bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is the future of electrophoresis in large‐scale genomic sequencing?
Authors: Fredlake Christopher P. , Hert Daniel G. , Mardis Elaine R. , Barron Annelise E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlthough a finished human genome reference sequence is now available, the ability to sequence large, complex genomes remains critically important for researchers in the biological sciences, and in particular, continued human genomic sequence determination will ultimately help to realize the promise of medical care tailored to an individual's unique genetic identity. Many new technologies are being developed to decrease the costs and to dramatically increase the data acquisition rate of such sequencing projects. These new sequencing approaches include Sanger reaction‐based technologies that have electrophoresis as the final separation step as well as those that use completely novel, nonelectrophoretic methods to generate sequence data. In this review, we discuss the various advances in sequencing technologies and evaluate the current limitations of novel methods that currently preclude their complete acceptance in large‐scale sequencing projects. Our primary goal is to analyze and predict the continuing role of electrophoresis in large‐scale DNA sequencing, both in the near and longer term.
Effects of task difficulty on sibling teaching in middle childhood
Authors: Howe Nina , Brody Marie‐Hélène , Recchia Holly 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTeaching styles were investigated in 28 middle‐class sibling dyads (older sibling M age = 8.2 yrs; younger sibling M age =5.11 yrs) using two sets of block design tasks (five easy; five hard). Older siblings employed a greater number of strategies (i.e. physical demonstrations, scaffolding, corrective feedback) in the hard than in the easy tasks, thus demonstrating the ability to adjust teaching strategies according to task difficulty. Teachers also employed more frequent strategies when learners were younger indicating that they may be sensitive to developmental differences. In the hard tasks, learners responded positively to teacher guidance, but were also more likely to reject the teacher's help, perhaps demonstrating responsibility for their own learning. Findings are discussed in light of current social‐cognitive approaches highlighting the important roles of both teacher and learner during episodes of sibling teaching in middle childhood. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Executive functioning by 18‐24‐month‐old children: effects of inhibition, working memory demands and narrative in a novel detour‐reaching task
Authors: McGuigan Nicola , Núñez María 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInfants can inhibit a prepotent but wrong action towards a goal in order to perform a causal means‐action. It is not clear, however, whether infants can perform an arbitrary means‐action while inhibiting a prepotent response. In four experiments, we explore this executive functioning in 18–24‐month‐old children. The working memory and inhibition demands in a novel means‐end problem were systematically varied in terms of the type and combination of means‐action(s) (causal or arbitrary) contained within the task, the number of means‐actions (1 or 2), the goal visual availability and whether the task was accompanied by a narrative. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that children performed tasks that contained causal as opposed to arbitrary information more accurately; accuracy was also higher in tasks containing only one step. Experiment 2 also demonstrated that performance in the arbitrary task improved significantly when all sources of prepotency were removed. In Experiment 3, task performance improved when the two means‐actions were intelligibly linked to the task goal. Experiment 4 demonstrated that the use of a narrative that provided a meaningful (non‐causal) link between the two means‐actions also improved children's performance by assisting their working memory in the generation of a rationale. Findings provide an initial account of executive functioning in the months that bring the end of infancy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blood permeability of a novel ceramic scaffold for bone morphogenetic protein‐2
Authors: Murata M. , Akazawa T. , Tazaki J. , Ito K. , Sasaki T. , Yamamoto M. , Tabata Y. , Arisue M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA functionally graded apatite (fg‐HAp) with body fluid permeability was developed from bovine bone. The tissue reaction of fg‐HAp and its efficacy as a scaffold for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) were evaluated histomorphometrically, and a component of permeable fluid into the fg‐HAp was analyzed by immunoblotting assay. The fg‐HAp block (27 mm3) combined with and without BMP‐2 (5 μg) was implanted subcutaneously in 4‐week‐old Wistar rats. Histological examination showed that the surface and bulk degradations of the fg‐HAp proceeded extensively and giant cells appeared on the fg‐HAp at 2 weeks. Body fluid permeation was found inside the fg‐HAp, and the fluid component was immunopositive for albumin. In addition, albumin was detected as a main component among proteins collected from the in vivo implanted fg‐HAp. The bioabsorption of the fg‐HAp was accelerated as BMP‐2‐induced bone matured. Histomorphometrical analysis at 4 weeks in the BMP‐2/fg‐HAp implant showed 59.0% in the total volume of bone and marrow. These results indicate that fg‐HAp is an innovative, bioabsorbable bioceramic with fluid permeability characteristic, and may become a biointegrated scaffold for bone engineering. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Biological activity of tri‐calciumphosphate/hydroxyl‐apatite granules mixed with impacted morsellized bone graft. A study in rabbits
Authors: Arts J. J. C. , Walschot L. H. B. , Verdonschot N. , Schreurs B. W. , Buma P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractReconstruction of bone defects with impacted morsellized cancellous bone grafts (MCB) is a popular method. Because of a shortage of human bone, mixing with biomaterials may be attractive. Ceramics may be used as bone graft extenders. In this study, various volume mixtures of biphasic tri‐calciumphosphate/hydroxyl‐apatite (TCP‐HA) granules (1.5–2 mm) with MCB were examined in a non‐loaded defect model in rabbits. Direct post‐operatively, many 10–150 μm TCP‐HA particles were present due to impaction. Irrespective to the group, after 8 weeks, virtually all MCB was resorbed and most TCP‐HA granules were osseous‐integrated with newly formed bone. The cross‐sectional areas of TCP‐HA after 8 weeks was generally smaller compared with direct post‐operatively and the number of small 10–150 μm TCP‐HA particles seemed reduced. Macrophages and giant cells were sparse after 8 weeks. In conclusion, the osteoconductivity of various mixtures of MCB and TCP‐HA granules is not dependent on the ratio of TCP‐HA over MCB. The reduced number of the 10–150 μm TCP‐HA particles after 8 weeks, may suggest that a cellular mediated resorption process of TCP‐HA granules took place. Based on these favorable biological findings subsequent in‐vivo experiments are warranted in load‐bearing conditions to investigate whether these findings hold for joint reconstruction purposes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
F‐18 labelled N,N‐bis‐haloethylamino‐phenylsulfoxides — a new class of compounds for the imaging of hypoxic tissue
Authors: Falzon Cheryl L. , Ackermann Uwe , Spratt Neil , Tochon‐Danguy Henri J. , White Jonathon , Howells David , Scott Andrew M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo N,N‐bis‐chloroethylamino‐phenylsulfoxides have been synthesized and radiolabelled with F‐18 via halogen exchange. The radiolabelling of both compounds proceeds smoothly with K[18F]F‐kryptofix 2.2.2 complex at 100 °C in DMSO. Decay‐corrected radiochemical yields were 25–35% for [18F]12 (SO201) and 35–45% for [18F]11 (SO101), with an average specific activity of 1.8 Ci/µmol. Both compounds remained 80% intact in plasma over a period of 2 h. In vivo binding in a stroke model indicates that both markers are selectively retained in hypoxic tissue. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of distal antral contractile motility in healthy human stomach with magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kwiatek Monika A. , Steingoetter Andreas , Pal Anupam , Menne Dieter , Brasseur James G. , Hebbard Geoffrey S. , Boesiger Peter , Thumshirn Miriam , Fried Michael , Schwizer Werner 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo quantify healthy postprandial: 1) propagation, periodicity, geometry, and percentage occlusion by distal antral contraction waves (ACWs); and 2) changes in ACW activity in relationship to gastric emptying (GE).Materials and MethodsUsing 1.5‐T MR scanner, nine healthy fasted volunteers were examined in the right decubitus position after ingestion of 500 mL of 10% glucose (200 kcal) with 500 μM Gd‐DOTA. Total gastric (TGV) and meal volumes (MV) were assessed every five minutes for 90 minutes, in and interspersed with dynamic scan sequences (duration: 2.78 minutes) providing detailed images of distal ACWs.ResultsTGV increased by 738 ± 38 mL after ingestion (t0), subsequently decreasing in parallel to GE. The mean GE rate and half‐emptying time were 24 ± 3 mL/5 minutes and 71 ± 6 minutes, respectively. Accompanying ACWs reached a periodicity of 23 ± 2 seconds at t35 and propagated at an unvarying speed of 0.27 ± 0.01 cm/second. Their amplitude of 0.70 ± 0.08 cm was constant, but the width decreased along the antral wall by 6 ± 2%/cm (P = 0.003). ACWs were nonocclusive (percentage occlusion 58.1 ± 5.9%, t0 at the pylorus) with a reduction in occlusion away from the pylorus (P < 0.001). No propagation and geometry characteristics of ACWs correlated with the changes of MV (mL/5 minutes; R2 < 0.05).ConclusionOur results indicate that ACWs are not imperative for emptying of liquids. This study provides a detailed quantitative reference for MRI inquiries into pharmacologically‐ and pathologically‐altered gastric motility. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RP‐HPLC prefractionation and its application in expressional proteomics analysis of an in vitro viral infection model
Authors: Vaziri Behrouz , Rahimpour Mehdi , Eslami Naser , Fayaz Ahmad , Rahimian Heshmat 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrefractionation of complex protein mixtures is an efficient method for increasing the separation power of 2‐DE. RP‐HPLC has been successfully utilized as a prefractionation method prior to 2‐DE. Here we describe the optimization of an efficient RP‐HPLC method for prefractionation of baby hamster kidney cell solubilized proteins. A step gradient elution of acetonitrile was optimized and collected fractions were further examined by SDS‐PAGE and 2‐DE. By utilizing this method an effective increase in separation power of 2‐DE is accomplished. Moreover, we describe the application of this method to expressional proteome analysis of a virally infected cell model.
Synthesis of poly(n‐butyl acrylate) containing multiblocks with a narrow molecular weight distribution using cyclic trithiocarbonates
Authors: Lei Ping , Wang Qi , Hong Jian , Li Yixian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate in the presence of two cyclic trithiocarbonates (CTTCs) and the synthesis of multiblock poly(n‐butyl acrylate) have been investigated. The CTTCs not only can be stepwise incorporated into the polymer chain via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) but also can be polymerized into polytrithiocarbonate, which functions as a macro‐RAFT agent in turn. Through two kinds of mechanisms, multiblock poly(n‐butyl acrylate) containing narrow‐polydispersity blocks can be prepared. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6600–6606, 2006
Copolymerization of vinylcyclohexane with ethene and propene using zirconocene catalysts
Authors: Aitola Erkki , Puranen Arto , Setälä Harri , Lipponen Sami , Leskelä Markku , Repo Timo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVinylcyclohexane (VCH) was copolymerized with ethene and propene using methylaluminoxane‐activated metallocene catalysts. The catalyst precursor for the ethene copolymerization was rac‐ethylenebis(indenyl)ZrCl2 (1). Propene copolymerizations were further studied with Cs‐symmetric isopropylidene(cyclopentadienyl)(fluorenyl)ZrCl2 (2), C1‐symmetric ethylene(1‐indenyl‐2‐phenyl‐2‐fluorenyl)ZrCl2 (3), and “meso”‐dimethylsilyl[3‐benzylindenyl)(2‐methylbenz[e]indenyl)]ZrCl2 (4). Catalyst 1 produced a random ethene–VCH copolymer with very high activity and moderate VCH incorporation. The highest comonomer content in the copolymer was 3.5 mol %. Catalysts 1 and 4 produced poly(propene‐co‐vinylcyclohexane) with moderate to good activities [up to 4900 and 15,400 kg of polymer/(mol of catalyst × h) for 1 and 4, respectively] under similar reaction conditions but with fairly low comonomer contents (up to 1.0 and 2.0% for 1 and 4, respectively). Catalysts 2 and 3, both bearing a fluorenyl moiety, gave propene–VCH copolymers with only negligible amounts of the comonomer. The homopolymerization of VCH was performed with 1 as a reference, and low‐molar‐mass isotactic polyvinylcyclohexane with a low activity was obtained. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6569–6574, 2006
Modification of carboxyl‐functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes with biocompatible, water‐soluble phosphorylcholine and sugar‐based polymers: Bioinspired nanorods
Authors: Narain Ravin , Housni Abdelghani , Lane Lynsay 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe report here the successful functionalization of single‐walled carbon nanotubes with bioinspired sugar and phosphocholine polymeric structures via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The surface‐polymer‐coated carbon nanotubes have been systematically analyzed by Raman, infrared, ultraviolet–visible, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, which give strong evidence of successful functionalization. The successful aqueous dispersion of the functionalized carbon nanotubes also indicates that functionalization has been achieved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6558–6568, 2006
Expression and activation of αvβ3 integrins by SDF‐1/CXC12 increases the aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells
Authors: Sun Yan‐Xi , Fang Ming , Wang Jianhua , Cooper Carlton R. , Pienta Kenneth J. , Taichman Russell S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDStromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1 or CXCL12) and CXCR4 are key elements in the metastasis of prostate cancer cells to bone—but the mechanisms as to how it localizes to the marrow remains unclear.METHODSProstate cancer cell lines were stimulated with SDF‐1 and evaluated for alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules using microarrays, FACs, and Western blotting to identify αvβ3 receptors. Cell–cell adhesion and invasion assays were used to verify that activation of the receptor is responsive to SDF‐1.RESULTSWe demonstrate that SDF‐1 transiently regulates the number and affinity of αvβ3 receptors by prostate cancer cells to enhance their metastatic behavior by increasing adhesiveness and invasiveness. SDF‐1 transiently increased the expression of β3 receptor subunit and increased its phosphorylation in metastatic but not nonmetastatic cells.CONCLUSIONSThe transition from a locally invasive phenotype to a metastatic phenotype may be primed by the elevated expression of αvβ3 receptors. Activation and increased expression of αvβ3 within SDF‐1‐rich organs may participate in metastatic localization. Prostate 67:61–73, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ligand‐supported homology modeling of the human angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor: Insights into the molecular determinants of telmisartan binding
Authors: Patny Akshay , Desai Prashant V. , Avery Mitchell A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAngiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor belongs to the super‐family of G‐protein‐coupled receptors, and antagonists of the AT1receptor are effectively used in the treatment of hypertension. To understand the molecular interactions of these antagonists, such as losartan and telmisartan, with the AT1receptor, a homology model of the human AT1(hAT1) receptor with all connecting loops was constructed from the 2.6 Å resolution crystal structure (PDB i.d., 1L9H) of bovine rhodopsin. The initial model generated by MODELLER was subjected to a stepwise ligand‐supported model refinement. This protocol involved initial docking of non‐peptide AT1antagonists in the putative binding site, followed by several rounds of iterative energy minimizations and molecular dynamics simulations. The final model was validated based on its correlation with several structure‐activity relationships and site‐directed mutagenesis data. The final model was also found to be in agreement with a previously reported AT1antagonist pharmacophore model. Docking studies were performed for a series of non‐peptide AT1receptor antagonists in the active site of the final hAT1receptor model. The docking was able to identify key molecular interactions for all the AT1antagonists studied. Reasonable correlation was observed between the interaction energy values and the corresponding binding affinities of these ligands, providing further validation for the model. In addition, an extensive unrestrained molecular dynamics simulation showed that the docking‐derived bound pose of telmisartan is energetically stable. Knowledge gained from the present studies can be used in structure‐based drug design for developing novel ligands for the AT1receptor. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Practical designs for inerting in production plants
Authors: Hoppe Tom , Jaeger Norbert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis report provides guidance on the type of equipment that is necessary to ensure inerting when processing flammable liquids, combustible dusts, or hybrid mixtures. It will explain in depth the technical requirements for the implementation of this preventive measure and the limitations. It will assist people in plants with operations that need to be protected by inerting. It reflects the present state of the art and current knowledge of the assessment and requirements associated with inerting. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
The role of the monitor in veterinary clinical studies
Authors: McPhee Iain , Reimers Monte 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRegulatory requirements for veterinary clinical studies have developed over the last 24 years. This paper covers the current best practice for the clinical study monitor. It describes and qualifies these activities as outlined in the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Products (VICH) Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines (GL9). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What's New?
Authors: Hattemer‐Apostel Rita 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe What's New? section in the Quality Assurance Journal aims to draw attention to items of importance to QA professionals. There is usually a three‐month interval between final submission of manuscripts and distribution of the journal. For this issue, the entries in the What's New? section arise from the period of 1 March 2006 to 31 May 2006. If you feel that there is any other new information that should be brought to the attention of readers, please let us know by e‐mailing rha@verdandi.ch. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A quantitative robust control approach for distributed parameter systems
Authors: Garcia‐Sanz M. , Huarte A. , Asenjo A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper introduces a new simple quantitative robust control technique designing applicable to one‐point feedback controllers for distributed parameter systems (DPSs) with uncertainty. The paper considers the spatial distribution of the relevant points where the inputs and the outputs of the control system are applied (actuators, sensors, disturbances and control objectives) and introduces a new set of transfer functions (TFs) that describe the relationships between the distributed inputs and outputs of the system. Based on these TFs, the paper extends the classical robust stability and performance specifications to the DPS case and presents a new set of quadratic inequalities to define the quantitative feedback theory bounds. The method can also deal with uncertainty in both the model and the spatial distribution of the inputs and the outputs. Some examples illustrate the use and simplicity of the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicast in UMTS: evaluation and recommendations
Authors: Alexiou Antonios , Bouras Christos 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIt is known that multicasting is an efficient method of supporting group communication as it allows the transmission of packets to multiple destinations using fewer network resources. Along with the widespread deployment of the third generation cellular networks, the fast‐improving capabilities of the mobile devices, content and service providers are increasingly interested in supporting multicast communications over wireless networks and in particular over Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). Multicasting is a more efficient method of supporting group communication than unicasting or broadcasting, as it allows transmission and routing of packets to multiple destinations using fewer network resources. In this paper, the three above mentioned methods of supporting group communication are analyzed in terms of their performance. The critical parameters of primary interest for the evaluation of any method are the packet delivery cost and the scalability of the method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytokine Expression in Rat Colon During Postnatal Development
Authors: Schaeffer Christiane , Habold Caroline , Martin Elisabeth , Lignot Jean‐Hervé , Kedinger Michèle , Foltzer‐Jourdainne Charlotte 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTObjectives:Cytokine expression and regulation by glucocorticoids and retinoic acid were investigated in the colon during postnatal development.Materials and Methods:Gene expression of the transforming growth factors (TGFs) TGF‐β1, TGF‐β2 and TGF‐α and the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) was evaluated by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in rat colon mucosa during weaning and in adult rats. Protein expression and distribution of TGF‐βs was analysed in the colon from 14‐ and 60‐day‐old animals. The effect of hydrocortisone administration on mucosal cytokine transcripts (RT‐PCR) and of dexamethasone on the expression of cytokines by the epithelial cell line IEC‐18 and 2 subepithelial myofibroblasts (MIC 307‐1 and 316) was examined.Results:TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β2 messenger RNAs and proteins decreased in the entire colon from weaning to adult stages, whereas the amount of TGF‐α messenger RNA increased in the proximal colon and decreased in the distal part of the colon in adult rats in comparison with weanlings. However, proinflammatory cytokines showed no postnatal changes in the proximal colon but decreased in the distal part in comparison with weaning rats. Hydrocortisone treatment did not affect growth factor expression but decreased proinflammatory cytokines. Likewise, dexamethasone decreased TNF‐α and IL‐1β gene expression but did not affect TGF‐βs in either epithelial or myofibroblast cells.Conclusions:During postnatal maturation, the expression of growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines decreased in the distal colon, whereas in the proximal colon, a differential maturation occurs with no changes in proinflammatory cytokines, an increase in TGF‐α and a decrease in TGF‐β. Glucocorticoids may control the developmental profile of proinflammatory cytokines.