bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘hybrid cell’: a new compensated infinity cell for larger radius ion excitation in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Kim Sunghwan , Choi Myoung Choul , Hur Manhoi , Kim Hyun Sik , Yoo Jong Shin , Hendrickson Christopher L. , Marshall Alan G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA new ‘hybrid’ ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) trap is proposed and analyzed by computer simulations. The trap is basically a hybrid of a segmented end cap (Infinity) and capacitively coupled cylindrical cell, with additional electrodes placed at the center of each end cap. The new trap produces an on‐axis electric field z‐profile similar to that of the Infinity cell or capacitively coupled open cylindrical cell during ion excitation. Simion simulations demonstrate that, during detection, appropriate changes of the potentials applied to the two new sets of electrodes produce a radial electric field z‐profile that more closely approaches that for an ideal axial three‐dimensional quadrupolar potential at high post‐excitation ICR orbital radius, for improved signal‐to‐noise ratio and resolving power, and minimal m/z‐discrimination. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitation of methylated hemoglobin adducts in a signature peptide from rat blood by liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Fagen , Bartels Michael J. , Pottenger Lynn H. , Schisler Melissa R. , Grundy Joy J. , Gollapudi B. Bhaskar 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHemoglobin adducts are often used as biomarkers for exposure to reactive chemicals in toxicology studies. Therefore, fast, sensitive, accurate, and reproducible methods for quantifying these protein adducts are key to evaluate test material dosimetry. A methodology has been developed for the quantitation of methylated hemoglobin adducts isolated from rats exposed to the model alkylating agent: methyl methane sulfonate (MMS). After 4 days of MMS exposure by oral gavage, hemoglobin was isolated from rat blood and digested with trypsin. The tryptic digestion solution was used for the adducted hemoglobin signature peptide quantitation via liquid chromatography/negative tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the methylated hemoglobin beta chain N‐terminal signature peptide (MeVHLTDAEK) was 1.95 ng/mL (5.9 pmol/mg globin). The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 1.95 to 625 ng/mL, with a correlation coefficient R2 >0.998, accuracy of 85.8 to 119.3%, and precision of 0.9 to 19.4%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plastische Tragfähigkeit von semi‐kompakten Querschnitten aus Stahl
Authors: Kettler Markus , Lechner Andreas , Greiner Richard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSemi‐kompakte Querschnitte sind jene, die in EN 1993‐1‐1 als Querschnitte der Klasse 3 definiert werden. Ihr Tragverhalten wird dort rein elastisch vorgegeben, wodurch sich ein abrupter Unstetigkeitssprung zum plastischen Tragverhalten der Klasse 2 einstellt. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das teil‐plastische Verhalten dieses Querschnittsbereichs in Hinblick auf die Querschnittstragfähigkeit. Als Belastung werden Normalkraft, Biegung um die beiden Hauptachsen und deren Interaktion untersucht. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten sowohl experimentell als auch numerisch und führen auf einen Bemessungsvorschlag, unterlegt mit statistischen Auswertungen nach EN 1990.
Der Einfluss von Imperfektionen in dünnwandigen geschweißten Rechteckquerschnitten unter Druckbeanspruchung
Authors: Degée Hervé , Kuhlmann Ulrike , Detzel Annette , Maquoi René 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDieser Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojekts vor, in dem das Gesamtstabilitätsverhalten dünnwandiger geschweißter Rechteckhohlquerschnitte unter Druckbeanspruchung untersucht wurde. Um den Einfluss verschiedenartiger Imperfektionen, d. h. Eigenspannungen aus dem Schweißen und lokale wie globale geometrische Vorverformungen, auf die Traglast zu untersuchen, wurden umfangreiche experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Aus den Erkenntnissen zum Tragverhalten wurden Empfehlungen für anzusetzende (Ersatz‐)Imperfektionen hergeleitet, die bei der numerischen Berechnung quadratischer und rechteckiger Hohlquerschnitte der Querschnittsklasse 4 unter Druckbeanspruchung verwendet werden sollten.
Zum zuverlässigkeitstheoretischen Konzept der Verbundträgerbemessung
Authors: Geißler Karsten , Heyde Stefan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIm Beitrag wird das Sicherheitskonzept zur Bemessung von Verbundträgern angesprochen. Dabei werden die sich für Verbundträger ergebenden Probleme aufgezeigt und diskutiert, dass eine Übertragung der an Bauteilen aus jeweils einem Werkstoff bewährten semiprobabilistischen Bemessungskonzepte nicht ohne Weiteres auf Verbund‐ bzw. Hybridbauteile möglich ist. Am Beispiel der “klassischen” Verbundträger werden für einfache Hochbauträger für den Spezialfall des starren Verbundes Ergebnisse von zahlreichen Berechnungen im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit sowie der Gebrauchstauglichkeit dargestellt, die einzelnen Wertigkeiten der Eingangsparameter diskutiert und daraus abgeleitet die notwendigen Teil sicherheitsbeiwerte für diese Parameter begründet. Dabei werden bestimmte Modellungenauigkeiten am Querschnitt für die probabilistischen Berechnungen zunächst toleriert und der Fokus auf die Darstellung der zuverlässig‐keitstheoretischen Analyse gelegt.
Entwicklung eines allgemeinen Verfahrens für den Biegedrillknicknachweis von Verbundträgern im Bauzustand
Authors: Boissonnade Nicolas , Jaspart Jean‐Pierre , Haller Mike , Cajot Louis‐Guy , Weynand Klaus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn diesem Aufsatz wird eine neue Nachweismethode zur Überprüfung des Biegedrillknickverhaltens von Verbundträgern vorgestellt. Es wird eine neue Methode beschrieben, die auf der reduzierten Schlankheit gekoppelt mit dem Gebrauch von Knickkurven basiert. Dadurch gelingt es, die Momentengrenztragfähigkeit Mb,Rd zu bestimmen. Diese Methode wird als “hybrid” bezeichnet, da sie sich einerseits auf die analytisch berechneten Eigenschaften (Biegewiderstand) und andererseits auf numerische Rechnungen (kritisches Moment) stützt. Anschließend wird ausführlich über die Richtigkeit der Methode im Vergleich zu den Ergebnissen numerischer Simulationen berichtet. Außerdem werden Hilfswerkzeuge zur Dimensionierung vorgestellt. Schließlich wird die Software LATROCON (ACP) beschrieben. Sie ist gratis unter der Internetadresse www.arcelor.com/sections erhältlich.
X‐ray micro‐CT applied to natural building materials and art objects
Authors: De Witte Y. , Cnudde V. , Pieters K. , Masschaele B. , Dierick M. , Vlassenbroeck J. , Van Hoorebeke L. , Jacobs P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn recent years, x‐ray micro‐CT has become an important tool for investigating all kinds of materials. The technique uses x‐ray transmission images of a sample to create a 3D representation of the specimen. Owing to its nondestructive nature, it is especially suited to investigate rare or expensive samples. This article aims to point out the potential x‐ray computed tomography (CT) has to offer to the preservation of cultural heritage and the world of art. Research was performed at the UGCT facility of the Ghent University (Belgium), using a ‘state of the art’ x‐ray microtomograph. In this article, the results for two applications of x‐ray CT are shown and discussed. The first application is the localization of salts in sandstone and limestone, as a contribution to the European Saltcontrol project. As for the second application, several bronze artifacts were scanned and reconstructed. This allows one to look at the interior composition of the sample and detect possible signs of reparation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurotrophin‐3 reduces apoptosis induced by 6‐OHDA in PC12 cells through Akt signaling pathway
Authors: Li Zhiquan , Hu Yunyu , Zhu Qingsheng , Zhu Jinyu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPrevious work has demonstrated that 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) induces apoptosis in PC12 cells. The goal of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protection by neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) against 6‐OHDA‐induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Treatment of PC12 cells with 6‐OHDA resulted in activation of caspase‐3 and subsequent apoptosis, as detected by TUNEL staining. In addition, Akt phosphorylation was decreased following 6‐OHDA treatment. Pretreatment with NT‐3 reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells and caspase‐3 activity induced by 6‐OHDA and suppressed the cleavage of caspase‐3 and Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) with a significant decrease in cell viability. Moreover, Akt phosphorylation was enhanced and 6‐OHDA‐induced chromatin condensation was suppressed by NT‐3. Such NT‐3‐evoked suppression in chromatin condensation was reversed by anti‐TrkA antibody receptor blockade. Further study revealed that LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3‐kinase (a molecule upstream of Akt), enhanced 6‐OHDA‐induced apoptosis. These data indicate that NT‐3 prevents 6‐OHDA‐induced apoptosis in PC12 cells via activation of PI3‐kinase/Akt pathway.
Autophagy generates retrogradely transported organelles: a hypothesis
Authors: Kaasinen Selma K. , Harvey Louise , Reynolds Anna J. , Hendry Ian A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNerve cells require trophic signals transmitted from the nerve terminal via the axon in order to survive and develop normally. As the axon may be more than a meter long, specialised mechanisms are needed to transmit these signals. This involves the retrograde axonal transport of signalling endosomes containing nerve growth factor (NGF) and other synaptically derived molecules. These are large, double membrane multivesicular bodies containing a mixture of all vesicle types seen in the nerve terminal. How this signalling endosome is formed and targeted for retrograde axonal transport, however, remains an open question. Here we show that members of the Rab family of proteins that are retrogradely transported indicate that the signalling endosome contains both early and recycling endosomes. In addition, we show that retrogradely transported labelled antibody to dopamine beta‐hydroxylase, a marker for synaptic vesicles, co‐localizes within the same signalling endosome as NGF. We further show that LC3, a marker for autophagosomes, is retrogradely transported and associates with retrogradely transported NGF. We propose that neurons have exploited the mechanism of autophagy to engulf a sample of the cytoplasmic contents of the nerve terminal to transport back to the cell body. This sample of cytoplasmic contents relays a reliable snapshot of the totality of signalling events occurring in the nerve terminal at that instant in time.
The effect of feeding frequency on insulin and ghrelin responses in human subjects
Authors: Solomon Thomas P. J. , Chambers Edward S. , Jeukendrup Asker E. , Toogood Andrew A. , Blannin Andrew K. 
Published: April 2008

Recent work shows that increased meal frequency reduces ghrelin responses in sheep. Human research suggests there is an interaction between insulin and ghrelin. The effect of meal frequency on this interaction is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of feeding frequency on insulin and ghrelin responses in human subjects. Five healthy male volunteers were recruited from the general population: age 24 (sem 2) years, body mass 75·7 (sem 3·2) kg and BMI 23·8 (sem 0·8) kg/m2. Volunteers underwent three 8-h feeding regimens: fasting (FAST); low-frequency (two) meal ingestion (LOFREQMEAL); high-frequency (twelve) meal ingestion (HIFREQMEAL). Meals were equi-energetic within trials, consisting of 64 % carbohydrate, 23 % fat and 13 % protein. Total energy intake was equal between feeding trials. Total area under the curve for serum insulin and plasma ghrelin responses did not differ between trials (P>0·05), although the hormonal response patterns to the two meal feeding regimens were different. An inverse relationship was found between serum insulin and plasma ghrelin during the FAST and LOFREQMEAL trials (P < 0·05); and, in the postprandial period, there was a time delay between insulin responses and successive ghrelin responses. This relationship was not observed during the HIFREQMEAL trial (P>0·05). This study provides further evidence that the postprandial fall in ghrelin might be due, at least partially, to the rise in insulin and that high-frequency feeding may disrupt this relationship.
Ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission ofEchinococcus multilocularisin the French Ardennes
Authors: Guislain Marie-Hélène , Raoul Francis , Giraudoux Patrick , Terrier Marie-Eve , Froment Guillaume , Ferté Hubert , Poulle Marie-Lazarine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn order to identify the respective importance of the ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission ofEchinococcus multilocularis, we estimated grassland vole intermediate host (Microtussp. andArvicola terrestris) population densities, in relation to the diet of the definitive host (red fox,Vulpes vulpes) and with the prevalence ofE. multilocularisin the fox population. The study was conducted in the Ardennes, north-eastern France, which is an area with a high incidence of alveolar echinococcosis. Surface index methods showed thatMicrotuswas the most abundant intermediate host in the area. Furthermore,Microtuswas present in one-third of the 144 faeces and 98 stomach content samples examined and represented more than two-thirds of the rodent occurrences. Red fox predation onMicrotuswas significantly correlated withMicrotusrelative abundance. In contrast, the relative abundance ofA. terrestriswas very low. This species, as well asClethrionomys glareolusandApodemussp., was little consumed.E. multilocularisprevalence in foxes was determined from carcasses and reached 53% (95% confidence interval 45–61%). Intensity of infection varied from 2 to 73,380 worms per fox, with 72% of the sampled worm burden harboured by 8% of the sampled foxes. The selected explanatory variables (sex, year, age class, health and nutritional condition, and season) failed to predict prevalence rate and worm burden. The high prevalence rate in foxes indicates the possibility of intenseE. multilocularistransmission, apart from periods, or in landscapes, favourable to large population outbreaks of grassland rodents.
FLIGHTS OF FANCY: CODES AND KEYS IN HOWELLS
Authors: Pike Lionel 
Published: April 2008

The composer Robert Simpson was a pupil of Herbert Howells, studying with him for the D.Mus which he took at Durham University in 1951. This was the time of the St Pauls' Service, when Howells was nearly 60 and Simpson just 30. Simpson took no composition lessons with Howells, but had tuition from him in counterpoint. Simpson told me that one day he had written a fugue on a subject of his own devising, and he took it along to Howells with not a little pride in his achievement. Howells looked at the fugue, said nothing, and then took out a fountain pen and, as Simpson put itwrote a complete fugue there and then, in his beautifully fastidious hand, as fluently and easily as if he was writing a letter, exploring all the intervals and implications of my subject in a way that I had not thought possible.
DUTILLEUX IN CONTEXT: A STUDY OF HIS FORMATIVE YEARS
Authors: Obi-Keller Janet 
Published: April 2008

It was at an interview towards the end of my research project in January 2005 that Henri Dutilleux, one of the most unique composers of the 20th and 21st centuries, granted me an exclusive opportunity to discuss aspects of his musical training. In the interview he reflects on his studies in the provinces and at the Paris Conservatoire:I did not study piano at the Conservatoire, nor did I study organ. I received my technique in the provinces. The Director of Douai tutored me well, which is why I was at a very good level when I entered the Conservatoire [Paris]. With my solid training, I was encouraged to enter the Prix de Rome very soon, which is why I did not study there long enough.
The shared circuits model (SCM): How control, mirroring, and simulation can enable imitation, deliberation, and mindreading
Authors: Hurley Susan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractImitation, deliberation, and mindreading are characteristically human sociocognitive skills. Research on imitation and its role in social cognition is flourishing across various disciplines. Imitation is surveyed in this target article under headings of behavior, subpersonal mechanisms, and functions of imitation. A model is then advanced within which many of the developments surveyed can be located and explained. The shared circuits model (SCM) explains how imitation, deliberation, and mindreading can be enabled by subpersonal mechanisms of control, mirroring, and simulation. It is cast at a middle, functional level of description, that is, between the level of neural implementation and the level of conscious perceptions and intentional actions. The SCM connects shared informational dynamics for perception and action with shared informational dynamics for self and other, while also showing how the action/perception, self/other, and actual/possible distinctions can be overlaid on these shared informational dynamics. It avoids the common conception of perception and action as separate and peripheral to central cognition. Rather, it contributes to the situated cognition movement by showing how mechanisms for perceiving action can be built on those for active perception.;>;>The SCM is developed heuristically, in five layers that can be combined in various ways to frame specific ontogenetic or phylogenetic hypotheses. The starting point is dynamic online motor control, whereby an organism is closely attuned to its embedding environment through sensorimotor feedback. Onto this are layered functions of prediction and simulation of feedback, mirroring, simulation of mirroring, monitored inhibition of motor output, and monitored simulation of input. Finally, monitored simulation of input specifying possible actions plus inhibited mirroring of such possible actions can generate information about the possible as opposed to actual instrumental actions of others, and the possible causes and effects of such possible actions, thereby enabling strategic social deliberation. Multiple instances of such shared circuits structures could be linked into a network permitting decomposition and recombination of elements, enabling flexible control, imitative learning, understanding of other agents, and instrumental and strategic deliberation. While more advanced forms of social cognition, which require tracking multiple others and their multiple possible actions, may depend on interpretative theorizing or language, the SCM shows how layered mechanisms of control, mirroring, and simulation can enable distinctively human cognitive capacities for imitation, deliberation, and mindreading.
Mirroring cannot account for understanding action
Authors: Carpendale Jeremy I. M. , Lewis Charlie 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSusan Hurley's shared circuits model (SCM) rightly begins in action and progresses through a series of layers; but it fails to reach action understanding because it relies on mirroring as a driving force, draws on heavily criticized theories, and neglects the need for shared experience in our grasp of social understanding.
Mesial frontal cortex and super mirror neurons
Authors: Iacoboni Marco 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDepth electrode recordings in the human mesial frontal cortex have revealed individual neurons with mirror properties. A third of these cells have excitatory properties during action execution and inhibitory properties during action observation. These cells – which we call super mirror neurons – provide the neural mechanism that implements the functions of layers 3+4 of the shared circuits model (SCM).
What kind of neural coding and self does Hurley's shared circuit model presuppose?
Authors: Northoff Georg 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSusan Hurley's impressive article about the shared circuit model (SCM) raises two important issues. First, I suggest that the SCM presupposes relational coding rather than translational coding as neural code. Second, the SCM being the basis for self implies that the self may be characterized as format, relational, and embodied and embedded, rather than by specific and isolated higher-order cognitive contents.
More than control freaks: Evaluative and motivational functions of goals
Authors: Paglieri Fabio , Castelfranchi Cristiano 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTrue to its sensorimotor inspiration, Hurley's shared circuits model (SCM) describes goal-states only within a homeostatic mechanism for action control, neglecting to consider other functions of goals – namely, evaluation and motivation. This restriction thwarts Hurley's project of identifying the information resources enabling social cognition. In order to master intentional behavior, deliberation, and action understanding, we need to be more than just “control freaks.”
Goals are not implied by actions, but inferred from actions and contexts
Authors: van Rooij Iris , Haselager Willem , Bekkering Harold 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPeople cannot understand intentions behind observed actions by direct simulation, because goal inference is highly context dependent. Context dependency is a major source of computational intractability in traditional information-processing models. An embodied embedded view of cognition may be able to overcome this problem, but then the problem needs recognition and explication within the context of the new, layered cognitive architecture.
Bootstrapping the mind
Authors: Kiverstein Julian , Clark Andy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAfter offering a brief account of how we understand the shared circuits model (SCM), we divide our response into four sections. First, in section R1, we assess to what extent SCM is committed to an account of the ontogeny and phylogeny of shared circuits. In section R2, we examine doubts raised by several commentators as to whether SCM might be expanded so as to accommodate the mirroring of emotions, sensations, and intransitive actions more generally. Section R3 responds to various criticisms that relate to the account of social-learning Hurley proposes in the target article. We conclude in section R4 by responding to a number of commentators who argued for the limitation of control theory as a framework for studying social cognition.
A study of the science of taste: On the origins and influence of the core ideas
Authors: Erickson Robert P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOur understanding of the sense of taste is largely based on research designed and interpreted in terms of the traditional four “basic” tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter, and now a few more. This concept of basic tastes has no rational definition to test, and thus it has not been tested. As a demonstration, a preliminary attempt to test one common but arbitrary psychophysical definition of basic tastes is included in this article; that the basic tastes are unique in being able to account for other tastes. This definition was falsified in that other stimuli do about as well as the basic words and stimuli. To the extent that this finding might show analogies with other studies of receptor, neural, and psychophysical phenomena, the validity of the century-long literature of the science of taste based on a few “basics” is called into question. The possible origins, meaning, and influence of this concept are discussed. Tests of the model with control studies are suggested in all areas of taste related to basic tastes. As a stronger alternative to the basic tradition, the advantages of the across-fiber pattern model are discussed; it is based on a rational data-based hypothesis, and has survived attempts at falsification. Such “population coding” has found broad acceptance in many neural systems.