bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Independent Evaluation of Four Quantitative Emergency Department Crowding Scales
Authors: Jones Spencer S. , Allen Todd L. , Flottemesch Thomas J. , Welch Shari J. 
Published: August 2006

BackgroundEmergency department (ED) overcrowding has become a frequent topic of investigation. Despite a significant body of research, there is no standard definition or measurement of ED crowding. Four quantitative scales for ED crowding have been proposed in the literature: the Real‐time Emergency Analysis of Demand Indicators (READI), the Emergency Department Work Index (EDWIN), the National Emergency Department Overcrowding Study (NEDOCS) scale, and the Emergency Department Crowding Scale (EDCS). These four scales have yet to be independently evaluated and compared.ObjectivesThe goals of this study were to formally compare four existing quantitative ED crowding scales by measuring their ability to detect instances of perceived ED crowding and to determine whether any of these scales provide a generalizable solution for measuring ED crowding.MethodsData were collected at two‐hour intervals over 135 consecutive sampling instances. Physician and nurse agreement was assessed using weighted κ statistics. The crowding scales were compared via correlation statistics and their ability to predict perceived instances of ED crowding. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were calculated at site‐specific cut points and at the recommended thresholds.ResultsAll four of the crowding scales were significantly correlated, but their predictive abilities varied widely. NEDOCS had the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) (0.92), while EDCS had the lowest (0.64). The recommended thresholds for the crowding scales were rarely exceeded; therefore, the scales were adjusted to site‐specific cut points. At a site‐specific cut point of 37.19, NEDOCS had the highest sensitivity (0.81), specificity (0.87), and positive predictive value (0.62).ConclusionsAt the study site, the suggested thresholds of the published crowding scales did not agree with providers' perceptions of ED crowding. Even after adjusting the scales to site‐specific thresholds, a relatively low prevalence of ED crowding resulted in unacceptably low positive predictive values for each scale. These results indicate that these crowding scales lack scalability and do not perform as designed in EDs where crowding is not the norm. However, two of the crowding scales, EDWIN and NEDOCS, and one of the READI subscales, bed ratio, yielded good predictive power (AROC >0.80) of perceived ED crowding, suggesting that they could be used effectively after a period of site‐specific calibration at EDs where crowding is a frequent occurrence.
Indole-3-Carbinol Selectively Uncouples Expression and Activity of Estrogen Receptor Subtypes in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Sundar Shyam N. , Kerekatte Vaishali , Equinozio Caterina N. , Doan Victor B. , Bjeldanes Leonard F. , Firestone Gary L. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Estrogen-responsive breast cancer cells, such as MCF7 and T47D cells, express both estrogen receptor (ER)-α (ERα) and ERβ. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) strongly down-regulated ERα protein and transcript levels, without altering the level of ERβ protein, in both cell lines. In cells transfected with the ERα promoter linked to a luciferase gene reporter, I3C ablated ERα promoter activity. Propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) is a highly selective ERα agonist, whereas, 17β-estradiol activates both ERα and ERβ. I3C treatment inhibited the PPT- and 17β-estradiol-induced proliferation of breast cancer cells, disrupted the PPT and 17β-estradiol stimulation of estrogen response element (ERE)-driven reporter plasmid activity as well as of endogenous progesterone receptor transcripts. Using an in vitro ERE binding assay, I3C was shown to inhibit the level of functional ERα and stimulated the level of ERE binding ERβ even though the protein levels of this receptor remained constant. In ERα−/ERβ+ MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, I3C treatment stimulated a 6-fold increase in binding of ERβ to the ERE. I3C also induced ERE- and activator protein 1-driven reporter plasmid activities in the absence of an ER agonist, suggesting that ERβ is activated in indole-treated cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the expression and function of ERα and ERβ can be uncoupled by I3C with a key cellular consequence being a significantly higher ERβ:ERα ratio that is generally highly associated with antiproliferative status of human breast cancer cells.
Role of Chromatin Accessibility in the Occupancy and Transcription of the Insulin Gene by the Pancreatic and Duodenal Homeobox Factor 1
Authors: Francis Joshua , Babu Daniella A. , Deering Tye G. , Chakrabarti Swarup K. , Garmey James C. , Evans-Molina Carmella , Taylor David G. , Mirmira Raghavendra G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor 1 (Pdx-1) is a Hox-like transcription factor that is responsible for the activation of the insulin gene. Previous studies have demonstrated the interaction in vitro of Pdx-1 with short (20–40 nucleotide) DNA fragments corresponding to A boxes of the insulin promoter. Precisely how Pdx-1 binds to DNA in the complex milieu of chromatin, however, has never been studied. In this study, we explored how Pdx-1-DNA interactions might be influenced by chromatin accessibility at the insulin gene in β-cells (βTC3) vs. pancreatic ductal cells (mPAC). We demonstrate that Pdx-1 occupies the endogenous insulin promoter in βTC3 cells but not in mPAC cells, a finding that is independent of the intracellular Pdx-1 protein concentration. Based on micrococcal nuclease protection assays, the difference in promoter binding between the two cell types appears to be secondary to chromatin accessibility at predicted Pdx-1 binding sites between bp −126 to −296 (relative to the transcriptional start site) of the insulin promoter. Binding studies using purified Pdx-1 and reconstituted chromatin in vitro suggest that the positioning of a nucleosome(s) within this crucial region of the promoter might account for differences in chromatin accessibility. Consistent with these observations, fluorescence colocalization studies show that Pdx-1 does not occupy regions of compacted, nucleosome-rich chromatin within the nucleus. Our findings suggest a model whereby insulin transcription in the β-cell is at least partially facilitated by enhanced chromatin accessibility within a crucial regulatory region between bp −126 to −296, thereby permitting occupancy by transactivators such as Pdx-1.
Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Study on the Growth of Metal Silicate Polymers in Solution
Authors: Hayashi Hisashi , Tohji Kazuyuki , Udagawa Yasuo , Ueno Akifumi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The development of metal silicate polymers in mixed solutions of nickel and iron 1,2-ethanediolates, water, and tetraethoxysilane was studied using a small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) method. The effects of the added metals on the growth of the silicate polymers and the correlation between the structure of the gel and metal particle of the catalyst prepared by calcining and reducing the gel are discussed.
Boiling Point and the Refraction (Polarizability) of Exposed Atoms
Authors: Rich Ronald L 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Boiling points for an unprecedented variety of substances can herewith be predicted by a method which is both 1, practical even for species with few or no measured properties, and 2, in agreement with this principle form theory: The London forces between molecules, and the refraction of light, both depend on polarizability and thus mainly on the outer electrons of atoms. The London forces on molecular surfaces, however, should not reflect the effects of sufficiently well-shielded internal atoms, and we use an objective geometric criterion to exclude them. Addition of the molar refractions (or atomic polarizabilities) of the other atoms, with an adjustment for electronegativity differences, gives the effective total refraction. We aim for great generality but emphasize inorganic substances at present. Boiling points are calculated for 193 substances from a proportionality to the 3/4 power of the total refractions, with a standard deviation &lt; 4%, up to at least 800 K. Values for 29 others are predicted for possible future experimental checking. Objective criteria for the exclusion of highly polar and other substances are presented, and the boiling temperatures for 19 of these are examined.
A Hydrophobicity Scale of Heteropoly- and Isopolyanions Based on Voltammetric Studies of Their Transfer at the Nitrobenzene/Water Interface
Authors: Osakai Toshiyuki , Katano Hajime , Maeda Kohji , Himeno Sadayuki , Saito Atsuyoshi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
A hydrophobicity scale of heteropoly- and isopolyanions is proposed on the basis of voltammetric studies concerning their transfer at the nitrobenzene (NB)/water (W) interface. For polyanions of various size and ionic charge (z = −2 to −6), the standard ion-transfer potential (ΔOWφ), which is related to the Gibbs free energy of the transfer as ΔOWφ = −ΔGtrO→W/zF (F, the Faraday constant), depends linearly on the quantity |z|/n2/3 (n, the number of oxygen atoms in the polyanion structure), which should be proportional to the surface charge density of the polyanion. The value of |z|/n2/3 may provide a useful criterion for evaluating the hydrophobic (or hydrophilic) properties of polyanions, including the stability in solutions and extractability into organic solvents.
Syntheses of 6-Deoxyhex-5-enopyranosides from 6-Bromo-6-deoxy- or 6-O-p-Tolylsulfonylhexopyranosides by the Use of DBU in DMSO
Authors: Sato Ken-ichi , Kubo Noriyuki , Takada Ritsuko , Sakuma Shogo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Various kinds of nonbranched and methyl-branched 6-deoxyhex-5-enopyranoside derivatives were prepared from 6-bromo-6-deoxy or 6-O-p-tolylsulfonylhexopyranoside in a one-pot procedure by a successive treatment with iodide anion and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene in dimethyl sulfoxide. The scope and limitations of this reaction have become apparent by observing the reactions of 18 substrates. The yields of altropyranoside and 2-deoxyribo-hexopyranoside derivatives were high, except for the 2,3-anhydropyranoside derivative. Methyl-branched 6-deoxyhex-5-enopyranoside derivatives were also obtained in practical yields.
Preparation and Reactions of 6-Aryl-1,5-dihydro-3-phenyl-4H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridin-4-ones
Authors: Marei Mohamed Gaber 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The title compounds have been prepared in excellent yields by the reaction of 5-aryl-2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-7(6H)-thiones with potassium hydroxide. The reactions of these pyrazolopyridones have been investigated. The ring system readily undergoes electrophilic substitution at the 7-position. They are converted to the corresponding pyrazolopyridinethiones on reaction with phosphorus pentasulfide. The structures of the above compounds were elucidated by their spectral characteristics.
Nucleophilic Reaction upon Electron-Deficient Pyridone Derivatives. XII. Novel Additions of 3,5-Dinitro-2-pyridone with Ethyl Vinyl Ether: Formation and Reactions of a Six-membered Cyclic Nitronate
Authors: Tohda Yasuo , Tani Keita , Yamawaki Norihiko , Ariga Masahiro , Nishiwaki Nagatoshi , Kotani Katsuroh , Matsumura Eizo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Successive additions of 3,5-dinitro-2-pyridone (1) with three molecules of ethyl vinyl ether (EVE) were investigated. The first addition is the first example of reverse electron-demand Diels–Alder (REDA) cyclization of 2-pyridone which acts as a diene to give an unstable bicyclic intermediate 9. Meisenheimer complexes 2a and 2b are isolated as a quenched intermediate of 9. The second addition is a REDA cyclization between the nitroalkene moiety of 9 and EVE to afford a six-membered nitronate 4, which are characterized by some chemical reactions. The third step is 1,3-dipolar addition of the nitronate with EVE to give a 1 : 3 adduct 3.
Structure and Thermal E–Z Isomerization of Substituted 4-Phenylimino-5-pyrazolones and Hexafluoroacetone Anils
Authors: Hofmann Hans-Jörg , Asano Tsutomu , Cimiraglia Renzo , Bonaccorsi Rosanna 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The structure of the title compounds was examined by means of ab initio MO theory employing the STO-3G basis set. The optimized geometries represent a good basis for the discussion of conformation and configuration of these molecules. A quantum-chemical solvation model was applied for the estimation of the solvent influence. Dependent on the extent of push-pull conjugation in the investigated systems, the conformation of the linear inversion state, which has to be passed during the isomerization process, changes between a planar and perpendicular orientation of the N-phenyl ring. These conformation differences could be responsible for deviations of Hammett plots of the isomerization rate from linearity for special groups of aromatic azomethines.
Synthesis and Reaction of Triphenylvinylphosphonium Salts from Epoxides
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Ono Masaaki , Ohta Hiroshi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Triphenylvinylphosphonium salts were prepared by the reaction of 2-hydroxyalkyltriphenylphosphonium salts with acetyl chloride or oxalyl chloride. These salts were also synthesized by a one-pot operation of treating epoxides with triphenylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate, followed by the addition of acetyl chloride or oxalyl chloride successively. The reaction of these salts with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and aromatic aldehydes afforded the corresponding dienes in moderate yields via α,β-unsaturated ylide intermediates.
Synthesis of d-Biotin Chiral Intermediates via a Biochemical Method
Authors: Yamano Toru , Tokuyama Shinji , Aoki Isao , Nishiguchi Yumiko , Nakahama Kazuo , Takanohashi Kunio 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The enzyme-catalyzed kinetic resolution of (±)-(3aα,4α,6aα)-4-acetoxy-1,3-dibenzyl-3a,4,6,6a-tetrahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-2(3H)-one [(RS)-(3a)] was examined. Lipase B from Pseudomonas fragi and rabbit liver esterase gave (−)-[3aR-(3aα,4α,6aα)]-1,3-dibenzyl-3a,4,6,6a-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-2(3H)-one [(R)-(2)], while Streptomyces rochei var. volubilis gave the alcohol (S)-(2), which is a key intermediate in the synthesis of d-biotin, with high enantioselectivity.
Effect of Cation Binding on the Conformation of Gramicidin A′ and Valinomycin in Monolayers
Authors: Mita Tomoyoshi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
In order to obtain information concerning the conformational features of cation-complexed ionophores on biological membranes, surface-pressure studies of the monolayers of ionophores, such as gramicidin A′ and valinomycin formed at an air/water interface, were carried out. The effect on the films when various salts were present in the subphase was also studied. At a concentration of 4 × 10−1 mol dm−3 the π–A isotherms for gramicidin A′ on all of the salts studied exhibited a maximal expansion in the condensed state. Based on the concentration dependence on the expansion of the gramicidin A′ monolayer, the efficiency of monovalent cations was found to be in the order NH4+ &gt; K+ &gt; Na+ &gt; Li+. At a concentration of 4 × 10−1 mol dm−1, although the π–A isotherms for a valinomycin monolayer on KCl were indistinguishable from that on water at the liquid-expanded state, the π–A isotherms on LiCl, NaCl, and NH4Cl showed incremental shifts. On the other hand, by additional compression of a valinomycin monolayer on KCl over the plateau zone, an increase in the surface pressure appeared. However, the valinomycin monolayer on the other salts did not show such a behavior. This result indicates that valinomycin is specific for K+ in a membrane.
Synthesis of Annulated γ-Lactams via Intramolecular 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Functionalized N-Allyl α-Diazo Amides
Authors: Minami Toru , Kamitamari Masashi , Utsunomiya Tomohisa , Tanaka Tetsuya , Ichikawa Junji 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
N-Allyldiazoacetamides containing a phosphinyl group at the α-position underwent the intramolecular 1,3-cycloaddition, followed by 1,3-hydrogen shift to afford 6a-diethoxyphosphinyl-3a,4,5,6a-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazol-6(1H)-ones in 74—78% yields, while the corresponding α-phenylthio amide produced 1-phenylthio-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one in 74% yield via extrusion of N2 from the intramolecular 1,3-cycloadduct. In the application of these compounds to the conversion of functionality, the former gave a fused tricyclic heterocycle and the latter gave deallylated compounds.
Silicon Effects. V. β-Silicon Effect in the Solvolysis of 2-Phenylethyl Compounds
Authors: Hayakawa Fumie , Watanabe Sin-ichiro , Shimizu Nobujiro , Tsuno Yuho 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The rates of the solvolysis of 2-aryl-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl compounds, ArCH(SiMe3)CH2X (4: X = Cl and OCOCF3; Ar = C6H5 and p-MeOC6H4), have been measured in various solvents at 25°C. The solvolysis of the chloride, 4 (X = Cl; Ar = C6H5), exhibited an m value of 0.90 in aqueous dioxane consistent with rate-determining ionization; it gave (2-ethoxy-2-phenylethyl) trimethylsilane together with styrene in ethanol indicating a 1, 2-SiMe3 migration during the solvolysis. The p-MeO-substitution effect, kp–MeO/kH, was measured with the trifluoroacetates to be 2.1, in contrast to a factor of 269 observed in solvolysis of 1-aryl-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl compounds (1), indicating that distinct intermediates are involved in ionization of the two regioisomeric systems, 1 and 4.
Characterization of Peptides Isolated from Trimeresurus flavoviridis and Trimeresurus okinavensis Venoms
Authors: Maeda Iori , Kato Tamaki , Tani Ayako , Aoyagi Haruhiko , Kihara Hiroshi , Ohno Motonori 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Three peptides were isolated from both Trimeresurus flavoviridis (Habu snake) and T. okinavensis (Himehabu snake) venoms. Their structures were determined to be pGlu–Lys–Trp, pGlu–Asn–Trp, and pGlu–Gln–Trp. Only pGlu–Lys–Trp showed weak inhibitory activities against angiotensin converting enzyme and H2-protease.
Effect of Serum Albumins from Several Mammals on the Photoisomerization of Bilirubin
Authors: Kanna Yoko , Arai Tatsuo , Tokumaru Katsumi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
ZZ-Bilirubin undergoes photoisomerization to configurational (ZE and EZ isomers) and structural (LR) isomers in buffered aqueous solution containing serum albumins. The efficiency and the course of the isomerization are very much dependent on the mammals from which serum albumins are taken.
Time-Resolved Observation of Vibrationally Excited 1,3-Butadiene in Laser Induced Photolysis of Bromocyclobutane and Cyclohexene
Authors: Kumar Awadhesh , Vatsa Rajesh Kumar , Chowdhury Pradyot Kumar , Rama Rao Kuchimanchi Venkata Subba , Mittal Jai Pal 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The pulsed CO2 laser induced SF6 sensitized photodissociation of bromocyclobutane (BCB) and cyclohexene (CHN) is investigated. BCB has two dissociation channels from its ground electronic state, HBr elimination yielding 1,3-butadiene is the major channel (&gt;90%) whereas, the ring cleavage producing vinyl bromide and ethylene is the minor one. The time-resolved formation of 1,3-butadiene is monitored by UV absorption from which unimolecular rate constants for BCB and CHN dissociation are found to be 8 × 105 s−1 and 1 × 106 s−1, respectively. A red-shift of 38 nm and 50 nm observed in the UV spectra of butadiene produced respectively from BCB and CHN, suggests that vibrationally hot butadiene molecules are formed. The effects of laser fluence, pressure of SF6 and the no. of laser pulses on dissociation yield and the branching ratio in BCB are also investigated.
Coordination of Water Hydrogen-Bonded to Pyridine Derivatives to the (1R,4S,8R,11S)-1,4,8,11-Tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanenickel(II) Cation in Nitrobenzene
Authors: Nishimoto Jun , Hironaka Akira , Iwamoto Etsuro , Kumamaru Takahiro 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The axial coordination of pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 4-methylpyridine and water (W) hydrogen-bonded to each donor solvent (S) to the (1R,4S,8R,11S)-1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanenickel(II) cation ([Ni(tmc)]2+) in nitrobenzene has been investigated spectrophotometrically. Pyridine and its derivatives are hardly coordinated to [Ni(tmc)]2+ owing to steric hindrance, but the water which is hydrogen-bonded to the donor solvent as a 1 : 1 complex (WS) can be easily coordinated to form the five coordinated [Ni(tmc)(WS)]2+ cation with a coordination constant (KMWS in dm3 mol−1) of 6.5 for pyridine, 5.7 for 2-methylpyridine, and 11.5 for 4-methylpyridine. The smaller KMWS value for 2-methylpyridine is due to steric hindrance. It was found that the residual hydrogen atom of the coordinated water in WS can be hydrogen-bonded to further species such as S and WS to form additional kinds of five-coordinated complexes, [Ni(tmc)(WS–S)]2+ and [Ni(tmc)(WS–WS)]2+. Coordination of the doubly hydrogen-bonded water (WS–S) which is induced as a result is stronger for 4-methylpyridine than for pyridine. This reflects the substituent effect of 4-methyl group on the basicity. The basicity of pyridine and its derivatives has been discussed in connection with the electrostatic/charge-transfer balance for hydrogen-bonding, compared with dimethyl sulfoxide.
Crystal Structures of [Co(acac)2{(CH3)2XCH2CH2NH2}]ClO4 (X = N, P, As; acac = 2,4-Pentanedionate Ion)
Authors: Kita Masakazu , Nemoto Kazuhiro , Kashiwabara Kazuo , Fujita Junnosuke , Goto Masafumi , Miyamoto Toshiro , Ohba Shigeru 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The structures of [Co(acac)2{(CH3)2XCH2CH2NH2}]ClO4 (acac = 2,4–pentanedionate ion, X = N (complex 1), P (complex 2), and As (complex 3)) with a series of group 15 donor atoms were determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. Crystal data and final R values are: for 1, orthorhombic, Pba2, a = 13.192(2), b = 25.504(5), c = 11.840(2) Å, V = 3984(1) Å3, Dm = 1.47(2), Dx = 1.48 g cm−3 and Z = 8, R = 0.050 for 2684 reflections. For 2, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 13.953(6), b = 25.061(10), c = 12.079(7) Å, β = 92.29(6)°, V = 4220(2) Å3, Dm = 1.45(3), Dx = 1.45 g cm−3, Z = 8, R = 0.084 for 5801 reflections. For 3, monoclinic, C2/c, a = 28.125(9), b = 13.303(1), c = 12.647(4) Å, β = 115.41(4)°, V = 4274(2) Å3, Dm = 1.50(3), Dx = 1.54 g cm−3, Z = 8, R = 0.051 for 3698 reflections. All the complex ions have a similar structure, forming a distorted octahedron with 4O, N, and X donor atoms. The Co–X bond lengths are av. 2.026(8) Å for 1, av. 2.192(3) Å for 2, and 2.302(1) Å for 3. The Co–O bond lengths trans to X are av. 1.886(6) Å for 1, av. 1.950(5) Å for 2, and 1.928(3) Å for 3, which are longer by 0.002(6), 0.065(6) and 0.037(4) Å, respectively, than the average lengths of other three Co–O bonds (1: av. 1.884(6), 2: av. 1.885(6), 3: 1.891(4) Å).
Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones over Hydrous Zirconium(IV) Oxide Modified by Trimethylsilyl Chloride
Authors: Kuno Hideyuki , Shibagaki Makoto , Takahashi Kyoko , Matsushita Hajime 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
A modified catalyst was prepared by the reaction of trimethylsilyl chloride and hydrous zirconium(IV) oxide. It was then applied to the oxidation of alcohols by using carbonyl compounds as hydrogen acceptors. In the case of cycloalkanols, the oxidation proceeded efficiently to give the corresponding ketones. Further, primary aliphatic alcohols were converted to the corresponding aldehydes in high yields in a batch reaction system. In addition, it was investigated that the oxidation was influenced by a variety of solvents and hydrogen acceptors.