bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Verification of a Procedure for Calculation of Elastic Constants in Microcracking Composite Laminates
Authors: Gudmundson Peter , Östlund Sören 
Published: March 2007

In two recent papers Gudmundson and Östlund have presented a simple to use theory for calculation of reduced thermoelastic constants in composite laminates with matrix cracks. The theory is valid for two- and three-dimensional laminates of arbitrary layups and is asymptotically exact for dilute and infinite microcrark densities. Further more, the theory is based solely on ply property data and matrix crack densities. No ex perimentally determined or unknown theoretical parameters are required. The theory pre dicts changes in all coefficients of the elastic stiffness and thermal expansion coefficient tensors. In previous papers the accuracy of the present theory has been investigated for cross ply laminates by comparisons to experimental results from the literature and two-dimensional finite element calculations. However, in order to become a powerful tool in the analysis of cracked composite laminates the theory must be verified at intermediate crack densities also for angle ply laminates. Unfortunately no useful experimental results for such lami nates have been found in the literature and numerical methods must be considered for the verification. In the present paper the approximate theory is compared with three- dimensional finite element calculations of cracked thick [⊖, - ⊖ ] M glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminates for a wide range of different matrix crack densities. The finite element calculations can be considered as exact for all crack densities within the present formula tion, and errors are due only to the numerical algorithm. It is found that the dilute theory in combination with the theory for infinite crack densities to a surprisingly good accuracy cover all ranges of crack densities.
Trust and the Consumption of a Deteriorating Common Resource
Authors: Brann Peter , Foddy Margaret 
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship between generalized expectations about others' behavior (interpersonal trust) and consumption of a regenerating resource in a simulated commons dilemma. Eighty subjects were assigned to one of four feedback conditions in a split-plot factorial design (trust X feedback X blocks). Resources were programmed to deteriorate at four different rates. However, subjects believed they were acting in groups of five, and that resource deterioration was a consequence of the rate of consumption of the resource. When faced with minimal deterioration of the resource pool, subjects increased their consumption over trial blocks; rapid deterioration led to decreased consumption. However, the consumption rate of low trusters was unaffected by the rate at which the resource deteriorated. High trusters consumed more than low trusters when resource deterioration was minimal, but significantly less than low trusters under conditions of rapid deterioration. The results give support to the claim that trust plays an important role in mediating resource consumption in commons dilemmas.
Dimensions of Current Gang Delinquency
Authors: Gannon Thomas M. 
Published: March 2007

Research into the types of gangs serviced by the street workers of the New York City Youth Board points to the beginnings of a more sophisticated type of delinquent group. Although continu ing to come from neighborhoods which lack stability and offer multiple opportunities for delinquency, many New York gangs have shifted from the more tightly structured, aggressive gangs of the 1950's, to a rather loosely-knit group with informal leader ship and less cohesive organization. Many of the larger fighting gangs have dissolved into smaller cliques in which violence is more diffuse and individualistic. Aggression remains the chief mechanism of group maintenance, but extreme intergroup con flict has declined. As group solidarity has weakened, the group's tolerance for a wider range of deviance has increased. This overall shift in gang patterns is accompanied by an increase in social ability, occupational aspirations, and involve ment in the larger society. The data also reveal a certain ambivalence on the part of gang members toward their own group, thus supporting Short and Strodtbeck's findings about the unsatisfying nature of gang life. Many of these current changes reflect the fact that society is apparently beginning to offer these groups more than recreational facilities and consultative services; they also indicate important implications for agency and commu nity intervention programs.
The Penal Press: Opportunities for Correctional Research
Authors: Rogers Joseph W. , Alexander Elizabeth Smith 
Published: March 2007

Although the penal press consists of over two hundred publi cations and has an estimated audience exceeding three hundred thousand readers, surprisingly little research attention has been devoted to it. This paper attempts to focus attention on the penal press through a merger of interests in corrections, com munication, theory and content analysis. After providing a brief background of the penal press, two particular publications are compared through content analysis. Further examination is attempted through the incorporation of the concept of neutralization from the work of Gresham Sykes and David Matza. Since the intention of this paper is primarily suggestive rather than conclusive, demonstrative rather than comprehensive, emphasis is placed upon the potential of the penal press. Ac cordingly, the conclusion suggests a number of ways in which this research vehicle might be utilized to further correctional knowledge.
Unofficial Probation: An Evaluation of Its Effectiveness
Authors: Venezia Peter S. 
Published: March 2007

Unofficial probation, one approach to the diversion of young sters from court, is in widespread use throughout the country. The study reported here was aimed at examining the effectiveness of such informal handling by means of an experimental-control-com parison group investigation of 277 children referred to the Yolo County Probation Department, Woodland, California, during an 18-month period from January, 1970, through June, 1971. Though conclusive findings were not obtained, due primarily to the small number of children in the groups studied, the research effort did produce several noteworthy results: —The Yolo County Probation Department now has a tested and efficient probation information system in operation. It may be the only probation department in the country using a data system that lends itself so readily to research as well as management infor mation purposes. -Some idea was gained as to the degree to which the unofficial probation approach is used across the nation. -An attribute profile of one probation department's informal probationers was developed. Thus, other departments are pro vided with an opportunity to make comparisons - on the basis of probationer characteristics instead of merely the usual mislead ing "success rates." -The study described a research methodology that is available to practitioners for evaluating the effectiveness of probation approaches. -Evidence was obtained to show that the selective use of informal probation does not result in any greater rate of official delinquency than does formal probation. -Some of the findings tend toward the conclusion that proba tion services provided to children who need them do prevent further delinquency. -Taken together, the study findings indicate that informal probation may reduce delinquency recidivism. -The obtained results clearly favor the contention that a com munity can benefit financially and socially from the judicious use of unofficial probation. A further conclusion was that the study results warrant replica tion of the research on a larger scale, with more than one depart ment studied.
The Impact of Diary Analysis on Teaching/Learning Writing
Authors: Marefat Fahimeh 
Published: March 2007

With the advent of qualitative research, the description of the processes of language learning has been of focal interest. Diaries- detailed and comprehensive descriptions of subjects' second language acquisition behavior- shed light on interesting themes in this regard. Diary, in this study, specifically refers to students' reactions to class events, materials and the instructor. The present research reports a personal experience to investigate the impact of diary analysis on teaching writing: detecting the problematic areas, evolving teacher/ teaching assessment and particularly facilitating and thus developing students' writing ability. 80 Farsi-speaking undergraduate students majoring in EFL at Allameh Tabatabii University served as subjects. The students were taking their writing courses with the researcher. They were to write their reactions, comments, questions and feelings for 5-10 minutes at the end of each session. The procedure continued for 13 sessions. Examination and analysis of students' diaries revealed to the researcher that it was a useful practice in identifying students' particular areas of difficulty and interest, thus leading her to revise the syllabus and revise the materials. They all opted for simpler texts, enjoyed peer correction, wished to discuss recurring problems in class, to name a few instances. Still more, students reported enjoying the realistic task of having active dialogs, which indirectly led them to practice and improve writing. The use of diaries may be recommended to teachers and students to facilitate and improve teaching and learning writing.
Priests and the rising generation of Priests in the opinion of Brazilians
Authors: Busjan Callistus 
Published: March 2007

L'important manque de prêtres qui sévit au Brésil comme dans toute l'Amérique Latine, handicape forte ment le développement d'une action pastorale dans la population. Or, le problème des vocations est étroite ment lié aux difficultés de la structure sociale bresi lienne. En préparation au second congrès national pour les vocations sacerdotales qui se tint à Sao Paulo en 1956, une enquête d'opinion fut menée sur le theme : que pensez-vous des prêtres? de quoi provient le manque de prêtres et comment celui-ci peut-il être surmonté? Les réflexions suivantes découlent des résultats de l'enquête.
L'opinion des catholiques hongrois sur les reformes de l'Eglise
Authors: Morel J. , Andras E. 
Published: March 2007

A representative enquiry based on sample selection was undertaken among Hungarian tourists in Austria with the object of investigating the general attitude taken up with regard to conciliar renewal and pastoral action. The truth or falsity of the relevant hypotheses was tested in five sets of questions: there were questions with general secular reference ; questions with secular reference concerning Hungary; questions with religious and general reference, but concerning Hungary; questions with reference to the Council and religious renewal in general; and questions relating to liturgical reform. In addition to several detailed results and particular conclusions the fol lowing basic trends were verified: 1. Pastoral action should, according to the faithful, come to grips with many more problems of a general kind as problems which stand in relationship to specifically new experiences in the life of the Church, i.e. the presuppositions are the most important thing in this particular field. 2. In this sector, however, it seems that there is a great amount of lee way to be made up. Pastoral action therefore should be on the one hand very intensive and on the other hand be well-balanced, pedagogic and careful in its method of application, i.e. it should ensure the quickest possible transition without being precipitate. 3. The greatest, and perhaps the most dangerous, deficiency in the religious life of Hungarian Catholics seems to lie in the field of religious education, religious culture, information and knowledge. The long spiritual isolation, the lack of objective means of spiritual orientation and of religious cultural nourishment, the impossibility of keeping up to date with the spiritual development of the Church as a whole are probably leading not only to a lack of knowledge but are also bringing about changes at the deepest levels of the human psyche.
Pèlerins à Jérusalem à la fin du Moyen-Age
Authors: DELUZ Christiane 
Published: March 2007

This article contemplates the development of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem from the fall of Saint Jean d'Acre to the early 16th century, and looks at how it may have been affected by the changes taking place between Medieval times and the Renaissance. The research takes as its text the accounts of the pilgrims themselves who, at this time, were often lay members of the Church rather than clerics. As they describe the behaviour of their fellow travellers, the reader can glimpse what pilgrimage signified for the men of the late Middle Ages. The earlier accounts speak mainly of Jerusalem; while in the later ones it is the journey itself that becomes the centre of interest, with descriptions of the expenses incurred, the distances travelled, the problems of route navigation and the curiosities of the landscape traversed. The“curiositas” so often condemned by the clerics of the preceding era now takes on the aspect of a virtue. But on arrival in the Holy Land an abrupt change occurs, and the reader enters, along with the pilgrims, another era — the time of the life and passion of Christ. The ritual of the pilgrimage has been laid down in great detail by the Franciscan friars, as established on Mount Sion in 1337, giving great significance to sermons and indulgences. Nevertheless, the pilgrims often speak of their personal feelings, and in this respect there is a remarkable continuity between the 4th and the 16th century.
Dyes for the Hydrophobic Fibers1
Authors: Schroeder H.E. , Boyd S.N. 
Published: March 2007

The commercialization of the hydrophohic fibers has necessitated the development of entirely new classes of dyes. This job has been accomplished successfully by the careful tailoring of dye molecules to the chemical and physical requirements of the different fibers.All of the hydrophobic fibers designed for apparel use can be dyed with disperse dyes. Polyamide and acrylic fibers can be dyed with acid dyes. Selected acrylic fibers can be dyed also with basic dyes. The dyeing of hydrophobic fibers with disperse dyes in volves solution of the dye in the fiber : electrostatic interactions are involved in the dyeing of these fibers with ionic dyes. The rate of dyeing with both the disperse and the ionic dyes is largely a function of the specific fiber and the molecular size and geometry of the dye molecules. The polarity of a disperse dye plays a major role in determining the affinity of the dye for a specific fiber.Resistance of both the disperse and the ionic dyes to removal from the fiber by aqueous treatments is directly proportional to the affinity of the dye for the fiber and inversely proportional to the rate of dyeing. The washing fastness of the extremely hydrophobic fibers is excellent with all of the dyes which are applicable.The photochemical decomposition of a dye on a fiber is a reaction of the electronically excited dye molecule with the fiber and or other elements of the environment. Hence, light-fastness is a characteristic of the particular dye fiber system.Many correlations of affinity and fastness properties with molecular structure can be drawn.
Communication, Criticism, and the Postmodern Consensus
Authors: JOHNSON JAMES 
Published: March 2007

A critique is not a matter of saying that things are not right as they are. It is a matter of pointing out on what kinds of assumptions, what kinds of familiar, unchallenged, unconsidered modes of thought, the practices that we accept rest.... Criticism is a matter of flushing out that thought and trying to change it: to show that things are not as self-evident as one believed, to see that what is accepted as self-evident will no longer be accepted as such. Practicing criticism is a matter of making facile gestures difficult. Michel Foucault (1988b, 154)
The Black Family and Black Community Development
Authors: Johnson Robert C. 
Published: March 2007

Black family life is discussed in the context of Black community development. The author contends that mutual, interactive actions by Black families and Black community institutions could benefit both. The familial functions of socialization (including racial conscious ness) and economic functioning are reviewed, and the ways that Black families can assist in the development of the Black community through efficient use of family resources are explored. The author argues that more judicious resource utilization and allocation by Black organizations could contribute to increased family well- being. Discussion also focuses upon the theoretical relation ship between the Black family and the Black community. emphasizing the centrality of Black family life in the Black community. Other topics explored in this article include the relationship between Black self-concept and consumer behavior; the interrelation among racial awareness, consumerism, and community development: and the contemporary bond between Black families and Black institutions.
The Changing Demographic and Economic Structure of Nonmetropolitan Areas in the United States
Authors: McCarthy Kevin F. , Morrison Peter A. 
Published: March 2007

The forces underlying contemporary nonmetropolitan popula tion trends differ substantially from those that operated during the 1960s. Multivariate analyses of county-level population change between 1960-1970 and 1970-1974 support two major conclusions: (1) Migration into entirely rural nonmetropolitan counties has accelerated, evidently signaling the emergence in the 1970s of a new (or at least more complex) spatial pattern of settlement; and (2) previous growth advantages associated with manufacturing and gov ernment related activity appear to have diminished, and retirement and recre ation have emerged as important growth-inducing activities. The first finding has important implications for the rationale underlying U.S. regional development policy, in which urban nodes designated as "growth centers" figure as a necessary element for a region's takeoff or reversal of its economic decline. Under present circumstances, that rationale may define the prospects for nonmetropolitan development too narrowly by purporting that only areas with an identifiable urban node will grow, since alternatives to this model have spontaneously emerged. The second finding suggests that if opportunities for growth are to be exploited, regional develop ment policy with respect to public infrastructure and business development will need to identify exactly where these possibilities are emerging and build more specifically on them.
SOCIOLOGY AND THE NEW SOCIAL THINKING
Authors: Osipov Gennady V. 
Published: March 2007

This article represents an attempt to develop a many-sided analysis of factors generating crisis development in social fields and stagnation in the economy, of measures which could initiate positive changes in Soviet society and of the main tasks of sociology as a science in conditions of restructuring. The author emphasises that the transition of Soviet society from one qualitative state to another (a state of higher order), and that the optimisation of the functioning of its economic systems is transformed from an ideal into reality only on the basis of an all-round account being taken of the real potential of the human factor through expanding the sphere of operation of the individuality factor. If this does not happen, the process of dysfunctional disturbances in the systems becomes irreversible, and stagnant and negative phenomena become social facts. From the author's point of view, the task of the sociology of restructuring consists in revealing concrete mechanisms for the coordination of system qualities (those existing, being improved or newly created) and the individual social and psychological qualities of personalities, revealing mechanisms contributing to the optimal combination of objective and subjective, general and individual factors for the social and economic development of the country.
THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS OF COMPARATIVE SURVEY RESEARCH: WHY THE WHEEL OF CROSS-CULTURAL METHODOLOGY KEEPS ON BEING REINVENTED
Authors: Scheuch Erwin K. 
Published: March 2007

Reviewing the earlier literature on methodological issues in comparative research, the paper argues that `in terms of methodology in abstracto and on issues of research technology, most of all that needed to be said has already been published'. Yet the actual research falls short of this available knowledge. Famous publications based on comparative research are really promulgators of research artefacts. Three goals are being emphasised: (a) to counteract the tendency to reinvent the methodological wheel; (b) to help with ex post interpretations of data from cross-national research; (c) to use the difficulties and pay-offs in comparisons for substantive insights. Thus, `Galton's problem' - treating countries as independent cases - forces an evaluation of the pervasiveness of diffusion vs. cultural/national identity. The low stability of many measures requires rethinking the meaning of one-point measurements. Comparative surveys are by implication cross-level research. Therefore, the use of country names as explanans requires theoretical notions about the nation as context for actors and institutions.
MODELS OF ILLNESS AND THE THEORY OF SOCIETY: PARSONS' CONTRIBUTION TO THE EARLY HISTORY OF MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY
Authors: Gerhardt Uta 
Published: March 2007

Parsons' medical sociology has recently been recognised for its importance to his theory of society. But the double focus of his explanations of illness is not yet widely understood. It comprises a capacity model based on economic thinking, and a deviancy model based on psychoanalytic thought. In the 1930s and 1940s Parsons undertook to understand medical practice in order to focus on liberal democracy in modern society. He used medical practice as an example and also as a metaphor to demonstrate the mechanisms of liberal democracy as against those of capitalism, socialism and the then contemporary fascism. By considering this background, the link between models of illness and the theory of society, established in The Social System, ought to have been recognised by Parsons' critics who then might not have charged him with advocating a non-democratic solution to the problem of how social order is possible. By recommending the recognition of the double focus of Parsons' illness explanation, and its viability for his theory of action systems, it is argued that Parsons was criticised too readily in the 1960s and that his humanist standpoint can be recovered by focussing on his early contribution to medical sociology.
Employers and AIDS: Dealing with the Psychological and Emotional Issues of AIDS in the Workplace
Authors: Kemp Donna R. 
Published: March 2007

HIV/AIDS is a major health problem which is increasingly affecting the workplace. It is a disease which impacts people during their employment years. The Centers for Disease Control believes that every U.S. employer will eventually have at least one employee with AIDS. Employers will probably deal more with the mental health aspects than the physical health aspects of AIDS. This article examines the organic (AIDS Dementia Complex) and the emotional psychological aspects of AIDS, reviews the employer's and manager's responsibilities in regard to AIDS, and suggests actions that can be taken to assist employees with AIDS, their families, co-workers, and the organization.