bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Germination of Erysiphe gratninis f.sp. hordei conidia on barley leaves
Authors: RUSSELL G. E. , ANDREWS CHRISTINE R. , BISHOP C. D. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYGermination of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei conidia on leaves of several barley cultivars was studied in the laboratory. On both detached leaves and intact plants, within 48 h of inoculation a higher proportion of conidia had germinated on the basal and middle portions of the adaxial leaf surface than on the corresponding portions of the abaxial surface. Such differences between surfaces were not observed near the leaf tip. Similar results were obtained with all the cultivars and growth stages tested, and with five isolates of E. graminis, and are consistent with the observation that there is usually less powdery mildew on the abaxial than the adaxial surface of barley leaves.With most of the barley genotype/mildew isolate combinations tested, within 48 h of inoculation higher proportions of conidia germinated on seedlings and juvenile plants than on older plants. Inherited characteristics which affect spore germination on the leaf surface may be important factors in the development of adult‐plant resistance of barley to powdery mildew, particularly in certain genotypes.
Observations on the relationship between morphological variation and host range in populations of cereal cyst‐nematode
Authors: COOK R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYBritish pathotype 3 of cereal cyst‐nematode differs morphologically from Heterodera avenae. Mature cysts have a distinct underbridge which is absent from pathotypes 1 and 2. A population of pathotype 3 produced cysts on cereal genotypes resistant to pathotypes 1 and 2. The relationship of this pathotype to other graminaceous cyst‐nematodes is discussed.
Glasshouse studies on the effect of low temperature on infection of perennial ryegrass seedlings by Fusarium nivale
Authors: HOLMES S. J. I. , CHANNON A. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn glasshouse experiments, isolates of Fusarium nivale, applied as mycelial macerates, caused marked reductions in the number and length of roots, and in the height and fresh weight of S. 321 perennial ryegrass seedlings. Spore inocula failed to cause infection.Damage by F. nivale was increased when inoculation was immediately followed by four alternate 12 h periods in a growth cabinet at 0°C and in a warm glasshouse at c. 17°C, succeeded by a further 11 days in the same glasshouse.Although inoculated seedlings receiving no cold treatments initially showed damage, regrowth of roots and some recovery of the shoots occurred in a fortnight. Exposure of the plants after that time to four intermittent 12 h periods at 0°C, however, arrested their recovery and caused further root damage.The implication of these results in the importance of low temperature in the winterkill syndrome is discussed.
Herbicides and insecticides: their compatibility and effects on weeds, insects and earthworms in the minicauliflower crop*
Authors: FINLAYSON D. G. , CAMPBELL C. J. , ROBERTS H. A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn field experiments on a sandy loam at Wellesbourne, England in 1972 and on a silt loam at Agassiz, British Columbia in 1973, combinations of herbicides and insecticides were applied at sowing to determine their effects on weeds and invertebrate populations and on the growth and yield of cauliflowers grown at high densityThere was good agreement between the results from the two locations. The two combinations of herbicides, 0.6 kg trifluralin/ha incorporated pre‐drilling plus 2.2 kg propachlor/ha pre‐emergence and 2.2 kg nitrofen/ha plus 2.2 kg propachlor/ha both applied pre‐emergence, gave good weed control, their relative effectiveness depending on the species composition of the weed population. The insecticides isophenphos, carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos and fensulfothion were applied as bow‐wave treatments. None of them, whether in combination with herbicides or not, adversely affected crop stand or yield. Yield was reduced when either weeds or root‐fly maggots (Hylemya brassicae (Bouché)) were not controlled.Only in one experiment was there any evidence of any herbicide‐insecticide interactions. Where trifluralin and carbofuran were applied together at Agassiz, the control of both weeds and maggots was less than that with the other combinations. None of the treatments affected the populations of predatory beetles, but the numbers of earthworms were greatly reduced by carbofuran and to a lesser extent by chlorfenvinphos. Except for carbofuran in one experiment, the treatments had no effects on the numbers of aphids, lepidopterous larvae or leaf miners present at harvest.
Effect of herbicides on bracken rhizome survival
Authors: WILLIAMS G. H. , FOLEY A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYGlyphosate sprayed at 1.1, 2.2, 4.5 or 6.7 kg/ha on to bracken decreased the total carbohydrate content of the storage rhizome 20 months after spraying, the decrease being greater when spraying was carried out at the beginning rather than at the end of August. Asulam, benazolin and metribuzin, although reducing frond numbers, showed no significant effect on the rhizomes over the same period.
Rose powdery mildew: field trials with systemic fungicides, 1970–2
Authors: WHEELER B. E. J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYTrials were carried out with benomyl and dodemorph in 1970, 1971 and 1972, with triarimol in 1971 and with MBC in 1972. In 1970 and 1971 there were some indications that dodemorph was a more effective eradicant but the differences between materials generally appeared less important than the timing of the spray application. An attempt in 1972 to obtain better control by applying sprays in relation to predictions of mildew growth, based on temperature and humidity, was only partially successful.No significant effects of mildew on leaf area or number of flowers could be demonstrated. High levels (25 and 50%) of mildew were associated with small leaves but this may reflect only the abundance of such leaves at periods generally favourable for mildew. The rate of increase of mildew appeared to be directly related to rate of host growth. The significance of this is discussed.
Protein composition of unusual tobacco mosaic virus strains
Authors: DAWSON J. R. O. , REES M. W. , SHORT MARGARET N. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYAmino acid analyses have been made of the proteins of single‐lesion isolates of five strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) differentiated by Lycopersicon hosts. These hosts differed in their genetical control of resistance to TMV, and the virus strains had therefore survived specific selection pressures. Two of the five strains differed in their amino acid composition from type TMV and from all other tomato strains of TMV previously examined.Symptoms induced by the five strains in four tomato lines and in Nicotiana tabacum cvs White Burley and Kawala are described.
Effect of European wheat striate mosaic, acquired by feeding on diseased plants, on the biology of its planthopper vector Javesella pellucida
Authors: AMMAR E.‐D. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYTen lines of Javesella pellucida transmitted European wheat striate mosaic (EWSM) from diseased plants with an average efficiency of 31% compared to 10% efficiency for eleven lines of J. dubia. The effect on J. pellucida of EWSM, acquired through feeding on diseased plants by first and second instar nymphs, was studied in two outbred lines of hoppers. Three categories were compared: hoppers that fed on diseased plants for 7 days and became infective, hoppers that fed similarly but did not become infective, and control hoppers never fed on diseased plants and which were non‐infective. No statistically significant variation was found between these three categories in survival of nymphs to adulthood, adult longevity of either sex, total, and rate of, egg production per female, or survival of eggs to eclosion. Transovarial transmission of EWSM occurred in 6 to 43% of the progenies of infective females of J. pellucida.
An improved method of marking cabbage root flies
Authors: FINCH S. , SKINNER G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA new marking method has been developed to follow the movements and dispersal of cabbage root flies during their most active period, 2–7 days after emergence, using one of thirty‐four combinations of four head markings with fluorescent powders and six body markings with oil‐soluble dyes. The method permits simultaneous replication of dispersal experiments and rapid detection of marked flies. It requires no expensive equipment and provides a permanent record of the results.
Potato tuber lenticels: development and structure
Authors: ADAMS M. J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYStomata on growing potato tubers are changed to lenticels by about the third internode from the apical bud (A‐3). In wet soil lenticels proliferate, while in dry soil the filling cells become suberized by about the fifth internode (A‐5).Lenticels did not proliferate in the field after mid‐August, and laboratory experiments on freshly harvested and stored tubers showed that lenticels proliferated less readily as tubers aged. Proliferation occurred more readily on stored tubers induced to sprout than on tubers from which the eyes had been removed, but nevertheless proliferation is unlikely during winter storage.
Leafhopper transmission of a virus causing maize wallaby ear disease
Authors: GRYLLS N. E. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA virus causing maize wallaby ear disease was transmitted experimentally by Cicadulina bimaculata to fourteen species of monocotyledonous plants. It was also transmitted by Nesoclutha pallida, and by grafting. The symptoms obtained resemble closely those reported for maize leaf gall disease in the Philippines and maize rough dwarf virus in Italy and Israel.About 85% of C. bimaculata caught in the field carried maize wallaby ear virus (MWEV), and many of their progeny were viruliferous even when not allowed access to infected plants. The proportion of infective individuals in clones bred for nine generations from selected non‐transmitting adults decreased from 85% in the first nymphs to less than 1%; such individuals were difficult to rear, as their fecundity and longevity decreased greatly. N. pallida transmitted MWEV after injection with partially purified extracts of infected plants.Spherical particles c. 85 nm in diameter were found in the salivary glands of viruliferous C. bimaculata, but not in those of non‐transmitting individuals. The particles occurred in tubules in the cytoplasm and each had a densely stained core c. 50 nm in diameter. Particles similar in size to the core were found in extracts of infected but not uninfected maize, and in extracts of viruliferous but not in non‐viruliferous C. bimaculata and N. pallida.
The efficiency of two organomercury compounds in controllingg seed‐borne Septoria nodorutn on winter wheat
Authors: BATEMAN G. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe influence of various factors on the performance of organomercury seed treatments in controlling seed‐borne Septoria nodorum was studied in laboratory experiments. Control was least effective on the most heavily infected seed samples. On heavily infected seed ethyl mercuric chloride was more effective than phenyl mercuric acetate, although 5 wk storage of the treated seed before sowing increased the effectiveness of the latter compound. Effectiveness was not generally influenced by differences in soil moisture. Seedling vigour was significantly improved by levels of mercury below those applied commercially. The significance of seed treatment in the epidemiology of Septoria disease is discussed.
Photosynthetic and translocation pattern in contrasting winter wheat varieties
Authors: RUCKENBAUER P. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe rates of photosynthesis and patterns of translocation of 14C from the flag leaves of tall and semi‐dwarf wheat varieties, with and without awns, were compared in a field experiment. The rates of photosynthesis of the awnless varieties fell during the 14 days after anthesis but those of the awned varieties did not change. Wide differences in translocation pattern of 14C supplied at anthesis were also found between varieties, but the differences in distribution pattern of 14C supplied 14 days later were less. At anthesis, the high yielding semi‐dwarf selection translocated most carbohydrate to the ears and awned selections least. It is suggested that varietal differences in translocation pattern are determined by differences in the capacity of the grain to store carbohydrate.
The effect of early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani on shoot growth of young tomato plants
Authors: COFFEY M. D. , WHITBREAD R. , MARSHALL C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of increasing spore concentration of Alternaria solani (Early blight disease) on the shoot growth of young tomato plants was analysed. Changes in growth were related to the severity of infection which increased with increasing inoculum. Leaf production was not affected but dry weights and especially leaf expansion were decreased. The effective leaf areas of the five inoculated leaves (L1‐L5 numbered from the plant base) were drastically decreased by expanding necrotic lesions and, to a lesser extent, by premature leaf fall. Healthy leaves expanding soon after inoculation (L6, L7) were markedly affected by the disease on the lower leaves and had decreased specific leaf areas (ratio of leaf area to leaf dry weight) but later formed (from L8) leaves were less affected and had greater specific leaf areas than equivalent leaves on uninoculated plants.
Serological and immunoelectrophoretic relationships among viruses in the tombusvirus group
Authors: HOLLINGS M. , STONE OLWEN M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSerological cross‐reactions among eighteen virus isolates of the tombusvirus group were compared in precipitin tube and immunodiffusion serological tests. The isolates were also compared by immunoelectrophoresis in agar gel.Although precipitin tube tests showed considerable and reproducible differences between the various isolates, the results were too greatly affected by other factors to be of value in assessing strain relationships.When pairs of isolates were compared for spur formation in gel‐diffusion tests, the results suggested that most isolates could be placed in one of two groups; one group comprised isolates from pelargonium (leaf curl), the other consisted of petunia asteroid mosaic virus and artichoke mottled crinkle virus isolates from Italy and tomato bushy stunt isolates from soil around this Institute and from cherry. Four isolates did not fall into either of these groups; they nearly always formed spurs when compared among themselves, or with viruses in either of the two groups. Pairs of isolates that could be distinguished from each other in spur‐formation tests using antiserum homologous to one of them could not always be differentiated when antiserum heterologous to both isolates was used.Immunoelectrophoresis gave consistent results with several methods of virus preparation; it indicated grouping and separation of the isolates in general agreement with the results of gel‐diffusion tests: all pelargonium leaf curl isolates were grouped together with slow migration towards the cathode. The petunia asteroid mosaic isolate and the isolates from cherry and from soil from this Institute (GCRI) moved slowly towards the anode. Tomato bushy stunt virus type strain migrated rapidly to the cathode, differing greatly from all other isolates. The method offers a relatively simple means of typing isolates of the tombusvirus group.
Field experiments on the cereal cyst‐nematode (Heterodera avenae) in south‐east England, 1967‐72
Authors: GRAHAM C. W. , STONE L. E. W. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYField trials in south eastern counties of England over the period 1967‐72 have been carried out on sites infested by the cereal cyst‐nematode, Heterodera avenae. In the main, spring barley was the cereal used, since this is the dominant cereal grown, and during this period resistant cultivars became available. Behaviour of soil populations of this nematode was erratic, but resistant cultivars from the Welsh Plant Breeding Station, based on Rika/Proctor, consistently lowered the nematode population in the soil, and outyielded more modern susceptible cultivars on infested soils. Evidence was found, in 1972, of a reduction in viability of cysts, associated with disease.
Incorporating granular nematicides in soil to control potato cyst‐nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis
Authors: WHITEHEAD A. G. , TITE D. J. , FRASER JANET E. , FRENCH EILEEN M. , SMITH J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIncorporating either Du Pont 1410 or Nemacur P at 11‐2 kg a.i./ha in peaty loam topsoil in Spring, controlled potato cyst‐nematodes (Heterodera rostochiensis) to 20 cm deep as well as did 5.6 kg incorporated in Winter before ploughing followed by another dose of 5.6 kg incorporated in the seedbed in Spring. In pots Du Pont 1410 remained effective after several months incubation in soil at 5 or 10 oC. Dazomet at 440 kg/ha incorporated in the topsoil in Winter (220 kg before ploughing and 220 kg after ploughing) did not control the nematodes as consistently as 5.6 or 11.2 kg a.i./ha of Du Pont 141 o or Nemacur P, even when the dazomet‐treated plots were covered with Polythene sheeting to prolong fumigation. In large containers, aldicarb at 45 mg a.i./13 l soil increased the yield of Arran Banner potatoes as much when incorporated to 13 cm deep in moderately infested peaty loam as when incorporated to 25 or 38 cm deep, but not as much as when all the soil (to 51 cm deep) was treated. Treating the soil to 13 cm deep did not control the nematodes 13–25 cm deep even though some of the nematicide was probably leached into this layer. In field plots, the nematodes were better controlled when Du Pont 1410 or Dowco 275 was rotavated into the top 10 cm than into the top 20 cm of a peaty loam soil. Rotavating soil twice instead of once after applying aldicarb, Du Pont 1410 or Dowco 275 to the soil surface did not increase nematode control. Although small amounts of aldicarb incorporated into the topsoil in Spring controlled the nematodes, the same amounts concentrated in the seed furrows, just before susceptible potatoes were planted in them, did not.
Effects of a synthetic juvenile hormone and some analogues on Ephestia spp. (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)
Authors: HONG BY TAN KENG 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYDepending on their stage of development, treatment of mature larvae of Ephestia kühniella with a synthetic juvenile hormone resulted in the production of super larvae (which invariably prolonged larval life) and larval‐pupal intermediates. When migrating last‐instar larvae were treated with the juvenile hormone analogues (JHA) ethyl‐3,7, n‐trimethyldodeca‐2,4‐dienoate (ZR512) and isopropyl ii‐methoxy‐3,7, ii‐trimethyldodeca‐2,4‐dienoate (ZR515), larval‐pupal intermediates and pupal mortality were induced. However, when applied topically, ZR515 appeared more effective than ZR512. Both analogues prevented adult emergence when topically applied to the migrating larvae at doses between 28–52 ng. One‐day‐old pupae were most susceptible while older individuals became less sensitive with age. When larvae pupated in corrugated cardboard rolls were treated with ZR512 those of both E. cautella and E. kiihniella failed to emerge. At an estimated dose of 179 ng cm‐2, ZR515 prevented 77‐6%E. cautella and 100%E. kühniella larvae from emerging as adults. The control of Ephestia by JHA treatment of the pupation sites is discussed.
Effect of leaf age and inoculum concentration on the symptoms produced by Gymnosporangiumjuniperi‐virginianae on apple
Authors: ALDWINCKLE H. S. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY Gymnosporangium juniperi‐virginianae, the incitant of cedar apple rust, induced the greatest number of lesions (flecks, pycnial lesions, aecial lesions) on 6‐ and 8‐day‐old leaves of single‐shoot potted apple plants inoculated and incubated under controlled conditions. The largest pycnial lesions developed on 2‐ and 4‐day‐old leaves and the largest aecial lesions on 6‐day‐old leaves. The number of lesions was positively correlated with the concentration of basidiospores in the inoculum, but lesion size was constant at different inoculum levels. Elevated inoculum concentrations failed to induce pycnia on cv. McIntosh which normally bears only flecks; very low concentrations induced the development of pycnia but not aecia on cv. Rome Beauty, which normally bears aecia. An ‘infection rating’, log10 (10 nd2), where n is the highest number of pycnial lesions per leaf and d is the largest mean diameter of pycnial lesions on any leaf, calculated for four cultivars in greenhouse tests showed a positive correlation with a ‘susceptibility rating’ developed from observations of natural infection of these cultivars in the field.
Storage rots of taro (Colocasia esculenta) in the British Solomon Islands
Authors: JACKSON G. V. H. , GOLLIFER D. E. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSeveral fungicides chosen for their ability to control the pathogens previously isolated from stored corms of taro failed to prevent severe rotting. This result led to a reappraisal of the organisms involved in the initial stages of decay. Isolations made from stored corms during the first 5 days showed that Phytophthora colocasiae and Pythium splendens were the dominant fungi in the rots. Later Botryodiplodia theobromae rapidly colonized the corms to complete the decay.Attempts to reduce losses by leaving petiole bases, cormels and roots attached only succeeded in delaying infection by a few days. Corms placed in soil in well‐drained pits stored relatively well up to 4 wk without impaired taste. Fungal rots were completely eliminated in corms stored in the soil but bacterial rots caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi were responsible for some decay.
Effects of mist irrigation on the physiology of sugar beet
Authors: MILFORD G. F. J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYHigh radiation and transpiration demand created low leaf water potentials in sugar beet even when adequate water, applied as irrigation to the soil, was apparently available to the roots. Applications of small quantities of water as a mist to the leaves under such conditions enabled the plant to maintain greater water potentials and to photosynthesize faster.
The behavioural basis of a pheromone monitoring system for pea moth, Cydia nigricana
Authors: LEWIS T. , WALL C. , MACAULAY E. D. M. , GREENWAY A. R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe flight and mating behaviour of the pea moth(Cydia nigricana)was studied at overwintering sites and in pea fields to see whether it could be exploited to provide early warning of adult immigration into pea crops. The field threshold temperature for take‐off is 18CC. Most flight activity‐occurred in June and July between 16.00 and 18.00 B.S.T. with peak activity at 17.04 h. Moths were not caught in suction traps at heights above 0–4 m, but they can probably travel several km by fluttering above vegetation in winds of up to 10 km/h.Female moths produce a sex pheromone(s) highly attractive to males; ‘calling’ by females and mating occur during the period of maximum flight activity.Suction traps and egg counts detected the presence of moths in crops at about the same time. On average, sticky and water traps containing live virgin females as a lure caught respectively 17 and 130 times more males than suction traps and, on occasions, 25 and 300 times more; these attractive traps should detect the arrival of immigrants sooner than suction traps or egg counts.Extracts of virgin females dispensed from filter paper at doses of one and five female‐equivalents (FE) attracted males rapidly but temporarily. Rubber dispensers with extracts of twenty FE remained attractive for 6 days. Several synthetic attractants were screened using doses of o‐i mg on rubber dispensers in sticky traps. CYs‐8‐dodecenyl acetate and erans‐8, frans‐io‐dodeca‐dienol at doses of o‐i mg were slightly attractive; the latter at doses of 1 ‐o mg was more attractive than twenty FE doses of extract and could be used for experimental monitoring of pea moth until its own synthetic sex pheromone(s) is available.