bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic impact of tumour‐infiltrating Th2 and regulatory T cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Schreck Sabine , Friebel Daniela , Buettner Maike , Distel Luitpold , Grabenbauer Gerhard , Young Lawrence S. , Niedobitek Gerald 
Published: October 2008

AbstractClassical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) is morphologically characterized by a small number of tumour cells, Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells, surrounded by numerous tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). The functional role of these TIL is still controversial. While generally considered to represent an anti‐tumour immune response, TIL in cHL might result from the profoundly deregulated immunity of cHL patients. Eighty‐seven cases of cHL were available to evaluate the prognostical significance of tumour‐infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), T helper 1 (Th1) cells, T helper 2 (Th2) cells and regulatory T cells (Treg). We confirm that in cHL the microenvironment is dominated by Th2 cells and Treg and show that large numbers of Th2 cells are associated with significantly improved disease‐free survival (p = 0.021) and event‐free survival (p = 0.012). Furthermore, a high ratio of Treg over Th2 cells resulted in a significantly shortened disease‐free survival (p = 0.025). These observations suggest that Treg may exert inhibitory effects on anti‐tumour immune responses mediated through Th2 cells and that Th2 cells may be more important for effective anti‐tumour immunity than anticipated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D float tracking: in situ floodplain roughness estimation
Authors: Straatsma Menno 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a novel technique to quantify in situ hydrodynamic roughness of submerged floodplain vegetation: 3D float tracking. This method uses a custom‐built floating tripod that is released on the inundated floodplain and tracked from shore by a robotic total station. Simultaneously, an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) collects flow velocity profiles and water depth data. Roughness values are derived from two methods based on (1) run‐averaged values of water depth, slope and flow velocity to compute the roughness based on the Chézy equation, assuming uniform flow, (2) the equation for one‐dimensional free surface flow in a moving window. A sensitivity analysis using synthetic data proved that the median value of the roughness, derived using method 2, is independent of (1) the noise in water levels, up to 9 mm, (2) bottom surface slope, and (3) topographic undulations. The window size should be at least 40 m for a typical lowland river setup. Field measurements were carried out on two floodplain sections with an average vegetation height of 0·030 (Arnhem) and 0·043 m (Dreumel). Method 1 resulted in a Nikuradse roughness length of 0·08 m for both locations. Method 2 gave 0·12 m for Arnhem and 0·19 m for Dreumel. In Arnhem, a spatial pattern of roughness values was present, which might be related to fractional vegetation cover or vegetation density during the flood peak. 3D float tracking proved a flexible and detailed method for roughness determination in the absence of waves, and provided an unrestricted view from shore. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards an energy‐based runoff generation theory for tundra landscapes
Authors: Quinton William L. , Carey Sean K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRunoff hydrology has a large historical context concerned with the mechanisms and pathways of how water is transferred to the stream network. Despite this, there has been relatively little application of runoff generation theory to cold regions, particularly the expansive treeless environments where tundra vegetation, permafrost, and organic soils predominate. Here, the hydrological cycle is heavily influenced by 1) snow storage and release, 2) permafrost and frozen ground that restricts drainage, and 3) the water holding capacity of organic soils. While previous research has adapted temperate runoff generation concepts such as variable source area, transmissivity feedback, and fill‐and‐spill, there has been no runoff generation concept developed explicitly for tundra environments. Here, we propose an energy‐based framework for delineating runoff contributing areas for tundra environments. Aerodynamic energy and roughness height control the end‐of‐winter snow water equivalent, which varies orders of magnitude across the landscape. Radiant energy in turn controls snowmelt and ground thaw rates. The combined spatial pattern of aerodynamic and radiant energy control flow pathways and the runoff contributing areas of the catchment, which are persistent on a year‐to‐year basis. While ground surface topography obviously plays an important role in the assessment of contributing areas, the close coupling of energy to the hydrological cycles in arctic and alpine tundra environments dictates a new paradigm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NO‐sulindac inhibits the hypoxia response of PC‐3 prostate cancer cells via the Akt signalling pathway
Authors: Stewart Grant D. , Nanda Jyoti , Brown David J.G. , Riddick Antony C.P. , Ross James A. , Habib Fouad K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNitric oxide‐donating non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are safer than traditional NSAIDs and inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells with greater potency than NSAIDs. In vivo, prostate cancer deposits are found in a hypoxic environment which induces resistance to chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to assess the effects and mechanism of action of a NO‐NSAID called NO‐sulindac on the PC‐3 prostate cancer cell line under hypoxic conditions. NO‐sulindac was found to have pro‐apoptotic, cytotoxic, and anti‐invasive effect on PC‐3 cells under normoxia and hypoxia. NO‐sulindac was significantly more cytotoxic than sulindac at all oxygen levels. The sulindac/linker and NO‐releasing subunits both contributed to the cytotoxic effects of NO‐sulindac. Resistance of PC‐3 cells to NO‐sulindac was induced as the oxygen concentration declined. Hypoxia‐induced chemoresistance was reversed by knocking‐down hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) mRNA using RNAi. Nuclear HIF‐1α levels were upregulated at 0.2% oxygen but reduced by treatment with NO‐sulindac, as was Akt phosphorylation. NO‐sulindac treatment of hypoxic PC‐3 cells transfected with a reporter construct, downregulated activation of the hypoxia response element (HRE) promoter. Co‐transfection of PC‐3 cells with the HRE promoter reporter construct and myr‐Akt (constitutively active Akt) plasmids reversed the NO‐sulindac induced reduction in HRE activation. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis of hypoxic, NO‐sulindac treated PC‐3 cells showed downregulation of lysyl oxidase and carbonic anhydrase IX mRNA expression. Collectively, these novel findings demonstrate that NO‐sulindac directly inhibits the hypoxia response of PC‐3 prostate cancer cells by inhibiting HIF‐1α translation via the Akt signalling pathway. The ability of NO‐sulindac to inhibit tumour adaption to hypoxia has considerable relevance to the future management of prostate cancer with the same cellular properties as PC‐3. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Past, Present and Future Role of Limnology in Freshwater Fisheries Science
Authors: Arlinghaus Robert , Johnson Brett M. , Wolter Christian 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLimnology has greatly influenced the field of freshwater fisheries science, particularly fisheries biology. However, both fields became increasingly disconnected during the 20thcentury, when major research traditions within limnology became more tightly focused and humans, even fish, were externalized. A paradigm shift occurring within freshwater fisheries science today is redefining research questions and approaches and is further challenging the role of limnology within fisheries science. Modern fisheries science has become a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and sometimes transdisciplinary endeavour that melds the social with the natural sciences to understand fisheries as social‐ecological systems. Limnology remains important to capture some of the dynamics inherent in social‐ecological fisheries systems, but becomes one of the many necessary scientific disciplines of fisheries science, rather than the primary supporting science that it used to be. To improve scholarly communication between limnologists and freshwater fisheries scientists, major shifts in perspective are needed.It is hardly understandable why fish are only regarded as a component of the aquatic ecosystem or a means for biomanipulation in modern textbooks on limnology or limno‐ecology, while the fisheries science as a natural component of theoretical and applied limnology in the spirit of Thienemann is not mentioned in the table of contents!H.‐J. Elster, 1993 (translated from German) (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Change of Climate Provokes a Change of Paradigm: Taking Leave of Two Tacit Assumptions about Physical Lake Forcing
Authors: Livingstone David M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPhysically, lakes have traditionally been viewed as individual systems forced by statistically stationary local weather. This view implies that the physical response of a lake to external physical forcing is unique and stationary. Recent recognition of the importance of large‐scale climatic forcing in driving physical lake processes, combined with the realisation that this forcing is undergoing a long‐term trend as a result of climate change, has led to a shift in this paradigm. The new physical paradigm views lakes more in terms of a local response to large‐scale climatic forcing modulated by the addition of local noise. A strong climate signal leads to large‐scale spatial coherence in the physical lake response, while the existence of trends in large‐scale climatic forcing associated with climate change means that both the forcing and the physical lake response are statistically non‐stationary. Thus increasing realisation of the importance of climate and climate change is invalidating the tacit assumptions of individuality and stationarity that underlie the old conceptual framework, resulting in its gradual abandonment in favour of a new paradigm based on the concepts of spatial coherence and temporal non‐stationarity. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Phosphorus Limitation Paradigm for Lakes
Authors: Sterner Robert W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLakes are often said to be primarily phosphorus limited, but this paradigm has been described in numerous ways and there is considerable evidence that algae in lakes are often limited by other elements too. Crucial whole‐ecosystem experiments that support the paradigm of the primacy of P limitation are few in number and have been limited to naturally oligotrophic lakes. A large amount of observational and experimental data seems to contradict the phosphorus limitation paradigm and instead indicates that most lakes are co‐limited by N and P as well as, perhaps, by Fe and other resources. The biogeochemical theory behind the phosphorus limitation paradigm is that mechanisms can supplement cycles of C and N (and, discussed here, perhaps Fe) so that ultimately it is P that limits production and biomass. However, no mechanism has been proposed for ecosystems to overshoot this endpoint, meaning one might logically expect to see frequent occurrence of co‐limitation by P, N and other resources over short, but still ecologically meaningful time scales that influence, for example, biodiversity patterns in lakes. One point of view has been that small‐scale experimentation is simply misleading. However, an alternative is that even if P is ultimately limiting over multi‐annual time scales, over shorter but still meaningful time scales, co‐limitation of multiple nutrients is expected, and indeed is very common. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultrastructural observations on Fasciolopsis buski and its alterations caused by shoot extract of Alpinia nigra
Authors: Roy Bishnupada , Dasgupta Shyamashree , Tandon Veena 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe ultrastructural alterations in the tegument of Fasciolopsis buski in response to incubation in the alcoholic extract of Alpinia nigra were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. The body tegument of the trematode is composed of an external syncytial layer, musculature, and an inner layer containing tegumental cells. The syncytium comprises various organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, and tegumentary bodies of the type 2 kind with rare sighting of the type 1. Severe distortion and disorganization of the tegument was revealed in the parasite exposed to the A. nigra extract in the current study. The extent of vacuolization was such that vacuoles proceeded down to the basal lamina causing the syncytium to separate from the tegument at different places. There was depletion of parenchyma material and loss of connecting tubules running down from the syncytium to the tegumental cells causing the cells to be deprived of any proper boundaries. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lentivirus gene therapy for purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
Authors: Liao Pu , Toro Ana , Min Weixian , Lee Shaun , Roifman Chaim M. , Grunebaum Eyal 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundPurine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency causes the accumulation of toxic purine metabolites and lethal T cell immune defects, which might be corrected by expressing PNP by transplanting bone marrow (BM) cells transduced with lentiviral vectors containing the human PNP gene (lentiPNP).MethodsLymphocytes from a single PNP‐deficient patient as well as lymphocytes, fibroblasts and BM from PNP‐deficient (PNP − /−) mice were transduced with lentiPNP. Female PNP − /− mice were transplanted with lentiPNP transduced BM cells from male PNP − /− mice or normal BM.ResultsLentiPNP transduction significantly increased PNP expression in PNP‐deficient human lymphocytes, murine lymphocytes, fibroblasts and BM cells. LentiPNP transduction also significantly improved the proliferation of PNP − /− murine lymphocyte and survival of irradiated PNP − /− fibroblasts. Polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated efficient transduction of lentiPNP into total and lineage‐depleted BM cells grown ex vivo. LentiPNP transduced PNP − /− BM cells transplanted into PNP − /− mice expressed PNP in vivo, partially restored urinary uric acid secretion, improved thymocytes maturation, increased weight gain and extended survival of the mice. However, 12 weeks after transplant, the benefit of lentiPNP transduced cells and normal BM diminished and the percentage of engrafted donor cells decreased.ConclusionsThis short‐term observational study provides the first in vivo proof that gene therapy may correct some of the abnormalities associated with PNP deficiency. Better gene transduction and expression, as well as improved cell engraftment, are required to further advance PNP gene therapy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical properties of the long‐head of the biceps tendon are altered in the presence of rotator cuff tears in a rat model
Authors: Peltz Cathryn D. , Perry Stephanie M. , Getz Charles L. , Soslowsky Louis J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRotator cuff tears are disabling conditions that result in changes in joint loading and functional deficiencies. Clinically, damage to the long‐head of the biceps tendon has been found in conjunction with rotator cuff tears, and this damage is thought to increase with increasing tear size. Despite its importance, controversy exists regarding the optimal treatment for the biceps. An animal model of this condition would allow for controlled studies to investigate the etiology of this problem and potential treatment strategies. We created rotator cuff tears in the rat model by detaching single (supraspinatus) and multiple (supraspinatus + infraspinatus or supraspinatus + subscapularis) rotator cuff tendons and measured the mechanical properties along the length of the long‐head of the biceps tendon 4 and 8 weeks following injury. Cross‐sectional area of the biceps was increased in the presence of a single rotator cuff tendon tear (by ∼150%), with a greater increase in the presence of a multiple rotator cuff tendon tear (by up to 220%). Modulus values decreased as much as 43 and 56% with one and two tendon tears, respectively. Also, multiple tendon tear conditions involving the infraspinatus in addition to the supraspinatus affected the biceps tendon more than those involving the subscapularis and supraspinatus. Finally, biceps tendon mechanical properties worsened over time in multiple rotator cuff tendon tears. Therefore, the rat model correlates well with clinical findings of biceps tendon pathology in the presence of rotator cuff tears, and can be used to evaluate etiology and treatment modalities. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:416–420, 2009
Deterioration and disposal of fruit in the home: Consumer interviews and fruit quality assessments
Authors: Campbell Rachel L. , Smith Bronwen G. , Jaeger Sara R. , Harker F. Roger 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Consumers often express concern about the quality of fruit available to buy and the rate at which it deteriorates in their homes. Despite this there are few studies on quality of fruit collected from consumers. This study considered three questions: (1) what was the quality of fruit in retail stores and how did it vary over the study period? (2) What was the extent that fruit quality deteriorated in consumers' homes? (3) Were there any consumer behaviours or attitudes that extenuated or mitigated the effects of fruit deterioration in the home?RESULTS: The quality of fruit purchased from the supermarkets was above what would be considered commercially acceptable, but varied in a non‐systematic fashion across the study period. The fruit in consumers' homes was of slightly lower physical quality than that purchased from the supermarkets, and the deterioration in quality was as would be expected as fruit ripens. Even so, 28% of consumers indicated that they dispose of fruit each week. This occurred despite many of them having strategies to minimise wastage.CONCLUSION: Despite the deterioration and wastage of fruit, the consumers in this study did not appear overly concerned and some even took ownership for the poor quality of fruit in their home. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrostatic Self‐Assembly as Route to Supramolecular Structures
Authors: Gröhn Franziska 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe introduce and discuss the recently developed concept of electrostatic self‐assembly for the formation of nanoscale assemblies in solution. As opposed to many approaches to self‐assembly relying on amphiphilicity, the driving force here is electrostatics plus secondary interaction such as stacking of aromatic molecule parts: Polyelectrolyte dendrimers can be linked with multiply charged aromatic dye molecules as “structural counterions” yielding 100 nm scale aggregates of narrow size distribution and different shapes. We discuss competing interaction forces and the potential of this approach to lead to versatile and functional supramolecular structures.magnified image
UV‐Cured Nanostructured Gold/Acrylic Coating
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Marchino Andrea , Perruchas Sandrine , Gacoin Thierry , Rizza Giancarlo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAn aqueous dispersion of gold nanoparticles was added to an acrylic resin and UV‐cured. The photopolymerization process was followed by means of real‐time FT‐IR spectroscopy. Nanostructured coatings containing a homogeneous dispersion of gold nanoparticles with an average size range of 20–25 nm were achieved. Macroscopic aggregation during polymerization was avoided due to the rapid initiation and kinetic associated with the photopolymerization technique, which allowed the medium to quickly solidify around the dispersion particles.magnified image
Polyglycolide as a Biodegradable Nucleating Agent for Poly(L‐lactide)
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Tashiro Kohji , Bouapao Leevameng , Narita Junichi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDSC indicated that the nucleation of PLLA is enhanced in the presence of PGA even at a PGA content as low as 0.1 wt.‐%. However, the enhancing behavior of PGA was different to that of other nucleating agents for PLLA. Polarized optical microscopy revealed that the presence of PGA increased the number of PLLA spherulites per unit area. WAXD showed that in the PLLA/PGA films, PLLA and PGA crystallize separately to form their respective crystallites and PGA crystallites were formed at a PGA content at above 3 wt.‐% (at least). FTIR spectroscopy indicated that that there are significant interactions between PLLA and PGA chains in amorphous regions. Such interactions should have enhanced the growth of PLLA crystallites from the surface of PGA crystallites.magnified image
Drug utilisation study of antimalarials for the treatment of hospitalised children under five in south‐eastern Nigeria
Authors: Ukwe Chinwe Victoria , Ekwunife Obinna Ikechukwu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed at describing the trend in the use of antimalarials for the treatment of malaria in children under 5 years from year 2000 to 2006 in south‐eastern Nigeria. Adherence to the 2005 National Antimalarial Treatment Policy was assessed. Quality of drug use was also evaluated. Quality indices studied were the use of international non‐proprietary name (INN) in prescription, number antimalarials per episode and use of drugs from essential drug list.MethodsThe study was retrospective and longitudinal, using data obtained from in‐patients folders of children under 5 years, hospitalised for malaria infection in 11 secondary health care centres in south‐eastern Nigeria.ResultsThe result of the study showed that chloroquine was mostly used for treating severe malaria in children less than 5 years despite the indication of a switch to quinine and parenteral artemisinins by the National Treatment Policy. Prescriptions of drugs were also not by INN names. However, many prescribers do not practice polypharmacy and most of the drugs used in secondary health care centres for treatment of severe malaria were in the essential drug list.ConclusionThere is a need for further studies to establish factors that affect the dissemination and use of treatment guidelines in Nigeria. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective laser ablation of SiNx layers on textured surfaces for low temperature front side metallizations
Authors: Knorz Annerose , Peters Marius , Grohe Andreas , Harmel Christian , Preu Ralf 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFor an alternative front side metallization process without screen printing of metal paste the selective opening of the front surface anti‐reflection coating could be realized by laser ablation. A successful implementation of this scheme requires direct absorption of the laser light within the anti‐reflection coating, since the emitter underneath must not be damaged severely. Additionally, the ablation must be feasible on textured surfaces. In this paper, we show that laser light with a wavelength of 355 nm and a pulse length of approximately 30 ns is absorbed directly by a typical silicon nitride anti‐reflection coating. Based on lifetime measurements on ablated samples it is shown that a damage free laser ablation of SiNx layers on planar surfaces is possible. The characteristic ablation structure on textured surfaces is explained and quantified by rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) simulations. Finally, high efficiency solar cells with a standard emitter (Rsh approx. 50 Ω/sq) have been processed using laser ablation of the silicon nitride anti‐reflection coating. These cells show efficiencies of up to 19·1%, comparable to the reference solar cells using photolithographically opened contact areas. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.