bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Francisco Vallés and the Renaissance Reinterpretation of Aristotle's Meteorologica Iv as a Medical Text1
Authors: Martin Craig 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this paper I describe the context and goals of Francisco Vallés' In IV librum Meteorologicorum commentaria (1558). Vallés' work stands as a landmark because it interprets a work of Aristotle's natural philosophy specifically for medical doctors and medical theory. Vallés' commentary is representative of new understandings of Galenic-Hippocratic medi-cine that emerged as a result of expanding textual knowledge. These approaches are evident in a number of sixteenth-century commentaries on Meteorologica IV; in particular the works of Pietro Pomponazzi, Lodovico Boccadiferro, Jacob Schegk, and Francesco Vimercati. Vallés' conviction that Meteorologica IV is relevant to medical knowledge depends on his understanding of Aristotle's theory of homeomerous substances and their relation to composite substances. The application of Meteorologica IV to medical topics became commonplace in the following years, and this Aristotelian book became widely known as a bridge between natural philosophy and medicine.
Serum Uric Acid and Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality: A Prospective Long-Term Study of 83 683 Austrian Men
Authors: Strasak Alexander , Ruttmann Elfriede , Brant Larry , Kelleher Cecily , Klenk Jochen , Concin Hans , Diem Günter , Pfeiffer Karl , Ulmer Hanno ,   and the VHM&PP Study Group
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground: The role of serum uric acid (SUA) as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains controversial, and little is known about its prognostic importance for mortality from congestive heart failure (CHF) and stroke. Few large-scale epidemiologic studies with sufficient follow-up have addressed the association of SUA and CVD mortality in apparently healthy men across a wide age range.Methods: A cohort of 83 683 Austrian men (mean age, 41.6 years) was prospectively followed for a median of 13.6 years. We used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for established risk factors to evaluate SUA as an independent predictor for CVD mortality.Results: The highest quintile of SUA concentration (&gt;398.81 μmol/L) was significantly related to mortality from CHF (P = 0.03) and stroke (P &lt;0.0001); adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for the highest vs lowest quintiles of SUA were 1.51 (1.03–2.22) and 1.59 (1.23–2.04), respectively. SUA was not associated, however, with mortality from acute, subacute, or chronic forms of coronary heart disease (CHD) after adjustment for potential confounding factors (P = 0.12). Age was a significant effect modifier for the relation of SUA to fatal CHF (P = 0.05), with markedly stronger associations found in younger individuals.Conclusions: Our study demonstrates for the first time in a large prospective male cohort that SUA is independently related to mortality from CHF and stroke. Although increased SUA is not necessarily a causal risk factor, our results suggest the clinical importance of monitoring and intervention based on the presence of an increased SUA concentration, especially because SUA is routinely measured.
Phylogenetic Footprinting Analysis in the Upstream Regulatory Regions of the DrosophilaEnhancer of splitGenes
Authors: Maeder Morgan L , Polansky Benjamin J , Robson Bryanne E , Eastman Deborah A 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDuring Drosophila development Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)]-dependent Notch activation upregulates transcription of the Enhancer of split-Complex [E(spl)-C] genes. Drosophila melanogaster E(spl) genes share common transcription regulators including binding sites for Su(H), proneural, and E(spl) basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. However, the expression patterns of E(spl) genes during development suggest that additional factors are involved. To better understand regulators responsible for these expression patterns, recently available sequence and annotation data for multiple Drosophila genomes were used to compare the E(spl) upstream regulatory regions from more than nine Drosophila species. The mγ and mβ regulatory regions are the most conserved of the bHLH genes. Fine analysis of Su(H) sites showed that high-affinity Su(H) paired sites and the Su(H) paired site plus proneural site (SPS + A) architecture are completely conserved in a subset of Drosophila E(spl) genes. The SPS + A module is also present in the upstream regulatory regions of the more ancient mosquito and honeybee E(spl) bHLH genes. Additional transcription factor binding sites were identified upstream of the E(spl) genes and compared between species of Drosophila. Conserved sites provide new understandings about E(spl) regulation during development. Conserved novel sequences found upstream of multiple E(spl) genes may play a role in the expression of these genes.
Variable Strength of Translational Selection Among 12 Drosophila Species
Authors: Heger Andreas , Ponting Chris P 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Codon usage bias in Drosophila melanogaster genes has been attributed to negative selection of those codons whose cellular tRNA abundance restricts rates of mRNA translation. Previous studies, which involved limited numbers of genes, can now be compared against analyses of the entire gene complements of 12 Drosophila species whose genome sequences have become available. Using large numbers (6138) of orthologs represented in all 12 species, we establish that the codon preferences of more closely related species are better correlated. Differences between codon usage biases are attributed, in part, to changes in mutational biases. These biases are apparent from the strong correlation (r = 0.92, P &lt; 0.001) among these genomes' intronic G + C contents and exonic G + C contents at degenerate third codon positions. To perform a cross-species comparison of selection on codon usage, while accounting for changes in mutational biases, we calibrated each genome in turn using the codon usage bias indices of highly expressed ribosomal protein genes. The strength of translational selection was predicted to have varied between species largely according to their phylogeny, with the D. melanogaster group species exhibiting the strongest degree of selection.
Extensive Concerted Evolution of Rice Paralogs and the Road to Regaining Independence
Authors: Wang Xiyin , Tang Haibao , Bowers John E , Feltus Frank A , Paterson Andrew H 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Many genes duplicated by whole-genome duplications (WGDs) are more similar to one another than expected. We investigated whether concerted evolution through conversion and crossing over, well-known to affect tandem gene clusters, also affects dispersed paralogs. Genome sequences for two Oryza subspecies reveal appreciable gene conversion in the ∼0.4 MY since their divergence, with a gradual progression toward independent evolution of older paralogs. Since divergence from subspecies indica, ∼8% of japonica paralogs produced 5–7 MYA on chromosomes 11 and 12 have been affected by gene conversion and several reciprocal exchanges of chromosomal segments, while ∼70-MY-old “paleologs” resulting from a genome duplication (GD) show much less conversion. Sequence similarity analysis in proximal gene clusters also suggests more conversion between younger paralogs. About 8% of paleologs may have been converted since rice–sorghum divergence ∼41 MYA. Domain-encoding sequences are more frequently converted than nondomain sequences, suggesting a sort of circularity—that sequences conserved by selection may be further conserved by relatively frequent conversion. The higher level of concerted evolution in the 5–7 MY-old segmental duplication may reflect the behavior of many genomes within the first few million years after duplication or polyploidization.
Evolution in the Fast Lane: Rapidly Evolving Sex-Related Genes in Drosophila
Authors: Haerty Wilfried , Jagadeeshan Santosh , Kulathinal Rob J , Wong Alex , Ravi Ram Kristipati , Sirot Laura K , Levesque Lisa , Artieri Carlo G , Wolfner Mariana F , Civetta Alberto , Singh Rama S 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A large portion of the annotated genes in Drosophila melanogaster show sex-biased expression, indicating that sex and reproduction-related genes (SRR genes) represent an appreciable component of the genome. Previous studies, in which subsets of genes were compared among few Drosophila species, have found that SRR genes exhibit unusual evolutionary patterns. Here, we have used the newly released genome sequences from 12 Drosophila species, coupled to a larger set of SRR genes, to comprehensively test the generality of these patterns. Among 2505 SRR genes examined, including ESTs with biased expression in reproductive tissues and genes characterized as involved in gametogenesis, we find that a relatively high proportion of SRR genes have experienced accelerated divergence throughout the genus Drosophila. Several testis-specific genes, male seminal fluid proteins (SFPs), and spermatogenesis genes show lineage-specific bursts of accelerated evolution and positive selection. SFP genes also show evidence of lineage-specific gene loss and/or gain. These results bring us closer to understanding the details of the evolutionary dynamics of SRR genes with respect to species divergence.
L'art des troubadours conçu comme un artisanat
Authors: Billy Dominique 
Published: November 2007

D. Billy
Everybody knows how fine was the lyric art of the troubadours. Among the different aspects of this art, the most elaborate was the way they regulated the recurrence of the same sounds, and sometimes the same words, at the line-ends. This papers deals with this matter, proposing a grammar of these technical devices.
Remarques sur un petit couple rebelle :« an/année »
Authors: Flament-Boistrancourt Danièle 
Published: November 2007

Daniele Flament-Boistrancourt : « Remarques sur un petit couple rebelle : an/année »
It has been noted by linguists that the pair an/année holds an exceptional position in the paradigm of time noun pairs with and without the suffix -éе (e.g. soir/soirée, matin/matinée, jour/journée) both from a distributional and from a semantic point of view. We propose a study of the pair an/année in the « discursive spaces » framework of J.-C. Anscombre. We defend the following thesis : année refers to a stative or active process which constitutes a « discursive space » in relation to the NP année. This analysis allows us to shed new light on certain difficult problems concerning the distribution of determiners and adjectives with an/année which have classically been considered to be idiosyncratic. allows us to shed new light on certain difficult problems concerning the distribution of determiners and adjectives with an/année which have classically been considered to be idiosyncratic.
L'agent peut-il verbaliser l'acteur ? Actualisation discursive et potentialités linguistiques
Authors: Cusin-Berche Fabienne 
Published: November 2007

Fabienne Cusin-Berche : « L'agent peut-il verbaliser l'acteur ? Actualisations discursives et potentialités linguistiques »
An analysis of the frequency at which two terms such as agent/acteur appear in lexicograph discourses and in those of the company Electricité de France has proved productive to define the meaning, within the system of the language, of such lexical units and try to make clear which one of them will be used within the discourse of the company. This study attempts to prove that one cannot gain access to the manifolded linguistic potential of a given word except when you take into consideration all its varied uses and inversely, a too specific usage, that would be in contradiction with the language system, is bound to disappear.
Interférences et français populaire du Burkina
Authors: Coulibaly Bakary 
Published: November 2007

Bakary Coulibaly : « Interférences et français populaire au Burkina Faso »
This paper tries to describe French spoken by illetarates in Burkina Faso, through phonological and morpho-semantical interferences with local languages. « Popular French », thus analysed, appears as the result of a linguistic hybridation, and presents itself as an original modality of appropriation.
La dichotomie synchronie-diachronie dans l'œuvre de Gustave Guillaume
Authors: Boone Annie 
Published: November 2007

Annie Boone : « La dichotomie synchronie-diachronie dans l'œuvre de Gustave Guillaume »
G. Guillaume has never denied the interesting aspects of comparative and historical grammar, but he has denounced more than once its limitations and its insufficiences. He notes that the saussurian distinction between synchrony and diachrony « remains a bit sketchy ». He considers that historical grammar must extend its observations towards the history of systems, that is to say towards the diachrony of synchronies. For the distinction between synchrony and diachrony, he finally substitues a distinction between two diachronies : the diachrony of historical contributions and the diachrony of systematic relations. G. Guillaume insists on distinguishing, within the historical explanation, the retrospective point of view, which suffices to explain the morphological facts, from the prospective point of view, which enables to give an account of the structure of the system.
L'article défini en ancien français : l'expression de la subjectivité
Authors: Epstein Richard 
Published: November 2007

Richard Epstein : « L'article défini en ancien français : l'expression de la subjectivité dans le discours »
Nearly all previous work on definiteness treats definite articles as strictly referential items, that is, as elements that help establish the exsitence of and pick out entities in the domain of discourse. However, such an analysis cannot account for all the facts concerning the definite article in Old French, for example, cases in which the definite article occurs in NPs with non-identifiable referents. I propose instead that the definite article possesses an expressive funcion, as a marker of prominence, in addition to its referential function. In this sense, it is a manifestation of the speaker's subjectivity in discourse.
Marques du dialogue. Emploi des majuscules dans les titres
Authors: Dournon Jean-Yves 
Published: November 2007

J.-Y. Dournon : Dialogue markers — Use of Capital Letters in Titles
As forty years of working as a printing corrector led me to expect there are numerous differences in the guidelines laid down in various typographical treatises, grammars, etc. This study examines the rules as set out in the Code typographique (1983), the Lexique des règles typographiques in use at the Imprimerie Nationale (1971), Gouriou's Memento typographique (Hachette, 1973), the Dictionnaire abrégé de typographie (in Nouveau Dictionnaire des Difficultés du français, de J.-C. Colin, Hachette-Tchou, 1970), the Dictionnaire des difficultés du français by J.-Y. Dournon (Hachette, 1990), etc.
I. Dialogue markers : We will attempt to draw a simple "code" of the different procedures in use.
II. Capitals : In the case of geographical names, the rule is explained, and, in the seven examples quoted, there are no less than four discrepancies :
— les Iles Britanniques — les îles Britanniques
— l'Amérique Centrale — l'Amérique centrale
— le Comtat Venaissin — le comtat Venaissin
— le Pays Basque — le Pays basque
We will try to establish how such discrepancies occur, and propose a set of logical rules. Moreover, I have carried out a study among professional correctors from the main publishing houses, and their "in-field" experience helps to understand how difficult it is to put rules into practice.
Le Conseil international de la langue française et l'orthographe
Authors: Goosse André 
Published: November 2007

A. Goosse : The Conseil international de la Langue française and Orthography
On two consecutive occasions, the CILF devoted long working sessions to the problem of orthography : firstly, when a report on the Thimonnier project was requested by the Education Ministry and the Académie française ; and secondly, when a number of lexicographers were brought together at the behest of CILF president Joseph Hanse in order to reduce the number of discrepancies both in and between major dictionaries.
These two substantial reports were not followed by any immediate effect, in spite of their being well accepted by the other French-speaking countries. However, the reports paved the way for the recent rectifications of French orthography, proposed in 1990 by the Conseil supérieur de la Langue française. lexicographers were brought together at the behest of CILF president Joseph Hanse in order to reduce the number of discrepancies both in and between major dictionaries.
These two substantial reports were not followed by any immediate effect, in spite of their being well accepted by the other French-speaking countries. However, the reports paved the way for the recent rectifications of French orthography, proposed in 1990 by the Conseil supérieur de la Langue française.
Une doctrine jésuite de l'exemple. Le Dictionnaire Royal Augmenté de François-Antoine Pomey
Authors: Girardin Chantal 
Published: November 2007

Chantal Glrardin : A Jesuit doctrin of the example. The Dictionnaire Royal Augmenté by François- Antoine Pomey.
In 1671 François-Antoine Pomey published a French-Latin dictionary, the Dictionnaire Royal, which reflects of the changes of the lexicographical practices of the times. The originality of Pomey's dictionary consists partially in a new conception of the example, which now becomes a constitutive element of the dictionary. Pomey has recourse to two categories of examples : made-up examples and quotations. The made-up examples investigate into syntactic constructions, transmit knowledge (encyclopaedic and cultural value), and give examples of « amplification » (pedagogical function). The quotations of Latin authors induce perfect eloquence ; the quotations of French authors justify a word's introduction into the nomenclature. In addition to these pedagogical and didactic examples, there arises the role that the examples and quotations will play in future single-language dictionaries.
Les citations "anonymes" dans le Dictionnaitre critique de Féraud (1787)
Authors: Martin-Berthet Françoise 
Published: November 2007

Françoise Martin-Berthet : « Anonymous » quotations in Feraud's Dictionnaire critique.
Abbé Féraud's Dictionaire Critique (1787), with its made-up examples and quotations, contains a rather large number of anonymous quotations. Either these are followed by the sign Anon. , which Féraud seems to use more freely than usual ; or they are attributed to « a modern author » unnamed ; or the reference is reduced to the title of a periodical. This type of example, which is neither the quotation of an author nor a made-up example — but nevertheless an example — functions at times as an « objet de critique » (the model of the Dictionnaire Grammatical is continued in the Dictionaire Critique), at other times as a « simple exemple ». Féraud is a grammarian and it is the grammatical tradition, rather than the lexicological, that accounts for ordinary discourse, in order to correct it, or in order to describe it and define therein the usage.
Du discours au discours par l'usage : pour une problématique de l'exemple
Authors: Rey Alain 
Published: November 2007

Alain Rey : Towards a problematics of the example.
Starting from a selection of texts and/or spoken language, dictionaries cannot but extract (exemplum), show or illustrate (paradigma), and quote (citatio) phrases and sentences that are supposed to represent a language ; in fact they construct an ideal state of language properly called a norm.
Examples and illustrations in dictionaries constitute the core of their more or less creative aspect in politics. With definitions and semantic analysis which are often inspired by examples, illustration and quotation form their main witnesses of cultural ideology. French lexicography, in particular, is linked to social and cultural values as these are embodied in literature, which comprises in fact only a very small part of the total speech (Saussurean « parole ») in a language. Thus, the choice of examples dictionaries make is one of the best possible ways to understand how a society chooses to construct its own linguistic model and norm. Examples and illustrations in dictionaries constitute the core of their more or less creative aspect in politics. With definitions and semantic analysis which are often inspired by examples, illustration and quotation form their main witnesses of cultural ideology. French lexicography, in particular, is linked to social and cultural values as these are embodied in literature, which comprises in fact only a very small part of the total speech (Saussurean « parole ») in a language. Thus, the choice of examples dictionaries make is one of the best possible ways to understand how a society chooses to construct its own linguistic model and norm.
Métaphore, contexte, analogie : « Le lézard » de Francis Ponge
Authors: Sánchez Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2007

Joseph Sanchez : Métaphore, contexte, analogie ; "Le Lézard" de Francis Ponge.
I introduce a hypothesis on the metaphorical process, based on a study of Francis Ponge's poem Le Lézard (« The Lizard »). Within a cognitivist framework, I try to define the concepts of context and analogy in the way they are linked in the production of metaphorical sentences.
L'argumentation dans le dialogue
Authors: Adam Jean-Michel 
Published: November 2007

Jean-Michel Adam, L'argumentation dans le dialogue
Within the frame of textlinguistics and of a theory of the levels of discourse organization, this article provides a study of the forms of the insertion of argumentation in written dialogues (drama, fiction, newspaper interviews). Argumentation is first dealt with as a microlinguistic phenomenon (connected clauses and sentences) and is then examined as a macrolinguistic phenomenon (expanded argumentative sequences).
Compétence argumentative et production écrite en langue étrangère et maternelle
Authors: Bouchard Robert 
Published: November 2007

Robert Bouchard, Compétence argumentative et production écrite en langue étrangère et maternelle
This paper is about the analysis of the written production of argumentative discourse. Thanks to the technique of collective writing it is possible to observe the process of discourse production. Declarative, strategic and procedural abilities of two non native adults are successively analyzed and compared periodically to those of two young native speakers. This study focuses on only two levels : global and interphrasal organisation of discourse. The organisation of debates in class so as to bring students to build argumentative concepts and help them in their approach of texts (reading and writing) shows the limits of a didactic scheme which relies on oral language practice for the elaboration of written texts.
La sémantique lexicale est d'abord inférentielle
Authors: Kayser Daniel 
Published: November 2007

D. Kayser : La sémantique lexicale est d'abord inférentielle
Lexical Semantics is concerned with the meaning of words ; but how to express a meaning ? In words ? With « atoms of meaning » ? With logical predicates ? With mathematical functions ? We discuss the weaknesses of these solutions, try to identify their causes and conclude that the problem is basically ill-defined. Actually, what matters are the inferences which are warranted by the use of a word in its context ; the existence of a referent in some universe of discourse is merely a possible by-product of these inferences. We finally explain that the inferential behaviour obeys general principles that can be represented in a logic, provided it is a non-monotonic one.