bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models for Breast Cancers
Authors: Eccles Suzanne A. , Paon Lenaic 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBreast cancer afflicts a high proportion of women and its underlying causes are not fully understood. There are many risk factors that contribute to breast cancer, and a small proportion of cases have been attributed to inherited predisposition genes. Recently, there have been attempts to improve the classification of breast cancers, notably by gene expression microarray techniques, with the aim of providing more sophisticated prognostic information, to identify new targets for therapy and even to determine women most likely to need (and/or benefit from) additional interventions. With much more still to be learned about the basic biology of breast cancers, and a great deal to be gained by studying possible means of preventing progression or controlling disseminated disease, laboratory models are still essential. This section attempts to give an overview ofin vitroandin vivosystems that may be useful to further our knowledge in these areas.
Models for Lymphoma
Authors: Enns Andreas , Haier Jörg 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Lymphomas belong to the most complex and heterogeneous set of malignant tumours known to oncology. During the last few decades a high number of experimental approaches were introduced to unravel the pathophysiology of lymphomas and to help in developing new therapeutic strategies. This chapter begins with a description of the main known pathophysiological mechanisms, which contribute to the development of lymphomas, such as aberrant chromosomal translocations taking place during the maturation of B lymphocytes, the role of tumour‐suppressor genes and oncogenes during the lymphomagenesis, and the involvement of some viruses is also discussed. This compact overview is followed by presentation of the lymphoma cell lines pointing out the specific features and problems, which have to be considered for use as
in vitro
models for lymphoma research. Finally, xenogeneic and genetically engineered mouse models employed in lymphoma research are discussed.
Conventional Chemotherapeutics
Authors: Barrett Sophie V. , Cassidy Jim 
Published: October 2007

AbstractChemotherapeutic agents are a vital component in the treatment of virtually all cancers. This chapter aims to give an overview of the different classes of chemotherapy drugs in use today, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, activity, and toxicity. The groups discussed include the antifolates, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, platinum agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, antitumour antibiotics, and antimicrotubule agents.
Modern Approaches to Radiation Therapy
Authors: Tsien Christina I. , Lawrence Theodore 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Recent advances in technology have led to dramatic improvements in radiation treatment planning, and delivery. These technical advances have allowed us to deliver higher radiation doses to the tumour while limiting dose to the normal surrounding tissues. Parallel advances in imaging and molecular biology have improved our ability precisely to define target volumes at risk, enhance radiation sensitivity, as well as to evaluate response to therapy. In this chapter, we will focus on the clinical improvements that have been achieved from both technological advances in radiotherapy (RT) planning and treatment delivery in combination with radiation response modifiers such as altered fractionation, chemotherapy, and molecularly targeted therapy.
Cancer Vaccines
Authors: Laheru Dan , Jaffee Elizabeth M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe identification of key signalling pathways involved in immune‐system regulation, along with the development of early pancreatic tumours in mouse models, has provided new opportunities for pancreatic cancer treatment and prevention. Immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer is one approach that is at a crucial crossroads, as therapeutics that are designed to target pancreatic‐cancer‐associated antigens and regulatory signalling molecules are entering clinical trials.
Antihormonal Therapy for Breast and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Cordera Fernando , Jordan V. Craig 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBreast and prostate cancers are the most common malignancies in developed countries. Unlike other forms of cancer, these tumours express specific steroid receptors that regulate their behaviour and can predict response to treatment. Antihormonal therapy simply involves denying access of the natural ligand to the relevant steroid hormone receptor. Antihormonal therapy achieves this by decreasing the synthesis of the natural ligands, blocking the specific receptors, binding specific receptors and modulating the receptor‐mediated gene transcription, or by destruction of the receptor. This form of targeted therapy has conclusively been shown to benefit patients with breast and prostate cancer and has an important role in chemoprevention.
Anti‐angiogenic and Anti‐stromal Therapy
Authors: Bhattacharyya Madhumita 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAnti‐angiogenic and anti‐stromal therapies are being developed for the treatment of cancer. Elucidation of the factors involved in tumour angiogenesis, in particular, the VEGF‐VEGFR pathway, has enabled new targeted therapies to be developed. Bevacizumab and the multi‐targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors have shown clinical efficacy when given in combination with conventional cytotoxic therapy. Other agents include endogenous inhibitors of apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and integrin antagonists, which are in the early phases of clinical development. Angiogenic inhibitors may synergize with conventional cytotoxic therapy and radiotherapy in decreasing tumour growth.
Mesh Generation and Mesh Adaptivity: Theory and Techniques
Authors: George P. L. , Borouchaki H. , Frey P. J. , Laug P. , Saltel E. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In this chapter we are concerned with mesh generation methods and mesh adaptivity issues. Many techniques are nowadays available to complete meshes of arbitrary domains for computational purposes. Planar, surface and volume meshing have been automated to a large extent. Over the last few years, meshing activities have been focused on adaptive schemes where the features of a solution field must be accurately captured. To this end, meshing techniques must be revisited in order to be capable of completing high quality meshes conforming to these features. Error estimates are therefore used to analyze the solution field at a given stage and, on the basis of the results the information they yield, adapted meshes are created before computing the next stage of the solution field. A number of novel meshing issues must be addressed including how to construct a mesh adapted to what the error estimate prescribes, how to handle large size meshes, how to consider moving boundary problems, etc.
Anthropometric reference values in an Afro‐Caribbean adolescent population
Authors: Nichols Selby D. , Cadogan Frances I. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractChildhood and adolescent obesity is increasingly becoming a major public health issue in the Caribbean. In this study, we analyze patterns of growth in a population of Afro‐Caribbean adolescents 12–18 years old and to compare these with those established for US adolescents. A cross‐section of adolescent schoolchildren had weight and height measured using standardized procedures. In addition, percentage body fat (% BF) was measured using a foot‐to‐foot bioelectric impedance body fat analyzer (Tanita model 531). Selected age‐ and gender‐ specific percentiles of BMI, %BF, weight and height were derived and smoothed by cubic splines. These were compared with similar percentiles from US adolescent growth data. A total of 3,707 adolescents (1,585 males; 2,122 females) participated in the study. The age‐specific correlation between BMI and %BF ranged from 0.75 to 0.87 in males and 0.79 to 0.87 in females. Females had significantly higher %BF than males in each age category. Overall, Tobagonian females were heavier and had higher BMI than their US counterparts especially levels above the median percentiles. Tobagonian males had similar height, weight, and BMI to their US counterparts over the range of percentiles. Overall, the pattern of growth in this group of adolescents suggests that they are growing at rates that are comparable to those seen in a more well‐nourished population. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A fingerprint characteristic associated with the early prenatal environment
Authors: Kahn Henry S. , Graff Mariaelisa , Stein Aryeh D. , Zybert Patricia A. , McKeague Ian W. , Lumey L. H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFingerprints and fingertip ridge counts (RCs) have a significant genetic component. However, they also reflect the nongenetic environment of early pregnancy, an important time window for tissue differentiation and organogenesis. Fingerprints are permanently configured before the 20th week of gestation, and each fingertip's RC is related to the growth and regression of its early fetal volar pads. Rostral and caudal aspects of the embryonic limb bud have different relations to somite segments and to morphogen‐activator functions. We hypothesized, therefore, that early fetal circumstances would be associated with a contrast in RCs between the thumb (digit 1) and little finger (digit 5). We obtained RCs from the fingerprints of a sample of 658 Dutch adults identified through prenatal and delivery records of Dutch urban births occurring during 1943–1947, an historical era that included months of wartime disruption with a winter famine. We calculated the mean of left‐ and right‐hand RC differences between digits 1 and 5 (Md15). The Md15 fluctuated in relation to the calendar season of the mother's last menstrual period, but only if the gestation occurred outside of the wartime disruption interval. If the gestation occurred during the disruption interval, the Md15 seasonal fluctuation was not evident. This finding suggests that parental environmental factors may influence the fingerprints of the offspring. Fingerprint RC differences observed in postnatal life may be useful in the study of metabolic or anatomic programming related to the early prenatal environment. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractionation and characterization of an ethylene–propylene copolymer produced with a MgCl2/SiO2/TiCl4/diester‐type ziegler–natta catalyst
Authors: Dong Qi , Fan Zhi‐Qiang , Fu Zhi‐Sheng , Xu Jun‐Ting 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn ethylene–propylene copolymer synthesized with a Ziegler–Natta catalyst was fractionated by a combination of dissolution/precipitation and temperature‐gradient extraction fractionation. The fractions were characterized with 13C‐NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The fractionation was carried out mainly with respect to the content of ethylene, but the crystallizable propylene sequences could also exert an influence on the fractionation. The copolymer contained a series of components with wide variations in the compositions. With an increase in the ethylene content, the structure of the fractions became blockier and blockier, and the fraction extracted at 111°C had the blockiest structure. A further increase in the ethylene content led to a decrease in the length and number of the propylene sequences. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the composition distribution in single fractions was not homogeneous, and multiple melting peaks were observed. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction results revealed both polyethylene and polypropylene crystals in most of the fractions. Short propylene sequences could be included in the polyethylene crystals, and short ethylene sequences could also be incorporated into the polypropylene crystals. The incorporation of propylene sequences into polyethylene crystals strongly depended on the sequence distribution and crystallization conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Sorption properties of the iminodiacetate ion exchange resin, amberlite IRC‐718, toward divalent metal ions
Authors: Noureddine Charef , Lekhmici Arrar , Mubarak Mohammad S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe sorption properties of the commercially available cationic exchange resin, Amberlite IRC‐718, that has the iminodiacetic acid functionality, toward the divalent metal‐ions, Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+ were investigated by a batch equilibration technique at 25°C as a function of contact time, metal ion concentration, mass of resin used, and pH. Results of the study revealed that the resin exhibited higher capacities and a more pronounced adsorption toward Fe2+ and that the metal‐ion uptake follows the order: Fe2+ > Cu2+> Zn2+ >Ni2+. The adsorption and binding capacity of the resin toward the various metal ions investigated are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Enhancement of melt elasticity for poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) by addition of weak gel
Authors: Arakawa Keiichi , Yokohara Tadashi , Yamaguchi Masayuki 
Published: October 2007

AbstractRheological properties in a molten state are studied extensively for poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate), PHB‐HV, with a small amount of crosslinked poly(epichlorohydrin), PECH, having low density of crosslink points. It is found that adding 2 wt % of xPECH greatly enhances the melt elasticity of PHB‐HV, one of the serious defects of microbial PHB, whereas it has no effect on the shear viscosity. As a result, viscoelastic nature, and thus processability, of PHB‐HV can be controlled by blending the crosslinked PECH. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Mechanical properties and water absorption of low‐density polyethylene/sawdust composites
Authors: Kamel Samir , Adel Abeer M. , El‐Sakhawy Mohamed , Nagieb Zenat A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe mechanical properties and water absorption of low‐density polyethylene/sawdust composites were investigated. The relationship between the filler content and the composite properties was also studied. Different degrees of esterification of the sawdust with maleic anhydride were obtained with different reaction times. The experimental results demonstrated that the treatment of sawdust by maleic anhydride enhanced the tensile and flexural strengths. The water absorption for maleic anhydride treated sawdust indicated that it was more hydrophobic than untreated sawdust. The effects of the addition of benzoyl peroxide during the preparation of composite samples on the water absorption and mechanical properties were also evaluated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Thermal and mechanical properties of a poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)/graphite oxide composite
Authors: Kai Weihua , Hirota Yuuki , Hua Lei , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe effect of graphite oxide (GO) as the enforcing filler on the properties of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) was investigated in this study. Through the introduction of GO, the Young's modulus of PCL was increased from 340 to 1000 MPa, and the tensile strength of PCL was increased from 15 to 26 MPa. Furthermore, the interlayer distance of GO (0.6 nm) was found to expand to 1.1 nm in the PCL/GO composite, which indicated the intercalation of the PCL chain into the GO layers. Because of this intercalation structure of the PCL/GO composite, GO showed a higher reinforcing effect than graphite on the mechanical properties of PCL. The intercalation should have enabled much effective load transfer in the PCL/GO composites. Moreover, GO showed a nucleating effect toward the crystallization of PCL, as the nonisothermal crystallization peak temperature shifted from 25°C for pure PCL to about 34°C for the PCL/GO composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Intercellular Communication Within the Rat Anterior Pituitary: XIV Electron Microscopic and Immunohistochemical Study on the Relationship Between the Agranular Cells and GnRH Neurons in the Dorsal Pars Tuberalis of the Pituitary Gland
Authors: Shirasawa Nobuyuki , Sakuma Eisuke , Wada Ikuo , Naito Akira , Horiuchi Osamu , Mabuchi Yoshio , Kanai Miharu , Herbert Damon C. , Soji Tsuyoshi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAlthough numerous investigators in 1970s to 1980s have reported the distribution of LH‐RH nerve fibers in the median eminence, a few LH‐RH fibers have been shown to be present in the pars tuberalis. The significance of the finding remains to be elucidated, and there are few studies on the distribution of LH‐RH neurons in the pars tuberalis, especially in the dorsal pars tuberalis (DPT). Adult male Wistar‐Imamichi rats were separated into two groups: one for electron microscopy and the other for immunohistochemistry to observe LH‐RH and neurofilaments. Pituitary glands attached to the brain were fixed by perfusion, and the sections were prepared parallel to the sagittal plane. The typical glandular structure of the pars tuberalis was evident beneath the bottom floor of the third ventricle, and the thick glandular structure was present in the foremost region. Closer to the anterior lobe, the glandular structure changed to be a thin layer, and it was again observed at the posterior portion. Then the pituitary stalk was surrounded with the dorsal, lateral, and ventral pars tuberalis. LH‐RH and neurofilaments fibers were noted in the bottom floor, and some of them vertically descended to the gland. Adjacent to the glandular folliculostellate cells in the pars tuberalis, Herring bodies with numerous dense granules invading into the gland were present between the pituitary stalk and DPT. It was postulated that the “message” carried by LH‐RH might have been transmitted to the cells in the DPT to aid in the modulation of LH release. Anat Rec, 290:1388–1398, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relevance: A review of the literature and a framework for thinking on the notion in information science. Part III: Behavior and effects of relevance
Authors: Saracevic Tefko 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAll is flux.—Plato on Knowledge in the Theaetetus (about 369 BC)Relevance is a, if not even the, key notion in information science in general and information retrieval in particular. This two‐part critical review traces and synthesizes the scholarship on relevance over the past 30 years or so and provides an updated framework within which the still widely dissonant ideas and works about relevance might be interpreted and related. It is a continuation and update of a similar review that appeared in 1975 under the same title, considered here as being Part I. The present review is organized in two parts: Part II addresses the questions related to nature and manifestations of relevance, and Part III addresses questions related to relevance behavior and effects. In Part II, the nature of relevance is discussed in terms of meaning ascribed to relevance, theories used or proposed, and models that have been developed. The manifestations of relevance are classified as to several kinds of relevance that form an interdependent system of relevancies. In Part III, relevance behavior and effects are synthesized using experimental and observational works that incorporated data. In both parts, each section concludes with a summary that in effect provides an interpretation and synthesis of contemporary thinking on the topic treated or suggests hypotheses for future research. Analyses of some of the major trends that shape relevance work are offered in conclusions.
Information systems project post‐mortems: Insights from an attribution perspective
Authors: Pan Gary , Pan Shan L , Newman Michael 
Published: October 2007

AbstractInformation systems (IS) project failure is a costly and common problem. This is despite advances in development tools and technologies. In this article, we argue that one reason for this is the failure of project post‐mortems to generate constructive “lessons learned” from previous projects. Over time, the ineffective practices would persist in the organization, rendering it resistant to change. The attribution theory literature serves as one of the few promising theoretical bases to explain why project post‐mortems fail. A case study of a project post‐mortem undertaken for an abandoned electronic procurement system project is discussed and analyzed. We identify five antecedent conditions of attribution error: the presence of self‐appointed mindsets, the general persistence of negative beliefs, memory decay, selective recall of project events and the influence of power dynamics within the organization. We discuss the research and practical implications of these findings and suggest how the problem of attribution error may be minimized in project post‐mortems.
Millimeter wave dosimetry of human skin
Authors: Alekseev S.I. , Radzievsky A.A. , Logani M.K. , Ziskin M.C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTo identify the mechanisms of biological effects of mm waves it is important to develop accurate methods for evaluating absorption and penetration depth of mm waves in the epidermis and dermis. The main characteristics of mm wave skin dosimetry were calculated using a homogeneous unilayer model and two multilayer models of skin. These characteristics included reflection, power density (PD), penetration depth (δ), and specific absorption rate (SAR). The parameters of the models were found from fitting the models to the experimental data obtained from measurements of mm wave reflection from human skin. The forearm and palm data were used to model the skin with thin and thick stratum corneum (SC), respectively. The thin SC produced little influence on the interaction of mm waves with skin. On the contrary, the thick SC in the palm played the role of a matching layer and significantly reduced reflection. In addition, the palmar skin manifested a broad peak in reflection within the 83–277 GHz range. The viable epidermis plus dermis, containing a large amount of free water, greatly attenuated mm wave energy. Therefore, the deeper fat layer had little effect on the PD and SAR profiles. We observed the appearance of a moderate SAR peak in the therapeutic frequency range (42–62 GHz) within the skin at a depth of 0.3–0.4 mm. Millimeter waves penetrate into the human skin deep enough (δ = 0.65 mm at 42 GHz) to affect most skin structures located in the epidermis and dermis. Bioelectromagnetics 29:65–70, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mobile telephone use effects on peripheral audiovestibular function: A case–control study
Authors: Bamiou Doris‐Eva , Ceranic Borka , Cox Robin , Watt Hilary , Chadwick Philip , Luxon Linda M 
Published: October 2007

AbstractLow level radio‐frequency (RF) signals may produce disorientation, headache and nausea. This double blind study tested nine case‐subjects, who complained of various symptoms after prolonged mobile telephone use and 21 control subjects. Each subject underwent a series of trials, in which a dummy mobile telephone exposure system was held to each ear for 30 min in (a) pulsed, (b) continuous RF emission or, (c) no emission test modes. In the active pulsed and continuous modes the same mean power as the output of a typical handset was delivered at a carrier frequency of 882 MHz and at a maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) value of 1.3 W kg−1 (± 30%). In Experiment I (auditory), transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE), which assess the outer hair cells in the inner ear, were conducted. In Experiment II (vestibular) the vestibulo‐ocular reflex was recorded by video‐oculography (VOG), at baseline and immediately post exposure. There were no significant TEOAE changes from baseline to post‐exposure recording for any of the exposures and no significant differences in the TEOAEs' change from baseline to post exposure between cases and controls. The VOG did not identify any effect of the exposure on the vestibular end organ in either cases or controls. In conclusion, 30 min exposure to mobile phone RF did not show any immediate effects on vestibulocochlear function as measured by TEOAE and the VOR. Bioelectromagnetics 29:108–117, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.