bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The changing nature of gender roles, alpha/beta careers and work‐life issues
Authors: Sullivan Sherry E. , Mainiero Lisa A. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe major purpose of this paper is to examine how gender differences impact the enactment of careers. An additional goal is to examine whether, as suggested by recent conceptualizations, careers are indeed becoming more boundaryless.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on the results of two in‐depth qualitative studies (n=52;n=27).FindingsTwo major patterns were found that describe the careers of professionals in the contemporary workplace. One pattern is called the alpha career pattern: over the life span, people with this pattern first focus on challenge, then authenticity, and then balance. The second pattern is called the beta career pattern: over the life span, people with this pattern first focus on challenge, then balance, and then authenticity.Practical implicationsThis paper offers a framework that HR managers and other organizational leaders can use to increase the authenticity, balance and challenge experienced by their employees in order to enhance organizational effectiveness.Originality/valueThis paper addresses the numerous calls for the development of a model to explain the complexities of women's careers as well as to recognize gender differences in career enactment. It was found that, in general, men followed the alpha career pattern while women followed the beta career pattern. However, a limited number of women had career experiences that were more consistent with the alpha career pattern more closely aligned with men while some younger men consciously developed more family‐driven beta patterns.
Career orientations of business master's students as compared to social work students
Authors: Buchanan F. Robert , Kim Kong‐Hee , Basham Randall 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore career orientations of business master's degree seekers in comparison with social work degree pursuers in an effort to provide insight for educators and policy makers.Design/methodology/approachA web‐based survey of current master's students from two graduate schools at a large university provided 388 respondents who were employed full‐time while pursuing their degrees. Hypotheses were tested with hierarchical regression and MANOVA analysis.FindingsBusiness degree pursuers are more strongly influenced by the motive to achieve professional advancement than the motive to acquire knowledge. The findings indicate that careerism and educational motives for business master's students are related to recognition of job alternatives that are an improvement over the current job being held. Social workers' organizational mobility perceptions were influenced by careerism and a desire to gain knowledge, and less influenced by professional advancement motives. Interestingly, the results show that social work graduate students were more careerist than business degree pursuers.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough this research focuses on the career orientations of business master's students in a comparison to social workers, a broader sample employing samples in other study fields would further expand the knowledge regarding the career orientations of graduate students.Practical implicationsPrevious research has mostly dealt with cost/benefit analyses of the value of master's level education. The findings in this research would help policy makers and graduate program educators in a better understanding of students, to assist in marketing, placement, and curriculum design.Originality/valueThe value of master's level education is under‐researched. Much of the existing information is anecdotal. This study deals with specific elements of educational motivation, career orientation, and human capital.
Global versus cultural approaches in public relationship management
Authors: Valentini Chiara 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to present and compare two approaches (the global and the cultural) to public relationship management and to argue by reference to different cases, why the cultural approach can be considered more effective in establishing good relationships in different national cultural contexts.Design/methodology/approachThe discussion identifies some of the limitations of recent thinking regarding the nature of a global public and the possibility to define and treat international publics as a global public in public relationship management. As validation of this claim, cases in the European context are presented to show that a cultural approach provides better interpretations of human behaviour in different national contexts and thus better understanding of organisations' publics.FindingsIt is argued, that the idea of a global public in public relationship management does not work in different national cultural contexts, while the traditional cultural approach can work in situations characterised by diversity in values, interests and principles.Originality/valueThe paper intends to demonstrate the enduring validity of the cultural approach in international contexts, especially where public relations activities are directed at establishing good relationships with publics belonging to different nations, cultures and interests.
The political symbolism of business
Authors: Wang Jian , Wang Zhiying 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to illustrate the concept of “consumer nationalism” and its implications for corporate reputation management in China.Design/methodology/approachThe paper discusses three incidents involving companies from different countries of origin as cases in point to explore Chinese consumers' infusion of national identity into the public discourse concerning multinational businesses in the Chinese market.FindingsIt is demonstrated that the emotional power of nationalism is a critical component of the political marketplace in contemporary China and at times becomes central to Chinese consumers' relationship with global brands. Consumer nationalism controversies put the involved companies and brands in the spotlight of confrontation with local citizenry. The salience of consumer national advocacy underscores the tensions and contradictions in China's encounter with globalization.Research limitations/implicationsConceptually, this paper presents evidence for the necessity to take into account nationalism in understanding contemporary Chinese consumer behavior.Practical implicationsThe paper discusses lessons learned through the cases and make three general recommendations on communication strategies for managing consumer nationalism in the Chinese market.Originality/value of paperThe paper locates the conceptual home for the social phenomenon of national advocacy in the process of consumption and its implications for corporate reputation management.
Risk communication strategies in the chemical industry in Spain
Authors: Capriotti Paul 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe aim is to study how the chemical industry in Tarragona (Spain) uses the internet to communicate with its community on issues relating to chemical risk and the impact of the chemical industry on the environment, health and safety.Design/methodology/approachA specific methodology was defined allowing the corporate websites of the chemical industry to be studied. A content analysis methodology was used, searching the information that exists on the corporate websites of the most significant trade associations and chemical companies in the Tarragona conglomerate.FindingsThe results suggest that there are some common characteristics of the chemical industry strategy in providing information on their corporate websites about the chemical risk and the impact of the chemical industry: a tendency to globalise the information about these issues, the maximisation of the positive concepts such as safety and commitment, and the minimisation of the negative concept of risk.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was carried out on a small number of companies, thus the results cannot be considered statistically representative of the entire chemical industry in Spain. In addition, the Tarragona population was not asked for their views on these corporate websites.Originality/valueThe results show the treatment of information concerning chemical risk in the most important trade associations and companies in the sector, the state of information concerning chemical risk on the corporate websites of such organisations, and the risk communication strategy of these companies through the internet. It also presents the design of a specific methodology suitable for analysing the information available on chemical risk on the corporate websites of companies, institutions and organisations of any kind.
Emerging metaphors in brand management: towards a relational approach
Authors: Tuominen Pekka 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to describe, analyse, and understand the emerging metaphors in brand management in the context of service brands.Design/methodology/approachThis article takes the form of a conceptual study.FindingsThe silence metaphor illustrates the product paradigm and the monologue metaphor describes the projective paradigm. The listening metaphor demonstrates the adaptive paradigm and finally, the dialogue metaphor depicts the relational paradigm.Research limitations/implicationsThe traditional understanding of service branding neglects a key characteristic of services – the fact that services are processes – and this neglect causes the crucial role of dialogue with the customer in service delivery to be relatively overlooked. There is an emerging need to move towards a relational approach in brand management.Practical implicationsService brands continuously develop as the customer relates to the flow of communication in the form of diverse brand messages. These brand messages come from contact personnel, from physical product elements in the service process, and from various planned and unplanned communication messages.Originality/valueThe importance of creating brands in service offerings has become apparent, and communication issues in branding have become extremely vital for service firms. By creating dialogue in brand relationships, the customer is given an active role in service branding.
Post‐traumatic stress symptoms and cortisol patterns among police officers
Authors: Violanti John M. , Andrew Michael , Burchfiel Cecil M. , Hartley Tara A. , Charles Luenda E. , Miller Diane B. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of the present study is to examine associations between post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and salivary cortisol parameters.Design/methodology/approachPTSD symptoms and cortisol responses were measured in a random sample of 100 police officers. The impact of event scale (IES) categorized into subclinical, mild, moderate and severe levels was employed to measure PTSD symptoms. Cortisol was analyzed from saliva samples over a period of three days and included an awakening response, high protein lunch challenge, whole day (diurnal), and a dexamethasone suppression test (DST).FindingsOfficers in moderate and severe PTSD symptom categories had higher mean awakening cortisol values. A significant sample‐time by PTSD interaction (p=0.008) was found for awakening cortisol responses. Officers in the severe PTSD symptom category showed a blunted response to the cortisol protein meal challenge compared to those in lower PTSD categories. Diurnal cortisol levels suggested an increasing trend across subclinical to severe PTSD categories respectively (p=0.15 test for trend). DST ratios were lower in moderate and severe PTSD symptom categories (6.86 and 8.03 respectively) than in the subclinical and mild categories (9.32 and 10.43 respectively).Research limitations/implicationsThe sample was not representative of all police in the USA. These results suggest that associations between psychological trauma symptoms and dysregulation of cortisol patterns may exist and could possibly affect future health outcomes in police officers.Practical implicationsExposure to trauma and disaster events emphasizes the need to further investigate the health impact of PTSD on police personnel as well as other first responder groups.Originality/valueThis article will not only be of interest to those in the police service but to the general public. The present study may serve to provide a guide for larger police population investigations on PTSD and physiological impact.
The impact of COMPSTAT on reported crime in Queensland
Authors: Mazerolle Lorraine , Rombouts Sacha , McBroom James 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of Queensland Police Service's version of COMPSTAT, known as “Operational Performance Reviews” (OPRs), on reported crime.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employed interrupted time series analytic techniques to examine the impact of OPRs on various categories of reported crime in Queensland. The analyses assessed the extent to which OPRs were associated with crime reductions across the 29 police districts in Queensland.FindingsThe introduction of OPRs was found to be associated with a significant decrease in the total number of reported offences in Queensland. OPRs were found to have their strongest effect on reported unlawful entries into dwellings and unlawful entries into other properties. The overall finding was that OPRs appeared to be a cost‐effective approach to controlling crime, resulting in an overall saving of AUD$1,162,175.Practical implicationsThe current study suggests that COMPSTAT generally – and Queensland's OPRs in particular – can be an effective police management mechanism, which results in observable reductions in reported crimes. Moreover, OPRs appear to be most effective at reducing property‐related crime. Modifications of this performance management process may help to generalize its effects to other types of crime.Originality/valueThis study was the first to provide a systematic examination of the impact of OPRs on a relatively large number of offence categories.
Variation in police patrol practices
Authors: Hassell Kimberly D. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine whether patrol officers believe that police practices vary by precinct assignment and whether the precinct acts as a sub‐organizational level of analysis in police organizations.Design/methodology/approachThe research design is a multi‐method ethnographic case study including observational fieldwork, both structured and unstructured interviews and official departmental documents.FindingsThe study finds that patrol officers overwhelmingly agree that police practices vary at the precinct level of analysis. This variation is perceived to be caused by: individual officer temperament/personality and level of experience,; culture, nature and expectations of the clientele/citizens; nature of calls for service, higher call loads and officer safety concerns; and command and precinct rules/norms. The study also finds that the precinct is a viable and important level of analysis within police organizations.Research limitations/implicationsThis study highlights the need to examine variation in police behavior within organizations at the precinct level of analysis.Practical implicationsThe findings from this study have considerable practical implications because the findings indicate that to understand police patrol practices, police practitioners must investigate variation in the informal structures/cultures of police organizations at the sub‐organizational level of the precinct.Originality/valueThis paper is valuable because police researchers have investigated police behavior at the individual, situational, neighborhood, organizational and legal levels of analyses but have largely overlooked the intersection of these levels of analyses: the precinct.
Race and police reliance on suspicious non‐verbal cues
Authors: Johnson Richard R. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThis study seeks to evaluate the accuracy of non‐verbal behaviors in differentiating between criminals and innocent citizens in real‐life police‐citizen encounters, and evaluate the impact of race as a confounding influence on the display of these non‐verbal behaviors.Design/methodology/approachThis study involved the frame‐by‐frame analysis of 240 videotaped interactions between citizens and police officers to determine the frequency with which citizens of different races and differing roles (offender versus non‐offender) display specific non‐verbal behaviors officers are trained to believe are indicators of suspicion.FindingsThe findings suggest that the non‐verbal cues of frequent speech disruptions, frequent or inappropriate smiles, the avoidance of eye contact, and increased hand gestures are poor indicators of criminal involvement and are strongly influenced by the race/ethnicity of the individual.Research limitations/implicationsThe videotaped police‐citizen interactions on which this study was based were from a “reality television” show, thus preventing a random sample.Practical implicationsThis study would be useful to police officers who rely on the use of non‐verbal cues, training personnel who instruct in the areas of non‐verbal communication, and researchers who examine the potential causes of racial bias in the actions of police officers.Originality/valueWhile earlier studies have investigated this issue with laboratory experiments under artificial conditions, this study provides a test of the influence of race on non‐verbal behavior during real life official police‐citizen interactions in the field.
Student assessment in exemplary work‐based education programs
Authors: Berg Derek H. , Taylor Jennifer , Hutchinson Nancy L. , Munby Hugh , Versnel Joan , Chin Peter 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the assessment practices reported by Canadian educators and workplace supervisors involved in exemplary work‐based education (WBE) programs for high‐school students.Design/methodology/approachSix focus groups were conducted, four with teachers and coordinators and two with workplace supervisors from exemplary WBE programs, to identify the features of these exemplary programs that prepare adolescents to participate in WBE, that prepare workplace supervisors to mentor WBE students, and that characterize the day‐to‐day interactions in the workplace through which adolescents learn. Surprisingly, in the absence of any questions directly focused on assessment, participants spoke at length and with passion about the purpose and nature of assessment in their outstanding WBE programs.FindingsAnalyses of these interviews revealed six themes that describe the range of assessment practices associated with these three features of exemplary programs: identification of student interests and abilities; student self‐assessment; communication of expectations and responsibilities; contextualized assessment; collaboration between school and workplace; and connections between assessment and instruction.Originality/valueThe findings highlight practical assessment procedures, for teachers and workplace supervisors, which facilitate the meaningful participation and learning of students in WBE programs and of workers in the workplace.
Talking about tools – investigating learning at work in police practice
Authors: Lundin Johan , Nuldén Urban 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to show how professional tools trigger workplace learning. The daily mundane work of Swedish police officers has been studied to investigate how the use of police tools triggers learning through discussions in police practice.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through a field study consisting of extensive observations and interviews. The interviews mainly took place in the actual practice of the officers. Situated learning and communities of practice served as an analytical lens.FindingsThe study revealed how the use of specific police tools resulted in conversations among the officers. Theses conversations are claimed to be vital parts of the community, and thus the learning of the community of police practice. The paper shows how tools make the ways of working, i.e. police practice, available for discussion and collective reflection.Originality/valueThe paper is an in‐depth investigation of a relatively closed sector of society. The paper can inspire researchers to embark on similar studies of other practices. The paper provides novel ways of thinking about how learning takes place in everyday work, not planned and organized by management, but rather as a necessity driven by new tools, and how tools are involved in work.
Responsibility in dental praxis: an activity theoretical perspective
Authors: Machado Ardenghi Diego , Roth Wolff‐Michael , Pozzer‐Ardenghi Lilian 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the transitions practitioners undergo as they move from dental school to their first job in a dental clinic and their learning in the workplace. The paper aims to investigate their use of ethical principles as they engage in practice, providing a theoretical explanation for the gap practitioners experience when moving from the school to the workplace, and also suggesting some viable alternatives for dental education.Design/methodology/approachThe database for this study consists of videotaped interviews with dentists. To analyze our data we followed the principles of interaction analysis, analyzing the data both individually and collectively, until some hypotheses were generated. Then, discourse analysis was used to analyze the interviews.FindingsFrom an activity theoretical perspective, the results show that dentists can and do learn ethical principles when working in their dental clinics, interacting with patients, and the findings and suggestions are of especial interest for curriculum planning and development in educational institutions.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that theoretical discussions about ethics are not enough to provide practitioners with the skills necessary to work ethically when interacting with patients. From the findings a complementary approach to teach ethics in dental schools is suggested.Originality/valueWorkplace learning has become a preferred topic within many disciplines, such as, for example, sociology, education, and anthropology. However, although there is an established field of medical sociology, little if any attention on workplace learning has been paid to the health sciences in general and dentistry in particular.