bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reevaluation of the Dietary Protein Requirement of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Kim Kangwoong , Wang Xiaojie , Bai Sungchul C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to determine the dietary protein requirement by different analysis methods and to study the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance and body composition in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed white fish meal and casein‐based diets for 8 wk. After a 1‐wk conditioning period, one of six isocaloric diets containing 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, and 60% crude protein (CP) was fed to fish at approximately 4–5% of wet body weight on a dry matter basis to triplicate groups of 15 fish averaging 13.3 ± 0.06 g (mean ± SD). After 8 wk of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) from fish fed 48% CP diet were similar to those from fish fed 42% and 54% CP diets, and were significantly higher than those from fish fed 30, 36 and 60% CP diets (P < 0.05). Fish fed 48 and 54% CP diets had a significant higher specific growth rate (SGR) than did fish fed 30 and 36% CP diets (P 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was inversely related to the dietary protein level. No significant differences existed in hematocrit (PCV) and survival rate among the dietary treatments. Broken‐line model analysis indicated that the optimum dietary protein level could be 44.0 ± 3.0% for maximum WG in Japanese flounder. Polynomial regression analysis of the dose‐response showed that maximum WG occurred at 50.2% (R2= 0.94) based on WG, and the second‐order polynomial regression analysis with 95% confidence limits revealed that the range of minimum protein requirement was between 38.9% and 40.3% based on WG. Therefore, these findings suggest that the optimum dietary protein requirement for maximum growth of Japanese flounder is greater than 40%, but less than 44% CP in the fish meal and casein‐based diets containing 17.0 kJ/g of energy.
A Novel Zero Discharge Intensive Seawater Recirculating System for the Culture of Marine Fish
Authors: Gelfand Ilya , Barak Yoram , Even‐Chen Ziv , Cytryn Eddie , Van Rijn Jaap , Krom Michael D. , Neori Amir 
Published: April 2007

AbstractResults are presented of a zero‐discharge marine recirculating system used for the culture of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. Operation of the system without any discharge of water and sludge was enabled by recirculation of effluent water through two separate treatment loops, an aerobic trickling filter and a predominantly anoxic sedimentation basin, followed by a fluidized bed reactor. The fish basin was stocked for the first 6 mo with red tilapia Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus at an initial density of 16 kg/m3. During this period salinity was raised from 0 to 20 parts per thousand. Then, gilthead seabream, stocked at an initial density of 21 kg/m3, replaced tilapia at day 167 and were cultured for an additional 225 d. Non steady‐state inorganic nitrogen transformations occurred as a result of these salinity changes. After day 210, the system operated at all times with those water quality parameters considered critical for successful operation of mariculture systems, within acceptable limits. Thus ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate concentrations did not exceed 1.0‐mg total ammonia‐N/ L, 0.5‐mg NO2:‐N/L and 50‐mg NO3‐N/L, respectively. Sulfide levels in the fish basin were below detection limits and oxygen > 6 mg/L after the oxygen generator was added at day 315. Ammonia, produced in the fish basin and to a lesser extent in the sedimentation basin, was converted to nitrate in the aerobic trickling filter. Nitrate removal took place in the sedimentation basin and to a lesser extent in the fluidized bed reactor. Sludge, remaining in the sedimentation basin at the end of the experimental period, accounted for 9.2% of the total feed dry matter addition to the system. The system was disease‐free for the entire year and fish at harvest were of good quality. Water consumption for production of 1 kg of tilapia was 93 L and 214 L for production of 1 kg of gilthead seabream. Additional growth performance data of gilthead seabream cultured in a similar but larger system are presented. During 164 d of operation of the latter system, maximum stocking densities reached 50 kgl M3 and fish biomass production was 27.7 kg/m3. Relatively poor fish survival and growth resulted from occasional technical failures of this pilot system.
Prey‐size Preference, Maximum Handling Size, and Consumption Rates for Redear Sunfish Lepomis microlophus Feeding on Two Gastropods Common to Aquaculture Ponds
Authors: Wang Han Ping , Hayward Robert S. , Whitledge Gregory W. , Fischer Steven A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMaximum handling sizes, prey size and species preferences, and ad libitum consumption rates were determined for three size classes of redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus feeding on Physa gyrina and Helisoma trivolvis, two common aquaculture‐pond snails which serve as intermediate hosts for fish parasites. Maximum handling‐size experiments indicated that redear sunfish as small as 14‐cm total length were capable of consuming all sizes of Physa typically observed in ponds, whereas only redear sunfish of at least 32‐cm total length are capable of consuming all commonly observed sizes of pond‐dwelling Helisoma. When presented with a range of sizes of both snail species, redear sunfish consumed higher proportions of smaller‐ and medium‐sized snails; the largest snails offered were uneaten or consumed in relatively small quantities. Multiple linear regression was applied to consumption data to develop a simple model for predicting mean daily ad libitum consumption rate (g/g per d) for redear sunfish feeding on snails with temperature (20–27 C) and fish total length (9–24 cm) as independent variables. Our findings will facilitate prediction of numbers of redear sunfish of a given size required to control populations of Physa and Helisoma in ponds. Such predictions will enable pond owners to quickly evaluate whether stocking redear sunfish as a control agent for undesirable snail populations will be economically and logistically feasible. Findings also indicate potential limitations in the use of redear sunfish to control populations of Helisoma due to the inability of redear sunfish as large as 24‐cm total length to consume the largest 30–40% of Helisoma commonly observed in ponds and to the expense of stocking larger fish (32‐cm total length) capable of consuming all sizes of Helisoma.
The Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Early Life Stages of Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata
Authors: Berlinsky David L. , Taylor Janalyn C. , Howell Rachel A. , Bradley Terence M. , Smith Theodore I. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlong the Atlantic coast black sea bass occur from the Gulf of Maine to Florida and support important commercial and recreational fisheries. Interest in commercial production of black sea bass has increased in recent years due to high demand and limited seasonable availability. Efforts towards large‐scale production have been hampered by a high incidence of early larval mortality. Two of the most important environmental variables affecting hatchery production of marine finfish larvae are temperature and salinity. In the wild, larval black sea bass are found in waters with temperatures of 12–24 C and salinity levels of 30–35 ppt. Studies were conducted to define the temperature and salinity ranges that support growth and development of black sea bass during early life stages. Three developmental phases were investigated: 1) fertilization to hatch: 2) hatch through yolk sac absorption: and 3) during the initial exogenous feeding stage (5–14 days post hatch: DPH). Fertilized eggs were obtained by manual spawning of fish following administration of LHRHa. Fertilized eggs were transferred to 300‐mL glass Petri dishes or 500‐mL beakers to assess the effects of salinity and temperature through hatch and yolk sac absorption, respectively. To determine environmental effects on growth and survival during initial exogenous feeding 400 actively feeding larvae were cultured in green water and fed enriched rotifers for a 9‐d period. For investigation of the effect of salinity, sea water (35 ppt) was diluted gradually to 15, 20, 25, and 30 ppt and maintained at 21 C. For examination of the effect of temperature, seawater was adjusted from 21 C to 12, 15, 21, 27, or 30 C at a rate of 3 C/h. No eggs hatched at 12 C or when salinity was maintained at 0 or 5 ppt. Hatching was uniformly high (≥ 85%) at temperatures between 15 and 27 C and at salinities ≥ 15 ppt. Survival through yolk sac absorption was greatest at temperatures between 18 and 27 C and at salinities ≥ 20 ppt. Survival through first feeding stage was highest at temperatures ≥ 18 C and 30 ppt salinity. Larval growth through first feeding was not significantly affected by salinity level but did increase with rearing temperature. The results indicate that survival and development of black sea bass during early life stages are most favorable at temperatures >18 C with salinity levels approaching full strength seawater.
The Effect of Parental Vitamin K Deficiency on Bone Structure in Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: Udagawa Miho 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of parental vitamin K deficiency on developing bone structure was examined in mummichog (Fundulus heteeroclitus) larvae. Larvae from fish fed a vitamin K‐deficient diet had abnormal vertebral formation, whereas larvae from fish fed a vitamin K‐rich diet showed a significantly lower incidence of abnormality 5 d post‐hatch. Larvae from fish that had been fed either the vitamin K‐rich or the vitamin K‐deficient diet had a high rate of abnormality when reared on a vitamin K‐deficient diet for 30 d. Larvae from fish fed a vitamin K‐rich diet that were reared on a vitamin K‐rich diet showed a low rate of abnormality. Vertebral bone structure of larvae fed a vitamin K‐deficient diet for 30 d was thin and rough, and seemed to have repaired fine fractures of the bone surface. In contrast, this type of structural abnormality was not observed in any larvae fed a vitamin K (phylloquinone) rich diet. These results imply that vitamin K deficiency causes the formation of thin and weak bone, and induces bone structure abnormality both in early development and during growth.
Modulation of the Post‐Prandial Plasma Glucose Profile in Juvenile European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax Fed Diets Varying in Starch Complexity
Authors: Gouveia António , Davies Simon J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe post‐prandial glycemic response of juvenile European sea bass (initial mean weight 10 g) was determined following acclimation to experimental diets that contained a pea seed meal included at two levels. The ingredient provided a source of starch that replaced purified corn starcWyellow dextrin (2:1) in a reference diet based on fishmeal as the main protein component. The total carbohydrate levels amounted to 25% of the dry matter content and contributed (18%) to the overall gross dietary energy value of 20 MJ/kg. After a 12‐wk feeding trial, in which the sea bass grew to over 40 g (mean weight), the plasma glucose profile was recorded over a 24‐h period (0 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, and 24 h) following a meal fed to satiation. Results showed that sea bass are able to regulate their glucostatic tolerance to dietary starch, and that the pea seed meal modulated this effect. Peak post‐prandial responses varied between 1 to 9 h and were significantly delayed for the reference diet. Efficacy of glucose assimilation improved for the highest level of pea seed meal inclusion (40% by weight). The relevance of carbohydrate complexity with respect to feed formulation and nutritional requirements of sea bass are discussed.
Suspended Solids from Baitfish Pond Effluents in Drainage Ditches
Authors: Frimpong Emmanuel A. , Lochmann Steve E. , Bodary Melinda J. , Stone Nathan M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEffluents from aquaculture facilities vary between species and among production systems. Drainage ditches commonly convey effluents from central Arkansas baitfish ponds. Ditches could potentially reduce suspended solids prior to effluent release into receiving streams through settling. We characterized suspended solids in effluents from baitfish ponds and evaluated changes in suspended solids in drainage ditches. We also characterized drainage ditches based on width, depth, slope, and percent vegetation cover. Average (± SD) total suspended solids (TSS) at the point of discharge was 52 (± 41) mg/L, while volatile suspended solids (VSS) averaged 22 (± 23) mg/L. Screening effluents did little to alter their composition. Approximately 76% of TSS were less than 5 μm. There were no significant changes in effluent solids along drainage ditches 100 m from the point of discharge and no significant correlations between ditch characteristics and changes in either TSS or VSS. Existing ditches are quite variable and are not necessarily effective in removing solids present in baitfish effluents. Screening and use of ditches as settling basins seem impractical for effluent treatment given the characteristics of solids in baitfish effluents.
Effects of Natural EstradioI‐17β and Synthetic 17α‐ Ethynylestradiol on Direct Feminization of European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax
Authors: Gorshkov Sergei , Gorshkova Galina , Colorni Barbara , Gordin Hillel 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo produce a monosex female population of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, fry were fed dry diets containing dosages of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg food of either the natural estrogen estradiol‐170β(E2) or the synthetic estrogen 17α‐ethynylestradiol (EE2) for 60 d starting at 88 d post‐hatch (dph). A complete feminization (100%) was achieved in all E2‐treated groups at the age of 11 mo (330 dph). All affected fish had ovaries similar in size and histological structure to those of control females. In the E2‐treated groups, feminized fish were heavier and longer than untreated controls (males and females combined). In control groups females exhibited significantly higher body weight and total length than males. Untreated females from control groups and females from the group treated with E2 at 12.5 mg/kg food had similar body weight, suggesting that in sea bass growth is related to phenotypic sex. In the Entreated groups, survival rates were similar to those of the control fish. A relatively high percentage of females was obtained in the EE2‐treated groups (from 38.6 to 96.5%). However, the gonadal development in these fish was significantly suppressed and a dose‐dependent reduction of gonadal sizes was evident. Treatments with the EE2 (12‐5, 25, and 50 mg/kg food) resulted in many fish having abnormal (2.9‐5.4‐39.8%, respectively) and sterile (0.6‐6.0‐21.6%, respectively) gonads. Effects also included significantly lower weight and shorter length when compared with controls. Furthermore, fish fed with EE2 at the dosage of 50 mg/kg food had high mortality rate. A simple protocol was developed for the complete feminization in sea bass in which the fry (80‐100 dph) were fed to satiation two times daily with a diet containing 12.5 me of E2/ks food for a period of 60 d.
Development of a Suitable Maintenance Diet for Anodonta cygnea
Authors: Carvalho Fátima , Lima Paula , Gonçalves Fernando , Russell‐Pinto Fernanda , Machado Jorge 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Selenastrum, Chlorella and the Cyanophyta groups, important components of the phytoplankton in the natural habitat of Anodonta cygnea in Mira Lagoon, were used separately as experimental diet for Anodonta cygnea. To assess the effects of the different diets, several organic and inorganic compounds of the haemolymph and extrapallial fluid were measured. Protein content was significantly reduced with experimental Non Feed, and carbohydrate content with Non Feed, Selenastrum, Chlorella, and Cyanophyta diets compared to the control in the lagoon. Lipid contents in body fluids were similar among the different diet groups, with the exception of the Chlorella diet, which showed a higher value. In all diets, the inorganic elements, magnesium and chloride, presented a non‐significant variation profile. The concentration of sodium and potassium was significantly affected in Selenastrum and Chlorella diets, observing in the Non Feed diet a minimum value for potassium. The non‐significant variation of osmolality suggests the presence of a specific osmotic regulatory mechanism independent of the diet. A particular regulation mechanism seems to exist for both calcium and manganese ion inducing similar profiles for all experimental diets with higher contents in Selenastrum and Cyanophyta diets, respectively. The higher calcium ion concentration appears associated with lower protein‐carbohydrate contents, probably due to weak calcium aggregation and deposition mechanism, except for the control and Mixture diets. In general, the concentrations of organic and inorganic compounds in the body fluids of Mixture‐fed A. cygnea, were more similar to those found in the control diet group. This suggests that an equal mixture of the three algae, Selenastrum, Chlorella, and Cyanophyta, is more appropriate diet to provide the necessary nutrients for a normal maintenance of A. cygnea in the wild.
Cryopreservation of Sperm of Farmed European Eel Anguilla anguilla
Authors: Müller Tamás , Urbányi Béla , Váradi Balázs , Binder Tibor , Horn Péter , Bercsényi Miklós , Horváth ÁKos 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSexual maturation and sperm release were induced in farmed European eels Anguilla anguilla kept exclusively in fresh water by using two dosages of human chorion gonadotropin (100 International Unit (IU)‐Group one and 250 IU/individual per week‐Group two). Sperm release took over 13 wk in both groups. The quality of sperm was investigated on the eighth, ninth, and tenth wk. The average cell densities were 0.94 ± 0.4 × 1010 (Group one) and 0.93 to. ± 0.6 × 1010 (Group two) spermatozoa/mL. The estimated motility of eel sperm was 33, 55, and 49% on the eighth, ninth, and tenth wk of treatment, respectively. The estimated average motility of samples selected for cryopreservation was 73 ± 10%, while the post‐thaw motility of cryopreserved samples was 36 ± 11%. The extender originally developed for common carp sperm crypreservation together with methanol as cryoprotectant was found suitable for the cryopreservation of European eel sperm.
Comparison of Purified and Practical Diets Supplemented with or without β‐Glucan and Selenium on Resistance of Hybrid Striped Bass Morone chrysops ♀× M. saxatilis ♂ to Streptococcus iniae Infection
Authors: Jaramillo Francisco , Gatlin DelbertM. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of β‐glucan and selenium supplements to the diet on increasing survival of hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis exposed to Streptococcus iniae. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design was employed by including purified casein/gelatin‐based diets and practical menhaden fish meal‐based diets with supplement! of either β‐glucan from barley at 0 and 0.1 % of diet or sodium selenite at 0 or 0.2 mg/kg diet or a combination of these supplements. All diets were formulated to meet the nutritional needs of hybrid striped bass with the exception of selenium. The purified and practical basal diets contained 0.03 and 1.03 mg Se/kg, respectively, and the diets supplemented with sodium selenite had an additional 0.07 mg Se/kg on average. Juvenile hybrid striped bass initially averaging 2.44 ± 0.17 g/fish were fed the eight experimental diets in triplicate 110‐L recirculating aquaria for 6 wk, after which they were immersed in a bath of S. iniae at 6.2 × 106 CFU/mL for 2 h and monitored for 21 d. Weighi gain and feed efficiency were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by diet type and selenium supplementation, with fish fed practical diets and those supplemented with selenium having the greatest values. Supplementation of β‐glucan to the purified or practical type diets did not significantly affect survival of fish after experimental infection. The most notable difference (P < 0.0001) was in the comparison of diet type; the survival rate of fish fed the practical diets was 75% compared to 35% for those fed the purified diets. Dietary supplementation of β‐glucan did not enhance disease resistance in the present study. Fish fed menhaden fish meal‐based diets were significantly more resistant to 5. iniae in comparison to the those fed the purified diets. Thus, nutritional influences on disease resistance of hybrid striped bass were evident in this study and warrant further investigation.
Live Transport of Striped Bass and Rainbow Trout Using a Hidrostal Pump
Authors: Helfrich Louis A. , Bark Raymond , Liston Charles R. , Weigmann D. L. , Mefford Brent 
Published: April 2007

AbstractImmediate and delayed (96 h) mortality, descaling, and injury rates of striped bass Morone sax‐atilis and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss that were inserted into the entrance (suction side) of a Hidrostal pump were compared to those of control fish that were inserted at the exit (pressure side). Comparisons were made in 158‐paired trials of striped bass and 86 trials with rainbow trout. The Hidrostal pump had no significant effect on immediate or delayed (96 h) mortality. Immediate mortality for striped bass and rainbow trout averaged 0.1 and 0%, respectively, and delayed mortality averaged 2.9 and 0.1%, respectively. Mean scale loss after passage for striped bass and rainbow trout was low (0.2 and 1.0%, respectively). Frequency of injury to the head, eyes, skin, and tins of pumped striped bass averaged 1.9, 2.8, 1.9, and 18.7%, respectively, and those of rainbow trout averaged 2.3, 0, 2.4, and 3.1%. No significant relationships were detected between fish mortality and pump speed, injected fish density, and debris load. Results suggest that large Hidrostal pumps have the capacity to transport live striped bass and rainbow trout at high density (1‐6 fish/L) with little mortality and body injury.
Biochemical Studies on the Mechanism of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Resistance to 1-(β-d-Dioxolane)Thymine Triphosphate
Authors: Lennerstrand Johan , Chu Chung K. , Schinazi Raymond F. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTA large panel of drug-resistant mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (RT) was used to study the mechanisms of resistance to 1-(β-d-dioxolane)thymine triphosphate (DOT-TP) and other nucleotide analogs. RT containing thymidine analog-associated mutations (TAM) or RT with a T69S-SG insertion in combination with TAM removed 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine-5′-monophosphate or tenofovir more efficiently than DOT-monophosphate from chain-terminated DNA primer/template through ATP-mediated pyrophosphorolysis. For non-ATP-dependent discrimination toward DOT-TP, high levels of resistance were found for RT bearing the Q151M mutation with family mutations, while RT bearing only the M184V or the Y115F mutation conferred no resistance to DOT-TP. A lower degree of resistance to DOT-TP than to tenofovir diphosphate or carbovir-TP was found for RT containing the K65R mutation. In the present studies, 1-(β-d-dioxolane)guanine triphosphate, another nucleotide with a dioxolane sugar moiety, showed a resistance profile similar to that of DOT-TP. The results suggest that DOT, compared with other approved nucleoside analogs, is overall more resilient to mutations such as TAM, M184V, and K65R, which are commonly found in viruses derived from subjects failing multinucleoside therapy.