bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communication of geoscience information in public administration: UK experiences
Authors: Marker OBE Brian 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper is intended to provoke thought and discussion rather than to set out any ‘right way’ to communicate geoscience information. Public administration is complex, operating at several levels. It involves a wide variety of people, many of whom have little or no geoscience knowledge. It is important for geoscientists to understand administrative procedures so that results can be provided in the right form at the optimum time. There should also be a good understanding of the views, requirements and capacities of each potential target audience. This is best achieved through direct consultation and discussion. Consultation also helps to build trust and to guide the design of specific products. Results need to be presented logically, clearly and in straightforward language supported by good illustrations. These need to be tailored to fit the needs of each target audience; a single output will seldom meet the specific needs of all. The focus should be on the matters that are of importance to each audience, rather than on the research as such. Good dissemination of results is crucial and may require continuing efforts rather than just taking place at the end of the study. Consultation, presentation for non-specialists, and dissemination are time consuming. There needs to be adequate provision of staff time and money to support these. This may require a change in attitudes of some funding organizations. It is wise to plan consultation, presentation and dissemination from the commencement of work, revising plans as a fuller understanding of systems and audience requirements is gained.
Media and scientific communication: a case of climate change
Authors: Boykoff Maxwell T. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper explores how media representational practices shape and affect current international science and policy or practice communications, through a focus on climate change. Many complex factors contribute to these interactions. The norms and pressures that guide journalistic decision-making and shape mass-media coverage of anthropogenic climate science critically shape current discourses at the highly politicized climate science–policy interface. This paper investigates the multifarious journalistic, political, cultural and economic norms that dynamically influence media coverage of climate science. It explores the case-study of climate change to also work through factors shaping the translation of uncertainty in climate science. This project demonstrates that mass-media coverage of climate change is not simply a random amalgam of articles and segments; rather, it is a social relationship between scientists, policy actors and the public that is mediated by such news packages. Moreover, this research shows how mass media play a significant role in shaping the construction and maintenance of discourse on climate change at the interface of science and policy.
Good and bad practice in the communication of uncertainties associated with the relationship between climate change and weather-related natural disasters
Authors: Ward Robert E. T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThere is evidence that climate change is affecting the frequency, intensity and geographical distribution of weather-related natural disasters. However, the exact details of this relationship are subject to varying degrees of uncertainty. Scientists, policy-makers and others have recognized how this connection could influence public support for decisions and policies around climate change, such as measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This has led to a number of cases in which stakeholders in the public policy debate about climate change have overstated or understated uncertainties, relative to the scientific assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Although such distortions in the expression of uncertainties are motivated by a desire to justify particular policy positions, they could instead undermine the credibility of, and trust in, information sources and diminish public support.
Community participation in natural risk prevention: case histories from Colombia
Authors: Hermelin M. , Bedoya G. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
More than 75% of Colombia's 42 million people live in urban areas located in the mountains and are exposed to numerous natural hazards: floods, flash floods, landslides, earthquakes and volcanism. The Armero disaster of 1985 triggered the creation of the National System for Disaster Prevention and Relief. National, regional and local committees started to operate across the country, accompanied by education commissions that produced diverse audiovisual materials to help educate people living in these areas. The experiences of working with local committees gained during the last two decades are presented here. Case histories are from cities such as Pereira, Manizales and Medellín, where the local committees are run by people with little or no formal education but who understand that they must participate as a group to prevent or mitigate the effects of natural disasters. The co-operation between technical experts and trained residents represents an outstanding example of good communication and co-operation for urban populations living in dangerous areas. Although many problems have yet to be resolved, these case histories show that this type of organization seems to be more effective than direct intervention from national government agencies. The models of community participation and communication developed and refined here may have application to similar social environments in other countries.
Lead contamination, the media and risk communication: a case study from the Ribeira Valley, Brazil
Authors: Giulio Gabriela Marques Di , Pereira Newton Müller , Figueiredo Bernardino Ribeiro de 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of risk communication in studies of public health issues, and analyses the roles of scientists and the media in communicating scientific data, and their influence on risk perception. The findings are based on a case study from Adrianópolis in the Ribeira Valley (Brazil), conducted between 2005 and 2006, where residents were exposed to lead contamination that originated from a smelter and a sulphide mine. This study had two goals: (1) to understand the impact of information regarding lead contamination on the daily lives of the local inhabitants; (2) to understand and analyse the consequences of an absence of a strategy for risk communication by the researchers involved in the study. Besides drawing attention to the need for studies concerning passive environmental issues, the Adrianópolis case study showed that there was a lack of adequate planning for dissemination of information to local inhabitants that seriously undermined the relationships between researchers, the community and the media, and this caused damage to the various stakeholders.
DNA Hypomethylation Arises Later in Prostate Cancer Progression than CpG Island Hypermethylation and Contributes to Metastatic Tumor Heterogeneity
Authors: Yegnasubramanian Srinivasan , Haffner Michael C. , Zhang Yonggang , Gurel Bora , Cornish Toby C. , Wu Zhijin , Irizarry Rafael A. , Morgan James , Hicks Jessica , DeWeese Theodore L. , Isaacs William B. , Bova G. Steven , De Marzo Angelo M. , Nelson William G. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Hypomethylation of CpG dinucleotides in genomic DNA was one of the first somatic epigenetic alterations discovered in human cancers. DNA hypomethylation is postulated to occur very early in almost all human cancers, perhaps facilitating genetic instability and cancer initiation and progression. We therefore examined the nature, extent, and timing of DNA hypomethylation changes in human prostate cancer. Contrary to the prevailing view that global DNA hypomethylation changes occur extremely early in all human cancers, we show that reductions in 5meC content in the genome occur very late in prostate cancer progression, appearing at a significant extent only at the stage of metastatic disease. Furthermore, we found that, whereas some LINE1 promoter hypomethylation does occur in primary prostate cancers compared with normal tissues, this LINE1 hypomethylation is significantly more pronounced in metastatic prostate cancer. Next, we carried out a tiered gene expression microarray and bisulfite genomic sequencing–based approach to identify genes that are silenced by CpG island methylation in normal prostate cells but become overexpressed in prostate cancer cells as a result of CpG island hypomethylation. Through this analysis, we show that a class of cancer testis antigen genes undergoes CpG island hypomethylation and overexpression in primary prostate cancers, but more so in metastatic prostate cancers. Finally, we show that DNA hypomethylation patterns are quite heterogeneous across different metastatic sites within the same patients. These findings provide evidence that DNA hypomethylation changes occur later in prostate carcinogenesis than the CpG island hypermethylation changes and occur heterogeneously during prostate cancer progression and metastatic dissemination. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8954–67]
Fibroblasts Isolated from Common Sites of Breast Cancer Metastasis Enhance Cancer Cell Growth Rates and Invasiveness in an Interleukin-6–Dependent Manner
Authors: Studebaker Adam W. , Storci Gianluca , Werbeck Jillian L. , Sansone Pasquale , Sasser A. Kate , Tavolari Simona , Huang Tim , Chan Michael W.Y. , Marini Frank C. , Rosol Thomas J. , Bonafé Massimiliano , Hall Brett M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Common sites of breast cancer metastasis include the lung, liver, and bone, and of these secondary metastatic sites, estrogen receptor α (ERα)–positive breast cancer often favors bone. Within secondary organs, cancer cells would predictably encounter tissue-specific fibroblasts or their soluble factors, yet our understanding of how tissue-specific fibroblasts directly affect cancer cell growth rates and survival remains largely unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that mesenchymal fibroblasts isolated from common sites of breast cancer metastasis provide a more favorable microenvironment with respect to tumor growth rates. We found a direct correlation between the ability of breast, lung, and bone fibroblasts to enhance ERα-positive breast cancer cell growth and the level of soluble interleukin-6 (IL-6) produced by each organ-specific fibroblast, and fibroblast-mediated growth enhancement was inhibited by the removal or inhibition of IL-6. Interestingly, mice coinjected with MCF-7 breast tumor cells and senescent skin fibroblasts, which secrete IL-6, developed tumors, whereas mice coinjected with presenescent skin fibroblasts that produce little to no IL-6 failed to form xenograft tumors. We subsequently determined that IL-6 promoted growth and invasion of breast cancer cells through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3–dependent up-regulation of Notch-3, Jagged-1, and carbonic anhydrase IX. These data suggest that tissue-specific fibroblasts and the factors they produce can promote breast cancer disease progression and may represent attractive targets for development of new therapeutics. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):9087–95]
Different Roles of Estrogen Receptors α and β in the Regulation of E-Cadherin Protein Levels in a Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cell Line
Authors: Helguero Luisa A. , Lindberg Karolina , Gardmo Cissi , Schwend Thomas , Gustafsson Jan-Åke , Haldosén Lars-Arne 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Two estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) are found throughout the mammary gland. Evidence indicates that, while ERα transduces proliferation signals, ERβ opposes this effect and is necessary for epithelial differentiation. Using mouse mammary epithelial cells, we have previously shown that activation of ERβ opposes ERα-induced proliferation and increases apoptosis. Furthermore, stable knockdown of ERβ resulted in loss of growth contact inhibition. In this work, we report that loss of ERβ is associated with a decrease of E-cadherin protein levels through different posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms. Ligand activation of ERα induced E-cadherin extracellular shedding and internalization only in the absence of ERβ, followed by lysosomal degradation. Loss of ERβ also led to an increase of E-cadherin uptake in a ligand-independent manner through mechanisms that required caveolae formation. Proteasome activity was necessary for both mechanisms to operate. Increased E-cadherin internalization correlated with the up-regulation of β-catenin transcriptional activity and impaired morphogenesis on Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm matrix. Taken together, these results emphasize the role of epithelial ERβ in maintaining cell adhesion and a differentiated phenotype and highlight the potential importance of ERβ for the design of specific agonists for use in breast cancer therapy. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8695–704]
Reduced Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2Bε-Subunit Expression Suppresses the Transformed Phenotype of Cells Overexpressing the Protein
Authors: Gallagher James W. , Kubica Neil , Kimball Scot R. , Jefferson Leonard S. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B), a five-subunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor, plays a key role in the regulation of mRNA translation. Expression of its ε-subunit is specifically up-regulated in certain conditions associated with increased cell growth. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of repressing eIF2Bε expression on growth rate, protein synthesis, and other characteristics of two tumorigenic cell lines that display up-regulated expression of the ε-subunit. Experiments were designed to compare spontaneously transformed fibroblasts to transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts infected with a lentivirus containing a short hairpin RNA directed against eIF2Bε. Cells expressing the short hairpin RNA displayed a reduction in eIF2Bε abundance to 30% of the value observed in uninfected transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts, with no change in the expression of any of the other four subunits. The repression of eIF2Bε expression was accompanied by reductions in guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity and global rates of protein synthesis. Moreover, repressed eIF2Bε expression led to marked reductions in cell growth rate in culture, colony formation in soft agar, and tumor progression in nude mice. Similar results were obtained in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in which eIF2Bε expression was repressed through transient transfection with a small interfering RNA directed against the ε-subunit. Overall, the results support a role for eIF2Bε in the regulation of cell growth and suggest that it might represent a therapeutic target for the treatment of human cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8752–60]
Macrophage-Derived SPARC Bridges Tumor Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interactions toward Metastasis
Authors: Sangaletti Sabina , Di Carlo Emma , Gariboldi Silvia , Miotti Silvia , Cappetti Barbara , Parenza Mariella , Rumio Cristiano , Brekken Rolf A. , Chiodoni Claudia , Colombo Mario P. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Other than genetic imprinting and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, cancer cells need interaction with the nearby stroma toward metastasis. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein known to regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and cell-ECM interaction. Gene expression profiles associate SPARC to malignant progression. Using reciprocal bone marrow chimeras between SPARC knockout and wild-type mice, we show that SPARC produced by inflammatory cells is necessary for spontaneous, but not experimental, i.v. metastasis. Macrophage-derived SPARC induces cancer cell migration and enhances their migration to other ECM proteins at least through αvβ5 integrin. Indeed, RNA interference knockdown of β5 integrin expression reduces cell migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Together these results show that macrophage-derived SPARC takes part in metastasis, acting at the step of integrin-mediated migration of invasive cells. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):9050–9]
Prevalence, Acquisition, and Clearance of Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infection among Women with Normal Cytology: Hawaii Human Papillomavirus Cohort Study
Authors: Goodman Marc T. , Shvetsov Yurii B. , McDuffie Katharine , Wilkens Lynne R. , Zhu Xuemei , Thompson Pamela J. , Ning Lily , Killeen Jeffrey , Kamemoto Lori , Hernandez Brenda Y. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Few natural history studies of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) incidence and duration have been conducted among older women, especially from multiethnic populations. Viral and nonviral determinants of HPV acquisition and clearance were examined among 972 sexually active women, ages 18 to 85 years, recruited from clinics on Oahu, Hawaii, and followed for a mean duration of 15 months (range, 2–56 months). Interviews and cervical cell specimens for cytology and HPV DNA detection by PCR, using the PGMY09/PGMY11 primer system, were obtained at baseline and at 4-month intervals. The prevalence of cervical HPV infection was 25.6% at study entry. A total of 476 incident genotype-specific infections were observed during the follow-up period. The incidence of high-risk (HR) HPV types (9.26 per 1,000 woman-months) was similar to low-risk (LR) HPV types (8.24 per 1,000 woman-months). The most commonly acquired HR-HPV types were HPV-52, HPV-16, and HPV-31; and their incidence was increased significantly with a coexisting cervical HPV infection. Cervical HPV acquisition decreased with age, income, and long-term use of oral contraceptives and increased with number of sexual partners, use of hormonal creams, alcohol drinking, and condom use by a sexual partner. Cohort participants cleared 265 of the 476 incident infections during follow-up. LR-HPV infections cleared more rapidly than did HR-HPV infections (median, 180 days versus 224 days). Clearance times were enhanced among older women and women with multiple infections. Our data suggest several viral and nonviral determinants of cervical HPV acquisition and clearance that might be used in cervical cancer prevention programs. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8813–24]
Estrogen-Related Receptor α Is Critical for the Growth of Estrogen Receptor–Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Stein Rebecca A. , Chang Ching-yi , Kazmin Dmitri A. , Way James , Schroeder Thies , Wergin Melanie , Dewhirst Mark W. , McDonnell Donald P. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Expression of estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) has recently been shown to carry negative prognostic significance in breast and ovarian cancers. The specific role of this orphan nuclear receptor in tumor growth and progression, however, is yet to be fully understood. The significant homology between estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERRα initially suggested that these receptors may have similar transcriptional targets. Using the well-characterized ERα-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, we sought to gain a genome-wide picture of ERα-ERRα cross-talk using an unbiased microarray approach. In addition to generating a host of novel ERRα target genes, this study yielded the surprising result that most ERRα-regulated genes are unrelated to estrogen signaling. The relatively small number of genes regulated by both ERα and ERRα led us to expand our study to the more aggressive and less clinically treatable ERα-negative class of breast cancers. In this setting, we found that ERRα expression is required for the basal level of expression of many known and novel ERRα target genes. Introduction of a small interfering RNA directed to ERRα into the highly aggressive breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cell line dramatically reduced the migratory potential of these cells. Although stable knockdown of ERRα expression in MDA-MB-231 cells had no effect on in vitro cell proliferation, a significant reduction of tumor growth rate was observed when these cells were implanted as xenografts. Our results confirm a role for ERRα in breast cancer growth and highlight it as a potential therapeutic target for estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8805–12]
Routine Diagnostic X-ray Examinations and Increased Frequency of Chromosome Translocations among U.S. Radiologic Technologists
Authors: Sigurdson Alice J. , Bhatti Parveen , Preston Dale L. , Doody Michele Morin , Kampa Diane , Alexander Bruce H. , Petibone Dayton , Yong Lee C. , Edwards Alan A. , Ron Elaine , Tucker James D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The U.S. population has nearly one radiographic examination per person per year, and concern about cancer risks associated with medical radiation has increased. Radiologic technologists were surveyed to determine whether their personal cumulative exposure to diagnostic X-rays was associated with increased frequencies of chromosome translocations, an established radiation biomarker and possible intermediary suggesting increased cancer risk. Within a large cohort of U.S. radiologic technologists, 150 provided a blood sample for whole chromosome painting and were interviewed about past X-ray examinations. The number and types of examinations reported were converted to a red bone marrow (RBM) dose score with units that approximated 1 mGy. The relationship between dose score and chromosome translocation frequency was assessed using Poisson regression. The estimated mean cumulative RBM radiation dose score was 49 (range, 0–303). After adjustment for age, translocation frequencies significantly increased with increasing RBM dose score with an estimate of 0.004 translocations per 100 cell equivalents per score unit (95% confidence interval, 0.002–0.007; P &lt; 0.001). Removing extreme values or adjustment for gender, cigarette smoking, occupational radiation dose, allowing practice X-rays while training, work with radioisotopes, and radiotherapy for benign conditions did not affect the estimate. Cumulative radiation exposure from routine X-ray examinations was associated independently with increased chromosome damage, suggesting the possibility of elevated long-term health risks, including cancer. The slope estimate was consistent with expectation based on cytogenetic experience and atomic bomb survivor data. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8825–31]