bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of Kodak Ultraspeed and Ektaspeed Plus dental X‐ray films for use in endodontics
Authors: Moule Alex J. , Wong Andrew , Monsour Paul A. , Basford Kaye E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: The advantage of using a faster film for length determination in endodontic therapy is obvious. However, for such a film to be generally accepted, it must demonstrate comparable diagnostic quality to traditionally used films.Methods: The comparative accuracy of canal length determination of Ultraspeed and Ektaspeed Plus dental X‐ray films was assessed in maxillary first and second molars; for different canals, for different teeth, for different exposures, and for different examiners (five general dentists and three endodontic specialists).Results: In general, there were no significant differences between films, among examiners, or any interaction between films and exposures. That is, an assessor's ability to estimate lengths was not significantly influenced by the film type or by exposure used. There was a wide divergence in the individual assessor's ability to estimate lengths. Specialists estimated lengths more accurately than general practitioners and estimated lengths more accurately with Ektaspeed Plus film. Length determination in distobuccal and mesiobuccal canals was more accurate than in palatal canals. Most palatal canals were underestimated in length by more than 1mm. The use of file sizes larger in number than size 15 is recommended in these canals.Conclusion: For length determination, Ektaspeed Plus dental X‐ray film is as effective as Ultraspeed film. Given the acceptable quality and accuracy of Ektaspeed Plus film, there seems to be no clinical reason to subject patients to greater radiation by using a slower film during endodontic therapy.
Displacement of a Mandibular Third Molar Root Fragment into the Pterygomandibular Space
Authors: Tumuluri V. , Punnia‐Moorthy A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDisplacement of root fragments into adjacent anatomical areas is an uncommon complication of the removal of teeth. This paper describes the management of a mandibular third molar root fragment that was forced into the antero‐inferior aspect of the pterygomandibular space. The importance of tomographical radiographs in the visualization of the displaced root is also discussed.
Caries, Bitewings, and Treatment Decisions
Authors: Tan PLB , Evans RW , Morgan MV 
Published: March 2008

Background: The most common adjunct to the visual and tactile clinical examination for dental caries is the bitewing radiograph. The aim of this study was to report on treatment planning decisions made by Victorian dentists when given a range of predetermined radiographic scenarios. Methods: A postal survey was conducted to obtain data from 550 dentists selected systematically (every fourth dentist) from the register of the Dental Board of Victoria (1996). Results: The survey response rate was 64 per cent. Fifty per cent of responding dentists selected an operative intervention for radiographic lesions confined to enamel. Conclusions: A review of current dental literature does not support this approach because a large proportion of proximal tooth surfaces that have associated radiolucencies confined to enamel are not cavitated. This study supports the need for continuing education programmes on the management of dental caries; such programmes should follow an evidence‐based model.
Paracetamol Versus Paracetamol‐Codeine in the Treatment of Post‐Operative Dental Pain: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Prospective Trial
Authors: Macleod A Gordon , Ashford B. , Voltz M. , Williams B. , Cramond T. , Gorta L. , Simpson JM 
Published: March 2008

Background: Codeine is frequently added to paracetamol to treat post‐operative dento‐alveolar pain; studies have shown effectiveness in relief of post‐operative pain at high doses but at the expense of central nervous and gastrointestinal side effects. There has been no trial to compare the efficacy and safety of paracetamol 1000mg with paracetamol 1000mg combined with codeine 30mg. Method: A randomized, single centre, double‐blind prospective parallel group trial was performed to compare paracetamol 1000mg with paracetamol 1000mg with codeine 30mg for the relief of pain following surgical removal of impacted third molars, and analysed on an intention‐to‐treat (ITT) basis. Eighty‐two patients were assigned randomly to receive either drug for a maximum of three doses. Patients recorded their pain intensity one hour after surgery and hourly thereafter for 12 hours. Results: The average increase in pain intensity over 12 hours was significantly less in patients receiving paracetamol plus codeine than in those receiving paracetamol alone (p=0.03) ‐1.81cm/h compared with 0.45cm/h ‐ a difference of 1.13cm/h (95 percent Cl: 0.18 to 2.08). Of the patients who received the paracetamol codeine combination, 62 per cent used escape medication compared with 75 per cent of those on paracetamol alone (p=0.20). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of patients experiencing adverse events (p=0.5). Conclusion: A combination of 1000mg paracetamol and 30mg codeine was significantly more effective in controlling pain for 12 hours following third molar removal, with no significant difference of side effects during the 12 hour period studied.
A Study of Titanium Release into Body Organs Following the Insertion of Single Threaded Screw Implants into the Mandibles of Sheep
Authors: Frisken KW , Dandie GW , Lugowski S. , Jordan G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Titanium is generally considered a safe metal to use in implantation but some studies have suggested that particulate titanium may cause health problems either at the site overlying the implant or in distant organs, particularly after frictional wear of a medical prosthesis. It was the purpose of this investigation to study the levels of dissemination of titanium from threaded screw type implants following placement of single implants in sheep mandibles.Method: Twelve sheep were implanted with a single 10times3.75mm self‐tapping implant for time intervals of one, four and eight to 12 weeks. Four unoperated sheep served as controls. Regional lymph nodes, lungs, spleens and livers were dissected, frozen and subsequently analysed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.Results: Results associated with successful implants showed no statistically significant different levels of titanium in any organ compared to controls, although some minor elevations in titanium levels within the lungs and regional lymph nodes were noted. Two implants failed to integrate and these showed higher levels of titanium in the lungs (2.2‐ 3.8 times the mean of the controls) and regional lymph nodes (7–9.4 times the levels in controls).Conclusions: Debris from a single implant insertion is at such a low level that it is unlikely to pose a health problem. Even though the number of failed implants was low, multiple failed implants may result in considerably more titanium release which can track through the regional lymph nodes. Results suggest that sheep would be an excellent model for following biological changes associated with successful and failed implants and the effect this may have on titanium release.
An overview of drugs and ancillary equipment for the dentist's emergency kit
Authors: Chapman PJ 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe concept of a basic (i.e., essential) medical emergency kit suitable for a general dental practitioner varies somewhat between different authorities. A practitioner's choice is also dependant on the proximity of medical aid and the nature of the dental practice. Over recent years the trend has been to restrict the items to a minimum, in the interest of both common sense and safety, for example, just oxygen, adrenaline 1:1000, an oral carbohydrate source, glyceryl trinitrate and aspirin as first options. Ancillary equipment should include an oxygen therapy facemask, a pocket mask and a set of oral (Guedel) airways. Two further medication options for consideration are an aerosol bronchodilator and, in certain circumstances, an injectable antihypoglycaemic agent. This paper provides a selective overview of the subject. An absolute necessity is for dentists to be competent in Basic Life Support skills, and to maintain a complete and current medical history for all patients.
Fund allocation within Australian dental care: an innovative approach to output based funding
Authors: Tennant M. , Carrello C. , Kruger E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Over the last 15 years in Australia the process of funding government health care has changed significantly. The development of dental funding models that transparently meet both the service delivery needs for data at the treatment level and policy makers' need for health condition data is critical to the continued integration of dentistry into the wider health system. Methods: This paper presents a model of fund allocation that provides a communication construct that addresses the needs of both policy makers and service providers. Results: In this model, dental treatments (dental item numbers) have been grouped into eight broad dental health conditions. Within each dental health condition, a weighted average price is determined using the Department of Veterans Affairs' (DVA) fee schedule as the benchmark, adjusted for the mix of care. The model also adjusts for the efficiency differences between sectors providing government funded dental care. In summary, the price to be applied to a dental health condition category is determined by the weighted average DVA price adjusted by the sector efficiency. Conclusions: This model allows governments and dental service providers to develop funding agreements that both quantify and justify the treatment to be provided. Such a process facilitates the continued integration of dental care into the wider health system.
The influence of the leaf gauge and anterior jig on jaw muscle electromyography and condylar head displacement: a pilot study
Authors: Santosa RE , Azizi M. , Whittle T. , Wanigaratne K. , Klineberg IJ 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: A leaf gauge and an anterior jig may be used to assist the recording of a reproducible jaw position for restorative and prosthodontic treatment. This study investigated possible condylar displacement using an opto‐electronic jaw‐tracking device and a leaf gauge or anterior jig. The effect of a leaf gauge and anterior jig on jaw muscle electromyography was also examined. Methods: Five healthy adults without symptoms of temporomandibular disorders were selected. Condylar displacement during clenching were recorded simultaneously with electromyographic activity of superior and inferior heads of the lateral pterygoid, anterior and posterior temporalis, masseter, and suprahyoid muscles. Subjects were trained to bite at maximum and half‐maximum bite‐force using an anterior jig incorporating a force transducer. Results: No consistent condylar displacement was observed in x, y and z axes between different bite‐forces although there was a trend towards superior displacement. Comparison of maximum intercuspal clench and maximum clench on a leaf gauge and an anterior jig produced significant decrease in anterior temporalis activity (p < 0.05), whilst an anterior jig with maximum clench significantly decreased posterior temporalis muscle activity. Conclusion: Within the limits of this pilot study, no consistent change in condylar position was identified with these appliances.
Detectability of experimental peri‐implant cancellous bone lesions using conventional and direct digital radiography
Authors: Kavadella A. , Karayiannis A. , Nicopoulou‐Karayianni K. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background
: The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance obtained from direct digital radiographic images (in their original form and after applying a grey‐scale inversion) and conventional film in the detection of artificial periimplant cancellous bone lesions.
Methods
: Four titanium implants were placed into the cancellous bone of a dry mandible and increasingly larger bone defects were created in their approximal sites. Radiographs were taken using conventional film and a digital charge‐coupled device sensor. Twelve observers estimated three series of images (conventional, digital original, digital inverse) on a 5‐point confidence scale. Data were evaluated statistically by analysis of variance and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the three imaging modalities were calculated.
Results
: Total mean observer confidence scores increased as the size of the defect also increased. No statistically significant differences were found among the three images for the absence of defect and the defect that corresponds to the smallest bur size. Significant differences were found for larger bur sizes between the conventional image and the two digital images and for the largest bur size between the digital inverse and the other two images. Specificity was high and sensitivity relatively low.
Conclusions
: Peri‐implant bone lesions must exceed a certain size to be confidently detected but the lesion absence is detected equally well with all three imaging modalities.
An unusual maxillary first molar with four roots and six canals: a case report
Authors: Adanir N. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis case report presents an unusual maxillary right first molar with four roots and six canals. Endodontic treatment was provided and final restoration was accomplished with composite resin. Treating extra canals in maxillary first molars may be challenging. Inability to find and properly treat the root canals may cause failures. Complete clinical and radiographic examination and a thorough knowledge of the morphology of these teeth is necessary for successful clinical results.
CXCL12/CXCR4 Transactivates HER2 in Lipid Rafts of Prostate Cancer Cells and Promotes Growth of Metastatic Deposits in Bone
Authors: Chinni Sreenivasa R. , Yamamoto Hamilto , Dong Zhong , Sabbota Aaron , Bonfil R. Daniel , Cher Michael L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractChemokines and their receptors function in migration and homing of cells to target tissues. Recent evidence suggests that cancer cells use a chemokine receptor axis for metastasis formation at secondary sites. Previously, we showed that binding of the chemokine CXCL12 to its receptor CXCR4 mediated signaling events resulting in matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in prostate cancer bone metastasis. A variety of methods, including lipid raft isolation, stable overexpression of CXCR4, cellular adhesion, invasion assays, and the severe combined immunodeficient–human bone tumor growth model were used. We found that (a) CXCR4 and HER2 coexist in lipid rafts of prostate cancer cells; (b) the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis results in transactivation of the HER2 receptor in lipid rafts of prostate cancer cells; (c) Src kinase mediates CXCL12/CXCR4 transactivation of HER2 in prostate cancer cells; (d) a pan-HER inhibitor desensitizes CXCR4-induced transactivation and subsequent matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion and invasion; (e) lipid raft–disrupting agents inhibited raft-associated CXCL12/CXCR4 transactivation of the HER2 and cellular invasion; (f) overexpression of CXCR4 in prostate cancer cells leads to increased HER2 phosphorylation and migratory properties of prostate cancer cells; and (g) CXCR4 overexpression enhances bone tumor growth and osteolysis. These data suggest that lipid rafts on the cell membrane are the key site for CXCL12/CXCR4–induced HER2 receptor transactivation. This transactivation contributes to enhanced invasive signals and metastatic growth in the bone microenvironment. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(3):446–57)
Devilish Consumption: Popular Culture in Satanic Socialization
Authors: Dyrendal Asbjørn 
Published: March 2008

AbstractConservative Evangelical polemics against popular culture has often argued that it is a recruiting ground for Satanism. Popular culture, especially horror film and horror-inspired heavy metal music, has often been singled out as being the most explicit expressions of this recruiting strategy. Although the premises (and most of the conclusions) of the argument are untenable, they are not all wrong. Popular culture does play a role in how satanic identities are constructed. The cultural marketplace constitutes a “scene” that religious networks may draw on more heavily when traditional arenas for socialization are absent, thus making these networks stronger. This is an important point that applies to many kinds of late modern, privatized religion. The article addresses these broader issues by way of Satanism as a more specific example. It takes a look at which elements of and how popular culture plays a role in satanic socialization through a focus on the strategies for guiding consumption and production.
Religious Education in Response to Changing Times Congregation Adass-Isroel Religious School in Berlin
Authors: Hildesheimer Meir 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDuring the 19th century, various frameworks were established in Germany for the purpose of providing Jewish students with religious education. The article deals primarily with the orthodox Congregation Adass-Isroel Religious School. Established in 1869 in Berlin, the school had a major impact on the development of supplementary religious instruction throughout Germany and served as a model in this area. The school's background, history, basic principles and method of instruction, as well as study subjects (Hebrew, Bible, Talmud, Religious instruction, History) are discussed and compared to corresponding religious schools. Research is based on the school's annual reports, archival material, scholarly literature, memoirs, and newspapers.
The Decline and Fall of the True Christian Church: The English Deist View
Authors: Hillerbrand Hans J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractChristian Deism broke radically with the past and had its starting point in the notion that Christianity, as it was known, was perverted and no longer represented in the true and apostolic faith. Many of the titles of most of the Deist's books expressed this dismay over the state of the Christian religion, the need for re-interpretation of the nature of the true gospel and for reform. While most books reflected on the matter, the individual perspectives differed on the questions: Whom to blame for this fall? How to date it? What was the correct issue? The article argues that it was not the contention of the English Deists that some churches had erred in some points, but that all the churches had erred in all points: The entire system of the Christian religion was perverted. Their view of the history of Christianity was intimately connected with their view of the person and significance of Jesus.
Consular Representation in an Emerging State: The Case of Norway
Authors: Leira Halvard , Neumann Iver 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe consular institution has regularly been viewed by academics and practitioners alike as the poor sibling of diplomacy: as a career sidetrack or tour of duty for aspiring ambassadors; and as an example devoid of all the intrigue and politics by historians and theoreticians of diplomacy. Through a detailed case study of the emergence and development of consular representation in Norway, this article demonstrates that any comprehensive history of diplomacy must include a history of the consular institution; that the history of the consular institution is nevertheless not reducible to a history of diplomacy; and that studying the consular institution offers up fresh perspectives on the social practices of representation and state formation.
Trends and Developments in Consular Services: The Dutch Experience
Authors: Jones-Bos Renée , van Daalen Monique 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSince the 1990s, the demand for consular services has expanded enormously, together with citizens' high expectations and increased demands for quality. Combined with greater visibility through the arrival of new media and growing public interest in politics, this requires much flexibility from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In spite of increased cooperation among European partners in a number of fields, one central 'European consular service' will not materialize for the time being, because consular affairs are still very much interwoven with domestic politics. This article highlights the most important trends and developments in consular services of the last twenty years. On the basis of a number of cases, the authors indicate how the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs has reacted to these trends and developments. The Ministry's aim is to maintain high standards and to improve where necessary, through major investments in new instruments, improved public information, continuous staff training and more intensive cooperation with civil society organizations.
A Newly Discovered Arabic-Hebrew Medieval Philosophical Dictionary, Including Key-Terms of Maimonides' Guide
Authors: Zonta Mauro 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe manuscript of Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria, A. II. 12, includes (on folios 213r–217v) a short Hebrew dictionary of 39 philosophical terms. 23 of these terms can be found in the introduction to part two of Maimonides' Guide of the Perplexed, which has been copied in full lenght in the manuscript as well (according to Samuel Ibn Tibbon's Hebrew translation). The dictionary was probably written in the second half of the 13th century by an anonymous scribe and has been unknown to scholars until now. This article offers a critical edition of the original text of the dictionary, with a facsimile reproduction of the relevant folios as well as an English annotated summary of its content.
Aggregating TiO2 (B) Nanowires to Porous Basketry-like Microspheres and Their Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Zhang Xiwang , Pan Jia Hong , Du Alan Jianhong , Lee Pei Fung , Sun Darren Delai , Leckie James O 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Porous basketry-like TiO2 (B) microspheres consisting of nanowires were fabricated via hydrothermal and spray-drying process. The calcined microspheres exhibited effective photocatalytic performance on photodegradation of organic pollutant. In addition, it was very easy to recycle the TiO2 (B) nanowire microspheres for reuse.
The Salesperson as Outside Agent or Employee: A Transaction Cost Analysis
Authors: Anderson Erin 
Published: March 2008

This descriptive study explores the reasons for integration of the personal selling function, i.e., the use of employee (“direct”) salespeople rather than manufacturers' representatives (“reps”). A hypothesized model is developed based on both transaction cost analysis and the sales force management literature. Data from 13 electronic component manufacturers covering 159 U.S. sales districts are used to estimate a logistic model of the probability of “going direct” in a given district. Results are shown to be stable across specification and estimation methods and to fit the data well. The transaction cost model is generally supported. The principal finding is that the greater the difficulty of evaluating a salesperson's performance, the more likely the firm to substitute surveillance for commission as a control mechanism, i.e., to use a direct sales force. Among other findings, direct sales forces are also associated with complex, hard-to-learn product lines and with districts that demand considerable nonselling activities. Several factors prove unrelated, including company size, the amount of travel a district requires, and the importance of key accounts.This article was originally published in Marketing Science, Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 234–254, in 1985.