bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Xanthophyll Cycle and Inactivation of Photosystem II Reaction Centers Alleviating Reducing Pressure to Photosystem I in Morning Glory Leaves under Short‐term High Irradiance
Authors: Li Xin‐Guo , Li Jian‐Yong , Zhao Jin‐Ping , Xu Ping‐Li , He Qi‐Wei 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Under 30‐min high irradiance (1500 μmol m−2 s−1), the roles of the xanthophyll cycle and D1 protein turnover were investigated through chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in morning glory (Ipomoea setosa) leaves, which were dipped into water, dithiothreitol (DTT) and lincomycin (LM), respectively. During the stress, both the xanthophyll cycle and D1 protein turnover could protect PSI from photoinhibition. In DTT leaves, non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) was inhibited greatly and the oxidation level of P700 (P700+) was the lowest one. However, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) in DTT leaves was higher than that of LM leaves and was lower than that of control leaves. These results suggested that PSI was more sensitive to the loss of the xanthophyll cycle than PSII under high irradiance. In LM leaves, NPQ was partly inhibited, Fv/Fm was the lowest one among three treatments under high irradiance and P700+ was at a similar level as that of control leaves. These results implied that inactivation of PSII reaction centers could protect PSI from further photoinhibition. Additionally, the lowest of the number of active reaction centers to one inactive reaction center for a PSII cross‐section (RC/CSo), maximal trapping rate in a PSII cross‐section (TRo/CSo), electron transport in a PSII cross‐section (ETo/CSo) and the highest of 1‐qP in LM leaves further indicated that severe photoinhibition of PSII in LM leaves was mainly induced by inactivation of PSII reaction centers, which limited electrons transporting to PSI. However, relative to the LM leaves the higher level of RC/CSo, TRo/CSo, Fv/Fm and the lower level of 1‐qP in DTT leaves indicated that PSI photoinhibition was mainly induced by the electron accumulation at the PSI acceptor side, which induced the decrease of P700+ under high irradiance.
Genetic Relationships Among Five Basic Genomes St, E, A, B and D in Triticeae Revealed by Genomic Southern and in situ Hybridization
Authors: Liu Zhao , Li Dayong , Zhang Xueyong 
Published: June 2007

Abstract The St and E are two important basic genomes in the perennial tribe Triticeae (Poaceae). They exist in many perennial species and are very closely related to the A, B and D genomes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genomic Southern hybridization and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) were used to analyze the genomic relationships between the two genomes (St and E) and the three basic genomes (A, B and D) of T. aestivum. The semi‐quantitative analysis of the Southern hybridization suggested that both St and E genomes are most closely related to the D genome, then the A genome, and relatively distant to the B genome. GISH analysis using St and E genomic DNA as probes further confirmed the conclusion. St and E are the two basic genomes of Thinopyrum ponticum (StStEeEbEx) and Th. intermedium (StEeEb), two perennial species successfully used in wheat improvement. Therefore, this paper provides a possible answer as to why most of the spontaneous wheat‐Thinopyrum translocations and substitutions usually happen in the D genome, some in the A genome and rarely in the B genome. This would develop further use of alien species for wheat improvement, especially those containing St or E in their genome components.
Variation in the Coat Protein Gene of Papaya ringspot Virus Isolates from Multiple Locations of China
Authors: Wei Jun‐Ya , Liu De‐Bing , Li Xiao‐Ying , Zhou Peng 
Published: June 2007

Abstract The potyvirus Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is an important pathogen of papaya that causes severe losses in economic crops for papaya production globally. The coat protein (CP) genes of five PRSV isolates originating from different locations in China were cloned and sequenced. The CP‐coding region varied in size from 864–873 nucleotides, encoding proteins of 288–291 amino acids. The five Chinese isolates of PRSV have been characterized as papaya‐infecting (PRSV‐P). The CP sequences of the Chinese isolates were compared with those of previously published PRSV isolates originating from different countries at amino acid levels. A number of KE repeat boxes in the N terminus of the PRSV‐CP were found in all Chinese isolates. The phylogenetic branching pattern revealed that there was certain extended grouping between geographic locations, and the Asian type probably represents the oldest population of PRSV. The information of CP genes will be useful in designing and developing durable virus resistant‐PRSV transgenic papaya in China. Meanwhile broad‐spectrum‐virus resistant, strongly resistant‐PRSV and good safe papaya lines are required.
Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora Infection Induced “Defense Lignin” Accumulation and Lignin Biosynthetic Gene Expression in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis)
Authors: Zhang Song‐He , Yang Qing , Ma Rong‐Cai 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc) infects and causes soft rot disease in hundreds of crop species including vegetables, flowers and fruits. Lignin biosynthesis has been implicated in defensive reactions to injury and pathogen infection in plants. In this work, variations of lignin content and gene expression in the molecular interaction between Chinese cabbage and Ecc were investigated. H2O2 accumulation and peroxidase activity were detected by 3, 3′‐Dimethoxybenzidine staining at mocked and Ecc‐inoculated sites of Chinese cabbage leafstalks. Klason lignin content in inoculated plants increased by about 7.84%, 40.37%, and 43.13% more than that of the mocked site at 12, 24 and 72 h after inoculation, respectively. Gas chromatography detected more p‐coumaryl (H) and less coniferyl (G) and sinapyl (S) monolignins in leafstalks of Chinese cabbage. All three monomers increased in Ecc‐infected leafstalks, and the Ecc‐induced “defense lignin” were composed of more G and H monolignins, and less S monolignin. After searching the expressed sequence tags (EST) data of Chinese cabbage, 12 genes putatively encoding enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis were selected to study their expression. All of these genes could be induced by mock inoculation and Ecc infection, while the gene expression lasted for several more hours in the infected samples than in mocked and untreated plants. Our results indicated that “defense lignin” was different from the developmental lignin in composition; G and S monolignins were significantly induced in plants in response to the soft rot Ecc; thus, lignin biosynthesis was differentially regulated and played a role in plant response to the soft rot Ecc.
Seed Treatment with Auxins Modulates Growth and Ion Partitioning in Salt‐stressed Wheat Plants
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Ashraf Muhammad 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Experiments were performed to determine whether seed priming with different concentrations (100, 150, and 200 mg/L) of auxins (indoleacetic acid (IAA), indolebutyric acid (IBA), or their precursor tryptophane (Trp)) could alter salinity induced perturbances in salicylic acid and ion concentrations and, hence, growth in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, namely M.H.‐97 (salt intolerant) and Inqlab‐91 (salt tolerant). Primed and non‐primed seeds were sown in Petri dishes in a growth room, as well as in a field treated with 15 dS/m NaCl salinity. All priming agents, except IBA, increased the final germination percentage in both cultivars. The seedlings of either cultivar raised from Trp‐treated seeds had greater dry biomass when under salt stress. In field experiments, Trp priming was much more effective in mediating the increase in grain yield, irrespective of the cultivar, under salt stress. The alleviatory effect of Trp was found to be associated with reduced uptake of Na+ in the roots and subsequent translocation to the shoots, as well as increased partitioning of Ca2+ in the roots of salt‐stressed wheat plants. Plants of both cultivars raised from Trp‐ and IAA‐treated seeds accumulated free salicylic acid in their leaves when under salt stress. Overall, the Trp priming‐induced improvement in germination and the subsequent growth of wheat plants could be related to ion homeostasis when under salt stress. The possible involvement of salicylic acid in the Trp priming‐induced better growth under conditions of salt stress is discussed.
Kinetics of the Anti‐oxidant Response to Salinity in the Halophyte Cakile maritima
Authors: Amor Nader Ben , Jiménez Ana , Megdiche Wided , Lundqvist Marianne , Sevilla Francisca , Abdelly Chedly 
Published: June 2007

Abstract The effects of NaCl stress on the activity of anti‐oxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR)), anti‐oxidant molecules (ascorbate and glutathione), and parameters of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage, and H2O2 concentrations) were investigated in Cakile maritima, a halophyte frequent along the Tunisian seashore. Seedlings were grown in the presence of salt (100, 200, and 400 mmol/L NaCl). Plants were harvested periodically over 20 days. Growth was maximal in the presence of 0–100 mmol/L NaCl. At 400 mmol/L NaCl, growth decreased significantly. The salt tolerance of C. maritima, at moderate salinities, was associated with the lowest values of the parameters indicative of oxidative stress, namely the highest activities of POD, CAT, APX, DHAR, and GR and high tissue content of ascorbate and glutathione. However, prolonged exposure to high salinity resulted in a decrease in anti‐oxidant activities and high MDA content, electrolyte leakage, and H2O2 concentrations. These results suggest that anti‐oxidant systems participate in the tolerance of C. maritima to moderate salinities.
Seasonal variation of nutrient intake and digestibility of forage in beef cows grazed on a dwarf bamboo (Pleioblastus argenteostriatus f. glaber) dominant pasture
Authors: Nakano Miwa , Yayota Masato , Karashima Jun , Ohtani Shigeru 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDwarf bamboo is a significant but unique native forage for cattle grazing in Japan. A pasture dominated by Pleioblastus argenteostriatus f. glaber, a type of dwarf bamboo, was used to evaluate nutrient intake, digestibility of forage and nutritional status of grazing cows. Eight Japanese Black cows were grazed on the pasture, and six among the eight grazing cows were used for the experiment. This experiment consisted of three periods: spring (May), summer (July) and autumn (September–October) in 2002 and 2003. The nutrient intake and digestibility of the cows were estimated by the double indicator method with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as the external indicator and acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA) in forages as the internal indicator. The crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of forage selected by the cows hardly changed during the grazing seasons in both years. Crude ash, acid detergent lignin (ADL), ADIA, and acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP) contents were the highest in autumn in both years. Nutrient intake of the cows was lower in autumn than in other seasons. Nutrient digestibility of the cows increased slightly from spring to summer and then decreased in autumn. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake satisfied the maintenance requirements of the cows in spring and summer; however, it was only 50%–70% of the maintenance in autumn for both years. Urea nitrogen concentration in plasma was always high, approximately 20 mg dL−1, during grazing periods. Inorganic phosphate (IP) concentration in plasma was lower than critical value (4.5 mg dL−1) in spring and autumn. Therefore, energy and phosphate supplementation are needed for the cows grazed on P. argenteostriatus f. glaber‐dominated pasture.
Feed and feeding quality of imported grass hays as evaluated by newly proposed grades
Authors: Niwa Yoshitsugu , Nishino Matsuyuki , Saeki Mao , Abe Akira 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn conjunction with investigating the quality of imported grass hays, the present study set out to develop an evaluation standard. A total of 123 hay samples were tested: 70 of timothy hay, 23 of sudangrass hay, 20 of oat hay and 10 of bermudagrass hay. Crude protein content, nitrogen cell wall free extract (NCWFE) content, Oa (organic a fraction in cell wall, non‐lignified portion of cell wall) content and Ob (organic b fraction in cell wall, lignified portion of cell wall) content were measured for each sample, and the values of these were used as the basis for the determination of digestible carbohydrate content and dry matter intake (DMI). The variation in crude protein, NCWFE, Oa and Ob content within each grass species was large. The coefficients of variation for the chemical composition of all 123 samples were 24.9% for crude protein, 37.4% for NCWFE, 30.7% for Oa and 11.0% for Ob. Because variation in composition was large, variations in digestible carbohydrate content and DMI within each species were also large. On the basis of the mean values of chemical composition, it was determined that the harvesting period was after the flowering stage. Evaluation standards were set using a five‐point scale (5, excellent; 4, good; 3, medium; 2, low; 1, poor), based on the 123 samples tested in the present study, using the mean values and standard deviations of chemical parameters, digestible carbohydrate content and DMI. Consequently, in assessing DMI (per bodyweight of 600 kg), a grade of 5 was given for values of 14.3 kg or higher, 4 for values between 11.5 and 14.3 kg, 3 for values between 8.7 and 11.5 kg, 2 for values between 5.9 and 8.7 kg, and 1 for values lower than 5.9 kg.
Ensilage of wilted whole crop rice (Oryza sativa L.) using a roll baler for chopped material: Silage quality in long‐term storage
Authors: Kawamoto Hidenori , Otani Ryuji , Oshibe Akinori , Yamaguchi Hiromichi , Deguchi Shin , Tanaka Osamu , Uozumi Sunao , Watanabe Hiroaki 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe examined the effects of long‐term storage on the fermentation quality, chemical composition, and digestibility of wilted whole crop rice silage prepared using a roll baler for chopped material (set chop length, 13 mm) and compared the results with those obtained by using a conventional roll baler. The roll balers were used for ensiling whole crop rice of three types: (i) dough‐ripe stage with light wilting (45% dry matter); (ii) dough‐ripe stage with heavy wilting (65% dry matter); and (iii) yellow‐ripe stage with light wilting (45% dry matter). The apparent dry matter density was higher in the ensiled roll bales composed of chopped whole crop rice (chopped bales) than in those composed of non‐chopped whole crop rice (conventional bales) (195–250 kg m−3 vs 156–218 kg m−3, respectively). The formation of volatile fatty acids and ammonia‐nitrogen was low in all types of silage. Further, no marked differences in the chemical composition and apparent dry matter digestibility were observed between silage from the two types of bales. However, there were significant differences in their lactic acid and ethanol contents. The lactic acid production in the conventional silage was low (0.08–0.14% fresh matter), whereas that in the chopped silage was high (0.71–0.97% fresh matter). A lower pH value (pH 4.0–4.3) was retained in the chopped silage after 10 months of storage. High ethanol production (1.1–2.5% fresh matter) was observed in the conventional silage, whereas ethanol production decreased to less than 1% in the chopped silage. These results indicate that although the ethanol fermentation is readily enhanced in the ensilage of wilted whole crop rice performed by a conventional baler, the ensilage performed by a baler for chopped material encourages lactic acid fermentation and suppresses ethanol production over a wide moisture range throughout the long‐term storage.
Isozyme variability amongElymusspecies indigenous to the Tibetan and Inner Mongolian Plateaus
Authors: Yan Xuebing , Guo Yuxia , Zhou He , Wang Kun 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUtilizing allozyme markers, genetic relationships were investigated for 40 populations representing 10Elymusspecies indigenous to the Tibetan and Inner Mongolian Plateau regions. From the allozyme analysis, the genetic diversity within populations (He) was very low, ranging 0.0160–0.1680. At the species level, Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index ranged 0.0800–0.2528 and 0.1173–0.3769, respectively. Allzoyme locus diversity across the 40 populations suggested that polymorphic loci contributed to 72.1% of the total allozyme diversity (HT = 0.2979) while only 27.9% was indicated within populations. A low occurrence of gene flow among populations (Nm), based onGstcalculations, was calculated to be 0. 1932. With respect to potential gene flow (Nm) at the species and population level, a lower frequency of gene flow occurred between populations within species than between species. In general, species ofE. geminatusandE. glaucus,and the nationally protected plantE. breviaristatus,indicated the lowest level of genetic variability. From a geographic standpoint, accessions obtained from different regions indicated a wide range of genetic diversity values. Populations indigenous to the Tibetan Plateau suggested a higher level of genetic diversity than those sampled from the Inner Mongolian Plateau.
Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)
Authors: Tsuruta Shin‐ichi , Ebina Masumi , Nakagawa Hitoshi , Kawamura Osamu , Akashi Ryo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe gene encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195), which catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of monolignol, was isolated and characterized in sorghum. The nucleotide sequence of sorghum CAD (SbCAD) cDNA is approximately 1457 bp in length encoding a polypeptide of 365 amino acids. A comparison of sorghum CAD amino acid sequence with those of other species showed highly homology to monocot CAD cDNA. DNA gel blot analysis revealed one or two strong signals, suggesting that a single CAD gene was present in sorghum. Expression analysis using the total RNA with a SbCAD cDNA probe demonstrates that the transcripts of the CAD gene are more abundant in the lower stem than the upper stem. It was not possible to detect any signal in the leaf tissue because it exhibits a low level of lignification.
Effect of tunneler dung beetles on cattle dung decomposition, soil nutrients and herbage growth
Authors: Yamada Daigo , Imura Osamu , Shi Kun , Shibuya Takeshi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo field experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of dung beetles on cattle dung decomposition, soil nutrients and herbage growth. On an orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.) pasture, three treatments, each composed of 1 kg of cattle dung, were placed in a randomized block design. For each treatment, dung beetles of three tunneler species were released at a density of 0, 40 or 80 beetles per dung sample in the 2000 experiment and 0, 40 or 120 beetles per dung sample in the 2001–2002 experiment. The respective weights and nutrient contents in the dung sample remnants were measured for 56 days; nutrients in the soil beneath the dung samples were also measured for the same period in the 2001–2002 experiment. Additionally, herbage yield along with the dung weight and nutrients were measured over 2 years in the 2001–2002 experiment. In both the 2000 and 2001–2002 experiments, the greater the dung beetles released, the greater the decomposition and loss of nutrients from the dung. Inorganic nitrogen (N) in the soil of beetle‐released plots increased considerably until the seventh day according to the beetles released. That pattern in the soil reflected the N loss from the dung. Trends of available phosphorus (P) and exchangeable potassium (K) in the soil were not explained so clearly as the case of N. Yield and N and P uptakes of herbage around the dung were significantly larger in the beetle‐released plot than in the no‐beetle released plot in September of the first year in the 2001–2002 experiment. In other seasons (July 2001 and May, July and September 2002), however, significant relationships between yield and nutrient uptakes of herbage and dung beetle activities were not detected. These results indicate that dung beetles promoted dung decomposition and nutrient transfer from the dung to soil, however, subsequent effects on herbage growth were not clear under field conditions.
Farm‐scale trials to compare the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana with pirimiphos methyl + deltamethrin and essential oil of lemon grass for protection of stored cowpea against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Cherry A.J. , Abalo P. , Hell K. , Korie S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn trials conducted in Benin, conidia of Beauveria bassiana were evaluated as a control method against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus, in stored cowpea. In the first trial using a high artificial infestation of C. maculatus in 8‐kg batches of cowpea in jerry cans under typical conditions, concentrations of 1 × 109 and 1 × 1011 conidia kg−1 were compared with lemon grass oil at 2 mL kg−1 and the synthetic pesticide mixture of 1.5% pirimiphos methyl + 0.05% deltamethrin at 0.5 g kg−1. After 2 months of storage, seed losses (SD) were 20.63 (5.3)% in the untreated control, 8.04 (3.2)% in the low‐dose B. bassiana group, 3.12 (1.3)% in the high‐dose B. bassiana group, 2.52 (0.4)% in the lemon grass oil group and 0% in the pirimiphos methyl + deltamethrin group. In a second trial with natural infestations in 50‐kg batches of cowpea in 200‐L drums, treatment with B. bassiana 1 × 1011 conidia kg−1 was compared with pirimiphos methyl + deltamethrin at 0.5 g kg−1. After 6 months of storage on six farms, losses reached 30.76 (1.5)% in the control, 1.28 (0.2)% in the pirimiphos methyl + deltamethrin group and 3.69 (0.6)% in the B. bassiana group.
A new method for collecting isothiocyanates released from plant residues incorporated in soil
Authors: Papadopoulos A. , Alderson P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method was developed for collecting isothiocyanates (ITCs) from compost and their detection by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Identification of the compounds was based on retention time, molecular weight and previously published information (Wiley Database, Hewlett Packard ChemStation Library). The release of ITCs from freeze‐dried plant material of Brassica carinata, Cleome spinosa and Tropaeolum majus cultivars was investigated by incorporation in compost contained in pots. Allyl isothiocyanate, methyl isothiocyanate and benzyl isothiocyanate, respectively, were released after hydrolysis of plant tissues. Abundance of ITCs was monitored for 12 days and was shown to decrease rapidly following incorporation until the fourth day for all types of plant tissue.