bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extended summary agriculture and bio‐organic groups of the RSC and the SCI pesticides group symposium chemical aspects of biological control. The production of chemicals by biological control agents
Authors: Powell Keith A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe following extended summary is based on a paper presented at the above meeting organised by R. L. Richards and L. G. Copping on behalf of the Agriculture and Bio‐organic Groups of the RSC and the SCI Pesticide Group, held on 21 November 1994 at Brighton, UK. The summary published here is entirely the responsibility of the author and does not reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science.
In‐vivo effects of 2,4‐D and atrazine on cytochrome P‐450 and insecticide toxicity in southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania) larvae
Authors: Kao L. M. , Wilkinson C. F. , Brattsten L. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAfter feeding 2,4‐D or atrazine in a diet to southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania Cram.) larvae for three days, the effect on total content and activities of cytochrome P450 and on insecticide toxicity were determined. Both 2,4‐D and atrazine induced cytochrome P450‐catalyzed aldrin epoxidation (AE) and methoxyresorufin O‐demethylatin (MROD). The 2,4‐D was a more potent inducer for total cytochrome P450 content, whereas atrazine disproportionately increased AE. Both compounds increased MROD significantly. The apparent kinetic characteristics of AE indicates that 2,4‐D and atrazine induced similar P450 isozymes (Km 8.78 and 7.80 μM, respectively), which may differ from the constitutive isozyme (Km 3.14 μM). The 2,4‐D‐induced cytochrome P450 contributed to decreased carbaryl and permethrin toxicity, whereas the atrazine‐induced cytochrome P450 caused decreased parathion and permethrin toxicity. The carbaryl toxicity correlated directly with 2,4‐D‐induced total P450 content and activities but not with atrazine‐induced changes. The 2,4‐D and atrazine also induced nonspecific esterase activity which may contribute to permethrin detoxification.
Development and characteristics of resistance in the susceptible who/srs house fly (Musca domestica) strain subjected to selection with beta‐cypermethrin
Authors: Pap László , Tóth Andrea 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe standard reference WHO/SRS house fly (Musca domestica L.) strain was selected with beta‐cypermethrin (‚Chinmix’︁) by topical application for 25 consecutive generations. By the F25 generation the LD50 (expressed as ng per fly) increased to 164.9 × and 190.2 × initial values in the female and male flies, respectively, of the selected strain (CHXSEL).Developing rates and patterns of resistance seemed to be similar in both sexes and showed four characteristic phases: I. stagnant, II. quickly rising, III. slowly increasing and IV. plateau.Due to high mortality and low fertility of survivors after F25 the selecting dosages could not be increased further, indicating that a selection limit had been reached.Upon termination of selection pressure the resistance reverted almost completely in the NOSEL substrain. The LD50 decreased continuously and by the F60 generation the resistance ratios (RR) were only 6‐9 and 10‐2 in the female and male flies, respectively.Synergist studies with different metabolic inhibitors, SKF‐525a, piperonyl butoxide, 1‐naphthyl N‐propylcarbamate and NIA‐16388 suggested that both enhanced oxidase and esterase activity would contribute to the resistance of the CHXSEL strain. Moreover the analysis of the cross‐resistance pattern among pyrethroids makes the presence of a nerve insensitivity factor likely. The pattern of cross‐resistance within and outside the pyrethroid group is discussed in detail. The relationship of contributing resistance mechanism(s) to similarities of chemical structures is also discussed.
Generation of end‐group information from polyethers by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation collision‐induced dissociation mass spectrometry
Authors: Jackson Anthony T. , Green Martin R. , Bateman Robert H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of polyethers, namely poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), poly(butylene glycol) (PBG) and poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMeG), has been characterised by means of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation collision‐induced dissociation (MALDI‐CID) using a hybrid sector orthogonal‐time‐of‐flight (TOF) instrument. The data indicate that this technique can be used to generate information about the end‐group functionality of these polymers, including in some cases information about branching of the alkyl chains of the initiating groups. Proposals are made for the fragmentation pathways for these polymers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amidons Lintnérisés Etudes chromatographique et enzymatique des résidus insolubles provenant de l'hydrolyse chlorhydrique d'amidons de céréales, en particulier de maïs cireux
Authors: Robin Par J. P. , Mercier C. , Duprat F. , Charbonniǵre R. , Guilbot A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLintnerized Starches. Chromatographic and Enzymatic Studies of Insoluble Residues from Acid Hydrolysis of Various Cereal Starches, Particularly Waxy Maize Starch. Native cereal starches, particularly waxy maize starch, have been carefully hydrolyzed at 35°C with hydrochloric acid (2,2‐N) in heterogeneous phase.Observation of the course of hydrolysis as a function of time makes it possible to classify the starches according to their acid lability. The kinetic values distinctly reveal two phases, i.e. a fast hydrolysis of the amorphous fraction and a slower degradation of the crystalline starch grain fraction. This observation was confirmed by X‐ray diffractometric patterns. The hydrolysis speed of acid resistant fractions seems to become slower as the apparent amylose ratio increases.The change in the macromolecular structure of the obtained granular residues or “lintnerized” starches as a function of time was examined after aqueous solubilization by means of gel chromatography using a calibrated Sephadex G‐50 column. Lintnerization causes a decrease in the apparent DP of the chains of the starch residues and two subgroups with apparent DP 13 and 25 appear rapidly. These DP are unchanging with time of acid treatment.The chromatographic and enzymatic studies of lintnerized starches were performed directly and after successive enzymatic digests with pullulanase and ß‐amylase. After debranching of solubilized residues with pullulanase and gel chromatography a linear chain subgroup of DP 15–20 appears. This one is in fact composed of two subgroups: one more important with a DP 13, the other broad distribution with a DP 15–25. The comparison with the subgroups observed before debranching shows that a main part of the initial subgroup of DP 25 could be considered as formed with singly branched chains. Furthermore a small proportion of pullulanase resistant ß‐limit dextrins was obtained.The obtained results permits one to suggest a new model for the structure of waxy maize amylopectin. On the basis of this model the differences in structure existing between the various starches are discussed and the results are compared with those reported elsewhere for potato starch. A parallelism between crystalline patterns of native starches and the amylopectin structure, particularly its branching degree, is observed.
Radiolyse von Stärke Beitrag zur quantitativen Bestimmung einiger Radiolyseprodukte in Kartoffelstärke und Weizenmehl
Authors: Scherz H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRadiolysis of Starch. A Contribution to Quantitative Determination of Several Radiolysis Products in Potato Starch and Wheat Flour. The amounts of formed desoxy‐compounds, which produce malonic dialdehyde during HI O4‐oxydation, as well as that of ω‐hydroxymaltol have been determined in irradiated potato starch and irradiated wheat flour in dependence on irradiation doses. With pure potato starch, G‐values*) of 0.03–0.04 for water soluble desoxy‐compounds and such ones of 0.02 for insoluble desoxy‐compounds were obtained. G‐values of desoxy‐compounds in an ethyl acetate‐acetone‐water extract (4: 5: 1 v/v) of irradiated potato starch and irradiated wheat flour showed a ratio of about 3: 1. When aqueous potato starch sols are irradiated desoxygroups in the high‐molecular starch molecule will also be found (in N2O atmosphere: G‐values around 0.3).With ω‐hydroxymaltol it became apparent that the main part of this compound is formed after irradiation during storage. With pure potato starch G‐values around 0.015–0.02 were determined after 10 days of storage. When this material is heated after irradiation an increase of the hydroxymaltol content (G‐values: 0.025) is to be found.In the non‐irradiated materials traces of desoxy‐compounds as well as ω‐hydroxymaltol were found.
Properties of Starch Obtained from Potato Tubers Influenced by Various Temperatures
Authors: Golachowski A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe properties of starch separated from potato tubers were studied regarding the following storage temperatures: +20 °C, +8 °C, +4 °C and 0 °C. The study included also potato tubers having been frozen, thawed and refrozen as well as potato tubers before storage. Starch separated from the stored potato tubers showed differences in chemical composition, reducing power, granularity, whiteness and viscosity as well as gelatinization temperatures in comparison with the starch separated from potato tubers before storage. Quantity and direction of the changes within starch properties depended on storage temperatures. The smallest changes in the properties were observed during potato storage at +4 °C and +8 °C.
Reaction of Epichlorhydrin with Carbohydrate Polymers. Part I. Starch Reaction Kinetics
Authors: Kartha K. P. R. , Srivastava H. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe starch‐epichlorohydrin (ECH) reaction follows second order kinetics, first order with respect to ECH as well as starch. The activation energy for the reaction is of the order of 38 kJ/mole and the temperature coefficient K323/K303 is of the order of 2.
Stärken und ihre Hydrolysate als pharmazeutische Hilfsstoffe. Teil 1: Früherer Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen
Authors: Schierbaum Friedrich , Vorwerg Waltraud 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAusgehend von einer zusammenfassenden übersicht über den frühen Stand der Stärkeanwendung, datierend bis in die 70er Jahre, werden allgemeine Entwicklungstendenzen der stofflichen Basis und ausgewählte Anwendungen bis zur Gegenwart aufgezeigt. Einen Schwerpunkt bilden dabei die Struktur‐Eigenschaftsbeziehungen pharmazeutischer Hilfsstoffe. Sie leiten auf die Betrachtung ausgewählter alpha‐Glucane als aktuelle und potentielle Wirkstoffträger, Stabilisatoren und Plasmaexpander über.
Efficiency of Recrystallization Methods for the Purification of β‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Li Wende , Corke Harold , Zhang Litian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCyclodextrins are an important class of products made from starch, and have many applications in the food and other industries. Among the cyclodextrins, β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) is the most important and is produced in the largest amount. Some commercial preparations of β‐CD contain contaminants which must be eliminated to enhance the purity of the product. The purity of β‐CD was increased by four different methods, i.e. recrystallization in water, and purification with isopropanol, cyclohexane, or isopropanol and cyclohexane. Purity of β‐CD following the isopropanol method was over 99%, but the yield was only 40%. After cyclohexane treatment or the combined treatment with isopropanol and cyclohexane, purity was also over 99%, but yield was over 60%. Contaminants in commercial β‐CD may be soluble or insoluble. Some contaminants would be bound in the inclusion cavity, and elimination of such contaminants by recrystallization in water was not successful. The purity and endothermic energy changes of β‐CD were also determined by differential scanning calorimetry.
Outbreak of norovirus illness associated with a swimming pool
Authors: PODEWILS L. J. , ZANARDI BLEVINS L. , HAGENBUCH M. , ITANI D. , BURNS A. , OTTO C. , BLANTON L. , ADAMS S. , MONROE S. S. , BEACH M. J. , WIDDOWSON M. 
Published: November 2006

SUMMARYOn 3 February 2004, the Vermont Department of Health received reports of acute gastroenteritis in persons who had recently visited a swimming facility. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among persons attending the facility between 30 January and 2 February. Fifty-three of 189 (28%) persons interviewed developed vomiting or diarrhoea within 72 h after visiting the facility. Five specimens tested positive for norovirus and three specimen sequences were identical. Entering the smaller of the two pools at the facility was significantly associated with illness (RR 5·67, 95% CI 1·5–22·0,P=0·012). The investigation identified several maintenance system failures: chlorine equipment failure, poorly trained operators, inadequate maintenance checks, failure to alert management, and insufficient record keeping. This study demonstrates the vulnerability of recreational water to norovirus contamination, even in the absence of any obvious vomiting or faecal accident. Our findings also suggest that norovirus is not as resistant to chlorine as previously reported in experimental studies. Appropriate regulations and enforcement, with adequate staff training, are necessary to ensure recreational water safety.
Regulation of splicing-associated SR proteins by HPV-16
Authors: Mole S. , Veerapraditsin T. , McPhillips M.G. , Graham S.V. 
Published: November 2006

HPV-16 (human papillomavirus type 16) is a small dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) virus which infects mucosal epithelial tissue of the cervix. Epithelial tissue is composed of a basal layer of cells, capable of division, and a number of suprabasal layers, wherein the cells become more differentiated the closer to the surface of the epithelium they become. Expression of viral proteins is dependent upon epithelial differentiation status, and, within the HPV-16 genome, several elements have been found which control expression both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Expression of the highly immunogenic capsid proteins, L1 and L2, is restricted to only the most differentiated cells, where immune surveillance is limited. However, L1 and L2 transcripts can be detected in less differentiated cells, suggesting post-transcriptional mechanisms exist to prevent their expression in these cells. Indeed, a number of cis-acting RNA elements have been observed within the HPV-16 late region which may be involved in control of capsid gene expression. Mechanisms controlling HPV-16 capsid gene expression and the cellular RNA-processing factors involved will be the focus of this article.
A new approach for the investigation of reperfusion-related brain injury
Authors: Maier C.M. , Hsieh L. , Crandall T. , Narasimhan P. , Chan P.H. 
Published: November 2006

Effective stroke therapies require recanalization of occluded cerebral blood vessels; however, early reperfusion can cause BBB (blood–brain barrier) injury, leading to cerebral oedema and/or devastating brain haemorrhage. These complications of early reperfusion, which result from excess production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), significantly limit the benefits of stroke therapies. Here, we summarize some of the findings that lead to the development of a novel animal model that facilitates identification of specific free radical-associated components of the reperfusion injury process and allows therapeutic interventions to be assessed. In this model, KO (knockout) mice containing 50% activity of the mitochondrial antioxidant manganese-SOD (superoxide dismutase) (SOD2-KO) undergo transient focal ischaemia followed by reperfusion. These animals have delayed (&gt;24 h) BBB breakdown associated with activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9, inflammation and a high brain haemorrhage rate. These adverse consequences are absent from wild-type littermates, SOD2 overexpressors and minocycline-treated SOD2-KO animals. In addition, using microvessel isolations following in vivo ischaemia/reperfusion, we were able to show that the tight junction membrane protein, occludin, is an early and specific target in ROS-mediated microvascular injury. This new model is ideal for studying ischaemia/reperfusion-induced vascular injury and secondary brain damage and offers a unique opportunity to evaluate free radical-based neurovascular protective strategies.
Loss or down‐regulation of HLA class I expression at the allelic level in freshly isolated leukemic blasts
Authors: Masuda Kozo , Hiraki Akio , Fujii Nobuharu , Watanabe Toshiyuki , Tanaka Motoyuki , Matsue Kosei , Ogama Yoichiro , Ouchida Mamoru , Shimizu Kenji , Ikeda Kazuma , Tanimoto Mitsune 
Published: November 2006

Loss or down‐regulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression has been demonstrated in a variety of solid tumors. To date, such altered HLA expression has not been studied extensively in freshly isolated leukemic blasts. If it occurs, leukemic cells could escape T‐cell surveillance as a consequence. Genotypes of nine leukemic cell lines were determined using a polymerase chain reaction for HLA classes I and II. Cells were also examined for HLA β2‐microglobulin, and allele‐specific HLA protein expression using flow cytometry. Next, 44 samples of freshly isolated leukemic blasts from 43 patients with malignant hematological diseases were examined for allele‐specific HLA expression using flow cytometry. Microsatellite analysis was performed to determine heterozygosity in the HLA region on chromosome 6. Genotype analysis for HLA class I together with microsatellite analysis demonstrated loss of HLA haplotype in HL‐60 cells. No loss of HLA haplotype was observed in 44 samples of freshly isolated leukemic blasts. As reported previously, flow cytometric analysis rarely demonstrated loss or down‐regulation of HLA expression at initial diagnosis (3/39; 7.7%); however, this was evident in two of five cases in relapse (40.0%), which contrasts with previous reports. In one patient with acute leukemia, HLA‐A2 cell surface expression was present at initial diagnosis, lost at relapse, and completely restored after 48 h of culture in the presence of interferon‐γ. These results suggest loss of allele‐specific HLA expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of relapse in patients with leukemia. The findings should be valuable in designing new strategies for clinical immunotherapy. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 102–108)
The clinical syndrome of specific antibody deficiency in children
Authors: Boyle R J , Le C , Balloch A , Tang M L-K 
Published: November 2006

Summary
Specific antibody deficiency (SAD) is an immune deficiency which has been reported in adults and children with recurrent respiratory tract infections; however, the clinical features of SAD are not well described. This study evaluated formally the clinical syndrome of SAD, by comparing the clinical features of children with SAD and those of children with recurrent infection but normal immune function tests. SAD was defined as an adequate IgG antibody response to less than 50% of 12 pneumococcal serotypes tested following 23-valent unconjugated pneumococcal immunization. An adequate IgG antibody response was defined as a post-immunization titre of ≥ 1·3 µg/ml or ≥ four times the preimmunization value. Seventy-four children with recurrent infection were evaluated where immune deficiencies other than SAD had been excluded. Eleven (14·9%) of these children had SAD. Clinical features differed between the group with SAD and the group with normal antibody responses. A history of otitis media, particularly in association with chronic otorrhoea was associated with SAD [relative risk (RR) of SAD in those with chronic otorrhoea 4·64 (P = 0·02)]. SAD was associated with allergic disease, particularly allergic rhinitis [RR of SAD in those with allergic rhinitis 3·77 (P = 0·04)]. These two clinical associations of SAD were independent in this study [RR of chronic otorrhoea in those with allergic rhinitis 0·85 (P = 0·28)]. SAD was not an age-related phenomenon in this population. SAD has a distinct clinical phenotype, presenting as recurrent infection associated with chronic otorrhoea and/or allergic disease, and the condition should be sought in children with these features.
CRS strategies for solving severe static and imaging issues in seismic data from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Gierse G. , Pruessmann J. , Coman R. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTStatic shifts from near‐surface inhomogeneities very often represent the key problem in the processing of seismic data from arid regions. In this case study, the deep bottom fill of a wadi strongly degrades the image quality of a 2D seismic data set. The resulting static and dynamic problems are solved by both conventional and common‐reflection‐surface (CRS) processing. A straightforward approach derives conventional refraction statics from picked first breaks and then goes through several iterations of manual velocity picking and residual statics calculation. The surface‐induced static and dynamic inhomogeneities, however, are not completely solved by these conventional methods.In CRS processing, the local adaptation of the CRS stacking parameters results in very detailed dynamic corrections. They resolve the local inhomogeneities that were not detected by manual picking of stacking velocities and largely compensate for the surface‐induced deterioration in the stack. The subsequent CRS residual statics calculations benefit greatly from the large CRS stacking fold which increases the numbers of estimates for single static shifts. This improves the surface‐consistent averaging of static shifts and the convergence of the static solution which removes the remaining static shifts in the 2D seismic data. The large CRS stacking fold also increases the signal‐to‐noise ratio in the final CRS stack.
A peptidoglycan hydrolase motif within the mycobacteriophage TM4 tape measure protein promotes efficient infection of stationary phase cells
Authors: Piuri Mariana , Hatfull Graham F. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe predominant morphotype of mycobacteriophage virions has a DNA‐containing capsid attached to a long flexible non‐contractile tail, features characteristic of the Siphoviridae. Within these phage genomes the tape measure protein (tmp) gene can be readily identified due to the well‐established relationship between the length of the gene and the length of the phage tail – because these phages typically have long tails, the tmp gene is usually the largest gene in the genome. Many of these mycobacteriophage Tmp's contain small motifs with sequence similarity to host proteins. One of these motifs (motif 1) corresponds to the Rpf proteins that have lysozyme activity and function to stimulate growth of dormant bacteria, while the others (motifs 2 and 3) are related to proteins of unknown function, although some of the related proteins of the host are predicted to be involved in cell wall catabolism. We show here that motif 3‐containing proteins have peptidoglycan‐hydrolysing activity and that while this activity is not required for phage viability, it facilitates efficient infection and DNA injection into stationary phase cells. Tmp's of mycobacteriophages may thus have acquired these motifs in order to avoid a selective disadvantage that results from changes in peptidoglycan in non‐growing cells.