bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The physiological status and mortality associated with otter-trawl capture, transport, and captivity of an exploited elasmobranch, Squalus acanthias
Authors: Mandelman John W. , Farrington Marianne A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMandelman, J. M., and Farrington, M. A. 2007. The physiological status and mortality associated with otter-trawl capture, transport, and captivity of an exploited elasmobranch, Squalus acanthias. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 122–130. To assess the physiological responses and associated mortality in spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) following capture in an otter trawl and exposure to additional conditions, blood samples were obtained subsequent to three sampling intervals: capture (T1), transport (T2), and captivity (T3). The results indicate that marked differences existed in blood chemistry at each sampling interval. Acid–base parameters (vascular pH, pO2, pCO2), serum Ca2+ and Cl−, and haematocrit were maximally disrupted at T1, but progressively resolved to presumed basal values by T3. Concentrations of whole-blood lactate, plasma total protein, additional sera electrolytes (Na+, K+, Mg2+), and BUN (urea) were maximally compromised at T2, but also recovered by T3. In contrast, serum glucose levels were similar at T1 and T2 but rose to peak levels by T3. Although blood parameters were substantially altered, dogfish mortality was low (2 out of 34; 5.9%), suggesting a strong degree of resilience to compounded stressors associated with capture, transport, and captivity.
Sensitivity analysis and parameter selection for detecting aggregations in acoustic data
Authors: Burgos Julian M. , Horne John K. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Burgos, J. M., and Horne, J. K. 2007. Sensitivity analysis and parameter selection for detecting aggregations in acoustic data. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 160–168. A global sensitivity analysis was conducted on the algorithm implemented in the Echoview ® software to detect and describe aggregations in acoustic backscatter. Multiple aggregation detections were performed using walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) data from the eastern Bering Sea. Walleye pollock form distinct aggregations and dense and diffuse layers. In each aggregation detection, input parameters defining minimum size, density, and distance to other aggregations were selected at random using a Latin hypercube sampling design. Sensitivity was quantified by testing for correlation among input parameters and a series of aggregation descriptors. In all, 336 correlation tests were performed, corresponding to a combination of seven detection input parameters, eight aggregation descriptors, and six transects. Among these, 181 tests were significant, indicating sensitivity between input parameters and aggregation descriptors. The aggregation-detection algorithm is sensitive to changes in threshold and minimum size, but less sensitive to changes in the connectivity criterion among aggregations.
Age, growth, and reproduction of the roughskin skate, Dipturus trachyderma, from the southeastern Pacific
Authors: Licandeo Roberto , Cerna Francisco , Céspedes Renato 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLicandeo, R., Cerna, F., and Céspedes, R. 2007. Age, growth, and reproduction of the roughskin skate, Dipturus trachyderma, from the southeastern Pacific. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 141–148. Age, growth, and reproductive parameters of the roughskin skate, Dipturus trachyderma, in the southeastern Pacific are reported. Age was estimated by counting the growth rings of thin sections of vertebral centra from 201 fish (61–253 cm total length, LT). No systematic ageing bias was observed, and the precision of growth ring counts indicated a high level of reproducibility. Marginal increment analysis supported the hypothesis of annual deposition of growth rings, which form during winter. The oldest female and male were 26 and 25 y, respectively. Von Bertalanffy parameters for combined sexes based on length-at-age data were L∞=257.7 cm LT, K=0.081 y−1 and t0=–1.363 y. Skates from the southernmost areas attained a larger mean size than those from more northern areas, and females reached a larger adult size than males. Males began the maturation process at ∼186 cm LT, indicated by the abrupt enlargement of the claspers. Developed oviducal glands, uteri, and ovaries indicated that females began to mature at 200 cm LT. The length and age at which 50% of the population matured were 215 cm LT and 17 y for females and 195 cm LT and 15 y for males. The youngest mature female and male D. trachyderma were 15 and 13 y, respectively. The ovarian fecundity ranged from 28 to 68 follicles. Females carrying egg cases were found in March and July. Dipturus trachyderma is slow-growing, long-lived, attains large size, matures late, and has low fecundity, life history characteristics that make it highly susceptible to exploitation.
ALKALINE EARTH PORCELAINS POSSESSING LOW DIELECTRIC LOSS*
Authors: Rigterink M. D. , Grisdale R. O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlkaline earth porcelains have been prepared from mixtures of clay, flint, and synthetic fluxes consisting of clay calcined with at least three alkaline earth oxides. These porcelains possess excellent dielectric properties, have low coefficients of thermal expansion, are white, and are especially valuable as bases for deposited carbon resistors for which they were developed. Their characteristics make it probable that other uses will be found for materials of this type.An illustrative composition is 50.0% Florida kaolin, 15.0%, flint (325 mesh), 35.0% calcine (200 mesh). The composition of the calcine is 40.0% Florida kaolin, 15.0% MgCO3, 15.0% CaCO3, 15.0% SrCo3, 15.0% BaCO3, calcined at 1200°C. The electrical properties of this body at 1 mc. are Q at 25°C., 2160; Q at 250°C., 280; Q at 350°C. 90; specific resistance at 150°C, 1013.5 ohm‐cm. and at 300°C. 1010.7 ohm‐cm.
Exposure of young children working on Mexican tobacco plantations to organophosphorous and carbamic pesticides, indicated by cholinesterase depression
Authors: Gamlin J. , Romo P. Diaz , Hesketh T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground  Organophosphorous (OP) and carbamic pesticides are used in large quantities on tobacco plantations in Nayarit State, Mexico, where up to 3000 children and their families work. OP and carbamic pesticides are easily inhaled or absorbed through the skin and children may be particularly vulnerable to pesticides because of their smaller body mass, their height and more regular hand‐ mouth contact. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of pesticide exposure on acetylcholinesterase levels of very young migrant Mexican tobacco workers and younger siblings.Methods  Blood samples were collected from 160 children aged 0–14 years during harvest (exposure) and from 62 children in their home communities 6–9 months after harvest (baseline). Samples were tested for cholinesterase corrected for haemoglobin and ambient temperature.Results  Fifteen per cent of children had depression scores ranging from −40% to 190% of their baseline levels. Thirty‐three per cent of children had depression scores of at least 15% and 86% of children were anaemic.Conclusion  These results suggest that very young children are exposed to potentially harmful and toxic amounts of pesticides while working. Further research is needed to assess the actual acute and chronic health impacts of such exposures.
Antibody reactivity to heat shock protein 70 and inner ear-specific proteins in patients with idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Tebo A E , Szankasi P , Hillman T A , Litwin C M , Hill H R 
Published: October 2006

Summary
Deafness is attributable to autoimmunity in a subset of adult patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) of unknown aetiology. To determine the roles of self-antigens in the pathogenesis of idiopathic SNHL, we analysed antibody responses to the inner ear-specific proteins, cochlin and β-tectorin as well as the non-specific heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Recombinant cochlin and β-tectorin proteins were used in a qualitative Western blot assay for the detection of antigen-specific IgG antibodies in 58 patients with idiopathic SNHL and 28 healthy blood donors. In the same study cohort, we also used a Western blot assay to assess IgG antibody responses to the recombinant human HSP70. Of the 58 patient samples analysed, 19 tested positive to the HSP70, eight to cochlin and one to β-tectorin, giving a prevalence of 33, 14 and 2%, respectively. Only one patient sample was reactive for HSP70, cochlin and β-tectorin, seven of the remaining eight cochlin IgG antibody-positive samples were monospecific. Thus, cochlin-specific antibodies were observed predominantly in HSP70 IgG-negative patients demonstrating an additive value for testing this antibody response in patients with idiopathic SNHL.
Baseline values and change in the soil, and implications for monitoring
Authors: Lark R. M. , Bellamy P. H. , Kirk G. J. D. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe soil is subject to change, and this must be monitored and understood. There are various circumstances in which the change in a soil property will depend in part on the baseline value that was first measured. Such a relationship may allow us to estimate change with greater precision, but it will also reflect in part the statistical phenomenon of regression to the mean. In this paper, we describe two approaches to the analysis of how change in a variable depends on its baseline values. These methods allow for the effect of regression to the mean. We discuss their applicability to the problems of soil monitoring, and we illustrate one of them by means of a case study on change in the organic carbon content of the soils of England and Wales.
Mechanistic links between climate and fisheries along the east coast of the United States: explaining population outbursts of Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus)
Authors: HARE JONATHAN A. , ABLE KENNETH W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractClimate has been linked to variation in marine fish abundance and distribution, but often the mechanistic processes are unknown. Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) is a common species in estuarine and coastal areas of the mid‐Atlantic and southeast coasts of the U.S. Previous studies have identified a correlation between Atlantic croaker abundance and winter temperatures in Chesapeake Bay, and have determined thermal tolerances of juveniles. Here we re‐examine the hypothesis that winter temperature variability controls Atlantic croaker population dynamics. Abundance indices were analyzed at four life history stages from three regions along the east coast of the U.S. Correlations suggest that year‐class strength is decoupled from larval supply and is determined by temperature‐linked, overwinter survival of juveniles. Using a relation between air and water temperatures, estuarine water temperature was estimated from 1930 to 2002. Periods of high adult catch corresponded with warm winter water temperatures. Prior studies indicate that winter temperature along the east coast is related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO); variability in catch is also correlated with the NAO, thereby demonstrating a link between Atlantic croaker dynamics, thermal limited overwinter survival, and the larger climate system of the North Atlantic. We hypothesize that the environment drives the large‐scale variability in Atlantic croaker abundance and distribution, but fishing and habitat loss decrease the resiliency of the population to periods of poor environmental conditions and subsequent weak year classes.
Bottom‐up forcing and the decline of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska: assessing the ocean climate hypothesis
Authors: TRITES ANDREW W. , MILLER ARTHUR J. , MASCHNER HERBERT D. G. , ALEXANDER MICHAEL A. , BOGRAD STEVEN J. , CALDER JOHN A. , CAPOTONDI ANTONIETTA , COYLE KENNETH O. , LORENZO EMANUELE DI , FINNEY BRUCE P. , GREGR EDWARD J. , GROSCH CHESTER E. , HARE STEVEN R. , HUNT GEORGE L. , JAHNCKE JAIME , KACHEL NANCY B. , KIM HEY‐JIN , LADD CAROL , MANTUA NATHAN J. , MARZBAN CAREN , MASLOWSKI WIESLAW , MENDELSSOHN ROY , NEILSON DOUGLAS J. , OKKONEN STEPHEN R. , OVERLAND JAMES E. , REEDY‐MASCHNER KATHERINE L. , ROYER THOMAS C. , SCHWING FRANKLIN B. , WANG JULIAN X. L. , WINSHIP ARLISS J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDeclines of Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) populations in the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska could be a consequence of physical oceanographic changes associated with the 1976–77 climate regime shift. Changes in ocean climate are hypothesized to have affected the quantity, quality, and accessibility of prey, which in turn may have affected the rates of birth and death of sea lions. Recent studies of the spatial and temporal variations in the ocean climate system of the North Pacific support this hypothesis. Ocean climate changes appear to have created adaptive opportunities for various species that are preyed upon by Steller sea lions at mid‐trophic levels. The east–west asymmetry of the oceanic response to climate forcing after 1976–77 is consistent with both the temporal aspect (populations decreased after the late 1970s) and the spatial aspect of the decline (western, but not eastern, sea lion populations decreased). These broad‐scale climate variations appear to be modulated by regionally sensitive biogeographic structures along the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska, which include a transition point from coastal to open‐ocean conditions at Samalga Pass westward along the Aleutian Islands. These transition points delineate distinct clusterings of different combinations of prey species, which are in turn correlated with differential population sizes and trajectories of Steller sea lions. Archaeological records spanning 4000 yr further indicate that sea lion populations have experienced major shifts in abundance in the past. Shifts in ocean climate are the most parsimonious underlying explanation for the broad suite of ecosystem changes that have been observed in the North Pacific Ocean in recent decades.
Historical fluctuations in spawning location of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) in the Bay of Biscay during 1967–73 and 2000–2004
Authors: BELLIER EDWIGE , PLANQUE BENJAMIN , PETITGAS PIERRE 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe spatial extent of small pelagic fish spawning habitat is influenced by environmental factors and by the state of the adult population. In return, the configuration of spawning habitat affects recruitment and therefore the future structure of the adult population. Interannual changes in spatial patterns of spawning reflect variations in adult population structures and their environment. The present study describes the historical changes in the spatial distribution of spawning of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) in the Bay of Biscay during two periods: 1967–72 and 2000–2004. Using data from egg surveys conducted in spring, the spatial distributions of anchovy and sardine eggs are characterized by means of geostatistics. For each survey, a map of probability of egg presence is constructed. The maps are then compared to define (1) recurrent spawning areas, (2) occasional spawning areas and (3) unfavourable spawning areas during each period. Sardine spawning habitat is generally fragmented and appears spatially limited by the presence of cold bottom water. It is confined to coastal or shelf break refuge areas in years of restricted spawning extent. For anchovy, recurrent spawning sites are found in Gironde and Adour estuaries whilst spawning can extend further offshore in years of more intense spawning. For both species, the mean pattern of spawning has changed between 1967–72 and 2000–2004. Noticeably, the spatial distribution of anchovy eggs in spring has expanded northward. This trend possibly results from changes in environmental conditions during the last four decades.
UV effects on stoichiometry and PUFAs of Selenastrum capricornutum and their consequences for the grazer Daphnia magna
Authors: LEU EVA , FÆRØVIG PER J. , HESSEN DAG O. 
Published: October 2006

Summary1. The effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation (280–400 nm) on fatty acid composition and elemental ratios of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) of a unialgal culture of the chlorophyte Selenastrum capricornutum was investigated. Algae were cultured in the presence or absence of UV radiation and were subsequently fed to Daphnia magna to assess potential effects of UV on zooplankton fatty acid composition, growth and reproduction.2. Algal growth rate was substantially reduced by UV radiation, probably because of a severe inhibition of photosynthetic efficiency (measured as optimal quantum yield).3. Algae exposed to UV radiation had a significantly reduced content of 18 : 1 n‐9, while C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were higher under UV radiation. These observations point at an increased demand for and synthesis of PUFAs under UV stress.4. The C : P and N : P ratios showed a remarkable decrease in UV‐exposed cells primarily owing to an increased uptake of P. The nutritional quality in terms of both fatty acid composition and stoichiometry was therefore higher in the UV treatment relative to the control.5. Despite the UV‐induced changes in nutritional quality of S. capricornutum, no significant effects on D. magna growth or reproduction were detected. The fatty acid composition of Daphnia fed on UV irradiated algae showed a significantly lower content of 18 : 1 n‐9, but no changes in the essential PUFAs.
Conifer stem growth at the altitudinal treeline in response to four years of CO2 enrichment
Authors: HANDA I. TANYA , KÖRNER CHRISTIAN , HÄTTENSCHWILER STEPHAN 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNorthern latitude and upper altitude climatic treelines have received increasing attention given their potential sensitivity to atmospheric and climate change. While greater radial stem growth at treeline sites in recent decades has been attributed largely to increasing temperature, rising atmospheric CO2 concentration may also be contributing to this growth stimulation. Tree ring increments of mature Larix decidua and Pinus uncinata were measured over 4 years in a free air CO2 enrichment experiment at treeline in the Swiss Central Alps (2180 m a.s.l.). In addition, a one‐time defoliation treatment in the second year (2002) of the experiment was used to simulate one of the common natural insect outbreak events. In response to elevated atmospheric CO2, Larix showed a cumulative 4‐year growth response of+41%, with particularly strong responses in the third and fourth year. This increase in radial stem wood growth was the result of more latewood production, in particular, the formation of larger tracheids, rather than a greater number of cells. In contrast, Pinus showed no change in ring width to elevated [CO2], neither in each of the treatment years, nor in the cumulative response over 4 years, although an increase in tracheid size was observed in the third year. Defoliation led to a pronounced decrease in annual ring width of both species, marked in particular by less latewood production, in the treatment, as well as subsequent years. There was no significant interaction between defoliation and CO2 enrichment. Although Pinus showed no growth response to CO2, the positive growth response observed in Larix after 4 years of CO2 enrichment implies that the sensitivity of treeline trees to global change may not be purely temperature driven. We conclude that the open sparse canopy in the treeline ecotone favours the indeterminate growth strategy of the early successional Larix when neither weather nor carbon are limiting, whereas the later successional Pinus does not show any indication of more vigorous growth under future higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Ecophysiological controls over the net ecosystem exchange of mountain spruce stand. Comparison of the response in direct vs. diffuse solar radiation
Authors: URBAN OTMAR , JANOUŠ DALIBOR , ACOSTA MANUEL , CZERNÝ RADEK , MARKOVÁ IRENA , NAVRÁTIL MARTIN , PAVELKA MARIAN , POKORNÝ RADEK , ŠPRTOVÁ MIRKA , ZHANG RUI , ŠPUNDA VLADIMÍR , GRACE JOHN , MAREK MICHAL V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCloud cover increases the proportion of diffuse radiation reaching the Earth's surface and affects many microclimatic factors such as temperature, vapour pressure deficit and precipitation. We compared the relative efficiencies of canopy photosynthesis to diffuse and direct photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) for a Norway spruce forest (25‐year‐old, leaf area index 11 m2 m−2) during two successive 7‐day periods in August. The comparison was based on the response of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 to PPFD. NEE and stomatal conductance at the canopy level (Gcanopy) was estimated from half‐hourly eddy‐covariance measurements of CO2 and H2O fluxes. In addition, daily courses of CO2 assimilation rate (AN) and stomatal conductance (Gs) at shoot level were measured using a gas‐exchange technique applied to branches of trees. The extent of spectral changes in incident solar radiation was assessed using a spectroradiometer.We found significantly higher NEE (up to 150%) during the cloudy periods compared with the sunny periods at corresponding PPFDs. Prevailing diffuse radiation under the cloudy days resulted in a significantly lower compensation irradiance (by ca. 50% and 70%), while apparent quantum yield was slightly higher (by ca. 7%) at canopy level and significantly higher (by ca. 530%) in sun‐acclimated shoots. The main reasons for these differences appear to be (1) more favourable microclimatic conditions during cloudy periods, (2) stimulation of photochemical reactions and stomatal opening via an increase of blue/red light ratio, and (3) increased penetration of light into the canopy and thus a more equitable distribution of light between leaves.Our analyses identified the most important reason of enhanced NEE under cloudy sky conditions to be the effective penetration of diffuse radiation to lower depths of the canopy. This subsequently led to the significantly higher solar equivalent leaf area compared with the direct radiation. Most of the leaves in such dense canopy are in deep shade, with marginal or negative carbon balances during sunny days. These findings show that the energy of diffuse, compared with direct, solar radiation is used more efficiently in assimilation processes at both leaf and canopy levels.
The use of multidirectional cross‐sectional tomography for localizing an odontome
Authors: JOHNSON JOANNA , WHAITES ERIC J. , SHEEHY EVELYN C. 
Published: October 2006

Background.  A 7‐year old boy was referred with retained maxillary right primary central and lateral incisors. Radiographic exam revealed a large calcified radio‐opaque mass overlying the roots of these primary teeth preventing the permanent teeth from erupting.Case Report.  The purpose of this paper is to describe the pre‐operative use of multi‐directional cross‐sectional tomography in establishing the relationship between a large complex odontome that was preventing the eruption of a maxillary permanent central incisor.Conclusion.  Low dose, multi‐directional cross‐sectional tomography was beneficial in visualisation of the precise relationship between the large complex odontome and the unerupted permanent incisor. This allowed correct judgement of the position on the odontome prior to its surgical removal.