bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractionating recalcitrant lignocellulose at modest reaction conditions
Authors: Zhang Yi‐Heng Percival , Ding Shi‐You , Mielenz Jonathan R. , Cui Jing‐Biao , Elander Richard T. , Laser Mark , Himmel Michael E. , McMillan James R. , Lynd Lee R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEffectively releasing the locked polysaccharides from recalcitrant lignocellulose to fermentable sugars is among the greatest technical and economic barriers to the realization of lignocellulose biorefineries because leading lignocellulose pre‐treatment technologies suffer from low sugar yields, and/or severe reaction conditions, and/or high cellulase use, narrow substrate applicability, and high capital investment, etc. A new lignocellulose pre‐treatment featuring modest reaction conditions (50°C and atmospheric pressure) was demonstrated to fractionate lignocellulose to amorphous cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and acetic acid by using a non‐volatile cellulose solvent (concentrated phosphoric acid), a highly volatile organic solvent (acetone), and water. The highest sugar yields after enzymatic hydrolysis were attributed to no sugar degradation during the fractionation and the highest enzymatic cellulose digestibility (∼97% in 24 h) during the hydrolysis step at the enzyme loading of 15 filter paper units of cellulase and 60 IU of beta‐glucosidase per gram of glucan. Isolation of high‐value lignocellulose components (lignin, acetic acid, and hemicellulose) would greatly increase potential revenues of a lignocellulose biorefinery. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 214–223. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the relative efficiency of two‐ vs. one‐stage production of astaxanthin by the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis
Authors: Aflalo Claude , Meshulam Yuval , Zarka Aliza , Boussiba Sammy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHaematococcus pluvialis under stress conditions overproduces the valuable red ketocarotenoid astaxanthin. Two proposed strategies for commercial production are under current analysis. One separates in time the production of biomass (optimal growth, green stage) and pigment (permanent stress, red stage), while the other uses an approach based on continuous culture under limiting stress at steady state. The productivities, efficiencies and yields for the pigment accumulation in each case have been compared and analyzed in terms of the algal basic physiology. The two‐stage system indoors yields a richer astaxanthin product (4% of dry biomass) with a final astaxanthin productivity of 11.5 mg L−1 day−1, is more readily upscalable and amenable to outdoors production. Furthermore, each stage can be optimized for green biomass growth and red pigment accumulation by adjusting independently the respective ratio of effective irradiance to cell density. We conclude that the two‐stage system performs better (by a factor of 2.5–5) than the one‐stage system, and the former is best fit in an efficient mass production setup. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 98: 300–305. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The relationship between DSM‐IV cluster B personality disorders and psychopathy according to Hare's criteria: clarification and resolution of previous contradictions
Authors: Huchzermeier Christian , Geiger Friedemann , Bruß Emelie , Godt Nils , Köhler Denis , Hinrichs Günter , Aldenhoff Josef B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between DSM‐cluster B personality disorders (PDs) and psychopaths according to Hare's criteria as detected by the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL:SV) in 299 violent offenders. To clarify some contradictions among several previous studies on this issue, individual cluster B PDs were looked at alone, excluding any cases of comorbidity with other PDs of this cluster. We found highly significant relationships between antisocial and borderline PD and Factor II of the PCL and a highly significant correlation between narcissistic PD and Factor I of the PCL. These results were to be expected from the theoretical basis of the development of the PCL and provide a contribution to the construct validity of the PCL, which until now has not been validated on such a large sample in Germany. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A passive EMI filter with access to the ungrounded motor neutral line: direct connection of a general‐purpose inverter to a three‐phase grounded voltage source
Authors: Doumoto Takafumi , AKAGI Hirofumi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a small‐sized passive EMI filter for the purpose of eliminating high‐frequency shaft voltage and ground leakage current from an AC motor. The motor is driven by a general‐purpose PWM inverter connected to a three‐phase grounded voltage source. The passive EMI filter requires access to the ungrounded neutral point of the motor. This unique circuit configuration makes the common‐mode inductor effective in reducing the high‐frequency common‐mode voltage generated by the PWM inverter with a carrier frequency of kHz. As a result, both high‐frequency shaft voltage and ground leakage current can be eliminated very efficiently. However, the common‐mode inductor may not play any role in reducing the low‐frequency common‐mode voltage generated by the diode rectifier, so that a low‐frequency component still remains in the shaft voltage. Such a low‐frequency shaft voltage may not produce any bad effect on motor bearings. The validity and effectiveness of the EMI filter are verified by experimental results obtained from a 200‐V 5‐kVA laboratory system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(2): 80–87, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20243
A PCP‐Pincer RuII–Terpyridine Building Block as a Potential “Antenna Unit” for Intramolecular Sensitization
Authors: Gagliardo Marcella , Rizzo Fabio , Lutz Martin , Spek Anthony L. , van Klink Gerard P. M. , Merbach André E. , De Cola Luisa , van Koten Gerard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe redox‐ and photoactive mononuclear complex [Ru(PCP)(tpy–DTTANa4)]Cl {PCP = [C6H3(CH2PPh2)2‐2,6]–; tpy–DTTA4– = 4′‐(2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine)‐diethylenetriamine‐N,N,N″,N″‐tetraacetate} possesses an externally directed, vacant N3O4 polyaminocarboxylate‐type binding site that coordinates to lanthanide(III) ions to give the neutral heterodinuclear RuII–LnIII complexes [Ru(PCP)(tpy–DTTA)Ln(H2O)2] (Ln = Gd3+, Eu3+). The photophysical properties of solutions of the mononuclear complex [Ru(PCP)(tpy–DTTANa4)]Cl were investigated in MeOH/EtOH (1:4) and compared to those of the solutions of heterodinuclear complexes [Ru(PCP)(tpy–DTTA)Ln(H2O)2] (Ln = Gd3+, Eu3+). Rigid matrix excitation at 77 K of the ππ* level of the ruthenium chromophore in the [Ru(PCP)(tpy–DTTA)Eu(H2O)2] complex results in a weak europium(III) emission pointing to a transfer of energy from Ru→Eu as a result of the metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (MLCT) excited state of the ruthenium component to the luminescent lanthanide ion. The excited state lifetime of the europium complex is 0.2 ms in methanol solution. In deuterated solvents, the lifetime increases to 0.4 ms, which indicates that the process is solvent‐dependent as a result of the strongly coordinated molecules of water that are responsible for the quenching in nondeuterated solvents.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Anion Separation with Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Custelcean Radu , Moyer Bruce A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe application of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to anion separations with a special emphasis on anion selectivity is reviewed. The coordination frameworks are classified on the basis of the main interactions to the included anion, from weak and non‐specific van der Waals forces to more specific interactions such as coordination to Lewis acid metal centers or hydrogen bonding. The importance of anion solvation phenomena to the observed anion selectivities is highlighted, and strategies for reversing the Hofmeister bias that favors large, less hydrophilic anions, and for obtaining peak selectivities based on shape recognition are delineated. Functionalization of the anion‐binding sites in MOFs with strong and directional hydrogen‐bonding groups that are complementary to the included anion, combined with organizational rigidity of the coordination framework, appears to be the most promising approach for achieving non‐Hofmeister selectivity.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Antioxidant properties and composition of Majorana syriaca extracts
Authors: Al‐Bandak Ghada , Oreopoulou Vassiliki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMajorana syriaca is an important food‐flavouring ingredient in the Middle Eastern culture known commonly as Za'atar. The components of the plant were extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus sequentially with solvents of increasing polarity, specifically with petroleum ether (P), diethyl ether (D), ethyl acetate (EAc), and ethanol (E). The activity of the extracts to scavenge the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) followed the order D > E > EAc > P. Moreover, the antioxidant activity in corn oil at concentrations of 200, 500 and 1000 ppm was monitored through peroxide value and conjugated hydroperoxide measurements and revealed that D and E extracts resulted in the highest protection followed by EAc and P extracts. Increasing the concentration from 200 to 500 ppm depressed peroxide formation, while a further increase had no effect. The main components of the P extract according to GS‐MS analysis were thymol (42.89%) and carvacrol (42.75%). The remaining extracts comprise flavonoids and phenolic acids that provide the antiradical and antioxidant activity.
Visible‐Light Photoresponsivity of a 4‐(Dimethylamino)azobenzene Unit Incorporated into Single‐Stranded DNA: Demonstration of a Large Spectral Change Accompanying Isomerization in DMSO and Detection of Rapid (Z)‐to‐(E) Isomerization in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kamei Takashi , Kudo Masabumi , Akiyama Haruhisa , Wada Momoyo , Nagasawa Jun'ichi , Funahashi Masahiro , Tamaoki Nobuyuki , Uyeda Taro Q. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe demonstrate significant visible‐light photoresponsivity in a synthesized oligonucleotide containing a built‐in pseudo‐nucleotide possessing a 4‐(dimethylamino)azobenzene (4‐DMAzo) side chain. In dry DMSO as solvent, two clearly distinguishable spectra corresponding to the (E) and (Z) forms of the 4‐DMAzo moiety tethered to the oligonucleotide were recorded with a conventional spectrophotometer before and after irradiation with 420 nm wavelength light, which induced (E)‐to‐(Z) isomerization. In addition, (Z)‐to‐(E) isomerization was accelerated by irradiation with either visible (λ = 550 nm) or UV (λ = 350 nm) light, demonstrating reversible photoresponsivity of the pseudo‐oligonucleotide. In aqueous solutions the (Z)‐to‐(E) thermal isomerization of the photoresponsive pseudo‐oligonucleotide was very rapid and was only detectable by laser flash photolysis.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Supramolecular Dendrimers Self‐Assembled from Dendritic Fullerene Ligands and a Homotritopic Hamilton Receptor
Authors: Hager Kristine , Hartnagel Uwe , Hirsch Andreas 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSupramolecular dendrimers resulting from the self‐assembly of a series of dendrofullerens 2a–4b containing a cyanuric acid building block at their focal point with the homotritopic Hamilton receptor 1 were prepared. The 1:3 compositions of the supramolecular dendrimers as well as the association constants Kn and the cooperativity of binding expressed by Scatchard plots and Hill coefficients nH were determined by NMR titration experiments. The most pronounced positive cooperativity was observed for the 1:L3 complexes with L being first generation dendrons. With the bulky second generation dendrons less stable complexes are formed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Versatile Base‐Catalyzed Route to Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds by Intramolecular Aza‐Michael Addition
Authors: Bandini Marco , Eichholzer Astrid , Monari Magda , Piccinelli Fabio , Umani‐Ronchi Achille 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA catalytic new synthetic approach to 3,4‐dihydropyrazino[1,2‐a]indol‐1(2H)‐ones by intramolecular 1,4‐addition of readily available α,β‐unsaturated esters, is described. Here, the use of a range of organic as well as inorganic bases (5–10 mol‐%) allowed a fast (30 min) and regioselective ring‐closing reaction to be performed in high yields under simple operational conditions. Moreover, the protocol was effectively employed, as the key step, in the synthesis of the dibromopyrrolo alkaloid derivative N‐Bn‐longamide b.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the challenge of coil placement: A comparison of conventional and stereotaxic neuronavigational strategies
Authors: Sparing Roland , Buelte Dorothee , Meister Ingo G. , Pauš Tomás , Fink Gereon R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with functional neuroimaging has expanded the potential of TMS for human brain mapping. The precise and reliable positioning of the TMS coil is not a simple task, however. Modern frameless stereotaxic systems allow investigators to base navigation either on the subject's structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI data, or the use of functional neuroimaging data from the literature, so‐called “probabilistic approach.” The latter assumes consistency across individuals in the location of task‐related “activations” in standardized stereotaxic space. Conventional nonstereotaxic localization of brain areas is also a common method for defining the coil position. Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy of five different localization strategies in one single study. The left primary motor cortex (left M1‐Hand) was used as target region. Three approaches were based on real‐time frameless stereotaxy using information based on either anatomical or functional MRI. The remaining two strategies relied either on standard cranial landmarks (i.e., the International 10–20 EEG system) or a standardized function‐guided procedure (i.e., the spatial relationship between the left and right M1‐Hand). The results were compared to a TMS‐based mapping of the primary motor cortex; center of gravity of motor‐evoked potentials (MEP‐CoG) was calculated for each subject (n = 10). Our findings suggest that highest precision can be achieved with fMRI‐guided stimulation, which was accurate within the range of millimeters. Very consistent results were also obtained with the “probabilistic” approach. In view of these findings, we discuss the methods and special characteristics of each localization strategy. Hum Brain Mapp, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human resource integration in the South African military: A view from the trenches
Authors: Menon Sanjay T. , Kotze Elize 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFollowing the dramatic transformation of SouthAfrican civil society in the postapartheid era, the SouthAfrican National Defence Force (SANDF) literally has had to reinvent itself, changing its mission and attempting to integrate diverse personnel into a cohesive whole.The present study examines the success of these efforts through select perceptual measures reflecting the extent of integration.A survey of 2,212 personnel from various units of the SouthAfrican military showed significant differences in empowerment by race and gender. Female personnel reported lower levels of goal internalization, delegated responsibilities, job involvement, and organizational commitment compared to male personnel. BlackAfrican personnel reported lower levels of perceived control, competence, delegated responsibilities, and consultation by superiors while exhibiting higher levels of goal internalization and job involvement than white personnel. Follow‐up interviews provided insight into the underlying dynamics of the integration process and potential explanations for the results. ©2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seeking the best: Leadership lessons from the military
Authors: Loughlin Catherine , Arnold Kara A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBased on the experiences of the armed forces in the United States and Canada, and incorporating insights from interviews recently conducted in the Canadian military, this article discusses lessons learned about moving women into positions of leadership.The masculine nature of the military exposes many barriers facing women elsewhere. First, we discuss the need for a new kind of leader, and then the consequences for organizations ignoring external realities.Third, we discuss innovative research demonstrating that genuine change must go beyond legislation. Finally, the military illustrates some challenges in identifying the best candidates for leadership positions. Implications for management are discussed throughout the article. ©2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization, effect of architecture on crystallization of biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers with different arms and nanoparticles thereof
Authors: Hua Chong , Dong Chang‐Ming 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWell‐defined biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PCL‐b‐PEO) copolymers with different arms were synthesized via controlled ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone, followed by coupling reaction with carboxyl‐terminated PEO, where these copolymers included both star‐shaped copolymers having four and six arms and linear analogues having one and two arms. When the weight percent of both PCL and PEO blocks within copolymer was similar to each other, the maximal melting temperature, the crystallization temperature, degree of crystallinity, and the spherulitic growth rate of these copolymers decreased with the increasing arm number of polymer. Moreover, the diameter of nanoparticles fabricated from these copolymers had a decreased tendency over the arm number of polymer, while it slightly increased with increasing weight percent of PCL within copolymer. These results indicate that both the arm number of polymer (macromolecular architecture) and the arm length ratio of PCL to PEO not only controlled the crystallization behavior and spherulitic growth, but also adjusted the size of nanoparticles. Significantly, this will provide a starting point not only to improve the physical properties and drug release profiles of PCL‐based biomaterials, but also to design new PCL/PEO‐based biomaterials from both the arm number of polymer and the balance between hydrophobic PCL and hydrophilic PEO. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Systemic alendronate treatment improves fixation of press‐fit implants: A canine study using nonloaded implants
Authors: Jensen Thomas B. , Bechtold Joan E. , Chen Xinqian , Søballe Kjeld 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBone resorption associated with local trauma occurring during insertion of joint prostheses is recognized as an early event. Being an osteoclastic inhibitor, alendronate is a potential candidate means to decrease early periprosthetic bone resorption and thereby improve implant fixation. We investigated the influence of oral alendronate treatment on early implant fixation in two implant interface settings representing sites of an implant that are in contact with surrounding bone, and other sites without intimate bone contact. One plasma‐sprayed cylindrical titanium implant (6 mm diameter) was inserted into each proximal tibia of 16 dogs. On one side the implant was inserted press‐fit whereas on the contralateral side, the implants were surrounded by a 2 mm concentric gap. Oral alendronate (0.5 mg/kg/day) was given 2 weeks following surgery to eight dogs. The dogs were euthanized after 10 weeks of alendronate treatment. Bone ongrowth (bone in contact with implant surface) was estimated using the linear intercept technique and shear strength was calculated as the slope on a load‐displacement curve. For the press fit implants, alendronate treatment significantly increased bone ongrowth from 24% to 29% and significantly increased ultimate shear strength from 1.26 to 3.72 MPa. Also, the fraction of periprosthetic bone significantly increased from 10% to 18%. For implants surrounded by a gap, alendronate neither stimulated nor impaired implant fixation, bone ingrowth, or new bone formation in the gaps. Because early implant stability is an important predictor of longevity, systemic alendronate treatment could be an important clinical tool to positively influence the early stages of implant incorporation. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25: 772–778, 2007
Reduced cortical bone mass in mice with inactivation of interleukin‐4 and interleukin‐13
Authors: Silfverswärd Carl‐Johan , Larsson Sune , Ohlsson Claes , Frost Anders , Nilsson Olle 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to study the in vivo role of IL‐4 and IL‐13 on bone metabolism. The skeletal phenotypes of male and female IL‐13−/− (n = 7+7), IL‐4−/−IL‐13−/− (n = 7+7), and WT (n = 7+7) mice were compared. Analysis was made at 6 weeks of age (juvenile) by pQCT, and at 20 weeks of age (adult) by pQCT, biomechanical testing, and by S‐IGF‐1 and S‐Osteocalcin measurements. The skeletal phenotype was affected only in adult male IL‐4−/−IL‐13−/− mice. These animals displayed a reduction in cortical bone mineral content (BMC) of both the tibia and the femur, as measured by mid‐diaphyseal pQCT scans, compared with WT mice (tibia −8.2%; femur −8.5%; p < 0.01). This reduction in cortical BMC was due to a decreased cross‐sectional area as a result of a reduced cortical thickness. The mechanical strength of the cortical bone, tested by three‐point‐bending at the mid‐diaphyseal region of the femurs, demonstrated a significant reduction of displacement at failure (−11.4%), maximal load at failure (−10.6%), and total energy until failure (−29.4%). S‐IGF‐1 and S‐Osteocalcin levels as well as trabecular bone mineral density (tvBMD) were unaffected in adult male IL‐4−/−IL‐13−/− mice. IL‐4−/−IL‐13−/− male mice show adult onset reduction of cortical bone mass and strength, indicating that the two anti‐inflammatory Th2 cytokines IL‐4 and IL‐13 are involved in the regulation of bone remodeling. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25: 725–731, 2007
Towards development of a nonhuman primate model of carpal tunnel syndrome: Performance of a voluntary, repetitive pinching task induces median mononeuropathy in Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Sommerich Carolyn M. , Lavender Steven A. , Buford John A. , J. Banks Jacob , Korkmaz Sahika Vatan , Pease William S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study investigated changes in median sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) over several weeks of exposure to a voluntary, moderately forceful, repetitive pinching task performed for food rewards by a small sample of young adult female monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). SNCV, derived from peak latency, decreased significantly in the working hands of three of the four subjects. The overall decline in NCV was 25%–31% from baseline. There was no decrease in SNCV in the contralateral, nonworking hands. Several weeks after being removed from the task, SNCV returned to within 87%–100% of baseline. MRI showed enlargement of the affected nerves near the proximal end of the carpal tunnel, at the time of maximal SNCV slowing. This new animal model demonstrates a temporally unambiguous relationship between exposure to a moderately forceful, repetitive manual task and development of median mononeuropathy at the wrist, and recovery of SNCV following termination of task exposure. This study contributes to the pattern of evidence of a causal relationship between manual work, median mononeuropathy, and carpal tunnel syndrome in humans. In the future, this new animal model could be used to characterize dose–response relationships between risk factors and carpal tunnel syndrome. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25: 713–724, 2007