bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Researching recovery from psychosis: a user-led project
Authors: Pitt Liz , Kilbride Martina , Nothard Sarah , Welford Mary , Morrison Anthony P. 
Published: February 2007

Aims and MethodInvolvement of service users in the research process and examination of recovery from psychosis are two topics that have generated recent interest within the research community. This user-led study examines the subjective experience of recovery in people with experience of psychosis. Seven interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis and several themes emerged from the data.ResultsRecovery from psychosis was found to be a complex and idiosyncratic process, which often involved rebuilding life, rebuilding self and hope for a better future (each of these themes consisted of sub-themes).Clinical ImplicationsThe importance of continuity of care, the need for greater choice in approaches aimed at alleviating distress, access to stories of recovery and encouragement, and the importance of more individualised recovery care plans are among factors highlighted.
Disparities in the Emergency Department Evaluation of Chest Pain Patients
Authors: Pezzin Liliana E. , Keyl Penelope M. , Green Gary B. 
Published: February 2007

BackgroundThe existence of race and gender differences in the provision of cardiovascular health care has been increasingly recognized. However, few studies have examined whether these differences exist in the emergency department (ED) setting.ObjectivesTo evaluate race, gender, and insurance differences in the receipt of early, noninvasive diagnostic tests among persons presenting to an ED with a complaint of chest pain.MethodsData were drawn from the U.S. National Hospital Ambulatory Health Care Survey of EDs. Visits made during 1995–2000 by persons aged 30 years or older with chest pain as a reason for the visit were included. Factors affecting the likelihood of ordering electrocardiography, cardiac monitoring, oxygen saturation measurement using pulse oximetry, and chest radiography were analyzed using multivariate probit analysis.ResultsA total of 7,068 persons aged 30 years or older presented to an ED with a primary complaint of chest pain during the six‐year period, corresponding to more than 32 million such visits nationally. The adjusted probability of ordering a test was highest for non–African American patients for all tests considered. African American men had the lowest probabilities (74.3% and 62% for electrocardiography and chest radiography, respectively), compared with 81.1% and 70.3%, respectively, among non–African American men. Only 37.5% of African American women received cardiac monitoring, compared with 54.5% of non–African American men. Similarly, African American women were significantly less likely than non–African American men to have their oxygen saturation measured. Patients who were uninsured or self‐pay, as well as patients with “other” insurance, also had a lower probability than insured persons of having these tests ordered.ConclusionsThis study documents race, gender, and insurance differences in the provision of electrocardiography and chest radiography testing as well as cardiac rhythm and oxygen saturation monitoring in patients presenting with chest pain. These observed differences should catalyze further study into the underlying causes of disparities in cardiac care at an earlier point of patient contact with the health care system.
Flexible information sampling in vibrational assessment of predation risk by red-eyed treefrog embryos
Authors: Warkentin Karen M. , Caldwell Michael S. , Siok Timothy D. , D'Amato Alison T. , McDaniel J. Gregory 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYPrey assessing risk may miss cues and fail to defend themselves, or respond unnecessarily to false alarms. Error rates can be ameliorated with more information, but sampling predator cues entails risk. Red-eyed treefrogs have arboreal eggs and aquatic tadpoles. The embryos use vibrations in snake attacks to cue behaviorally mediated premature hatching, and escape, but vibrations from benign sources rarely induce hatching. Missed cues and false alarms are costly; embryos that fail to hatch are eaten and hatching prematurely increases predation by aquatic predators. Embryos use vibration duration and spacing to inform their hatching decision. This information accrues with cycles of vibration, while risk accrues over time as snakes feed. We used vibration playback experiments to test if embryos adjust sampling of information based on its cost, and measured latency to initiate hatching in videotaped snake attacks. Embryos did not initiate hatching immediately in attacks or playbacks, and the delay varied with the rate at which information accrued. Embryos started hatching sooner in response to stimuli with shorter cycles but sampled fewer cycles (less information) of longer-cycle stimuli before hatching. This flexible sampling is consistent with embryos balancing a trade-off between the value and cost of information.
Plasticity and superplasticity in the acclimation potential of the Antarctic mite Halozetes belgicae (Michael)
Authors: Hawes T. C. , Bale J. S. , Worland M. R. , Convey P. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARY
The plasticity of an organism's phenotype may vary spatially and temporally, and across levels of physiological organisation. Given the adaptive value of plasticity in heterogeneous environments, it might be expected that it will be expressed most in a phenotype's most significant adaptive suites; at high latitudes, one of these is low temperature adaptation. This study examines the phenotypic plasticity of cold acclimation in the Antarctic mite, Halozetes belgicae (Michael). Both plastic and`superplastic' (extreme plasticity) acclimation responses were found. Plastic responses were evident in responses to laboratory acclimation and field acclimatisation. `Superplasticity' was found in its ability to rapidly cold harden (RCH) at 0, –5 and –10°C. For example, after just 2 h of acclimation at 0°C, mites acclimated at 10°C shifted their supercooling points (SCPs) by approx. 15°C. In terms of the combined speed of induction and lowering of lethal temperature, this is the most potent RCH response yet reported for a terrestrial arthropod. RCH was also expressed in thermal activity thresholds. Mechanisms responsible for significant differences in recovery from chill torpor are unknown; however, analysis of gut nucleator abundance suggest that the dynamic management of supercooling potential is largely achieved behaviourally, via evacuation. Comparisons with the literature reveal that plasticity in this species varies latitudinally, as well as temporally. The high degree of plasticity identified here is coincident with H. belgicae's occupation of the most exposed spatial niche available to Antarctic terrestrial arthropods.
Dynamics of the body centre of mass during actual acceleration across transition speed
Authors: Segers Veerle , Aerts Peter , Lenoir Matthieu , De Clerq Dirk 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYJudged by whole body dynamics, walking and running in humans clearly differ. When walking, potential and kinetic energy fluctuate out-of-phase and energy is partially recovered in a pendulum-like fashion. In contrast, running involves in-phase fluctuations of the mechanical energy components of the body centre of mass, allowing elastic energy recovery. We show that, when constantly accelerating across the transition speed, humans make the switch from walking to running abruptly in one single step. In this step, active mechanical energy input triples the normal step-by-step energy increment needed to power the imposed constant acceleration. This extra energy is needed to launch the body into the flight phase of the first running step and to bring the trunk into its more inclined orientation during running. Locomotor cycles immediately proceed with the typical in-phase fluctuations of kinetic and potential energy. As a result, the pendular energy transfer drops in one step from 43% to 5%. Kinematically, the transition step is achieved by landing with the knee and hip significantly more flexed compared to the previous walking steps. Flexion in these joints continues during the first half of stance, thus bringing the centre of mass to its deepest position halfway through stance phase to allow for the necessary extension to initiate the running gait. From this point of view, the altered landing conditions seem to constitute the actual transition.
Synchronizing multiphasic circadian rhythms of rhodopsin promoter expression in rod photoreceptor cells
Authors: Yu Chuan-Jiang , Gao Yan , Li Ping , Li Lei 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARY
Endogenous circadian clocks regulate day–night rhythms of animal behavior and physiology. In zebrafish, the circadian clocks are located in the pineal gland and the retina. In the retina, each photoreceptor is considered a circadian oscillator. A critical question is whether the individual circadian oscillators are synchronized. If so, the mechanism that underlies the synchronization needs to be elucidated. We generated a transgenic zebrafish line that expresses short half-life GFP under the transcriptional control of the rhodopsin promoter. Time-lapse imaging of rhodopsin promoter-driven GFP expression revealed that during 24 h in constant darkness, rhodopsin promoter expression in rod photoreceptor cells fluctuated rhythmically. However, the pattern of fluctuation differed between individual cells. In some cells, peak expression was seen in the subjective early morning, whereas in other cells,peak expression was seen in the afternoon or at night. Light transiently decreased rhodopsin expression, thereby synchronizing the multiphasic circadian oscillation. The application of dopamine or dopamine D2receptor agonist also synchronized the circadian rhythms of rhodopsin promoter expression. When the D2 receptors were pharmacologically blocked,light exposure produced no effect. This suggests that the synchronization of the circadian rhythms of rhodopsin promoter expression by light is mediated by dopamine D2 receptors. The mechanism that underlies the synchronization probably involves dopamine-mediated Ca2+ signaling pathways. Light, as well as dopamine, lowered Ca2+ influx into the rod cells, thereby resetting rhodopsin promoter expression to the initial phase.
Cooling rates and body temperature regulation of hibernating echidnas(Tachyglossus aculeatus)
Authors: Nicol Stewart C. , Andersen Niels A. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARY
Echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) are amongst the largest deep hibernators, but it is difficult to get them to hibernate normally under laboratory conditions. We measured body temperature (Tb)in 14 free-ranging echidnas using implanted data-loggers. Cooling during entry into hibernation bouts followed a Newtonian cooling curve, and conductances calculated from cooling curves were identical to those observed in cold exposed euthermic echidnas. Comparison with a reference soil temperature demonstrated that echidnas showed behavioural thermoregulation during hibernation; early in the hibernation season echidnas preferred to hibernate in cool areas, while during the coldest months they moved to warmer hibernacula, giving a preferred Tb in the range 8–10°C. Thermal buffering against excessive variation in Tb may be as important as maintaining a low Tb.
Gender power imbalance and differential psychosocial correlates of intended condom use among male and female adolescents from Venda, South Africa
Authors: Boer Henk , Tshilidzi Mashamba M. 
Published: February 2007

Objectives.In South Africa, a gender power imbalance exists which may prevent women from negotiating safe sexual encounters. In this study we tested which constructs from Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) under these circumstances were most related to condom use intention. We hypothesized that in a situation of gender power imbalance self‐efficacy would be a more salient correlate of intended condom use for females, while for males attitude to condoms and subjective norm would be more important.Design.This study employed a cross‐sectional questionnaire design.Method.Male participants (N= 94) and female participants (N= 101) from Venda, South Africa completed standard, multi‐item, reliable measures of TPB constructs (condom‐related attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, intention) and PMT constructs (vulnerability, severity, fear, response‐efficacy, self‐efficacy) and reported their past condom use behaviour.Results.Regression analysis indicated that among males attitude to condoms and subjective norm were significantly related to intended condom use. Among females attitude and self‐efficacy were significantly related to intended condom use.Conclusion.The findings indicate that in a situation of gender power imbalance psychosocial correlates of intended condom use differ for males and females. Gender‐specific analysis of determinants of condom use may be more appropriate in a situation of gender power imbalance.
Recent results toward the stereoselective synthesis of biologically active natural products
Authors: Dias Luiz C. , de Oliveira Luciana G. , Meira Paulo R. R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the convergent and stereocontrolled asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-crocacins C and D, potent inhibitors of animal cell cultures and several yeasts and fungi, and (-)-callystatin A, a potent antitumor polyketide.
Boron: A key element in radical reactions
Authors: Renaud Philippe , Beauseigneur Alice , Brecht-Forster Andrea , Becattini Barbara , Darmency Vincent , Kandhasamy Sarkunam , Montermini Florian , Ollivier Cyril , Panchaud Philippe , Pozzi Davide , Scanlan Eoin Martin , Schaffner Arnaud-Pierre , Weber Valéry 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBoron derivatives are becoming key reagents in radical chemistry. Here, we describe reactions where an organoboron derivative is used as a radical initiator, a chain-transfer reagent, and a radical precursor. For instance,B-alkylcatecholboranes, easily prepared by hydroboration of alkenes, represent a very efficient source of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl radicals. Their very high sensitivity toward oxygen- and heteroatom-centered radicals makes them particularly attractive for the development of radical chain processes such as conjugate addition, allylation, alkenylation, and alkynylation. Boron derivatives have also been used to develop an attractive new procedure for the reduction of radicals with alcohols and water. The selected examples presented here demonstrate that boron-containing reagents can efficiently replace tin derivatives in a wide range of radical reactions.
Long-Term Stability of Amino Acids and Acylcarnitines in Dried Blood Spots
Authors: Strnadová Kristina Anna , Holub Margareta , Mühl Adolf , Heinze Georg , Ratschmann Rene , Mascher Hermann , Stöckler-Ipsiroglu Sylvia , Waldhauser Franz , Votava Felix , Lebl Jan , Bodamer Olaf A 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Background: Dried blood filter cards, collected for newborn screening, are often stored for long periods of time. They may be suitable for the retrospective diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism, but no data are currently available on the long-term stability of amino acids and acylcarnitine species.
Methods: We analyzed amino acids and acylcarnitines by tandem mass spectrometry in 660 anonymous, randomly selected filter cards from 1989 through 2004. We assessed long-term stability of metabolites by linear regression and estimated annual decrease of concentration for each metabolite.
Results: Concentrations of free carnitine increased by 7.6% per year during the first 5 years of storage and decreased by 1.4% per year thereafter. Alanine, arginine, leucine, methionine, and phenylalanine decreased by 6.5%, 3.3%, 3.1%, 7.3%, and 5.7% per year, respectively. Acetylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine, citrulline, glycine, and ornithine decreased by 18.5%, 27.4%, 8.1%, 14.7%, and 16.3% per year during the first 5 years, respectively; thereafter the decline was more gradual. Tyrosine decreased by 1.7% per year during the first 5 years and 7.9% per year thereafter. We could not analyze medium- and long-chain acylcarnitine species because of low physiological concentrations.
Conclusions: Estimation of the annual decrease of metabolites may allow for the retrospective diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism in filter cards that have been stored for long periods of time.
Association of Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Cerebral Palsy in Children
Authors: Kuroda Maxine M. , Weck Mary E. , Sarwark John F. , Hamidullah Aaliyah , Wainwright Mark S. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVES. We tested the hypotheses that apolipoprotein E genotype, in particular carriage of the ε4 allele, is more likely to be associated with cerebral palsy and that children with more severe neurologic impairment are more likely to carry this allele.METHODS. In this cross-sectional study, 209 children with cerebral palsy were matched with healthy control subjects according to gender and race. Diagnosis of cerebral palsy was confirmed through physician consultation, medical chart review, and parent interview. Apolipoprotein E genotyping was performed with DNA obtained with buccal swabs. Severity of motor impairment was rated by physical therapists, and occipitofrontal circumference was measured.RESULTS. Compared with gender- and race-matched control subjects, overall risk for cerebral palsy was elevated 3.4-fold among children carrying an ε4 allele and was particularly elevated for children with quadriplegia/triplegia. This finding was independent of birth weight. Carriage of the ε4 allele was also associated with increased severity of cerebral palsy and with a trend toward increased likelihood for microcephaly. Moreover, children carrying an ε2 allele were at greater risk for cerebral palsy.CONCLUSIONS. These data implicate the apolipoprotein E ε4 and ε2 genotypes as susceptibility factors in determining neurologic outcomes after perinatal brain injury. Additional studies are warranted to establish the role of apolipoprotein E in specific pathogenetic pathways leading to cerebral palsy or poor neurologic outcomes after perinatal brain injury.
Grandmother and Parent Influences on Child Self-esteem
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Ning Yuming , Balka Elinor B. , Brook David W. , Lubliner Erika H. , Rosenberg Gary 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVES. This study tests a model of intergenerational influences on childhood self-esteem that proposes paths from grandmothers' drug problems to grandchildren's self-esteem via parents' drug problems and parental adaptive child rearing and from grandmothers' maternal acceptance to grandchildren's self-esteem via parents' unconventionality and adaptive child rearing.
METHODS. This longitudinal study uses data obtained from interviews with a New York City sample of black and Puerto Rican children (N = 149) and 1 of their parents and from mailed questionnaires or comparable interviews with those parents' mothers. Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed model.
RESULTS. The LISREL analysis found that, with 3 exceptions, all of the hypothesized paths were significant. The total effects analysis indicated that parents' adaptive child rearing was the strongest latent construct, a finding that was consistent with this construct's proximal position in the model.
CONCLUSIONS. This study suggests that mothers' drug problems are not just near-term risks for their children, but also pose long-term risks for their children's future functioning as parents and thereby for their grandchildren. The relative strength of parents' adaptive child rearing in this intergenerational model indicates that this area should be the focus of therapeutic intervention efforts, but addressing future grandmothers' drug problems may have positive effects on multiple generations.
Repeat Urine Cultures in Children Who Are Admitted With Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Oreskovic Nicolas M. , Sembrano Eduardo U. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospitalization in the pediatric population. Hospitalization for urinary tract infections in children usually involves intravenous antibiotics, invasive methods of obtaining sterile urine specimens, and imaging studies to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of positive repeat urine cultures that are obtained after 2 days of antibiotics among pediatric inpatients who are admitted with diagnosed or suspected infections of the urinary tract.
METHODS. A retrospective survey was conducted of all pediatric patients (≤18 years of age) who were admitted to Elmhurst Hospital in Queens, New York, with a suspected or diagnosed urinary infection from December 1998 through December 2004. Results of repeat urine cultures that were obtained after 2 days of antibiotics were abstracted from a computerized medical charts database. Nominal data analysis was used to establish the frequency of positive repeat urine cultures.
RESULTS. A total of 328 (54.8%) of 599 eligible admissions met inclusion criteria. Of these 328 admissions, only 1 (0.3%) repeat urine culture was positive after 2 days of antimicrobial therapy.
CONCLUSIONS. Positive repeat urine cultures after 2 days of antibiotics are exceedingly rare. Elimination of mandatory “proof-of-bacteriologic-cure” benchmarks before hospital discharge is supported by this study.
Factors Associated With the Diagnosis of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study
Authors: Chen Chuan-Yu , Liu Chieh-Yu , Su Wen-Chuan , Huang Su-Ling , Lin Keh-Ming 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVES. We investigated the occurrence of newly diagnosed mental retardation, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism and sociodemographic factors associated with their distribution in Taiwan, and we examined urbanicity- and socioeconomic status–associated differences in the age at first diagnosis.
METHODS. The data for this study were derived from the 1996–2004 National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Approximately 1.8 million beneficiaries born between 1996 and 2001 were identified, with follow-up periods ranging from 3 to 8 years.
RESULTS. Each of the 3 neurodevelopmental disorders had distinct incidence rates and associated factors. For example, as compared with the birth years of 1996–1999, the rate of autism increased 14% during the period 2000–2004, whereas the rate of newly diagnosed mental retardation decreased 42% to 50% over the same period. An elevated incidence rate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism was observed in later birth cohorts. The risk of receiving a diagnosis of mental retardation for children in rural areas and of lower socioeconomic status was reduced in early childhood and increased in school ages as compared with their urban and higher socioeconomic status counterparts.
CONCLUSIONS. Variation in the rate of newly diagnosed mental retardation, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism among children in Taiwan depended on age, birth year, period, and socioeconomic status. The extent of the association linking age with the first diagnosis of mental retardation varies across different urbanicity level and socioeconomic status.