bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic Selection Using Low-Density Marker Panels
Authors: Habier D , Fernando R L , Dekkers J C M 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Genomic selection (GS) using high-density single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is promising to improve response to selection in populations that are under artificial selection. High-density SNP genotyping of all selection candidates each generation, however, may not be cost effective. Smaller panels with SNPs that show strong associations with phenotype can be used, but this may require separate SNPs for each trait and each population. As an alternative, we propose to use a panel of evenly spaced low-density SNPs across the genome to estimate genome-assisted breeding values of selection candidates in pedigreed populations. The principle of this approach is to utilize cosegregation information from low-density SNPs to track effects of high-density SNP alleles within families. Simulations were used to analyze the loss of accuracy of estimated breeding values from using evenly spaced and selected SNP panels compared to using all high-density SNPs in a Bayesian analysis. Forward stepwise selection and a Bayesian approach were used to select SNPs. Loss of accuracy was nearly independent of the number of simulated quantitative trait loci (QTL) with evenly spaced SNPs, but increased with number of QTL for the selected SNP panels. Loss of accuracy with evenly spaced SNPs increased steadily over generations but was constant when the smaller number individuals that are selected for breeding each generation were also genotyped using the high-density SNP panel. With equal numbers of low-density SNPs, panels with SNPs selected on the basis of the Bayesian approach had the smallest loss in accuracy for a single trait, but a panel with evenly spaced SNPs at 10 cM was only slightly worse, whereas a panel with SNPs selected by forward stepwise selection was inferior. Panels with evenly spaced SNPs can, however, be used across traits and populations and their performance is independent of the number of QTL affecting the trait and of the methods used to estimate effects in the training data and are, therefore, preferred for broad applications in pedigreed populations under artificial selection.
SISL Project Power Feedthrough Development
Authors: Nicholson J.A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Subsea Intervention Systems Ltd (SISL) identified the power feedthroughsystem as the key to reliable use of Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP's) onsubsea completions. Tronic Electronic Services Ltd, together with anotherconnector vendor, were contracted to work on the design and development of thepower feedthrough system to meet the unique requirements of the SISL horizontalwellhead.
This work centred around the need for a Wet Mateable Connector (WMC) betweenthe tubing hanger (TH) and tree cap (TC) allowing retrieval of the ESP unit forrefurbishment. Because of space restrictions within the wellhead, misalignmenttolerances, uncontrolled engagement speeds, high pressure differentials andtemperature limitations, the WMC stood out as the single most important elementin the power feedthrough system. Regarded as 'new' and 'unproven' in such alocation, a comprehensive test programme was undertaken on a prototype WMC toestablish confidence in this technology. This paper presents the results oftests carried and discusses the problems encountered and solutions adopted.

Introduction
The requirements of the SISL wellhead and power feedthrough system werefirmly established prior to the undertaking of this development project whichbegan in June 1991. The SISL task 2000 Conceptual Design report accuratelydetermined the locations and requirements of the power feedthrough componentswithin the confines of the wellhead equipment. This information narrowed theselection and configuration of the power feeding components to a minimum savingtime and deliberation on the solutions possible.
Feasibility and conceptual design studies were undertaken to optimise andestablish the most elegant solution to the problem.
Four principal WMC configurations were selected and considered in theconceptual design report. The report concluded that a single metal shellconnector with three contact pins offered the most benefits in terms of: easeof termination, ease of manufacture and combined established and knowntechnology which could be readily adapted to suit the SISL requirements.
Experiences in Qualification, Installation, and Operation of Wet Conductive Connectors for TOGI
Authors: Dahl P.R. , Kjoelberg S.A. , Arnesen Kjell 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The TOGI subsea template was the first true diverless system relying on wetmateable electrical connectors of conductive type. The process of development, qualification, purchase and installation of the connectors is described, problems that arose and how they were solved. 69 wet connectors have been inoperation for more than two years, and no major failures that influence gasproduction from the subsea station have occurred.
A general test programme and specification for "wet" conductiveconnectors was developed and refined. During the fabrication and test periodseveral failures of the connectors were discovered and corrected. Qualitycontrol and inspection from Company during fabrication is of utmostimportance.
During installation problems of hydroxide and carbonate layers on metallicsurfaces due to the cathodic protection system were solved.
Due to the serious operational consequences of failures in electricalconnectors, operators should establish inhouse expertise in this field.

Introduction
In the early days of subsea electrohydraulic control systems conductiveconnectors were tried with little success. Reliability of these connectors wastoo low, and the industry soon turned to using inductive couplers. In principlean inductive coupler can be regarded as a transformer cut into two halves. Itis thus obviously much easier to seal off from seawater contact the front endof such a coupler than the front end of a conductive one. However, at the backend the coupler to cable connection, the same problems are raised as forconductive connectors. But designs have been made that solve these problems. Anumber of subsea developments were made using inductive couplers, and thecouplers proved to service in great numbers for many years without problems. Inaddition the inductive coupler can have more advantages than just reliability, it serves as galvanic insulation, voltage can be transformed across thecoupler, mating operations can be made very simple, and the coupler can bedesigned in a network such that it can be left in unmated position with poweron.
Quick Disconnectable Catenary Electrical Umbilical for Bruce Field Development
Authors: Chaudhuri Jay 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The paper outlines the novel design features of the high voltage (11 kV)power and control/signal composite umbilical linking the BP BRUCE DrillingPlatform and the semi-submersible Utility Support Vessel (USV). The catenaryumbilical supplies the Drilling Platform's electrical power requirements andprovides the essential signal/control instrument link between the platform andthe control centre on the USV.
The composite power/signal umbilical is equipped with sub-sea ratedelectrical connectors and quick disconnect couplings at the USV interface. Thequick disconnect facility is the first of its kind to be employed for powerumbilical disconnection in a North Sea project.
The catenary umbilical and its components have been designed for the100-year extreme wave, current and associated USV motions. The design of theumbilical, associated electrical connectors and deployment/recovery systemprovide for easy relocation and adaptation to other platforms when BRUCE fieldrequirements for platform drilling have been completed.

Introduction
The Bruce Field, discovered in 1974, is the largest gas field underdevelopment in the UK North Sea, containing estimated reserves of 2.6 TCF ofsales gas and 220 MMB of condensate and oil. Located in the northern North Sea400 km north east of Aberdeen, the Bruce Field occupies an area of 75 squarekilometres spanning licence blocks 9/8a, 9/9a and 9/9b. Co-venturers in theProject are BP Exploration (Operator), Elf, Hamilton, Total and Ultramar.
With an estimated development cost of £1.5 billion, the Bruce Development isthe largest current oil and gas project in the UK. First sales gas is scheduledfor delivery in October 1993. Peak production will be reached in 1994 withsales to British Gas of some 480 million cubic feet per day and sales to CorbyPower Project of some 50 million cubic feet per day. Liquids production willpeak at 80,000 b/d. The ultimate field life is projected to be approximately 25years. Once on stream the Bruce Field will provide nearly 10% of the UK's gasrequirements in the 1990's.
Recovery and Laying Hybrid Pipelines in Deep Water
Authors: Scherer I.M.Q. , Teixeira M.J.B. , Espinasse P.F. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In order to develop three new deep water fields using the FPS that haveproved technically efficient and cost effective over the last 16 years, Petrobras has had to find new ways of installing export pipelines for existingdevelopment in water depth of up to 725 meters using economically attractiveand technically sound methods.
The hybrid rigid/flexible combination export pipeline method was engineeredand successfully put into practice in less than 8 months for the deepest gasexport line ever installed.
After the successful installation of the 8 inch gas line in 625 meters ofwater depth on the Marlim field, 5 other such pipelines are to be installed in1993, ranging from 12 inch in 340 meters to 8 inch in 725 meters waterdepth.
This paper presents the various phases of engineering, fabrication andinstallation consisting in recovering a prelaid steel pipe in a "J"configuration to add in the final segments of flexible flowline and riser withany above surface connection.
The method was based in using available vessels and standard tooling, toavoid costs and risks linked to the development of new deep water connectiontools and technology.
The operational and economical benefits of the method are addressed as wellas its potential evolutions.

Introduction
Petrobras has become over the last 16 years, the leader in deep waterproduction technology, starting with the development of the Enchova field in100/150 meters water depth back in 1977 to the present Marlim/Barracuda/Bijupira and Albacora developments in the 600/900 meters water depth range. Such increase in water depth has not been attained without substantialinnovative thinking, fast decision making and a certain credence in applicationof new technology. The true pioneering spirit is alive and well at Petrobrasand has proved efficient over the years.
Stepping out the continental plateau in water depths far and beyond diveraccess, further and further away from existing production and gatheringnetworks has required innovative thinking to remain cost efficient, pushingexisting and proven technology to new frontiers.
Complement Factor H, a Marker of Self Protects against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Griffiths Mark R. , Neal Jim W. , Fontaine Marc , Das Trina , Gasque Philippe 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The CNS innate immune response is a “double-edged sword” representing a fine balance between protective antipathogen responses and detrimental neurocytotoxic effects. Hence, it is important to identify the key regulatory mechanisms involved in the control of CNS innate immunity and which could be harnessed to explore novel therapeutic avenues. In analogy to the newly described neuroimmune regulatory proteins also known as “don’t eat me” signals (CD200, CD47, CD22, fractalkine, semaphorins), we herein identify the key role of complement regulator factor H (fH) in controlling neuroinflammation initiated in an acute mouse model of Ab-dependent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mouse fH was found to be abundantly expressed by primary cultured neurons and neuronal cell lines (N1E115 and Neuro2a) at a level comparable to BV2 microglia and CLTT astrocytes. Mouse neurons expressed other complement regulators crry and low levels of CD55. In the brain, the expression of fH was localized to neuronal bodies and axons, endothelial cells, microglia but not oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths and was dramatically reduced in inflammatory experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis settings. When exogenous human fH was administered to disease Ab-dependent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animals, there was a significant decrease in clinical score, inflammation, and demyelination, as compared with PBS-injected animals. We found that the accumulation of human fH in the brain parenchyma protected neurons from complement opsonization, axonal injury, and leukocyte infiltration. Our data argue for a key regulatory activity of fH in neuroprotection and provide novel therapeutic avenues for CNS chronic inflammatory diseases.
B Cell Proliferation, Somatic Hypermutation, Class Switch Recombination, and Autoantibody Production in Ectopic Lymphoid Tissue in Murine Lupus
Authors: Nacionales Dina C. , Weinstein Jason S. , Yan Xiao-Jie , Albesiano Emilia , Lee Pui Y. , Kelly-Scumpia Kindra M. , Lyons Robert , Satoh Minoru , Chiorazzi Nicholas , Reeves Westley H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Intraperitoneal exposure of nonautoimmune mice to 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (TMPD) causes lupus and the formation of ectopic lymphoid tissue. Although associated with humoral autoimmunity, it is not known whether Ab responses develop within ectopic lymphoid tissue or if B cells only secondarily migrate there. We show that ectopic lymphoid tissue induced by TMPD not only resembles secondary lymphoid tissue morphologically, but it also displays characteristics of germinal center reactions. Proliferating T and B lymphocytes were found within ectopic lymphoid tissue, activation-induced cytidine deaminase was expressed, and class-switched B cells were present. The presence of circular DNA intermediates, a hallmark of active class switch recombination, suggested that class switching occurs within the ectopic lymphoid tissue. Individual collections of ectopic lymphoid tissue (“lipogranulomas”) from the same mouse contained different B cell repertoires, consistent with local germinal center-like reactions. Class-switched anti-RNP autoantibody-producing cells were also found in the lipogranulomas. Somatic hypermutation in the lipogranulomas was T cell-dependent, as was the production of isotype-switched anti-Sm/RNP autoantibodies. Thus, ectopic lymphoid tissue induced by TMPD recapitulates many of the functional characteristics of secondary lymphoid tissue and contains autoantibody-secreting cells, which may escape from normal censoring mechanisms in this location.
Recall Responses by Helpless Memory CD8+ T Cells Are Restricted by the Up-Regulation of PD-1
Authors: Fuse Shinichiro , Tsai Ching-Yi , Molloy Michael J. , Allie S. Rameeza , Zhang Weijun , Yagita Hideo , Usherwood Edward J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
CD4 help is crucial for memory CD8+ T cell development, yet the mechanisms of CD4 help and why (CD4) helpless memory CD8+ T cells elicit poor recall responses are currently not well understood. In this study we investigated these questions using an in vivo acute virus infection model. We show herein that CD4 help during priming is required for memory CD8+ T cell differentiation, and that stimulation of CD40 during priming rescues the helpless defects in the absence of CD4+ T cells. The defective recall response by helpless memory cells did not correlate with the amount of cell death and was independent of TRAIL. However, helpless memory cells excessively up-regulated the inhibitory receptor PD-1 (programmed cell death-1), and PD-1 blockade enhanced the recall response of helpless memory cells. Furthermore, providing IL-2 signaling in vivo during the recall response reduced PD-1 expression and rescued the recall response of helpless memory cells. Our study identifies molecular pathways involved in CD4 help for memory CD8+ T cell generation that are independent of TRAIL, and it provides therapeutic implications that helpless memory cell function can be restored at multiple stages through various immunological interventions.
Characterization of an Immediate Splenic Precursor of CD8+ Dendritic Cells Capable of Inducing Antiviral T Cell Responses
Authors: Bedoui Sammy , Prato Sandro , Mintern Justine , Gebhardt Thomas , Zhan Yifan , Lew Andrew M. , Heath William R. , Villadangos José A. , Segura Elodie 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Mouse spleens contain three major dendritic cell (DC) populations: plasmacytoid DC, conventional CD8+CD24+ DC (CD8+ DC), and conventional CD8−CD24− DC (CD8− DC). We have previously shown that CD8+ DC are the major cross-presenting subtype in vivo and are the main inducers of antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Here we show that after depletion of CD8+ DC, the only DC capable of viral Ag presentation was a small subset that expresses CD24 but not CD8. This CD8−CD24+ DC population is greatly expanded in mice treated with the DC growth factor FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand. The CD8−CD24+ DC represent an immediate precursor of CD8+ DC, as demonstrated by their expression pattern of characteristic markers of CD8+ DC, their capacity to cross-present in vitro, and their conversion into CD8+ DC upon adoptive transfer into recipient mice. Accordingly, the lifespan of transferred CD8−CD24+ DC in vivo was greatly enhanced as compared with terminally differentiated CD8+ DC. Moreover, in a vaccination protocol, CD8−CD24+ DC induced stronger T cell responses and accelerated viral clearance of HSV-1 compared with CD8+ DC. Our results demonstrate that the ability to cross-present first appears in an immediate precursor population of CD8+ DC that does not yet express CD8. The enhanced capacity of CD8−CD24+ DC to induce immune responses upon adoptive transfer makes them an attractive novel tool for DC-based immunotherapies.
PTPN22 Deficiency Cooperates with the CD45 E613R Allele to Break Tolerance on a Non-Autoimmune Background
Authors: Zikherman Julie , Hermiston Michelle , Steiner David , Hasegawa Kiminori , Chan Andrew , Weiss Arthur 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Pep and CD45 are tyrosine phosphatases whose targets include the Src-family kinases, critical mediators of Ag receptor signaling. A polymorphism in PTPN22, the gene that encodes the human Pep orthologue Lyp, confers susceptibility to multiple human autoimmune diseases in the context of complex genetic backgrounds. However, the functional significance of the R620W risk allele is not clear. We report that misexpression of wild-type or R620W Pep/Lyp in Jurkat cells, in the context of its binding partner Csk, unmasks the risk allele as a hypomorph. It has been shown previously that although Pep-deficient mice on the B6 background have hyperresponsive memory T cells, autoimmunity does not develop. Mice containing a point mutation in the CD45 juxtamembrane wedge domain (E613R) develop a B cell-driven, lupus-like disease on the mixed 129/B6 background, but not on the B6 background. We studied the ability of Pep deficiency to act as a genetic modifier of the CD45 E613R mutation on the nonautoimmune B6 background to understand how complex susceptibility loci might interact in autoimmunity. In this study we report that double mutant mice develop a lupus-like disease as well as lymphadenopathy, polyclonal lymphocyte activation, and accelerated memory T cell formation. Following Ag receptor stimulation, peripheral B cells in the double mutant mice phenocopy hyperresponsive CD45 E613R B cells, whereas peripheral T cells respond like Pep−/− T cells. These studies suggest that Pep−/− T cells in the context of a susceptible microenvironment can drive hyperresponsive CD45 E613R B cells to break tolerance.
Signal Transduction Inhibition of APCs Diminishes Th17 and Th1 Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Skarica Mario , Wang Tianhong , McCadden Erin , Kardian David , Calabresi Peter A. , Small Donald , Whartenby Katharine A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
IL-17- and IFN-γ-secreting T cells play an important role in autoimmune responses in multiple sclerosis and the model system experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Dendritic cells (DCs) in the periphery and microglia in the CNS are responsible for cytokine polarization and expansion of this T cell subset. Our results indicate that in vivo administration of a signal transduction inhibitor that targets DCs to mice with EAE led to a decrease in CNS infiltration of pathogenic Ag-specific T cells. Since this approach does not target T cells directly, we assessed the effects on the APCs that are involved in generating the T cell responses. Since in EAE and multiple sclerosis, both microglia and peripheral DCs are likely to contribute to disease, we utilized a bone marrow chimera system to distinguish between these two populations. These studies show that peripheral DCs are the primary target but that microglia are also modestly affected by CEP-701, as numbers and activation states of the cells in the CNS are decreased after therapy. Our results also showed a decrease in secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-23 by DCs as well as a decrease in expression of costimulatory molecules. We further determined that levels of phospho-Stat1, Stat3, Stat5, and NF-κB, which are signaling molecules that have been implicated in these pathways, were decreased. Thus, use of this class of signal transduction inhibitors may represent a novel method to treat autoimmunity by dampening the autoreactive polarizing condition driven by DCs.
Advanced Intercross Line Mapping Suggests That Ncf1 (Ean6) Regulates Severity in an Animal Model of Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Authors: Huberle Alexander , Beyeen Amennai Daniel , Öckinger Johan , Ayturan Miriam , Jagodic Maja , de Graaf Katrien L. , Fissolo Nicolas , Marta Monica , Olofsson Peter , Hultqvist Malin , Holmdahl Rikard , Olsson Tomas , Weissert Robert 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We here present the first genetic fine mapping of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), the animal model of Guillain-Barré syndrome, in a rat advanced intercross line. We identified and refined a total of five quantitative trait loci on rat chromosomes 4, 10, and 12 (RNO4, RNO10, RNO12), showing linkage to splenic IFN-γ secretion and disease severity. All quantitative trait loci were shared with other models of complex inflammatory diseases. The quantitative trait locus showing strongest linkage to clinical disease was Ean6 and spans 4.3 Mb on RNO12, harboring the neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (Ncf1) among other genes. Polymorphisms in Ncf1, a member of the NADPH oxidase complex, have been associated with disease regulation in experimental arthritis and encephalomyelitis. We therefore tested the Ncf1 pathway by treating rats with a NADPH oxidase complex activator and ameliorated EAN compared the oil-treated control group. By proving the therapeutic effect of stimulating the NADPH oxidase complex, our data strongly suggest the first identification of a gene regulating peripheral nervous system inflammation. Taken together with previous reports, our findings suggest a general role of Ncf1 and oxidative burst in pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune animal models.