bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy relations between Russia and EU with emphasis on natural gas
Authors: Yegorov Yuri , Wirl Franz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRussian gas exports play a crucial role in political discussions today. This paper argues that the European strive for energy diversification at present is economically inefficient, given the nearby resources and existing or committed transport network to Russia. Furthermore, this present diversification strategy will put Europe into competition with other consuming regions in the future, when the sources available for diversification turn dry. Hence, the current policy pursued by the EU faces a serious trade off of risking future supplies for present energy security (after all its questionable whether some of these sources are secure). We use the methodology based on the dynamics of gas reserves and path dependency in trade flows based on investment in pipeline infrastructure.
Modelling aviation fuel demand: the case of the United States and China
Authors: Mazraati Mohammad , Faquih Yasser O. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe aviation sector's contribution to the world economy is 8 per cent, while using 5.8 per cent of total world oil demand. Within the transportation sector, aviation consumes about 12.7 per cent of the total oil demanded by the transportation sector, with a growth rate of 2.32 per cent per annum in recent years, confirming the importance of aviation in the future energy market and economy. This paper considers modelling fuel demand in aviation sectors of two different markets. Jet fuel demand is modelled in the United States as a matured market and China as a fast growing market. A constant elasticity log‐log model using recent data of passenger aviation traffic, freight aviation traffic and airline load factors for both countries. Economic growth and fuel prices were also considered as determinants in the model. A system of three equations was developed for each country to forecast long‐term jet fuel consumption levels to 2025. The mature US aviation sector was found to react better to price and short‐term economic fluctuations, in contrast with the fast growing Chinese aviation sector, where the hike in prices did not seem to have much effect.
Relationships between ophthalmological and neuropaediatric findings in children adopted from Eastern Europe
Authors: Andersson Grönlund Marita , Landgren Magnus , Strömland Kerstin , Aring Eva , Svensson Leif , Tuvemo Torsten , Hellström Ann 
Published: March 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  This study aimed to evaluate and relate visual function, ocular dimensions and neuropaediatric findings in adoptees from Eastern Europe.Methods:  We studied 72 of 99 children, born during 1990–95 and adopted from Eastern Europe to western Sweden during 1993–97. The children (mean age 7.5 years, range 4.8–10.5 years; 41 boys, 31 girls) were examined after a mean period of 5 years post‐adoption by a multidisciplinary team. Correlations between ophthalmological findings and neuropaediatric data were analysed.Results:  Bivariate and regression analyses indicate a significant positive correlation between visual acuity (VA) and perceptual organization (p < 0.001), as well as between strabismus and verbal comprehension (p < 0.02). Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) was correlated with low VA (p < 0.02), subnormal stereovision (p < 0.009) and small optic discs (p < 0.02). Small head circumference was related to low VA (p < 0.015) and small optic discs (p < 0.03). Furthermore, small optic discs were related to low birthweight (p < 0.005) and preterm birth (p < 0.01). Large optic cups were correlated with poorer perceptual organization (p < 0.02).Conclusions:  In this group of adoptees from Eastern Europe, ophthalmological findings were correlated to neuropaediatric findings, especially those arising from prenatal adverse events resulting in growth deficiency and central nervous system damage. Therefore, it is important and valuable with an ophthalmological examination in children adopted from Eastern Europe.
Comparison of laser in situ keratomileusis reoperation outcomes with the Moria M2 head 90 and 130 following previous photorefractive keratectomy or laser in situ keratomileusis
Authors: Pitkänen Antti , Pietilä Juhani , Mäkinen Petri , Huhtala Anne , Uusitalo Hannu 
Published: March 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  To compare the Moria Model Two (M2) automated microkeratome with the head 90 (intended to create a 120‐μm flap) to the head 130 (intended to create a 160‐μm flap) in reoperations following previous photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) or laser‐assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in terms of accuracy, predictability, safety and complications of the procedure.Methods:  Eighty‐five eyes of 70 consecutive patients received LASIK with the Moria M2 microkeratome. Nine previously PRK‐operated eyes were reoperated with the head 90 and 37 eyes were reoperated with the head 130. Repeated LASIK was performed on 16 eyes with the head 90 and on 23 eyes with head the 130. Flap dimensions were measured and correlated to preoperative parameters.Results:  The average flap thickness in the previously PRK‐operated eyes was 115.1 μm [range 82–137 μm, standard deviation (SD) 17.9] with the head 90 and 131.2 μm (range 105–171 μm, SD 19.8) with the head 130. In the previously LASIK‐operated eyes, the mean flap thickness was 139.2 μm (range 92–182 μm, SD 23.8) with the head 90 and 141.9 μm (range 109–179 μm, SD 15.2) with the head 130. There were no free or incomplete flaps or flaps with buttonholes in the study. There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) between the groups.Conclusion:  In eyes with previous PRK or LASIK, LASIK reoperation offers a safe alternative for improving refractive outcomes. The Moria M2 head 90, especially in LASIK‐operated eyes, does not cut thinner flaps compared to the head 130.
Molecular characterization of the symbionts associated with marine nematodes of the genus Robbea‡
Authors: Bayer Christoph , Heindl Niels R. , Rinke Christian , Lücker Sebastian , Ott Joerg A. , Bulgheresi Silvia 
Published: March 2009

SummaryMarine nematodes that carry sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria on their cuticle (Stilbonematinae, Desmodoridae) migrate between oxidized and reduced sand layers thereby supplying their symbionts with oxygen and sulfide. These symbionts, in turn, constitute the worms' major food source. Due to the accessibility, abundance and relative simplicity of this association, stilbonematids may be useful to understand symbiosis establishment. Nevertheless, only the symbiont of Laxus oneistus has been found to constitute one single phylotype within the Gammaproteobacteria. Here, we characterized the symbionts of three yet undescribed nematodes that were morphologically identified as members of the genus Robbea. They were collected at the island of Corsica, the Cayman Islands and the Belize Barrier Reef. The surface of these worms is covered by a single layer of morphologically undistinguishable bacteria. 18S rDNA‐based phylogenetic analysis showed that all three species belong to the Stilbonematinae, although they do not form a distinct cluster within that subfamily. 16S rDNA‐based analysis of the symbionts placed them interspersed in the cluster comprising the sulfur‐oxidizing symbionts of L. oneistus and of marine gutless oligochaetes. Finally, the presence and phylogeny of the aprA gene indicated that the symbionts of all three nematodes can use reduced sulfur compounds as an energy source.
Estimating leukocyte, platelet, and erythrocyte counts in rats by blood smear examination
Authors: Durbin Cathy , Guo Kevin , Hoffman Wherly , Eric Schultze A. , White Sandy 
Published: March 2009

Background: The CBC is an essential test for assessing the health of rats used in drug development studies. Because of limited blood volume, estimates of cell counts from a blood smear would be valuable when other analytical methods of enumerating cells are not possible or available.Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a statistical model to accurately estimate WBC, platelet (PLT), and RBC counts in blood smears from rats.Method: Blood smears and quantitative cell counts were obtained from vehicle‐treated male and female Fischer 344 rats (n=65) involved in a variety of studies. The numbers of WBCs, PLTs, and RBCs were estimated in 10 fields in the monolayer of smears using × 20 (WBC) or × 100 (PLT, RBC) objectives. Using a statistical model and the quantitative cell counts obtained on an ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer, formulas were developed to predict the quantitative counts from the estimates.Results: Data were log‐transformed before analysis. A formula was derived using the slope and intercept of the regression line between cell estimates and ADVIA counts to predict WBC, PLT, and RBC counts based only on estimates. A second formula was developed for situations in which limited quantitative analyses may be available, and resulted in even more accurately predicted counts from smear estimates.Conclusion: The formulas developed in this study can be a valuable tool in estimating cell counts from a blood smear when cell counting instruments are not available or when an instrument cell count needs to be verified. These formulas may be useful in the assessment of rat blood in discovery and lead optimization studies.
Lung cancer mortality and fibre exposures among North Carolina asbestos textile workers
Authors: Loomis D , Dement J M , Wolf S H , Richardson D B 
Published: March 2009

Objective:To describe mortality among workers exposed to chrysotile asbestos and evaluate the relationship between lung cancer and asbestos fibre exposure.Methods:Workers employed for at least 1 day between 1 January 1950 and 31 December 1973 in any of four plants in North Carolina, USA that produced asbestos textile products were enumerated. Vital status was ascertained through 31 December 2003. Historical exposures to asbestos fibres were estimated from work histories and 3578 industrial hygiene measurements taken in 1935–1986. Mortality of the cohort was compared with that of the national population via standardised mortality ratios (SMRs). Exposure–response relationships for lung cancer were examined within the cohort using Poisson regression to compute adjusted mortality rate ratios.Results:Follow-up of 5770 workers included in the cohort resulted in 181 640 person-years of observation, with 2583 deaths from all causes and 277 from lung cancer. Mortality from all causes, all cancers and lung cancer was significant higher than expected, with SMRs of 1.47 for all causes, 1.41 for all cancer and 1.96 (95% CI 1.73 to 2.20) for lung cancer. SMRs for pleural cancer, mesothelioma and pneumoconiosis were also elevated. The risk of lung cancer and asbestosis increased with cumulative fibre exposure (RR 1.102 per 100 fibre-year/ml, 95% CI 1.044 to 1.164, and RR 1.249 per 100 fibre-year/ml, 95% CI 1.186 to 1.316, respectively, for total career exposure).Conclusions:This study provides further evidence that exposure to chrysotile asbestos in textile manufacturing is associated with increased risk of lung cancer, asbestosis cancer of the pleura and mesothelioma.
SOME PROBLEMS OF NANOPROBE MODELING
Authors: ANDRIANOV SERGE N. , EDAMENKO NIKOLAY S. , TERESHONKOV YURY V. 
Published: March 2009

We treat here the process of simulation of ion micro- and nanoprobes in detail using the matrix formalism for Lie algebraic tools. Similar approach allows realizing necessary analytical and numerical modeling procedures. Nowadays ion micro- and nanoprobes are extensively applied in different branches of science and industry. It is known that similar facilities are very sensitive to certain of steering parameters of the systems. In other words, similar beam lines are high precision systems, requiring preliminary modeling for thorough analysis of possible optimal working regimes. In this paper we consider analytical and numerical models, which allow one to study effect of various aberrations on basic beam characteristics. Research process performs from linear to nonlinear model with step by step including nonlinear effects of different nature. Previous papers of the authors consider some aspects of nonlinear models. The present paper deals with full conception of modeling process, generalizing most essential aberrations and providing adequate solution methods.
BEAM DYNAMICS OPTIMIZATION FOR THE XFEL PHOTO INJECTOR
Authors: KRASILNIKOV MIKHAIL 
Published: March 2009

The main challenge for the European XFEL photo injector is the production of 1 nC electron beams with a normalized transverse emittance of 0.9 mm mrad. The photo injector setup consists of a 1.5-cell L-band rf gun cavity supplied with solenoids for beam focusing and emittance compensation and the first accelerating section with 8 TESLA superconducting cavities. The first 4 cavities are used as a booster to provide by proper choice of its position, gradient and phase matching conditions for the emittance conservation. For optimization of the beam dynamics in the photo injector, a staged algorithm, based on ASTRA simulations, has been developed. The first stage considers the emission of electrons from a photo cathode. The cathode laser energy and its transverse parameters are adjusted to produce a bunch charge of 1 nC in presence of space charge forces (including image charge at the cathode) and Schottky-like effects. The second stage contains rf gun cavity and solenoid optimization. The booster position, gradient and initial phase are optimized at the third stage yielding the minimum emittance at the photo injector exit. Results of the XFEL photo injector optimization will be presented. Besides simulations experimental studies towards XFEL photo injector are carried out. The photo injector test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) develops photo injectors for FELs, including FLASH and the European XFEL. A thorough comparison of measured data with results of beam dynamics simulations is one of the main PITZ goals. Detailed experimental studies on photo emission processes, thermal emittance, transverse and longitudinal phase space of the electron beam are being performed together with beam dynamics simulations. This aims to result in better understanding of beam dynamics in high brightness photo injectors. Experimentally obtained photo injector characteristics (like thermal emittance) have to be used in an additional optimization of the photo injector resulting in more realistic beam dynamics simulations. Results of these studies will be reported as well.
EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM FOR THE NEUTRINO FACTORY FRONT END DESIGN
Authors: POKLONSKIY ALEXEY A. , NEUFFER DAVID 
Published: March 2009

The Neutrino Factory is an important tool in the long-term neutrino physics program. Substantial effort is put internationally into designing this facility in order to achieve desired performance within the allotted budget. This accelerator is a secondary beam machine: neutrinos are produced by means of the decay of muons. Muons, in turn, are produced by the decay of pions, produced by hitting the target by a beam of accelerated protons suitable for acceleration. Due to the physics of this process, extra conditioning of the pion beam coming from the target is needed in order to effectively perform subsequent acceleration. The subsystem of the Neutrino Factory that performs this conditioning is called Front End, its main performance characteristic is the number of the produced muons. Evolutionary Algorithms demonstrated themselves as a reliable and efficient tool for exploration, optimization and ultimately decision-making during the design process. In this work we describe the scenario for the Neutrino Factory Front End production optimization via the GATool Evolutionary Algorithm implemented in COSY Infinity and discuss the results of this optimization.
CALCULATION OF NONLINEAR TUNE SHIFT USING BEAM POSITION MEASUREMENT RESULTS
Authors: SNOPOK PAVEL , BERZ MARTIN , JOHNSTONE CAROL 
Published: March 2009

The calculation of the nonlinear tune shift with amplitude based on the results of measurements and the linear lattice information is discussed. The tune shift is calculated based on a set of specific measurements and some extra information which is usually available, namely that about the size and particle distribution in the beam and the linear optics effect on the particles. The method to solve this problem uses the technique of normal form transformation. The proposed model for the nonlinear tune shift calculation is compared to both the numerical results for the nonlinear model of the Tevatron accelerator and the independent approximate formula for the tune shift by Meller et al. The proposed model shows a discrepancy of about 2%.
COMPUTATION OF HIGH-ORDER MAPS TO MULTIPLE MACHINE PRECISION
Authors: WITTIG ALEXANDER , BERZ MARTIN 
Published: March 2009

The Beam Dynamics simulation package in COSY INFINITY is built upon a differential algebra data type. With it, it is possible to compute transfer maps or arbitrary systems to arbitrary order. However, this data type is limited by the precision of the underlying floating point number model provided by the computer processor. We will present a method to extend the effective precision of the calculations based purely on standard floating point operations. Those algorithms are then integrated into the differential algebra data type to efficiently extend the available precision, without unnecessarily affecting overall efficiency. To that effect, the precision of each coefficient is adjusted automatically during the calculation. We will then proceed to show the effectiveness of our implementation by calculating high precision maps of combinations of homogeneous dipole segments, for which the exact results are known, and comparing the high precision coefficients with the results produced by the traditional COSY beam physics package.
Effects of Aspirin on Clot Structure and Fibrinolysis Using a Novel In Vitro Cellular System
Authors: Ajjan R.A. , Standeven K.F. , Khanbhai M. , Phoenix F. , Gersh K.C. , Weisel J.W. , Kearney M.T. , Ariëns R.A.S. , Grant P.J. 
Published: March 2009

Objectives—The purpose of this study was to investigate the direct effects of aspirin on fibrin structure/function.Methods and Results—Chinese Hamster Ovary cell lines stably transfected with fibrinogen were grown in the absence (0) and presence of increasing concentrations of aspirin. Fibrinogen was purified from the media using affinity chromatography, and clots were made from recombinant protein. Mean final turbidity [OD(±SEM)] was 0.083(±0.03), 0.093(±0.002), 0.101(±0.005), and 0.125(±0.003) in clots made from 0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/L aspirin-treated fibrinogen, respectively (P<0.05). Permeability coefficient (Ks cm2×10−8) was 1.68(±0.29) and 4.13(±0.33) comparing fibrinogen produced from cells grown with 0 mg/L and 100 mg/L aspirin respectively (P<0.05). Scanning electron microscopy confirmed a looser clot structure and increased fiber thickness of clots made from aspirin-treated fibrinogen, whereas rheometer studies showed a significant 30% reduction in clot rigidity. Fibrinolysis was quicker in clots made from aspirin-treated fibrinogen. Ex vivo studies in 3 normal volunteers given 150 mg aspirin daily for 1 week demonstrated similar changes in clot structure/function.Conclusion—Aspirin directly altered clot structure resulting in the formation of clots with thicker fibers and bigger pores, which are easier to lyse. This study clearly demonstrates an alternative mode of action for aspirin, which should be considered in studies evaluating the biochemical efficacy of this agent.
An Analytic Scaling Law for the Depositional Growth of Snow in Thin Mixed-Phase Layer Clouds
Authors: Larson Vincent E. , Smith Adam J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In various practical problems, such as assessing the threat of aircraft icing or calculating radiative transfer, it is important to know whether mixed-phase clouds contain significant liquid water content. Some mixed-phase clouds remain predominantly liquid for an extended time, whereas others glaciate quickly.
The glaciation rate of mixed-phase layer clouds is thought to depend on various factors, including number concentration of snow crystals, terminal velocity of snow crystals, and crystal habit type. This paper attempts to quantify some of these factors by deriving scaling laws (i.e., power laws) for the mixing ratio and sedimentation flux of snow at cloud base. The scaling laws are derived from the governing equation for snow mixing ratio. They neglect aggregation of snow crystals and accretion of supercooled liquid by snow crystals. The scaling laws permit arbitrary exponents and prefactors of the mass–diameter and fall speed–diameter power laws, allowing flexibility in crystal habit properties.
The scaling laws are tested using idealized large-eddy simulation (LES) of three thin, midlevel layer clouds. The scaling laws agree adequately with the LES over one order of magnitude for snow flux and over two orders of magnitude for snow mixing ratio. They indicate, for instance, that in the present LES, cloud-base snow flux and snow mixing ratio increase faster than linearly with increasing cloud thickness and supersaturation with respect to ice.
By varying the exponents and prefactors of the scaling laws, one may explore the sensitivity of glaciation rate to habit type. The relationship is complex, but, for the cloud cases examined, dendrites tend to glaciate cloud more rapidly than plates.
Axial Wind Effects on Stratification and Longitudinal Salt Transport in an Idealized, Partially Mixed Estuary*
Authors: Chen Shih-Nan , Sanford Lawrence P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A 3D hydrodynamic model [Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS)] is used to investigate how axial wind influences stratification and to explore the associated longitudinal salt transport in partially mixed estuaries. The model is configured to represent a straight estuarine channel connecting to a shelf sea. The results confirm that wind straining of the along-channel salinity gradient exerts an important control on stratification. Two governing parameters are identified: the Wedderburn number (W) defined as the ratio of wind stress to axial baroclinic pressure gradient force, and the ratio of an entrainment depth to water depth (hs/H). Here W controls the effectiveness of wind straining, which promotes increases (decreases) in stratification during down-estuary (up-estuary) wind. The ratio hs/H determines the portion of the water column affected by direct wind mixing. While stratification is always reduced by up-estuary wind, stratification shows an increase-then-decrease transition when down-estuary wind stress increases. Such transition is a result of the competition between wind straining and direct wind mixing. A horizontal Richardson number modified to include wind straining/mixing is shown to reasonably represent the transition, and a regime diagram is proposed to classify the wind’s role on stratification. Mechanisms driving salt flux during axial wind events are also explored. At the onset and end of the wind events, barotropic adjustment drives strong transient salt fluxes. Net salt flux is controlled by the responses of subtidal shear dispersion to wind forcing. Moderate down-estuary winds enhance subtidal shear dispersion, whereas up-estuary winds always reduce it. Supporting observations from upper Chesapeake Bay are presented.