bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the creep stability of high‐density polyethylene with acicular titania nanoparticles
Authors: Bondioli F. , Dorigato A. , Fabbri P. , Messori M. , Pegoretti A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAcicular titania nanoparticles with average dimensions of 15 × 60 nm2 were produced by hydrothermal crystallization of TiOCl2. Titania particles were surface‐functionalized with octadecylsilane to obtain an organophilic surface. High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding with 2, 3, and 5 vol % concentrations of untreated and surface‐functionalized titania nanoparticles. Quasi‐static mechanical tensile tests evidenced slight increments of both the elastic modulus and stress at yield, which were accompanied by a marked reduction of the strain at break at high filler contents. The introduction of titania nanoparticles induced a substantial reduction of the creep compliance of the HDPE matrix and of its creep rate, especially at long loading times. Untreated titania nanoparticles were more effective in reducing the creep compliance than the functionalized ones. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Uniform ethyl cellulose microspheres of controlled sizes and polymer viscosities and their drug‐release profiles
Authors: Choy Young Bin , Choi Hyungsoo , Kim Kyekyoon 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMonodisperse ethyl cellulose (EC) microspheres (MSs) of three size groups (20–35, 55–60, and 80–105 μm in diameter) were fabricated to study the effect of the MS size on the drug‐release profiles with a novel scheme combining mechanical and hydrodynamic forces. More than 90% of the MSs were within ±3 μm of the average diameter, regardless of the EC viscosities used in the study. The effect of the polymer viscosity was also examined with ECs with two distinct viscosities (4 and 45 cp). The encapsulation efficiencies (EEs) of piroxicam and rhodamine were 6.4–51 and 63–80%, respectively. The drug distribution in the MSs showed a higher concentration near the particle surface, and this was more distinct with rhodamine. An approximately zero‐order release was observed with the small MSs of 4‐cp EC during 24 h without evident initial bursts. The MS size affected the surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio, EE, and intraparticle drug distribution, affecting the drug‐release profiles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Epoxy curing process with small shrinkage based on binary nucleophilic reagent system consisting of amine and carboxylic acid
Authors: Sudo Atsushi , Isobe Yukio , Endo Takeshi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA curing process of bisphenol‐A diglycidyl ether using amine‐carboxylic acid salts was studied with focusing on its small‐volume shrinkage. The characteristic point of the curing process was the initial high‐density created by strong interactions between the ionic species such as electro‐statistic one and hydrogen‐bonding, which disappeared on the consumption of these species by their reactions with the epoxide to give the low‐density neutral polymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation, morphology, and mechanical properties of elastomers based on polydimethylsiloxane/ polystyrene blends
Authors: Dong Jian , Zhang Naiqiang , Liu Zonglin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPolydimethylsiloxane/polystyrene (PDMS/PS) blends were prepared by radical copolymerization of styrene (St) and divinylbenzene (DVB) in the presence of α,ω‐dihydroxy‐polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. The PDMS/PS blends obtained by this method are a series of stable, white gums, when the feed ratio of PDMS to St is 60/40 and DVB to St is not more than 2.0 wt %. Elastomers based on PDMS/PS blends were formed by crosslinking PDMS with methyl‐triethoxysilicane (MTES). The MTES dosage was much larger than the amount necessary for end‐linking hydroxy‐terminated chains of PDMS, with the excess being hydrolyzed to crosslinked networks, which were similar to SiO2 and acted as filler. Mechanical property measurements show that the elastomers thus formed exhibit superior mechanical properties with respect to pure PDMS elastomer and the elastomers based on PDMS/PS system we prepared before. Moreover, investigations were carried out on the elastomers by extraction measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The extraction data show that the sol‐fraction decreases with increasing the feed ratio of DVB to St. SEM observation demonstrates that the elastomer has a microphase‐separated structure consisting of dispersed PS domains within a continuous PDMS matrix, and the extracted material exhibits a porous structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of α‐Al2O3/nylon 6 nanocomposite masterbatches
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Ho , Li Hsiang‐Yuan , Chien Chien‐Yuan , Yen Fu‐Su , Chen Heng‐Yi , Lin Jian‐Min 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this study, two types of nanoscale α‐Al2O3 particles were used to prepare α‐Al2O3/Nylon 6 nanocomposite masterbatches. They were either uncoated or coated with stearic acid. A wide angle X‐ray diffractometer was used to examine the crystal structure of virgin pure nylon 6 and α‐Al2O3/nylon 6 nanocomposite masterbatches. Meanwhile, a differential scanning calorimeter and a thermogravimetric analyzer were used to illustrate the influence of nanoscale α‐Al2O3 particles on the thermal properties of the α‐Al2O3/nylon 6 nanocomposite masterbatches. In addition, a field‐emission scanning electron microscopy was applied to reveal the dispersion of uncoated or coated α‐Al2O3 particles in the nylon 6 matrix. Furthermore, an energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer was also conducted to confirm the existence of the aluminum element in the α‐Al2O3/nylon 6 nanocomposite masterbatches. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of poly(pyrrole‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) conducting copolymer
Authors: Li Ningyuan , Shan Dan , Shi Chenjun , Xue Huaiguo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe direct electrochemical copolymerization of pyrrole (Py) and ε‐caprolactone at various monomer ratios was carried out by potentiostatic methods in nitromethane. Characterizations of the novel copolymer were based on scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetrical analysis, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and elemental analysis studies. The results showed that the electrochemical oxidation of Py and ε‐caprolactone comonomers generated true copolymers rather than blends of the two homopolymers. The electrical conductivity of the copolymers increased with the amount of polypyrrole in the copolymer between the value of 8.2 S/cm and 0.6 S/cm. A probable mechanism of copolymerization was proposed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Investigation of thixotropy behavior of crude oil—Polyacrylamide emulsions
Authors: Ghannam Mamdouh T. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis investigation focuses on the study of the thixotropy behavior of crude oil–polyacrylamide emulsions. A wide range of crude oil and polymer concentrations were covered. Crude oil concentrations of 0–75% by volume and polymer concentrations of 0–104 ppm were used. Two polyacrylamides of Alcoflood polymers, AF1235 and AF1285, were examined. RheoStress RS100 rheometer from Haake was employed to study the thixotropy behavior of crude oil–polymer emulsions. Measurements of thixotropy were conducted under the controlled rate mode. The aqueous solutions of Alcoflood polymers show thixotropy behavior. AF1235 aqueous solutions show lower hysteresis rheograms and thixotropy area than the aqueous solutions of AF1285. Polymer concentration shows strong influence on the ramp‐up and ramp‐down curves. The crude oil–polymer emulsions behave in an antithixotropy response instead of thixotropy behavior experience for the polymer aqueous solutions. The yield stress values of the crude oil–polymer emulsions increase strongly with polymer concentration for ascending and descending cycles. However, for polymer concentration of less than 1000 ppm, crude oil shows strong effects on the emulsion yield stress values for the ramp‐down cycles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
An integrated analysis of lidar observations in association with optical properties of aerosols from a high altitude location in central Himalayas
Authors: Hegde P. , Pant P. , Bhavani Kumar Y. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn order to study the aerosol backscatter profiles, a portable micro pulse lidar (MPL) system was installed in the year 2006 at Manora Peak, (29°22′N, 79°27′E, ∼1960 m amsl) Nainital, a high altitude location in the central Himalayas. In the present study the results of observed lidar profiles, columnar aerosol optical depths (AOD) and prevailing meteorology during May 2006 to June 2007 are presented. Although the lidar was operated from a sparsely inhabited free tropospheric site, nevertheless the height distribution of aerosol layers are found to be extended up to the summit of ∼2 km above the ground level (AGL). The backscatter ratio (BSR) varies from ∼10 to ∼20 having lowest values during post‐monsoon and highest during pre‐monsoon period. The observed boundary layer height during the post monsoon was shallower to the pre‐monsoon period. Occasionally the lidar profiles reveal the presence of cirrus clouds at an altitude of 8–10 km AGL. The extended lidar observations over Manora Peak not only provided the profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient but also significantly substantiate the elevated aerosol layers and clouds, which are important in the study of climate modelling. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The role of air turbulence in warm rain initiation
Authors: Wang Lian‐Ping , Grabowski Wojciech W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractQuantitative parameterization of turbulent collision of cloud droplets represents a major unsolved problem in cloud physics. Here a hybrid direct simulation tool is used specifically to quantify the turbulent enhancement of the gravitational collision‐coalescence. Simulation results show that air turbulence can enhance the collision kernel by an average factor of about 2, and the observed trends are supported by scaling arguments. An impact study using the most realistic collection kernel suggests that cloud turbulence can significantly reduce the time for warm rain initiation. Areas for further development of the hybrid simulation and the impact study are indicated. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of adjusting DRO schedules on the reduction of stereotypic vocalizations in children with autism
Authors: Rozenblat Eric , Brown John L. , Brown Ann K. , Reeve Sharon A. , Reeve Kenneth F. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe reduction of stereotypic behavior is important for individuals with developmental disabilities because it may interfere with learning new skills. A common procedure used to reduce stereotypic behavior is differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO). A DRO schedule is a procedure in which reinforcement is delivered given the absence of a target response for a period of time. Although DRO schedules have been shown to be effective in reducing a variety of stereotypic behavior, empirical studies have not yet determined the most effective way to thin the reinforcement schedule. The current study examined the extent to which the relationship between the inter‐response time (IRT) and the DRO requirement affects the reduction of stereotypic behavior. Results of the current study showed the DRO requirement that was set to the 25th percentile of the IRT distribution was more effective in reducing stereotypic behavior when compared with a DRO requirement set to the 95th percentile of the IRT distribution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Problem‐solving test: The mechanism of protein synthesis
Authors: Szeberényi József 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTerms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: protein synthesis, ribosomes, amino acids, peptides, peptide bond, polypeptide chain, N‐ and C‐terminus, hemoglobin, α‐ and β‐globin chains, radioactive labeling, [3H] and [14C]leucine, cytosol, differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, trypsin, electrophoresis, chromatography
A qualitative approach to enzyme inhibition
Authors: Waldrop Grover L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMost general biochemistry textbooks present enzyme inhibition by showing how the basic Michaelis–Menten parameters Km and Vmax are affected mathematically by a particular type of inhibitor. This approach, while mathematically rigorous, does not lend itself to understanding how inhibition patterns are used to determine the kinetic aspects of an enzyme. The discussion here describes a qualitative approach to teaching enzyme inhibition that allows for a physical or mechanistic understanding. This qualitative approach to enzyme inhibition starts by recognizing that the two fundamental kinetic parameters of an enzyme catalyzed reaction are Vmax and Vmax/Km, which correspond to the apparent rates of reaction at very high and very low concentrations of substrate, respectively. It just so happens that the reciprocals of Vmax and Vmax/Km correspond to the y‐intercept and slope of the Lineweaver–Burk plot, respectively. Thus, an inhibitor that affects the y‐intercept binds to the enzyme at very high substrate concentrations, and thus binds to the enzyme–substrate complex, while an inhibitor that affects the slope binds to the enzyme at very low substrate concentrations, and thus binds only to free enzyme. These simple precepts can be used to interpret the basic inhibition patterns, competitive, uncompetitive and noncompetitive, and more importantly, derive mechanistic information, especially in multisubstrate reactions. The application of these principles is illustrated by using an example from cancer chemotherapy, the inhibition of thymidylate synthase by 5‐fluorouracil and leucovorin.
A new way to introduce microarray technology in a lecture/laboratory setting by studying the evolution of this modern technology
Authors: Rowland‐Goldsmith Melissa 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDNA microarray is an ordered grid containing known sequences of DNA, which represent many of the genes in a particular organism. Each DNA sequence is unique to a specific gene. This technology enables the researcher to screen many genes from cells or tissue grown in different conditions. We developed an undergraduate lecture and laboratory exercise using an interdisciplinary approach to the study of microarray technology. What made this approach unique was studying the evolution of the technology leading up to the formation of the MicroArray Quality Control Project (MAQC). Students realized that this technique has potential of saving lives, making it absolutely necessary to validate all results. Students were then able to complete their own microarray project, evaluate their results and continue to analyze a gene from the study, by further utilizing basic bioinformatic tools as well as critiquing primary journal articles.
RNase one gene isolation, expression, and affinity purification models research experimental progression and culminates with guided inquiry‐based experiments
Authors: Bailey Cheryl P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis new biochemistry laboratory course moves through a progression of experiments that generates a platform for guided inquiry‐based experiments. RNase One gene is isolated from prokaryotic genomic DNA, expressed as a tagged protein, affinity purified, and tested for activity and substrate specificity. Student pairs present detailed explanations of materials and methods and the semester culminates in a poster session. Experimental plans take into account the expense and time required to move from gene isolation to enzyme assays. This combination of instructor‐guided and student‐designed experiments is a manageable foray into guided inquiry‐based learning in a biochemistry laboratory course, while providing a cohesive story and context for individual experiments.
Identifying gel‐separated proteins using in‐gel digestion, mass spectrometry, and database searching
Authors: Albright Jessica C. , Dassenko David J. , Mohamed Essa A. , Beussman Douglas J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is an important bioanalytical technique in drug discovery, proteomics, and research at the biology‐chemistry interface. This is an especially powerful tool when combined with gel separation of proteins and database mining using the mass spectral data. Currently, few hands‐on laboratory opportunities exist for undergraduate students to master this technique despite the usefulness of this technique in biological research. One reason for this lack of incorporation into the teaching curriculum is the relatively low number of published laboratory experiments that demonstrate how mass spectrometry can be incorporated into undergraduate laboratories. We present a simple experiment designed to introduce students to the analysis of gel separated proteins using mass spectrometry. In this experiment, students analyze one or more proteins using gel electrophoresis, followed by in‐gel digestion, MALDI‐time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometry and database mining. The experiment also demonstrates how erroneous results can be obtained if careful attention is not paid to all aspects of the experimental process. The data presented here can be used in a classroom or laboratory setting even if hands‐on access to a MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometer is not possible.
GPU‐based interactive visualization framework for ultrasound datasets
Authors: Lim Sukhyun , Kwon Koojoo , Shin Byeong‐Seok 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUltrasound imaging is widely used in medical areas. By transmitting ultrasound signals into the human body, their echoed signals can be rendered to represent the shape of internal organs. Although its image quality is inferior to that of CT or MR, ultrasound is widely used for its speed and reasonable cost. Volume rendering techniques provide methods for rendering the 3D volume dataset intuitively. We present a visualization framework for ultrasound datasets that uses programmable graphics hardware. For this, we convert ultrasound coordinates into Cartesian form. In ultrasound datasets, however, since physical storage and representation space is different, we apply different sampling intervals adaptively for each ray. In addition, we exploit multiple filtered datasets in order to reduce noise. By our method, we can determine the adequate filter size without considering the filter size. As a result, our approach enables interactive volume rendering for ultrasound datasets, using a consumer‐level PC. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Narratives of ‘green’ consumers — the antihero, the environmental hero and the anarchist
Authors: Autio Minna , Heiskanen Eva , Heinonen Visa 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Environmental policy makers and marketers are attracted by the notion of green consumerism. Yet, green consumerism is a contested concept, allowing for a wide range of translations in everyday discursive practices.
This paper examines how young consumers construct their images of green consumerism. It makes a close reading of three narratives reflecting available subject positions for young green consumers: the Antihero, the Environmental Hero and the Anarchist.
It reveals problems in the prevailing fragmented, gendered and individualistic notions of green consumerism, and discusses implications for policy and marketing practitioners.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Polymorphism in New Organic—Inorganic Hybrid: Pyrazolium Bromoantimonates(III) [C3N2H5] 6Sb4Br18×2H2O (Tetragonal and Triclinic Forms). Thermal, Dielectric and Proton Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) Studies on the Tetragonal Form.
Authors: Piecha A. , Bialonska A. , Jakubas R. , Medycki W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Hydrogen Permeation Properties of BaCe0.95Nd0.05O3‐δ Membranes.
Authors: Cai Ming Ya , Luo Hui Xia , Li Zhong , Feldhoff Armin , Caro Juergen , Wang Hai Hui 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Influence of Humidity on the Mechanochemical Reaction Between NaF and AlF3.
Authors: Scholz G. , Feist M. , Kemnitz E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Struvite‐Type Compounds M[Mg(H2O)6](XO4), where M: Rb, Tl and X: P, As.
Authors: Weil M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Molybdenum(V) Phosphates Containing Sandwich‐Shaped Clusters with Zero‐ and Three‐Dimensional Structures.
Authors: Lin Bi‐Zhou , Liu Xue‐Zhong , Xu Bai‐Huan , Wang Qin‐Qin , Xiao Zi‐Jing 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystallographic and Thermal Expansion Properties of Rare Earth Solid Solution Er2‐xRxMo4O15.
Authors: Peng J. , Xiao X. L. , Hu Z. , Tao J. Z. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Dimensional Open Framework Built from Cu—S Icosahedral Clusters and Its Photocatalytic Property.
Authors: Zhang Zhenyu , Zhang Jian , Wu Tao , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stoichiometric Single Crystal Growth of AgGaS2 by Iodine Transport Method and Characterization.
Authors: Prabukanthan P. , Dhanasekaran R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.