bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviors of the bubble, cloud, and emulsion phases in a fluidized bed
Authors: Andreux R. , Chaouki J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAn intrusive bioptical probe provides radial profiles of the PDF (probability density function) of the bubble, the cloud, and the emulsion phases behaviors in a fluidized bed of Geldart‐A particles. The fluidizing velocity ranges between 0.20 and 0.80 m/s. The bed porosity, the overall averaged bubble chords and velocities are well‐predicted by correlations of the literature. The cloud thickness is closely related to the bubble chord. The amount of gas traveling through the bubble phase never exceeds 15–20% of the total gas flow rate. The averaged porosity of the bubble, the cloud and the emulsion phases is of 88–92%, 65–70%, and 50–55%, respectively. The reduced bubble porosity distribution obeys a constant normal law over the fluidizing velocity range. Each distribution of the reduced bubble chord and velocity, and of the reduced cloud thickness obey a constant log normal law over the fluidizing velocity range. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
A comparison of “Train‐the‐Trainer” and expert training modalities for hearing protection use in construction
Authors: Trabeau Maggie , Neitzel Richard , Meischke Hendrika , Daniell William E. , Seixas Noah S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundFew assessments have been conducted on the impact of a “Train‐the‐Trainer” (T3) approach for training delivery. The present study compared the effectiveness of a noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) prevention training delivered using “Train‐the‐Trainer” and expert trainer modalities.MethodsParticipating construction companies were assigned to the Train‐the‐Trainer or expert trainer modalities. Workers were recruited from each company and then trained. The effectiveness of the modalities was assessed through the use of surveys. The accuracy of self‐reported hearing protection device (HPD) use was also evaluated through on‐site observation.ResultsPost‐training scores for hearing conservation knowledge, perceived barriers, and current and intended future use of HPDs improved significantly for both training modalities. Subjects trained by T3 trainers significantly increased their beliefs regarding general susceptibility to NIHL, desire to prevent NIHL, and ability to recognize, and control hazardous noise exposures. The expert‐trained groups significantly increased their beliefs regarding the benefits of HPD use and ability to ask for help with HPDs. The only changes that were significantly different between modalities were in general susceptibility to NIHL and effective use of HPDs. However, these beliefs differed significantly between subjects in the two‐modality groups prior to training. Self‐reported HPD use was poorly correlated with observed use, calling into question the validity of survey‐based HPD use measures in this context.ConclusionsThe training improved beliefs regarding HPD use, increased workers' hearing conservation knowledge, and increased self‐reported HPD use. The effectiveness of the training was not found to be dependent on training modality. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:130–137, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shared occupational risks for transitional cell cancer of the bladder and renal pelvis among men and women in Sweden
Authors: Wilson Robin Taylor , Donahue Mark , Gridley Gloria , Adami Johanna , ghormli Laure El , Dosemeci Mustafa 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundUnlike cancer of the bladder, cancer of the renal pelvis is not considered an occupational cancer and little is known about risks among women.MethodsUsing the Swedish national census and cancer registry‐linked data (1971–1989), we identified transitional cell cancers of the renal pelvis (N = 1,374) and bladder (N = 21,591). Correlation between cancer sites for the standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were determined using Pearson's coefficient of the log SIR. Relative risks of job exposure matrix variables were calculated using Poisson regression.ResultsBoth cancer sites were significantly elevated among women and men employed in the machine/electronics industry, sedentary work, and indoor work, and men in the metal industry. The highest proportion of the bladder (12%) and renal pelvis (14%) cancers occurred among men employed in shop and construction metal work. Risks by industry were more correlated among women (r = 0.49, P = 0.002) than men (r = 0.24, P = 0.04). Cancers of the renal pelvis were elevated in several occupational and industry groups for which there was no elevated bladder cancer risk.ConclusionCancers of the renal pelvis and bladder share common occupational risk factors that may be more frequent among women. In addition, there may be some jobs that pose an increased risk specifically for cancer of the renal pelvis but not bladder. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:83–99, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeletal pathology in Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Carter Melinda L. , Pontzer Herman , Wrangham Richard W. , Peterhans Julian Kerbis 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe ecological pressures shaping chimpanzee anatomy and behavior are the subject of much discussion in primatology and paleoanthropology, yet empirical data on fundamental parameters including body size, morbidity, and mortality are rare for wild chimpanzees. Here, we present skeletal pathology and body size data for 20 (19 crania, 12 postcrania) chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) from Kibale National Park, Uganda. We compare these data with other East African populations, especially Gombe National Park. Estimated body size for Kibale chimpanzees was similar to other East African populations and significantly larger than Gombe chimpanzees. The high rates of trauma and other skeletal pathology evident in the Kibale chimpanzee skeletons were similar to those in the Gombe skeletal sample. Much of the major skeletal trauma in the Kibale skeletons was attributable to falls, although other pathologies were noted as well, including apparent injuries from snares, degenerative arthritis, and minor congenital abnormalities. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides with a novel effective Zn–Ni double‐metal cyanide complex
Authors: Chen Shang , Xiao Zhuobing , Ma Mingyou 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA novel double‐metal cyanide complex based on Zn[Ni(CN)4] was prepared and used as a catalyst for the copolymerizations of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide (PO) and carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide (CHO). The copolymers were characterized by IR and 1H‐NMR, and the effects of temperature, pressure, solvent, and preparative methods for the catalysts on catalytic activity and composition of the copolymer were investigated. The results show that this novel catalyst exhibited its highest catalytic efficiency at about 500 g/g of Zn[Ni(CN)4] for PO and CO2, whereas the catalytic efficiency for CHO and CO2 was merely between 5.6 and 22.5 g/g of Zn[Ni(CN)4]. The molar fraction of carbonate linkages for PO–CO2 and CHO–CO2 copolymers reached about 0.6 and 0.3, respectively. The results show that a lower temperature and a higher CO2 pressure were favorable for the incorporation of CO2 into the copolymer, and the nonpolar solvents were better media for copolymerization. As a complexing agent, glycol ether exhibited better promoting effects on catalytic efficiency among those investigated, but the catalysts prepared by different complexing agents showed no significant differences in the compositions of the copolymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Kinetic study of the urethane and urea reactions of isophorone diisocyanate
Authors: Han J. L. , Yu C. H. , Lin Y. H. , Hsieh K. H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractKinetic studies of the catalyzed urethane reactions between isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and alcohols and of the urea reactions between an isocyanate‐terminated prepolymer [IPDI–PPG2000–IPDI, where PPG2000 is poly(propylene glycol) with a number‐average molecular weight of 2000 g/mol] and water in the bulk state were performed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Dibutyltin dilaurate was used as the catalyst for the urethane reaction, and various tertiary amines were used as catalysts for the urea reactions. The reactions were followed through the monitoring of the change in the intensity of the absorbance band for NCO stretching at 2270 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra; the activation parameters were determined through the evaluation of the kinetic data obtained at various temperatures (within the range of 30–60°C). The kinetic data indicated that the catalyzed isocyanate/alcohol and isocyanate/water reactions both followed second‐order kinetics during their initial stages but later followed third‐order kinetics resulting from the autocatalytic effects of hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups and the newly formed urethane and urea groups. Furthermore, activation energies of 64.88 and about 80 kJ/mol for the isocyanate/alcohol and isocyanate/water reactions, respectively, indicated that the urea‐forming reactions were more sensitive to the reaction temperature than the urethane‐forming reactions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with 4‐vinylpyridine initiated by a novel Ni(II)α‐Benzoinoxime complex
Authors: Harrar‐Ferfera Hafida 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCopolymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with 4‐vinylpyridine (4VP) were performed from different monomer feed ratios in 1,4‐dioxan at 30°C under free radical initiation experimental conditions, using Ni(II)α‐Benzoinoxime complex as initiator. The obtained copolymers (PMMA4VP) were examined by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopies. The composition of these copolymers was calculated, using 1H NMR spectra and elemental analysis. Monomer reactivity ratios were estimated from Fineman–Ross (FR, rm = 0.550, rv = 1.165) and Kelen–Tudos (KT, rm = 0.559, rv = 1.286) linearization methods, as well as nonlinear error in variables model (EVM) method using the RREVM computer program (RREVM, rm = 0.559, rv = 1.264). These values suggest that MMA‐4VP pair copolymerizes randomly. 1H NMR spectra provide information about the stereochemistry of the copolymers in terms of sequence distributions and configurations. These results showed that the age of the Ni complex has an impact not only on its activity towards polymerization reactions but also on the features of the corresponding copolymers, whereas the chemical composition was insensitive to this prominent factor. The mechanism of MMA‐4VP copolymerization is consistent with a radical process as supported by microstructure and molecular weight distribution studies. Thermal behaviours of these copolymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Relationship between gas transport properties and fractional free volume determined from dielectric constant in polyimide films containing the hexafluoroisopropylidene group
Authors: Miyata Sou , Sato Shuichi , Nagai Kazukiyo , Nakagawa Tsutomu , Kudo Katsutoshi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe dielectric constant and gas transport properties (i.e., permeability, diffusivity, and solubility) in 2,2′‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA)‐based polyimides were systematically investigated in terms of their polymer fractional free volumes (FFVs) at 30°C. The permeability and diffusion coefficients of the 6FDA‐based polyimide films to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide were correlated with their FFVs estimated using van Krevelen's group contribution method. There appeared, however, small linear correlation coefficients. Linear correlations were also observed between the gas transport properties and dielectric constant of these polyimides. This study described FFVas a function of the dielectric constant based on the Clausius‐Mossotti equation. It was found that the gas permeability and diffusion coefficients of these 6FDA‐based polyimide films increased as their dielectric constant‐based FFV increased. A better linear relationship was observed between the gas transport properties and the FFV determined from the polymer dielectric constant in comparison to that estimated using the group contribution method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Thermal and morphological behavior of irradiated composite materials based on injection‐moulded recycled polyethylene terephthalate
Authors: Hassan Medhat M. , Mahmoud Ghada. A. , Ali Magdy A. , Hegazy El‐Sayed A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe effect of gamma irradiation and short glass fiber (SGF) on the thermal and morphological behavior of the recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) in the presence of reactive additive (epoxy resin, 2 wt %) has been investigated. Characterization of the resulted composites to evaluate the effect of incorporation the SGF and irradiation by means of differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the SGF and epoxy resin behave as nucleating agents for the crystallization of rPET. A noticeable increase in the rPET thermal stability in the presence of both SGF and epoxy resin has been observed. Furthermore, the rPET melting temperature (Tm) slightly decrease in the presence of the SGF and remains nearly constant with the incorporation of the epoxy resin. On the other hand, the rPET crystallinity percent (X%) decreases in the presence of SGF and gamma irradiation. The SEM showed that a layer of epoxy resin was coated onto the SGF in the rPET matrix. This coating layer raises the interfacial shear strength between the fiber and polymer matrix and also increases with gamma irradiation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Quinolone‐Based Compounds Containing a Coumarin Moiety
Authors: Emami Saeed , Foroumadi Alireza , Faramarzi Mohammad A. , Samadi Nasrin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA new series of quinolone‐based compounds containing a coumarin moiety have been synthesized and studied for their antibacterial activity against a panel of gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The results of the antibacterial evaluation of N‐[2‐(coumarin‐3‐yl)ethyl]piperazinyl quinolone derivatives in comparison with parent quinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enoxacin) indicated that N‐[2‐(coumarin‐3‐yl)‐2‐oxoethyl]ciprofloxacin derivative (compound 8b) showed comparable or more potent antibacterial activity with respect to the reference drugs against the test strains. Generally, in both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, better results are obtained with cyclopropyl at the N‐1 position of the quinolone ring and 2‐oxo‐ on the ethyl spacer of coumarin and piperazine rings.
Synthesis, Antimycobacterial and Antifungal Evaluation of 3‐Arylaminopyrazine‐2,5‐dicarbonitriles
Authors: Palek Lukáš , Dvořák Jaroslav , Svobodová Michaela , Buchta Vladimír , Jampílek Josef , Doležal Martin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper describes preparation and biological evaluation of pyrazinamide analogues. Pyrazinamide with its simple structure gives a good opportunity for further modification regarding an increase of its antimycobacterial activity. We prepared a series of compounds derived from pyrazine‐2,5‐dicarbonitrile with arylamino substitution in position 3. All compounds were assayed in vitro against major Mycobacterium and various Fungi species. The best activity was found in 3‐{[3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino}pyrazine‐2,5‐dicarbonitrile 11 with the value of 6.25 μmol–1 against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and moderate activity against minor Mycobacterium pathogens.
A knowledge management model: Implications for enhancing quality in health care
Authors: Orzano A. John , McInerney Claire R. , Scharf Davida , Tallia Alfred F. , Crabtree Benjamin F. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractImproving health care delivery is a pressing societal goal, and information scientists have a role in effecting change. Information science research has led to understanding theories and practices of information use within the informing professions, but information science and one of its subspecialties, Knowledge Management (KM), also have the potential to influence and enhance other professional disciplines. This concept paper makes the argument that KM is a beneficial framework to help health care clinicians manage their practices and ultimately administer quality care to their patients. The central argument is predicated on the assumption that medicine is a knowledge‐based profession and that finding, sharing, and developing clinicians' knowledge is necessary for effective primary health care practice. The authors make the case that in an environment of a burgeoning body of health care research and the adoption of technology tools, physicians can benefit from understanding effective KM practice. The model as presented here borrows from recent information science scholarship in KM and is intended to inform intervention protocols for effective KM to improve quality of care.
The shifting balance of intellectual trade in information studies
Authors: Cronin Blaise , Meho Lokman I. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe authors describe a large‐scale, longitudinal citation analysis of intellectual trading between information studies and cognate disciplines. The results of their investigation reveal the extent to which information studies draws on and, in turn, contributes to the ideational substrates of other academic domains. Their data show that the field has become a more successful exporter of ideas as well as less introverted than was previously the case. In the last decade, information studies has begun to contribute significantly to the literatures of such disciplines as computer science and engineering on the one hand and business and management on the other, while also drawing more heavily on those same literatures.
Bias in jury selection: justifying prohibited peremptory challenges
Authors: Norton Michael I. , Sommers Samuel R. , Brauner Sara 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe United States Supreme Court has restricted attorneys from considering the gender and race of potential jurors in their use of peremptory challenges—the practice by which jurors may be removed from a jury without explanation or evidence of potential bias. We propose that forbidding peremptories based on social category information not only fails to decrease biased jury selection, but also encourages attorneys to search—successfully—for neutral justifications for their biased decisions. In Study 1, participants who acted as prosecutors in a jury selection paradigm eliminated female jurors more often than male jurors, but then justified these biased choices by citing gender‐neutral information. Troublingly, Study 2 showed that explicit instructions against the use of gender failed to eliminate selection bias, and in fact resulted in even more elaborate justifications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guilty, not guilty, or …? multiple options in jury verdict choices
Authors: Smithson Michael , Deady Sara , Gracik Lavinia 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThree studies investigate the role and impact of alternative verdicts to the conventional choice between conviction and acquittal. The primary focus is on the Not Proven option, with a lesser charge alternative included for comparisons. The results contradict a commonly held view that the Not Proven option attracts jurors away from returning a conviction. Instead, Not Proven more often supplants outright acquittals. Judged probabilities of guilt from jurors returning Not Proven are mid‐range, in contrast to the markedly higher probabilities given by those returning conviction of a lesser charge (manslaughter) and lower probabilities from those returning an acquittal. Jurors returning Not Proven report greater decisional difficulty and conflict than those returning any other verdict, including conviction on a lesser charge. No direct evidence is found that third options function as a decision‐avoidant alternative to conviction or acquittal. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, synthesis, conformational and membrane ion transport studies of proline‐adamantane hybrid cyclic depsipeptides
Authors: Karle Isabella L. , Ranganathan Darshan , Kumar Mittapalli Gopi , Nagaraj Ramakrishnan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe design, synthesis, conformational, crystallographic, and ion transport studies of 30‐membered, proline containing depsipeptides that incorporate the rigid low molecular weight lipophilic adamantane (Adm) building blocks are reported. The adamantyl groups provide the desired membrane permeability and conformational constraint for efficient transport in lipid membranes. The novel cyclic depsipeptides are: c[AdmC(O)Pro OCH2 CHRNHC(O)ProC(O) AdmC(O)ProC(O)NHCHRCH2 OProC(O)] where RH for A and RCONHAdm for B. Crystal structure analysis of A established that the two peptide segments are identical in formula and in conformation and that the peptides are bonded to the interleaving Adm at the 1 and 3 positions. However, the complete ring is highly asymmetric in shape since bonds for both Peptide‐Adm‐Peptide segments have the syn‐anti motif. Torsional angles for the connecting bonds to Adm are −162°, +71° and −169°, −48°. The irregular clamshell shape of the molecule has three internal CO moieties directed in a manner that could provide three Na+O ligands. While A exhibited negligible transport of Na+ ions across membranes, peptide B endowed with two additional adamantanes in the periphery did transport Na+ ions from outside to inside. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 471–478, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Mismatch repair protein expression in Amsterdam II criteria-positive patients in Taiwan
Authors: Chen J R , Chiang J M , Changchien C R , Chen J S , Tang R P , Wang J Y 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is characterized genetically by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has high sensitivity and specificity for identifying MMR-deficient tumours. This study investigated the clinical presentations and frequency of HNPCC in Taiwan by combined Amsterdam II criteria (AC-II) and IHC.

Methods
In 1995–2003, 7108 patients with primary colorectal cancer registered in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital's Colorectal Cancer Registry were screened using AC-II. Tumour specimens were analysed for MMR protein expression by IHC, and relevant clinicopathological details were documented.

Results
Some 83 patients fulfilled the AC-II. Clinicopathologically, 43 patients (52 per cent) had proximal tumours, ten (12 per cent) had poorly differentiated cancers, 17 (20 per cent) had mucinous adenocarcinoma and 51 (61 per cent) had stage I–II tumours. Seventeen patients developed second primary colonic and extracolonic cancers over a mean 7·2-year follow-up. Immunohistochemically, 58 patients were MMR protein deficient. They had a significantly earlier age of onset (P &lt; 0·001), more proximal tumour location (P = 0·002), less advanced tumour stage (P = 0·008) and more second primary cancers (P = 0·017) compared with MMR-competent patients.

Conclusion
These data show significant differences in clinical features between MMR protein-deficient and MMR competent subgroups.