bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What happens when organization of cervical cancer screening is delayed or stopped?
Authors: Lynge Elsebeth , Clausen Lene Bjørk , Guignard Romain , Poll Paul 
Published: March 2006

Objectives: Many countries rely on opportunistic screening, and data on its effectiveness are asked for. We assessed the impact on cervical cancer incidence and mortality of opportunistic screening compared with organized screening. Setting: Women aged 30–64 in Denmark, 1973–2002; 16 counties with different screening strategies. Methods: Cumulative incidence and mortality rates for women aged 30–64 by county. Poisson regression of incidence and mortality rates by age, calendar period and county. Interaction between type of county and calendar period measured the difference between counties with screening organized early versus late in time. Results: A statistically significant interaction was found between type of county and calendar period ( P=0.0151) for cervical cancer incidence, but not for cervical cancer mortality ( P=0.9593). The interaction terms were not statistically significant when a comparison was made between a single county in which an organized programme was interrupted for an 11-year period and other counties. There was, however, a statistically significant increased incidence and mortality rates at the restart of the organized programme. Conclusion: Organization of cervical cancer screening accelerated the decline in cervical cancer incidence, compared with the trend in areas relying on opportunistic screening. No impact could be measured of the screening organization on cervical cancer mortality. A decade long stop of an organized screening programme was associated with a temporary increase in cervical cancer incidence and mortality. Coverage remains a key quality indicator in the ongoing modernization of screening technology.
Using record linkage and manual follow-up to evaluate the Victorian maternal serum screening quadruple test for Down's syndrome, trisomy 18 and neural tube defects
Authors: Jaques Alice M , Collins Veronica R , Haynes Kerry , Sheffield Leslie J , Francis Ivan , Forbes Robin , Halliday Jane L 
Published: March 2006

Objectives: The Genetic Health Services Victoria maternal serum screening (MSS) quadruple test has been available to pregnant women in Victoria since 1996. The objectives of this study were to follow up the pregnancies screened by MSS between July 1998 and June 2000 and to determine the performance characteristics of the test for Down's syndrome, trisomy 18 and neural tube defects (NTDs). Methods: MSS results were matched to pregnancy outcome information from the Perinatal Data Collection Unit and Birth Defects Register, using automated probabilistic record linkage. For unmatched pregnancies, manual follow-up was carried out by contacting referring doctors and hospitals, resulting in a very high follow-up rate of 99.2% (18,989/19,143). Results: The sensitivity of MSS for Down's syndrome was 85% (23/27–95%CI 72–99%) with a falsepositive rate (FPR) of 6.8% (risk threshold ≥ 1 in 250). While using a fixed 5% FPR, the sensitivity for Down's syndrome was slightly lower (78%). The sensitivity for trisomy 18 was 44% (4/9 – 95% CI 12–77%) with a FPR of 0.5% (risk threshold of ≥ 1 in 200). 11 of the 15 (73 – 95%CI 51–97%) cases of open NTDs were detected from screening, with a 1% FPR (risk threshold alpha-fetoprotein [AFP] ≥2.5 MoM). All cases of anencephaly had increased AFP levels. Conclusion: Probabilistic record linkage and manual follow-up is an efficient method for ascertainment of pregnancy outcomes, with a higher follow-up rate than that reported in similar studies. MSS should remain an available option for all pregnant women in Victoria, with test characteristics comparable with other recent reports of the quadruple test.
Does the 'inverse screening law' apply to oral cancer screening and regular dental check-ups?
Authors: Netuveli Gopalkrishnan , Sheiham Aubrey , Watt Richard G 
Published: March 2006

Objective: Early detection through regular screening is a measure used in certain cancer prevention strategies. This approach has been advocated for the prevention of oral cancers in the UK. The objective of this study was to assess whether people at higher risk of oral cancer in the UK visit dentists on a regular basis, and thereby afford opportunities for oral cancer screening. Methods: Data from two large national surveys were used. Firstly, data from the Health Survey for England, 2001, were used to assess the relationship between dental attendance (the outcome measure) and recognized oral cancer risk factors; there were 13,784 participants with complete data. We used known risk factors for oral cancer (age >40 years, male sex, alcohol intake >28 units per week, cigarettes >20 per day, and fruit and vegetables <5 times a day) to generate a risk score for oral cancer. Logistic regression was used to compute the odds ratios for regular dental attendance according to risk score. All analyses used education and social class as covariates. We also used data from the British Household Panel Survey to assess whether dental attendance behaviour is sustained over a set period of time (5547 participants with complete data). Results: In persons in the higher risk category (as defined above) of the five risk factors, age, sex, alcohol, smoking, and fruit/vegetables, 68%, 56%, 52%, 43% and 60%, respectively reported regular dental check-ups. In persons with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of these risk factors, the odds ratio for regular dental check-ups was 1.00, 0.93, 0.81, 0.64, 0.50 and 0.28, respectively. The probability of regular dental attendance was low in all groups with a higher risk of oral cancer. In the longitudinal sample, the low probability of visiting a dentist regularly was stable over time. Conclusion: Opportunistic screening for oral cancer in general dental practice in the UK is unlikely to be an effective preventive strategy.
Service screening mammography reduces breast cancer mortality among elderly women in Turku
Authors: Parvinen I , Helenius H , Pylkkänen L , Anttila A , Immonen-Räihä P , Kauhava L , Räsänen O , Klemi PJ 
Published: March 2006

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of service screening mammography on breast carcinoma incidence and refined mortality among women aged 55–69 at entry in three cities employing different screening policies. Methods: Since 1987, the city of Turku, Finland, has provided service screening mammography for women aged 55–69 at entry (in 1987), and Tampere provided screening for women aged 55–59 at entry, whereas Helsinki did not screen any of these age groups. The incidence of breast carcinoma during the screening period 1987–97 in women born in 1918–32 (1918–22, 1923–27, 1928–32) was compared with incidence during the pre-screening period 1976–86 in women born in 1907–21 (1907–11, 1912–16, 1917–21) in each city. The follow-up for mortality was four years longer. Results: Breast carcinoma incidence was 31–38% higher in the screening period in all three cities irrespective of screening. In breast carcinoma mortality, no significant changes were seen in Helsinki or Tampere. In Turku, a 36% mortality reduction (relative risk [RR] 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47–0.88; P=0.007) in the whole study population and a 47% reduction in women aged 65–69 at entry (RR 0.53; 95% CI 0.28–0.99; P=0.047) were seen. Conclusions: The incidence of breast carcinoma increased in all study cities irrespective of screening. The comprehensive screening programme in Turku including women aged 55–69 at entry was associated with a significant reduction in breast carcinoma mortality. The pronounced decrease in mortality in the oldest age group (65–69 years at entry) also indicated that women of this age group greatly benefit from mammography screening.
Maternal anxiety following newborn hearing screening: the moderating role of knowledge
Authors: Crockett Rachel , Wright Alison J , Uus Kai , Bamford John , Marteau Theresa M 
Published: March 2006

Objectives: To describe the impact upon maternal anxiety of newborn hearing screening and examine the Possible moderating role of knowledge. Methods: Questionnaires assessing maternal state anxiety, worry and certainty about the baby's hearing, and knowledge about screening, were sent to four groups of mothers three weeks after screening: Group 1 consisted of mothers whose babies had clear responses on a first or second screening test ( n=103); Group 2 consisted of mothers whose babies had clear responses on the third screening test ( n=81); Group 3 consisted of mothers whose babies did not have clear responses in one ear at the third screening test and were referred for audiological assessment ( n=105); and Group 4 consisted of mothers whose babies did not have clear responses in either ear at the third hearing test and were referred for audiological assessment ( n=55). Results: Although mean anxiety levels were in the normal range, there was a significant trend for anxiety to rise as testing increased ( F(1,327)=4.280, P<0.05). Worry increased significantly ( F(1,337)=70.432, P<0.001) and certainty decreased significantly ( F(1,339)=27.474, P=0.001) as the number of tests increased. Although total knowledge did not significantly moderate anxiety ( R2=0.016, P=0.096), there was a significant interaction between mothers' group and one knowledge item, understanding that receipt of no clear responses was unlikely to mean that the baby had a hearing loss: mothers in Group 4 who understood this had lower anxiety ( F(3,323)=4.791, P<0.01) and lower worry ( F(3,332)=3.565, P<0.01) compared with mothers who did not. Conclusions: Understanding the meaning of being recalled following screening may avoid some of the anxiety associated with this.
Screening for scoliosis: do we have indications for effectiveness?
Authors: Bunge Eveline M , Juttmann Rikard E , de Koning Harry J ,   The steering committee of the NESCIO group
Published: March 2006

Objective: The effectiveness of screening for scoliosis has not been established. This study investigated whether patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis detected by screening are detected in an earlier stage of the clinical course, and whether these patients have better outcome than otherwise detected patients. Setting: The study is a retrospective follow-up study of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who had completed treatment with a brace, by surgery, or with a brace followed by surgery. Of the 143 patients (born on or after 1 January 1984) consecutively recruited from 12 hospitals in the Netherlands, 125 (87%) agreed to participate. Of these, 51 patients were treated with a brace only and 74 patients were operated on. Screening for scoliosis is carried out in 80% of Dutch children. Methods: Data on being screen detected or otherwise detected and Cobb angle at diagnosis were collected using youth health-care files, medical files and interviews by telephone with the patients. Results: About 55% of the patients were detected by screening (programme sensitivity). Screen-detected patients had a significantly smaller Cobb angle at diagnosis (28° versus 40°; P<0.01) and had a 73% lower chance of having had surgery (45% versus 75%; P<0.01) than otherwise-detected patients. Conclusion: In the present study, two essential prerequisites necessary for a screening programme for scoliosis to be effective have been met. However, definite proof of the effectiveness of screening still needs to be established because length bias and over-treatment bias cannot be ruled out using this design.
Prediction of Effective Stiffness of a Cross-Ply Laminate with Transverse Matrix Cracks
Authors: Zhang H , Minnetyan L 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A theoretical model based on the stationary value of total potential energy has been proposed to evaluate effective elastic constants in a cross-ply laminate with transverse matrix cracks. The method is based on the principle of minimum total potential energy. In the model, displacement fields and stress components satisfy the boundary and continuity conditions. Crack geometry is based on general functional minimization rather than assumed shape functions. Moreover, the crack shape is shown to be a function of crack density. The changes in stiffness reduction are examined theoretically. Predicted results are compared with test data.
Filtration of Gaseous or Liquid Oxygen in Industrial Applications and Associated Fire Risks
Authors: Colson A , Fano E 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe gaseous or liquid oxygen filter is a safety component which retains undesirable particles as they move downstream. The experience of industry and accident records show the importance of using the right type of filter for a given application and ensuring the quality of the filter's construction. Fire reports highlight ignition mechanisms, kindling chain, and the importance of proper location of oxygen filters in different configurations and in industrial conditions. Appropriate recommendations are made in terms of design, installation and maintenance.
Evaluation of Adhesive Strength of Thin Plasma Sprayed Oxide Coatings by a Crosshatch Testing Method
Authors: Venkataraman R , Sampath Kumar TS , Ramalingam K 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A test method for the evaluation of the adhesive strength of coatings of thickness less than 250 µms has been attempted on coupons of pure alumina and alumina-13 wt% titania samples plasma sprayed on low alloy steel substrates. Crosshatches were made with a diamond tipped wheel with 0.02-mm width and 20-mm bore diameter, which was mounted on a common tooling and grinding machine. Cuts with 5×5 mm were made on the as-sprayed surface; subsequently, a pressure-sensitive tape was applied on the hatched surface and pulled off. The area of the coatings thus removed was interpreted in accordance with ASTM D 3359B testing standard; the testing method seems to be appropriate for qualitative evaluations.
Haemophilus influenzaeType b Immunization in Infants in the United Kingdom: Effects of Diphtheria/Tetanus/Acellular Pertussis/Hib Combination Vaccine, Significant Prematurity, and a Fourth Dose
Authors: Berrington Janet E. , Cant Andrew J. , Matthews John N.S. , O'Keeffe Marilyn , Spickett Gavin P. , Fenton Alan C. 
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVE. To measure anti-polyribosylribitolphosphate (PRP) antibody and anti–tetanus toxoid (TT) antibody responses in UK infants to explore the effects of (1) immunization with an acellular diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis/Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTPHib) combination vaccine, (2) significant preterm delivery, and (3) a fourth dose of conjugated Hib vaccine (PRP-T) in those with a low anti-PRP antibody (&lt;1.0 μg/mL) after primary immunization.METHODS. A prospective study was conducted in 4 tertiary neonatal units at a time when 2 types of DTPHib vaccines were used interchangeably in the United Kingdom for primary immunization: acellular (DTPaHib) and whole cell. Timing and type of all vaccine doses were as per standard UK practice. Blood was taken before and after immunization. A total of 166 preterm and 45 term infants completed the study; 97 (15 term) infants who had anti-PRP antibody &lt;1.0 μg/mL were offered a fourth dose of PRP-T; 61 (55 preterm) then had repeat antibody measurements. Anti-PRP and anti-TT antibody after primary immunization relative to gestation and number of whole cell vaccine doses received was measured, as well as anti-PRP antibody after a fourth dose of PRP-T.RESULTS. A total of 49% of preterm and 33% of term infants had anti-PRP antibody &lt;1.0 μg/mL after full primary immunization. Receipt of 1 or more acellular vaccine doses was associated with lower anti-PRP antibody, a dose response effect being observed. Preterm infants were less likely to have anti-PRP antibody &gt;1.0 μg/mL compared with term infants. A total of 93% of infants who were given a fourth dose had anti-PRP antibody &gt;1.0 μg/mL. Anti-TT antibody responses were satisfactory for all infants but also reduced by each DTPaHib dose received.CONCLUSION. Infants who receive DTPaHib, are significantly preterm, or who do not receive a fourth dose of conjugated Hib vaccine may be at increased risk for Hib disease.
Multiscale statistical process control with multiresolution data
Authors: Reis Marco S. , Saraiva Pedro M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn approach is presented for conducting multiscale statistical process control that adequately integrates data at different resolutions (multiresolution data), called MR‐MSSPC. Its general structure is based on Bakshi's MSSPC framework designed to handle data at a single resolution. Significant modifications were introduced in order to process multiresolution information. The main MR‐MSSPC features are presented and illustrated through three examples. Issues related to real world implementations and with the interpretation of the multiscale covariance structure are addressed in a fourth example, where a CSTR system under feedback control is simulated. Our approach proved to be able to provide a clearer definition of the regions where significant events occur and a more sensitive response when the process is brought back to normal operation, when it is compared with previous approaches based on single resolution data. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Seasonal variations in black‐faced black spider monkey (Ateles chamek) habitat use and ranging behavior in a southern Amazonian tropical forest
Authors: Wallace Robert B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractData are presented regarding the habitat use and ranging behavior of a spider monkey (Ateles chamek) community at Lago Caiman in northeastern Bolivia. Habitat use was driven primarily by fruit availability and distribution across the community home range. Strong seasonal variations occurred in fruit availability within all five of the floristically and phenologically distinct habitat types identified within the study site, and the spider monkeys dramatically shifted their ranging according to which habitat was richest in fleshy fruits. This use of local habitat diversity resulted in an unusually elongated shape for the home range that was otherwise typical of previousAtelesstudies in terms of size. Ranging behavior was clumped and community core areas shifted seasonally across the focal community home range. Individual core areas were not relevant to the study due to dramatic community‐wide shifts in ranging patterns. Day journey lengths were highly variable (460–5,690 m) and the distribution and abundance of fleshy fruit resources explained 81% of the monthly variations in mean day journey length. Keystone habitats for forest frugivores are identified and results are discussed with reference to previous studies on this genus, and the importance of considering keystone habitats and local habitat diversity within the management of forestry concessions in the region. Results are also discussed with reference to the behavioral ecology of the genusAteles. Am. J. Primatol. 68:313–332, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perineal swelling, intermenstrual cycle, and female sexual behavior in bonobos (Pan paniscus)
Authors: Paoli T. , Palagi E. , Tacconi G. , Tarli S. Borgognini 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMany reports have claimed that the duration of the swelling cycle in female bonobos (Pan paniscus) is longer than that of chimpanzees, and that the bonobo maximum swelling phase is markedly prolonged. Field data on intermenstrual intervals (IMIs) in female bonobos are limited and restricted to interswelling intervals (ISIs), which are assumed to reflect the IMI, though a direct comparison between the duration of ISIs and IMIs is still lacking. Reports on bonobo sexual activity as a function of the swelling phase are often contradictory. Moreover, the function of female homosexual interactions (genito‐genital (GG) rubbing) is still debated. This study examines the reliability of the ISI as an approximation of the IMI, and the attractivity of female sexual swellings for other individuals. An analysis of 51 ISI‐IMI pairs showed that ISIs are a fair representation of the reproductive cycle. The cycle length was 35.6±1.1 SE days relying on the ISI, whereas it was 35.0±1.1 SE days considering the IMI. This result is similar to the cycle length reported for chimpanzees. Female homosexual interactions and copulatory rates were higher during maximum tumescence, suggesting that the sexual swelling may be attractive for both males and other females. Furthermore, the GG‐rubbing was performed free of a hierarchical postural imposition, and was not correlated with affinitive interactions. We suggest that GG‐rubbing, which is generally the most frequent female sexual interaction, is a tool for social assessments among females. Am. J. Primatol. 67:333–347, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multidirectional chromosome painting reveals a remarkable syntenic homology between the greater galagos and the slow loris
Authors: Stanyon R. , Dumas F. , Stone G. , Bigoni F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe report on the first reciprocal chromosome painting of lorisoids and humans. The chromosome painting showed a remarkable syntenic homology between Otolemur and Nycticebus. Eight derived syntenic associations of human segments are common to both Otolemur and Nycticebus, indicative of a considerable period of common evolution between the greater galago and the slow loris. Five additional Robertsonian translocations form the slow loris karyotype, while the remaining chromosomes are syntenically equivalent, although some differ in terms of centromere position and heterochromatin additions. Strikingly, the breakpoints of the human chromosomes found fragmented in these two species are apparently identical. Only fissions of homologs to human chromosomes 1 and 15 provide significant evidence of a cytogenetic link between Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes. The association of human chromosomes 7/16 in both lorisoids strongly suggests that this chromosome was present in the ancestral primate genome. Am. J. Primatol. 68:349–359, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plant choice in the construction of night nests by gorillas in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda
Authors: Rothman Jessica M. , Pell Alice N. , Dierenfeld Ellen S. , Mccann Colleen M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe investigated the choice of plants in nest sites and individual night nests of a group of gorillas (Gorilla beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Most of the nests were built on the ground in secondary forest or canopy gaps. The gorillas used 62 plant genera in their nests out of a possible 108 plant genera available in the immediate environment. This group of Bwindi gorillas chose nest sites nonrandomly with respect to habitat type and selected nest sites in which Pteridium spp. or Mimulopsis spp. were the dominant plants. The Bwindi gorillas selected Pteridium spp. and Ipomea spp. to construct their individual night nests in greater quantities compared to their proportional availability in the immediate environment. Am. J. Primatol. 68:361–368, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.