bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial Discrimination and Racial Identity Attitudes in Relation to Self-Rated Health and Physical Pain and Impairment Among Two-Spirit American Indians/Alaska Natives
Authors: Chae David H. , Walters Karina L. 
Published: February 2009

Objectives. We examined associations between racial discrimination and actualization, defined as the degree of positive integration between self-identity and racial group identity, and self-rated health and physical pain and impairment. Methods. We used logistic regressions to analyze data from 447 gay, lesbian, bisexual, and other sexual-minority American Indians/Alaska Natives. Results. Greater self-reported discrimination was associated with higher odds of physical pain and impairment (odds ratio [OR] = 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13, 1.78); high levels of actualization were associated with lower odds of physical pain and impairment (OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.35, 0.99) and self-rated fair or poor health (OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.32, 0.90). Actualization also moderated the influence of discrimination on self-rated health (t = –2.33; P = .020). Discrimination was positively associated with fair or poor health among participants with low levels of actualization, but this association was weak among those with high levels of actualization. Conclusions. Among two-spirit American Indians/Alaska Natives, discrimination may be a risk factor for physical pain and impairment and for fair or poor self-rated health among those with low levels of actualization. Actualization may protect against physical pain and impairment and poor self-rated health and buffer the negative influence of discrimination.
Risky Sexual Behavior, Bleeding Caused by Intimate Partner Violence, and Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Patients of a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic
Authors: Russell Marcia , Chen Meng-Jinn , Nochajski Thomas H. , Testa Maria , Zimmerman Scott J. , Hughes Patricia S. 
Published: February 2009

Objectives. We sought to investigate independent contributions of risky sexual behaviors and bleeding caused by intimate partner violence to prediction of HCV infection. Methods. We conducted a case–control study of risk factors among patients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic with and without HCV antibodies, group-matched by age. Results. Multivariate analyses indicated that Black race (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3, 4.4), injection drug use (OR = 20.3; 95% CI = 10.8, 37.8), sharing straws to snort drugs (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.01, 3.0), sharing razors (OR = 7.8; 95% CI = 2.0, 31.0), and exposure to bleeding caused by intimate partner violence (OR = 5.5; 95% CI = 1.4, 22.8) contributed significantly to the prediction of HCV infection; risky sexual behavior and exposure to blood or sores during sexual intercourse did not. Conclusions. HCV risk among patients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic can be explained by direct blood exposure, primarily through injection drug use. Exposure to bleeding caused by intimate partner violence may be a previously unrecognized mechanism for HCV transmission associated with risky sexual behavior.
Evaluation of the Impact of News Coverage of an HIV Multiclass Drug–Resistant Cluster in Seattle, Washington
Authors: Kahle Erin M. , Barash Elizabeth A. , Page Libby C. , Lansky Amy , Jafa Krishna , Sullivan Patrick S. , Buskin Susan E. 
Published: February 2009

Objectives. In February 2007, Public Health–Seattle and King County issued a press release describing a cluster of multiclass drug–resistant HIV cases among men who had sex with men (MSM). We evaluated the effect of the press release among MSM in the Seattle area. Methods. We administered a rapid assessment survey at venues where MSM congregate. Eligible participants were men who had sex with men in the past year, were older than 18 years, and were residents of western Washington State. Results. Among 325 participants, 57% heard or saw messages related to the press release. Of these, 87% remembered 1 or more key points, but only 5% remembered key prevention messages. Ninety-eight percent of participants thought it was important for the health department to get the message out about drug-resistant HIV. Conclusions. The press release was found to be a useful and well-received method to inform the public about an HIV drug–resistant cluster. Low retention and nonprominent coverage of key prevention messages suggests that health departments using press releases as a prevention tool need to carefully consider placement and emphasis of those messages in a press statement.
Health Care Access and Sexually Transmitted Infection Screening Frequency Among At-Risk Massachusetts Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Johnson Carey V. , Mimiaga Matthew J. , Reisner Sari L. , Tetu Ashley M. , Cranston Kevin , Bertrand Thomas , Novak David S. , Mayer Kenneth H. 
Published: February 2009

Objectives. We sought to assess risk exposures, health care access, and screening rates for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Massachusetts. Methods. We used a modified respondent-driven sampling method to collect data between March 2006 and May 2007. Overall, 126 MSM completed a survey. Results. Seventy percent of participants reported unprotected receptive anal intercourse with at least 1 nonmonogamous male partner; 50% reported having had a previous STI. Although 98% had visited a health care provider in the previous year, 39% had not been screened for STIs during the previous 2 years. Bisexual respondents were less likely to have told their health care providers that they engage in male-to-male sexual contact (OR = 4.66; P < .001), less likely to have been tested for STIs during in the previous 2 years (OR = 6.91; P < .001), and more likely to engage in insertive anal intercourse without a condom with an HIV-infected partner (OR = 5.04; P < .005) than were non-bisexual respondents. Conclusions. Clinicians need to assess sexual risk-taking behaviors and more routinely screen for STIs among sexually active men regardless of disclosure of a history of having sex with men.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Adults Who Had Been Abused and Neglected as Children:A 30-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Wilson Helen W. , Widom Cathy S. 
Published: February 2009

Objectives. We examined associations between childhood abuse and neglect and the risk in adulthood for sexually transmitted diseases. Methods. In a prospective cohort design, we matched children aged 0 to 11 years with documented cases of abuse or neglect during 1967 to 1971 with a control group of children who had not been maltreated (754 participants in all) and followed them into adulthood. Information about lifetime history of sexually transmitted diseases was collected as part of a medical status examination when participants were approximately 41 years old. Results. Childhood sexual abuse increased risk for any sexually transmitted disease (odds ratio [OR] = 1.94; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00, 3.77; P = .05) and more than 1 type of sexually transmitted disease (OR = 3.33; 95% CI = 1.33, 8.22; P = .01). Physical abuse increased risk for more than 1 type of sexually transmitted disease (OR = 3.61; 95% CI = 1.39, 9.38; P = .009). Conclusions. Our results provided the first prospective evidence that child physical and sexual abuse increases risk for sexually transmitted diseases. Early screening and interventions are needed to identify and prevent sexually transmitted diseases among child abuse victims.
The Carbohydrate Counting in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes (CCAT)Study
Authors: Bishop Franziska K. , Maahs David M. , Spiegel Gail , Owen Darcy , Klingensmith Georgeanna J. , Bortsov Andrey , Thomas Joan , Mayer-Davis Elizabeth J. 
Published: February 2009

This article reports pilot study results evaluating the accuracy of carbohydrate counting among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. This cross-sectional observational study included 48 adolescents ages 12–18 years (mean 15.2 ± 1.8 years) with type 1 diabetes of &gt; 1 year in duration (mean A1C 8.0 ± 1.0%) who used insulin:carbohydrate (I:C)ratios for at least one meal per day.
The adolescents were asked to assess the amount of carbohydrate in 32 foods commonly consumed by youths. Foods were presented either as food models or as actual food, with some items presented as standard serving sizes and some self-served by study participants.
T-tests were used to assess the significance of over- or underestimation of carbohydrate content. For each meal, accuracy was categorized as accurate (within 10 grams), overestimated (by &gt; 10 grams),or underestimated (by &gt; 10 grams) based on the commonly used I:C ratio of 1 unit of insulin per 10 grams of carbohydrate.
Only 23% of adolescents estimated daily carbohydrate within 10 grams of the true amount despite selection of common meals. For dinner meals, individuals with accurate estimation of carbohydrate grams had the lowest A1C values (7.69± 0.82%, P = 0.04).
The pilot study provides preliminary evidence that adolescents with type 1 diabetes do not accurately count carbohydrates. Further data are needed on carbohydrate counting accuracy and other factors that affect glycemic control.
Electrocorticography-guided resection of temporal cavernoma: is electrocorticography warranted and does it alter the surgical approach?
Authors: Van Gompel Jamie J. , Rubio Jesus , Cascino Gregory D. , Worrell Gregory A. , Meyer Fredric B. 
Published: February 2009

Object
Cavernous hemangiomas associated with epilepsy present an interesting surgical dilemma in terms of whether one should perform a pure lesionectomy or tailored resection, especially in the temporal lobe given the potential for cognitive damage. This decision is often guided by electrocorticography (ECoG), despite the lack of data regarding its value in cavernoma surgery. The purpose of the present study was several-fold: first, to determine the epilepsy outcome following resection of cavernomas in all brain regions; second, to evaluate the usefulness of ECoG in guiding surgical decision making; and third, to determine the optimum surgical approach for temporal lobe cavernomas.

Methods
The authors identified from their surgical database 173 patients who had undergone resection of cavernomas. One hundred two of these patients presented with epilepsy, and 61 harbored temporal lobe cavernomas. Preoperatively, all patients were initially evaluated by an epileptologist. The mean follow-up was 37 months.

Results
Regardless of the cavernoma location, surgery resulted in an excellent seizure control rate: Engel Class I outcome in 88% of patients at 2 years postoperatively. Of 61 patients with temporal lobe cavernomas, the mesial structures were involved in 35. Among the patients with temporal lobe cavernomas, those who underwent ECoG typically had a more extensive parenchymal resection rather than a lesionectomy (p < 0.0001). The use of ECoG in cases of temporal lobe cavernomas resulted in a superior seizure-free outcome: 79% (29 patients) versus 91% (23 patients) of patients at 6 months postresection, 77% (22 patients) versus 90% (20 patients) at 1 year, and 79% (14 patients) versus 83% (18 patients) at 2 years without ECoG versus with ECoG, respectively.

Conclusions
The surgical removal of cavernomas most often leads to an excellent epilepsy outcome. In cases of temporal lobe cavernomas, the more extensive the ECoG-guided resection, the better the seizure outcome. In addition to upholding the concept of kindling, the data in this study support the use of ECoG in temporal lobe cavernoma surgery in patients presenting with epilepsy.
Monitoring of brain interstitial total tau and beta amyloid proteins by microdialysis in patients with traumatic brain injury
Authors: Marklund Niklas , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Ronne-Engström Elisabeth , Enblad Per , Hillered Lars 
Published: February 2009

Object
Damage to axons contributes to postinjury disabilities and is commonly observed following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Traumatic brain injury is an important environmental risk factor for the development of Alzheimer disease (AD). In the present feasibility study, the aim was to use intracerebral microdialysis catheters with a high molecular cutoff membrane (100 kD) to harvest interstitial total tau (T-tau) and amyloid beta 1–42 (Aβ42) proteins, which are important biomarkers for axonal injury and for AD, following moderate-to-severe TBI.

Methods
Eight patients (5 men and 3 women) were included in the study; 5 of the patients had a focal/mixed TBI and 3 had a diffuse axonal injury (DAI). Following the bedside analysis of the routinely measured energy metabolic markers (that is, glucose, lactate/pyruvate ratio, glycerol, and glutamate), the remaining dialysate was pooled and two 12-hour samples per day were used to analyze T-tau and Aβ42 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from Day 1 up to 8 days postinjury.

Results
The results show high levels of interstitial T-tau and Aβ42 postinjury. Patients with a predominantly focal lesion had higher interstitial T-tau levels than in the DAI group from Days 1 to 3 postinjury (p < 0.05). In contrast, patients with DAI had consistently higher Aβ42 levels when compared with patients with focal injury.

Conclusions
These results suggest that monitoring of interstitial T-tau and Aβ42 by using microdialysis may be an important tool when evaluating the presence and role of axonal injury following TBI.
Polymer Photovoltaic Cells Based on Solution‐Processable Graphene and P3HT
Authors: Liu Qian , Liu Zunfeng , Zhang Xiaoyan , Yang Liying , Zhang Nan , Pan Guiling , Yin Shougen , Chen Yongsheng , Wei Jun 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA soluble graphene, which has a one‐atom thickness and a two‐dimensional structure, is blended with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and used as the active layer in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer photovoltaic cells. Adding graphene to the P3HT induces a great quenching of the photoluminescence of the P3HT, indicating a strong electron/energy transfer from the P3HT to the graphene. In the photovoltaic devices with an ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:graphene/LiF/Al structure, the device efficiency increases first and then decreases with the increase in the graphene content. The device containing only 10 wt % of graphene shows the best performance with a power conversion efficiency of 1.1%, an open‐circuit voltage of 0.72 V, a short‐circuit current density of 4.0 mA cm−2, and a fill factor of 0.38 under simulated AM1.5G conditions at 100 mW cm−2 after an annealing treatment at 160 °C for 10 min. The annealing treatment at the appropriate temperature (160 °C, for example) greatly improves the device performance; however, an annealing at overgenerous conditions such as at 210 °C results in a decrease in the device efficiency (0.57%). The morphology investigation shows that better performance can be obtained with a moderate content of graphene, which keeps good dispersion and interconnection. The functionalized graphene, which is cheap, easily prepared, stable, and inert against the ambient conditions, is expected to be a competitive candidate for the acceptor material in organic photovoltaic applications.
Alternation of Chemoselective Control in Stille–Heck and Heck–Stille Reaction Sequences
Authors: Masters Kye‐Simeon , Flynn Bernard L. 
Published: February 2009

Abstractmagnified imageSequential and one‐pot Stille–Heck and Heck–Stille reaction processes have been invoked to give divergent access to polycyclic ring systems. Both reaction conditions and substrate structure are important in determining the nature of the reaction products formed. The Heck–Stille reactions have involved a reversal of the usual Heck regioselectivity and both cine‐ and ipso‐substitutions have been observed in the Stille reaction.
Pallister–Killian syndrome in a girl with mild developmental delay and mosaicism for hexasomy 12p
Authors: Vogel Ida , Lyngbye Troels , Nielsen Alice , Pedersen Søren , Hertz Jens Michael 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe report on a 5‐year‐old girl with Pallister–Killian syndrome (OMIM #601803) due to mosaicism of two supernumerary isochromosomes (hexasomy 12p). Hexasomy 12p was found in 20% of the cells by chromosome analysis of cultured skin fibroblasts and confirmed by FISH‐ and arrayCGH analysis. The girl has woolly and sparse hair, absence of lateral eyebrows, dry skin, brittle nails, hypopigmented patches, frontal bossing, hearing loss, hypertrophic dilated cardiomyopathy, polydactyly, and mild developmental delay. This is the second live case of mosaicism for hexasomy 12p to be reported. A gene‐dosage hypothesis has previously suggested that cases with hexasomy 12p would have a worse phenotype than cases with tetrasomy 12p. The relatively mild symptoms found in the current girl with hexasomy 12p may to contradict this hypothesis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cholinergic dysfunction in fragile X syndrome and potential intervention: A preliminary 1H MRS study
Authors: Kesler Shelli R. , Lightbody Amy A. , Reiss Allan L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMales with fragile X syndrome (FRAX) are at risk for significant cognitive and behavioral deficits, particularly those involving executive prefrontal systems. Disruption of the cholinergic system secondary to fragile X mental retardation protein deficiency may contribute to the cognitive‐behavioral impairments associated with fragile X. We measured choline in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of nine males with FRAX and 9 age‐matched typically developing controls using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Right choline/creatine was significantly reduced in the fragile X group compared to controls. In controls, both left and right choline was significantly positively correlated with intelligence and age was significantly negatively correlated with left choline. There were no correlations in the fragile X group. Subjects with FRAX participating in a pilot open‐label trial of donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, demonstrated significantly improved cognitive‐behavioral function. Studies utilizing biochemical neuroimaging techniques such as these have the potential to significantly impact the design of treatment strategies for FRAX and other genetic disorders by helping identify neurochemical targets for intervention as well as serving as metrics for treatment efficacy. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunoglobulins and complement in postmortem multiple sclerosis tissue
Authors: Barnett Michael H. , Parratt John D. E. , Cho Eun‐Sook , Prineas John W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo identify evidence of a discrete, specific immune response in multiple sclerosis (MS) by analyzing the distribution of immunoglobulins and complement in tissue derived from cases of MS, and from control inflammatory white matter diseases known to express viral and autoantigens in the brain and spinal cord.MethodsAutopsy tissue from 25 MS patients and 24 patients with other neurological diseases was examined immunohistochemically for immunoglobulins and activated complement (C3d and C9neo).ResultsIn tissue remote from focal lesions in MS and other neurological diseases, IgG was detected in many normal structures but not in myelin or ramified microglia. Disrupted myelin in areas of active myelin breakdown and in phagocytes stained positively for C3d and C9neo, and equivocally for IgG in MS and all other neurological diseases examined, including ischemic infarcts. Disease‐specific deposits of IgG or complement were detected in virus‐infected cells in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and cytomegalovirus encephalitis; in glial‐limiting membranes in neuromyelitis optica; and in senile plaques in Alzheimer's dementia. Specific to MS were unusual microglial nodules containing short, linear deposits of activated complement (C3d) on partly demyelinated axons located in normal‐appearing periplaque white matter.InterpretationIgG and complement immunostaining of disrupted myelin in MS lesions, frequently cited as an indication of pathogenic anti‐myelin antibodies, is a nonspecific feature that cannot be interpreted as evidence of a distinct pathogenesis or serve to define particular variants of the disease. The unusual microglial nodules described in this study may constitute a specific biomarker with pathogenetic significance in MS. Ann Neurol 2009;65:32–46
Taurine deficiency is a cause of vigabatrin‐induced retinal phototoxicity
Authors: Jammoul Firas , Wang Qingping , Nabbout Rima , Coriat Caroline , Duboc Agnès , Simonutti Manuel , Dubus Elisabeth , Craft Cheryl M. , Ye Wen , Collins Stephen D. , Dulac Olivier , Chiron Catherine , Sahel José A. , Picaud Serge 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveAlthough vigabatrin irreversibly constricts the visual field, it remains a potent therapy for infantile spasms and a third‐line drug for refractory epilepsies. In albino animals, this drug induces a reduction in retinal cell function, retinal disorganization, and cone photoreceptor damage. The objective of this study was to investigate the light dependence of the vigabatrin‐elicited retinal toxicity and to screen for molecules preventing this secondary effect of vigabatrin.MethodsRats and mice were treated daily with 40 and 3mg vigabatrin, respectively. Retinal cell lesions were demonstrated by assessing cell function with electroretinogram measurements, and quantifying retinal disorganization, gliosis, and cone cell densities.ResultsVigabatrin‐elicited retinal lesions were prevented by maintaining animals in darkness during treatment. Different mechanisms including taurine deficiency were reported to produce such phototoxicity; we therefore measured amino acid plasma levels in vigabatrin‐treated animals. Taurine levels were 67% lower in vigabatrin‐treated animals than in control animals. Taurine supplementation reduced all components of retinal lesions in both rats and mice. Among six vigabatrin‐treated infants, the taurine plasma level was found to be below normal in three patients and undetectable in two patients.InterpretationThese results indicate that vigabatrin generates a taurine deficiency responsible for its retinal phototoxicity. Future studies will investigate whether cotreatment with taurine and vigabatrin can limit epileptic seizures without inducing the constriction of the visual field. Patients taking vigabatrin could gain immediate benefit from reduced light exposures and dietetic advice on taurine‐rich foods. Ann Neurol 2009;65:98–107