bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Right‐handed penises of the earwig Labidura riparia (Insecta, Dermaptera, Labiduridae): Evolutionary relationships between structural and behavioral asymmetries
Authors: Kamimura Y. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe number of penises vary in the insect suborder Forficulina (order Dermaptera; earwigs). Males of the families Diplatyidae, Pigidicranidae, Anisolabididae, Apachyidae, and Labiduridae have two penises (right and left), while those of the Spongipohridae, Chelisochidae, and Forficulidae have a single penis. The proposed phylogenetic relationships among these families suggest that the single‐penis families evolved from an ancestor possessing two penises. To date, examinations of double‐penis earwig species have found that only a single penis is used per single copulation. These diversities in structural and behavioral aspects of genitalia raises the following intriguing questions: How are the two penises used? Why did a penis degenerate in several earwig families, and which one was lost? To address these questions, structural and behavioral asymmetries were examined in detail for a representative species Labidura riparia (Labiduridae). Although there was no detectable morphological differentiation between the right and left penises, male L. riparia predominantly used the right one for insemination. This significant “right‐handedness” developed without any experience of mating and was also manifested in the resting postures of the two penises when not engaged in copulation. However, surgical ablation of the right penis did not influence the insemination capacity of males. In wild‐caught males, only about 10% were left‐handed; within this group, abnormalities were frequently observed in the right penis. These lines of evidence indicate that the left penis is merely a spare intromittent organ, which most L. riparia males are likely never to use. Additional observations of five species of single‐penis families revealed that the left penis degenerated in the common ancestor of this group. Considering the proposed sister relationship between the Labiduridae and the single‐penis families, it is possible that such behavioral asymmetries in penis' use, as observed in L. riparia, are parental to the evolutionary degeneration of the infrequently used left penis. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolomic fingerprinting of plant extracts
Authors: Mattoli L. , Cangi F. , Maidecchi A. , Ghiara C. , Ragazzi E. , Tubaro M. , Stella L. , Tisato F. , Traldi P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe standardization and quality control of plant extracts is an important topic, in particular, when such extracts are used for medicinal purposes. Consequently, the development of fast and effective analytical methods for metabolomic fingerprinting of plant extracts is of high interest. In this investigation, electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and 1H NMR techniques were employed with further statistical analyses of the acquired data. The results showed that negative ion mode ESI‐MS is particularly effective for characterization of plant extracts. Different samples of the same species appear well‐clustered and separated from the other species. To verify the effectiveness of the method, two other batches of extracts from a species, in which the principal components were already identified (Cynara scolymus), were analyzed, and the components that were verified by the principal component analysis (PCA) were found to be within the region identified as characteristic of Cynara Scolymus extracts. The data from extracts of the other species were well separated from those pertaining to the species previously characterized. Only the case of a species that was strictly correlated from a botanical point of view, with extracts that were previously analyzed, showed overlapping. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of hydrolysis products of FeCl3 · 6H2O by ESI‐MS
Authors: Hellman Heikki , Laitinen Risto S. , Kaila Leena , Jalonen Jorma , Hietapelto Vesa , Jokela Jukka , Sarpola Arja , Rämö Jaakko 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe hydrolysis reactions of FeCl3 in 0.1 mM aqueous solutions were monitored by electrospray ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (ESI‐ToF‐MS). In contrast to the other ionisation techniques, electrospray ionisation provides information on the composition of the elemental cores even in water and salt cluster ions. Therefore, the technique facilitates detection of the bonding of the chloride ions in the oxo–hydroxo–iron cores. A variety of mononuclear and polynuclear iron–oxohydroxo–chloride complexes were characterised from the cationic and anionic mass spectra of iron(III) solutions. Oxidation and reduction reactions of iron, as well as competition between OH− and Cl− ions within one iron core, were also observed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multimodal trivariate thematic maps with auditory and haptic display
Authors: Jeong Wooseob 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of multimodal trivariate thematic maps by utilizing auditory and haptic displays. With two different modes of display (color only displays and multimodal displays with color, audio, and haptic), the completion time of tasks and the recall (retention) rate were measured in two separate experiments. In terms of the completion time, with minimal learning experience, participants could accomplish the tasks at the same level of speed in both modes. For the recall rate, multimodal displays have much higher recall rates. It is speculated that the natural quantitative hierarchies in auditory and haptic displays provide an advantage in the use of multimodal displays. These findings confirmed the possibility of using auditory and haptic displays in visually dominant geographic information systems (GIS) for multi‐variate thematic maps.
Emotional design II: Affective information behavior research with adult and child populations
Authors: Nahl Diane , Bilal Dania , Druin Allison , Fisher Karen 
Published: October 2006

Abstract“;Emotions, we now know, change the way the human mind solves problems—the emotional system changes how the cognitive system operates.” (Norman, 2004: 18). Affective variables drive cognitive information behavior through a person's interests, motivation, feelings, and persistence. Recent research suggests that uncertainty contributes to cognitive load and negatively affects success, while optimism positively affects it (Nahl, 2004; 2005). Therefore, a focus on the interaction of affect and cognition, particularly studies examining the varieties of affect that arise in different situations and their impact on cognition, is necessary to understanding the information behavior of various groups. The research presented includes international data, both child and adult populations, and a variety of information settings. The research domains of the presenters include affective load in information tasks (Nahl), emotion in international children's use of cross‐cultural interfaces (Bilal), emotional metadata of children (Druin), and information behavior in everyday life (Fisher). The panelists present findings from their current research on affective information behavior (AIB) that illustrates its determining effect on thinking and action, and provide a review of research in the affective domain from related fields.
“Information work” and chronic illness: Interpreting results from a nationwide survey of people living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Hogan Timothy P. , Palmer Carole L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhile there is a substantial body of research which describes how the HIV‐positive community seeks and uses information, much of that work fails to consider these activities in relationship to the experience of living with long‐term chronic illnesses. In this paper, we present results from our survey study on the information preferences and practices of the HIV‐positive community. We compare our results to previous findings on the HIV‐positive community and people living with another chronic condition, multiple sclerosis (MS). Applying the chronic illness trajectory model developed by Juliet Corbin and Anselm Strauss, we examine what this body of research tells us about the management of “information work.” We identify the information sources that are most important, the attributes of information that influence its use, and the tensions inherent in managing information in the day‐to‐day lives of the chronically ill. By extending Corbin and Strauss's model to the aspects of information emphasized across studies, we begin to articulate the fundamental nature of information work in living with chronic illnesses and how information services can be more responsive to the needs of the chronically ill.
The universal labeler: Plan the project and let your information follow
Authors: Jones William , Munat Charles F. , Bruce Harry , Foxley Austin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Universal Labeler (UL) supports a single, unified scheme of “labeling“ which can be used to organize various kinds of information including electronic documents, email messages and web references. The UL takes a project‐centered approach to personal information management (PIM): 1. People often keep information to get things done ‐ to complete projects (“finish a course”, “re‐model a house“, etc.). 2. Project‐planning involves problem‐solving: A person's conceptualization of a project can often be characterized as a hierarchy of subproject/tasks. 3. Project structure, if made explicit, can aid not only in planning but also in the organization of related information. Projects, subprojects and tasks are represented by “labels” in the UL. Useful properties and behaviors can be associated with these labels ‐ “remind me by” or due dates, for example. The UL is a step towards the integration of information regardless of its form (e‐document, paper, web page) and towards the integration of information management with the management of tasks and projects.
Shifts between search stages during task‐performance in mediated information seeking interaction
Authors: Olah Judit 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe research reported here focuses on the users' information seeking behavior. Set in the framework of the interactive information retrieval paradigm, the research examines the micro‐dynamics of the information seeking process, and explores search stages that users pursue as they proceed to solve their information problem. The research analyzes the users' information seeking behavior as they move between search stages, and looks for patterns in the transition. The observed shifting behavior allows for examining the question of predictability. The observed shifting patterns lead to the development of a new model for information seeking behavior that describes multiple search stages, aspects and dimensions. The model represents a non‐linear process of multiple re‐iterative cycles that make up the overall flow of communication with the information system. The model expands significantly earlier theoretical and empirical models as it represents a series of re‐iterative processes that characterize the information seeking interaction.
Experienced Web users' search behavior: Effects of focus and emotion control
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Sun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study investigates how users' cognitive and affective characteristics influence the navigational and search behaviors on the Web among experienced Web users. Sixty‐seven undergraduate students participated in the study. Two standardized tests and a questionnaire were used to collect information on the participants' cognitive style, problem‐solving style, and demographics. Factor analysis was performed on the scores from the two standardized tests (Group Embedded Figures Test and Problem Solving Inventory), and extracted two user factors (Focus Control and Emotion Control). The Focus Control factor seemed to influence users' navigational behaviors, such as the use of links and back buttons, whereas the Emotion Control factor affected search behaviors including keyword searching, and also search performance measured by precision and recall.
Berrypicking in the real world: A wayfinding perspective on information behavior research
Authors: Lueg Christopher P. , Bidwell Nicola J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn 1989 Bates introduced berrypicking as a powerful metaphor highlighting that searching is not a linear process but is more accurately described as an activity that is distributed in time and space. From an information seeking perspective there are interesting similarities between berrypicking and real world wayfinding. Wayfinding is also distributed in time and space but its success involves to a large extent embodied interaction with the environment. Trying to frame these interactions from an information seeking point of view revealed there is a lack of research on the relevance of embodiment to information behavior research.
What students say they know, feel, and do about cyber‐plagiarism and academic dishonesty? A case study
Authors: Ercegovac Zorana 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis article presents results of a case study that used self‐reported paper‐and‐pencil questionnaire by thirty‐seven junior high school students with regard to their understanding of, attitudes, and behaviors toward plagiarism in the Web environment. Performance indicators used in the questionnaire were framed in the context of information literacy standards. The article identifies those areas that intervention programs should be designed on the basis of students' gaps and levels of understanding with respect to responsible uses of information in general, and especially of digital networked resources.
Consumer health digital divide: A research agenda for studying inequality in online health information access and use
Authors: Chong Jing 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDriven by social, economic, academic and technological forces, the new field of E‐health has been developing quickly in recent years. Many E‐health applications are Internet‐based and therefore have the potential to help people throughout the world. However, this high dependence on the Internet also raises sobering questions about a health digital divide, i.e. unequal access and use as well as unequal rights to gain benefits of online information among health consumers. In this paper, we discuss social, cultural and economic factors which shape a research agenda for examining health digital divide issues. These factors are derived by means of a literature review. Future research questions include how to solve the discrepancies between health digital divide and digital divide among the general population, what is the role of content prejudice in health digital divide, and what is the status quo of health digital divide in developing countries, et al.
PROPELLER‐EPI with parallel imaging using a circularly symmetric phased‐array RF coil at 3.0 T: Application to high‐resolution diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Chuang Tzu‐Chao , Huang Teng‐Yi , Lin Fa‐Hsuan , Wang Fu‐Nien , Juan Chun‐Jung , Chung Hsiao‐Wen , Chen Cheng‐Yu , Kwong Kenneth K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA technique integrating multishot periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction (PROPELLER) and parallel imaging is presented for diffusion echo‐planar imaging (EPI) at high spatial resolution. The method combines the advantages of parallel imaging to achieve accelerated sampling along the phase‐encoding direction, and PROPELLER acquisition to further decrease the echo train length (ETL) in EPI. With an eight‐element circularly symmetric RF coil, a parallel acceleration factor of 4 was applied such that, when combined with PROPELLER acquisition, a reduction of geometric distortions by a factor substantially greater than 4 was achieved. The resulting phantom and human brain images acquired with a 256 × 256 matrix and an ETL of only 16 were visually identical in shape to those acquired using the fast spin‐echo (FSE) technique, even without field‐map corrections. It is concluded that parallel PROPELLER‐EPI is an effective technique that can substantially reduce susceptibility‐induced geometric distortions at high field strength. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alkaloids of Stipa robusta (sleepygrass) infected with an Acremonium endophyte
Authors: Petroski Richard J. , Powell Richard G. , Clay Keith 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStipa robusta (= Stipa vaseyi) is a perennial grass found in certain areas of the southwestern United States. It is commonly known as sleepygrass, as horses that ingest this grass may become profoundly somnolent or stuporous for periods of time lasting up to several days. In an attempt to determine the active principle(s), fractionation of a methanolic extract of sleepygrass infected with an Acremonium endophyte has yielded lysergic acid amide (20 μg/g dry wt), isolysergic amide (8), 8‐hydroxylysergic acid amide (0.3), ergonovine (7), chanoclavine‐l (15), and N‐formylloline (18). Related alkaloids have been found in many endophyte‐infected grasses. The dominant alkaloid constituent in sleepygrass, lysergic acid amide, has not previously been identified in a grass in such high concentration. Lysergic acid amide is likely to be the basis for the extreme sedative effects on animals, given past pharmocological work on the compound from the ergot fungus Claviceps paspali. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of insect acetylcholinesterase by the potato glycoalkaloid α‐chaconine
Authors: Wierenga Joel M. , Hollingworth Robert M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHomogenates from several insect species were assayed for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by the potato gycoalkaloid α‐chaconine. Colorado potato beetle acetylcholinesterase was up to 150‐fold less sensitive than other species tested. Acetylcholinesterase from an insecticide‐resistant strain of Colorado potato beetles was more sensitive to inhibition than the susceptible strain. Most insect species tested had inhibitory concentrations causing a 50% reduction in activity in the 5 to 40 μM range. Sensitive insect acetylcholinesterases were similar to mammalian cholinesterases in their response to α‐chaconine. The results indicate that pesticides and host plant resistance factors may interact at the same target. Changes in the target due to selection pressure from either pesticides or host plant resistance factors could affect the efficacy of both control strategies. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The β‐type toxin Ts II from the scorpion Tityus serrulatus: Amino acid sequence determination and assessment of biological and antigenic properties
Authors: Mansuelle Pascal , Martin‐Eauclaire Marie‐France , Chavez‐Olortegui Carlos , de Lima Maria Elena , Rochat Hervé , Granier Claude 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe toxin Ts II from the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus was purified in two successive chromatographic steps. The amino acid sequence was then determined by automated Edman degradation of the reduced and S‐carboxymethylated protein and of proteolytic peptides derived from it. This sequence appears to differ from that of previously characterized toxins found in this venom. However, it is identical to the recently published sequence of protein III‐8 from the same venom [Possani et al., J Biol Chem 266:3178–3185, 1991], except that the C‐terminus was found to be amidated. Homologies were found between the sequence of Ts II and that of other toxins from Tityus; in particular, the amino acid sequence of Ts II displays 72% sequence identity with Ts VII (also cälled TiTx γ). Consistent with this structural similarity, some biological properties of Ts II were found to be similar to those of Ts VII: Ts II has an intracerebroventricular LD50 of 6 ng, as compared to 0.6 ng for Ts VII; in a receptor binding assay Ts II, like Ts VII, was found to behave as a β‐type toxin and to inhibit the binding of the reference labelled toxin with a K0.5 of 5 × 10−9 M, as compared to 7 × 10−11 M for Ts VII. Nevertheless, Ts II is unable to bind to anti‐Ts VII antibodies in radioimmunoassay experiments, indicating the non‐conservation between the two toxins of at least some antigenically important residues. In fact, the sequence differences between Ts II and Ts VII are mainly mapped in two regions believed to be antigenic by analogy with other scorpion toxins. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systematics, distribution, and host specificity of grass endophytes
Authors: Leuchtmann Adrian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractClavicipitaceous endophytes (Ascomycetes) are distributed worldwide in many grasses and sedges forming a perennial and often mutualistic association with their hosts. Most endophytes appear to produce alkaloid toxins in infected plants. The high frequency of infection in many grasses and in certain grassland communities may indicate a selective advantage of infected over non‐infected host plants due to their toxic effects on grazing animals and insects. Field observations and artificial inoculations of seedings have demonstrated a high degree of specificity of most endophytes to their host plant, particularly in asexual, seed‐bome endophytes. Specific isozyme genotypes found on several host species suggest that host‐specific physiological races may occur. Knowledge of host range and host specificity is vital for potential applications of endophytes in pest control. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular biology and evolution of the grass endophytes
Authors: Schardl Christopher L. , Tsai Huei‐Fung 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAcremonium coenophialum Morgan‐Jones et W. Gams is a maternally transmitted fungal symbiont (endophyte) of the important forage grass Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (tall fescue), and provides biological protection and enhanced fitness to its host, but its anti‐mammalian ergot alkaloids detract from the usefulness of tall fescue as forage for livestock. Molecular genetic techniques and materials are being developed in order to specifically eliminate the gene(s) encoding the first enzyme in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. These techniques will also facilitate basic studies, such as host‐fungus compatibility or biosynthesis of insecticidal alkaloids. Molecular phylogenetics indicate that endophytes related to A. coenophialum have evolved on multiple occasions from strains of Epichloë typhina (Ascomycotina, Clavicipitaceae), for which the sexual cycle is known. These studies also reveal significant diversity among seedborne endophytes in individual grass species. Thus, the endophytes are an important source of biochemical potential and genetic diversity in grass‐fungus symbiota. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ecology of plant‐herbivore communities: A fungal component?
Authors: Hammon Kyle E. , Faeth Stanley H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe consider how microorganisms may alter conventional theories of the organization of plant‐herbivore communities. We focus on endophytic fungi and their role in mediating interactions among herbivores, their host plants, and natural enemies. We propose hypotheses about the role of microbes in plant‐herbivore communities and suggest ways to test these hypotheses. An initial approach to the overwhelming complexity of interacting species is to view species as components of functional groups, be they micro‐ or macroscopic, that potentially affect the ecology and evolution of host plants. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quail spleen is enlarged by microcystin RR as a blue‐green algal hepatotoxin
Authors: Takahashi Shinji , Kaya Kunimitsu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractToxic effects of microcystin RR as a blue‐green algal hepatotoxin in laboratory quails were examined. In order to determine the microcystin RR LD50, purified microcystin RR was injected into the peritoneum of the quails. The value obtained was 256 μg/kg quail. Usually the quails died between 14 and 18 hr after the injection. After administration of the toxin, the quail spleens were enlarged to a doubling of the control spleens, whereas the livers did not change. These effects are quite different from those in mice and rats, indicating the toxic mechanism of the toxin in quails is different. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.