bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a framework for development: A discussion
Authors: Bateson Patrick , Hofer Myron , Oppenheim Ronald , Wiedenmayer Christoph 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA multitude of scientific disciplines study the development of behavior. Their use of different methodological and conceptual approaches makes integration of findings difficult. In a symposium at the 38th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology in Washington DC, the question was discussed if a general theory of development could unify the field. The three participants explain their views and discuss the possibility of a theoretical framework for development. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 77–86, 2007.
Characterization of offensive responses during the maturation of play‐fighting into aggression in male golden hamsters
Authors: Cervantes M. Catalina , Taravosh‐Lahn Kereshmeh , Wommack Joel C. , Delville Yvon 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn hamsters, the maturation of aggression during puberty is associated with a gradual reduction of offensive responses. The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes during this decrease to provide an enhanced description of the behavior. During early puberty, play‐fighting is characterized by long and continuous contact duration throughout the encounter and repetitive attacks within bouts of agonistic interaction. By mid‐puberty, adult patterns of offensive behavior emerge. Contact time becomes shorter in duration and shifts to the beginning of the test, while attacks become less repetitive per bout. In late puberty, animals show an enhanced efficiency of behavior, as indicated by an increased percentage of attacks followed by bites. This study provides a better understanding of the development of aggression by characterizing the differences between juvenile play‐fighting and adult aggression and the process of the maturation of aggression. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 87–97, 2007.
Huddling by rat pups: Ontogeny of individual and group behavior
Authors: Alberts Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA full account of behavioral development in rats must include the ontogeny of both individual and group behavior. Most of our accumulated knowledge, however, pertains to individual ontogenesis. Group behavior and its development are readily seen in the huddling behavior of rat pups. A rat huddle is an entity with characteristics and capabilities distinct from those of the individuals that comprise it. The huddle is a natural context for acquiring olfactory preferences for species odors. Olfactory learning in a huddle involves thermal and tactile stimulation from the mother's body but, surprisingly, not the rewards of suckling or of milk transfer. Although there is complete developmental continuity of huddling behavior, the sensory controls of huddling change dramatically during the first 2 weeks of postnatal life. Huddling behavior is initially controlled by thermal cues (“physiological huddling”) and then becomes dominated by olfactory stimuli (“filial huddling”). The complex group behavior of huddling was modeled successfully with computational methods. Group behavior emerges from individual interactions, guided entirely by rules of individual behavior (no rules for group behavior). Three simple rules of autonomous activity/inactivity can spawn the patterns of aggregon formation displayed by groups of 7‐day‐old pups, but not by 10‐day‐olds. The developmental change evident by Day 10 requires adding a rule by which each individual is affected by the activity state of adjacent pups. Group behavior responded to manipulations of central oxytocin on Day 10, but not on Day 7. © 2006 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 22–32, 2007.
Maternal responsiveness and maternal selectivity in domestic sheep and goats: The two facets of maternal attachment
Authors: Poindron Pascal , Lévy Frédéric , Keller Matthieu 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSheep and goats rapidly establish an exclusive relationship with their neonate following contact with it during a sensitive period of maternal responsiveness induced by the physiological events occurring at parturition. The data concerning the sensory, physiological, and neurobiological factors involved in the activation of both maternal responsiveness and the establishment of selective nursing indicates that these processes are activated simultaneously by the combined action of two main factors, the prepartum rise in circulating estrogen and the vaginocervical stimulation (VCS) caused by fetus expulsion. On the one hand, these two factors act on a neural network including the main olfactory system (MOB), the medial preoptic area (MPOA), and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) to induce maternal responsiveness towards any neonate. The intracerebral release of oxytocin (OT) from the PVN, and the triggering of olfactory attraction for amniotic fluid (AF) are key elements in this process. On the other hand, VCS at birth also sets the MOB ready to memorize the individual odor of the neonate, through the release of peptides and neurotransmitters (noradrenaline and acetylcholine). In addition to the MOB, the network involved in recognition mainly includes the medial and cortical amygdala. Across consolidation processes, reorganization occurs in the network engaged in lamb recognition. Whether this memorization may be potentiated by other sensory cues is not known. The identification of the chemosensory compounds involved in the attraction for AF and in the recognition of the neonate is important for understanding the mechanisms of maternal attachment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 54–70, 2007
Motivational systems and the neural circuitry of maternal behavior in the rat
Authors: Numan Michael 
Published: December 2006

AbstractJay Rosenblatt's approach‐avoidance model of maternal behavior proposes that maternal behavior occurs when the tendency to approach infant stimuli is greater than the tendency to avoid such stimuli. Our research program has uncovered neural circuits which conform to such a model. We present evidence that the medial preoptic area (MPOA: located in the rostral hypothalamus) may regulate maternal responsiveness by depressing antagonistic neural systems which promote withdrawal responses while also activating appetitive neural systems which increase the attractiveness of infant‐related stimuli. These MPOA circuits are activated by the hormonal events of late pregnancy. Preoptic efferents may suppress a central aversion system which includes an amygdala to anterior hypothalamic circuit. Preoptic efferents are also shown to interact with components of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system to regulate proactive voluntary maternal responses. We make a distinction between specific (MPOA neurons) and nonspecific motivational systems (mesolimbic DA system) in the regulation of maternal responsiveness. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 12–21, 2007.
Enhanced intra‐switch region recombination during immunoglobulin class switch recombination in 53BP1–/– B cells
Authors: Reina‐San‐Martin Bernardo , Chen Junjie , Nussenzweig André , Nussenzweig Michel C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractImmunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) is initiated by activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID), an enzyme that deaminates cytidine residues in single‐stranded DNA. U:G mismatches created by AID are processed to produce lesions that recruit and activate DNA damage response proteins including Ataxia‐telangiectasia mutated (ATM), histone H2AX, Nijmegen breakage syndrome 1 (Nbs1), and p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1). Among these proteins, absence of 53BP1 produces the most severe impairment of class switching. Here, we demonstrate that AID is targeted normally to switch region DNA and that intra‐switch region recombination is enhanced in 53BP1–/– B cells. In addition, Sµ‐Sγ1 switch region junctions cloned from 53BP1–/– B cells show unusual insertions suggestive of failed class switching. Our data are consistent with a role for 53BP1 in stabilizing the synapsis of switch regions during CSR.
A Surprising Reaction of Trimethylphosphane with the Unsaturated Diruthenium Complex [(η6‐C6Me6)2Ru2(μ2‐H)3]+: Synthesis and Molecular Structure of the Cations [(η6‐C6Me6)Ru2(PMe3)3(μ2‐H)3]+ and [(η6‐C6Me6)2Ru2(PMe3)2(μ2‐H)(H)2]+
Authors: Tschan Mathieu J.‐L. , Chérioux Frédéric , Therrien Bruno , Süss‐Fink Georg 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWhereas aromatic or aliphatic phosphanes undergo cleavage of the P–C bond in the reaction with [(η6‐C6Me6)2Ru2(μ2‐H)3]+ to give phosphido‐bridged diruthenium cations of the type [(η6‐C6Me6)2Ru2(μ2‐PR2)(μ2‐H)2]+, trimethylphosphane surprisingly yields the substitution product [(η6‐C6Me6)Ru2(PMe3)3(μ2‐H)3]+ (1), as well as the racemic intermediate [(η6‐C6Me6)2Ru2(PMe3)2(μ2‐H)(H)2]+ (2), in the form of the tetrafluoroborate salts. In complex 2, the hydrido ligands are fluxional in solution, as shown by variable‐temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. Cation 1 reacts with p‐bromothiophenol to give the complex [(η6‐C6Me6)2Ru2(PMe3)3{μ2‐(p‐Br‐C6H4)‐S}(μ2‐H)2]+ (3), isolated as the tetrafluoroborate salt.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Aromatic Thioesters as Protecting Groups for Thiols Against 1,2‐Didehydrobenzenes
Authors: Fowelin Christian , Schüpbach Björn , Terfort Andreas 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDivalent sulfur compounds usually react with 1,2‐didehydrobenzenes to give a palette of unspecific products. To identify a suitable protecting group for thiols under the reaction conditions typically used for the synthesis of triptycenes, that is, 1,2‐didehydrobenzene generated in situ from 2‐diazoniobenzenecarboxylate at elevated temperatures, a wide‐ranging optimization study was conducted. Of several acyl groups investigated, the benzoyl group turned out to be optimal. The efficiency of this protecting group was demonstrated by the successful transformation of an electron‐poor (thus unreactive) anthracene derivative to the corresponding triptycenethiol derivative. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Glycosylation under Thermodynamic Control: Synthesis of the Di‐ and the Hexasaccharide Fragments of the O‐SP of Vibrio Cholerae O:1 Serotype Ogawa from Fully Functionalized Building Blocks
Authors: Adamo Roberto , Kováč Pavol 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe known 5‐(methoxycarbonyl)pentyl α‐glycoside of the hexasaccharide of the O‐SP of Vibrio cholerae O:1, serotype Ogawa 31 was newly prepared from side‐chain‐equipped disaccharide building blocks. The intermediate tetrasaccharide 25 was prepared from the disaccharide glycosyl acceptor 11 and the (1→2)‐linked disaccharide thioglycoside glycosyl donor 8, having a (non‐participating) saccharide moiety at C‐2 in the downstream end. When performed conventionally (at room or at sub 0 C temperatures), glycosylations with 11, carried out without anchimeric assistance, showed poor stereoselectivity but the formation of the 1,2‐trans‐glycosidic linkage could be markedly improved through thermodynamic control. This synthetic strategy towards 31 was more efficient than the step‐wise approach, which was based on iterative glycosylation of 11 with 5 followed by delevulinoylation. Thermodynamic control improved considerably the yields of glycosylation of tetrasaccharide glycosyl acceptor 26 with disaccharide donor 18, to give the fully protected hexasaccharide 28, and also a similar reaction of the thioglycoside 18 with methyl 5‐hydroxyhexanoate, to afford the linker‐equipped disaccharide 19. Sequential deacetylation and debenzylation of the hexasaccharide 28, and deprotection of one of its intermediates, 19, gave the target hexasaccharide 31, and the wanted disaccharide 22, respectively.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Independent consulting topical interest group: 2004 industry survey
Authors: Jarosewich Tania , Essenmacher Victoria L. , Lynch Christina Olenik , Williams Jennifer E. , Doino‐Ingersoll Jo Ann 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the results of the 2004 Independent Consulting Topical Interest Group Industry Survey. Respondents provided information on demographic characteristics, consulting experience, services, methods, business structures, and income.
Stability and approximability of the 𝒫1–𝒫0 element for Stokes equations
Authors: Qin Jinshui , Zhang Shangyou 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this paper we study the stability and approximability of the 𝒫1–𝒫0 element (continuous piecewise linear for the velocity and piecewise constant for the pressure on triangles) for Stokes equations. Although this element is unstable for all meshes, it provides optimal approximations for the velocity and the pressure in many cases. We establish a relation between the stabilities of the 𝒬1–𝒫0 element (bilinear/constant on quadrilaterals) and the 𝒫1–𝒫0 element. We apply many stability results on the 𝒬1–𝒫0 element to the analysis of the 𝒫1–𝒫0 element. We prove that the element has the optimal order of approximations for the velocity and the pressure on a variety of mesh families.As a byproduct, we also obtain a basis of divergence‐free piecewise linear functions on a mesh family on squares. Numerical tests are provided to support the theory and to show the efficiency of the newly discovered, truly divergence‐free, 𝒫1 finite element spaces in computation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of a Cartesian cut cell method for incompressible viscous flows
Authors: Gao Feng , Ingram D. M. , Causon D. M. , Mingham C. G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the extension of the Cartesian cut cell method to applications involving unsteady incompressible viscous fluid flow. The underlying scheme is based on the solution of the full Navier–Stokes equations for a variable density fluid system using the artificial compressibility technique together with a Jameson‐type dual time iteration. The computational domain encompasses two fluid regions and the interface between them is treated as a contact discontinuity in the density field, thereby eliminating the need for special free surface tracking procedures. The Cartesian cut cell technique is used for fitting the complex geometry of solid boundaries across a stationary background Cartesian grid which is located inside the computational domain. A time accurate solution is achieved by using an implicit dual‐time iteration technique based on a slope‐limited, high‐order, Godunov‐type scheme for the inviscid fluxes, while the viscous fluxes are estimated using central differencing. Validation of the new technique is by modelling the unsteady Couette flow and the Rayleigh–Taylor instability problems. Finally, a test case for wave run‐up and overtopping over an impermeable sea dike is performed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin‐like growth factor type 1 receptor signaling in the cells of oligodendrocyte lineage is required for normal in vivo oligodendrocyte development and myelination
Authors: Zeger Martha , Popken Greg , Zhang Jihui , Xuan Shouhong , Lu Q. Richard , Schwab Markus H. , Nave Klaus‐Armin , Rowitch David , D'Ercole A. Joseph , Ye Ping 
Published: December 2006

AbstractInsulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) has been shown to be a potent agent in promoting the growth and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursors, and in stimulating myelination during development and following injury. To definitively determine whether IGF‐I acts directly on the cells of oligodendrocyte lineage, we generated lines of mice in which the type 1 IGF receptor gene (igf1r) was conditionally ablated either in Olig1 or proteolipid protein expressing cells (termed IGF1Rpre‐oligo‐ko and IGF1Roligo‐ko mice, respectively). Compared with wild type mice, IGF1Rpre‐oligo‐ko mice had a decreased volume (by 35–55%) and cell number (by 54–70%) in the corpus callosum (CC) and anterior commissure at 2 and 6 weeks of age, respectively. IGF1Roligo‐ko mice by 25 weeks of age also showed reductions, albeit less marked, in CC volume and cell number. Unlike astrocytes, the percentage of NG2+ oligodendrocyte precursors was decreased by ∼13% in 2‐week‐old IGF1Rpre‐oligo‐ko mice, while the percentage of CC1+ mature oligodendrocytes was decreased by ∼24% in 6‐week‐old IGF1Rpre‐oligo‐ko mice and ∼25% in 25‐week‐old IGF1Roligo‐ko mice. The reduction in these cells is apparently a result of decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. These results indicate that IGF‐I directly affects oligodendrocytes and myelination in vivo via IGF1R, and that IGF1R signaling in the cells of oligodendrocyte lineage is required for normal oligodendrocyte development and myelination. These data also provide a fundamental basis for developing strategies with the potential to target IGF‐IGF1R signaling pathways in oligodendrocyte lineage cells for the treatment of demyelinating disorders. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heat transport in the Red Lake Bog, Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands
Authors: McKenzie Jeffrey M. , Siegel Donald I. , Rosenberry Donald O. , Glaser Paul H. , Voss Clifford I. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe report the results of an investigation on the processes controlling heat transport in peat under a large bog in the Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatlands. For 2 years, starting in July 1998, we recorded temperature at 12 depth intervals from 0 to 400 cm within a vertical peat profile at the crest of the bog at sub‐daily intervals. We also recorded air temperature 1 m above the peat surface. We calculate a peat thermal conductivity of 0·5 W m−1 °C−1 and model vertical heat transport through the peat using the SUTRA model. The model was calibrated to the first year of data, and then evaluated against the second year of collected heat data. The model results suggest that advective pore‐water flow is not necessary to transport heat within the peat profile and most of the heat is transferred by thermal conduction alone in these waterlogged soils. In the spring season, a zero‐curtain effect controls the transport of heat through shallow depths of the peat. Changes in local climate and the resulting changes in thermal transport still may cause non‐linear feedbacks in methane emissions related to the generation of methane deeper within the peat profile as regional temperatures increase. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study on lag time for a small watershed
Authors: Zhang Shifeng , Liu Changming , Yao Zhijun , Guo Lei 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper is focused on the lag time of flow confluence. Lag is described empirically by the precipitation factor in hydrological modelling, but the traditional way to establish the relationship between lag and intensity is not very satisfactory in arid and semi‐arid regions. A total 215 rainfall–runoff experiments were conducted to reveal the effects of net rain duration on lag and intensity. The results show that a correlation between lag and rain intensity exists under certain conditions. There is a critical value in net rain intensity (0·8–1 mm min−1) in the correlation curve of lag and net rain intensity in the given experimental watershed in the laboratory. Similarly, a critical value of net rain duration also exists. This value is the total confluence time. The features of lag time change significantly if intensity or duration is less or greater than the critical value. The study also explores the joint effects of net rain intensity and duration on lag. The formula established among lag, intensity and duration resulted in a better fit. Therefore, the two‐parameter (intensity and duration) empirical formula for lag is better than the traditional single‐parameter (intensity) method. This two‐parameter correlation formula can also be applied to a temporally and spatially uneven runoff processes. A typical field watershed is selected to test the results of the experiments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of groundwater pumping on streamflow restoration following upstream dam removal
Authors: Constantz Jim , Essaid Hedeff 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe compared streamflow in basins under the combined impacts of an upland dam and groundwater pumping withdrawals, by examining streamflow in the presence and absence of each impact. As a qualitative analysis, inter‐watershed streamflow comparisons were performed for several rivers flowing into the east side of the Central Valley, CA. Results suggest that, in the absence of upland dams supporting large reservoirs, some reaches of these rivers might develop ephemeral streamflow in late summer. As a quantitative analysis, we conducted a series of streamflow/groundwater simulations (using MODFLOW‐2000 plus the streamflow routing package, SFR1) for a representative hypothetical watershed, with an upland dam and groundwater pumping in the downstream basin, under humid, semi‐arid, and arid conditions. As a result of including the impact of groundwater pumping, post‐dam removal simulated streamflow was significantly less than natural streamflow. The model predicts extensive ephemeral conditions in the basin during September for both the arid and semi‐arid cases. The model predicts continued perennial conditions in the humid case, but spatially weighted, average streamflow of only 71% of natural September streamflow, as a result of continued pumping after dam removal. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dynamic relationship between the euro overnight rate, the ECB's policy rate and the term spread
Authors: Nautz Dieter , Offermanns Christian J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates how the dynamic adjustment of the European overnight rate Eonia to the term spread and the European Central Bank's (ECB's) policy rate is affected by rate expectations and the operational framework of the ECB. In line with recent evidence found for the US and Japan, the reaction of the Eonia to the term spread is non‐symmetric. Moreover, the response of the Eonia to the policy rate depends on both, the repo auction format and the position of the Eonia in the ECB's interest rate corridor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ab initio quantum mechanics‐based free energy perturbation method for calculating relative solvation free energies
Authors: Reddy M. Rami , Singh U. C. , Erion Mark D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA free energy perturbation (FEP) method was developed that uses ab initio quantum mechanics (QM) for treating the solute molecules and molecular mechanics (MM) for treating the surroundings. Like our earlier results using AM1 semi empirical QMs, the ab initio QM/MM‐based FEP method was shown to accurately calculate relative solvation free energies for a diverse set of small molecules that differ significantly in structure, aromaticity, hydrogen bonding potential, and electron density. Accuracy was similar to or better than conventional FEP methods. The QM/MM‐based methods eliminate the need for time‐consuming development of MM force field parameters, which are frequently required for drug‐like molecules containing structural motifs not adequately described by MM. Future automation of the method and parallelization of the code for Linux 128/256/512 clusters is expected to enhance the speed and increase its use for drug design and lead optimization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 28: 491–494, 2007