bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Thoughts and Sentences Compositional? A Controversy between Abelard and a Pupil of Alberic on the Reconciliation of Ancient Theses on Mind and Language
Authors: Lenz Martin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper reconstructs a controversy between a pupil of Alberic of Paris and Peter Abelard which illustrates two competing ways of reconciling different ancient traditions. I shall argue that their accounts of the relation between sentences and thoughts are incompatible with one another, although they rely on the same set of sources. The key to understanding their different views on assertive and non-assertive sentences lies in their disparate views about the structure of thoughts: whereas Abelard takes thoughts to be compositional, the opponent's arguments seem to rely on the premise that the mental states which correspond to sentences cannot be compositional in the way that Abelard suggested. Although, at a first glance, Abelard's position appears to be more coherent, it turns out that his opponent convincingly argues against weaknesses in Abelard's semantic theory by proposing a pragmatic approach.
Intentionality and Truth-Making: Augustine's Influence on Burley and Wyclif 's Propositional Semantics
Authors: Cesalli Laurent 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWalter Burley (1275-c.1344) and John Wyclif (1328-1384) follow two clearly stated doctrinal options: on the one hand, they are realists and, on the other, they defend a correspondence theory of truth that involves specific correlates for true propositions, in short: truth-makers. Both characteristics are interdependent: such a conception of truth requires a certain kind of ontology. This study shows that a) in their explanation of what it means for a proposition to be true, Burley and Wyclif both develop what we could call a theory of intentionality in order to explain the relation that must obtain between the human mind and the truth-makers, and b) that their explanations reach back to Augustine, more precisely to his theory of ocular vision as exposed in the De trinitate IX as well as to his conception of ideas found in the Quaestio de ideis.
Richard Billingham's Speculum puerorum, Some Medieval Commentaries and Aristotle
Authors: Bos Egbert 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn the history of medieval semantics, supposition theory is important especially in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In this theory the emphasis is on the term, whose properties one tries to determine. In the fourteenth century the focus is on the proposition, of which a term having supposition is a part. The idea is to analyse propositions in order to determine their truth (probare). The Speculum puerorum written by Richard Billingham was the standard textbook for this approach. It was very influential in Europe. The theory of the probatio propositionis was meant to solve problems both in (empirically oriented) scientific propositions such as used by the Oxford Calculators, and theological propositions, especially those about the Trinity. The book is original, concise, but not clear in every respect. Studying medieval commentaries may help us to understand Richard's book. In the present paper three commentaries are presented. The commentators discussed problems about the status of Richard's book, and about its doctrine: what is the relation between probatio and truth, what is the relation between probatio and supposition, what exactly are mediate and immediate terms (e.g.is the pronoun 'this' mediate or immediate?). The commentators sometimes criticize Richard. For example, one of them argues, against Billingham, that the verb 'can' ampliates its subject term and is therefore mediate.
Multivariable control problems in dynamic structural testing
Authors: Pratt R.W. , Tsavdaras S. 
Published: November 2007

The problem of designing controllers for multi-channel dynamic structural test systems is discussed. The structure under test, a uniform cantilever, is subjected to sinusoidal force inputs from two electromagnetic vibrators which are attached to the mid-point and the end of the beam. The deflection of the beam is measured at these locations and considered as the system output. Consequently, the system consists of two control loops which are cross-coupled through the dynamics of the beam. The aim is to minimise interaction in the two channels, so providing the opportunity for a systematic approach to the design of the controllers in the individual loops. The Inverse Nyquist Array method is applied to an analytical model. It is shown that the design problem can be divided into three categories according to the relative stiffness of the beam to the vibrator. The results demonstrate that controllers, which give significant reductions in interaction, can be designed for each case.
An investigation of the force-time characteristics of needle insertions into Isobutene-Isoprene (Butyl) rubber bungs used in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Nock Ian , Parkin Robert , Dalay Brian 
Published: November 2007

For reasons of hygiene, the preparation and parenteral administration of drugs utilises a fresh sterile needle for each injection. Automated systems, where the drug is prepared for later administration, are not likely to suffer from biological cross-contamination and thus needles may be utilised for multiple insertions, providing enhanced cost efficiency. In order to assess the optimum needle life, an experiment was conducted to investigate the change in the force required to effect penetration, into isobutene-isoprene rubber bungs, over a number of insertions. Similarities between the injection process and that of metal die blanking have been noted, extending to the design of the needle. The experiments were conducted in an automated manner; a traversing mechanism provided the means of needle insertion and resultant forces were measured using a load cell. Force-time signatures, captured on a Digital Storage Oscilloscope, were transmitted to a microcomputer for incorporation into result documentation and disk storage. The characteristic signatures have been shown to demonstrate similarities to those of die blanking, thus vindicating the chosen model. Analysis of the insertion impulse, or change in momentum, as it varied with the number of insertions was expected to provide a measure of 'bluntness'. This is confirmed in the analysis of the initial small scale test results.
Neural network model-based predictive control of a distillation column—a neural network modelling methodology
Authors: Turner Paul , Agammenoni Osvaldo , Barton Geoff , Morris Julian , Montague Gary 
Published: November 2007

This paper describes the collaborative results of a study between The University of Newcastle, Sydney University, ICI Engineering Technology and ICI Australia Pty Ltd into the application of neural networks to Model-Based Predictive Control. The results discussed will describe the methodology of extracting data from a real industrial process, pre-processing the data, selection of key inputs using dynamic correlation and multivariate stcrtistics, process modelling and control. The paper will emphasise the importance of combining engineering knowledge, advanced statistics and neural networks in order to obtain an extremely powerful modelling technique for dealing with non-linear systems. The implementation of the controller was carried out on a validated simulation of the actual process. This Speedup model had been developed by Sydney University over a period of 18 months and had been used previously to design other successful control strategies that are not on-line on the process. The resultant Model-Based controller was benchmarked against a linear model-based controller and two PID controllers. The neural network- controller not only outperformed the linear MBPC by a 50% reduction in standard deviation but also reduced overshoot and settling time dramatically.
Supervised learning control of a generic missile
Authors: Jones Campbell 
Published: November 2007

This paper makes use of artificial neural networks to perform the control function in the lateral autopilot of a generic missile. The neural autopilot controller is formulated as a three layer, non-linear, discrete time-series neural network whose parameters are adjusted under a supervised learning environment via the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) optimisation algorithm. As opposed to using heuristic reasoning for selecting the network input and output parameters, a novel technique utilising a priori knowledge of the baseline controller is used. The current fin position command is modelled as a function of the past value of commanded fin position, current and past values of lateral acceleration command, achieved fin position, measured lateral acceleration and body rate. The necessary training and recall data are obtained from time-histories of missile dynamic response when the autopilot control function is being performed by a baseline controller obtained by solving a discrete optimal Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) problem. Lateral acceleration time histories for two flight speeds for a range of incidences are used to illustrate performances. The neural controller is validated using a test lateral acceleration command sequence which differs significantly from that used for generating the network training data. The effectiveness of the proposed neural controller design can be judged from an examination of these digital simulation response results. The dynamic performance of the neural controller is also compared with that of the baseline LQR controller.
The accessibility of Universal Grammar in adult language learning
Authors: Bley-Vroman Robert W. , Felix Sascha W. , loup Georgette L. 
Published: November 2007

This paper investigates whether Universal Grammar (UG) is accessible to adult language learners. If adult acquirers have consistent access to intuitions of grammaticality in cases where the relevant constraints are underdetermined by the native language, this suggests that Universal Grammar continues to function in adult acquisition. Advanced Korean adult acquirers of English were given a test of grammaticality judgements on English wh-movement sentences, where the relevant constraints are thought to derive from principles of UG. Since Korean does not have syntactic wh-movement, correct intuitions cannot derive from native language transfer. Analysis of the results and comparison with native speaker results suggests a complex picture of the function of UG in adult language acquisition; however, clear UG effects were found.
Sentence matching and processing in L2 development
Authors: Eubank Lynn 
Published: November 2007

The processing strategies described in Clahsen (1984) to explain the develop ment of German word order make predictions that can be tested ex perimentally. Clahsen's Initialization/Finalization Strategy (IFS) in particular predicts that uninverted, ADV-SVO sentences will exact less cost in terms of processing than inverted, ADV-VSO sentences, even though inverted sent ences are grammatical in the target language and uninverted sentences are ungrammatical. The experimental means employed to test this prediction is the Sentence Matching (SM) procedure described originally in Freedman and Forster (1985). In the SM procedure, response times are elicited for particular types of sentences by measuring the time (in msec.) it takes for subjects to determine whether two sentences presented by computer are identical or different. The results of one of the experiments reported here show that inverted sentences result in significantly shorter response times than uninverted sentences for non-native speakers. This finding directly contradicts the IFS-derived prediction. However, further experimental work reported here indicates that native speakers do not respond at all to the inverted-uninverted contrast. The rest of the article thus seeks to explain this somewhat surprising finding. The proposed explanation also suggests that natives and non-natives may process sentences in the SM task in rather different ways.
L2 cognitive states and the Full Transfer/Full Access model
Authors: Schwartz Bonnie D. , Sprouse Rex A. 
Published: November 2007

This article is a defence of the Full Transfer/Full Access (FT/FA) model. FT/FA hypothesizes that the initial state of L2 acquisition is the final state of L1 acquisition (Full Transfer) and that failure to assign a representation to input data will force subsequent restructurings, drawing from options of UG (Full Access). We illustrate the FT/FA model by reviewing our analysis of the developmental Turkish-German Interlanguage data of Schwartz and Sprouse (1994) and then turn to other data that similarly receive straightforward accounts under FT/FA. We also consider two other competing hypotheses, both of which accept Full Access but not Full Transfer: the Minimal Trees hypothesis (no transfer of functional categories) of Vainikka and Young-Scholten (1994; 1996) and the Weak Transfer hypothesis (no transfer of the values associated with functional categories) of Eubank (1993/94). We provide an example of (extremely robust) L2 acquisition data that highlight the inadequacy of the Minimal Trees hypothesis in regard to stages of Interlanguage subsequent to the L2 initial state. As for Weak Transfer, we show that the morphosyntactic empirical foundations which drive the entire approach are flawed; hence the Weak Transfer hypothesis remains without motivation. Finally, we consider several conceptual issues relating to transfer. These all argue that the FT/FA model provides the most coherent picture of the L2 initial cognitive state. In short, FT/FA embodies the most suitable programme for understanding comparative Interlanguage development.
The cardiopulmonary bypass pump-priming fluid and nitrogen balance after open-heart surgery in adults
Authors: McKnight CK , Elliott MJ , Holden MP , Pearson DT 
Published: November 2007

Different crystalloid cardiopulmonary bypass pump-priming fluids provide very different substrate loads to patients undergoing open-heart surgery. As a result they may modulate the endocrine milieu, and thus might be expected to alter postoperative nitrogen balance. To test this hypothesis, 24 adult patients undergoing open-heart valve surgery were randomized into four matched groups each to receive a different prime, namely: Hartmann's solution, Plasmalyte 148R, Solution 11 R and a prime consisting of equal volumes of Hartmann's solution and 5% dextrose. Accurate nitrogen balance studies were obtained each 24 hours from one day preoperatively to seven days postoperatively. The results obtained demonstrated that postoperative nitrogen balance was unaffected by the nature of the crystalloid pump prime. Nitrogen balance in the patients studied was better than that reported from other centres in similar patients.
Complement activation by different cardiopulmonary bypass priming solutions
Authors: Gaspardone Achille , Ciavolella Massimo , Mercogliano Domenico , Marino Benedetto , Chiariello Luigi , Carlizzi Guglielmo 
Published: November 2007

Similarities between the known biological activities of complement derived factors and the clinical findings observed in the 'post-pump syndrome' suggest that complement may play a role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.Mixing of blood with autologous or homologous blood revealed no significant reduction in C3 and C4 concentration, whereas mixing with plasma showed a lower C3 value without differences in C4. Mixing of blood with albumin, Normosol, D5 water and normal saline solution revealed a progressive reduction both in C3 and C4 concentration; mixing with Emagel showed C4 reduction, without reduction in C3 concentration.Our findings suggest that crystalloid solutions used for priming the pump oxygenator circuit are an additional C3 and C4 activating factor. Such activation should be regarded as a 'pre-pump complement activation'.
In vitro plasma nifedipine concentration during heart-lung machine function
Authors: Noera G. , Massini C. , Baggio G. 
Published: November 2007

The use of calcium antagonists such as nifedipine for myocardial protection during cardiac surgery has been advocated by several authors. During extracorporeal circulation many factors, such as light, interaction with circuit materials and haematocrit, may contribute to decrease plasma clearance of calcium antagonists In an in vitro model of a heart-lung machine, plasma nifedipine and prime concentrations were detected with a series of samples at different temperatures (25 °C and 37 °C), haematocrits (0%, 20%, 30% and 40%) and light conditions (light and dark). The results show a rapid drop of nifedipine concentration with a halflife of about 3-9 minutes and this situation is influenced with statistical significance by the presence of light and increased haematocrit. The knowledge of this condition is useful when nifedipine is used before/ during cardiopulmonary bypass and during cardioplegia and reperfusion infusion with the use of extracorporeal devices.
Ultrastructural study comparing the myocardial protective effects of four different infusates (Bretschneider's, St Thomas's, standard Ringer's and blood potassium solutions) in the human heart
Authors: Baudet E. , Laborde N. , Roques X. , Berty A. , Oca C. , Le Menn R. 
Published: November 2007

Comparative mitochondrial ultrastructural changes during myocardial ischaemic periods have been assessed when using four different solutions: Bretschneider's solution (BS) (K+ = 10 mEq/l) at 4°C; St Thomas's hospital solution (STS) (K+ = 20 mEq/l) at 4°C; standard Ringer's solution (SRS) (K+ = 2.7 mEq/l) at 4°C; blood potassium cardioplegic solution (BPS) (K+ = 21 mEq/l) at 15°C. BS (n = 8), STS (n = 10), SRS (n = 8) and BPS (n = 8) were infused in 34 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (n = 17) or aortocoronary bypass grafting (n = 17), after aortic crossclamping, either in the aorta or in both coronary ostia, until the septal myocardial temperature reached 10-13°C for crystalloid solutions or 15°C for blood cardioplegia. Myocardial biopsies were taken from the left ventricular apex, on a beating heart, at the beginning and end of bypass. To assess the degree of ischaemic injury, an ultrastructural evaluation of the mitochondria was done and four histological classes have been defined: class I- dense matrix and cristae; class II — occasional mitochondrial swelling; class III — decrease in matrix density with extensive swelling; class IV — severe swelling and/or rupture of matrix. This study showed that: (1) only the St Thomas's and Bretschneider's solutions provide a rapid electromechanical asystole; (2) isolated hypothermic crystalloid solution with low potassium concentration (standard Ringer) is not sufficient either to induce cardiac arrest or to prevent detrimental mitochondrial changes; (3) Bretschneider's solution appears to provide the best ultrastructural mitochondrial preservation during myocardial ischaemia.
High-flow femoro-femoral bypass utilizing small cannulae and a centrifugal pump on the venous side
Authors: McCusker K. , Hoffman D. , Maldarelli W. , Toplitz S. , Sisto D. 
Published: November 2007

Femoro-femoral bypass is an established technique in the armamentarium of cardiac surgeons, but poor venous drainage usually restricts the flow rate that can be achieved. We describe a technique whereby full flow (> 2.41 I/min/m2 femoro-femoral bypass) can be achieved with a 17 F arterial and a single 21 F venous cannula placed percutaneously or via a cut-down. Transoesophageal echo is used to position the tip of the venous cannula accurately in the right atrium. The circuit includes a centrifugal pump on the venous side, pumping into a reservoir; a conventional roller pump delivers blood through the arterial cannula. A parallel arrangement allows the centrifugal pump to be excluded from the circuit at any stage. The system allows flow rates over 2.4 l/min/m 2 despite the size of the venous cannula ; without the centrifugal pump working maximal flow rates are under 1.5 l/min/m2. The right side of the heart is totally decompressed and there is no need to add volume or vasopressors to maintain the desired full flow rate. Once the chest is open, perfusion may continue as before or gravity drainage can be utilized after stopping the centrifugal pump; venous return may be augmented by placing additional cannulae. If desired, slowing drainage by the centrifugal pump temporarily permits the blind placement of a coronary sinus cannula without entraining air. To avoid inadvertent bolus doses with unpredictable effects while the centrifugal pump is running, no drugs should be administered into the right atrium and all infusions into the neck lines must be through flow-regulating pumps. We have found this system useful for (1) hazardous re-operations, (2) pericardiectomy and (3) emergency bypass, when percutaneous cannulation can be used.
The proposed use of a 'screening test' to assess oxygenator performance
Authors: Fried David W , Wilgus Michael A , Weiss Steven J 
Published: November 2007

This study aimed to assess whether the use of the physiological shunt equation could (within the first five minutes of initiating CPB) serve as a 'screen' to differentiate normal and dysfunctional oxygenator performance. If dysfunction severe enough to require replacement was necessary, the normothermic patient could be weaned from CPB and replacement would be carried out under safe, controlled conditions. This technique would require postponing the induction of hypothermia (if used), aortic cross-clamping, and arresting the heart until after this screen was completed. This study demonstrates that a strong negative correlation exists between the degree of blood shunting and the membrane's O2 transfer performance (r = -0.874). This relation enables us to predict O 2 transfer performance when only the shunt fraction is known. Of the 41 oxygenators used in this study, 40 demonstrated normal, or below-normal, shunt fractions. Oxygen transfer performance at or above predicted levels would be anticipated for these oxygenators. One of the 41 oxygenators had mildly elevated shunt fractions, which we predicted would be associated with mild O2 transfer dysfunction. Based on the performance screen worksheet we created, replacement was not necessary since the oxygenator maintained high levels of O2 transfer in reserve despite its marginal performance dysfunction. Assessment of oxygenator performance dysfunction in this earliest phase of CPB would greatly reduce the incidence of emergency oxygenator replacement secondary to actual or perceived oxygenator failure later in the course of the procedure.