bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical bone maintenance in an historic Afro‐American Cemetery sample from Cedar Grove, Arkansas
Authors: Martin Debra L. , Magennis Ann L. , Rose Jerome C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relocation and analysis of 80 skeletons from the Cedar Grove Cemetery, located in southwest Arkansas, provides an opportunity to examine the level of health and nutrition exprienced by Afro‐Americans in the post‐Reconstruction South (1878–1930). The demographic profile lends support to the interpretation that Cedar Grove participated in the nationwide decline in Afro‐American health. The high frequencies of skeletal lesions indicative of dietary deficiencies and infectious disease demonstrate that this was a highly stressed population. For this analysis, adult femoral thin sections (15 females and 14 males) are examined histologically. These data provide support to the assertion that the Cedar Grove population experienced poor health. Measures taken from the sections include cortical thickness, percent cortical area, and mean number of resorption spaces and forming osteons per square millimeter of bone. As a group, they demonstrate low percent cortical area compared with well‐nourished normals. They also show high rates of resorption to formation, thereby disrupting the balance necessary for normal cortical bone maintenance. The pattern established for bone porosity in this group is not a function of age but rather is due to other factors, most likely nutrition and disease stress. What may be unique about this group is that males, as well as females, experienced problems with calcium homeostasis and normal maintenance and repair of bone. Taken together, these data support the interpretation that diet and health were substandard in the post‐Reconstruction South.
Paleopathological study on a case of osteosarcoma
Authors: Suzuki Takao 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis report concerns a probable case of osteosarcoma found in a precontact Hawaiian skeleton from the east coast of Oahu Island, Hawaii. A young adult female showed a tumorous bone proliferation with a coarse, corallike appearance at the distal metaphyseal area of the left femur. In gross observation, a profusion of coalescing bone was extended to the surrounding space and also invaded the marrow space. X‐ray films revealed spotted and ringed shadows in the shaft and a “sunburst appearance” in the lesion. Histological examination of the tumor bone fragment showed a great deal of primitive bone tissue formation without any systemic Haversian structure.The diagnosis of osteogenic osteosarcoma is much more compatible than other primary malignant bone tumors such as Ewing's sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma or osteoplastic metastatic carcinoma of the bone when the location and morphology of the tumor are considered along with the age of the decedent.
Developmental differences between singletons and twins in distributions of dental diameter asymmetries
Authors: Boklage Charles E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCraniofacial development and behavioral development differs between human twins and singletons in several ways which are related to symmetry development and detectable in adults. In most of those ways, twin zygosity groups do not differ. Here we use distributions of dental diameters, as a model subsystem of craniofacial development, to show that twins, of both zygosities and both sexes, are substantially more symmetrical than singletons. The observed differences are consistent with previous related observations, none of which can readily be explained by any consequence of twin gestation. They seem instead to represent peculiarities of developmental biology familially associated with twinning.
Reconstruction of the diet of the Middle Woodland Amerindian population at Abbott Farm by bone trace‐element analysis
Authors: Byrne Kevin B. , Parris David C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn order to reconstruct the diet of various occupations of Middle Woodland Amerindians at Abbott Farm, New Jersey, nine different trace‐element analyses were performed on bone specimens from the site. Contemporary bone specimens were also used as controls. Specimens of human bone from the site exhibited lower strontium levels and strontium‐to‐calcium ratios than deer specimens from the same site, reinforcing paleodemographic evidence that the human populations that inhabited this site included substantial amounts of meat in their diets. Strong evidence for diagenetic enrichment of strontium was also found.Copper levels were not affected by diagenesis, but dietary discrimination was not clear for this element. The results for lead were too inconsistent to permit conclusions. Magnesium levels were clearly depleted by diagenesis, suggesting that this element is less useful than others in dietary reconstruction studies. Manganese concentrations were greatly enriched by diagenesis, rendering this element useless in dietary reconstruction. Molybdenum was absent from virtually every specimen. Excellent dietary discrimination was found for sodium, despite significant leaching. Zinc was not affected by diagenesis, but interpretation of results was hampered by its complex metabolism in mammals. The results also suggest that the Middle Woodland aboriginal residents of Abbott Farm ate little seafood and utilized grain or other plants that contain phytate as a food source.
Fat patterning in Papua New Guineans: Effects of age, sex and acculturation
Authors: Norgan N. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFor the renewed interest in fat patterning to be fruitful, more information on the biology of fat patterning, particularly normative data are required. Nine skinfold thicknesses were measured in 2312 coastal and highland Papua New Guineans of all ages undergoing acculturation. Principal component analysis of the skinfold data revealed components of fatness and fat patterning. First component scores were typical of the changes in fatness with age and the sex differences expected in these populations. Second component scores of limb‐trunk fat patterning showed marked changes with age in both sexes but they stabilised in adulthood. This pattern seemed more affected by maturity although it is usually thought to be a sex‐specific pattern. The third component, upper‐lower body patterning, was more sexually dimorphic in adults. Marked differences were not observed between the two communities but over a 15‐year period fatness levels increased slightly and subcutaneous fat tended to be deposited more centrally.
Hyperostosis frontalis interna: A Nubian case
Authors: Armelagos George J. , Chrisman O. Donald 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe aim of this article is to present evidence of hyperostosis frontalis interna in a 40‐year‐old female recovered from a Meroitic cemetery (ca. 300 A.D.) in Sudanese Nubia. A review of the literature concerning the Morgagni‐Stewart‐Morel (MSM) syndrome suggests that the changes in the skull fragment are consistent with this diagnosis. This case is the earliest example of the condition so far reported, and therefore, in archaeological time and space, this is a disease not only of modern civilization, but also of antiquity. Current endocrinological reports suggest that the hyperostosis is the hallmark of a generalized disorder of bone metabolism, with increased androgens, prolactin, and somatotropins.Hyperostosis frontalis interna is the central feature of a syndrome first described over 200 years ago by the early pathologist Giovanni Batistta Morgagni, professor of anatomy at Padua (1719). He found thickening of the internal tables of the frontal bones in association with virilism and obesity. Stewart (1928) and Morel (1929) independently added several neuropsychiatric problems to this complex and questioned the possibility of an endocrine basis for the syndrome.
Positional behavior of long‐tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Northern Sumatra
Authors: Cant John G. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough the majority of extant primates are described as “quadrupedal,” there is little information available from natural habitats on the locomotor and postural behavior of arboreal primate quadrupeds that are not specialized for leaping. To clarify varieties of quadrupedal movement, a quantitative field study of the positional behavior of a highly arboreal cercopithecine, Macaca fascicularis, was conducted in northern Sumatra. At least 70% of locomotion in travel, foraging, and feeding was movement along continuous substrates by quadrupedalism and vertical climbing. Another 14–25% of locomotion was across substrates by pronograde clambering and vertical clambering. The highest frequency of clambering occurred in foraging for insects, and on the average smaller substrates were used in clambering than during quadrupedal movement. All postural behavior during foraging and feeding was above‐substrate, largely sitting. Locomotion across substrates requires grasping branches of diverse orientations, sometimes displaced away from the animal's body. The relatively low frequency of across‐substrate locomotion appears consistent with published analyses of cercopithecoid postcranial morphology, indicating specialization for stability of limb joints and use of limbs in parasagittal movements, but confirmation of this association awaits interspecific comparisons that make the distinction between along‐ and across‐substrate forms of locomotion. It is suggested that pronograde clambering as defined in this study was likely a positional mode of considerable importance in the repertoire of Proconsul africanus and is a plausible early stage in the evolution of later hominoid morphology and locomotor behavior.
Anatomical brain asymmetries in New World and Old World monkeys: Stages of temporal lobe development in primate Evolution
Authors: Heilbroner Peter L. , Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRelatively large (n = 20–30) samples of formalin‐fixed brain specimens from five Old and New World monkey species were examined in a study measuring anatomical temporal‐lobe asymmetries. Linear measurements of the length of the Sylvian fissure were taken on each cerebral hemisphere to evaluate lateral differences related to development of auditory association cortex. The results indicate significantly greater Sylvian fissure length on the left hemisphere than on the right hemisphere in four of these species. Measurements of a different parameter on Saimiri sciureus brain specimens (length of anterior portion of the Sylvian fissure) also suggested temporal‐lobe asymmetry favoring the left hemisphere. Other measurements (length of the Sylvian fissure lying posterior to the central sulcus, and dorso‐ventral position of the Sylvian point) in Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis did not reveal significant right/left‐hemisphere differences. Sylvian‐fissure length determined from photographs of M. mulatta hemispheres in contrast to results of direct measurements did not yield significant right/left‐hemisphere asymmetry. We mention possible reasons why previous anatomical studies of brains from monkeys did not discern temporal‐lobe asymmetry, and we also discuss whether or not certain of these asymmetries in monkeys foreshadowed the evolution of language‐processing areas of the cerebral cortex in hominids.
Elemental and isotopic analyses of mammalian fauna from Southern Africa and their implications for paleodietary research
Authors: Sillen Andrew 
Published: February 2006

AbstractElemental analyses of mammalian bone (e.g., strontium‐calcium ratios, or Sr/Ca) distinguish between herbivores and carnivores; however, the relationships among herbivores are unclear. To study this question, a modern faunal sample from the Nagupande Tsetse Control Area (Zambezi drainage, Northwestern Zimbabwe) was used. This collection has the advantage of well‐established geographical controls in addition to a varied fauna, which includes both bovids and suids.The grazing/browsing dietary status of each species was ascertained by means of isotopic analysis of carbon. Clear differences were seen in the δ13C of grazing and browsing animals; a specialized grazer was found to have significantly lower Sr/Ca than less specialized grazers and browsers.In this study it was also possible to examine differences in Sr/Ca by sex; female warthogs were found to have significantly lower Sr/Ca than males. The variation in certain animal groups was found to be abnormal.Implications for reconstruction of prehistoric human diets using trace‐element techniques are discussed.
Craniofacial sequelae of lesions to facial and trigeminal motor nuclei in growing rats
Authors: Byrd Kenneth E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUnilateral electrolytic lesions were made in the left‐side facial motor nucleus (FMNu) of six Sprague‐Dawley rats at 35 days of age in order to correlate craniofacial sequelae with changed motoneuron function. Experimental and control rats were killed at 22, 32, 42, and 52 days postoperatively to provide muscle weight, brain histology, and dry skull preparations for analyses. Dissection, muscle weight, motoneuron count, and osteometric data revealed that lesion‐side facial and masticatory muscles were affected by the lesions. Paired t‐tests indicated that significant differences existed between weights of experimental lesion‐ and nonlesion‐side anterior digastric, temporalis, masseteric complex, and medial pterygoid muscles, numbers of facial and trigeminal motoneurons, and several skeletal dimensions of the skull. Basicranial dimensions of experimental animals were least affected by the lesion, whereas zygomatic arch, dorsal facial region, and mandibular condyle dimensions were most affected. Statistical analyses also detected significant differences between experimental and control groups for several skeletal dimensions of the skull. Data indicated that damage to the trigeminal motor nucleus (TMNu) was secondary to the primary lesion in the FMNu. Motoneurons within the facial and trigeminal neuromuscular complexes (FNC and TNC) play an important role in craniofacial growth and development.
Renal weights in the Southern African black population
Authors: Moar J. J. , Reinach S. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRenal weights of 430 adult black subjects coming to medicolegal autopsy at the Diepkloof State Mortuary, a large urban area southwest of Johannesburg, South Africa, were analyzed. The subjects were from 10 southern African black ethnic groups–Zulu, Sotho, Tswana, Xhosa, Shangaan, Swazi, Venda, Ndebele, Kalanga, and Malawi. The aims of the study were: 1) to ascertain the anatomical “norm” as it pertains to renal weights in this diverse population group; 2) to formulate standard reference tables that might be of use to the practicing pathologist in the southern African arena; 3) to provide a range of values that take into account the variables of age, sex, race, body weight, and body height; and 4) to provide a standard of comparison with anthropological and anatomical studies conducted on North American black, North American Caucasian, Indian subcontinent, Burmese, and Jamaican population groups.In each of the 430 subjects, age, sex, ethnic group, supine body length, body weight, individual left and right renal weights, and causes of death were noted. The latter were divided into 6 categories: 1) penetrating incised wounds; 2) multiple injuries; 3) gunshot wounds; 4) craniocerebral injuries; 5) various miscellaneous nonnatural causes of death; and 6) natural causes of death. The above variables were analyzed by computer and compared with respect to renal weights.No statistically significant differences were observed between the sexes or the age groups. Further statistical analysis indicated that the 10 southern African black ethnic groups observed at the Diepkloof Mortuary can be subdivided on the basis of total renal weight into 3 logical combinations of ethnic groups: 1) Venda, Tswana, and Swazi; 2) Zulu, and 3) Xhosa, Sotho, Shangaan, and Ndebele. An additional finding was that the cause of death appears to have a major influence on the weight of the kidneys.A range of normal values together with their means and standard deviations could thus be obtained for 6 subcategories making up 3 subdivisions of ethnic groups combined with 2 subdivisions of causes of death.
Effects of English admixture and geographic distance on anthropometric variation and genetic structure in 19th‐century Ireland
Authors: Relethford John H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe analysis of anthropometric data often allows investigation of patterns of genetic structure in historical populations. This paper focuses on interpopulational anthropometric variation in seven populations in Ireland using data collected in the 1890s. The seven populations were located within a 120‐km range along the west coast of Ireland and include islands and mainland isolates. Two of the populations (the Aran Islands and Inishbofin) have a known history of English admixture in earlier centuries. Ten anthropometric measures (head length, breadth, and height; nose length and breadth; bizygomatic and bigonial breadth; stature; hand length; and forearm length) on 259 adult Irish males were analyzed following age adjustment. Discriminant and canonical variates analysis were used to determine the degree and pattern of among‐group variation. Mahalanobis' distance measure, D2, was computed between each pair of populations and compared to distance measures based on geographic distance and English admixture (a binary measure indicating whether either of a pair of populations had historical indications of admixture). In addition, surname frequencies were used to construct distance measures based on random isonymy. Correlations were computed between distance measures, and their probabilities were derived using the Mantel matrix permutation method.English admixture has the greatest effect on anthropometric variation among these populations, followed by geographic distance. The correlation between anthropometric distance and geographic distance is not significant (r = –0.081, P = .590), but the correlation of admixture and anthropometric distance is significant (r = 0.829, P = .047). When the two admixed populations are removed from the analysis the correlation between geographic and anthropometric distance becomes significant (r = 0.718, P = .025). Isonymy distance shows a significant correlation with geographic distance (r = 0.425, P = .046) but not with admixture distance (r = –0.052, P = .524). The fact that anthropometrics show past patterns of gene flow and surnames do not reflects the greater impact of stochastic processes on surnames, along with the continued extinction of surnames. This study shows that 1) anthropometrics can be extremely useful in assessing population structure and history, 2) differential gene flow into populations can have a major impact on local genetic structure, and 3) microevolutionary processes can have different effects on biological characters and surnames.
Measurements of tooth wear among Australian aborigines: II. Intrapopulational variation in patterns of dental attrition
Authors: McKee Jeffrey K. , Molnar Stephen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe possible implications of variations in dental attrition patterns have necessitated a detailed assessment of the types, ranges, and causes of tooth wear. Here we employ measurements of postcanine occlusal wear facets from a sample population of extant Australian aborigines. A principal components analysis was applied as a tool in determining common types of attritional patterns. It was concluded that the range of intrapopulational variation in dental wear patterns must be attributed to a multiplicity of sources in addition to such commonly cited causes as dietary variations, gender, age, and developmental eruption sequences.
Immunoglobulin (GM and KM) allotypes and relation to population history in native peoples of British Columbia: Haida and Bella Coola
Authors: Field L. L. , Gofton J. P. , Kinsella T. D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDifferences in the frequencies of GM haplotypes among native peoples of the Americas support the hypothesis that there were three distinct waves of migration from northeast Asia into the Americas: Paleo‐Indian, Na‐Dene, and Inuit (Eskimo)‐Aleut (Salzano and Steinberg: Am. J. Hum. Genet. 17:273–279, 1965; Sukernik and Osipova: Hum. Genet. 61:148–153, 1982; Williams et al.: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 66:1–19, 1985; Szathmary: In R Kirk and E Szathmary (eds): Out of Asia: Peopling of the Americas and the Pacific. Canberra: The Journal of Pacific History, Canberra Australian National University, pp. 79–104, 1985). We studied GM allotypes in two linguistically unique populations of Canadian west coast native peoples, the Haida and the Bella Coola, and compared them to GM frequencies in populations that are supposed descendants of the three migrations, in order to investigate the possible genetic relationships of these British Columbia (BC) groups to other native populations. We also estimated the amount of European admixture from the frequency of the Caucasian haplotype, Gm3;5. Results showed that the frequencies in both BC populations of the three common native haplotypes (Gm1,17;21, Gm1,2,17;21, and Gm1,17;15,16), were intermediate between the frequencies in supposed descendants of Paleo‐Indian and Na‐Dene. These genetic findings are consistent with the controversial hypothesis of archeologist C. Borden (Science 203:963–971, 1979) that, following deglaciation about 13,000 years ago, British Columbia was repopulated by peoples from the north (?Na‐Dene) and by culturally distinct peoples from the south (?Paleo‐Indian). Caucasian admixture estimates suggested that the Haida and Bella Coola have also experienced moderate amounts (12–20%) of genetic input from European‐originating peoples.
Approximate surface development of the left side half‐trunk by a free‐formed model
Authors: Ashizawa Kumi , Kuki Tanemi , Kusumoto Ayano , Tsutsumi Emiko , Kato Sumiyo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe approximate surface development, skin length, and surface area of the left side of the trunk of 51 female students were compared with regard to static and stretched postures. The data for each subject were obtained from geometrical models generated by moiré topography with a computer. When the chest was stretched, the anterior surface, the shoulder line, and the arm‐base line were transformed from concave to convex, and a gap oriented toward the nipple widened out. The skin elongated vertically and transversely, except at the side of the waistline, where the skin contracted. The area at the top of the trunk decreased about 25%, while the other parts of the trunk increased 8–15%. The total anterior area was 1.20 m2 for the static posture and 1.29 m2 for the stretched posture. When the posterior surface was stretched, the shoulder line changed from convex to concave, the side line from quasi‐straight to concave, and gaps oriented toward the chest line disappeared. The skin elongated most at the infrascapular region (20–35%), while the neck base line contracted (–11%). The center of the back and the lower arm base areas enlarged the most (25%) and the lumbar area enlarged the least (12%). The total posterior area was 1.26 m2 in the static posture and 1.37 m2 in the back‐stretched posture. In conclusion, the back skin elongated and enlarged more when stretched than the frontal skin.