bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sampling of Nanoliter Volumes of Mammalian Subcutaneous Tissue Fluid and Ultra‐micro Flame Photometric Analyses of the K and Na Concentrations
Authors: Haljamäe Hengo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLocal tissue fluid within the subcutaneous tissues of the hind legs of dogs was sampled with a liquid paraffin cavity method. The potassium and sodium concentrations of nanoliter samples of the tissue fluid were analyzed with an ultra‐micro flame photometric method and compared to the plasma concentrations of these ions. The average potassium concentration in the tissue fluid was 4.67 meq/l and the average sodium concentration was 153.4 meq/l; the corresponding plasma values were 3.78 meq/l and 142.3 meq/l respectively. The average individual potassium tissue fluid: plasma ratio was 1.25 (P<0.001 vs. 1.0) and the sodium tissue fluid: plasma ratio 1.08 (P<0.001 vs. 1.0). Possible sources of error at sampling and analyses have been evaluated. The potassium and sodium content of the local tissue fluid was higher than expected of an ultrafiltrate of plasma according to the generally accepted Gibbs‐Donnan constant (0.96) for these ions. The apparent deviation of the obtained values from the Gibbs‐Donnan constant can be explained by assuming that charged anionic macromolecules in the ground substance of the tissues affect the cation distribution in the local tissue fluid.
Adrenergic and Cholinergic Nerve Terminals in Skeletal Muscle Vessels1
Authors: Bolme Per , Fuxe Kjell 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBy the use of histochemical methods the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AcChE) was visualized in nerve terminal appearing structures in the adventitia of small intramuscular arteries (30–100 μ) of cat and dog. These AcChE‐rich structures may represent cholinergir nerve terminals. Following chronic sympathectomy in dogs no AcChE‐rich nerve terminals were found in muscles on the operated side, indicating that these nerves represented sympathetic cholinergic innerva‐tion of skeletal muscle vessels, presumably the vasodilator nerves. In adjacent tissue sections of the muscle, adrenergic nerve terminals were histochemically visualized. Adrenergic nerve terminals were. seen in the same layer of the vessel wall as the cholinergic ones, i.e. in the adventitia surrounding the media. Adrenergic nerve terminals were found to innervate both large and small arteries. In muscle samples from monkey and human subjects no AcChE‐rich nerve terminals were observed around the vessels. However, adrenergic nerve terminals were found in these species with the same appearance as in cat and dog. This finding supports previous physiological experiments indicating that skeletal muscle of monkey lack sympathetic cholinergic vasodilator innervation.
Extraction of Dopa from the Integument of Pigmented Animals
Authors: Cegrell L. , Falck B. , Rosengren A.‐M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe occurrence of high amounts of dopa has been demonstrated chemically in the piliary system of pigmented animals (guinea‐pig, rabbit, and dog). Histochemically, a formaldehyde‐induced fluorescence was recorded only in melanocytes of hair‐bulbs. The spectral characterictics of these cells did not agree with those of the authentic dopa fluorophore. The discrepancy between the chemical and histochemical findings is discussed. Little or no dopa was found in non‐pigmented skin of albino and multi‐coloured guinea‐pigs. This indicates that the integumentary dopa is related to the pigment formation.
Adrenergic Innervation and Structure of the Bull Retractor Penis Muscle
Authors: Klinge E. , Pohto P. , Solatunturi E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe structure of the retractor penis muscle of the bull was examined by staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The autonomic innervation of the muscle was investigated by applying formaldehyde‐ipduced catechol amine fluorescence and the copper ferricyanide modification of the original thiocholine method for cholinesterases. It was found that the muscle consists of smooth muscle fibres only. A rich adrenergic innervation was detected. Acetylcholinesterase was also found in the nerves. The distribution of noradrenaline and acetylcholinesterase within the nerves showed some correspondence. The functional significance of the findings is briefly discussed.
Potassium Transport in Single Mammalian Skeletal Muscle Cells during in vitro Incubation
Authors: Haljamäe Hengo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSingle skeletal muscle cells were isolated after varying intervals of in vitro incubation at 20–22°C from a muscle biopsy of the adductor muscle of dogs. From each isolated fibre 3–4 pieces, 70–90 μ long, were cut out and analyzed separately. Dry mass was calculated from x‐ray absorption measurements. The potassium content was determined from x‐ray fluorescence microanalysis and from ultra‐micro flame photometric analysis.During the first 30–40 rnin of in vitro incubation profound changes in cellular potassium content took place. Cells isolated during the first few min of incubation usually had a lower potassium content than cells isolated after 5 to 10 min. In the period 10 to 25 rnin after the initiation of incubation the cells started to loose intracellular potassium. This cellular potas sium loss was followed by a period of reaccumulation, since cells isolated 30 to 45 rnin after initiating incubation usually had a potassium content as high as that of cells isolated after 5 to 10 rnin of incubation. When the sodium pump was inhibited by addition of 10‐3M ouabain to the incubation medium or if glycolysis was inhibited by 10‐3M monoiodoacetate, no reaccumulation of intracellular potassium was seen. 10‐3M 2.4‐clinitrophenol produced a pro found rapid loss of cellular potassium. It therefore appears that the reaccumulation of cellular potassium after the period of cellular potassium loss was dependent on the integrity of the sodium pump and a source of energy. The possible basis for the profund cellular electrolyte changes which occur during in vitro incubation are discussed.
The Distribution of Sodium, Potassium and Chloride in the Smooth Muscle of the Rat Portal Vein
Authors: Haljamäe Hengo , Johansson Börje , Jonsson Olof , Röcker Hans 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe contents of Na and K in isolated preparations of the rat portal vein were determined by micro flame photometry, and the distribution volumes of24Na,42K and36Cl in this vascular muscle were measured after incubation periods of variable duration. The results indicate the following total ion concentrations in the vessel wall: Na 94.5; K 51.2 and C1 100 meq/kg wet weight. Evidence was obtained for the existence of “bound” fractions of the three ions and a series of experiments was designed to determine the size of these extra compartments. Data from these experiments and measurements of total water and of extracellular space by sucrose‐14C allowed calculation of intracellular ion concentrations. The following values in meq/I intracellular fluid were obtained: [Na+]i 44.8; [K+]i 138 and [Cl‐]i 86.5. The equilibrium poten tials for the three ions would then be +30, ‐44 and ‐12 mV, respectively. Functional im plications of this ionic distribution are discussed.Measurements of total K contents and of extracellular space in portal vein preparations in cubated in hyperosmotic solution (Krebs +150 mmoles sucrose/l) indicated a clear‐cut in crease of [K+]i due to osmotic dehydration of the cells. A net loss of K seemed to occur with long periods of incubation in hyperosmotic solution.
The Effect of Some Substances on the Isolated Bull Retractor Penis Muscle
Authors: Klinge Erik 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of catechol amines, other biogenic amines and polypeptides, acetylcholine and other choline esters, nicotine, and various autonomic blocking agents on strips of the bull retractor penis suspended in Tyrode solution was studied. The strips were vigorously contracted by low concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline but they were most insensitive to acetylcholine and other choline esters. The catechol amine‐induced contractions were inhibited by low con centrations of phenoxybenzamine. The relaxations produced by isoprenaline were inhibited by pronethalol. It is suggested that the tonic contraction of the muscle is maintained by a continuous discharge of adrenergic nerve impulses. The hypothesis is presented that relaxation occurs at interruption of the adrenergic activity by impulses conducted mainly along the pelvic nerves. The pelvic nerves probably form cholinergic ganglionic or postganglionic inhibitory synapses with the adrenergic nerves concerned, The peripheral autonomic mechanism of penile erection is discussed on the presumption that the muscles of the penile artery are subjected to a similar nervous control as the retractor penis. It is assumed that there are no differences in principle between bulls and dogs with respect to the nervous mechanisms in question.
The Effect of Epinephrine and Dibutyryl 3‘,5’ Cyclic AMP on the Incorporation of32P Inorganic Phosphate into Adenine Nucleotides and Guanine Nucleotides of the Intact Isolated Rat Diaphragm
Authors: Walaas Eva , Walaas Otto 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe influence of epinephrine and dibutyryl 3′,5′ cyclic AMP on the incorporation of32P inorganic phosphate into adenine nucleotides and guanine nucleotides in the rat diaphragm has been investigated. Intact rat diaphragms were incubated in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate medium containing32P inorganic phosphate without added substrate. Epinephrine promoted a marked increase of the specific activity of ATP, GTP and GDP which could be demonstrated after 10 min incubation. The specific activity of ADP was less and only slightly increased by epinephrine. In the presence of caffeine the stimulation of32P labelling of ATP by epinephrine was slightly enhanced. Epinephrine also promoted an increase of the specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate while the content of inorganic phosphate in the diaphragm was slightly decreased. The stimulatory effect of epinephrine on the specific activity of mononucleotides was not inhibited by ouabain. In a medium where sodium chloride isoosmotically had been replaced by choline chloride32P labelling of ATP was greatly depressed. Under these conditions epinephrine also promoted increased specific activity of ATP. During incubation of the diaphragm in the presence of dibutyryl 3′,5′ cyclic AMP increased32P labelling of ATP and ADP did occur. The effect was less pronounced than observed with epinephrine and no effect by dibutyryl 3′,5′ cyclic AMP on the specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate was observed. It is indicated that the increased incorporation of32P inorganic phosphate into mononucleotides promoted by epinephrine is due to activation of adenyl cyclase as well as to increased influx of32P inorganic phosphate from the medium.
Time Course of Anaphylactic Histamine Release and Morphological Changes in Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Bloom Gunnar D. , Chakravarty Nirmal 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAnaphylactic histamine release and concomitant morphological changes were studied in rat peritoneal mast cells. It was found that anaphylactic histamine release has a longer lag period than compound 48/80‐induced release. The time sequence of the morphological changes showed a close correlation to the histamine release. These changes were essentially characterized by vacuolation, granule alteration and granule extrusion. Some peripheral granules were extruded with only minor changes. The ultrastructural findings are consistent with a dual mechanism of histamine release—both intracellular and extracellular following granule extrusion.
The Diurnal Rhythm of Adrenaline Secretion in Subjects with Different Working Habits
Authors: Pátkai Paula 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPátkai, P. The diurnal rhythm of adrenaline secretion in subjects with different working habits. Acta physiol. scand. 1971. 81. 30–34.Subjects classified as habitual morning vs. evening workers on the basis of their answers to a questionnaire, were compared with regard to catecholamine excretion under conditions of relaxation in the morning and in the evening. It was shown that individuals who preferred to work in the evening, excreted more adrenaline in the evening than in the morning, while individuals characterized by morning alertness excreted more adrenaline in the morning than in the evening, also when relaxing. With regard to noradrenaline excretion there was no marked difference between the groups.
Effect of Prolonged Chloralose Anesthesia on Acid‐Base Balance and Cardiovascular Functions in Dogs
Authors: Arfors K.‐E. , Arturson G. , Malmberg P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractArfors, K.‐E., G. Artursonand P. Malmberg,Effect of prolonged chloralose anesthesia on acid‐base balance and cardiovascular functions in dogs. Acta physiol. scand. 1971.81. 47–53.Dogs under light even α‐chloralose anesthesia of 6 hrs duration showed no time dependent effect of anesthesia on mean arterial pressure, cardiac index and oxygen consumption. The Pacon remained stable as did respiratory rate, but base excess decreased moderately and heart rate increased. Compared with a group of conscious dogs Paco2and mean arterial pressure were slightly increased.
Studies of Blood‐pressure Regulation III. Dynamics of Arterial Blood Pressure on Carotid‐sinus Nerve Stimulation
Authors: ÖBerg P. A. , Sjöstrand U. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractÖberg, P. Å. and U. Sjöstrand, Studies of blood‐pressure regulation. III. Dynamics of arterial blood pressure on carotid‐sinus nerve stimulation. Acta physiol. scand. 1971. 81. 96–109.An analysis of the properties of the blood pressure regulatory system has been made by means of carotid‐sinus nerve stimulation. The method used involves analog simulation of the nonlinear properties of this reflex. The analysis gives the gain‐frequency and the gain‐phase shift curves characterizing the system under study. A resonance frequency for the system is mostly found in the frequency range 0.03–0.06 Hz. Modulation of the control signal decreases the systemic bandwidth. Non‐linear simulation indicates that the mammalian blood pressure regulating system has some of the characteristics of a sampled regulatory system. The afferent information in the carotid‐sinus baroreceptor reflex stabilizes the systemic blood pressure by means of its pulsating nature. Transfer functions characterizing the system under study are given. The data presented are relevant to the functional characteristics of baropacer systems.
Glucose Uptake at Rest and During Contraction in Isolated Dog Skeletal Muscle1
Authors: Costin Jimmy C. , Saltin Bengt , Skinner N. Sheldon , Vastagh George 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCostin, J. C., B. Saltin, N. S. Skinner, Jr. and G. Vastagh,Glucose uptake at rest and during contraction in isolated dog skeletal muscle. Acta physiol. scand. 1971.81. 124–137.In an in situ isolated canine gracilis muscle preparation the a‐v difference for glucose, oxygen, and lactate has been studied at rest and during stimulation. Both free flow (systemic blood flow) and constant flow perfusion (blood from reservoir) have been applied and in both sets of experiments the blood flow has been determined. In the constant flow experiments no significant difference in the glucose uptake could be detected between stimulation as compared with rest. In the free flow experiments the same stimulation frequency produced a significant uptake of glucose (≅ 20 μgglucose per g muscle and minute), which could account for approximately 10 per cent of the total energy output and 20–30 per cent of the total carbohydrate utilization. It is suggested that the difference between the free flow and the constant flow experiments was due to the fact that, in the free flow experiments where the muscle is perfused with the systemic blood flow, some humoral factor is present which is necessary for the glucose to penetrate the cell barrier. It was also possible to demonstrate a transient glucose uptake in the muscle in the constant flow experiments,i.e. when the muscle was suddenly perfused with blood containing a high glucose concentration (≅ 150 mg/100 ml blood).
Ventilation and Heart‐Rate Responses to Ramp‐Function Changes in Work Load
Authors: Karlsson H. , Wigertz O. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractVentilation and heart‐rate responses were recorded continuously and simultaneously during supine leg exercise in six male athletes using positive and negative ramp changes in work load, starting or ending at the fixed minimal and maximal load levels of 250 and 1050 kpm/min. The parameter Tl (“lag time”) is used to define the time by which a ramp response in its stationary condition lags behind the input signal. Three different positive and negative ramp slopes were used, the durations of the ramps being 7, 5 and 3 min (= 114, 160 and 267 kpm min‐2). For ventilation Tl was found to be largely independent of the slope of the ramp and averaged 66 sec. For heart rate, on the other hand, the mean values for Tl obtained from the responses to corresponding positive and negative slopes were 84.0, 56.4 and 38.8 sec, respectively, and proved to be significantly shorter the steeper the ramp. Granted second‐order dynamics of the heart‐rate response to work load, the slope‐dependence of Tl suggests that the share of the shorter time constant becomes larger the steeper the ramp. For the responses of the heart rate to the two steepest ramps, Tl was negatively correlated to work capacity (r= ‐0.968 and ‐0.824).
Whole‐Blood Viscosity, Hematocrit and Plasma Protein in Normal Subjects at Different Ages
Authors: Kampmann J. Ditzel J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWhole‐blood viscosity was measured at six fixed shear rates with a cone‐plate viscometer. The 90 healthy subjects were evenly divided as to sex in three age groups from 15 to 80 years. They were selected by the criteria: normal haematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum creatinine concentration, and degree of intravascular erythrocyte aggregation evaluated by con‐junctival biomicroscopy; and free of disease affecting known rheological properties of the blood. The viscosity was higher in males than in females. Age was not consistently related to whole‐blood viscosity except that women of the oldest age group had a higher whole‐blood viscosity at two isolated shear rates than women in the youngest group and the plasma fibrinogen concentration was higher in the old than in the young women.A stepwise regression analysis of rheological factors and whole‐blood viscosity showed that the hematocrit had by far the closest relation to the whole‐blood viscosity at all shear rates. In the order of decreasing influence were the alpha‐globulins, fibrinogen, and serum albumin. There was a sex difference in that the whole‐blood viscosity of men was related to the concentration of alphas‐globulin, whereas in women the relation was to the alphai‐globulin.
Elimination of 125I‐Trypsin α‐Macroglobulin Complexes from Blood by Reticuloendothelial Cells in Dog
Authors: Ohlsson K. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractComplexes of 125I‐labelled bovine trypsin and the α1‐ and α2‐macroglobulins of the dog were prepared and injected into 3 dogs. The rate of elimination of the radioactivity with a half time of only 8 min fitted a single exponential curve. About 80 % of the radioactivity in the whelps and about 85 % in the adult dog was recovered in the reticuloendothelial cells of the liver, spleen and bone marrow.
Comparative Effects of Angiotensin and Noradrenaline on Resistance, Capacitance, and Precapillary Sphincter Vessels in Cat Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Järhult Johannes 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effects of intra‐arterially infused angiotensin II andl‐noradrenaline on consecutive vascular sections were studied in a sympathectomized skeletal muscle region in the cat under conditions of constant perfusion pressure. Noradrenaline was found to be an effective constrictor of precapillary resistance vessels and capacitance vessels, but a poor constrictor of precapillary “sphincters”, whereas angiotensin was an effective constrictor of precapillary resistance vessels and precapillary “sphincters”, but a poor constrictor of the main capacitance vessels. Noradrenaline caused a net fluid absorption and angiotensin a net filtration across the capillaries which indicated that noradrenaline was a poor, but angiotensin an effective, constrictor of post‐capillary resistance vessels.
Effects of Variations in the Extracellular Osmolality on the Ionic Permeability of Vascular Smooth Muscle
Authors: Jonsson Olof 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of osmolality variations on the membrane permeability of vascular smooth muscle to sodium and potassium was investigated by studying the washout of 24Na and 41K at different extracellular tonicities. The K efflux in normal Krebs was 4.1 10‐12 M/cm2 sec at 37° C and 2.0 10‐12 M/cm2 sec at 15° C. The corresponding Pk values were 9.4 10‐8 and 5.3 10‐8 cm/sec, respectively, assuming a membrane potential of 50 mV at 37° C and 40 mV at 15° C.A substantial fraction of the sodium content of the portal vein prevails in an osmotically inactive bound form, as demonstrated in uptake studies on preparations where cell membranes had been destroyed so as to give a homogenous tissue fluid phase (Haljamäe et al. 1970). The present 24Na washout experiments performed on “normal” portal vein tissues were for this reason completed with studies of 24Na efflux from such damaged veins. Evidence is presented for the existence of one intra‐cellular and one extracellular fraction of bound sodium. Subtraction of that component in the washout curve which represented the intracellularly bound Na fraction would yield the exchange kinetics of the “free” intracellular sodium. The magnitude and efflux of [Na+]1, thus calculated, amounted to 13.1 meq/l and 1.2 10‐12 M/cm2 sec at 15° C.Assuming, on the basis of indirect experimental evidence, that Na influx equals Na efflux in the experimental situation, a passive permeability coefficient for Na of 4.3 10‐9 cm/sec was calculated, giving a Pna/Pk ratio of 0.081. The washout experiments performed in anisosmotic media indicated that this ratio increased when osmolality was lowered, which might in part explain the strong enhancement of the spontaneous activity induced by hypotonicity. The results did not, however, indicate any clearcut alteration in either Pna, or Pk when the muscle cells were exposed to hypertonicity.
Dissociation of Tracer Disappearance Rate and Blood Flow in Isolated Skeletal Muscle during Various Vascular Reactions
Authors: Bolme Per , Edwall Lennart 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe rate of disappearance of diffusible radioactive tracers (xenon and iodide) and blood flow were measured in the canine gastrocnemius muscle. A transport‐flow index (TFI) showing the ratio between disappearance rate and blood flow was calculated. Metabolic vasodilatation resulted in TFI values between 2 and 3. These values were higher than those following intra‐arterial infusion of acetylcholine, indicating that metabolic vasodilatation causes a higher net transport of tracer between tissue and blood than i.a. infusion of acetylcholine. Reduction of blood flow by low frequency stimulation of vasoconstrictor nerves or by i.a. infusion of nor‐adrenaline resulted in TFI:s approaching 1, indicating an approximately equal effect on tracer transport and blood flow. However, high frequency stimulation of vasoconstrictor nerves re duced tracer transport more than blood flow. During partial occlusion of the arterial inflow, the iodide TFI was greater than 1, suggesting a compensatory increase in tracer transport relative to blood flow. The present results indicate that the disappearance rates of xenon and iodide are not only dependent on total blood flow in the muscle but are also influenced by local factors in the capillary section affecting the exchange function. Thus the calculation of muscle blood flow from xenon disappearance data alone may give misleading results.