bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical and biochemical weathering of pyritic mudrocks in a shale embankment
Authors: Pye K. , Miller J. A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Following the partial collapse of a shale embankment in Derbysllire, a detailed mineralogical, chemical and electron microscopical investigation was carried out to establish whether the crushed mudstone fill had been significantly affected by chemical weathering after emplacement. Samples of unweathered and weathered Namurian mudrocks from the area were also analysed for comparison and laboratory experiments carried out to simulate abiotic and biochemical shale weathering.
It is concluded that chemical alteration of the shale is a rapid process and that significant post-emplacement chemical and mineralogical changes occurred in the embankment fill. The main reactions involve oxidation of framboidal pyrite, leaching of carbonates by sulphuric acid, formation of authigenic sulphate and iron hydroxide minerals, and leaching of cations from clay minerals. In parts of the fill forming the outer shoulders of the embankment, up to 10lume loss may have occurred due to acid leaching.
Sulphate increase in laboratory prepared samples
Authors: Hawkins A. B. , Wilson S. L. S. 
Published: November 2007

Introduction
In February 1990 a large number of acid soluble sulphate analyses of Lias Clay samples were undertaken to determine the possible significance of sulphate in causing ground heave. Sub-samples of approximately 100 g were dried and powdered and representative 2g aliquots removed for analysis as recommended in BS 1377: 1975. The remaining powdered material was retained in glass bottles and stored at room temperature. In July 1990 a further analysis of the material was undertaken. In all but two of the twenty-eight powdered samples there was an increase in the acid soluble sulphate content.
Background
The samples were taken from an almost flat Lias Clay site where it was believed disseminated pyrite would. be present in the dark mudstone/silty clays. In 1987 Hawkins and Pinches drew attention to the increase in acid soluble sulphates over the seventeen-month period in which dark mudstone samples had been stored in the laboratory. In view of this, prepared Lias samples which had been taken at 200 mm vertical spacings from two of the trial pits were re-analysed after a five-month period of storage.
Analytical results
The SO3 percentages measured in February and July 1990 on the powdered samples from TPs A and B are given in Table 1. In the case of TP A low SO3 percentages were obtained on both occasions to a depth of 2.2 m, below which the acid soluble sulphates rose rapidly to about 5%. An increase was noted at each depth, a maximum of 0.50eing recorded at 2.85
Geological materials in construction: an introduction
Authors: Hawkins A. B. 
Published: November 2007

To celebrate the tenth anniversary of the setting up of the geomaterials research and graduate training centre at Queen Mary and Westfield College, a conference was held in November 1989 entitled
Geological Materials in Construction: Developments in Geomaterials Research and Practice.
Most of the presentations were from current or past staff, research students and those who had completed the MSc course and were now working in the geomaterials industry. The papers concentrated on the practical research undertaken and drew attention to the increasing importance of geomaterials in the construction industry.

In most universities academic courses on economic geology deal mainly with mineral resources (high-cost/ low-volume) and fuels (coal and oil) rather than the low-cost/high-volume commodities such as aggregates. Other institutions, however, have appreciated the practical reality of an aggregate industry which is not only expanding but is in fact of great economic importance. The high-cost/low-volume minerals are frequently found in only limited areas of the world; the position of the deposits and their genesis is clearly of interest as an academic study. In contrast, however, most countries are relatively self-sufficient in geomaterials, even though the quality may vary from country to country and area to area. As there is relatively little international trade, many economic geology textbooks do not deal adequately with the low-cost/high-volume materials and consequently their value is frequently under-rated.
Within individual countries, however, transportation is often required. In the southeast of England, for instance, river terraces are the main source of aggregate and in many places these
Concrete petrography: a review
Authors: French W. J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Concrete strength depends on the amount, composition and quality of the hydrated binder to the fine and coarse aggregate. This paper reviews the way in which concretes can be examined with the petrographic microscope using both thin sections and polished plates. It reports observations made on actual samples, noting the similarity between the densities obtained by petrographic assessment and those established in laboratory tests.
The paper highlights the value of carrying out a petrographic investigation to obtain quantitative information in support of and prior to the conventional chemical investigation, including aggregate/cement paste ratio and void content, assessment of the weight fractions of water, cement and aggregate; assessment of the composition of the binder including the slag to Portland cement ratio, assessment of the PFA to Portland cement ratio and possibly the assessment of the type of Portland cement employed in the mixture. Attention is also drawn to the implications of aggregate shape and grading.
A mechanism of marble staining
Authors: Hunt B. J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
An investigation was carried out into the cause of marble staining within the inner courtyard of a large structure in Bahrain. Thick sealant strips which infilled particular joints of a marble floor were shown to be susceptible to breakdown by alkaline solutions, from which an organic material that contained a coloration had been derived. The alkaline solutions appeared to have originated from the underlying bedding mortar cements. These solutions had then been drawn to the surface by a form of capillary action. With successive cycles of alkaline solution attack of the sealant strips, the organic material which contained the coloration had apparently spread across the marble surface as a thin film.
Quality and durability of stone for construction
Authors: Sims Ian 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The use of natural stone materials in construction is now experiencing a marked revival particularly for external claddings. In contrast with most other construction materials, there are few British Standard tests for natural stone or Standard specifications defining the minimum quality requirements for various purposes. The Code of Practice for cladding is inadequate in these respects.
The range of test methods provided by ASTM and the complementary series of Standard specifications covering the major stone families are summarized but none of these directly address durability. Selected quality assessment procedures from German, Italian and other European practices and a number of different approaches to the evaluation of durability of stone are critically reviewed. The crucial importance of representative samples in such evaluations is recognized but the aspects of source selection and sampling are not discussed in detail.
The future of aggregate extraction and evaluation in Europe
Authors: Fox R. A. 
Published: November 2007

Introduction
The construction industry in Europe has been extremely buoyant in the past four to five years, particularly in the UK, Spanish, French and Dutch markets. Even in West Germany the difficulties experienced until 1987 appear to have been overcome and demand for aggregates is likely to be more than the 516 Mtonnes of 1988. Thus, with some 12 0rowth in the European construction industry predicted for 1989, there would appear to be great potential for the future. Table 1 gives production figures for some EEC countries.
In the UK aggregate production rose to 270 Mtonnes in 1988, surpassing the previous record of 256 Mtonnes set in 1973. Crushed rock aggregate production at 154 Mtonnes now exceeds sand and gravel production by approximately 40 Mtonnes and seems likely to be the major source of UK aggregates for the future.
Planning control on extraction
The major Constraints on the development of any new aggregate source are those related to agriculture, landscape and ecology, with both nationally and locally based policies influencing the allowed extraction. Such constraints may restrict mineral working but are rarely an absolute bar to the granting of planning permission. However, despite a 40 0ncrease in production of aggregates in the 1980s there are few signs that local planning authorities are prepared to accept that the demand for aggregates should be provided for within their county and it is difficult to see how the increasing demand should be met.
Marine aggregates supply some of the needs of coastal markets
A new system for the objective interpretation of third-party data in assessments of regional sand and gravel resources
Authors: Morey A. J. , Stevens P. F. , Sanders M. K. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A comprehensive desk study was recently carried out to assess the potential resources of sand and gravel in the drift deposits of County Durham. The study was based on published information, limited field observations and the analysis of 6000 subsurface datapoint references and over 1700 particle size distribution results. It was necessary, therefore, to devise a system of analysis which could provide an objective and repeatable assessment of the sand and gravel deposits and their resource potential on a regional basis.
The evaluation system previously adopted by the Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit (IMAU) for the sand and gravel resource assessments conducted by the British Geological Survey was reviewed. This system comprises a statistical procedure to classify the investigation data and gives arbitrary physical criteria to determine whether a deposit can be regarded as ‘potentially workable’.
The principal data available to the IMAU for each of their resource assessments were specifically gathered for the project under their direct supervision. The IMAU system could not be applied to the Durham study because data for this study were obtained totally from third-party sources.
A system of analysis was designed which was sensitive to the variation in data quality. It is based on a flow chart comprising both question/answer and action elements and incorporates the arbitrary physical criteria adopted by the IMAU. The system is described in this paper and the effectiveness and limitations are demonstrated with reference to the Durham study.
The Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol area: a review of the influence of the lithology and chemistry on its use as a geomaterial
Authors: Al-Jassar S. , Hawkins A. B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Ninety-three rock samples were collected from the Carboniferous Limestone in the Clifton Gorge, Burrington Combe, Brean Down and temporary faces in Wick and Chipping Sodbury quarries. The samples were cut and peels taken to allow a petrographic description. The samples were tested for their unconfined compressive strength. Wet chemistry and X-ray diffraction were used to establish the rock mass chemistry and the nature of the insoluble residue. Attention is drawn to potentially alkali reactive constituents and the need to ensure that due consideration is given to the nature of the aggregate used in concrete manufacture.
Lessons from Loscoe: the uncontrolled migration of landfill gas
Authors: Williams G. M. , Aitkenhead N. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In March 1986 a house at Loscoe in Derbyshire was completely destroyed by a methane gas explosion, badly injuring the three occupants. Eight months later at a Public Inquiry, the sequence of events leading up to the incident was established and evidence produced to ascertain the origin of the methane. During the proceedings it became apparent that signs of ground heating had been detected approximately 100 m beyond the boundary of a near-by landfill some years before the explosion but that the phenomenon had been misinterpreted as a shallow burning coal seam. Had the geology of the area and the geochemistry of methane been known to the investigators at that time, it is possible that the landfill would have been identified as the source of methane and the Loscoe area protected from the dangers of uncontrolled gas migration.
The legacy of aquifer pollution by industrial chemicals: technical appraisal and policy implications
Authors: Lawrence A. R. , Foster S. S. D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The problem of groundwater contamination by the common chlorinated industrial solvents is becoming increasingly apparent in Britain. Pollution is known to have occurred widely as a result of casual or accidental discharge of such chemicals over many decades. Two case histories demonstrate that the combination of solvent physicochemical properties and Chalk hydrogeological characteristics can result in both extensive transport and extreme persistence in this aquifer.
Adequately proving the source of groundwater contamination is onerous. Individual pollution problems are equally likely to be the legacy of past industrial activity as the effect of current industrial practice. At least in its most direct sense this renders the ‘polluter-pays’ principle ineffective. The situation is further complicated by the technical difficulty, excessive cost and inadequate definition of aquifer restoration. Modifications and clarifications to policy are required to provide a more rational basis for the alleviation of this ground-water pollution problem.
WRc/Soil Survey inert suction sampler
Authors: Clark L. , Gomme J. , Carter A. 
Published: November 2007

As part of a survey of pesticides in the UK Major Aquifers, which WRc are undertaking on behalf of the National Rivers Authority, a site at Assarts Farm near Mansfield on the Sherwood Sandstone aquifer has been selected for the study of pesticide movement in the unsaturated zone of the sandstone aquifer.
A difficulty in studying pesticide movement in the unsaturated zone is the need to obtain large volumes of water for analysis. WRc, in co-operation with the Soil Survey and Land Research Centre (SSLRC) has tackled this problem by using a modification of the SSLRC standard soil moisture suction sampler. The modified design (Fig. 1), manufactured by SSLRC, is intended to render the installation as chemically inert as possible, so the sampler shell is of stainless steel, tubes and caps of Teflon and the filter element ceramic. No adhesives or resins were used.
At the design stage it was anticipated that each sampler would yield between about 100 ml and 500 ml depending on the soil moisture at the time of sampling. In order to be able to obtain the necessary volume of water (1.71 for three groups of pesticides) needed to analyse pesticides to the required detection limit, a total of twelve samplers in four clusters (Table 1) of three have been installed. It was intended that under optimum conditions each cluster of three samplers, when bulked, would provide sufficient water for one analysis. Under progressively drier conditions, the samples from the clusters may need to be bulked
Determination of the influence of joint orientation on rock mass classification for tunnelling using a stereographic overlay
Authors: Francis T. E. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Rock mass classification systems are commonly employed during exploration for rock tunnels. Joint orientation is an important input, affecting blasting, span widths, roof support and groundwater flow. When using Bienawski's geomechanics classification system, the favourability of joint orientations with respect to tunnel drive direction must be selected. As joint populations are generally plotted stereographically, an overlay has been prepared on which sectors defining favourability in terms of the geomechanics classification are delineated. Superimposition of the favourability overlay on a joint pole counter plot allows easy assessment of the effects of joint set orientations.
Stabilization of a dispersive soil by blending with fly ash
Authors: Indraratna B. , Nutalaya P. , Kuganenthira N. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the influence of fly ash (pozzolanic) on the stabilization of a dispersive soil commonly found in northeast Thailand. The effect of various proportions of fly ash on the rate of erosion, dispersiveness, strength and frictional properties and the compaction and consolidation characteristics, are discussed. It is noted that in general the addition of fly ash not only inhibits erosion and dispersiveness but also contributes to a significant improvement in strength and deformation characteristics. Nevertheless, excessive quantities of fly ash (>8%) generate diminishing returns and in fact promote segregation (erosion) of the stabilized soil again due to insufficient cohesion. Mineralogical studies based on X-ray diffraction analysis indicate that the reduction in the rate of erosion of the blended soil is associated with fine particle flocculation. The long term properties, however, are directly linked with the self-hardening nature of fly ash which contributes to time-dependent strengthening of the stabilized soil.
Modelling of faulted rock mass response to glaciation, thermal loading and seismicity
Authors: Stephansson Ove , Shen Baotang 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Faulted rock mass response to glaciation, thermal loading and earthquake is modelled numerically by the distinct element method. The modelling results are applied to the stability and safety of a potential nuclear waste repository in hard rock. The fault deformations caused by glaciation are significantly influenced by the initial stress conditions. The thermal loading and the earthquake response cause deformation of faults and are likely to influence the groundwater flow.
The use of dating techniques to constrain the age of fault activity: a case history from north Somerset, United Kingdom
Authors: Gutmanis J. C. , Hailwood E. A , Maddock R. H. , Vita-Finzi C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Attempts were made to obtain absolute ages constraining the most recent episode of fault activity in the North Somerset Coastal Fault Belt as part of the seismic hazard assessment for the proposed Hinkley Point ‘C’ power station. Radiometric (uranium series,
14
C) and palaeomagnetic dating techniques were applied to calcite from vein systems which cut the Hinkley Point Fault and
14
C dating was applied to bone material from undeformed Quaternary gravel deposits overlying faults in Liassic bedrock at Helwell Bay. Detailed field mapping and microscopy indicated that the samples chosen for dating had not undergone any significant fault-related deformation. Dates obtained from the radiometric techniques ranged from
c
. 33 ka to greater than 300 ka and reflect the influences of isotopic exchange and contamination as well as the inherent age limitations of the techniques. Palaeomagnetic dating techniques identified reverse polarizaton in a calcite sample from the Hinkley Point Fault, indicating an age greater than 730 ka, the time of the last geomagnetic field reversal. Palaeomagnetic vectors suggest a pre-Pliocene (and conceivably an early Jurassic) age for the calcite vein emplacement.
Delineating concealed faults and shallow subsurface geology along the Wasatch Front, Utah, USA, by integrating geophysical and trench data
Authors: Benson Alvin K. , Mustoe Nathan Brett 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Planning and development along the Wasatch front must compensate for the geological hazards associated with faulting. Studies show that future ruptures will probably occur along already existing zones of weakness. Although any surface faults can be detected by surficial geological mapping others have no visible expression and can only be located by subsurface investigations. Geophysical methods, such as seismic refraction, gravity, magnetic, and radar can be integrated with geotechnical engineering methods such as drilling and trenching to obtain a better understanding of the subsurface geology at a specific site.
Seismic refraction, gravity and magnetic surveys conducted near Provo, Utah along the Wasatch Mountain front have helped delineate shallow, concealed faulting. The reduced, modelled gravity and magnetic data typically correlate well with the refraction depth sections generated using the General Reciprocal Method (GRM). Field observations coupled with the geophysical data facilitated the identification of a number of probable faults along Rock Canyon Road, allowing an estimate to be made of the magnitude and direction of throw on the fault.
A normal fault associated with a prominent north–south scarp near Rock Canyon Road was chosen for a case study. This fault scarp was later trenched by the Utah Geological and Mineral Survey (UGMS) and provided a direct comparison with the geophysical data sets. As all the data sets at this site correlate well with the subsurface geology, confidence is increased in interpreting other parts of the line. The characteristics of subsurface deformation can be used to gain a better understanding of the potential for surface rupture at a site and thereby in planning and site development and in devising remedial measures to mitigate the effects of earthquakes in populated areas.
The significance of faults for the Afulilo hydro scheme in Upolu, Western Samoa
Authors: Gudge H. J. , Hawkins A. B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The geologically young Samoan Islands are situated in a seismically active area in the Pacific Ocean, at the northern end of the Kermadec-Tonga Trench. The paper discusses two faults not shown on the 1: 100 000 geological maps of the area. One of the faults, trending northwest/southeast, has been postulated as passing through the Afulilo dam site. The other fault trends northeast/southwest, displacing the line of the recent volcanic cones by up to 2.5 km. Any movement along this fault could affect the integrity of the hydroelectric powerhouse and a possible future intake structure.
The Kaiapit Landslide: events and mechanisms
Authors: Peart M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

The landslide at Kaiapit occurred on the morning of 6 September 1988 in the Finisterre Range of Papua New Guinea and resulted in 74 fatalities. The landslide involved an estimated 2 km
3
of debris which covered an area of 11.4 km
2
and left a back-scarp some 1600 m high. The debris ran out in three flows for approximately 6 km in 5 minutes and velocities of 180km/h have been estimated. No single cause for the initiation of the landslide has been determined. It is felt that its location in a tectonically and seismically active region, the tropical climate and an inherently weak rock mass were fundamental contributary factors. The failure mechanisms are considered to have been massive planar slides. The debris assumed a final angle of rest of 6°; this may be explained by a combination of the concepts of acoustic fluidization and air entrapment. The landslide debris resulted in the formation of four dams, which had all breached within eight months of the event. Active erosion of the debris is resulting in the aggrading of river bed levels in the area.