bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon fluxes for ionic compound free soldering
Authors: Miyake Toshihiro , Ishida Masaru , Inagaki Satoshi 
Published: December 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a new ionic compound free soldering process.Design/methodology/approachThe ability of hydrocarbons including 9,10‐dihydroanthracene, eicosane, 2,6,10,14‐tetramethylpentadecane, cyclooctane, and dicyclopentadiene to reduce cuprous or cupric oxide was investigated. The applicability of hydrocarbons as ion free flux reagents was experimentally examined. The hydrocarbons were applied to the soldering of pre‐oxidized copper electrodes under practical conditions.FindingsA 9,10‐dihydroanthracene was found to be efficient at reducing cuprous or cupric oxide powder under an argon atmosphere at 300°C for 2 min. The high‐reducing ability of the hydrocarbon is in agreement with the low‐homolytical C−H bond dissociation energy calculated based on the density functional theory. A 9,10‐dihydroanthracene was shown, by the highest soldering efficiency and sufficient reliability in the environmental testing, to be applicable as an ion‐free soldering flux.Originality/valueThe findings of this paper suggest a new method for an ionic compound free soldering process.
The effect of supervision style and decision‐making on role stress and satisfaction of senior foreign managers in international joint ventures in China
Authors: Lu Lung‐Tan , Lee Yuan‐Ho 
Published: December 2007

PurposeThe aim of this study is to examine the effect of supervision style and decision‐making on role stress (role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload) and satisfaction of senior foreign managers working in international joint ventures (IJVs) in China.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is a quantitative study using an international mail survey among Sino‐Foreign joint ventures. The final sample size was comprised of 82 Japanese and Taiwanese senior managers working in IJVs in China. Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship among these variables.FindingsRegression results demonstrated that a tighter supervision style by Japanese managers positively influences role conflict and role overload. Surprisingly, centralized decision‐making by Japanese managers also positively effects role ambiguity in Japanese managers, but centralized decision‐making by Taiwanese managers negatively effects role ambiguity in Taiwanese managers.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the sample size is relatively small, the findings in this study suggest that the effects of supervision style and decision‐making are different between the Japanese and Taiwanese groups. It is suggested that further research of management styles among eastern and western managers is required.Originality/valueThis study contributes to international business literature and provides insights to expatriates by investigating the relationships among supervision style, decision‐making, role stress, and satisfaction. It also provides some evidence that the impact of decision‐making on role ambiguity is different between national groups, which have been given limited attention in previous literature.
CRE effects on organizational performance: measurement tools for management
Authors: Appel‐Meulenbroek Rianne , Feijts Ben 
Published: December 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify potential measures for corporate real estate (CRE) aspects to correlate them with organizational performance. These measures must simplify discussion between corporate real estate management (CREM), architects and users, and help CREM to claim its place at the strategic decision‐making table.Design/methodology/approachAn analysis is made of literature in relevant fields (e.g. CREM, architecture, ergonomics and installation technology) to identify aspects that influence performance. For the ones that lacked clear measures, a solution was deducted from other fields of study (environmental psychology, geography, urban design). These new measures are applied to two existing office buildings to show their relevance and usability, followed by a discussion on how to use them as a CRE manager.FindingsIn total, 51 CRE aspects affect organizational performance. Particularly, the structural aspects are not quantified or measured in consistent ways, like “open layout” and “visibility”. Methods from the field of spatial network analysis show very promising possibilities for quantifying these configuration related aspects. Also, it does not appear to be very difficult for CREM to start using these methods.Originality/valueThe spatial network analysis methods that are described and applied in this paper, have not been subject of an article in any (corporate) real estate‐related journal yet. Up till now, this field of research appears to take place in a totally different community of academics and practitioners. Hopefully, this paper will make CREM aware of these methods and encourage them to use them.
Comparative In Vitro Activities of Caspofungin and Micafungin, Determined Using the Method of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, against Yeast Isolates Obtained in France in 2005-2006
Authors: Dannaoui E. , Lortholary O. , Raoux D. , Bougnoux M. E. , Galeazzi G. , Lawrence C. , Moissenet D. , Poilane I. , Hoinard D. , Dromer F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

The in vitro activities of caspofungin and micafungin against 1,038 yeast isolates have been determined. The caspofungin and micafungin MICs were lower for
Candida albicans
,
Candida glabrata
, and
Candida tropicalis
than for
Candida parapsilosis
,
Candida guilliermondii
, and
Candida krusei
. A clear correlation was seen between the MICs for the two drugs.
First Detection of Mycobacteria in African Rodents and Insectivores, Using Stratified Pool Screening
Authors: Durnez Lies , Eddyani Miriam , Mgode Georgies F. , Katakweba Abdul , Katholi Charles R. , Machang'u Robert R. , Kazwala Rudovik R. , Portaels Françoise , Leirs Herwig 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

With the rising number of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS in developing countries, the control of mycobacteria is of growing importance. Previous studies have shown that rodents and insectivores are carriers of mycobacteria. However, it is not clear how widespread mycobacteria are in these animals and what their role is in spreading them. Therefore, the prevalence of mycobacteria in rodents and insectivores was studied in and around Morogoro, Tanzania. Live rodents were trapped, with three types of live traps, in three habitats. Pieces of organs were pooled per habitat, species, and organ type (stratified pooling); these sample pools were examined for the presence of mycobacteria by PCR, microscopy, and culture methods. The mycobacterial isolates were identified using phenotypic techniques and sequencing. In total, 708 small mammals were collected, 31 of which were shrews. By pool prevalence estimation, 2.65% of the animals were carriers of mycobacteria, with a higher prevalence in the urban areas and in
Cricetomys gambianus
and the insectivore
Crocidura hirta
. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (
Mycobacterium chimaera
,
M. intracellulare
,
M. arupense
,
M. parascrofulaceum
, and
Mycobacterium
spp.) were isolated from
C. gambianus
,
Mastomys natalensis
, and
C. hirta
. This study is the first to report findings of mycobacteria in African rodents and insectivores and the first in mycobacterial ecology to estimate the prevalence of mycobacteria after stratified pool screening. The fact that small mammals in urban areas carry more mycobacteria than those in the fields and that potentially pathogenic mycobacteria were isolated identifies a risk for other animals and humans, especially HIV/AIDS patients, that have a weakened immune system.
Application of Methods for Identifying Broiler Chicken Gut Bacterial Species Linked with Increased Energy Metabolism
Authors: Torok Valeria A. , Ophel-Keller Kathy , Loo Maylene , Hughes Robert J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A high-throughput microbial profiling tool based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism was developed to monitor the poultry gut microbiota in response to dietary manipulations. Gut microbial communities from the duodena, jejuna, ilea, and ceca of 48 birds fed either a barley control diet or barley diet supplemented with exogenous enzymes for degrading nonstarch polysaccharide were characterized by using multivariate statistical methods. Analysis of samples showed that gut microbial communities varied significantly among gut sections, except between the duodenum and jejunum. Significant diet-associated differences in gut microbial communities were detected within the ileum and cecum only. The dissimilarity in bacterial community composition between diets was 73 and 66% within the ileum and cecum, respectively. Operational taxonomic units, representing bacterial species or taxonomically related groups, contributing to diet-associated differences were identified. Several bacterial species contributed to differences between diet-related gut microbial community composition, with no individual bacterial species contributing more than 1 to 5% of the total. Using canonical analysis of principal coordinates biplots, we correlated differences in gut microbial community composition within the ileum and cecum to improved performance, as measured by apparent metabolizable energy. This is the first report that directly links differences in the composition of the gut microbial community with improved performance, which implies that the presence of specific beneficial and/or absence of specific detrimental bacterial species may contribute to the improved performance in these birds.
Has Retail Chicken Played a Role in the Decline of Human Campylobacteriosis?
Authors: Gormley Fraser J. , MacRae Marion , Forbes Ken J. , Ogden Iain D. , Dallas John F. , Strachan Norval J. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

Between 2001 and 2006, the incidence of human
Campylobacter
infections decreased by 10 and 27% in Scotland and the Grampian region of Scotland, respectively. Contemporaneous collection and analyses of human and retail-chicken isolates from Grampian were carried out over a 10-week period in 2001 and again in 2006 in order to determine whether the fall in the incidence of human infections was related to the retail-chicken exposure route. Rates of carriage of
Campylobacter
on chicken carcasses from retail outlets in Grampian in 2001 and 2006 were estimated. Chicken-derived
Campylobacter
isolates from 2001 (
n
= 84) and 2006 (
n
= 105) and human-derived isolates from patients with clinical cases of infection in 2001 (
n
= 172) and 2006 (
n
= 119) were typed by multilocus sequence typing. We found no evidence for statistically significant changes in prevalence and counts per carcass. We found by rarefaction that although the degree of diversity in humans tended to be higher than that in chickens, these differences were not significant. The genetic distance between chicken and human isolates from 2001 according to sequence type, clonal complex (CC), or allele composition was not significant, whereas the distances between 2006 isolates at the CC and allele levels were significant. This difference was attributable to a lower proportion of CC-21's being found in retail-chicken isolates from 2006 than in chicken isolates from 2001. We conclude that human exposure to
Campylobacter
via retail chicken is important and that changes in the population structure of campylobacters in this reservoir need to be taken into account in investigating human infection.
High Frequency of Histamine-Producing Bacteria in the Enological Environment and Instability of the Histidine Decarboxylase Production Phenotype
Authors: Lucas Patrick M. , Claisse Olivier , Lonvaud-Funel Aline 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTLactic acid bacteria contribute to wine transformation during malolactic fermentation. They generally improve the sensorial properties of wine, but some strains produce histamine, a toxic substance that causes health issues. Histamine-producing strains belong to species of the generaOenococcus,Lactobacillus, andPediococcus. All carry anhdcAgene coding for a histidine decarboxylase that converts histidine into histamine. For this study, a method based on quantitative PCR and targetinghdcAwas developed to enumerate these bacteria in wine. This method was efficient for determining populations of 1 to 107CFU per ml. An analysis of 264 samples collected from 116 wineries of the same region during malolactic fermentation revealed that these bacteria were present in almost all wines and at important levels, exceeding 103CFU per ml in 70% of the samples. Histamine occurred at an often important level in wines containing populations of the above-mentioned bacteria. Fifty-four colonies of histamine producers isolated from four wines were characterized at the genetic level. All were strains ofOenococcus oenithat grouped into eight strain types by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Some strains were isolated from wines collected in distant wineries. Moreover,hdcAwas detected on a large and possibly unstable plasmid in these strains ofO. oeni. Taken together, the results suggest that the risk of histamine production exists in almost all wines and is important when the population of histamine-producing bacteria exceeds 103per ml. Strains ofO. oeniproducing histamine are frequent in wine during malolactic fermentation, but they may lose this capacity during subcultures in the laboratory.
Occurrence and Expression of Luminescence in
Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Grim Christopher J. , Taviani Elisa , Alam Munirul , Huq Anwar , Sack R. Bradley , Colwell Rita R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

Several species of the genus
Vibrio
, including
Vibrio cholerae
, are bioluminescent or contain bioluminescent strains. Previous studies have reported that only 10% of
V. cholerae
strains are luminescent. Analysis of 224 isolates of non-O1/non-O139
V. cholerae
collected from Chesapeake Bay, MD, revealed that 52% (116/224) were luminescent when an improved assay method was employed and 58% (130/224) of isolates harbored the
luxA
gene. In contrast, 334 non-O1/non-O139
V. cholerae
strains isolated from two rural provinces in Bangladesh yielded only 21 (6.3%) luminescent and 35 (10.5%)
luxA
+
isolates. An additional 270 clinical and environmental isolates of
V. cholerae
serogroups O1 and O139 were tested, and none were luminescent or harbored
luxA
. These results indicate that bioluminescence may be a trait specific for non-O1/non-O139
V. cholerae
strains that frequently occur in certain environments. Luminescence expression patterns of
V. cholerae
were also investigated, and isolates could be grouped based on expression level. Several strains with defective expression of the
lux
operon, including natural K variants, were identified.
Production of a Monoclonal Antibody Specific for the Major Outer Membrane Protein of
Campylobacter jejuni
and Characterization of the Epitope
Authors: Qian Hongliang , Pang Ervinna , Du Qingyun , Chang Jason , Dong Jin , Toh Say Ling , Ng Fook Kheong , Tan Ai Ling , Kwang Jimmy 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter
species are important enteric pathogens causing disease in humans and animals. There is a lack of a good immunological test that can be used routinely to separate
Campylobacter jejuni
from other
Campylobacter
species. We produced monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of
C. jejuni
using recombinant MOMP as the antigen. One MAb, designated MAb5C4 and of the immunoglobulin G1 isotype, was found to be potentially specific for
C. jejuni
. Dot blots demonstrated that MAb5C4 reacted with all 29 isolates of
C. jejuni
tested but did not react with 2
C. jejuni
isolates, 26 other
Campylobacter
spp. isolates, and 19 non-
Campylobacter
isolates. Western blotting showed that MAb5C4 bound to a single protein band approximately 43 kDa in size, corresponding to the expected size of
C. jejuni
MOMP. The detection limit of MAb5C4 in a dot blot assay was determined to be about 5 × 10
3
bacteria. The epitope on the MOMP was mapped to a region six amino acids in length with the sequence
216
GGQFNP
221
, which is 97% conserved among
C. jejuni
strains but divergent in other
Campylobacter
spp.; a GenBank search indicated that 95% of
C. jejuni
isolates will be able to be detected from non-
Campylobacter
spp. based on the highly specific and conserved region of the GGQFNP polypeptide. The epitope is predicted to be located in a region that is exposed to the periplasm. MAb5C4 is a potentially specific and sensitive MAb that can be used for the specific detection and identification of
C. jejuni
.
Biochemical and Molecular Characterization ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeStrains Obtained from Sugar-Cane Juice Fermentations and Their Impact in Cachaça Production
Authors: Oliveira Valdinéia Aparecida , Vicente Maristela Araújo , Fietto Luciano Gomes , de Miranda Castro Ieso , Coutrim Maurício Xavier , Schüller Dorit , Alves Henrique , Casal Margarida , de Oliveira Santos Juliana , Araújo Leandro Dias , da Silva Paulo Henrique Alves , Brandão Rogelio Lopes 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrains from different regions of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were isolated and characterized aiming at the selection of starter yeasts to be used in the production of cachaça, the Brazilian sugar cane spirit. The methodology established took into account the screening for biochemical traits desirable in a yeast cachaça producer, such as no H2S production, high tolerance to ethanol and high temperatures, high fermentative capacity, and the abilities to flocculate and to produce mycocins. Furthermore, the yeasts were exposed to drugs such as 5,5′,5"-trifluor-d,l-leucine and cerulenin to isolate those that potentially overproduce higher alcohols and esters. The utilization of a random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR method with primers based on intron splicing sites flanking regions of theCOX1gene, as well as microsatellite analysis, was not sufficient to achieve good differentiation among selected strains. In contrast, karyotype analysis allowed a clear distinction among all strains. Two selected strains were experimentally evaluated as cachaça producers. The results suggest that the selection of strains as fermentation starters requires the combined use of biochemical and molecular criteria to ensure the isolation and identification of strains with potential characteristics to produce cachaça with a higher quality standard.
Effects ofADH2Overexpression inSaccharomyces bayanusduring Alcoholic Fermentation
Authors: Maestre Oscar , García-Martínez Teresa , Peinado Rafael A. , Mauricio Juan C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of overexpression of the geneADH2on metabolic and biological activity inSaccharomyces bayanusV5 during alcoholic fermentation has been evaluated. This gene is known to encode alcohol dehydrogenase II (ADH II). During the biological aging of sherry wines, where yeasts have to grow on ethanol owing to the absence of glucose, this isoenzyme plays a prominent role by converting the ethanol into acetaldehyde and producing NADH in the process. Overexpression of the geneADH2during alcoholic fermentation has no effect on the proteomic profile or the net production of some metabolites associated with glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation such as ethanol, acetaldehyde, and glycerol. However, it affects indirectly glucose and ammonium uptakes, cell growth, and intracellular redox potential, which lead to an altered metabolome. The increased contents in acetoin, acetic acid, andl-proline present in the fermentation medium under these conditions can be ascribed to detoxification by removal of excess acetaldehyde and the need to restore and maintain the intracellular redox potential balance.
Quantitative PCR for Detection and Enumeration of Genetic Markers of Bovine Fecal Pollution
Authors: Shanks Orin C. , Atikovic Emina , Blackwood A. Denene , Lu Jingrang , Noble Rachel T. , Domingo Jorge Santo , Seifring Shawn , Sivaganesan Mano , Haugland Richard A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTAccurate assessment of health risks associated with bovine (cattle) fecal pollution requires a reliable host-specific genetic marker and a rapid quantification method. We report the development of quantitative PCR assays for the detection of two recently described bovine feces-specific genetic markers and a method for the enumeration of these markers using a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. Both assays exhibited a range of quantification from 25 to 2 × 106copies of target DNA, with a coefficient of variation of <2.1%. One of these assays can be multiplexed with an internal amplification control to simultaneously detect the bovine-specific genetic target and presence of amplification inhibitors. The assays detected only cattle fecal specimens when tested against 204 fecal DNA extracts from 16 different animal species and also demonstrated a broad distribution among individual bovine samples (98 to 100%) collected from five geographically distinct locations. The abundance of each bovine-specific genetic marker was measured in 48 individual samples and compared to quantitative PCR-enumerated quantities of rRNA gene sequences representing totalBacteroidetes,Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and enterococci in the same specimens. Acceptable assay performance combined with the prevalence of DNA targets across different cattle populations provides experimental evidence that these quantitative assays will be useful in monitoring bovine fecal pollution in ambient waters.
Forest Soil Metagenome Gene Cluster Involved in Antifungal Activity Expression in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Chung Eu Jin , Lim He Kyoung , Kim Jin-Cheol , Choi Gyung Ja , Park Eun Jin , Lee Myung Hwan , Chung Young Ryun , Lee Seon-Woo 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

Using two forest soils, we previously constructed two fosmid libraries containing 113,700 members in total. The libraries were screened to select active antifungal clones using
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
as a target fungus. One clone from the Yuseong pine tree rhizosphere soil library, pEAF66, showed
S. cerevisiae
growth inhibition. Despite an intensive effort, active chemicals were not isolated. DNA sequence analysis and transposon mutagenesis of pEAF66 revealed 39 open reading frames (ORFs) and indicated that eight ORFs, probably in one transcriptional unit, might be directly involved in the expression of antifungal activity in
Escherichia coli
. The deduced amino acid sequences of eight ORFs were similar to those of the core genes encoding type II family polyketide synthases, such as the acyl carrier protein (ACP), ACP synthases, aminotransferase, and ACP reductase. The gene cluster involved in antifungal activity was similar in organization to the putative antibiotic production locus of
Pseudomonas putida
KT2440, although we could not select a similar active clone from the KT2440 genomic DNA library in
E. coli
. ORFs encoding ATP binding cassette transporters and membrane proteins were located at both ends of the antifungal gene cluster. Upstream ORFs encoding an IclR family response regulator and a LysR family response regulator were involved in the positive regulation of antifungal gene expression. Our results suggested the metagenomic approach as an alternative to search for novel antifungal antibiotics from unculturable soil bacteria. This is the first report of an antifungal gene cluster obtained from a soil metagenome using
S. cerevisiae
as a target fungus.