bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prioritizing health problems in women in developing countries: comparing the financial burden of reproductive tract infections, anaemia and depressive disorders in a community survey in India
Authors: Patel Vikram , Chisholm Daniel , Kirkwood Betty R. , Mabey David 
Published: October 2006

SummaryObjectives  To compare the health care and opportunity costs of three common health problems [depressive disorders, reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and anaemia] affecting women and their associated risks of catastrophic health expenditure (defined a priori as out‐of‐pocket expenditure on health care exceeding 10% of the total monthly household income).Methods  Cross‐sectional survey of 2494 women who consented to participate, from a randomly selected sample of 3000 women aged 18–50, living in the catchment area of a primary health centre in Goa, India. Depressive disorders were diagnosed with the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule; anaemia on the basis of a fingerprick sample of blood using the Haemocue system; and RTI using PCR, culture and microscopy with vaginal or urine specimens. Economic consequences were measured using the Costs of Illness Schedule and the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule. Health provision costs were calculated using previously derived unit costs for services for the main types of health care provider.Results  Catastrophic health expenditure, defined a priori as >10% of total household income spent out of pocket on health in the previous month, was reported by 138 women (5.5%; CI: 4.7–6.5%); they were more likely to report economic difficulties, such as having gone hungry in the past 3 months because of lack of money (OR 1.99, CI 1.1–3.6, P = 0.02). Only depressive disorder was associated with significantly higher health care costs, lost time costs and risk of catastrophic health expenditure (OR 2.66, CI 1.6–4.4, P < 0.001, after adjustment for possible sociodemographic confounders and other physical health problems). There was a linear association between the psychological morbidity score (arranged into quintile groups) and the risk of catastrophic health expenditure (adjusted).Conclusions  If economic arguments were considered a key driver for global health policy, then depressive disorder should be considered a major health priority for women in developing countries.
Delivery of insecticide‐treated net services through employer and community‐based approaches in Kenya
Authors: Wacira Daniel G. , Hill Jenny , McCall P. J. , Kroeger Axel 
Published: October 2006

SummaryBackground and objectives  Many approaches have been used to deliver insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) to African communities in different settings. Between 1992 and 2002, the African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Kenya, used two ITN delivery models: the employer‐based approach and the community‐based approach. These two approaches have never been compared in order to inform their potential for future ITN delivery. We aimed to (1) compare the extent of ITN ownership, use and retreatment coverage in different population groups in the employer and community‐based models and (2) identify options for improving people's acceptance and use of treatment/retreatment services.Methods  Qualitative and quantitative methods for data collection and analysis. A total of 2095 household heads were interviewed in the quantitative study, while purposively selected groups and key informants participated in the qualitative study.Results  Net coverage (both treated and untreated nets) and retreatment rates with insecticides were significantly higher at employer‐based sites (54.3%) than at community‐based sites (35.0%). Bed net ownership has increased significantly since the start of AMREF interventions in 1998 in employer‐based sites (from 27% to 61.1%); in community‐based sites, it has either decreased (urban area, from 29.0% to 16.5%) or increased (rural area, from 17.0% to 49.1%). Retreatment rates in all sites were negatively influenced by the lack of information, cash and availability of insecticides. Satisfaction with the form of payment and services delivered was higher in employer‐based sites. This was attributed to employers providing credit for the purchase of nets and retreatment kits and the employers’ medical teams giving information on malaria and making follow‐up visits on workers who fell ill.Conclusions  Employer‐based delivery of ITNs was more successful than community‐based delivery in attaining both high coverage with ITNs and higher rates of net retreatment. Methods used for the retreatment of nets, forms of payment and communication strategies should be convenient to communities. Organized community groups may continue to play an important role in remote rural areas.
Immunohistochemical properties of ocular adenomas, adenocarcinomas and medulloepitheliomas
Authors: Klosterman E. , Colitz C. M. H. , Chandler H. L. , Kusewitt D. F. , Saville W. J. A. , Dubielzig R. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOcular medulloepitheliomas, adenomas and adenocarcinomas share a common phenotype and originate from the optic cup neuroectoderm. This can make it very difficult to differentiate between these tumors histopathologically. Therefore, this study focused on identifying a combination of immunologic markers that might be used in the diagnosis of these tumors. These markers included AE1/AE3, CK7, CK20, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Routine immunohistochemical staining was performed on 27 whole globes diagnosed with one of these tumors. The tumors that immunostained for TERT showed increasing immunoreactivity as the tumor types increased in aggressiveness. None of the tumor types were immunopositive for CK7. CK20 immunostaining was found in the adenomas but not in the adenocarcinomas or medulloepitheliomas. AE1/AE3 expression was present more consistently in the adenocarcinomas and less frequently in the adenomas. AE1/AE3 expression was present in only one of six medulloepitheliomas. Furthermore, CK20 and TERT showed inverse expression patterns, i.e. TERT increased in expression and CK20 decreased in expression with increasing aggressiveness. These results may be important diagnostic and prognostic indicators for these tumors.
A Longitudinal Study of Belief and Desire State Discourse During Mother–Child Play and Later False Belief Understanding
Authors: Symons Douglas K. , Fossum Kristin‐Lee M. , Collins T.B. Kate 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThere is considerable interest in the role of mental state language in theory of mind development. This study examines cognitive and desire state discourse of 43 mothers during play interactions with their two‐year‐old children and theory of mind as indicated by a battery of false belief tasks around the age of five. Desire state comments of mothers during free play which were appropriate to the conversational context were significantly related to children's later theory of mind, and this relation was independent of other confounding variables, including a home‐based measure of maternal sensitivity, and socio‐economic status, and an estimate of child language. The child's desire state language was concurrently related to the mother's desire state language used appropriately, and the child's cognitive state language was related to the mother's appropriate cognitive state language. Although cognitive state language was not predictive of later theory of mind, this may be because this kind of language plays a later role in theory of mind development.
Contextual Variation in Stereotype Content: An Investigation of Children's Central Tendency and Group Variability Judgements
Authors: Bennett Mark , Sani Fabio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDrawing upon self‐categorization theory, we predicted that the content of children's stereotypes concerning the gender ingroup would be contextually variable. Two studies are reported, each looking at five‐, seven‐, and 10‐year‐old children's stereotypes of the gender in‐group in two different contexts. Study 1 examined judgements of the perceived central tendency of the in‐group on specified dimensions. Study 2 addressed judgements of perceived variability within the gender in‐group on the same dimensions. Overall multivariate analysis of the data indicated that central tendency judgements were influenced by the context in which a group is considered, but that group variability judgements were not. Individual‐level analyses showed that the most typical pattern of response over the two conditions, in both Studies 1 and 2, was for children to provide consistent rather than varying judgements. However, in Study 1 (but not Study 2), among those children who changed their judgements, the nature of change was precisely as predicted by self‐categorization theory.
Measuring State TANF Policy Variations and Change After Reform*
Authors: De Jong Gordon F. , Graefe Deborah Roempke , Irving Shelley K. , Pierre Tanja St. 
Published: October 2006

Objectives. Our objectives are to describe the policies adopted after PRWORA, which vary across states, to test for common underlying policy concepts, demonstrating how these policies are interrelated, and to examine whether policy stringency diffused to neighboring states results in greater policy stringency across all states over time. We convert textual TANF welfare guidelines into empirically derived policy dimensions and use the derived quantitative scores to describe variation and change in welfare policy dimensions across status during the 1996–2003 post‐welfare‐reform period.Methods. Utilizing the Urban Institute's Welfare Rules Database, we apply a factor analytic methodology to 78 unique state policy guidelines that were coded on a lenient‐to‐stringent continuum. Regression analyses, employing spatial contiguity weighting, are used to describe policy diffusion.Results. The results identified 15 underlying first‐order post‐welfare‐reform policy dimensions, which for scientific parsimony were further reduced to three second‐order underlying dimensions representing rules governing eligibility: eligibility requirements for groups, behavioral responsibilities for maintaining eligibility, and eligibility time limits and exemptions. Analysis of the quantitative scores showed that by 2003 states had become more lenient regarding eligibility criteria for groups but decidedly more stringent regarding behavioral guidelines for maintaining eligibility and eligibility time limits and exemptions. Spatial clustering is not found globally but is significant for some states at the local level. Spatial diffusion is apparent only for behavioral rules.Conclusions. Our results suggest that TANF policy variations across states go beyond payment levels to include salient eligibility rules. The patterns of variability in change scores across states do not support a pervasive “race to the bottom” conclusion.
The Pomp of Power: Black Mayoralties in Urban America*
Authors: Marschall Melissa J. , Ruhil Anirudh V. S. 
Published: October 2006

Objectives. Although urban scholarship has come to better understand the dynamics of black political incorporation in the United States, to date scant empirical attention has been paid to an important element of minority representation in local politics—the rise of black mayors. The present study addresses this gap in the extant literature.Methods. We analyze incidences of black mayoralties by fitting standard pooled and random effects probit models to a panel of 309 cities observed between 1971 and 2000.Results. Although cities' racial profiles are strongly associated with the incidence of black mayoralties, black representation on city council, black educational attainment, and reformed governments increase the odds of black mayoral emergence. On the other hand, southern location continues to depress the rise of black mayoralties, as do partisan elections, particularly in cities where no racial group constitutes a majority.Conclusions. Although our results partially confirm extant research on the diffusion of black mayoralties in American urban politics, they also call into question conventional wisdom. Our study emphasizes the need for more large‐N studies of minority representation in urban politics and provides suggestions for how the independent effects of black mayors on municipal policy outcomes might subsequently be analyzed empirically.
The Obese Smoker's Wage Penalty*
Authors: Baum Charles L. , Ford William F. , Hopper Jeffrey D. 
Published: October 2006

Objective. Smoking and obesity are associated with significant wage penalties when considered separately. We assess the combined effects of those behaviors.Methods. We estimate the effects of smoking and obesity on wages using multivariate regression analysis with 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data.Results. The raw data indicate that obese smokers experience large earnings penalties. However, these penalties are not found to be interactive or directly causal for most of the demographic subgroups we examine. One exception is the wage penalty associated with obesity for females, which remains significant throughout the analysis.Conclusions. In the absence of a demonstrable direct causal effect of those behaviors on wages, associated individual‐specific socioeconomic factors appear to be the driving forces behind the obese smoker wage penalty. Not included, but potentially significant, are the effects of employer and customer discrimination against obese smokers and the possible labor policy implications of such discrimination.
Clinical and Histologic Findings for Microimplants Placed in One Stage and Loaded for Three Months: A Case Report
Authors: Becker William , Sennerby Lars , Becker Burton E. , Henry Patrick 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: Implants are placed in either one or two stages. There is an absence of histologic human evidence relating to implant integration after loading. Purpose: The purpose of this case report was to present clinical and histologic findings for smooth‐surfaced titanium turned microimplants placed in one stage and loaded after healing. Materials and Methods: Five one‐piece microimplants were placed in a fully edentulous mandible. Three microimplants (tests) were placed in one stage and extended through the keratinized mucosa for 3 mm. Two additional microimplants (controls) were placed even with the mucosa. After 3 months of healing, three test implants were loaded for an additional 3 months. At this time, three loaded implants and one control were removed en bloc. Results: Histologic and histometric evaluations were made. For all specimens, there was excellent bone‐to‐implant contact. The loaded implants had from two to four exposed threads. Using marginal bone levels as the reference, the highest percentage of bone‐to‐implant contact was noted with the unloaded control implant (92.2%). One nonaxially loaded implant had 66.9% bone‐to‐implant contact, whereas the axially loaded implants (n = 2) had 77.8% bone‐to‐implant contact. Conclusions: Within the limits of this case report, smooth‐surfaced, titanium threaded microimplants placed in one stage and loaded for 3 months demonstrated excellent osseointegration, with varying bone‐to‐implant contact. The amount of bone‐to‐implant contact may be related to axial implant loading.
Histologic Evaluation of a Human Immediately Loaded Titanium Implant with a Porous Anodized Surface
Authors: Degidi Marco , Petrone Giovanna , Iezzi Giovanna , Piattelli Adriano 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: Several researchers have demonstrated, in the past decade, in clinical and histologic studies, that immediate loading can be successfully used in implant dentistry. Many factors are thought to be of importance in obtaining mineralized tissues at the interface. One of these factors is the implant surface characteristics. Recently, an implant with a new porous anodized surface has been introduced in the market. Purpose: The goal of this study was to histologically evaluate a clinically retrieved immediately loaded implant with a porous anodized surface. Materials and Methods: After a 6‐month loading period, an immediately loaded implant with a porous anodized surface that had been inserted in the posterior maxilla was retrieved. Results: Histology showed that mineralized tissue was present at the interface and the bone‐implant contact percentage was about 60%. No gaps or fibrous tissue or inflammatory infiltrate were present at the interface. Conclusions: Results show that immediate loading of dental implants has no untoward effects on the formation of mineralized tissues at the interface. Immediate loading is a possible alternative in implant dentistry.
Nonsubmerged and Submerged Implants in the Treatment of the Partially Edentulous Maxilla
Authors: Åstrand Per , Engquist Bo , Anzén Bengt , Bergendal Tom , Hallman Mats , Karlsson Ulf , Kvint Sven , Lysell Leif , Rundcrantz Torgil 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: Dental implants vary in design and surfaces. In addition, different surgical techniques have been used for implant insertion. The ITI Dental Implant System (Straumann AG, Waldenburg, Switzerland) has always required a one‐stage technique, whereas the Brånemark System (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) requires a two‐stage technique. Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the outcome of fixed partial bridges in the maxilla supported by both ITI and Brånemark implants in a split‐mouth design. Materials and Methods: Twenty‐eight patients with a residual anterior dentition in the maxilla were included in this split‐mouth study. The Brånemark implants were used on one side and the ITI implants on the other side of the residual dentition according to a randomization procedure. A blocking size of four was used, giving equal probability of placing ITI or Brånemark implants in the right or left side of the jaw. The surgical and prosthetic procedures followed the guidelines given by the manufacturers. The prosthetic treatment with the two‐implant systems was performed at the same time, and for that reason the healing period was 6 months for both systems. The observation period for all patients was 1 year after loading. Results: Two Brånemark implants (in one patient) were lost before loading, and one ITI implant was lost 1 year after loading. There was no significant difference in survival rate. Radiographie examination of the bone level was performed at the time of delivery of the bridge and after 1 year. The mean marginal bone level at baseline was situated 1.9 mm from the reference point for the Brånemark implants and 1.5 mm for the ITI implants. With regard to the insertion depth used, these bone levels indicate that bone loss had taken place before baseline. However, between baseline and the 1‐year examination, there was no significant change of the marginal bone (0.2 ± 0.08 mm at the Brånemark implants and 0.1 ± 0.11 mm at the ITI implants). The difference between results with the two implants was not statistically significant. Crater‐form bone destructions were seen at some ITI implants, indicating periimplantitis. However, at only two implants were there clinical signs of periimplantitis. Conclusions: No significant difference in survival rate or in marginal bone change could be demonstrated between the two systems. At some ITI implants (18%), crater‐form bone loss was observed.
Ten‐Year Results of a Prospective Study Using Porous‐Surfaced Dental Implants and a Mandibular Overdenture
Authors: Deporter Douglas , Watson Philip , Pharoah Michael , Todescan Reynaldo , Tomlinson George 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: Numerous investigators have used osseointegrated dental implants as retention for mandibular overdentures, but few have reported 10‐year outcomes or incorporated carefully standardized radiographs to document crestai bone loss. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to use a prospective clinical trial design to assess the performance of short sintered porous‐surfaced dental implants with a mandibular complete overdenture when all patients in the trial had undergone 10 years of continuous function. Materials and Methods: Fifty‐two fully edentulous patients, most with advanced alveolar ridge resorption, each received three free‐standing Endopore implants (7–10 mm in length, mean length, 8.7 mm; Innova Corporation, Toronto, ON, Canada) in the mandibular symphysis region. After 10 weeks of submerged healing, these implants were used to support an overdenture. Carefully standardized radiographs, using a customized stainless steel filmholder attached to each implant and the x‐ray tube, were collected at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, yearly to 5 years, and then again at 7 and 10 years. Results: Life table analysis revealed a 10‐year implant survival of 92.7% and a mean annual bone loss after year 1 of 0.03 mm. Conclusion: Short free‐standing dental implants with a sintered porous surface used for implant fixation are a predictable and effective means of retaining a mandibular overdenture in patients with advanced mandibular ridge resorption.
Preservation of Esthetics with Implant Dentistry: a Clinical Report
Authors: Vergara Jaime A. , Caffesse Raúl G. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: The replacement of single teeth with implants in the anterior maxilla poses a significant challenge to the clinician because of its esthetic implications. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to report a protocol in which single teeth are replaced by implants and temporarily restored without load, immediately after extraction. Materials and Methods: Between June 2001 and July 2002, 16 cases were followed up in which this protocol was used. Briefly, the teeth are extracted with a Periotome (Friadent, Mannheim, Germany), using a napless technique, the sockets are evaluated and débrided, an osteotomy is performed following the direction of the socket, and a tapered implant is placed using the alveolar crest as the landmark. A temporary abutment is immediately custom made, and a temporary crown is placed without loading. The 16 cases are summarized, and 4 of them are presented to illustrate this approach. Results: All four cases have provided excellent esthetic results maintaining an ideal implant‐to‐supporting‐tissue relationship. Furthermore, the overall time needed to restore the cases was considerably reduced when compared with time needed for the conventional approach. Conclusion: The four cases presented support the use of the described protocol in the placement of single implants in areas of the maxillary anterior region where esthetics is a high priority.