bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Management of Drylands
Authors: Nelson Ridley 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDrylands are the hyperarid, arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid zones of the world. In the context of sustainable development, we are concerned less with deserts but more with dryland areas where rainfed cropping is possible and such cropping needs to support significant numbers of people in an economically viable manner. This chapter explores the physical processes, the adaptive strategies of individuals faced with the challenge of dry areas, the economic environment within which these strategies have evolved, and some possible policy responses to achieve sustainable development. The chapter is based predominantly on the African experience and is aimed at the developing-country context. It offers different reasons to show how various policies have led to the lack of incentives for sustainable use by mechanized farmers. Twelve high-priority institutional and research needs are identified.
Public Policy toward Social Overhead Capital: The Capitalization Externality
Authors: Starrett David A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
When land is developed, one of the benefits is captured in the value of land. The chapter argues that while capitalization is a real benefit in some circumstances, it cannot be attributed to private development: rather it is a reflection of an improvement in social overhead capital. The chapter begins with a model of the economy that can be used to examine policy issues related to land and land values. The traditional view in welfare economics is that changes in land values should have no net effect on social welfare (as gains to gainers are offset by losses to losers). This view is challenged on the grounds that this applies only when benefits and costs reflect any externalities, i.e., impacts associated with non-market variables such as environmental quality. In the case of land development in crowded areas (such as large cities), it is argued that projects that lead to increased land values or rents impose an important external cost. While private benefits may be positive, social benefits may be negative. To the extent that private development increases transport costs and congestion, it should be taxed just as any externality.
Assembling Work
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book uses research on Japanese firms in the UK to contribute to broader debate about the role of international firms in reconstructing contemporary work and employment relations. Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in Britain have often been portrayed as carriers of Japanese best practice models of work organization and employment relations. This research challenges this view on the basis of intensive comparative workplace case studies of several Japanese manufacturing plants in Britain. It develops an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects to identify the competing pressures upon such firms, and argues that factory managers have to negotiate the implications of these cross pressures. Thus, the analysis focuses on the ways in which Japanese and British managers have sought to construct distinctive production and employment regimes in the light of their particular branch plant mandates and competencies, the evolving character of management-worker relations within factories, and the varied product and labour market conditions they face. It also explores the scope and bases of consent and dissent among employees working in these modern workplaces. On this basis, it highlights the constraints as well as the opportunities facing managers of such greenfield workplaces, the uncertainties that arise from intractable features of capitalist employment relations, and the ways in which employment and production regimes are adapted and remade in specific corporate and local contexts. Finally, it assesses the strengths and weaknesses of three competing contemporary images of international subsidiaries, as transplants, as hybrids, and as branch plants.
A Framework for Analysing Work Organization and Employment Relations in the International Company
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter develops a theoretical framework for analysing the character of transfer and innovation in the international company. This draws on labour process theory and institutionalist approaches to develop an analysis of system, society, and dominance effects as competing pressures on, and sources of diversity among, overseas manufacturing subsidiaries. The operations of these factories are influenced by such contextual features as corporate structures, sector dynamics, the local setting, and wider national institutions and traditions, but these features are themselves mediated and manipulated in power struggles between collective and individual agents at workplace level. Thus, changes in work and employment relations cannot be read off from existing organizational templates or external constraints, but involve tensions and contention between different groupings within management and between managers and workers. The implications of these arguments are drawn out by considering rival interpretations of the operations of overseas subsidiaries, as transplants, hybrids, or branch plants.
Work and Employment Relations in Large Assembly Firms: ‘Good Enough’ Production Despite Problematical Employment Relations
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter compares two large assembly factories that implemented important elements of the Japanese production model and showed a continuing commitment to new products and investment by their parent companies. Nevertheless, day to day work within these workplaces differs markedly from idealized accounts of Japanese production methods, especially in regard to team-working and forms of worker involvement, and the evolution of employment relations reveals persistent sources of tension and uncertainty. This prompts a reappraisal of the limits of transfer and the extent of localization of production and employment practices at such subsidiaries, and analysis of what constitutes ‘good enough’ production when enterprise and sector norms of performance co-exist with intractable features of employment relations. Finally, the chapter addresses differences between the two factories in management alliances, employment relations and work organization, and relates such differences to the timing of investment, wider corporate orientations, sector recipes, and the exigencies of management-worker relations.
Computer-Co and Electric-Co: The Pursuit of Design and Development Capabilities
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers a firm exceptional among Japanese inward investors in its systematic commitment to local design and development capabilities. The Japanese parent company bought a local firm with innovative products and technical expertise, and sought to engineer new synergies between the distinctive professional competencies of Japanese and British technical staff. Local management were granted considerable operational autonomy to pursue this objective, but ultimately they failed because of intense international competition and a programme of parent company rationalization. This chapter develops a detailed analysis of the rescue, restructuring, and eventual closure of the subsidiary, tracing the selective appropriation and melding of national, corporate, and sector management approaches that were involved. On this basis, it explores the scope, vicissitudes, and limits of developing such local research, design, development, and production capabilities, illuminating the conditions under which inward investors may upgrade their research and development capabilities or concentrate their resources elsewhere.
8Μάγειρος ποιητής: Language and Character in Antiphanes
Authors: Dobrov Gregory W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the riddling and dithyrambic language of the cook in Middle Comedy. It shows that Aristophanic paratragedy is not simply turned into paradithyramb. As a genre, dithyramb has no importance for comedy, so that it becomes difficult to speak of parody or even intertextuality. It is only the verbal art of dithyramb which is transferred into comedy and becomes a new ‘special effect’. Whereas in Old Comedy virtually every character can have a paratragic line or two, in Middle Comedy dithyrambic style becomes a prerogative of one particular type of speaker: cooks and servants. By speaking in riddles, the cook appropriates a verbal genre that ‘belongs’ to the upper classes who meet at symposia, and by using a dithyrambic medium in the formulation of these riddles he gives his social pretension or λαζονεία expression also on a linguistic level.
Analysing Market Internationalisation and National Institutions
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter sets out the analytical framework used in the book. It offers a critique of two major relevant literatures that study internationalisation and domestic institutions, namely the second image reversed approach and comparative institutionalism (historical institutionalism and varieties of capitalism). It argues that while both offer valuable elements, they pay too much attention to economic forms of internationalisation and underestimate the potential for institutional reform. Instead, the chapter offers a policy analysis approach that pays attention to policymaking at both international and domestic levels. It defines and discusses three forms of market internationalisation that are used in the study: transnational technological and economic developments; and two policy forms: reforms in a significant overseas nation (in this case, the US) and supranational regulation (by the EU). It then discusses possible mechanisms whereby these different forms of internationalisation can influence domestic decisions about national institutions.
Internationalisation of Telecommunications Markets
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows how internationalisation transformed the telecommunications market. Transnational technological and economic developments, especially digitalisation, began to revolutionise the sector from the mid-1960s. The US greatly altered its regulatory institutions, especially in the 1970s and early 1980s, affecting the overall world telecommunications market and also providing an example for other nations. Detailed EU regulation grew from the late 1980s to provide a comprehensive framework based on competition. The three sets of international forces were analogous to those in securities trading. They also put pressures on traditional institutions that closed national markets in European nations, such as public ownership, monopoly, and regulation by governments. Thus, telecommunications provides a second similar case to securities trading to examine the effects of different forms of internationalisation on domestic institutional reform.
Changing Course: Airlines in Europe
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractExamining airlines allows for a detailed study of the effects of EU regulation and international regulatory competition on national institutions. Transnational technological and economic developments in airlines were subdued in the 1990s, but the US undertook sweeping reforms in the 1970s and 1980s that both offered an example of reform and altered direct competition in the world market, while EU regulation grew in the 1990s. The chapter argues that the two policy forms of internationalisation aided domestic institutional reforms, confirming the findings of the electricity case. It also underlines that overseas reforms operate through regulatory competition rather than mimetism. In particular, changes in American domestic institutions altered the competitive advantages of US airlines, creating pressures on institutions in Europe. However, when the American example clashed with domestic interests, it was not followed. Thus, the ideational power of overseas reforms is less important than fears of loss of competitive advantage. As in other sectors, Britain followed its own specific reform path.
Chapter 1
Authors: Waylen Georgina 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPart One sets up the analytical framework which informs the analysis in the rest of the book. It begins by bringing together key elements from relevant bodies of literature. The first section discusses key concepts from the gender and politics literature, looking at women as political actors and how political institutions and policies are gendered. The second section considers some of the key elements of the democratization literature that are useful for any gendered analysis of transitions. It divides processes of democratization into stages, and then examines central themes such as institutional choice, political parties, economic reform and the international environment. On the basis of the preceding discussions, the final section of this part outlines the framework of analysis and the case selection operationalized in subsequent parts.
2 Types of malaria
Authors: Sallares Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter starts by considering the early history of the Italian word mal’aria and the four species of human malaria. The symptoms of malaria are examined, with a discussion of how malaria can be recognized in ancient texts. The periodicity of malaria fevers is then considered. Modern theories on the spread of malaria in southern Europe in antiquity are reviewed along with some of the most important ancient sources bearing on this question, such as the information provided by Celsus.
12 Reorganising for Privatisation, 1992–4
Authors: Gourvish Terry 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the reorganization of the British Railways Board to make way for privatization. Topics discussed include the new railway structure and the management of the restructuring process. It is shown that the period 1992-4 was marked by disequilibrium and frenetic activity. Despite the Board's opposition to the government's chosen model for railway privatization, a group of key managers entered a period marked by extreme hard work with the aim of complying with imposed and tight deadlines.
From Citizens to Plutocrats: Nineteenth-century Shareholder Voting Rights and Theories of the Corporation
Authors: Dunlavy Colleen A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Although historians have explored changes both in the way that American corporations were created in the 19th century and in theories of the corporation, very little is known about the history of corporate governance before the 20th century. Most historians assume that the power of individual shareholders has always been proportional to their investment (based on the one-vote-per-share voting rules so familiar in the 20th century), and therefore that large shareholders have always held the preponderance of power. This chapter suggests that this essentially timeless view of the distribution of power among American shareholders is simply wrong — that voting rules once routinely curbed the power of large shareholders — and that the failure to appreciate these (distinctively American) changes in the governance of corporations over the middle decades of the 19th century has, among other things, impoverished the understanding of late 19th-century debates about the nature of corporations.
The Utopian Corporation
Authors: Lipartito Kenneth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues for historians to explore the ‘elective affinity’ between communal and utopian societies of 19th-century America and the managerial corporation. It explores the ways that American society sought to reconcile freedom with the growth of market culture through new disciplinary institutions designed to foster self control and to deal with the travails of laissez faire competition. These methods, practiced in famous utopian communities such as Oneida, used systems of management and control, and embraced early corporate forms of organization at a time when such methods and forms were uncommon in private business. Many utopian experiments in fact evolved into profit-making enterprises after the Civil War, while many of the architects of business corporations were often connected — by ties of blood or by their ideas — to the antebellum reform tradition. The chapter argues for historians to explore these cultural connections and to recognize the deeper cultural sources of the modern corporate organization.
The Monopoly Enigma, the Reagan Administration's Antitrust Experiment, and the Global Economy
Authors: Galambos Louis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In the 1980s, the Reagan Administration drastically altered American antitrust policy, virtually eliminating Section 2 cases involving monopolies. This chapter provides a context for that decision by tracing the efforts that the federal government made since 1890 to reconcile an opposition to highly concentrated economic power with the even stronger enthusiasm Americans have always had for the economic success they associated with the nation's largest enterprises. In this setting, judges and government lawyers struggled over the years to come up with a clear concept of monopoly. In the global economy of the late 20th century, the Reagan policy innovation solved that problem and proved to be timely and significant. The new policy allowed American firms to get up to global scale, either through strategic alliances or through mergers that would not have been allowed under previous administrations.
Corporate Technological Capabilities and the State: A Dynamic Historical Interaction
Authors: Hart David M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that the state, broadly construed, helps to construct corporate technological capabilities. Thus, the business-state interaction in the process of technological innovation must be a focus of business history research. Key concepts from social science research on national innovation systems are introduced and it is shown how they mesh with central tenets of recent work in business history. The chapter then advances four ways of thinking about the state — as organization, fisc, system of rules, and normative order — that lead toward potentially fruitful areas for historical research. This research agenda may lead the field toward an ‘interorganizational synthesis’ that builds on and enriches the best of contemporary business history.
New Economy Romanticism, Narratives of Corporate Personhood, and the Antimanagerial Impulse
Authors: Guthey Eric 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A narrative analysis of New Economy romanticism as a stylized genre of media hype reveals how the framing of celebrity business leaders folds individual personalities together with corporate structures in ways that mirror the persistent American confusion over the simultaneously private and public identity of the firm. Media coverage of Ted Turner, Bill Gates, and Jim Clark exhibits a progression away from traditional strategies for legitimizing corporate activity toward antimanagerialism — a romanticized assault on the legitimacy of powerful bureaucratic organizations that paradoxically legitimizes corporate power itself. This argument expands the notion of what counts as governance literature to include business biography and even pop culture narratives, and to embrace a range of broader cultural issues such as the challenge the corporation poses for the American liberal imagination, and the question of what it means to be a person in a corporate society.
1 Predecessors
Authors: MacGeorge Penny 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes the rise of military generals to political power during the 4th century. These include Merobaudes, a German, possibly a Frank (in a position of power c.AD 375-88), who was magister peditum under Valentinian I; Stilicho (in power AD 394-408), who came into power not as a result of a military career but because of his relationship with Emperor Honorius' father Theodosius I, whose daughter he married; and Flavius Aetius, who fought his way to power in the AD 420s.
15 Assessments of Ricimer
Authors: MacGeorge Penny 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents an analysis of Ricimer. Ricimer dominated the western empire during the last two decades of the 5th century. Most evaluations of Ricimer are negative and often characterize him as treacherous, and as maker and destroyer of emperors. Others have described him as a master plotter and deceiver. However, it is argued that Ricimer's behaviour was no worse than that of most previous masters of the Roman Empire.
The Heroines in theChoraof Writing
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the heroines' feminine voice. Building on the metapoetic metaphor of the heroines' artistic awakening, it follows their efforts to establish their own discourse and turn themselves from scriptae puellae (‘written girls’) to writing women, whose flowing narrative responds to descriptions of the female nature and creativity from ancient philosophy to modern French feminism. Specific emphasis is given to the symbolic significance of their (in)famous and much derided enclosure, which reveals powerful characteristics of a feminine space and a feminine order.
Postscript: Writing on the Edge?
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents a synthesis of the preceding chapters. It followed the heroines in their twin roles as lovers and writers, pursuing their darlings and their text. It showed their femininity slipping through their closed stasis and tearing the masculine fabric of Ovid's text, advertising a feminine rhetoric. However, their nuances gained substance only through a sympathetic reading, and this book's author's sensitivity to their efforts due to her explicit situation as a female reader. This book has worked on the feminine reading and writing of the Heroides with the aid of contemporary feminist thought.
Eve's ‘Grateful Digressions’ and the Birth of Reflection
Authors: Cotterill Anne 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that Milton's Paradise Lost represents the ‘grateful digressions’ (8.55) of unfallen Adam and Eve, like the angels' labyrinth dances and mazes of Paradise as examples of heavenly order, in contrast to Satan's unswerving line of hateful pride. Sensitive to the pressures on the psyche created by voices entering the brain through the ever-permeable folds of the ear's labyrinth and their potential to affect ones own voice and ability to hear the divine within, Milton dramatizes through Eve a process of falling into self-knowledge; from her first delight with the world's reflecting surfaces and first experience of having her vision corrected at her ear, she falls through inexperienced, shallow self-reflection toward the bottom of despair before reaching an experience of deepest reflection. Eve's voice of penitence sounds the depths of her fallen knowledge; ventriloquizing all of the voices Milton suggests the difficulty of finding ones own.