bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization of radiotherapy for rectal cancer in Greater Western Sydney 1994–2001
Authors: HEGI‐JOHNSON Fiona , GABRIEL Gabriel , KNEEBONE Andrew , WONG Cyril , JALALUDIN Bin , BEHAN Sharon , BARTON Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground and purpose:  Despite evidence for the efficacy of radiotherapy in stages II and III rectal cancer, utilization rates remain low. The aim of this study is to examine patient, provider and service factors affecting utilization of radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients.Materials and methods:  Patients with a diagnosis of curable rectal cancer were identified from the colorectal tumor databases of three Sydney Area Health Services between 1994 and 2001. Data were collected on tumor characteristics such as site and stage, provider factors such as type of surgery and surgeon caseload, and patient factors including socioeconomic status and access to radiotherapy.Results:  Thirty‐five percent of stage II and 57% of stage III rectal cancer patients received radiotherapy. Independent determinants of utilization were age less than 70 years (odds ratio, 2.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.75–5.03), high‐volume surgeons (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.17–3.24), stage III disease (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.25–3.41) and abdominoperineal resections (OR, 3.67; 95% CI, 1.94–6.94).Conclusion:  Radiotherapy utilization rates remain low. Age, and being referred to a surgeon with a high caseload, has a greater impact on radiotherapy utilization than other provider, socioeconomic or service factors.
A novel HLA‐A*29 allele (A*2916) of a Caucasian relative to an ALL patient containing a point mutation in a putatively conserved region which was identified through the loss of a specific amplificate in a low‐resolution SSP‐PCR kit
Authors: Erhuma M. , Radam C. , Schlaf G. , Seliger B. , Behre G. , Altermann W. W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA novel HLA‐A29 (HLA‐A*2916) allele has been identified in a Caucasian man from Middle Europe using single‐allele‐specific sequencing strategy. This allele is identical to the HLA‐A*29010101 allele except for one point mutation in the putatively conserved codon 128 (GAG→CAG) resulting in an amino acid exchange from glutamic acid (E) to glutamine (Q).
CLASIFICATION OF SWEET CORN AROMAS BY STEPWISE DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS
Authors: FLORA L. F. , WILEY R. C. , MOON L. C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTCooked sweet corn aroma volatiles were analyzed by gas chromatography using a headspace technique. Aroma profiles of corn from early and late plantings, different stages of maturity, different cultivars, and different processes were submitted to stepwise discriminant analysis (BMD‐0–7M). Processes were most often classified correctly with slight overlaps between brine‐pack canned cron and vacuum‐packed canned corn and more notable overlapping between frozen and vaccum frozen corn. Corn from different plantings were classified correctly about two‐thirds of the time on the basis of their aroma profiles. Stylepak and NK199 cultivars were most often classified correcltly; similarities expressed in overlapping classifications were apparent among Butersweet, Silver Queen NK199 and among code 556, Buttersweet and Silver Queen. Fancy grade corn was correctly classified about 45% of the time, extra standard about 67% of the time, and standard about 68% of the time. By strafifying the data by processing method prior to discriminant analysis, improved classification was achieved for cultivars and maturities.
COMPARISON OF RAT AND TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS GROWTH ASSAYS IN DETERMINING NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF PROTEIN IN MEAT AND MEAT ANALOGS DURING PROLONGED STORAGE AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
Authors: BUTRAUM RITVA R. , KRAMER AMIHUD 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTMeat patties containing TVP and/or CSP, or rehydrated TVP, SCP, or dried milk solids, lost a small but significant protein efficiency ratio (PER), or relative nutritive value(RNV) of the proteins during the first three months of frozen storage, but little further loss was noted in storage for as long as 18 months at temperatures of – 10 to – 30d̀C.The correlation coefficient of R = 0.98 between PER and RNV, indicated that at least for ground beef products extended with various protein concentrates, the much more rapid Tetrahymena method of measuring protein bioavailability is essentially the same as using the official PER rat assay method.
A SURVEY OF HISTAMINE LEVELS IN COMMERCIALLY PROCESSED SCOMBROID FISH PRODUCTS12
Authors: TAYLOR STEVEL. , LEBER ELLEN R. , LEATHERWOOD MATTHEW 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAnalysis of 100 samples of each of 3 types of commercially processed scombroid fish products obtained at the retail level showed mean histamine concentrations (mg/100 g) of 3.58 for chunk light tuna, 1.50 for albacore tuna, and 2.56 for mackerel. Only 2 samples of chunk light tuna and 2 of mackerel contained greater than 10 mg% histamine. The highest level of histamine found in albacore tuna was 5.35 mg/100 g, while 99% ofthe samples had less than 5 mg% histamine. Chunk light tuna samples contained up to 28.0 mg/100 g, and mackerel samples contained up to 31.5 mg/100 g; 92% of the chunk light tuna and 95% of the mackerel had less than 5% histamine. The histamine levels found in these products were far below any level associated with food poisoning incidents.
EFFECT OF PROTEIN EXTENDERS ON FATTY ACIDS, CHOLESTEROL, SENSORY QUALITY AND COOKING LOSS OF BEEF PATTIES1
Authors: KAMEL BASIL S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.Ten different formulations of beef patties were processed to contain 20–50% fat from lean beef containing not more than 7% fat and beef fat consisting of not less than 90% fat and were extended with different levels of textured soy protein (TSP) at 5, 10 and 20% and single cell protein (SCP) at 2.5, 5 and 7.5%. The patties were stored at −18°C for 6 months. Sensory quality evaluation showed that patties with 80% lean and 20% fat and patties with 40% lean, 40% fat and 20% TSP were the least acceptable, but lower levels of TSP and SCP addition were found to improve panel rating. A 17% increase in protein content and a reduction of about 13.5% in fat content was observed due to TSP and SCP incorporation. An average cooking loss in the different formulations was 33%, addition of protein extenders was found to reduce cooking loss by about 22% while fat loss averages 30.2%. A reduction of 21.1% of 18:1 and a reduction of approximately 18.7% of total FAME and 32% cholesterol were observed due to the addition of TSP and SCP.
Hydrophobic Interactions in Complexes of Antimicrobial Peptides with Bacterial Polysaccharides
Authors: Kuo Hsin H. , Chan Celine , Burrows Lori L. , Deber Charles M. 
Published: June 2007

Biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are responsible for chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients, where they are characterized by overproduction of the exopolysaccharide alginate and are recalcitrant to treatment with conventional antibiotics. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs) are potential alternatives for the treatment of multi‐drug‐resistant P. aeruginosa. However, alginate in P. aeruginosa biofilms has been proposed to bind these peptides through hydrophobic interactions, consequently reducing their activity [Chan et al., J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 38749–38754]. Here we perform biophysical analyses of the interactions of alginate with a series of novel peptide antibiotics (α‐CAPs) of prototypic sequence KK‐AAAXAAAAAXAAWAAXAAA‐KKKK (where X = Phe, Trp or Leu). The hydrophobic interaction interface in alginate was investigated by examining (i) the effects of polysaccharide composition with respect to d‐mannuronate and l‐guluronate content; (ii) glycan chain length; (iii) α‐CAP Trp fluorescence; and (iv) 1‐anilinonaphthalene‐8‐sulfonate fluorescence. The results show that, while M and G residues produce equivalent effects, hydrophobic interactions between alginate and α‐CAPs require a minimal glycan chain length. Peptide interactions with alginate are deduced to be mediated by hydrophobic microdomains comprised of pyranosyl C–H groups that are inducible upon formation of α‐CAP–alginate complexes due to charge neutralization between the two species.
REFORESTATION WITH CONIFERS ‐ ITS EFFECT ON STREAMFLOW IN CENTRAL NEW YORK1
Authors: Ayer Gordon R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the early 1930's, more than 340,000 acres of abandoned farmland in New York State were purchased by the State Conservation Department for the planting, growing, and harvesting of trees. Since then, this land has developed from a heavy cover of weeds and brush into dense coniferous woodlands with trees averaging well over 30 feet high.Hydrologic data have been collected since 1932 in Central New York to determine the effect of the reforestation on streamflow. Data are available for three small partly reforested areas and for one non‐reforested control area.Intensive statistical analyses of the data from the four study areas were made in 1958. It was determined at that time that significant reductions in total runoff had occurred which were attributed to increases in interception and transpiration. Reductions in peak discharges during the dormant season also were indicated which were attributed to increased interception and sublimation of snowfall, and gradual desynchronization of snowmelt runoff from the wooded and open areas of partly reforested watersheds.Updating of the studies relating to peak discharges was completed in 1967 and indicated that no further changes in relative peaks had taken place since 1958. From this it is concluded that the influence exerted by the forest had become maximum by 1958 and has remained stable since then.
THE STATUS OF GEOHYDROLOGY IN INDIA
Authors: Chaterji G. C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTGeohydrological studies in India commenced as early as 1804, but were restricted to specific local problems. Groundwater investigations have formed a part of the regular activities of the Geological Survey of India since its inception in 1851. Until 1930, such studies were restricted mostly to problems of rural and urban water‐supply, and yielded valuable geohydrological information which formed the nucleus of the knowledge that exists today. Major expansion in this field occurred after independence; and systematic regional geohydrological studies began in the year 1953 with the inception of the All‐India Groundwater Exploration Project. Since then, during the three plan periods, groundwater exploration activities have spread all over the country, and the scale of investigation has increased manifold.
WATER RESOURCES OF MEXICO1
Authors: del Rodolfo Arenal C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper, based fundamentally on the experiences and data obtained by staff members of the Secretaria de Recursos Hidráulicos, is to present a general view of the water resources of the Mexican territory. Unfortunately, there does not exist a rational and adequate distribution of those resources, due to a great number of factors, mainly natural, which we must control to attain a convenient rationalization to meet the requirements of a growing population and industry.
SOME EFFECTS OF MAN‐MADE CONTROLS IN THE UPPER REACHES OF A SMALL DRAINAGE BASIN
Authors: Shindala Adnan , Priest Melville S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTGovernmental agencies have been instrumental in the construction of numerous dams and other control structures in the small watersheds of the State of Mississippi. Although some of the consequences are predictable, there are some effects which are not yet well defined. This paper concerns the physical effects of such works on a particular stream and its channel. As was anticipated, peak discharges appear to have been somewhat reduced. Changes in channel cross‐section depend, to some extent, upon location along the stream. However, there appears to have been a narrowing of the channel in that portion of the stream for which cross‐sections were available.
A STATISTICAL SIMULATION TECHNIQUE FOR NORTHERN NEW JERSEY MONTHLY PRECIPITATION1
Authors: Zwack Peter P. , Shulman Mark D. , Philpot John W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA 30‐year record of monthly precipitation for Northern New Jersey was analyzed for its statistical components. With a weak annual periodicity eliminated, the series was found to be random. The data for each month were fit with a gamma distribution using Thom's suggested best estimates of the distribution parameters. A one‐thousand‐year simulated monthly precipitation series was generated using random values from the twelve gamma distributions. The statistical properties of the simulated and sample time series agreed well. Numerous anomalous precipitation regimes were observed in the simulated data.
LAKE EUTROPHICATION–A NATURAL PROCESS1
Authors: Greeson Phillip E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTLake eutrophication is an economic, recreational, and aesthetic problem that affects every lake of the world. Eutrophication is the natural process of lake aging, and progresses irrespective of man's activities. Pollution, however, can hasten the natural rate of aging and shorten the life expectancy of a body of water. The eutrophication of a lake consists of the gradual progression from one life stage to another based on the degree of nourishment or productivity. The extinction of a lake is attributed to enrichment by nutritive materials, biological productivity, decay, and sedimentation. Presently used methods for retarding eutrophication are the abatement of cultural enrichment, treatment of eutrophic symptoms, and control of fundamental causes.
A NOTE ON AREAL RAINFALL DEFINITION
Authors: Hershfield David M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA discussion is presented of the likely sources of error in defining areal rainfall on a storm basis. These include the instrumental error, sampling fluctuations over the area, and network density. The analysis of dense raingage data provides some perspective of the magnitude of the errors that might be encountered from the natural variability of rainfall. Except for one watershed in Arizona, the coefficient of variation, based on a sample of storm totals from the individual gages in various size areas, remains relatively constant with increasing area for a particular storm. The error due to rainfall variability over the area is probably the most important and must be considered in experiments which attempt to resolve small‐area hydrologic problems.
FORECASTING SNOW AND RAIN FOR THE NEW YORK CITY AREA USING THE METHOD OF ORDERED STATISTICS1
Authors: Greenway A. Roger , Shulman Mark D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe occurrence of rain and snow for New York City is examined in relation to atmospheric parameters at three levels for four first order weather bureau stations. An objective forecasting guide is developed using order statistic properties. Incorporating surface and upper level data, the guide is a highly accurate forecast tool.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS RELATIVE TO WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Whipple William 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTOur immense national water quality control program has been launched on a wholly empirical basis, much as our ancestors initiated early navigation improvements and flood control. Not only has there been no effort to determine the benefits of water quality control; the theoretical groundwork for optimization has not been developed. Three main national objectives for consideration are national economic efficiency, preserving and improving the national environment for man's use and development (conservation), and regional development. Although popular at present, the regional development objective is not particularly useful from an economic viewpoint. Efficiency objectives other than environmental can be evaluated but are apt to be minor. Other water quality benefits can be broken down appropriately into four main categories: (a) man's recreational environment; (b) man's home environment; (c) man's working environment; (d) intangibles related to scientific, historic, health and cultural values. In management of water quality, various technical relationships must be considered, particularly as to quantity of water needed for waste disposal, and relationship of this use to water supply withdrawals. Advanced waste treatment must be compared with other alternatives, not only of flow augmentation, but also technological process changes, distribution of effluents, and artificial river aeration.
OWNERSHIP OF INTERNATIONAL WATERS1
Authors: Ferguson John A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWhen the boundaries of nations cover the same watershed, who owns the border water? The answer to that question is the premise of this paper. A discussion of international water law is given. Implementing the law is portrayed in an outline for (1) administration, (2) a procedure for data collecting, and (3) a computer system for data processing and determining ownership of water for each country. Special situations are considered, and a conclusion developed. After international law between two countries has been established, determining the ownership of boundary water is both feasible and practical. A computer method is shown whereby this is accomplished. The unique aspect of the method is the fact that cooperation and mutual esteem between individuals of both countries are necessary in order to obtain results.
THE FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY OF WET AND DRY SEASONS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS1
Authors: Hershfield David M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe probabilities of wet‐ and dry‐day sequences (wet and dry periods) of various lengths were determined for several intensities. Intensity (or threshold) refers to the daily amount of rainfall in the sequence, i.e., for the dry sequences each day has no rain or less than a given amount, whereas for the wet sequences, each day has an amount equal to or greater than a given amount.Dry‐ and wet‐day sequences were studied from actual records of daily precipitation from 35 stations, most of which are east of Denver, for the purpose of describing their statistical distribution. The geometric distribution is shown to represent the variation in the length of wet‐day sequences. It had previously been demonstrated that the cumulative distribution function provides a reasonable description of the frequencies of dry‐day sequences up to at least 20 days. The results are identical to those derived from a simple Markov chain model. A relationship is presented which can be used with published data to obtain the one parameter required for the geometric distribution. The average relationship between this one parameter for both the wet and dry sequences is presented. Another illustration displays the relationship between the variability of annual rainfall and the total number of dry (or wet) sequences as a function of the annual number of precipitation days. In general, the larger the number of rain days, the less variability in the annual rainfall totals from year to year and the larger the number of dry (or wet) sequences. Examples are presented which show the probabilities of occurrence associated with recent dry periods in Minnesota and the Washington, D.C., area.
THE WATERSHED IN PRINCIPLE1
Authors: Black Peter E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThree fundamental concepts linking drainage basin characteristics, stream behavior, and management of watersheds are deduced from field data and observations. An electrical analogy of a watershed clarifies definitions and broadens understanding of this complex natural resource. The three basic principles deal with (1) the interrelationships of watershed morphology, constitution, and appearance; (2) the nature of the control man can exert over runoff‐influencing forces, and (3) the efficiency of watershed management efforts. Recognition of these principles can assist educators, managers, planners and researchers to more fully inform students and to more effectively guide and evaluate management decisions.
SIMULATION OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY WITHIN A HYDROLOGIC UNIT1
Authors: Dixon N. , Hendricks D. W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWater quality must be considered in the development and planning aspects of water resource management. To accomplish this, the decision‐maker needs to have at his disposal a systematized procedure for simulating water quality changes in both time and space. The simulation model should be capable of representing changes in several parameters of water quality as they are influenced by natural and human factors impinging on the hydrologic system.The objective of this work is two‐fold. The first goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of developing and utilizing a water quality simulation model in conjunction with a hydrologic simulation model. The model represents water quality changes in both time and space in response to changing atmospheric and hydrologic conditions and time‐varying waste discharges at various points in the system. This model has been developed from and verified with actual field data from a prototype system selected for this purpose. The second aim is to set forth procedural guidelines to assist in the development of water quality simulation models as tools for use in the quality‐quantity management of a hydrologic unit.
SPECIAL CASES OF WATER SUPPLY INTERFERENCE CAUSED BY URBAN DEVELOPMENT NEAR TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA1
Authors: Jeffs Donald N. , Viirland Jaak 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSince 1961, control over water‐supply interference problems in the Province of Ontario has been provided under The Ontario Water Resources Commission Act. A section of The Act requires persons taking more than 10,000 imperial gallons per day of water for purposes other than domestic, stock or fire‐fighting to have a permit and to take the water in accordance with specified terms and conditions. Construction of some new wells, sewers, and roads to meet the needs of urban development has caused interference with both ground‐ and surface‐water supplies. In cases of serious interference, the Commission has required that steps be taken to restore water supplies or prevent continued interference. Two cases are described where municipalities in the Toronto area restored supplies to overcome serious interference with several private wells and streamflow during testing and operation of a 500‐imperial gpm municipal well adjacent to a normally effluent stream, and varying degrees of interference with private wells caused by dewatering at rates up to 2000‐imperial gpm for the installation of a trunk sewer.
EFFECTS OF SIMULATED CLOUD SEEDING ON STREAMFLOW OF SELECTED WATERSHEDS IN PENNSYLVANIA1
Authors: Sopper William E. , Hiemstra L. A. V. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA mathematical model was developed to simulate the hydrologic behavior of five small watersheds in central Pennsylvania. Continuous hydrographs for the 6‐month period, April to September 1964, were simulated. Synthesized rainfall cycles consisting of increasing rainfall by 10, 20, and 30 percent to simulate the effects of cloud seeding were processed through the watershed model to determine the effects on low flow augmentation. Other rainfall cycles used consisted of increasing every third storm by 30 percent and of developing a rainfall cycle by processing daily radiosonde data through a mathematical cumulus cloud model to obtain a prediction of rainfall following seeding. A comparison of actual and predicted hydrographs indicated that simulated cloud seeding resulted in significant monthly and seasonal water yields. In general, the results of the study appear to indicate that on a theoretical basis cloud seeding would be a feasible method of augmenting low stream‐flow during the summer months on watersheds in the northern Appalachian region.