bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates
Authors: Schrödter Klaus , Bettermann Gerhard , Staffel Thomas , Wahl Friedrich , Klein Thomas , Hofmann Thomas 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Monophosphoric Acid1.1.Properties1.2.Production1.2.1.Thermal Processes1.2.2.Wet Processes1.2.3.Concentration of Wet Phosphoric Acid1.2.4.Purification of Wet Phosphoric Acid1.3.Uses and Economic Aspects1.4.Environmental Aspects2.Condensed Phosphoric Acids3.Phosphates3.1.Sodium Monophosphates3.2.Condensed Sodium Phosphates3.2.1.Properties3.2.2.Metal Complexing by Phosphates3.2.2.1.Introduction3.2.2.2.Analytical Methods3.2.2.3.Complexing by Individual Phosphates3.2.2.4.Other Concepts Besides the Stability Constant3.2.3.Sodium Diphosphates3.2.4.Pentasodium Triphosphate3.2.5.Higher Condensed Sodium Polyphosphates3.2.6.Sodium Metaphosphates3.2.7.Uses of Condensed Sodium Phosphates3.3.Other Phosphates3.3.1.Potassium Phosphates3.3.2.Ammonium Phosphates3.3.3.Magnesium Phosphates3.3.4.Calcium Phosphates3.3.5.Boron Phosphate3.3.6.Aluminum Phosphates3.4.Economic Aspects4.Toxicology
Trace Analysis
Authors: Einax Jürgen W. , Kowalik Corinna 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1Subject and Scope2Working Fields3Contamination and Decontamination4Quantitation of Trace‐Analytical Measurements and Their Quality Assurance4.1Basic Considerations4.2Uncertainty Concept4.3Calibration4.4Validation4.5Limit of Decision, Detection, and Determination4.6Analytical Quality Assurance5Sampling, Sample Preservation, and Sample Preparation5.1Sampling and Sample Preservation5.2Sample Preparation5.2.1General Aspects5.2.2Sample Preparation for Inorganic Trace Analysis5.2.3Sample Preparation for Organic Trace Analysis6Inorganic Trace Analysis6.1Introduction6.2Spectroscopic Methods6.2.1Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)6.2.2Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP‐OES)6.2.3Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP‐MS)6.2.4Comparison of AAS, ICP‐OES, and ICP‐MS6.2.5X‐ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)6.3Electrochemical Analytical Methods6.3.1Potentiometry–Ion‐selective Electrodes (ISE)6.3.2Voltammetry/Polarography6.3.3Comparison of Electrochemical Analytical Methods6.4Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)7Organic Trace Analysis7.1Introduction7.2Gas Chromatography (GC)7.3High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)8Other Techniques for Trace Analysis8.1Methods of Classical Chemical Analysis8.2Methods of the Determination of Group and Sum Parameters8.3Enzyme and Immunochemical Analysis9Examples of Trace Analysis9.1Analysis of Fresh Water for Trace Elements by ICP‐MS9.2Determination of Pt in Soil Samples by GFAAS9.3Determination of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons by GC/MS9.4Analysis of Explosives by HPLC/UV10PerspectiveReferences
Electrochemical Reactors
Authors: Vogt Helmut , Kreysa Gerhard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Reactors with Gas‐Evolving Electrodes1.1.Effects of Gas Evolution on Cell Operation1.2.Bubble Nucleation, Growth, and Detachment1.3.Bubble Coverage1.4.Product Release1.5.Ohmic Resistance of the Interelectrode Gap1.6.Mass Transfer at Gas‐Evolving Electrodes1.7.Heat Transfer1.8.Overpotential of Gas‐Evolving Electrodes1.9.Limiting Current Density at Gas‐Evolving Electrodes1.10.Electrodes1.11.Gas‐Lift Systems2.Reactors with Superficial Electrodes3.Reactors with Three‐Dimensional Electrodes4.Special Reactor DesignsThe operating modes of electrochemical reactors vary as widely as the designs of the reactors. This is determined not only by the chemical behavior of the different electrolytes, especially their corrosivity, but also by the very different products. These can be formed as solids, as in electrodeposition, in liquid form, as in the case of many substances that react further in the liquid phase, or as a gaseous phase, for example, in the electrolysis of water. Operating temperatures cover a wide range, from room temperature to 1000 °C. In most cases the electrolytes are liquid solutions or melts, but more recently also solids (e.g., solid polymer electrolytes) and in special cases gases, as in high‐temperature water electrolysis, or plasmas in glow‐discharge electrolysis. Accordingly, the materials and shapes of the electrodes also very diverse. The simplest electrodes are those with flat surfaces. Two such electrodes face each other a few millimeters apart in order to minimize the ohmic potential drop across the gap, or they are divided by a liquid‐permeable diaphragm or gas‐permeable membrane, which also separates the electrolyte chambers from one another. In many cases specially shaped electrodes are used that better meet the requirements of a process. Their influence on the design and operation of the reactors are the subject of this article. In particular, these are reactors with gas‐evolving electrodes and special reactor designs to meet specific requirements.
RNA
: Noncoding
Authors: Henry Allison A. , Vogel Jörg 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

After decades of being either underestimated as a simple messenger in the expression of proteins from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or revered as the molecule from which all life potentially originated, ribonucleic acid (RNA) is at last enjoying a well‐deserved golden age as modern techniques allow researchers to uncover the myriad of subtle roles that this molecule plays in the cells of today. Noncoding RNAs, by definition, do not become translated into protein. This broad category includes cellular RNAs that range in size from 20 to 20,000 nucleotides, can contain chemical modifications, adopt a wide variety of secondary and tertiary structures, associate with proteins and other RNA molecules, and have physiological roles, in all organisms, that run the gamut from catalysis to regulating gene expression. As this article is intended to complement the other RNA‐related sections of this volume, a brief introduction to all types of noncoding RNA will be followed by a comprehensive discussion of three important categories: riboswitches, small RNAs in bacteria, and large RNAs in mammals. Riboswitches are
cis
‐acting RNA elements that modulate gene expression in a highly specialized manner by means of an aptamer domain, an RNA sequence that tightly and selectively binds a given metabolite. Small RNAs are 70–200 nucleotide molecules in bacteria that regulate gene expression, primarily at a posttranscriptional level. In mammalian cells, large RNAs of up to 19,000 nucleotides are essential to X‐chromosome inactivation and genomic imprinting.
Terminal Distribution
Authors: Pope Albert 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCould the late 20th‐century rejection of Modernist planning, and along with it the notion of a ‘universal subject’, mean that urban designers and architects might have lost sight of who they are designing cities for? Albert Pope sets out on a search to define the contemporary ‘who’ and finds some answers in Michel Foucault's notion of the historically grounded subject. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite membrane based on ionic conductor and mixed conductor for oxygen permeation
Authors: Zhu Xuefeng , Yang Weishen 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA composite membrane, which comprises of one fluorite oxide phase (Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9) for oxygen ionic transport and one perovskite oxide phase (Gd0.2Sr0.8FeO3−δ) for both oxygen ionic and electronic transport, was investigated. XRD results revealed that the two oxides are compatible and showed good oxygen permeation stability at 950°C (more than 1100 h). Oxygen flux of the composite membrane was two times higher than that of the Gd0.2Sr0.8FeO3−δ mixed conducting membrane at the same conditions. At steady state, oxygen flux of a 0.5 mm membrane was 0.80 ml/(cm2 min) under oxygen partial pressure gradient of air/He and ∼5.0 ml/(cm2 min) for syngas production at 950°C, respectively. After ∼440 h operation under syngas conditions, SEM analysis revealed that the syngas side of the membrane still kept dense and the EDX showed the transfer of elements occurred in the depth of a few microns. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Quality control chart method for analyzing PEF variability in occupational asthma
Authors: Hayati Fazel , Maghsoodloo Seed , DeVivo Michael J. , Thomas Robert E. , Lemiere Catherine 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackgroundAsthma is the most common occupational respiratory disorder in the industrialized world. In this research we investigated the effectiveness of quality control chart as a method to explore the work‐relatedness of asthma using peak expiratory flow (PEF) as the variable of interest.MethodPEF measurements were recorded from several workers suspected of having occupational asthma. The measurements were recorded for a period of 2 weeks at work and two away from work. For each subject, average $({\bar X})$ quality control chart was developed and analyzed using Shewhart methods.ResultsUsing the ratio of average daily PEF diurnal variation at work to the baseline average diurnal variation, quality control chart detected and characterized increased variation in PEF between the periods at workplace and away from workplace. This ratio was evaluated at 15% and 20% and compared to the results of the gold standard. A ratio of greater than 15% produced a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 61%. These results are as good as and in some cases better than the previously published work.ConclusionsQuality control chart is an effective and inexpensive method for early intervention to detect workers suspected for occupational asthma. Also, the findings in this article are an invitation for further research in occupational asthma using quality control chart methods for other indices of airways obstruction (FEV‐1, RAW) or inflammation (NO). Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:223–228, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonin transporter gene and adverse life events in adult ADHD
Authors: Müller Daniel J. , Mandelli Laura , Serretti Alessandro , DeYoung Colin G. , De Luca Vincenzo , Sicard Tricia , Tharmalingam Subi , Gallinat Jürgen , Muglia Pierandrea , De Ronchi Diana , Jain Umesh , Kennedy James L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractChildhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology persists in a substantial proportion of cases into adult life. ADHD is highly heritable but the etiology of ADHD is complex and heterogeneous, involving both genetic and non‐genetic factors. In the present article we analyzed the influence of both genetics and adverse life events on severity of ADHD symptoms in 110 adult ADHD patients. Subjects were genotyped for the norepinephrine transporter (NET), the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (SERTPR) and the more rare A/G variant within SERTPR. Three main outcomes were obtained: (1) adverse events showed a small but positive correlation with current ADHD severity; (2) NET, COMT and the A/G variant within SERTPR were not associated with ADHD severity; (3) taking into account stressors, the long (L) SERTPR variant showed a mild effect on ADHD, being associated with an increased severity, particularly as regard affective dysregulations; on the other hand, in subjects exposed to early stressors, it showed a protective effect, as compared to the short (S) variant. In conclusion, our data support the role of environmental factors in adult ADHD symptomatology. SERTPR may be involved in some features of the illness and act as a moderator of environmental influences in ADHD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intergroup conflicts among chimpanzees in Taï National Park: lethal violence and the female perspective
Authors: Boesch Christophe , Crockford Catherine , Herbinger Ilka , Wittig Roman , Moebius Yasmin , Normand Emmanuelle 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIntercommunity aggression in chimpanzees and primitive warfare in humans possess striking similarities, such as the common occurrence of large male coalitions, systematic control of territory boundaries, and lethal attacks on isolated individuals from neighboring groups. However, an important apparent contrast is the absence of recurrent peaceful interactions between neighboring groups of chimpanzees. We observed a remarkable range of behavior in intergroup encounters among three habituated communities of chimpanzees in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. Lethal attacks are documented in these study groups for the first time, as well as year‐long exchanges of parous adult females and peaceful intergroup visits of mothers with infants. Demographic factors, including group size and number of adult males, are shown to affect the nature of intergroup interactions in ways not considered previously. A reconsideration of the difference in intergroup interactions between eastern and western chimpanzees is proposed including a more important consideration of the female's perspective. The inclusion of the new complexities in intergroup interactions in chimpanzees allows new parallels to be drawn with the evolution of primitive warfare in humans. Am. J. Primatol. 70:519–532, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyelectrolyte enhanced flocculation, particle interactions and dewaterability of fine gibbsite dispersions
Authors: Addai‐Mensah Jonas , Bal Heramb , Yeap Kai‐Ying 
Published: January 2008

AbstractEnhanced dewaterability of colloidal hydrophilic mineral dispersions, via flocculation and gravity‐assisted thickening, remains an important and technically challenging issue. To develop the right customized approach for flocculant selection to improve dewaterability, the influence of eight polyacrylamide (PAM) copolymers on flocculation, particle interactions and dewatering behaviour of fine, 9.5 wt% gibbsite dispersions at pH 7.5, 9.5 and 11.5 at 22 °C is investigated. The results show that polymer charge type (anionic vs cationic) and charge density (5–45%) and molecular weight [(5–20) × 106 Da] had a striking, pH‐dependent impact on dewaterability and dispersion rheology. Depending upon polymer type and dosage (50–200 g t−1 solid) and pulp pH, good to extremely fast settling rates (14–200 m h−1) were obtained upon orthokinetic flocculation. Sediment solid loadings recorded also showed polymer structure‐ and pH‐dependency and were in the range 40–54 wt%. Upon shear of the pre‐sedimented pulps, a 6–10 wt% solid improvement in consolidation resulted. The polymer with lower charge density (5% anionic) and lower molecular weight [(5–10) × 106 Da] was more effective in producing enhanced dewaterability of charged and neutral gibbsite particles than the polymers with higher molecular weights and/or charges. The settling rate, sediment consolidation and particle interactions (rheology) correlated positively, where faster settling flocs displayed higher sediment yield stresses which were accompanied by greater compaction behaviour. The findings underscore the need for greater understanding of the interplay between pulp interfacial chemistry and flocculant characteristics for optimum dewaterability. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of novel organosoluble bismaleimides and polyaspartimides containing bis(4‐maleimido‐3, 5‐dimethyl phenyl) halo phenyl methane
Authors: Hariharan R. , Sarojadevi M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA series of bismaleimides was synthesized from bis(4‐amino‐3, 5‐dimethylphenyl) (X) phenyl methane (X = 3′chloro, 3′‐bromo, 3′‐benzyloxy, 4′‐chloro, 4′‐fluoro) and maleic anhydride. The bismaleimides were subsequently polymerized with various diamines by Michael addition to yield novel polyaspartimides. All the polymers exhibited good solubility in organic solvents and the inherent viscosity of the polymers were in the range of 0.40–0.56 dL/g, which is good enough to fabricate composites and films. The temperature at which 10% weight loss occurred was in the range of 390–441°C. The polymers had high glass transition temperature in the range of 205–275°C and left about 31.95–84.20% char yield at 800°C indicating that they have good self‐extinguishing property. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and superswelling behavior of carboxymethylcellulose–poly(sodium acrylate‐co‐acrylamide) hydrogel
Authors: Sadeghi Mohammad , Hosseinzadeh Hossein 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn this paper, attention is paid to synthesis and swelling behavior of a superabsorbent hydrogel based carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The physical mixture of CMC and PAN was hydrolyzed in NaOH solution to yield hydrogel, CMC–poly(NaAA‐co‐AAm). During alkaline hydrolysis, the nitrile groups of PAN were completely converted to a mixture of hydrophilic carboxamide and carboxylate groups followed by in situ crosslinking of the grafted PAN chains. A proposed mechanism for hydrogel formation was suggested and the structure of the product was established using FTIR spectroscopy. The reaction variables affecting the swelling capacity of the hydrogel were systematically optimized to achieve a hydrogel with swelling capacity as high as possible. Swelling measurements of the synthesized hydrogels in various chloride salt solutions indicated a swelling‐loss with increase in the ionic strength of the salt solutions. The pH of the various solutions also affected the swelling of the superabsorbent. Furthermore, the present hydrogels showed a pH‐reversible property. Finally, the swelling kinetics of synthesized hydrogels with various absorbent particle sizes was briefly examined. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Rare earth compounds modified carbon black filled powdered natural rubber: Preparation, morphology and properties
Authors: Lin Yaling , Zhang Anqiang , Wang Lianshi 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTen types of rare earth (RE) compounds modified carbon black (HAF‐RE) were prepared using chemical‐deposit method, then HAF‐RE were mixed with natural rubber latex to prepare HAF‐RE filled powdered natural rubber [P(NR/HAF‐RE)] by a carbon black/rubber latex coagulation method. It is found that most of the P(NR/HAF‐RE) vulcanizates showed better mechanical properties, especially higher tensile modulus, and tensile strength, compared with none‐rare earth modified carbon black filled powdered natural rubber [P(NR/HAF)]. Dysprosium (Dy) modified carbon black (HAF‐Dy) filled powdered natural rubber [P(NR/HAF‐Dy)] was chosen for intensive investigation because of its better comprehensive mechanical properties. It is found that the adding of Dy compounds could help to get smaller particles with narrower particle size distribution, and results from the SEM analysis show that carbon black has been dispersed in rubber matrix uniformly with diameter of 50–150 nm. The TEM analysis showed that Dy compounds could obviously reduce the aggregation of primary particles of carbon black, and promote the dispersion of carbon black in P(NR/HAF‐Dy) particles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. JAppl Polym Sci 2008
UV/heat dual‐curable adhesive tapes for fabricating stacked packages of semiconductors
Authors: Saiki Naoya , Yamazaki Osamu , Ebe Kazuyoshi 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTo facilitate the fabrication of a reliable stacked package for a semiconductor, UV/heat dual curing of adhesives was investigated. The formulated adhesives contained acrylic monomer and epoxy resins. First, UV curing was conducted on the acrylic monomer, followed by heat curing. It was found that UV‐curable acrylic monomers affected the adhesive's properties, e.g., adhesion, water absorption, and viscoelasticity. As the acrylic monomer, neopentylglycol diacrylate (NPGDA), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (DPHA), and tricyclodecanedimethanol acrylate (TCDDA) were used to investigate the effect of functional group numbers and structure. As a result, an acrylic monomer that has two functional groups with a rigid moiety (TCDDA) showed acceptable properties as adhesives for the fabrication, and thus a UV/heat‐curing adhesive has been successfully developed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of poly(acrylic acid‐co‐N‐[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl]‐methacrylamide) hydrogel membranes for biomedical applications
Authors: Das Anup , Ray Alok R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA series of new hydrogel membranes with different compositions of acrylic acid (AAc) and N‐[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl]‐methacrylamide (DMAPMA) were prepared by aqueous copolymerization, without using chemical crosslinker or radiation. Chemical structure of the membranes (PADMAs) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Swelling experiments were carried out in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 ± 1°C to investigate degree of swelling, dimensional stability, and pore size of the PADMA membranes. In SBF, the variation of pore size with membrane composition was monitored by optical microscopic technique. Morphology of the membranes was characterized, before and after exposure to SBF, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that the membranes are composed of closely packed nanogels of ∼200 nm. Macroporous network structure of the SBF‐swollen PADMA was also observed to be composed of interconnected nanogels. Blood compatibility of the PADMA membranes was evaluated in vitro, by performing hemolysis assay and thrombogenicity assay. The extent of hemolysis due to PADMA membranes was found to be <2%, which ensured that all of the membranes were highly hemocompatible. Salicylic acid (SA) was chosen as a model drug. Diffusion coefficient of SA through PADMA membranes was investigated. It was observed that membrane composition regulates both pore size and drug diffusion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effects of preoxidation and carbonization technologies on tensile strength of PAN‐based carbon fiber
Authors: Jing Min , Wang Cheng‐Guo , Zhu Bo , Wang Yan‐Xiang , Gao Xue‐Ping , Chen Wei‐Ning 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDependence of the tensile strength of resulting carbon fiber (CF) on the preparation technologies during preoxidation and carbonization were studied systematically by a series of pilot experiments. The proper preoxidation time, preoxidation temperature, and preoxidation stretching ratio are the base of preparing high‐quality CF. During precarbonization, the enhancement of the precarbonization temperature and the application of the precarbonization stretching are helpful to increase the tensile strength of CF, but the stretching ratio should be controlled carefully by on‐line tension values. The tensile strength of CF increases quickly below 1200°C and then slowly above 1200°C as the carbonization temperature raises. Even though during carbonization, a proper relaxation should also be explored in order to prepare optimal CF. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008