bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Transmission of Ambient Noise and Self‐generated Sound in the Human Body
Authors: Yamanouchi Itsuro , Fukuhara Hiroatsu , Shimura Yoko 
Published: October 2007

It is commonly understood that ambient noise and sounds produced by a pregnant woman herself are propagated into the body and reach the unborn child in the uterus. However, it would be unethical to study the propagation of sound to the fetus directly, so the present study, which aimed to clarify this process from an acoustical point of view, used the stomach as a model of the womb. The following points were demonstrated:For sound waves in the stomach, no interference such as occurs outside the body was observed. However, in the range 2 to 3 kHz, a resonance peak was visible, which was probably due to the gastric air space.Observing an average spectrum of songs showed that the sound pressure level (SPL(dB)) in the medium to lower range (below 3 kHz) tended to be higher in the stomach than outside.
Combined Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) and Human Menopausal Gonadotropin (HMG) Treatment in Gonadotropin‐Deficient Males with Pituitary Dwarfism
Authors: Tanaka Toshiaki , Hibi Itsuro , Tanae Ayako 
Published: October 2007

The effects of hCG‐hMG treatment in 13 boys with pituitary dwarfism associated with gonadotropin deficiency, were assessed.No patients except one showed signs of puberty at a bone age of 13 years or above. The one patient with some signs of puberty did not become fully mature. The hCG‐hMG was started at a mean age of 20.4 years. The hCG at a dose of 5,000 IU was injected intramuscularly twice a week and the hMG at a dose of 75 IU was given once a week at first. During treatment, the frequency of hMG injections was increased to twice a week in six patients who still had not produced normal sperm counts. After a mean duration of 19.23 months, spermatozoa appeared in eight patients, of whom four showed more than 20 × 106 sperm/ml. Among six patients who did not have normal sperm counts and had increased hMG injections, one produced a pregnancy and four achieved sperm counts of more than 35 × 106/ml. One patient had refractory azoospermia. In 13 boys with growth hormone and gonadotropin deficiency, hCG‐hMG treatment produced normal spermatogenesis in nine patients, one of whom fathered a girl. Thus, hCG‐hMG treatment, especially twice‐a‐week injections of both hCG and hMG, appears to be effective for gonadotropin deficiency in males.
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases and Epstein‐Barr Virus‐induced Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Authors: Okano Motohiko , Nakanishi Masanori , Taguchi Yuichi , Sakiyama Yukio , Matsumoto Shuzo 
Published: October 2007

Increased incidence of malignant disorders is noted in patients with both primary and acquired immunodeficiency diseases. The pathogenetic mechanism(s) for these disorders remain unclear. Defective immunosurveillance of these patients, however, is mainly postulated to be responsible for the increased risk of these malignant disorders. Of the malignant disorders, Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐induced lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) have been increasingly reported, possibly due to improved therapeutic management techniques such as bone marrow transplantation, which results in prolonged survival periods for the primary immunodeficiency; the dramatic development of immunosuppressive treatments for transplant recipients; and the growing numbers of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients.This review focuses on the primary immunodeficiency diseases and EBV‐induced LPD, and discusses pathogenetic mechanism(s) for the increased incidence of these malignant disorders.
Comparison of the Incidence of Intracranial Hemorrhage following Conventional Mechanical Ventilation and High Frequency Oscillation in Beagle Puppies
Authors: Tamura Masanori , Hishi Toshio , Ishii Teruyuki , Wakita Suguru , Oho Shinichi , Shibuya Kazuhiko , Miyasaka Katsuyuki , Takashima Sachio 
Published: October 2007

Controversy exists as to whether high frequency oscillation (HFO) increases the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) compared with conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV). We compared the risk of intracranial hemorrhage after phenylephrine‐induced hypertension, combined with a hypovolemic, hypotensive insult followed by rapid volume replacement in two groups of newborn beagle puppies (one group on a piston pump HFO and the other on CMV).A total of 12 beagle puppies (6 on HFO and 6 on CMV) survived the protocol. Arterial blood gas analysis and arterial blood pressures through the study were of the same magnitude in both groups. The length of time for which the puppies remained hypertensive and hypotensive also did not vary significantly between the groups.Intraventricular hemorrhages were observed in two of six CMV puppies and two of six HFO puppies. One animal in each group had a white matter hemorrhage. Subarachnoid hemorrhages were seen in 4 animals on CMV and 3 on HFO.This study indicated that HFO does not increase the risk of any kind of intracranial hemorrhage, including IVH, in beagle puppies.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Partial Deletion of the Long Arm of Chromosome 5: First Report of a Case in a Child
Authors: Shikano Takaaki , Ishikawa Yorikazu , Anakura Michiya 
Published: October 2007

A childhood case of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 (5q‐) is reported. The patient was an 8 year old boy who has recurrent angina. Laboratory evaluation revealed the following: hemoglobin 8.1 gm/dl, white blood cell count 4.9 × 103/l with 3% atypical lymphocytes, and platelet count 17.7 × 104/l. A bone marrow aspirate revealed 20% blast cells and dysmyelopoietic changes involving all three marrow cell lines. Karyotype analysis of marrow cells revealed 46,XY,5q‐ in 100% of the metaphases.These findings led to a diagnosis of MDS with 5q‐, which is most commonly found in adult MDS. This case seems to represent an exceedingly rare childhood case of MDS with 5q‐.
Is early surgery always necessary in patients with aortic valve prolapse complicating an Eisenmenger‐type ventricular septal defect?
Authors: Tomita Hideshi , Fuse Shigeto , Chiba Shunzo 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Background.
The report presents three patients who showed a typically prolapsed aortic cusp with or without aortic regurgitation associated with a malalignment‐type peri membranous defect, the so called Eisenmenger‐type ventricular septal defect.
Results.
Each patient developed spontaneous complete or near closure of the ventricular septal defect without worsening of the aortic regurgitation. Conclusions: These cases suggest that prolapsed aortic cusp complicating a malalignment perimembranous ventricular septal defect is not always an absolute indication for early surgery to prevent progressive aortic regurgitation.
Short‐term effects of budesonide, nedocromil sodium and salmeterol on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in childhood asthma
Authors: Baki Ali , KaragÜZel GÜLay 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Background:
The effects of budesonide, nedocromil sodium and salmeterol on bronchial hyperresponsiveness were determined over a period of 3 weeks.
Methods:
Forty‐three asymptomatic children (22 male, 21 female, aged7–17 years) with mild‐to‐moderate asthma were evaluated. The study was placebo‐controlled and double‐blind. At the beginning the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was measured and a methacholine challenge was performed to determine PC20 (provocative concentration of inhaled methacholine required to reduce FEVt by 20%). The patients in group I (n = 12), group II (n = 10), group III (n = 11), and group IV (n= 10) inhaled 200 μg of budesonide, 2 mg of nedocromil sodium, 25 μg of salmeterol and a placebo, respectively, twice a day over the period of 3 weeks. Then the methacholine PC20 values of all patients were measured again and the results were compared statistically with their previous values.
Results:
The statistical data revealed that the methacholine doses in PC20 before and after treatment were different in group I (P < 0.01). However, these differences were not statistically significant in the other groups (P > 0.05).
Conclusions:
The short term usage of budesonide decreases bronchial hyperresponsiveness, but nedocromil sodium and salmeterol in the given doses do not affect bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
Seasonal benzathine penicillin G prophylaxis for recurrent streptococcal pharyngitis in children
Authors: AkŞÍT Sadik , ÇAglayan Suat , Dokucu GÜZÍDe 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Background.
To assess the efficacy of benzathine penicillin G (BPG) prophylaxis in recurrent streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Methods: One hundred and sixty children, aged4–11 years, who experienced at least two episodes of group A β‐hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis during a 4‐month observation period between September and December 1995 were randomly divided into two groups. During the following 4‐month period between January and April 1996. 80 children received BPG prophylaxis every 3 weeks as a single intramuscular injection of 1.2 million units for a body weight greater than 27 kg and a half dose for 27 kg or less. Eighty children were accepted as a control group and were not given BPG prophylaxis. Results: The children in the BPG group experienced significantly less GABHS pharyngitis than those in the control group during the second 4‐month period (16 vs 244 episodes, respectively, P < 0.001). BPG prophylaxis decreased streptococcal pharyngitis by 92% in the children in the study group, while the frequency of GABHS pharyngitis was unchanged in those in the control group during the second 4‐month period compared with the first 4‐month period. Conclusions: The data in the present study demonstrated that intramuscular BPG prophylaxis is very effective in preventing GABHS pharyngitis in children. It is recommended that it is used every 3 weeks in at least the fall‐winter seasons in children susceptible to frequent GABHS pharyngitis.
Clinical and radiological variability of influenza‐related encephalopathy or encephalitis
Authors: Kimura Seiji , Ohtuki Noriyuki , Nezu Atsuo , Tanaka Miyabi , Takeshita Saoko 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Background: Influenza‐related encephalopathy or encephalitis is not rare in children. However, it is not well understood why the brain lesion develops from influenza infection. The purpose of this study was to clarify its pathogenesis by analyzing the clinical and neuroradiological findings in patients having influenza‐related brain lesions.
Methods
: The clinical findings in 10 children with influenza‐related brain lesions were analyzed. Eight patients had findings consistent with the diagnosis of acute encephalopathy and two had postinfectious focal encephalitis.
Results
: The results from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography were divided into five categories', normal (category 1); diffuse involvement of the cerebral cortex (category 2); diffuse brain edema (category 3); symmetrical involvement of the thalamus (category 4); and postinfectious focal encephalitis (category 5). Patients in categories2–4 had symmetrical or diffuse brain lesions without leukocytosis in their cerebrospinal fluid, and there were no inflammatory reactions in the brains of two autopsied patients. Furthermore, serum concentrations of GOT were high in all, and disseminated intervascular coagulation was present in 4 of 5.
Conclusions
: These findings suggested that the pathogenesis of the brain lesions in these cases was toxic or metabolic damage due to multisystemic organ diseases induced by the influenza virus. The MRI findings in patients in category 2 suggested diffuse cortical cell necrosis. On the other hand, the thalamic lesions in category 4 patients reflected hyperpermeability of the blood vessels followed by severe edema with or without microhemorrhages. The pathogenesis of lesions of category 5 included allergic angitis of a self‐limiting nature. These findings indicated that the pathogenesis of brain damage induced by influenza infection was very variable.
Modification of the MTT method for the study of bilirubin cytotoxicity
Authors: Ngai Kin‐Chun , Yeung Chap‐Yung , Karlberg Johan 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Background
: We propose a modification of the MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] method to study the cytotoxicity of bilirubin. The original method involves reading the intensity of a purplish blue color resulting from the conversion of MTT to formazan crystals by the mitochondria of viable cells. We have found that when the method is applied to study the effect of bilirubin on growing cells, precipitation of the yellow bilirubin pigment interferes with the colorimetric reading.
Methods
: A human liver cell line was used. The interference of bilirubin deposition on the MTT assay was investigated by comparing the value of optical density of the MTT solution in the presence and absence of bilirubin. The effect of 0.04 mol/L HCL‐isopropanol on the bilirubin precipitate was tested by recovering the amount of bilirubin from the wells after the isopropanol treatment.
Results
: Bilirubin deposition increases MTT reading by10–24%. Hydrochloride‐isopropanol (0.04 mol/L) dissolves MTT formazan only without disturbing the bilirubin precipitates. The bilirubin extracted into the supernatant was less than 5% of the total bilirubin deposited.
Discussion
: This indirect MTT assay, as developed in this study, could eliminate the interference of bilirubin deposits and serve as a good method for the study of bilirubin cytotoxicity.
Serodiagnosis of infectious mononucleosis in children
Authors: Wakiguchi Hiroshi , Hisakawa Hiroaki , Kubota Haruo , Kurashige Takanobu 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Background:
Although anti‐viral capsid antigen (VCA)‐immunoglobin M (IgM) is the most reliable serological marker of primary Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection, it could only be detected in limited cases of infectious mononucleosis in children. We analyzed anti‐EBV antibodies by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a sensitive method for detecting IgM antibody and compared these results with those obtained by a conventional indirect immunofluorescence (IF) method.
Methods:
Anti‐Epstein‐Barr virus early antigen (EA)‐IgM and nuclear antigen 1 (EBNAl)‐IgG were examined by an ELISA assay in 180 sera from 70 infants and children with infectious mononucleosis, diagnosed serologically by standard IF methods.
Results:
Although by IF, VCA‐IgM was detected in only 37 of 70 (52.9%) of the sera from the acute phase of the disease, by ELISA, EA‐IgM was detected in 65/70 (92.9%) of these sera. Among infants less than 12 months of age, EA‐IgM was positive in 11/13 cases (84.6%) while VCA‐IgM was detected in only 3/13 cases (23.1%). Anti‐Epstein‐Barr virus nuclear antigen 1‐IgG was not detected by ELISA in the sera from the acute phase of infectious mononucleosis. Anti‐EBNA was not detected by IF in about one‐third of the sera during6–8 months after onset of the disease, whereas by ELISA, EBNAl‐IgG was detected in 93.0%. Sera that were positive or negative for both EA‐IgM and EBNAl‐IgG by ELISA were observed in several cases after the patients recovered from the disease.
Conclusions:
Although serodiagnosis by the combination of ELISA for EA‐IgM and EBNAl‐IgG was more sensitive than IF methods, especially in the case of infants and young children, several patients during convalescence and recovery might be judged as seronegative or as being in highly reactivated states.
Perinatal management of congenital complete atrioventricular block: Report of nine cases
Authors: Fukushige Junichiro , Takahashi Noboru , Igarashi Hisaji , Nakayama Hideki , Inoue Kazuhiko , Hijii Takayuki 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Background: The addition of fetal ultrasonography has allowed the prenatal diagnosis and observation of congenital complete atrioventricular block (CCAVB). Thus, the management of the affected fetuses should be modified accordingly. Methods: The medical records were reviewed to identify patients with CCAVB, and clinical and laboratory data were collected. Results: Nine patients with CCAVB, diagnosed prenatally, were identified. The gestational age at the time of diagnosis ranged from 18 to 38 weeks (median, 25 weeks). The gestational age and birthweight ranged from 29 to 41 weeks and from 1420 to 4075 g, respectively. An accompanying congenital cardiac anomaly was noted in three cases, including one with polysplenia syndrome. The heart rate at birth ranged from 30 to 80 bpm. In three neonates, isoproterenol was given for bradycardia. One fetus with hydrops fetalis associated with complex heart disease was treated with maternally administered digoxin, with resolution of the fluid accumulation. A permanent pacemaker was implanted in six cases: two within 1 day of birth; two during the neonatal period; one at 51 days; and the other at 2 years and 11 months of age. There were no deaths or major complications and all have remained well beyond their infancy. Conclusions: With the improvement of diagnostic methodology, more cases with CCAVB, including those with complex heart disease, could be diagnosed during fetal life. Their outcome has been steadily improving with the advances in perinatal management, pacemakers and implant techniques, irrespective of associated structural cardiac defects.
The effect of live measles vaccines on serum vitamin A levels in healthy children
Authors: YalÇIn S SongÜL , YurdakÖK Kadriye , ÖZalp İMran , CoŞKun Turgay 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Objective:
Serum retinol levels have been shown to be depressed during measles infection. This study aims to demonstrate whether there is any decrease in serum vitamin A level following immunization with live viral vaccine and its relation with vaccine seroconversion in children with measles. Since many children receive measles vaccine alone or in combination with measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccine, we studied serum vitamin A levels and antibody levels in healthy, well‐nourished children before and after immunization with monovalent and combined live attenuated measles vaccine.
Methods:
The first group included 21 healthy children between the ages of9–11 months who received live measles (Schwarz) vaccine. There were also 21 healthy children (range14–20 months of age) who received measles‐mumps‐rubella Trimovax® (Pasteur Merieux) vaccine. All children were tested for serum vitamin A levels before vaccination, on days9–14 and30–42 following both vaccinations. Measles specific antibody levels were also measured on admission and30–42 days following vaccinations.
Results:
In both vaccination groups, mean serum vitamin A levels reduced significantly on days9–14, but increased slightly on days30–42 in the measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccinated group (P < 0.05). The baseline and follow‐up levels of mean serum vitamin A did not differ between seroconverted and nonseroconverted cases within the measles vaccinated group.
Conclusion:
Serum vitamin A levels are reduced following vaccination with monovalent and combined live attenuated measles vaccines.
Diffuse brain damage caused by acute twin‐twin transfusion during late pregnancy
Authors: Wada Hideo , Nunogami Koji , Wada Taizo , Niida Yo , Yachie Akihiro , Koizumi Shoichi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Background:
Monoamniotic twinning is a relatively rare event with increased antenatal and perinatal mortality. We desscribe a brain damage detected in a surviving monoamniotic twin after intrauterine death of the co‐twin at 37 weeks of gestation.
Results:
Severe entanglement and knotting of the umbilical cords was apparent at the time of delivery and a portion of the cors to the dead twin was narrowed significantly. It was suggested that transfer of blood occurred across placental a lastomoses from the survivor to the dead fetus, resulting in transient but severe hypovolemia in the survivor. It is difficult to prevent this type of brain damage because the course of acute twin‐twin transfusion is ven rapid and the damage has already occurred by the time the death of the twin is diagnosed.
Conclusions:
We suggest that elective delivery should be considered in cases of monoamniotic twin pregnancies with additional risk factors.
Values for urinary β‐microglobulin and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase in normal healthy infants
Authors: Nishida Masashi , Kawakatsu Hidekazu , Komatsu Hiroshi , Ishiwari Kohhei , Tamai Megumi , Tsunamoto Kentaroh , Kasubuchi Yasuo , Sawada Tadashi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Background: Measuring urinary β2 microglobin (B2M) and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion is widely used as a valuable clinical tool in assessing renal tubular lesions. However, few data are available on normal values for urinary excretion of B2M and NAG in infancy. Methods: Urinary B2M and NAG were measured in healthy infants. The logarithmic values of urinary B2M, NAG. B2M/creatinine ratio and NAG/creatinine ratio were distributed almost normally and reference ranges were calculated from the logarithms of the observed values. Results: The levels of urinary B2M and B2M/creatinine ratio were highest in the 1‐month‐old group, followed by a decrease during the first 3 months. Urinary B2M excretions in the 3‐monfh‐old group showed rather lower levels than those of the 12‐month‐old and 36‐month‐old groups. Although urinary NAG excretions were almost constant throughout all groups, urinary NAG/creatinine ratio decreased gradually until 3 years of age. Conclusions: We suggest that these reference ranges are of importance in evaluating tubular damage due to a variety of renal diseases in infancy.
Characterization of developmental changes in EEG‐gamma band activity during childhood using the autoregressive model
Authors: Takano Tomoyuki , Ogawa Teruyuki 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Background
: We characterized developmental changes in the EEG‐gamma band during childhood using the autoregressive (AR) model, which was previously developed and described in our laboratory.
Methods
: The subjects comprised 707 healthy children ranging in age from 3 to 12 years. Electroencephalographs (EEG) were recorded from Fpl, Fp2. C3. C4, 01 and 02 monopolar leads referenced to the ear during quiet wakefulness (eyes closed). One 10 s artifact‐free segment was selected from each record, digitized, then analyzed by AR and component analysis, which estimated the component wave and power spectrum.
Results
: Component waves obtained from all EEG leads were divided into eight groups, which comprised approximately 2, 5. 10, 17. 25, 30, 40 and 47 Hz peaks. The gamma band (peak wave 40 Hz; range35–45 Hz) was a major EEG component throughout childhood. Different developmental characteristics of the gamma band power were exhibited in each lead. The power increased significantly (P<0.01) between 3 and 4 years of age in all leads reaching a peak at 4–5 years of age, especially in the frontal region.
Conclusions
: These developmental characteristics might be related to the information processing and cognitive function, which is enhanced at4–5 years of age, especially in the frontal region.