bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ADVANTAGES OF THE SAME‐DIFFERENT METHOD OVER THE TRIANGULAR METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TASTE DISCRIMINATION
Authors: STILLMAN JENNIFER A. , IRWIN R. JOHN 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe triangular method, the same‐different rating method, and the standard same‐different method were each used with 10 tasters to obtain estimates of the discriminability of two concentrations of a colorless beverage. There were no significant differences in d′, an index of discriminability, among the three tasks. In the light of this parity, a choice amongst the methods should be driven by practical considerations. When receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) were fitted to the rating data, the model underlying published tables of d′ was strongly supported, so that discriminability can be assessed from same‐different data either by entering tables or by fitting ROC curves. Same‐different methods appear more acceptable to tasters than the triangular method.
COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF DIFFERENCE TESTING: MEMORY AND INTERSTIMULUS DELAY
Authors: CUBERO ELBA , AVANCINI DE ALMEIDA TEREZA C. , O'MAHONY MICHAEL 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThere are many ways in which a laboratory difference test differs from ‘real life’ discrimination of foods. One of these is the interval of time between tasting the two stimuli to be discriminated. To investigate this, judges performed same‐different discrimination tests using a citrus flavored beverage as a medium. The time interval between tasting the standard and comparison stimuli was varied. In this initial study, short intervals of zero, 30, 60 s were examined. For judges unfamiltar with the stimuli, performance deteriorated as the time interval increased. For judges familiar with the stimuli, the zero time interval elicited best performance but there was no decrease in performance when the interval was increased from 30 to 60 s. The results were explained by hypothesizing different types of memory trace for the standard stimulus being utilized for comparison with the comparison stimulus.
THE TEMPORAL PERCEPTION OF MENTHOL1
Authors: GWARTNEY ELIZABETH , HEYMANN HILDEGARDE 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough menthol is a common ingredient in pharmaceutical and food products, its sensory properties have not been studied extensively. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the temporal properties of l‐ and d‐menthol. The cooling, burning, and bitterness of two menthol isomers (l‐, d‐) each at 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08% (w/v) in aqueous solution were evaluated by 11 trained panelists using time‐intensity methodology. The intensity of all three attributes were evaluated continuously from introduction of the sample into the mouth, through expectoration at 10 s, until the termination of the sensation. The l‐menthol samples had a greater maximum intensity and longer total duration of cooling and burning sensations than the d‐menthol samples. In addition, maximum intensity and total duration of cooling and burn increased with concentration. In contrast, the total duration of the burning sensation was only dependent upon concentration of the l‐isomer. Increasing menthol concentration significantly increased maximum intensity and total duration of bitterness for both isomers.
PROFILING TO DESCRIBE THE SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF A SIMPLE MODEL MENTHOL SOLUTION1
Authors: GWARTNEY ELIZABETH , HEYMANN HILDEGARDE 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to compare data obtained using descriptive analysis (DA) and free‐choice profiling (FCP) of a simple model solution. Three menthol isomers (l‐, d‐, dl‐), each at 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04% (w/v), were tested. A trained DA panel (n = 11) used two aroma, three nasal‐sensation, two taste, and five mouth‐sensation terms to describe the samples. An untrained panel (n = 15) used FCP to assess the same solutions. Individual FCP panelists used from nine to twenty‐one terms. All DA terms significantly discriminated among the samples. Seven to eighteen of the FCP panelist descriptors significantly discriminated among the samples. Procrustes analyses (PA) indicated that FCP and DA similarly discriminated among the samples, possibly because the solutions were essentially one dimensional. Sample loadings on dimension 1 of both spaces were correlated (r = 0.966) as were dimension 2 loadings (r = 0.783). The FCP Rc‐value was 91.2% and the DA Rc value was 85.6%. At higher concentrations (0.04 and 0.02%) l‐menthol was significantly stronger than d‐menthol in eucalyptus aroma, nasal clearing, all mouth cooling attributes, and bitter attertaste. At 0.01 % concentration no significant differences were detected among the menthol isomers.
CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FRANKFURTERS1
Authors: CHAMBERS DELORES H. , IV EDGAR CHAMBERS , BOWERS JANE R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTConsumers want meat products that are healthful and affordable. However, consumers will repurchase a product only if it tastes good. Consumers identified reasons for purchasing frankfurters and evaluated overall acceptability of 10 commercially available frankfurters. Consumers listed “taste” as the most important factor when purchasing frankfurters; only 16% of the consumers indicated that nutrition/health was the most important criterion. Nineteen consumer‐perceived sensory and liking attributes were measured for the frankfurters in this study. The intensities of the attributes ranged from low to moderately high. All the frankfurters scored in the low to moderate range for overall acceptability. Most of the scores for liking of individual attributes correlated highly with overall liking, indicating that many of the questions relating to attribute liking could be eliminated.
PERCEPTION OF FAT IN A MILK MODEL SYSTEM USING MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
Authors: TEPPER BEVERLY J. , KUANG TAO 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined the contributions of stimulus fat content and flavor volatiles to the perception of fat in a milk model system. The model system was formulated by adding bland vegetable oil (0%, 5%, or 10% w/v) and natural cream flavor (0%, 0.5% or 1% w/v) to a skim milk base. Panelists judged pairs of samples for similarity on the basis of three attributes (fat content, mouthcoating and thickness) and the results were analyzed using a multidimensional scaling procedure. Two‐dimensional solutions best represented the data. The stimulus spaces for fat content and mouthcoating were visually similar to each other and provided reasonable separation of the samples. Instrumental measures helped to define the underlying dimensions of the stimulus space for fat content. Dimension 1 related to texture and included the contributions of viscosity, and fat particle size and number distribution; dimension 2 related to flavor perception. The sample with a moderate fat content (5%) and the highest concentration of added cream flavor (1%) was perceived to be similar to the 10% fat samples with added flavor. Thus, the added flavor provided the sensation of higher fat content. These data suggest that flavor plays an important role in the preception of fat in dairy foods. A psychophysical model of fat perception in dairy foods is proposed which includes the contribution of viscosity, fat particle size and number distribution, and volatile flavor perceptions.
High‐Quality Mammography: Information for Referring Providers
Authors:   Quality Determinants of Mammography Guideline Panel
Published: May 2007

This Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians contains highlights from Quality Determinants of Mammography, Clinical Practice Guideline No. 13 of interest to health care providers who refer women for mammography. The Quality Determinants of Mammography Guideline Panel, a private‐sector panel of health care professionals and consumers, developed the guideline after comprehensively analyzing the research literature and current scientific knowledge concerning elements necessary for high‐quality mammography. Specific recommendations are made in the following areas: components of complete breast cancer screening; responsibilities of women, mammography facilities, and referring providers as to screening and follow‐up care; communication of results; limitations of mammography; and certification of mammography facilities.This Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians presents information on mammography of interest to health care providers who refer women for mammography. The Clinical Practice Guideline is intended for the entire spectrum of health care professionals involved in mammography services: the referring health care provider, the interpreting physician, the radiologic technologist, and the medical physicist. Additional information is provided for the mammography facility, the facility scheduler and receptionist, the equipment service person, and the woman who goes for mammography. The Clinical Practice Guideline provides more detailed analysis and discussion of the available research, health care decision making, critical evaluation of the assumptions and knowledge of the field, considerations for women with special needs, and references. Decisions to adopt particular recommendations from any publication must be made by practitioners in light of available resources and circumstances of individual cases.
Two Buddha Relic Traditions
Authors: Strong John S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article surveys some recent work on Buddhist relics, but with a particular focus. Starting with the observation that the distribution of the Buddha's relics in the Mahparinirva sūtra violates the Buddha's own injunction to keep his remains together in a single stūpa, it goes on to examine the fluctuation, in Buddhist legend, between traditions that assert the togetherness of the Buddha's relics and traditions that assert their dispersal. It then relates this polarity to buddhological issues concerning the uniqueness and multiplicity of buddhas and questions about their overlap.
Vitamin and mineral status in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Andersson Ingalill , Grönberg AnneMarie , Slinde Frode , Bosaeus Ingvar , Larsson Sven 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIntroduction:  Eating problems are common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and intake of micronutrients might be lower than recommended.Objective:  To study dietary intake, serum and urinary concentration of trace elements and vitamins in elderly underweight patients with established severe COPD.Methods:  Outpatients at a university clinic for lung medicine, with COPD, 70–85 years old, with no other serious disease, and with a body mass index (BMI) of ≤20 kg/m2 and an FEV1of <50 % predicted were recruited. Body composition and bone density were evaluated with dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Dietary intake was studied by a trained dietitian using diet‐history interview. Blood and urine samples were analysed for various vitamins and trace elements.Results:  Seventeen of 30 recruited patients took part. Osteoporosis or osteopaenia was found in 16 patients. Dietary intake of energy and macronutrients was in line with recommendations for healthy individuals. Intake of protein did not meet recommendations for COPD patients. Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower than recommended and intake of saturated fatty acids was higher than recommended. Mean intake of vitamin D and folic acid was far below recommendations. Serum concentrations for folic acid and methylmalonate and plasma concentrations for homocysteine were below normal in several patients.Conclusion:  Intake of vitamin D and calcium is often low in older COPD patients, which might contribute to osteoporosis. Low intake of folic acid might also be a problem. The results support prophylaxis with calcium, vitamin D and folic acid.Please cite this paper as: Andersson I, Grönberg A, Slinde F, Bosaeus I and Larsson S. Vitamin and mineral status in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2007;1:23–29.
Hospital doctors' attitudes toward giving their patients smoking cessation help
Authors: Thy Thy , Boker Tordis , Gallefoss Frode , Bakke Per Sigvald 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground and Aims:  While guidelines recommend all doctors to ask their patients about their smoking habits and, in case they smoke, offer cessation advice, limited data are available about hospital doctors' attitudes toward these recommendations. We aimed to examine hospital doctors' attitudes toward asking their patients about their smoking habits, informing about the health benefits of stopping, and offering help to quit smoking.Materials and Methods:  A random sample (n = 1025) of Norwegian hospital doctors was mailed a questionnaire on this topic. After two reminders, 76% responded.Results:  Among the respondents 23% of the doctors found it too time consuming to ask if the patient smoked, and approximately 35% found it too time consuming to inform or offer help on smoking cessation. About 25% of the doctors felt that they did not possess enough knowledge to help the patient to stop smoking, and 65% of the doctors preferred to refer to a specialist for this. Twenty‐eight per cent of the doctors did not see it as their task to help the patient to stop smoking, while 32% did not think it is worth the effort to offer the patient help to stop smoking. Twice as many non‐internists as internists regarded it as not their task to ask about smoking and advised on smoking cessation.Conclusion:  In conclusion, about one‐quarter to one‐third of Norwegian hospital doctors seem to disagree with current guidelines that all doctors should address their patients' smoking habits.Please cite this paper as: Thy T, Boker T, Gallefoss F and Bakke PS. Hospital doctors' attitudes toward giving their patients smoking cessation help. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2007;1:30–36.
INFLUENCE OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE TRANSVERSE RUNAWAY THRESHOLD
Authors: METREVELI NANA , KACHLISHVILI ZAUR , BOCHORISHVILI BEKA 
Published: May 2007

The transverse runaway (TR) is a phenomenon whereby for a certain combination of energy and momentum scattering mechanisms of hot electrons, and for a certain threshold of the applied electric field, the internal (total) field tends to infinity. In this work, the effect of the magnetic field on the transverse runaway threshold is considered. It is shown that with increasing magnetic field, the applied critical electric fields relevant to TR decrease. The obtained results are important for practical applications of the TR effect as well as for the investigation of possible nonlinear oscillations that may occur near the TR threshold.
Radiative Transfer Simulations Using Mesoscale Cloud Model Outputs: Comparisons with Passive Microwave and Infrared Satellite Observations for Midlatitudes
Authors: Meirold-Mautner Ingo , Prigent Catherine , Defer Eric , Pardo Juan R. , Chaboureau Jean-Pierre , Pinty Jean-Pierre , Mech Mario , Crewell Susanne 
Published: May 2007

AbstractReal midlatitude meteorological cases are simulated over western Europe with the cloud mesoscale model Méso-NH, and the outputs are used to calculate brightness temperatures at microwave frequencies with the Atmospheric Transmission at Microwave (ATM) radiative transfer model. Satellite-observed brightness temperatures (TBs) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Unit B (AMSU-B) and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) are compared to the simulated ones. In this paper, one specific situation is examined in detail. The infrared responses have also been calculated and compared to the Meteosat coincident observations. Overall agreement is obtained between the simulated and the observed brightness temperatures in the microwave and in the infrared. The large-scale dynamical structure of the cloud system is well captured by Méso-NH. However, in regions with large quantities of frozen hydrometeors, the comparison shows that the simulated microwave TBs are higher than the measured ones in the window channels at high frequencies, indicating that the calculation does not predict enough scattering. The factors responsible for the scattering (frozen particle distribution, calculation of particle dielectric properties, and nonsphericity of the particles) are analyzed. To assess the quality of the cloud and precipitation simulations by Méso-NH, the microphysical fields predicted by the German Lokal-Modell are also considered. Results show that in these midlatitude situations, the treatment of the snow category has a high impact on the simulated brightness temperatures. The snow scattering parameters are tuned to match the discrete dipole approximation calculations and to obtain a good agreement between simulations and observations even in the areas with significant frozen particles. Analysis of the other meteorological simulations confirms these results. Comparing simulations and observations in the microwave provides a powerful evaluation of resolved clouds in mesoscale models, especially the precipitating ice phase.
Modeling Backscatter Properties of Snowfall at Millimeter Wavelengths
Authors: Matrosov Sergey Y. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Ground-based vertically pointing and airborne/spaceborne nadir-pointing millimeter-wavelength radars are being increasingly used worldwide. Though such radars are primarily designed for cloud remote sensing, they can also be used for precipitation measurements including snowfall estimates. In this study, modeling of snowfall radar properties is performed for the common frequencies of millimeter-wavelength radars such as those used by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (Ka and W bands) and the CloudSat mission (W band). Realistic snowflake models including aggregates and single dendrite crystals were used. The model input included appropriate mass–size and terminal fall velocity–size relations and snowflake orientation and shape assumptions. It was shown that unlike in the Rayleigh scattering regime, which is often applicable for longer radar wavelengths, the spherical model does not generally satisfactorily describe scattering of larger snowflakes at millimeter wavelengths. This is especially true when, due to aerodynamic forcing, these snowflakes are oriented primarily with their major dimensions in the horizontal plane and the zenith/nadir radar pointing geometry is used. As a result of modeling using the experimental snowflake size distributions, radar reflectivity–liquid equivalent snowfall rates (Ze–S) relations are suggested for “dry” snowfalls that consist of mostly unrimed snowflakes containing negligible amounts of liquid water. Owing to uncertainties in the model assumptions, these relations, which are derived for the common Ka- and W-band radar frequencies, have significant variability in their coefficients that can exceed a factor of 2 or so. Modeling snowfall attenuation suggests that the attenuation effects in “dry” snowfall can be neglected at the Ka band for most practical cases, while at the W band attenuation may need to be accounted for in heavier snowfalls observed at longer ranges.
The Convective Cold Top and Quasi Equilibrium*
Authors: Holloway Christopher E. , Neelin J. David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo investigate dominant vertical structures of observed temperature perturbations, and to test the temperature implications of the convective quasi-equilibrium hypothesis, the relationship of the tropical temperature profile to the average free-tropospheric temperature is examined in Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) satellite data, radiosonde observations, and National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis. The spatial scales analyzed extend from the entire Tropics down to a single reanalysis grid point or radiosonde station, with monthly to daily time scales. There is very high vertical coherence of free-tropospheric temperature perturbations. There is also fairly good agreement throughout the free troposphere between observations and a theoretical quasi-equilibrium perturbation profile calculated from a distribution of moist adiabats. The boundary layer is fairly independent from the free troposphere, especially for smaller scales.A third vertical feature of the temperature perturbation profile is here termed the “convective cold top”—a robust negative correlation between temperature perturbations of the vertically averaged free troposphere and those of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The convective cold top is found for observations and reanalysis at many temporal and spatial scales. Given this prevalence, the literature is reviewed for previous examples of what is likely a single phenomenon. One simple explanation is proposed: hydrostatic pressure gradients from tropospheric warming extend above the heating, forcing ascent and adiabatic cooling. The negative temperature anomalies thus created are necessary for anomalous pressure gradients to diminish with height.
A Sensitivity Study of the Effect of Horizontal Photon Transport on the Radiative Forcing of Contrails
Authors: Gounou Amanda , Hogan Robin J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
With the rapid growth in air travel, there is concern over the radiative impact of contrails and aircraft-induced cirrus on climate. Previous radiation calculations on contrails have almost all used the independent column approximation, which neglects the transport of photons through the sides of the contrail, but in this study the 3D effects are quantified using the Spherical Harmonic Discrete Ordinate Method (SHDOM). The authors have investigated the dependence of shortwave and longwave radiative forcing on contrail aspect ratio, optical depth, solar zenith angle, solar azimuth angle relative to contrail orientation, particle size, particle habit, surface albedo, and surface temperature. It is found that inclusion of 3D transport results in an increase in the positive longwave radiative forcing of the contrail and either an increase or a decrease in the magnitude of the negative shortwave radiative forcing depending on the orientation of the contrail with respect to the sun. Although these two effects are individually quite modest (of order 10%), the fact that the total shortwave and longwave forcings largely cancel during the day means that the relative change in the net radiative forcing due to the 3D effect is substantial; in some cases this results in a doubling of the net forcing of the contrail, in other cases changing its sign. On a more general note, the relatively simple geometry of contrail cirrus provides an ideal test case for explaining the various mechanisms by which 3D photon transport can change the radiative effect of clouds, which can be rather difficult to visualize for more complex cloud scenarios.