bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipid content and fatty acid composition of 11 species of Queensiand (Australia) fish
Authors: Belling G. B. , Abbey M. , Campbell J. H. , Campbell G. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of 11 species of fish caught off the northeast coast of Australia was determined. No fatty acid profiles have been previously published for fish from this area nor for nine of these species. Although the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was the same as the calculated average for Australian fish (42.3%), the percentage of n−3 fatty acids was lower (24.4±5.4% vs. 30.7±10.1%) and the n−6 fatty acids higher (16.5±4.5% vs. 11.2±5.9%), P<0.001 in each case. The major n−3 PUFA were docosahexaenoic (15.6 ±6.3%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (4.3±1.1%) while the major n−6 PUFA were arachidonic (8.3±3.2%) and n−6 docosatetraenoic acid (3.1±1.3%). The second‐most abundant class of fatty acid was the saturates (31.6±3.5%) while the monounsaturates accounted for 17.4±4.3% of the total fatty acids. The monounsaturate with the highest concentration was octadecenoic acid (11.8±2.6%). There was a positive correlation between the total lipid content and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (r=0.675 and 0.567, respectively) and a negative correlation between the total lipid content and PUFA (r=0.774).
The effect of short‐term diets rich in fish, red meat, or white meat on thromboxane and prostacyclin synthesis in humans
Authors: Mann Neil , Sinclair Andrew , Pille Marita , Johnson Leeann , Warrick Glenda , Reder Elke , Lorenz Reinhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFoods which increase tissue arachidonic acid levels have been proposed to increase thrombosis tendency, presumably through increased platelet aggregation. This study examined the effect of doubling the dietary arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6) using meat‐ or fish‐based diets on the systemic production of prostacyclin (PGl2) and thromboxane (TXA2) in 29 healthy, nonsmoking adults. There were three, 3‐wk low‐fat dietary periods (<15% energy as fat) in which subjects consumed a vegetarian diet for 1 wk followed by 2 wk on diets containing meat or fish as sources of 20∶4n−6. Between each diet period, there was a 3‐wk washout period, during which subjects returned to their normal diets. The level of 20∶4n−6 consumed during the last 2 wk of each study was approximately double the usual intake (mean 140 mg/d), while the mean eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5n−3) content of the diets varied from 1 mg/d on the white meat diet to 70 mg/d on the red meat diet and to 847 mg/d on the fish diet. The serum phospholipid (PL) 20∶4n−6/20∶5n−3 ratios were 11∶1 on the vegetarian diet, 15∶1 on the white meat diet, 8∶1 on the red meat diet, and 2∶1 on the fish diet (P<0.001). Neither white nor red meat diets affected platelet 20∶4n−6 levels, platelet aggregation, ex vivo platelet TXB2 production, or the systemic PGl2 or TXA2 production as measured by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis of the excretion levels of the principal urinary metabolites 2,3‐dinor‐6‐keto‐PGF1α (PGl2‐M) and 11‐dehydro‐TXB2 (TXA2‐M), respectively. The fish diet decreased the 20∶4n−6/20∶5n−3 ratio in platelet PL from the baseline level of 45∶1 to 13∶1 (P<0.001), had no effects on platelet aggregation, but significantly decreased platelet TXB2, production (collagen‐stimulated) and TXA2‐M production, while PGl2‐M levels were unaltered. These results indicate that short‐term diets which double the usual 20∶4n−6 intake using white meat (175–330 g/d) or red meat (275–530 g/d) are not associated with an increased TXA2 production, but this does not rule out the adverse effects of 20∶4n−6 at higher levels in the diet, or for more prolonged periods. Short‐term diets containing fish (100–200 g/d with 90–210 mg/d 20∶4n−6 and approximately 650–1000 mg/d 20∶5n−3) led to significant increases in platelet 20∶5n−3 levels and a decrease in the ex vivo and systemic TXA2 production.
Nocturnal acid breakthrough: Clinical significance and management
Authors: Ang Tiing Leong , Fock Kwong Ming 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNocturnal acid breakthrough is seen in more than 70% of Helicobacter pylori‐negative patients taking long‐term proton pump inhibitors (PPI). It is defined as an intragastric pH of less than 4 for at least 60 consecutive minutes during the overnight period in patients on PPI therapy. It occurs as a result of the recovery of intragastric acidity. Nocturnal acid breakthrough can be clinically significant in patients with complicated gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal motility disorders because of the potential for continued esophageal mucosal injury. To decrease nocturnal acid breakthrough, for patients on once daily PPI, treatment should be stepped up to twice daily. For patients already on twice daily PPI, nocturnal histamine‐2 receptor antagonists may be added, but the long‐term effectiveness remains debatable as patients may develop tolerance over the course of time. New PPI with a longer half‐life may decrease nocturnal acid breakthrough.
Hypericum caprifoliatum(Guttiferae) Cham. & Schltdl.: a species native to South Brazil with antidepressant‐like activity
Authors: Viana Alice F. , Rego Jean‐Claude do , Munari Leonardo , Dourmap Nathalie , Heckler Ana Paula , Costa Teresa Dalla , Von Poser Gilsane L. , Costentin Jean , Rates Stela M.K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this work, previously published and unpublished results on biological activity ofHypericum caprifoliatum, a native specie to South Brazil, are presented. Lipophilic extracts obtained from this species showed an antidepressant‐like activity in mice and rat forced swimming test. Results from in vivo experiments suggest an effect on the dopaminergic transmission. Besides that, in vitro experiments demonstrated that the extract and its main component (a phloroglucinol derivative) inhibit monoamine uptake in a concentration‐dependent manner, more potently to dopamine, but this effect is not related to direct binding at the uptake sites. It was also observed that a 3‐day treatment with lipophilic extract prevents stress‐induced corticosterone rise in mice frontal cortex but not in plasma. The lipophilic and methanolicH. caprifoliatumextracts also demonstrated antinociceptive effect, which seems to be indirectly mediated by the opioid system. These results indicate thatH. caprifoliatumpresents a promising antidepressant‐like effect in rodents which seems to be related to a mechanism different from that of other classes of antidepressants.
Clinical and biological consequences of transmetallation induced by contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging: a review
Authors: Idée Jean‐Marc , Port Marc , Raynal Isabelle , Schaefer Michel , Le Greneur Soizic , Corot Claire 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGadolinium‐based contrast agents (CAs) are widely used to enhance the contrast of images in magnetic resonance imaging procedures. Two categories of gadolinium chelates exist: the macrocyclic molecules where Gd3+ is caged in the pre‐organized cavity of the ligand and the linear molecules. Gadolinium chelates differ in their thermodynamic stability constants and in their kinetic stability. In general, macrocyclic chelates such as Gd‐DOTA or Gd‐HP‐DO3A are more stable than linear molecules. Even among linear agents, differences can be found. There is increasing evidence that transmetallation can be found in vivo, in the case of certain CAs (especially linear chelates), with body cations such as zinc, calcium or iron. Furthermore, analytical interference with colorimetric determination of calcium has been clinically evidenced with two linear chelates, Gd‐DTPA‐BMA and Gd‐DTPA‐BMEA. Clinical cases of spurious hypocalcaemia have been reported with these molecules. Such interference with some colorimetric assays for calcium is clinically relevant in that it can lead to unnecessary and potentially harmful treatment for hypocalcaemia.
Killing Soldiers
Authors: Øverland Gerhard 
Published: November 2006

A riddle in the ethics of war concerns whether lethal defensive force may be justifiably used against aggressing soldiers who are morally innocent. In this essay I argue that although there might be reasons for excusing soldiers as individuals, one may be justified in using defensive force against them provided that they have initiated threatening behavior and that our interpretation of that behavior as threatening is reasonable. I go on to investigate various implications of being in conflict with aggressing soldiers who are morally innocent, arguing that different restrictions apply to the use of defensive force when the aggressors cannot be held morally responsible for being aggressors.My argument has important practical implications both for deciding whether to go to war and for deciding how to fight a just defensive war. Concerning the ongoing Iraq war, for example, it suggests that if it were only a matter of killing culpable members of the Republican Guard, invasion could perhaps have been justified. Since any attack would involve killing innocent conscripted soldiers as well as innocent civilians, however, there were good reasons to wait to see whether options other than intervening militarily would become available. If we are engaged in a just defensive war, my argument implies that we must accept a higher level of risk and more harm if we can assume that the aggressors are innocent rather than morally responsible for their harmful or threatening behavior.
Epicureans and the Present Past
Authors: Warren James 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis essay offers a reading of a difficult passage in the first book of Lucretius' De Rerum Natura in which the poet first explains the Epicurean account of time and then responds to a worry about the status of the past (1.459-82). It identifies two possible readings of the passage, one of which is compatible with the claim that the Epicureans were presentists about the past. Other evidence, particularly from Cicero De Fato, suggests that the Epicureans maintained that all true assertions must have a contemporaneous truth-maker and that no contingent future-tensed assertions are true. It appears, however, that they did not assert a symmetrical view of past-tensed assertions. There is no compelling reason, therefore, to think that the Epicureans were presentists about the past.
Thelastoma gueyei sp. n. (Nematoda: Thelastomatidae) from the Senegal diplopod Archispirostreptus tumuliporus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae)
Authors: Koubková Božena , Baruš Vlastimil , Matějusová Iveta , Hodová Iveta , Koubek Petr 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Thelastoma gueyei sp. n., a nematode belonging to the long-tailed species
group of the genusThelastoma, is described from the
diplopodArchispirostreptus tumuliporus (Spirostreptidae) collected in
Niokolo Koba National Park (Senegal, West Africa).Thelastoma gueyei sp. n.
is morphologically most similar toT. gipetiti. Females are characterised by:
the vulva being situated in the posterior half of the body and near to the
anus (V′ = 75-86) with the anterior vulval lip developed into a prominent
flap; excretory pore located at the level of the anterior end of the
pharyngeal bulb; b′ = 28-38 and tail, expressed as a proportion of L′, =
1.7-2.7. Males have narrow cuticular alae extending from about the middle of
the pharynx to the level of the anteriormost pair of copulatory papillae;
four pairs of copulatory papillae, two large, subventral, pairs being
located adcloacally on the genital cone, a third, much smaller pair on the
posterior margin of the genital cone and the last pair being situated at the
mid-point of the tail spike; and a tail occupying 10.8-13.2% of the total
body length. The distal tip of the spicule is drop-shaped. Morphological
characteristics were studied using scanning electron microscopy and a
comparison of the long-tailed group of thelastomatids is provided. Nucleic
acid sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene was obtained for
purposes of DNA barcoding.
Epidemiology and integrated control of Nacobbus aberrans on tomato in Mexico
Authors: Cristóbal-Alejo Jairo , Mora-Aguilera Gustavo , Manzanilla-López Rosa H. , Marbán-Méndoza Nahúm , Sánchez-Garcia Prometeo , Cid Del Prado-Vera Ignacio , Evans Ken 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Population densities, population fluctuations, yield loss and disease
incidence caused by Nacobbus aberrans on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
were studied, using an epidemiological approach, in a field experiment that
included three different control regimes: an integrated control (IC) scheme,
which included fertilisation, nematicide (ethoprop) and chicken manure; a
technical control (TC) scheme, based on the best local practices of
fertilisation and use of carbofuran for nematode control; and a check
treatment (AC), with no application of fertilisers or nematicide. At least
three generations of N. aberrans occurred through the cropping season and
the numbers of galls/plant and females/g of root through the crop season
were used to define the area under a disease progress curve (AUDPC). The
variables b−1 (Weibull's apparent infection rate), AUDPC and Yf (final
disease incidence) indicated less crop damage under the IC scheme than under
the other two schemes (TC and AC). The IC scheme resulted in increased plant
height (41-49%), foliage dry weight (37-53%) and stem diameter (31-41%)
compared with the TC and AC schemes. Tomato yields in IC surpassed those
from TC and AC by 34 and 83%, respectively, while TC exceeded AC by 73%. The
yield loss attributed to N. aberrans was 12, 29 and 83% in IC, TC and AC,
respectively. The IC scheme improved commercial production by 20 and 81% in
comparison to the TC and AC schemes. This was largely due to effective
control of the initial inoculum density, which affects the first generation
of the nematode population; control of this generation is essential for
avoidance of yield loss. The first generation is completed during the period
0-60 dat (days after transplanting), i.e., during the critical stages of
flowering, fruit initiation and fruit set (40, 50 and 60 dat). Data on plant
performance taken every 10 days were used to derive a multiple point model
for calculation of production loss.
Interruptions: Levinas
Authors: Kunz George 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article is a continuation of the challenge begun by early phenomenologists of the reductionistic scientism of Natural Science Psychology. Inspired by five distinctions of Emmanuel Levinas, it seeks to bring a deeper interruption of the seemingly unalterable force of mainstream psychology to model itself after the hard sciences. Levinas distinguishes the experience of totality from infinity, need from desire, freedom as self-initiated and self-directed from freedom as invested by and for the Other, active agency from radical passivity, and the said from saying. Five commonly accepted characteristics of science, objective, empirical, causal, reducible, and value neutral, are used to compare three approaches to psychology: Natural Science, Phenomenology (psychology as a human science), and Psychology for the Other. Using the definition of science, “knowing the phenomenon as it shows itself,” this paper argue that Natural Science Psychology is the least “scientific,” Phenomenological Psychology is more scientific, and Psychology for the Other is the most “scientific” with its ethical command to allow the Other to reveal her/himself. This extravagant but compelling claim is illustrated with descriptions of research and therapy.
The Anthropology of Chinese Kinship. A Critical Overview
Authors: Santos Gonçalo Duro Dos 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis is a critical overview of the anthropology of Chinese kinship focusing on the twentieth-century Euro-American literature. I first deal with the less well-known early literature of the period before the foundation and closure of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. I then show how the thematic and theoretical heterogeneity of this early literature was superseded during the 1960s and 1970s by a powerful but reductive paradigmatic lineage model of Chinese kinship and society, largely derived from documentary-based studies of lineage organisation in the late imperial period and consolidated through field research in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Inspired by earlier critics of this lineage-model, tuned in to new anthropological trends in the field of kinship studies and triggered by the post-Mao opening of the PRC, the 1990s marked the beginning of a very heterogeneous cycle of renovation generated by new field research. Seen as a whole, this current cycle of renovation has been undertaking a revision of the older descent-centred comparative view of Chinese kinship and is giving important insights to current anthropological debates about the nature of human kinship.
Shanghai and the Experience of War: The Fate of Refugees
Authors: Henriot Christian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn 1937, bitter and brutal fighting raged for three months in and around the city, with intense bombardment from ships and planes. Within weeks, hundred of thousands of residents were thrown on to the streets and made homeless. This paper is concerned with the massive and sudden transformation of Shanghai residents into refugees and the consequences on the resources and management of the city. In the first part, I argue that 1937 created an entirely new situation no authority was prepared to meet because of the scope of the population exodus and to the actual blockade of the city. The second part is devoted to the refugee population, in both quantitative and qualitative terms. It examines who the refugees were—those who found refuge in camps—and why they did not reflect the normal structure of the local population. The last part is concerned with the challenges refugee camps had to face in maintaining a huge destitute population with limited resources in war-torn overcrowded urban space. War caused tremendous suffering among the civilian population, especially children, despite the fairly successful organisation of support by the authorities and private organisations.
The International Seabed Authority and Article 82 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
Authors: Lodge Michael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSince the entry into force in 1994 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (the LOSC), a great deal of attention has been focused on the implementation of Article 76 of the Convention, which establishes the juridical definition of the continental shelf. In comparison, very little attention has been given to Article 82, which provides that payments or contributions in kind are to be made by coastal states in respect of the exploitation of the non-living resources of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. Those payments or contributions in kind are to be distributed by the International Seabed Authority to developing states, "particularly the least developed and the land-locked amongst them". The Convention provides little guidance as to how Article 82 might be implemented in practice. The basic idea behind the provision is quite straightforward. But the text suffers from a lack of precision and raises numerous questions of interpretation. In this presentation, the author illustrates some of the difficult issues of principle and of practice that Article 82 raises. There is a strong possibility that the first source of revenue for the international community from the resources of the deep sea-bed is likely to be the payments or contributions made through Article 82. For that reason, it is important that the difficulties associated with Article 82 are resolved sooner rather than later in order to avoid potential future disputes over the interpretation and application of the Article as well as to provide certainty to industry anxious to promote activities on the continental shelf.
Article 76 of the LOSC on the Definition of the Continental Shelf: Questions concerning its Interpretation from a Legal Perspective
Authors: Oude Elferink Alex 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe establishment of the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles under Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) is a complex process, which requires a coastal state to dedicate significant resources. To understand the reasons for the inclusion of this complex provision in the LOSC, this article first looks at the origins of Article 76. Subsequently, a number of provisions of Article 76 are considered to illustrate the questions which exist in connection with its application and interpretation. It is concluded that Article 76 fulfills the mandate that had been given to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in respect of the definition of the limits of national jurisdiction, notwithstanding the complexity of the issue and the interests involved. Before the Third Conference started there was no certainty about the extent of the continental shelf. Article 76 provides a procedure to arrive at precisely defined outer limits. Once Article 76 will have been implemented by all the present states parties to the Convention, most of the outer limits of the continental shelf vis-à-vis the Area will be defined in precise terms.
Gene expression patterns in blood leukocytes discriminate patients with acute infections
Authors: Ramilo Octavio , Allman Windy , Chung Wendy , Mejias Asuncion , Ardura Monica , Glaser Casey , Wittkowski Knut M. , Piqueras Bernard , Banchereau Jacques , Palucka A. Karolina , Chaussabel Damien 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEach infectious agent represents a unique combination of pathogen-associated molecular patterns that interact with specific pattern-recognition receptors expressed on immune cells. Therefore, we surmised that the blood immune cells of individuals with different infections might bear discriminative transcriptional signatures. Gene expression profiles were obtained for 131 peripheral blood samples from pediatric patients with acute infections caused by influenza A virus, Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) or Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) bacteria. Thirty-five genes were identified that best discriminate patients with influenza A virus infection from patients with either E coli or S pneumoniae infection. These genes classified with 95% accuracy (35 of 37 samples) an independent set of patients with either influenza A, E coli, or S pneumoniae infection. A different signature discriminated patients with E coli versus S aureus infections with 85% accuracy (34 of 40). Furthermore, distinctive gene expression patterns were observed in patients presenting with respiratory infections of different etiologies. Thus, microarray analyses of patient peripheral blood leukocytes might assist in the differential diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Distinct roles of Mdm2 and Mdm4 in red cell production
Authors: Maetens Marion , Doumont Gilles , Clercq Sarah De , Francoz Sarah , Froment Pascal , Bellefroid Eric , Klingmuller Ursula , Lozano Guillermina , Marine Jean-Christophe 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Mdm2 and Mdm4 are critical negative regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mdm4-null mutants are severely anemic and exhibit impaired proliferation of the fetal liver erythroid lineage cells. This phenotype may indicate a cell-intrinsic function of Mdm4 in erythropoiesis. In contrast, red blood cell count was nearly normal in mice engineered to express low levels of Mdm2, suggesting that Mdm2 might be dispensable for red cell production. Here, we further explore the tissue-specific functions of Mdm2 and Mdm4 in the erythroid lineage by intercrossing conditional Mdm4 and Mdm2 alleles to an erythroid-specific Cre (Er-GFP-Cre) knock-in allele. Our data show that Mdm2 is required for rescuing erythroid progenitors from p53-mediated apoptosis during primitive erythropoiesis. In contrast, Mdm4 is only required for the high erythropoietic rate during embryonic definitive erythropoiesis. Thus, in this particular cellular context, Mdm4 only contributes to p53 regulation at a specific phase of the differentiation program.