bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ceramic Chronology of Ek Balam, Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Bey George J. , Bond Tara M. , Ringle William M. , Hanson Craig A. , Houck Charles W. , Lope Carlos Peraza 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSince 1984, the Ek Balam Project has been investigating the organization and developmental history of a large Maya polity in the northeastern part of the Yucatan Peninsula. The survey included both urban Ek Balam, the largest regional center during the Late Classic period (a.d.600–900), covering a minimum of 12 km2, and its rural hinterland. One result of this project has been the construction of a preliminary ceramic history of the region, the subject of this report. Evidence supports a sequence of occupations extending from the Middle Preclassic through the Hispanic period (600b.c.–a.d.1600). The ceramic sequence, constructed from a type-variety analysis of more than a quarter of a million pieces of pottery from surface survey and excavations, consists of six preliminary ceramic complexes. This ceramic analysis extends our understanding of Maya cultural development in the northern Maya lowlands to a largely unknown area of the peninsula.
Diachronic Ceramic Evidence and its Social Implications in the Chikinchel Region, Northeast Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Kepecs Susan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this paper I present new, surface-collected ceramic data from the previously little-known Chikinchel region in northeast Yucatan. My goals are twofold: first, to expand the utility of surface-collected materials by suggesting a technological approach (paste analysis) to classify small or eroded sherds; and second, to place Chikinchel into the larger spatial and temporal framework of the northern Maya lowlands. The ceramic analyses presented here span the Late Formative through Spanish Colonial periods. Diachronic changes in the regional distributions of the different wares that compose the Chikinchel ceramic inventory are demonstrated and discussed in terms of larger processes occurring across the peninsula.
Before the Florescence
Authors: Smyth Michael P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe period preceding the Terminal Classic florescence in the Puuc region of Yucatan, Mexico has not received adequate research attention. Recent comprehensive site survey and excavation at Chac II (Chac) are exploring Puuc origins and have begun to redress the lack of chronological understanding regarding the region by independently linking architectural styles to ceramic sequences via a program of absolute dating. Results to date suggest that Chac was a significant Early Classic center (a.d.300–600) that also experienced a major Late Classic (a.d.600–800) occupation. Multiple lines of chronological evidence, including buildings with a mix of early architectural styles and associated pre-Cehpech and Cehpech ceramics (a.d.800–1000) within sealed architectural and stratigraphic contexts, suggest a period of architectural transition and the antecedents of Cehpech ceramics dating to the sixth century. These new chronological data and associated evidence for foreign contacts perhaps reaching to central Mexico argue for the assignment of a Middle Classic period (a.d.500–700) to the region, with broad evolutionary implications for Puuc origins and pan-Mesoamerican contacts.
Yula, Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Anderson Patricia K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA major impediment to understanding the Terminal Classic to Early Postclassic transition in northern Yucatan has been the lack of a reliable ceramic chronology defined from stratigraphic contexts at the site of Chichen Itza. The temporal relationship of Cehpech and Soluta ceramics is central to resolving the issue of the correct chronological placement of Chichen Itza. The results of stratigraphic excavations at Yula, a small site 5 km south of Chichen Itza, provide the strongest evidence to date that Cehpech and Sotuta ceramics were contemporaneous. Statistical analysis of pottery composition by stratum confirms a positive correlation between Sotuta and Cehpech, which are clearly differentiated from earlier pottery. Rather than following a linear sequence in which Cehpech precedes Sotuta, as suggested by R. E. Smith and other early researchers, these two slatewares represent coeval regional variation. Thus, the major occupation of Chichen Itza dates not to the Early Postclassic, but to the Terminal Classic. The results of this research contribute toward the redefinition of the Terminal Classic and Early Postclassic periods in the northern Maya lowlands.
The Chronology of Yaxuna
Authors: Suhler Charles , Ardren Traci , Johnstone David 
Published: October 2008

AbstractResearch at the ancient Maya city of Yaxuna, located in the heart of the Yucatan Peninsula, has provided sufficient data to suggest a preliminary chronological framework for the cultural development of this large polity. Primary ceramic and stratigraphie data are presented to support a five-phase scheme of cultural history, encompassing the Middle Formative through Postclassic periods (500b.c.–a.d.1250). In addition to chronological significance, the political ramifications of a pan-lowland ceramic trade are addressed. Yaxuna experienced an early florescence in the Late Formative–Early Classic periods, when it was the largest urban center in the central peninsula. A second renaissance in the Terminal Classic period was the result of Yaxuna's role in an alliance between the Puuc and Coba, in opposition to growing Itza militancy. This paper proposes a chronological framework for the cultural development of one northern Maya region in order to facilitate an understanding of this area as part of the overall history of polity interaction and competition in the Maya lowlands.
The Return of Quetzalcoatl
Authors: Ringle William M. , Negrón Tomás Gallareta , Bey George J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractContinuing analysis of the site of Chichen Itza suggests that its construction dates primarily to the Late Classic period, ca.a.d.700–1000, rather than the Early Postclassic. This paper examines the implications of this redating for the well-known “Toltec” problem. Since Chichen largely antedated Tollan-phase Tula, we conclude that what is usually identified as Toltec imagery in fact dates to an earlier Epiclassic horizon extending from Morelos and Puebla to the Gulf Coast and Yucatan. Chichen Itza, we suggest, was the eastern node in a network of shrine centers dedicated primarily to Quetzalcoatl/Kukulcan. This network transcended political boundaries and included such sites as Cholula, Cacaxtla, El TajIn, Xochicalco, and ultimately Tula. The Quetzalcoatl cult is manifested by a specific complex of traits and seems to have expanded militarily with messianic vigor. Pilgrimage was also an important activity at these centers. This cult axis apparently continued into the Postclassic period, and was responsible for the distribution of the Mixteca-Puebla art style. In Yucatan, Mayapan would seem to have assumed Chichen's position as the major Yucatecan node, although accompanied by several new shrines along the Caribbean coast.
An Early Classic Center in the Puuc Region
Authors: Smyth Michael P. , Perramon José Ligorred , Zapata David Ortegón , Farrell Pat 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA comprehensive site survey and excavation program took place in 1995 and 1996 at the Maya center of Chac II (Chac) located within the Puuc hills region of Yucatan, Mexico. This work presents a body of evidence in support of the idea that Chac was an important center beginning in the Early Classic period (a.d.300–600) that experienced significant foreign contacts. In addition, multifaceted data from surface, soil, architectural, and excavated contexts are addressing major questions pertaining to architectural and ceramic chronologies, the founding of the Puuc stoneworking tradition, site activity areas, and patterns of land use. Furthermore, dating indicates that Chac predated Sayil and that the two sites have a close geographical relationship. Also, terrace agriculture appears to have been widespread at Chac, contrasting greatly with Sayil where intensive gardening was widely practiced. In light of the new information from Chac, we argue that the traditional models of Puuc origins are inadequate. Investigations at a major Early Classic site in the heart of the Puuc region suggests that the region's rise was indigenous coupled with external ties to foreign groups reaching to central Mexico. The site of Chac is thus taking on strategic importance for understanding the origins of Puuc civilization, providing a rare opportunity to study a Maya center that was on the brink of urbanism in one of the most urban ancient Maya areas. These new data are helping to elucidate the nature of Maya urbanism in the Puuc region and establish the kinds of cultural links that existed between the northern Maya Lowlands and the rest of Mesoamerica during the Classic period.
Leadership at Sayil
Authors: Carmean Kelli 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper explores the nature of community leadership within the Late–Terminal Classic Maya site of Sayil, Yucatan, Mexico. The distribution of political and religious activities—as represented archaeologically by cylindrical stone monuments (“altars”) and Oxkutzcab Applique censers—is examined. It is argued that such activities are dispersed into the upper ranks of Sayil society, rather than concentrated in the royal, ruling sector. It is further argued that the residential areas in which political and religious activities were concentrated may have been the loci of lineage heads of Sayil, who maintained important leadership roles despite attempts at centralization by the rulers.
Classic Maya Mortuary Anniversaries at Piedras Negras, Guatemala
Authors: Fitzsimmons James L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn her studies of Maya hieroglyphs at the site of Piedras Negras, Guatemala, Tatiana Proskouriakoff (1960) observed that Maya rulers often celebrated the anniversary of their accession. She recognized that a number of repeated dates were not associated with accession, but could offer no explanation for them. Recent study of the inscriptions associated with these dates has revealed a wealth of ritual information: the rulers of Piedras Negras commemorated the anniversaries of births, deaths, and mortuary activities with a number of ceremonies. This report addresses those ceremonies at Piedras Negras and examines the hieroglyphic and archaeological evidence for similar events at other Classic Maya sites.
Deity Relationships in Mesoamerican Cosmologies
Authors: Gillespie Susan D. , Joyce Rosemary A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe study of deity images in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican artworks and pictographic texts has been dominated by a concern to classify them for identification of the individual gods. The usual approach has been taxonomic classification, emphasizing the attributes consistently shared by various images to distinguish them as members of a single class (i.e., a single deity). However, identifying criteria are shared by more than one deity class, and the desired consistency in a set of traits for class membership has never been realized, such that scholars still disagree as to the proper identification of these images. This study takes a different approach, by examining the relationships among gods manifested in both imagery and text. It focuses on the Maya God L, who shares some identifying features with God M and also shares certain contexts with the God Bolon Yokte. These associations reflect their spatiotemporal alignments, with God L representing the stability of the primordial cosmic center, whereas Gods M and Bolon Yokte are “travelers” who move within the periphery. From these relationships we begin to explain not only the fluidity of deity imagery, but also how deities served as metaphoric representations of dynamic social and cosmic processes.
Tomb Use and Reuse in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Middleton William D. , Feinman Gary M. , Villegas Guillermo Molina 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRecently, a major debate has arisen over the interpretation of Monte Albán Tomb 7. This debate hinges, in part, on whether the skeletal assemblage comprised either primary or secondary burials. Previous studies of Mesoamerican mortuary practices generally have recognized only primary and secondary burials in tombs. Findings from a recently excavated tomb in Ejutla, Oaxaca, demonstrate that a third possibility exists: multiple-interment tomb assemblages. These assemblages result from a process we call “ongoing tomb use.” Based on comparisons with the Ejutla interments we propose that the Monte Albán Tomb 7 assemblage may have resulted from ongoing tomb use.
Context, Cult, and Early Formative Period Public Ritual in the Mixteca Alta
Authors: Blomster Jeffrey P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFrom the Early and Middle Formative periods, hollow ceramic-baby figurines in the Olmec style—representing a suite of shared symbols and iconography—appear at sites throughout Mesoamerica. Hollow babies are usually reported without provenience, which has prevented a context-based analysis. The recent discovery of a hollow-baby figurine in a bell-shaped pit in the Mixteca Alta of Oaxaca provides the opportunity to examine the role and purported distribution of these objects across Mesoamenca. Based on consideration of the Etlatongo hollow-baby image, a semiotic analysis of contemporaneous solid figurines from Oaxaca, and the volume and nature of its bell-shaped-pit context, hollow babies are interpreted as ritual paraphernalia used in display and public ceremonies that reflect the emerging social ranking of this period. Moving beyond a socioeconomic interpretation, the interregional relationships expressed through hollow-baby figurines are suggested to evince participation in a regional cult.
Multiethnicity or Multiple Enigma
Authors: Dixon Boyd , Hasemann George , Gomez Pastor , Brady James , Beaudry-Corbett Marilyn 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDuring the summer of 1995, an intensive archaeological survey of the Río Talgua drainage in eastern Honduras was conducted after the discovery of the Talgua Cave in the Department of Olancho. One important goal of this survey was the identification of the indigenous population responsible for depositing the ninth-centuryb.c.human burials found upstream in Talgua Cave. In addition to this survey, four other caves were found and/or explored during this season, and limited excavations were also conducted at the mounded site of Talgua downstream and at the ceramic-production site of Chichicaste in the mountains to the west. Preliminary analysis of the architecture and ceramics from 39 newly identified archaeological sites in the Talgua Valley suggests that all appear to date to the Late Classic period (a.d.600–900), leaving the location of the Middle Formative period population unresolved. A review of the survey, cave, and ceramic data, however, does reveal possible information about the multiethnic nature of the regional political system and local social structure that existed in this previously unstudied area of Central America.
Lower spectral branches of a spin-boson model
Authors: Angelescu Nicolae , Minlos Robert A. , Ruiz Jean , Zagrebnov Valentin A. 
Published: October 2008

We study the structure of the spectrum of a two-level quantum system weakly coupled to a boson field (spin-boson model). Our analysis allows to avoid the cutoff in the number of bosons, if their spectrum is bounded below by a positive constant. We show that, for small coupling constant, the lower part of the spectrum of the spin-boson Hamiltonian contains (one or two) isolated eigenvalues and (one or two) manifolds of atom +1-boson states indexed by the boson momentum q. The dispersion laws and generalized eigenfunctions of the latter are calculated.
POPE—a tool to aid high-throughput phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Juliusdottir Thorhildur , Pettersson Fredrik , Copley Richard R. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Summary: POPE (Phylogeny, Ortholog and Paralog Extractor) provides an integrated platform for automatic ortholog identification. Intermediate steps can be visualized, modified and analyzed in order to assess and improve the underlying quality of orthology and paralogy assignments.
Availability: POPE is available for download from the website: http://www.well.ox.ac.uk/~tota/pope.
Contact: tota@well.ox.ac.uk
Clinical trial: alvimopan for the management of post‐operative ileus after abdominal surgery: results of an international randomized, double‐blind, multicentre, placebo‐controlled clinical study
Authors: BÜCHLER M. W. , SEILER C. M. , MONSON J. R. T. , FLAMANT Y. , THOMPSON‐FAWCETT M. W. , BYRNE M. M. , MORTENSEN E. R. , ALTMAN J. F. B. , WILLIAMSON R. 
Published: October 2008

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 28, 312–325SummaryBackground  Post‐operative ileus (POI) affects most patients undergoing abdominal surgery.Aim  To evaluate the effect of alvimopan, a peripherally acting mu‐opioid receptor antagonist, on POI by negating the impact of opioids on gastrointestinal (GI) motility without affecting analgesia in patients outside North America.Methods  Adult subjects undergoing open abdominal surgery (n = 911) randomly received oral alvimopan 6 or 12 mg, or placebo, 2 h before, and twice daily following surgery. Opioids were administered as intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) or bolus injection. Time to recovery of GI function was assessed principally using composite endpoints in subjects undergoing bowel resection (n = 738).Results  A nonsignificant reduction in mean time to tolerate solid food and either first flatus or bowel movement (primary endpoint) was observed for both alvimopan 6 and 12 mg; 8.5 h (95% CI: 0.9, 16.0) and 4.8 h (95% CI: −3.2, 12.8), respectively. However, an exploratory post hoc analysis showed that alvimopan was more effective in the PCA (n = 317) group than in the non‐PCA (n = 318) group. Alvimopan was well tolerated and did not reverse analgesia.Conclusion  Although the significant clinical effect of alvimopan on reducing POI observed in previous trials was not reproduced, this trial suggests potential benefit in bowel resection patients who received PCA.
Clinical trial: percutaneous acetic acid injection vs. percutaneous ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma – a long‐term follow‐up study
Authors: TSAI W.‐L. , CHENG J.‐S. , LAI K.‐H. , LIN C.‐P. , LO G.‐H. , HSU P.‐I. , YU H.‐C. , LIN C.‐K. , CHAN H.‐H. , CHEN W.‐C. , CHEN T.‐A. , LI W.‐L. , LIANG H.‐L. 
Published: October 2008

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 28, 304–311SummaryBackground  The long‐term outcome of percutaneous acetic acid injection (PAI) and percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) for treating small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear.Aim  To compare the long‐term outcome of PAI vs. PEI for treating small HCC.Methods  From July 1998 to July 2004, 125 patients with small HCC were enrolled. Seventy patients receiving PAI and 55 patients receiving PEI were enrolled. There were no significant differences in the clinical characteristics between the two groups. Tumour recurrence and survival rates were assessed.Results  Mean follow‐up time was 43 months. The local recurrence rate and new tumour recurrence rate were similar between the PAI and PEI groups. The PAI group had significantly better survival than the PEI group (P = 0.027). Multivariate analysis revealed that PAI was the significant factor associated with overall survival [PAI vs. PEI, RR: 0.639, 95% CI: (0.419–1.975), P = 0.038]. The treatment sessions required to achieve complete tumour necrosis were significantly fewer in the PAI group than in the PEI group (2.4 ± 1.0 vs. 2.9 ± 1.3, P = 0.018).Conclusion  Percutaneous acetic acid injection required fewer treatment sessions than PEI and provided better survival after long‐term follow‐up.
Biliary events and an increased risk of new onset irritable bowel syndrome: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: MCNALLY M. A. , LOCKE G. R. , ZINSMEISTER A. R. , SCHLECK C. D. , PETERSON J. , TALLEY N. J. 
Published: October 2008

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 28, 334–343SummaryBackground  Prospective data are lacking to determine if irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a risk factor for cholecystectomy, or if biliary disease and cholecystectomy predisposes to the development of IBS.Aim  To test the hypothesis that IBS and biliary tract disease are associated.Methods  Validated symptom surveys sent to cohorts of Olmsted County, MN, (1988–1994) with follow‐up in 2003. Medical histories were reviewed to determine any ‘biliary events’ (defined by gallstones or cholecystectomy). Analyses examined were: (i) time to a biliary event post‐initial survey and separately and (ii) risk of IBS (Rome II) in those with vs. without a prior biliary event.Results  A total of 1908 eligible subjects were mailed a follow‐up survey. For analysis (i) of the 726 without IBS at initial survey, 44 (6.1%) had biliary events during follow up, in contrast to 5 of 93 (5.4%) with IBS at initial survey (HR 0.8, 95% CI 0.3–2.1). For analysis (ii) of the 59 subjects with a biliary event at initial survey, 10 (17%) reported new IBS on the follow‐up survey, while in 682 without a biliary event up to 1.5 years prior to the second survey, 58 (8.5%) reported IBS on follow‐up (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.1–4.6, P = 0.03).Conclusion  There is an increased risk of new IBS in community subjects who have been diagnosed as having a biliary event.
Review article: panitumumab ‐ a fully human anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibody for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: PEETERS M. , BALFOUR J. , ARNOLD D. 
Published: October 2008

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 28, 269–281SummaryBackground  Panitumumab is a fully human monoclonal IgG2 antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).Aim  To review the efficacy of panitumumab in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).Methods  Available literature identified from PubMed and conference websites was reviewed.Results  In phase 2–3 studies, panitumumab monotherapy achieved objective response rates (ORRs) of 8–13% in relapsed/refractory EGFR‐expressing mCRC. In a randomized phase 3 study (463 patients), panitumumab almost halved the risk of disease progression/death vs. a control group receiving only best supportive care (hazard ratio 0.54; 95% CI: 0.44–0.66; P < 0.0001). Objective response was achieved in 22/231 (10%) patients randomized to panitumumab – and also in 20/176 (11%) patients assigned to the control group who received panitumumab in a separate crossover protocol after disease progression. Response was confined to patients with tumours harbouring wild‐type KRAS (ORR ≈20%). Panitumumab is also being evaluated in earlier lines of treatment. Panitumumab monotherapy is generally well tolerated; the most common toxicities are skin toxicity (≈90%) and diarrhoea (<30%). Development of anti‐panitumumab antibodies (0.3% by ELISA) and grade 3–4 infusion reactions (<1%) are rare.Conclusion  Panitumumab is an effective monotherapy option for patients with relapsed/refractory EGFR‐expressing mCRC harbouring wild‐type KRAS.