bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prandial insulin: is inhaled enough?
Authors: Boss Anders H. , Yu Wen , Ellerman Karen 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe low proportion of patients achieving glycemic targets is well documented for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Postprandial glucose levels are often not monitored but contribute significantly to total glycemic burden. Prandial rapid‐acting insulin analogues were introduced to address some of these problems but still do not provide a physiologic insulin replacement. Inhaled prandial insulins have been developed to free patients from multiple mealtime injections and make intensive insulin regimens more acceptable. Several inhaled formulations of prandial insulin are in development but differ significantly with respect to inhaler characteristics and pharmacokinetic profiles. This brief review summarizes the properties of the new prandial inhaled insulins and discusses how postprandial glycemic control is dependent not only on the insulin dose, but also on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of insulin delivery. There is no antihyperglycemic agent with a glucose‐lowering effect superior to that of insulin; new prandial products that improve coordination between insulin availability and meal absorption and are more acceptable to patients may increase the proportion of diabetic patients achieving and maintaining glycemic targets. Drug Dev Res 69:138–142, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents
Authors: Desmangles Jean‐Claude 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDespite the recent advances in treatment and technology, intensive insulin therapy for treatment of type 1 diabetes remains a challenge in children due to developmental issues, wide glycemic fluctuations and unpredictable eating and activity patterns. Many children with diabetes nowadays use a basal‐bolus regimen by means of either multiple daily injections or CSII in an attempt to mimic closely the physiological insulin and serum glucose profiles in order to achieve optimal glycemic control. This article reviews the different regimens employed to treat type 1 diabetes in children, using short‐ and intermediate‐acting insulins, newer insulin analogues, as well as continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). With the ongoing development of new technologies allowing better monitoring of blood glucose and insulin delivery, it is hoped that in the near future a “closed loop system” will help in achieving normal glycemic control while minimizing side effects related to administration of exogenous insulin. Drug Dev Res 69:158–164, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transplantation and beyond
Authors: Taylor‐Fishwick David A. , Pittenger Gary L. , Vinik Aaron I. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe pathophysiology of diabetes, either type 1 or type 2, involves the loss of β cell mass to a point where there is insufficient insulin secretion to meet the body's needs. The overall loss of β cells results from β cell destruction in conjunction with a failure of physiological regulators to restore or regenerate the β cell population. Historically, therapy for diabetes has been limited to efforts to control hyperglycemia and to prevent and/or ameliorate the complications associated with diabetes. Multiple approaches to repopulate the diabetic pancreas with functional islets have been proposed, including whole pancreas transplantation with or without a kidney, direct islet transplantation from cadaveric donors, generation of artificial islets, and development of new islets from stem cells. Ex vivo differentiation of embryonic stem cells offers great attraction as an alternative islet source but, to date, fully functional islets have not been developed. An alternative approach is to target stem cells present in the adult pancreas. Stimulation of these cells with various factors offers the hope of promoting differentiation to functional islets. Islet neogenesis‐associated peptide (INGAP) is one such factor. INGAP treatment has reversed insulin‐dependent diabetes in a mouse model. INGAP treatment has elicited production of C‐peptide in insulin‐dependent diabetic patients. Future approaches may combine INGAP with immunosuppression in an attempt to reverse type 1 diabetes. Drug Dev Res 69:165–176, 2008 © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intranasal insulin: PK profile designed specifically for prandial treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Mitchell Richard L. , Costantino Henry R. , Sileno Anthony , Duffy Timothy , Brandt Gordon , Quay Steven C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractInsulin is the most effective therapy for lowering glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) levels in Type 2 diabetics, and yet it is typically the last therapeutic option employed. Currently, the vast majority of marketed prandial insulin products require frequent injections, which may be a barrier among patients and physicians to initiating this medically important therapy. Beyond the inconvenience, concerns about potential weight gain and hypoglycemia may also limit the early use of insulin therapy. None of the approved insulin formulations (including rapid‐acting products) provide a PK response fast enough to mimic the endogenous first‐phase insulin release that is seen following bolus intravenous glucose infusion and that is associated with downregulation of gluconeogenesis. Delayed absorption of insulin from subcutaneous injection results in a relatively broad plasma insulin peak and a prolonged duration of action, potentially increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. We are developing an intranasal insulin formulation that provides a well‐tolerated and efficient means of delivering prandial insulin more rapidly than fast‐acting injectable insulin. With its fast onset and short duration of action, Nastech's intranasal insulin exhibits pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that take advantage of the known benefits of delivering a rapid and transient burst of insulin at mealtime. This review discusses the current development of intranasal formulations and compares the characteristics of intranasal insulin to other non‐invasive insulin delivery efforts, including pulmonary, oral, and transdermal formulations. Drug Dev Res 69:143–152, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beyond the Icosahedron: A Density Functional Theory Study of 14‐Atom Germanium Clusters
Authors: King R. Bruce , Silaghi‐Dumitrescu Ioan , Uţă Matei M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDensity functional theory (DFT) at the hybrid B3LYP level has been applied to the germanium clusters Ge14z (z = –8, –6, –4, –2, 0, +2, +4) starting from seven different initial configurations. An Oh omnicapped cube structure is the most stable for Ge142– followed by a hexagonal antiprism structure with a relative energy of 42.7 kcal/mol. The lowest‐energy structure for neutral Ge14 is a triplet omnicapped cube with full Oh symmetry followed by a singlet omnicapped cube compressed to D4h symmetry through Jahn–Teller distortion. The lowest energy Ge142+ structure is also an Oh structure derived from the omnicapped cube through elongation of the 12 edges of the underlying cube to give a rhomboidal dodecahedron with 12 rhombus faces. The lowest‐energy Ge124+ structure is a bicapped icosahedron. Some D6h hexagonal wheel structures at higher energies are also found for the hypoelectronic systems Ge14, Ge142+, and Ge144+. The lowest‐energy structures for the hyperelectronic Ge144–, Ge146–, and Ge148– are relatively unsymmetrical not readily recognizable open structures typically with some pentagonal or hexagonal faces. The D6d bicapped hexagonal antiprism found in 14‐vertex C2B12 carborane and M2C2B10 dimetallacarborane structures is not the lowest‐energy structure for any of the Ge14z clusters.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Mixed Heterotri‐ to Heteropentametallic Transition‐Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Behavior
Authors: Packheiser Rico , Ecorchard Petra , Rüffer Tobias , Walfort Bernhard , Lang Heinrich 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe synthesis and reaction chemistry of heteromultimetallic transition‐metal complexes are discussed. Complex [(η2‐dppf)(η5‐C5H5)Ru‐C≡C‐C6H4‐4‐PPh2] (3) [dppf = 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene], accessible by treating [(η2‐dppf)(η5‐C5H5)RuCl] (1) with equimolar amounts of HC≡C‐C6H4‐4‐PPh2 (2), gives on treatment with [(cod)RhCl]2 (4), [(η5‐C5Me5)RhCl2]2 (6), and [(tht)AuCl] (8) heterotrimetallic [(η2‐dppf)(η5‐C5H5)Ru‐C≡C‐C6H4‐4‐PPh2‐{Rh}] [5, {Rh} = (cod)RhCl; 7, {Rh} = (η5‐C5Me5)RhCl2] and [(η2‐dppf)(η5‐C5H5)Ru‐C≡C‐C6H4‐4‐PPh2‐AuCl] (9), respectively. Tetra‐ and even pentametallic heteronuclear complexes can be prepared by following consecutive reaction sequences: Treatment of 9 with HC≡CR {10a, R = C5H4N‐4; 10b, R = C6H4‐4‐C≡N; 10c, R = bpy (= 2,2′‐bipyridyl‐5‐yl); 12a, R = bpy[Re(CO)3Cl]} in the presence of HNEt2 and [CuI] gave [(η2‐dppf)(η5‐C5H5)Ru‐C≡C‐C6H4‐4‐PPh2‐Au‐C≡CR] {11a, R = C5H4N‐4; 11b, R = C6H4‐4‐C≡N; 11c, R = bpy; 13, R = bpy[Re(CO)3Cl]}. Compound 11c is the key starting material for complexes of higher nuclearity. Treatment of 11c with [(nbd)Mo(CO)4] (14) afforded heterotetrametallic {(η2‐dppf)(η5‐C5H5)Ru‐C≡C‐C6H4‐4‐PPh2‐Au‐C≡C‐bpy[Mo(CO)4]} (15), whereas with [{[Ti](μ‐σ,π‐C≡CSiMe3)2}M]X [16a, MX = Cu(N≡CMe)PF6; 16b, MX = AgOClO3] novel heteropentametallic [(η2‐dppf)(η5‐C5H5)Ru‐C≡C‐C6H4‐4‐PPh2‐Au‐C≡C‐bpy({[Ti](μ‐σ,π‐C≡CSiMe3)2}M)]X (17a, M = Cu, X = PF6; 17b, M = Ag, X = ClO4) is formed. The reaction of 11a with [{[Ti](μ‐σ,π‐C≡CSiMe3)2}Cu]OTf (16c) produced [(η2‐dppf)(η5‐C5H5)Ru‐C≡C‐C6H4‐4‐PPh2‐Au‐C≡C‐4‐C5H4N({[Ti](μ‐σ,π‐C≡CSiMe3)2}Cu)]OTf (18). The structures of 9, 11b, 11c, and 12 in the solid state and the electrochemical behavior of selected complexes are also reported.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Archaeal Lipids: Innovative Materials for Biotechnological Applications
Authors: Benvegnu Thierry , Lemiègre Loïc , Cammas‐Marion Sandrine 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis microreview focuses on the development of diether‐type and tetraether‐type archaeal lipids as innovative materials for biotechnological applications, with special attention to synthetic analogues as well as to recent natural lipid structures. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Forced Complexation of Nitrogen Leading to a Weakening of Amide Bonds: Application to a New Linker for Solid‐Phase Chemistry
Authors: Bröhmer Manuel C. , Bannwarth Willi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCu2+ complexation of a bispicolylamide entity leads to a weakening of the N–C‐amide bond, which subsequently can be cleaved under very mild conditions by methanolysis. On the basis of this principle we developed a versatile and robust linker for solid‐phase chemistry. The stability of the linker was demonstrated under acidic and basic conditions, and it was evaluated for its utility in peptide synthesis as well as for reductive amination, Pd‐mediated C–C‐coupling, and metathesis reactions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Application of artificial neural networks to estimate wastewater treatment plant inlet biochemical oxygen demand
Authors: Dogan Emrah , Ates Asude , Yilmaz Ece Ceren , Eren Beytullah 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBiochemical oxygen demand (BOD) has been shown to be an important variable in water quality management and planning. However, BOD is difficult to measure and needs longer time periods (5 days) to get results. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are being used increasingly to predict and forecast water resource variables. The objective of this research was to develop an ANNs model to estimate daily BOD in the inlet of wastewater biochemical treatment plants. The plantscale data set (364 daily records of the year 2005) was obtained from a local wastewater treatment plant. Various combinations of daily water quality data, namely chemical oxygen demand (COD), water discharge (Qw), suspended solid (SS), total nitrogen (N), and total phosphorus (P) are used as inputs into the ANN so as to evaluate the degree of effect of each of these variables on the daily inlet BOD. The results of the ANN model are compared with the multiple linear regression model (MLR). Mean square error, average absolute relative error, and coefficient of determination statistics are used as comparison criteria for the evaluation of the model performance. The ANN technique whose inputs are COD, Qw, SS, N, and P gave mean square errors of 708.01, average absolute relative errors of 10.03%, and a coefficient of determination 0.919, respectively. On the basis of the comparisons, it was found that the ANN model could be employed successfully in estimating the daily BOD in the inlet of wastewater biochemical treatment plants. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008
Many roads lead to Rome: Why does cognitive behavioural therapy remain unsuccessful for many eating disorder patients?
Authors: Vanderlinden Johan 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper makes the case that the widely used evidence‐based ‘CBT’ approaches remain unsuccessful in many eating disorder patients. Six critical ‘personal reflections’ are formulated on why many patients remain totally resistant toward our therapeutic endeavours. My reflections suggest that probably many roads may lead to Rome. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
An implementation of the Spalart–Allmaras DES model in an implicit unstructured hybrid finite volume/element solver for incompressible turbulent flow
Authors: Tu Shuangzhang , Aliabadi Shahrouz , Patel Reena , Watts Marvin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we describe an implicit hybrid finite volume (FV)/element (FE) incompressible Navier–Stokes solver for turbulent flows based on the Spalart–Allmaras detached eddy simulation (SA‐DES). The hybrid FV/FE solver is based on the segregated pressure correction or projection method. The intermediate velocity field is first obtained by solving the original momentum equations with the matrix‐free implicit cell‐centered FV method. The pressure Poisson equation is solved by the node‐based Galerkin FE method for an auxiliary variable. The auxiliary variable is closely related to the real pressure and is used to update the velocity field and the pressure field. We store the velocity components at cell centers and the auxiliary variable at vertices, making the current solver a staggered‐mesh scheme. The SA‐DES turbulence equation is solved after the velocity and the pressure fields have been updated at the end of each time step. The same matrix‐free FV method as the one used for momentum equations is used to solve the turbulence equation. The turbulence equation provides the eddy viscosity, which is added to the molecular viscosity when solving the momentum equation. In our implementation, we focus on the accuracy, efficiency and robustness of the SA‐DES model in a hybrid flow solver. This paper will address important implementation issues for high‐Reynolds number flows where highly stretched elements are typically used. In addition, some aspects of implementing the SA‐DES model will be described to ensure the robustness of the turbulence model. Several numerical examples including a turbulent flow past a flat plate and a high‐Reynolds number flow around a high angle‐of‐attack NACA0015 airfoil will be presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our current implementation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mafic plutonic rocks in a continental‐arc setting: geochemistry of 1.87–1.78 Ga rocks from south‐central Sweden and models of their palaeotectonic setting
Authors: Rutanen Henrikki , Andersson Ulf B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMafic intrusive rocks (1.79–1.78 Ga) of the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt (TIB) and the c. 1.87 Ga Hedesunda Igneous Complex in the Fennoscandian Shield of south‐central Sweden were studied using whole‐rock and isotope geochemistry.Rock types vary from gabbros/norites (and leucogabbros) to quartz diorites, with Mg# between 76 and 49, and wt% SiO2 between 43.6 and 59.7, indicating some variation in evolutionary levels and variable cumulus components. Geochemical signatures are calc‐alkaline to shoshonitic, large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements enriched and high‐field strength elements depleted of continental‐arc type.εNd(t) ranges between +1.0 and +2.7, and 87Sr/86Sr(t) between 0.7020 and 0.7038. There is no systematic correlation between chemical parameters and isotope ratios. These isotopic data overlap with other mafic plutonic TIB rocks; samples from the Dala Province (DP) tend to overlap with the c. 1.7 Ga basic Dala lavas of TIB at slightly elevated relative Sr/Nd ratios.With two exceptions, the εNd(t) of +1 to +2 conform to an isotopically ‘mildly depleted’ source, typical for mafic TIB rocks and many Svecofennian rocks in the region. Reported values above εNd(t) +2.0 are scarce in the TIB. Mantle sources represent depleted mantle wedge material that was enriched by fluids/melts not long before (TDM c. 2.0 Ga), that is during subduction in the preceding Svecofennian (2.0–1.87 Ga) and/or during the TIB‐0&1 event (1.85–1.78 Ga). The palaeotectonic settings inferred are active continental margins; N–S‐directed convergence at 1.87 Ga and E–W‐directed at 1.79–1.78 Ga. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substitute consent for nursing home residents prescribed psychotropic medication
Authors: Rendina Nicola , Brodaty Henry , Draper Brian , Peisah Carmelle , Brugue Esteve 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundPrescribing psychotropic medications for persons with dementia who lack capacity to give informed consent requires proxy consent under NSW Guardianship legislation.ObjectiveTo survey current practice in complying with legislation and regulations in prescribing psychotropic medications for nursing home residents.MethodIn three Sydney nursing homes, the files of 77 residents identified as having dementia, being on a psychotropic medication and not having capacity to give informed consent, were audited.ResultsIn only 6.5% of cases were all regulations adhered to; a further 6.5% attempted and partially completed substitute consent requirements. The problem and the nature of the treatment were documented in 70.1% of cases. In 16.9% of files the only documentation of the prescribed medication was in the medication chart. Doses of medications prescribed were within accepted guidelines.ConclusionCurrent regulations and legislation are not being observed. Recommendations are made as to how to make them more practicable. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationships among parenting practices, parental stress, child behaviour, and children's social‐cognitive development
Authors: Guajardo Nicole R. , Snyder Gregory , Petersen Rachel 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe present study included observational and self‐report measures to examine associations among parental stress, parental behaviour, child behaviour, and children's theory of mind and emotion understanding. Eighty‐three parents and their 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children participated. Parents completed measures of parental stress, parenting (laxness, overreactivity), and child behaviour (internalizing, externalizing); children completed language, theory of mind, and emotion understanding measures. Parent–child interactions also were observed (N=47). Laxness and parenting stress predicted children's theory of mind performance and parental usage of imitative gestures and vocalizations accounted for unique variance in emotion understanding. Associations also were found between child behaviour and emotion understanding. Results provide support for direct and indirect associations between parent–child interactions and early social‐cognitive development. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International insolvency law in the Netherlands: The pre‐draft of title 10
Authors: Wessels Bob 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn November 2007, in the Netherlands, the Insolvency Law Committee published a pre‐draft for a new Insolvency Act, to replace its present Bankruptcy Act of 1896. One of the most interesting renewals the Committee has presented is Title 10, which contains provisions concerning “International Insolvency Law”, containing 35 articles, divided over five chapters. In this Article the English translation of the draft for Title 10 is presented, preceded by an introduction of these provisions. The Dutch Minister of Justice has introduce a consultation period which is open until September 15, 2008. Any comments to improve the present pre‐draft are welcome: info@bobwessels.nl. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural programmed cell death in T. cruzi epimastigotes maintained in axenic cultures
Authors: Jimenez V. , Paredes R. , Sosa M.A. , Galanti N. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTrypanosoma cruzi, a parasitic protozoan, is the agent of Chagas' disease or American trypanosomiasis, an endemic pathology in Latin America, affecting up to 18 million people, with high public health costs. Programmed cell death (PCD) has many functions in development and tissue remodeling in metazoans. In protozoa, it could represent concomitant or alternative mechanisms for clonal selection, immune response evasion, and population size regulation. In this work, we describe the natural occurrence of PCD in T. cruzi epimastigotes during the stationary phase of growth in axenic culture or under nutrient deprivation. Thus, we have observed phosphatidylserine externalization, cellular volume decrease, caspase‐like protein activity, and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, serum deprivation also induces autophagic characteristics such as monodansylcadaverine‐labeled vesicles accumulation and redistribution of proteins homologous to Atg8. In agreement with our results, apoptosis may play an important role in parasite survival. Then, identification and modulation of molecular targets inducing programmed cell death in T. cruzi may lead to new potential therapeutic approaches for Chagas' disease. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 688–698, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular identification and functional characterization of the vitamin C transporters expressed by Sertoli cells
Authors: Angulo Constanza , Castro Maite A. , Rivas Coralia I. , Segretain Dominique , Maldonado Rodrigo , Yañez Alejandro J. , Slebe Juan Carlos , Vera Juan Carlos , Concha Ilona I. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractVitamin C is an essential micronutrient for the development of male germ cells. In the gonad, the germ cells are isolated from the systemic circulation by the blood–testis barrier, which consists of a basal layer of Sertoli cells that communicate through an extensive array of tight junction complexes. To study the behavior of Sertoli cells as a first approach to the molecular and functional characterization of the vitamin C transporters in this barrier, we used the 42GPA9 cell line immortalized from mouse Sertoli cells. To date, there is no available information on the mechanism of vitamin C transport across the blood–testis barrier. This work describe the molecular identity of the transporters involved in vitamin C transport in these cells, which we hope will improve our understanding of how germ cells obtain vitamin C, transported from the plasma into the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules. RT‐PCR analyses revealed that 42GPA9 cells express both vitamin C transport systems, a finding that was confirmed by immunocytochemical and immunoblotting analysis. The kinetic assays using radioactive vitamin C revealed that both ascorbic acid (AA) transporters, SVCT1 and SVCT2, are functionally active. Moreover, the kinetic characteristics of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and 3‐methylglucose (OMG) transport by 42GPA9 Sertoli cells correspond to facilitative hexose transporters GLUT1, GLUT2 and GLUT3 expressed in these cells. This data is consistent with the concept that Sertoli cells have the ability to take up vitamin C. It is an important finding and contributes to our knowledge of the physiology of male germ cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 708–716, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.