bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is increased in patients with GH deficiency, irrespective of long-term substitution with recombinant human GH
Authors: van der Klaauw Agatha A , Biermasz Nienke R , Feskens Edith J M , Bos Marieke B , Smit Johannes W A , Roelfsema Ferdinand , Corssmit Eleonora P M , Pijl Hanno , Romijn Johannes A , Pereira Alberto M 
Published: March 2007

Objectives: Many reports demonstrate improvements in cardiovascular risk factors during GH replacement (rhGH) in adult GH deficiency (GHD). However, it remains to be determined to what extent these changes translate into a reduction of increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term rhGH replacement on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS).
Design, settings, main outcome measures: The MS was scored by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III definition in 50 consecutive GHD patients (45 ± 9 years of age), before and after 2 and 5 years of rhGH replacement, and the data of untreated patients were compared with the general population using data from a Dutch population-based study (n = 1062, 44 ± 8 years of age).
Results: Hypertriglyceridaemia (46.0 vs 18.5%, P < 0.0001), hypertension (66.0 vs 35.5%, P < 0.0001) and abdominal obesity (38.0 vs 23.4%, P = 0.0178) were more prevalent in untreated patients when compared with controls, resulting in a higher prevalence of the MS in patients (38.0 vs 15.7%, P < 0.0001). During rhGH replacement at a mean dose of 0.5 ± 0.2 mg/day resulting in IGF-I concentrations in the normal age-adjusted reference range, mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level increased compared with baseline (P < 0.001). However, the prevalence of (components of) the MS did not change after 2 or 5 years of treatment with rhGH.
Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of the MS in patients with GHD is increased compared with healthy controls, irrespective of rhGH replacement.
A New Phenotypical Variant of Intrauterine Growth Restriction?
Authors: DeFelice Claudio , Tassi Rossana , De Capua Bruno , Jaubert Francis , Gentile Mattia , Quartulli Lorenzo , Tonni Gabriele , Costantini Daniele , Strambi Mirella , Latini Giuseppe 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVES. A link between intrauterine growth restriction and major adult-onset diseases has been reported. In this study we observed a series of hitherto-unrecognized clinical features in a population of children with intrauterine growth restriction.PATIENTS AND METHODS. A total of 77 Italian children (aged 9.45 ± 2.08 years) with antenatally diagnosed intrauterine growth restriction and small-for-gestational-age birth, along with their parents, were examined. The children with intrauterine growth restriction and were small for gestational age were subdivided into 2 groups (“variant” versus control subjects) according to evidence of auricle morphology deviation from normal. The following variables were determined: (1) external ear auricle geometry; (2) function of the posterior communicating arteries of the circle of Willis, as assessed by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography; (3) articular mobility, as assessed by Beighton's 9-point scale; (4) skin softness; and (5) distortion product–evoked otoacoustic emissions.RESULTS. Intrauterine growth restriction–variant children (n = 27) showed a significant female predominance, a lower proportion of maternal pregnancy-induced hypertension/ preeclampsia, and a higher head circumference as compared with intrauterine growth restriction control subjects. Mothers of small-for-gestational-age–variant children showed significantly different auricular geometry parameters as compared with the intrauterine growth restriction controls mothers. An excess of bilaterally nonfunctioning posterior communicating arteries was observed both in the children with the intrauterine growth restriction–variant phenotype and their mothers as compared with the control groups. Significantly increased proportions of joint hypermobility and skin softness were observed in the intrauterine growth restriction–variant children as compared with controls subjects. Children with the intrauterine growth restriction–variant phenotype and their mothers showed bilateral distortion product–evoked otoacoustic emissions notches versus none in the control subjects, with an associated reduction of the area under the curve in both the intrauterine growth restriction–variant children and their mothers. No significant differences between the variant and control groups regarding the fathers were observed.CONCLUSIONS. We propose that the observed phenotypical constellation may represent an unrecognized variant of intrauterine growth restriction.
Symptom‐Driven Lorazepam Protocol for Treatment of Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: DeCarolis Douglas D. , Rice Kathryn L. , Ho Libin , Willenbring Mark L. , Cassaro Susan 
Published: March 2007

Study Objective. To compare outcomes of treating alcohol withdrawal delirium (AWD) with a symptom‐driven benzodiazepine protocol versus nonprotocol benzodiazepine infusions in the intensive care unit (ICU).Design. Retrospective observational study of a quality improvement project.Setting. Medical intensive care unit at a Veterans Affairs medical center.Patients. Thirty‐six patients who had 40 ICU admissions for AWD between January 1, 1994, and May 31, 2003. Sixteen episodes (15 patients [historical controls]) occurred before implementation of the symptom‐driven protocol in 1998, and 24 episodes (21 patients) occurred after implementation.Measurements and Main Results. Outcomes evaluated were time to reach symptom control, total dose of benzodiazepine, amount of time receiving continuous benzodiazepine infusion, length of ICU and hospital stay, polypharmacy (use of multiple benzodiazepines), and complications of treatment. The historical control group was treated according to physician preference, which consisted of continuous‐infusion midazolam without a protocol. The symptom‐driven protocol used lorazepam administered initially as intermittent intravenous doses, progressing to a continuous intravenous infusion according to a locally developed symptom scale. The mean ± SD values for the outcomes in the historical control group versus the protocol group were as follows: time to control symptoms 19.4 ± 9.7 versus 7.7 ± 4.9 hours (p=0.002), cumulative benzodiazepine dose in lorazepam equivalents 1677 ± 937 versus 1044 ± 534 mg (p=0.014), time receiving benzodiazepine continuous infusion 122.1 ± 64.4 versus 52.0 ± 35.1 hours (p=0.001), length of stay in the ICU 7.7 ± 6.3 versus 5.6 ± 1.7 days (p=0.21), and length of hospital stay 15.3 ± 8.9 versus 11.2 ± 3.4 days (p=0.43).Conclusions. Use of a symptom‐driven protocol was associated with significantly decreased time to symptom control, amount of sedative required, and time spent receiving benzodiazepine infusion compared with historical controls. The use of the protocol is effective but requires close monitoring to ensure protocol compliance and to avoid potential propylene glycol toxicity.
Consumption Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Two Panel Data Sets
Authors: Fisher Jonathan D , Johnson David S 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper examines inequality and mobility using measures of income and consumption. Consumption is claimed to be a better measure of permanent income and thus well-being, but most studies of inequality and mobility using U.S. data use income.This paper uses cohort data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys on total consumption to impute consumption in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Then, we use this imputed consumption and actual income from the PSID to examine changes in inequality and mobility. Similar to earlier findings, we show that there has been a large increase in income inequality but no concurrent increase in consumption inequality in the 1990s. Conversely, income mobility and consumption mobility are similar during this time period.Finally, we link the concepts of inequality and mobility using a social welfare function. The results suggest that income mobility and consumption mobility more than offset the increases in inequality.
Rural Sociology: Some Inter-American Aspects
Authors: Nelson Lowry 
Published: March 2007

Rural sociology had its origin and growth as an academic discipline in the United States. The other social sciences—including general sociology, economics, political science, anthropology and historiography—were mainly imported from Europe and the British Isles. Rural sociology, however, was a United States “export” both to Europe and to Latin America.This inverse process of diffusion deserves a brief explanation. Why did Rural sociology not originate in Europe? And, conversely, why did it take root in the United States? To answer the first question we may cite the following factors:1.During the latter part of the nineteenth century when the social conditions of rural people in the United States were critical, Europe was relatively stable. The peasant revolts of the earlier centuries had faded into history, feudalism, in its worst features at least, was no more. There were still agrarian problems, of course, including land fragmentation, but they were not serious enough to cause widespread unrest. Moreover, the restless ones were free to migrate to the New World. Europe, in short, was in the happy condition of being able to export its “problem” mainly to the United States.
Literatura Brasileña: El Cuento y la Narracion
Authors: Sánchez-Sáez Braulio 
Published: March 2007

Es indudable que toda literatura, como esta del género narrativo o de ficción, del cuento o del relato, cuando de estudiarla se trata, lo primero que impone es la fijación de su aparecimiento y el curso de su desarrollo.Así como la vieja “patraña” se basaba en los equívocos, o las “farsas” en la acentuación de lo grotesco, y tenían sus formas y cualidades peculiares de ser tratadas, así también el cuento, relato, narración o novela breve, tienen fijados sus moldes más o menos generales, desde las viejas leyendas persas, hasta las ya más sólidas creaciones de Mateo Bandello o de la propia “novella” toscana, que tanta influencia tuvo desde la novelística renacentista hasta nuestros días.
The Open Chapel in Mexico
Authors: Peacock Vera L. 
Published: March 2007

” en esta tierra los patios son muy grandes y muy gentiles, porque la gente no cabe en las iglesias, y en los patios tiene su capilla para que todos oyan misa los domingos y fiestas, y las iglesias sirven para entre semana.“Motolinía: Memoriales, I, 92-93One curious and distinctive development of early ecclesiastic architecture in Mexico is the open chapel. The three great monastic orders which early in the sixteenth century divided up Mexico for its spiritual welfare were amazingly successful. The construction of churches, rapid though it was, failed to keep pace with the thousands of converts who thronged to the services and filled the existing buildings to overflowing. Realizing that their Indian followers must have frequent opportunities for attending mass, the monks conceived the idea of erecting small chapels, large enough to shelter the altar and so constructed as to render it visible to great numbers of Indians outside. As the years passed, great cathedrals and many parish churches arose until there were more than enough to serve the people. The open chapels were gradually abandoned or enclosed and dedicated to special uses. Many have disappeared but those which remain provide an interesting commentary upon early colonial religious life in Mexico.
Latin-American Economic Development, Land Reform, and U.S. Aid with Special Reference to Guatemala
Authors: Hildebrand John R. 
Published: March 2007

President Kennedy, in his inaugural address, spoke of an “Alliance for Progress” with Latin America and more recently of an expanded Latin-American aid program. His phrase “Alliance for Progress” underscores the fact that the U. S. chooses not to be identified with blind defenders of the status quo but to support evolutionary change calling for political, social, and economic reform.What motivates U. S. citizens to tax themselves to help the underdeveloped countries help themselves? One observes an interesting mixture of goals with respect to U. S. aid programs. There is no single enforced purpose handed down from higher authority. Each citizen indicates and advances his own preferences with some sort of compromise or majority view prevailing when necessary. One peculiarity of a democratic society is the pluralism of motivations and purposes.
International Aviation Rivalry in Latin America, 1919-1927
Authors: Newton Wesley Phillips 
Published: March 2007

In Latin America, international rivalry over aviation followed World War I. In its early form, it consisted of a commercial scramble among several Western European nations and the United States to sell airplanes and aviation products and to establish airlines in Latin America. Somewhat later, expanding European aviation activities posed an implicit threat to the Panama Canal.Before World War I, certain aerophiles had sought to advance the airplane as the panacea for the transportation problem in Latin America. The aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont of Brazil and the Aero Club of America, an influential private United States association, were in the van. In 1916, efforts by these enthusiasts led to the formation of the Pan American Aviation Federation, which they envisioned as the means of promoting and publicizing aviation throughout the Western Hemisphere.
Higher Education in Contemporary Central America
Authors: Waggoner Barbara , Waggoner George R. , Wolfe Gregory B. 
Published: March 2007

“The National University? Of course, I use it for political purposes—pay a student to stay in school to fight the communists. Yes, he's 35 years old, been there quite a while. The name of the Rector? I don't know.”“No, I've never given any money to the university—I've never been asked. Library? I don't know whether they have one or not. Don't the students listen to the lectures?”These comments illustrate the widespread feelings of public indifference and hostility toward higher education in Central America today. They also underscore the need for better information about higher education and the need to reduce the gap between the universities and the societies in which they operate.The universities of Central America have long been tottery towers built on inadequate structures of national public education. Their marginal utility as centers of learning and intellectual leadership is evidenced in many ways: in low levels of financial support; rundown physical facilities; weak administrations and consequent weaknesses in the standards of teaching, research and student academic performance.
Une Histoire Serielle de L' Amerique Espagnole
Authors: Mauro Frédéric 
Published: March 2007

Voici dix ans que travaillent Pierre et Huguette Chaunu. Huit volumes de leur ceuvre gigantesque ont paru. Les deux derniers sont sous presse. lis en forment comme la conclusion. Avant qu'elle ne soit livrée au public, acceptons d'en faire une, provisoire, quitte á la corriger bientót.Une remarque sur les auteurs, que nous connaissons bien, ce jeune “matrimonio francés” comme Ton disait á Seville; qui les a vus á l'ceuvre sait la puissance de travail, le sens de l'organisation qui les animent, Tun et l'autre. Tous deux de formation historique, ils se sont abreuvés, comme nous, au lendemain de la guerre, aux sources fécondes des Aúnales. Ils ont été les elements jeunes dans cette revolution de la conception et des méthodes historiques qui a caractérisé l'Ecole frangaise depuis trente ans. Disons-le, au risque de paraítre partial dans notre compte-rendu, nous avons nous aussi applaudi a ce mouvement, nous l'avons suivi, nous y avons participé.
Leadership and Conflict Within the Febrerista Party of Paraguay
Authors: Lewis Paul H. 
Published: March 2007

Roberto Michels, writing in 1915, said about political parties:Every party organization represents an oligarchical power grounded upon a democratic basis. We find everywhere electors and elected. Also we find everywhere that the power of the elected leaders over the electing masses is almost unlimited.This, in a nutshell, expresses his now famous “iron law of oligarchy”— the assertion that every party organization must sooner or later become dominated by a small elite of leaders who will use their power to perpetuate themselves, and will succeed in doing so even in the face of widespread opposition from the rank and file.Michels is supported in this view by a more contemporary student of political parties, Maurice Duverger, who says that: “The leadership of parties tends naturally to assume an oligarchic form. A veritable 'ruling class’ comes into being that is more or less closed; it is an ‘inner circle’ into which it is difficult to penetrate.”
Evolucion de la Propiedad Territorial en el Peru
Authors: Martínez Héctor 
Published: March 2007

El análisis del origen y evolución de la propiedad territorial en el Perú, necesariamente, está ligado a cada una de las etapas de su acontecer histórico: pre-inca, incaica, conquista y coloniaje, emancipación y república.En el estado pre-incaico, encontramos la marca, territorio, región o provincia, donde estaba enmarcado el ayllu, sociedad gentilicia, vinculada, sobre todo, por lazos consanguíneos y/o religiosos. El binomio marca-ayllu es la célula territorial, social y económica que permite el desarrollo de este período y del posterior, el incaico.El ayllu representa, en último análisis, la suma total de los habitantes que pueblan una marca determinada, con sus tierras, pastos, bosques y aguas, de propiedad colectiva, indivisa.
Jose Cecilio del Valle's Dream of a Latin-American Federation
Authors: Bumgartner Louis E. 
Published: March 2007

In 1824, José Cecilio del Valle presented to the Constituent Assembly of Central America a portrait of “Jorge Washington.” One of a number of such gestures, the presentation has no special significance. History would be no poorer if the record of the act had been lost forever. But if Valle could have chosen from his distinguished career a single moment to convey the image he wished to cast in the pages of history, he well might have selected the instant when the likeness of Washington passed from his hands to the waiting ones of the president of the Assembly. The scene would have been impressive on canvas. Stripped of flesh, his features showing signs of scholarship's discipline, Valle bends slightly from the waist, arms outstretched, offering the gift — his promise to dedicate himself to the success of the nation that Central Americans were trying to build.But Valle had his own notions as to how Central America could succeed. Steeped in the history of the New World as well as of the Old, he thought the success of the Federation of Central America depended a great deal on the success of all new American nations. This is not to say, however, that he doubted that Central Americans could build a nation from their own resources.
The Brazilian Congressional Elections
Authors: Young Jordan M. 
Published: March 2007

Emerging from the voting pattern of the Brazilian congressional elections of October 7, 1962, is a reassuring pattern of political growth and responsible participation by the Brazilian electorate.Congressional elections demand a regional approach. North Americans perhaps understand this better than most people. A great deal of caution is used before establishing a national trend of events in the United States by using, for example, the Arkansas returns. Similarly, to claim that New York speaks for the nation is dangerous.The same caution should also be used in Brazil. The tight race for the governorship of Pernambuco tells the story of almost equally-balanced forces in that state. The Sao Paulo returns may provide some positive indicators of the 1965 presidential race. Rio Grande do Sul demonstrated the basically-conservative nature of the electorate in that area. In contrast, the state returns in Guanabara seem to present an example of complete political irresponsibility and immaturity.
The Indian-Oriented Novel in Latin America: New Spirit, New Forms, New Scope
Authors: Sommers Joseph 
Published: March 2007

Fixed attitudes toward literature in Latin America display a consistent tendency to become unfixed in relatively short order. This is particularly true in the case of fiction dealing with Indian themes.During the 1930s and the following decade, a number of diverse factors coincided to encourage cultivation of this facet of the Latin-American novel, in a manner quite different from nineteenth-century romantics who had glorified and idealized a remote, unreal indigenous past. Mounting socio-economic pressures, newly-awakened political movements, a widespread national consciousness, strengthened among novelists by the successes of the criollista writers of the 1920's (Gallegos, Güiraldes, Rivera) — all combined to encourage concentration on the Indian as a social problem.
Operation Condor: Mexico's Antidrug Campaign Enters a New Era
Authors: Craig Richard 
Published: March 2007

In recent years Mexico has demonstrated the capacity to cultivate, process, ship, and transship vast quantities of illegal narcotic drugs. Such activity has traditionally been geared to the realities of domestic poverty, enormous profit, and American demand. Mexican marijuana dominated the U.S. market until quite recently. More importantly from the American viewpoint were the tons of Mexican heroin which saturated U.S. cities in the mid-1970s. Furthermore, Mexico is still the source of vast quantities of psychotropics and an increasingly popular conduit for South American cocaine.According to Craig (1978), U.S. officials long sought to convince their Mexican counterparts that the key to any effective antidrug program lay in eliminating the illicit product at the source. Until such time that herbicides were applied on a massive scale against marijuana and opium poppies, they argued, the annual Mexican campaign would prove an exercise in futility.
Interstate Conflict Behavior and Regional Potential for Conflict in Latin America
Authors: Grabendorff Wolf 
Published: March 2007

The growing importance of third world countries in the international system brings their potential for conflict and cooperation to the forefront. Given the fact that the East-West conflict tends to intensify the North-South conflict, a general tendency toward more warlike antagonisms is becoming evident within the Third World. In view of this trend, Latin America as a region becomes particularly interesting; conditions here have always led to conflict situations between the various countries, but specific historical factors seem to have kept these conflicts from erupting to the same extent that they have in other regions of the Third World.Conflicts between two states do not suddenly occur. Their virulence rather gradually develops from a mixture of border conflicts, historical animosities, economic disputes, differences in political systems, arms races, and certainly, the influence of the big powers.