bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Predictive Model for Microbial Induced Corrosion (MIC) in Sub-sea Production Pipelines: Part 1—Abiotic Corrosion Model
Authors: Smith P. , Roy S. , Swailes D. , Maxwell S. , Page D. , Lawson J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Microbial Induced Corrosion (MIC) is a very aggressive form of corrosion with many proposed mechanisms but as yet there is no internationally agreed mechanism for its action. Rapid pitting attack can quickly lead to equipment failure, which is a particular problem in the petrochemical industry where the effects of MIC are prevalent. MIC is a highly complex process but it is believed that Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) perform a major role. SRB present in anaerobic layers of biofilms at the metal surface can be detected at corrosion sites in the field by the presence of sulphide films. The models currently used to predict MIC offer only a semi-quantitative assessment of MIC and are often unpredictable as they do not often include knowledge of SRB activity or biofilm growth rates.
The aim of this investigation is to develop a physical model for the prediction of corrosion rates associated with MIC in subsea production pipelines. The model will include abiotic and biotic corrosion parameters and is based on heterogeneous reactions at the steel surface, a species concentration profile described by the Nernst diffusion layer model, and overall anodic and cathodic current densities balancing each other. Presented in this publication is an initial abiotic model based on a simple corrosion system of pipeline steel exposed to an electrolyte of deaerated low conductivity water. The corrosion system is examined experimentally using potentiodynamic polarisation techniques, a glass corrosion cell and a three electrode potentiostat system. An abiotic model is then developed for this corrosion system and the model prediction compared to the experimental data. The model is shown to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
The Use Of Carbon Steel in Highly Sour Oil and Gas Production Systems
Authors: Johnson B. V. , Al-Ghafri M. J. H. , Al-Harthy A. S. M. , Kompally S. N. , Dicken G. , Schofield M. J. , Bruce K. , John D. G. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The application of standard corrosion modelling systems for carbon steel (CS) for a number of highly sour oil & gas projects has predicted corrosion rates ranging from 10 to 35 mm/yr which drives material selection to corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs). This is the case even where corrosion inhibitors are considered with overall effectiveness in the range 90 to 95% (where effectiveness = efficiency x application time). In order to validate the model predictions a series of laboratory corrosion tests were carried out using a CS pipeline material to establish whether the natural formation of protective iron sulfide corrosion products can be demonstrated to provide satisfactory protection. If this was the case then it would enable CS to be considered either with or without corrosion inhibition and would avoid the need to use expensive CRAs and could result in cost savings of hundreds of millions of US dollars.
The paper describes short term studies to assess the feasibility of this approach. Tests have been conducted under simulated dynamic production environment conditions ranging in temperature from 50 to 210°C with partial pressures of H2S up to 11 bara. Both formation and condensed water systems have been simulated.
The degree of protection afforded by scales formed in these conditions has been characterised by electrochemical evaluation and by gravimetric analysis of coupons from Rotating Cylinder Electrode (RCE) and rotating cage apparatus. The morphology of the scale has been studied under the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and analysed by Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD. Natural corrosion rates from these short term tests are significantly lower than predicted with measured rates of between 0.04 to 2.2 mm/yr (i.e. laboratory values ranging from 16 to 900 times lower than predicted). This laboratory data indicates that CS is potentially suitable for field service and further selective long term tests with and without corrosion inhibitor are planned to confirm these results.
Corrosion Management For Aging Pipelines — Experience From the Forties Field
Authors: Marsh J , The T , Ounnas S , Richardson M 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In 2003, Apache became the operator of the Forties Field. The field has now been in operation for 33 years and much of the infield pipeline system has exceeded its original design life of 20-25 years. Apache intend to continue production in the Forties Field for, potentially, in excess of a further 20 years. As such, they have identified numerous issues with respect to corrosion management of the infield pipeline system. Since late 2006, the Forties Field infield pipeline corrosion and integrity management has been carried out by IONIK Consulting/JP Kenny Caledonia ltd. Working closely with Apache, the infield pipeline system has been reviewed, a number of issues have been assessed and quantified and practices with respect to corrosion management, corrosion monitoring and inspection have been implemented. This document examines the issues identified, the corrosion management strategy put in place, and the inspection actions undertaken. Examples of issues identified with respect to corrosion management systems include a requirement for a dedicated pipeline corrosion management strategy, pipeline corrosion modelling, a corrosion risk assessment of the pipeline system, a review of corrosion inhibition and pigging, and a review of key performance indicators with emphasis on pipeline management. Specific corrosion issues identified include anode depletion, preferential weld corrosion, localised corrosion and 6 o’clock corrosion. Examples of other factors identified have been potential risks from microbial and under deposit corrosion due to low flow rates. This publication provides an overview of these issues and the implementation of solutions, alongside changes to items such as documentation and modification of existing procedures, risk assessment, corrosion management, and the implementation of an intelligent pigging program.
Role of Pressure and Reaction Time on Corrosion Control of H2S Scavenger
Authors: Zea Luis , Jepson Paul , Kumar Ranganathan 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Sulfite cracking, corrosion fatigue and electrochemical corrosion are some examples of the effects of the presence of Hydrogen Sulfide in a mixture of oil and brine. In order to guard pipelines and well equipment, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of this gas to a minimum. One of the best solutions to do so is utilizing a chemical H2S scavenger. It is of high interest to identify the role that the pressure and reaction time parameters play on the H2S scavenger efficiency. To address this concern, this paper experimentally evaluates the change of the scavenger capacity to react with Hydrogen Sulfide at different pressures. Additionally, the gas concentration is examined as reaction time passed in order to identify its effect on the scavenger performance. Results indicate that most of the scavenger- H2S reaction occurs in the first five minutes and that lowering the pressure after the reaction has started taking place decreases the scavenger efficiency. Scavenger concentration was also a variable and it was found that a 600:1 ratio is above recommendable parameters since a higher amount of scavenger is used without this meaning a significant decrease of Hydrogen Sulfide concentration.
Contingent responses of mothers and peers to indirect and direct aggression in preschool and school‐aged children
Authors: Valles Nizete‐Ly , Knutson John F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe primary goal of the study was to determine whether mother and peer's responses to direct and indirect aggression would contribute to children's use of direct and indirect aggression. Using adaptations of the Direct and Indirect Aggression Scale, a multi‐informant strategy, and a sample of disadvantaged families, data were collected from 296 mothers of children ages 4–11, 237 children ages 6–11, and 151 teachers of those children. Mothers and peers were reported to react more harshly in response to direct aggression compared with indirect aggression, and higher rates of direct aggression were associated with reduced popularity. These findings were seen as being consistent with the hypothesis that different forms of aggression result in differential responding by mothers and peers, as well as the notion that direct aggression is a higher cost option than indirect aggression. Results also replicated previous findings that boys tend to use physical aggression more than girls, but girls use indirect aggression more than boys. Finally, low IQ was correlated with higher direct aggression in girls but had no relation with aggression in boys. Aggr. Behav. 34: 497–510, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fish consumption and body burden of organochlorines among lower hudson urban anglers
Authors: Morland Kimberly , Wolff Mary , Bopp Richard , Godbold James , Landrigan Philip 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackgroundPolychlorinated biphenyls and other organochlorines have contaminated the Hudson River and New York/New Jersey Harbor for many decades. Although body burdens and health effects resulting from exposure to these pollutants have been measured in other populations, little is known about anglers from the lower Hudson area.MethodsAnglers were recruited from fishing clubs and along piers on the lower Hudson River. One hundred twenty‐five participants provided blood samples and questionnaire information. Serum was analyzed at Mount Sinai School of Medicine for organochlorines.ResultsMean concentration of total PCB congeners was 4.78 µg/L. A non‐significant adjusted mean difference of −0.59 µg/L was observed between local fish eaters and non‐eaters with higher levels among the non‐eaters. Similar negative, but non‐significant associations were observed for p,p'‐DDT, HCB, and β‐BHC. For pp'‐DDE, and several chlordane residues, levels were higher among anglers reporting local fish consumption, but the difference was statistically significant only for TN.ConclusionsThese findings suggest eating fish from the lower Hudson River and NY/NJ harbor is not associated with an increased body burden of PCBs or most other organochlorines. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:587–594, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complex toe syndactyly with characteristic facial phenotype: A new syndrome?
Authors: Sobreira Nara Lygia Macena , Cernach Mirlene Cecilia S.P. , Brunoni Decio , Perez Ana Beatriz Alvarez 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNonsyndromic syndactyly is a common, heterogeneous hereditary condition of webbed fingers and toes that can be cutaneous or bony, unilateral or bilateral. We describe a patient with complex toe syndactyly and oligodactyly, some interesting skeletal hand findings and atypical facial features without other case like this described before. Cenani–Lenz syndrome (CLS) is a rare disorder with total syndactyly and irregular synostosis of carpal, metacarpal and phalanges, it may involve ulna and radius and digital rays may be absent, some of these were described with atypical facial features and one patient had renal hypoplasia and vertebral anomalies but our patient does not have the oligodactyly or syndactyly of the hands that is consistently present in all patients with CLS. The atypical facial features of our patient resemble Kabuki syndrome but oligodactyly and complex syndactyly have not been described in Kabuki syndrome and this patient has normal intelligence, and extreme eyelid defect (resembling ablepharon). Therefore, for our patient, we suggested to treat in a new condition of limb anomalies and atypical face. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methionine sulfoxide reductase: A novel schizophrenia candidate gene
Authors: Walss‐Bass Consuelo , Soto‐Bernardini Maria Clara , Johnson‐Pais Teresa , Leach Robin J. , Ontiveros Alfonso , Nicolini Humberto , Mendoza Ricardo , Jerez Alvaro , Dassori Albana , Chavarria‐Siles Ivan , Escamilla Michael A. , Raventos Henriette 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMethionine sulfoxide reductase (MSRA) is an antioxidant enzyme implicated in protection against oxidative stress and protein maintenance. We have previously reported the association of marker D8S542, located within the MSRA gene, with schizophrenia in the Central Valley of Costa Rica (CVCR). By performing fine mapping analysis, we have now identified a potential three‐marker at risk haplotype within MSRA in the same CVCR sample, with a global P‐value slightly above nominal significance (P = 0.0526). By sequencing the MSRA gene in individuals carrying this haplotype, we identified a novel 4‐base pair deletion 1,792 bases upstream of the MSRA transcription start site. This deletion was significantly under‐transmitted to schizophrenia patients in the CVCR sample (P = 0.0292) using FBAT, and this was replicated in a large independent sample of 321 schizophrenia families from the Hispanic population (P = 0.0367). These findings suggest a protective effect of the deletion against schizophrenia. Further, MSRA mRNA levels were significantly lower in lymphoblastoid cell lines of individuals homozygous for the deletion compared to carriers of the normal allele (P = 0.0135), although significance was only evident when genotypes were collapsed. This suggests that the deleted sequence may play a role in regulating MSRA expression. In conclusion, this work points towards MSRA as a novel schizophrenia candidate gene. Further studies into the mechanisms by which MSRA is involved in schizophrenia pathophysiology may shed light into the biological underpinnings of this disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life as a Nanoscale Phenomenon
Authors: Mann Stephen 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe nanoscale is not just the middle ground between molecular and macroscopic but a dimension that is specifically geared to the gathering, processing, and transmission of chemical‐based information. Herein we consider the living cell as an integrated self‐regulating complex chemical system run principally by nanoscale miniaturization, and propose that this specific level of dimensional constraint is critical for the emergence and sustainability of cellular life in its minimal form. We address key aspects of the structure and function of the cell interface and internal metabolic processing that are coextensive with the up‐scaling of molecular components to globular nanoobjects (integral membrane proteins, enzymes, and receptors, etc) and higher‐order architectures such as microtubules, ribosomes, and molecular motors. Future developments in nanoscience could provide the basis for artificial life.
PLS: A versatile tool for industrial process improvement and optimization
Authors: Ferrer Alberto , Aguado Daniel , Vidal‐Puig Santiago , Prats José Manuel , Zarzo Manuel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractModern industrial processes are characterized by acquiring massive amounts of highly collinear data. In this context, partial least‐squares (PLS) regression, if wisely used, can become a strategic tool for process improvement and optimization. In this paper we illustrate the versatility of this technique through several real case studies that basically differ in the structure of the X matrix (process variables) and Y matrix (response parameters). By using the PLS approach, the results show that it is possible to build predictive models (soft sensors) for monitoring the performance of a wastewater treatment plant, to help in the diagnosis of a complex batch polymerization process, to develop an automatic classifier based on image data, or to assist in the empirical model building of a continuous polymerization process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerische Berechnungen zur Untersuchung des Einflusses der Bewehrungsrichtung auf das Last‐Verformungsverhalten von Stahlbetonplatten
Authors: Rüdiger Lars , Keuser Manfred , Berger Johannes 
Published: May 2008

AbstractStahlbetonbauteile, insbesondere Stahlbetonflächentragwerke, erfahren i. d. R. mehraxiale Beanspruchungen. Für deren wirklichkeitsnahe Berechnung ist eine angemessene Modellierung des komplexen Materialverhaltens eine unverzichtbare Voraussetzung. Für die detaillierte Untersuchung stellen neben Bauteilversuchen auch numerische Berechnungen und Simulationen ein hervorragendes Instrument dar, insbesondere um einzelne Parameter gezielt variieren zu können. Der vorliegende Aufsatz zeigt die Vorgehensweise für die Berechnung des Last‐Verformungsverhaltens mit Hilfe der Finiten Elemente Methode für einaxial und zweiaxial biegebeanspruchte Stahlbetonplatten. Dabei wird, von realen Versuchen abgeleitet gezeigt, wie die geometrische und physikalische Modellierung erfolgen kann. Hier ist, neben der wirklichkeitsnahen Abbildung des Materialverhaltens von Beton und Betonstahl, die Modellierung des Verbundverhaltens angemessen zu berücksichtigen. Da in Stahlbetonplatten die Richtung der eingelegten Bewehrung nur selten mit der Richtung der Hauptspannungen übereinstimmt, wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Bewehrungsrichtungen untersucht.
Verzinkte Bauteile im Kontakt mit Spanngliedern
Authors: Burkert Andreas , Lehmann Jens , Burkert Annette , Mietz Jürgen , Eich Gerd 
Published: May 2008

AbstractUm zu klären, unter welchen Umständen eine potentielle Gefährdung von Spannstählen beim Kontakt mit verzinkten Bauteilen gegeben ist, wurden Laborversuche in alkalischen Lösungen und Beton sowie Zeitstandversuche an Spannbetonprobekörpern durchgeführt. Abstandsvariationen im Nahbereich haben nur einen geringen Einfluss auf die Polarisation des Stahls. Ein praxisrelevanter, unkritischer Abstand für den indirekten Kontakt, z. B. über die schlaffe Bewehrung, kann nicht definiert werden. Hinsichtlich des Flächenverhältnisses Stahl : Zink wurde ein signifikanter Einfluss festgestellt. Flächenverhältnisse über 10 : 1 führen nicht zu einer Polarisation in den Bereich der Wasserstoffentwicklung. Die Ergebnisse wurden durch Untersuchungen an realen Spannbetonfertigteilen verifiziert.Zeitstandversuche unter Wasserstoffbeladung führten an zugelassenen Spannstählen nicht zu Brüchen während der Versuchszeit. Die anschließend ermittelten mechanischen Kennwerte zeigten keine signifikanten Änderungen. Ein indirekter Kontakt von Spannstählen zu verzinkten Einbauteilen ist deshalb als unkritisch zu bewerten. Der direkte Kontakt ist durch Einhaltung des in der DIN 1045‐1 geforderten Mindestabstands von 2 cm sicher auszuschließen.
Langzeitmessungen an einer Eisenbahnbrücke
Authors: Geier Roman , Österreicher Michael , Pircher Martin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn den vergangenen Jahrzehnten haben sich die Möglichkeiten zur Bauwerksüberwachung deutlich weiterentwickelt. Zahlreiche Anwendungen verschiedenster Systeme zeigen einen anhaltenden Trend zur Unterstützung der konventionellen Bauwerksprüfungen über objektivierte Messungen. Der Schwerpunkt des Einsatzes liegt auf der Überwachung von Brücken als besonders sensible Ingenieurtragwerke. Erkenntnisse aus der langjährigen Aktivität der Autoren im Bereich der Bauwerksüberwachung sowie die Ergebnisse von Langzeitmessungen an einer Eisenbahnbrücke in Österreich werden präsentiert.
Modified Escherichia coli B (BL21), a superior producer of plasmid DNA compared with Escherichia coli K (DH5α)
Authors: Phue Je‐Nie , Lee Sang Jun , Trinh Loc , Shiloach Joseph 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPlasmid DNA (pDNA) is an emerging experimental vaccine, produced in E. coli, initially targeted for viral diseases. Unlike traditional protein vaccines whose average dose is micrograms, the average dose of pDNA is on the scale of milligrams. Production yields are, therefore, important for the future development of this vaccine. The E. coli strains currently used for pDNA production, JM109 and DH5α, are both suitable for production of stable pDNA due to the deletion of recA and endA, however, these two E. coli K strains are sensitive to growth conditions such as high glucose concentration. On the other hand E. coli BL21 is less sensitive to growth conditions than E. coli JM109 or DH5α, this strain grows to higher densities and due to its active glyoxylate shunt and anaplerotic pathways is not sensitive to high glucose concentration. This strain is used for recombinant protein production but not for pDNA production because of its inability to produce stable pDNA. To adapt E. coli BL21 for stable pDNA production, the strain was mutated by deleting both recA and endA, and a proper growth and production strategy was developed. Production values, reaching 2 g/L were obtained using glucose as a carbon source. The produced plasmid, which was constructed for HIV clinical study, was found to have identical properties to the plasmid currently produced by E. coli DH5α. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 831–836. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
QCM‐D sensitivity to protein adsorption reversibility
Authors: Jordan Jacob L. , Fernandez Erik J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractUsing a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipative monitoring (QCM‐D) we have determined the adsorption reversibility and viscoelastic properties of ribonuclease A adsorbed to hydrophobic self‐assembled monolayers. Consistent with previous work with proteins unfolding on hydrophobic surfaces, high protein solution concentrations, reduced adsorption times, and low ammonium sulfate concentrations lead to increased adsorption reversibility. Measured rigidity of the protein layers normalized for adsorbed protein amounts, a quantity we term specific dissipation, correlated with adsorption reversibility of ribonuclease A. These results suggest that specific dissipation may be correlated with changes in structure of adsorbed proteins. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 837–842. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quality assessment of cross‐species hybridization of CHO transcriptome on a mouse DNA oligo microarray
Authors: Yee Joon Chong , Wlaschin Katie Fraass , Chuah Song Hui , Nissom Peter Morin , Hu Wei‐Shou 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDNA microarray technology has been widely utilized for species with extensive genome sequence information available. Given the limited genomic information pertaining to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, cross‐species hybridization using mouse microarrays provides a viable alternative. In this study, the utility of mouse Affymetrix microarrays for transcriptome profiling in CHO cells was assessed by hybridizing identical sets of cRNA samples from CHO cells on both mouse and CHO Affymetrix microarrays. Expression level measured by probe sets for orthologous transcripts on the two microarrays was compared. Only a fraction of the orthologous probes which detected expression calls in same species hybridization were similarly called present in cross species hybridization. In further analysis at the 25‐mer probe level, it was revealed that specific hybridization signals were detectable by the subset of mouse probes that have a high degree of homology to the corresponding CHO sequences. The feasibility of cross species hybridization for quantifying the extent of differential expression was assessed by comparing transcript levels of CHO cells cultivated with and without sodium butyrate. While same species hybridization gave consistent degree of differential expression calls in replicated runs, a much inferior ability in quantifying differential expression was seen with cross species hybridization. Our results demonstrate that through detailed analysis of homology at the probe pair level, a subset of probes on existing mouse Affymetrix oligo‐array can be used successfully for transcriptome profiling of CHO cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 1359–1365. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.