bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: A case–control study
Authors: Ward Hester J. T. , Everington Dawn , Cousens Simon N. , Smith‐Bathgate Blaire , Leitch Margaret , Cooper Sarah , Heath Craig , Knight Richard S. G. , Smith Peter G. , Will Robert G. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the potential risk factors for variant Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (VCJD) in the United Kingdom.MethodsDefinite and probable vCJD cases (n = 136) were residing in Great Britain at disease onset, and were referred between May 1995 and November 2003. Control subjects (n = 922) were recruited between 2002 and 2003, from 100 randomly selected geographical clusters sampled to represent the geographical distribution of vCJD.ResultsReported frequent consumption of beef and beef products thought likely to contain mechanically recovered or head meat, or both, including burgers and meat pies, was associated with increased risk for vCJD, as was reported frequent chicken consumption. Surgical operations were generally similarly reported for cases and control subjects, with the exception of a small group of minor operations, possibly attributable to underreporting in control subjects. Cases and control subjects had similar reported occupational histories and exposure to animals.InterpretationThese findings are consistent with dietary exposure to contaminated beef products being the main route of infection of vCJD, but recall bias cannot be excluded. There was no convincing evidence of increased risk through medical, surgical, or occupational exposure or exposure to animals. Ann Neurol 2005
How do brain tumors alter functional connectivity? A magnetoencephalography study
Authors: Bartolomei Fabrice , Bosma Ingeborg , Klein Martin , Baayen Johannes C. , Reijneveld Jaap C. , Postma Tjeerd J. , Heimans Jan J. , van Dijk Bob W. , de Munck Jan C. , de Jongh Arent , Cover Keith S. , Stam Cornelis J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectiveThis study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that brain tumors interfere with normal brain function by disrupting functional connectivity of brain networks.MethodsFunctional connectivity was assessed by computing the synchronization likelihood in a broad band (0.5–60Hz) or in the gamma band (30–60Hz) between all pairwise combinations of magnetoencephalography signals. Magnetoencephalography recordings were made at rest in 17 brain tumor patients and 15 healthy control subjects. For a given threshold of synchronization likelihood values, graphs of the suprathreshold connections between each magnetoencephalography channel and the others channels were built. Results In some regions, a variable number of channels without connectivity (missing connective points) at this threshold was found. The number of missing connective points was higher in patients with brain tumors than in control subjects (p < 0.0001, broad and gamma band) and was higher for left‐sided than right‐sided tumors (p = 0.008, broad band; p < 0.0001, gamma band). Individual results analysis indicates that the majority of brain tumor patients display several regions with missing connective point alterations in the affected and in the contralateral hemisphere. InterpretationOur findings suggest that brain tumors induce a loss of functional connectivity that affects multiple brain regions, and that left side brain tumors have the more severe consequences in this respect. Ann Neurol 2005
Organoschwefelverbindungen: elektrophile Reagentien für übergangsmetallkatalysierte C‐C‐Verknüpfungen
Authors: Dubbaka Srinivas Reddy , Vogel Pierre 
Published: November 2005

AbstractÜbergangsmetallkatalysierte Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Verknüpfungen zählen zu den leistungsfähigsten Verfahren der organischen Synthese und sind ferner von entscheidender Bedeutung für die moderne Materialwissenschaft und medizinische Chemie. Dank Fortschritten bei Liganden und Additiven gelingen inzwischen Kreuzkupplungen mit zahlreichen Ausgangsstoffen einschließlich der billigen und leicht verfügbaren Sulfonylchloride. Wir fassen hier den aktuellen Kenntnisstand bei Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Kreuzkupplungen unter Desulfurierung (Negishi‐, Stille‐, carbonylierenden Stille‐, Suzuki‐ Miyaura‐ und Sonogashira‐Hagihara‐artigen Kreuzkupplungen und Mizoroki‐Heck‐artigen Arylierungen) sowie bei Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Kreuzkupplungen mit anderen elektrophilen Organoschwefelverbindungen zusammen.
Organosulfur Compounds: Electrophilic Reagents in Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Carbon–Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions
Authors: Dubbaka Srinivas Reddy , Vogel Pierre 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTransition‐metal‐catalyzed carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions are among the most powerful methods in organic synthesis and play a crucial role in modern materials science and medicinal chemistry. Recent developments in the area of ligands and additives permit the cross‐coupling of a large variety of reactants, including inexpensive and readily available sulfonyl chlorides. Their desulfitative carbon–carbon cross‐coupling reactions (Negishi, Stille, carbonylative Stille, Suzuki–Miyaura, and Sonogashira–Hagihara‐type cross‐couplings and Mizoroki–Heck‐type arylations) are reviewed together with carbon–carbon cross‐coupling reactions with other organosulfur compounds as electrophilic reagents.
Luminescence characteristics and X‐ray crystal structure of [Cd(bipy)3][PF6]2 (bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine)
Authors: Kundu Nabanita , Mandal Debdas , Chaudhury Muktimoy , Tiekink Edward R. T. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe photoluminescence characteristics of the [Cd(bipy)3][PF6]2 complex are reported. A moderately large quantum yield (φ) of 1.07 × 10−2 is exhibited in acetonitrile solution at 298 K. Crystallography shows the dication to have a distorted octahedral geometry and the crystal structure to be stabilized by CH···π and CH···F interactions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbial transformation of tributyltin chloride by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain USS25 NCIM‐5224
Authors: Roy Upal , Bhosle Saroj 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA bacterial isolate capable of utilizing tributyltin chloride (TBTC) as sole source of carbon was isolated from marine water samples. The isolate, producing a soluble green pigment, was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain USS25 NCIM‐5224. The isolate showed maximum growth with 2 mM of TBTC in mineral salt medium. Time course results showed complete elimination of TBTC after 75 days of incubation. During the growth on TBTC, a product (280 mg) was found to accumulate, which was extracted with chloroform and detected on thin‐layer chromatography. Based on the IR, NMR spectra and GC‐MS analysis, the isolated product was identified as monobutyltin dichloro hydride. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyacrylonitrile‐grafted Cassia pudibunda seed gum: A potential commercial gum from renewable source
Authors: Singh Vandana 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCassia pudibunda (CP) seed gum was grafted with poly(acrylonitrile) using persulphate/ascorbic acid redox initiator. Optimal grafting Conditions were determined and maximum % grafting and % efficiency observed were 294 and 85.3%, respectively. Grafted CP gum (gum‐g‐polyacrylonitrile; CP‐g‐PAN) was characterized using FTIR, XRD, and TGA analysis. The CP‐g‐PAN sample with maximum %G was observed to be water insoluble, however, 1% solution of the base‐hydrolyzed CP‐g‐PAN had a viscosity of 114.7 centipoises, which was observed to increase continuously for first 5 days and there upon became fixed and was shown to be stable even after 20 days when left at room temperature. Water and saline retention for CP‐g‐PAN after 10 min soaking were observed to be 47 and 30.15 g/g, respectively. Thus, base‐hydrolyzed CP‐g‐PAN samples may find use as water sorbents and their aqueous solutions may be used commercially where medium to low viscosity solutions with high shelf life is the requirement. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 619–627, 2006
Synthesis of telechelic C60 end‐capped polymers under microwave irradiation
Authors: Wu Huixia , Li Feng , Lin Yanghui , Yang Ming , Chen Wei , Cai Ruifang 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBromo‐Double‐Terminated polystyrene (Br‐PSt‐Br) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (Br‐PMMA‐Br) with predesigned molecular weight and narrow polydispersity were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using the initiating system aa′‐dibromo‐p‐xylene(DBX) / CuBr/2,2′‐bipyridine(bipy). The precursor bromo‐terminated polymers were subsequently functionalized with fullerene C60 using CuBr/bipy as the catalyst system under microwave irradiation (MI). The telechelic C60 end‐capped products were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), UV‐vis, FT‐IR, TGA, DSC, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The results showed that microwave irradiation could significantly increase the rate of fullerenation reaction, and the physical properties and structure of the C60 end‐capped polymers are not modified by the use of the microwave. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 828–834, 2006
A novel polyurethane sealant based on hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene
Authors: Patri M. , Rath S. K. , Suryavansi U. G. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA novel two component polyurethane sealant has been prepared. Component A, known as prepolymer, is synthesized by capping hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) with toluene diisocyanate. Component B, known as hardener, comprises of a polyol (polyoxypropylene triol) as crosslinker and 4,4′‐diamino‐3,3′‐dichlorodiphenylmethane (DADCDPM) and 4,4′‐diamino‐3,3′‐dichlorotriphenylmethane (DADCTPM) as chain extenders and fillers. Evaluation of mechanical properties and aging studies indicate that the sealant has excellent mechanical properties and stability in different environment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 884–890, 2006
Preparation and properties of a siloxane‐containing 2‐vinylpyridine–styrene–butadiene copolymer with water glass
Authors: Inoue Shin‐Ichi , Nakakita Satoshi , Zhang Ming , Imoto Yoji , Sakaki Toshiaki , Muraoka Kiyoshige , Mizoguti Tetsuo , Okamoto Hiroshi 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA siloxane‐containing 2‐vinylpyridine–styrene–butadiene copolymer (PSBR/WG) was prepared from a 2‐vinylpyridine–styrene–butadiene copolymer (PSBR) latex and water glass. The water glass was added slowly, with stirring, to the PSBR latex. The latex mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature, and then, it was coagulated with 1N sulfuric acid producing a sulfate of PSBR with siloxane. The physical properties, such as the filling and stiffening effects of the hybrid polymer, and the vulcanizates were improved. An important advantage of this system is that it is possible to prepare the hybrid polymer simply, and the sodium ions formed in the reaction can also be easily removed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 891–899, 2006
Synthesis by Microwave Irradiation and Antidiarrhoeal Activity of Benzotriazinone and Saccharine Derivatives
Authors: Fiorino Ferdinando , Caliendo Giuseppe , Perissutti Elisa , Severino Beatrice , Frecentese Francesco , Preziosi Barbara , Izzo Angelo A. , Capasso Raffaele , Santagada Vincenzo 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe synthesis by microwave irradiation and the biological results of novel benzotriazinone and saccharine derivatives with potential antidiarrhoeal activity is described. Conventional and microwave heatings were compared for the reactions. Good yields and short reaction times are the main advantages of our synthetic route. Among the tested compounds, compound 12 inhibited motility both in in‐vitro and in‐vivo tests.
An example of information management in biology: Qualitative data economizing theory applied to the Human Genome Project databases
Authors: Daizadeh Iraj 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIronically, although much work has been done on elucidating algorithms for enabling scientists to efficiently retrieve relevant information from the glut of data derived from the efforts of the Human Genome Project and other similar projects, little has been performed on optimizing the levels of data economy across databases. One technique to qualify the degree of data economization is that constructed by Boisot. Boisot's Information Space (I‐Space) takes into account the degree to which data are written (codification), the degree to which the data can be understood (abstraction), and the degree to which the data are effectively communicated to an audience (diffusion). A data system is said to be more data economical if it is relatively high in these dimensions. Application of the approach to entries in two popular, publicly available biological data repositories, the Protein DataBank (PDB) and GenBank, leads to the recommendation that PDB increases its level of abstraction through establishing a larger set of detailed keywords, diffusion through constructing hyperlinks to other databases, and codification through constructing additional subsections. With these recommendations in place, PDB would achieve the greater data economies currently enjoyed by GenBank. A discussion of the limitations of the approach is presented.
“Irrational” searchers and IR‐rational researchers
Authors: Pharo Nils , Järvelin Kalervo 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn this article the authors look at the prescriptions advocated by Web search textbooks in the light of a selection of empirical data of real Web information search processes. They use the strategy of disjointed incrementalism, which is a theoretical foundation from decision making, to focus on how people face complex problems, and claim that such problem solving can be compared to the tasks searchers perform when interacting with the Web. The findings suggest that textbooks on Web searching should take into account that searchers only tend to take a certain number of sources into consideration, that the searchers adjust their goals and objectives during searching, and that searchers reconsider the usefulness of sources at different stages of their work tasks as well as their search tasks.
Zum Einfluß der Temperatur auf die Bemessung von Kühlturmschalen aus Stahlbeton
Authors: Bender Michél , Bockhold Jörg , Meyer Joachim , Mark Peter 
Published: November 2005

AbstractZwangsmomente aus Temperaturgradienten haben erheblichen Einfluß auf die Bewehrungsmengen in Kühlturmschalen aus Stahlbeton. Dabei spielen nicht nur charakteristische Temperaturrandwerte und deren Kombination mit weiteren Einwirkungen eine Rolle, sondern auch die bei linearen Schnittgrößenberechnungen angenommenen Steifigkeitsreduktionen zur pauschalen Berücksichtung zwangsabbauender Rißbildung. Im Rahmen einer Sensitivitätsanalyse wird der Einfluß von Temperatureinwirkungen auf die Bemessung der Kühlturmschale vorgestellt. Basis der Parametervariation sind die spezifischen Berechnungsvorschriften der Bautechnischen Richtlinie BTR für Kühltürme (2005). Die maßgebenden rechnerischen Bemessungsszenarien werden anschließend in materiell und geometrisch nichtlinearen Analysen der Schale nachvollzogen, um die zwangsabbauende Rißbildung, den Einfluß der Temperatur auf Grenzzustände sowie Stahl‐ und Betonspannungswerte realistisch abzuschätzen und rechnerischen Werten gegenüberzustellen.
Gründungstechnische Aspekte beim Wiederaufbau der Frauenkirche zu Dresden
Authors: Schulz Eckart , von Wolffersdorff Peter‐Andreas 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDie Frauenkirche in Dresden wies bis zu ihrer Zerstörung ständig Schäden auf, deren Ursachen auch in der Gründung bzw. im Baugrund vermutet wurden. Es wird das im Rahmen des Wiederaufbaus realisierte Gründungskonzept für die Kirche vorgestellt. Dieses Konzept basiert auf einer optimierten Lastabtragung auf die vorhandenen historischen Mauerwerksfundamente durch ein statisch verbessertes Tragwerk der wiederaufgebauten Kirche. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der vorausgegangenen Schadensanalyse werden dabei vorgestellt. Außerdem werden die hierfür notwendigen, umfangreichen geotechnischen Untersuchungen der Baugrundverhältnisse und der historischen Gründungselemente beschrieben. Schließlich werden die beobachteten Hebungen und Setzungen während der Enttrümmerung und des Wiederaufbaus ausgewertet und mit den prognostizierten Werten verglichen. Die im Gründungsbereich beim Wiederaufbau gemessenen, weitgehend gleichmäßigen Verformungen bestätigen das Tragwerks‐ und Gründungskonzept und die daraus resultierende hohe Standsicherheit dieses Teil s der Kirche.
Die Bogenbrücken der A 17 – Entwurf und Ausführung
Authors: Reintjes Karl‐Heinz 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIm Zuge der neu gebauten A 17 wurden drei Bogenbrücken mit obenliegender Fahrbahn entworfen, die die mögliche Bandbreite und die besonderen Eigenschaften dieser Bauweise aufzeigen.Die Brücke über das Seidewitztal mit einer Gesamtlänge von 568 m und einer Bogenstützweite von 154 m ist von der Aufgabenstellung her der klassische Anwendungsfall für eine im freien Vorbau erstellte Bogenbrücke über ein tiefer eingeschnittenes Tal.Die Brücke Wölkau ist mit einer Gesamtlänge von 57 m und einer Bogenstützweite von 47 m ein Beispiel für eine Überführung über die Autobahn.Die Brücke über das Lockwitztal überquert in einer Höhe von 64 m und mit einer Gesamtlänge von 723 m ein lang gezogenes Tal. Die Stützweiten in den zwei Hauptfeldern betragen jeweils 125 m. In vier Feldern der Brücke sind Betonhalbbögen angeordnet, die mit dem vorgespannten Stahlverbundüberbau und den Stützen zusammen ein einheitlich wirkendes System bilden. Die Brücke zeigt einen neuen Weg, die gestalterische Wirkung von Bogentragwerken auch bei Talüberquerungen einzusetzen, die von der Topographie und der Straßentrassierung bisher als nicht dafür geeignet erschienen.
Nichtlineare Querschnittsanalyse als Optimierungsproblem
Authors: Raue Erich 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBei nichtlinearem Materialverhalten lassen sich die Dehnungen und Normalspannungen in Stabquerschnitten meist nicht mehr mit den Ansätzen der elementaren Festigkeitslehre bestimmen. Vielfach werden numerische Lösungen mit Hilfe der Methode der finiten Elemente u. ä. ermittelt. Im allgemeinen sind dabei nichtlineare Gleichungssysteme zu lösen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine alternative Problemformulierung und Problemlösung auf der Grundlage des Prinzips vom Minimum des Gesamtpotentials und der nichtlinearen Optimierung verwendet. Die Formänderungsenergie geht direkt in das Berechnungsmodell ein. Dadurch lassen sich Besonderheiten des Materialverhaltens ohne prinzipielle Modifikationen des Berechnungsmodells erfassen. Ein weiterer wesentlicher Vorteil besteht darin, daß allgemein verfügbare mathematische Standardsoftware eingesetzt werden kann.
Comparative bioavailability of two oral formulations of ranitidine
Authors: Flores‐Murrieta Francisco J. , Toledo Alejandra , Carrasco‐Portugal Miriam del Carmen , Reyes‐García Gerardo , Rodríguez‐Silverio Juan , Medina‐Santillán Roberto , Herrera Jorge E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe current requirement of the Mexican Authorities to demonstrate the interchangeability of ranitidine formulations is to establish that the dissolution profile of the drug shows similarity. In order to establish if this requirement is adequate, the bioavailability of two formulations that did not meet this similarity were compared. Twenty‐five female volunteers received 150 mg ranitidine (Azantac® or Midaven®) under fasting conditions in two separate sessions using a cross‐over design. Plasma samples were obtained at selected times for a period of 12 h and stored frozen at −80°C until analysed. Ranitidine plasma levels were determined and pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained. Values (mean ± SEM) were: Cmax 528.85 ± 25.34 and 563.03 ± 33.25 ng/ml, tmax 2.76 ± 0.19 and 2.79 ± 0.18 h, and AUC12 h 2694.94 ± 99.50 and 2648.51 ± 133.38 ng.h/ml, for Azantac® or Midaven®, respectively. No statistically significant difference was obtained in the parameters evaluated. Moreover, 90% confidence limits were 96.6%–116.2% and 90.7%–105.1% for Cmax and AUC12 h ratios, respectively, indicating that the formulations tested are bioequivalent, despite the dissimilarity in the dissolution profile of the formulations. These results suggest that the comparative dissolution profile is not an adequate test to demonstrate the interchangeability of ranitidine formulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular dynamics simulation studies of a protein–RNA complex with a selectively modified binding interface
Authors: Zhao Ying , Kormos Bethany L. , Beveridge David L. , Baranger Anne M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe RNA recognition motif (RRM) is one of the most common RNA binding domains. We have investigated the contribution of three highly conserved aromatic amino acids to RNA binding by the N‐terminal RRM of the U1A protein. Recently, we synthesized a modified base (A‐4CPh) in which a phenyl group is tethered to adenine using a linker of 4 methylene groups. The substitution of this base for adenine in the target RNA selectively stabilizes the complex formed with a U1A protein in which one of the conserved aromatic amino acids is replaced with Ala (Phe56Ala). In this article, we report molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that probe the structural consequences of the substitution of A‐4CPh for adenine in the wild type and Phe56Ala U1A–RNA complexes and in the free RNA. The simulations suggest that A‐4CPh stabilizes the complex formed with Phe56Ala by adopting a folded conformation in which the tethered phenyl group fills the site occupied by the phenyl group of Phe56 in the wild‐type complex. In contrast, an extended conformation of A‐4CPh is predicted to be most stable in the complex formed with the wild‐type protein. The calculations indicate A‐4CPh is in an extended conformation in the free RNA. Therefore, preorganizing the structure of the phenyl‐tethered base for binding may improve both the affinity and specificity of the RNA containing A‐4CPh for the Phe56Ala U1A protein. Taken together, the previous experimental work and the calculations reported here suggest a general design strategy for altering RRM–RNA complex stability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 256–269, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Electrostatic properties of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus capsids
Authors: Konecny Robert , Trylska Joanna , Tama Florence , Zhang Deqiang , Baker Nathan A. , Brooks Charles L. , McCammon J. A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractElectrostatic properties of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were investigated using numerical solutions to the Poisson–Boltzmann equation. Experimentally, it has been shown that CCMV particles swell in the absence of divalent cations when the pH is raised from 5 to 7. CMV, although structurally homologous, does not undergo this transition. An analysis of the calculated electrostatic potential confirms that a strong electrostatic repulsion at the calcium‐binding sites in the CCMV capsid is most likely the driving force for the capsid swelling process during the release of calcium. The binding interaction between the encapsulated genome material (RNA) inside of the capsid and the inner capsid shell is weakened during the swelling transition. This probably aids in the RNA release process, but it is unlikely that the RNA is released through capsid openings due to unfavorable electrostatic interaction between the RNA and capsid inner shell residues at these openings. Calculations of the calcium binding energies show that Ca2+ can bind both to the native and swollen forms of the CCMV virion. Favorable binding to the swollen form suggests that Ca2+ ions can induce the capsid contraction and stabilize the native form. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 106–120, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com