bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dermatological Manifestations of Metal Poisoning
Authors: Nambi Rabindranath 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Skin manifestations from poisoning by metals and metalloids are varied. The spectrum of metallodermatoses includes anaphylaxis, acute rashes, inflammatory dermatoses, urticarial eruptions, pigmentary changes, pre‐cancers and malignancies.
The toxic effects of metal poisoning are often unrecognised and delayed diagnosis is common. Exposure can be subtle due to dietary intake, medications, health supplements and occupational exposure. The metals and metalloids discussed in this chapter include antimony, arsenic, gold, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, thallium, beryllium, molybdenum and platinum.
Cutaneous Reactions to Cold and Heat
Authors: Bashir Saqib J. , Chew Ai‐Lean 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Human exposure to cold and warm environments has occurred throughout millennia. Human skin responds physiologically to environmental temperature; however, pathological responses may occur to extremes of temperature in those who have an underlying predisposition. This chapter details the pathophysiological responses to cold and heat, the resultant disease processes and the treatment plans used to manage patients injured by cold or heat.
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Authors: White Jonathan M. L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Irritant contact dermatitis is a phenomenon where the immune response is not specific to a particular chemical (i.e. an allergy has been excluded). The skin changes vary from subjective stinging without a visible rash, an eczema‐like dermatosis and rarely may include severe chemical burns. Occupational and recreational triggers are commonly seen and often simple avoidance advice can be of therapeutic benefit. Topical treatments and personal protective equipment are the mainstay of treatment of established disease.
Tumours of Skin Appendages
Authors: Calonje Eduardo , Marušić Zlatko 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The clinical presentation of skin appendage tumours for the most part is not as specific and diverse as the histological features of this extremely heterogeneous tumour group. Differential diagnosis of certain appendageal tumours can be extremely subtle, yet greatly influence final treatment outcome. Occasional association of certain entities with inherited tumour syndrome	s can be extremely important in terms of hereditary cancer screening. This chapter aims to provide the most important clinical, histological and genetic features for selected, most important cutaneous appendage tumours.
Kaposi Sarcoma
Authors: Tsai Kenneth Y. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Although initially formally described in the 19th century, the diversity of presentation and clinical subsets of Kaposi sarcoma have expanded considerably since then. Now recognised as a virally driven process caused by human herpesvirus 8, co‐infection with HIV or EBV, as well as immunosuppression, are considered important predisposing factors. This has resulted in marked increases in incidence across multiple populations. Accordingly, these clinical subsets require different therapeutic approaches even as molecular profiling highlight largely overlapping features.
Melanoma Surgery
Authors: Smith Noah R. , Cha Kelly B. , Johnson Timothy M. , Durham Alison B. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Pigmented lesions suspicious for melanoma on the basis of history or physical examination warrant appropriate biopsy and histopathological diagnosis. Most melanoma is clinically localised to the primary site and requires definitive treatment with wide local excision with an appropriate margin. As the most frequent site of first metastasis is the regional nodal basin, consideration should also be given to sentinel lymph node biopsy in the correct clinical context.
Dermoscopy of Melanoma and Naevi
Authors: Jaimes Natalia , Marghoob Ashfaq A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Dermoscopy is a non‐invasive,
in vivo
imaging technique known to increase the diagnostic accuracy for melanoma and improve the benign‐to‐malignant biopsy ratio by increasing the detection of melanoma while decreasing the number of naevi being biopsied. Melanocytic naevi are the primary lesions in the differential diagnosis of early melanomas. While the clinical morphology of naevi and melanoma often overlap, dermoscopy has improved the ability to discriminate between the two by visualisation of colours and structures that are otherwise not visible to the naked eye. In general, naevi tend to display a symmetrical and organised dermoscopic pattern while melanomas tend to reveal melanoma‐specific structures distributed in an asymmetrical and disorganised manner. The structures found to be associated with melanoma on non‐glabrous skin include atypical network, negative network, streaks, shiny white lines, atypical dots/globules, off‐centred blotch, blue‐white veil, regression structures, atypical vessels and peripheral tan structureless areas. Due to the unique microanatomy of other anatomical sites such as the face and glabrous skin, additional dermoscopic features have been identified that help in the detection of melanoma in these sites. This chapter provides an overview of the dermosocopic structures and patterns associated with naevi and outlines the dermoscopic structures associated with melanoma.
The Skin and Endocrine Disorders
Authors: Paus Ralf , Ramot Yuval 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Endocrine disorders can exert major effects on the human skin, leading to different signs and symptoms, including skin dryness, hair loss or excessive hair growth, pruritus, pigmentary changes and hyperhidrosis. This chapter reviews these changes and provides a practical approach to patients with suspected underlying endocrinological disorders. The chapter also discusses the latest findings showing that the skin serves as a complex (neuro‐) endocrine organ by itself, and thus possesses important practical implications for future dermatological therapy.
The Skin and Disorders of the Heart
Authors: Molin Sonja , Ruzicka Thomas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
There are several diseases in which both cardiac and skin involvement may be found. Most of these are part of a syndrome or are systemic disorders affecting other organs as well. This chapter focuses on the skin signs of cardiac diseases, hereditary syndromes involving heart and skin, and cardiac involvement of dermatoses or systemic diseases with cutaneous features.
The Skin and Disorders of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
Authors: Molin Sonja , Ruzicka Thomas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The skin and the renal system may be affected by the same disease processes. This chapter on skin and disorders of the kidney and urinary tract concentrates on hereditary syndromes involving both skin and kidney, skin manifestations of renal disorders, cutaneous problems in renal transplant recipients, and skin disorders with renal involvement.
Protein‐Based Controllable Nanoarchitectonics for Desired Applications
Authors: Li Ling , Zhang Yingying , Wu Yage , Wang Zhengge , Cui Wandi , Zhang Chunhong , Wang Jinglin , Liu Yongchun , Yang Peng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractControllable protein nanoarchitectonics refers to the process of manipulating and controlling the assembly of proteins at the nanoscale to achieve domain‐limited and accurate spatial arrangement. In nature, many proteins undergo precise self‐assembly with other structural domains to engage in synergistic physiological activities. Protein nanomaterials prepared through protein nanosizing have received considerable attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, modifiability, and versatility. This review focuses on the fundamental strategies used for controllable protein nanoarchitectinics, which include computational design, self‐assembly induction, template introduction, complexation induction, chemical modification, and in vivo assembly. Precise controlling of the nanosizing process has enabled the creation of protein nanostructures with different dimensions, including 0D spherical oligomers, 1D nanowires, nanorings, and nanotubes, as well as 2D nanofilms, and 3D protein nanocages. The unique biological properties of proteins hold promise for diverse applications of these protein nanomaterials, including in biomedicine, the food industry, agriculture, biosensing, environmental protection, biocatalysis, and artificial light harvesting. Protein nanosizing is a powerful tool for developing biomaterials with advanced structures and functions.
Ultrafast Dual‐Band Imaging Using Solution‐Processed Stacked Perovskite Diodes
Authors: Zou Can , Yu Dongfang , Lin Miaoyu , Shen Benben , Peng Yu , Zheng Yichu , Yang Hua Gui , Hou Yu , Yang Shuang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMultispectral imaging that captures multiple band information for effective environmental or object identification is of great interest in medical, vision, military, and space applications. Monolithic stacked detectors based on epitaxial electronics have been the principal option for infrared dual‐band imagers. However, the integration of these single‐band units would inevitably lead to performance reduction, high fabrication cost, and low reproducibility yield, which limits the widespread application of such technology. Here, a high‐throughput blade coating process is demonstrated to fabricate monolithic double‐perovskite‐layer photodiodes with preferential crystallographic morphology and high reproductivity. The device delivers electrically switchable dual‐band response with a dark current below 10−9 mA cm−2, a selective spectral response of 300–1100 nm, and bandwidths of 16.5/>20 MHz for two distinct bands. Furthermore, such device configuration can concurrently capture dual‐color spectral information under an AC‐driven mode, enabling the complementary dual‐spectral imaging for bioimaging and environmental monitoring.
Synergistic Engineering of Top Gate Stack for Low Hysteresis 2D MoS2 Transistors
Authors: Sheng Chuming , Wang Xinyu , Dong Xiangqi , Hu Yan , Zhu Yuxuan , Wang Die , Gou Saifei , Sun Qicheng , Zhang Zhejia , Zhang Jinshu , Ao Mingrui , Chen Haojie , Tian Yuchen , Shang Jieya , Song Yufei , He Xinliu , Xu Zihan , Li Lin , Zhou Peng , Bao Wenzhong 
Published: March 2024

Abstract2D semiconductors have emerged as candidates for next‐generation electronics. However, previously reported 2D transistors which typically employ the gate‐first process to fabricate a back‐gate (BG) configuration while neglecting the thorough impact on the dielectric capping layer, are severely constrained in large‐scale manufacturing and compatibility with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In this study, dual‐gate (DG) field‐effect transistors have been realized based on wafer‐scale monolayer MoS2 and the gate‐last processing, which avoids the transfer process and utilizes an optimized top‐gate (TG) dielectric stack, rendering it highly compatible with CMOS technology. Subsequently, the physical mechanism of TG dielectric deposition and the corresponding controllable threshold voltage (VTH) shift is investigated. Then the fabricated TG‐devices with a large on/off ratio up to 1.7 × 109, negligible hysteresis (≈14 mV), and favorable stability. Additionally, encapsulated TG structured photodetectors have been demonstrated which exhibit photo responsivity (R) up to 9.39 × 103 A W−1 and detectivity (D*) ≈2.13 × 1013 Jones. The result paves the way for future CMOS‐compatible integration of 2D semiconductors for complex multifunctional IC applications.
Bidirectionally High‐Thermally Conductive and Environmentally Adaptive Graphene Thick Films Enabled by Seamless Bonding Assembly for Extreme Thermal Management
Authors: Hao Yuanyuan , Ming Xin , Lu Jiahao , Cao Min , Zhang Peijuan , Shi Hang , Li Kaiwen , Gao Yue , Wang Lidan , Fang Wenzhang , Chen Yance , Zhang Lin , Sun Haiyan , Gao Weiwei , Liu Yingjun , Xu Zhen , Gao Chao 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWith the rapid development of high‐power electronics in aerospace, communication, and energy storage systems, the huge heat flux poses an increasing threat to the safety of electronic devices. Compared with thin films of a few micro thicknesses, high‐quality graphene thick film (GTF) exceeding hundreds of microns thickness is a promising candidate to solve thermal management challenges owing to higher heat‐flux. However, traditional GTF usually has lower thermal conductivity and weak mechanical properties attributed to disordered sheet alignment and frail interfacial adhesion. Here, a seamless bonding assembly (SBA) strategy is proposed to attain GTF over record hundreds of microns with robust coalescence interfaces. For the GTF‐SBA with ≈250 µm thickness, the in‐plane and through‐plane thermal conductivities are 925.75 and 7.03 W m−1 K−1, approximately two times and 12 times those of the GTF prepared by traditional adhesive assembly method, respectively. Furthermore, the GTF‐SBA demonstrates remarkable stability even after cycled harsh temperature shocks from 77 to 573 K, ensuring its environmental adaptability for long‐term service in extreme conditions. These findings provide valuable insights into the interfacial design of graphene bulk materials and highlight the potential applications of high‐performance graphene‐based materials for extreme thermal management demands.
Unlocking Quasi‐Monophase Behavior in NASICON Cathode to Drive Fast‐Charging Toward Durable Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Xin‐Xin , Wang Xiao‐Tong , Gu Zhen‐Yi , Guo Jin‐Zhi , Cao Jun‐Ming , Liu Yan , Li Jie , Huang Zhi‐Xiong , Zhang Jing‐Ping , Wu Xing‐Long 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe NASICON cathode, Na3V2(PO4)3, has garnered significant attention due to its robust framework with fast Na+ migration. To expand its application scenarios by diversified electronic reaction, the substitution of vanadium with cost‐effective and abundant redox elements is a special research topic. Nevertheless, in terms of reducing toxicity, increasing Na content and widening voltage range, the V4+/5+ redox couple in Na4FeV(PO4)3 often accompanies asymmetric and irreversible electrochemical reactions that pose a dilemma for capacity and structural stability, especially at high currents. Herein, in this work, Na4FeV1/3Ti2/3(PO4)3 (NFVT) has achieved highly reactive of multiple electron transfer (Ti2+/3+, Fe2+/3+, and V3+/4+/5+) by utilizing the redox reaction with quasi‐monophase behavior, and it can reserve great capacity retention after 3,000 cycles. More competitively, its boosting kinetics makes the fast‐charging characteristic, just requiring only 3.63 min to reach 80% state of charge at 2 C. The rapid ion/electron transport dynamics can achieve the decay of only 0.043% per cycle by unlocking the quasi‐monophase behavior in the framework of NFVT full cells. The present study provides a fresh perspective on designing cathode materials with fast‐charging capabilities for sodium‐ion batteries.
Compartmentalization into Outer and Inner Shells of Hollow Nanospheres for Antibiosis Based on Chemistry and Physical Damages
Authors: Sheng Chengju , Ding Yanjun , Guo Mingming 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThere is a substantially ascending demand for nonantibiotic strategies to overcome the resistance of bacterial infections. Here, the discovery of a distinctive antibacterial structure is reported. The novel structure of nanoparticle strategy is proposed for appreciable bacteria killing by the smart design of the delayed addition of crosslinkers into the reaction mixture. [2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride solution (MTCl), a water‐soluble ionic liquid (IL), has narrow‐size material distribution, good whiteness, and high weather resistance. The quaternary ammonium salt is utilized to efficiently permeate cell membranes through electrostatic interaction, accordingly, boasting a beneficiary of antibacterial properties. More importantly, it allows bacteria to attach the nanomaterials easily, especially the double‐shelled nanosphere. In light of the introduction of 9‐amino(9‐deoxy)ep‐quinine (QNNH2) on its inner shell, it blocks the nucleic acid and glucose metabolism in bacteria, which is betterment of the antibacterial activity of double‐shelled structure nanoparticle compared to other structure of nanomaterials. This physical/chemical/biological triple antibacterial process eliminates the need for traditional antibiotics, and the fabrication strategies and material properties described here provide insights into the design of antibacterial nanomaterials based on chemical and physical effects.
Concurrent Ammonia Synthesis and Alcohol Oxidation Boosted by Glutathione‐Capped Quantum Dots under Visible Light
Authors: Meng Shu‐Lin , Li Jia‐Hao , Ye Chen , Yin Yu‐Lin , Zhang Xin‐Ling , Zhang Chen , Li Xu‐Bing , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMother nature accomplishes efficient ammonia synthesis via cascade N2 oxidation by lightning strikes followed with enzyme‐catalyzed nitrogen oxyanion (NOx−, x = 2,3) reduction. The protein environment of enzymatic centers for NOx−‐to‐NH4+ process greatly inspires the design of glutathione‐capped (GSH) quantum dots (QDs) for ammonia synthesis under visible light (440 nm) in tandem with plasma‐enabled N2 oxidation. Mechanistic studies reveal that GSH induces positive shift of surface charge to strengthen the interaction between NOx− and QDs. Upon visible light irradiation of QDs, the balanced and rapid hole and electron transfer furnish GS·radicals for 2e−/2H+ alcohol oxidation and H·for 8e−/10H+ NO3−‐to‐NH4+ reduction simultaneously. For the first time, mmol‐scale ammonia synthesis is realized with apparent quantum yields of 5.45% ± 0.64%, and gram‐scale synthesis of value‐added acetophenone and NH4Cl proceeds with 1:4 stoichiometry and stability, demonstrating promising multielectron and multiproton ammonia synthesis efficiency and sustainability with nature‐inspired artificial photocatalysts.
Understanding Defects in Perovskite Solar Cells through Computation: Current Knowledge and Future Challenge
Authors: Guo Zhendong , Yuan Man , Chen Gaoyuan , Liu Feng , Lu Ruifeng , Yin Wan‐Jian 
Published: March 2024

AbstractLead halide perovskites with superior optoelectrical properties are emerging as a class of excellent materials for applications in solar cells and light‐emitting devices. However, perovskite films often exhibit abundant intrinsic defects, which can limit the efficiency of perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices by acting as carrier recombination centers. Thus, an understanding of defect chemistry in lead halide perovskites assumes a prominent role in further advancing the exploitation of perovskites, which, to a large extent, is performed by relying on first‐principles calculations. However, the complex defect structure, strong anharmonicity, and soft lattice of lead halide perovskites pose challenges to defect studies. In this perspective, on the basis of briefly reviewing the current knowledge concerning computational studies on defects, this work concentrates on addressing the unsolved problems and proposing possible research directions in future. This perspective particularly emphasizes the indispensability of developing advanced approaches for deeply understanding the nature of defects and conducting data‐driven defect research for designing reasonable strategies to further improve the performance of perovskite applications. Finally, this work highlights that theoretical studies should pay more attention to establishing close and clear links with experimental investigations to provide useful insights to the scientific and industrial communities.
Enhanced Interstitial Fluid Extraction and Rapid Analysis via Vacuum Tube‐Integrated Microneedle Array Device
Authors: Xie Yuanting , He Jinhua , He Wenqing , Iftikhar Tayyaba , Zhang Chuangjie , Su Lei , Zhang Xueji 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAdvancing the development of point‐of‐care testing (POCT) sensors that utilize interstitial fluid (ISF) presents considerable obstacles in terms of rapid sampling and analysis. Herein, an innovative strategy is introduced that involves the use of a 3D‐printed, hollow microneedle array patch (MAP), in tandem with a vacuum tube (VT) connected through a hose, to improve ISF extraction efficiency and facilitate expedited analysis. The employment of negative pressure by the VT allows the MAP device to effectively gather ≈18 µL of ISF from the dermis of a live rabbit ear within a concise period of 5 min. This methodology enables the immediate and minimally invasive measurement of glucose levels within the body, employing personal healthcare meters for quantification. The fusion of the VT and MAP technologies provides for their effortless integration into a comprehensive and mobile system for ISF analysis, accomplished by preloading the hose with custom sensing papers designed to detect specific analytes. Moreover, the design and functionality of this integrated VT‐MAP system are intuitively user‐friendly, eliminating the requirement for specialized medical expertise. This feature enhances its potential to make a significant impact on the field of decentralized personal healthcare.
3D Hierarchical Sunflower‐Shaped MoS2/SnO2 Photocathodes for Photo‐Rechargeable Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Wen Xinyang , Zhong Yaotang , Chen Shuai , Yang Zhengchi , Dong Pengyu , Wang Yuqi , Zhang Linghai , Wang Zhen , Jiang Yue , Zhou Guofu , Liu Junming , Gao Jinwei 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPhoto‐rechargeable zinc‐ion batteries (PRZIBs) have attracted much attention in the field of energy storage due to their high safety and dexterity compared with currently integrated lithium‐ion batteries and solar cells. However, challenges remain toward their practical applications, originating from the unsatisfactory structural design of photocathodes, which results in low photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE). Herein, a flexible MoS2/SnO2‐based photocathode is developed via constructing a sunflower‐shaped light‐trapping nanostructure with 3D hierarchical and self‐supporting properties, enabled by the hierarchical embellishment of MoS2 nanosheets and SnO2 quantum dots on carbon cloth (MoS2/SnO2 QDs@CC). This structural design provides a favorable pathway for the effective separation of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs and the efficient storage of Zn2+ on photocathodes. Consequently, the PRZIB assembled with MoS2/SnO2 QDs@CC delivers a desirable capacity of 366 mAh g−1 under a light intensity of 100 mW cm−2, and achieves an ultra‐high PCE of 2.7% at a current density of 0.125 mA cm−2. In practice, an integrated battery system consisting of four series‐connected quasi‐solid‐state PRZIBs is successfully applied as a wearable wristband of smartwatches, which opens a new door for the application of PRZIBs in next‐generation flexible energy storage devices.