bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Mortality in Patients with Pauses in Ventricular Electrical Activity
Authors: SABA MAGDI M. , DONAHUE TIMOTHY P. , PANOTOPOULOS PANAGIOTIS T.H. , IBRAHIM SALMA S. , ABI‐SAMRA FREDDY M. 
Published: November 2005

Background: The long‐term significance of ventricular pauses of ≥3.0 seconds observed on Holter monitor is unclear, as previously conducted retrospective studies have been poorly controlled. We compared the prognosis of patients with pauses ≥3.0 seconds on Holter monitor with a well‐matched control group without such pauses.
Methods: Scanning the Holter database at Ochsner Clinic (n = 11,730; January 1998 to June 2003) for pauses ≥3.0 seconds identified 70 patients (pause group). Of those, 29 (37.1%) received a permanent pacemaker (PPM group) and 41 (62.9%) did not (No‐PPM group). For each No‐PPM patient, two patients without pauses (<2.0 seconds) exactly matched for age, sex, ejection fraction (EF), rhythm, and duration of follow‐up were randomly chosen from the Holter database (control group, n = 82) and survival of the two groups was compared.
Results: Mean age was 72.5 ± 15.0 years, mean EF was 52.2 ± 12.7%, and 68.3% were men. Mean follow‐up was 2.2 years (0.5–4.5 years). There was no difference in survival between the No‐PPM and the control groups (82.9% vs 84.1%, P = NS). Compared with the PPM group, pauses in the No‐PPM group were more commonly asymptomatic, nocturnal, and due to sinus pauses or atrial fibrillation (AF) with slow ventricular response.
Conclusions: Pauses in ventricular electrical activity ≥3 seconds on Holter monitor due to sinus pauses or AF with slow ventricular response are not predictive of heightened mortality.
Bone healing in surgically created defects treated with either bioactive glass particles, a calcium sulfate barrier, or a combination of both materials
Authors: Melo Luiz G. N. , Nagata Maria J. H. , Bosco Alvaro F. , Ribeiro Luciana L. G. , Leite Cristiane M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to histologically analyze the influence of bioactive glass and/or a calcium sulfate barrier on bone healing in surgically created defects in rat tibias.Material and methods: Sixty‐four rats were divided into 4 groups: C (control), CS (calcium sulfate), BG (bioactive glass), and BG/CS (bioactive glass/calcium sulfate). A surgical defect was created in the tibia of each animal. In Group CS, a calcium sulfate barrier was placed to cover the defect. In Group BG the defect was filled with bioactive glass. In Group BG/CS, it was filled with bioactive glass and protected by a barrier of calcium sulfate. Animals were sacrificed at 10 or 30 days post‐operative. The formation of new bone in the cortical area of the defect was evaluated histomorphometrically.Results: At 10 days post‐operative, Group C presented significantly more bone formation than Groups CS, BG, or BG/CS. No statistically significant differences were found between the experimental groups. At 30 days post‐operative, Group C demonstrated significantly more bone formation than the experimental groups. Groups CS and BG/CS showed significantly more bone formation than Group BG. No statistically significant differences were found between Group CS and BG/CS.Conclusions: (a) the control groups had significantly more bone formation than the experimental groups; (b) at 10 days post‐operative, no significant differences were found between any of the experimental groups; and (c) at 30 days post‐operative, the groups with a calcium sulfate barrier had significantly more bone formation than the group that used bioactive glass only.
Histomorphometry and micro‐computed tomography of bone augmentation under a titanium membrane
Authors: Maréchal Marina , Luyten Frank , Nijs Jos , Postnov Andrei , Schepers Evert , van Steenberghe Daniël 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectives: Bone augmentation underneath an occlusive titanium membrane is evaluated in most cases by means of serial histological sections and histomorphometry. Micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) is a less invasive and dynamic technique to measure bone volume in animals of a size that fits into the gantry. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the latter approach could match histomorphometry to assess bone augmentation under a titanium membrane.Material and methods: Pre‐formed titanium cups were placed on the skull of 16 rabbits. Bone formation underneath the cups was allowed to occur for 12 weeks. The amount of bone volume assessed by micro‐CT was expressed as a numerical unit. One unit volume corresponds to 0.043 mm3. The measurements reveal the volume of bone‐like tissue under the membrane, with the same density as that of the original rabbit skull bone. Histological sections were cut along the same plane as the one used for the micro‐CT images. The total bone surface was assessed by a digital image system in double‐stained undecalcified histological sections and related to the maximum available surface of the titanium cups, which was on average 1366 mm2.Results: The amount of total bone surface found under the titanium membrane varied between 40 and 163 mm2. Measured by micro‐CT, the bone detected ranged from 3.7 to 396 numerical units. A highly significant (P<0.001) correlation was found between the total bone volume measured in conventional serial histological sections and by the micro‐CT technique (r2=0.72).Conclusions: The total bone volume measured underneath a membrane using the micro‐CT when compared with histological sections remained within a 16% error. This is because of the scattering effect of the metallic membrane and the impossibility to distinguish newly formed bone from the original skull bone on the micro‐CT images.
Barriers and Facilitators Influencing Call Center Nurses' Decision Support for Callers Facing Values‐Sensitive Decisions: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Stacey Dawn , Graham Ian D. , O'Connor Annette M. , Pomey Marie‐Pascale 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTBackground:Call center nurses triage symptoms and provide health information. However, information alone is not adequate for people facing values‐sensitive health decisions. For these decisions, effective interventions are evidence‐based patient decision aids and in‐person nurse coaching using a structured process. Little is known about the quality of decision support provided by call center nurses.Aims:To identify the barriers and facilitators influencing the provision of decision support by call center nurses to callers facing values‐sensitive health decisions at a Canadian province‐wide health call center.Methods:A mixed qualitative and quantitative descriptive study from December 2003 to January 2004 using key informant interviews (n= 4), two focus groups (n= 7), a barriers assessment survey (n= 57), and analysis of simulated patient calls (n= 38) were carried out. Triangulation of these data was conducted using a conceptual content analysis method.Results:Participants indicated positive attitudes toward call center nurses preparing callers facing values‐sensitive decisions. Facilitators included decision support resources, nurses' ability to recognize callers having difficulty, and having a supportive organizational infrastructure. The most frequently identified barriers were (a) limited usability of patient decision aids via telephone; (b) lack of a structured process to guide nurses during these types of calls; (c) nurses' inadequate knowledge, skills, and confidence in providing values‐sensitive decision support; (d) unclear program direction; (e) organizational pressure to minimize call length; and (f) low public awareness of the services.Conclusions and Implications:Despite call center nurses having positive attitudes, several modifiable barriers were interfering with nurses' current approaches to supporting callers facing values‐sensitive decisions. Nurses wanted educational opportunities to further develop their decision support knowledge and skills, and decision support resources that are easier to use via telephone. As well, changes to organizational policies that address identified barriers could further facilitate the provision of decision support.Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing 2005; 2(4):184‐195
Maize seed selection by East African smallholder farmers and resistance to Maize streak virus*
Authors: Gibson R.W. , Lyimo N.G. , Temu A.E.M. , Stathers T.E. , Page W.W. , Nsemwa L.T.H. , Acola G. , Lamboll R.I. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractInterviews identified that most small‐scale maize farmers in central Uganda and in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania plant home‐saved seed of landraces or seed derived from various open‐pollinated and hybrid varieties. Some farmers also bought a portion of their seed, either certified seed, locally traded seed or even maize sold for consumption. Selection for home‐saved seed was generally among harvested cobs. Big cobs with many, regularly arranged, large, white, flint kernels were preferred. A maize cob may bear several hundred seeds, so a farmer needs to save <1% of cobs for seed. A form of resistance in which plants show only moderate symptoms and suffer only a small reduction in yield when infected has been incorporated in some released varieties. Because not all plants in most crops are infected and because plants uninfected with Maize streak virus (MSV) tend to produce bigger cobs than infected resistant plants, the few cobs selected by a farmer for seed may all be from the uninfected ‘escapes’, with no preferential selection of resistant types. On‐station simulation of the farmers’ selection process in a crop of the MSV‐resistant maize variety, Longe 1, confirmed this. An alternative very strong form of MSV resistance was identified.
Interaction between Sitona lepidus and red clover lines selected for formononetin content
Authors: Gerard P.J. , Crush J.R. , Hackell D.L. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAdult clover root weevil Sitona lepidus show a feeding preference for white clover Trifolium repens over red clover Trifolium pratense. The effects on S. lepidus of three red clover T. pratense lines, selected for high, medium, or low levels of the isoflavone formononetin in foliage, were compared in three experiments using white clover as a control. In a no‐choice slant board experiment, weevil larval weights were greater for larvae feeding on white clover roots than those feeding on roots of the red clovers. The effect of larval root herbivory on plant growth was similar for all four clovers. Following root herbivory, a large increase in root and shoot formononetin levels was observed in the high‐formononetin selection of red clover but little change in the low‐formononetin red clover. In a no‐choice experiment with sexually mature female adult weevils feeding on foliage of the four clovers, all the red clovers had increased weevil mortality. Female weevils eating the high‐formononetin red clover laid fewer eggs than weevils eating white clover. The red clover diet caused a large accumulation of abdominal fat and/or oil in the weevils, whereas weevils feeding on white clover did not accumulate fat/oil. When sexually immature adult weevils were given a choice of foliage from all four clovers, white clover was eaten preferentially, and the low‐formononetin red clover was preferred to the high‐formononetin red clover. The results suggest that formononetin and associated metabolites in red clover may act as chemical defences against adult S. lepidus and that distribution in forage legumes can be manipulated by plant breeding to improve root health.
PHYSICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF NO‐SUGAR‐ADDED/LOW‐FAT MUFFIN
Authors: KHOURYIEH HANNA A. , ARAMOUNI FADI M. , HERALD THOMAS J. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT Physical and sensory analyses were performed to evaluate no‐sugar‐added muffins and no‐sugar‐added/low‐fat muffins either with or without xanthan gum. All treatments had significantly higher moisture content, less moisture loss after baking and less volume than a control muffin at either day 1 or 4. The addition of maltodextrin DE ≤ 3 was effective in maintaining the moisture content. Xanthan gum had no influence on the water activity but reduced moisture loss during baking. Texture profile analysis indicated that test muffins were significantly firmer and chewier than the control. Sensory analyses showed that the no‐sugar‐added/low‐fat muffin was significantly higher in taste liking (6.71) than the commercial no‐sugar‐added/low‐fat muffin (6.18). However, the commercial muffin chewiness liking (6.54) was significantly higher than the chewiness liking (5.81) of the no‐sugar‐added/low‐fat muffin.
EFFECTS OF POSTHARVEST HOT AIR TREATMENT ON THE QUALITY OF “RHAPSODY” TOMATO FRUIT
Authors: SOTO‐ZAMORA GLORIA , YAHIA ELHADI M. , BRECHT JEFFREY K. , GARDEA ALFONSO 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT “Rhapsody” tomatoes were not heated or heated in air at 34 or 38C and 95% relative humidity (RH) for 24 h then stored at 4 or 20C for up to 4 weeks. The fruits were severely injured by 38C exposure, while those heated at 34C were only slightly injured. Heated fruit had more weight loss than control fruit. Nonheated fruit and those heated at 34C developed the best color compared with fruit heated at 38C. There were no differences in chlorophyll degradation between heated and nonheated fruit stored at 4C; however, fruits that were not heated and stored at 20C were the only ones with chlorophyll that degraded completely. Fruit stored at 20C developed a high quantity of lycopene andβ‐carotene, with the highest level obtained in fruit heated at 34C and stored at 20C. Fruit stored at 4C almost did not develop any carotenoids.
MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE TIME SERIES: DATA FROM BOREHOLES IN KAMCHATKA
Authors: BODRI LOUISE , CERMAK VLADIMIR 
Published: November 2005

In the present work, we focus on the multifractal structure of the microtemperature time series monitored at depth in boreholes, namely in two holes drilled in Kamchatka (Russia). Two monitoring series were performed for approximately two weeks with a 5-second reading interval; thus, each series contains about 230,000 data points. The observed temperatures displayed sharp gradients and large fluctuations over all observed time ranges, reflecting fine structure of the heat transfer process in the shallow subsurface. Recurrence plot (RP) technique was applied for detecting hidden rhythms that generated the time series. The most characteristic feature of the RPs is their web-like structure, indicating quasi-periodic occurrence of the sharp changes. The spectral and the local growth of the second moment techniques were used for distinguishing between the potentially different heat transfer processes. Both spectra show "red noise" behavior, however, exhibit distinct scaling exponents for different frequency domains from near 1.33 for low frequencies to near 3 at the high frequency end of the spectra. Local growth of the second moment technique has revealed the presence of temperature forming process with the characteristic time of approximately 1 minute, that smoothes out generally anti-persistent behavior on shorter time scales, but has a little effect on longer time scales. The investigation was accomplished by the calculation of universal multifractal indices, which characterize temperature fluctuation upon scales in the range from minutes to weeks. Both time series show very similar multifractal behavior. The Hurst exponent, characterizing the degree of non-stationarity, equals to 0.18–0.20, the measure of intermittence C1 amounts to 0.10, and the α-index, characterizing the degree of multifractality, amounts to 1.32 and 1.24 for both boreholes. We speculate on the origin of these common features intervening all over the observed range of time scales in a borehole.
Requirements/design debugging
Authors: Bates Peter 
Published: November 2005

This session was essentially a continuation of the earlier session on Knowledge-Based systems. The discussion proceeded along two dimensions. One is the paradigm used to, in some sense, debug high-level specifications. This is further broken into the 'current' and the 'operational specifications' paradigms. The other dimension is one of techniques for implementing these views. This dimension also has only two aspects, current techniques and knowledge-based techniques.
The plan for the session was to introduce the technologies that may or may not exist to support these capabilities followed by a debate on these methods. There are four areas to be discussed in terms of technology---symbolic evaluation, fault analysis, behavior expectations and natural language explanations.
An approach to testing specifications
Authors: Jard C. , Bochmann G. v. 
Published: November 2005

An approach to testing the consistency of specifications is explored, which is applicable to the design validation of communication protocols and other cases of step-wise refinement. In this approach, a testing module compares a trace of interactions obtained from an execution of the refined specification (e. g. the protocol specification) with the reference specification (e. g. the communication service specification).
Non-determinism in reference specifications presents certain problems. Using an extended finite state transition model for the specifications, a strategy for limiting the amount of non-determinacy is presented.
An automated method for constructing a testing module for a given reference specification is discussed. Experience with the application of this testing approach to the design of a Transport protocol and a distributed mutual exclusion algorithm is described.
The role of debugging within software engineering environments
Authors: Müllerburg Monika A. F. 
Published: November 2005

Programming environments (PEs) support a single programmer developing small- to medium-scale programs, whereas software development support systems and software engineering environments (SE
2
s) support whole project teams, developing Large-scale software. There is no reason to believe that one and only one support system may exist. The usefulness of one or the other depends on the particular situation of software development.

Debugging is distinguished from testing and defined not only for removing bugs from programs (dynamic debugging) but also from documents describing the programs (static debugging).
The key problem of debugging is understanding the software. Debugging may be supported by static analysis tools and by interactive debugging systems which help both to understand the software better and to estimate the impacts of an intended change. Graphical representations are also very useful for better understanding system structures and for recognising faults and clashes faster. Tools may furthermore be used to report errors and corrections, and to maintain these reports.

In the context of PEs and SE
2
s the tools supporting debugging are connected. Tools can be based on a uniform internal representation, allowing a uniform user interface. Tasks and corresponding tools can be tailored to each other, avoiding duplication of work. One task knows what the others have already done. One knows if certain types of errors have been prevented or removed, i.e. if static analysis tools prevent data flow errors during runtime. Tools and results of other tasks may be used, i.e. cross reference lists and test path reports. Similarities and differences of debugging in PEs and in SE
2
s are discussed by some example systems. The discussion is concluded by demonstrating possible influences on future software development by personal computers, knowledge engineering, and predicative programming.
An approach to high-level debugging of distributed systems
Authors: Bates Peter , Wileden Jack C. 
Published: November 2005

As part of a study of methods and strategies for problem solving in a distributed environment [Less80], we have been investigating techniques suitable for use in debugging programs written for implementation on distributed processing networks.
Traditional debugging methods emphasize techniques that apply at the level of computation units and generally allow users to examine, and possibly alter, the state of a computation. Interactive debugging monitors are probably the most powerful implementations of the traditional method and usually permit a user to examine an entire snspshot of system state at any step of the computation. It is the job of the debugger (usually a person directing the error search) to determine what units are relevant to some problem, examine the units in whatever fashion is available, and then fit the results of these examinations into a model of how the computation works. Two elements essential to the successful completion of the debugging task are evident here: the ability to <underline>monitor</underline>, in some meaningful way, the relevant system activity so as to understand how system behavior differs from the debugger's model, and the ability to perform <underline>experiments</underline> based (implicitly or explicitly) on the information gathered. Through the interaction of these two elements a debugger attempts to gain an understanding of the causes of an error or at least to note where the implementation and the expected behavior differ.
Converting java programs to use generic libraries
Authors: Donovan Alan , Kiežun Adam , Tschantz Matthew S. , Ernst Michael D. 
Published: November 2005

Java 1.5 will include a type system (called JSR-14) that supports <i>parametric polymorphism</i>, or <i>generic</i> classes. This will bring many benefits to Java programmers, not least because current Java practice makes heavy use of logically-generic classes, including container classes.
Translation of Java source code into semantically equivalent JSR-14 source code requires two steps: parameterization (adding type parameters to class definitions) and instantiation (adding the type arguments at each use of a parameterized class). Parameterization need be done only once for a class, whereas instantiation must be performed for each client, of which there are potentially many more. Therefore, this work focuses on the instantiation problem. We present a technique to determine sound and precise JSR-14 types at each use of a class for which a generic type specification is available. Our approach uses a precise and context-sensitive pointer analysis to determine possible types at allocation sites, and a set-constraint-based analysis (that incorporates guarded, or conditional, constraints) to choose consistent types for both allocation and declaration sites. The technique handles all features of the JSR-14 type system, notably the raw types that provide backward compatibility. We have implemented our analysis in a tool that automatically inserts type parameters into Java code, and we report its performance when applied to a number of real-world Java programs.