bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupling CFD and Oil Quench Hardening Analysis of Gear Component
Authors: Li Zhichao (Charlie) , Ferguson B. Lynn , Greif David , Kovacic Zlatko , Urbas Simon , Kopun Rok 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During the liquid quenching process, there are three main phases between the solid and the liquid interface: film boiling where vapor blanket covers the entire solid structure, transition or nucleate boiling, and single phase convection. The type of the quenching media, the agitation, and the flow pattern of a quench tank have significant effect on the cooling behavior during these three phases, which will affect the cooling rate, phase transformation, stress evolution and shape change of the quenched components. In this paper, transient CFD analysis using AVL FIRE is coupled with heat treatment analysis using DANTE to simulate an oil quench hardening process of a test gear made of Pyrowear 53. The gear is carburized prior to quench hardening. During the coupling analyses, the heat flux between the gear and the oil calculated in the CFD model is applied to the solid heat treatment model, and the gear surface temperature predicted by the heat treatment model is passed back to the transient CFD model. The aforementioned CFD tool is capable of considering the entire quenching domains without considering phase transformations in the quenched components. In the present case the gear is treated with a finite element tool in combination with DANTE to account for the latent heat release, which slows down the cooling. The relations between carbon content, temperature field, phase transformation, internal stress, and shape change during quenching are explained from the heat treatment modeling results. The coupling of CFD and heat treatment analyses provides a more robust application of computer modeling in the heat treatment industry.
Impact of Internal Oxidation and Quenching Path on Fatigue of Powertrain Components
Authors: Stormvinter A. , Kristoffersen H. , Troell E. , Senaneuch J. , Haglund S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Atmospheric case hardening of powertrain components may cause internal oxidation and thus reduce hardenability at the surface zone. This may affect the fatigue strength, which restricts the maximum cyclic load on steel components and hence is a major impediment for powertrain development and design. Here we have investigated the effect of furnace gas atmosphere composition and quenching path on fatigue properties of powertrain components. The results show that the detrimental effect of internal oxidation on fatigue may be compensated for by altering of the furnace atmosphere. Moreover, it is shown that the quenching path below the martensite start temperature also has an impact on the fatigue properties. These experiments were done in a full-scale industrial furnace on steel bars in 16MnCr5 and 20NiMo9-7F.
Torsional Fatigue Performance of Induction Hardened 1045 and 10V45 Steels
Authors: Rothleutner Lee , Cryderman Robert , Van Tyne Chester J. , Burke Jody 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Microalloying of medium carbon bar steels is a common practice for a number of traditional components; however, use of vanadium microalloyed steels is expanding into applications beyond their original designed use as controlled cooled forged and hot rolled products and into heat treated components. As a result, there is uncertainty regarding the influence of vanadium on the properties of heat treated components, specifically the effect of rapid heat treating such as induction hardening. In the current study, the torsional fatigue behavior of hot rolled and scan induction hardened 1045 and 10V45 bars are examined and evaluated at effective case depths of 25, 32, and 44% of the radius. Torsional fatigue tests were conducted at a stress ratio of 0.1 and shear stress amplitudes of 550, 600, and 650 MPa. Cycles to failure are compared to an empirical model, which accounts for case depth as well as carbon content.
Internal Nitriding of Fe-Cr-Mo Alloys— Precipitation of Mixed Nitrides and Role of the Cr/Mo-Ratio
Authors: Steiner Tobias , Meka Sai Ramudu , Mittemeijer Eric J. , Waldenmaier Thomas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Controlled gaseous nitriding of ternary Fe-Cr-Mo alloys leads to the development of ternary, mixed nitrides in the ferrite matrix, which show complex chemical, structural, and morphological transformations as a function of nitriding time: initially continuous precipitation of fine, coherent, cubic, NaCl-type (Cr,Mo)Nx nitride platelets develop, which later transform to a novel, hexagonal CrMoN2 nitride by a discontinuous precipitation reaction. Some relatively coarse cubic nitrides also occur in the ferrite lamellae. The Fe-Cr-Mo alloys with varying Cr/Mo ratio, but all containing a total alloying element (Cr+Mo) content of 2 at.%, showed similar kinetics of continuous precipitation of cubic (Cr,Mo)Nx nitride. The kinetics of the discontinuous precipitation reaction is faster for the alloys with lower Cr/Mo ratio.
Microstructural Evaluation of Salt Nitrocarburizing as a Function of Time
Authors: Juarez-Islas Julio Alberto , Mendez Mario Fabian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A study was conducted on a set of H13 steels to enhance their performance as matrices and pins. The steels were austenitized in a high-pressure vacuum furnace at 1015 °C for 180 minutes, followed by nitrogen quenching in a high vacuum (2 bar). Two tempering treatments were applied: one at 540 °C and another at 580 °C, each for 180 minutes, with subsequent nitrogen cooling to room temperature. The nitrocarburizing process was carried out in a liquid bath salt furnace at 580 °C for varying durations of 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes to assess the impact of treatment time on the quality of the nitrocarburizing layer. Post quenching and tempering, the steels exhibited hardness values ranging from 550 to 570 HV. After nitrocarburizing, the surface hardness increased to between 740 and 810 HV, with a nitrocarburizing layer thickness of less than 14 μm. The microstructural evolution of the compound layer was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The characterization revealed a continuous nitrocarburizing ε-Fe2–3(C,N) layer. Specimens treated for 45 to 60 minutes demonstrated superior wear performance compared to those treated for 90 to 180 minutes.
Minimizing Alpha Case during Vacuum Furnace Heat Treating
Authors: Jordan Donald 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Titanium use in aerospace and medical applications continues to grow. Alpha case formation is a diffusion reaction that occurs at the surface of titanium when processing at elevated temperature in atmospheres containing oxygen, nitrogen, and/or carbon, with oxygen being the prominent element associated with alpha case. Oxygen is solution strengthening at low concentrations, but greatly decreases ductility and forms alpha case at higher concentrations. Thus, alpha case is brittle and has a detrimental effect on part performance and longevity. Higher temperatures increase alpha case depth. Temperatures less than 550°C (1022°F) limit oxygen mobility and keep case depth from increasing. Above 480°C (896°F), air or water vapor will start to produce alpha case.
Modeling and Optimization of Metal Induction Heating before Hot Forming and Heat Treatment
Authors: Pleshivtseva Yuliya 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The paper considers a process of induction heating of metallic billets prior to hot forming and heat treatment. The main goal of the presented research is a development of novel subject-oriented computer modeling strategy to optimize various induction heating operations using real-life quality criteria. Intricacies of interrelated nature of electromagnetic, temperature and thermal stresses fields during induction heating of metallic billets will be discussed. The model has an interface adapted to optimization procedures. Optimization of temperature patterns is solved using unique alternative optimization method. Computational results for optimal heating of steel cylindrical billets are shown as examples of practical applications of this modeling technology.
Effect of Heating Rate on the Microstructure and Fatigue Properties of 2524 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Tang Cong , Yia Danqing , Wanga Bin , Liua Huiqun , Shena Fanghua , Tiana Zhe 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The 2524 aluminum alloy was cold rolled to 70% reduction and then annealed at 500? for 0.5h in an air furnace with a heating rate of 5?/min and in a salt bath with a heating rate of 75?/s, respectively. The effect of heating rate on the microstructure, tensile properties and fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate of the alloy was investigated. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), tensile and FCG rate tests. In the case of slow heating the alloy exhibited a coarse elongated grain structure (~75μm), while a fine equiaxed grain structure (~13μm) was obtained in the case of rapid heating. The sheet annealed with rapid heating has slightly higher tensile strength and yield strength, but a slightly lower elongation than the sheet annealed with slow heating. The FCG rate of the sheet annealed with slow heating is 20% lower than the sheet annealed with rapid heating.
Influence of Boriding Treatment on the Oxidation Resistance of the AISI H13 Tool Steel
Authors: Heck Stenio Cristaldo , Takeya Gustavo Satoru , Casteletti Luiz Carlos , Neto Amadeu Lombardi , Totten George Edward 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The use of high hardness surface layers can extend the life of components such as molds and dies by increasing their wear resistance. However, corrosion and oxidation resistance are also important to improve the durability of the components, especially for those that work under more demanding environments. In this work, samples of AISI H13 tool steel for hot work were borided by the pack cementation process, producing uniform and high hardness layers (1400-1800 HV). Afterwards the samples were subjected to a quasi-isothermal oxidation testing at 550 °C, the same working temperature of H13 steel in aluminum extrusion dies. Throughout the test, the mass gain of the untreated substrate, used for comparison, was 100%, while the borided sample treated at 900 °C for 2 hours had mass gain of 83% and the sample treated at 1000 °C for 4 hours presented a mass gain of 43%. The oxidation coefficients of the borided samples were similar, indicating similar oxidation kinetics but different from the untreated substrate.
Successful coil embolization of a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the superior gluteal artery after a percutaneous awake robot-assisted sacroiliac joint fusion: illustrative case
Authors: Morsi Samah , Bartlett Alyssa M , Hardigan Andrew A , Paturu Mounica , Adams Shawn W , DeBaun Malcolm R , Pabon-Ramos Waleska , Abd-El-Barr Muhammad M 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND
Robot-assisted sacroiliac joint (SIJ) fusion has gained popularity, but it carries the risk of complications such as injury to the superior gluteal artery (SGA). The authors present the case of an awake percutaneous robot-assisted SIJ fusion leading to an SGA pseudoaneurysm.
OBSERVATIONS
An 80-year-old male, who had undergone an awake percutaneous robot-assisted SIJ fusion, experienced postoperative left hip pain and bruising. Subsequent arteriography demonstrated an SGA branch pseudoaneurysm requiring coil embolization.
LESSONS
An SGA injury, although uncommon (1.2% incidence), can arise from percutaneous screw placement, aberrant anatomy, or hardware contact. Thorough preoperative imaging, precise robot-assisted screw insertion, and soft tissue protection are crucial to mitigate risks. Immediate angiography aids in prompt diagnosis and effective intervention. Comprehensive knowledge of anatomical variants is essential for managing complications and optimizing preventative measures in robot-assisted SIJ fusion.
Intraoperative application of indocyanine green and temporary venous occlusion test to assess collateral flow during microvascular decompression for venous-related trigeminal neuralgia: illustrative case
Authors: Fujimoto Kentaro , Akamatsu Yosuke , Nishikawa Yasumasa , Ogasawara Kuniaki 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND
In microvascular decompression (MVD) for vein-related trigeminal neuralgia (TN), determining whether transection of the offending vein is safe can be challenging. Here, the authors present a case of vein-related TN successfully treated by sacrificing the offending vein on the basis of findings from indocyanine green (ICG) video angiography and a temporary venous occlusion test to assess the collateral flow of the offending vessel.

OBSERVATIONS
A 43-year-old man presented with TN, which had failed to respond to previous medical therapy. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that the transverse or superior petrosal vein was the offending vein. The patient underwent MVD. Because the transposition of the offending vein was anatomically challenging, a temporary vein occlusion test was performed using ICG video angiography. During and after temporary occlusion, bidirectional flow in the offending vein was observed, suggesting collateral flow even after vein occlusion. On the basis of these findings, the offending vein was transected, resulting in relief from pain without any complications. Postoperative MRI revealed no new lesions in the brainstem or the cerebellar hemisphere. The patient has been free from neuralgia for 6 months.

LESSONS
The temporary vein occlusion test under ICG video angiography was useful for evaluating collateral flow in the offending vein in TN.
Evaluating Serum Calprotectin and Serum Oncostatin M Levels as Diagnostic Markers in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Iraqi Patients. Research
Authors: Karwi Yahya G. , Inam S. Arif  , Shaymaa A. Abdulameer  
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), presents as chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. Timely diagnosis and effective monitoring are crucial for better outcomes. This study aims to explore serum calprotectin and oncostatin M as potential biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring CD and UC. Calprotectin, released during inflammation, and oncostatin M, an immune-response cytokine, have shown promise, but their precise role in IBD remains unclear.
Methodology: Using a cross-sectional observational design, the study included 93 IBD patients on biological treatment (50 CD, 43 UC) at Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Demographic data and disease characteristics were collected via interviews, and blood samples were analyzed using specific ELISA kits for calprotectin and oncostatin M levels.
Results: The results demonstrated significantly elevated serum levels of both biomarkers in IBD patients, increasing with disease activity. Significant distinctions were observed among different disease statuses in UC and CD patients.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that serum calprotectin and oncostatin M have potential as practical and non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring IBD. However, further research is required to validate their clinical utility and optimize IBD management.
Determining the Criteria Related to the Preference of Contemporary Mosques by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method within the Context of User-centered Design
Authors: Onur Beyza , Özeren Ömer 
Published: April 2024

The concept of user-centered design has recently been accepted in contemporary design teachings and has created new perspectives in the design field. This article aims to evaluate the contemporary mosques built in Türkiye from a user-centered perspective. In this context, first of all, the concept of user-centered design was included and the necessity of a pluralistic environment in decision-making processes was emphasized in order to create an ideal publicity phenomenon. In the context of the conceptual framework created, contemporary mosque examples built in the 21st century were selected and presented to the preference of architect and non-architect participant groups. Decision criteria that are thought to affect the choice of participants are aesthetic value, material and workmanship, dimensions of the building, religious symbols in the building, and the brand value of the building. These factors, which may be effective in the choice of contemporary mosques, were evaluated with the Analytic Hierarchy Process method. Accordingly, it was observed that the main criteria constituting the contemporary mosque preferences of the architect group were aesthetics, the brand value of the building, material, and workmanship criteria. On the other hand, the main criterion constituting the contemporary mosque preferences of the non-architect group was the presence of religious symbols. Accordingly, it was observed that architectural profession ideologies affected and differentiated the reasons for preference. As a result, it was concluded that the ideology of the architectural profession is effective in the construction process of the contemporary built environment.
Taloudelliset tekijät avainasemassa porsaiden hännänpurennan ehkäisyssä
Authors: Väre Minna , Niemi Jarkko , Koskikallio Hilkka , Heinonen Mari , Munsterhjelm Camilla , Valros Anna 
Published: April 2024

Hännänpurennalla on merkittävä vaikutus sikojen terveyteen ja hyvinvointiin ja sitä kautta tuotettavien ruhojen laatuun. Lihasikojen lisäksi myös välitysporsaille on olemassa tietyt laatukriteerit ja hännänpurennasta aiheutuneet vauriot voivat aiheuttaa porsaan ostohintaan tehtävän häntävähennyksen. Hännänpurenta vaikuttaakin tuotannon kannattavuuteen ja kilpailukykyyn paitsi lihasikaloissa, myös välikasvatuksessa. Maatilatalouden kehittämisrahaston rahoittaman hankkeen ”Ehjä häntä kertoo sian kokonaishyvinvoinnista” (EHJÄ) tavoitteena on mm. tuottaa lisää tietoa hännänpurennasta ja siihen vaikuttavista tekijöistä porsaiden terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin edistämiseksi erityisesti välikasvatusvaiheessa. Vuonna 2022 tehdyissä kymmenessä tilahaastattelussa kerättiin tietoa hännänpurennan riskitekijöistä, taloudellisista vaikutuksista sekä parhaiten motivoivista kannustimista hännänpurennan vähentämiseksi välikasvatuksessa. Lisäksi selvitettiin, miten haastatellut tuottajat ja eläintenhoitajat reagoivat hännänpurentaan välikasvatuksessa. Haastattelujen perusteella välikasvattamojen tuottajat ja eläintenhoitajat pääsääntöisesti sekä tunnistavat hännänpurennan ja sen riskitekijät, että tietävät miten ehkäistä ja hallita hännänpurentaa sikalassa. Eniten hännänpurennan riskiä lisäsivät haastateltujen mielestä muutokset olosuhteissa tai ruokinnassa sekä tilanpuute erityisesti kasvatusvaiheen loppupuolella. Äkillisiä olosuhde-muutoksia voivat aiheuttaa esim. lämpötilan vaihtelut keväällä ja syksyllä sekä ilmastoinnin ja ruokintalaitteen toimintahäiriöt. Hännänpurennan hallinnassa olennaista onkin jatkuva olosuhteiden sekä porsaiden tarkkailu. Ongelmien ilmetessä tärkeää on myös nopea reagointi esimerkiksi tarjoamalla porsaille lisää virikkeitä. Samoin purija tai purtu porsas pitää tarvittaessa eristää ja purtu porsas lääkitä. Sikalan olosuhteiden seurannassa apuna ovat erilaiset automaattiset hälytys- ja seurantajärjestelmät. Käytetyn teknologian osalta korostuvat toimintavarmuus sekä huollon ja korjausten merkitys. Kaikki haastatteluihin osallistuneet olivat erittäin tai melko motivoituneita puuttumaan hännänpurentaan omalla tilallaan. Hännänpurennan ehkäisyyn motivoivat ennen kaikkea sikojen terveys ja hyvinvointi sekä halu tuottaa laadukkaita porsaita. Sikalan olosuhteiden ja sikojen hyvinvoinnin parantaminen ovat kuitenkin riippuvaisia tilan taloudellisista resursseista. Tähän vaikuttavat sianlihantuotannon kannattavuuden lisäksi erilaiset taloudelliset kannustimet, kuten hännänpurennan ehkäisytoimenpiteistä maksettava hyvinvointikorvaus sekä ehjistä hännistä saatava parempi hinta. Nyt kerättyjen havaintojen avulla voidaan edelleen kehittää toimenpiteitä sekä kannustimia hännänpurentariskin pienentämiseksi porsaiden välikasvatusvaiheessa.
Unraveling the ecotoxicological effects of micro and nano-plastics on aquatic organisms and human health
Authors: Naz Saima , Chatha Ahmad Manan Mustafa , Khan Nisar Ahmed , Ullah Qudrat , Zaman Faisal , Qadeer Abdul , Khan Ibrar Muhammad , Danabas Durali , Kiran Azka , Skalickova Sylvie , Bernatova Silvie , Khan Muhammad Zahoor , Horky Pavel 
Published: April 2024

Plastic pollution ranks among the most severe environmental disasters caused by humans, generating millions of tonnes of waste annually. The extensive and unregulated use of plastics has led to ecotoxicity and environmental imbalance. Microplastics (MPs) are prevalent in aquatic environments, and these MPs further degrade into even smaller particles known as nano-plastics (NPs). Both MPs and NPs impact the environment by readily absorbing organic pollutants and pathogens from their surroundings, owing to their bigger surface area to volume ratio. This review focuses on the source of origin, bioaccumulation, and potential impact of MPs and NPs on aquatic organisms and human health. Additionally, the review explores various methods employed for identification and quantification of these particles in aquatic ecosystems. Sufficient information is available on their characteristics, distributions, and effects on marine ecosystems compared with freshwater ecosystems. For plastic particles &lt;10 μm, more toxicological effects were observed compared with larger size particles, in aquatic life. Understanding the mechanism of action and ecotoxicological effects of micro/nano-plastics on the health of aquatic life across various trophic levels, as well as human health, is of utmost importance. We address knowledge gaps and provide insights into future research approaches for a better understanding of the interactive mechanisms between binary pollutants.