bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cysteine at Position 217 in the Intracellular Loop 1 Plays a Critical Role in Human PTH Receptor Type 1 Membrane Translocation and Function
Authors: Thomas Beena E , Wittelsberger Angela , Woznica Iwona , Hsieh Mo-Ying , Monaghan Paul , Lee Byung-Kwon , Rosenblatt Michael 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
PTHR1 mutants lacking endogenous cysteines in transmembrane and intracellular domains were generated. Mutant receptors were tested for their biological activities and mRNA and cell surface expression levels. C217 in intracellular loop 1 was determined to play a critical role in cell surface translocation and function of the receptor.
Introduction: Elucidating the role of different domains of PTH receptor 1 (PTHR1) is essential for understanding the mechanism of ligand–receptor interactions. Here we present a study directed at determining the importance of cysteine residues present in the intracellular and transmembrane (TM) domains of the receptor.
Materials and Methods: Mutant receptors were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. Biological activities were characterized by adenylyl cyclase and competition binding assays. RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence microscopy were carried out to determine receptor mRNA and protein expression levels.
Results: Mutations C460L and C462L in TM7, C568L in the C-terminal intracellular domain of the receptor, and removal of C397 in intracellular loop (ICL)3 by insertion of cleavage sites for Factor Xa did not affect binding affinity of PTH or agonist-induced adenylyl cyclase activity, although maximal responses (ICmax and ECmax) were decreased. However, mutations C217L in ICL1 or both C217L and C568L simultaneously resulted in a decrease in binding and loss of adenylyl cyclase activity. RT-PCR results showed that the observed changes in binding and activity were not caused by changes in mRNA expression. Next, we determined cell surface and total expression of the wildtype and mutant receptors by ELISA. We found that mutations of C460/C462 to L moderately decreased transfer of receptors to the cell surface. However, mutation of C217 to L in the ICL1 drastically reduced cell surface expression. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy studies confirmed reduced cell surface expression of receptors containing the C217L mutation. Similar results were obtained when replacing C217 and C460/C462 of the receptor with A instead of L.
Conclusions: Our studies indicate that the cysteine at position 217 in ICL1 plays a critical role in translocation to the cell surface and biological function of PTHR1.
Fragile External Phenotype of Modern Human Proximal Femur in Comparison with Medieval Bone
Authors: Sievänen Harri , Józsa László , Järvinen Markku , Järvinen Tero A , Kannus Pekka , Järvinen Teppo L 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Proximal femur macroanatomy of 118 medieval and 67 contemporary adults, 84 contemporary elderly, and 48 contemporary hip fracture cases was evaluated. Within ∼1000 years, the femoral neck axis has become longer, and its cross-section has become proportionally smaller and more oval in shape. These changes in the present external phenotype alone account for ∼50% higher fall-induced stress compared with the medieval situation.
Introduction: Bones, as whole skeletal structures, adapt to mechanical stresses they customarily experience. Because the present, mechanized lifestyle apparently deprives our skeletons of vigorous, habitual physical exertion, we studied whether the proximal femur phenotype has evolved vulnerable to fragility fractures by time.
Materials and Methods: Proximal femur macroanatomy of 118 medieval and 67 contemporary adults, 84 contemporary elderly, and 48 contemporary hip fracture cases was evaluated. Using direct measurements of external bone dimensions and geometric properties, we estimated the fall-induced stress as an index of hip fragility.
Results: Within ∼1000 years, the femoral axis length has become substantially longer (analysis of covariance, body height adjusted, p &lt; 0.001), whereas the neck circumference has not increased. The macroanatomy was found similar between the contemporary adult and elderly groups. In hip fracture cases, however, the femoral axis length was further lengthened (p &lt; 0.001), but the circumference was somewhat smaller (p = 0.001). Consequently, the estimated fall-induced stress can be ∼1.5-fold today compared with the medieval times (p &lt; 0.001), and the secular trend seemed to be worse in women (sex-time interaction, p = 0.001).
Conclusions: The modern, relatively slender phenotype of the proximal femur alone seems to increase the fall-induced stress considerably, and when this phenotype coincides the osteoporotic, internally deteriorated femoral neck structure, fracture risk is imminent. This mechanically compromised external phenotype underscores the importance of timely strengthening of the skeleton and its regular maintenance throughout life.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trials of Venlafaxine for Hot Flashes After Breast Cancer
Authors: Carpenter Janet S. , Storniolo Anna Maria , Johns Shelley , Monahan Patrick O. , Azzouz Faouzi , Elam Julie L. , Johnson Cynthia S. , Shelton Richard C. 
Published: January 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the efficacy of venlafaxine in alleviating hot flashes and improving secondary outcomes.Identify the week of treatment that venlafaxine was most effective.List three side effects associated with venlafaxine.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
The Use of Bisphosphonates in Elderly Cancer Patients
Authors: Gridelli Cesare 
Published: January 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the role of bisphosphonate therapy in the management of metastatic bone disease.Describe the differences between individual bisphosphonates with regard to safety and route of administration.List the reasons for including elderly patients in clinical trials of bisphosphonates for the management of metastatic bone disease.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Early Changes in CA125 After Treatment with Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin or Topotecan Do Not Always Reflect Best Response in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer Patients
Authors: Coleman Robert L. , Gordon Alan , Barter James , Sun Steven , Rackoff Wayne , Herzog Thomas J. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Purpose. To examine early changes in CA125 relative to objective response in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer treated with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) or topotecan and to compare the CA125 trends between the two chemotherapeutics.
Patients and Methods. Patients with recurrent ovarian cancer, all of whom had measurable or evaluable disease, were randomized to receive 50 mg/m2 PLD every 28 days (n = 239) or 1.5 mg/m2 topotecan for 5 days every 21 days (n = 235) as part of a previously reported multicenter study. CA125 measurements were obtained prior to therapy and with each cycle of administration. Assessable patients underwent radiographic evaluation for response after two cycles of therapy. Objective responses were compared to trends in CA125 values at the end of cycles 1 and 2. CA125 changes were categorized as baseline (±10%), ± 10%–25% variance, and &gt; 25% variance.
Results. Among patients treated with PLD, 50% of complete responders (CR) and 41% of partial responders (PR) had increases in CA125 from baseline to cycle 1. Increases in CA125 were also seen in topotecan-treated patients; however, fewer patients had increases (20% and 8%, respectively). Overall, 15% of responding patients (CR + PR) receiving PLD and 6% receiving topotecan had elevated CA125 after two cycles of therapy. For those patients achieving a partial response, 19% of PLD-treated patients and 8% of topotecan-treated patients had CA125 levels above baseline at cycle 2.
Conclusions. Considerable intrapatient variation in CA125 values is present among responding patients. Early increases in CA125 may not predict ultimate outcome, especially in PLD-treated patients.
Increasing Chemotherapy in Small-Cell Lung Cancer: From Dose Intensity and Density to Megadoses
Authors: Crivellari Gino , Monfardini Silvio , Stragliotto Silvia , Marino Dario , Aversa Savina Maria Luciana 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The hypothesis that increasing cytotoxic dose intensity will improve cancer cure rates is compelling. Although supporting evidence for this hypothesis has accrued for several tumor types, including lymphomas, breast cancer, and testicular cancers, it remains unproven. Small-cell lung cancer is extremely chemo- and radiosensitive, with a response rate of 80% achieved routinely, but few patients are cured by chemoradiotherapy. In this setting, increased cytotoxic dose intensity might improve cure rates. The finding that response rates in small-cell lung cancer correlate with received cytotoxic dose intensity merely confirms that “less is worse” and “more is better.” Within conventional ranges, dose intensity can be increased with the support of hematopoietic growth factors and/or by shortening treatments intervals; however, dose intensity could be increased by only 20%–30%, and a survival advantage has not been clearly demonstrated. Given its high chemosensitivity, small-cell lung cancer was one of the first malignancies deemed suitable for increasing dose intensity and even for the use of a megadose with the support of autologous bone marrow transplantation. Some interest is emerging again due to improvements in supportive care, such as the availability of hematopoietic growth factors and peripheral blood progenitor cells.
Response to Treatment and Survival of Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Undergoing SomaticEGFRMutation Testing
Authors: Sequist Lecia V. , Joshi Victoria A. , Jänne Pasi A. , Muzikansky Alona , Fidias Panos , Meyerson Matthew , Haber Daniel A. , Kucherlapati Raju , Johnson Bruce E. , Lynch Thomas J. 
Published: January 2007

Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify clinical factors that predict for the presence of a somatic EGFR mutation.Discuss clinical outcomes that may differ depending on EGFR mutation status.Describe the more common types of EGFR mutations that have defined clinical implications, as compared to the rare EGFR mutations of which the significance is not yet known.CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Cover Picture: Solution‐Processed Full‐Color Polymer Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Displays Fabricated by Direct Photolithography (Adv. Funct. Mater. 2/2007)
Authors: Gather M. C. , Köhnen A. , Falcou A. , Becker H. , Meerholz K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe first high‐resolution full‐color OLED display based on a direct photolithographic process is presented by Meerholz and co‐workers on p. 191. The cover shows a schematic illustration of the fabrication process, a fluorescence microscope picture demonstrating the micrometer resolution capability of the process, and a picture of the first prototype displaying a test image. Electroluminescent polymers with photoresist‐like properties are the basis of the new process (chemical structure shown in the background).The first full‐color polymer organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display is reported, fabricated by a direct photolithography process, that is, a process that allows direct structuring of the electroluminescent layer of the OLED by exposure to UV light. The required photosensitivity is introduced by attaching oxetane side groups to the backbone of red‐, green‐, and blue‐light‐emitting polymers. This allows for the use of photolithography to selectively crosslink thin films of these polymers. Hence the solution‐based process requires neither an additional etching step, as is the case for conventional photoresist lithography, nor does it rely on the use of prestructured substrates, which are required if ink‐jet printing is used to pixilate the emissive layer. The process allows for low‐cost display fabrication without sacrificing resolution: Structures with features in the range of 2 μm are obtained by patterning the emitting polymers via UV illumination through an ultrafine shadow mask. Compared to state‐of‐the‐art fluorescent OLEDs, the display prototype (pixel size 200 μm × 600 μm) presented here shows very good efficiency as well as good color saturation for all three colors. The application in solid‐state lighting is also possible: Pure white light [Commision Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) values of 0.33, 0.33 and color rendering index (CRI) of 76] is obtained at an efficiency of 5 cd A–1 by mixing the three colors in the appropriate ratio. For further enhancement of the device efficiency, an additional hole‐transport layer (HTL), which is also photo‐crosslinkable and therefore suitable to fabricate multilayer devices from solution, is embedded between the anode and the electroluminescent layer.
Determinants of consumer attitudes and purchase intentions with regard to genetically modified tomatoes
Authors: Bukenya James O. , Wright Natasha R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAlthough some insights have been gained from previous studies on the acceptability of genetically modified (GM) foods, not many attempts have been made to understand consumer acceptability of genetically modified tomatoes. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of factors such as consumer knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes on the acceptability of genetically modified tomatoes. The analysis draws on data from a consumer survey conducted at several grocery stores in Alabama in 2003. The results revealed a diversified set of preferences toward GM tomatoes. Logit results suggest that attitude toward the use of genetic modification technology in food production, opinion about labeling, and consumer perceptions about the safety of GM foods strongly influence consumers' decisions. The utility advantage of purchasing non‐GM tomatoes corresponds to an average premium of $0.39 per pound, implying that consumers would be willing to purchase non‐GM tomatoes at a price $0.39 higher than the price of GM tomatoes. [JEL: O140, Q160, Q180, 110]. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 23: 117–130, 2007.
Factors influencing the magnitude of cartel overcharges: An empirical analysis of food‐industry cartels
Authors: Bolotova Yuliya , Connor John M. , Miller Douglas J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUsing overcharge estimates for 395 cartel episodes from the 18th to the 21st century, we evaluate the impact of cartel characteristics on the size of overcharges imposed by cartels across several geographic regions and antitrust law regimes. The results of our study have important policy implications. We find that the average overcharge imposed by cartels in our sample is 19 percent with the median of 16 percent of the selling price. Food industry cartels achieve lower overcharges than domestic cartels. Longer cartel episodes generate higher levels of overcharges. Cartels that were found or pled guilty achieve approximately the same levels of overcharges as legal cartels. [JEL classifications: L1, L2, L4, L6]. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 23: 17–33, 2007.
De novo proximal duplication of 1(q12q22) in a female infant with multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Sawyer Jeffrey R. , Binz Regina Lichti , Swanson Charles M. , Lim Cynthia 
Published: January 2007

AbstractReports of small proximal 1q duplications are rare. We report a 1 month‐old female who was referred to clinic because she was believed to have features suggestive of Turner syndrome. The patient's dysmorphic features included a prominent nose, low‐set and crumpled ears, slightly high palate, short neck, high‐pitched cry, mild micrognathia, hypoplastic labia majora, and somewhat deep palmar creases. Traditional G‐band chromosome studies of the patient were interpreted as 46,XX,dup(1)(q12q21). To further evaluate the extent of the chromosome 1 duplication, Spectral Karyotyping and a series of six fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes were utilized. The FISH probes refined the extent of the duplication to involve the region 1(q12q22) indicating the duplicated segment was larger than interpreted by the G‐banding studies. This first case of non‐mosaic proximal duplication of 1q to be characterized by multiple locus specific FISH probes should allow a more refined delineation of the phenotypic findings and clinical significance associated with this rare chromosomal duplication. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of the neuronal nicotinic receptor β2 subunit gene (CHRNB2) with subjective responses to alcohol and nicotine
Authors: Ehringer Marissa A. , Clegg Hilary V. , Collins Allan C. , Corley Robin P. , Crowley Thomas , Hewitt John K. , Hopfer Christian J. , Krauter Kenneth , Lessem Jeffrey , Rhee Soo Hyun , Schlaepfer Isabel , Smolen Andrew , Stallings Michael C. , Young Susan E. , Zeiger Joanna S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNicotine addiction and alcohol dependence are highly comorbid disorders that are likely to share overlapping genetic components. We have examined two neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit genes (CHRNA4 and CHRNB2) for possible associations with nicotine and alcohol phenotypes, including measures of frequency of use and measures of initial subjective response in the period shortly after first using the drugs. The subjects were 1,068 ethnically diverse young adults participating in ongoing longitudinal studies of adolescent drug behaviors at the University of Colorado, representing both clinical and community samples. Analysis of six SNPs in the CHRNA4 gene provided modest support for an association with past 6 month use of alcohol in Caucasians (three SNPs withP < 0.08), but no evidence for an association with tobacco and CHRNA4 was detected. However, a SNP (rs2072658) located immediately upstream of CHRNB2 was associated with the initial subjective response to both alcohol and tobacco. This study provides the first evidence for association between the CHRNB2 gene and nicotine‐ and alcohol‐related phenotypes, and suggests that polymorphisms in CHRNB2 may be important in mediating early responses to nicotine and alcohol. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structures of RNA Switches: Insight into Molecular Recognition and Tertiary Structure
Authors: Schwalbe Harald , Buck Janina , Fürtig Boris , Noeske Jonas , Wöhnert Jens 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRNA switches (riboswitches) have important functions in gene regulation. They comprise an aptamer domain, which is responsible for ligand binding, and an expression platform that transmits the ligand‐binding state of the aptamer domain through a conformational change. Riboswitches can regulate gene expression either at the level of transcription or translation, and it has been proposed that riboswitch mechanisms are even used to regulate the processing of mRNA. This Minireview summarizes the current understanding of the structures and mode of action of RNA switches, with particular focus on secondary and tertiary interactions, which stabilize the global RNA structure and thus determine the function of the aptamer domain.
Knowledge map of information science
Authors: Zins Chaim 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis article is part of a group of four articles that resulted from a Critical Delphi study conducted in 2003–2005. The study, “Knowledge Map of Information Science,” was aimed at exploring the foundations of information science. The international panel was composed of 57 leading scholars from 16 countries who represent nearly all the major subfields and important aspects of the field. This article presents a systematic and comprehensive knowledge map of the field, and is grounded on the panel discussions. The map has 10 basic categories: (1) Foundations, (2) Resources, (3) Knowledge Workers, (4) Contents, (5) Applications, (6) Operations and Processes, (7) Technologies, (8) Environments, (9) Organizations, and (10) Users. The model establishes the groundwork for formulating theories of information science, as well as developing and evaluating information science academic programs and bibliographic resources.
Development and function of the mammalian spleen
Authors: Brendolan Andrea , Rosado Maria Manuela , Carsetti Rita , Selleri Licia , Dear T. Neil 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe vertebrate spleen has important functions in immunity and haematopoiesis, many of which have been well studied. In contrast, we know much less about the mechanisms governing its early embryonic development. However, as a result of work over the past decade‐mostly using knockout mice–‐significant progress has been made in unravelling the genetic processes governing the spleen's early development. Key genetic regulators, such as Tlx1 and Pbx1, have been identified, and we know some of the early transcriptional hierarchies that control the early patterning and proliferation of the splenic primordium. In mouse and humans, asplenia can arise as a result of laterality defects, or the spleen can be absent with no other discernible abnormalities. Surprisingly, given the spleen's diverse functions, asplenic individuals suffer no major haematopoietic or immune defects apart from a susceptibility to infection with encapsulated bacteria. Recent evidence has shed light on a previously unknown role of the spleen in the development and maintenance of specific B cell populations that are involved in the initial response to infection caused by encapsulated bacteria. The lack of these populations in asplenic mice and humans may go some way to explaining this susceptibility. BioEssays 29: 166–177, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the form and function of severe self‐injurious behavior
Authors: Barrera F. J. , Violo R. A. , Graver E. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThree adults with developmental disabilities and severe, chronic self‐injurious behavior (SIB) were exposed in separate studies to multi‐element functional analog experimental and control conditions. Participants' physiological status, primarily cardiac function, was recorded with a sophisticated computerized ambulatory monitoring garment (VivoMetrics® LifeShirt system). Results revealed a reliable and consistent heart rate (HR) pattern in all conditions, consisting of an escalating HR immediately before SIB occurrence, and quickly followed by a temporary drop in HR level occasioned by SIB action. This waveform was not an artifact of movement, HR level, respiration, posture, or SIB topography. This discovery suggests that the fundamental function of SIB is an escape from autonomic arousal. This function is consistent with other physiological and clinical findings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.