bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addition of ferulic acid, ethyl ferulate, and feruloylated monoacyl‐ and diacylglycerols to salad oils and frying oils
Authors: Warner K. , Laszlo J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo determine antioxidative effects of ferulic acid and esterified ferulic acids, these compounds were added to soybean oils (SBO), which were evaluated for oxidative stability and frying stability. Additives included feruloylated MAG and DAG (FMG/FDG), ferulic acid, ethyl ferulate, and TBHQ. After frying tests with potato chips, oils were analyzed for retention of additives and polar compounds. Chips were evaluated for hexanal and rancid odor. After 15 h frying, 71% of FMG/FDG was retained, whereas 55% of ethyl ferulate was retained. TBHQ and ferulic acid levels were 6% and <1%, respectively. Frying oils with ethyl ferulate or TBHQ produced significantly less polar compounds than SBO with no additives. Chips fried in SBO with TBHQ or ferulic acid had significantly lower amounts of hexanal and significantly less rancid odor after 8 d at 60°C than other samples. Oils were also aged at 60°C, and stability was analyzed by PV, hexanal, and rancid odor. Oils with TBHQ or FMG/FDG had significantly less peroxides and hexanal, and a lower rancid odor intensity than the control. FMG/FDG inhibited deterioration at 60°C, whereas ethyl ferulate inhibited the formation of polar compounds in frying oil. Ferulic acid acted as an antioxidant in aged fried food. TBHQ inhibited oil degradation at both temperatures.
Phospholipases: Occurrence and production in microorganisms, assay for high‐throughput screening, and gene discovery from natural and man‐made diversity
Authors: Song Jae Kwang , Han Jeong Jun , Rhee Joon Shick 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVarious kinds of phospholipids have wide industrial applications such as in food and nutraceuticals, cosmetics, agricultural products, and pharmaceuticals. The demand for reliable biocatalysts for the production of phospholipid products, such as phospholipases A1, A2, C, and D, has steadily increased over the past several decades. A large number of microbial phospholipases have been isolated and characterized, and the increasing availability of these enzymes could eventually lead to the sustained development of phospholipid‐related biotechnology. Although a number of reactions have been performed using phospholipases, a reliable and efficient supply of superior phospholipases in quantity is still a challenge for their practical application. High‐throughput functional assay methods for phospholipases should be devised to develop superior new species from the huge diversity of phospholipases. Recent biotechnological advances in the discovery of new phospholipase genes from natural sources, such as extremophiles of phospholipases by protein engineering, such as directed evolution, can provide valuable means of rapidly developing practical uses of phospholipases for various applications.
Optimization of Brassica carinata oil methanolysis for biodiesel production
Authors: Vicente Gemma , Martínez Mercedes , Aracil José 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSynthesis of FAME from Brassica carinata oil to produce biodiesel was accomplished using potassium hydroxide as the catalyst. A factorial design of experiments and a central composite design were used. The variables chosen were: type of Brassica carinata oil, initial catalyst concentration, and temperature; and the responses were FAME purity and yield. The type of B. carinata oil included high‐erucic B. carinata (HEBC) and lowerucic B. carinata (LEBC) varieties. The results show that the type of B. carinata oil does not affect the purity and yield of FAME. However, HEBC oil is more suitable for biodiesel production because its iodine value is lower and within the European Union specifications. The initial catalyst concentration is the most important factor, having a positive influence on FAME purity but a negative effect on FAME yield. The temperature has a significant positive effect on FAME purity and a significant negative influence on FAME yield. Second‐order models were obtained to predict FAME purity and yield as a function of catalyst concentration and temperature for HEBC oil methanolysis. The best conditions for this process are 25°C, and 1.2–1.5 wt% for the catalyst concentration.
A differential scanning calorimetry study of the crystallization kinetics of tristearin‐tripalmitin mixtures
Authors: MacNaughtan W. , Farhat I. A. , Himawan C. , Starov V. M. , Stapley A. G. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA comprehensive study of the isothermal crystallization kinetics of tripalmitin‐tristearin mixtures was carried out using DSC, with data fitted to the Avrami equation. Polymorphs were identified by subsequent melting of samples in the differential scanning calorimeter, with additional confirmatory information obtained from wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. It was found that α‐, β′‐, and β‐forms require small (<1.0°C), moderate (3.5–8.5°C), and large (9.0–13.0°C) amounts of subcooling below their respective polymorph melting temperatures for nucleation to occur. Concurrent crystallization of β and β′ polymorphs was not observed. The β polymorphs exhibited sharper heat flow exotherms than β′, due to the higher crystallization driving forces experienced. Analysis of apparent induction times shows that the activation free energy of nucleation for the β‐form is significantly higher than for the β′‐form. Samples rich in either species crystallized faster (both shorter apparent induction times and sharper peaks) than samples with equivalent compositions. Driving‐force arguments do not fully explain this behavior, strongly suggesting that mass transfer resistances (greatest for equivalent compositions) have a significant effect on kinetics. Multiple crystallization events were observed for 50–80% tristearin samples between 56 and 60°C and were attributed to a demixing of tripalmitin‐rich and tristearin‐rich β phases, in line with established phase diagrams.
Production of heat‐sensitive monoacylglycerols by enzymatic glycerolysis in tert‐pentanol: Process optimization by response surface methodology
Authors: Damstrup M. L. , Jensen T. , Sparsø F. V. , Kiil S. Z. , Jensen A. D. , Xu X. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to optimize production of MAG by lipase‐catalyzed glycerolysis in a tert‐pentanol system. Twenty‐nine batch reactions consisting of glycerol, sunflower oil, tert‐pentanol, and commercially available lipase (Novozym®435) were carried out, with four process parameters being varied: Enzyme load, reaction time, substrate ratio of glycerol to oil, and solvent amount. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the reaction system based on the experimental data achieved. MAG, DAG, and TAG contents, measured after a selected reaction time, were used as model responses. Well‐fitting quadratic models were obtained for MAG, DAG, and TAG contents as a function of the process parameters with determination coefficients (R2) of 0.89, 0.88, and 0.92, respectively. Of the main effects examined, only enzyme load and reaction time significantly influenced MAG, DAG, and TAG contents. Both enzyme amount and reaction time showed a surprisingly nonlinear relationship between factors (process parameters) and responses, indicating a local maximum. The substrate ratio of glycerol to oil did not significantly affect the MAG and TAG contents; however, it had a significant influence on DAG content. Contour plots were used to evaluate the optimal conditions for the complex interactions between the reaction parameters and responses. The optimal conditions established for MAG yield were: enzyme load, 18% (w/w of oil); glycerol/oil ratio, 7∶1 (mol/mol); solvent amount, 500% (vol/wt of oil); and reaction time, 115 min. Under these conditions, a MAG content of 76% (w/w of lipid phase) was predicted. Verification experiments under optimized reaction conditions were conducted, and the results agreed well with the range of predictions.
A study of the oxidation and wear properties of vegetable oils: Soybean oil without additives
Authors: Castro Waleska , Perez Joseph M. , Erhan Sevim Z. , Caputo Filomena 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of biodegradable lubricants in diverse applications continues to increase. Vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) are the main biodegradable lubricant base stocks used world‐wide. However, there are concerns about their oxidative stability and low‐temperature performance. Improvements in oxidative stability can be made through chemical or genetic modifications. This work compared the effects of oils with different chemical compositions. Soybean oil, high‐oleic soybean oil, and epoxidized soybean oil were compared in laboratory bench tests. The tests conducted include the Penn State sequential four‐ball wear test and the Penn State micro‐oxidation test. Oxidation products from the micro‐oxidation test were analyzed by FTIR and gel permeation chromatography. In this paper, all oils were evaluated neat, without additives.
Retention of isoflavones and saponins during the processing of soy protein isolates
Authors: Lin Jun , Krishnan Padmanaban G. , Wang Chunyang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe mass balance of saponins during processing of soy protein isolates (SPI) was established, and the effects of precipitating and washing (P/W) temperatures (0, 10, 25, 40, and 50°C) on the retention of isoflavones and saponins were investigated in this study. About 41% of total saponins in soy flour (SF) were found to remain in SPI during processing, whereas 42% remained unextracted in the solid waste. None was detected in the whey or wash water. The study also revealed that only about 27% of total isoflavones from SF remained in the final SPI when P/W was performed at 50°C. As much as 40% of the total isoflavones could be retained in SPI when P/W was conducted at 25, 10, or 0°C. When the P/W temperature was 50°C, the percentages of total isoflavones lost during extraction, precipitation, and washing were 28, 22, and 6%, respectively. When the temperature was changed to 0°C, the percentages of isoflavones lost during extraction, precipitation, and washing were 28, 11, and 5%, respectively. The P/W temperatures did not affect the distribution of saponins in different streams during the processing of SPI. Lowering the P/W temperature did not significantly lower the protein content in SPI unless the temperature was reduced to 0°C.
Esterification of lauric acid using lipase immobilized in the micropores of a hollow‐fiber membrane
Authors: Goto Muneharu , Kawakita Hidetaka , Uezu Kazuya , Tsuneda Satoshi , Saito Kyoichi , Goto Masahiro , Tamada Masao , Sugo Takanobu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA porous anion‐exchange hollow‐fiber membrane was prepared by radiation‐induced graft polymerization and chemical modification to immobilize lipase for enzymatic reaction in an organic solvent. The amount of anion‐exchange group introduced to the porous hollow‐fiber membrane was 2.5 mol/kgfiber. A lipase solution was allowed to permeate through the porous anion‐exchange hollow‐fiber membrane, and lipase molecules that adsorbed onto the grafted polymer brush were cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde. The lipase was immobilized at a density of 0.14 kglipase/kgfiber, which was equivalent to a degree of multilayer binding of 20. Esterification was carried out by passing a solution of lauric acid and benzyl alcohol in anhydrous issoctane through the lipase‐immobilized membrane, and lipase activity was determined. A reaction percentage of 50% was achieved at space velocity 68 h−1. The maximum immobilized lipase and native lipase activities were 8.9 and 0.38 mol/(h·kglipase), respectively. Thus, the activity of the immobilized lipase was 23.4 times higher than that of the native lipase.
A novel method for solvent fractionation of two CLA isomers
Authors: Uehara Hidetaka , Suganuma Tomomi , Negishi Satoshi , Ueno Satoru , Sato Kiotaka 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is commercially available as a mixture consisting of almost equal amounts of the cis‐9,trans‐11‐CLA (c9, t11) and trans‐10, cis‐12‐CLA (t10, c12) isomers. Separation of the two isomers is highly significant since each exhibits different biochemical properties. Highly efficient separation could be accomplished by crystallization in acetone (solvent) of the two CLA isomers (solutes) in the presence of medium‐chain fatty‐acid (MCFA) additives. The relative concentration ratios of the two CLA isomers in the solvent‐crystallized materials varied depending on which MCFA were added. Addition of lauric and decanoic acids resulted in the crystals predominantly containing t10,c12, whereas octanoic acid yielded those predominantly containing c9,t11. We have confirmed that onetime solvent crystallization using decanoic acid and octanoic acid additives increased the t10,c12 and c9,t11 concentrations, and that repeated solvent crystallization resulted in the ratio of c9,t11 to t10,c12 of at least 4∶96 or 98∶2.
Carotenoids from red palm methyl esters by nanofiltration
Authors: Darnoko D. , Cheryan Munir 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPalm oil contains high concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols that can be recovered by first converting them to methyl esters and then applying membrane technology to separate the carotenoids from the methyl esters. Several solvent‐stable nanofiltration membranes were investigated for this application. Flux with a model red palm methyl ester solution ranged from 0.5 to 10 Lm−2h−1, and rejection of β‐carotene was 60–80% at a transmembrane pressure of 2.76 MPa and 40°C. A multistage membrane process was designed for continuous production of palm carotene concentrate and decolorized methyl esters. With a feed rate of 10 tons per hour of red palm methyl esters containing 0.5 gL−1 β‐carotene, the process could produce 3611 L·h−1 of carotene concentrate containing 1.19 gL−1 carotene and 7500 Lh−1 of decolorized methyl esters containing less than 0.1 gL−1 β‐carotene. The economics of this process is promising.
Approaches to quantification of microstructure for model lipid systems
Authors: Liang Baomin , Sebright Jason L. , Shi Yuping , Hartel Richard W. , Perepezko John H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSemisolid fat samples with different solid fat contents and microstructures were prepared by crystallization of mixtures of model lipid systems containing high‐melting and lowmelting lipids and analyzed for microstructural properties. Microstructure images were acquired by confocal scanning light microscopy and showed fat crystals or fat crystal flocs combined with their surrounding continuous phase to constitute microstructural units and a microstructural network that was formed through their interaction. Fat crystal flocs and their centroids, microstructure units, and their interface boundaries were identified by image analysis. Several methods to quantify microstructure were compared. A new concept was introduced: the microstructure density, defined as the number of microstructural units per unit volume of the system. Also, the Richardson plot and particle counting methods (PCM) were used to find the fractal dimension of the crystal network. The Euler characteristic and nearest neighbor features of the microstructure were obtained as well by use of custom‐developed programs. The different metrics of semisolid lipid microstructure were compared in terms of their physical meaning, means of acquisition, and consistency. The results showed that the quantitative microstructure parameters obtained from different approaches, except the fractal dimesion determined by the PCM, can identify both differences and similarities of microstructural characteristics in the model lipid systems studied in this work.
Determining the acid number of biodiesel
Authors: Mahajan Sonam , Konar Samir K. , Boocock David G. b. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCommerical biodiesel is composed of FAME. It may also contain small amounts of FA, which are quantified by an acid number, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize 1 g of sample. In 2006, the ASTM D 6751 biodiesel acid‐number limit was harmonized with the European biodiesel value of 0.50. ASTM D 664 is the standard reference method for measuring the acid number of both ASTM biodiesel and petroleum‐derived diesel. This potentiometric method cites acceptable repeatability and mediocre reproducibility, but no information on accuracy. ASTM D 974 is a non‐aqueous colorimetric titration that uses potassium hydroxide in isopropanol as the titrant and p‐naphtholbenzein as indicator. It was designed for petroleum products and is suitable for colored samples. It has been tested on nine palmitic acid/soybean oil standards in the acid‐number range of 0.198 to 1.17. All accuracies were within 3.3%. The repeatability was approximately 6% at an acid number of 0.5. The reproducibility appears to be only slightly greater than the repeatability at an acid number of 0.5. It is concluded that ASTM D 974 is a good method for evaluating the acid‐number compliance of biodiesel samples.
Determination of solid fat content (SFC) of binary fat blends and use of these data to predict SFC of selected ternary fat blends containing low‐erucic rapeseed oil
Authors: Braipson‐Danthine Sabine , Deroanne Claude 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral oils and fats often used for the industrial preparation of European shortenings were blended in binary systems. The equilibrium (after 48 h at 15°C) solid fat contents (SFC; determined by pulsed NMR spectroscopy) were measured and plotted against blend composition. SFC of the blends resulted from the SFC of each fat for the considered temperature as well as the type of interaction existing between those fats (namely, ideal behavior, monotectic interaction, eutectic interaction, and so on). The type of relationship fitted was dependent on the kind of interaction: Linear relationships were found for total compatibility between fats, and polynomial‐type (order 2) relationships were found for fats exhibiting incompatibility. Some corresponding ternary oils and fats blends were also prepared and analyzed. Selected relationships (regression equations of the fitted curves) obtained for binary blends were combined in order to calculate the SFC of the corresponding ternary blends. Experimental values were generally close to predicted ones. The representation of SFC as a function of composition is interesting as it allows one to determine rapidly and easily the type of molecular interaction between two fats and also to determine equations that can be combined to calculate easily the SFC of corresponding ternary blends crystallized in the same way with a good accuracy. The texture (hardness) of several binary and ternary blends was also measured. The combination of the results obtained for SFC with the results obtained for the hardness of binary blends allows the prediction of the hardness of a corresponding ternary blend under the same conditions.
The effect of shear on the crystallization of cocoa butter
Authors: Sonwai S. , Mackley M. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of shear on the crystallization of cocoa butter using a combination of three different experimental techniques and a single crystallization temperature of 20°C. Rheological measurements were carried out to study the effect of a shear step on the crystallization kinetics of the fat. Without a shear step, little rheological change was observed at 20°C; however, with the application of a shear step the onset of significant rheological change occurred and was strongly influenced by the magnitude of the shear step. Detailed crystallographic measurements could be made with in situ X‐ray experiments during flow‐induced crystallization. The imposition of continuous shear changed both crystal polymorphic structure and crystallization kinetics in a systematic way. Finally, optical measurements were used to follow changes in crystal morphology as a consequence of continuous shear. These results revealed the form and kinetics of crystal growth. In general the results complemented each other, and an overall picture of the way shear influenced cocoa butter growth could be formed. The observations could be the basis for a future mathematical model of growth kinetics and provide insight into the way shear influences crystallization kinetics, morphology, and polymorphic structure.
FA composition of the oil extracted from farmed atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) viscera
Authors: Sun Ting , Xu Zhimin , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe FA composition of visceral oil extracted from farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) viscera was studied. Seventeen FA were identified in the extracted visceral oil, and the major FA were 18∶1n9, 16∶0, 16∶1n7, 20∶5n3 (EPA), 14∶0, and 22∶6n3 (DHA). The percentages of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FA in the total FA were 31.7, 36.0, and 32.2%, respectively. Compared with other fish oils, oil from farmed Atlantic salmon had much higher EPA (1.64 g/100 g) and DHA (1.47 g/100 g) contents. The FA profile of the salmon visceral oil was similar to that of the salmon fillet. Thus, the salmon visceral oil could be a replacement for the oil obtained from edible salmon fillet and used in functional foods or feeds requiring a high level of omega‐3 FA. Furthermore, producing visceral oil is also beneficial to salmon fish industry by adding value back to the processing waste.
Standard biodiesel from soybean oil by a single chemical reaction
Authors: Mahajan Sonam , Konar Samir K. , Boocock David G. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLaboratory methods are described for producing standard biodiesel from low‐acid‐number vegetable oils in single‐step reactions without distillation of the products. Either sodium hydroxide or methoxide is used as the catalyst. Biodiesel fuel is currently made from vegetable oils using basic catalysts. With this methodology, the oils must be reacted two or three times with methanol, in the presence of sodium methoxide, to make a product that meets the standard for the total chemically bound and unbound glycerol content. Previously it was thought that sodium hydroxide could never be used as the catalyst because it forms soap with the ester, which lowers the yield and makes product isolation difficult. Two of the described methods use sodium hydroxide as the catalyst and the other uses sodium methoxide. These methods rely on the use of oxolane as co‐solvent to manipulate phase behavior during the reaction. Reactant molar ratios and base concentrations are also optimized to drive the reactions to the necessary degree of completion.
Optimization of enzymatic degumming process for rapeseed oil
Authors: Yang Bo , Wang Yong‐Hua , Yang Ji‐Guo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn enzymatic process optimization and a largescale plant trial for rapeseed oil degumming were carried out by a novel microbial lipase. Response surface methodology was used to obtain the desired data in the process optimization. Enzyme dosage, temperature, and pH were important determining factors affecting oil degumming. The optimal set of variables was an enzyme dosage of 39.6 mg/kg, a temperature of 48.3°C, and a pH of 4.9. The phosphorus content could be reduced to 3.1 mg/kg at the optimal levels of the tested factors. An enzymatic degumming plant trial was performed on a 400 tons/d oil production line. pH was found to play an important role in degumming performance. When the pH was 4.6–5.1, the corresponding phosphorus content of degummed rapeseed oil could be reduced to less than 10 mg/kg, which met the demands of the physical refining process.