bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of the ingestion of whole colostrum or cell-free colostrum on the capacity of leukocytes in newborn calves to stimulate or respond in one-way mixed leukocyte cultures
Authors: Reber Adrian J. , Hippen Arnold R. , Hurley David J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate effects of colostral cells on the ability of neonatal leukocytes to respond in a mixed leukocyte response (MLR) as a means of evaluating specific immune responsiveness.Animals—10 Holstein calves, their respective dams, and 10 unrelated adult Holstein cows.Procedure—Soon after birth, their calves were fed maternal whole colostrum or colostrum after cells were removed by centrifugation. Responses for leukocytes obtained from calves during the first 5 weeks after birth, their dams, and unrelated cows were measured by use of 1-way MLR as an indicator of immune development. An internal control treatment, proliferation of lymphocytes stimulated withStaphylococcusenterotoxin B (SEB), was also measured.Results—Transfer of colostral leukocytes had a significant effect on the MLR and SEB-induced response in calves. Calves receiving whole colostrum had enhanced responses to maternal and unrelated leukocytes 24 hours after ingestion of colostrum. These responses decreased quickly, indicating direct modulation of the neonatal immune response. Calves receiving whole colostrum effectively stimulated the MLR by 24 hours after ingestion of colostrum. In contrast, calves receiving acellular colostrum did not effectively stimulate the MLR until 2 to 3 weeks after birth.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ingestion of maternal colostral leukocytes immediately after birth stimulates development of the neonatal immune system. These maternal leukocytes enhance development of antigen-presenting capacity as indicated by their ability to stimulate the MLR and SEB response. The influence of ingested maternal cells on neonatal immunity was also indicated by a reduction in reactivity of neonatal cells to maternal alloantigens. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1854–1860)
Effect of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate on regulation of gene expression of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors in interleukin-1–challenged bovine articular cartilage explants
Authors: Chan Pooi-See , Caron John P. , Orth Michael W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of glucosamine (GLN) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), at concentrations attainable in vivo, on expression of genes encoding proteolytic enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, and macromolecules of articular cartilage in interleukin-1(IL- 1)–challenged bovine cartilage explants.Sample Population—Articular cartilage explants harvested from 9 steers.Procedures—Cartilage explants were exposed to media containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) only, IL- 1 (50 ng/mL), IL-1 with GLN (5 µg/mL), IL-1 with CS (20 µg/mL), or IL-1 with GLN and CS for 24 and 48 hours. Cartilage was frozen, and RNA was extracted. Gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2, -3, -9, -13, and -14; aggrecanases (Aggs)-1 and -2; tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)-1, -2, and -3; and type II collagen and aggrecan were assessed with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results—Upregulated MMP-3, MMP-13, and Agg-1 transcripts at 24 hours were repressed by the GLN and CS combination by at least approximately 6-fold. Glucosamine was effective in suppressing IL-1–induced mRNA expression of MMP-13, Agg-1, and Agg-2, whereas CS was effective in decreasing IL-1–induced MMP-13 transcript at 24 hours. At 48 hours, GLN and CS added separately and in combination significantly abrogated Agg-1 and Agg-2 gene induction. The combination also decreased IL-1–stimulated MMP-13 transcript.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—GLN and CS, at concentrations that are within the range measured in synovial fluid and blood after oral administration, may regulate expression of matrix degrading enzymes and their inhibitors at the transcriptional level, providing a plausible mechanism for their purported chondroprotective properties. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1870–1876)
Effects of induction of capacitative calcium entry on equine laminar microvessels
Authors: Robertson Tom P. , Peroni John F. , Lewis Stephen J. , Moore James N. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of induction of capacitative Ca2+entry on tone in equine laminar arteries and veins.Sample Population—Laminar arteries and veins from 6 adult mixed-breed horses.Procedure—Arteries and veins were isolated and mounted on small vessel myographs for the measurement of isometric tension. Capacitative Ca2+entry was induced by incubating the vessels with the specific Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (100nM) in a Ca2+- free physiologic salt solution. Capacitative Ca2+entry–associated contractile responses were determined by the subsequent addition of 2mM Ca2+to the solution bathing the vessels; in some experiments, either the voltage-gated Ca2+blocker diltiazem (10µM) or the putative capacitative Ca2+entry inhibitor trifluoromethylphenylimidazole (300µM) was added to the bathing solution 15 minutes prior to a second 2mM Ca2+exposure. The Sr2+permeability of the capacitative Ca2+entry pathway in laminar vessels was assessed by exposing the vessels to 4mM Sr2+after induction of capacitative Ca2+entry with thapsigargin.Results—Induction of capacitative Ca2+entry elicited robust contractile responses in laminar veins but did not increase tone in laminar arteries. In laminar veins, capacitative Ca2+entry–induced contractile responses were unaffected by preincubation with diltiazem, attenuated by trifluoromethylphenylimidazole, and were impermeable to Sr2+.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that induction of capacitative Ca2+entry elicits vasoconstriction in equine laminar veins but not in laminar arteries and should therefore be considered a potential mechanism by which selective venoconstriction occurs in horses during the development of acute laminitis. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1877–1880)
Comparison of proteoglycan and collagen in articular cartilage of horses with naturally developing osteochondrosis and healing osteochondral fragments of experimentally induced fractures
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Bramlage Lawrence R. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Malemud Charles L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare articular cartilage from horses with naturally developing osteochondrosis (OC) with normal articular cartilage and healing cartilage obtained from horses with experimentally induced osteochondral fractures.Sample Population—109 specimens of articular cartilage from 78 horses.Procedure—Morphologic characteristics, proteoglycan (PG), and type II collagen were analyzed in articular cartilage of OC specimens (group 1), matched healing cartilage obtained 40 days after experimentally induced osteochondral fractures (group 2), and matched normal cartilage from the same sites (group 3).Results—79 specimens of OC cartilage were obtained from horses. Ex vivo PG synthesis was significantly greater in the femoral cartilage, compared with synthesis in the tibial cartilage, and significantly greater for groups 1 and 2, compared with group 3. For groups 1 and 2, femoral fragments had significantly greater PG content, compared with PG content in tibial fragments. Keratan sulfate content was significantly less in group 3, compared with groups 1 and 2. Cartilage from the OC specimens had loss of structural architecture. The OC tissue bed stained positive for chondroitin sulfate and type II collagen, but the fracture bed did not.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our analyses could not distinguish articular cartilage from horses with OC and a healing fracture. Both resembled an anabolic, reparative process. Immunohistochemical analysis suggested a chondromyxoid tissue in the OC bed that was morphologically similar to fibrous tissue but phenotypically resembled hyaline cartilage. Thus, tissue in the OC bed may be degenerative cartilage, whereas tissue in the fracture bed may be reparative fibrous callus. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1881–1890)
Comparison of myocardial contrast enhancement via cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in healthy cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: MacDonald Kristin A. , Wisner Erik R. , Larson Richard F. , Klose Tyler , Kass Philip H. , Kittleson Mark D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To quantify myocardial contrast enhancement (MCE) of the left ventricle (LV) by use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) in healthy cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and to compare MCE between the 2 groups.Animals—10 healthy cats and 26 Maine Coon cats with moderate to severe HCM but without clinical evidence of congestive heart failure.Procedure—Anesthetized cats underwent gradient echo CMRI examination. Short-axis images of the LV were acquired before and 7 minutes after IV administration of gadolinium dimeglumine. Regions of interest were manually traced in the quadrants of 5 mid-LV slices acquired at end systole, and the MCE percentage was calculated from summed weight-averaged data from all slices. Doppler tissue imaging echocardiography was performed to measure the early diastolic myocardial velocity (Em) as an index of diastolic function. Three-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to determine differences in MCE between cats with HCM and healthy cats. Simple linear regression was used to assess whether MCE was correlated with LV mass, LV mass index (LVMI), or Em. A Student t test was used to compare the SDs of the postcontrast myocardial signal intensity between the 2 groups.Results—There was no difference in MCE between cats with HCM and healthy cats. There was no correlation of MCE with LV mass, LVMI, or Em. There was no difference in heterogeneity of signal intensities of LV myocardium between the 2 groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Contrastenhancement CMRI was not useful in detecting diffuse myocardial fibrosis in cats with HCM. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1891–1894)
Seroprevalence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cats
Authors: Magnarelli Louis A. , Bushmich Sandra L. , IJdo Jacob W. , Fikrig Erol 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether cats in the northeastern United States develop serum antibodies against antigens ofBorrelia burgdorferiandAnaplasma phagocytophilumand whether coinfection with the 2 organisms occurs.Sample Population—Serum samples from 84 healthy cats and 9 cats with lameness, fever, anorexia, or fatigue.Procedure—Serum antibodies againstB burgdorferiandA phagocytophilumwere measured with an ELISA incorporating a whole-cell preparation or purified recombinant antigens, by means of western blot analysis, or indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining.Results—ELISA results indicated that 44 of 93 (47%) sera contained antibodies against ≥ 3B burgdorferiantigens, whereas 43 (46%) were reactive to wholecellB burgdorferi. Serum reactivity to protein 35, VlsE, and outer surface proteins A and F was most common. Seropositivity to ≥ 3 antigens occurred at the same rate (5/9) in the 9 ill cats as in the 84 healthy cats (46% [39/84]). Of 13 sera reactive to recombinant antigens, 9 were seropositive as measured by western blot testing with whole-cell antigen. Seropositivity rates of 30% and 38% were detected for antibodies againstA phagocytophilumvia IFA and ELISA testing, respectively. Fifteen (16%) sera had antibodies against both pathogens.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cats living in areas infested byIxodes scapularisticks are exposed toB burgdorferiandA phagocytophilumand, in some instances, may be coinfected. Most cats appeared healthy. An ELISA incorporating specific recombinant antigens may be used adjunctively with western blot and other assays to confirmB burgdorferiandA phagocytophiluminfection in cats. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1895–1899)
Identification of microsatellite markers linked to progressive retinal atrophy in American Eskimo Dogs
Authors: Moody Jessica A. , Famula Thomas R. , Sampson Ruth C. , Murphy Keith E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To identify microsatellite markers linked
to progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in American
Eskimo Dogs.

Sample Population—Blood samples or buccal
epithelial cells from 66 American Eskimo Dogs,
including 53 PRA-unaffected and 13 PRA-affected
dogs.

Procedure—The genotypes of unaffected and affected
dogs were determined by use of microsatellite
markers spanning canine chromosome 9 (CFA09).
Homozygosity mapping was used to detect linkage
between markers and the gene locus for PRA.

Results—Significant allelic association between
marker alleles and the gene locus for PRA was
detected for GALK1 and TK1, indicating linkage
between these markers and the causative gene locus
for PRA.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data
indicate that PRA in American Eskimo Dogs is located
on CFA09 and allow for the development of a
microsatellite-based test to identify carrier (unaffected)
and affected dogs before clinical signs appear.
(Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1900–1902)
Use of vitamin B12 in joint lavage for determination of dilution factors of canine synovial fluid
Authors: Bruin Tanya de , Rooster Hilde de , Bree Henri van , Cox Eric 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To test a modified saline (0.9% NaCl) solution joint washing (lavage) technique that includes the use of vitamin B12as an internal marker for the evaluation of synovial fluid dilution in lavage samples from canine joints.Sample Population—9 plasma samples obtained from blood samples of 9 healthy dogs and 9 synovial fluid samples aspirated from stifle joints of 9 cadaveric dogs.Procedure—Photometric absorbances of 25% vitamin B12solution, canine synovial fluid, and canine plasma were measured in a spectrophotometer to establish an optimal wavelength for analysis. Canine synovial fluid and plasma samples were mixed with the 25% vitamin B12solution to obtain 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% solutions of synovial fluid or plasma. Diluted synovial fluid and plasma samples were used to simulate joint lavage samples and to examine the possible interference of these substances (synovial fluid or plasma) with the absorbance of the 25% vitamin B12solution in photometric analysis.Results—The optimal wavelength was found to be at 550 nm. Canine synovial fluid and plasma samples did not interfere with the absorbance measurements of the 25% vitamin B12solution up to a 50% dilution of plasma or synovial fluid.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The modified saline solution joint lavage method with the use of a 25% vitamin B12solution as an internal standard provides an accurate and reliable technique for the evaluation of synovial fluid dilution in lavage samples from canine joints. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1903–1906)
Electrophysiologic differentiation of homozygous and heterozygous Abyssinian-crossbred cats with late-onset hereditary retinal degeneration
Authors: Hyman Jennifer A. , Vaegan  , Lei Bo , Narfström Kristina L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To develop a method to electrophysiologically
differentiate heterozygous-carrier Abyssiniancrossbred
cats from homozygous-affected Abyssiniancrossbred
cats before clinical onset of inherited rodcone
retinal degeneration.

Animals—14 back-crossed Abyssinian-crossbred cats
of unknown genotype (homozygous or heterozygous)
for inherited rod-cone retinal degeneration, 24 agematched
mixed-breed control cats, 6 age-matched
heterozygous Abyssinian-crossbred cats, and 6
homozygous Abyssinian cats.

Procedure—Electroretinography (ERG) of heterozygous
and homozygous cats revealed differences,
especially for scotopic recordings. Frequent ophthalmoscopy
and ERG (2 to 5 times; at intervals of 3 to 6
months) of back-crossed cats were performed.
Amplitudes and implicit times were analyzed by use
of a graphic representation of results. Ratios for
amplitudes of the b-waves to amplitudes of the awaves
(b-wave:a-wave) were compared.

Results—8 back-crossed cats had decreased a-wave
amplitudes, increased b-wave implicit times, and
abnormal ERG waveforms. Values for the b-wave:awave
for the highest scotopic light intensity were significantly
higher for those same 8 cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The 8
back-crossed Abyssinian-crossbred cats with
abnormal results developed fundus changes over
time consistent with disease. A graphic representation
of ERG results can be used to differentiate
between genotypes prior to funduscopic changes.
Values for the b-wave:a-wave ratio provide confirmation.
These ERG analyses may be applied clinically
in the diagnosis of retinal degenerations in
various species.

Impact for Human Medicine—Cats with hereditary
rod-cone degeneration may be a useful model
for comparative studies in relation to retinitis pigmentosa
in humans. Similar evaluations of ERG
results could possibly be used for humans with
suspected generalized retinal degeneration. (Am J
Vet Res 2005;66:1914–1921)
Reference range values of regional left ventricular myocardial velocities and time intervals assessed by tissue Doppler imaging in young nonsedated Maine Coon cats
Authors: Chetboul Valerie , Sampedrano Carolina Carlos , Tissier Renaud , Gouni Vassiliki , Nicolle Audrey P. , Pouchelon Jean-Louis 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To describe and analyze the left ventricular
free wall (LVFW) radial and longitudinal motions in
a population of healthy Maine Coon cats by use of
quantitative 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging
(TDI).

Animals—23 healthy young Maine Coon cats (mean
± SD: age, 2.1 ± 0.9 years; weight, 5.0 ± 1.0 kg).

Procedure—TDI was performed by the same trained
observer (VC) on all cats. Radial LVFW velocities were
recorded in endocardial and epicardial LVFW segments,
and longitudinal velocities were recorded in
the mitral annulus and in basal and apical LVFW segments.
Isovolumic contraction and relaxation times
were calculated in each myocardial segment, and the
coefficients of variation (CVs; %) were determined for
each TDI parameter.

Results—LVFW velocities were significantly higher in
the endocardial layers than in the epicardial layers and
also significantly higher in the basal than in the apical
segments. Annular velocities were significantly higher
than basal myocardial velocities in systole and early
diastole. Coefficient of variation values were lower for
radial velocities, particularly in systole, and were also
lower for time intervals (16% to 22%) than for
myocardial velocities (19% to 62%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Because
Maine Coon cats are predisposed to an inherited
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is a common
cause of death in this breed, TDI could provide a useful
tool for early detection of the disease. Tissue
Doppler imaging indices may complete the conventional
analysis of the left ventricular function in Maine
Coon cats. However, the usefulness of TDI indices in
the early detection of myocardial dysfunction needs
to be clarified. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1936–1942)
Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of enrofloxacin administered orally to captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)
Authors: Sanchez Carlos R. , Murray Suzan Z. , Isaza Ramiro , Papich Mark G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after oral administration to captive elephants.Animals—6 clinically normal adult Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).Procedure—Each elephant received a single dose of enrofloxacin (2.5 mg/kg, PO). Three elephants received their complete diet (pellets and grain) within 2 hours after enrofloxacin administration, whereas the other 3 elephants received only hay within 6 hours after enrofloxacin administration. Serum concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.Results—Harmonic mean half-life after oral administration was 18.4 hours for all elephants. Mean ± SD peak serum concentration of enrofloxacin was 1.31 ± 0.40 µg/mL at 5.0 ± 4.2 hours after administration. Mean area under the curve was 20.72 ± 4.25 (µg × h)/mL.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration of enrofloxacin to Asian elephants has a prolonged elimination half-life, compared with the elimination half-life for adult horses. In addition, potentially therapeutic concentrations in elephants were obtained when enrofloxacin was administered orally at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg. Analysis of these results suggests that enrofloxacin administered with feed in the manner described in this study could be a potentially useful antimicrobial for use in treatment of captive Asian elephants with infections attributable to organisms, such asBordetellaspp,Escherichia coli,Mycoplasmaspp,Pasteurellaspp,Haemophilusspp,Salmonellaspp, andStaphylococcusspp. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1948–1953)
Investigation of the effects of deracoxib and piroxicam on the in vitro viability of osteosarcoma cells from dogs
Authors: Royals Stephen R. , Farese James P. , Milner Rowan J. , Lee-Ambrose Linda , Gilder James van 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether exposure of canine osteosarcoma cells to deracoxib or piroxicam results in decreased viability, whether the cytotoxic effects of deracoxib and piroxicam involve induction of apoptosis, and whether deracoxib is a more potent inhibitor of osteosarcoma cell growth than piroxicam.Sample Population—1 fibroblast and 3 osteosarcoma cell lines.Procedure—Cell counts and viability assays were performed using osteosarcoma cells (POS, highly metastatic POS, and canine osteosarcoma cell 31) and fibroblasts after 72 hours of incubation with deracoxib at concentrations of 0.5µM to 500µM or piroxicam at concentrations of 1µM to 1,000µM. Percentage viability was determined for each concentration. A DNA fragmentation analysis was performed to assess drug-induced apoptosis.Results—Concentration of deracoxib required for 50% inhibition of cell viability (IC50) was reached in all 3 osteosarcoma cell lines and ranged from 70 to 150µM, whereas the IC50for piroxicam was only reached in the POS cell line at 500µM. Neither deracoxib nor piroxicam induced sufficient toxicity in fibroblasts to reach an IC50. Exposure of osteosarcoma cells to cytotoxic concentrations of deracoxib and piroxicam did not result in DNA fragmentation.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Intermediate and high concentrations of deracoxib and high concentrations of piroxicam were cytotoxic to osteosarcoma cells; neither drug inhibited cell viability at typical plasma concentrations in dogs. Deracoxib inhibited viability of cells at concentrations that did not affect fibroblast viability. There was no evidence of apoptosis induction for either drug; however, only 1 cell line was evaluated for apoptosis induction and only for a limited selection of drug concentrations. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1961–1967)