bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Omega‐3 fatty acids inhibit an increase of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with active Crohn's disease compared with omega‐6 fatty acids
Authors: NIELSEN A. A. , JØRGENSEN L. G. M. , NIELSEN J. N. , EIVINDSON M. , GRØNBÆK H. , VIND I. , HOUGAARD D. M. , SKOGSTRAND K. , JENSEN S. , MUNKHOLM P. , BRANDSLUND I. , HEY H. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryBackground : Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Polyunsaturated omega‐3 fatty acids given orally may reduce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and hereby downregulate the inflammatory process.Aim : To assess the effects of enteral fatty acids, in the form of Impact Powder (Novartis, Switzerland), as adjuvant therapy to corticosteroid treatment on the proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokine profiles in patients with active Crohn's disease.Methods : The proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines were measured in plasma from 31 patients with active Crohn's disease. Patients were randomized for oral intake of omega‐3 fatty acid (3‐Impact Powder) or omega‐6 fatty acids (6‐Impact Powder). Clinical and biochemical markers of inflammation were studied at baseline and after 5 and 9 weeks.Results : Within the 3‐Impact Powder group, no significant changes in concentrations of interleukin‐6, interferon‐γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, interleukin‐2, interleukin‐5 and interleukin‐10, whereas a significant differences in concentration of interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐4 were observed during therapy. Within the 6‐Impact Powder group a significant changes in concentrations of interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, interferon‐γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, interleukin‐2, interleukin‐4, interleukin‐5 and interleukin‐10 were observed.Conclusions : The 3‐Impact Powder showed immunomodulatory properties and might inhibit an increase of proinflammatory cytokines in contrast to the 6‐Impact Powder.
Molecular basis of fusB‐mediated resistance to fusidic acid in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: O'Neill Alexander John , Chopra Ian 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe primary mechanism of fusidic acid resistance in clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus involves acquisition of the fusB determinant. The genetic elements(s) responsible are incompletely defined, and the mechanism of resistance is unknown. Here we report the cloning, sequencing and overexpression of a single gene (fusB) from plasmid pUB101 capable of conferring resistance to fusidic acid in S. aureus. The fusB gene is located on a transposon‐like element and encodes a small (25 kDa), cytoplasmic protein for which homologues exist in a number of clinically important and environmental Gram‐positive bacterial species. Bioinformatic analysis of regions immediately upstream of fusB suggested that expression of resistance is regulated by translational attenuation, which was confirmed through use of reporter fusions. FusB was overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a polyhistidine‐tagged fusion product, and the purified protein shown to protect an in vitro staphylococcal translation system from inhibition by fusidic acid in a specific and dose‐dependent fashion. Purified FusB bound staphylococcal EF‐G, the target of fusidic acid. The protein provided no protection from inhibition by fusidic acid when added to an in vitro E. coli translation system, consistent both with the observed failure of FusB to bind E. coli EF‐G, and its inability to confer resistance in E. coli.
Morphological Features of the Luminal Surface of the Magnum in the Sexually Immature Ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Madekurozwa M.‐C. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryObservations were made, using scanning electron microscopy, of the surface features of the magnum in the immature ostrich during periods of ovarian inactivity, activity and regression. In birds with inactive ovaries the luminal surface of the magnum was lined with non‐ciliated cells, which were densely covered by microvilli. In contrast, the magnum in birds with active ovaries was composed of ciliated and non‐ciliated cells. The distribution of ciliated cells was not uniform, with clumps of cilia occurring next to non‐ciliated areas. Samples collected from birds with regressing ovaries, during periods of decreasing daylength, revealed that the magnum was undergoing involution. The deciliation of ciliated cells and the presence of short microvilli on non‐ciliated cells characterized magnal regression. These results suggest that ovarian activity and changes in daylength have a profound effect on the surface features of the magnum in the immature ostrich.
Incidence of corneal pigmented arc and factors associated with its appearance in orthokeratology*
Authors: Cho Pauline , Cheung SW , Mountford John , Chui WS 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPurpose:  To determine the incidence of the corneal pigmented arc in orthokeratology (ortho‐k) lens wearers over 12 months of lens wear and the factors associated with its appearance.Method:  Thirty‐five ortho‐k subjects were recruited; refractive and corneal changes after lens wear (single‐lens protocol) were monitored over 12 months. The incidence of the pigmented arc after 3, 6 and 12 months of lens wear was determined.Results:  The incidence of corneal pigmented arc was 17% (27%), 49% (49%) and 90% (93%) after 3, 6 and 12 months lens wear respectively in the left and right eyes. For subjects with arcs observed in the left eye within the first 6 months of lens wear, the mean ± S.D. period of lens wear before initial detection of the arc was 14 ± 7.4 weeks, and no correlation was found between this factor and the baseline spherical and cylindrical refractive errors (i.e. refractive sphere and cylinder, respectively), spherical equivalent refractive error (SERE), the target myopia reduction, the amount of refractive sphere (or SERE) reduction and changes in central and peripheral corneal curvatures after 6 months of lens wear. Baseline refractive sphere, baseline SERE, target, amount of myopia reduction, and change in central corneal curvature were significantly larger (p < 0.05) in those subjects with pigmented arcs after about 6 months of lens wear. The intensity of the observed pigmented arcs after about 6 months of lens wear was significantly related to the time when it was first observed (p = 0.003). Significant correlation was also found between the intensity of the arcs and the following parameters: baseline refractive sphere and SERE, target, change in central corneal curvature, and amount of myopia reduction (p < 0.006). After about 12 months of lens wear, the intensity of observed arcs was significantly related to the baseline refractive sphere, SERE and the target (p < 0.006).Conclusion:  The incidence of ortho‐k‐associated pigmented arc increases from 17% after 3 months of lens wear to over 90% after 12 months of lens wear. The intensity of the arc is related to the time when the arc first appeared. Both the incidence and the intensity of the arc are related to the period of lens wear, baseline refractive sphere, SERE and the target.
No association between the −399 C>T polymorphism of the neuropeptide Y gene and schizophrenia, unipolar depression or panic disorder in a Danish population
Authors: Lindberg C. , Koefoed P. , Hansen E. S. , Bolwig T. G. , Rehfeld J. F. , Mellerup E. , Jørgensen O. S. , Kessing L. V. , Werge T. , Haugbøl S. , Wang A. G. , Woldbye D. P. D. 
Published: November 2005

Objective:  A polymorphism in the promoter region of the NPY gene at position −399 C>T was recently reported to be associated with schizophrenia in a Japanese population and with treatment refractory unipolar depression in a Swedish population. The objective of this study was to investigate potential associations between the polymorphism and three psychiatric disorders in a Danish population.Method:  We investigated the occurrence of the polymorphism in patients with schizophrenia (n = 291), unipolar depression (n = 256) and panic disorder (n = 142) compared with controls (n = 716).Results:  We detected the polymorphism −399 C>T at a frequency of 48% in controls. No significant differences were found between genotype or allele frequencies in controls vs. the patient groups.Conclusion:  The lack of association between the −399 C>T polymorphism and schizophrenia, unipolar depression or panic disorder, respectively, suggests that the polymorphism is not involved in the etiology of these disorders in the Danish population.
A new index for rating aesthetics of implant‐supported single crowns and adjacent soft tissues – the Implant Crown Aesthetic Index
Authors: Meijer Henny J. A. , Stellingsma Kees , Meijndert Leo , Raghoebar Gerry M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectives: The important item of aesthetics is rarely included in evaluation studies. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an index for rating aesthetics of implant‐supported single crowns and adjacent soft tissues.Material and methods: Nine items were selected, which have an influence on the aesthetic result. The items are based on the anatomic form, colour and surface characteristics of the crown and on the anatomic form, colour and surface characteristics of the peri‐implant soft tissues. Two oral‐maxillofacial surgeons and two prosthodontists rated 24 implant‐supported single‐tooth restorations and adjacent soft tissues on a form with the nine items of the rating index. The rating was carried out twice by each of the examiners. Weighted Cohen's κ was calculated to express the intra‐ and interobserver agreement.Results: Intraobserver results indicated that the agreement between the first and second rating of both the prosthodontists was good (both 0.7) and that the agreement of the oral‐maxillofacial surgeons was moderate (0.49 and 0.56). The best interobserver agreement was found between the two prosthodontists (0.61, good agreement).Conclusions: The Implant Crown Aesthetic Index is an objective tool in rating aesthetics of implant‐supported single crowns and adjacent soft tissues. The rating is best be carried out by one prosthodontist to have the highest reliability.
Bi‐directional distraction osteogenesis of the alveolar bone using an extraosseous device
Authors: Iizuka Tateyuki , Hallermann Wock , Seto Ichiro , Smolka Wenko , Smolka Koord , Bosshardt Dieter D. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectives: In alveolar distraction, the bone segment tends to incline palatally or lingually, making rigid control of the segments difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a newly developed bi‐directional extraosseous alveolar distractor (Medartis V2‐Alveolar distractor) for pre‐ and perioperative vector management.Material and methods: Seven patients with segmental alveolar atrophy following traumatic tooth loss were treated using the distraction device. The patients were followed up clinically and radiologically. Preoperatively, the initial vector for distraction was determined using CT by measuring the cross‐section of the bone. The morphology of the alveolar bone was also analyzed in relation to the planned implant position. Postoperatively, the rate of osteogenesis was monitored with plane radiographs and CT scan.Results: All cases had bone deficit at the anterior surface of the alveolar ridge, showing a typical inclination of the long axis of the bone. Using the distractor, vertical distraction and positioning of the segments with labial orientation was possible. After a consolidation period of 12 weeks on average, sufficient bone formation for implant installation was radiologically observable. Histologic and histomorphometric analysis of one bone biopsy showed very dense mineralized bone (area fraction=78%) with a multidirectional, complex architecture. Implant‐supported prosthetic oral rehabilitation was successfully performed in all cases.Conclusion: All complications observed in this study were related to the bone deficiency at the anterior surface of the alveolar process. If the technique can be improved, this type of bi‐directional distraction is a promising method for alveolar bone repair.
Early loading of non‐submerged titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid‐etched surface
Authors: Bornstein Michael M. , Schmid Bruno , Belser Urs C. , Lussi Adrian , Buser Daniel 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this prospective cohort study was to evaluate the success rate of titanium screw‐type implants with the sandblasted and acid‐etched (SLA) surface loaded early, after 6 weeks of healing.Material and methods: A total of 104 implants were inserted into posterior sites of 51 partially edentulous patients exhibiting bone densities of class I–III. After a healing period of 6 weeks, all implants were functionally loaded with cemented crowns or fixed partial dentures. The patients were recalled at 3, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months for clinical and radiographic examination.Results: One implant failed to integrate during healing, and three implants were lost to follow‐up and were considered drop‐outs. The remaining 100 implants showed favorable clinical and radiographic findings at the 5‐year examination. The peri‐implant soft tissues were stable over time; the mean probing depths and mean attachment levels did not change during the follow‐up period. None of the radiographs exhibited signs of continuous peri‐implant radiolucency, which confirmed ankylotic stability for all 100 implants. The measurement of the bone crest levels (DIB values) indicated stability as well. Based on strict success criteria, all 100 implants were considered successfully integrated, resulting in a 5‐year success rate of 99%.Conclusion: This prospective study using an early loading protocol with 6 weeks of healing demonstrated that titanium implants with the SLA surface can achieve and maintain successful tissue integration with high predictability for at least 5 years of follow‐up in selected patients and sites.
A real-time microprocessor debugging technique
Authors: Hill Charles R. 
Published: November 2005

This note describes RED, a remotely executed debugger capable of generating a real-time source level trace history of a high level language program executing on a microprocessor. The trace history consists of a display of the source statements of each basic block executed, annotated by the time at which execution of that block began. Basic blocks are traced rather than statements to reduce sampling bandwidth requirements while still retaining the ability to record the essential logical flow of programs. RED is intended to assist in debugging stand-alone high level language process control programs with real-time constraints.
We outline two possible implementation schemes for generating the real-time trace history. In both, a "debugging co-processor" collects in a history buffer the values of the program counter (PC) and the corresponding value of a clock as each basic block begins execution. The debugger, which runs on the processor hosting the compiler and has access to the co-processor over a fast link, reconstructs a source level trace from the PC-time pairs in the history buffer. In one scheme, the language compiler emits an extra instruction at the beginning of each basic block in the program to output the value of the program counter to a parallel port connected to the debug processor. The second method makes use of an extended target memory space to provide tag bits denoting basic blocks. When an instruction is fetched, the debug processor detects the presence of the tag bits and buffers up the value of the corresponding program counter and time. The first method is simpler to implement, requiring only conventional, usually straightforward hardware additions to the target, but requires the execution overhead of the extra instructions. In both cases the debugger itself runs on the host processor and has access to tables generated during compile time of the source program.
Summary of evaluation and comments
Authors: Johnson Mark Scott 
Published: November 2005

On the last day of the Symposium an evaluation form was distributed to all participants. About half responded; their comments are summarized here.
Three-quarters of those responding felt the Symposium met their expectations well or very well. Important topics reported as being not discussed or not sufficiently discussed included real-time debugging, practical debugging strategies, implementation issues for production debuggers, human factors, and architectural support for debugging.
A practical type system and language for reference immutability
Authors: Birka Adrian , Ernst Michael D. 
Published: November 2005

This paper describes a type system that is capable of expressing and enforcing immutability constraints. The specific constraint expressed is that the abstract state of the object to which an immutable reference refers cannot be modified using that reference. The abstract state is (part of) the transitively reachable state: that is, the state of the object and all state reachable from it by following references. The type system permits explicitly excluding fields or objects from the abstract state of an object. For a statically type-safe language, the type system guarantees reference immutability. If the language is extended with immutability downcasts, then run-time checks enforce the reference immutability constraints.
In order to better understand the usability and efficacy of the type system, we have implemented an extension to Java, called Javari, that includes all the features of our type system. Javari is interoperable with Java and existing JVMs. It can be viewed as a proposal for the semantics of the Java const keyword, though Javari's syntax uses readonly instead. This paper describes the design and implementation of Javari, including the type-checking rules for the language. This paper also discusses experience with 160,000 lines of Javari code. Javari was easy to use and provided a number of benefits, including detecting errors in well-tested code.
Object-oriented encapsulation for dynamically typed languages
Authors: Schärli Nathanael , Black Andrew P. , Ducasse Stéphane 
Published: November 2005

Encapsulation in object-oriented languages has traditionally been based on static type systems. As a consequence, dynamically-typed languages have only limited support for encapsulation. This is surprising, considering that encapsulation is one of the most fundamental and important concepts behind object-oriented programming and that it is essential for writing programs that are maintainable and reliable, and that remain robust as they evolve.
In this paper we describe the problems that are caused by insufficient encapsulation mechanisms and then present object-oriented encapsulation, a simple and uniform approach that solves these problems by bringing state of the art encapsulation features to dynamically typed languages. We provide a detailed discussion of our design rationales and compare them and their consequences to the encapsulation approaches used for statically typed languages. We also describe an implementation of object-oriented encapsulation in Smalltalk. Benchmarks of this implementation show that extensive use of object-oriented encapsulation results in a slowdown of less than 15 percent.
Automatic generation of fixed-point-finding evaluators for circular, but well-defined, attribute grammars
Authors: Farrow Rodney 
Published: November 2005

In the traditional formulation of attribute grammars (AGs) circularities are not allowed, that is, no attribute-instance in any derivation tree may be defined in terms of itself. Elsewhere in mathematics and computing, though, circular (or recursive) definitions are commonplace, and even essential. Given appropriate constraints, recursive definitions are well-founded, and the least fixed-points they denote are computable. This is also the case for circular AGs.
This paper presents constraints on individual attributes and semantic functions of an AG that are sufficient to guarantee that a circular AG specifies a well-defined translation and that circularly-defined attribute-instances can be computed via successive approximation. AGs that satisfy these constraints are called finitely recursive.
An attribute evaluation paradigm is presented that incorporates successive approximation to evaluate circular attribute-instances, along with an algorithm to automatically construct such an evaluator. The attribute evaluators so produced are static in the sense that the order of evaluation at each production-instance in the derivation-tree is determined at the time that each translator is generated.
A final algorithm is presented that tells which individual attributes and functions must satisfy the constraints.
Unifying view of recent LALR(1) lookahead set algorithms
Authors: Ives Fred 
Published: November 2005

Since the introduction of LALR parsing, several algorithms have been presented for the computation of the lookahead sets needed to produce an LALR parser. The algorithm in Aho and Ullman[1] has perhaps received the widest exposure. The recent algorithms by DeRemer and Pennello[2] and Park, Choe, and Chang[4] are the most efficient.
A new algorithm has been developed from an algorithm originally based on the Aho and Ullman algorithm and subsequently modified to take advantage of the efficiencies introduced by the DeRemer and Pennello algorithm. The new algorithm performs better than the Park, Choe, and Chang algorithm, and both perform better than the DeRemer and Pennello algorithm. The reasons for the relative performances are easily understood when the algorithms are presented in a common light.
Very fast LR parsing
Authors: Pennello Thomas J. 
Published: November 2005

LR parsers can be made to run 6 to 10 times as fast as the best table-interpretive LR parsers. The resulting parse time is negligible compared to the time required by the remainder of a typical compiler containing the parser.
A parsing speed of 1/2 million lines per minute on a computer similar to a VAX 11/780 was achieved, up from an interpretive speed of 40,000 lines per minute. A speed of 240,000 lines per minute on an Intel 80286 was achieved, up from an interpretive speed of 37,000 lines per minute.
The improvement is obtained by translating the parser's finite state control into assembly language. States become code memory addresses. The current input symbol resides in a register and a quick sequence of register-constant comparisons determines the next state, which is merely jumped to. The parser's push-down stack is implemented directly on a hardware stack. The stack contains code memory addresses rather than the traditional state numbers.
The strongly-connected components of the directed graph induced by the parser's terminal and nonterminal transitions are examined to determine a typically small subset of the states that require parse-time stack-overflow-check code when hardware does not provide the check automatically.
The increase in speed is at the expense of space: a factor of 2 to 4 increase in total table size can be expected, depending upon whether syntactic error recovery is required.