bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
9 Epilogue: The West, Islam, Russia
Authors: Black Antony 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
After the Reformation, European political philosophy blossomed and produced a diversity of ideas. Meanwhile Islamic political thought stagnated. These two political thought-worlds were now completely different and no longer comparable. The Byzantine ideology of sacred monarchy was adopted by Russia. Western ideas influenced first Russia, then the Muslim-majority countries. The influence on Russia has so far been more extensive. Russia contributed to the Western dialogue. Western influence among Muslims is contested by fundamentalists such as Qutb. To a certain extent the West was transmitting the heritage of classical Greece.
1 Introduction: From the Washington Consensus Towards a New Gobal Governance
Authors: Serra Narcís , Spiegel Shari , Stiglitz Joseph E. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The point of departure for this book is the Washington Consensus — the set of views about effective development strategies that have come to be associated with the Washington-based institutions: the IMF, the World Bank, and the US Treasury. This introductory chapter briefly discusses the origins of the Washington Consensus and how its meaning has changed and been interpreted. It then goes on to outline the chapters in the book.
15 Growth Diagnostics
Authors: Hausmann Ricardo , Rodrik Dani , Velasco Andrés 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMost well-trained economists would agree that the standard policy reforms included in the ‘Washington Consensus’ have the potential to be growth-promoting. What the experience of the last fifteen years has shown, however, is that the impact of these reforms is heavily dependent on circumstances. This chapter argues that this calls for an approach to reform that is much more contingent on the economic environment. It is possible to develop a unified framework for analyzing and formulating ‘growth strategies’ which is both operational and based on solid economic reasoning. The key step is to develop a better understanding of how the nature of the binding constraints on economic activity differs from setting to setting. This understanding can then be used to derive policy priorities accordingly, in a way that would use the scarce political capital of reformers efficiently. The methodology that it proposed here can be conceptualized as a decision tree. The first questions concern what keeps the level of domestic investment and entrepreneurship low. At each node of the decision tree, the kind of evidence that would help answer the question one way or another is discussed. The chapter draws on the experience of three specific countries: El Salvador, Brazil, and Dominican Republic. Aside from providing a useful manual for policy makers, this approach has the advantage that it is broad enough to embed all existing development strategies as special cases. It can therefore unify the literature and help settle prevailing controversies.
Two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the myostatin (GDF8) gene have significant association with muscle depth of commercial Charollais sheep
Authors: Hadjipavlou G. , Matika O. , Clop A. , Bishop S. C. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryTo assess whether the same mutation(s) were responsible for similar phenotypes attributed to ovine chromosome 2 (OAR2) quantitative trait loci (QTL) in different sheep breeds, Suffolk, Texel and Charollais rams from British commercial flocks were genotyped for two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the myostatin (GDF8) region of OAR2, previously detected in progeny of Belgian Texel rams exhibiting muscular hypertrophy. The first SNP (g.−2449G>C) was located upstream from the transcription start site and the second SNP (g.+6723G>A) in the 3′ UTR of GDF8. The g.−2449C and g.+6723A alleles were absent in the Suffolk sires sampled, almost fixed in the Texel and segregating in the Charollais sires. Mixed model association analyses using SNP data on 338 Charollais lambs from 17 paternal half‐sib families and phenotype and pedigree data on 56 500 lambs revealed that both SNPs had a significant association with muscle depth (P < 0.001). The SNPs were segregating at intermediate frequencies (p = 0.3) and exhibited strong linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0.90). Animals with the g.+6723AA genotype had significantly greater muscle depth than those with either the g.+6723GG or the g.+6723AG genotypes (P < 0.002), with the g.+6723A allele, the likely causative mutation, having an additive effect of 1.20 (±0.30) mm and a dominance effect of −0.73 (±0.36) mm. Based on estimated allelic effects and sample allele frequencies, the g.+6723G>A SNP explained 14% of the additive genetic variance of muscle depth. The maximum genetic variance for the trait (38%) attributed to the SNP would be attained at a g.+6723A allele frequency of 0.7. Our findings indicate that marker‐assisted selection using these two GDF8 SNPs would be beneficial for the Charollais breed.
Amiodarone‐induced pulmonary toxicity
Authors: Ernawati Desak Ketut , Stafford Leanne , Hughes Jeffery David 
Published: May 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • A number of factors have been hypothesized to increase the risk of amiodarone‐induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT), although there remains some controversy in the literature as to their relative significance.• This study aimed to clarify this situation to permit better characterization of patients at risk of AIPT and thus guide the development of guidelines for the monitoring for AIPT in patients receiving the drug. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Via compilation and analysis of a database of 237 AIPT cases, it was demonstrated that only patient age and duration of therapy significantly affected the risk of AIPT.• A small cohort of hospital AIPT patients demonstrated these ‘at‐risk’ characteristics, suggesting that targeted monitoring of patients aged >60 years and those on amiodarone for 6–12 months may enhance the safety of these patients and minimize their risk of morbidity and mortality secondary to AIPT.AIMSA number of factors have been hypothesized to increase the risk of amiodarone‐induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT). This study aimed to confirm these risk factors and determine whether a cohort of tertiary hospital patients diagnosed with AIPT demonstrated comparable characteristics.METHODSPhase I of this study involved compilation of a database of adverse reactions to amiodarone reported to the Australian and US drug agencies, and identification of risk factors for AIPT using logistic regression analysis. In Phase II, AIPT cases were identified via a retrospective review of medical records of patients discharged from Fremantle Hospital and Health Service, Western Australia (FHHS) between 2000 and 2005 with diagnosed interstitial lung disease. Data were collected regarding these patients’ risk factors for AIPT and compared with those previously identified in Phase I.RESULTSA total of 237 cases of AIPT were identified from agency data. Patients aged > 60 years and those on amiodarone for 6–12 months (odds ratio 18.28, 95% confidence interval 6.42, 52.04) were determined to be at the highest risk of AIPT. Australian data also suggested increased risk in patients who had received cumulative doses of 101–150 g. The seven AIPT cases identified among the FHHS patients were all at high risk of AIPT based on their age and duration of amiodarone therapy.CONCLUSIONContrary to previous findings, only patient age and the duration of amiodarone therapy were confirmed as significant risk factors for AIPT. Targeted monitoring of these patients may facilitate early identification and management of AIPT.
MDR1 genotypes do not influence the absorption of a single oral dose of 600 mg valacyclovir in healthy Chinese Han ethnic males
Authors: Zhang Yan , Jiang Xue‐Hua , Hu Yu‐Qin , Li Zhi‐Ru , Su Lan , Wang Zhan‐Guo , Ma Guo 
Published: May 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The absorption of valacyclovir presents a highly negative correlation with the level of P‐glycoprotein expression.• It has been confirmed that a polymorphism of the MDR1 gene in exon 26 is related to the level of P‐glycoprotein expression in intestine.• This study was conducted to find the relationship between polymorphism of MDR1 gene and absorption of valacyclovir. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Linkage disequilibrium exists between G2677T/A in exon 21 and C3435T in exon 26, between C1236T in exon 12 and C3435T, but not between C1236T and G2677T/A of MDR1 gene in the Chinese Han ethnic population.• Three single nucleotide polymorphisms of MDR1 gene do not influence the absorption of valacyclovir in the healthy Chinese Han ethnic population.AIMSTo investigate the influence of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exon 12 (C1236T), exon 21 (G2677T/A) and exon 26 (C3435T) of MDR1 gene on the absorption of valacyclovir after a single oral administration in the Chinese Han ethnic population.METHODSTwo hundred healthy Chinese subjects were genotyped for the SNPs of C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T in the MDR1 gene using allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was analysed. Twenty‐four subjects derived from a large random sample (n = 200) received a single oral dose of 600 mg valacyclovir. Plasma concentrations of acyclovir were determined up to 14 h after administration to obtain a pharmacokinetic profile.RESULTSLD existed between G2677T/A in exon 21 and C3435T in exon 26 (P < 0.001), between C1236T in exon 12 and C3435T (P < 0.001), but not between C1236T and G2677T/A (P > 0.05). Cmax, AUC0–1.5 h and AUC0–∞ were used as indices of valacyclovir absorption. AUC0–∞ for the 2677TA genotype was 17.45 ± 2.40 µg × h/ml, which was much higher compared with the 2677GG, GA and TT genotypes of 10.44 ± 1.00, 11.84 ± 2.83, 11.34 ± 2.32 µg × h/ml, respectively (P < 0.05). Similarly, a statistically significant difference of AUC0–∞ was also observed for different linked genotypes at position 2677 vs. 3435, and 1236 vs. 3435 (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in valacyclovir absorptive pharmacokinetics between carriers and noncarriers of different haplotypes (P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONSThree SNPs of MDR1 gene did not influence the absorption of a single oral dose of 600 mg valacyclovir in healthy Chinese Han ethnic subjects.
Prediction of cure and risk of hypothyroidism in patients receiving 131I for hyperthyroidism
Authors: Boelaert K. , Syed A. A. , Manji N. , Sheppard M. C. , Holder R. L. , Gough S. C. , Franklyn J. A. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryContext  There is little consensus regarding the most appropriate dose of radioiodine (131I) to be administered to patients with hyperthyroidism.Objective  To compare the efficacy of fixed dose regimens of 131I in curing hyperthyroidism and to define simple clinical and biochemical factors that predict outcome in individual patients.Design  Consecutive series of hyperthyroid subjects treated with 131I.Setting  Single Secondary/Tertiary Care Hospital Clinic.Participants  A total of 1278 patients (1013 females and 262 males, mean age 49·7 years) presenting with hyperthyroidism between 1984 and 2006.Intervention  Treatment with 131I using a fixed dose regimen.Main outcome measures  Probability of cure and risk of development of hypothyroidism following a single dose of 131I.Results  Patients given a single dose of 131I of 600 MBq (n = 485) had a higher cure rate (84·1%) compared with those receiving either 370 MBq (74·9%, P < 0·001) or those given 185 Bq (63%, P < 0·001). An increased incidence of hypothyroidism by 1 year was evident with higher doses (600 MBq: 60·4%; 370 MBq: 49·2%, P = 0·001; 185 Bq: 38·1%, P < 0·001). Binary logistic regression analysis identified a 600 Bq dose of 131I [adjusted odds ratio, AOR 3·33 (2·28–4·85), P < 0·001], female gender [AOR 1·75 (1·23–2·47), P = 0·002], lower presenting serum free T4 concentration [AOR 1·01 (1·01–1·02), P < 0·001] and absence of a palpable goitre [AOR 3·33 (2·00–5·56), P < 0·001] to be independent predictors of cure. Similarly, a 600 MBq dose [AOR 3·79 (2·66–5·38), P < 0·001], female gender [AOR 1·46 (1·05–2·02), P = 0·02], younger age [AOR 1·03 (1·02–1·04), P < 0·001], absence of a palpable goitre [AOR 3·85 (2·38–5·88), P < 0·001] and presence of ophthalmopathy [AOR 1·57 (1·06–2·31), P = 0·02] were identified as independent factors predicting the probability of development of hypothyroidism at one year. Based on these findings, formulae to indicate probability of cure and risk of hypothyroidism for application to individual patients were derived.Conclusions  Simple clinical/biochemical criteria can be used to predict outcome after 131I treatment. These factors determine that males, those with severe biochemical hyperthyroidism, and those with a palpable goitre require larger doses (600 MBq) in order to achieve cure.
Regulating mineral N release and greenhouse gas emissions by mixing groundnut residues and rice straw under field conditions
Authors: Kaewpradit W. , Toomsan B. , Vityakon P. , Limpinuntana V. , Saenjan P. , Jogloy S. , Patanothai A. , Cadisch G. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryGroundnut as a pre‐rice crop is usually harvested 1–2 months before rice transplanting, during which much of legume residue N released could be lost. Our objectives were to investigate the effect of mixing groundnut residues (GN, 5 Mg ha−1) with rice straw (RS) in different proportions on: (i) regulating N dynamics, (ii) potential microbial interactions during decomposition, and (iii) associated nitrous oxide and methane emissions at weekly intervals during the lag phase until rice transplanting (i, ii) or harvest (iii). Decomposition was fastest in groundnut residues (64% N lost) with a negative interaction for N loss when mixed 1:1 with rice straw. Adding groundnut residues increased mineral N initially, while added rice straw led to initial microbial N immobilization. Mineral N in mixed residue treatments was significantly greatest at the beginning of rice transplanting. Soil microbial N and apparent efficiency were higher, while absolute and relative microbial C were often lowest in groundnut and mixed treatments. Microbial C:N ratio increased with increasing proportion of added rice straw. N2O losses were largest in the groundnut treatment (12.2 mg N2O‐N m−2 day−1) in the first week after residue incorporation and reduced by adding rice straw. N2O‐N emissions till rice harvest amounted to 0.73 g N2O‐N m−2 in the groundnut treatment. CH4 emissions were largest in mixed treatments (e.g. 155.9 g CH4 m−2, 1:1 treatment). Mixing residues resulted in a significant interaction in that observed gaseous losses were greater than predicted from a purely additive effect. It appears possible to regulate N dynamics by mixing rice straw with groundnut residues; however, at a trade‐off of increased CH4 emissions.
Carbon, part 2: diamond
Authors: King R.J. 
Published: May 2008

In Part 1 (Minerals explained 43, Geology Today 2006, v.22, no.2, pp.71–77) graphite was examined, the polymorph of carbon that is stable over a wide temperature range, but only at relatively low pressures. The other principal polymorph of carbon, diamond, is dealt with here in Part 2. Diamond has a very large stability range over both temperatures and pressures, although it is created at similar depths in the Earth's crust, probably in the mantle (Fig. 1). It would probably have remained there unsuspected, had it not been brought to the Earth's surface by volcanic mechanisms. This will be looked at in detail in the section on the genesis of diamond below, as will the apparently anomalous stability of diamond at NTP.Pressure/temperature phase diagram for diamond.image
Acute uriticaria‐like lesions in allergen‐unexposed cutaneous tissues in a mouse model of late allergic rhinitis
Authors: Hayashi Toshiharu , Fujii Taeko 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe mechanisms of distant manifestation after a local allergic reaction are largely unknown. This study examined the development of cutaneous lesions in a mouse model of late allergic rhinitis (LAR). BALB/c mice were sensitized by ovalbumin (OVA) intraperitoneally two times (on days 0 and 10) and challenged by OVA intranasally on day 14. Four days after OVA challenge, nasal and cutaneous lesions including helper T (Th) responses, expression of adhesion molecules and presence of OVA and IgE were examined, and compared with unsensitized and unchallenged (control) mice. Compared with the control group, the LAR group developed LAR characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils, increased IgE values and increased productions of IL‐4 and IL‐5, but not IFN‐γ. A dominant infiltration of eosinophils and increase in mast cells, attachment of eosinophils to endothelium, intense expression of VCAM‐1 on endothelium in venules and VLA‐4 expression on eosinophils and mast cells were recognized in the cutaneous tissues. There were no differences in the expression of ICAM‐1 on vascular endothelium and LFA‐1 on infiltrated leucocytes between the two groups. CLA expression on lymphocytes was not detected, and the binding of OVA and IgE on mast cells and eosinophils was found in the cutaneous lesions in the LAR group, but not in the control group. This study suggests that acute uriticaria‐like lesions in OVA‐unexposed cutaneous tissues may be induced by immediate allergic reaction due to the systemic development of Th2‐type response in a mouse model of LAR.
High variation and very low differentiation in wide ranging plains zebra (Equus quagga): insights from mtDNA and microsatellites
Authors: LORENZEN ELINE D. , ARCTANDER PETER , SIEGISMUND HANS R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPatterns of genetic differentiation in the plains zebra (Equus quagga) were analysed using mitochondrial DNA control region variation and seven microsatellites. The six morphologically defined subspecies of plains zebra lacked the population genetic structure indicative of distinct evolutionary units. Both marker sets showed high levels of genetic variation and very low levels of differentiation. There was no geographical structuring of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the phylogenetic tree, and the plains zebra showed the lowest overall differentiation recorded in any African ungulate studied so far. Arid‐adapted African ungulates have shown significant regional genetic structuring in support of the Pleistocene refuge theory. This was not the case in the zebra, and the data are discussed in relation to the impact of Pleistocene climate change on a nonbovid member of the savannah ungulate community. The only other species showing a similar absence of genetic structuring is the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), but this taxon lacks the high levels of morphological variation present in the plains zebra.
Gene flow between sexual and facultatively asexual lineages of an aphid species and the maintenance of reproductive mode variation
Authors: HALKETT F. , PLANTEGENEST M. , BONHOMME J. , SIMON J.‐C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMany organisms considered as strictly clonal may in fact experience some rare events of sexual reproduction with their sexual relatives. However, the rate of sexual–asexual gene flow has rarely been assessed mainly because its evaluation is difficult to achieve in the field. In the cyclically parthenogenetic aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, two main sets of lineages, differing in their investment in sexual reproduction and in their genetic attributes, co‐exist even at a very fine scale: the ‘sexual’ lineages which have a full commitment to the sexual reproduction, and the ‘facultatively asexual’ lineages, which allocate investment in the sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. This system offers a unique opportunity to tackle the genetic interactions between two contrasting reproductive modes. Here, we provide evidence that gene flow occurred between sexual and facultatively asexual lineages of R. padi. We carefully examined the shuffling in phenotypic and genotypic variation following a sexual reproduction event that took place in the field. Combining genotypic data and phenotypic measurements showed that this gene mixing led to the production of a wide array of reproductive modes, including strictly asexual lineages. Finally, we discuss the central role played by facultatively asexual lineages on the maintenance of reproductive mode variation.
The Schizosaccharomyces pombe endo‐1,3‐β‐glucanase Eng1 contains a novel carbohydrate binding module required for septum localization
Authors: Martín‐Cuadrado Ana Belén , Del Dedo Javier Encinar , De Medina‐Redondo María , Fontaine Thierry , Del Rey Francisco , Latgé Jean Paul , De Aldana Carlos R. Vázquez 
Published: May 2008

SummaryCell separation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is achieved through the concerted action of the Eng1 endo‐β‐1,3‐glucanase and the Agn1 endo‐α‐1,3‐glucanase, which are transported to the septum and localize to a ring‐like structure that surrounds the septum. Correct localization of these hydrolases requires the presence of both the septins and the exocyst. In this work, we show that the glucanase Eng1 contains a region at the C‐terminus that acts as a carbohydrate‐binding module (CBM) and that it is not present in other members of glycoside hydrolases family 81 (GH81). In vitro, the purified CBM has affinity for β‐1,3‐glucan chains with a minimum degree of polymerization of 30 glucose units. Deletion of the CBM results in a protein that is largely defective in complementing the separation defect of eng1Δ mutants. This defect is due to a reduction in the catalytic activity against insoluble substrates and to a defect in targeting of Eng1 to the septum, as the truncated protein localizes to the lateral cell wall of the cell. Thus, the targeting of Eng1 to the primary septum requires not only trans‐factors (septins and the exocyst complex) but also a cis‐element localized to the C‐terminus of the protein.
An endocytic mechanism for haemoglobin‐iron acquisition in Candida albicans
Authors: Weissman Ziva , Shemer Revital , Conibear Elizabeth , Kornitzer Daniel 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe fungal pathogen Candida albicans is able to utilize haemin and haemoglobin as iron sources. Haem‐iron utilization is facilitated by Rbt5, an extracellular, glycosylphophatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored, haemin‐ and haemoglobin‐binding protein. Here, we show that Rbt5 and its close homologue Rbt51 are short‐lived plasma membrane proteins, degradation of which depends on vacuolar activity. Rbt5 facilitates the rapid endocytosis of haemoglobin into the C.  albicans vacuole. We relied on recapitulation of the Rbt51‐dependent haem‐iron utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify mutants defective in haemoglobin utilization. Homologues of representative mutants in S. cerevisiae were deleted in C. albicans and tested for haemoglobin‐iron utilization and haemoglobin uptake. These mutants define a novel endocytosis‐mediated haemoglobin utilization mechanism that depends on acidification of the lumen of the late secretory pathway, on a type I myosin and on the activity of the ESCRT pathway.