bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Plant Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Citrus in Dibrugarh District
Authors: Borthakur Polash L. , Mahanta Bornali , Borah Aparajita , Dutta Pranab 
Published: March 2024

The present investigation was carried out to determine the occurrence and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes associated with citrus plants of different citrus orchards in Dibrugarh district. A total of 149 soil and root samples were collected randomly from the rhizosphere of citrus plants from the twenty four different citrus orchards of seven blocks from Dibrugarh district. Eight genera of plant parasitic nematodes were found to be associated with citrus plants of Dibrugarh district. Genera of plant parasitic nematodes recorded were namely Tylenchulus, Hoplolaimus, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Meloidogyne, Xiphinema, Paratylenchus and also nematodes genera found under criconematids. Among them Hoplolaimus sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Tylenchorhynchus sp. and T. semipenetrans were found to be present in most of the samples. Community analysis of plant parasitic nematodes revealed that the genus Hoplolaimus ranked first in relative frequency, absolute frequency, absolute density, relative density and prominence value. Genus Helicotylenchus ranked second in absolute density, relative density and prominence value and genus Tylenchorhynchus ranked third in case of absolute density absolute frequency and prominence value. Results shown that Tylenchulus semipenetrans ranked second in absolute frequency and relative frequency and fourth in prominence value.
Management of Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita on Carrot
Authors: Aparajita Borah , Keshab Hazarika , Bornali Mahanta , Debajani Gogoi 
Published: March 2024

A pot experiment was conducted in the net house, Department of Nematology, during the rabi season to know the efficacy of certain botanicals, Azadiracta indica, Azeratum conizoides, Tagetes erecta, Ricinus Communis, Lantana camara and Parthenium hysterophorus each @ 1.0 and 1.5%(w/w) against Meloidogyne incognita on carrot. The result revealed that all the treatments were effective in increasing plant growth parameters with corresponding decreased in number of galls, eggmasses per root system and final nematode population in soil over control. The treatment with Azadiracta indica @1.5%(w/w) was most effective in increasing plant growth characters, reducing number of galls, eggmasses per root system and final nematode population in soil. A microplot experiment was conducted during rabi season to study the efficacy of Glomus fasciculatum, consortia (T. harzianum, T. viride and Pseudomonas fluorescenes) and vermicompost for the management of M.incognita on carrot. All the treatments were effective in increasing plant growth parameters and yield with corresponding decreased in number of galls, eggmasses per root system and final nematode population in soil over control. The treatment with G. fasciculatum @ 300 spores/m2 + consortia @ 5ml/lt + vermicompost @ 1.25t/ha was found most effective in increasing plant growth parameters, yield of carrot and reducing number of galls and egg masses and final nematode population in soil.
Retinitis Pigmentosa in Awka, Nigeria: A Survey Study
Authors: Ochiogu Bernard Chukwunonyerem , Apakama Akunne Ijeoma , Udeaja Anthonia Chinyelu , Otuka Olufunmi Adebimpe Ijeoma , Onwuegbuna Arinze Anthony 
Published: March 2024

Background: Retinitis pigmentosa which causes irreversible blindness and affects all gender is usually inherited.
Objectives: To describe the incidence and pattern of retinitis pigmentosa at the Eye Unit of Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Awka, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: The case files of all the new patients seen at the Eye Unit of the Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Awka between January 2014 to December 2021 were reviewed. Those with clinical diagnosis of Retinitis Pigmentosa were selected and information bordering on age, sex, occupation, disease duration. associated morbidity and fundus findings were extracted and analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results: Out of the 5461 new patients seen at the Eye Clinic within the study period, 29(0.5%) were diagnosed of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Of the 29 patients 18 (62.1%) were males and 11(37.9%) females, with male to female ratio of 1.6:1. The age range was 7 years to 69 years. Thirteen patients (44.8%) were between 16 years and 44 years. Median age was 33 years while the mean age was 34. 8+15. 2 years. Nine (31.0%) patients were students. The most common complaints of the patients were poor vision, 27(93.1%) and refractive error 8(27.68). Seven patients (24.18) were blind at presentation while retinal pigmentation was the most frequent fundus finding 29 (100%).
Conclusion: Retinitis Pigmentosa is a cause of visual impairment and blindness which reduces the quality of life of affected persons. Early diagnosis and visual rehabilitation should be encouraged.
Evaluation of polyoxyethylene glycol esters of castor, high‐erucic acid rapeseed, and soybean oils
Authors: O'Lenick Anthony J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe properties of polyoxyethylene glycol esters having different molecular weights and based upon different oils were studied for solubility, emulsification, and other surfactant properties. Three different oils as starting materials for the preparation of surfactant esters were evaluated. Solubility in water, isopropanol, mineral oil, and propylene glycol were evaluated as well as emulsification properties. The hydrophile‐lipophile balance system proved to be a good tool to predict emulsification properties. Surprisingly, high‐erucic rapeseed oil and castor surfactants were similar in solubility, and soy‐based surfactants were found to be less water soluble.
Novel sucrose lipid produced by Serratia marcescens and its application in enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Pruthi Vikas , Cameotra Swaranjit S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSerratia marcescens MTCC 86 when grown on sucrose produced a novel sucrose lipid that was different from the amino lipid produced from n‐alkane by other strains of S. marcescens. The sucrose lipid isolated by acetone precipitation technique was found to be predominantly a mixture of 3‐(3′‐hydroxytetradecanoyloxy) decanoate and 3‐(3′‐hydroxyhexadecenoyloxy) decanoate. This sucrose lipid exhibited excellent emulsification activity with a wide variety of hydrocarbons. It was effective in recovering up to 90% residual oil from the oilsaturated sandpack column suggesting its use in enhanced oil recovery. It also showed a strong ability to remove oil from the walls of the containers, indicating its potential use in cleaning operations.
Kinetic aspects of dye‐transfer inhibition by catalytic oxidation
Authors: Hazenkamp M. F. , Bachmann F. , Dannacher J. J. , Schlingloff G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDye‐transfer inhibition (DTI) during laundering can be achieved by catalytic bleaching of the migrating dyes in the wash‐liquor. The rate of the bleaching reaction should be significantly higher than the rate of dye adsorption onto the acceptor fabric. Further, the stability of the catalyst should be high enough in order to bleach dye which is slowly released from colored fabrics during the entire wash‐cycle. The performance of three managnese‐salen (Mn‐salen) complexes as DTI catalysts is discussed in terms of their activity and their stability. It is shown that a very high activity is compatible with a high stability, leading to excellent DTI effects. For less stable catalysts, the performance can be markedly improved by optimizing the catalyst and peroxide concentrations or by formulation in a polymer matrix.
Lipid distribution on textiles in relation to washing with lipases
Authors: Varanasi Arindam , Obendorf S. Kay , Pedersen Lars Saaby , Mejldal Rie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEffectiveness of lipase in detergency was studied using three test soils (lard, artificial sebum, and olive oil) on a woven cotton fabric. Distribution of oily soil on fabrics was determined for three different treatments (unwashed, washed with detergent without lipase, and washed with detergent plus lipase). Osmium tetroxide was used to label lipid soil for analysis in the scanning electron microscope. Both longitudinal and cross‐sectional backscattered electron images for unwashed samples showed that soil was present on surfaces of the cotton fibers and in interfiber spaces of the yarn bundle. Lard soiled samples had large deposits on the fabric surfaces, while artificial sebum and olive oil appeared more uniformly distributed throughout the textile. Oil was deposited in the interfiber capillaries of the yarn bundle and in the crenulation, secondary walls, and lumen of the fibers. Energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis was used to determine relative concentrations of oil at selected morphological locations within the fiber structure and at the fiber surface. Soil distributions within the fibrous structures differed with type of soil and laundry treatment. Backscattered electron images dramatically demonstrated the effect of lipase on cleaning. After washing with detergent plus lipase, yarn surfaces had much less residual soil; residual soil that remained was in the irregularities of the cotton fiber surfaces. Concentrations of oil in the secondary walls, crenulations, lumen, and the fiber surfaces were lower after lipase treatment for all three soils. While washing with detergent removed soil from the yarn and fiber surfaces and the crenulation of the cotton fiber, only the samples washed with detergent plus lipase had lower concentrations of soils within the secondary wall and lumen of the cotton fibers. Fabrics soiled with olive oil and washed with detergent plus lipase had the lowest concentrations of residual soil across the textile structure; the residual soil observed was mainly in the irregularities on the fiber surfaces.
Chemical modification of cellulase by maleic anhydride and N‐bromosuccinimide for improved detergent stability
Authors: Bund Rajesh K. , Singhal Rekha S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of cellulases in detergents is gaining ground rapidly due to their ability to maintain clear colors, a smooth surface, and softness in cotton fabrics. This is due to the hydrolytic action on the fuzz and pill, which scatters light thereby giving a worn and faded look to the garments. Detergent cellulases must be stable to conditions of alkaline pH and to other components present in the formulation. Most literature in this area is patented. Our previous work demonstrated an excellent alkali stability of commercially available acid cellulases modified by maleic anhydride and N‐bromosuccinimide. The present work reports on screening for cellulases in commercially active detergents and the stability of these chemically modified cellulases vis‐à‐vis native cellulase in biodetergents and in detergents without enzymes at 30, 50, and 85°C for up to 120 min. The results obtained showed that modified cellulases have distinctly better stability than the native cellulase in the chosen detergents.
New anionic alkylaryl surfactants based on olefin sulfonic acids
Authors: Berger Paul D. , Lee Christie H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new family of anionic surfactants has been produced by the simultaneous sulfonation and alkylation of aromatic compounds using olefin sulfonic acid(s). This new process does not require the conventional alkylation unit and the strong acid catalysts, such as AlCl3or HF, normally used for alkylation. The resulting alkylaryl sulfonic acids differ from existing prodeucts by having the sulfonate group attached to the alkyl chain rather than the aromatic ring. This allows for further derivatization of the aromatic compounds by leaving more positions open on the ring. Aromatic compounds that lend themselves to the new process include benzene, toluene, xylene, alkylbenzenes, phenol, alkylphenols, alkoxylated phenols, alkoxylated alkylphenols, alkoxylated alkylphenol/formaldehyde resins, naphthalene, and alkylnaphthalenes. Any type of olefin that can be sulfonated can be used as the starting material. These include internal and α‐olefins, linear and branched olefins, polyolefins, and vinylidenes. Mono‐ and disulfonated compounds, as well as geminitype surfactants, are easily prepared.
Surface properties of surfactants derived from natural products. Part 2: Structure/property relationships—Foaming, dispersion, and wetting
Authors: Piispanen Peter S. , Persson Marcus , Claesson Per , Norin Torbjörn 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral novel and some previously known, mostly sugar‐based, surfactants have been synthesized, and their surface properties have been characterized and compared with commercial nonylphenol ethoxylates. The dispersion properties of the surfactants were studied by mixing carbon black into an aqueous surfactant solution. It was found that open sugars, as the headgroup, give rise to higher conformational repulsion and hence more effective dispersion properties than ringclosed sugar headgroups (e.g., furanoside or pyranoside forms). No conclusions could be made about the differences in dispersion properties between surfactants with aliphatic or aromatic tail groups. Increasing the area of the tail group, however, by using twin‐chain tail groups increased the dispersion properties of the surfactants further. The surfactants’ ability for wetting a hydrophobic parafilm surface was studied. The sugar‐based surfactants were found generally to possess poor wetting properties.
Surfactant properties and biodegradation of polyethoxylates from phenolic lipids
Authors: Tyman John H. P. , Bruce Ian E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe surface tension of aqueous solutions of cardanol and cardol polyethoxylates derived from technical cashew nut‐shell liquid were examined to determine their relative surfactancy. The compositions with the greatest surface tension reduction, or optimal surfactancy, were selected for biodegradation testing, in terms of total organic carbon, using a soil inoculum. The experimental surfactants in this study were compared with commercial t‐nonyl polyethoxylate and glucose as reference materials. Over a period of 28 d, cardanol polyethoxylate and its saturated analog were degraded to 17 and 25%, respectively, and cardol polyethoxylate and its saturated analog were degraded approximately half that extent (37 and 46%). t‐Nonylphenyl polyethoxylate remained substantially undegraded (77%), whereas glucose was almost completely degraded (5%).
The role of liquid penetration in detergency of long‐chain fatty acid
Authors: Gotoh Keiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe detergency phenomena of a solid oily contaminant assessed with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique was discussed on the basis of surface energetics. Polyethylene, nylon 6, and cellulose acetate films were prepared on gold electrodes of the QCM by a spin‐coating method. Arachidic acid was deposited onto the QCM with and without polymer films by the Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) technique. The QCM was then ultrasonically cleaned in aqueous solutions containing surfactant, ethanol, and alkali. The removal efficiency of the LB films of arachidic acid from the gold and polymer substrates was determined from the frequency change of the QCM due to cleaning. The efficiency was greatest for cellulose acetate, followed by nylon 6, gold, and polyethylene. For every substrate, the removal efficiency was found to increase with increasing surfactant or ethanol concentration. In the presence of sodium hydroxide, the removal efficiency further increased. The experimentally determined contact angles and surface free energies were influenced by surfactant and ethanol concentrations; however, they were not influenced by the addition of sodium hydroxide. This suggested the saponification of arachidic acid under alkali conditions was a major mechanism of fatty acid removal. The dependences of the kind of substrate and surfactant and ethanol concentrations on the removal efficiency were explained in terms of the free energy change resulting from penetration of the detergent solution between the arachidic acid film and the substrate in the zone of contact. Liquid penetration as well as saponification was found to be an oil removal mechanism in the present system.
Adsorption of aroma chemicals on cotton fabric from aqueous systems
Authors: Liu Haiqing , Obendorf S. Kay , Leonard Michael J. , Young Timothy J. , Incorvia Michael J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe adsorption of aroma chemicals on cotton fabric was studied relative to the surfactant concentration, surfactant type, water solubility, and fiber morphology. The adsorption increased with increasing surfactant concentration to a maximum near the critical micelle concentration, then decreased with further increases in surfactant concentration. The adsorption also was found to be highly dependent on the fiber surface area and pore structure; dramatic differences were observed between untreated and mercerized cotton fabric and are believed to be due to morphological differences. Cationic and anionic surfactants increased the aroma chemical adsorption, which varied with surfactant type, with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC)>sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)>H2O. Water solubility also influenced adsorption; in most cases, adsorption increased with water solubility. In addition, adsorption was also influenced by chemical structure and hydrophobic interactions. The adsorption of aroma chemicals on cotton fabric can be attributed to the aqueous solution being physically held in capillaries and pore structures within the fibular structure of cotton fiber and also to molecular interactions among the aroma chemical molecules, surfactants, and cotton substrate.
Metallosurfactants of Cu(II) and Fe(III) complexes as catalysts for the destruction of paraoxon
Authors: Hafiz A. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo micellized Cu(II) and Fe(III) ion complexes of octadecyl diethylene tri‐1‐amide are used as nucleophilic reagents in the cleavage of the phosphate ester paraoxon. These complexes form metallomicelles, which coordinate with the paraoxon phosphorous (chemically similar to the nerve agent sarin). Association colloids (e.g., micelles, microemulsions, or vesicles) increase the rate of the nucleophilic reaction. Hence, it is reasonable to examine the hydrolysis process of paraoxon in aqueous metallomicelles. As micelles form and incorporate reactants, the rate constant should change; therefore, the rate constant should be affected by the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of Cu(II) and Fe(III) complexes. The concentrations tested were the CMC value, two values lower, and two values higher. The CMC was found to be the most reactive concentration. The kinetic data (half‐life times) for paraoxon degradation were 6.1 and 28.8 min in the presence of the Cu(II) and the Fe(III) metallomicelle complex, respectively. The stability constants of the metal complexes showed large values that denoted significant stability for both complexes.
Microemulsion formation and detergency with oily soils: III. Performance and mechanisms
Authors: Tongcumpou C. , Acosta E. J. , Quencer L. B. , Joseph A. F. , Scamehorn J. F. , Sabatini D. A. , Yanumet N. , Chavadej S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between oily soil removal efficiency and low oil‐water interfacial tension (IFT) generated by microemulsion formation. A mixture of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, alkyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate, and sorbitan monooleate was selected as a detergent formulation to evaluate detergency performance for two highly hydrophobic oils: hexadecane and motor oil. The maximum detergency corresponds to formation of a Winsor Type III microemulsion as well as to the supersolubilization region, which is a Winsor Type I microemulsion close to the Winsor Type III region. In addition, the oil removal in the rinse step is almost as high as that in the wash step for both regions. We propose the following mechanism to explain these results: During the wash step, the contact angle of the oil on the fabric surface is progressively increased, resulting in the detachment of the oil droplets. However, owing to the very low IFT, the spreading effect is dominant, thereby causing incomplete oil removal. During the subsequent rinse step, the IFT increases, passing through a composition at which the rollup mechanism causes additional oil removal. These results demonstrate that microemulsion formation and the resulting IFT reduction are important mechanisms in oily soil detergency.
Effect of urea and salt on micelle formation of zwitterionic surfactants
Authors: El‐Aila H. J. Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of urea on micelle formation of zwitterionic surfactants was investigated by measuring conductivity, critical micelle concentration (CMC), relative viscosity, and the spectrophotometric shift in wavelength. We examined two zwitterionic surfactants,N,N‐dimethyl dodecylamineN‐oxide andN,N‐dimethyl tetradecylamineN‐oxide (DMTAO). The CMC values of the surfactants increased with the addition of urea. Also, the relative viscosity of the surfactant solutions decreased at higher concentrations of urea and increased with increasing KCl concentration. The absorbance maxima of the surfactants decreased with increasing urea concentration.
Rosin/acid oil‐based liquid soap
Authors: Moulay Saâd , Zenimi Ali , Dib Mohand 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoapstock was converted into a liquid soap from its acid oil and formulated with varying amounts of rosin. The characteristics of the acid oil and rosin were experimentally estimated. Liquid soaps were characterized by density, pH, total fatty matter, free caustic alkali, critical micelle concentration, foaming capacity, wetting power, and washing performance. The foaming results indicated that the liquid soap is best used as an ingredient in a washing‐machine detergent. The dark aspect of a formulation with 10% rosin precluded higher substitution.
The effect of branching and unsaturation upon some properties of polyoxyethylene glycol diesters
Authors: O'Lenick Anthony J. , Parkinson Jeffrey K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFatty acid diesters based upon polyoxyethylene glycol (PEG diesters) find applications in many diverse segments of thechemical industry. PEG diesters contain both a water‐soluble and an oil‐soluble portion, resulting in a surface‐active product. These surfactants exhibit emulsification properties. A study of PEG diesters was undertaken to determine the effect of the following variables in the fatty portion of the molecule: (i) number of carbon atoms present, (ii) branching or lack of branching, and (iii) presence of unsaturation. The objective was to compare titer point, solubilities and emulsification properties of various PEG‐600 based diesters that were synthesized using high‐purity linear saturated, Guerbet‐branched, and unsaturated acids. Included in the test was a series of esters based upon meadowfoam oil, a high‐molecular‐weight unsaturated oil.