bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Psychiatric Study of Patients with Supposed Food Allergy
Authors: Rix Keith J. B. , Pearson David J. , Bentley Stephen J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-three patients who believed they suffered from food allergy were studied at the time of their presentation to an allergy clinic. The presence of organic food hypersensitivy could not be confirmed in 19 who attributed common neurotic symptoms to allergy; this group was almost identical, in terms of psychiatric symptomatology and general characteristics, with a group of new psychiatric out-patient referrals. There was no evidence of psychiatric disorder or food-related psychological symptoms in four patients with proven food-related atopic symptoms. The study failed to find evidence that psychological symptoms might be the result of organic reactions to foods.
Children who Poison Themselves I. A Clinical Comparison with Psychiatric Controls
Authors: Taylor E. A. , Stansfeld S. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty schoolchildren, admitted as medical emergencies after poisoning themselves, were compared with 50 matched controls, resident in the same area of London, referred for psychiatric help for other reasons. The dependent measures were based upon systematically recorded clinical information in both groups. The self-poisoners showed more psychiatric symptoms and more disturbed family relationships than did the psychiatric group; they were more likely to meet criteria for depressive disorder and to come from families showing little warmth. This form of self-injury is not trivial or wholly culturally determined, and it warrants psychiatric intervention.
Effects of Desipramine Treatment upon Central Adrenoceptor Function in Normal Subjects
Authors: Corn T. H. , Thompson C. , Checkley S. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySix normal subjects were given clonidine infusions after 0, 1 and 3 weeks of treatment with desipramine (2 mg/kgm) and at 1 and 3 weeks after withdrawal from desipramine. The sedative and hypotensive effects of clonidine were inhibited after one and three weeks of desipramine treatment, and returned to normal after stopping treatment without any rebound increase. Such a time-course can be explained in terms of the acute effects of the drug, no adaptive changes at receptors need be invoked.By contrast, the growth hormone response to clonidine tended to be increased after one week of desipramine, reduced after three weeks of treatment, and further reduced after discontinuation. Such a time-course is consistent with an adaptive down regulation at α2adrenoceptors in response to their acute stimulation, due to noradrenaline re-uptake blockade.
The Validity of Actometer and Speech Activity Measures in the Assessment of Depressed Patients
Authors: Godfrey Hamish P. D. , Knight Robert G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDaily levels of anxious and depressed mood, as well as motor and speech activity were monitored for five depressed and four hypomanic patients during the courses of their in-patient treatment. The data were compared with results from nine matched control subjects. Motor activity was assessed using the actometer—a wrist watch which translates activity into movement of the watch hands—and the speech activity by recording the pause, phonation, and total times taken to recite the digits from one to ten. Validity data for the actometer and for total and pause time were found to be encouraging as outcome monitors for the treatment of depressive affect; the significant results from the total time measure suggest that this simple method is worthy of more widespread use in clinical settings.
Neuropsychological Function in Diabetic Patients with Neuropathy
Authors: Lawson J. S. , Erdahl D. L Williams , Monga T. N. , Bird C. E. , Donald M. W. , Surridge D. H. C. , Letemendia F. J. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPsychometric examination of a group of diabetic patients and a group of age-matched controls failed to provide evidence of impaired intellectual functioning in the diabetic group. The cognitive status of the diabetics was not related to the duration of the illness, the age at diagnosis, or clinical ratings of peripheral or autonomic neuropathy.
The Natural History of Behavioural Symptoms among Severely and Profoundly Mentally Retarded Patients
Authors: Reid A. H. , Ballinger B. R. , Heather B. B. , Melvin S. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a study of the evolution of behavioural symptoms in severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults in hospital over a period of six years, items of abnormal behaviour were found to be remarkably persistent. There is a high prevalence rate of psychiatric disorder in this population, when this disorder is defined in a widely descriptive sense. A substantially improved living environment, and increased staff-patient ratios, are prerequisites for improving disturbed behaviour in these patients.
Effect of Anticholinergics on Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Greil W. , Haag H. , Rossnagl G. , Rüther E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, ten chronic schizophrenic patients with pronounced symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD) were withdrawn from anticholinergic medication. All patients had previously been under long-term treatment with neuroleptics and anticholinergics for at least two years. The rating-scales used were the AIMS, our own TD Scale, and the Simpson-Angus scale for extra-pyramidal side-effects. The severity of TD decreased significantly in nine patients within two weeks; this improvement, most pronounced in the oral region (P <.001), persisted during a six-week placebo period. There was a slight increase in parkinsonian symptoms (P <.05), which was not a prerequisite for improvement in TD. Hence, discontinuation of anticholinergic medication is a possible therapeutic approach in patients with TD.
Depression: A Breakdown of Perceptual Defence?
Authors: Powell Mary , Hemsley David R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effect of depressed mood on the tachistoscopic recognition of neutral/unpleasant words was investigated in a group of 18 depressed inpatients and in 17 normal controls. A 50% recognition threshold for 30 neutral words was calculated for each subject, in order to exclude the effects of depressive slowness on the experimental task. Each subject was tachistoscopically presented with a series of experimental words (30 neutral/30 unpleasant) at his 50% level, and the ratio of neutral to unpleasant words recognised calculated. Depressed subjects tended to recognise a higher ratio of unpleasant to neutral words.
Motor and Sighting Dominance in Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Merrin Edward L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe relationship was examined between sinistral eye and hand preference and age at first hospitalisation, clinical course and social competence in chronic schizophrenics. Motor and sighting dominance were assessed in 52 newly admitted chronic schizophrenic males. Left-handedness in this study was associated with inferior social competence, but left-eyedness with later age of first hospitalisation and proportionally less time spent in hospitals. These findings were only true for paranoid schizophrenics.
Anorexia Nervosa: Long-term Outcome in 50 Female Patients
Authors: Hall Anne , Slim Enid , Hawker Fiona , Salmond Clare 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty consecutively referred female patients with anorexia nervosa were followed-up to identify those completely healthy at a minimum of four years (mean eight years) since onset. As well as using Morgan's Outcome Measures, an independent psychiatrist elicited details of food/weight pre-occupation and psychiatric state. The outcome results, based on weight and menstruation, (36% ‘good’, 36% ‘intermediate’, and 26% ‘poor’ including 2% dead, and 2% not assessed) did not differ significantly from those of the three similar published studies on similar patients; 62% of patients continued to have some food/weight pre-occupation. DSM III criteria for a psychiatric disorder other than eating disorder were fulfilled by 50%; dysthymic disorder was common (34%), occurring exclusively in patients with continuing eating disorder symptoms, while only 20% of the sample were free of any physical or mental abnormality. Of 52 prognostic factors studied, only four were significantly related to the outcome measures. Length of illness at presentation was the only prognostic factor common to all four similarly conducted studies.
Long-term Outcome of Bereavement
Authors: Lundin Tom 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWith the aid of the Texas Inventory of Grief, 130 first-degree relatives were studied eight years after bereavement. It was found that relatives of persons who had died suddenly and unexpectedly had more pronounced grief reactions than those of persons whose deaths were more expected. The same was observed concerning parents as a group, compared with widows and widowers. The inventory was found to be of value for assessing whether the outcome was good or poor, but it was not possible to identify risk groups with this method.
Suicide in Fiji: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Haynes Ruth H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA survey of police and medical records in a province of Fiji indicated high rates of suicide for Indian women under 30 and for Indian men over that age, especially amongst families engaged in sugar-cane farming. Indian suicide rates were high during the Indenture period (1879–1920), and are still higher amongst Indians than amongst native Fijians: almost 90% of all suicides are Indian, though this group comprises only 50% of Fiji's total population. Age/sex/ethnic distribution, methods, and precipitating factors of recorded suicides were examined for one province of Vanua Levu during the period 1979–82. The increasing use of toxic herbicides, especially paraquat, as a vehicle for suicide is discussed.
Co-existence of the Capgras and Ekbom Syndromes
Authors: McLaughlin Jo-Ann , Sims Andrew 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA case is described in which a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia was made using the criteria of Schneiderian first-rank symptoms. The patient showed the Capgras syndrome, with delusional misidentification of her son and other people in her environment, and also Ekbom's syndrome, with the delusion that she was infested with parasitic worms which migrated between various parts of her body. In this case, the two syndromes are descriptions of a specific delusional content, and occur as part of the psychopathology within a schizophrenic disorder, rather than as distinct disease entities.
Hyperparathyroidism and Paranoid Psychosis
Authors: Alarcón Renato D. , Franceschini José A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryLiterature on psychiatric manifestations of hyperparathyroidism published in the last four decades confirms the unusual features of a case of paranoid psychosis secondary to a parathyroid-adenoma-induced hypercalcaemia. Affective and organic symptoms are overwhelmingly dominant in hypercalcaemic patients; the majority of cases reported are women of 50 years or older, who have been vaguely ill for a prolonged time before the actual endocrinopathy appears. The severity of the psychiatric symptoms does not seem to be related to the degree of hypercalcaemia. Recent findings link the role of calcium and related ions in the production of psychopathological symptoms to membrane phenomena, dopaminergic activity, and neuroendocrine regulation.
Impact of Psychogeriatric Day Hospital Care on the Patient's Family
Authors: Gilleard C. J. , Gilleard E. , Whittick J. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe supporters of 129 patients referred for psychogeriatric day hospital care were interviewed and followed-up after three and six months. The majority of their dependents suffered from dementia. Thirty-one per cent were still attending six months later, while 37% had been admitted to institutional care. The most positive effects of day hospital were associated with continued patient attendance, the number of distinct advantages foreseen by the supporter, and the lack of any negative expectations concerning their dependents' adjustment to day care. Positive benefits were also closely associated with reductions in the number of problems faced by the supporter.
A Comparative Evaluation of Two Psychiatric Day Hospitals
Authors: Milne Derek 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo psychiatric day hospitals were evaluated in terms of the outcomes after three months' attendance by patients. Multiple measures were made using questionnaires, naturalistic observation, and ratings at the start and end of this period, for a total of 83 patients. The results indicated that although both day hospitals were serving similar patient samples, only one was achieving significant clinical improvements; one plausible explanation for the findings was the differences between their respective programmes. The major implication of the result is the need for evaluation of both the outcome obtained by patients following attendance and the therapeutic process by which these outcomes are achieved.
Disorders with Overvalued Ideas
Authors: McKenna P.J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe overvalued idea, first described by Wernicke, refers to a solitary, abnormal belief that is neither delusional nor obsessional in nature, but which is preoccupying to the extent of dominating the sufferer's life. Disorders conforming to his definition are well documented, though their recognition as such has been variable, and they may not be as rare as is often thought. As well as sharing a distinctive phenomenology, the conditions develop in similar settings and carry a uniformly poor prognosis. Their pathogenesis is obscure and difficult to account for in conventional terms.
The DST and its Relationship to Psychiatric Diagnosis, Symptoms and Treatment Outcome
Authors: Klein Helmfried E. , Bender Wolfram , Mayr Hermann , Niederschweiberer Alois , Schmauss Max 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was administered shortly after admission to 102 consecutive in-patients with a Hamilton depression score ≥16. Post-dexamethasone cortisol exceeded 6pg/dl in 16 cases, and levels correlated significantly with Hamilton scores; with the AMP syndromes ‘hypochondria’, ‘apathy’ and ‘catatonia’; and with the IMPS ‘retarded depressive’ syndrome. The criterion of suppression/non-suppression did not distinguish significantly between diagnostic categories (RDC or ICD), nor between endogenous and neurotic depression. (Newcastle scale). Both base-line and post-dexamethasone cortisol levels were reduced by prior treatment with minor tranquillisers, but not by major tranquillisers or antidepressants. DST results cannot be used as straightforward indicators of prognosis.
Psychiatric Hospital Admissions in Bristol. I. Geographical and Ethnic Factors
Authors: Ineichen B. , Harrison G. , Morgan H. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe distribution of in-patient psychiatric admissions throughout the city of Bristol during the period 1978–1981 is described. High rates were found from the central urban areas of low social class and with a high concentration of immigrants. The findings suggest that immigrant groups (mainly of West Indian origin) are no more likely than others living in the city centre to become psychiatric hospital in-patients, but when they do so, they are more likely to require compulsory admission.
Psychiatric Hospital Admissions in Bristol. II. Social and Clinical Aspects of Compulsory Admission
Authors: Harrison Glynn , Ineichen Bernard , Smith Janet , Morgan H. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree groups of patients admitted compulsorily from populations with markedly different rates of compulsory psychiatric admissions were compared on a range of social and clinical data. Whilst West Indian and white patients from inner city areas differed in many respects, they were both more likely than other patients to be referred to the psychiatric services through police agencies, with little GP involvement and were often admitted from public places following disturbed behaviour. However, levels of violence and threatening behaviour were no higher among inner city patients, black or white, and once admitted, these groups showed similar treatment compliance to white patients who had been admitted compulsorily from suburban areas. Implications for primary care and delivery of psychiatric services are discussed.
Institutionalisation and the Outcome of Functional Psychoses
Authors: Johnstone Eve C. , Owens D. G. C. , Frith C. D. , Calvert Louie M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe outcome in patients receiving long-term in-patient care for manic-depressive psychosis was compared with that in long-stay schizophrenic in-patients and discharged schizophrenic patients. The manic-depressive and schizophrenic in-patients differed in terms of positive and negative features and in the pattern of behaviour, but were equally cognitively impaired. The pattern of behaviour in both schizophrenic groups was the same. The results offer some support for the use of outcome as a validating criterion for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Oral Contraception and Serious Psychiatric Illness: Absence of an Association
Authors: Vessey M. P. , McPherson K. , Lawless M. , Yeates D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe incidence of serious psychiatric illness, as measured by first referral to hospital for specialist advice and treatment, has been investigated among 16,746 women taking part in the Oxford Family Planning Association contraceptive study. Of these women, 9,504 were recruited while using oral contraceptives, 4,144 while using a diaphragm and 3,098 while using an intrauterine device.The results are reassuring with respect to oral contraceptive use. First referral rates per 1000 woman-years of observation in the oral contraceptive, diaphragm, and intrauterine device entry groups were 3.0, 2.6, and 2.8 respectively for non-psychotic psychiatric disorders and 0.46, 0.43, and 0.53 respectively for psychotic disorders.Attempted suicide occurred only 40% as often amongst diaphragm users as amongst users of oral contraceptives or intrauterine devices; this finding presumably reflects the characteristics of women who choose the diaphragm as their birth control method.
The Impact of Lithium in South-West Scotland III. The Discontinuation of Lithium
Authors: McCreadie R. G. , McCormick M. , Morrison D. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA review in South-West Scotland of all patients prescribed lithium for the first time during the years 1972–82 showed that on average, 12 per 100,000 of the general population start this drug each year. By the end of the period, lithium had been stopped in 58% of patients; the most common reason for discontinuation was the development of side-effects, of which tremor was the most frequent. In only 15% was lithium stopped as it was considered no longer necessary; 44% of patients discontinued lithium within one year of starting it.
De Clérambault's Syndrome—A Nosological Entity?
Authors: Ellis Peter , Mellsop Graham 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe consistency of de Clérambault's syndrome and its relationship to other diagnostic labels is examined in terms of operational criteria derived from the original description of the syndrome. Five new cases of erotic delusions are examined, and 53 cases reported in the recent literature are reviewed; none of these completely satisfies the diagnostic criteria, while the majority of patients actually suffered from another disorder, most commonly schizophrenia. The justification for the retention of the syndrome as a nosological entity is discussed, and it is argued that the term should be seen as principally of historical interest.
Predicting Improvement in Patients with Non-Endogenous Depression
Authors: Parker Gordon , Tennant Chris , Blignault Ilse 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty-three patients with non-endogenous depressive disorders were assessed shortly after psychiatric referral, and reassessed at six and at 20 weeks. The pattern of improvement appeared to be set shortly after the initial consultation, but could be most clearly predicted by the degree of improvement at the end of the third week. Key baseline factors predicting a more marked improvement at each follow-up were a more severe depression, the break-up of an intimate relationship, and the presence of weight loss. Positive life events occuring after the initial assessment predicted improvement at six and at 20 weeks, while the presence of a neutralising event (which negated an earlier threatening life event) predicted improvement at 20 weeks.
Academic Difficulty among Male Egyptian University Students
Authors: Okasha Ahmed , Kamel Moustafa , Khalil Afaf H. , Sadek A. , Ashour A. , Lotaif F. , Bishry Z. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWe compared 178 students with academic problems with 77 academically successful students. Academic difficulty showed highly significant associations with low socio-economic status, over-crowded housing, paternal behaviour problems and a poor relationship between the parents; also significant associations with family history of psychiatric disorder and living away from home. Academic achievement at school was no guide to university performance. Failed students had fewer friendships, especially with women, amd more limited recreational activities. They also scored significantly lower on tests of verbal and non-verbal IQ, and worse on the Bender Gestalt and trail-making tests. EPQ results suggested that university students, particularly those with academic difficulties, are more neurotic and introverted than the general Egyptian population.
Epileptic Psychosis: An Evaluation of PSE Profiles
Authors: Perez M. M. , Trimble M. R. , Murray N. M. F. , Reider I. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryData are presented on 24 patients with epilepsy and psychosis whose clinical presentation was rated using the Present State Examination (PSE). Seventeen had complex partial seizures and a diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy, seven had generalised epilepsy. An association between a CATEGO category of nuclear schizophrenia (NS) and a lesion of the left side was noted. No clear link between depressive symptoms and a right-sided focus was discovered. Affective disorders were noted in both groups of epileptic patients, although paranoid psychoses were commoner in the temporal lobe group. There was also a tendency for the latter to have more delusions of persecution, ideas of reference, and special features of depression. The group rated as NS appear less likely to show evidence of intellectual deterioration than the other psychotic patients; in addition, the interval between the onset of their epilepsy and the onset of their psychosis is shorter. Radiological assessment by CAT reveals few differences between groups, but the psychotic samples do show higher than expected values on a number of variables, in particular the bilateral septum-caudate distance and the size of the third and fourth ventricle.
More and More is Less and Less
Authors: Richman Alex , Barry Arthur 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe idea of massive unmet need for mental health services is a myth, generated and perpetuated by processes within the system which provides psychiatric care and within society. Diffusion of the traditional boundaries of mental health care, lack of norms and standards, medicalisation and ‘healthism’, specialoid practice and patient selection, diversion of resources from the longterm mentally ill and their absorption by better-functioning patients, substitution and development of new mental health service providers, and changes in the threshold for help-seeking all affect our assumptions of need. Needs are less massive, if the boundaries of psychiatry are defined so as to include only those disorders which the profession is best able to treat.