bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Drover's Wife and the Drover's Daughter: Histories of Single Farming Women and Debates in Australian Historiography
Authors: Hunter Kathryn M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the 1980s two vigorous debates commanded the attention of economic and feminist historians alike, and they played a key part in shaping the historiography concerning rural women in Australia. One debate revolved around the use of the nineteenth-century census in determining women's occupations, including those of farming women. The other debate, part of a wider feminist conversation about women's agency, focused on the question of the nature of white women's lives within colonial families and society. Despite the centrality of rural women to these debates, and the role colonial women's histories played in shaping the historiography, these debates did not impact upon the writing of rural history in Australia. This article revisits these debates in the light of new research into the lives of never-married women on Australia's family farms and uses their histories to question the conclusions arrived at by feminist and economic historians. It also questions the continuing invisibility of rural women in histories of rural Australia and hopes to provoke more discussion between rural and feminist historians.
The Landscape History of Grouse Shooting in the Yorkshire Dales
Authors: Done Andrew , Muir Richard 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe literature concerning recreational landscapes is substantial, but its contents are heavily biased towards the parks and gardens of the aristocratic and land-owning classes. Surprisingly, very little of a landscape historical nature has been published on the countrysides created and maintained for the purpose of grouse shooting, even though the areas concerned are some of the most admired and most ecologically sensitive parts of Britain. The pursuit of grouse shooting has been followed in the Yorkshire Dales for more than 250 years and the activity (in this context ‘sport’ is an emotive term) and its varied impacts upon the landscape have been conditioned by a variety of factors. Some are social, and relate to perceptions of what constitute acceptable forms of upper class recreation and association; some are technological and involve the development of firearms; some are logistical and pertain to improvements in access to the upland grouse moors, while some are ecological and concern the improvement and deterioration of the habitat and fluctuations in the grouse population. All these factors found expression in the landscape, on the grand scale, by the systematic burning, swaling or swiddening of the moors and at the local level, for example, by constructing butts in relation to topography, prevailing wind direction and the flight paths favoured by the game.
Caravans and Slide Shows: Rural Modernism inA Canterbury Tale
Authors: Jones Steve 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis essay uses the filmA Canterbury Tale(The Archers, 1944) to consider the relationship between the countryside and modernity in English culture during the 1930s and 1940s. While previous analyses have argued thatA Canterbury Talefilm is unambiguously conservative, this paper adopts a Gramscian framework to suggest that its conservatism is intimately bound up with an emergent, modernising structure of feeling. The paper therefore studies those scenes in which the serene rurality of the narrative engages in a visual and aural dialogue with the modern world. The paper argues that three motifs in the film are particularly meaningful: the development of unexpected class and gender inflections in the concept of pilgrimage, the detachment of America from its status as a signifier of ‘bad’ modernity in the English countryside, and the incorporation of the cinematic into the rural.
Perceived Interpersonal Mistreatment Among Obese Americans: Do Race, Class, and Gender Matter?
Authors: Carr Deborah , Jaffe Karen J. , Friedman Michael A. 
Published: October 2008

Objective: We examine the extent to which body weight affects three types of perceived interpersonal mistreatment, and evaluate whether these patterns vary by race, social class, and gender in a large sample of American men and women.Methods and Procedures: We use data from the first wave (1995) of the Midlife Development in the United States (N = 3,511), a survey of persons aged 25–74, to contrast underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese I, and obese II/III persons’ reports of three types of perceived interpersonal mistreatment: disrespectful treatment; harassment/teasing; and being treated as if one has a character flaw. We assess whether these relationships are contingent upon one's gender, race, and occupational status. We control for possible confounding influences, including physical and mental health.Results: In the total sample, obese I and obese II/III persons report significantly higher levels of all three types of perceived mistreatment (compared to normal weight persons), even when demographic, socioeconomic status, and health characteristics are controlled. Among black men, however, obese II/III persons report significantly lower levels of all three types of perceived mistreatment, compared to their normal weight peers. Among both men and women, obese professional workers report significantly more perceived interpersonal mistreatment, compared to obese persons of lower socioeconomic status.Discussion: These findings reveal the ways that intersecting social identities may shape obese Americans’ perceptions of stigmatizing interpersonal encounters.
Recent Experiences of Weight‐based Stigmatization in a Weight Loss Surgery Population: Psychological and Behavioral Correlates
Authors: Friedman Kelli E. , Ashmore Jamile A. , Applegate Katherine L. 
Published: October 2008

Objective: This study evaluated the association between experiences of weight‐based stigmatization (e.g., job discrimination, inappropriate comments from physicians) within the past month, psychological functioning, and binge eating among a sample of individuals seeking weight loss surgery.Methods and Procedure: Ninety‐four obese adults (25 males and 69 females) seeking weight loss surgery underwent a diagnostic clinical interview and completed a battery of self‐report questionnaires measuring experiences of weight‐related stigmatization, psychological adjustment, and binge eating behavior.Results: Weight‐based stigmatization was a common experience within the past month among participants. Frequency of stigmatizing experiences was negatively associated with self‐esteem and positively associated with depression, anxiety, body image disturbance, and emotional eating. Recent experiences of stigmatization were associated with a diagnosis of binge eating disorder.Discussion: Weight‐based stigmatization is a common experience among obese individuals seeking weight loss surgery, and these experiences are associated with deleterious consequences. It appears that environmental barriers (e.g., chairs too small, not being able to find medical equipment in an appropriate size) and interpersonal attacks are the most common stigmatizing experiences. These data justify future studies to better understand causal relationships and efforts to design and test interventions aimed at reducing weight‐based stigmatization and the associated negative consequences.
Biochemical characterization and mutational analysis of the mononuclear non-haem Fe2+ site in Dke1, a cupin-type dioxygenase from Acinetobacter johnsonii
Authors: Leitgeb Stefan , Straganz Grit D. , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: October 2008

β-Diketone-cleaving enzyme Dke1 is a homotetrameric Fe2+-dependent dioxygenase from Acinetobacter johnsonii. The Dke1 protomer adopts a single-domain β-barrel fold characteristic of the cupin superfamily of proteins and features a mononuclear non-haem Fe2+ centre where a triad of histidine residues, His-62, His-64 and His-104, co-ordinate the catalytic metal. To provide structure–function relationships for the peculiar metal site of Dke1 in relation to the more widespread 2-His-1-Glu/Asp-binding site for non-haem Fe2+, we replaced each histidine residue individually with glutamate and asparagine and compared binding of Fe2+ and four non-native catalytically inactive metals with purified apo-forms of wild-type and mutant enzymes. Results from anaerobic equilibrium microdialysis (Fe2+) and fluorescence titration (Fe2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+) experiments revealed the presence of two broadly specific metal-binding sites in native Dke1 that bind Fe2+ with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 5 μM (site I) and ∼0.3 mM (site II). Each mutation, except for the substitution of asparagine for His-104, disrupted binding of Fe2+, but not that of the other bivalent metal ions, at site I, while leaving metal binding at site II largely unaffected. Dke1 mutants harbouring glutamate substitutions were completely inactive and not functionally complemented by external Fe2+. The Fe2+ catalytic centre activity (kcat) of mutants with asparagine substitution of His-62 and His-104 was decreased 140- and 220-fold respectively, compared with the kcat value of 8.5 s−1 for the wild-type enzyme in the reaction with pentane-2,4-dione. The H64N mutant was not catalytically competent, except in the presence of external Fe2+ (1 mM) which elicited about 1/1000 of wild-type activity. Therefore co-ordination of Fe2+ by Dke1 requires an uncharged metallocentre, and three histidine ligands are needed for the assembly of a fully functional catalytic site. Oxidative inactivation of Dke1 was shown to involve conversion of enzyme-bound Fe2+ into Fe3+, which is then released from the metal centre.
Gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (3D mp-rage) imaging is superior to spin-echo imaging in delineating brain metastases
Authors: Takeda T. , Takeda A. , Nagaoka T. , Kunieda E. , Takemasa K. , Watanabe M. , Hatou T. , Oguro S. , Katayama M. 
Published: October 2008

Background: Precisely defining the number and location of brain metastases is very important for establishing a treatment strategy for malignancies. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now considered the best modality, various improvements in sequences are still being made. Purpose: To prospectively compare the diagnostic ability of three-dimensional, magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (3D MP-RAGE) imaging in detecting metastatic brain tumors, with that of two-dimensional spin-echo (2D SE) T1-weighted imaging. Material and Methods: A total of 123 examinations were included in this study, and 119 examinations from 88 patients with known malignancies were analyzed. All patients underwent T1- and T2-weighted 2D SE transverse imaging, followed by gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted transverse and coronal 2D SE imaging and 3D MP-RAGE transverse imaging. Four radiologists interpreted the images to compare the accuracy and the time required for interpretation for each imaging. Results: 3D MP-RAGE imaging was significantly better than 2D SE imaging for detecting metastatic brain lesions, regardless of the readers’ experience. The sensitivities of the 3D MP-RAGE and 2D SE imaging for all observers were 0.81 vs. 0.80 ( P>0.05), specificities were 0.93 vs. 0.87 ( P<0.05), positive predictive values were 0.92 vs. 0.86 ( P<0.05), negative predictive values were 0.78 vs. 0.75 ( P>0.05), and accuracies were 0.84 vs. 0.78 ( P<0.05), respectively. There was no significant difference in the time required for image interpretation between the two modalities (15.6±4.0 vs. 15.4±4.1 min). Conclusion: 3D MP-RAGE imaging proved superior to 2D SE imaging in the detection of brain metastases.
Reconstruction of transcriptional dynamics from gene reporter data using differential equations
Authors: Finkenstädt Bärbel , Heron Elizabeth A. , Komorowski Michal , Edwards Kieron , Tang Sanyi , Harper Claire V. , Davis Julian R. E. , White Michael R. H. , Millar Andrew J. , Rand David A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Motivation: Promoter-driven reporter genes, notably luciferase and green fluorescent protein, provide a tool for the generation of a vast array of time-course data sets from living cells and organisms. The aim of this study is to introduce a modeling framework based on stochastic differential equations (SDEs) and ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that addresses the problem of reconstructing transcription time-course profiles and associated degradation rates. The dynamical model is embedded into a Bayesian framework and inference is performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms.
Results: We present three case studies where the methodology is used to reconstruct unobserved transcription profiles and to estimate associated degradation rates. We discuss advantages and limits of fitting either SDEs ODEs and address the problem of parameter identifiability when model variables are unobserved. We also suggest functional forms, such as on/off switches and stimulus response functions to model transcriptional dynamics and present results of fitting these to experimental data.
Contact: b.f.finkenstadt@warwick.ac.uk
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Climate-change policy: why has so little been achieved?
Authors: Helm Dieter 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
While the scientific evidence for climate change grows, the policy responses have so far had little or no impact on the build-up of emissions. Current trends in emissions are adverse. The paper considers why the disconnect between science and policy exists and, in particular, why the Kyoto Protocol has achieved so little. Some contributing factors considered are: the focus on carbon production rather than consumption in the architecture of Kyoto; the flaws in the analysis presented in the Stern Report (notably on the impacts of climate change on economic growth, on the costs of mitigation, and on discounting); and the political economy of the choice of policy instruments, the politics of the rents that arise, and the technology bias. The challenges facing the Copenhagen conference are noted, and it is concluded that, with a recasting of the economics of climate change, the prospects for closing the gap between the science and policy are grim.
Climate treaties and the imperative of enforcement
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The emission limits in the Kyoto Protocol are too generous. Simply tightening these limits, however, will not make a new climate treaty any more effective at addressing climate change unless the other problems with Kyoto are also addressed. A new climate treaty arrangement must enforce both participation and compliance. This might be done by applying an enforcement mechanism, such as a trade restriction, to a new treaty styled after Kyoto. Potent trade restrictions, however, may lack credibility and legitimacy. An alternative approach recommended here is to break the problem up, with separate (but linked) agreements addressing individual gases and sectors, using the most appropriate means to enforce each component of the system. In bundling together all sectors and greenhouse gases in a single agreement, Kyoto has aimed to achieve cost-effectiveness at the expense of enforcement, which depends on the treaty's weakest enforcement link. The imperative must be to ensure that any future treaty arrangement can be enforced.
China's balance of emissions embodied in trade: approaches to measurement and allocating international responsibility
Authors: Pan Jiahua , Phillips Jonathan , Chen Ying 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
International trade is characterized not only by the flow of capital and goods, but also by the energy and emissions embodied in goods during their production. This paper investigates the evolving role that Chinese trade is playing in the response to climate change by estimating the scale of emissions embodied in China's current trade pattern and demonstrating the magnitude of the difference between the emissions it produces (some of which are incurred to meet the consumption demands of the rest of the world) and the emissions embodied in the goods it consumes. Estimating China's emissions on a consumption rather than a production basis both lowers its responsibility for carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2006 from 5,500 to 3,840mtCO2 and reduces the growth rate of emissions from an average of 12.5 per cent p.a. to 8.7 per cent p.a. between 2001 and 2006. The analysis indicates that a reliable consumption-based accounting methodology is feasible and could improve our understanding of which actors and states are responsible for emissions. For example, recent emissions reductions by developed countries may lack credibility if production has merely been displaced to countries such as China. Moreover, in the current institutional context, production methodologies encourage leakages through trade that may do more to displace than to reduce emissions. Both equity and efficiency concerns therefore suggest that emissions embodied in trade should receive special attention in the distribution of post-Kyoto abatement burdens.
Climate change and Africa
Authors: Collier Paul , Conway Gordon , Venables Tony 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The impact of climate change on Africa is likely to be severe because of adverse direct effects, high agricultural dependence, and limited capacity to adapt. Direct effects vary widely across the continent, with some areas (e.g. eastern Africa) predicted to get wetter, but much of southern Africa getting drier and hotter. Crop yields will be adversely affected and the frequency of extreme weather events will increase. Adaptation to climate change is primarily a private-sector response and should involve relocation of people, changes in the sectoral structure of production, and changes in crop patterns. The role of government is primarily to provide the information, incentives, and economic environment to facilitate such changes. Adaptation will be impeded by Africa's fragmentation into small countries and ethnic groups, and by poor business environments. On the mitigation side, there is a need to design emissions-trading frameworks that support greater African participation than at present, and that include land-use change. Mitigation undertaken elsewhere will have a major impact on Africa, both positive (e.g. new technologies) and negative (e.g. commodity price changes arising from biofuel policies).
Impaired myelopoiesis in mice lacking the repressors of translation initiation, 4E‐BP1 and 4E‐BP2
Authors: Olson Katie E. , Booth Garrett C. , Poulin Francis , Sonenberg Nahum , Beretta Laura 
Published: October 2008

SummaryWe investigated the role of two repressors of translation initiation in granulocytic differentiation using mice with a null mutation in the 4E‐BP1 gene or with a null mutation in the 4E‐BP2 gene. We show that 4E‐BP1−/− and 4E‐BP2−/− mice exhibit an increased number of immature granulocytic precursors, associated with a decreased number of mature granulocytic elements compared with wild‐type mice, which is suggestive of an impaired granulocytic differentiation. Clonogenetic analyses revealed a reduced number of granulocytic colonies and concomitant increase in granulo‐monocytic colonies in 4E‐BP−/− mice. Finally, a slight expansion of monocytic cells was observed in the 4E‐BP2−/− mice. In contrast, we did not observe any significant difference in thymocyte maturation in these mice. These results, together with the fact that 4E‐BPs are markedly induced during granulo‐monocytic differentiation of myeloid cells in vitro, highlight the pivotal role of 4E‐BP1 and 4E‐BP2 in the early phases of myelopoiesis. These results represent the first in vivo evidence of the involvement of translation in the early phases of granulo‐monocytic differentiation and further extend the role of translation in haematopoietic differentiation.
Effects of smoke, heat, darkness and cold stratification on seed germination of 40 species in a cool temperate zone in northern Japan
Authors: Tsuyuzaki S. , Miyoshi C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe effects of smoke, heat, darkness and cold stratification on seed germination were examined for 40 species with various life history attributes. These species establish in early successional stages on a volcano and are distributed in cool temperate zones of northern Japan. Smoke decreased seed germination in 11 species and increased it in one species, Leucothoe grayana. Germination of Polygonum longisetum was enhanced by a combination of smoke and cold, and that of Aralia elata by smoke and heat. Heat increased germination for three species and decreased it for one. Cold stratification broke dormancy in seeds of 11 species. Continuous darkness decreased germination of 22 species and did not increase germination for any species, showing that approximately half of the species require light for maximum germination. Although most species are sun plants that establish in early stages of succession and/or in disturbed areas, smoke and heat do not enhance germination of these species after disturbance, even when the disturbance is fire. Germination of slender and/or large seeds tends to be decreased more by smoke, probably because of their larger surface area. Light is more important than smoke and heat for detection of disturbance and for seed germination in this region. However, despite the low fire frequency in the region, germination of a few species was increased by fire‐derived stimuli.
Scheduling activities at oil wells with resource displacement
Authors: Moura Arnaldo V. , Pereira Romulo A. , De Souza Cid C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBefore promising locations at petroliferous basins become productive oil wells, it is necessary to complete development activities at these locations. The scheduling of such activities must satisfy several conflicting constraints and attain a number of goals. Moreover, resource displacements between wells are important and must also be taken into account. The problem is NP‐hard, as can be seen by a simple poly‐time reduction from the Job Shop problem. This paper describes Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures (GRASPs) for the scheduling of oil well development activities with resource displacement. The heuristics were tested on real instances from a major oil company, recognized for its expertise in offshore oil exploration. Computational experiments over real instances revealed that the GRASP implementations are competitive, outperforming the software currently being used by the company.
Algorithms for the circular two‐dimensional open dimension problem
Authors: Akeb Hakim , Hifi Mhand 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we propose three heuristics for the circular two‐dimensional open dimension problem, also known as the circular strip cutting/packing problem. We first propose an open strip generation solution procedure that uses the best local position rule into the open strip. Second, we propose a simple augmented version of the first heuristic by introducing an exchange‐order strategy. Third, we propose a hybrid heuristic that combines beam search and a series of target values belonging to a predetermined interval search. We evaluate the performance of these heuristics on several instances varying from small to large ones. Encouraging results have been obtained.