bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical mechanisms of red blood cell 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate increase at high altitude
Authors: Moore Lorna Grindlay , Brewer George J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRed blood cell 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) levels increase after ascent to high altitude. Studies were undertaken to identify the biochemical mechanisms responsible for eliciting the 2,3‐DPG response in several types of subjects. These included (1) short‐term exposure to 3400 m in ten subjects; (2) exposure to 4300 m in an additional ten subjects; (3) studies in 28 high‐altitude normal residents of 3100 m; and (4) studies in 28 high‐altitude residents with chronic mountain polycythemia. Controls were 41 residents of 240 m. Regression analysis identified the glycolytic variables, termed “key variables,” on which variation in 2,3‐DPG levels was dependent (P < .05). Key variables common to the short‐term studies were glucose‐6‐phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and the ratio of the levels of adenosine diphosphate to adenosine triphosphate. The positions of these key variables in the glycolytic pathway and their mean levels suggest erythrocyte hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activation as possible enzymatic mechanisms. Key variables unique to the 3400 m study suggested phosphofructokinase activation also acted to increase 2,3‐DPG levels. 2,3‐DPG levels in the normal 3100 m residents were not different from low‐altitude values, and 2,3‐DPG levels in these samples did not appear to be dependent on any of the glycolytic variables examined. Among the high‐altitude residents with polycythemia, higher 2,3‐DPG levels were dependent on glucose‐6‐phosphate, fructose diphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and the ratio of adenosine diphosphate to adenosine triphosphate levels. The positions of these variables in the glycolytic pathway and their mean levels suggested activation of the hexokinase and phosphofructokinase enzymes.
Reproduction and population growth in free‐ranging mantled howling monkeys
Authors: Glander Kenneth E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFree‐ranging mantled howling monkey (Alouatta palliata Gray) females experienced a regular estrus cycle averaging 16.3 days, demonstrated sexual skin changes, and participated in multiple matings before becoming pregnant. Gestation averaged 186 days. The average interval between births was 22.5 months. Sexual maturity occurred at approximately 36 and 42 months for females and males, respectively. Female age at first birth was about 3½ years. Births were scattered during some years and clustered during others. The age, rank, and parity of the females affected infant survival. More female than male infants survived to one year of age. Increased population size was the result of immigration rather than births.
Cerebral venous hemodynamics and the basicranium of Cebus
Authors: Conroy Glenn C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study of basicranial foramina has played an important role in primatological investigations. They are often the only clues for deciphering cerebral vascular evolution in fossil forms. This study illustrates the significance of considering foraminal shape when analyzing or describing basicranial anatomy in living and fossil primates. It is suggested that certain hemodynamic properties of cerebral venous drainage in Cebus represent patterns that were most likely present in ancestral catarrhines.
Genetic studies among Kanet and Koli of Kinnar district in Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Papiha S. S. , Chahal S.M.S. , Roberts D. F. , Singh I. P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData are presented on serological and electrophoretic variants of 18 systems of red cells in 228 individuals belonging to a scheduled tribe (Kanet) and a scheduled caste (Koli) of Kinnar district in Himachal Pradesh, India. Differences in gene frequencies clearly indicate biological distinction in the local population. The possible cause of this genetic heterogeneity is discussed.
Indonesian “Solo” (Ngandong) endocranial reconstructions: Some preliminary observations and comparisons with Neandertal and Homo erectus groups
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLatex rubber brain endocasts of Solo I, V, VI, X, and XI crania were prepared in order to determine accurate volumes by H2Odisplacement and morphological description. The new volumes are not markedly different from previous estimates that had been done by mensuration formulae. The mean volume is 1,151 ml. The endocast surfaces, while devoid of gyral and sulcal relief patterns, do show a preponderance of left‐occipital‐right‐frontal petalia patterns, suggesting right‐handedness. Metrical observations support the viewpoint that the Solo crania are more closely related to earlier Indonesia Homo erectus than to Neandertals.
Infanticide and fertility among Eskimos: A computer simulation
Authors: Chapman Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUntil recently, certain Eskimo groups were reported to practice female infanticide in the belief that the time spent suckling a girl would delay the mother's next opportunity to bear a son, males being preferred to females because of their future role as providers in a hunting economy. From sex ratios in census data, rates of female infanticide of up to 66% for some groups have been inferred, leading some ethnographers to conclude that these groups were headed for extinction. Eskimo beliefs regarding the effects of infanticide on fertility, however, are in accord with the results of research on the relation of fertility and lactation: The cessation of lactation following infanticide would significantly shortern the expected interval until the next birth. Given this fact and available field data regarding the parameters of Eskimo population growth, the present computer simulation indicates that Eskimo populations could sustain a rate of 30% female infanticide and still survive. Higher reported rates are explained as the combined result of female infanticide plus the tendency of ethnographers to overestimate to overestimate the ages of juvenile females relative to juvenile males.
Racial differences in subcutaneous fat patterns in children aged 7–15 years
Authors: Harsha D. W. , Voors A. W. , Berenson G. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn a stratified random sample of 278 children aged 7–15 years of an entire biracial community, skinfold measurements were taken on six standard body sites. We found that white children had generally thicker skinfolds than blacks for the same body weight, with a consistent exception: the subscapular skinfold was relatively thicker in blacks. It is suggested that this racial difference in distribution of fat may manifest a genetic adaptive trait developed under circumstances demanding both a caloric reserve and facilitation of convective heat loss in tropical climates.
Polymorphisms of red‐green vision in some populations of Southern Africa
Authors: Adam Avinoam 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSome 5,000 schoolboys of the Khoikhoi, Negro, “Coloured,” and Malay populations were screened with the Ishihara plates, and those with defective red‐green vision were diagnosed with an anomaloscope. The findings are presented in terms of the six protan and deutan mutant alleles, a few large population‐samples (e.g., Nama and Zulu) being characterized by absence of the allele for protanopia.The overall frequencies of mutants range from less than 1% to over 4%. No correspondence was found between these data and linguistic affinities of eight Bantu‐speaking groups, nor between the frequencies of colorblindness and previously estimated proportions of San genes in these eight populations; on the other hand, a north‐south cline of increasing frequencies of mutants and of dichromacies among the Bantu‐speakers was noted.The overall frequency of defective red‐green vision among Cape Coloureds, 3.3%, is compatible with previously estimated racial composition of this population. The Malay sample is characterized by the highest frequency of protan mutants (2%), a 1:1 protan‐deutan ratio, and an overall frequency of 4% of red‐green defects.The study illustrates the potential value of anomaloscopic characterization of colorblindness in attempts to evaluate human evolutionary processes.
Trot‐gallop transition in a macaque
Authors: Vilensky Joel A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAt the trot‐gallop transition, a rhesus monkey's stride rate was approximately half and its stride length double predicted values based on equations presented by Heglund et al. (1974). However, the monkey's trot‐gallop transition speed was consistent with Heglund et al.'s (1974) prediction. The unusual primate footfall pattern may explain the discrepancy in stride rate and length.
The metaconule: A morphologic and familial analysis of a molar cusp in humans
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Bailit Howard L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIncidence and size variability of the metaconule, an accessory maxillary molar cusp, is analyzed in a series of 1,217 living Melanesians. The range of morphologic variation is quantified on a six‐grade ordinal scale developed to standardize observations. Total incidence of the metaconule decreases along a mesial‐to‐distal gradient, while mean size and size variability increase from M1 to M3. So, while the trait is less common on distal molars, it is on average larger. Estimation of the additive genetic component is 65% for the first molar but only 15% for the second. Trait incidence and heritability estimates are generally higher for females indicating the need for separate analysis by sex.
A cytogenetic survey of 110 baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Soulie Joëlle , De Grouchy J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA cytogenetic investigation of 110 adult baboons (Papio cynocephalus) captured in Kenya and sacrificed at the Institut Pasteur, Paris, showed the absence of anomalies, numerical or structural bearing on nonheterochromatic material; a polymorphism of the AgNOR‐positive secondary constriction of chromosome 5 in 12% of the animals; a polymorphism of a secondary constriction of chromosome 7 in 2% of the animals; a fragile site of chromosome 6 in one animal. We believe that our data show that cytogenetic observations in present day primates probably reflect their chromosomal evolution.
Strontium and diet at Hayonim Cave
Authors: Sillen Andrew 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFaunal and human bones from the Natufian and Aurignacian levels of Hayonim Cave, Israel, were analyzed for calcium, strontium, and phosphate, in order to investigate the efficacy of strontium measurements for determining the proportion of meat in human diets. This site in the western Galilee was appropriate for a test of the technique since a)herbivore and carnivore fauna were present in numbers from two different time periods, b) well‐characterized human skeletons were also present in at least one of these levels, and c)the diets of the individuals examined were basically well understood. On the basis of Sr/Ca values, a large difference was observed between Natufian herbivore bones and carnivore bones in the manner predicted by the diets of these species. Sr/Ca values for the adult humans from the same level fell midway between the herbivore and carnivore ranges. However, a different pattern was observed for Aurignacian fauna; no difference could be found between Sr/Ca ratios of herbivore and carnivore bones. The findings suggest that, in certain circumstances, the technique may provide important new paleodietary information. However, at any given site or level, both herbivore and carnivore fauna should be analyzed before conclusions about human diets are drawn from it.
Blood groups, serum proteins, and red cell enzymes in the Nganasans(Tavghi)‐reindeer hunters from Taimir Peninsula
Authors: Karaphet Tatyana M. , Sukernik Rem I. , Osipova Ludmila P. , Simchenko Yuriy B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Nganasans are made up of two recently tribal populations. These, the Avam and Vadey, were established in the seventeenth century from small reindeer hunting bands, themselves apparently descended from the Yukaghir.Data on 13 blood systems have been described for the first time in the Vadey Nganasans, and the results compared with those previously reported for the two Avam subgroups. As a whole, the Nganasans are characterized by low frequency of B blood group, high frequencies of Ns, cDE, Fya, Hp2, absence of A2, Pc,K, and apparently an absence of cde alleles or haplotypes. Measurement of intrapopulation heterogeneity reveals significant divergence among the two Avam subdivisions (χ = 57.59; P < 0.001), as well as between the total Avam and Vadey (χ = 79.31; P = 0.001). Founder principle, and local genetic drift, are believed to account for the greater difference between the Avam and Vadey subgroups than that observed between the two Avam populations. The Nganasans of the Taimir Peninsula appear to be the last group of reindeer hunters remaining in Northern Siberia. For ages they have lived in relative isolation, and therefore are the least touched genetically, either by surrounding herding groups originating in Southern Siberia, or by recent Caucasian admixture.
The relationship between split‐line orientation and in vivo bone strain in galago (G. crassicaudatus) and macaque (Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis) Mandibles
Authors: Bouvier Marianne , Hylander William L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere is still disagreement concerning the functional significance of split‐line patterns in bone. This study was undertaken to reexamine the mechanical forces hypothesis for split‐line formation by comparing split‐line patterns with in vivo mandibular bone strain patterns. The relationship between split‐line orientation and in vivo stress and strain patterns on macaque and galago mandibles was examined during jaw opening and the power stroke of mastication and incision. An attempt was made to relate split‐line orientation to the direction of tensile stress and strain along the primate mandible. In addition, we also investigated the alternative possibility that split‐line orientation is related to the direction of low stresses (and strains) on the primate mandible.The results of this study showed that there was no consistent relationship between split‐line orientation and the principal strains or stresses. Thus, split‐lines did not run consistently in the direction of high or low stress and strain. Therefore, we have concluded that split‐line orientation provides little useful information for inferring patterns of stress and strain in bone.
Epiphyseal union and dental eruption in Macaca mulatta
Authors: Cheverud James M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAge of dental eruption and epiphyseal fusion is estimated for the permanent dentition and long bone epiphyses of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), with 299 skeletons of individuals with known age of death, from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection. Epiphyses at a given joint tend to fuse at the same time. While males and females tend to have the same pattern of epiphyseal fusion, females' epiphyses fuse earlier than those of males, espeically at the elbow and knee joints. The order of epiphyseal fusion in rhesus macaques follows the general primate pattern. Times of dental eruption for males and females are generally the same, except for the relatively late eruption of the canine in the males. The order of eruption follows a common primate pattern (dm2‒M1‒I1‒I2‒M2‒(P3,P4)‒C‒M3). Multiple regressions were calculated in order to allow determination of developmental state, or predictions of chronological age, from epiphyseal fusion and/or dental eruption scores in juvenile rhesus macaques. Standard deviations of residuals from these regressions indicate considerable variation in developmental state among aminals of the same chronological age. The lack of correlation between residuals from the separate skeletal and dental regressions, indicates that skeletal and dental development are largely independent.
Patterns of growth and malnutrition among preschoolers in Belize
Authors: Jenkins Carol L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn anthropometric survey of 750 preschoolers was conducted during 1979 in Belize to assess nutritional status in two districts, one coastal and the other inland. Mothers were interviewed concerning reproductive history, child's health and dietary history, and associated factors. Analysis included the recognition of low arm circumference, weight‐for‐age, stature‐for‐age, and weight‐for‐stature. Survey results indicate that about 25% of the children, birth to 5 years old, show evidence of stunting, while 2.5% show evidence of wasting. Comparisons of rates of malnutrition by ethnic group reveal that the Maya and Garifuna (Black Carib) children are significantly more commonly malnourished than others. Applying a discriminant function to groups of children designated as “poor” and “better‐than‐average” growth classes reveals several factors which may be contributory to the etiology of preschool malnutrition in Belize. The frequency of diarrhea and age at introduction to solid foods, are significantly related to growth retardation among preschoolers. Analysis of 24‐hour‐diet recalls corroborates the patterning of malnutrition among ethnic groups.
Optimal birthweights in Peruvian populations at high and low altitudes
Authors: Beall Cynthia M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study tests the hypothesis that optimum birthweight for survival is lower among hospital‐born infants in Puno, Peru (altitude 3860 m) than that among their counterparts at low altitude in Tacna, Peru (altitude 600 m). The data are derived from hospital birth records for 1971 and 1972 and municipal death records for 1971 through 1973. Linking these records permits analysis of the patterns of mortality in relation to birthweight. Stabilizing selection upon birthweight is operating in both populations. The high altitude population has a lower mean birthweight and a lower optimal birthweight. The Puno population is closer to its optimal birthweight distribution and, as a result of mortality during infancy, is approaching its optimum birthweight distribution for survival more rapidly than the Tacna population. It appears that the high altitude Puno population may well be adapted to its environment in the sense that there is less selective mortality on birthweight phenotypes.
Cranial morphology and adaptations in Eocene Adapidae. I. Sexual dimorphism in Adapis magnus and Adapis parisiensis
Authors: Gingerich Philip D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAdapis is one of the best known lemuriform fossil primates. Quantitative analysis of all well‐preserved crania of Adapis magnus (n = 8) and Adapis parisiensis (n = 12) together with maxillary and mandibular dentitions preserving canines corroborates Stehlin's hypothesis that Adapis was sexually dimorphic. Males are from 13% to 16% larger than females in cranial length, corresponding to a weight dimorphism estimated at 44% to 56%, and have relatively broader skulls with more prominent sagittal and nuchal crests. Canine dimorphism ranges from 13% to 19%, which is equal to or only slightly greater than that expected as a result of body size dimorphism (i.e., relative canine dimorphism is slight or nonexistent). By comparison with living primates, the observed body size dimorphism in Adapis implies a polygynous breeding system. Cebus apella is a diurnal arboreal living primate with moderate body size dimorphism and slight relative canine dimorphism and one can speculate that Adapis lived in polygynous multimale troops of moderate size like those of C. appella. Adapis extends the geological history of sexual dimorphism and polygyny in primates back to the Eocene. Extant lemuriform primates are generally not dimorphic or polygynous and they clearly do not adequately represent the range of social adaptations present in Eocene primates. The evolutionary lineage from Adapis magnus to Adapis parisiensis exhibits reduction in body size and in relative canine size, and phyletic dwarfing in Adapis is possibly an adaptive response to increasing climatic seasonality and environmental instability in the late Eocene and early Oligocene.
Cranial morphology and adaptations in Eocene Adapidae. II. The Cambridge skull of Adapis parisiensis
Authors: Gingerich Philip D. , Martin Robert D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne of the most complete skulls of the early primate Adapis parisiensis is in the collection of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University. This exceptionally well‐preserved male skull, from Quercy in southern France, is important in showing relatively small orbits that are highly convergent, a distinct ethmoid component in the medial orbital wall, very small infraorbital foramina, a well‐preserved auditory region with the stapedial canal about twice the diameter of the canal for the promontory artery, and a well‐preserved braincase 8.8 cm3 in endocranial volume. The frontal lobe of the brain in the Cambridge skull described here is less expanded than that reported previously in a British Museum skull. The average body weight of Adapis parisiensis is estimated to have been about 2.0 kg, and that of Adapis magnus is estimated to have been about 8.4 to 9.0 kg. The encephalization quotient (EQ) of Adapis parisiensis is estimated to have been 0.45, which is well below the range found in modern prosimians. There is some indication that the size of the foramen magnum has increased with increasing brain size during primate evolution. Adapis parisiensis appears to have been a medium‐sized, visually oriented, diurnal, sexually dimorphic arboreal folivore.
Prevalence of mastoid infection in prehistoric Arizona Indians
Authors: Titche Leon L. , Coulthard Stanley W. , Wachter Richard D. , Thies A. Cole , Harries Lucy L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn view of the reported high prevalence of otitis media and mastoiditis in the present‐day Indian inhabitants of Arizona, when an opportunity arose to examine the skulls of prehistoric Indians in the collection of the Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, it was thought that determining the prevalence of mastoiditis in them might be helpful in the treatment and prevention of mastoid infections in the present‐day population. Our findings are compared with those of two other studies of mastoiditis in prehistoric Indians in another area of the United States.
HLA antigens in Tükuna Indians
Authors: Jobim Luiz F. , Moura Nayla C. , Persolli Ligia B. L. , Trachtenberg Anete , Walford Roy , Mendes Nelson F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNinety‐nine Tükuna Indians, inhabitants of the high Amazon, were typed for the HLA antigens. The method used was the microlymphocytotoxicity technique recommended by the NIH. At the same time, cross‐matching was performed between the lymphocytes of the 99 Indians and the sera of 240 other multiparous Indians. Later the multiparous sera were cross‐matched with a selected panel of Caucasoid individuals. The results showed that the most frequent antigens for the HLA‐A locus were A2, Aw24 and Aw31. As for the HLA‐B locus, B5, Bw39 and B40 were most frequent. The haplotypes HLA‐Aw31‐Bw39, and A2‐B5 were in linkage disequilibrium. The results of the cross‐matching showed 21.3% sera with positive reactions against Indian cells. Ten sera presented antibodies against known HLA antigens; five of them were monospecific, four had two specificities, and one showed three specificities. It was not possible to arrive at any conclusion about the 41 remaining sera. Six sera had positive reactions only with Indians cells.
The old physical anthropology
Authors: Hunt Edward E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the eighteenth century, workers in general biology, medicine, and physical anthropology knew little about human physiology. As a result, they heavily stressed mystical, essentialist classifications of organisms, constitutional types, and diseases. Comparative morphology and diagnostic systems prevailed. At different times and for somewhat different reasons, these older paradigms were abandoned and newer ones adopted. Late in this scientific revolution, in the midtwentieth century, the new physical anthropology was born.