bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ca2+‐dependent conformational changes in the neuronal Ca2+‐sensor recoverin probed by the fluorescent dye Alexa647
Authors: Gensch Thomas , Komolov Konstantin E. , Senin Ivan I. , Philippov Pavel P. , Koch Karl‐Wilhelm 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecoverin belongs to the superfamily of EF‐hand Ca2+‐binding proteins and operates as a Ca2+‐sensor in vertebrate photoreceptor cells, where it regulates the activity of rhodopsin kinase GRK1 in a Ca2+‐dependent manner. Ca2+‐dependent conformational changes in recoverin are allosterically controlled by the covalently attached myristoyl group. The amino acid sequence of recoverin harbors a unique cysteine at position 38. The cysteine can be modified by the fluorescent dye Alexa647 using a maleimide‐thiol coupling step. Introduction of Alexa647 into recoverin did not disturb the biological function of recoverin, as it can regulate rhodopsin kinase activity like unlabeled recoverin. Performance of the Ca2+‐myristoyl switch of labeled recoverin was monitored by Ca2+‐dependent association with immobilized lipids using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. When the Ca2+‐concentration was varied, labeled myristoylated recoverin showed a 37%‐change in fluorescence emission and a 34%‐change in excitation intensity, emission and excitation maxima shifted by 6 and 18 nm, respectively. In contrast, labeled nonmyristoylated recoverin exhibited only minimal changes. Time‐resolved fluorescence measurements showed biexponentiell fluorescence decay, in which the slower time constant of 2 ns was specifically influenced by Ca2+‐induced conformational changes. A similar influence on the slower time constant was observed with the recoverin mutant RecE85Q that has a disabled EF‐hand 2, but no such influence was detected with the mutant RecE121Q (EF‐hand 3 is nonfunctional) that contains the myristoyl group in a clamped position. We conclude from our results that Alexa647 bound to cysteine 38 can monitor the conformational transition in recoverin that is under control of the myristoyl group. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and fungicidal activity of N‐2‐(3‐methoxy‐4‐propargyloxy) phenethyl amides. Part 3: stretched and heterocyclic mandelamide oomyceticides
Authors: Lamberth Clemens , Kempf Hans‐Joachim , Križ Miroslav 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNovel analogues of mandipropamid have been designed and prepared. The synthetic approach to these stretched and heterocyclic mandelamides is outlined. Biological data demonstrate their high efficacy against important plant diseases like tomato and potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans De Bary) and grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola Berliner & de Toni). Structure–activity relationship studies are discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
What do college students know about the ocean?
Authors: Cudaback Cynthia 
Published: October 2006

A recent survey of students entering a college‐level course in introductory oceanography reveals that they feel a strong connection with, and curiosity about, the ocean. To guide this inherent curiosity into understanding and stewardship, educators need to know the ‘hooks,’ the topics and concepts that catch students' interests. According to a survey of 119 students at North Carolina State University‐Raleigh, some useful hooks are students' personal, emotional connection with the ocean, human impacts (especially pollution), exotic biology and cool technology.Survey results further indicate that students already are gaining ocean knowledge from a wide variety of sources, and that the topics of interest to them can be organized using the Essential Principles of Ocean Literacy [Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (COSEE), 2005]. The students' general awareness of ocean science is a good basis upon which to build.
Using satellite data products to manage living marine resources
Authors: Friedl Lawrence , Wilson Cara , Chao Yi , Bograd Steven , Turner Woody 
Published: October 2006

With the 2006 efforts by the U.S. Congress to renew the Magnuson‐Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act and the 2004 U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy report, issues regarding the management of living marine resources and the use of ocean observing systems are receiving significant attention. Internationally, the Group on Earth Observations (GEO; http://www.earthobservations.org) is highlighting efforts by national governments, including those of the U.S. government, to use Earth science measurements to support decision‐making for societal benefits. In addition, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is placing greater emphasis on ecosystem‐based approaches to addressing its management responsibilities.Given the continuity, global coverage, and high temporal and spatial resolution of satellite observations, they represent important tools for monitoring and characterizing marine ecosystems. Most of the spatial features that are important to characterizing ecosystems (i.e., ocean fronts, eddies, convergence zones, river plumes, and coastal regions) cannot be adequately resolved without satellite data. However, the potential of satellite data to more fully enhance operational applications within NOAA Fisheries has not yet been realized, such as improving the accuracy of fisheries stock assessments and contributing to Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEAs).
George W. Wetherill (1925–2006)
Authors: Weissman Paul 
Published: October 2006

George West Wetherill, a pioneer of geochronolgy and planetary science, passed away from heart failure at his home in Washington, D.C., on 19 July 2006, one month short of his 81st birthday Wetherill, director emeritus of the Carnegie Institution of Washington's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, made major contributions to a wide variety of fields, including geochronology and the formation of the planets.Wetherill was born in Philadelphia, Pa., on 12 August 1925. After service in the U.S. Navy in World War II, where he taught radar at the Naval Research Laboratory, he entered the University of Chicago on the G.I. Bill. Wetherill obtained four degrees, culminating in his Ph.D. in physics in 1953. He began work at Carnegie's Department of Terrestrial Magnetism in 1953 and became part of its geochronology group, working with Thomas Aldrich, George Tilton, and Gordon Davis.
Rover begins Mars crater exploration
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

A test image taken on 3 October by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) was used to plan the next day's journey by the rover Opportunity as the rover began to explore its new target, Mars' Victoria Crater, NASA officials announced at a 6 October briefing. This image, and future ones, will be used in the planning of Opportunity's exploration of the crater, the largest and deepest yet to be explored on the planet.MRO arrived at Mars in March, and in November it begins its prime mission, a search for evidence that water persisted on the planet for a long period of time. Beginning in late September, MRO's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRise) camera began taking test images of the planet's surface, including one of Victoria Crater (Figure 1).
Reproducibility of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging measurements of tendon size
Authors: Brushøj C. , Henriksen B. M. , Albrecht-Beste E. , Hölmich P. , Larsen K. , Bachmann Nielsen M. 
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To investigate the intra- and inter-tester reproducibility of measurements of the Achilles tendon, tibialis anterior tendon, and the tibialis posterior tendon in football players using ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Material and Methods: Eleven asymptomatic football players were examined. Using a standardized US scanning protocol, the tendons were examined by two observers with US for thickness, width, and cross-sectional area. One observer conducted the procedure twice. The subjects also underwent an MRI examination, and the assessment of tendon size was conducted twice by two observers. Results: The best reproducibility judged by coefficient of variation (CV) and 95% confidence interval was determined for the Achilles tendon on both US and MRI. The variability of US on measurements on the tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior tendons was less than that when using MRI. In 12 out of 18 measurements, there were systematic differences between observers as judged by one-sided F-test. Conclusion: The reproducibility of the three tendons was limited. Precaution should be taken when looking for minor quantitative changes, i.e., training-induced hypertrophy, and when doing so, the Achilles tendon should be used.
Pulmonary perfusion in acute pulmonary embolism: agreement of MRI and SPECT for lobar, segmental and subsegmental perfusion defects
Authors: Kluge A. , Gerriets T. , Stolz E. , Dill T. , Mueller K.-D. , Mueller C. , Bachmann G. 
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To assess prospectively the agreement of magnetic resonance (MR) pulmonary perfusion with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion for perfusion defects down to the subsegmental level in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). Material and Methods: In 41 patients with suspected PE, contrast-enhanced MR pulmonary perfusion (3D-FLASH, TR/TE 1.6/0.6 ms) was compared to SPECT perfusion on a per-examination basis as well as at the lobar, segmental, and subsegmental level. Results: The MRI protocol was completed in all patients, and mean examination time was 3 min 56 s. MR perfusion showed a very high agreement with SPECT (kappa value per examination 0.98, and 0.98, 0.83, and 0.69 for lobar, segmental, and subsegmental perfusion defects, respectively). Of 15 patients with PE, MR perfusion detected 14 cases. Conclusion: The very high agreement of MR perfusion with SPECT perfusion enables the detection of subtle findings in suspected PE.
Magnetic resonance-guided biopsy of suspicious breast lesions with a handheld vacuum biopsy device
Authors: Gebauer B. , Bostanjoglo M. , Moesta K. T. , Schneider W. , Schlag P. M. , Felix R. 
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To evaluate a handheld vacuum-assisted device system for magnetic resonance image (MRI)-guided breast lesion biopsy. Material and Methods: In 32 patients, a total of 42 suspicious breast lesions (mean diameter 7.5 mm for mass lesions, 11.6 mm for non-masslike diffuse lesions) seen with MRI (no suspicious changes in breast ultrasound or mammography) were biopsied (27 lateral, 15 medial) using a 10G vacuum-assisted breast biopsy device under MR guidance. Histology of biopsy specimens was compared with final histology after surgery or follow-up in benign lesions. Results: In all biopsies, technical success was achieved. Histology revealed 11 lesions with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive cancer, three with intermediate lesions (LCIS) and 28 with benign breast lesions (adenosis, infected hematoma). In one patient with discordant results of MRI and histology, surgical excision revealed medullary cancer. In the follow-up (mean 18 months) of the histological benign lesions, no breast cancer development was observed. Besides minor complications (hematoma, n = 6), with no further therapeutic interventions, no complications occurred. Conclusion: MRI-guided breast lesion biopsy using a handheld vacuum-assisted device is a safe and effective method for the work-up of suspicious lesions seen with breast MRI without changes in mammography or ultrasound. In the case of discordant histology of vacuum biopsy and breast MRI appearance, surgical excision is recommended.
Low-field magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine: reliability of qualitative evaluation of disc and muscle parameters
Authors: Sorensen Solgaard J. , Kjaer P. , Jensen Secher T. , Andersen P. 
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To determine the intra- and interobserver reliability in grading disc and muscle parameters using low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Material and Methods: MRI scans of 100 subjects representative of the general population were evaluated blindly by two radiologists. Criteria for grading lumbar discs were based on the spinal nomenclature of the Combined Task Force and the literature. Consensus in rating was achieved by evaluating 50 MRI examinations in tandem. The remaining 50 examinations were evaluated independently by the observers to determine interobserver agreement and re-evaluated by one of the observers to determine intra-observer agreement. Results: Intra- and interobserver agreement was substantial when grading changes in the lumbar discs. Interobserver agreement was fair to moderate in grading the lumbar muscles, whereas intra-observer agreement was almost perfect. Conclusion: Convincing reliability was found in the evaluation of disc- and muscle-related MRI variables.
The crystal structure of a Cys25 → Ala mutant of human procathepsin S elucidates enzyme–prosequence interactions
Authors: Kaulmann Guido , Palm Gottfried J. , Schilling Klaus , Hilgenfeld Rolf , Wiederanders Bernd 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe crystal structure of the active‐site mutant Cys25 → Ala of glycosylated human procathepsin S is reported. It was determined by molecular replacement and refined to 2.1 Å resolution, with an R‐factor of 0.198. The overall structure is very similar to other cathepsin L‐like zymogens of the C1A clan. The peptidase unit comprises two globular domains, and a small third domain is formed by the N‐terminal part of the prosequence. It is anchored to the prosegment binding loop of the enzyme. Prosegment residues beyond the prodomain dock to the substrate binding cleft in a nonproductive orientation. Structural comparison with published data for mature cathepsin S revealed that procathepsin S residues Phe146, Phe70, and Phe211 adopt different orientations. Being part of the S1′ and S2 pockets, they may contribute to the selectivity of ligand binding. Regarding the prosequence, length, orientation and anchoring of helix α3p differ from related zymogens, thereby possibly contributing to the specificity of propeptide–enzyme interaction in the papain family. The discussion focuses on the functional importance of the most conserved residues in the prosequence for structural integrity, inhibition and folding assistance, considering scanning mutagenesis data published for procathepsin S and for its isolated propeptide.
Force field influences in β‐hairpin folding simulations
Authors: Lwin Thu Zar , Luo Ray 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAll‐atom force fields are now routinely used for more detailed understanding of protein folding mechanisms. However, it has been pointed out that use of all‐atom force fields does not guarantee more accurate representations of proteins; in fact, sometimes it even leads to biased structural distributions. Indeed, several issues remain to be solved in force field developments, such as accurate treatment of implicit solvation for efficient conformational sampling and proper treatment of backbone interactions for secondary structure propensities. In this study, we first investigate the quality of several recently improved backbone interaction schemes in AMBER for folding simulations of a β‐hairpin peptide, and further study their influences on the peptide's folding mechanism. Due to the significant number of simulations needed for a thorough analysis of tested force fields, the implicit Poisson‐Boltzmann solvent was used in all simulations. The chosen implicit solvent was found to be reasonable for studies of secondary structures based on a set of simulations of both α‐helical and β‐hairpin peptides with the TIP3P explicit solvent as benchmark. Replica exchange molecular dynamics was also utilized for further efficient conformational sampling. Among the tested AMBER force fields, ff03 and a revised ff99 force field were found to produce structural and thermodynamic data in comparably good agreement with the experiment. However, detailed folding pathways, such as the order of backbone hydrogen bond zipping and the existence of intermediate states, are different between the two force fields, leading to force field–dependent folding mechanisms.
Newer antidepressant drug use in East Asian psychiatric treatment settings: REAP (Research on East Asia Psychotropic Prescriptions) Study
Authors: Sim Kang , Lee N. B. , Chua Hong C. , Mahendran Rathi , Fujii Senta , Yang Shu‐yu , Chong Mian‐Yoon , Si Tianmei , He Yan L. , Lee Min S. , Sung Kil M. , Chung Eun K. , Chan Yiong H. , Shinfuku Naotaka , Tan Chay H. , Sartorius Norman , Baldessarini Ross J. 
Published: October 2006

AimsAntidepressant use in East Asia is poorly documented. We compared patients given newer and older antidepressants to test the hypothesis, suggested in the literature, that use of newer antidepressants is associated with treatment settings rather than specific diagnostic categories.MethodsWe compared rates of use of older (pre1990) vs. newer antidepressants among 1898 patients identified as antidepressant treated at 21 centres in five East Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan) in 2003. Demographics, treatment setting and clinical factors associated with preferential use of newer drugs were tested in univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsNewer antidepressants were included in the treatment regimens of 67.5% (N = 1282/1898) of study subjects. Prescription for newer antidepressants was significantly associated with younger age (z = −4.55, d.f. = 1888, P < 0.001), hospitalization [odds ratio (OR) 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07, 1.64, P < 0.01] and treatment within psychiatric hospitals (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.27, 2.00, P < 0.001). On multivariate analyses, treatment with newer antidepressants was independently associated with younger age (P < 0.001), country (P < 0.001) and treatment within private hospitals (P < 0.001), but not with sex or diagnosis of affective or anxiety disorders (all P > 0.1).ConclusionDemographic factors and treatment settings appear to influence antidepressant choice more than clinical factors such as diagnosis.
A multiple dose study of prasugrel (CS‐747), a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 inhibitor, compared with clopidogrel in healthy humans
Authors: Jakubowski Joseph A. , Matsushima Nobuko , Asai Fumitoshi , Naganuma Hideo , Brandt John T. , Hirota Takashi , Freestone Stephen , Winters Kenneth J. 
Published: October 2006

AimsThis double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was designed to evaluate the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of prasugrel (CS‐747, LY640315), a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonist compared with clopidogrel, during multiple oral dosing in healthy subjects.MethodsThirty subjects received placebo, prasugrel 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg, or clopidogrel 75 mg orally, daily for 10 days. Platelet aggregation, bleeding time, and prasugrel metabolites were measured and adverse events were recorded.ResultsInhibition of ADP‐induced platelet aggregation reached steady state by day 3 following prasugrel 10 and 20 mg compared with 5 days for clopidogrel 75 mg or prasugrel 5 mg. Compared with placebo, at 24 h after the last dose of study drug, inhibition of platelet aggregation using (20 µm) ADP was significantly higher in the prasugrel 10 mg group (58.2 ± 4.9% vs. 9.2 ± 4.0%, P < 0.001) with no difference in the clopidogrel group (15.7 ± 6.8% vs. 9.2 ± 4.0%, P = 0.78). With 5 µm ADP, inhibition of platelet aggregation with prasugrel 10 mg and clopidogrel 75 mg was significantly higher than with placebo (prasugrel 10 mg, 70.5 ± 4.7%; clopidogrel 75 mg, 36.5 ± 9.0%; vs. placebo, 11.3 ± 5.1%; P < 0.0001 and P = 0.02). On day 10 at 4 h postdose, bleeding time was prolonged with prasugrel 10 mg (prasugrel 10 mg, 706 ± 252 s vs. placebo, 221 ± 38 s, P = 0.05) but not with clopidogrel (283 ± 56 s, P = 0.98). There were no clinically significant bleeding events, serious adverse events, or discontinuations of the study drug.ConclusionsCompared with clopidogrel 75 mg, prasugrel 10 mg and 20 mg daily for 10 days resulted in more rapid, more consistent, and higher levels of platelet inhibition.
Early immunological changes associated with laryngeal transplantation in a major histocompatibility complex-matched pig model
Authors: Barker E , Murison P , Macchiarini P , Jones A , Otto C , Rothkoetter H-J , Haverson K , Bailey M , Birchall M , Stokes C 
Published: October 2006

Summary
Laryngeal transplantation is an increasingly viable proposition for patients with irreversible diseases of the larynx. One human transplant has been performed successfully, but many questions remain before routine transplantation can begin. In order to measure the immunological changes in mismatched transplants, it is first necessary to know the immediate combined effects of ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) plus the added insult of major surgery in a fully matched setting. We measured the changes in immunologically active mucosal cells following 3 h of cold ischaemia and 8 h of in situ reperfusion in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched minipig model (n = 4). Biopsies were prepared for quantitative, multiple-colour immunofluorescence histology. The number of immunologically active cells was significantly altered above (supraglottis) and below (subglottis) the vocal cords following transplantation and reperfusion (P &lt; 0·05, P &lt; 0·001, respectively). However, the direction of the change differed between the two subsites: cell numbers decreased post-transplant in the supraglottis and increased in the subglottis. Despite the statistical evidence for IRI, these changes were less than the large normal inter- and intrapig variation in cell counts. Therefore, the significance of IRI in exacerbating loss of function or rejection of a laryngeal allograft is open to question. Longer-term studies are required.
Interleukin 18 maintains a long-standing inflammation in coeliac disease patients
Authors: León A J , Garrote J A , Blanco-Quirós A , Calvo C , Fernández-Salazar L , Del Villar A , Barrera A , Arranz E 
Published: October 2006

SummaryDietary gluten induces an early response in the intestine of coeliac disease patients (CD), within a few hours, and this is driven by high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFNγ and IL-15, as has been thoroughly shown by gluten stimulation of biopsy explants. Our aim was to identify the immune mediators involved in the long-standing inflammation in untreated CD patients at diagnosis. mRNA and protein levels of TNFα, IL-12(p35), IL-12(p40), IL-15, IL-18 and IL-23(p19) were quantified in biopsies from active CD patients, CD patients on a gluten-free diet (GFD), healthy controls, and patients with non-CD inflammation and mild histological changes in the intestine. Biopsies from CD patients on a GFD were also stimulated in vitro with gliadin, and protein expression of IL-15 and IL-18 was analysed. Levels of IL-12 and IL-23 mRNA are nearly absent, and TNFα levels remain unchanged among different groups. Both the active and inactive forms of IL-18 protein have been found in all samples from active CD, and protein expression was only localized within the crypts. Levels of IL-15 mRNA remain unchanged, and protein expression, localized within the lamina propria, is found in a small number of samples. In vitro stimulation with gluten induces the expression of IL-15 and IL-18. In active CD, the early response following gluten intake characterized by high IFNγ levels is driven by IL-18, and probably IL-15, and this alternates with periods of long-standing inflammation with moderate IFNγ levels, maintained by IL-18 alone.