bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF KI AND KII FOR CURVILINEAR CRACKS UNDER A NON‐UNIFORM BIAXIAL STRESS FIELD
Authors: Molski K. L. , Truszkowski W. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Any structural element subjected to a static or alternating biaxial load with variable or random amplitudes may suffer from damage that can be described by fracture mechanics parameters. Brittle fracture conditions, fatigue crack growth rate and direction, as well as corresponding safety margins, are the most important unknowns which have to be predicted.A method is presented for estimating stress intensity factors KI and KII for a curvilinear crack subjected to a non‐uniform biaxial stress field. The method is based on the assumption of an equivalent arc crack, determined separately for each of the real crack tips. The KI and KII values are estimated by means of a modified weight function, called a unitary weight function, evaluated here for the arc crack by using the boundary element method (BEM). According to the principle of superposition any form of non‐uniform stress field may be considered. Accuracy of the method and associated problems of curvilinear crack analysis are also discussed.
PREDICTION OF FCG BEHAVIOUR UNDER VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOADING IN MMC's
Authors: De Los Rios E. R. , Rodopoulos C. A. , Yates J. R. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— A model which describes fatigue crack propagation in fibre‐reinforced, metal‐matrix composites is further developed in this paper in order to characterise crack propagation under variable amplitude loading. The crack system is divided into three zones: the crack, the plastic zone and the fibre zone. Crack tip plasticity is constrained by the fibres and remains so until certain conditions are met.The solution of the equilibrium equation of all the forces (internal and external) acting on the crack system, determines two important relationships, first, the stress distribution throughout the system and second, the crack opening displacement. The conditions for crack propagation are such that when the stresses at the fibre zone attain the level required to debond the fibre from the matrix, the fibre constraint is overcome. Crack tip plasticity increases and the crack is then able to propagate round the fibre. If the fibres remained unbroken they would introduce a friction or clamping stress on the crack flanks which would be a function of the local COD. Crack propagation rate is assumed to be proportional to crack tip plastic displacement, which in turn depends on the level of fibre bridging, the degree of matrix cyclic hardening, fibre spacing, the debonding strength, the fibre strength and the applied load.The effect of overloads of various intensities, and applied at different stages of fatigue life, are assessed in terms of the magnitude of the damage generated. The damage is mainly in the form of fibre‐matrix debonding and fibre failure.
MIXED MODE FATIGUE CRACK THRESHOLDS FROM BENDING AND CYCLIC TORSION OF A PLATE
Authors: Egami N. , Kitaoka S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—The effects of plate thickness and crack shape on the threshold condition for crack propagation under cyclic bending or torsion, was studied using a through or a surface pre‐crack in a carbon steel plate of various thicknesses. It was concluded that the magnitude of the frictional stress acting on the crack surface at the propagation threshold under cyclic torsion was significantly affected by the plate thickness. An estimation method for the threshold condition for crack propagation under mixed‐mode loading for a particular plate thickness was proposed on the basis of the strain energy density criterion.
MEASUREMENT OF STRETCH ZONE HEIGHT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CRACK TIP OPENING DISPLACEMENT AND INITIATION J‐VALUE IN AN AISI 316 STAINLESS STEEL
Authors: Sreenivasan P. R. , Ray S. K. , Vaidyanathan S. , Rodriguez P. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—An accurate method using SEM for the measurement of stretch zone height (SZH) on fracture surfaces has been established. This method does not make any assumption regarding crack blunting angle θ, and for 316 stainless steel in the present investigation θ was in the range of 50 to 67°, contrary to the common assumption of 45°. The semi‐empirical equations, SZH(T) = 2.5 SZW (stretch zone width) and SZW = 89(J/E), reported in the literature were found to give very conservative predictions of initiation toughness Ji for an AISI 316 stainless steel. Lowerbound values of the coefficient m in the equation, J = mσyδ, relating J to CTOD, δ, is found to be 1.5–1.7 for the 316 SS used in this investigation; the upperbound value for m is found to be 2.6. The plastic CTOD values (δmax) corresponding to the maximum load‐point on the instrumented impact test traces are not sensitive to the aging conditions and as they incorporate significant crack growth effects they cannot be used for predicting Ji, by a procedure similar to that discussed above. The ratio t1/tT, where ti is the time to crack initiation and ti is the time to total fracture, in precracked Charpy tests of unaged and aged 316 SS used in this investigation (a/W=0.55 to 0.8) corresponds to 0.15 to 0.17.
TRANSIENT FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR FOLLOWING SINGLE OVERLOADS AT HIGH STRESS RATIOS
Authors: Tsukuda H. , Ogiyama H. , Shiraishi T. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—Fatigue crack growth tests with constant amplitude loading and single overload have been performed on a long mode I crack in 2017‐T3 aluminium alloy at various stress ratios from 0 to 0.7. Two crack tip parameters of σop and σtt were evaluated using a finite element analysis for a growing crack under these loading conditions. The former is the crack opening stress and the latter is the applied stress level at which the stress at the crack tip becomes tensile. It was found that transient crack growth behaviour following single overloads at high stress ratios was significantly different from that at a low stress ratio: at higher stress ratios, following the application of the overload, there was a rapid retardation which was followed by an acceleration in growth rate and then a faster return to the steady state level at baseline loading. The experimentally observed transient post‐overload behaviour is discussed in terms of the two effective stress range ratios of Uop and Utt, which are determined from σop and σtt, respectively. For the stress ratios and overload ratios studied, the results indicate that the changes in Utt with crack extension after the overload are reasonably consistent with the crack growth rate trends. The stress distribution at minimum applied stress would account for the transient changes in Utt.
THE ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE FATIGUE EFFECTS IN TOUGHENED ZIRCONIA USING A NEW POINT CONTACT METHOD
Authors: Henshall J. L. , Guillou M.‐O. , Hooper R. M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract—The effects of repeated point contact loading of a toughened ceria‐stabilised zirconia ceramic, CeTZP, by softer metallic cones, have been investigated. All tests were conducted on a purpose‐designed and built computer‐controlled apparatus. The results clearly indicate that zirconia is susceptible to cyclic loading. The evolution of the cyclic deformation and cracking processes have been analysed in terms of contact pressures, applied loading conditions and number of cycles. The ground tips of both quenched, and quenched and tempered, silver steel cones are plastically deformed during the initial loading cycle to produce a conforming planar surface approximately 50‐100 μm in diameter. In all cases, plastic deformation in the CeTZP was observed within, and adjacent to, the contact zones. The degree of plastic deformation increased as the number of cycles increased. The expansion associated with the tetragonal‐to‐martensitic phase transformation in the zirconia caused granular lifting from the surface, at the edge of the contact zone. This resulted in localised spalling at the peripheries of the contact zones, where the tensile stresses are the highest, followed by a radial expansion at higher cycle numbers. This investigation has identified that the rate of evolution of the fatigue damage, in decreasing order of significance, was controlled by: (a) cone hardness, (b) cyclic load amplitude and (c) mean load.
HIGH TEMPERATURE CYCLIC DEFORMATION OF A DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED Ni‐BASE SUPERALLOY
Authors: Marchionni M. , Osinkolu G. A. , Maldini M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— The high temperature low cycle fatigue behaviour of a directionally solidified Ni‐base superalloy hardened by about 65% volume fraction of γ'‐precipitates was investigated in order to determine the fatigue life parameters for longitudinal (L) and longitudinal transverse (LT) grain orientations. The fatigue resistance was compared with that of two oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) Ni‐base superalloys with a similar elongated grain structure.The fatigue life of the alloy can be adequately predicted by Basquin and Coffin‐Manson empirical relationships and the fatigue ductility parameters in these relationships show a similar trend with the tensile ductility properties.The studied alloy exhibits a fairly stable cyclic stress response, with only a slight stress softening. Fatigue crack initiation occurs mainly at shrinkage pores on the surface or sub‐surface of the specimens. The crack growth direction is predominantly perpendicular to the applied load. The fracture mode in the LT‐direction is transgranular and fatigue life is shorter by a factor of about six compared to the L‐direction. The fatigue life of the alloy is longer than that of the ODS Ni‐base superalloys with which it is compared.
THE INFLUENCE OF LOADING RATE ON HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING OF MICRO ALLOYED STEELS
Authors: Alvarez J. A. , Gutiérrez‐Solana F. , González J. J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Since the degradation effect due to environment on the cracking of materials depends on time, the loading rate has an important influence on the parameters that characterise its behaviour. This work analyses the effect of loading rate on the resistance to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) of two microailoyed steels, E690 and E500. Monotonic loading tests were performed on precracked CT samples using a slow strain rate machine. Tests were done under constant displacement rate varying from 4.1 × 10–7 m/s to 8.2 × 10–10m/s on the two steels that were cathodically charged with hydrogen at different current densities (1, 5 and 10 mA/cm2) to obtain different hydrogen concentration levels inside the material.Based on an analytical study, the initiation conditions for cracking as well as the crack propagation rates were determined in each case, and analysed as a function of K1. An extensive fractographic SEM study has been performed to help in the analysis of the different zones of behaviour obtained as an effect of loading rate, for each material and environmental condition used.
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE RESIDUAL STRESSES AND FATIGUE LIFE IMPROVEMENT BY A SURFACE TREATMENT
Authors: Freddi A. , Veschi D. , Bandini M. , Giovani G. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— The careful design of experiment (DOE) technique has been utilized to analyze the residual stress state and to investigate the fatigue life improvement of a material (nitriding steel) subjected to thermal and mechanical treatment.Nitriding treatments have been performed on several specimens which have been subsequently shot‐ peened, varying the main parameters controlling the process. The design of experiment method has been accomplished in order to evaluate the influence of the main shot‐peening parameters on the distribution and values of the residual stresses close to the surface, and also in order to estimate the influence of these parameters on fatigue resistance.
Immunizing Foreign Exchange Contracts Against Swap Rate and Volatility Risks
Authors: Garman Mark B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSwap rate risk, also called the problem of' “maturity gaps,” originates from foreign currency holdings whenever the involved contracts have differing maturities. Such differing maturities give rise to a sensitivity of the portfolio values with respect to the “swap rate,” or differential between the relative interest rates in two countries. Volatility risk, which typically affects only currency contracts having asymmetric payoffs (such as currency options), gives rise to a sensitivity of portfolio values with respect to changes in the exchange rate volatility. In this article we show how currency portfolios may be immunized, or made insensitive, to both swap rate risk and volatility risk, in the sense of Macaulay's (1938) classical treatment of interest rate risk. The European currency option contract is the primary subject of our discussion, since we show that both ordinary forward contracts and other complicated currency contracts are equivalent to suitable combinations of European currency options.
Foreign Acquisitions in the United States and the Effect on Shareholder Wealth
Authors: Cakici Nusret , Hessel Chris , Tandon Kishore 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe research presented here indicates that foreign acquisitions in the United States in the form of mergers, have resulted in abnormal returns to targets of nearly 22 percent, a figure not much higher than in domestic mergers. Sell‐off abnormal returns have averaged nearly three percent, substantially higher than the average 0.7 to 1.66 percent in the domestic case. We find that merger abnormal returns have been substantially higher in our first subperiod (1982–84) than in the second (1985–87). For selloffs, our results are reversed‐abnormal returns have been higher in the second subperiod. In cross‐sample tests, we find the Japanese paying the highest merger premiums/abnormal returns, while the sell‐off abnormal returns are highest when Germans are the buyers. We also find significant differences across industry samples but not across combination type samples. We do not find a significant relationship of these abnormal returns to the firm's accounting and financial variables.
An Empirical Examination of Foreign Exchange Market Efficiency: Applying the Filter Rule Strategy to Intra‐Daily DM/$ Exchange Rates
Authors: Kwok Chuck C. Y. , Van de Gucht Linda 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTesting the existence of excess filter rule trading profits is one of the weak‐form tests of market efficiency. Using intra‐daily Deutsche mark/U.S. dollar exchange rate data from February 1985 to August 1989, this study applies the x' statistic in Sweeney (1986) to examine whether significant excess filter rule profits exist. The results show that many combinations of in and out filters generate significant x' statistics. Among them, in and out filters around 0.05–0.1 % generally lead to the highest excess filter rule profit. Furthermore, the performance of the filters remains stable when the sample period is broken down into three equal subperiods. Such findings indicate that there may be inefficiency in the intra‐daily Deutsche mark/U.S. dollar market. An investor may earn excess profit in this market by applying the filter rule strategy.
Value Added and Corporate Control in the U.S.
Authors: Bannister James W. , Riahi‐Belkaoui Ahmed 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the ability of value added to assess the differences between target firms and their industries and to explain target firms' abnormal returns during the takeover period. In a sample of 234 completed takeovers over the period 1977 to 1989, takeover targets have lower value added to total assets ratios than other firms in their industries in the year preceding the year in which the takeover is completed. Target firm abnormal returns observed during the takeover period are positively related to the difference between target Firm and average industry value added to total assets. This suggests that while acquired firms are on average underperformers, acquiring firms value the access to, and possibly the ability to redistribute, the resources of target firms.
Environmental Factors Influencing Mergers and Acquisitions in Japan
Authors: Cooke T. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is first to dispel the myth that mergers and acquisitions do not occur in Japan and secondly to highlight the major environmental factors that influence such corporate reorganisations. The main influences discussed include corporate culture and Japanese enterprises, the government as a regulator, the regulatory agencies, and institutional influences. These issues are of importance because not only have they featured in trade negotiations between Japan and the West but also in highlighting to financial managers those factors that are crucial to the outcome of corporate reorganisations in Japan.
International Differences in GAAP and the Pricing of Earnings
Authors: Pope Peter F. , Rees William P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study investigates the information content of two alternative accounting earnings measures constructed under U.K. and U.S. GAAP. The analysis is based on the 20‐F SEC filings by U.K. domiciled companies having ADRs listed in the U.S. The research design involves testing the association between U.K. stock returns and alternative accounting numbers. The evidence suggests that, for the sample examined, U.K. GAAP earnings changes have incremental information content after controlling for U.S. GAAP earnings changes, but that earnings levels measured under U.S. GAAP have some independent incremental information content after controlling for U.K. GAAP earnings. The results are consistent with GAAP adjustments having a significant transitory component. The empirical results display explanatory power which is broadly consistent with previous work and the GAAP earnings adjustments add marginally to the ability of earnings to explain returns.
Sovereignty, Separation and Risk Premiums
Authors: Burnie David A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study investigates the risk premia of Canadian debt issuers in the U.S. capital markets under conditions of sovereignty stress. In particular, the impact of separatist activity is considered. The incidence of separation news around the sale of debt issues is associated with a specific increase in the proceeds yield or cost to the issuer, but not the market yield. Debt issues by Quebec parties within the separation news event window had an added cost. The added cost is estimated at more than 0.56% to the issuer or about $1.30 million per average $230.77 million issue. These costs are additional fees that are paid to the investment banking syndicate, but these do not increase the yield to the investors. Brown, Durbin and Evans (BDE) recursive residuals tests support the hypothesis of structural changes over time in the pricing process. Debt issues from other countries facing political risk may be priced in a similar manner.
Return and Risk Premium Seasonalities in three Emerging Asian Markets: Hong Kong, Korea and Taiwan*
Authors: Cheung Yan‐Leung , Ho Richard Yan‐Ki , Wong Kwok‐Fai 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this study, we find that seasonal return patterns differ from that implied by risk premiums in three emerging Asian markets; namely, Hong Kong, Korea and Taiwan. Positive January seasonal returns are found in the Hong Kong and Taiwan markets, while positive February seasonal returns are also found in Taiwan. These findings suggest that investors should place their money in these markets during January but not for the months of June and December in Korea, and for the months of May and November in Taiwan. Corporate managers should also be aware of the need to adjust for such seasonal variations when they use market data to evaluate the risk premium or required rate of return for projects in these markets. The results also show that the size effect may also be priced in some of these markets.
The Commercial Valuation of Danubius A Study of the Privatization Process in Hungary
Authors: Borda Maria R. , Saudagaran Shahrokh M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAs former East Bloc countries attempt to move from state‐controlled to market economies they are privatizing their economic enterprises in large numbers. Privatization generally requires the valuation of erstwhile government‐owned assets. This has definite accounting and financial reporting implications particularly if the business entity hopes to attract capital from abroad. Foreign investors are likely to insist on financial information in a form that meets internationally acceptable norms before they provide capital to these businesses. This article looks at the case of a Hungarian company that has privatized recently. It describes the process from the managers' initial decision to ‘go public’ to the final issuance of the shares. It highlights certain practices that, while unusual by Western standards, are important components of the privatization process in Hungary. The Hungarian experience is of particular interest to other former East Bloc countries since Hungary is several years ahead of them on the road to privatization. Lessons learned from the Hungarian experience could assist them better manage their privatization programs. It provides financial managers and academics useful insights into the innovative vehicles for going public that are being developed by countries that have traditionally been perceived as being backward in their accounting and finance practices.
The Information Content of Productivity Measures: an International Comparison*
Authors: Kim Jee Hong , Joo In Ki , Choi Frederick D. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examines whether, and to what extent, productivity information is used by the market and whether it is useful as a predictive measure. To see if nationality has any bearing on these issues, we examine the information content of productivity measures in Japan, Korea and the United States. While correlations between security returns, productivity changes and unexpected earnings are not uniform across our sample countries, our findings suggest that productivity, as a performance metric, merits greater attention by financial managers and security analysts. The substitution of productivity in place of short‐run earnings could very well be the key to enhanced performance in today's environment of global competition.
Book Reviews
Authors: BRIDGES  , STRANG  , SELF PETER , SIM A. W. S. , BERRINGTON HUGH , TIPPING D. G. , WISEMAN H. V. , CRICK BERNARD , STEWART A. B. , STOWE K. R. , NAIRNE P. D. , ABEL‐SMITH B. , GREGORY R. G. 
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article: John Anderson, Viscount Waverley Sir John W. Wheeler‐Bennett. Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1962. Pp. 430. 45s. British Foreign Policy: The Process of Readjustment 1945‐1961. F. S. Northedge. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Sir John Winnifrith. Her Majesty's Customs and Excise Sir James Crombie. The Legislative System John C. Wahlke, Heinz Eulau, William Buchanan and Leroy C. Ferguson. Government and Industry in Britain. J. W. Grove. Committees: How they work and how to work them. Edgar Anstey. Committees. Phyllis Bentley. The Nature of Politics. J. D. B. Miller. Further Studies in Hospital and Community. MKenzie, Weir, Richardson, Mair, Harnett, Curran and Ferguson. Interviewing in the Social Services. Elizabeth de Schweinitz and Karl de Schweinitz. Staff Relations in the Civil Service: The Canadian Experience Saul J. Frankel. Economics of Public Health Burton A. Weisbrod. The Derbyshire Miners J. E. Williams.