bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional evaluation of kidney beans (phaseolus vulgaris): The isolation and partial Characterisation of Toxic Constituents
Authors: Pusztai Arpad , Grant George , Palmer Robert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComprehensive fractionation studies on the contents of the seeds of two varieties of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were carried out. The extent of toxicity of the fractions obtained was assessed from the depression of the growth of rats fed on a mixed diet containing 5% casein protein and 5% unfractionated bean proteins or proportional amounts of fractionated materials. The low molecular weight diffusible materials and the structural water‐insoluble carbohydrate‐protein complexes (10 and 73% of the seeds, respectively) were found to have had little deleterious effects on rat growth performance. However, both protein fractions, the albumins (6.3% of the seeds) and the globulins (11% of the seeds), were found to be toxic. Further fractionation with continuous high‐voltage electrophoresis indicated that most of the toxicity of the albumin fraction might be related to the presence of a range of isolectins. A similar, but not identical, isolectin might also be implicated in the toxicity of the globulin fraction. In addition, these results also demonstrated that the three major storage proteins, glycoprotein I and II and the trypsin inhibitors, which altogether made up about three quarters of the total protein content, could have made a small contribution only to the toxicity of kidney beans.
Chick bioassay of available methionine and methionine plus cystine. Development of assay procedure
Authors: Njike Michael C. , Mba Akpan U. , Oyenuga Victor A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of experiments has been conducted with young chicks to establish a valid assay procedure1 for assessing available sulphur amino acids (SAA) in protein concentrates. A basal diet was established in which soya bean meal provided 20% crude protein. This diet was shown to be limiting in only SAA. When adequately supplemented with methionine or methionine plus cystine it promoted excellent chick growth. The adaptation of the diet for the assay purposes is described. The linear portion of the regression curve of response on a logarithmic dose scale for methionine alone was found to lie between 0.015 and 0.25%; and 0.009 and 0.09% for methionine in the presence of 0.4% cystine. These regions constituted the potential ranges for the bioassay of methionine and SAA.
A seaweed residue unsuitable as a major source of energy or nitrogen for growing Pigs
Authors: Whittemore Colin T. , Percival John K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen fed at the level of 50% of the diet, the dried residue of Ascophyllum nodosum, remaining after alginate extraction, was found to cause diarrhoea in pigs within 7 days. Digestibility coefficients for a diet containing 50% seaweed residue, 20% barley, 19% wheat and 10% fish meal were 0.47 for energy and 0.52 for nitrogen. By difference calculation the digestible energy and digestible crude protein values of the seaweed residue were determined to be 2.2 MJ and —30 g/kg dry matter.
A rapid turbidimetric method for the determination of the precipitation curves of carrageenans
Authors: Matulewicz Maria C. , Cerezo Alberto S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid turbidimetric method for the determination of the precipitation curve of carrageenans is proposed. It is based on the precipitation of a solution of carrageenan, under standard conditions, at a given concentration of potassium chloride and the measurement of the turbidity produced. The precipitation curves of five samples of carrageenans from Chondrus crispus, Gigartina skottsbergii and Iridea undulosa were determined. The results show that the method can be used to characterise the sample and (qualitatively) the distribution of the molecules; and so, to determine its commerical value.
Changes in carbohydrates and amino acids during baking of Vicia faba
Authors: Salem Sayed A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChemical changes in carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids of the broad bean Vicia faba which occur during the production of the baked beans “foul midamis” were studied. During baking part of the sugars and amino acids of the beans were involved in discolouration reactions with subsequent decrease of the components studied.
Nutritive value of cooked potato flakes for the young chick
Authors: Felix D'mello J. P. , Whittemore Colin T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo experiments have been conducted with young chicks to assess the nutritive value of dried cooked potato flakes and of ground maize. The mean classical ME values of potato flakes and of maize were 13.64 and 13.01 MJ/kg dry matter. Growth rates and efficiency of food conversion were lower in the group fed the diet containing potato flakes than in the groups fed the diets containing glucose or maize. In the second experiment the substitution of maize starch or potato starch for ground wheat depressed performance of chicks, the retardation being greater in the group fed the potato starch diet. Replacement of the maize starch and potato starch by ground maize and cooked potato flakes, respectively, restored performance completely in the group fed the maize diet but only partially in the group given potato flakes. In both experiments food intake was not adversely affected by the inclusion of cooked potato flakes in the diets.
Foliar analysis by direct‐reading vacuum emission spectrometry
Authors: Johnson John S. , Pope Robert , Sandon Peter T. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the determination of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, inorganic sulphur, boron, manganese and zinc in leaves by direct‐reading vacuum‐emission spectrometry. The ashed samples are diluted with graphite and cellulose. Potassium chloride is added as a spectroscopic buffer and germanium dioxide as an internal standard and the samples are pressed into pellets suitable for excitation. Potassium is determined by flame‐photometry.
The solubility of tea cream
Authors: Rutter Paul , Stainsby George 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe heterogeneous nature of tea cream, with regard to solubility, is shown. A simple three‐component system enables some of the observed cream characteristics to be explained. Suggestions are made concerning the compositions of these components and a model for the formation of cream particles, from a hot infusion, is proposed. Extraction of leaf tea with cold water gives an infusion incapable of creaming.
Selective extraction and quantitative analysis of non‐starch and starch lipids from wheat flour
Authors: Morrison William R. , Mann David L. , Coventry Wong Soon Anne M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWheat flour non‐starch lipids (lipids not bound to starch) were quantitatively extracted with water‐saturated n‐butanol (WSB), benzene‐ethanol‐water (10:10:1, by vol.) or ethanol‐diethyl ether‐water (2:2:1, by vol.) in 10min at 20 °C. Starch lipids (lipids bound to starch) were subsequently extracted with WSB at 90–100 °C. Carotenoid pigments were quantitatively extracted with the non‐starch lipids. There was no significant hydrolysis of esterified fatty acids and no detectable autoxidation of unsaturated acids in the hot solvent extracts. Non‐starch and starch lipids from a high grade spring wheat flour and three grades of winter wheat flour were separated by thin‐layer chromatography and quantified as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by gas‐liquid chromatography (g.l.c.) using heptadecanoic acid (or its methyl ester) as internal standard. Total flour and starch lipids after acid hydrolysis were also converted to FAME for quantitation by g.l.c. Non‐starch lipids consisted of 59–63% non‐polar (neutral) lipids, 22–27% polar glycolipids and 13–16% phospholipids. Steryl esters, triglycerides, and all the diacyl galactosylglycerides and phosphoglycerides were present only in non‐starch lipids. Starch lipids consisted of 6–9% non‐polar (neutral) lipids (mostly free fatty acids), 3–5 % polar glycolipids and 86–91 % phospholipids (mostly lysophosphatidyl choline). Starch lipids were almost exclusively monoacyl lipids. Factors are given for converting weight of FAME into weight of original lipid for all individual lipid classes in wheat which contain O‐acyl groups. Factors for total lipids are: total starch lipids = FAME × 1.70, total non‐starch lipids = FAME × 1.20, and total flour (non‐starch + starch) lipids = FAME × 1.32. Similar factors could be used to convert weight of lipids obtained by conventional acid hydrolysis methods into weight of unhydrolysed lipids. Phospholipid contents are given by: total starch phospholipids = P × 16.51, total non‐starch phospholipids = P × 23.90, total flour phospholipids = P × 17.91.
The distribution in the soil of aqueous ammonia injected under grass
Authors: Gasser John K. R. , Ross Gavin J. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn an experiment with grassland, aqueous ammonia containing about 28% N was injected in rows 305 mm apart either in the autumn or in the spring. Two treatments supplied 126 and 502 kg N ha−1. Soil representing a cross‐section of one row was taken 3 days after injecting the ammonia in autumn and 8 or 9 days after injecting in spring. The plots receiving ammonia in the autumn were resampled in spring. The soil was divided into 51 × 51 mm sections and for the samples at the time of injection those sections close to the point of injection were further subdivided. Each section or sub‐section was analysed for NH4−N and NO3−N. The array of values was used to produce a computer printout from which lines of equal concentration could be drawn by the procedure described in the appendix. With 126 kg N ha−1 applied, maximum concentrations found were 900–1440 μg N g−1, and these had decreased to 100 μg g−1 at 20–30 mm from the area of maximum concentration. Similarly with 502 kg N ha−1 maximum concentrations were 2360–3340 μg N g−1 and the concentration had decreased to 100 μg g−1 at 50 mm from the zone of maximum concentration. Therefore even with the very large application of fertiliser only a small part of the surface rooting zone contained a concentration of ammonia large enough to damage roots or adversely affect root growth. The zone of maximum concentration was always above the point of injection and usually to the side of the centre of the slit indicating that the aqueous ammonia tended to flow up and to one side of the slit, presumably because the soil closed rapidly behind the narrow injection tine. This shows that aqueous ammonia may not necessarily be effectively injected as deeply as the depth of slit might indicate. The soils resampled in the spring showed that much ammonium nitrogen remained, mostly concentrated round the zone of maximum concentration near the point of injection. Some ammonium had nitrified and nitrate was distributed more uniformly than ammonium, some had moved 300 mm deep. Soil containing most ammonia also contained more water than the bulk of soil. This soil was also plastic and structureless and the clay was deflocculated. The extra water may initially have come from the injected aqueous ammonia but was retained because of the changed structure.
Carbohydrate composition of groundnuts (Arachis hypogea)
Authors: Tharanathan Rudrapatnam N. , Wankhede Dharmaraj B. , Rao Madhava Rao R. Raghavendra 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe proximate composition of defatted edible groundnut flour, processed and unprocessed, has been determined. The flour contains about 38% total carbohydrates of which oligosaccharides account for 18%, starch 12.5%, hemicelluloses A and B 0.5 and 3.5% respectively and fibre (cellulose) 4.5%. Sucrose 13.90 and 14.55%, raffinose 0.89 and 0.92%, stachyose 1.56 and 1.60%, and verbascose 0.41 and 0.42% represent the oligosaccharide fractions (from 70% alcoholic extract) of unprocessed and processed flour, respectively. In addition the unprocessed flour also contained glucose 0.80% and fructose 0.41 % along with two unidentified spots 0.70%. Hemicellulose A consisted of glucose, arabinose, and xylose (4 : 0.5 : 0.1) whereas hemicellulose B had galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, arabinose and xylose (1 : 4: 1 : 12 : 6). The fibre fraction on hydrolysis yielded predominantly glucose with only traces of galacturonic acid and rhamnose. The presence of verbascose and xylose in groundnuts has not been previously reported.
Some responses of Chrysanthemum morifolium (cv.“hurricane”), grown as a year‐round crop in a peat‐sand substrate, to micronutrients and liming
Authors: Adams Peter , Graves Christopher J. , Winsor Geoffrey W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of a fritted micronutrient mixture on the growth and flowering of spray chrysanthemums (cv.“Hurricane”) were studied in relation to pH in a peatsand substrate (3:1 by volume). The treatments consisted of three rates of application of a fritted micronutrient mixture (0, 200, 500 g/m3) in factorial combination with four rates of liming (average pH values 4.2, 5.0, 6.3 and 7.1). Five successive crops were grown under conditions, including controlled day‐length, used commercially for year‐round chrysanthemum production.Bud initiation and development were greatly delayed in the absence of micro‐nutrients, particularly at high pH, and some plants failed to flower. The proportion of marketable sprays was decreased by omission of micronutrients (P<0.001) and by liming (P<0.001), and those that were saleable were reduced in size. Omission of micronutrients decreased the numbers of flowers per spray (P<0.001). Plants grown without added micronutrients developed more leaves and bracts on their lateral shoots (P<0.001), particularly at high pH (6.3–7.1); the interaction between lime and micronutrients was significant at P<0.01.Leaf samples were analysed for micronutrient content (B, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn). Symptoms of boron deficiency (“quilling” of the petals) were recorded and shown to be significantly correlated with the boron content of the leaves (P<0.001). The copper content of plants grown without added micronutrients was well below the published critical level, and this deficiency is considered responsible for many of the effects observed.
Chick bioassay of available methionine and sulphur amino acids (SAA). Assay of African oil bean meal (Pentaclethra macrophylla benth), conophor seed meal (Tetracarpidium conophorum, hutch) and groundnut meals (Arachis hypogeae linn)
Authors: Njike Michael C. , Mba Akpan U. , Oyenuga Victor A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAvailable methionine and sulphur amino acids (SAA) were determined in a range of plant protein concentrates using a chick assay procedure described in our first paper1 in this series. There were more instances of invalid assays in plant proteins than in proteins of animal origin.2 This tended to indicate that the procedure is not suitable for estimating available methionine and SAA in plant proteins of low SAA content. Potencies of groundnut meals and conophor seed meal in terms of methionine were high but their available SAA were low. It appears from our results that the inferiority of plant proteins when compared with animal protein concentrates cannot be explained in terms of unavailable methionine but on the inadequacy of the total content of methionine in the plant materials.
Root cation exchange capacity of sugarcane: An evaluation of methods
Authors: Abu‐Zeid M. Osman 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation was undertaken to select the appropriate methods and sampling times for measuring root cation exchange capacity (CEC) for four sugarcane cultivars (H50–7209, H57–5174, NCo 310 and H56–5840) grown in solution and soil culture. The three methods selected for measuring root CEC in decreasing order of differentiation between cultivars, were isotope (Ca45) dilution method using chilled fresh roots, calcium adsorption method using chilled fresh roots and a titration method using ground dry roots. The root CEC results were expressed as CEC/weight (mEq/l00 g dry roots) and CEC/area (mEq/100 g saturated calcium nitrate solution; this measures the surface area index of the root). The range of CEC values for roots was narrow between the cultivars examined. In these experiments CEC/area were different for the four cultivars in the same order of ranking. The values of CEC/weight were large when measured at 60 days in solution culture and at 120 days in soil culture. The CEC/area for the roots of sugarcane cultivars H50–7209, H57–5174, NCo 310 and H56–584O at 60 days in solution culture as measured by isotope dilution method were 0.40, 0.45, 0.50 and 0.51 mEq/100 g saturated calcium nitrate solution, respectively.
Studies of the invasion of carrot root parenchyma by Rhizopus stolonifer lind
Authors: Thorne Stuart 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpores of Rhizopus stolonifer Lind. were unable to invade plugs of carrot root tissue on their own, but could do so when suspended in either a solution of pectinase or in washings from their own culture. Young mycelial inocula readily attacked the tissue. It is suggested that breakdown of the middle lamella of the carrot tissue by pectinase was necessary before R. stolonifer could invade the tissue. When invasion of carrot tissue had occurred, a maximum rate of respiration was observed just before sporangia were formed.
The fatty acid composition of the lipids of earthworms
Authors: Hansen Roy P. , Czochanska Zofia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipids were freshly extracted from earthworms from agricultural pasture land, and fatty acid compositiona analyses were carried out on the total lipids; phospholipids; triglycerides; free fatty acids; mixed sterol esters, wax esters, free methyl esters, etc.; glycolipids; and neutrallipids. A wide variety of fatty acids ranging from C10 to C32 were identified. In the fatty acids of the total lipids, polyunsaturated constituents predominated in amount, while monomethyl branched, isoprenoid and n‐odd‐numbered acids were present in appreciable proportions. Eicosa‐5,8,11,14,17‐pentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid occurred at higher levels than any other components and were located mostly in the phospholipids. Significant contents of linoleic and linolenic acids were also detected. Earthworms collected in spring had a fatty acid composition which differed noticeably from that of worms from other seasons. The content of lauric acid during spring was much higher than that normally found in animals or pasture plants. The composition of the free fatty acids indicated that these components were the products of lipolysis and were derived from all the lipid classes. The results of this investigation suggest that the diet of local earthworms, which is reported to consist mainly of dead plant material, is supplemented by living and dead microorganisms from ingested soil.
Isolation of a cappelle‐desprez gliadin
Authors: Ewart J. A. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA Cappelle‐Desprez gliadin, previously unreported, has been isolated. It appears to be a single‐chain protein with a molecular weight of only 18 000, considerably lower than that of any other gliadin so far isolated. Its amino acid composition, though broadly typical of the class, has surprising characteristics, such as 7 Met, 7 CySSCy, but less Gln and Pro and no Lys or His. Although at acid pH the mobility is less than that of the γ‐gliadin group, at pH 8.9 the molecule is still positively charged. The high isoelectric point implies that almost all the carboxyl side‐chains are amidated. The gliadan contains no SH groups and does not appear to be a glycoprotein. The amino acid analysis suggests that microheterogeneity is present.
Nutritive value of barley rootlets, a by‐product of malting
Authors: Hegazi Sayed M. , Ghali Youssef , Foda Mohamed S. , Youssef Ahmed 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe nutrient contents as well as the amino acid pattern of the rootlets by‐product were determined. The analysis showed that at least 19 amino acids were present of which threonine and tryptophan were found in variable amounts. The net protein utilisation of the rootlets and proteolan by‐products and mixtures of both were determined. The results indicate that the rootlets succeeded in supporting normal growth of the rats fed this by‐product. The values for digestibility, biological value and net protein utilisation for the diets prepared by mixing the rootlets and proteolan in equal proportion were found to be 86, 67.9 and 59% respectively.
The cuticles of Citrus species. Composition of leaf and fruit waxes
Authors: Baker Edward A. , Procopiou John , Hunt Grace M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeasonal changes in the surface waxes of the leaves and fruits of four species of Citrus have been examined. Leaf wax deposits ranging from 20 μg/cm2 in orange to 31 μg/cm2 in lemon were consistent during all except the most juvenile stages of growth whereas the surface waxes of the fruits showed considerable variation, the most pronounced being a 58% decrease in the wax deposits of lemon between July and October. Hydrocarbons (23–66%), primary alcohols (6–38%) and fatty acids (2–20%) were important constituents of the waxes of mature leaves and fruits but aldehydes present as major components of the fruit waxes (28–44%), were found only in trace quantities in the leaf waxes. n‐Hentriacontane and n‐tritriacontane, the dominant homologues of the hydrocarbon fractions were the major components of the leaf waxes which also contained n‐hexacosanol and n‐octacosonal as important constituents. n‐Nonacosane, n‐hentriacontane, n‐tetracosanal, n‐hexacosanal and n‐octacosanal were present in the largest proportions in the fruit waxes.
Changes in the individual sugars of tomato fruit during ripening
Authors: Davies Jack N. , Kempton Ronald J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChanges in the concentrations of the individual sugars of the walls and locular contents of tomato fruit during ripening have been studied. The major sugars were glucose and fructose together with much smaller amounts of sucrose and myoinositol. During the initial stages of development the fruit contained approximately twice as much glucose as fructose, but with approaching maturity and the onset of ripening the glucose/fructose ratio declined to less than unity. On a per fruit basis the distribution of the major sugars between the walls and locular contents was about 3 : 1 at the green stage, falling to 2 : 1 as the fruit ripened. Total reducing sugars (% fresh weight or per fruit) increased markedly between the mature green and green‐yellow stages with a tendency to decrease with subsequent ripening. These changes were predominantly influenced by changes in fructose content, with glucose changing little. The concentrations of sucrose and myoinositol, both less than 0.05% fresh weight, declined with ripening. The green areas of the outer walls of “blotchy” fruit contained much less glucose and fructose than did the walls of normal mature green fruit, while the red areas contained amounts similar to those encountered in normally ripened red fruit.
3,3‐diethoxybutan‐2‐one and 1,1,3‐triethoxypropane: Acetals in spirits distilled from Vitis vinifera grape wines
Authors: Williams Patrick J. , Strauss Christopher R. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract3,3‐Diethoxybutan‐2‐one and 1,1,3‐triethoxypropane have been identified by coupled gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analysis as common constituents of spirits distilled from grape wines (Vine sp. Vitis vinifera). These acetals, which are derived from diacetyl and acrolein respectively, were found to be abundant in heads fractions from continuous stills. A spirit which contained acetals as major components showed a different character when diluted at low pH to that of the same spirit diluted at neutrality and this difference is attributed to the release of free carbonyl compounds by acid hydrolysis.