bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ultrastructure of the outer tissues of cold‐stored apple fruits of high and low calcium content in relation to cell breakdown
Authors: FULLER MORWENNA M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe outer tissues of Cox's Orange Pippin apples from samples with initially high and low calcium content were examined in the electron microscope following 53, 81 or 99 days in air storage at 3 oC. Cell ultrastructure within tissues of both high and low calcium apples was comparatively normal in fruit stored for the shorter period but low calcium fruit showed symptoms of membrane breakdown after 81 days. The greatest structural differences were observed after storage for 99 days when low calcium fruits contained more cells exhibiting breakdown of membranes and organelles than high calcium apples and also showed more severe symptoms of cell wall breakdown.
Gibberellin and growth inhibitor changes in potato tuber buds in response to cold treatment
Authors: THOMAS T. H. , WURR D. C. E. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYEye plugs removed from tubers of four potato cultivars previously stored for 14 days at 2 °C and then left at 15 °C for a further 14 days contained more gibberellin and less growth inhibitor activity than those kept at 15 °C for 28 days. Two gibberellin‐active peaks were obtained when the extracts from cold‐treated tubers were separated on paper chromatograms with an isopropanol/ammonia/water solvent. The main inhibitor did not appear to be abscisic acid.
A wet‐sieving and flotation technique for the detection of resting sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum in soil
Authors: PRATT MARGARET A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA wet‐sieving technique is described for the extraction of resting sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum from soil. Fractions between 71 and 25 μm. were held on sieves of aperture size 40 and 25 μm. Resting sporangia in these fractions were then separated from soil particles of similar size by chloroform flotation and centrifugation. The viability of the sporangia was assessed microscopically by viewing them by transmitted light.
The effect of temperature on strains of soft fruit spoilage fungi
Authors: DENNIS C. , COHEN E. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYStrains of Botrytis cinerea and Mucor mucedo germinated and grew over the range 0.25°C. There were differences in germination rates and growth rates between strains of B. cinerea at any given temperature. Five of the benomyl‐resistant strains germinated and grew more slowly than any of the other benomyl‐resistant or benomyl‐sensitive strains of B. cinerea tested. Strains of Rhizopus stolonifer and R. sexualis germinated and grew between 5 and 25°C, and although some spores germinated at 2°C, subsequent growth of the germ tubes and growth from a mycelial inoculum did not occur. Neither species germinated or grew at o°C.The effect of temperature on mycelial growth in vitro was consistent with the ability of the strains of the four species to infect strawberry fruits.
A single immunodiffusion drop test for the detection of lily symptomless virus
Authors: SLOGTEREN D. H. M. VAN 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA single immunodiffusion drop test has been developed for the serological detection of lily symptomless virus in lilies. The presence of virus is demonstrated by intra‐gel precipitation in drops of an antiserum‐agar mixture which are contiguous with droplets of pyrrolidine‐treated leaf extracts covered with paraffin oil.Single immunodiffusion drop tests require c. twelve times less antiserum than radial diffusion plate tests. The results of virus detection by this technique agree closely with those obtained by electron‐microscopical screening of negatively stained leaf extracts.
Fumigation with D‐D or Telone on soils prone to Docking disorder
Authors: MAUGHAN G. L. , DUNNING R. A. , ATKINSON KAY M. , JOHN MARGARET E. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe liquid fumigants dichloropropane‐dichloropropene mixture (D‐D) or dichloropropenes (Telone), when applied at 64 or 43 1/ha respectively in bands 15–20 cm below the lines of the crop rows before sugar beet was sown on land with a history of Docking disorder, often led to appreciable increases in sugar yield; this occurred even in seasons that were not conducive to the development of the disorder, particularly in East Anglia. Treatment often increased yield economically but the crop response could not be forecast at the time of fumigant application. The effect of fumigation in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire was more variable, sometimes being favourable and occasionally unfavourable, whilst the same treatment in Nottinghamshire seldom increased and sometimes decreased the yield of sugar.Yields of barley grain in the years following the sugar‐beet crops in Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire were not increased by the band application of nematicide but were sometimes increased by it when applied overall.
Glandular hairs on Solatium polyadenium lessen damage by the Colorado beetle
Authors: GIBSON R. W. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYFour‐lobed glandular hairs on the leaves and stems of the potato species Solanum polyadenium provide a form of resistance to larvae of the Colorado beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. On contact, a sticky material was discharged from these hairs trapping a few larvae and encasing the feet of others. Larvae with encased feet fell from the plants to die.
Extractable protein from the by‐product vegetation of some cole and root crops
Authors: TEKALE N. S. , JOSHI R. N. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe amount of extractable protein from leaves taken at the time of harvest of the edible part was determined for brassicas, beet root, turnip and radish. These leaves yielded much more dry matter and total nitrogen per ha than did the edible material. With only one pulping, from 35 to 59% of protein nitrogen could be extracted and the yields of extractable protein from the leaves ranged from 76 to 170 kg/ha. It would be advantageous to obtain protein from these leaves which otherwise are discarded.
Nutrient status of apple blossoms and their susceptibility to fire blight
Authors: ALDWINCKLE H. S. , BEER S. V. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYBlossoms of Malus sylvestris cv. Golden Delicious trees on M. 7 root‐stocks, maintained under various N‐P‐K nutrient regimes in sand culture in the glasshouse, were inoculated with Erwinia amyhvora, the incitant of fire blight. Widest differences between nutrient treatments occurred when about ten E. amylovora cells were applied to each blossom. Trees with high N and high P contents had most infections. Trees with lower P content were less susceptible. Of trees with low P content, those with higher K appeared more susceptible.
Inheritance of pathogenicity and cultural characters in Ceratocystis ulmi: hybridization of aggressive and non‐aggressive strains
Authors: BRASIER C. M. , GIBBS J. N. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYWhen British isolates of Ceratocystis ulmi were surveyed for compatibility type, both A‐ and B‐types were found in the non‐aggressive strain, but only the B‐type in the aggressive strain. Single ascospore progeny from crosses between compatible aggressive and non‐aggressive isolates showed a near‐normal growth rate distribution, with a mean lying between the parents. Many grew either faster than the aggressive or slower than the non‐aggressive parent. The progeny were highly variable in culture morphology and could not be classified in terms of the parental types. When inoculated into English elm they showed a marked skewness towards low pathogenicity. None approached the aggressive strain in pathogenicity. It is concluded that the above characters are under polygenic control, and that the aggressive strain could not arise from the non‐aggressive by a simple mutation. The results suggest that the two strains may be reproductively isolated.
Barley yellow dwarf virus in aphids caught in suction traps, 1969‐73
Authors: PLUMB R. T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSuction traps operating at low level (1 5 m) were used to catch live alate Rhopalosiphum padi, Macrosiphum (Sitobion) avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum which were tested for transmission of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). The first species caught and infective was R. padi, followed by M. (S.) avenae infective some 2–3 wk later and M. dirhodum 3–4 wk later still. Never more than 11‐5% of the annual catch of any species transmitted BYDV and the proportion fluctuated from week to week and between seasons in different years.The relative abundance of infective vectors of ths three species varied; annual numbers of infective M. (S.) avenae and M. dirhodum varied inversely with infective R. padi, the latter also usually transmitted severer virus. The results of the infectivity tests have been compared with the catches of these aphids by the Rothamsted Insect Survey and show that numbers of alate aphids do not necessarily indicate the likely incidence of BYDV.
The influence of soil‐applied fungicides and previous cropping on the development of violet root rot of sugar beet
Authors: BYFORD W. J. , PRINCE J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe proportion of sugar‐beet roots infected by Helicobasidium purpureum increased most rapidly in September and October. Violet root rot was not controlled by fungicides applied at drilling or in July. Heavily infected roots yielded 31% less sugar than healthy or lightly infected roots. Sugar beet following infected carrots lifted or ploughed in during July had no more violet root rot than when following barley or fallow, but the beet crop became heavily infected when it followed carrots left in the ground until December, whether they were then lifted or ploughed in. Eight varieties of sno‐ar beet did nnt differ in siiscenrihilitv to violet root rot.
Experiments with fungicides to control Aphanomyces cochlioides in sugar beet
Authors: BYFORD W. J. , PRINCE J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY Aphanomyces cochlioides attacking sugar‐beet seedlings was controlled by fenaminosulf applied as seed treatment or to the seed furrow at sowing. In the absence of blackleg caused by A. cochlioides, fenaminosulf seed treatment at 0–75 % (of seed weight) and soil applications decreased seedling emergence, and soil applications of more than 2‐2 kg a.i./ha significantly depressed sugar yield. Controlling moderate attacks of seedling blackleg caused by A. cochlioides did not increase yield. Dichlone, benomyl and maneb applied as seed or soil treatments, captafol seed treatment, and quintozene and thiram soil treatments did not control A. cochlioides.
Seed treatments to lengthen the sugar‐beet growing period
Authors: LONGDEN P. C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYAlthough washing, thiram soaking, advancing and combinations of these treatments increased the rate of emergence of sugar‐beet seed, some combinations, particularly those involving ethyl mercuric phosphate steeps and advancing, interacted negatively and greatly reduced total seedling emergence and shoot weight without affecting the rate of emergence. This may have happened because each treatment is, to some extent, fulfilling the function of other treatments and if together the treatments go too far, mercury enters the embryo and damages it. Therefore, proposed seed treatments need careful testing in combination with other existing treatments.
The influence of temperature on weight loss from stored onion bulbs due to desiccation, respiration and sprouting
Authors: WARD C. M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYWhen onion bulbs were stored for 9 months at 2, 7.5, 15 or 25 °C and 70% r.h., the losses due to desiccation increased with temperature but less than 20 % was due to respiration at any of the storage temperatures. Respiration rates of onion bulbs transferred from 2 to 25 °C were higher from February onwards than those of bulbs stored continuously at 25 °C. Conversely, bulbs transferred from 25 to 2 °C respired less from February onwards than those kept at 2 °C. Sprouting, at the final assessment in June, was highest at 15 and 7.5 °C and lowest at 2 °C. Total weight loss was above 45 % in all the storage treatments except at 2 °C (12%). Storage at 7.5 °C is suitable until March but long‐term storage until June requires low temperatures.
Pathogenicity of benomyl‐tolerant variants of Verticillium dahliae to strawberry, cv. Cambridge Vigour
Authors: TALBOYS P. W. , DAVIES M. K. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYPlants of cv. Cambridge Vigour were inoculated either with a benomyl‐sensitive isolate of Verticillium dahliae or with one of two variants selected from it in vitro; these variants, Ri/8 and Ri/ii, were tolerant of benomyl at concentrations of 5 and 10 ppm respectively in the culture medium.The parent isolate and Ri/8 caused only mild wilt symptoms, but Ri/n was strongly pathogenic.A single treatment with benomyl (0–04 g/plant, in 100 ml water), applied as a soil drench o, 14, 29 or 57 days after inoculation, tended to reduce the mild symptoms caused by the parent isolate; the treatments had no apparent effect on Ri/8, but they slightly increased the severity of the wilt caused by Ri/n, especially after the earlier applications.
Observations on Litomastix aretas, an encyrtid parasite of the strawberry tortrix moth
Authors: ALFORD D. V. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYObservations on strawberry crops in East Anglia from 1969 to 1975 have shown that Litomastix aretas is an important parasite of the strawberry tortrix moth, Acleris comariana. Parasitism ranged from 63 to 758 % and was particularly high in the Wisbech area of Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. On average, more females (range, 11–65) than males (range, 12–55) were reared per host, and approximately twice as many hosts were infested with female rather than male parasites. Natural mortality of L. aretas brood appeared to be low.
Zearalenone‐producing species of Fusarium on barley seed
Authors: HACKING A. , ROSSER W. R. , DERVISH M. T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIsolates of Fusarium were obtained from samples of barley grain at harvest in 1971, 1973 and 1974. The ability of these isolates to produce the myco‐toxin zearalenone was examined, the grain also being tested for its presence in 1974. The most common isolate was F. culmorum, 60% of which in 1974 produced zearalenone. Other species isolated which produced this myco‐toxin were F. monilijorme, F. graminearum, F. avenaceum, F. nivale and F. sambucinum var coeruleum, the last three species have not previously been recorded as producing zearalenone.
Occurrence of strains of Colletotrichum coffeanutn resistant to methyl benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate (carbendazim) and chemically‐similar compounds
Authors: OKIOGA D. M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYCertain strains of Colletotrichum coffeanum (the causal fungus of coffee berry disease) which developed in coffee plots sprayed in 1973 and 1974 with carbendazim formulations Bavistin and Derosal and with Folicidin (cypendazol) were resistant to these fungicides and also to Benlate (benomyl). Strains resistant to cypendazol developed in plots sprayed with benomyl but these were not resistant to benomyl itself. There were also indications of strains resistant to carbendazim amongst the population of saprophytic species (C. acutatum and C. gloeosporoides) colonizing coffee bark.Resistant isolates of C. coffeanum in culture produced colour variants by sectoring more frequently than normal isolates. These sectors were equally pathogenic to coffee berries and their growth was slightly enhanced on media containing carbendazim.
Laboratory studies of non‐preference resistance to cabbage root fly in radish
Authors: ELLIS P. R. , HARDMAN J. A. , CRISP P. , JOHNSON A. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYFirst generation progenies selected from four radish cultivars on the basis of their attractiveness to ovipositing cabbage root fly in the laboratory were compared in the same environment. There were significant differences between and within cultivars in their attractiveness for egg‐laying, indicating that genetic variation existed and that selection had effected a heritable change. However, inconsistencies between experiments indicated that other, as yet unquantified, factors were compounded with the heritable component of non‐preference resistance. There was no evidence to suggest that seed weight, leaf area, or hypocotyl size affected the attractiveness of the plants.The effects of eliminating any choice between selections was investigated in the laboratory by exposing 4‐wk‐old ‘high’ and ‘low’ preference selections of cv. Asmer Tip Top to the pest for 6 days. Three times as many eggs were laid on ‘high’ than on ‘low’ preference selections, indicating that the heritable non‐preference resistance to cabbage root fly in Asmer Tip Top was maintained when no choice was offered to the flies, an essential requirement for ‘resistant’ cultivars in the field.
Field trials of fungicides to control red core of strawberries
Authors: UPSTONE M. E. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn field trials in Kent soil drenches of captafol, drazoxolon, etridiazol and prothiocarb were applied to strawberries planted in red‐core‐infested soil. A single post‐planting drench of captafol (0–20%) and prothiocarb (0–28%) controlled red core and captafol also reduced non‐specific root rotting. Etridiazol (0–20%) was phytotoxic and caused severe root rotting. The addition of lime increasing the soil to pH 7‐5 had no effect on the incidence of red core infection or non‐specific root rotting.
Nicotiana velutina mosaic virus: purification, properties and affinities with other rod‐shaped viruses
Authors: RANDLES J. W. , HARRISON B. D. , ROBERTS I. M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY Nicotiana velutina mosaic virus (NVMV), found in Australia, was transmitted by inoculation of sap to twenty species in the Solanaceae and Chenopodiaceae, and to Gomphrena globosa; its host range closely resembles that of potato mop‐top virus (PMTV). Infectivity was abolished when sap was kept at room temperature between 1 and 4 days, or when heated for 10 min between 60 and 70 °C. NVMV was frequently transmitted through the seed of four Nicotiana spp.NVMV and PMTV were purified by a method that involved redissolving virus particles sedimented by low speed centrifugation of leaf extracts, followed by sedimentation through sucrose cushions. NVMV preparations contain rod‐shaped particles about 18 nm wide and with a large range of lengths, the commonest being 125–150 nm. The particles have a helical structure with a pitch of 2–9 nm, break easily, and contain a single protein of apparent mol. wt. 21|400, slightly larger than that of PMTV (19 800). In serological tests assessed by electron microscopy, no relationship was detected between NVMV and PMTV, or barley stripe mosaic, beet necrotic yellow vein, soil‐borne wheat mosaic, tobacco mosaic or tobacco rattle viruses. However, antiserum to soil‐borne wheat mosaic virus reacted quite strongly with PMTV and weakly with tobacco mosaic virus. NVMV is considered to be a distinct member of the tobamovirus group; its frequent transmission through seed may be an adaptation to the arid environment where it was found. Its cryptogram is */*:*/*:E/E:S/*.
Some enzyme changes in chicory (Cichorium intybus) during forcing
Authors: PHILLIPS D. E. , RUTHERFORD P. P. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYChanges in hydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.7) and invertase (E.C. 3.2.1.26) were measured in various parts of chicory during forcing. Little change in invertase and hydrolase activity occurred in the roots but both hydrolase and invertase increased markedly in the chicon. The duration of cold storage prior to forcing was found to have little effect on either enzyme in the root or on hydrolase in the chicon. The increase of invertase activity in the chicon and the chicon yield on forcing were both affected by the duration of cold stage.
Competition by, and chemical control of, natural weed populations in spring‐sown field beans (Vicia faba)
Authors: GLASGOW J. L. , DICKS J. W. , HODGSON D. R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA field experiment was done in 1974 to determine the effect of the presence of weeds for different periods on the yield of field beans (Vicia faba cv. Maris Bead). A critical period of weed competition of 2 wk duration occurred from 3 to 5 wk after 50% crop emergence. When weeds were not controlled, seed yield was reduced by 46%, from 4–6 to 2–5 t/ha.In another experiment, in 1975, there was no evidence of a critical period. Seed yield was reduced by 48%, from 2–9 to 1–5 t/ha, when weeds were not controlled. Pre‐emergence applications of simazine and of dimefuron, a new soil‐residual herbicide, effectively controlled weeds and bean seed yields were similar to those of the regularly hand‐weeded control. Dinoseb‐acetate and early, but not late, post‐emergence applications of dimefuron controlled weeds satisfactorily. Dimefuron is potentially useful in spring‐sown field beans because it can be applied pre‐ or early post‐emergence without damaging the crop.
The effect of temperature on the infection of onions by Sclerotium cepivorum
Authors: Entwistle A. R. , Munasinghe H. L. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTStudies on Sclerotium cepivorum infection of salad onions in artificially infested soil showed that under field conditions infection was greatest in late spring and summer and declined to a low level in the late autumn and winter months. Change of infection levels was found to be correlated with the effect of soil temperature in the field on the germination of sclerotia. This was substantiated in laboratory studies which demonstrated that sclerotium germination, mycelial growth and seedling infection were all markedly influenced by temperature.
Seed transmission of broad bean stain virus and Echtes Ackerbohnenmosaik‐Virus in field beans (Viciafaba)
Authors: COCKBAIN A. J. , BOWEN ROBERTA , VORRA‐URAI S. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYWhen grown in a glasshouse during spring or autumn field bean (Vicia faba minor) seedlings infected with seed‐borne broad bean stain virus (BBSV) or Echtes Ackerbohnenmosaik‐Virus (EAMV) usually showed symptoms on some leaves within 4 wk of emergence. Symptoms caused by each virus were indistinguishable. The viruses were transmitted as often through unblemished seeds as through seeds with necrotic patches or stains on the seed coat, and sometimes as often through large as through small seeds. Soaking seeds for 24 h in solutions of 8‐azaguanine or polyacrylic acid did not decrease transmission. Both viruses were detected in nearly mature seeds by inoculation to Phaseolus vulgaris but neither virus was detected in fully ripened seeds by inoculation or serological tests.The percentage of seeds from field plots that produced infected seedlings when sown in a glasshouse was closely related to the percentage of parent plants that showed symptoms of BBSV and/or EAMV at the end of flowering. The relationship seemed similar in different cultivars. On average EAMV was transmitted through more seeds than BBSV, probably because more parent plants were infected with EAMV. Inspection of seed crops for symptoms of BBSV and EAMV at the seedling stage and again at the end of flowering is probably the most practicable way of identifying progeny seed lots with little or no infection.
Control of potato cyst‐nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, in different soils by small amounts of oxamyl or aldicarb
Authors: MOSS S. R. , CRUMP D. , WHITEHEAD A. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn eleven field trials on peaty, sandy or silt loam soils, aldicarb or oxamyl, incorporated in the soil to 15 cm deep before susceptible potatoes were planted, controlled potato cyst‐nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis (Woll.) Mulvey & Stone, 1976 and G. pallida (Stone) Mulvey & Stone, 1976) better at 5–6 kg than at 3–4 or 2‐2 kg a.i./ha. Incorporated in the soil to 7‐5 cm deep 5–6 kg/ha of aldicarb or oxamyl controlled the nematodes less effectively at some sites. At 3–4 kg a.i./ha there was no difference in nematode control between the two incorporation depths.