bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhaled corticosteroids do not affect behaviour
Authors: De Vries TW , Van Roon EN , Duiverman EJ 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: To determine whether children with asthma and on inhaled corticosteroids have more behavioural problems, such as aggressiveness and hyperactivity, as compared with healthy controls and with children under medical care because of other disorders.Methods: Questionnaires were given to three groups of children: a group of asthmatic children with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), a group of children attending the ear, nose and throat (ENT) outpatient clinic and the healthy controls. Included were questions about health, medication use, demographical data and about behaviour, including the child behaviour check list (CBCL) and questions about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Results: Forty asthmatic children on ICS, 50 children visiting the ENT outpatient clinic and 183 healthy controls were studied. The total CBCL and mean ADHD scores of the children on ICS were 28.1 and 9.1, which were both significantly higher than the scores of the healthy controls (20.4 and 7.1), but not when compared with the ENT outpatient group (26.2 and 8.6). Further analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the ICS group and healthy controls in CBCL‐axes. There were, however, no differences between the ENT group and the ICS on one side and the healthy controls on the other.Conclusion: There is a difference in behaviour between healthy children and asthmatic children on ICS, but not when compared with children visiting the ENT department. Although hyperactivity, aggressiveness and anxiety might occur in children on ICS, this is probably caused by individual susceptibility. Being under specialist care can possibly explain behavioural differences between children on ICS and healthy controls.
CURRENT‐STATUS SURVIVAL ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO ESTIMATING SENSORY SHELF LIFE OF READY‐TO‐EAT LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA)
Authors: ARANEDA MABEL , HOUGH GUILLERMO , DE PENNA EMMA WITTIG 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT The objective of the present work was to develop a method for predicting sensory shelf life for situations in which each consumer evaluates only one sample corresponding to one storage time. This type of data is known as current‐status data in survival analysis statistics. The methodology was applied to estimate the sensory shelf life of ready‐to‐eat lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata cv.“Alpha”). For each of six storage times, 50–52 consumers answered yes or no to whether they would normally consume the presented sample. The results were satisfactory, showing that the methodology can be applied when necessary. The Weibull model was found adequate to model the data. Estimated shelf lives ± 95% confidence intervals were 11.3 ± 1.2 days and 15.5 ± 0.9 days for a 25% and a 50% consumer rejection probability, respectively.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSWhen considering shelf‐life evaluations by consumers, the first idea is to have each consumer evaluate six or seven samples with different storage times in a single session. To do this, a reverse storage design is necessary, and in the case of a product such as lettuce, it would lead to different batches being confused with storage times. The methodology proposed in this article avoids this problem by having each consumer evaluate a single sample. Another issue with consumers tasting several samples in a single session is how representative this situation is of real consumption. The present methodology allows for a consumer to take home, e.g., a bottle of beer with an established storage time, and later collecting the information as to whether they found the beer acceptable or not. This is a situation much closer to real consumption.
CONSUMER PERCEPTION OF SANDINESS IN DULCE DE LECHE
Authors: GIMÉNEZ ANA , ARES GASTÓN , GÁMBARO ADRIANA 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT Sandiness, one of the most common defects of dulce de leche, is caused by lactose crystallization. In order to study consumer reaction to the presence of different levels of this defect, survival analysis statistics was applied to the consumer acceptance/rejection data of the samples. Limits for this defect were estimated by working with 10% and 25% consumer rejection probabilities. The consumers were also asked to score the sample sandiness according to their perception, using a 9‐point scale. Cluster analysis and correspondence analysis performed showed the heterogeneity of the consumer responses toward sandiness in dulce de leche. Significant correlations were established between consumer sandiness and the number of crystals and sandiness as measured by a panel of trained assessors, the latter being the best indicator of sandiness as perceived by the consumers. It could be established that the consumers' and assessors' sandiness perception is clearly influenced by the presence of agglomerates, their size distribution and number. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSandiness is an important defect for a segment of consumers who rejected samples with high levels of sandiness, suggesting the importance of avoiding the occurrence of this defect. Survival analysis methodology was used to estimate the maximum level of sandiness in dulce de leche before consumers reject it. As sandiness is a sensory defect that often limits the shelf life of dulce de leche, the calculated sensory limits could be used in future studies to estimate the sensory shelf life of dulce de leche.
SCALING OF SENSORY IMPRESSIONS
Authors: TOMASIK‐KRÓTKI JAGNA , STROJNY JACEK 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT Generally valid translation of the seven colors of the rainbow into the sounds of an octave was established. Over 500 replies were collected from all over the world to the questions about associations between those colors and the five basic tastes (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami) and between those colors and seven selected odors (ethereal, floral, camphor, pungent, putrid, peppermint, musky). Based on the replies, a list of standard associations was constructed. Units of taste, called mniams, and odor, called fooys, were introduced. These units, together with the specific permutation system, provided quantification of sensory impressions, quantitative evaluation of deviations from the standard, and translation of one sensory impression into another. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSStandardization of sensory impressions could be helpful in the understanding and interpretation of emotions. Expression of the sensory impressions with some units might provide a quantification of temporary and permanent deviations from the standards. It could also be a convenient tool in passing information to people with malfunctions of certain sensors, or people with unusual talents and abilities. Simultaneous involvement of standardized expressions of human sensory impressions would be possible providing an increased efficiency of transmission of multisensory information and an increase in human sensitivity to the signals coming from outside. Trained conjugated perception of sensory impressions would be helpful in early warning against approaching disasters, health breakdowns, and so on. Potentially, some feelings called intuition would be lifted to the position of interpretable impressions.The presented method should be of particular interest to the fields of psychology, psychiatry, criminology, sociology and therapy. It should also attract the attention of product designers, and of sensory analysts in food designing and nutrition.
SEQUENTIAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR SAME–DIFFERENT TESTS: SOME FURTHER INSIGHTS
Authors: SANTOSA METTA , O'MAHONY MICHAEL 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT A Sequential Sensitivity Analysis was performed for same–different tests using low‐concentration threshold NaCl solutions versus purified water. The order of favorability for the sequence pairs (W‐S, W‐W, S‐S, S‐W) was different from the order obtained in previous studies (W‐S, S‐W, W‐W, S‐W). In the current study, the order depended on the judge's ability to recognize perceptual changes; this could be said to involve a decision rule or cognitive strategy that used a τ criterion. In previous studies, the orders depended on the judges’ ability to recognize individual stimuli; this could be said to involve a decision rule that used a β criterion. Further insights into the interpretation of these orders were discussed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSequential Sensitivity Analysis provides a simple first‐order ordinal model for predicting the sensitivity of difference tests, once suitable preliminary data have been obtained. This article provides new data that allow a fuller understanding of the sensory mechanisms involved in the model, which will improve the validity of predictions being made regarding difference test sensitivity.
Predisposing factors to phlebitis in patients with peripheral intravenous catheters: A descriptive study
Authors: Uslusoy Esin , Mete Samiye 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the predisposing factors in the development of phlebitis in peripheral intravenous (IV) catheterization sites in patients treated with a variety of IV infusion solutions and drugs.Data sources: Systematic observation of 568 IV sites inserted for fluid infusion and drug administration in 355 patients in the Department of General Surgery of a University Hospital in Turkey. A data collection tool was based on standards established by the Infusion Nurses Society. Patients’ infusion sites were monitored every 24 h during treatment and for 48 h after discontinuation of the IV.Conclusions: In contrast to the usual findings in the literature, the authors found that infusion through an infusion pump and insertion of catheters in the veins around the elbow increased the risk of phlebitis. Also, the number of times infusions were started led to an increased rate of phlebitis. However, conflicting results were obtained about the relation between phlebitis, gender, and catheter size.Implications for practice: Phlebitis causes sepsis, pain, additional diagnostic investigations, and treatments, and may lead to increased duration of hospitalization, patient’s stress level, and financial burden, as well as increasing staff workload. Advanced practice nurses need to be aware of the factors that increase the likelihood of phlebitis and take appropriate measures to prevent it.
Mindfulness‐based stress reduction: A literature review and clinician’s guide
Authors: Praissman Sharon 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPurpose: To provide nurse practitioners (NPs) with clinical research about Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and demonstrate its usefulness for reducing stress in a variety of populations.Data Sources: A literature review was conducted using the following databases: EBSCO, Cinahl, Pschyline, and Medline. English language articles published between 2000 and 2006 in peer‐reviewed journals were reviewed. Search terms “mindfulness,”“meditation,” and “stress” were used. Additional information was obtained through select, reputable Internet sites.Conclusions: MBSR is an effective treatment for reducing stress and anxiety that accompanies daily life and chronic illness. MBSR is also therapeutic for healthcare providers, enhancing their interactions with patients. No negative side effects from MBSR have been documented.Implications for practice: MBSR is a safe, effective, integrative approach for reducing stress. Patients and healthcare providers experiencing stress or stress‐related symptoms benefit from MBSR programs. NPs can safely and effectively use this intervention in a variety of patient populations.
Changing Nutrition Standards in Schools: The Emerging Impact on School Revenue
Authors: Wharton Christopher M. , Long Michael , Schwartz Marlene B. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  Although great focus has been placed on nutritional and other consequences of changes in food‐related policies within schools, few reports exist describing the impact of such changes on school revenue. This review provides an overview of the few revenue‐related studies published recently, as well as information from a sampling of state reports on the subject.Methods:  A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Four peer‐reviewed papers and 3 state‐based reports were identified that assessed the impact on revenues of either targeted policy changes or overarching, district‐wide changes in food‐related policies.Results:  Thus far, few data exist to substantiate the concern that changes in nutrition standards in schools lead to a loss in total revenue. An interesting phenomenon of increased participation in the National School Lunch Program was noted in a number of reports and might play a role in buffering financial losses.Conclusions:  A renewed focus on school policies related to health provides the opportunity for researchers to investigate how nutrition‐related policy change can affect, if at all, food service and overall school revenues.
Indicators of iron status in elite soccer players during the sports season
Authors: OSTOJIC S. M. , AHMETOVIC Z. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe main aim of the study was to investigate the changes of hematologic status in elite soccer players throughout a competitive season. Study was conducted with 35 male professional soccer players and the measurements were collected at the start of the conditioning period, at the start of the season, in the mid‐season and at the end of the season. Blood was drawn from an antecubital vein for a complete blood count, serum iron, and transferrin and ferritin levels. We found significantly higher hematocrit at preseason assessment as compared with other sampling periods (P < 0.05). No other differences were found between any of the hematologic variables during the study. The lowest hemoglobin level, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), serum iron, ferritin and transferrin encountered in the study were Hb of 11.2 g/dl, MCV of 77.9 fl, serum iron of 34 μg/dl, ferritin of 15.1 μg/l, transferrin of 224 μg/dl in a 20‐year‐old soccer player at the start of the season. The variability of the iron status indicators in elite soccer players seems to be stable and poorly related to training phase during sports season.
The Wayward Girl Revisited: Understanding the Gendered Nature of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Authors: Pasko Lisa 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTraditional explanations of delinquency have mostly focused on male offending. While men were the primary subjects of criminological research as well as the central focus of the justice system, gender was rarely explicitly examined, and consequently, girls often went unnoticed. Today, however, female juvenile offenders’ visibility both in research and in the system has changed. This essay reviews feminist theorizing of girls’ delinquency, with a concentrated focus on the ‘pathways’ perspective; the scope of girls’ lawbreaking; and their historical and contemporary experiences inside and outside the juvenile justice system. This essay concludes with an examination of two promising girl‐specific juvenile justice initiatives.
The Gendered Face of Terrorism
Authors: Ferber Abby L. , Kimmel Michael S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWhat does sociology have to contribute to our understanding of terrorism? As scholars of gender and the Far Right, we believe that we have much to offer the current debates. In this article, we focus both on contemporary cases of terrorism, the attacks of September 11 and the Oklahoma City bombing, and terrorist movements as gendered: as enactments of masculinity. In particular, we focus on the contemporary white supremacist movement, the most dangerous domestic terrorist threat faced by the USA. We suggest that the ideology and organization of many terrorist groups are saturated with gendered meanings, both as the analytic prism through which they view their situation, and also as a means of political mobilization.
An ex‐post analysis of the German Upper Rhine: data gathering and numerical modelling of morphological changes in the 19th century
Authors: Spinewine B. , Zech Y. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo ensure sustainability, long‐term effectiveness and limited maintenance, river flood management practices should take into consideration the potential morphological adaptations resulting from the imposed changes to a river system. To illustrate the ability of numerical models to provide a valuable tool for flood management planners, an ex‐post analysis of the Rhine during the 19th century is carried out. The Upper German Rhine has been reshaped deeply by large engineering works over this century. The initially braided reach Basel–Maxau was constricted into a single channel, while the reach Maxau–Mainz was significantly shortened by meander shortcuts. Both types of works resulted in intense erosion upstream and spread deposition downstream, with most of the changes occurring during high‐flow periods. As ancient data are generally difficult to obtain, the paper shows how fragmentary ancient data may be complemented with more recent data adequately interpreted for reconstructing a realistic set of initial conditions. The study is an attempt at reproducing qualitatively the behaviour of the Upper Rhine with a dataset collected only from publicly available sources.
Importation of Dogs into the United States: Risks from Rabies and Other Zoonotic Diseases
Authors: McQuiston J. H. , Wilson T. , Harris S. , Bacon R. M. , Shapiro S. , Trevino I , Sinclair J. , Galland G. , Marano N. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe importation of dogs into the United States poses a risk for the introduction of rabies and other zoonotic diseases. Federal regulations (42 CFR 71.51) currently require proof of valid rabies vaccination for imported dogs, but allow the importation of some unvaccinated dogs, including dogs less than 3 months of age, provided certain requirements for confinement are met until the dog is vaccinated. Although there are no accurate surveillance data on the number of dogs imported each year, it is estimated based on extrapolated data that over 287 000 dogs were imported into the United States during 2006. Of these, approximately 25% were either too young to be vaccinated or lacked proof of valid rabies vaccination. Import trends suggest that an increasing number of unvaccinated puppies are being imported into the United States, many through commercial resale or rescue operations. Since 2004, foreign canine rabies virus variants have been documented in at least two imported puppies. Federal regulations are currently being reviewed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to determine if they can be updated to address current import trends and disease risks, such as requiring a health screen and valid rabies vaccinations for all dogs prior to entry.
Doppler ultrasonography of the anterior knee tendons in elite badminton players: colour fraction before and after match
Authors: Koenig M J , Torp-Pedersen S , Boesen M I , Holm C C , Bliddal H 
Published: April 2008

BackgroundAnterior knee tendon problems are seldom reported in badminton players although the game is obviously stressful to the lower extremities.HypothesesPainful anterior knee tendons are common among elite badminton players. The anterior knee tendons exhibit colour Doppler activity. This activity increases after a match. Painful tendons have more Doppler activity than tendons without pain.Study designCohort study.Methods72 elite badminton players were interviewed about training, pain and injuries. The participants were scanned with high-end ultrasound equipment. Colour Doppler was used to examine the tendons of 64 players before a match and 46 players after a match. Intratendinous colour Doppler flow was measured as colour fraction (CF). The tendon complex was divided into three loci: the quadriceps tendon, the proximal patellar tendon and the insertion on the tibial tuberosity.ResultsInterview: Of the 72 players, 62 players had problems with 86 tendons in the lower extremity. Of these 86 tendons, 48 were the anterior knee tendons. Ultrasound: At baseline, the majority of players (87%) had colour Doppler flow in at least one scanning position. After a match, the percentage of the knee complexes involved did not change. CF increased significantly in the dominant leg at the tibial tuberosity; single players had a significantly higher CF after a match at the tibial tuberosity and in the patellar tendon both before and after a match. Painful tendons had the highest colour Doppler activity.ConclusionsMost elite badminton players had pain in the anterior knee tendons and intratendinous Doppler activity both before and after match. High levels of Doppler activity were associated with self-reported ongoing pain.
Payments to injured professional jockeys in British horse racing (1996–2006)
Authors: Turner M , Balendra G , McCrory P 
Published: April 2008

Objective:To determine the direct and indirect cost of injuries in professional jockeys as a result of race riding.Design:Cohort study.Setting:Professional horse racing.Participants:Professional jockeys in the UK registered with the Jockey Club.Main outcome measures:Payouts under the Professional Riders Insurance Scheme (PRIS) for injuries sustained by professional jockeys, which were recorded by the Jockey Club injury database between 1996 and 2006 inclusive.Results:In the 11-year period of the study, there were 1328 injuries that resulted in jockeys missing a total of 71 509 days of racing, and as a result PRIS paid out £4 496 019 in compensation. Most injuries were minor, with a third of injured jockeys returning to race riding within 2 weeks and 45% of the claims receiving a payout of <£1000. Almost half the claims were due to fractures, with the clavicle being the most common site of injury. Joint dislocations accounted for the highest insurance payout and the longest time off racing.Conclusions:Horse racing is a sport known to have a high risk of injury. This study has found that almost £4.5 million was spent on the injuries that were reported to PRIS during the 11-year time period 1996–2006. This study sheds light on the overall injury cost in professional horse racing and will form the basis for more formal health economic analysis.
Characteristics of KIT-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumours and diagnostic utility of protein kinase C theta immunostaining
Authors: Lee H E , Kim M A , Lee H S , Lee B L , Kim W H 
Published: April 2008

Aims:To characterise KIT-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) clinically, pathologically, immunohistochemically and genetically, and to establish the usefulness of protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) as a diagnostic marker in KIT-negative GIST.Methods:252 consecutive cases of GIST were evaluated for clinicopathological characteristics and immunostained for various antibodies. Mutational analyses ofKITand platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) were also performed in 62 cases.Results:20 (7.9%) GISTs showed negative immunostaining for KIT. KIT-negative GISTs were more likely to originate from omentum or peritoneum, have an epithelioid histology, and be classified as high risk. The overall survival rate of patients with KIT-negative GISTs (5-year survival rate 68.7% (SD 10.7%)) was lower than that of patients with KIT-positive GISTs (5-year survival rate, 79.9% (3.0%)) (p = 0.042, log-rank test). Negative KIT expression was an independent prognostic factor in multivariate Cox regression analysis when the risk of aggressive behaviour and the status of imatinib treatment were adopted as covariates. KIT-negative GISTs also showed lower expression rates of CD34, Bcl-2, and PKCθ than KIT-positive GISTs; mutational analysis revealed that 30% of KIT-negative GISTs harboured aPDGFRAexon 18 mutation. Immunostaining on PKCθ showed that 93.9% of all GISTs expressed PKCθ protein. However, 21.9% of 64 mesenchymal tumours other than GIST also showed positivity on PKCθ.Conclusions:KIT-negative GISTs had characteristics that differ from those of KIT-positive GISTs, and negative KIT expression was an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival of patients. Although PKCθ is a sensitive diagnostic marker for GIST, its usefulness is limited because of low sensitivity and low specificity in KIT-negative GISTs.