bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paradigms of public financial administration in the evolution of papua new guinea
Authors: Hardman D. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the evolution of Papua New Guinea from dependent territory to independent entity, public financial administration has experienced a series of changes. Each historical group of changes may be represented by a characteristic paradigm which identifies the nature of the underlying concepts and their essential dynamics in the context of the political, economic and social environment. From the early days of Australian settlement, public financial administration was dominated by the colonial paradigm as the two constituent territories—initially separately and then jointly—relied almost exclusively on Canberra for the provision of funds, supply of expertise and formation of policies. More recently, since national independence, legislative and staffing changes have occurred in public financial administration but there have been no infrastructural innovations in response to current needs and priorities. Australian support of the recurrent budget and other foreign aid have not abated, while the forms and institutions involved in public financial administration continue to reflect strong metropolitan influences which militate against the formation of an indigenous paradigm consonant with national aspirations, development goals and cultural values.
Programme and performance budgeting in Malaysia
Authors: Dean Peter N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the evolution of programme and performance budgeting (PPB) in Malaysia from its beginning in 1969, through the in‐depth implementation phase which began in 1972, to the present day. It outlines the system in the Ministry of Health, where PPB has been extensively developed and comments on the systems established in other in‐depth ministries, in several of which little appears to have been achieved. In 1981 all other agencies were asked to adopt PPB in their budget submissions. Compliance has been superficial. The paper explores the constraints to the further development of PPB. These range from difficulties of securing appropriate staff, lack of top‐level commitment and information problems, to the inherent difficulties of programming and performance measurement. In seeking to evaluate the success of PPB the paper adopts two approaches. The first, involving a small questionnaire survey amongst those involved in PPB, reveals rather guarded opinions concerning its usefulness and progress. The second, which explores the use made of PPB, reveals little use by legislators, budget officers or line managers, and no link between PPB and the planning process. However the audit department expresses considerable interest in relation to performance auditing. In summary the achievements of PPB have been modest.
The contribution of beneficiary participation to development project effectiveness
Authors: Finsterbusch Kurt , Van Wicklin Warren A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCriticism of development projects is widespread, and blame for disappointing results is cast in many directions. One line of criticism which has become quite strong in the recent development literature is that development projects are too top‐down and need to be more bottom‐up (e.g. Maguire, 1981). Projects should involve more participation by beneficiaries. In fact, some would argue that real development, by definition, must involve beneficiaries in their own improvement (e.g. Gran, 1983a,b). Without participation the people may benefit but not develop from a project. Thus participation has intrinsic value.As the recognition of the value of public, popular, beneficiary, or community participation has increased, so has the range of what is meant by participation. Some authors have expanded the concept to mean empowerment and capacity‐building, sometimes including institution‐building. In this paper we do not attempt to redefine participation per se. but aim instead to make an inventory of the principal concepts that have evolved in the literature so far, elicit a general model of participatory development projects, deduce the central implicit hypotheses from this literature on the relationship between participation and project effectiveness, and statistically test these hypotheses from the empirical evidence provided by AID'S series of 52 Impact Evaluation Reports. Our major question is how much does beneficiary participation contribute to project effectiveness?
Management and training for development: The Hombe thesis
Authors: Reilly Wyn 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA fundamental reason why public service management in many Third World countries has improved so little, despite significant training inputs, is that the political and bureaucratic elite do not want it to. The ‘Hombe thesis’ is that the elite consists of executives skilled in managing the system to meet their own interests and to preserve the status quo. Further, aid organizations and third parties engaged in management development tend to collude with the elite. Three additional basic problems are explored. First, that of developing a style of management appropriate to the local political and social environment. Second, identifying the actual functions of chief executives in the public service and helping managers to develop expertise in their roles. Third, the difficulties of assessing real managerial training needs rather than expressing desires. The paper concludes with a plea to face the fundamental constraints to effective management and training instead of playing around with subordinate issues.
Government administration in a small microstate: Developing the Cayman Islands
Authors: Kersell John E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Cayman Islands use some of the increasingly familiar methods of resolving administratively the problems of smallness. The country's development and administrative performance depend on human resources which need to be planned in order to reduce dependence on outsiders, especially among the middle ranks of technical and professional staff. Education and training for the public service in the Cayman Islands is inadequate. Control of the administration is weak, especially among the independent boards and commissions, and there is a need for appeal procedures when the principles of natural justice have been breached. Political manipultion in personnel matters adversely affects performance, and there is a need for an effective civil service association to deal with other abuses. The problems of public administration are solved by scaling down the role of government in favour of private enterprise and against the provision of social welfare.
Decentralization and the implementation of rural development in Senegal: The role of rural councils
Authors: Vengroff Richard , Johnston Alan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDecentralization efforts in Francophone African countries are both rarer and far less ambitious than those in Anglophone states. The decentralization programme launched by Senegal over a decade ago is an important exception. Since 1972, when the administrative reform law took effect, Senegal has been engaged in an effort to decentralize its administrative structures in order to promote rural development, to escape from the burdens of the remnants of an overly centralized colonial system and to stem the rising tide of rural opposition(malaise paysan).This new initiative, which led to the creation of local elected councils in rural communities(communautés rurales).has thus far achieved only marginal success. The 319 rural councils suffer from serious under‐financing, and often from domination by administrative authorities, especially thesous‐préféts.Based on an examination of the attitudes. perceptions and behaviour of a sample of rural councillors (n= 144), particularly regarding budgetary matters, it appears that the rural communities in fact provide the possibility for some popular input into local and regional planning.
Mobilization and participation: Singapore in the 1980s
Authors: Hill Dilys M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSingapore is an island state with no formal lower tier of government. The network of consultation and mobilization created after Independence in 1959 is now raising important issues of consensus and compliance. Twenty‐five years of continuous one‐party rule offer opportunities to evaluate the working of the mechanisms of integration and participation. In the late 1980s the highly urbanized, multi‐ethnic society is placing new demands on the government, and questions of decentralization and feedback are high on the political agenda.
Evaluating development assistance: A review of the literature
Authors: Cracknell Basil E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThree phases of development of the subject of evaluation are identified. Up to 1979 it was still in its infancy, with the main impetus coming from the USA (the World Bank and US AID), and from one or two large UN organizations, although the OECD also did some useful work in bringing evaluators together.The second phase (1979‐1984) saw rapid ‘take‐off’, with greatly increased resources going into evaluation work, and a veritable ‘explosion’ of interest worldwide. All the main donors had by now set up evaluation units and were amassing enough material to begin to ‘synthesize’ the findings. The OECD provided a focus and a forum through its Expert Group on Aid Evaluation.The third phase, from 1984 onwards, finds the subject having ‘come of age’, its maturity being marked by the publication of major works such as Cassen's Does Aid Work?. The emphasis now is switching from ex‐post evaluation towards improving project design through such techniques as the logical framework.
Administrative reform in developing countries: A comparative perspective
Authors: Jreisat Jamil E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study investigates administrative reform in seven Arab states, delineates common problems and describes general tendencies via content analysis of official statements. The study deals with reform in three major phases: defining administrative problems and needs; developing strategies for reform; and developing instruments of action for implementation. Appraisal of reform efforts discloses mediocre results based on a poor implementation record attributable to incongruities of methods and objectives of reform. Among such incongruities are the conventional limitations of bureaucracy, the copying of Western administrative rationality in form if not in substance, and insufficient attention paid to traditional, cultural, religious, and political contexts of administration. Recognizing the difficulties involved in conceptualizing and implementing reform in any society, the analysis offers several recommendations to improve the outcome of reform efforts, among them: encouraging employee involvement in reform decisions; improving collected diagnostic data; providing special training for employees responsible for managing reform; soliciting unwavering political commitment; developing incentive systems; and replacing the piecemeal approach with reliance on a systems perspective.
The management of institutional innovation: Lessons from transferring the land grant model to India
Authors: Goldsmith Arthur A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe US and India collaborated on a successful institution building programme in the 1950s and 1960s to develop capacity for agricultural education, research and extension. This paper analyses that process for lessons that might bear on efforts to build similar institutions in other countries. India was an especially favourable environment due to the sophistication of its scientific base, the openness of its leaders to institutional innovation, the presence of public sector enterpreneurs to mobilize support for reform, and a food crisis that made it urgent to find new technology. The US did not fund institutional changes that had little demand in India, but it did influence Indian preferences over the long run by creating several mechanisms to exchange information about the American land grant system. These exchange mechanisms enhanced India's capacity for agricultural science and, less often noticed, contributed to the political support essential to new institutions.
Local government and urban protest in Colombia
Authors: Collins Charles David 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article examines how urban conflict in Colombia is highlighting important features of local government in that country. Four interrelated questions are asked: (a) What is the role of local government in the provision of public goods and services in urban communities? (b) To what extent has local government been the target of urban community protest? (c) Has local government taken on a petitioner role by being a participant in urban community protest? (d) Does urban protest threaten the system of political domination of which local government is an integral part? The article points to certain key features of local government in Colombia that may be built upon in order to create a more progressive, democratic and community‐based system of local government. There are, however, powerful political constraints on this occurring.
Learning and not learning from experience in rural project planning
Authors: Hulme David 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe theme of learning from experience as a means of improving the effectiveness of rural development projects and programmers has been common in recent years. Considerable effort has been put into refining, monitoring and evaluation systems to enhance organizational learning processes. However, an emphasis on normative approaches to evaluation and learning from experience has led to the neglect of research into the actual processes by which rural development agencies utilize experience. The case study presented here points to the shortcomings of such approaches and illustrates the partisan manner in which individuals and organizations treat the lessons of experience. Actively ‘not learning from experience’ is as much a part of organizational processes as learning from experience. This paper examines the implications of this finding and reviews alternative approaches to improving experiential learning in rural development activities. It is found that such a perspective does not generate the innocuous technical prescriptions characteristic of conventional approaches, but a number of useful directions for further research can be identified.
Development management: Plain or fancy? Sorting out some muddles
Authors: Dichter Thomas W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper explains why development thinking has been caught up in polemical divisions, and cautions against skipping over a sound, basic approach to development management in favour of more complex approaches which in some cases are premature or inappropriate. While we largely recognize the need for better development management, we have not been clear about how to get it. Instead, symbols have been made out of management models and means confused with ends, techniques with goals. Because, for example, the participation of people in their own growth is valued, it is assumed that Western management models that stress this value can be exported, wholesale, to a far less organized Third World contexta perfect example of confusing techniques with goals. When projects are no longer run on rhetoric, and means confused with ends, the need to choose between management models (such as ‘people‐centred’ versus ‘blueprint’ management) ends. Instead, actual field conditions can be focused on. Actual conditions often demand nuts‐and‐bolts skills first. What is needed (and described here) are straightforward, basic management skills to meet equally straightforward, basic weaknesses in organizational structure. Neither fancy nor fashionable, these basics are the forgotten backbone of development management.
The revival of ‘native administration’ in the Sudan: A pragmatic view
Authors: Elhussein Ahmed Mustafa 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe basic theme of this paper is to trace the pragmatic attempts of different governments in the Sudan to revive the system of native administration. The need for this revival became clear shortly before the overthrow of Nimeiry's government in April 1985. The approaches to this revival followed two main lines. The first approach adopted piecemeal reforms initiated by individual regional governments before 1986. In the second approach the central government adopted a comprehensive strategy to revive native administration. The implications of these attempts and their expected influence on the new multi‐party system in the Sudan are briefly analysed in this paper. The data for this article was collected by the author while touring the Eastern and Western regions with an ILO project identification team between March and June 1986 as a consultant on local government and popular participation.
Whose wants in ‘needs‐based planning’? Some examples of unwritten agendas from the provincial integrated rural development programmes of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Crittenden Robert , Lea David A. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe rhetoric of ‘needs’‐based planning requires little refining. What must be questioned and recognized are the values of decision makers and the unwritten agendas of those involved in the planning process. Taking the example of some of the integrated rural development programmes (IRDPs) in Papua New Guinea, this paper looks at the way planners and others cast development and information ‘nets’. These nets abrogate indigenous development processes. The ‘nets’ make it easy for development professionals and others involved in planning to follow unwritten agendas and difficult for target groups to articulate their ‘needs’ and to understand what is going on. It is suggested that these problems are not unique to PNG and may well be relevant to ‘needs based planning’ in other situations.
Integrating blueprint and process: A structured flexibility approach to development management
Authors: Brinkerhoff Derick W. , Ingle Marcus D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractManaging socio‐economic development according to highly detailed pre‐implementation plans rigidly applied has not had a high degree of success in generating sustained progress in the world's poorer nations. At the other end of the spectrum is the process approach that avoids specifying targets in advance, and concentrates upon building problem‐solving capacity among the people involved. Many international donor and developing country agencies favour the blueprint model, despite its performance weaknesses, for its control and specificity. The process approach is limited by its lack of fit with agency procedures and incentives. This article discusses a structured flexibility approach to development management that integrates the blueprint model's planned structuring of action with the process model's flexibility and iterative learning orientation. This blend provides the basis for the programmatic and financial accountability required to obtain support from donor and developing country bureaucracies, and facilitates adaptive management to deal with uncertain and changing task environments. Case examples from the Caribbean, Portugal, and Pakistan illustrate the application of the structured flexibility approach.
Public Choice in Melanesia: Community, bureaucracy and the market in land management
Authors: Larmour Peter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe relationship between bureaucracy, market and community is a political issue in many countries, for example in debates about privatization or welfare policy. The following article considers how some of the arguments apply in the circumstances of the island South Pacific where community forms of organization have persisted in spite of the introduction of markets and states. Examples are drawn from land management, though similar arguments could be applied to other sectors such as housing or health. The paper deals mainly with the independent Melanesian states (including Fiji). First it looks at the relationship between land ownership and management. Then it defines three kinds of management—by bureaucracies, markets, and communities—in terms of ‘ideal types’, and the triangular relationships between them. Much policymaking about land in Melanesia in the 1970s concerned the relationship between bureaucracy and community. In the 1980s, and since independence, there has been more government concern with another arm of the triangle, between bureaucracy and the market. The relationship between bureaucracy and markets is a theme of the so called ‘public choice’ approach to administrative theory. The article concludes with a discussion of the relevance of ‘public choice’ approaches to management in the Melanesian states.
Rheology of highly filled natural CaCO3 composites. II. Effects of solid loading and particle size distribution on rotational rheometry
Authors: Kaully T. , Siegmann A. , Shacham D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSuspensions of poly(dimethyl siloxane) containing various loadings of natural CaCO3 particles, of several particle size distributions, were studied using capillary rheometry. Highly loaded suspensions were characterized, emphasizing their unique rheological behavior. Shear thinning was observed mainly for suspensions with solid loading close to the maximal volume fraction, significant at low frequency and becoming negligible at 1 decade higher frequency. The Cox‐Merz rule was found valid for suspensions containing up to nearly 40 vol% particles. The viscosity was unaffected by particle size up to roughly 40 vol% particles as well. However, the dominancy of particle size distribution was demonstrated by the relative viscosity; fine filler suspensions exhibited much higher viscosity at a given loading. Equivalently, the maximal solid loading of coarse unimodal and of bimodal particle size distributions was significantly higher than the one of fine unimodal suspensions. Fair agreement with the Chong and Krieger‐Dougherty (k = 2.5) models was found for unimodal suspensions, while the combined Farris‐Chong model showed a much better fit for the bimodal suspensions. A unique behavior of the high volume fraction suspensions is the liquid solid transition that is defined by the crossover of G′ and G″ as function of frequency curves. Nevertheless, tan δ as a function of frequency curves for all studied compositions showed positive slopes, which is characteristic of solid‐like materials. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:524–533, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
The fracture properties of a smart fiber metal laminate
Authors: Cortes Pedro , Cantwell Wesley J. , Kuang Kevin S. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates the interfacial, tensile, and fatigue properties of a novel smart fiber‐metal laminate (FML) based on a nickel‐titanium (Ni‐Ti) shape memory alloy and a woven glass fiber reinforced epoxy. Initial tests, using the single cantilever beam (SCB) geometry, have shown that this unique system offers high values of metal‐composite interfacial fracture toughness. Tensile tests have shown that the mechanical properties of these FMLs lie between those offered by its constituent materials and that their tensile modulus and strength can be easily predicted using a rule of mixtures approach. Tension‐tension fatigue tests have shown that the fatigue performance of notched smart FMLs is superior to that offered by the plain Ni‐Ti alloy. A subsequent optical examination of unnotched laminates tested to failure under tension‐tension fatigue loading has shown that the fracture mechanisms occurring within the Ni‐Ti FMLs are strongly dependent on the applied cyclic stress. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:534–544, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers