bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANTHROPOMETRY OF THE YOUNG ADULT COLLEGE RUGBY PLAYER IN WALES
Authors: Bell W. 
Published: December 2008

Twenty-one anthropometric measurements were taken on 33 first class and 29 second class young adult college rugby players. Each player was classified according to position.There were significant differences between first and second class players in a number of measurements and it was felt necessary therefore to consider the two groups apart. Forwards were considered separately from backs.Physique was determined according to Parnell. Overall, forwards had about a one-half unit more Fat than backs. Mean ratings for the first class forward were 4.5/5.0/2.5 and backs 4.0/5.0/2.5; second class forwards 4.5/4.5/2.5 and backs 4.0/4.5/3.0.Lean body weight and total body fat were derived according to Wilmore and Behnke. In both groups forwards had higher lean body weights and total body fat values than backs. In the first class player percent body fat was approximately the same for forwards and backs (16%). There was a 5% differential between second class forwards (17%) and backs (12%).The sum of cross-sectional diameters of arm, calf and thigh, and of four transformed skinfolds gave similar results, for forwards and backs in both groups, as lean body weight and total body fat.An analysis of variance was carried out within groups and between positions for all measurements. There were a greater number of significant differences within the first class player. Forwards differed, for example, in height, weight, lean body weight, total body fat and femur; backs in height, lean body weight, bi-iliac and arm length. The second class player differed in other measurements, for instance, humerus and upper-arm circumference.
HERITABILITY OF HUMAN FUNCTIONAL ADAPTABILITY
Authors: Klissouras V. 
Published: December 2008

The use of co-twin analysis in this laboratory has shown that Functional Adaptability (FA) is set by the genotype, although it can be substantially modified by training.The present experiments are an extension of our earlier work and were conducted to establish quantitatively the heritability of FA in man.Heritability refers to the proportion of the variation in FA which is attributable to genetic predisposition, while FA refers to the upper limit of adaptional response of the organism to a metabolic stressor, and is characterised by the Maximal Aerobic Power (MAP) and Maximal Anaerobic Capacity (MAC).One hundred Monozygotic (MZ) and Dizygotic (DZ) twins ran to exhaustion on progressively increasing work loads on the motor driven treadmill, in order to determine their MAP, MAC and maximal cardiac output. Their zygosity was diagnosed on the basis of morphology, dermatoglyphics and blood groups.The contribution of heritability to FA was disclosed by variance analysis and by the equation: [Formula: see text]where H = Heritability;6D2= variance of FA within DZ twins and6M2= variance of FA within MZ twins. Findings were discussed in relation to trainability and specific attributes which limit functional adaptability.
Injuries in Rugby and Association Football
Authors: Weightman Doris , Browne R. C. 
Published: December 2008

The number, site, severity and rate of accidents and the medical attention received has been measured for association and rugby football in the four northern counties of England during the 1970-1971 season. 696 out of 1601 (43%) association and 117 out of 232 (50%) rugby football clubs replied to the questionnaires. If all the clubs had replied an estimated 14078 injuries would have occurred in association and 3888 in rugby football. For soccer, the accident rate was 36.5 per 10,000 man-hours of play and for rugger 30.5. In soccer 65% of all injuries were to the lower limbs, but only 36% in rugger, which had a higher proportion of injuries to other sites compared with soccer. Fractures and dislocations were twice as common in rugger as in soccer. Concussion was also more common. In rugby football, the players are injured less often than in association football, but more seriously, as is shown by the fact that hospital treatment was needed by 29.8% of the soccer injuries, but 52.8% of those in rugby football. Similarly, a rugger injury needed on average 12 days off play, whereas one in soccer needed only 6 days off play.A bigger proportion of soccer injuries (73.8%) received rapid first aid than did rugger injuries (45.8%). Better first aid cover at matches and simple protective clothing for the legs of soccer players and shoulders of rugby players are suggested.
Injuries in Eleven Selected Sports
Authors: Weightman Doris , Browne R. C. 
Published: December 2008

All the clubs for 10 sports in the four northern counties were surveyed for injuries for a whole playing season and a 50% sample of the badminton clubs were surveyed in the same way. After the two types of football, hockey comes third in the injury league with women getting injured mostly in the legs, but men in the upper part of the body. Protective padding for hockey players' legs is suggested. Finger injuries and occasional concussion are characteristics of cricket and sprains and strains of badminton. The severity rate in fencing was low with an occasional superficial cut. Cycling was safe, but when an accident did happen it usually produced multiple abrasions as can be readily understood by anyone who has fallen off a bicycle. Boxing and judo did not produce many injuries, but when they did, they were severe, and needed a relatively long time (on average 3 weeks) off sport. But, paradoxically the medical attention which they attracted was better than that attracted by the minor injuries of the other sports. Rowing and swimming were both very safe sports, notwithstanding the potentially hazardous nature of water. The injuries in sub-aquatic activities seemed to depend upon the club rather than upon the sport itself, which suggests that rather more careful supervision may sometimes be necessary.The range of injury produced by sport is so wide—from a bruise to a brain injury—that it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the hospital accident room is the right place to receive the injured player in the first instance. From here he can, if necessary, be routed to another department for more specialized treatment.Introducing more first aid training into sport, at, perhaps, the level of club officials, players themselves, and in addition, regular supporters will be the most useful steps which can be taken in the management of sports injuries.
Heart Rates at Submaximal Relative Workloads in Subjects of High and Medium Fitness
Authors: Withers R. T. , Haslam R. W. 
Published: December 2008

Eight subjects of high fitness (V̇O2max - 56.9 ml/kg × min) and eight subjects of medium fitness (V̇O2max = 43.4 ml/kg × min) pedalled a bicycle ergometer for 6 minutes at workloads which elicited 70%, 80% and 90% of their individual V̇O2max. Heart rates were recorded during the last 30 seconds of each workload.The data were analysed by a 2 (fitness levels) × 3 (workloads) analysis of variance factorial design. Although the high fitness group recorded a lower mean heart rate for the 3 workloads (155 beats/min) than the medium fitness group (161 beats/min), there was no overall statistically significant difference between the 2 fitness levels. The difference was most marked at the highest workload where a statistically significant (p < .05) interaction occurred between workload and fitness level. A completely randomised design analysis of variance indicated that the high fitness group attained their V̇O2max at a statistically significant lower heart rate (173 beats/min) than the medium fitness group (182 beats/min).
OPTIMIZING REFLECTIVE PRIMITIVES OF DYNAMIC LANGUAGES
Authors: REDONDO JOSE MANUEL , ORTIN FRANCISCO , CUEVA JUAN MANUEL 
Published: December 2008

Dynamic languages are becoming widely used in software engineering due to the flexibility needs of specific software systems. Different example scenarios are the development of dynamic aspect oriented software, Web applications, adaptable and adaptive software or application frameworks. One important lack of these languages is compile-time error detection offered by static languages. However, runtime performance is the most serious limitation to use them in commercial software development. Although JIT optimizing compilation is a widely used technique to speed up intermediate code execution, this has not been successfully applied to dynamically adaptive platforms yet. We present an approach to improve the structural reflective primitives offered by dynamic languages. Looking for a language-neutral platform with a good JIT-based runtime performance, we have used the Microsoft shared source implementation of the CLI. Its model has been extended with semantics of prototype-based object-oriented models, much more suitable than the class-based one for reflective environments. This augmented semantics together with JIT generation of native code has produced significantly better runtime performance than the existing implementations.
Child welfare needs in Mongolia
Authors: Hayashi Reiko , Frost Caren J. , Yamashita Eizaburo , Khuajin Ulziitungalag , Nyamsuren B. 
Published: December 2008

English Mongolia's rapid transition to a capitalist ecomony resulted in family disintegration and child homelessness. This article, based on interviews with six youths who spent several years in an orphanage, suggests that institutionalization is not a solution. Although generalizations require caution, the study supports the importance of developing family preservation policies. French La transition rapide de la Mongolie en une économie capitaliste a pour résultats la désintégration de la famille et la multiplication des enfants sans abris. Cet article, basé sur les interviews de six jeunes ayant passé plusieurs années dans un orphelinat, suggère que l’institutionnalisation n’est pas une solution. Bien qu’il faille se méfier des généralisations, l’étude souligne l’importance du développement des politiques de préservation des familles. Spanish La transición rápida de Mongolia a una economía capitalista resulto en desintegración familiar y niños sin techo. Este artículo, basado en entrevistas con seis jóvenes que pasaron varios años en un orfanato, sugiere que la institucionalización no es buena solución. Aunque las generalizaciones requieren cautela, el estudio apoya la importancia de desarrollar políticas que preserven a la familia.
Recommended nomenclature for the sapphirine and surinamite groups (sapphirine supergroup)
Authors: Grew E. S. , Hålenius U. , Pasero M. , Barbier J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMinerals isostructural with sapphirine-1A, sapphirine-2M, and surinamite are closely related chain silicates that pose nomenclature problems because of the large number of sites and potential constituents, including several (Be, B, As, Sb) that are rare or absent in other chain silicates. Our recommended nomenclature for the sapphirine group (formerly aenigmatite group) makes extensive use of precedent, but applies the rules to all known natural compositions, with flexibility to allow for yet undiscovered compositions such as those reported in synthetic materials. These minerals are part of a polysomatic series composed of pyroxene or pyroxene-like and spinel modules, and thus we recommend that the sapphirine supergroup should encompass the polysomatic series. The first level in the classification is based on polysome, i.e. each group within the supergroup corresponds to a single polysome. At the second level, the sapphirine group is divided into subgroups according to the occupancy of the two largestMsites, namely, sapphirine (Mg), aenigmatite (Na), and rhönite (Ca). Classification at the third level is based on the occupancy of the smallestMsite with most shared edges,M7, at which the dominant cation is most often Ti (aenigmatite, rhönite, makarochkinite), Fe3+(wilkinsonite, dorrite, høgtuvaite) or Al (sapphirine, khmaralite); much less common is Cr (krinovite) and Sb (welshite). At the fourth level, the two most polymerizedTsites are considered together, e.g. ordering of Be at these sites distinguishes høgtuvaite, makarochkinite and khmaralite. Classification at the fifth level is based on XMg= Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) at theMsites (excluding the two largest andMl). In principle, this criterion could be expanded to include other divalent cations at these sites, e.g. Mn. To date, most minerals have been found to be either Mg-dominant (XMg> 0.5), or Fe2+-dominant (XMg< 0.5), at theseMsites. However, XMgranges from 1.00 to 0.03 in material described as rhönite, i.e. there are two species present, one Mg-dominant, the other Fe2+-dominant. Three other potentially new species are a Mg-dominant analogue of wilkinsonite, rhönite in the Allende meteorite, which is distinguished from rhonite and dorrite in that Mg rather than Ti or Fe3+is dominant atMl, and an Al-dominant analogue of sapphirine, in which Al > Si at the two most polymerizedTsitesvs. Al < Si in sapphirine. Further splitting of the supergroup based on occupancies other than those specified above is not recommended.
Rapid intracrystalline exchange of octahedrally-coordinated divalent cations in amphiboles: an in situ high-temperature neutron diffraction study of synthetic potassic richterite AKB(NaCa)C(Mg2.5Ni2.5)Si8O22(OH)2
Authors: Welch M. D. , Reece J. J. , Redfern S. A. T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe distribution of Mg and Ni over the octahedrally-coordinated sites M(l,2,3) in Ni-substituted potassic richterite solid solution, AKB(NaCa)c(Mg2.5Ni2.5)Si8O22(OH)2, synthesized at 0.1 GPa/750°C (25 days), has been studied in situ to 700°C by neutron powder diffraction with Rietveld structure refinement. Using a 2.7 g sample it was possible to make short data collections (3 h) at each temperature at intervals of 50° from 50 to700°C and locate the onset of cation exchange. Above 700°C the amphibole decomposes rapidly and so only an on-heating dataset was collected. Unit-cell parameters increase smoothly upon heating, with no discontinuities evident. Site occupancies of M(l), M(2) and M(3) sites were refined from site-scattering values. The initial XNi values of M(l), M(2) and M(3) sites, corresponding to the synthesis temperature of 750°C, are 0.57(1), 0.34(1) and 0.68(2), respectively. Above 400°C, there is initial ordering whereby thermal annealing allows the disordered Mg-Ni distribution of the quenched synthesis product to adjust to be closer to those appropriate for lower temperatures of the heating sequence. This ordering involves the exchange of Mg and Ni between M(l) and M(2), with no significant change in M(3) occupancy. At 700°C, XNi values of the M(l), M(2) and M(3) sites are 0.64(1), 0.27(1) and 0.69(2), respectively. No disordering was observed, due to the short duration of the high-temperature data collections and decomposition at 750°C. The results of this study indicate that divalent cations exchange between octahedral sites in amphiboles in a matter of hours.
From structure topology to chemical composition.VIII. Titanium silicates: the crystal chemistry of mosandrite from type locality of Låven (Skådön), Langesundsfjorden, Larvik, Vestfold, Norway
Authors: Sokolova E. , Cámara F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe crystal structure of mosandrite, ideally Na2Ca4REETi(Si2O7)2OF3,a =7.4184(8),b =5.6789(6), c = 18.873(2) Å, β = 101.410(2)°,V =779.35(5) Å3, space groupP21/c, Z =2, Dcalc= 3.363 g.cm-3, from the type locality, Låven (Skådön), Langesundsfjorden, Larvik, Vestfold, Norway, has been refined toRi =6.33% on the basis of 1113 unique reflections F°≥4σF. Electron microprobe analysis gave the empirical formula Na1.99(Ca3.93Sr0.02)Σ3.95(Ce0.41La0.16Nd0.13Pr0.04Sm0.02Dy0.01Y0.13)Σ0.90(Ti0.864+Nb0.08Zr0.05)Σ0.99(Si207)2(F1.20O0.80)Σ2.00F2, Z = 2, calculated on the basis of 18 (O + F) a.p.f.u.. The crystal structure of mosandrite is a framework of TS (titanium silicate) blocks. The TS block consists of HOH sheets (H-heteropolyhedral, O-octahedral). The TS block in mosandrite exhibits linkage and stereochemistry typical for Group I (Ti = 1 a.p.f.u.) Ti-disilicate minerals: two H sheets connect to the O sheet such that two (Si2O7) groups link to thetransedges of a Na polyhedron of the O sheet. The O sheet cations give Na(NaCa)Ti (4 a.p.f.u.). The TS blocks linkviacommon vertices of (Si2O7) groups and common vertices and edges of Ca-dominant MHand Appolyhedra. Two adjacent TS blocks are related by the glide plane cy. Composition and topology of the TS block in mosandrite and rinkite are identical. The crystal structure of mosandrite from the type locality is topologically and chemically identical to that of rinkite from the type locality of Kangerdluarssuk, Greenland.
Moissanite in serpentinite from the Dabie Mountains in China
Authors: Xu Shutong , Wu Weiping , Xiao Wansheng , Yang Jingsui , Chen Jing , Ji Shouyuan , Yican Liu  
Published: December 2008

AbstractAlthough moissanite has been found in various rocks, reliable primary moissanite has been reported only from kimberlites and meteorites. The Dabie Mountain moissanite reported in this paper is the first occurrence of primary moissanite hosted by serpentinite. It differs from synthetic silicon carbide in optical properties, inclusions and infrared spectrum. The biaxiality of the Dabie Mountain moissanite is thought to be the result of intracrystal deformation. In reference to the ultrahigh pressure (7—8 GPa) signature of exsolution of rod-like apatite, clinopyroxene and rutile in garnets, and magnetite lamellae in olivine reported in the Dabieshan, we inferred that the moissanite from the Dabie Mountains was probably generated at a depth of 180 km; and then subducted to a depth of 210—250 km, where the moissanite became biaxial before its exhumation.
A comparison of optical microscope- and scanning electron microscope-based cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and spectroscopy applied to geosciences
Authors: Götze J. , Kempe U. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and spectroscopy are outstanding methods in several fields of geosciences. Cathodoluminescence can be examined using a wide variety of electron-beam equipment. Of special interest to geologists are optical microscopes (OMs) equipped with an electron gun. scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and electron microprobes. Despite the similar kind of excitation, the results obtained may show marked differences. These are related to the use of focused or defocused as well as a scanned or stationary electron beam and the kind of signal acquisition. Images obtained by OM-CL (hot or cold acceleration) and SEM-CL differ due to different spatial resolution, true colour, grey-scale, or monochromatic detection, contrast inversion, phosphorescence effects, etc.Instrumentation used for spectroscopic studies may differ in sequential or parallel signal acquisition, wavelength range, spectral resolution, and the kind of analytical spot limitation. This is particularly important when investigating transient CL, rare earth element (REE) emissions, or luminescence in the near UV and IR regions as well as samples with small grain sizes and contrasting CL behaviour of adjacent mineral phases.In the present study, the influence of analytical parameters is demonstrated for certain mineral examples including zircon, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, corundum, kaolinite, and dickite.
The metal-rich portions of the phase system Cu-Fe-Pd-S at 1000°C, 900°C and 725°C: implications for mineralization in the Skaergaard intrusion
Authors: Karup-Møller S. , Makovicky E. , Barnes S.-J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe sulphur-poor portions of the dry condensed Cu-Fe-Pd-S system were studied at 1000°C, 900°C and 725°C by synthesis in evacuated silicate glass tubes, along with textural observations and electron microprobe analyses of equilibrated reaction products. Sulphide melt coexists with Cu-Fe-Pd alloys, bornite, Fe1-xS and iss (intermediate solid solution, Cabri, 1973) and Pd4S. Compositional data were obtained for the associations bornite-alloy-melt, pyrrhotite-alloy-melt and for immiscible Cu-rich sulphide melts. Partition coefficients for all three metals were derived for the association alloy-melt. Formation of the two new Cu-Pd alloy minerals, skaergaardite and nielsenite, is discussed in terms of the present findings.
DISCLOSE : DISsection of CLusters Obtained by SEries of transcriptome data using functional annotations and putative transcription factor binding sites
Authors: Blom Evert-Jan , van Hijum Sacha AFT , Hofstede Klaas J , Silvis Remko , Roerdink Jos BTM , Kuipers Oscar P 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Background
A typical step in the analysis of gene expression data is the determination of clusters of genes that exhibit similar expression patterns. Researchers are confronted with the seemingly arbitrary choice between numerous algorithms to perform cluster analysis.

Results
We developed an exploratory application that benchmarks the results of clustering methods using functional annotations. In addition, a de novo DNA motif discovery algorithm is integrated in our program which identifies overrepresented DNA binding sites in the upstream DNA sequences of genes from the clusters that are indicative of sites of transcriptional control. The performance of our program was evaluated by comparing the original results of a time course experiment with the findings of our application.

Conclusion
DISCLOSE assists researchers in the prokaryotic research community in systematically evaluating results of the application of a range of clustering algorithms to transcriptome data. Different performance measures allow to quickly and comprehensively determine the best suited clustering approach for a given dataset.
SynteBase/SynteView: a tool to visualize gene order conservation in prokaryotic genomes
Authors: Lemoine Frédéric , Labedan Bernard , Lespinet Olivier 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Background
It has been repeatedly observed that gene order is rapidly lost in prokaryotic genomes. However, persistent synteny blocks are found when comparing more or less distant species. These genes that remain consistently adjacent are appealing candidates for the study of genome evolution and a more accurate definition of their functional role. Such studies require visualizing conserved synteny blocks in a large number of genomes at all taxonomic distances.

Results
After comparing nearly 600 completely sequenced genomes encompassing the whole prokaryotic tree of life, the computed synteny data were assembled in a relational database, SynteBase. SynteView was designed to visualize conserved synteny blocks in a large number of genomes after choosing one of them as a reference. SynteView functions with data stored either in SynteBase or in a home-made relational database of personal data. In addition, this software can compute on-the-fly and display the distribution of synteny blocks which are conserved in pairs of genomes. This tool has been designed to provide a wealth of information on each positional orthologous gene, to be user-friendly and customizable. It is also possible to download sequences of genes belonging to these synteny blocks for further studies. SynteView is accessible through Java Webstart at http://www.synteview.u-psud.fr.

Conclusion
SynteBase answers queries about gene order conservation and SynteView visualizes the obtained results in a flexible and powerful way which provides a comparative overview of the conserved synteny in a large number of genomes, whatever their taxonomic distances.