bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Chemotherapeuties on the Metabolism of Bile Acids in the Intestine of Rats.1 Steroids and Bile Acids 17.
Authors: NORMAN ARNE 
Published: December 2008

Discussion and SummaryCholic acid‐24–14C was administered intraperitoneally to rats which had been given terramycin and sulftalyl per os twice daily for three days before and during the whole experiment. Chromatographic separation of the labelled bile acid products excreted in faeces showed that the major part (75–95 per cent) is excreted as taurocholic acid. 2–10 per cent is presumably excreted as glycocholic acid. Likewise in the bile the labelled cholic acid has been found mainly in the form of taurocholic acid, only a minor part being present as glycocholic acid.About 1–15 per cent of the labelled compound is found at the place where free cholic acid occurred. None of the bile acid metabolites found in normal rat faeces is observed after administration of antibiotics. This indicates that most of the peptide bonds of the conjugated bile acids are split by the intestinal microorganisms and that these latter also cause modification of the bile acid molecules. Further work is needed to decide whether the small amounts of free bile acid found in these experiments are due to splitting by resistant microorganisms, fungi or intestinal digestive enzymes.
Vasoconstrictor Inhibition and Vasodilator Activation — Two Functionally Separate Vasodilator Mechanisms in the Skeletal Muscles.
Authors: LINDGREN PERCY , UVNÄS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Vasodilatation in the skeletal muscles is produced by electric stimulation of a sinus nerve, a vagus nerve, the depressor area of the oblongate medulla or by activation of sympathetic vasodilator nerves.Destruction of the depressor area does not prevent the transmission of impulses in the bulbar sympathetic vasodilator tract.The depressor area and the bulbar part of the sympathetic vasodilator tract seem to be separate anatomical and functional entities. The writers have been unable to activate the two vasodilator mechanisms simultaneously, a fact that is regarded to support the conception that they form two independently operating mechanisms.The expenses of this investigation were partly defrayed by a grant from the Swedish Medical Research Council to one of us (B. U.) which is gratefully acknowledged.
Effect of Vestibular Nerve Section Upon the Spinal Influence of the Bulbar Reticular Formation.
Authors: GERNANDT B. E. , THULIN C.‐A. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Electrical stimulation within the reticular formation gives rise to reciprocal or non‐reciprocal effects upon the spinal reflexes evoked from extensor and flexor nerves. The present investigation was designed to analyse the behaviour of this caudal influence of the bulbar reticular formation after transection of the 8th nerves. Cessation of the spontaneous afferent impulse discharge in the ipsilateral and/or contralateral 8th nerves affects the reflex responses in a manner resembling that of adequate vestibular stimulation. The afferent impulses in the 8th nerve thus facilitated the reflex response evoked from an ipsilateral flexor nerve and inhibited the reflex discharge derived from an ipsilateral extensor nerve. An increased impulse activity in the contralateral 8th nerve had the opposite effects, namely inhibition of the former reflex response and facilitation of the latter one.
Electrical Activity of Isolated Cortex in the Unanesthetized Cat with Intact Brain Stem.
Authors: INGVAR DAVID H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The electrical activity of isolated parietal cortex in the un‐anesthetized cat with intact brain stem has been analyzed. The data confirm that neuronally completely isolated cortex with preserved blood supply has the capacity of generating rhythmic electrical activity.2. Electrical activity appeared spontaneously in the isolated areas, a fact confirming other studies with similar preparations. The spontaneous activity could be reversibly blocked by small doses of barbiturates. Brain stem mechanisms which were intact may have increased the excitability of the isolated area through extraneuronal means. The excitable slab becomes electrically active — it is assumed — due to the ‘stimulating’ influence of circulatory and/or humoral factors in the cortex.3. The paroxysmal bursts, recorded from isolated cortex, showed a strong resemblance to a similar activity reported by other workers. A slow wave component of the bursts was found to be dominated by 2.5 to 3.5 per second waves of high voltage which often attained very regular characteristics. 3 per second sinusoidal forms as well as 3 per second spike and wave forms were often recorded. In the EEG record these rhythms appeared synchronous over the isolated area. The data demonstrate that the cortex itself possesses the inherent mechanisms necessary for the production of a 3 per second pattern similar to the one met with in petit mal epilepsy. Some conditions for the appearance of such a pattern in isolated cortex are discussed.4. Apart from the 3 per second rhythms and a fast frequency component (of frequencies of up to 65 c/s), the slab activity was highly irregular, demonstrating a variety of frequencies and wave forms seen in the routine EEG. The data seem consistent with the view that the regulation and maintenance of the alpha rhythm, as well as other regular cortical patterns, are based upon an inter action between the cortex and other neuronaI structures (cortical as well as subcortical).5. It is emphasized that not only purely interneuronal relationships, but also circulatory conditions as well as other factors — as yet unknown — may determine the form and frequency of rhythmic electrical events of the cortex.
Extraneuronal Influences Upon the Electrical Activity of Isolated Cortex Following Stimulation of the Reticular Activating System1
Authors: INGVAR DAVID H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Electrographic evidence is presented to show that the spontaneous as well as the (chemically induced) epileptic electrical activity of neuronally completely isolated parietal cortex of the cat may be influenced by electrical stimulation of the reticular activating system of the brain stem. A description is given of various forms of effects recorded.2. By gross microscopic observation it was found, on intact as well as on isolated cortex, that cortical circulatory phenomena accompany the EEG activation elicited by reticular stimulation. A description is given of these phenomena, the most conspicuous feature of which was a vasodilatation and an increase in the speed of circulating blood elements.3. Subjectively, there seemed in general to be a direct proportionality between the electrographic effects in isolated cortex and the circulatory changes. The circulatory changes often closely paralleled in time the electrographic effects in isolated cortex (as well as the electrographic changes in intact cortex).4. The grossly visible cortical circulatory changes on reticular stimulation were abolished, together with activation of the EEG, by small doses of barbiturates given intravenously.5. The mechanisms underlying the circulatory changes have been analyzed in a preliminary way. Such changes, as well as electrographic effects in isolated cortex, were observed after various procedures interfering with possible pressor effects caused by the reticular stimulation. The grossly visible cortical circulatory changes on tegmental and diencephalic reticular stimulation were abolished by intercollicular brain stem section, a procedure, however, which did not interfere with the electrographic activation of intact cortex.6. The effects of reticular stimulation upon chernically induced epileptic discharges in isolated cortex may provide additional information for the understanding of the effects of arousing stimuli upon epileptic abnormalities in thc EEG.7. The results suggest that the reticular activating system of the brain stem may influence cortical electrical activity by means of extraneuronal mechanisms. The findings indicate that circulatory factors are involved, but it is also possible that humoral events may be primarily responsible for the effects recorded.
Investigations into the Euglena Gracilis Method for Quantitative Assay of Vitamin B12
Authors: KRISTENSEN H. P. ØSTERGAARD 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Using Ross's modification of Hutner's method for quantitative determination of vitamin B12 with Euglena gravities var. bacillaris, experiments were carried out which showed that the supernatant from a centrifuged vigorously growing Euglena culture contains a thermolabile factor, which has a growth‐inhibiting effect on Euglena cells when they are transferred to a freshly prepared medium containing vitamin B12.Density and uniformity of growth in the tubes inoculated are increased by washing and diluting the Euglena culture used for inoculation. The sensitivity and the accuracy of the method are thereby increased.
The Electrocardiogram of Rabbits in Blast Injury
Authors: CARLSTEN ARNE , CLEMEDSON CARL‐JOHAN , HULTMAN HOLTER I: SON 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The ECG changes in blast injury have been studied in 194 rabbits, 62 of which were exposed to a detonating charge of TNT in the open field and the remaining 132 animals to a charge of PETN in a specially constructed detonation chamber.2. In the total material 65.5 per cent showed pathological ECG after the detonation, in the open field material 30.6 per cent and of the rabbits exposed in the detonation chamber 81.8 per cent. An inetantaneous, transient and often pronounced sinus brady cardia and a lowering of the voltage are found in almost every case, but these changes are not included in the pathological changes.3. Premature beats, depression of RS—T and T, injury potential, different kinds of heart block and auricular fibrillation are rather common findings.4. Some changes in ECG are not manifested until several minutes to some days after the detonation, and some are only of a transient type. The changes in the first stages after the detonation often differ from those occurring later on.
Hyaluronic Acid and Hyaluronidase in the Aqueous Humour and the Angle of the Anterior Chamber
Authors: BÁRÁNY ERNST H. , WOODIN ALAN M. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A study has been made of some factors which might be of importance for the hydrodynamic resistance of the angle of the anterior chamber. The possible occurrence in the aqueous humour of chemical agents affecting the resistance has been investigated and the nature of the barrier studied with the aid of hyaluronidase. The main results are:1. No hyaluronidase could be detected in cattle aqueous humour,2. Aqueous humour contains hyaluronic acid capable of being hydrolysed by added hyaluronidase.3. Aqueous humour has a diffusable thermo‐stable component which reduces the viscosity of the hyaluronic acid‐protein complex from synovial fluid. The action of this component is inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate.4. No increase in hyaluronic acid‐depolymerising power is observable in aqueous humour after induction of the gradual break down of resistance caused by mechanical trauma.5. Mechanical trauma sometimes seems to act on the angle through an immediate physical derangement followed by a slower, temperature‐dependent phase. This latter is not inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate.6. The fast initial resistance drop caused by small amounts of testicular hyaluronidase can also be induced by staphylococcal hyaluronidase.7. On perfusing the angle for 8 hours with buffer, the resistance decreases continuously. With aqueous humour as perfusate the resistance is stable for about 100 minutes and then decreases. The hyaluronidase‐sensitive component in the angle does not disappear for several hundred minutes when perfused with aqueous.8. In addition to its immediate action in low concentrations, hyaluronidase in high concentrations induces a further slow decrease in resistance of the angle.
The Response Speetrum of Taste Fibres in the Cat: A Single Fibre Analysis
Authors: COHEN MELVIN J. , HAGIWARA SUSUMU , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Taste receptors in the cat's tongue were analyzed by recording from single afferent chorda tympani nerve fibres while applying various sapid solutions to the tongue.2. Single fibres were observed which responded to the flow of distilled water over the tongue. The activity of these “water” fibres was depressed by various inorganic salt solutions with an anion concentration above 0.03 M. Organic sodium salts, in contrast, stimulated this fibre type in a manner similar to distilled water.3. The “water” fibres were also stimulated by quinine hydro‐chloride and mineral acids below pH 2.5.4. Single “salt” fibres were observed which responded to various salts above 0.1 M concentration. These fibres were also stimulated by acid.5. Another fibre type responded primarily to quinine chloride and very little if at all to strong acid. The “quinine” fibre was not. stimulated by hypertonic salt solutions or by distilled water.6. The fourth fibre type found responded only to acids below pH 2.5.7. It is proposed that the presence of the “water” fibre extends the sensitivity to salt solutions beyond the concentration limits served by the “salt” fibres thus enabling discrimination of salt concentration over the entire physiologically significant saline range.8. The importance of impulse pattern is discussed and a scheme presented illustrating the possible relationship between afferent impulse pattern and the evoked taste sensation.9. The possible mechanism of stimulation by water is discussed and a view presented that the outward flow of anions across the receptor membrane stimulates while an inward flow depresses (“water”) fibre activity.
Uric Acid in Blood and Urine of Infants
Authors: POULSEN HEMMING 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The 24–hour excretion of endogeneous uric acid in newborn infants was found to be about 16 mg/kg and in adults about 4 mg/kg. The average concentration of uric acid in blood from the umbilical cord was 61 pglml and in the amniotic fluid 72 μg/ml.
Acetylcholine Inactivation and Acetylcholine Sensitivity in Denervated Salivary Glands
Authors: STRÖMBLAD R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Acetylcholine destruction was studied in the normal and the denervated parotid and submaxillary gland of cat. The parotid gland was pre‐ and postganglionically, the submaxillary gland preganglionically denervated. In the same cats the sensitization to acetylcholine brought about by the denervations was studied.The preganglionic denervations were found to cause a decrease by 30 per cent in the total amount of enzyme in the glands. The postganglionic denervation caused a decrease in total amount by about 60 per cent.The possible rôle of these reductions in enzyme activity for the mechanism of the sensitization to acetylcholine is discussed.
Transport Form of Decanoic Acid‐1‐14C in the Lymph During Intestinal Absorption in the Rat
Authors: BLOMSTRAND ROLF 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A study on the transport of decanoic acid‐14C in the rat via the thoracic duct has been made.Only a minor part of the labelled decanoic acid was transported via the thoracic duct after absorption.The major part of the 14C‐activity in the lymph lipids was in the form of triglycerides and the remainder as phospholipids. No significant amount of free decanoic acid could be found in the lymph.
Changes in the Proteolytic Enzymes of the Yolk in the Developing Hen's Egg
Authors: EMANUELSSON HADAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Free amino acids and alcohol‐soluble peptides in the yolk of the hen's egg have been studied during the first 14 days of incubation. No qualitative and only small quantitative changes could be noticed. During incubation three different proteolytic enzymes occur in the yolk and in the yolk‐sac. In the yolk maxima for these enzymes were found about the second and the ninth day of incubation. Yolk‐protein‐utilization of the embryo is discussed.
The Effect of Deuterium Oxide (Heavy Water) on Conduction Velocity in Isolated Frog Nerve.
Authors: GARBY L. , NORDQVIST P. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of Ringer's solution containing 99.9% deuterium oxide on the conduction velocity of the A‐fibres in isolated frog nerves was investigated.A decrease in conduction velocity of about 20% was noted, the full effect being reached in about 5 minutes in unsheathed nerves and in about twice that time in intact nerves.A rapid exchange of water between the nerve and its environments could be inferred from the rate of decrease in conduction velocity. A considerable part of the exchange must take place across the myelin sheath.
The Urinary Excretion of Noradrenaline and Adrenaline in Healthy Subjects During Recumbency and Standing
Authors: VON EULER U. S. , LUFT R. , SUNDIN T. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Healthy persons placed on a tilting table at an angle of 75 degrees for 3 or 4 hours show a considerably increased urinary output of noradrenaline in comparison with the corresponding excretion in recumbent position.The increased production of noradrenaline is interpreted as the result of reflex activation of the vasomotor system induced by the orthostatic fall of the systolic blood pressure.The excretion of adrenaline in urine during the tilting test showed a slight to moderate increase probably depending on various stress factors (muscular activity, uncomfortable position) during standing.In none of the 15 tested healthy persons on the tilting table (75°) showing increased noradrenaline excretion, did syncope occur.
The Action of Chronic Denervation and of the Use of a Ganglioplegic or a Sympatholytic Agent on the Baresthetic Device of the Renal Arteries
Authors: BRULL L. , LOUIS‐BAR D. , LYBECK H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Proceeding with our research on the mechanism of the baresthet‐ic device regulating the constancy of the renal blood flow, by submitting kidneys transplanted in the neck to step‐wise raised perfusion pressures, by means of the mechanical heart with coagulable blood, we found that chronic denervation, or the use of a ganglioplegic (Pendiomide) or of a sympatholytic (Scurocaine), eliminates totally or partially vasoconstriction of the renal arteries which occurs in response to a rise of pressure and prevents variations of the blood flow.
The Effect of Dietary Fat on the Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption and on the Cholesterol Metabolism in the Liver of Rats1
Authors: PIHL ALEXANDER 
Published: December 2008

Summary and Conclusions.The absorption of cholesterol has been studied in balance experiments on intact rats fed cholesterol together with different levels of arachis oil.Cholesterol was found to be readily absorbed on a diet devoid of fat. Extensive deposition of cholesterol esters was found in the livers of rats given cholesterol in a fat‐free diet for 7 weeks.Dietary fat was found to increase cholesterol absorption when the fat was present in large amounts as compared to cholesterol, confirming qualitatively the observations of previous authors. The smallest ratio of fat to cholesterol where a facilitating effect of fat was observed, was 15: 1.The effect of dietary fat on the deposition of absorbed cholesterol was studied in experiments so designed that equal amounts of cholesterol were absorbed in groups fed diets with 15 per cent fat and no fat respectively. Roughly twice as much cholesterol was deposited in the livers of the rats given the fat‐containing diet. On the other hand, in rats with cholesterol deposited in the liver dietary fat appeared to promote the removal of cholesterol from the liver, when the rats were given cholesterol‐free diets.
On the Mode of Action of Fatty Acids in Cholesterol Absorption1: Cholesterol Studies IV
Authors: PIHL ALEXANDER 
Published: December 2008

Summary and Conclusions.In balance experiments on rats oleic acid (9 per cent in the diet) was found to increase the absorption of cholesterol (1 per cent in the diet) while stearic acid had no effect. Cholesterol oleate and cholesterol stearate were not absorbed to a greater extent than was free cholesterol under comparable conditions. Cholesterol was readily absorbed also when given as the acetate ester.Cholesterol esters were detected in feces when free cholesterol with stearic acid was fed, but not when oleic acid was given. Addition of bile acids did not alter this result. Administered cholesterol esters, the acetate ester inclusive, were extensively
The Effect of Bile Acids on Cholesterol Absorption, Deposition and Synthesis in the Rat1
Authors: PIHL ALEXANDER 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of cholic, desoxycholic and dehydrocholic acid on the intestinal cholesterol absorption and on the simultaneous deposition of cholesterol in the liver has been studied in balance experiments on rats.Bile acid ingestion on a fat‐free diet did not increase the absorption of cholesterol.When the effect of the bile acids were tested on a diet containing 5 per cent arachis oil or 9 per cent oleic acid, a stimulating effect on cholesterol absorption was only observed in one group fed cholic acid with arachis oil. The variability in these experiments was considerable and no clearcut conclusion could be drawn concerning the effect of bile acids on the intestinal absorption of cholesterol in the presence of dietary fat or fatty acids.The deposition of cholesterol in the liver was markedly increased by cholic or desoxycholic acid ingestion and moderately but definitely increased by dehydrocholic acid ingestion.The serum cholesterol levels of the rats fed bile acids reflected in most cases the increased deposition in the liver.The simultaneous measurements of cholesterol absorption and deposition indicated a post‐absorptive effect of dietary bile acids on cholesterol metabolism.Cholic acid feeding, in the presence or absence of dietary cholesterol did not increase the hepatic cholesterol synthesis in vitro, as judged by the incorporation of 1–C14 acetate into cholesterol in surviving liver slices.The inference has been made that bile acid ingestion probably interferes with the catabolism of cholesterol in the liver.
The Influence of Acetylcholine, Menthol and Strychnine on Taste Receptors in Man
Authors: SKOUBY ARNE P. , ZILSTORFF‐PEDERSEIT K. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Acetylcholine (1–100 ,μ/ml) decreased the taste threshold by 20–63 per cent as did menthol (0. 4–400 μ/ml). Higher concentrations of these substances as of strychnine in concentrations of 0.1–10 μ/ml produced increases of the same order as those produced by the solvent.
Metabolism of Desoxycholic Acid in the Rabbit: Bile, acids and Steroids 28
Authors: EKDAHL PER‐HUGO , SJÖVALL JAN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The bile acids in rabbit fistula bile have been studied with paper chromatography and reversed phase partition chromatography.The fate of administered desoxycholic acid‐24‐14C has been studied. The major part of the acid is excreted in the bile as glycodesoxycholic acid. No transformation to cholic acid has been found to take place.
Fatigue of Sustained Tetanic Contribctions
Authors: NÆBSS KNUT , STORM‐MATHISEN ARDIS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The purpose of this investigation has been to examine the mechanism behind the process of fatigue during sustained titanic contractions.Mechanical responses and action potentials have been recorded from the adductor policies muscle in man and from the flexor digit rum long us, gastronomies and sole us muscles in rabbit.The following results were obtained:1. Our results from man support the view of Merton (1954) that the process of fatigue developing during a sustained titanic contraction is a purely peripheral phenomenon.2. It is impossible to produce a stronger or more prolonged tetanic contraction by indirect supramaximal stimulation than by maximal voluntary effort.3. Superposition of indirect stimulation during maximal voluntary effort shortens the duration of the contraction.4. We found in contrast to Merton that the action potentiais always decrease during the reduction of the mechanical response.The results are discussed in Ielation to previous investigations in this field, especially to those of Brown and Burns (1949) and Merton (1954).