bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cyclisation of Anthrimides to Carbazoles. III. The Structure of Indanthrene Gray A
Authors: Nair K S , Shah K H 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The anthraquinonyl amino group of the 1, 2′-dianthrimide type, when included in the complex structure of vat dyes, does not cyclise to yield a carbazole structure, with alkali, under the conditions of isoviolanthrone formation; rather, it cleaves to yield an alizarin-type derivative under the conditions of violanthrone formation. The constitution assigned to Indanthrene Gray A (Colour Index No. 60020) has thus been confirmed.
A Phtometric Particle-size Analyzer with a Moving Light Flux
Authors: Kotera Yoshihide , Sato Kazuo , Miyayama Akihiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A recording, photometric, particle-size analyzer has been developed which is useful in measuring the particle-size distributions of powdered materials in the subsieve range. Provision for continuously moving the optical system upwards allows for rapid analysis of the finer particles, while by moving the system downwards accurate analysis of the particles with a larger density is possible. It was ascertained that the movement of the optical system has no effect on the results obtained.
Internal Coordinate Green’s Function Analysis of Molecular Vibrations with Application to XY2Z Planar Molecules
Authors: Wolfram Thomas , DeWames Roger E 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The Green’s function formalism for the analysis of molecular vibrations has been formulated for the internal or valence coordinate system. A general procedure for calculating isotopic frequencies and changes in force constants associated with the characterization of a perturbed molecule in terms of the unperturbed molecule is developed. It is shown that the internal molecular Green’s function can be constructed from the vibrational frequencies of the unperturbed molecule. Application is made to the XY2Z planar molecule. Exact formulae for the XY2Y(i) molecule are obtained. The shifts in the frequencies of an XY2Z planar molecule due to mass and bond length changes are obtained. It is shown that the A1 modes are unaffected by a change in the X–Z bond length while the B1 modes move to higher frequencies as the bond distance decreases. An explicit expression for the change in the valence bond bending force constant, fα, is obtained as an example of how force constant changes can be studied by means of the Green’s function procedure. Qualitative results for HBCl2 and HBBr2 are obtained which indicate that fα decreases in going from BCl3→ HBCl2.
Catalytic Activities of Metal Oxides in the Oxidation of Propylene
Authors: Takeuchi Toyosaburo , Honma Michiaki , Takeda Hideo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The catalytic oxidation of propylene by the flow method was carried out in order to investigate the correlation between the activity and the physical properties of the catalyst, using the oxides of zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, chromium, vanadium and titanium, all of which were supported with alumina. The analysis by means of gas chromatography indicated that the main products of the reaction were carbon dioxide and water. An abrupt increase in the rate of conversion against the temperature, denoted by CT, was irrespective of the amount of oxide and was characteristic of each oxide. The CT was expressed as a function of the % d character of the metal of the oxide, as well as a function of the heat of formation per gram-atom of oxygen in the oxide. The mechanism of the abrupt change in the rate of conversion was discussed in relation to the ability of oxygen to be removed from the oxide and the amount of propylene adsorbing on the oxide during the reaction.
Spectroscopic Studies of Dialkylaluminum Alkoxides and the Trialkyl-aluminum-Ether Complex. II. Assignments of Observed Frequencies
Authors: Tarao Ryokichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The polarization data on the Raman lines of Al(CH3)3·(CH3)2O, [Al(CH3)2OCH3]3, [Al(C2H5)2OCH3]3, and [Al(C2H5)2OC2H5]2 have been obtained in the 3100–130 cm−1 region. Most of the infrared absorption bands and Raman lines of these four compounds in the skeletal vibration region (720–130 cm−1) have been tentatively assigned with the aid of these polarization data and on the assumption that the symmetries of these four compounds are as given in the previous paper. The Raman spectra of Al(CH3)3·(CD3)2O, [Al(CH3)2OCD3]3, and [Al(C2H5)2-OC2D5]2 have been measured in the 3100–130 cm−1 region. Most of the infrared absorption bands and Raman lines of Al(CH3)3·(CH3)2O, [Al(CH3)2OCH3]3, [Al(C2H5)2OCH3]3, and [Al(C2H5)2OC2H5]2 in the CH-stretching region (3100–2700 cm−1) have been assigned with the aid of the spectroscopic data of the above-mentioned partly-deuterated substances.
The Exchange Reaction of Oxygen Atoms between Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide on Metal Oxides of the Fourth Period of the Periodic System
Authors: Kiyoura Tadamitsu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The exchange reactions of oxygen atoms between oxygen and carbon dioxide on metal oxides were studied by the static batch method in the temperature range from 150 to 600°C. The order of the catalytic activity of the oxides in the reaction was found to be; (higher activity) Co3O4&gt;MnO2&gt;NiO&gt;Fe2O3&gt;Cr2O3&gt;V2O5&gt;TiO2. A very close similarity of the change in the reactivity of these oxides was found in the exchange between oxygen and oxides. There is an approximately linear relationship between the catalyst activity of the metal oxides and the heat of the formation of these oxides. At any temperature examined, carbon dioxide exchanged their oxygen atoms with those of oxide rapidly. The rate of isotopic exchange decreased in the following order on any oxide examined: CO2-Oxide&gt;O2-Oxide&gt;O2-CO2 on oxide. The exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide was observed only when the exchange between oxygen and oxide took place. According to these results, it was concluded that the exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place through the exchange between these gases and oxygen atoms of oxide, and that the rate-determining step is the exchange with oxygen.
The Reactions of N-Phenyl Ethanolamine with Imido Phosphites, Amido Phosphites and Amino Phosphines
Authors: Mitsunobu Oyo , Ohashi Takashi , Kikuchi Motokazu , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Various symmetrical and unsymmetrical triesters of phosphorous acid have been obtained by the reactions of phosphazo compounds with alcohols or phenols. When a phosphazo compound, amido phosphites or amino phosphine is treated with 2 mol. of N-substituted ethanolamine, the corresponding bis(β-aminoethyl) phosphites or phosphonite is obtained. On the other hand, when the same reaction is carried out with 1 mol. of the ethanolamine, cyclic phosphorous compounds are obtained in fairly good yields. Further, it has been found that the treatment of bis(β-anilinoethyl)phenyl phosphonite with phenyl isocyanate gives 2-phenylimino-3-phenyl-1, 3-oxazolidine.
Effect of Temperature on the Molecular Structure of Iodine Observed by Gas Electron Diffraction
Authors: Ukaji Takeshi , Kuchitsu Kozo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The bond distance and its mean square amplitude for the iodine molecule were measured at 80°C, 300°C, and 500°C by gas electron diffraction. The observed temperature dependences of the above parameters were in good agreement with those calculated on the basis of an anharmonicoscillator model and experimental spectroscopic constants.
Dielectric Relaxation and Molecular Structure. II. Notes on Analysing Dielectric Data of Dilute Solutions
Authors: Higasi Keniti 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Dielectric data from dilute solution studies consist of two slopes, a′ and a″, as defined by ε′=ε1′+a′c2 and ε″=a″c2. In this article it is shown that the Debye equations for dilute solutions can be described by the use of a′ and a″. These equations are obtained by replacing dielectric constant and loss, ε′ and ε″ in Debye’s equations for polar liquids by a′ and a″. As applications of these new equations based on a′ and a″ following topics are discussed: Symth’s a′, a″ plot in the complex plane; Scaife’s method of polarizability plot; the familiar loss tangent method originated by Debye for obtaining the relaxation time in solution; and Gopola Krishna’s new method for the same purpose.
The Simultaneous Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination of Rhodium(III) with 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Authors: Rangnekar Asha V , Khopkar S M 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A method has been described for the extractive spectrophotometric determination of rhodium (III) with 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) in an acetone-xylene mixture. The bright yellow rhodium(III)-TTA chelate solution in an acetone-xylene solvent mixture obeys Beer’s law over the concentration range of 1.95–19.5 μg. of rhodium per ml. Around pH 6.0 quantitative extraction is possible with 0.015 m TTA -acetone-xylene. The colour of the complex is quite stable up to 72 hr. Rhodium(III) can be extracted in the presence of a large number of ions.
Continuous Determination of Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in the Atmosphere
Authors: Yanagisawa Saburo , Yamate Noboru , Mitsuzawa Shumpo , Mori Masaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Continuous determinations of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in the atmospheric air by the use of a modified Saltzman reagent will be described. Measurement was made intermittently, once every 30 min., by an automatic continuous analyzer equipped with a single-path colorimeter. The response of the analyzer was obtained as an average of the concentration of nitrogen oxides over a period of 25 min. Two bubblers were used for absorbing nitrogen oxides into the modified Saltzman reagent, whose transmittance was measured for the determination. One bubbler was designed to absorb nitrogen dioxide, and the other, nitric oxide plus nitrogen dioxide after the oxidation of the nitric oxide by permanganate. The oxidizing efficiency of the permanganate was 96–100 per cent. The acetic acid in the Saltzman reagent was replaced with n-propyl alcohol in the modified Saltzman reagent; the spontaneous coloration and corrosive quality of the reagent was decreased by this substitution. The concentration of nitric oxide was obtained from the difference between the two responses of the analyzer, while the concentration of nitrogen dioxide could be read directly from the indication of the recorder. The transmittance ratio method was applied to the measurements, accurate determinations were possible, even at high blank values. Therefore, the reagent was used repeatedly by cycling it on the basis of measuring the difference in the coloration of the reagent before and after the absorption of nitrogen oxides. The analyzer could be used for a long period without changing the reagent.
The Isomers of the Hydrogenation Products of Bisphenol A. The Separations and Configurations of Three Isomers of 2,2-Bis-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)propane and Two of 2-(4-Hydroxycyclohexyl)-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propane
Authors: Terada Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Hydrogenations of bisphenol A (I) over Raney nickel (W-1) and Urushibara nickel A and B have been carried out, and three stereoisomers of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)propane (II) and two of 2-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propane (III) have been isolated from the products. The configurations and the preferred conformations of the II isomers, cis-cis (m. p. 174–175°C), cis-trans (164–165.5°C) and trans-trans (188–189°C), and of the III isomers, cis (159–161°C) and trans (150.5–151.5°C), have been determined by means of the infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, inversions over sodium to the stable isomers, and other methods. When heated with purified methanol, 2,2-bis(4-ketocyclohexyl)propane prepared from the chromium trioxide oxidation of an isomeric mixture of II afforded 2,2-bis(4,4-dimethoxycyclo-hexyl)propane, m. p. 140.5–141.5°C. The recrystallization of IIIt from benzene yielded IIIt·C6H6. Treating IIIc with acetic anhydride gave 2-(3-cyclohexenyl)-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propane (where c: cis and t: trans).
Studies of C-Substituted Tartaric Acid. II. On the Configurations. of Isomeric 2-Methyltartaric Acids, 1,2-Dihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic Acid and 2, 3-Dimethyltartaric Acids
Authors: Tatsumi Susumu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The assignments of the erythro-threo configuration to isomeric 2-methyltartaric acids and the-cis-trans configuration to isomeric 1,2-dihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acids were made on the basis of the infrared absorption spectra of their calcium salts. Thus, the isomer of 2-methyltartaric acid, with a m. p. of 146°C, corresponds to the erythro form, and the other isomer, with a m. p. of 161°C, to the threo form; also the one isomer of isomeric 1,2-dihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acids with a m. p. of 154°C corresponds to the cis (meso) form, and the other, with a m. p. of 180°C, to the trans (racemic) form. The configurations of the compounds are discussed in comparison with those of tartaric acid and 2,3-dimethyltartaric acid, the latter of which was recently decided by optical resolution by present author (S. Tatsumi, This Bulletin, in press.).
Vinyl Polymerization. CXLVI. The Influence of Dibenzoyl Disulfide Derivatives on Radical Polymerizations
Authors: Tsuda Kazuichi , Otsu Takayuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In order to study the effects of aromatic sulfur derivatives on radical polymerizations, dibenzoyl disulfide (DBDS) and its derivatives were prepared and used as initiators or chain transfer agents for the polymerizations of styrene and methyl methacrylate. All of these derivatives failed to act as initiators of thermal polymerizations, but they did prove effective photosensitizers. The rates of polymerizations were found not to be proportional to the square-root concentration of the initiator (DBDS) used. The sulfur radical derived from the photo-dissociation of DBDS affected not only the initiation reaction, but also the termination reaction. The chain transfer constants to DBDS derivatives in the polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate showed no linear relationship with Hammett’s equation (logC⁄C0=ρσ), but a linear relationship was obtained when a modification of Hammett’s equation (logC⁄C0=ρσ+γER) was applied. From the plot obtained by the use of logC⁄C0=ρσ+γER, the γ value, which indicates the extent of resonance stabilization in the transition state was found to be 6.0 upon the polymerization of styrene at 60°C. Under similar conditions, however, the γ-value for benzoyl peroxide was calculated as 3.0 from the results of Cooper. This difference may be explained from an increased 3d-orbital resonance stabilization of DBDS in the transition state.
Studies of Thio Acids. VII. The Synthesis of Thiopalmitic Acid and Thiomyristic Acid
Authors: Hirabayashi Yoshio , Mizuta Masateru , Mazume Tetsuro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Thiopalmitic acid, C15H31COSH (m.p. 30.8–31.3°C), and thiomyristic acid, C13H27COSH (m.p. 19.8–20.3°C), were synthesized by the reaction of sodium hydrogen sulfide in ethanol with palmitoyl and myristoyl chlorides respectively. The infrared absorption spectra of thiopalmitic and thiomyristic acids indicate that both acids assumed the thiolic acid form. Dipalmitoyl disulfide (m.p. 76.0–76.5°C) and ethyl palmitate, and dimyristoyl disulfide (m.p. 70.5–71.5°C) and ethyl myristate were isolated as by-products.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation with Modified Raney Nickel. VIII
Authors: Izumi Yoshiharu , Tatsumi Susumu , Imaida Masami 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts were prepared by modifying Raney nickel with aqueous solutions of d-tartaric acid, monomethyl d-tartrate, l-erythro- and d-threo-2, 3-dihydroxybutyric acid, l-malic acid, (+)-erythro- and (−)-threo-3-methylmalic acid, l-citramalic acid and l-methyl-succinic acid. Their asymmetric activities in the hydrogenation of methyl toacetate to methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate were compared with each other in order to study the effect of the chemical structure of the modifying reagent on the activity. Monomethyl d-tartrate, l-erythro- and d-threo-2, 3-dihydroxybutyric acid are less effective in asymmetric activity than d-tartaric acid. On modification with these three reagents, optimum asymmetric activities were obtained under acidic conditions. With d-tartaric acid, however, while high asymmetric activities were obtained at pH 5–9, there was a considerable decrease in activity at lower pH values. This suggests that the β-carboxyl group of tartaric acid plays an important role in the modification. (−)-threo-3-Methylmalic acid is more effective in asymmetric activity than l-malic acid, while (+)-erythro-3-methylmalic acid and l-citramalic acid are less effective. It has been suggested that these differences are related to hindrances due to the methyl groups on the α- or β-asymmetric centers, and also related to the correlations of the configurations of the asymmetric centers of 3-methylmalic acids. l-Methyl-succinic acid has little asymmetric effect on Raney nickel.
A Spectrophotometric Study of the Complex Formation between Iron(III) and Sulfosalicylic Acid
Authors: Ogawa Kin’ya , Tobe Nobuko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A spectrophotometric study of the complex formation between iron(III) and sulfosalicylic acid was carried out over the pH range up to 8; further, an attempt was made to test the applicability of sulfosalicylic acid as a reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of iron(III) in the presence of iron(II). The absorption maxima are found at 510 mμ independently of the pH between 1 to 2.5, while they shift in the direction of shorter wavelength as the pH rises. It was concluded that three complex species, Fe(Su), Fe(Su)23−, and Fe(Su)36−, are formed successively in acid solutions; their stability constants were determined to be:
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
where Su3− denotes the sulfosalicylate anion, C6H3(O−)(COO−)(SO3−). If the pH of the solution is adjusted from 3 to 4.5 and if the absorbancy measurements are made at 480 to 490 mμ, sulfosalicylic acid can be used as a reagent for determining iron(III) in the presence of iron(II). The optimum concentration of iron(III) is 2 to 10 p. p. m.; iron(II) does not interfere, even at a concentration of 100 p. p. m.
Studies of Organic Catalytic Reactions. IV. A Redox Reaction between Unsaturated Organic Compounds and Primary Alcohols in the Presence of Nickel Catalysts
Authors: Sakai Koji , Ito Takehiko , Watanabe Ken-ichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Styrene, mesityl oxide, benzonitrile and nitrobenzene are reduced when heated with primary alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, 1-butanol and benzyl alcohol, in the presence of nickel catalysts. On the other hand, aldehydes are obtained by the dehydrogenation of the primary alcohols. The relative reactivity of the functional groups for the reduction is as follows: C=C&gt;C≡N&gt;NO2&gt;C=O. The carbonyl group and the benzene nucleus can not be reduced under these reaction conditions. A selective reduction occurs in the reaction with mesityl oxide. The lower limit of the reaction temperature depends on the combination of the two species of the hydrogen donor (primary alcohol) and the acceptor compounds. The use of a large excess of alcohols for the reduction is effective in this redox reaction. In the reaction between styrene and benzyl alcohol, the ratio of the decreased amount of styrene to the increased amount of ethylbenzene is always 1 : 1, as determined by gas chromatographic analysis.
The Relative Reactivities of Alkyl Acrylates in Their Radical Copolymerizations
Authors: Otsu Takayuki , Ito Toshio , Fukumizu Tomiya , Imoto Minoru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In order to clarify the effect of the alkyl groups in alkyl acrylates (RA) on their reactivities to the attack of a radical, the copolymerization of RA (M2) with styrene (M1) has been carried out at 60°C. From the results obtained, the monomer reactivity ratios and the Q2 and e2 values were determined. It was found that the relative reactivities (1/r1) of RA to a polystyryl radical were correlated only by the polar substituent constant (σ*) of the alkyl group in RA, not by their steric substituent constant (Es) in Taft’s equation:
log(1⁄r1)=ρ*σ*+δEs
According to the above equation, the ρ* and δ values were obtained as 0.56 and 0, respectively. It was also observed that the Q2 and e2 values for RA were correlated by Taft’s σ* substituent constant.
Resonance Effect in Hammett Relationship. IV. Linear Free Energy Relationship based on the Normal Substituent Constants
Authors: Yukawa Yasuhide , Tsuno Yuho , Sawada Masami 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A set of normal substituent constants, σ0, was derived from the rates of alkaline hydrolysis of m- and p-substituted ethyl phenylacetates in 60% (v/v) aqeuous acetone at 25.0°C. The obtained values of σ0-constants were generally identical with Taft’s values within experimental uncertainty. On the basis of the derived σ0, substituent effects on the general electrophilic reactions were correlated excellently by the equation, logk⁄k0=ρ(σ0+rΔ\barσR+) where Δ\barσR+ corresponds to the exaltation of Brown and Okamoto’s σ+ from σ0. The similar treatment could be applied also to the nucleophilic reactions. The utility of this equation for the estimation of resonance contribution and for the consideration of reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of the Intermolecular Interaction of Amides and Some Other Related Dipolar Molecules
Authors: Yonezawa Teijiro , Morishima Isao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The chemical shifts for N,N-disubstituted amides and some other isoelectronic compounds as pure liquid and in dilute solutions in CCl4 are reported. The characteristic shifts generally observed on going from a CCl4 solution to pure liquid are explained in terms of specific self-association in the pure liquid.
The Vibrational Assignments of Sulfuryl-Fluoride, -Chloride and -Fluorochloride and Their Transferable Force Constants
Authors: Toyuki Hiroshi , Shimizu Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A normal coordinate treatment has been carried out on the basis of the Urey-Bradley force field in order to obtain a set of the most probable assignments and the transferable force constants for the sulfuryl fluoride, the chloride and the fluorochloride series. The assignments selected and the force constants obtained have been satisfactory. The potential energy distributions have been calculated and the vibrational modes have been estimated for each molecule.
The Isocyanurates. III. The Formation of Tributyl Isocyanurates from Butyl Bromides in the Presence of 1-Butanol
Authors: Nagasawa Atsuo , Kitano Hisao , Fukui Kenichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of n-butyl or s-butyl bromide with potassium cyanate in dimethylformamide was carried out at 100°C for 3 hr. to give tri-n-butyl or tri-s-butyl isocyanurate. In this process, the presence of unpolymerized n-butyl or s-butyl isocyanate in the reaction mixture was detected by treating the mixture with benzylamine, thus forming 1-n-butyl or 1-s-butyl-3-benzyl urea. The presence of 1-butanol in the reaction system resulted in an increase in the yield of the corresponding isocyanurates. This tendency was remarkable when s-butyl bromide was used as a starting material. The addition of n-butyl N-n-butyl- or n-butyl N-s-butylcarbamate to the reaction system strongly accelerated the formation of isocyanurates. The acceleration due to the addition of 1-butanol described above was, therefore, attributed to the effect of carbamates formed in the reaction system. An attempt to trimerize n-butyl or s-butyl isocyanate in the presence of carbamates and dimethylthylformamide, or in the presence of carbamates and potassium cyanate, resulted in failure. Therefore, carbamates acted as strong accelerators for the trimerization of butyl isocyanates, in cooperation with basic alkali metal salts, such as potassium cyanate, in dimethylformamide.