bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contamination and taint of cocoa beans by residual insecticides
Authors: Somade B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn an experiment lasting three weeks, cocoa beans were stored and carried to port in Southern Nigeria in sacks which were impregnated with DDT and BHC. In this period the amount of impregnated DDT fell from 3.45% to 2.8% and that of BHC from 1.65% to 0.93%. The amount absorbed by the cocoa was within the limits allowed in the U.K. Most of the absorbed insecticide was retained by the testa. Similar results were obtained when cocoa beans were stored in contact with floors and walls treated with heavy dosages of these insecticides.
The effect of humidity on mould growth on constructional materials
Authors: Coppock J. B. M. , Cookson E. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of humidity on mould growth on constructional materials is discussed. It has been found that at a relative humidity of 70% or less mould growth is inhibited on bricks, wood, painted wood and distempered surfaces. The physical properties of the substrate determines to a large extent the rate of mould growth at particular R.H. values. An apparent optimum humidity for growth has been observed on certain of the materials examined.
The technique and application of plant tissue tests for the availability of soil phosphate
Authors: Yuen S. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe chemical tissue test for phosphate using the Morgan reagent was examined.The time of extraction was very critical, the phosphate extracted being in linear relationship to time up to four hours. The first extraction (15 minutes) removed phosphate varying from 3 to 21% of the total in the plant, and the total amounts of extractable phosphate in II extractions varied from 20 to 76%. Of the total phosphate extracted, over 60% was inorganic. When the time of extraction was 30 minutes or less, the quantities of inorganic phosphate extracted by the Morgan reagent and by water were materially the same.In applying the test to flax on the fertilized plots on two sampling dates, it was evident that the test did not indicate any response to the inorganic fertilizer treatments, but showed significantly higher values for dung‐treated plots. The error of the chemical tissue test was exceptionally high.
Trimethylamine oxide and the autoxidation of unsaturated fatty esters
Authors: Lea C. H. , Rhodes D. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe action of trimethylamine oxide on unsaturated fatty esters has been investigated. At 100° c. the oxide was reduced quite rapidly by autoxidizing esters, or by pre‐oxidized esters in the absence of oxygen: unoxidized esters were unable to reduce the oxide in the absence of oxygen.At 37° c. reduction of the oxide by autoxidizing esters had become very slow and neither haemoglobin nor a pork‐muscle homogenate catalysed the reaction. No obviously fishy odours were observed in the esters recovered after any of the treatments employed.
The electrometric estimation of chloride in meat. IV.—The origin of errors and suggestions for their elimination
Authors: Bryan J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the electrometric method for estimating chloride, more accurate results are obtained with a small wire‐type of silver electrode, coated with a film of silver chloride by electrolysis, than with a relatively large spade‐type of electrode coated with silver chloride by precipitation during titration.
The composition of British‐grown winter wheat. I.—Vitamin‐B1 content
Authors: Greer E. N. , Ridyard H. N. , Kent N. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEstimations of vitamin B1 on some 400 samples of wheat from trial plots have been used to establish varietal differences in content among commonly grown British wheats. Bersée and Vilmorin 27 wheat have been found to be a richer source of vitamin B1 than 9 other varieties tested. A general mean level of I‐13 i.u. per g. was found for all samples tested. A positive correlation between protein and vitamin‐B1 contents has been found, which extends to the special case of increase of protein due to fertilizer dressings.
The composition of British‐grown winter wheat. II—iron and mangaanese contents
Authors: Greer E. N. , Pringle W. J. S. , Kent N. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalyses of grain grown, in variety, on trial plots have been used to obtain mean contents of iron and manganese in British wheat, 3.4 and 2.8 mg. per 100 g. of grain respectively. Small but significant differences in the level of both minerals have been found between wheat varieties. The iron content of wheat is strongly influenced by locality and there is evidence that it is positively correlated with protein content, for which data are also presented.
A mode of action of antibiotics in chick nutrition
Authors: Coates M. E. , Dickinson C. D. , Harrison G. F. , Kon S. K. , Porter J. W. G. , Cummins S. H. , Cuthbertson W. F. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProcaine penicillin [penicillin (procaine salt)] added to a good practical ration improved the growth of chicks in a laboratory used for poultry for ten years. Chicks from the same batch in two other laboratories, where birds had not been kept before, grew equally well on the ration with and without penicillin, and growth was the same as that on the penicillinsupplemented diet in the usual chick laboratory.The growth depression in the absence of dietary penicillin was not due to differences in management or to recognizable disease. It is suggested that it is due to an ‘infection’ hitherto undescribed and shown to be transmissible and counteracted by penicillin.
The persistence of crude benzene hexachloride in the soil
Authors: Jameson H. R. , Peacock F. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is shown that the residual benzene hexachloride (BHC), determined analytically in a loam soil, is a function of the amount of benzene hexachloride (13% y‐isomer) (referred to in this paper as BHC‐13) applied per acre and the time elapsing after application. A significant correlation was found between the level of residual BHC and degree of tainting of potatoes grown in the same soil. The taint measurements involved in the present work are in agreement with the much more numerous and independent measurements that formed the basis of an earlier paper.BHC‐13 thoroughly worked into the top six inches of a loam soil, at rates up to 8 lb. per acre, was lost at an exponential rate of approximately 50% per annum over the period of the trial. Provided that the application of BHC‐13 to the soil does not exceed 1/4 1b. /acre annually, the risk of growing tainted potatoes on loam soil in this country seems slight; surface application at rather higher rates may also be safe.
Sunflower seed oil : The influence of temperature on the composition of the fatty acids
Authors: Grindley D. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSunflower seed has been cultivated in Khartoum during both the summer and winter, and the analytical results for the respective oils are given. It is observed that increased temperature during the period of ripening of the seed leads to a very much reduced linoleic acid content in the oil. The importance of marketing crops grown in the same area during different seasons separately is stressed.
Some observations on the malo‐lactic fermentation of cider
Authors: Marshall C. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCiders are prone to a malo‐lactic fermentation which can be beneficial in reducing the acidity of sharp juices, but which may cause spoilage in sub‐acid juices. A method is described for the estimation of malic acid in cider which is useful for following both the decrease in malic acid content during fermentation and also for observing changes in the malo‐lactic index. The latter is the ratio of calculated free acidity to observed free acidity at any stage in the fermentation and it should remain constant throughout the full course of fermentation and maturation of a normal sound cider. It decreases in value when acid spoilage occurs through the development of undesirable organisms and enables the malefic influence of these organisms to be detected before any increase in acidity becomes apparent. The malo‐lactic fermentation can be retarded in the presence of sulphites and may be completely arrested if the cider is centrifuged before sulphiting.
The nature of some of the linkages in deoxypentose nucleic acids
Authors: Overend W. G. , Peacocke A. R. , Stacey M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractKnowledge of the linkages in deoxyribonucleic acids is reviewed and extended. Chromatographic analyses and electrometric titrations on deoxyribonucleic acids isolated from various sources indicate a greater degree of branching than has been previously assumed. Available evidence on the nature of hydrogen bonding in these nucleic acids is surveyed. Evidence for the possible existence of a highly labile glycosidic linkage is presented. The action of dilute alkali under mild conditions on deoxyribonucleic acids, as described by Euler & Fono (1948), is reinterpreted.
Analytical and pharmacological problems arising from the use of organic chemicals as processing aids and hygiene aids in the food industry
Authors: Coppock J. B. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe term ‘processing aids’ has been restricted to the narrowest sense of organic chemicals used in association with plant and equipment. It does not include the use of food additives as processing aids.Three problems arise in food production from the use of organic chemicals as defined above: (1) the extent to which such materials are absorbed through contact with food during, or as a result of, their use and the effect that such residues may have on the human system after ingestion over both short and long periods, (2) the effect such residues might have on the process itself, and (3) the difficulty of determining by ordinary chemical analysis the extent to which contamination might have occurred. The nature and composition of the particular food contaminated can have a profound effect on the accuracy of the analytical methods used. Illustrations are given of each of these problems, referring to the insecticides DDT, gammexane and piperonyl butoxide, the fumigant methyl bromide, processing aids such as silicones, mineral oils and plastics, plasticizers in wrapping materials and the quaternary‐ammonium detergents.
The analysis of chlorinated organic insecticides by partition chromatography on paper and on cellulose columns
Authors: O'Colla Proinsias 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA paper‐chromatographic method has been developed for the separation and detection of the constituents of BHC (benzene hexachloride) and chlordane, and the behaviour of Toxaphene and DDT on paper was also observed. Acetic anhydride was used as the fixed phase with n‐hexane or light‐petroleum fractions as the moving solvent. The method should be of value in the separation and identification of traces of materials present as contaminations after the use of dusts and sprays on crops.The method has been applied to the quantitative estimation of y‐hexachlorocyclohexane in insecticidal preparations, on a micro‐scale using sheets of filter paper, and on a larger scale using columns of hydrocellulose.
The component acids and glycerides of an indian tiger (Felis tigris) fat
Authors: Pathak S. P. , Agarwal C. V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the present work the fatty acid composition of a tiger depot‐fat was determined by the usual ester‐fractionation method, using an electrically heated and packed column (Longenecker, 1937). The glyceride structure was studied by crystallization of the neutral fat from acetone and ether; the compositions of each of the four fractions, thus obtained, were studied separately by the fractionation method and the final possible glyceride composition computed therefrom. The chief component acids are oleic (39%), stearic (25%), palmitic (22%), hexadecenoic (7%), octadecadienoic (4%) and small amounts of myristic, arachidic and tetradecenoic (about I% each) acids. The chief component glycerides are (i) 51% diunsaturated‐monosaturated (palmito‐ or stearo‐hexadeceno‐olein, palmitodiolein and stearodiolein), (ii) 43% mono‐unsaturated‐disaturated (hexadecenopalmitostearin and oleopalmitostearin), (iii) 6% fully saturated (palmitostearoarachidin, palmitodistearin and tripalmitin). The glyceride composition does not follow Hilditch's rule of even distribution closely, nor does it align itself with the herbivorous land‐animal fats. Hence the possibility of bio‐dehydrogenation of the glycerides deposited from the ingested food has been suggested, which is indicated by the presence of about 7% of hexadecenoic acid in the fat.
Damage to glasshouse crops by over‐manuring
Authors: Grainger John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSevere damage to lettuce involving tip‐burn of the leaves, wilting and death has occurred in several tomato glasshouses in west Scotland. Soils from such houses lose their capacity to cause damage if their soluble‐salt content is reduced by leaching or liming. The damage was produced experimentally when mixed artificial fertilizer was added to normal soil in amounts equivalent to four tons and more per acre. It is therefore concluded that the diseased condition results from over‐manuring, i.e. too high a content of soluble salts in the soil. Heavy manuring of the preceding tomato crop may contribute to this over‐manuring of the lettuce. Only one extreme case of actual damage to a tomato crop has been reported, but the yield of tomatoes begins to fall at higher levels of soluble mineral matter than for lettuce. It is suggested that the yield of tomatoes begins to fall at lower values of soluble‐salt content when added manures are grossly unbalanced than when they are attuned to the needs of the crop.
The chrysanthemumcarboxylic acids. IV.—optical resolution of the chrysanthemic acids
Authors: Campbell Ishbel G. M. , Harper S. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResolution of (±)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid by fractional crystallization of the quinine salt yields the pure (‐)‐trans‐acid quinine salt, decomposed by hydrochloric acid to optically pure (‐)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid. Conversion of the impure (+)‐trans‐acid into the (‐)‐α‐phenylethylamine salt and fractional crystallization yields the pure (+)‐trans‐acid (‐)‐α‐phenylethylamine salt, decomposed to optically pure (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid. This completes the total synthesis of chrysanthemum‐monocarboxylic acid.Resolution of (±)‐cis‐chrysanthemic acid as the quinine salt yields the pure (+)‐cis‐acid quinine salt, decomposed to the optically pure crystalline (+)‐cis‐chrysanthemic acid. Conversion of the impure (‐)‐cis‐acid into the (+)‐α‐phenylethylamine salt and fractional crystallization yields the pure (‐)‐cis‐acid (+)‐a‐phenylethylamine salt, decomposed to the optically pure crystalline (‐)‐cis‐chrysanthemic acid.
Aggregate analysis of soils. I.—apparatus and method
Authors: Singh Khazan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA sieving machine, based on the principle of the reciprocating movement of a lift, to raise and lower a series of sieves for dry and wet sieving of soils, is described. The machine is portable and can be used in the field with an accumulator. The accuracy of results with this machine is within 1.5%.Two criteria have been used as tests of the correct standardization of speed of the machine: (i) the granular structure of the final aggregates on the sieves and the absence of pasty matter, and (ii) stability curves of the aggregates with time.Results obtained in a study of the stability of aggregates of a soil with this machine are reported.
An automatic leaching apparatus for washing soil and precipitates
Authors: Singh Khazan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn automatic leaching apparatus has been described for washing soil and precipitates continuously or intermittently. An essential part of the apparatus is an auto‐irrigator, which delivers measured portions of water as required.Delivery of water from the auto‐irrigator is set to lag behind the draining‐off of the filtrate. Constant intermittent washings of soils or precipitates are ensured.The leaching apparatus with a set of 24 units is capable of leaching 72 soil samples in a day of 9 hours.
Application of fumigants to ships and warehouses. VIII.—distribution of fumigant in chambers fumigated with ethylene oxide and carbon dioxide
Authors: Call F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFumigation of dried fruit with ethylene oxide and solid carbon dioxide may give rise to a cold layer of gaseous carbon dioxide at floor level in which the gas concentration of ethylene oxide is greatly reduced. Penetration of the fumigant into boxes of fruit near the floor may thus be reduced, causing ineffective fumigation. Gentle agitation of the air inside the chamber is shown to be an effective method of avoiding the layering.
Stability of contact insecticides. I—ultra‐violet photolysis of the pyrethrins
Authors: Blackith R. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn view of the discrepancy between the stability of pyrethrum‐in‐oil films in direct sunlight and in the dark, the persistence of such films under various conditions is reviewed, and the ultra‐violet photolysis is found to be by far the most active agent in decomposing such films. The action of ultra‐violet light on the insecticide is found to be independent of humidity or the presence of oxygen. Four processes are outlined by which the pyrethrins become inactivated. The prolonged residual effect of pyrethrum‐in‐oil films in the absence of light, established by earlier workers, is confirmed, and the decomposition is found to be independent of temperature, over the ordinary ambient range.
Stability of contact insecticides. II—protection of the pyrethrins against ultra‐violet photolysis
Authors: Blackith R. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo methods of protecting pyrethrum films against ultra‐violet photolysis have been investigated, depending respectively on the addition to the films of a dye which absorbs ultra‐violet light, and a pyrethrum synergist which was alleged to exert a stabilizing action on the pyrethrins, apart from the synergistic action. One dye was found, benzeneazo‐β‐naphthol, which doubled the length of life of the insecticidal films. The claims made in this respect for the pyrethrum synergist piperonyl butoxide were not confirmed.
The value of riboflavin from Eremothecium ashbyii in chick‐rearing diets
Authors: Brown W. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecent developments in the use of fermentation methods for the production of riboflavin are discussed. Two commercial products containing riboflavin produced by Eremothecium ashbyii are examined and evidence is presented to indicate that the vitamin is present in the free form. The results of a biological test with chicks show that the riboflavin present in these products is available to the chick as indicated by data relating to growth rate, feed efficiency, liver content and incidence of deficiency symptoms.
The component fatty acids and glycerides of jute‐seed oils
Authors: Meara M. L. , Sen N. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe component acids of the seed fats of Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius have been shown to consist of palmitic 12.0, 16.9, stearic 4.6, 3.7, arachidic 2.2, —, behenic —, 1.8, lignoceric 0.9, 1.1, cerotic 1.2, —, oleic 28.7, 9.1, linoleic 41.3, 62.5, linolenic 4.7, 0.9, and C20 mono‐ethenoid 4.4, 4.0% (wt.) respectively. The seed fat of C. capsularis thus resembles cottonseed oil to some extent, whereas that of C. olitorius more nearly resembles in some respects a sunflower‐seed oil. The component glycerides of the C. olitorius seed oil consist of 11% disaturated‐mono‐unsaturated glycerides, mainly disaturated linoleins, 64% mono‐saturated‐diunsaturated glycerides mainly saturated‐dilinoleins, and 25% triunsaturated glycerides consisting mainly of oleodilinoleins and trilinolein. Low‐temperature crystallization has shown that this oil can be resolved into typically non‐drying and drying fractions respectively.
The preparation of the optical isomers of α‐(2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid and their growth‐regulating activity
Authors: Collins S. T. , Smith F. E. 
Published: November 2006

Abstractα‐(2 : 4‐Dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid has been resolved into its optical isomers via the brucine and cinchonine salts, and the activity of the two forms, in three standard auxin tests, has been measured. It was found that the (+)‐form had twice the activity of the racemic acid whereas the (−)‐form was inactive.
The development of rancidity in cold‐stored herrings: The influence of some antioxidants
Authors: Banks A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of the antioxidants ascorbic acid, ethyl gallate, gallic acid and pyrocatechol, as estimated from peroxide determinations, varied considerably. They had no effect on peroxide development in a number of samples; with others there was a significant effect. Tasting tests did not provide evidence of any significant effect, and this result, coupled with evidence which showed that there was no true inhibition, but rather a retardation of peroxide development, is taken to indicate that the antioxidants tested have an insignificant effect on the development of rancidity in cold stored herrings. It was also observed that all the antioxidants had a marked adverse effect on flavour at the concentrations employed. The storage life of filleted herrings was observed to be somewhat less than that of whole herrings and could not be extended by antioxidants.
The utilization of surplus herring for the production of oil and of a protein feeding‐stuff by the process of alkali digestion
Authors: Lovern J. A. , Preston W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a herring‐reduction method in which sodium hydroxide was used to dissolve minced herrings to enable most of the oil to be recovered, studies have been carried out on the recovery of the protein fraction, both in the laboratory and on a commercial scale.After digestion with 2% alkali, the protein recoverable by acidification falls by 18.6% at 70°, by 30.8% at 90° and with 3% alkali by 54.5% at 90° in 12 hours.Some practical feeding trials, giving the relationship between method of treatment and damage to protein, are discussed.
The effects of volume application‐rate on the activity of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid
Authors: Holly K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe volume‐rates used in current practice for the application of herbicides to cereals are discussed in relation to the results of field experiments designed to determine the effect of variation in spray volume on the phytotoxicity of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA).The results of a preliminary greenhouse‐experiment to determine the effect of such variation in volume on the amount of spray retained by barley and Brassica alba are presented. They indicate that changes in the proportion of spray retained may be of considerable magnitude. The possible effects of volume‐rate on the penetration of 2,4‐D and MCPA into plants and the relation of environmental factors to the problem are discussed.The interpretation of results of field experiments and of experience in terms of such effects as spray retention and penetration is considered.