bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
British Anatomists, Phrenologists and the Construction of the Aboriginal Race,c.1790–1830
Authors: Turnbull Paul 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article considers how Aboriginal Australian bodily remains were procured and understood in British anatomical and phrenological circles from the beginning of Australian colonization in 1788 to the early 1830s. These years saw an important shift in European thinking about race. The idea that racial differences were the result of humanity's diversification from one ancestral type through environmental modification came to be challenged by “transmutationist” theories that conceptualized racial characteristics as markers of biological peculiarities between different human‐like beings, quite possibly of primordial origin. The article shows how comparative anatomical analysis of Aboriginal Australian remains – often procured in violent circumstances – served to reinforce received environmentalist explanations of the nature and origins of human variation. However, the article also shows how in what they made of Aboriginal remains, subscribers to the concept of environmental degradation could be as fatalistic in their prognosis of the natural capacity of Aboriginal Australians to be progressively brought to embrace civilization as the transmutationist critics they began to encounter in earnest from the mid‐1830s. In the hands of metropolitan British anatomists and phrenologists, Aboriginal bones were used so as to generate knowledge that had a pernicious impact on Australia's Indigenous inhabitants.History Compass’second PODCAST is now availableThe podcast is a discussion between Professor Stuart Ward,History Compass’Australasian/Pacific editor, and Professor Paul Turnbull, a publishedHistory Compassauthor and editor. They examine Professor Turnbull’s published essay, entitled ‘British Anatomists, Phrenologists and the Construction of the Aboriginal Race,c.1790–1830’, and discuss the cognitive evolution of racial science in Europe, the theft of Indigenous cultural property from the colonial Pacific, and the repatriation of skeletal remains in Australian and European museums. Click here to launch the podcast:http://wiley.cdn.palmerhargreaves.com/podcast/hic3/hic3‐02.mp3(mp3 file, 13.8MB, 28 minutes 44 seconds).
Revisiting the Battle of Iquique
Authors: Sater William F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBoth Peru and Chile needed to achieve maritime supremacy to protect themselves from each other as well as to carry the war to their enemy. The Battle of Iquique provided one of the seminal events in the naval war: Peru lost one of its two most powerful ships, giving Chile maritime supremacy. As this article indicates, had the Peruvians won the Battle of Iquique, Peru's navy under the command of the very aggressive Captain Miguel Grau would have threatened Chile's maritime traffic, endangered its heartland, and prevented the invasion of Peru itself. Quite possibly, he might have stalemated the war.
Eighteenth‐Century Land Speculation at the Margins of the Anglo‐American World
Authors: Dewar David 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSometimes, by looking closely at one emblematic life we can see the ways in which historical dynamics work themselves out. Such is the case with George Morgan and his pursuit of land in the trans‐Appalachian west. During the late eighteenth century he was, like many others, a fur trader, a diplomat, and a partner in a variety of land speculation schemes west of the Appalachian Mountains. As Americans of European extraction moved farther west, Morgan applied the trans‐Appalachian speculation model in a unique manner and attempted to gain vast wealth and political power by obtaining rights to land west of the Mississippi River in Spanish Louisiana. In the end, his attempts to settle land and create a new society west of the Mississippi River extended, expedited, and facilitated the spread of Anglo‐American settlements across the nation during the nineteenth century.
Gene expression profiles of drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters with an overexpression of hepatocyte growth factor
Authors: Kakizaki Satoru , Yamazaki Yuichi , Kosone Takashi , Horigichi Norio , Sohara Naondo , Sato Ken , Takagi Hitoshi , Yoshinari Kouichi , Mori Masatomo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground:It is important to elucidate the precise mechanism of drug metabolism during hepatic regeneration. Although cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are well known to be down‐regulated in growth‐stimulated cells, the overall gene expression profile of drug metabolizing enzymes are still not fully understood during hepatic regeneration. In this study, we investigated the gene expression profiles of such enzymes with an overexpression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF).Methods:Gene expression profiles were obtained using the Affymetrix MOE430A GeneChip oligonucleotide microarray by comparing HGF transgenic mice and wild‐type mice.Results:HGF produced a general decrease in mice with the expression of CYP isoforms such as Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp2c, Cyp2d9, Cyp3a11, Cyp4a10, and Cyp7a1. Some isoforms of alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and carboxylesterase also decreased. In the phase II enzymes, some isoforms of glutathioneS‐transferase and UDP‐glucuronosyl transferase showed a reduced expression, although the sulfotransferase did not. In phase III transporters, some organic anion transporter and organic cation transporters were down‐regulated. Among the nuclear receptors that are known to regulate the drug‐metabolizing enzymes, small heterodimer partner and constitutive androstane receptor were down‐regulated with an HGF overexpression. The protein level and enzymatic activity of Cyp2c decreased with an HGF overexpression. We furthermore investigated the inducibility of Cyp2b10 with xenobiotic inducers. Although the basal expression of Cyp2b10 was repressed, the inducibility was not abolished with the HGF overexpression.Conclusions:HGF down‐regulated not only CYPs but also some drug‐metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and nuclear receptors. We thus have to take in our mind the low basal expression of drug metabolizing enzymes, when treating patients with a regenerative liver state.
Steroid hormones polymorphisms and cholelithiasis in Greek population
Authors: Kitsiou‐Tzeli S. , Giannatou E. , Spanos I. , Nicolaidou P. , Fretzayas A. , Tzetis M. , Lazaris D. , Kanavakis E. , Tsezou A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground: Genetic variation in genes involved in steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and signal transduction have been suggested to play a role in gallstone disease.Methods: To elucidate the possible role of genetic variation in the estrogen receptors α and β (ER‐α, ER‐β) and androgen receptor (AR) genes in breast cancer risk, the −1174(TA)n, c.1092+3607(CA)n and c.172(CAG)n repeat polymorphisms of the three genes were studied. A case–control cohort of 99 patients with cholelithiasis and 179 controls were used.Results: No significant difference was observed in the frequency distribution of −1174(TA)0–26 in the ER‐α gene between patients and controls, while a significant difference was observed in the frequency distribution of repeat polymorphism c.1092+3607(CA)5–27 and c.172(CAG)5–32 in the ER‐β gene and AR gene, respectively (P≤0.0001 and P=0.05, respectively). A significant difference was observed in the repeat genotype distribution (SS, SL, LL) in the (CA)n of the ER‐β gene (P<0.0001) and in the (CAG)n of the AR gene (P≤0.0001). A significantly decreased odds ratio for cholelithiasis risk was observed in individuals having the SL and LL genotype for ER‐β gene compared with SS genotype (OR=0.212; 95% CI 0.105–0.426; P<0.0001 and OR=0.042; 95% CI 0.018–0.097, respectively) and LL genotype for AR gene (OR=0.622; 95% CI 0.345–1.121; P=0.114 and OR=0.287; 95% CI 0.151–0.543, P<0.0001, respectively). This protective effect of SL and LL genotypes for ER‐β and LL for AR gene remained evident (P<0.0001 for all of them) even after adjustment for various risk factors.Conclusions: In conclusion an association for cholelithiasis risk between short alleles for both c.1092+3607(CA)5–27 and c.172(CAG)5–32 repeat polymorphisms of the ER‐β and AR was found in individuals of Greek descent.
Cat scratch disease causing hepatic masses after liver transplant
Authors: Thudi Kavitha R. , Kreikemeier Jeffrey T. , Phillips Nancy J. , Salvalaggio Paolo R. , Kennedy Donald J. , Hayashi Paul H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHepatic cat scratch disease is rarely reported in liver transplant recipients and has never been reported with discrete liver lesions in the graft. A 52‐year‐old woman was transplanted for hepatitis C cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Her posttransplant course was uneventful. She presented 2.7 years after transplantation with fever of unknown origin and went on to develop multiple and diffuse discrete liver lesions. Despite an extensive work‐up including percutaneous and laparoscopic biopsies, a subsegmental resection that included one of these masses was required to make the diagnosis of Bartonella henselae infection. Serologic tests were equivocal. Histology was consistent with cat scratch disease of the liver, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of the resected tissue confirmed the diagnosis. Response to doxycycline was rapid. Fevers resolved within 7 days. Repeat abdominal CT scan showed reduction of the liver masses. Cat scratch disease should be considered in postliver transplant patients presenting with fever and liver lesions, especially if close contact with cats has occurred. Diagnosis by PCR testing of involved tissue is preferred when serologies are equivocal due to immunosuppression.
MARS®: a futile tool in centres without active liver transplant support
Authors: Wai Chun‐Tao , Lim Seng‐Gee , Aung Myot‐Oo , Lee Yin‐Mei , Sutedja Dede S. , Dan Yock‐Young , Aw Marion M. , Quak Seng‐Hock , Lee Margaret K. , Da Costa Maureen , Prahbakaran K. , Lee Kang‐Hoe 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground and aim: Studies on Molecular Adsorbent Recycling Systems (MARS®) showed inconclusive survival benefits.Patients and method: We evaluated the efficacy of MARS® for patients with either acute liver failure (ALF) or acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (AoCLF) at our centre, from February 2002 till April 2006 retrospectively.Results: Fifty ALF patients underwent median (range) three (1–10) sessions of MARS®. Acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis B (n=26) and drug‐induced liver injury (n=12) were the commonest causes. Living donors were available in 6, 2 paediatric patients underwent left lobe and four adults underwent right lobe living donor liver transplant. Among the 44 ALF patients without a suitable living donor, one underwent deceased donor liver transplant and survived, another 19‐year‐old male with acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis B recovered without transplant, and the rest died. Twenty‐six had AoCLF and underwent four (1–10) MARS® sessions. Sepsis (n=16) and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (n=4) were the commonest precipitating factors. None had a suitable living or deceased donor, suitable for transplantation during their hospitalization. Only one of 26 AoCLF patients survived the hospitalization, but the survivor died of sepsis 1 month later.Conclusion: In this non‐randomized study, survival after MARS® was related to the availability of transplant, and in patients where living or deceased donor transplant was unavailable, MARS® was of little benefit. Randomized‐controlled trials on MARS® are urgently needed to clarify its clinical utility.
Analysis of bile acid‐induced regulation of FXR target genes in human liver slices
Authors: Jung Diana , Elferink Marieke G. L. , Stellaard Frans , Groothuis Geny M. M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractInformation about the role of nuclear receptors has rapidly increased over the last decade. However, details about their role in human are lacking. Owing to species differences, a powerful humanin vitrosystem is needed. This study uses for the first time precision‐cut human liver slices in the nuclear receptor field. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was chosen as a model. We were able to demonstrate that human liver slices efficiently take up bile acids and show a stable expression of a wide variety of genes relevant for bile acid metabolism, including bile acid transporters, cytochrome P450 enzymes and transcription factors. Treatment with chenodeoxycholate induced small heterodimer partner, bile salt export pump and p‐glycoprotein, ABCB4 and repressed cholesterol 7α hydroxylase, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1, HNF4 and organic anion transporting peptide (OATP)1B1. OATP1B3, FXR, HNF3β and cytochrome P450 enzyme remained relatively constant. In contrast to what has been observed in mice and rat studies, SHP induction did not result in repression of sodium‐dependent bile acid cotransporter expression. Further, regulation of genes seemed to be dependent on concentration and time. Taken together, the study shows that the use of liver slices is a powerful technique that enables to study nuclear receptors in the human liver.
Prevalence and clinical associations of posttransplant fatty liver disease
Authors: Lim Lee Guan , Cheng Chee Leong , Wee Aileen , Lim Seng Gee , Lee Yin Mei , Sutedja Dede Selamat , Da Costa Maureen , Prabhakaran K. , Wai Chun‐Tao 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground and Aims: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) could recur after liver transplant in patients with preexisting NAFLD, and has recently been reported to occur after transplant in patients transplanted without preexisting NAFLD. The literature on posttransplant NAFLD is limited. We aimed to study the prevalence of posttransplant NAFLD in patients transplanted for non‐NAFLD‐related liver diseases.Methods: Thirty liver transplant recipients: 18 with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), seven with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), five others, were recruited. Liver biopsies were performed in all CHB and CHC patients annually as per protocol, or when clinically indicated. All biopsies were reviewed by one hepato‐histopathologist blindly to assess and stage for steatosis and steatohepatitis.Results: After a mean follow‐up of 44±4 months, 12 (40%) and four (13%) developed posttransplant steatosis and steatohepatitis, respectively. None developed steatosis‐related fibrosis or cirrhosis. Posttransplant steatohepatitis was associated with higher pretransplant body mass index (BMI) (32.3±3.9 vs 23.1±0.8, P=0.02) and higher BMI at last biopsy (32.5±4.3 vs 22.9±0.7, P=0.01).Conclusion: Posttransplant steatosis is common after liver transplant even in patients transplanted for non‐NAFLD‐related liver diseases. However, it is mostly benign during our follow‐up, with only 13% developing steatohepatitis and none with fibrosis or cirrhosis.
Contrasting behaviour of rare earth and major elements during partial melting in granulite facies migmatites, Wuluma Hills, Arunta Block, central Australia
Authors: CLARKE G.L. , WHITE R.W. , LUI S. , FITZHERBERT J.A. , PEARSON N.J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLow‐P granulite facies metapelitic migmatites in the Wuluma Hills, Strangways Metamorphic Complex, Arunta Block, preserve evidence of polyphase deformation and migmatite formation which is of the same age of the c. 1730 Ma Wuluma granite. Mineral equilibria modelling of garnet‐orthoproxene‐cordierite‐bearing assemblages using thermocalc is consistent with peak S3 conditions of 6.0–6.5 kbar and 850–900 °C. The growth of orthopyroxene and garnet was primarily controlled by biotite breakdown during partial melting reactions. Whereas orthopyroxene in the cordierite‐biotite mesosome shows enrichment of heavy‐REE (HREE) relative to medium‐REE (MREE), orthopyroxene in adjacent garnet‐bearing leucosome shows depletion of HREE relative to MREE. There is no appreciable difference in major element contents of minerals common to both the mesosome and leucosome. The REE variations can be satisfactorily explained by decoupling of major element and REE partitioning, in the context of appropriate phase‐equilibria modelling of a prograde path at ∼6 kbar. Sparse garnet nucleii formed at ∼760 °C, along with concentrated leucosome development and preferentially partitioned HREE. Further heating to ∼800 °C at constant or subtly increasing pressure conditions additionally stabilized orthopyroxene and decreased the garnet mode. Orthopyroxene in the leucosome inherited an REE pattern consequent to the partial consumption of garnet, it being distinct from the REE pattern in mesosome orthoproxene that was mostly controlled by biotite breakdown. Such within‐sample variability in the enrichment of heavy REE indicates that caution needs to be exercised in the application of common elemental partitioning coefficients in spatially complex metamorphic rocks.
Stretch Goals and Backcasting: Approaches for Overcoming Barriers to Large‐Scale Ecological Restoration
Authors: Manning Adrian D. , Lindenmayer David B. , Fischer Joern 
Published: December 2006

Abstract The destruction and transformation of ecosystems by humans threatens biodiversity, ecosystem function, and vital ecosystem services. Ecological repair of ecosystems will be a major challenge over the next century and beyond. Restoration efforts to date have frequently been ad hoc, and site or situation specific. Although such small‐scale efforts are vitally important, without large‐scale visions and coordination, it is unlikely that large functioning ecosystems will ever be constructed by chance through the cumulative effects of small‐scale projects. Although the problems of human‐induced environmental degradation and the need for a solution are widely recognized, these issues have rarely been addressed on a sufficiently large‐scale basis. There are numerous barriers that prevent large‐scale ecological restoration projects from being proposed, initiated, or carried through. Common barriers include the “shifting baseline syndrome,” the scale and complexity of restoration, the long‐term and open‐ended nature of restoration, funding challenges, and preemptive constraint of vision. Two potentially useful approaches that could help overcome these barriers are stretch goals and backcasting. Stretch goals are ambitious long‐term goals used to inspire creativity and innovation to achieve outcomes that currently seem impossible. Backcasting is a technique where a desired end point is visualized, and then a pathway to that end point is worked out retrospectively. A case study from the Scottish Highlands is used to illustrate how stretch goals and backcasting could facilitate large‐scale restoration. The combination of these approaches offers ways to evaluate and shape options for the future of ecosystems, rather than accepting that future ecosystems are victims of past and present political realities.
Wilderness Restoration: The Paradox of Public Participation
Authors: Throop William , Purdom Rebecca 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Recent trends in ecological restoration complicate the job of wilderness managers. An emphasis on volunteer participation in restoration designed to foster human/nature relationships often conflicts with the mandate to leave land untrammeled. We frame this conflict as the “participation paradox.” Higgs’ (2003) Nature by Design contains a response to the paradox that includes a strong defense of participatory focal restoration and a related critique of wilderness. After identifying the limitations of Higgs’ arguments, we address the paradox by showing how an appeal to the moral virtues of humility, self‐restraint, and altruism supports a restrictive conception of wilderness and a healing metaphor for wilderness restoration. The virtue‐informed healing metaphor provides an argument for restricting volunteer participation and long‐term restoration projects in wilderness areas. It also identifies the general conditions in which damaged wilderness should be allowed to “heal itself.” The upshot of our approach to the paradox is that some standards for good restoration should be contextualized to land use designations. In particular, the emphasis on participatory restoration is appropriate in humanized landscapes but not in wilderness.
Restoration Goes Wild: A Reply to Throop and Purdom
Authors: Higgs Eric S. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Throop and Purdom’s proposal for virtues based restoration is consistent with my concept of focal restoration, but their interpretation conflates focal restoration with participatory restoration. We disagree on the meaning of wilderness and on the appropriate underlying relationship between nature and culture, which affects how each of us regards the role of restoration in so‐called wilderness. I prefer the term “wildness” over wilderness precisely because the former locates the power of meaning in process rather than place. The primary metaphors we used to describe the proper role of restoration differ, too. Throop and Purdom prefer “healing,” whereas my preference is for “design” as a way of acknowledging the moral implications of restoration interventions in natural processes.
Seed Rain and Seed Limitation in a Planted Gallery Forest in Brazil
Authors: Barbosa Karina C. , Pizo Marco A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract With seeds collected monthly during one year from 53 1‐m2 seed traps, we investigated the seed rain and seed limitation in a gallery forest planted in 1994 in SE Brazil. Contrasting animal‐ (zoochorous) and wind‐dispersed (anemochorous) plants we investigated (1) which aspects of the composition and structure of the vegetation influence the abundance and species richness of the seed rain; (2) if such influences differ between zoochorous and anemochorous seeds; (3) if the abundance and richness of the seed rain sampled under zoochorous and nonzoochorous plant species differ; and (4) if seed limitation (given by the proportion of sites to which seeds were not dispersed) differs between zoochorous and anemochorous plant species, and also between species that have been planted and those that further colonized the area (colonists). Seed rain was intense and dominated by anemochorous species. The overall seed rain was not influenced by the vegetation parameters we analyzed (canopy height and cover, plant size, abundance, and richness) or by the plant species above the seed trap. The abundance and richness of zoochorous seeds in a given spot was influenced by the abundance and richness of zoochorous plants in its immediate vicinity. Seed limitation was higher for anemochorous than zoochorous species and higher for planted than for colonist species. We concluded with recommendations for the initial establishment of a planted forest, including the homogeneous distribution of zoochorous plants to permit a spatially homogeneous zoochorous seedfall, which will likely enhance the chances of survival and successful establishment of seeds.