bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil nitrogen. III.—Mineralizable nitrogen determined by an incubation technique
Authors: Cooke G. W. , Cunningham R. K. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract‘Mineralizable‐N’ values were determined by incubating at 18° a series of 27 soils of medium and heavy textures at 50% of their moisture‐holding capacity for 30 days. Increases in nitrate levels following incubation of soils which had been previously air‐dried were, on average, three times as great as increases given by incubating corresponding freshly‐sampled soils. In all soils the levels of nitrate and total mineral nitrogen increased appreciably on incubation; corresponding changes in ammonium levels were smaller, were irregular and were not related to other soil characteristics. Increases in nitrate and in total inorganic nitrogen on incubating air‐dried soils were approximately related to the initial levels of nitrate present in the soils when they were sampled, and to their percentages of total nitrogen.
A detailed summative analysis of the crude fibre and nitrogen‐free extractive fractions of roughages. II.—The analysis of straw, hay, grass and mangold
Authors: Gaillard Blanche D. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe three variations of the scheme of analysis proposed in Part I are tested on different roughages and compared with Harwood's sulphuric acid hydrolysis method. The results of the summative analysis on grain straw, legume straw, hay, artificially dried grass, fresh grass, mangold and some crude fibres are given.
The chemistry of tea manufacture
Authors: Roberts E. A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMany of the substances occurring in freshly plucked tea shoots are listed and the chemical changes taking place during withering and fermentation are discussed. In fermentation (—)‐epigallocatechin and its gallate are the only polyphenols to undergo appreciable chemical change. A scheme for the oxidation of these substances is developed which suggests that substances A, B and C are bisflavanols, and that theaflavin and theaflavin gallate are derivatives of purpurogallin. Thearubigins are probably formed as a result of coupled oxidation of theaflavins. Structures are also suggested for the minor components P, Q, R and Z. It is probable that theaflavins and thearubigins account for the colour and strength of tea liquors, and that theaflavins also contribute towards quality and briskness.
Preservation of ascorbic acid in rose hips during storage
Authors: Mapson L. W. , Tomalin A. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe stability of ascorbic acid in rose hips stored under various conditions has been investigated. The growth of fungi on hips can be completely inhibited by certain treatments, but even so, the loss of ascorbic acid occurs at a rate similar to that in fruits in which fungal infection is evident. Similarly, treatments which cause physiological damage but prevent fungal attack accelerate the rate of loss of the vitamin. It is concluded that the main loss of ascorbic acid from hips stored above o° is due to physiological damage rather than to fungal infection.At temperatures below o°, the growth of moulds is prevented but loss of ascorbic acid occurs through enzymic oxidation. This loss is fairly rapid at temperatures above −10° but the rate of loss at −20° is so slow that satisfactory storage for periods of 6–12 months may be achieved.
Fate of labelled insecticide residues in food products. VI.—Retention of γ‐Benzene Hexachloride by Wheat and Cheese
Authors: Bridges R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe γ‐isomer of benzene hexachloride labelled with 14C has been used to study the rate of loss of the insecticide from whole wheat and its distribution between the flour and bran fractions after milling. Loss from exposed wheat was rapid, but when it was stored in closed containers no loss was detected. After milling the wheat, 40–50% of the initial residue was still present in the ‘fine’ flour fraction while the residue in the bran was increased between two‐ and four‐fold. Loss of the insecticide from Cheddar and Stilton cheeses was slow, about 40% of the weight applied remaining after 44 weeks. Penetration of the insecticide into both types of cheese was slow although appreciably more rapid in the Stilton cheese. Repeated applications caused a build‐up of the insecticide in the outer few millimetres of the cheeses but had little effect on the amount penetrating more deeply. The toxicological significance of such residues is discussed.
Relationship between soil structure, soil cultivation, nitrogen uptake and crop growth. III.—Effects of cultivation on the porosity of soil and its compactness and on crop development and yields
Authors: Singh Khazan , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCultivation treatments examined consisted of deep ploughing (8 in.), shallow ploughing (4 in.) and surface treatment (2 in.) with a tine cultivator.The non‐capillary porosity of the soil was affected more than the capillary porosity by cultivation. Deep‐ploughed plots showed higher percentages of total and non‐capillary pore space than did shallow‐ploughed or tine‐cultivated plots at depths of 0–2, 2–4 and 4–8 in. At the 8–12‐in. depth no significant differences in porosity due to the different treatments were apparent.Effects of depth of cultivation on non‐capillary porosity persisted throughout the growing season, remaining longer in a dry than in a wet season.Variation in the compactness of soil with time was unaffected by the type of cultivation.As compared with tine cultivation, deep ploughing increased the numbers of branch roots in wheat, but no significant differences in this respect between deep and shallow ploughing existed.There were no apparent differences between the types of cultivation in respect of numbers or lengths of main roots or dry weights of roots and shoots in wheat, or of ‘stand’, dry weight or final yield in wheat and swedes, except that in the earlier stages of growth of swedes on unmanured plots, deep ploughing produced greater weights of crop than did either shallow ploughing or tine cultivation. The top/root ratios in wheat were higher after ploughing (deep or shallow) than after tine cultivation.Neither aggregation (based on crumbs >0.5 and 0.5–0.05 mm.) nor pore space (total, capillary or non‐capillary) was associated with numbers of roots in wheat or with any other plant characteristics examined in wheat or swedes, in the two soils used.
The proximate analysis of rice carbohydrates
Authors: Fraser J. R. , Holmes D. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe four main classes of carbohydrate in rice, (a) starch, (b) pentosans, (c) sugars, and (d) cellulosic material, have been separately determined and their sum has been shown to agree closely with the composite fraction ‘carbohydrate by difference’. The samples so analysed ranged from the Loonzain to the fully refined stage of rice milling. The methods used have already been applied to wheat flours,1, 2 the only difference being that, in the case of rice, the cellulosic material may be determined by the normal fibre process.
The tocopherol contents of some australian cereals and flour milling products
Authors: Mason E. L. , Jones W. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA modification is proposed of the two‐dimensional chromatographic procedure of Green et al. in order to achieve uniform and replicate separation of the tocopherol spots. The proposed method is more suitable than the previous procedure for control purposes in a small laboratory. Results are recorded for a number of Australian cereals.
The stability of carrageenin in dried irish moss (Chondrus crispus)
Authors: Gordon Young E. , Goring D. A. I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA single uniform batch of the red alga, Chondrus crispus (Irish moss), was dried and portions were stored at 4°, 10° and 20° for two years. It is shown that there was loss in gel strength of the carrageenin present after one year at all temperatures of storage and a fall in viscosity was noted at 20°. These losses became more marked after two years at all temperatures tested, and indicated marked degradation of carrageenin in the plant. No difference in sulphate was detected until after two years at 10° and 20° when a slight loss occurred.
Soil properties and phosphate sorption
Authors: Williams E. G. , Scott N. M. , McDonald Margaret J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRelationships between phosphate sorption and soil properties have been examined for ten soils from each of four parent‐material groups in N.E. Scotland. Aluminium extracted by the Tamm acid‐oxalate method gives highly significant correlations in all groups, and except for the granite soils, where the highest correlation is with loss on ignition, it is the best single criterion of sorption. Acid‐oxalate‐soluble iron also gives significant correlations, but in no case does addition of a term for iron significantly improve the estimate of sorption given by aluminium alone. Iron extracted by dithionite‐0.05N‐HCl treatment gives very poor relationships, but again the aluminium extracted gives highly significant correlations, as does aluminium extracted with 2.5% acetic acid.Sorption in all groups is highly correlated with loss on ignition and organic carbon, indicating that the active iron and aluminium are closely associated with organic matter. Clay and silt values, unconnected for organic matter, iron and aluminium lost in the normal treatment with H2O2 and HCl, are useless as criteria of sorption, and residues from the Tamm extraction sorb only about 10% as much phosphate as the original soils, indicating that apart from associated soluble iron and aluminium, clay minerals play a relatively minor rôle.The differences between soil groups are mainly quantitative, and the basic igneous and slate soils have relatively high sorption capacities and high iron and aluminium contents.
Studies on egg shells. X.—A method for determining variations in characteristics in different parts of the same shell
Authors: Tyler C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described whereby an egg shell may be divided into 50 pieces, each marked in such a way that its position relative to all other pieces is known. Pieces of shell obtained in this way may be studied in relation to a number of characteristics and some typical results have been given. The method should make possible a more detailed study, not only of normal shells, but also of the changes occurring during shell deposition and during incubation.
The mechanism of the control of turnip flea beetle by benzene hexachloride dressings on brassicae seed
Authors: Jameson H. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLaboratory experiments have shown that kale seedlings recently emerged from seed treated with γ‐BHC are highly toxic to flea beetle. This toxicity falls rapidly in the week following emergence of the seedlings but their protection against material damage by flea beetle is maintained for another 2 or even 3 weeks. The experiments indicate that initial protection is due to γ‐BHC from the seed dressing contaminating the seedling leaves directly. When the plants are about a week old the insecticide reaches the leaves systemically through the roots; some is then volatilized through the leaves in amounts causing low mortality of the insect but, nevertheless, preventing it from causing serious damage to the plant.
Some modifications of the design and use of the ‘research’ water absorption meter in relation to consistency measurements of single doughs
Authors: Muller H. G. , Barron L. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe standard ‘Research’ Water Absorption Meter has been modified by surrounding the cup with a water jacket in order to eliminate the use of a constant‐temperature room. Standardization of dough handling has been achieved by the use of two mechanical moulding devices for filling the cup. The standard deviation of sets of duplicate determinations are given as obtained by a trained and untrained operator using the standard technique and by the use of a mechanical moulding method. By obtaining a four‐point curve from a single test dough, the effect of various ingredients on the consistency of dough is described, and it has been shown that it is possible to obtain dough relaxation curves similar to those obtained by using load extension tests.
Effects of acidification of alkali and calcareous soils
Authors: Tobia S. K. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPreliminary field and laboratory observations have been made on the acidification of calcareous and artificially alkalized soils using aluminium sulphate, ferrous sulphate and sulphuric acid. In calcareous soils aluminium sulphate was much more effective than ferrous sulphate in giving persistent acidity; in neutral soil acidity from aluminium sulphate persists for a year but that produced by sulphuric acid is small and short‐lived. The effects of continuous irrigation of the soil are reported. The effects of the three acidifiers on manganese mobilization, phosphate fixation and solubilization are also recorded.
Mineralisation and immobilisation of nitrogen in soil
Authors: Winsor G. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe processes of mineralisation and immobilisation of nitrogen are defined, and the contribution of mass isotope (15N) studies to our knowledge of these simultaneous transformations in soil is briefly reviewed.Studies of immobilisation of nitrogen in soils treated with organic materials are reviewed with particular reference to the nitrogen content and carbon/nitrogen ratio of the added substances. Laboratory studies on carbon/nitrogen relationships in glasshouse soils incubated with mixtures of sucrose and inorganic nitrogen are summarised, together with comparative data for a wide range of other soils. The amounts of nitrogen immobilised in acid ‘maiden’ soils on incubation with sucrose were increased by the addition of lime and phosphate, but did not reach the levels of activity of old glasshouse soils; these findings are discussed in relation to the carbon/nitrogen ratios of the untreated soils and to their rates of evolution of carbon dioxide.Recent studies on the simultaneous mineralisation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus are briefly described. Data are presented for 32 soils showing relationships between initial soil pH and the percentages of the total soil nitrogen mineralised after liming or hydrolysed by autoclaving with acid. The observation that acid soils appear to contain a reserve of nitrogenous constituents which is readily mineralised on liming is discussed with reference to recent views on the chemistry of the nitrogenous components of soil organic matter.Reference is made to some recent work on laboratory incubation tests as a guide to the availability of soil nitrogen and the prediction of crop response to nitrogenous fertilisers.
Effect of insect infestation on stored grain. III.—Studies on kaffir corn (Sorghum vulgare)
Authors: Venkatrao S. , Nuggehalli R. N. , Swaminathan M. , Pingale S. V. , Subrahmanyan V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractKaffir corn (Sorghum vulgare), which is easily susceptible to damage by insects during storage, was subjected to infestation by Calandra oryzae L. (weevils) and the changes brought about in the grain have been studied. The results show that weevils cause a heavy loss in the weight of the grain. The extent of unhygienic conditions brought about in the grain by the presence of insect excreta and body fragments has been assessed. The uric acid (an important constituent of insect excreta) content of the grain was found to increase with the progress of infestation. An increase in the kernel damage and fat acidity and a decrease in the thiamine content were also observed.
An investigation of the dermal exposure to parathion by workers engaged in handling cucumbers and tomatoes under glass after smoke and aerosol treatments
Authors: Hughes J. T. , Read W. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe hazard to workers handling parathion‐treated tomato and cucumber plants in greenhouses, has been studied by determining the residue of insecticide on the foliage and quantities transferred to the gloves of workers handling the treated plants. Figures are given to show that the amounts of parathion picked up on the hands of such workers are unlikely to be hazardous.
Relationship of chemical composition to quality in fruit and vegetables for canning
Authors: Dickinson D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe variability in behaviour of different varieties of the same vegetable species when subjected to the canning process is discussed. While practical canning trials afford valuable results in ensuring that varieties grown locally are suitable for the industry, chemical examination can give results more quickly and helps to define optimum maturity which can thus be standardised throughout a series of tests. Examples of direct relationship between the quality attributes of colour, flavour, and texture, and chemical composition have been chosen from among British fruits, peas, beans, celery and tomatoes.
The distribution of methyl bromide in barges containing dried fruit
Authors: Stevenson J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution of methyl bromide in barges during the fumigation of dried fruit has been examined. By altering the stowage of the cases of fruit, a more even distribution of the fumigant has been obtained, while the rate of loss of methyl bromide from the barges has been substantially reduced by sealing off hatch covers and other openings in the deck.
Determination of fumigants: Gas measurements in sorption tests
Authors: Heuser S. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethods of establishing gas concentrations for sorption measurements in the study of the behaviour of fumigants are discussed with particular reference to tests over short periods and at reduced pressures. A method of introducing accurately determined amounts of gas into a number of flasks containing sorbent is described and results of series of dosages are given. The method may be of general application where closely related series of gas concentrations are required, e.g. in small‐scale tests of the toxicity of fumigants to insects or mites.
Behaviour of fumigants during vacuum fumigation. IV.—Sorption of fumigants by wheat and wheat feed under atmospheric and reduced pressure
Authors: Heuser S. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn assessing the effectiveness of reduced pressure fumigation compared with fumigation at atmospheric pressure a knowledge of the effect of reduced pressures on the sorption equilibrium between fumigant and commodity is necessary.Experiments are described in which sorption isotherms for wheat feed/hydrogen cyanide and wheat feed/methyl bromide were determined at atmospheric and at 5 cm. Hg pressure and rates of sorption are deduced.In small‐scale chamber fumigations of whole wheat with methyl bromide at atmospheric pressure and at 5 cm. Hg, amounts of gas sorbed and bromide residues were determined. The results of the experiments are discussed with reference to effects in full‐scale fumigations.
Studies on the uptake of phosphorus from 32P‐labelled superphosphate by crops. I.—Oats
Authors: Verma R. D. , Dainty J. , Simpson K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoils from two sites, one high and one low in available phosphorus, were used in a greenhouse pot experiment with different rates of application of 32P‐labelled superphosphate in combination with various dressings of ammonium sulphate. The crop was sampled at three stages of growth.The pattern of uptake was different in the two soils. In the low‐phosphate soil the percentage of fertiliser‐derived phosphorus in the plant fell steadily as the season progressed, but in the high‐phosphate soil there was apparently a renewed demand for phosphorus by the plant at the time of grain formation. This demand was met by fertiliser‐phosphorus. There was no indication that the extra uptake during this period enhanced grain formation. Grain yield was, in fact, reduced by the application of 160 Ib. of P2O5, per acre as superphosphate.The uptake of soil‐phosphorus was depressed so much by applications of superphosphate that the total uptake in treated pots from both soils was less than that in the control at maturity.
Studies on the uptake of phosphorus from 32P‐labelled superphosphate by crops. II.—Potatoes
Authors: Dainty J. , Verma R. D. , Simpson K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractField experiments were carried out using different amounts of 32P‐labelled superphosphate in combination with two rates of application of ammonium sulphate on soils high and low in “available” phosphate. The crop was sampled at three stages of growth and analysed for dry matter and for total and fertiliser‐phosphorus.The rate of application of nitrogen had little effect on phosphorus uptake or crop growth but the uptake of soil‐phosphorus from both soils was depressed by added fertiliser‐phosphorus, the depression being very marked on the high‐phosphate soil. Higher uptakes of fertiliser‐phosphorus were not effective in increasing the final yield of tubers and the yield of dry matter was depressed on the high‐phosphate soil by the application of 1.0 and 2.0 cwt. of P2O5 per acre (as superphosphate) compared with application of 0.25 and 0.5 cwt. The optimum yields were reached with 0.25 and 1.0 cwt. of P2O5 per acre on the high‐ and low‐phosphate soils respectively.Onset of tuber development was earlier on the low‐phosphate soil. Lower rates of application of phosphorus hastened the start of tuber development and the time of maturing of the plant, giving an earlier crop, but higher rates delayed both early tuber development and the attainment of the final yield. Such effects at levels of superphosphate normally applied to the potato crop in Scotland may lead to serious reductions in yield—particularly with early potatoes.
The colour of cooked cured pork. III.—Distribution and relationship of pigments, pH and cysteine
Authors: Hornsey H. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVariations in the pigment concentration of fresh pork, in different muscles or in the same muscle, lead to variations in the colour of the cooked cured pork. Two‐fold variations were found for different muscles, these being due almost wholly to myoglobin, and not to haemoglobin.The relationships between pH, cysteine, cystine, total pigments, nitroso pigments, and stability of colour have also been investigated, pH appearing to have opposite effects in the fresh pork and the cooked cured pork.
The composition and manurial value of poultry excreta, straw‐droppings composts and deep litter. II.—Experimental studies on composts
Authors: Tinsley J. , Nowakowski T. Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn experimental study was made of the changes in composition and losses of organic matter and nitrogen (especially that soluble in cold o.IN‐H2SO4) occurring in composts prepared from cereal straw mixed with fresh poultry droppings in various proportions and stored for up to 3 years. A comparison was also made of composts prepared with droppings and with ammonium sulphate plus calcium carbonate, each at two levels of total nitrogen.Tests were made on composts prepared on a small scale kept under cover in brick cells and in large heaps.Loss of organic matter and changes in nitrogen components could be followed indirectly from the ratios of ash to loss on ignition and of ash or P or K content to nitrogen content.There was accumulation of NO3−‐N up to about 1% of the dry matter in composts stored for 2–3 years, the composition of the compost then being fairly stable and differing little whether a high or low proportion of droppings was used initially. The optimum ratio of straw to droppings was 1: 1.5 by weight.Composts made with ammonium sulphate and calcium carbonate in place of droppings had lower N, P and K contents.