bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the role of personal normative beliefs in the theory of reasoned action: The problem of discriminating between alternative path models
Authors: Budd Richard J. , Spencer Christopher P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the 1967 version of Fishbein's model of the attitude‐behaviour relationship a distinction was drawn between personal and social normative beliefs. Personal normative beliefs were later removed from the model on the grounds that they act as an alternative measure of behavioural intention. It is argued that the existing literature does not support this hypothesis and data is presented which indicates that personal normative beliefs are not an alternative measure of behavioural intention. It is argued that personal normative beliefs can be reconceptualized as measuring a person's ideal behavioural intention; a variable which mediates the relationship between attitudes, subjective norms and intentions, Evidence is presented which supports this hypothesis, but it is further demonstrated that an alternative model can be fitted to the present data. It is argued that it is impossible to discriminate between these alternative models on the basis of path analytic techniques, and the implications that this finding has for attitude research are discussed.
Is mechanical deformation of the suboccipital vertebral artery during cervical spine rotation responsible for vertebrobasilar insufficiency?
Authors: Mitchell Jeanette 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPurpose. The atlanto‐axial region of the vertebral artery (VA) has traditionally been considered at risk for injury during cervical spine rotation, leading to compromised blood flow to the hindbrain and vertebrobasilar insufficiency or ischaemia (VBI). The anatomical relationships of the suboccipital VA (VA3) and related haemodynamic changes associated with cervical spine movements have been neglected, however. The present review aims to provide a new perspective on possible causes of reduced blood flow to the hindbrain, with particular reference to the functional anatomy of VA3 and related biomechanics of cervical spine rotation, to inform evidence‐based practice. Method. To support the hypothesis that it is VA3, not the VA in the atlanto‐axial region, that is compressed or stretched during cervical spine rotation, current studies of blood flow changes in the VA distal to the region of rotation and possible arterial deformation were retrieved, using AMED, CINAHL, Embase, Pedro and PubMed, and reviewed. Results. Possible sites for VA3 deformation, based on a re‐examination of its anatomy and biomechanics, are described. However, no research reports of VA3 blood flow measurements associated with cervical spine rotation have been published to date. Five studies on blood flow changes in the intracranial VA after cervical spine rotation were reviewed. The subjects for four of these reports were young, healthy individuals, and the fifth included older patients and young non‐patients. The analysis of these studies demonstrated that more rigorous control of variables is necessary before meaningful conclusions can be made. Conclusion. The paucity of studies of VA3 emphasises the need for research based on informed understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of this area. This view on mechanical deformation of VA3 associated with cervical spine rotation as a possible cause of compromised blood flow to the hindbrain and VBI provides further argument for avoiding full‐range or sustained cervical spine rotation in clinical practice. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of cholesterol and simvastatin treatment in patients with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS)
Authors: Haas D. , Garbade S. F. , Vohwinkel C. , Muschol N. , Trefz F. K. , Penzien J. M. , Zschocke J. , Hoffmann G. F. , Burgard P. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySmith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a malformation syndrome caused by deficiency of 7‐dehydrocholesterol reductase catalysing the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis. This results in an accumulation of 7‐ and 8‐dehydrocholesterol (7+8–DHC) and, in most patients, a deficiency of cholesterol. Current therapy consists of dietary cholesterol supplementation, which raises plasma cholesterol levels, but clinical effects have been reported in only a few patients. Hydroxymethylglutaryl‐coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors were shown to reduce 7+8–DHC levels and increase cholesterol concentrations in two small trials with divergent clinical outcome. This retrolective study evaluates the effects of cholesterol only and of cholesterol plus the HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin on plasma sterols in 39 SLOS patients and on anthropometric measures in 20 SLOS patients. Cholesterol as well as additional simvastatin decreased the plasma (7+8–DHC)/cholesterol ratio. However, the mechanism leading to the decreasing ratio was different. Whereas it was due to an increasing cholesterol concentration in the cholesterol‐only cohort, a decreasing 7+8–DHC concentration was demonstrated in the cohort receiving additional simvastatin. We could not confirm a positive effect of simvastatin treatment on anthropometric measures or behaviour, as previously reported.
Lipase‐catalyzed alcoholysis of triglycerides for short‐chain monoglyceride production
Authors: Lee Guan‐Chiun , Wang Dong‐Lin , Ho Yi‐Fang , Shaw Jei‐Fu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens efficiently catalyzed the alcoholysis of various TG in dry alcohols. For TG with short‐chain FA, more MG were accumulated. The yields of MG were affected by the alcohols used. The maximum yields of MG were as follows: 85% for monoacetin in n‐butanol, 96% for monobutyrin in ethanol or n‐butanol, 50% for monocaprylin in n‐butanol, 48% for monolaurin in isopropanol, and 45% for monopalmitin in isopropanol. The MG produced were judged to be 2‐MG by TLC analysis. The presence of organic cosolvent affected the reaction rate of the lipase‐catalyzed alcoholysis of TG. For the alcoholysis of various TG in ethanol and cosolvent (1∶1, vol/vol), the rates had the following orders: (i) for tributyrin, hexane > toluene > acetone > ethyl acetate > chloroform > acetonitrile > pyridine; (ii) for tricaprylin, hexane > acetone > toluene > acetonitrile > ethyl acetate > pyridine > chloroform; and (iii) for trialurin, hexane > acetonitrile=acetone > ethyl acetate > pyridine=chloroform > toluene.
Production of structured lipids by lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis in supercritical carbon dioxide: Effect on acyl migration
Authors: Kim In‐Hwan , Ko Soon‐Nam , Lee Sun‐Mi , Chung Soo‐Hyun , Kim Hakryul , Lee Ki‐Teak , Ha Tae‐Youl 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStructured lipids were synthesized by the acidolysis of corn oil by caprylic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) with Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei. The effects of pressure and temperature on the reaction were studied. To compare the degrees of acyl migration in the SCCO2 and solvent‐free reaction systems, the effects of reaction time on the degree of acyl migration were also studied. The highest mole percentage incorporation of caprylic acid (62.2 mol%) occurred at 24.13 MPa in SCCO2. The overall incorporation of caprylic acid in the SCCO2 system remained higher than that in the solvent‐free system at every temperature tested. This trend was observed more clearly at lower temperatures (35–55°C) than at higher temperatures (65–75°C). Acyl migration with both reaction systems was low, with a negligible difference between them up to 12 h, after which the degree of acyl migration in the solvent‐free system increased rapidly with time up to 24 h compared with the SCCO2 system.
Critical temperature for production of MAG by esterification of different FA with glycerol using Penicillium camembertii lipase
Authors: Pinsirodom Praphan , Watanabe Yomi , Nagao Toshihiro , Sugihara Akio , Kobayashi Takashi , Shimada Yuji 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProduction of MAG by a lipase‐catalyzed reaction is known to be effective at low temperature. This phenomenon can be explained by assuming that synthesized MAG are excluded from the reaction system because MAG, which have low m.p., are solidified at low temperatures. Consequently, MAG are efficiently accumulated and do not serve as the precursor of DAG. If this hypothesis is correct, the critical temperature for MAG production, defined as the highest temperature at which DAG synthesis is repressed, should depend on the m.p. of the MAG. Esterification of FFA with glycerol using Candida rugosa, Rhizopus oryzae, and Penicillium camembertii lipases produced MAG efficiently at low temperatures. However, Candida lipase showed very low esterification activity at high temperatures (>20°C), and Rhizopus lipase produced not only MAG but also DAG even at low temperatures. Meanwhile, P. camembertii lipase catalyzed synthesis of MAG only from FFA and glycerol at low temperatures, although the enzyme catalyzed synthesis of DAG from MAG in addition to synthesis of MAG at high temperatures. We thus studied the effect of temperature on esterification of C10−C18 FFA with glycerol using Penicillium lipase as a catalyst and determined the critical temperatures for production of MAG. The critical temperature for production of each MAG showed a linear correlation with m.p. of the MAG, which supported the hypothesis. In addition, because the m.p. of MAG are estimated from that of the constituent FA, the optimal temperature for production of MAG can be predicted from the m.p. of the FFA used as a substrate.
Molecular markers associated with linolenic acid content in soybean
Authors: Spencer M. M. , Landau‐Ellis D. , Meyer E. J. , Pantalone V. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn altered FA profile with decreased linolenic (18∶3) acid in soybean germplasm was developed by crossing N97‐3708‐13, a soybean line with reduced 18∶3 (<5.4%) and ‘Anand’, a normal soybean cultivar (9.7% 18∶3). The resulting recombinant inbred lines are promising because they may promote healthier oil with improved oxidative stability and flavor. The objective of this study was to utilize the population N97‐3708‐13 × Anand to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers associated with 18∶3 content. Two markers, Satt534 and Satt560, which are located approximately 10 cM apart from each other, near the Fan locus on linkage group B2, were identified as quantitative trait loci significantly associated with 18∶3 content (P=0.001, R2=0.59, individually). The SSR markers identified in this study should be useful for implementation of marker‐assisted selection for low‐18∶3 genotypes in soybean breeding programs.
Comparative study of the autoxidation of TAG containing conjugated and nonconjugated C18 PUFA
Authors: Suzuki Rikako , Abe Masayuki , Miyashita Kazuo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFour TAG containing linoleate (soybean‐TAG), α‐linoleate (perilla‐TAG), conjugated linoleate (CLA‐TAG), and conjugated linolenate (bitter gourd‐TAG) were oxidized in the bulk phase at 50°C. The effects of α‐tocopherol and Trolox (6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid) on the oxidation of these TAG were also studied. Progress of oxidation was determined by measuring the oxygen consumption, peroxide formation, and polymer formation. The rates of oxygen consumption and polymer formation of bitter gourd‐TAG and CLA‐TAG were faster than those of perilla‐TAG and soybean‐TAG, respectively. The present results revealed that the main oxidation products of bitter gourd‐TAG and CLA‐TAG were dimers and polymers, whereas hydroperoxides were the main products in the oxidation of perilla‐TAG and soybean‐TAG. These differences in the oxidation of TAG were characterized mainly by oxidation of the main PUFA contained in each TAG, namely, linoleate (56.1%) for soybean‐TAG, α‐linolenate (54.5%) for perilla‐TAG, conjugated linoleate (69.5%) for CLA‐TAG, and conjugated linolenate (61.6%) for bitter gourd‐TAG, respectively. α‐Tocopherol and Trolox inhibited the oxidation of TAG. The inhibitory effect of these antioxidants was more effective against the oxidation of CLA‐TAG and bitter gourd‐TAG than that of soybean‐TAG and perilla‐TAG, respectively. This was probably due to the high rate at which the antioxidants inhibited the dimerization and polymerization of CLA‐TAG and bitter gourd‐TAG.
Thermal deterioration of diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol oils during deep‐frying
Authors: Shimizu Masao , Moriwaki Junya , Nishide Tsutomu , Nakajima Yoshinobu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe thermal deterioration of cooking oil during deep‐frying with a diacylglycerol (DAG)‐rich oil (DAG‐OIL) was compared with that for a cooking oil composed of a blend of commercial cooking oils (TAG‐OIL) with a comparable FA composition and tocopherol content. Analyses of several indices of deterioration indicated no substantial difference in p‐anisidine values, iodine values, and petroleum ether‐insoluble oxidized FA between DAG‐OIL and TAG‐OIL. The polymerized glyceride (PG) content was lower for DAG‐OIL than TAG‐OIL. However, the PG value did not reflect the degree of polymerization of the FA chains directly, since both DAG‐OIL and TAG‐OIL generated polymeric products but of different types. An analysis of the polymerized FA content revealed no significant difference in the degree of polymerization of either of the oils. The total polar compounds included nonaltered DAG as an altered compound, and, as a result, this index was not appropriate for DAG‐OIL. DAG‐OIl underwent hydrolysis more rapidly than TAG‐OIL. This difference was mainly correlated with moisture contained by the oil during frying and with the total molarity of the glycerides. Even though DAG‐OIL was used until it became a waste oil, the extent of thermal oxidation was the same as that for TAG‐OIL, although some indices showed a different trend from TAG‐OIL. Molecular structure had no influence on the thermal deterioration of the frying oil. We conclude that the choice of indices is an important factor when the deterioration of DAG‐OIL is evaluated.
Oxidative stability of sunflower oils differing in unsaturation degree during long‐term storage at room temperature
Authors: Martín‐Polvillo M. , Márquez‐Ruiz G. , Dobarganes M. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe objective of this work was to study the evolution of oxidation in sunflower oils differing in unsaturation degree during long‐term storage at room temperature. For this purpose, a combination of adsorption and size‐exclusion chromatographies was used for quantification of oxidized triacylglycerol (TG) monomers, dimers, and polymers. Conventional sunflower oil, genetically modified high‐oleic sunflower oil, and a 1∶1 mixture of the two were used. Results showed that oxidized TG monomers were the only group of oxidation compounds increasing during the early oxidation stage, and an excellent correlation was found between amounts of oxidized TG monomers and PV during the induction period, independently of the degree of oil unsaturation. Both the rate of formation and the amount of oxidized TG monomers accumulated at the end of the induction period increased as the unsaturation degree of the oils tested was higher. The end of the induction period was marked by the initiation of polymerization and exhaustion of tocopherol. Therefore, the concomitant determination of oxidized TG monomers and polymerization compounds provided a complete picture of the oxidation process.
Characteristics of tea seed oil in comparison with sunflower and olive oils and its effect as a natural antioxidant
Authors: Sahari Mohammad Ali , Ataii Davood , Hamedi Manuchehr 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA comparison of iodine values showed that the degree of saturation of tea seed oil (Lahjan variety) was intermediate between the oils of sunflowerseed (Fars variety) and olive (Gilezeytoon variety), and the saponification values of these three oils were similar. Tea seed oil consisted of 56% oleic acid (C18∶1), 22% linoleic acid (C18∶2), 0.3% linolenic acid (C18∶3), and therefore, on the basis of oleic acid, occupied a place between sunflower and olive oil. In studies at 63°C, the shelf life of tea seed oil was higher than that of sunflower oil and similar to olive oil. Tea seed oil was found to have a natural antioxidant effect, and it enhanced the shelf life of sunflower oil at a 5% level. In this study, tea seed oil was found to be a stable oil, to have suitable nutritional properties (high‐oleic, medium‐linoleic, and lowlinolenic acid contents), and to be useful in human foods.
Effect of lipid source on probiotic bacteria and conjugated linoleic acid formation in milk model systems
Authors: Xu Sa , Boylston Terri D. , Glatz Bonita A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe objective of this research was to study the effects of probiotic bacteria, lipid source, and fermentation time on the CLA content of a milk model system. The evaluation of 11 probiotic bacteria showed that they were able to produce CLA from linoleic acid in a model system containing hydrolyzed soy oil (1%) emulsified in milk, but not in model systems of unhydrolyzed oil (1%) emulsified in milk or 1% fat milk. Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii 56, P. freudenreichii subsp. shermanii 51, and P. freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii 23 demonstrated the greatest increase in CLA content. Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii 51, produced the highest cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA content and also produced the greatest increase in trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA content as fermentation time was increased from 24 to 48 h. The fermentation of probiotic bacteria for 24 h was often most effective in increasing the CLA content. Viable counts of probiotic bacteria increased significantly from 0 to 24 h. These results demonstrated that the content of CLA during fermentation was primarily dependent on the strain of probiotic bacteria and the lipid source in the milk model system. This research suggests an efficient approach to produce CLA‐enriched cultured dairy products.
A comparison of attenuated total reflectance‐FTIR spectroscopy and GPC for monitoring biodiesel production
Authors: Dubé Marc A. , Zheng Sheng , McLean David D. , Kates Morris 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGel permeation chromatography (GPC) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR)‐FTIR spectroscopy were used to monitor the products of transesterification of waste frying oil in methanol to FAME or biodiesel. To evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of each method, quantitative analyses of mixtures of standards (TG, DG, MG, FAME, and glycerol) as well as lipid products of transesterification were carried out. The reproducibility of each method was found to be within ±1–5%. The differences between the results of the two methods were less than ±2%. The GPC method showed good separation of the intermediate products MG and glycerol from the TG starting material and FAME, but DG were not completely separated from TG, GPC gave good quantitative results for MG and FAME, but the TG and DG analyses required correction, depending on the mole ratio of TG/DG. In contrast, ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy could only give quantitative data for the sum of TG+DG+MG.
Solid freeform fabrication of soybean oil‐based composites reinforced with clay and fibers
Authors: Liu Zengshe , Erhan Sevim Z. , Calvert Paul D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSoybean oil/epoxy‐based composites were prepared by an extrusion freeform fabrication method. These composites were reinforced with a combination of organically modified clay and fibers. The intercalated behavior of the epoxy resin in the presence of organo‐modified clay was investigated by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The mixture of epoxidized soybean oil and EPON® 828 resin was modified with a gelling agent to solidify the materials until curing occurred. The flexural modulus reached 4.86 GPa with glass fiber reinforcement at 50.6 wt% loading. It was shown that the fiber orientation followed the direction of motion of the writing head that deposited the resins and had an influence on the properties of the composite. The composites cured by curing agent jeffamine EDR‐148 were found to have lower mechanical properties than those cured with triethylenetetramine, diethylenetriamine, and polyethylenimine. In addition, the effects of clay loading and fiber loading on mechanical properties of the composites were studied and reported.
GEOquery: a bridge between the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and BioConductor
Authors: Davis Sean , Meltzer Paul S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMicroarray technology has become a standard molecular biology tool. Experimental data have been generated on a huge number of organisms, tissue types, treatment conditions and disease states. The Gene Expression Omnibus (Barrett et al., 2005), developed by the National Center for Bioinformatics (NCBI) at the National Institutes of Health is a repository of nearly 140 000 gene expression experiments. The BioConductor project (Gentleman et al., 2004) is an open-source and open-development software project built in the R statistical programming environment (R Development core Team, 2005) for the analysis and comprehension of genomic data. The tools contained in the BioConductor project represent many state-of-the-art methods for the analysis of microarray and genomics data. We have developed a software tool that allows access to the wealth of information within GEO directly from BioConductor, eliminating many the formatting and parsing problems that have made such analyses labor-intensive in the past. The software, called GEOquery, effectively establishes a bridge between GEO and BioConductor. Easy access to GEO data from BioConductor will likely lead to new analyses of GEO data using novel and rigorous statistical and bioinformatic tools. Facilitating analyses and meta-analyses of microarray data will increase the efficiency with which biologically important conclusions can be drawn from published genomic data.Availability: GEOquery is available as part of the BioConductor project.Contact: sdavis2@mail.nih.gov
DoriC: a database oforiCregions in bacterial genomes
Authors: Gao Feng , Zhang Chun-Ting 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSummary: Replication origins (oriCs) of bacterial genomes currently available in GenBank have been predicted by using a systematic method comprising the Z-curve analysis for nucleotide distribution asymmetry, DnaA box distribution, genes adjacent to candidate oriCs and phylogenetic relationships. These oriCs are organized into a MySQL database, DoriC, which provides extensive information and graphical views of the oriC regions. In addition, users can Blast a query sequence or even a whole genome against DoriC to find a homologous one. DoriC will be updated timely and the latest version is DoriC 1.8, in which oriCs of 425 genomes (468 chromosomes) are identified.Availability: DoriC can be accessed from http://tubic.tju.edu.cn/doric/Contact: ctzhang@tju.edu.cnSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at http://tubic.tju.edu.cn/doric/supplementary.htm
Rapid assessment of correlated amino acids from pair-to-pair (P2P) substitution matrices
Authors: Eyal Eran , Pietrokovski Shmuel , Bahar Ivet 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIdentification of correlated amino acids in proteins has been a topic of broad interest in view of its functional implications and importance in protein design. A new set of pair-to-pair (P2P) substitution matrices for amino acids was recently introduced as a useful tool for inferring information on such correlated sites. We present a website developed for automated application of these matrices for analysis of query sequences. The site offers options for graphical analysis of correlations, as well as visualization of correlated amino acids on representative, structurally characterized, members of the examined family of sequences.Availability: http://www.ccbb.pitt.edu/p2pContact: eyal@ccbb.pitt.edu