bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Statistical Study of Correlations between Inflow Feeder Clouds, Supercell or Multicell Thunderstorms, and Severe Weather
Authors: Mazur Rebecca J. , Weaver John F. , Vonder Haar Thomas H. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study examines the relationship between severe weather and organized lines of cumulus towers, called feeder clouds, which form in the inflow region of supercell and multicell thunderstorms. Using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagery, correlations between the occurrence of feeder clouds and severe weather reports are explored. Output from the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) mesocyclone detection algorithm (MDA) is also assessed for a subset of the satellite case days. Statistics from the satellite and radar datasets are assembled to estimate not only the effectiveness of feeder cloud signatures as sole predictors of severe weather, but also the potential utility of combining feeder cloud analysis with the radar’s MDA output.
Results from this study suggest that the formation of feeder clouds as seen in visible satellite imagery is often followed by the occurrence of severe weather in a storm. The study finds that feeder cloud signatures by themselves have low skill in predicting severe weather. However, if feeder clouds are observed in a storm, there is a 77% chance that severe weather will occur within 30 min of the observation. For the cases considered, the MDA turns out to be the more effective predictor of severe weather. However, results show that combined predictions (feeder clouds plus mesocyclones) outperform both feeder cloud signatures and the MDA as separate predictors by ∼10%–20%. Thus, the presence of feeder clouds as observed in visible imagery is a useful adjunct to the MDA in diagnosing a storm’s potential for producing severe weather.
A Contrastive Study of Prosody and Lexical Stress Placement in Singapore English and British English
Authors: Ling Low Ee , Grabe Esther 
Published: February 2009

It has been claimed that Singapore English and British English differ in stress placement: Singapore English speakers stress the final syllables of polysyllabic words such as flawlessly which are stressed initially in British English. Two considerations lead us to question the cross-varietal difference in stress placement. Firstly, we note that previous comparative studies have investigated stress differences in nuclear position. In this position, however, cues to a boundary and cues to stress may be confounded. Secondly, differences in stress placement have not been suggested by Singapore English speakers, but by British English analysts who may have presupposed comparable acoustic cues to stress in the two varieties. Thus, we hypothesize that it is not the flocation of lexical stress which differs in the two varieties, but the acoustic realization of stress. In the present paper this hypothesis was tested experimentally. Ten Singapore English and ten British English speakers produced polysyllabic words in nuclear, intonation phrase-final, and in non-nuclear, intonation phrase-medial position. Duration and F0 measurements were taken. The results do not support the claimed cross-varietal difference in flexical stress placement. In nuclear position, Singapore English test items are associated with significantly more phrase-final flengthening than British English test items. Additionally, we find a flack of “deprominencing” in F0 in Singapore English, that is, the difference between the nuclear syllable and following unstressed syllables is less clearly marked. In prenuclear position, the cross-varietal differences in duration and F0 disappear.
Prosody in Israeli Sign Language
Authors: Nespor Marina , Sandler Wendy 
Published: February 2009

This is a study of the interaction of phonology with syntax, and, to some extent, with meaning, in a natural sign language. It adopts the theory of prosodic phonology (Nespor & Vogel, 1986), testing both its assumptions, which had been based on data from spoken language, and its predictions, on the language of the deaf community in Israel. Evidence is provided to show that Israeli Sign Language (ISL) divides its sentences into the prosodic constituents, phonological phrase and intonational phrase. It is argued that prominence falls at the end of phonological phrases, as the theory predicts for languages like ISL, whose basic word order is head first, then complement. It is suggested that this correspondence between prominence pattern and word order may have important implications for language acquisition. An assimilation rule whose domain is the phonological phrase provides further evidence for the phono logical phrase constituent. The rule involves a phonetic element that has no equivalentin spoken language: the non dominant hand. In this way, it is shown how a phonetic system that bears no physical relation to that of spoken language is recruited to serve a phonologicalsyntactic organization that is in many ways the same. The study also provides evidence for the next higher constituent in the prosodic hierarchy, the intonational phrase. Elements such as topicalized constituents form their own intonational phrases in ISL as in spoken languages. Intonational phrases have clear phonetic correlates, one of which is facial expressions which characterize entire intonational phrases. It is argued that facial expressions are analogous to intonational melodies in spoken languages. But unlike the tones of spoken language, which follow one another in a sequence, facial articulations can occur simultaneously with one another and with the rest of the communicative message conveyed by the hands. This difference, it is argued, results from the fact that the many facial articulators are independent, both of each other and of the primary articulators, the hands. The investigation illuminates the similarities as well as the differences of prosodic systems in the two natural human language modalities, and points out directions for future research.
Poverty, exclusion and New Labour
Authors: Stepney Paul , Lynch Richard , Jordan Bill 
Published: February 2009

With the publication of the Green Paper A New Contract for Welfare the government has set out its analysis of the links between poverty, exclusion and the benefit system. This article traces New Labour thinking on these topics to popular discourses on poverty that constitute a new politics of welfare. In this, Tony Blair has been influenced by the programmes of the Clinton administration designed ‘to end welfare as we know it’. Using the Institute for Fiscal Studies’ report on expenditure in low income households as a case example, it can be shown that the government's New Deals have been moulded by a particular interpretation of the evidence and popular perceptions of poverty. These reforms, it is argued, will increase the coercion of poor people and do little to improve productivity or reduce public expenditure. The article concludes by outlining an alternative approach, based upon the resistance of poor people themselves, combining economic regeneration and community development with appropriate social support.
Initiation Society, Learned Society and Knowledge Society
Authors: Memel-Fotê Harris 
Published: February 2009

AbstractKnowledge is a social institution, a social activity, as well as the product of that social activity. All known societies incorporate several modes of hierarchical knowledge. Three styles of knowledge co-exist in the transitional societies of the third world in general and of contemporary Africa in particular (even though in each of the latter, only one style tends to predominate). The first are initiation societies - where power is conferred on the initiated; the second are learned societies (or academies) - which handle science and technologies; and the third are industrial societies - whose enterprises apply the technologies in order to improve humankind's material and cultural condition. The initiation, learned and industrial societies were developed in a pre-modern, pre-industrial context which was monarchic, sacred, anti-democratic or endowed with a tribal democracy. A gradual opening can be seen in the passage of initiation societies (where power is the perquisite of the initiated) towards learned societies and then, later, to industrial ones. Here, the problem is knowing whether and how to bring into play a fourth style of society - cognitive society - which requires relatively advanced conditions of democracy.
Knowledge from Outside: Knowledge for ‘Divertissement’ and Beyond
Authors: Hamashita Masahiro 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMany cultures have had knowledge imposed from outside, whether by force or for reasons of power, to the detriment of their own endogenous knowledge and the wisdom developed throughout their history. Would Japan's acquisition of Western knowledge have led but to the development of a lesser know-how, devoid of meaning or sense, or even of knowledge which it might be better to ignore? Far from benefiting from an endogenous development or a modernization respectful of beings and of their environment, the developing countries that superficially adopt this unilateral knowledge undergo a type of ‘self-colonization’. Although concurring with biologist Keiko Nakamura's theory that scientific attitudes must be studied from within, Masahiro Hamashita considers that knowledge from outside allows for more solid internal reflection. He thus advocates the development of an integrated, hybrid knowledge, where external knowledge is mixed with internal knowledge in a spontaneous, harmonious way, as was the case with the traditional knowledge that Japan acquired from China.
The word order in genitive constructions in a diaspora Russian
Authors: Leisiö Larisa 
Published: February 2009

In this paper, I analyze the word order in NP with a genitive modifier in the colloquial speech of the Russian diaspora in Finland. The informants are considered as two groups, dialect speakers and nondialect speakers. In Finnish and Swedish, the genitive modifier rigidly precedes the head. In modern Russian, the genitive modifier follows the head, but, in colloquia speech, it can appear in prehead position when focal. The genitive of the specific personal possessor is the most susceptible to change of position in response to pragmatic requirements. The starting hypothesis for this research is that structures susceptible to pragmatic-semantic variation first change in the language contact situation. By and large, this hypothesis is supported by the data analysis; only the genitive of the specific personal possessor appears in prehead position. However, the amount and quality of inversion is different in the dialect and nondialect samples.I shall reveal the linguistic and extralinguistic sources of the intergroup difference. The main point of this research is to demonstrate how intralinguistic, interlinguistic, and extralinguistic factors operate conjointly, inducing language change.
A psycholinguistic interpretation of codeswitching: Evidence from fluent Greek-English bilingual adults
Authors: Karousou-Fokas Regina , Garman Michael 
Published: February 2009

Recent research on psycholinguistic aspects of bilingual production has been aimed at general modeling issues (De Bot & Schreuder, 1993), control of processing (Green, 1993), and the formulation of output (Azuma, 1993; Myers-Scotton, 1993). In the latter approach, codeswitching, henceforth `CS' has been an important source of evidence, on the concept of a “base” language, and the claim that closed class words do not codeswitch. The present study provides further evidence on these and related issues drawn from a previously untapped source of bilingual performance involving GreekEnglish conversational data. We propose that a useful line of research is opened up by the assumption that CS is revealing of linguistic units that are planned in real time during the opened up by the assumption that CS is revealing of linguistic units that are planned in real time during the production process. We present a methodology for the systematic observation of CS distribution in our corpus, based on a range of defined units of discourse organization including the turn and different types of units within the turn, down to the level of the word. CS is found not to occur within word unit boundaries. Findings suggest that the turn and immediate subturn unit boundaries are important loci for CS; that a variety of units beside the clause (Ford, 1982) and the verb phrase are operating in the planning process; that CS occurs preferentially before adjuncts, and before head words in constituents, especially nouns; and that closed class words are involved in CS. We conclude that planning for bilingual language production involves a range of different, and quite small, units, and that both languages contribute to the on-line building of utterance frames.
Near nativeness and stylistic lexical competence in Swedish of first and second generation Finnish immigrants to Sweden
Authors: Bijvoet Ellen 
Published: February 2009

The present study aims to characterize the perception of stylistic nuances of lexical items in both Swedish and Finnish among members of the Sweden Finnish minority in Sweden, with special emphasis on Swedish. Data on stylistic perceptions were elicited from 77 bilingual Sweden Finns and from a Swedish and a Finnish control group. The subjects were asked to describe the connotative and stylistic meanings of 14 pairs of synonymous words in Swedish (e.g., polis—snut `police—cop') and in Finnish, using Osgood's semantic differential. The main issue was to discuss to what extent the Sweden Finns show similarity to the Swedes and/or Finns regarding their stylistic perceptions. The results of the analysis indicate that the various Sweden Finnish test groups(divided according to sex and generation) have a different level of competence in Swedish regarding the perception of stylistic nuances. Adult men differentiated significantly less for all word pairs, while adolescents and women perceived these words largely in the same way as the Swedes in the corresponding subgroups. The results are discussed in the context of the ongoing debate on immigrants and integration, and suggest that a more similar language use may indicate a higher degree of integration.
Iconicity and structure in codeswitching
Authors: Karrebæk Martha Sif 
Published: February 2009

With a functional grammatical approach this paper explores how codeswitching data manifest iconicity and structure. Codeswitching is here considered a linguistic mode, and thus a semiotic process. The objective is to place codeswitching within language as such, that is as a systematic, linguistic phenomenon which participates functionally in the grammatical structuring of linguistic constructions. Data comprise Turkish-Danish bilingual teenagers' group conversations. The different instances of codeswitching are categorized and presented in the form of a typology which is organized with a primary weight on iconicity. Iconicity alone however cannot explain or motivate every instance of codeswitching, and consequently the interaction between iconicity and structure is also investigated. It is shown that most types of codeswitching are far from arbitrary when both form and content are taken into consideration, and exactly this instantiates codeswitching as an expression parameter with a(grammatical)function.
Simulating Recovery from Bilingual Aphasia
Authors: Meara Paul 
Published: February 2009

This paper describes how Random Boolean Networks can be used to simulate simple lexicons, and it shows how some puzzling properties of real lexicons seem to emerge spontaneously in these models. It goes on to describe some simple simulations of bilingual aphasia, and shows that a range of "recovery patterns” can be observed in these simulations. The patterns are not unlike the recovery patterns reported in the clinical literature—for example all five of Paradis' main recovery types are observed. This suggests that it may be unreasonable to expect a single rule or a set of simple rules to account for recovery patterns in bilingual aphasics. If very simple models produce a large range of behavior patterns in recovery simulations, it seems unlikely that a single rule of recovery could underlie the patterns found in real lexicons.
Managing it: A Mother’s Perspective of Managing a pre-School Child’s Acute Asthma Episode
Authors: Dickinson Annette R. , Dignam Denise 
Published: February 2009

Over the last decade asthma management strategies have required families to take increased responsibility for the assessment and treatment of their child’s asthma. This exploratory descriptive study informed by grounded theory examines the experience of mothers in managing their pre-school child’s acute asthma attack at home. The study reveals that mothers perceive that they are responsible for the management of their pre-school child during an acute asthma episode, a process they described as ‘managing it’. This process involves mother in ‘working on treatment’, ‘making the call’, ‘watching’ and ‘calming’, while the husband/partner, family, friends and health professionals are ‘supporting treatment’. This study suggests that nurses and doctors need to move away from the current paternalistic view of health care delivery in acute settings and embrace the concepts of support and partnership in the care of the pre-school child with asthma and their family.
Aspects of a formalist theory of kinship
Authors: Lehman F. K. 
Published: February 2009

I shall assume the general relevance of genealogy for kinship on the basis of my earlier paper (Lehman, 1993). I shall then proceed, first, to examine some further important formal properties of social structure that genealogy imposes on kinship categories. In particular, I shall argue that these make kinship the unique case of a truly ascribed, rather than achieved social structure. In that connection, I shall also show that the structure of the space of kin categories is therefore especially apt for purely formal analysis. I shall, furthermore, extend my earlier work on the category theoretical relation between the two spaces, demonstrating additional algebraic properties that follow from the way genealogical space provides the ground for the instantiation of kin categories, i.e. defining the notion of (possible) kin category occupancy. This, in turn, will involve specifying in detail the way (populations of) actual or supposed individuals are brought into the picture, and especially the way that conceptual/semantic features, derived from properties of persons, and how expectations about relations between them, are brought into and made part of the meaning of kin categories and their terminology. This is intended to be a further corrective critique of, for example, Schneider’s ‘cultural account’ theory of kinship theory, a critique founded upon the crucial requirement of keeping the notions of relational position and personal occupancy of that position analytically distinct. At the same time I am also concerned to go beyond the question of the relation of genealogical space to kinship category spaces, and to pursue, however briefly, the more general point that kinship (and its associate relational system, marriage) are indeed algebraic spaces. To that extent I feel it important to argue that more encompassing questions about these domains are best addressed through the application of algebraic methods of analysis; that, in fact, the theory of such matters must itself, in the final analysis, be a mathematical object. To that end, though only in my conclusions, I shall present a preliminary demonstration of how such methods go far toward making sense of such larger problems concerning kinship and marriage – in this instance, a hitherto recalcitrant and misconstrued problem in the theory of marriage alliance, that of the systems of patrilateral marriage alliance.
International prognostic scoring system for Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Authors: Morel Pierre , Duhamel Alain , Gobbi Paolo , Dimopoulos Meletios A. , Dhodapkar Madhav V. , McCoy Jason , Crowley John , Ocio Enrique M. , Garcia-Sanz Ramon , Treon Steven P. , Leblond Veronique , Kyle Robert A. , Barlogie Bart , Merlini Giampaolo 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Recently, many new drugs have been developed for the treatment of Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). To optimize the treatment according to the prognosis and to facilitate the comparison of trials, we developed an International Prognostic Scoring System for WM in a series of 587 patients with clearly defined criteria for diagnosis and for initiation of treatment. The median survival after treatment initiation was 87 months. Five adverse covariates were identified: advanced age (>65 years), hemoglobin less than or equal to 11.5 g/dL, platelet count less than or equal to 100 × 109/L, β2-microglobulin more than 3 mg/L, and serum monoclonal protein concentration more than 7.0 g/dL. Low-risk patients (27%) presented with no or 1 of the adverse characteristics and advanced age, intermediate-risk patients (38%) with 2 adverse characteristics or only advanced age, and high-risk patients (35%) with more than 2 adverse characteristics. Five-year survival rates were 87%, 68%, and 36%, respectively (P < .001). The ISSWM retained its prognostic significance in subgroups defined by age, treatment with alkylating agent, and purine analog. Thus, the ISSWM may provide a means to design risk-adapted studies. However, independent validation and new biologic markers may enhance its significance.
A critical role of TAK1 in B-cell receptor–mediated nuclear factor κB activation
Authors: Schuman James , Chen Yuhong , Podd Andrew , Yu Mei , Liu Hong-Hsing , Wen Renren , Chen Zhijian J. , Wang Demin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe kinase TAK1 is essential for T-cell receptor (TCR)–mediated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and T-cell development. However, the role of TAK1 in B-cell receptor (BCR)–mediated NF-κB activation and B-cell development is not clear. Here we show that B-cell–specific deletion of TAK1 impaired the transition from transitional type 2 to mature follicular (FO) B cells and caused a marked decrease of marginal zone (MZ) B cells. TAK1-deficient B cells exhibited an increase of BCR-induced apoptosis and impaired proliferation in response to BCR ligation. Importantly, TAK1-deficient B cells failed to activate NF-κB after BCR stimulation. Thus, TAK1 is critical for B-cell maturation and BCR-induced NF-κB activation.