bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Template-Directed Dye-Incorporation Assay with Fluorescence Polarization Detection (FP-TDI)
Authors: Ha Connie , Kwok Pui-Yan 
Published: October 2007

INTRODUCTIONThe template-directed dye-incorporation assay with fluorescence polarization detection (FP-TDI) is an economical and robust SNP genotyping method that is easy to optimize and implement in both single-marker and moderate-throughput studies. It utilizes unlabeled, unpurified PCR-grade primers in a dideoxy chain-terminating DNA-sequencing reaction to ascertain the identity of one base immediately 3′ to an unlabeled primer, which is annealed immediately upstream of the polymorphic site on the target DNA. The FP-TDI protocol consists of four key steps, all of which can be carried out in the same microtiter plate without further separation or purification. First, PCR amplification of genomic DNA produces the template for the primer extension reaction. Second, a PCR clean-up enzyme cocktail with pyrophosphatase is added directly into the PCR products to remove excess PCR primers, deoxynucleoside triphosphates, and inorganic pyrophosphates. Third, single-base primer extension is carried out using a SNP primer annealed to the target DNA one base upstream from the polymorphic site. Finally, the end product is scanned with an FP plate reader to determine the changes in fluorescence polarization. With the incorporation of pyrophosphatase in the protocol and the use of quenching to analyze the fluorescence data, up to 95% of the assays work well even without optimization.
Measurement of Courtship Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Ejima Aki , Griffith Leslie C. 
Published: October 2007

INTRODUCTIONIn Drosophila melanogaster, as in many other animals, courtship is a series of stereotypical behaviors carried out by a male responding to multimodal signals. Because different experimental conditions can engage distinct sensory modalities that affect male behavior, courtship experiments need to be carefully designed. There are several ways to manipulate sensory inputs to the test male. This protocol describes methods for designing and conducting experiments that measure the various parameters of courtship behavior.
Preparation of Rodent Hippocampal Slice Cultures
Authors: Fuller Leah , Dailey Michael E. 
Published: October 2007

INTRODUCTIONRodent organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) provide an outstanding preparation of central nervous system tissue for exploring the dynamic structural and physiological features of neuronal and glial cells within their native three-dimensional environments. It is a straightforward matter to obtain tissue slices from neonatal rodents. These slices culture well for periods up to several weeks and are easy to manipulate, allowing for a variety of in vitro experimental models. OHSCs provide good optical and physiological accessibility for studies involving live cell imaging, with high spatial and temporal resolution. This protocol is used to harvest tissues for both immunohistochemical labeling after fixation, and for confocal time-lapse imaging in live tissues labeled by a variety of fluorescent dyes or by biolistic or viral transfection.
Strategic Voting in Scandinavian Parliaments
Authors: Bjurulf Bo H. , Niemi Richard G. 
Published: October 2007

Increasingly a case is being made that voting systems are highly manipulable —whether by strategic voting, agenda setting, or vote trading. Yet there exists little hard evidence on the actual extent of manipulation in real world settings1 To a large degree this lack of evidence is a result of voting methods that allow only partial recovery of individual preferences over multiple alternatives and of a natural desire of legislators not to publicize misrepresentation of preferences or strategic agenda setting. Yet if we are to understand the empirical relevance of recent advances in the theory of voting, attempts must be made to apply new theoretical work to real world voting situations. In this paper we attempt to do this for voting in Scandinavian legislatures.Our major concern is with effects of the order of voting on legislative proposals and with strategic voting that takes advantage of existing voting orders. Two distinct approaches are used. First, we present a detailed analysis of three situations in the Swedish parliament in which strategic voting was relevant. From these we conclude that when manipulation occurs in the Swedish context, it is not by altering the order of voting or by the creation of new, confounding alternatives, but by using strategic voting to take advantage of existing voting circumstances. Second, we take a more sweeping but less detailed look at voting in the Scandinavian legislatures. It appears from this analysis that the major way in which strategic voting is avoided is by limiting the number of alternatives to two.
Women's Entry into Politics: The Experience of the Danish Local and General Elections 1908–20
Authors: Dahlerup Drude 
Published: October 2007

The article studies how enfranchised women reacted to the established political system. Should they seek to introduce new conflict dimensions or simply adjust to a party system, established before women gained the right to participate? In order to answer these questions. the aims and actions of the Danish women's rights movement are investigated.A number of women's lists were introduced in the first local elections, but they soon disappeared. Proposals for forming a Women's Party in parliamentary elections were made in Denmark, as in many other countries, after the enfranchisement, but the actual possibilities for a Women's Party were very small. Electoral statistics from this period are studied in order to determine the number of women nominated and elected. and to identify the structural barriers against women's access. The rural‐urban dimension seems to be the most decisive factor. with sex itself constituting a resource in rural districts.
Organizational Resources and Methods of Participation
Authors: Solvang Bernt Krohn 
Published: October 2007

This report deals with the influence of various organizational resources upon methods of participation. We found it useful to subdivide the concept of political participation into four groups: Input participation, decision participation, consumer participation, and respondent participation. Using data from one city and one sector we cannot suggest any general conclusions. Our findings show these various methods of participation to be highly intercorrelated and that the various methods of participation ‐ along with organizational resources as income and staff, the contextual variable, and preoccupation with the local system level ‐ influenced each method of participation. This means that we have to take the positions of organizations in the political system into consideration if we want to study their participation in the political processes. The resources stemning from positions in the political system are perhaps more influential upon the method of participation than the traditional organizational resource variables.The process of consuming public finances is not without political effects. Consumer participation is related both to decision participation and to input participation. Our study also indicates that it is wrong to assume closed models with no feedback loops when we study relations between interest organizations and public authorities.
Social Democratic Parties between Class and Organization*
Authors: Heidar Knut 
Published: October 2007

Two questions are discussed in this article. First, what are the main divisions in the debate on the causes of the deradicalization of European social democratic parties? Second, what kind of empirical research could at this stage of the debate hope to contribute substantially to it?Through a survey of the literature the argument is presented that in both Marxist and Liberal debates the question of the relative importance of class‐factors and party‐factors emerge as dominant. The empirical confrontation of these perspectives has hitherto taken place at the national level. What is needed now is more local level research, which would give a more manageable unit in the exploration of the theoretical and empirical issues involved.
Antecedents of Realignments and the Case for Secular Realignment in Denmark
Authors: Berrigan A. John 
Published: October 2007

This study starts with the premise that political norms and structures determine national electoral propensities toward critical or secular realignments in partisan affiliation, ft is hypothesized that historical and structural characteristics of the Danish political system mitigate against rapid changes in partisan affiliations and voting patterns. Empirical evidence is presented to demonstrate that observed changes in the partisan distribution of the Danish vote in 1973–1977 resulted from a gradual redistribution of partisan affiliation with origins in the 1950s.Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the study concludes that a secular, not critical, realignment occurred in Denmark during the 1970s
Political Positions, Hierarchies and Political Markets: Towards a New Theory on Political Recruitment*
Authors: Solvang Bernt Krohn 
Published: October 2007

This article adresses itself to the problem of political recruitment. Most recruitment studies are based on models of recruitment where the model presupposes more candidates than positions. Studying local committees we cannot presuppose excess demand for political positions. The article tries to introduce economic theory into the study of political recruitment. With concepts of market, supply, demand and prices, the article discusses recruitment to various types of positions. When we have extreme market conditions with either excess demand or lack of demand, the recruitment processes can best be understood in terms of hierarchical forces.The sales of less important positions in a situation with low demand for these positions could best be understood in terms of market mechanism. Comparing an economic market with a political market, the article finds variation in the transaction structure. The economic markets have a specific transaction structure, with specific obligations linked to transactions, while the political markets have a more unspecified transaction structure with more unspecified obligations linked to the transactions. A less specified transaction structure has lower transaction costs in a hierarchy than in a market. This, the author believes, could explain why some transactions take place in markets while others take place in hierarchies.
How Policy‐Making Affects Implementation: The Decentralization of the Danish Disablement Pension Administration*
Authors: Winter Søren 
Published: October 2007

‘Presidents are more likely to be punished for not making promises of administrative reform than for not implementing them.’ (March & Olsen 1983, 291)Policy‐making and implementation have usually been treated as two distinct disciplines. In this article it is argued that implementation is affected by the prior policy‐making process. Hypotheses regarding such impacts are derived from the policy‐making theories resting on a) the rational decision‐making model. b) the conflict‐bargaining model, and c) the garbage‐can model: Implementation failures are more likely 1) if goals are absent or vague and if alternatives and their consequences have not been considered; 2) if the policy‐making process involves participants with conflicting interests and compromising; 3) if there are many and changing participants with limited attention and if symbols are important in the poky‐making process. These hypotheses are tested and discussed in relation to a reorganization case, the decentralization of the disablement pension administration in Denmark in 1976.
Endocrine and Metabolic Function in Renal Failure
Authors: Kokot Franciszek , Wiecek Andrzej , Grzeszczak Wladyslaw 
Published: October 2007

SummaryExistence of hyperendorphinism in patients with chronic renal failure is very likely. It seems to be caused not only by systemic effects of opioids retained because of the impaired excretory function of the kidneys, but also by the altered generation and function of these hormones in peripheral organs, altered effect of opioid receptors on target organs, and the altered function of opioid peptides as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Hyperendorphinism in uremic patients may be a primarily beneficial compensatory mechanism counteracting disturbances of the internal environment with secondary harmful side effects which may contribute to the uremic state.
Summary and Comment
Authors: Walker John A. 
Published: October 2007

Opsonic activity of dialysis effluent predicts those at risk of Staphylococcus epidermidis peritonitis, by C. A. Coles, H. M. M. Alobaidi, N. Topley, and M. Davies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2:359–365, 1987Relationship of IgG, C3 and transferrin with opsonising and bacteriostatic activity of peritoneal fluid from CAPD patients and the incidence of peritonitis, by S. J. McGregor, J. H. Brock, J. D. Briggs, and B. J. R. Junor. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2:551–556, 1987A five‐year study of the microbiologic results of exit site infections and peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, by B. Piraino, J. Bernardini, and M. Sorkin. Am J Kidney Dis 9:281–286, 1987.Improvement of anaemia with desferrioxamine in haemodialysis patients, by M. Praga, A. Andres, J. de la Serna, L. M. Ruilope, J. Nietro, J. Estenoz, V. G. Millet, F. Arnaiz, and J. L. Rodicio. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2:243–247, 1987
Use of Water‐Soluble Vitamins in Patients with Chronic Renal. Failure
Authors: Wolfson Marsha 
Published: October 2007

SummaryLittle is actually known about the minimum daily requirement for most vitamins in the patient with end‐stage renal disease. Many of the studies reviewed suffer from lack of adequate control populations and differing methodologies, making comparisons between these studies difficult. However, patients with renal failure have many restrictions on their dietary intake, frequently suffer from intercurrent illness, and would seem to be at risk for vitamin deficiency. Also, metabolic abnormalities associated with the loss of kidney function may increase the daily requirements for certain vitamins. It is unlikely that dialysis losses of the water‐soluble vitamins alone could account for vitamin depletion, and these other factors are likely to play a much more important role.It is of interest to note that the studies which demonstrate little or no vitamin deficiencies are those studies which have been carried out more recently (8, 9, 17). The patients were usually given some vitamin supplementation prior to or during the period of study and thus it is not surprising that most patients failed to demonstrate vitamin deficiency. It is also likely that heightened awareness regarding the propensity for patients with renal failure to develop deficiencies of the water‐soluble vitamins has resulted in better dietary instruction and earlier intervention with vitamin supplementation. More efficient dialytic methods have also reduced the restrictions on many foods, and patients are no longer instructed to boil all their fresh vegetables. Although there may be the risk of toxicity when vitamin supplementation is overzealously administered to patients with reduced renal excretory function, it seems prudent to administer some of these water‐soluble vitamins to patients with end‐stage renal disease who are treated with intermittent dialysis therapy (Table 1). Certainly, this is not a very costly approach. Further studies should be carried out to better evaluate vitamin nutriture in chronically uremic and maintenance dialysis patients and to more rigorously define the minimum dose that would prevent deficiency and avoid toxicity.
Dialysis‐Associated Hypoxemia: Insights into Pathophysiology and Prevention
Authors: Ross Edward A. , Nissenson Allen R. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIt is clear that much research continues in an attempt to better understand DAH. A reasonable synthesis scenario based on current knowledge is as follows. Within the first 5–10 minutes of dialysis with a cellulosic membrane, blood contact leads to complement activation, generation of anaphylatoxins, leukoagglutination, and pulmonary microleukoaggregates. In addition, release of thromboxane in the lung occurs and causes pulmonary hypertension. This series of events causes mild hypoxemia and is preventable when noncellulosic membranes are used. As dialysis proceeds subsequent hypoxemia is dependent on the dialysate composition. With acetate dialysate, outward CO2 dialysance occurs concomitant with inward acetate dialysance. This leads to reflex hypoventilation, increased oxygen consumption (which lowers RQ), and possibly direct central respiratory suppression. These changes account for the late hypoxemia seen. With bicarbonate dialysate, the above events do not occur. If rapid alkalinization ensues, however, because of a high dialysate bicarbonate concentration, hypoventilation and hypoxemia may be seen.A clear understanding of these pathophysiologic mechanisms provides a framework from which the preventative measures outlined can be understood and applied. Future research should focus on a better understanding of the sequence of events following blood‐membrane interaction, particularly in regard to activation of prostenoids. In addition, a more precise method is needed to determine the appropriate bath bicarbonate concentration for individual patients to avoid rapid alkalinization and hypoxemia. Finally, methods of identification of patients at risk of serious consequences from DAH need to be developed as well as noninvasive means of monitoring such individuals during dialysis. Much progress has been made in these areas in the past 10 years, but there is still more to learn.
Zinc and Chronic Renal Disease
Authors: Kimmel Paul L. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryHypozincemia is common in patients with hronic renal insufficiency, and in patients with ESRD treated with peritoneal and hemodialysis. The causes of the decreased plasma zinc concentration in these patients are not completely understood, but poor nutritional zinc intake, diets associated with attempts to prevent the progression of renal failure, prescribed mineral supplements and medications, hypoalbuminemia, diminished gastrointestinal zinc absorption, increased urinary zinc excretion and redistribution of zinc into the intracellular fluid may all affect extracellular fluid zinc concentration and total body zinc stores in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Zinc intake is probably the most important determinant of total body zinc status and plasma zinc concentration in these patients. The extent of true zinc depletion in this population is unknown, but it is likely to be an important problem.Patients with ESRD treated with hemodialysis may have similar reasons for developing hypozincemia, although it is unlikely that urinary losses play an important role in the development of negative zinc balance in this group. Although there is little evidence that hemodialysis results in net zinc losses, treatment effects may result in the redistribution of zinc from the extracellular fluid, resulting in the development of hypozincemia. Because such patients appear to be susceptible to the development of negative zinc balance due to gastrointestinal zinc losses, it would seem that they require increased levels of zinc intake. The similarity of the symptoms of zinc deficiency and uremia have prompted several studies of the effects of zinc supplementation on taste acuity, sexual, immune and neurologic function in hemodialysis patients, with some positive results.Patients with ESRD treated with CAPD may have hypozincemia as well, for reasons similar to those suggested in patients treated with hemodialysis. De‐spite protein losses in the peritoneal dialysate, net influx of zinc occurs during peritoneal dialysis.Since zinc deficiency may mediate some symptoms of uremia in patients treated for ESRD, clinicians should consider measuring circulating zinc concentration and providing therapeutic supplementation with zinc salts to hypozincemic patients with abnormalities of taste, sexual and immune function. Studies which have demonstrated a beneficial effect of zinc supplementation have used daily doses of 50 mg of zinc, given as zinc acetate, zinc chloride, or zinc sulfate. Zinc sulfate ingestion has been associated with gastrointestinal side effects. Zinc chloride has been added to dialysate in chronic studies to achieve a final zinc concentration of 400 μg/L, with beneficial results. The proper route, amount and length of such therapies, however, are currently unknown. Whether one zinc compound has clinical advantages compared to others must also await con‐trolled clinical evaluation.
Nursing Management of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Martin Rhonda K. , Jurschak Jean 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYWith CRRT becoming the preferred treatment for acute renal failure, more and more centers will be using this form of therapy. The preparation and on‐going education of the nursing staff and their man‐agement of the therapy determine the success of CRRT. It is imperative that nurses have clinical andtechnical expertise in the therapy in order for the patient to have positive outcomes on CRRT.
Management of the Well Renal Transplant Recipient: Outpatient Surveillance and Treatment Recommendations
Authors: Salifu Moro O. , Tedla Fasika , Markell Mariana S. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough renal transplantation offers survival and quality of life advantages as a renal replacement therapy, a substantial proportion of transplant recipients develop worsening of preexisting medical diseases or new complications, including sequelae of rejection, new onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT), hyperlipidemia, opportunistic infections, cancer, and other systemic diseases secondary to immunosuppression. Management of these problems can be a complex endeavor due to medication interactions that often affect immunosuppression levels. However, successful management of the chronic medical problems associated with renal transplantation can prolong the life span of the graft and the patient.
Comparison of dental health data obtained from questionnaires, interviews and clinical examination
Authors: HELÖE LEIF ARNE 
Published: October 2007

abstract – Validity of response to a postal questionnaire, answered by 216 persons, was studied by comparing data from the respondents on the occurrence of dentures and on the number of remaining teeth with data recorded by a clinical examination. Information, collected in a personal interview on gingival disease, was compared with clinical records. Reliability was studied by examining the agreement between data from the questionnaires and from the interviews concerning time interval since the last dental visit.The information on the occurrence of dentures proved to be highly valid, while the reported number of teeth were less likely to conform with the clinical records. A slight tendency towards overreporting of remaining teeth was found. Conceivably, the greatest proportion of overestimates was caused by confusion concerning the counting of fractured teeth and roots. Gingival disease was markedly underreported. At the clinical examination, all subjects with some teeth showed signs of gingival disease, but only every fourth person reported having experienced “gum disease”. Information about time interval since the last dental visit was found to be reliable.