bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses in milk production to the control of gastrointestinal nematode and paramphistome parasites in dairy cattle
Authors: SPENCE SA , FRASER GC , CHANG S 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of treating naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode and paramphistome infections on milk production in dairy cattle.DesignA field trial.AnimalsOne thousand two hundred and thirty nine dairy cows.ProcedureCows were either not treated or treated with 4.5 mg/kg oxfendazole, 16.6 mg/kg oxyclozanide or 4.5 mg/kg oxfendazole and 16.6 mg/kg oxyclozanide in March, May and August.ResultsA significant increase in milk production, averaging 0.4 L (SE 0.2) per day, was seen when dairy cows infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and paramphistomes were treated with oxfendazole or oxfendazole and oxyclozanide in March, May and August. Cows treated with oxyclozanide alone at these times produced no more milk than untreated cows.Faecal egg counts confirmed that oxyclozanide treatment reduced paramphistome populations and oxfendazole treatment reduced nematode populations in cows over the 7‐month monitoring period.ConclusionWhen dairy cows infested with gastrointestinal nematodes and paramphistomes were treated with oxfendazole alone or oxfendazole and oxyclozanide in March, May and August milk production increased.
Echocardiographic evaluation of the effects of medetomidine and xylazine in dogs
Authors: RAND JS , REYNOLDS WT , PRIEST J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe echocardiographic effects of medetomidine and xylazine were evaluated in 6 healthy dogs. Values for echocardiographic variables were significantly different from pre‐treatment values after administration of both drugs. The effects of medetomidine were similar to that of xylazine. Because of their cardiac depressant effects, both drugs should be used with care in sick dogs.
Adverse drug reactions: Report of the Australian Veterinary Association Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee, 1994
Authors: MADDISON JE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeventy‐seven reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were received by the Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee (ADRSc) of the Australian Veterinary Association from April 1993 to December 1994 inclusive.The number of reports received/number of animals involved per species were: dogs (32/44), cats (18/31), horses (17/48), and cattle (10/21). Of these, 49 (64%) were classified as definite ADRs and 9 (12%) as probable ADRs. In 11 (14%) reports an ADR could not be substantiated or there was insufficient information available to make a decision. Eight reports were not classified because the manufacturer and the ADRSc disagreed as to the appropriate classification.Sixteen reports involved apparent hypersensitivity reactions, which resulted in death on 6 occasions. Six reports were associated with ‘off label’ use and 1 report with use of an expired product. Of the definite, probable and unclassified reports of suspect ADRs, the most frequent types of drugs involved were antimicrobial drugs (13 reports), anthelmintics (13), insecticides (11), vaccines (10), nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory preparations (5), chondroprotective agents (4), anaesthetic/sedative agents (4) and vitamin preparations (2). Single reports concerning definite, probable or unclassified ADRs to a vasodilator, a corticosteroid, a local anaesthetic and a disinfectant were received.
Inflammatory mediators in equine synovial fluid
Authors: GIBSON K T , HODGE H. , WHITTEM T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEnzyme immunoassay for prostaglandin E2(PGE2), and radioimmunoassays for prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α, 6‐keto‐PGF1α, and leukotriene B4(LTB4) were performed on synovial fluid from normal middle carpal joints of 10 horses, and from 30 middle carpal or antebrachiocarpal joints of horses affected by degenerative joint disease and chip fractures to compare the concentrations of inflammatory mediators. Significantly greater concentrations of PGE2were detected in fluid from affected than from control joints, but there were no significant differences in the mean concentrations of PGF2α, 6‐keto‐PGF1α, and LTB4.
Characterisation of haemolytic RTX toxins produced by Australian isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: TARIGAN S. , SLOCOMBE RF , BROWNING GF , BLACKALL PJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe haemolytic RTX toxins of 27 isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, representing all serovars that have been isolated in Australia, were characterised. The quantity of protein secreted by these isolates into the media was not significantly different between serovars, but haemolytic activity was detected only in the unconcentrated supernatants from cultures of serovar 1 and 5 isolates. Haemolytic activity in supernatants of serovar 2, 3 and 7 isolates was detected only after the supernatants were concentrated. On Southern hybridisation blots, genomic DNA of serovar 1 and 5 isolates contained regions that were similar to the cloned structural genes for Apxl (apxIA) and for ApxII (apxIIA). In contrast, genomic DNA of serovar 2,3 and 7 isolates only contained regions similar to, if not identical with, the cloned apxIIA gene. The haemolytic activity of the culture supernatant depends on the type or composition of media and adaptability of the bacteria to in‐vitro cultivation. Low passage cultures of A pleuropneumoniae, which were characterised by waxy colonies, produced significantly weaker haemolytic activity than A pleuropneumoniae after several passages in vitro.
The incidence and consequences of failure of passive transfer of immunity on a Thoroughbred breeding farm
Authors: RAIDAL SHARANNE L 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCirculating IgG concentration was determined between 12 and 24 hours after birth for 323 foals born on a Thoroughbred breeding farm over 3 consecutive years. The incidence of failure of passive transfer (FPT) of maternal immunoglobulins (foal circulating IgG concentration < 8 g/L) was found to be 9.6%. Foals born late in the season (October to December) were found to be at increased risk for the development of FPT. The degree of assistance required at parturition and the presence of a periparturient problem in the mare or foal also significantly influenced the subsequent incidence of FPT. Passive immune status significantly influenced the likelihood of foals developing septic illness (joint ill, septicaemia, pneumonia) in the first month of life, but had no significant effect on the development of diarrhoea orRhodococcus equipneumonia. The results of the current study support the value of routine monitoring of passive immune status and the early speculative treatment of foals considered to be at risk for the development of FPT.
Vaccines for bluetongue
Authors: MURRAY PK , EATON BT 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIsolation of 8 serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) in Australia has led to widespread debate on how to prepare for an outbreak of bluetongue disease and the type of vaccine best suited to control bluetongue in Australia. This article describes the vaccine options under consideration by research workers and animal health administrators. The most widely discussed options are live attenuated virus, killed virus and virus‐like particles (VLP) generated by recombinant baculoviruses.Attenuated virus vaccines are cheap and easy to produce and are administered in a single dose. They replicate in sheep without causing significant clinical effects and provide protection against challenge with virulent virus of the same serotype. The possibility that insects could acquire vaccine virus by feeding on vaccinated animals and transmit it to sheep or cattle cannot be eliminated. This poses a risk because attenuated viruses are teratogenic if ewes are infected in the first half of pregnancy. In addition, vaccine virus replication in insects and ruminants may lead to a reversion to virulence.Killed virus vaccines have been shown to be efficacious in small laboratory trials and cannot be transmitted to other animals in the field, but are significantly more expensive to produce than attenuated viruses and require at least 2 doses with adjuvant to elicit an immune response. More work is needed to properly assess their effectiveness and determine their cost of production.Recombinant VLP contain the 4 major structural proteins of BTV but no nucleic acid. VLP are relatively easy to isolate, but it is unlikely that the purification methods currently used in laboratories will be adapted for use commercially. Despite the enthusiasm of recent years, little commercial progress appears to have been made. Although scientific research in Australia and overseas has provided a number of options for development of bluetongue vaccines, the decisions on which to use in an outbreak are complex and will require, not only consideration of factors discussed here, but also agreement from industry and government.
A longitudinal study of lymphocyte subsets in a cohort of cats naturally‐infected with feline immunodeficiency virus
Authors: WALKER C. , CANFFIELD PJ , LOVE DN , McNEIL DR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDespite the potential of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) as an animal model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) studies, the long term effects of naturally‐occurring infection have not been determined. HIV infection causes an ongoing deterioration in immune function which directly correlates with disease, in particular acquired immunodefciency syndrome (AIDS). However, it is not known whether FIV‐induced immunosuppression is progressive or related to the clinical condition. This study examined changes in lymphocyte subset numbers of serial samples, taken from cohorts of FIV‐positive and FIV‐negative cats over an 18‐month period. FIV‐positive cats were clinically staged as asymptomatic carriers (AC) or cats with AIDS‐related complex (ARC), and FIV‐negative cats matched and staged on the basis of similar diseases. During the course of the study, 4 FIV‐positive cats developed AIDS, classed as the terminal stage of infection. There were no significant differences in the mean absolute numbers of any lymphocyte subset between the onset (to) and the completion (t18) of the study. Similarly there were no significant changes in subset numbers during the 18 months preceding the development of AIDS. While the study period was brief and the sample sizes small, it is postulated that FIV infection in Australia may not necessarily cause progressive immunodeficiency and that FIV‐induced immunosuppression (as measured by subset analysis) may not be well correlated with the clinical status of the infected cat.
A longitudinal study of veterinary students and recent graduates 2. Views of the veterinary profession
Authors: HEATH TJ , LYNCH‐BLOSSE M. , LANYON A. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo examine the development of attitudes and opinions relating to the veterinary profession.DesignLongitudinal study.PopulationStudents, 154 in all, who began studying veterinary science at The University of Queensland in 1985 and 1986.ProcedureQuestionnaires were completed in the first and fifth year of the course and in the second year after graduation. The data were analysed using the SAS System for Windows.ResultsFew changes in opinion over time were found on the role of the profession, or on the status and prestige of veterinarians. Changes did occur in views on the characteristics of a successful veterinarian, with increases in the perceived importance of interpersonal skills, and of the capacity to work hard, and decreases in the perceived importance of honesty and integrity, dedication and the prevention of cruelty. Attitudes hardened over time in relation to costs of treatment, non‐payment of fees and availability out of hours. Individuals changed their opinion on whether to counsel or report an incompetent colleague, but the changes in one direction were approximately equal to those in the opposite direction.ConclusionsThe attitudes and opinions of veterinary graduates result from experiences before and during their veterinary course. In general the perceived importance of interpersonal skills increases during the course, and the level of altruism decreases.
A longitudinal study of veterinary students and recent graduates: 3. Perceptions of veterinary education
Authors: HEATH TJ , LANYON A. , LYNCH‐BLOSSE M. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo examine the attitudes and opinions on veterinary education at the beginning and end of the veterinary course, and after graduation.DesignLongitudinal study.PopulationStudents – 154 in all – who began studying veterinary science at The University of Queensland in 1985 and 1986.ProcedureQuestionnaires were completed in the first and fifth year of the course and in the second year after graduation. The data were analysed using the SAS System for Windows.ResultsWhen they entered the course, the students were looking forward more to learning about animals than about basic sciences. At fifth year and after graduation most believed that more emphasis should have been placed on all facets of their education except the basic sciences. It may be difficult to increase this emphasis without placing undue pressure on the students, although more than half of the fifth year students and graduates agreed that there is much in the curriculum that is not needed by a practising veterinarian. Only one‐third or less agreed that veterinarians are well equipped to practise veterinary science immediately they graduate. There was no relationship between the level of agreement with this statement, and the academic grades obtained.ConclusionsA majority of veterinary graduates do not believe that they are well equipped to practice immediately they graduate. They believe that more emphasis should have been placed on most facets of their education, but, conversely, that there is much in the curriculum that is not needed by a practising veterinarian.
A longitudinal study of veterinary students and recent graduates 4. Gender issues
Authors: HEATH TJ , LANYON A. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo study differences in experiences, attitudes and opinions between female and male veterinary students and recent graduates.DesignLongitudinal study.PopulationStudents – 77 males and 77 females – who began studying veterinary science at The University of Queensland in 1985 and 1986.ProcedureQuestionnaires were completed in the first and fifth year of the course, and in the second year after graduation. The data were analysed using the SAS System for Windows.ResultsFemales decided to study veterinary science at a younger age than males and were more influenced by ‘a love of animals’, the image of veterinarians as portrayed on television, an interest in living things and in the scientific study of disease. Males were more influenced than females in aspects of the workplace: bosses and money. There were no gender differences in their background in relation to farms, or to animals, or in their career plans. However females when in first year expected a lower initial income than males; an expectation that was realised in the first year after graduation. As first year students and also as veterinarians, females had stronger views than males on animal welfare issues, and also felt that the veterinary profession had a lower status relative to other professions.ConclusionsSignificant differences in attitudes and experiences exist between males and females entering the veterinary profession. The situation of females in relation to income and status is consistent with that in other professions, where females have been disadvantaged compared with males.
Spatial analysis of seroconversion of sentinel cattle to bluetongue viruses in Queensland
Authors: WARD MP , CARPENTER TE , JOHNSON SJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo assess quantitatively the spatial distribution of seroconversion of Queensland cattle to bluetongue viruses.DesignA sentinel herd study. Sample population Sixty‐nine sentinel herds at 30 locations.ProcedureSpatial clustering of seroconversion to blue‐tongue viruses was investigated during the period from 1990 to 1994.ResultsSeroconversion to only two bluetongue virus serotypes, 1 and 21, was observed. The 14 herds, in which seroconversion to bluetongue virus serotype 1 was detected, were located only along the eastern coastal and subcoastal region of Queensland, and were significantly (P < 0.05) clustered. Locations at which seroconversion to serotype 21 was detected, were not significantly clustered. The results generally agree with field observations, except for the failure to detect seroconversion to bluetongue viruses in north‐western Queensland.ConclusionBluetongue infection of cattle in north‐western Queensland may be temporally sporadic. The dominance of serotype 1 in the Queensland cattle population may be the result of differential transmission by potential vector species. Long‐term surveillance programs are important for defining disease status of animal populations.
The effects of allopurinol on the ultrastructure of ischaemic and reperfused large intestine of sheep
Authors: AHMADINEJAD M , REX MAE , SUTTON RH , POLLITT CC , CRIBB B 
Published: March 2008

Objective To test the possible inhibitory effect of allopurinol on reperfusion injury, caused by oxygen‐derived free radicals, of sheep large intestine.Design An ultrastructural study on caecal tissues from control and treated groups.AnimalsFifty sheep in four ischaemic and reperfused (treatment) groups and one control group. Three of the treatment groups were subdivided for half to be injected with allopurinol and the other half with its solvent, potassium hydroxide (KOH).Procedure Ischaemia of the caecum was induced in the four treatment groups for 60 minutes by clamping the apex. Allopurinol and its KOH solvent were injected intravenously in three treatment groups prior to ischaemia. Samples were collected before and 1 hour after induction of ischaemia and 1 min, 1 h and 8 h after reperfusion. Tissues were processed and examined with an electron microscope.Results Untreated and solvent injected sheep showed minor ultrastructural changes following ischaemia. With reperfusion, there was severe mitochondrial, goblet cell and basement membrane damage. Tissues from allopurinoltreated sheep were preserved and appeared similar to tissues from the control group.Conclusion:Pre‐treatment with allopurinol prevented damage to tissues whereas untreated or allopurinol solventtreated showed severe damage following reperfusion. It is believed that allopurinol, an analogue of hypoxanthine and xanthine, prevents reperfusion injury by competitively binding with xanthine oxidase. This reduces or inhibits the xanthine oxidase mediated conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine thereby preventing the formation of oxygen‐derived free radicals.
Salmonella Dublin infection in Queensland dairy cattle
Authors: TRUEMAN KF , THOMAS RJ , MACKENZIE AR , EAVES LE , DUFFY PF 
Published: March 2008

Objective:To investigate the presence of Salmonella Dublin in Queensland cattle. Design:An epidemiological study using diagnostic laboratory information and farm records. Procedure:Outbreaks of gastroenteritis or pneumonia in calves, and abortions and enteritis in cows were routinely investigated for the presence of salmonellae. Where S Dublin was isolated, attempts were made to gather further epidemiological information. Results:Prior to 1983 only two outbreaks of S Dublin have been recorded in Queensland dairy cattle. In 1983 S Dublin abortions were diagnosed in dairy heifers introduced from southern Australia to south‐east Queensland. Sampling indicated that at least 10% of the 500 introduced heifers were faecal excretors of S Dublin. On 3 of the 7 farms from which S Dublin was recorded, infection spread to other cattle that were in contact. From February 1985 to February 1996, 29 outbreaks of S Dublin in cattle occurred on 29 farms (28 in south east Queensland and 1 in north Queensland). Calves were primarily affected. Continuing outbreaks were confirmed on only 4 of these 29 farms. On 15 farms S Dublin infections were associated with the purchase of infected calves or cows, while another farm adjoined 2 previously infected farms. No source of S Dublin was evident for the other 13 farms, where histories were often inadequate. Conclusion:There has been a marked increase in S Dublin outbreaks in Queensland dairy cattle since 1983. Introduction of S Dublin carrier and aborting dairy heifers from southern Australia, where S Dublin is not uncommon, was associated with the initial outbreaks.
Liver biopsy techniques for adult horses and neonatal foals to assess copper status
Authors: PEARCE SG , FIRTH EC , GRACE ND , FENNESSY PF 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate standing, percutaneous, ultrasound‐guided, transthoracic liver biopsy in mares, and transabdominal, laparoscopically‐guided, liver biopsy under general anaesthesia in foals, as techniques for obtaining tissue for assessment of copper status. The techniques were evaluated with respect to ease of use and effect on the animal. Procedure Twenty of 24 Thoroughbred mares and 21 of their foals were biopsied. The animals were part of a larger study of the effect of copper supplementation on copper status and the prevalence of developmental orthopaedic disease. Livers were also collected from unrelated horses and sampled to investigate the variability in the distribution of copper in liver tissue. Result The biopsy technique caused no lasting effect on the mares, but there was an increased risk of viscus penetration associated with taking multiple biopsy cores. The use of ultrasonography to scan the target area for the liver identified four cases that were not appropriate candidates for liver biopsy, because of large intestine being located in the biopsy area. In the foals there were no serious postoperative adverse effects, nor was there any evidence of problems caused by the procedure when the abdomen was examined post‐mortem at 5 months of age. In livers collected to investigate the variability of copper concentration, copper appeared to be relatively evenly distributed through the liver. Conclusion Standing, percutaneous, ultrasound‐guided, transthoracic liver biopsy in mares, and transabdominal, laparoscopically‐guided, liver biopsy under general anaesthesia in foals are convenient procedures for obtaining liver tissue for assessing copper status in horses. The use of ultrasound to identify liver tissue is recommended, especially in older mares.
Foetal anasarca in Awassi sheep
Authors: HAILAT N. , LAFI SQ , AL‐DARRAJI A. , EL‐MAGHRABY HM , AL‐ANI F. , FATHALLA M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo anasarcous foetuses of Awassi sheep are described. The foetuses were removed from the dams by caesarean section because of dystocia due to failure of cervical dilation. Uterine incision was made in situ because uteri were so distended they could not be brought out from the site of incision. Large quantities of uterine fluids and abnormal thick placentas were found. One foetus weighed about 7 kg and the other 13 kg. The foetal heads were deformed: the upper jaw was prognathic and the left ear of the small foetus was cystic. Necropsy revealed subcutaneous musculature was soft and flabby and abdominal and thoracic cavities contained serosanguinous fluid. Histopathological examination revealed that only the larger foetus had focal aggregates of basophilic nucleated red blood cells and scattered megakaryocytes in the liver. We conclude that anasarca can occur in Awassi sheep, with and without associated extramedullary haematopoiesis.