bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electromyographic analysis of traditional and nontraditional abdominal exercises: implications for rehabilitation and training
Authors: Escamilla R. F. , Babb E. , Dewitt R. , Jew P. , Kelleher P. , Burnham T. , Busch J. , D'Anna K. , Mowbray R. , Imamura R. T. 
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Performing nontraditional abdominal exercises with devices such as abdominal straps, the Power Wheel, and the Ab Revolutionizer has been suggested as a way to activate abdominal and extraneous (nonabdominal) musculature as effectively as more traditional abdominal exercises, such as the crunch and bent‐knee sit‐up. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of traditional and nontraditional abdominal exercises in activating abdominal and extraneous musculature.SUBJECTS: Twenty‐one men and women who were healthy and between 23 and 43 years of age were recruited for this study.METHODS: Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess muscle activity from the upper and lower rectus abdominis, external and internal oblique, rectus femoris, latissimus dorsi, and lumbar paraspinal muscles while each exercise was performed. The EMG data were normalized to maximum voluntary muscle contractions. Differences in muscle activity were assessed by one‐way, repeated‐measures analysis of variance.RESULTS: Upper and lower rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and latissimus dorsi muscle EMG activity were highest for the Power Wheel (pike, knee‐up, and roll‐out), hanging knee‐up with straps, and reverse crunch inclined 30°. External oblique muscle EMG activity was highest for the Power Wheel (pike, knee‐up, and roll‐out) and hanging knee‐up with straps. Rectus femoris muscle EMG activity was highest for the Power Wheel (pike and knee‐up), reverse crunch inclined 30°, and bent‐knee sit‐up. Lumbar paraspinal muscle EMG activity was low and similar among exercises.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The Power Wheel (pike, knee‐up, and roll‐out), hanging knee‐up with straps, and reverse crunch inclined 30° not only were the most effective exercises in activating abdominal musculature but also were the most effective in activating extraneous musculature. The relatively high rectus femoris muscle activity obtained with the Power Wheel (pike and knee‐up), reverse crunch inclined 30°, and bent‐knee sit‐up may be problematic for some people with low back problems.
Gamma loop dysfunction in the quadriceps femoris of patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction remains bilaterally
Authors: Konishi Y. , Aihara Y. , Sakai M. , Ogawa G. , Fukubayashi T. 
Published: June 2006

Purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair on the γ loop of the bilateral quadriceps femoris (QF). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee extension and integrated electromyogram (I‐EMG) of vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and rectus femoris (RF) were examined in uninjured and injured limbs of 18 patients and 10 normal subjects, before and after 20‐min vibration applied to the QF. Mean percentage changes were calculated as: (pre‐vibration value−post‐vibration value)/pre‐vibration value × 100. Patients were divided into two groups: short‐term‐group (tested ≤12 months after ACL repair, n=8), long‐term‐group (tested ≥18 months after ACL repair, n=10). Mean percentage changes of the four groups were compared with those of controls. Results indicated that changes of MVC and I‐EMG on the uninjured and injured sides in short‐term‐group in response to vibration were significantly different from those of controls. There were no significant differences between uninjured sides in long‐term and control groups. MVC and I‐EMG of VM and RF of injured side in patients in the long‐term‐group in response to vibration were not different from those of controls.From these results, we concluded that this abnormality of the γ loop in both injured and uninjured sides did not recover despite ACL reconstruction. However, the abnormality in uninjured side might recover ≥18 months after repair.
Relationship between efficiency and pedal rate in cycling: significance of internal power and muscle fiber type composition
Authors: Hansen E. A. , Sjøgaard G. 
Published: June 2006

Cycling was performed to test the following two hypotheses: (1) muscular efficiency is unrelated to pedal rate (61, 88, and 115 r.p.m.) for a group of subjects with a wide range of slow twitch (ST) fibers in spite of decreasing whole‐body efficiency and (2) muscular efficiency correlates positively with % ST muscle fibers, and this correlation is more pronounced at low pedal rates than at high pedal rates.Whole‐body gross efficiency decreased from 20–22% at 61 r.p.m. to 15–18% at 115 r.p.m. Mean muscular efficiency for all subjects (n=16) was ∼26%, with delta efficiency being constant and muscular efficiency (taking internal power into account) slightly increasing with pedal rate. Muscular efficiency correlated positively (R2=0.25) with % ST fibers (21–97% ST in m. vastus lateralis) at 115 r.p.m. while not at 61 and 88 r.p.m.In conclusion, the decrease in whole‐body gross efficiency with increasing pedal rate was not explained by a decrease in muscular efficiency, and supported increase in internal power to account for the increase in metabolic power with increasing pedal rate. Furthermore, differences between individuals in muscle fiber type composition affected muscular efficiency, which correlated positively with % ST muscle fibers during fast pedalling.
Two‐Year Clinical Evaluation of Repair versus Replacement of Composite Restorations
Authors: Gordan Valeria V. , Shen Chiayi , Riley Joseph , Mjör Ivar A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPurpose:  To investigate the effectiveness of alternative treatments to the replacement of resin‐based composite (RBC) restorations through a prospective longitudinal cohort clinical study.Materials and Methods:  Forty patients aged 27 to 77 years (mean=55) with 88 RBC restorations, with one or more features that deviated from ideal, participated in the study. They were assigned to five treatment groups: repair (N=25), sealing of defective margins (N=13), resurfacing (N=18), replacement (N=16), and the no‐treatment group (N=16). The replacement and no‐treatment groups served as comparison groups and received random assignment. Two clinicians examined the quality of the restorations (N=88) prior to the assigned treatment, and at subsequent recalls (1 and 2 years) using a modified Ryge criteria (Alfa, Bravo, and Charlie, meaning clinically excellent, clinically acceptable with one or more features that deviated from ideal, and clinically unacceptable, respectively) that observed (1) color, (2) marginal adaptation, (3) anatomic form, (4) surface roughness, (5) marginal staining, (6) bulk discoloration, (7) contact, (8) secondary caries, (9) postoperative sensitivity, and (10) luster.Results:  At 1‐ and 2‐year recalls, 66 (75%) and 58 (66%) restorations were examined. Kruskal‐Wallis Test showed significant differences for marginal adaptation and marginal staining for both 1‐ and 2‐year recall exams (p < .05). The repair, sealant, and replacement groups presented significant improvement when compared with the no‐treatment group for marginal adaptation. The repair and replacement groups showed superior results when compared with the no‐treatment group for marginal staining.Conclusion:  RBC restorations that present less‐than‐ideal marginal adaptation and stained margins are better off being repaired.clinical significanceRepair of resin‐based composite (RBC) restorations is a conservative option for treatment of RBC restorations with inadequate marginal adaptation and marginal staining.
The Eagles of Romanticism
Authors: Ferber Michael 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn English, German, French, and Russian poetry of 1750 to 1850 the eagle surpasses the nightingale and the lark as a symbol of the poet, the poetic genius, or the creative imagination. They flock so thickly in that period, and were seen so seldom before and after, that they can be taken as definitive of Romanticism. Pindar likened himself to an eagle, but the modern trend gets its main boost, it seems, from Gray, who calls Pindar “the Theban eagle” for the sovereign flight of his odes. This essay surveys dozens of poets in seven languages who adopted the image. Sometimes, notably with Victor Hugo, the image stands for the supreme command of genius; among others it represents the helpless “rapture” of enthusiasm – hence the Ganymede theme. Some poets, particularly women, modestly compare themselves to lesser winged things unable to fly like eagles (recycling Horace’s poem on Pindar the swan); yet others see the poet as an eagle caged, wounded, or ill. All this on the face of it is odd, since eagles, unlike nightingales and larks, are not songbirds; traditionally they are the lords of the avian world, and dangerous predators. But Romantic poets plume themselves as the new sovereigns of the imaginative skies.
Transdermal nicotine patch enhances type I collagen synthesis in abstinent smokers
Authors: Sørensen Lars T. , Jorgensen Lars N. , Zillmer Rikke , Vange Jakob , Hemmingsen Ulla , Gottrup Finn 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCigarette smokers deposit less collagen, expressed as hydroxyproline, in granulation tissue than nonsmokers. We studied the effect of abstinence from smoking and transdermal nicotine patches on deposition of hydroxyproline, proline, type I procollagen, and total proteins. Fifty‐four healthy smokers were studied during 10 days of smoking and again from days 10 to 20 following smoking cessation. After the first 10 days of abstinence they were randomized to double‐blind treatment with transdermal nicotine patches of 25 mg/day or placebo for a period of 10 days. During this period and during smoking, an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene tube was implanted into the subcutis. Following removal of the implant, total amino acids and peptides were extracted. Hydroxyproline and proline were analyzed by high‐pressure liguid chromatography, type I procollagen was analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunoassay, and total proteins were determined colorimetrically. In the 39 subjects who complied with the study protocol, abstinence from smoking did not affect the deposition of hydroxyproline, proline, type I procollagen, or total protein in the implants. During abstinence, the type I procollagen level increased by 18% in the transdermal nicotine patches group and decreased by 10% in the placebo group (p<0.05). We conclude that 20 days of abstinence from smoking does not affect collagen deposition in granulation tissue. However, in abstinent smokers, transdermal nicotine patches appears to increase type I collagen synthesis.
Cytokines and growth factors in wound drainage fluid from patients undergoing incisional hernia repair
Authors: Di Vita Gaetano , Patti Rosalia , D'Agostino Pietro , Caruso Giuseppe , Arcara Matteo , Buscemi Salvatore , Bonventre Sebastiano , Ferlazzo Viviana , Arcoleo Francesco , Cillari Enrico 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTKnowing the dynamics of growth factor and cytokine secretion within the site of a surgical operation is important, as they play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of wound healing and are a target for modifying the repair response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of several cytokines and growth factors in the drainage wound fluid from patients undergoing incisional hernia repair: namely, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐10, IL‐1α, IL‐1 ra, interferon‐γ, vascular endothelial growth factors and basic fibroblast growth factor. Ten female patients with abdominal midline incisional hernia undergoing surgical repair were included in this study. In all cases, a closed‐suction drain was inserted in the wound below the fascia and removed on postoperative day 4. Wound fluid was collected on postoperative days 1–4 and the amount was recorded each time. Growth factors and cytokines production was evaluated as the whole amount produced over a 24‐hour period. In all patients, the amount of drain fluid from surgical wounds was more copious the first day after surgery, it decreased significantly afterward. The presence of all cytokines was highest on postoperative day 1, decreasing over the following days. More specifically, the production of IL‐1 ra, IL‐6, IL‐1α, and IL‐10 on postoperative day 1 fell sharply on postoperative days 3 and 4, whereas, after an initial reduction, interferon‐γ showed an increase from day 2 onward. Vascular endothelial‐derived growth factor production increased progressively after the operation reaching statistical significance only on day 4. As for basic fibroblast growth factor, it showed an opposite pattern: it was higher on postoperative day 1 decreasing thereafter. This analysis of cytokine and growth factor production in the drain fluid will lead us to a better evaluation of the events that follow a surgical wound and to a better understanding of the healing process.
Time course analysis of hypoxia, granulation tissue and blood vessel growth, and remodeling in healing rat cutaneous incisional primary intention wounds
Authors: Lokmic Zerina , Darby Ian A. , Thompson Erik W. , Mitchell Geraldine M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTHypoxia and the development and remodeling of blood vessels and connective tissue in granulation tissue that forms in a wound gap following full‐thickness skin incision in the rat were examined as a function of time. A 1.5 cm‐long incisional wound was created in rat groin skin and the opposed edges sutured together. Wounds were harvested between 3 days and 16 weeks and hypoxia, percent vascular volume, cell proliferation and apoptosis, α‐smooth muscle actin, vascular endothelial growth factor‐A, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2, and transforming growth factor‐β1 expression in granulation tissue were then assessed. Hypoxia was evident between 3 and 7 days while maximal cell proliferation at 3 days (123.6±22.2 cells/mm2, p<0.001 when compared with normal skin) preceded the peak percent vascular volume that occurred at 7 days (15.83±1.10%, p<0.001 when compared with normal skin). The peak in cell apoptosis occurred at 3 weeks (12.1±1.3 cells/mm2, p<0.001 when compared with normal skin). Intense α‐smooth muscle actin labeling in myofibroblasts was evident at 7 and 10 days. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 and vascular endothelial growth factor‐A were detectable until 2 and 3 weeks, respectively, while transforming growth factor‐β1 protein was detectable in endothelial cells and myofibroblasts until 3–4 weeks and in the extracellular matrix for 16 weeks. Incisional wound granulation tissue largely developed within 3–7 days in the presence of hypoxia. Remodeling, marked by a decline in the percent vascular volume and increased cellular apoptosis, occurred largely in the absence of detectable hypoxia. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor‐A, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2, and transforming growth factor‐β1 is evident prior, during, and after the peak of vascular volume reflecting multiple roles for these factors during wound healing.
Expression of intracellular filament, collagen, and collagenase genes in diabetic and normal skin after injury
Authors: Rodgers Kathleen E. , Ellefson Dolph D. , Espinoza Theresa , Hsu Ya‐hsuan , DiZerega Gere S. , Mehrian‐Shai Ruty 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTReports have shown differences in gene expression in the skin of diabetic and normal mice both at baseline and after injury. Cluster analysis identified distinct expression patterns within intermediate filaments and extracellular proteins. This report addresses the effect of diabetes and injury on the expression of keratin‐associated proteins, keratin complexes, procollagen, and collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase; MMP) genes. At baseline keratin‐associated proteins and keratin complexes gene expression was increased in diabetic mice. After surgery, the level of expression for keratin‐associated proteins and keratin complexes genes decreased in diabetic mice, but did not change in normal mice. If the expression of a procollagen gene differed between diabetic and normal mice, the expression was lower in diabetic mice. Procollagen gene expression was elevated after skin excision compared with noninjured skin. At baseline, the level of MMP and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase gene expression was comparable between mouse strains. With injury, the expression of several MMP genes was increased in both mouse strains, but to higher levels in diabetic mice. At day 7, the level of MMP‐9 activity in granulation tissue was elevated. This alteration may contribute to delayed healing in diabetic mice. Therefore, differences in gene expression exist between mouse strains and can assist in understanding of physiological manifestations, including delayed healing, in diabetic mice.
Contraction of myofibroblasts in granulation tissue is dependent on Rho/Rho kinase/myosin light chain phosphatase activity
Authors: Tomasek James J. , Vaughan Melville B. , Kropp Bradley P. , Gabbiani Giulio , Martin Michael D. , Haaksma Carol J. , Hinz Boris 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDuring wound healing and fibrocontractive diseases fibroblasts acquire a smooth muscle cell‐like phenotype by differentiating into contractile force generating myofibroblasts. We examined whether regulation of myofibroblast contraction in granulation tissue is dominated by Ca2+‐induced phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase or by Rho/Rho kinase (ROCK)‐mediated inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase, similar to that of cultured myofibroblasts. Strips of granulation tissue obtained from rat granuloma pouches were stimulated with endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), serotonin, and angiotensin‐II and isometric force generation was measured. We here investigated ET‐1 in depth, because it was the only agonist that produced a long‐lasting and strong response. The ROCK inhibitor Y27632 completely inhibited ET‐1–promoted contraction and the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin elicited contraction in the absence of any other agonists, suggesting that activation of the Rho/ROCK/myosn light chain phosphatase pathway is critical in regulating in vivo myofibroblast contraction. Membrane depolarization with K+ also stimulated a long‐lasting contraction of granulation tissue; however, the amount of force generated was significantly less compared to ET‐1. Moreover, K+‐induced contraction was inhibited by Y27632. These results are consistent with inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase by the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway, which would account for the long‐duration contraction of myofibroblasts necessary for wound closure.
Effect of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor‐2 on intramuscular ectopic osteoinduction by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 in rats
Authors: Kakudo Natsuko , Kusumoto Kenji , Kuro Atsuyuki , Ogawa Yutaka 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTo clarify the effects of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor‐2 (rhFGF‐2) on the osteoconduction ability of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) in vivo, rhBMP‐2 (2 μg) was mixed with different doses of rhFGF‐2 (0, 16, 80, 400, or 2,000 ng), and implanted into the lower leg muscle of rats using type I collagen as a carrier. Twenty‐one days later, ectopic neoplastic bones had bone mineral content, bone area, and bone mineral density measured by means of dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry and imaged by soft X‐ray. The values for alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content were determined, and histology obtained. In the group treated with rhFGF‐2 at 16 ng, alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content, bone mineral content, bone area, and bone mineral density were the greatest of all treatment groups, and the richest trabeculae were histologically observed in this group. In the groups treated with rhFGF‐2 at 80, 400, or 2,000 ng, bone formation was suppressed in a dose‐dependent manner. These results indicate that rhFGF‐2 promotes ectopic rhBMP‐2‐related osteoinduction at a low concentration (16 ng) in vivo, and that it suppresses osteoinduction at a higher amount (>80 ng).
Measurement of optical properties to quantify healing of chronic diabetic wounds
Authors: Weingarten Michael S. , Papazoglou Elisabeth , Zubkov Leonid , Zhu Linda , Vorona Greg , Walchack Adam 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMeasurement of scattering and absorption characteristics of tissue by near infrared spectroscopy may provide a clinically applicable, quantitative method of assessing healing of diabetic wounds. Twenty SICH‐1 hairless rats were divided into a control group and a streptozotocin‐induced diabetic group. Full‐thickness wounds were made on the dorsal surface of each animal. Wounds were examined using a near infrared device with three wavelengths of incident light. Amplitude and phase of scattered light were obtained at four different source detector distances at each wavelength. The probe was positioned at six different locations. Tissue absorption and scattering coefficients were calculated from amplitude and phase data. Wound dimensions were calculated by cross and parallel polarization. Thirty‐eight wounds were evaluated during the experiment. Wound size decreased at twice the rate in the control animals, whereas the average absorption coefficient was higher by a factor of two while the average value of the reduced scattering coefficient was 30% higher in the diabetic wounds. During healing, both scattering and absorption coefficients increased faster in the diabetics. Higher absorption in diabetic rats suggests impaired blood flow. Scattering may reflect tissue disorganization observed in delayed wound healing. We conclude that near infrared spectroscopy may differentiate between healing diabetic and nondiabetic wounds.
Changes in canine ionised calcium under three storage conditions
Authors: Brennan S. F. , O’Donovan J. , Mooney C. T. 
Published: June 2006

Objectives:To determine the ionised calcium concentration following aerobic collection of blood and to compare ionised calcium concentration and pH of heparinised whole blood and plasma at 48 hours following collection under three different storage conditions to assess if ionised calcium concentration can be measured retrospectively.Methods:Blood was collected from 17 dogs for analysis of ionised calcium concentration and pH using a Rapidpoint 400 (Bayer) blood gas analyser. Blood was collected into a commercial preheparinised syringe and into a plain syringe, with subsequent transfer to a commercially available heparinised sample tube. Samples were analysed within 10 minutes, and the remainder was divided for storage. One aliquot was set‐aside at room temperature for 48 hours, and the other was immediately centrifuged and the plasma divided for storage at room temperature and at 4°C for 48 hours each. In all samples, ionised calcium concentration and pH were measured again at 48 hours after storage.Results:There was no significant difference in ionised calcium concentration or pH between anaerobically and aerobically collected heparinised whole blood analysed within 10 minutes of collection. At 48 hours, ionised calcium concentrations had decreased under all storage conditions irrespective of the direction of pH change.ClinicalSignificance:Ionised calcium concentration can be measured in aerobically collected samples within 10 minutes and at 48 hours after collection under the conditions described.