bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large‐eddy simulation of turbulent flow over a forested hill: Validation and coherent structure identification
Authors: Dupont S. , Brunet Y. , Finnigan J. J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractModelling turbulent flow at a very fine scale within and above vegetation canopies over complex terrain is of great interest for many environmental applications. Over the last decade, it has been demonstrated that the large‐eddy simulation (LES) technique is able to reproduce in detail many observed features of turbulent flow over homogeneous and heterogeneous vegetation canopies on flat terrain. For the first time, a nested LES of turbulent flow within and above a forested canopy on an isolated two‐dimensional hill is analysed and validated against pressure and velocity data from a wind‐tunnel experiment. The model is shown to be able to reproduce accurately the main features observed over a forested hill. The results also confirm recent observations on the intermittency of the recirculation region behind the hill, and on the domination of sweep motions in momentum transfer at the canopy top all along the hill. The main characteristics of turbulent structures have also been investigated from the analysis of vorticity fields and two‐point velocity correlations across the hill. It is shown that the streamwise wind velocity upwind from the summit is not correlated with the flow within the wake region but only with the flow above it, while in the wake region the streamwise wind velocity at the canopy top is only correlated with the flow within the wake region. This result suggests that turbulence within the wake region results from the superposition of various turbulent structures: large turbulent structures induced by the elevated shear layer that may result from the rolling over of Kelvin‐Helmotz instabilities, structures induced at the lee‐side foot of the hill by an adverse pressure gradient and structures induced by the presence of the canopy. Implications of hilly terrain on canopy‐atmosphere exchanges and tree vulnerability to windload are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
An atmospheric model of intermediate complexity for data assimilation studies
Authors: Ehrendorfer Martin , Errico Ronald M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAtmospheric models of intermediate complexity play an important role when studying atmospheric phenomena. Their complexity is between highly truncated low‐dimensional ‘toy’ models and modern general circulation or numerical weather prediction models. By design, computational cost associated with intermediate models is much reduced while at the same time some important aspects of atmospheric behaviour are still reasonably realistically described. Performing numerical experimentation with such models in the contexts of data assimilation, predictability, and atmospheric dynamics can produce informative results regarding those aspects for comparatively low cost. Nevertheless, as with any model‐based study, the degree to which results so obtained may be generalized to more realistic conditions remains somewhat uncertain and dependent on the specific questions being considered. An intermediate‐complexity model, named AMIC (Atmospheric Model of Intermediate Complexity) based on the nonlinear quasi‐geostrophic potential vorticity equation is presented. This global model uses a spectral dynamical core, and contains ‘physical processes’, such as climatological forcing, diffusion, and damping, designed to reasonably match AMIC's behaviour with observed atmospheric properties. While AMIC has variable horizontal and vertical resolution, the properties of AMIC are studied here for two specific resolutions (T45L6 and T106L9) and these are compared against atmospheric properties in terms of energy spectra, time‐mean and transient behaviour, and singular‐vector perturbation growth. The model's behaviour is reasonably realistic, except for its transient activity being somewhat weak, especially in the southern (summer) hemisphere. AMIC is also suited for some data assimilation and predictability studies since it contains complete tangent‐linear and adjoint models. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Bioassays for evaluating the water‐extractable genotoxic and toxic potential of soils polluted by metal smelters
Authors: Vidic Tatjana , Lah Barbara , Berden‐Zrimec Maja , Marinsek‐Logar Romana 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPhysicochemical analyses of polluted soils are limited in their ability to determine all hazardous compounds, their bioavailability, and their combined effects on living organisms. Bioassays, on the other hand, can evaluate environmental quality more accurately. This study assesses the genotoxic potential of water extracts from soil polluted with metals (Pb, Cd, and Zn) by the former lead smelter in Žerjav, Slovenia using comet assay with Tetrahymena thermophila and human hepatoma cells (HepG2). In addition, the toxicity of soil samples and their extracts was evaluated using Vibrio fischeri and delayed fluorescence of Lemna minor. Chemical analyses of metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was performed for comparison. Measurements of the total metal concentrations showed that four of five plots near the former lead smelter were highly contaminated with Pb, Cd, and Zn, but the amount of metals in water/soil extracts was low at all the sampling plots. Genotoxicity was demonstrated using T. thermophila for the majority of the extracts, and HepG2 cells for only some of the extracts. Whereas V. fischeri indicated a gradual decrease in soil toxicity with greater distance from the smelter, the toxicity of extracts did not correlate with proximity. Low concentrations of metals in water extracts stimulated L. minor growth. The results indicate that comet assay with T. thermophila and HepG2 cells and the BSPT with V. fischeri are suitable protocols for screening the genotoxic and toxic potential of water/soil extracts by comet assay, whereas chemical analyses of total metal concentrations in soil do not solely suffice for evaluating metal pollution in the environment. Biological assays are thus crucial for risk assessment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
Fetal cardiac output and its distribution to the placenta at 11–20 weeks of gestation
Authors: Vimpeli T. , Huhtala H. , Wilsgaard T. , Acharya G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo measure serial changes in cardiac output (CO) and its fraction distributed to the placenta at 11–20 weeks of gestation.MethodsBlood flow velocities, and diameters of the aorta, pulmonary artery and umbilical vein, were measured longitudinally in 143 fetuses using pulsed‐wave Doppler and two‐dimensional ultrasound examination.ResultsVolume blood flow of the aorta (left ventricular CO) and the pulmonary artery (right ventricular CO) increased in a similar manner with advancing gestational age. The combined cardiac output (CCO) increased from 9 mL/min to 121 mL/min, and the placental volume blood flow (Quv) increased from 1.2 mL/min to 25.3 mL/min during 11–20 weeks of gestation. The fraction of CCO diverted to the placenta increased from 14% at 11 weeks to 21% at 20 weeks.ConclusionsWe have established longitudinal reference ranges for fetal CO and Quv at 11–20 weeks of gestation. The fraction of CCO distributed to the placenta increased significantly during this period, reflecting rapid placental growth and establishment of a low‐resistance circulation. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Latino adolescents' academic success: The role of discrimination, academic motivation, and gender
Authors: Alfaro Edna C. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , Gonzales‐Backen Melinda A. , Bámaca Mayra Y. , Zeiders Katharine H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractGuided by the academic resilience perspective, the current longitudinal study examined whether academic motivation mediated the relation between Latino adolescents' (N = 221) experiences with discrimination and their academic success. The potential moderating role of gender was also examined. Using multiple group analysis in structural equation modeling, findings indicated that perceived discrimination at Wave 2 significantly predicted academic motivation at Waves 2 and 3 for boys but not girls. Additionally, for boys, academic motivation significantly mediated the relation between perceived discrimination and academic success. Findings underscore the importance of considering the long‐term implications of discrimination for Latino boys' academic success. Furthermore, findings encourage moving beyond the examination of gender differences in specific academic outcomes (e.g., academic success) and focusing on how the processes leading to academic success vary by gender.
Neurobiological perspectives on the nature of visual and verbal processes
Authors: Childers Terry L. , Jiang Yang 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWyer and colleagues in this issue summarize an array of studies that demonstrate varied and significant effects of a series of antecedents on the relative accessibility of visual and verbal strategies in memory and the ease with which these strategies can be employed to affect comprehension and judgments. We review the studies in light of findings and perspectives from psychophysiological and neuroimaging research. We discuss how measurement of event‐related potentials (ERP) can illuminate automatic versus reflective forms of processes. Then the revelation of brain regions involved in the visual processing of pictures and words under different tasks and processes by functional brain imaging (e.g. functional MRI). We close by considering these bio‐behavioral perspectives and the interactions among modality, task, and affect on visual and verbal encoding strategies among individuals differing in visual and verbal processing orientations.
Arabic Mechanical Engineering: Survey of the Historical sources
Authors: Hill Donald 
Published: October 2008

The first and more important section of this article lists all the known treatises in Arabic on Fine Technology – water-clocks, automata, pumps, trick vessels, fountains, etc. The ideas, techniques and components in these treatises are of great importance in the history of machine technology. For each treatise information is given on the provenance of MSS, editions in Arabic and translations, paraphrases or commentaries in modern European languages. In addition to treatises by Arabic writers, similar information is also given on Greek mechanical treatises if these have survived only in Arabic versions.The second section deals with utilitarian machines such as mills and water-raising machines. The various sources of information about these machines is discussed, including Arabic works on geography and travel, iconography and archaeology.
Resection of ventricular rhabdomyomas in infants presenting with cardiac failure
Authors: Dereddy Narendra R. , Sett Suvro S. , Krishnan Usha 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRhabdomyomas are the most common cardiac tumours in children. They sometimes cause significant obstruction of the ventricular out flow tracts. We report a series of 3 neonates diagnosed antenatally with multiple rhabdomyomas, who developed significant obstruction of the ventricular outflow tracts following birth. They underwent surgical resection in the neonatal period with good outcome. Antenatal diagnosis of obstructive cardiac tumours allows for planning for appropriate early intervention.
Home gardens management of key species in Nepal: a way to maximize the use of useful diversity for the well-being of poor farmers
Authors: Gautam R. , Sthapit B. , Subedi A. , Poudel D. , Shrestha P. , Eyzaguirre P. 
Published: October 2008

The purpose of this study is to identify key home garden species in order to address basic research questions aimed at understanding farmers' home gardens management practices. The study was conducted in two contrasting Hill and Tarai sites in Nepal with households (HHs) ranging from 355 to 634. Unlike larger production systems, home gardens harbour many species in small areas often with a few crop varieties and species that are not well represented in larger fields. Given the number of species and their small population sizes, species and genetic diversity are best studied by identifying representative key species characterizing the complex productive niches within farms. Although species diversity within community is large (172–342), 24 key species were identified for the study. There is no fixed size of a home garden. The log of home garden size and species richness was positively correlated (r = 0.42,P &lt; 0.001). Species richness was significantly higher in vegetable followed by fodder, fruits and spices. This paper also explores the diversity in home gardens to identify the composition and characteristics of the key species and how they are managed, used and conserved. Most of the farmers save the seeds of these home garden species for their own use, but many also exchange and buy and sell seed in local weekly market. Farmers' practices for selecting seed vary according to the reproductive biology of the key home garden species. Home gardens provide the HH with fresh and diverse supply of nutritious food, which improves their self-sufficiency, while conserving diversity on-farm. Despite this, they are neglected in research and development by policy makers and researchers.
Professional Development Training for Early Career Polar Researchers: Association of Polar Early Career Scientists Career Development Workshop; St. Petersburg, Russia, 7 July 2008
Authors: Thomas Elizabeth R. , Baeseman Jenny , Lantuit Hugues , Xavier Jose , Baker Narelle 
Published: October 2008

One hundred early career researchers working in a range of disciplines met in Russia on 7 July for a career development workshop targeting polar researchers. The workshop was hosted by the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS) in collaboration with the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) as part of the SCAR/IASC Open Science Conference “Polar Research—Arctic and Antarctic Perspectives in the International Polar Year.”Demands on early career researchers are increasing. They not only need to excel academically but must also compete for funding with well‐established researchers, foster collaborations, and communicate their research to a diverse audience of colleagues, peers, and funding agencies within and outside of their own disciplines and countries. Representatives from funding agencies and research councils including the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Antarctica New Zealand, IASC, and SCAR ran sessions and panel discussions focusing on key skills in writing proposals, conducting remote and logistically complex fieldwork, communicating their science, and improving research productivity. Through this, early career researchers had the unique opportunity to question potential reviewers and employers about how best to succeed in polar science.
AGU: 89 Years of Dynamic Leadership
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2008

In its 89 years, AGU has matured and expanded through the dedicated administrative direction of three able leaders—John A. Fleming, Waldo E. Smith, and A. F. Spilhaus, Jr.—each with a vision of a strong scientific organization that serves individuals as they extend the knowledge and understanding of the Earth, the planets, and their space environments.Between 1919 and 2008, thirty‐nine presidents, assisted by a host of other volunteers, have provided scientific leadership to AGU. However, a society also needs complementary operational leadership if it is to serve its membership effectively. AGU is unique in that since its founding just three men have given this guidance. Each was selected from the membership, each had prepared for a career in a chosen branch of geophysics, and each had a full appreciation of the unity of the geophysical sciences. Their primary focus was always on science, but their administrative talents enabled them to guide the growth of the Union from a select committee of the National Research Council to a major scientific society with broad international membership (see the membership growth chart and time line).
Speech Restoration: An Interactive Process
Authors: Grataloup Claire , Hoen Michel , Veuillet Evelyne , Collet Lionel , Pellegrino François , Meunier Fanny 
Published: October 2008

Purpose
This study investigates the ability to understand degraded speech signals and explores the correlation between this capacity and the functional characteristics of the peripheral auditory system.

Method
The authors evaluated the capability of 50 normal-hearing native French speakers to restore time-reversed speech. The task required them to transcribe two-syllable items containing temporal reversions of variable sizes, ranging from no reversion to complete reversion, increasing by half-syllable steps. In parallel, the functionality of each participant’s auditory efferent system was evaluated using contralateral suppression of click-evoked otoacoustic emissions.

Results
Perceptual accuracy for time-reversed speech diminished when the size of the applied temporal distortion increased. A lexical benefit was evident, and an important interindividual variability in performance was observed. Functional exploration of the auditory system revealed that speech restoration performances correlated with the suppression strength of the participant’s auditory efferent system.

Conclusions
These results suggest a clear relation between the functional asymmetry of the auditory efferent pathway (the right-side activity is greater than the left-side activity in right-handed participants) and the comprehension of acoustically distorted speech in normal-hearing participants. Further experiments are needed to better specify how the functionality of the medial olivocochlear bundle can cause phonological activation to be more efficient.
Genetic and environmental effects in L1 phonological acquisitionThe case of consonant harmony in Greek child speech
Authors: Tzakosta Marina 
Published: October 2008

AbstractConsonant harmony (CH) is a phenomenon commonly found in child language. Cross-linguistically, Place of Articulation (PoA), specifically the Coronal Node, undergoes CH, while regressive harmony seems to be the preferred directionality that CH takes (cf. Goad 2001a, b; Levelt 1994; Rose 2000, 2001). In the present study, drawing on naturalistic data from nine children acquiring Greek L1, we place emphasis on the fact that multiple factors need to be considered in parallel, in order to account for CH patterns: Not only PoA, but also Manner of Articulation (MoA) contributes to CH; consequently, (de)voicing or continuity harmony emerges. Although regressive harmony is generally favoured, markedness scales and word stress highly affect directionality. Coronal, stop and voiceless segments trigger and undergo CH depending on their degree of prominence and their position in the word. Harmony can be partial or full, i.e. either place or manner or both place and manner of articulation are targeted. Progressive harmony emerges when the triggers belong to the stressed syllable or when they are stops. Cases of double, bidirectional and recursive harmony are also reported. In general, Greek CH patterns are the product of combined factors determined by phonological principles and input frequency in the ambient language. In other words, the degree to which Greek CH patterns are different from cross-linguistic findings depends on the combination of UG principles and language specific/environmental effects, as well as the prominence of certain of these factors over others.
On the inherently close relation of the verb and its direct object in ditransitive constructionsEvidence from Greek
Authors: Lascaratou Chryssoula , Georgiafentis Michalis 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with the close relation between the verb (V) and its direct object (DO) in Greek ditransitive structures, bringing together a formal analysis of the inherent nature of this special bond and a performance motivated treatment of factors determining variation in linearisation, i.e. the effects of performance principles on the permutation of the original order of arguments. Thus, first, by means of lexico-syntactic criteria, we propose that Greek –a relatively free word order language– exhibits the asymmetry between the DO and the IO which has also been observed in other languages (e.g. English, Icelandic, and Mainland Scandinavian languages). On the basis of such criteria, we conclude that in the underlying structure of both the PP Object Construction (PPOC) and the Double Object Construction (DOC), the DO is a sister to V. This structural relationship, represented in the single tree diagram we propose for the two constructions, reveals the V-DO special affinity. Second, we investigate the factors involved in the alternation from the basic to the derived orders both in the PPOC and the DOC. Thus, we suggest that the derivation of the orders V-NPacc-PP and V-NPacc-NPgen from V-PP-NPacc and V-NPgen-NPacc, respectively, is motivated by a number of largely interrelated factors (e.g. information focus, internal complexity, and syntactic weight), which may function either individually or compositionally. Finally, it is observed that the insights about the special affinity between the V and its DO expressed in our formal account of ditransitive orders are also captured in Lascaratou's (1994) performance principles motivated analysis of a small corpus of Greek ditransitive constructions, in terms of the strong preference of the DO to be linearised immediately after the verb.
Anal sphincter tears at spontaneous delivery: A comparison of five hospitals in Norway
Authors: VALBØ ANNELILL , GJESSING LEIF , HERZOG CHRISTINE , GODERSTAD JEANNE METTE , LAINE KATARIINA , VALSET ANNE MARTE 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective. To analyze circumstances relating to severe anal sphincter tears occurring at spontaneous delivery, in view of reported differences in practice regarding manual perineal protection during delivery. Design. Cohort study of midwife‐conducted non‐operative vaginal deliveries. Setting. Five Norwegian hospitals with 12,438 consecutive deliveries during a 12‐month period. Methods. Data from 357 women sustaining third and fourth grade anal sphincter tears (2.9%) were analyzed. Main outcome measures. Different incidence of major perineal tears. Results. Sphincter tear incidence varied significantly between the five hospitals, from 1.3 to 4.7% (p <0.001, RR=3.14 (CI: 2.38–5.56)). There was no significant difference between the five hospitals when other risk variables were compared. Use of oxytocin in the second phase of labor and of epidural analgesia was significantly more often applied in the hospital with the lowest rate of sphincter tears. The midwives’ perception of having applied perineal support was not significantly different between the two hospitals with the highest and the lowest incidence of sphincter tear. Conclusion. The observed difference in incidence of sphincter tear between the hospitals remains unexplained, but could be due to different perineal protection handling techniques.