bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Was this in Your Statistics Textbook? II. Data Handling
Authors: Finney D. J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYGood data handling is a prerequisite for good statistical analysis and interpretation. This paper begins by distinguishing types of numerical data. Care for original data and the risks involved in any process of copying data are emphasized. After discussion of the entry of data into a computer file, problems of scrutiny and checking are discussed at length. An attempt is made to suggest what action should follow when such scrutiny discloses anomalies in some values; if explanations can be found, or if clear evidence indicates corrections that are needed, no problem arises, but otherwise various subjective responses need consideration. Advice is offered on the numbers of digits to be retained in computations and reports. A final section presents ideas on the filing of data and analyses from an experiment.
Evidence for Yield Stability in Selected Landraces of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Ayeh Eric 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYYield stability in beans from diverse sources in Malawi was estimated using the statistical parameters of genotype X environment variance, slope and standard error from regression. The heterozygous F2 and the most complex synthetic mixture were very stable, although not significantly different from some pure genotypes. The mean yields of most mixtures were marginally higher than the average of their components. There was a linear relationship between magnitude of diversity and stability. Evidence for heterozygote advantage was demonstrated.
Sociological and Ecological Factors in Technology Adoption: Fodder Trees in Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Francis P. A. , Atta-Krah A. N. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYFarmer-managed trials with browse trees were undertaken at two locations in southeast Nigeria. The fast-growing tree species Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium were either inter-planted with crops as alley farms or planted in pure stands as intensive feed gardens. At both locations, most of the trees established successfully under farmer management. However, the quality of establishment was uneven, and the rate of utilization generally poor, especially at one site. The limited success of the trials is traced to a number of related sociological, institutional and edaphic factors. These include poor soil fertility; the incompatibility of established cropping patterns and rotation practices with the planting of trees on farms; the division of labour and organization of decision-making within the household; and land and tree tenure rules. It is argued that farmer-managed trials are necessary to reveal the importance of sociological and institutional factors in farmers' decision making, and that such trials require a high level of farmer autonomy in their management.
Effect of Inoculating Crops with Phospho-microbes
Authors: Tiwari V. N. , Lehri L. K. , Pathak A. N. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYSeed inoculation with Bacillus polymyxa markedly increased the yields of rice and chickpea crops, while Pseudomonas striata caused a greater impact on crop production when used with rock phosphate or super-phosphate in a wheat crop. The effect of the phospho-microbe inoculants was greater in phosphorus-deficient soils.
Population, Water Use and Growth of Groundnut Maintained on Stored Water. II. Transpiration and Evaporation from Soil
Authors: Simmonds L. P. , Williams J. H. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYStands of groundnut were grown at four densities on water stored in a medium depth alfisol in central India. Evaporation was estimated from changes in soil water content, and partitioned between transpiration and evaporation from the soil surface. Seasonal transpiration was strongly influenced by plant population, and approached a maximum as the population density increased to 23 plants m−2. Evaporation from the soil surface was only a small component of the seasonal water balance in dense stands, and was little affected by planting density. Differences in transpiration rate between spacings were greatest early in the season, but diminished when the denser stands ran out of water. The denser stands extracted more water from deep in the profile. Plants in widely spaced rows preferentially extracted water from near the row; water mid-row was only used later in the season.
Population, Growth and Water Use of Groundnut Maintained on Stored Water. IV. The Influence of Population on Water Supply and Demand
Authors: Simmonds L. P. , Azam-Ali S. N. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe objective of this paper is to identify the major factors responsible for the differences in transpiration rate (T) between stands of groundnut grown at three row spacings on stored water in central India. A method of analysis is developed to distinguish between the impact on transpiration of ground cover (which varied threefold between spacings) and of root:shoot ratio, which was substantially greater in the wider row spacings. When the soil was wet, both T and the canopy conductance, gc, were approximately proportional to the fraction (f) of incident radiation intercepted by foliage. But when the soil water content decreased below a threshold value, T/f and gc/f decreased because of an increase in stomatal resistance. Stomatal closure in response to soil water stress occurred sooner in the denser stands, partly because of more rapid depletion of soil water. A second contributory factor was that the sparser stands (which had a relatively large root:shoot ratio) had a greater capacity to keep stomata open as the soil water deficit increased.
The Evaluation of Alternative Fodder Crops under African Highland Conditions
Authors: Potts Michael J. , Biranguza Evariste 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYFour forage bassicas, kale, rape, turnips and swede, and fodder beet were evaluated for adaptation to tropical highland conditions using small-plot experiments and field observations. In a short cropping season turnips were best adapted with a mean yield of 22 t ha−1. The crop was quick to establish and gave good ground cover. Kale and swedes were better adapted to a long season and yielded more than perennial forage grasses or maize. Yield was related to the length of growing season, exceeding 100 t ha−1 by about 250 days. Kale and swedes established poorly on soils high in aluminium. Direct sunlight appeared to damage swede roots, causing secondary soft rots. Rape showed no advantage over kale. Fodder beet failed to establish satisfactorily in any of the experiments.
Controlled Environments as an Adjunct to Field Research on Lentils (Lens culinaris). IV. Cultivar Responses to Above- and Below-average Temperatures during Vegetative Growth
Authors: Summerfield R. J. , Muehlbauer F. J. , Short R. W. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe climates to which lentil (Lens culinaris) crops are exposed can vary appreciably depending on location and date of sowing. The effects on growth, development and seed yield when three USA cultivars experienced relatively warmer or cooler day/night temperatures during the vegetative period were investigated in growth cabinets. Plants were nodulated and supplied with either 20 or 80 ppm inorganic N; they differed appreciably in morphology and vegetative vigour, and so in their potential for subsequent pod production, depending on pre-flowering temperature and on nitrogen nutrition. Variations in seed yield were largely a consequence of treatment and cultivar effects on pod number per plant, and a pre-flowering temperature regime of 21°/7°C (mean 14.9°C) was supra-optimal. The pre-flowering environment clearly affects potential pod production and has persistent effects on the capability of plants to fill the pods produced.
New Farming Systems Development in the Wetter Tropics
Authors: Juo A. S. R. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYFarming systems in the wetter tropics may be divided into three simplified models: the irrigated paddy-rice multistorey homestead garden complex of Asia, the tree and cash crop plantations of Latin America, and the mixed root crop-bush fallow systems of Africa. In upland ecosystems, sustainable farming systems development rests on a delicate balance between conservation and utilization. To meet the basic food and nutritional needs of the indigenous population, there is great potential for the improvement and adaptation of multistorey homestead gardens and mixed systems which include trees and annual and perennial crops. The principle and practice of ‘alley cropping’ provide an ecologically sound basis for future farming systems research and development in the region.
Effect of Coated and Uncoated Urea on the Carry-over of Nitrogen from Jute to Paddy Rice in the Humid Sub-tropics
Authors: Sarkar Apurba 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYPaddy rice was grown without fertilizer after jute which had been supplied with nitrogen as neem cake coated urea (NCU), wax coated urea (WCU), ammonium sulphate or standard urea at rates of 0, 40, 80 or 120 kg N ha−1. NCU or WCU applied to jute increased the dry matter and grain yield of the rice, suggesting that enough nitrogen is left behind to grow a subsequent rice crop without further fertilizer application.
Long-term Effects of the Continuous Cultivation of a Tropical Ultisol in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Obi A. Olu 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYContinuous cropping of a tropical Ultisol with or without nitrogen fertilizer increased soil acidification and reduced soil organic matter and productivity. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer failed to increase yields. This was apparently due to the decline in soil pH, an increase in the amount of soluble aluminium, and consequent inefficient utilization of added nutrients. Continuous use of ammonium sulphate as a nitrogen source hastened the development of both surface and subsoil exchange acidity.
A Survey Methodology for Assessing Yield Potential and Coffee Berry Losses in Peasant Coffee
Authors: Browning Gordon , Dorward Andrew 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of coffee berry disease (CBD) on yield are usually estimated by counting infected berries on marked branches throughout fruit development. This method is impractical when surveys are required of yield losses over large areas of extensively cultivated peasant coffee. A survey method is described for estimating yield potentials and the loss in yields due to severe CBD infection under such conditions. The method exploits the relation between numbers of flowering nodes and yield per tree, and requires a single subjective estimate of disease incidence on young expanding berries. Yield losses are estimated from the changes in this relation resulting from berry infection. Results are presented for peasant coffee at different stages of rehabilitation in Ethiopia. They indicate that the method is suitable for estimating.production in agronomic improvement projects and for identifying areas where CBD incidence might economically justify fungicide spraying.
The Use of Azolla Pinnata Isolates as Organic Nitrogen Sources for Lowland Rice (Oryza Sativa)
Authors: Singh A. L. , Singh P. K. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryFour isolates of Azolla pinnata collected from Bangkok, Bangladesh, Vietnam and India grew well when used in paddy fields both before and after transplanting with rice varieties of different heights and times to maturity. Azolla increased plant height, tillering, 1000-grain weight, grain and straw yields, nitrogen concentration and uptake, and soil fertility.The response of rice to Azolla was similar to that obtained by applying 60 kg N ha−1 as urea in three split applications. The different Azolla isolates differed in their growth, N2-fixation and response to rice crops and soil fertility. All these characteristics were better in the isolates from Bangkok and Vietnam than in those from Bangladesh and India. Azolla growth and N2-fixation were better with short rice varieties (IR-36, Ratna and Kalinga-II) than with Mahsuri, a tall rice variety, but Mahsuri, having a longer growing season, showed a better response to Azolla.
Cultivar X Cropping System Interactions in relay and row Intercropping of Bush Beans with different Maize Plant Types
Authors: Woolley J. N. , Rodríguez W. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryBean yield at two sites in Costa Rica was affected by the interactions of maize and bush bean cultivars with cropping system (relay, row intercropping and sole cropping). The maize culti-vars were grouped according to leaf area index (LAI) and plant height. At a site with a severe weed problem, leafy maize of intermediate height allowed the most bean yield in relay but the least in intercropping. Tall, leafy maize allowed as much yield of intercropped beans as short, less leafy cultivars. In intercrops, tall maize plants shaded the beans less, while in relay crops leafy plants of intermediate height shaded and suppressed weed growth so benefiting the following bean crop. At the other site, all maize groups had the same effect on beans whether grown in relay or intercropped. Leafy maize cultivars of medium height are preferable for sole crops and for relay cropping of beans at physiological maturity when weeds are a problem, but less leafy types are better for bean intercropping or for relay crops where the beans are planted before maize maturity. Plant types selected for sole cropping are not necessarily best for poly-cultures and one crop may affect another even when their periods of active growth do not overlap.
Growth ofAmaranthus Hybridus(African Spinach) under diffferent Daylight Intensities in the Dry Season in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Eze J. M. O. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe growth ofAmaranthus hybridusunder different daylight intensities was assessed in terms of physical, morphological and biochemical parameters. Maximum growth in many respects was achieved at about 70% of full daylight. However, full daylight favoured chlorophyll stability and maximum accumulation of total dry matter, carbohydrate, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid. The leaf area ratio increased uniformly with decrease in light intensity. Ageing was accelerated by full daylight. Reduced light intensity reduced dry matter accumulation in the roots more than in the stems or leaves.
Cotton Leaf Reddening in the Irrigated Gezira
Authors: Ishag H. M. , Ayoub A. T. , Said M. B. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryCotton leaf reddening was studied in irrigated vertisols at the Gezira Research Farm over three seasons. The percentage leaf reddening was negatively correlated with seed cotton yield. Plants showing symptoms of reddening produced smaller and fewer leaves which did not persist long enough to sustain the reproductive parts. Deficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus were found to be responsible for the reddening symptoms. Nitrogen application, late August sowing and frequent control of insect pests all significantly reduced the incidence of reddening. Other possible remedies are discussed.
Crop-Livestock Interactions in Sub-Saharan Africa and their Implications for Farming Systems Research
Authors: McIntire J. , Gryseels G. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYHerding and farming environments in sub-Saharan Africa are described briefly. The relative importance of crops and livestock is described for each environment. A matrix of crop-livestock interactions is defined for each environment and the reasons for each type of relation are noted. Farming systems are defined as segregated or completely integrated, according to the degree of crop-livestock integration on the farm. Points at which farming systems research (FSR) might be undertaken to improve interactions between crops and livestock are noted for both systems.
Seasonal Variation in the Water Uptake and Leaf Water Potential of Intercropped and Monocropped Chillies
Authors: Hulugalle N. R. , Willatt S. T. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe seasonal water use patterns and leaf water potential of chillies (Capsicum annum var. annum) grown as a monocrop and as an intercrop between soyabeans (Glycine max) were studied under a weekly and two weekly irrigation regime on a red duplex soil in Northern Victoria, Australia. Irrigation at two weekly intervals resulted in a temporal stratification of water extraction over the growing season, the soyabeans making their maximum demand during the reproductive phase. Senescence of the soyabeans at the R6–R7, growth stage was accompanied by an increase in water uptake by the intercropped chillies. No corresponding increase in water uptake was observed in monocropped chillies irrigated every two weeks or in intercropped or monocropped chillies irrigated weekly. Leaf water potential of the intercropped chillies was, for the most part, greater than that of the corresponding monocrops.
The Effects of Shifting Planting Dates and Mulching on Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) and Drought Stress of Potato Crops Grown under Tropical Highland Conditions
Authors: Devaux A. , Haverkort A. J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYPotatoes (Solanum tuberosumL.) in central Africa are often grown between two rainy seasons to avoid late blight infection. The influence of planting date and setaria mulch treatment on soil temperature, soil humidity, late blight development, ground cover with green leaves, intercepted radiation and tuber yield of potato was studied in crops grown at 1850 m above sea level in Rwanda.The planting dates towards the end of the rainy season resulted in the best yields and these were considerably increased by mulching which retained soil moisture and reduced soil temperature so resulting in a better ground cover. Increased yields in the mulched plots seemed to be due to increased radiation interception rather than to better radiation use efficiency.
Plant Population, Rainfall and Sorghum Production in Botswana. I. Results of Experiment Station Trials
Authors: Jones M. J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYGeneral mathematical relations between yield parameters, plant populations and rainfall were developed for an indigenous sorghum from the results of 28 population/row spacing trials conducted at four sites over five seasons. Populations maximizing yield increased from 25 000 to 69 000 plants ha−1 over the rainfall range 200–700 mm (pre-planting to harvest total). Tillering partly compensated for low populations but yields from 10000 plants ha−1 at 300 and 600 mm rainfall were only 80 and 61% of potential maximum, respectively. Row spacing at constant population affected tiller numbers and eventual panicle weights but not panicle numbers, and any yield differences were unrelated to rainfall.
The Effects of Sorghum and Cowpea Genotype and Sorghum Sowing Density in an Intercrop System
Authors: de Queiroz M. A. , Galwey N. W. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYFive diverse sorghum genotypes were sown at sole crop density and at intercrop density without cowpea and with two contrasting cowpea genotypes, in the post-rainy season at Hyderabad, India. The interaction of sorghum genotype with sowing density was significant for sorghum dry fodder and grain yield, but the interaction of sorghum genotype with cowpea was not, because of compensation between yield components. The likely response of sorghum genotypes to intercropping can therefore be assessed initially from the performance of low density sole crops, followed by assessment in the presence of a single standard cowpea variety.The cowpea genotypes were affected by the presence of sorghum but not by the sorghum genotype. This suggests that the effect on the cowpea can be ignored when selecting a sorghum genotype for intercropping, and that a cowpea genotype for intercropping can be selected in the presence of a single sorghum genotype. However, these conclusions arc unlikely to apply to rainy season sowings, when sorghum dominates the intercrop more completely.
Effects of Planting Time and Harvest Age on Cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Northern Australia. II. Crop Growth and Yield in a Seasonally-Dry Environment
Authors: Hobman F. R. , Hammer G. L. , Shepherd R. K. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYTwo experiments, one irrigated and one dryland, were conducted at a site having a seasonally-dry, tropical climate. A range of planting times, with sequential harvests to age 24 months, was used to study cassava growth and yield. Very high yields of 35 to 45 tonnes dry matter per hectare were recorded for the irrigated experiment. Water limitation restricted yields to 15 to 26 tonnes in the dryland experiment. Known or inferred environmental controls of the yield-determining factors of growth rate, growth duration, and partitioning of assimilates to harvest-able organs were used to interpret the results and thus derive general guidelines for the timing of planting and harvesting in seasonally-dry environments.
Intercropping Sorghum with Cowpea in Dryland Farming Systems in Botswana. I. Field Experiments and Relative Advantages of Intercropping
Authors: Lightfoot C. W. F. , Tayler R. S. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe intercropping objective of the subsistence fanner in Botswana was identified as a need to secure some cowpea production without reducing the yield of the staple crop, sorghum. Field experiments in which sorghum and cowpea were intercropped in several different environments over three years met this objective on most occasions, but cowpea yields were low compared with their sole crop performance. Although intercropping out-performed monocropping by producing some cowpea yield, land equivalent ratios greater than one and higher gross income and cash returns to draught-power (but not returns to labour) the differences were never large and seldom statistically significant.
Studies on Cotton-based Multiple Cropping
Authors: Mandal B. K. , Ghosh R. K. , Das N. C. , Choudhury A. K. Som 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYStudies were carried out at Kalyani during 1982–83 and 1983–84 to evolve a multiple cropping system with cotton as the main crop. Cotton was intercropped with paddy, greengram, blackgram, peanut and soyabean in the rainy season, and these were also grown as solccrops followed by crops of peanut, lentil, chickpea, wheat and mustard, respectively, in the winter season. All plots were subsequently cropped with sesame in the summer season. There was an increase in total grain yield, land equivalent ratio (LER), area time equivalent ratio (ATER) and relative net return (RNR) values when legumes and cereals were intercropped with cotton. The yield of the winter crops grown with the help of residual soil moisture was in the order: chickpea > mustard > lentil > wheat > peanut. Sesame yielded best after the chickpea and blackgram sequence and yielded almost as well after the lentil and greengram. The greatest net return was obtained from the cotton and paddy (1:1) intercrop followed by sesame.