bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Detection of Peracetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide by Amperometry at Pt and Au Electrodes
Authors: Toniolo Rosanna , Pizzariello Andrea , Susmel Sabina , Dossi Nicolò , Bontempelli Gino 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBased on preliminary voltammetric investigations at both Pt and Au electrodes in aqueous solutions buffered at different pH values in the range 0–10, two possible profitable triple‐pulse amperometric approaches were developed for determining simultaneously peroxyacetic acid (PAA) and hydrogen peroxide present in the same samples. At both surfaces a pulsed waveform applied at rotating‐disc electrodes was adopted to take advantage on one hand of the optimized signal reproducibility achieved by this potential multistep antifouling approach and on the other hand of the constant thickness of the diffusion layer, which is necessary when the recording of time‐independent currents is desired. At a rotating‐disc Pt electrode an anodic selective signal was indeed recorded for H2O2 alone, while PAA contents could be inferred only from the difference of convenient signals, since at all pHs explored its sole cathodic reaction could be observed at potentials coincident with those proper for the reduction of H2O2 too. The same pulse approach at Au electrodes instead provided totally independent signals for the two analytes considered, thus proving to be suitable for their independent detection. In fact, H2O2 alone undergoes anodic oxidation also at this surface, while the reduction of PAA occurs at potentials less cathodic than those required for H2O2. At both electrodes, the best results turned out to be achieved at pH 0 in terms of both precision (±2–4%) and detection limits (0.2–0.3 mM), as well as of linear range which extended for about three orders of magnitude. The kinetics of the equilibrium involving the generation of H2O2 from the reaction of PAA with water was also evaluated, since it was suspected of making unreliable the proposed amperometric approaches.
Government health expenditures and health outcomes
Authors: Bokhari Farasat A. S. , Gai Yunwei , Gottret Pablo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper provides econometric evidence linking a country's per capita government health expenditures and per capita income to two health outcomes: under‐five mortality and maternal mortality. Using instrumental variables techniques (GMM‐H2SL), we estimate the elasticity of these outcomes with respect to government health expenditures and income while treating both variables as endogenous. Consequently, our elasticity estimates are larger in magnitude than those reported in literature, which may be biased up. The elasticity of under‐five mortality with respect to government expenditures ranges from −0.25 to −0.42 with a mean value of −0.33. For maternal mortality the elasticity ranges from −0.42 to −0.52 with a mean value of −0.50. For developing countries, our results imply that while economic growth is certainly an important contributor to health outcomes, government spending on health is just as important a factor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal drug use and the production of infant health
Authors: Noonan Kelly , Reichman Nancy E. , Corman Hope , Dave Dhaval 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe estimate the effect of illicit drug use during pregnancy on two measures of poor infant health: low birth weight and abnormal infant health conditions. We use data from a national longitudinal study of urban parents that includes postpartum interviews with mothers, hospital medical record data on the mothers and their newborns, and information about the neighborhood in which the mother resides. We address the potential endogeneity of prenatal drug use. Depending on how prenatal drug use is measured, we find that it increases low birth weight by 4–6 percentage points and that it increases the likelihood of an abnormal infant health condition by 7–12 percentage points. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐pressure micro‐Raman spectroscopic study of methyltrioxorhenium(VII)
Authors: Barsan Mirela M. , Gilson Denis F. R. , Reber Christian , Butler Ian S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMicro‐Raman spectra of methyltrioxorhenium(VII), CH3ReO3, were recorded at high external pressures, up to about 41 kbar, with the aid of a diamond‐anvil cell (DAC) in the presence and absence of paraffin oil (Nujol) as a pressure‐transmitting medium. The wavenumber vs external pressure plots display linear behavior up to 41 kbar, at which point sample decomposition occurs. In the case of the modes associated with the methyl group, the CH antisymmetric stretching modes are more sensitive to pressure (dν/dP = 0.88 and 1.04 cm−1 kbar−1) than the symmetric mode (dν/dP = 0.63 cm−1 kbar−1), and one branch of the split degenerate CH rocking mode exhibits a negative pressure dependence (−0.15 cm−1 kbar−1). The degeneracies of the ReO3 rocking and antisymmetric bending modes, located at 239 and 325 cm−1, respectively, at ambient pressure, are lifted in the crystal, and the resulting splitting increases as the pressure increases. The Re–C stretching vibration and one branch of the split degenerate ReO3 rocking modes are both particularly sensitive to pressure (dν/dP ≈ 0.96 cm−1 kbar−1). The dν/dP values for the ν(ReO) modes are significantly lower than those reported for other oxorhenium compounds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman, FT‐IR, and DFT studies of 3,5‐pyrazoledicarboxylic acid and its Ce(III) and Nd(III) complexes
Authors: Kostova Irena , Peica Niculina , Kiefer Wolfgang 
Published: September 2006

Abstract3,5‐Pyrazoledicarboxylic acid was used as a ligand for the synthesis of its Ce(III) and Nd(III) complexes. The complexes of Ce(III) and Nd(III) with 3,5‐pyrazoledicarboxylic acid were synthesized and their compositions were determined by elemental analysis. Vibrational study in the solid state of 3,5‐pyrazoledicarboxylic acid and its new Ce(III) and Nd(III) complexes was performed by IR and Raman spectroscopy. The changes observed between the IR and Raman spectra of the ligand and of the complexes allowed us to establish the coordination mode of the metal in both complexes. The comparative vibrational analysis of the free ligand and its lanthanide(III) complexes gave evidence that 3,5‐pyrazoledicarboxylic acid binds Ln(III) through the deprotonated carboxylic oxygens. The density functional theory (DFT) calculated geometries, harmonic vibrational modes and Raman scattering activities of the ligand were in good agreement with the experimental data, and a complete vibrational assignment is being proposed. The experimental IR and Raman bands of the ligand were assigned to normal modes on the basis of DFT calculations. The effect of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the ligand on vibrational mode positions is also discussed. The characteristic IR and Raman bands of 3,5‐pyrazoledicarboxylic acid and its lanthanide complexes were specified and discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterisation of inorganic pigments in ancient glass beads by means of Raman microspectroscopy, microprobe analysis and X‐ray diffractometry
Authors: Welter N. , Schüssler U. , Kiefer W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAncient coloured glass beads from Sri Lanka and Oman were analysed by Raman microspectroscopy for non‐destructive identification of inorganic pigments in the glass. Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), cassiterite (SnO2), cuprite (Cu2O) and a Pb(Sn,Si)O3‐type lead tin oxide were found to be used as colouring agents. Moreover, a distinction between lead‐based and alkali‐based glass matrices could be made. Electron microprobe analysis and X‐ray diffractometry were performed to show the capability of Raman microspectroscopy in comparison to these methods for answering archaeometric questions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and structure elucidation of five series of aminoflavones using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Barros Ana I. R. N. A. , Silva Artur M. S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTwenty‐six new aminoflavones have been synthesised by two different methods and the structure elucidation was accomplished using extensive 1D (1H,13C) and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies (COSY, HSQC and HMBC experiments). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural determination of saponins from Hedysarum polybotrys
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhang Qingying , Chen Hubiao , Wang Bin , An Dongge , Zhao Yuying 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFour saponins (1–4) were isolated from the roots of Hedysarum polybotrys Hand.‐Mazz. and obtained from Hedysarum (Tourn.) L for the first time. Their structures were identified on the basis of spectroscopic data. MS, 1D and 2D NMR including HMQC, HMBC, 1H–1H COSY and NOESY permitted correct assignments of all 1H and 13C signals of 1 and 2, and the 13C NMR data of 2 were reported for the first time. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A program for the visualisation, extraction, and reporting of NMR data from plate chemistry samples
Authors: Bernstein Michael A. , Stoddart Simon 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe describe a program for the viewing, analysis, and reporting of 1D NMR spectra. The program provides an intuitive environment to display 1D NMR spectra, and assists with data reduction and reporting. It is particularly well suited for multiple NMR spectra derived from the recording of spectra of samples in microtitre plates, where it adopts a unique, effective, and user‐friendly approach. This also allows for quick overviews of the underlying NMR data and offers an effective tool for quality control in parallel chemistry. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete crack modelling in a new X‐FEM format with emphasis on dynamic response
Authors: Svahn Per‐Ola , Ekevid Torbjörn , Runesson Kenneth 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe displacement field in quasi‐brittle material is localized into narrow fracture zones during the process of decohesion. The numerical modelling of the physically propagating displacement discontinuities is considered to be inherently difficult. In this paper, the introduction of continuous discontinuities into the finite element formulation is based on the extended finite element method (X‐FEM). This paper extends the theory by further incorporating arbitrary discontinuities in the approximation and presenting numerical procedures to handle several fields of discontinuities. The discontinuous approximation is accomplished by usage of basis functions of very limited support; only non‐zero in the elements containing the crack. Moreover, the introduction of discontinuities in a continuum is discussed and a robust numerical procedure is proposed. Further, the mechanical behaviour of cracks in a quasi‐brittle material largely governs the overall mechanical response of the material, and the implementation of a cohesive crack model based on anisotropic damage coupled to plasticity is emphasized. Numerical examples for both static and dynamic, transient, loading show that the proposed X‐FEM format in combination with the cohesive crack model has a good performance and leads to an efficient implementation. Finally, the proposed forward method for propagation of cracks and introduction of new ones is robust and stable. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distance bound for nonconvex polyhedral models in close proximity
Authors: Jiménez P. , Torras C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn many applications, it suffices to know a lower bound on the distance between objects, instead of the exact distance itself, which may be more difficult to compute. Such an easy‐to‐compute lower bound on the distance between two nonconvex polyhedra is presented here, which does not require a decomposition of the original polyhedra into convex entities. Furthermore, a suitable preprocessing of the polyhedra permits lowering the effort needed to compute this lower bound, and improves its quality. Experimental evidence is presented of the promise of this approach for assembly applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Profiles of random trees: Plane‐oriented recursive trees
Authors: Hwang Hsien‐Kuei 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe derive several limit results for the profile of random plane‐oriented recursive trees. These include the limit distribution of the normalized profile, asymptotic bimodality of the variance, asymptotic approximation to the expected width, and the correlation coefficients of two level sizes. Most of our proofs are based on a method of moments. We also discover an unexpected connection between the profile of plane‐oriented recursive trees (with logarithmic height) and that of random binary trees (with height proportional to the square root of tree size). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
A sustainable product needing a sustainable procurement commitment: the case of green waste in Wales
Authors: Dawson G. F. , Probert E. J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEuropean waste legislation aims to reduce the amount and type of waste that is sent to landfill. Hence member states are investigating alternatives, and trying to treat waste as a resource. In the UK there is a focus on producing compost from biodegradable waste. This emphasis is particularly strong in Wales, where strategy encourages the collection and composting of green garden waste.A survey has been conducted within the composting industry in Wales to determine the barriers that need to be overcome in order for green waste compost to become an accepted and viable product. The research investigates purchasing preferences, and identifies the important role of specifications in purchasing decisions.Welsh policy initiatives support the concept of sustainable development and encourage sustainable procurement. However, practical actions are required to turn these policies into practice. This study suggests how sustainable procurement initiatives could be used to facilitate the inclusion of green waste compost in contract specifications and hence enable public bodies to close the recycling loop. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
An incomplex algorithm for fast suffix array construction
Authors: Schürmann Klaus‐Bernd , Stoye Jens 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe suffix array of a string is a permutation of all starting positions of the string's suffixes that are lexicographically sorted. We present a practical algorithm for suffix array construction that consists of two easy‐to‐implement components. First it sorts the suffixes with respect to a fixed length prefix; then it refines each bucket of suffixes sharing the same prefix using the order of already sorted suffixes. Other suffix array construction algorithms follow more complex strategies. Moreover, we achieve a very fast construction for common strings as well as for worst case strings by enhancing our algorithm with further techniques. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal hemodynamic changes following treatment by laser coagulation of placental vascular anastomoses and amnioreduction in twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Nizard J. , Gussi I. , Ville Y. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate maternal hemodynamic changes following laser therapy and amnioreduction in twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).MethodsThirty‐nine cases with severe TTTS were treated at 16–26 weeks of gestation. Maternal hemodynamic evaluation was performed, including heart rate (HR), arterial pressure and echocardiography with calculation of shortening fraction (SF), left atrial dimensions, stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and total vascular resistance (TVR), before and 6 h and 24 h after placental surgery. Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht) and protein levels were also measured. Cases were retrospectively divided into groups according to treatment: Group A had laser therapy followed by amnioreduction >1000 mL (n = 25); Group B had laser therapy followed by amnioreduction <1000 mL (n = 14).ResultsThe mean gestational age at inclusion was 21 (range, 16–26) weeks. The mean amniotic fluid withdrawal was 1700 (range, 1000–3000) and 300 (range, 150–800) mL in Groups A and B, respectively. Cases in Group A showed a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (P = 0.011) and in TVR (P < 0.0001) and an increase in CO (P = 0.008) and SV (P = 0.022). There was no difference in HR. Significant hemodilution developed as early as 6 h after the procedure, with a reduction in Ht (P < 0.0001), plasma protein (P < 0.0001) and Hb levels of 1.2 g/dL on average (P < 0.0001). There were no changes in any parameters in Group B.ConclusionsAmnioreduction of severe polyhydramnios in TTTS induces maternal hemodynamic changes within the first 6 h that persist at least 24 h after treatment. These adaptative changes are compatible with hemodilution. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ein‐Blick in die Nano‐Elektronik: Bausteine, Funktionsprinzipien und virtuelle Reisen
Authors: Gleiche Michael , Haumann Carola , Baron Waldemar , Dreßen Jochen 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDie Elektronik erobert wie keine andere Technologie mit rasanter Geschwindigkeit den Nanokosmos. Basis für moderne, hochkomplexe Produkte sind nur ein wenig (Quarz‐)Sand und einige metallische Zugaben, wie das aktuelle, vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) initiierte Exponat „Vom Sand zum Superchip”︁ zeigt. Der gesamte Weg der Wertschöpfung in der Halbleiterindustrie wird anschaulich vermittelt. Bereits heute liegt die Größe funktionskritischer Bauteile der Chips im Nanometerbereich und an manchen Stellen sogar in der Größenordnung von nur wenigen Atomlagen. Die Herausforderungen an die Chiphersteller werden dabei immer größer. Es gilt, neue Materialien zu entwickeln und immer aufwendigere Prozesse zu kontrollieren. Deutschland hat sich als weltweit führender Forschungs‐ und Fertigungsstandort für Nanoelektronik etabliert. Als Grundlage dafür wurden nicht nur die Ansiedlung von Produktionsstätten der Siliziumelektronik, wie AMD und Infineon/Qimonda in Dresden, gefördert, sondern auch Kompetenzen gezielt gebündelt. Dazu gehört z. B. die Erforschung und Herstellung von Photolithographiemasken (AMTC1) und nanoelektronischen Bauelementen (Fraunhofer CNT2) in Dresden sowie die Gründung des edacentrums3 (Automatisierung des Chipentwurfes) in Hannover. Einen tiefen Einblick in die Welt der Nanoelektronik gewähren darüber hinaus auf spielerische Weise die sog. „Nanoreisen”︁, entwickelt im Auftrag des BMBF und adressiert an Öffentlichkeit und interessierten Nachwuchs.
Untersuchung dünner Schichten mittels Röntgenreflektometrie
Authors: Dietsch Reiner , Holz Thomas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractGeometrische Parameter wie Quellgröße und Blendengrößen, Abstände zwischen den einzelnen röntgenoptischen Komponenten und die charakteristischen Kenngrößen der strahlformenden Elemente beeinflussen die Winkel‐ und Energieauflösung in der experimentellen Anordnung der Röntgenreflektometrie.In Multischicht‐Röntgenoptiken und Kristallmonochromatoren erfolgt die Kollimation und die Monochromatisierung entsprechend der BRAGG’schen Gleichung.Kristalle bestehen aus einem 3‐dim. Gitter, in dem die streuenden Netzebenenen regelmäßig angeordnet sind. Die Zahl der kohärent streuenden Netzebenen ist sehr hoch. Deshalb sind Energie‐ und Winkelauflösung eines Kristallmonochromators um ca. eine Größenordnung höher als beim Multischichtsystem, welches als 1‐dim. periodisches Gitter verstanden werden kann.Typisch für eine Multischicht‐Röntgenoptik ist eine Energieauflösung im Bereich ΔE/E = Δλ/λ von 10‐1 bis 10‐2. Demzufolge ist die Winkeldivergenz in der Größenordnung zwischen 0.01° und 0.1° z. B. für Cu Kα Strahlung.Allein mit Multischichtröntgenoptiken können Gesamtschichtdicken bis d = 270nm an Hand der Dickenoszillationen im Reflektogramm aufgelöst werden. Oberhalb dieser Gesamtschichtdicke ist es erforderlich, die Winkeldivergenz durch Strahleinkopplung in einen Kristallmonochromator (CC) zu reduzieren und damit den auflösbaren Dickenbereich zu erhöhen.Der Gewinn an Auflösung durch Kopplung einer Multischichtoptik und eines CC konnte am Beispiel einer 400nm Multischicht gezeigt werden.
Phenological responses of plants to climate change in an urban environment
Authors: Luo Zhongkui , Sun Osbert J. , Ge Quansheng , Xu Wenting , Zheng Jingyun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractGlobal climate change is likely to alter the phenological patterns of plants due to the controlling effects of climate on plant ontogeny, especially in an urbanized environment. We studied relationships between various phenophases (i.e., seasonal biological events) and interannual variations of air temperature in three woody plant species (Prunus davidiana,Hibiscus syriacus, andCercis chinensis) in the Beijing Metropolis, China, based on phenological data for the period 1962–2004 and meteorological data for the period 1951–2004. Analysis of phenology and climate data indicated significant changes in spring and autumn phenophases and temperatures. Changes in phenophases were observed for all the three species, consistent with patterns of rising air temperatures in the Beijing Metropolis. The changing phenology in the three plant species was reflected mainly as advances of the spring phenophases and delays in the autumn phenophases, but with strong variations among species and phenophases in response to different temperature indices. Most phenophases (both spring and autumn phenophases) had significant relationships with temperatures of the preceding months. There existed large inter‐ and intra‐specific variations, however, in the responses of phenology to climate change. It is clear that the urban heat island effect from 1978 onwards is a dominant cause of the observed phenological changes. Differences in phenological responses to climate change may cause uncertain ecological consequences, with implications for ecosystem stability and function in urban environments.
Unbound states in quantum heterostructures
Authors: Ferreira R. , Bastard G. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
We report in this review on the electronic continuum states of semiconductor Quantum Wells and Quantum Dots and highlight the decisive part played by the virtual bound states in the optical properties of these structures. The two particles continuum states of Quantum Dots control the decoherence of the excited electron – hole states. The part played by Auger scattering in Quantum Dots is also discussed.
Traveling wave solutions of the heat flow of director fields
Authors: Bertsch M. , Primi I. 
Published: September 2006

We consider the simplest possible heat equation for director fields,

u_{t} = \mathrm{\Delta }u + |\mathrm{∇}u|^{2}u

(

|u| = 1

), and construct axially symmetric traveling wave solutions defined in an infinitely long cylinder. The traveling waves have a point singularity of topological degree

0

or

1

.

Résumé

Dans ce papier nous considérons l'équation de la chaleur la plus simple pour champs de vecteurs unitaires,

u_{t} = \mathrm{\Delta }u + |\mathrm{∇}u|^{2}u

(

|u| = 1

), avec domaine donné par un cylindre infiniment long. Pour cette équation nous édifions des solutions axialement symétriques en forme de front progressif. Ces fronts progressifs ont un point de singularité avec degré topologique

0

ou

1

.