bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of commercial hake and grenadier species by proteomic analysis of the parvalbumin fraction
Authors: Carrera Mónica , Cañas Benito , Piñeiro Carmen , Vázquez Jesús , Gallardo José Manuel 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAnalysis of parvalbumin fractions through proteomic methodologies allowed the differential classification of ten commercial, closely related species of the family Merlucciidae. Muscle extracts from nine hake species of the genus Merluccius including two subspecies of Merluccius australis (australis and polylepsis) and one grenadier species Macruronus novaezelandiae with two populations (novaezelandiae and magellanicus) were evaluated by 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF MS. 2‐DE demonstrated that the species tested displayed a low intra‐specific degree of polymorphism and the isoform patterns were noticeably species‐specific. MALDI‐TOF mass fingerprints showed clear differences in the pattern of peptides produced by tryptic digestion between the Merluccius and the Macruronus, making the genus differentiation possible. In addition, a selective peptide mass present in the spectra from certain hakes allowed its classification in two groups: Euro‐African and American hakes. Besides, some specific masses allowed a clearly individual identification for M. bilinearis, M. australis polylepsis, M. australis australis, M. productus, M. paradoxus and M. polli, while the rest of the hake species can be grouped in two clusters, comprising M. hubbsi and M. gayi in one and M. merluccius and M. capensis in the other.
Pilot study of the Human Proteome Organisation Brain Proteome Project: Applying different 2‐DE techniques to monitor proteomic changes during murine brain development
Authors: Stühler Kai , Pfeiffer Kathy , Joppich Cornelia , Stephan Christian , Jung Klaus , Müller Michael , Schmidt Oliver , van Hall Andre , Hamacher Michael , Urfer Wolfgang , Meyer Helmut E. , Marcus Katrin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Human Proteome Organisation Brain Proteome Project aims at coordinating neuroproteomic activities with respect to analysis of development, aging, and evolution in human and mice and at analysing normal aging processes as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Our group participated in the mouse pilot study of this project using two different 2‐DE systems, to find out the optimal conditions for comprehensive gel‐based differential proteome analysis. Besides the assessment of the best methodical conditions the question of “How many biological replicate analyses have to be performed to get reliable statistically validated results?” was addressed. In total 420 differences were detected in all analyses. Both 2‐DE methods were found to be suitable for comprehensive differential proteome analysis. Nevertheless, each of the methods showed substantial advantages and disadvantages resulting in the fact that modification of both systems is essential. From our results we can draw the conclusions that for the future optimal quantitative differential gel‐based brain proteome analyses the sample preparation has to be slightly changed, the resolution of the first as well as the second dimension has to be advanced, the number of experiments has to be increased and that the 2D‐DIGE system should be applied.
Profiling human brain proteome by multi‐dimensional separations coupled with MS
Authors: Park Young Mok , Kim Jin Young , Kwon Kyung‐Hoon , Lee Sang Kwang , Kim Young Hye , Kim Se‐Young , Park Gun Wook , Lee Jeong Hwa , Lee Bonghee , Yoo Jong Shin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn our initial attempt to analyze the human brain proteome, we applied multi‐dimensional protein separation and identification techniques using a combination of sample fractionation, 1‐D SDS‐PAGE, and MS analysis. The complexity of human brain proteome requires multiple fractionation strategies to extend the range and total number of proteins identified. According to the method of Klose (Methods Mol. Biol. 1999, 112, 67), proteins of the temporal lobe of human brain were fractionated into (i) cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic, (ii) membrane and other structural, and (iii) DNA‐binding proteins. Each fraction was then separated by SDS‐PAGE, and the resulting gel line was cut into approximately 50 bands. After trypsin digestion, the resulting peptides from each band were analyzed by RP‐LC/ESI‐MS/MS using an LTQ spectrometer. The SEQUEST search program, which searched against the IPI database, was used for peptide sequence identification, and peptide sequences were validated by reversed sequence database search and filtered by the Protein Hit Score. Ultimately, 1533 proteins could be detected from the human brain. We classified the identified proteins according to their distribution on cellular components. Among these proteins, 24% were membrane proteins. Our results show that the multiple separation strategy is effective for high‐throughput characterization of proteins from complex proteomic mixtures.
2‐D DIGE as a quantitative tool for investigating the HUPO Brain Proteome Project mouse series
Authors: Föcking Melanie , Boersema Paul J. , O'Donoghue Niaobh , Lubec Gert , Pennington Stephen R. , Cotter David R. , Dunn Michael J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBrain development and aging is a complex process involving proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Elucidating proteome changes in these processes can help to understand the mechanisms of brain development and maintenance as well as neurodegenerative diseases. The research reported here is a contribution to the HUPO Brain Proteome Project mouse pilot study. Whole, frozen C57BL/6J mouse brain comprising three different developmental stages (embryonic day 16, postnatal day 7, and postnatal days 54–58) were processed by using 2‐D DIGE. A total of 1999 spots were matched between all gels. Of these, 206 spots were differentially expressed between the different stages: 122 spots were highest in intensity in embryonic stage E16, 26 highest in the juvenile group P7 and 58 spots highest in P56, the adult stage. The results show a pattern of temporal expression. Based on the expression patterns we tentatively suggest that proteins involved in the establishment of primary structures in the brain are expressed highest in the embryonic mouse. Proteins involved in the development of the brain are expressed highest in the juvenile phase and proteins that make utilization of the brain possible by delivering energy are expressed highest in the adult mice.
Automated reprocessing pipeline for searching heterogeneous mass spectrometric data of the HUPO Brain Proteome Project pilot phase
Authors: Stephan Christian , Reidegeld Kai A. , Hamacher Michael , van Hall André , Marcus Katrin , Taylor Chris , Jones Philip , Müller Michael , Apweiler Rolf , Martens Lennart , Körting Gerhard , Chamrad Daniel C. , Thiele Herbert , Blüggel Martin , Parkinson David , Binz Pierre‐Alain , Lyall Andrew , Meyer Helmut E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe newly available techniques for sensitive proteome analysis and the resulting amount of data require a new bioinformatics focus on automatic methods for spectrum reprocessing and peptide/protein validation. Manual validation of results in such studies is not feasible and objective enough for quality relevant interpretation. The necessity for tools enabling an automatic quality control is, therefore, important to produce reliable and comparable data in such big consortia as the Human Proteome Organization Brain Proteome Project. Standards and well‐defined processing pipelines are important for these consortia. We show a way for choosing the right database model, through collecting data, processing these with a decoy database and end up with a quality controlled protein list merged from several search engines, including a known false‐positive rate.
HUPO Brain Proteome Project: Summary of the pilot phase and introduction of a comprehensive data reprocessing strategy
Authors: Hamacher Michael , Apweiler Rolf , Arnold Georg , Becker Albert , Blüggel Martin , Carrette Odile , Colvis Christine , Dunn Michael J. , Fröhlich Thomas , Fountoulakis Michael , van Hall André , Herberg Friedrich , Ji Juango , Kretzschmar Hans , Lewczuk Piotr , Lubec Gert , Marcus Katrin , Martens Lennart , Palacios Bustamante Nadine , Park Young Mok , Pennington Stephen R. , Robben Johan , Stühler Kai , Reidegeld Kai A. , Riederer Peter , Rossier Jean , Sanchez Jean‐Charles , Schrader Michael , Stephan Christian , Tagle Danilo , Thiele Herbert , Wang Jing , Wiltfang Jens , Yoo Jong Shin , Zhang Chenggang , Klose Joachim , Meyer Helmut E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Human Proteome Organisation (HUPO) initiated several projects focusing on the proteome analysis of distinct human organs. The Brain Proteome Project (BPP) is the initiative dedicated to the brain, its development and correlated diseases. Two pilot studies have been performed aiming at the comparison of techniques, laboratories and approaches. With the help of the results gained, objective data submission, storage and reprocessing workflow have been established. The biological relevance of the data will be drawn from the inter‐laboratory comparisons as well as from the re‐calculation of all data sets submitted by the different groups. In the following, results of the single groups as well as the centralised reprocessing effort will be summarised and compared, showing the added value of this concerted work.
Early events ofBacillus anthracisgermination identified by time‐course quantitative proteomics
Authors: Jagtap Pratik , Michailidis George , Zielke Ryszard , Walker Angela K. , Patel Nishi , Strahler John R. , Driks Adam , Andrews Philip C. , Maddock Janine R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractGermination ofBacillus anthracisspores involves rehydration of the spore interior and rapid degradation of several of the protective layers, including the spore coat. Here, we examine the temporal changes that occur duringB. anthracisspore germination using an isobaric tagging system. Over the course of 17 min from the onset of germination, the levels of at least 19 spore proteins significantly decrease. Included are acid‐soluble proteins, several known and predicted coat proteins, and proteins of unknown function. Over half of these proteins are small (less than 100 amino acids) and would have been undetectable by conventional gel‐based analysis. We also identified 20 proteins, whose levels modestly increased at the later time points when metabolism has likely resumed. Taken together, our data show that isobaric labeling of complex mixtures is particularly effective for temporal studies. Furthermore, we describe a rigorous statistical approach to define relevant changes that takes into account the nature of data obtained from multidimensional protein identification technology coupled with the use of isobaric tags. This study provides an expanded list of the proteins that may be involved in germination of theB. anthracisspore and their relative levels during germination.
Cyclocopolymerization of 1,4‐pentadiene with ethene in the presence of group‐4 metallocenes
Authors: Napoli Mariagrazia , Costabile Chiara , Cavallo Gabriella , Longo Pasquale 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe behaviors ofrac‐[CH2(3‐tert‐butyl‐1‐indenyl)2]ZrCl2(1) and Cp2ZrCl2(2) activated by methylaluminoxane in ethene/1,4‐pentadiene copolymerization are compared. In the presence of1, inserted methylene‐1,3‐cyclobutane units, a large number of crosslinks, and a small number of methylene‐1,3‐cyclohexane units are obtained. Differently, a polyethene containing only 1,3‐cyclohexane rings is achieved with2as the catalytic precursor. Polymer microstructures are compared with those obtained with1and2in ethene/1,6‐heptadiene copolymerization, which leads only to polyethene containing cyclohexane rings. A tentative rationalization of the experimental data is reported. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5525–5532, 2006
Multiarm star nanocarriers containing a poly(ethylene imine) core and polylactide arms
Authors: Adeli M. , Haag R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractStar polymers (SPs) containing a hyperbranched poly(ethylene imine) (PEI; number‐average molecular weight = 10,000) core and polylactide arms were synthesized via the ring‐opening polymerization of lactide. PEI was used as a multifunctional macroinitiator for the ring‐opening polymerization of lactide. Different lactide monomer/amino‐functional group (LA/NHn; n = 1 or 2) ratios were used for preparing SPs with different molecular weights. SPs were able to encapsulate small guest molecules such as Rose Bengal; they also transported small, hydrophilic molecules from water to the organic phase. The transport capacity of all the nanocarriers depended on the LA/NHn ratio used for synthesizing the SPs. Nanocarriers with a higher LA/NHn ratio had higher transport capacities. The size of all the nanocarriers depended on the type of solvent. In chloroform, these nanoparticles had several sizes that were related to the self‐assembly of these nanocarriers, but in acetone, they were monodisperse, and their size was smaller than that in chloroform. Also, the transport of polar dyes from water to the chloroform phase was possible. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5740–5749, 2006
Exploring 9‐arylcarbazole moiety as the building block for the synthesis of photoluminescent group 10–12 heavy metal diynes and polyynes with high‐energy triplet states
Authors: Liu Li , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Shi Jian‐Xin , Cheah Kok‐Wai 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA new series of organic‐soluble and thermally stable group 10 platinum(II) polyyne polymers functionalized with 9‐arylcarbazole moiety trans‐[Pt(PBu3)2CCRCC]n (R = 9‐arylcarbazole‐3,6‐diyl; aryl = phenyl, p‐methylphenyl, p‐fluorophenyl) were prepared in good yields by Hagihara's dehydrohalogenative polymerization of trans‐[PtCl2(PBu3)2] with HCCRCCH under ambient conditions. The regiochemical structures of the polymers were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. We discuss the optical spectroscopy of these polymetallaynes and compare the results with their bimetallic molecular model complexes trans‐[Pt(Ph)(PEt3)2CCRCCPt(Ph)(PEt3)2] as well as its group 11 gold(I) and group 12 mercury(II) congeners [(PPh3)AuCCRCCAu(PPh3)] and [MeHgCCRCCHgMe]. The structural properties of several model complexes were studied by X‐ray crystallography. The influence of the heavy metal atom and the 9‐aryl substituent of carbazole on the phosphorescence behavior and the spatial distribution of the lowest singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) excitons in these metalated alkynyl systems are comprehensively elucidated. The present work indicates that the efficiency of organic triplet emissions harnessed through the heavy‐atom effect of group 10–12 transition metals in the main chain generally follows the order Pt > Au > Hg but the optical properties of the materials are relatively insensitive to the nature of the 9‐aryl group on the carbazolyl ring. All of these metallaynyl‐carbazole materials with high‐energy T1 states of 2.68 eV or higher show high phosphorescence efficiencies at low temperatures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5588–5607, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of novel hyperbranched polybenzimidazoles based on an AB2 monomer containing four amino groups and one carboxylic group
Authors: Li Z. X. , Liu J. H. , Yang S. Y. , Huang S. H. , Lu J. D. , Pu J. L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA new kind of AB2 monomer, 4‐[2,6‐bis(3,4‐diaminophenyl)pyridin‐4‐yl]benzoic acid, was synthesized, and several hyperbranched polybenzimidazoles (HPBIs) were prepared through self‐polymerization followed by modification reactions with end‐capping reagents such as 4‐methyl benzoic acid and 3‐[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy] benzoic acid. The HPBIs had good solubility in strongly aprotic solvents, such as N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, N,N′‐dimethylformamide, N,N′‐dimethylacetamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide. They also exhibited excellent thermal properties, with glass‐transition temperatures of 318–381 °C and 10% weight loss in the range of 338–674 °C in nitrogen and 329–509 °C in air. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5729–5739, 2006
Controlling grafting density and side chain length in poly(n‐butyl acrylate) by ATRP copolymerization of macromonomers
Authors: Ohno Shigeki , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used for the preparation and subsequent copolymerization of two acryloyl‐terminated poly(n‐butyl acrylate) macromonomers with different degrees of polymerization (DPnBA = 25 and 42). Homopolymerization of the higher molecular weight macromonomer (MM1; PnBA42‐A, Mn = 5600, DPMM = 42, Mw/Mn = 1.18) resulted in preparation of a densely grafted polymer with a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.14), but with the limited degree of polymerization DP = 12. The ultimate degree of homopolymerization for the lower molecular weight macromonomer (MM2; PnBA25‐A, Mn = 3400, DPMM = 25, Mw/Mn = 1.20) was higher, and DP increased from 12 to 22. The limited DP could be because of progressively increasing steric congestion for macromonomers in approaching the growing chain ends of densely grafted polymers. When MMs were copolymerized with nBA, the reactivity of MM was nearly the same as that of nBA monomer irrespective of the differences in the degree of polymerization of the MMs and the initial molar ratio of nBA to MM. Well‐defined graft polymers with different lengths of backbone and side chains, and different graft density were successfully prepared by “grafting through” ATRP. Tadpole‐shaped and dumbbell‐shaped graft polymers were also synthesized by ATRP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5454–5467, 2006
Synthesis of poly(n‐hexyl isocyanate‐b‐N‐vinylpyrrolidone) block copolymers by the combination of anionic and nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerizations: Micellization properties in aqueous solutions
Authors: Bilalis Panayiotis , Zorba Georgia , Pitsikalis Marinos , Hadjichristidis Nikos 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA combination of anionic and nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerizations (dual initiator) was employed for the synthesis of poly(n‐hexyl isocyanate‐b‐N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (PHIC‐b‐PNVP) block copolymers. The samples were characterized with a size exclusion chromatograph equipped with refractive‐index and light scattering detectors as well as 1H NMR spectroscopy. Relatively good control over the molecular weights was achieved. However, rather broad molecular weight distributions were obtained. The micellar properties of the PHIC‐b‐PNVP block copolymers were studied in water, which is a selective solvent for the poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) blocks. Static and dynamic light scattering revealed the presence of equilibrium between the micelles and clusters. The clusters partially deaggregated with increasing temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5719–5728, 2006
Synthesis and investigation of the effect of nematic phases on the glass‐transition behavior of novel cycloaliphatic liquid‐crystalline poly(ester amide)s
Authors: Deepa P. , Sona C. , Jayakannan M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe designed and developed novel cycloaliphatic liquid‐crystalline (LC) poly(ester amide)s to investigate the effects of nematic LC phases and hydrogen‐bonding interactions on the glass‐transition behavior. Three series of poly(ester amide)s based on commercially important poly(1,4‐cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate) were synthesized with two new cycloaliphatic diamines {3,8‐bis(aminomethyl)‐tricyclo [5.2.1.0.(2,6)]decane (tricyclic) and 1,3‐cyclohexane bismethylene amine (monocyclic)} and a linear counterpart (1,6‐hexamethylene diamine). The compositions of the ester/amide units in the copolymers were varied up to 50% by the adjustment of the amounts of the diol and diamine in the feed. The structures of the polymers were confirmed with NMR and Fourier transform infrared, and their inherent viscosities were measured at 30 °C with an Ubbelohde viscometer. Thermal analysis revealed that the poly(ester amide)s having less than 25 mol % amide linkages were thermotropic and LC, and threadlike nematic phases were observed under a polarizing microscope. The introduction of nematic, LC phases drastically affected the glass‐transition temperatures of the copolymers, and a plot of the composition versus the glass‐transition temperature passed through a maximum for lower amide incorporation, regardless of the structural differences of the amide units (cyclic or linear). This nonlinear Flory–Fox trend was correlated to the cooperative effect of the strong alignment of polymer chains in the nematic phases and intermolecular packing induced by the hydrogen bonding in the poly(ester amide)s. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5557–5571, 2006
Synthesis and properties of thermosetting polymers from a phosphorous‐containing fatty acid derivative
Authors: Lligadas G. , Ronda J. C. , Galià M. , Cádiz V. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA new phosphorous‐containing fatty acid diepoxide was obtained from 10‐undecenoyl chloride and 10‐(2′,5′‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide and crosslinked with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane and bis(m‐aminophenyl)methylphosphine oxide. The properties of the thermosetting materials were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and limiting oxygen index (LOI). Thermal and thermooxidative degradation was studied by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, FTIR, 31P magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. LOI values indicate good flame‐retardant properties that are related to the formation of a protective phosphorous‐rich layer that slowed down the degradation and prevented it from being total. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5630–5644, 2006
Switchable thin‐film surface prepared via a simple grafting‐to method using a polystyrene‐b‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) copolymer
Authors: Wang Ying , Zheng Joseph X. , Brittain William J. , Cheng Stephen Z. D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA polystyrene‐b‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) block copolymer containing a methylhydridosilane linking group was chemically grafted to an 8‐trichlorosilyloctene monolayer via a simple one‐step hydrosilylation reaction. The resulting Y‐shaped thin film exhibited a low grafting density, which was characteristic of the grafting‐to technique. To further reduce the miscibility of the two arms, methyl iodide was reacted with the poly(2‐vinylpyridine) block to produce quaternary ammonium groups. The surfaces before and after quaternization were both solvent‐switchable when subjected to block‐selective solvents. Tensiometry, ellipsometry, attenuated total reflection/Fourier transform infrared, and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the properties and morphology of both unquaternized and quaternized samples. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5608–5617, 2006