bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and properties of some polyglycerol esters of short and medium chain length fatty acids
Authors: Babayan V. K. , McIntyre R. T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMono‐ and diesters of the short and medium chain acids were prepared with polyglycerols and compared with their corresponding mono‐ and diglycerides. The physical and chemical properties of such partial esters of polyglycerols, particularly with respect to their oil, water and solvent solubility are given. Polyglycerol esters become more hydrophilic as the molecular weight of the polyol increases. Polyglycerol esters become less hydrophilic as the length of the aliphatic chain of the acid used in esterification is increased. Polyglycerol esters of such short and medium chain fatty acids show promise in applications where surface activity and emulsification, solubilization of oil and water systems is desired.
A new broad spectrum antibacterial soap I. General properties
Authors: Jungermann Eric , Taber David 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe first soap germicide system to show activity against gram‐negative organisms is described. Addition of a new germicidal agent, 2‐hydroxy‐2′,4,4′‐trichlorodiphenyl ether, combination of hexachlorophene and triclocarban which has been used in a soap known to be effective against gram‐positive organisms, has broadened its antibacterial spectrum without impairing its mildness, safety and other desirable bar soap characteristics. Properties of the new system, including in vitro and in vivo tests of its antibacterial activity, efficacy and safety, are discussed.
Lipoxygenase‐oxidized soap stock as source of hydroxy conjugated octadecadienoic acids
Authors: Emken E. M. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA laboratory procedure was developed for the production of hydroxy conjugated octadecadienoic acids (HOCD). Lipoxygenase oxidation of distilled or crude soap stock produces hydroperoxy conjugated octadecadienoic acids, which can be reduced to HOCD. Crude aqueous soy flour extracts and defatted soy flour are convenient, effective and inexpensive lipoxygenase sources. This new procedure allows high substrate concentrations of 100 mg/ml to be used while achieving 75% to 90% oxidation of the available linoleic acid during a reaction time of 20 to 40 min. Aqueous ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent systems were compared. The DMSO system produced higher yields of hydroperoxy acids with low enzyme concentrations. Hydroperoxide yields are good when short reaction times, high pH levels and free radical scavengers are used.
The effect of laundering variables on the flame retardancy of cotton fabrics
Authors: Perkins R. M. , Drake G. L. , Reeves W. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSome durable flame retardant finishes for cotton fabrics can become ineffective if improper laundering procedures are used. For example, one flame resistant fabric will lose a significant amount of its flame resistance after 5, 10 or 20 soap launderings (yet show no reduction in phosphorus content) while another fabric treated with a different formulation will remain flame resistant. Synthetic detergents, rather than soap chips, and soft water have been recommended for some tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphorium chloride‐based flame retardant fabrics to prevent a “lime soap” deposit which impairs performance. The effect of these laundering variables has been studied in relation to a variety of different types of durable flame resistant fabrics.
Protection of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids against microbial hydrogenation in ruminants
Authors: Scott T. W. , Cook L. J. , Mills S. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPolyunsaturated fatty acids are normally hydrogenated by microorganisms in the rumen. Because of this hydrogenation ruminant triglycerides contain very low proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. A new process is described whereby polyunsaturated oil droplets are protected from ruminal hydrogenation by encapsulation with formaldehyde‐treated protein. The formaldehyde‐treated protein resists breakdown in the rumen thereby protecting the fatty acids against microbial hydrogenation. When these protected oils are fed to ruminants the formaldehydeprotein complex is hydrolyzed in the acidic conditions of the abomasum and the fatty acids are absorbed from the small intestine. This results in substantial changes in the triglycerides of plasma, milk and depot fats, in which the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids is increased from 2–5% to 20–30%. These effects are observed in the plasma and milk within 24–48 hr of feeding while a longer period is necessary to alter the composition of sheep depot fat. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to human and ruminant nutrition.
Autoxidation rates of 5‐olefinic monoenoic and denoic fatty acids from sea urchin lipids and meadoefoam oils
Authors: Kaneniwa Masaki , Miyashila Kazuo , Takagi Toru 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAutoxidation rates of the 5‐olefinic monoenoic and dienoic fatty acids from sea urchin lipids and meadow‐foam oils were compared with those of normal monoenoic and dienoic fatty acids by gas‐liquid Chromatographic determination of the unoxidized fatty acid methyl esters remaining through the autoxidation period. The fatty acids are classified into five groups shown below according to the oxidation rate of their methyl esters: I 5‐olefinic monoenoic acids (c5‐18:l, c5‐20:l and c5‐22:1), II normal monoenoic acids (c9‐18:l, cll‐18:l, c9‐20:1, cl3‐20:l and cl3‐22:l), III 5‐olefinic dienoic acids (c5,cll‐20:2, c5,cl3‐20:2 and c5,cl3‐22:2), IV 7‐olefinic dienoic acids (c7,cl3‐22:2 and c7,cl5‐22:2) and V normal dienoic acids (c6,c9‐18:2, c9,cl2‐18:2 and cll,cl4‐20:2). The oxidation rates of these groups increased during autoxidation in order from I to V. These results show that the 5‐olefinic monoenoic and dienoic acids are more stable to autoxidation than the normal monoenoic and dienoic acids, respectively. The higher stabilities of the 5‐olefinic monoenoic and dienoic acids in organisms are shown from these results.
Enzymatic preparation of monoglycerides in microemulsion
Authors: Holmberg K. , Osterberg E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMonoglycerides have been obtained in 80% yield by enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis of the corresponding triglyceride. The reaction was carried out in an oil‐rich microemulsion (L 2 phase) formulated without cosurfactant. Best results were obtained with the anionic surfactant sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT), isooctane as hydrocarbon component and a molar ratio of aqueous buffer of pH 7 to surfactant of 12. The enzyme used was a 1,3‐specific lipase which leaves the 2‐ position intact. However, the 2‐monoglyceride formed slowly undergoes acyl migration to 1‐monoglyceride which subsequently is hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acid. Optimal reaction time at 35 C reaction temperature was found to be three hr.
Child Care and Female Employment in Urban Nigeria
Authors: Okpala Amon O. 
Published: May 2008

Several factors influence female employment in most societies. They include family economic pressures, employability, earning potential, labor market environment and family composition. Several studies have been done on the influence of all factors but the last, family composition, that is, whether the mother has a baby-sitter. If the answer is a “yes,” then the probability that she will engage in an economic activity increases. This article addresses the question of the role of the child-care on female employment. The results show that the influence of child-care on female employment in Lagos depends on the nature of such help.
Applications of phytic acid
Authors: Graf Ernst 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPhytic acid (myo‐inositol hexaphosphate) constitutes 1‐3% of most plant seeds. Its tremendous chelating potential and its effects on the absorption of polycationic nutrilites such as Ca2+, Zn2+ and Fe3+ have been the subject of intense investigation for several decades. Yet in the American literature there is virtually no information available on other chemical properties of phytic acid or on its beneficial utilization. This review summarizes the present medical, dental, nutritional and industrial applications of phytic acid and suggests additional novel uses for this inexpensive and easily obtained chemical.
Yield, characteristics and composition of oil‐ Type hybrid sunflower seed grown in north dakota
Authors: Dreher M. L. , Roath W. W. , Holm E. T. , D'Appolonia B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOil‐type sunflower seed hybrids grown in North Dakota were evaluated for yield, seed characteristics and composition. The study consisted of 74 hybrids grown at Casselton, ND, during 1981. Mean analytical values were: yield (x = 2047 kg/hectare), seed weight (x = 9.9 g/200 seed), test weight (x = 40.3 kg/hectare), hull (x = 26.7%), embryo (x =73.7%), oil (x = 45.3%), protein (x = 20.8%), ash (x = 3.5%), lysine (x = 4.5 g/100 g protein) and chlorogenic acid (x = 2.0%). Increasing the lysine content of hybrid sunflower protein appears to have possibilities for further study. The mean chlorogenic acid content was slightly lower than levels previously reported.
Studies on the antioxidants XVIII: Oxidation product of tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) (I)
Authors: Kurechi T. , Aizawa M. , Kunugi A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTo explain the mechanism of antioxidants, it is important to know their chemical changes during the process of their prevention of autoxidation. Therefore, we have carried out a series of studies on these changes. In this study, the chemical structures and antioxidative activities of the oxides isolated by irradiation with ultraviolet rays were examined by using tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ). Two of the isolated products were identified as follows: one was a golden needle crystal, 2‐tert‐butyl‐p‐benzoquinone, and the other was a white prism‐like crystal, 2,2‐dimethyl‐5‐hydroxy‐2,3‐dihydrobenzo(b)furan, which was formed by dehydrogenation of the OH group and the methyl group in the rearranged tert‐butyl group at theortho position, so that furan rings were formed in the molecules. When the stability of these two products was tested on three different basic oils by the active oxygen method (AOM), quinone did not show any antioxidative activity, but the benzofuran derivative showed a strong antioxidative activity on lard and methyl oleate.
Studies on the Antioxidants XIX: Photooxidation products of tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) (bdII)
Authors: Kurechi T. , Kunugi A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA series of studies have been made with a view to pursuing the fate of antioxidant molecules during the antioxidation processes. In this study following that reported in the preceding paper, tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) in benzene solution was irradiated with ultraviolet rays and the chemical structure and antioxidative activities of the resulting photooxidation products were examined. They were identified as the following three compounds: 2‐(2‐[3′‐tert‐butyl‐4′‐hydroxyphenoxy] ‐ 2‐methyl‐1 ‐propyl)hydroquinone, which was a dimer of the intermediate generated by photorearrangement of the tert‐butyl group and the substrate TBHQ, 2‐(2‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐l‐propyl)hydroquinone, which was formed by interaction of the rearranged tert‐butyl group with water, and2‐ tert‐ butyl‐ 4‐ ethoxy‐phenol, which was formed from a secondary decomposition of the dimer. All of the resulting oxidation products showed antioxidative activity on methyl oleate, soybean oil and lard in the stability test by the active oxygen method (AOM).
Analysis of sucrose mono‐ And diesters prepared from triglycerides containing C12‐C18 Fatty Acids
Authors: Gupta R. K. , James K. , Smith F. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA quantitative gas liquid Chromatographic method of analysis for sucrose mono‐ and diesters, prepared from naturally occurring triglycerides, is described. For esters containing predominantly C16C1s alkyl groups, a common calibration curve was obtained. Calibration standards were prepared by column chromatography using silica gel adsorbent. Methods of analysis for the major impurities present in the sucrose mono‐ and diesters are also described.
A contribution to the discussion of the glyceride structure of stearic‐rich animal depot fats
Authors: Hilditch T. P. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryComparative study of the constituent glycerides of a number of ox, sheep, and pig body fats which have been investigated in the Liverpool laboratories reveals that, while there is considerable accordance between the values observed for the trisaturated and monounsaturated groups of glycerides with those calculated from probability considerations, there is complete divergence between the latter and the values observed for the di‐ and triunsaturated glycerides.The views on animal body fat glyceride structure developed and maintained by Hilditch and co‐workers are shown to be in harmony with the arithmetical relationships referred to (Table I), while they do not require the postulate that enzyme synthesis of glycerides should differ fundamentally in animal and in vegetable cells.It is shown that apparent resemblance in the proportions of the four categories of saturated and unsaturated glycerides to those calculated on probability considerations may arise in a number of different ways, and that such resemblance has not necessarily any bearing on the mode of glyceride structure observed in fats.The well‐established fact that mixed glycerides produced at high temperatures by synthesis or by acyl interchange approximate to “random” (probability) distribution also has no bearing upon the matter of the structure of mixed glycerides produced by the synthetic action of enzymes at or near atmospheric temperatures in the living cell.
Sodium palmitate in organic liquids as studied by X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Marsden Sullivan S. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe descendent phases of systems of sodium palmitate in 11 organic compounds have been studied by x‐ray diffraction. These consist of: 1. sodium palmitate in one of the three gamma crystalline forms; 2. an unknown component which may be a lamellar liquid crystal; and 3. the free organic compound.
Minor oil‐producing crops of the united states
Authors: Kester E. B. 
Published: May 2008

ConclusionThis discussion of minor oil‐bearing crops by no means includes all that were considered and might conceivably have deserved treatment or at least passing mention. Omitted were seeds contained in agricultural products from which, in all likelihood, oil could never be obtained economically. Justification for such reasoning can in most cases be found in the scattered status of an industry processing the commodity from which the oil bearing part is derived, or the low magnitude of processing operationsvs. that of retail sales. For example, the seeds of watermelon, cantaloupe, and a wide assortment of berries were not included. A vast number of seeds of wild plants could have been discussed, but unless concentration of growth occurs either naturally or as a result of domestication or unless the derived oil seems to have outstanding characteristics, such as that of gopher plant seeds or jojoba beans, it is useless to consider them seriously as oil sources. Certain grain screenings such as water grass, which occurs plentifully in rice, were omitted because their oil content is too low for profitable recovery.The evaluation of oils must usually be made on the same basis as the commoner bulk oils of commerce which they most closely resemble. As a rule vegetable oils differ from each other only in their contents of individually combined acids and their distribution in the oil as triglycerides or in having a high percentage of an unusual acid such as elaeostearic or hydnocarpic acid. Important variations, however, may occur in content of minor constituents such as oil‐soluble vitamins, antioxidants, or prooxidants, and it must be recognized that no oil can be completely evaluated until quantitative measurements covering such substances have been made where their presence is indicated.
The keeping quality of elaïdinated fats
Authors: Bertram S. H. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe causes of the considerably better keeping quality of elaïdinated oils and fats have been investigated through the rate of peroxide formation. They are physical as well as chemical in nature. The more solid composition of elaïdinated fats is the physical cause.Traces of selenium have been proved to behave as a strong antioxidation agent. The elimination of traces of metals in the course of the process of elaïdination with Se also has a very favorable influence.The elaïdo configuration of the unsaturated acids, however, has been shown to be the principal factor in retarding oxidation.
Model checking Duration Calculus: a practical approach
Authors: Meyer Roland , Faber Johannes , Hoenicke Jochen , Rybalchenko Andrey 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Model checking of real-time systems against Duration Calculus (DC) specifications requires the translation of DC formulae into automata-based semantics. The existing algorithms provide a limited DC coverage and do not support compositional verification. We propose a translation algorithm that advances the applicability of model checking tools to realistic applications. Our algorithm significantly extends the subset of DC that can be checked automatically. The central part of the algorithm is the automatic decomposition of DC specifications into sub-properties that can be verified independently. The decomposition is based on a novel distributive law for DC. We implemented the algorithm in a tool chain for the automated verification of systems comprising data, communication, and real-time aspects. We applied the tool chain to verify safety properties in an industrial case study from the European Train Control System (ETCS).
Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Edible Oils with the Use of a Variable Filter Array IR Spectrometer
Authors: Li Yue , García‐González Diego L. , Yu Xiuzhu , van de Voort Frederik R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe feasibility of employing a portable variable filter array (VFA) IR spectrometer equipped with a transmission flow cell to quantitatively analyze edible oils or biodiesel feedstocks for free fatty acids (FFA) was evaluated. The approach to FFA determination employed was based on a previously reported FTIR method that involves the extraction of FFAs into methanol containing the base NaHNCN, which converts the FFAs to their salts, followed by measurement of the carboxylate absorbance at ~1,573 cm−1 in the spectrum of the methanol phase. When this methodology was implemented on the low‐resolution VFA‐IR spectrometer, the analytical performance was comparable to that of conventional FTIR instrumentation at FFA concentrations of <1%. However, at higher FFA levels, the relatively weak pulsed IR source of the VFA‐IR spectrometer was found to provide insufficient energy for accurate measurement of the carboxylate absorption superimposed on the strong methanol absorption at ~1,450 cm−1. By changing the extraction solvent to ethanol (EtOH), good spectra and calibrations could be obtained over an FFA range of 0–5%, having an overall SD of ±0.07% FFA. Based on this assessment, a VFA‐IR spectrometer provides an economical instrumental means for at‐line monitoring of FFA levels in crude and refined edible oils and biodiesel feedstocks, capable of analyzing ~20–30 prepared samples per hour.
Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Structured Triacylglycerols with CLA Isomers in the sn‐2‐ Position
Authors: Blasi Francesca , Cossignani Lina , Bosi Ancilla , Maurelli Silvia , D’Arco Gilda , Fiorini Dennis , Simonetti Maria Stella , Damiani Pietro 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe present research deals with the chemical esterification of the sn‐2‐ position of sn‐1,3‐diacylglycerol (sn‐1,3‐DAG) with 9cis,11trans (c9,t11) and 10trans,12cis (t10,c12) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers to obtain structured triacylglycerols (TAG); the sn‐1,3‐DAG substrates were produced from extra virgin olive oil by means of enzymatic reactions while CLA isomers were obtained using a three‐step procedure based on alkaline hydrolysis of sunflower oil, urea purification of linoleic acid (LA) and alkaline isomerization of LA. The results showed good levels of CLA incorporation in structured TAG at the tested temperatures: 37.5% at 4 °C and 39.1% at 14 °C. To evaluate the incorporation of CLA isomers in sn‐2‐ position of sn‐1,3‐DAG structural analysis of the newly synthesized TAG was carried out using an enzymatic and a chemical method. The results of the structural analysis also showed up the occurrence of acyl migration. The pancreatic lipase method allowed the direct determination of the fatty acid composition of TAG sn‐2‐ position but this enzymatic method showed different results (p < 0.05) in respect to the chemical one; this occurrence could be due to an acylic specificity of the lipase. High incorporation of CLA isomers in sn‐2‐ position of TAG was observed, 77.0% at 4 °C and 81.5% at 14 °C, considering the results of the chemical procedure.
The Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Tissue Distribution of Macromolecules in Normal and Pathological Tissues: Potential Therapeutic Consequences
Authors: Wiig Helge , Gyenge Christina , Iversen Per Ole , Gullberg Donald , Tenstad Olav 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe interstitial space is a dynamic microenvironment that consists of interstitial fluid and structural molecules of the extracellular matrix, such as glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronan and proteoglycans) and collagen. Macromolecules can distribute in the interstitium only in those spaces unoccupied by structural components, a phenomenon called interstitial exclusion. The exclusion phenomenon has direct consequences for plasma volume regulation. Early studies have assigned a major role to collagen as an excluding agent that accounts for the sterical (geometrical) exclusion. More recently, it has been shown that the contribution of negatively charged glycosaminoglycans might also be significant, resulting in an additional electrostatical exclusion effect. This charge effect may be of importance for drug uptake and suggests that either the glycosaminoglycans or the net charge of macromolecular substances to be delivered may be targeted to increase the available volume and uptake of macromolecular therapeutic agents in tumor tissue. Here, we provide an overview of the structural components of the interstitium and discuss the importance the sterical and electrostatical components have on the dynamics of transcapillary fluid exchange.