bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duplication 8q22.1‐q24.1 associated with bipolar disorder and speech delay
Authors: Macayran JF , Brodie SG , Rao PN , O'Connor MJ , Gray JA , Ciarimboli B , Dipple KM 
Published: May 2006

Objective:  To report a case of a child with bipolar disorder found to have an unbalanced translocation involving the long arm of chromosome 8, a region that has been previously implicated in genome‐wide linkage scans.Case report:  A 7‐year‐old boy with a complex psychiatric symptom presentation including attention deficits, distractibility, impulsivity, pressured speech, sleep disturbance, aggressive behavior, and hypersexuality diagnosed with bipolar disorder. He also showed evidence of borderline intellectual and adaptive functioning and had mild dysmorphic features with a duplication of distal 8q that arose as an unbalanced chromosomal translocation due to a maternal 15p;8q insertion.Conclusion:  This finding of an unbalanced translocation provides further evidence to support previous linkage studies of a potential causative gene on 8q for bipolar disorder.
Heritability and fitness-related consequences of squid personality traits
Authors: Sinn D. L. , Apiolaza L. A. , Moltschaniwskyj N. A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Dumpling squid, Euprymna tasmanica, show consistent individual differences in behaviour that can be classified according to indices reflecting shy–bold, activity and reactivity responses. Using crosses of wild-caught single males to multiple females with known behavioural phenotypes, this study estimated patterns of additive genetic and residual variance in these behavioural traits from offspring of squid in two contexts, a threat (antipredator) and feeding (foraging) test. Genetic contributions to behavioural expression were dependent on test context. Behaviours in antipredator contexts had significant heritabilities (h2 = 0.2–0.8) while behaviours from foraging contexts had lesser additive genetic and greater residual components (h2 = 0.05–0.08). Personality trait variation in females was not related to her fecundity. Female boldness in foraging situations, which co-varied with body size, explained small but significant variation (∼21%) in brood hatching success, while successful fertilization was determined by positive assortion of mate pairs according to their shy–bold phenotype. These results are discussed in terms of the ecological and evolutionary significance of animal ‘personality’ traits in wild populations of animals.
Characterization of North American Armillaria species: genetic relationships determined by ribosomal DNA sequences and AFLP markers
Authors: Kim M.‐S. , Klopfenstein N. B. , Hanna J. W. , McDonald G. I. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryPhylogenetic and genetic relationships among 10 North American Armillaria species were analysed using sequence data from ribosomal DNA (rDNA), including intergenic spacer (IGS‐1), internal transcribed spacers with associated 5.8S (ITS + 5.8S), and nuclear large subunit rDNA (nLSU), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Based on rDNA sequence data, the nLSU region is less variable among Armillaria species than the ITS + 5.8S and IGS‐1 regions (nLSU < ITS + 5.8S < IGS‐1). Phylogenetic analyses of the rDNA sequences suggested Armillaria mellea, A. tabescens and A. nabsnona are well separated from the remaining Armillaria species (A. ostoyae, A. gemina, A. calvescens, A. sinapina, A. gallica, NABS X and A. cepistipes). Several Armillaria species (A. calvescens, A. sinapina, A. gallica, NABS X and A. cepistipes) clustered together based on rDNA sequencing data. Based on the isolates used in this study, it appears that techniques based on IGS‐1, ITS + 5.8S, and/or D‐domain/3′ ends of nLSU are not reliable for distinguishing A. calvescens, A. sinapina, A. gallica and A. cepistipes. However, AFLP data provided delineation among these species, and AFLP analysis supported taxonomic classification established by conventional methods (morphology and interfertility tests). Our results indicate that AFLP genetic markers offer potential for distinguishing currently recognized North American Biological Species (NABS) of Armillaria in future biological, ecological and taxonomic studies.
Protocol for screening rust disease resistance in Dalbergia sissoo
Authors: Harsh N. S. K. , Uniyal K. , Bhandari D. S. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryA protocol has been developed for inoculation of rust disease in Dalbergia sissoo using urediniospores of Maravilia achroa. This is the first time that disease symptoms caused by M. achroa were artificially produced. The method has been successfully employed for screening 15 clones of D. sissoo against rust disease. Clone S‐167 was the most resistant remaining free from infection. Clones S‐57, S‐106 and S‐124 were also resistant. Clones S‐19, S‐24 and S‐89 were susceptible.
Variation of heartrot, sapwood infection and polyphenol extractives with provenance of Acacia mangium
Authors: Barry K. M. , Irianto R. S. B. , Tjahjono B. , Tarigan M. , Agustini L. , Hardiyanto E. B. , Mohammed C. L. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryInfection of heartwood by decay fungi (heartrot) is a concern for growers of Acacia mangium for solid‐wood products as the incidence can be high in some regions of Indonesia. Variation of heartrot incidence for different provenances of A. mangium was determined using two field trials in Sumatra, Indonesia. In a Riau Province trial of 21 provenances, the effect of provenance was statistically significant for natural heartrot incidence, which ranged from 1.6% to 27.2%. In a smaller trial using artificial inoculation in South Sumatra, heartwood infection incidence ranged from 39.4% to 70.8% across six provenances and both wound type and provenance were statistically significant factors. There was also significant variation in sapwood infection length related to provenance. Wood extractives (yield, total phenols, protein‐precipitable tannin and 2,3‐trans‐3,4′,7,8‐tetrahydroxyflavanone) were quantified from a subsample of trees for each trial. However, no significant differences in extractive concentration were detectable according to provenance and evidence for a relationship between heartwood extractives and heartrot incidence was generally poor. While further studies need to be completed to establish the basis for heartrot incidence, results from these trials allow for recommendations on provenance selection to reduce heartrot incidence and provide information for further genetic selection programmes.
Effects of cadmium on serum sex hormone levels in pigs
Authors: Han X.‐Y. , Xu Z.‐R. , Wang Y.‐Z. , Du W.‐L. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryAn inhibition of sex hormone secretion is observed in domestic animals exposed to cadmium in experimental conditions. Ninety‐six gilts (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, initial weight 27.59 kg) were randomly assigned into four different groups with three replications in each group (eight gilts per replication). The groups received the corn–soybean basal diet and supplemented with 0, 0.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg cadmium (as CdCl2) respectively. The feeding trial was ended when body weight of pigs was approximately 90 kg. The results showed that 10.0 mg/kg cadmium significantly decreased average daily gain (p < 0.05) and increased feed/gain ratio (p < 0.05) of pigs. Follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, oestradiol (E2) and progesterone levels in serum of the pigs fed the diet supplemented with 10.0 mg/kg cadmium were lower significantly than those of the control (p < 0.05). Compared with the control, no changes were found in the levels mentioned above when the pigs fed the diet supplemented with 0.5 or 5.0 mg/kg cadmium (p > 0.05). The changes of regulatory mechanism of the pituitary–ovary axis may be the result of cadmium accumulation in pituitary and ovary and should be investigated further.
Concentration of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K in muscle, fat and bone tissue of lambs of the breed German Merino Landsheep in the course of the growing period
Authors: Bellof G. , Most E. , Pallauf J. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryA growth experiment with 108 lambs (breed German Merino Landsheep) was carried out in order to examine how gender, body weight and feeding intensity affect major element concentrations in tissues and carcass. The lambs (50% male and 50% female) were fattened at three levels of feeding intensity (‘high’, ‘medium’ and ‘low’ by varying daily amounts of concentrate and hay) and slaughtered at different final body weights (30, 45 or 55 kg). Six male and six female animals were killed at a final body weight of 18 kg representing the live weight at the beginning of the comparative slaughter experiment. The left half carcass of each animal was divided into muscle tissue, fat tissue and bones/sinews and analysed for the major elements calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). The major element concentrations of all tissues were significantly influenced by the body weight. An influence of gender could be noticed for all elements except Ca in the muscle and fat tissue. In the bone tissue, however, only the elements Na and K were influenced by gender. The feeding intensity had no significant effect on the concentration of major elements in the tissues. In lamb muscle tissue combined from all parts (body weight range 18–45 kg, both sexes) the following concentrations of major elements were analysed: 323 mg K, 185 mg P, 61.7 Na, 20.2 mg Mg and 10.6 mg Ca (per 100 g meat, wet weight basis). In conclusion, the genotype investigated shows on the whole concentrations of major elements which are close to values reported for lambs in the literature.
Engaging Indigenous Communities: Towards a Policy Framework for Indigenous Community Justice Programmes
Authors: Ryan Neal , Head Brian , Keast Robyn , Brown Kerry 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Community engagement has come to the fore as a policy and programme approach that seeks to connect citizens both with each other and with government in order to deliver improved social and economic opportunities and outcomes. This model has become a key aspect of the intervention approach within Indigenous communities and is seen to have particular application in addressing community justice issues. This article examines a suite of community justice initiatives being used in Indigenous communities in Australia with a view to ascertaining how the principles of community engagement are operationalized. The article draws on this information and argues that community engagement is only one aspect of a number of community‐oriented justice initiatives currently being applied. These initiatives range from concepts of community as a location, community as an interest group, and the leveraging of community capital so as to tap into and build better and stronger relationships. In so doing, the latter attempts to increase the social infrastructure, resources and capacity of communities. However, despite government attention in this area, there is a lack of a policy and programmatic framework to guide a coherent and apposite approach to issues of community in specific policy settings. The article contributes to the development of a framework that begins the process of differentiating and assessing justice administration interventions.
Occupational Mobility for Immigrants in Sweden
Authors: Rooth Dan‐Olof , Ekberg Jan 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTWith unique data material from the Immigrant Labour Market, Language Skill and Social Network project (IASS), based on interviews with four refugee immigrant groups (Ethiopians/Eritreans, Chileans, Iranians, and Romanians/Hungarians) occupational mobility is analysed from home country occupation to the first occupation in Sweden as well as occupational mobility during the first 15 years in Sweden. The study supports a U‐shaped occupational mobility relationship. For many people the first occupation in Sweden has a lower status than the home country occupation. The explanation may be a lack of international transferability of human capital and/or discrimination. Later, upward mobility in occupational status sets in. The U‐formed relationship is deeper for those refugees who had a high occupational status in their home country compared to those with a lower occupational status. Upward mobility was also stronger for those refugees who acquired a Swedish academic education and for those who had become fluent in Swedish.
Maintaining long‐term therapeutic programmes: a qualitative case study
Authors: Brown J. F. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryMaintaining therapeutic programmes for people with learning disabilities over long periods of time presents a major challenge to care systems as the limited and slow pace of client behavioural change is often insufficient to sustain staff behaviour. In this study, a 17‐year‐old young man with profound learning difficulties was successfully supported on a toilet training programme for more than 2 years. In spite of early setbacks and only limited behavioural change the staff team persisted with the programme. Four factors were identified as supporting staff behaviour with the programme: (1) parental involvement, (2) the therapeutic culture and values of the care system, (3) support from external agencies and (4) positive staff feelings towards the client.
Scent marking and territorial defence in male bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus)
Authors: Wronski T. , Apio A. , Baranga J. , Plath M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTragelaphine antelopes were often considered to lack territoriality. A recent study, however, has suggested that male bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus use the inner core of their home ranges exclusively. In this study, we examined whether males demarcate this area with an oily secretion emanating at their horn bases and cheeks (front rubbing). Furthermore, we studied aggressive interactions between adult males relative to home‐range dimension. We found that the distribution pattern of the nearest‐neighbour distances between front‐rubbing marking sites significantly differed from random distribution and was shifted towards shorter distances. This is a typical pattern for territorial marking. Further support for the idea that front rubbing serves to demarcate male territories comes from the finding that the polygons obtained from nearest‐neighbour mapping of front‐rubbing sites match best the 70% minimum convex polygon (MCP) obtained from random location fixes. The exclusively used core of male home ranges was previously found to be the area inside the 50% MCP. Furthermore, males tended to defend the area inside the 70% core most intensely; that is, won aggressive interactions prevailed in number, whereas lost interactions prevailed further outside.
The immunophilin ligand GPI1046 protects neurons from the lethal effects of the HIV‐1 proteins gp120 and Tat by modulating endoplasmic reticulum calcium load
Authors: Caporello Emily , Nath Avindra , Slevin John , Galey David , Hamilton Greg , Williams Larry , Steiner Joseph P. , Haughey Norman J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe dysfunction and death of neuronal cells is thought to underlie the cognitive manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐associated neurological disorders. Although HIV‐infected patients are living longer owing to the effectiveness of anti‐retroviral therapies, the number of patients developing neurological disorders is on the rise. Thus, there is an escalating need for effective therapies to preserve cognitive function in HIV‐infected patients. Using HIV‐protein‐induced neurotoxicity as a model system, we tested the effectiveness of a non‐immunosuppressive immunophilin ligand to attenuate gp120 and Tat‐induced modification of neuronal function. The immunophilin ligand GPI1046 attenuated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium release induced by gp120 and Tat and protected neurons from the lethal effect of these neurotoxic HIV proteins. Both inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3) and ryanodine‐sensitive ER calcium release was attenuated by pre‐incubation with GPI1046. Using the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium pump inhibitor thapsigargin to release ER calcium, we determined that GPI1046 reduced the total ER calcium load. These findings suggest that non‐immunosuppressive immunophilin ligands may be useful neuroprotective drugs in HIV dementia.
High glucose‐induced activation of the polyol pathway and changes of gene expression profiles in immortalized adult mouse Schwann cells IMS32
Authors: Sango Kazunori , Suzuki Takeshi , Yanagisawa Hiroko , Takaku Shizuka , Hirooka Hiroko , Tamura Miyuki , Watabe Kazuhiko 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe investigated the polyol pathway activity and the gene expression profiles in immortalized adult mouse Schwann cells (IMS32) under normal (5.6 mm) and high (30 and 56 mm) glucose conditions for 7–14 days in culture. Messenger RNA and the protein expression of aldose reductase (AR) and the intracellular sorbitol and fructose contents were up‐regulated in IMS32 under high glucose conditions compared with normal glucose conditions. By employing DNA microarray and subsequent RT–PCR/northern blot analyses, we observed significant up‐regulation of the mRNA expressions for serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), angiopoietin‐like 4 (ANGPTL4) and ecotropic viral integration site 3 (Evi3), and the down‐regulation of aldehyde reductase (AKR1A4) mRNA expression in the cells under high glucose (30 mm) conditions. The application of an AR inhibitor, SNK‐860, to the high glucose medium ameliorated the increased sorbitol and fructose contents and the reduced AKR1A4 mRNA expression, while it had no effect on mRNA expressions for SAA3, ANGPTL4 or Evi3. Considering that the exposure to the high glucose (≥ 30 mm) conditions mimicking hyperglycaemiain vivoaccelerated the polyol pathway in IMS32, but not in other previously reported Schwann cells, the culture system of IMS32 under those conditions may provide novel findings about the polyol pathway‐related abnormalities in diabetic neuropathy.
Carbon sequestration in a temperate grassland; management and climatic controls
Authors: Jones S. K. , Rees R. M. , Kosmas D. , Ball B. C. , Skiba U. M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSoil management practices that result in increased soil carbon (C) sequestration can make a valuable contribution to reducing the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We studied the effect of poultry manure, cattle slurry, sewage sludge, NH4NO3 or urea on C cycling and sequestration in silage grass production. Soil respiration, net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and methane (CH4) fluxes were measured with chambers, and soil samples were analysed for total C and dissolved organic C (DOC). Treatments were applied over 2 years and measurements were carried out over 3 years to assess possible residual effects. Organic fertilizer applications increased CO2 loss through soil respiration but also enhanced soil C storage compared with mineral fertilizer. Cumulative soil respiration rates were highest in poultry manure treatments with 13.7 t C ha−1 in 2003, corresponding to 1.6 times the control value, but no residual effect was seen. Soil respiration showed an exponential increase with temperature, and a bimodal relationship with soil moisture. The greatest NEE was observed on urea treatments (with a CO2 uptake of −4.4 g CO2 m−2 h−1). Total C and DOC were significantly greater in manure treatments in the soil surface (0–10 cm). Of the C added in the manures, 27% of that in the sewage pellets, 32% of that in the cattle slurry and 39% of that in the poultry manure remained in the 0–10 cm soil layer at the end of the experiment. Mineral fertilizer treatments had only small C sequestration rates, although uncertainties were high. Expressed as global warming potentials, the benefits of increased C sequestration on poultry manure and sewage pellet treatments were outweighed by the additional losses of N2O, particularly in the wet year 2002. Methane was emitted only for 2–3 days on cattle slurry treatments, but the magnitudes of fluxes were negligible compared with C losses by soil respiration.
Replication and Extension of the Continuity and Discontinuity of Self Scale (CDSS)
Authors: Secrest Janet , Zeller Richard 
Published: May 2006

Purpose: To replicate and extend development of an instrument to measure continuity and discontinuity of self after stroke.
Design: The conceptual basis for the instrument was derived from an existential phenomenologic study of stroke survivors, which showed that life after stroke included both continuity and discontinuity of self, experienced as control, independence, and connections with others.
Methods: A 45‐item instrument with a three‐point response set was designed with standard instrument techniques. Study instruments included the Barthel Index (measure of functional abilities), and a pre‐ and poststroke QoL Cantril Ladder. The sample size for the initial study was 55, and for the replication study was 50. Principal components analysis was used in both studies. Data analysis was done with both the sample of 50 and with the combined samples, N=105.
Findings: The sample in the replication study had lower functional ability scores than did that of the original study; demographic characteristics were not significantly different. Factor analysis of the 50 cases robustly replicated the two‐factor solution. When the samples were combined, however, a subtle pattern was detected in the “continuity” dimension, resulting in two factors for continuity and one factor for discontinuity, for an overall three‐factor solution.
Conclusions: Continuity appears two‐dimensional, including control and independence as one dimension, and connections with others as the second. Discontinuity factored as a single dimension, indicating that perhaps loss permeates the components of discontinuity. Further study is in progress.
A Review of the Literature on Orientation as an Indicator of Level of Consciousness
Authors: Alverzo Joan P. 
Published: May 2006

Purpose: To review and compare the concepts of orientation and level of consciousness.
Methods: Literature review, including studies of orientation as an indicator of level of consciousness, in the domains of nursing, medicine, and neuropsychology.
Findings: Orientation to time, place, and person as a measure of level of consciousness is poorly understood. The nursing practice of assessing orientation is common in many practice settings, yet little research has been done to validate whether it is meaningful.
Conclusions: This review lays important groundwork for future evidence‐based research into the use of orientation as an indicator of level of consciousness.
Middle English Translations of Medieval Encyclopedias
Authors: Twomey Michael W. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA medieval encyclopedia was an educational text describing the natural and human worlds that was used primarily within an institutional setting such as a monastery, cathedral school, or university. A few encyclopedias were also sources forexemplaused in medieval sermons both in Latin and in the vernacular languages. Only two such encyclopedias were translated into English: Bartholomaeus Anglicus’sDe proprietatibus rerumwas translated by John Trevisa in 1398/9, and a French version of Honorius Augustodunensis’sImago mundimade by Gossouin of Metz in 1245–50 was translated by William Caxton asMirrour of the World(printed 1480/1481 and 1490). These are both popular translations that render their originals rather literally than freely. Trevisa’s technique preserves the Latin terminology of the original, which suggests that his translation is meant to speed up searching for the English reader while it preserves the key terms of Bartholomaeus’s Latin. Caxton’s technique is to anglicize the original thoroughly, down to place‐names and local color, while he also expands his original somewhat via his stylistic preference for restatement in doublets and triplets.