a physiologic array of plasma cofactors and opsonins. The data suggest that the interaction between circulating platelets and neutrophils influences innate immune functions, possibly contributing to regulate vascular inflammation.
Comparison of imatinib 400 mg and 800 mg daily in the front-line treatment of high-risk, Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia: a European LeukemiaNet Study
Authors: Baccarani Michele , Rosti Gianantonio , Castagnetti Fausto , Haznedaroglu Ibrahim , Porkka Kimmo , Abruzzese Elisabetta , Alimena Giuliana , Ehrencrona Hans , Hjorth-Hansen Henrik , Kairisto Veli , Levato Luciano , Martinelli Giovanni , Nagler Arnon , Lanng Nielsen Johan , Ozbek Ugur , Palandri Francesca , Palmieri Fausto , Pane Fabrizio , Rege-Cambrin Giovanna , Russo Domenico , Specchia Giorgina , Testoni Nicoletta , Weiss-Bjerrum Ole , Saglio Giuseppe , Simonsson Bengt 
Published: March 2009

AbstractImatinib mesylate (IM), 400 mg daily, is the standard treatment of Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Preclinical data and results of single-arm studies raised the suggestion that better results could be achieved with a higher dose. To investigate whether the systematic use of a higher dose of IM could lead to better results, 216 patients with Ph+ CML at high risk (HR) according to the Sokal index were randomly assigned to receive IM 800 mg or 400 mg daily, as front-line therapy, for at least 1 year. The CCgR rate at 1 year was 64% and 58% for the high-dose arm and for the standard-dose arm, respectively (P = .435). No differences were detectable in the CgR at 3 and 6 months, in the molecular response rate at any time, as well as in the rate of other events. Twenty-four (94%) of 25 patients who could tolerate the full 800-mg dose achieved a CCgR, and only 4 (23%) of 17 patients who could tolerate less than 350 mg achieved a CCgR. This study does not support the extensive use of high-dose IM (800 mg daily) front-line in all CML HR patients. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00514488.
Contrasting genetic association of IL2RAwith SLE and ANCA – associated vasculitis
Authors: Carr Edward J , Clatworthy Menna R , Lowe Christopher E , Todd John A , Wong Andrew , Vyse Timothy J , Kamesh Lavanya , Watts Richard A , Lyons Paul A , Smith Kenneth GC 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundAutoimmune diseases are complex and have genetic and environmental susceptibility factors. The objective was to test the genetic association of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) – associated systemic vasculitis (AAV) with SNPs in theIL2RAregion and to correlate genotype with serum levels of IL-2RA.MethodsUsing a cohort of over 700 AAV patients, two SLE case-control studies and an SLE trio collection (totalling over 1000 SLE patients), and a TaqMan genotyping approach, we tested 3 SNPs in the IL2RA locus, rs11594656, rs2104286 & rs41295061, each with a prior association with autoimmune disease; rs11594656 and rs41295061 with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and rs2104286 with multiple sclerosis (MS) and T1D.ResultsWe show that SLE is associated with rs11594656 (P= 3.87 × 10-7) and there is some evidence of association of rs41295061 with AAV (P= 0.0122), which both have prior association with T1D. rs2104286, an MS and T1D – associated SNP in theIL2RAlocus, is not associated with either SLE or AAV.ConclusionWe have confirmed a previous suggestion that theIL2RAlocus is associated with SLE and showed some evidence of association with AAV. Soluble IL-2RA concentrations correlate with rs11594656 genotype in quiescent disease in both AAV and SLE. Differential association of autoimmune diseases and SNPs within theIL2RAlocus suggests that theIL2RApathway may prove to play differing, as yet undefined, roles in each disease.
Protein-specific glycosylation: signal patches and cis-controlling peptidic elements
Authors: Hanisch Franz-Georg , Breloy Isabelle 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The term ‘protein-specific glycosylation’ refers to important functional implications of a subset of glycosylation types that are under direct control of recognition determinants on the protein. Examples of the latter are found in the formation of the mannose-6-phosphate receptor ligand on lysosomal hydrolases, and in polysialylation of NCAM, which are regulated via conformational signal patches on the protein. Distinct from these examples, the β4-GalNAc modification of N-linked glycans on a selected panel of proteins, such as carbonic anhydrase or glycodelin, was demonstrated recently to require specific protein (sequence) determinants proximal to the glycosylation site that function as cis-regulatory elements. Another example of such a cis-regulatory element was described for the control of mammalian O-mannosylation. In this case, the structural features of substrate sites within the mucin domain of α-dystroglycan are necessary, but not sufficient for determining the transfer of mannose to Ser/Thr. Evidence has been provided that an upstream-located peptide is also essential. Such cis-controlling elements provide a higher level of protein specificity, because a putative glycosylation site cannot result from a single point mutation. Here, we highlight recent work on protein-specific glycosylation with particular emphasis on the above-cited examples and we will try to link protein-specific glycosylation to function.
Non-Linear Oscillations Detected by Multivariate Analysis in Microcosm Toxicity Tests: Implications for Risk Assessment and Biomonitoring.
Authors: Landis WG , Matthews RA , Markiewicz AJ , Matthews GB 
Published: March 2009

This study compares the dynamics of the effects of the water soluble fraction (WSF) of both Jet-A and JP-4 using the Standard Aquatic Microcosm (SAM) using several types of multivariate analysis. In these studies we investigate the common assumption in environmental toxicology, that after the initial stress, ecosystems recover to resemble the control or reference state. This assumption may be based more on our inability to observe an ecosystem with sufficient resolution to detect differences, than reality. Among the more interesting effects observed in both studies were the shifts in time of population peaks and some other variables compared to non-dosed microcosms. In both experiments, multivariate analysis was able to differentiate oscillations that separate the treatments from the reference group, followed by what would normally appear as recovery, followed by another separation into treatment groups as distinct from the reference treatment. These patterns generally were not detected by conventional analysis.
Two sets of related explanations exist for the observed phenomenon. First, the addition of the toxicant initiates an alteration in the community so that the quality of the food resources for the later successional stages is significantly different from the control. This difference in resource quality and quantity leads to the repeated and replicated oscillations. The second explanation is that the oscillations are the result of the intrinsic complex and perhaps even chaotic behavior of population interactions. The initial impact of the toxicant re-set the dosed communities into different regions of the n-dimensional space where recovery may be an illusion due to the incidental overlap of the trajectories of the systems occurring along a few axes. Some of the implications of complex or chaotic dynamics upon the prediction of ecological risk and in biomonitoring are discussed.
Atomizer Design for Agricultural Air Shear Applications
Authors: Akesson NB , Steinke WE , Yates WE 
Published: March 2009

The nozzle-atomizer on most agricultural pesticide applications must perform two basic functions. First, the spray liquid must be atomized or broken up into small drops for dispersal to plant surfaces, and secondly, the amount of liquid discharged must be controlled or metered to obtain the proper plant coverage and dosage.
Most atomizers used today on agricultural sprayers produce a wide range or spectrum of drop sizes approximating a Gaussian or somewhat skewed Gaussian (skewed towards small drops) range. While no one has conclusively determined that a single drop size sprayer would produce the most desirable coverage of plant surfaces, it is widely understood that a narrowed spectrum which cuts off both the small and large end of the range, would be a desirable step forward in nozzle design, thereby, reducing the amount of spray in small drift-prone drops as well as reducing the very large drops which do not provide good plant coverage.
Several new designs of nozzle atomizers have been examined in our wind tunnel drop size analyzer specifically to examine their ability to reduce drift losses through production of larger drop size ranges as well as to check these for drop size range control. A few of these designs have been marketed for ground sprayer use, but we were particularly interested in how improvement in drift-control could be attained, while still maintaining adequate plant coverage with air carrier ground and aircraft spray equipment. Our studies have pointed out the drop size characteristics of certain of the available nozzles as well as developing some further lines of nozzle design that might be suitable for this purpose.
Polymers for Instant Dispersions for the Herbicide Metolachlor and Other Chloroacetanilides
Authors: Narayanan KS 
Published: March 2009

The pesticide metolachlor (a member of Chloracetanilide family) which is a liquid at ambient conditions was converted to a solid product by coprecipitation with Agrimer VEMA H-240, maleic acid methyl vinyl ether copolymer. This solid at 1–2% in water instantly produced a dispersion stable for &gt; 24 hours and showed 100% recovery on standing over a period of 24 hours. This technology is extendable for other members of the pesticide family and other modifications of the polymer. This simple technique also offers several formulation variables such as: hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the backbone effect of counter ions effect of pH effect of crosslinking in the polymer and others (use of additional dispersing agents) Other commercial advantages are the capacity to formulate into solid forms that can be packaged in water-dispersible bags. Such packaging would reduce container disposal problems.
A working hypothesis is provided showing the unique backbone-spacing requirement for the polymer and its capacity to instantly disperse the active ingredient in water.
Water Soluble and Water Dispersible Granules with Spreader-Sticker Incorporated
Authors: Fu E , Narayanan KS , Hall FR , Downer RA 
Published: March 2009

Agrimax™3 adjuvants have been shown in field tests to enhance the efficacy of pesticides. These adjuvants act as spreader-sticker-penetrants, which increase the uptake of pesticide by the target species. Conventional adjuvants are added to the tank mix separately from the active ingredients. Incompatibility may result, and extensive tests with each active ingredient are necessary to avoid such problems. Incorporating the adjuvant into the formulation directly ensures compatibility and carries other benefits, such as product differentiation and lower total costs, and also offers a proprietary position.
This study has demonstrated the technical feasibility of using Agrimax adjuvants as granulating fluid for water soluble and water dispersible granule formulations. The majority of work was performed with phosphonomethylglycine. It was mixed with sodium bicarbonate in a 1:1 weight ratio to yield sodium salts which dissolved readily. The amount of adjuvant required to obtain an extrudable mass ranged from 14 to 20% (wet mix basis). Extruded granules had excellent friability resistance and good dissolution. Bioefficacy tests under greenhouse conditions were performed with an experimental granule formulation and a commercial formulation, Roundup®4. Phytotoxicity assessments on three weed species over a two week period produced statistically equivalent results under all conditions with one exception. Other active ingredients, such as 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and chlorothalonil, could also be granulated with Agrimax. Results indicate that Agrimax adjuvant can be readily incorporated into granule formulations, and such granules can be highly efficacious.
Effect of Temperature Fluctuations and Storage Period on Pesticide Stability in Formulation Concentrates Used in Forestry
Authors: Sundaram KMS , Sundaram A 
Published: March 2009

Pesticide formulation concentrates should maintain their physicochemical stability from the time of preparation until field application. Literature information on pesticide stability is lacking at present, especially after field storage under the conditions of the operational spray programs for forest pest control. The present study provides information on the influence of water hardness, pH, formulation ingredients, carrier media, storage periods, and temperature fluctuations, on phase separation, pesticide hydrolysis, degradation and metabolism, in some simple formulation concentrates prepared in the laboratory, and in some complex formulation concentrates obtained from pesticide companies.
The investigation indicated that the greater the hardness of water, the greater the stability of the active ingredients. Formulants increased the storage stability of pesticides. Polymeric formulants of larger molecular mass provided greater stability to pesticides than the surfactants of smaller molecular size. The longer the storage period, the lesser the stability of pesticides. Highly water-soluble pesticides degraded to a much greater extent than the sparingly soluble ones. Degradation occurred much more in aqueous media than in non-aqueous media, and the type of metabolites formed differed in the two media. Commercial formulation concentrates made up of several ingredients provided metabolites different from those found in the simple formulations prepared in the laboratory. Pesticide degradation occurred to a much greater extent after storage of the commercial formulation concentrates under outdoor conditions at extreme fluctuating temperatures, than after storage in the laboratory at a constant temperature.
The Relationship of Spray Adjuvant Surfactant Properties to Pesticide Spray Application Volumes
Authors: Mack RE , Roberts JR , Volgas GC 
Published: March 2009

Over 100 pesticide labels recommend the use of a spray adjuvant to enhance efficacy of the active ingredient. Many of these labels require the use of an adjuvant. Imazethapyr requires not only the use of a nitrogen-based fertilizer, but for some applications, the use of a crop oil concentrate. The crop oil concentrate requirement specifies a given volume of adjuvant per hectare. The wetting properties, and/or surface chemistry, play a vital role in the usefulness of the crop oil concentrate.
There are several methods of evaluating the surface activity of adjuvants. Contact angles at the liquid-solid interface, surface tension, both dynamic and static, and spread areas are among the methods that have often been used to determine the effectiveness of an adjuvant. While these measurements do not replace actual efficacy trials, they should be valuable in the screening of different adjuvants for suitability with any given pesticide spray.
A series of tests were designed to determine if surface chemical properties are appropriate indicators for predicting the usefulness of crop oil concentrates with the herbicide imazethapyr. A correlation between the various methods of evaluating surface activity and the actual efficacy enhancements was observed.
When spray volumes per hectare are decreased, the rate of adjuvant per hectare remains constant and the concentration of the adjuvant increases. Therefore, it was investigated whether the recommendation of a crop oil concentrate at a given rate per hectare was more beneficial with lower spray volumes.
In these tests, the increased rate of adjuvant did not improve surface activity, or herbicide efficacy.
The Elda Center -- An Innovative Concept in Soil Recycling Using Bioremediation
Authors: Hater G , Gillenwater PS , Li AY , Start J 
Published: March 2009

Soil pile bioremediation is a simple and cost-effective method for remediating contaminated soils. This bioremediation technology uses vacuum to provide continuous aeration to contaminated soil that has been excavated and inoculated with nutrients and contaminant-specific bacterial cultures.
In this process, contaminated soil is generally placed on top of an impermeable plastic liner to control leachate and runoff. Vacuum is then pulled on the pile through a framework of perforated corrugated hose, while air is supplied to the pile through a separate network of inlet pipes. The blower exhaust exiting the pile is sent to vapor phase activated carbon to eliminate air emissions. The soil pile is covered with a black plastic liner to prevent odor and air emissions, evaporation, and loss of passive solar heat. During operation, nutrients, water, and additional bacteria are added as needed through a separate leach line inside the top cover.
Soil pile technology has been successfully used to remediate several non-RCRA petroleum contaminated sites. To take advantage of these field successes, WMNA and CWM decided to build a permanent facility that treats and recycles soil at WMNAs existing solid waste landfill in Cincinnati, OH. The net result is the ELDA Soil Center. To date, two soil piles, each with 15 000 cubic yard capacity, have been constructed at the ELDA landfill. The Soil Center is capable of recycling in excess of 250 000 tons per year of petroleum contaminated soils. This permanent facility uses a clay liner underneath the soil pile and perforated ABS pipe for air and vacuum lines. A biofilter was installed for controlling the VOCs prior to a 2-stage activated carbon system for air emissions control.
Soil treatment at the ELDA Soil Center provides several significant advantages. First, it enables contaminated soil that would normally be landfilled to be recycled as daily cover or as backfill offsite, thus saving landfill space and eliminating the liability associated with landfill disposal. Second, it effectively destroys organics through biodegradation resulting in nonregulated soil. Third, the ELDA Soil Center offers an off-site alternative to on-site remediation, particularly to space constrained sites that cannot perform on-site remediation. It also enables customers to take advantage of the low operating costs associated with a fixed site. The ELDA Soil Center is the first of its kind. Plans are underway to use the 128 WMNA solid waste landfill sites to develop a strategically located network of additional soil recycle centers throughout the United States. Soil treatment centers may also be developed for organic contaminated RCRA soils at CWM hazardous waste landfill sites in order to provide a cost-effective remedial option for these soils.
Oxygen Dissolution Technologies for Bioremediation Applications
Authors: Storms GE 
Published: March 2009

For aerobic biotreatment processes, oxygen transfer and volatile organic chemical (VOC) emissions can be important operational limitations. By using industrially pure oxygen rather than air as the dissolved oxygen source, higher oxygen transfer rates and significantly lower volatile emissions rates can be achieved. In addition, pure oxygen can eliminate foam formation, reduce the evaporative cooling effects, eliminate dependence on electrical power for aeration, and allow for greater oxygen demand variations.
Due to the cost of oxygen, it is generally more cost effective to use mixing technologies that have higher oxygen transfer efficiencies (and higher mixing energy costs) than are usually used with air-based aeration. These are usually mechanical mixing technologies, rather than diffusion technologies. Several such approaches are discussed.
Improvement of Delamination Resistance with Carbon Nonwoven Mat Interleaves
Authors: Armstrong-Carroll E , Cochran R 
Published: March 2009

Composites have been used in many structural applications throughout the aerospace industry. This popularity is due to the combination of lightweight and high-strength properties possessed by these materials. A common composite material system is unidirectional graphite-reinforced epoxy. Unidirectional composites possess a high fiber volume fraction and thus maximize strength and stiffness. However, laminates fabricated with unidirectional fiber layers are susceptible to delamination when subjected to impact testing or other out-of-plane loads.
In this study, AS4/3501-6 composites were interleaved with nonwoven carbon fiber mats. The mats increased composite delamination resistance as measured with edge notch flexure (ENF) testing. The Mode II fracture energy (GIIc) of a composite without an interleaf was 359 J/m2. The use of a 12 g/m2 aerial weight mat increased GIIc by 60% (574 J/m2). A mat having an aerial weight of 6.8 g/m2 increased GIIc by 130% (834 J/m2). The ENF failure surfaces were investigated to determine how the mat affects failure surface topography. The mat fibers close to prepreg fibers acted as obstacles in the crack path. The failure topography was similar for both mats. The 6.8 g/m2 mat was thinner when consolidated and possessed a higher fiber volume than the 12 g/m2 mat. These factors were responsible for the greater increase in delamination resistance achieved with the 6.8 g/m2 mat.
This study also examined the effect of the mat interleaf on composite tensile and compressive strength. Both tensile and compressive strength were unaffected by the mat interleaf.