bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping public policy options responding to obesity: the case of Spain
Authors: González‐Zapata L. I. , Ortiz‐Moncada R. , Alvarez‐Dardet C. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThis study assesses the opinions of the main Spanish stakeholders from food and physical exercise policy networks on public policy options for responding to obesity. We followed the multi‐criteria mapping methodology in the framework of the European project ‘Policy options in responding to obesity’ (PorGrow), through a structured interview to 21 stakeholders. A four‐step approach was taken: options, criteria, scoring and weighting, obtaining in this way a measure of the performance of each option which integrates qualitative and quantitative information. In an overall analysis, the more popular policy options where those grouped as educational initiatives: include food and health in the school curriculum, improve health education to the general public, improve the training of health professionals in obesity care and prevention, incentives to caterers to provide healthier menus and improve community sports facilities. Fiscal measures as subsidies and taxes had the lowest support. The criteria assessed as priorities were grouped as efficacy and societal benefits. Obesity in Spain can be approached through public policies, although the process will not be easy or immediate. The feasibility of changes requires concerned public policymakers developing long‐term actions taking into account the map of prioritized options by the stakeholders.
Influence of Gender on Parental Socialization of Children's Sadness Regulation
Authors: Cassano Michael , Perry‐Parrish Carisa , Zeman Janice 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMothers' (N = 60) and fathers' (N = 53) perceptions of and desire for change in their 6‐ to 11‐year‐old daughters' (N = 59) and sons' (N = 54) sadness regulation behaviors (i.e., inhibition, dysregulation, coping) were examined in addition to parental responses to children's hypothetical sadness displays. Results of multivariate analyses of variance and regression analyses suggest that parental perceptions of and desired change in children's sadness behavior differ as a function of parent gender, child gender and child age (younger (grades 1, 2), older (grades 4, 5)), and predict the likelihood of contingent responses to children's sadness behavior. Overall, fathers reported being likely to respond to sadness with minimization whereas mothers reported being likely to respond with expressive encouragement and problem‐focused strategies. These parent‐reported socialization response tendencies, however, were more fully explained by the interaction between perceptions of children's sadness regulation behaviors and satisfaction with these behaviors. These findings highlight the need to include parent gender and parental cognitions as important variables in emotion socialization research.
Maternal Meta‐emotion Philosophy and Adolescent Depressive Symptomatology
Authors: Katz Lynn Fainsilber , Hunter Erin C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe current study examined the relations between maternal meta‐emotion philosophy and adolescent depressive symptoms, as well as general adolescent adjustment and the quality of parent–child interaction. Consistent with previous findings on children in the preschool period and middle childhood, it was expected that an emotion coaching meta‐emotion philosophy would be associated with fewer depressive symptoms, higher levels of adjustment and lower frequencies and less reciprocity of aversive and dysphoric affect during mother–child interaction. Maternal meta‐emotion interviews, observations of mother–child interaction and assessments of adolescent adjustment were obtained. Results indicated that mothers of adolescents with high levels of depressive symptoms were less accepting and expressive of their own emotions than were mothers of adolescents with low levels of depressive symptoms. A mother's acceptance of her own emotion was associated with fewer depressive symptoms, higher self‐esteem and fewer externalizing problems in young adolescents. A mother's emotion coaching was associated with lower frequency and less likelihood of the reciprocity of aversive and dysphoric affect during mother–child interaction. Discussion highlights the role of maternal meta‐emotion philosophy in creating emotional closeness in families with high and low levels of depressive symptomatology.
FROM CENTRAL PLACE TO NETWORK MODEL: THEORY AND EVIDENCE OF A PARADIGM CHANGE
Authors: MEIJERS EVERT 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTWhile the deficiencies of the central place model have often been highlighted, no other paradigm has replaced it. However, recently some researchers have hinted at the development of a new model of spatial organisation, a network model. This model would hold most in polycentric urban regions. This paper discusses the features of this network model in comparison with the central place model. Moreover, it explores whether this model describes spatial reality better, thereby focusing on complementarity, a main feature of the model. The relationships within multi‐location hospitals and universities of professional education (hogescholen), which spread their offer of care and study programmes over multiple, close‐by cities, are analysed for this reason. Within the hospital care sector there is a clear trend towards complementarity, in line with the network model. The hogescholen sector provides a more ambiguous picture. The network model, however, still seems more appropriate than the central place model.
FOREIGN FIRMS AND THE PERCEPTION OF REGIONS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC: A STATISTICAL EXAMINATION
Authors: SPILKOVÁ JANA 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTForeign investment is of particularly importance in countries undergoing far‐reaching economic transformation. Also the location of foreign investment throughout the country is very important for further regional development. Actual location decisions of investors are influenced by various factors, but it is rather obvious that behind these decisions there is also always a lack of information or a distorted view of potential locations and regions for investment. The aim of this paper is to indicate the image of Czech regions that foreign entrepreneurs construct and to understand the character of spatial perceptions of foreign entrepreneurs from various points of view in order to find out what main factors are influencing location decisions of foreign investors in the country. The paper provides a summary of preliminary results of the survey. It provides current mental maps of foreign entrepreneurs and the most important results of explanatory statistical analyses.
MEASURING WELFARE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL PLANNING
Authors: ROUWENDAL JAN , VAN DER STRAATEN J. WILLEMIJN 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTIn a densely populated country such as the Netherlands, a restrictive spatial planning policy is generally believed to be necessary to balance the numerous and often contradictory claims on space of households, industries, infrastructure and agriculture, and other functions. Clearly, such a policy is expected to have beneficial effects. However, it should be equally clear, from its restrictiveness, that there are costs associated with such a policy. In this contribution the appropriateness of social cost benefit analysis is considered as a tool for the evaluation of spatial policy in the Netherlands. The paper starts with a brief overview of a major characteristic of this analysis and discusses its potential importance for the evaluation of spatial planning in the Netherlands. The discussion continues with the possibility of assessing the cost and benefits associated with non‐market goods, which is perhaps the main controversial aspect of SCBA, by focusing on the relevant example of the value of open space in cities.
Home Truths about Care‐less Competitiveness
Authors: JARVIS HELEN 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe literature on city‐regionalism can be criticized for neglecting the mundane ways that cities and regions are socially reproduced (and contested) through processes of household decision‐making and routine coordination. Moreover, dominant debates on macro‐scale governance and economic competitiveness rarely question the way strategic city‐regional partnerships equate notions of ‘liveability’ with marketability. However ‘smart’, these initiatives persistently fetishize growth, allowing little scope for collective endeavour or an ethic of care — values which Linda McDowell (2004) points out are fundamentally undermined by neoliberalism. This paper challenges the ‘top‐down’ discourse of city‐regionalism both on the grounds of what it examines (economic efficiency and governance) and how this is viewed (partially and globally). The case is made for raising awareness of the structural inequalities which restrict the ‘choice of choices’ actually available to households competing for public services on the basis of uneven resource entitlement. This calls for an understanding of a ‘whole’ economy, recognizing the full value of unpaid care‐giving, volunteering and ‘free’ environmental resources.
EFFECTS OF SET AND SEX ON THE ELECTRODERMAL ORIENTING RESPONSE
Authors: Korn James , Moyer K. E. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThis study sought to determine the extent to which brief instructions to “pay attention” would affect the magnitude and rate of habituation of the electrodermal orienting response (OR) and whether sex differences would be obtained. Compared to neutral (relaxation) instructions, it was found that Ss who were told to pay attention: (1) had larger ORs to the first tone in each of 2 sets of 20 tones, (2) showed more irregular habituation over the second set of tones, and (3) exhibited decreases in base conductance during a rest period between sets of tones. Females habituated faster than males over the first set of tones. The results are discussed in terms of preparatory set variables.
A CARDIOTACHOMETER WITH LINEAR INDICATION OF BEAT‐TO‐BEAT FREQUENCY
Authors: Pope Jack M. , Deboo Gordon J. , Smith David B. D. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThe instrument described has a linear indication of beat‐to‐beat heart rate with an overall accuracy of ±1 beat per minute. A linear output response over the range of 30 to 270 beats per minute is achieved with a square law discharge network. Input clipping and filter circuits permit reliable operation with moderately active subjects. Details of the circuit design and its performance are discussed.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci and PCR multiplexing in the common vole, Microtus arvalis
Authors: GAUFFRE B. , GALAN M. , BRETAGNOLLE V. , COSSON J. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe isolated and characterized 14 dinucleotide microsatellite loci in the common vole Microtus arvalis (Palas). Two multiplex panels both comprising seven loci were developed. Application to a set of 21 individuals allowed clear and easy characterization of allele sizes except for two loci which were then withdrawn from further analyses. The number of alleles ranged from four to 19 per locus with the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.55 to 0.95. These sets of microsatellite loci provide high throughput capacity for population genetic studies at a minimum cost.
Isolation and characterization of eight microsatellite loci in two morphotypes of the Southeast Asian army ant, Aenictus laeviceps
Authors: HAMAGUCHI K. , MATSUMOTO T. , MARUYAMA M. , HASHIMOTO Y. , YAMANE S. , ITIOKA T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEight polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed from morphotype L1 of the Southeast Asian army ant, Aenictus laeviceps in Borneo, and characterized for morphotypes L1 and L2. The number of alleles per locus ranged from nine to 24 (average 15) in morphotype L1 and two to 16 (average 9.8) in L2. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.75 to 0.96 in morphotype L1 and from 0.08 to 0.96 in L2. All loci were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. One pair of loci showed linkage disequilibrium in morphotype L1. All markers successfully amplified in morphotype S, and some markers amplified in other Aenictus species.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Penstemon rostriflorus (Plantaginaceae) and cross‐species amplification
Authors: KRAMER ANDREA T. , FANT JEREMIE B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEight novel microsatellite primer pairs are presented for Penstemon rostriflorus, representing the first microsatellite markers available for this genus. Loci were characterized for 20 individuals from two populations in the Great Basin, USA. All loci are polymorphic within P. rostriflorus (seven to 13 alleles per locus; observed heterozygosity between 0.40 and 0.95), and therefore useful for population genetic studies within the species. Cross‐species transferability was tested on 40 additional species of Penstemon, and results indicate that these primers pairs will likely be useful for population genetic studies on many Penstemon species.
On the evolutionary origin of aging
Authors: Ackermann Martin , Chao Lin , Bergstrom Carl T. , Doebeli Michael 
Published: March 2007

SummaryIt is generally believed that the first organisms did not age, and that aging thus evolved at some point in the history of life. When and why this transition occurred is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. Recent reports of aging in bacteria suggest that aging predates the emergence of eukaryotes and originated in simple unicellular organisms. Here we use simple models to study why such organisms would evolve aging. These models show that the differentiation between an aging parent and a rejuvenated offspring readily evolves as a strategy to cope with damage that accumulates due to vital activities. We use measurements of the age‐specific performance of individual bacteria to test the assumptions of the model, and find evidence that they are fulfilled. The mechanism that leads to aging is expected to operate in a wide range of organisms, suggesting that aging evolved early and repeatedly in the history of life. Aging might thus be a more fundamental aspect of cellular organisms than assumed so far.
Accounting Information, Disclosure, and the Cost of Capital
Authors: LAMBERT RICHARD , LEUZ CHRISTIAN , VERRECCHIA ROBERT E. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTIn this paper we examine whether and how accounting information about a firm manifests in its cost of capital, despite the forces of diversification. We build a model that is consistent with the Capital Asset Pricing Model and explicitly allows for multiple securities whose cash flows are correlated. We demonstrate that the quality of accounting information can influence the cost of capital, both directly and indirectly. The direct effect occurs because higher quality disclosures affect the firm's assessed covariances with other firms' cash flows, which is nondiversifiable. The indirect effect occurs because higher quality disclosures affect a firm's real decisions, which likely changes the firm's ratio of the expected future cash flows to the covariance of these cash flows with the sum of all the cash flows in the market. We show that this effect can go in either direction, but also derive conditions under which an increase in information quality leads to an unambiguous decline in the cost of capital.
What Makes a Stock Risky? Evidence from Sell‐Side Analysts' Risk Ratings
Authors: LUI DAPHNE , MARKOV STANIMIR , TAMAYO ANE 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTWe examine the determinants and the informativeness of financial analysts' risk ratings using a large sample of research reports issued by Salomon Smith Barney, now Citigroup, over the period 1997–2003. We find that the cross‐sectional variation in risk ratings is largely explained by variables commonly viewed as measures of risk, such as idiosyncratic risk, size, book‐to‐market, and leverage. In addition, earnings‐based measures of risk, such as earnings quality and accounting losses, also contribute to explaining the cross‐sectional variation in the risk ratings. Finally, we document that the risk ratings can be used to predict future return volatility after controlling for other predictors of future volatility. We conclude that analysts play an important role as providers of information about investment risk.
VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE: Animal Models—What They Can Tell Us about Vascular Calcification in CKD
Authors: Massy Ziad A. , Slama Michel , Tribouilloy Christophe , Drüeke Tilman B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe development of cardiovascular calcifications in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients involves multiple risk factors with additive effects. However, a number of questions concerning cardiovascular calcifications in CKD patients remain unanswered at present due to lack of clinical data or due to the impossibility of conducting clinical trials to investigate these issues. In this review, we discuss how animal models could help us understand better the pathophysiology and management of calcifying cardiovascular complications associated with CKD.
VASCULAR CALCIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY DISEASE: Vascular Calcification and Disordered Mineral Metabolism in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Kalpakian Mary Alice , Mehrotra Rajnish 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVascular calcification is an active, cell‐mediated process that can involve either the intima or media of the blood vessels. The current methods used to clinically measure vascular calcification cannot distinguish between intimal (invariably atherosclerotic) and medial calcification. The high calcification scores seen in patients with end‐stage renal disease likely represent a composite of high calcification burden in both sites. The severity of vascular calcification has been associated with a variety of findings including left ventricular hypertrophy and angiographic vascular stenosis as well as with all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality. There is increasing evidence that disordered mineral metabolism participates in the process of vascular calcification and is one of the mechanisms whereby hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia, and hyperparathyroidism enhance cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality of end‐stage renal disease patients. There are no studies showing improved outcomes of ESRD patients with aggressive control of disordered mineral metabolism. However, the preponderance of evidence argues strongly in favor of aggressive management of these abnormalities from starting early in the course of chronic kidney disease in the hope of improving patient outcomes.
830 nm laser irradiation induces varicosity formation, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential and blocks fast axonal flow in small and medium diameter rat dorsal root ganglion neurons: implications for the analgesic effects of 830 nm laser
Authors: Chow Roberta T , David Monique A , Armati Patricia J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract  We report the formation of 830 nm (cw) laser‐induced, reversible axonal varicosities, using immunostaining with β‐tubulin, in small and medium diameter, TRPV‐1 positive, cultured rat DRG neurons. Laser also induced a progressive and statistically significant decrease (p < 0.005) in MMP in mitochondria in and between static axonal varicosities. In cell bodies of the neuron, the decrease in MMP was also statistically significant (p < 0.05), but the decrease occurred more slowly. Importantly we also report for the first time that 830 nm (cw) laser blocked fast axonal flow, imaged in real time using confocal laser microscopy and JC‐1 as mitotracker.Control neurons in parallel cultures remained unaffected with no varicosity formation and no change in MMP. Mitochondrial movement was continuous and measured along the axons at a rate of 0.8 μm/s (range 0.5–2 μm/s), consistent with fast axonal flow. Photoacceptors in the mitochondrial membrane absorb laser and mediate the transduction of laser energy into electrochemical changes, initiating a secondary cascade of intracellular events. In neurons, this results in a decrease in MMP with a concurrent decrease in available ATP required for nerve function, including maintenance of microtubules and molecular motors, dyneins and kinesins, responsible for fast axonal flow. Laser‐induced neural blockade is a consequence of such changes and provide a mechanism for a neural basis of laser‐induced pain relief. The repeated application of laser in a clinical setting modulates nociception and reduces pain. The application of laser therapy for chronic pain may provide a non‐drug alternative for the management of chronic pain.
The association between traumatic experience, paranoia and hallucinations: a test of the predictions of psychological models
Authors: Gracie A. , Freeman D. , Green S. , Garety P. A. , Kuipers E. , Hardy A. , Ray K. , Dunn G. , Bebbington P. , Fowler D. 
Published: March 2007

Objective:  The current study investigated the relationship between trauma and predisposition to hallucinations and to paranoia in a non‐clinical sample.Method:  A total of 228 students completed online measures of trauma, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schematic beliefs, perceptual anomalies, and predisposition to hallucinations and paranoia.Results:  Associations were found between negative schematic beliefs, PTSD and predisposition to both paranoia and hallucinations. PTSD reexperiencing‐symptoms were most strongly associated with a predisposition to hallucinations. Negative beliefs about self and others were most strongly associated with a predisposition to paranoia.Conclusion:  The results provide support for the prediction that there may be two routes between trauma and predisposition to psychosis. Clear support was found for a link between trauma and psychosis mediated by negative beliefs about self and others. There may also be a direct association between re‐experiencing symptoms and hallucinations.
The association of the composite IL‐1 genotype with periodontitis progression and/or treatment outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Huynh‐Ba G. , Lang N. P. , Tonetti M. S. , Salvi G. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground: Genetically transmitted traits such as cytokine gene polymorphisms may accentuate the host inflammatory response to the bacterial challenge and influence susceptibility to periodontitis.Objective: To systematically review the evidence of an association between the interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) composite genotype, i.e. presence of the allele 2 in the gene clusters IL‐1A‐889 and in IL‐1B +3953, and periodontitis progression and/or treatment outcomes.Material and Methods: Based on the focused question, a search was conducted for longitudinal clinical trials comparing progression of periodontitis and/or treatment outcomes in IL‐1 genotype‐positive (carrying allele 2) and IL‐1 genotype‐negative (not carrying allele 2) subjects. A search in the National Library of Medicine computerized bibliographic database MEDLINE and a manual search were performed. Selection of publications, extraction of data and validity assessment were made independently by two reviewers.Results: The search provided 122 titles of which 11 longitudinal publications were included. The heterogeneity of the data prevented the performance of a meta‐analysis. While findings from some publications rejected a possible role of IL‐1 composite genotype on progression of periodontitis after various therapies, other reported a prognostic value for disease progression of the positive IL‐1 genotype status. When assessed on a multivariate risk assessment model, several publications concluded that the assessment of the IL‐1 composite genotype in conjunction with other covariates (e.g. smoking and presence of specific bacteria) may provide additional information on disease progression. The small sample size of the available publications, however, requires caution in the interpretation of the results.Conclusion: Based on these findings, (i) there is insufficient evidence to establish if a positive IL‐1 genotype status contributes to progression of periodontitis and/or treatment outcomes. Therefore, (ii) results obtained with commercially available tests should be interpreted with caution.