bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Case Histories of New Well Applications for Horizontal Drilling
Authors: Bitto R. , Henderson A. B. , Broussard L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the tradition of other papers that have reviewed horizontal technology and experience (1,2,3), this paper will present a relatively current summary of the status of horizontal drilling. The result of an extensive review of the published literature, careful study of numerous post-well reports, and personal conversations with drilling engineers and directional drilling supervisors who have conducted horizontal drilling operations, the following brief discussions of case histories describe a variety of drilling methods which were used in oilfields in various parts of the world.
It will be evident that in the past few years great strides have been made to advance horizontal drilling in three main disciplines. These are: Well planningDrilling mechanics, andRig site operations
Injection System for Microfrac or Step-Rate Testing
Authors: Hamid S. , Jackson B. M. , Legenza J. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Constant rate injection of a fluid into a well for microfrac and step rate testing is accomplished through the use of an injection system. The system provides accurate flow rate control (within 2% of the desired rate) during injection, which results in superior quality of data such as the fracture extension pressure, etc. for formation analysis. The injection system eliminates discontinuities in flow rate which may be present when using an engine-driven pump with a manual transmission. The inherent flow rate fluctuations present in the positive displacement pump flow rate are also minimized by the injection system. The system permits use of a large fracturing pump for low flow rate injections, thereby increasing the rangeability of the service equipment, which results in lowering the costs.
Laboratory test data and numerically generated results of a computer model are presented in this paper, along with case histories of two jobs.
Rock Matrix Properties of the Ratcliffe Interval (Madison Limestone) Flat Lake Field, Montana
Authors: White E.J. , Marchant L.C. , Roberts D.K. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers Inc.

Abstract
Because fundamental reservoir information is frequently lacking in complex carbonate formations,, sound interpretive methods cannot be applied. This report presents the results of numerous laboratory tests of core samples from 20 wells in the Ratcliffe interval of the Madison limestone in the Flat Lake field in northeastern Montana.
Correlations between porosity, permeability, saturation characteristics, mineral permeability, saturation characteristics, mineral constituency and pore geometry inferred from mercury injection measurements are discussed. The heterogeneity of the matrix and its influence on fluid flow, saturation and wettability characteristics of the reservoir are considered.
The matrix permeability is preponderantly related to a relatively small fraction of the pore volume having pore entry radii larger than pore volume having pore entry radii larger than about 0.5 microns, while the porosity is mainly attributable to smaller pores. Pore geometry determined by mercury injection measurements may be correlated with permeability but not with porosity. Although a favorable water-oil mobility ratio for the matrix is inferred from the laboratory data, the very low effective permeability to water indicates that injection permeability to water indicates that injection rates will be low.

Background
In general there is less fundamental knowledge about the physical properties and performance characteristics of carbonate performance characteristics of carbonate [limestone and dolomite] reservoir rocks than of sandstones, because of the usually more complex depositional environment and post depositional processes that affect carbonates. In many processes that affect carbonates. In many fields these factors result in frequent vertical and lateral changes in lithology that make meaningful correlations very difficult. When basic reservoir information is lacking, fundamental engineering principles and sound interpretive procedures cannot be applied, and more or less intuitive procedures become accepted practice. practice. The petroleum industry has recognized for some time the need for greater emphasis on carbonate reservoir research and in recent years has supported a much greater research effort in this area.
Use of the Low-Volume Flowmeter in Devonian Shale Wells of the Appalachian Basin
Authors: Walbe K. , Collart D. , Young F. , Beal J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Locating and measuring low volume gas entries is a critical problem in many Devonian Shale wells in the Appalachian Basin, since many of the small gas entries are below the resolution of conventional geophysical logging tools.
The Low Volume Flowmeter (LVFM) is an extremely sensitive flow measurement tool that consists of three basic parts. The lowest part of the tool contains the sensor section which is comprised of a pressure transducer and a tracer gas reservoir positioned below a tracer gas detector; the upper part of the tool which contains the casing collar locator for cased hole referencing; and the central section which contains the gamma ray detector for lithology correlation in both open and cased holes.
Flowrate is determined by injecting a tracer gas into the gas flow. The dilution of the tracer gas is then measured at a downstream detector. Mass flow is therefore determined by this method rather than the velocity of the gas in the wellbore as measured by conventional production logging spinner surveys. Therefore, the LVFM can measure a full spectrum of flow rates independent of variables which may affect other conventional production logging equipment including gas composition, inclination of the wellbore, temperature, size of tool, irregular borehole diameters and large variations in gas flow rates from different pay zones in the well.
The LVFM is capable of being stacked with other geophysical tools for both open and cased hole operations in vertical and horizontal wells.
A Portable Device for Analyzing Cements Under Simulated Pumping Conditions
Authors: Surjaatmadja J. B. , Lee C. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A recently developed, portable cement laboratory instrument has been used to test cement consistency under actual downhole conditions. Control variables include pressure, temperature, and shear experienced by a cement slurry in the test. During a simulated temporary suspension of pumping, the device can perform static gel strength evaluations to help predict pumpability of the cement. In addition, the device can also perform static gel strength tests after the job to allow further cement quality evaluations.
When a computer is used with the instrument, the user simulates actual conditions of the lead, tail, or intermediate cement slurry. The computer uses this information to control pressure, temperature, and shear rate during simulation. Accurate simulation of job parameters can provide closer predictions of cement performance.
Portability of the instrument gives an additional option for the user as to where the instrument is used. In the laboratory, the cement testing instrument is used as an aid in slurry design to better meet job requirements. On location, such as on an offshore rig, the cement testing device can be used with well instrumentation and a microprocessor to acquire information about a cement job. The computer can calculate proper job parameters to be used to test the slurry. Slurry samples to be tested can be taken from the lead or tail cement. A closer prediction of the cement on-job performance is provided.
Theory and Empirical Data on Production and Reserves Affected by Compressors, Clinton Wells
Authors: Fox W. F. , West M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the results of the implementation of compression to increase the deliverability of Clinton sandstone natural gas wells by lowering the effective line pressure against which the wells must produce. Graphs in this paper display the historical producing rates with time, both before the compression was implemented and after the compression was implemented.
The wells studied are producing natural gas through the tubing, through valves that open and close intermittently with duration of flow time and shut-in time controlled by clocks. Some of the wells have controls located at the wellhead and some are controlled at the separator.
Comparisons are made between estimated reserves that would have been produced and accompanying economics without compression versus estimated reserves to be produced and accompanying economics with compression. The estimated incremental reserves and revenue are compared to the initial cost to install the compression.
Duration of intermittent flow times and shut-in times and the accompanying pressures before compression are compared to those subsequent to implementation of compression.
Comments are included concerning the use of the "decline curve" to estimate natural gas reserves.
Fracturing Study of the Elk Sands of Southwestern Pennsylvania
Authors: Reese R. R. , Poulsen D. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Elk Sands in Clearfield and Cambria Counties of Southwestern Pennsylvania have been difficult to successfully fracture stimulate. Treatments successfully applied to the upper Devonian Sands resulted in screenouts andlittle productivity increase when applied to the Elks. This paper discussesvarious studies that have been conducted, including net pressure analysis and threedimensional modeling, to understand the fracturing behavior of these formations. Recommendations are made for improving future treatments of these formations.
Electronic Controller for the Optimization of Plunger-Lift Wells
Authors: Crow R. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
New developments in controller design that simplify plunger lift operations and obtain maximum production are always needed. Many plunger lift wells are currently operated by electronic controllers which utilize either time and/or pressure to regulate production. Some monitor casing, tubing, and sales line pressures and are designed to respond to predetermined conditions. Even though these controllers automate the plunger lift operation, maximizing is still a trial and error process. As the well conditions change, the programmed values used by these controllers do not change, requiring continuous operator adjustment for optimization.
Now, using an electronic microprocessor programmed to interface with a sensor installed at the well head, a controller can constantly monitor plunger arrivals and automatically adjust plunger operation to maximize production. This paper will describe the controller's logic and function in plunger lift operation and present typical case histories.
Geotechnical Evaluations for Siting Horizontal Wells in Devonian Shale Reservoirs
Authors: Mroz T. H. , Schuller W. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Geologic mapping techniques are used to define the orientation and production potential of fractured fairways in the Devonian shales. Two directional well site evaluations show the rationale behind selection of the sites and determination of well design geometry. Three-dimensional models are developed for each site. The threedimensional model is shown to be an economical tool for defining and developing a producing reservoir.
Rigless Acid Fracturing Through Dual Completions: An Offshore Experience in the Upper Zakum Field
Authors: Al Tamimi Y. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Well Stimulation by Fracturing (Acid & Hydraulic) was quickly accepted by the Oil Industry since its introduction in the late 40's (first ever hydraulic Fracturing job was conducted in Kansas, U.S.A. in July, 1947), still, its applicability to Abu Dhabi fields and reservoirs did not gain momentum until the 80's. This late arrival can be attributed to the fact that poor Permeability Reservoirs were not considered for development before then, or because, even when the development of these "tight" Reservoirs was undertaken (as is true for the Upper Zakum), too many constraints were imposed (Geological, Reservoir and type of Completion). Such constraints made fracturing difficult to carry out.
Also, major advancement in Fracturing design and techniques took place in the 80's. Such techniques made it possible to reexamine the applicability of fracturing in the poor potential wells of the Upper Zakum.
This paper presents a review of the steps taken to ensure the success of Acid Fracturing in poor Permeability wells, and how constraints / limitations imposed by well completion and reservoir conditions were accounted for. . The exercise was successfully carried out in the multilayered heterogeneous reservoir of Thamama II in the Upper Zakum field, offshore Abu Dhabi.
The uniqueness of the exercise is that in all cases presented, Acid Fracturing treatment was conducted through one tubing string in dually completed wells, yet on rigless basis. Good post treatment productivity was achieved at optimum cost and therefore minimum pay back time.
Through Tubing Gas Saturation Monitoring
Authors: Watfa M. , Pollock D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Quantitative gas saturation monitoring have always been a desired target for fluid monitoring in hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs. Over the years many techniques were attempted for monitoring gas saturations which involved the use of both open hole and cased hole logs. None of these techniques gave a reliable measure of gas saturation, and their results were considered at best qualitative. In many reservoirs in the Middle East, the need for an accurate technique of gas saturation monitoring became more acute because of gas cap expansion or the formation of secondary gas caps, which are on the whole the product of reservoir depletion. Moreover, high production rates in permeable reservoirs resulted in gas coning and the production of free gas.
With the introduction of the Dual-Burst Thermal Decay Time (TDT-P) Tool, accurate through tubing measurements are now available that have opened new horizons for gas saturation monitoring. Such data was used successfully to monitor quantitatively gas saturations in various reservoirs in the Middle East. The technique involves the use of the two measurements from the TDT-P: capture cross-section (∑) and porosity (øtdt). These two measurements were combined with results from open hole log evaluations, such as lithology, porosity and clay volume, to solve for values of water, oil and gas saturations. This technique was tried on a large number of wells, and the accuracy of the results, for most of the reservoirs under study (porosity &gt;15 pu), is of the order of 10 saturation units.
Carbon Dioxide Corrosion in Oil Wells
Authors: Gunaltun Y. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
After detection of severe corrosion in Umm-Al-Dalkh oil wells, well production and fluid characteristics, metallurgy of tubing material, downhole operations were reviewed in order to define the main reasons of corrosion. Some of the wells were Caliper surveyed. Worked over tubing and X-mas trees were inspected.
Inspection results were correlated with different parameters which may influence CO2 corrosion in oil wells.
The Design & Implementation of a Digital Control System on an Operating Plant
Authors: El Komy O. F. , Shukri T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The LNG plant on Das Island, Abu Dhabi, has been in operation since 1976. Its control system has been modernized from conventional analogue to a distributed control system (DCS) utilizing a Honeywell TDC3000 system. The Plant control was changed over from the old system to the new system on a loop by loop basis whilst the units remained in operation.
This paper outlines:
– The various phases of the DCS retrofit project. – Change over planning and implementation. – Benefits gained from applying the modern control technology to the plant – Experience gained by ADGAS.
Controlling Water Flood Advance in Asab Thamama B Reservoir
Authors: Hassan A. , Youssef Fahd , Ayoub M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
After fifteen years of production/injection history from Asab Thamama B reservoir, a detailed experience has been gained in controlling and monitoring the waterflood advance. This can be considered as a field example which is illustrative of the various carbonate reservoirs of the Thamama group, in ADCO concession (Fig. 1).
Further to a detailed geological model which was obtained after the drilling of some 200 wells, a simulation study was performed to evaluate several water flooding scenarios. Peripheral water injection was selected with an optimised distribution of water per area and per pseudo-reservoir.
Monitoring of the water advance has been achieved through open hole logs, cased hole logs, water cut measurements and wet well performance. Results have been used to establish water front advance per layer and to evaluate displacement efficiency by water.
Detection of Gas and Water Fronts by Pressure Buildup Surveys
Authors: Khalaf A. A. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Umm Shaif is a field where the oil bearing zone is trapped between a massive gas cap at the crest and a peripheral aquifer supported by peripheral water injectors. In this field, pressure build up surveys managed to distinguish between gas and water fronts and to determine the distance to either of these fronts long before the fronts reach the wellbore. The gas front behaved as a constant pressure boundary, while water acted as a pressure support boundary.
Simulation of Artificially Fractured Wells with Single-Well Models
Authors: Haddad S. H. , Sonrexa K. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
This paper presents a new approach to forecast the behaviour of an acid-fractured well by numerical simulation. Unlike the known conventional methods, the present technique applies the "Dual-Porosity System" theory.
Several wells were individually modeled successfully using their production history and all the pre-fracture and post-fracture pressure buildup tests in a single continuous run.
The forecasted pressures and oil rates were in good agreement with their actual values. Also, the fracture lengths imposed to match the post-frac history showed good agreement with the values derived from test analyses. This method, thus, provides a viable predictive tool and a means to support the well test interpretation results by respecting more precisely, as we believe, the flow pattern in the vicinity of the wellbore and within the fractured medium.
Drilling Simulation for the Design of Horizontal Wells
Authors: Burnham M. P. , Boulter D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Drilling engineering design tools have been used to investigate torque/drag behaviour, tubular buckling in highly inclined and horizontal wells and casing wear susceptibility. Used in concert or separately, these drilling simulators are useful tools for the design of extended reach and horizontal wells. Work to date has proven the use of these computer programs in the field. This paper addresses the application of these drilling engineering tools for horizontal wells. Their application and effectiveness is illustrated in the planning of the the North Sea's first horizontal well drilled from a floating vessel. Furthermore, their use in the pre-planning of developments is discussed, with emphasis placed on developing a strategy to identify the mechanical limitations of horizontal drilling.
East Zeit Field Reservoir Management
Authors: Johnson J. D. , Mohamed H. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The effective reservoir development and surveillance of East Zeit field has achieved resource delineation and improved profitability, despite significant technical difficulties caused by the very complex geology (intensive faulting, facies changes) and lack of interpretable seismic (variable salt layers). Results of two successful development drilling programs, reservoir performance, and model studies are discussed. New techniques for interpreting seismic data which show potential for significant advances in the ability to map East Zeit field are also presented.
Material balance studies identified significant reserve potential at East Zeit. This potential was assessed with a reservoir model developed in Houston and confirmed with a PC-based simulator in Cairo. Less than four years after initiating production, proved reserves were increased by over 100% to nearly 80 MBbl (12.7 Mm3) based on results of consolidated engineering and geological studies. A well workover and additional drilling program has increased well production capacity to 25-30 kBbl/d (4.0-4.8 km3/d). The second phase of development drilling has shown that potential exists for additional reserves in the field.
The Role of 3D Seismic on the Future Development of the Idd el Shargi Field, Offshore Qatar
Authors: Jubralla A. F. , Hamam K. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the results of the 3D Seismic Survey acquired in 1987 in the Idd el Shargi North Dome with the objectives of defining the detailed structural picture of the Shuaiba reservoir.
Initially pattern waterflood was the preferred development option as the field appeared simple and sparsely faulted based on old 2D seismic. 3D interpretation has shown two main fault systems, one of which had not been recognised before. The crest is intensively faulted whereas the flanks are either unfaulted, or have only one fault system. The crestal area will now be developed by gas/oil gravity drainage process. Other areas of the field are still under study.
Microbial Corrosion and Biologically Induced New Products Example from a Seawater Injection System, Umm Shaif Field, U.A.E.
Authors: Lapointe P. A. , Muhsin M. A. , Maurin A. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The detrimental role of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) and their generation of the highly corrosive hydrogen sulphide gas is well established. There is evidence of the presence of carbonate generating bacteria (CGB) in association with SRB in the water injection system of Umm Shaif field offshore Abu Dhabi.
These bacteria tend to produce solid calcium, magnesium and iron carbonates which constitute a significant amount of debris forming part of the protective media for SRB growth and plug the formation if it is dislodged from the pipe wall and transported to the injectors.
The evidence for CGB existence together with other bacterial activity is obtained from chemical analysis, X-ray diffractogram, microprobe analysis and scanning electron microscope examination.
Monitoring Sweep in Peripheral Waterflood: A Case History
Authors: Rouser B. J. , Al-Askar Y. A. , Hassoun T. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the techniques used and the results obtained in monitoring the water advance in a peripheral waterflood of a carbonate reservoir. The peripheral pattern used in the subject reservoir gives a water advance similar to that obtained in a water drive reservoir. However, monitoring this particular reservoir is complicated by the use of a low salinity brine for flooding and the areal shape of the reservoir.
The use of pulsed neutron capture logging in conjunction with production logging has been effective in differentiating between oil and water in porous zones in existing producers. The use of the two logs has been successful despite the problems normally encountered when logging open hole completions in a reservoir being flooded with a low salinity brine. Results have been confirmed and enhanced by open hole logs of new wells being drilled in the water invaded areas.
The paper highlights difficulties encountered, such as acid effect on the pulsed neutron capture log response and the effect of lower salinity flood water as the reservoir becomes better swept. The techniques used to overcome these problems is discussed. A number of examples are shown and a remaining oil map prepared from these surveillance techniques is examined.