bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virtuous Bodies
Authors: Mrozik Susanne 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book investigates the diverse roles bodies play in Buddhist ethical development. Traditionally, Buddhists assumed a close connection between body and morality. Thus, Buddhist literature contains descriptions of living beings that stink with sin, are disfigured by vices, or are perfumed and adorned with virtues. Taking an influential early medieval Indian Mahayana Buddhist text — nullantideva's Compendium of Training (nulliknullasamuccaya) — as a case study, this book demonstrates that Buddhists regarded ethical development as a process of physical and moral transformation. This book chooses the Compendium of Training because it quotes from over one hundred Buddhist scriptures, allowing a broader Buddhist interest in the ethical significance of bodies to be revealed. The text is a training manual for bodhisattvas, especially monastic bodhisattvas. In it, bodies function as markers of, and conditions for, one's own ethical development. Most strikingly, bodies also function as instruments for the ethical development of others. When living beings come into contact with the virtuous bodies of bodhisattvas, they are transformed physically and morally for the better. This book explores both the centrality of bodies to the bodhisattva ideal and the corporeal specificity of that ideal. Arguing that the bodhisattva ideal is an embodied ethical ideal, the book poses an array of fascinating questions: what does virtue look like? What kinds of physical features constitute virtuous bodies? What kinds of bodies have virtuous effects on others?
American Religious Pluralism
Authors: Eck Diana L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses religious pluralism in America. Topics covered include religious diversity in America; the difference between pluralism and diversity; theological and civic perspectives of religious pluralism; and Ten Commandments cases. It argues that pluralism is the dynamic process by which we engage with one another in and through our deepest differences. For some, the engagement will be in the religious or theological register; for others it will be in the civic register; for many or most of us, it will be in both.
The End of Religious Pluralism
Authors: Hauerwas Stanley 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter attempts to show that the Christian response to the challenge of the new religious pluralism has everything to do with Christian nonviolence. It argues that pluralism is the ideology used by Protestant liberals to give themselves the illusion they are still in control of, or at least have responsibility for, the future of America. Religion is the designation created to privatize strong convictions in order to render them harmless so that alleged democracies can continue to have the illusion they flourish on difference. If there is anything new about the current situation, it is that we are coming to the end of Protestant hegemony in America.
Confronting the Communist Past
Authors: Stan Lavinia , Turcescu Lucian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Romania has been hard pressed to confront the communist past and its human rights infringements. Among religious denominations, the most tainted by collaboration with the repressive regime was the Orthodox Church. Four related themes illustrate how transitional justice affected the Orthodox Church: Patriarch Teoctist's undignified resignation in 1990 and his controversial return to the helm of his church; allegations that Orthodox priests broke the secret of the confessional by reporting information to the communist secret political police, the Securitate; reevaluation of the pros and cons of the church's collaboration with the communist regime; and the church's insistence that the names of political police agents and informers drawn from among the Orthodox clergy continue to be kept secret.
Religion, Politics, and Sexuality
Authors: Stan Lavinia , Turcescu Lucian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Since 1989, church and state have tried to impose on the society their views of morality by extolling the virtues of the traditional family and by condemning homosexuality and abortion as dangerous practices threatening the very existence of the Romanian nation. The parliamentary debates on lifting the ban on homosexual behavior and on legalizing abortion have proved illustrative of the tension between church and state, and of the churches’ efforts to influence the legislative vote occasionally by persuasion and at times by condemnation.
Acting as a Group Member
Authors: Tuomela Raimo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe central notions of acting and functioning as a group member are studied in this chapter. One can function and act as a group member either in the we-mode or in the I-mode. In the latter case, one adopts the group's constitutive goals, values, norms, and standards—briefly its “ethos”—in a private sense, whereas in the former case these are collectively accepted and the group members are collectively committed to them. Accordingly, we-mode reasons for actions and mental states are group-based and collectively constructed, while I-mode reasons are private. We-mode acting as group member is called the “standard” sense and the latter the “weak” sense of acting as a group member. The notion of collective commitment—viewed as a conceptual entailment of we-mode collective acceptance—is clarified and shown to be “group-socially” normative and its functions in central group contexts are discussed. Furthermore, the problems of satisfying and maintaining the group's ethos are considered at length.A distinction between we-mode groups and I-mode groups is made. We-mode groups are social constructions based on collective acceptance, whereas I-mode groups are based on their membersʼ private commitments to some shared goals, beliefs, norms etc., and are not collectively constructed as groups. We-mode groups can be instrumentalistically viewed as agents, although this is not correct from an ontological point of view.
Cooperation
Authors: Tuomela Raimo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter contains an extensive discussion of cooperation, including accounts of both I-mode and we-mode cooperation. I-mode cooperation concerns the participants relevantly “shifting” their I-mode goals and actions toward their partnersʼ goals and actions so that a shared goal outcome is reached. We-mode cooperation amounts to we-mode joint action. These two modes are compared and illustrated in terms of a simple game-theoretical public good acquisition model. It is shown that in some situations we-mode cooperation is preferable to both “progroup” and “plain” I-mode cooperation also on grounds of instrumental rationality. We-mode cooperation, by generally being more holistic and ingrained, gives more stability and order, involves respect-based trust, and also allows for more speed, creativity, and flexibility and better applicability to the large-group case. Because of the ingredient of collective commitment we-mode cooperation entails “strong,” group-sanctioned reciprocity, which helps to escape collective action dilemmas. From the group's point of view such dilemmas ideally do not even arise, although in real life people often do not act as proper group members but free-ride.
Cultural Evolution of Cooperative Social Activities
Authors: Tuomela Raimo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe evolutionary aspects of acting as a group member and cooperation are discussed in this chapter. It is argued that the disposition to act as a group member (and, accordingly, to cooperate) is a coevolutionary adaptation, a stable feature typically involving both biological and cultural elements. This chapter sketches an account of the dynamics and change of social practices. Three types of group change are focused on. The main change mechanism is taken to be social learning (e.g., imitation) based on conformism, thus we-attitudes. This theoretical account squares well with other, empirically supported work in the field.
Group Responsibility
Authors: Tuomela Raimo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe main idea about group responsibility is that we-mode groups, namely, groups in which a substantial number of the members are collectively committed to the group (to its ethos and to each other concerning ethos promotion), are normatively responsible—in a control-based sense of responsibility—for their actions and for what their members, also violators and dissidents, do. In contrast to we-mode groups, I-mode groups, are not responsible as groups for actions or outcomes. However, their members are jointly responsible for what they intentionally jointly (although not as a group) cause.
Liturgical Semiotics
Authors: Kepnes Steven 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
One of the major tasks of Mendelssohn and other Jewish thinkers is to formulate a larger vision of the Enlightenment, in which the Jews would not only participate but also take the lead. In Jerusalem (Berlin, 1783), Mendelssohn presents Jewish liturgies as particularly sophisticated forms of rational and theological semiosis. The group performance of Jewish liturgies is a signifying event in which the dynamism of God's spirit and the living wisdom and guidance of God's Torah is represented. Thus, liturgical semiosis is especially important to Judaism because it defeats all idolatrous attempts to fix spirit and wisdom in concrete forms. Mendelssohn's view is that all commandments and laws provide scripts for countless behavioral performances. This moves Jewish commandments out of the realm of civil and criminal law into a philosophical, theological, and aesthetic arena that is led by signs.
Liturgical Time
Authors: Kepnes Steven 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter attends to Rosenzweig's attempt to reestablish the relationship God–word–world, which was shattered in modernity. This provides the basis to rehabilitate a notion of miracle and the signs of liturgy for contemporary Jews. For Rosenzweig, liturgy is a form of reasoning about time that provides answers to the age‐old aporias that Augustine exposed in his Confessions. The first part of the chapter ends with an analysis of the psalms that are chanted in the Hallel service as keys to the liturgical relation to eternity. The second part of this chapter focuses on Rosenzweig's liturgical reasoning with each of the central festivals of the yearly Jewish calendar. These festivals are presented as expressions of three theological terms (creation, revelation, redemption) and the temporal tenses (past, present, future). The chapter concludes with an attempt to revise Rosenzweig's theology of Christianity through the Jewish‐Christian‐Islamic movement of “Scriptural Reasoning.”
Liturgical Space in the Post‐Shoah and Zionist Era
Authors: Kepnes Steven 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Jewish liturgy helps develop new forms of discourse and theology to respond to the two central events of the contemporary Jewish era: the Shoah and the establishment of the State of Israel. Peter Ochs argues that modern philosophical logic is limited and must be augmented with a “logic of scripture.” This chapter argues for the power of the “logic of liturgy.” To address the Shoah, the chapter focuses on the liturgical theodicy of the Passover Seder and the synagogue sermon. The State of Israel revives issues of sacred space for Judaism. Part two of the chapter explores the notion of liturgical space as a response to idolatrous and messianic claims by some Zionists for the present State of Israel. Liturgy preserves the messianic character of Israel as a future and not a present reality.
Epilogue
Authors: Kepnes Steven 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book could be summarized with the following proposition: Truth is liturgical. This means that truth is performative, communal, and temporal. Truth is also multi‐staged and processional; it takes time to develop and unfold. Truth is also a hybrid multi‐shaped thing rather than a pure and univocal essence. Liturgical truth is philosophy, ethics, theology, art, poetry, music, and dance, all working together. Monotheistic liturgies tell us that truth is married to scripture. If truth is liturgical, this chapter suggests that perhaps it can be found in nonreligious liturgical forms such as the form of the dialogue or, as in ancient Greece, the “symposium.” The chapter concludes with a suggestion that group practices of reading scripture also have liturgical aspects. The study sessions of Scriptural Reasoning are then explored for the ways in which they exhibit liturgical truth.
Differential Involvement of the Prefrontal, Premotor, and Primary Motor Cortices in Rule‐Based Motor Behavior
Authors: Hoshi Eiji 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the differential involvement of multiple areas of the lateral frontal cortex in rule‐based behavior. It presents evidence obtained from physiological and anatomical studies of monkeys and discusses the specific role played by each area from the viewpoint of a hierarchical network within the lateral frontal cortex. It introduces several key types of neuronal activity found in the prefrontal, premotor, and primary motor cortices of macaque monkeys performing a variety of rule‐based behaviors, such as following location‐matching rules or shape‐matching rules.
Dopaminergic Modulation of Flexible Cognitive Control: The Role of the Striatum
Authors: Cools Roshan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system is well known to play an important role in cognitive control processing. The effects of dopaminergic drugs on cognitive control are most commonly associated with modulation of the prefrontal cortex. For example, a large body of evidence supports a role for prefrontal dopamine in the stable maintenance of rule‐relevant representations. This chapter reviews studies highlighting a complementary role for the basal ganglia in a different aspect of cognitive control and argues that the straitum mediate the dopaminergic modulation of the flexible (as opposed to stable) control of relevant representations. Moreover, the chapter proposes that the role of the basal ganglia to cognitive flexibility is restricted to the flexible control of concrete stimulus‐response associations, and does not extend to the control of abstract rule representations.
Rules through Recursion: How Interactions between the Frontal Cortex and Basal Ganglia May Build Abstract, Complex Rules from Concrete, Simple Ones
Authors: Miller Earl K. , Buschman Timothy J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The understanding of abstract rules is necessary for the development of goal‐directed behavior, and generally has been linked to prefrontal function. However, this chapter puts forward the theory that complex thoughts and actions can actually be “bootstrapped” from simpler ones through the parallel interactions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia (specifically, the dorsal striatum) via the corticoganglia loops. The relationship between the two structures appears to be that, as the animal learns specific stimulus‐response associations, they are quickly represented in the striatum, which then slowly trains the PFC. The closed circuit loop between the two structures suggests an autoassociative network in which a key component is the ability to learn temporal sequences of patterns and thus make predictions.
4 charting responsibilities
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter offers a sustained critique of Robert Goodin's use of his Principle of Protecting the Vulnerable. Goodin does not succeed in demonstrating that the vulnerability principle, which explains special obligations, also supports individual and collective obligations to distant strangers; in addition, his claim that the principle yields a kind of consequentialism seems mistaken. An ethics of responsibility that focuses on actual distributions and practices of responsibility, however, is especially revealing of how differentiated moral and social positions are constituted. As feminist care ethics illustrates, being held responsible in certain ways, or being exempted or excluded from responsibility of certain types, forms individuals' own senses of responsibility and others' expectations of accountability. Close attention to practices of responsibility also reveals why a purely instrumental account of responsibility assignment misses the multiple functions of responsibility assignment in expressing and reproducing shared moral understandings and expectations.
Beyond Reduction
Authors: Horst Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractContemporary debates in philosophy of mind‐between reductionists, dualists, nonreductive materialists, and eliminativists‐have been based upon the perception that mental phenomena like consciousness and intentionality are uniquely irreducible. The “explanatory gap” between mind and body seems to be an urgent and fascinating problem if one assumes that intertheoretic reductions are the rule in the special sciences, with the mind as the lone exception. While this debate was going on in philosophy of mind, however, philosophers of science were rejecting this very sort of reductionism: intertheoretic reductions are not ubiquitous but rare. This book argues that post‐reductionist philosophy of science poses problems for all the familiar positions in philosophy of mind and calls for a deep rethinking of the problematic. To this end, a new perspective, Cognitive Pluralism, is urged.
1 Varieties of Naturalism
Authors: Horst Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines several varieties of “naturalism” in philosophy of mind and philosophy of science. In philosophy of mind, it is the view that mental phenomena can be accommodated within the framework of the world of the nature as understood by the natural sciences. However, there are a number of variations on this view. Naturalism takes normative and positive forms. It can be a claim about metaphysics or about explanation. And it can be based on several paradigms for understanding explanation in the natural sciences: reductive, nomic, and evolutionary. The preeminent importance of reductive naturalism in philosophy of mind is explained.
Ordinary Objects
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractArguments that ordinary inanimate objects such as tables and chairs, sticks and stones, simply do not exist have become increasingly common. Some arguments for eliminativism are based on demands for parsimony or for a non-arbitrary answer to the special composition question; others arise from prohibitions against causal redundancy, ontological vagueness, or colocation; and others still come from worries that a common sense ontology would be a rival to a scientific one. This book makes the case that the mistakes behind all of these superficially diverse eliminativist arguments may be traced to a common source, and may be successfully resisted by adopting a small cluster of interrelated and independently plausible theses about reference, analyticity, and modality. By adopting these theses, we can make sense of our common sense world view without internal contradiction, violation of plausible metaphysical principles, or rivalry with a scientific ontology. In the end, however, the most important result of addressing these eliminativist arguments is not merely avoiding their conclusions. It also leads to important metaontological results, bringing into question widely held assumptions about which uses of metaphysical principles are appropriate, which metaphysical demands are answerable, and how we incur ontological commitments. As a result, the work of this book hopes to provide not only the route to a reflective understanding of our unreflective common sense world view, but also a better understanding of the proper methods and limits of metaphysics.
Problems of Vagueness
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractUnger's sorites-style argument against ordinary objects relies on the vagueness of the associated terms. While standard solutions to the problems of vagueness are often accused of being ad hoc, this chapter argues that the above view of reference provides an understanding of the source of vagueness that suggests that supervaluational solutions and Tye's indeterminist solution are entirely suitable and not ad hoc. Others reject ordinary objects given worries that these objects would have to be vague, since ontic vagueness is often considered incoherent. This chapter also addresses Horgan's and Evans' reasons for rejecting ontic vagueness, arguing that the kind of vagueness in the world that we must posit to accept ordinary objects is a kind of anodyne vagueness that explains the vagueness in the world in terms of vagueness in our representations, but that even serious ontological vagueness does not present the difficulties it is thought to.
A Coherent Common Sense View
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter begins by bringing out three common mistakes that lie behind the various arguments against ordinary objects discussed in this book. It goes on to suggest that all of these mistakes may be avoided by adopting a unified picture, based on the thesis that our singular and general nominative terms have a basic conceptual content in the form of frame-level conditions of application and coapplication collectively established by competent speakers. It shows how to develop a workable ontology of ordinary objects — one that can avoid all of the standard arguments against such objects — from that basis, and defends the claim that this provides a common sense view. The closing sections consider some prominent objections to the positive view, including that it posits too many objects and that it leads to some form of anti-realism.
International Relations
Authors: Louden Robert B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines international relations since the Enlightenment. Topics covered include the League of Nations, the United Nations, warring nations, the moral pressure of human rights, and global jurisdiction versus national sovereignty. It is argued that the present situation with regard to Enlightenment ideals in the sphere of international relations is very similar to that of education. In both cases, it appears at first glance that subsequent generations have indeed realized a good many Enlightenment hopes. However, the reality underneath the surface is quite different. There exists a variety of minimally functional but by no means robust international institutions and an abundance of global rules, and they are both contributing to the creation of a global civil society. But there is still no peace.
The Mind Possessed
Authors: Cohen Emma E. A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Mind Possessed examines spirit concepts and mediumistic practices from a cognitive scientific perspective. Drawing primarily, but not exclusively, from ethnographic data collected during eighteen months of fieldwork in Belém, northern Brazil, this book combines fine‐grained description and analysis of mediumistic activities in an Afro‐Brazilian cult house with a scientific account of the emergence and the spread of the tradition's core concepts. The book develops a novel theoretical approach to questions that are of central importance to the scientific study of transmission of culture, particularly concepts of spirits, spirit healing, and spirit possession. Making a radical departure from established anthropological, medicalist, and sociological analyses of spirit phenomena, the book looks instead to instructive insights from the cognitive sciences and offers a set of testable hypotheses concerning the spread and appeal of spirit concepts and possession activities. Predictions and claims are grounded in the data collected and sourced in specific ethnographic contexts. The data presented open new lines of enquiry for the cognitive science of religion (a rapidly growing field of interdisciplinary scholarship) and challenge the existing but outdated theoretical frameworks within which spirit possession practices have traditionally been understood.