bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Back to the Trimeter
Authors: Dik Helma 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at some of metrical characteristics of the iambic trimeter, concentrating on the line break, the strongest rhythmical boundary available to the poets. The interaction between clause and line is most evident at the line break, but similar phenomena can be observed at the midpoint of the line. The chapter illustrates the major ways in which Sophocles exploits the line break as a ‘chunking device’, to use the terminology introduced to Greek literature by Slings (1997).
Conclusion: Reading Word Order, Slowly
Authors: Dik Helma 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This concluding chapter begins with a brief review of the preceding chapters. It then discusses how to read word order slowly. It is argued that order is bound up with the essence of communication between individuals and thereby, with the essence of what makes drama work. Word order is one dimension of what a Greek clause communicates, and it is worth paying attention to.
Introduction
Authors: Yu Alan C. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the meaning of the term ‘infixation’. It then explains the purpose of the book, which is to provide an overview and synthesis of the results of current research on infixation, to highlight questions which remain open, and to lay out the challenges infixation phenomena present for linguistic theory. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
Evidence for the Greek Accent
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter surveys the evidence for ancient Greek accentuation, beginning with the interest in accents shown by ancient authors preceding or standing outside the main grammatical tradition relating to accentuation. The ancient grammarians themselves provide the basis for most other sources of evidence, and are treated in particular detail (especially Herodian). The other sources surveyed are accent marks in papyri; fragments of ancient Greek music displaying correlations between word accents and musical melody; accentuation of medieval manuscripts; and the evidence for early medieval accentuation provided by prose rhythm and poetic metre.
Words with Suffix ‐ρο‐
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the formation of words with -ro-, comparative evidence for their accentuation, and descriptive accounts of their accentuation in Greek. An analysis of simplex words formed historically with -ro- shows that the adjectives are overwhelmingly accented on the final syllable. The nouns are less consistent and predominantly recessive. A division into nouns attested in Homer, and those not attested until after Homer appears to suggest a chronological shift towards recessive accentuation in nouns. However, it is argued that this is a side-effect of other, non-chronological factors distinguishing the two sets of nouns. It is shown that word frequency and accentuation are related, but not linearly: words of medium frequency are more predominantly recessive than those of very high or very low frequency.
Summary and Further Consequences
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter draws together results and suggests that the accentual stability of very frequent words and of words containing frequent and synchronically recognized suffixes both result from the stability of lexical accents attaching to frequently occurring morphemes, whether lexical stems or suffixes. Further classes of Greek word are suggested (deverbative ā-stems; personal names) whose accentuation might have been influenced by the loss of analysis and the subsequent accentual regularization, and accentual phenomena in Latin and English are compared. Consequences for Indo-European, linguistic theory, and the understanding of accentual change are explored. A final section argues that the results do not prove the literal existence of synchronic phonological rules, but could also be expressed in terms of analogy-based morphological processing.
Basil's Reign in Modern and Medieval Historical Literature
Authors: Homes Catherine 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with a summary of existing scholarship about Basil II. It argues that most interpretations reflect modern historians' reliance on the testimony of the mid 11th-century historian Michael Psellos. It demonstrates the importance of other sources for this period, including the historians John Skylitzes, Yahya ibn Sa'id, and Stephen of Taro. The significance of extant letters, military manuals, and poetry is outlined, as well as evidence provided by the sigillographical, numismatic, and archaeological records. The chapter also illustrates the unevenness of the supply of relevant source materials for the different decades of a long reign, and for the different regions of a vast empire. It is this unevenness of evidence that persuades against charting the history of the reign simply by stitching different sources together. Instead, it is argued that further progress will only be made following a much more profound analysis of the relevant Byzantine historiography.
Administration and Imperial Authority on the Eastern Frontier
Authors: Homes Catherine 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks behind the distorting mirror of the historiographical record of Basil II's reign. It focuses on the administration of the Byzantine Empire's eastern frontier using the contemporary Arabic historiographical record (especially the history of Yahya ibn Sa'id), Byzantine sigilliographical evidence; and an important administrative record from the 970s, the Escorial Taktikon. In the case of military administration, the chapter concentrates on the office of doux; in the case of civil on that of kourator. It is argued that Byzantine administration in the east was not as rigid or as heavily militarized as sometimes thought. Instead, governance was typified by flexibility and a willingness to devolve practical power to local elites on both sides of the frontier. This was particularly true in the second half of the reign when Basil II's most loyal commander, Nikephoros Ouranos, played a particularly prominent role in frontier governance as doux of Antioch.
The Reign of Basil II: A Reconstruction
Authors: Homes Catherine 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter offers a reconstruction of Basil's reign, beginning with the Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas revolts, and the fall of the Parakoimonenos Basil Lekapenos. Following a discussion of Basil's legislation of 996 against ‘The Powerful’, Byzantine relations with a variety of neighbouring powers are discussed. Whereas other modern historians have often seen the emperor's struggles with a separatist aristocracy as the key to understanding Basil's reign, the chapter argues that previous readings have relied too heavily on views of the late 11th-century Greek historiographical record, most notably John Skylitzes' Synopsis Historion. It suggests that once one looks beyond this later distorting historiographical mirror, one realizes that Basil's greatest struggle was to put himself in control of a vast empire, a complex polity, and an ambitious army. It concludes that Basil II was a brutal but great emperor who was not responsible for the failings of his imperial successors.
Non-Aligned Humour
Authors: Plaza Maria 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter on ‘non-aligned’ humour (so called because it is not tied to either object or subject) excludes the Stoic satires of Persius, but argues that for Horace and Juvenal, non-aligned humour is an important characteristic of their work, adding a dimension of merry openness. Through non-aligned humour, Horace’s and Juvenal’s satires again tease, and occasionally cheat the reader, as the ‘irrelevant’ jokes and irony sometimes try to win the reader’s sympathy, but sometimes turn against him; warmly delight in an alternative lifestyle, and then suddenly ridicule it; make cynically nihilistic statements alongside dully traditional ones, and generally destabilize the seriousness of the normative message on the surface. In Horace, the analysis focuses on his masterly balance of extremes. For Juvenal, the discussion centres on the monsters of his world, present even in the Golden Age.
Reading Chaucer in 1532
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the nature of Thynne’s 1532 edition of Chaucer. It argues, on the basis of the surviving accounts and some hitherto largely ignored poems by John Leland, that the editorial task may have been shared by Sir Brian Tuke. The careers, religious views, and social positions of the two men are discussed.
The Apotheosis of Sir Thomas Elyot
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at the last of Elyot’s great works, The Image of Governance, a life of the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus. It argues that far from being a straightforward life of an ideal emperor, The Image is actually a complex, bitter, and at times savagely satirical rumination on princely power and its perversions, probably prompted at least in part by the fall of Elyot’s patron and friend Thomas Cromwell. Many of the details highlighted in the text seem designed to comment upon contemporary events and Henry’s slide into tyranny in the course of the 1530s.
Wyatt's Embassy, Treason, and ‘The Defence’
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines Wyatt’s embassy to the Imperial court of Charles V and his consequential arrest and interrogation by the Privy Council over allegations of treason. Wyatt’s impatience with his king’s unwillingness to accept his advice, his attempts to use unorthodox methods to infiltrate the counsels of Cardinal Reginald Pole, and his loose talk among his friends and compatriots, all laid him open to charges of disloyalty from jealous or suspicious rivals; charges which were addressed and powerfully rebutted in two prose texts which Wyatt drew up while he was in prison, known for convenience sake as The Declaration and The Defence. Read together, the two texts provide an unparalleled insight into the principles and anxieties motivating Wyatt at this crucial point in his life.
Writing Under Tyranny
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the poetic innovations introduced or imported into England by Wyatt and Surrey in their attempts to discover new ways of writing political verse under Henry VIII’s tyranny. It argues that royal oppression not only stifled the traditional forms of literary good counsel that had dominated literary culture for generations, but also prompted the development of newer forms of expression that would come to be seen as characteristic of the Renaissance spirit: individual subjectivity, interiority, a new secular Petrarchan lyric voice, and a variety of new stanzaic forms and metres.
Saving the Polis: Civic Finances
Authors: Oliver G. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the civic finances of Athens, and in particular focuses on the contributions that individuals and especially Athenian citizens made within the institutions of the polis. The famous epidosis (subscription) of the archonship of Diomedon is analysed to illustrate the measured respect and dependence that existed between the community of Athenians and its benefactors among the citizen body and resident foreigners.
Greek Heroines and the Wrongs of Women
Authors: Hurst Isobel 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the use of Greek heroines such as Medea, Antigone, and Alcestis, and historical figures like Xantippe and Aspasia, to explore feminist issues in the work of George Eliot, Eliza Lynn Linton, Augusta Webster, and Amy Levy. In translations, dramatic monologues and novels, ancient heroines could speak eloquently of the wrongs of women in a way which resonated with Victorian readers. Characters from the tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides, especially Medea, the vengeful victim whose motivation for killing her rival and her own children could be cast in terms of a rebellion against patriarchal society, and Alcestis, the wife who gives up her life for an ungrateful husband, allowed these writers to explore women's anger and violence in a safely distanced context.
Revising the Victorians
Authors: Hurst Isobel 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses women writers in the early years of the 20th century, who had to learn the classical languages quickly in order to prove that they could compete with men in university examinations. Their responses to the classics are mediated by English literature, particularly novels by women. May Sinclair revises the plot of the Victorian girl who is prevented from studying by familial pressures. Dorothy L. Sayers and Vera Brittain studied Latin and Greek at Oxford for preliminary examinations; both comment on men's use of classical images to express scorn for women at Oxford. Sayers and Brittain draw on the epics of Homer and Virgil, and Aristotle's Poetics, to claim literary status for the popular forms in which they were writing, the detective story and the First World War memoir.
4 Foreign Investors and Corporate Governance in Japan
Authors: Ahmadjian Christina 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of foreign institutional investors on various aspects of corporate governance and corporate restructuring. Alongside foreign direct investment (FDI) by foreign corporations, portfolio ownership by American and British mutual funds and pension funds has increased. Detailed interviews show how these foreign investors exert influence through the threat of exit and the cultivation of voice, thus exerting pressure for firms to improve corporate disclosure and engage with shareholders. A further analysis of the Japan Corporate Governance Index for 2003 for TSE 1st Section firms shows that firms with higher levels of foreign ownership are more likely to adopt Anglo-American style corporate governance reforms, such as equity-based performance measures, changes in the structure and function of the board, and communication with shareholders. Moreover, foreign ownership is also strongly linked to the likelihood of corporate downsizing in terms of employment or divestment.
Venture Capital and its Governance: The Emergence of Equity Financing Conduits in Japan
Authors: Hata Nobuyuki , Ando Haruhiko , Ishii Yoshiaki 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines corporate governance in the context of Japanese venture capital (VC) firms. VC represents a unique combination of network-based equity finance, expertise, and monitoring that differs greatly from traditional forms of industrial organization. Several institutional factors have limited the development of early stage VC investment in Japan, such as the bank-based financial system, keiretsu groups, and firm-internal labour markets. Thus, early VC funds were organized by banks and targeted only late-stage ventures. More recently, a new generation of VC has emerged in response to new IPO markets and new legislation regarding corporate spin-offs and restructuring. Younger entrepreneurs take different attitudes towards risk and the nature of the firm, reflected in greater willingness to disclose information and maintain their independence from established organizations. These developments have influenced older venture capitalists to take a more open, equity-oriented approach and suggest an optimistic view of the future potential of VC in Japan.
9 Corporate Finance and Human Resource Management in Japan
Authors: Abe Masahiro , Hoshi Takeo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCorporate governance can be defined as a system that constitutes an institution that constrains relations between corporate managers and various stakeholders, including shareholders, creditors, workers, suppliers, and customers. Under this broad definition, corporate governance is a system of various sub-systems that are complementary to one another. This chapter focuses on two sub-systems of Japanese corporate governance: corporate finance and human resource management. After briefly documenting the characteristics of the Japanese corporate governance in these two sub-systems, the chapter discusses how each sub-system has been going through substantial changes in recent years. Examining the data for fifty-eight listed companies, the evidence shows some degree of complementarity between the two sub-systems. The firms that have a non-traditional ownership structure (especially high with foreign ownership) seem to have more non-traditional human resource management practices.
11 The Turnaround of 1997: Changes in Japanese Corporate Law and Governance
Authors: Shishido Zenichi 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact on the scope of behaviour of top management of legal reforms in Japan since 1997. Demand-pull measures were promoted by business associations to facilitate the introduction of new market-oriented business practices, including removing prohibitions of share buybacks, introducing stock options, and share swaps and spin-offs to support corporate reorganization through M&A. Policy-push reforms were also initiated by the government in order to push change in existing corporate governance practices, such as changes to accounting rules. The epoch making 2002 amendment to the Company Law introduced an American-style board of directors, termed ‘board with committees’ as a second option alongside the traditional Japanese-style board with statutory auditors. By facilitating these new practices, Japanese corporate law has undergone a formal convergence with the US model. However, the diversity of actual choices among firms is argued to reflect continued functional divergence due to differences in the incentive patterns among corporate stakeholders. Thus, legal reform holds an ambiguous potential.
13 Insider Management and Board Reform: For Whose Benefit?
Authors: Ronald Dore 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Given the traditional weakness of external control by outside directors, Japanese firms are well known for strong internal mechanisms of corporate governance. This chapter examines these mechanisms by distinguishing between the shareholder vs. stakeholder dimension of corporate governance, on one hand, and the issue of accountability as a common underlying factor of good corporate governance, on the other. Accountability in both shareholder and stakeholder-oriented systems of corporate governance can be achieved in different ways. Crucial to the Japanese system is the socialization and career paths of top managers that provide important motivational resources and place important checks on opportunistic behaviour. This analysis raises serious questions as to whether adopting US-style corporate governance practices will improve corporate accountability in Japan or whether recent changes are primarily about the distributional outcomes — the question of who gets what.
It Couldn't Happen Here? Public Policy, Regional Institutions, and Interfirm Collaboration in the United States
Authors: Whitford Josh 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that the Wisconsin Manufacturers' Development Consortium (WMDC) — a consortium of seven OEMs that formed in 1998 to work jointly with the state's manufacturing modernization service to provide training to suppliers — is suggestive of the sorts of public-private institution building that can both enhance supplier performance and proactively encourage greater collaboration between OEMs and their suppliers. The structure and evolution of this policy experiment show that it is both possible and useful to leverage and strengthen existing partial collaboration between OEMs and suppliers through the construction of CME-style institutions premised on substantial business coordinating capacity.
5 Justice to Nature 1: Distributive Approaches
Authors: Schlosberg David 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview and critique of many existing distributional theories of ecological justice. After a discussion of some of the key difficulties identified by liberal theorists in applying the concept of justice to the natural world, the chapter examines a number of theories that attempt to expand liberal and distributional notions of justice to future generations of humans and to non-human nature.
6 ‘Nothing to do with Human Affairs?’: Alcibiades' Response to Socrates
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores a further issue that arises from Socrates' account of how our desire for happiness is best satisfied: to what extent is it a human life that he advocates? It argues that Alcibaides, who arrives late to Agathon's symposium, provides the answer to this question in the final speech of the dialogue. This speech explores Socrates' apparently hubristic disdain of the world of human affairs, but Alcibiades' ‘satyric drama’, as Socrates calls it, does not undermine the account of philosophical eros and virtue, as it is sometimes held. Although Alcibiades shows that ways in which philosophical eros is misunderstood — to much comic effect — he also shows that the philosopher is deeply engaged in the world of human affairs.
The Social Contours of Heresy Detection
Authors: Forrest Ian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter shows how anti-heresy policy was implemented and the reactions to it in Leicester archdeaconry (Lincoln diocese) during the course of a single visitation in 1413 conducted by Philip Repingdon, Thomas Brouns, and David Pryce. The wandering preacher William Ederyk makes an appearance, and the Hoskin's village, Wigston Magna, is discussed in some detail.
3 Not Good for Anyone: Death in the Thought of Augustine of Hippo
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In De civitate Dei book XIII, Augustine argues that bodily death is always a bad thing in itself. Careful consideration of the story of the fall from Eden shows it to be the very opposite of the Platonic fall myth. The Eden story sees the union of body and soul as natural and the separation as a punishment. The Platonic fall sees the separation of the soul as natural and the union with the body as a punishment. Augustine's approach to death is thus in sharp contrast to that of Ambrose.
Indonesian Business Groups: The Crisis in Progress
Authors: Hanani Alberto D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter on Indonesian business groups illustrates that the formation and fate of business groups were closely related to political connections. The Suharto government provided favors to close friends and families, who became owners of major business groups in the country. Other business groups run by ethnic Chinese also grew through close alliances with highly ranked government officials. Banks owned by business groups typically acted as ‘cashiers’ that provided credit to companies within the group. The financial crisis devastated the Indonesian economy. The restructuring of business groups deprived several founding families of their ownership in these groups. This chapter demonstrates that business groups that maintained close connections with the political regime that took power after Suharto survived and prospered. Others that lacked these generally failed.
2 The Origins and Components of Electoral Systems
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWhen choosing an electoral system, the main tradeoff is between decisiveness of government and representation of minority views. With simple electoral systems, their average effect can be predicted. With complex electoral systems, the ability to predict their actual workings is lost. Refraining from changing electoral laws frequently allows an understanding to develop of how the electoral system works.