bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sousveillance and Cyborglogs: A 30-Year Empirical Voyage through Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues
Authors: Mann Steve 
Published: December 2005

This paper describes the author's own personal experiences, experiments, and lifelong narrative of inventing, designing, building, and living with a variety of body-borne computer-based visual information capture and mediation devices. The emphasis is not just on the devices themselves, but on certain social, privacy, ethical, and legal questions and challenges that have arisen from actual experiences with lifelong video capture, processing, transmission, and dissemination in a variety of different everyday cultural settings over the past 30 years. The most interesting of these accidentally-found questions pertain to: (1) inverse surveillance (body-borne audiovisual and other sensor capture, storage, recall, and processing, known in the research literature as “sousveillance”); and (2) the epistemology of freewill and metaphysics of choice that seems to arise from an apparent reversal of the now pervasive and ubiquitous notion of surveillance. Extrapolating from these lessons, several hypotheses are presented, including: (1) sousveillance, like surveillance, will be driven by rapid development of new technology, leaving legal frameworks lagging behind technology; (2) the growth of sousveillance will accelerate greatly when implementations come with other non-sousveillance uses (e.g., camera phones because of their strategic ambiguity with regard to whether they are being used to take a picture or for just a voice call); (3) legal frameworks will tend to support rather than oppose sousveillance; (4) such legal protections will favor video sousveillance over video surveillance just as they now favor audio sousveillance over audio surveillance; (5) such legal protections will emerge first for the disabled (e.g., the visually impaired); and will then expand to encompass other legitimate and beneficial uses of sousveillance (personal safety, evidence gathering, etc.); (6) a person wishing to do lifelong sousveillance is deserving of certain legal protections liabilizing others who might attempt to disrupt continuity of evidence.
Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation for Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Elbow in Juvenile Baseball Players
Authors: Yamamoto Yuji , Ishibashi Yasuyuki , Tsuda Eiichi , Sato Hideki , Toh Satoshi 
Published: December 2005

Background Osteochondral autografts have recently become popular to treat articular cartilage defects, and they are used for unstable osteochondritis dissecans lesions as a means of biological fixation. Purpose To evaluate the clinical results of osteochondral autograft transfer for osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Osteochondral autograft transfer was performed on 18 baseball players (mean age, 13.6 years) with osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow. These included 9 lesions that were grade 3 (separated but in situ) and 9 lesions that were grade 4 (displaced fragment with osteochondral defect) based on magnetic resonance imaging. All patients were evaluated with a scoring system, radiographs, and magnetic resonance imaging, with the mean follow-up at 3.5 years. Results In patients with grade 3 lesions, the subjective score was increased, but the objective score did not change. Six of 9 patients returned to their previous sports performance levels. One quit baseball because of academic reasons, 1 changed his position, and 1 changed to softball. In patients with grade 4 lesions, both subjective and objective scores were increased significantly. All but 1 patient returned to their previous sports performance levels. In the 3 grade 4 lesions with a wide osteochondral defect, the irregularity of the articular surface remained on magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion Osteochondral autograft transplantation is a useful treatment for reattachment of the lesion as well as osteochondral resurfacing of elbow osteochondritis dissecans.
Multiple Sclerosis Medical Image Analysis and Information Management
Authors: Liu Lifeng , Meier Dominik , Polgar‐Turcsanyi Mariann , Karkocha Pawel , Bakshi Rohit , Guttmann Charles R. G. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a central tool for patient management, as well as research, in multiple sclerosis (MS). Measurements of disease burden and activity derived from MRI through quantitative image analysis techniques are increasingly being used. There are many complexities and challenges in building computerized processing pipelines to ensure efficiency, reproducibility, and quality control for MRI scans from MS patients. Such paradigms require advanced image processing and analysis technologies, as well as integrated database management systems to ensure the most utility for clinical and research purposes. This article reviews pipelines available for quantitative clinical MRI research in MS, including image segmentation, registration, time‐series analysis, performance validation, visualization techniques, and advanced medical imaging software packages. To address the complex demands of the sequential processes, the authors developed a workflow management system that uses a centralized database and distributed computing system for image processing and analysis. The implementation of their system includes a web‐form‐based Oracle ®database application for information management and event dispatching, and multiple modules for image processing and analysis. The seamless integration of processing pipelines with the database makes it more efficient for users to navigate complex, multistep analysis protocols, reduces the user's learning curve, reduces the time needed for combining and activating different computing modules, and allows for close monitoring for quality‐control purposes. The authors' system can be extended to general applications in clinical trials and to routine processing for image‐based clinical research.
Synovial expression of IL-15 in rheumatoid arthritis is not influenced by blockade of tumour necrosis factor
Authors: Ernestam Sofia , af Klint Erik , Catrina Anca Irinel , Sundberg Erik , Engström Marianne , Klareskog Lars , Ulfgren Ann-Kristin 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBlockade of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is an effective treatment in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but both non-responders and partial responders are quite frequent. This suggests that other pro-inflammatory cytokines may be of importance in the pathogenesis of RA and as possible targets for therapy. In this study we investigated the effect of TNF blockade (infliximab) on the synovial expression of IL-15 in RA in relation to different cell types and expression of other cytokines, to elucidate whether or not IL-15 is a possible target for therapy, independently of TNF blockade. Two arthroscopies with multiple biopsies were performed on nine patients with RA and knee-joint synovitis before and after three infusions of infliximab (3 mg/kg). Synovial biopsies were analysed with immunohistochemistry for expression of IL-15, TNF, IL-1α, IL-1ß and IFN-γ, and for the cell surface markers CD3, CD68 and CD163. Stained synovial biopsy sections were evaluated by computerized image analysis. IL-15 expression was detected in all synovial biopsies taken at baseline. After infliximab therapy, the expression of IL-15 was increased in four patients and reduced in five. Synovial expression of IL-15 was not correlated with any CD marker or with the presence of any other cytokine. Synovial cellularity was decreased after 8 to 10 weeks of treatment with a significant reduction of the CD68-positive synovial cells, whereas no significant change was seen in the number of CD3-positive T cells and CD163-expressing macrophages. The number of TNF-producing cells in the synovial tissue at baseline was correlated with a good response to therapy. Thus, in this study the synovial expression of IL-15 in RA was not consistently influenced by TNF blockade, being apparently independent of TNF expression in the synovium. Consequently, we propose that IL-15 should remain as a therapeutic target in RA, regardless of the response to TNF blockade.
Changes in appetite related gut hormones in intensive care unit patients: a pilot cohort study
Authors: Nematy Mohsen , O'Flynn Jacqui E , Wandrag Liesl , Brynes Audrey E , Brett Stephen J , Patterson Michael , Ghatei Mohammad A , Bloom Stephen R , Frost Gary S 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Introduction
The nutritional status of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) appears to decline not only during their stay in the ICU but also after discharge from the ICU. Recent evidence suggests that gut released peptides, such as ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) regulate the initiation and termination of meals and could play a role in the altered eating behaviour of sick patients. The aim of this study was to assess the patterns of ghrelin and PYY levels during the stay of ICU patients in hospital.

Methods
Sixteen ICU patients (60 ± 4.7 years, body mass index (BMI) 28.1 ± 1.7 kg/m2 (mean ± standard error of the mean)) underwent fasting blood sample collections on days 1, 3, 5, 14, 21 and 28 of their stay at Hammersmith and Charing Cross Hospitals. Changes in appetite and biochemical and anthropometric markers of nutritional status were recorded. A comparison was made to a group of 36 healthy volunteers matched for age and BMI (54.3 ± 2.9 years, p = 0.3; BMI 25.8 ± 0.8 kg/m2p = 0.2).

Results
Compared to healthy subjects, ICU patients exhibited a significantly lower level of ghrelin (day one 297.8 ± 76.3 versus 827.2 ± 78.7 pmol/l, p < 0.001) during their stay in the ICU. This tended to rise to the normal level during the last three weeks of hospital stay. Conversely, ICU patients showed a significantly higher level of PYY (day one 31.5 ± 9.6 versus 11.3 ± 1.0 pmol/l, p < 0.05) throughout their stay in the ICU and on the ward, with a downward trend to the normal level during the last three weeks of stay.

Conclusions
Results from our study show high levels of PYY and low levels of ghrelin in ICU patients compared to healthy controls. There appears to be a relationship between the level of these gut hormones and nutritional intake.
Optimization of High Angle-of-Attack Approach to Landing Trajectories
Authors: Visser H G 
Published: December 2005

The use of thrust vectoring technologies for performing extremely short takeoff and landing (ESTOL) operations was recently successfully demonstrated in a series of flight experiments involving an X-31 aircraft. The study presented herein builds on these ESTOL developments. More specifically, the main goal of the present study is to shape high angle-of-attack approach trajectories in such a way that starting at a given altitude and speed, the down-range distance to the runway threshold is minimized. In other words, the steepest approach possible is explored. The approach-to-landing problem is formulated as an optimal control problem and solved numerically, using a rigid-body model of a thrust-vectored version of an F-16 fighter aircraft. The employed numerical method, collocation with non-linear programming, proves well suited for solving this problem.
Water Fraction Measurement in Marine Fuel Emulsions
Authors: Smith G H , Owens E H , Reading I 
Published: December 2005

The proposal, from the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), to limit further the emissions from marine diesel engines came into effect in May 2005. This has considerable consequence for the management and operation of ship diesel plant. One method that has been shown to limit the emissions of NOx is the addition of quantities of water as an emulsion into the heavy fuel oil (HFO) before it is injected into the burners. This reduces the peak combustion temperature, improves atomization of the diesel fuel, and can reduce emissions by as much as 30 per cent. A key component for an efficient and cost-effective system is a method to monitor the water content to an accuracy sufficient to allow the mix to be adjusted to meet the needs of the varying engine loads. This paper briefly presents the environmental, legislative, and technical background. The principle aim is, however, to describe the experimental work examining the application of an in-line optical sensor. Laboratory tests on HFO, having a room temperature viscosity of 180 cSt, were undertaken at two nominal temperatures, 80 and 130°. These tests provide empirical evidence that an in-line optical monitor could determine water fraction within the emulsion to the accuracy requirement (better than 3 per cent) and over the operational water content range (15-33 per cent water to oil). A hypothesis is presented to explain the changes in the optical scattering characteristics of the oil/water emulsion with water content. Additional results are presented that demonstrate the use of two commercial viscometers to quantify the oil/water fraction. It was concluded that the measurement of emulsion viscosity can be related to water fraction but that the current instruments do not have the required resolution and have serious limitations due to their temperature sensitivity. A key requirement for further work is that the scattering properties of the emulsion be investigated in greater detail. In particular a test must be undertaken at temperatures in the region of 170°. Also, the instrument must be developed to cope with the wide variety of diesel fuels that a ship may take on at bunkering facilities around the world.
Effect of Fluorine Substituent on the Chitinase-catalyzed Polymerization of Sugar Oxazoline Derivatives
Authors: Makino Akira , Sakamoto Junji , Ohmae Masashi , Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
6-Deoxy-6-fluoro sugar oxazoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated their polymerizabilities with the catalysis of chitinase. The polymerizability of an N-acetyl-6-deoxy-6-fluoroglucosamine oxazoline was lower than that of non-fluorinated N-acetylglucosamine oxazoline, only providing the ring-opened hydrolyzate. The disaccharide oxazoline derivative of N,N′-diacetyl-6′-deoxy-6′-fluorochitobiose exhibited lower polymerizability with the enzyme compared to that of the non-fluorinated N,N′-diacetylchitobiose oxazoline, providing the corresponding fluorinated chitin derivative in good yields within 4 h. These results suggest that the fluorine atom-incorporation reduced the reactivity of the oxazolines.
Effect of Interstitial Velocity on the Adsorption of Bacteria onto Soil
Authors: Abu-Ashour Jamal , Abu-Zreig Majed 
Published: December 2005

The adsorption of bacteria onto soil is affected by the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and water, the size and morphology of the bacterial cells, and the water-flow characteristics in the soil. The present study focuses on the latter factor by investigating the effect of the interstitial velocity on the adsorption of bacteria onto soil. Columns of 10 cm diameter and 130 cm height, respectively, were packed with a sandy soil. The columns were saturated with water containing nalidixic acid-resistant Escherichia coli as a bio-tracer at three different pH levels. The columns were maintained at 20°C for 24 h before connecting the column outlet to its inlet by a pump in a closed loop. Water containing the biotracer was re-circulated through the column for another 24 h at three different interstitial velocities. Water samples were taken from a sampling tap connected to the pump at 4-h intervals. These samples were analyzed to determine the biotracer concentration. The results show that more biotracer cells were retained in the soil at the lower interstitial velocity. The higher interstitial velocity resulted in higher shear forces which caused more desorption of the biotracer cells from the surfaces of the soil particles. Bacterial adsorption was higher at the acidic pH value. The survival of the biotracer cells in soil solution was also tested at three different pH levels. The results show that no decline in the biotracer concentration occurred during the test period.
Folding Sleeves — Variations on a Theme of the Earthworm
Authors: Hachem Caroline , Hanaor Ariel 
Published: December 2005

The earthworm is a pressurised fluid tube whose peristaltic locomotion is facilitated by distinct structural features. The envelope of the earthworm incorporates two primary morphological and structural systems: A skeletal system, formed by a helical network of collagen fibres, and a continuous system composed of a stretchable membrane. The two systems closely interact under internal fluid pressure to produce the peristaltic locomotion. The paper presents applications of foldable sleeves or tubes, simulating the morphological and kinematical aspects of the earthworm locomotion, focusing on the combination of skeletal and compatible stressed-skin systems to produce a functional envelope. Several skeletal and stressed-skin structural systems and their combinations are presented, making extensive use of physical models. These systems are characterised by helical morphological features, which preserve the main kinematical characteristics of earthworm locomotion.
Dynamic Performance of the Roof of Hagia Sophia considering Cracking
Authors: Şahin Meltem , Mungan Ihsan 
Published: December 2005

Cracks have major effects on both static and dynamic behaviour of masonry structures. Cracking starts at the weakest region and propagates through the whole structure as load is increased. Hence, investigation of the crack propagation gives an idea about the possible collapse mechanisms of any masonry structure. A worldwide known 1500 years old masonry building is Hagia Sophia with its unique structural system of its roof and size, covering a column free 2000 sqm. large space. Hagia Sophia will stands and resists earthquakes, although it has a lot of cracks. Cracking of a structure strongly depends on the form and the rigidity of its elements. For this reason, in this paper, two alternative structural models of Hagia Sophia are investigated from dynamic point of view considering the crack propagation. The original model represents the structure as built, whereas a fictitious second one is obtained by modifying the east and west arches of the first. In the second model, the size of the weak east and west arches is increased to be equal to that of the strong north and south arches. Results of the analyses are given in terms of diagrams for the principal stress distributions. It turns out that the model with strong arches in both directions provides a higher resistance to earthquake, even after cracking.
Comparing institutional designs for neighbourhood renewal: neighbourhood management in Britain and the régies de quartier in France
Authors: Clark David , Southern Rebekah 
Published: December 2005

English
This article provides a comparative perspective on urban regeneration strategies through an analysis of two distinct institutional designs for revitalising deprived urban neighbourhoods: neighbourhood management in Britain and the ‘régies de quartier’ model in France. The article draws on case studies of the Thornhill New Deal for Communities neighbourhood in Southampton and the Régie Bocca Services in Cannes to evaluate the context, philosophy and practice of partnership working and community empowerment associated with each institutional design. The article concludes by identifying some possible lessons for UK policy makers of the French experience with régies de quartier.
Work First as a European model? Evidence from Germany and the Netherlands
Authors: Bruttel Oliver , Sol Els 
Published: December 2005

English
Work First has emerged as the dominant active labour market policy strategy in Anglo-Saxon countries. In this article, we analyse recent labour market policy developments in Germany and the Netherlands. On the basis of general policy developments and four specific indicators (active labour market budgets, unemployment benefit systems, the definition of suitable work and the use of sanctions), we find supporting evidence for the hypothesis that Work First is gaining popularity in both Germany and the Netherlands. In Germany we find Work First at an early stage in terms of rules, and in the Netherlands we identify numerous experiments that are already under way in practice with respect to Work First variants.
Giving urban policy its ‘medical’: assessing the place of health in area-based regeneration
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Thomson Hilary , Kearns Ade , Petticrew Mark 
Published: December 2005

English
How does regeneration affect health and how have successive urban policy evaluations sought to measure such impacts? This article draws on a systematic review of nationallevel evaluation documentation relating to government-funded, area-based regeneration initiatives in the UK since 1980. The review examined whether health impacts had been intended and, if so, how they had been measured. The process and difficulties of conducting the review raise significant questions about policy formulation and evaluation. Is evidence-based policy possible where evaluations are not stored centrally? In short, a model policy development as ‘enlightened’ or incremental is hard to sustain where a lack of systematic storage of data means that researchers, policy makers and practitioners may struggle to produce clear answers to important policy questions.
Measurement of Total Vitamin B12 and Holotranscobalamin, Singly and in Combination, in Screening for Metabolic Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Authors: Miller Joshua W , Garrod Marjorie G , Rockwood Alan L , Kushnir Mark M , Allen Lindsay H , Haan Mary N , Green Ralph 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Background: The standard screening test for vitamin B12 deficiency, measurement of total plasma vitamin B12, has limitations of sensitivity and specificity. Plasma vitamin B12 bound to transcobalamin (holoTC) is the fraction of total vitamin B12 available for tissue uptake and therefore has been proposed as a potentially useful alternative indicator of vitamin B12 status.
Methods: We compared the diagnostic accuracy of total vitamin B12, holoTC, and a combination of both measures to screen for metabolic vitamin B12 deficiency in an elderly cohort (age ≥60 years). Plasma methylmalonic acid and homocysteine were used as indicators of vitamin B12 deficiency.
Results: Low total vitamin B12 (&lt;148 pmol/L) and low holoTC (&lt;35 pmol/L) were observed in 6.5% and 8.0%, and increased methylmalonic acid (&gt;350 nmol/L) and homocysteine (&gt;13 μmol/L) were observed in 12.1% and 17.0% of the study participants. In multiple regression models, holoTC explained 5%–6% more of the observed variance in methylmalonic acid and homocysteine than did total vitamin B12 (P ≤0.004). ROC curve analysis indicated that total vitamin B12 and holoTC were essentially equivalent in their ability to discriminate persons with and without vitamin B12 deficiency. Individuals with low concentrations of both total vitamin B12 and holoTC had significantly higher concentrations of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine than did individuals with total vitamin B12 and/or holoTC within the reference intervals (P &lt;0.001).
Conclusions: HoloTC and total vitamin B12 have equal diagnostic accuracy in screening for metabolic vitamin B12 deficiency. Measurement of both holoTC and total vitamin B12 provides a better screen for vitamin B12 deficiency than either assay alone.