bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and key findings for ‘Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children’
Authors: van Dalen Elvira , Offringa Martin , Kremer Leontien 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThese are the characteristics and key findings for a Chochrane review published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Bloomfield P, Hodson EM, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003772. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD003772.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Expert Commentary articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ‘Neuromuscular paralysis for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation’
Authors: Milne Andrea 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Cools F, Offringa M. Neuromuscular paralysis for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD002773. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002773.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Expert Commentary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ‘Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding’
Authors: Milne Andrea 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue, first published as: Dyson L, McCormick F, Renfrew MJ. Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001688. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001688.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Expert Commentary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐precision texture mapping on 3D free‐form objects
Authors: Iwakiri Yuya , Kaneko Toyohisa 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCultural heritage objects such as historical buildings and sculptures are being lost every year due to such causes as earthquakes and fires, so that the need of preserving such objects digitally is becoming widely recognized. Digital preservation is carried out by measuring both 3D shape and optical property of an object of interest. The shape is usually measured with a laser scanner while the optical property is measured with a digital camera. It has been found to be difficult to match textures on the object surface exactly. Matching is carried out usually via camera parameters associated with the digital camera employed. Such camera parameters are usually derived based upon object silhouettes or perimeters. This paper proposes utilization of both silhouettes and textures for a more precise match of textures on the object surface. Furthermore, it proposes an algorithm to derive an optimal set of camera positions to realize a constant overlapping ratio. The proposed methods were applied to two examples, resulting in excellent matching. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(9): 24–32, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20302
Overexpression of ICAT highlights a rolefor catenin‐mediated canonical Wnt signalling in early T cell development
Authors: Pongracz Judit E. , Parnell Sonia M. , Jones Terry , Anderson Graham , Jenkinson Eric J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTranscription factors of the T cell factor/lymphoid enhancing factor (Tcf/Lef) family are key regulators in the development of T cell precursors to the CD4+8+ stage. These factors are known targets of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway, and regulate transcription of Wnt target genes following interaction with the armadillo repeat‐containing protein β‐catenin. However, as recent studies show normal thymocyte maturation in the absence of either β‐catenin or its homologue γ‐catenin, the role of Wnt signalling in Tcf/Lef activation during T cell development is controversial. To directly investigate the importance of catenin‐mediated Wnt signalling in early thymocytes, we have compared the expression of β‐ and γ‐catenin and analysed distinct stages of T cell precursor maturation following overexpression of inhibitor of β‐catenin and Tcf (ICAT), which inhibits Wnt signalling by preventing binding of armadillo repeat‐containing proteins to Tcf/Lef. By direct retroviral gene targeting of CD4–8– and CD4+8+ precursors, we show that ICAT overexpression inhibits the CD4–8–‐to‐CD4+8+ transition, but not the CD4+8+‐to‐CD4+8– or ‐CD4–8+ transition. Collectively, our data support a model in which canonical Wnt signalling influences T cell development in the thymus by playing an essential role in the maturation of CD4–8– but not CD4+8+ thymocytes.
Human ILT2 receptor associates with murine MHC class I molecules in vivo and impairs T cell function
Authors: Liang Siyuan , Zhang Wei , Horuzsko Anatolij 
Published: August 2006

AbstractImmunoglobulin‐like transcript 2 (ILT2/LILRB1/LIR1/CD85j) is an inhibitory receptor broadly expressed on leukocytes and antigen‐presenting cells that recognizes HLA‐class I and human cytomegalovirus UL18 proteins. The function of this receptor is to generate negative signals or to inhibit positive signals. Here, we demonstrate the model to study the function of ILT2 in vivo using a newly generated transgenic mouse expressing the human inhibitory receptor on T, B, NK, and NKT cells. ILT2 expression affects thymocyte development and targets the proximal TCR signaling pathway, resulting in long‐term survival or acceptance of skin allografts. The phenotype and constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of ILT2 in transgenic mice illustrate the possible existence of a murine ligand. We report here that H‐2Db, a murine MHC class I molecule, associates with human ILT2 in vivo. This engagement with ILT2 directs effects on thymocyte development, negative regulation of TCR signaling, T cell activation, and alloimmune responses. Our finding provides support for an important inhibitory function of ILT2 in T cells in vivo and opens up strategies for targeting proximal TCR signaling for prevention of allograft rejection.
Stereoselective Disposition of the Geminal Dimethyl Group in the Cyclization of Geranyl Acetate under Zeolite Confinement Conditions
Authors: Tsangarakis Constantinos , Stratakis Manolis 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe stereochemistry in the acid‐catalysed biomimetic cyclization of [8,8,8‐D3]geranyl acetate was examined in solution and under conditions of zeolite Y confinement. In the intrazeolite reaction the gem‐allylic methyl group adopts a diastereoselective disposition in the cyclization product (64 % dr). In contrast, the gem‐dimethyl disposition in a homogeneous medium (ClSO3H/2‐nitropropane) proceeds with negligible diastereoselectivity (dr < 5 %). The enhanced diastereoselection within the zeolite is attributed to the proximity of the nucleophilic double bond to the intermediate carbocation, as a result of confinement (entropy effect). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Unexpected Highly Chemoselective Anodic ortho‐Coupling Reaction of2,4‐Dimethylphenol on Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes
Authors: Malkowsky Itamar M. , Griesbach Ulrich , Pütter Hermann , Waldvogel Siegfried R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAnodic conversion of 2,4‐dimethylphenol on boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrodes under solvent‐free conditions results in an unusual highly selective formation of the desired 2,2′‐biphenol, representing the best electrochemical synthesis for this particular compound. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Optical and Bioelectrochemical Characterization of Water‐Miscible Ionic Liquids Based Composites of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Tao Wenyan , Pan Dawei , Liu Qian , Yao Shouzhuo , Nie Zhou , Han Buxing 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAcidic treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (AMWNTs) were ground with water‐miscible room temperature ionic liquids, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4), and resulted in AMWNTs‐[bmim]BF4 composite. Its electrical‐ionic conductivity and optical properties were compared with the other two types of carbon materials‐[bmim]BF4 composites: pyrolytic graphite powder (PGP), pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PMWNTs), through the ac impedance technology and Raman spectroscopy. The impedance data show that AMWNTs‐[bmim]BF4 composite exhibits the highest conductivity. Raman spectra study exhibits that the [bmim]BF4 can form gel with PMWNTs and AMWNTs but only form a viscous liquid with PGP. AMWNTs‐[bmim]BF4 gel modified GC electrode was applied in direct electrochemistry of heme proteins (Hb and HRP) and it catalysis to the reduction of H2O2 was investigated.
On the Suitability of Hydrous Ruthenium Oxide Supports to Enhance Intrinsic Proton Conductivity in DMFC Anodes
Authors: Scheiba F. , Scholz M. , Cao L. , Schafranek R. , Roth C. , Cremers C. , Qiu X. , Stimming U. , Fuess H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHydrous ruthenium oxides have been investigated as novel support materials for fuel cell electrocatalysts for use in DMFC applications. These oxides were chosen in particular due to their potential intrinsic proton conductivity. Pt nanoparticles have been deposited onto the new support, and the resulting catalysts characterized both structurally and electrochemically. The Pt nanoparticles are sized between 3–4 nm and are highly dispersed on the support. Transmission electron micrographs show that the individual Pt nanoparticles are covered by an amorphous coating layer – probably hydrous ruthenium oxide, in good agreement with the XPS data. Electrochemical measurements on model electrodes indicate that proton conductivity of the supporting material is strongly affected by interdiffusion of methanol. Nevertheless, initial tests on membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) showed improved performance, particularly with respect to internal resistance, when compared to Pt‐Ru black. The catalyst showed very high activity in CO stripping experiments performed on a full MEA, suggesting high catalyst utilization, despite the comparatively low Nafion® content used in the electrode layer.
A Porous Silicon‐Based Ionomer‐Free Membrane Electrode Assembly for Miniature Fuel Cells
Authors: Pichonat T. , Gauthier‐Manuel B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPrevious work showed the pertinence of using grafted porous silicon as the proton exchange membrane for miniature fuel cells. One of the limitations was the membrane‐electrodes assembly, which required an ionomer, in the current study a 5% Nafion®‐117 solution, to ensure a proton‐conducting link between the commercial carbon cloth electrodes and the membrane. Here, new developments for this fuel cell, with a totally Nafion®‐free process, are reported. The Pt catalyst is sputtered and electrodeposited onto the surface of the proton conducting porous silicon membrane. The initial performance of this fuel cell is shown and demonstrates the validity of the technique.
Discussing resuscitation preferences with patients: Challenges and rewards
Authors: Chittenden Eva H. , Clark Susannah T. , Pantilat Steven Z. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDiscussing preferences regarding resuscitation is a challenging and important task for any physician. Understanding patients' wishes at the end of life allows physicians to provide the type of care patients want, to avoid unwanted interventions, and to promote patient autonomy and dignity. Hospitalists face an even greater challenge because they are often meeting a patient for the first time in a crisis situation. Despite the frequency with which clinicians have these conversations, they typically fall short when discussing code status with patients. In this evidence‐based review, we discuss physician barriers to conducting effective discussions, offer a variety of approaches to enhancing these conversations, and review important communication techniques. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:231–240. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Frequency response of pig intervertebral disc cells subjected to dynamic hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Kasra Mehran , Merryman W. David , Loveless Kristen N. , Goel Vijay K. , Martin James D. , Buckwalter Joseph A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe pathogenesis of vibration‐induced disorders of intervertebral disc at the cellular level is largely unknown. Dynamic loads with frequencies close to that of the in vivo human spine resonant frequency (4–6 Hz) have a destructive effect, which may induce extracellular disc matrix (ECM) degradation. To investigate this issue, three‐dimensional (3D) alginate cultures of normal pig intervertebral disc nucleus and inner annulus cells were tested under dynamic hydrostatic loading. Alginate cultures of each region were divided into six groups; five groups were exposed to cyclic hydrostatic pressures of frequencies 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 Hz with the same amplitude (1 MPa), and group 6 was the control group (no loading). Cultures of different groups were loaded for 3 days (30 min daily) in a hydraulic chamber. Effects of loading frequency on disc collagen and protein metabolism were investigated by measuring 3H‐proline–labeled proteins associated with the cells in the extracellular matrix and release of 3H‐proline–labeled molecules into culture medium. The results indicated a poor synthesis rate and more degradation near the 5 Hz frequency. The repeatability of experiments was verified by performing two experiments with the same protocol. Both experiments indicated that a threshold frequency of around 5 Hz disrupted protein metabolism. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1967–1973, 2006
Seasonal variations in proximate and elemental composition of pearl oyster (Pinctada radiata, Leach, 1814)
Authors: Gokoglu Nalan , Gokoglu Mehmet , Yerlikaya Pinar 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPearl oysters (Pinctada radiata) were investigated for proximate and elemental composition throughout the year. Oysters were collected bimonthly by hand during scuba diving from the Gulf of Antalya. Ranges of dry matter, protein, fat and ash contents were 144.7–209.8, 65.9–160.4, 4.3–10.9 and 4.6–27.0 g kg−1, respectively. While the highest protein and fat values were found in the summer months, the highest dry matter and ash contents were found in the winter months. The highest element contents were found in the spring and autumn months. Cadmium and zinc were found to be over the legislative limits, while copper was below, throughout year. The highest concentration among the elements was obtained for zinc. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Singular integral operators in weighted spaces of continuous functions with non‐equilibrated continuity modulus
Authors: Samko Natasha 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe show that singular integral operators with piecewise continuous coefficients may gain massive spectra when considered in weighted spaces of continuous functions with a prescribed continuity modulus (generalized Hölder spaces Hω (Γ, ρ )), a fact known for example for Lebesgue spaces Lp (Γ, ρ ) in the case of general Muckenhoupt weights ρ or bad‐behaved curves Γ. In the case under consideration the appearance of “lunes” generating massivity of the spectra is due to the presence of a general (non‐equilibrated) continuity modulus ω . These lunes arise when the Boyd‐type indices of the function ω (h ) do not coincide. Thus, the massive spectra may appear in the non‐weighted case and on nice curves, a situation similar to Orlicz spaces. The main problems arising in the investigation are the nature of non‐equilibrated continuity moduli ω and the failure of the density of “nice” functions in Hölder‐type spaces. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Heterogeneous ‘Organoclick’ Derivatization of Polysaccharides
Authors: Hafrén Jonas , Zou Weibiao , Córdova Armando 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSummary: A simple method for the direct catalytic heterogeneous modification of polysaccharides is presented. The novel method is exemplified by the combination of organic acid‐catalyzed esterification and copper‐catalyzed Huisgen reaction (click chemistry) to attach a fluorescent probe to solid cellulose. The heterogeneous ‘organoclick’ derivatization of cellulose allows for a mild, highly modular surface modification of cellulose under environmentally benign reaction conditions.Schematic of the combined organic acid‐catalyzed esterification and copper‐catalyzed Huisgen reaction (click chemistry) to modify a polysaccharide with a fluorescent probe.magnified imageSchematic of the combined organic acid‐catalyzed esterification and copper‐catalyzed Huisgen reaction (click chemistry) to modify a polysaccharide with a fluorescent probe.
Three‐dimensional fracture simulations based on the SDA
Authors: Feist C. , Hofstetter G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA numerical model within the framework of a non‐symmetric strong discontinuity approach (SDA) suitable for fracture simulations of plain concrete is presented. The model is based on the fixed crack concept and is formulated within the framework of elements with embedded discontinuities. Discontinuity segments of individual elements are considered to form a C0‐continuous surface. Enforcement of continuity of the crack surface across adjacent elements is established by the so‐called partial domain crack tracking algorithm (PDTA). Orientation of individual crack segments is derived from a non‐local strain field. Within the present work emphasis is put on the formulation for the three‐dimensional case. The implications on the respective algorithms are highlighted. The capabilities of the model are shown by means of numerical examples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bladder volume sensitivity of isovolumetric intravesical pressure
Authors: van Mastrigt R. , Huang Foen Chung J.W.N.C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAimsRecently, methods have been introduced for non‐invasively measuring the isovolumetric bladder pressure. This pressure can also be measured invasively using a stop test. In itself, the isovolumetric pressure is a measure of urinary bladder contractility, by combining it with maximum urinary flow rate it can be used to diagnose infravesical obstruction. We have studied the (possible) volume dependence of this pressure in order to enhance the accuracy of this type of measurements and to explore its physiological background and possible diagnostic relevance.Materials and MethodsIn 1,020 healthy subjects, recruited for an ongoing longitudinal study of changes in bladder contractility secondary to prostatic enlargement, we measured the isovolumetric bladder pressure using the condom catheter method. In each subject, voiding was repeatedly interrupted. The resulting pressure–volume relations were normalized and averaged.Results and ConclusionsThere is an optimum bladder volume for isovolumetric pressure measurements, averaging 264 ± 122 ml (mean ± SD). Measurements should be taken at or above the optimum volume. At volumes below the optimum volume, the pressure decreases by approximately 5% for each 10% of volume decrease. At bladder volumes smaller than 247 ml pressure readings in 50% of subjects are suboptimal. The optimum volume for isovolumetric pressure generation is only marginally related to voiding diary parameters. Probably it represents mechanical properties of the bladder, whereas voiding diary parameters more likely represent neurophysiological properties. However, the optimum volume does not reflect the optimum (smooth) muscle length for force generation of the bladder wall: during normal voiding bladder smooth muscle always operates at a suboptimal length for force generation. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:744–751, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using hierarchical Cartesian grids with multigrid acceleration
Authors: Silva Santos Carlos M. , Greaves Deborah M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the use of a multigrid strategy on hierarchical Cartesian grids for the simulation of small amplitude inviscid waves in a tank. Quadtree grid generation by recursive subdivision is described and the grid storage system discussed along with the associated grid operations, such as neighbour finding and identification of empty cells. A multigrid strategy using a novel global approach is discussed with respect to its application to quadtree grids. A comparative study is presented of the performance of multigrid parameters, such as number of iterations at each level, grid visiting schedules and different prolongation operators. It is shown that quadtree grids are ideally suited to a multigrid strategy when the solution of the elliptic Laplace's equation is sought, with savings of the order of 90% in CPU time with respect to a non‐multigrid solution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient robust design via Monte Carlo sample reweighting
Authors: Fonseca José R. , Friswell Michael I. , Lees Arthur W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA novel probabilistic method for the optimization of robust design problems is presented. The approach is based on an efficient variation of the Monte Carlo simulation method. By shifting most of the computational burden to outside of the optimization loop, optimum designs can be achieved efficiently and accurately. Furthermore by reweighting an initial set of samples the objective function and constraints become smooth functions of changes in the probability distribution of the parameters, rather than the stochastic functions obtained using a standard Monte Carlo method. The approach is demonstrated on a beam truss example, and the optimum designs are verified with regular Monte Carlo simulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The boundary layer phenomena in two‐dimensional transversely isotropic piezoelectric media by exact symplectic expansion
Authors: Leung A. Y. T. , Xu Xinsheng , Gu Qian , Leung C. T. O. , Zheng J. J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA separable variable method is introduced to find the exact homogeneous solutions of a two‐dimensional transversely isotropic piezoelectric media to handle general boundary conditions. The usual method of separable variables for partial differentiation equations cannot be readily applicable due to the tangling of the unknowns and their derivatives. Introducing dual variables of stresses, we obtain a set of first‐order Hamiltonian equations whose eigensolutions are symplectic spanning over the solution space to cover all possible boundary conditions. The solutions consist of two parts. The first part is the derogative zero‐eigenvalue solutions of the Saint Venant type together with all their Jordan chains. The second part is the decaying non‐zero‐eigenvalue solutions describing the boundary layer effects. The classical solutions are actually the zero‐eigenvalue solutions representing the simple extension, bending, equipotential field, and the uniform electric displacement. On the other hand, the non‐zero‐eigenvalue solutions represent the localized solutions, which are sensitive to the boundary conditions and are decaying rapidly with respect to the distance from the boundaries. Some rate‐of‐decay curves of the newly found non‐zero‐eigenvalue solutions are shown by numerical examples. Finally, the complete boundary layer effects are quantified for the first time. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.