bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of aging and secular trend on adult stature in rural western Ireland
Authors: Relethford John H. , Lees Francis C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCross‐sectional data, consisting of anthropometric measurements for 347 adult males and 261 adult females in western Ireland measured during the 1930s, were used to determine the effects of aging and secular change upon stature. Estimates of statural loss due to aging were obtained using partial regression of stature on age while controlling for subischial length, and regression of the difference between observed stature and maximum predicted stature on age. Males show the effects of aging to a greater extent than do females. After correction for the effects of aging, the adjusted values of stature were regressed on age to estimate secular trend of stature. For males, there is a general increase of stature with time, excepting those born around 1878, while females generally show random variation with time. Both male and female adjusted stature decrease sharply around 1878, for which alternative historical explanations are proposed, relating to differential migration and survival.
The role of body mass in thermoregulation
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse 
Published: February 2006

AbstractInbred Fisher and Buffalo rats were raised in small and in large litters and by such litter manipulation, large‐ and small‐bodied animals were obtained within the same strain. When the rats were exposed to extreme cold and heat, it appeared that large‐bodied rats in both strains survived longer in cold and small‐bodied rats survived longer in heat. The two trends were clearly evident, and individual correlations between survival time and body mass were generally significant. However, there were also irregularities in such correlations. It is concluded that this is due to the fact that body mass is only one factor determining temperature tolerance in addition to hypothalamic, endocrine, and possibly neurochemical factors not known to be correlated to body mass.
Computed tomography in paleopathology: Technique and case study
Authors: Wong Patricia A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWith the development of computed tomography, soft tissues and foreign body collections are distinguished with remarkable resolution. This distinction is particularly useful when examining desiccated human remains, both in construction of research strategies and when invasive procedures (i.e., traditional autopsies, needle biopsies, etc.) are not possible. Though the organs differ markedly from living tissue, it is possible to distinguish major organs with some certainty. One case study exhibited three separate pathological conditions which were not demonstrated with traditional radiological procedures.
Dermatoglyphics of the nganasans and the forest entsy from the Taimir Peninsula
Authors: Galaktionov O. K. , Efimov V. M. , Goltsova T. V. , Lemza S. V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDermatoglyphic data on 17 traits (digital arches, ulnar loops, whorls, patterns on the hypothenar and thenar/I,II,III, and IV interdigital areas, main line C absence and its incompleteness, mean digital ridge‐count, a–b, b–c, and c–d ridge–counts, atd angle, pattern intensity index, and main line index) are presented in this paper for 194 males and 224 females from the Taimir Peninsula. Also presented is a population analysis of the Taimir aborigines based on quantitative traits, and comparisons of this population with some Siberian and North American populations.
Kinship, demographic, social, and geographic characteristics of mate choice in Sanday, Orkney Islands, Scotland
Authors: Brennan Ellen R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study examines marriage patterns for Sanday, a small, rural isolate in the Orkney Islands, during periods of rapid change in population growth and size. Kinship, demographic, social, and geographic characteristics of married residents born when fertility was high and population size large, are compared with those of couples born after both fertility and size began to decrease. Although social composition of spouses remained relatively unaffected for cohorts born between 1800 and 1964, significant changes in patterns of mate choice were observed with respect to consanguinity, age at marriage, age difference between spouses, birth order, sibship size, geographic propinquity, and the interaction of kinship with the other variables. Implications of observed changes in patterns of mate choice are discussed in relation to changes in population size and isolate breakdown.
The nut‐crackers – a new theory of the adaptations of the Ramapithecinae
Authors: Kay Richard F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMolar enamel is thicker among frugivorous extant Old World monkeys and apes than among their folivorous close relatives. Furthermore, species that have the thickest molar enamel reportedly eat fruits, seeds, and nuts that are so hard that they cannot be broken by their sympatric thinner‐enameled relatives. Species with relatively thick enamel show no tendency toward a terrestrial feeding pattern. Members of the Ramapithecinae, the stock which probably gave rise to Pliocene‐Recent hominids, had very thick molar enamel. This suggests that they ate hard seeds, nuts, and fruits previously available only to arboreal rodents and forest‐floor pigs. There is no reason to believe that these anatomical features had to evolve in non‐rain‐forest environments, as others have argued.
Ontogenetic and interspecific skeletal allometry in nonhuman primates: Bivariate versus multivariate analysis
Authors: Jungers William L. , German Rebecca Z. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe critical problem confronting all allometric studies is the choice of an appropriate size variable, especially when body mass or some other measure of total size is unavailable. A method proposed by Jolicoeur (1963a,b) claims to generate an internal size variable by a principal components analysis of the covariance matrix of logarithmically transformed data, from which allometric coefficients can be computed. Despite the current popularity of this method, the precise relationship and degree of compatibility between such multivariate coefficients and the exponent of the bivariate power function (Y = βXα) is unknown. This study evaluates the comparability and interpretability of allometric values computed by Jolicoeur's procedure and by standard bivariate regressions (least squares and major axis). Two primate data sets with known measures of size were utilized for these purposes: (1) longitudinal growth data from radiographs of two species of capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella and Cebus albifrons; and (2) interspecific osteometric data from a series of adult lemurs, species of prosimians from Madagascar.Consistent differences exist between multivariate and bivariate allometric coefficients for both ontogenetic and static data sets. Multivariate analysis underestimated the coefficients in the former and overestimated them in the latter. The internal size variable generated by principal components analysis is clearly not equivalent to, and hence not a suitable substitute for, known measures of size. Moreover, multivariate coefficients are very sensitive to the composition of variables in a given data set; α values of a variable changed appreciably depending on the other variables included in the analysis. The multivariate coefficients are also sample‐specific, and provide misleading biological information when compared between samples (e.g., between species of capuchin monkey). For allometric investigations designed to evaluate scaling parameters relative to total size, alternative analytical solutions to the Jolicoeur method should be considered.
Sexual dimorphism and allometry in primate ossa coxae
Authors: Steudel Karen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFive measurements were taken on the ossa coxae of 454 adult primates representing Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea. Sex differences in these variables and their relationships to overall body size and sexual dimorphism were tested by means of Student's t‐test and regression analysis. The study attempts to clarify the nature of primate pelvic sexual dimorphism, including allometric effects, and more specifically, test the assertion made by Mobb and Wood (1977) that sexual dimorphism in body size in not an important determinant in pelvic sex differences.Variables that contribute to the size of the birth canal tend to be larger in females than males in all taxa studied except two. In these, Hylobates and Alouatta, there were no significant differences between the sexes for any of the five variables. In general, sexual dimorphism in variables contributing to the size of the birth canal was correlated (r ≃ 0.8) with sexual dimorphism in body size. Furthermore, the coefficients of allometry underlying pelvic sex differences were shown to be moderately correlated (r ≃ 0.5) with sexual dimorphism in size. The influence of other adaptive factors on primate pelvic sexual dimorphism are also briefly discussed.
Hemoglobin variations on a small bahamian island
Authors: Halberstein R. A. , Davies J. E. , Mack A. K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHemoglobin characteristics were investigated in 492 blood specimens collected in a small island community (1,450 inhabitants) in the Bahamas. Using two different methods, abnormal variants were detected in 20.3% of the sample, including genotypes AS, AC, AF(A/HPFH), SC, and SF. Biodemographic evidence suggests that the origin and distribution of the hemoglobinpathies in this population have been influenced by historical migrations and genetic drift. The opportunity for drift has been particularly heightened by the “founder effect,” the maintenance of small population size, a relatively endogamous mating structure, and restricted immigration. Health survey results reveal a wide discrepancy between the actual prevalence of abnormal hemoglobins and that indicated by informant reports.
Blood protein variation in a population of ethiopian vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops)
Authors: Turner T. R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeven small groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops), totaling 124 individuals, from Awash National Park, Ethiopia, were trapped and blood samples were obtained. Twenty‐three loci were examined by starch gel electrophoresis and four loci, Tf, E, ADA, and PMG2 were found to be polymorphic. The average heterozygosity (H̄) of the population was calculated to be 5.6%. No significant deviations from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium proportions occurred and a chi‐square test for group homogeneity was also not significant. Average FST for all polymorphic loci was calculated to be 0.062. This suggests that the entire group functions as a single Mendelian population.
A multivariate analysis of temporal change in Arikara craniometrics: A methodological approach
Authors: Key Patrick , Jantz R. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe have examined temporal changes in the cranial architecture of Arikara Amerindians from five archaeological sites in South Dakota which span a time period of approximately 230 years (ca. A.D. 1600–1830). We have utilized a multivariate statistical method based on a principal components analysis of the pooled within‐groups correlation matrix rather than the more traditional methods of ascertaining morphological relationships, e.g., discriminant functions, Mahalanobis' D2, or Penrose's Size and Shape. Our component structure, based on a regional sample and the mathematically simpler principal components analysis, is very similar to the factor structure obtained by Howells (1973) using a world‐wide sample and factor analysis proper. This supports the notion of the “universality” of cranial structure. An axis of temporal variation was introduced into the component space by means of multiple regression. This analysis indicates that a substantial portion of the intergroup variation is temporal in nature and that systematic temporal changes occur along the facial height, transverse frontal flatness, and frontal profile flatness components. Earlier analyses of the same material by more conventional methods either did not detect the temporal trends at all or failed to isolate the specific nature of the temporal changes. The success of the present analysis attests to the value of examining morphological relationships by means of principal components.
A revision of the Oligocene apes of the Fayum Province, Egypt
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Fleagle John G. , Simons Elwyn L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree years of field excavations in the Oligocene strata of the Fayum Province, Egypt, have yielded more than two dozen new jaws and teeth of fossil apes. This material contributes significantly to our understanding of catarrhine systematics and phylogeny. Here we present a systematic revision of the earliest apes and discuss their relationship with Miocene forms.Two ape species have been recovered from Quarries I and M in the Upper Fossil Wood zone of the Jebel el Qatrani Formation, Aegyptopithecus zeuxis and Propliopithecus (=Aeolopithecus) chirobates. Female Propliopithecus chirobates have small canines which somewhat resemble those of the enigmatic Propliopithecus haeckeli, but have a longer, narrower P3 than the latter. No specimens of either P. haeckeli or Moeripithecus markgrafi have been found in the Upper Fossil Wood zone after ten field seasons, suggesting that these species may occur only lower in the section.Aegyptopithecus and Propliopithecus have no shared derived features that exclude them from the ancestry either of Old World monkeys or apes. Thus, Aegyptopithecus, the better known form, is suitably primitive to have been the ancestor of all later Old World monkeys and apes (and hominids). The possibility of a separate gibbon or hominid lineage going back to the Oligocene is unlikely on present evidence.
Dental microwear and diet: Implications for determining the feeding behaviors of extinct primates, with a comment on the dietary pattern of Sivapithecus
Authors: Covert Herbert H. , Kay Richard F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDental microwear is of special interest for two reasons. First, it has been proposed that specific dental microwear patterns are associated with specific diets and therefore that the diets of extinct forms may be deduced by analysis of microwear. Second, it has been suggested that the geometry of wear striations indicates the direction of masticatory movement. We tested these ideas by analyzing microwear of laboratory animals fed different diets. Twelve American opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) were fed soft cat food for 90 days. Two control animals were fed only this base diet, five animals had plant fiber added to their diet, four animals had chitin added to their diet, and one animal had fine ground pumice added to its diet (for the last 30 days of the feeding period). We examined the wear surface below the paracristid on the M3 and M4 of each animal by SEM. No microwear pattern differences were observed on the plant fiber‐fed, chitin‐fed, or control animal's molars. The pumice‐fed opossum had a distinct microwear pattern with many parallel striations, resembling those found on the teeth of grass‐eating hyraxes (Walker et al., 1978). These results suggest that (1) exogenous grit (this study) or plant parts containing opaline phytoliths (Walker et al., 1978) produce similar microwear patterns, and (2) the diets of extinct forms cannot always be deduced by the analysis of dental microwear. The absence of fine parallel striations on teeth of Sivapithecus examined by us suggests that grass parts were not an important part of its diet and that it avoided dietary fine grit. Furthermore, we found striations on opossum molars with deep, broad heads and shallow, narrow tails oriented in opposite directions on the the same Phase I wear facet. This suggests that the geometry of striations on Phase I wear facets does not allow one to determine the direction of masticatory movement.
Medial pterygoid muscle activity during the closing and compressive phases of human mastication
Authors: Hannam Alan G. , Wood William W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe lack of specific data correlating activity in the human medial pterygoid muscle with displacement of the jaw during mastication, and the hint of possible differences in function between certain mammalian species, prompted a study of unilateral mastication in six adult subjects. Muscle activity in the medial pterygoid, masseter, and anterior temporal muscles was recorded simultaneously with three‐dimensional movement of an incisor point on the mandible. Signals from muscles and displacement transducer were sampled by a disc‐based computer system programmed to analyze data averaged over 30 chewing cycles on each side and in some instances over 30 open‐close and clench cycles.Patterns of medial pterygoid activity were consistent for the group as a whole, demonstrating activation of both muscles early in the closing cycle with strong ipsilateral muscle activity before and throughout the intercuspal phase of mastication. By contrast contralateral activity ceased during the crushing phase of the cycle, reappearing in some subjects just before the end of intercuspation. Medial pterygoid activity mirrored masseter and anterior temporal activity only during certain phases of the closing cycle, suggesting that these muscles should be considered as being selectively coactivated with, rather than synergists of, the major elevators of the jaw. The muscles were active during horizontal components of movement of the incisor teeth in chewing, but were inactive during the open‐close and clench task despite vigorous contraction of the masseter muscles.Overall, the observations complement previous reports of medial pterygoid muscle activity in humans. They also confirm, for these muscles at least, a general similarity between man and the little brown bat, a relationship hitherto suspected but unsubstantiated.
A quantitative comparison of the Hominoid Thalamus. IV. Posterior association nuclei—the pulvinar and lateral posterior nucleus
Authors: Armstrong Este 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNuclear volumes, nerve cell densities, numbers of neurons, and volumes of nerve cell perikarya in the thalamic association complex, the pulvinar and lateral posterior nuclei (Pu‐LP) were compared among two gibbons, one gorilla, one chimpanzee, and three humans. The human Pu has approximately twice as many neurons as do the great apes, whereas the human and gorilla LP have a similar number. The numbers of neurons in the human Pu and combined Pu‐LP complex were predictable from the ape data. Nevertheless, a shift in perikaryal sizes from a unimodal to a bimodal population distinguished the human specimen. It is hypothesized that during human evolution Pu expanded in proportion to the rest of the brain, but that not all parts of Pu expanded equally.
Volumetric and asymmetry determinations on recent hominid endocasts: Spy I and II, Djebel Ihroud I, and the salè Homo erectus specimens, with some notes on neandertal brain size
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFull brain endocast reconstructions of the Neandertals, Spy I and II, Djebel Ihroud I, and the Homo erectus specimen from Salè, Morocco have yielded accurate volumes. Spy I = 1,305 ml; Spy II = 1,553 ml; Djebel Ihroud I = 1,305 ml; Salè = 880 ml. While there are no remarkable gyral and sulcal patterns one can delineate, the brain endocasts do show evidence of left‐occipital, right‐frontal petalias, suggesting right‐handedness, and possibly human cognitive specialization, involving symbol processing and visuospatial integration. Some speculations regarding Neandertal brain size are also offered, in which it is suggested that their possibly larger brain sizes were related to greater muscularity than in modern Homo sapiens.
Postmortem absorption of lead by the skeleton
Authors: Waldron H. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn a study of bones recovered from lead coffins at two sites in the United Kingdom, the lead concentration was so high that postmortem absorption seemed the most likely explanation. Electron probe analysis showed that in one bone from a lead coffin, the lead was concentrated on the surfaces of the bone, as would be expected if absorption had occurred after death. It is suggested that in any further study of the lead content of bones from archaeological sites, steps must be taken to assess environmental lead levels and if these are unusually high, the results of the analyses should be viewed with suspicion.
Dentin apposition rates as markers of primate growth
Authors: Molnar S. , Przybeck T. R. , Gantt D. G. , Elizondo R. S. , Wilkerson J. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe incremental lines of von Ebner frequently have been described as ultradian markers of dentin calcification. To determine the relationship between these lines and the quantity of dentin formed, reference was made to an in vivo marker of calcification, tetracycline. These markers were produced by injecting four juvenile rhesus monkeys periodically over a period of 175 days. These animals had been subjects in a heat stress study and were exposed to a series of heat stresses and cortisone injections. At the end of the study, undecalcified thin sections of premolars and second molars were prepared by standard histological techniques.We found that linear apposition rates increased in a gradient toward the pulp chamber. These rates varied within each tooth but not in corresponding parts of different teeth. Also, we determined that dentin apposition can be temporarily depressed by certain metabolic stresses. Heat load and cortisone significantly slowed dentin formation. Each depression, however, was followed by a “catch‐up” period. Incremental line distances also increased as a function of the distance from the dentoenamel junction. There was, however, no systematic relationship between apposition rates and incremental line distance; these distances did not deviate from the observed trends during periods of slowed apposition. Incremental lines may be interpreted, not as natural growth markers, but as structural phenomena which are a function of dentin geometry and tubule bending.
Dermatoglyphic assessment of the genetic relationships of native American populations
Authors: Hoff C. , Plato C. C. , Garruto R. M. , Dutt J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGenetic distance techniques and cluster analysis were used to determine which dermatoglyphic parameters were most useful in assessing genetic relationships between native American populations. The dermatoglyphic parameters used for this analysis were those most completely reported in the papers examined in a literature survey we had carried out previously, and include digital patterns, modal types of the C‐line and D‐line terminations, and palmar patterns in the hypothenar, thenar/I, and interdigital areas. The populations examined were separated by sex and divided into seven major geographical groups: Eskimo; North American Indian; Maya and non‐Maya (Central America); Amazonian; Quechua, and Aymara (South America). Mean frequencies of dermatoglyphic traits were computed for each group and pairwise “genetic” distances calculated using Cavalli‐Sforza and Edward's D‐test. Dendrograms were then generated from these D‐values using Q‐mode cluster analysis. Using the hypothenar, thenar/I and III and IV interdigital areas, the results of this analysis demonstrated a good fit to an expected phylogenetic tree. When digital patterns, patterns in the II interdigital area, and the modal types of the C‐line were included in the analysis, the same phylogenetic relationships were observed. However, inclusion of the modal types of the D‐line with the other parameters tended to introduce some distortion and a greater separation between sexes within the same populations.