bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embodied Practices: Negotiation and Resistance
Authors: McGuire Meredith 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEschewing the notion that people’s spirituality and their bodily materiality are in binary opposition, this chapter examines how people engage their material bodies in their religious and spiritual practices. Rather than looking at the practices of religious institutions, it asks: What might we see differently if we focused on the ordinary, everyday embodied practices by which people, individually and collectively, literally live their religions? Bodies (e.g., senses, postures, gestures, and voices) are at the very core of individual religious experience, as well as at the center of shared religious expression and community. Examples of specific embodied practices in gardening and dancing suggest how many contemporary patterns of lived religion involve embodied practices.
Bioethics and the Brain
Authors: Glannon Walter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOur ability to map and intervene in the structure of the human brain is proceeding at a very quick rate. Advances in psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery have given us fresh insights into the neurobiological basis of human thought and behavior. Technologies like MRI and PET scans can detect early signs of psychiatric disorders before they manifest symptoms. Electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain can non-invasively relieve symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, and other conditions resistant to treatment, while implanting neuro-electrodes can help patients with Parkinson's and other motor control-related diseases. New drugs can help regenerate neuronal connections otherwise disrupted by schizophrenia and similar diseases. All these procedures and drugs alter the neural correlates of our mind, and raise fascinating and important ethical questions about their benefits and harms. They are, in a sense, among the most profound bioethical questions we face, since these techniques can touch on the deepest aspects of the human mind: free will, personal identity, the self, and the soul. This book starts by describing the state of the art in neuroscientific research and treatment, and gives an up-to-date picture of the brain. It then looks at the ethical implications of various kinds of treatments, such as whether or not brain imaging will end up changing our views on free will and moral responsibility; whether patients should always be told that they are at future risk for neurological diseases; if erasing unconscious emotional memories implicated in depression can go too far; if forcing behavior-modifying drugs or surgery on violent offenders can ever be justified; the implications of drugs that enhance cognitive abilities; and how to define brain death and the criteria for the withdrawal of life–support.
Neuroimaging
Authors: Glannon Walter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes different forms of brain imaging, laying out their design and limitations. It explains the ways brain scans can help to diagnose mental disorders, as well as to monitor the progression of these disorders and the effects of treatment for them. More ethically controversial uses of diagnostic imaging are discussed, including what brain scans might tell us about the neurobiological basis of free will and how they might influence our judgments about moral and legal responsibility. Ethical issues surrounding predictive imaging are then considered, focusing on problems with obtaining informed consent from patients and research subjects. This discussion will also consider the potential benefit and harm of having advance information associated with a neurological or psychiatric disease that one may or may not develop.
Brain Death
Authors: Glannon Walter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter defends a narrow neurological criterion of death, which says that the permanent cessation of higher brain, or cortical, function is sufficient for the death of a person. It distinguishes between persons and human organisms, and argues that we are essentially persons rather than organisms. This distinction is elaborated by considering different conceptions of the soul, as well as different perspectives on when the soul leaves the body. It is argued that only persons, and not human organisms, can have interests. The capacity for consciousness is necessary to have interests, and this capacity is an essential property of persons but not of human organisms. Insofar as benefit and harm are defined in terms of the satisfaction or defeat of interests, only persons can benefit or be harmed. This argument is critical for exploring the ethical implications of brain death. It is particularly critical for analyzing ethical questions about the permissibility or impermissibility of such actions as withdrawing life-support and procuring organs for transplantation.
The Ministry of the Laity Era (c. 1946–1985)
Authors: Miller David W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the emergence of the Ministry of Laity era. As the Social Gospel era of the FAW movement receded, ending with World War II, it was soon refueled through the midcentury developments that comprise the Ministry of the Laity era. Although this second era built on aspects of earlier 20th-century activity from wave one, this phase of FAW was different. In large part, it was characterized by a shift away from the institutional church and toward an ecclesiastical emphasis on the laity, including its popularization, and the proliferation of special-purpose groups.
The Future of the Faith at Work Movement
Authors: Miller David W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter addresses the following questions: where is the Faith at Work movement is heading? Will it run out of steam, or will it continue to expand, perhaps in new shapes and forms? It argues that unless the desire for integration and a holistic life, and the other conditions that created this groundswell of activity changes, the movement will continue to grow and develop in a variety of new ways and configurations. However, what remains to be seen is how the theological academy, the church, FAW participants, and companies respond. In light of this probability, it is appropriate to pause and critically reflect on the ramifications of this direction and to propose fresh theological and marketplace resources to understand and engage the future of the FAW movement.
Introduction
Authors: Miller David W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the growth of the Faith at Work movement (FAW). The movement refers to the rising numbers of businesspeople, from all levels, who are attending conferences and management seminars on spirituality and work, participating in small prayer and study groups on faith and leadership, and reading books, magazines, and newsletters for self–help as regards integrating biblical teachings with marketplace demands. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Financial Restraint: Toward a New Paradigm
Authors: Hellmann Thomas , Murdock Kevin , Stiglitz Joseph 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces the new concept of financial restraint: a set of financial policies that create rent opportunities in the banking and production sectors. It is argued that these rents may curtail a bank’s moral hazard behaviour and enhance incentives for monitoring and savings mobilization. Consequently, more efficient credit allocation and financial deepening are induced under financial restraint than under eitherlaissez-faireor financial repression.
Words and Thoughts
Authors: Stainton Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt is a near truism of philosophy of language that sentences are prior to words. Sentences, it is said, are what we believe, assert, and argue for; uses of them constitute our evidence in semantics; only they stand in inferential relations, and are true or false. Sentences are, indeed, the only things that fundamentally have meaning. Does this near truism really hold of human languages? This book, drawing on a wide body of evidence, argues forcefully that speakers can and do use mere words, not sentences, to communicate complete thoughts. It considers the implications of this empirical result for language-thought relations, various doctrines of sentence primacy, and the semantics-pragmatics boundary. The book is important both for its philosophical and empirical claims, and for the methodology employed. Stainton illustrates how the methods and detailed results of the various cognitive sciences can bear on central issues in philosophy of language. At the same time, he applies philosophical distinctions to show that arguments which seemingly support the primacy of sentences do not really do so.
A Positive Representational–Pragmatic View
Authors: Stainton Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses what is going on in apparent cases of sub-sentential speech acts. It begins with a relatively broad-strokes account of how agents can communicate using ordinary words and phrases; this provides the ‘general view’. The general view is taken to be the core of the positive position. A preferred way of spelling out the general view is presented — the so-called ‘specific view’ — which introduces internal mental representations of various sorts. The result is a view that is not only pragmatic, but representational.
Sentence Primacy
Authors: Stainton Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter lays out five different ways of reading the context principle: methodological, metasemantic, pragmatic, semantic, and psychological. It notes several rationales for embracing the principle. It then objects to the principle, on several of its readings, from non-sentence use. The suggested result, in the face of this objection, was three parts consistency and two parts inconsistency: (a) the first reading of the principle would be largely untouched; (b) the second would be left unsupported; but (c) the other readings would be outright falsified.
Scepticism About Gods
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe philosophical sceptic attacks, in the doctrines of his rivals, not or not primarily the traditional features of the gods that the doctrinaire schools retain, but the rational innovations — the attempt to justify theological doctrines by appeal to experience, conceptual analysis, and argument. Sextus Empiricus characterizes the sceptic as one who may be in a safer position than other philosophers: he abides by local traditions in saying that gods exist and in worshipping them. Even the official sceptics make no profession of seeking to undermine religious beliefs outside a specific dialectical context. Their object is not to induce atheism, but to show that, for every argument concluding to the existence of gods, an argument of equal strength can be advanced on the opposite side. The sceptic intends to leave himself and his audience in a position whereby they neither affirm nor deny the existence of gods.
Chance and Laws of Nature in Epicureanism
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhen Epicurus discharged the gods from running the world, he gave new fuel to a controversy which had been raging off and on for the past hundred years, and which would continue not only through the Hellenistic and early Christian centuries but even up to the present day, as 21st-century evolutionists lock horns with proponents of Intelligent Design. In nominating atoms and void as the basic principles of natural phenomena, Epicurus knew that he was entering an arena where Plato and Aristotle had already done battle against the mechanistic explanations of earlier thinkers. The first question of this study is whether Epicurus did envision a random or chance element in nature. It is argued that if the answer to this question is negative, there is no reason to give the swerve a larger role than that explicitly accorded it by Lucretius.
Stoic Psychology and the Elucidation of Language
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStoics were enormously influential on the Graeco-Roman grammatical tradition, which extends from the later Hellenistic epoch into the Christian period of the Roman Empire. Recourse to the Stoic influence on that tradition can give the impression that these philosophers were merely pioneers in starting what the grammarians carried forward more fully and systematically. It is argued that such an impression may be seriously misleading in two respects. First, it incorrectly implies that the Stoics approached language as a phenomenon callingprimarilyfor the kind of grammatical and syntactical description later grammarians developed. Secondly, it fails to identify the philosophical considerations that underpin the Stoics' principal interests in language. It is shown that the Stoics had some splendid intuitions about the phonetic, grammatical, and semantic levels of linguistic structure. Although these bear directly on the development of traditional grammar, they also seem to have clear affinities with what modern experts in linguistics call universal grammar.
Stoic Philosophers on Persons, Property‐Ownership, and Community
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter suggests a further tie between Stoicism and later conceptions of the person as a moral, psychological, and legal entity. That tie has to do not only with consciousness or self-consciousness, but also with the concept of property or ownership, a concept that the Stoics connected with self-consciousness and individual identity in a highly original way. It is argued that the Stoics pioneered two key notions of liberal thought: first, that every human individual is the natural and rightful owner of at least one thing — himself or herself; second, that human nature inclines individual human beings to acquire private property and to interact with one another as property-owners. Stoic ideas about human beings as property-owners have striking affinities with 17th-century and Enlightenment thought on property and persons, especially ideas developed by Locke and Hegel.
Reconstructing the Natural Philosopher
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe development of the persona of the natural philosopher is the key to understanding how natural philosophy becomes inserted into European culture in the 16th and 17th centuries. This chapter shows in detail that notions of truth and justification turn just as much on conceptions of intellectual honesty as they do on notions of method. It looks primarily at the standing of the natural philosopher in Bacon, Galileo, Descartes, Boyle, and Royal Society apologists, focusing on claims that the natural philosopher requires a kind of intellectual honesty lacking in scholastic natural philosophy. This is closely tied in with one of the distinctive features of early-modern natural philosophy: that questions that had earlier been seen in terms of truth are now discussed instead in terms of impartiality and objectivity.
SGN Sim, a Stochastic Genetic Networks Simulator
Authors: Ribeiro Andre S. , Lloyd-Price Jason 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSummary: We present SGNSim, ‘Stochastic Gene Networks Simulator’, a tool to model gene regulatory networks (GRN) where transcription and translation are modeled as multiple time delayed events and its dynamics is driven by a stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA) able to deal with multiple time delayed events. The delays can be drawn from several distributions and the reaction rates from complex functions or from physical parameters. SGNSim can generate ensembles of GRNs, within a set of user-defined parameters, such as topology. It can also be used to model specific GRNs and systems of chemical reactions. Perturbations, e.g. gene deletion, over-expression, copy and mutation, can be modeled as well. As examples, we present a model of a toggle switch without cooperative binding subject to perturbations, a system of reactions within a compartmentalized environment where membrane crossing is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism and a simulation based on the yeast transcriptional network.Availability: SGNSim program, instructions and examples available at http://www.cs.tut.fi/~sanchesr/SGN/SGNSim.html.Contact: andre.sanchesribeiro@tut.fi
Gene expression network analysis and applications to immunology
Authors: Nacu Şerban , Critchley-Thorne Rebecca , Lee Peter , Holmes Susan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe address the problem of using expression data and prior biological knowledge to identify differentially expressed pathways or groups of genes. Following an idea of Ideker et al. (2002), we construct a gene interaction network and search for high-scoring subnetworks. We make several improvements in terms of scoring functions and algorithms, resulting in higher speed and accuracy and easier biological interpretation. We also assign significance levels to our results, adjusted for multiple testing. Our methods are succesfully applied to three human microarray data sets, related to cancer and the immune system, retrieving several known and potential pathways. The method, denoted by the acronym GXNA (Gene eXpression Network Analysis) is implemented in software that is publicly available and can be used on virtually any microarray data set.Contact: serban@stat.stanford.eduSupplementary information: The source code and executable for the software, as well as certain supplemental materials, can be downloaded from http://stat.stanford.edu/~serban/gxna.
Boolean dynamics of genetic regulatory networks inferred from microarray time series data
Authors: Martin Shawn , Zhang Zhaoduo , Martino Anthony , Faulon Jean-Loup 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMotivation: Methods available for the inference of genetic regulatory networks strive to produce a single network, usually by optimizing some quantity to fit the experimental observations. In this article we investigate the possibility that multiple networks can be inferred, all resulting in similar dynamics. This idea is motivated by theoretical work which suggests that biological networks are robust and adaptable to change, and that the overall behavior of a genetic regulatory network might be captured in terms of dynamical basins of attraction.Results: We have developed and implemented a method for inferring genetic regulatory networks for time series microarray data. Our method first clusters and discretizes the gene expression data using k-means and support vector regression. We then enumerate Boolean activation–inhibition networks to match the discretized data. Finally, the dynamics of the Boolean networks are examined. We have tested our method on two immunology microarray datasets: an IL-2-stimulated T cell response dataset and a LPS-stimulated macrophage response dataset. In both cases, we discovered that many networks matched the data, and that most of these networks had similar dynamics.Contact: jfaulon@sandia.govSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
SNPassoc: an R package to perform whole genome association studies
Authors: González Juan R. , Armengol Lluís , Solé Xavier , Guinó Elisabet , Mercader Josep M. , Estivill Xavier , Moreno Víctor 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSummary: The popularization of large-scale genotyping projects has led to the widespread adoption of genetic association studies as the tool of choice in the search for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) underlying susceptibility to complex diseases. Although the analysis of individual SNPs is a relatively trivial task, when the number is large and multiple genetic models need to be explored it becomes necessary a tool to automate the analyses. In order to address this issue, we developed SNPassoc, an R package to carry out most common analyses in whole genome association studies. These analyses include descriptive statistics and exploratory analysis of missing values, calculation of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, analysis of association based on generalized linear models (either for quantitative or binary traits), and analysis of multiple SNPs (haplotype and epistasis analysis).Availability: Package SNPassoc is available at CRAN from http://cran.r-project.orgContact: juanramon.gonzalez@crg.es or v.moreno@iconcologia.netSupplementary information: A tutorial is available on Bioinformatics online and in http://davinci.crg.es/estivill_lab/snpassoc
Arteriovenous Malformations of the Tongue: A Spectrum of Disease
Authors: Richter Gresham T. , Suen James , North Paula E. , James Charles A. , Waner Milton , Buckmiller Lisa M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectives: To examine our vascular anomalies team's experience with tongue arteriovenous malformations (AVM) with specific emphasis on the spectrum on disease and surgical management.Methods: Retrospective chart review of 11 patients (10 female, 1 male), discovered from 1997 to 2005 with histological, radiographic, and clinical characteristics consistent with tongue AVM.Results: Four patients displayed advanced disease with malformations involving the tongue, floor of mouth, and neck. Contributions from multiple feeding arteries were identified by angiography as each patient reported a prior history of surgical or embolic procedures. These lesions required preoperative embolization and extensive resection with complex reconstruction (mean operating time, 10.9 hr). One patient had evidence of recurrent disease (mean follow‐up, 24.6 mo). In contrast, seven patients presented with discreet tongue malformations with a single feeding lingual artery. These patients reported no prior intervention, required only one resection (mean operating time, 2.8 hr), and have shown no evidence of recurrence (mean follow‐up, 11 mo). Slight histologic differences between advanced versus focal tongue AVM were identified.Conclusions: This study suggests that tongue AVM can occur within a spectrum of disease with different clinical presentations, radiographic findings, and histology among patients with focal versus advanced lesions. Inadequate treatment is thought to contribute to collateral flow and disease progression in advanced AVM, making further management difficult. However, focal tongue AVM may represent early lesions that are more amenable to surgical management.
Pediatric Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy Failures: Who and Why?
Authors: Jones Dwight T. , Fajardo Norman F. , Petersen Robert A. , VanderVeen Deborah K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective: The objectives of this study are to report outcomes of pediatric patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) who underwent primary endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and discuss causes of failure.Study Design: The authors conducted a retrospective case series.Methods: Charts of all patients less than 16 years of age who underwent primary endoscopic DCR from 1997 to 2004 were reviewed. Patients were grouped based on the presence or absence of facial anomalies or syndromes and whether the NLDO was congenital or acquired. Success was defined as complete resolution of symptoms, improvement included anatomic patency or partial symptoms, and failure as no improvement or demonstration of patency.Results: Thirty‐four patients (43 ducts) aged 11 months to 14 years were identified. There were 17 males and 17 females. Follow up ranged from 2 to 54 months (average, 21 months). Twenty‐four patients (29 ducts) had congenital NLDO, seven patients (11 ducts) had congenital syndromes associated with craniofacial abnormalities, and three patients (three ducts) had acquired NLDO. In patients with congenital NLDO without craniofacial abnormalities or syndromes, 22 of 29 eyes (76%) were cured with another three (10%) showing improvement. Only one of 11 (9%) eyes of patients with congenital craniofacial abnormality or syndrome experienced complete resolution and only four of 11 (36%) eyes showed improvement. Of the patients with acquired NLDO, two of three (67%) of the eyes were cured and one (33%) improved.Conclusions: Endoscopic DCR is safe and effective for most children, although patients with craniofacial abnormalities or syndromes are extremely difficult to cure.