bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TOWNSVILLE CULICINES AS POSSIBLE VECTORS OF DENGUE AND ALLIED VIRUSES AMONG LOCAL FERAL FAUNA
Authors: O'Gower AK 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYAfter an epidemic of dengue‐like fever in Townsville in 1952, investigations were made to try to determine the possible vectors of the virus from the presumptive reservoir of flying foxes and/or migratory birds of the seashore to man. This was done by determining which mosquito species had fed upon flying foxes, upon birds, and upon man.Two thousand and twenty female mosquitoes of 32 species were collected, either attracted to bait (man, horse and flying fox), were caught in light traps, or recovered from resting sites. Of these mosquitoes, 713 were engorged with blood and precipitin‐tested to determine the hosts upon which they had fed. The range of hosts was man, horse, ox, dog and fowl.Only five species, T. uniformis, A. vigilax, C. annulirostris, C. fatigans and C. sitiens were implicated as being possible vectors of the virus from the presumed reservoir to man, and of them the prime suspects were A. vigilax and C. sitiens, for these two species were attracted to flying fox bait, they had fed upon both man and fowl and they were associated with mangrove swamps, in which flying foxes “camp” during the day and in which migratory birds of the seashore roost at night.These findings are discussed with regard to the implicated vectors of Murray Valley encephalitis and Japanese B encephalitis, both of which are immunologically related to dengue fever.
THE FATE OF GLUCOSE SUPPLIED AT A RATE SUFFICIENT TO MAINTAIN BASAL METABOLISM
Authors: Dean HM 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYDirect catabolism of glucose administered to a fasting human, or its conversion to fat, does not occur to any large extent within three hours; during this period the body continues to catabolise fat and protein reserves at approximately the same rate as in the fasting state.The results suggest that in the fasting state there is a depletion of carbohydrate in some part of the body, and that it is this “glucose debt” which is first repaid when glucose is fed.There seems to be a delay of about 40–60 minutes before equilibrium is reached between glucose supply and glucose disposal by the body.The rise in metabolic rate observed when glucose is supplied at the rate described is explained as being produced by the heat losses involved in its storage rather than in its catabolism to provide energy directly.
THE GROWTH OF THREE STRAINS OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VIRUS OF FOWLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Pulsford MF 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe growth in tissue culture of a virulent epidemic type of I.L.T. virus, fully adapted to tissue culture is described. It has not been possible to demonstrate a one‐step type of growth, but it is apparent that the eclipse phase of this virus is relatively long, of the order of 18 hours, and is followed by rapid production and release of virus.A prolonged lag phase is noted in the one strain of low virulence examined. This is in keeping with the growth of such strains, as described by other workers.
THE METABOLISM OF ISONIAZID AND OTHER HYDRAZIDES BY MYCOBACTRIA
Authors: Youatt Jean 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYMycobacterium tuberculosis (B.C.G.) metabolised isoniazid, a hydrazone of isoniazid and other hydrazides. An isoniazid resistant culture also metabolised isoniazid. It is suggested that the degradation of hydrazides is a detoxication mechanism and not directly related to the mode of action of isoniazid.It is further suggested that cultures resistant to isoniazid metabolise isoniazid as fast as they take it up, while sensitive strains bind isoniazid more rapidly than they can metabolise it.
NITRATE ADAPTATION BY AGEING SUSPENSIONS OF PS. AERUGINOSA
Authors: Collins FM 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe rate of adaptation of the enzyme nitrate reductase of Ps. aeruginosa increased sharply to a peak 12–14 hours after the stationary growth phase commenced. The rate later returned to the initial value. No similar increase in the adaptation rate for the nitrate reducing enzyme system as a whole was observed.
STUDIES ON THE INNATE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO INFECTION WITH MOUSEPOX
Authors: Schell K 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYStrains of mice differ greatly in their susceptibility to mousepox. The highly resistant strain C57 Bl has been compared with a susceptible strain of mice with regard to virus growth and antibody production.Differences in virus growth in the two strains of mice appeared at a certain stage of the infection, which was the time at which neutralizing antibody was demonstrable in the blood of resistant mice. Neutralizing antibodies, active immunity and hypersensitivity were shown to appear at least a day earlier in the resistant than in the susceptible mice.The highest degree of resistance was found in young adult C57 Bl mice (2–3 months). Resistance was very low in new‐born mice and very old mice (8–12), although death times were still delayed compared with those of susceptible mice of the same ages.The resistance of C57 Bl mice to the lethal effects of infection with ectromelia virus appears to be due to a more effective immune response than that shown by mice of susceptible strains.
COXIELLA BURNETI IN KANGAROOS AND KANGAROO TICKS IN WESTERN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Pope JH , Scott W , Dwyer R 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYComplement‐fixing antibodies to Coxiella burneti were present in 23 p.c. of kangaroos collected in western Queensland, and agglutinins in 15 p.c. Red kangaroos, Megaleia rufa, showed a higher incidence of complement‐fixing antibodies (33 p.c.) than grey kangaroos, Macropus major (12 p.c.). In three areas, the incidence of complement‐fixing antibody in M. rufa was between 46 and 54 p.c.C. burneti was isolated in mice from the blood of one Macropus major.Thirteen isolations were made from nearly 3,000 ornate kangaroo ticks, Amblyomma triguttatum, collected from kangaroos, goats and sheep. The titre of infectivity of infected ticks for mice was usually in the range 10−6 to 10−9.Infection of kangaroos and A. triguttatum was found over a considerable area, between 24 and 28° S. and 144 and 149° E., in western Queensland.It thus seems probable that a natural kangaroo‐tick cycle exists. The three‐host life cycle and wide host range of this tick would allow it to spread infection to domestic animals as well as kangaroos. Infestation of sheep would bring infected ticks into contact also with workers in the sheep‐shearing industry, and was probably responsible for recent outbreaks of Q fever among them.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION DURING THE IN VITRO CULTURE OF LYMPHOID TISSUES
Authors: Dineen JK , Perry Beverley T 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA simple and reproducible technique for the study of the production of antibodies by lymphoid tissues during in vitro culture has been described.Cellular and extra‐cellular fluid titres were estimated by Boyden's tanned cell technique, and a sharp rise in the fluid antibody titre (up to 300‐fold) was observed during the first 18 to 24 hours of culture, while the cellular titre remained at a low constant level. The results of this study suggest that antibody‐producing cells store little or no classical antibody.The presence of chloramphenicol in the culture medium inhibited antibody production, while production was not specifically inhibited by ribonuclease. In addition, antibody production was inhibited by the absence of Ca++ from the culture medium and this effect was reversed when Ca++ was restored in physiological concentration.Attempts to stimulate antigenically spleen and popliteal node tissues during in vitro cultures were not successful.
THE EFFECT OF INCREASED MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW ON EXERCISE HYPERAEMIA IN THE HUMAN FOREARM
Authors: Dean HM , Skinner SL 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYPassive raising of the legs and trunk elevated forearm blood flow, before, during and after rhythmic and sub‐maximal sustained contraction of human forearm muscle.The magnitude and rate of decline of post‐exercise hyperaemia in the forearm was unaffected by the increase in muscle blood flow produced by passive raising of the legs and trunk.This finding suggests that either the metabolites responsible for post‐exercise hyperaemia are removed by a mechanism independent of the total volume of blood flowing, or that passive raising of the legs and trunk increases blood flow through channels not concerned with the transfer of metabolites formed during exercise.
BLOOD pH DETERMINATION
Authors: Holden Henry Francis 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe paper describes a simple and inexpensive apparatus for the measurement of pH at 38° using only 0·15 to 0·2 ml. of blood. The electrode bulb nearly fills the bore of the electrode vessel. There is a wick junction but no tap between the 3·5 M KCl calomel half‐cell and the electrode vessel. This last is filled and emptied with bent capillary pipettes. The bath contains kerosene heated with a bare coil which receives 2 amp. at 12 volts. It is controlled with a small mercury‐in‐glass regulator and a relay.
THE EFFECT OF CORN OIL AND OF COCONUT OIL ON THE ESTERIFICATION AND REMOVAL OF CHOLESTEROL BY RETICULO‐ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Authors: Day AJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYEmulsions containing either corn oil or coconut oil were injected intraperitoneally into rats at the same time as cholesterol suspensions, in order to determine whether the presence of polyunsaturated or saturated fatty acids had any effect on the uptake, esterification and removal of cholesterol by reticulo‐endothelial cells in the sternal lymph nodes.Both corn oil and coconut oil increased the amount of cholesterol taken up by the sternal nodes. The amount of cholesterol esterified during the first 24 hours was less in the presence of coconut oil than in the presence of corn oil. The percentage ester, however, increased more in the coconut oil group after 24 hours, and by 10 days exceeded the percentage ester in the corn oil group.The removal rate of total cholesterol from the nodes was not significantly affected by the presence of either coconut oil or corn oil.
A HEAT STABLE PROTECTIVE STAPHYLOCOCCAL ANTIGEN
Authors: Fisher Stephen 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA strain of staphylococci, chosen for the very marked enhancement by mucin of its intraperitoneal virulence to mice, was cultured in sloppy agar.The supernatant fluids obtained were of low toxicity and were highly potent as active immunizing agents in mice against lethal intraperitoneal challenge by the homologous strain in mucin suspension. The activity of the protective antigen was not affected by boiling for 10 minutes and was retained in the bag during dialysis.The protection could be transferred passively by means of the sera of immunized animals.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION AND OF HEAT ON THE COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIGEN AND HAEMAGGLUTININ OF ECTROMELIA VIRUS
Authors: Lawrence JJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYBoth the haemagglutinin and the complement fixing antigen of ectromelia virus are fairly stable at hydrogen ion concentrations ranging from pH 4 or 5 to 11, although the highest titres were found around the neutral point.Ectromelia complement fixing antigen showed some drop in titre on heating at 56°C. for 30 minutes, but no more so than vaccinial preparations run in parallel.The haemagglutinin seems to have a heat labile as well as a heat stable component. The heat labile component was neutralised by rabbit anti‐serum but not by normal rabbit serum and so appears to be specific.
RADIATION INDUCED “ACCEPTANCE” AND THE IMMATURE HAEMOPOIETIC HOMOGRAFT
Authors: Ilbery PLT 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYFollowing lethal whole body irradiation and homologous embryonic haemopoietic grafting, transplantation of the matured grafted material was made into further lethally irradiated test animals with the object of demonstrating tolerance. This has been judged by the ability of such transplanted material to avoid secondary disease in a foreign host environment.
VITAMIN B12 AND FOLIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS OF HUMAN LIVER WITH REFERENCE TO THE ASSAY OF NEEDLE BIOPSY MATERIAL
Authors: Pitney WR , Onesti P 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYVitamin B12 and folic acid concentrations in samples of human liver have been assayed microbiologically. The yield of both vitamins is increased by papain digestion of liver homogenates. The vitamin B12 concentrations of ten normal livers ranged from 0·61 μg./gm. to 1·02 μg./gm. wet tissue; the folic acid concentrations of the same livers ranged from 0·69 μg./gm. to 1·60 μg./gm. wet tissue.Material aspirated from the liver by suction needle biopsy was satisfactory for the assay of vitamin B12 and folic acid provided that the specimen weighed at least 7 mg.Methods are described for the processing and assay of needle biopsy material.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SECRETION OF NITROGEN IN SHEEP SALIVA
Authors: Somers M 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYQuantitative measurements were made on the volume of saliva secreted hourly by the parotid glands of merino sheep over a period of 24 hours on three separate days. At the same time fluctuations in the concentration of urea and total nitrogen in the saliva were studied in relation to the production of ammonia in the rumen and changes in the level of blood urea that occurred throughout the day.Both the rumen ammonia and the blood urea levels followed a relatively simple cyclical pattern over each 24‐hour period. However, two distinct phases were apparent in the salivary nitrogen cycle. The first, a short phase, followed the stimulation changes associated with eating. The second phase was prolonged and more complex. It was influenced by changes in the level of blood urea, but additional factors also operated in the second phase.Changes in the second phase of the salivary nitrogen cycle have been discussed in relation to fluctuations in the concentration of rumen ammonia and blood urea.
THE EFFECT OF CHLORAMPHENICOL AND OXYTETRACYCLINE ON THE FORMATION OF INTERMEDIATES IN TRYPTOPHAN BIOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Gibson F , McDougall Barbara 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYPrevious experiments on the effects of chloramphenicol and the tetracyclines on the biosynthesis of tryptophan in Escherichia coli have been extended using a number of tryptophan auxotrophs. The formation of indole, anthranilic acid and 5‐dehydroshikimic acid is inhibited by chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline. There is some variation among different strains with respect to the sensitivity of the aromatic pathway to the antibiotics.It is suggested that the antibiotics possibly interfere in some reaction leading to the formation of 5‐dehydroshikimic acid. The present results provide further evidence that the mode of action of chloramphenicol and of the tetracyclines are related in some way.
THE ACTION OF PHOSPHATIDASE A, SODIUM OLEATE AND GANGLIOSIDE ON THE EXOTOXINS OF CL. WELCHII AND ON THE NEUROTOXIN OF SHIGELLA SHIGAE
Authors: North EA , Pawlyszyn G , Doery Hazel M 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe lethal effect of the exotoxins of Clostridium perfringens and Cl. ovitoxicum in mice is antagonised by phosphatidase A. In this respect, and in the fact that they are inactivated by sodium oleate and ganglioside in vitro, these toxins behave like those of Gram‐positive bacteria previously studied. By contrast phosphatidase A, sodium oleate and ganglioside do not protect against Shigella shigae neurotoxin. Previous work had indicated that inactivation of toxins by both sodium oleate and ganglioside was in the nature of non‐specific adsorption to protein, whilst Shiga toxin has been proved to be a protein. Comment is made on these and other points of interest.
RECOVERY OF STRIGOMONAS ONCOPELTI AFTER DRYING FROM THE LIQUID STATE
Authors: Annear DI 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe flagellate Strigomonas oncopelti has been recovered after drying from the liquid state in a high concentration (50 p.c.) of glucose. Lower concentrations of the sugar are less effective.Deterioration of the desiccates is influenced strongly by storage temperature, being relatively rapid at room temperature and less so at 4° C. At −20° C. the desiccates show a high stability and approximately 5 p.c. of the cells exhibit active motility when rehydrated after storage for six months.
THE EFFECT OF HEPATOTOXINS ON E260 VALUES OF LIVER AND OF SERUM
Authors: Gallagher CH 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe extinction coefficients at 260 mμ (E260) of acid extracts of liver homogenates and of serum were measured in rats killed serially after dosing with the hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, lasiocarpine, or with lethal or non‐lethal doses of carbon tetrachloride.Both lasiocarpine and CCl4 at either dose rate produced a fall in the E260 value of liver within 1–5 hours of administration and a concomitant rise in the E260 value of serum. The change in E260 values was more rapid with CCl4 than with lasiocarpine and the rise in serum E260 was greater for a given fall in liver E260 value with CCl4 than with lasiocarpine. Although lasiocarpine caused a slower change, the fall in E260 values for liver was eventually greater with the alkaloid than with either dose of CCl4.The loss from cells of cytoplasmic material which absorbs light at 260 mμ within 1–3 hours of dosing with CCl4, long before the effect of mitochondrial damage becomes evident, supports the hypothesis that cellular injury is first exerted by CCl4 at the cell membrane rather than at the mitochondrial membrane.The inverse relationship between E260 values of liver and of serum for lasiocarpine indicates that this hepatotoxin, like CCl4, increases the permeability to oxidised pyridine nucleotides of the cell membrane as well as of the mitochondrial membrane. The effect on cell permeability evidently occurs very soon after administration of the alkaloid.It is suggested that the determination of the E260 values of acid extracts of serum might provide an early, simple test for the diagnosis and evaluation of certain types of toxic liver damage.
OBSERVATIONS ON AN ANTISTAPHYLOCOCCAL MOUSE PROTECTIVE ANTIBODY IN HUMAN SERA
Authors: Fisher Stephen 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSignificant amounts of antibody capable of protecting mice against lethal intraperitoneal challenge with living staphylococci of strain 90B (Smith), suspended in mucin, were found in 53 out of 100 human sera. Fifty of these sera had been obtained from normal blood donors and 50 from patients suffering from boils; the sera from these two groups contained similar amounts of antibody.Strain 90B, known in the United States as strain Smith, and three other strains of staphylococci also obtained from the United States resembled one another in the following characters: the formation of mucoid colonies; the slight production of coagulase; high virulence, particularly in mucin suspension, to mice by the intraperitoneal route; and the presence of a common heat‐stable component which was highly immunogenic in mice. These characters were not shared with a number of strains of staphylococci originating from Australia and England, and selected to represent the commoner types of pathogenic staphylococci encountered in human medicine and including three strains isolated from bovine mastitis.Strain 90B (Smith) and similar strains are thus not typical of the commonly occurring staphylococcus pathogenic to man. General conclusions about the pathogenesis of staphylococcal disease in man and resistance to it, drawn from studies on strains of this type, may therefore not be valid.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF THYMUS GRAFTS IN HIGH AND LOW LEUKAEMIA STRAINS OF MICE
Authors: Metcalf D , Sparrow N , Nakamura K , Ishidate M 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSubcutaneous isografts of whole thymuses in mice of strains AKR and C3H have demonstrated that graft growth is determined partly by the age of the host, but primarily by the age of the graft.Thymuses from one‐week‐old C3H mice in six‐month‐old hosts underwent weight changes synchronous with the growth and involution of the thymus in intact C3H mice.AKR thymuses grew to a larger size, and exhibited higher mitotic activity than C3H thymus grafts in (AKR × C3H)F1 hybrid mice.No changes were observed in the absolute weight or mitotic activity of the lymphoid organs of mice bearing actively growing axillary thymus grafts.A slight relative weight increase was observed in the axillary lymph nodes draining the graft site, compared with the opposite axillary nodes, but this was not associated with increased mitotic activity in these nodes.
BIURET REACTIVE MATERIALS IN SEMEN
Authors: Wales RG , Scott TW , White IG 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA satisfactory method of estimating biuret reactive material in semen is described. Human, ram, bull, fowl and dog semen vary in protein, proteose and peptide content. Values for biuret reactive material range from 1·80 gm./100 ml. in fowl semen to 7·32 gm./100 ml. in bull semen. Proteolysis occurred in human semen during incubation but was not detected in the semen of other species studied.Considerable species differences occurred in the amount of protein precipitated on heating semen at pH 4·6.
THE EVIDENCE FOR THE SURVIVAL AND REGENERATION OF DONOR EPITHELIAL ELEMENTS IN ORTHOTOPICALLY‐GRAFTED SKIN HOMO‐TRANSPLANTS
Authors: Dineen JK , Szenberg Aleksander 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe present studies have shown that some epithelial elements of donor origin survive the homograft response and that, provided adequate physical protection, particularly against desiccation, is given to the graft, these elements may regenerate.Regeneration of follicular epithelium was invariably observed as early as 8 to 10 days after homotransplantation of skin in specifically presensitized mice. Regeneration of both follicular and surface epithelial elements is usually completed by about the 16th day after grafting in these animals. By comparison, epithelial regeneration was delayed, and was observed much less frequently in homografts transferred to non‐immune recipients.Inhibition of the regenerative capacity of the donor tissues by X‐irradiation before transplantation prevented or grossly delayed regeneration of both follicular and surface epithelia in the graft area.An immunological test based upon Mitchison's (1956) design was used to demonstrate the presence of antigens of both donor and host provenance in the regenerated tissues. The presence of donor elements was confirmed by showing that the transfer of appropriately presensitized and normal spleen cells of the recipient strain to X‐irradiated mice bearing the regenerated homografts resulted in destruction of the regenerated tissues.Homograft regeneration was promoted by passive administration of serum obtained from mice hyper‐immunized with donor‐type spleen cells. This finding suggested that an “enhancement” phenomenon might play an important rôle in the fate of the regenerating tissues.
GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN HUMAN (THIERSCH) SKIN GRAFTS
Authors: Opit LJ , Savage JP 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYGlucose metabolism in human split skin (Thiersch) grafts, when measured in vitro, is shown to be mainly by glycolysis with a low rate of oxygen uptake. Doubling of glucose uptake and lactate production as well as oxygen uptake by 0·1 mM 2:4‐dinitrophenol (DNP) is interpreted as supporting the conception that this glycolytic activity is not simply due to inadequate oxygen perfusion but is a feature of skin metabolism in vivo. The ability of skin to maintain an oxygen uptake for at least four hours without substrate suggested that skin glycogen might be the endogenous carbohydrate capable of sustaining respiration but measurements of glycogen levels in skin before and after incubation demonstrate that glycogen itself is unlikely to provide this pool, at least in the in vitro system.