bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MAGNESIUM, POTASSIUM, SODTUM AND CALCIUM CONTENTS OF HERBAGE AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS OVER A THREE‐YEAR PERIOD
Authors: Hemingway R. G. 
Published: April 2006

Results are given showing the effects of applying nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and magnesium on the yield and mitieral composition of herbage cut repeatedly at the silage stage over a 3‐year period. Grasses and clovers were separated before analysis. A combination of nitrogen and potassium was essential for the maintenance of high yields. Superphosphate did not increase dry‐matter yields. 4 cwt. of common salt was ineffective, even under conditions of acute potassium deficiency; it reduced responses to potash and decreased yields when given with potash.Ammonium sulphate and common salt greatly increased sodium uptakes and muriate of potash depressed them. Potassium contents were greatly reduced by repeated nitrogen applications and muriate of potash gave consistent and significant increases. Potassium‐deficient grasses contained more sodium than potassium.Ammonium sulphate increased magnesium contents and muriate of potash reduced them. There was a marked tendency for both effects to be more significant in late‐season cuts. In late May the effects were small. 22 and 44 Ib. Mg/acre as magnesium sulphate had variable effects on herbage magnesium. These changes are discussed in relation to hypomagnesaemia.None of the fertilizer treatments altered the calcium contents of either grass or clover.
THE PROBLEM OF NARDUS AND ITS PRODUCTIVITY IN RELATION TO SHEEP GRAZING AT MOOR HOUSE, WESTMORLAND
Authors: Rawes M. 
Published: April 2006

Attention is drawn to the increase of the unpalatable and unproductive grass, Nardus stricia, on hill grazings. This increase is considered to be related to a decline in soil fertility, which is being hastened by present‐day management.An experiment to measure the production of a typical Nardus‐dominated sward at 1700 feet O.D. on the northern Pennies is described. The results sliow that there was no increase in dry matter during the growing season. There was however an increase in some mineral elements. A manurial treatment showed poor response, but when the sward was cut and the herbage removed in spring, subsequent manuring gave spectacular yields.
THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF COCKSFOOT FOGGAGE FOR WINTER GRAZING IN SOUTH‐WEST SCOTLAND
Authors: Castle M. E. , Watson J. N. 
Published: April 2006

The production and use of cocksfoot foggage for winter grazing at the Hannah Dairy Research Institute in the period 1956–61 is described. Two acres of cocksfoot (S37) were sown broadcast in 1956 and two acres were drilled in rows 28 in apart in 1957. The average annual application of fertilizer nutrients was 118 lb. N, 51 1b. P2O5 and 142 lb. K2O per acre.The mean yield of the broadcast section was 7450 lb. dry matter/acre/annum compared with 6090 lb. from the rowcrop section. Normally two crops of grass were harvested from the field in the summer, and one grazing was made in the winter. The yield of winter herbage dry matter was 28% and 26% of the total annual yield of the broadcast and the rowcrop sections, respectively.The field was grazed for four successive winters by 5–10 bulling heifers each weighing 650–850 lb. They received no other feed during the grazing period. Grazing started in December and finished in February, March or April in different years. The mean intake of herbage dry matter was only 6 lb./day, and on average the heifers lost 80 lb. liveweight each winter. This loss was regained after 4–6 weeks when the winter grazing finished. Twenty‐nine of the 30 heifers held to the first or second service while grazing the winter herbage.On average the broadcast section gave 340 heifer‐grazing‐days per acre during the winter and the rowcrop section 260 days. The cost of a heifer‐grazing‐day was 3id. and 4id. on the broadcast and rowcrop sections, respectively.The dry matter of the herbage cut on 19 December 1960 had a digestible crude protein content of 59% and a starch equivalent of 34.It is concluded that on well‐drained land the technique of foggage production and of winter grazing can usefully extend the normal grazing season and hence reduce the costs of winter feeding.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEVERAL FACTORS IN DETERMINING THE GRAZING BEHAVIOUR OF BORDER LEICESTER × MERINO SHEEP
Authors: Arnold G. W. 
Published: April 2006

Over a period of 20 months twenty continuous, 24‐hour, observations were made on the grazing behaviour of Border Leicester × Merino sheep. Distinct seasonal changes were found in the pattern of grazing. Grazing usually began during the dawn period and decreased at dusk. In spring and summer there were two peaks of grazing, but there was only one peak in autumn and winter. The percentage of grazing taking place between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. varied with season, and was highest in spring and early summer. These seasonal changes in the pattern of grazing appeared to be independent of grazing pressure, or of the nutritional requirements of the sheep.The mean grazing time, for all observations, was 8·2 hours with a standard deviation of 0·97. Decreasing pasture availability increased grazing time, as shown by an increased intensity of grazing.Ruminating times were found to be considerably lower than have been reported for cattle. There was a significant negative correlation between ruminating time and the nitrogen content of available pasture.There was no clear evidence that the number of lambs carried before parturition, or suckled after parturition, had any effect on grazing time.There was no evidence that the behaviour of one sheep influenced that of another, even of a twin, grazing nearby.Consistent differences between sheep were found for ruminating time. The variation in grazing time between sheep, at any one time, was considerably greater than previously reported and differences between sheep were not consistent.Variation in grazing time appeared to be less in flocks of less than 6 sheep than in flocks of 6 to 12 sheep.
INTER‐VARIETAL COMPETITION IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS SWARDS
Authors: Gardner A. L. , Hunt I. V. 
Published: April 2006

Pure cultures and mixtures of equal numbers of plants of Irish. New Zealand and S23 perennial ryegrass were grown in artificially constructed swards under field conditions. They were cut every time they reached grazing height for three successive years. Counts of plant numbers and tiller numbers per plant made each November show that S23 suppressed both plant number and tiller number per plant of Irish ryegrass and to a lesser extent of New Zealand perennial ryegrass. Its own plant number and tiller number per plant were improved in these combinations. New Zealand perennial ryegrass suppressed plant and tiller numbers of Irish perennial ryegrass.Varying the method of cutting to match the growth of each variety resulted in improved plant survival and tiller number per unit area of Irish perennial ryegrass when cut according to the growth of S23, i.e. late in the spring. The importance of the effect of experimental technique is discussed.
THE CRUDE PROTEIN AND NITRATE NITROGEN RELATIONSHIP IN S22 IN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN AND POTASH FERTILIZER TREATMENTS
Authors: Kershaw E. S. 
Published: April 2006

A field experiment to consider the effects of sulphate of ammonia and calcium nitrate at two levels of potash showed that there was little difference between the two forms of applied N in regard to percentage and yield of crude protein. High potash tended to depress both values, where calcium nitrate was the form of N applied.Calcium nitrate generally gave higher nitrate‐N percentages in the herbage, especially at the lower percentage crude protein values; levels of applied N and season also affect nitrate‐N percentage in herbage.
PANICLE DEVELOPMENT AND PLANT VIGOUR IN DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L. IN RELATION TO DATE OF SOWING AND PLANTING
Authors: Beddows A. R. 
Published: April 2006

Cocksfoot sown late in summer or early in autumn to provide a seed crop the following year generally produces a disappointing yield. The experiments described were set up to study this problem. Seeds of four varieties, American, Danish and two British cocksfoots, were sown at fortnightly intervals during the spring and summer of 1956. The sowings were repeated in 1957 with the addition of Potomac, a bred variety from USA, and an ecotype from Israel.Plants sown after mid‐May showed a diminishing capacity to produce panicles the following summer. The last sowing in 1957 caused the weight of green hay per plant in 1958 to be at least 50% below that of the spring‐sown plants, and panicle number to drop 60–80%. Sowing after mid‐May affected panicle development in the autumn and in the following hay crop. Date of sowing had no effect on mean date of panicle emergence in the following summer. In the populations as a whole, neither the presence nor the number of panicles in the first autumn was related to productivity in the hay stand.
GRASSLAND RECORDING. II
Authors: Baker R. D. 
Published: April 2006

Two systems of recording the output of grass fields—by cow‐days (CD.) and by utilized starch equivalent (U.S.E.)—were compared with field measurements of the dry matter and digestible matter consumed over a period of two years.On one farm, each recording system was positively correlated with both the amount of dry matter and the amount of digestible matter consumed from individual fields by grazing cows. Consequently, the two systems reflected equally well the total quantity of utilized herbage and its quality. This was explained by a highly significant correlation between the two recording systems. The same correlation between the two recording systems existed on 20 other farms.It was concluded that the C.D. and the U.S.E. systems gave equally reliable results when assessing field output within dairy farms. Because C.D. can be determined with greater ease they should be used instead of the U.S.E. system. However, the U.S.E. system is still advocated for assessing grass utilization for animal production on a farm basis, since it indicates the level of efficiency which farmers achieve in using their grass.
STUDIES IN CALF MANAGEMENT
Authors: Chambers D. T. , Alder F. E. 
Published: April 2006

Twin steer calves were used to compare the effects of early weaning indoors with those of rearing on the bucket at pasture. Calves born in the autumn and reared indoors joined their twins at pasture when about 6 months old; those born in the spring were approximately 12 months old when turned out.There was little difference between the performance of indoor‐ and outdoor‐ reared calves born in the autumn. Usually, the spring‐born calves indoors were about 150 lb heavier than their twins at 12 months of age. This difference normally disappeared by the end of the grazing season and twins became fit for slaughter at the same time. No difference could be found in carcass conformation.
A STUDY OF SOME FACTORS CAUSING MAT FORMATION OF RESEEDED HILL PASTURE SWARDS
Authors: Kirkwood R. C. 
Published: April 2006

A comparison of non‐mat and mat ecotypes of three reseeded hill swards showed that mat pasture soil was characterized by relatively high C/N ratios, low available nutrient status, low burrowing earthworm biomass, and low soil microbial activity (determined as CO2 evolution).A replicated trial was laid out on a uniform mat area of one of these swards (Ciderhouse Hill) and lime and fertilizer treatments were applied in two successive seasons. Lime treatment reduced mat weight, increased the proportion of ‘sown’ grasses in the sward and stimulated soil microbial activity, Initially, burrowing earthworm biomass was inhibited by lime; but, after an interval of four years, a positive response was noted at the lower treatment level. Sodium nitrate interacted with lime to increase soil microbial activity. Soil cellulolytic activity was increased by nitrate and phosphate treatments. The level of soil moisture in the field at the time of soil sampling appeared to influence soil microbial activity measured under standard conditions in the laboratory: high rainfall tended to reduce microbial activity. The significance of these findings and the infiuence of nutritional and climatic factors on sward reversion and mat formation are discussed.
THE USE OF LIVEWEIGHT‐GAIN TRIALS FOR PASTURE EVALUATION IN THE TROPICS
Authors: Stobbs T. H. , Joblin A. D. H. 
Published: April 2006

An experiment is described in which the liveweight gains of cattle, grazing different pasture species, were measured when grazing sequences were arranged in the form of a Latin Square. The average coefficient of variation for the 6 “animal” Latin squares used was 28·5%, with a range of 15·1 to 42·6%. Significant improvements in liveweight gain were demonstrated arising from the inclusion of Stylosanthes gracilis in swards of Chloris gayana and Panicum maximum.The problems of conducting and interpreting trials of this type are discussed in relation to the need for data on the economic value of pasture species in the tropics. Latin square grazing designs offer a useful means of measuring animal production from pasture, with the advantage of requiring relatively small numbers of animals in each trial, but trials should be repeated at different sites.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF VIRUS DISEASES FOR THE PRODUCTIVITY OF GRASSLAND
Authors: Catherall P. L. 
Published: April 2006

The effect of cocksfoot streak virus (CSV) on Dactylis glomerata L. and barley yellowdwarf virus (BYDV) on Lolium perenne L. was investigated under both single‐plant and simulated‐sward conditions. The effect of cocksfoot mottle (CFMV) was examined on single plants. CFMV was lethal, and in conditions of inter‐plant competition CSV was semi‐lethal and BYDV was non‐lethal. When the virus was lethal, a considerable lag‐phase was observed between mortality and complete compensation in yield. When the virus was non‐lethal, plant growth was restricted, either horizontally (CSV) or vertically (BYDV). In mixed, healthy and infected plant populations healthy individuals compensated only for reductions in lateral growth.CSV infection transformed plants of a pasture variety into ‘hay’ types and BYDV infection transformed plants of a hay variety into ‘pasture’ types. CSV increased the plant's aggressiveness in hay conditions, but reduced its ability to withstand frequent defoliation. Conversely, BYDV increased the plant's aggressiveness in pasture conditions, but reduced it in hay conditions. Compensation from healthy plants occurred only in CSV‐infected swards subjected to frequent defoliation. Some possible reasons for the absence of compensation in other treatments are discussed.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF MIXED SWARDS ON HERBAGE YIELD, DRY MATTER DIGESTIBILITY AND VOLUNTARY FOOD INTAKE OF THE CONSERVED HERBAGES
Authors: McCarrick R. B. , Wilson R. K. 
Published: April 2006

In 2 experiments nitrogenous fertilizer was applied at 3 levels (0, 46 and 92 lb N/ac) to a permanent pasture and a ryegrass/clover ley and the swards were harvested before ear emergence and conserved as either artificially dried grass or tetrapod hay. Apparent dry matter digestibility and voluntary food intake of the conserved herbages were measured with sheep.N caused a small but significant depression in apparent DM digestibility but did not affect voluntary food intake. It increased yields of DM and digestible DM significantly.The DM digestibility and voluntary food intake of hay were always significantly lower than those of the corresponding dried grass. Voluntary food intake of all fodders was directly related to herbage digestibility and inversely related to herbage crude fibre content.
REMOVAL OF THE EFFECTS OF UNEVEN GRAZING IN PASTURE EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Gardner Andrew L. , Centeno Gilberto A. 
Published: April 2006

An experiment is described in which uneven grazing by sheep introduced a bias in a white clover variety trial. The data were adjusted by covariance, using as the independent variable the position of the plots within the paddocks.Attention is drawn to the errors that may result from uneven grazing and a comparison is made with errors due to transference of fertility. Means of avoiding similar occurrences are suggested.
THE EFFECT OF CUTTING AND NITROGEN TREATMENTS ON YIELD, PROTEIN CONTENT AND CERTAIN MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TIMOTHY AND SMOOTH BROMEGRASS
Authors: Knutti H. J. , Hidiroglou M. 
Published: April 2006

Timothy and bromegrass were studied in pure sowings in a glasshouse, and each in a mixture with lucerne, dominated by the grass–fraction in the first crop year, in the field. In the glasshouse both species were cut 3, 5, or 6 times at a 2–in. and 6 times at a 3/4–in. stubble height. In timothy, cutting 6 times gave lower DM but higher protein yields than less frequent cutting. In bromegrass close cutting gave higher DM yields than lax cutting. The following results applied to both species: root weight decreased with increasing severity of defoliation, final tiller density was very low under close cutting, and a complete application of N at the time of sowing was superior to a split application.In the field, the first cut was taken on 5 dates at intervals of 1 week, the second cut 6 or 8 weeks after the first cut, and the third cut 7 weeks after the second cut (for bromegrass mixture only). DM yield was generally the higher the later the first cut was taken and the longer the subsequent rest period. However, the opposite applied for best sustainment of yield. The 1 1/2–in. stubble treatments outyielded the 3 1/2–in. treatments. Generally, production of CP was influenced more by DM yield than by % content. Reduced removal of tiller primordia in the second cut led to higher third–cut yields, but at the cost of total yield. Difficulties in the control of shoot apex removal encountered in both glasshouse and field are discussed.
SPRING AND SUMMER ROOT GROWTH OF SOME TEMPERATE–REGION GRASSES AND SUMMER ROOT GROWTH OF TROPICAL GRASSES
Authors: Ueno M. , Yoshihara K. 
Published: April 2006

The root growth of 3 temperate–region grasses (perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, and cocksfoot) and of 3 tropical grasses (Dallis grass, Bahia grass, and Rhodes grass) was investigated in large glass–sided root–boxes. The trend of root numbers and the rate of elongation of roots were ascertained to discover how the Japanese climate affected the root growth of these species.All the temperate–region grasses produced new roots vigorously during spring, but root growth ceased in August, whereas the roots of tropical grasses grew rapidly in this month. The alternate use of these two types of grasses during the growing season may therefore be worthwhile in Japan
THE UTILIZATION OF GRASS FED INDOORS TO YOUNG BEEF CATTLE, WITH OR WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTARY BARLEY
Authors: Forbes T. J. , Raven A. M. , Irwin J. H. D. , Robinson K. L. 
Published: April 2006

An experiment was carried out in which grass was cut and fed indoors, with or without supplementary barley. Seven animals were allocated to each of the following treatments: (1) grass ad lib. without supplementary barley; (2) grass ad lib. with supplementary barley at the rate of 0.5 lb/100 lb bodyweight; (3) grass ad lib. with supplementary barley at the rate of 1 lb/100 lb bodyweight. Supplementary barley increased total dry‐matter intake and improved daily liveweight gain and food conversion rate. The mean daily liveweight gains for the 17‐week experimental period were 1.60, 1.91 and 2.20 lb and the corresponding feed dry‐matter conversion ratios were 6.18, 5.67 and 5.55 for Treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The dry‐matter digestibility of the diets was slightly higher when the grass was supplemented with barley than when grass alone was given. Although barley depressed the digestibility of protein, the absolute and the proportionate retention of nitrogen was increased. This was particularly marked on Treatment 3, presumably because of the higher net energy value of the diet containing the greater amount of barley. The N‐retention data corresponded to the rates of liveweight gain obtained.
SOME EFFECTS OF GRAZING MANAGEMENT ON THE YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS OF SOME PASTURE GRASSES
Authors: Agyare J. A. , Watkin B. R. 
Published: April 2006

A study was made to determine the effects of grazing to a height of 1 in. when the swards reached heights of 3 and 9 in. on the dry matter production, LAI, tillering and rate of leaf production of new and old tillers in the spring–summer and autumn–winter seasons of 3 pasture species growing in association with white and red clovers. In both seasons the herbage yield under 9–1 management was higher than that under 3–1 and was significantly greater in the spring‐summer season. Differences in DM production between cocksfoot, tall fescue and Ariki ryegrass failed to reach significance.Light utilization under the 2 management systems was considered to be inefficient. In the autumn‐winter period there was a linear relationship between the LAI and DM production in all treatments.The rate of leaf production per tiller was significantly higher in cocksfoot than in ryegrass and tall fescue in both seasons.New tillers had a significantly higher rate of leaf production than old tillers in the spring‐summer period, but not in autumn‐winter. The numbers of grass tillers and rooted nodes of clover were significantly higher under 3–1 than under 9–1 and were influenced by season.
DRYING AND CONDITIONING OF DIRECT‐HARVESTED TIMOTHY SEED
Authors: Nellist M. E. , Rees D. V. H. 
Published: April 2006

Germination results are presented for S48 timothy seed dried at air temperatures of from 75 to 135° after direct harvesting at 3 moisture levels, followed by cold‐air conditioning for periods of from 1 to 3 days. The effect of conditioning was to increase the resistance of the seed to high drying‐air temperatures, without producing any real improvement at low temperatures.The results for non‐conditioned seed, published earlier, are converted to simple chart form giving the limits of initial moisture content and drying‐air temperature for 90% germination. These charts can be used during the final drying of conditioned seed, provided that the original moisture content at harvest is within the “safe” range.
THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOME GRASS SPECIES UNDER COMPETITIVE STRESS
Authors: Rhodes I. 
Published: April 2006

Two pot experiments were carried out in a semi‐controlled environment to examine the response of individual plants to competitive stress in simple systems incorporating varying cutting frequencies and soil–nitrogen levels. A third experiment was set up outdoors to examine the effect of competition on individuals in an association, on the association as a whole, and to extend the controlled environment studies to a more complex model involving micro‐plots. Phalaris coerulescens, although its seedlings possessed a high competitive ability, showed a dramatic decline in competitive ability in later stages of the association, this decline being associated with extensive floral development. In micro–plots the effect of competition was so severe as to prevent the expression of seasonal growth characteristics by P. coerulescens.Considerable inter‐specific differences existed in the response to competition of leaf‐area production per tiller during periods of regrowth.Whilst P. coerulescens remained highly productive and maintained a dense tiller population in monocultures, its tiller regeneration following flowering was severely suppressed in competition with vegetative plants of HI ryegrass or Festuca arundinacea.The number of heads produced per plant, head length and time of head emergence were all affected by competitive stress, the former response being a reflection of the relative competitive abilities at the time of floral initiation. The response of the latter two characters reflected the decline in competitive ability which occurred during later stages of the growth and development of P. coerulescens.