bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Roles of Love, Attachment, and Altruism in the Adjustment to Military Trauma
Authors: Ghafoori Bita , Hierholzer Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter summarizes research on the associations among love in the form of a secure adult attachment, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and altruism. The chapter is organized into five sections. The first section briefly reviews PTSD and its symptom clusters. The second section provides an overview of attachment theory and explores evidence that early childhood attachment patterns endure as adult attachment styles. The third section efforts to link attachment theory to the concept of adult love. The fourth section explores the relationship between attachment styles and the development of PTSD in those exposed to trauma, suggesting that love and secure attachment may protect against PTSD or ameliorate its course. The final section introduces altruistic intent into the adult attachment equation and examines the relationships among altruism, loving attachments, and PTSD.
Chapter 4 CHANGING OUR HABITATION
Authors: Carp Benjamin L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Urban townhouses framed many important aspects of urban life, including consumption, gender and race relations, and paternal authority. The wealthiest Charleston residents sat atop the pyramid of colonial patriarchal society, and they built grand houses that bespoke their mastery and refinement. Wealthy elite masters like Henry Laurens clung to traditional notions of patriarchal regulation to keep their houses and cities in order. These elite city dwellers found it difficult to maintain rigid, patriarchal domination and social control when rioters might pressure their neighbors who supported obnoxious British policies, when slaves might revolt or run away, and when women asserted their decision‐making power. The imperial crisis caused social unrest that gave the urban gentry several reasons to feel less secure about their households. As the revolutionary movement spread, Charlestonians negotiated with one another about the proper arrangement of their households and the appropriate limits of mobilization.
Negative Selection and the Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
Authors: Johnson Norman A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNatural selection is not the only evolutionary “force” that can alter frequencies of genetic variants; random genetic drift (a sampling process) persistently changes the gene pool of populations, especially in small populations. Moreover, at the molecular level, negative selection is more prevalent than positive selection as deleterious mutations occur much more than do advantageous mutations. Motoo Kimura, a Japanese evolutionary geneticist, expanded on Darwinian evolution and formulated what is now called the neutral theory of molecular evolution. According to Kimura, patterns of molecular evolution are determined primarily by mutation, genetic drift, and negative selection. This chapter discusses the development of the neutral theory, and explains how it lays the foundation to produce tests used to detect positive selection and balancing selection. It also contains a discussion of hypothesis testing.
Are We the Third Chimpanzee?
Authors: Johnson Norman A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOur closest living relatives are the great apes, but which of the many types of apes are we closest to? The evidence from most genes supports humans being the closest relatives to the two chimpanzee species (the common chimpanzee and the bonobo), with gorillas more distant to either the human or chimp lineages. There are, however, genes that seem to support different relationships. These differences in the evolutionary relationships from different genes may be real and not just artifacts of methodology or inadequate sampling. “Gene trees” may not reflect “species trees” because of population genetic processes. This chapter also includes results from recent studies of the chimpanzee genome, and explores what it means to share 98% of our DNA with chimps.
Who Let the Dogs in?
Authors: Johnson Norman A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the timing of and evolutionary forces involved in our domestication of animals and plants. How many and which genes were involved? How long ago did these changes occur? Can we detect positive selection at the genetic loci involved? This chapter focuses on dogs and maize domestication. Dogs are derived exclusively from wolves, but are not wolves. Contrary to some early studies, it is now clear that dogs evolved only about 15,000 years ago and arose multiple times. The chapter also discusses results from the recently completed dog genome project. The timing and location of maize domestication are also discussed, as well as one gene that may have played a role in morphological changes as maize became domesticated. It concludes with a discussion about how patterns of human genetic variation may have been affected during the transition from a hunter-gatherer to an agriculture-based lifestyle.
The Transnational Struggle for Jewish Pluralism
Authors: Shain Yossi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between the American Jewish community and Israel from the perspective of a transnational struggle over Jewish pluralism. The question of Jewish identity in Israel and in the United States, the continuing insistence of many Jewish Americans on perceiving Israel as a critical source of their own identity, and Israel's direct or indirect involvement in the lives of all Jewish communities create a dynamic in which reciprocal influences mutually constitute Jewish identity. The new modes of Jewish American participation in Israeli affairs — domestic and international, on the one hand, and Israeli rethinking of its own position vis-à-vis the Diaspora in terms of legitimacy, status, power, and identity, on the other — has opened the way for greater negotiation over, and coordination of, the meaning and purpose of Judaism in our time.
America's Muslims
Authors: Esposito John L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the issues faced by Muslims in the United States. The American Muslim experience, like that of Christians and Jews before them, reflects struggles of faith and identity (integration versus assimilation), political participation, institution building, and acculturation. American Muslims have faced the challenge of constructing an American identity that incorporates faith and values within America's melting pot or, more recently, its multicultural society.
A Survey of Price Setting Practices of Luxembourg Firms
Authors: Lünnemann Patrick , Mathä Thomas 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyses the pricing behavior of Luxembourg firms. It provides evidence on the use of time- and state-dependent, as well as on forward-looking, backward-looking, and rules of thumb behavior. Firms' adjustment speed differs according to the type and source of shock. Similarly, the factors judged most relevant for price increases and decreases differ. The most relevant theories explaining price rigidity are implicit contracts, cost-based pricing and explicit contracts.
The Pricing Behavior of Dutch Firms
Authors: Hoeberichts Marco , Stokman Ad 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Small Dutch firms adopt more rigid pricing policies, and the weaker the competition a firm faces, the stickier its prices will be. Furthermore, wholesale and retail prices are more flexible than those for business-to-business services. Menu costs and psychological pricing—two prominent explanations of price stickiness in the literature—are of minor importance. We also find clear evidence of asymmetries in shocks driving price increases and decreases.
Policy Lessons and Directions for Ongoing Research
Authors: Gaspar Vítor , Levin Andrew , Martins Fernando , Smets Frank 
Published: September 2007

AbstractUnderstanding the features and the determinants of individual price setting behavior is important for the formulation of monetary policy. These behavioral mechanisms play a fundamental role in influencing the characteristics of aggregate inflation and in determining how monetary policy affects inflation and real economic activity. The Inflation Persistence Network analyzed a large number of panel data sets of individual price records and conducted surveys of price-setting managers in many euro area countries. This chapter discusses to what extent the evidence coming from those two data sources provides support for some basic elements of the New Keynesian perspective. It analyses the implications of the micro evidence for distinguishing between competing theories of price stickiness and provides some brief reflections about the lessons for monetary policy.
1 Introduction
Authors: McWhorter John 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a discussion of complexity arguments regarding second-language acquisition. It argues that this neglect of the role of reduction in language contact beyond pidginization constitutes an empirical gap, neglecting a commonly encountered qualitative difference between related languages. This argument is founded on three basic assumptions: that in ordinary language change, grammars never become radically less complex overall; that radical simplification can be as central to the result of language contact as mixture; and that inflection is but one aspect of grammatical complexity.
6 Persian
Authors: McWhorter John 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter compares Old and Modern Persian languages, and addresses the question: when did Persian become ‘marvelously simple’? The differences between Persian and its sister languages, historical events that contributed to changes in the Persian language, and genetic evidence are discussed. It is argued that Persian is uniquely abbreviated morphologically amid a vast array of sister languages, to a degree that strongly suggests that something irregular affected its development. The linguistic, historical, and perhaps even genetic evidence combine to indicate that what happened to Persian was a moderate abbreviation similar to language learners' diligent but imperfect renditions of foreign languages practiced in the classroom or abroad.
8 Malay
Authors: McWhorter John 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the evolution of Malay. It is argued that Malay, in both its standard and colloquial forms, is the product of incomplete transmission of Proto-Western Malayo-Polynesian grammar. Given Malay's longtime status as a regional lingua franca, it is most economical to suppose that this status was the causal factor.
Critical Issues in Retrieving Women's Experience
Authors: Kamitsuka Margaret D. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Although retrieving women's experience textually and ethnographically is pivotal for feminist theology, problematic assumptions are at work in the way feminist theologians undertake this task. Using feminist theological readings of Alice Walker's The Color Purple and the biblical story of Sarah and Hagar, this chapter illustrates how some attempts to retrieve women's experience textually actually result in eliding racial difference, silencing sexuality, and obscuring the nuances of women's agency and resistance practices. This chapter also discusses how some feminist scholars (e.g., mujerista theologian Ada María Isasi-Díaz) are using ethnographic methods in order to find source material for theological reflection and to give voice to women in marginalized communities. The chapter addresses conflicts that have emerged regarding whether one can retrieve the standpoint of an oppressed community of women, unmediated by the feminist theologian's own agendas.
6 Audi's Marriage of Ross and Kant
Authors: Hurka Thomas 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that Audi's attempt to ground Ross's prima facie duties in Kant's categorical imperative does not succeed. Audi has attempted to give a Kantian basis for Rossian pluralism that can explain the comparative strength of duties, offer an epistemic guide for such comparisons, unify the duties, and provide the duties a deeper rationale. This chapter objects that Audi's Kantian explanations tend to assume what should be explained and that Kantian notions such as dignity might not have enough independent content to help matters. Moreover, any Kantian attempt to explain limits on the duty of beneficence faces problems stemming from the fact that the value Kant locates in persons is agent‐neutral and independent of states of affairs. This chapter closes by suggesting that a Thomist account can do some of the unifying work Audi wants, but without partaking of the “grandiose” ambition of Kant's project.
8 Are Perceptual Beliefs Properly Foundational?
Authors: BonJour Laurence 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of whether perceptual beliefs can have a foundational status in epistemology. It argues that, although Audi's defense of the foundational status of perceptual beliefs does not succeed, a similar defense might succeed. It first considers a defense based on considerations of intuitive plausibility. The chapter next considers Audi's more extended defense based on a form of “epistemic realism”. According to this chapter, both defenses fail to provide any explanation of why certain experiences are justificatorily relevant to the existence of certain material objects. BonJour then sketches a “best explanation” account of this justificatory relevance, and attempts to show how, despite serious difficulties, such an account can deliver foundational justification.
12 Trying with the Hope
Authors: Adams Frederick 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that, in cases where one is confident that success is unlikely, one cannot intend, one can only try or intend to try, with the hope of success. Adams argues against Audi's view. It begins with a survey of the great variety of views on the connection between intending to do something and one's beliefs about the possibility or likelihood of success, and considers possible explanations for the diversity of opinion. It grants that statements such as “I intend to, but success is unlikely” sound odd, but it explains this by reference to the pragmatics of intention talk. The chapter ultimately defends the view that intending and trying have the same cognitive goal and the same functional role, that the cognitive state present in trying just is intending, and that the difference between intending and trying is a matter of one's confidence of success.
14 Motivating Reasons for Action
Authors: Tuomela Raimo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents an account of motivational reasons that agents have for acting. This account covers not only the case of single‐agent action and reasons for them, but also the case of social reasons for action. In the course of presenting his account, this chapter relates it to Audi's theory of reasons. As it explains, this account is largely compatible with Audi's, but there remain theoretical differences. For instance, the view put forward here is more externalist than Audi's and does not connect reasons to psychological states as closely as does Audi's account.
15 Intuition, Reflection, and Justification
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter comprises Audi's responses to the critical chapters that comprise Part I, “Problems and Prospects for Intuitionist Ethics.” Audi defends his version of ethical intuitionism against the objections of Walter Sinnott‐Armstrong (Chapter 2), Roger Crisp (Chapter 3), and Hugh McCann (Chapter 4), and he defends his integration of Rossian pluralism with a Kantian unification of morality under the categorical imperative against the challenges raised by Bernard Gert (Chapter 5), Thomas Hurka (Chapter 6), and Candace Vogler (Chapter 7).
The Philosophy of Sociality
Authors: Tuomela Raimo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe intuitive starting point of the book is the distinction between thinking and acting as a private person versus as a group member. People may view things from their own personal viewpoint and base their thinking and acting on this “I-perspective”. They can then be said to operate as private persons, in the I-mode, even when they are engaged in social action with others. Alternatively, they may adopt the perspective of their social group and view things from a full “we-perspective”, that is, from the group's point of view that is constituted and shared by its members. Then they can be said to operate in the we-mode. The most central thesis of the book is that collective intentionality is an essential ingredient in sociality and that especially we-mode collective intentionality is important. Social life and social institutions cannot be properly understood or explained in terms of I-mode concepts only, and in certain respects the we-mode can even be seen as primary when compared to the I-mode.The book develops a systematic theory of sociality giving special emphasis on phenomena of collective intentionality, such as joint intentions, collective commitment, collective action, and group beliefs. The theory is used to investigate such topics as social institutions, cooperation, cultural evolution, and group responsibility. We-mode intentionality is compared with various forms of I-mode intentionality, and it is argued that the we-mode is irreducible to the I-mode. Yet the present book defends a naturalistic view of the social world. Accordingly, it is argued that the we-mode is an adaptation based on the co-evolution of genetic and cultural factors.The present book offers new ideas and conceptual tools for philosophers and social scientists interested in the conceptual and philosophical foundations of social theorizing.
Joint Social Action
Authors: Tuomela Raimo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents and defends a detailed account of joint action as a group in terms of joint action based on a we-mode joint intention. A brief survey of other available accounts of joint action is given. While the chapter concentrates on acting jointly as a group (namely, we-mode joint action), weaker kinds of joint action are also briefly considered, for example, I-mode joint action and joint action based on shared we-attitudes.
2 Emerson in the Gilded Age
Authors: Fuller Randall 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines four 19th-century biographer-critics of Emerson in order to address the notion of canonicity as it applies to the Gilded Age and, by implication, as it relates to the complex forces at work in any age. Canonicity here is revealed as less a matter of monolithically enshrining the dominant culture than it is an effort to establish a framework of established authors, within which fierce cultural struggles may take place as different parties with different agenda try to establish their Emerson as a “usable” ancestor who might inspire the present to create a desired future. From the beginning of Emerson's critical reception, commentators have sought either to contain the radical energies of his prose or to release them so as to effect social change.
3 How to Dismantle American Culture
Authors: Fuller Randall 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter traces the career of Van Wyck Brooks, who unconsciously enacted Emerson's “American Scholar” in his groundbreaking critical manifestos of the 1910s. Brooks eventually found that his guerilla warfare against the genteel dispensation had succeeded too well; he now stood in the wan afterglow of a sustained and robust series of instrumental approaches to literature that had released energies whose consequences were unpredictable and unintended. Ransacking the cultural archive for a “usable past”, Brooks had illuminated the role politics exerts in every act of writing and amplified (if not as much as he might have hoped) the canon. But he had accomplished these things at the cost of his sense of the literary, and soon began the more difficult project of healing and reconstruction. He did so by beginning a biography of Emerson. This work, which promised to heal a divided America, instead sent Brooks into a five-year nervous breakdown and hospitalization. Examining unpublished letters from this period, this chapter traces the fascinating story of Brooks' near-fatal engagement with Emerson and its lasting repercussions for the critic's practice.
Abstraction of Mental Representations: Theoretical Considerations and Neuroscientific Evidence
Authors: Christoff Kalina , Keramatian Kamyar 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Humans are unique in being able to follow rules at a high order of abstraction—or complex systems of abstract rules that are themselves related in an abstract way. This chapter presents findings that provide evidence for specific involvement of the human lateral prefrontal cortex in enabling not only the flexible switching of rules, but also the process of establishing automaticity at high levels of abstraction. Results regarding such automaticity are discussed in a cognitive and social neuroscience context. These lateral prefrontal cortex regions are typically considered specific to controlled, rule‐guided behavior; however, under conditions requiring complex systems of rules to be followed, these same regions appear to support the formation of complex automatic behaviors. This somewhat unexpected finding of the reliance of automaticity on the lateral prefrontal cortex underscores the importance of investigating rule‐guided behavior in its full, uniquely human, complexity.
WHERE DO MORAL THEORIES COME FROM?
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter traces the emergence of a theoretical-juridical model of moral theory in the work of English utilitarian philosopher Henry Sidgwick's masterwork, The Methods of Ethics. Through a series of theoretical exclusions and distinctions among morality and ethics, Sidgwick constructs the idea of a pure core of moral knowledge that can be captured by a compact moral system that is formally and practically superior to the supposed diversity of methods in commonsense morality. Sidgwick exhibits unusual self-consciousness in asking whom a scientific ethics is intended to serve, and with unusual candor defends the view that utilitarianism is best understood not as a replacement of commonsense morality for common people, but as the instrument of an exceptional few who may for utilitarian reasons not publicize their use of it.
6 CAREER SELVES
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines John Rawls's idea of a life plan, Bernard Williams's idea of a constitutive project, and Charles Taylor's idea of life as a quest. Drawing on the work of Kathryn Addelson, each idea is exposed as a version of the “career self”, a kind of individual who aspires to the conscientious and conscious superintendence of itself. The career self is a dominant identity in late modern industrialized societies; it is a culturally embedded ideal that in its abstract philosophical form is called “autonomy”. A dominant identity is a normative ideal for a kind of life particularly valued and visible in a certain kind of society at a particular historical time, not a culturally transcendent and constitutive requirement of personhood. Highly valued dominant identities are not available to all in a given society, and typically require other less valued identities to support and define them.