bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research with Human Subjects as a Paradigm in Teaching
Authors: Palmer Larry I. 
Published: July 2007

As a university administrator, I worry about the form and substance of undergraduate education and about ways to encourage interdisciplinary perspectives on problems in a research university dominated by particular specialized disciplines. I also continue to teach a seminar in Cornell's Biology & Society Program for undergraduates and to assist others in teaching a course called Medical Humanities for second-year medical students. In the course of these administrative and teaching activities, I find myself returning to Jay Katz's Experimentation with Human Beings —both as model for teaching and as a perspective for institutional learning and change —as a model for professional action.Jay Katz's approach to research with human subjects provides an excellent framework for analyzing the nature of teaching not simply in professional or continuing education programs in law, medicine, or social work, but in undergraduate programs as well. In my view, changing the ways in which universities help students to learn at all levels can be analyzed through the process of reflection, action, and evaluation developed in Katz's seminal work on human experimentation and most recently expounded in his suggested reforms of professional medical education in The Silent World of Doctor and Patient. For Jay Katz, the scholar who guided me to the realization that teaching and administering within the university at all levels is essentially a problem in human research, I offer this tribute.
Institutional Conflicts of Interest: Protecting Human Subjects, Scientific Integrity, and Institutional Accountability
Authors: DuVal Gordon 
Published: July 2007

If clinical trials become a commercial venture in which self-interest overrules public interest and desire overrules science, then the social contract which allows research on human subjects in return for medical advances is broken.BackgroundIn the past two decades, the involvement of non-academic sponsors of biomedical research, particularly clinical trial research, has increased exponentially. The value of such sponsored research is difficult to ascertain. However, it is estimated that, between 1980 and 2003, overall research and development expenditures by US pharmaceutical companies increased from $2 billion to $33 billion and that, in 2001, clinical trial research expenditures in Canada totaled $800 million to $1 billion.The source of funding for biomedical research has shifted significantly from predominantly government and private foundations to industry. By 2002,70% of funding for clinical trials came from industry. These factors have affected the conduct of research, particularly clinical trial research, in a variety of ways.
Legal and Ethical Approaches to Stem Cell and Cloning Research: A Comparative Analysis of Policies in Latin America, Asia, and Africa
Authors: Isasi Rosario M. , Knoppers Bartha M. , Singer Peter A. , Daar Abdallah S. 
Published: July 2007

Human reproductive cloning has become the most palpable example of the globalization of science. Throughout the world, events and conjectures in the media, such as the birth and death in the United Kingdom of the cloned sheep Dolly and projects to clone human beings by Korean scientists, by members of the Canadian-based Raelian cult, and by the Italian physician Antinori in an undisclosed country, have galvanized the political will of individual countries to ban human reproductive cloning.Yet, international attempts to harmonize policies in the area of biomedical ethics and human research, such as the 1997 Council of Europe’s Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, and most recently, the United Nations’ efforts to adopt an international convention against human reproductive cloning, have been insufficient to trigger a substantial global policy design process on issues relating to these new technologies.
Leopards in the Temple: Restoring Scientific Integrity to the Commercialized Research Scene
Authors: Lemmens Trudo 
Published: July 2007

Leopards break into the temple and drink to the dregs what is in the sacrificial pitchers; this is repeated over and over again; finally it can be calculated in advance, and it becomes part of the ceremony.–Franz KaflaFor more than two decades, significant controversies have been brewing over the efficacy and safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (or SSRIs) and other treatments for depression, and also over the expansion of their use for the treatment of a variety of other conditions. These controversies culminated, in June 2004, with alawsuit intended by Eliot Spitzer, Attorney General of the State of New York. The lawsuit accused pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmith-Kline of “repeated and persistent fraud by misrepresentation, concealing and otherwise failing to disclose to physicians information in its control concerning the safety and effectiveness of its antidepressant medication paroxetine” (better known as “Paxil”) in treating children and adolescents suffering from depression.
The Changing Legal and Conceptual Shape of Health Care Privacy
Authors: Magnusson Roger S. 
Published: July 2007

The contributions of Professor Bernard Dickens to health law and bioethics span the era in which these fields have emerged as distinct domains of teaching, scholarship and professional and public conversation. Neither field exists in a vacuum. The concerns of bioethics, like the content of health law, are a product of social forces. The bureaucratization of medical care, the possibilities and uncertainties created by developments in medical technology, not to mention glaring health inequalities, have been destabilizing forces in medicine. Writing in 1974, American sociologist Renée Fox noted that medicine had reached “a stage of development characterized by diffuse ethical and existential self-consciousness.” This new medical introspection was evidenced by intense engagement with issues of biomedical regulation, and with the growth of professional codes and processes for resolving value-laden issues within clinical settings.While sometimes described as a process or site for discussion and “engagement,” bioethics evolved rapidly into a domain of governance, with direct implications for clinical practice.
An Appraisal of Abortion Laws in Southern Africa from a Reproductive Health Rights Perspective
Authors: Ngwena Charles 
Published: July 2007

The World Conference on Human Rights (the Vienna Conference) that was held in Vienna in 1993, marked an important beginning in the recognition of reproductive and sexual rights as human rights. Among other goals, the Vienna Conference sought to end gender discrimination in all its manifestations; gender-based violence, sexual harassment, and sexual exploitation. However, the turning point for the development of reproductive and sexual rights was the consensus that emanated from the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994 (the Cairo Conference), and the Fourth World Conference on Women in held in Beijing 1995 (the Beijing Conference) as evidenced by the programs for action that were adopted.The Cairo Conference defined reproductive health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.”
What Conditions Justify Risky Nontherapeutic or “No Benefit” Pediatric Studies: A Sliding Scale Analysis
Authors: Kopelman Loretta M. 
Published: July 2007

Many pediatric research regulations, including those of the United States, the Council for International Organizations of Medical Science (CIOMS), and South Africa, offer similar rules for review board approval of higher hazard studies holding out no therapeutic or direct benefit to children with disorders or conditions (See Table 1). Authorization requires gaining parental permissions and the children’s assent, if that is possible, and showing that these studies are intended to gain vitally important and generalizable information about children’s conditions; it also requires limiting the risks of harm to no more than a “minor increase over minimal risk” and showing the study is commensurable with the children’s experiences. For convenience, these investigations will be called “no benefit, higher hazard” studies.Despite the existence of these policies for decades, studies show that review boards’ judgments vary about what “no benefit, higher hazard” studies should be approved.
Effect of Blade
Passage Surface Heat Extraction on Axial Compressor
Performance
Authors: Shah P.
N. , Tan C.
S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Axial compressor performance with heat extraction via blade passage surfaces (compressor cooling) is compared to its adiabatic counterpart, using computational experiments and mean line modeling. For a multistage compressor with an adiabatic design point, results at fixed corrected rotor speed indicate that, if available, compressor cooling would (i) raise the overall pressure ratio (at a given corrected flow), (ii) raise the maximum mass flow capability, (iii) raise the efficiency, defined as the ratio of isentropic work for a given pressure ratio to actual shaft work, and (iv) provide rear stage choking relief at low corrected speed. In addition, it is found that, if available, cooling in the front stages is better than in the rear stages. This is primarily a thermodynamic effect that results from the fact that, for a given gas, the compression work required to achieve a given pressure ratio decreases as the gas becomes colder. Heat transfer considerations indicate that the engineering challenges lie in achieving high enough heat transfer rates to provide a significant impact to the compressor’s performance.
Influence of Sweep on
Axial Flow Turbine Aerodynamics at Midspan
Authors: Pullan Graham , Harvey Neil W. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Sweep, when the stacking axis of the blade is not perpendicular to the axisymmetric streamsurface in the meridional view, is often an unavoidable feature of turbine design. Although a high aspect ratio swept blade can be designed to achieve the same pressure distribution as an unswept design, this paper shows that the swept blade will inevitably have a higher profile loss. A modified Zweifel loading parameter, taking sweep into account, is first derived. If this loading coefficient is held constant, it is shown that sweep reduces the required pitch-to-chord ratio and thus increases the wetted area of the blades. Assuming fully turbulent boundary layers and a constant dissipation coefficient, the effect of sweep on profile loss is then estimated. A combination of increased blade area and a raised pressure surface velocity means that the profile loss rises with increasing sweep. The theory is then validated using experimental results from two linear cascade tests of highly loaded blade profiles of the type found in low-pressure aeroengine turbines: one cascade is unswept, the other has 45deg of sweep. The swept cascade is designed to perform the same duty with the same loading coefficient and pressure distribution as the unswept case. The measurements show that the simple method used to estimate the change in profile loss due to sweep is sufficiently accurate to be a useful aid in turbine design.
Analytical Derivation
of Cosserat Moduli via Homogenization of Heterogeneous Elastic
Materials
Authors: Bigoni D. , Drugan W.
J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Why do experiments detect Cosserat-elastic effects for porous, but not for stiff-particle-reinforced, materials? Does homogenization of a heterogeneous Cauchy-elastic material lead to micropolar (Cosserat) effects, and if so, is this true for every type of heterogeneity? Can homogenization determine micropolar elastic constants? If so, is the homogeneous (effective) Cosserat material determined in this way a more accurate representation of composite material response than the usual effective Cauchy material? Direct answers to these questions are provided in this paper for both two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) deformations, wherein we derive closed-form formulae for Cosserat moduli via homogenization of a dilute suspension of elastic spherical inclusions in 3D (and circular cylindrical inclusions in 2D) embedded in an isotropic elastic matrix. It is shown that the characteristic length for a homogeneous Cosserat material that best mimics the heterogeneous Cauchy material can be derived (resulting in surprisingly simple formulae) when the inclusions are less stiff than the matrix, but when these are equal to or stiffer than the matrix, Cosserat effects are shown to be excluded. These analytical results explain published experimental findings, correct, resolve and extend prior contradictory theoretical (mainly numerical and limited to two-dimensional deformations) investigations, and provide both a general methodology and specific results for determination of simple higher-order homogeneous effective materials that more accurately represent heterogeneous material response under general loading conditions. In particular, it is shown that no standard (Cauchy) homogenized material can accurately represent the response of a heterogeneous material subjected to a uniform plus linearly varying applied traction, while a homogenized Cosserat material can do so (when inclusions are less stiff than the matrix).
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Foglia Elizabeth , Meier Mary Dawn , Elward Alexis 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARY
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the second most common hospital-acquired infection among pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Empiric therapy for VAP accounts for approximately 50% of antibiotic use in pediatric ICUs. VAP is associated with an excess of 3 days of mechanical ventilation among pediatric cardiothoracic surgery patients. The attributable mortality and excess length of ICU stay for patients with VAP have not been defined in matched case control studies. VAP is associated with an estimated $30,000 in attributable cost. Surveillance for VAP is complex and usually performed using clinical definitions established by the CDC. Invasive testing via bronchoalveolar lavage increases the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis. The pathogenesis in children is poorly understood, but several prospective cohort studies suggest that aspiration and immunodeficiency are risk factors. Educational interventions and efforts to improve adherence to hand hygiene for children have been associated with decreased VAP rates. Studies of antibiotic cycling in pediatric patients have not consistently shown this measure to prevent colonization with multidrug-resistant gram-negative rods. More consistent and precise approaches to the diagnosis of pediatric VAP are needed to better define the attributable morbidity and mortality, pathophysiology, and appropriate interventions to prevent this disease.
Transmission-relevant behaviours shift with pathogen infection in wild house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus)
Authors: Hawley D.M. , Davis A.K. , Dhondt A.A. 
Published: July 2007

Host individuals who are infected with a pathogen may alter their behaviour in ways that influence transmission. We observed a marked population of house finches ( Carpodacus mexicanus (Muller, 1776)) in Ithaca, New York, to test whether individuals change their behaviour at feeding stations when infected with a prevalent bacterial pathogen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). We found that house finches with conjunctival lesions consistent with MG infection fed for longer bouts of time than individuals without conjunctivitis. Furthermore, the same individuals that were observed both with and without conjunctivitis during 3 years of study were more likely to feed alone and associated in significantly smaller flocks when conjunctivitis signs were present. These results suggest house finches alter their foraging and social behaviour at feeding stations when visibly infected with MG. Since MG transmission is thought to primarily occur at feeders, these changes in host behaviour likely have important consequences for MG transmission dynamics.
Effects of Colon Cancer Risk Counseling for First-Degree Relatives
Authors: Glanz Karen , Steffen Alana D. , Taglialatela Lauren A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground: Individuals with a first-degree relative who has had colorectal cancer are at increased risk for colorectal cancer and thus can benefit from early detection. Tailored risk counseling may increase adherence to screening guidelines in these persons. The present study evaluated a culturally sensitive Colon Cancer Risk Counseling (CCRC) intervention for relatives of colorectal cancer patients.Methods: A randomized trial evaluated personalized CCRC sessions with print materials and follow-up phone calls compared with a comparable General Health Counseling (GHC) intervention. One hundred and seventy-six siblings and children of colorectal cancer patients, living in Hawaii, were assessed at baseline and 4 and 12 months after intervention. Physician verification of colorectal cancer screening reports supplemented survey data.Results: The CCRC intervention had a significant treatment effect at 4 months (13% greater increase than for GHC) that plateaued to a trend at 12 months. For those who were nonadherent at baseline, the CCRC led to a 17% net increase in screening adherence. Participants rated the CCRC intervention better than GHC for the amount and usefulness of new information.Conclusions: Using a study design that compared risk counseling to an attention-matched and tailored control condition provided a rigorous test of CCRC that emphasized the relevance of family experience with colorectal cancer. The combination face-to-face, phone, and small media risk counseling intervention for people with a family history of colorectal cancer should be considered for adoption in health care and public health settings. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1485–91)
Physical Inactivity in Adult Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Florin Todd A. , Fryer G. Edgar , Miyoshi Thomas , Weitzman Michael , Mertens Ann C. , Hudson Melissa M. , Sklar Charles A. , Emmons Karen , Hinkle Andrea , Whitton John , Stovall Marilyn , Robison Leslie L. , Oeffinger Kevin C. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Purpose: To determine if adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are less active (and more inactive) than the general population and to identify modifying factors.
Patients and Methods: Physical activity was assessed by self-report in 2,648 adult survivors of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Participants in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey administered through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were used as a comparison group.
Results: Survivors had a mean age of 28.7 years (range, 18.0-44.0 years) and were a mean of 23.1 years from their cancer diagnosis (range, 16.0-33.8 years). In multivariate models, ALL survivors were more likely to not meet CDC recommendations for physical activity [odds ratio (OR), 1.44; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.32-1.57] and more likely to be inactive (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.56-1.94) in comparison with the BRFSS general population. Survivors treated with &gt;20-Gy cranial radiotherapy were at particular risk. Compared with BRFSS participants and adjusted for age, race, and ethnicity, survivors were more likely to not meet CDC recommendations (females: OR, 2.07, 95% CI, 1.67-2.56; males: OR, 1.43, 95% CI, 1.16-1.76) and more likely to be inactive (females: OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.50-2.31; males: OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.45-2.32).
Conclusions: Long-term survivors of childhood ALL are less likely to meet physical activity recommendations and more likely to report no leisure-time physical activity in the past month. This level of inactivity likely further increases their risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and all-cause mortality. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1356–63)
Risk of Breast Cancer After Exposure to Fertility Drugs: Results from a Large Danish Cohort Study
Authors: Jensen Allan , Sharif Heidi , Svare Edith I. , Frederiksen Kirsten , Kjær Susanne Krüger 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Background: Few epidemiologic studies have examined the association between fertility drugs and breast cancer risk, and results have been contradicting. Using data from the largest cohort of infertile women to date, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of fertility drugs on breast cancer risk overall and according to histologic subtypes.
Method: A cohort of 54,362 women with infertility problems referred to all Danish fertility clinics between 1963 and 1998 was established. A detailed data collection, including information of type and amount of treatment, was conducted. We used case-cohort techniques to calculate rate ratios (RR) of breast cancer associated with use of five groups of fertility drugs, after adjustment for parity status.
Results: Three hundred thirty-one invasive breast cancers were identified in the cohort during follow-up through 1998. Analyses within cohort showed no overall increased breast cancer risk after use of gonadotrophins, clomiphene, human chorionic gonadotrophin, or gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, whereas use of progesterone increased breast cancer risk (RR, 3.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-8.6). For all groups of fertility drugs, no relationships with number of cycles of use or years since first use of fertility drug were found. However, gonadotrophins may have a stronger effect on breast cancer risk among nulliparous women (RR, 1.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.77). Similar risk patterns were present for ductal, lobular, and tumors of other histologies, indicating identical etiologies.
Conclusion: The results showed no strong association between breast cancer risk and use of fertility drugs. Follow-up is, however, needed to assess long-term breast cancer risk after use of progesterone and among nulliparous women exposed to gonadotrophins. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1400–7)
Early- and Late-Onset Breast Cancer Types Among Women in the United States and Japan
Authors: Matsuno Rayna K. , Anderson William F. , Yamamoto Seiichiro , Tsukuma Hideaki , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Kobayashi Ken , Devesa Susan S. , Levine Paul H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Background: Although differences in breast cancer incidence among Occidental and Asian populations are often attributed to variations in environmental exposures and/or lifestyle, fewer studies have systematically examined the effect of age-related variations.
Methods: To further explore age-related geographic breast cancer variations, we compared age-specific incidence patterns among cases of female invasive breast cancer from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and the Osaka Cancer Registry (1978-1997).
Results: In SEER, there were 236,130 Whites, 21,137 Blacks, and 3,304 Japanese-Americans in Hawaii with invasive breast cancer. In Osaka, there were 25,350 cases. Incidence rates per 100,000 woman-years ranged from 87.6 among Whites to 21.8 in Osaka. Age-specific incidence rates increased rapidly until age 50 years for all race/ethnicity groups, and then continued to increase more slowly for Whites, Blacks, and Japanese-Americans in Hawaii but plateaud for Osaka. Age-specific incidence rates in SEER reflected bimodal (early-onset and late-onset) breast cancer populations, whereas Osaka had only an early-onset age distribution. These age-specific differences in incidence among SEER and Osaka persisted after adjustment for calendar-period and birth-cohort effects using age-period-cohort models.
Conclusions: Results confirm striking age-specific differences among Occidental and native Japanese breast cancer populations, probably due to complex age-related biological and/or environmental variations among Occidental and Asian breast cancer populations. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1437–42)