bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liver lipid profiles of adults taking therapeutic doses of aspirin
Authors: Rabinowitz Joseph L. , Baker Daniel G. , Villanueva Thelma G. , Asanza Aurora P. , Capuzzi David M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distributions of lipids of hepatic specimens obtained at autopsy from 7 adult patients who had been taking large amounts of aspirin for arthritis were compared to 7 control samples obtained from livers of autopsied adults without prior liver disease. The total neutral lipid levels of control livers were approximately one‐third lower than those observed for livers of patients on aspirin. In addition, the phospholipid content of control specimens was significantly greater than that of livers from adult patients that had been on a high dose of aspirin for a long time. Examination of individual lipid classes showed that the concentrations of free fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and mono‐ and diacylglycerols were highest in livers of patients with aspirin exposure, and that all phospholipids were diminished. Phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines showed the greatest decrease. These results suggest that the livers of patients taking large amounts of aspirin may accumulate fatty acids and neutral lipids due to an impairment in the oxidation of fatty acids by hepatocytes. The data obtained also suggest that needle biopsy of the liver with measurement of distribution of hepatic lipids, perhaps together with histopathologic examination, may provide useful diagnostic information.
Effect of fish oil supplementation on the excretion of the major metabolite of prostaglandin E in healthy male subjects
Authors: Ferretti Aldo , Judd Joseph T. , Ballard‐Barbash Rachel , Nair Padmanabhan P. , Taylor Philip R. , Clevidence Beverly A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe investigated the effect of fish oil supplementation on the synthesis of prostaglandin E (PGE)in vivo by measuring the excretion of its catabolite, PGE‐M, in 24‐hr urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Forty healthy male volunteers (24–57 years of age) consumed a controlled basal diet providing 40% of energy from fat (P/S ratio about 0.8∶1), 130 mg/1000 kcal cholesterol, and a minimum of 22 mg/day of α‐tocopherol (α‐T), for three experimental periods lasting a total of 28 weeks. During period 1 (10 weeks) the diet was supplemented with placebo (PO) capsules (15×1 g/day) consisting of a blend of fats approaching the fatty acid profile of the basal diet. This was followed by a second 10‐week period during which the subjects received 15×1 g/day capsules of fish oil concentrate (FOC). During period 3 (8 weeks) they continued the 15 g/day intake of FOC but received an additional 200 mg/day of α‐T. PO and FOC capsules contained 1 mg α‐T/g fat as antioxidant. A 14% reduction of PGE‐M excretion was observed after 10 weeks of FOC supplementation (period 2), compared to an identical period of placebo supplementation (period 1), P=0.009. PGE‐M excretion during the last week of period 3 was not significantly different from that at the end of period 2. The reduction in PGE synthesis in response to the relatively high marine oil supplementation was large in many subjects participating in this study.
Sesamin is a potent and specific inhibitor of Δ5 desaturase in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis
Authors: Shimizu Sakayu , Akimoto Kengo , Shinmen Yoshifumi , Kawashima Hiroshi , Sugano Michihiro , Yamada Hideaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIncubation with sesame oil increases the mycelial dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid content of an arachidonic acid‐producing fungus,Mortierella alpina, but decreases its arachidonic acid content [Shimizu, S., K. Akimoto, H. Kawashima, Y. Shinmen and H. Yamada (1989)J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 66, 237–241]. The factor causing these effects was isolated and identified to be (+)‐sesamin. The results obtained in experiments with both a cell‐free extract of the fungus and with rat liver microsomes demonstrated that (+)‐sesamin specifically inhibits Δ5 desaturase at low concentrations, but does not inhibit Δ6, Δ9 and Δ12 desaturases. Kinetic analysis showed that (+)‐sesamin is a noncompetitive inhibitor (Ki for rat liver Δ5 desaturase, 155 μM). (+)‐Sesamolin, (+)‐sesaminol and (+)‐episesamin, also inhibited only Δ5 desaturases of the fungus and liver. These results demonstrate that (+)‐sesamin and related lignan compounds present in sesame seeds or its oil are specific inhibitors of Δ5 desaturase in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in both microorganisms and animals.
Acylation of lyso platelet‐activating factor by splenocytes of the rainbow trout,Oncorhyncus mykiss
Authors: Pool G. L. , Samples B. , Turner M. R. , Lumb R. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn mammalian systems, platelet‐activating factor, 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine, (PAF) is rapidly inactivated by a deacetylation/reacylation system that produces 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine which is highly enriched in arachidonic acid. There is some evidence that n−3 fatty acids may have an impact on this system in humans but the nature of this impact is unclear. In rainbow trout, n−3 fatty acids are known to be essential dietary components which are derived through the food chain. Substantial quantities of n−3 fatty acids are found in trout membrane phospholipids. We show here that in sharp contrast to mammalian cells, trout cells acylate lyso platelet‐activating factor, alkyl‐GPC, 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐lyso‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine, (lyso‐PAF) with a high degree of specificity for n−3 fatty acids. When [3H]lysoPAF was incubated with these cells, only three molecular species of alkylacylglycerophosphocholine were produced, and 92% contained n−3 fatty acids. Since isolated membranes yielded similar results, it appears that the acylation proceedsvia a coenzyme A‐independent transacylase as found in mammalian systems.
Differential effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and ursocholic acid on the formation of biliary cholesterol crystals in mice
Authors: Uchida Klyohisa , Aklyoshi Takashi , Igimi Hirotsune , Takase Haruto , Nomura Yasuharu , Ishihara Shouichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe preventive effect of 3α,7β,12α‐trihydroxy‐5β‐cholanoic acid (ursocholic acid) and ursodeoxycholic acid on the formation of biliary cholesterol crystals was studied in mice. Cholesterol crystals developed with 80% incidence after feeding for five weeks a lithogenic diet containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate. When 0.25% ursocholic acid or ursodeoxycholic acid was added to the lithogenic diet, the incidence as well as the grade (severity) of the gallstones were reduced. Plasma and liver cholesterol levels were decreased by ursodeoxycholic acid but not by ursocholic acid. Gallbladder cholesterol and phospholipid levels were decreased by both bile acids. The biliary bile acid level was decreased by ursocholic acid but not by ursodeoxycholic acid. After feeding ursocholic acid, its level in the bile was about 25% and the levels of cholic acid and β‐muricholic acid decreased. Fecal sterol excretion was not changed by ursocholic acid, but was increased by ursodeoxycholic acid. After feeding ursocholic acid, fecal excretion of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and ursocholic acid increased. No differences were found between mice, with or without gallstones, in plasma and liver cholesterol levels, biliary phospholipid and bile acid levels, fecal sterol and bile acid levels, and biliary and fecal bile acid composition. The results suggest that the lower incidence of crystal formation after treatment with ursocholic acid is probably by a different mechanism than with ursodeoxycholic acid. In the mouse model, ursodeoxycholic acid exerts its effect at least partially, by decreasing cholesterol absorption. Ursocholic acid is well absorbed and excreted into bile and transformed into deoxycholic acid by the intestinal microflora in mice.
Phospholipid requirement of progesterone 5α‐reductase from gastric mucosa microsomes of guinea pig
Authors: Ichihara Kosuke , Tanaka Chikage 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProgesterone 5α‐reductase partially purified from gastric mucosa microsomes was stimulated by short‐chain synthetic phosphatidylcholines (PC), such as dilauroyl PC, but not by various PC from biological sources. Phosphatidylserine (PS) activated the gastric 5α‐reductase to a limited extent compared to the liver 5α‐reductase described previously [Ichihara, K., and Tanaka, C. (1987)Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 149, 482–487]. In search of more effective phospholipid activators, we tested the effects of various lysophospholipids on 5α‐reductase activity. Strongly stimulatory effects were observed when lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoPE) were used instead of PC and phosphatidylethanolamine. Examination of synthetic lysoPC and lysoPE differing in acyl chain lengths showed that fatty chains of 12 to 16 carbons were effective in stimulating the 5α‐reductase. By contrast, other lysophospholipids such as lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylglycerol or lysophosphatidylserine (lysoPS) greatly inhibited 5α‐reductase activity. These findings suggest that gastric 5α‐reductase may be under dual regulation; lysoPC and lysoPE may play important roles as positive effectors, whereas lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylglycerol and lysoPS act as negative effectors in progesterone 5α‐reductase regulation.
Evidence of extensive phospholipid fatty acid methylation during the assumed selective methylation of plasma free fatty acids by diazomethane
Authors: Lin Chu , Blank Edward W. , Ceriani Roberto L. , Baker Nome 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe compared a conventional method (Method I) for measuring plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations with two more rapid procedures (Method II and Method III). Method I required total lipid extraction, separation of FFA by thin‐layer chromatography, methylation, and gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of the fatty acid (FA) methyl esters. Method II was a colorimetric procedure. Method III relied upon diazomethane's presumed ability to selectively methylate FFA even in the presence of FA esters. The three methods were compared using plasma from fasted and from fed nude mice, tumor‐bearing mice (MX‐1 and ZR‐75‐1 human mammary carcinomas), and controls. Method II, was less reliable than Method I, but both gave similar mean values for plasma FFA levels in fasted mice. Both Methods I and II also showed similar lowering of plasma FFA levels after feeding previously fasted mice. Method III consistently gave values that were far greater than those obtained using Methods I and II. Moreover, highly significant differences between fasted and fed mice were obscured by direct methylation of plasma FFA with diazomethane (Method III). The excess FA methyl esters formed in Method III were derived from plasma phospholipids, but not from plasma triacylglycerols. After feeding fasted mice, plasma free palmitic acid and oleic acid levels fell (Method I); by contrast, the excess “FFA” formed by methylation of plasma phospholipid FA increased two‐fold and fourteen‐fold, respectively. Caution is therefore advised in the use of direct methylating agents when measuring total and individual plasma FFA levels.
Maternal protein deficiency in rat: Effects on central nervous system gangliosides and their catabolizing enzymes in the offspring
Authors: Prasad V. V. T. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMaternal protein deficiency imposed on rats a month prior to conception, and during gestation and lactation, resulted in a significant cell loss in cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord of pups at weaning. The cerebellum was the most affected central nervous system (CNS) region; it contained only 25% of the normal cell number. Undernourished pups were also found to have a lower concentration of total gangliosides in cerebrum as compared to that of controls. However, the total ganglioside concentration was unaffected in the cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord by maternal undernutrition. In all regions, undernutrition caused significant changes in the proportions of individual gangliosides; these alterations were region‐specific. Sialidase, β‐galactosidase, β‐glucosidase, and β‐hexosaminidase, which are involved in the catabolism of gangliosides, showed higher activities in all the regions of undernourished pups, suggesting that these enzymes may play a role in maintaining the porportions of various ganglioside fractions.
Supplementation with evening primrose oil in atopic dermatitis: Effect on fatty acids in neutrophils and epidermis
Authors: Schäfer Liselotte , Kragballe Knud 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe investigated the effect of oral supplementation with evening primrose oil, containing 72% linoleic acid (18∶2n−6) and 10% γ‐linolenic acid (18∶3n−6), on the epidermal and neutrophil phospholipid fatty acid composition in 15 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Three different dose levels, 4, 8 and 12 capsules per day containing 0.5 g oil, were given to three groups of patients. The only n−6 fatty acid showing a significant (p<0.05) dose‐related increase was dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid (20∶3n−6) in neutrophil phospholipids. The highest dose increased dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid by 45% in neutrophil phospholipids, by 46% in lesion‐free epidermal phosphatidylcholine, and by 15% in lesion‐free epidermal phosphatidylethanolamine. In both lesional and lesion‐free epidermis, supplementation resulted in a rise in the ratio between n−6 and monounsaturated fatty acids, reaching significance (p<0.05) in lesional epidermis. This study shows that moderate and favorable fatty acid changes can be obtained in the epidermis of AD patients, when given 6 g per day of oil rich in n−6 fatty acids. The abnormal lipid and fatty acid pattern of the atopic epidermis may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, and should therefore be the target for future therapeutic approaches with fatty acid supplements.
Purification and characterization of a cytochrome P450 isozyme catalyzing lanosterol 14α‐demethylation (P45014DM) in hamster liver
Authors: Sekigawa Yoshio , Fukuhara Morio , Sonoda Yoshiko , Sato Yoshihiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo characterize cholesterol synthesis in Syrian golden hamster, an isozyme of cytochrome P450, lanosterol 14α‐demethylase (P45014DM), which catalyzes the initial step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol from lanosterol, was purified and its mode of induction by microsomal enzyme inducers was characterized. P450450DM was purified from hamster livers by chromatography using aminooctyl‐Sepharose CL‐4B, hydroxylapatite, DEAE‐5PW, and CM‐Sephrose CL‐6B columns, to a specific content of 12.8 nmol/mg‐protein. The purified protein displayed a single band on SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 52,000. The absorption spectra of the oxidized form of the purified protein howed a Soret peak at 417 nm in a low‐spin state and a Soret peak of reduced CO‐binding complex at 448 nm. In a reconstituted system, the purified protein catalyzed 14α‐demethylation of 24,25‐dihydrolanosterol (1.58 nmol/min/nmol‐P450), although it did not show any activities toward testosterone and 7‐ethoxyresorufin, marker substrates of other P450 families. Immunoblot analysis using an antibody against porcine P45014DM, which inhibited the activity of lanosterol 14α‐demethylation in the hamster liver microsomes, demonstrated that the level of this isozyme protein was markedly decreased in dexamethasone‐treated hamster livers. This was accompanied by a decrease in the enzyme activity. In contrast, the levels and the activity in the phenobarbital‐and 3‐methylcholanthrene‐treated hamsters were almost equal to that in the untreated animals.
Effect of tocotrienols on the growth of a human breast cancer cell line in culture
Authors: Nesaretnam Kalanithi , Guthrie Najla , Chambers Ann F. , Carroll Kenneth K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe tocotrienol‐rich fraction (TRF) of palm oil consists of tocotrienols and some α‐tocopherol (α‐T). Tocotrienols are a form of vitamin E having an unsaturated side‐chain, rather than the saturated side‐chain of the more common tocopherols. Because palm oil has been shown not to promote chemically‐induced mammary carcinogenesis, we tested effects of TRF and α‐T on the proliferation, growth, and plating efficiency (PE) of MDA‐MB‐435 estrogen‐receptor‐negative human breast cancer cells. TRF inhibited the proliferation of these cells with a concentration required to inhibit cell proliferation by 50% of 180 μg/mL, whereas α‐T had no effect at concentrations up to 1000 μg/mL as measured by incorporation of [3H]thymidine. The effects of TRF and α‐T also were tested in longer‐term growth experiments, using concentrations of 180 and 500 μg/mL. We found that TRF inhibited the growth of these cells by 50%, whereas α‐T did not. Their effect on the ability of these cells to form colonies also was studied, and it was found that TRF inhibited PE, whereas α‐T had no effect. These results suggest that the inhibition is due to the presence of tocotrienols in TRF rather than α‐T.
Oxidative susceptibility of low density lipoprotein from rabbits fed atherogenic diets containing coconut, palm, or soybean oils
Authors: Yap S. C. , Choo Y. M. , Hew N. F. , Yap S. F. , Khor H. T. , Ong A. S. H. , Goh S. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oxidative susceptibilities of low density lipoproteins (LDL) isolated from rabbits fed high‐fat atherogenic diets containing coconut, palm, or soybean oils were investigated. New Zealand white rabbits were fed atherogenic semisynthetic diets containing 0.5% cholesterol and either (i) 13% coconut oil and 2% corn oil (CNO), (ii) 15% refined, bleached, and deodorized palm olein (RBDPO), (iii) 15% crude palm olein (CPO), (iv) 15% soybean oil (SO), or (v) 15% refined, bleached, and deodorized palm olein without cholesterol supplementation [RBDPO(wc)], for a period of twelve weeks. Total fatty acid compositions of the plasma and LDL were found to be modulated (but not too drastically) by the nature of the dietary fats. Cholesterol supplementation significantly increased the plasma level of vitamin E and effectively altered the plasma composition of long‐chain fatty acids in favor of increasing oleic acid. Oxidative susceptibilities of LDL samples were determined by Cu2+‐catalyzed oxidation which provide the lag times and lag‐phase slopes. The plasma LDL from all palm oil diets [RBDPO, CPO, and RBDPO(wc)] were shown to be equally resistant to the oxidation, and the LDL from SO‐fed rabbits were most susceptible, followed by the LDL from the CNO‐fed rabbits. These results reflect a relationship between the oxidative susceptibility of LDL due to a combination of the levels of polyun‐saturated fatty acids and vitamin E.
Dietary lipid modification of myocardial eicosanoids following ischemia and reperfusion in the rat
Authors: Abeywardena Mahinda Y. , Charnock John S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral different edible oils were compared for their ability to modify eicosanoid biosynthesis following experimentally‐induced myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in the rat. Two types of palm oil [neutralized, bleached, and deodorized (NBDPO) and refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBDPO)] and partially hydrogenated soybean oil (SBO) were tested against a diet supplemented with sunflower seed oil (SSO) rich in n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Fish oil (FO) rich in n−3 PUFA, with its known cardioprotective actions, served as an internal reference point for the study. Test oils were fed as a 12% (w/w) supplement for nine months before the induction of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Palm oil diets exerted effects indistinguishable from the SBO group against cardiac arrhythmia, which occurred following alterations to coronary blood flow. Arrhythmic potentials, as expressed by a hierarchical scale (0–9) of arrhythmia score, were: SSO, 1.5±0.5; FO, 0.9±0.4; SBO; 3.1±0.5*; NBDPO, 3.2±0.5*; RBDPO, 3.3±0.6*,*P<0.05 vs. SSO. Following ischemia and reperfusion, both SSO and RBDPO groups tended to show an increase in myocardial prostacyclin, with the effect being more prominent in the RBDPO group (SSO, 10%; RBDPO, 25%). Thromboxane production was reduced in the FO group. Interestingly, cardiac muscle from both FO and palm oil groups displayed a reduced capacity to produce 12‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid SSO, 591.9±95.8; SBO, 375.5±48.9; NBDPO, 287.2±64.7*; RBDPO, 230.9±80.2**; FO, 203.7±81.4** (ng/g dry wt,*P<0.05,**P<0.01). No clear relationship was seen between the availability of 20∶4n−6 in myocardial phospholipids and eicosanoid profile. Data suggests that fatty acid composition of edible oils is not the only determinant of arrhythmic vulnerability and eicosanoid production.
Plasma lipids are affected similarly by dietary lauric or palmitic acid in gerbils and monkeys
Authors: Pronczuk Andrzej , Khosla Pramod , Hajri Tahar , Hayes K. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo compare the relative impact of dietary lauric acid (12∶0) and palmitic acid (16∶0) on plasma lipids, two fat‐sensitive species, Mongolian gerbils and cebus monkeys, were fed cholesterol‐free, purified diets enriched with either 12∶0‐rich or 16∶0‐rich fats, while all other fatty acids were held constant by selective blending of up to five natural fats or oils. The two gerbil diets (40 en% from fat) allowed for an 8 en% exchange between 12∶0 and 16∶0, and the monkey diets (31 en% from fat) allowed for 6 en% exchange beteen these two fatty acids. Eight gerbils received the diets for eight weeks, and 12 cebus monkeys were fed each diet in a cross‐over design for up to 22 wk. Both diets resulted in similar plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations within each species. Additionally, separation of cebus lipoproteins by discontinuous density‐gradient ultracentrifugation failed to show any dietary differences in concentration or composition of the three major lipoprotein classes (d<1.019, 1.019–1.055, and 1.055–1.168 g/mL). Thus, in two species sensitive to manipulations in dietary fat while consuming cholesterol‐free diets, 16∶0 was not hypercholesterolemic relative to 12∶0.