bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of prey size and environmental factors on predation byPodisus maculiventris(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on viburnum leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Desurmont Gaylord A. , Weston Paul A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractExperiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to determine the influence of the relative sizes of predator and prey, temperature, presence of refugia, size of the search area, and host-plant species on the predation performance ofPodisus maculiventris(Say) nymphs against viburnum leaf beetle,Pyrrhalta viburni(Paykull), a new landscape pest in North America that feeds on the foliage of species ofViburnumL. (Caprifoliaceae). Predator handling time was positively correlated with body mass of the prey for all instars ofP. maculiventris,but the rate of increase of handling time relative to prey mass decreased as predator age increased. Temperature was positively correlated with predation rates, but the presence of refugia did not have an impact on predation. The influence of host-plant species and size of the search area was tested on southern arrowwood (Viburnum dentatumL.) and American cranberrybush (Viburnum opulusL. var.americanumAiton). There was a significant interaction between plant species and size of the search area, the species effect becoming significant as leaf surface area increased. In the case of southern arrowwood a negative correlation between size of the search area and predation rate was also detected. The identification of these factors adds valuable knowledge for usingP. maculiventrisas a biological-control agent againstP. viburni.
Toward management guidelines for soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, in Quebec. II. Spatial distribution of aphid populations in commercial soybean fields
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Brodeur Jacques , Borcard Daniel , Legendre Pierre 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe study was conducted to document the spatial distribution of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in commercial fields of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. The abundance of aphids was assessed weekly at 12 sites in 2005 and 2006 on more than 135 georeferenced plants per site. Variograms and principal coordinates of neighbour matrices (PCNM) were used to detect significant spatial structures. Variograms indicated a spatially random distribution of aphid populations in a majority (84%) of fields-weeks. For the variograms with a defined structure, the variance between pairs of observations generally increased rapidly with the distance between plants up to a distance where it stabilized, a pattern adequately fitted by spherical models. Structured spatial distributions were more prevalent in 2005 than in 2006, especially at the end of the season. In 2006, PCNM analysis was more sensitive in detecting spatial trends than were variograms. PCNM analysis revealed significant patterns across a broad range of scales, with dominant periods averaging 22.6 and 47.1 m for the short and long transects, respectively. Sampling plants along a 100 m long transect at about 7.5 m intervals in soybean fields would allow detection of the spatial structures identified in this study.
Effect of horticultural oil on oviposition behaviour and egg survival in the obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Wins-Purdy A.H. , Whitehouse C. , Judd G.J.R. , Evenden M.L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe effects of the horticultural oil Purespray Green on oviposition behaviour and egg development in the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), were investigated through dual-choice and no-choice bioassays and topical applications of oil to developing eggs. A residual 2% (v/v) oil spray on wax-paper and apple-leaf substrates significantly reduced both the number of eggs laid and egg survival in no-choice assays; however, this effect diminished 3 days after treatment. In dual-choice assays, females laid significantly fewer eggs on oil-treated apple leaves than on control leaves, but laid equal numbers of eggs on the oil-treated wax paper and the untreated wax-paper controls. Topical application of oil caused significant dose-dependent mortality of both newly laid eggs and eggs just before hatch, and these two egg stages were equally susceptible to the oil. Topical application of 2% oil caused >99% egg mortality. Our data indicate that gravid female C. rosaceana can assess and reject oil-sprayed surfaces and that the oil can kill eggs through both contact toxicity and suffocation. These characteristics suggest that highly purified horticultural oils like Purespray Green could play a role in an integrated pest management program for this important pest species.
Copper/Iron‐Cocatalyzed Highly Selective Tandem Reactions: Efficient Approaches to Z‐γ‐Alkylidene Lactones
Authors: Li Si , Jia Wei , Jiao Ning 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageInexpensive copper/iron‐cocatalyzed, efficient, highly regioselective and stereoselective one‐pot tandem conjugate addition–cyclization–hydrolysis–decarboxylation reactions have been developed, which provide efficient tandem reactions for CC and CO bond formation, and the novel synthetic methods of γ‐alkylidenebutyrolactones.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Cascade Cyclization Reaction of Bisallenes with Propargylic Carbonates and Organoboronic Acids: Efficient Construction of cis‐Fused Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonenes
Authors: Shu Wei , Jia Guochen , Ma Shengming 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAus 3 mach 1: Die Titelreaktion liefert cis‐anellierte Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonene aus leicht verfügbaren 1,5‐Bisallenen sowie strukturell unterschiedlichen Propargylcarbonaten und Arylboronsäuren (siehe Schema; X=NTs, C(E1)2 mit E1=CO2Bn, SO2Ph; dba=trans,trans‐Dibenzylidenaceton). Der postulierte Mechanismus umfasst eine sequenzielle oxidative Addition, drei Carbopalladierungen in zwei unterschiedlichen Varianten sowie eine Suzuki‐Kupplung.magnified image
Iron‐Mediated Cleavage of CC Bonds in Vicinal Tricarbonyl Compounds in Water
Authors: Mecinović Jasmin , Hamed Refaat B. , Schofield Christopher J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThree of a kind: Vicinal tricarbonyl compounds undergo CC cleavage mediated by ferric ions (see scheme). The observed cleavage of ninhydrin and dehydroascorbic acid has relevance for amino acid detection and the metabolism of vitamin C.magnified image
C(aryl)O Activation of Aryl Carboxylates in Nickel‐Catalyzed Biaryl Syntheses
Authors: Gooßen Lukas J. , Gooßen Käthe , Stanciu Corneliu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCrucial breakthroughs in the activation of the C(aryl)O bond of phenol derivatives were achieved almost simultaneously by two research groups (see scheme; Cy=cyclohexyl). Garg et al. coupled a range of aryl pivalates with arylboronic acids to give unsymmetrical biaryls. Shi et al. achieved this through C(aryl)O activation of aryl carboxylates; the best results for the coupling of aryl boroxines were again obtained with aryl pivalates.magnified image
Immunoregulatory effects of HIV‐1 Nef protein
Authors: Quaranta Maria Giovanna , Mattioli Benedetta , Giordani Luciana , Viora Marina 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDuring HIV infection, the perturbation of the adaptive and innate immune responses contributes to the progressive immunosuppression leading to an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and neoplastic diseases. Several impairments observed in HIV‐infected patients include a gradual loss of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cell dysfunction, and a decreased number and function of natural killer (NK) cells. Moreover, a functional impairment and variation in the number of DC and B cells were observed during HIV infection. HIV‐1 codes for proteins, including the accessory Nef proteins, that interacting with immune cells may contribute to AIDS pathogenesis. Here, we review the recent progress on the immunomodulatory effect of the accessory Nef protein and its role in the pathogenesis of HIV‐1 infection. © 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Hippocampal, retrosplenial, and prefrontal hypoactivity in a model of diencephalic amnesia: Evidence towards an interdependent subcortical‐cortical memory network
Authors: Vann Seralynne D. , Albasser Mathieu M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe medial diencephalon is vital for memory, but it is not known why. The present study tested between the predictions of current hypotheses as to why this region is critical for memory. Lesions were made in the rat mammillothalamic tract, the only diencephalic structure consistently associated with amnesia in humans after ischemia. Decreased activity, as measured by immediate‐early gene expression (c‐fos), was found in three key sites associated with memory function: the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex, and the retrosplenial cortex. The specificity of these changes was confirmed by the qualitatively different patterns of immediately‐early gene changes seen after amygdala lesions, e.g., hypoactivity in the hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex following mammillothalamic tract lesions but not following amygdala lesions. The mammillothalamic lesion results unify substrates linked to diencephalic and temporal lobe amnesia, and thereby support a new account of diencephalic amnesia that emphasizes multiple dysfunctions across hippocampal, retrosplenial, and prefrontal areas. This account suggests a role for the mammillary bodies that is independent of their hippocampal inputs. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The synthesis of N‐[2‐(D‐glucos‐3‐O‐yl)propionyl]‐l‐alanine and N‐[(d‐glucos‐3‐O‐yl)acetyl]‐l‐alanine
Authors: Chikashita Hidenori , Ouchi Tatsuro 
Published: March 2009

AbstractN‐[2‐(D‐Glucos‐3‐O‐yl)propionyl]‐L‐alanine (7a) was synthesized, which has a glucose residue instead of N‐acetylglucosamine residue in the muramyl peptide. N‐[(D‐Glucos‐3‐O‐yl)acetyl]‐L‐alanine (7b) was also synthesized as a glycolyl analog of 7a in order to determine the relationship between the structure of propionyl moiety in the carbohydrate analog (7a) and the adjuvant activity. These simple analogs are compounds prepared for the purpose of introduction into a synthetic polymer with the view of producing polymeric drugs.
Syntheses with nitriles. 62. 3,5‐Dicyanopyridine derivatives by vilsmeier formylation of malononitrile and tetracyanopropenides
Authors: Mittelbach Martin , Junek Hans 
Published: March 2009

AbstractReaction of malononitrile with dimethylformamide and phosphorus oxychloride gave (dimethylamino‐methylene)malononitrile (1), 4‐chloro‐7‐methyl‐5,7‐diaza‐1,3,5‐octatriene‐1,1,3‐tricarbonitrile (3a) and the pyridine 2. Compounds 3a and 3b as well as the triaza‐derivative 3c may also be obtained by treatment of tetracyanopropenides 4a‐c with dimethylformamide and phosphorus oxychloride. Ring closures were achieved by heating 3 under alkaline or acidic conditions. Substitution of chlorine in 3a with aromatic amines provided 1‐aryl‐1,2‐dihydro‐2‐imino‐3,5‐pyridinedicarbonitriles 7. Hydrolysis of 7 gave the 2‐oxo‐derivatives 8.
Ring cleavage reactions of 3‐ and 5‐non‐substituted isoxazoles
Authors: Alberola A. , González A. M. , Guerra D. , Pulido F. J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract5‐Methylisoxazoles with electron‐accepting groups at C‐4 (1a‐c) and 2,3‐dimethylisoxazolium iodide (II) undergo ring cleavage when treated with organic bases. The nature of the open chain products which were obtained (stable enolates, β‐diketones, esters) depends on the group at C‐4 and the strength of the base. In some of these processes aromatic aldehydes were used in order to determine the competition between the condensation and the cleavage reaction. The mechanism of the nucleophilic ring cleavage of II is also shown.
The utilization of chemical shift and spin‐lattice (T1) relaxation time data for the discrimination of isomeric indenoisoxazoles
Authors: Womack Charles H. , Gampe Robert T. , Lemke B. Kaye , Sawhney Kailash N. , Lemke Thomas L. , Martin Gary E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTreatment of 2‐pivaloyl‐1,3‐indandione with hydroxylamine leads to the formation of a pair of isomeric indenoisoxazoles, the product formed dependent upon the cyclization conditions. Under acidic conditions, 8‐t‐butylindeno[1,2‐c]isoxazol‐7‐one (5) is formed while under neutral or basic conditions, an oxime, 2, is generated which may then be cyclized under acidic conditions to give 3‐t‐butylindeno[1,2‐c]isoxazol‐4‐one (4). Although these isomeric indenoisoxazoles may be discriminated by chemical means, we were interested in developing an unequivocal method for distinguishing these and potentially other isomeric pairs by spectroscopic means. A 13C‐nmr based method for the discrimination of these isomers which is based on the utilization of chemical shift arguments and spin‐lattice relaxation data is thus presented.
Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. XXIV. Synthesis of pyridines from β‐substituted α‐phenylacrylonitriles
Authors: Fuentes L. , Vaquero J. J. , Soto J. L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reaction of malononitrile with α‐phenylcinnamonitriles in ethanolic sodium ethanethiolate is studied as a convenient route to 2‐amino‐4‐aryl‐5‐cyano‐6‐ethylthio‐3‐phenyl‐3,4‐dihydropyridines (5) and the corresponding pyridines 6. From the study of the structure of 5a (Ar = Ph) we can conclude that this cyclization reaction proceeds via a site‐selective addition of the ethanethiolate to the cyano group i of the 1,3‐tricarbonitrile (2).
Carbon‐13 chemical shifts in some 1‐substituted 5‐imino‐3‐phenyl‐4‐thioxo‐2‐imidazolidinones and related compounds
Authors: Litchman William M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe cmr spectra of the title compounds have been obtained and the resonances assigned by classical means. Coupling of the imino proton to C‐5 is observed to be smaller than that to C‐4. A very large downfield shift due to substitution of a carbonyl sulfur at C‐4 is observed. The nmr assignments are shown to be self‐consistent throughout the series.
Syntheses of 10‐Oxo‐10H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]thieno[3,4‐d]pyrimidines and 10‐Oxo‐10H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]thieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidines from methyl tetrahydro‐4‐oxo‐3‐thiophenecarboxylate and methyl tetrahydro‐3‐oxo‐2‐thiophenecarboxylate, respectively
Authors: Connor David T. , Sorenson Roderick J. , Tinney Francis J. , Cetenko Wiaczeslaw A. , Kerbleski Joseph J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA general synthesis of 10‐Oxo‐10H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]thieno[3,4‐d]pyrimidines and 10‐Oxo‐10H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]‐thieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidines is described. Methyl tetrahydro‐4‐oxo‐3‐thiophenecarboxylate (13) was condensed with 6‐aminonicotinic acid (18) to give 3,10‐dihydro‐10‐oxo‐1H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]thieno[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐7‐carboxylic acid (19). Treatment of 19 successively with chlorotrimethylsilane, N‐chlorosuccinimide and water gave 10‐oxo‐10H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]thieno[3,4‐d]pyrimidine‐7‐carboxylic acid (17). Methyl tetrahydro‐3‐oxo‐2‐thiophenecarboxylate (21) was converted to 10‐oxo‐10H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]thieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidine‐7‐carboxylic acid (25) by an analogous route.
Photochemical and chemical behaviour of 2,5‐hydroperoxyhydroxy‐2,5‐dihydrofurans
Authors: Graziano M. L. , Carli B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFrom hydroxyhydroperoxides II and III a new bicyclic system, namely the 5,6‐dioxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane VII is obtained by photolysis or by protic acids. Epimer epoxides IV and XI are obtained on reaction with triethylamine.
Mass spectral fragmentations of 6‐aryl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐1,3,2,6‐dioxathiazocine 2‐Oxides
Authors: Nishiyama Tomihiro , Nakai Yasushi , Kushiyama Masataka , Ikemoto Etsuo , Yamada Fukiko 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe mass spectral fragmentation of 4‐, 5‐, and 4,8‐disubstituted derivatives of 6‐aryl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐1,3,2,6‐dioxathiazocine 2‐oxides is reported.
Reaction of sulfene with heterocyclic N,N‐disubstituted α‐aminomethyleneketones. VIII. Synthesis of furo[2,3‐h]‐1,2‐benzoxathiin derivatives
Authors: Mosti Luisa , Schenone Pietro , Menozzi Giulia , Romussi Giovanni , Baccichetti Francarosa 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCycloaddition of sulfene to N,N‐disubstituted (E)5‐aminomethylene‐6,7‐dihydrobenzo[b]furan‐4(5H)ones I gave, only in the case of aliphatic N‐substitution and generally in satisfactory yields, N,N‐disubstituted 4‐amino‐3,4,5,6‐tetrahydrofuro[2,3‐h]‐1,2‐benzoxathiin 2,2‐dioxides II, which are derivatives of the new heterocyclic system furo[2,3‐h]‐1,2‐benzoxathiin. The 4‐dimethylamino and 4‐piperidino cycloadducts IIa,e were dehydrogenated with DDQ to the corresponding 4‐dialkylamino‐3,4‐dihydrofuro[2,3‐h]‐1,2‐benzoxathiin 2,2‐dioxides IIIa,e in low yield. Compounds IIIa,e were tested for photobiological activity and found to be inactive.
Synthesis of 2‐amino‐6‐chloro‐ and 2,6‐diammopunne 3‐oxides
Authors: Scheinfeld Israel , Parham James C. , Brown George Bosworth 
Published: March 2009

AbstractN‐Oxidation of 2‐amino‐6‐chloropurine to the 3‐oxide provided a convenient intermediate for the synthesis of 2‐amino‐6‐substituted purine 3‐oxides, including the previously unavailable 2,6‐diaminopurine 3‐oxide. Thiation of the 6‐halogen was accompanied by reduction of the N‐oxide. The properties of the 1‐ and 3‐oxides of 2,6‐diaminopurine are compared.
Polycondensed nitrogen heterocycles. XXII. A new synthesis of 5,6‐dihydro‐7H‐pyrazolo[1,5‐d][1,4]benzodiazepin‐6‐ones
Authors: Dattolo G. , Cirrincione G. , Almerico A. M. , D'Asdia I. , Aiello E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new synthesis of 2‐methyl‐9‐R'‐10‐R‐5,6‐dihydro‐7H‐pyrazolo[1,5‐d][1,4]benzodiazepin‐6‐ones (4a‐c) is deserved. Reaction of ethyl hydrazinoacetate hydrochloride with 1,3‐diketones 1a‐c gave both 3‐methyl‐5‐(4R'‐5‐R‐2‐nitrophenyl)pyrazol‐1‐yl‐acetate acids (2a‐c) and the corresponding ethyl esters 3a‐c. Reduction with the appropiate reducing agent of compounds 2a‐c and 3a‐c directly gave the title compounds. Compound 4a showed insecticidal properties against the house fly.
Novel reactions of carbon suboxide. Synthesis of 1,5‐benzodioxepins, 1,5‐benzoxathiepins and 1,5‐benzoxazepins
Authors: Bonsignore Leonardo , Loy Giuseppe , Secci Mario , Cabiddu Salvatore 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe preparation of 1,5‐benzodioxepins, 1,5‐benzoxathiepins and 1,5‐benzoxazepins derivatives is described here. The structure of the products has been determined by elemental analysis and spectroscopic data.
One‐pot synthesis of furano‐ and thieno[3,4‐d]thiepins via bis‐wittig reactions
Authors: Nicolaides D. N. , Tsakalidou E. C. , Hatziantoniou C. T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBis‐Wittig reactions of dicarbaldehydes 3a‐c, 6 with ylid 2 gave thiepins 4a‐c and 7, respectively. In contrast to the considerable stability of compounds 4a‐c, thiepin 7 was desulfurized to benzo[6]thiophene before its isolation.
Pyrimidines. 20. Novel reactions of 5‐cyano‐1,3‐dimethyluracil. A simple synthesis of pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Su Tsann‐Long , Watanabe Kyoichi A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA reaction of 5‐cyano‐1,3‐dimethyluracil (1, R = CN) with acetone in base afforded 1,3,7‐trimethylpyrido‐[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4(1H,3H)dione (9a) in a moderate yield. From a reaction mixture of 1 (R = CN) with butanone, 1,3,6,7‐tetramethyl‐ and 7‐ethyl‐1,3‐dimethylpyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4(1H,3H)‐dione (9b and 9c, respectively) were isolated in low yields. When ethyl cyanoacetate or malononitrile was used in place of the ketone in the above reaction, 7‐amino‐6‐ethoxycarbonyl‐ and 7‐amino‐6‐cyano‐1,3‐dimethylpyrido[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidine‐2,4(1H,3H)‐dione (14a and 14b, respectively) were obtained in quantitative yields. A plausible mechanism for the formation of bicyclic compounds is discussed.
Aminopyrazoles. III . Novel “one‐flask” preparation of 1‐phenylpyrazol‐3‐amine
Authors: Ege Günter , Franz Hermann 
Published: March 2009

Abstract2‐Chloroacrylonitrile (1a), 2,3‐dichloropropanenitrile (1b), 2,3‐dibromopropanenitrile (1c) or 3‐chloro‐acrylonitrile (1d) react with phenylhydrazine (2) in the presence of potassium t‐butoxide with the formation of 1‐phenylpyrazol‐3‐amine (3) free of the 5‐amino isomer.
Homolytic alkylation of chromones in micellar solution
Authors: Engbersen J. F. J. , Koudijs A. , Van Plas H. C. Der 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTreatment of an aqueous solution of chromone, the detergent sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, silver nitrate and an alkanoic acid, with ammonium peroxydisulfate gives 2‐R‐chromone [R = i‐C3H7 (47%), R = t‐C4H9 (65%) and R = 1‐adamantyl (78%)]. In addition 2‐R‐4‐chromanone [R = i‐C3H7 (40%), R = t‐C4H9 (5%) and R‐1‐adamantyl (10%)] is formed. It is proposed that the reaction involves as intermediate the relatively stable 2‐R‐4‐chromanon‐3‐yl radical and that the detergent has a micellar catalytic activity on the free radical alkylation process.
Preparation and reactions of 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones
Authors: El‐Kholy Ibrahim El‐Sayed , Mishrikey Morcos Michael , Abdoul‐Ela Salah Loutfi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Michael reaction of ethyl cinnamates with deoxybenzoin gave ethyl 3,4,5‐triaryl‐5‐oxopentanoates which were hydrolysed to the corresponding acids. The latter could be cyclized to the respective 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones which underwent ring opening with several nucleophiles to the corresponding acid derivatives. However, their reaction with ammonium acetate led to the formation of 3,4‐dihydro‐2‐pyridones. The 3,4‐dihydro‐2‐pyrones and pyridones were dehydrogenated to the corresponding 2‐pyrones and 2‐pyridones by fusion with sulfur.
Action of 1,2‐diamines and o‐aminophenols on 1‐alkyl‐3‐carboxyindole‐2‐acetic acid anhydrides. Preparation of new ring systems
Authors: Abdel‐Fattah A. M. , Hussain S. M. , El‐Reedy A. M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract1‐Alkyl‐3‐carboxyindole‐2‐acetic acid anhydrides (I) react with ethylenediamine and with o‐phenylenediamine to give directly 10‐alkylimidazo[3,2:1′,2′]pyrido[4,5‐b]indol‐5(1H)‐ones (II) and 5,6‐dihydro‐5‐alkyl‐13H‐indolo[2′,3′:4,5]pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazol‐13‐one (V), respectively. However, anhydrides I react with o‐aminophenol and with o‐aminothiophenol to give carboxyindole‐acetanilide derivatives IX, which can be cyclised to indolo[2′,3′:4,5]pyrido[2,1‐b]benzoxazolone and indolo[2′,3′:4,5]pyrido[2,1‐b]benzthiazolone (XI). Some derivatives of II and V were prepared to help in elucidating the structures.
2,2′‐Diindolylmethane. VI (1). NMR‐spektroskopische untersuchungen an chiralen und achiralen 2,2′‐diindolylmethanen mit tryptophanester‐strukturelement
Authors: Pindur Ulf 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe symmetric properties of some new 2,2′‐diindolylmethanes with chiral centers in the sidechains were investigated on theNMRtime scale. Shift experiments of the chiral 2,2′‐diindolylmethanediesters1ain the presence of 3,3,3‐trifluor‐2‐methoxy‐2‐phenylpropanoic acid were discussed.
Synthesis and transformations of (±)‐trans‐4aβ(H), saα(H)‐octahydro‐4α,7β‐dimethyl‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one
Authors: Sanghvi Y. S. , Rao A. S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHydrogenation of 4,7‐dimethylcoumarin (1) in alkaline medium has been shown to furnish a mixture of (±)‐trans‐4aβ(H),8aα(H)‐octahydro‐4α,7β‐dimethyl‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one (2), (±)‐trans‐4aβ(H),8aα(H)‐octahydro‐4α,7α‐dimethyl‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one (3) and (±)‐cis‐4aα(H),8aα(H)‐octahydro‐4α,7α‐dimethyl‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one (4) in 40:25:35:ratio, respectively. The stereochemistry of the major hydrogenation product 2, has been established by transforming it to p‐menthane derivatives e.g. (±)‐2 (R)‐[2′(R)hydroxy‐4′(R) methylcyclohex‐(1′S)‐yl]propan‐1‐ol (20) and (±)‐trans‐3α,6β‐dimethyl‐3aβ(H),7aα(H)‐octahydrobenzofuran (12). Starting from a mixture of lactones 2, 3 and 4, lactone 3 has been obtained in pure state employing a sequence of reactions.