bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waardenburg’s syndrome and familial periodic paralysis
Authors: Tay C H 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Nine members in three generations of a Chinese family were found to have Waardenburg’s syndrome comprising, mainly, lateral displacement of the inner canthi, broadening of the nasal root and hypertrichosis of the eyebrows. Other minor features were also found.
Two patients had in addition, hypokalemic periodic paralysis of the familial type, one had prominent frontal bossing and another, bilateral cleft lips and palate. These associated anomalies have not been previously documented and the presence of two autosomal dominant genetic defects in this family is of particular interest.
Some aspects of the epidemiology of hepatitis in Sweden
Authors: Ringertz Olof 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe incidence of hepatitis in Sweden is relatively low, but an outbreak associated with the consumption of infected oysters occurred in 1955.Subsequently, an increasing incidence was noted among track-finders. Methods of eliminating cross-infection by traces of blood among the runners greatly reduced this incidence.Since 1964, hepatitis associated with haemodialysis and with narcotic addiction has become common.The changes in the epidemiological pattern during the last 20 years are discussed.
Psychological aspects of headache
Authors: Bridges P K 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Headache is one of the most common symptoms encountered in clinical practice. Its conceptual problems are those of pain in general and some of the theories concerning pain, especially those attempting to relate psychological and physical aspects, are considered.
The classifications which have been suggested for headaches associated with emotional causes are described and it is shown that these are of limited clinical value. Some of the psychogenic causes of headache are considered and the associations of the symptom with various psychiatric illnesses are described. Headache is especially likely to be found with depressive illnesses. The treatments for various psychological types of headache are reviewed.
Complete heart block in patients with peroneal muscular atrophy
Authors: Ponder B A J , Chatterjee K , Sutton G C 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Two patients with peroneal muscular atrophy who also had complete heart block are reported.
The pathogenesis of heart block in one of these patients was investigated by left ventricular volume analysis which showed a normal ejection fraction, indicating intact left ventricular function. This patient in addition had a normal coronary arteriogram.
These findings suggest that heart block in patients with peroneal muscular atrophy may be due to primary conduction tissue disease rather than cardiomyopathy.
Mitral valve disease, systemic embolism and anticoagulants
Authors: Fleming H A , Bailey Sheila M 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Over a period of 9½ years patients in East Anglia with mitral valve disease not requiring immediate surgery have been followed.
There has been a high incidence of systemic embolism before the patients are referred.
Long-term treatment with anticoagulants appears to offer a good degree of protection to these patients and, provided the control of the treatment is good, the risks arising from it are small and less than the risks of embolism.
Factors influencing the prognosis in myelomatosis
Authors: Dawson Audrey A , Ogston D 
Published: December 2008

Summary
One hundred and eighty-eight patients with myelomatosis, 166 of whom had multiple myelomatosis, were studied to assess the prognostic significance of age, sex, mode of clinical presentation, presence of anaemia, azotaemia and abnormal cells in the peripheral blood at the time of diagnosis.
The generalized disease was rapidly fatal in many of these unselected patients. Women survived longer than men and the young slightly longer than the old.
Of the laboratory findings, only a raised blood urea (greater than 60 mg/100 ml) was associated with a statistically poorer prognosis.
The use of amiloride hydrochloride in the correction of hypokalaemic alkalosis induced by diuretics
Authors: Antcliff A C , Hamilton M , Beevers D G , Harpur J E 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Amiloride hydrochloride is a very potent drug for correcting the profound hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis that is induced by thiazide and other diuretics. No potassium supplements are necessary.
Intravenous glucose tolerance in myocardial infarction
Authors: Pearson Donald 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were carried ont on forty patients with recent myocardial infarction and thirty-nine matched controls with recent bone injury.
Abnormal results were detected in 77·5% of cardiac patients and 68% controls. When tests were repeated after acute stress factors had settled, normal results were obtained in 85% of thirty-three cardiac subjects and 84% of thirty-eight controls.
It is concluded that the disturbance of glucose tolerance in myocardial infarction is a non-specific stress effect and should not be regarded as necessarily indicating a latent diabetic tendency.
The opportunist mycobacteria—a 20-year retrospect
Authors: Marks J , Jenkins P A 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A review is presented of the incidence and distribution of infections with opportunist mycobacteria in Wales for the years 1952-71. The most important opportunist pathogen was Mycobacterium kansasii.
Although the numbers affected by each species were small, taken together they indicate a genuine increase in incidence over the two decades. As tuberculosis declined by five-sixths over the same period, the relative change has been striking.
The distribution of infections suggest that exposure to dust at work and to heavy air pollution at home predispose to infection by opportunist mycobacteria.
Laboratory aspects of intermittent drug therapy
Authors: Mitchison D A , Dickinson Jean M 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The drug-parasite relationships for isoniazid and rifampicin have been investigated, using cultures of M. tuberculosis and infected guinea-pigs.
It is remarkable that there appear to be two entirely different mechanisms involved in intermittent chemotherapy with isoniazid and rifampicin. With isoniazid, any escape from the influence of the drug leads to diminished efficacy. On the other hand, with rifampicin, it is just this escape that promotes higher efficacy.
The effect of surgical operation on leg venous flow measured with radioactive hippuran
Authors: Kemble J V Harvey 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The velocity of venous blood flow in the legs has been measured in patients before and after operation using 125I hippuran.
Immediately after operation there was a profound slowing of venous flow to about half the pre-operative rate. On the day following operation the rate had returned to the pre-operative level.
The effect of elevation of the legs has been investigated. Leg elevation approximately doubled the rate of flow.
The value of leg elevation as a measure in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis is discussed in the light of these findings. The paper provides evidence that the practice of elevation of the legs during and after operation increases venous flow rate.
Left atrial myxoma in a child diagnosed by ultra-sound
Authors: Nicholls A J S , Goodman M A , Pridie R B 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A case of left atrial myxoma in a child is presented. The diagnosis was made using ultra-sound and confirmed at operation.
The results of our investigations are reviewed in the light of other authors’ experience with this disease. The use of ultra-sound in recognizing this condition is discussed.
Low back pain: a psychiatric investigation
Authors: Wolkind S N , Forrest A J 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire scores of a group of male patients attending a physiotherapy department for treatment of low back pain distinguished between those patients with a good and those with a poor out-outcome.
Comparing the scores of these two groups with those of a normal male population suggests that there are two distinct populations of patients with low back pain.
A questionnaire may have a place in the selection of patients who are unlikely to respond to conventional treatment for low back pain and who need extensive social or psychiatric investigation.
Thyroid nodules in Iraq
Authors: Al-Hashimi H M 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Two groups of patients with solitary thyroid nodules have been analysed. One hundred patients of the first group under 20 years of age were managed conservatively with supplementary doses of thyroxin. Three hundred and thirty patients of the second group over the age of 20 were treated surgically.
Seventeen percent of the first group had complete resolution of the thyroid nodule. The majority (eighty-three patients) needed exploration for a residual lesion.
In the two groups, adenomatous goitre constituted the most frequent pathological finding. True adenoma was the next in frequency.
Malignant nodules were found in ten cases (3.0%) of the second group; none was found in the first group. The overall incidence of carcinoma in solitary thyroid nodules in this study was 2·3%.
On vaccines and vaccination: typhoid-paratyphoid fevers
Authors: Vella Wally 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe various preparations of TAB vaccines proposed in the past and/or available for use at present, together with the methods suggested for the vaccination procedures, are described.The difficulties of interpreting the serologic diagnostic tests (Widal Test) and the possible dangers of vaccination during an epidemic (provocation typhoid) are discussed.
Radioactive iodine (131I) therapy for thyrotoxicosis at Groote Schuur Hospital over a 6-year period
Authors: Sagel J , Epstein S , Kalk J , Van Mieghem W 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The case records of 262 patients who received 131I therapy during a 6-year period were analysed retrospectively. These included seventy-eight patients who received more than one therapeutic dose.
The major indication for 131I therapy was thyrotoxicosis occurring in patients aged 40 years and over. The racial incidence in this series is striking.
The effects on thyroid function of two low-dose schedules (4 mCi and 6 mCi) were compared. The major complication encountered was hypothyroidism. 4 mCi appears to be as effective as 6 mCi with the added advantage of producing less hypothyroidism.
Failure to thrive and anorexia nervosa
Authors: Smith Selwyn M , Hanson Ruth 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A case study is reported of an anorexia nervosa mother who battered her elder male child (‘battered baby’) and in collusion with her psychopathic husband starved to death her 10-week-old daughter. The association of anorexia nervosa in the mother with death by starvation has not previously been reported in the literature. The possible underlying psychopathology is briefly discussed.
Hypertension following cadaveric renal transplantation
Authors: Coles G A , Jones G R , Crosby D L , Jones J H , McVeigh S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The incidence and aetiology of hypertension following cadaveric-donor renal transplantation have been investigated in twenty-four patients. Initially, the diastolic blood pressure was persistently above 100 mmHg in 52% of the patients. By 1 month after renal transplantation the incidence had fallen to 17% but it then increased rapidly, so that by 5 months 83% had hypertension.
Changes in blood pressure correlated poorly with changes in the dose of prednisone, extracellular fluid volume, exchangeable sodium, creatinine clearance and haemoglobin.
The recipient's original diseased kidneys were removed after transplantation in seven patients. The blood pressure fell to normal levels in three, remained unchanged in two and became easier to control with antihypertensive drugs in the other two patients. Measurements of plasma renin concentration were of no value in predicting the response to recipient nephrectomy.
The treatment of chronic pain with psychotropic drugs
Authors: Merskey H , Hester R A 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The treatment is described of thirty patients with chronic nervous system lesion causing intractable pain. Moderately good relief of pain was obtained with a combination of phenothiazines (especially pericyazine), antidepressant drugs and antihistamines.
The theoretical implications of this are discussed and it is suggested that the drugs in question act partly by virtue of an effect on the multisynaptic neuronal systems whose activities are related to the experience of pain.
Who sees a psychiatrist? A study of factors related to psychiatric referral in the general hospital
Authors: Pritchard Michael 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A retrospective study was made of all patients admitted to the general wards of The London Hospital in 1968 who were coded on discharge as having a psychiatric diagnosis. Two hundred and fifty-two were selected as suitable for an investigation of factors associated with psychiatric referral. About one-third were seen by a psychiatrist and referral was found to be related to age, to type of psychiatric illness and the extent to which it was due to organic disease, to a suicidal attempt and to previous psychiatric contact. Referral rates also varied considerably between different medical consultants.
Augmenting the action of levodopa
Authors: Rao S K , Vakil S D , Calne D B , Hilson A 
Published: December 2008

SummaryVarious pharmacological approaches to potentiate the therapeutic actions of levodopa and reduce side-effects are reviewed.Of currently available drugs, anticholinergic agents and amantadine have been studied extensively. Inhibition of extracerebral decarboxylase appears to be the most promising new area of investigation, though experience is at present limited.Other methods discussed include inhibition of enzymes catechol-O-methyl transferase, monoamine oxidase and dopamine beta hydroxylase. Conflicting evidence on 3-O-methyldopa is discussed.
Recovery from severe paraquat poisoning
Authors: Galloway D B , Petrie J C 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Recovery from poisoning with the herbicide, paraquat (20% concentrate—‘Gramoxone’) is rare (Malone et el., 1971). A patient is reported who survived despite ingesting an apparently fatal dose. Treatment consisted of forced diuresis and a single haemodialysis. Oxygen, steroids and immunosuppressives were not given.
The potential role of immunological adjuvants in influenza vaccines
Authors: Hobson Derek 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAqueous influenza vaccines seldom induce long-persistent protection against epidemic risk, and often fail to immunize up to one-third of the recipients, especially when there has been no previous immunological experience of the serotype of virus contained in the vaccine. Attempts to improve the situation by increasing the size or number of doses are limited by expense, toxicity and the time available in face of an oncoming epidemic. The future use of isolated viral antigens as vaccines may be limited by similar disadvantages.Immunological adjuvants may make a valuable contribution in decreasing the minimum effective dose of antigen, thereby reducing the toxicity and expense of the vaccine, and increasing its availability. Adjuvant vaccines used in the past have been shown to induce higher mean titres of circulating virus-neutralizing or HI antibody in a higher proportion of the population than have aqueous vaccines, and the duration of immunity has been prolonged. The choice of adjuvants and the avoidance of untoward side-effects are discussed in this review.
The epidemiology of Q fever
Authors: Hart R J C 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Q fever was first described in Australia and has since been reported from many countries. Rickettsia burneti infects numerous species of mammals and has been isolated from ticks. Infected cattle, sheep and goats remain healthy but excrete the organism, which is present in high concentration in products of conception and survives in dust for long periods. The ways in which humans may become infected are considered. Many of these infections do not cause symptoms, but some are fatal and the prevention of this disease remains a challenge.
The clinical aspects of anthrax
Authors: Christie A B 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Cutaneous anthrax is usually easy to diagnose provided the doctor thinks of anthrax. The lesion most likely to be confused with anthrax is accidental vaccinia. Orf lacks the characteristic central eschar. Cutaneous anthrax responds to antibiotic therapy: rare complications are meningitis and hypoxic hypertension. Pulmonary anthrax is highly fatal: its incidence is related to the number and size of anthrax-containing particles which are inhaled. Artificial mists containing lethal doses of anthrax bacilli can be manufactured. Intestinal anthrax may present as gastroenteritis or as ulceration of the intestine with obstruction and perforation.
Behaviour therapy of psoriasis—a hypnoanalytic and counter-conditioning technique
Authors: Waxman David 
Published: December 2008

Summary
In the case described, an account is given of psoriasis in a female aged 38 who presented with a history of a rash of increasing severity for 20 years, originating during a period of severe emotional stress in a susceptible personality type.
During the whole of this period, there was never a time when she had been clear, and exacerbations had been most severe during her two pregnancies.
She was treated under hypnosis by a six-point schedule. This involved analysis and discussion, with interpretive (insight) psychotherapy and desensitization by reciprocal inhibition as described by Wolpe.
As well as the disappearance of the rash, overall improvement in personality was a notable impression gained from the self-rating Personality Schedule score at the end of treatment.
Blood carboxyhaemoglobin changes during tobacco smoking
Authors: Russell M A H 
Published: December 2008

SummaryUsing multiple samples collected via an indwelling venous cannula changes in blood carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) were studied in five subjects before, during and up to 2½ hr after smoking. On average the smoking, with inhalation, of one cigarette in 6½ min raised the % COHb by 1·6, compared with 2·2 for 24 min of inhaled cigar smoking and only 0·2 for 20 min of non-inhaled pipe smoking. It is suggested that it may be paradoxically safer to smoke high rather than low nicotine cigarettes as those with a high nicotine content will tend to be inhaled less.
Tic convulsif: The association of trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm
Authors: Maurice-Williams R S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Both trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm are sometimes caused by a posterior fossa mass lesion. When these two disorders co-exist, a rare association known as ‘tic convulsif’, a lesion involving the fifth and seventh cranial nerves in the cerebellopontine angle is extremely likely. Twenty-eight cases of tic convulsif have been mentioned in the literature and two more case are reported here. They are of interest in that both cases many years elapsed between specialist opinion being first sought and the discovery of the underlying lesion.
Stereotactic limbic leucotomy: surgical technique
Authors: Richardson Alan 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The requirements for modern psychosurgery are safety and accuracy.
Stereotactic techniques give the geometric accuracy and stimulation gives physiological information, which is important in determining lesion sites or at least lesion symmetry.
The process whereby focal brain destruction is produced is ideally by a freezing probe, but equally effectively by coagulation. A number of small lesions is thus required. This at present is unavoidable if side effects are to be obviated. Careful continuing assessment of results is necessary to validate any surgical procedure.
The effect of leucotomy in intractable adolescent weight phobia (primary anorexia nervosa)
Authors: Crisp A H , Kalucy R S 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Anorexia nervosa is best construed as a phobic avoidance response to the psychosocial maturational implications of adolescent weight. Within this state, surrender to the impulse to eat and consequent weight gain is associated with panic, depression and sometimes specific intense fear of loss of control. So long as the avoidance posture can be maintained the experience of such turmoil is largely avoided.
Complicated ritualistic behaviour may arise to promote and secure the posture. However, its unrewarding and lonely nature still increasingly leaves the individual liable to the experience of depression. Established treatment procedures often assist recovery from the illness but intractable cases arise and it is amongst these that the majority of deaths occur either from inanition or suicide.
The basis for the changes characteristically induced by leucotomy is complex. The procedure often leads to reduced tension and release of appetitive behaviour. This is taken to be due to some direct effect of the cerebral lesion and possibly the intervention may also be construed by some patients as a licence to behave differently. In patients with anorexia nervosa such appetitive release can be expected to promote considerable weight gain. However, the adverse psychological implications of such weight gain for the patient do not appear always to be so immediately or easily relieved.
They may still experience panic, shame or depression and new patterns of social avoidance, or vomiting behaviour may develop. Intensive help of a psychotherapeutic and rehabilitative kind is then still required if the patient is to have the best chance of adjusting healthily to her newly found potential for a more normal nutritional status. Four patients who have undergone such treatment are described in this paper. It is concluded that leucotomy has a small but definite place in the treatment of patients with intractable anorexia nervosa.
Triamcinolone-augmented glucose tolerance in non-diabetic patients with chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Joffe B I , Jackson W P U , Bank S 
Published: December 2008

SummarySeven non-diabetic patients with chronic pancreatitis were shown to have a diminished acute insulin secretory response after intensive beta cell and intravenous tolbutamide stimulation. In an attempt to unmask their ‘latent’ diabetic state, triamcinolone-augmented glucose tolerance tests were performed some days after documenting normal standard 50 g oral glucose tolerance tests. A matched group of non-diabetic controls was similarly investigated. Although the steroid-augmented glucose tolerance tests showed marked impairment in the patients, becoming frankly diabetic in three cases, the normal control subjects reacted in a similar though less striking fashion. There was no significant difference between the mean glucose values in the two groups. The ability of patients with chronic pancreatitis to maintain normal glucose tolerance in the face of diminished insulin output is commented on. We conclude that, as an ancillary investigation for diagnosing chronic pancreatitis, the triamcinolone glucose tolerance test is unreliable.
Coeliac disease and autoimmunity
Authors: Lancaster-Smith M J , Swarbrick E T , Perrin J , Wright J T 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAmong fifty-seven patients with proven coeliac disease three also had thyrotoxicosis, two insulin dependant diabetes, three fibrosing alveolitis and one each had vitiligo, rheumatoid arthritis and cryptogenic cirrhosis. Autoantibodies were demonstrated in twelve of thirty-one patients tested, seven of these twelve had one of the above associated conditions. Antireticulin antibodies were found in seven of twenty-three patients tested, and there was a significant association with dietary gluten. These findings appear to support that coeliac disease is associated with disturbed immunity and that a predisposition to autoimmunity may exist.