bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New results on non‐fragileH∞controller design for uncertain linear systems
Authors: Zhang Baoyong , Xu Shengyuan , Zhou Shaosheng , Zong Guangdeng 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with the non‐fragileH∞control problem for uncertain linear systems. The uncertainties are of a linear fractional form and appear in both the state and control input matrices. The purpose is to design a state feedback controller, which is subject to linear fractional parametric uncertainties, such that the resulting closed‐loop system is quadratically stable with anH∞norm bound. A sufficient condition for the solvability of the problem is obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Developmental toxicity assessment of d,l‐Methylphenidate and d‐Methylphenidate in rats and rabbits
Authors: Beckman David A. , Schneider Marilynn , Youreneff Maureen , Tse Francis L.S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:Previous investigations reported no teratogenicity for methylphenidate (MPH). These studies investigated potential teratogenicity of d‐MPH and d,l‐MPH as commitments to the FDA.METHODS:Rabbits received 15, 50, 150 mg/kg/day (mkd) d‐MPH or 20, 60, 200, 300 mkd d,l‐MPH on gestation days 7–20. Rats received 2.5, 10, 40 mkd d‐MPH, or 7, 25, 75, 80 mkd d,l‐MPH on gestation days 6–17.RESULTS:d‐MPH—In rabbits, mortality occurred at 150 mkd. Dilated pupils, increased activity, biting/chewing, respiration, and salivation occurred at ≥15 mkd in rabbits and ≥10 mkd in rats. Decreased food consumption occurred at 40 mkd in rats. Decreased body weight parameters occurred at 150 mkd in rabbits and ≥10 mkd in rats. There were no fetal findings in rabbits. In rats, skeletal variations occurred at 40 mkd. d,l‐MPH—In rabbits, mortality occurred at ≥200 mkd. Dilated pupils, increased activity, biting/chewing, respiration, and salivation occurred at ≥20 mkd in rabbits and ≥25 mkd in rats. Decreased food consumption occurred at ≥200 mkd in rabbits and ≥25 mkd in rats. Decreased body weight parameters occurred at ≥200 mkd in rabbits and ≥25 mkd in rats. In rabbits, two fetuses (separate litters) had spina bifida and malrotated hindlimbs at 200 mkd. In rats, skeletal variations occurred at ≥75 mkd.CONCLUSIONS:There was no teratogenicity with d‐MPH. There was a low teratogenic risk with d,l‐MPH in only the rabbit. Higher Cmaxmay explain differences in results from previous studies.Birth Defects Res (Part B)83:489‐501, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ordovizium und Silur. Überschwemmungen, eine Eiszeit und die Eroberung des Festlandes
Authors: Rothe Peter 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOrdovizium und Silur sind überwiegend durch dunkle, tonige Ablagerungen sauerstoffarmer Meere gekennzeichnet, denen flachmarine Sandbarren auf den Schelfen und kalkige Riffbereiche gegenüberstanden. Im pelagischen Bereich gab es eine Vielzahl von Graptolithenarten, die von anfangs noch sessiler zu planktonischer Lebensweise übergingen, was sie zu ausgezeichneten Leitfossilien macht. Auch Trilobiten und Brachiopoden erlebten eine stürmische Entwicklung. In Flachmeeren entstanden von Bryozoen und Korallen gebildete Riffe. Erste Sporenfunde im Ordovizium belegen die beginnende Besiedlung des Festlands durch Pflanzen, die im Silur schon bedeutend war. Am Ende des Ordoviziums kam es zu einem Massenaussterben, das wahrscheinlich durch einen Klimawandel gesteuert war, von dem auch eine ordovizische Eiszeit zeugt.
Horizontaler Gentransfer. DNA‐Austausch über Artgrenzen hinweg
Authors: Wilharm Gottfried 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMechanismen des horizontalen Gentransfers (HGT) sind im Bakterienreich und bei Archaeen weit verbreitet und prägen das Erscheinungsbild mancher mikrobieller Genome wesentlich. Da über HGT komplett neue Stoffwechselwege, Proteintransportapparate oder andere komplexe Funktionen in einem Schritt erworben werden können, können evolutive Quantensprünge über kurze Zeiträume erklärbar werden. Am Beispiel bakterieller Krankheitserreger wird die Bedeutung von HGT für Resistenzentwicklungen, Virulenzausprägung und Wirtsanpassung besonders deutlich. HGT‐Ereignisse haben im Laufe der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Lebewesen auch zwischen weit entfernten Entwicklungslinien immer wieder stattgefunden. Der zum Teil erhebliche HGT‐abhängige genetische Fluss über Artgrenzen hinweg macht eine neue Betrachtungsweise von Verwandtschaftsverhältnissen nötig.
Zelloberflächenlipide signalisieren Zelltod
Authors: Hille‐Rehfeld Annette 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDie asymmetrische Lipidzusammensetzung der Plasmamembran ist für die Zelle lebenswichtig. Ändert sie sich, wie im Fall des programmierten Zelltods, so wird die absterbende Zelle von benachbarten Zellen als solche erkannt und durch Mikropinocytose eliminiert. Pockenviren nutzen diesen Mechanismus für die Infektion von Wirtszellen nach Art eines trojanischen Pferdes.
Blogs, Wikis und Podcasts im Unterricht
Authors: Fenner Martin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMit dem im Jahr 2005 geprägten Begriff Web 2.0 ist eine veränderte Nutzung des Internets gemeint, bei der die Inhalte in zunehmendem Maße vom Nutzer selbst erstellt werden. Typische Beispiele sind Blogs und Wikis, die sich ebenso wie andere Web 2.0‐Anwendungen hervorragend zur Unterstützung des Unterrichts an Schulen und Universitäten eignen.
Nachrichten des Verbandes Biologie, Biowissenschaften amp; Biomedizin in Deutschland
Authors: Bickel Susanne 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWissenschaft und Gesellschaft:Moderne Genetik jenseits von Erbsen und FliegenAus den Fachgesellschaften:Erklärung der Gesellschaft für HumangenetikMaterialien:Neuer VBIO‐FlyeAus den Landesverbänden:Landesverband Berlin/BrandenburgLandesverband Bayern
A novel low‐complexity transmission power adaptation in MC‐CDMA systems witha‐MRC receiver over Nakagami‐mfading channels
Authors: Feng Yizhi , Qin Jiayin , Wei Gang , Ji Fei 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a novel low‐complexity transmission power adaptation with good bit error rate (BER) performance for multicarrier code‐division multiple‐access (MC‐CDMA) systems over Nakagami‐mfading channels. We first propose a new receiver calledath‐order‐maximal‐ratio‐combining (a‐MRC) receiver with which the receiver power gain for thenth subcarrier is theath (a⩾1) power of the corresponding channel gain. Incorporating thea‐MRC receiver, we then propose a new transmission power adaptation scheme where the transmission power is allocated over all theNsubcarriers according to the subchannel gains and the transmitter adapts its power to maintain a constant signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise (SINR) at the receiver. The proposed scheme has a significant performance gain over the nonadaptive transmission scheme over both independent and correlated fading channels. Moreover, the proposed scheme keeps good BER performance while it is much simpler than the previous power control/adaptation schemes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A male‐specific effect of dominant‐negative Fos
Authors: Pierre Wooly , Morra Rosa , Lucchesi John , Yedvobnick Barry 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe transcription factor Fos contains a basic DNA binding domain combined with a leucine zipper (bZip). Expression of a truncated form of Fos in Drosophila that contains only the bZip region (Fos bZip) elicits phenotypes resembling fos mutations. These effects presumably derive from competition between wild‐type and truncated forms for dimerization partners, with the truncation acting in a dominant‐negative manner. We found that expression of Fos bZip elicits male‐specific phenotypes. Moreover, genetic interactions occur between Fos bZip and mutations in loci encoding the X chromosome dosage compensation complex. Fos bZip effects are correlated with aberrant male X chromosome structure and depressed signaling through the X‐linked Notch locus. Unexpectedly, the male‐specific effects are not reproduced with Fos RNAi, suggesting that Fos bZip can be neomorphic in nature. These results provide insight into how mutations in bZip proteins can exhibit gain of function activity. Developmental Dynamics 237:3361–3372, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization/Carbonylation as a Direct Route to 4‐[(Methoxycarbonyl)methyl]‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinolinones
Authors: Ardizzoia G. Attilio , Beccalli Egle M. , Borsini Elena , Brenna Stefano , Broggini Gianluigi , Rigamonti Micol 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAn efficient synthetic protocol for the preparation of4‐[(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinolin‐1‐onesfrom N‐allylamides of 2‐iodobenzoic acids has been performed under 100 atm of carbon monoxide. Pyridine ring formation occurs through an intramolecular Pd‐catalyzed carbon–carbon bond formation, followed by an alkoxycarbonylation process.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Measurement of the differences in electrophoretic mobilities of individual molecules of E. coli β‐galactosidase provides insight into structural differences which underlie enzyme microheterogeneity
Authors: Nichols Ellert R. , Craig Douglas B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe electrophoretic mobility and catalytic activity of individual molecules of Escherichia coli β‐galactosidase were measured using CE‐LIF detection. Both the mobility and activity were reproducible for each molecule but differed between individual molecules. Assays were performed using uncoated capillaries and capillaries coated with different polymers, using enzymes from different sources and by three different experimental protocols. In all cases the observed ranges in electrophoretic mobilities were similar. The observed range in the electrophoretic mobility may be explained by structural microheterogeneity resulting in a gain or loss of up to 1.6 suppressed charge units. There was no observed relationship between the observed activities and electrophoretic mobilities. If the finding that individual β‐galactosidase molecules have heterogeneous electrophoretic mobility can be extended to other proteins, this may limit the resolution possible for capillary zone electrophoresis protein separations.
Proteomic analysis of conditioned media from glucose responsive and glucose non‐responsive phenotypes reveals a panel of secreted proteins associated with beta cell dysfunction
Authors: Dowling Paul , Shields William , Rani Sweta , Meleady Paula , Henry Michael , Jeppesen Per , O'Driscoll Lorraine , Clynes Martin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMedia conditioned by dysfunctioning pancreatic beta cells offer an excellent source of potential protein markers associated with this phenotype. Proteins identified from cell culture model systems are often found to be of importance clinically. Previous work by us and others have shown that low‐passage MIN‐6 cells (MIN‐6(L)) respond to changes in glucose concentrations, producing an approximately 5.5‐fold glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in response to 26.7 mmol/L, compared with 3.3 mmol/L, glucose. After continuous culture or high‐passage (MIN‐(H)), this GSIS was no longer present and thus represents an excellent model system for investigating beta cell dysfunction. Employing 2‐D difference gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry a panel of protein markers were identified in conditioned media (CM) from MIN‐6(L) and MIN‐6(H) beta cells. These proteins, including secretogranin II, secretogranin III and transthyretin, are associated with secretory granule biogenesis and were found to have substantially increased levels in the CM from the non‐responsive high‐passage MIN‐6 beta cells. A panel of protein markers found to have increased abundance levels in CM from MIN‐6(H) compared with MIN‐6(L) beta cells may have the potential to be used clinically for assessing beta cell function and to monitor the effects of specific therapeutics.
Spatial variability in precipitation within the Hilton Experimental Site, Shropshire, UK (1982–2006)
Authors: Subedi M. , Fullen M. A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAccurate precipitation measurements are essential for many hydrological and hydrogeological management strategies. Precipitation at the Hilton Experimental Site has been regularly measured since 1982. This paper summarises 157 rain gauge years of precipitation data, recorded between 1982 and 2006, using 11 rain gauges on the 0·5 hectare site. Precipitation varied markedly within the site. Precipitation totals were notably different between two adjacent rain gauges, the mean difference being 0·3% of the total. Variations in mean annual precipitation within the site were ⩽8%. Spatial variations in wind turbulence appeared to be the main factor influencing intra‐site variability. Precipitation totals varied with gauge exposure, with surface level gauges receiving ⩽5·9% more precipitation than standard rain gauges, the difference being less lower down the slope. On a steep (∼15° ) slope, basal sections had 2·5–7·9% more precipitation. Upper gauges received less, probably due to turbulence as increased exposure on the top of the slope resulted in precipitation being carried over the gauge orifice. Results confirm that due attention must be given to the inherent variability of precipitation amounts when calculating precipitation inputs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial prediction of nitrate pollution in groundwaters using neural networks and GIS: an application to South Rhodope aquifer (Thrace, Greece)
Authors: Gemitzi A. , Petalas C. , Pisinaras V. , Tsihrintzis V. A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNeural network techniques combined with Geographical Information Systems (GIS), are used in the spatial prediction of nitrate pollution in groundwaters. Initially, the most important parameters controlling groundwater pollution by nitrates are determined. These include hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, depth to the aquifer, land uses, soil permeability, and fine to coarse grain ratio in the unsaturated zone. All these parameters were quantified in a GIS environment, and were standardized in a common scale. Subsequently, a neural network classification was applied, using a multi‐layer perceptron classifier with the back propagation (BP) algorithm, in order to categorize the examined area into categories of groundwater nitrate pollution potential. The methodology was applied to South Rhodope aquifer (Thrace, Greece). The calculation was based on information from 214 training sites, which correspond to monitored nitrate concentrations in groundwaters in the area. The predictive accuracy of the model developed reached 86% in the training samples, 74% in the overall sample and 71% in the test samples. This indicates that this methodology is promising to describe the spatial pattern of nitrate pollution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pH sensitive probe 5‐(and‐6)‐carboxyl seminaphthorhodafluor is a substrate for the multidrug resistance‐related protein MRP1
Authors: Jin Jing , Jones Arwyn T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCellular function is dependent on tight regulation of intracellular pH and numerous reports show cancer cells have abnormal pH values in the cytosol and organelles, such as lysosomes. 5‐(and‐6)‐carboxyl seminaphthorhodafluor (SNARF‐1) is a commonly used pH sensitive probe and was used here to determine cytosolic pH of HL‐60 leukemia cells and a drug‐resistant variant overexpressing multidrug‐resistance related protein 1 (MRP1). Resistant cells accumulated significantly less SNARF‐1 compared to parental cells but near control levels of probe accumulation were observed by preincubating cells with the specific MRP1 inhibitor MK571. Two new drug‐resistant cell lines were generated following exposure to doxorubicin or daunorubicin and these upregulated MRP1 or P‐glycoprotein expression, respectively. Experiments in these cells showed that reduced SNARF‐1 accumulation was specific to MRP1 overexpression, as cells upregulating P‐glycoprotein accumulated control levels of the probe. Confirmation that SNARF‐1 is a MRP1 substrate was obtained using K562 and KG1a cells that have been shown to, respectively, constitutively express MRP1 and P‐glycoprotein. Together, the data suggest that SNARF‐1 is a substrate for MRP1 but not P‐glycoprotein, and could therefore be used as a probe to distinguish between expression and activity of these 2 efflux proteins. Finally, we confirm that doxorubicin but not daunorubicin challenged MRP1 overexpressing HL‐60 cells have elevated cytosolic pH. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Changing Paradigm of Pelagic Food Webs
Authors: Reynolds Colin S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe paper catalogues the development of knowledge that has increasingly challenged the conventional understanding (the paradigm) that the predominant pathway of energy flow in pelagic systems is founded on the primary production of phytoplankton, its consumption by herbivorous zooplankton and, in turn, the feeding of larger carnivorous animals, including fish of commercial value. Aquatic food webs are now recognised to be more diverse in their carbon sources, more complex in structure and more versatile in their function. Adjacent terrestrial catchments supply nutrients and, crucially, dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic carbon. Pivotal roles in the processing of autochthonous organic carbon are often fulfilled by pelagic microbes and bacterivorous nanoplankton and microplankton. Mesozooplankton consumes algae directly if sufficiently concentrated but is itself a limiting resource to pelagic fish, which either must be specially adapted to gather sufficient zooplankton or must switch to benthic or littoral foods. Opportunistic feeding by such fish, though primarily nourished in the inshore, continues to control abundant zooplankton. Mobility and dietary electivity of adult fish integrate the pelagic food web into that of the benthos. Except in very large lakes and in the open ocean, the influence of benthic food webs influences the flow of carbon within the pelagic and beyond, serving to invalidate the traditional paradigm of trophic relationships and demanding formulation of another.The flows of matter and energy … result from a simple composition of the activity of individuals and of species R. Margalef, 1997. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ecotechnology and Emission Control: Alternative or Mutually Promoting Strategies in Water Resources Management?
Authors: Benndorf Jürgen 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBeyond the traditional paradigm of reducing the loading of water‐bodies by pollutants, during the last four decades the new paradigm of ecotechnology developed in water pollution control. Ecotechnology focuses on minimising the consequences of pollution by intentionally manipulating ecosystem‐internal structures and processes. To promote the new paradigm a new “ecotechnological immission concept” is proposed. The key idea of this new concept states that for non‐toxic, bioconvertible and non bioaccumulating pollutants higher emissions may be granted, if the physical, chemical, and biological structure of the ecosystem has been optimised by ecotechnology to achieve the natural degradation or immobilisation of these substances. All types of pollutants, however, must not exceed ecotechnologically critical limits. Thus, the new “ecotechnological immission concept” integrates emission control and ecotechnology as mutually promoting strategies.It is the combination of physical characteristics with the chemical and biological processes that makes the various aquatic systems so varied in appearance D. M. Imboden and A. Wüest (1995). (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Climatic Change, Aquatic Science, Multiple Shifts in Paradigms
Authors: Gerten Dieter 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper discusses some recent paradigm shifts in the basic and applied aquatic sciences. Examples for these shifts in thinking are the recognition of climate‐driven synchronies in lake dynamics over large geographic domains, the existence of global‐scale teleconnections in the water system through “virtual water trade”, and the gradual replacement of engineering solutions to water resources management. Furthermore, it is discussed how these scientific breakthroughs relate to the recognition that global climate and environmental change is real, which itself can be considered a paradigm shift. Since these academic paradigm shifts are gradually entering the public discourse, it can be speculated whether they eventually add up to an even more fundamental “sustainability paradigm shift” across all sectors of society.If philosophy does not resolve any scientific problem, science, in its turn, does not resolve any philosophical problem Nicolás Gómez Dávila (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Food Web Paradigms: The Biochemical View on Trophic Interactions
Authors: Müller‐Navarra Dörthe C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDifferent metabolic pathways and requirements can lead to imbalances in the biochemical composition, e.g., between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and between heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms. In addition, heterotrophs cannot synthesize many of the required biochemical constituents themselves but rely in their provision on the feeding environment. If imbalances of essential biochemicals between heterotrophic consumers and their prey are large, those biochemicals can become limiting. The importance of essential ω3‐poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for heterotrophic organisms (zooplankton, fish) is well recognized. Especially the conversion of C18‐PUFAs to C20 or C22 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) are critical for heterotrophic protists and metazooplankton, and storage may be an adaptation to help overcome limitation. The ecological relevance of cholesterol, essential for arthropods, is still an open question as vertebrates and fungi may be important sources in aquatic systems. Less is known about essential amino acids being limiting. However protein limitation seems to be rare in plankton unless detritus contributes largely to the food. One ecological importance of autotrophs lies in the synthesis of essential biomolecules, promoting growth of heterotrophs. However, vitamin B12 may preferentially originate from prokaryotes (bacteria, cyanobacteria), even limiting growth of certain eukaryotic algae. Measuring the relevant biochemicals, its environmental forcing and cycling (conservation versus alteration in the food web), going beyond food species affiliation and carbon as a unit, but taking the overall food concentration into account will enhance the characterization of C‐cycling and energy flux, irrespectively of the “classical food chain” or “microbial loop”, with implication to human nutrition. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)