bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carrier‐free dyeing of radiation‐grafted polyester fabrics with disperse dyes
Authors: El‐Gendy EH , Ali NM 
Published: December 2005

AbstractCarrier‐free dyeing of radiation‐grafted polyester fabrics with disperse red dye was studied in the temperature range 283–363 K. 1‐vinyl 2‐pyrrolidone (NVP), acrylic acid (AA) or their mixture was used to graft poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric. The effects of pH of the dye solution, graft yield (GY), dyeing time (t), dye concentration (C), and dyeing temperature (T) on the colour difference (CD) of PET fabric were studied. The best dyeing condition was achieved at pH 5.5. CD increases linearly with the increase in GY, with slopes depending on the type of grafted copolymer. CD increased rapidly as the dyeing time increased; this was followed by a relatively slow dyeing rate within a few minutes. The initial dyeing rate (R) was found to increase with an increase in C and T. The dyeing rates for all grafted samples followed 0.35‐order kinetics and are temperature‐independent. Average activation energy 9.26 kJ mol−1 is calculated for the dyeing process and is independent of the fabric treatment. Pre‐exponential rate constants 1976, 1839, and 1579 (CD/GY) s−1 were calculated for dyeing PET samples grafted with AA/NVP mixture, NVP and AA, respectively, while 1074 CD s−1 was evaluated for carrier dyeing of ungrafted fabric. Analysis of the kinetic parameters and the dyeing mechanism revealed that dyeing PET fabric was diffusion‐controlled. Grafting PET fabric improved significantly the dyeing affinity of the DR dye over ungrafted samples dyed in solutions containing a carrier. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of polyanilines doped with several carboxylic acids and with a carboxylic acid equivalent
Authors: Hino Tetsuo , Seida Yuki , Takahashi Toshihiro , Kuramoto Noriyuki 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPolyanilines (PANIs) doped with several organic acids—maleic acid, squaric acid and 2‐propynoic acid—were chemically synthesized in good yields, while PANI doped with 2,6‐dihydroxybenzoic acid did not form under similar polymerization conditions. The resulting PANIs were characterized by spectroscopic and thermal analysis, and it was found that the spectroscopic and thermal properties of these PANIs were affected by the type of dopant ion. Formation of different oxidation states of these PANIs were confirmed by the spectroscopic (UV‐visible and FT‐IR) analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that PANI doped with maleic acid indicated higher thermal stability than those with the other dopants. The yield and conductivity of PANI doped with maleic acid were found to be higher than those with the other dopants. The PANI doped with 2‐propynoic acid was readily soluble in organic solvents including tetrahydrofuran and dioxane. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of polyacrylonitrile via reverse atom transfer radial polymerization (ATRP) initiated by diethyl 2,3‐dicyano‐2,3‐diphenylsuccinate, FeCl3, and triphenylphosphine
Authors: Hou Chen , Qu Rongjun , Ji Chunnuan , Wang Chunhua , Wang Chengguo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (RATRP) technique using FeCl3/triphenyl‐phosphine (PPh3) complex as a catalyst was applied to the living radical polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN). A hexa‐substituted ethane thermal iniferter, diethyl 2,3‐dicyano‐2,3‐diphenylsuccinate (DCDPS), was first used as the initiator in this iron‐based RATRP initiation system. A FeCl3 to PPh3 ratio of 1:3 not only gives the best control of molecular weight and its distribution but also provides a rather rapid reaction rate. The rate of polymerization increases with increasing the polymerization temperature and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 54.9 kJ mol−1. Because the polymers obtained were end‐functionalized by chlorine atoms, they were used as macro‐initiators to proceed the chain extension polymerization in the presence of an FeCl2/PPh3 catalyst system via a conventional ATRP process. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
A simple ray tracer to compute the optical concentration of photovoltaic modules
Authors: McIntosh Keith R. , Swanson Richard M. , Cotter Jeffrey E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn a conventional photovoltaic module, some light that falls between the solar cells is internally reflected onto the cells via the backsheet and the glass–air interface of the module; thus, a module can be considered a static concentrator. We present a simple ray tracer that computes a module's optical concentration as a function of cell separation, cell geometry, and the optical properties of the encapsulants. The ray tracer's primary simplification is to divide the module's backsheet into small pixels and, since the reflection from the backsheet is approximately Lambertian and independent of the incident angle, to sum the intensity of all rays that enter a pixel and treat them as one. The advantage of this pixel approximation is that it makes it simple to simulate curved surfaces—such as the corners of a pseudo‐square solar cell—within short computation times. The results of the simple ray tracer are shown to be consistent with those of a conventional ray tracer and an LBIC experiment. We also apply the ray tracer to a present‐day SunPower module and find that 25% of the photons that fall between the cells are internally reflected onto the cells, which results in an optical concentration of 1·024. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A practical method for the energy rating of c‐Si photovoltaic modules based on standard tests
Authors: Kenny R. P. , Dunlop E. D. , Ossenbrink H. A. , Müllejans H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe performance of a photovoltaic module at Standard Test Conditions (STC) is valuable for comparing the peak performance of different module types. It does not, however, give enough information to accurately predict how much energy a module will deliver when subjected to real operating conditions. There are several proposals for an energy rating for PV modules which attempt to account for the varying operating conditions that one encounters in the field. In this paper, we present an approach with the emphasis on simplicity and practicality that incorporates existing standard measurements to determine the energy output as a function of global in‐plane irradiance and ambient temperature. The method is applied to crystalline Si modules and tested with outdoor measurements, and a good accuracy of prediction of energy production is observed. Finally, a proposal is made for a simple Energy Rating labeling of PV modules. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resistivity and lifetime variation along commercially grown Ga‐ and B‐Doped Czochralski Si ingots and its effect on light‐induced degradation and performance of solar cells
Authors: Meemongkolkiat V. , Nakayashiki K. , Rohatgi A. , Crabtree G. , Nickerson J. , Jester T. L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA systematic study of the variation in resistivity and lifetime on cell performance, before and after light‐induced degradation (LID), was performed along ∼900‐mm‐long commercially grown B‐ and Ga‐doped Czochralski (Cz) ingots. Manufacturable screen‐printed solar cells were fabricated and analyzed from different locations on the ingots. Despite the large variation in resistivity (0·57–2·5 Ω cm) and lifetime (100–1000 µ s) in the Ga‐doped Cz ingot, the efficiency variation was found to be ≤ 0·5% with an average efficiency of ∼17·1%. No LID was observed in these cells. In contrast to the Ga‐doped ingot, the B‐doped ingot showed a relatively tight resistivity range (0·87–1·22 Ω cm), resulting in smaller spread in lifetime (60–400 µ s) and efficiency (16·5–16·7%) along the ingot. However, the LID reduced the efficiency of these B‐doped cells by about 1·1% absolute. Additionally, the use of thinner substrate and higher resistivity (4·3 Ω cm) B‐doped Cz was found to reduce the LID significantly, resulting in an efficiency reduction of 0·5–0·6%, as opposed to >1·0% in ∼1 Ω cm ∼17% efficient screen‐printed cells. As a result, Ga‐doped Cz cells gave 1·5 and 0·7% higher stabilized efficiency relative to 1 and 4·3 Ω cm B‐doped Cz Si cells, respectively. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(alkylthio‐p‐phenylenevinylene): Synthesis and electroluminescent and photovoltaic properties
Authors: Hou Jianhui , Fan Benhu , Huo Lijun , He Chang , Yang Chunhe , Li Yongfang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTwo alkylthio‐substituted poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) (AT–PPV) derivatives, poly(2‐octylthio‐p‐phenylenevinylene) (OT–PPV) and poly[5‐methoxy‐2‐(2′‐ethyl‐hexylthio)‐p‐phenylenevinylene] (MEHT–PPV), were synthesized by a Heck coupling reaction for the investigation of the effect of alkylthio groups on the optoelectronic properties of poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) derivatives. The absorption peaks of OT–PPV and MEHT–PPV solutions were located at 431 and 438 nm, respectively. As for solid films, an OT–PPV film showed an absorption maximum wavelength at 444 nm, 13 nm redshifted in comparison with its solution value, whereas an MEHT–PPV film displayed the same absorption peak position as its dilute solution; this indicated that there was no interchain interaction in the MEHT–PPV film. Polymeric light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) and polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on OT–PPV and MEHT–PPV were fabricated and characterized. Very narrow bandwidths of the electroluminescence (EL) spectra of the two AT–PPVs were found, with the full width at half‐maximum of the emission being 40 and 47 nm for OT–PPV and MEHT–PPV, respectively. The maximum EL efficiency of the single‐layer PLED based on MEHT–PPV with Al as a cathode reached 1.49 cd/A. The PSC based on a blend of OT–PPV and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) showed the power conversion efficiency of 1.4% under the illumination of AM1.5 (80 mW/cm2). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1279–1290, 2006
Photophysics, electrochemical properties, and electroluminescence of poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) derivatives with 1,3,5‐triphenylbenzene or 2,4,6‐triphenylpyridine segments along the backbone
Authors: Cimrová Věra , Hlídková Helena , Výprachtický Drahomír , Karastatiris Panayiotis , Spiliopoulos Ioakim K. , Mikroyannidis John A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe steady‐state and time‐resolved photoluminescence (PL), electrochemical behavior, and electroluminescence (EL) of didodecyloxy poly(p‐phenylenevinylene)‐based polymers that contained along the backbone structure 1,3,5‐triphenylbenzene (PC) or 2,4,6‐triphenylpyridine (PN) were studied. An intensive green PL broad‐band emission with maxima at 516 and 527 nm was observed from thin films of PC and PN polymers, respectively, redshifted in comparison with the PL emission spectra measured in tetrahydrofuran solutions. The PL decay dynamics revealed the existence of more than one excited species, and the decay curves were best described by three‐term exponential functions with a dominant lifetime of about 1 ns. The results of time‐resolved PL and steady‐state PL studies indicated excimer or aggregate formation. Both polymers oxidized irreversibly. A quasireversible reduction was observed in the PN polymer, whereas the PC polymer reduced irreversibly. For PC, slightly higher values of the ionization potential (EIP) and electron affinity (EA) were found (EIP = 5.52 eV, EA = 2.85 eV) than those for PN (EIP = 5.37 eV, EA = 2.77 eV). Light‐emitting devices with indium tin oxide hole‐injecting and aluminum electron‐injecting electrodes were prepared and studied. They emitted green light, and their EL spectra were similar to those of PL thin films. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 524–533, 2006
Psychological distress and coping in breast cancer patients and healthy women whose parents survived the Holocaust
Authors: Baider Lea , Goldzweig Gil , Ever‐Hadani Pnina , Peretz Tamar 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPsychological distress levels of breast cancer patients whose parents were Holocaust survivors (‘second‐generation Holocaust’ patients) were previously shown to be significantly higher than those of a matched group of patients with non‐traumatized parents. In this study, we investigated whether this effect reflects only the generally higher distress levels of second‐generation Holocaust women or whether breast cancer patients with traumatized parents also present lower adaptation abilities, which result in increased distress to the breast cancer diagnosis.We assessed psychological distress and measures of coping in 193 second‐generation Holocaust patients diagnosed with breast cancer, 164 breast cancer patients with non‐traumatized parents, 176 healthy second‐generation Holocaust women, and 143 healthy women with non‐traumatized parents. The main effect of cancer and the main effect of second‐generation Holocaust survivor on psychological distress were found to be significant.These two factors (cancer × second generation) had a synergistic effect on the levels of depression and psychoticism. These results support the hypothesis that, at least on some psychological measures, the cumulative distressing effect of having traumatized parents and breast cancer diagnosis is higher than the effect of each factor alone. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of coping style, pain, age and depression with fatigue in women with primary breast cancer
Authors: Reuter Katrin , Classen Catherine C. , Roscoe Joseph A. , Morrow Gary R. , Kirshner Jeffrey J. , Rosenbluth Richard , Flynn Patrick J. , Shedlock Kathleen , Spiegel David 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the relative contributions of coping, depression, pain and age, in the experience of cancer related fatigue. A total of 353 women treated for primary breast cancer were assessed within one year of diagnosis using the Profile of Mood States, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the mini‐Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale. Fatigue was positively associated with depression and pain, but inversely related to age. In contrast to our expectations, fighting spirit was not associated with less fatigue. A relationship between coping style and cancer‐related fatigue was found exclusively for ‘positive reappraisal’, a combination of fighting spirit and fatalism. Detectable only in multivariate analysis together with depression, the results suggest a weak association between coping and fatigue. The relationship between cancer related fatigue, age and coping styles requires further exploration within longitudinal studies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Care and support needs of children and young people with cancer and their parents
Authors: Mitchell Wendy , Clarke Susan , Sloper Patricia 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe importance of psychosocial support services for children with cancer and their families is recognised but evaluation of such services is less well developed with little information available about different patterns of provision. This paper provides an overview of psychosocial support children and their families in the UK receive during and after treatment. It reports the results of a postal survey of 303 families, within which parents and children identified their satisfaction with support services and also areas of unmet need. Satisfaction was identified in a range of areas, including medical information and support from nurses and social workers. However, areas of unmet need were also highlighted, especially age appropriate facilities, emotional support and information in different formats. Although British government policy currently seeks to develop standards and guidelines of care throughout the National Health Service, this paper demonstrates that there is still a need to develop psychosocial support services and work towards recently established guidelines in order to ensure that families receive flexible but equitable packages of care and support, wherever treatment is received. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic retrofit schemes for RC structures and local‐global consequences
Authors: Thermou G E , Elnashai A S 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA review of repair schemes for reinforced concrete frame buildings is presented in this paper, within the context of global objectives of the intervention process. Local as well as global intervention measures are discussed and their technological application details outlined. The effect of the reviewed repair schemes on the member, sub‐assemblage and system performance are qualitatively assessed. The important role of the foundation system in the rehabilitation process is outlined and measures that are consistent with the super‐structure intervention methods are given. The paper concludes with a global assessment of the effect of repair methods on stiffness, strength and ductility, the three most important seismic response parameters, to assist researchers and practitioners in decision‐making to satisfy their respective intervention objectives. The framework for the paper complies with the requirements of consequence‐based Engineering, where the expected damage is addressed only when consequences are higher than acceptable consequences, and a cyclical process of assessment and re‐assessment is undertaken until the community objectives are deemed to be satisfied.
Metal Nanoparticles and Related Materials Supported on Carbon Nanotubes: Methods and Applications
Authors: Wildgoose Gregory G. , Banks Craig E. , Compton Richard G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractCarbon nanotubes are one of the most intensively explored nanostructured materials. In particular, carbon nanotubes are unique and ideal templates onto which to immobilize nanoparticles allowing the construction of designed nanoarchitectures that are extremely attractive as supports for heterogeneous catalysts, for use in fuel cells, and in related technologies that exploit the inherent ‘smallness’ and hollow characteristics of the nanoparticles. Here we overview the recent developments in this area by exploring the various techniques in which nanotubes can be functionalized with metals and other nanoparticles and explore the diverse applications of the resulting materials.
Die Haseltalbrücke bei Suhl – Ausführungsplanung, Fertigung und Montage
Authors: Binder Bernd , Thauern Bernd , Pfeiffer Michael 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDer Beitrag beschreibt den Bau der neuen Haseltalbrücke bei Suhl von der Ausführungsplanung über die Fertigung des Stahlüberbaus bis zur Montage unter Berücksichtigung der komplexen, örtlichen Gegebenheiten.
Schweißen unter Betriebsbeanspruchung – Experimentelle Untersuchungen unter einachsiger Nahtflankenbewegung während des Schweißprozesses
Authors: Peil Udo , Wichers Michael 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDie planmäßige Nutzung von Schweißverbindungen, die bei gleichzeitiger Bewegung der Nahtflanken hergestellt wurden, ist nach dem derzeitigen Stand des Wissens und der Normung nicht gestattet. Gerade bei Reparaturschweißungen an bestehenden Konstruktionen, wie z. B. Masten, Türmen, Brücken und Offshorebauwerken, lassen sich jedoch Nahtflankenbewegungen, infolge Wind und Welle, nicht gänzlich ausschließen oder vermeiden. Bisher ist für diese Art der Reparaturschweißung der kostenintensive Einsatz von Entlastungskonstruktionen unumgänglich. In der nachstehenden Ausführung werden erste experimentelle Ergebnisse und Untersuchungen zum Schweißen bei gleichzeitiger Bewegung der Nahtflanken vorgestellt, die eine Abschätzung der statischen Tragfähigkeit der Schweißverbindung erlauben.
Formänderungsgrößenverfahren mittig gedrückter dünnwandiger Stäbe mit einfach‐ und doppeltsymmetrischen offenen Querschnitten
Authors: Cywiński Zbigniew 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIm Anschluß an das klassische Formänderungsgrößenverfahren der Wölbkrafttorsion für dünnwandige Stäbe [1] wurde das Verfahren für die Problematik der Stabknickung weiterentwickelt. Der vorliegende Aufsatz stellt die allgemeine Lösung des fundamentalen Gleichungssystems für einfache Querschnittssymmetrien und ihre partikulären Lösungen für drei Grundarten der Stabstützung vor. Es werden die Formeln für die Randbimomente bestimmt. Die Zusammenhänge werden dann für den Fall doppelter Querschnittssymmetrie vereinfacht. Eine Analyse zu einem doppeltsymmetrischen Stabquerschnitt führt zu den nötigen Randkräften für die drei untersuchten Fälle seiner Stützung. Es läßt sich zeigen, daß die Beziehungen für Torsion ähnlich denen für Biegung sind. Ein Vorschlag zur Berechnung der Drillknicklasten für durchlaufende Stäbe wird formuliert und ein entsprechendes Zahlenbeispiel angegeben.Der vorliegende Aufsatz hebt die Verdienste von Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Dr.‐Ing. E.h. Kurt Klöppel (1901–1985) hervor, anläßlich des 100. Geburtstags der ehemaligen Technischen Hochschule Danzig, an der er das Studium des Bauingenieurwesens absolvierte. Aus der TH Danzig hat sich die Politechnika Gdańska entwickelt, mit welcher der Verfasser seit 1949 verbunden ist.
Using quantile regression to extend an existing wind power forecasting system with probabilistic forecasts
Authors: Nielsen Henrik Aalborg , Madsen Henrik , Nielsen Torben Skov 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFor operational planning it is important to provide information about the situation‐dependent uncertainty of a wind power forecast. Factors which influence the uncertainty of a wind power forecast include the predictability of the actual meteorological situation, the level of the predicted wind speed (due to the non‐linearity of the power curve) and the forecast horizon. With respect to the predictability of the actual meteorological situation a number of explanatory variables are considered, some inspired by the literature. The article contains an overview of related work within the field. An existing wind power forecasting system (Zephyr/WPPT) is considered and it is shown how analysis of the forecast error can be used to build a model of the quantiles of the forecast error. Only explanatory variables or indices which are predictable are considered, whereby the model obtained can be used for providing situation‐dependent information regarding the uncertainty. Finally, the article contains directions enabling the reader to replicate the methods and thereby extend other forecast systems with situation‐dependent information on uncertainty. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lowering the risk of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence‐based practices emerge from new research
Authors: Jedrziewski M. Kathryn , Lee Virginia M.-Y. , Trojanowski John Q. 
Published: December 2005

BackgroundThe increasing prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other aging‐related dementias as the population ages will have a dramatic impact on both provision of health care and the economy if nothing is done to prevent or delay the onset of AD or to slow its progression.MethodsA comprehensive review of the literature in several promising areas of inquiry, other than those representing Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved AD‐ or dementia‐specific pharmacologic therapies, that may impact the risk or progression of AD and related dementias was undertaken.ResultsResults highlight a number of factors associated with AD and dementia. These include education and occupation, cognitive and leisure activities, exercise, cholesterol and statins, and head trauma.ConclusionsFactors associated with AD and dementia may have potential as strategies useful in preventing or delaying AD and dementia or slowing its progression. Further research is needed to determine the validity and strength of the associations and to ascertain causality.