bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Construction of Normal Expectations
Authors: Quitzau Maj‐Britt , Røpke Inge 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe gradual upward changes of standards in normal everyday life have significant environmental implications, and it is therefore important to study how these changes come about. The intention of the article is to analyze the social construction of normal expectations through a case study. The case concerns the present boom in bathroom renovations in Denmark, which offers an excellent opportunity to study the interplay between a wide variety of consumption drivers and social changes pointing toward long‐term changes of normal expectations regarding bathroom standards. The study is problem‐oriented and transdisciplinary and draws on a wide range of sociological, anthropological, and economic theories. The empirical basis comprises a combination of statistics, a review of magazine and media coverage, visits to exhibitions, and qualitative interviews. A variety of consumption drivers are identified. Among the drivers are the increasing importance of the home as a core identity project and a symbol of the unity of the family, the opportunities for creative work, the convenience of more grooming capacity during the busy family's rush hours, the perceived need for retreat and indulgence in a hectic everyday life, and the increased focus on body care and fitness. The contours of the emerging normal expectations are outlined and discussed in an environmental perspective.
Quality control of recovered plasma for fractionation: an extensive Italian study
Authors: Grazzini Giuliano , Rossi Giuseppe , Rafanelli Daniela , Gambelli Davide , Farina Claudio , Mori Filippo , Zucchelli Paolo , Marchiori Giorgio , Breda Antonio , Liumbruno Giancarlo Maria 
Published: April 2008

BACKGROUND: This study was aimed at obtaining significant information on the quality of whole‐blood plasma (WBP) delivered to a private pharmaceutical company by the blood transfusion centers (BTCs) of 10 Italian regions.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A statistical sampling plan of plasma units took into account the contribution each selected blood transfusion center, belonging to the 10 regions, made to the plasma pool annually delivered to the pharmaceutical company. A total of 1787 plasma units were selected for coagulation Factor VIII (FVIII:C) and Factor VIII antigen (FVIII:Ag) analysis.RESULTS: The FVIII:C mean value was 0.99 IU per mL; it was significantly lower in O units (0.86 IU/mL) than in non‐O units (1.08 IU/mL). The mean value of FVIII:Ag was 0.90 IU per mL; it was significantly lower in O units (0.78 IU/mL) than in non‐O units (0.99 IU/mL). In units with a FVIII:C level of less than 0.70 IU per mL, the FVIII:Ag mean value (0.62 IU/mL) was higher in comparison to the FVIII:C mean value (0.57 IU/mL). Instead, in the units with a FVIII:C level of at least 0.70 IU per mL, the mean level of FVIII:C (1.08 IU/mL) was higher than that of FVIII:Ag (0.96 IU/mL).CONCLUSIONS: The mean value of FVIII:C (0.99 IU/mL) in whole‐blood plasma produced by the 10 Italian regions is higher than that reported in other studies. A total of 83.1 percent of units have a FVIII:C level of at least 0.70 IU per mL. The mean level of FVIII:Ag is lower than that of FVIII:C. FVIII:Ag is higher in those units with a FVIII:C level of less than 0.70 IU per mL, while it gradually decreases as FVIII:C exceeds 0.70 IU per mL, thus showing a greater resistance to handling of plasma in the production steps mostly affecting FVIII:C stability.
Effect of different chloride infusion rates on plasma base excess during neonatal parenteral nutrition
Authors: Richards CE , Drayton M. , Jenkins H. , Peters TJ 
Published: April 2008

Richards CE, Drayton M, Jenkins H, Peters TJ. Effect of different chloride infusion rates on plasma base excess during neonatal parenteral nutrition. Acta Pædiatr 1993;82:678–82. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5253Routine biochemical monitoring of parenterally fed newborn infants revealed plasma chloride levels which were higher than widely quoted reference ranges. The parenteral nutrition solutions were reformulated to reduce the chloride infusion rate. In a historically controlled study, 28 infants receiving the original formulation were compared with 31 infants receiving the new formulation. The mean plasma chloride level was 4.8 mmol/l lower in the new formulation group than in the original formulation group (95% confidence interval 2.5–7.2 mmol/l). The mean base excess level was 3.1 mmol/l higher in the new formulation group than in the original formulation group (95% confidence interval 1.9–4.8 mmol/l). A reduction in the chloride load by using acetate salts can be safely achieved and may decrease the plasma chloride levels and decrease acidosis during the first seven days of life.
XMM-Newton discovery of transient X-ray pulsar in NGC 1313
Authors: Trudolyubov S. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
We report on the discovery and analysis of the transient X-ray pulsar XMMU J031747.5−663010 detected in the 2004 November 23 XMM-Newton observation of the spiral galaxy NGC 1313. The X-ray source exhibits pulsations with a period P∼ 765.6 s and a nearly sinusoidal pulse shape and pulsed fraction ∼38 per cent in the 0.3−7 keV energy range. The X-ray spectrum of XMMU J031747.5−663010 is hard and well fitted with an absorbed simple power law of photon index Γ∼ 1.5 in the 0.3–7 keV energy band. The X-ray properties of the source and the absence of an optical/ultraviolet counterpart brighter than 20 mag allow us to identify XMMU J031747.5−663010 as an accreting X-ray pulsar located in NGC 1313. The estimated absorbed 0.3–7 keV luminosity of the source LX∼ 1.6 × 1039 erg s−1, makes it one of the brightest X-ray pulsars known. Based on the relatively long pulse period and transient behaviour of the source, we classify it as a Be binary X-ray pulsar candidate. XMMU J031747.5−663010 is the second X-ray pulsar detected outside the local group, after transient 18 s pulsating source CXOU J073709.1+653544 discovered in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 2403.
Artificial Recharge Through a Thick, Heterogeneous Unsaturated Zone
Authors: Izbicki John A. , Flint Alan L. , Stamos Christina L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThick, heterogeneous unsaturated zones away from large streams in desert areas have not previously been considered suitable for artificial recharge from ponds. To test the potential for recharge in these settings, 1.3 × 106 m3 of water was infiltrated through a 0.36‐ha pond along Oro Grande Wash near Victorville, California, between October 2002 and January 2006. The pond overlies a regional pumping depression 117 m below land surface and is located where thickness and permeability of unsaturated deposits allowed infiltration and saturated alluvial deposits were sufficiently permeable to allow recovery of water. Because large changes in water levels caused by nearby pumping would obscure arrival of water at the water table, downward movement of water was measured using sensors in the unsaturated zone. The downward rate of water movement was initially as high as 6 m/d and decreased with depth to 0.07 m/d; the initial time to reach the water table was 3 years. After the unsaturated zone was wetted, water reached the water table in 1 year. Soluble salts and nitrate moved readily with the infiltrated water, whereas arsenic and chromium were less mobile. Numerical simulations done using the computer program TOUGH2 duplicated the downward rate of water movement, accumulation of water on perched zones, and its arrival at the water table. Assuming 10 × 106 m3 of recharge annually for 20 years, a regional ground water flow model predicted water level rises of 30 m beneath the ponds, and rises exceeding 3 m in most wells serving the nearby urban area.
Not in the Heavens: The Premodern Roots of Jewish Secularism
Authors: Biale David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe relationship between religion and secularism has become a central question in the study of religion. But secularism is just as diverse as religion. This article treats Jewish secularism as a phenomenon with its own unique characteristics derived in part from the religious tradition against which it revolted. Within premodern Judaism – the Bible, Talmud, and medieval philosophy – one finds precursors to modern secular ideas. The article demonstrates how the cardinal categories of Judaism invented by modern religious thinkers – God, Torah, and Israel – were adopted by secular Jews, such as Baruch Spinoza, emptied of traditional meaning and turned into a ‘secular theology’.
Increased Melanogenesis is a Risk Factor for Oxidative DNA Damage— Study on Cultured Melanocytes and Atypical Nevus Cells†
Authors: Smit Nico P. M. , Van Nieuwpoort Frans A. , Marrot Laurent , Out Coby , Poorthuis Ben , Van Pelt Hans , Meunier Jean‐Roch , Pavel Stan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMelanin synthesis is an oxygen‐dependent process that acts as a potential source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside pigment‐forming cells. The synthesis of the lighter variant of melanin, pheomelanin, consumes cysteine and this may limit the capacity of the cellular antioxidative defense. We show that tyrosine‐induced melanogenesis in cultured normal human melanocytes (NHM) is accompanied by increased production of ROS and decreased concentration of intracellular glutathione. Clinical atypical (dysplastic) nevi (DN) regularly contain more melanin than do normal melanocytes (MC). We also show that in these cultured DN cells three out of four exhibit elevated synthesis of pheomelanin and this is accompanied by their early senescence. By using various redox‐sensitive molecular probes, we demonstrate that cultured DN cells produce significantly more ROS than do normal MC from the same donor. Our experiments employing single‐cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) usually reveal higher fragmentation of DNA in DN cells than in normal MC. Even if in some cases the normal alkaline comet assay shows no differences in DNA fragmentation between DN cells and normal MC, the use of the comet assay with formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase can disclose that the DNA of the cultured DN cells harbor more oxidative damage than the DNA of normal MC from the same person.
Modulation of Psoralen DNA Crosslinking Kinetics Associated with a Triplex‐forming Oligonucleotide
Authors: Oh Dennis H. , Suzara Vincent , Krishnan Rajagopal 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA triplex‐forming oligonucleotide (TFO), HPRT3, conjugated to a psoralen derivative, was designed to target a psoralen reaction site within the HPRT gene. HPRT3 bound with high affinity to a synthetic duplex target sequence. At a uniform UVA radiation dose, the ratio of psoralen monoadducts (MA) to interstrand crosslinks decreased and inverted with increasing TFO concentration. As the TFO concentration increased from 10 nm to 10 μm, the efficiency of psoralen MA formation remained relatively constant but the efficiency of interstrand crosslink formation increased several‐fold. Neither shortening the TFO to reduce its dissociation constant nor altering the DNA sequences flanking the TFO binding site altered the concentration dependence of MA and crosslink yields. The psoralen photokinetics associated with 10 nm HPRT3 converted to those associated with 10 μm HPRT3 with the addition of other unrelated TFOs at 10 μm that do not specifically interact with the HPRT3 target sequence. Glycerol at concentrations of 0.5% (vol/vol) or higher also mimicked high TFO concentrations in enhancing crosslink formation. These results demonstrate that while psoralen may be targeted to react at a particular sequence by TFOs, photoreactivity associated with triplex formation is also modulated by sequence‐independent factors that may affect the local macromolecular environment.
The Extent of DNA Deformation in DNA Photolyase– Substrate Complexes: A Solution State Fluorescence Study
Authors: Yang Kongsheng , Stanley Robert J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCyclobutylpyrimidine dimers (CPDs) are the major UV photoproduct formed in DNA containing adjacent pyrimidines. These lesions can be repaired by DNA photolyase, a flavoprotein that utilizes blue light in a direct reversal of the cyclobutane ring. Previous studies have shown that the CPD is base flipped into the protein, with concomitant disruption of the substrate around the CPD. In this study, we use a fluorescent cytidine analog, pyrrolo‐dC (PC), to probe how far base flipping propagates along the duplex. From these measurements, the degree of base destacking in the two bases flanking the adenines opposing the CPD appears to be minimal, which was consistent with the protein:substrate crystal structure. Fluorescence‐detected melting temperatures for duplexes with and without a CPD were obtained, suggesting that a 5′‐pyrimidine‐PC‐purine‐3′ motif is more stable than the 5′‐purine‐PC‐pyrimidine‐3′ motif. This stability trend was reflected in the fluorescence intensities of ss‐PC oligos but not for duplexes. The melting point depression due to the PC probe was found to be comparable to other popular fluorescent base analogs.
The Use of Commercially Available Personal UV‐meters Does Cause Less Safe Tanning Habits: A Randomized‐controlled Trial
Authors: Carli Paolo , Crocetti Emanuele , Chiarugi Alessandra , Salvini Camilla , Nardini Paolo , Zipoli Gaetano , Simeone Emilio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUV Index information is currently recommended as a vehicle to raise public awareness about the risk of sun‐exposure. It remains unknown to what extent this information can change personal sun‐protective behavior. The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of UV‐Index (UV‐I) information provided by low cost, commercially available UV‐I sensors on major indicators of sun‐tanning behavior. A randomized‐controlled trial was carried out on 94 healthy volunteers aged 21–23 years. After the exclusion of subjects with photosensitive disorders (n = 3), 91 subjects were randomized in two arms after stratification based on phototype and sex. Both arms received a diary to be filled every day with a log of intentional sun‐exposure during summer. Subjects in the intervention group also received a commercially available UV‐I sensor. The UV‐I sensors were switched on and the UV‐value was recorded in 77% of days with sun‐exposure. During days of sun‐exposure, subjects randomized to the intervention group had longer average time of sun‐exposure (227.7 vs 208.7 min per day, P = 0.003), also between noon and 4 pm (P < 0.001), and less frequently adopted sun protective measures than controls (hat [6.4%vs 10.2%, P = 0.007], sunglasses [23.9%vs 30.8%, P = 0.003], sunscreen [41.4%vs 47.2%, P = 0.02]) and they experienced more frequent sunburns (27.8%vs 21.5%, P = 0.004). The odd ratio of sunburns was 1.60 for subjects in the intervention group compared with controls (after adjustment for sex, sunscreen use and skin type). The mean UV‐I value recorded by volunteers was lower (5.6 [SD ± 0.9]) than that (7.3 [SD ± 0.46]) recorded by a professional instrument in the same period at the same latitude. Poststudy laboratory tests showed that the sensor was able to detect only about 60% of the solar diffuse radiation. The use of UV‐I sensors changed the sun protective behavior of sunbathers in the direction of less use of sun protective measures. One possible explanation is that the low cost UV‐meters may have functioned incorrectly and under‐reported UV exposure. This may have led to an underestimation of UV‐I values, erroneously reassuring subjects and causing a less protective sunbathing behavior. Another hypothesis relies on a cognitive pitfall in the subjects’ dealing with intermediate UV‐I values, as they may have been discouraged in the use of sunscreen as they did not feel that they had yet been exposed to very harmful UV radiation.
Photodynamic Therapy of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer with Topical Hypericum perforatum Extract—A Pilot Study
Authors: Kacerovská Denisa , Pizinger Karel , Majer Filip , Šmíd František 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHypericin, the photoactive compound of Hypericum perforatum, is probably the most powerful photosensitizer found in nature. This compound has shown high potency in the photodynamic treatment of tumor cells. However, there is only limited knowledge regarding the photodynamic effect of hypericin on nonmelanoma skin cancer cells. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy with topical application of an extract of H. perforatum in actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and morbus Bowen (carcinoma in situ). The study was carried out on 34 patients—eight with actinic keratoses (AKs), 21 with BCC and five with Bowen’s disease. The extract of H. perforatum was applied on the skin lesions under occlusion and that was followed by irradiation with 75 J cm−2 of red light 2 h later. The treatment was performed weekly for 6 weeks on average. The percentage of complete clinical response was 50% for AKs, 28% in patients with superficial BCC and 40% in patients with Bowen’s disease. There was only a partial remission seen in patients with nodular BCCs. A complete disappearance of tumor cells was found in the histologic preparation of 11% of patients with superficial BCCs and 80% in the patients with Bowen’s disease. All patients complained of burning and pain sensations during irradiation. Although the results of this first clinical trial could be regarded as disappointing, there are still possibilities for improvement. Better preparation of the lesions, enhancement of hypericin delivery and other types of light exposure procedures could significantly improve the clinical outcomes of this relatively inexpensive treatment modality.
A Pilot Study of the Validity of Self‐reported Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Sun Protection Practices Among Lifeguards, Parents and Children
Authors: O’Riordan David L. , Glanz Karen , Gies Peter , Elliott Tom 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOutdoor recreation settings, such as swimming pools, provide a promising venue to assess UVR exposure and sun protection practices among individuals who are minimally clothed and exposed to potentially high levels of UVR. Most studies assessing sun exposure/protection practices rely on self‐reported data, which are subject to bias. The aim of this study was to establish the feasibility of conducting a multimethod study to examine the validity of self‐reported measures within a swimming pool setting. Data were collected from 27 lifeguards, children and parents in Hawaii. Each participant filled out a survey and a 4 day sun habits diary. On two occasions, researchers assessed observable sun protection behaviors (wearing hats, shirts, sunglasses), swabbed the skin to detect the presence of sunscreen, and subjects wore polysulphone dosimeters to measure UVR exposure. Overall, observed sun protection behaviors were more highly correlated with diary reports than with survey reports. While lifeguards and children reported spending comparable amounts of time in the sun, dosimeter measures showed that lifeguards received twice as much UVR exposure. This study demonstrated the feasibility of implementing a multimethod validity study within a broader population of swimming pools.
Reaping the Rewards of Diversity: The Role of Identity Integration
Authors: Cheng Chi‐Ying , Sanders Melissa , Sanchez‐Burks Jeffrey , Molina Kristine , Lee Fiona , Darling Emily , Zhao Yu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHow does diversity affect individuals and the groups in which they are embedded? This article examines this question using recent theory and research on Identity Integration (II). II refers to an individual's perceptions about whether two distinct social identities, or social groups to which individuals belong, are viewed as compatible (high II) or not (low II). A review of extant research suggests that individuals with high II are better at simultaneously accessing multiple identities and identity‐related knowledge and have improved well‐being and social outcomes. Expanding on this work, we argue that individuals who have higher II, and social collectives that foster II within their members, are more likely to reap the benefits of diversity.
Action‐Based Model of Dissonance: A Review of Behavioral, Anterior Cingulate, and Prefrontal Cortical Mechanisms
Authors: Harmon‐Jones Eddie , Harmon‐Jones Cindy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResearch and theoretical developments on the theory of cognitive dissonance are reviewed. After this critical review, we present the action‐based model of dissonance, which accepts the original theory's proposal that a sufficient cognitive inconsistency causes dissonance and extends the original theory by proposing why cognitive inconsistency prompts dissonance. Finally, we present results from behavioral and physiological experiments examining predictions derived from the action‐based model. In particular, this evidence converges with recent neuroscience evidence in suggesting that the anterior cingulate cortex and left prefrontal cortical region are involved in conflict detection and resolution, respectively.
Desquamatia and related atrypid brachiopods from the Frasnian (Upper Devonian) of Bergisches Land, GermanyThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme The dynamic reef and shelly communities of the Paleozoic. This Special is in honour of our colleague and friend Paul Copper.
Authors: Ma Xueping , Ebbighausen Volker , Becker R. Thomas 
Published: April 2008

Tropical shallow-water deposits of the Refrath Formation (topmost Lower to lower part of Middle Frasnian) of the Bergisch Gladbach area (Rhenish Massif, Germany) yielded diverse, well-preserved shelly faunas. New collections show that there are in total over 30 brachiopod species, of which the Atrypida, Rhynchonellida, Spiriferida, and Athyridida orders are the most dominant groups. Serial transverse sections show that Pseudoatrypa schroeteri possesses small dental cavities, and their spiralia have a whorl number ranging from 12–13 in ca. 29–30 mm wide specimens to 15–16 in ca. 32–33 mm wide specimens. Desquamatia (Seratrypa) pectinata has slightly more numerous spiralial whorls, from 14–15 in ca. 27 mm wide specimens to 18 in ca. 35 mm wide specimens. A new species, Desquamatia (Seratrypa) refrathensis , is described based on material from the Refrath Formation in Refrath, near Köln (Cologne), east of the Rhine River, Germany. It includes finely ribbed, longer than wide, moderate- to large-sized shells of Desquamatia , which possess tiny dental cavities to nuclei and 20–21 spiralial whorls in ca. 30 mm wide and long specimens.