bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods of Examining Damp Grain at Harvest and After Sealed and Open Storage: Changes in the Microflora of Damp Grain during Sealed Storage
Authors: Nichols Agnes A. , Leaver Christine W. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Methods are described for enumerating the micro‐organisms occurring on damp grain (18–35% moisture content) after harvesting and after sealed and open storage.The microflora of 41 samples of damp grain at harvesting and 137 samples after sealed storage on farms have been examined. The latter included 25 samples from experimental storage, including polythene bags, and 51 samples from stores where spoilage had occurred or advice was sought.A remarkably consistent population level of bacteria, moulds and yeasts was found on damp grain at harvesting. This information was used as a convenient basis for comparisons with results from grain after storage. Bacteria were initially present at 1–10 × 106/g, but the level generally diminished during anaerobic storage. Also coli‐aerogenes bacteria died out but lactobacilli increased. Strict anaerobes (Clostridium spp.) did not develop. Moulds originally present in small numbers normally decreased but while total yeasts often remained at the ingoing number, there was a change from non‐myceliated to myceliated species, numbers of which sometimes increased further.If thermophilic yeasts and moulds or Streptomycetaceae were present in large numbers, the grain had been subjected to aeration and had heated. Sometimes mould growth appeared to cause binding of the grain, but in other instances myceliated yeasts were implicated.
Coli‐aerogenes Bacteria on Plants
Authors: Papavassiliou J. , Tzannetis S. , Leka Helen , Michopoulos G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Specimens of plant foliage and flowers collected in the region of Attica from various situations and geographical regions were examined over a period of 13 months for the presence of coli‐aerogenes bacteria able to grow at 37°. Twenty‐five (12.2%) of 204 specimens carried coli‐aerogenes bacteria of which Escherichia coli type I was isolated from 12 (5.8%). Coli‐aerogenes bacteria were seldom isolated from plants grown in uninhabited areas, and they occured more frequently during summer and autumn.Vegetables and fruits sold in the central market of Athens are frequently contaminated with coli‐aerogenes bacteria. Of 76 specimens of vegetables examined 66 (86.8%) were positive for coli‐aerogenes bacteria, and 17 (22.3%) for E. coli type I. The figures from 41 specimens of fruits were 26 (65.8%) and 4 (9.7%), respectively.
Bacteriology of Prepacked Pork with Reference to the Gas Composition within the Pack
Authors: Gardner G. A. , Carson A. W. , Patton J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBacteriological changes in pork stored at 16 and 2° under gas permeable and gas impermeable films and ‘aerobic’conditions have been studied. The concentrations of CO2, O2 and N2 in the atmosphere within the packs were also determined. The groups of bacteria isolated from prepacked pork were Pseudomonas‐Achromobacter spp., Kurthia spp., Microbacterium thermosphactum, Enterobacter‐Hafnia spp. and lactobacilli. Their importance is discussed in relation to storage temperature and gas composition within the packs.
Antigenic Analysis of the Digests of the Crystal Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Pendleton I. R. , Morrison R. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYProtein crystal toxins from 93 isolates of the Bacillus thuringiensis group of organisms were digested with proteases from the gut of larvae of Pieris brassicae. An antigenic analysis was made of these digests and the results compared with the previously determined antigenic patterns of solutions of the crystals. Digestion led to the loss of some antigens and occasionally to the gain of others. Fewer distinctive antigenic patterns were found in the digests than in the crystal solutions.
Yeast Flora of Cider Factories
Authors: Bowen J. F. , Beech F. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHarvested and stored fruit, and juice collected from the cider press, showed larger numbers and a wider range of yeast species than did fruit picked aseptically from the tree. The ratios of species changed during storage. Under clean factory conditions or in the pilot plant the range of species was limited. Saccharomyces spp. and other spore‐formers were absent, possibly having been eliminated by thorough cleaning of equipment. Kloeckera spp. which increased markedly on the fruit during harvesting and storage, remained as an appreciable component of the juice microflora. Factories with less rigid standards of sanitation harboured a much wider range of yeasts. Saccharomyces spp. and extraneous sporeformers, which were rarely detected on the whole fruit, appeared in the freshly pressed juice, and together with Kloeckera spp., made up a large proportion of the microflora. The undesirable sporeforming spp., Saccharomycodes and Hansenula, were detected in some instances.
A Divided Petri Dish for Use with Multipoint Inoculators
Authors: Sneath P. H. A. , Stevens M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA sterile disposable plastic Petri dish is described that is divided internally into 25 separate wells. It is designed for use with multipoint inoculators, and allows many commonly used tests to be performed quickly and cheaply. It can also be used for making aseptic serial dilutions.
Growth and Toxin Production of Clostridium botulinum type E
Authors: Ajmal M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYGrowth and toxin production of Clostridium botulinum type E was studied at 37, 30, 22 and 4°. Incubation at 30° yielded maximum numbers of viable cells but the toxicity was not different from cultures grown at 22°, thus indicating that the toxin synthesis/cell was greater at the latter temperature. Growth as well as toxin production was less pronounced at 37°. The ability to grow at 4° was influenced by the medium and the type of inoculum used. The role of the enzymic activity of the culture during and after the exponential phase of growth is emphasized in relation to the final toxicity of type E cultures in terms of MLD/ml.
Effect of some Preslaughter Treatments on the Salmonella Population in the Bovine Rumen and Faeces
Authors: Grau F. H. , Brownlie L. E. , Roberts E. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSalmonella spp. were detected commonly in railway wagons, saleyards and abattoir holding pens through which cattle pass from farm to slaughter. The salmonellae population in the rumen and faeces of cattle at slaughter depended on the previous treatment of the animal. The percentage of animals with salmonellae in the rumen was greater the longer the period between leaving the farm and slaughter; feeding once during this period increased the incidence and numbers of salmonellae in the rumen and at least the incidence in the faeces.
Sterilization of Syringes by Ethylene Oxide
Authors: Rubbo S. D. , Gardner Joan F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThree types of disposable syringe, all known to be sterilized commercially by ethylene oxide, were contaminated with Bacillus subtilis spores at the most inaccessible site, between plunger and barrel, and processed under controlled conditions. The rate of failure in sterilization was related to the syringe design as well as to the number of spores initially present. Rubber tippe plungers forming a double edge contact with the barrel failed to a degree that varied with the thickness of the contacting edges and the tightness of fit in the barrel. Although ethylene oxide may be used if initial contamination is low, gamma radiation would be more reliable for this type of syringe.
Sensitivity to Novobiocin and Lysozyme in the Classification of Micrococcaceae
Authors: Jeffries L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSensitivity to novobiocin and lysozyme has been determined on strains of Micrococcaceae classified by biochemical and physiological tests, and also on pigmented micrococci and planococci of known guanine + cytosine (GC) content in DNA. These tests confirm the homogeneity of strains within certain proposed subgroups and also the heterogeneity of others, notably strains in Baird‐Parker's Micrococcus subgroup 7. The results of lysozyme and novobiocin sensitivity determinations, on strains intermediate in GC content between the suggested ranges for the genera Staphylococcus and Micrococcus, and also on atypical strains of staphylococci, are presented and discussed.
Activity of Metronidazole against Experimental Tetanus and Gas Gangrene
Authors: Freeman W. A. , McFadzean J. A. , Whelan J. P. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYMetronidazole, a compound widely used in man with minimal side effects, has been shown to be highly active against experimental infections of Clostridium tetani and Cl. welchii in mice. It is too early to forecast what role the compound might have in the chemoprophylaxis of these infections in man.
A Bacteriological Study of Stored, Sulphite Treated Peeled Potatoes
Authors: Lund Barbara M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPeeled, sulphite treated potatoes were stored at 23° for 3 days or at 6° for 7 days in packs sealed with perforated or unperforated polythene or with Saran film. After storage, gas samples were withdrawn from the packs for analysis and viable counts made of micro organisms associated with the potatoes. There was a marked increase in the CO2 concentration and a corresponding decrease in O2 concentration in the unperforated packs; samples from these packs tended to have a lower bacterial count than samples from perforated packs. 180 bacterial isolates representing the spoilage flora were examined. At 23° the major groups of isolates were Gram negative bacteria attacking glucose fermentatively (Enterobacteriaceae) or oxidatively (fluorescent pseudomonads); isolates from storage at 6° were all pseudomonads most of which were fluorescent. Twentyeight % of the pseudomonads, but none of the fermentative isolates, were pectolytic.
Bacterial Flora of Chicken Carcasses Treated with High Concentrations of Chlorine
Authors: Patterson J. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYLaboratory experiments are described which aimed to find the effect on the initial and spoilage flora of broiler carcasses of immersion for 4 h in chilled water containing 200 or 400 p/m of free residual chlorine. Spoilage of such carcasses when held at 1° was mainly due to the normal Pseudomonas—Achromobacter type of flora, and the shelf life was extended by c. 20%. The value of such treatment is discussed.
Some Morphological and Physiological Properties of Microbacterium thermosphactum
Authors: Davidson C. M. , Mobbs P. , Stubbs J. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe properties of strains of Microbacterium thermosphactum obtained from various sources were investigated. All exhibited pleomorphism and occurred both as coccobacilli and as long rods. The change from one morphological form to another was followed by means of slide culture techniques. Electron micrographs of thin sections of M. thermosphactum were also examined. The medium and incubation temperature influenced the catalase and benzidine reactions. The practical implications and the possible taxonomic significance of the results are discussed.
Use of Selenite Reduction in Bacterial Classification
Authors: Lapage S. P. , Bascomb Shoshana 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe ability of 548 strains of Gram negative rods to reduce selenite was investigated in parallel with their ability to produce H2S and reduce nitrate. Reduction of selenite was shown to be a reasonably good test compared with other tests used in classifying these organisms. The ability to reduce selenite often paralleled the ability to produce H2S; it did not parallel the ability to reduce nitrate.
Influence of the Maillard Reaction Products on Some Bacteria of the Intestinal Flora
Authors: Jemmali M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryEffects of the Maillard reaction products, which are obtained by heating glycine and dextrose solutions, on the cellular metabolism of some bacteria which constitute the intestinal flora were studied. Depending on the amounts present the growth rates and lag phases of the lactobacilli were increased, but growths of strains of Escherichia coli were unaffected, although their lag phases were extended.
Effect of Metallic Ions on the Antibacterial Activity of Boseimycin
Authors: Sinha Rabindra K. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAn enhancement of the antibacterial activity of boseimycin against Staphylococcus aureus was observed in the presence of Zn2+ and Co2+ on a double gradient agar plate, but the activity was suppressed to a small extent by Ca2+. With Bacillus subtilis the enhancement effects were more pronounced, but there was no suppression with Ca2+.
Identification of Legume Nodule Bacteroids by the Fluorescent Antibody Reaction
Authors: Trinick M. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA fluorescent antibody technique which permits rapid identification of legume nodule bacteroids and which permits the separation of bacteroid material and laboratory grown cultures of close serological affinity is described. Specificity of fluorescein isothiocyanate γ‐globulin conjugates was increased with dilution. The ability of a medium sized clover nodule to produce sufficient bacteroid material for 20 fluorescent antibody stains allows increased accuracy and scope of the method. A single operator in 1 day may test > 400 nodules for one or more symbionts.
Microbial Flora of Raw and Pasteurized Egg Albumen
Authors: Barnes Ella M. , Corry Janet E. L. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryGram negative bacteria were the main spoilage organisms of raw albumen stored at 5, 10, 15 or 20° and were identified as strains of pigmented and nonpigmented Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Enterobacter liquefaciens. Only one unidentified Gram negative motile rod which failed to attack glucose was found to survive pasteurization in egg albumen (pH 9‐1) at 57.2° for 3 min. Other Gram negative bacteria isolated from one batch of stored albumen were shown to be heat sensitive, so that recontamination had probably occurred after pasteurization. Most of the organisms which survived pasteurization were found to be faecal streptococci, strains resembling Aerococcus viridans, Microbacterium lacticum and two groups (B and C) of unidentified catalase negative rods, or coccobacilli which in many respects resembled the atypical lactobacilli of Thornley & Sharpe (1959). Of these strains only the faecal streptococci and groups B and C were isolated from stored albumen. The effect of the spoilage flora on the ‘catalase’ activity of albumen before and after pasteurization has been studied in relation to the possibility of a ‘catalase’ test being used to monitor the pasteurization process.
The Ecology of Serotype 4B of Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Norris J. R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryTwentyfive separate isolates of serotype 4B of the aerobic sporeforming insect pathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis, have been obtained over the period 1961–68. Most of the isolates of this particular serotype were obtained from storage products insects infesting such places as grain stores, flour mills or ships carrying grain materials. In one instance the organism was isolated from insects infesting Guinea corn growing in the field. In comparison with the other serotypes of this bacillus the association with stored products environments is striking and, on several occasions, it has been possible to trace the distribution of the bacteria by movements of infested materials from one part of the world to another.
Some Effects of Preservatives on the Development of Bacterial Spores
Authors: Parker M. S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe effects of preservatives on the development of spores of Bacillus subtilis have been examined using 2 indices of development sensitive to preservatives, namely, the swelling of spores prior to vegetative cell emergence and o.d. changes of spore suspensions during germination and outgrowth. The preservatives used fall into two categories: (1) inhibitors of germination (chlorocresol and mixed esters of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid), and (2) inhibitors of postgerminative development (cetrimide, aminacrine and phenylmercuric nitrate). None of the preservatives prevented the initial phase of spore swelling and it is suggested that this is attributable to a nonmetabolic (inanimate) hydration. The inhibition of germination by a category 1 preservative (chlorocresol) is readily reversible by washing and to prevent germination the preservative must be added early in the process. The inhibition of postgerminative development by a category 2 preservative (aminacrine) cannot be reversed by washing treated spores.
The Use of Sulphite‐containing Media in the Isolation of Clostridium welchii
Authors: Mead G. C. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAn investigation was made of cultural conditions affecting the blackening of colonies due to sulphite reduction by Clostridium welchii and several other clostridia in the sulphite‐polymyxin‐sulphadiazine agar of Angelotti et al. (1962). Reducing conditions in the medium were more critical for blackening than for growth, and a simple, modified isolation method for Cl. welchii is described which provides optimal conditions for both processes.
The Keeping Quality of Pasteurized Egg
Authors: Wood E. C. , Youngs M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryCommercially produced pasteurized egg was stored in refrigerators at 36, 38 and 40°F and examined daily both organoleptically and bacteriologically. The counts at 20 and at 37°, as well as the coliform count, remained practically constant for a period, depending on the storage temperature, following which there was a sharp transition to a logarithmic phase. Using both bacteriological and organoleptic criteria, the egg remained satisfactory for at least 6 days provided the storage temperature did not exceed 38°F.
Determination of the Microbiological Status of Gnotobiotic Pigs
Authors: Hill I. R. , Kenwothy R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA description of the techniques used for determining the microbiological status of gnotobiotic pigs is given. The procedures have been developed especially for the pig and involve comprehensive examination for bacteria, fungi, worms and arthropods, and a less complete examination for rickettsiae and viruses. Techniques used on live animals in germ free isolators and on postmortem samples are described.
The Adansonian Classification using the Heterotrophic Spectra of Chlorella vulgaris by a Simplified Procedure involving a Desk‐top Computer
Authors: Cullimore D. R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryComputer programs were developed for the desk‐top computer, Olivetti P101, with the object of enabling qualitative and quantitative numerical classification programs to be carried out. The system was successfully applied to the heterotrophic specta obtained using 20 carbon sources on 7 strains of Chlorella vulgaris. As a result of this and subsequent extrapolations, the algae were divided into one group of 3 strains and 4 other groups each containing one strain. A classification system was developed involving a dichotomous key.
Microbiology of Pigs and their Environment in Relation to Weaning
Authors: Hill I. R. , Kenworthy R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.On weaning, pigs were placed in a house of a type which is commonly used for early weaning or individually in cages in a controlled environment room. Micro‐organisms (11,631 isolates) recovered from air, food, faeces, water and pigs' skins were characterized and identified at the genus level. Pigs in the controlled environment harboured populations of lactobacilli and haemolytic serotypes of Escherichia coli greater than those of their littermates housed in a conventional piggery early‐weaning house. This was ascribed to the heavy faecal contamination of food in the troughs of the caged pigs, since the air in the controlled environment contained fewer micro‐organisms than that in the conventional piggery. The association of high numbers of faecal lactobacilli and haemolytic E. coli, and confinement in a controlled environment were not associated with the same amount of clinical disease and growth depression as was the combination of smaller numbers of the same organisms and conventional housing.
Enterocinogeny and Lysogeny in Enterococci
Authors: Tzannetis S. , Leonardopoulos J. , Papavassiliou J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The enterocinogeny and lysogeny of enterococci was studied with a double layer agar method and 21 indicator strains of enterococci. Of 77 strains examined, 76 produced enterocine, and of 19 strains examined, 5 were sensitive to their own enterocine. All 77 strains were lysogenic when cultures killed with chloroform were examined for lysogeny by the method of Liegeois‐Müller & Fredericq (1952). By the same method, 4 of 7 strains were found to produce phages active against themselves.
An Improved Agar Medium for the Detection of Proteolytic Organisms in Total Bacterial Counts
Authors: Martley F. G. , Jayashankar S. R. , Lawrence R. C. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.An improved medium for the detection of proteolytic organisms has been developed by adding caseinate (1% w/v), citrate (0·015 m) and Ca2+ (0·02 m) to Standard Methods Agar. Its greater sensitivity compared with existing milk agar media is related to its ability to detect the first stage of casein breakdown as shown by the formation of a white zone of precipitation. This results from the deposition of insoluble para‐caseins, mainly para‐k‐casein, which is readily detected in the transparent medium. The extent of proteolysis exhibited by an organism is reflected both by the size and type of precipitation zone forming round the colony. No significant difference was found between total counts of raw milk samples measured on the new medium and standard methods agar. The new medium can thus be used for the simultaneous determination of proteolytic and total bacterial counts.
The Degradation of Nucleic Acids by Cytophaga johnsonii
Authors: Greaves M. P. , Vaughan D. , Webley D. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.In growth experiments Cytophaga johnsonii rapidly degraded nucleic acids to release purine and pyrimidine bases and inorganic orthophosphate. The products were the same when the nucleic acids were added separately or were contained in autoclaved or ultrasonically disintegrated cells of Aerobacter aerogenes. Commercial preparations of RNA and DNA either inhibited or enhanced growth of the myxobacterium according to the medium used. When present as the major nutrient neither RNA nor DNA served as carbon or phosphorus sources and were poor nitrogen sources for C. johnsonii. The extra‐cellular nucleases, measured by a fluorimetric method, were produced mainly during the stationary phase of growth. Passage of the cell free culture fluid from C. johnsonii through Sephadex G 100 separated the ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease activities. The deoxyribonuclease obtained after gel filtration is similar to deoxyribonuclease 1, being specific for high MW DNA and apparently inhibited by DNA of low MW.
The Dynamics of Decane and Glucose Utilization by a Pseudomonas sp. in Batch and Chemostat Cultures under Controlled Dissolved Oxygen Tensions
Authors: Maclennan D. G. , Pirt S. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.A Pseudomonas sp. was grown in chemostat culture with either decane or glucose as sole carbon source. At a dilution rate of 0·1 h−1 the biomass concentration was directly proportional to the decane supplied up to a concentration of 8·2 g/l, of which 5·3 g were utilized and the remainder lost as vapour. The maximum biomass concentration was limited to 3 g of bacterial dry wt/1 by what appeared to be an inhibitory product. When the culture was grown under different controlled dissolved oxygen tensions (DOT) at a dilution rate of 0·1 h−1 with nitrogen‐limited growth the following observations were made: (1) the growth limiting DOT was 1·0‐3·0 mmHg with decane, and < 1·0 mmHg with glucose as carbon source; (2) to obtain the maximum ratio of oxygen uptake: carbon source uptake the DOT needed to be c. 6·0 mmHg: at lower values the degree of oxidation of products decreased; (3) with decane an appreciable proportion of the decane carbon utilized (c. 60%) appeared in unidentified products other than biomass and CO2.