bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Telemedicine: Ubiquitous Patient Care
Authors: del Pozo Francisco , Hernando M. Elena , Gómez Enrique J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAfter a brief introduction to telemedicine, the target scenarios of ubiquitous patient care are described, by means of several examples, depicting their principal requirements and outlining the generic conditions that modern telemedicine systems have to assure: First, the provision of an efficient cooperative working space to coordinate all professionals of the multidisciplinary care team; and second, a multi‐access environment to optimize connectivity. The technology required to implement ubiquitous care services is introduced to show the principal ingredients of telemedicine system to serve as an initial guide to any one interested in the installation of them. Finally the critical issues on which it depends, in our view, the success and sustainability of any implementation of these telemedicine services are reviewed, namely: the security issues, the intelligent handling of information, and the interoperability of the telemedicine products. A final thought on the future of these services closes the article.
Telemedicine: Teleconsultation Between Medical Professionals
Authors: del Pozo Francisco , Gómez Enrique J. , Elena Hernando M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This article presents a general view of the teleconsultation technology and services to support the cooperative work between professionals to extend the capillarity of the knowledge resources within the health‐care system. Teleconsultation systems are here envisaged as a way to extend the offer of specialized care services closer to the points of care, and to provide health‐care professionals remote access to the images and other supporting information captured at their points, to elaborate the appropriate diagnosis or advice. The different scenarios that we could encounter under this category of telemedicine services are followed by a description of the technology required to instrument them, with special emphasis on those aspects that impact most on their operation performances. It is concluded with the identification of the critical issues that, in our experience, condition the success of any teleconsultation installation.
Carbyne‐Containing Surface Coatings
Authors: Demyashev Gregory M. , Taube Alexander L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSynthesis of carbyne‐containing surface coatings for a variety of biomedical applications is a matter of a great importance. Carbynes with a one‐dimensional chain‐like molecular structure that were discovered a few decades ago represent a basic allotropic form of carbon equally with diamond and graphite. Carbynes appear as quasi‐crystalline structures of carbon‐chains with double (CC)nand alternating single/triple (–CC–)ncovalent bonds. The aim of this article is to summarize existing information about carbyne‐containing surface coatings for biomedical applications and to outline novel approaches for synthesis of such functional biomaterials in the form of coatings.The first research and development of carbyne‐containing materials demonstrated their great potential for biomedical applications. Carbynes possess a high biocompatibility, low litho‐ and thrombogenic activity, high resistance to chemically aggressive biological liquids, antibacterial and antifungal activities, and so on.Equally with the state‐of‐the‐art biomaterials in question, three novel carbyne‐containing surface coatings are here highlighted: (1) carbynes‐W3C composite coatings chemically vapor‐deposited, (2) carbyne‐containing layers formed by electropolishing of the surface of transition metal carbides, and (3) microwave‐induced defluorination of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon) on the interface of “PTFE‐Water” at ∼95°C.This article demonstrates opportunities to synthesize the carbyne‐containing surface coatings that can be practically realized for biomedical applications. The three coating processes afford the opportunity to modify the surfaces of the basic artificial implants; i.e., metallic/ceramic artificial implants can be coated by the Carbynes‐W3C composite; artificial implants manufactured from transition metal alloys can be electrochemically modified by carbyne‐containing coating; and PTFE‐implants can be modified by microwave‐induced surface defluorination leading to the formation of a carbyne‐containing surface layer.
Cell Patterning
Authors: Filipponi Luisa , Nicolau Dan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCell patterning comprises a set of techniques used to create organized spatial cellular patterns on surfaces. The selectivity of cell attachment is most commonly controlled by using classic and new microfabrication technologies, such as photolithography and soft‐lithography, respectively, to create microscale patterns having cell adhesion‐specific chemistry and topography. Different surfaces, such as patterns of polymers, proteins, and adhesive‐promoting peptides, have been used as well as different planar and profiled geometries. It is also possible to deposit cells directly on surfaces through various “direct write” approaches. The increasing need to produce patterns of cells havingin vivo‐like functionalities is motivating attempts to build three‐dimensional cellular patterns where the interaction of cells with the surrounding environment, including other cells, can be precisely and predictably controlled with micro‐ and even nano‐scale precision.
Recurrence Quantification Analysis
Authors: Zbilut Joseph P. , Webber Charles L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe complexity, nonlinearity, and nonstationarity of biological time series typically defy quantitative description. Living systems are governed by numerous, continuously changing, interacting variables in the presence of noise. Such conditions often challenge traditional methods such as Fourier transforms. An approach for assessing such nondeterministic complexity is recurrence quantification analysis (RQA). Strategies implementing quantification of recurrences have often been successful in diagnosing changes in nonstationary signals not easily detected by traditional methods.
Bioactive Bone Cements
Authors: Fernández Enrique 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This chapter overviews the main scientific and technological aspects that have influenced the evolution of bioactive bone cements since its discovery around 1983 until the present time. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects have been highlighted. The information is presented in such a way that any reader will understand the steps to formulate and characterize novel bioactive bone cements.
Electromyography (EMG), Electrodes and Equipment for
Authors: Pozzo Marco 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe mechanical activity of skeletal muscles is associated with the generation of electric signals that can be recorded by electrodes inserted in the muscle or fixed over the skin. The electric signals generated by the muscles during their activity are referred to aselectromyographic(EMG) signals.Intramuscular EMG recordings were the first techniques developed to study the physiology of muscle control and force generation, and are still widely used in research, as well as in clinical practice, to reveal pathologies of neurogenic or myogenic origin. In recent years, however, a remarkable effort has been put in the development of novel surface EMG recordings system and techniques to complement and integrate the fields of application of intramuscular EMG ones. The information that can be extracted from EMG signals is now widely used for research purposes and in many different sectors including rehabilitation medicine, ergonomics, neurophysiology, and sports and space medicine.This chapter will provide a short overview of the state of the art in the design of intramuscular and surface EMG electrodes and equipment, as well as a brief synopsis on their clinical and research applications.
Dentin–Enamel Junction of Human Teeth
Authors: Walker Mary P. , Fricke Brian 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Dentin–enamel junction (DEJ) is a natural junction that unites two mechanically dissimilar calcified tissues: hard, brittle enamel and the subjacent softer, tougher dentin. The DEJ structure, an effective obstacle for enamel‐initiated crack propagation, is generally described as a series of 25–100‐μm‐diameter scallops with their convexities directed toward the dentin. In addition, microscallops seem to be housed within each scallop and a finer nanolevel structure within each microscallop. The DEJ is also characterized by parallel 80–120‐nm‐diameter collagen fibrils that merge with the interwoven fibrillar network of the dentin collagen matrix and directly insert into the enamel mineral. The fibrils, however, extend only a few hundred nanometers into the enamel.
Computer Assisted Radiology (CAR)
Authors: Tourassi Georgia D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRadiology has experienced radical advancement in a very short time since its inception a little more than a century ago. What is really impressive is that most of this advancement has taken place since the advent of computers in medical imaging. Computers marked the beginning of the digital era for radiology in the 1960s. Since then conventional film/screen x‐ray imaging has been overshadowed by a plethora of digital medical imaging modalities that entered the clinical arena. In addition, the rapidly increasing availability and efficiency of computer technology have completely transformed all aspects of clinical radiology beyond image acquisition. Nowadays, computers are the cornerstone of technological innovations related to image display and interpretation, communication of imaging results, and clinical practice workflow in radiology. The termcomputer‐assisted radiology(CAR) has been adopted to denote the clinical integration of computers and information technology to provide an environment of support to radiologists during the diagnostic interpretation of medical images.
Electronic Health Record
Authors: Katehakis Dimitrios G. , Tsiknakis Manolis 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe term electronic health record (EHR) refers to the complete set of information that resides in electronic form and is related to the past, present, and future health status or health care provided to a subject of care. The primary purpose of electronic health records (EHRs) is the documentation, retrieval, transmission, linking, and processing of multimedia information to legitimate users for the delivery of knowledge and decision support that enhance efficient and secure health‐related services, regardless of the health‐care model applied. Secondary uses of EHRs are related to policy development, education, research, quality management, and disease surveillance via anonymized datasets requiring, in most of the cases, explicit consent on behalf of the subject of care.
Epithelial Pre‐cancers and Cancers, Optical Technologies for Detection and Diagnosis of
Authors: Carlson Alicia L. , Richards-Kortum Rebecca 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this article, the authors focus on optical technologies that have the potential to dramatically improve the detection and classification of epithelial precancers and cancers. Epithelial precancers are associated with a variety of morphologic and molecular changes, which currently can only be assessed through invasive, painful biopsy and subsequent histologic analysis. In addition to visual inspection and histology, a growing number of optical techniques are being applied to the detection of precancerous changesin vivowithout the need for biopsy, and may serve as diagnostic tools in the future as diagnostic algorithms are further developed. Optical technologies are ideally suited to detect cancer‐related changes because they can noninvasively detect biochemical and morphologic changes with subcellular resolution throughout the entire epithelial thickness. With optical technologies, diagnosis can be achieved in real time using automated techniques.This article reviews recent developments in reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy, reflectance and fluorescence confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence microscopy. For each emerging technology, the basic principles and the current and potential applications in early cancer detection and diagnosis are reviewed. The potential of optical molecular imaging using exogenous contrast agents to enhance molecular features within tissue that are important for precancer and cancer diagnosis are also reviewed. Finally, future improvements needed to advance optical technologies into widespread clinical use for precancer detection and diagnostic classification are outlined.
Foreign Body Reaction
Authors: Voskerician Gabriela , Anderson James M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe foreign body reaction composed of macrophages and foreign body giant cells is the end‐stage response of the inflammatory and wound healing responses following implantation of a medical device. An overview of events leading to the foreign body reaction is presented. These events include protein adsorption, monocyte adhesion, macrophage adhesion and activation, macrophage fusion and foreign body giant cell formation, and fibrous capsule formation. Biomaterial surface properties play an important role in modulating the foreign body reaction in the first two to three weeks following implantation of a medical device even though the foreign body reaction at the tissue/material interface is present for thein vivolifetime of the medical device.
Heart Valve Tissue Engineering
Authors: Vesely Ivan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractValvular heart disease is a slow, debilitating process during which the cardiac valves become stenosed or incompetent and cease to aid in the delivery of blood. Unless the diseased valve is repaired, or replaced with a bioprosthetic or mechanical artificial valve, the patient eventually dies from cardiopulmonary failure. Implanting artificial heart valves involves cutting the chest open, placing the patient on cardiopulmonary bypass, and sewing the prosthetic valve into the aorta. Although the mitral valve also becomes diseased, repair of the mitral valve is now much more common than replacement.
Xenotransplantation
Authors: Ogle Brenda M. , Platt Jeffrey L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractXenotransplantation refers to the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs between individuals of different species. It was proposed nearly a century ago as a way to replace the function of failing human organs, because it then was not clear how human organs could be obtained for that purpose. Xenotransplantation is hindered by severe immunological responses leading to rejection and, because of these responses, successful application in people has not been achieved. A severe shortage of human organs and recent advances in genetic engineering of large animals that might address the immunological problems have sparked interest in xenotransplantation. If these problems were addressed, xenotransplantation could allow a vastly expanded application of transplantation for the treatment of disease. However, new concerns about transmission of infection between species has dampened enthusiasm for clinical application of xenotransplantation.
Magnetic‐Field‐Induced Phase‐Selective Synthesis of Ferrosulfide Microrods by a Hydrothermal Process: Microstructure Control and Magnetic Properties
Authors: He Z. , Yu S.‐H. , Zhou X. , Li X. , Qu J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMicrorods of the ferrosulfide minerals greigite (Fe3S4) and marcasite (FeS2) are selectively synthesized by an in situ magnetic‐field‐assisted hydrothermal route. Each complex microrod is composed of fine building blocks with different shapes. The unique magnetic properties of the microrods and electrical performance of a single microrod are studied. The results demonstrate that the magnetic properties of the ferrosulfide minerals are strongly related to their corresponding microstructures. The value of the low‐temperature transition increases as the greigite component in the product decreases. The combination of small‐molecule sulfur precursors and an applied magnetic field makes possible the selective synthesis of ferrosulfide minerals with different phases and distinct microstructures, underlining the fact that the magnetic field can be a useful tool as well as an independent parameter for the phase‐selective synthesis and self‐assembly of inorganic building blocks in solution chemistry.
Highly Crystalline Polyaniline Nanostructures Doped with Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Zhang Z. , Wan M. , Wei Y. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHighly crystalline polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes and nanofibers ca. 80–170 nm in diameter are successfully prepared by a “micelle soft‐template” method in the presence of dicarboxylic acids dopants with different numbers (n) of –CH2– groups (n = 0–4). It is found that the diameter of the nanostructures increases on increasing the number of –CH2– groups in the dicarboxylic acids. The conductivity of the nanostructures increases as their diameters decrease, showing that size has an effect on conductivity. A narrow peak at 2θ = 6.50° is observed in the X‐ray diffraction pattern, indicating that the distance in the direction perpendicular to the polymer chain increases as the number of –CH2– groups increases.
Thermal decomposition of carbon dioxide coupled with POM in a membrane reactor
Authors: Jin Wanqin , Zhang Chun , Zhang Peng , Fan Yiqun , Xu Nanping 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this study, we proposed coupling the thermal decomposition of carbon dioxide (CO2 → CO + 1/2O2) with the partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas (CH4 + 1/2O2 → CO + 2H2) in a dense mixed‐conducting membrane reactor, in which the reaction of CO2 decomposition took place in one side of the membrane and the POM reaction occurred in the other side of the membrane simultaneously (or methane reacted with oxygen that was permeated through the membrane from the CO2 decomposition, to produce H2 and CO over supported transition metal catalysts). A perovskite‐type oxygen‐permeable membrane of SrCo0.4Fe0.5Zr0.1O3‐δ (SCFZ) was used for the membrane reactor. The effects of temperature and the feed flow rates of CO2 and CH4 on the reaction performance of the SCFZ membrane reactor were investigated. It was found that the CO2 conversion increased with increasing the temperature and decreased with increasing the feed flow rates of CO2 or with decreasing the feed flow rates of CH4. At 1173 K, the CO2 conversion reached about 11.1%, and the CH4 conversion, CO selectivity, and the ratio of H2/CO were 84.5%, 93%, and 1.8, respectively. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Ontogeny of facial dimorphism and patterns of individual development within one human population
Authors: Bulygina E. , Mitteroecker P. , Aiello L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBased on a longitudinal study of radiographs of the Denver Growth Study, we investigated the morphological development of individual and gender differences in the anterior neurocranium, face, and basicranium. In total, 500 X‐rays of 14 males and 14 females, each with 18 landmarks and semilandmarks, were digitized and analyzed using geometric morphometric methods. Sexual dimorphism in shape and form is already present at the earliest age stage included in the analysis. However, the nature of dimorphism changes with age. Four factors apper to contribute to cranial sexual dimorphism in human postnatal development: 1) initial, possibly prenatal, differences in shape; 2) differences in the association of size and shape; 3) male hypermorphosis; and 4) some degree of difference in the direction of male and female growth trajectories. Studying changes in individuals, we find a low correlation between newborn and adult morphology, while 3‐year‐olds already show a high correlation with their adult form. We conclude that the adult pattern of interindividual difference in facial form in a single human population is established within the first few years of life. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continuity of interpersonal violence between Nubian communities
Authors: Judd Margaret A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractModern communities affiliated with the same culture have been shown to experience comparable levels of interpersonal violence, no matter what their size. It was hypothesized that a similar relationship would exist among ancient rural and urban people, but that accident‐related trauma may be more prominent among rural dwellers due to their activity base. Through an analysis of antemortem trauma, this investigation contrasted the injury profile of Nubian adult villagers (N = 55) from the Kerma period (2500–1750 BC) to that of their urban neighbors (N = 223) at Kerma (2050–1500 BC). The injury pattern associated with interpersonal violence (cranial injury, direct‐force ulna fractures, and multiple injuries) was similar between the two samples, as hypothesized. The rural group sustained significantly more nonviolence‐related injuries that suggested occupational or environmental influences. The more severe cranial injuries observed among urban people are attributed to a preference for more lethal hand‐wielded objects that may have accompanied increasing local tensions and incursions into Egypt during the 17th Dynasty. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Identification of the authentic ancient DNA sequence in a human bone contaminated with modern DNA
Authors: Bouwman Abigail S. , Chilvers Elizabeth R. , Brown Keri A. , Brown Terence A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe present a method to distinguish authentic ancient DNA from contaminating DNA in a human bone. This is achieved by taking account of the spatial distribution of the various sequence families within the bone and the extent of degradation of the template DNAs, as revealed by the error content of the sequences. To demonstrate the veracity of the method, we handled two ancient human tibiae in order to contaminate them with modern DNA, and then subjected segments of the bones to various decontaminating treatments, including removal of the outer 1–2 mm, before extracting DNA, cloning, and obtaining a total of 107 mitochondrial DNA sequences. Sequences resulting from the deliberate contamination were located exclusively in the outer 1–2 mm of the bones, and only one of these 27 sequences contained an error that could be ascribed to DNA degradation. A second, much smaller set of relatively error‐free sequences, which we ascribe to contamination during excavation or curation, was also located exclusively in the outer 1–2 mm. In contrast, a family of 72 sequences, displaying extensive degradation products but identifiable as haplogroup U5a1a, was distributed throughout one of the bones and represents the authentic ancient DNA content of this specimen. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tetracyanethylen: die charakteristischen Geometrien und Schwingungsabsorptionen seiner zahlreichen Strukturen
Authors: Miller Joel S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTetracyanethylen, TCNE, geht zahlreiche chemische Reaktionen ein, und in der Literatur werden für diese Verbindung viele Strukturmotive beschrieben, deren Identifizierung oft schwierig ist. Die Zahl der $\tilde \nu $CN‐Absorptionen und die dazugehörigen Wellenzahlen geben einen Einblick in die jeweilige Struktur und Ladung des TCNE‐Fragments. Besonders die Mittelwerte der Wellenzahlen der fundamentalen νCN‐Schwingungen und die Länge der zentralen C‐C‐Bindung liefern wichtige Informationen. In diesem Aufsatz diskutieren wir die Bestimmung von Struktur und Formalladung von TCNE‐Fragmenten. Wir diskutieren Unstimmigkeiten, die sich bei Überprüfung älterer Strukturzuordnungen ergeben, und liefern eine Grundlage für zukünftige Untersuchungen der Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehungen von TCNE. Viele Komplexe mit verbrückendem [TCNE]z zeigen gemischte Valenz und ausgeprägte Delokalisierung. Der Mangel an geeigneten Modellverbindungen, besonders solchen mit M‐Rückbindung zu den CN‐Gruppen, hat bisher eine detaillierte Beschreibung dieser gemischtvalenten Verbindungen verhindert. Hierfür werden neue, gut charakterisierte mehrkernige Verbindungen benötigt.