bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
We All Fall Down: The Dismantling of the Warsaw Pact and the End of
the Cold War in Eastern Europe
Authors: Miles Simon 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Using new evidence from Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish, and Romanian archives, a reconstruction of Eastern European diplomacy at the end of the Cold War shows that it was not just the superpowers that shaped events during this pivotal period: the non-Soviet members of the Warsaw Pact also had agency. From 1989 to 1991, these states recognized that the world was changing and that their relationship with the Soviet Union, codified in the Warsaw Pact politico-military alliance, would impede their success in the post–Cold War world. Eastern European policymakers resolved to destroy the Warsaw Pact that bound them to the Soviet Union, and they decided to align with Western Europe. They also sought to exclude the Soviet Union from the European security architecture, including the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. They sought security and wanted to hedge against a hard-line takeover in the Soviet Union; but their primary aim was to reap the West's economic benefits.
The Autograph of Ali Akbar Khitaʾi’s Khiṭāynāma (Book of China) and Its Manuscript Tradition
Authors: Budak Samet 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This article discusses a poorly acknowledged autograph copy of the Khiṭāynāma by Ali Akbar Khitaʾi in Persian. Unlike most studies on the work, it argues that MS Istanbul, Aşir Efendi 249 (henceforth AE 249) in the Süleymaniye library is an autograph copy completed in 1516 and presented to Süleyman I (r. 1520–1566) when he was still a prince. It also argues that the author prepared two recensions for two patrons, Selim I (r. 1512–1520) and Süleyman I, around the same time. The article further demonstrates that the appellations sultan and shah were commonly used for Ottoman princes and appeared in various manuscripts. Hence AE 249’s usage of the term sultan for Süleyman is not an inconsistency casting doubt on the date of the manuscript and its character. The article additionally provides the most comprehensive list and information on Persian manuscripts of the original work and its two different Ottoman Turkish translations. In this way, it clarifies various confusing references to the manuscripts of the work in modern scholarship. Moreover, it provides a more secure foundation for future research on the Khiṭāynāma as well as on how to discuss the titles of Ottoman patrons and how to conceptualize them in manuscript studies. Ultimately, it hopes to demonstrate that the political context may provide insights to better deal with similar works from the era.
Interaction with the Extratropics as a New Hypothesis for the Spectral Peak of the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Roundy Paul E. , De Castro Crizzia Mielle 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) propagates eastward as a disturbance of mostly zonal wind and precipitation along the equator. The initial diagnosis of the MJO spectral peak at 40–50-day periods suggests a reduction in amplitude associated with slower MJO events that occur at lower frequencies. If events on the low-frequency side of the spectral peak continued to grow in amplitude with reduced phase speed, the spectrum would just be red. Wavelet regression analysis of slow and fast eastward-propagating MJO signals during northern winter assesses how associated moisture and wind patterns could explain why slow MJO events achieve lower amplitude in tracers of moist convection. Results suggest that slow MJO events favor a ridge anomaly over Europe, which drives cool dry air equatorward over Africa and Arabia as the active convection develops over the Indian Ocean. We hypothesize that dry air tracing back to this source, together with a longer duration of the events, leads to associated convection diminishing along the equator and instead concentrating in the Rossby gyres off the equator.

Significance Statement
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) dominates the subseasonal variability of the tropical atmosphere. This work suggests that it favors maximum convective activity in the 40–50-day period range because lower-frequency MJO signals tend to import more cool dry air from the extratropics and along the equator, thereby weakening the slower events.
A Scale-Aware Parameterization of Restratification Effect of Turbulent Thermal Wind Balance
Authors: Yang Peiran , Jing Zhao , Yang Haiyuan , Wu Lixin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The vertical buoyancy flux Bf under the turbulent thermal wind (TTW) balance plays an important role in restratifying the surface mixed layer in winter. So far, most of the global ocean models are too coarse to resolve this process. In this paper, a scale-aware parameterization is proposed for and implemented in a hierarchy of regional ocean simulations over the winter Kuroshio Extension with horizontal resolutions ranging from 27 to 1 km. The parameterization depends on the Coriolis parameter, model-simulated turbulent vertical viscosity, horizontal density gradient, and a scaling relationship to adjust for the effects of model horizontal resolution on the simulated horizontal density gradient. It shows good skills in reconciling the difference between in the coarse-resolution simulations (27, 9, and 3 km) and in the 1-km simulation where is well resolved. Furthermore, implementation of the parameterization improves the simulated stratification in the surface mixed layer in coarse-resolution simulations.
The Role of Surface Potential Vorticity in the Vertical Structure of Mesoscale Eddies in Wind-Driven Ocean Circulations
Authors: Zhang Wenda , Griffies Stephen M. , Hallberg Robert W. , Kuo Yi-Hung , Wolfe Christopher L. P. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The vertical structure of ocean eddies is generally surface-intensified, commonly attributed to the dominant baroclinic modes arising from the boundary conditions (BCs). Conventional BC considerations mostly focus on either flat- or rough-bottom conditions. The impact of surface buoyancy anomalies—often represented by surface potential vorticity (PV) anomalies—has not been fully explored. Here, we study the role of the surface PV in setting the vertical distribution of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in an idealized adiabatic ocean model driven by wind stress. The simulated EKE profile in the extratropical ocean tends to peak at the surface and have an e-folding depth typically smaller than half of the ocean depth. This vertical structure can be reasonably represented by a single surface quasigeostrophic (SQG) mode at the energy-containing scale resulting from the large-scale PV structure. Due to isopycnal outcropping and interior PV homogenization, the surface meridional PV gradient is substantially stronger than the interior PV gradient, yielding surface-trapped baroclinically unstable modes with horizontal scales comparable to or smaller than the deformation radius. These surface-trapped eddies then grow in size both horizontally and vertically through an inverse energy cascade up to the energy-containing scale, which dominates the vertical distribution of EKE. As for smaller horizontal scales, the EKE distribution decays faster with depth. Guided by this interpretation, an SQG-based scale-aware parameterization of the EKE profile is proposed. Preliminary offline diagnosis of a high-resolution simulation shows the proposed scheme successfully reproducing the dependence of the vertical structure of EKE on the horizontal grid resolution.
Watt-level continuous-wave antimonide laser diodes with high carrier-confined active region above 2.5 µm
Authors: Yu Hongguang , Yang Chengao , Chen Yihang , Wang Tianfang , Shi Jianmei , Cao Juntian , Geng Zhengqi , Wang Zhiyuan , Zhang Yu , Xu Yingqiang , Ni Haiqiao , Niu Zhichuan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThanks to high performance above room temperature, antimonide laser diodes have shown great potential for broad application in the mid-infrared spectral region. However, the laser`s performance noticeably deteriorates due to the reduction of carrier confinement with increased emission wavelength. In this paper, a novel active region with higher carrier confinements both of electron and hole, by the usage of an indirect bandgap material of Al0.5GaAs0.04Sb as the quantum barrier, was put up to address the poor carrier confinement of GaSb-based type-I multi-quantum-well (MQW) diode lasers emission wavelength above 2.5 µm. The carrier confinement and the differential gain in the designed active region are enhanced as a result of the first proposed usage of an indirect-gap semiconductor as the quantum barrier with larger band offsets in conduction and valence bands, leading to high internal quantum efficiency and low threshold current density of our lasers. More importantly, the watt-level output optical power is obtained at a low injection current compared to the state of the art. Our work demonstrates a direct and cost-effective solution to address the poor carrier confinement of the GaSb-based MQW lasers, thereby achieving high-power mid-infrared lasers.
Proteomics of prostate cancer serum and plasma using low and high throughput approaches
Authors: Hamza Ghaith M. , Raghunathan Rekha , Ashenden Stephanie , Zhang Bairu , Miele Eric , Jarnuczak Andrew F. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDespite progress, MS-based proteomics in biofluids, especially blood, faces challenges such as dynamic range and throughput limitations in biomarker and disease studies. In this work, we used cutting-edge proteomics technologies to construct label-based and label-free workflows, capable of quantifying approximately 2,000 proteins in biofluids. With 70µL of blood and a single depletion strategy, we conducted an analysis of a homogenous cohort (n = 32), comparing medium-grade prostate cancer patients (Gleason score: 7(3 + 4); TNM stage: T2cN0M0, stage IIB) to healthy donors. The results revealed dozens of differentially expressed proteins in both plasma and serum. We identified the upregulation of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), a well-known biomarker for prostate cancer, in the serum of cancer cohort. Further bioinformatics analysis highlighted noteworthy proteins which appear to be differentially secreted into the bloodstream, making them good candidates for further exploration.
Feasibility of partial penectomy under local anesthesia: a case–control study
Authors: Anand Madhur , Goel Apul , Singh Bhupendra Pal , Aggarwal Swati , Kumar Manoj , Singh Vivek Kumar , Singh Vishwajeet 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
To assess the feasibility of partial penectomy under local anesthesia and penile nerve blocks.

Methods
A total of 45 patients underwent partial penectomy under local anesthesia over the last 15 years at our institute. These patients were included in group A. We took 45 age-matched controls for comparison in group B. All patients underwent partial penectomy with the standard technique. The control group underwent partial penectomy under general or spinal anesthesia, and the intervention group underwent partial penectomy under local anesthesia. Patients’ tolerance to anesthesia and surgery was compared, and postoperative pain and other complications were assessed.

Results
Mean age was 53.5 years in group A (case) and 52.8 years in group B (controls). Out of 45 patients in group A, 9 were ASA I, 16 were ASA II, 8 were ASA III, and 12 were ASA IV patients. Out of control patients, 35 underwent surgery under spinal and 10 underwent surgery under general anesthesia. All patients tolerated the anesthesia and surgery well. The duration of anesthesia and surgery was shorter in group A (p < 0.05). Postoperative pain scores between the two groups were comparable after 6 h. Postoperative recovery was comparable in both groups, and hospital stays were shorter in local anesthesia/nerve block group but were statistically insignificant. There was no positive margin in any group.

Conclusion
Partial penectomy under local anesthesia is a satisfactory alternative in selected cases or with limited availability of anesthesia services.
Alteration of serotonin release response in the central nucleus of the amygdala to noxious and non-noxious mechanical stimulation in a neuropathic pain model rat
Authors: Tokunaga Ryota , Shibata Hideshi , Kurosawa Mieko 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPreviously, we found that serotonin (5-HT) release in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of anesthetized rats decreases in response to innocuous stroking of the skin, irrespective of stimulus laterality, but increases in response to noxious pinching applied to a hindlimb contralateral to the 5-HT measurement site. The aim of the present study was to determine whether intra-CeA 5-HT release responses to cutaneous stimulation were altered in an animal model of neuropathic pain induced by ligation of the left L5 spinal nerve. In anesthetized neuropathic pain model rats, stroking of the left hindlimb increased 5-HT release in the CeA, whereas stroking of the right hindlimb decreased it. Meanwhile, pinching of the left hindlimb increased intra-CeA 5-HT release irrespective of stimulus laterality. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that intra-CeA 5-HT release responses to cutaneous stimulation are altered in an animal model of neuropathic pain.
Genetic mapping of deoxynivalenol and fusarium damaged kernel resistance in an adapted durum wheat population
Authors: Berraies Samia , Ruan Yuefeng , Knox Ron , DePauw Ron , Bokore Firdissa , Cuthbert Richard , Blackwell Barbara , Henriquez Maria Antonia , Konkin David , Yu Bianyun , Pozniak Curtis , Meyer Brad 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Fusarium head blight (FHB) infection results in Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination that are downgrading factors at the Canadian elevators. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.) is particularly susceptible to FHB and most of the adapted Canadian durum wheat cultivars are susceptible to moderately susceptible to this disease. However, the durum line DT696 is less susceptible to FHB than commercially grown cultivars. Little is known about genetic variation for durum wheat ability to resist FDK infection and DON accumulation. This study was undertaken to map genetic loci conferring resistance to DON and FDK resistance using a SNP high-density genetic map of a DT707/DT696 DH population and to identify SNP markers useful in marker-assisted breeding. One hundred twenty lines were grown in corn spawn inoculated nurseries near Morden, MB in 2015, 2016 and 2017 and the harvested seeds were evaluated for DON. The genetic map of the population was used in quantitative trait locus analysis performed with MapQTL.6® software.

Results
Four DON accumulation resistance QTL detected in two of the three years were identified on chromosomes 1 A, 5 A (2 loci) and 7 A and two FDK resistance QTL were identified on chromosomes 5 and 7 A in single environments. Although not declared significant due to marginal LOD values, the QTL for FDK on the 5 and 7 A were showing in other years suggesting their effects were real. DT696 contributed the favourable alleles for low DON and FDK on all the chromosomes. Although no resistance loci contributed by DT707, transgressive segregant lines were identified resulting in greater resistance than DT696. Breeder-friendly KASP markers were developed for two of the DON and FDK QTL detected on chromosomes 5 and 7 A. Markers flanking each QTL were physically mapped against the durum wheat reference sequence and candidate genes which might be involved in FDK and DON resistance were identified within the QTL intervals.

Conclusions
The DH lines harboring the desired resistance QTL will serve as useful resources in breeding for FDK and DON resistance in durum wheat. Furthermore, breeder-friendly KASP markers developed during this study will be useful for the selection of durum wheat varieties with low FDK and DON levels in durum wheat breeding programs.
Distributive randomization: a pragmatic fractional factorial design to screen or evaluate multiple simultaneous interventions in a clinical trial
Authors: Haviari Skerdi , Mentré France 
Published: March 2024

Background
In some medical indications, numerous interventions have a weak presumption of efficacy, but a good track record or presumption of safety. This makes it feasible to evaluate them simultaneously. This study evaluates a pragmatic fractional factorial trial design that randomly allocates a pre-specified number of interventions to each participant, and statistically tests main intervention effects. We compare it to factorial trials, parallel-arm trials and multiple head-to-head trials, and derive some good practices for its design and analysis.

Methods
We simulated various scenarios involving 4 to 20 candidate interventions among which 2 to 8 could be simultaneously allocated. A binary outcome was assumed. One or two interventions were assumed effective, with various interactions (positive, negative, none). Efficient combinatorics algorithms were created. Sample sizes and power were obtained by simulations in which the statistical test was either difference of proportions or multivariate logistic regression Wald test with or without interaction terms for adjustment, with Bonferroni multiplicity-adjusted alpha risk for both. Native R code is provided without need for compiling or packages.

Results
Distributive trials reduce sample sizes 2- to sevenfold compared to parallel arm trials, and increase them 1- to twofold compared to factorial trials, mostly when fewer allocations than for the factorial design are possible. An unexpectedly effective intervention causes small decreases in power (< 10%) if its effect is additive, but large decreases (possibly down to 0) if not, as for factorial designs. These large decreases are prevented by using interaction terms to adjust the analysis, but these additional estimands have a sample size cost and are better pre-specified. The issue can also be managed by adding a true control arm without any intervention.

Conclusion
Distributive randomization is a viable design for mass parallel evaluation of interventions in constrained trial populations. It should be introduced first in clinical settings where many undercharacterized interventions are potentially available, such as disease prevention strategies, digital behavioral interventions, dietary supplements for chronic conditions, or emerging diseases. Pre-trial simulations are recommended, for which tools are provided.
The association between healthy beverage index and sarcopenia in Iranian older adults: a case-control study
Authors: Mahmoodi Marzieh , Shateri Zainab , Nouri Mehran , Vali Mohebat , Nasimi Nasrin , Sohrabi Zahra , Dabbaghmanesh Mohammad Hossein , Makhtoomi Maede 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Sarcopenia is a progressive disease with age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. No study has investigated the association between healthy beverage index (HBI) and sarcopenia in older adults. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association between HBI and sarcopenia in Iranian older adults.

Methods
In the present case-control study, 80 sarcopenic and 80 non-sarcopenic participants matched in sex were included. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Handgrip strength (HGS), skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and gait speed were utilized to confirm sarcopenia. Also, a food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate food intake. HBI score was calculated based on ten sub-components of the total beverages. Moreover, logistic regression was applied to assess the association between HBI and sarcopenia.

Results
In the crude model, we observed no significant association between HBI and the odds of sarcopenia. Still, after adjusting the confounders, the odds of developing sarcopenia decreased significantly in the second and last tertiles (T) (T2– odds ratio (OR) = 0.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01–0.25 and T3– OR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01–0.60).

Conclusions
Our findings indicated that HBI is inversely related to the chance of sarcopenia. Therefore, to reduce the odds of sarcopenia, it is recommended to consume healthy drinks such as fruit juices and milk.
Analysis of viral pneumonia and risk factors associated with severity of influenza virus infection in hospitalized patients from 2012 to 2016
Authors: Fullana Barceló M. I. , Artigues Serra F. , Millan Pons A. R. , Asensio Rodriguez J. , Ferre Beltran A. , del Carmen Lopez Bilbao M. , Reina Prieto J. , Riera Jaume M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
Influenza viruses cause pneumonia in approximately one-third of cases, and pneumonia is an important cause of death. The aim was to identify risk factors associated with severity and those that could predict the development of pneumonia.

Methods
This retrospective, observational study included all adult patients with confirmed influenza virus infection admitted to Son Espases University Hospital during four influenza seasons in Spain (October to May) from to 2012–2016.

Results
Overall, 666 patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza were included, 93 (14%) of which were severe; 73 (10.9%) were admitted to Intensive Care Unit (ICU), 39 (5.8%) died, and 185 (27.7%) developed pneumonia. Compared to less severe cases, patients with severe disease: were less vaccinated (40% vs. 28%, p = 0.021); presented with more confusion (26.9% vs. 6.8%), were more hypoxemic (Horowitz index (PaO2/FiO2) 261 vs. 280), had higher C-reactive protein (CRP) (12.3 vs. 4.0), had more coinfections (26.8% vs. 6.3%) and had more pleural effusion (14% vs. 2.6%) (last six all p < 0.001). Risk factors significantly associated with severity were pneumonia [OR (95% CI) = 4.14 (2.4–7.16)], history of heart disease (1.84, 1.03–3.28), and confusion at admission (4.99, 2.55–9.74). Influenza vaccination was protective (0.53, 0.28–0.98). Compared to those without pneumonia, the pneumonia group had higher CRP (11.3 vs. 4.0, p < 0.001), lower oxygen saturation (92% vs. 94%, p < 0.001), were more hypoxic (PaO2/FiO2 266 vs. 281, p < 0.001), and incurred more mechanical ventilation, septic shock, admission to the ICU, and deaths (all four p < 0.001). Higher CRP and lower oxygen saturation were independent variables for predicting the development of pneumonia.

Conclusions
Pneumonia, history of heart disease, confusion and no influenza vaccination were independent variables to present complications in patients admitted with influenza infection.
Short-term effect of intravitreal dexamethasone implant in refractory diabetic macular edema
Authors: Moreno Jazmín Baca , Medina David Berrones , Rosellón-Escobar María Fernanda , García-Aguirre José Gerardo 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the short-term effects (hours-days) of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (IDI) in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) refractory to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections.

Methods
This was a prospective, single-arm, interventional clinical series. Eyes with DME and 3–9 injections of ranibizumab without a good response were included. Patients underwent a single IDI. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurement, complete ophthalmic evaluation, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were performed at baseline, 2 h, 3 h, 24 h, 7 days, and 1 month. The main outcomes were change in central retinal thickness (CRT) on SD-OCT and BCVA.

Results
Fifteen eyes of 15 patients were included. Mean CRT decreased after treatment from 515.87 µm ± 220.00 µm at baseline to 489.60 µm ± 176.53 µm after 2 h (p = 0.126), and 450.13 µm ± 163.43 at 24 h (p = 0.006). Change in BCVA was from 0.85 ± 0.44 logMAR baseline to 0.58 ± 0.37 log MAR at 1 month (p = 0.003).

Conclusions
Eyes treated with IDI showed significant decrease in CRT detectable 1 day after injection. In some patients, the effect could be observed 3 h post-implantation.

Trial registration
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05736081. Registered 20 February 2023, Retrospectively registered.