bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of vibration on active and passive range of motion in elite female synchronized swimmers
Authors: Sands William A. , McNeal Jeni R. , Stone Michael H. , Kimmel Wendy L. , Gregory Haff G. , Jemni Monem 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the acute effects of vibration and stretching on passive and active forward split range of motion in elite adult female synchronized swimmers. Eleven athletes performed a passive forward split test measuring the height of the anterior superior iliac spine on both sides and an active split test on both sides by adopting an inverted split position. Then athletes were assigned randomly by right or left leg to receive vibration on one leg while stretching. The contralateral leg was stretched but did not receive vibration and served as the control. The treatment involved a 40‐s exposure to vibration of the forward leg in a split and 40 s of vibration to the rear leg in a split. The athletes were then post‐tested using the same protocols. The results indicated that the vibration had a statistically significant influence on passive forward split flexibility, but not active split flexibility. The results of this study confirm earlier work and further demonstrate the efficacy of vibration in enhancing range of motion in a passive split position. Given that it is often difficult to achieve large changes in range of motion with already highly trained elite athletes, this methodology shows considerable promise. Vibration may not be powerful enough to evoke changes in active range of motion in spite of the changes in passive range of motion.
Influence of test duration on oxygen uptake attained during treadmill running
Authors: James David V. B. , Sandals Leigh E. , Draper Stephen B. , Maldonado‐Martín Sara , Wood Dan M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPrevious investigations have revealed that in well‐trained middle‐distance runners, oxygen uptake (VO2) does not attain maximal values (VO2max) in exhaustive treadmill trials where the VO2 demand exceeds VO2max. To date, this shortfall in the VO2 attained has been demonstrated in trials as short as 2 min in duration. In this study, we investigated whether a reduction in exhaustive test duration influences the VO2 attained during running on a treadmill. Six middle‐distance runners participated in the study, completing an exhaustive 400 m and 800 m trial. These trials, together with a progressive test to determine VO2max, were completed in a counterbalanced order. Oxygen uptakes attained during the 400 m and 800 m trials were compared to examine the influence of exhaustive test duration. A plateau in VO2 was observed in all participants for the progressive test, demonstrating the attainment of VO2max. The mean speed, duration, and resulting distance in the constant‐speed exhaustive trials were 25.8 km · h−1 (s=1.2), 55.8 s (s=2.3), and 400.2 m (s=20.2) for the 400 m trial, and 24.3 km · h−1 (s=0.8), 108.4 s (s=21.2), and 730.1 m (s=129.1) for the 800 m trial, respectively. A paired‐samples t‐test revealed a significantly different (P=0.018)%VO2max was attained for the 400 m (85.7%, s=3.0) and 800 m (89.1%, s=5.0) trials. In conclusion, VO2 did not reach VO2max during the exhaustive constant‐speed 400 m and 800 m trials, but the test duration does influence the%VO2max achieved. Specifically, the VO2 attained becomes progressively further below VO2max as trial duration is reduced, such that 89% and 86% VO2max is achieved in exhaustive 800 m and 400 m constant‐speed trials, respectively.
Imaging Nutrient Distributions in Plant Tissue Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Metzner Ralf , Schneider Heike Ursula , Breuer Uwe , Schroeder Walter Heinz 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A new approach to trace the transport routes of macronutrients in plants at the level of cells and tissues and to measure their elemental distributions was developed for investigating the dynamics and structure-function relationships of transport processes. Stem samples from Phaseolus vulgaris were used as a test system. Shock freezing and cryo-preparation were combined in a cryogenic chain with cryo-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (cryo-ToF-SIMS) for element and isotope-specific imaging. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) was integrated into the cryogenic workflow to assess the quality of structural preservation. We evaluated the capability of these techniques to monitor transport pathways and processes in xylem and associated tissues using supplementary sodium (Na) and tracers for potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), and 41K added to the transpiration stream. Cryo-ToF-SIMS imaging produced detailed mappings of water, K, calcium, magnesium, the K tracers, and Na without quantification. Lateral resolutions ranged from 10 μm in survey mappings and at high mass resolution to approximately 1 μm in high lateral resolution imaging in reduced areas and at lower mass resolution. The tracers Rb and 41K, as well as Na, were imaged with high sensitivity in xylem vessels and surrounding tissues. The isotope signature of the stable isotope tracer was utilized for relative quantification of the 41K tracer as a fraction of total K at the single pixel level. Cryo-SEM confirmed that tissue structures had been preserved with subcellular detail throughout all procedures. Overlays of cryo-ToF-SIMS images onto the corresponding SEM images allowed detailed correlation of nutrient images with subcellular structures.
RETARDED GROWTH OF EMBRYO1, a New Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein, Expresses in Endosperm to Control Embryo Growth
Authors: Kondou Youichi , Nakazawa Miki , Kawashima Mika , Ichikawa Takanari , Yoshizumi Takeshi , Suzuki Kumiko , Ishikawa Akie , Koshi Tomoko , Matsui Ryo , Muto Shu , Matsui Minami 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe have isolated two dominant mutants from screening approximately 50,000 RIKEN activation-tagging lines that have short inflorescence internodes. The activation T-DNAs were inserted near a putative basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene and expression of this gene was increased in the mutant lines. Overexpression of this bHLH gene produced the original mutant phenotype, indicating it was responsible for the mutants. Specific expression was observed during seed development. The loss-of-function mutation of the RETARDED GROWTH OF EMBRYO1 (RGE1) gene caused small and shriveled seeds. The embryo of the loss-of-function mutant showed retarded growth after the heart stage although abnormal morphogenesis and pattern formation of the embryo and endosperm was not observed. We named this bHLH gene RGE1. RGE1 expression was determined in endosperm cells using the β-glucuronidase reporter gene and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Microarray and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed specific down-regulation of putative GDSL motif lipase genes in the rge1-1 mutant, indicating possible involvement of these genes in seed morphology. These data suggest that RGE1 expression in the endosperm at the heart stage of embryo development plays an important role in controlling embryo growth.
Developmental Role and Auxin Responsiveness of Class III Homeodomain Leucine Zipper Gene Family Members in Rice
Authors: Itoh Jun-Ichi , Hibara Ken-Ichiro , Sato Yutaka , Nagato Yasuo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMembers of the Class III homeodomain leucine zipper (Class III HD-Zip) gene family are central regulators of crucial aspects of plant development. To better understand the roles of five Class III HD-Zip genes in rice (Oryza sativa) development, we investigated their expression patterns, ectopic expression phenotypes, and auxin responsiveness. Four genes, OSHB1 to OSHB4, were expressed in a localized domain of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), the adaxial cells of leaf primordia, the leaf margins, and the xylem tissue of vascular bundles. In contrast, expression of OSHB5 was observed only in phloem tissue. Plants ectopically expressing microRNA166-resistant versions of the OSHB3 gene exhibited severe defects, including the ectopic production of leaf margins, shoots, and radialized leaves. The treatment of seedlings with auxin quickly induced ectopic OSHB3 expression in the entire region of the SAM, but not in other tissues. Furthermore, this ectopic expression of OSHB3 was correlated with leaf initiation defects. Our findings suggest that rice Class III HD-Zip genes have conserved functions with their homologs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but have also acquired specific developmental roles in grasses or monocots. In addition, some Class III HD-Zip genes may regulate the leaf initiation process in the SAM in an auxin-dependent manner.
A Distinct Endosomal Ca2+/Mn2+ Pump Affects Root Growth through the Secretory Process
Authors: Li Xiyan , Chanroj Salil , Wu Zhongyi , Romanowsky Shawn M. , Harper Jeffrey F. , Sze Heven 
Published: June 2008

AbstractCa2+ is required for protein processing, sorting, and secretion in eukaryotic cells, although the particular roles of the transporters involved in the secretory system of plants are obscure. One endomembrane-type Ca-ATPase from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), AtECA3, diverges from AtECA1, AtECA2, and AtECA4 in protein sequence; yet, AtECA3 appears similar in transport activity to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-bound AtECA1. Expression of AtECA3 in a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant defective in its endogenous Ca2+ pumps conferred the ability to grow on Ca2+-depleted medium and tolerance to toxic levels of Mn2+. A green fluorescent protein-tagged AtECA3 was functionally competent and localized to intracellular membranes of yeast, suggesting that Ca2+ and Mn2+ loading into internal compartment(s) enhanced yeast proliferation. In mesophyll protoplasts, AtECA3-green fluorescent protein associated with a subpopulation of endosome/prevacuolar compartments based on partial colocalization with the Ara7 marker. Interestingly, three independent eca3 T-DNA disruption mutants showed severe reduction in root growth normally stimulated by 3 mm Ca2+, indicating that AtECA3 function cannot be replaced by an ER-associated AtECA1. Furthermore, root growth of mutants is sensitive to 50 μ m Mn2+, indicating that AtECA3 is also important for the detoxification of excess Mn2+. Curiously, Ateca3 mutant roots produced 65% more apoplastic protein than wild-type roots, as monitored by peroxidase activity, suggesting that the secretory process was altered. Together, these results demonstrate that the role of AtECA3 is distinct from that of the more abundant ER AtECA1. AtECA3 supports Ca2+-stimulated root growth and the detoxification of high Mn2+, possibly through activities mediated by post-Golgi compartments that coordinate membrane traffic and sorting of materials to the vacuole and the cell wall.
Identification of Regulatory Pathways Controlling Gene Expression of Stress-Responsive Mitochondrial Proteins in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ho Lois H.M. , Giraud Estelle , Uggalla Vindya , Lister Ryan , Clifton Rachel , Glen Angela , Thirkettle-Watts Dave , Van Aken Olivier , Whelan James 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this study we analyzed transcript abundance and promoters of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins to identify signaling pathways that regulate stress-induced gene expression. We used Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) alternative oxidase AOX1a, external NADP H-dehydrogenase NDB2, and two additional highly stress-responsive genes, At2g21640 and BCS1. As a starting point, the promoter region of AOX1a was analyzed and functional analysis identified 10 cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs), which played a role in response to treatment with H2O2, rotenone, or both. Six of these elements were also functional in the NDB2 promoter. The promoter region of At2g21640, previously defined as a hallmark of oxidative stress, shared two functional CAREs with AOX1a and was responsive to treatment with H2O2 but not rotenone. Microarray analysis further supported that signaling pathways induced by H2O2 and rotenone are not identical. The promoter of BCS1 was not responsive to H2O2 or rotenone, but highly responsive to salicylic acid (SA), whereas the promoters of AOX1a and NDB2 were unresponsive to SA. Analysis of transcript abundance of these genes in a variety of defense signaling mutants confirmed that BCS1 expression is regulated in a different manner compared to AOX1a, NDB2, and At2g21640. These mutants also revealed a pathway associated with programmed cell death that regulated AOX1a in a manner distinct from the other genes. Thus, at least three distinctive pathways regulate mitochondrial stress response at a transcriptional level, an SA-dependent pathway represented by BCS1, a second pathway that represents a convergence point for signals generated by H2O2 and rotenone on multiple CAREs, some of which are shared between responsive genes, and a third pathway that acts via EDS1 and PAD4 regulating only AOX1a. Furthermore, posttranscriptional regulation accounts for changes in transcript abundance by SA treatment for some genes.
Arginase-Negative Mutants of Arabidopsis Exhibit Increased Nitric Oxide Signaling in Root Development
Authors: Flores Teresita , Todd Christopher D. , Tovar-Mendez Alejandro , Dhanoa Preetinder K. , Correa-Aragunde Natalia , Hoyos Mary Elizabeth , Brownfield Disa M. , Mullen Robert T. , Lamattina Lorenzo , Polacco Joe C. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Mutation of either arginase structural gene (ARGAH1 or ARGAH2 encoding arginine [Arg] amidohydrolase-1 and -2, respectively) resulted in increased formation of lateral and adventitious roots in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings and increased nitric oxide (NO) accumulation and efflux, detected by the fluorogenic traps 3-amino,4-aminomethyl-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein diacetate and diamino-rhodamine-4M, respectively. Upon seedling exposure to the synthetic auxin naphthaleneacetic acid, NO accumulation was differentially enhanced in argah1-1 and argah2-1 compared with the wild type. In all genotypes, much 3-amino,4-aminomethyl-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence originated from mitochondria. The arginases are both localized to the mitochondrial matrix and closely related. However, their expression levels and patterns differ: ARGAH1 encoded the minor activity, and ARGAH1-driven β-glucuronidase (GUS) was expressed throughout the seedling; the ARGAH2∷GUS expression pattern was more localized. Naphthaleneacetic acid increased seedling lateral root numbers (total lateral roots per primary root) in the mutants to twice the number in the wild type, consistent with increased internal NO leading to enhanced auxin signaling in roots. In agreement, argah1-1 and argah2-1 showed increased expression of the auxin-responsive reporter DR5∷GUS in root tips, emerging lateral roots, and hypocotyls. We propose that Arg, or an Arg derivative, is a potential NO source and that reduced arginase activity in the mutants results in greater conversion of Arg to NO, thereby potentiating auxin action in roots. This model is supported by supplemental Arg induction of adventitious roots and increased NO accumulation in argah1-1 and argah2-1 versus the wild type.
RuBee: applying low‐frequency technology for retail and medical uses
Authors: Wyld David C. 
Published: June 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore RuBee, which is a new form of automatic identification technology that can complement many of the new developments for the use of radio frequency identification (RFID). This is a timely piece, which examines the technology behind RuBee and the uses of this new identification tool.Design/methodology/approachThis technology is explored through a review of the available information on RuBee, examining the emerging standards for the technology from the The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).FindingsThrough the use of magnetic energy for communications, RuBee provides superior reading capabilities vs RFID in environments involving metal and water. RuBee also provides many of the advantages found in active RFID, with unlimited life span and far lower costs.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations of this study center on the fact that RuBee is an emerging technology and while the IEEE will be providing a standards framework, much work remains to be done to see how the technology will be applied in appropriate and cost‐effective ways.Practical implicationsThis paper will allow executives as well as technologists to examine RuBee as both an alternative and a complement to RFID technology for use in myriad settings.Originality/valueThis article will be of value to both practitioners and academicians in several fields, including retail and health care management as these people consider RuBee, RFID and other automatic identification technologies as a means of providing solutions to business problems and return on investment from technological applications.
A new indicator of technical complexity at work
Authors: Rodríguez Menés Jorge 
Published: June 2008

PurposeThis paper aims to conceptualise and measure the technical aspects of the division of labour (DoL) with a new survey indicator of technical complexity (ITC) at work.Design/methodology/approachTwo technical criteria skills and functions are used to distinguish positions in the DoL and to cluster and rank them into a 28‐category ordinal survey ITC. The indicator's construct‐validity is tested by assessing the correlation between these criteria and occupational activities' levels of substantive and organizational complexity, as uncovered by categorical principal component analysis. Criterion‐validity is assessed by testing the indicator's ability to predict occupational prestige, absolutely and relatively to other indicators.FindingsThe indicator shows high levels of construct and criterion‐validity.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to a better understanding and measurement of technical constraints in the DoL, facilitating a future evaluation of their impact on class inequalities.
The importance of specificity in occupation‐based social classifications
Authors: Lambert Paul S. , Leai Larry Tan Koon , Prandy Kenneth , Gayle Vernon , Max Bergman Manfred 
Published: June 2008

PurposeThis paper aims to present reasons why social classifications which use occupations should seek to adopt “specific” approaches which are tailored to the country, time period and gender of the subjects under study.Design/methodology/approachThe relative motivations for adopting a specific approach to social classifications are discussed and theoretical perspectives on specificity and empirical evidence on the contribution of specific approaches are reviewed. Also the practical costs of implementing specific social classifications are evaluated, and the authors' development of the “GEODE” data service (grid‐enabled occupational data environment), which seeks to assist this process, is discussed.FindingsSpecific approaches make a non‐trivial difference to the conclusions drawn from analyses of occupation‐based social classifications. It is argued that the GEODE service has reduced the practical challenges of implementing specific measures.Research limitations/implicationsThere remain conceptual and pragmatic challenges in working with specific occupation‐based social classifications. Non‐specific (“universal”) measures are adequate for many purposes.Practical implicationsThe paper argues that there are few excuses for ignoring specific occupation‐based social classifications.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates that recent technological developments have shifted the balance in the long‐standing debate between universal and specific approaches to occupation‐based social classifications.
Intergenerational transfer of occupational status in nineteenth century Zeeland, The Netherlands
Authors: Zijdeman Richard L. 
Published: June 2008

PurposeThis paper seeks to study the influence of industrialisation, urbanisation and means of communication on the association between father's and son's occupational status in all 117 municipalities in the province of Zeeland, The Netherlands from 1811 to 1890.Design/methodology/approachHypotheses from both the logic of industrialism thesis and reproduction theory are tested with multi‐level analyses on data on the individual as well as the contextual level. First, the paper studies the influence of contextual factors on intergenerational occupational status attainment. Second, it uses relatively large‐scale individual and contextual historical data over a long period of time.FindingsThe paper adds to the current literature by showing that the association of father's and son's occupational status differs between municipalities and over time and that these differences are partly explained by industrialisation, urbanisation and means of communication. All findings point in one direction, that the province of Zeeland became a more closed society in the nineteenth century. This finding goes against claims that the increasing openness in Dutch society, found after the Second World War, is a trend that came about with the rise of industrialisation.Originality/valueThe results provide support for the reproduction theory and they refute the logic of the industrialism thesis.
Minority ethnic men in British labour market (1972‐2005)
Authors: Li Yaojun , Heath Anthony 
Published: June 2008

PurposeThis paper seeks to investigate ethnic disadvantages in the UK labour market in the last three decades. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on data from the most authoritative government surveys, the gross and net differences in employment status and class position between minority ethnic and White British men covering 34 years (1972‐2005) are analysed.FindingsWhite British and White Other men were generally advantaged in employment and in access to professional and managerial (salariat) jobs. White Irish men were making steady progress, and have now caught up with the White British. Black men were much more likely to be unemployed in recession years but progress is discernible with Black Caribbeans approaching, and Black Africans frequently outperforming, the White British in gaining access to the salariat. Indian and Chinese men were behind the White British in employment but little different in access to the salariat. Pakistani/Bangladeshi men were most disadvantaged in both respects.Originality/valueThis is the most systematic research in this area so far, using the most authoritative data and covering such a long period.