bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interface between tauopathies and synucleinopathies: A tale of two proteins
Authors: Galpern Wendy R. , Lang Anthony E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases are often classified based on the abnormal accumulation of synuclein or tau. Traditionally, these disorders have been viewed as distinct clinical and pathological entities. However, advances in molecular genetics and protein biochemistry have shown intriguing overlaps. The most common synucleinopathy, Parkinson's disease, is characterized by extrapyramidal motor dysfunction, whereas the most common tauopathy, Alzheimer's disease, is defined by dementia. Yet there is overlap of clinical features; Parkinson's disease patients frequently have dementia, and Alzheimer's disease patients often manifest parkinsonism. Dementia with Lewy bodies exemplifies the existence of a continuum among these diseases. This overlap extends to the neuropathological findings; the pathognomonic hallmark for one set of disorders, Lewy bodies or neurofibrillary tangles, is present more often than expected in the other set. Moreover, mutations in LRRK2 known to cause parkinsonism are associated not only with dopaminergic neuronal degeneration, but also with the accumulation of synuclein, tau, neither, or both proteins. Other shared genetic features between tauopathies and synucleinopathies also exist. Finally, the known protein interactions between tau and synuclein further highlight the interface. Evidence for the intersection of tauopathies and synucleinopathies indicates the need for an updated disease classification scheme and may have important implications for therapeutic development. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:449–458
Ruthenium carbonyl complexes in catalytic epoxidation of olefins co‐catalyzed by isobutyl‐aldehyde
Authors: Aguirre P. , Zolezzi S. , Parada J. , Bunel E. , Moya S. A. , Sariego R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present work shows the catalytic activity of a series of carbonyl ruthenium complexes in the epoxidation of olefins co‐catalyzed by isobutyl‐aldehyde. The complexes display catalytic activity in the epoxidation of the cyclohexene with high selectivity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermotropic behavior of lithocholic acid derivative linked hydroxyethyl cellulose
Authors: Shaikh V. A. E. , Maldar N. N. , Lonikar S. V. , Rajan C. R. , Ponrathnam S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractVarious mesogenic lithocholic acid (LA) derivatives [3‐acetyl LA (LAAC); 3‐propionyl LA (LAP), 3‐cinnamoyl LA (LACin); 3‐benzoyl LA (LAB), 3‐(4‐nitrobenzoyl) LA (LANB); and methyl‐3‐(3‐carboxypropionyl) LA, i.e., LA methyl ester monosuccinate (LAMeMS)] were reacted with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) to obtain a series of LA derivatives of HEC. These polymers were characterized by the mesogen content, IR, differential scanning calorimetry, and hot‐stage coupled polarizing optical microscopy. The degree of substitution (DS) ranged from 0.27 to 1.11. Polymers HEC‐LAB (DS = 1.11), HEC‐LANB (DS = 0.80), HEC‐LACin (DS = 0.76), and HEC‐LAP (DS = 0.27) exhibited a mesophase on heating whereas HEC‐LAB also showed a mesophase on cooling. The other polymers HEC‐LAAC (DS = 0.89) and HEC‐LAMeMS (DS = 0.36) did not reveal mesophase formation with either heating or cooling. It is observed that the formation of a mesophase is affected by the type of mesogen that is used rather than the mesogen content of the polymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1995–2001, 2006
Fundamental studies of homogeneous cation exchange membranes from poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide): Membranes prepared by simultaneous aryl‐sulfonation and aryl‐bromination
Authors: Yu He , Xu Tongwen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStrong acid homogenous cation exchange membranes were obtained by simultaneously introducing sulfonic and bromine groups into poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO). The ion‐exchange capacity (IEC), water content, transport number, diffusion coefficient, contact angle, and tensile strength of the obtained membranes were studied. The results show that the membrane intrinsic properties are largely dependent on the substitution of bromine: the IEC and water content decrease with bromine content, while the area resistance and permselectivity of the membranes increase with this trend. Therefore, by properly balancing them, a series of homogenous cation exchange membranes having good electrical properties and physical stability can be obtained to comply with different industrial electromembrane processes, such as diffusion dialysis, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, etc. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2238–2243, 2006
Modifications of the rigid polyurethane–polyisocyanurate foams
Authors: Czupryński Boguslaw , Paciorek‐Sadowska Joanna , Liszkowska Joanna 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe method of boroorganic compounds preparation by esterification of boric acid and glycols has been presented. The obtained compounds tri(2‐hydroxybutyl)borate, tri(hydroxythiodiethylene)borate, tri[(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propoxy)‐1‐methylpropyl]borate, and tri[3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propoxy)thiodiethyl]borate were used to produce the rigid polyurethane–polyisocyanurate (PUR‐PIR) foams. The foams were prepared by one‐stage method and the amount of borates added varied, within the range from 0.0 to 0.4 of chemical equivalent. The method of preparation, determination of foaming parameters, and methods of testing of the physicochemical properties of PUR‐PIR foams as well as their results have been presented. A special emphasis was put on reduction of the foam flammability. It was found that application of the obtained compounds as polyolic components has a favorable effect on the properties of the produced rigid PUR‐PIR foams. The obtained rigid PUR‐PIR foams were characterized by a higher compressive strength, lower brittleness, considerably reduced flammability, and higher content of the closed cells. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2020–2029, 2006
Film formation from pigmented latex systems: Drying kinetics and bulk morphologies of ground calcium carbonate/functionalized poly(n‐butyl methacrylate‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate) blend films
Authors: Ding Tianhua , Daniels Eric S. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. , Klein Andrew 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe drying kinetics and bulk morphology of pigmented latex films obtained from poly(n‐butyl methacrylate‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate) latex particles functionalized with carboxyl groups and ground calcium carbonate blends were studied. Latex/pigment blends with higher carboxyl group coverage on the latex particle surfaces dried faster than films with few or no carboxyl groups present. The latex/pigment dispersions also dried faster when there was more stabilizer present in the blend system because of the hydrophilic nature of the stabilizer. The net effect of increasing the pigment volume concentration in the blend system was to shorten the drying time. The bulk morphologies of the freeze‐fractured surfaces of the pigmented latex films were studied with scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that increased surface coverage of carboxyl groups on the latex particles in the latex/pigment blends resulted in the formation of smaller pigment aggregates with a more uniform size distribution in the blend films. In addition, the use of smaller latex particles in the blends reduced the ground calcium carbonate pigment aggregate size in the resulting films. Scanning electron microscopy analysis also showed that when the initial stabilizer coverage on the latex particles was equal to 18%, smaller aggregates of ground calcium carbonate were distributed within the copolymer matrix of the blend films in comparison with the cases for which the initial stabilizer coverage on the latex particles was 8 or 36%. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2267–2277, 2006
Determination of sorption kinetic parameters using the relaxation‐dependent solubility model in the methanol vapor—Poly(methyl methacrylate) system
Authors: Dimos V. , Sanopoulou M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relaxation‐dependent solubility model was applied to simulate the experimentally observed sorption kinetic behavior of the PMMA–vapor MeOH system at 25°C, to obtain the main transport parameters. Application of the model in series of successive sorption kinetic runs covering small concentration intervals revealed certain trends in the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient of the system, not detectable by a previous simpler analysis of the data. Following excess free volume fill up, relaxation frequencies exhibit a weak exponential dependence on concentration. The functional dependence of the thermodynamic diffusivity on the concentration, deduced from the aforementioned simulation procedure, was tested and found to reproduce reasonably well the series of sorption kinetic runs covering considerably larger concentration intervals. In addition, this analysis indicates a strong dependence of the relaxation mechanism on the concentration interval. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2278–2288, 2006
Effects of molecular weights of bioabsorbable poly(p‐dioxanone) on its crystallization behaviors
Authors: Yang Ke‐Ke , Wang Xiu‐Li , Wang Yu‐Zhong , Huang Hai‐Xia 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe crystallization behaviors of poly(p‐dioxanone) (PPDO) with different molecular weights (MWs) have been studied using a differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that the MW of PPDO affects the crystallization rate and crystallinity obviously during the dynamic crystallization process. The Avrami equation has been used to analyze the overall isothermal crystallization of PPDO. Avrami exponents ranging from 2 to 3 were obtained with good fits (correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 in all the cases) at Tc ranged from 55 to 75°C. Although no significant influence of MW on Avrami exponent has been found, the MW of PPDO plays dominant role on the rate constant k. The values of k increase with the MW in a Tc range from 55 to 75°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2331–2335, 2006
Chemically induced graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers onto cotton fibers
Authors: Pulat Mehlika , Isakoca Ceyhan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe investigated the chemically induced graft copolymerizations of acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide, crotonic acid, and itaconic acid (IA) onto cotton fibers. Benzoyl peroxide was used as an initiator. The effects of grafting temperature, grafting time, and monomer and initiator concentrations on the grafting yields were studied, and optimum grafting conditions were determined for the sample material. The maximum grafting yield value obtained was 23.8% for AA. Swelling tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses of grafted and ungrafted fibers were also performed to characterize fiber properties. IA‐grafted fibers were measured as the most swollen fibers, with a swelling value of 510%. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2343–2347, 2006
Immobilization of a functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) onto β‐cyclodextrin‐coated surfaces by formation of inclusion complexes: Application to the coupling of proteins
Authors: Guerrouache M. , Karakasyan C. , Gaillet C. , Canva M. , Millot M. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was the immobilization of COOH‐modified poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) layers onto β‐cyclodextrin‐coated surfaces by formation of inclusion complexes, in view of biosensors applications. To this end, PEGs with one phenyladamantyl and one carboxylic end group (Ad‐PEG‐COOH) were prepared according to a three‐step procedure. After modification of PEG with 4‐toluenesulfonylchloride, the reaction of the tosyl intermediate with the alcoholate of 4‐(1‐adamantyl)‐phenol was carried out in tetrahydrofuran to avoid the formation of by‐products. Then, it was shown by high performance liquid chromatography that the association between β‐cyclodextrin cavities and Ad‐PEG‐COOH polymers was not hindered by the presence of the COOH group. Last, the Ad‐PEG‐COOH polymer was immobilized onto β‐cyclodextrin‐coated gold surfaces by formation of inclusion complexes. The immobilization was performed in water, at room temperature, with a rapid kinetics. After activation of COOH groups with N‐hydroxysuccinimide, β‐lactoglobulin was coupled to the biocompatible PEG layer. Functionalization of the gold surface with β‐cyclodextrin cavities, immobilization of Ad‐PEG‐COOH onto the surface, and coupling of the protein to the reactive PEG layer were followed in real time by surface plasmon resonance imaging system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2362–2370, 2006
Synthesis and properties of styrene copolymers. Preparation of film‐modified electrodes to detect Pb2+ ions
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Pooley S. Amalia , Brovelli Francisco , Pereira Eduardo , Basaez Luis , Puentes Jazmín , Moutet Jean‐Claude , Saint‐Aman Eric 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOrganic solvent‐soluble polymers containing different functional groups able to coordinate metal ions from low concentration were synthesized to build complexing polymer film modified electrodes. Poly(acetamide acrylic acid‐co‐styrene) and poly(itaconic acid‐co‐styrene) were synthesized by radical polymerization. The copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy, electron scanning microscopy, and thermal analysis. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution were determined by size exclusion chromatography. These complexing polymers have been used in the preparation of complexing modified electrodes (CME) by spin coating. The CME have been tested for the detection of metal ions using the chemical preconcentration‐anodic stripping technique. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2380–2385, 2006
Heat‐resistant hydrophobic–oleophobic coatings
Authors: Uyanik M. , Arpaç E. , Schmidt H. , Akarsu M , Sayilkan F. , Sayilkan H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThermally and chemically durable hydrophobic oleophobic coatings, containing different ceramic particles such as SiO2, SiC, Al2O3, which can be alternative instead of Teflon, have been developed and applied on the aluminum substrates by spin‐coating method. Polyimides, which are high‐thermal resistant heteroaromatic polymers, were synthesized, and fluor oligomers were added to these polymers to obtain hydrophobic–oleophobic properties. After coating, Al surface was subjected to Taber‐abrasion, adhesion, corrosion, and thermal tests. The effects of the particle size of ceramic powders, organic matrix, and heat on the coating material were investigated. Coating material was characterized by FTIR spectrophotometer. Surface properties and thermal resistance of the coating materials were investigated by SEM and TGA analyses. After thermal curing, contact angles of these coatings with H2O and n‐hexadecane were measured. It was observed that coatings like ceramic particles are more resistant against scratch and abrasion than the other coatings. Also, they are harder than coatings, which do not include ceramic particles. It was seen that coatings, containing Fluorolink D10H, have high‐contact angles with water and n‐hexadecane. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2386–2392, 2006
Preparation of novel fluorinated block copolyimide membranes for gas separation
Authors: Niwa M. , Nagaoka S. , Kawakami H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe synthesized novel fluorinated block copolyimides with various diamine compositions and block chain lengths by chemical imidization in a two‐pod procedure. We describe the gas‐transport properties of the novel block copolyimide membranes. We demonstrate that the gas‐transport properties of the copolyimide membranes strongly depended on the block chain lengths. The gas permeabilities of the copolyimide membranes increased with increasing block chain length, and the gas selectivities increased with decreasing lengths. We clarify that the gas diffusivity of the block copolyimide membrane dominated the gas‐transport properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2436–2442, 2006
Effect of rubber reactivity on the morphology of polybenzoxazine blends investigated by atomic force microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis
Authors: Lee Yu‐Hsin , Allen Douglas J. , Ishida Hatsuo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) is employed to study the hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTBD) rubber‐modified polybenzoxazine resin. The morphology exhibits a submicron phase separation when HTBD with low epoxy contents are used. No distinguishable phase separation appears in the blend modified with high epoxy content HTBD. The rubber and resin phases are identified by the change of nanoscale indentation as a function of external load imposed on the cantilever. The existence of an interphase between the glassy matrix and the rubbery domain is shown by comparing the pulling distances from force–distance (F–d) curve measurements. The extent of rubber cavitation is investigated by the particle analysis on the fracture surface and is found to increase with the particle diameter. The amount of dissolved rubber, estimated by the Fox equation, increases with the rubber reactivity, and the data corroborates well with the observed morphology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2443–2454, 2006
Synthesis of copolymers of tert‐butyl vinyl ether with maleic and citraconic anhydrides
Authors: Denizli Betül Kırcı , Can Hatice Kaplan , Rzaev Zakir M.O. , Güner Ali 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the present study, the effects of charge‐transfer complex formation and intramolecular fragmentation (side‐chain lactonization) in radical copolymerization of tert‐butyl vinyl ether (t‐BVE) with anhydrides of maleic (MA) and citraconic (CA) acids and the structure–thermal behavior relationships of the resulting copolymers were examined using the 1H‐NMR, FTIR, DSC, and TGA analysis methods. It was shown that copolymerization under the chosen conditions proceeded through intramolecular fragmentation with the formation of γ‐lactone units. Side‐chain fragmentation of t‐BVE–MA and t‐BVE–CA copolymers also was confirmed by TGA and DSC analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2455–2463, 2006 2006
Thermal stability of polyhydroxyalkanoates
Authors: Carrasco F. , Dionisi D. , Martinelli A. , Majone M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this study, we examined the thermal decomposition of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) such as the homopolymer poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) and the copolymer poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate). They are biodegradable polymers that can replace plastics produced from nonrenewable resources, such as polypropylene. The biopolymers we analyzed were commercial PHAs [obtained by means of pure cultures, with hydroxyvalerate (HV) contents of 0 and 10.4 mol %] and biopolymers produced in our laboratories (by means of an enriched activated sludge at two different organic loads, 8.5 and 20 gCOD/L, with a HV content of 20 mol %). To process these biopolymers, it is important to know their thermal stability. For this reason, thermal degradation in air by means of dynamic thermogravimetry (TG) was carried out. The TG data were adjusted to the nth‐order general analytical equation to evaluate the best order of the reaction, the temperatures of the onset and end of thermal decomposition, and the kinetic parameters. The latter were also calculated by means of other integral and differential methods and compared to those obtained by the general analytical solution. Finally, the influence of the preparation method (pure and mixed cultures and HV content within the biopolymer) on thermal stability was analyzed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2111–2121, 2006
Novel blue‐light‐emitting polymers based on a diphenylanthracene moiety
Authors: Kim Yun‐Hi , Kwon Soon‐Ki 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNew luminescent copolyethers with diphenylanthracene‐emitting segments and electron‐transporting benzoxazole phenyl were successfully synthesized by aromatic nucleophilic substitution. The polymers, characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, were obtained in high yields, showed good solubility in various organic solvents, and had high thermal stability with high glass‐transition temperatures (125–129). The number‐average molecular weights of the polymers were 10,000–20,000, and they had polydispersity indices of 1.2–1.4. The optical and electrochemical properties of the polymers were also investigated. The pure blue emission for the polymers (maximum wavelength = 430–440 nm) was obtained with high photoluminescence quantum efficiency (76–78%) in a chloroform solution. The blue electroluminescence for the poly(TDPB) (maximum wavelength = 440 nm) was obtained with a turn‐on voltage of 15–20 V when simple light‐emitting diodes (indium tin oxide/polymer/Al) were fabricated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2151–2157, 2006
Environmentally friendly plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride)—Improved mechanical properties and compatibility by using branched poly(butylene adipate) as a polymeric plasticizer
Authors: Lindström Annika , Hakkarainen Minna 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLinear and branched poly(butylene adipate)s (PBA) with molecular weights ranging from 2000 to 10,000 g/mol, and a branching agent content between 0 and 1.8%, were solution cast with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) to form 50‐ to 60‐μm thick flexible films. Dry films were analyzed by tensile testing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and optical microscopy (OM) to study the effects of molecular weight and branching on the plasticizing efficiency of the polyester. PBA formed a semimiscible two‐phase system with PVC, where the amorphous part exhibited a single glass transition temperature. The degree of crystallinity for the polyester, surface composition, and mechanical properties of the films depended on the blend composition, molecular weight, and degree of branching of the polyester. Plasticizing efficiency was improved by higher degree of branching. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2180–2188, 2006
Simulation method for complex permittivities of carbon black/epoxy composites at microwave frequency band
Authors: Kim Jin‐Bong , Kim Tae‐Wook , Kim Chun‐Gon 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper studied the permittivity of carbon black/epoxy composites at microwave frequencies. The measurements were performed for permittivity at a frequency band of 0.5–18 GHz and for DC conductivity to find the percolation threshold of composite samples of 0.0–1.5 wt % of carbon black in epoxy resin. The experimental results show that the complex permittivity of the composite depends strongly on the nature and concentration of the carbon black dispersion. The frequency spectrums of dielectric constants and AC conductivities of composites were investigated by using the descriptions found in percolation theory. A new model, that is a branch of Lichtenecker–Rother formula, is proposed to obtain a rule of mixture to describe the complex permittivity of the composite as function of frequency and concentration of carbon black. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2189–2195, 2006