bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'esclavage Africain Aprés I'abolition De 1848: Servitude et Droit Du Sol
Authors: Botte Roger 
Published: October 2008

RésuméEn Afrique occidentale, dans la deuxième moitiédu xixesiècle, l'esclavage constitue 1'institution sociale endogene la plus courante et l'esclavagisme le système de travail le plus répandu. Des guerres nombreuses inondent le marché de captifs cédés à vil prix. Ce véritable boom negrier amene une propagation sans précédent des esclaves et provoque une forte croissance économique. Afin de ne pas contrarier sa politique de conquête impérialiste, la France va trahir la lettre et l'esprit du décret d'abolition de 1848 et, notamment, refuser d'appliquer la notion républicaine du sol libérateur. II s'agit, pour se concilier les pouvoirs africains avant de les dominer, de ne rien faire qui puisse favoriser la libération des esclaves.
La Nationalité Avant La Lettre: Les pratiques de naturalisation en France sous l'Ancien Régime
Authors: Sahlins Peter 
Published: October 2008

RésuméL'absence de la nationalité, en tant que concept anthropologique ou juridique, avant 1789, reste une idée recue. Mais les lettres de naturalité aux XVIIeet XVIIIesiécles, en depit de leur format stéréotypé, nous offrent une source importante d'idées et de pratiques de la nationalité sous l'Ancien Régime. Les étrangers cherchaient à se faire naturaliser pour échapper à leurs incapacités civiles en France, telle 1'interdiction d'obtenir un office ou de recevoir un bénéfice ecclésiastique, et surtout leur incapacité, par le droit d'aubaine, a transmettre un patrimoine ou à héater. Dans les préambules de leurs lettres, ces étrangers — et les descendants d'émigrés français — développent toute une gamme de récits qui insistent tantot sur l'intérêt privé des requérants, tantôt sur les services qu'ils ont rendus à la Couronne, mettant en avant l'appartenance familiale ou la « naissance accidentelle » hors de France. Ces centaines de naturalises revelent ce que devenir Français signifiait pour les étrangers à l'époque moderne, produisant ainsi un discours vernaculaire de la nationalité. Insistant sur le rôle de la famille comme cadre critique de la socialisation, les hommes et surtout les femmes qui cherchaient à être naturalisés, ont produit un modele de nationalité à l'intérieur de laquelle ils s'incluaient, modéle davantage fondésur une idée « essentialiste » de l'identité francaise, et plus déterminé par la culture que par les régies purement juridiques de l'Ancien Régime.
En quête de classe moyenne en inde. Grandeur, recomposition, forfaiture
Authors: Assayag Jackie 
Published: October 2008

RésuméAprès un siècle d'études, il subsiste une zone en friche dans le champ des sciences sociales de l'Asie du Sud : celle de la ou des classes moyennes. Se posent non seulement les questions de son estimation numérique et de sa recomposition depuis cent cinquante ans, mais aussi celle de sa forfaiture puisque d'aucuns la considèrent comme responsable de la fabrication de la démocratie la plus inégalitaire dans le monde. Ces questions sont abordées à partir de réflexions sociologiques, historiques et épistémologiques.
De la Méditerranée à l’Asie: une comparaison nécessaire (commentaire)
Authors: Aymard Maurice 
Published: October 2008

À Denys LombardL’essai de R. Bin Wong—tout comme, dans une certaine mesure, et même si je suis loin de partager l’ensemble de la démarche et les conclusions de ces auteurs, le livre récent de Peregrine Horden et Nicholas Purcell, premier tome d’une entreprise plus vaste—marque à mes yeux la meilleure et en fait la seule façon de lire aujourd’hui Braudel. Le problème n’est pas de l’imiter ou de le répéter, mais de s’en inspirer librement, pour élaborer des hypothèses à tester sur d’autres périodes et sur d’autres lieux: ou, si l’on préfère, de l’utiliser comme une clef pour ouvrir des portes encore fermées, et non des portes désormais largement ouvertes. Sur ce plan, la voie avait été tracée de façon exemplaire par Denys Lombard, dans le Carrefour javanais: il l’avait fixée dès le colloque organisé en 1985 avec Jean Aubin sur les réseaux marchands en Asie du Sud et du Sud-Est, et l’avait ensuite systématiquement poursuivie jusqu’à la veille de sa mort, avec le colloque organisé en avril 1996 à Kuala Lumpur sur la «Méditerranée du sud-est asiatique».
Les mondes mêlés de la Monarchie catholique et autres «connected histories»
Authors: Gruzinski Serge 
Published: October 2008

RésuméComment échapper aux héritages des historiographies nationales et aux reproches d’européocentrisme? L’exploration des mondes de la Monarqu´ıa católica — l’ensemble des royaumes placés sous le sceptre des Habsbourg d’Espagne de 1580 à 1640 — peut éclairer les interactions qui s’amorcent alors entre les différentes « parties du globe ». Une série de paramètres semble définir cette aire au sein de laquelle « local » et « global » s’articulent de multiples façons. Les sociétés de la Monarchie catholique ont également en commun d’être des mondes mêlés, souvent fortement métissés et soumis à une même domination politique. Tels sont les premiers jalons d’une enquête qui envisage d’approfondir les rapports du métissage et du politique dans un cadre transcontinental où s’ébauche une première globalisation.
La culture littéraire des travailleurs: Autobiographies ouvrières dans l’Europe du XIXe siècle
Authors: Lyons Martyn , Baggio Pauline 
Published: October 2008

RésuméCette réflexion sur les pratiques de lecture et d’écriture des ouvriers se base sur un corpus de quatre-vingt-dix autobiographies éditées en France et en Grande-Bretagne au cours du XIXesiècle, issues d’ouvriers autodidactes qui ont vaincu la misère des journées de travail longues et parfois brutales, et le mépris des autres, pour s’improviser une culture littéraire. Ils privilégiaient la lecture comme instrument essentiel d’émancipation et d’amélioration de soi. En même temps, ils se faisaient écrivains et cherchaient, sans nul apprentissage, les stratégies narratives et les modes littéraires qui convenaient à la structure de leurs récits. Ils formaient une élite au sein des ouvriers et se posaient en intermédiaires culturels respectueux des traditions de la grande littérature, tout en restant des militants de la lutte syndicale.
Comment devient-on Européen? Wittgenstein et Malinowski, ou la méthode de Ernest Gellner
Authors: Assayag Jackie 
Published: October 2008

«Y contredire est un devoir»René CharAssurément, il est/ des savoirsqui ont force et maîtrise, et qui impressionnent par la liberté avec laquelle ils sont exposés. Les questions soulevées par ces travaux s’imposent d’emblée comme des évidences, surtout lorsqu’ils sont portés par un « style qui fait l’homme» et mis en œuvre par une personnalité auxcompétences multiples: philosophe, épistémologue, anthropologue, sociologue et historien, goûtant fort, de surcroît, la polémique. Tel est le cas de l’ultime livre de celui qui a été décrit comme « l’un des derniers grands intellectuels de l’Europe centrale », Ernest Gellner, plus exactement de l’un des deux ouvrages sur lesquels il travaillait avant sa mort soudaine, le 5 novembre 1995, à Prague.
Temporalités en regard Le Vieil Ordre amish entreslowetfast time
Authors: Randaxhe Fabienne 
Published: October 2008

RésumésAffecté par la modernisation américaine, l’Old Order Amish, communauté traditionnelle héritière de l’anabaptisme européen, connaît une transformation de son rapport au temps. Le propos analyse ces changements de temporalité qui distinguent deux temps, l’un ditslow, l’autrefast.Ce manichéisme conceptuel articule les représentations que les amish se font de la tradition et de la modernité. Temps du monde moderne, lefast timegagne aussi l’univers communautaire amish et oblige les fidèles à des adaptations pratiques et sémantiques qui puissent rendre cette intrusion compatible avec l’univers de la tradition. L’utopie et l’exaltation d’un retour à la terre délaissée pour l’artisanat apparaissent alors comme une tentative de sortie de ce dualisme temporel.
LatechouvaNouvelle orthodoxie juive et conversion interne
Authors: Podselver Laurence 
Published: October 2008

RésumésLe judaïsme, plus que toute autre religion, a été affecté par un ample mouvement de sécularisation lié à son émancipation politique. Toutefois, depuis quelques années en France, on peut observer un mouvement de retour au judaïsme. Bien qu’il ne représente qu’une minorité des juifs revenus à la religion, le hassidisme Loubavitch a anticipé un mouvement plus large et hétérogène de re-conversion interne, après que les juifs eurent dans leur ensemble été acquis à la laïcité. C’est ce «retour» que nous considérons comme une véritable conversion puisqu’il opère, chez les nouveaux adeptes, des changements profonds concernant tout autant l’organisation de la vie au quotidien que le sentiment identitaire.
The association between physical activity and hot flash severity, frequency, and duration in mid‐life women
Authors: Romani William A. , Gallicchio Lisa , Flaws Jodi A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe value of physical activity to reduce vasomotor symptoms has yet to be determined conclusively. As a result, we used a cross‐sectional population‐based design to examine the association between self reported physical activity level and hot flash symptoms in 45–54‐year‐old women. Participants (n = 603) completed a detailed survey to report physical activity level at work, home, and leisure as well as a detailed history of the frequency and severity of hot flash symptoms. Results showed that higher levels of physical activity were significantly associated with increasing odds of moderate or severe hot flashes (P for trend = 0.02). These findings suggest that there is a positive relation between physical activity and moderate or severe hot flash symptoms but no relation between physical activity and the reporting of any hot flashes, daily hot flashes, or hot flashes experienced for greater than 1 year. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age at menarche and the evidence for a positive secular trend in urban South Africa
Authors: Jones Laura L. , Griffiths Paula L. , Norris Shane A. , Pettifor John M. , Cameron Noël 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMenarcheal age was estimated for 287 (188 Black; 99 White) urban South African girls born in Soweto‐Johannesburg in 1990. The median menarcheal age for Blacks was 12.4 years (95% confidence interval (CI) 12.2, 12.6) and 12.5 years (95% CI 11.7, 13.3) for Whites. Data from six studies of menarcheal age, including the current study, were analyzed to examine the evidence for a secular trend between 1956 and 2004 in urban South African girls. There was evidence of a statistically significant secular trend for Blacks, but not Whites. Average menarcheal age for Blacks decreased from 14.9 years (95% CI 14.8, 15.0) in 1956 to 12.4 years (95% CI 12.2, 12.6) in the current study, an average decline of 0.50 years per decade. Fewer data were available for Whites, but average menarcheal age decreased from 13.1 years (95% CI 13.0, 13.2) in 1977 to 12.5 years (95% CI 11.7, 13.3) in the current study, an average decline of 0.22 years per decade. The diminishing age at menarche and the current lack of difference between Blacks and Whites is probably reflective of the continuing nutritional and socio‐economic transition occurring within South Africa. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Near miss and minor occupational injury: Does it share a common causal pathway with major injury?
Authors: Alamgir Hasanat , Yu Shicheng , Gorman Erin , Ngan Karen , Guzman Jaime 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundAn essential assumption of injury prevention programs is the common cause hypothesis that the causal pathways of near misses and minor injuries are similar to those of major injuries.MethodsThe rates of near miss, minor injury and major injury of all reported incidents and musculoskeletal incidents (MSIs) were calculated for three health regions using information from a surveillance database and productive hours from payroll data. The relative distribution of individual causes and activities involved in near miss, minor injury and major injury were then compared.ResultsFor all reported incidents, there were significant differences in the relative distribution of causes for near miss, minor, and major injury. However, the relative distribution of causes and activities involved in minor and major MSIs were similar. The top causes and activities involved were the same across near miss, minor, and major injury.ConclusionsFinding from this study support the use of near miss and minor injury data as potential outcome measures for injury prevention programs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:69–75, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence of organizational injustice in poultry processing plants: Possible effects on occupational health and safety among latino workers in North Carolina
Authors: Marín Antonio J. , Grzywacz Joseph G. , Arcury Thomas A. , Carrillo Lourdes , Coates Michael L. , Quandt Sara A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundOver 250,000 workers are employed in poultry processing, one of the most dangerous industries in the US. These jobs are increasingly held by immigrant workers who are frequently undocumented, lack knowledge of workers' rights to workplace safety, and who are reluctant to pursue their rights. This situation creates the potential for organizational injustice, made visible through abusive supervisory practices, and leads to situations in which occupational illnesses and injuries are likely to occur.MethodsThis paper draws on data collected during the research phases of a community‐based participatory research and social justice project. Two hundred survey interviews and 26 in‐depth interviews were collected in representative, community‐based samples in western North Carolina. Analyses describe associations between one aspect of organizational injustice, abusive supervision, and worker injuries.ResultsWorkers' reports of abusive supervision are associated with a variety of specific and summary health indicators. The associations are stronger for women than for men. These suggest that the use of relative power within the plant may be the basis for injuries and illnesses. Three types of power relations are described that form the basis for these abusive interactions in the plant: ethnicity (American vs. Latino), immigration status (“good papers” vs. undocumented), and rank (supervisor vs. worker). Two factors modify these relations: kinship (preferences and privileges for family members) and gender.ConclusionsAmong Latino immigrants working in poultry plants, power differences reflecting organizational injustice in the form of abusive supervision may promote occupational illnesses and injuries, particularly for women. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:37–48, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychosocial factors and shoulder symptom development among workers
Authors: Smith Caroline K. , Silverstein Barbara A. , Fan Z. Joyce , Bao Stephen , Johnson Peter W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundShoulder injuries are a common cause of pain and discomfort. Many work‐related factors have been associated with the onset of shoulder symptoms. The psychosocial concepts in the demand–control model have been studied in association with musculoskeletal symptoms but with heterogeneous findings. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the psychosocial concepts of the demand–control model and the incidence of shoulder symptoms in a working population.MethodsAfter following 424 subjects for approximately 1 year, 85 incident cases were identified from self‐reported data. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to assess the associations between shoulder symptoms and demand–control model quadrants.ResultsCases were more likely to be female and report other upper extremity symptoms at baseline (P < 0.05). From the hazard models, being in either a passive or high strain job quadrant was associated with the incidence of shoulder symptoms. Hazard ratios were 2.17, 95% CI 1.02–4.66 and 2.19, 95% CI 1.08–4.42, respectively.ConclusionsUsing self‐reporting to determine demand–control quadrants was successful in identifying subjects at risk of developing work‐related shoulder symptoms. Research is needed to determine if this relationship holds with clinically diagnosed shoulder and other upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. This may be part of a simple tool for assessing risk of developing these UEMSDs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:57–68, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermogravimetric analysis and morphological behavior of melamine‐formaldehyde filled polyvinyl acetate—Polyester nonwoven fabric composites
Authors: Kumar M. N. Satheesh , Siddaramaiah  
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe objective of the present research work is to study the effect of different amounts of melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) viz., 0–20 parts by dry weight on the thermal stability of polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) latex impregnated polyester nonwoven fabric composites. From the thermogravimetric analysis, the improvement in thermal stability of the composites was noticed with increase in the MF content. Composites fabricated with five parts MF‐incorporated PVAc showed a drastic increase in the onset degradation temperature when compared with unfilled composites. It was found that the degradation of MF‐loaded PVAc‐polyester nonwoven fabric composites takes place in two steps. Degradation kinetic parameters were calculated for the composites using Broido and Horowitz‐Metzger methods. The tensile fractured composite specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscope to know the morphological behavior. The increased percentage ash content also supports for the increased thermal stability of the composites with increasing the MF content in the system. The adhesion between the fiber and matrix can be seen from scanning electron microphotographs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
In‐situ polymerized phenolic resin for reinforcement of chloroprene and ethylene–propylene rubber vulcanizates
Authors: Ye Linzhong , Zhang Yongheng 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPhenolic resin (PF) was incorporated into rubbers by in situ polymerization at the vulcanization conditions of rubbers. The PF with a localized three‐dimensional network structure was formed in chloroprene rubber (CR), whereas the fabric PF was formed in ethylene–propylene rubber (EPDM). The study results showed that the PF phase was effective on reinforcing these rubbers. Depending on the morphologies of the formed PF phases, various rubber properties could be significantly enhanced. In the case of CR rubber, the tensile strength, tear strength, and modulus could be considerably enhanced, but the elongation and resilience properties were limitedly affected by PF addition. For EPDM rubber, all mechanical properties were improved, particularly the elongation, about 26% increase. The substantial improvements of mechanical properties of CR and EPDM rubbers were attributed to their morphology, high flexibility, moderate stiffness, and excellent bonding with rubber matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of thermostable chiral extended polyamides bearing N‐phthaloyl‐L‐leucine pendent architectures in green media
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Meratian Shahrzad 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) are often well‐known benign solvents capable of replacing conventional organic solvents, and they have become attractive solvents for many chemical reactions. Aromatic polyamides (PAs) have received particular interest in past years because of their high thermal and chemical resistance and their potential as high‐performance materials for different applications. In this investigation, the preparation of extended PAs derived from 5‐aminoisophthalic acid containing chiral pendent linkage (N‐phthaloyl‐L‐leucine) with various aromatic diamines was studied. The bulky monomer 5‐(4‐methyl‐2‐phthalimidylpentanoylamino)isophthalic acid was prepared in three steps. Direct polyamidation of this monomer with several commercially available diamines in the presence of IL (1,3‐dipropylimidazolium bromide) and triphenyl phosphite gave novel PAs in good yields and inherent viscosities in the range of 0.38–0.55 dL g−1. Because of the existence of amino acid in this architect, the resulting polymers are optically active. All of these PAs showed good solubility and readily dissolved in many organic solvents. Characterization of all the products was performed by FTIR, specific rotation, and representative ones by 1H NMR, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA exhibited that two elite polymers were stable, with 10% weight loss recorded above 410 and 430°C in the nitrogen atmosphere. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
In situ synthesis of polyamide 6/MWNTs nanocomposites by anionic ring opening polymerization
Authors: Yan Dongguang , Xie Tingxiu , Yang Guisheng 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn situ anionic ring opening polymerization is used to prepare monomer casting polyamide 6 (MCPA6)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposites, whereby water is used as auxiliary dispersing agent of hydroxyl functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs‐OH) and ε‐caprolactam (CL) monomer. The MWNTs‐OH were dispersed homogenously in MCPA6 matrix when being observed through transmission electron microcopy. The well dispersed MWNTs‐OH existed at the center of many radial texture phases in MCPA6 matrix. Polarizing microscope analysis showed that these radial texture phases were MCPA6 spherulitic crystallities. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that the crystallization temperature of the MCPA6/MWNTs‐OH nanocomposites had been improved by adding only 0.2 wt % MWNTs‐OH when compared with pure MCPA6. The influence of MWNTs‐OH on the thermal stability of MCPA6 under nitrogen and air environments was also investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation, characterization, and adsorption properties of cellulose acetate‐polyaniline membranes
Authors: Rodríguez F. , Castillo‐Ortega M. M. , Encinas J. C. , Grijalva H. , Brown F. , Sánchez‐Corrales V. M. , Castaño V. M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFour lots of cellulose acetate (CA) membranes, modified with polyacrylic acid, using various plasticizers, and coated with polyaniline (PANI) were prepared. The morphology of the membranes was evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy, and the membranes showed larger pore size when the plasticizers were used. The electrical conductivity of the modified membranes and coated with PANI increased by two orders of magnitude when the plasticizer triphenyl phosphate was used. The strain at break improved by an order of magnitude and the glass transition temperature (Tg) showed an average decrease of 36°C when the membranes were plasticized. Finally, these membranes were tested as ion‐exchange materials of a gold‐iodide complex. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009