bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of transferrin by human cell lines in a defined protein‐free system: Detection by ELISA
Authors: KRIEGERBECKOVÁ K. , KOVÁŘ J. , NEUMANNOVÁ V. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA double sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a combination of two polyclonal and one monoclonal antibodies was developed to quantitate transferrin in various human cell lines (U 937, K 562, Jiyoye, Jurkat, Raji, THP‐1, HeLa) and transferrin secreted by these cells cultured in a defined protein‐free medium. In the developed assay the measurable range in our experimental system is 1 to 25 ng/mL of human transferrin and the interassay coefficient of variation ranged from 11.3 to 16.1%. The assay is specific for both transferrin and apotransferrin with the same sensitivity. Intracellular transferrin levels in all the cell lines tested were < 1 ng/106 cells. The highest level of transferrin was found in cells of the histiocytic line U 937 (0.84± 0.18 ng/106 cells). Only this cell line secreted transferrin in amounts > 1 ng/106 cells per day, i.e. 15.8 ± 2.3 ng/106 cells per day. Intracellular transferrin was also demonstrated by immunoblotting.
Tumour‐Specific CTL response requiring interactions of four different cell types and recognition of MHC class I and class II restricted tumour antigens
Authors: SCHIRRMACHER VOLKER , SCHILD HANS‐JÖRG , GÜCKEL BRIGITTE , VON HOEGEN PAUL 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis study demonstrates that a syngeneic specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) positive tumour requires dual processing and recognition of tumour antigens. One type of antigen is processed and expressed in association with class I MHC at the surface of intact tumour cells. It is recognized by CD8 α,β TCR CTL in vitro and by protective immune T cells in vivo and thus functions as a tumour‐associated transplantation antigen (TATA). The other type of antigen is processed and expressed by distinct host APC in association with class II MHC. This is recognized by immune CD4 T cells which function as essential helper cells in the generation of the CD8 CTL response. These conclusions are supported by cell depletion and reconstitution experiments as well as by blocking experiments with monoclonal antibodies using the highly metastatic class II negative murine lymphoma ESb as a model system. The existence of two types of cognate T cell responses in a syngeneic anti‐tumour response was directly proved by the establishment of two types of tumour specific T cell lines which required as co‐stimulator either MHC class II positive APC or IL‐2. In suboptimal mixed lymphocyte tumour cell cultures either of these co‐stimulator functions was found to be limiting the overall anti‐tumour CTL response. The generation of the tumour specific CTL response could be blocked by monoclonal antibodies against all the molecules involved in the cognate interactions (i.e. class I MHC, CD8, class II MHC, CD4 and TCR) but not by anti‐CD2 or anti‐IgG. The strict requirement for helper cells and APC could be bypassed by the addition of recombinant IL‐2 but optimal triggering of CD8 CTL‐precursor required viable tumour stimulator cells. This well characterized in vitro assay may be useful (i) for monitoring the immune status of CD4 and CD8 immune T cells separately, for instance of tumour bearing and/or treated animals and (ii) for the development and testing of potent tumour cell vaccines with T cell stimulatory and/or co‐stimulatory activities.
Images of self: A model for tonic peripheral tolerance
Authors: RUDY G. , LEW A. M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA model for peripheral tolerance is proposed in which immune reactivity is controlled by the presence (cf. absence) of CD4+ T cells. Continuous ‘tonic’ recognition of self is maintained throughout adult life by, among others, a subset of ‘autoreactive’ CD4+ T cells recognizing ‘dominant’ determinants derived from self‐antigens. It is hypothesized that these cells have survived intrathymic deletion to be tolerized in the periphery, where they continue to function by tolerizing other similarly reactive thymic emigrants. This ‘image’ of self is postulated to arise during fetal and early neonatal life, remaining largely invariant thereafter, and serves as the backdrop against which recognition of ‘non‐self’ occurs. The model is discussed in the context of two examples of experimental autoimmune disease: induced autoimmunity in the 2–4 day old neonatally thymectomized mouse and spontaneous diabetes in the non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mouse.
High and low responsiveness to vaccines in farm Animals
Authors: OUTTERIDGE P. M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryLow responsiveness in some farm Animals is emerging as a problem in the application of newly developed vaccines which operate at skin surfaces and mucous membranes. Breeding for resistance to specific diseases seems to be associated with breeding for specific immune responsiveness in farm Animals and very likely this involves selection for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype. However, other factors contribute to low responsiveness and these include poor nutrition, sire effects, antigenic competition and inadequate effector mechanisms. The future of newly developed vaccines will rest on the solution to the low responder problem, and once solved, the application of these vaccines will be fully utilized for disease control in farm Animals.
Theoretical Article Adhesive interactions in thymic development: Does selective expression of CD45 isoforms promote stage‐specific microclustering in the assembly of functional adhesive complexes on differentiating T lineage lymphocytes?
Authors: PILARSKI LINDA M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryCD45 isoform transitions appear to play essential roles in both life and death, and correlate with the stages of thymocyte development during which there is a change in physical location from medullary and/or outer cortical areas to the inner cortex. This work speculates that CD45 isoforms, through a focal role in the assembly of adhesive complexes mediated by the external domains, participate in the maintenance and/or modulation of migratory behaviour by differentiating thymocytes, or alternatively in the anchoring of thymocytes in a generative micro‐environment. The objective of the sections that follow is to formulate the hypothesis that CD45 isoforms, through their differential interactions with adhesion molecules expressed by T cells, profoundly influence cell motility and consequent micro‐environmental localization. An adhesive assembly of CD45 and adhesion molecules on the outside, and of the adhesive complex with the cytoskeleton on the inside, would promote CD45‐mediated regulation of adhesion/de‐adhesion through lateral external interactions mediated by external domains of CD45 isoforms, through enzymatic modulation of the cytoplasmic domains of adhesion molecules by the CD45 tyrosine phosphatase activity, and through phosphatase control of cytoskeletal assembly and disassembly.
T cell receptor polymorphisms in Caucasians and Polynesians
Authors: ABBOTT W. G. H. , TAN P. L. J. , SKINNER M. A. , MARBROOK J. , PEAKE J. S. , WOODFIELD D. G. , GEURSEN A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to find genetic polymorphisms that might be useful in studies of Polynesian‐Caucasian racial admixture and Polynesian disease susceptibility. The allele frequencies of six T cell receptor locus RFLP were measured in 73 Caucasians and two Polynesian ethnic groups comprising 86 Maoris and 95 Samoans. The RFLP studied were (locus/enzyme/probe): Cα/Taq1/Y14, Vα/Taq1/Y14, Cβ/BglII/Y35, Cγ/PvuII/HGP02, Vβ7/Bam HI/Vβ7.4 and VP8/Bam HI/Vβ8.1. Racial differences in allele frequency were present with all six RFLP (P < 0.001). The allele frequencies of the Vα/Taq1/Y14 and the Vp7/Bam HI/7.4 RFLP were similar in the two Polynesian groups, both of which differed from the Caucasians. The 1.4 kb allele of the Vα/Taq1/Y14 RFLP and the 8.0 kb allele of the Vβ7/Bam HI/7.4 RFLP were present in low frequency in both Polynesian groups compared to the Caucasian group, consistent with a gene flow effect. These alleles may be useful in studies of Caucasian–Polynesian racial admixture.
Stimulation of gastrointestinal antibody to Shiga toxin by orogastric immunization in mice
Authors: SUCKOW MARK A. , KEREN DAVID F. , BROWN J. EDWARD , KEUSCH GERALD T. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryShiga toxin (ST) is a protein toxin of Shigella dysenteriae type 1, a causative agent of severe diarrhoea and dysentery. In this report we describe the gastrointestinal secretory antibody response of mice following orogastric immunization with ST. Gastrointestinal secretions were sampled by a gastrointestinal lavage technique weekly for 5 weeks after initial immunization. Assay of lavage samples by ELISA showed that mice vaccinated orogastrically with various doses of ST developed gastrointestinal antibody to ST in a dose‐dependent manner. Serum anti‐ST activity developed by 5 weeks after initial immunization. The ability of ST to act as a mucosal immune adjuvant was investigated by coadministration of ST and keyhole limpet haemocyanin. In contrast to cholera toxin, a potent adjuvant, ST did not demonstrate adjuvant activity. The mouse gastrointestinal lavage model could be useful for further analysis of the cellular basis of ST immunogenicity.
The enigma of cytokine redundancy
Authors: KELSO ANNE 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYThe redundancy of many cytokine functions that was first noted in vitro has now been confirmed in vivo with the demonstration that some of these functions can occur in mice rendered deficient in a cytokine or cytokine receptor by gene inactivation. Other functions are ablated in these mice, suggesting that they are cytokine‐specific. Although some of the underlying mechanisms have been identified, it remains unclear why certain activities of a cytokine should be unique and others redundant. It is proposed that compensatory mechanisms exist only for those cytokine functions whose inappropriate or excessive activation would not be pathogenic or whose importance justifies this risk. Conversely, cytokine‐specific functions might be those that should be tightly regulated to avoid the pathological consequences of their inadvertent expression.
Genetic polymorphisms of the non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mouse
Authors: McCLIVE PETER J. , BAXTER ALANG. , MORAHAN GRANT 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a polygenic model of insulin‐dependent diabetes. To better understand the biology, immunology and genetics of this mouse strain NOD mice were typed for RFLP at 29 loci and microsatellite variation at a further nine loci. Mice were also typed for the expression of lymphocyte differentiation antigens. Comparisons were made with two non‐diabetic strains, C57BL/6 and SJL, for these markers. A number of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) were defined; seven between C57BL/6 and NOD; five between SJL and NOD; and four in which both C57BL/6 and SJL differed from NOD. Previously reported microsatellite results were extended by defining the SJL alleles at these loci, finding five loci at which NOD differed from B6 alone, and four loci at which NOD differed from both B6 and SJL. In addition, the NOD Igh allotype and alleles for a number of lymphocyte differentiation antigens were defined for the first time. The expression of uncommon alleles of these antigens suggests candidates whose role in the diabetogenic process can be tested.
Assays for adjuvanticity of new formulations and of carrier proteins for inducing antibody responses to selected immunogens in the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus
Authors: PERRAUT RONALD , CHOUTEAU PHILIPPE , BOURREAU ELIANE , BONNEMAINS BERNARD , GARRAUD OLIVIER 
Published: July 2007

SummaryDifferent ways to improve antibody (Ab) responses following immunizations with selected antigens (TT and HSVgD) were investigated, and thus new adjuvant formulations and carrier molecules in a non‐human primate experimental host, the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus, were assayed. Both quantitative and qualitative humoral responses were determined by means of radio‐immunoassays using monoclonal Ab directed at Saimiri IgG. First, the adjuvanticity of the Syntex (SAF‐1) adjuvant and of five new adjuvant formulations were assessed towards the selected Ag. This indicated that all the adjuvants induced similar antigen‐specific Ab responses, although the adjuvants could modify to some extent the pattern of the qualitative Ab response. Second, we evaluated an adjuvant‐free vaccine approach using a synthetic Ag from the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum as immunogen, this Ag being coupled to purified protein derivative (PPD) or to a recombinant heat shock protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These constructs led to good antibody responses as well as an excellent memory effect. Bacille Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) priming was required in conjunction with PPD as a carrier molecule to allow homogeneous Ab responses, whereas the heat shock protein construct gave a less homogeneous Ab response regardless of whether a BCG priming was done. We, in addition, discuss the relevance of Saimiri monkeys as experimental models for studies directed at evaluating the immunogenicity of further vaccine candidates.
Neuropeptide depletion by capsaicin does not prevent mucosal mast cell activation in the rat at weaning
Authors: CUMMINS A. G. , ANTONIOU D. , THOMPSON F. M. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySubstance P release by enteric nerves could be an initiating factor for mucosal mast cell (MMC) activation that is associated with weaning in the rat. Capsaicin, which depletes substance P from enteric nerves, should therefore prevent MMC degranulation. Rat pups received either capsaicin (50mg/kg) or vehicle control subcutaneous injections at 3 and 6 days of life. Capsaicin‐treated and control litters were killed at 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 days of life. MMC activation was measured by serum levels of rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII). Intestinal development was assessed by microdissection to measure villus area, crypt length and crypt cell production rate. RMCPII levels were similar in capsaicin‐treated and control rats and peaked at day 22 of life, and intestinal development was not retarded by capsaicin treatment. We conclude that substance P release is unlikely to be an initiating factor for the MMC activation that is associated with weaning.
Role of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 on the kinetics of human lymphocytes stimulation in serum‐free culture medium
Authors: SCHILLACI ROXANA , RIBAUDO CLAUDIA M. , RONDINONE CRISTINA M. , ROLDÁN ALICIA 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIn a serum‐free medium addition of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) consistently enhanced lymphocyte proliferation response to PHA in a dose‐dependent fashion. This effect was produced by an acceleration in the expression of clone expansion and not in the number of proliferating cells. This was documented by kinetics data obtained from the first proliferation round of PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes, in which addition of IGE‐1 reduced G1‐phase length, without changing Go‐phase, S‐phase or cloned size. The data were confirmed in 10‐day culture of stimulated lymphocytes where IGF‐1 only accelerated cell proliferation without modifying the area enclosed by the proliferation curve. As IGF‐1 is under the control of growth hormone, our results suggest that some of the immunoregulation effects ascribed to growth hormone in vivo could be produced by IGF‐1.
An association between successful vaccination against the bovine nodular worm, Oesophagostomum radiatum and induction of eosinophilia
Authors: EAST IAIN J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryImmunization of 48 cattle with somatic antigen extracts of the nodular worm, Oesophagostomum radiatum, reduced faecal egg counts (FEC) by 51% and worm burden by 47%. The antibody titre of each animal was correlated to both worm burden (< r=−0.40, P < 0.005) and FEC (r=−0.37, P < 0.01). The vaccinated cattle showed wide variation in their response to vaccination with worm burdens after challenge infection varying from 0 to 4060. Of these 48 vaccinated animals, eight developed sterile immunity (worm burden = 0, FEC = 0) whereas a further 10 had no protective response to immunization (worm burden > 1000, FEC > 100). A comparison of these two sub‐groups showed that the group with sterile immunity had a higher antibody titre (P < 0.05). In addition, the group with sterile immunity developed a blood eosinophilia between 21 and 29 days after challenge infection. Vaccinated, unprotected calves and control, unvaccinated calves did not develop eosinophilia.
Attenuation of adjuvant arthritis in rats by treatment with oxygen radical scavengers
Authors: SANTOS L. , TIPPING P. G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in particular hydroxyl radical (OH ·), to joint inflammation was examined in rats developing adjuvant arthritis (AA) by treatment with ROS scavengers dimethylthiourea (DMTU) and DMSO. Adjuvant arthritis was induced in Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats by a single intradermal (i.d.) injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) in oil on day 0. By day 14, all rats exhibited arthritis in the hindlimbs and the majority had involvement of the forelimbs. A marked inflammatory cell influx (75% neutrophils) was present in the synovial fluid. These cells, in vitro, spontaneously produced OH. (0.96±0.28 OH. units/h per 105 cells). In contrast, spontaneous OH· production by normal circulating leucocytes was absent (0.07±0.03 OH· units/h per 105 cells). Adjuvant‐injected rats were treated with DMTU (500, 250 and 100 mg/kg). DMSO (330 and 165 mg/kg) or saline (disease control) once daily on days 8, 9 and 10 and twice daily on days 11, 12 and 13 postadjuvant injection. Both DMTU and DMSO significantly reduced the clinical evidence of arthritis (clinical scores: DMTU [500 mg/kg] = 0. P < 0.0001: DMSO [3.0 mL/kg] = 0.4±0.3, P < 0.01, compared with disease control = 2.3±0.3). Synovial fluid cell accumulation was also significantly reduced (DMTU [500 mg/kg] = 0.5 ·0.1 × 105 cells/four joints, P < 0.0001; DMSO [3.0 mL/kg] 2.75 ± 1.9 × 105 cells/four joints, P < 0.01 compared with disease control = 11.76 ± 1.7 × 105 cells/four joints). Neither treatment inhibited cutaneous delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the disease inducing antigen. Furthermore, DMTU (500 mg/kg) did not cause neutropenia nor inhibit peritoneal neutrophil accumulation in response to a chemotactic stimulus. This study demonstrates the attenuation of adjuvant arthritis by ROS scavengers and suggests a pivotal role for ROS, particularly OH·, in the mediation of joint inflammation in this disease.
Modulation and recovery of immune response of BALB/c mice to Shigella dysenteriae antigens after cyclophosphamide treatment
Authors: MISHRA KRISHNA K. , SRIVASTAVA AMIT K. , KAR SANTOSH K. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryWe have analysed the suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide. when given in vivo, on the antibody response of BALB/c mice against Shigella dysenteriae antigens using ELISA and immunoblot. Out of various protocols tried, it was found that co‐injection of cyclophosphamide at 150 mg/kg bodyweight, i.p., at the time of antigen administration and then after a lapse of 24 h during both primary and secondary immunizations, was the most effective in suppressing antibody response of mice. Analysis of sera by ELISA demonstrated the presence of some antibodies to S. dysenteriae antigens after secondary immunization, but immunoblot analysis using the same sera revealed complete suppression of antibody response. Animals whose antibody response was almost completely suppressed after two immunizations with co‐injection of cyclophosphamide, when immunized again after the lapse of 14 days from the date of secondary immunization with Shigella antigens but without administration of cyclophosphamide, partially recovered their ability to respond to the same antigens. This protocol can now be used in mice to analyse the hierarchy of immunogenic epitopes present in a complex mixture of antigens.
Comparison of cord blood and adult blood lymphocyte normal ranges: A possible explanation for decreased severity of graft versus host disease after cord blood transplantation
Authors: BECK R. , LAM‐PO‐TANG P. R. L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryLymphocyte subpopulations in cord blood (CB; collected at birth from full‐term babies) were compared with that of adult blood (AB) and found to contain significantly different numbers and percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations. The absolute lymphocyte count was greater in CB (4.8 ± 1.1 × 109/L) than in AB (1.69 ± 0.38 × 109/L), with CB having significantly higher absolute numbers of lymphocyte subsets even though CB percentages were significantly lower. Significant differences in percentages were found between cord and adult T cells (CB 58% vs AB 74%), NK cells (CB 19% vs AB 7%) and their subsets. CD38, a marker of activation and immaturity, was present on virtually all cord T cells and approximately half the adult T cells. CD45RA, a marker considered to define unprimed or naive cells, was expressed on 82% of cord lymphocytes as compared with 48% in AB. CD45RO was expressed on 16% of CB lymphocytes and 49% of AB lymphocytes. Cord blood contains a higher percentage and total number of immature and immunologically naive lymphocytes than AB.
HLA‐A incompatibility associated with enhanced long‐term renal graft survival in HLA‐B, DR mismatched transplants
Authors: BUĆIN D. , EKBERG H. , LINDHOLM A. , PERSSON H. , TUFVESON G. , ALBRECHTSEN D. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe effect of HLA‐A matching on long‐term cadaver kidney graft survival was analysed, on average, 6 years after transplantation in a total of 1085 cyclosporine (CyA)‐treated patients.A beneficial effect of HLA‐A mismatching on graft survival was found by univariate and multivariate analyses (P < 0.05).Enhanced graft survival was associated with HLA‐A mismatching in transplants mismatched for HLA‐B,DR (P= 0.03), but not in HLA‐B,DR compatible transplants.High 6 year graft survival rates, 78% and 66%, were found in transplants mismatched for two or one HLA‐A antigens, respectively, among patients without any acute rejection episode. This was significantly higher than the survival rate of 55% found in HLA‐A compatible transplants (P= 0.001). In patients who had suffered from acute rejection episodes, a prolonged graft survival was also associated with HLA‐A mismatching in HLA‐B,DR mismatched transplants (P= 0.04).The beneficial effect on graft survival of HLA‐A mismatching was most pronounced in patients treated with high/medium dose CyA and prednisolone (P=0.004 overall and P= 0.0007 for HLA‐B,DR mismatched transplants).In conclusion, HLA‐A mismatching was associated with enhanced long‐term renal graft survival in CyA‐treated recipients of HLA‐B,DR mismatched transplants. In clinical situations, the present results might, if confirmed, contribute to the prolongation of long‐term graft survival. The results might indicate the existence of tolerance promoting allogeneic markers within the HLA‐A class I region.