bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interventions in Capital Markets
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E. , Ocampo José Antonio , Spiegel Shari , Ffrench-Davis Ricardo , Nayyar Deepak 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAlthough there is now a general recognition that capital market liberalization failed to help developing countries achieve economic growth and stability, there are still a number of unresolved controversies, including the fundamental issue of what types of capital market interventions governments should undertake, and more centrally, whether there exist any interventions for which the benefits exceed the costs. Given the importance that capital account interventions can play in macroeconomic policy-making, this chapter analyzes alternative modes of regulations, including case studies of Chile, Colombia, and Malaysia. Though economists have a strong proclivity for price-based interventions (taxes and subsidies) over quantity-based interventions (administrative restrictions and controls), theoretical work in economics has shown that sometimes quantity-based restrictions can reduce risk more effectively than price interventions. In addition to direct forms of interventions, such as taxes and restrictions on inflows and outflows, interventions in capital markets can also take on a variety of indirect forms such as limiting banks’ short-term foreign borrowing or applying adverse tax or bankruptcy treatment to foreign-denominated borrowing. Though the regulations vary in their methods, they generally serve to segment (or separate) the domestic and foreign exchange markets. The chapter concludes with a number of arguments for and against the various modes of capital market intervention.
Stabilization, Liberalization, and Growth
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E. , Ocampo José Antonio , Spiegel Shari , Ffrench-Davis Ricardo , Nayyar Deepak 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter concludes the book by reviewing some of the key links between stabilization, liberalization, and growth. The first section reviews why instability is bad for the growth of the economy. The second reviews the argument that an excessive focus on price stability, as opposed to stability of output or employment, can be bad for growth. The third argues that excess reliance on monetary policy as a tool for stabilization may be bad for long-run economic growth, and examines the long-run consequences of failing to maintain the economy at as close to full employment as possible. The fourth and final section brings together the various strands of argument put forward in this book by first looking at the issues of liberalization and macroeconomic policy through the lens of risk management, and then discussing the links between stabilization and liberalization, and between growth and poverty.
Freedom and Reason in Kant, Schelling, and Kierkegaard
Authors: Kosch Michelle 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This book traces a complex of issues surrounding moral agency from Kant through Schelling to Kierkegaard. There are two complementary projects. The first is to clarify the contours of German idealism as a philosophical movement by examining the motivations not only of its beginning, but also of its end. In tracing the motivations for the transition to mid-19th century post-idealism to Schelling’s middle and late periods and, ultimately, back to a problem originally presented in Kant, it shows the causes of the demise of that movement to be the same as the causes of its rise. In the process, it presents the most detailed discussion to date of the moral psychology and moral epistemology of Schelling’s work after 1809. The second project — which is simply the first viewed from a different angle — is to trace the sources of Kierkegaard’s theory of agency and his criticism of philosophical ethics to this same complex of issues in Kant and post-Kantian idealism. In the process, it is argued that Schelling’s influence on Kierkegaard was greater than has been thought, and builds a new understanding of Kierkegaard’s project in his pseudonymous works on the basis of this revised picture of their historical background.
‘Despair’ in the Pseudonymous Works, and Kierkegaard's Double Incompatibilism
Authors: Kosch Michelle 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines Kierkegaard’s critical accounts of aesthetic and ethical stages of existence, arguing that on Kierkegaard’s view, both life-views incorporate distorted accounts of human agency. The criticism of the ethical stage is tied to the criticism of Kant’s approach to freedom for evil examined in chapters 2 and 4.
The Brute Within
Authors: Lorenz Hendrik 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Plato’s Republic introduces and employs an elaborate psychological theory whose core commitment it is that human motivation comes in three forms: rational, spirited, and appetitive. The Brute Within offers a detailed philosophical analysis of appetitive motivation and of Plato’s conception of appetite as a part of the soul. In doing so, it explores both the psychological theory of the Republic and its afterlife in Plato’s later dialogues as well as in Aristotle’s psychology and ethics. It shows that Plato’s Timaeus, a relatively late dialogue, preserves the substance of the Republic’s conception of appetite as a distinct part of the soul. At the same time, the Timaeus offers a number of important clarifications and amplifications of the theory of the tripartite soul, whose full significance emerges once the Timaeus is read in the context of a number of other later dialogues, most importantly the Theaetetus and the Philebus. In turning to Aristotle’s psychological theory and moral psychology, the book calls attention to the remarkable continuity between Aristotle’s and Plato’s thought in this area. It shows how Aristotle made Plato’s psychological theory his own both by modifying it where appropriate and by giving it a more determinate and precise formulation.
The Simple Picture
Authors: Lorenz Hendrik 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
It is widely held that in Republic 8, Plato acknowledges the occurrence within appetite of conflicts, in which it desires something or other and at the same time is averse to the thing in question. It is also believed by many that in the same book, Plato implicitly ascribes to appetite the capacity for means-end reasoning. In showing that both of these views are mistaken, the interpretation of Republic-style soul-partition set out in Chapter 2 is defended.
Belief and Reason
Authors: Lorenz Hendrik 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
That appetite can form beliefs is presupposed in the Republic and denied in the Timaeus. This chapter explains this development in Plato’s psychological theory in terms of new thoughts about what is involved in forming beliefs, rather than in terms of substantial changes in Plato’s conception of appetite. It is argued that the new thoughts in question are on display at Theaetetus 184-6.
Below Belief and Reason
Authors: Lorenz Hendrik 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Plato’s Timaeus denies appetite the capacity for belief and yet presupposes that appetite can give rise to action, and that it can receive commands and information from the rational part of the soul. The chapter explains these features of Plato’s theory in terms of a high-powered conception of belief, and of a rich conception of non-rational cognition centered on the senses. In doing so, it introduces two closely related and relevant passages from another late Platonic dialogue, the Philebus.
Repleteness, Sensitivity, and Richness
Authors: Kulvicki John V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTransparency, when combined with repleteness, sensitivity, and richness, yields a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for a representational system to be pictorial. Like the other three conditions, transparency makes no mention of picture perception. This structural account intuitively captures pictorial representation without appealing to perception, which is the main goal of Part I. The following chapters unpack some ramifications of the view. Understanding transparency requires drawing a distinction between pictures’ bare-bones contents and their fleshed-out contents (Haugeland, 1991). This distinction becomes very important in Part II as well.
Transparency
Authors: Kulvicki John V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIntuitively, pictures resemble what they depict. This chapter explains the role of resemblance in depiction, given the structural account presented in Chapters 2 and 3. Mimesis is defined as a systematic, semantically relevant sharing of properties between a picture and what it depicts. It is argued that all transparent representational systems are mimetic, but not all mimetic systems are transparent. This leads to a distinction between pictures and images: images are mimetic but not necessarily transparent. Examples include fMRI images, radar weather images, and so on. It is also argued that not all representations that share properties with what they represent are mimetic.
Fleshing Out and Seeing‐in
Authors: Kulvicki John V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWith some sense of the relation between bare-bones content and fleshed-out content on the table, this chapter answers four important questions. First, why do we flesh out the contents of pictures in the way that we do? Second, what is the source of explicit non-commitment in fleshed-out content? Third, how and why do we flesh out pictures’ bare-bones contents consistently as we change the position from which we view pictures? And finally, anamorphic pictures challenge the answers offered to the first three questions, so how should the current account handle them? This completes the account of pictorial content and picture perception.
Verity
Authors: Kulvicki John V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter and the next focus on pictorial realism, with an aim towards responding to some objections to the structural account of depiction. One important aspect of realism is verity: pictures are veritable to the extent that they represent objects true to our conceptions of them. This is an unpopular way to think of pictorial realism, but it turns out that verity does a better job of accounting for realism in general than many have thought it could. This undercuts some of the motivation for other accounts of realism, discussed in the next chapter.
Information, Imitation, and Inculcation
Authors: Kulvicki John V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractVerity, discussed in Chapter 11, is not the whole story about pictorial realism. Other accounts of realism appeal to the relative informativeness of representations, the way in which perceiving them mimics our perception of their contents, and the extent to which they are of a standard kind. There is something right about each of these approaches, and this chapter sorts that out in light of the new account of depiction presented earlier.
2 Legitimacy reconsidered: theoretical solutions
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses the concept of legitimacy, distinguishing between procedural and substantive legitimacy. Theoretical solutions to the scale and motivations problems are surveyed, drawing out three key ideas to explore further: representation, publicity, and rationality. It shows how some of the solutions to the motivations problem undermine solutions to the scale problem, and suggests that thinking in terms of a ‘deliberative system’ might help resolve the tensions before sketching the principles of what a legitimate deliberative democracy might look like.
3 Health politics and deliberative techniques
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter explores the context of the cases, setting out the history of patient involvement initiatives and deliberative experiments in the UK. It highlights the antipathy to interest groups and the ‘research orientation’ of those experiments, and the effects that orientation has had on limiting the scope and agenda of deliberation. It argues that whether deliberation occurs at the local level or at the centre matters a great deal, but that deliberative experiments tend to be at least as much about resource battles between the centre and the periphery as responding to citizens’ needs.
7 The institutions of a legitimate deliberative democracy
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the criteria for a legitimate deliberative democracy and assesses the different deliberative democratic models against those criteria. It points out that no single process can meet them all, thus criticizing the ‘minipublic’ approach. It suggests that a deliberative system approach is necessary, using different processes at different points of the decision making process. The outlines of such a scheme are described, linking activists in civil society and parliamentary processes with a variety of agenda-setting and decision-making tools.
Global and National Macroeconometric Modelling
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis book provides a comprehensive description of the state-of-the-art in macroeconometric modelling and describes the ‘long-run structural modelling approach’ applied to the modelling of national economies in a global context. The first part of the book discusses the ways in which economic theory and econometric analysis can be brought together to construct a macroeconometric model, in which the long-run relationships are consistent with economic theory and where the short-run dynamics have an interpretation. The discussion considers theoretical as well as practical considerations involved in the model building process, and gives an overview of the econometric methods covering cointegrating VAR analysis and probability forecasting. The second part of the book is devoted to the practical detail of estimating a long-run structural macroeconometric model and is illustrated through various global and national examples, including a step-by-step description of the development of a model of the UK economy. The third part discusses the interpretation and use of long-run structural macroeconometric models, describing the use of the UK model along with illustrations of the modelling approach in investigating regional interdependencies in a global macroeconometric model and other specified issues in a global or national macroeconometric context. Throughout, the book emphasizes the use of macroeconometric modelling in the real world and provides sufficient detail, including discussion of data collection and computer programmes employed, for the techniques that are introduced to be replicated or applied in new contexts.
Macroeconometric modelling: Alternative approaches
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes some alternative approaches to macroeconometric modelling, focusing on the long-run characteristics of macroeconomic models and the consensus that has developed surrounding desirable long-run properties. It also considers the effectiveness of the different approaches in their attempts to test and incorporate the long-run properties into models in practice.
Econometric methods: A review
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter briefly reviews the econometric methods needed for the empirical analysis of cointegrating VAR models and the associated impulse response functions, including new materials (on the conditions under which error-correction models are mean-reverting, for example) that are particularly useful in practical macroeconometric modelling.
Probability forecasting: Concepts and analysis
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to the interpretation and estimation of probability forecasts, which is considered to be a particularly useful method for presenting forecasts and decision-making. It shows how probability forecasts can accommodate stochastic uncertainty, parameter uncertainty, and model uncertainty. Practical guidance on their computation is provided.
A long-run structural model of the UK
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes the empirical work underlying the construction of the UK model, discusses the results obtained from testing its long-run properties, and compares the model with benchmark univariate models of the variables. The description of the modelling work not only provides one of the first examples of the use of the long-run structural cointegrating VAR techniques in an applied context, but it also includes a discussion of bootstrap experiments designed to investigate the small-sample properties of the tests employed.
Impulse response and trend/cycle properties of the UK model
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses the dynamic properties of the estimated UK model. It presents generalized and orthogonalized impulse response analyses of the effects of shocks to the UK economy, and considers in detail the dynamic effect of identified monetary policy shocks. It also presents a decomposition of the variables in the UK model into trends and cycles.
Natural Capital, Resource Dependency, and Poverty in Developing Countries: The Problem of ‘Dualism within Dualism’
Authors: Ramón López , Toman Michael A. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
There are currently two types of ‘dualism’ in patterns of resource use within developing countries that are relevant to the problem of resource degradation and poverty. The first ‘dualism’ concerns aggregate resource use and dependency within the global economy. The second ‘dualism’ concerns aggregate resource use and dependency within a developing economy. This ‘dualism within dualism’ pattern is symptomatic of a process of resource-based development, accompanied by substantial resource conversion, which often leads to benefits that are inequitably distributed. To reverse this ‘vicious cycle’, specific policies must be aimed at overcoming the structural features of ‘dualism within dualism’ in resource use patterns. Second, policies must also be introduced that improve the overall success of resource-based development that is accompanied by frontier land expansion. Specific policies include reform of land, tax, credit, and other economic policies that generally reinforce the dominance of wealthier households in natural resource and land markets, and promote the speculative investment in these resources as tax shelters.
Water Institutional Reforms in Developing Countries: Insights, Evidences, and Case Studies
Authors: Ramón López , Toman Michael A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWhile institutional reforms are critical for developing countries to enhance and sustain the economic and environmental contributions of their water sector, undertaking them is not an easy task in view of binding technical and political economy constraints. Despite these constraints, reforms of varying degree do occur in the water sector of many developing countries. This chapter attempts to explore the nature and extent of these reforms and constraints as well as the policy lessons that these reform experiences offer by (a) utilizing an institutional transaction cost framework, and (b) relying on stylized facts on water institutional reform observed across countries, empirical evidences on how institutional design and implementation principles are used to circumvent technical and political economy constraints, and case studies on the reform process in country-specific context. The chapter concludes by identifying key implications for both theory and policy that could contribute to international policy dialogue on the interface between institutional reform and water resources management.
The American Society of Anesthesiologists Postoperative Visual Loss Registry
Authors: Lee Lorri A. , Roth Steven , Posner Karen L. , Cheney Frederick W. , Caplan Robert A. , Newman Nancy J. , Domino Karen B. 
Published: September 2006

Background
Postoperative visual loss after prone spine surgery is increasingly reported in association with ischemic optic neuropathy, but its etiology is unknown.

Methods
To describe the clinical characteristics of these patients, the authors analyzed a retrospectively collected series of 93 spine surgery cases voluntarily submitted to the American Society of Anesthesiologists Postoperative Visual Loss Registry on standardized data forms.

Results
Ischemic optic neuropathy was associated with 83 of 93 spine surgery cases. The mean age of the patients was 50 +/- 14 yr, and most patients were relatively healthy. Mayfield pins supported the head in 16 of 83 cases. The mean anesthetic duration was 9.8 +/- 3.1 h, and the median estimated blood loss was 2.0 l (range, 0.1-25 l). Bilateral disease was present in 55 patients, with complete visual loss in the affected eye(s) in 47. Ischemic optic neuropathy cases had significantly higher anesthetic duration, blood loss, percentage of patients in Mayfield pins, and percentage of patients with bilateral disease compared with the remaining 10 cases of visual loss diagnosed with central retinal artery occlusion (P < 0.05), suggesting they are of different etiology.

Conclusions
Ischemic optic neuropathy was the most common cause of visual loss after spine surgery in the Registry, and most patients were relatively healthy. Blood loss of 1,000 ml or greater or anesthetic duration of 6 h or longer was present in 96% of these cases. For patients undergoing lengthy spine surgery in the prone position, the risk of visual loss should be considered in the preoperative discussion with patients.
Decrease of Functional Residual Capacity and Ventilation Homogeneity after Neuromuscular Blockade in Anesthetized Young Infants and Preschool Children
Authors: von Ungern-Sternberg Britta S. , Hammer Jürg , Schibler Andreas , Frei Franz J. , Erb Thomas O. 
Published: September 2006

Background
Based on age-dependent differences in pulmonary mechanics, the effect of neuromuscular blockade may differ in infants compared with older children. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of neuromuscular blockade and its reversal by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on functional residual capacity (FRC) and ventilation distribution in young infants and preschool children.

Methods
The authors studied 14 infants (aged 0-6 months) and 25 preschool children (aged 2-6 yr). FRC and lung clearance index were calculated. Measurements were taken (1) after intubation, (2) during neuromuscular blockade, and (3) during neuromuscular blockade plus application of PEEP (3 cm H2O).

Results
Functional residual capacity (mean +/- SD) decreased from 21.3 +/- 4.7 ml/kg to 12.2 +/- 4.8 ml/kg (P < 0.001) during neuromuscular blockade in infants and from 25.6 +/- 5.9 ml/kg to 23.0 +/- 5.3 ml/kg (P < 0.001) in preschool children. With the application of PEEP, FRC increased to 22.3 +/- 5.9 ml/kg (P = 0.4829, compared with baseline) in infants and 28.2 +/- 5.8 ml/kg (P < 0.001) in children. The lung clearance index increased after neuromuscular blockade, whereas baseline values were regained after the application of PEEP. The changes induced by neuromuscular blockade were significantly greater in infants compared with preschool children (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Although the use of neuromuscular blockade decreased FRC and ventilation distribution substantially in both groups, the changes were more pronounced in young infants. With PEEP, FRC increased and ventilation homogeneity was restored. These results provide a rationale to use PEEP in anesthetized, paralyzed infants and children.