bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attack Elicited By Stimulation of the Thalamus and Adjacent Structures of Cats
Authors: Mac Donnell M.F. , Flynn J.P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe thalamus of unanesthetized unrestrained cats was explored stereotaxically for sites which when electrically stimulated will either give rise to attack, facilitate attack elicited from the hypothalamus, or suppress such attack. A quiet biting form of attack could be elicited from the medial portion of nucleus dorsalis medialis, the caudal portion of nucleus reuniens, the midline region of nucleus centralis medialis, and anterolateral portions of nucleus reticularis. Facilitation of hypothalamic attack also occurred with stimulation of these same sites. In addition, facilitation was observed from sites that did not give rise to attack. These include nucleus ventralis anterior, area subparafascicularis, and the paraventricular region medial to the nucleus parafascicularis. Suppression of attack was elicited by stimulation of sites which by themselves gave rise to retreat from discrete objects in the environment, or to "fear-like" responses. The areas whose excitation suppressed attack include anterolateral portion of the reticular nucleus, the region of the anterior thalamic radiations, the rostral portion of nucleus reuniens, nucleus interoanteromedialis, somewhat lateral portions of nucleus dorsalis medialis and posterior portions of centrum medianum. The responses seen by a number of previous investigators are also confirmed. Finally, the possible pathways mediating attack and its suppression are discussed.
The Courtship Songs of Drosophila
Authors: Ewing Arthur W. , Bennet-Clark H.C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. The males of many Drosophila species perform wing displays during courtship and there is evidence that the stimuli provided by these is primarily acoustic. 2. The songs produced by members of the melanogaster and obscura species groups were recorded and analysed. 3. The songs consisted of regularly repeated pulses of sound. The frequency within the pulses and the interval between them varied between species but was constant and characteristic for each species. 4. It is suggested that the songs are codes which allow females to recognise con-specific mates.
Pace-Setting Mechanisms of the Nesting Cycle in the Ring-Billed Gull
Authors: Emlen John T. , Miller Don E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRecords of the incidence of sitting, provisioning and other attentive activities by parent Ring-billed Gulls at their nests were obtained for successive daily stages of the breeding cycle. The normal progression of stimulus features at 112 nests was experimentally delayed, advanced, arrested, accelerated and reversed by exchanging eggs and chicks of various ages for information on the effect of such manipulations on the progress of the breeding cycle. A series of undisturbed nests provided control data. The incidence of sitting activity at control nests (two parents alternating) was 99+%, when eggs were present, dropped to 90% at hatching and remained at a plateau at that level for 3 days, then declined at about 13% per day. Full time (egg-level) sitting was extended by experimentally postponing the introduction of chicks, shortened by early introductions and restored by returning to eggs after as much as four days with chicks. The 90% level of the early post-hatching period was induced by replacing eggs with chicks regardless of the time of the introduction (up to 8 days early or late) or the age of the introduced chicks (up to 6 days of age). The post-plateau decline was delayed and attenuated by arresting the normal nest progression at early chick stages, and advanced and accelerated by accelerating the progression. Provisioning (feeding the young) activity appeared with the introduction of chicks at any time, early or late in the cycle, and ceased abruptly with a return to eggs. The level of provisioning increased over the first two days to an incidence level of about 7%, then gradually declined after the fifth day. Exchanges of eggs and chicks were generally well tolerated by parent gulls in the delaying, advancing, arresting and accelerating experiments but not where the progression was reversed from advanced chicks to eggs or early chicks. The data suggest: a - The pace-setting mechanisms of the breeding cycle switch from internal (hormonal) to external (embryo and chick development) regulators early in the incubation phase of the cycle. b - Changes in parental activity at hatching are quantitatively uniform and are triggered by non-specific stimuli associated with cliicks. c - Changes in parental activity after the second day are quantitatively regulated by changing stimuli associated with growing chicks.
Experimental Analysis of Sexual Behavior of the Deermouse Peromyscus Maniculatus Gambeli
Authors: Clemens Lynwood G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEjaculation in the deermouse Peromyscus maniculatus gambeli was preceded by a sequence of brief penile penetrations (intromissions). In the sexually rested male the number of intromissions preceding the first ejaculation averaged 7 to 8. Each intromission was preceded by a short "bout" of running in which the male pursued the female. Following ejaculation the male failed to mount or investigate the female for the next 6 or 7 minutes. This "refractory period" was terminated when the male achieved another sequence of intromissions and ejaculated again. Males were considered sexually satiated after 30 minutes elapsed without any more ejaculations. Using this criterion it was found that from 3 to 6 ejaculations precede sexual satiation. The refractory periods became progressively longer following each successive ejaculation. If, following satiation, the female was removed and a different female was placed in the test area, all the males achieved additional intromissions and 8 out of 10 ejaculated. When the original mating partner was removed and then returned none of the males achieved ejaculation. This failure to achieve ejaculation with the original female was not due to changes in the condition of the female as a result of copulatory stimulation. Satiated males achieved additional ejaculations with females that had copulated with a different male just prior to the test just as frequently as they did with fresh females that had not copulated for 14 days. The condition of the female as affected by copulatory stimulation did influence other measures of the male's mating performance. These effects were seen most clearly in sexually rested males. The number of intromissions achieved prior to the first and the second ejaculation was greater with females that had received copulatory stimulation just prior to the test than it was with fresh females that had not copulated for 14 days. The time delay between intromissions was longer with fresh females. When males were allowed to achieve their first ejaculation with a fresh female and their second with the same female, there was no change in the number of intromissions from the first to the second ejaculation. This is in contrast to findings with the rat and hamster, in which species a decrease in intromission frequency occurs after the first ejaculation. The current study of the deermouse indicated that if the condition of the female was held constant by testing a male with a fresh female for the first ejaculation and another fresh female for the second ejaculation, a decrease in intromission frequency occurred. On the basis of these results it was concluded that: (i) sexual satiation in the male deermouse is, in part at least, specific to the particular female mating partner, and (2) changes in the condition of the female as a result of copulatory stimulation can have major effects on the "measure of male sexual performance".
The Development of Behaviour in Tilapia Nilotica L
Authors: Abu Gideiri Y.B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe onset of behaviour, studied in relation to the neuro-anatomy. is marked by the heart beat. This begins in separate regions of the heart which later becomes connected and develops a rhythm. It is followed by non-rhythmic contractions of the body musculature, the resulting flexures becoming alternating or serial and cephalo-caudal. Movements of the pectoral fins, jaws and opercula are first caused by the axial musculature of the body; later they become independent and co-ordinated. There is an increasing
A Suggested Mechanism for Habitat Selection By the Juvenile Manini Acanthurus Triostegus Sandvicensis Streets
Authors: Sale Peter F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Hawaiian manini, Acanthurus triostegus sandvicensis Streets, shows a continuing selection of habitat throughout juvenile life, and the selected habitat changes in character as the fish grows in size. Habitat selection of this kind is a complex type of choice behaviour in which the animal makes a selection from a number of (at least partly) configurational stimulus situations experienced separately over time. This sort of behaviour cannot be satisfactorily explained by reference to concepts of taxes or kineses. A mechanism is proposed to explain this process. It suggests that intensity of habitat exploration is regulated through a negative feedback mechanism by the character of the immediate environment with respect to the pertinent stimuli. A fish in an inadequate environment will show a high intensity of habitat exploration. One in an adequate environment will show a much reduced level of exploration. Twenty manini were exposed singly to four test environments of known relative value as habitats. Each fish received all four, and order of exposure was randomised. Analysis of thirteen components of behaviour showed that exploration did vary in the manner predicted. A control experiment showed that the nature of the holding environment prior to testing did not influence this variation. The variation in exploration was not a response to relative novelty of the test environments. The proposed mechanism is discussed as a general behaviour pattern. It seems an applicable approach to the study of habitat selection in other organisms.
Habituation of Conspecific Aggression in the Three-Spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus Aculeatus L.)
Authors: Peeke Harman V.S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1) Male three-spined sticklebacks which were clearly in the sexual phase of their reproductive cycle, were presented with aggression eliciting stimuli for a period of fifteen minutes each day for ten days. One group was stimulated with a live, nuptially colored male stickleback in a clear plastic tube each day. Another group was presented with a wooden model of a male stickleback each day. The third group received no aggression eliciting stimulation. Both groups which received stimuli showed a decrement in responding to the stimuli over the ten days; the more dramatic decrement was found with the group presented with a live stimulus since this stimulus elicited the greatest aggression initially. 2) Aggressive responses did not all wane at the same rate, but rather one, charges at the stimulus, dropped out first, followed by bites. Orientations toward the stimulus decreased over the ten days but never reached a low level. 3) All three groups were presented with a gravid female stimulus for five minutes each day. The group presented with a model of a male stickleback and the group presented with no male stimulus both showed no change in the level of sexual response directed toward the female stimulus. The group presented with the live male stimulus demonstrated an increasing number of sexual responses directed at the gravid female.
Prenatal Development of Spontaneous and Evoked Activity in the Rat (Rattus Norvegicus Albinus)
Authors: Narayanan C.H. , Fox M.W. , Hamburger V. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
I. The characteristics of prenatal spontaneous activity of rat fetuses of 16 through 20 days of gestation, and the development of responses to cutaneous stimulation are discussed and tabulated. In early fetuses of 16 and 17 days, only few activity bursts occur between long intervals of inactivity. The frequency of activity bursts increases greatly at day 18 and attains a peak at this stage, whereupon it declines to a lower level from day 19 through term. 2. Qualitatively, the movements appear to be unintegrated. Three types of activity have been distinguished: Total, generalized or mass movements, when all parts that are capable of movements participate; regional when only one body region such as the head and forelimbs are in motion, and local movements of single parts. In the earliest stage, only head and forelimb movements are observed. There is a gradual extension of motility in rostro-caudal and proximodistal direction, but there are exceptions to this rule. The movements in the rat fetus seem to be more smooth compared with those of the chick embryo where the movements are more jerky. 3. Our recordings show that no clear, or one-to-one correlation exists between fetal activity and uterine contractions. Amnion contractions do not occur in the rat fetus. 4. The first evoked responses in the rat fetus are interpreted as an incipient total or regional pattern. In later stages of development, discrete, low-amplitude unintegrated local responses are identifiable. At 17 and 18 days the local responses are frequently combined with regional and total mass body movements, but by day 19, total movements are less frequently elicited, and the local responses are more complex, resembling mature and fully integrated action patterns. The conclusion is made that in the rat fetus local complex patterns are built up from less complex units. 5. Spontaneous motility in other mammalian embryos and the origin of integrated specialized local action patterns are discussed in relation to the development of the structure and organization of the spinal cord.
Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkeys: Behavioural Effects of Removal, Separation and Reintroduction of Group Members
Authors: Vessey Stephen H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRhesus monkeys (26) varying in age, sex and social rank were removed from their free-ranging groups and held captive for periods of 1 to 103 days. 'The absence of the alpha male did not affect the group's home range on the island habitats or its rank in the intergroup dominance hierarchy. When released the monkeys interacted most with those closest to them in rank, attacking those lower and grooming those higher. Of 18 males, 8 failed to rejoin their groups and became solitary or low-ranking in other groups. Only 1 of 9 females failed to rejoin their group. Males held captive for more than four weeks seldom rejoined after release. Upon reintroduction alpha females experienced more difficulty than lower-ranking females in maintaining rank. This procedure of removing and reintroducing members of free-ranging groups is of value in studying social roles.
Individual Recognition By Voice in Reindeer Mother-Young Relationship. Field Observations and Playback Experiments
Authors: Espmark Yngve 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObservations and experiments were made on the ability of reindeer mothers and calves to identify each other by voice. Field observations showed that this ability is very well-developed and that discrimination is very good due to high individuality of the voices. Playback experiments with recorded sounds confirmed the field observations.
Exploration of Novel Objects By Marsupials
Authors: Russell Eleanor M. , Pearce G.A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The investigatory behaviour of 30 animals from 6 species of marsupial to novel objects differing in shape, texture and odour has been measured. 1. The qualitative response of each species to the object was described. 2. For all animals tested with a set of four objects, there was a decline in response from the first presentation to a second presentation immediately after the first. Response to the objects declined in the course of a five minute tetst. 3. The highest level of reactivity to novel objects was found in the carnivorous Dasyuroides, and this was contrasted with low levels of reacivity in the herbivorous Megaleia rufa and Macropus eugenii. 4. The results are interpreted in terms of the suggestion of GLICKMAN & SROGES (1966) that species differences in reactivity may be related to diferences in feeding patterns and prey-predator relationships, as well as to brain-behaviour correlations.
The Functions of Advertising Song in the Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus Schoenobaenus) and the Reed Warbler (a. Scirpaceus)
Authors: Catchpole Clive K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe possible functions of male advertising song in the Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) and the Reed Warbler (A. scirpaccus) were studied using both observational and experimental techniques in the field. The seasonal rhythms of advertising song in the populations over three years were found to be species-specific, and were related to male arrival, female arrival and pairing. Population song was also related to population breeding acivity as revealed by the seasonal pattern of egg-laying. When population song was more synchronised, population breeding activiy was more synchronised towards the start of the breeding season. The diurnal rhythms of advertising song in individual marked males were monitored before and after pairing. In Sedge Warbler males advertising song ceased completely after pairing, and only resumed if the female deserted. In Reed Warbler males, a vestige of the former diurnal rhythm remained after pairing, with groups of paired males performing dawn and dusk choruses of 'social song'. The interspecific differences were extended further, as both observations and play-back experiments confirmed that paired male Sedge Warblers did not utilise advertising song in territorial interactions, but performed visual 'threat' displays instead. Male Reed Warblers however utilised advertising song in territorial interactions both before and after pairing. A functional interpretation of advertising song is presented, based upon the observational and experimental evidence collected. It is suggested that the prime function of persistent advertising song in the unpaired male is sexual attraction of the female, and that intermittent advertising song from paired males functions in territorial defence. The precise function(s) of social song in paired males are not known, but some suggestions are discussed. The interspecific differences in the functional spectra of advertising song found in the Reed Warbler (sexual, territorial, social) and Sedge Warbler (sexual only,) are discussed in relation to habitat and social organisation. The Reed Warbler inhabits more dense, non-visual habitats, and the Sedge Warbler more open, visual ones. Thus the Sedge Warbler has developed comparatively more visual forms of advertisement, and the Reed Warbler more vocal forms which in the latter case is reflected particularly in the wider functional spectrum of advertising song. The only common function for which advertising song is utilised in both species is sexual attraction of the female. This, and other evidence discussed suggests that sexual attraction may be the most important and perhaps the most primitive function of advertising song in these species.
Ontogeny of Squirrel Monkey Calls Under Normal Conditions and Under Acoustic Isolation
Authors: Winter Peter , Handley Patricia , Ploog Detlev , Schott Ditmar 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Five mothers of squirrel monkey infants isolated from other species members were muted by severence of their vocal cords during pregnancy. After delivery, mother infant pairs were brought up in an environment free of any species-specific auditory input. One of these infants underwent a deafening operation five days after birth. In addition, two infants grew up under normal conditions, i.e., exposed to species-specific vocalization. Supplemental data were acquired from six other infants, four of them normally raised and two handraised. Soundspectrograms were taken over a period up to six months in the case of the isolates and up to 17 months for the normal animals. Samples of this spectrographical material were analyzed with respect to the form of calls and to quantitative criteria, such as duration, starting frequency, mid-frequency, and end frequency of peep and cackle calls. Clear evidence is presented that the vocal repertoire of squirrel monkey infants raised under normal conditions and those raised in the absence of species-specific auditory input are virtually identical. Furthermore, comparison of the infants' vocalization with those of adult animals shows no significant differences.
Elimination Patterns in the Laboratory Beagle
Authors: Sprague Randall H. , Anisko Joseph J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Twelve distinct elimination postures were recorded during the present study. Females employed a wider variety of urination postures, eight compared to four in the males. On the other hand, more males urinated during more tests and did so more frequently than the females. Too, the males showed a considerably lower urination latency than the bitches. Females tended to evacuate the bladder all at once while the males would deposit a small amount of urine many times and continue to pseudo-urinate even though no urine was expelled. In the males, urination appeared to be oriented toward the scent of other males or toward conspicuous vertical objects while female urinations tended to be distributed at random. Although most elimination by the females was aimed at the ground, a substantial number of their urinations were directed toward vertical targets as well. The defecation rate was low in both sexes, being slightly higher in the males. Five defecation postures were used by the males as opposed to two by the females. Of the postures observed, two were formerly thought to be used for urination only. Both sexes showed some defecation on vertical targets. Almost one-fourth of male defecations were placed on the fence. A small amount of ground scratching was done, most of it by the males, who scratched only after urination. Scratching appears to function as part of the marking behavior of the dog. It may help to disperse an animal's odor over a wide area as well as making a conspicuous mark on some surfaces.
Improvement and Termination of House Building in the Caddis Larva Lepidostoma Hirtum Curtis
Authors: Hansell M.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA 5th instar larva of Lepidostoma hirtum is found in the wild in a house of regularly cut leaf panels; however it was shown that, if a larva was removed from this house, it first built a house of sand grains before building onto the front of that, a leaf panel house. The most anterior panels of the house from which the larva had been removed obtained a higher score, as measured by a number of panel features, than the most posterior panels of the reconstructed house. As house reconstruction progressed, however, the panel scores rose until they reached their previous level. When the reconstructed leaf panel portion of the house covered the body of the larva, it cut away the sand grain portion. A larva with anal hooks and hairs removed reconstructed a house that was longer in both sand and leaf portions than that of an intact larva. It differed from an intact larva in not cutting off the sand grain portion of the reconstructed house, and also in the improvement of leaf panel cutting along the length of a reconstructed house. A mechanism controlling the changes in house building is suggested to account for the observed differences between intact and operated animals.