bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specificity of Dysfunctional Thinking in Children with Symptoms of Social Anxiety, Separation Anxiety and Generalised Anxiety
Authors: Bögels Susan M. , Snieder Nienke , Kindt Merel 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe present study investigated whether children with high symptom levels of either social phobia (SP), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), or generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) are characterised by a specific set of dysfunctional interpretations that are consistent with the cognitive model of their specific fear (“content-specificity of interpretations”). It was also examined whether such cognitive bias is predominantly activated in those ambiguous situations that are relevant for the pertinent fear (“content-specificity of situations”). Children high on symptoms of SP, SAD, and GAD and low-anxious control children were exposed to stories describing ambiguous situations and asked to give their interpretations and action plans. Results showed that high-anxious children displayed a negative cognitive bias compared to control children, but did not differ from controls with respect to the action plans given. Some evidence was found for the content-specificity of this cognitive bias. That is, consistent with the hypothesis of content-specificity of interpretations, children high on SAD reported more interpretations consistent with the content of their fear than children high on SP and GAD. Further, children high on SP and SAD predominantly displayed a negative cognitive bias in response to respectively social and separation situations. Children high on GAD did not show content-specificity for interpretations or situations. The theoretical implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Investigating Safety Behaviours in Insomnia: The Development of the Sleep-related Behaviours Questionnaire (SRBQ)
Authors: Ree Melissa J. , Harvey Allison G. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA safety behaviour is an overt or covert strategy employed in order to prevent a feared outcome from occurring. These behaviours can, however, prevent the disconfirmation of unhelpful beliefs, and may make the feared outcome more likely to occur (Salkovskis, 1991). The current study extends Harvey's (2002a) investigation of safety behaviours in insomnia by developing a questionnaire measure designed to assess the use of safety behaviours that are employed to promote sleep and cope with tiredness. A development sample of 132 individuals with and without insomnia was employed to develop the 32-item Sleep-Related Behaviours Questionnaire (SRBQ). The SRBQ showed good internal consistency and was able to discriminate normal sleepers from those with insomnia. Interestingly, most safety behaviours were associated with impairment in both sleep and daytime functioning. This highlights that day- and night-time processes may be interlinked in insomnia, and stresses the importance of research and treatment focusing on both the day and night. Future research is needed to further investigate the psychometric properties of the SRBQ, and to explore the relationships between safety behaviours and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep.
Evaluation of a Puppet Interview to Measure Young Children's Self-Reports of Temperament
Authors: Roth Janet H. , Dadds Mark R. , McAloon John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis study developed and evaluated a puppet interview that allows children to self-report on temperamental constructs. Structured child self-report measures are rarely utilised in clinical assessment of young children under the age of 7—8 years. Given that clinical assessment is often characterised by low convergence between raters, such a measure may offer important contributions. The present study developed and evaluated a measure based on items from the Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory and reports two studies with child participants aged 4 to 5 years. Independent observations of the children were also made. Results showed moderate levels of internal consistency and stability, and convergence between child self-report and teacher/parent raters was low, but similar levels of agreement were achieved between adult informants. The puppet interview thus showed some potential but highlighted the difficulties of self-report in young children within a multiple informant framework in clinical assessment.
Cyber-Flirting: An Examination of Men's and Women's Flirting Behaviour Both Offline and on the Internet
Authors: Whitty Monica T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWhile flirting is a relatively underresearched area within psychology, even less is known about how people cyber-flirt. This paper explores how often individuals flirt offline compared to online. Moreover, it attempts to examine how men and women flirt within these different spaces. Five thousand, six hundred and ninety-seven individuals, of which 3554 (62%) were women and 2143 (38%) were men, completed a survey about their flirting behaviour both in face-to-face interactions and in chatrooms. The first hypothesis, which stated that the body would be used to flirt with as frequently online as offline, was partly supported. However, it was found that individuals downplayed the importance of physical attractiveness online. Women flirted by displaying nonverbal signals (offline) or substitutes for nonverbal cues (online), to a greater extent than men. In chatrooms men were more likely than women to initiate contact. It is concluded that cyber-flirting is more than simply a meeting of minds and that future research needs to consider the role of the body in online interactions.
Internet Relationships and Their Impact on Primary Relationships
Authors: Underwood Heather , Findlay Bruce 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe number of personal relationships occurring via the Internet is increasing as more people gain access to it. Many of these relationships are romantic in nature, and evidence is accumulating that they have the potential to have an adverse effect on existing face-to-face relationships. This study explored the formation of romantic relationships on their Internet, their nature, and their possible impact on existing marital or de facto relationships in a sample of 75 adults (mean age 42 years, SD = 11.1 years) who responded to an online survey of individuals involved in extradyadic relationships on the Internet. Respondents reported a variety of means of contacting their online partner. More females than males communicated with them daily. Most respondents knew what their partner looked like, most had contacted them by telephone, and a third had met them. Most reported more satisfaction with their online relationship than with their face-to-face one, though few said that it was more important to them than their primary relationship. Although only a quarter of the sample admitted that their online relationship had affected their primary one, those participants reported concealing the truth about the time or nature of their activities, that everyday tasks did not get done, and that levels of sexual intimacy with their primary partner had dropped. The nature of these and other problems suggests that therapists should be aware of the potential for Internet relationships to seriously affect face-to-face relationships.
Psychological Sense of Community in Groups on the Internet
Authors: Forster Peter M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPsychological sense of community (PSOC) was studied within two types of virtual community and one type of community of place. Fifty-six members of these community groups completed the Sense of Community Index (SCI). An analysis of variance found partial support for the initial hypotheses with the intentional-community-of-place group scoring significantly higher on the SCI than the location-oriented virtual community. The results were discussed in the context of 3 PSOC correlates of depth of disclosure, reciprocity and shared interests/experience. It was concluded that virtual communities may contribute to overall PSOC.
Computer-Delivered Behavioural Avoidance Tests for Spider Phobia
Authors: Meng Charles Teng Tat , Kirkby Kenneth C. , Martin Frances , Gilroy Lisa J. , Daniels Brett A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBehavioural avoidance tests (BATs) are a cornerstone of objective assessment of phobias. However, live BATs have several disadvantages. They are practically difficult and time-consuming to set up and are not standardised. This study examined two computer-delivered BATs (using slide and video presentations of phobic stimuli respectively): first, in respect to their ability to discriminate fearfuls from nonfearfuls, and second, in terms of convergent validity with a live BAT and the Spider Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ). Sixty-four low (n = 32) and high (n = 32) spider-fearful undergraduate participants were administered the three BATs in counterbalanced order. Results showed that subjective anxiety on all BATs was highly discriminative of low and high spider-fearfuls. The number of steps completed did not discriminate between phobics and nonphobics on the computer BATs. However, there was good convergent validity between the live BAT, the SPQ and both computer-delivered BATs on subjective anxiety. Overall, the live BAT gives a clearer indication of avoidance behaviour while the video BAT assesses subjective anxiety across a wider range of steps. The development of computer-delivered BATs that reliably measure avoidance is necessary before contemplating them as an alternative to a live BAT.
Effectiveness of CBT Versus Standard Treatment for Childhood Anxiety Disorders in a Community Clinic Setting
Authors: Barrington Julie , Prior Margot , Richardson Margaret , Allen Kathleen 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe efficacy of cognitive—behavioural therapy (CBT) for the treatment of childhood anxiety has mainly been demonstrated in university-clinic settings. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CBT for the treatment of childhood anxiety in a community mental health service, compared with standard treatments (‘Treatment as Usual’ [TAU]) 'child psychotherapy, family therapy and eclectic treatments. Fifty-four children with anxiety disorders, aged from 7 to 14 years, were randomly assigned to either a CBT or TAU group. CBT and the standard treatments were provided by 18 experienced therapists, and the mean number of treatment sessions was 12. Baseline and follow-up measures at 3, 6 and 12 months included an interview based on criteria in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) that was conducted by a clinical psychologist who was blind to the treatment conditions, and standardised anxiety measures (parent, child and teacher reports). Significant improvements were found on all anxiety measures over time, but no significant differences were found between CBT and TAU. The challenge of conducting such research in community settings is discussed.
The Starship Post-Traumatic Amnesia Scale: Does It Predict Outcome After Mild to Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Children Aged 3 to 7 Years?
Authors: Thickpenny-Davis Kirsten L. , Ogden Jenni A. , Fernando Kris 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis study assesses whether the Starship Post-Traumatic Amnesia scale, developed for children aged 3 to 7 years, can predict neuropsychological impairment and behavioural outcome following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Participants are 19 children aged from 3 to 7 years with a GCS score of >13, and a PTA of 0–3 days. Neuropsychological outcome is measured by the NEPSY, and behavioural outcome by the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) two months after the TBI. The duration of PTA contributed to the prediction of scores on the NEPSY memory and learning domain. In all cases the longer the duration of PTA, the poorer the memory scores were. The duration of PTA did not contribute to the prediction of NEPSY visuospatial processing or attention and executive functions domain scores, or to any of the CBCL scores. This preliminary study suggests that the Starship PTA scale has good sensitivity for this very young age group, even when the TBI is mild.
Effects of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Comparison of Direct and Indirect Injury Groups
Authors: Monte Veronica Eileen De , Geffen Gina Malke 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe aims were to investigate the general and specific effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and if people with orthopaedic injuries who had sustained their injuries through exposure to acceleration/deceleration force could have sustained a brain injury. The Rapid Screen of Concussion and Digit Symbol Substitution Test were given to patients with mTBI (89 male, 23 female), and patients with orthopaedic injuries that did (27 male, 5 female) or did not (27 male, 15 female) involve deceleration forces within 24 hours of injury. A group of uninjured people (31 male, 12 female) were also tested. Compared to all other groups, patients with mTBI recalled fewer words and correctly answered fewer orientation questions. Patients with either mTBI or deceleration orthopaedic injuries showed slower speed of information processing than patients with nondeceleration orthopaedic injuries or participants without injury. Nondeceleration patients and uninjured participants did not differ. These results suggest that there are both general injury effects and specific mTBI effects on efficiency of cognitive functioning. The results also highlight the probability that patients with a diagnosis of orthopaedic injury who were exposed to acceleration/deceleration forces may have suffered a mild brain injury as well.
Pre-Injury, Injury and Early Post-Injury Predictors of Long-Term Functional and Psychosocial Recovery After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Tate Robyn L. , Broe G. Anthony , Cameron Ian D. , Hodgkinson Adeline E. , Soo Cheryl A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackground: Findings from prognostic studies of functional and psychosocial recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI) reported to date have been limited by the restricted timeframe for prediction, generally within the first 5 years post-trauma. This investigation examined prediction of functional and psychosocial recovery in the medium-term (6 years post-trauma; Time 1) and long-term (23 years post-trauma; Time 2). Methods: The participants comprised a consecutive series of the first 100 patients with severe TBI receiving their primary rehabilitation at a regionally based unit. At the 23-year follow-up, 91% of the sample was traced: 17 had died, 5 declined participation, and 69 were interviewed, with 68 participating at both Time 1 and Time 2. Five outcome domains were examined: mobility, self-care, employability, relationships and living skills. Results: Very few of seven pre-injury variables were significantly correlated with any of the outcome variables. A series of logistic regression analyses successfully predicted levels of recovery in all domains using four predictor variables: pre-injury occupational status, duration of post-traumatic amnesia, and physical and neuropsychological disability at rehabilitation discharge. At Time 1, 60% or more of the variance was accounted for in four of the five domains, and at Time 2, more than 40% of the variance was accounted for in all domains. Sensitivity ranged from 62% (self-care) to 90% (mobility). With a single exception (employability at Time 2), specificity was also high, ranging from 80% (relationships) to 98% (mobility). Comparable accuracy rates were also found for positive and negative predictive power. Conclusions: These results demonstrate impressive predictive capacity of early post-trauma variables for the very long-term levels of recovery. They provide guidance for the tailoring of individual rehabilitation programs and the identification of people who may require special supports after rehabilitation discharge.
Goal Planning Rather than Neuropsychological Tests Should Be Used to Structure and Evaluate Cognitive Rehabilitation
Authors: Wilson Barbara A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMany studies of cognitive rehabilitation use neuropsychological tests to plan and evaluate treatment. This paper suggests that this is not a good rehabilitation procedure. The main purposes of rehabilitation are to achieve the maximum physical, psychological, social and vocational wellbeing of each individual and to enable people to return to their own, most appropriate environment. We do not engage in rehabilitation in order to help people achieve better scores on tests. This might be acceptable if there were a direct relationship between test scores and real life problems but there is not such a relationship. Although tests are useful in providing a picture of strengths and weaknesses, they are extremely limited in identifying everyday disabilities and handicaps. People can lead improved lives by compensating for or by-passing some of their cognitive problems yet remain unchanged on test scores. Conversely, they can improve on test scores yet remain severely handicapped in everyday life. One approach that is gaining ground in rehabilitation is goal planning. This allows patients/clients, their relatives and rehabilitation staff to negotiate appropriate and meaningful goals, determine how these should be achieved and measure success, or failure in real life situations. Goal planning both reduces the artificial distinction between rehabilitation practice and outcome measures, and allows the integration of theory and practice. The processes and procedures involved in goal planning are described and followed by an evaluative discussion.
Realising the Potential of Cognitive Rehabilitation for the Brain-Injured: Next Steps
Authors: Adams Kenneth M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractContemporary psychological literature as well as the preceding papers (Mateer & Sohlberg, 2003; Wilson, 2003; Ylvisaker, 2003) emphasise the individual patient's personal ecological context as a crucial factor in the delivery of cognitive rehabilitation services. Testing and assessment procedures in neuropsychology have been enjoined to take increasing notice of the patient's historical, cultural and social background in providing services (American Psychological Association, 2003). Similarly, the design and delivery of treatment services must take into account how and where patients are living their lives post-injury. This has the benefit of moving cognitive rehabilitation from an emphasis on the more obvious or face-valid concerns about sterile “cognitive” models to individual ways of facilitating learning and information transfer improvement in the real world. In this way of approaching the problem, the patient's cultural and demographic context as well as their emotional adaptations are not confounding variables but critical design variables. The challenge now in delivering these paradigms of care is to show that they are appropriate and effective in some place in healthcare delivery systems, whether traditional or alternative. Questions of effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation treatments and cost should be balanced in an equation relating to the probability of objective and demonstrable patient enhancement in living. Goals set and achieved must have consensual value that cannot be captured by traditional cost-benefit analysis in preventive or curative healthcare economic methodology. Cognitive rehabilitation as a family of interventions has little to no chance of being evaluated as efficacious using traditional treatment designs, using traditional neuropsychological measures as dependent variables, and involving research designs with crossover, sham or placebo conditions.
The Assessment of Executive Functioning Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Hennessy Maria J. , Geffen Gina , Pauley Gerard , Cutmore Tim 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe assessment of executive functioning 1 month following a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is minimal, inconsistent and difficult to integrate. Four executive processes of checking, inhibition, sharing and integrating were examined using an empirically derived assessment protocol based on executive process delineation (Baddeley & Della Sala, 1998). This protocol was administered to individuals at 1 month post-MTBI (n= 22), and a group of orthopaedic controls (n= 15) matched for age, sex, years of education and occupational status. Contrary to expectations, only one significant difference between the two groups occurred on the dual-task Telephone Search while Counting (p< .006), which was considered a measure of the executive process of sharing. Methodological limitations such as a small and heterogeneous sample may have influenced the findings in this study. The results provide support for the utility of a theoretically driven approach to executive functioning to aid the integration of neuropsychological results, and highlight the need for carefully controlled research at 1 month following a MTBI to further delineate the recovery process.
Verbal Recall After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Sensitivity of the Rapid Screen of Concussion
Authors: Kwapil Karleigh Jayne , Geffen Gina , McFarland Ken , DeMonte Veronica Eileen 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe present study aimed to determine whether including a sensitive test of immediate and delayed recall would improve the diagnostic validity of the Rapid Screen of Concussion (RSC) in mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) versus orthopaedic clinical samples. Two studies were undertaken. In Study 1, the performance of 156 mTBI and 145 orthopaedic participants was analysed to identify the number of individuals who performed at ceiling on the verbal memory subtest of the RSC, as this test required immediate and delayed recall of only five words. A second aim was to determine the sensitivity and specificity levels of the RSC. Study 2 aimed to examine whether replacement of the verbal memory subtest with the 12-word Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) could improve the sensitivity of the RSC in a new sample of 26 mTBI and 30 orthopaedic participants. Both studies showed that orthopaedic participants outperformed mTBI participants on each of the selected measures. Study 1 showed that 14% of mTBI participants performed at ceiling on the immediate and 21.2% on delayed recall test. Performance on the original battery yielded a sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 80% and overall correct classification of 81.5% participants. In Study 2, inclusion of the HVLT improved sensitivity to a level of 88.5%, decreased specificity to a level of 70% and resulted in an overall classification rate of 80%. It was concluded that although inclusion of the five-word subtest in the RSC can successfully distinguish concussed from non-concussed individuals, use of the HVLT in this protocol yields a more sensitive measure of subtle cognitive deficits following mTBI.
Community Integration Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Outcomes and Best Practice
Authors: Sloan Sue , Winkler Dianne , Callaway Libby 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCommunity integration is often cited as the ultimate aim of rehabilitation. However, outcome studies show that following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), many people do not return to valued life roles or reach previous levels of integration within their community. More recent research, in association with extensive clinical experience, reveals significant variability in outcomes within this group. Although some people return to productive activity and maintain a network of family and friends, others lead lives characterised by boredom and loneliness. This paper has two aims. The first is to examine TBI community integration outcome literature and selected theoretical models. The second is to describe a Community Approach to Participation (CAP), an individualised and collaborative model of community-based practice, which endeavours to address the poor outcomes identified following TBI. The CAP will be illustrated in the detailed case study of Sarah.