bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress in aircrew
Authors: Haward L. R. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProfessional aircrew, pilots especially, are subjected to a cumulative complexity of stresses unique in occupational medicine. The assessment of strain and of ‘stress thresholds’ and the prediction of breakdown under stress by psychophysiological techniques are areas of contemporary aeromedical research.Stress management techniques have been applied to aircrew members, both prophylactically and as therapy, with some measure of success. Existing techniques can provide a practical and useful screening device by which the more stress‐vulnerable members of aircrew can be detected.
Stress and obesity
Authors: Rand Colleen S. W. , Kuldau John M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we briefly discuss certain medical‐psychiatric implications of obesity. The stressful effects of being obese are then presented. Next, we focus on stress in its relationship to overeating, obesity and eating disorders. Then we discuss the stress associated with dieting and maintenance of weight loss. Finally, we present a clinical framework for assessing the roles of obesity, weight concerns and stress.
Menstrual stress
Authors: Dalton Katharina 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMenstruation and stress are closely related. Stress can cause alterations of menstruation, while alterations of menstruation can result in stress. The normal menstrual pattern shows wide variations in cycle length from 21 to 36 days and the duration of menstrual flow may last from two to eight days, and there are variations both within and between individuals. The effect of the same stress on the menstrual pattern may be different and opposite in individuals, but the same response tends to continue throughout the menstrual lifespan. Menstrual synchrony can occur among those living closely together, while the male may influence the length of the woman's menstrual cycle depending on the frequency of contact.Formerly, many menstrual disorders for which no structural abnormality could be detected were regarded as being of psychological origin. With increasing knowledge of hormonal interactions, neurohormones, receptors and binding mechanisms, and with improved investigative techniques, such as radioimmunoassays, ultrasonic pelvic scan and laparoscopy, today many hormone abnormalities have been uncovered to account for menstrual disorders. Thus premenstrual syndrome is now known to be caused by a deficiency of progesterone, spasmodic dysmenorrhoea by an excess of prostaglandin F2 alpha and menopausal symptoms by oestrogen deficiency. These hormonal abnormalities can be corrected by appropriate therapy and should therefore now be recognized as coming within the ambiance of gynaecological endocrinologists.
Beta‐blockers in anxiety
Authors: Kelly Desmond 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe physiological correlates of anxiety include a number of cardiovascular and adrenergic effects that are indicated by an increased blood level of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Anxiety can also be induced by injection of isoprenaline. Pharmacological beta‐blockade is therefore a logical procedure in the treatment of anxiety.A number of clinical trials have shown the effectiveness of beta‐blockers such as propranolol, sotalol and oxprenolol, in the relief of anxiety symptoms both in comparison to placebo and benzodiazepines. There is evidence suggesting that beta‐blocking drugs produce their benefit by a peripheral action and may therefore be most useful when somatic anxiety symptoms predominate. These drugs have also been used for treating stress‐induced anxiety in normal subjects, such as may occur when speaking in public.Beta‐blockers have also been used in the treatment of anxiety tremor, alcoholism and migraine. Unwanted effects are relatively uncommon, although headache, insomnia and unpleasant dreams may occur. Absolute contra‐indications to their use are heart block and failure, and bronchospasm of whatever cause.
Urinary peptides in schizophrenia and depression
Authors: Reichelt Karl L. , Edminson Paul D. , Toft Kim G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIncreased levels of benzoic acid‐precipitable aromatic compounds and glycoprotein‐associated peptide material are found in the urines of patients with schizophrenic psychoses and endogenous depressions. Factors with regulatory effects on aminergic transmission have been found. A working hypothesis is proposed whereby genetically determined peptidase insufficiency interacts with increased peptide levels of either endogenous and/or exogenous origin to cause the psychotic state. These disorders are probably multifactorial syndromes, displaying changes in several factors with bioactive effects.
Slimnastics
Authors: Lampluch Diana 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough Slimnastics appears on the surface to tackle only the straightforward subjects of exercise, healthy eating, relaxation and tension control, as well as lifestyle (as it relates directly to health), and to deal with them through classes which are fun and uncomplicated, in fact all the aspects are scientifically based. The whole concept is built on Maslow's hierarchy of motivation (or human needs). This article hopes to show the arguments and illustrations that prove the success of this idea in practice. Slimnastics is a concept which not only works extremely well but is also simple to put into operation.
Fear avoidance and chronic musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Troup J. D. G. , Slade P. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractConfrontation and avoidance are the two extreme responses to the fear of pain. Life‐events, personality, previous experience of and coping strategies for pain, together with iatrogenic factors and parental attitudes, comprise the psychosocial context in which fear of pain may persist. This leads to avoidance of anything which might conceivably provoke it. Pain avoidance, if unrecognized and untreated, may then become a pathological factor itself, independent of any concomitant organic changes and causing progressive stiffness, weakness and reinforcement of the invalid status.
Chemotherapy and psychological side‐effects in breast cancer patients
Authors: Schwarz Reinhold , Michel Ute 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo find out the significance of psychosocial compared to physical reactions we interviewed 56 breast cancer patients who had finished intravenous adjuvant chemotherapy. In general, psychological distress was rated to be less tolerable than physical side‐effects. Active coping proved to be relevant, especially for the incidence of anticipatory reactions.
Alterations in stress‐induced responses in the rat produced by amino acids
Authors: Quirce C. M. , Vargas G. , Coto F. , Maickel R. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of repetitive exposure of rats to immobilization stress were examined in terms of alterations in body weight gain, adrenal size and plasma levels of corticosterone, fatty acids and glucose. Prestress administrations of small doses of L‐alanine, L‐tryptophan and L‐tyrosine were tested for ability to modulate the stress‐induced effects. In general, L‐alanine had no characteristic actions, L‐tryptophan exacerbated and L‐tyrosine modulated the stress effects.
Inferring causality in life event research
Authors: Cooke David J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn evaluating the validity of causal propositions, there are four considerations: statistical, internal, construct and external. The reliability of published instruments, in the sense of internal reliability, can be maximized by the principal component analysis of obtained responses. Once it has been demonstrated that two variables covary to a significant degree, the next step is to assess the internal validity of the relationship. Next, the investigator must attempt to determine which higher order constructs are involved in these relationships. Finally, the level of generality of the relationship should be determined. In the last two decades, a shift has occurred in that the hypothesis that life events cause illness is based less on faith and more on scientific evidence.
Refractory depression
Authors: Zetin Mark , Warren Stacey , Pangan Editha A. , Stasiek Chris 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRefractory depression is a poorly defined illness involving the persistence of symptoms of major depression or dysthymia over a prolonged period of time despite attempts at medical and psychotherapeutic intervention. The authors present a review of literature relevant to defining, evaluating and treating refractory depression. Medical illnesses, medications and substances of abuse may cause refractory depressions that fail to respond to conventional or extra‐ordinary treatments. Numerous medication strategies including the use of tricyclic and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, lithium, bright artificial light and electroconvulsive therapy constitute the major medical interventions available. Psychotherapies include cognitive, interpersonal, marital, psychoanalytic and group approaches. The clinician dealing with chronically depressed patients must be familiar with most of these diagnostic and treatment approaches in order to plan an effective long‐term intervention strategy for helping the patient to deal with the demoralization and seemingly overwhelming life stresses that frequently occur in refractory depression.
Taking the waters at Tunbridge Wells
Authors: Ford John M. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe medical indications for drinking the waters at Tunbridge Wells and the regimens prescribed from the early seventeenth century are reviewed. It is suggested that iron‐deficient patients would have benefited pharmacologically and that other patients would have been helped by the way of life and relaxation offered. Treatment would have been particularly efficacious in stress‐related syndromes which are described in all the texts.
Serenics and aggression
Authors: Olivier Berend , Mos Jan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the behavioural effects of a new class of psychotropic drugs, the serenics, which exert specific antiaggressive effects in animal paradigms of (offensive) agonistic behaviour. Serenics specifically inhibit offensive aggression, leaving defensive behaviour intact. Ethological profiling of serenics and reference drugs from different drug classes shows the unique profile of the serenics: antiaggressive action without impairment of sensoric or motoric functions and without sedation or muscle relaxation. This contrasts sharply with drugs from other drug classes, eg neuroleptics, psychostimulants or anxiolytics, which all have non‐specific antiaggressive or even proaggressive actions.The behavioural profile of serenics is illustrated in this paper in a male aggression paradigm (resident‐intruder in rats) and a female aggression paradigm (maternal aggression of lactating rats). For comparative reasons, drugs from several different classes have also been tested in these paradigms to compare the profiles of action.The use and possible future applications of specific antiaggressive drugs are discussed.
Stress from a psychiatric epidemiological perspective
Authors: Schwab John J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFrom voodoo deaths to life events, stress produces many psychophysiological responses. Social changes constitute an important stress factor and there is a correlation between stress scores and mental health risk. In personal studies, a three‐way relationship among life events, socioeconomic status and health impairment scores has been demonstrated. Furthermore, there was a reciprocal influence between life events and impairment scores that has previously been somewhat overlooked. Recently, an emphasis has developed on current stressors rather than on previous life events, such stressors being tied to social role. There are powerful associations between social stressors and psychiatric symptomatology. especially symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. The individual's responses to stress depend little on attitudes and values but almost entirely upon the individual's ‘definition of the situation’. Whether or not the character of life in western society is more stressful than in the past is debatable, and even the most fortunate of persons may live lives that have their full share of difficulty and private despair.
Environmental factors as a risk for future hypertension
Authors: Schmieder Roland E. , Messerli Franz H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA review of the literature indicates that several factors have been purported to increase the risk for the development of arterial hypertension: family history, age, sex, race, nutritional factors, salt intake, obesity, various chemical agents, traffic noise, occupational stress, socioeconomic status and social stress. However, it is not known whether these are really independent risk factors for hypertension. We point out that these factors are related to each other and that they differ with regard to their impact on the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. In particular, a hyper‐responsiveness of blood pressure to different stimuli, reflecting an overreactivity of the sympathetic nervous system, appears to play a central role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Thus, the haemodynamic response to provocative stress tests may enable us to identify individuals at high risk for future hypertension.
Delirium, a study of 100 cases
Authors: Newton Norris L. , Janati Abdorasool 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA retrospective study has been made on 100 consecutive cases of delirium admitted to the John L. McClellan Veterans Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, during the past 7½ years. The cases were statistically grouped according to the classification recommended by the American Psychiatric Association. They were further grouped as to predominant medical or precipitating conditions. Observations were drawn as to pertinent laboratory and neurosensory findings. Emergency and general treatment recommendations are discussed.
Psychological sequelae in the rape victim
Authors: Torem Moshe S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe psychological consequences of rape are described. Many rape victims develop a syndrome that meets the DSM III diagnostic criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder. The patient's coping mechanisms of dissociation and amnesia are described and the implications for the delayed post‐traumatic stress disorder are discussed. Principles of therapeutic management are delineated with special emphasis on therapeutic abreaction and alleviation of guilt by reframing and restructuring the patient's perception of the rape.
Stress‐induced stress in the psychiatrist: A naval psychiatrist's personal view of the Falklands conflict
Authors: O'Connell Morgan R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe views of the author are his own and do not purport to reflect the position of the Medical Director General (Navy) or the Ministry of Defence. The Falklands War happened over 3 years ago and much has been written about it from many angles. A search of the literature indicates that this may be the first occasion in which psychiatrists were specifically deployed with a seaborne task force. The war itself was unusual in many features. This report tends to communicate in the first instance to fellow psychiatrists, and not least to the medical profession in general, the more personal aspects of a unique life event.
Psychological problems arising from disaster work
Authors: Duckworth Douglas H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA case study is presented of a problem‐solving exercise with UK police officers who experienced psychological problems after their duties in connection with the Bradford fire disaster of May 11 1985. It is argued that they typify the ‘forgotten victims’ of disasters: official helpers of one kind or another whose experiences may lead to significant psychological disturbance. Out of the 399 officers who had been involved with the fire, 234 (59 per cent) completed a screening questionnaire and 34 attended a series of confidential counselling sessions. Their specific problems included performance guilt, reconstruction anxiety, generalized irritability, focused resentment and motivational changes. Treatment interventions were tailored to these problems. A second administration of the screening questionnaire three weeks after counselling, and a follow‐up approximately nine months after the disaster, indicated a satisfactory level of recovery in the officers.
The stress‐resolving component in primary medical care
Authors: Ben‐Sira Zeev 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA study among Israeli primary care practitioners was aimed at elucidating the factors underlying a doctor's reluctance to demonstrate affective (humane, emotional, supportive) behaviour. Although there is awareness of the eventual aetiological role of psychosocial stress, such awareness does not imply recognition of the necessity for affective behaviour. Oblivion of such behaviour is justified by its insignificance for coping with stress and its alleged contradiction with the necessity for compliance with the doctor's regimen–compliance being identified as the most important factor in recovery. The importance of the data should be understood in the light of the accumulating evidence on the aetiological role of stress and its implications for incorporating stress‐alleviating behaviour as an inherent component of the medical intervention.
Executive stress in the Netherlands. A survey of managers
Authors: van der Ploeg Henk M. , Vis Jan , Cooper Cary L. , Spielberger Charles D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article reports the results of a survey of Dutch managers using an adaptation of the Cooper Executive Stress Questionnaire and the Spielberger Job Stress Survey. Dutch managers (N=366) are compared with executives from 10 countries studied by Cooper.1 Dutch managers reported less job dissatisfaction and lower degrees of depression, anxiety and psychosomatic tendencies than managers from other countries. Higher levels of job stress were associated with greater job dissatisfaction, depression and anxiety and with more psychosomatic tendencies for the Dutch managers. Although the number of different sources of job stress having impact on performance remained relatively constant with increasing age, job dissatisfaction decreased as a function of the manager's age.
Frequency of relaxation practice, blood pressure reduction and the general effects of relaxation following a controlled trial of behaviour modification for reducing coronary risk
Authors: Steptoe Andrew , Patel Chandra , Marmot Michael , Hunt Barbara 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA questionnaire concerning frequency of relaxation practice, the general effects of relaxation and other factors was completed at four‐year follow‐up by participants in a controlled trial of relaxation‐based behaviour modification for reducing coronary risk. Data were available from 81 (82 per cent) of the original treatment group and 72 (77 per cent) of controls. Only 17 per cent of subjects in the treatment group reported that they still practised relaxation regularly. Blood pressure reductions in these people were significantly greater than in those who had never relaxed, or had stopped relaxing within two and a half years of the end of the trial. Suggestive links between blood pressure reductions and attempts to use relaxation as a coping skill in everyday life were also observed. The treatment group reported greater improvements in several aspects of their lives (including relationships at work, enjoyment of life and personal and family relationships) than controls. Treatment subjects who continued to practise found relaxation less disruptive and easier to fit into their schedules than did others. These data are discussed in relation to factors determining long‐term positive outcome following relaxation‐based behaviour modification.
The stress of unexpected bereavement
Authors: Lundin Tom 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a prospective interview study 28 relatives of sudden and unexpected deceased persons were approached for an initial interview. The investigation took the form of a process study with recurring interviews during the first two years after bereavement. Fifty per cent of the interviewees developed an anxiety grief with either pronounced symptoms or life‐restricting effects. Using the interview material the mourning process and grief reactions are discussed in relation to the following variables: guilt feelings, the separation process, defence mechanisms, seeing the dead body, visiting the grave, anniversary reactions, coping process and dreams.
Amedicus: A new iatrogenic syndrome
Authors: Torem Moshe S. , Allen Arnold 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis iatrogenic syndrome is found in patients in general hospitals and in a variety of medical clinics, to a degree assuming almost epidemic proportions. It is characterized by one or all of these clinical manifestations: confusion, anxiety, insomnia, hostility, depression, suspiciousness, hopelessness, indecisiveness. distrust, withdrawal and the feeling of abandonment. The patient's organic pathology is not sufficient to account for these manifestations and they often appear in patients with no previous psychiatric history. The common denominator in this condition is the patient's communication that he feels he is operating without a physician who is directly responsible for his care. This comes about as a direct consequence of the proliferation of group medical practices and the increasing mechanization and specialization in medical practice over the last one or two decades. The result is often a lack of communication between the many different physicians by whom the patient is seen. Consequent to this, the patient is faced with contradictory information from a variety of physicians who fail to coordinate the diagnostic workup and treatment approach. The direct cause is the absence of a single physician who would coordinate the patient's care and orchestrate the harmonious functioning of the health care team. The clinical manifestations of this syndrome rapidly clear when the liaison psychiatrist or some other member of the health care team can fulfill this function.This article on the ‘amedicus syndrome’ addresses itself to the clinical picture of this syndrome, possible etiology, dynamics and treatment. Supportive case vignettes are presented.
Type a behaviour and vulnerability to diseases: A Spanish retrospective study
Authors: Valdés Manuel , De Flores Tomas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe authors present a Spanish retrospective study in which type A behaviour is related to the prevalence of different disorders and diseases in a white‐collar sample of both sexes (n = 963). This survey was aimed to ascertain if type A behaviour is a general risk factor, able to initiate different pathophysiological mechanisms. Data about general health were collected through the Blackburn Health Questionnaire and type A behaviour was assessed by the Bortner questionnaire. Results showed that among A people there was a significantly higher prevalence of disorders and diseases related to the respiratory and circulatory systems.
Affect and angina
Authors: Channer Kevin S. , Rees J. Russell 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe influence of mood on exercise tolerance was studied in 186 patients with chest pain presenting to a cardiology clinic for diagnostic exercise stress testing. Mood was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and patients were exercised using a standard protocol. One hundred and fourteen patients had positive exercise tests indicating the presence of coronary artery disease and 72 patients had negative or inconclusive tests. Patients with negative exercise tests were younger, more commonly female, had atypical chest pain, and significantly higher anxiety and depression scores compared with those with positive exercise tests. In patients with positive exercise tests there was a significant negative correlation between the exercise duration and both anxiety and depression scores.Thus, mood influences the symptomatology of ischaemic heart disease. Many patients with atypical chest pain have significant abnormalities of mood which may be causally related to their pain.