bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LEVAMISOLE VACCINE COMBINATIONS
Authors: Hogarth‐Scott R. S. , Liardet D. M. , Morris P. J. 
Published: March 2008

Levamisole was combined with a clostridial vaccine and experiments conducted in sheep to determine the effect on anthelminitic and vaccine efficacy.Vaccine potency was assessed in separate experiments in 200 sheep (divided into 5 groups). The individuals in each group were injected with one of the following 5 different preparations: levamisole combined with anaerobic vaccine at a pH of either 3.5 or 6.0, vaccine alone at a pH of either 3.5 or 6.0, and levamisole alone. The combined levamisole / vaccine preparations had been stored for not less than 6 months prior to testing.A statistically‐significant heightened antibody response to 5 antigenic components in the vaccine was obtained when the pH of the vaccine was reduced to 3.5 and the vaccine was given in combination with levamisole. This trend was present in the antibody response of the sheep when a pooled sample of the individual serums was tested at 6 weeks, 8 weeks and 14 weeks (8 weeks after the second injection).From the analysis of the individual serums at week 8 (2 weeks after the 2nd injection) there was evidence that the distribution curve of the litres had shifted to the right suggesting that the zero or poor responders in the population had improved immunocompetence, with the better responders also improving proportionately.The immunogenicity of the blackleg component was tested in sheep, 9 weeks and 32 weeks after the second injection and gave complete protection to a lethal challenge of Clostridium chauvoei.This combination offers not only increased ease of administration by providing a single anthelmintic and anaerobic vaccines injectable preparation (probably treatment with either or both is the two most common and important veterinary procedures undertaken by farmers, but in addition, the antibody titre of the treated animals is significantly increased.Part 2 of this paper establishes that the anthelmintic efficacy of the levamisole / vaccine combination was not impaired and that tissue reactions at the site of injection were acceptable.
COMPARISON IN THE SAME ENVIRONMENT OF CALVING PROBLEMS IN HEIFERS FROM HERDS WITH A HISTORY OF A LOW AND HIGH INCIDENCE OF DYSTOCIAS
Authors: Strachan R. T. , Wythes J. R. , Newman R. D. 
Published: March 2008

The incidence of dystocias and the calving performance of primiparous Hereford heifers from 2 herds, one with a low (A) and the other a high (B) dystocia history, were compared when all animals were run on the same property in southern Queensland.The dystocia incidence was 21.4% for Herd A heifers and 40.5% for Herd B heifers (P≅0.10). While Herd A heifers had significantly (P<0.05) heavier calves than Herd B heifers (29.1 v 27.7 kg), the ratio of calf birth weight to dam pelvic brim area was 0.11 kg/cm2 for both groups. Differences in the size of the maternal pelvis, calf oversize and the type of presentation recorded for assisted births did not satisfactorily explain the difference in the incidence of dystocias. The circumstantial evidence indicated that inherent factors may affect dystocia.
VACCINATION OF PREGNANT COWS WITH LOW DOSES OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS STRAIN 19 VACCINE
Authors: Alton G. G. , Corner L. A. , Plackett P. 
Published: March 2008

Two groups, each of 9 Jersey cows, were vaccinated subcutaneously with reduced doses of Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine (measured by the number of bacteria in the vaccine dose) early in their second pregnancy. Ten weeks later they were challenged, along with a similar group of non‐vaccinated cows, by conjunctival instillation of a virulent strain of B. abortus biotype 1. Cows in Group 1 received 1/20th and those in Group 2 received 1/400th the recommended dose of strain 19. Marked reduction in the serological response to vaccination was seen only in Group 2. Four cows in Group 1 excreted strain 19 after parturition, one of them aborted and another calved prematurely with heavy infection of the placenta and foetus with strain 19 in both cases. Resistance to challenge was similar in both vaccinated groups, and higher than previously demonstrated after conventional calfhood vaccination with strain 19.It is concluded that pregnant cows can be effectively vaccinated by the subcutaneous administration of a dose of strain 19 vaccine containing approximately 3 times 108 organisms without undue interference with subsequent serological tests or inconvenience resulting from persistence of strain 19 infection.
VACCINATION OF HEIFERS WITH A REDUCED DOSE OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS STRAIN 19 VACCINE BEFORE FIRST MATING
Authors: Alton G. G. , Corner L. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTen Jersey heifers aged 14 to 23 months were vaccinated with 2.25 times 108 cells of living Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine. They and 10 similar non‐vaccinated heifers were subsequently mated and when about 6 months pregnant were challenged by the conjunctival application of a virulent culture of B. abortus.The serological response to vaccination was much less than is usually seen following vaccination with the normal dose of strain 19, especially when the indirect haemolysis test was used. A persistent vaccinal reaction was observed in one heifer.Significant resistance to infection was demonstrated which was greater than that previously observed in calfhood vaccinates given the full dose but less than that shown by cows given the smaller dose in early pregnancy. The effectiveness of strain 19 vaccination appears to be related to the age of the animal at vaccination.
IMMUNOTHERAPY OF BOVINE OCULAR SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS WITH PHENOL‐SALINE EXTRACTS OF ALLOGENEIC CARCINOMAS
Authors: Hoffmann D. , Jennings P. A. , Spradbrow P. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYForty cattle with unilateral ocular squamous cell carcinomas and 2 with bilateral carcinomas were treated with a single intramuscular injection of a phenol‐saline extract of allogeneic bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma. Doses of extract varied from the equivalent of 100 mg of lyophilised powder to the equivalent of 1500 mg of lyophilised powder. Thirty‐three of the 44 carcinomas (78%) responded to treatment, 15 regressing completely, 9 losing at least 50% of their bulk and 9 ceasing to increase in bulk. The response was significantly better (p < 0.05) in cattle receiving 200 mg or more of lyophilised powder than in those receiving 100 mg of powder. Some 30 of 34 carcinomas (88%) responded to treatment when 200 mg or more of lyophilised powder was used.Five cattle with ocular carcinomas that had failed to respond to the initial treatment and 8 that had responded incompletely received second doses of phenol‐saline extracts of allogeneic carcinomas. One carcinoma regressed completely and 2 regressed partially.Thirty cattle with untreated ocular squamous cell carcinomas were observed for periods of from one to 9 months. All the carcinomas grew progressively. Seventeen cattle with ocular squamous cell carcinomas were treated with phenol‐saline extracts of bovine cutaneous papilloma, bovine foetal skin or normal bovine cornea and conjunctiva and observed for periods of from one to 14 months. A carcinoma in an animal treated with 500 mg of powder from an extract of cutaneous papilloma did not increase in size over the next 31 weeks. The other carcinomas grew progressively.
RESISTANCE TO BENZIMIDAZOLE ANTHELMINTICS IN EQUINE STRONGYLES
Authors: Webster J. H. , Baird J. D. , Gunawan M. , Martin I.C.A. , Kelly J. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe susceptibility of a known thiabendazole‐resistant population of small strongyles to anthelmintics of both benzimidazole and non‐benzimidazole groups, was determined. In the first study, 42 horses infected with thiabendazole‐resistant small strongyles were allocated to 6 groups. Treatment groups received one of the following anthelmintics: mebendazole, febantel, febantel plus trichlorphon, morantel tartrate, or a combination of thiabendazole, piperazine and trichlorphon.Morantel tartrate and the thiabendazole/piperazine/trichlorphon combination produced highly significant (p< 0.001) reductions in faecal strongyle egg counts 20 days post‐treatment. Mebendazole, febantel and febantel plus trichlorphon failed to reduce strongyle egg counts significantly. Larval culture and differentiation indicated that in all cases of anthelmintic failure, small strongyles of the sub‐family Cyathostominae were involved.Eighteen horses from groups in which treatment had failed were re‐allocated to 3 groups. Treatment with either morantel tartrate or haloxon was highly efficient in reducing faecal strongyle egg counts.In the final study, fifty‐four horses, infected with benzimidazole‐resistant small strongyles were allocated to 10 groups. On day zero, each treatment group received one of the following anthelmintics: thiabendazole, cambendazole, mebendazole, oxibendazole, piperazine, thiabendazole/piperazine, cambendazole/piperazine, mebendazole/piperazine or oxibendazole/piperazine.Oxibendazole, piperazine and the benzimidazole/piperazine combinations produced highly significant reductions in faecal strongyle egg counts 20 days post‐treatment (p<0.001). When administered alone, benzimidazole anthelmintics failed to reduce strongyle egg counts significantly, with the exception of oxibendazole. Larval culture and differentiation indicated that in all cases of anthelmintic failure, the species involved were small strongyles of subfamily Cyathostominae. There was no significant increase in benzimidazole resistance level (based on in vitro assay) as a result of drug treatment, over one generation.
THE KANGAROO ISLAND STRAIN OF PIG IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
Authors: McIntosh G. H. , Pointon A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe feral pig from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, has descended from British breeds released onto the Island by early explorers approximately 180 years ago. It has developed into a smaller pig than the modern commercial equivalent, with distinctive and reproducible physical characteristics and a physiology which appears to bestow on it some advantages in terms of fitness and vigour. It has adapted easily to laboratory and intensive piggery conditions where it has reproduced satisfactorily. It has a higher erythrocyte count and PCV than the equivalent Large White and a lower white blood cell count. Plasma Na, K and glucose were significantly higher and HCO3 urea and creatinine lower in the Kangaroo Island strain. It represents a useful strain of pig for biomedical research, approaching in size the miniature pigs used overseas. A useful approach to routine bleeding of pigs is described.
A SURVEY FOR RESISTANCE IN CATTLE TICKS TO ACARICIDES
Authors: Roulston W. J. , Wharton R. H. , Nolan J. , Kerr J. D. , Wilson J. T. , Thompson P. G. , Schotz Martina 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A survey was made from late 1976 to late 1977 to determine the extent of resistance to acaricides in the cattle tick Boophilus microplus in Queensland. Questionnaires and requests for samples of ticks were forwarded to more than 900 randomly selected stock owners in the tick infested area which had been divided into 4 regions, Far North, Coastal North, Coastal Central and South East. The response measured by the number of tick samples tested was 43%. The prevalence of resistance to organophosphorus (OP) compounds was highest in South East where 96% of the farms had OP‐resistant ticks and 95% had the Biarra strain and lowest in Far North where 12% of the farms had OP‐resistant ticks and 10% had the Biarra strain which was the predominant one in all regions. The highest percentages of the Ridgelands strain (35%) and the Tully strain (30%) occurred in Coastal North. The South East had the highest percentage of Mt Alford (30%).Although chlorinated hydrocarbons were banned for use in control of ticks in 1962, 49% of the farms in South East had some ticks resistant to dieldrin but in Far North it was only 2%. DDT‐resistant ticks, which because of cross resistance to synthetic pyrethroids will affect the future use of this group, were present on 8% of the farms in both Coastal North and Coastal Central and 3% in South East and Far North.No resistance to the amidines, chlordimeform, chloromethiuron or amitraz was found.
THE DURATION OF THE RESPONSE OF CATTLE TO INOCULATION WITH ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Corner L. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Each of 4 strains of atypical mycobacteria was inoculated into 2 cattle and the responses of the cattle were studied over the following 52 weeks. Each strain was injected subcutaneously into one animal and into a mesenteric lymph node of another.Within 7 days palpable lesions were produced at the sites of subcutaneous inoculation in response to all the strains. After intervals varying from 3 to 26 weeks, lesions due to 3 of the strains were no longer palpable. The lesion produced in response to the fourth strain, a non‐agglutinable serotype of Mycobacterium intracellulare, was still palpable at necropsy, 52 weeks post‐inoculation (PI). Of the 8 cattle inoculated with mycobacteria, the latter was the only animal that had a lesion with features consistent with a mycobacterial infection and from which mycobacteria were isolated.The inoculated cattle and 4 uninoculated control cattle were turberculin tested on 8 occasions during the post‐inoculation period. Bovine purified protein derivative (PPD), avian PPD and PPD tuberculins prepared from each of the atypical mycobacteria were used. In inoculated cattle, sensitivity to both avian and bovine PPD was short lived, significant levels not persisting in any animal beyond 16 weeks PI.From the results of intradermal tests on the control cattle, a 95% confidence interval for their response to any of the 6 tuberculins used, was found to be ±1.36mm. On this basis all inoculated cattle developed sensitivity to the homologous tuberculin. The animal with mycobacterial granuloma at the subcutaneous inoculation site at necropsy had never developed significant levels of sensitivity to bovine PPD, had not shown significant levels of avian sensitivity after week 16 PI nor had it shown homologous sensitivity after week 22 PI.In all animals the level of sensitivity to bovine PPD decreased between successive tests. This fact could be used to clarify the status of a reactor if non‐specific bovine sensitivity was suspected. Alternatively, the comparative intradermal tuberculin test using both bovine and avian PPD may be employed.
SEROLOGICAL RESPONSE OF CHICKENS, TURKEYS AND DUCKS TO STRAIN V4 OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Westbury H. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The serological response of two different age groups of turkeys and ducks to strain V4 of Newcastle disease virus was markedly inferior to that of similar age groups of chickens. This suggested that this strain might not be a suitable vaccine strain for use in turkeys and ducks, even though the correlation between specific serum antibody and immunity in these species is not clearly understood.The 20‐week‐old group of chickens required two doses of 107–1 50 per cent embryo infective doses (EID50) of the virus to develop a specific serum antibody titre comparable to 21‐day‐old chickens given one dose of 107–1 EID50 of virus.
INDUCED THIAMIN DEFICIENCY IN LAMBS
Authors: Thornber E. J. , Dunlop R. H. , Gawthorne J. M. , Huxtable C. R. 
Published: March 2008

By following a feeding regimen which consistently induced polio‐encephalomalacia in pre‐ruminant lambs it was possible to study certain characteristics just before the terminal stage in poliocencephalomalacia.There was always a marked deficit in erythrocyte precursors in bone marrow and this preceded any pathological changes in the brain. Erythrocyte transketolase activity decreased in control lambs, and decreased to an even greater extent in thiamin‐deficient lambs. Glucose was the only substrate of those measured which was used by the brain, and its rate of use was not affected by thiamin deficiency. After a single intravenous injection of 35S‐thiamin, the decrease of 35S in the plasma was consistent with its dispersal into two pools: the half‐time of disappearance of 35S into the slowly equilibrating pool was less in thiamin‐deficient lambs than in their controls. Characteristics which were not altered in thiamin deficiency were concentrations of calcium and magnesium in various regions of brain and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in plasma.
EVALUATION OF A HARDJO‐POMONA VACCINE TO PREVENT LEPTOSPIRURIA IN CATTLE EXPOSED TO A NATURAL CHALLENGE WITH LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS SEROVAR HARDJO
Authors: Allen J. D. , Meney C. L. , Meney C. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The efficacy of a vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was evaluated in a group of dairy heifers that were serologically negative at the time of vaccination and later subjected to natural challenge with L. interogans serovar hardjo. Thirty‐nine heifers were vaccinated twice, at a one‐month interval, with a commercially prepared bivalent vaccine, while 43 unvaccinated heifers were used as controls.After vaccination, microscopic agglutination (MA) titres of serums to L. interrogans serovar hardjo ranged from 32 to 512, and those to L. interrogans serovar pomona ranged from 32 to 2048. Titres resulting from vaccination were short‐lived and after the first vaccination the serums of 95% of vaccinated heifers did not react in the MA test by 24 weeks.The first indication of infection in the heifers was noted at week 6, and by week 16, elevated MA titres (≥128) to L. interrogans serovar hardjo had occurred in 62% of unvaccinated heifers and had increased to 85% by week 24. At week 18, 18% of the vaccinated heifers and 56% of the unvaccinated heifers had leptospiruria (p<0.01); after 22 weeks, 13% of the vaccinated heifers and 58% of the unvaccinated heifers showed evidence of leptospiruria (p<0.01).
INTERNAL FIXATION OF FRACTURES OF THE ULNA IN THE HORSE
Authors: McGill C. A. , Hilbert B. J. , Jacobs K. V. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Surgical repair of ulnar fracture was attempted in 7 horses. Of 6 animals in which tension band plates were used, 4 recovered, one was killed after implant failure and one died of respiratory failure during post‐operative recovery. The treatment of one horse with a Steinman Pin and figure‐8 tension band wire was unsuccessful.One horse with bilateral ulnar fractures was given only stall rest and it recovered.
EFFECTS OF A PREVENTIVE AND SUPPRESSIVE CONTROL SCHEME ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIABENDAZOLE‐RESISTANCE IN OSTERTAGIA SPP
Authors: Martin P. J. , Anderson N. , Jarrett R. G. , Brown T. H. , Ford G. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Three years after the start of an experiment to assess the merits of thiabendazole (TBZ) treatment of trichostrongylid parasites in weaner sheep, field isolates of Ostertagia spp and Trichostrongylus spp were made from weaner sheep treated under one of three treatment schemes. Treatment frequencies were “nil”, “planned” (5 or 6/year) and “regular” (every 3 weeks). In addition an isolate was taken from a group of “tracer” sheep drenched with TBZ every 10 days. Resistance to TBZ was assessed using an in vitro egg hatch assay, pre‐ and post‐treatment faecal egg counts and a controlled anthelmintic efficiency test.Pre‐ and post‐treatment egg counts revealed the presence of TBZ‐resistance in field isolates of mixed species. Egg hatch assays indicated a level of resistance for Ostertagia spp which was proportional to the frequency of TBZ treatment. The “planned”, “regular” and “tracer” strains of Ostertagia spp had resistance ratios for eggs of 4, 13 and 15 respectively when compared to the “nil” strain. In the anthelmintic efficiency assay treatment with 44 mg kg‐1 and 88 mg kg‐1 of TBZ removed 82 and 96% respectively of the total Ostertagia burden (adults and larvae) from the “nil” strain and 30 and 75% respectively from the “planned” strain. The same dose rates against the “regular” and “tracer” strains and additional rates of 132 or 176 mg kg‐1 against the “tracer” strain failed to reduce the Ostertagia burden significantly. Intestinal Trichostrongylus spp from all isolates were fully susceptible to TBZ at 44 mg kg‐1. Levamisole at 7.0 mg kg‐1 was highly effective (99% reduction) against the “tracer” strain of Ostertagia.
EXPERIMENTAL SALMONELLA ANATUM INFECTION IN HORSES
Authors: Roberts M. C. , O'Boyle D. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Salmonella anatum was given orally to 8 horses on 11 occasions in doses ranging from 9.5 × 106 to 8.8 × 1011 organisms. Four distinct syndromes were induced based upon clinical, laboratory and pathological findings: (1) asymptomatic; (2) moderate clinical signs with or without changes in faecal consistency; (3) fever, depression, anorexia with unstructured or diarrhoeic faeces; and (4) septicaemia with or without diarrhoea, and peripheral circulatory failure. All animals excreted the organism. The peak temperature preceded the onset of diarrhoea by 1 or 2 days. Changes in faecal consistency were associated with direct isolation of the organism. The degree of neutropaenia increased with the dosage. Blood cultures were unsatisfactory, only 1 of 33 samples being positive. The serological responses were not significant although one animal displayed a significant seroconversion consistent with the clinical reaction. Indomethacin was not of value in moderating intestinal fluid secretion in one animal.The distribution and quantitation of positive cultures at autopsy closely reflected the type of syndrome induced. The invasiveness of the organism was confirmed by frequent direct recoveries from intestinal wall and draining lymph node samples. S. anatum appears to be of similar pathogenicity to S. typhimurium in the horse, at least under experimental conditions.
A survey of granulomatous and neoplastic diseases of equine skin in north Queensland
Authors: MILLER S. I. , CAMPBELL R. S. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A survey of granulomatous and neoplastic diseases of the skin of horses of tropical north Queensland was carried out during the period 1970–1980. Of 338 horses affected, 46.4% suffered from equine fibrosarcoma (sarcoid), 30.2% from phycomycosis, 7.4% from squamous cell carcinoma, 6.8% from other tumours, 4.7% from cutaneous habronemiasis and 4.4% from exuberant granulation tissue.Most specimens were submitted during the first half of the year after the wet monsoonal season and significantly more diseases originated during the first quarter. There were minor variations with breed, age and sex susceptibility between each disease group. Most lesions were found on the legs and head although other parts of the body were also affected. The size and anatomical distribution of lesions varied with each disease.When the results of this survey were compared with reports from southern Queensland as well as from Florida and the United Kingdom, major differences between localities were observed. Some reasons for these differences are discussed.