bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Overbank Flow in a Meandering River on its Conveyance and the Transport of Graded Sediments
Authors: Loveless J. H. , Sellin R. H. J. , Bryant T. B. , Wormleaton P. R. , Catmur S. , Hey R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA large‐scale model hydraulic study of inbank and over‐bank river flow, using a regular sinuous river channel with a mobile bed, was carried out in the Flood Channel Facility at HR Wallingford, UK. The selected sediment had a wide range of particle sizes present over the ‘fine sand to coarse sand’range. Flow velocity, local and global sediment transport rates, and channel conveyance were all measured. The resulting bed forms were determined and used to explain the secondary circulation in the sinuous channel as well as the size sorting of the sediment. The paper gives an early overview of this major project.
Water‐Recycling Technologies in the UK
Authors: Diaper C. , Jefferson B. , Parsons S. A. , Judd S. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUrban water recycling in the form of rain, grey or black water is becoming an important element of demand‐management practice in the UK, and appropriate technology allows the use of three different water sources for similar applications. The level of pollution in the water source and the application to which it is being recycled, dictate the level of technology which is used. This paper describes current water re‐use practices in the UK (in terms of water source, technology scale, type and efficiency) and examines five case studies. Of more than 150 schemes identified, most are rainwater‐collection systems and these are generally sited in rural areas. There are various single‐house greywater recycling sites, many of which are part of water company or Environment Agency monitoring programmes. Larger‐scale schemes employ both natural and hi‐tech treatment options. Operationally successful schemes utilise appropriate technology for the end‐use, although the economic benefits of many of the schemes are poor.
Assessment of Microbial Populations in Activated Sludge Using an Organism Diversity Index
Authors: Burgess J. E. , Mayhew M. E. , Stephenson T. , Clark T. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn organism diversity index for use with mixed liquor or wastewater samples was developed to assess the species richness and diversity of activated sludge. The index was used in several studies and was found to be fast and simple to perform using basic laboratory equipment. Two bench‐scale and two pilot‐scale studies found that the resulting ‘organism diversity index’value was a good indicator of process performance and was not influenced by the total concentration of the mixed‐liquor suspended solids but by their nature alone. The technique rapidly yielded pertinent information about the health of the sludge and could be used instead of genetic investigations to obtain population information quickly enough for wastewater‐treatment plant process control.
Nitrogen Release and Fertiliser Value of Thermally‐Dried Biosolids
Authors: Smith S. R. , Durham E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNitrogen production from five thermally‐dried biosolids plants was measured in two contrasting soil types and compared with samples of undried digested sludge cake from the same treatment works, using a controlled laboratory incubation‐extraction procedure. Inorganic‐N was lost from the digested biosolids during high‐temperature drying by ammonia volatilisation. Nevertheless, the production of nitrate‐N in soil amended with thermally‐dried biosolids was similar to, or greater than, conventionally‐treated dewatered sludge. The results indicate that thermal conditioning significantly increases the mineralisable organic‐N content in digested biosolids. Soil properties had subtle effects on the patterns of nitrogen release, but did not significantly affect the overall accumulation of mineral‐N from the biosolids. The results showed that thermally‐dried anaerobically‐digested biosolids are potentially highly‐consistent products and effective replacements for inorganic‐N fertiliser in agricultural production.
Impacts of River‐Engineering Practices on the Conservation Interest and Water Quality in the Land Yeo, England
Authors: Smith M. , Iwugo K. , Marriott S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe environmental quality of many rivers on the Somerset Levels and Moors has been reduced because of past river‐engineering practices and changes in land use. A new holistic and restorative approach to river management is now helping to improve the quality of aquatic ecosystems. This paper presents the results of a study which assessed the impact of past river and floodplain management on the Land Yeo, Somerset, with the objective of recommending measures for future management. The main findings are that (a) the ecological interest of the river has been reduced due to channel re‐sectioning and flow diversion, and (b) the flow diversion is also causing water‐quality problems such as dissolved‐oxygen reduction. Most of this degradation could be reversed by the adoption of a number of channel and riparian‐enhancement measures and by revising the annual maintenance programme.
Sustainable Urban‐Drainage Systems and Catchment Planning
Authors: Ellis J. B. , D'Arcy B. J. , Chatfield P. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPartnership initiatives to address the problem of diffuse pollution from impermeable surface runoff within urban catchments are reviewed, with particular reference to mutual stakeholder duties and interests which are vested in the regulatory agencies, planning authorities, developers, water companies and highway agencies within the UK. The role of ‘sustainable urban‐drainage systems’within integrated catchment‐based approaches is considered in the context of the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive and strategic river‐basin management planning.
MODELLING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND
Authors: Goodchild C. W. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis report paper examines current domestic water demand elasticity, with weather variables, as an aid to assessing the potential impact of climate change on domestic water demand. An empirical model of the relationship between summer domestic water demand and concurrent weather under current climatic and socio‐economic conditions is developed and then applied to weather data which have been produced for 2020AD climate scenarios. The model is based on data for the Essex area supplied by Essex and Suffolk Water. The results suggest an increase in summer seven‐day average domestic‐water demand of 3.3 l/hd. d (range 1.37–5.72 l/hd. d), in addition to an increase in the frequency of large demand events. The analysis forms the basis of a wider exposition, examining future domestic water demand under varying climate‐change scenarios.
SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS: A REVIEW
Authors: Boon A. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSewage treatment using the activated‐sludge process evolved from the fill‐and‐draw system which was developed by Ardern and Lockett in 1914; the sequencing batch reactor is a modern development of this system. Its success is due to modern technology, particularly the programmable logic controller which controls operational sequences. The process has a single rectangular reaction tank where the various sequences of wastewater fill and aeration, activated‐sludge settlement and effluent decanting are carried out.This paper reviews the sequencing batch reactor compared with conventional activated sludge, and explains (a) the similarities and differences, (b) the circumstances in which the system is likely to be cost competitive, and (c) modifications that could increase the effectiveness of sequencing batch‐ reactor systems in the future.
BIOFILM FORMATION IN GRANULAR‐BED FILTERS
Authors: Kaur P. , Fitzpatrick C. S. B. , Kerr C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA high microbiological quality of drinking water must be ensured to protect public health. The filtration techniques that are used in treating drinking water play an important role; however, a biofilm can form on granular‐media filters and the accumulated bacteria can slough off and enter the filtered water.The aim of this research was to examine (a) the potential for biofilm formation and detachment from filter sand, and (b) the effect of different backwash regimes on biofilm removal. During the operation of the filter, bacteria became attached to the sand media, particularly in the top 30 mm of the filter bed. A water‐only backwash at 20% and 40% bed expansion demonstrated poor removal of biofilm throughout the depth of the bed. Collapse‐pulsing is a more efficient method and results in a reduction in the number of bacteria in the filtered water.
BENEFITS OF BIOSOLIDS TO SOIL QUALITY AND FERTILITY
Authors: Chambers B. J. , Nicholson F. A. , Aitken M. , Cartmell E. , Rowlands C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTResearch in the UK on the beneficial aspects of biosolids additions to land has primarily concentrated on nitrogen and phosphorus supply. Biosolids have other beneficial effects on soil through the addition of organic matter and other plant nutrients such as sulphur, magnesium and sodium. This study evaluates the effects of biosolids additions on soil quality and fertility at seven established field experimental sites where biosolids have been applied for at least four years. These additions influenced several physical properties of the soil, increasing topsoil water‐infiltration rates, plant‐available water supply on a light sandy soil, soil porosity and bearing strength. There were also increases in the level of plant‐available sulphur, magnesium, copper and boron. Liquid digested biosolids applications also increased the concentrations of major nutrients in grass.
LAND USE AND FLOOD RISK THROUGH CATCHMENT FLOOD‐MANAGEMENT PLANS
Authors: Burton A. J. R. , Shepard M. A. , Riddell K. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTCatchment Flood Management Plans involve a high‐level assessment of current flood risk and attempt to demonstrate how this risk could change with time. An influencing factor will be the changes to rural and urban land use on catchment hydraulics. By assessing a range of land use and urban‐growth scenarios catchment wide, a ‘catchment flood management plan’ can demonstrate the cumulative effect on downstream flood‐risk areas. ‘Catchment flood management plan’ methods also indicate how long‐term land‐use and climate changes can expose new areas to more frequent flooding. Techniques to assess these issues, up to a 50‐year horizon, have been established as part of these pilot studies. In addition to briefly describing how land‐use concerns are integrated into such concepts, this paper outlines how flood‐management planning must evolve as a dynamic tool, to fulfil an on‐going requirement for future development assessment.
PLANNING FOR FLOOD RISK IN THE FENS
Authors: Williams S. , Worth D. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe fens of eastern England rely on flood defences for their existence, and planning for flood risk has always had a high priority. A new focus was given with the issue of Planning Policy Guidance 25, and this paper presents experience from a Strategic Flood Risk Assessment of South Holland District, in Lincolnshire. The assessment pioneered the examination of fenland flood risk in terms of risk zones related to flood hazard and standard of protection. Methods for evaluating the risk zones are described; they consider flooding from embanked rivers which are subject to tide locking, internal drainage systems, tide level and wave action. The methods would be appropriate for many lowland areas of the UK where conventional flood analysis cannot be used.
SOUTH‐EAST HOUSING DEVELOPMENT — THE QUEST FOR SUSTAINABILITY: WATER AND SEWERAGE NEEDS
Authors: Evans S. G. , Spillett P. B. , Colquhoun K. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIn March 2000, a document entitled Draft Regional Planning Guidance for the South East was published with the primary aim of providing a regional framework for the preparation of development plans to the year 2016.This paper discusses the potential effects for the water industry of SERPLAN’s predicted levels of housing growth on water resources, sewage treatment and the environment. The need for sustainable development with the competing pressures of water‐resource limitation, changing regulation, increasing demand and the environment, are discussed. Thames Water’s scale of operations is described together with the range of measures aimed at managing the reasonable demands of customers, consistent with achieving sustainable growth. Basingstoke is described as a wastewater case study, highlighting the problem in fulfilling the sewerage undertaker’s statutory duties in (a) meeting already stringent effluent‐treatment standards which are necessary to maintain and improve river quality, and (b) providing the necessary infrastructure for an area which is earmarked for continuing development.
A HORIZONTAL WELLPOINT AS A LOW‐IMPACT WATER SOURCE IN A DUNE‐SANDS AQUIFER
Authors: Brassington F. C. , Preene M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA horizontal wellpoint groundwater source was constructed to supply irrigation water to a golf course from a coastal dune‐sands aquifer in an area which has vulnerable wetland habitats of European importance. The source was designed to abstract the required quantities with less drawdown, compared with that from a conventional vertical wellpoint system, thus reducing any potential threat to the nature‐conservation sites. Pump testing of the source showed that the yield was more than adequate to meet the needs of the Golf Club and to allow efficient operation of the computer‐controlled course irrigation system. Data from observation wells indicated that there was no drawdown beyond the golf‐course boundaries and none of the nature‐conservation sites would be affected. The horizontal wellpoint method, which has not been widely applied in the UK, could have wider applications for irrigation water users who need to abstract water from shallow aquifers.
CLIMATE‐CHANGE IMPACTS ON RIVER FLOWS IN BRITAIN: THE UKCIPO2 SCENARIOS
Authors: Arnell N. W. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the implications of the UKCIPO2 climate‐change scenarios for river flows in Britain, focusing on mean monthly runoff and Q95 (i.e. the flow which is exceeded for 95% of the time). By the 2020s. mean summer flows will be about 30% lower than the 1961–1990 mean and Q95 will be reduced by approximately 25%. Percentage reductions are particularly large in southern and eastern England. Mean winter flows are modestly increased, with the greatest increases in the north and west. Reductions in the recharge season result in lower flows in groundwater‐dominated catchments throughout the year. The climate‐change signal is larger than natural multi‐decadal variability ‐ even by the 2020s. This natural variability can add +/‐ 5% to the changes in Q95 due to climate change.Changes resulting from the UKCIPO2 scenarios are (a) more extreme during summer than those resulting from earlier climate‐change scenarios, showing considerably greater flow reductions, and (b) at the drier end of the range in changes arising from the application of scenarios based on other coarser‐resolution climate models.
Glomerular sieving of three neutral polysaccharides, polyethylene oxide and bikunin in rat. Effects of molecular size and conformation
Authors: Asgeirsson D. , Venturoli D. , Fries E. , Rippe B. , Rippe C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAim:  Polysaccharides and many other non‐protein polymers generally have a more open, flexible and asymmetrical structure compared with globular proteins. For a given molecular weight (MW), the Stokes–Einstein radius (ae) of the following polymers increases in the order: Ficoll < dextran ≤ pullulan < polyethylene oxide (PEO). We have tested the hypothesis that such an increase in ‘molecular extension’ will increase the molecule’s glomerular permeability. Thus, we investigated the glomerular sieving coefficients (θ) of the mentioned polymers and of the negatively charged and extended protein bikunin.Methods:  In anaesthetized Wistar rats, glomerular sieving curves were generated for each FITC‐labelled polymer from their respective concentration in urine and plasma, determined by size exclusion chromatography. The θ for bikunin was measured using a tissue uptake technique.Results:  For a molecule of ae = 55 Å (cf. IgG), θ increased in the order: Ficoll (0.00035 ± 0.000013) < dextran (0.022 ± 0.0029) < pullulan (0.033 ± 0.0024) < PEO (0.12 ± 0.0055). For ae = 36 Å (cf. albumin) the order was: Ficoll (0.076 ± 0.0061) < dextran (0.45 ± 0.037) = pullulan (0.45 ± 0.021) < PEO (0.65 ± 0.0076). θ for bikunin (0.089 ± 0.0045) was 150 times higher than that of albumin, having an equivalent ae and net negative charge.Conclusion:  From these results it is concluded that for flexible and asymmetric macromolecules, their degree of glomerular hyperpermeability is proportional to their degree of ‘molecular extension’. Thus, compared with globular proteins, the polysaccharides investigated, including Ficoll, were found to be hyperpermeable across the glomerular filter in vivo.
Fish cardiac sodium channels are tetrodotoxin sensitive
Authors: Haverinen J. , Hassinen M. , Vornanen M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAim:  Sodium current (INa) of the mammalian heart is resistant to tetrodotoxin (TTX) due to low TTX affinity of the cardiac sodium channel (Nav) isoform Nav1.5. To test applicability of this finding to other vertebrates, TTX sensitivity of the fish cardiac INa and its molecular identity were examined.Methods:  Molecular cloning and whole‐cell patch‐clamp were used to examine α‐subunit composition and TTX inhibition of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cardiac Nav respectively.Results:  I
Na of the trout heart is about 1000 times more sensitive to TTX (IC50 = 1.8–2 nm) than the mammalian cardiac INa and it is produced by three Navα‐subunits which are orthologs to mammalian skeletal muscle Nav1.4, cardiac Nav1.5 and peripheral nervous system Nav1.6 isoforms respectively. Oncorhynchus mykiss (om) omNav1.4a is the predominant isoform of the trout heart accounting for over 80% of the Nav transcripts, while omNav1.5a forms about 18% and omNav1.6a only 0.1% of the transcripts. OmNav1.4a and omNav1.6a have aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine, respectively, in the critical position 401 of the TTX binding site of the domain I, which confers their high TTX sensitivity. More surprisingly, omNav1.5a also has an aromatic tyrosine in this position, instead of the cysteine of the mammalian TTX‐resistant Nav1.5.Conclusions:  The ortholog of the mammalian skeletal muscle isoform, omNav1.4a, is the predominant Navα‐subunit in the trout heart, and all trout cardiac isoforms have an aromatic residue in position 401 rendering the fish cardiac INa highly sensitive to TTX.
Malignancies in β‐thalassemia patients: a single‐center experience and a concise review of the literature
Authors: BENETATOS L. , ALYMARA V. , VASSOU A. , BOURANTAS K. L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThalassemia represents the world's most common monogenic disease, characterized by absence of or decreased globin chain production. The lifespan of thalassemia patients has been extended as a result of current supportive treatment. We report three cases of cancer (non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, and seminoma) in thalassemic patients. Factors that may contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer seem to be infections and iron overload through mechanisms of oxidative damage; immunomodulation or coexistence of the two diseases may only be coincidental.
Pneumococcal septic arthritis as the initial presentation of multiple myeloma
Authors: SUMRALL A. , MUZNY C. , BELL J. , DREILING B. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySeptic arthritis induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae is an uncommon manifestation of pneumococcal infection. Pneumococcus has been identified as the inciting pathogen in only 6% of cases of septic arthritis in recent retrospective studies (Ross et al., 2003). Approximately 50% of patients with pneumococcal septic arthritis have a preceding or concurrent extra‐articular focus of infection. The septic joint evolves from hematogenous seeding of the highly vascular synovial membrane by bacteria. Polyarticular disease occurs in only approximately 36% of patients. Most pneumococcal septic arthritis occurs with coexistant joint disease, prosthesis, alcoholism, HIV infection, or rheumatoid arthritis (Baraboutis & Skoutelis, 2004; Raad & Peacock, 2004). We report a case of polyarticular septic arthritis as the first manifestation of an underlying disease. Our literature review discloses that this is the first reported case of multiple myeloma initially presenting as pneumococcal septic arthritis in the USA and the third internationally (Cuesta et al., 1992; Renou et al., 2007).
Yersinia pestis
CO92Δ
yopH
Is a Potent Live, Attenuated Plague Vaccine
Authors: Bubeck Sarah S. , Dube Peter H. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

An in-frame deletion of the
yopH
gene in
Yersinia pestis
CO92 attenuates virulence in both bubonic and pneumonic plague models. When it is used as a live, attenuated vaccine, CO92Δ
yopH
provides a high degree of protection from parental and respiratory challenge with
Y. pestis
CO92.
Vibrio vulnificus
Typing Based on Simple Sequence Repeats: Insights into the Biotype 3 Group
Authors: Broza Yoav Y. , Danin-Poleg Yael , Lerner Larisa , Broza Meir , Kashi Yechezkel 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Vibrio vulnificus
is an opportunistic, highly invasive human pathogen with worldwide distribution.
V. vulnificus
strains are commonly divided into three biochemical groups (biotypes), most members of which are pathogenic. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) provide a source of high-level genomic polymorphism used in bacterial typing. Here, we describe the use of variations in mutable SSR loci for accurate and rapid genotyping of
V. vulnificus
. An in silico screen of the genomes of two
V. vulnificus
strains revealed thousands of SSR tracts. Twelve SSR with core motifs longer than 5 bp in a panel of 32 characterized and 56 other
V. vulnificus
isolates, including both clinical and environmental isolates from all three biotypes, were tested for polymorphism. All tested SSR were polymorphic, and diversity indices ranged from 0.17 to 0.90, allowing a high degree of discrimination among isolates (27 of 32 characterized isolates). Genetic analysis of the SSR data resulted in the clear distinction of isolates that belong to the highly virulent biotype 3 group. Despite the clonal nature of this new group, SSR analysis demonstrated high-level discriminatory power within the biotype 3 group, as opposed to other molecular methods that failed to differentiate these isolates. Thus, SSR are suitable for rapid typing and classification of
V. vulnificus
strains by high-throughput capillary electrophoresis methods. SSR (≥5 bp) by their nature enable the identification of variations occurring on a small scale and, therefore, may provide new insights into the newly emerged biotype 3 group of
V. vulnificus
and may be used as an efficient tool in epidemiological studies.
Electron Microscopy Observation of Human Bocavirus (HBoV) in Nasopharyngeal Samples from HBoV-Infected Children
Authors: Brieu Natalie , Gay Bernard , Segondy Michel , Foulongne Vincent 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

The newly identified human bocavirus is frequently detected by molecular techniques in respiratory samples from children with respiratory tract infections, but virions have not been observed so far. We report the electron microscopy observation of viral particles in nasopharyngeal aspirates previously found to be positive for human bocavirus DNA. The virions presented the expected structural characteristics of a
Parvoviridae
family member.