bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Results of preliminary experiments on the influence of fabrics on the migration of groundwater and water-soluble minerals in the capillary fringe
Authors: French W. J. , Poole A. B. , Ravenscroft P. , Khiabani M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Laboratory experiments are described in which soil and groundwater regimes approximating those of hot arid areas have been modelled. The motions of saline groundwater and the solution and precipitation of phases such as halite, gypsum and calcite in the capillary fringe have been studied. The non-woven permeable fabrics ‘Terram’ and ‘Filtram’ have been placed in the soil beds and it is shown that fabrics such as ‘Filtram’ are capable of preventing both the capillary rise of moisture and the downward penetration of water infiltrating from above. The lower surface of the fabric may act as a locus for mineral precipitation but crystalline phases have not been found growing into the pores of the fabric. The work is relevant to both horticultural and engineering applications of the fabrics and the first experiments have been followed by larger scale experiments, which are not yet complete, in which further details of the behaviour of permeable membranes in unsaturated soils are being studied, including their ability to protect building materials.
The performance of impermeable and permeable reinforcement in clay subject to undrained loading
Authors: Ingold T. S. , Miller K. S. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
During the rapid loading of clay soils there is often no opportunity for the dissipation of any porewater pressure that may be generated. It is largely for this reason that heavy clay fill is not currently specified for use in reinforced soil construction where this short-term, or undrained, condition might be associated with instability. The response of reinforced clay to undrained loading will be a function of the nature of the reinforcement, and to investigate possible responses a pilot study was undertaken using two different reinforcing materials. These were installed in cylindrical clay samples which were subject to either rapid shear or shear at constant volume, both of these regimes being consistent with the notion of undrained loading. It was found that impermeable ‘reinforcement’ in the form of aluminium foil caused a consistent and substantial decrease in strength compared to that of an unreinforced sample. For clay reinforced with porous plastic reinforcement the strength of the soil improved as reinforcement spacing decreased and ultimately exceeded that of the unreinforced clay. This response reflects the fact that rapid loading is not necessarily associated with undrained loading if the reinforcement, which also acts as a drain, is installed at a sufficiently small spacing. In truly undrained tests, where constant volume conditions are imposed, a strength decrease was anticipated. That this was not the case, is thought to be due to the low porewater pressure response of the reinforcement which has the effect of depressing the otherwise high deleterious porewater pressure generated in the clay.
A fabric reinforced trial embankment
Authors: DuBois D. D. , Bell A. L. , Snaith M. S. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A sand fill embankment, 4 m high by 100 m long has been constructed to investigate the ability of medium strength woven polypropylene sheets to act as reinforcing agents. Fabrics with nominal tensile strengths of under 20 kN/m and under 50 kN/m both performed satisfactorily to give side slopes to the construction of better than 70°. Attempts were made to measure both fabric and fill strains as construction proceeded. Data from these measurements indicate that the major fabric extensions occurring at the time of construction are caused by the influence of compaction and are largely independent of embankment height. Since construction, almost three years ago, the embankment has continued to stand with no evidence of decline in the structural function of the fabric reinforcement.
The design of a two-layer permeable membrane/webbing filter system for a marine causeway wave defence system in the Gulf of Arabia
Authors: Rankilor P. R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The unusual problems connected with the re-furbishment of a distressed marine causeway in the Middle East are described together with the design solution, comprising a double-layer permeable membrane/webbing filter system. A comparison is made between this design and the design requirement for a new causeway to be built in the same locality.
The potential use of a degradable erosion control membrane in the United Kingdom
Authors: Henderson Michael S. 
Published: November 2007

In simple terms, erosion is the removal and loss of soil by the action of water, ice, gravity or wind. In the UK and elsewhere, on construction sites of all kinds, erosion by water is the major problem. There are three steps involved in water erosion: detachment, movement and deposition. Of these three phases, detachment is the most critical, since this is where erosion starts.
In this first phase soil particles are detached from the soil mass by raindrop impact or by water running over the soil. Initially some moisture may be absorbed, depending upon soil condition, but eventually water impact causes splashing and brings the soil particles into suspension by breaking down soil aggregates. This process has two consequences. The first is the obvious: direct erosion. Since the soil particles are detached from the soil mass they are much more susceptible to being transported by surface run-off. The second, the splashing soil particles, creates a turbid fine suspension which, when it enters the soil, clogs the soil pores. Continued raindrop impact compacts and seals the soil surface and reduces the possibility of penetration by water. This then allows greater run-off and more erosion. This secondary factor can be important and it has been demonstrated that rain falling on to an exposed soil for less than 4 min can decrease water penetration to the point where 98% of water falling thereafter runs off.
The problems associated with erosion are both environmental and economic. Detachment and movement of soil means a
Physical controls of water movement in the unsaturated zone
Authors: Wellings S. R. , Bell J. P. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Traditional hydrogeological concepts of the unsaturated zone imply that the water is essentially static, and do not take account of the dynamic nature of the annual water cycle in the field. The basic concepts of water content, water potential and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity are defined as they are developed in soil physics and applied to the flow of water in the unsaturated zone. The emphasis is on a practical and non-numerical description of what happens in the field. An appreciation of the controls of water flow in the unsaturated zone is essential to an understanding of many hydrogeological problems.
The genesis of a numerical model for the study of the hydrogeology of a steep hillside in Hong Kong
Authors: Leach B. , Herbert R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A finite-difference numerical model has been developed to assist in understanding the hydrogeology of a steep hillside in Hong Kong. The development testing and proving of this multi-layer model are described and discussed. Calibration of the model against observed piezometric responses during the 1980 wet season has demonstrated the importance of indirect recharge from bedrock in sustaining the system, and of evapotranspiration in assessing direct recharge from rainfall to the system. The use of this model in the estimation of extreme water levels as input for slope stability analysis problems is described. An analysis of model discretization errors is presented.
A review of the geotechnical aspects of the construction of the first phase of the Mass Transit Railway, Hong Kong
Authors: Linney L. F. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Work on the first phase of the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway (known as the Modified Initial System) started in November 1975 and the line was opened to the public in February 1980. It is 15.6 km in length and runs from the Central District of Hong Kong Island to Kwun Tong in mainland Kowloon. The system includes 12 underground stations, three overhead stations and a maintenance and repair depot covering an area of 16.5 hectares. At the depot site a medium density high rise residential development is being constructed above podium level, providing housing and facilities for 25,000 people. The railway runs predominantly in bored tunnel, but includes short cut and cover and overhead sections, whilst the 1.4 km long harbour crossing is an immersed tube. The underground stations are box structures constructed by cut and cover methods. This paper describes the geotechnical aspects of the project, including the geology of the route, preliminary investigations, construction methods (some of which were novel to this part of the Far East), geotechnical instrumentation and the effects of the work on the surrounding high density urban environment.
The engineering behaviour of jointed rock mass models composed of weak and strong strata
Authors: Knox W. R. A. , Zacas M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The influence of the occurrence of weaker strata in a layered, jointed, model rock mass was examined. The model materials used were lightweight concrete and gypsum mortars. The models were constructed from blocks of these materials in a plane frame testing rig. The load/settlement characteristics, bearing capacity, pattern of deformation and modes of failure under a steel plate were observed, and the experimental results were then compared with those predicted by finite element analyses. No obvious correlation of results between the mathematical models and the laboratory models was discovered.
Groundwater chemistry of the Birmingham Triassic Sandstone aquifer and its relation to structure
Authors: Jackson D. , Lloyd J. W. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Hydrochemical aspects of the Triassic Sandstone aquifer of the Birmingham area are discussed to show the effect of aquifer structure upon the quality and nature of ground-waters. The presence of faulting and its effects upon ground-water flow and quality are demonstrated by reference to major ion chemistry. Carbon isotope data show that old groundwater exists in an unconfined outcrop area, its distribution being controlled by a structural low in the base of the Triassic. Radiocarbon ages of 20 samples show that low levels of chloride (<20 mg/l) are indicative of old ground-waters.
The relation between fracture patterns and hydraulic anisotropy in the Norfolk Chalk, England
Authors: Toynton R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Structurally the Chalk in Norfolk forms a relatively uniform aquifer and it is therefore possible to distinguish between aquifer inhomogeneity and anisotropy in this area. This has been achieved by comparing directional transmissivity values with the fracture pattern in the Chalk. A map of fracture directions has been constructed for the whole of the Norfolk Chalk.
Aquifer properties have been calculated as areal values, point values, and directional point values. The ability to represent aquifer anisotropy by transmissivity ellipsoids has been extended to allow prediction of properties, and, through the use of the mean radius of the ellipsoid, comparisons between point values over an area.
A family of ellipsoid curves has been developed which summarize and aid analysis of transmissive anisotropy over an area.
A comparison of fracture orientations with point and areal transmissivity ellipsoids shows not only that the anisotropic nature of the aquifer is a direct result of the fracturing but also that this behaviour can be predicted by studying the fracture pattern and vice versa.
Late Pleistocene periglacial degradation of lowland Britain: implications for civil engineering
Authors: Jones P. F. , Derbyshire E. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The geotechnical implications of the inherent complexity of glacial sedimentary sequences have been recently emphasized and it has been suggested that more extensive use be made of engineering geological and geomorphological mapping, especially in the preliminary stages of site investigations. The incidence of certain geomorphic processes beyond the ice margins, notably periglacial solifluction, obscures the relationship between glacial depositional landforms and glacial deposits, especially when periglacial activity has prevailed throughout a glacial period. In such a case, the level of discrimination and sophistication required of these techniques is higher than that demanded using a‘land system’ approach in ice-moulded terrain such as that of the last (Devensian) glaciation.
This paper describes examples from the east Midlands of England, where recent engineering operations have encountered serious difficulties due to complex glacial assemblages or unstable bedrock being found beneath apparently simple morphostratigraphic surfaces. Surfaces mapped, for example, as late Tertiary‘erosional platforms’ and late Pleistocene river terraces can be shown to be the product of periglacial processes.
Examples are described from recent engineering projects and suggestions are presented as to how similar problems may be avoided in the future.
Deposition and engineering properties of sediments in the Lagos area and their influence on recent development
Authors: Ajayi L. A. , Epps R. J. , Farrington P. , Robinshaw A. D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Sedimentary environments within a lagoonal régime and the occurrence of sediment types, with specific reference to the Lagos area, are described. The engineering properties of the sediments may be related to their environment of deposition and the effect of their variation on the development of the area is considered.
Discussion on ‘An analysis of secondary toppling rock failures—the stress distribution method’ by R. S. Evans
Authors: Dunbavan M. 
Published: November 2007

M. D
unbavan
writes: Evans used the assumption of two discrete basal support columns of different moduli in developing his stress distribution equations. An alternative assumption is that the Young's modulus varies continuously across the base of the column and the following equations were derived for a linear variation.

The general form of the linear relationship for Young's modulus,
E
, is:

where
x
is the distance from the inside edge of the column towards the free face along the base (see inset of Fig. 1) and
E
0
is the value at the inside edge of the column. In comparing the variation of modulus with the two discrete values used by Evans, two interpretations for the value of
m
arise as shown in Fig. 1. One case assumes that the moduli for the two columns are the values at each end of the base, giving:

The second case assumes that the moduli for the two columns are average values for the half base width, giving:
The stress distribution across the base for linear variation in settlement then becomes:

with the notation being the same as that used by Evans. Using integration methods with the independent variable
x
, vertical force and moment equations when solved yield:

and
For
For
Evans' data was used for calculations so that a comparison of results could be made:
and the values are given in Table 1
The first interpretation for the linear variation of Young's modulus is more practical, indicating that any other functional would best be
J. V. Hamel & H. F. Ferguson write
Authors: Hamel J. V. , Ferguson H. F. 
Published: November 2007

Rock slope failures involving secondary toppling and/or slumping of joint-bounded columns due to weathering of underlying materials appear similar to slab-type rock falls which are common in many parts of the world. The writers' experience with such rock falls has been primarily in the Appalachian Plateau of the Eastern United States (Hamel & Adams 1974; Gray
et al.
1979). This experience prompts the following comments:

Lateral stress relief accompanying valley erosion (or escarpment development) in flat-lying interbedded strong and weak sedimentary strata produces vertical to sub-vertical tension joints in strong brittle beds (e.g., massive sandstones), diagonal to curved shear joints and fissures in weak deformable beds (e.g., claystones), and mylonites or shear zones at contacts between beds of different strength and stiffness (Ferguson & Hamel 1981). These features define the geometry of rock fall masses and also increase weathering and erosion potential of underlying beds. Ground water flow through tension joints in brittle strata is commonly perched on underlying argillaceous strata of lower permeability. This ground water flow contributes to softening and alteration of argillaceous strata and of mylonite seams, if any, at the tops of these strata. Creep, tilting, and differential settlement of overlying rock blocks is thus enhanced (fig. 4(c) of Ferguson & Hamel 1981).
Within this framework of geology and geometry, rock fall mechanisms typically involve differential weathering and erosion which undercut weak argillaceous beds beneath joint-bounded rock blocks. Whether a rock block topples (with forward rotation) or slumps (with backward rotation) depends on its geometry, the
Engineering geophysics
Authors: Hooper J. W. 
Published: November 2007

Review of the meeting of the Engineering Group held at Burlington House on 9 November 1982.

Dr Hawkins, Chairman of the Engineering Group, welcomed everyone to the meeting, which began with a review of the value of geophysical surveys in ground engineering. The presentation entitled ‘Engineering geophysics—an overview’ by Dr B. W. Darracott of Wimpey Laboratories took the form of a narrated slide show of various case histories undertaken by the speaker. The usefulness of seismic refraction surveys was discussed, particularly for rock head determination, foundation design and the selection of quarry face advance direction. The analysis of shear waves was shown to aid in the better determination of the rock type and its properties. Cross-hole shooting between boreholes also enables shear waves to be measured accurately and leads to the determination of the Shear modulus and Young's modulus of the rock mass between the boreholes. This latter method may also be useful where ground surface shooting methods would not be possible due to unfavourable conditions. Over-water seismic surveys were also covered by the speaker, showing how continuous profile reflection work could be carried out on river estuaries and off-shore.
Electrical resistivity surveys were shown to be particularly useful for resolving rock layering problems and for helping with many aspects of field work involving water supply. Dr Darracott illustrated a case history where a semi-confined aquifer at depth had given rise to a slip plane in the upper near surface layers.
Magnetic methods were shown to be potentially useful in
Book Review CraigR. G.CraftJ. L.Applied Geomorphology1982George Allen & Unwin2530-04-551050-4£18.00
Authors: Jones D. K. C. 
Published: November 2007

As geomorphology is the study of the surface of the Earth, its form, evolution and the processes that sculpture it, so applied geomorphology can be defined as the application of this knowledge in the resolution of engineering, planning and environmental/resource management problems. It is a rapidly expanding and diverse field of enquiry and one that would be extremely difficult to adequately describe within the confines of a slim volume. It is not surprising, therefore, that the editors, in their preface, state that the purpose of the book “is not to codify a distinct set of methods and data that represent a branch of knowledge called ‘applied geomorphology’. Rather it is designed to show geomorphology as it is (and can be) applied to current problems facing the people of the world”. This they attempt to achieve by means of 16 contributions written by 33 authors, all but two from the USA, which represent the proceedings of the 11th Binghampton Geomorphology Symposium held in October 1980 at Kent State University, Ohio.
Published anthologies of conference papers are notoriously variable in terms of quality and coverage, and this is no exception. The book has no real structure, although the early papers do tend to focus on mapping and cataloguing, while the later papers deal with aspects of change. A general introductory chapter focuses on the need for more information on the rates of operation of geomorphological processes for environmental management purposes, and is followed by a descriptive paper which discusses the role of
Engineering geomorphological investigations of a possible landslide, Killiecrankie Pass, Scotland
Authors: Chaplow Robert 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Preliminary site investigations indicated the possible presence of a partially degraded landslide along the proposed route of the A9 Perth-Inverness Trunk Road Improvement through Killiecrankie Pass in Scotland. The steep natural topography and the congested nature of the site, with an existing trunk road and railway line, necessitated the design of relatively deep cuttings through the landslide area.
To investigate the ground conditions in the area and to enable designs for the cuttings to be prepared, a programme of site investigations was implemented, consisting primarily of engineering geomorphological mapping, seismic refraction surveys and the excavation of trial trenches and pits.
The investigation revealed the presence of a sequence of glacial tills, outwash deposits and ancient mudflow deposits overlying a steeply sloping and undulating rock-head. Spring sapping was identified as the only major mechanism controlling natural slope instability. Preliminary designs for the cutting slopes were proposed incorporating the need for extensive drainage of the slopes cut in the glacial deposits.
This paper describes the scope of the investigations carried out, the interpretation of the ground conditions and an outline of the approach adopted towards design of the cut slopes.
A preliminary geomorphological assessment of part of the Karakoram Highway
Authors: Jones D. K. C. , Brunsden D. , Goudie A. S. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The Karakoram Highway has been constructed through extremely difficult high arid mountainous terrain characterized by long, steep slopes, highly fractured and heavily weathered rocks, extensive areas of debris accumulation and locally high rates of geomorphological activity. The problems for road construction imposed by difficulties of access and remoteness have been compounded by rockslope instability, debris flows, river and meltwater surges, and fluctuating glacier snouts. As a consequence, the employment of sophisticated engineering techniques was abandoned in favour of widespread blasting and an extended period of labour-intensive maintenance. This paper is concerned with an 147 km stretch of the Highway and essentially subdivides into two parts. The first part describes the terrain conditions and main hazards posed to road construction, and includes a geomorphological assessment of the chosen alignment. The second section presents the results of a detailed survey of 128.8 km of the Highway in terms of the patterns of disruption experienced during the first three years of its life, and the distribution of a variety of hazards which will continue to endanger the road. This survey clearly reveals the importance of a good appreciation of geomorphological processes to highway engineering in arid mountains, as well as indicating the potential for geomorphological inputs to highway design.