bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Male and Female Opium Addicts Among the Hmong (Meo*)
Authors: Westermeyer Joseph , Peng Grace 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study was undertaken in order to elucidate the differences and similarities between male and female opium addicts in Hmong society. Remarkably, only two differences were found: sex ratio (more male addicts) and occupation (most women reported themselves as ‘housewives’). Comparison of twelve other demographic and clinical factors failed to show statistically significant differences. This study suggests that the many sex‐linked clinical differences observed in the United States and elsewhere (such as earlier onset in men and more rapid course among women) are related to sex‐linked sociocultural factors rather than biological differences.
Can Television Influence Smoking?
Authors: Eiser J. Richard , Sutton Stephen R. , Wober Mallory 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe influence on cigarette smokers' attitudes and behaviour of two television programmes broadcast in April 1975 is assessed from three Gallup polls (March, April and July, 1975) and a postal survey (September, 1975). The April Gallup poll showed that smokers who had seen the first programme were more likely than those who had not to acknowledge that smoking was harmful to their own health and that smoking causes more deaths than road accidents (although most still regard road accidents as the greater cause). The September survey showed that 59 per cent of smokers who remembered seeing either programme said they had tried to give up smoking at some time during 1975, as compared with 32 per cent who saw neither programme. Among those who tried to give up, the success‐rate was not significantly higher for viewers (64 per cent) than non‐viewers (59 per cent).
The Relationships between per capita Consumption, Drinking Patterns and Alcohol Related Problems in a Population Sample, 1965–1974. Part I: Increased Consumption and Changes in Drinking Patterns
Authors: Cartwright A. K. J. , Shaw S. J. , Spratley T. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySample surveys of the population of the same London suburb, conducted in 1965 and 1974, were studied to trace changes in drinking habits. Over the nine year period, per capita consumption increased 47%, but there was no change in the proportion of abstainers, and the drinking population did not drink any morefrequently in 1974 than they had in 1965. The increase in mean consumption was due largely to a 56% increase in average drinking day consumption. Drinking on weekdays became as frequent and as heavy as weekend drinking had been in 1965, and there was also a general shift towards drinking more at home.The populations were categorised into 18 demographic sub‐groups on the basis of age, sex and occupational status. Each group followed the main trend in overall consumption, except for changes in the types of beverage consumed. Relative differences between the drinking habits of the sexes and the age groups remained fairly consistent, but the frequency of drinking and the beverage choice of the lower status group moved closer towards that of the upper status group.Changes in drinking habits within the suburb which did not replicate national changes were related to factors peculiar to the suburb's population, but a consideration of the validity of sample data concluded that such longitudinal surveys could produce valid and reliable data on changes in overall drinking habits.
Sleep Patterns in Human Methadone Addiction
Authors: Orr William C. , Stahl Monte L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn order to determine the effects of methadone addiction on electroencephalographic sleep patterns, five chronic methadone addicts and five controls were studied in the sleep laboratory for four consecutive nights. The electroencephalogram, electro‐oculogram, and electromyogram were monitored, and sleep records were scored according to the Rechtschaffen and Kales criteria. The results revealed a significantly decreased REM and stage 4 latencies and increased stage 1 and slow‐wave sleep percentages in the methadone patients, and no significant differences in any other sleep parameters measured.
‘Drug Addiction’ and ‘Drug Dependence’: A Note on Word Meanings
Authors: Rippere Vicky 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper presents semantic differential data from 5 groups of English‐speaking subjects showing that the connotations of the verbal concept ‘drug dependence’ are less negative than those of drug addiction'. It thus appears that substituting the term ‘drug dependence’ for ‘drug addiction’ as recommended by the WHO may promote a shift towards less emotive discourse. However, subject report data suggest that the difference in connotation may to some extent be related to a difference in what ‘drug dependence’ denotes for these subjects.
Working‐class Opium Eating in the Nineteenth Century: Establishing the Facts
Authors: Berridge Virginia 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe paper attempts to establish an accurate picture of working class opium eating in the nineteenth century. The factory areas, at first, and London, in the later years of the century, attracted most attention. It seems likely that many working people, rather than using opiates recreationally, were unconsciously addicted, their dependence unrecognized until supplies failed.
An Empirical Assessment of Controls affecting Marijuana Usage
Authors: Staats Gregory R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study, based on self‐reported data (N=134) gathered via self‐adminstered anonymous questionnaires, examines the extent of marijuana use is limited by three general types of controls: supply and access considerations, secrecy concerns and questions involving the morality or immorality of use. It was observed that controls having the greatest effects on limiting use were factors affecting supply and access. Secrecy concerns and questions regarding the morality of use respectively have decreasing effectiveness in limiting marijuana use.
Spontaneous Remission from Alcoholism ‐A Community Study
Authors: Saunders W. M. , Kershaw P. W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA community survey study of the prevalence of alcohol related problems on Clydeside revealed that a number of respondents had experienced alcohol problems in the past, but were symptom‐free at the time of interview. These respondents (N = 162) were re‐interviewed to assess the extent of their previous problems and also to determine what processes they considered to have been significant in their recovery. Examination of completed interview schedules showed that so‐called ‘spontaneous’ processes were frequently reported as precipitators of change. However, a small number of ‘ex‐alcoholics’ did report treatment as being influential in their improvement and such cases were significantly more chronic than those that were designated as ‘spontaneous remitters’.It was concluded that not only does spontaneous remission occur in alcoholism, but that this occurs most readily in less severe cases, and that the processes that are involved in such remission concern significant life circumstance changes, such as marriage and job change, which may in turn reflect increasing maturity. It was also found that persons designated as ‘spontaneous remitters’ were more likely to still be regular alcohol users, whilst those respondents who had recovered with treatment were mainly teetotal.
The Structure of Depression in Heroin Addicts*
Authors: Shaw Brian F. , Steer Robert A. , Beck Aaron T. , Schut Jacob 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory for 100 heroin addicted men seeking methadone maintenance therapy was reported. A principal components analysis revealed four meaningful aspects of depression reflecting Cognitive‐affective, Somatic‐motivational, Physiological, and Loss of Interest dimensions; these components were descriptively compared to other factor structures reported for the Beck Depression Inventory. The conclusion was drawn that the structure of depression for heroin addicted men was comparable to that of non‐addicted depressed patients.
The Personality of Young Smokers
Authors: Powell Graham E. , Stewart Robert A. , Grylls Diana G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn a sample of 808 middle‐class children more than half of the boys and girls had tried smoking cigarettes by the age of 15 years. These children were found to be particularly extreme on the psychoticism (+), neuroticism (+) and lie scale (‐) dimensions of personality, and also somewhat high on the extroversion dimension. This pattern is identical to that of children who misbehave and do not conform in a general sense. The implications for an anti‐smoking campaign were briefly discussed.
Fertility and Offspring of Alcoholic Women: An Unsuccessful Search for the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Authors: Bark Nigel 
Published: January 2006

SummaryForty married women in a psychiatric hospital with a diagnosis of alcoholism were interviewed to obtain details of their pregnancies and outcome of pregnancies with particular reference to spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, deaths, mental handicap and congenital abnormalities. Forty controls matched by age and with a diagnosis of endogenous depression were also interviewed. No significant differences were found in the fertility, outcome of pregnancy or state of the children. The probable reasons for this are discussed briefly and the introduction contains a review of some of the literature on the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
Psychosocial Factors in Alcohol‐Discordant Twins
Authors: Borg Stefan , Fyrö Bengt , Myrhed Mårten 
Published: January 2006

SummarySixty‐three alcohol‐discordant male twin pairs, aged 45–65 years, have been investigated with respect to psycho‐social conditions, psychiatric symptoms and use of psychotropic drugs. The low consumers were significantly more often found to be married and to remain married in their first marriage, to have children and to have a higher education than their high consuming co‐twins. No differences were obtained as regards employment, income, living standard or criminality. A significantly larger number of the high consumers had been convicted for being drunk. As far as political and social activities are concerned the high alcohol consumers showed less interest and activity than their low‐consuming co‐twins. No evident disparities were found with respect to psychiatric symptoms and use of psychotropic drugs but a significantly larger number of the high consumers had seen a physician because of nervousness. The results indicate different life styles and personality traits in the group of high consumers as compared to the low alcohol consumers but no differences as to serious social disturbances between the two groups.
The Value of Thiamine Replacement in Chronic Alcoholism: A Reminder
Authors: Reilly Terence M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryEnumeration is made of the various pathological conditions accompanying chronic alcoholism in which thiamine deficiency has been aetiologically implicated. The efficacy of thiamine repletion in several of these conditions is illustrated. The role of routine thiamine administration to newly‐admitted chronic alcoholics is briefly discussed and the author concludes that thiamine supplementation in all chronic alcoholics should be a standard procedure.
There Ought to be a Law
Authors: Dorn Nicholas 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper describes and questions the social meaning of some 1975 general population survey data on individuals' expressed attitudes to legal control of various forms of behaviour, including possession of cannabis. Only a small proportion of the sample favoured ‘legalization’ of cannabis, larger proportions favouring legal status for homosexual behaviour, abortion and the buying of contraceptives. Few respondents would, however, take it upon themselves to report cannabis users to the police, and opinions about proper court sentences were highly varied. The paper briefly contrasts a social interpretation of such moral sentiments (involving social relations of labour market, family and law) with the individualistic interpretation that the attitude‐survey methodology itself imposes. The paper concludes that there is a need to develop social theory able to generate problem‐solving research and practice in the dependency field.
Smoking Prevalence Among General Practitioners’ Patients
Authors: Russell M. A. H. , Wilson C. , Taylor C. , Baker C. D. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe prevalence of smoking is reported in a representative sample of 2,616 patients attending the surgeries of 28 General Practitioners (GPs) in London. 43% of the men and 34 % of the women were current cigarette smokers. These figures are substantially lower than those of the general population due to a higher proportion of ex‐smokers rather than those who have never smoked. Daily cigarette consumption of current smokers, at 19 per day for men and 16 per day for women, was similar to the general population. The excess of ex‐smokers was comprised mainly of those who had stopped smoking recently possible due to the current illness causing their attendance at the surgery, and who under natural circumstances would be likely to start smoking again after recovery. Besides current cigarette smokers, this group of recent ex‐smokers would seem an ideal target for preventive intervention by GPs.
Alcoholism in Black Male Heroin Addicts
Authors: Weller Ronald A. , Halikas James A. , Darvish Harriet S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis study systematically evaluates the presence of alcoholism and alcohol problems in a large sample of black male heroin addicts. Of 192 addicts 24 per cent were diagnosed as alcoholics and 13 per cent as probable alcoholics when objective criteria for alcoholism were used. An additional 19 per cent reported isolated problems with alcohol. Thus 56 per cent of this sample of addicts had experienced some problem because of alcohol. The occurrence of such problems as medical complications from alcohol and use of non‐beverage alcohol indicates the seriousness of their alcohol use. Among subgroups of the study sample, the highest rate of alcoholism was in addicts currently addicted ‐ 49 per cent; while the lowest rate of alcoholism was in addicts who were in successful treatment – 22 per cent. Thus, a sizeable portion of the heroin addict population is having problems from the use of two drugs ‐ heroin and alcohol.
Variations in Staff Characteristics, Programmes and Recruitment Practices among Halfway Houses for Problem Drinkers
Authors: Ogborne Alan C. , Ian Wiggins T. R. , Shain Martin 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn a sample of halfway houses for problem drinkers those with staff oriented to Alcoholics Anonymous tended to recruit residents less involved in skid‐row than houses whose staff were not oriented to A.A. In general, however, staff ideologies and house programmes were not clearly related to the characteristics of the residents recruited. Overall retention was unrelated to staff ideology or the intensity of the in‐house programme. Residents less involved in skid‐row, however, tended to slay longer in houses with well articulated, structured programmes.
Detoxification – An Approach to Developing a Comprehensive Alcoholism Service
Authors: Arroyave Fernando , McKeown Steve , Cooper Sally E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Oxford Detoxification Unit was established in 1975 as part of reorganisation within the existing services. From the outset a policy of open admission has been pursued. Referrals are accepted by telephone, limited only by bed availability.The development of the Unit is discussed in relation to other services provided for alcoholics.
Effect of Moderate Doses of Ethanol and Phenobarbital on Pituitary and Thyroid Hormones and Testosterone
Authors: Linnoila M. , Prinz P. N. , Wonsowicz C. J. , Leppaluoto J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryEffects of ingestion of .8 g/kg of body weight of ethanol or 100 mg of phenobarbital on seven consecutive nights on plasma LH, TSH, prolactin, T3, T4, and testosterone levels were studied in five healthy young men. Ethanol increased plasma TSH levels during sleep whereas phenobarbital decreased plasma TSH levels during sleep and awake periods. Neither ethanol nor phenobarbital had significant effects on plasma prolactin, total T3, T4, or testosterone levels.
Opium Availability and the Prevalence of Addiction in Asia
Authors: Westermeyer Joseph 
Published: January 2006

SummaryEpidemiologic data collected by several investigators in numerous communities of Asia indicate that the role of a community vis‐a‐vis opium production and commerce strongly influences the prevalence of addiction. Poppy producing communities tend to have the highest crude prevalence rates (i.e., over 6 addicts per 100 people). Communities involved with opium transshipment generally have intermediate rates (i.e., 3 to 6per 100 people). End use or consuming locales have the lowest rates (i.e., under 3 per 100 people). These differences are attributed to varying drug availability in these three locations (i.e., inside most homes, passing through the community, or on demand only). Ethnicity, religion and national origin are not associated with addiction rate. It appears that community survey provides the most reliable data, while case registers may often underestimate the number of cases.
Are Different Therapeutic Perspectives Important in the Treatment of Alcoholism?
Authors: Cartwright A. K. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFrom a comparison of the literature concerning treatment outcome in general psychotherapy and alcoholism it is argued that there are substantial similarities in predictive factors. It is suggested that therapist factors may be as important in the treatment of alcoholism as in general psychotherapy, and that future alcoholism treatment research ought to be designed in a way which would make it possible to evaluate this possibility.
Mortality Related to Psychotropic Substances: Current Knowledge and Research Problems
Authors: Poikolainen Kari 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMortality data may be used to indicate the magnitude of public health problems related to psychotropic substances. The scanty data available shows that fatal poisonings from psychotropic substances have increased in several, but not in all the countries studied. In addition to poisonings, deaths from infectious complications and violent causes are prevalent among substance abusers and the risk of premature death is considerably increased. Research methods, reliability of statistics, thoroughness of cause‐of‐death inquiries, and problems of diagnosis are discussed.
The Reliability of Smoking History Amongst Survivors of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ronan G. , Ruane P. , Graham I. M. , Hickey N. , Mulcahy R. 
Published: January 2006

Summary and ConclusionsOne hundred and seventeen survivors of a first attack of acute coronary heart disease had blood carboxy‐haemoglobin levels checked and smoking histories recorded. All were participants in a longterm follow‐up and secondary prevention programme. At last follow‐up, four to eighteen years after the initial attack, 35 stated that they were still smoking, 57 claimed to be ex‐smokers, 6 were non‐smokers and 19 were pipe or cigar smokers.Thirty‐one of the 35 current smokers had a COHb concentration which exceeded 1.6 %. Five of the ex‐smokers had concentrations between 1.6 and 2.3%. There was a low and possibly zero deception rate amongst the ex‐smokers. This may reflect a high degree of rapport achieved between patients and medical staff during an exceptionally long and regular follow‐up period.
Changing Smoking Patterns in Calvados (France)
Authors: Tuyns A. J. , Hu M. X. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results of a population survey in Calvados (France) on smoking patterns are presented and discussed. At some time during their lives, 80 % of males and 20 % of females have indulged in smoking, 54 % and 14 % respectively are currently smoking. Cigarettes are the most widespread product smoked. Hand‐rolled cigarettes are still used by males of older age‐groups, particularly in rural areas, but are progressively replaced by commercial cigarettes. The proportion of ex‐smokers increases with age but the resulting decrease in consumption is compensated by an earlier starting age among young males and by a larger proportion of smokers among young females.The differential behaviour of males and females towards smoking contrasts with attitudes observed in the United Kingdom and the United States, but the recent changes occurring in young females indicate a trend towards a more homogeneous distribution of smoking in both sexes, as in other countries, with its prospective health implications.
The Dynamics of Drug use in Nigeria
Authors: Pela O. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryInterviews were carried out with 35 drug abusers admitted to the psychiatric ward of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Data analysed included age, sex, family constellation, education, birth order, age and circumstances of first drug use. The majority of drug abusers were from polygamous homes and fairly large family backgrounds. In cases where drug abusers were from monogamous homes, they were later born. Initial drug use was usually a social experience with considerable peer group influence and began with either prescribed drugs or marijuana. Although most had tried to stop drug abuse, they reported lack of support from relatives, and getting used to aversive drugs.
Assessment of an Urgent Admission Procedure to an In‐Patient Drug Dependence Unit
Authors: Strang John , Connell P. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn Urgent Admission Procedure has recently been introduced in the In‐patient Drug Dependence Unit. No difference in effectiveness (in terms of duration of stay of patients) is found when compared with the lengthier Normal Admission Procedure. However, those Urgent Admission patients who did not complete their drug withdrawal failed at an earlier stage of the withdrawal phase. Certain issues concerning the interpretation of the findings, the introduction of this scheme, its apparent benefits and the limitations of the research design are discussed. It is suggested that there is a need for such a service.
The Shetland Islands: Drinking Patterns in the Community
Authors: Caetano Raul , Suzman Richard M. , Rosen David H. , Voorhees‐Rosen Deborah J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryGeneral population drinking patterns in the Shetland Islands and their demographic correlates are described. A total of 533 individuals comprising a stratified random sample of the Island's population were interviewed, yielding a response rate of 78 per cent; 35 questionnaires were rejected as incomplete having 498 questionnaires to be utilized in this analysis. Weekly per capita consumption among male drinkers is 17 drinks, and among female drinkers is 2.5 drinks. Approximately 14 per cent of the women and 3 per cent of the men are abstainers. The predominant drinking pattern among women is occasional drinking (50%), and among men moderate drinking (40%). Also 33 per cent of the men are heavy drinkers. The associations between drinking patterns and social and demographic variables do not follow a pattern; the direction of the associations may change according to sex. Of all the demographic variables sex is the best predictor of drinking behaviour, accounting for 42 per cent of the variance explained out of a total of 49 per cent. The relationship of the findings to previous research done in Scotland and England and their implications for prevention are discussed.