bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Protein 6 Accelerates Murine Coronavirus Infections
Authors: Tangudu Chandra , Olivares Heidi , Netland Jason , Perlman Stanley , Gallagher Thomas 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
One or more of the unique 3′-proximal open reading frames (ORFs) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus may encode determinants of virus virulence. A prime candidate is ORF6, which encodes a 63-amino-acid membrane-associated peptide that can dramatically increase the lethality of an otherwise attenuated JHM strain of murine coronavirus (L. Pewe, H. Zhou, J. Netland, C. Tangudu, H. Olivares, L. Shi, D. Look, T. Gallagher, and S. Perlman, J. Virol. 79:11335-11342, 2005). To discern virulence mechanisms, we compared the in vitro growth properties of rJ.6, a recombinant JHM expressing the SARS peptide, with isogenic rJ.6-KO, which has an inactive ORF containing a mutated initiation codon and a termination codon at internal position 27. The rJ.6 infections proceeded rapidly, secreting progeny about 1.5 h earlier than rJ.6-KO infections did. The rJ.6 infections were also set apart by early viral protein accumulation and by robust expansion via syncytia, a characteristic feature of JHM virus dissemination. We found no evidence for protein 6 operating at the virus entry or assembly stage, as virions from either infection were indistinguishable. Rather, protein 6 appeared to operate by fostering viral RNA and protein synthesis, as RNA quantifications by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR revealed viral RNA levels in the rJ.6 cultures that were five to eight times higher than those lacking protein 6. Furthermore, protein 6 coimmunoprecipitated with viral RNAs and colocalized on cytoplasmic vesicles with replicating viral RNAs. The SARS coronavirus encodes a novel membrane protein 6 that can accelerate replication of a related mouse virus, a property that may explain its ability to increase in vivo virus virulence.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection of Mice Transgenic for the Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Virus Receptor
Authors: Tseng Chien-Te K. , Huang Cheng , Newman Patrick , Wang Nan , Narayanan Krishna , Watts Douglas M. , Makino Shinji , Packard Michelle M. , Zaki Sherif R. , Chan Teh-sheng , Peters Clarence J. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTAnimal models for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus infection of humans are needed to elucidate SARS pathogenesis and develop vaccines and antivirals. We developed transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a functional receptor for the virus, under the regulation of a global promoter. A transgenic lineage, designated AC70, was among the best characterized against SARS coronavirus infection, showing weight loss and other clinical manifestations before reaching 100% mortality within 8 days after intranasal infection. High virus titers were detected in the lungs and brains of transgene-positive (Tg+) mice on days 1 and 3 after infection. Inflammatory mediators were also detected in these tissues, coinciding with high levels of virus replication. Lower virus titers were also detected in other tissues, including blood. In contrast, infected transgene-negative (Tg−) mice survived without showing any clinical illness. Pathologic examination suggests that the extensive involvement of the central nervous system likely contributed to the death of Tg+mice, even though viral pneumonia was present. Preliminary studies with mice of a second lineage, AC63, in which the transgene expression was considerably less abundant than that in the AC70 line, revealed that virus replication was largely restricted to the lungs but not the brain. Importantly, despite significant weight loss, infected Tg+AC63 mice eventually recovered from the illness without any mortality. The severity of the disease that developed in these transgenic mice—AC70 in particular—makes these mouse models valuable not only for evaluating the efficacy of antivirals and vaccines, but also for studying SARS coronavirus pathogenesis.
The effect of an adenosine and lidocaine intravenous infusion on myocardial high-energy phosphates and pH during regional ischemia in the rat model in vivo
Authors: Canyon Sarah J. , Dobson Geoffrey P. 
Published: November 2006

We have previously shown that an intravenous infusion of adenosine and lidocaine (AL) solution protects against death and severe arrhythmias and reduces infarct size in the in vivo rat model of regional ischemia. The aim of this study was to examine the relative changes of myocardial high-energy phosphates (ATP and PCr) and pH in the left ventricle during ischemia–reperfusion using 31P NMR in AL-treated rats (n = 7) and controls (n = 6). The AL solution (A: 305 μg·(kg body mass)–1·min–1; L: 608 μg·(kg body mass)–1·min–1) was administered intravenously 5 min before and during 30 min coronary artery ligation. Two controls died from ventricular fibrillation; no deaths were recorded in AL-treated rats. In controls that survived, ATP fell to 73% ± 29% of baseline by 30 min ischemia and decreased further to 68% ± 28% during reperfusion followed by a sharp recovery at the end of the reperfusion period. AL-treated rats maintained relatively constant ATP throughout ischemia and reperfusion ranging from 95% ± 6% to 121% ± 10% of baseline. Owing to increased variability in controls, these results were not found to be significant. In contrast, control [PCr] was significantly reduced in controls compared with AL-treated rats during ischemia at 10 min (68% ± 7% vs. 99% ± 6%), at 15 min (68% ± 10% vs. 93% ± 2%), and at 20 min (67% ± 15% vs. 103% ± 5%) and during reperfusion at 10 min (56% ± 22% vs. 99% ± 7%), at 15 min (60% ± 10% vs. 98% ± 7%), and at 35 min (63% ± 14% vs. 120% ± 11%) (p < 0.05). Interestingly, changes in intramyocardial pH between each group were not significantly different during ischemia and fell by about 1 pH unit to 6.6. During reperfusion, pH in AL-treated rats recovered to baseline in 5 min but not in controls, which recovered to only around pH 7.1. There was no significant difference in the heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and rate-pressure product between the controls and AL treatment during ischemia and reperfusion. We conclude that AL cardioprotection appears to be associated with the preservation of myocardial high-energy phosphates, downregulation of the heart at the expense of a high acid-load during ischemia, and with a rapid recovery of myocardial pH during reperfusion.
A Wisdom for Anglican Life: Lambeth 1998 to Lambeth 2008 and Beyond
Authors: Ford David F. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThis keynote paper was delivered at the Society for the Study of Anglicanism which gathered at the AAR Annual Meeting in Philadelphia in November 2005. On the basis of many years of observation and participation in the life of the Anglican Communion, I attempt to offer in this article a ‘Wisdom for Anglican Life’ — a wisdom which takes seriously the unity and koinonia of the Church as rooted in the cross of Jesus Christ and the love of God. Such wisdom is rooted in the faithful worship of the Church but also engages seriously with the struggles of the world. It counsels gentleness, kindness, forgiveness and above all patience in matters of dispute, and embraces the thoughtful but rigorous communal study of Scripture. This article ultimately suggests that a pressing task facing the Communion today is to learn afresh how to be Anglican Christians in the twenty-first century.
Many Verandahs, Same House? Ecclesiological Challenges for Australian Anglicanism
Authors: Pickard Stephen 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe article addresses a number of different themes related to Australian Anglicanism. Underlying this inquiry is a deeper concern to trace the contours of an ecclesiology that is both embedded in a particular context (Australia) and through that points to common ideals that inform the self-understanding of the wider Communion. After an introduction, the remainder of the article is divided into four sections. The first section involves a brief historical perspective to introduce Australian Anglicanism to a wider audience. A second section attends to matters of law and governance; familiar enough but often dry territory, though certainly revealing as to the present state of our Church. From history and law I offer in the third section a reflection of a geographical kind on the idea ofplaceas a formative factor in ecclesiology. In this way I hope to be able to highlight some of the particular challenges for Australian Anglicans and hopefully the wider Communion.
Richard Hooker, Eternal Law and the Human Exercise of Authority
Authors: Reed Esther D. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTRichard Hooker's theology of law was rarely far from pragmatic concerns. He wanted to promote a peaceful and prosperous human community before God while holding that moral right consists in conformity to the divine will. In this paper, we tread a narrow path between Hooker as ‘villain’ because of his role in preparing for the modern separation of ethics from metaphysics and as ‘unqualified hero’ whose ethically substantive and teleological theology of law took inspiration from Holy Scripture and the angels' worship of God. The claim is that Hooker's theology of law still provides a fertile environment in which to think practically today about questions such as: What is the nature of divine authority? What is law for? What should characterize the human exercise of authority?
Methods of analysing morphology of kaolinites: relations between crystallographic and morphological properties
Authors: Cases J.M. , Cunin P. , Grillett Y. , Poinsignon C. , Yvon J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study was made of the extent to which the lateral surfaces contribute to the surface area of five kaolinites of different crystallinities. Methods used included the low-temperature adsorption of N2and Ar as measured by a volumetric technique coupled with microcalorimetry, the interpretation of the adsorption isotherms of alkyldodecylammonium ions, particle-size distribution curves, and shadowed transmission electron microscopy. With the exception of surfactant adsorption and adsorption calorimetry using Ar, these methods gave different and debatable results. For instance, specific lateral surface area values expressed as a percentage of total specific surface area varied from 17·0 to 40·4% for the most crystalline sample and from 12·0 to 54·3% for the least crystalline. It is shown that the decrease in crystallinity of samples is accompanied by a reduction in crystallite size from 0·8 to 0·08 µm and a decrease in lateral surface area from 34·0 to 12·0%.
Cation exchange in synthetic manganates: I. Alkylammonium exchange in a synthetic phyllomanganate
Authors: Paterson E. , Bunch J. L. , Clark D. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOn treatment with dodecylammonium chloride, a synthetic Na-saturated phyllomanganate undergoes a cation-exchange reaction in which the structure expands from a collapsed basal spacing of 7 Å or a hydrated one of 10 Å to ∼ 25·5 Å. The exchange reaction is strongly influenced by the saturating cation in the original manganate and by the degree of hydration of the interlayer zone in which the exchangeable cations are located. Of the 12 cations tested, from Groups IA, IIA and IIB of the Periodic Table, only Co-manganate undergoes alkylammonium exchange when fully-dehydrated by evacuation. The results are discussed in the context of existing knowledge of the synthetic phyllomanganate and, by extrapolation, the potential value of the technique in the characterization of natural manganates has been assessed.
α4-Integrin+ endothelium derived from primate embryonic stem cells generates primitive and definitive hematopoietic cells
Authors: Shinoda Gen , Umeda Katsutsugu , Heike Toshio , Arai Masato , Niwa Akira , Ma Feng , Suemori Hirofumi , Luo Hong Yuan , Chui David H. K. , Torii Ryuzo , Shibuya Masabumi , Nakatsuji Norio , Nakahata Tatsutoshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mechanism of commencement of hematopoiesis in blood islands of the yolk sac and the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region during primate embryogenesis remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that VE-cadherin+CD45− endothelial cells derived from nonhuman primate embryonic stem cells are able to generate primitive and definitive hematopoietic cells sequentially, as revealed by immunostaining of floating erythrocytes and colony-forming assay in cultures. Single bipotential progenitors for hematopoietic and endothelial lineages are included in this endothelial cell population. Furthermore, hemogenic activity of these endothelial cells is observed exclusively in the α4-integrin+ subpopulation; bipotential progenitors are 4-fold enriched in this subpopulation. The kinetics of this hemogenic subpopulation is similar to that of hemogenic endothelial cells previously reported in the yolk sac and the AGM region in vivo in that they emerge for only a limited time. We suggest that VE-cadherin+CD45−α4-integrin+ endothelial cells are involved in primitive and definitive hematopoiesis during primate embryogenesis, though VE-cadherin−CD45−α4-integrin+ cells are the primary sources for primitive hematopoiesis.
Fetal Blood Group Genotyping
Authors: DANIELS GEOFF , FINNING KIRSTIN , MARTIN PETE , SUMMERS JO 
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Prediction of fetal blood group from DNA is usually performed when the mother has antibodies to RhD, to assess whether the fetus is at risk from hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Over the last five years RhD testing on fetal DNA in maternal plasma has been introduced. At the International Blood Group Reference Laboratory (IBGRL) we employ real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ‐PCR) to detectRHDexons 4, 5, and 10, which also revealsRHDψ. SRYand, in RhD‐negative (RhD–) females, eight biallelic polymorphisms are incorporated in an attempt to provide an internal positive control. Since 2000 we have tested 533 pregnancies for RhD. In 327 pregnancies where the RhD of the infant is known, we had one false‐positive and one false‐negative result. In 2004 we introduced fetal typing from DNA in maternal plasma for K, Rhc, and RhE, which represent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on theKELandRHCEgenes. We have begun trials on an automated method for fetal RhD typing from DNA in maternal plasma. This is designed to test fetal RhD in all pregnant RhD– women, to identify the 40% with an RhD– fetus so that antenatal RhD immunoglobulin (Ig) prophylaxis can be avoided. Similar trials have already been reported by Sanquin Research Laboratories in Amsterdam.
Hemostatic Mouthwashes in Anticoagulated Patients Undergoing Dental Extraction
Authors: Patatanian Edna , Fugate Susan E 
Published: November 2006

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of local acting hemostatic agents in patients who are undergoing dental extraction(s) and are taking oral anticoagulants. Data Sources: A search of MEDLINE (1966–July 2006), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–July 2006), and EMBASE (1966–July 2006) was conducted using the key terms anticoagulation, warfarin, hemostatic mouthwashes, epsilon aminocaproic acid, tranexamic acid, dental extraction, and oral surgery. Bibliographies of relevant papers were reviewed for additional references. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language literature, including abstracts, clinical trials, and review articles, were reviewed. Clinical trials were included if they evaluated hemostatic mouthwashes in patients receiving continued anticoagulation and undergoing dental extractions or various oral surgeries including dental extraction. Eight clinical trials met study selection criteria for evaluation of hemostatic mouthwashes in anticoagulated patients undergoing dental extraction. Eight studies evaluated tranexamic acid; one assessed epsilon aminocaproic acid. All studies were reviewed for efficacy and safety of hemostatic mouthwashes and intensity of continued anticoagulation therapy. Data Synthesis: Eight small studies enrolled populations that varied in the indications for oral anticoagulation (OA), target INR ranges, and oral surgeries performed. Patients receiving uninterrupted OA and using hemostatic mouthwashes had no greater and, in some cases, lesser bleeding incidence compared with various other treatment groups (including interrupted OA, uninterrupted OA, autologous fibrin glue with uninterrupted OA, and reduced OA with heparin bridge). No severe adverse effects were reported. No studies assessed the risk of thromboembolism between the different treatment strategies. Conclusions: Findings in recent studies indicate that dental extractions in anticoagulated patients can be performed without temporary discontinuation of oral anticoagulant therapy with the use of hemostatic mouthwashes to control localized bleeding. This practice should be more widely adopted due to minimized bleeding and thromboembolic risks.
Coexistence of Southeast Asian ovalocytosis and β‐thalassemia: A molecular and hematological analysis
Authors: Fucharoen Goonnapa , Fucharoen Supan , Singsanan Sanita , Sanchaisuriya Kanokwan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe describe hematological and molecular characterization of a Thai famale who had Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO) associated with β+‐thalassemia trait. The proband had mild microcytosis with Hb 12.9 g/dl, Hct 35.8%, MCV 74.4 fl, MCH 26.8 pg, MCHC 36.0 g/dl, and elevated Hb A2 (5.6%), characteristics of β‐thalassemia trait. Peripheral blood film examination revealed prominent ovalocytosis. However, a one‐tube osmotic fragility (OF) test commonly used for thalassemia screening was negative and a normal OF curve was observed. Further polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses identified the β‐28A‐G mutation in the β‐globin gene and a 27 bp deletion in erythrocyte band 3 protein gene, indicating a genetically compound heterozygote. Hematological data of the proband was comparatively presented with those of eight female and 15 male carriers of pure β‐thalassemia with the same mutation. The finding demonstrates that although the association of the SAO and β‐thalassemia does not produce a more severe clinical picture, this could lead to a mis‐screening of β‐thalassemia using an OF test as a primary screening test. Additional blood film examination followed by PCR could help in the detection of this unusual genetic interaction in the region. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New polymeric structures designed for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions
Authors: Mocioi Mihaela , Albu Ana Maria , Mateescu Carmencita , Voicu Georgeta , Rusen Edina , Marculescu Bogdan , Mutihac Luana 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNew polymeric structures obtained by chemical transformations of maleic anhydride/dicyclopentadiene copolymer with triethylenetetraamine, p‐aminobenzoic acid, and p‐aminophenylacetic acid were used for the removal Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The experimental values prove the importance of the chelator nature and of the macromolecular chain geometry for the retention efficiency. The retention efficiency (ηr), the retention capacity (Qe), and the distribution coefficient of the metal ion into the polymer matrix (Kd) are realized by evaluation of residual Cu(II) ions in the effluent waters, by atomic adsorption. Also are discussed the influence of pH, the thermal stability of the polymer, and their polymer–metal complex, as well as the particular aspects regarding the contact procedure and the batch time. Based on the polymers and polymer–metal complexes characterization a potential retention mechanism is proposed. All polymer supports as well theirs metal–complexes are characterized by ATD and FTIR measurements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1397–1405, 2007
Blocking of soft segments with different chain lengths and its impact on the shape memory property of polyurethane copolymer
Authors: Chun Byoung Chul , Cho Tae Keun , Chung Yong‐Chan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe arrangements, whether block or random type, of the soft segments of polyurethane block copolymers prepared with MDI and two kinds of poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG; MW of 1000 or 2000) in various ratios were compared for possible effects on the physical properties of the copolymers. A long soft segment, PTMG‐2000, was superior in all mechanical properties (strain, stress, and modulus) because a long chain length could provide more motional freedom than a short one (PTMG‐1000) could and therefore was helpful in forming strong interchain attractions among hard segments. Inclusion of more PTMG‐2000 led to a lower Tg and a peak shift in infrared spectra. The arrangement of two soft segments in a block‐type copolymer, a key finding in this study, was controlled by separately synthesizing two prepolymers, each with a different chain length, and connecting two prepolymers in a second step. Random‐type copolymers prepared for purposes of comparison were allowed to react with two PTMGs in one step. Two types of copolymers were compared, and the reason for the differences in the shape memory property are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1435–1441, 2007
Preparation of highly branched polyethylene using (α‐diimine) nickel complex covalently supported on modified SiO2
Authors: Jiang Hongliu , Wu Qing , Zhu Fangming , Wang Haihua 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBis(4‐(4‐amine‐3,5‐diisopropylbenzyl)‐2,6‐diisopropylphenylimino) acenaphthene NiBr2 (Catalyst I) was synthesized. The complex covalently supported on Et3Al‐treated silica (SC) and used for ethylene polymerization was produced with cocatalyst of common inexpensive alkylaluminum compounds. Polyethylenes (PEs) with branching numbers of 12.94 (1000C) to 116.02 (1000C) were prepared in heptane. The polymerization conditions, such as the cocatalyst, Al/Ni ratio, and temperature, had significant effects on catalytic activity and properties of polyethylenes. Confirmed by high‐temperature 13C NMR, the polyethylenes synthesized contain significant amounts of not only methyl but also ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, and other long branches (longer than six carbons). The branching degree of polyethylenes increased with temperature, while their molecular weight and melting point decreased correspondingly, resulting in linear semicrystalline to totally amorphous polymers. The formation of the branches could be illustrated by the chain walking mechanism, which controlled their specific spacing and conformational arrangements with one another. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl PolymSci 103: 1483–1489, 2007
Copolymerization of methyl acrylate with styrene using triphenylstibonium 1,2,3,4‐tetraphenylcyclopentadienylide as a novel radical initiator
Authors: Mohan Upasana , Varshney Anuradha 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe free‐radical copolymerization of methyl acrylate with styrene initiated by triphenylstibonium 1,2,3,4‐tetraphenylcyclopentadienylide under nitrogen blanket at (60 ± 0.1)°C in 1,4,dioxane for 2 h has been carried out. The kinetic expression is Rp ∝ [I]0.14 [MA]0.70 [Sty]0.75. The system follows nonideal kinetics due to primary radical termination as well as degradative chain transfer reactions. The overall activation energy is 42 kJ mol−1. The reactivity ratios calculated from Kelen–Tüdos method for r1 (MA) and r2 (Sty) are 0.16 ± 0.01 and 0.028 ± 0.005 respectively. These values suggest the alternating nature of the copolymer. The ylide dissociated to form a phenyl radical, which brings about copolymerization of methyl acrylate with styrene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1731–1736, 2007