bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separate episodes of eclogite and blueschist facies metamorphism in the Aegean metamorphic core complex of Ios, Cyclades, Greece
Authors: Forster M. A. , Lister G. S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBlueschists and eclogites outcrop together throughout the Cyclades, Aegean Sea, Greece. Their coexistence has been explained by compositional variation between different lithologies and a single metamorphic episode under transitional eclogite—blueschist facies conditions has been proposed. However, a detailed study of the fabrics and microstructures in an exceptionally well-preserved eclogite boudin reveals a distinct sequence of several different mineral growth events, all under conditions of high-pressure metamorphism. The earliest metamorphic mineral paragenesis recognized is a blueschist facies, glaucophane-bearing assemblage. Eclogite facies metamorphism followed, which is suggested here as being pervasive throughout the rock mass. This period of metamorphic mineral growth was overprinted by widespread blueschist facies retrogression, with hydration ± metasomatism of earlier formed (eclogite facies) assemblages. These hydration reactions were responsible for a period of porphyroblastic mineral growth in the blueschist facies (prior toc.40 Ma) which largely obliterated the earlier formed eclogite facies assemblages. Omphacite + garnet assemblages relict from the eclogite facies event are preserved only within the cores of the mafic boudins because fluid was not able to penetrate them. Evidence for the early blueschist assemblage is now preserved only as inclusions within the eclogitic garnets in the core of the boudin. This pattern of metamorphic mineral growth may have significant tectonic implications, as it is consistent with the pattern of metamorphic evolution across the high-pressure metamorphic belt of the Aegean region.
The Northern Sacramento Mountains, southwest United States. Part II: Exhumation history and detachment faulting
Authors: Pease V. , Foster D. , Wooden J. , O’Sullivan P. , Argent J. , Fanning C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThermochronologic and thermobarometric data reveal the timing, distribution and intensity of thermal events associated with detachment faulting in the Sacramento Mountains metamorphic core complex. In the northwest Sacramento Mountains, cooling rates ofc.100°C Ma−1are associated with Late Cretaceous plutonism followed by cooling of the crust by thermal conduction. Post-Late Cretaceous cooling slowed toc.1–6°C Ma−1. Finally, the region records average cooling rates of 38–53°C Ma−1betweenc.20 and 15 Ma. In contrast, the thermal profile of the northeast Sacramento Mountains is dominated by syntectonic Tertiary plutonism followed by very rapid cooling. A granodioritic suite intruded atc.680°C andc.3 kbar atc.20 Ma, records cooling to <100°C byc.15 Ma. Such rapid cooling and exhumation suggests that unroofing by tectonic denudation was the driving mechanism for the final cooling. The similarity of the miocene cooling profiles between these two areas clearly suggests that the Sacramento Mountains experienced a regional cooling event associated with tectonic unroofing driven by regional Miocene crustal extension. Estimates of the initial angle of the Sacramento Mountains detachment fault using palaeothermal gradients suggest that it was active at a dip of 25°.
Evolution and development of the Levant (Dead Sea Rift) Transform System: A historical-chronological review of a structural controversy
Authors: Beydoun Z. R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Levant Fracture System is a transform plate boundary that connects the extensional Red Sea spreading centre, in the south, with the collisional Tauride region, in the north, across the Levant. The debate regarding its origin, evolution and development is reviewed, with proposed models ranging from a primordial geosuture, along which only vertical movements have occurred, to a Neogene transform, along which the Arabian Plate has moved 107 km left-laterally northwards in two stages, 62 km in the Miocene and 45 km in the Pliocene-Recent. Overwhelming field evidence supports this degree of motion south of Lebanon but in Lebanon, where the system branches into a braided fault system generally trending north-northeast, evidence for such motion is lacking. Proponents of the transform model have explained away this lack of evidence by invoking division of the total horizontal motion to the south amongst the main fault strands across Lebanon and ascribing the uplift/ depression of the Lebano-Palmyride structural units to transpressional-transtensional deformation by this horizontal motion. The inversion of the Lebano-Palmyride belts had, in fact, been largely achieved by the Late Oligocene as a consequence of oblique collision between the Eurasian-Arabian Plates during closure of the Neo-Tethys. The Neogene initiation of the Levant Fracture System, resulting from the opening of the Gulf of Aden-Red Sea, could only, therefore, have modified existing structures, not been responsible for them. Pliocene bypassing of the principal Lebanese Yammouneh Fault requires that active motion in the south be transmitted through other faults. The currently active north-south Roum Fault has been proposed as the principal candidate and its trace northwards appears identifiable on satellite images. Field checks suggest it has broken into short left-stepping segments and it probably cuts the coast obliquely just south of Beirut. Current research to establish the geometry and magnitude of horizontal motion on this fault is discussed.
The lithospheric structure of the Kenya Rift as revealed by wide-angle seismic measurements
Authors: Khan M. A. , Mechie J. , Birt C. , Byrne G. , Gaciri S. , Jacob B. , Keller G. R. , Maguire P. K. H. , Novak O. , Nyambok I. O. , Patel J. P. , Prodehl C. , Riaroh D. , Simiyu S. , Thybo H. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

The Kenya Rift International Seismic Project (KRISP) seismic refraction-wideangle reflection experiments carried out between 1985 and 1994 show abrupt changes in Moho depths and P
n
phase velocities as the rift boundaries are crossed. Beneath the rift flanks, normal P
n
phase velocities of 8.0–8.3 km s
−1
are observed, except for the Chyulu Hills volcanic field, east of the rift, where it is 7.9–8.0 km s
−1
. Also to the east, some of the thickest crust (38–44km) encountered so far beneath Kenya has been observed over a distance of
c.
300km. However, beneath the surface expression of the rift itself, the uppermost mantle velocity of the P
n
phase is anomalously low at 7.5-7.8 km s
−1
throughout its length.

Beneath the rift itself, there are major differences in crustal thickness, extension and upper mantle velocity structure between the north and the south. Beneath the section from the centre of the Kenya Dome southwards, where the extension is estimated to be 5–10km, the crust is thinned by
c.
10 km to a thickness of 35 km, and the narrow low-velocity zone in the mantle extends to a depth of at least 65 km. However, in the north beneath Turkana, where the extension is 35–40km, the crust is only
c.
20km thick and two layers with velocities of 8.1 and 8.3 km s
−1
are embedded in the low velocity mantle material at depths of 40–45 km and 60–65 km. This mantle velocity structure indicates that the depth to the onset of melting is at least 65 km beneath the northern part of the rift and is thus not shallower than the corresponding depth (45–50 km) in the south. These results, taken together with those from teleseismic studies, petrology and surface geology, have been used to deduce that anomalously hot mantle material appeared below the present site of the Kenya Rift
c.
20–30 Ma ago. This led to widespread volcanism along the whole length of the rift and modification of the underlying crust by mafic igneous underplating and intrusion.
Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Mechanical Properties of Glass/Polyester Composites
Authors: Shokrieh Mahmood M. , Bayat Alireza 
Published: September 2007

The increased use of fiber-reinforced polyester composites in an outdoor environment has led to questions concerning the environmental durability of these materials, particularly as related to ultraviolet (UV) exposure. In this research the effects of UV radiation on mechanical properties of glass/polyester composites were studied. Since the photo degradation is a surface mechanism and is restricted to degradation of mechanical properties of resin (fiber is not degraded), this research is focused on resin properties. For this reason, test samples made of polyester resin were prepared and treated in a UV chamber through accelerated tests. Three types of specimen were manufactured. The tensile testing samples were prepared based on ASTM D638 standard with a nominal thickness of 1 mm. Also, Arcan specimens for shear tests and ASTM D3410 for compression tests were manufactured. To obtain time dependent mechanical properties of polyester resin under UV radiation, samples were radiated in three different time intervals, equivalent to 3, 6 and 12 months, using an artificial UV exposure chamber. Test specimens were tested under tension load and showed a decrease of up to 15% in average failure strain, a decrease of up to 30% in ultimate strength, and 18% decrease in tensile modulus after 100 h exposure. Also, significant changes were considered in shear modulus and strength of polyester. The effect of ultraviolet absorbers (UVA) on preventing polyester mechanical properties degradation is also studied. The results showed that the samples which have UVA additives were not degraded after UV exposure. After obtaining matrix properties due to exposure, mechanical properties of unidirectional laminate of glass/polyester composites under UV radiation were simulated using micromechanics theories. The results of simulation were validated with tensile testing of ASTM D3039 specimens of [0/90]s glass/polyester laminated composites. The results show that shear modulus of this laminate decreased about 20% due to UV exposure.
Fungi — an indoor air quality assessment parameter for air-conditioned offices
Authors: Mui K.W. , Chan W.Y. , Wong L.T. , Hui P.S. 
Published: September 2007

Representative assessment parameters are proposed for indoor air quality (IAQ) audit in various strategies and guidelines.1 In Hong Kong, assessment of indoor airborne fungi is not incorporated in many IAQ audits of air-conditioned offices, although the exposure to airborne fungi could cause a variety of adverse health effects. An IAQ assessment for a local office will audit 12 parameters, including air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, respirable suspended particulates, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, radon, and airborne bacteria. This paper reviews recent studies of the indoor airborne fungi levels and IAQ assessments in some air-conditioned offices of Hong Kong and evaluates the contribution of the airborne fungi to an unsatisfactory IAQ in the environment. The unsatisfactory rates regarding the assessment parameters were evaluated using the Monte Carlo simulations with measured data in Hong Kong Offices. In particular, the impact of selecting representative IAQ assessment parameters was examined against an express assessment protocol (EAP), which assessed some dominant contributors of unsatisfactory IAQ.2 The results reported that the three top ranked contributors for unsatisfactory IAQ were total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), indoor airborne fungi count (AFC) and airborne bacteria count (ABC) for air-conditioned offices of Hong Kong. Practical applications: This study has shown that the assessments of airborne fungi levels in office environment is an important issue and further investigations for the airborne fungi in the IAQ audits were thus recommended. The results of this study could be a useful source of reference for policymakers in evaluation of an effective IAQ assessment protocol with some representative IAQ assessment parameters.
Numerical Simulations in Two CPG Models for Bipedal Locomotion
Authors: Pinto Carla M.A. 
Published: September 2007

Pinto and Golubitsky proposed a new model for a central pattern generator (CPG) for arm/leg coordination in bipeds, the network arm. arm is derived from a CPG quadruped model (quad) by breaking the symmetry between fore- and hind limbs. This paper explores numerically some of the solution properties of two general CPG models: arm and a CPG model for leg rhythms in bipeds (which is called leg). It is assumed that the internal dynamics of each cell is modeled by a space-clamped Hodgkin—Huxley equation and the coupling is only through the voltage term. Numerical simulations are done using XPPAUT. Secondary gaits in leg are obtained from bifurcation of the Poincaré map of a primary gait. Examples of secondary gaits are gallop, asymmetric hop, one-legged hop, and skip. In particular, the gallop is obtained by bifurcation from the primary gait two-legged jump. Numerical evidence of this is shown. Numerical simulations are given of periodic solutions in arm identified with arm/leg coordination patterns in bipeds.
A Sack in the Sand
Authors: Lister Martin 
Published: September 2007

Throughout the 1990s the relationship between culture and technology was sharply focused in a debate about whether digital technologies signalled the death or radical displacement of photography. The case for the cultural continuity of photography centred upon a rejection of a strong form of technological determinism. It is now clear that far from being displaced to the margins of culture, there is now more photography than ever. There have also been dramatic developments: mobile phone manufacturers have put more cameras into people's hands then ever before; the photograph as social document and historical witness persists but in changing ways; photographs circulate globally on an unprecedented scale via electronic image banks. It is clear that such changes and developments do involve new technologies. However, rather than being due to the kind of technological determinism debated earlier, this is because photography has come to exist within a new technological environment. In many recent accounts, `information' and information technology are repeatedly cited as constituting a new and shaping context for photographic practices. This article offers a conceptual framework for thinking about these changes by relating tendencies in contemporary discussions of photography to another discourse and another set of practices: informatics.
A review of the cost-effectiveness of face-to-face behavioural interventions for smoking, physical activity, diet and alcohol
Authors: Gordon L. , Graves N. , Hawkes A. , Eakin E. 
Published: September 2007

Objective: To assess the evidence for the cost-effectiveness of health behaviour interventions that address the major behavioural risk factors for chronic disease, including smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet, and alcohol misuse. Methods: Medical and economic databases were searched for relevant economic evaluations. Studies were critically appraised using a published 35-point checklist, and the results are described using a narrative approach, noting methodological limitations. The review included 64 studies from 1995—2005, including 17 reports on multiple behaviour interventions. Results: There was considerable variation among the studies by target populations, intervention components, primary outcomes, and economic methods, but the reported incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were consistently low (e.g. <14,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained for smoking-cessation programmes in 2006 Euros) as compared to certain preventive pharmaceutical and invasive interventions. Interventions targeting high-risk-population subgroups were relatively better value for money as compared to those targeting general populations. Discussion: In general, the results of this review demonstrate favourable cost-effectiveness for smoking interventions, physical activity interventions and multiple behaviour interventions in high-risk groups. Although alcohol and dietary interventions appeared to be economically favourable, it is difficult to draw conclusions because of the variety in study outcomes. However, methodological limitations weaken the generalizability of findings, and suggest that the results of any given study should be considered carefully when being used to inform resource allocation.
Living and working with sickness: a qualitative study
Authors: Edwards Suzanne , Gabbay Mark 
Published: September 2007

Objectives: To explore patients' views and experiences of long-term sickness absence, and their attitudes with regard to return to work. Methods: The study design and analysis were guided by a narrative psychology perspective. In-depth, biographical narrative interviews were conducted with 26 individuals, aged between 30 and 65 years, who had been certified absent for longer than 6 weeks. Follow-up data were collected at 12 months. The narrative analysis techniques used were holistic content, holistic form, categorical content, and categorical form. This paper illustrates our findings obtained mainly using the holistic-form approach. Results: Long-term absence reduces attachment to work and impacts on work identity. Three distinct narrative patterns emerged from the data analysis. The first was `uncomplicated absence', usually triggered by an acute event with an uncomplicated resolution; the second, `complicated absence', typically involved gradually deteriorating health and social complications with a less predictable recovery; the third pattern, `sustained absence', was associated with chronic deterioration in health, often complex and multidimensional in nature. These three patterns offer an insight into how well individuals are coping with their underlying health condition. Conclusions: Narrative analysis tools could be developed to help identify those patients who would: (1) respond favourably to `return to work' interventions; or (2) benefit from additional health service support.
Effects of erythropoietin on advanced pulmonary vascular remodelling
Authors: van Albada M. E. , du Marchie Sarvaas G. J. , Koster J. , Houwertjes M. C. , Berger R. M. F. , Schoemaker R. G. 
Published: September 2007

Erythropoietin (EPO) mobilises endothelial progenitor cells and promotes neovascularisation in heart failure. The present authors studied the effects of EPO on pulmonary vascular and cardiac remodelling in a model for flow-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).PAH was induced in adult male Wistar rats by the injection of monocrotaline combined with an abdominal aortocaval shunt 1 week later (PAH or experimental group). Immediately afterwards, rats were randomised into those who received treatment with EPO (PAH+EPO group) and controls. Pulmonary and systemic haemodynamics, and right ventricular and pulmonary vascular remodelling were evaluated 3 weeks later.Vascular occlusion of the intra-acinar pulmonary vessels (13.4±0.7versus16.7±1.3% in PAH+EPO and PAH, respectively) and medial wall thickness of the pre-acinar arteries (wall-to-lumen ratio 0.13±0.01versus0.17±0.01 in PAH+EPO and PAH, respectively) decreased after treatment with EPO. Moreover, right ventricular capillary density was increased by therapy (2,322±61versus2,100±63 capillaries·mm−2in PAH+EPO and PAH, respectively). Increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure and decreased right ventricular contractility in the model were not altered by EPO treatment.In this rat model of flow-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension, erythropoietin treatment beneficially affected pulmonary vascular and cardiac remodelling. These histopathological effects were not accompanied by significantly improved haemodynamics.
Postconditioning with a volatile anaesthetic in alveolar epithelial cellsin vitro
Authors: Yue T. , Roth Z'graggen B. , Blumenthal S. , Neff S. B. , Reyes L. , Booy C. , Steurer M. , Spahn D. R. , Neff T. A. , Schmid E. R. , Beck-Schimmer B. 
Published: September 2007

Acute lung injury is a common complication in critically ill patients. The present study examined possible immunomodulating effects of the volatile anaesthetic sevoflurane on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated alveolar epithelial cells (AEC)in vitro.Sevoflurane was applied after the onset of injury, simulating a “postconditioning” scenario. Rat AEC were stimulated with LPS for 2 h, followed by a 4-h co-exposure to a CO2/air mixture with sevoflurane 2.2 volume %; control cells were exposed to the CO2/air mixture only. Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, as well as the potential protective mediators inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)2 and heat shock protein (HSP)-32, were analysed. Additionally, functional assays (chemotaxis, adherence and cytotoxicity assay) were performed.A significant reduction of inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated, sevoflurane-exposed AEC was found, leading to reduced chemotaxis, neutrophil adherence and neutrophil-induced AEC killing. While iNOS2 was increased in the sevoflurane group, blocking experiments with iNOS2 inhibitor did not affect sevoflurane-induced decrease of inflammatory mediators and AEC killing. Interestingly, sevoflurane treatment also resulted in an enhanced expression of HSP-32.The data presented in the current study provide strong evidence that anaesthetic postconditioning with sevoflurane mediates cytoprotection in the respiratory compartment in anin vitromodel of acute lung injury.
From registry to quality management: the German Cystic Fibrosis Quality Assessment project 1995–2006
Authors: Stern M. , Wiedemann B. , Wenzlaff P. 
Published: September 2007

Since 1995, the German Cystic Fibrosis Quality Assessment project has collected demographic data and outcome parameters. It aims to develop tools for quality management.The basic data of 6,835 patients has been collected annually by 93 centres. Weight for height and body mass index (BMI) indicated nutritional status, and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) served as the central respiratory parameter. Data on mortality and survival were calculated.The mean age of all patients has increased from 13.9 yrs in 1995 to 17.7 yrs in 2005, and the percentage of adult patients has increased from 28.4 to 43.4%. Benchmarking diagrams and centre reports indicated considerable differences between the centres. The achievement of basic aims at the age of 6, 12 and 18 yrs indicated a positive development in 1995 to 2005. In 2005, median age at death was 23.7 yrs and the median cumulative survival was 37.4 yrs. Mortality correlated with a BMI <19 kg·m−2and an FEV1<80%. No sex gap in mortality was detected.“Learning from the best” is now possible. Further improvements in the system of cystic fibrosis care are required, such as: defining alarm signals for early treatment; involvement of patients and their families in quality management; auditing; benchmarking; and in-house training.