bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppressor cell induction in vitro. II. Cellular requirements of suppressor cell induction
Authors: Feldmann Marc , Kontiainen S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe cellular requirements for the induction of antigen‐specific suppressor cells (SC) in vitro were studied. Macrophage depletion, by either nylon wool or polystyrene columns or iron (and magnet) treatment or a combination of methods, did not diminish SC induction, in contrast to its effect on helper cell induction. The requirement for T‐T interaction in SC induction using splenic T cells was studied by the use of adult thymectomy and antilymphocyte serum, which selectively deplete short‐lived and recirculating T cells respectively. Since suppressor cell induction was markedly diminished, or abolished by either procedure, but reconstituted by mixing these 2 populations, it was concluded that there was T‐T interaction in the development of SC, just as there is in the induction of other T cell reactions, such as the graft‐versus‐host response, the T killer cell response, the helper cell response and, tentatively, delayed hypersensitivity. By the use of double‐chamber tissue culture flasks, with the 2 cell populations separated by a cell impermeable membrane, it was found that T‐T interaction does not require cell contact and is thus mediated by factor(s). The direct precursor of antigen‐specific suppressor cells is resistant to adult thymectomy but sensitive to anti‐lymphocyte serum.
Lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells. II. Characteristics and tissue distribution of concanavalin A‐ activated cytotoxic effector cells
Authors: Waterfield J. D. , Waterfield Elizabeth M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn vivo or in vitro activation of cytotoxic effector lymphocytes by concanavalin A (Con A) has been shown to result in a population of effector cells exhibiting a degree of immunological specificity when Con A was present during the cytotoxic assay (Waterfield, J.D. et al., Cell. Immunol. 1975. 17: 392). In this communication we have characterized the Con A‐activated effector cell by physical criteria and tried to assign it to a given subpopulation of thymus‐derived lymphocytes. It was shown that macrophages played no role in target cell lysis in this system, nor was their presence required for Con A activation of the effector cell. The effector cell proved insensitive to anti‐Θ serum, but was classified as a T cell by the enrichment of cytotoxicity when a purified population of T cells was activated by Con A in vitro and by the failure to activate the effector cell in nude mice. Precursors of the effector cell were shown to reside primarily in the spleen, to be radioresistant up to 400 R, and to be short‐lived after adult thymectomy. Thus, the effector cell can be classified with the TI population of T cells and has similar characteristics as a cytolytically active cell described by Stobo et al. (J. Immunol. 1973. 110: 362, 652).
Lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells. III. Differentiation of concanavalin A‐activated cytotoxic effector cells
Authors: Waterfield J. D. , Waterfield Elizabeth M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe maturation of selected T cell responses in the lymphoid organs of irradiated CBA mice was followed after adoptive transfer of syngeneic fetal liver cells. Mitogenic responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was found to reach control values 3 weeks after reconstitution in the thymus, spleen, and lymph node, of fetal liver repopulated animals. Spleen and lymph node cell reactivity in mixed lymphocyte culture reactions required 6 weeks to reach significant values. However, the ability of spleen cell suspensions to be activated by Con A into cytotoxic effector lymphocytes appeared after only 2 to 3 weeks. It is concluded that two functionally distinct T cell subpopulations exist in the spleen, one which can be activated into cytotoxic effector lymphocytes by Con A, and one which responds to alloantigens by DNA synthesis.
An ultrastructural study of two different responses of mouse mast cells to transplantation antibodies directed against the same transplantation antigens
Authors: Le Bouteiller Ph. , Daëron M. , Duc H. T. , Righemi S. , Voisin G. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present paper describes an ultrastructural study of two different kinds of behavior of mouse mast cells during two immunological reactions induced by transplantation antibodies: the direct allogeneic anaphylactic degranulation and the serocytotoxicity. In both situations, the same alloantigens, born by the mast cells themselves, are the targets of the reaction, but the first one is mediated by anaphylactic alloantibodies whereas the second one is mediated by cytotoxic alloantibodies in the presence of complement. The comparison of the ultrastructural aspects of the cells in these two systems demonstrated that mast cells can behave in two different ways depending on the nature of the immunological agents utilized. First, a physiological degranulation process with active granule expulsion was observed. This process was shown to be identical to the one induced in classical in vitro anaphylaxis or by histamine releasers such as compound 48/80. A second type of behavior was a lethal, complement‐ dependent, cell lysis without active granule expulsion.
Role of macrophages in the generation of T helper cells. IV. Nature of genetically related factor derived from macrophages incubated with soluble antigens
Authors: Erb P. , Feldmann Marc , Hogg Nancy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMacrophages incubated with soluble antigens for 1–4 days release factors capable of inducing T helper cells. The nature and some of the properties of this genetically related macrophage factor (GRF) were investigated. By use of immunoadsorbents, GRF was shown to contain I region‐coded products (Ia antigens) linked to a small antigenic fragment. The genes coding for the Ia antigens detectable in GRF lie in the I region of the H‐2 complex.GRF does not react with anti‐immunoglobulin, anti‐C3 or anti‐human β2‐ microglobulin antisera, and its activity cannot be removed by antigen immunoadsorbents. GRF is heatlabile, sensitive to proteolytic enzymes and has a molecular weight of about 55 000 Daltons. The relationship of GRF to other factors known to contain I region‐coded products and reported to be effective in cell cooperation is discussed.
In vitro synthesis of factor B of the alternative pathway of complement activation by mouse peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Bentley Carolyn , Bitter‐Suermann D. , Hadding U. , Brade V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFactor B of the alternative pathway of complement activation was shown to be synthesized and secreted by unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. The activity of B in the culture supernatants from macrophage monolayers was detected by consumption of C3 in reaction mixtures containing supernatant and guinea pig factors C3, D and insoluble C3b. Using a monospecific antiserum, factor B in concentrated culture supernatants was shown by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis to be identical to factor B in mouse plasma and to form a characteristic complex with cobra venom factor in the presence of D. A steady rate of factor B secretion was observed for 4 days providing the medium was changed every 24 h. Cycloheximide (0.5 μg/ml), an inhibitor of protein synthesis, caused inhibition (90%) of factor B production. Incubation of culture medium containing 14C‐labeled amino acids with the macrophage monolayer resulted in incorporation of radioactivity into factor B as detected by autoradiography of precipitation lines formed with anti‐B antiserum. This indicated that synthesis of factor B had occurred. In the same culture supernatants the presence of newly synthesized C3 was also demonstrated.
Antibody response to phosphorylcholine in vitro. II. Analysis of T‐dependent and T‐independent responses
Authors: Quintáns J. , Cosenza H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpleen cells, from BALB/c mice primed with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), were stimulated with heat‐killed vaccine of rough Pneumococcus pneumoniae R36A (Pn) and/or phosphorylcholine (PC)‐coupled KLH to induce an anti‐PC response in vitro. The response to PC‐KLH was found to be T‐dependent while it is T‐independent to Pn. The antibodies induced with either antigen had similar avidity and expressed the TEPC 15 idiotype exclusively; thus T cell involvement in the response to PC‐KLH failed to alter these parameters of the anti‐PC response.At the precursor cell level, Pn induced small clones with an average size of 10 plaque‐forming cells (PFC), whereas PC‐KLH gave rise to larger clones of 40–50 PFC. This difference in the proliferative potential of PC precursor B cells hinted at the possibility that Pn and PC‐KLH were stimulating different precursors. This was corroborated by the observation that a) when Pn and PC‐KLH were added to the same cultures a synergistic effect was seen, i.e. the number of plaques was greater than the sum of the responses induced by each antigen, and b) in microcultures, under conditions limiting B cells only, Pn plus PC‐KLH induced a higher fraction of responding wells than either antigen on its own. We postulate that Pn and PC‐KLH stimulate subpopulations of PC precursor cells which are T‐independent and T‐dependent, respectively.
Cellular reaction induced by “nonantigenic” substances
Authors: Sabolović D. , Oth D. , Bujadoux Madeleine 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA previously designed isotopic in vivo method for measuring delayed hypersensitivity was used with nonantigenic (or weakly antigenic) phlogogenic substances. A strong reaction was observed in some circumstances, witnessing the fact that the method has a specific and a nonspecific component. The reaction is drastically augmented by a mild whole‐body irradiation of the reacting animals. In the case of the studied substances (carbon, oil and bentonite) the reaction is bound by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), but it was found to be independent of the number of circulating PMN in the blood.
Efferent enhancement of a methylcholanthrene‐induced Sarcoma transplantable in strain 13 guinea pigs
Authors: Berczi I. , Tsay H.‐M. , Sehon A. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immunobiology of an antigenic methylcholanthrene‐induced sarcoma (MC‐D) of inbred strain 13 guinea pigs has been investigated. The induction of concomitant immunity by growing MC‐D tumors was indicated by the suppression of small tumor inocula in the presence of a large tumor cell dose and by the regression of intradermal tumor nodules. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that this tumor was coated with antibody in vivo. Previous studies showed that MC‐D tumors were infiltrated with killer T cells which were capable of complete tumor destruction in vitro, but could never induce spontaneous regression in vivo. On the basis of all these facts, antibody‐mediated efferent enhancement is proposed to be the major escape mechanism of this tumor.
Expression of new idiotypes following neonatal idiotypic suppression of a dominant clone
Authors: Augustin A. , Cosenza H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe anti‐PC antibodies of BALB/c origin bear predominantly the idiotype characteristic of the phosphorylcholine (PC)‐binding T15 myeloma protein. Sera from one‐day‐old BALB/c mice contain lower amounts of T15 idiotype than sera from adult mice, and, unlike the latter, they also contain detectable amounts of anti‐T15 antibodies. By 2 weeks of age the anti‐T15 antibodies are no longer detectable while the T15 idiotype has reached adult levels. Injection of neonatal mice with anti‐idiotypic antibodies renders them unresponsive to PC until the 15th week of life. Furthermore, this treatment induces a chronic suppression of the T15 idiotype, since on recovery from unresponsiveness, the neonatally suppressed mice produce anti‐PC antibodies which are predominantly T15‐negative. In contrast, treatment of adult mice with anti‐idiotypic antibodies induces only a transient state of unresponsiveness to PC, and the antibodies produced upon recovery bear the T15 idiotype. These findings are discussed in the context of idiotype anti‐idiotype interactions and their possible role in immunoregulation.
Derivation of specific antibody‐producing tissue culture and tumor lines by cell fusion
Authors: Köhler G. , Milstein C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCell fusion techniques have been used to produce hybrids between myeloma cells and antibody‐producing cells. The hybrid lines derived are permanently adapted to grow in tissue culture and are capable of inducing antibody‐producing tumors in mice.Spleens from mice immunized against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were fused to an 8‐azaguanine‐resistant clone (X63‐Ag8) of MOPC 21 myeloma. Over 50 % of the derived hybrid lines produce and secrete immunoglobulins different from the MOPC 21 myeloma. About 10 % of the hybrid lines exhibit anti‐SRBC activity. The high proportion of antibody‐producing hybrids suggests that the fusion involves a restricted fraction of the spleen cell population, probably cells committed to antibody production.In order to avoid the presence of the MOPC 21 heavy chain in the specific hybrids, another myeloma cell line (NSI/1‐Ag4–1) has been used. This is a nonsecreting variant of the MOPC 21 myeloma which does not express heavy chains.Three anti‐SRBC (probably of the μ, γ2b and γ1 classes, respectively) and two anti‐2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl (of the μ class) antibody‐producing hybrids have been repeatedly cloned. By random selection and by selection of specific clones according to their lytic activity (clone plaque selection), a number of different lines have been constructed. Such lines express different combinations of the four possible chains of each hybrid line: the myeloma γ and k chains and the specific antibody heavy and light chains. In three cases (Sp1, Sp2 and Sp7) it is shown that only the specific H and L combination has activity and that the myeloma chains are unable to substitute for them. In most cases lines have been derived which no longer express the MOPC 21 chains but only the specific antibody chains.
Reconstitution of genetically regulated responses against random and ordered synthetic polypeptides by methylated bovine serum albumin as analyzed by isoelectric focusing
Authors: Cramer M. , Schwartz Michal , Mazes Edna , Sela M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn previous publications it was shown by avidity measurements, cross‐reactivity patterns and genetic analyses, that the tetrapeptide T‐T‐G‐G is the immunodominant epitope of the synthetic polypeptide (T, G)‐A–L. In the present study this close immunological relationship between the random multichain copolymer (T, G)‐A–L and the ordered analogue (T‐T‐G‐G)‐A–L is extended by two additional criteria. First, the immune response against (T‐T‐G‐G)‐A–L in H‐2k nonresponder mouse strains can be reconstituted to high antibody levels by complexing this antigen to methylated bovine serum albumin, as was tested earlier for (T, G)‐A–L. The antibodies elicited upon reconstitution in both antigenic systems are directed mainly against the same determinant, T‐T‐G‐G. Second, isoelectric focusing analysis of specific antisera developed with radiolabeled antigen revealed restricted 7 S IgG antibody populations in high responder and reconstituted high and low responder mice. The spectra were found to be of similar complexity in the (T, G)‐A–L and in the (T‐T‐G‐G)‐A–L system. From these data it was concluded that the repertoires of specific B cells to T‐T‐G‐G are very similar in high and low responder strains, and the defect in the H‐2k low responder systems should be located at the level of T‐B cell cooperation.
Functional half‐life of virgin and primed B lymphocytes
Authors: Elson C. J. , Jablonska K. F. , Taylor R. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe functional half‐life, a measure of the persistence of lymphocytes in an antigen‐free environment, has been estimated and found to be about 7 days for virgin 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl (TNP)‐reactive mouse B cells, and 2–3 times longer for TNP‐primed B cells. Using allotype‐congenic mice, lymph node cells were transferred from virgin or primed CBA/Igb donors to normal CBA/Iga recipients, and the proportion of donor B cells estimated at intervals. This was done by making a further transfer to irradiated recipients and challenging with a TNP conjugate. The donor contribution declined with time in approximately exponential fashion to give the functional half‐life. The experiment with primed cells necessitated mixing them with virgin cells, and thus allowed the possibility of interactions. However, control experiments showed that, at least in the final transfer, the primed cell response was not decreased by the presence of excess virgin cells ‐ although primed cells suppressed virgin cells. In other experiments where the intermediate hosts were treated with vinblastine, it was shown that primed B cells have a slower turnover rate than virgin B cells. The relevance of these results to the problem of B cell tolerance is discussed.
T cell requirements for the expression of the lipopolysaccharide adjuvant effect in vivo: evidence for a T cell‐dependent and a T cell‐independent mode of action
Authors: Ness Dolly B. , Smith S. , Talcott J. A. , Grumet F. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe in vivo adjuvant effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice was investigated with the soluble synthetic polypeptide antigen (T, G)‐A–L, the antibody response to which is determined by the Ir‐1A gene. With this specific antigen it can be demonstrated that the LPS adjuvant effect has the following modes of action: a) a T cell‐independent enhancement of primary and secondary IgM antibody response; b) a T cell‐dependent enhancement of IgG secondary antibody response; and c) a T cell‐dependent induction of switchover from IgM to IgG antibody in some strains of Ir‐1A low responders. Although T cells are necessary for some aspects of the adjuvant effect, these data do not distinguish between a mechanism involving a direct interaction between LPS and T cells or a direct interaction of LPS and B cells with a general requirement for T cells for expression of IgG antibody.
T lineage lymphocytes in nude mice born from homozygous nu/nu parents
Authors: Loor F. , Amstutz Heidi , Hägg Lena‐Britt , Mayor Kathleen S. , Roelants G. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractT lineage cells are found in the spleen of neonatal nu/nu mice born from nu/nu x nu/nu matings, and also in old, healthy nude mice obtained from the usual nu/+ x nu/nu matings. Their presence in neonatal nude mice which were never in contact with mother or normal littermate thymus products shows that commitment of stem cells towards the T lineage does not require the influence of the thymus.
The xenogeneic effect – Evidence for coparticipation of human monocytes and T lymphocytes in the restoration of nude mouse in vitro response to sheep red blood cells
Authors: Estroff T. , Galanaud P. , Dormont J. , Wallon Christine , Tchernia G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe restorative ability of human peripheral blood lymphocyte fractions on nude mouse spleen cell in vitro antibody response to SRBC was studied. Strongly adherent cells (monocytes) enhanced nude cell response, but not to the same extent as the optimal number (106) of unfractionated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. T‐depleted cells lost their ability to optimally restore the response, while T‐enriched cells showed a definite restorative ability. The recombination of adherent cells with T‐enriched cells produced an effect comparable to that of unfractionated cells, both in terms of magnitude and dose‐response curve. These data suggest that both monocytes and T cells are necessary for an optimal xenogeneic effect in Mishell‐Dutton cultures.
Adult thymectomy prevention of the appearance of suppressor T cells which depress contact sensitivity to picryl chloride and reversal of adult thymectomy effect by thymus extract
Authors: Asherson G. L. , Mayhew Barbara , Zembala M. , Goldstein A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSuppressor cells, which depress the passive transfer of contact sensitivity appear in the lymph nodes and spleen of mice injected with picryl sulfonic acid (PSA). These cells produce a soluble suppressor T cell product (s‐TCP), and immune lymph node cells incubated in s‐TCP fail to transfer contact sensitivity. This paper shows that the appearance of suppressor T cells following the injection of PSA was prevented by adult thymectomy (ATx).ATx also limited the production of s‐TCP. However, ATx had no effect on the DNA synthesis which occurs in the lymph nodes of mice injected with PSA.The adverse effect of ATx on suppressor cells was completely reversed by a neonatal thymus graft placed under the renal capsule and partially reversed by grafts given 600 r in vitro and to a limited extent by grafts given 1000 r. The injection of thymus extract also reversed the effect of ATx‐whereas splenic extract was inactive. It is suggested that the suppressor T cell which depresses contact sensitivity is dependent on the presence of the thymus because it requires a thymus hormone, and not primarily because it belongs to a short‐lived population which is rapidly renewed by cells coming from the thymus.
Structural and serological relationships among different antibodies from the same rabbit antiserum. II. The idiotypes of ten antibody components from an anti‐streptococcal serum
Authors: Aasted B. , Kindt T. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn studies aimed at elucidation of the idiotypic relationships among antibodies produced by a single rabbit, ten antibodies were isolated from the serum of a rabbit immunized with streptococcal Group C vaccine. Four of these antibodies were obtained in amounts sufficient to prepare homologous (rabbit) anti‐idiotype antisera. The antisera were used to test for cross‐reactivities among all ten antibodies by binding and inhibition of binding assays. Idiotypic cross‐reactions among the antibodies were detected by three of the four antisera, while the fourth antiserum reacted only with the antibody that was used as the immunogen for its preparation. Two antibodies demonstrating the highest degree of cross‐reactivity had readily distinguishable VH allotypic (a 1) subspecificities. The idiotypic reactions and cross‐reactions could be inhibited by haptens prepared from the Group C carbohydrate. Bleedings taken from the three immunization periods of this rabbit indicated that the four idiotypes were expressed in approximately equal amounts in each immunization period and that all idiotypes dropped to undetectable levels between immunization periods.
Blockade of specific antibody‐forming cells in vivo by dextrans and levans
Authors: Moreno C. , Hale Christine 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFractions of dextran (DE) B512, DE B1355 and levan (LE) have been shown to induce a specific blockade of antibody‐forming cells (AFC) when injected into previously immunized mice. Whereas specific blockade with DE B512 (450 000 daltons) was easily induced by as little as 10 μg, blockade to LE and DE B1355 was more resistant and required 1 and 10 mg, respectively.AFC blockade and tolerance are dissociable phenomena, as the former effect could be achieved with nontolerogenic low mol. wt. DE B512 (10 000 daltons). Conversely, perennial rye grass fructosan (7600 daltons), which is tolerogenic for LE, did not induce blockade. Furthermore, blockade of anti‐DE response specific for α(1→3)‐linked glucosyl determinants was achieved in BALB/c mice, whereas attempts to induce stable tolerance have been unsuccessful.
β2‐Microglobulin distribution in human normal tissues
Authors: Governa M. , Biguzzi S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe distribution of β2‐microglobulin in human normal tissues was investigated by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody method. Lymphoid, macrophage and endothelial cells were consistently positive in every organ studied. In addition, only the stratum germinativum of the epidermis, some tracts of the columnar epithelium of the digestive system and some endometrial tubular glands showed a specific fluorescence.