bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENDOCRINE STUDIES ON DELAYED IMPLANTATION IN LACTATING MICE
Authors: WHITTEN W. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The ovaries and uteri of non-lactating mice on the 7th day after parturition are significantly heavier and histologically more active than those of lactating mice.
2. The response to serum gonadotrophin injected on the 2nd day after parturition is of the same order in both lactating and non-lactating mice. This indicates that the ovary is not refractory to gonadotrophin during early lactation.
3. Injection of 5 or 10 i.u. serum gonadotrophin on the 3rd or 5th day after parturition results in normal implantation in lactating mice; injection after 2 days inhibits implantation in both lactating and non-lactating animals, presumably by tubal locking of ova.
4. It has been confirmed that injection of 0·03 μg oestradiol results in implantation at the normal time in lactating mice. There is, however, no indication from the weights of the ovaries of ovarian stimulation, and it is presumed that oestradiol acts directly on the blastocyst, the uterus or on both.
5. It is concluded that the delay in implantation associated with lactation in the mouse is due, at least in part, to reduced secretion of gonadotrophin by the pituitary and the consequent decrease in oestrogen production.
INFLUENCE OF A HIGHLY PURIFIED THYMUS EXTRACT UPON THE ADRENALS OF GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: COMSA J. , LEROUX H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. An attempt has been made to demonstrate the influence of the thymus upon the adrenal in guinea-pigs by daily injection of unphysiological amounts of a highly purified thymus extract.
2. Such injections caused a marked but transient increase in both the vitamin C and cholesterol content of the adrenal.
3. Morphologically, there was a decrease in the weight of the adrenal cortex relative to that of the whole gland, while the relative weight of the medulla increased correspondingly. This change was not transient, but persisted up to 110 days of treatment.
4. It is concluded that the effect of injecting thymus extract is opposite to that of injecting ACTH and gives rise to a resting condition of the adrenal cortex.
A STUDY OF THE INDIVIDUAL MEDIAN EFFECTIVE DOSE OF OESTRONE IN THE OVARIECTOMIZED MOUSE
Authors: CLARINGBOLD P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Two methods of estimating the individual median effective dose have been studied and found to yield equivalent estimates.
Within-animal variation (over a period of 5 weeks) is shown to be 29% (20–38%) of the between-animal variation. Allen-Doisy assay procedures designed to utilize the withinanimal information therefore require 29% of the observations of the standard method.
The individual median effective dose is a graded character and may be used in the standard procedures of genetical analysis and the analysis of variance.
RADIOAUTOGRAPHY OF INORGANIC IODIDE IN THE THYROID
Authors: DONIACH I. , LOGOTHETOPOULOS J. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Contact radioautographs were made from sections of freeze-dried thyroids of 131I injected rats, mice and guinea-pigs in which organic binding of iodine had been prevented with propylthiouracil. Some of the animals were previously untreated, others had received propylthiouracil in the drinking water for periods of 10 or 60 days. The radioautographs were made with dry thin stretched stripping film. The iodide was found to be distributed right through the follicles and appeared in higher concentration in the colloid than in the cells.
THE INFLUENCE OF METHYLANDROSTENEDIOL ON THE BODY WEIGHT AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF THE RAT
Authors: KORNER A. , YOUNG F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Male and female rats of 3½ months of age gained weight when treated with methylandrostenediol (MAD). The nature and extent of the response varied with the age of the animal.
2. Chemical analysis of the whole rat showed a gain of protein and water and a loss of fat as a result of MAD treatment. Such changes can be taken as indicative of tissue growth.
3. The water/protein ratio of the new tissue is similar to that of muscle.
4. Since similar results were obtained with hypophysectomized and with adrenalectomized rats, the anabolic action of MAD does not depend upon the presence of adrenal or pituitary hormones.
THE EFFECT OF GENISTEIN ON THE FERTILITY OF MICE
Authors: EAST JUNE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Synthetic genistein, 5:7:4′-trihydroxy-isoflavone, proved to be oestrogenic (that is to say produced vaginal cornification) when included in the normal diet of immature, spayed and intact female mice in amounts calculated to give daily intakes of 2, 10 and 15 mg respectively. Consumption of genistein also precipitated vaginal opening in immature mice.
The fertility of adult male mice fed 15 mg genistein daily for 22–25 days was more severely affected than that of adult females similarly treated for 31–55 days. Of ten males, five were rendered sterile and the fertility of three others was impaired. Two of ten females did not mate and abnormal numbers of still-born young were produced by the remaining animals. Four males and one female did not recover fertility when transferred to normal rations.
THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF GONADOTROPHIN (GA) FROM THE URINE OF NON-PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: BROWN P. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The gonadotrophic fraction, GA, from the urine of various human subjects, when tested biologically, showed a wide range of potency. Potency was high in cases when high gonadotrophin excretion was likely; it was depressed by oestrogens.
It is suggested that GA is a protein vehicle, loaded with variable amounts of gonadotrophic material and that its potency may reflect the concentration of gonadotrophin in the body.
SURVIVAL TIME OF OVARIAN HOMOGRAFTS IN TWO STRAINS OF RATS
Authors: PARKES A. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Autografts and intra- and inter-strain homografts of ovarian tissue were made among rats of the two strains, albino and hooded, maintained at the National Institute for Medical Research.
2. Young adult females were ovariectomized and ovarian tissue transplanted subcutaneously. Surviving animals were killed 12–13 months after operation and the grafts, where present, removed for histological examination.
3. The occurrence of vaginal cornification was taken to indicate functional activity on the part of the graft. The effectiveness of the type of graft was assessed by the proportion of 'takes' within a group, by the average latent interval before the appearance of vaginal cornification and by the functional survival time of the graft.
4. The proportion of 'takes' was maximal in the autografts and intra-strain homografts, and only slightly less (16/20) in the inter-strain homografts. The length of the latent interval was not significantly different with the six types of graft. After 12–13 months, when the animals were killed, all the autografts, 11/14 of the intra-strain homografts, and 7/18 of the inter-strain homografts were still functioning. Of the thirty-six homografts which became established sufficiently to cause vaginal cornification, nine failed during the 1st month and three only during the 2nd and 3rd months. There were no later failures.
5. Histologically, most of the grafts were characterized by large follicular or lutein cysts, but normal eggs, follicles and corpora lutea were found in grafts of each type. There was a close connexion between the occurrence of follicular cysts and of persistent vaginal cornification.
6. The comparative importance of immunological and endocrinological factors in the evolution of the ovarian homograft is discussed.
THE REACTIVITY OF THE X-IRRADIATED OVARY OF THE RAT
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The ovaries of adult rats were directly X-irradiated by means of a superficial irradiation apparatus, the rest of the body being screened with lead. A dose of 4400 r produced complete sterilization. None of the animals developed radiation sickness.
2. The sterilized ovary does not undergo compensatory hypertrophy after unilateral ovariectomy, nor does it increase in size in response to exogenous gonadotrophin.
3. After irradiation, short periods of vaginal cornification recur at increasingly irregular intervals; after a minimum of 5 days and usually within 40 days, the vaginal smear becomes continuously cornified. After the period of cornification, which lasts from 2 to 14 weeks, and during which the animals will not mate, the smears become similar to those seen in spayed animals.
4. In sterilized animals the uterus is smaller than normal, but as long as 26 weeks after treatment is still significantly larger than that of spayed controls.
5. These indications of oestrogenic effects continue after bilateral adrenalectomy. They cease after removal of the X-ray sterilized ovaries.
6. Changes in the weight of the body, thymus and spleen after X-irradiation are similar to, but less rapid than, those occurring after ovariectomy. The increase in the weight of the pituitary is greater than that after ovariectomy. The adrenal glands do not decrease in size, as they do after bilateral ovariectomy.
7. The pituitaries of X-ray sterilized animals contain more gonadotrophin than do those of control-operated litter-mates, and about the same amount as do those of spayed rats.
A STUDY OF FERTILIZATION IN THE RABBIT: THE EFFECT OF POST-COITAL LIGATION OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE OR UTERINE HORN
Authors: ADAMS C. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A study was made of the effect of ligating the Fallopian tube or uterine horn near the tubouterine junction at specific time intervals after mating (½–6 hr) on fertilization in superovulated rabbits. A total of 140 does were used and altogether 2630 eggs were studied. Observations were made on the does' response to gonadotrophin treatment; the rate of egg development; the occurrence of abnormal eggs; the number of spermatozoa in fertilized eggs; the transfer of fertilized eggs to recipient does and the length of the female genital tract. Rabbit semen was collected by means of an improved type of artificial vagina.
The main results following ligation were as follows: when one Fallopian tube was ligated at the time intervals stated in parentheses, the mean proportion of eggs fertilized was 1·6% (1¼ hr), 8·8% (1¾ hr), 12·9% (2 hr), 16·1% (2¼ hr), 29·8% (2½ hr), 59·5% (2¾ hr), 85·9% (3 hr), 38·4% (3¼ hr), 73·7% (3½ hr), 50% (4 hr), 96·4% (5 hr) and 100% (6 hr). Out of a total of 1006 eggs from non-ligated (control) Fallopian tubes, 95·5% were fertilized. Following ligation of one uterine horn 30 min, 1 hr or 2 hr after mating, 9·1, 38·7 and 55·2%, respectively, of the eggs were fertilized.
It is concluded that although some spermatozoa may reach the tubo-uterine junction soon after mating, 2–5 hr are required before the number of spermatozoa entering the Fallopian tube is sufficiently high to produce maximum fertilization.
THE NUMBERS OF OOCYTES IN OVARIAN AUTOGRAFTS AFTER FREEZING AND THAWING
Authors: GREEN S. H. , SMITH AUDREY U. , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The numbers of oocytes in ovarian autografts frozen at very low temperatures have been compared with those in autografts which, before implantation, had been maintained at room temperature. Ninety mature female rats were used in this study, litter-mates being divided between the two series of experiments. The tissue was placed in 15% glycerol-saline for an hour before implantation. Far fewer oocytes were present in the grafts that had been frozen than in those that had been kept at room temperature, in which the numbers were also very much reduced. The numbers of oocytes in both sets of animals varied independently of the time the grafts had persisted. This result does not lend itself to the conclusion that reformation of oocytes had taken place.
THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH HORMONE ON THE NUCLEIC ACID CONTENT OF RAT LIVER AND MUSCLE
Authors: GRAY BARBARA J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Adult female rats were treated with purified pituitary growth hormone for 9 days, and the nucleic acid content of the liver and skeletal muscle determined.
An increase was observed in the concentration of muscle ribonucleic acid, expressed per gram of nitrogen, as a result of the treatment. There were no changes in the ribonucleic acid concentration of liver.
No changes were observed in the concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid in muscle or liver.
THE INNERVATION OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS IN THE DUCK
Authors: METUZALS J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The innervation of the adenohypophysis in the duck has been investigated by means of the Bielschowsky-Gros technique.
An autonomic nervous formation, termed the plexus hypophyseus, is present in the connective tissue surrounding the pituitary and in all parts of the gland itself. This formation is composed of large strands of nerve fibres with ganglion cells and of delicate ones belonging to the autonomic end-formation—the sympathetic ground-plexus (Boeke). The sympathetic ground-plexus is a part of the plexus hypophyseus and extends from the capsule of the pituitary into the pars distalis, pars tuberalis and neural lobe.
Small ganglia, distributed through the strands of the plexus hypophyseus and termed ganglia hypophysea, are situated immediately adjacent to the parenchyma of the pars distalis. Small ganglion cells are also present in the pars distalis and pars tuberalis.
In addition, a dense nervous secreto-motor end-plexus, specifically innervating the gland cells of the pars distalis, is described and its possible functional significance discussed. The origin of the nerve fibres of this end-plexus is not established.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SURVIVAL OF OVARIAN HOMOGRAFTS IN RATS
Authors: INGRAM D. L. , KROHN P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A study of the behaviour of ovarian homografts in the rat has confirmed the view that both genetic diversity and spaying may influence the chances that a graft will survive for a given length of time (21 days). The injection of pregnant mares' serum (PMS) into mock-operated animals is as effective as ovariectomy in promoting the survival of grafts; and the injection of oestrogen into spayed animals does not hinder and may actually improve the chances that a graft will survive. Cortisone is also effective in promoting the survival of ovarian grafts.
It is suggested that the reaction to ovarian homografts is not qualitatively different from that to other tissues, but that its rate of progress may be modified by the response of the pituitary and adrenals to the grafting of another endocrine tissue.
IMPLANTATION IN ARMADILLOS OVARIECTOMIZED DURING THE PERIOD OF DELAYED IMPLANTATION
Authors: BUCHANAN G. D. , ENDERS A. C. , TALMAGE R. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of ovariectomy during delayed implantation on the fate of the free blastocyst has been studied in the armadillo. If bilateral ovariectomy is performed about the middle of the 4-month delay period, implantation occurs 30–34 days later and is indistinguishable from normal implantation. In animals ovariectomized toward the end of the delay period, implantation occurs at the time when normal implantation would have been expected, which is less than 30 days postoperatively. However, resorption or abortion follows shortly thereafter. Removal of the corpus luteum towards the end of the delay period for the most part results in loss of the blastocyst and non-implantation. Removing the corpus luteum in early gestation causes loss of the embryos, but no effect was observed following loss of the corpus luteum in animals past approximately the first third of gestation. A possible explanation of the findings is discussed.
URINARY METABOLIC PRODUCTS OF PREDNISONE AND PREDNISOLONE
Authors: GRAY C. H. , GREEN MARGARET A. S. , HOLNESS N. J. , LUNNON J. BARBARA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The steroids excreted by patients receiving oral prednisone and oral prednisolone have been investigated. The two compounds present in largest amount were isolated and identified as prednisone and prednisolone. Present in smaller amounts were the corresponding 20β-alcohols. A fifth compound had properties suggestive of pregna-1:4-dien-17α:20α:21-triol-3:11-dione. There is no evidence that prednisone and prednisolone are converted in the body to cortisol, cortisone, or their derivatives, and the investigations suggest that prednisone is metabolized in part by reduction of its 11-ketone group to a 11-hydroxy group and prednisolone by oxidation of its 11-OH group to an 11-ketone group. These two compounds are thus metabolically inter-convertible. Reduction of the 20-ketone group can occur in both compounds.
THE EFFECT OF PRE-OPERATIVE TREATMENT WITH ACTH ON THE REACTION TO SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN RABBITS
Authors: KROHN P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The survival of skin homografts in rabbits may be prolonged by treatment with ACTH which begins 25–28 days before, and continues after operation.
2. A flocculant zinc chloride preparation was more active, for equal i.u., than a gelatin preparation.
3. It is suggested that the main secretion of the rabbit's adrenal changes from corticosterone to hydrocortisone when ACTH is administered for long periods.
THE EXCRETION OF URINARY ADRENOCORTICAL STEROIDS DURING HEAT STRESS
Authors: HELLMANN K. , COLLINS K. J. , GRAY C. H. , JONES R. M. , LUNNON J. BARBARA , WEINER J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The output of urinary adrenocorticoids has been studied in man before, during and immediately after exposure to high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that while there was no significant change in the excretion of 17-hydroxycorticoids, cortisone and cortisol or of tetrahydrocortisone and tetrahydrocortisol there was a significant increase in the output of aldosterone.
HISTOLOGY AND FUNCTION OF THE DEVELOPING FOETAL THYROID IN NORMAL AND GOITROUS GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: LOGOTHETOPOULOS J. , SCOTT R. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A histological and functional study was made of the thyroids of foetal guinea-pigs rendered goitrous by the administration of propylthiouracil (PT) to the mothers.
1. The thyroids of 30-day-old foetal guinea-pigs from PT-treated mothers were of the same weight and histological appearance as the glands of control foetuses.
2. Increased thyroid weight, loss of colloid and increased cell height were well marked in 36-day-old foetuses from treated animals.
3. The growth rate of foetal goitres was many times greater than that of corresponding maternal goitres as judged by thyroid weights and number of mitoses in 43- and 60-day-old foetuses. Expansion and folding of the follicular walls rather than increased follicle formation characterized the foetal goitres.
4. The ratios of thyroid/plasma inorganic 131I (T/Pl ratios) in 36-day-old normal and goitrous foetuses were of the same order of magnitude as found in adult animals. No significant difference was found between the T/Pl ratios of normal and goitrous foetuses and normal and goitrous pregnant animals.
5. Positive autoradiographs were obtained in 28-day-old normal foetuses and onwards. Individual thyroid uptakes (of 131I) of normal 60-day-old foetuses exceeded maternal uptakes. Goitrous foetuses showed a 'rebound' high uptake 3 days after the withdrawal of PT from the mother.
6. Untreated guinea-pigs born to mothers treated with PT were found to have true colloid goitres at ages of 4 and 8 months. Thyroid weight and average follicle size were bigger, average follicle cell height smaller than in control animals of the same ages. 131I uptakes were equal.
THE EFFECTS OF ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES, ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE AND PREGNANCY ON SKIN TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY IN MICE
Authors: MEDAWAR P. B. , SPARROW ELIZABETH M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The median survival time of skin homografts on A or CBA mice is prolonged 50% by the injection of cortisone acetate 0·4 mg/day. Cortisol is as effective as cortisone; corticosterone, progesterone, testosterone, and oestradiol are ineffective, though corticosterone is more 'cortisonelike' in its action than the others. Deoxycorticosterone neither shortens the life of skin homografts nor interferes with the power of cortisone to prolong it. The injection of cortisone does not prevent a pre-existing state of transplantation immunity from taking effect. The action of cortisone is attributed partly to preventing the access of antigenic matter to regional lymph nodes and partly to an effect on the regional nodes themselves.
The injection of 1 mg/day adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in a slow-absorption medium has effects indistinguishable from the injection of 0·4 mg/day cortisone acetate. ACTH is ineffective in adrenalectomized mice, not excepting females whose ovaries have been luteinized by prior administration of chorionic gonadotrophin, and is not less effective in ovariectomized female mice than in normal. Female mice are slightly less responsive to cortisone and ACTH than males. Adrenalectomy as such does not influence the survival time of homografts, but causes them to become more strongly united to the graft bed and to elicit a brisker mesenchymal reaction.
Transplantation immunity is not weakened by pregnancy in mice. Repeated heterospecific pregnancies neither elicit transplantation immunity nor weaken a state of immunity that is already in being. For reasons unconnected with pregnancy or parity, elderly female A-line mice react against homografts more feebly than CBA females of the same age.
Species differences in the responses of animals to cortisone and ACTH are interpreted in terms of the composition of cortical secretions and the sensitivity of tissues to their action.
THE MELANOPHORE-EXPANDING AND CORTICOTROPHIC ACTIVITY OF HUMAN PITUITARY TISSUE
Authors: MORRIS C. J. O. R. , RUSSELL DOROTHY S. , LANDGREBE F. W. , MITCHELL G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Three regions of the human pituitary, viz. (1) anterior lobe, (2) posterior lobe, and (3) intermediate zone (areas of 'basophil cell invasion') in the posterior lobe have been separately assayed for 'B' and corticotrophin in four specimens.
The anterior lobe gave the highest levels for both hormones, the posterior lobe contained little of either, while the intermediate zone (of 'basophil cell invasion') yielded some corticotrophin but significantly high levels of 'B'.
It is suggested that 'B' may be secreted by the δ cells and corticotrophin by the β cells of the human pituitary.
THE PRESENCE OF NON-MYELINATED NERVE FIBRES IN THE PARS DISTALIS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE FERRET
Authors: SMITH R. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The innervation of the ferret's pituitary gland has been studied by means of a modification of Ranson's pyridine-silver technique.
Non-myelinated nerve fibres of characteristic appearance are present in the pars distalis. The number of these fibres is small, but their paucity may be accounted for by the varying depth of impregnation achieved. Structures resembling end-organs within the pars distalis are also described.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN ON THE MAMMARY GLANDS OF INTACT MATURE FEMALE MICE OF THE CHI STRAIN
Authors: FLUX D. S. , MUNFORD R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Intact mature virgin female mice of the CHI strain treated with ACTH showed no change in total mammary gland area or in the degree of branching of the mammary duct systems. Their ovaries were larger than those of control mice. Similar mice treated with ACTH in a further experiment showed more large corpora lutea in the ovaries than did control mice.