bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REDOX MODULATION AT THE PERIPHERAL SITE ALTERS NOCICEPTIVE TRANSMISSION IN VIVO
Authors: Meotti Flavia C , Coelho Igor S , Franco Jeferson L , Dafre Alcir L , Rocha João BT , Santos Adair RS 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARY

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of redox modulation during the peripheral nociceptive transmission in vivo. The nociceptive response was evaluated by the amount of time that mice spent licking the footpad injected with glutamate (20 µmol/paw). Thiol groups in footpad tissue were quantified using a colourimetric reaction with 5,5′‐dithio‐bis‐2‐nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB).
When coadministered with glutamate, the thiol alkylating agent iodoacetate (200 nmol/paw) caused significant antinociception in footpad tissue, in parallel with a decrease in free thiol groups. Treatment with the reducing agent dithiothreitol (200 nmol/paw) 5 min before glutamate and iodoacetate prevented the antinociception and thiol loss caused by iodoacetate. Injection of 100 nmol/paw ebselen (2‐phenyl‐1,2‐benzisoselenazol‐3[2H]‐one), an in vitro redox modulator of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor, also prevented iodoacetate‐induced antinociception. However, ebselen did not prevent thiol loss in the footpad. Dithiothreitol and ebselen had a synergic nociceptive effect with glutamate.
Alone, ebselen (100 nmol/paw) exhibited a pronociceptive effect. The nociception induced by ebselen was blocked by glutathione depletion induced by buthionine‐sulphoximine (BSO; 2.5 µmol/paw). In addition, ebselen‐induced nociception was prevented by 75 ± 2% following injection of 5 nmol/paw MK‐801 (an NMDA receptor antagonist). The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine (250 nmol/paw) had no effect on the nociception produced by ebselen.
In conclusion, the present paper reports on the effect of redox modulation on the glutamatergic system during peripheral nociceptive transmission in vivo. Antinociception was directly correlated with the availability of thiol groups, whereas the pronociceptive response of the reducing agents likely occurs via positive modulation of the NMDA receptor.
Fatigue behaviour and life predictions of case‐hardened steels
Authors: YIN F. , FATEMI A. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper presents experimental and analytical results on fatigue behaviour of case‐hardened steel. Fully reversed strain‐controlled constant amplitude axial fatigue tests were performed on through‐hardened case, through‐hardened core and case‐hardened steel specimens. Surface versus sub‐surface cracking and the role of residual stresses and their relaxation are discussed. Multi‐layer models of the case‐hardened specimens were used to predict crack nucleation sites as well as fatigue lives, and the predictions corresponded well with the experimental results. Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) was also used to conduct fatigue crack growth analysis to further explain the experimental observations from the fracture surfaces of the case‐hardened specimens. A fatigue strength estimation method based on hardness and inclusion size was used to estimate the fatigue limit of the materials investigated. Fractography of fracture surfaces and crack nucleation location are also presented.
A BAYESIAN AUDITING MODEL
Authors: Bailey Andrew D. , Jensen Daniel L. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:A Bayesian procedure is demonstrated that binds together multiple audit tests in a multiple‐stage decision analysis. The analysis uses information provided by one test in the design of subsequent tests even when subsequent tests are directed at a different set of system characteristics. The analysis is applied to compliance and substantive tests undertaken to ascertain the fairness of a particular account balance. Although the analysis is not operational as presented, it provides a logical framework that clarifies the complex conceptual structure of the problem and enables the identification of impediments to its implementation.
A QUANTITATIVE DATA BASE TO EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF THE CORPORATE
Authors: Matolcsy Z. P. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:Currently, there is not an adequate data base which would cover the performance of the corporate sector at the industry level. The Australian Financial Systems Inquiry has initiated the development of such a data base, which includes both financial and market variables to quantify the performance of the different industry groups for the period of 1963–1978. This data base can assist both the academic researcher and the financial practitioner in their work. The objective of this paper is to describe the content of this data base.
THE CORE OF THE CURRICULUM FOR ACCOUNTING UNDERGRADUATES ‐ AN AUSTRALIAN STUDY*
Authors: Flanagan J. , Juchau R. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper reports a study that adapted an American curriculum questionnaire to identify a common core of accounting knowledge from a list of 190 topics. Senior practitioners' and educators5 perceptions were surveyed to reach conclusions about the content of the common core and also the separate cores of accounting knowledge for the areas Financial Accounting, Managerial Accounting and Auditing.
STANDARD SETTING FOR OIL AND GAS ACCOUNTING: AN ANALYSIS USING ALLISON'S APPROACH
Authors: Betkaoui Ahmed 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:The three models advanced by G. T. Allison in Essence of Decision are applied to FASB's Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 19 to explain the adoption of the “successful‐efforts” method. In the first model, the decision is explained as the action that reflects a consistent, value maximizing choice within specific constraints. In the second, it is interpreted as the “output” of the FASB regulated by standard procedures, namely in recognizing an asset. In the third, it is viewed as a political resultant in a struggle involving interest groups. The analysis revealed the usefulness and some weaknesses of the Allison Approach to an understanding of the standard setting decision by the FASB. The approach is applicable world‐wide to other standard setting scenarios.
The Relationship Between Unsystematic Security Returns and Earnings Forecast Errors*
Authors: Loh Alfred L.C. , Walter Terry S. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper extends the Australian evidence on the information content of earnings announcements by considering both the sign and magnitude of unexpected earnings for a sample of 120 firms in the period 1964–1972, and a further 117 firms for 1972–1980. Results at both the portfolio level and the individual security level are highly significant and are consistent with those documented in both the United States and New Zealand.
A Comparative Study of Gini's Mean Difference and Mean Variance in Portfolio Analysis
Authors: Okunev John 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:The methods traditionally used for comparing uncertain prospects are the mean variance and the stochastic dominance approaches. Yitzhaki has recently presented an alternative model based upon Gini's mean difference to compare uncertain prospects. The mean Gini model is similar in nature to the mean variance model in that it uses a two‐parameter statistic to describe the probability distribution of risky returns. Theoretically, the mean Gini model is consistent with the behaviour of investors under conditions of uncertainty for a wider class of probability distributions. Thus Gini's mean difference appears to be more adequate than variance as a measure of risk. This study firstly generated the mean Gini efficient frontier and secondly compared the mean variance efficient frontier with it. For the sample data employed, the mean variance model gave a very good approximation to the mean Gini model. Since the computational costs of the mean variance approach were a small fraction of those of the mean Gini approach, the theoretical advantage would not appear in this case to translate into a practical one.
The Time Series Properties of Australian Accounting Data
Authors: Taylor Stephen L. , Tress Richard B. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper reports the results of an examination of the time series properties of a range of accounting numbers and ratios which may be associated with firm valuation. The work extends earlier research, which has concentrated on earnings or its derivatives, and which has found that earnings numbers follow a random walk or similar stochastic process. The tests reported in this paper suggested that, during the 25 year period studied, annual changes in a wide range of accounting variables also were, for the most part, random. Significant departures from randomness occurred only in variables where there were a priori reasons for believing that serial dependence would exist.
Teaching Innovative Accounting Topics: Student Reaction to a Course in Social Accounting
Authors: Blundell Lance , Booth Peter 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:Accounting students experience degree programmes with a fairly ‘traditional’ range of topics that are taught with an emphasis on technique and learning the ‘status quo’. To the extent that a topic may challenge this pattern by emphasizing new concepts, questioning existing concepts, being more concerned with what accounting ‘might be’ rather than current practice, or some combination of these, some topics may be considered ‘innovative’ additions to the curriculum. Social accounting is an innovative accounting topic that has attracted considerable attention in the literature. This paper reports on an implementation dilemma encountered in a course on social accounting resulting from a clash between preferred student learning attributes and those embodied in social accounting. The use of action oriented teaching strategies to counteract this dilemma is identified. Similar problems and solutions may be applicable for other innovative accounting topics.
EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTING FIRMS IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Peirson C.G. , Simnett R. , Pratt J.H. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This study contains the Australian evidence of an international study aimed at identifying those variables which influence the perceived performance of employees of chartered accounting firms. Perceived performance is hypothesised to be a function of perceived effort, perceived ability and perceived luck. The results strongly support the view that effort and ability as perceived by employees have an impact on all performance measures, while luck is perceived to have a major role in promotion prospects.
ESTIMATING RETURNS ON FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS — DETERMINISTIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Kelly Gary , Tippett Mark 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:The present paper addresses the problem of estimating returns on financial instruments when there is incomplete information about the instrument's cash flows. The problem is shown to resolve itself as an exercise in numerical analysis. In theory, the true return is obtained as the solution of an integral equation, but since the required functions are incompletely specified, numerical estimating techniques must be applied. Alternative numerical methods are examined, each of which make different assumptions about the time series properties of the financial instrument's cash flows. It is shown that the estimated returns are highly sensitive to these assumptions and thus to the numerical technique used.
THE IMPACT OF UNEXPECTED EARNINGS AND DIVIDENDS ON ABNORMAL RETURNS TO EQUITY
Authors: Easton S.A. , Sinclair N.A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper contributes to the empirical literature which documents the existence of a positive association between unexpected earnings and/or dividend announcements and abnormal returns to equity.The paper addresses some of the methodological limitations evident in the literature. In particular, one methodological difficulty encountered by previous studies is that since earnings and dividend announcements are usually made contemporaneously it is difficult to assess the marginal effect of either announcement on security returns. This problem is dealt with by constructing portfolios of securities which are randomized with respect to unexpected earnings (dividends), but which are systematically ranked on unexpected dividends (earnings).The results indicate that unexpected earnings announcements have a significant marginal impact on abnormal returns. In addition, there is evidence of an impact of unexpected dividends on returns, but it is weaker than unexpected earnings.
EXPLAINING INTRAPERIOD ACCOUNTING CHOICES: THE REPORTING OF CURRENCY TRANSLATION GAINS AND LOSSES
Authors: Taylor Stephen L. , Tress Richard B. , Johnson Lester W. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:Prior to the introduction of an Australian Accounting Standard relating to the treatment of foreign currency items, we find agreement among firms on the method of translating foreign subsidiaries' assets and liabilities, but no such agreement on the method of reporting the resulting gain or loss. The reporting choice represents an intraperiod accounting decision. We show that this choice is a function of the demand for ex ante optimal risk sharing agreements between management and shareholders, although auditor identity and firm size are also found to influence the choice of reporting method. We model the policy choice as both a dichotomous and a more finely graded three‐way problem, introducing to the accounting literature an experimental technique designed to test for the existence of any mutual dependence between alternatives.
MARKET TIMING ABILITY OF POOLED SUPERANNUATION FUNDS JANUARY 1981 TO DECEMBER 1987
Authors: Sinclair N.A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:The performance of pooled superannuation funds is analysed within a framework that recognises that risk management or ‘market timing’ is an important aspect of the fund manager's decision‐making. Two broad appraoches to the issue of ‘market timing’ are adopted: first, the performance evaluation model developed by Henriksson and Merton [1981] which allows for return differentials to arise from both security selection and market timing; and second, the recursive residuals methodology of Brown, Durbin and Evans [1975] which identifies points in chronological time when the risks of the funds underwent a change.The results indicate that only 5 out of 16 funds had significant shifts in their risk over the period of the study, all of which occurred in late 1986 to early 1987. It follows that the usual Jensen measure of performance is inappropriate for these funds since one component of their performance is due to market timing activities. The return performance of these market timing activities is significantly negative for 15 to 16 funds indicating that their timing ability is perverse. To some extent this is an artifact of the market crash of October 1987 and that all funds had a positive exposure to equities. However, due to their asset allocation policies all funds are assigned significantly positive security selection performance.
THE TIMELINESS OF HALF YEARLY EARNINGS ANNOUNCEMENTS AND STOCK RETURNS
Authors: Sinclair Norman A. , Young Joanna C. Y. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper examines the association between the timeliness of the half‐yearly report for Australian firms and the abnormal stock price behaviour around the time of the announcement. The results support the overseas evidence that reports containing ‘good’ news are released earlier than reports containing ‘bad’ news. The abnormal returns are consistent with the direction and magnitude of the earnings and dividend information. We find no evidence to support the Kross and Schroeder [1984] conclusion that timeliness per se is associated with abnormal returns once appropriate control is made for earnings/dividend information.
A LIKELIHOOD RATIO TEST OF THE ZERO‐BETA CAPM IN AUSTRALIAN EQUITY RETURNS
Authors: Faff Robert W. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper tests the zero‐beta CAPM with Australian equity returns, using the multivariate approach developed by Gibbons (1982). For the period 1958 to 1987, based on its asymptotic distribution, the likelihood ratio test (LRT) statistic indicates a strong rejection of the model when an equally weighted market index is used. However, small sample adjustments to the test suggested by Jobson and Korkie (1982) and by Shanken (1985) place the validity of this conclusion in some doubt. When a value weighted market index is used for the period 1974 to 1987, the tests reveal at least moderate support for the zero‐beta CAPM.
EXTERNAL AUDITOR EVALUATION OF THE INTERNAL AUDIT FUNCTION
Authors: Edge William R. , Farley Alan A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This study examines the relative importance of the factors used by external auditors when valuating an internal audit function. The study also examines the consistency of external auditors in making evaluations of an internal audit function. The factors used are based on Statement of Auditing Practice AUP 2 “Using the Work of an Internal Auditor” and a similar study conducted in the U.S.A. The two factors which this study finds to be the most significant are ‘technical competence’ and ‘due professional care’. The study finds a high degree of consensus across the respondents with respect to the evaluation of the internal audit function, and a high degree of insight and stability in their judgements.
PRIOR ACCOUNTING EDUCATION AND PERFORMANCE IN A FIRST‐LEVEL UNIVERSITY COURSE IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Keef Stephen P. , Hooper Keith C. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This New Zealand study examined whether prior accounting education at school had a positive effect on performance in the corresponding first‐level university course. The research question was tested using an ANCOVA. Proxies for academic ability were used as covariates so as to eliminate systematic bias in the samples. Prior study at the Bursary level carried a positive benefit. The findings were in agreement with the thesis that the level of conceptual accounting thought acquired at school, rather than the ability to manipulate figures in accordance with mechanical bookkeeping procedures, affected subsequent performance at university.
MULTIVARIATE COINTEGRATION TESTING OF THE EFFICIENCY OF AUSTRALIA'S SPOT FOREX MARKET
Authors: Layton Allan P. , Tan Amirullah 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:Efficiency in Australia's spot FOREX market is tested using daily, weekly and four‐weekly data subsequent to the floating of the dollar in 1983. Earlier research using pairwise cointegration tests of currency markets has suggested little evidence of market inefficiencies. However, multivariate cointegration tests carried out in the paper, based on canonical transformation of the exchange rate data, suggest the existence of long run equilibrium relationships among the spot rates, implying the existence of market inefficiency in the FOREX market.
THE CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT AND CORPORATE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
Authors: Smith Malcolm , Taffler Richard 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:Agency theory and signalling theory both suggest that firms are motivated to disclose excellence of financial performance in an unambiguous manner. We might expect, therefore, that good financial performance is associated with a clear and readable Chairman's narrative and poor performance with an obscure or misleading message.Extant work linking corporate performance with clarity of executive narrative fails to distinguish sample cases by industry or financial status. This paper seeks to overcome the consequences of such deficiencies explicitly, by conducting a systematic analysis of the relationship between narrative complexity and alternative measures of financial performance, for a matched sample of failed/non‐failed companies across common industries.This study employs separate measures of the readability and the understandability of the chairman's narrative and finds them to be significantly related to overall financial performance and individual measures of performance, most notably liquidity. Poor readability is strongly associated with poor financial performance and ease of readability with relative financial success. The implication is that firms actively signal good news while obscuring, perhaps deliberately, messages which convey bad news.
INDEPENDENT EXPERT'S REPORTS IN TAKEOVER BIDS
Authors: Eddey Peter H. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper reports an empirical examination of independent expert reports in takeover bids using the 170 reports that were issued in the 364 cash‐based bids that occurred between January 1988 and December 1991. It was found that bid premia offered in takeover bids where an expert's report was issued were not significantly lower than bid premia in other bids. This may be attributable to independent experts acting as a countervailing influence on bidders holding a superior pre‐bid bargaining position. Next, some dimensions of the “fair and reasonable” criterion that experts are required to use are examined. These are the single‐test and dual‐test interpretations of the phrase, the relation between offer price, market price and the expert's valuation of the target, the cost and length of expert's reports and, finally, the influence an expert has on the outcome of a bid.
THE INFORMATION CONTENT OF ASX SUSPENSION THREAT ANNOUNCEMENTS
Authors: Laing Stuart J. , Woodliff David R. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:This paper presents an empirical investigation of share price returns for companies threatened with suspension by the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) for failing to either (1) pay their annual listing fees or (2) lodge a required report on time. The threatened companies experienced an average return over the event window that was significantly below the average return for both a market index and a similarly sized control portfolio. This suggests that the threat of suspension has information content. Interestingly, the major impact came from those companies that avoided suspension by lodging interim reports subsequent to the threat announcement indicating that significant new negative information was conveyed to the market in the week following the threat.
PREDICTIVE POWER OF THE TERM STRUCTURE IN AUSTRALIA IN THE LATE 1980'S: A NOTE
Authors: Heaney Richard 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:The Market Expectations Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates is tested using Wednesday yields on 13 week and 26 week treasury notes and 90 and 180 day bank accepted bills for the period 3 December 1986 to 13 March 1991 obtained from the Reserve Bank of Australia. In ordinary least squares regression based tests the Market Expectations Theory of the Term Structure of Interest Rates is accepted for bank accepted bills but rejected for treasury notes. Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root tests provide evidence of non‐stationarity in the variables; a possibility often ignored in Australian studies. Although the unit root tests are generally consistent with the existence of one unit root, residual based cointegration tests between the forward rate and spot rate are not consistent with cointegration. This suggests that the prior expectations theory results may be a result of spurious regression. Perhaps a more complex model is required, coupled with tests which take account of non‐stationary time series.