bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connections of cat auditory cortex: II. Commissural system
Authors: Lee Charles C. , Winer Jeffery A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe commissural projections between 13 areas of cat auditory cortex (AC) were studied using retrograde tracers. Areal and laminar origins were characterized as part of a larger study of thalamic input and cortical origins of projections to each area. Cholera toxin beta subunit (CTβ) and cholera toxin beta subunit gold‐conjugate (CTβG) were injected separately within an area or in different areas in an experiment. The areas were identified independently with SMI‐32, which revealed differences in neurofilament immunoreactivity in layers III, V, and VI. Each area received convergent AC input from 3 to 6 (mean, 5) contralateral areas. Most of the projections (>75%) were homotopic and from topographically organized loci in the corresponding area. Heterotopic projections (>1 mm beyond the main homotopic projection) constituted ≈25% of the input. Layers III and V contained >95% of the commissural neurons. Commissural projection neurons were clustered in all areas. Commissural divergence, assessed by double labeling, was less than 3% in each area. This sparse axonal branching is consistent with the essentially homotopic connectivity of the commissural system. The many heterotopic origins represent unexpected commissural influences converging on an area. Areas more dorsal on the cortical convexity have commissural projections originating in layers III and V; more ventral areas favor layer III at the expense of layer V, to its near‐total exclusion in some instances. Some areas have almost entirely layer III origins (temporal cortex and area AII), whereas others have a predominantly layer V input (anterior auditory field) or dual contributions from layers III and V (the dorsal auditory zone). A topographic distribution of commissural cells of origin is consistent with the order observed in thalamocortical and corticocortical projections, and which characterizes all extrinsic projection systems (commissural, corticocortical, and thalamocortical) in all AC areas. Thus, laminar as well as areal differences in projection origin distinguish the auditory cortical commissural system. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1901–1919, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Different types of ganglion cell share a synaptic pattern
Authors: Xu Ying , Vasudeva Viren , Vardi Noga , Sterling Peter , Freed Michael A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRetinal ganglion cells comprise about 10 morphological types that also differ functionally. To determine whether functional differences might arise partially from differences in excitatory input, we quantified the distributions of ribbon contacts to four mammalian ganglion cell types [brisk‐transient (BT), brisk‐sustained (BS), local edge (LE), directionally selective (DS)], comparing small vs. large and “sluggish” vs. “brisk.” Cells in guinea pig retina were filled with fluorescent dye, immunostained for synaptic ribbons, and reconstructed with their ribbon contacts by confocal microscopy. False‐positive contacts were corrected by performing the same analysis on processes that lack synapses: glial stalks and rod bipolar axons. All types shared a domed distribution of membrane that was well fit by a Gaussian function (R2 = 0.96 ± 0.01); they also shared a constant density of contacts on the dendritic membrane, both across each arbor and across cell types (19 ± 1 contacts/100 μm2 membrane). However, the distributions of membrane across the retina differed markedly in width (BT > DS ≈ BS > LE) and peak density (BS > DS > LE > BT). Correspondingly, types differed in peak density of contacts (BS > DS ≈ LE > BT) and total number (BS ≈ BT > DS > LE). These differences between cell types in spatial extent and local concentration of membrane and synapses help to explain certain functional differences. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1871–1878, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anomalous energy transport in the FPU‐β chain
Authors: Lukkarinen Jani , Spohn Herbert 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe consider the energy current correlation function for the FPU‐β lattice. For small nonlinearity one can rely on kinetic theory. The issue reduces then to a spectral analysis of the linearized collision operator. We prove thereby that, on the basis of kinetic theory, the energy current correlations decay in time as t−3/5. It follows that the thermal conductivity is anomalous, increasing as N2/5 with the system size N. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ESR‐Vis/NIR Spectroelectrochemical Study of C70(CF3)2−. and C70(C2F5)2−. Radical Anions
Authors: Popov Alexey A. , Shustova Natalia B. , Boltalina Olga V. , Strauss Steven H. , Dunsch Lothar 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA spectroelectrochemical study of the two isostructural asymmetric perfluoroalkyl derivatives C1‐7,24‐C70(CF3)2 and C1‐7,24‐C70(C2F5)2 is presented. Reversible formation of their stable monoanion radicals is monitored by cyclic voltammetry and by in situ ESR‐Vis‐NIR spectroelectrochemistry. The ESR spectrum of the C70(CF3)2−. radical is a 1:3:3:1 quartet with a 19F hyperfine coupling constant (a(F)) of 0.323(4) G, demonstrating that the unpaired spin is coupled to only one of the two CF3 groups. The 13C satellites are assigned to specific carbon atoms. The ESR spectrum of the C70(C2F5)2−. radical is an apparent octet with an apparent a(F) value of 0.83(2) G. DFT calculations suggest that this pattern is due to the superposition of spectra for four nearly isoenergetic C70(C2F5)2−. conformers. Time‐dependent DFT calculations suggest that the NIR band at 1090 nm exhibited by both C70(Rf)2−. radical anions is assigned to the SOMO→LUMO+3 transition. The analogous NIR band exhibited by the closed‐shell C70(CF3)22− dianion was blue‐shifted to 1000 nm.
Complexity in close binary evolution
Authors: Politano Michael 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe complex nature of close binary evolution is briefly reviewed. Population synthesis calculations of zero‐age cataclysmic variable stars (ZACVs) are presented using a common envelope (CE) efficiency parameter, αCE, that is a function of the core mass of the primary. Specifically, we investigate the possibility that αCE is different for CE evolution involving red giant branch (RGB) primaries than for asymptotic giant branch (AGB) primaries. We calculate a sequence of model orbital period distributions in present‐day ZACVs for 11 different combinations of efficiency parameters (αRGB, αAGB). We find that if CE evolution is much less efficient for RGB primaries than for AGB primaries (αRGB ∼ 0.1 or less), the number of CVs that form below 2 h is significantly decreased compared with standard constant αCE models. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008.
Acute behavioral tolerance to nicotine in the conditioned taste aversion paradigm
Authors: Prus Adam J. , Maxwell Amy T. , Baker Kevin M. , Rosecrans John A. , James John R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAcute behavioral tolerance to nicotine is a well‐established phenomenon in animals, although previous drug discrimination studies have suggested that subpopulations of rats may exist that fail to exhibit acute tolerance to nicotine. The present study sought to determine whether these findings might extend to the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm. In experiment 1, rats were administered 0.8 mg/kg s.c. nicotine or vehicle before a pairing session with saccharin, and then administered either 0.4 mg/kg nicotine or vehicle immediately afterward. Rats treated with vehicle pre‐session and then nicotine post‐session developed a significant CTA to nicotine, whereas rats treated with 0.8 mg/kg nicotine s.c. pre‐session failed to develop a CTA to nicotine. In experiment 2, rats were identified as exhibiting or failing to exhibit acute tolerance to nicotine in a drug discrimination paradigm. Rats that produced acute nicotine tolerance failed to develop a CTA after 24 h, but did so after 48 h, while rats that did not produce nicotine tolerance exhibited CTA after 24 h, but not after 48 h. These findings indicate that acute behavioral tolerance to nicotine extends to its aversion effects. Drug Dev Res 68:522–528, 2007. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of characterization factor for power system oscillation based on multiple synchronized phasor measurements
Authors: Hashiguchi Takuhei , Watanabe Masayuki , Matsushita Akihiro , Mitani Yasunori , Saeki Osamu , Tsuji Kiichiro , Hojo Masahide , Ukai Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2008

AbstractElectric power systems in Japan are composed of remote and distributed location of generators and loads mainly concentrated in large‐demand areas. The structures having long‐distance transmission tend to produce heavy power flow with increasing electric power demand. In addition, some independent power producers (IPP) and power producer and suppliers (PPS) are participating in the power generation business, which makes power system dynamics more complex. However, there was little observation as a whole power system. In this paper the authors present a global monitoring system of power system dynamics by using the synchronized phasor measurement of demand‐side outlets. Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) are synchronized based on the global positioning system (GPS). The purpose of this paper is to show oscillation characteristics and methods for processing original data obtained from PMU after certain power system disturbances triggered by accidents. This analysis resulted in the observation of the lowest and the second lowest frequency mode. The derivation of eigenvalue with the two‐degree‐of‐freedom model brings a monitoring of two oscillation modes. Signal processing based on wavelet analysis and simulation studies to illustrate the obtained phenomena are presented in detail. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(3): 10– 18, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20316
Instantaneous current profile control for flat torque of switched reluctance motors
Authors: Ishikawa Hiroki , Kamada Yoshinobu , Naitoh Haruo 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a new instantaneous current control to obtain an instantaneously flat torque waveform with smaller torque ripples of switched reluctance motors (SRMs). The proposed current control is based on table lookup. By geometric insights for the machine and finite element method based analysis, ideal current profiles for the flat torque are generated. Some simulation results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed control, which are verified by experiment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(3): 78–87, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20458
Offline tuning of positioning control system using particle swarm optimization considering speed controller
Authors: Kaneko Takayuki , Matsumoto Hiroyuki , Mine Hironori , Nishida Hideyuki , Nakayama Tomoharu 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper describes an optimal offline tuning method for a position controller in a mechanical system using a new evolutionary algorithm called particle swarm optimization (PSO). Generally in industrial machinery, there is increasing demand for autonomous performance for position control systems. In this paper, two approaches to optimization are taken. First, PSO is used in order to optimize the coefficient of a mathematical model as system identification. Second, the parameters for a controller are directly optimized by evaluating responses using PSO. The proposed approach has superior features, including easy implementation, stable convergence characteristics, and good efficiency. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(3): 68– 77, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20668
Cogging torque investigation of PM motors resulting from asymmetry property of magnetic poles: Influence of performance variation between permanent magnets
Authors: Daikoku Akihiro , Yamaguchi Shinichi 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the cogging torque of a permanent magnet (PM) motor resulting from the asymmetry property of magnetic poles, which comes from the performance variation between magnets. A PM motor with 32 poles (= 16 pole pairs) and 36 slots is selected for verification, because the motor whose pole/slot ratio is 8/9 is sensitive to the performance variation between permanent magnets. Assuming that two different magnetization levels of magnets are mixed together in one rotor, the amplitude of the 2.25th and 4.5th components of cogging torque, which show 36 (= 2.25 × 16) and 72 (= 4.5 × 16) times of pulsation per rotation respectively and both of which result from the asymmetry property of the magnetic poles, are evaluated. As a result, it is clarified that the cogging torque characteristics depend on the alignment pattern of the two kinds of magnets. The amplitudes of the 2.25th and 4.5th components of cogging torque are proportional respectively to the amplitude of the 36th and 72nd order harmonics of the squared magnetic flux density around the rotor which is set in the space without stator. Using the proportional constants found from the finite element analyses in some alignment patterns, the cogging torque amplitudes of the motors with other alignment patterns can be predicted by calculating the squared magnetic flux density around the rotor only. The predicted cogging torque amplitudes correspond to the actually calculated results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(3): 57– 67, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20669
Containment of aerogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice does not require MyD88 adaptor function for TLR2, ‐4 and ‐9
Authors: Hölscher Christoph , Reiling Norbert , Schaible Ulrich E. , Hölscher Alexandra , Bathmann Clara , Korbel Daniel , Lenz Insa , Sonntag Tanja , Kröger Svenja , Akira Shizuo , Mossmann Horst , Kirschning Carsten J. , Wagner Hermann , Freudenberg Marina , Ehlers Stefan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe role of Toll‐like receptors (TLR) and MyD88 for immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains controversial. To address the impact of TLR‐mediated pathogen recognition and MyD88‐dependent signaling events on anti‐mycobacterial host responses, we analyzed the outcome of Mtb infection in TLR2/4/9 triple‐ and MyD88‐deficient mice. After aerosol infection, both TLR2/4/9‐deficient and wild‐type mice expressed pro‐inflammatory cytokines promoting antigen‐specific T cells and the production of IFN‐γ to similar extents. Moreover, TLR2/4/9‐deficient mice expressed IFN‐γ‐dependent inducible nitric oxide synthase and LRG‐47 in infected lungs. MyD88‐deficient mice expressed pro‐inflammatory cytokines and were shown to expand IFN‐γ‐producing antigen‐specific T cells, albeit in a delayed fashion. Only mice that were deficient for MyD88 rapidly succumbed to unrestrained mycobacterial growth, whereas TLR2/4/9‐deficient mice controlled Mtb replication. IFN‐γ‐dependent restriction of mycobacterial growth was severely impaired only in Mtb‐infected MyD88, but not in TLR2/4/9‐deficient bone marrow‐derived macrophages. Our results demonstrate that after Mtb infection neither TLR2, ‐4, and ‐9, nor MyD88 are required for the induction of adaptive T cell responses. Rather, MyD88, but not TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9, is critical for triggering macrophage effector mechanisms central to anti‐mycobacterial defense.
Comparing Models for S = 1/2 Heisenberg Antiferromagnetic Chains: The Validity of Different Approaches for Describing a One‐Dimensional Coordination Polymer, [CuII(HL)2(4,4′‐bpy)]n·2nH2O (H2L = 3‐Nitrophthalic Acid, bpy = Bipyridine)
Authors: Deng Yu‐Heng , Liu Juan , Wu Biao , Ambrus Christina , Keene Tony D. , Waldmann Oliver , Liu Shi‐Xia , Decurtins Silvio , Yang Xiao‐Juan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe have synthesized a new one‐dimensional coordination polymer, [CuII(HL)2(4,4′‐bpy)]n·2nH2O (1), (HL– = monodeprotonated 3‐nitrophthalic acid, 4,4′‐bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine) consisting of infinite chains of [CuII(HL)2(4,4′‐bpy)]n and have investigated its structure and magnetic properties. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group with the [CuII(HL)2(4,4′‐bpy)]n chains running parallel to the b axis. The chains are linked together by hydrogen bonding between the HL– groups and water molecules to form the three‐dimensional crystal structure. The magnetic susceptibility of 1 can be well described using an antiferromagnetic S = 1/2 chain model with g = 2.11(1) and 2J = –0.61(1) cm–1. Several techniques for describing the susceptibility of S =1/2 chains are examined to compare their validity at lowvalues of kT/|2J|, including exact numerical full‐matrix diagonalization techniques, from which the magnetization curve of 1 could be calculated. The calculation fits well with the measured magnetization data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Syntheses of Sterically Hindered Zwitterionic Pyridinium Phenolates as Model Compounds in Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Diemer Vincent , Chaumeil Hélène , Defoin Albert , Fort Alain , Boeglin Alex , Carré Christiane 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPyridinium phenolates possess a dissymmetric delocalised π‐electron system providing a huge quadratic nonlinearity. They are a promising class of molecules for applications in photoelectronics and photonics. Semiempirical calculations indicate that the interplanar angle between the two aromatic rings leads to enhancement in the NLO properties of these compounds. The confirmation of this feature may be provided by the study of a new series of sterically hindered pyridinium phenolates 2a–e bearing two tert‐butyl substituents at the ortho position(s) of the phenolate functionality. Such bulky groups would enhance the solubility of zwitterions in organic solvents and would limit the formation of aggregates. Their efficient preparations by using Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions involving 3,5‐dialkylated 4‐bromopyridine N‐oxides are described herein.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Emerging Prospects for Unusual Aromaticity in Organic Electronic Materials: The Case for Methano[10]annulene
Authors: Peart Patricia A. , Repka Lindsay M. , Tovar John D. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractUnusual aromatics outside of the 6π‐electron motif offer promise for functional electronic materials, and we frame this claim in the context of 10π‐electron aromatics. The evolution of our understanding of 10π‐electron aromatics is discussed briefly, from azulene to the [10]annulenes to finally 1,6‐methano[10]annulene. A survey of annulene research of both fundamental and applied nature is then presented. Finally, our recent contributions to this area are highlighted with a comparison of annulene‐based electronic materials to more classical benzenoid counterparts. The annulene core greatly facilitates the delocalization of mobile charges as determined through voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry. We show that this important hydrocarbon can indeed be viewed as a viable building block for advanced polymeric semiconducting materials.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Crotylation of Aldehydes by Crotyltins: Discrimination between Mechanisms Involving Transmetallation or Simple Lewis Acid Assistance through the Consideration of the Stereochemistry of the Corresponding Homoallylic Alcohols
Authors: Fargeas Valérie , Zammattio Françoise , Chrétien Jean‐Mathieu , Bertrand Marie‐Jo , Paris Michaël , Quintard Jean‐Paul 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn the reaction of crotyltins with aldehydes in the presence of metal salts, the double consideration of the syn/anti ratio of the branched homoallylic alcohols and the Z/E ratio of their linear regioisomers is proposed as a way to discriminate between a reaction mechanism involving a transmetallation step and a reaction mechanism involving simple Lewis acid activation of the aldehyde. The formation of branched syn isomers along with Z‐linear isomers as major compounds is considered to be indicative of a reaction occurring under Lewis acid assistance, whereas preference for the branched anti isomers together with E‐linear isomers is considered to be indicative of a transmetallation step prior to crotylation. For reactions performed in the presence of CeCl3·7H2O/NaI, the Lewis acid assistance was shown to be the exclusive or highly prevalent pathway. Moreover, in regards to the selectivity, the regiopreference depends on the nature of the crotyltin. Whereas soluble crotyltin preferentially leads to Z‐linear adducts, polymer‐supported crotyltin affords the syn‐branched adducts probably due to a lower 1,3‐metallotropy. For reactions performed in the presence of InX3, simple Lewis acid assistance and transmetallation appear to be competitive processes; the first one is favoured with aromatic aldehydes especially in dichloromethane, whereas transmetallation appears to be prevalent with poorly reactive aldehydes especially with InBr3 in acetonitrile.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A multiple testing correction method for genetic association studies using correlated single nucleotide polymorphisms
Authors: Gao Xiaoyi , Starmer Joshua , Martin Eden R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMultiple testing is a challenging issue in genetic association studies using large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, many of which exhibit linkage disequilibrium (LD). Failure to adjust for multiple testing appropriately may produce excessive false positives or overlook true positive signals. The Bonferroni method of adjusting for multiple comparisons is easy to compute, but is well known to be conservative in the presence of LD. On the other hand, permutation‐based corrections can correctly account for LD among SNPs, but are computationally intensive. In this work, we propose a new multiple testing correction method for association studies using SNP markers. We show that it is simple, fast and more accurate than the recently developed methods and is comparable to permutation‐based corrections using both simulated and real data. We also demonstrate how it might be used in whole‐genome association studies to control type I error. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method make it an attractive choice for multiple testing adjustment when there is high intermarker LD in the SNP data set. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing association in the presence of linkage using the GRE and multiple markers
Authors: Jonasdottir Gudrun , Becker Tim , Humphreys Keith , Palmgren Juni 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIt has recently been shown that testing for association in the presence of linkage using a score test based on a gamma random effects (GRE) model is substantially more powerful than using the Family‐Based Association Test. A reason for the increased power lies in better specification of the within family correlation structure, induced by linkage. The GRE, as presented in (Jonasdottir et al. 2007 Genet Epidemiol. 31:528–540), only considers one marker at a time and does not readily handle missing parental information. Here we extend the GRE to incorporate information from more than one marker. This extension leads to a haplotype GRE test and also to efficient handling of missing data on parental genotypes. We show that the haplotype GRE, the H‐GRE, is substantially more powerful than the haplotype FBAT, the Haplotype‐Based‐Association Test. We demonstrate the usefulness of the extended GRE, by reanalyzing the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism data, allowing for missing parental information. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.