bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression and function of cystine/glutamate transporter in neutrophils
Authors: Sakakura Yuki , Sato Hideyo , Shiiya Ayako , Tamba Michiko , Sagara Jun-ichi , Matsuda Manabu , Okamura Naomichi , Makino Nobuo , Bannai Shiro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by neutrophils are essential in the host defense against infections but may be harmful to neutrophils themselves. Glutathione (GSH) plays a pivotal role in protecting cells against ROS-mediated oxidant injury. Cystine/glutamate transporter, designated as system xc– and consisting of two proteins, xCT and 4F2hc, is important to maintain GSH levels in mammalian-cultured cells. In the present paper, we have investigated system xc– in neutrophils. In human peripheral blood neutrophils, neither the activity of system xc– nor xCT mRNA was detected. The activity was induced, and xCT mRNA was expressed when they were cultured in vitro. The mRNA expression was much enhanced in the presence of opsonized zymosan or PMA. In contrast, mouse peritoneal exudate neutrophils, immediately after preparation, exhibited system xc– activity and expressed xCT mRNA. The activity and the expression were heightened further when they were cultured. Peritoneal exudate cells (mostly neutrophils) from xCT-deficient (xCT−/−) mice had lower cysteine content than those from the wild-type mice. GSH levels in the xCT−/−cells decreased rapidly when they were cultured, whereas those in the wild-type cells were maintained during the culture. Apoptosis induced in culture was enhanced in the xCT−/−cells compared with the wild-type cells. These results suggest that system xc– plays an important role in neutrophils when they are activated, and their GSH consumption is accelerated.
Meta-Analysis of Risk of Malignancy with Immunosuppressive Drugs in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Masunaga Yukari , Ohno Keiko , Ogawa Ryuichi , Hashiguchi Masayuki , Echizen Hirotoshi , Ogata Hiroyasu 
Published: January 2007

Background: There is a concern as to whether long-term administration of immunosuppressants in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) would increase the risk of malignancy. Objective: To compare the risks of developing malignancy between patients with IBD treated with immunosuppressive agents and patients with IBD not receiving these agents. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted, and a meta-analysis was performed on data retrieved from cohort studies that followed patients with IBD who received immunosuppressive agents for more than a year and documented the incidence of newly developed malignancy. An electronic search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966–September 2006), the Cochrane Library (issue 3, 2006), and Japana Centra Revuo Medicina (1981–September 2006). Medical subject headings used in the searches were azalhioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, methotrexate, tacrolimus, inflammatory bowel disease, and neoplasms. We imposed no language limitation in the searches. Additionally, a manual search of reference listings from all articles retrieved from the electronic databases was performed. Using data obtained from control groups or population-based studies, the incidence of newly developed malignancy in patients with IBD treated with immunosuppressive agents was compared with that of patients with IBD who were not receiving immunosuppressive agents. Statistical analysis for the change in risk of developing malignancy was performed using the weighted mean difference (WMD) normalized to per person-year and its 95% confidence interval. Results: Nine cohort studies met the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. Analysis of these studies showed no discernible difference (WMD −0.3 × 10-3/person-year; 95% CI −1.2 × 10-3 to 0.7 × 10-3) in the incidence of any kind of malignancy in patients with IBD who received immunosuppressants compared with those who did not receive immunosuppressants. No significant difference in WMD was observed when the data from patients with either Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) were analyzed separately. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the administration of immunosuppressive agents in patients with either CD or UC probably does not confer a significantly increased risk of malignancy compared with patients with IBD who are not receiving these agents.
Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Wilhelm Sheila M , Dehoorne-Smith Michelle L , Kale-Pradhan Pramodini B 
Published: January 2007

Objective: To review the literature on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in adults. Data Sources: Literature retrieval was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–December 2006) using the terms postoperative nausea and vomiting, prevention and treatment. Article references were hand-searched for additional relevant articles and abstracts. Study Selection And Data Extraction: All studies published in English were evaluated. Those dealing with prevention and treatment of PONV in adults were included in the review. Data Synthesis: Evidence suggests that providing prophylactic antiemetic medications in high-risk surgical patients is warranted. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are widely used, with no one agent being clearly superior. However, studies have shown other types of agents to ho more cost-effective. Conclusions: The first step in the prevention of PONV is assessment and reduction of risk factors. Although nonpharmacologic therapies may play a role in the treatment of PONV, the mainstay of therapy for PONV is pharmacologic modalities. Patients at moderate to high risk for PONV need prophylactic antiemetic therapy. High-risk patients may require combination therapy with 2 or 3 agents from different antiemetic classes. Rescue antiemetic therapy is needed by patients who actually develop PONV. The agents of choice in such cases should be from antiemetic classes different from those used for prophylaxis of PONV.
Rapid Desensitization Protocols for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease and Aspirin Hypersensitivity in an Era of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy
Authors: Page Nathaniel A , Schroeder Walter S 
Published: January 2007

Objective: To review the available protocols for rapid desensitization of patients with aspirin hypersensitivity and apply the data for use in patients with cardiovascular disease who would benefit from the dual antiplatelet therapy. Data Sources: A literature search was conducted via MEDLINE from 1966 to December 2006. Main search terms included: aspirin sensitivity, aspirin allergy, aspirin desensitization, aspirin-induced asthma, aspirin therapy, and aspirin intolerance syndrome. Study Selection And Data Extraction: Articles describing rapid aspirin desensitization protocols were selected for review. Literature pertaining to aspirin hypersensitivity, drug desensitization, and the use of aspirin and dual antiplatelet therapy was also examined. Three rapid desensitization protocols were identified and evaluated. Data Synthesis: While landmark studies demonstrated that dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel significantly reduces mortality and morbidity in acute coronary syndromes and coronary stenting, patients with aspirin hypersensitivity are frequently managed with clopidogrel alone with no supporting data. Approximately 10% of the population experiences hypersensitivity to aspirin, which can manifest as asthma exacerbations, rhinorrhea, angioedema, urticaria, and anaphylaxis. The hypersensitivity reaction is mediated through aspirin-directed antibodies or by excessive leukotriene production. The desensitization process involved depletion of these mediators, as well as down-regulation of leukotriene receptors. Two groups of investigators developed rapid protocols to desensitize patients with aspirin hypersensitivity safely and effectively. The rapid protocol developed by Wong provides benefits over other protocols with its low starting dose and completion in less than 3 hours, low incidence of adverse effects, and high success rate in aspirin desensitization. Conclusions: The Wong protocol is an attractive option for the rapid desensitization of patients requiring dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel in the perimyocardial infarction period.
ProteinChip Array Profiling for Identification of Disease- and Chemotherapy-Associated Biomarkers of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Cho William CS , Yip Timothy TC , Ngan Roger KC , Yip Tai-Tung , Podust Vladimir N , Yip Christine , Yiu Harry HY , Yip Victor , Cheng Wai-Wai , Ma Victor WS , Law Stephen CK 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Background: We previously used ProteinChip array profiling analysis to discover a serum biomarker associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, we used the same method to examine other biomarkers associated with NPC and response to chemotherapy (CT) in NPC patients.
Methods: We performed ProteinChip array analysis in 209 serum samples from 66 relapsed patients before and after salvage CT with gemcitabine and cisplatin or etoposide and cisplatin combinations, 11 patients in remission, and 35 healthy individuals. Intensities of the biomarker peaks were correlated with CT response of the patients and other clinical parameters.
Results: We discovered 13 candidate biomarkers associated with different clinical parameters. Two biomarkers (2803 and 3953 Da) were significantly increased in patients compared with controls at all stages of disease. Analysis of pre- and post-CT paired serum samples revealed 7 biomarkers correlated with impact of CT. Of these 7 biomarkers, 2 (2509 and 2756 Da) were significantly increased and 5 (7588, 7659, 7765, 7843, and 8372 Da) were significantly decreased post-CT in either 1 or both CT cohorts. Four biomarkers from pre-CT sera were correlated with CT response, with 3 (2950, 13 510, and 14 855 Da) being significantly decreased and 1 (6701 Da) significantly increased in patients who did not respond to CT. Tandem mass spectrometric sequencing and/or immunoaffinity capture assay identified the 3953 Da biomarker as a fragment of interα-trypsin inhibitor precursor and 7765 Da biomarker as platelet factor-4.
Conclusions: Treatment-associated serum biomarkers found might serve to triage NPC patients for appropriate CT treatment.
Early Life Exposure to Antibiotics and the Subsequent Development of Eczema, Wheeze, and Allergic Sensitization in the First 2 Years of Life: The KOALA Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Kummeling Ischa , Stelma Foekje F. , Dagnelie Pieter C. , Snijders Bianca E. P. , Penders John , Huber Machteld , van Ree Ronald , van den Brandt Piet A. , Thijs Carel 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVES. Antibiotic exposure in early life may be associated with atopic disease development either by interfering with bacterial commensal flora or by modifying the course of bacterial infections. We evaluated early life exposure to antibiotics and the subsequent development of eczema, wheeze, and allergic sensitization in infancy.
METHODS. Information on antibiotic use in the first 6 months and eczema and wheeze until age 2 was collected by repeated questionnaires in 2764 families participating in the KOALA (Child, Parent and Health: Lifestyle and Genetic Constitution [in Dutch]) Birth Cohort Study in the Netherlands. Antibiotic intake was evaluated both as maternal antibiotic use during breastfeeding and infant oral medication. Venous blood samples taken from 815 infants at 2 years of age were analyzed for total and specific immunoglobulin E against common food and inhalant allergens using a radioallergosorbent test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for confounding factors.
RESULTS. During the first 2 years, eczema was present in 32% of all infants, recurrent wheeze in 11%, and prolonged wheezing in 5%. At 2 years old, 27% of children were sensitized against ≥1 allergen. At 6 months old, 11% had been exposed to antibiotics through breast milk and 20% directly through medication. The risk for recurrent wheeze, and prolonged wheeze was higher in infants directly exposed to antibiotics through medication, also after excluding from the analyses children who wheezed in the same period as an antibiotic had been used (avoiding reverse causation). Antibiotic use through breastfeeding was associated with recurrent wheeze, but prolonged wheeze was not. Eczema and sensitization were not associated with antibiotic exposure.
CONCLUSIONS.We demonstrated that early antibiotic use preceded the manifestation of wheeze but not eczema or allergic sensitization during the first 2 years of life. Different biological mechanisms may underlie the etiology of wheeze compared with eczema or sensitization. Antibiotic exposure through breastfeeding enhanced the risk for recurrent wheeze, but this needs further confirmation.
To What Extent Do Pediatricians Accept Computer-Based Dosing Suggestions?
Authors: Killelea Brigid K. , Kaushal Rainu , Cooper Mary , Kuperman Gilad J. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE. Pediatric medication errors occur frequently among hospitalized patients and are often related to dosing. Computerized physician order entry systems with decision support can decrease dosing errors, as well as other types of errors; however, their use in pediatrics has not been extensively studied. Our objective was to determine physician acceptance of dosing and frequency decision support elements in an inpatient pediatric computerized physician order entry system at 1 academic medical center.PATIENTS AND METHODS. We performed a retrospective analysis of all electronic medication orders entered for pediatric inpatients at a large, urban teaching hospital between April 15, 2004, and December 31, 2004. Rates of physician acceptance of computerized physician order entry system–generated dosing and frequency suggestions were determined.RESULTS. We analyzed 54413 orders in the computerized physician order entry system, of which 27313 orders had dosing or frequency decision support. Of the orders with decision support, approximately one third (8822) were accepted exactly by prescribers. Of the 18491 remaining orders, 8708 were changed for dose, 2466 for frequency, and 7317 for both. Among the 18491 orders that were changed, the majority 11322 deviated by a substantial amount (&gt;50%) from the total daily dose initially suggested by the decision support feature. Overall, patient weight was missing 31.3% of the time, although patient age alone sometimes was sufficient for the computer to make a dosing suggestion.CONCLUSIONS. Although dosing-decision support systems have the potential to improve care, more work needs to be done to determine and optimize their effectiveness. Commercial vendors of dosing knowledge bases need to deliver effective products, because most health care organizations will not have the resources to customize decision support rules.
The Use of the World Wide Web by Medical Journals in 2003 and 2005: An Observational Study
Authors: Schriger David L. , Ouk Sripha , Altman Douglas G. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVES. The 2- to 6-page print journal article has been the standard for 200 years, yet this format severely limits the amount of detailed information that can be conveyed. The World Wide Web provides a low-cost option for posting extended text and supplementary information. It also can enhance the experience of journal editors, reviewers, readers, and authors through added functionality (eg, online submission and peer review, postpublication critique, and e-mail notification of table of contents.) Our aim was to characterize ways that journals were using the World Wide Web in 2005 and note changes since 2003.
METHODS. We analyzed the Web sites of 138 high-impact print journals in 3 ways. First, we compared the print and Web versions of March 2003 and 2005 issues of 28 journals (20 of which were randomly selected from the 138) to determine how often articles were published Web only and how often print articles were augmented by Web-only supplements. Second, we examined what functions were offered by each journal Web site. Third, for journals that offered Web pages for reader commentary about each article, we analyzed the number of comments and characterized these comments.
RESULTS. Fifty-six articles (7%) in 5 journals were Web only. Thirteen of the 28 journals had no supplementary online content. By 2005, several journals were including Web-only supplements in &gt;20% of their papers. Supplementary methods, tables, and figures predominated. The use of supplementary material increased by 5% from 2% to 7% in the 20-journal random sample from 2003 to 2005. Web sites had similar functionality with an emphasis on linking each article to related material and e-mailing readers about activity related to each article. There was little evidence of journals using the Web to provide readers an interactive experience with the data or with each other. Seventeen of the 138 journals offered rapid-response pages. Only 18% of eligible articles had any comments after 5 months.
CONCLUSIONS. Journal Web sites offer similar functionality. The use of online-only articles and online-only supplements is increasing.
Toward the Revival of the Classical Orchestra
Authors: Zaslaw Neal 
Published: January 2007

What lover of eighteenth-century music, hearing Burney's characterisation of the Mannheim orchestra as ‘… an army of generals, equally fit to plan a battle, as to fight it’, or upon reading Schubart's description of that group,Itsforteis like thunder, its crescendo like a great waterfall, its diminuendo the splashing of a crystalline river disappearing into the distance, itspianoa breath of spring…,has not been filled with curiosity to hear such an ensemble? Recently a few performing groups have begun to try to satisfy that curiosity. We are reminded of the pioneering nature of such undertakings by recalling that a respected music dictionary defines ‘Performance Practice’ as ‘the study of how early music, from the Middle Ages to Bach, was performed and the many problems connected with attempts to restore its original sound in modern performance.
The English Royal Violin Consort in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Holman Peter 
Published: January 2007

In the summer of 1539 Henry VIII was once again preparing for marriage. In June the French ambassador reported that;
The king, who in some former years has been solitary and pensive, now gives himself up to amusement, going to play every night upon the Thames, with harps, chanters and all kinds of music and pastime. He evidently delights now in painting and embroidery, having sent men to France, Flanders Italy and elsewhere for masters of this art, and also for musicians and other ministers of pastime. All his people think this is a sign of his desire to marry if he should find an agreeable match.
Audiences, Critics and the Depurification of Music: Reflections on a 1920s Controversy
Authors: Franklin Peter 
Published: January 2007

The tendency to accept that music has a social context while resisting its definition as a social commodity is not particular to the conservative wing of British musicology (albeit influenced by Carl Dahlhaus). The aesthetics of European musical idealism have consistently, and since well before Hanslick, opposed any suggestion that ‘serious’ music should be seen or heard to engage with the market-place, let alone that it might, willy-nilly, be in one. The cherishers of musical purity, however, are to be found not only amongst reactionary critics, with their specific culturally inherited involvement with the Classical style. Pre-1914 modernists and decadents saw the market-place as the creation and province of a philistine bourgeoisie and expressed an often uncompromising, anti-popular idealism of their own. Debussy in 1901 stated:The enthusiasm of society spoils an artist for me, such is my fear that, as a result, he will become merely an expression of society- a fear that would have been comprehended by the Viennese Schoenberg, who later formulated the belief thatno musician whose thinking occurs in the highest sphere would degenerate into vulgarity in order to comply with a slogan such as ‘Art for all'… . If it is art it is not for all, and if it is for all it is not art … .
The Triune Element in Beethoven as Specially Exemplified in his Pianoforte Sonatas
Authors: Langley George 
Published: January 2007

“Omne Trinum est perfectum.”–Old Latin adage.Under the title of the “Triune Element in Beethoven” I propose to bring before your notice a certain feature of construction pervading his pianoforte sonatas. This feature consists in the occurrence three times in succession of a sentence or part of a sentence, or merely of a rhythm, figure, or some other fragment of a musical idea. The way in which I became conscious of it may not be without significance in estimating its true nature. Generally, a discovery of any peculiarity of musical construction is the result of analysis. But in this instance it was not so revealed. It came quite unsought. It merely dawned upon me as I played when my thoughts were far enough from anything pertaining to mere form. I mention this fact because it somewhat confirms mein my opinion that this three-fold repetition is not merely a matter of form, but of the essence of the thought, and further that it is not a mere characteristic of style, but an index of the mind. While this feature occurs so frequently in the pianoforte sonatas of Beethoven as to invest it with more or less significance, it is noticeable that it is only to be found to a very limited extent in the compositions of other great composers; and even where it does occur in them it rarely, and I think I may say never, possesses that logical force and that organic development that raise it in Beethoven's works from a dead form into a vital principle. This three-fold repetition would, therefore, appear in this higher sense as a characteristic peculiar to the great master.
The Vocal Style of Thomas Augustine Arne
Authors: Herbage Julian 
Published: January 2007

There are today signs that Arne is at last emerging from a cloud of doubt as to his musical ability, a cloud originally laid on him by Dr. Burney, who wrote in his General History of Music:
Arne was never a close imitator of Handel, nor thought, by the votaries of that great musician, to be a sound contrapuntist.