bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiographic Analyses of “Advanced” Marginal Bone Loss Around Brånemark® Dental Implants
Authors: Pikner Solweig Sundén , Gröndahl Kerstin 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTBackground: Dental implant failures have a multifactorial background; dependency within patient/jaw exists. Failures caused by bone loss are rare. Lately, advanced bone loss around implants has been discussed.Purposes: Our aim was to study advanced bone level changes (≥2 mm) regarding “clustering effect,” prediction, and dependency. Further, we also aimed to study if the number of radiographs/radiographic examinations could be reduced.Materials and Methods: Six hundred and forty patients (3,462 Brånemark implants) with radiographic follow‐ups ≥5 years were included, whereas patients with overdentures and augmentation procedures were excluded.Results: Progression rate for implants with advanced bone loss was largest during the first year; thereafter, slow. A cluster effect was found with more advanced bone loss in few patients. Position was important for lower jaw implants with larger bone loss for implants placed close to midline. Age, jaw type, and implant placement were identified as predictors. The longer the follow‐ups, the more bone loss around a randomly selected and examined implant, and the more implants per patient, the higher the risk for bone loss ≥2 mm around any other implant. Still, it seems safe to exclude radiographic follow‐ups during the first 5 years. Dependency within the patient was found, hence the “one‐implant‐per‐patient technique” can be applied.Conclusion: The number of intraoral radiographs per examination and, more importantly, radiographic examinations can be reduced without jeopardizing good clinical management, a statement valid even for Brånemark implants with advanced bone loss.
Influence of Differently Oriented Dentin Surfaces and the Regional Variation of Specimens on Adhesive Layer Thickness and Bond Strength
Authors: PAZINATTO FLÁVIA BITTENCOURT , ATTA MARIA TERESA 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTStatement of the Problem:  Adhesive systems can spread differently onto a substrate and, consequently, influence bonding.Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of differently oriented dentin surfaces and the regional variation of specimens on adhesive layer thickness and microtensile bond strength (MTBS).Materials and Methods:  Twenty‐four molars were sectioned mesiodistally to expose flat buccal and lingual halves. Standardized drop volumes of adhesive systems (Single Bond [SB] and Prime & Bond 2.1 [PB2.1]) were applied to dentin according to the manufacturer's instructions. Teeth halves were randomly divided into groups: 1A‐SB/parallel to gravity; 1B‐SB/perpendicular to gravity; 2A‐PB2.1/parallel to gravity; and 2B‐PB2.1/perpendicular to gravity. The bonded assemblies were stored in 37°C distilled water for 24 hours and then sectioned to obtain dentin sticks (0.8 mm2). The adhesive layer thickness was determined in a light microscope (×200), and after 48 hours the specimens were subjected to MTBS test. Data were analyzed by one‐way and two‐way analysis of variance and Student–Newman–Keuls tests.Results:  Mean values (MPa ± SD) of MTBS were: 39.1 ± 12.9 (1A); 32.9 ± 12.4 (1B); 52.9 ± 15.2 (2A); and 52.3 ± 16.5 (2B). The adhesive systems' thicknesses (µm ± SD) were: 11.2 ± 2.9 (1A); 18.1 ± 7.3 (1B); 4.2 ± 1.8 (2A); and 3.9 ± 1.3 (2B). No correlation between bond strength and adhesive layer thickness for both SB and PB2.1 (r = –0.224, p = 0.112 and r = 0.099, p = 0.491, respectively) was observed.Conclusions:  The differently oriented dentin surfaces and the regional variation of specimens on the adhesive layer thickness are material‐dependent. These variables do not influence the adhesive systems' bond strength to dentin.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEAdhesive systems have different viscosities and spread differently onto a substrate, influencing the bond strength and also the adhesive layer thickness. Adhesive thickness does not influence dentin bond strength, but it may impair adequate solvent evaporation, polymer conversion, and may also determine water sorption and adhesive degradation over time. In the literature, many studies have shown that the adhesive layer is a permeable membrane and can fail over timebecause ofits continuous plasticizing and degradation when in contact with water. Therefore, avoiding thick adhesive layers may minimize these problems and provide long‐term success for adhesive restorations.
Role of Nitric Oxide Dependence on Nitric Oxide Synthase‐like Activity in the Water Stress Signaling of Maize Seedling
Authors: Hao Gang‐Ping , Xing Yu , Zhang Jian‐Hua 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) has been known as an important signal in plant antioxidative defense but its production and roles in water stress are less known. The present study investigated whether NO dependence on a NO synthase‐like (NOS) activity is involved in the signaling of drought‐induced protective responses in maize seedlings.
NOS activity, rate of NO release and drought responses were analyzed when NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), NO scavenger c‐PTIO (2‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide) and NOS inhibitor L‐NAME (NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester) were applied to both detached maize leaves and whole plants. Both NOS activity and the rate of NO release increased substantially under dehydration stress. The high NOS activity induced by c‐PTIO as NO scavenger and NO accumulation inhibited by NOS inhibitor L‐NAME in dehydration‐treated maize seedlings indicated that most NO production under water deficit stress may be generated from NOS‐like activity. After dehydration stress for 3 h, detached maize leaves pretreated with NO donor SNP maintained more water content than that of control leaves pretreated with water. This result was consistent with the decrease in the transpiration rate of SNP‐treated leaves subjected to drought treatment for 3 h. Membrane permeability, a cell injury index, was lower in SNP‐treated maize leaves under dehydration stress for 4 h when compared with the control leaves. Also, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of SNP combined drought treatment maize leaves was higher than that of drought treatment alone, indicating that exogenous NO treatment alleviated the water loss and oxidative damage of maize leaves under water deficit stress. When c‐PTIO as a specific NO scavenger was applied, the effects of applied SNP were overridden. Treatment with L‐NAME on leaves also led to higher membrane permeability, higher transpiration rate and lower SOD activities than those of control leaves, indicating that NOS‐like activity was involved in the antioxidative defense under water stress. These results suggested that NO dependence on NOS‐like activity serves as a signaling component in the induction of protective responses and is associated with drought tolerance in maize seedlings.
Effects on Genome Constitution and Novel Cell Wall Formation Caused by the Addition of 5RS Rye Chromosome to Common Wheat
Authors: Cheng Zhi‐Jun , Murata Minoru , Sodmergen  , Li Xiao‐Mei , Nian Hai , Wan Jian‐Min 
Published: April 2008

Abstract The cytological instability of common wheat‐rye addition lines was investigated in the present study. The chromosome numbers of almost all addition lines were considerably stable, but those of CS + 5R were very variable. The rye chromosome added in this line was found to be much shorter than expected. Fluorescent in situ hybridization with 5S rDNA and the centromere‐specific probes clearly revealed that the short rye chromosome contains only a short arm of chromosome 5R (5RS). In this line, chromosome numbers of both 5RS and common wheat were changeable. The chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 36 to 2n = 44 in the cells carrying two 5RS, and ranged from 2n = 31 to 2n = 44 in one 5RS cells. In addition to the chromosome instability, the multicells wrapped in a sac‐like structure were frequently observed in the root meristematic tissues of CS + 5RS after the enzyme treatment for chromosome preparation. Genomic in situ hybridization with rye DNA as a probe showed that all cells in sacs investigated were at the interphase stage and contained one or two 5RS chromosomes. An electron microscopic analysis revealed that the cells of CS + 5RS, particularly in sacs, have abnormal (irregular and curved) cell walls. These results indicate that 5RS has (a) specific factor(s) influencing the cell wall development as well as the genome stability.
Gene Structure and Expression of the High‐affinity Nitrate Transport System in Rice Roots
Authors: Cai Chao , Wang Jun‐Yi , Zhu Yong‐Guan , Shen Qi‐Rong , Li Bin , Tong Yi‐Ping , Li Zhen‐Sheng 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Rice has a preference for uptake of ammonium over nitrate and can use ammonium‐N efficiently. Consequently, transporters mediating ammonium uptake have been extensively studied, but nitrate transporters have been largely ignored. Recently, some reports have shown that rice also has high capacity to acquire nitrate from growth medium, so understanding the nitrate transport system in rice roots is very important for improving N use efficiency in rice. The present study identified four putative NRT2 and two putative NAR2 genes that encode components of the high‐affinity nitrate transport system (HATS) in the rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica cv. Nipponbare) genome. OsNRT2.1 and OsNRT2.2 share an identical coding region sequence, and their deduced proteins are closely related to those from mono‐cotyledonous plants. The two NAR2 proteins are closely related to those from mono‐cotyledonous plants as well. However, OsNRT2.3 and OsNRT2.4 are more closely related to Arabidopsis NRT2 proteins. Relative quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that all of the six genes were rapidly upregulated and then downregulated in the roots of N‐starved rice plants after they were re‐supplied with 0.2 mM nitrate, but the response to nitrate differed among gene members. The results from phylogenetic tree, gene structure and expression analysis implied the divergent roles for the individual members of the rice NRT2 and NAR2 families. High‐affinity nitrate influx rates associated with nitrate induction in rice roots were investigated and were found to be regulated by external pH. Compared with the nitrate influx rates at pH 6.5, alkaline pH (pH 8.0) inhibited nitrate influx, and acidic pH (pH 5.0) enhanced the nitrate influx in 1 h nitrate induced roots, but did not significantly affect that in 4 to 8 h nitrate induced roots.
HYDROCARBON SOURCE ROCK ASSESSMENT AND REVISED BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF DSDP SITE 369A, OFFSHORE NORTHWEST AFRICAN MARGIN
Authors: Cool T. , Katz B. , Dignes T. , Reimers D. , Fleisher R. 
Published: April 2008

Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 369A, drilled off Cape Bajador, NW Africa, provided an opportunity to examine the source rock potential and biostratigraphy of the offshore Aaiun‐Tarfaya Basin. Within the Albian‐Campanian interval, total organic carbon (TOC) contents were found to be highly variable and cyclic, ranging from less than 0.5% to nearly 12%. Variations in hydrocarbon generation potential (S1 + S2) versus depth in general paralleled variations in TOC. Organic matter was generally marine in origin and oil‐prone.The newly generated data reported in this paper expand the range of TOC values which have been reported from the study region. However, they also illustrate the kinds of problems which can be introduced as a result of sampling bias. Sampling for this study tended to focus on darker‐coloured, more organic‐rich lithologic core intervals, contrasting with previous shipboard analyses which appeared to have focused on lighter‐coloured intervals. Based on the abundance of calcareous nannofossils, the elevated TOC contents appear to have been, at least partly, driven by elevated surface productivity which in turn increased biological oxygen demand within the sediment.New biostratigraphic data was used to identify an unconformity between the late Albianl early Cenomanian and the early Campanian successions, consistent with previous interpretations. Integration of the geochemical and biostratigraphic datasets indicates that these organic‐rich sediments are in general equivalent to Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events 1B, 1D and 3. Considering the apparent net thickness of these oil‐prone sediments and the possibility that they may be widely distributed throughout the basin, they may have the potential to generate commercially significant volumes of oil where buried sufficiently deeply.
3D SEDIMENTARY MODELLING OF A MIOCENE DELTAIC RESERVOIR UNIT, SINCOR FIELD, VENEZUELA: A NEW APPROACH
Authors: Labourdette R. , Casas J. , Imbert P. 
Published: April 2008

The “C2” unit in the Morichal Member of the Miocene Oficina Formation at the Sincor field (East Venezuela Basin) is characterised by a succession of superposed deltaic cycles which control vertical and horizontal reservoir connectivity. In order to model this reservoir in three dimensions, a workflow was developed which addressed a series of specific challenges. First, the deltaic nature of the succession required that both distributary channel and mouth bar sandbodies had to be modelled according to the defined sequence stratigraphic framework. Second, the relationship between distributary channels and mouth bars had to be honoured. A third issue was that individual distributary channel sandbodies were on occasion thicker than the cycle to which they belonged (i.e. they eroded down into the underlying cycle), and the relationship between mouth bar and channel sandbodies in adjacent sequences was therefore broken. Although conceptually simple from a geological viewpoint, this aspect proved particularly difficult during 3D modelling.This paper discusses the construction of the stratigraphic model, as well as that of the channel and mouth bar models. The workflow is based on existing stochastic approaches, arranged in nested steps dependent on the stratigraphic framework and on defined depositional processes in order to simulate reservoir distribution and partitioning. By integrating sedimentological observations and interpretations with existing modelling procedures, a reliable reservoir model can be built. The model is based on the observed sequence stratigraphic framework, and its infill takes into account the relationship between distributary channels and mouth bar deposits, derived from depositional processes. The model provides realistic distributions of the channel fills and mouth bar deposits at Sincor field using a multi‐realisation scheme. Improved local vertical connectivity between individual sequences, caused by erosion of highstand mudstone seals and baffles, can effectively be simulated; this is of particular significance at Sincor where planned second‐phase heavy oil recovery will depend on the use of steam‐assisted gravity drainage.
The Effects of Feeding on Muscle Growth Dynamics and the Proliferation of Myogenic Progenitor Cells during Pike Perch Development (Sander lucioperca)
Authors: Ostaszewska Teresa , Dabrowski Konrad , Wegner Arleta , Krawiec Maria 
Published: April 2008

Abstract The effects of feeding on the development and growth of pike perch muscle and on proliferation of their progenitor myogenic cells were evaluated. Larvae were fed starting on Day 5 after hatching with Artemia nauplii, two commercial diets (Aglo Norse [AN] and Biokyowa [BK]), and two formulated diets (C [nonhydrolyzed casein] and CH [25% casein hydrolysate]). The survival, body mass, and length of pike perch juveniles fed Artemia nauplii and AN and BK diets were significantly higher compared to the C and CH groups. The highest somatic growth rate was associated with an increased contribution of hyperplasia to white muscle growth. Significantly higher frequency of proliferating cell nuclear antigen‐ and Ki‐67‐positive nuclei in the white muscle of fish fed Artemia nauplii and commercial diets compared to those fed C and CH feeds indicates that feeding affected the number of fibers. The pike perch fed the CH diet exhibited significantly lower total cross‐section area and average fiber area, additionally to the pathological changes in muscle morphology. The larvae fed natural food and diets promoting a fast growth rate exhibited a higher contribution of hyperplasia to muscle growth, which in turn, promoted an increase in the body size of adult fish.
Response of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), to Diets of Pigeon Pea, Cajanus cajan, Subjected to Different Processing Methods
Authors: Ogunji Johnny O. , Osuigwe Donald I. , Okogwu Okechukwu , Uwadiegwu Nicholas 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Raw undehulled pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan, seeds were processed by toasting, boiling, and soaking before milling to produce pigeon pea meals (PPMs). African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, were fed eight diets formulated with these meals at two dietary inclusion levels of 600 and 650
g/kg in combination with fish waste meal levels of 350 and 330 g/kg, respectively, to yield a protein and energy contents of 35.96
±
2.1% dry matter and 18.04
±
0.2 kJ/g. Fish (mean weight 0.46
g) were weighed and distributed to 24 experimental tanks (seven fish per tank). Triplicate fish groups were fed restricted ration (5% of biomass) per day in two portions for 56 d in static water. Results showed that fish groups fed raw PPM diets had low body weight gain (BWG), inferior specific growth rate (SGR), and high feed conversion ratio (FCR) when compared to other feeding groups. The hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and red blood cell and white blood cell counts decreased significantly (P
<
0.05) with raw PPM diets. Slight decrease also was recorded among groups fed diets of other processing methods when compared with initial fish. However, soaking for 16 h enhanced best fish BWG, SGR, FCR, and hematological values and can be recommended as a good processing method of PPM for African catfish diets.
Genome‐Wide Analysis of Subependymomas Shows Underlying Chromosomal Copy Number Changes Involving Chromosomes 6, 7, 8 and 14 in a Proportion of Cases
Authors: Kurian Kathreena M. , Jones David T.W. , Marsden Faye , Openshaw Sam W.S. , Pearson Danita M. , Ichimura Koichi , Collins V. Peter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSubependymomas (SE) are slow‐growing brain tumors that tend to occur within the ventricles of middle‐aged and elderly adults. The World Health Organization classifies these tumors within the ependymoma group. Previous limited analysis of this tumor type had not revealed significant underlying cytogenetic abnormalities.We have used microarray comparative genomic hybridization to study a series of SE (n = 12). A whole‐genome array at 0.97‐Mb resolution showed copy number abnormalities in five of 12 cases (42%). Two cases (17%) showed regions of loss on chromosome 6. More detailed analysis of all cases using a chromosome 6 tile‐path array confirmed the presence of overlapping regions of loss in only these two cases. One of these cases also showed trisomy chromosome 7. Monosomy of chromosome 8 was seen in a further two cases (17%), and a partial loss on chromosome 14 was observed in one additional case.This is the first array‐based, genome‐wide study of SE. The observation that five of 12 cases examined (42%) at 0.97‐Mb resolution showed chromosomal copy number abnormalities is a novel finding in this tumor type.
A rapid flow cytometric technique for the detection of platelet‐monocyte complexes, activated platelets and platelet‐derived microparticles
Authors: PEARSON LAURA , THOM JIM , ADAMS MURRAY , OOSTRYCK ROBERT , KRUEGER ROM , YONG GERALD , BAKER ROSS 
Published: April 2008

SummaryPlatelet activation occurs in a variety of clinical situations in which it directly contributes to the pathology. This study reports a simple flow cytometric assay for platelet activation which measures platelet‐derived microparticles, activated platelets and platelet–monocyte complexes. Pre‐ and post analytical conditions were investigated and optimized and a normal range established on 20 healthy controls. Twenty patients pre‐ and post percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were tested with the technique. Soluble activation markers sCD40 ligand and sP‐selectin and plasma phospholipid levels were measured in both groups. There was a significant increase in activated platelets and platelet–monocyte complexes between normal and pre‐PCI (P = 0.005 and 0.0275, respectively) suggesting an activated state. There was a significant fall in activated platelets post‐PCI (P = 0.0027) which was mirrored by a fall in soluble CD40 ligand, soluble P‐selectin and plasma phospholipid levels (P = 0.0066, <0.0001 and 0.0032, respectively) consistent with antiplatelet therapy administered during the process. This is a reliable and rapid method for the assessment of ex vivo platelet activation which may be an aid in diagnosis and help guide therapy for patients with thrombotic disease.
The reactive oxygen‐driven tumor: relevance to melanoma
Authors: Fried Levi , Arbiser Jack L. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryIn melanoma, at least four major signaling abnormalities have been described. They include β‐catenin deregulation (mutation/mislocalization), p16 loss, MAP kinase activation, and Akt activation. In this review, we discuss the role of the fourth pathway, known as the reactive oxygen driven tumor. The role of reactive oxygen in tumorigenesis is likely to relate to virtually all forms of cancer, and lends itself to specific therapies. These include blockade of reactive oxygen, resulting in decreased activation of NF‐κB, which should sensitize tumors to chemotherapy and radiation. The phenotype of the reactive oxygen driven tumor can be monitored using available markers already in use in most hospital laboratories.
Cytology and systematica of Araceae
Authors: Petersen Gitte 
Published: April 2008

The chromosome numbers of 75 species belonging to the family Araceae have been determined. The numbers for 53 species are reported for the first time. One number differs from previous reports (Aglaodorum), and one number is corrected (Phymatarum). Within 15 genera (Gymnostachys, Pothoidium, Alloschemone, Heteropsis, Holochlamys, Anaphyllopsis, Dracontioides, Pseudohydrosme, Montrichardia, Bucephalandra, Taccarum, Asterostigma, Gorgonidium, Spathantheum and Ulearum) the chromosome numbers have not previously been determined. The total number of genera cytologically investigated is now 99 (c. 94%).A great diversity in chromosome numbers as well as in chromosome size and constitution is found. The results are discussed in relation to the phylogeny and the previously published classifications of the family.A total list of chromosome numbers counted (>700 species) in the Araceae is presented (Appendix).