bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term change in vegetation and soil microbial communities during the phased restoration of traditional meadow grassland
Authors: Smith R. S. , Shiel R. S. , Bardgett R. D. , Millward D. , Corkhill P. , Evans P. , Quirk H. , Hobbs P. J. , Kometa S. T. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Restoration of high plant species diversity to sites where it has been reduced by intensive grassland management requires identification of appropriate management regimes. Understanding the combinatorial effects of management on above‐ground vegetation and below‐ground microbial communities will inform management prescriptions on how best to increase plant diversity, restore rare vegetation types and achieve agri‐environmental objectives.
Changes in vegetation and soil microbial community structure are described from the second phase of a 1990–2004 field trial that investigated the interacting effects of fertilizer and farmyard manure (FYM) treatments imposed after 1998, in the context of previous hay‐cut date and seed‐addition treatments.
Hay‐cut date was the main factor influencing plant species composition in phase 1, whereas FYM was the dominant factor in phase 2.
Poa trivialis and Lolium perenne increased in abundance with FYM application, particularly in combination with mineral fertilizer, and particularly in 2002 after the 2001 foot and mouth epidemic. The lowest Ellenberg fertility scores were associated with absence of FYM and mineral fertilizer but with addition of seed.
The highest plant species diversity in phase 2 was associated with seed addition and the absence of mineral fertilizer, an effect that had probably persisted from phase 1. Progressive development of the target traditional meadow vegetation occurred through phase 2.
Fungal:bacterial (F:B) ratios, a measure of changes in the relative abundance of fungi and bacteria in the microbial community, generally increased from 1996 to 2004, and were particularly high in the seed‐addition treatments and in the absence of fertilizer. Here the high F:B ratios were associated with species (including legumes) typical of traditionally managed mesotrophic grassland in northern England.
Synthesis and applications. These results demonstrate that biodiversity goals for upland meadows need to plan beyond the typical 5–10‐year management agreement period of agri‐environment schemes. Combination treatments, in which seed addition is vital, alongside appropriate fertilizer, FYM, hay‐cut date and grazing regimes, are needed for grassland restoration. However, even after 14 years the most effective treatment combinations had still not restored the target species composition and diversity. The demonstrated change in soil microbial communities, linked to the growth of legumes, might be important to facilitate future increases in plant diversity.
Medical practices for prevention of perinatal infections in Puerto Rico
Authors: Dayan Gustavo H. , Caquías Carmen Rodríguez , García Yaniré , Malik Tasneem , Copeland John , Bi Daoling , Reef Susan 
Published: November 2007

SummaryRecommendations for screening for maternal infections and interventions to prevent disease in the fetus or newborn have been in place in Puerto Rico for more than 10 years. However, compliance with these recommendations has not been widely documented. We evaluated compliance with rubella/hepatitis B prenatal screening and vaccination recommendations, assessed hospital screening practices for syphilis and HIV, and determined risk factors for suboptimal prenatal care. Records of a random, stratified sample of 2003 pregnant women delivering in eight maternity hospitals in Puerto Rico in 2002 were reviewed. Obstetric prenatal and postnatal records were also reviewed when rubella/hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening was not available at the hospital, and to document rubella postpartum vaccination (PPV).Prenatal screening rates were 98.4% for rubella and 98.8% for HBsAg. Overall, 5.4% [95% CI 4.4, 6.5] of women were susceptible to rubella. No eligible women received rubella PPV at the hospital and only 1.5% had documented rubella vaccine prescription at the obstetric records. Only one woman was found to be HBsAg positive and her newborn was adequately treated. However, only 0.9% newborns born to mothers with unknown HBsAg status received hepatitis B vaccine. Screening was documented in 85.7% of the hospital records for HIV and 87.9% for syphilis. Suboptimal prenatal care was more likely among teenagers, low‐educated women, and women with >3 previous pregnancies. Screening rates for rubella and hepatitis B were high; however, implementation of recommendations for prevention of rubella and hepatitis B needs to be improved.
Effect of tillage and soyabean on Ipomoea lacunosa and Senna obtusifolia emergence
Authors: NORSWORTHY J K , OLIVEIRA M J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryField experiments were conducted in Pendleton, South Carolina, USA, in 2004 and 2005 to determine the influence of spring tillage and no spring tillage with and without soyabean on Ipomoea lacunosa and Senna obtusifolia emergence. Ipomoea lacunosa emergence was observed from 20 April to 12 November 2004 and 19 April to 7 November 2005, with peak emergence occurring from May to early August. Ipomoea lacunosa emergence patterns were impacted minimally by soyabean and total emergence were similar with and without a soyabean canopy. Tillage generally promoted I. lacunosa emergence, reducing the time needed to achieve 25%, 50%, and 75% emergence. Senna obtusifolia emergence was observed from 26 April to 12 November 2004 and 18 April to 13 November 2005. Tillage shortened the time to 25% of total emergence by 8 to 25 days. Following soyabean canopy formation, S. obtusifolia emergence was generally negatively impacted by soyabean, but some emergence still occurred under the canopy. Peak periods of S. obtusifolia emergence occurred from early May to early October. Overall, I. lacunosa and S. obtusifolia emergence periods were similar, with both species exhibiting continual emergence from spring to early autumn. Continual emergence of I. lacunosa and S. obtusifolia beneath a soyabean canopy contributes to the difficulty in managing these weeds. The study demonstrates that an appropriate combination of sowing soyabean in late May, minimising tillage and sowing at a rate to maximise crop canopy closure will contribute significantly to management of these two important weed species.
Behavior of queen bumblebee pollinators on Primula sieboldii (Primulaceae) in response to different patch sizes and spacing
Authors: ISHIHAMA FUMIKO , WASHITANI IZUMI 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPollinator visitation patterns are strongly affected by the spatial structure of a plant population. We assessed the effects of the size and spacing of patches on the foraging behavior of queens of Bombus diversus tersatus on a heterostylous perennial species, Primula sieboldii, using an experimental population. We compared Akaike's information criterion (AIC) among candidate statistical models, and models with patch size had the lowest AIC in various aspects of visitation behavior. Visitation frequency per patch increased with increasing patch size, but the proportion of visited flowers decreased. As a result of this combination of visitation patterns, visitation frequency per flower was only slightly affected by patch size. This result indicates that the bumblebees came close to an ideal free distribution for the use of resources in terms of the patch size within a population. From the plant's point of view, increasing the number, but decreasing the proportion, of flowers visited in larger patches would maximize reproductive success by minimizing inbreeding. Although patch size strongly affected visitation frequencies, patch spacing had a moderate effect only on the visitation frequency per patch. Visitation frequency per patch was higher with closer spacing between patches. No evidence for an interaction between patch size and spacing was detected.
Floral sex allocation in a hermaphrodite herb with 1‐day flowers, Hosta rectifolia (Liliaceae)
Authors: CAO GUO‐XING , KUDO GAKU , IDA TAKASHI Y. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe size‐dependent sex allocation theory predicts that a female‐based sex allocation is accelerated with increasing resource status in insect‐pollinated hermaphrodite plants. However, variations in the mating environment among flowers, which are caused by pollinator movements and temporal fluctuation in the floral sex ratio, may cause diverse patterns in sex allocation among flowers within inflorescences. We examined the floral sex allocation among plants and among flowers within inflorescences in a perennial hermaphrodite species with 1‐day flowers, Hosta rectifolia Nakai. Flowering progresses sequentially from basal to distal positions within an inflorescence with little flowering overlap among flowers. At the plant level, both pollen and ovule production per flower increased with plant size. Within inflorescences, both ovule and pollen production per flower declined from basal to distal positions, indicating decreasing resource availability per flower. The probability of fruit‐set success under natural conditions also decreased from basal to distal positioned flowers within inflorescences. However, the pollen to ovule ratio of individual flowers remained constant, regardless of floral position and plant size. Constant sex allocation at the flower level is consistent with the prediction of the mating environment theory; every positioned flower seemed to have a similar potential of pollination success because there was no geitonogamous pollination.
Life‐history monographs of Japanese plants. 9: Helonias orientalis (Thunb.) N. Tanaka (Liliaceae)
Authors: KAWANO SHOICHI , MASUDA JUNZO , UTECH FREDERICK H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe life‐history characteristics of Helonias orientalis (Liliaceae) are described. The genus Helonias (Liliaceae), which includes Heloniopsis and Ypsilandra, is one of the representative members of the so‐called Arcto‐Tertiary Geoflora, with typical disjunct geographical ranges in eastern North America and eastern Asia, including the Japanese Islands to inland China and the Himalayan Mountains. The seasonal growth patterns of this evergreen perennial are most unique, showing different replacement patterns in foliage leaves, which are formed during two different seasons, once in late spring and again in late summer to autumn. Flowering occurs at different times of the year in populations that are located at different elevations. Lowland populations flower in late March to early April, whereas montane and subalpine–alpine populations bear flowers in early to mid‐summer, June to August. Another outstanding feature of this species is that it produces tiny plantlets at the tips of the oldest (3‐year‐old) foliage leaves just before decaying. Survival rates of plantlets (ramets) are obviously much higher than that of the exceedingly minute seedlings (gamets), especially on the dark shady forest floor. Thus, populations in closed woodland habitats are primarily maintained by plantlets, that is, vegetative plantlet formation. The cost of seed production is dramatically higher in the subalpine–alpine populations compared with those of the lowland populations.
Correction of the Everted Punctum by Medial Canthoplasty
Authors: English Frank P. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA useful technique for correction of eversion of the punctum is medial blepharoplasty where an intermarginal adhesion is produced between the lid margin nasal to the puncta. This procedure combined with advancement of a canthal skin flap restores the punctum to its correct position.
Anterior Chamber Depth of Eyes of Full Blood Aborigines at a Reserve in Sooth Australia
Authors: Murchland J. B. , Edwards F. M. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryInterest has been focused on the variable incidence of acute angle closure glaucoma in different races and geographic areas around the world for the better understanding of the disease. It has not been described in the Australian aborigine. Considering its important role as a precursor to the disease the anterior‐chamber depth has been measured in 358 aboriginal eyes by pachometry. The range of values has been found to be similar to an Australian European group (Lowe, 1970) and 4% were less than 2–5 mm., considered “at risk” of developing angle closure glaucoma. The depth of the anterior chamber decreased with age, more so in the male than in the female. The younger male has a deeper AC depth, which becomes more shallow with age, so that after 60 years, it is less than the AC depth of the female.
HERPETIC KERATITIS: PRESENT MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Authors: O'Day Denis M. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryHerpes simplex keratitis remains a challenging and difficult problem. In this review the rationale for current and experimental antiviral therapy is discussed. The perplexing problem posed by the need to treat herpetic stromal keratitis with corticosteroid is approached through a review of known immunopathologic mechanisms, as well as the hazards and complications of steroid therapy.
TOXOCARIASIS — SUMMARY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: B.V.Sc. Douglas H. Slatter. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAlthough human infection with Toxocara cams is a recently recognized disease (25 years) it is apparently widespread. Control methods and public awareness can reduce the potential of infection with this parasite. Newer cytologic and enzyme tests combined with modifications of older serologic methods may assist in the differential diagnosis of toxocariasis.
DRUSEN PATTERNS PREDISPOSING TO GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
Authors: SARKS SHIRLEY H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis report discusses the recognition of drusen referred to as “hard” which appear to predispose the eye to the development of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. When numerous, small hard drusen tend to become arranged in clusters. On the temporal side in particular, this grouping may be so close as to resemble larger confluent drusen within which the small drusen can only be distinguished by fluorescein angiography.The approximate interval before geographic atrophy involves the fovea can be estimated by noting the distribution of drusen and the state of the pigment epithelium between the drusen. A stage of incipient atrophy can be recognised as an area of diffuse hyperfluorescence in which pigment clumping or reticular pigment figures and fading of drusen occur.
THE INTRACAPSULAR‐EXTRACAPSULAR CONTROVERSY
Authors: JAFFE NORMAN S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThere has been a trend toward increasing popularity of the extracapsular method of cataract extraction. The advantages of this method over the intracapsular technique center around protection of the cornea and retina. A cornea‐retina syndrome following intracapsular cataract extraction appears to be due to the greater endophthalmodonesis compared to the extracapsular method. The alleged advantages of the extracapular method are discussed. Some appear valid while others are theoretical at this time. A personal angiographic cystoid macular edema study heavily favours the extracapsular method over the intracapsular. Four groups of patients, were studied: 1. Intracapsular cataract extraction with a Binkhorst ‐loop lens. Intracapsular cataract extraction with no lens implant. Extracapsular cataract extraction with a Binkhorst lens; all with intact posterior capsules. 4. Extracapsular cataract extraction with a posterior chamber lens; all with primary posterior capsulotomy.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Playfaii Justin 
Published: November 2007

Book reviewed in this article:PSEUDOPHAKIA – Current trends and concepts.SELF‐ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE IN OPHTHALMOLOGYCURRENT CONCEPTS IN CATARACT SURGERYVITREOUS SURGERY Edited by Marvin L. Kwito, M.D., Donald L. Praeger, M.D. Published by Williams & Wilkins (Baltimore) 1980.Second edition. T. V. Scott and S. J. Weiss, pp 215. Published by Medical Examination Publishing Co. Inc. $24.15. Selected Proceedings of the Sixth Biennial Cataract Surgical Congress. Edited by: Jared M. Emery, Adrienne C. Jacohson. Published by the CV Moshv Company, St Louis, Toronto, London, 1980. Ronald G. Michels. Illustrations by Timothy C. Hengs and Gary P. Lees, 1981. The CV Mosby Company St Louis, pp. 462.
COMPLIANCE WITH PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS IN VISUALLY COMPROMISED SUBJECTS
Authors: FREWIN DEREK B. , CHRYSSIDIS ELIZABETH , HOWARD ANNETTE F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe compliance with prescribed medications has been assessed in a group of 65 patients with compromised vision. It was found that the mean level of compliance in this group with respect to all medications was 64.2+2.1 %, and that this level was significantly lower than that obtained for a group of 40 normally sighted individuals of comparable age. Itis recommended that medication routines should be kept as simple as possible in patients with visual loss, and that suitable pill dispensers be used to enhance compliance where appropriate. Counselling and family support may additionally encourage adherence to drug regimens.
A SYNDROME INVOLVING CONGENITAL CATARACTS OF UNUSUAL MORPHOLOGY, MICROCORNEA, ABNORMAL IRIDES, NYSTAGMUS AND CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA, INHERITED AS AN AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT TRAIT
Authors: CEBON LEON , WEST ROBERT H. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA family of three generations is described. They suffer from a syndrome consisting of cataract, microcornea, abnormal irides, nystagmus, and congenital glaucoma inherited as an autosomal dominant trait Both the morphology of the cataracts and the particular combination of findings do not appear to have been described previously.
TREATMENT OF PIGMENT EPITHELIAL DETACHMENTS IN THE ELDERLY
Authors: BIRD A. C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA controlled trial of argon laser photocoagulation of retinal pigment epithelial detachments showed that no benefit was conferred on visual prognosis in the following two years. Not all untreated cases progress to damaging disciform degeneration, and treatment can adversely affect the fovea, especially by causing thinning of the neuroretina or by tearing the detached pigment epithelium.
OCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN HAEMODIALYSIS AND RENAL TRANSPLANT PATIENTS
Authors: HILTON A. F. , HARRISON J. D. , LAMB A. M. , PETRIE J. J. B. , HARDIE I. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract115 patients on haemodialysis and 160 renal transplant patients were examined over an eight year period. A high percentage in both groups were found to have ocular complications. These included disorders of the cornea, lens, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. In contrast to other studies on renal transplant patients a relatively large number had symptoms and even required surgery for cataract removal. 65 (40. 7%) had posterior sub‐capsular cataracts. It is likely that nearly all were caused by the use of prednisone for immunosuppression. Of this number 25 (38.5%) had symptoms and 12 (18.5%) required cataract extraction. Pigmentary disturbances of the retinal pigment epithelium, together with vascular changes in the choroid were found in some. The implication of these relatively unknown complications, together with their possible aetiology, is discussed. The study emphasises the fact that all haemodialysis ana renal transplant patients should be monitored for ocular complications.
THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF CLINICAL SPECULAR MICROSCOPY
Authors: FRACO LAWRENCE W. HIRST , MS RAY STERNER , BS A. J. PATEL , MS GREGORY DUNKELBERGER 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSince the introduction of specular microscopy into the field of clinical ophthalmology in 7975,1 many technological and methodological advances have been made. These have for the most part eliminated the previously discussed objections to the use of specular microscopy as a clinical tool. 2 With the advent of new instrumentation, a number ol specular microscopes are now available. The advantages and disadvantages of these clinical specular microscopes, current clinical practice with small‐field and wide‐field specular microscopy, and description of problems and possible future developments of specular microscopy are discussed.
TISSUE ADHESIVE THERAPY FOR CORNEAL PERFORATIONS
Authors: FRACO LAWRENCE W. HIRST , BA WILLIAM E. SMIDDY , MD EUGENE DE JUAN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe current indications for and method of application of tissue adhesive are described. A method for an expanded utilisation of tissue adhesive is discussed. To study the effect of the introduction of tissue adhesive to The Wilmer Institute in 1974, the records of 104 consecutive non‐traumatic corneal perforations or descemetoceles admitted to The Wilmer Institute from 1960 to 1980 were assessed retrospectively with follow‐up being obtained from records or from referral physicians for 87 of these perforations. Forty‐nine percent of the cases were caused by bacterial corneal ulcers, 13% by exposure, 12% by chemical burns, 6% by fungal keratitis, 5% by herpes simplex keratitis, and 15% were undiagnosed. Since the introduction of tissue adhesive in 1974, there has been an apparent trend towards a lower enucleation rate (6%) in the tissue adhesive treated group compared with 19% in perforations treated by other therapies.
CYSTICERCOSIS OF THE SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE
Authors: MB ANNE M. V. BROOKS , MB W. BRIAN ESSEX , FRACO ROBERT H. WEST 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA 39‐year‐old Vietnamese refugee with upper eyelid swelling followed by vertical diplopia and mild proptosis was shown by computerised tomography to have a localised lesion in the region of the right superior oblique muscle. At operation, this was a cyst and histology confirmed the larval form of Taenia solium (cysticercosis).
THE CONJOINT LIBRARIES OF THE ROYAL VICTORIAN EYE AND EAR HOSPITAL AND THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN COLLEGE OF OPHTHALMOLOGISTS*
Authors: MD RONALD F. LOWE 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFollowing their amalgamation in 1953, the Conjoint Libraries developed rapidly and played an essential part in the expansion and growth in stature of Australian ophthalmology. However, at this time of economic recession and cessation of funds for hospital expansion, apprehension is felt for the future. At the same time, publication costs are soaring, new electronic methods of communication are increasing and the conduct of libraries is on the threshold of computer technology.
VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE IMMUNOREACTIVE NERVE FIBRES IN THE HUMAN EYE
Authors: MILLER A. S. , FRACO D. J. COSTER , COSTA Laurea M. , MSC J. B. FURNESS 
Published: November 2007

AbstractImmunohistochemistry applied to whole‐mount preparations was used to investigate the presence and distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactive nerves in the non‐retinal part of the human eye. The choroid has a dense perivascular supply of VIP immunoreactive nerve fibres, and some free nerve endings within the stroma. These nerves enter the choroid in ciliary nerves and also as perivascular networks around the ciliary arteries. Occasional choroidal VIP immunoreactive nerve cell bodies are seen. The ciliary body stroma, close to the iris root has a dense circumferential plexus of VIP immunoreactive nerve fibres that occur both singly and in bundles. The iris root has a circumferential arrangement of bundles from which VIP immunoreactive nerve fibres travel radially in the stroma. They supply the pupillary region with numerous free nerve endings: the sphincter pupillae is not supplied by these nerves. The cornea is devoid of VIP immunoreactive nerves. These findings, together with existing knowledge of the physiological actions of VIP, indicate that VIP immunoreactive nerves are likely to be involved in the functioning of several ocular tissues.