bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential mRNA Processing in Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Bowman Teresa V. , McCooey Andrew J. , Merchant Akil A. , Ramos Carlos A. , Fonseca Patricia , Poindexter Alan , Bradfute Steven B. , Oliveira Daniela M. , Green Rahshaana , Zheng Yayun , Jackson Kathyjo A. , Chambers Stuart M. , McKinney-Freeman Shannon L. , Norwood Kevin G. , Darlington Gretchen , Gunaratne Preethi H. , Steffen David , Goodell Margaret A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain tissue homeostasis by rapidly responding to environmental changes. Although this function is well understood, the molecular mechanisms governing this characteristic are largely unknown. We used a sequenced-based strategy to explore the role of both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in HSC biology. We characterized the gene expression differences between HSCs, both quiescent and proliferating, and their differentiated progeny. This analysis revealed a large fraction of sequence tags aligned to intronic sequences, which we showed were derived from unspliced transcripts. A comparison of the biological properties of the observed spliced versus unspliced transcripts in HSCs showed that the unspliced transcripts were enriched in genes involved in DNA binding and RNA processing. In addition, levels of unspliced message decreased in a transcript-specific fashion after HSC activation in vivo. This change in unspliced transcript level coordinated with increases in gene expression of splicing machinery components. Combined, these results suggest that post-transcriptional regulation is important in HSC activation in vivo.
Boeing-Airbus Subsidy Dispute: A Sequel
Authors: Carbaugh Robert J , Olienyk John 
Published: December 2005

After intensifying in the 1980s and 1990s, the longstanding dispute between Europe and the United States over government subsidies for the commercial jetliner industry again heated up in 2004. This time, however, the stakes were higher because both nations sued each other at the World Trade Organization over government subsidies paid to their respective commercial jetliner companies. The dispute over subsidies has heightened trade tensions between the United States and Europe, as both companies spar for dominance in the highly competitive industry of commercial aircraft. This paper provides a sequel to “Boeing-Airbus Subsidy Dispute: An Economic and Trade Perspective,” a paper written by these authors and published in the October-December 2001 issue of Global Economy Quarterly. The initial paper analyzed the trade frictions between Boeing and Airbus regarding governmental subsidies and its implications for the conduct and performance of the two companies in the commercial aircraft industry. This paper extends the analysis by discussing recent developments in the commercial aircraft industry, the subsidy dispute of Boeing and Airbus at the World Trade Organization, and the future health of the commercial jetliner industry.
Trade in Services: A Review
Authors: Banga Rashmi 
Published: December 2005

Services sector has emerged as the largest and fastest-growing sector in the world economy in the last two decades, providing more than 60 per cent of global output and, in many countries, an even larger share of employment. Not only has the services sector grown in terms of its share in global output and employment, its share in total trade has also grown rapidly in this period. The growing importance of services sector and the corresponding rise in its role in integrating the world economy has led to a stream of literature that examines different aspects of trade in services. This paper undertakes a selective review of both theoretical as well as empirical studies on trade in services. It identifies some of the conceptual issues in this area, e.g., whether theories of trade are relevant for services; what are the important barriers to trade in services; and how are these barriers measured. The main objective of the paper is to provide policy insights and future areas of research in trade in services.
Market-Driven Regionalization in Asia
Authors: Das Dilip K. 
Published: December 2005

Progressively liberalizing trade and FDI regime underpinned market-led profit-motivated regionalization in the high-performing Asian economies. The market expansion and regional integration that took place in Asia was both vertical and horizontal. First the NIAEs and then the other emerging-market economies of Asia developed tiers of complex trade and manufacturing hierarchies. This occurred in association with the large flows of intra-regional investment into Southeast Asia and China. Over the preceding quarter century, Japan, Taiwan and Korea provided massive amounts of FDI to Southeast Asian economies and China, and in the process increased their commitments in these markets. During the 1970s, a triangular production relationship had developed between Japan, the NIAEs and the US, bringing the former two sets of economies closer together. After the Plaza Accord in 1985, the currency value configuration changed. Changes in currency value configuration and economic complementaries buttressed regionalization. Gradually production locus shifted from the firms to networks of regional production. Asian firms skillfully sliced the value chain, consequently production networks soon became a significant force driving the process of economic integration further in the region. Private sector firms and TNCs played a proactive role in this endeavor.
African Apparel Exports, AGOA, and the Trade Preference Illusion
Authors: Rolfe Robert J. , Woodward Douglas P. 
Published: December 2005

The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is a preferential trade agreement between the United States and approved African countries, allowing duty-free and quota-free access to the U.S. market. Following AGOA’s implementation in 2000, several African countries experienced a dramatic increase in exports to the United States. Nevertheless, AGOA exports, employment, and other benefits may prove to be short-term gains. As a form of temporary trade diversion from Asian countries, the increased exports may arise less from competitive advantages than from trade preferences that will erode over time. This paper focuses on garment exports from the African countries most affected by the preferential access with the United States under AGOA. An analysis based on ten-digit HS trade categories shows that African apparel enters the United States at sharply lower unit prices than similar products from China and India. Given Africa’s higher costs, it is believed that this disparity results from specialized production in low-quality garments. We argue that export value and growth, often used to gauge the success of preferential trade agreements like AGOA, can be misleading. To assess the local contribution to the African economy of AGOA benefits, our paper examines value added in Kenya. Given information for each investment in Kenyan EPZs, we calculate local inputs as a percentage of sales and other measures. The results suggest that the real benefits of AGOA in apparel may be smaller than commonly believed.
Agricultural Liberalization in the Doha Round
Authors: Messerlin Patrick 
Published: December 2005

Agriculture is an urgent and vital problem for developing countries, and even more so for the poorest countries that are often dependent on a very small set of commodities, many of which are highly subsidized and protected in the OECD countries. The Uruguay Round brought agriculture into the WTO legal framework, but did not lower the effective level of OECD farm protection after 1995 and granted many exceptions to WTO rules that reinforced agricultural protection. While there are a number of diverging forces that are potential sources of change in the levels and patterns of agricultural protection, the recent farm policies adopted by the U.S. and EU reflect an absence of significant domestic reform and appear to be going in the wrong direction. The analysis of agricultural liberalization reveals very large potential gains for both developed and developing countries that will come especially from own-country liberalization as well as from inter-country trade, significant benefits that may be realized by the poorest developing countries, and limited benefits from existing preferential agricultural arrangements. An ideal program for agricultural liberalization in the Doha Round would involve substantial reductions in the high tariffs that exist in both developed and developing countries using the Swiss formula approach and limiting exceptions and special and differential treatment, elimination of agricultural export subsidies, and making meaningful reductions in domestic supports. The negotiations should not get hung up on issues of food security and the effects of higher prices for low-income consumers, and a special safeguard for agriculture is not recommended. It is imperative that agricultural liberalization should be combined with appropriate domestic policies and actions and international assistance, if needed, to help finance emergency food inventories and aid to disadvantaged groups. Patrick A. Messerlin is Professor of Economics at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) and director of the Groupe d'Economie Mondiale de Sciences Po (GEM) which is an independent research center seeking to improve the performance of French and European public policies in a global world. In 2002-2005, he was co-chairman with Dr Ernesto Zedillo, Former President of Mexico, Director of the Yale Center for the Study on Globalization, of the Task Force on Trade in the UN Millenium Development Goals Project, which produced a Report on Trade for Development released in May 2005. In 2001-2002, he was special advisor to Mike Moore, WTO Director General. He has published a dozen books and a hundred papers on trade theory and policy. His most recent book is Measuring the Costs of Protection in Europe: European Commercial Policy in the 2000s, Institute for International Economics (Washington) 2001.
Commentary: A Canadian Perspective Toward a Level International Playing Field
Authors: Landreville Denis 
Published: December 2005

Commentary on Patrick Messerlin's article, "Agricultural Trade Liberalization." Denis Landreville is the Deputy Director for Regional and Bilateral Trade Negotiations in the International Trade Policy Directorate of the Department of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. He is a member of Canada’s negotiating team at the WTO agriculture negotiations, responsible for market access issues. He is also the lead agriculture negotiator in the Canada-Korea FTA negotiations and the Canada-CA4 (four Central America countries) FTA negotiations currently underway. He is a graduate of McGill University (B.Sc. Agr), the University of Guelph (M.Sc. Agr.Econ), and the University of Ottawa (MBA).
Commentary: The United States, Agriculture, and the Doha Round of Negotiations
Authors: Jabara Cathy 
Published: December 2005

A commentary on Patrick Messerlin's article, "Agricultural Trade Liberalization." Cathy Jabara is the Division Chief of the Agriculture and Fishery Products Division at the U.S. International Trade Commission. She has been at the Commission for about 12 years, and previously served in positions at the Economic Research Service at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Treasury Department. She received her Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics at Purdue University. She is primarily involved in the research program at the Commission. Her responsibilities include analysis of the effects of trade agreements on the U.S. economy and industries.
Commentary: Developing Countries Perspective on Agricultural Liberalization
Authors: Mtesa Love 
Published: December 2005

A commentary on Patrick Messerlin's article, "Agricultural Trade Liberalization." Love Mtesa is Zambian Ambassador to the United Nations and other international organizations in Geneva, including the WTO. He is the Coordinator for the Least Developed Countries at the Ambassadorial level. Ambassador Mtesa joined the Zambian Foreign Service in 1966 and later served [in]: Kinshasa, Congo; Addis Ababa, Ethiopa; as Director of the African and Middle East Department in the Zambian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Harare, Zimbabwe; as Zambia’s Permanent Representative at the United Nations in New York; and as Zambian Ambassador to Great Britain and other European nations. He has also been active in opposition politics in Zambia for a number of years.
Overview: Perspectives on the WTO Doha Development Agenda Multilateral Trade Negotiations
Authors: Stern Robert M 
Published: December 2005

Overview of the Special Issue prepared under the direction of Guest Editor Robert Stern. Robert M. Stern, the Guest Editor of this special issue of the Global Economy Journal, is Professor of Economics and Public Policy (Emeritus) in the Department of Economics and Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He received his Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University in 1958. He was a Fulbright scholar in the Netherlands in 1958-59, taught at Columbia University for two years, and joined the faculty at the University of Michigan in 1961. He has been an active contributor to international economic research and policy for more than four decades. He has published numerous papers and books on a wide variety of topics, including international commodity problems, the determinants of comparative advantage, price behavior in international trade, balance-of-payments policies, the computer modeling of international trade and trade policies, trade and labor standards, and services liberalization. He has collaborated with Alan Deardorff (University of Michigan) since the early 1970s and with Drusilla Brown (Tufts University) since the mid-1980s in developing the Michigan Model of World Production and Trade. He is currently working with Drusilla Brown and Kozo Kiyota (Yokohama National University) on the computational modeling and analysis of preferential and multilateral trade negotiations, and issues relating to the scope of the WTO and concepts of fairness in the global trading system with Andrew Brown.
Commentary: A European Commission Perspective on Manufactures Liberalization
Authors: Zaimis Nikolaos 
Published: December 2005

A commentary on Alan V. Deardorff and Robert M. Stern, “Issues of Manufactures Liberalization and Administered Protection.” Nikolaos Zaimis heads the Trade Section of the European Commission Delegation in Washington and follows closely developments in EU-US relations. He previously held the position of Deputy Head of the WTO Dispute Settlement and Trade Barriers Unit at the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Trade. Before joining the European Commission, he worked for a number of years in private legal practice focusing on EC and international trade issues. He joined the Commission (DG Trade) in 1995 and initially worked in the area of anti-subsidy policy. He then became Head of the Section dealing with the investigation of trade barriers in third countries. Zaimis studied law in Greece and the UK and is a Member of the Athens Bar.
Commentary: A National Association of Manufacturers Perspective on Manufactures Liberalization
Authors: Wenk Christopher 
Published: December 2005

A commentary on Alan V. Deardorff and Robert M. Stern, University of Michigan, "Issues of Manufactures Liberalization and Administered Protection." Christopher Wenk is Director of International Trade Policy at the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), which is the U.S. largest industry trade association, representing small and large manufacturers in every industrial sector and in all 50 states. Wenk advocates on behalf of the NAM's members on international trade issues with the Administration and U.S. Congress and works with NAM policy organizations to formulate positions on trade issues and manages industry group coalitions on behalf of the NAM, including the WTO Action Group and the Zero Tariff Coalition. Before joining the NAM, Wenk spent more than five years working on Capitol Hill with the House Small Business Committee, Congressman Steve Chabot (R-OH) and Congressman Dave Camp (R-MI), a member of the House Ways and Means Trade Subcommittee.
Commentary: A Canadian Perspective on Services Negotiations
Authors: Ready Robert 
Published: December 2005

A commentary on J. Robert Vastine's article "Services Negotiations in the Doha Round: Promise and Reality." Robert Ready is Director, Services Trade Policy Division in the Department of International Trade Canada. He manages the team responsible for the conduct of Canada’s international trade policy in the area of services (multilateral, regional and bilateral), including the coordination of consultations, analysis, and negotiations. Prior to his assignment with International Trade Canada, Ready held a number of other positions in the public sector, including with Industry Canada, Investment Canada, the Department of Western Economic Diversification Canada, the Government of Saskatchewan and the Canadian House of Commons. He received a B.A. (Hons) in History and a Masters in Public Administration (MPA) from Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario.
Commentary: A European Perspective on Services Negotiations
Authors: Braithwaite Julian 
Published: December 2005

A commentary on J. Robert Vastine's article "Services Negotiations in the Doha Round: Promise and Reality." Julian Braithwaite has been the Head of the Global Issues Group in the British Embassy in Washington, DC, since September 2004. The Global Issues Group focuses on transatlantic economic relations relating in particular to trade and agriculture policy, energy, and the environment. Braithwaite joined the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1994. He worked on British and EU policy in the former Yugoslavia from 1994 to 1998, serving for two years in the British Embassy in Belgrade. From 1998 to 2002, he was seconded to 10 Downing Street, where he worked on communication issues, including speechwriting for the Prime Minister and EU affairs. From 2002 to 2004 he was seconded to the executive office of High Representative to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lord Paddy Ashdown. He has also been seconded to the UN (Office of the UNSRSG to the former Yugoslavia) in 1995 and NATO (SACEUR’s Executive Office) in 1999. He was educated at Cambridge and Harvard Universities.
Commentary: An African Perspective Services Negotiations
Authors: Ntwaagae Charles 
Published: December 2005

A commentary on J. Robert Vastine's article "Services Negotiations in the Doha Round: Promise and Reality." Charles T. Ntwaagae is Ambassador-Permanent Representative to the UN and WTO in Geneva. He has served in the Botswana Public Service over the past 28 years, during which he held several senior policy level positions. These include Executive Director of the National Environment Secretariat, Deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Local Government, Housing and Environment, and Deputy Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. As Ambassador-Permanent Representative, he has served in various capacities, including Chairman of the Africa Group, Co-ordinator of ACP Ambassadors in the WTO and Chairman of Commonwealth Developing countries in the WTO. As of January 2006, he will be serving as Permanent Secretary of Botswana's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.
WTO Governance and the Doha Round
Authors: Howse Robert 
Published: December 2005

WTO jurisprudence and governance will not be explicit subjects of discussion or negotiation at the Hong Kong Ministerial Meeting, with the partial exception of dispute settlement review. Nonetheless, governance questions are at the heart of debates about the WTO’s legitimacy and deserve serious consideration. With this mind, a checklist and a series of questions are provided that are deemed to be relevant to the immediate future of the WTO and the ultimate fate of the Doha Round negotiations. Several issues are raised, as follows. The architecture of the WTO as represented in the “Single Undertaking” requires all WTO Members to adhere to the WTO Agreement even when doing so may not always be in a country’s interest. Decision-making in the WTO is based on consensus, and there may be a need for the design of more effective procedures and for better representation of the different views of Members. The accountability of the WTO as an institution may be at issue insofar as it relates to the roles of different members and the relationships with civil society. There is a clear need for technical assistance, policy development, and policy surveillance to make the WTO a more open, transparent, efficient, equitable, and socially responsible institution. Robert Howse is Alene and Allan F. Smith Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School. His research and teaching interests are focused on international economic law (trade, investment and finance) and legal and political philosophy (theorizing law and governance beyond the state, and especially the thought of Alexandre Kojeve and Leo Strauss). His recent books include The Regulation of International Trade, Third Edition, co-authored with Michael J. Trebilcock, to be released this month in the US; The Federal Vision, co-edited with Kalypso Nicolaidis (2001); and Alexandre Kojeve Outline of a Phenomenology of Right (2000), co-translator with Bryan Frost and principal author of the interpretative commentary. Howse has also authored or co-authored opinion essays in general interest publications such as The Financial Times, Foreign Affairs, Policy Review, and Legal Affairs. He is series editor of the Oxford Commentaries on WTO Law and serves on the editorial advisory board of the European Journal of International Law. He has also been a reporter on WTO law for the American Law Institute. For part of the fall 2005 semester, Howse has been a visiting instructor at the University of Paris I (Pantheon-Sorbonne).
Commentary on the Doha Round: Institutional Issues
Authors: Steger Debra P 
Published: December 2005

Commentary on Robert Howse's article "WTO Governance and the Doha Round." Debra Steger is Executive in Residence at the University of Ottawa Faculty of Law where she is working to establish a new institute for international law, economy and security in Canada. Previously, she was Senior Counsel with Thomas & Partners, a law firm specializing in international trade and investment matters. From 1995-2001, she served as the founding Director of the Appellate Body Secretariat of the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, during which time she helped to establish the Appellate Body as the first appellate tribunal in international trade. She is Chair of the Trade and Customs Law Committee of the International Bar Association, and has been on the executive of the Trade Committee of the International Law Association for the past 10 years. She is also a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the Journal for International Economic Law. She participates on the Advisory Council of the UNCTAD Project on Building Capacity through Training in Dispute Settlement in International Trade Investment and Intellectual Property as well as the Governing Council of the World Trade Law Association. During the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, she was the Senior Negotiator for Canada on Dispute Settlement and the Establishment of the World Trade Organization as well as the Principal Legal Counsel to the Government of Canada for all of the Uruguay Round agreements. From 1991—1995, she was General Counsel of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal in Ottawa, the agency responsible for administering the antidumping, countervail, safeguards, and government procurement legislation in Canada. Her most recent book is entitled: “Peace Through Trade: Building the WTO” which was published by Cameron May International Legal Publishers in 2004. Steger holds an LL.M. from the University of Michigan Law School, an LL.B. from the University of Victoria Faculty of Law, and a B.A. (Honours) in History from the University of British Columbia.