bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Failure of Psyllium Mucilloid to Hasten Evacuation of Sand From the Equine Large Intestine
Authors: HAMMOCK PHILLIP D. , FREEMAN DAVID E. , BAKER GORDON J. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To examine the efficacy of psyllium mucilloid in evacuating sand from the equine large intestine.Animals—12 clinically healthy pony geldings.Procedure—Twelve ponies were assigned to 2 groups of six each. One group was treated with psyllium and the second was a control group. All ponies had an exploratory celiotomy and 10 g/kg body weight of sand was placed into the cecum. Ponies were fed a grain mixture alone at 1 g/kg (controls), a grain mixture plus psyllium pellets, each at 1 g/kg body weight (3 ponies), or fed a grain mixture and given psyllium powder by nasogastric tube at 1 g/kg body weight divided into two daily doses in 3 L of water (3 ponies). Radiographs were taken on days 1 (3 per group), 5 (all ponies), and 11 (3 per group) to monitor sand transit through the large intestine. Ponies were euthanatized 11 days after surgery. Sand was collected from the contents of the cecum, ventral colon, dorsal colon, and small colon. Dry weight of the recovered sand was compared between the two treatment groups as a percentage of the dry weight of sand placed in the cecum.Results—No significant differences were detected in the mean percentage of sand recovered between the two treatment groups (P< .05), with 39.2% recovered in ponies treated with psyllium and 27.4% recovered in control ponies.Clinical Relevance—Psyllium mucilloid had no apparent effect on sand evacuation from the equine large intestine. When intake of sand is prevented, the equine large intestine can reduce and possibly eliminate its sand burden.
Efficacy and Kinetics of Carprofen, Administered Preoperatively or Postoperatively, for the Prevention of Pain in Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy
Authors: LASCELLES B. DUNCAN X. , CRIPPS PETER J. , JONES ALAN , WATERMAN‐PEARSON AVRIL E. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine what effect the timing of carprofen administration has on the severity of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of carprofen under these conditions.Study Design—A prospective, randomized, double‐blind, clinical trial.Animals—Sixty‐two adult bitches weighing between 10 and 25 kgs, undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.Methods—Examinations were performed for 20 hours postoperatively using subjective visual assessment scoring systems (DIVAS) and objective mechanical nociceptive threshold measurements. Forty dogs were assigned to one of three groups: (1) preoperative carprofen; (2) postoperative carprofen; and (3) no analgesics (saline injections). The dose of carprofen was 4.0 mg/kg subcutaneously. In another 22 bitches, the pharmacokinetics of carprofen given preoperatively or postoperatively at the same dose were examined.Results—The dogs given carprofen preoperatively had lower pain scores than the other groups, significantly so at 2 hours postextubation (P< .01 andP< .05, Kruskal‐Wallis and post hoc Dunn's). Mechanical pain thresholds measured at the distal tibia showed the development of hyperalgesia at 12 and 20 hours postextubation; this was prevented by both the preoperative (P< .05 at 12 and 20 hours, Kruskal‐Wallis) and postoperative (P<.05 at 20 hours, Kruskal‐Wallis) administration of carprofen. Mechanical pain threshold testing at the wound showed a significant analgesic effect of carprofen. Plasma concentrations of carprofen were not directly related to analgesia; maximum plasma concentration, the area under the curve to the last data point, and area under the first moment curve up to the last data point were all significantly higher in the dogs given carprofen postoperatively (P< .05, Mann‐Whitney).Conclusion—Preoperative administration of carprofen has a greater analgesic effect than postoperative administration in the early postoperative period in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Plasma levels of carprofen are not related to the degree of analgesia achieved. Clinical Relevance—Carprofen provides effective analgesia after canine ovariohysterectomy. The timing of analgesic administration is important to optimize the control of postoperative pain.
The Surgical Anatomy of the Stifle Joint in Sheep
Authors: ALLEN MATTHEW J. , HOULTON JOHN E. F. , ADAMS STEPHEN B. , RUSHTON NEIL 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To provide a detailed description of the surgical anatomy of the stifle joint in sheep.Study Design—The results from analysis of cadaveric dissections (14 stifle joints) and stifle radiographs (8 sets of mediolateral and craniocaudal radiographs) are presented.Animals—Skeletally mature ewes of mixed breeds.Conclusions—Although the anatomy of the ovine stifle joint is similar to that of the human knee joint, a number of unique features were identified. These included the presence of the tendon of them. extensor digitorum longuson the craniolateral aspect of the stifle joint, the absence of a cranial meniscofemoral ligament (ligament of Humphrey) in the caudal joint space, and attachment of the patellar tendon to the cranial pole of the patella (rather than to the distal pole, as in humans). The implications of these differences are discussed with reference to the suitability of the ovine stifle as a surgical model for the human knee joint.
Hemodynamic Effects of Medetomidine in the Dog: A Dose Titration Study
Authors: PYPENDOP BRUNO H. , VERSTEGEN JOHN P. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To characterize the hemodynamic effects of medetomidine administered intravenously at doses ranging from 1 to 20 μg/kg, and to determine whether these effects are dose dependent.Study Design—Prospective randomized multidose trial.Animals—Twenty‐five clinically normal male beagles (5 groups of 5), aged 1 to 4 years and weighing 13.5 ±1.7 kg.Methods—Medetomidine, at a dose of 1, 2, 5, 10, or 20 μg/kg, was administered intravenously at time 0. Heart rate, arterial pressure, central venous pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, body temperature, cardiac output, and packed cell volume were measured immediately before and at selected times after medetomidine administration (3, 7, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes in all groups, at 90 minutes for the 10 and 20 μg/kg groups, and at 120 minutes for the highest dose). Cardiac index, stroke index, rate‐pressure product, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary vascular resistance index, and left and right ventricular stroke work indices were calculated. The degree of sedation was subjectively scored by an observer who was blinded to the treatment used.Results—Heart rate, rate‐pressure product, cardiac index, and left and right ventricular stroke work indices decreased below baseline values. Central venous pressure and systemic vascular resistance index increased above baseline measurements. Except in the 2 μg/kg group, after an initial and short lasting increase, a prolonged decrease in arterial pressure was observed.Conclusions—Hemodynamic changes were observed with the intravenous (IV) administration of medetomidine, at any dose. However, the two lowest doses (1 and 2 μg/kg) produced less cardiovascular depression.Clinical Relevance—Medetomidine is an alpha‐2 adrenoceptor agonist widely used in dogs, producing sedation, analgesia and cardiovascular depression. When using IV medetomidine, a reduction of the recommended dosage (ie, ±30 to 40 μg/kg) by up to 6 times did not significantly influence the cardiovascular effects.
Anatomic Characteristics of Culprit Sites in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: KATRITSIS DEMOSTHENES G. , EFSTATHOPOULOS EFSTATHIOS P. , PANTOS JOHN , KOROVESIS SOCRATES , KOURLABA GEORGIA , KAZANTZIDIS SOCRATES , MARMARELIS VASILIOS , VORIDIS EUTYCHIOS 
Published: February 2008

Background: A detailed analysis of the anatomic relationships of the site of culprit lesions that have resulted in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) has not been reported.
Methods: Coronary angiograms of consecutive patients who presented with ACS were analyzed according to multiple anatomic criteria.
Results: In left anterior descending artery (LAD) (n = 85), 85% of culprit lesions were located in the first 40 mm from the ostium. The presence of angulation on the lesion increased the risk of an ACS 1.92 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9–3.07), and the presence of bifurcation after the lesion increased the risk 1.65 times (95% CI 1.04–2.62). Angulated lesions located within the first 40 mm from the ostium and before a bifurcation presented an 11‐fold increased risk for an ACS. In right coronary artery (RCA) (n = 58), the risk of plaque rupture was almost 2.5 times higher in lesions located between 10 and 50 mm from the ostium compared to those located in 90–130 mm (relative risk [RR] 2.38, 95% CI 1.25–4.56). In left circumflex (LCx) (n = 40), the risk of plaque rupture was almost 4.5 and 5 times higher in the first 20 mm, and between 20 and 40 mm from the ostium, respectively, compared to 60 and 80 mm (relative risk [RR] 4.58, 95% CI 1.01–20.68 for 0–20 mm, and RR 4.95, 95% CI 1.14–21.47 for 20–40 mm) after adjustment for the presence of curve on the lesion. The presence of lesion angulation increased the risk of plaque rupture almost three times (RR 3.22, 95% CI 1.49–6.93).
Conclusion: Specific anatomic features of the coronary arteries predispose to development and/or subsequent rupture of vulnerable plaques.
Evaluation of Langerhans’ cells in normal and eczematous dermatitis skin by CD1a protein immunohistochemistry: preliminary findings
Authors: Hussein Mahmoud R. 
Published: February 2008

Background:  Langerhans’ cells (CD1a positive, bone marrow–derived cells), are the antigen presenting cells of the skin. Our knowledge about the status of these cells in eczematous dermatitis is incomplete.Aim:  This study tests the hypothesis that ‘the development of eczematous dermatitis is associated with alterations of Langerhans’ cells’.Materials and methods:  Biopsy specimens from patients with eczematous dermatitis and normal skin (20 cases, each) were studied. Langerhans’ cells were stained for CD1a using imunoperoxidase‐staining methods and mouse monoclonal antibodies.Results:  In normal skin, CD1a+ Langerhans’ cells were seen in suprabasal position. In eczematous dermatitis skin, CD1a positive cells were seen scattered in the acanthotic epidermis. Compared with normal skin, the mean values of the Langerhans’ cells were statistically significantly higher in eczematous dermatitis [epidermal Langerhans’ cells: 1.20 (standard error of mean, SEM, 0.13) vs. 2.50 (SEM, 0.16); and dermal Langerhans’ cells: 1.30 (SEM, 0.15) vs. 2.7 (SEM, 0.15); for normal and eczematous skin, respectively; p < 0.05].Conclusions:  The higher Langerhans’ cell counts in eczematous dermatitis suggest a possible link between antigen presenting capabilities of these cells, and development of these lesions.
Chemokine receptor expression in non‐melanoma skin cancer
Authors: Basile Jeff , Thiers Bruce , Maize John , Lathers Deanne M. R. 
Published: February 2008

Background:  Previous studies suggest that chemokines and chemokine receptors have a role in the metastatic process. A correlation exists between the specific expression of these chemoattractive, pro‐inflammatory cytokines and the ability of cancer to disseminate. Prior studies have shown that in metastatic melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck upregulation of CXC (α) chemokine receptor (CXCR)4 and CC (β) chemokine receptor (CCR)7 expression is accompanied by downregulation of the chemokine receptor CCR6. However, the expression patterns of CCR6, CCR7 and CXCR4 in non‐melanoma skin cancer have yet to be elucidated.Methods:  The expression patterns of CCR6, CCR7 and CXCR4 were determined using an immunohistochemical approach on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded normal, pre‐cancerous actinic (solar) keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma tissues.Results:  Analysis of chemokine receptor expression showed downregulation of CCR6 and upregulation of CCR7 and CXCR4 in potentially metastatic non‐melanoma skin cancer, invasive squamous cell carcinoma, but this pattern did not exist in non‐melanoma skin cancer with no metastatic potential, basal cell carcinoma; or actinic keratosis, when compared with normal skin.Conclusions:  Chemokine receptor expression may influence the biological behavior of non‐melanoma skin cancer. The exact mechanism by which this occurs requires further study.
Expression patterns of MITF during human cutaneous embryogenesis: evidence for bulge epithelial expression and persistence of dermal melanoblasts
Authors: Gleason Briana C. , Crum Christopher P. , Murphy George F. 
Published: February 2008

Background:  The mechanisms whereby melanocytes populate the epidermis and developing hair follicles during embryogenesis are incompletely understood. Recent evidence implicates an intermediate mesenchymal stage in this evolutionary process in which HMB‐45‐positive melanocyte precursors (‘melanoblasts’) exist both in intradermal as well as intraepithelial and intrafollicular compartments. The melanocyte master transcriptional regulator, microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), identifies mature melanocytes as well as melanocyte precursor stem cells that reside in the bulge region of the hair follicle.Methods:  To better define the use of MITF expression in the evaluation of melanocyte ontogeny, human embryonic and fetal skin samples (n = 28) at 6–24 weeks gestation were studied immunohistochemically for expression of MITF and Mart‐1. Adjacent step sections were evaluated to correlate staining patterns with cell localization in the intraepidermal, intrafollicular and intradermal compartments.Results:  At 6–8 weeks, MITF and Mart‐1‐positive cells were primarily intradermal with only rare positive cells in the epidermis. By 12–13 weeks, most of these cells had migrated into the epidermis, predominantly the suprabasal layers. Between 15–17 weeks, these cells localized to the basal layer and colonized developing hair follicles. Rare intradermal MITF and Mart‐1 positive cells were found as late as week 20. At 18–24 weeks, MITF and Mart‐1 positive cells were identified in the outer root sheath, bulge, and follicular bulge epithelium, in addition to the epidermis. Unexpectedly, weak but diffuse nuclear MITF expression was also present in the keratinocytes of the bulge area.Conclusions:  The in situ migratory fate of MITF/Mart‐1‐expressing cells in fetal skin involves a well‐defined progression from intradermal to intraepidermal to intrafollicular localization. Occasional intradermal melanocytes may persist after the intraepithelial stages are completed, a finding of potential significance to melanocytic proliferations that may arise de novo within the dermis. Because MITF may play a role in stem cell maintenance, the presence of MITF in bulge epithelial cells suggests that it may be a novel marker for follicular stem cells of both epithelial and melanocytic lineage.
Acne inversa
Authors: Meixner Daniela , Schneider Sylke , Krause Markus , Sterry Wolfram 
Published: February 2008

SummaryAcne inversa is a chronic inflammatory skin disease featuring cutaneous and subcutaneous nodular inflammation, fistula formation and discharge of foul‐smelling secretions. The disease can lead to functional impairment and psychological problems. There is inflammation of the terminal hair follicles in intertriginous regions, especially perianal, axillary and inguinal areas. Less often there is submammary, periumbilical, retroauricular or nuchal involvement.Without treatment the disease is chronic and progressive. The causes of acne inversa are multifactorial and pathogenesis is still not well understood. Besides a positive family history, obesity and cigarette smoking are trigger factors. Early diagnosis and therapy of acne inversa saves the patient years of suffering.The most effective treatment is undoubtedly the radical wide excision of the affected areas. Local measures such as radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy and cryotherapy have provided little benefit; the same is true for systemic antibiotic treatment or hormonal therapy with anti‐androgens. TNF‐alpha antagonists seem to have a promising influence on the disease. Further studies investigating the effect of these substances on acne inversa are warranted.
Cowpox infection transmitted from a domestic cat
Authors: Bonnekoh Bernd , Falk Kristof , Reckling Karl‐Friedrich , Kenklies Susanne , Nitsche Andreas , Ghebremedhin Beniam , Pokrywka Anna , Franke Ingolf , Thriene Bernd , König Wolfgang , Pauli Georg , Gollnick Harald 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA 21‐year‐old immunocompetent woman developed a cowpox infec‐tion,while working as a veterinarian's assistant in a rural area.She had never received vaccinia immunization and came in contact with a fatally‐infected house cat. Under symptomatic treatment, the infection remained localized to one cheek and cleared over 3 weeks with substantial dermal‐subcutaneous tissue destruction. Orthopoxvirus detection by PCR is a modern diagnostic standard, in addition to identification by negative‐contrast electron microscopy. A promising therapeutic option is cidofovir, but this virostatic drug is not yet approved for the treatment of cowpox.
Native hyaluronic acid in dermatology – results of an expert meeting
Authors: Wiest Luitgard , Kerscher Martina 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major component of the extracellular matrix of the skin and plays an important role in the metabolism of the dermis.HA is responsible for hydration,nutrient exchange and protects against free radical damage;via signaling pathways it is also involved in biologic processes like cell differentiation and motility.Native HA has been employed for several years to help the skin to regain elasticity,turgor and moisture. In a clinical study an increase in elasticity and turgor following repeated injections with HA could be demonstrated, but this treatment approach is discussed controversially. An expert conference took place to find a consensus regarding use, aims of treatment, indications and limitations of this therapy. The decisions of the expert meeting are presented in this report.
Suppression of Ischaemia‐Induced Cytokine Release by Dimaprit and Amelioration of Liver Injury in Rats
Authors: Motoki Atsuko , Adachi Naoto , Liu Keyue , Takahashi Hideo K. , Nishibori Masahiro , Yorozuya Toshihiro , Arai Tatsuru , Nagaro Takumi 
Published: February 2008

Abstract: Inflammatory reactions play an important role in ischaemia/reperfusion injury in various organs. Since histamine H4action has been shown to prevent the development of ischaemia/reperfusion liver injury, we examined the effects of dimaprit, a histamine H2/H4receptor agonist, on ischaemia‐induced cytokine release and liver damage. Male Wistar rats (300 g) were subjected to warm ischaemia for 30 min. by occlusion of the left portal vein and hepatic artery under halothane anaesthesia. Saline or dimaprit (20 mg/kg, subcutaneously) was injected immediately after reperfusion of blood flow. Transient ischaemia provoked severe liver damage 24 hr after reperfusion, and the plasma concentrations of alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were 4600 IU/l and 13,200 IU/l, respectively. The values in the dimaprit group were 55% and 46% of those in control animals, respectively. Dimaprit also reduced the infarct size to 50%. Liver ischaemia markedly increased interleukin‐12 levels 2–24 hr after reperfusion. The dimaprit treatment depressed the values to 40–64% of those in the corresponding control group 4–24 hr after reperfusion. Since interleukin‐12 facilitates cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, the protective effect of dimaprit may be attributed to regulation of cytokine release during reperfusion.
Methane-Producing Microbial Community in a Coal Bed of the Illinois Basin
Authors: Strąpoć Dariusz , Picardal Flynn W. , Turich Courtney , Schaperdoth Irene , Macalady Jennifer L. , Lipp Julius S. , Lin Yu-Shih , Ertefai Tobias F. , Schubotz Florence , Hinrichs Kai-Uwe , Mastalerz Maria , Schimmelmann Arndt 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

A series of molecular and geochemical studies were performed to study microbial, coal bed methane formation in the eastern Illinois Basin. Results suggest that organic matter is biodegraded to simple molecules, such as H
2
and CO
2
, which fuel methanogenesis and the generation of large coal bed methane reserves. Small-subunit rRNA analysis of both the in situ microbial community and highly purified, methanogenic enrichments indicated that
Methanocorpusculum
is the dominant genus. Additionally, we characterized this methanogenic microorganism using scanning electron microscopy and distribution of intact polar cell membrane lipids. Phylogenetic studies of coal water samples helped us develop a model of methanogenic biodegradation of macromolecular coal and coal-derived oil by a complex microbial community. Based on enrichments, phylogenetic analyses, and calculated free energies at in situ subsurface conditions for relevant metabolisms (H
2
-utilizing methanogenesis, acetoclastic methanogenesis, and homoacetogenesis), H
2
-utilizing methanogenesis appears to be the dominant terminal process of biodegradation of coal organic matter at this location.
Is explosive performance influenced by androgen concentrations in young male soccer players?
Authors: Baldari C , Di Luigi L , Emerenziani G P , Gallotta M C , Sgrò P , Guidetti L 
Published: February 2008

Objective:There is growing interest in the implementation and assessment of strength and conditioning programmes among young children. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between given anthropometric characteristics, pubertal development, salivary androgen hormones and explosive leg power in young soccer players.Methods:51 (age range 10–14 years) soccer players were investigated. The relations between age, pubertal developmental stages, testicular volume, weight, height, body fat, fat free mass, salivary DHEAS concentrations, salivary testosterone concentrations and lower limb explosive power were evaluated.Results:Standing long jump length was positively correlated (p<0.05) with age (11.7 (SD 1.2) years, r = 0.66), pubertal developmental stages (mode and range: 1 (1–4), r = 0.64), testicular volume (8.8 (5.2) ml, r = 0.58), height (1.50 (0.10) m, r = 0.34), weight (43.7 (9.1) kg, r = 0.34), fat free mass (35.4 (7.2) kg, r = 0.67), salivary DHEAS concentrations (4.4 (1.2) ng/ml, r = 0.38) and negatively correlated with body fat (18.6 (7.0) kg; r = −0.49, p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between salivary testosterone concentrations (0.3 (0.1) ng/ml, r = 0.12) and standing long jump.Conclusions:Results of the present investigation demonstrated that age, pubertal developmental stages, testicular volume, weight, height, fat free mass, and salivary DHEAS concentrations were associated with standing long jump performance. In addition, salivary testosterone concentrations were not related to explosive leg power. Results of the present investigation suggest that the teacher/coach should evaluate long jump performance relative to the subject’s given biological characteristics, and not simply established standards based on chronological age.