bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Fracture Test Method for Mode I Fracture Of Thin Metal Materials
Authors: Cotterell B , Sim MC , Amrutharaj G , Teoh SH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method of testing Mode I K dominated fractures in thin materials using a constrained short center notched tension specimen that is clamped along the loaded edge is described. Poisson's effect induces a lateral tension on the specimen that eliminates the buckling problems associated with thin materials. Furthermore, the stress intensity factor over a significant range of crack lengths and specimen geometries is dependent only on the nominal strain, making the test very suitable for crack-growth experiments under a constant-stress intensity factor. A very accurate approximate expression for the stress intensity factor is presented. A test using this method to measure the crack-growth resistance of Kapton 300HN polyimide film is described.
Improved Indentation-Depth Method of Hardness Measurement
Authors: Ezhov YV 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In the determination of the indentation hardness of a metal by pressing a ball into its surface, it is shown that the use of a modified procedure that compensates for testing-instrument backlash when measuring indentation depths gives good reproducibility of measurement, approaching the reproducibility found when measuring indentation diameters. This suggests that the need to measure the indentation diameter in the standard Brinell hardness test may be unnecessary, since comparable precision can be obtained by measuring the indentation depth, overall a simpler procedure.
Review of Durability Testing of Building Stone with Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Carr DD , Strickland J , McDonald WH , Bortz S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The search for a method to test the durability of building stone has been in practice for centuries. There is no universally accepted method of testing all building stone. The differences in mineralogical, chemical, and physical properties of rocks are too great to have one test evaluate all. The standard ASTM physical tests for building stone contribute, in their own way, to the analysis of durability.
The best durability test for a stone is proven use with time. In addition to examining buildings whose construction dates and sources of stone are known, the National Bureau of Standards test wall can be examined. This wall, with 2352 samples of stone, has had about 50 years of weathering in an urban environment.
Creep Testing of Steels at Very High Temperatures
Authors: Lindblom J , Seitisleam F , Henderson PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes changes to specimen grips and specimen design in order to creep test steels at temperatures a little below the spalling temperature and at low stresses (long times) where a large amount of oxidation occurs. High ductility and oxidation of a creep specimen often mean that the thermocouples lose contact with the specimen surface and the specimen itself cannot be removed from the grips after testing. The improvements involve the use of corrosion resistant alloys with reasonable high temperature strength for the loading bars and grips, a change in grip design and measuring the temperature inside the specimen.
Ultrasonic Characterization of Interphasial Properties in Sapphire/Haynes 214 Composites
Authors: Huang W , Chu YC , Rokhlin SI , Wright PK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper reports ultrasonic measurements of elastic properties of Haynes 214 metal matrix composites reinforced with sapphire fibers. The focus of this work is on the effects of the fibermatrix interphases on the composite moduli. Four groups of samples were prepared using fibers with different coatings (including one with no coating). There are two samples in each group: one subjected to one thermal cycle at 1200°C and the other a failed tensile sample tested in transverse-to-fiber direction. Ultrasonic velocity measurements were performed for different wave propagation directions in two incident planes: parallel and perpendicular to the fibers. The velocity data were used to find the elastic constants of the composite. Due to excess matrix material near the sample surface, a matrix/composite layer/matrix laminate model was used to determine the composite layer moduli. A micromechanical model was developed to estimate the interphasial effective elastic moduli from the composite moduli. The transverse moduli of the composite and the fiber are obtained using an averaging scheme to account for material anisotropy in the transverse plane. It was found that for the thermally cycled samples the interphasial moduli are quite similar among different sample groups. However, for the fractured samples the effective interphasial moduli of one group were extremely low, indicating debonding of the interphases before failure, whereas the interphasial moduli of other groups did not significantly differ from those of the thermally cycled samples.
Calibrating Instrument Readings Using a Bivariate Confidence Interval
Authors: McDonald BJ , Trautner JJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method of calibration that establishes a new bound of confidence for instrument measurements is derived and applied. This bound is named the McDonald-Trautner Interval (MTI). The derivation of the MTI incorporates the bivariate probability distributions of each data point conventionally used to form a regression line. A statistically significant number of parameter measurements on a sample must be made by both the instrument being calibrated and the calibrating medium. When calibration is based solely on regression analysis, the calibrating medium is assumed to be 100% reliable. The MTI includes the variability of the medium. The method is demonstrated on the calibration of a heavy metal detector. The calibrating medium is a chemical process. Compared to the conditional standard deviation bounds of linear regression, it is found that the MTI is a simple means to obtain a more statistically rigorous calibration procedure and is a better indication of the expected value of a variable.
Testing and Design of CMOS D-Latches
Authors: Aissi C , Olaniyan J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The CMOS D-latch is an important block in the design of sequential circuits. Thus, a new fully testable CMOS D-latch (FTD) is proposed. A comprehensive test set that includes possible physical failures is developed. This test set is then applied to the FTD. The cost of implementation, analysis, and simulation of the FTD are all presented. Application of the FTD-latch to build a polarity-hold shift register is shown.
Neural Network Approach for Prediction of Wrinkling Limit in Square Metal Sheet Under Diagonal Tension
Authors: Di S , Thomson PF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method of predicting the onset of wrinkling in the Yoshida Buckling Test, devised to simulate the wrinkling behavior in press-forming of sheet metal, has been developed in the present work by using an artificial neural network. The influence of different network architectures, learning parameters, and material coefficients has been investigated. The neural network was trained using data obtained by finite element analysis. The effectiveness of a neural network as a tool for predicting wrinkling limits in sheet metal-forming is examined. It is found that the trained neural network is capable of covering a wide range of material properties and its prediction of nominal strain at the onset of wrinkling is in reasonable agreement with the analytical results.
The Use of the Tortus and the Pendulum with the 4S Rubber for the Assessment of Slip Resistance in the Laboratory and the Field
Authors: Dravitzki VK , Potter SM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study was undertaken to meet a need in New Zealand about five years ago. Earlier an increased use of ceramic tiling and polished natural stones within buildings and on adjacent pavements highlighted what was an existing problem of frequent use of low slip resistance materials for pedestrian areas. A national standard, NZS 5841 “Code of Practice for the Reduction of Slip Hazard—Part 1, Guidelines…”, had been prepared. However, because it was qualitative rather than quantitative in approach, its application was limited. Building regulators wished to have a standard with minimal criteria and appropriate test methods so they could enforce minimum requirements, and there was some support for this approach from architects and materials suppliers. There was, however, uncertainty as to the appropriate test method and, consequently, of the minimum criteria.
Mixed Mode Fiber Pull-Out Equipment: Applications and Results
Authors: Leung CKY , Geng YP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Crack propagation in fiber reinforced composites is governed by bridging stresses provided by fibers along the crack. To predict the behavior of fiber reinforced structural components under general loading conditions (where mixed mode crack propagation is possible), the normal and shear stresses acting on a crack need to be obtained as a function of crack opening and shearing displacements. In this investigation, a mixed mode fiber pull-out equipment is developed to measure both the normal and shearing bridging forces as a fiber is being pulled and sheared. With slight modifications, the setup can also be employed to study the effect of lateral stresses on fiber pull-out. To demonstrate the applicability of the novel equipment, pull-out tests were carried out with steel fiber reinforced mortar specimens. Experimental results indicate: 1) high sensitivity of fiber pull-out behavior to lateral stresses; 2) dependence of both normal and shear bridging forces on crack opening as well as shearing displacements; and 3) dependence of crack bridging forces on crack opening/shearing displacement history. These experimental observations provide new insights and challenges to the micromechanical modeling of fiber composites.
Analysis of Fatigue Data with Runouts Based on a Model with Nonconstant Standard Deviation and a Fatigue Limit Parameter
Authors: Pascual FG , Meeker WQ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The fatigue-limit model studied here contains an unknown fatigue limit parameter. Under this model, specimens tested below this fatigue-limit level of stress will never fail. The model also allows the standard deviation of fatigue life to be a function of stress. Researchers can use this model to describe the standard deviation and stress dependence in fatigue data. To illustrate its application, we use maximum likelihood methods to fit the model to fatigue data on a nickel base superalloy. Modern statistical methods based on likelihood ratio provide confidence intervals for the fatigue limit parameter. We also study the effect that test length has on estimation by analyzing simulated data sets based on this model. Through this simulation study, we gain insight into practical test lengths for future fatigue experiments.
A Modified Normalization Method for Developing J-R and CTOD-R Curves with the LMN Function
Authors: Fortes CJFO , Bastian FL 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA direct method for obtaining J-R curves and δ-R curves from load-crack mouth opening displacement data is proposed. The method uses the direct method proposed by Landes, Herrera, Zhou, and Lee, based on the geometric normalization suggested by Ernst for deeply cracked bend specimens, to develop calibration curves that relate load, crack mouth opening displacement, and crack length. Given two of these parameters, the third can be calculated from the calibration curves. These curves are developed by assuming a power law plus a straight line functional form with unknown L, M, and N constants and evaluating the unknowns at three calibration points in the test. The method is studied for a HY-80 steel for four test temperatures and 50 mm-width, 25 mm-thickness side-notched single-edge bend specimens.
Consensus Values and Reference Values Illustrated by the Charpy Machine Certification Program
Authors: Wang JC-M , Splett JD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We present an overview of consensus values and reference values for various situations and apply the computational methods to data from the Charpy machine certification program administered by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Candidate Charpy machines are certified by comparing a reference value to the average of a set of verification specimens measured by the candidate machine. Currently, the reference value is the average of three averages observed for measurements taken using three Charpy reference machines. However, the simple average, which does not account for differences among reference machines, may not be the optimal method of computing the reference value for every situation. We describe four different methods based on the simple average, the average weighted by sample size, the weighted average that takes into account machine differences, and the weighted average when machine biases are known, for computing the consensus value and its uncertainty. We also present two methods for computing reference values using weighted and unweighted averages. The techniques and recommendations described in the paper are applicable to consensus value and reference value problems in general.
Evaluation of the Fibrillation Behavior of Oriented Polymer Tapes Using a Tensile Test Method
Authors: Mahajan SJ , Deopura BL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Fibrillation (axial splitting) of uniaxially oriented, thin tapes of polyolefin polymers critically affects the production rates and quality of woven sack fabric. A test method based on tensile testing of the twisted tape is described that will prove useful to monitor the day-to-day routine testing of tapes for fibrillation behavior. The test method lends itself to standardization for use in commercial laboratories, requiring simple sample preparation and apparatus. For the general procedure, fibrillation strength of the large number of tapes of various molecular orientation indices were measured using the proposed test method. The results obtained show a good correlation between the molecular orientation index and fibrillation strength of tapes.
Instantaneous Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion—A New Definition
Authors: Bhattachar VS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion is used to define a new “instantaneous coefficient of linear thermal expansion” (ILTE) which is proved to be independent of reference temperatures required to define mean values. Hence it can be considered a true material property. The new ILTE provides a common reference to compare thermal expansion data of different materials. This instantaneous coefficient is different from the instantaneous value defined by ASTM standards. Values of the new coefficient are compared with the widely used mean coefficient values. Accuracy of calculations using the new ILTE is demonstrated using the mean coefficient data of two materials.
Measurement of Load Distribution in Multiple-Bolted Wood Connections
Authors: Stelmokas JW , Zink AG , Loferski JL , Dolan JD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Load distribution behavior among multiple-bolts was evaluated using new, instrumented bolt-type connectors. The instrumented shear bolts output an electronic signal proportional to the shear forces transmitted through the bolt in a double-shear connection during loading. Double-shear connections constructed of clear, straight-grained yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) were tested in compression parallel to grain. Five different bolt patterns were used to analyze the effect of number of bolts in a vertical row and number of bolts in a horizontal column on load transfer among the bolts. The load distribution among the bolts in the multiple-bolted wood connection was determined effectively using the shear bolts that provided detailed quantitative data concerning which bolt was the major load carrier throughout the entire test and exactly if and when the load was transmitted between the bolts.
Hoechst Celanese Improves Consistency of Cellulose Acetate Through Automated Viscosity Measurement
Authors: Hawley L 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Hoechst Celanese has improved the precision of viscosity measurements from ±6 to ±2 centipoise by switching from manual to automated testing. Solution viscosity is one of the most critical quality parameters in the production of cellulose acetate flake. In the past, the company used a modified Cannon-Fenske tube for viscosity measurements. Operator influences, including time measurements, start and end points, bath temperature, and other factors, made it impossible to achieve optimal accuracy. Switching to automated differential viscometers eliminated operator influences from the measurement process thus enabling far more precise process control.
Wastewater Sludge Treatment and Utilization in the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Yakovlev SV , Dvinskych EV 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Among the large number of problems concerning water resources protection from pollution that of treatment and disposal of wastewater sludges is the least developed and the most serious from the engineering and ecological points of view. The importance of the problem arises from the constant increase of sludge masses due to increasing treatment efficiency and the ever increasing amount of wastewaters to be treated. This paper discusses wastewater sludge treatment and utilization in the U.S.S.R.
Repetitive- and Single-Blow Impact Testing of Wear-Resistant Alloys
Authors: Laird G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Repetitive-impact and impact toughness tests provide two distinct measures of a material's ability to resist impact-related wear phenomena. These tests are described in detail and results are presented for a variety of cast and forged wear-resistant alloys. In particular, past research at the U.S. Bureau of Mines using the ball-on-block and ball-on-ball repetitive-impact test is reviewed and the wear-related phenomena associated with repetitive impact are described. Impact toughness was measured using a modified dynamic tear test. To account for the heterogeneous and brittle nature of many wear-resistant alloys, a new tear test specimen was developed. Impact energies are presented for a variety of cast alloys and compared against literature values for static and dynamic fracture toughness of similar alloys. It is shown that repetitive-impact and single-blow impact tests allow a unique characterization of the material's behavior to crack initiation and propagation that dominate many wear environments.
High-Speed Compression Testing at Constant True Strain Rates for Hot Working Studies
Authors: Fitzsimons G , Kuhn HA , DeArdo AJ , Semple V 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A simple device that provides control for constant true strain rate compression (or tension) tests in closed-loop servohydraulic testing machines is described. In the present system, it has been used at strain rates up to 20 s−1. Intended for use in hot working studies, the device allows for single-stroke, change-of-rate, and interrupted sequential tests. In the last of these, interruption times as low as 10 to 20 ms may be achieved.
Development of a Test Setup for Measuring the Deflection of Single-Edge Notched Bend (SENB) Specimens
Authors: Hellmann D , Rohwerder G , Schwalbe K-H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A test setup was developed for the measurement of the deflection of single-edge notched bend (SENB) specimens. It avoids the influence of the indentations resulting from the roller pins during the measurement of the deflection. Compliance calibration bend tests were carried out to compare an experimental compliance curve with a theoretical solution.
Some Factors Influencing the Enumeration of Metabolizing Aquatic Bacteria
Authors: Rao SS , Jurkovic AA , Dutka BJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Effects of incubation time, temperature, and organic substrate on the enumeration of total and metabolizing aquatic bacteria were evaluated with a reduction technique using 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride and formazan. Data indicated that there were no apparent differences in metabolizing bacterial numbers when water samples were incubated for up to 24 h at 4 or 20°C with or without the addition of glucose. However, increasing numbers of detectable metabolizing bacteria were noted when the water samples were incubated at 37°C for 4 h with or without added glucose. Implications of the observations as they relate to point source nutrient discharges on the nearshore-offshore bacterial populations are discussed.
Differential Thermal Analysis of Solid Zirconium
Authors: Zhu YT , Gao YP , Devletian JH , Manthiram A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Several observations are made in the differential thermal analysis (DTA) test of solid zirconium (Zr) specimens. It is found that an increasing heating rate generally increases the solid-phase transition temperature for both nondeformed and cold-worked specimens, but to a different extent. Upon cycling the specimen with a constant heating rate, the phase transition temperature decreases initially during the first few runs and then remains constant. Also, holding a specimen for some time just before the phase transition during heating increases the phase transition temperature. Specimen heating history and prior cold work are also found to influence the solid-phase transition temperature.
Creep, Shrinkage, and Mortars in Historic Preservation
Authors: Sickels Taves LB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The focus of this research is the theoretical application of laboratory statistics on creep and shrinkage in mortars to historic structures. By utilizing preexisting case studies, conclusions can be tentatively made as to how the tested mortar formulas should react in restoration projects. Mortar specifications, compiled from a variety of sources, are reviewed, and the data related to the laboratory program, enabling additional tables to be compiled and thus contributing to the long-term survival of old buildings.
Fatigue Strength of Adhesive Bonded Aluminum Joints
Authors: Liniecki A , Hsu TR , Li W 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents a study involving the assessment of strength of bonded joints. Coupon specimens made of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy were used in the fatigue strength testing experiments. Two sharp grooves were cut on each face of the specimen in order to simulate the cracks in the wind turbine blade. Thin patches made of the same material were adhesively bonded to the surface of the specimen, covering the grooves. All coupon specimens with and without patches were tested under oscillating bending load. Parameters such as the thickness of the adhesive material, the peeling strength and stress distribution between layers were investigated. Failures in the form of patch delamination and subsequent structure fracture were recorded and the numbers of loading cycles which caused these failures were determined. Relationships between the applied loads and the fatigue lives of tested specimens were established. On the basis of the experiments and Finite Element Analysis, an easy-to-use method for estimating the fatigue life of a real wind turbine blade was developed. The proposed method can be extended to applications involving patching of other structures subjected to repeated loads.