bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Air–Sea Interaction at the Mouth of the Gulf of California
Authors: Zuidema Paquita , Fairall Chris , Hartten Leslie M. , Hare Jeffrey E. , Wolfe Daniel 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Surface flux, wind profiler, oceanic temperature and salinity, and atmospheric moisture, cloud, and wind observations gathered from the R/V Altair during the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) are presented. The vessel was positioned at the mouth of the Gulf of California halfway between La Paz and Mazatlan (∼23.5°N, 108°W), from 7 July to 11 August 2004, with a break from 22 to 27 July. Experiment-mean findings include a net heat input from the atmosphere into the ocean of 70 W m−2. The dominant cooling was an experiment-mean latent heat flux of 108 W m−2, equivalent to an evaporation rate of 0.16 mm h−1. Total accumulated rainfall amounted to 42 mm. The oceanic mixed layer had a depth of approximately 20 m and both warmed and freshened during the experiment, despite a dominance of evaporation over local precipitation. The mean atmospheric boundary layer depth was approximately 410 m, deepening with time from an initial value of 350 m. The mean near-surface relative humidity was 66%, increasing to 73% at the top of the boundary layer. The rawinsondes documented an additional moist layer between 2- and 3-km altitude associated with a land–sea breeze, and a broad moist layer at 5–6 km associated with land-based convective outflow. The observational period included a strong gulf surge around 13 July associated with the onset of the summer monsoon in southern Arizona. During this surge, mean 1000–700-hPa winds reached 12 m s−1, net surface fluxes approached zero, and the atmosphere moistened significantly but little rainfall occurred. The experiment-mean wind diurnal cycle was dominated by mainland Mexico and consisted of a near-surface westerly sea breeze along with two easterly return flows, one at 2–3 km and another at 5–6 km. Each of these altitudes experienced nighttime cloudiness. The corresponding modulation of the radiative cloud forcing diurnal cycle provided a slight positive feedback upon the sea surface temperature. Two findings were notable. One was an advective warming of over 1°C in the oceanic mixed layer temperature associated with the 13 July surge. The second was the high nighttime cloud cover fraction at 5–6 km, dissipating during the day. These clouds appeared to be thin, stratiform, slightly supercooled liquid-phase clouds. The preference for the liquid phase increases the likelihood that the clouds can be advected farther from their source and thereby contribute to a higher-altitude horizontal moisture flux into the United States.
Annual and Warm Season Drought Intensity–Duration–Frequency Analysis for Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Hallack-Alegria Michelle , Watkins David W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLocated in northwestern Mexico, Sonora is a region affected by the North American monsoon (NAM). The region covers nearly 50% of the North American Sonoran Desert and is characterized by climatic conditions ranging from extremely arid to semiarid. The region has suffered from drought since 1995, and consequently, water supplies are threatened. The objectives of this work are to characterize the spatial and temporal variabilities of precipitation in Sonora and to conduct a meteorological drought intensity–duration–frequency analysis based on annual and warm season precipitation records. Monthly precipitation data are compiled from 76 meteorological stations located in Sonora, along with 19 stations in the neighboring American state of Arizona, for the period 1961–2004. For increased reliability, data are pooled within five plausible climatic regions. Among the results reported herein are summaries of precipitation variability, drought frequency estimates for annual and seasonal durations and return periods of 10–100 yr, and an estimate of the return period of the most recent multiyear drought.
Molecular mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory phenotype of neonatal splenic macrophages
Authors: Chelvarajan Lakshman , Popa Diana , Liu Yushu , Getchell Thomas V , Stromberg Arnold J , Bondada Subbarao 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNeonatal humans and rodents are susceptible to infection with encapsulated bacteria as a result of an inability to make antibodies to capsular polysaccharides. This is partly a result of decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines by splenic macrophages (MΦ) from neonates. In this study, we show that when stimulated with a variety of agonists to TLR2, -4, and -9, neonatal MΦ make less proinflammatory cytokines and more IL-10 than adult MΦ. IL-10 appears to have a role in the decreased proinflammatory cytokine production, as neonatal MΦ treated with anti-IL-10 receptor antibody or from IL-10–/– mice produced levels of proinflammatory cytokines at a level comparable with that produced by adult MΦ. A microarray analysis of RNA from resting and LPS-stimulated MΦ from neonatal and adult mice showed that expression of a large number of genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors was decreased dramatically in the neonatal MΦ, although some cytokines, including IL-10 and IL-16, were enhanced. Several genes in the TLR signaling pathway leading to NF-κB activation were down-regulated, which may account for the decreased chemokine and cytokine synthesis. It is surprising that p38α MAPK, known to be required for TLR-induced cytokine secretion, was enhanced in the neonatal MΦ. Our studies with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 suggested that excess p38 MAPK activity can be inhibitory for TLR2-, -4-, and -9-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines but not IL-10. The anti-inflammatory phenotype of the neonatal Mφ may be unique to the developing organism, although it compromises the neonate’s ability to respond to encapsulated bacteria.
Real-time loading actuator control for an advanced aerospace test rig
Authors: Jacazio G , Balossini G 
Published: May 2007

The growing complexity of aircraft systems requires that extensive testing be performed on dedicated test rigs to grant the necessary flight clearance and to provide troubleshooting of the problems that may arise during prototype flight trials. A new test rig is described herein, that was recently built to provide comprehensive testing of the flight controls, landing gear, and hydraulic systems of the M-346 advanced trainer aircraft. All these subsystems are connected together on the rig as in the real aircraft to ensure that the entire system operates on the rig exactly as on the aircraft. To that purpose, a high-performance force control system was developed to provide accurate dynamic loading of the primary and secondary flight control actuators, and the structure onto which the flight control actuators are mounted provides a mechanical load path with the same stiffness as in the real aircraft. The present paper describes the main characteristics of the test rig and puts particular emphasis on the force control system that makes use of an adaptive control law to provide a very accurate control of the force acting upon the actuators during fast transients.
Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of magnetorheological dampers for vehicle suspension systems
Authors: Batterbee D. C. , Sims N. D. 
Published: May 2007

Magnetorheological (MR) fluids provide an elegant means to enhance vibration control in primary vehicle suspensions. Such fluids can rapidly modify their flow characteristics in response to a magnetic field, so they can be used to create semi-active dampers. However, the behaviour of MR dampers is inherently non-linear and as a consequence, the choice of an effective control strategy remains an unresolved problem. Previous research has developed a method to linearize the damper's force/velocity response, to allow implementation of classical control techniques. In the present study, this strategy is used to implement skyhook damping laws within primary automotive suspensions. To simulate the vehicle suspension, a two-degree-of-freedom quarter car model is used, which is excited by realistic road profiles. The controller performance is investigated experimentally using the hardware-in-the-loop-simulation (HILS) method. This experimental method is described in detail and its performance is validated against numerical simulations for a simplified problem. The present authors demonstrate that feedback linearization can provide significant performance enhancements in terms of passenger comfort, road holding, and suspension working space compared with other control strategies. Furthermore, feedback linearization is shown to desensitize the controller to uncertainties in the input excitation such as changes in severity of the road surface roughness.
Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells as Novel Feeder Layers for Promoting Ex Vivo Expansion of Limbal Epithelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Chen Ying-Ting , Li Wei , Hayashida Yasutaka , He Hua , Chen Szu-Yu , Tseng David Y. , Kheirkhah Ahmad , Tseng Scheffer C. G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Human amniotic epithelial cells (HAECs) are a unique embryonic cell source that potentially can be used as feeder layers for expanding different types of stem cells. In vivo, HAECs uniformly expressed pan-cytokeratins (pan-CK) and heterogeneously expressed vimentin (Vim). The two phenotypes expressing either pan-CK(+)/Vim(+) or pan-CK(+)/Vim(-) were maintained in serum-free media with high calcium. In contrast, all HAECs became pan-CK(+)/Vim(+) in serum-containing media, which also promoted HAEC proliferation for at least eight passages, especially supplemented with epidermal growth factor and insulin. Mitomycin C-arrested HAEC feeder layers were more effective in promoting clonal growth of human limbal epithelial progenitors than conventional 3T3 murine feeder layers. Cells in HAEC-supported clones were uniformly smaller, sustained more proliferation, and expressed less CK12 and connexin 43 but higher levels of stem cell-associated markers such as p63, Musashi-1, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G2 than those of 3T3-supported clones. Subculturing of clonally expanded limbal progenitors from HAEC feeder layers, but not from 3T3 feeder layers, gave rise to uniformly p63-positive epithelial progenitor cells as well as nestin-positive neuronal-like progenitors. Collectively, these results indicated that HAECs can be used as a human feeder layer equivalent for more effective ex vivo expansion of adult epithelial stem cells from the human limbus.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Occupational asbestos exposure among respiratory cancer patients in Lithuania
Authors: Everatt Rūta Petrauskaitė , Smolianskienė Gražina , Tossavainen Antti , Cicėnas Saulius , Jankauskas Remigijus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundDespite intensive use of asbestos, no cancer case has ever been diagnosed as asbestos related in Lithuania. This paper attempts to estimate the proportion of those occupationally exposed to asbestos among respiratory cancer patients.Material and methodsOccupational exposure to asbestos was assessed retrospectively for 298 lung cancer and four mesothelioma patients, admitted to the Institute of Oncology, Vilnius. The evaluation was based on personal interview data using an internationally established questionnaire covering most likely activities of asbestos exposure at the workplace. Cumulative exposure to asbestos at work was estimated in fiber years. Lung tissue asbestos fiber burden analysis was conducted by scanning transmission electron microscopy on 23 samples.ResultsA cumulative asbestos exposure of ≥25 fiber years was found for 10 lung cancer patients (3.4%). They worked in foundries, construction, installation, shipyard, power plant, railway, asbestos cement, glass and chemical industry. In a further 56 lung cancer patients (18.8%) and for one (25%) mesothelioma patient, a cumulative exposure from 5 to 24.9 fiber years was assessed. Asbestos fibers were detected in 18 cases, the burden ranged from 0.1 to 4.1 million fibers/g dry lung tissue; concentrations exceeding 1 million f/g dry lung tissue were found in four cases. All fibers were chrysotile.ConclusionsFindings indicate that a fraction (3.4%) of the lung cancer cases could be attributed to heavy occupational exposure to asbestos using the Helsinki criterion of ≥25 fiber years. Therefore, approximately 50 lung cancer cases per year in Lithuania could be asbestos‐related compensable occupational diseases. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:455–463, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fortuitous detection of a submicroscopic deletion at 1q25 in a girl with Cornelia‐de Lange syndrome carrying t(5;13)(p13.1;q12.1) by array‐based comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Hayashi Shin , Ono Masae , Makita Yoshio , Imoto Issei , Mizutani Shuki , Inazawa Johji 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe report on a 2‐year‐old Japanese girl with Cornelia‐de Lange syndrome (CdLS) who had mental and growth retardation, together with characteristic facial anomalies and mild extremity malformations. She had a balanced chromosomal translocation, 46,XX,t(5;13)(p13.1;q12.1) de novo. Surprisingly, this was the same translocation that had provided a clue to the identification of a major causative gene for CdLS, NIPBL [Krantz et al., 2004; Tonkin et al., 2004]. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the breakpoint was confirmed to lie within NIPBL at 5p13.1. Furthermore, array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) demonstrated a cryptic 1‐Mb deletion harboring six known genes at 1q25–q31.1. A FISH analysis of her parents confirmed that the deletion was de novo. Although patients with interstitial deletions at 1q are rare, some of their features were similar to those observed in our patient, indicating that her clinical manifestations are likely to be affected by not only the disruption of NIPBL but also the concomitant microdeletion at 1q25–q31.1. The present case suggests that array‐CGH can uncover cryptic genomic aberrations affecting atypical phenotypes even in well‐known congenital disorders. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Castor oil‐based polyurethane–polyester nonwoven fabric composites: Mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and water sorption behavior at different temperatures
Authors: Satheesh Kumar M. N. , Manjula K. S. , Siddaramaiah  
Published: May 2007

AbstractCastor oil‐based polyurethane (PU)–polyester nonwoven fabric composites were fabricated by impregnating the polyester nonwoven fabric in a composition containing castor oil and diisocyanate. The effects of different diisocyanates such as toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) on the mechanical properties have been studied for neat PU sheets and their composites with polyester nonwoven fabric. Chemical resistance of the PU composites has been assessed by exposing the specimens to different chemical environments. Percentage water absorption of composites and neat PU sheets has been determined both at room temperature and in boiling water. Both TDI‐ and HMDI‐based PU composites showed a marginal improvement in tensile strength retention at 100°C heat ageing. Water sorption studies were carried out at different temperatures, viz, 30, 50, and 70°C, based on immersion weight gain method. From the sorption results, the diffusion (D) and permeation (P) coefficients of water penetrant have been calculated. Attempts were made to estimate the empirical parameters such as n, which suggests the mode of transport (non‐Fickian), and K, a constant which depends on the structural characteristics of the polymer in addition to its interaction in boiling water. The temperature dependence of the transport coefficients has been used to estimate the activation energy parameters for diffusion (ED) and permeation (Ep) processes from Arrhenius plots. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
ϵ‐caprolactone grafting on a poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinyl acetate) in the melt without added initiator
Authors: Becquart Frédéric , Taha Mohamed , Zerroukhi Amar , Chalamet Yvan , Kaczun Jürgen , Llauro Marie‐France 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPolycaprolactone (PCL) grafting on vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinyl acetate) (PVA‐Ac), was investigated in the melt at high temperature (170°C), below the PVA‐Ac melting point, by ring opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone initiated by metal alkoxyde sites present in PVA‐Ac: no additional initiator was used. The obtained average structures were determined by 1H NMR. As expected, small grafts, with low average polymerization degree (DP), were obtained, between 4 and 12 h of reaction. These DP are due to exchange reactions between hydroxyl groups and PCL growing chains. The PVA‐Ac was shown to be partially substituted by short PCL grafts. The DP linearly increased with the initial Lactone/PVA‐Ac ratio, and the substituted alcohol sites rate were limited to 63%.It was shown that the used reactive system is characterized by a quazi‐living polymerization mechanism. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
A novel approach to interpenetrating networks of epoxy resin and polydimethylsiloxane
Authors: Jia Li‐Ya , Zhang Chen , Du Zhong‐Jie , Li Cong‐Ju , Li Hang‐Quan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA novel methodology for preparing interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) between an epoxy resin, diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was proposed. The vinyl‐terminated PDMS (vinyl‐PDMS) was partially crosslinked with hydrogen‐containing PDMS (H‐PDMS) and was mixed with DGEBA, modified silica (m‐silica), and a methyl tetrahydrophtalic anhydride (MTHPA) curing agent. Subsequently, the curing reactions of the DGEBA/m‐silica and PDMS were allowed to occur separately and simultaneously leading to an IPN. The m‐silica played a double‐fold role: Cocuring with DGEBA and H‐bonding with the oxygen atoms on the PDMS segments, and thus acted as a compatibilizer between DGEBA and PDMS and promoted the generation of the IPN structure. The resulted partially miscible structure was characterized through the dispersion of silica particles and the glass transition behavior of the samples. The mechanical properties of the IPNs were also investigated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Catalytic Asymmetric Phase‐Transfer Michael Reaction and Mannich‐Type Reaction of Glycine Schiff Bases with Tartrate‐Derived Diammonium Salts
Authors: Shibuguchi Tomoyuki , Mihara Hisashi , Kuramochi Akiyoshi , Ohshima Takashi , Shibasaki Masakatsu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCatalytic asymmetric Michael and Mannich‐type reactions of glycine Schiff bases with chiral two‐center organocatalysts, tartrate‐derived diammonium salts (TaDiASs), are described. On the basis of conformational studies, optimized TaDiASs with a 2,6‐disubstituted cyclohexane spiroacetal were newly designed. These TaDiASs catalyzed the asymmetric Michael and Mannich‐type reactions of glycine Schiff bases with higher enantioselectivity than previous catalysts. In the Mannich‐type reaction, aromatic N‐Boc‐protected imines (Boc=tert‐butoxycarbonyl) as well as enolizable alkyl imines were applicable. As a synthetic application of the catalytic asymmetric Mannich‐type reaction with the optimized TaDiASs, we developed a catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of (+)‐nemonapride, which is an antipsychotic agent.
Der Seeigel von Sanssouci
Authors: Neumann Christian , Schultka Stephan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe sea urchin of Sanssouci. – Here we describe the history of the holotype of the Cretaceous sea urchin Salenia sigillata which is derived from diluvial deposits of the Park of Sanssouci (Potsdam). In our study we present a picture of the growing network of educated citizens in the Prussian society interested in natural sciences during the first half of the 19th century on the basis of the history of the way on which the find wandered from a young gardener to the famous geologist Leopold von Buch. In addition, we also show how the scientific significance of this remarkable fossil changed, reflecting the rapid progress of the young discipline of palaeontology in the 19th and early 20th century.
Mild steatosis impairs functional recovery after liver resection in an experimental model
Authors: Veteläinen R , Bennink R J , van Vliet A K , van Gulik T M 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Background
Mild steatosis has been thought not to affect outcome after liver resection. However, recent studies have reported impaired postoperative recovery of patients with mild steatosis. This study evaluated the recovery of hepatic functional reserve during regeneration in a rat model of mild steatosis and liver resection.

Methods
Male Wistar rats had a standard methione- and choline-deficient diet to induce mild steatosis before 70 per cent liver resection. Evaluation of hepatobiliary function was by 99mTc-labelled mebrofenin scintigraphy. Mebrofenin uptake rate, the time for maximum uptake (T peak) and the time required for peak activity to decrease by 50 per cent (T1/2 peak) were assessed 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after liver resection, along with regeneration of the remnant liver, hepatocellular and sinusoidal damage, and hepatic adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) levels.

Results
Liver regeneration and proliferative response in mild steatotic rats were no different from those in controls. However, the mebrofenin uptake rate was lower (P &lt; 0·050) and the recovery of hepatic ATP impaired (P &lt; 0·050) in animals with mild steatosis. Hepatocellular damage was increased (P &lt; 0·050) but sinusoidal endothelial cell function was not affected after liver resection in mildly steatotic rats.

Conclusion
Mild steatosis impaired functional recovery and increased hepatocellular damage after liver resection.
Correctors of Protein Trafficking Defects Identified by a Novel High‐Throughput Screening Assay
Authors: Carlile Graeme W. , Robert Renaud , Zhang Donglei , Teske Katrina A. , Luo Yishan , Hanrahan John W. , Thomas David Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHigh‐throughput small‐molecule screens hold great promise for identifying compounds with potential therapeutic value in the treatment of protein‐trafficking diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). The approach usually involves expressing the mutant form of the gene in cells and assaying function in a multiwell format when cells are exposed to libraries of compounds. Although such functional assays are useful, they do not directly test the ability of a compound to correct defective trafficking of the protein. To address this we have developed a novel corrector‐screening assay for CF, in which the appearance of the mutant protein at the cell surface is measured. We used this assay to screen a library of 2000 compounds and have isolated several classes of trafficking correctors that had not previously been identified. This novel screening approach to protein‐trafficking diseases is robust and general, and could enable the selection of molecules that could be translated rapidly to a clinical setting.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Stereodefined Multisubstituted 1,4‐Dicyano‐ and 1‐Cyano‐1,3‐butadienes and Their Reactions with Organolithium Reagents
Authors: Wang Congyang , Wang Chao , Wang Qifeng , Wang Zhihui , Sun Hui , Guo Xiangyu , Xi Zhenfeng 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStereodefined multisubstituted 1‐cyano‐ and 1,4‐dicyano‐1,3‐butadiene derivatives were obtained in excellent yields of the isolated product from their corresponding monohalo‐ and dihalobutadienes and CuCN. This reaction proceeded with high stereoselectivity and retention of the stereochemistry of the starting halobutadienes. A study of the utility of the thus‐obtained 1‐cyano‐ and 1,4‐dicyano‐1,3‐butadiene derivatives was demonstrated by their reactions with organolithium reagents. 2H‐Pyrrole or iminocyclopentadiene derivatives were formed in high yields from 1‐cyano‐4‐halo‐1,3‐butadienes and organolithium reagents. When 1,4‐dicyano‐1,3‐butadienes were treated with organolithium reagents followed by trapping with electrophiles, a tandem process took place to afford 2H‐pyrrolyl nitriles in excellent yields. Reduction of 1,4‐dicyano‐1,3‐butadiene derivatives with LiAlH4 showed novel reaction patterns relative to normal nitriles.