bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design Data Storage and Extraction Using Objects
Authors: LeBlanc Andrew R. , Fadel Georges M. 
Published: March 2007

The problems of data and process decomposition and representation in engineering design are the objectives of this paper. In any typical mechanical design, many very complex interdependencies are generated Interdependencies abound in heuristic rules, physical laws, corporate policies, etc Managing and controling these interdependent links is very difficult, especially in the context of concurrent engineering Design data decomposition needs to be investigated to break up the large design while also providing a framework to manage the links Design decomposition is investigated from a data modeling perspective and an object-oriented paradigm (OOP) perspective A data modeling technique, called object-oriented analysis by Coad and Yourdon, is selected to build a data relationship model of the engineering analysis phase of design and results in an object-oriented product model (OOPM). The OOPM is implemented in Smalltalk A major emphasis of the research is to consider the alternative "views" that the design should possess A "view" can be thought of as a different perspective of the same design: a structural engineer may want a different "view" of the design as opposed to the "view" that a marketing person may want The views may give some insight into how to conduct the decomposition of a complex design for concurrent operation. This concept of views is implemented on top of the OOPM and recommendations are drawn as to the applicability and flexibility of the model.
Including the Body in Couple Therapy: Bioenergetic Analysis
Authors: Astor Martin 
Published: March 2007

This column provides an opportunity for readers to share with their colleagues some of the creative techniques that they have successfully developed or adapted in their work with couples andfamilies. If it works wellfor you, others may also be able to adapt it for their purposes or be stimulated to invent or adapt another technique. Send manuscripts to Robert Sherman, 12 Berkshire Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, or to the Editor indicating that the manuscript is for this column. Thefollowing article is designed to encourage couple andfamily therapists to recognize that the body is part of the whole when we speak of a holistic approach. Techniques for working with the body can assist in opening up the doors to change by capitalizing on the enormous energy generated by the symptomatology and resistance.
Information Seeking by Fashion Opinion Leaders and Followers
Authors: Polegato Rosemary , Wall Marjorie 
Published: March 2007

A self‐designating scale was included in a mailed questionnaire to identify fashion opinion leaders, followers, and indeterminates among female undergraduates. The number, fre quency, type, and variety of fashion information sources used by leaders and followers in the awareness, comprehension, and legitimation stages of the fashion adoption process were studied. The demographic characteristics of the respondents were also examined.Both the leaders and followers used all of the twenty‐one sources studied. However, the leaders consulted a greater number of sources more frequently than did the followers. Both the leaders and followers recalled marketer‐dominated sources as creating awareness of new clothing styles. However, the most important sources in the comprehension stage were marketer‐dominated sources for the leaders and consumer‐dominated sources for the fol lowers. Leaders and followers could not be differentiated by demographic characteristics.
Severity of Depression, Cognitions, and Functioning Among Depressed Inpatients With and Without Coexisting Substance Abuse
Authors: Zauszniewski Jaclene A. 
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: Investigators have proposed that the cognitive-bebavioral patterns of persons with the dual diagnoses of depression and substance abuse differ from those of persons with only one of the disorders. However, researchers have not investi gated these differences. OBJECTIVE: This study examined differences in severity of depression, cognitions, and adaptive functioning among depressed persons with and without coexisting substance abuse. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design was used to compare depressed adult inpatients with (n = 31) and without (n = 32) coexisting substance abuse. RESULTS: Although both groups were found to be moderately depressed and limited in their functional ability, the dual diagnosis group was more severely depressed (F(1,60) = 4.05; p = .05), more limited in functioning (F(1,60) = 3.52; p = .07), and reported more depressive cognitions (F(1,60) = 7. 72; p =.01). The groups were similar in se verity of depression and adaptive functioning when the effects related to the depres sive cognitions were statistically controlled. CONCLUSION: The findings support the importance of using nursing interventions that involve cognitive restructuring to assist persons with the dual diagnoses of depressive illness and substance abuse to change their maladaptive ways of thinking to more healthy and adaptive thought processes. (JAM PSYCHIATR NURSES Assoc [1995]. 1, 55-60)
Mental Health Problems in Hospital-Based Clinics: Patient Profile and Referral Patterns
Authors: Wilkinson Laura K. , Blixen Carol E. , Mallasch Nancy I. , Douglas Sara L. 
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: Although several investigators have suggested that the primary care setting has become the "de facto" mental health provider, few researchers have docu mented the psychiatric referral practices of providers in these settings. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the psychiatric referral patterns of hospital-based outpa tient clinics and the needs and characteristics of the referred patient population were examined. DESIGN: After a 4-year retrospective log audit, 2, 678 written referrals were examined for patients 18 years of age and older from a large urban medical center's outpatient clinics to the outpatient psychiatry clinic at the same site. RESULTS: Findings revealed a predominately middle-aged, white, female, Medicaid popu lation referred by physician providers in primary care clinics for signs of depression and associated symptoms. However, of the patients scheduled in the psychiatry clinic, only 56% actually had visits. The average number of visits was five or less. CONCLUSIONS: Early assessment and triage by advanced practice psychiatric nurses can minimize the length of time between psychiatric referral and intervention. By iden tifying those persons in crisis and intervening in a timely fashion, failed appointements may be reduced. U Am PSYCHIATR NURSES Assoc [1995]. 1, 140-145)
Effects of Air and Moisture Flows on the Thermal Performance of Insulations in Ventilated Roofs and Walls
Authors: Silberstein A. , Hens H. 
Published: March 2007

This paper examines thermal and hygric aspects of the performance of ventilated air spaces in both walls and sloped roofs. A ventilated air space between roofing tiles and the insulated roof deck is required by most European construction codes and standards. The upper side of the roof deck is covered with a membrane (called here, a roof deck membrane). Since this membrane performs the same func tions as the roofing felt or the asphalt impregnated paper used behind the air gap in the frame wall systems of North American houses, one may call it a weather barrier. Results from experimental tests on different roof-deck membranes available on the French market revealed that migration of water vapor in the roof is mostly caused by convection through small slits in the structure. The main functional contribution of the ventilated air space is, therefore, to reduce the amount of condensed moisture that remains in the structure, whether it is a wall or a sloped roof. It is important to underline that similarly to a modern wall construction, the roof ing deck must also be constructed as the airtight structure. Both through the numeri cal modelling presented in this paper, as well as through the results of in-situ mea surements reported in the literature, it is shown that for an airtight roof deck structure and air velocities observed in ventilated cavities, the effect of air ingress into the insulation is insignificant. This study also shows that ventilation below the roof deck membrane is unnecessary when vapor permeable or capillary roof deck mem branes are used.
Sexual Transgression and Scapegoats: A Case Study from Modern Ireland
Authors: Inglis Tom 
Published: March 2007

The Republic of Ireland has become known as the Celtic Tiger. For the last five years of the 20th century it has had the fastest growing economy in Europe. There have also been dramatic changes in Irish culture: the monopoly which the Catholic Church held over Irish morality has been broken; there is increased tolerance and acceptance of alternative sexuality. But it was not long ago that things were very different. This article tells the story of what happened to Joanne Hayes, an `unmarried mother', who in 1984 was at the centre of what came to be known as the Case of the Kerry Babies. The story is placed within the context of the social and cultural changes that took place in Ireland during the last half of the 20th century, but to explain what happened the article relies on Foucault's theory of disciplinary power, Girard's concept of the scapegoat and Said's notion of how `others' come to be constituted as exotic.
Comforting touch in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Henrikson M. , Birks C. 
Published: March 2007

■ An examination is made on how reflective processes have been employed to explore issues of parental involvement in relation to the use of touch of sick neonates receiving high-dependency care ■ From two specific incidents causing 'inner discomforts', the practitioner in this study identified areas of her practice which needed further reflection ■ The initial plan for a structured approach of evaluation was changed due to the effects that the methodology was having on the use of touch ■ Some initiatives were introduced in order to sustain the changes brought about by this project on the neonatal unit
Review : Using the health belief model with sick children
Authors: Buckingham Sylvia 
Published: March 2007

■ This article critically evaluates the health belief model in relation to children's nursing practice ■ The influence of such diverse issues as sickness behaviours, developmental differences, cultural and socio-economic status are considered ■ The health belief model is a useful means of trying to understand chronically sick children's attitudes to treatment ■ Knowledge of family health beliefs may help to develop health promotion programmes that foster position beliefs
Review : Young people's drug use: facts and feelings
Authors: Wibberley Christopher , Price Jason F. 
Published: March 2007

■ The study aimed to quantify the major findings of a previous qualitative study on drug use and young people ■ Findings are reported on drug use; views on the use of cannabis; amphetamines and heroin; and the relationship between these views and reported drug use ■ Reported usage and feelings about drug use are discussed in relation to the extent to which drug use can be considered to be 'normalised' ■ There is only weak evidence that normalisation, even of cannabis use, is true for young people towards the end of their compulsory schooling ■ However the findings provide some evidence for both sides in the 'normalisation debate' against a backdrop of apparent increasing use of drugs ■ Until more evidence is available, the normalisation debate will continue
Recent and Future Trends for High Performance Fabrics Providing Breathability and Waterproofness
Authors: Kramar Luciano 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a summary of an on-going multi-client programme undertaken by D&K Consulting SA covering "Breathable and Water proof Fabrics." The reports for Western Europe and the U.S. markets have already been published and the analysis of selected Asian countries is planned for this year. The whole programme is largely based on extensive field industrial interviews with raw material suppliers, converters and fabric producers, garment and accesso ries manufacturers, as well as with selected organised retailers.
Magnetization exchange in capillaries by microcirculation affects diffusion‐controlled spin‐relaxation: A model which describes the effect of perfusion on relaxation enhancement by intravascular contrast agents
Authors: Bauer Wolfgang R. , Hiller Karl‐Heinz , Roder Fridtjof , Rommel Eberhard , Ertl Georg , Haase Axel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of perfusion on relaxation time in tissue has only been considered for first‐pass kinetics of NMR‐signal after application of contrast agents. The importance of perfusion on relaxation has not yet been studied for steady state conditions, i.e., when the intravascular relaxation rate is constant in time. The aim of this study is to develop a model in which T, relaxation is derived as a function of perfusion and intracap‐illary volume fraction (regional blood volume). Tissue is considered to be two‐compartment system, which consists of intracapillary and extravascular space. Intracapillary relaxation differs from relaxation in the arterial system due to diffusion‐exchange of magnetization from extravascular to intracapillary space. Perfusion tends to attenuate this difference and thus counteracts the effect on intracapillary relaxation. Relaxation in the extravascular space becomes a function of perfusion because extravascular and intracapillary magnetization are linked by diffusion. This dependence is presented in analytical form and a generic equation is derived. A T1 experiment is considered in which all spins of tissue and blood are inverted at the beginning. Calculations are performed for the fast exchange model of tissue. Perfusion increases relaxation enhancement of intravascular contrast agents. This effect is considerable in highly perfused tissue like myocardium. The dependence of relaxation on perfusion implies an overestimation of the regional blood volume when the calculation of the latter is based on tissue models that neglect perfusion. The model presented here is applied to predict the effect of perfusion on T1 imaging with FLASH‐pulse sequences because this technique has been proven to be a powerful method to obtain T1 maps within a short time interval. For the fast exchange model, two algorithms are suggested that determine perfusion and regional blood volume from T1 imaging in the presence and absence of intravascular contrast agents.
Echo‐volumar imaging (EVI) at 0.5 T: First whole‐body volunteer studies
Authors: Harvey Paul R. , Mansfield Peter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImprovements in the echo‐volumar imaging (EVI) technique and its application in whole‐body studies are described. Using an in‐house built 0.5 T echo‐planar imaging system, complete modulus three‐dimensional image data are acquired in 102 ms with real‐time display. Hardware limitations have restricted the maximum array size achievable to 64 × 32 × 8 voxels. Representative voxel dimensions are X = 6.0 mm; y = 4.0 mm, and z = 10.0 mm. Results on human volunteers are presented, showing cardiac, liver, and bladder images. Also shown are the first EVI gastric filling and emptying results.
Magnetic resonance chondro‐crassometry (MR CCM): A method for accurate determination of articular cartilace thickness?
Authors: Eckstein Felix , Sittek Harald , Gavazzeni Antonia , Schulte Erik , Milz Stefan , Kiefer Berthold , Reiser Maximilian , Putz Reinhard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA method for the assessment of articular cartilage thickness based on MRI is presented and tts accuracy and reproducibil‐tty tested. Six specimens of human patellae were imaged, using a fat‐supressed FLASH 3D sequence, and sectioned with a high‐precision band saw. The reglonal dlstribution of articular cartilage thickness was determined from the MR images and from the anatomical sections (intervals of 0.5 mm). Wtth image analysis 50–90% of the image points were found to lie within exactly the same thickness interval in corresponding patterns, and tess than 17% deviated more than 0.5 mm. More than 85% of ali pixels were reproducible wtth MRI after new positioning of the Joint No influence of the read‐out direction and no important differences between areas of thin and thick cartilage could be detected. The authors conclude that MR chondro‐crassometry can provide accurate and reproducible Information on cartilage thickness.
Reduction of physiological fluctuations in fMRI using digital filters
Authors: Biswal Bharat , Deyoe Edgar A. , Hyde James S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractData obtained from functional magnetic resonance imaging are often limtted by a low signal‐to‐noise ratio. The time‐course data obtained from activated regions contain both system noise and physiological noise, primarily linked to the heart and respiratory rates, that are superimposed on task induced signals. Time averaging of a practical number of data sets is not very effective in improving the signal‐to‐noise ratio because netther system nor physiological noise is truly random. In this paper, a method is presented for fittering un‐wanted physiological fluctuations, including aliased signals that are formed as a result of long repetition time (TR) values. A pulse oximeter was used to obtain cardiac and respiratory Information during the scanning period. Fintte impulse response band‐reject digital fitters were designed to remove the physiological fluctuations. For comparison, cross‐correlation analyses were performed at the same tevel of statistical significance on both fittered and unfiltered data. We demonstrate that this method can improve the detection of weak signals without increasing the probability of false positives.
Artifacts and signal loss due to flow in the presence of Bo inhomogeneity
Authors: Drangova Maria , Pelc Norbert J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn in vitro study was performed to investigate the effects of Bo inhomogeneity on magnetic resonance images of flow. Controlled inhomogeneity gradients (G1) were applied and the magnitude of the artifacts produced was quantified for different echo delay times (TE). Both steady and pulsatile flows were examined. In the presence of an inhomogeneity gradient, signal loss is apparent if the flow is pulsatile and/or if the slice thickness is large. The signal loss increases with increasing TE and G1. With pulsatile flow, ghosting artifacts are also generated. These increase in intensity with increasing TE and G1. In vivo, field inhomogeneity due to susceptibility variations is large enough to produce these effects. Representative time‐of‐flight images obtained of a normal volunteer with two different TEs demonstrate the effect in vivo. Flow‐related signal loss and artifacts, therefore, increase with increasing TE independent of the moments of the applied gradients.
A multipurpose MRI phantom based on a reverse micelle solution
Authors: Roe Jo E. , Prentice Wayne E. , Hornak Joseph P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMany chemical solutions for use in magnetic resonance imaging phantoms have been reported in the literature. Each of these solutions has its application‐specific advantages and disadvantages. We propose a single reverse micelle phantom solution, which, although not a universal phantom solution, may find applications in testing of the radio frequency transmit and receive fields of an imaging coil, the homogeneity of the static magnetic field, and the suppression in a fat or water saturation imaging sequence. The solution is thermodynamically stable and biologically inert, it possesses a smaller standing wave artifact than water, and its overall spin lattice relaxation times may be adjusted.
Multiplet structure of 13C NMR signal from glutamate and direct detection of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates
Authors: Lewandowski E. Douglas , Doumen Chris , White Lawrence T. , Lanoue Kathryn F. , Damico Lisa A. , Yu Xin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFor the first time, 13C NMR signals are shown from 13C‐en‐riched, low‐level tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates from extracts of normal cardiac tissue. As the low tissue content of the key intermediates α‐ketoglutarate (α‐KG) and succinate (SUC) in normal, well perfused tissues has until now precluded direct NMR detection from intact tissues and tissue extracts, 13C NMR signal from glutamate has generally been used to infer the isotopomer patterns of intermediates that are in chemical exchange with glutamate. However, the required assumptions regarding intracellular compartmentation for such indirect analysis have not been previously tested, as glutamate is largely cytosolic while the TCA cycle enzymes are located in the mitochondria. Chromatographic isolation of α‐KG and SUC from heart tissue extracts allowed isotopomer analysis to be performed for comparison with that of glutamate. At steady state, a direct relationship between glutamate and α‐ketoglutarate isotopomers was found, but succinate isotopomers matched those of glutamate only in hearts that displayed negligible contributions from the oxidation of unla‐beled endogenous carbon sources.
In vivo phosphorus spectroscopy of human skin
Authors: Bohning Daryl E. , Wright Alexander C. , Spicer Kenneth M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSkin 31P MRS measurements might detect metabolic damage from irradiation, chemotherapy, or ischemia. Although rat and cadaver data have demonstrated this potential (C. D. Cuono, et al., Wast Reconstr. Surg. 81,1–11 (1988), H. W. Klein, et al., Ann. Plast Surg. 20, 547–551 (1988)), few studies of in vivo phosphorus human skin spectra have been published (A. Zemtsov, et al., J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 15, 1207–1211 (1989), A Zemtsov, et al., J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 30, 959–965 (1994)), and those likely reflect underlying muscle as much as skin. To separate 31P skin and muscle spectra, we have developed a unique two‐layer “flotation” phantom for mapping coil sensitivity and an associated semiempirical two‐power RF depth‐resolved technique. Phantom and method have been applied in a study of 17 normal volunteers to obtain human in vivo 31P skin spectra uncompromised by muscle contamination and to quantitate ratios of major phosphometabolites. Skin results consistently showed low ratios of phosphocreatine (PCr) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), high levels of phosphomonoester (PME), Pi, and phosphodiester (PDE) relative to PCr, and demonstrated a shift in pH toward greater alkalinity, compared to that with simultaneous muscle results.
Simultaneous extraction of cellular lipids and water‐soluble metabolites: Evaluation by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Tyagi Rakesh Kumar , Azrad Anat , Degani Hadassa , Salomon Yoram 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA method for simultaneous extraction of lipids and water‐soluble metabolites from a single cell sample was developed and optimized for NMR spectroscopy. Intermediary metabolites in cultured M2R mouse melanoma cells and changes therein in response to challenge with melanotropin were studied by 31P and 13C NMR. Cells were extracted with methanol, chloroform, and water (1:1:1, v/v/v). The contents of the chloroform and methanol‐water phases were separated and quantitatively recovered. The contents of the upper and lower phases compared well with the homologous fractions obtained by perchloric acid and Folch's lipid extraction methods. The pH of the extracts remained within the physiologic range, eliminating potential deleterious effect on cellular metabolites. The water phase contained minimal amounts of salts, making these extracts amenable to subsequent analytical procedures. Obtaining lipid‐ and water‐soluble metabolites from the same sample enables characterization of metabolic pathways that bridge the two cellular components in a quantitative manner.