bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Situ Accumulation of Copper, Chromium, Nickel, and Zinc in Soils Used for Long‐term Waste Water Reclamation
Authors: Lin Chunye , Negev Ido , Eshel Gil , Banin Amos 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe studied the long‐term in situ accumulation of Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn in the soil profile of a large‐scale effluent recharge basin after 24 yr of operation in a wastewater reclamation plant using the Soil Aquifer System approach in the Coastal Plain of Israel. The objective was to quantify metals accumulation in the basin's soil profile, clarify retention mechanisms, and calculate material balances and metal removal efficiency as the metal loads increase. Effluent recharge led to measurable accumulation, relative to the pristine soil, of Ni and Zn in the 0‐ to 4‐m soil profile, with concentration increases of 0.3 to 1.3 mg kg−1and 2.9 to 6.4 mg kg−1, respectively. Copper accumulated only in the 0‐ to 1‐m top soil layer, with concentration increase of 0.28 to 0.76 mg kg−1Chromium concentration increased by 3.1 to 7.3 mg kg−1in the 0‐ to 1‐m horizon and 0.9 to 2.3 mg kg−1at deeper horizons. Sequential selective extraction showed Cu tended to be preferentially retained by Fe oxides and organic matter (OM), Cr by OM, Ni by OM, and carbonate and Zn by carbonate. The average total retained amounts of Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn were 0.7 ± 1.0, 13.6 ± 4.8, 4.3 ± 3.6, and 28.7 ± 5.4 g per a representative unit soil slab (1 m2× 4 m) of the basin, respectively. This amounts to 3.6 ± 4.9%, 79.5 ± 28.0%, 8.0 ± 6.9%, and 9.3 ± 1.8% of the Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn loads, respectively, applied during 24 yr of effluent recharge (total of ∼1880 m effluent load). The low long‐term overall removal efficiency of the metals from the recharged effluent in the top horizon may be due to the metals' low concentrations in the recharged effluent and the low adsorption affinity and retention capacity of the sandy soil toward them. This leads to attainment of a quasi‐equilibrium and a steady state in element distribution between the recharged effluent solution and the soil after few years of recharge and relatively small cumulative effluent loadings.
Fungicide Leaching from Golf Greens: Effects of Root Zone Composition and Surfactant Use
Authors: Larsbo Mats , Aamlid Trygve S. , Persson Lave , Jarvis Nick 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSoil water repellency in golf putting greens may induce preferential “finger flow,” leading to enhanced leaching of surface applied fungicides. We examined the effects of root zone composition, treatment with a non‐ionic surfactant, and the use of the fungicide iprodion or a combination of azoxystrobin and propiconazole on soil water repellency, soil water content distributions, fungicide leaching, and turf quality during 1 yr. Soil water repellency was measured using the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test and tension infiltrometers. Our study was made on a 3‐yr‐old experimental green seeded with creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) ‘Penn A‐4’ at Landvik in southeast Norway. The facility consists of 16 lysimeters with two different root zone materials: (i) straight sand (1% gravel, 96% sand, 3% silt and clay, 4 g kg−1 organic matter) (SS) and (ii) straight sand mixed with garden compost to an organic matter content of 21 g kg−1 (Green Mix [GM]). Surfactant treatment resulted in 96% lower average WDPTs at 1 cm depth, three times higher water infiltration rates at the soil surface, and reduced spatial variation in soil water contents. Fungicide leaching was close to zero for the GM lysimeters probably due to stronger sorption. Concentrations in the drainage water from SS lysimeters often exceeded surface water guideline values for all three fungicides, but surfactant treatment dramatically reduced fungicide leaching from these lysimeters. In autumn and winter, surfactant‐treated plots were more infected with fungal diseases probably because of higher water content in the turfgrass thatch layer.
Evaluation of the Host‐Specificity and Prevalence of Enterococci Surface Protein (esp) Marker in Sewage and its Application for Sourcing Human Fecal Pollution
Authors: Ahmed W. , Stewart J. , Powell D. , Gardner T. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe suitability of the enterococci surface protein (esp) marker to detect human fecal pollution was evaluated by testing 197 fecal samples from 13 host groups in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Overall, this marker was detected in 90.5% of sewage and septic system samples and could not be detected in any fecal samples from 12 animal host groups. The sensitivity of the esp primer to detect the human‐specific esp marker in sewage and septic samples was 100 and 67%, respectively. The overall specificity of this marker to distinguish between human and animal fecal pollution was 100%. Its prevalence in sewage was also determined by testing samples from the raw sewage, secondary effluent, and treated effluent of a sewage treatment plant (STP) over five consecutive days. Of the 15 samples tested, 12 (80%) were found to be positive for this marker. In contrast, it was not found in three samples from the treated effluent and these samples did not contain any culturable enterococci. The PCR limit of detection of this marker in freshwater samples was up to dilution 1 × 10−4 and the number of culturable enterococci at this dilution was 4.8 × 101 ± 7.0 × 10° colony forming unit (CFU). The utility of this marker was evaluated by testing water samples from three non‐sewered catchments in Pine Rivers in Southeast Queensland. Of the 13 samples tested, eight were positive for this marker with the number of enterococci ranging between 1.8 × 103 to 8.5 × 103 CFU per 100 mL of water. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the esp marker appears to be sewage specific and could be used as a reliable marker to detect human fecal pollution in surface waters in Southeast Queensland, Australia.
Fate of Arsenic in Swine Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
Authors: Makris Konstantinos C. , Quazi Shahida , Punamiya Pravin , Sarkar Dibyendu , Datta Rupali 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSwine diets are often supplemented by organoarsenicals, such as 3‐nitro‐4‐hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (roxarsone) to treat animal diseases and promote growth. Recent work reported roxarsone degradation under anaerobic conditions in poultry litter, but no such data exist for swine wastes typically stored in lagoons nearby concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). The objectives of this study were to: (i) characterize a suite of swine wastes collected from 19 randomly selected CAFOs for soluble arsenate [As(V)], arsenite [As(III)], dimethylarsenic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), 3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (3‐HPPA), p‐arsanilic acid, and roxarsone, and (ii) determine the geochemical fate of roxarsone in storage lagoons nearby CAFOs. Swine waste suspensions were spiked with roxarsone and incubated under dark/light and aerobic/anaerobic conditions to monitor roxarsone degradation kinetics. Arsenic speciation analysis using liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC‐ICPMS) illustrated the prevalence of As(V) in swine waste suspensions. Roxarsone underwent degradation to either organoarsenicals (3‐HPPA) or As(V) and a number of unidentified metabolites. Roxarsone degradation occurred under anaerobic conditions for suspensions low in solids content, but suspensions higher in solids content facilitated roxarsone degradation under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Increased solids content enhanced roxarsone degradation kinetics under aerobic conditions. According to current waste storage and sampling practices, arsenic in swine wastes stored in lagoons has been overlooked as a possible environmental health issue.
Application of Flow Field‐Flow Fractionation and Laser Sizing to Characterize Soil Colloids in Drained and Undrained Lysimeters
Authors: Gimbert Laura J. , Haygarth Philip M. , Worsfold Paul J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper reports the use of a new technique, flow field‐flow fractionation (FlFFF), for the characterization of soil sampled under grassland. FlFFF can be used to determine the fine colloidal material in the <1 μm fraction obtained by gravitational settling of 1% m/v soil suspensions. The aim of this work was to determine the potential of FIFFF to characterize soil colloids in drained and undrained field lysimeters from soil cores sampled at different depths. Two different grassland lysimeter plots of 1 ha, one drained and one undrained, were investigated, and the soil was sampled at 20‐m intervals along a single diagonal transect at three different depths (0–2, 10–12, and 30–32 cm). The results showed that there was a statistically significant (P = 0.05) increase in colloidal material at 30‐ to 32‐cm depth along the transect under the drained lysimeter, which correlates with disturbance of the soil at this depth due to the installation of tile drains at 85‐cm depth backfilled to 30‐cm depth with gravel. Laser sizing was also used to determine the particles in the size range 1 to 2000 μm and complement the data obtained using FlFFF because laser sizing lacks resolution for the finer colloidal material (0.1–1.0 μm). The laser sizing data showed increased heterogeneity at 30‐ to 32‐cm depth, particularly in the 50 to 250 μm size fraction. Therefore FIFFF characterized the finer material and laser sizing the coarser soil fraction (<2000 μm) at depth in drained and undrained grassland. This is of importance as colloidal material is more mobile than the larger material and consequently an important vector for contaminant transport from agricultural land to catchments.
Hydrogeological Study of an Anti‐Tank Range
Authors: Mailloux Michel , Martel Richard , Gabriel Uta , Lefebvre René , Thiboutot Sonia , Ampleman Guy 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe Arnhem Anti‐Tank Range (Canadian Forces Base [CFB] Valcartier, Canada, in operation since the 1970s) has been characterized, including the drilling, installation, and characterization of 25 wells and a ground‐penetrating radar survey. The observed particular features of this site include highly variable flow velocities (from < 3 to 1200 m/yr) and transient flow regime in the regional aquifer below the contaminant source zone of the impact area, sharp flow direction shifts, discontinuous stratigraphy and a local perched aquifer. A transient ground water flow model permitted us to understand how the complex hydrogeological setting shapes contaminant transport in the regional aquifer. The model explains the highly variable energetic material (EM) concentrations measured in the plume with peaks associated to spring and to a lesser extent to fall recharge events. As a conclusion from this work, the authors suggest that the characterization of contaminant sources on slopes should extend over all seasons to be sure to detect potential transient flow conditions and variable contaminant concentrations.
Technical and scientific monitoring of the large-scale seaborne technology at the WWTP Gifhorn
Authors: Günther L. , Dockhorn T. , Dichtl N. , Müller J. , Urban I. , Phan L. C. , Weichgrebe D. , Rosenwinkel K. H. , Bayerle N. 
Published: June 2008

The Seaborne process separates nutrients from the sewage sludge and produces a high quality fertilizer without heavy metals or organic pollutants. A first large-scale pilot plant with a modified Seaborne Technology was built on the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Gifhorn in Germany. The plant was established in the year 2005 and the start-of-operation phase is being monitored technically and scientifically. The priority objective of the technical and scientific monitoring is to determine the efficiency of the process. This includes monitoring of resource consumption as well as the quality and quantity of the produced fertilizer. Furthermore the influence of this technology on the operation of the WWTP will be investigated. Another question to be answered is the profitability of the recycling process and a possible transferability to other WWTPs.
Mass balances of nutrient and pollutant streams established before start-of-operation will be used as reference values for comparing future results. In addition, organic and inorganic pollutant concentrations in the digested sludge were determined before the sludge was fed to the Seaborne process. The obtained reference values will then be compared with the measuring results obtained under operation of the Seaborne process. Thus load redistribution in the material flows of the WWTP will be determined. Since so far, no stable operation of the large-scale Seaborne Technology has been achieved, it has not been possible to carry out the measuring programme. Therefore reference values for nutrient streams obtained from the primary mass balances, were used to calculate expected mass balances after implementing the Seaborne Technology to the WWTP, in order to be able to estimate possible future load redistribution in the material flows of the WWTP.
Tendencies and Overview on the Nutrient Recovery from Sewage Sludge in Germany
Authors: Weidelener Alexander , Antakyalı Demet , Krampe Jörg 
Published: June 2008

The critics against the land use of sewage sludge in Germany lead the research institutions to investigate methods for nutrient recovery. Current research proved that the nutrients such as nitrogen or phosphorus can be recovered. Though, the costs still must be reduced to compete with the conventional production using fresh raw material. Recovery products are not listed in current legislations concerning fertiliser use, therefore the land use of the recovered products require some legislative replenishments.
The paper portrays the current situation concerning the above discussions with an overview on the actual recovery technologies
DROUGHT MANAGEMENT AND CUSTOMER SERVICE
Authors: Zubizarreta Juan 
Published: June 2008

Madrid Region comprises nearly 6 million inhabitants of which the vast majority is supplied with water by the Canal de Isabel II. The last drought season occurred in the years 2005 – 2006 and it was considered just as bad as the one experienced eleven years before.
The effective management of an imminent threat of water shortage, which usually results from such drought, was made possible through the creation of a Special Office. Its main task was to coordinate all the efforts and activities necessary in order to prevent the shortage problem from becoming a serious threat and developing into a region-wide crisis.
Some of those efforts and activities were focused directly on Customer Service. As such, the paper deals with some of those non-technical activities made to handle the drought situation and the experiences acquired in managing a potential crisis.
Public private partnership for efficient and sustainable water supply development in Indonesia
Authors: Hoogsteen Karst Jan , van der Kolff Gerard , Ruijter Josien A. 
Published: June 2008

More than 90% of the water supply companies in Indonesia are in serious trouble and face bankruptcy. Water services are poor and the situation is worsening. The critical condition of the water companies is due to several factors, amongst others the lack of know-how in the company, the political influence in human resource management and on water price. These factors prevented the introduction of sound economical principles for the daily management. As the income of the company did not cover all costs, service hours were reduced and finally led to the negative spiral resulting in the current troublesome situation.
Water supply company Drenthe (WMD), together with local Indonesian Government and central Government in the Netherlands, developed a long-term public-private partnership approach for the development of water supply companies in Eastern Indonesia.
Customer relations and introduction of new billing procedures are of highest importance for the success of the approach. The new water companies can only operate successfully when the willingness to pay is restored and when the cash flow is secured. Important elements in this field are the introduction of a computer system supporting the monthly billing system and an innovative pilot with digital water meters.
Transdental Photo-activation Technique: Hardness and Marginal Adaptation of Composite Restorations Using Different Light Sources
Authors: Alves E. B. , Alonso R. C. B. , Correr G. M. , Correr A. B. , de Moraes R. R. , Sinhoreti M. A. C. , Correr-Sobrinho L. 
Published: June 2008

Clinical Relevance
The association of transdental and direct photo-activation of composite restorations might improve marginal adaptation, while not being detrimental to composite hardness.
Influence of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Treatment on Microtensile Bond Strength of Adhesives to Enamel
Authors: Cardoso M. V. , De Munck J. , Coutinho E. , Ermis R. B. , Van Landuyt K. , de Carvalho R. C. R. , Van Meerbeek B. 
Published: June 2008

Clinical Relevance
Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation produced morphological alterations on enamel, which may adversely influence the bond strength of certain adhesives, depending on their approach and composition.
Repairing Ceramic Restorations: Final Solution or Alternative Procedure?
Authors: Reston E. G. , Filho S. C. , Arossi G. , Cogo R. B. , Rocha C. S. , Closs L. Q. 
Published: June 2008

PURPOSEThis article provides an overview of dental ceramics. It addresses possible modes of failure and factors that may influence the decision to either repair or replace ceramic restorations. The authors' intention was to present ceramic repair as a reliable, low-cost, low-risk technique.
Influence of Cement Shade and Water Storage on the Final Color of Leucite-reinforced Ceramics
Authors: Karaagaclioglu L. , Yilmaz B. 
Published: June 2008

Clinical Relevance
Luting cement under 0.8 mm thick leucite-reinforced ceramic changed the final color of the ceramic and could be seen by the human eye. Therefore, clinicians may prefer to use try-in pastes or polymerized luting composite shade guides to compensate for the change in color of definitive restorations, such as laminate veneers. The final color differences between ceramics luted with cements in A1 and A3 shades were not clinically perceivable at each measurement. Within the limitations of this study, changing the color of an IPS Empress laminate veneer restoration via the shade of the cement seems not to be a preferred method.
Work-Related Asthma in Automobile Spray Painters: Two Case Reports
Authors: Minov Jordan , Karadžinska-Bislimovska Jovanka , Vasilevska Kristin , Risteska-Kuc Snežana , Stoleski Sašo 
Published: June 2008

Work-Related Asthma in Automobile Spray Painters: Two Case ReportsThis report describes two patients who had developed asthma after working as automobile painters with isocyanate-based aerosol paint for two years or over. In both patients asthma was confirmed using the standard diagnostic procedure. One of the subjects was atopic. One was ex-smoker and the other had never smoked. Neither had a family history of asthma. The symptoms occurred after workplace exposure lasting two years in one patient and three in the other. As both reported work-relatedness of the symptoms, they underwent serial peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measurement and bronchoprovocation testing. Significant work-related changes in PEFR diurnal variations and in non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness (NSBH) were observed in one patient, suggesting allergic occupational asthma (OA), while the other patient was diagnosed work-exacerbated asthma (WEA). Our data confirm that spray painting is an occupation with increased risk of respiratory impairment and asthma.
Reduced-Dynamic Precise Orbit Determination for Low Earth Orbiters Based on Helmert Transformation
Authors: Chen Junping , Wang Jiexian 
Published: June 2008

Reduced-Dynamic Precise Orbit Determination for Low Earth Orbiters Based on Helmert TransformationA model based on Helmert transformation is presented in reduced-dynamic Precise Orbit Determination(POD). As an implementation, a reduced-dynamic POD approach was developed. The approach includes two steps: firstly, kinematic POD and then reduced-dynamic POD. Based on the approach, a set of programs were developed. POD of CHAMP and GRACE was then carried out. Kinematic and reduced-dynamic POD for CHAMP and GRACE satellite over 2 weeks time show that reduced-dynamic orbits of CHAMP have a mean 3D RMS of 0.26 m compared to PSO orbit of GFZ, and the mean 3D RMS of GRACE-A has the same value compared to GNV1B orbit of JPL. The 3D RMS is reduced by up to 40% compared to kinematic solutions.
Changes of the equilibrium-line altitude since the Little Ice Age in the Nepalese Himalaya
Authors: Kayastha Rijan Bhakta , P. Harrison Sandy 
Published: June 2008

AbstractChanges of the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) in eastern Nepal have been studied using glacier inventory data. The toe-to-headwall altitude ratios (THARs) for individual glaciers were calculated for 1992, and used to estimate the ELA in 1959 and at the end of the LIA. THAR for debris-free glaciers is found to be smaller than for debris-covered glaciers. The ELAs for debris-covered glaciers are higher than those for debris-free glaciers in eastern Nepal. There is considerable variation in the reconstructed change in ELA (ΔELA) between glaciers within specific regions and between regions. This is not related to climate gradients, but results from differences in glacier aspect: southeast- and south-facing glaciers show larger ΔELAs in eastern Nepal than north- or west-facing glaciers. The data suggest that the rate of ELA rise may have accelerated in the last few decades. The limited number of climate records from Nepal, and analyses using a simple ELA–climate model, suggest that the higher rate of the ΔELA between 1959 and 1992 is a result of increased warming that occurred after the 1970s at higher altitudes in Nepal.
Mass budget of the grounded ice in the Lambert Glacier–Amery Ice Shelf system
Authors: Jiahong Wen , Yafeng Wang , Jiying Liu , Jezek Kenneth C. , Huybrechts Philippe , Csathó Beata M. , Farness Katy L. , Bo Sun 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe used remote-sensing and in situ measurements of surface accumulation rate, ice surface velocity, thickness and elevation to evaluate the mass budgets of grounded ice-flow regimes that form the Lambert Glacier–Amery Ice Shelf system. Three distinct drainage regimes are considered: the western and eastern margins of the ice shelf, and the southern grounding line at the major outlet glacier confluence, which can be identified with drainage zones 9, 11 and 10 respectively of Giovinetto and Zwally (2000). Our findings show the entire grounded portion of the basin is approximately in balance, with a mass budget of –4.2±9.8 Gt a–1. Drainages 9, 10 and 11 are within balance to the level of our measurement uncertainty, with mass budgets of –2.5±2.8 Gt a–1, –2.6±7.8 Gt a–1 and 0.9±2.3 Gt a–1, respectively. The region upstream of the Australian Lambert Glacier basin (LGB) traverse has a net mass budget of 4.4±6.3 Gt a–1, while the downstream region has –8.9±9.9 Gt a–1. These results indicate that glacier drainages 9, 10 and 11, upstream and downstream of the Australian LGB traverse, are in balance to within our measurement error.
Snow avalanche mass-balance calculation and simulation-model verification
Authors: Sailer Rudolf , Fellin Wolfgang , Fromm Reinhard , Jörg Philipp , Rammer Lambert , Sampl Peter , Schaffhauser Andreas 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTwo-or three-dimensional avalanche-simulation models offer a wide range of applications; however, a challenging model-verification process is demanded, accompanied by a reliable determination of model-input parameters. We show that a verification process can be arranged with remote-monitoring data from an artificially triggered avalanche, leading to the calculation of avalanche mass balance. Two numerical methods are applied to increase the quality of the parameter fit and to reduce the number of simulations. The quality of the parameter fit is verified by comparing measured and simulated run-out lengths. In addition, a cross-check is performed using velocities derived from Doppler radar measurements.