bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The global distribution of infant mortality: a subnational spatial view
Authors: Storeygard Adam , Balk Deborah , Levy Marc , Deane Glenn 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe describe the compilation of a spatially explicit data‐set detailing infant mortality rates in over 10,000 national and subnational units worldwide, benchmarked to the year 2000. Although their resolution is highly variable, subnational data are available for countries representing over 90% of the non‐OECD population. Concentration of global infant deaths is higher than implied by national data alone. Assigning both national and subnational data to map grid cells so that they may be easily integrated with other geographical data, we generate infant mortality rates for environmental regions, including biomes and coastal zones, by continent. Rates for these regions also show striking refinements from the use of the higher resolution data. Possibilities and limitations for related work are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stimulation of aerobic degradation of chlorinated ethenes in soil by microbial inoculation
Authors: Balba Talaat , Dore Sophia , Pope Donald , Smith Jennifer , Weston Alan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDegradation of chlorinated ethenes under aerobic conditions has been reported using a cometabolic pathway. A site in Illinois had shallow contamination and sandy soils, which in combination created aerobic conditions. The aerobic conditions prevented the degradation of chlorinated ethenes by reductive dechlorination. Biodegradation of chloroethenes under aerobic conditions does not occur naturally at all sites; however, it can be enhanced if microorganisms capable of cometabolic degradation are introduced into the soil. In this study, trichloroethene (TCE) removal in the soil was enhanced by the injection of a commercially available microbial inoculum (CL‐OUT® inoculum, CL‐Solutions, Cincinnati, OH) and nutrients and was compared to chlorinated ethene removal in soil that had received nutrients only and soil that had received activated sludge and nutrients. Trichloroethene removal was measured after one week, seven weeks, and eleven weeks.After one week, no significant TCE removal had occurred in any of the test microcosms. After seven weeks, a slight decrease in TCE levels accompanied by an increase in cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene (cis‐1,2‐DCE) was seen in the microcosms that had received CL‐OUT®. After 11 weeks, a marked decrease in TCE levels was observed in the microcosms that had received CL‐OUT®. No significant TCE decrease was observed in any of the other microcosms. These data suggest that organisms capable of aerobic TCE degradation were not present at the site; however, the addition of an inoculum containing such organisms enabled aerobic degradation to occur. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geochemical evaluation of metals in groundwater at long‐term monitoring sites and active remediation sites
Authors: Thorbjornsen Karen , Myers Jonathan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAt many sites, long‐term monitoring (LTM) programs include metals as chemicals of concern, although they may not be site‐related contaminants and their detected concentrations may be natural. At other sites, active remediation of organic contaminants in groundwater results in changes to local geochemical conditions that affect metal concentrations. Metals should be carefully considered at both types of sites, even if they are not primary contaminants of concern. Geochemical evaluation can be performed at LTM sites to determine if the monitored metals reflect naturally high background and, hence, can be removed from the analytical program. Geochemical evaluation can also be performed pre‐ and post‐treatment at active remediation sites to document the effects of organics remediation on metals and identify the processes controlling metal concentrations. Examples from both types of sites are presented in this article. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indeterminacy of a dry friction problem with viscous damping involving stiction
Authors: Bastien J. , Schatzman M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe study a usual friction law for one degree of freedom solid where the dynamical friction coefficient is smaller than the static friction coefficient. We show that this law can be dangerous, because it can lose all predictive power. We first study a passage to the limit to prove that the limit is strongly depending on the data. We secondly study the obtained limit law, which is written with a non maximal monotone multivalued graph; this property implies that the differential inclusion possesses a set of solutions, whose diameter is too big to know the solution with precision. Moreover, the associated numerical scheme does not have a unique solution.
Bifurcations and chaos of bimetallic circular plates subjected to periodic heat load
Authors: Wang Y. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe chaotic vibrations of bimetallic thin circular plates with geometric nonlinearity subjected to periodic time‐varying temperature load are investigated. The governing equations are formulated in forms similar to those of classical von Kármán's single‐layered plate theory by re‐determination of reference surface of coordinate. The nonlinear differential equation in time‐mode is derived by variational method following an assumed spatial‐mode. The Melnikov function is established theoretically to estimate regions of the chaos, and the Poincaré map, phase portrait, Lyapunov exponent, and Lyapunov dimension are used to evaluate if a chaotic motion really appears. Further investigations are developed by means of detailed numerical simulation, the combined bifurcation diagram and its corresponding maximum Lyapunov exponent are illustrated. The influence of static and time‐dependent temperature parameters, and damping parameter on the dynamic characteristics is examined. Interesting phenomena such as the onset of chaos, transient chaos, chaos with periodic windows, period‐doubling scenario and reversed period‐doubling bifurcation leading to chaos, jump phenomena, and chaos suddenly converts to period orbit have been observed.
THE COURTSHIP AND SINGLEHOOD OF ELIZABETH ISHAM, 1630–1634
Authors: STEPHENS ISAAC 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTScholars have long known of the proposed marriage in 1630 of John Dryden, grandson of Sir Erasmus Dryden, and Elizabeth Isham, eldest child of Sir John Isham. All knowledge of this proposed marriage came from correspondence revealing that, having reached a financial impasse, the two families aborted the proposed match. At first glance, such a case seems rather unremarkable, since similar stories abound of other contemporary families and in more detail. The Dryden–Isham match, however, takes on increased importance with the recent discovery of Elizabeth Isham's 60,000-word spiritual autobiography. Unlike the correspondence that mainly deals with the economic aspects of the match, Elizabeth's autobiography provides a more personal and emotional account, revealing the importance that familial love and honour played in the arrangement. In addition, the autobiography shows that the failed match caused Elizabeth to have a religious aversion to marriage, leading her to choose singlehood for the remainder of her life. Her experience forces scholars to recognize the significance that familial love, honour, and personal piety could have on marriage formation in the seventeenth century, and it illustrates the lasting impact that a failed match could have on a woman in early modern England.
LORD ACTON'S IRISH ELECTIONS
Authors: BARR COLIN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTFrom the age of twenty-three until his death at the age of sixty-eight, Lord Acton was or sought to be a member of the United Kingdom parliament. Although Acton remains a subject of scholarly interest, his political career has received relatively little attention. This article examines Acton's search for an Irish parliamentary seat, a search which was twice unsuccessful in 1857, but which resulted in May 1859 in Acton's return as the member for Carlow borough. Although Acton was pushed towards parliament by his family – and particularly his stepfather, Lord Granville – a close examination of Acton's campaigns reveals more dedication to a political career than has previously been accepted.
POLICE VIOLENCE IN PARIS, OCTOBER 1961: HISTORICAL SOURCES, METHODS, AND CONCLUSIONS
Authors: BRUNET JEAN-PAUL 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTFor some years now, the repression of the Algerian Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) by the Paris police on 17 October 1961 has been a subject of controversy. This is despite the fact that those who have written about this incident are in agreement about its magnitude (more than 14,000 people arrested in two days) and its senseless violence. Yet there remains disagreement over the emotive question of the number of people killed. The recent publication of a study by Jim House and Neil MacMaster provides an opportunity to return to this issue, and to raise important questions about the methodologies and standards of research that have been used.
Genetic characterization of hybrid mussel (Mytilus) populations on Irish coasts
Authors: Gosling Elizabeth , Doherty Sandra , Howley Nicola 
Published: March 2008

The blue mussel,Mytilus edulis, and the Mediterranean mussel,Mytilus galloprovincialis, occur widely over much of northern Europe, and wherever they are sympatric they hybridize. The hybrid zone is large, ranging from western France to the north of Scotland, and is spatially complex, containing a mixture of pure, hybrid and introgressed individuals. Results from an Irish study in 1981, using partially diagnostic allozyme markers, indicated that mussels on the Irish Sea coast were solelyM. edulis, but on Atlantic wave-exposed shores, and to a much lesser extent on wave-protected shores, mussels comprised an interbreeding mixture ofM. edulisandM. galloprovincialis. In this study mussels were analysed from 20 locations on Irish coasts, using theMe15/16nuclear DNA marker. The results showed a high frequency ofM. galloprovincialis(0.378 ± 0.198) and hybrid (0.429 ± 0.175) genotypes, and correspondingly low frequencies of theM. edulisgenotype (0.194 ± 0.107) at both exposed and sheltered locations on Atlantic coasts, indicating no apparent advantage for theM. edulisgenotype at wave-protected sites.Mytilus galloprovincialiswas virtually absent from the Irish Sea. Mussels in this area may be a self-recruiting population ofM. edulisdue to thermal front development at the northern and southern entrances to the Irish Sea in late spring, thereby preventing an influx of spring-spawnedMytiluslarvae. The apparent change in the genetic composition of mussels on Atlantic coasts since the early 1980s could be related to climate change, or to aquaculture practice in Ireland whereby mussels from exposed shores are used to seed ropes in wave-protected bays and estuaries.
Cetuximab: a critical appraisal of a novel development in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Gemmill Joanna 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRecently published evidence has shown an improvement in locoregional control and a survival advantage in the treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) using cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the tumour-promoting mechanism of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In a large randomised trial, cetuximab was delivered concurrently with radiotherapy and compared to radiotherapy alone in locally advanced SCCHN. The trial showed that the addition of cetuximab offers improved locoregional control and survival without enhancing acute toxicity compared to radiotherapy alone. These exciting results have the potential to change standard head and neck cancer practice, impacting on head and neck cancer services provided by oncology departments and multidisciplinary working.This article aims to define the mechanism of action of cetuximab, critically appraise the evidence for the use of cetuximab within Oncology departments for SCCHN, and critically evaluate how cetuximab may impact on current practice. Future possibilities and trials to assess the use of cetuximab within clinical practice will also be discussed.
What are the potential benefits and limitations of particle therapy in the treatment of paediatric malignancies?
Authors: Hardy P. , Bridge P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe reduction in dose received by normal tissue is essential in radiotherapy to reduce the chance of late side-effects. This is especially true in paediatric radiotherapy as any late-effects can seriously impair the future quality of life experienced by the treated child.Particle therapy uses high-energy particles to deliver a surgically precise beam of energy to a pre-determined position in the body. Common side-effects associated with conventional radiotherapy (CRT) are considerably reduced, often virtually eliminated, owing to the reduction in dose received by neighbouring healthy tissues, improving future quality of life. The superior accuracy of particles also means the dose can be escalated improving control rates.Clinical trials, reviews and planning studies have been reviewed to assess the benefits and limitations offered by particle therapy in paediatric treatments. The reduced integral dose and improved conformity is clearly highlighted throughout these studies, demonstrating the potential advantages available with particles when treating paediatric patients.The data suggest that the advantages experienced with particle therapy result in a significant reduction in the side-effects experienced and therefore an improvement in quality of life when compared with conventional therapy. Owing to the reduction of subsequent sequelae, paediatric patients need to be considered when designing and constructing a particle centre in the UK.
The use of hyperthermia to overcome tumour hypoxia in the treatment of advanced breast cancer
Authors: Netherton Helen 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPurpose:The purpose of this review was to explore the literature on the use of hyperthermia (HT) in advanced breast cancer.Methods:A literature search was conducted to obtain information from recent trials of HT and/or chemotherapy (CH) and radiotherapy (RT) for patients with locally recurrent breast carcinoma. Issues concerned with patient compliance and side effects have also been reviewed and future recommendations for research made.Results:Results of recent trials have demonstrated promising outcomes for HT and RT in combination, particularly for recurrent disease to improve local control (LC). There is no evidence, however, to support a positive effect on overall survival.Conclusions:Despite positive results HT has not been widely embraced, due to financial and logistical limitations. Future recommendations include larger, randomised, controlled studies and the development of temperature mapping to avoid potentially limiting HT blisters.
Bumblebees under the midnight sun - Monitoring circadian rhythms of bumblebees under continuous daylight, using radio frequency identification (RFID)
Authors: Stelzer Ralph , Chittka Lars 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCircadian rhythms enable organisms to anticipate and to prepare for predictable changes in their environment. Most previous studies on circadian rhythms focused on solitary animals. However, in social insects, the colony as a superorganism has a foraging rhythm aligned to the patterns of resource availability. Within this colony rhythm, the activity patterns of individuals are embedded. In temperate regions bumblebee foragers show strong circadian rhythms that adjust their foraging activity to the changing light conditions in the course of the day. But what about circadian foraging patterns under continuous daylight? One would assume that the colony as a whole extends its foraging activity over the whole 24 hours of a day under such light conditions to maximise colony growth. To answer this question four colonies of Bombus terrestris terrestris have been set up in north-western Finland (Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, 270km north of the Arctic Circle) between 20/06/07 and 18/07/07. During that time period the sun is always above the horizon in that area. Each worker of each colony was fitted with a small RFID tag, allowing to continuously monitor the foraging activity of each individual worker for the whole duration of the experiment. Against the hypothesis the foragers still showed strong circadian rhythms and ceased their activity from about 0000h until about 0600h each day.
2008 Update on the Medicare Exceptions Process
Authors: Fifer Robert C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Since 1999 when Medicare caps first became effective, providers have had to pay close attention to the claims process. This article summarizes the Medicare Exceptions Process that, for 2007, underwent a number of changes. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Physician Fee Schedule Final Rule of November 27, 2007 made three important changes. These changes addressed certification for patient plan of care, personnel qualifications for therapists, and a review of Part B policies and their application to Part A settings that are projected to go into effect in July of 2008. Particular attention was given to explanations of the manual submission process and the change in definitions of “complexities” and of a “therapist.”
Liability Issues in Clinical Practice
Authors: Scudder Sharon Griffin 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLegal liability is of concern for speech-language pathologists and audiologists in clinical practice. This paper offers general suggestions designed to help clinicians minimize the risks of liability in clinical practice. Suggestions include knowing and practicing within the standard of care of your profession, obtaining informed consent, being polite and caring with patients, documenting everything, verifying the licensure and certification of clinicians and other employees you hire, and organizing your business to limit your liability from the actions of others within your business and to protect your personal assets. The author recommends that you protect your promising career from being derailed by allegations of malpractice and negligence by continuing to develop your skills and structuring your clinical practice to provide the very best care to your clients and patients.
An Exploration of Clinicians Views About Assessment and Treatment of Stuttering
Authors: Tellis Glen M. , Bressler Lisa , Emerick Katrina 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine school speech-language pathologists’ knowledge of and skill levels with assessing and treating stuttering. This paper provides information on 255 school speech-language pathologists who responded to a 49-question survey about stuttering. The instrument contained questions that addressed specific aspects of assessment and treatment as well as general questions about stuttering. Results indicate that on average, the speech-language pathologists had only treated 12 children who stuttered throughout their careers and averaged 2 children who stuttered on their caseloads per year. Data indicate that regardless of whether the speech-language pathologists took graduate course work in fluency disorders, had their Certificate of Clinical Competence, or attended continuing education workshops in fluency disorders, they lacked basic knowledge and skills in assessing and treating stuttering. Systematic training in specific aspects of assessment and treatment for people who stutter is urgently needed for speech-language pathology students and practicing clinicians.
A Mixed-Model Approach to Studying Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Gabel Rodney , Daniels Derek , Hughes Stephanie 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to utilize a mixed qualitative and quantitative methodology to explore treatment outcomes of stuttering treatment. The findings of the study suggested that all four participants made measurable clinical gains, as evidenced by positive changes in speech fluency, stuttering severity, and communication attitudes. The participants’ perceptions of their clinical experiences were explored using semi-structured interviews conducted at the beginning of therapy, the middle of treatment, and at the end of therapy. Results of the qualitative data analysis suggested that the participants reported improvement in their attitudes, feelings, and beliefs about stuttering. In addition, the participants reported an increased sense of control of their stuttering as a result of treatment. Also, the participants reported a belief that therapy was a process still to be worked on following treatment. Finally, participants shared reports of the important impact the clinic had on their lives. The positive changes noted during treatment were maintained 6 months following treatment.
Identifying Children Who Require Different Instruction in a Response to Instruction Framework
Authors: Speece Deborah L. , Hines Sara J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis articles presents information on how schools may go about identifying children who are not responding to Tier 1 support and are thus in need of different instruction. In addition, this article reviews varied screening approaches, including Curriculum-Based Measurement, and discusses ways of monitoring and evaluating progress.
Designing Quality Tier One Learning Environments for Emergent and Early Readers
Authors: Cabell Sonia Q. , McGinty Anita S. , Breit Allison , Justice Laura 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
In this article, the authors discuss high priority instructional targets that should be addressed in early childhood classrooms to support emergent and early literacy development. Additionally, this article discusses the collaborative role speech-language pathologists can play in providing early literacy support at varied stages of the RTI process.
Falling Through the Cracks: Children Who Are Exceptions to the RTI Identification Process
Authors: Davis Nicole , Compton Donald L. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This article discusses late emerging reading disabilities (RD) and provides possible explanations for false negatives that occur in the RTI process. In addition to providing a theoretical framework for thinking about late emerging RD, the authors conclude with suggestions for speech-language pathologists to improve the early identification of children who are at risk for late emerging RD.
How to Survive a Due Process Hearing
Authors: Corbin Carl 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background/Introduction:
Due process hearings are administrative hearings that resolve disputes between parents of children, who qualify for special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), and a Local Educational Agency (“LEA”). The IDEA provides that students that qualify for special education services are entitled to receive a Free Appropriate Public Education (“FAPE”). A FAPE has both substantive and procedural requirements. The process by which a LEA details the provision of a FAPE to a student who qualifies for special education services is through the development of an Individualized Education Program (“IEP”).

Objectives:
This article reviews the process to develop a legally defensible IEP. This article provides strategies for LEAs and educational professionals to avoid a due process hearing. This article provides a brief description of and timelines associated with a due process hearing. This article provides suggestions to educational professionals who may be called to testify as a witness at a due process hearing.

Conclusion:
LEAs and educational professionals can minimize their risk of having to undergo a due process hearing and can maximize their chances to prevail at a due process hearing through preparation and training.