bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancient coastal installations and the tectonic stability of the Israeli coast in historical times
Authors: Galili Ehud , Sharvit Jacob 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Coastal archaeological structures are often used to identify coastal displacements and relative land-sea changes. Settlement of foundations and collapse of coastal stone-built structures, however, can sometimes lead to misinterpretations of sea-level changes or neotectonic activity. Coastal rock-cut installations, on the other hand, because they are cut into the bedrock, are not threatened by settlement or collapse and can serve as reliable indicators for detecting land-sea changes. A detailed survey of rock-cut installations along the Israeli coast shows that coastal pools, channels and quarries cut within the last 2500 years are today found at present-day sea level or very close to it and are still able to function. Archaeological and geological indications of major neotectonic activity along the Israeli coast during historical times were re-examined in this study, and were found to be inconsistent with the new data presented. The study concludes that the Israeli coast is relatively stable and that no significant neotectonic movement (> 0.2 m per 1000 years) has occurred during historical times.
Regional vertical motion in Iceland 1987–1992, determined using GPS surveying
Authors: Foulger G. R. , Hofton M. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVertical motion in Iceland may arise from tectonic sources, e.g. large earthquakes and spreading episodes, isostatic movements owing to the change in mass of icecaps, and secular sinking of the volcanic pile under its own weight. Regional Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys covering the eastern half of Iceland have revealed the vertical motion for the period 1987–1992. Although the errors associated with the vertical component are large, exceptionally good agreement between independent data processing and agreement with isolated terrestrial measurements lends credence to the somewhat surprising results. These are dominated by relative uplift ofc.12 cm in the northern part of the Northern Volcanic Zone and subsidence of up toc.12 cm elsewhere. This motion can be partially explained by recent tectonic and glacio-isostatic events. The most significant of these are the 1975–1984 Krafla spreading episode and isostatic uplift around the currently melting Vatnajökull icecap ofc.1 cm/year. However, a substantial amount of the observed motion cannot be explained by any known processes. It is concluded that hitherto unknown, largescale processes associated with the hotspot and plume, possibly continuing at depths ofc.75 km, may be responsible. Behaviour of this kind has been observed associated with the Yellowstone hotspot, which is broadly comparable with the Iceland hotspot. Future remeasurements of the GPS network in Iceland will be valuable for refining these observations.
Convergent-margin deformation of Pleistocene strata on the Olympic coast of Washington, USA
Authors: Thackray Glenn D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Quaternary tectonism on the central Olympic coast is dominated by the Kalaloch syncline, a broad (>32 km wavelength), low-amplitude (
c.
45 m) fold deforming the Pleistocene glacial-nonglacial stratigraphic sequence. The stratigraphy includes two sequences of glacial and nonglacial sediments, one overlying and one underlying a prominent wave-cut surface. Stratigraphic and chronological data indicate that the buried wave-cut surface formed during isotope stage 7 or 5 sea-level highstands, probably during substage 5e or 5c. The elevation pattern of the wave-cut surface expresses the syncline most clearly. The outcrop patterns of overlying strata also reflect the syncline, as does outcrop-scale deformation in the underlying strata. Geological uplift rates for the wave-cut surface on the syncline’s north limb contrast in magnitude with, but are similar in pattern to, geodetically measured 1931–1974 uplift rates. Geological uplift rates range from −0.03 to 0.7 mm/year. The difference at each location between geological and geodetic uplift rates ranges from 0.4 to 1.0 mm/year, and is inferred to reflect interseismic strain accumulation. For each assumed age for the wave-cut surface, the inferred interseismic strain accumulation is nearly constant across the syncline’s north limb. Thus, the syncline accounts for most of the spatial variability in the 1931–1974 uplift rates. Comparison of the geological uplift rates with alternative representations of 1931–1974 uplift does not result in the same patterns, but does reveal a significant component of interseismic strain accumulation.
Variable rates of Late Quaternary surface uplift along the Banda Arc-Australian plate collision zone, eastern Indonesia
Authors: Merritts Dorothy , Eby Rebecca , Harris Ron , Edwards R. Lawrence , Chang Hai 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Radiometrically dated emergent coral terraces from southeastern Indonesia provide estimates of differential vertical strain in the Banda Arc-continent collision complex. At Semau island, two samples from the lowest emergent reef (5–7 m) yield
230
Th dates that correspond to the 5a (
c.
83 ka) sea-level highstand and a low surface uplift rate of 0.2–0.3 m per 1000 years. At Rote island, samples from the lowest emergent reef (
c.
1–2 m) on both north and south sides of the island yield late Holocene ages and an average short-term uplift rate of
c.
1–1.5 m per 1000 years. Similarity of ages from different samples on the north coast of Rote suggests possible coseismic emergence. Survey data from nine emergent reefs and marine notches up to 170 m in altitude on the south side of Rote indicate that uplift rates may have been
c.
1–1.5 m per 1000 years for
c.
120 000–130 000 years. Combined with previous studies, these results indicate that late Quaternary surface uplift rates vary an order of magnitude along the strike of the Banda orogen. Vertical displacement rates are greatest in young parts of the orogen where the shelf-slope break recently has been underthrust beneath the orogenic wedge, as at Rote, and in older parts of the orogen where retroarc thrust faulting occurs, as at Alor island.
Quaternary marine terraces and tectonic uplift rates on the south coast of Iran
Authors: Reyss J. L. , Pirazzoli P. A. , Haghipour A. , Hatté C. , Fontugne M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

A survey of 1500 km of the Iranian coastline, from Bushehr (Persian Gulf) to the Pakistani border, made it possible to visit several sequences of raised marine terraces, some of which (especially on the Makran coast) had already been described by previous workers. As many as 18 marine terraces, up to 220 m in altitude, were identified on Qeshm Island and as many as 19 levels, up to 246 m in altitude, near Chah Bahar. Though
in situ
coral heads and fossilized marine shell deposits exist in many uplifted areas, only a few samples, mainly from elevations lower than 30m, appeared to be unrecrystallized and thus suitable for radiometric dating. Six uranium-series analyses of aragonitic corals from Haleh, Jazeh and Qeshm Is. gave apparent ages between 100 and 140 ka
bp
, in some cases demonstrating that previous radiocarbon dates between 20 and 40 ka
bp
had to be considered minimum ages. This made it possible to estimate that average uplift rates since the last Interglacial period had been about 0.2 mm/year, i.e. one order of magnitude less than most previous estimates. Radiocarbon dates suggest almost uniform emergence of 2–4 m since mid-Holocene times along most of the coastal sectors investigated. This is in agreement with the 2–3 m emergence predicted by glacio-hydro-isostatic models in this area if an uplift rate of about 0.2 mm/year is also taken into account. Near a salt dome on Qeshm Is., however, a much faster uplift rate of about 6 mm/year was documented for the period between 6 and 5 ka
bp
but only over a limited area.
Coastal Tectonics across the South Atlas Thrust Front and the Agadir Active Zone, Morocco
Authors: Meghraoui Mustapha , Outtani Fatima , Choukri Abdelmajid , De Lamotte Dominique Frizon 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Quaternary marine terraces of the South Atlas Thrust Front near the Agadir seismogenic region are investigated by detailed geological mapping, precise height measurement and tectonic analysis. A coastal step-like morphology with four main benches (Q
1
-Q
4
) crosses the Ait Lamine-Kasbah anticlines, 10 km north of Agadir. U-Th dating of 12 fossil samples (mainly molluscs) yields two main groups of ages for marine terraces Q
4
and Q
3
and can be correlated with oxygen-isotope stages 5 and 7 respectively. Terrace height changes significantly near the Kasbah fold, and attains a maximum of 18–28 m for Q
4
and 35.5 m for Q
3
. Estimates and measurements of terrace elevation yield an average late Quaternary uplift rate of 0.1–0.2 mm/year. Modelling of anticlinal structures suggests that the Kasbah fold may have developed as a fault-propagation fold with a low dip angle of 25° or a listric geometry as implied by flexural slip faulting. Surface ruptures associated with the 1960 (
M
s
5.9) earthquake coincide with flexural slip faulting showing 4–5 m offset of terrace Q
3
. Incremental movements and uplifted marine terraces on the Kasbah fold are likely to occur during large earthquakes related to the 25 km long flexural slip fault.
The effects of upper plate deformation on records of prehistoric Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes
Authors: McNeill Lisa C. , Goldfinger Chris , Yeats Robert S. , Kulm Laverne D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Geophysical data from the offshore Cascadia forearc reveal many Quaternary upper-plate faults and folds. Most active structures are within the accretionary wedge, but significant deformation is also found on the continental shelf. Several faults and synclines project into adjacent coastal bays where deformation of Pleistocene marine terraces is reported. Rapidly buried marsh deposits and drowned forests in these coastal lowlands are interpreted to record coseismic deformation by prehistoric subduction zone earthquakes. The extent and amount of such coastal subsidence has been used to infer characteristic magnitudes and recurrence intervals. However, the record may incorporate both elastic strain release on the subduction zone and localized permanent upper-plate deformation. Movement on upper-plate structures may be triggered by a subduction zone earthquake, as observed in the Nankai and Alaskan forearcs. Alternatively, they may deform independently of subduction zone earthquakes. Regardless of which style of deformation predominates, the record of coseismic subsidence is likely to be affected. Crustal deformation may also contribute to the preservation of subsided marshes. Modelling of subduction zone earthquake characteristics based on coastal marsh stratigraphy is likely to be inaccurate in terms of: (a) total apparent rupture length and earthquake magnitude; (b) amount of subsidence and hence the position of the locked zone; (c) recurrence interval. Most of these shelf and coastal structures respond to N-S compression, in contrast to convergence-related northeasterly compression in the accretionary prism, but in agreement with the regional stress field. Despite low historical coastal and continental shelf seismicity, upper-plate faults may also pose an independent seismic hazard.
Carbonate ramps, 1973–1996: a historical review
Authors: Ahr W. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The carbonate ramp as a type of sedimentary depositional platform was conceived after failed attempts to fit some carbonate facies patterns to shelf models. Ramps were first defined as two-dimensional (2D) depositional surfaces along which facies variations reflect differences in the oceanographic environment from shore to basin. Shelves and ramps were placed at opposite poles without definitions of intermediate platform configurations or environmental subdivisions between shore and basin. The 2D ramp is of limited use in determining slope and surface configuration in the rock record where stacked depositional surfaces are separated by beds of different age and thickness, and the original definition did not anticipate the complexities that would develop as high- v. low-energy and tropical v. temperate carbonate systems became better known. Though the original definition is flexible, modifications were inevitable. Refinements of the concept introduced distal steepening, among other intermediate styles of platform geometry. Environmental subdivisions were proposed for shallow, intermediate, and deeper-water ramp segments. Further studies of ramps and shelves brought to light differences in sediment production and retention on ramps, response of ramps to sea-level change, and the variety of tectonic settings in which ramps occur. Sequence stratigraphic analysis of ramps resolved most of the problems in reconstructing depositional surfaces from 3D sequences in the rock record, high- v. low-energy and temperate v. tropical ramps became well known, and studies on hydrocarbon reservoir characterization focused on diagenesis in a carbonate ramp sequence stratigraphic context. From a paper in a rather obscure regional journal, the ‘carbonate ramp’ has grown to become a world-wide standard.
Phanerozoic carbonate ramps from greenhouse, transitional and ice-house worlds: clues from field and modelling studies
Authors: Read J. Fred 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
During times of continental glaciation (e.g. Pennsylvanian-Early Permian, Miocene-Pleistocene), parasequences on carbonate platforms appear to be dominated by 400, 100 and possibly 40 ka Milankovitch climatic and eustatic changes with 50–100 m shifts in sea level. Carbonate cycles have conspicuous regional disconformities and associated aeolianites, lack tidal-flat facies except near the continental shoreline, commonly have deeper-water facies sandwiched between shallow-water deposits, and there is much unfilled accommodation. The large changes in sea level in ice-house times causes ramps to have significant gradients, thus on high-energy ramps, there can be widespread grainstone sheets. Platform tops have much depositional relief (pinnacle reefs and mounds) and erosional topography. Cycles may be highly shingled and show major lateral shifts on the ramp from cycle to cycle.
During times with moderate continental ice sheets (e.g. late Mid- to Late Ordovician, Early Carboniferous), ramp cycles lack deeper-water facies, rarely have regional tidal flats but instead show widespread disconformities updip and some aeolianites. The only tidal-flat facies are developed within third-order highstand systems tracts (perhaps reflecting decreased amplitude, higher-frequency eustasy) or in downdip positions during fourth-order lowstands. Margins show moderate shingling. Grainy reservoir facies are regionally extensive, as a result of moderately large shifts of grainstone belts. Grainy facies in downslope build-ups are compartmentalized by muddy incipient drowning facies. Storm beds on the deep ramp are arranged in upward-coarsening units because of high-frequency eustasy.
During global greenhouse times and little global ice (e.g. Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician, Devonian, Triassic, Cretaceous), parasequences updip on aggraded ramps are dominated by roughly 20 ka precessional cycles that formed under small (possibly <10 m or so) sea-level fluctuations, possibly coupled with an autocyclic component. The cycles typically consist of very shallow-water facies, with regional tidal flat caps and minor disconformities; cycles form layer-cake successions on the shallow ramp, and may be bundled into 100 and 400 ka sets, although ‘missing beats’ on the platform commonly obscure simple ratios typical of Milankovitch forcing. The ramps commonly have very low gradients and platforms tend to be aggraded with little topography, unless sedimentation rates are low, which results in poorly cyclic, subtidal skeletal facies over much of the ramp. Any compartmentalization of downslope subtidal build-ups is due to long-term incipient drowning events.
The Middle Cretaceous carbonate ramp of the northern Sinai: sequence stratigraphy and facies distribution
Authors: Bachmann Martina , Kuss Jochen 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Middle Cretaceous carbonate ramp of the northern Sinai developed in two stages on a passive continental margin overlying basal rift suites. The lower delta-dominated ramp (Upper Aptian-Lower Albian) in the north evolved into the upper carbonate-dominated ramp (Middle Albian-Cenomanian) which covered the central and southeastern parts of the Sinai. The transition between the two ramp settings took place during a period of a second-order sea-level rise and a major change in climatic conditions. The sedimentary patterns are superimposed upon by higher-frequency relative sea-level changes. The influence of the third-order relative sea-level changes on the ramp deposition was reconstructed on the basis of facies patterns, sedimentary geometries, and the distribution of microfacies types. As regional tectonic movements were of subordinate importance, a sequence stratigraphic interpretation allows a fine-scale estimation of the changing ramp settings and their characteristics. The combined use of semiquantitative microfacies analysis and sequence stratigraphy allows study of the factors controlling deposition during the different systems tracts, including the respective microfacies distributions. These factors indicate that third-order sea-level fluctuations result not only in simple shifts of facies belts up and down the ramp but also in changing environmental factors such as water circulation, carbonate production and siliciclastic input.
Geometry and facies dynamics of Middle Jurassic carbonate ramp sandbodies, West-Central Portugal
Authors: Azerêdo Ana C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Middle Jurassic succession of the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) represents a carbonate ramp depositional system. For most of the time, the shallow-water facies defined a microtidal barrier-island complex, where prominent oolite-dominated sandbodies developed. Detailed facies analysis of these sandbodies allowed the recognition of their elementary depositional facies, which are described and whose relative importance is estimated. Sandbody geometry, hydrodynamic controls and ramp evolution are discussed. Carbonate sediment production and redistribution, coupled with inner ramp aggradational and progradational trends, have interacted in a such a way that ramp geometry persisted for a longer period of time than usually recorded in these systems.
Ramp facies and sequence stratigraphic models in an epeiric sea: the Upper Ordovician mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Glenwood and Platteville Formations, Wisconsin, USA
Authors: Choi Yong Seok , Simo J. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Variability in lithofacies and depositional environments of the Upper Ordovician mixed carbonate-siliciclastic Glenwood and Platteville Formations in Wisconsin are studied and analysed within a sequence framework. Two depositional sequences are identified in these strata. Sequence boundaries correspond to identified and interpreted exposure surfaces with or without angular discordance. These surfaces mark an abrupt upward increase in shale, and correspond to widespread discontinuity surfaces interpreted to represent time-stratigraphic breaks. Sequences show a base with either sandstones or shales grading upward into carbonate lithologies devoid of terrigenous clastic deposits. Cycles are the smallest stratigraphic packages of regional significance (tens to hundreds of kilometres) and correspond to interpreted upward-shallowing successions. Cycle attributes change from sequence to sequence.
Depositional environments are interpreted similarly to many ancient carbonate ramps. Sequence S1 contains diverse facies indicating deposition in wide palaeowater depth ranges from tidal-flat to deep subtidal outer ramp environments. Rapid lateral facies change with irregular spatial distribution observed in sequence S1 is interpreted to be related to the high ramp gradient and irregular antecedent topography during deposition of sequence S1. Facies succession in sequence S2 shows upward changes from storm-dominated mid-ramp to low-energy inner ramp environments without intervening high-energy shallow-water shoal belts. This differs from most storm-dominated carbonate ramp facies models in the geological record, in which storm bed rich mid-ramp deposits show transition to inner ramp successions that contain shoreface barrier sediments such as ooid-skeletal grainstone and boundstone. This model is interpreted as a consequence of infrequency of significant wave activity, in which incoming oceanic waves lost their energy very gradually over a wide area. Without inherited topography, the broad epeiric sea modified circulation and the overall result is a decrease in energy landward. A low wave-energy, microtidal, storm-dominated ramp model is postulated for such successions.
James Hutton’s Edinburgh: a précis
Authors: Mcintyre Donald B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
James Hutton (1726–1797) was born and bred in Edinburgh. Having decided to be a farmer, he went to Norfolk aged 24 to learn new methods of husbandry. From that base, he travelled widely and developed an interest in geology. In 1767 he left his Berwickshire farm and returned to Edinburgh, where he became a valued member of the remarkable group of men who founded the Royal Society of Edinburgh and made the city the unrivalled intellectual centre of the age.
Edinburgh was a capital without the distractions of king and parliament. When the Industrial Revolution began, many disciplines were already represented by men of world renown who knew each other — many, indeed, were related. There were still no boundaries between narrowly defined disciplines; there was shared interest in all knowledge.
Geological structure had constricted Edinburgh’s growth, keeping the compact Old Town on its ancient defensive ridge. The North Bridge, completed soon after Hutton’s return to Edinburgh, made possible the planned New Town, in dramatic architectural and intellectual contrast to the mediaeval city. The beauty and interest of Edinburgh’s scenery is the result of an active geological past. Consequently, in a small and accessible space, rocks of different character are exposed in a natural geological laboratory.
James Hutton did not live in an ivory tower. War, rebellion and revolution, both political and industrial, all had their influence. In a turbulent world, a decade of peace (1783–1793) was another factor making possible Hutton’s great contribution to modern geology.