bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and Maturity of Hatchery and Wild Lean Lake Trout during Population Recovery in Michigan Waters of Lake Superior
Authors: Sitar Shawn P. , He Ji X. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe recovery of populations of wild lake troutSalvelinus namaycushin Lake Superior was the first success among Great Lakes—wide rehabilitation efforts for this species. Knowledge of changes in major demographic factors (e.g., growth and maturity schedules) is very important for enhancing our understanding of stock status during the recovery process, particularly for a fish population with a relatively long life span, such as lake trout in Lake Superior. We separated the recovery time line into three periods—hatchery dominant (1970–1979), transitional (1980–1985), and wild dominant (1986–2003)—and compared growth and sexual maturity (1) between hatchery‐ and wild‐origin lake trout within each period and (2) among the three periods for a given origin. In all three periods, the lengths at old ages (age >6) were similar between wild and hatchery lake trout, but wild fish had smaller lengths at ages 4–6 and at maturity than did hatchery fish. Consequently, wild lake trout had a lower wounding rate by sea lampreyPetromyzon marinusand higher survival than did hatchery lake trout at a given maturity level. Across the three periods, both wild and hatchery lake trout showed significant declines in mean length at old ages and length at 50% maturity, while declines in length at young ages were not significant. Those temporal declines corresponded with the increase in wild lake trout abundance to historic high levels and the lower abundance of major prey fishes. Our estimates of age at 50% maturity also increased over time, but excessive variance in age determinations precluded statistical significance. The observed dynamics of lake trout growth and maturation in the context of population recovery and food web changes are valuable for studying the population dynamics of harvested fish populations.
Using Otolith Microstructure to Determine Natal Origin of Lake Ontario Chinook Salmon
Authors: Smith Nathan G. , Sullivan Patrick J. , Rudstam Lars G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStocking of hatchery‐reared Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Lake Ontario has led to the development of a sport fishery that provides high economic returns to local communities. However, increased natural or “wild” production resulting from the naturalization of hatchery Chinook salmon to the system could result in changing salmonine dynamics that would require alteration of management practices in Lake Ontario. Using young‐of‐the‐year (age‐0) Chinook salmon of known origin—from hatchery and wild sources—we established a baseline for separating these two groups using otolith microstructure. Hatchery‐reared Chinook salmon hatch earlier than wild Chinook salmon, and back‐calculated hatch dates from otoliths correctly classified 97% of fish of known origin. A second protocol developed for determining the origin of Chinook salmon used the daily growth characteristics in the vicinity of 300 μm from the center of the otolith. Measuring the width of 20‐d growth from 300 μm inward toward the origin correctly classified 100% of known hatchery fish and 89% of known wild fish. These measurements were used to determine the origin of Chinook salmon smolts caught in the nearshore of Lake Ontario adjacent to the Salmon River, New York, in 2000 and 2001. In both years, the nearshore population was dominated by naturally produced fish (85% to 89%). These results indicate that natural reproduction of Chinook salmon may play a larger role in Lake Ontario than previously thought.
Hybridization and Cytonuclear Associations among Native Westslope Cutthroat Trout, Introduced Rainbow Trout, and Their Hybrids within the Stehekin River Drainage, North Cascades National Park
Authors: Ostberg Carl O. , Rodriguez Rusty J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHistoric introductions of nonnative rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykissinto the native habitats of cutthroat troutO. clarkiihave impacted cutthroat trout populations through introgressive hybridization, creating challenges and concerns for cutthroat trout conservation. We examined the effects of rainbow trout introductions on the native westslope cutthroat troutO. c. lewisiiwithin the Stehekin River drainage, North Cascades National Park, Washington, by analyzing 1,763 salmonid DNA samples from 18 locations with nine diagnostic nuclear DNA markers and one diagnostic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker. Pure westslope cutthroat trout populations only occurred above upstream migration barriers in the Stehekin River and Park Creek. Two categories of rainbow trout admixture were observed: (1) less than 10% within the Stehekin River drainage above the Bridge Creek confluence and the middle and upper Bridge Creek drainage and (2) greater than 30% within the Stehekin River below the Bridge Creek confluence and in lower Bridge Creek. Hybrid indices and multilocus genotypes revealed an absence of rainbow trout and reduced hybrid diversity within the Stehekin River above the Bridge Creek confluence relative to hybrid diversity in the Stehekin River below the confluence and within lower Bridge Creek. Cytonuclear disequilibrium statistics revealed assortative mating between westslope cutthroat and rainbow trout but not among hybrids within the same locations. This suggests that a randomly mating hybrid swarm does not currently exist. However, continual migration of parental genotypes into the study location could also create significant cytonuclear disequilibria. The Stehekin River represents a novel and unique example of a dynamic hybridization zone where the invasion of rainbow trout alleles into the Stehekin River westslope cutthroat trout population above the Bridge Creek confluence appears to be impeded, suggesting that divergent ecological or evolutionary mechanisms promote the population structure within the Stehekin River drainage, depending upon location.
A Histologic Evaluation of Various Stages of Palatal Healing Following Subepithelial Connective Tissue Grafting Procedures: A Comparison of Eight Cases
Authors: Soileau Kristi M. , Brannon Robert B. 
Published: June 2006

Background: It is often necessary to procure tissue from the same area of the palate in cases where connective autogenous grafting procedures are warranted due to limitations caused by anatomical features. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the length of time between a first procurement and a second would have any bearing on the quality of tissue available for recipient sites.Methods: Eight patients requiring more than one grafting procedure underwent surgery at baseline and again at various intervals ranging from 6 weeks to 11 months. Specimens were taken from the palate and evaluated microscopically, and photographs were taken for purposes of visual comparison.Results: The 6.9‐ to 7.7‐week specimens exhibited complete reepithelialization. The lamina propriae were composed of a cellular proliferation of fibroblasts with loosely arranged collagen deposition and an occasional thin vascular channel. However, remodeling of the wound appeared complete in the specimens removed at the 9‐week interval and beyond. The lamina propria was, in general, composed of thick, dense, interlacing bundles of collagen. Small‐caliber blood vessels were interspersed throughout the fibrous element.Conclusion: Reharvesting of tissue performed earlier than at 9 weeks may result in poorer autogenous graft quality due to indications that remodeling of the connective tissue is still progressing and not as mature as specimens noted at weeks 9 to 47.
Anorganic Bovine Matrix/P‐15 “Flow” in the Treatment of Periodontal Defects: Case Series With 12 Months of Follow‐Up
Authors: Barros Raquel R.M. , Novaes Arthur B. , Roriz Virgílio M. , Oliveira Rafael R. , Grisi Márcio F.M. , Souza Sérgio L.S. , Taba Mário , Palioto Daniela B. 
Published: June 2006

Background: Nowadays there is a trend in developing biologic modalities that may enhance wound healing of specific sites. In this regard, a cell‐binding activity of type I collagen provided by a synthetic peptide (P‐15) was incorporated in a scaffold (anorganic bovine matrix [ABM]) to facilitate the attachment, migration, and differentiation of cells. This case series describes a surgical protocol for the placement of ABM/P‐15 “flow” during regenerative procedures.Methods: Wide periodontal defects were treated with sulcular incisions preserving the papillae, full‐thickness flap reflection, granulation tissue debridement, mechanical and chemical root surface treatment, placement of the ABM/P‐15 “flow,” and wound‐closure sutures. Weekly, and then monthly, deplaquing was performed until the 12‐month postoperative recall, in which the clinical parameters were reevaluated.Results: Significant clinical changes, including probing depth reduction and relative clinical attachment level gain, were achieved after the 12‐month period. The radiographs demonstrated increase in radiopacity when compared to those taken initially, suggesting hard tissue improvements.Conclusions: The topography of the defects described here could be understood as a challenge for regeneration, once the previous breakdown of the supporting tissues had diminished the source of cells for the healing process and reduced the number of residual walls to retain the graft material. Thus, it seems that the ABM/P‐15 “flow” contributed to the clinical success achieved. Based on this result, ABM/P‐15 “flow” could be a useful and beneficial material for the treatment of periodontal defects.
Periodontal Assessment by Right‐ and Left‐Handed Examiners: Is There a Difference?
Authors: Khan Saba M. , Blanchard Steven B. , Dowsett Sherie A. , Eckert George J. , Kowolik Michael J. 
Published: June 2006

Background: Multiple factors that influence the precision of periodontal probing measurements have been identified. These factors can be categorized as being dependent upon host‐related, probe‐related, or examiner‐related variables. However, the potential influence of examiner handedness (right or left) on the measurement of periodontal probing depths (PDs) has not been addressed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the measurements of PDs in the right and left quadrants are influenced by the handedness of the examiner.Methods: Eight systemically healthy adult subjects with varying degrees of attachment loss and a minimum of 20 teeth were examined by five right‐handed and five left‐handed clinicians. The 10 clinicians were trained and calibrated for reproducible probe placement and angulation. PDs were measured using a conventional periodontal probe at six sites per tooth. Mean PD measurements were compared between right‐ and left‐handed examiners using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a random patient effect to correlate participant data and a random effect for the examiner.Results: There was no statistical difference in the measurement of PDs between right‐ and left‐handed examiners at various locations in the mouth (P >0.17 in all cases). Only three individual sites showed a statistically significantly different mean PD between right‐ and left‐handed examiners (unadjusted P <0.05; differences at or near 0.5 mm). Overall, right‐handed examiners tended to record slightly higher PD measurements than left‐handed examiners, but this difference did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions: The handedness of the periodontal examiner does not appear to influence the recorded measurement of probing depths. This finding is relevant to those conducting clinical research involving assessment of periodontal status.
Severity of Periodontal Disease and Number of Remaining Teeth Are Related to the Prevalence of Myocardial Infarction and Hypertension in a Study Based on 4,254 Subjects
Authors: Holmlund Anders , Holm Gunnar , Lind Lars 
Published: June 2006

Background: During the past 15 years, mounting evidence for the association between periodontal and cardiovascular disease has been presented in epidemiological studies. The aim of this study was to investigate how the severity of periodontal disease and number of remaining teeth relates to myocardial infarction (MI) and hypertension (HT).Methods: Self‐reported history of HT and MI was collected in 3,352 patients referred to the Department of Periodontology, Gävle County Hospital, and in 902 subjects randomly selected from the general population. Severity of periodontitis was estimated by a combination of the amount of bone loss around each tooth investigated from a full‐mouth x‐ray, the presence or absence of bleeding on probing (BOP), and involvement of furcations.Results: The severity of periodontitis was significantly associated with HT (prevalence 16%; P <0.0005), even after adjustment for age, gender, number of teeth, and smoking in the total sample, and with MI (prevalence 1.7%, P <0.03) after above‐mentioned adjustments, but in middle‐aged (40 to 60 years) subjects only. The number of diseased periodontal pockets was related to HT only (P <0.0001), and this relationship remained after the above‐mentioned adjustments. The number of teeth was associated with MI (P <0.03) even after correction for age, gender, and smoking but was not related to hypertension.Conclusions: The severity of periodontal disease was related to HT independent of age but to the prevalence of MI in middle‐aged subjects only. The number of diseased pockets was significantly related to HT only. On the other hand, the number of teeth was associated with the prevalence of MI independent of age but not to HT. These data support the view that oral health is related to cardiovascular disease in a dose‐dependent manner.
Gingival Recession Treatment With Connective Tissue Grafts in Smokers and Non‐Smokers
Authors: Erley Kenneth J. , Swiec Gary D. , Herold Robert , Bisch Frederick C. , Peacock Mark E. 
Published: June 2006

Background: Cigarette smoking can adversely affect the results of many periodontal procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cigarette smoking affects wound healing of subepithelial connective tissue grafts.Methods: Seventeen systemically healthy patients with 22 Miller Class I or II mucogingival defects were divided into a non‐smoker group or smoker group. Patients were regarded as smokers if they reported smoking 10 to 20 cigarettes per day. The following parameters were documented at the surgery date and 3 and 6 months postoperatively: recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), keratinized gingiva height measured apico‐coronally (KG), relative attachment level (RAL), probing depths (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and the full‐mouth plaque score (FMP). Salivary cotinine samples were taken at the surgery to confirm the smoking history and to quantify cigarette use.Results: Non‐smokers (0‐ to 10‐ng/ml cotinine level) healed with statistically more recession coverage than the smokers (>10‐ng/ml cotinine level) (98.3% versus 82.3%, respectively; P = 0.001). Six months postoperatively, the non‐smokers healed with a 0.2‐mm mean recession depth compared to a 1.0‐mm mean recession depth for the smokers. This difference in recession depth was statistically significant (P = 0.014).Conclusions: Root coverage with connective tissue grafts appears to be negatively associated with cigarette smoking. Smokers should consider smoking cessation or reducing the use of cigarettes for optimal results with connective tissue grafts.
Periodontal Status in Men With Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism: Effects of Testosterone Deficiency
Authors: Daltaban Özlem , Saygun Işıl , Bolu Erol 
Published: June 2006

Background: The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the possible influence of testosterone hormone on common clinical measurements of periodontal disease in men with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism.Methods: Twenty‐four hypergonadotropic hypogonadal men (H) and 24 systemically healthy men (S) were divided into two groups as chronic periodontitis and clinically healthy controls after clinical examinations and radiographs. The H group consisted of 12 control (H/C) and 12 chronic periodontitis (H/P) patients, and the S group consisted of 12 control (S/C) and 12 chronic periodontitis (S/P) patients. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) scores were recorded.Results: The mean of all clinical parameters (PI, GI, BOP, PD, and CAL) were significantly (P <0.05) higher in periodontitis groups (H/P and S/P) than controls (H/C and S/C). There were no significant differences in the PD and CAL scores between periodontitis groups (S/P and H/P). The mean of GI and BOP scores were statistically higher in the H/P group than the S/P group (P <0.05). There was a negative correlation between GI and free testosterone levels (r= −0.794; P <0.05).Conclusion: According to these results, serum testosterone levels may possibly influence periodontal disease in men, and testosterone may have an inhibitory effect on gingival inflammation.
Surgical Versus Non‐Surgical Periodontal Treatment: Psychosocial Factors and Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Kloostra Paul W. , Eber Robert M. , Wang Hom‐Lay , Inglehart Marita R. 
Published: June 2006

Background: This research explored how patients with surgical versus non‐surgical periodontal treatment differ in trait anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and well‐being on the day of surgery and in their reported pain and use of pain medication 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. In addition, it was investigated how psychosocial factors affected reported pain, use of pain medication, and wound healing.Methods: Data were collected from 70 dental patients (34 males and 36 females; average age: 54.79 years; SD = 13.206) on the day of their periodontal treatment and 2 and 4 weeks after this treatment. The psychosocial factors (i.e., trait anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and well‐being) were measured with standardized scales. The patients' providers assessed their wound healing 2 weeks after treatment.Results: On the day of treatment, non‐surgical patients had higher anxiety, depression, and stress, and poorer well‐being than surgical patients. However, surgical patients reported a higher level of pain during the second week, and greater consumption of analgesics during the second and fourth week. Anxiety, depression, stress, and well‐being correlated with the reported level of pain, the use of pain medication, and wound healing after periodontal treatment.Conclusions: Psychosocial factors (i.e., anxiety, depression, stress, and well‐being) can affect the patients' quality of life on the day of periodontal treatment and the pain experience and medications used after surgical and non‐surgical periodontal therapy (4‐week period). Patient‐provider communication should address the role of these factors in the treatment process.
Distribution of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIb Genotypes in Patients With Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis
Authors: de Souza Rodrigo C. , Colombo Ana Paula V. 
Published: June 2006

Background: Polymorphisms in FcγR have been associated with different forms of periodontitis. This study determined the frequency of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIb alleles/genotypes in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP).Methods: Thirty‐one GAgP and 49 periodontally healthy Brazilian subjects participated in the study. Full‐mouth periodontal examinations were carried out, and mouthwash samples were collected for human DNA isolation. FcγR genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization with allele‐specific oligonucleotide probes. Significant differences between groups were sought by Mann‐Whitney, χ2, and Fisher exact tests and configural frequency analysis.Results: FcγRIIa‐H131 (53.8%) and FcγRIIIb‐NA1 (75%) were the most prevalent alleles in this sample population. A significant overrepresentation of FcγRIIIb‐NA2 was observed in the GAgP group, whereas FcγRIIIb‐NA1 was detected more often in healthy individuals (odds ratio, 32.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.6 to 99.8; P <0.001). No significant differences in the distribution of the FcγRIIa genotypes were observed between the groups. The prevalence of FcγRIIIb‐NA2/NA2 was higher in GAgP patients, whereas FcγRIIIb‐NA1/NA1 was predominant in the healthy group (χ2 = 45.1; P <0.001). The combination of the genotypes FcγRIIIb‐NA2/NA2 plus FcγRIIa‐H/H131 was observed more frequently in GAgP subjects than expected from marginal frequencies (χ2 = 12.5; P <0.001).Conclusions: The data suggest that the FcγRIIIb‐NA2 allele and/or FcγRIIIb‐NA2/NA2 genotype and the composite genotype FcγRIIIb‐NA2/NA2 plus FcγRIIa‐H/H131 may be associated with GAgP, whereas FcγRIIIb‐NA1 and/or FcγRIIIb‐NA1/NA1 may be related to periodontal health in this sample of the Brazilian population.
Effect of Interleukin‐1β on Transforming Growth Factor‐Beta and Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2 Expression in Human Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bone Cells in Culture: Modulation by Avocado and Soybean Unsaponifiables
Authors: Andriamanalijaona R. , Benateau H. , Barre P.E. , Boumediene K. , Labbe D. , Compere J.F. , Pujol J.P. 
Published: June 2006

Background: In periodontal disease, interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β) is responsible for the matrix breakdown through excessive production of degrading enzymes by periodontal ligament fibroblasts and osteoblasts. Transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) plays an important role in tissue regeneration as one of the factors capable of counteracting IL‐1β effects. In this study, we investigated the in vitro effect of avocado and soya unsaponifiables (ASU) on the expression of TGF‐β1, TGF‐β2, and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) by human periodontal ligament (HPL) and human alveolar bone (HAB) cells in the presence of IL‐1β.Methods: HPL and HAB cells were incubated for 48 hours with ASU (10 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of IL‐1β (10 ng/ml). The steady‐state levels of TGF‐β1, TGF‐β2, and BMP‐2 mRNAs were determined by Northern blot or reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The amounts of TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β2 proteins were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: The data indicated that IL‐1β strongly decreases the expression of TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β2 by HPL cells. ASU were capable of opposing the cytokine effect. In HAB cells, TGF‐β1 and BMP‐2 mRNA levels were downregulated by the cytokine. ASU were found to reverse the IL‐1β–inhibiting effect. In contrast, the cytokine stimulated the production of TGF‐β2 in alveolar bone cells, with no significant effect of ASU.Conclusions: The results indicate that the IL‐1β–driven erosive effect in periodontitis could be enhanced by a decreased expression of members of the TGF‐β family. The ASU stimulation of TGF‐β1, TGF‐β2, and BMP‐2 expression may explain their promoting effects in the treatment of periodontal disorders, at least partly. These findings support the hypothesis that ASU could exert a preventive action on the deleterious effects exerted by IL‐1β in periodontal diseases.