bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fracture Repair of a Humerus of a Io‐week‐old Kitten with a Jonas Splint
Authors: JONAS SALO 
Published: May 2008

Abstract— This clinical case describes the successful repair with a Jonas splint of a transverse fracture of a humerus in a 10‐week‐old kitten, complicated by small and deep lacerations, which were contaminated with hair and sand.A lateral approach was used to expose the fractured fragments for the implantation of the shortest available Jonas splint; this was 1 1/4 cm longer than the sum total length of the medullary canal of both fragments. Radiography showed that there was a visible distraction between both fragments caused by the too long splint. However, follow‐ups taken 113 days after the operation showed that the gap between both fragments had filled in with new bone.Comparative measurements of both humeri from several angles showed that the fractured humerus is 1/2 cm longer than the unfractured one and the diameter of the shaft over 50 per cent wider.Résumé— Ce cas clinique décrit la réparation avec succès d'une fracture transverse de I'humérus mise sous pansement pendant 10 semaines avec un “Jonas Splint”. Gette lésion se compliquait de plaies petites et profondes, contaminées par des poils et du sable.Une incision latérale aussi courte que possible avait été pratiquée afin de mettre en évidence les éléments fractureés pour effectuer la pose du “Jonas Splint”. Elle faisait 1 cm 5 de plus que la longueur totale additionée du canal médullaire des 2 fragments.La radio montrait qu'il y avait un espace entre les 2 abouts, par suite de la trop grande longueur du Splint (attelle). Cependant, dans les 113 jours qui suivirent l'opéation, la radio montra que l'espace entre les 2 abouts avait été comblé d'os. La mesure comparative des 2 humérus dans 1 es 2 sens a montré que l'humérus fractureé est 1/2 cm plus long et de diamètre double de l'os sain.Zusammenfassung— Es wird die erfolgreiche Behandlung einer Humerusquerfraktur bei einem 10 Wochen alten Welpen mit Hilfe eines Jonas‐Splints beschrieben. Der Fall war durch kleine und tiefe Verletzungen kompliziert, die mit Haaren und Sand verunreinigt waren.Die Operation wurde von der lateralen Seite aus vorgenommen, urn die frakturierten Fragmente für die Implantation des kürzesten erhältlichen Jonas‐Splints zugänglich zu machen. Dieser Splint war immer noch 1 1/4 cm länger als die Gesamtlänge des Mark‐kanals beider Fragmente. Röntgenologisch konnte infolge des zu langen Splints eine sichtbare Trennung zwischen beiden Knochenfragmenten nachgewiesen werden. Eine Kontrolle nach 113 Tagen ergab jedoch, dass der Zwischenraum sich mit neuem Knochengewebe ausgefüllt hatte.Vergleichsmessungen beider Humeri von mehreren Winkeln ergaben, dass der frakturierte Humerus um 1/2 cm länger und sein Querdurchmesser um 50 prozent grösser war als der nicht gebrochene.
A Thermostatically Controlled Developing and Fixing Tank
Authors: HIME J. M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract— An inexpensive thermostatically controlled developing and fixing tank for X‐ray darkroom use is described.Résumé— On décrit une cuve thermostatique pour le développement et le fixage en chambre noire radiologique.Zusammenfassung— Es wird ein billiger thermostatisch geregelter Entwicklungs‐ und Fixierungs‐tank für die Röntgendunkelkammer beschrieben.
The Estimation of Blood Urea by the Xanthydrol Reaction
Authors: BOWDEN R. S. T. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A simple inexpensive test is described for the estimation of blood urea. The Xanthydrol turbidity reaction is quickly determined and is a reasonably accurate method for quantitative estimation of nitrogen retention in chronic nephritis cases.Résumé— Un test simple et économique est décrit pour la recherche et le dosage de l'urée sanguine. L'opacité de la réaction du Xanthydrol est rapidement déterminée et constitue une méthode assez précise pour l'estimation quantitative de la rétention azotée dans les cas de néphrite chronique.Zusammenfassung— Es wird ein einfacher, billiger Test für die Blutharnstoff bestimmung beschrieben. Die Xanthydrol‐Trübungsreaktion ist schnell durchführbar und ist eine ziemlich direkte Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Stickstoffretention bei Fällen von chronischer Nephritis.
Feeding Unusual Pets
Authors: FISHER LESTER E. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract— A review is presented of some of the problems concerned in the nutrition and dietary requirements of unusual pets. The species discussed are the budgerigar, canary, parrot, monkey, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse, rat, hamster, skunk, snake, turtle, ocelot and alligator.Résumé— Revue de quelques‐uns des problèmes entrant en ligne de compte dans la nutrition et les exigences diététiques de certains anirnaux familiers peu courants. Les espèces envisagées sont la perruche ondulée, le canari, le perroquet, le singe, le lapin, le cobaye, la souris, le rat, le hamster, le skunk, le serpent, la tortue, l'ocelot et l'alligator.Zusammenfassung— Es wird eine Übersicht über einige Probleme gegeben, die mit der Ernährung und den Diätvorschriften ungewöhnlicher Haustiere zusammenhängen.
Deficit Estimation and Welfare Effects after the 1994 Fiscal Reform in China: Evidence from the County Level
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Shih Victor 
Published: May 2008

AbstractUsing simple statistical analysis of county‐level budgetary data from across all of China's counties, the present paper examines whether the post‐1994 fiscal decentralization has affected redistribution at the county‐level. The new fiscal system has been less able to narrow inter‐county dispersion in fiscal imbalances than the old one, even after taking intergovernmental transfer payments into account. Although with the post‐1994 system there has been a modest increase in per capita welfare spending in all counties on average, much of the new‐found fiscal resources have been spent on salary and administrative expenses rather than spending on public goods. Therefore, it is imperative that the reform of China's tax system is intensified.
Impacts of Cultivated Land Conversion on Environmental Sustainability and Grain Self‐sufficiency in China
Authors: Tan Shuhao 
Published: May 2008

AbstractUsing provincial data, the present paper examines the impact of cultivated land conversion on agriculture and the environment. It is found that the grain production center is gradually moving towards more fragile and water scarce areas, putting more pressure on the environment. Land conversion caused large losses in ecosystem service values in the 1990s, but large scale ecological restoration programs have been implemented since 2000 to compensate for such losses. The ecological restoration programs are concentrated in regions with relatively low land productivity, whereas cultivated land conversion usually takes place in areas with relatively high land productivity. Newly‐cultivated land, especially that in areas marginally suit for agricultural production, is likely to have much lower productivity levels than the original cultivated land. Because the stock of potentially cultivable land is almost exhausted, China's grain self‐sufficiency policy can only be maintained by preserving the available stock of arable land and increasing its productivity in a sustainable way.
How Will China Move towards Becoming a Low Carbon Economy?
Authors: Zhuang Guiyang 
Published: May 2008

AbstractChina is facing increasing pressure from the international community to curb its greenhouse emissions. The next 15–20 years are important for China's social and economic development, but this is also a key period for controlling global greenhouse gas emissions. In considering the development path of China's economy, policy‐makers are confronted by the issue of global climate change. Reducing carbon emissions is now a worldwide task. For China, opportunities and challenges coexist. Post‐Kyoto climate regime must provide incentives for China's transition to becoming a low carbon economy based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.
An Antibody to the Aggregated Synthetic Prion Protein Peptide (PrP106–126) Selectively Recognizes Disease‐Associated Prion Protein (PrPSc) from Human Brain Specimens
Authors: Jones Michael , Wight Darren , McLoughlin Victoria , Norrby Katherine , Ironside James W. , Connolly John G. , Farquhar Christine F. , MacGregor Ian R. , Head Mark W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHuman prion diseases are characterized by the conversion of the normal host cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an abnormal misfolded form [disease‐associated prion protein (PrPSc)]. Antibodies that are capable of distinguishing between PrPC and PrPSc may prove to be useful, not only for the diagnosis of these diseases, but also for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis. In an attempt to produce such antibodies, we immunized mice with an aggregated peptide spanning amino acid residues 106 to 126 of human PrP (PrP106–126). We were able to isolate and single cell clone a hybridoma cell line (P1:1) which secreted an IgM isotype antibody [monoclonal antibody (mAb P1:1)] that recognized the aggregated, but not the monomeric form of the immunogen. When used in immunoprecipitation assays, the antibody did not recognize normal PrPC from non‐prion disease brain specimens, but did selectively immunoprecipitate full‐length PrPSc from cases of variant and sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and Gerstmann–Straussler–Scheinker disease. These results suggest that P1:1 recognizes an epitope formed during the structural rearrangement or aggregation of the PrP that is common to the major PrPSc types found in the most common forms of human prion disease.
Fundus autofluorescence related to retinal morphological and functional changes in idiopathic macular holes
Authors: Wakabayashi Taku , Ikuno Yasushi , Sayanagi Kaori , Soga Kaori , Oshima Yusuke , Tano Yasuo 
Published: May 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate fundus autofluorescence (FAF) characteristics in relation to morphological and functional features of idiopathic macular hole (IMH).Methods:  Twenty eyes of 20 consecutive patients with stage 3 or 4 macular holes were included. Fundus autofluorescence images were obtained using the Heidelberg retina angiograph 2, retinal structure was evaluated with 3‐dimensional (3‐D) imaging of Fourier‐domain optical coherence tomography (FD‐OCT), and retinal function was assessed with microperimetry‐1 (MP‐1).Results:  Markedly increased FAF in the foveal centre corresponding to the macular hole, confirmed with FD‐OCT, was demonstrated in all eyes. A surrounding hypoautofluorescent ring corresponded to the subretinal fluid cuff. The area of relatively reduced FAF around the ring corresponded precisely to retinal oedema. In 15 eyes (75%), a stellate appearance with dark radiating striae was seen in the relatively reduced FAF and was correlated with intraretinal cystic changes in the outer plexiform layer, observed by FD‐OCT. Mean preoperative visual acuity was significantly poorer in eyes without a stellate appearance than in those with a stellate appearance (p = 0.023). The MP‐1 study confirmed impaired retinal function in the macular hole bed and in the area of the fluid cuff and retinal oedema.Conclusions:  Fundus autofluorescence imaging reflects anatomic changes and represents the dysfunctional retinal area in IMH. The technique provides 2‐D images with 3‐D information on the retinal morphology of this disease.
Endothelial dysfunction in glaucoma
Authors: Resch Hemma , Garhofer Gerhard , Fuchsjäger‐Mayrl Gabriele , Hommer Anton , Schmetterer Leopold 
Published: May 2008

Abstract.Glaucoma is a group of ocular diseases characterized by optic neuropathy associated with loss of the retinal nerve fibre layer and re‐modelling of the optic nerve head, and a subsequent particular pattern of visual field loss. Increased intraocular pressure is the most important risk factor for the disease, but the pathogenesis of glaucoma is not monofactorial. Among other factors, ischaemia and vascular dysregulation have been implicated in the mechanisms underlying glaucoma. The vascular endothelium plays an important role in the regulation of ocular blood flow and pathological alterations of vascular endothelial cells may induce ischaemia and dysregulation. The present review summarizes our current evidence of endothelial dysfunction in glaucoma. This is of interest because endothelial dysfunction is a good prognostic factor for progression in several diseases. Although such data are lacking for glaucoma, endothelial dysfunction may provide an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in open‐angle glaucoma and other vascular disorders of the eye.
Effects of repeated injection of intravitreal triamcinolone on macular oedema in central retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Wang Lili , Song Huping 
Published: May 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate the effectiveness of repeated injections of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) in the treatment of macular oedema caused by central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).Methods:  Seventeen pseudophakic or aphakic eyes of 17 patients (10 male, seven female) with macular oedema caused by CRVO received a repeat injection of 4 mg IVTA, 16 weeks after the first injection of the same dose. The examination included measurements of best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) for distance and central foveal thickness (CFT) by optical coherence tomography (OCT), preoperatively and 1, 2, 3 and 4 months postoperatively. The values were compared by paired‐t test. Side‐effects were monitored.Results:  BCVA and CFT were not significantly different before initial and repeat injections. Transient improvements of BCVA and CFT were achieved after both injections. At the end of follow‐up, BCVA and CFT were significantly different compared to pre‐injection values in the same group (P = 0.032, 0.049 in the initial‐injection group and P = 0.001, 0.008 in the repeat‐injection group, respectively). However, compared to the initial injection, BCVA measurements were significantly worse at each time‐point (P = 0.043, 0.011, 0.010 and 0.012, respectively) after the repeat injection, as were CFT at 1, 2 and 3 months post‐injection (P = 0.040, 0.015 and 0.025, respectively). The achieved maximum mean intraocular pressures were 20.00 [standard deviation (SD) 2.06] mmHg and 18.56 (SD 3.65) mmHg after the first and repeat injections, respectively. These values were not significantly different (P = 0.467). No other significant adverse events were noted during the study.Conclusion:  A repeat injection of 4 mg IVTA may not be as effective as an initial injection for the treatment of macular oedema caused by CRVO.
Loss of basal cell keratin 14 reflects increased risk of recurrence in surgically resected sinonasal inverted papilloma
Authors: Gunia S , Liebe D , Koch S 
Published: May 2008

Aims:To evaluate selected markers in terms of their possible relation to the development of recurrence in microsurgically resected sinonasal inverted papilloma (SIP) in order to advance understanding of the mechanisms pathogenetically involved, and to identify novel biomarkers for individual risk assessment in SIP.Methods:Retrospective computerised database analysis and thorough review of medical charts was performed in order to identify all patients with newly diagnosed SIP who underwent microinvasive endonasal surgery at the HELIOS Klinikum Bad Saarow and at the Klinikum Hoyerswerda (Germany) between 1985 and 2005, yielding a total of 73 patients with newly diagnosed SIP. Among these, 22 patients (30.1%) developed recurrence during follow-up. Recurrent SIP were also microsurgically resected. Therefore, archival paraffin-wax-embedded tissues comprising a total of 95 SIP were immunostained for a panel of selected antigens (Ki67/CK5/CK14/E-cadherin/CD56) functionally involved in cellular adhesion structures or in proliferative activity. Adjacent non-papillomatous sinonasal mucosa was available in all cases and served as normal controls.Results:Increased proliferative activity (Ki67) and loss of basal cell keratin 14 (CK14) expression were related to the development of recurrence in microsurgically resected SIP.Conclusion:These findings might advance understanding of the pathogenesis behind the development of recurrence in microsurgically resected SIP by focusing on so far neglected alterations of cell-matrix connections at the epithelial-stromal interface in SIP, and might hint at CK14 representing a possible novel biomarker for individual risk assessment in microsurgically resected SIP.
HMGA2 Participates in Transformation in Human Lung Cancer
Authors: Di Cello Francescopaolo , Hillion Joelle , Hristov Alexandra , Wood Lisa J. , Mukherjee Mita , Schuldenfrei Andrew , Kowalski Jeanne , Bhattacharya Raka , Ashfaq Raheela , Resar Linda M.S. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Although previous studies have established a prominent role for HMGA1 (formerly HMG-I/Y) in aggressive human cancers, the role of HMGA2 (formerly HMGI-C) in malignant transformation has not been clearly defined. The HMGA gene family includes HMGA1, which encodes the HMGA1a and HMGA1b protein isoforms, and HMGA2, which encodes HMGA2. These chromatin-binding proteins function in transcriptional regulation and recent studies also suggest a role in cellular senescence. HMGA1 proteins also appear to participate in cell cycle regulation and malignant transformation, whereas HMGA2 has been implicated primarily in the pathogenesis of benign, mesenchymal tumors. Here, we show that overexpression of HMGA2 leads to a transformed phenotype in cultured lung cells derived from normal tissue. Conversely, inhibiting HMGA2 expression blocks the transformed phenotype in metastatic human non–small cell lung cancer cells. Moreover, we show that HMGA2 mRNA and protein are overexpressed in primary human lung cancers compared with normal tissue or indolent tumors. In addition, there is a statistically significant correlation between HMGA2 protein staining by immunohistochemical analysis and tumor grade (P &lt; 0.001). Our results indicate that HMGA2 is an oncogene important in the pathogenesis of human lung cancer. Although additional studies with animal models are needed, these findings suggest that targeting HMGA2 could be therapeutically beneficial in lung cancer and other cancers characterized by increased HMGA2 expression. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(5):743–50)
Interferon Regulatory Factors IRF5 and IRF7 Inhibit Growth and Induce Senescence in Immortal Li-Fraumeni Fibroblasts
Authors: Li Qunfang , Tang Lin , Roberts Paul Christopher , Kraniak Janice M. , Fridman Aviva Levine , Kulaeva Olga I. , Tehrani Omid S. , Tainsky Michael A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Cellular immortalization is one of the prerequisite steps in carcinogenesis. By gene expression profiling, we have found that genes in the interferon (IFN) pathway were dysregulated during the spontaneous cellular immortalization of fibroblasts from Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) patients with germ-line mutations in p53. IFN signaling pathway genes were down-regulated by epigenetic silencing during immortalization, and some of these same IFN-regulated genes were activated during replicative senescence. Bisulfite sequencing of the promoter regions of two IFN regulatory transcription factors (IRF5 and IRF7) revealed that IRF7, but not IRF5, was epigenetically silenced by methylation of CpG islands in immortal LFS cells. The induction of IRF7 gene by IFNα in immortal LFS cells was potentiated by pretreatment with the demethylation agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Overexpression of IRF5 and IRF7 revealed that they can act either alone or in tandem to activate other IFN-regulated genes. In addition, they serve to inhibit the proliferation rate and induce a senescence-related phenotype in immortal LFS cells. Furthermore, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid treatment of the IRF-overexpressing cells showed a more rapid induction of several IFN-regulated genes. We conclude that the epigenetic inactivation of the IFN pathway plays a critical role in cellular immortalization, and the reactivation of IFN-regulated genes by transcription factors IRF5 and/or IRF7 is sufficient to induce cellular senescence. The IFN pathway may provide valuable molecular targets for therapeutic interventions at early stages of cancer development. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(5):770–84)
Transforming Growth Factor-β1, Transforming Growth Factor-β2, and Transforming Growth Factor-β3 Enhance Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Potential by Inducing a Smad3-Dependent Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Do Thuy-Vy , Kubba Lena A. , Du Hongyan , Sturgis Charles D. , Woodruff Teresa K. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is thought to play a role in the pathobiological progression of ovarian cancer because this peptide hormone is overexpressed in cancer tissue, plasma, and peritoneal fluid. In the current study, we investigated the role of the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway in ovarian cancer metastasis by regulation of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. When cancer cells were cultured on plastic, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 induced pro–matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion, loss of cell-cell junctions, down-regulation of E-cadherin, up-regulation of N-cadherin, and acquisition of a fibroblastoid phenotype, consistent with an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, Smad3 small interfering RNA transfection inhibited TGF-β–mediated changes to a fibroblastic morphology, but not MMP secretion. When cancer cells were cultured on a three-dimensional collagen matrix, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 stimulated both pro-MMP and active MMP secretion and invasion. Smad3 small interfering RNA transfection of cells cultured on a collagen matrix abrogated TGF-β–stimulated invasion and MMP secretion. Analysis of Smad3 nuclear expression in microarrays of serous benign tumors, borderline tumors, and cystadenocarcinoma revealed that Smad3 expression could be used to distinguish benign and borderline tumors from carcinoma (P = 0.006). Higher Smad3 expression also correlated with poor survival (P = 0.031). Furthermore, a direct relationship exists between Smad3 nuclear expression and expression of the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin in cancer patients (P = 0.0057). Collectively, these results implicate an important role for the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway in mediating ovarian oncogenesis by enhancing metastatic potential. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(5):695–705)
Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases Promotes Ubiquitin-Dependent Proteasomal Degradation of DNA Methyltransferase 1 in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Zhou Qun , Agoston Agoston T. , Atadja Peter , Nelson William G. , Davidson Nancy E. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) play a critical role in chromatin modification and gene expression. Recent evidence indicates that HDACs can also regulate functions of nonhistone proteins by catalyzing the removal of acetylated lysine residues. Here, we show that the HDAC inhibitor LBH589 down-regulates DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) protein expression in the nucleus of human breast cancer cells. Cotreatment with the proteasomal inhibitor MG-132 abolishes the ability of LBH589 to reduce DNMT1, suggesting that the proteasomal pathway mediates DNMT1 degradation on HDAC inhibition. Deletion of the NH2-terminal 120 amino acids of DNMT1 diminishes LBH589-induced ubiquitination, indicating that this domain is essential for its proteasomal degradation. DNMT1 recruits the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) to form a chaperone complex. Treatment with LBH589 induces hyperacetylation of Hsp90, thereby inhibiting the association of DNMT1 with Hsp90 and promoting ubiquitination of DNMT1. In addition, inactivation of HDAC1 activity by small interfering RNA and MS-275 is associated with Hsp90 acetylation in conjunction with reduction of DNMT1 protein expression. We conclude that the stability of DNMT1 is maintained in part through its association with Hsp90. Disruption of Hsp90 function by HDAC inhibition is a unique mechanism that mediates the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for DNMT1 degradation. Our studies suggest a new role for HDAC1 and identify a novel mechanism of action for the HDAC inhibitors as down-regulators of DNMT1. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(5):873–83)