bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimensional Characteristics of Displacement Cascades in Austenitic Steels under Neutron Irradiation at Cryogenic Temperature
Authors: Kozlov AV , Portnykh IA , Skryabin LA , Lapin SS 
Published: April 2008

Samples of 16Cr - 15 Ni - 3 Mo - 1Ti steel were irradiated to a fast neutron fluence of 1.5 ∙ 1018 cm-2 and 1.5 ∙ 1019 cm-2 (E&gt;0.1 MeV) in the IVV - 2M reactor and investigated by transmission electron microscopy methods. Electron microscopy patterns were obtained. It was shown that the size distribution of clusters had a form close to a Gaussian after irradiation to a fluence of 1.5 ∙ 1018 n∙cm-2. There were several peaks in the distribution histogram of the sample irradiated to 1.5∙1019 n∙cm-2.
The formation of the low temperature irradiation clusters in austenitic steel was analyzed with a model of displacement cascades overlapping under cryogenic neutron irradiation. All the clusters formed were differentiated into two groups: low-temperature radiation clusters formed by not overlapped displacement cascades (LTRC - 1) and radiation clusters formed by overlapped cascade regions (LTRC - 2). Analytical expressions were obtained to describe the relationships of the average dimensions of LTRC of both groups and the dynamics of cluster accumulation.
Effect of Final Irradiation Temperature and Frequency of Irradiation Temperature Cycles on Microstructural Evolution of Vanadium Alloys
Authors: Nita N , Fukumoto K , Matsui H 
Published: April 2008

Effects of varying temperature on microstructure of materials under irradiation can be very complicated. In this paper, evolution of microstructure in vanadium alloys during temperature changes is closely examined with emphasis on the effect of frequency of the temperature changes and the final temperature.
Pure vanadium, V-5Cr and V-5Nb were prepared. Neutron irradiation was conducted in JMTR at constant temperatures of 200°C, 400°C and under cyclic temperature changes of 200/400°C. The numbers of temperature cycles were 0.5, 5.5 and 6 cycles. TEM observations, Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy and micro-Vickers hardness test were performed.
By comparison between 0.5 and 5.5 temperature cycle, coarser microstructures are observed in 5.5 cycles. Frequent temperature change is considered to have restricted the defect growth. By comparison between 5.5 and 6 temperature cycle irradiation, which is focused on the effect of the final temperature, coarser microstructures are observed in 6 cycle irradiation.
Effect of Temperature Differentials on Density and Smoothness
Authors: Gardiner MS , Wagner CT , Hodgson DT , Sain J 
Published: April 2008

A Roadware ARAN inertial profiler was used to calculate the International Roughness Index (IRI) for the Auburn University National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) test track tangent sections as well as three paving projects in Michigan. IRI values were calculated for short intervals [4.6 to 7.6 meters (15 to 25 feet)] rather than for the traditional 160 meters (0.1 mile). These short intervals were able to identify easily localized anomalies in the pavement smoothness due to changes in the construction activities. They were also useful in evaluating relationships between IRI and mix variables in the short NCAT test track test sections [60 meters (200 feet)].
IRI repeatability (standard deviation for three replicates) immediately after onstruction was found to be 0.063 m/km (3.99 inches/mile) in the right wheel path for mixes at the test track. The left wheel path tended to have higher and more variable IRI values. This was attributed to the left laser path being close to potentially segregated mix at the edges of the screed extension. The IRI variability increased with traffic. Using this nitial estimate of variability, some statistically significant differences due to mix variables such as aggregate source and/or binder grade can be seen.
Results from the test track indicate that the finer mixes tended to have IRI values that ncrease slightly as density increases. This suggests that working the fine mixes to obtain higher densities results in a higher initial roughness.This observation was also generally seen in the data from the Michigan field projects. IRI values decreased significantly within 6 months of trafficking for the majority of the mixes at the test track. This suggests that traffic can have a smoothing affect on the pavement for up to 6 months after the start of trafficking.
All results from this research were based on the construction of test track sections. These results should be verified on actual paving projects.
On the Identification of Critical Damage Mechanisms Parameters to Predict the Behavior of Charpy Specimens on the Upper Shelf
Authors: Poussard C , Sainte Catherine C , Forget P , Marini B 
Published: April 2008

The use of sub-sized Charpy-V specimens to monitor the mechanical properties of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels is receiving increasing attention. It is motivated by the fact that a smaller amount of material can be used to obtain the fracture properties, which can be of great economical interest when dealing with activated materials. Prior to use reduced-size specimens, investigations are still necessary to verify that the properties obtained from sub-sized specimens are comparable to those obtained from standard size specimens. Amongst the approaches that are available, the local approach to failure, which combines a description of the material microstructure (void density, distance between inclusions…) and empirical observations, is a promising way to investigate the transferability of mechanical properties. It has been successfully used to describe the macroscopic behavior of a wide range of cracked or notched specimens and components of various dimensions but restricted so far to quasi-static loading conditions.
The results discussed in the paper are focused on the upper shelf behavior of the French RPV material, equivalent to the American ASTM A508 C1.3 material. Modeling of the material is achieved using the Rousselier coupled damage constitutive equations. This model is implemented in CAST3M, a general-purpose finite element code developed by the French Atomic Energy Agency. Comparisons between the numerical results and the experimental observations are given and the computed local temperature elevations and plastic strain rates discussed to explain the behavior of the specimens.
Analysis of Curing Using Simultaneous Dynamic Mechanical and Dielectric Measurements
Authors: Suwardie JH 
Published: April 2008

Previously, curing reaction of a thermosetting system, with one of the components being a volatile material, was studied using Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer (STA). The actual heat of curing can be determined by subtracting the heat of volatilization from the heat of the curing process.
A new study of a similar thermosetting system using simultaneous dynamic mechanical and dielectric measurements will compare the onset and completion of the curing reaction between the two measurements. In addition, the new study will also compare between rheological properties such as dynamic loss modulus, G”, and dynamic viscosity, ETA*, and dielectric property such as dynamic loss parameter, ε”.
Characterization of Organic Surfactants and Dispersants by Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Thermal Analysis and Electrochemistry
Authors: Lvovich V , Cahoon J , Riga A 
Published: April 2008

Multi frequency electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), dielectric thermal analysis (DETA), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were employed as a basis for evaluating organic detergents and dispersants in a hydrocarbon based lubricating oil. These dielectric and electrochemical techniques appear to be a powerful tool capable of detection and monitoring of oil additives, surfactants and dispersants, and investigation of general mechanisms of oil degradation in an operating engine. These techniques were applied to the identification and detection of various types of chemical additives.
Measurement of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy over a sufficiently wide range of frequencies, electrochemical potentials, and temperatures yielded detailed qualitative and quantitative information. EIS ceded the dynamics of charge transport and reduction or oxidation reactions of ionic species and individual chemical components across the bulk lubricant and at the electrode-lubricant interface. Highly selective studies of spatial distribution of charge-transfer processes taking place in bulk solution and at the interface were achieved. A combination of EIS and CV based electrochemical methods provided a complete chemical analysis of lubricant conditions. These included detection, quantification and differentiation of adsorption and lubricant film formation on an electrode surface, and investigating kinetics of reduction or oxidation reactions of major oil components (detergents, dispersants, etc.). DETA polarization plots clearly ranked the surface-active detergents and the less active dispersants. Frequency dependent EIS, and DETA, as well as CV can be easily used for characterizing chemical additives for engine oils.
Development of Bismaleimide/Cyanate Ester Copolymers
Authors: Sisk BC , Chuang K , Pan W-P 
Published: April 2008

Since the beginning of the space age, the goal of materials development in the aerospace industry has been to replace metal alloys with much lighter polymer resins, while maintaining the strength over a wide temperature range characteristic of metals. Polymers such as polyimides and epoxies have been used to satisfy many needs, but strength, temperature resistance, and ease of processing are difficult to incorporate into a single polymer.
Because of this gap, bismaleimides and cyanate esters, and possibly combinations of the two, are seen as having potential in applications where ease of processing characteristic of epoxies is desired, but for which temperature resilience better than that of epoxies is desired. In this paper, bismaleimide and cyanate ester compositions based on commercially available monomers are created and evaluated to determine what monomers are favorable.
The Influence of Inorganic Cations on Glyphosate Activity-Review and Perspectives
Authors: de Ruiter H , Downer RA , Uffing AJM , Ebert TA , Pikaar PJJ , Hall FR 
Published: April 2008

The influence of calcium, iron, magnesium, other cations, and mixtures of cations on the activity of glyphosate and the interaction with pH is reviewed, discussed, and demonstrated with laboratory data. The strategy to overcome antagonistic effects of the cations via use of adjuvants is discussed and illustrated with data.
The influence of calcium concentration on glyphosate efficacy was investigated on black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) by monitoring glyphosate activity via fluorescence technology and inhibition of growth. Giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm) was also used for biological evaluation. Calcium concentrations equal to the glyphosate concentrations were most antagonistic; higher concentrations of calcium were less antagonistic.
Different adjuvants were tested to overcome the antagonistic effect of calcium. Results are discussed in relation to the physical chemical properties of the adjuvants. With a more appropriate scientific base, remedial measures may protect field performance of glyphosate and reduce farm costs.
Strategies for Agricultural Formulations: A Statistical Design Approach
Authors: Ashrawi SS , Elsik CM , Stridde HM , Smith GA 
Published: April 2008

The traditional approach used by formulators of agricultural and pesticide formulations relies heavily on experience, and has been quite valuable in generating acceptable formulations that may or may not be at a global optimum. However, it can be time consuming, and it generally lacks the ability to provide a global view of the contributions of the different components to the performance of the whole. Additionally, the approach does not permit the use of the collected information to investigate or predict the behavior of formulations within the composition space without carrying out further experimentation.
In the statistical design approach, one begins with the definition of objectives and constraints, then sets up the experiment with the appropriate response factor measurements. After data collection, a best-fit mathematical model is generated to describe the results and can be displayed graphically in various ways for various purposes. Among other things, model analysis typically reveals how each component contributes to the properties being measured. The model is used to locate optimum performance regions that balance the properties of the different components and satisfy any other constraints that are imposed. Scenario analysis can then be used to predict the performance as component levels are changed. In this work, we will discuss the conceptual framework of the statistical design approach, and exemplify its usefulness with an emulsifiable concentrate formulation.
Formulating Options for Aerosol Insecticides
Authors: Stocky L , Cantalupi D , Lucas J , Kowalik R 
Published: April 2008

With ever tightening VOC regulations for consumer insecticides, formulators are being pushed to use more water and/or more LVP (low vapor pressure) fluids that are not reportable as VOCs in their products. The particular choice of LVP fluid and its concentration may also affect the biological performance of insecticide formulations. To demonstrate these effects, a variety of hydrocarbon LVP carrier fluids were combined with the insecticides S-bioallethrin and deltamethrin in both solvent and water-based insecticide formulations. Experiments were conducted to evaluate knockdown and residual activity against German cockroaches.
Data indicated that use of hydrocarbon LVP carrier fluids with higher levels of normal paraffins resulted in faster knockdown of the cockroaches under a variety of test conditions. Higher concentrations of hydrocarbon LVP carrier fluids in water-based formulations also enhanced their knockdown performance. The residual activities of water-based formulations, inferred from the lengths of time the formulations remained efficacious after they were applied to ceramic tile and painted plywood, were adversely affected by higher concentrations of normal paraffins or LVP hydrocarbons.
The results suggest that normal paraffins and higher concentrations of LVP hydrocarbon fluids may increase the penetration of the formulations into insect and household surfaces. With the insects this leads to faster intake of insecticide. With the household surfaces this reduces insecticide availability. One can use this information to select active ingredients, LVP fluids, and their concentrations, along with other formulants, to optimize formulation performance for specific application requirements and meet VOC regulations. Of the LVP hydrocarbon fluids tested, a mixed aliphatic fluid with a moderate concentration (20% w/w) of normal paraffins appeared to offer the best balance of properties for use in crawling insect killers.
Design and Performance of Crop Oil Concentrate Emulsifiers
Authors: Stern AJ , Hazen JL 
Published: April 2008

Experimental design was used to study the interactions of selected low cost emulsifier components and thus identify a crop oil concentrate emulsifier blend having optimum performance and low cost. For this study, the mixture variables included: nonylphenol + 6 EO, nonylphenol +10 EO, tall oil fatty aid (TOFA), and paraffinic petroleum oil. Water, although not an independent variable, was included as a coupling agent. The responses measured were number of phases, emulsion stability in soft water, emulsion stability in hard water, and emulsion stability in 2.5% ammonium sulfate solution, all at ambient temperature.
Using experimental design software, it is possible to visualize the interrelationships of the four components for each test condition, making it possible to predict the performance of any composition within the design space. After analyzing the response surface contour maps of the four-dimensional design space, we find that it is possible to formulate a crop oil concentrate that is single phase, offers very good emulsion performance in soft and hard water, and performs moderately well when tank mixed with ammonium sulfate solution. Coupling the performance data with a simple cost calculation, the formulator can select a composition that maximizes performance while at the same time minimizing cost.
Alkoxylated Glyceride Emulsifiers in Agricultural Applications
Authors: Anderson TH , Mainx H-G 
Published: April 2008

Ethoxylated glycerides have long been known as effective and safe nonionic emulsifiers. They have been used in applications as diverse as food processing, textile applications, fiber finishes, leather processing, metal working, cosmetics, Pharmaceuticals, and of course, as agricultural other ingredients. In addition to their excellent emulsifying properties for oils, fats and solvents, ethoxylated triglycerides are widely recognized for their favorable human and ecotoxicological profiles. They are a preferred choice whenever sensitive environments must be protected and in cosmetic applications where they are known to mitigate the irritation potential of more aggressive surfactants.
Current United States Environmental Protection Agency regulations restrict the choices available to agricultural formulators to a single triglyceride, castor oil, with between 5 and 54 moles of ethoxylation on growing crops, raw agricultural commodities and animals. No other ethoxylated or alkoxylated glycerides are specifically approved or located on the “List of 2500”, although some companies may have letters in their files allowing specific usage. Unfortunately the agricultural formulator choosing a castor-based surfactant is exposed to cyclical price swings. This would be lessened greatly if alternatives based on soybean or canola oil were found to be satisfactory.
The present work examines the emulsification properties of several alkoxylated glycerides derived from canola oil. Comparisons are drawn with examples of castor oil and castor wax ethoxylates. The systems studied included a selection of solvent-based Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) formulations as well as a commonly used methyl ester.
A New Adjuvant Blend for Glyphosate Herbicides
Authors: Burow RF , Penner D , Roggenbuck FC , Wallick DE 
Published: April 2008

With the advent of glyphosate-resistant crop seed, glyphosate has become the herbicide of choice for controlling weeds in a wide range of field crops. Many manufacturers of agricultural chemicals are adding glyphosate herbicides to their herbicide product lines to serve this market need. An adjuvant blend has been developed specifically to enhance the performance of these glyphosate products.
Organosilicone (OS) surfactants are effective adjuvants to boost the performance of a number of foliar-applied herbicides. They are effective adjuvants when used with glyphosate herbicides against a number of weed species, but are weak or antagonistic on certain weeds, particularly lambsquarters and certain perennial grasses. Alkyl diphenyl oxide disulfonate (ADODS) surfactants, on the other hand, are effective on many of the weeds that are not enhanced by the organosilicone surfactants. It has been found that combinations of the organosilicone and ADODS surfactants are effective across a broad range of weed species.
In greenhouse studies using a low rate of glyphosate, the use of a combination of a mixture of OS and ADODS surfactants provided control of a broad range of weed species and provided rainfastness as well.
Evaluation of Aggregate Contributions to Rutting Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Mohammad LN , Huang B , Tan ZZ 
Published: April 2008

This paper presents the research results of a laboratory study that evaluated the influence of mixture types and aggregate types to the rut-susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. Three types of mixtures were considered. These three mixtures were: 1) stone mastic asphalt (SMA), 2) coarse matrix high binder (CMHB) and, 3) dense-graded wearing course mixture. For the SMA mixtures, three types of aggregates, siliceous limestone, sandstone and novaculite were evaluated. For the other two mix types, crushed limestone was used. An SB polymer modified asphalt cement meeting Louisiana specification for PG 70-22M was used for all the mixtures. A total of five mixtures were evaluated in the laboratory through a series of fundamental engineering property tests.
A comprehensive comparison suggested that SMA mixture with sandstone exhibited best performance in rut-resistance among all five mixes. For mixtures containing limestone aggregate, dense-graded mixture and the coarse matrix high binder had higher rut-resistant indices than the SMA mixtures. For the SMA mixtures with different aggregate types, mixture with sandstone exhibited the best rut-resistant indices while the one with novaculite showed better indices than the one with limestone.
Evaluation of the Sensitivity of Repeated Simple Shear Test at Constant Height Based on Laboratory Rutting Characteristics of WesTrack Fine Mixes
Authors: Natu G , Guada I , Tayebali AA 
Published: April 2008

This study evaluated sensitivity of the repeated simple shear test at constant height (RSST-CH) based on laboratory rutting (permanent deformation) characteristics of fine mixes used in WesTrack full scale testing in Nevada.
Mix variables in this study included three aggregate gradations, three asphalt contents, and three air void contents. For each mix, three replicate specimens were tested for a total of eighty-one specimens. The RSST-CH tests were performed according to AASHTO TP7 Procedure F. These tests were conducted at 50°C temperature for 10000 cycles or 5% plastic shear strain, whichever occurred first. The loading cycle consisted of 69-kPa haversine load with 0.1 second loading time followed by 0.6-second rest period.
The test results — permanent shear strain, and dynamic shear modulus evaluated using the RSST-CH test — were found to be sensitive to the mix parameters: aggregate gradation, asphalt content, and air void content. A statistical analysis of test results confirmed the above finding that the differences between permanent shear strain and dynamic shear modulus for various mixes were due to different gradation, asphalt content, and air void content and not due to RSST-CH test variability.
Effects of Fine Aggregate Angularity on VMA and Rutting of Kansas HMA Mixtures
Authors: Cross SA , Purcell EM 
Published: April 2008

With the recent introduction of Superpave, mix designers in Kansas have had difficulty meeting the voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA) requirements. To meet VMA, designers have been importing chat, a flaky fine aggregate of nearly pure chert produced as a by-product from lead and zinc mining, to boost VMA.
The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of fine aggregate angularity (FAA) on VMA and rutting. Two 12.5-mm Superpave gradations, one coarse and one fine, were developed using 100% crushed limestone. To change the FAA of the mix, the fine aggregate was replaced with natural sand and chat, a byproduct from lead and zinc mining. The resultant VMA and FAA of each blend was compared and samples were tested for rutting.
The results indicate that increased FAA results in greater VMA, after exceeding a minimum, and decreased rutting. Chat was shown to be effective at increasing VMA but reduced stability. Meeting Superpave mix requirements did not insure a stable mix.