bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stimulatory Effect of N‐Methyltyramine, a Congener of Beer, on Pancreatic Secretion in Conscious Rats
Authors: Tsutsumi Eri , Kanai Setsuko , Ohta Minoru , Suwa Yoshihide , Miyasaka Kyoko 
Published: March 2009

Background:  Alcoholic beverages stimulate gastric acid secretion and increase the appetite. Although ingested ethanol stimulates pancreatic secretion, alcoholic beverages contain several congeners. N‐methyltyramine (NMT) was isolated from beer as a factor in stimulating gastric acid secretion. In this study, we examined NMT to determine whether the congener stimulated pancreatic secretion in conscious rats.Methods:  Cannulae were inserted into male Wistar rats to separately drain bile and pancreatic secretions: 2 duodenal cannulae, a gastric cannula, and an external jugular vein cannula. The rats were placed in modified Bollman‐type restraint cages. After a 4‐day recovery period, experiments were conducted on unanesthetized rats. Different concentrations of NMT (5, 25, and 50 μg/kg) solutions were infused into the stomach. To examine the mechanism, the effects of the proton pump inhibitor, cholecystokinin (CCK‐BR) antagonist (YM022), CCK‐AR antagonist (CR1505), and atropine were administered prior to the NMT (25 μg/kg) infusion. The effect of intravenous infusion of NMT (7.5 μg/kg) was then determined. Moreover, dispersed acini were prepared, and the effect of different concentrations of NMT on amylase release was determined.Results:  Intragastric administration of NMT significantly increased pancreatic exocrine secretion in a dose‐dependent manner. Atropine eliminated the stimulatory effect of NMT, but the infusion of the proton pump inhibitor, YM022, and CR1505 did not. Intravenous infusion of NMT did not affect pancreatic secretion, and NMT did not stimulate amylase release in vitro.Conclusions:  N‐methyltyramine stimulates pancreatic secretion via the cholinergic gastro‐pancreatic reflex. The NMT content in beer was 2 mg/l, so that if a person weighing 60 kg consumes a 750 ml of beer, 25 μg/kg NMT will be ingested. Therefore, the stimulatory effect of beer on pancreatic secretion was produced not only by ethanol but also by the congener, NMT.
Effects ofd‐Cycloserine on Extinction and Reconditioning of Ethanol‐Seeking Behavior in Mice
Authors: Groblewski Peter A. , Lattal K. Matthew , Cunningham Christopher L. 
Published: March 2009

Background: d‐Cycloserine (DCS), a partialN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor agonist, has been shown to enhance the extinction of both cocaine and amphetamine‐induced conditioned place preference (CPP). However, there have been no reports of the effects of DCS on the extinction of ethanol‐conditioned behaviors in mice. Thus, the current experiments examined the effects of DCS on the extinction and subsequent reconditioning of ethanol‐induced CPP in mice.Methods: Male DBA/2J mice received either 2 or 4 pairings of ethanol (2 g/kg) with a conditioned stimulus (CS+) floor cue (and an equal number of saline pairings with a CS− floor cue on alternate days) resulting in either a weak or strong ethanol CPP, respectively. Following conditioning of a strong ethanol CPP mice received saline or 30 mg/kg DCS prior to each of the twelve 30‐minute choice extinction trials administered at 48‐hour intervals. Mice that had received conditioning of a weak ethanol CPP received saline, 30 or 60 mg/kg DCS immediately before each of the six 30‐minute choice extinction trials. Following successful ethanol CPP extinction, mice received reconditioning trials similar to the initial conditioning trials. A final experiment examined the effects 12 DCS pre‐exposures (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) on initial conditioning of ethanol CPP.Results: First, we showed that 2 doses of DCS (30 and 60 mg/kg) did not have aversive properties that could confound the effects on extinction of CPP (Experiment 1). Second, we showed that DCS (30 and 60 mg/kg) had no effect on the rate of extinction of either strong (Experiment 2) or weak (Experiment 3) ethanol‐induced CPP. Interestingly, DCS administered during extinction interfered with reconditioning of ethanol‐induced CPP—an effect specific to reconditioning, as DCS pre‐exposure did not influence initial ethanol CPP conditioning (Experiment 4).Conclusions: These experiments show that although DCS showed no effect on extinction behavior, when given during extinction it interfered with subsequent reconditioning of ethanol CPP. The mechanisms of this effect were not, however, due to nonspecific interference with learning because repeated DCS pre‐exposures did not impair initial conditioning of ethanol CPP.
Age of Drinking Onset and Injuries, Motor Vehicle Crashes, and Physical Fights After Drinking and When Not Drinking
Authors: Hingson Ralph W. , Edwards Erika M. , Heeren Timothy , Rosenbloom David 
Published: March 2009

Background:  Earlier age of drinking onset has been associated with greater odds of involvement in motor vehicle crashes, unintentional injuries, and physical fights after drinking. This study explores whether early drinkers take more risks even when sober by comparing potential associations between age of drinking onset and these outcomes after drinking relative to when respondents have not been drinking.Method:  From a national sample, 4,021 ever‐drinkers ages 18 to 39 were asked age of drinking onset, not counting tastes or sips. They were also asked if they were ever in motor vehicle crashes, unintentionally injured, or in physical fights after drinking and when not drinking. GEE logistic regression models for repeated measures dichotomous outcomes compared whether odds ratios between age of onset and these adverse outcomes significantly differed when they occurred after drinking versus when not drinking, controlling for respondents’ demographic characteristics, cigarette and marijuana use, family history of alcoholism, ever experiencing alcohol dependence, and frequency of binge drinking.Results:  Compared with persons who started drinking at age 21+, those who started at ages <14, 14 to 15, 16 to 17, and 18 to 20 had, after drinking, respectively greater odds: 6.3 (2.6, 15.3), 5.2 (2.2, 12.3), 3.3 (1.5, 7.3), and 2.2 (0.9, 5.1) of having been in a motor vehicle crash; 6.0 (3.4, 10.5), 4.9 (3.0, 8.6), 3.7 (2.4, 5.6), and 1.9 (1.2, 2.9) of ever being in a fight; and 4.6 (2.4, 8.7), 4.7 (2.6, 8.6), 3.2 (1.9, 5.6), and 2.3 (1.3, 4.0) of ever being accidentally injured. The odds of experiencing motor vehicle accidents or injuries when not drinking were not significantly elevated among early onset drinkers. The odds of earlier onset drinkers being in fights were also significantly greater when respondents had been drinking than not drinking.Conclusion:  Starting to drink at an earlier age is associated with greater odds of experiencing motor vehicle crash involvement, unintentional injuries, and physical fights when respondents were drinking, but less so when respondents had not been drinking. These findings reinforce the need for programs and policies to delay drinking onset.
Associations and Interactions Between SNPs in the Alcohol Metabolizing Genes and Alcoholism Phenotypes in European Americans
Authors: Sherva Richard , Rice John P. , Neuman Rosalind J. , Rochberg Nanette , Saccone Nancy L. , Bierut Laura J. 
Published: March 2009

Background: Alcohol dependence is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and has a strong familial component. Several linkage and association studies have identified chromosomal regions and/or genes that affect alcohol consumption, notably in genes involved in the 2‐stage pathway of alcohol metabolism.Methods: Here, we use multiple regression models to test for associations and interactions between 2 alcohol‐related phenotypes and SNPs in 17 genes involved in alcohol metabolism in a sample of 1,588 European American subjects.Results: The strongest evidence for association after correcting for multiple testing was between rs1229984, a nonsynonymous coding SNP in ADH1B, and DSM‐IV symptom count (p = 0.0003). This SNP was also associated with maximum number of drinks in 24 hours (p = 0.0004). Each minor allele at this SNP predicts 45% fewer DSM‐IV symptoms and 18% fewer max drinks. Another SNP in a splice site in ALDH1A1 (rs8187974) showed evidence for association with both phenotypes as well (p = 0.02 and 0.004, respectively), but neither association was significant after accounting for multiple testing. Minor alleles at this SNP predict greater alcohol consumption. In addition, pairwise interactions were observed between SNPs in several genes (p = 0.00002).Conclusions: We replicated the large effect of rs1229984 on alcohol behavior, and although not common (MAF = 4%), this polymorphism may be highly relevant from a public health perspective in European Americans. Another SNP, rs8187974, may also affect alcohol behavior but requires replication. Also, interactions between polymorphisms in genes involved in alcohol metabolism are likely determinants of the parameters that ultimately affect alcohol consumption.
Who Will Consent to Emergency Treatment Trials for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage?
Authors: Del Giudice Angela , Plaum Justin , Maloney Eileen , Kasner Scott E. , Le Roux Peter D. , Baren Jill M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disorder that still requires much clinical study. However, the decision to participate in a randomized clinical trial, particularly a neuroemergency trial, is a complex one. The purposes of this survey were to determine who would participate in a randomized clinical trial that intended to examine transfusion practices after SAH, to identify who could serve as potential proxy decision‐makers, and to find which patient characteristics were associated with the decision to participate.Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional study using a self‐administered questionnaire, composed of a brief description of the proposed trial followed by questions about participation using a 5‐point Likert scale. Information sought included potential decision‐maker, demographic data, setting and reason for current health care access, and personal or family history of neurologic injury.Results:  Nine‐hundred five subjects were enrolled during emergency department (ED) visits, office visits, hospital admissions, or online, during a 1‐month period: 63% were women and 46% were white. Nonneurologic problems were the leading reason (90%) for health care access, but 45% had a personal or family history of neurologic injury. Overall, 54% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 51% to 57%) of subjects stated they would definitely or probably consent to participate. No subject characteristics were associated with this decision: age (p = 0.28), sex (p = 0.16), race/ethnicity (p = 0.07), education (p = 0.44), religion (p = 0.42), clinical setting (p = 0.14), reason for visit (p = 0.58), and/or history of neurologic injury (p = 0.33). The vast majority (88%) identified a family member as the proxy decision‐maker, again without differences among groups.Conclusions:  Greater than half of respondents stated they would participate in a proposed emergency treatment trial for SAH. Our survey suggests that the decision to participate is highly individualized, because no demographic, pathologic, historical, or access‐related predictors of choice were found. Educational materials designed for this type of trial would need to be broad‐based. Family members should be considered as proxy decision‐makers where permitted by federal and local regulations.
Potential Impact of Adjusting the Threshold of the Quantitative D‐dimer Based on Pretest Probability of Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Kabrhel Christopher , Mark Courtney D. , Camargo Jr Carlos A. , Moore Christopher L. , Richman Peter B. , Plewa Michael C. , Nordenholtz Kristen E. , Smithline Howard A , Beam Daren M. , Brown Michael D. , Kline Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives:  The utility of D‐dimer testing for suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) can be limited by test specificity. The authors tested if the threshold of the quantitative D‐dimer can be varied according to pretest probability (PTP) of PE to increase specificity while maintaining a negative predictive value (NPV) of >99%.Methods:  This was a prospective, observational multicenter study of emergency department (ED) patients in the United States. Eligible patients had a diagnostic study ordered to evaluate possible PE. PTP was determined by the clinician’s unstructured estimate and the Wells score. Five different D‐dimer assays were used. D‐dimer test performance was measured using 1) standard thresholds and 2) variable threshold values: twice (for low PTP patients), equal (intermediate PTP patients), or half (high PTP patients) of standard threshold. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) within 45 days required positive imaging plus decision to treat.Results:  The authors enrolled 7,940 patients tested for PE, and clinicians ordered a quantitative D‐dimer for 4,357 (55%) patients who had PTPs distributed as follows: low (74%), moderate (21%), or high (4%). At standard cutoffs, across all PTP strata, quantitative D‐dimer testing had a test sensitivity of 94% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 91% to 97%), specificity of 58% (95% CI = 56% to 60%), and NPV of 99.5% (95% CI = 99.1% to 99.7%). If variable cutoffs had been used the overall sensitivity would have been 88% (95% CI = 83% to 92%), specificity 75% (95% CI = 74% to 76%), and NPV 99.1% (95% CI = 98.7% to 99.4%).Conclusions:  This large multicenter observational sample demonstrates that emergency medicine clinicians currently order a D‐dimer in the majority of patients tested for PE, including a large proportion with intermediate PTP and high PTP. Varying the D‐dimer’s cutoff according to PTP can increase specificity with no measurable decrease in NPV.
(A)sexual reproduction – a review of life cycles of grape phylloxera,Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
Authors: Forneck Astrid , Huber Lars 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSince its emergence as a pest of grapevine about 150 years ago, studies on the life cycle and mode of reproduction of grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliaeFitch) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) have been of considerable scientific interest and importance for applied viticulture. The life cycle of grape phylloxera, as described in the mid to late nineteenth century, is still subject to discussion and confusion. In this article, we aim to provide for the first time an overview of the reported life cycle strategies of grape phylloxera by summarizing documented observations, the results of controlled field and laboratory assays, and the results of molecular genetic analyses. Thus, we present a detailed morphological comparison of grape phylloxera morphs and provide clarification of these by suggesting a simplified nomenclature as well as revising errors found in the published literature. Moreover, recent molecular markers studies, which further enhance our understanding of the impact of sexual recombination on grape phylloxera, are described and discussed.
Response of female oriental fruit moth to volatiles from apple and peach trees at three phenological stages
Authors: Piñero Jaime C. , Dorn Silvia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe attractiveness of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and apple (Malus domestica L. Borkh.) (both Rosaceae) tissue to gravid female oriental fruit moth, Grapholita (= Cydia) molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was assessed at three distinct stages throughout the growing season using a dual‐choice bioassay. Plant material offered to the female moths consisted of a plant shoot in early spring, before fruit became available. Later, it consisted of a leaf‐bearing twig and a fruit, either alone or in combination. The level of attraction of the female moths to the various plant tissues varied substantially over time and according to the plant species. Before fruit became available, female moths were significantly attracted to peach as well as to apple shoots. During the early fruit growth stage, moths were attracted to a leaf‐bearing twig originating from a peach tree, but not to that from an apple tree. In peach, it was the vegetative tissue that accounted for the attraction, whereas in apple, it was the reproductive tissue (a developing fruit). During the late fruit growth stage, both peach fruit and apple fruit were highly attractive, whereas a twig with leaves from either an apple or a peach tree was neither attractive nor repellent to the female moths. This changing female olfactory response to volatiles emitted by vegetative tissue and fruits from the two host plant species with progressing season is discussed with respect to the biology and the dispersal of this moth species.
Media composition influences on growth, enzyme activity, and virulence of the entomopathogen hyphomycete Isaria fumosoroseus
Authors: Ali Shaukat , Huang Zhen , Ren Shunxiang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThree isolates of Isaria fumosoroseus Wize (Hyphomycetes) were cultured on six media composed of differing amounts of chitin, carbon, and nitrogen. The effect of nutrition on growth and virulence was studied by measuring colony growth, spore yield, germination rate, spore‐bound protease (Pr1) and lipase activity, and virulence of inoculum produced by different media against second instars of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Chitin peptone nutrition media resulted in the highest colony growth but spore yields were lowest for this medium, whereas the osmotic stress medium resulted in the lowest colony growth with fewer spores. Highest lipase activity (4.14 µmol/ml/min) was observed for spores produced on high C/N medium for isolate IF28.2, whereas highest Pr1 activity (2.64 µmol/ml/min) was also observed on high C/N medium for isolate IF28.2. A higher rate of Pr1 and lipase activity for all three isolates was observed on low C/N, 2% peptone, and the osmotic stress media. Conidia from nutrient‐poor media (2% peptone) proved to be the least virulent for all three isolates with median survival time values of 2.23, 2.05, and 1.79 days for IF32, IF28.2, and IF49, respectively. Median survival time values for the various nutrient media proved to be positively correlated with spore‐bound Pr1 and lipase activity, having correlation coefficient values of 0.115 and 0.538, respectively.
Sequestration of 3‐oxygenated α‐ionone derivatives in the male rectal gland of the solanaceous fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons
Authors: Nishida Ritsuo , Enomoto Hiroshi , Shelly Todd E. , Ishida Tatsuaki 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe solanaceous fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), infests various solanaceous fruits including eggplant and chili peppers. We found that a freshly cut fruit of an eggplant cultivar [Solanum melongena L. cv. Long Purple Oriental (Solanaceae)] selectively attracted and provoked voracious feeding behavior in adult B. latifrons males (but not in females) in an indoor test. One of the male‐specific attractants/feeding stimulants in eggplant was identified as 3‐hydroxy‐α‐ionone. Sexually mature males that fed on the eggplant pulp selectively accumulated a series of 3‐oxygenated α‐ionone/α‐ionol analogs (e.g., 3‐oxo‐α‐ionol and 3‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐α‐ionol) in the rectal gland, a suspected pheromone reservoir in male flies. Males fed on synthetic 3‐hydroxy‐α‐ionone, 3‐oxo‐α‐ionol, or 3‐oxo‐α‐ionone partially biotransformed the compounds into 3‐oxo‐α‐ionol, 3‐oxo‐α‐ionone, and 3‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐α‐ionol and sequestered substantial quantities (as high as 5 µg/gland as a mixture) in a similar ratio in the rectal gland within 6 h after ingestion. These results suggest that the rectal sequestrates may serve as a sex pheromone similar to other Bactrocera species that use phenylpropanoid volatiles to attract conspecific females.
TGF‐β2 is specifically expressed in human dermal papilla cells and modulates hair folliculogenesis
Authors: Inoue Keita , Aoi Noriyuki , Yamauchi Yuji , Sato Takahiro , Suga Hirotaka , Eto Hitomi , Kato Harunosuke , Tabata Yasuhiko , Yoshimura Kotaro 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDermal papilla cells (DPCs) in the mammalian hair follicle have been shown to develop hair follicles through epithelial–mesenchymal interactions. A cell therapy to regenerate human hair is theoretically possible by expanding autologous human DPCs (hDPCs) and transplanting them into bald skin, though much remains to be overcome before clinical success. In this study, we compared gene signatures of hDPCs at different passages and human dermal fibroblasts, and found transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β2 to be highly expressed in cultured hDPCs. Keratinocyte conditioned medium, which is known to help preserve the hair‐inducing capacity of hDPCs, up‐regulated TGF‐β2 expression of hDPCs and also enhanced their alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a known index for hair‐inductive capacity. Through screening of components secreted from keratinocytes, the vitamin D3 analogue was found to promote TGF‐β2 expression and ALP activity of hDPCs. In animal hair folliculogenesis models using rat epidermis and expanded hDPCs, inhibition of TGF‐β2 signalling at the ligand or receptor level significantly impaired hair folliculogenesis and maturation. These results suggest an important role for TGF‐β2 in hair follicle morphogenesis and provide insights into the establishment of future cell therapies for hair regrowth by transplanting expanded DPCs.
Derivation of a novel undifferentiated human foetal phenotype in serum‐free cultures with BMP‐2
Authors: Mirmalek‐Sani Sayed‐Hadi , Stokes Paula J. , Tare Rahul S. , Ralph Esther J. , Inglis Stefanie , Hanley Neil A. , Houghton Franchesca D. , Oreffo Richard O.C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSkeletal stem and progenitor populations provide a platform for cell‐based tissue regeneration strategies. Optimized conditions for ex vivo expansion will be critical and use of serum‐free culture may allow enhanced modelling of differentiation potential. Maintenance of human foetal femur‐derived cells in a chemically defined medium (CDM) with activin A and fibroblast growth factor‐2 generated a unique undifferentiated cell population in comparison to basal cultures, with significantly reduced amino acid depletion, appearance and turnover, reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and loss of type I and II collagen expression demonstrated by fluorescence immunocytochemistry. Microarray analysis demonstrated up‐regulation of CLU, OSR2, POSTN and RABGAP1 and down‐regulation of differentiation‐associated genes CRYAB, CSRP1, EPAS1, GREM1, MT1X and SRGN as validated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Application of osteogenic conditions to CDM cultures demonstrated partial rescue of ALP activity. In contrast, the addition of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) resulted in reduced ALP levels, increased amino acid metabolism and, strikingly, a marked shift to a cobblestone‐like cellular morphology, with expression of SOX‐2 and SOX‐9 but not STRO‐1 as shown by immunocytochemistry, and significantly altered expression of metabolic genes (GFPT2, SC4MOL and SQLE), genes involved in morphogenesis (SOX15 and WIF1) and differentiation potential (C1orf19, CHSY‐2,DUSP6, HMGCS1 and PPL). These studies demonstrate the use of an intermediary foetal cellular model for differentiation studies in chemically defined conditions and indicate the in vitro reconstruction of the mesenchymal condensation phenotype in the presence of BMP‐2, with implications therein for rescue studies, screening assays and skeletal regeneration research.