bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of nutritional and sensorial quality in meal production – NSQE system
Authors: Hering Bethania , Da Costa Proença Rossana Pacheco , De Sousa Anete Araújo , Veiros Marcela Boro 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this study, a programme for monitoring critical control points was developed, based on the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), in order to determine the nutritional and sensorial quality of menu components in foodservice. A case study was carried out in a foodservice unit where the principles of the HACCP system were implemented. Data were collected during the monitoring of the operational process of the meat‐based menu components through measurements, records and comparisons with previously defined nutritional and sensorial criteria. Nutritional and sensorial hazards were highlighted for the monitored operational stages, along with the critical limits and the form of monitoring. Possible corrective actions were also noted and indicated that they should be adapted to meet each foodservice unit’s situation. Through the application of the proposed theoretical model, the possibility for associating the hygiene–sanitary control and the nutritional and sensorial control analyses was noted.
The meaning of symbols of culinary rules – The food and meals in Elderly care
Authors: Mattsson Sydner Ylva , Fjellström Christina 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn Sweden, meals are provided to the elderly living in various types of institutions. This paper discusses how food in this context is expressed as substance and symbols. It focuses on the social organization surrounding food provision in residential care homes, from considerations in menu planning to the final presentation of the meal. This encompasses the diet of the elderly and how the norms, values and behaviours of different social identities in such an organization shape food provision. The empirical work is based on participant observations in four residential care homes. In each home, the manager of the restaurant kitchen was responsible for menu planning for all meals served to the elderly. This meant that they planned menus they thought were suitable for elderly people, i.e. most of the dishes were plain Swedish food. The dishes presented on the menu card symbolized a specific taste and shape. These different dishes are traditionally and variously connected to different kinds of trimmings. Although symbols such as specific taste, shape and trimmings were linked to the dish when the manager planned the menu, the servings were often presented with some variation in reality. The cooks rarely used a written recipe; they sometimes interpreted a dish with a particular name differently, and they did not always use the ‘indicated’ ingredients associated with these dishes. The elderly who ate their meals in the restaurants could wish for and had access to a wide range of condiments. At the units where the staff served the meals, however, the final servings were often far from the symbols associated with each specific dish. Thus, the cooks, and moreover the staff, lacked knowledge about the ‘right’ trimmings, were unable or did not care to offer these traditional symbols, which are important to the elderly meal situation as a whole.
Optimal Inputs for Phase Models of Spiking Neurons
Authors: Moehlis Jeff , Shea-Brown Eric , Rabitz Herschel 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Variational methods are used to determine the optimal currents that elicit spikes in various phase reductions of neural oscillator models. We show that, for a given reduced neuron model and target spike time, there is a unique current that minimizes a square-integral measure of its amplitude. For intrinsically oscillatory models, we further demonstrate that the form and scaling of this current is determined by the model’s phase response curve. These results reflect the role of intrinsic neural dynamics in determining the time course of synaptic inputs to which a neuron is optimally tuned to respond, and are illustrated using phase reductions of neural models valid near typical bifurcations to periodic firing, as well as the Hodgkin-Huxley equations.
Llama Single-Chain Antibody That Blocks Lipopolysaccharide Binding and Signaling: Prospects for Therapeutic Applications
Authors: El Khattabi Mohamed , Adams Hendrik , Heezius Erik , Hermans Pim , Detmers Frank , Maassen Bram , van der Ley Peter , Tommassen Jan , Verrips Theo , Stam Jord 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTSepsis is a considerable health problem and a burden on the health care system. Endotoxin, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), present in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, is responsible for more than 50% of the sepsis cases and is, therefore, a legitimate target for therapeutic approaches against sepsis. In this study, we selected and characterized a llama single-chain antibody fragment (VHH) directed toNeisseria meningitidisLPS. The VHH, designated VHH 5G, showed affinity to purified LPS as well as to LPS on the surfaces of the bacteria. Epitope mapping using a panel ofN. meningitidismutants revealed that VHH 5G recognizes an epitope in the inner core of LPS, and as expected, the VHH proved to have broad specificity for LPS from different bacteria. Furthermore, this VHH blocked binding of LPS to target cells of the immune system, resulting in the inhibition of LPS signaling in whole blood. Moreover, it was found to remove LPS efficiently from aqueous solutions, including serum. The selected anti-LPS VHH is a leading candidate for therapies against LPS-mediated sepsis.
Specific and Randomly Derived Immunoactive Peptide Mimotopes of Mycobacterial Antigens
Authors: Sharma Archna , Saha Abhik , Bhattacharjee Surajit , Majumdar Subrata , Das Gupta Sujoy K. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe mycobacterial cell surface contains complex nonprotein antigens that are highly immunoactive in nature. However, these antigens are chemically heterogeneous and structurally complex, thereby limiting their applications. To identify their peptide mimotopes, phage-displayed peptide libraries Ph.D.-7 and Ph.D.-12 were panned on either defined template, monoclonal antibody (MAb) CS-35 against lipoarabinomannan (LAM), or a polyclonal rabbit immune serum reactive against whole cells ofMycobacterium bovisBCG. Panning on anti-LAM MAb CS-35 yielded two confirmed mimotopes of LAM, a 7-mer and a 12-mer, whereas panning on polyclonal serum yielded a large repertoire of mimotopes reactive against sera from BCG-immunized rabbits, one of which turned out to have the same sequence as the 7-mer LAM mimotope. The dissociation constant of the interaction between MAb CS-35 and a synthetic peptide corresponding to the 7-mer LAM mimotope was determined to be 7.55 μM. Dot blot assays were performed with peptides corresponding to the two LAM mimotopes to evaluate their diagnostic potential. Both peptides gave discernibly higher signals with a panel of tuberculosis (TB) patient sera than with sera from healthy controls. The peptides were also found to stimulate the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 cytokines in the J774A.1 cell line and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, indicating that they may have immunomodulatory potential. The present study demonstrates that peptide mimotopes of known and unknown mycobacterial antigens could be isolated by using subtractive phage display techniques and that these peptides could have potential applications in areas such as TB diagnostics and immunotherapy.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with PriorPneumocystisPneumonia Exhibit Increased Serologic Reactivity to Several Major Surface Glycoprotein Clones
Authors: Daly K. R. , Koch J. V. , Shire N. J. , Levin L. , Walzer P. D. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTRecombinant clones of the carboxyl terminus of the major surface glycoprotein (MsgC) ofPneumocystis jiroveciiare useful for analyzing serologic responses in humans. However, there is no standardized set of antigens in general use, which could lead to conflicting results. We have previously shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients with priorPneumocystispneumonia (PcP+) responded more frequently and more strongly to a clone of MsgC than did HIV-1-infected patients without PcP (PcP−). Here we test three new clones of MsgC to determine the effect of antigenic sequence variation on immune reactivity in blood donors and HIV-infected patients previously analyzed for reactivity to our original MsgC clone. In Western blot analyses, PcP+patients exhibited the highest frequency of reactivity to each MsgC clone, and the frequency of reactivity with all four MsgC clones together was significantly higher in sera from PcP+patients than in sera from the other patient groups. Furthermore, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay we found that the PcP+population had the highest level of reactivity to two of the four clones tested. One of the new clones could distinguish between PcP+and PcP−populations, and two MsgC clones could distinguish blood donors from the other patient populations. The results show that inherent differences in MsgC amino acid sequence can affect recognition by antibodies independently of variations in protein length or patient population, and the utility of a clone depends on its sequence and on the populations tested.
Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Smallpox Vaccination
Authors: Kim Sung-Han , Yeo Sang-Gu , Cho Jae-Hyun , Kim Hong-Bin , Kim Nam-Joong , Oh Myoung-don , Choe Kang-Won , Jee Youngmee , Cho Haewol 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
We report that vaccine dilution (1:1 or 1:10) and previous vaccinia virus vaccination status had no significant effect on cell-mediated immune responses (i.e., the immediate vaccinia virus-specific gamma interferon-producing T-cell response measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay) 1 month after smallpox vaccination (Lancy-Vaxina; Berna Biotech, Switzerland).
Amastin Peptide-Binding Antibodies as Biomarkers of Active Human Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Rafati Sima , Hassani Nafiseh , Taslimi Yasaman , Movassagh Hesam , Rochette Annie , Papadopoulou Barbara 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Amastin surface proteins belong to a large family of developmentally regulated proteins comprising up to 45 members that have recently been discovered in the genus
Leishmania
and are highly similar to the amastin proteins in
Trypanosoma cruzi
. All members of the amastin gene family contain a highly conserved 11-amino-acid (aa) signature at the N terminus, which is unique to the amastin proteins and to the
Trypanosomatidae
family. Recent studies have demonstrated that this region is highly protective in a mouse model. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the potential of the 50-aa N-terminal domain of amastin proteins harboring the conserved 11-aa amastin signature peptide as a relevant immune biomarker of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). We report here the amastin-binding total immunoglobulins (IgG) and/or IgG subclasses in the sera of patients at different stages of CL (
n
= 90) and VL (
n
= 41). In CL cases, there is no significant difference in seroreactivities between active, recovered, and nonhealed cases. However, the amastin peptide-reactive antibodies were present at high titers in 19 of 20 sera collected from patients with active VL compared to sera from patients recovered from VL and asymptomatic cases of VL. These data suggest that the amastin signature peptide could represent a relevant biomarker for the serodiagnosis of VL and, most importantly, that it could permit differentiation among the different stages of the disease.
Immune Responses of Elk to Initial and Booster Vaccinations withBrucella abortusStrain RB51 or 19
Authors: Olsen S. C. , Fach S. J. , Palmer M. V. , Sacco R. E. , Stoffregen W. C. , Waters W. R. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have suggested that currently available brucellosis vaccines induce poor or no protection in elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). In this study, we characterized the immunologic responses of elk after initial or booster vaccination withBrucella abortusstrains RB51 (SRB51) and 19 (S19). Elk were vaccinated with saline or 1010CFU of SRB51 or S19 (n= seven animals/treatment) and booster vaccinated with a similar dosage of the autologous vaccine at 65 weeks. Compared to nonvaccinates, elk vaccinated with SRB51 or S19 had greater (P< 0.05) antibody responses to SRB51 or S19 after initial vaccination and after booster vaccination. Compared to nonvaccinated elk, greater (P< 0.05) proliferative responses to autologous antigen after initial vaccination occurred at only a few sample times in SRB51 (6, 14, and 22 weeks) and S19 (22 weeks) treatment groups. In general, proliferative responses of vaccinates to nonautologous antigens did not differ (P> 0.05) from the responses of nonvaccinated elk. Gamma interferon production in response to autologous or nonautologousBrucellaantigens did not differ (P> 0.05) between controls and vaccinates after booster vaccination. Flow cytometric techniques suggested that proliferation occurred more frequently in immunoglobulin M-positive cells, with differences between vaccination and control treatments in CD4+and CD8+subset proliferation detected only at 22 weeks after initial vaccination. After booster vaccination, one technique ([3H]thymidine incorporation) suggested that proliferative responses to SRB51 antigen, but not S19 antigen, were greater (P< 0.05) in vaccinates compared to the responses of nonvaccinates. However, in general, flow cytometric and other techniques failed to detect significant anamnestic responses to autologous or nonautologousBrucellaantigens in S19 or SRB51 vaccinates after booster vaccination. Although some cellular immune responses were detected after initial or booster vaccination of elk with SRB51 or S19, our data suggest that responses tend to be transient and much less robust than previously reported in SRB51-vaccinated cattle (Bos taurus) or bison (Bison bison). These data may explain why the vaccination of elk with S19 and SRB51 induces poor protection against brucellosis.
Retrieving Storm Electric Fields from Aircraft Field Mill Data. Part II: Applications
Authors: Koshak W. J. , Mach D. M. , Christian H. J. , Stewart M. F. , Bateman M. G. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The Lagrange multiplier theory developed in Part I of this study is applied to complete a relative calibration of a Citation aircraft that is instrumented with six field mill sensors. When side constraints related to average fields are used, the Lagrange multiplier method performs well in computer simulations. For mill measurement errors of 1 V m−1 and a 5 V m−1 error in the mean fair-weather field function, the 3D storm electric field is retrieved to within an error of about 12%. A side constraint that involves estimating the detailed structure of the fair-weather field was also tested using computer simulations. For mill measurement errors of 1 V m−1, the method retrieves the 3D storm field to within an error of about 8% if the fair-weather field estimate is typically within 1 V m−1 of the true fair-weather field. Using this type of side constraint and data from fair-weather field maneuvers taken on 29 June 2001, the Citation aircraft was calibrated. Absolute calibration was completed using the “pitch down method” developed in Part I, and conventional analyses. The resulting calibration matrices were then used to retrieve storm electric fields during a Citation flight on 2 June 2001. The storm field results are encouraging and agree favorably in many respects with results derived from earlier (iterative) techniques of calibration.
Evidence for an immune barrier after in utero hematopoietic-cell transplantation
Authors: Peranteau William H. , Endo Masayuki , Adibe Obinna O. , Flake Alan W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe competence of the immune system of the developing fetus to act as a barrier to in utero hematopoietic-cell transplantation (IUHCT) has been a source of debate. Until now, comparisons of allogeneic and congenic engraftment have been inconclusive due to methodologic limitations resulting in minimal and inefficient engraftment. In this study, E14 fetal mice received transplants of either allogeneic or congenic bone marrow using a new intravascular technique that allows definitive administration of much higher doses of donor cells. Our results demonstrate that 100% of surviving recipients demonstrate engraftment at 1 week of age, but that 70% of allogeneic recipients lose engraftment by 1 month of age, and 80% ultimately fail to sustain long-term chimerism. In contrast, all congenic recipients maintain stable, long-term, multilineage chimerism. These results strongly support an immune barrier to allogeneic engraftment after IUHCT.
Long-term serial analysis of X-chromosome inactivation patterns and JAK2 V617F mutant levels in patients with essential thrombocythemia show that minor mutant-positive clones can remain stable for many years
Authors: Gale Rosemary E. , Allen Anthony J.R. , Nash Michael J. , Linch David C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEssential thrombocythemia (ET) is heterogeneous with respect to natural history, X-chromosome inactivation patterns (XCIPs), and presence of the V617F mutation in Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). We studied 111 patients with ET; 39% were JAK2 mutant positive, and clone size (percentage mutant JAK2) was concordant with XCIP when constitutive T-cell patterns were taken into account. JAK2 mutant clones were present in both clonal and polyclonal cases as determined by XCIP, and the former had higher mutant JAK2 levels (median 26% versus 16%; P = .001). No change was observed in serial XCIP analysis of 14 polyclonal patients over a median follow-up of 61 months. Furthermore, 18 of 19 mutant-positive patients showed no significant change in mutant JAK2 level over a median follow-up of 47 months. These results suggest that, in many cases of ET, a small stable clone containing a JAK2 mutation can be maintained as a subpopulation for many years.
l-arginine availability regulates T-lymphocyte cell-cycle progression
Authors: Rodriguez Paulo C. , Quiceno David G. , Ochoa Augusto C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
l-arginine (l-Arg) plays a central role in several biologic systems including the regulation of T-cell function. l-Arg depletion by myeloid-derived suppressor cells producing arginase I is seen in patients with cancer inducing T-cell anergy. We studied how l-Arg starvation could regulate T-cell–cycle progression. Stimulated T cells cultured in the absence of l-Arg are arrested in the G0-G1phase of the cell cycle. This was associated with an inability of T cells to up-regulate cyclin D3 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4), but not cdk6, resulting in an impaired downstream signaling with a decreased phosphorylation of Rb protein and a low expression and binding of E2F1. Silencing of cyclin D3 reproduced the cell cycle arrest caused by l-Arg starvation. The regulation of cyclin D3 and cdk4 by l-Arg starvation occurs at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Signaling through GCN2 kinase is triggered during amino acid starvation. Experiments demonstrated that T cells from GCN2 knock-out mice did not show a decreased proliferation and were able to up-regulate cyclin D3 when cultured in the absence of l-Arg. These results contribute to the understanding of a central mechanism by which cancer and other diseases characterized by high arginase I production may cause T-cell dysfunction.
Deletion of tetraspanin Cd151 results in decreased pathologic angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Takeda Yoshito , Kazarov Alexander R. , Butterfield Catherine E. , Hopkins Benjamin D. , Benjamin Laura E. , Kaipainen Arja , Hemler Martin E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTetraspanin protein CD151 is abundant on endothelial cells. To determine whether CD151 affects angiogenesis, Cd151-null mice were prepared. Cd151-null mice showed no vascular defects during normal development or during neonatal oxygen-induced retinopathy. However, Cd151-null mice showed impaired pathologic angiogenesis in other in vivo assays (Matrigel plug, corneal micropocket, tumor implantation) and in the ex vivo aortic ring assay. Cd151-null mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs) showed normal adhesion and proliferation, but marked alterations in vitro, in assays relevant to angiogenesis (migration, spreading, invasion, Matrigel contraction, tube and cable formation, spheroid sprouting). Consistent with these functional impairments, and with the close, preferential association of CD151 with laminin-binding integrins, Cd151-null MLECs also showed selective signaling defects, particularly on laminin substrate. Adhesion-dependent activation of PKB/c-Akt, e-NOS, Rac, and Cdc42 was diminished, but Raf, ERK, p38 MAP kinase, FAK, and Src were unaltered. In Cd151-null MLECs, connections were disrupted between laminin-binding integrins and at least 5 other proteins. In conclusion, CD151 modulates molecular organization of laminin-binding integrins, thereby supporting secondary (ie, after cell adhesion) functions of endothelial cells, which are needed for some types of pathologic angiogenesis in vivo. Selective effects of CD151 on pathologic angiogenesis make it a potentially useful target for anticancer therapy.
The SNARE protein family of Leishmania major
Authors: Besteiro Sébastien , Coombs Graham H , Mottram Jeremy C 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background

Leishmania major is a protozoan parasite with a highly polarised cell shape that depends upon endocytosis and exocytosis from a single area of the plasma membrane, the flagellar pocket. SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor adaptor proteins receptors) are key components of the intracellular vesicle-mediated transports that take place in all eukaryotic cells. They are membrane-bound proteins that facilitate the docking and fusion of vesicles with organelles. The recent availability of the genome sequence of L. major has allowed us to assess the complement of SNAREs in the parasite and to investigate their location in comparison with metazoans.

Results
Bioinformatic searches of the L. major genome revealed a total of 27 SNARE domain-containing proteins that could be classified in structural groups by phylogenetic analysis. 25 of these possessed the expected features of functional SNAREs, whereas the other two could represent kinetoplastid-specific proteins that might act as regulators of the SNARE complexes. Other differences of Leishmania SNAREs were the absence of double SNARE domain-containing and of the brevin classes of these proteins. Members of the Qa group of Leishmania SNAREs showed differential expressions profiles in the two main parasite forms whereas their GFP-tagging and in vivo expression revealed localisations in the Golgi, late endosome/lysosome and near the flagellar pocket.

Conclusion
The early-branching eukaryote L. major apparently possess a SNARE repertoire that equals in number the one of metazoans such as Drosophila, showing that the machinery for vesicle fusion is well conserved throughout the eukaryotes. However, the analysis revealed the absence of certain types of SNAREs found in metazoans and yeast, while suggesting the presence of original SNAREs as well as others with unusual localisation. This study also presented the intracellular localisation of the L. major SNAREs from the Qa group and reveals that these proteins could be useful as organelle markers in this parasitic protozoon.