bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced‐order model for monitoring spectroscopic and chromatographic polymer properties
Authors: Rantow Felix S. , Soroush Masoud , Grady Michael C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA reduced‐order mechanistic polymerization model and its application in the design of a low‐dimension multi‐rate state estimator (soft sensor) for monitoring spectroscopic and chromatographic polymer properties are presented. A model reduction approach is used to simplify a method‐of‐moments mechanistic model. Using this approach, the order (number of the state variables) of the model is reduced from 20 to 7. The soft sensor estimates spectroscopic and chromatographic polymer properties from (a) frequent measurements of the reactor temperature and the flow rates of monomer (n‐butyl acrylate), initiator (t‐butyl peroxy acetate) solution and solvent (xylene) feed streams, and (b) infrequent and delayed measurements of polymer number‐ and weight‐average molecular weights and the concentrations of terminal solvent groups, terminal double bonds and short chain branches. The benefits of using the infrequent measurements in the estimation are shown. The soft sensor is implemented in real‐time, and the calculated continuous estimates of polymer number‐ and weight‐average molecular weights and the concentrations of solvent, terminal double bonds and short chain branches are compared to the corresponding chromatographic and spectroscopic measurements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical Clockwise Tridifferentiation of α‐ and β‐Cyclodextrins: Bascule‐Bridge or Deoxy‐Sugars Strategies
Authors: Bistri Olivia , Sinaÿ Pierre , Jiménez Barbero Jesùs , Sollogoub Matthieu 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe selective and efficient functionalisation of large concave molecules is a chemical challenge opening the door to various applications, such as artificial enzymes. We propose here a method, based on deprotection of benzylated cyclodextrins, to selectively access a variety of complex structures with two or three new different functionalities on the primary platform. Our strategy is based on a mechanistic hypothesis involving the approach of an aluminium reagent between the primary oxygen atom and the endocyclic one of the same sugar unit. Due to its cyclic directionality, a change in steric hindrance on a given position of the cyclodextrin has a different effect on the clockwise or the counterclockwise directions. This concept is illustrated and exploited in two complementary ways: deoxygenation of the primary position of two diametrically opposed sugars induces a debenzylation reaction on the neighbouring clockwise sugars of α‐ and β‐cyclodextrins. Reversible capping, or bascule‐bridging, of the same pair of sugars has the same effect on the debenzylation of α‐cyclodextrin, but induces an important change of the geometry of β‐cyclodextrin, hence allowing the selective access to yet another functionalisation pattern. A combined use of deoxygenation and bascule‐bridging allows the access to an α‐cyclodextrin with its three pairs of primary functions differentiated and ready for further modifications. Bascule‐bridge or deoxy‐sugars are two complementary means to operate steric decompression and induce selective reactions to efficiently access a number of new patterns of functionalities on concave molecules.
Prognostic significance of mesenteric tumor nodules in patients with stage III colorectal cancer
Authors: Lo Dorothy S. , Pollett Aaron , Siu Lillian L. , Gallinger Steve , Burkes Ronald L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Tumor nodules are occasionally found in adjacent mesentery of colorectal cancer specimens and are felt to reflect a worse prognosis. The clinical significance of mesenteric tumor nodules was investigated.METHODS.A review of 786 patients with stage III colorectal cancer referred between 1995 and 1999 was undertaken. TNM staging was standardized by considering mesenteric nodules separately and not assigning them to T or N categories. Survival analyses were performed.RESULTS.Mesenteric tumor nodules were found in 116 (14.8%) patients: 48 (41.4%) with colon cancer and 68 (58.6%) rectal cancer. Mean age at surgery was 63 years. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given to 84.8% of colon cancer patients. Two (2.9%) rectal cancer patients received neoadjuvant chemoradiation, and 63 (92.6%) received adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy and/or radiation). In the cohort with mesenteric nodules, the median time to progression was 23.1 months, the median 5‐year disease‐free survival was 35%, and the median overall survival (OS) was 47.9 months, with 44% OS at 5 years. In the 19 (16.4%) patients with mesenteric nodules and no lymph nodes the 5‐year OS was 60% (SEER stage II 5‐year survival 82.5%), whereas in 97 patients who were lymph node‐positive the 5‐year OS was 40% (SEER 5‐year survival stage IIIc 44.3%; stage IV 8.1%).CONCLUSIONS.In comparison to SEER survival data, the presence of mesenteric nodules appears to worsen the prognosis of any T/N0 disease to that of overall stage III disease. Mesenteric nodules with any T/N+ disease had prognosis similar to that of stage IIIC disease, but the prognosis was better than M1 disease. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Barriers to recruiting underrepresented populations to cancer clinical trials: A systematic review
Authors: Ford Jean G. , Howerton Mollie W. , Lai Gabriel Y. , Gary Tiffany L. , Bolen Shari , Gibbons M. Chris , Tilburt Jon , Baffi Charles , Tanpitukpongse Teerath Peter , Wilson Renee F. , Powe Neil R. , Bass Eric B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractRacial and ethnic minorities, older adults, rural residents, and individuals of low socioeconomic status are underrepresented among participants in cancer‐related trials. The authors conducted a systematic review to determine the barriers to participation of underrepresented populations in cancer‐related trials. Their search included English‐language publications that reported original data on the recruitment of underrepresented groups to cancer treatment or prevention trials between 1966 and December 2005 in multiple electronic databases. They also hand‐searched titles in 34 journals from January 2003 to December 2005 and they examined reference lists for eligible articles. Titles and abstracts were reviewed to identify relevant studies. Data on barriers to participation were synthesized both qualitatively and based on statistically significant associations with trial enrollment. Of 5257 studies that were cited, 65 studies were eligible for inclusion in the current analysis, including 46 studies on recruitment into cancer therapeutic trials, 15 studies on recruitment into prevention trials, and 4 studies on recruitment into both prevention and treatment trials. Numerous factors were reported as barriers to participation in cancer‐related trials. However, only 20 of the studies reported statistically significant associations between hypothesized barriers and enrollment. The available evidence had limitations in quality regarding representativeness, justification of study methods, the reliability and validity of data‐collection methods, potential for bias, and data analysis. The results indicated that underrepresented populations face numerous barriers to participation in cancer‐related trials. The current systematic review highlighting the literature on recruitment of underrepresented populations to cancer trials and may be used as the evidence base toward developing an agenda for etiologic and intervention research to reduce the disparities in participation in cancer‐related trials. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
A 35‐year retrospective study of carcinoid tumors in Taiwan
Authors: Li Anna Fen‐Yau , Hsu Chih‐Yi , Li Alice , Tai Ling‐Chen , Liang Wen‐Yih , Li Win‐Yin , Tsay Shyh‐Haw , Chen Jeou‐Yuan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.A comprehensive study of carcinoid tumors from United States‐based databases indicated that the small intestine, colon, rectum, and bronchopulmonary system are common locations for carcinoid tumors. In addition, certain carcinoid tumors, such as rectal carcinoids, appeared to be overrepresented in nonwhite populations in the United States. High frequencies of associated noncarcinoid malignancies were reported in some articles. The objective of the current study was to address the organ distribution, frequency of metastasis, and survival rates of carcinoid tumors and the associated noncarcinoid tumors in Taiwanese, Asian populations.METHODS.Two hundred twenty‐eight patients with carcinoid tumors were identified and evaluated from the surgical pathology files and medical records of the Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan from January 1970 to December 2005.RESULTS.In 228 carcinoid tumors that were analyzed, the rectum (60.5%) was the most common location followed by the lung (20.2%) and the thymus (6.6%). Metastatic lesions were demonstrated in 16.2% of patients. Disease extent was associated with survival. The 5‐year survival rates for patients with localized, regional metastatic, and distant metastatic disease were 94.1%, 49.1%, and 0%, respectively (P < .001). Associated noncarcinoid malignancies were noted in 14% of patients with carcinoids, mainly in the gastrointestinal tract (52.9%), lung, and genitourinary system.CONCLUSIONS.A different organ distribution of carcinoids was observed in Taiwanese patients, who had with significantly more carcinoids located in the rectum and thymus compared with patients in Western countries. The patients with carcinoids in the current study had a high possibility of developing associated, noncarcinoid neoplasms. Surveillance of the colon, stomach, lung, and genitourinary system for second malignant tumors is recommended. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Comparison of 7 staging systems for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transarterial chemoembolization
Authors: Cho Yun Ku , Chung Jin Wook , Kim Jae Kyun , Ahn Yong Sik , Kim Mi Young , Park Yoon Ok , Kim Wan Tae , Byun Jong Hoon 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Many liver staging systems have been proposed for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after locoregional therapy; however, controversies persist regarding which system is the best. In this study, the authors compared the performance of 7 staging systems in a cohort of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent transarterial chemoembolization.METHODS.In total, 131 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent transarterial chemoembolization between August 1998 and February 2005 were included in the study. Demographic, laboratory, and tumor characteristics were determined at diagnosis and before therapy. At the time of censorship, 109 patients had died (83.2%). Predictors of survival were identified by using the Cox proportional hazards model. The likelihood‐ratio chi‐square statistic and the Akaike Information Criterion were calculated for 7 prognostic systems to evaluate their discriminatory ability. Comparisons of the survival rate between each stage were performed to evaluate the monotonicity of the gradients using Kaplan‐Meier estimation and the log‐rank test.RESULTS.The 5‐year survival rate for the entire cohort was 13.6%. The independent predictors of survival were serum albumin level (≤3.4 g/dL), the presence of ascites, serum α‐fetoprotein level (>60 ng/mL), and portal or hepatic vein tumor thrombosis (P= .001,P= .001,P= .004, andP= .000, respectively). The Cancer of the Liver Italian Program classification system was superior to the other 6 prognostic systems regarding discriminatory ability and the monotonicity of the gradients.CONCLUSIONS.In this comparison of many staging systems, the Cancer of Liver Italian Program system provided the best prognostic stratification for a cohort the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent transarterial chemoembolization. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Why complex systems engineering needs biological development
Authors: Banzhaf W. , Pillay N. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHere we shall discuss the need of Complex Systems Engineering to adopt principles from natural development of complex biological organisms—besides principles of natural evolution—to acomplish the type of performance that biology achieves regularly. We shall situate Complex Systems Engineering and discuss an example of how it could be employed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2007
The influence of a ferroelectric domain wall on the fabrication of a pyroelectric laser energymeter
Authors: Satapathy S. , Gupta P. K. , Wadhawan V. K. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA region across a ferroelectric domain wall has been scanned, using an Nd:YAG laser beam (beam size 440 μm), in a thin crystal of TGS (triglycine sulphate), cut normal to the polar axis and the pyroelectric response of the crystal has been recorded. If a laser pulse of fixed beam size falls on the domain completely, then the output pyroelectric signal is maximum. But when the laser beam (diameter of beam greater than width of domain wall) falls on the domain wall, the pyroelectric signals from two opposite domains tries to cancel each other and net signal depends on the position of laser beam across the domain wall. When the domain wall lies in the middle of the laser beam the output pyroelctric signal will be zero. In our experiment when beam of size 440 μm falls on positive domain the pyroelectric voltage of ‐2.76 mV recorded and when beam starts crossing the domain wall (i.e from positive domain to negative domain), the pyoelectric signal changes its sign from negative to positive through zero. After 220 μm the signal decreased to minimum and again increases to maximum (+2.46 mV) in opposite direction after 440 μm i.e when beam falls on the negative domain completely. This shows that the polarization in the domain wall region (separating two domains) is zero i.e the paraelectric nature of domain wall. So before detector fabrication the sample must be poled sufficiently to avoid the non uniformity of pyroelectric signal due to the domain wall. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of a new semi organic NLO material: L‐tyrosine hydrochloride
Authors: Natarajan S. , Shanmugam G. , Martin Britto Dhas S. A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSingle crystals of L‐Tyrosine hydrochloride were grown by using the submerged seed solution method. The grown crystals were characterized by using single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Functional groups and the modes of vibrations were identified by FTIR spectroscopy. The TGA/DTA studies showed that the crystal is stable up to 232°C. Microhardness study revealed that the crystal is a hard material. It is transparent in the entire visible region. The SHG efficiency was determined by the Kurtz and Perry method. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal structure refinement of the ternary compound Cu2SnTe3 by X‐ray powder diffraction
Authors: Delgado G. E. , Mora A. J. , Marcano G. , Rincón C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe ternary compound Cu2SnTe3 crystallizes in the Imm2 (Nº 44) space group, Z = 2, with a = 12.833(4) Å, b = 4.274(1) Å, c = 6.043(1) Å, V = 331.5(1) Å3. Its structure was refined from X‐ray powder diffraction data using the Rietveld method. The refinement of 25 instrumental and structural variables led to Rp = 10.2%, Rwp = 11.8%, Rexp = 7.7%, RB = 10.6%, S = 1.6 and χ2 = 2.6, for 5501 step intensities and 163 independent reflections. This compound is isostructural with Cu2GeSe3, and consists of a three‐dimensional arrangement of slightly distorted CuTe4 and SnTe4 tetrahedra connected by common corners. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of substrate temperature on the structure of ZnO:Al thin films
Authors: Rozati S. M. , Akeste Sh. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractZnO: Al films were prepared using low cost spray pyrolysis technique. The dependence of the physical properties on the substrate temperature was studied. The best films obtained at 500°C substrate temperature with preferred [002] orientation. The sheet resistance decreases with increased substrate temperature, and values as low as Rsh = 207 Ω/cm2 are reached for substrate temperature of 500°C. The optical transmittance of films increased by increasing the substrate temperature and received to 75% at 500°C. (© 2007 WILEY ‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Continuing Care of the Renal Patient: A Guide for Nurses
Authors: Leatherland Samantha 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to examine aspects of chronic renal failure in order to create a guide for nurses to help them manage patients with this condition more effectively. This is a literature review, with the literature search conducted using online databases and health science libraries. Two themes pertinent to chronic renal failure management‐coping and adaptation and self‐efficacy and empowerment‐are discussed. Reflections from my practice are related to the discussion, and as a result of the findings, suggestions are made on how nursing practice and research can be improved in the area of chronic renal failure.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the prostate gland
Authors: Maksem John A. , Berner Aasmund , Bedrossian Carlos 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWith the worldwide acceptance of mechanically assisted, ultrasound guided thin needle biopsy of the prostate gland, prostate fine needle aspiration (FNA) has fallen out of favor with both urologists and cytopathologists. Nonetheless, given today's trend to submit from 12 to 18 core biopsies per patient, prostate FNA remains less expensive, more expedient and more economical than any other sampling method so far developed. This short overview presents prostate FNA as a sensitive, specific and reliable diagnostic modality that should not be dismissed, as an anachronism, from the diagnostic armamentarium of either the urologist or the pathologist. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:778–785. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of soft tissue lesions: Diagnostic challenges
Authors: Domanski Henryk A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractClinical and radiographic data provide important information in the evaluation of soft tissue lesions/neoplasms. Morphologic tissue and cytologic examination is considered to be a necessary part of the diagnostic work‐up.The standard procedure for obtaining tumor tissue for morphologic evaluation has been incisional (open) or core needle biopsy. An increasing use of minimally invasive diagnostic procedures has resulted in better acceptance of fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of soft tissue lesions.This article discusses challenges in FNAC of soft tissue lesions based on the experience at a multidisciplinary referral sarcoma center.Obtaining sufficient specimens from deeply seated small and necrotic/cystic lesions is technically a potential pitfall and misdiagnosis of cells from reactive zones surrounding the tumor as well as the correct evaluation of spindle cell lesions, rare soft tissue neoplasms, and “new entities” lacking reproducible cytological criteria are other important challenges in FNAC of soft tissues.The successful cytological evaluation of soft tissue lesions requires the application of strict, reproducible morphological criteria in the context of the clinical findings as well as ancillary techniques. The minimal criteria for diagnostic intervention in various clinical settings and the relative advantages and disadvantages of FNAC must be understood. FNAC of soft tissue lesions is facilitated when limited to specialized orthopedic‐oncologic centers with a well‐integrated multidisciplinary team and experience in the evaluation and therapy of soft tissue lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:768–773. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular adequacy for thyroid aspirates prepared by ThinPrep: How many cells are needed?
Authors: Michael Claire W. , Pang Yijun , Pu Robert T. , Hasteh Farnaz , Griffith Kent A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAlthough it is well established that ThinPrep introduces artifacts to thyroid aspirates, no criteria have been established for adequacy of such specimens. This study evaluates the adequate number of cells needed to establish the correct diagnosis based on ThinPrep alone. A total of 218 thyroid aspirates prepared by TP with surgical pathology follow‐up were reviewed. The cellularity was calculated as follows: Count the total number of clusters, randomly select 10 clusters and count each, calculate the average number per cluster and multiply by the total number of clusters. A minimum number of 6 clusters with 10 cells each was arbitrary established to assume adequacy for a definitive diagnosis. Cytologic diagnoses were classified as: Nondiagnostic (ND), cystic contents, thyroiditis, nodular hyperplasia (NH), follicular/Hurthle (F/H) cell lesion, F/H cell neoplasm, and carcinoma: qualify. Histologic diagnoses were classified as: Cyst (colloid or otherwise), thyroiditis, NH, F/H adenoma, F/H carcinoma, carcinoma: qualify. Appropriate treatment triage was considered to be clinical for the former 4 cytologic categories and surgical for the latter 3 with ND warranting repeat aspiration. The results were subjected to logistic regressions analysis and contingency tables correlating the number of cells with the cytologic and histologic diagnosis as well as with treatment triage. Cellularity of sample was ranked in 10 deciles according to the number of cells and in 4 quartiles according to the number of clusters. The agreement percentage, for both diagnostic and treatment, was computed for each decile and quartile. 146 (67%) cases had cells and received a diagnosis while 72 (33%) were acellular. Of the 146 cases, 21 contained histiocytes or colloid only. 91/146 (62.3%) were correctly diagnosed and 123/146 (84.3%) would have been correctly triaged for treatment based upon the cytologic diagnosis. Samples with 180 cells or fewer had an agreement rate below 50%. Agreement rate increases to 80% when cellularity is 180–320. Above 320 agreement rate remains high but not uniformly. Total number of clusters did not play an independent role and only the number of cells per cluster had a significant correlation with diagnostic agreement. A 25‐cell increase in average cells per cluster increases the odds of agreement between diagnoses by 65%. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:792–797. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration in the diagnosis of head and neck lesions: A review and discussion of problems in differential diagnosis
Authors: Layfield Lester J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration (FNA) has become the predominant initial diagnostic technique for lesions at a number of sites within the head and neck. The technique has achieved this level of usage because it is relatively inexpensive, rapid to perform, well accepted by patients, associated with low morbidity, and has a relatively high diagnostic accuracy. Sites in the head and neck amenable to FNA include the thyroid, cervical masses and nodules, salivary glands, intraoral lesions and lesions in the paraspinal area and base of skull. Diagnostic accuracy is dependent on the site of aspiration as well as the skill of the individual performing and interpreting the FNA. Studies have shown that FNA is most accurate when the individual interpreting the FNA is the same individual who obtained the aspirate material. Each site undergoing FNA within the head and neck is associated with a set of differential diagnoses and diagnostic challenges which will be discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:798–805. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.