bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lignocaine–induced convulsion does not induce c–fos protein (c–Fos) in rat hippocampus
Authors: NAKAO S. , KURATA J. , ARAI T. , MURAKAWA M. , ADACHI T. , AVRAMOV M. N. , MORI K. , YASUHARA O. , TOOYAMA I. , KIMURA H. 
Published: January 2009

Recent studies have shown that proto–oncogene c–fos mRNA is induced in the central nervous system by a variety of stimuli including generalised convulsions. In this study, the expression of c–fos protein (c–Fos) following lignocaine–induced convulsions was examined and compared with that following convulsions induced by non–anesthetic convulsants, such as pentylenetetrazol, kainic acid and electroconvulsive shocks, in rat brain.Administration of 120 mg kg‐1 lignocaine by the intraperitoneal route induced generalised convulsions in all rats examined within 10 min. C–Fos was markedly induced in the piriform cortex and amygdala, and slightly induced in the neocortex and thalamus, while no c–Fos expression was observed in the hippocampus. In contrast, c–Fos expression following generalised convulsions induced by non–anaesthetic convulsants was very marked in the hippocampal region, piriform cortex and amygdala, and extended to the thalamus and neocortex.These results contradict those of previously reported local cerebral metabolic studies using 2–deoxyglucose as a metabolic marker, and suggest that lignocaine–induced convulsions, unlike those induced by non–anaesthetic convulsants, may not cause severe sequelae (plastic changes) in the hippocampus.
Respiratory and haemodynamic effects of conventional volume controlled PEEP ventilation, pressure regulated volume controlled ventilation and low frequency positive pressure ventilation with extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal in pigs with acute ARDS
Authors: KESECIOGLU J. , TELCI L. , ESEN F. , AKPIR K. , TÜTÜNCÜ A. S. , DENKEL T. , ERDMANN W. , LACHMANN B. 
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether any benefit of low frequency positive pressure ventilation with extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (LFPPV–ECCO2R) existed over either volume controlled ventilation (VCV) with measured best–PEEP or pressure regulated volume controlled ventilation (PRVCV) with an inspiration/expiration (I/E) ratio of 4:1, with respect to arterial oxygenation, lung mechanics and haemodynamics, in acute respiratory failure.Fifteen adult pigs were used for the study. Respiratory failure was induced by surfactant depletion by repeated lung lavage. The different therapeutic approaches were applied randomly to each pig for 1 h. Measurements of gas exchange, airway pressures and haemodynamics were performed during ventilatory and haemodynamic steady state. Paco2 was kept constant in all modes.At almost similar total–PEEP, Pao2 values were significantly higher with LFPPV–ECCO2R comared to VCV with best–PEEP. Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and intrapulmonary pressure amplitude defined as the difference between PIP and total–PEEP were significantly lower with PRVCV and LFPPV–ECCO2R compared to VCV with best–PEEP. There was no significant difference between the modes concerning cardiocircu–latory parameters.PRVCV with I/E ratio of 4:1 and LFPPV–ECCO2R proved to be better modes to achieve better gas exchange and lower PIP at lower intrapulmonary pressure amplitudes. It is concluded that PRVCV is an adequate form of treatment under these experimental conditions imitating acute respiratory failure, without necessitating other invasive measures.
Identification of human plasma cholinesterase variants using molecular biological techniques
Authors: Jensen F. S. , Schwartz M. , Viby‐Mogensen J. 
Published: January 2009

Genetic variation is one of several factors determining the level and quality of plasma cholinesterase activity (butyrylcholinesterase, BChE). The many genetic variants known today, and the resulting large number of genotypes and phenotypes, have complicated the problem of identifying individual BChE genotypes and phenotypes on the basis of enzymatic analyses alone.Modern molecular biological techniques have, however, permitted the development of diagnostic tests which allow BChE variants to be identified at the DNA level. Today, at least 20 genetic variants have been identified in this way.This review is an introduction to the principles of molecular biology used to identify the variants forms of the BCHE gene.
Interstitial fluid accumulation does not influence oxygen uptake in the rabbit small intestine
Authors: ØStgaard G. , Reed R. K. 
Published: January 2009

Crystalloid resuscitation increases interstitial fluid volume. Intestinal ischemia and impaired barrier function may contribute to the precipitation of multiple organ failure. Accordingly, the intestine was chosen as target organ to test whether interstitial oedema impairs oxygen extraction by the tissue.The portal vein in anaesthetized rabbits was partially obstructed for 30 min along with an intravenous infusion of 0.9% saline 60–90 ml kg‐1 (oedema group, n = 7). Total water content of the small intestine increased from 3.4 ml g‐1 dry weight in control (n = 8) to 3.9 ml g‐1 in the oedema group (P= 0.049). Small intestinal O2 uptake was calculated from the arteriovenous O2 content and electromagnetic flow measurements in the superior mesenteric artery. Mesenteric flow was reduced stepwise by a snare occluder around the artery. Intestinal oxygen‐ation was monitored indirectly as well, by means of mesenteric venous lactate, arterial base excess and by mucosal pH (pHi) assessed tonometrically.The oxygen extraction ratios were similar in the oedema and control group at similar oxygen supplies. After a 45 min flow reduction to 15% of baseline mesenteric venous lactate and pHi did not differ between the groups. pH; averaged 7.31 and fell to 6.74. Below an intestinal O2 uptake of 2.5 ml min‐1, pHi correlated somewhat better with O2 uptake (r=0.66) than did arterial base excess (r=0.50).The results indicate that acute elevation of extracellular volume to the extent in the present study, does not impede oxygen uptake in the gut.
Intravenous propofol vs thiamylal‐isoflurane for caesarean section, comparative maternal and neonatal effects
Authors: Abboud T. K. , Zhu J. , Richardson M. , Silva E. Peres Da , Donovan M. 
Published: January 2009

Several studies on propofol (Diprivan) for induction of anaesthesia during caesarean section have demonstrated its safety, however, its safely during maintenance of anaesthesia is not yet fully evaluated.The present study was undertaken to compare the maternal and neonatal effects of propofol or isoflurane in 74 term parturients undergoing primary or repeat caesarean section. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups, propofol group (n = 37) received propofol 1.5–2.5 mg·kg‐1 for induction followed by a continuous infusion of propofol of 0.05–0.2 mg 4mD kg‐1· min‐1. The isoflurane group (n=37) received thiamylal 3–4 mg · kg‐1 for induction followed by isollurane 0.25–0.75% for maintenance. All patients had rapid sequence induction using suceinyl‐choline and endotracheal intubation, 50% N2O and O2 were used in all patients until delivery. After delivery N2O concentration was increased to 67% and intravenous butorphanol (Stadol) was given as needed. Patients in the propofol group had less hypertension after intubation (P<0.05) and this was also of shorter duration compared to patients in the isoflurane group (5 min vs 10 min respectively). Maternal blood loss as well as intraoperative awareness and recovery time did not differ significantly between the two groups. Neonatal status as ascertained by Apgar scores, cord acid base status and the neurological and adaptive capacity scores (NACS) was equally good in both groups. It is concluded that propofol used for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia is a safe alternative to thiamylal/isoflurane for patients undergoing caesarean section and is associated with less hypertensive response during laryngoscopy and intubation.
Does colloid‐induced plasma hyperviscosity in haemodilution jeopardize perfusion and oxygenation of vital organs?
Authors: Krieter H. , Brückner U. B. , Kefalianakis F. , Messmer K. 
Published: January 2009

Background and Methods. The infusion of dextran solutions is associated with haemodilution and, under some conditions, with a slight increase in plasma viscosity. To clarify the compound effects of simultaneous haemodilution and plasma viscosity increases on macro‐ and microhaemodynamics, we investigated the changes in arterial perfusion (radiolabelled microspheres, 15 μrn Ø) and oxygenation (tissue Po2) of vital organs using an animal model of plasma hyperviscosity. In nine splenectomized beagles plasma viscosity was increased step by step from 1.06 (baseline) to 2.14, and 2.99 mPas by infusion of small amounts (4% of total blood volume) of an ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight dextran (50% w/v, mw: 500,000).Results. Despite the significant increase in plasma viscosity, cardiac output as well as specific organ blood flows in heart, brain, liver, and muscle rose steadily with each step of viscosity, while the haematocrit declined from 0.31 to 0.24 and 0.20, respectively. Medians of tissue Po2 in liver peaked at a viscosity of 2 mPa.s and returned to baseline values at 3 mPa.s, whereas in non‐working skeletal muscle Po2 values were maximal at 3 mPa.s.Conclusion. These results indicate that the impact of plasma viscosity on the rheological properties of whole blood is completely offset by die concomitant reduction of haematocrit. Thus, the comparatively minor changes in plasma viscosity observed after prolonged use of clinical dextrans and other colloids in no way compromise the perfusion and oxygenation of vital organs.
Ethanol monitoring of irrigating fluid absorption in transcervical resection of the endometrium
Authors: Olsson J. , Hahn R. G. 
Published: January 2009

Background. We evaluated the precision in using ethanol to indicate and quantify absorption of irrigating fluid during transcervical resection of the endometrium.Methods. The ethanol concentration in the expired breath, the serum sodium level, the blood loss and the volumetric fluid balance were measured over 10‐min periods during 62 operations. A solution containing glycine 1.5% and ethanol 1% was used to irrigate the uterus.Results. Most principles previously outlined for ethanol monitoring in transurethral prostatic surgery could also be applied in endometrial resection.In the 21 patients who showed the intravascular pattern of ethanol changes, the breath alcohol measurement corrected for absorption time predicted the volume of irrigant absorbed {up to 2,531 ml) with a standard error of 230 ml at the end of any 10‐min period of absorption. Repeated measurement of serum sodium indicated intravascular fluid absorption with practically the same precision as the breath test.Extravascular absorption was found in 14 patients. In these operations, the volume of irrigant absorbed (up to 1,767 ml) could be predicted with a standard error of 92 ml from the ethanol concentration at the plateau level attained after absorption had occurred.Conclusion. Ethanol monitoring is precise enough to allow monitoring of irrigating fluid absorption in endometrial resection.
Hyaluronan in sepsis
Authors: Berg S 
Published: January 2009

Abstract: Sepsis and septic shock are important causes of morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). Mortality rates in septic shock are estimated to be 40‐5O%, in spite of modrn intensivc care. Death is commonly caused by cardiovascular collapse and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Hepatic dysfunction is a common component of MODS. and can have a major impact on prognosis and survival. Sepsis is, among other derangements, also accompanied by disturbed tissue water homeostasis with increased extravasation of water resulting in tissue oedema.Hyaluronan is an interstitial macromolecule that participates in the regulation of tissue hydration. It is normally present in small concentrations in the blood, and is rapidly cleared from the blood by the liver endothelial cells. The synthesis of hyaluronan can be stimulated by inflammatory mediators. Thus sepsis and hyaluronan turnover could interact in many ways. The aim of the present investigations was to study possible changes in circulating hyaluronan concentrations in relation to sepsis and septic shock.Plasma levels of hyaluronan were studied in 44 patients with infections and septic shock. Increased plasma concentrations were found, and the increase correlated to disease severity and outcome. In experimentally induced sepsis in pigs, an increase in circulating concentrations was found, and a relation to haemodynamic instability and outcome was seen. A moderate increase in blood hyaluronan concentrations was seen after surgical trauma in both humans and pigs. Crystalloid infusion therapy also caused a small increase in plasma hyaluronan concentrations in healthy volunteers, probably through an increased washout of interstitital hyaluronan. The hepatic turnover of hyaluronan was studied in septic shock patients. Low extraction ratios at high circulating concentrations were found, suggesting a reduced capacity of hepatic uptake and an increased inflow to the circulation. The kinetics of plasma turnover of hyalurorian were studied in septic and non‐septic ICU patients. A prolonged half‐life was seen among the septic patients, suggesting a reduced clearance capacity.In conclusion, sepsis is accompanied by increased circulating hyaluronan concentrations. The magnitude of thc increase seems to correlate to disease severity and outcome. The cause of this increase is suggested to be both reduced hepatic uptake function, and increased input to the circulation. The relative contribution of these mechanisms, and the possible clinical utility of plasma hyaluronan measurements, remain to be determined.
Attenuation of hyperoxic lung injury in rabbits with superoxide dismutase: effects on inflammatory mediators
Authors: Mikawa K. , Nishina K. , Maekawa N. , Obara H. 
Published: January 2009

Background. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been shown to attenuate hyperoxic lung injury. This effect is thought to be exhibited by scavenging superoxide released from neutrophils and other aerobic cells. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of pre‐treatment with SOD on the chemical mediators in hyperoxic lung injury.Methods. Thirty male anesthetized rabbits were allocated to receive one of three treatments (n = 10 for each group): ventilated with 100% oxygen for 36 h with or without recombinant human SOD (rhSOD) treatment, and ventilated with air for 36 h without rhSOD. In the rhSOD‐treated group, a single intravenous dose of rhSOD 10,000 U kg BW‐1was administered immediately after the start of exposure to 100% oxygen and thereafter infused at a rate of 340,000 U kg BW‐1day‐1for 36 h until the animals were sacrificed. The lungs of all rabbits were ventilated with 100% oxygen or air. Haemodynamics, Pao2, and lung mechanics were recorded during the ventilation period. After exposure to 100% oxygen, lung mechanics, cell fraction of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), activated complements, cytokines, and arachidonic acid metabolite concentrations in BALF were measured and analyzed. The lung wet‐to‐dry (W/D) weight ratio and albumin concentrations in BALF were determined as indices of pulmonary oedema.Results. Exposure to the high concentration of oxygen for 36 h caused no significant changes in haemodynamics but decreased compliance and increased A‐aDo2. In the rhSOD‐treated group, the decrease in compliance was not observed. At the end of the 36 hrexposure period, however, hyperoxia significantly increased the lung W/ D weight ratio, influx of neutrophils into the lung, BALF concentrations of C3a, C5a, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, thromboxane B2, and albumin. Pre‐treatment with rhSOD attenuated these increases. Exposure to 100% oxygen caused extensive morphologic lung damage (alveolar haemorrhage and hyaline membrane formation), which was lessened by rhSOD.Conclusion. These results indicate that intravenous rhSOD prevented hyperoxic lung injury (decreases in Pao2and compliance, increased pulmonary vascular permeability, histopathological damage) in rabbits. This prophylactic effect of rhSOD amy be due, in part, to decreased chemical mediators such as activated complements, cytokines, and arachidonic acid metabolites.
Effects of hypotensive treatment with α2‐agonist and β1‐antagonist on cerebral haemodynamics in severely head injured patients
Authors: Asgeirsson B. , Grände P.‐O. , Nordström C.‐H. , Berntman L. , Messeter K. , Ryding E. 
Published: January 2009

Therapy of post‐traumatic brain oedema often includes preservation of high arterial blood pressure to avoid secondary ischaemic injuries to the brain. This practice can be questioned since high arterial blood pressure may aggravate brain oedema through raised hydrostatic capillary pressure, causing fluid filtration across the damaged blood‐brain barrier. This latter view is in agreement with our clinical experience and therefore hypotensive therapy with an α2‐adrenergic agonist (clonidine) and a β1‐adrenergic antagonist (metoprolol) has become part of our treatment protocol for severely head injured patients to decrease the post‐traumatic brain oedema. The present study is an attempt to analyse whether there are any direct local cerebrovascular effects of the hypotensive agents used, which also might influence intracranial pressure. Severely head injured patients were investigated. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and arterio‐venous difference in oxygen content were measured before and after a bolus dose of clonidine (six patients) and metoprolol (nine patients).Clonidine decreased mean arterial blood pressure and cerebrovascular resistance without affecting other parameters measured. Metoprolol decreased heart rate and mean arterial pressure, but had no effect on the cerebrovascular parameters.The results show that clonidine and metoprolol have no, or only minor, direct influence on local cerebral haemodynamics in severely brain injured patients. This implies that if there is an intracranial pressure reducing effect of these drugs, as suggested, this must be due to other mechanisms, namely a reduction in capillary hydrostatic pressure secondary to decreased arterial blood pressure and heart rate.
Assessment of respiratory system compliance by a flow recording method
Authors: Darowski M. , Gottlieb‐Inacio I. , Ludwigs U. , Hedenstierna G. 
Published: January 2009

Standard methods for the assessment of the compliance of the respiratory system require recordings of both airway pressure and ventilatory volume. A method based on the recording of respiratory flow only, with no need of measuring airway pressure was reported some years ago. The purpose of the present study was to test a modification of this flow‐recording technique.The technique is based on the measurement of inspiratory flow with and without the addition of a source of external compliance added to the inspiratory circuit. The difference in inspiratory flow between these two situations can be used to derive the compliance of the respiratory system. The method was tested in model experiments and in patients with acute respiratory failure, and compared with a standard method based on airway pressure and inspiratory gas flow recording.Model experiments showed strong correlation between the new flow‐recording method and the standard method (r—0.99, P <0.001) with a coefficient of variation of less than 2% with both methods. In patients with acute respiratory failure, the flow and standard methods gave similar results when no end‐inspiratory pause was applied (mean difference 5±40 ml/kPa (x±s.d.)). The standard method gave significandy higher compliance values, different from the flow method, when an end‐inspiratory pause of 10% was applied (mean difference 53 ±2 ml/kPa, P <0.01). The flow method was not influenced by the use of an end‐inspiratory pause. In conclusion, the flow method measures dynamic compliance and is not influenced by end‐inspiratory or end‐expiratory flow. It requires only a flow‐sensor for the measurement of relative values, reducing the need for calibration procedures. However, the flow method cannot replace conventional technique for assessment of static compliance.
Effects of arterial hypoxia and β‐adrenoceptor blockade on cerebral blood flow and oxygen uptake following E. coli endotoxin in dogs
Authors: Westerlind A. , Larsson L. E. , Häggendal J. , Ekström‐Jodal B. 
Published: January 2009

Earlier studies in normoxia have shown that an endotoxin injection in dogs leads to an increase in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRo2), a decrease in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and increased concentrations of monoamines in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In animals pretreated with propranolol (PPL) the CMRo2 increase was abolished and thus β‐adrenoceptor mediated. Arterial hypoxia normally increases CBF without any influence on CMRo2. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of moderate arterial hypoxia on CBF, CMRo2 and catecholamine concentrations in blood and CSF after endotoxin with and without pretreatment with PPL.Three groups of dogs were studied. Group 1: Six animals were subjected to arterial hypoxia without any other intervention. Group 2: Six animals were given an endotoxin injection (E. coli lipopolysaccharide O 111: B 4), before the induction of hypoxia. Group 3: Eight animals were pretreated with PPL per os, 12.5 mg . kg‐1 twice a day for one week before the experiments, and the effects of arterial hypoxia were studied both before and after an intravenous injection of endotoxin. Two levels of hypoxia were studied; oxygen saturation in arterial blood aiming at 75 and 50%. Endotoxin was given intravenously in a dose of 1 mg . kg‐1 bodyweight over a 5 minute period.After an endotoxin injection, the response to arterial hypoxia was an increase in CMRo2, in contrast to the unchanged CMRo2 without endotoxin. After pretreatment with PPL the increase in CMRo2 after endotoxin was prevented. The CBF reaction to hypoxia was uniformly an increase. Adrenaline and noradrenaline in blood and noradrenaline in CSF were high and similar in the different hypoxic situations. Indications of a disturbed blood‐brain barrier function were found in uptake‐release of catecholamines.In conclusion an increase in CMRo2 and CBF was found in moderate arterial hypoxia after an endotoxin injection in dogs. The increase in CMRo2 during hypoxia was abolished when the dogs were pretreated with PPL suggesting that it is β‐adrenoceptor mediated.