bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hospital Provision before the NHS: Territorial Justice or Inverse Care Law?
Authors: Powell Martin 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTIt is often claimed that before the NHS areas with the highest need for health care had the least provision. In other words, it is asserted that the so-called ‘inverse care law’ (Hart, 1971) existed. This claim is empirically tested for the hospital sector, using needs and provision data from a number of sources. It is found that, for the voluntary hospital sector, both beds and staff were inequitably distributed. However, for the municipal hospital sector, it appears that high need areas tended to have more beds and staff than low need areas. When both sectors are aggregated to produce total provision there is little association between need and bed provision, but inequitable provision for staffing. Thus, it is concluded that municipal provision was successful to some extent in rectifying the inequitable nature of voluntary provision.
Adoption Policy in Great Britain and North America
Authors: Kirk H. David , Mcdaniel Susan A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper has two purposes. First, to explore what existing adoption legislation may indicate about the meaning and function of adoption practices in North America and Great Britain. Second, to consider some possible policy implications revealed by clearer understanding of the social meaning of existing adoption laws. The first part of the paper summarizes briefly the history of legal adoption. The second examines what is explicitly and implicitly revealed by adoption law and policies about the social purposes of adoption and about prevailing social values concerning the family. The third part examines possible avenues of policy change in North America.
The Past, the Present and the Future in Medieval Rural History
Authors: Dyer Christopher 
Published: January 2009

More books and articles are being published about medieval rural history, archaeology and geography than ever before. This is not just because academics have been told to improve their productivity, but mainly reflects the enthusiasm of authors and the demand of a numerous reading public. Publishers find that books on medieval subjects have a steady sale, both among young students, who, despite gloomy predictions, are still attracted to the Middle Ages, and among the thousands of older people who attend adult education classes. There are more ideas in circulation, more stimulating differences of opinion, and more cross-fertilisation between disciplines. One might sometimes regret a certain narrowness of view which prevents some experts reading the works of others, even to the point when their footnotes consist almost entirely of citations of their own publications. And one wishes that British scholars had more contacts with their counterparts in continental Europe. But in general these are expansive and stirring times in which to be involved with the study of the medieval countryside, and we can look forward to more important advances in the next decade. The long term is a different matter, in view of the decline in the numbers of postgraduate students, the pursuit of a spurious ‘relevance’ by such funding bodies as the Economic and Social Research Council, the squeezing of economic and social history as a separate discipline out of many universities in the interests of ‘rationalisation’, and the continued financial uncertainties for public archaeology.But to return to the 1990s.
The Enclosure of English Social History
Authors: Wrightson Keith 
Published: January 2009

It is now roughly a quarter of a century since the proponents of a new social history of early modern England offered students of the period a novel agenda and an unprecedented opportunity. Prior to the 1960s social history had been variously understood as the history of everyday life, of the lower classes and popular movements, or as a junior partner in the relatively recently-established firm of economic and social history (occupied in the main with the study of social institutions and social policy). As such, it had produced more than a few pioneering works of outstanding quality and lasting value (some of them about to enjoy a revived recognition after decades of relative neglect). But it was not a field close to the centre of historical preoccupation. It was at best contextual, at worst residual.From the early 1960s, however, came a call for a social history of a new type, one conceived as the history of social relationships and of the culture which informs them and gives them meaning. The new agenda was deeply influenced by the social sciences and envisaged an ever closer relationship with sociology, social anthropology and demography. Peter Laslett wrote of ‘sociological history’ or ‘historical sociology’ and Keith Thomas of the need for a ‘more systematic indoctrination’ in the concepts and methodologies of the social sciences. As applied to history, all this was both radical and liberating. In the face of an established curriculum which appeared in many respects restrictive and in some dessicated, it proposed a massive and necessary broadening and deepening of historical concern: the creation of a range of historical enquiry appropriate to the preoccupations and understandings of the late twentieth century.
The Relief of Poverty in Mid Nineteenth-Century Colyton
Authors: Robin Jean 
Published: January 2009

The welfare state emerged in 1948 when the National Assistance Act finally abolished the New Poor Law Forty-two years later, as politicians and bureaucrats struggle to keep increasing expenditure within bounds, the existence of the welfare state in its present form is under threat. Just over 150 years ago, the Old Poor Law was presenting parish ratepayers with a similar problem of rising costs, leading in 1834 to a fundamental reorganisation into the New Poor Law It may therefore be profitable to see how effective in practice the New Poor Law was when it replaced a system widely regarded as profligate, and to consider the extent to which benefits payable through the welfare state were available a hundred years or more ago.This study examines in detail how the New Poor Law, and other forms of relief, affected the whole population of the rural parish of Colyton, in south Devonshire, during the thirty years from 1851 to 1881. It will first describe the sources from which a poor person in Colyton in the mid nineteenth century could look for relief; next discuss how widespread poverty was and who the poor were; then look at what kinds of relief were available, under what conditions; and finally assess the comparative importance to the poor of the different agencies providing assistance.
Mineral Physics Quest to the Earth's Core
Authors: Dubrovinsky Leonid , Lin Jung‐Fu 
Published: January 2009

Because of its remoteness, together with pressures from 140 to 360 gigapascals and temperatures from 4000 to 7000 K, most direct observations of the Earth's core properties have come from teleseismic studies, requiring large earthquake sources and well‐positioned seismometers to detect weak wave signals that have traversed the Earth's deepest interior. The decoding of geochemical signatures of the core—potentially carried to the surface in plumes originating at the core‐mantle boundary—faces numerous challenges of the debated integrity of this hypothesis.For these reasons, understanding the Earth's core requires multidisciplinary efforts. In the past two decades, deep‐Earth scientists have unveiled a number of unusual and enigmatic phenomena of the core, including inner core anisotropy, differential rotation of the inner core, fine‐scale seismic heterogeneity, and the possible existence of the prefer‐oriented hexagonal close packed (hcp, in which two closely packed layers stack alternately along a crystallographic axis) and/or body‐centered cubic (bcc, in which eight atoms reside at the corners and one atom resides at the center of the cubic cell) iron/nickel/light element alloys in the inner core (Figure 1). In this feature article, we summarize recent new findings and frontiers about the nature of the core from mineral physics research.
Paclitaxel delivery by micro/nano encapsulation using layer-by-layer assembly
Authors: Gupta Girish Kumar , Jain Vikas , Mishra Prabhat Ranjan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA novel formulation of paclitaxel (PTX) has been developed by providing multilayer assembly over drug loaded porous CaCO3 microparticles (CaCO3 MP) using combination of biocompatible and biodegradable polyelectrolytes (PE’s). PTX was encapsulated into the nanopores of preformed CaCO3 MP prepared by the co-precipitation method. Infrared (IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) provides evidences that PTX has been encapsulated into nanopores of CaCO3 MP and not crystallized on the surface. PTX loaded CaCO3 MP (CaCO3-PTX) was found to be highly stabilized against thermal decomposition as evinced by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicating decomposition at 600°C and 250°C for CaCO3-PTX and PTX respectively. The multilayer assembly over CaCO3-PTX was effectuated by alternate deposition of protamine sulfate (PRM) and sodium alginate (SA) using LBL technique followed by subsequent core removal [PTX- (PRM/SA)5]. The pay load efficiency of PTX in this system was found to be 78.98±2.14%. The developed system was further evaluated for surface morphology, size and size distribution, surface charge, core removal and layer-by-layer growth due to sequential adsorption of PE’s. The release data of PTX-(PRM/SA)5 was comparable with marketed formulation of PTX (PTX-M) and CaCO3-PTX when performed in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF pH=7.4). The release profile of PTX-(PRM/SA)5 indicates that PEs based multilayer matrix is capable to provide barrier to PTX release as it has been found to follow first order matrix diffusion kinetics with 64±4.8% release within 24 hrs. The t50% of PTX-M, CaCO3-PTX and PTX-(PRM/SA)5 was found to be 70, 90 and 480 minutes respectively. This alternative delivery system of PTX disguised in the form of LBL assembly could have immense application for the treatment of metastasized mammary glands vis-à-vis existing formulation of PTX which is by and large criticized for having certain toxic excipients to be given parentrally. Moreover, the proposed system provides ample of opportunity to modify the surface for targeted application of PTX.
Identification of a cluster of residues in transmembrane segment 6 of domain III of the cockroach sodium channel essential for the action of pyrethroid insecticides
Authors: Du Yuzhe , Lee Jung-Eun , Nomura Yoshiko , Zhang Tianxiang , Zhorov Boris S. , Dong Ke 
Published: January 2009

A phenylalanine residue (Phe1519) in the sixth transmembrane segment of domain III (IIIS6) of the cockroach BgNav sodium channel is required for the binding and action of pyrethroids. However, whether or not other residues in IIIS6 participate in the action of pyrethroids remains to be determined. In the present study, we conducted a systematic analysis of 20 residues in IIIS6 of the BgNav channel using alanine-scanning mutagenesis. Our results show that alanine substitutions of four residues, Ile1514, Gly1516, Phe1518 and Asn1522, altered sodium channel sensitivity to pyrethroid insecticides. Whereas the G1516A, F1518A and N1522A substitutions diminished sodium channel sensitivity to all seven pyrethroids examined, including four type I (lacking the α-cyano group at the phenoxybenzyl alcohol) and three type II (containing the α-cyano group) pyrethroids, the I1514A substitution enhanced sodium channel sensitivity to four type I and type II pyrethroids that contain the phenoxybenzyl alcohol only. We also show that alanine/lysine substitutions of Leu1521 and Ser1517 affected the action of BTX (batrachotoxin), but not pyrethroids. In the Kv1.2-based homology model of the open sodium channel, side chains of Ile1514, Phe1518 and Asn1522 are exposed towards helix IIS5 and linker IIS4–IIS5, which contain previously identified pyrethroid-interacting residues, whereas Ser1517 and Leu1521 face the inner pore where the BTX receptor is located. Thus the present study provides further evidence for structural models in which pyrethroids bind to the lipid-exposed interface formed by helices IIIS6, IIS5 and linker helix IIS4–IIS5, whereas BTX binds to the pore-exposed side of the IIIS6 helix.
Medium spiny neurons for transplantation in Huntington's disease
Authors: Kelly Claire M. , Dunnett Stephen B. , Rosser Anne E. 
Published: January 2009

Cell-replacement therapy for Huntington's disease is one of very few therapies that has reported positive outcomes in clinical trials. However, for cell transplantation to be made more readily available, logistical, standardization and ethical issues associated with the current methodology need to be resolved. To achieve these goals, it is imperative that an alternative cell source be identified. One of the key requirements of the cells is that they are capable of acquiring an MSN (medium spiny neuron) morphology, express MSN markers such as DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa), and function in vivo in a manner that replicates those that have been lost to the disease. Developmental biology has progressed in recent years to provide a vast array of information with regard to the key signalling events involved in the proliferation, specification and differentiation of striatal-specific neurons. In the present paper, we review the rationale for cell-replacement therapy in Huntington's disease, discuss some potential donor sources and consider the value of developmental markers in the identification of cells with the potential to develop an MSN phenotype.
Decibels of light and sound
Authors: Stevens S. S. 
Published: January 2009

The usefulness of logarithms in the measurement of many of the stimuli to which human beings are sensitive is almost too obvious to need argument. Three reasons are commonly given to justify the practice:
1. The intensity ranges of the physical stimuli are enormous—energy ranges of trillions to one are involved in vision and hearing.
2. To a rough approximation, discrimination follows a law of relativity: the just detectable increment in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus (Weber's law). Hence, to the extent that Weber's law holds, the logarithmic difference that is just detectable is constant.
3. According to Fechner's law, the subjective magnitude of a sensation is supposed to be proportional to the logarithm of the magnitude of the stimulus.
Disperse—a software system for design of selector probes for exon resequencing applications
Authors: Stenberg J. , Zhang M. , Ji H. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Summary:Selector probes enable the amplification of many selected regions of the genome in multiplex. Disperse is a software pipeline that automates the procedure of designing selector probes for exon resequencing applications.
Availability:Software and documentation is available at http://bioinformatics.org/disperse
Contact: genomics_ji@stanford.edu
Detecting gene clusters under evolutionary constraint in a large number of genomes
Authors: Ling Xu , He Xin , Xin Dong 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Spatial clusters of genes conserved across multiple genomes provide important clues to gene functions and evolution of genome organization. Existing methods of identifying these clusters often made restrictive assumptions, such as exact conservation of gene order, and relied on heuristic algorithms.
Results: We developed a very efficient algorithm based on a ‘gene teams’ model that allows genes in the clusters to appear in different orders. This allows us to detect conserved gene clusters under flexible evolutionary constraints in a large number of genomes. Our statistical evaluation incorporates the evolutionary relationship among genomes, a key aspect that has been missing in most previous studies. We conducted a large-scale analysis of 133 bacterial genomes. Our results confirm that our approach is an effective way of uncovering functionally related genes. The comparison with known operons and the analysis of the structural properties of our predicted clusters suggest that operons are an important source of constraint, but there are also other forces that determine evolution of gene order and arrangement. Using our method, we predicted functions of many poorly characterized genes in bacterial. The combined algorithmic and statistical methods we present here provide a rigorous framework for systematically studying evolutionary constraints of genomic contexts.
Availability: The software, data and the full results of this article are available online at http://www.ews.uiuc.edu/~xuling/mcmusec.
Contact: xuling@uiuc.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Gclust: trans-kingdom classification of proteins using automatic individual threshold setting
Authors: Sato Naoki 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Trans-kingdom protein clustering remained difficult because of large sequence divergence between eukaryotes and prokaryotes and the presence of a transit sequence in organellar proteins. A large-scale protein clustering including such divergent organisms needs a heuristic to efficiently select similar proteins by setting a proper threshold for homologs of each protein. Here a method is described using two similarity measures and organism count.
Results: The Gclust software constructs minimal homolog groups using all-against-all BLASTP results by single-linkage clustering. Major points include (i) estimation of domain structure of proteins; (ii) exclusion of multi-domain proteins; (iii) explicit consideration of transit peptides; and (iv) heuristic estimation of a similarity threshold for homologs of each protein by entropy-optimized organism count method. The resultant clusters were evaluated in the light of power law. The software was used to construct protein clusters for up to 95 organisms.
Availability: Software and data are available at http://gclust.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Gclust_Download.html.
Contact: naokisat@bio.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Geographic variability of sardine dynamics in the Iberian Biscay region
Authors: Silva A. , Skagen D. W. , Uriarte A. , Massé J. , Santos M. B. , Marques V. , Carrera P. , Beillois P. , Pestana G. , Porteiro C. , Stratoudakis Y. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Silva, A., Skagen, D. W., Uriarte, A., Massé, J., Santos, M. B., Marques, V., Carrera, P., Beillois, P., Pestana, G., Porteiro, C., and Stratoudakis, Y. 2009. Geographic variability of sardine dynamics in the Iberian Biscay region. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 495–508. The spatio-temporal variability in the distribution, demographic structure, recruitment, and mortality of sardine within the Iberian Biscay region is described using area-disaggregated data collected during acoustic surveys and at ports since the mid-1980s. Multiple regression models were used to describe log numbers-at-age obtained annually in ten areas covered by three surveys to test the existence of geographic differences in selectivity-at-age, recruitment strength, and mortality and to infer plausible migration routes. Within Iberian waters, sardine biomass was mainly concentrated off western Portugal and the Gulf of Cadiz. In the Bay of Biscay, biomass levels were comparable with those off western Portugal. Recruitment was localized in a few areas (northern Portugal and the Gulf of Cadiz and Bay of Biscay), intermingling with areas dominated by older fish. Recruitment was generally asynchronous among areas, although some recruitment peaks were noticeable across wider regions. Spatial patterns related to strong and weak year classes and year-class slopes were also noted. Clearly distinct dynamics were not evidenced within the Atlanto–Iberian sardine stock area, but the validity of the northern limit was questioned by the connection between sardine dynamics in the Bay of Biscay and the Cantabrian Sea. The results provided some evidence consistent with the hypothesis of sardine movement from recruiting grounds to areas farther along the coast as they grow.
Behavior and Cellular Evidence for Propofol-induced Hypnosis Involving Brain Glycine Receptors
Authors: Nguyen Hai T. , Li Ke-yong , daGraca Ralph L. , Delphin Ellise , Xiong Ming , Ye Jiang H. 
Published: January 2009

Background
It is well documented that several general anesthetics, including propofol, potentiate glycine receptor function. Furthermore, glycine receptors exist throughout the central nervous system, including areas of the brain thought to be involved in sleep. However, the role of glycine receptors in anesthetic-induced hypnosis has not been determined.

Methods
Experiments were conducted in rats where the loss of righting reflex (LORR) was used as a marker of the hypnotic state. Propofol-induced LORR was examined in the presence and absence of strychnine (a glycine receptor antagonist), GABAzine (a gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor antagonist), as well as ketamine (an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid subtype of glutamate receptors). Furthermore, the effects of propofol on the currents elicited by glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid were analyzed in neurons isolated from the posterior hypothalamus of rats. The effects of strychnine and GABAzine on propofol-induced currents were also evaluated.

Results
Strychnine and GABAzine dose-dependently reduced the percentage of rats exhibiting LORR induced by propofol. Furthermore, strychnine significantly increased the onset time and reduced the duration of LORR induced by propofol. In contrast, strychnine did not affect the LORR induced by ketamine. In addition, propofol markedly increased the currents elicited by glycine and GABA of hypothalamic neurons. Conversely, strychnine and GABAzine both profoundly attenuated the current induced by propofol.

Conclusion
Strychnine, the glycine receptor antagonist, dose-dependently reduced propofol-induced LORR in rats and propofol-induced current of rat hypothalamic neurons. These results suggest that neuronal glycine receptors partially contribute to propofol-induced hypnosis.