bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined Effects of Exercise and Propranolol on Bone Tissue in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Bonnet Nicolas , Beaupied Helene , Vico Laurence , Dolleans Eric , Laroche Norbert , Courteix Daniel , Benhamou Claude-Laurent 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The bone response to physical exercise may be under control of the SNS. Using a running session in rats, we confirmed that exercise improved trabecular and cortical properties. SNS blockade by propranolol did not affect this response on cortical bone but surprisingly inhibited the trabecular response. This suggests that the SNS is involved in the trabecular response to exercise but not in the cortical response.
Introduction: Animal studies have suggested that bone remodeling is under β−adrenergic control through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). However, the SNS contribution to bone response under mechanical loading remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the preventive effect of exercise coupled with propranolol on cancellous and cortical bone compartments in ovariectomized rats.
Materials and Methods: Six-month-old female Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX, n = 44) or sham-operated (n = 24). OVX rats received subcutaneous injections of propranolol 0.1 mg/kg/day or vehicle and were submitted or not submitted to treadmill exercise (13 m/minute, 60 minutes/day, 5 days/week) for 10 weeks. Tibial and femoral BMD was analyzed longitudinally by DXA. At death, the left tibial metaphysis and L4 vertebrae were removed, and μCT was performed to study trabecular and cortical bone structure. Histomorphometric analysis was performed on the right proximal tibia.
Results: After 10 weeks, BMD and trabecular strength decreased in OVX rats, whereas bone turnover rate and cortical porosity increased compared with the Sham group (p &lt; 0.001). Either propranolol or exercise allowed preservation of bone architecture by increasing trabecular number (+50.35% versus OVX; p &lt; 0.001) and thickness (+16.8% versus OVX; p &lt; 0.001). An additive effect of propranolol and exercise was observed on cortical porosity but not on trabecular microarchitecture or cortical width. Biomechanical properties indicated a higher ultimate force in the OVX-propranolol-exercise group compared with the OVX group (+9.9%; p &lt; 0.05), whereas propranolol and exercise alone did not have any significant effect on bone strength.
Conclusions: Our data confirm a contribution of the SNS to the determinants of bone mass and quality and show a antagonistic effect of exercise and a β-antagonist on trabecular bone structure.
Planting Date and Nitrogen Effects on Grain Yield and Protein Content of Spring Wheat
Authors: Subedi K. D. , Ma B. L. , Xue A. G. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTHigh grain yield with adequate protein concentration is an important goal for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. A field experiment conducted at two sites representing sandy loam and clay loam soils in Ottawa during 2003 and 2004 examined the effects of planting date and nitrogen (N) management on grain yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) in spring wheat. Cultivar AC Brio was planted at three dates at about 10 d intervals starting from the last week of April. Five N treatments were 0, 60, and 100 kg N ha−1 applied as preplant, 60+40 (preplant + topdress at boot stage), and 60 + 40 kg N ha−1 (preplant + foliar spray at boot stage). Both planting date and N had significant effects on grain yield and GPC. When planting was delayed beyond mid‐May, grain yield was reduced by 15 to 45% in three out of four site‐years. However, GPC increased by 6 to 17% in all late planting dates than the early plantings. Grain yields were increased with N application, but there was no benefit due to split N application as topdress or foliar spray than a single application at 100 kg N ha−1 Regardless of application method, GPC was greater with 100 kg N ha−1 than with 0 or 60 kg ha−1, and GPC was more responsive to applied N in a sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil. Results of this study suggest that it is likely to achieve the target GPC in spring wheat without a significant reduction in grain yield if wheat is planted before the middle of May, especially in clay loam soil.
Nutrient and Chemical Characterization of Aging Golf Course Putting Greens: Establishment and Rootzone Mixture Treatment Effects
Authors: McClellan Ty A. , Shearman Robert C. , Gaussoin Roch E. , Mamo Martha , Wortmann Charles S. , Horst Garald L. , Marx David B. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTNutrient retention and dynamics with time in turfgrass sand‐based rootzone mixtures (RZMs) are not well documented. This study was conducted to determine chemical properties of putting greens as impacted by (i) RZM, (ii) establishment (EST), and (iii) putting green age. United States Golf Association (USGA) specification greens were constructed and established with creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stoloniferaL.) sequentially from 1997 to 2000. Treatments included two RZMs [i.e., 80:20 (v–v) sand and sphagnum peat mixture and an 80:15:5 (v–v–v) sand, sphagnum peat, and soil] and two EST procedures (i.e., accelerated vs. controlled). The accelerated treatment received 2.6‐, 3.0‐, and 2.6‐fold N, P, and K, respectively, when compared with the controlled treatment during the EST year. Soil samples were taken and analyzed annually. The RZM generally had no effect on soil chemical properties during the EST year or beyond. All but five of the chemical properties investigated were significantly greater for the accelerated treatment compared with the controlled during the EST year. Soil pH in the accelerated treatment was lower than the controlled treatment, pH 6.7 vs. 7.4. Establishment treatments did not have an effect on chemical properties beyond the EST year, except for Bray1‐P. All soil chemical properties investigated, excluding pH and available K, decreased after the EST year, but began to increase several years later.
Effects of a Biostimulant on the Heat Tolerance Associated with Photosynthetic Capacity, Membrane Thermostability, and Polyphenol Production of Perennial Ryegrass
Authors: Kauffman Gordon L. , Kneivel Daniel P. , Watschke Thomas L. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTLimited research has been published to determine the impact of amino acid based biostimulants on turfgrass stress physiology and metabolism. Physiological responses of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) treated with or without Macro‐Sorb Foliar (FOLIAR) and subjected to optimal growing conditions or high air temperature stress (20, 28, and 36°C) were investigated in vivo using three separate growth chamber experiments. Turfgrass photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio), leaf membrane thermostability, and leaf antioxidant (polyphenol) concentration were measured. Perennial ryegrass treated with 0.64 mL m−2 FOLIAR and exposed to prolonged high air temperature stress (36°C) exhibited 95% better mean photochemical efficiency and 65% better membrane thermostability than control plants. Leaf polyphenol concentrations were largely unaffected by individual treatments or temperature. No treatment differences were detected for plants maintained in the optimal temperature regime (20°C), and only photochemical efficiency treatment difference were found for plants maintained at 28°C. The results show that exogenous and sequential applications of FOLIAR improved perennial ryegrass metabolic responses in a highly controlled growth chamber environment. It remains difficult to extrapolate data obtained from growth chamber experiments to the field; therefore, caution must be taken when making turfgrass management recommendations.
Validating the Fhb1 QTL for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Near‐Isogenic Wheat Lines Developed from Breeding Populations
Authors: Pumphrey Michael O. , Bernardo Rex , Anderson James A. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTQuantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been identified for numerous species since the 1990s using populations developed from biparental crosses. The most common methods of validating QTLs are to quantify their effects in additional mapping populations or test near‐isogenic lines (NILs) developed from the original mapping population. These approaches to QTL validation fail to adequately examine the effectiveness of a QTL in breeders' populations. We have developed an alternative QTL validation method in which NILs are developed from existing breeding populations segregating for the QTL. Our objective was to validate this method using Fhb1, a major Fusarium head blight [FHB; causal agent Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe)] resistance QTL in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Microsatellite markers flanking the QTL region were used to develop 19 QTL‐NIL pairs by sampling F3:4 families from 13 different populations. Each pair was tested in a greenhouse point‐inoculation experiment and four field FHB resistance screening nurseries. Near‐isogenic lines with the Fhb1 resistance allele had significant (P < 0.001) average reductions of 23% for disease severity ratings and 27% for infected kernels in harvested grain. Disease spread for 9 out of 19 total pairs was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in greenhouse point‐inoculation experiments when the Fhb1 resistance allele was present. The QTL validation methodology employed in this study should be broadly applicable to other quantitative traits and plant species.
On Unrhymed Lyrics in Irregular Rhythms
Authors: Brecht Bertolt 
Published: January 2007

I have been asked from time to time, whenever I published unrhymed lyrics, how I came to designate such verse as lyric. The last time this happened was in connection with my Deutsche Satiren (German Satires). The question is justified, because even when lyrics abandon rhyme they generally have at least a fixed rhythm. Many of my recent lyric pieces show neither rhyme nor regularly fixed rhythm. The reason I call them lyric is that, although they do not have a regular rhythm, they do have rhythm—shifting, syncopated, gestural.My first book of poems contained for the most part only songs and ballads, and the verse forms are comparatively regular. Most of them were supposed to be sung, and in the simplest fashion — I myself was the composer. Only one poem was unrhymed, and its rhythm was regular. On the other hand, nearly all the rhymed poems had irregular rhythms.
The Theatre of the Absurd
Authors: Esslin Martin 
Published: January 2007

The plays of Samuel Beckett, Arthur Adamov, and Eugène Ionesco have been performed with astonishing success in France, Germany, Scandinavia, and the English-speaking countries. This reception is all the more puzzling when one considers that the audiences concerned were amused by and applauded these plays fully aware that they could not understand what they meant or what their authors were driving at.At first sight these plays do, indeed, confront their public with a bewildering experience, a veritable barrage of wildly irrational, often nonsensical goings-on that seem to go counter to all accepted standards of stage convention. In these plays, some of which are labeled “anti-plays,” neither the time nor the place of the action are ever clearly stated. (At the beginning of Ionesco's The Bald Soprano the clock strikes seventeen.) The characters hardly have any individuality and often even lack a name; moreover, halfway through the action they tend to change their nature completely.
Exeunt to the Cave: Notes on the Staging of Marlowe's Plays
Authors: Wickham Glynne 
Published: January 2007

Engaged as I am, at the moment of writing this article, in preparing to stage Edward II for the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, my thoughts are more immediately concerned with the problems that the texts of Marlowe's plays present to the actor than with those that they pose for the historian or the critic.An actor wants to know from where and how he makes his entrance; where and how he is to make his exit. Confronted with the stage direction “Exeunt to the cave” or “Enter from the cave, Aeneas and Dido,” what the actor and actress want to know is where this cave is located on the stage, what sort of a cave it is, how wide the opening and how much head-room, whether it is equipped with a door or sliding panel, and so on.
Motion on the Springs of a carriage body
Authors: Greenhill G. 
Published: January 2007

In continuation of the Mathematical Gazette, p. 389, September 1914, on Linear Dynamics, the investigation is resumed here of the rolling and pitching of the body of a carriage on the springs, such as experienced in a railway carriage, tram, or motor car, and the effect can be studied as realised ; but most instructively in the motibus, where the action is felt on a more violent scale, vibrating with dynamical interest and poetry.1. Begin by supposing the carriage body lowered down and deposited on four springs at the corners of a rectangle, sinking down vertically on the springs an equal distance c suppose, the permanent average set of the springs.A vertical oscillation of the body will then synchronize, as on p. 393, with a simple equivalent pendulum of length c, assuming the Law of the Spring (Hooke's, the Linear Law).
A Theorem of Isoperimetric Loops
Authors: McVicker C. E. 
Published: January 2007

The following note is intended to draw attention to a curious relation which I arrived at, some years ago, between the lengths of the common tangents of two intersecting ellipses, and the lengths of the arcs between their points of contact.The property proved may be regarded as an extension of Graves’ Theorem [SALMON; Art. 399] and is deduced from that theorem in conjunction with a lemma proved in this note.
The Bordered Antilogarithm Table
Authors: Bryan G. H. , Creak T. G. 
Published: January 2007

While in recent years the market has been flooded with small books of mathematical tables, each of which reproduces most of the defects of the others, there are few tables, if any, which meet all requirements when it is necessary to use logarithms for operations involving both multiplication and division. In such cases logarithms of reciprocals are constantly needed. Few tables contain these, a notable exception being the tables at the end of Carson and Smith's Algebra. On the other hand, tables of reciprocals are often given, which are rarely of use except in geometrical optics, and only confusion is occasioned by the separation of the tables for logarithms and antilogarithms, and of those for sines and cosines. Either the table of antilogarithms or that of logarithms may be banished with advantage.If we retain the table of logarithms, it is impossible to obtain logarithms of reciprocals without performing an additional operation, which increases the work and the risk of error. Further, in the lowest parts of the scale the differences are large, and it is difficult to pick out the number which represents the logarithm correctly to four or five places of decimals as the case may be.
The Principles of Probability and Approximations in Arithmetic
Authors: Hope-Jones W. 
Published: January 2007

If n quantities, which are known to the nearest whole number, are added together, find the probability that their sum so obtained is correct to the nearest whole number.Let the probability that the error is between x and x + dx be p dx.If n = 2, and x>0,p dx=Probability that first error is between x – 1/2 and 1/2,and that second error is within a given dx of its possible rangefrom – 1/2 to 1/2, = (1– x)dx ; ∴ p = 1–x.If x<0, p = 1+x.
Euclid’s Postulate as a Property of Matter
Authors: Bryan G. H. 
Published: January 2007

The time has long passed when the teacher of elementary geometry, however elementary, can efficiently exercise his individuality in devising improved methods of exposition without taking some cognisance, however small, of the study of non-Euclidean geometry which has grown up out of the failure to prove what may be described as “Euclid’s Parallel Postulate.”A paper has recently been published in the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society by Prof. Carslaw, of Sydney, N.S.W., containing an elementary interpretation of the Bolyai-Lobatschewsky geometry, which is so simple and so easily intelligible that I strongly recommend every teacher of mathematics or science to read it. It does away altogether with the necessity of forming conceptions of space which appear contradictory to experience, and shows the possibility of constructing a non-Euclidean geometry in ordinary Euclidean space.
The Tracing of Cubic Curves
Authors: Neville E. H. 
Published: January 2007

1. We all know that if we wish to sketch a cubic curve such asxy (x + 2y − 1 ) = 2x − 3y + 4,the first thing to do is to draw the three asymptotes and the satellite. These divide the plane into eleven compartments, and the simple consideration that there can be no points of the curve in a compartment throughout which xy (x + 2y − 1 ) and 2x − 3y + 4 have different signs enables us at once to rule out six of the compartments, and so to see how the curve goes to infinity.
Randomisation, and an old enigma of card play
Authors: Fisher R. A. 
Published: January 2007

The process of randomisation has in recent years come to play such a central part in experimental design that it is of some interest to find that it affords a means of resolving one of the oldest paradoxes which arose in discussions of gaming.Readers of Todhunter’s The Mathematical Theory of Probability will recall his account (sections 187-190, pp. 106-110) of the correspondence between Montmort and Nicolas Bernoulli on the rule by which the players might guide themselves most advantageously in the game called “le Her”.
Mayer’s Method of Solving the Equation dz = P dx + Q dy
Authors: Cartwright M.L. 
Published: January 2007

It has been pointed out that Mayer's method of solving the differential equationis quite general and only requires one integration, whereas the other general methods require two, or even thee, integrations. The reason for this is rather obscure in most text-books ; and the proof of the validity of the method rests on an existence theorem which leads to a solution of an apparently different form. I shall prove here that the two forms are identical.
A Graphical Method of Solving Tartaglian Measuring Puzzles
Authors: Tweedie M. C. K. 
Published: January 2007

A man has three vessels, whose capacities are 3, 5 and 8 pints respectively. The largest is full of water. He desires to divide this water into two equal parts by using these vessels only What are the simplest ways of doing this?Graphical solution.Call the vessels X, Y and Z respectively, and the amounts of water they contain x, y and z respectively.
What Is Energy?
Authors: Whittaker E. T. 
Published: January 2007

A Well-Known treatise on Physics written in 1892 begins with the words:“A careful study of phenomena reveals to us only two things, or entities, as having an actual and objective existence. These two things are matter and energy. SO far as we can determine, therefore, these two entities, in their various forms, make up the whole of the physical universe.”Such was the accepted doctrine in the latter part of the nineteenth century. I want to show how it originated and to what extent we have now departed from it.
Some Doubts about the Teaching of Mathematics in Secondary Schools
Authors: Blackwell A. 
Published: January 2007

“Please Sir, what’s the use of learning this?”I wonder how many times we have all—that is, if we are at all “approachable”—been asked this or similar questions? To-night I hope to show why the question is ever asked and, in my opinion, how to stop it arising in the minds of the pupils.But first let me make clear this one fact. Although this is being presented to you in the month of February it was commissioned by your committee in December last, and though in the interim the Spens Report has been published it has not been used in any way in the preparation of this paper.
Morley’s Triangle
Authors: Dobbs W. J. 
Published: January 2007

I. There are three ways of trisecting an angle bounded by OA and OB ( = 3αor 3α +2π or 3α +4π), namely:(i) OX1 and OY1,(ii) OX2 and OY2,(iii) OX3 and OY3,as shown in Fig. 1.It is well known that if the Euclidean angles of a triangle ABC are trisected as in Fig. 2, then the triangle xyz (commonly quoted as Morley’s Triangle) is equilateral. But angles CAB, ABC, BCA may be trisected each in three ways, so that there are really 27 “Morley” triangles to be considered. The purpose of the present paper is to show that 18 of these 27 triangles are equilateral.
A Result Concerning Sequences of Integers
Authors: Drazin M.P. 
Published: January 2007

1. In a recent issue of the American Mathematical Monthly, L. Moser proved the following result:If an enthusiastic problemist proposes at least one problem every day, but never more than 730 in any calendar year (not even in a leap year), then, given any positive integer n, there is some set of consecutive days in which he proposes a total of exactly n problems.
Diagnostic and Remedial Work in Arithmetic
Authors: Lee Doris M. 
Published: January 2007

Many everyday events give rise to a need for quantitative thinking, thus leading to the creation of numbers and number relations in living experience. Such development of number in the normal spheres of human activity is one of the fundamental modes of human thought, and early consideration of this initial number work may be confined to verbal form. At this stage, situations requiring number thought can be discussed as they arise, and two consecutive situations often have no more in common than the use of number itself. It is this realisation which enables number-learning to take place. Increasing awareness of number and number-relations brings greater complexity, and it is then that the notation of number is needed. This notation has to be learned in relation to the ideas represented, and there are two major forms :(i) The figures 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and the notion of place position to represent other numbers.(ii) The use of a standard measure to facilitate comparisons between certain similar quantities such as length and weight.
The Problem of the Swing
Authors: Liebetegger A. , Northover F. H. , Thwaites B. 
Published: January 2007

The fact that a mechanical system so well known to so many in its practical aspect as the swing has been thoroughly neglected in textbooks and problem papers may justify a few remarks on it here.The only reference to the swing which I have been able to find is the question requiring it to be shown that the amplitude of the swing may be increased by internal action only, if, when the swing passes through its lowest position, the distance of the centre of gravity from the point of suspension is (suddenly) shortened from l to (l – h), the full distance l being restored at the end of the swing.
Application of Mathieu's Equation to Stability of Non-Linear Oscillator
Authors: McLachlan N. W. 
Published: January 2007

The differential equation for y, the lateral displacement of an electrically-driven tuning fork, iswhere a>0, c, κ small>0. (cẏ2-2κ), the coefficient in the damping term, is positive or negative according as cẏ2>2κ or cẏ2<2κ. During periodic motion, the coefficient changes sign, such that the inherent loss per period is compensated exactly by the energy supplied from the driving agent. In the language of “electronics”, loss corresponds to a “positive” resistance and energy supply to a “negative” resistance, both of which vary periodically.