bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lidocaine treatment of dogs with Escherichia coli septicemia
Authors: Hardie Elizabeth M. , Rowlings Clarence A. , Shotts Emmet B. , Waltman Douglas W. , Rakich Pauline M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of lidocaine on organ localization of neutrophils and bacteria and on hemodynamic and metabolic variables were determined during septic shock in dogs. Twelve anesthetized dogs were infused with 1010 Escherichia coli/kg of body weight through a portal vein catheter over a 1-hour period. Six of these 12 dogs were treated with 2 mg of lidocaine HCl/kg (6 mg/kg/h) 15 minutes after the bacterial infusion had begun. Six dogs not given E coli (surgical controls) were given saline solution at the same rate as the bacterial and lidocaine infusions.
Over 4 hours, nontreated dogs with septicemia developed systemic hypotension, decreased cardiac output, increased portal pressure, increased serum alanine transaminase activity, increased liver extravascular water, increased liver glycogen depletion, and decreased Pao2, compared with control dogs. Accumulations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and E coli were found in the liver and lungs of dogs with septicemia. Lidocaine treatment did not alter the hemodynamic measurements and resulted in metabolic acidosis and hypoalbuminemia. Decreased numbers of E coli were recovered from the liver of lidocaine-treated dogs, whereas increased numbers of organisms were recovered from the blood. Neutrophil sequestration was increased in the liver, but not the lungs of lidocaine-treated dogs.
Effect of anti-Ia monoclonal antibodies on in vitro immune responses of canine cells
Authors: Ladiges Warren , Deeg H. Joachim , Pesando John , Storb Rainer 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four murine monoclonal antibodies (mab) B1F6, ISCR3, HB10a, and 7.2, specific for framework determinants of murine and human Ia, were tested for their effect on mixed lymphocyte culture, cell-mediated lympholysis, and mitogen assays of canine cells. All 4 mab were reactive with monocytes and surface immunoglobulin-positive, as well as Thy-1 antigen-positive mononuclear cells, as determined by immunocytofluorescence. The mixed lymphocyte culture response was inhibited when B1F6 or HB10a was added to cultures at the beginning of the assay (day 0). However, cultures underwent a normal response in the presence of ISCR3 or 7.2. None of the mab was able to inhibit cell-mediated lympholysis or mitogen reactivity to concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, or phytohemagglutinin. When effector cell populations of the 3 assays were cytolytically treated with each of the 4 mab and complement, immune reactivity was consistently lost, indicating that effector cells or accessory cells supporting the cell populations had been eliminated. These data indicate that Ia-like antigens are expressed on canine mononuclear cells and that antigens recognized by different mab may have different functional relevance, as defined by the mixed lymphocyte culture assay.
Comparison of phagocytosis and chemiluminescence by blood and mammary gland neutrophils from multiparous and nulliparous cows
Authors: Dulin Anne M. , Paape Max J. , Nickerson Stephen C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Neutrophils were isolated from the blood and mammaiy gland of 3 multiparous lactating cows and 3 nulliparous heifers. Neutrophil function was evaluated by phagocytosis and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Peroxidase activity was detected by use of transmission electron microscopy. Compared with that for blood neutrophils, percentage of phagocytosis was 9.6% lower for neutrophils isolated from the mammary gland of lactating cows, but this difference was not observed between neutrophils isolated from the mammary gland and from the blood of heifers. Similarly, after subtraction of chemiluminescence values in the absence of zymosan, phagocytosing neutrophils from the mammary gland of lactating cows had lower chemiluminescence than did those from the blood of such cows. For heifers, however, chemiluminescent activity by phagocytosing neutrophils obtained from the mammary gland was similar to that of blood neutrophils. Chemiluminescent activity of resting neutrophils from the mammary gland of lactating cows pretreated with cytochalasin B was not inhibited, compared with that of nontreated resting neutrophils (controls). This was attributed to xanthine oxidase activity. Transmission electron microscopy of mammary gland neutrophils from lactating cows revealed peroxidase-positive material associated with milk-fat globule membranes and with phagosomes containing zymosan. Results indicated that ingestion of fat and casein by neutrophils isolated from milk caused a decrease in phagocytic and chemiluminescent activity. Also, luminol-dependent chemiluminescence was not a reliable measure of milk neutrophil function, because of interference by xanthine oxidase.
Effect of transport on feeder calves
Authors: Cole N. A. , Camp T. H. , Rowe L. D. , Stevens D. G. , Hutcheson D. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
One hundred fifty feeder steers (mean body weight, 195 kg) were assigned to 1 of 3 transport groups and were deprived of feed and water (fasted) for 24 hours. Additionally, calves were transported on a commercial livestock trailer for 0 (control—fasted only), 12 (short haul), or 24 (long haul) hours. Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein before calves were loaded on the transport vehicle and immediately after calves of the long-haul group returned to the research feedlot. Complete blood counts were performed and 32 mineral, enzyme, and biochemical constituents were measured. Calf morbidity, mortality, and average daily weight gain were evaluated during the next 56 days. Duration of transport did not affect average daily gain; however, calves of the short-haul group had significantly (P < 0.05) higher morbidity and mortality than did those of the control and long-haul groups. In all groups, results of differential leukocyte counts were indicative of stress response. Significant (P < 0.05) linear contrasts were observed between duration of transport and erythrocyte, leukocyte, segmented neutrophil, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts and results of serum enzyme (alanine transaminase, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, total lactate dehydrogenase [ld], and ld-1, ld-3, and ld-4 isoenzymes), iron, urea nitrogen, β-globulin, glucose, and urea nitrogen-to-creatinine ratio determinations. Significant (P < 0.05) quadratic contrasts were observed between duration of transport and serum unsaturated iron binding capacity, total iron binding capacity, and ld-5 percentage. Calf source had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on almost all variables tested. Results indicated that transport is a stressful event to feeder calves; however, other factors, possibly related to the timing of stress events or adaptation to several different stressors during a short period, may have a greater effect on feeder calves' subsequent health.
Yohimbine increases plasma insulin concentrations and reverses xylazine-induced hypoinsulinemia in dogs
Authors: Hsu Walter H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, iv), an α2-adrenoreceptor agonist, suppressed the increase in plasma insulin concentration induced by glucose (0.6 g/kg, iv) in dogs. Yohimbine (0.11 mg/kg, iv), an α2-adrenoreceptor antagonist, given 5 minutes after xylazine, reversed effects of xylazine, whereas yohimbine alone increased plasma insulin and decreased plasma glucose concentrations. Seemingly, α2-adrenoreceptors exert a negative control of insulin release.
Maternal and fetal toxicity of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) in sheep
Authors: Panter K. E. , Bunch T. D. , Keeler R. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) was toxic to pregnant ewes and their fetuses when fed during gestation days 30 through 60. Maternal effects included trembling, muscular weakness in the neck initially, then progressing to the limbs, ataxia, frequent urination and defecation, and death. Convulsive seizures were not observed. Fetotoxic effects included excessive flexure of the carpal joints with lateral deviation in the front limbs and kinked tails. At term, 7 of 11 lambs had varying degrees of the limb abnormalities, but all lambs appeared clinically normal at 8 weeks after parturition.
Borreliosis in equids in northeastern United States
Authors: Magnarelli Louis A. , Anderson John F. , Shaw Eric , Post John E. , Palka Frank C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
During 1982 and 1985, blood samples from 705 equids were examined for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi. By indirect immunofluorescence staining, IgM and total immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) antibodies were detected in 37 (5.3%) and 90 (12.8%) serum specimens, respectively. The geometric mean titer for IgM antibody (140.4) was highest during July, whereas total immunoglobulin ranged from 94.1 in October to 338 in May. Eighty-six equids with total immunoglobulin to B burgdorferi lived in areas of Connecticut where the primary tick vector, Ixodes dammini, was present. Of the 86 equids, 9 from Lyme, Connecticut and Westchester County, New York had antibodies to B burgdorferi and developed limb or joint disorders that resulted in single or recurrent episodes of lameness.
Serum proteins of neonatal pigs orally inoculated with Isospora suis oocysts
Authors: Jarvinen Julie Ann C. , Zimmerman Gary L. , Schons Debra J. , Guenther Christine 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum proteins were evaluated by agarose electrophoresis at periodic intervals between postinoculation days (pid) 2 and 35 in 4 litters of pigs inoculated orally at 36 to 38 hours of age with 70,000 sporulated Isospora suis oocysts and in 4 litters of age-matched noninoculated control pigs. In inoculated pigs, clinical disease characterized by vomiting and diarrhea began at pid 3 to 4 and was resolved by pid 11. Isospora suis oocysts were detected in feces of inoculated pigs from pid 5 to 25, with peak numbers present on pid 5 to 6. Of 43 pigs inoculated with I suis oocysts, 4 (9.3%) died of coccidiosis, and samples were not obtained for serum protein evaluation. Of 39 noninoculated control pigs, all remained clinically normal, and I suis oocysts were not detected in their feces.
Serum protein fraction values in inoculated and control groups compared at each sample collection time did not differ significantly, except at pid 15, when β-globulin values were lower in inoculated pigs (P = 0.02). At pid 35, total serum proteins, albumin, and α1-, β-, and γ-globulin values of inoculated pigs were lower than those of controls, but there were too few pigs examined for definitive statistical analysis. Differences in trends over time were observed between inoculated and control groups for several serum protein fractions. In inoculated pigs, total proteins (P < 0.1) and β-globulins (P < 0.01) decreased with time, whereas those of control pigs increased. Similar differences in trends were noticed for albumin and α1-globulins, but these were not significant. For individual inoculated pigs, there was a significant positive relationship between the number of I suis oocysts per gram of feces and γ-globulin values (P < 0.001), as well as a negative relationship between oocyst numbers and α1-globulin values (P < 0.01). Age-related changes in serum protein values also were confirmed.
Effect of butorphanol, pentazocine, meperidine, or metoclopramide on intestinal motility in female ponies
Authors: Sojka Janice E. , Adams Stephen B. , Lamar Carlton H. , Eller Lisa L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effect of butorphanol, pentazocine, meperidine, and metoclopramide on jejunal and pelvic flexure myoelectric and mechanical activity in 4 female ponies was investigated. The agent to be tested or saline solution was administered iv at the start of a 6-hour recording trial. In the jejunum, duration between activity fronts of regular spiking activity, defined as the length of the migrating myoelectric complex (mmc), was measured. The average duration of the mmc during control trials was 150 ± 46 minutes. The average duration of the mmc after meperidine, butorphanol, pentazocine, and metoclopramide administration was 295 ±70 minutes, 260 ± 60 minutes, 275 ± 60 minutes, and 163 ± 64 minutes, respectively. Meperidine, butorphanol, or pentazocine significantly increased the mmc duration (P < 0.05), and did not significantly alter the pelvic flexure activity. Seemingly, meperidine, butorphanol, and pentazocine inhibited cyclic myoelectric activity in the jejunum. Metoclopramide had no effect on jejunal or pelvic flexure motility.
Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in cats given Escherichia coli endotoxin
Authors: Jernigan Antoinette D. , Hatch Roger C. , Wilson Robert C. , Brown John , Tuler Sheila M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nineteen cats were given 3 mg of gentamicin sulfate/kg of body weight by rapid iv, sc, or im injection for base-line values. Serum concentration of gentamicin vs time data were analyzed using a noncompartmental model based on statistical moment theory. One week later, each cat was given 0.5 μg of Escherichia coli endotoxin/kg, iv. After cats had an increase in rectal temperature of at least 1 C, 3 mg of gentamicin/kg was administered by the same route used the previous week.
Serum concentration of gentamicin vs time data were analyzed, and pharmacokinetic values were compared with base-line values. For iv studies, the half-life (t1/2) of gentamicin and the mean residence time were significantly different (P < 0.05) compared with base line, whereas the total body clearance and apparent volume of distribution at steady state were not. The harmonic mean ± pseudo sd for the t1/2 of gentamicin after iv administration was 76.8 ± 12.6 minutes for base line and was 65.2 ± 12.2 minutes in the same cats given endotoxin. The t1/2 of gentamicin after sc administration was 74.6 ± 6.2 minutes for base line and was 65.2 ± 13.6 minutes in the same cats given endotoxin. After im administration, the t1/2 of gentamicin was 60.3 ± 10 minutes for base line and was 59.7 ± 13.6 minutes in the same cats given endotoxin.
After iv administration of gentamicin, the arithmetic mean ± sd for the mean residence time was 102.4 ± 16.1 minutes for base line vs 79.2 ± 18.4 minutes in the same cats given endotoxin. The volume of distribution at steady state was 0.20 ± 0.03 L/kg for base line and was 0.19 ± 0.02 L/kg in the same cats given endotoxin. Total body clearance was 2 ± 0.2 ml/min/kg for base line and 2.6 ± 0.7 ml/min/kg in the same cats given endotoxin. A recommended dosage of 3 mg of gentamicin/kg administered every 8 hours iv, im, or sc was calculated on the basis of pharmacokinetic values.
Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of gentamicin in horses after intra-articular administration of buffered and unbuffered gentamicin
Authors: Lloyd K. C. Kent , Stover Susan M. , Pascoe John R. , Baggot J. Desmond , Kurpershoek Cornelis , Hietala Sharon 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The concentration of gentamicin in plasma and synovial fluid of normal adult horses was measured periodically for 24 hours after iv (2.2 mg/kg of body weight), intra-articular (ia; 150 mg), and simultaneous iv and ia administrations. Gentamicin also was buffered with sodium bicarbonate (3 mEq) and then was administered ia and simultaneously iv and ia. Synovial fluid specimens were obtained via an indwelling catheter placed into the antebrachiocarpal joint.
The peak mean plasma gentamicin concentration (8.30 μg/ml) after iv administration was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that (0.69 μg/ml) after ia administration of gentamicin and that (0.55 μg/ml) after administration of gentamicin buffered with sodium bicarbonate. Gentamicin concentration greater than a therapeutic concentration was not attained in the plasma after ia administration of buffered or unbuffered gentamicin.
The peak mean synovial fluid concentration (1,828 μg/ml) after ia administration of unbuffered gentamicin was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that (2.53 μg/ml) after iv administration and significantly (P < 0.05) less than that (5,720 μg/ml) after simultaneous iv and ia administration. The peak mean synovial fluid concentration after ia administration of buffered gentamicin, with and without simultaneous iv administration (2,128 and 2,680 μg/ml, respectively), was not significantly different than that after ia treatment with unbuffered gentamicin. Mean synovial fluid concentration did not differ significantly between groups after ia administration of gentamicin in any combination at postinjection hours 8, 12, and 24, but remained significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that at the same times after iv administration.
The mean apparent half-life of gentamicin in the synovial fluid after ia administration (259 minutes) was 2.8 times longer than that in the plasma after iv administration (92 minutes). The mean volume of distribution of gentamicin after iv administration was 297 ml/kg. The mean clearance of gentamicin from the plasma after iv administration was 2.18 ml/min/kg; the mean clearance from the synovial fluid (not normalized for body weight) after ia administration was 1.22 ml/min. Further, the mean synovial fluid concentration of gentamicin remained well above the minimal inhibitory concentration of gentamicin for many common equine bacterial pathogens for 24 hours after ia administration of gentamicin in any combination.
Comparison of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a complement-fixation test for the detection of IgG to bovine herpesvirus type 4 (bovine cytomegalovirus)
Authors: Guo W. Z. , Shen D. T. , Evermann J. F. , Gorham J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect elisa for the detection of bovine immunoglobulin to bovine herpesvirus type 4 (bhv-4) was developed. Three methods of antigen preparation were compared. They included (1) bhv-4-infected Madin Darby bovine kidney (mdbk) cells treated with glycine and then frozen and thawed, (2) bhv-4-infected mdbk cells treated with glycine and then sonicated, and (3) bhv-4-infected mdbk cells treated with a detergent. The antigen preparation that gave the highest reactivity was the first method. We obtained serum samples from 178 cattle in the field and assayed the serum by elisa and the complement-fixation (cf) test. Eighty-six percent (153) of the serum samples were positive by elisa, and 70% (124) were positive by the cf test. The elisa had a higher degree of sensitivity than did the cf test. Also, the elisa was specific, and the prevalence of bhv-4 infection was more common in beef and dairy herds than previously recognized.
Effects of infection with parainfluenza-3 virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus on neutrophil functions in calves
Authors: Briggs R. E. , Kehrli M. , Frank G. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calves were challenge exposed in separate experiments with parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus. Blood neutrophils were assayed for functional activity every other day for at least 3 weeks by random migration, Staphylococcus aureus ingestion, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, cytochrome-c reduction, iodination, and native chemiluminescence.
Exposure to pi-3 virus resulted in a brief febrile response and no other clinical signs. Alterations in total or differential wbc counts were not detected. Chemiluminescence and iodination activities were reduced from activities before exposure.
Exposure to ibr virus resulted in mild clinical signs and a febrile response of several days' duration. Total wbc and mononuclear cell counts were reduced. Random migration was reduced, whereas S aureus ingestion was enhanced.
We concluded that infection of calves with ibr virus and pi-3 virus might directly or indirectly result in alterations of neutrophil function. The functional alterations apparently are different for each virus. These virus-induced alterations in neutrophil function might predispose calves to secondary bacterial pneumonia.
Histologic lesions in broiler chicks given cyclopiazonic acid orally
Authors: Cullen J. M. , Wilson M. , Hagler W. M. , Ort J. F. , Cole R. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cyclopiazonic acid dissolved in corn oil was administered by gavage to broiler chicks (n = 80) daily, from the day of hatching for 23 days. Chicks were assigned to 3 groups (1, 2, or 4 mg of cyclopiazonic acid/kg of body weight); a control group was given corn oil. Each group was composed of 10 male and 10 female chicks. Surviving chicks were euthanatized and necropsied on day 24. Histologic examination revealed that the most common lesions consisted of necrosis and hemorrhage or hyperplasia of the mucosa of the proventriculus and hepatocellular vacuolation. Skeletal muscle degeneration, characterized by myofiber swelling or fragmentation accompanied by an infiltrate of macrophages and heterophils, was detected in the group given 4 mg/kg. This degeneration was associated with an increase of plasma creatine kinase activity. Focal hepatocellular and splenic necrosis also developed in the groups given 4 mg/kg.
Prevalence of ocular microorganisms in hospitalized and stabled horses
Authors: Moore Cecil P. , Heller Nancy , Majors Lynda J. , Whitley R. David , Burgess Elizabeth C. , Weber JoAnne 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Microorganisms from normal eyes of hospitalized and stabled horses were identified, and the frequency of isolation was compared between the 2 groups. Using standard techniques, swab specimens from both eyes of 22 hospitalized horses and both eyes of 18 stabled horses were cultured for aerobic bacteria and fungi. Ninety-six aerobic bacteria and 57 fungi were isolated. The predominant bacterial isolates were gram-positive organisms, most of which belonged to the genera Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Streptomyces. Gram-negative organisms comprised less than one-fourth of the bacterial isolates, with the genera Neisseria, Moraxella, and Acinetobacter being the most commonly isolated. Environmental fungi Cladosporium and Alternaria accounted for half of all fungal isolates. In only 5 horses were fungi isolated without accompanying isolation of bacteria. The frequency of isolation of fungi was higher (P < 0.01) in stabled horses. For bacteria, the frequency of isolation was higher (P < 0.08) in male horses. Results of susceptibility testing were recorded as the percentage of all isolates susceptible to a given antimicrobic drug. Bacterial isolates were highly susceptible (≥ 90%) to neomycin, polymixin B, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. Overall, filamentous fungi had highest susceptibility to natamycin (97%). Miconazole was highly efficacious (100% susceptibility) against Fusarium and Aspergillus.
Renal microcirculatory and correlated histologic changes associated with dirofilariasis in dogs
Authors: Ludders J. W. , Grauer G. F. , Dubielzig R. R. , Ribble G. A. , Wilson J. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nine 7-month-old Beagle dogs were inoculated with 200 third-stage larvae of Dirofilaria immitis. The development of cardiac disease secondary to heartworm infection was confirmed by thoracic radiography, echocardiography, and angiography with blood pressure measurements. The only indication of renal disease was mild-to-moderate proteinuria. The dogs were euthanatized approximately 18 months after inoculation. The mean microfilarial count in blood at the time of euthanasia was 88,700/ml, with a mean of 89 adult heartworms in the vena cavae, heart, and pulmonary arteries. The kidneys were perfused for microangiographic and correlative histologic examination of the intrarenal microvasculature and associated renal morphologic features.
Angiograms of whole kidneys from 6 dogs revealed attenuation or truncation of the major renal vessels. Microangiograms of all kidney slices revealed attenuation in the microangiographic appearance of the glomerular capillaries. Histologic examination of all kidney slices revealed mild-to-intense, diffuse, chronic interstitial nephritis and generalized membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Microfilariae were observed within the glomerular capillaries and the medullary vessels. The microangiographic changes correlated with and were explained in part by the histologic changes in the renal parenchyma.