bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sterilization in Alberta, 1928 to 1972: Gender Matters*
Authors: GREKUL JANA 
Published: December 2008

En 1928, la province canadienne de l'Alberta a adopté une loi sur la stérilisation sexuelle et, jusqu'à son abrogation en 1972, plus de 2,800 personnes ont été stérilisées. De ce nombre, les femmes ont été surreprésentées. Cet article examine comment des regards changeants portés sur l'eugénique ont conduit à une transformation subtile d'où a émergé un système à deux volets qui a ciblé des hommes ayant une déficience mentale, souvent un danger pour la société, et des femmes normales du point de vue mental mais anormales moralement qui ont accepté la stérilisation. Le geste s'est avéré un succès en ce qui concerne le type et le nombre de personnes stérilisées, et la pérennité du programme.Alberta, Canada, passed a Sexual Sterilization Act in 1928 and up until its repeal in 1972, over 2,800 people were sterilized. Women were overrepresented in the number of sterilizations performed. This paper explores how changing understandings of eugenics led to a subtle transformation which resulted in a “two‐pronged” system that targeted mentally defective men, often a danger to society, and mentally normal but morally abnormal women who consented to sterilization. The end result was success for the movement in terms of the types and numbers of people sterilized, and in the longevity of the program.
From Community to Public Safety Governance in Policing and Child Protection
Authors: DEUKMEDJIAN JOHN EDWARD , CRADOCK GERALD 
Published: December 2008

L'interopérabilité grandissante entre le maintien de l'ordre et la protection de l'enfant au Canada et au Royaume‐Uni semble indiquer que nous nous trouvons au milieu d'un changement gouvernemental passant de la gouvernance communautaire à une gouvernance de la sécurité publique. En effet, les discours mettant l'accent sur l'expertise locale en maintien de l'ordre et en protection de l'enfant se sont grandement transformés en raison des critiques sur le manque d'interdépendance entre les organismes. Les deux pays ont maintenant créé des bases de données interinstitutionnelles pour la gestion des personnes à risque. Cette intégration administrative engendre différentes formes de réglementations. Les auteurs concluent leur article en soutenant que cet ethos émergeant peut être conceptualisé comme une rationalité gouvernementale naissante.The growing interoperability between policing and child protection in Canada and the United Kingdom suggests that we are in the midst of a governmental shift from community governance to public safety governance. Indeed, discourses emphasizing local expertise in policing and child protection have largely muted because of criticisms over the lack of interagency interconnectedness. Both countries have now developed national interagency databases for the management of persons of risk. This institutional integration engenders different forms of regulation. We conclude by arguing that this emergent ethos may be conceptualized as a nascent governmental rationality.
Modelling the non-linear multiple-lag effects of ambient temperature on mortality in Santiago and Palermo: a constrained segmented distributed lag approach
Authors: Muggeo V M , Hajat S 
Published: December 2008

Objectives:Exposure to ambient temperature can affect mortality levels for days or weeks following exposure, making modelling such effects in regression analysis of daily time-series data complex.Methods:We propose a new approach involving a multi-lag segmented approximation to account for the non-linear effect of temperature and the use of two different penalised spline bases to model the distributed lag of both heat and cold exposure. Compared with standard splines, the novel penalised framework is more flexible at short lags where change in coefficients is greatest, and selection of the maximum lag appears substantially less important in determining the overall pattern of the effect.Results:Applying the approach to daily mortality in Santiago (Chile) and Palermo (Italy), we observed a heat effect that was mostly immediate and followed by negative estimates consistent with short-term mortality displacement (harvesting). Cold effects were mostly positively sustained and more evenly distributed across the 60-day analysis period: in Santiago we estimated an overall increase in deaths of 2.36% (95% CI 0.26% to 4.51%) in the 65+ age group associated with every 1°C decrease below the cold threshold, and an increase of 1.11% (0.09% to 2.14%) per 1°C for Palermo. Heat effects for Palermo were much larger than for Santiago, and less harvesting of heat deaths was evident. The estimated heat thresholds were higher in Palermo than in Santiago.Conclusions:Our approach provides a flexible and precise method to quantify health effects of both heat and cold exposure at individual lags and to model the overall pattern of the delayed effect.
The tensile capacity of bored piles in frictional soils
Authors: Krabbenhoft Sven , Andersen Allan , Damkilde Lars 
Published: December 2008

Three series of 10 piles each were installed in two different locations. The lengths of the piles varied from 2 to 6 m and the diameters were 14 and 25 cm. The piles were constructed above the groundwater table using continuous flight augers and the concrete was placed by gravity free fall. The piles were tested to failure in axial uplift and the load–displacement relations were recorded. The results from the tests have been compared with theoretical values based on current design practice and the method proposed by Fleming et al. seems to produce the best match with the test results.
Micrognathia and Glossoptosis in the Newborn
Authors: Hawkins Donald B. , Simpson John V. 
Published: December 2008

This report discusses airway obstruction in newborn infants with micrognathia and glossop tosis, and describes three patients who required surgical relief of obstruction from glossoptosis. In two, glossoptosis was controlled by construction of lingual-labial flaps under local anesthesia. The third required tracheostomy because of absence of the mandibular symphysis; to be effective, a lingual-labial flap requires a complete mandibular arch for support. The lingual-labial flap is the best surgical procedure for glossoptosis of the newborn. It can be constructed under local anesthesia in the nursery or in the operating room. It holds the tongue forward, yet it allows adequate tongue mobility for feeding. Composed of the patient's own tissues, it can remain for an indefinite time.
Teacher Acceptance of Psychological Interventions of Varying Theoretical Orientation: A Replication
Authors: Broddy Heather L. , Schneider Barry H. , Udvari Stephen J. 
Published: December 2008

Many variables influence a teacher's attitude toward interventions for atypical children. The current study explores this problem in an attenzpt to replicate findings by Schneider, Kerridge, and Katz (1992). Twenty-two regular and 16 special education teachers used the Treatment Evaluation Inventory (Kazdin, 1980a) to rate the acceptability of several types of interventions for two hypothetical cases : an aggressive boy (Craig) and a withdrawn girl (Sally). Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that teachers evaluated the acceptability of freatments differently depending on the case to which they were exposed. Teachers felt that timeout was less acceptable than either family therapy or coaching for Craig, and that pharmacotherapy and token reinforcement were less acceptable than all other treatments. L'attitude des enseignants envers une intervention proposée a un élève atypique est determinée par plusieurs variables. La présente étude est une replique d'une recherche menée par Schneider Kerridge et Katz (1992). Vingt-deux enseignants des classes ordinaires et 16 enseignants des classes speciales indiquèrent leurs opinions quant à l'acceptabilité de plusieurs interventions pour un garçon aggressif (Craig) et pour une fille timide. Selon les resultats de l'analyse de variance à mesures répétéees, l'evaluation de l'acceptabilité varia en fonction du cas présenté. La mise-à-l'écart fut moins acceptable que la thérapie familiale ou le counselling directifpour Craig. La pharmacothérapie et l'économie de jetons furent moins acceptables que toutes les autres interventions.
Leadership As An Obstacle To Democratic Problem Solving
Authors: Briand Michael K. 
Published: December 2008

The predominant contemporary conception of public leadership rests on a "consumerist" model of democratic politics. Because in practice this approach to democratic decision making has shown itself to be woefully inadequate to the task of solving public problems, we would do well to question whether the conception of leadership so closely associated with it deserves to be perpetuated. The conventional view of leadership makes effective public decision making a function of good leadership. I reverse the equation, suggesting that good leadership is a function of a healthy practice of deliberative democratic politics. I conclude that effective public leadership consists of the ability and willingness to enable and encourage one's fellow citizens to form a public perspective, deliberate together, reach a shared judgment, and make a collective choice about what to do.
Teaching Political Leadership: An Introduction
Authors: Genovese Michael A. 
Published: December 2008

Each semester, I open my Political Leadership course with a confession and a celebration. The confession is that no one is qualified to teach this course: it is the hardest, most complex and demanding course I teach. The difficulty stems from the interdisciplinary nature of the field. Leadership studies is built upon a foundation of interconnectedness between disparate fields of academic inquiry, fields which are not often brought together. Thus the great difficulty. But this confession is a prelude to celebration. Teaching about political leadership is also the most rewarding and fulfilling of all the courses I teach. It is in the challenge that the joy emerges. But how does one go about teaching political leadership?
Theory and Implications Regarding the Utilization of Strategic Humor by Leaders
Authors: Crawford C.B. 
Published: December 2008

Humor, a communicative tactic used to engender support, is often employed, but rarely understood. Literature in the field of humor has attempted to define situations where humor could be beneficial. Even today few definitive answers exist relating humor to effective leadership communicative behavior. Thus, the purpose of this research is to present current research findings about the symbolic nature of leadership as enacted through humor. Initially, this research details the important symbolic realm within which leaders work. Next, some of the relevant literature dealing with humor is discussed. Specifically, humor is defined and the purposes of humor are elaborated. This research also reviews contemporary leadership literature dealing with humor. Finally, this research evaluates the appropriateness of each form of humor and specific guidelines for effective humor are discussed.
The Grammar of Leadership Education
Authors: Lewis Chad T. 
Published: December 2008

Emphasizing the theory of leadership ("leadership" as noun) does not necessarily teach students the effective practice of leadership ("leadership" as verb). Emphasizing leadership practice to the exclusion of theory is also problematic. Consequently, leadership educators should first determine the objectives of a lecture, course, curriculum, or program, then design pedagogy accordingly. In the process, they should separate, and appropriately emphasize, constructs of "leadership" as noun and verb, keeping in mind the purpose and context of education, and the notion that mastery of one aspect of leadership does not necessarily contribute to mastery of the other. Whetten and Cameron's "managerial skills approach" is an example of a framework that effectively reconciles theory and practice. In time, an interpretive grammar for leadership education may evolve, not as replacement for traditional methods such as the managerial skills, lecture, or case approaches, but as an addition that better reflects the emerging transformational leadership paradigm. A postscript touches on this possibility.
Learning the Language of Leadership: A Proposed Agenda for Leader Training
Authors: Mayfield Jacqueline R. , Mayfield Milton R. 
Published: December 2008

This paper proposes a training/research agenda for teaching leaders strategic language. Strategic language is defined by motivating language theory (Sullivan, 1988) as leader-to-subordinate oral communication that increases the likelihood of such desirable worker outcomes as high performance levels and job satisfaction. Motivating language has been further specified as appropriate use of the following speech act categories: 1) Direction-Giving, 2) Empathetic, and 3) Meaning-Making. Motivating language theory and its predictions have received strong support from previous research, including scale development and model testing. The proposed next step is implementation through organizational diagnosis and training programs.
The Bricks, Mortar, and Architecture of the MBA Program
Authors: Schatz Martin , Currie David M. 
Published: December 2008

To many, the MBA program has failed to live up to its expectation. In part, this is because expectations have changed, and are different now than when the MBA curriculum was established. The problem in responding to these new demands is that schools have tried to build the curriculum with course work alone. A typical response to the problem of inadequate training has been to add another course to the curriculum. This is analogous to trying to build a house out of bricks or concrete blocks by placing one on top of another without regard for the design or the stability of the house. Just as a house needs an architect to plan the design, and mortar to support the structure, so does building the curriculum need all three components -- bricks, mortar and architecture. This paper deals with these components as they apply to the MBA program.
Organizational Communication and Leadership: A Collaborative Philosophy Toward Teaching Leadership with Syllabus
Authors: Watt Willis M. 
Published: December 2008

Basic elements of leading include serving, being a part of a team, going beyond human differences, and providing answers to difficult questions often under difficult circumstances. Progress and growth are dependent on effective leadership. In part, this is true because effective leaders provide vision. Through their vision leaders are able to influence, not only individuals, but organizations and often nations. Leadership is essential in organizations. Given the principle that everyone has the potential to be a leader, it is important for educators to provide courses designed to promote effective leadership and communication behavior in organizations.
Strategic Leadership: The Art of Balancing Organizational Mission with Policy, Procedures, and External Environment
Authors: Maghroori Ray , Rolland Erik 
Published: December 2008

In this paper we present a general framework for strategic leadership. We define strategic leadership as the art of creating a balance between external environment, corporate mission and its corresponding system of implementation. We argue that newly chosen leaders of organizations must make choices regarding the best leadership strategy for their organizations. This choice, we suggest, should be based on the leader's evaluation of the organization's total conditions. We provide a methodology for assessing organizational conditions based upon the concept of effectiveness. We then propose a number of leadership strategies associated with various types of organizational effectiveness. This paper aids management in assessing organizational effectiveness, and in selecting an appropriate leadership strategy.
Leadership and Religion in the 21 st Century
Authors: Gilmour Peter 
Published: December 2008

The change of leadership personnel from clergy to laity represents a seismic shift in the Roman Catholic Church. This ongoing phenomenon is brought most sharply into focus when the priest pastor of a Catholic parish is succeeded by a nonordained pastor. This article applies Joseph Rost's postindustrial model of leadership to nonordained people who lead Catholic parishes. The influence, success, and ultimate impact of this movement is examined and reflected upon through the lens of Rost's leadership model. Organized religion, by paying close attention to Rost's leadership model, allows the world to evangelize the church in a variety of venues: how it develops its theology, how it functions as an ecclesial entity, how it relates to people, how it relates to other institutions, and how it conducts its business.
Women as Leaders
Authors: Payne Kay E. , Fuqua Harold E. , Canegami Joseph P. 
Published: December 2008

Development of organizational leaders has long been the subject of inquiry. Professional socialization has recently become an area of extensive research. The purpose of this research involved organizing professional socialization and organizational leadership around women as leaders. Our interest in this inquiry stems from examining the combination of socialization of women and the changing climate of some organizations which are creating a more positive situation for women who choose to be leaders in the 21 st century. Our inquiry examines the socialization of women as leaders. Also, we discuss the necessary skills for successful "women as leaders" including : communicating anger, competitiveness, persuasiveness, assertiveness and listening as qualities necessary for successful leadership in the future. The underlying philosophical underpinnings for this inquiry include the belief which says women and men do not differ in leadership style when they have been trained, but differ along stereotypical lines when untrained. Leaders can be trained to incorporate both task and consideration in their leadership style, but males will use task as a backup style, while females will use consideration as a backup style . The authors present data here which undoubtedly will raise questions and develop issues---issues worthy of debate. And, to this end they invite responses from readers and researchers alike. Dialogue will be welcomed.
Myths We Teach, Realities We Ignore: Leadership Education in Business Schools
Authors: Nirenberg John 
Published: December 2008

Schools of business usually include the study of leadership as part of a survey of organizational behavior (OB) theory. This article examines how several of the most frequently used OB texts treat leadership. This article identifies some underlying myths being purveyed in those texts and the realities of the leadership dynamic that are being ignored. Major finding: leadership, as presented in the selected texts, is a collection of control theories that ignores essential aspects of the leadership concept. Furthermore, these texts imply that leadership is achieved by being promoted into a supervisory role.
The endothelial antigen ESAM marks primitive hematopoietic progenitors throughout life in mice
Authors: Yokota Takafumi , Oritani Kenji , Butz Stefan , Kokame Koichi , Kincade Paul W. , Miyata Toshiyuki , Vestweber Dietmar , Kanakura Yuzuru 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAlthough recent advances have enabled hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to be enriched to near purity, more information about their characteristics will improve our understanding of their development and stage-related functions. Here, using microarray technology, we identified endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule (ESAM) as a novel marker for murine HSCs in fetal liver. Esam was expressed at high levels within a Rag1− c-kitHi Sca1+ HSC-enriched fraction, but sharply down-regulated with activation of the Rag1 locus, a valid marker for the most primitive lymphoid progenitors in E14.5 liver. The HSC-enriched fraction could be subdivided into 2 on the basis of ESAM levels. Among endothelial antigens on hematopoietic progenitors, ESAM expression showed intimate correlation with HSC activity. The ESAMHi population was highly enriched for multipotent myeloid-erythroid progenitors and primitive progenitors with lymphopoietic activity, and exclusively reconstituted long-term lymphohematopoiesis in lethally irradiated recipients. Tie2+ c-kit+ lymphohematopoietic cells in the E9.5–10.5 aorta-gonad-mesonephros region also expressed high levels of ESAM. Furthermore, ESAM was detected on primitive hematopoietic progenitors in adult bone marrow. Interestingly, ESAM expression in the HSC-enriched fraction was up-regulated in aged mice. We conclude that ESAM marks HSC in murine fetal liver and will facilitate studies of hematopoiesis throughout life.
ATM-ATR–dependent up-regulation of DNAM-1 and NKG2D ligands on multiple myeloma cells by therapeutic agents results in enhanced NK-cell susceptibility and is associated with a senescent phenotype
Authors: Soriani Alessandra , Zingoni Alessandra , Cerboni Cristina , Iannitto Maria Luisa , Ricciardi Maria Rosaria , Di Gialleonardo Valentina , Cippitelli Marco , Fionda Cinzia , Petrucci Maria Teresa , Guarini Anna , Foà Robin , Santoni Angela 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
There is much evidence to support a role for natural killer (NK) cells in controlling the progression of multiple myeloma (MM), a malignancy characterized by an abnormal plasma cell proliferation in the bone marrow (BM). Induction of DNA damage response has been recently shown capable of enhancing NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) expression, but nothing is known about DNAM-1 ligand (DNAM-1L) regulation. In this study, we show that myeloma cells treated with low doses of therapeutic agents commonly used in the management of patients with MM, such as doxorubicin, melphalan, and bortezomib, up-regulate DNAM-1 and NKG2D ligands. Accordingly, therapeutic drug treatment of MM cells increases NK-cell degranulation, the NKG2D and DNAM-1 receptors being the major triggering molecules. Similar data were also obtained using ex vivo primary plasma cells derived from MM patients. Drug-induced DNAM-1 and NKG2D ligand expression was abolished after treatment with the ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM- and RAD3-related) pharmacologic inhibitors caffeine and KU-55933, and was preferentially associated with senescent cells arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Altogether, our findings have identified a common pathway that can trigger the up-regulation of different NK cell–activating ligands and suggest that NK cells represent an immunosurveillance mechanism toward cells undergoing stress-induced senescent programs.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma: tumor-related clones exist in the blood and bone marrow with evidence for separate development
Authors: McCann Katy J. , Ashton-Key Margaret , Smith KellyAnn , Stevenson Freda K. , Ottensmeier Christian H. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is an aggressive B-cell tumor that is defined clinically by the absence of systemic disease. We have used immunoglobulin variable (V)–gene analysis to identify tumor cells at the CNS site in 12 cases and to probe the involvement of peripheral tissues in 3 patients. Clonal tracking revealed tumor cells in the bone marrow and/or blood for 3 of 3 cases, with evidence for increased V-gene mutational activity at peripheral sites. In 2 of 3 cases, intraclonal variant analysis revealed identity with the brain biopsy but detected additional variants unique to extracerebral sites. These findings suggest that peripheral tumor cells can undergo separate development locally with no reentry into the brain. Primary CNS lymphoma appears to have both CNS-specific and systemic components with limited interchange. The more malignant behavior of tumor cells in the CNS suggests either a local environmental influence or a less malignant phenotype of the peripheral clone.