bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvents, Industrial
Authors: Wypych George 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUser of industrial solvents has many available choices of commercial products but also a large number of parameters which must be considered to make proper selection. Existing research data, theories, and numerical values characterizing various aspects of solvent application are available in monographic sources and databases of solvents properties. This article is an introduction to all complexities of solvent selection because the scope of necessary information is much broader than it is possible to discuss in one chapter.This article contains condensed information on solvent classification and their main groups used by industry. Many different physical properties are discussed to show their importance in solvent selection. These include solvent power, solubility parameters, activity coefficient, solvent‐solute interaction and the major forces of this interaction, electronic and electrical effects, swelling and plasticization, rheological properties of solutions, transport phenomena, chemical reactivity, and behavior of solvents in mixtures.Solvents used must perform but they should not harm users of products and environment. For this reasons environmental impact of solvents, health and safety information, and regulations are very important considerations here.Various groups of solvents are compared and ranked according to their performance in the above technical and safety categories. Tabular form of this comparison permits generalization of solvent properties.
Analytical sensitivity of arsenobetaine on atomic spectrometric analysis and the purity of synthetic arsenobetaine
Authors: Narukawa T. , Kuroiwa T. , Yarita T. , Chiba K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractArsenobetaine is one of the main organoarsenic compounds that exist in living organisms. Determination errors in total arsenic analyses for organoarsenic compounds occur because analytical sensitivities depend upon the chemical forms of the compounds. However, information on the analytical sensitivity of arsenobetaine by ICP‐MS and ICP‐AES and the purity of commercially available arsenobetaine standards is lacking. BCR CRM 626 (arsenobetaine solution) is a certified reference material from IRMM with a certified concentration of arsenobetaine. The sensitivity and behavior of arsenobetaine on ICP‐MS and ICP‐AES were investigated using the BCR arsenobetaine. The analytical sensitivity and behavior of arsenobetaine using ICP‐MS and ICP‐AES were also investigated using a commercially available synthetic arsenobetaine, and were compared with results for BCR‐AB based on a Japan calibration service system (JCSS) arsenic standard solution. In the results, arsenic determined directly in arsenobetaine showed about 15% greater sensitivity in analysis by ICP‐MS and ICP‐AES than did inorganic (JCSS) arsenic. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localization of candidate stem and progenitor cell markers within the human cornea, limbus, and bulbar conjunctiva in vivo and in cell culture
Authors: Vascotto Sandy Gian , Griffith May 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCorneal diseases are some of the most prevalent causes of blindness worldwide. While the most common treatment for corneal blindness is the transplantation of cadaver corneas, expanded limbal stem cells are finding recent application. Unknown, however, is the identity of the actual repopulating stem cell fraction utilized in both treatments and the critical factors governing successful engraftment and repopulation. In order to localize potential stem cell populations in vivo, we have immunohistochemically mapped a battery of candidate stem and progenitor cell markers including c‐Kit and other growth factor receptors, nuclear markers including ΔNp63, as well as adhesion factors across the cornea and distal sclera. Cell populations that differentially and specifically stained for some of these markers include the basal and superficial limbal/conjunctival epithelium and scattered cells within the substantia propria of the bulbar conjunctiva. We have also determined that the culture of differentiated cornea epithelial cells as dissociated and explant cultures induces the expression of several markers previously characterized as candidate limbal stem cell markers. This study provides a foundation to explore candidate corneal stem cell populations. As well, we show that expression of traditional stem cell markers may not be reliable indicator of stem cell content during limbal stem cell expansion in vitro and could contribute to the variable success rates of corneal stem cell transplantation. Anat Rec, Part A, 288A:921–931, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combinational numeral fingerprint spectra of Glycyrrhiza and analysis of common peak ratio invariableness in HPLC
Authors: Zou Huabin , Yang Guosheng , Du Aiqin , Yuan Jiurong , Qin Zhengran , Xia Yingying , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo overcome the instability of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) fingerprint spectra (FPS) and to build up absolute identification standard of TCM, the construction method of combinational numeral fingerprint spectra (CNFPS) was set up. The analysis of invariableness based on CNFPS was carried out. It can be used as absolute quantitative standard to identify the difference of TCM samples. According to this method, the HPLC FPS of components extracted from Glycyrrhiza root samples by ethanol was analyzed. Stable results and accurate quality evaluation were obtained perfectly. The common peak ratio invariableness is an absolute standard in identifying TCM samples, which is better than the similarity method of the FPS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efficacy of certain anti‐tuberculosis drugs is affected by binding to α‐1‐acid glycoprotein
Authors: Johnson Deborah‐Ann , Smith Kevin D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOne of the most ubiquitous plasma proteins, α‐1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP), has a high affinity, low capacity binding for basic drugs positively charged at physiological pH. Moreover, as an acute phase protein its level is increased in various disease states in a manner that is likely to influence the free plasma level of a drug, the ability to attain minimum effective concentration and overall in vivo effectiveness. AGP is a glycoprotein known to display disease specific changes in glycosylation and although this secondary modification is not directly involved in drug binding, it may influence the conformation of the binding site. Binding studies reveal that α‐1‐acid glycoprotein bind mainly to the tuberculosis drugs: rifampicin; isoniazid; pyrazinamide; p‐aminosalicylic acid; capreomycin; ethionamide; levofloxacin and ofloxacin out with the therapeutic plasma range tested. These results are however still considered significant as not only are α‐1‐acid glycoprotein levels increased during the acute phase response but specific α‐1‐acid glycoprotein from tuberculosis samples are subject to glycosylation changes which can increase the binding affinity and cause binding to occur at the therapeutic concentration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of didanosine in maternal plasma, amniotic fluid, fetal and placental tissues by high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Clark T. Nicole , White Catherine A. , Bartlett Michael G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA rapid and efficient high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of didanosine concentrations in maternal rat plasma, amniotic fluid, placental and fetal tissue samples has been developed and validated. Tissue samples were homogenized in optima water and centrifuged. The supernatant was subjected to solid‐phase extraction (SPE) prior to analysis. Plasma and amniotic fluid samples were extracted without pretreatment. An Agilent 1100 Series HPLC coupled with a Micromass Quattro II triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used for all analyses. Chromatographic resolution was achieved on a Nova‐Pak phenyl analytical column (2.0 × 150 mm, 4 µm particle size) equipped with a Phenomenex Security‐guard phenyl guard cartridge (2.0 × 4.0 mm) using 60% methanol in 10 mm ammonium acetate buffer mobile phase for all matrices at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min. The method yields retention times of 2.9 min for didanosine and 3.0 min for the internal standard, stavudine. Limits of detection were 1 ng/mL for all matrices. Recoveries were 70% or greater for both compounds in the different matrices. Within‐ and between‐run precision (%RSD) and accuracy (%error) was less than 15% for all matrices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of analytical methods for the identification and quantification of hydrocarbons found in jet propellant 8 and related petroleum based fuels
Authors: Gregg Shonetta D. , Fisher Jeffrey W. , Bartlett Michael G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractJet propellant 8 (JP‐8) is a complex mixture of compounds that varies from batch to batch. Quantification of various compound classes of JP‐8, including BTEX, PAHs and VOCs, has been accomplished. Very few papers have tackled total JP‐8 quantification because of its complexity. The components in JP‐8 tend to co‐elute and present at low concentrations, often nondetectable. JP‐8 is the major source of chemical exposure for Department of Defense personnel and a potential hazard for civilians and marine animals. Some components of JP‐8 have been identified as possible human carcinogens and have been studied extensively. Development of analytical methods to analyze the components of this fuel are essential to measure the extent of exposure, as well as the short‐term and long‐term exposure in rodents, humans and marine life. To date, JP‐8 has been examined in urine, blood, contaminated water and fish tissue. This paper reviews methods currently utilized in the literature for the analysis of JP‐8 and its components. This paper also discusses extraction methods and detectors commonly used in JP‐8 and hydrocarbon analysis in general. Finally, the effects of exposure and the future of JP‐8 and petroleum analysis with respect to human health are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of an open‐access quantitative bioanalytical mass spectrometry service in a drug discovery environment
Authors: Wright Patricia , Chassaing Christophe , Cussans Nigel , Gibson Drew , Green Caroline , Gleave Michelle , Jones Russell , Macrae Paul , Saunders Kenneth 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIncreased demand for assays for compounds at the early stages of drug discovery within the pharmaceutical industry has led to the need for open‐access mass spectrometry systems for performing quantitative analysis in a variety of biological matrices. The open‐access mass spectrometers described here are LC/MS/MS systems operated in ‘multiple reaction monitoring’ (MRM) mode to obtain the sensitivity and specificity required to quantitate low levels of pharmaceutical compounds in an excess of biological matrix. Instigation of these open‐access systems has resulted in mass spectrometers becoming the detectors of choice for non‐expert users, drastically reducing analytical method development time and allowing drug discovery scientists to concentrate on their core expertise of pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism. Setting up an open‐access facility that effectively allows a user with minimal mass spectral knowledge to exploit the MS/MS capability of triple quadrupole mass spectrometers presents a significantly different challenge from setting up qualitative single stage mass spectrometry systems. Evolution of quantitative open access mass spectrometry within a pharmaceutical drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics group, from its beginnings as a single generic system to a series of specialist fully integrated walk‐up facilities, is described. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐extraction techniques in analytical toxicology: short review
Authors: Flanagan R. J. , Morgan P. E. , Spencer E. P. , Whelpton R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses new developments in plasma micro‐extraction techniques in the context of established micro‐extraction and protein precipitation methodology. Simple liquid–liquid solvent extraction (LLE) of plasma with direct GC or HPLC analysis of the resulting extract has been used for many years. Butyl acetate and methyl t‐butyl ether (MTBE) give efficient extraction of many drugs and metabolites from small volumes of plasma or whole blood at an appropriate pH, and form the upper layer, thus simplifying extract removal. Butyl acetate does not interfere with NPD, ECD or MS in GC, whilst MTBE has a relatively low UV cutoff (220 nm). Thus, HPLC eluents that use a high proportion of an organic component allow MTBE extracts to be analysed directly. ‘Salting‐out’ and extractive derivatization using acetic anhydride or phenylboronic acid can be used with appropriate analytes. As regards protein precipitation, an important consideration is lowering the pH, although this is not feasible with acid‐labile analytes. More recent developments include sold‐phase micro‐extraction (SPME) and liquid‐phase micro‐extraction (LPME). This latter technique especially may prove invaluable as analytes that cannot easily be extracted with LLE can be isolated simply at low cost with a minimum of apparatus. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fingerprint analysis of Flos Lonicerae japonicae using binary HPLC profiling
Authors: Li Famei , Yuan Bo , Xiong Zhili , Lu Xiumei , Qin Feng , Chen Huashan , Liu Zhigang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBinary chromatographic profiling was employed in fingerprint analysis of Flos Lonicerae japonicae, the flower bud of Lonicera japonica Thunb. Standardized procedures were used to develop the profiling for both aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Other species in the previous Chinese Pharmacopoeia and some in folk remedy were successfully differentiated from L. japonica Thunb. by hierarchiral cluster analysis of the chromatographic profiles. Correlation analysis showed that six chromatographic peaks in ethanolic extract were positively correlated with in vitro bacteriostasis activity. Two standard fingerprints were developed with 10 genuine samples of L. japonica Thunb. Similarity analysis with a limited number of samples showed a fair consistence in the chromatographic profiling of L. japonica Thunb. from various sources and two harvests, and significant differences from other species. Combination use of the two fingerprints demonstrated confirmative identification and quality assessment of Flos Lonicerae japonicae. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug disposition of chiral and achiral drug substrates metabolized by cytochrome P450 2D6 isozyme: case studies, analytical perspectives and developmental implications
Authors: Srinivas Nuggehally R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe concepts of drug development have evolved over the last few decades. Although number of novel chemical entitities belonging to varied classes have made it to the market, the process of drug development is challenging, intertwined as it is with complexities and uncertainities. The intention of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of novel chemical entities (NCEs) that are substrates to cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 isozyme. Topics covered in this review aim: (1) to provide a framework of the importance of CYP2D6 isozyme in the biotransformation of NCEs as stand‐alones and/or in conjunction with other CYP isozymes; (2) to provide several case studies of drug disposition of important drug substrates, (3) to cover key analytical perspectives and key assay considerations to assess the role and involvement of CYP2D6, and (4) to elaborate some important considerations from the development point of view. Additionally, wherever applicable, special emphasis is provided on chiral drug substrates in the various subsections of the review. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase II trial of dexamethasone, vitamin D, and carboplatin in patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Flaig Thomas W. , Barqawi Albaha , Miller Gary , Kane Madeleine , Zeng Chan , Crawford E. David , Glodé L. Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.A Phase II prospective trial was performed to study the efficacy of combination therapy with dexamethasone, calcitriol (1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3), and carboplatin in patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Preclinical data from prostate cancer cell lines suggested a synergistic effect of these therapies.METHODS.All patients had pathologically confirmed prostate cancer with at least 2 consecutive increases in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA). Treatment started with 1 mg of oral dexamethasone given daily with 0.5 mcg of daily calcitriol added at the start of Week 5. Carboplatin (area under the concentration time curve = 2) was started at the beginning of Week 7. Initially, carboplatin was given weekly; however, the protocol was changed later to give carboplatin for the first 4 weeks of a 6‐week cycle. Of 40 patients who consented to participate, 6 patients were ineligible or declined to start therapy, leaving 34 treated patients. The median follow‐up was 80.7 weeks (range, 11.5–260 weeks).RESULTS.A formal PSA response was seen in 13 of 34 treated patients (38.2%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 22.2–56.4%). The median overall survival was 97.7 weeks (95% CI, 61–114 weeks). Significant adverse events that were observed during the trial period included 2 deaths (myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock), 4 patients with Grade 3 neutropenia (according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, version 2.0), 2 patients with thrombosis, 2 patients with inflammatory bowel symptoms, and 2 patients with new‐onset diabetes mellitus.CONCLUSIONS.The novel combination of dexamethasone, calcitriol, and carboplatin for patients with HRPC produced a PSA response in 13 of 34 patients and had an acceptable side‐effect profile. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A phase II evaluation of a 3‐hour infusion of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and 5‐fluorouracil in patients with advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Worden Francis P. , Moon James , Samlowski Wolfram , Clark Joseph I. , Dakhil Shaker R. , Williamson Stephen , Urba Susan G. , Ensley John , Hussain Maha H. ,   and Southwest Oncology Group, the Head and Neck Working Group
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Previous data from an institutional pilot study in patients with advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) who received treated a combined chemotherapy regimen of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and 5‐fluorouracil indicated an overall response rate of 60% and a median survival of 6 months. To validate these results and to determine the feasibility of this combination, a Phase II study was conducted by the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG S0007).METHODS.Patients with advanced or recurrent SCCHN were eligible if they had received 1 previous regimen of induction/adjuvant chemotherapy or no prior systemic therapy. Patients received treatment with paclitaxel (135 mg/m2 on Day 1), followed by cisplatin (75 mg/m2 on Day 1), and 5‐fluorouracil (1000 mg/m2per day as a 96‐hour continuous infusion on Days 1–4) every 21 days.RESULTS.Seventy‐six patients received a combined total of 286 cycles of chemotherapy. Sixty‐nine patients were evaluable for response. There were 5 complete responses (7%) and 23 partial responses (33%) partial responses, for an overall response rate of 41%. The median progression‐free survival was 4 months, and the median overall survival was 10 months. Six treatment‐related deaths were documented, including deaths in 2 patients who had a Zubrod PS of 2. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia (according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria [version 2.0]) was observed in 47% of patients. Other Grade 3 or 4 adverse events included mucositis (34% of patients), nausea (20% of patients), anemia (9% of patients), and neuropathy (8% of patients).CONCLUSIONS.The combination of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and 5‐fluorouracil had efficacy similar to that of standard treatment regimens in patients with advanced or recurrent SCCHN but with increased toxicity. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Late gastrointestinal toxicity after radiation for prostate cancer
Authors: Giordano Sharon H. , Lee Andrew , Kuo Yong‐Fang , Freeman Jean , Goodwin James S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.The current study was designed to determine rates and predictors of late, lower gastrointestinal toxicity after radiation therapy in a population‐based cohort of older men with prostate cancer.METHODS.The study population consisted of men with localized or regional stage prostate cancer who were age ≥66 years and were diagnosed between 1992 and 1999 who were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare database. Gastrointestinal diagnoses were ascertained through claims from 6 to 60 months after diagnosis. The relative rates of diagnoses in the radiation group versus the nonradiation group were used as a means of estimating toxicity from radiotherapy. Cox modeling was used to determine factors associated with gastrointestinal diagnoses.RESULTS.A total of 57,955 men were included, 24,130 of whom were treated with radiation therapy. Among patients with 5 years of follow‐up, the rates of gastrointestinal diagnoses were 19.4% higher in irradiated patients than among patients who did not have local therapy. Hemorrhage was the most common diagnosis, and was increased by 18.9% among patients treated with radiation (39.6% of irradiated patients vs. comparison rates of 18.2% in patients treated with radical prostatectomy and 20.7% in patients with no local therapy). Diagnostic lower endoscopies were performed in an additional 20.9% of men (32.4% of men treated with radiation vs. 12.7% of men who underwent prostatectomy). In all, 4.4% of irradiated men were hospitalized with a gastrointestinal diagnosis versus comparison rates of 3.2% among men with no local therapy. In multivariate models, increasing patient age, hormonal therapy, comorbidity, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and hemorrhoids were all associated with gastrointestinal diagnoses consistent with toxicity, whereas tumor stage and grade were not predictors.CONCLUSIONS.Lower gastrointestinal toxicity after radiation therapy for prostate cancer continues for at least 5 years and may be more common than previously reported. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
14th century example of the four unique hues
Authors: Pridmore Ralph W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt is generally thought that Ewald Hering (19th century), or possibly Leonardo da Vinci (16th century), first recognized the concept of four unique hues (blue, green, yellow, red). However, in the Alhambra palaces, Granada, Spain, in a room roped off from tourist traffic, is a stained glass window featuring the four unique hues, built about 1370. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 364–365, 2006