bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Talcott Parsons’s Sociology of Religion and the Expressive Revolution
Authors: Turner Bryan S. 
Published: October 2005

Immanuel Kant distinguished between religion as cult in which people seek favours from God through prayer and offerings to bring healing and wealth, and religion as moral action that commands human beings to change their lives. Kant further defined religion as a ‘reflecting faith’ or ‘moralizing faith’ that compels humans to strive for salvation through faith alone. The Kantian distinction was fundamental to Max Weber’s view of the relationship between asceticism and capitalism. Talcott Parsons’s early sociology of religion engaged with this theme in Kant and Weber, but in his later work Parsons came to a re-appraisal of Émile Durkheim. In the concept of the expressive revolution, Parsons followed Durkheim in studying individualism as a major transformation of society. There is, however, a contradiction between individualism as either the legacy of Protestant pietism or the product of modern consumerism. Parsons’s sociology of religion remains distinctive because he did not subscribe to the secularization thesis, but instead saw American liberalism as the fulfilment of Protestant individualism. The paper concludes with a critical assessment of the differences between the values of the expressive revolution and the legacy of Kantian individualism. Romantic love in modern society is an aspect of the expressive revolution, but it is also a legacy of the emphasis on emotional conversion and attachment to the person of Jesus in pietism. The expressive revolution developed this legacy of emotional expressivity, but combined romantic love with a consumer ethic. Religiosity survives in the context of consumerism as an aspect of what Robert Bellah called the ‘civil religion in America’.
The Intellectual Debt That Deviance Theory Owes Talcott Parsons
Authors: Toby Jackson 
Published: October 2005

As Talcott Parsons pointed out, deviance is always defined and responded to in terms of shared symbolic criteria of legitimacy or illegitimacy. Partial legitimation of the deviant act provides justification to the potential behavioral deviant for expressing deviant inclinations and simultaneously undercuts the willingness of conforming persons to visit negative sanctions upon him. The 1974 streaking phenomenon illustrates this insight. Legitimation is relevant for explaining deviance partly because deviant motivation is omnipresent - in the form of ambivalence - even in outward conformists. If both conforming motivation and deviant motivation contain varying proportions of inclinations to conform to rules and to violate them, behavioral deviants are only slightly different from behavioral conformists in the organization of their personality systems. Thus, personality systems may have only a limited role in the etiology of deviant behavior - even if they play a significant role in the genesis of deviant motivation.
Identification of Shear Stiffness of Soft Orthotropic Textile Composites: Part I – Development of a Mixed Method for Shear Elastic Constant Identification
Authors: Vysochina K. , Gabor A. , Bigaud D. , Ronel-Idrissi S. 
Published: October 2005

Coated polyester/PVC fabrics are used in civil engineering for temporary inflatable structures or for emergency applications during disasters. However, they are not used to their full potential due to lack of behavioral knowledge, especially in their shear behavior, and the absence of simple design rules. The main objective of this article is to propose a mixed technique including experimental and numerical data to identify the elastic constants of composites in shear, whereby an existing experimental biaxial device is adapted to a shear test and moreover, an optical technique without contact is used to measure the displacements. The originality of the shear experimental device consists in the study of the influence of pretension on the shear properties. It also allows to avoid wrinkling and to take large deformations and softness of coated fabrics into account. In the second part of this article, we propose an alternative technique for the evaluation of the shear constants. This method is based on the Kawabata's shear deformation theory, which is adapted to the investigated fabrics and experimental device. In these conditions, it is possible to evaluate the shear behavior constitutive equation to simplify the design rules for inflatable structures.
Origin of kaolin deposits in the ‘Los Menucos’ area, Río Negro Province, Argentina
Authors: Marfil S. A. , Maiza P. J. , Cardellach E. , Corbella M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractKaolinite deposits, hosted by rhyolitic tuffs, are found in the SE of the ‘Los Menucos’ area (Province of Rio Negro, Argentina). The most representative examples are from the Blanquita and Equivocada mines. To discover the origin of these deposits, a mineralogical, geochemical (major and trace element) and stable isotope study (O and H) of kaolinite was carried out. Mineralogically, Blanquita mine is characterized by the presence of dickite, kaolinite, alunite and pyrophyllite, whereas in Equivocada mine, kaolinite is accompanied by dickite and traces of alunite (without pyrophyllite). The trace element contents and ratios of kaolin samples (P vs. S, Zr vs. Ti, (Cr + Nb) vs. (Ti + Fe), and (Ce + Y + La) vs. (Ba + Sr)) suggest that they formed from the hydrothermal alteration of the enclosing rhyolites although a possible contribution of kaolinite from residual processes cannot be discounted. δ18O values of kaolinite range from +4.8 to +10.3‰, and δD varies from −88 to −116‰. The presence of pyrophyllite in Blanquita mine suggests temperatures of formation >350°C. The calculated isotopic composition of the fluid in equilibrium with kaolinite at 350°C varies from +3.6 to +9.2‰ for O and from −74 to −103‰ for H. These values are compatible with fluids of magmatic origin or with fluids of surficial origin isotopically equilibrated with a rhyolitic magma at high temperatures. The isotope composition of kaolinite from the Blanquita and Equivocada mines is clearly different from kaolinite of residual origin from deposits in the Chubut and Santa Cruz provinces. The isotopic signature has proved to be a useful tool in discriminating between different genetic processes in the formation of kaolin deposits.
Critical role for Stat3 in T-dependent terminal differentiation of IgG B cells
Authors: Fornek Jamie L. , Tygrett Lorraine T. , Waldschmidt Thomas J. , Poli Valeria , Rickert Robert C. , Kansas Geoffrey S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractStat proteins are latent cytoplasmic transcription factors that are crucial in many aspects of mammalian development. In the immune system, Stat3 has distinct roles in T-cell, neutrophil, and macrophage function, but a role for Stat3 in B-cell development, particularly in the terminal differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells, has never been directly tested. In this study, we used the Cre/lox system to generate a mouse strain in which Stat3 was conditionally deleted in the B-cell lineage (Stat3fl/flCD19Cre/+). B-cell development, establishment of the peripheral B-cell compartment, and baseline serum antibody levels were unperturbed in Stat3fl/flCD19Cre/+ mice. Strikingly, Stat3fl/flCD19Cre/+ mice displayed profound defects in T-dependent (TD) IgG responses, but normal TD IgM, IgE, and IgA responses and T-independent (TI) IgM and IgG3 responses. In addition, germinal center (GC) formation, isotype switching, and generation of memory B cells, including IgG+ memory cells, were all intact in Stat3fl/flCD19Cre/+ mice, indicating that the requirement for Stat3 was limited to plasma cell differentiation. These results demonstrate a profound yet highly selective role for Stat3 in TD IgG plasma cell differentiation, and therefore represent a unique example of a transcription factor regulating isotype-specific terminal B-cell differentiation.
A novel form of immune signaling revealed by transmission of the inflammatory mediator serotonin between dendritic cells and T cells
Authors: O'Connell Peta J. , Wang Xiangbin , Leon-Ponte Matilde , Griffiths Corrie , Pingle Sandeep C. , Ahern Gerard P. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAdaptive immunity is triggered at the immune synapse, where peptide-major histocompatibility complexes and costimulatory molecules expressed by dendritic cells (DCs) are physically presented to T cells. Here we describe transmission of the inflammatory monoamine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) between these cells. DCs take up 5-HT from the microenvironment and from activated T cells (that synthesize 5-HT) and this uptake is inhibited by the antidepressant, fluoxetine. Expression of 5-HT transporters (SERTs) is regulated by DC maturation, exposure to microbial stimuli, and physical interactions with T cells. Significantly, 5-HT sequestered by DCs is stored within LAMP-1+ vesicles and subsequently released via Ca2+-dependent exocytosis, which was confirmed by amperometric recordings. In turn, extracellular 5-HT can reduce T-cell levels of cAMP, a modulator of T-cell activation. Thus, through the uptake of 5-HT at sites of inflammation, and from activated T cells, DCs may shuttle 5-HT to naive T cells and thereby modulate T-cell proliferation and differentiation. These data constitute the first direct measurement of triggered exocytosis by DCs and reveal a new and rapid type of signaling that may be optimized by the intimate synaptic environment between DCs and T cells. Moreover, these results highlight an important role for 5-HT signaling in immune function and the potential consequences of commonly used drugs that target 5-HT uptake and release.
Randomized Comparison of Weekly Cisplatin or Protracted Venous Infusion of Fluorouracil in Combination With Pelvic Radiation in Advanced Cervix Cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study
Authors: Lanciano Rachelle , Calkins Alison , Bundy Brian N. , Parham Groesbeck , Lucci Joseph A. , Moore David H. , Monk Bradley J. , O'Connor Dennis M. 
Published: October 2005

Purpose Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the standard of care for locally advanced cervix cancer; the optimal chemotherapy regimen is not yet defined. This trial was designed to compare the outcome of protracted venous infusion (PVI) fluorouracil (FU) with standard weekly cisplatin and concurrent radiation therapy (RT). Patients and Methods Patients with stage IIB, IIIB, and IVA cervical cancer with clinically negative aortic nodes were eligible. Pelvic RT dose was 45 Gy with a parametrial boost to involved sides of 5.4 to 9 Gy, and high- or low-dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy. Standard therapy was weekly cisplatin 40 mg/m2, and experimental therapy was PVI FU 225 mg/m2/d for 5 d/wk for six cycles during RT. Results The study was closed prematurely when a planned interim futility analysis indicated that PVI FU/RT had a higher treatment failure rate (35% higher) and would, most likely, not result in an improvement in progression-free survival compared with weekly cisplatin/RT. The PVI FU/RT arm continues to show a higher risk of treatment failure (relative risk [RR] unadjusted, 1.29) and a higher mortality rate (RR unadjusted, 1.37). There was no difference in pelvic treatment failure between regimens, but there was an increase in the failure rate at distant sites in the PVI FU arm. Conclusion In this study, PVI FU does not show improved outcome over weekly cisplatin. Future research should explore combinations of FU with cisplatin, new radiosensitizers, and active drugs combined with RT to reduce the high rate of pelvic and distant treatment failure still seen in advanced cervix cancer.
Air–sea exchanges in the equatorial area from the EQUALANT99 dataset: Bulk parametrizations of turbulent fluxes corrected for airflow distortion
Authors: Brut A. , Butet A. , Durand P. , Caniaux G. , Planton S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTurbulent fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and water vapour were calculated using both the eddy covariance (EC) and the inertial dissipation (ID) methods applied to data collected on board the research vessel La Thalassa during 40 days of the EQUALANT99 oceanographic campaign. The aim of this experiment was to establish accurate parametrizations of air–sea fluxes for the equatorial Atlantic area from a large dataset. However, the accuracy of turbulent fluxes measured aboard ships is strongly affected by the distortion of airflow patterns generated by obstacles such as the ship and mast. For the EQUALANT99 experiment, the effects of airflow distortion were estimated using physical simulations in a water channel. To reproduce the conditions of the campaign, a neutral boundary layer was simulated in the water channel and a detailed model of the ship La Thalassa was built. Correction coefficients for the mean wind speed were evaluated from these physical simulations. They show a dependence on both the azimuth angle of the flow (i.e. the horizontal direction of the flow with respect to the ship's longitudinal axis) and the angle of incidence of the wind. The correction for airflow distortion was applied to the measured wind speed and also included in the flux computation using the ID method. Compared with earlier studies which applied a single correction per flux sample, it appears that our results for the corrected transfer coefficients present greater dependence on neutral wind speed than the previous parametrizations; the method also shows encouraging results, with a decrease in the scatter of the transfer coefficients parametrization. However, the distortion could not be corrected for in the fluxes calculated using the EC method, because this technique integrates a wide range of turbulence scales for which the airflow distortion cannot be simulated in a water channel.Fluxes computed using the ID and EC methods are presented and compared in order to determine which method, in the configuration of the EQUALANT99 experiment, provides the best resulting transfer coefficients. According to the results, fluxes of momentum and latent heat computed by ID were better for deriving the drag and humidity coefficients. The EC method seemed better adapted to calculate sensible‐heat fluxes than the ID method, although a high scatter remained on the Stanton neutral number. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Assimilation of along‐track altimeter data in the tropical Pacific region of a global OGCM ensemble
Authors: Leeuwenburgh O. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIdentical‐twin experiments are performed with an ocean general‐circulation model ensemble to investigate the potential for correction of subsurface ocean model states through assimilation of altimetric sea level observations with the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF). The EnKF provides a convenient extension to existing ensemble prediction systems. Observations are simulated for the tropical Pacific by sampling a truth run at 10‐day intervals at the TOPEX/POSEIDON along‐track measurement points and adding realistic instrument and orbit errors. Ensemble spread is generated by perturbing the best‐guess forcing fields. The perturbations are based on a multivariate EOF decomposition of differences between two reanalysis products. The effectiveness of the assimilation is investigated by comparison of the forecasts and analyses with a control run and with the truth. Time series of subsurface state variables along the equator show that the analyses are closer to the truth than the control in all cases, indicating a significant potential for improved ENSO forecast initialization. A second assimilation run with an Ensemble Square‐Root Filter (ESRF) shows that the analyses are very similar to those from the EnKF. However, ensemble spread in the subsurface state variables is found to be a poor proxy for the true analysis error in this experiment, in particular in the case of the ESRF. While the sea level analyses remain close to the truth, persistent offsets are introduced in the subsurface state, suggesting a role for bias correction schemes in ensemble methods. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Temperature and salinity dependence of sea surface emissivity in the thermal infrared
Authors: Newman S. M. , Smith J. A. , Glew M. D. , Rogers S. M. , Taylor J. P. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAircraft and ground‐based interferometer measurements are used to investigate the dependence of sea surface emissivity on water temperature and salinity in the infrared spectral region. The effect of dissolved salts is found to be small and in line with previous studies, whereas temperature (often neglected in current emissivity models) has a greater impact. The influence on satellite sea surface temperature (SST) retrievals is found to be significant for high‐resolution infrared sounders: neglecting a temperature‐dependent emissivity leads to systematic errors in SST of as much as 0.6 K depending on channel frequency. © Crown copyright, 2005. Royal Meteorological Society
A new fast stratospheric ozone chemistry scheme in an intermediate general‐circulation model. I: Description and evaluation
Authors: Taylor C. P. , Bourqui M. S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSimulation of future climate‐composition changes requires simulations of coupled dynamical‐radiative‐chemical models of many decades in length. Yet, to assure the generality of the simulation's results against uncertainties in emissions, unforced year‐to‐year variability and dependence on initial conditions, it is necessary to repeat them a significant number of times. The computational cost of such an exercise is still too large when using complex three‐dimensional coupled models.We introduce in this paper a computationally efficient chemical scheme, the FAst STratospheric Ozone Chemistry (FASTOC) scheme, which has advantages over many existing fast methods, as it does not rely on relaxation to assumed conditions, does not rely on tuning parameters, and does not rely on linearization approximations. The scheme is nevertheless three orders of magnitude faster than a stiff kinetic equations solver.Part I of the paper gives a detailed description of the FASTOC model and some performance evaluations when incorporated in a general‐circulation model (GCM). In Part II, the FASTOC model, coupled to a GCM, is specifically applied to study the impact of climate–chemistry interactions on stratospheric ozone in the middle of the twenty‐first century. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
The effect of the continental boundary layer on the dynamics of fronts in a 2D model of baroclinic instability. II: Surface heating and cooling
Authors: Reeder Michael J. , Tory Kevin J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe effect of surface heating and cooling on the structure and evolution of the surface front that develops in the finite‐amplitude Eady wave is investigated. Spatially uniform short‐wave radiative heating of the surface is weakly frontolytic, although it appears this result may be sensitive to the way in which the boundary‐layer turbulence is parametrized. The cross‐front potential temperature gradient is weakened principally by the differential heating produced by horizontal variations in the depth of the mixed layer, and to a smaller extent by horizontal variations in the surface sensible heat flux. The direct effect of enhanced daytime turbulent stresses is to retard the winds in the boundary layer, reducing the convergence in the cross‐front plane, while the indirect effect is to produce a strong cross‐isobaric flow towards the trough, thereby increasing the convergence. The net effect is to reduce the rate of frontogenesis near the surface front. During the day the front is oriented vertically in the boundary layer because of the strong mixing. Nocturnal cooling through long‐wave radiative emission from the surface is strongly frontogenetic. At night, as the turbulence decays in the trough ahead of the surface front, air parcels accelerate down the pressure gradient towards the centre of the trough, producing low‐level cross‐front surges on both sides of the trough axis. This enhanced nocturnal convergence rapidly strengthens the cross‐front potential temperature gradient and tilts the front westward with height. Such nocturnal frontogenesis is especially intense when it follows strong daytime turbulent mixing. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Mode decomposition as a methodology for developing convective‐scale representations in global models
Authors: Yano Jun‐ichi , Redelsperger Jean‐luc , Bechtold Peter , Guichard Françoise 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMode decomposition is proposed as a methodology for developing subgrid‐scale physical representations in global models by a systematic reduction of an originally full system such as a cloud‐resolving model (CRM). A general formulation is presented, and also discussed are mathematical requirements that make this procedure possible. Features of this general methodology are further elucidated by the two specific examples: mass fluxes and wavelets.The traditional mass‐flux formulation for convective parametrizations is derived as a special case from this general formulation. It is based on the decomposition of a horizontal domain into an approximate sum of piecewise‐constant segments. Thus, a decomposition of CRM outputs on this basis is crucial for their direct verification. However, this decomposition is mathematically not well‐posed nor unique due to the lack of admissibility. A classification into cloud types, primarily based on precipitation characteristics of the atmospheric columns, that has been used as its substitute, does not necessarily provide a good approximation for a piecewise‐constant segment decomposition. This difficulty with mass‐flux decomposition makes a verification of the formulational details of parametrizations based on mass fluxes by a CRM inherently difficult.The wavelet decomposition is an alternative possibility that can more systematically decompose the convective system. Its completeness and orthogonality also allow a prognostic description of a CRM system in wavelet space in the same manner as is done in Fourier space. The wavelets can, furthermore, efficiently represent the various convective coherencies by a limited number of modes due to their spatial localizations. Thus, the degree of complexity of the wavelet‐based prognostic representation of a CRM can be extensively reduced. Such an extensive reduction may allow its use in place of current cumulus parametrizations. This wavelet‐based scheme can easily be verified from the full original system due to its direct reduction from the latter. It also fully takes into account the multi‐scale nonlinear interactions, unlike the traditional mass‐flux‐based schemes. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society