bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology Focus: Geothermal Energy (March 2024)
Authors: Okoroafor Rita Esuru 
Published: March 2024

As the world seeks transformative solutions to ensure a sustainable energy future, there is a growing interest in geothermal energy because of its versatility and evolving technologies that enable the application of low-enthalpy fluids. One area where the untapped potential of geothermal energy has been realized is in harnessing thermal energy from abandoned or inactive oil and gas wells. Such wells could be exploited for electricity generation or direct use through well repurposing. Three innovative papers elucidate the challenges, complexities, applicability, and key operational considerations associated with repurposing abandoned or idle oil and gas wells for geothermal energy.
The first paper offers a comprehensive overview of 20 case studies from various countries, including actual and simulated cases. Downhole and surface parameters, including production scenarios, heat exchangers, circulation fluids, and power-generation efficiency, are meticulously examined. The investigation concludes with a positive outlook, highlighting the potential of producing geothermal energy from underused oil and gas wells.
The second paper delves into the technical and economic feasibility of repurposing oil and gas wells specifically for community heating through geothermal energy. The multidisciplinary approach involves a thorough analysis of physical, technical, economic, and environmental aspects. The results showcase the potential benefits of repurposing low-temperature wells for community heating, emphasizing the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of this approach.
The third paper introduces a geothermal assessment project conducted in an operational high-pressure/high-temperature field on the UK Continental Shelf. This innovative project uses a novel integrated work flow to assess the geothermal energy potential of offshore oil and gas assets and provides insights into CO2 emission reduction.
The life of oil and gas wells can be extended through repurposing for geothermal energy production. The findings underscore the technical viability, economic feasibility, and environmental benefits of oil and gas well repurposing, providing a promising avenue for transforming existing oil and gas resources and infrastructure into contributors to a cleaner and greener energy future.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 213068 A Robust Screening Tool To Repurpose Hydrocarbon Wells to Geothermal Wells in Oklahoma by Esteban R. Ugarte, University of Oklahoma, et al.
SPE 215554 A Feasibility Study of Geothermal Energy Extraction in the Baram Basin, Sarawak, Using Numerical Reservoir Simulation Based on Analog Data by M. Bataee, Curtin University Malaysia, et al.
SPE 212075 Geothermal Energy in the Caspian Region: Study of Heat-Extraction Methods From Deep Wells by Dmitriy Abdrazakov, SLB
Study Explores Retrofitting Abandoned Petroleum Wells for Geothermal Production
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: March 2024

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 210861, “An Overview of Retrofitting Abandoned Petroleum Wells for Geothermal Energy Production,” by Rahman Ashena, SPE, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

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The complete paper presents a comprehensive overview and analysis of 20 global case studies in which abandoned petroleum wells were retrofit for geothermal applications, followed by important downhole and surface parameters. Good potential exists for producing geothermal energy from abandoned and nonactivated petroleum wells.

Introduction
In retrofitted geothermal projects, the bottomhole temperatures are usually much lower than conventional geothermal wells. Given the low temperatures of these projects, optimization should be achieved in all respects.
While the complete paper details the effect of the concepts investigated by the authors in the 20 case studies, this synopsis mainly offers a higher-level summary of these concepts rather than a discussion of the case studies themselves.

Overview
All case studies mentioned in the complete paper are simulation works except for one. Table 1 of the complete paper lists general information including the regional locations and investigators of these case studies, while Table 2 of the complete paper provides comprehensive design and production information about the cases provided.
Technical Framework Assesses Offshore Geothermal Opportunities in Existing Assets
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: March 2024

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 215504, “An Integrated Technical Framework for Assessing Offshore Geothermal Opportunities in and Around Existing Oil and Gas Assets,” by Kirsten Pasturel, SPE, ZeGen Energy; Valerie Barres‑Montel, TotalEnergies; and William Harrar, Ross Offshore, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

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The complete paper provides an overview of a geothermal assessment project (GAP) completed to assess the geothermal energy resource in and around an operational high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) field on the UK Continental Shelf. The authors demonstrate a new methodology to identify and determine the amount of electrical power that might be realized from the geothermal resource and associated field infrastructure and investigate both existing and future opportunities.

Methodology
At present, no single system exists for classifying offshore geothermal reserves and resources, so the described methodology was developed to allow measuring and benchmarking of these opportunities in a similar manner to an oil or gas prospect, which was deemed a relevant analog given the offshore context.
Geothermal Proven Reserve. The Geothermal Proven Reserve is that which is associated with the currently producing well stock. The reserve value can be calculated by assessing the thermal energy associated with the current production from a given field. These are reserves because they are currently produced to the surface and are equivalent to “Proved Developed Producing.”
Geothermal Contingent Resource. The Geothermal Contingent Resource is defined as the nonproducing resource that occurs within the existing well stock and which could be brought into production by way of capital investment in well recompletion or the perforation of additional intervals within an existing wellbore. This classification is similar to “Proved Undeveloped.”
Geothermal Prospective Resource. The Geothermal Prospective Resource is defined as the resource that occurs outside of the existing well stock and which would require activities such as the drilling of new wells from surface or the deepening and completion of existing wells in order to produce these resources.
Ex Vivo Models to Study the Interaction of Immune Cells and Cancer Cells under Therapy
Authors: Barth Nicole D. , Oktay Maja H. , Condeelis John S. , Brunton Valerie , Entenberg David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Recent developments in cancer therapeutics have focused on modulating the immune component of the tumor microenvironment in order to activate anti-tumoral effector functions and induce cytotoxic immune responses. To further advance the design of treatment strategies, it is essential to understand what factors within the tumor microenvironment limit therapeutic efficacy and immune responses. Intravital imaging is a pioneering technology that has been utilized to study these processes in an intact environment(1), successfully highlighting the importance of cancer cell-immune cell interactions such as cancer cell killing caused by longitudinal and repeated interactions with immune cells(2). Despite the clear advantages that intravital imaging provides, its low throughput limits the variety of drugs, genetically altered parameters, and cell-cell interactions that can be studied(3-5). In other fields, a complementary approach has been to turn to ex vivo models which offer greater throughput and simpler experimental protocols(6-8). Here, we describe the setup of an ex vivo technique to study dynamic interactions within an intact environment. This chapter will, in detail, 1) demonstrate strategies to generate fluorescently tagged cancer and immune cells using genetic as well as dye-based approaches; 2) present a method for how to best generate lung metastasis for ex vivo imaging; and 3) describe the protocol to generate precision cut lung metastasis slices; and 4) detail how to prepare them for intravital imaging. This protocol can be utilized for following the effect of therapeutics on tumor growth within the lung microenvironment ex vivo, and on the interaction of cancer cells with immune cells. Ex vivo lung slices are an excellent model to 1) prepare the design of follow on intravital imaging experiments (e.g. determine appropriate fluorophores, drug concentrations, or cell types to label), 2) study immune and cancer cell interactions in a complete environment, 3) select promising drugs from a pool of targets, and 4) select the best timing for intravital imaging experiments.
Extraction of high quality RNA from Gardnerella species
Authors: Kim Andy , Fernando Champika , Hill Janet E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This protocol describes an approach for the purification of high quality RNA from Gardnerella species based on a commercially available kit (PureLink RNA Mini Kit, Invitrogen). Initial RNA extraction following the manufacturer’s protocol resulted in poor RNA yield and quality from Gardnerella spp. based on A260/A280 measurements and RNA integrity number (RIN). Modifications made to the manufacturer’s recommended protocol including enzymatic lysis with lysozyme and proteinase K resulted in significantly higher RNA yield (≥25 ng/mL) and RNA quality (A260/A280 ~2.0, RIN ⪆ 8.0). RNA extracts resulting from this protocol are appropriate for use in gene expression studies based on real-time quantitative PCR or transcriptomics.
Performance of NiO Doped on Alkaline Sludge from Waste Photovoltaic Industries for Catalytic Dry Reforming of Methane
Authors: SHAMSUDDIN MOHD RAZALI , Teo Siow Hwa , Azmi Tengku Sharifah Marliza Tengku , Lahuri Azizul-Hakim , Taufiq-Yap Yun Hin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Alkali sludge (AS) is abundantly waste generated from solar PV solar cell industries. Since this potential basic material is still underutilized, a combination with NiO catalyst might greatly influence coke resentence, especially in high-temperature thermochemical reactions (Arora and Prasad 2016). This paper investigated alkaline sludge containing 3CaO-2SiO2 doped with well-known NiO to enhance the dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction. The wet-impregnation method was carried out to prepare the xNiO/AS (x = 5–15%) catalysts and tested them to determine their physicochemical properties. The catalytic performance of xNiO/AS catalysts was investigated in a fixed bed reactor/GC-TCD at a CH4: CO2 flow rate of 30 ml− 1 during a 10h reaction by following (Shamsuddin et al. 2021c). For optimization parameters, the effects of NiO concentration (5, 10, and 15%), reaction temperature (700, 750, 800, 850, and 900°C), catalyst loading (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5g), and GHSV (3000, 6000, 9000, 12000, and 15000h− 1) were evaluated. The results showed that while physical characteristics such as BET surface area and porosity do not significantly impact NiO percentages of dispersion and chemical characteristics like reducibility are crucial for the catalysts' efficient catalytic activity. Due to the active sites on the catalyst surface being more accessible, increased NiO dispersion results in higher reactant conversion. The catalytic performance on various parameters shows 15%NiO/AS exhibits high reactant conversion up to 98% and 40–60% product selectivity in 700oC, 0.2g catalyst loading, and 12000h− 1 GHSV (see Fig. 1). According to spent catalyst analyses, the catalyst is stable even after the DRM reaction. Meanwhile, increased reducibility resulted in more and better active site formation on the catalyst. Synergetic effect of efficient NiO as active metal and medium basic sites from AS enhanced DRM catalytic activity and stability with low coke formation.
The Genomes of Australian Wild Limes
Authors: Nakandala Upuli , Furtado Agnelo , Masouleh Ardashir Kharabian , Smith Malcolm W. , Mason Patrick , Williams Darren C. , Henry Robert 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Australian wild limes occur in highly diverse range of environments and are a unique genetic resource within the genus Citrus. Here we compare the haplotype-resolved genome assemblies of six Australian native limes, including four new assemblies generated using PacBio HiFi and Hi-C sequencing data. The size of the genomes was between 315 and 391 Mb with contig N50s from 29.5 to 35 Mb. Gene completeness of the assemblies was estimated to be from 98.4–99.3% and the annotations from 97.7–98.9% based upon BUSCO, confirming the high contiguity and completeness of the assembled genomes. High collinearity was observed among the genomes and the two haplotype assemblies for each species. Gene duplication and evolutionary analysis demonstrated that the Australian citrus have undergone only one ancient whole-genome triplication event during evolution. The highest number of species-specific and expanded gene families were found in C. glauca and they were primarily enriched in purine, thiamine metabolism, amino acids and aromatic amino acids metabolism which might help C. glauca to mitigate drought, salinity, and pathogen attacks in the drier environments in which this species is found. Unique genes related to terpene biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and toll-like receptors in C. australasica, and starch and sucrose metabolism genes in both C. australis and C. australasica might be important candidate genes for HLB tolerance in these species. Expanded gene families were not lineage specific, however, a greater number of genes related to plant-pathogen interactions, predominantly disease resistant protein, was found in C. australasica and C. australis.
Spatiotemporal variations of water quality parameters in selected semi-arid young reservoirs in Tigray Regional National State, northern Ethiopia
Authors: Arefayne Kalayu Mesfin , Teferi Mekonen , Asmelash Tsehaye , Haileselasie Tsegazeabe Hadush 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The health status of aquatic ecosystem is depended on the physicochemical and biological characteristics of water which provides significant information about the available resources for supporting life. This study aims to assess spatiotemporal variation of water quality parameters in selected young reservoirs in Tigray. Depth-integrated water samples (surface, middle, and just above bottom) werecollected bimonthly (three times during the wet and dry seasons) at each sampling siteswith a heart-valve sampler. Variation between the wet and dry seasons was examined using the independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA was used to analysis the differences among sites. We showed a significant (p < 0.05) seasonal variation in temperature, pH and transparency in all the reservoirs investigated. Kalema reservoir was recorded with highest mean value of temperature, chlorophyll a and conductivity. Mean value of pH hasa spatially significant difference (p<0.05) inall the study reservoirs except Kalema. None of the physicochemical water quality parameters in Kalema reservoir exhibited spatially significant (p>0.05) variations. Dissolved oxygen and pH showed spatially significant variation (p < 0.05) in Mihtsab Azmati and Seisa reservoirs. A significant correlation (p < 0.01) was recorded between temperature with turbidity, chlorophyll a, transparency and conductivity. The physicochemical parameters of the reservoirs showed distinct temporal and spatial variations. The result obtained in this study is very important as baseline information to know the ecology of reservoirs for future reservoir management. Further detailed studies that include total phosphorus, total nitrogen, etc., are needed to suggest the trophic conditions of the reservoirs.
Can promoting compassion and gratitude through a four-week online training program improve women's mental health? A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bock Lotte , Rana Madiha , Rössler Tahnee , Rana Majeed 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background
The period following the pandemic has witnessed a surge in depression, distress, and anxiety, alongside a rise in digitalization. This has underscored the necessity of finding alternatives to in-person interventions for mental well-being. According to positive psychology, compassion and gratitude can alleviate anxiety and depression. This pilot study investigates the impact of a four-week self-directed online training program that emphasizes compassion and gratitude as essential components of women's psychological well-being.
Methods
For this randomized controlled trial, a sample of 51 women aged between 21 and 39 years was selected. The experimental group underwent a four-week training program on compassion and gratitude, which included psychoeducation, compassion exercises, and journaling. Participants' levels of compassion and gratitude were assessed before and after the four-week program using standardized self-report surveys.
Results
The study shows that participants in the experimental group experienced a significant improvement in both compassion and gratitude skills. Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between compassion and gratitude.
Conclusion
The findings of the pilot study suggest that a brief self-directed online program aimed at cultivating compassion and gratitude can enhance factors that are crucial to women's mental well-being. Further research is necessary to examine the long-term effects of these interventions and their suitability for diverse demographics.
Trial Registration
The trail was registered 23.12.2022 at German Clinical Trails Registre. Registration ID: DRKS00030973
Development and Validation of a Nomogram Predicting Over all and Cancer-specific Survival in Elder Patients With Brain Ependymoma
Authors: Xu Shi -gang , Jin Shuai , Duan li-wei , Xia Kai-de , Ma lin-hao 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background: Epithelioma originates from the ependymal epithelial cells on the surface of the ventricles of the brain and is a rare tumor lacking a prognostic prediction model. Our study aims to establish a column chart to predict the over all survival of patients with ependymoma. Method: The data used is from the SEER (Surveying, Epidemiology, and End Results; https://seer. cancer. gov/) database，Extract data from the database of patients with meningioma, including age,race, sex, grade, stage, surgery, tumor size, chemotherapy, radiation etc.Using Excel software,determine the optimal cutoff point, use univariate and multivariate cox regression to screen for risk factors in the over all and cancer specific survival prognostic models, establish nomogram models using meaningful variables in multivariate analysis, and use the consistency index (C-index) and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) to evaluate the area below the line (AUC). Then evaluate the effectiveness of one prediction of the model.Result:The median survival time of Over all Survival (OS) is 118 months, and no median survival time of Cancer-specific Survival(CSS) was observed.After univariate and multivariate analysis, it was found that age, grade, stage, surgery, tumor size, and primary site were statistically significant risk factors for OS prognosis.CSS univariate analysis found that age, grade, stage, tuber size, and primary site were statistically significant, while multivariate analysis found that age, grade, tuber size, and primary site were statistically significant.Conclusion: A prognostic column chart has been established for patients with ependymoma, providing a basis for clinical doctors to evaluate the prognosis of patients with ependymoma.
Mapping neural correlates of biological motion perception in autistic children using high-density diffuse optical tomography
Authors: Yang* Dalin , Svoboda* Alexandra M. , George Tessa G. , Mansfield Patricia K. , Wheelock Muriah D. , Schroeder Mariel L. , Rafferty Sean M. , Sherafati Arefeh , Tripathy Kalyan , Burns-Yocum Tracy , Forsen Elizabeth , Pruett John R. , Marrus Natasha M. , Culver Joseph P. , Constantino John N. , Eggebrecht Adam T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by social communication deficits plus repetitive behaviors and restricted interests, currently affects 1/36 children in the general population. Recent advances in functional brain imaging show promise to provide useful biomarkers of ASD diagnostic likelihood, behavioral trait severity, and even response to therapeutic intervention. However, current gold-standard neuroimaging methods (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging) are limited in naturalistic studies of brain function underlying ASD-associated behaviors due to the constrained imaging environment. To overcome these limitations, we aimed to establish high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT), a non-invasive and minimally constraining optical neuroimaging modality, to evaluate brain function in autistic and non-autistic school-age children as they performed a biological motion perception task previously shown to yield results related to both ASD diagnosis and behavioral traits. Herein, we used HD-DOT to image brain function in 46 ASD school-age participants, 49 non-autistic controls (NAC), and 17 pro-band siblings as they viewed dynamic point-light displays of coherent biological and scrambled motion. We assessed group-level cortical brain function with statistical parametric mapping. Additionally, we tested for brain-behavior associations with dimensional metrics of autism traits, as measured with the Social Responsiveness Scale-2, with hierarchical regression models. We found that NAC participants presented stronger brain activity contrast (coherent > scrambled) than ASD children in cortical regions related to visual, motor, and social processing. Additionally, regression models revealed multiple cortical regions in autistic participants where brain function is significantly associated with dimensional measures of autism traits. This study demonstrates that HD-DOT is sensitive to brain function that both differentiates between NAC and ASD groups and correlates with dimensional measures of ASD traits. These findings establish HD-DOT as an effective tool for investigating brain function in autistic and non-autistic children and opens the door to future studies on brain function underlying natural behaviors.

*Dr. Dalin Yang and Miss Alexandra Svoboda are designated as the co-first leading authors in the manuscript.
Systemic toxicity of intravitreally injected gold nanorods in mice: Effects of size, surface conjugation, and post-injection period
Authors: AlGhosain Hafithe M. , Nie Jiarui , Liu Tao , Lee Jonghwan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Gold nanorods (AuNRs) can potentially act as photothermal stimulators when bound to neurons. An important consideration when using nanoparticles of any type is their safety in vivo. Here, we assessed the systemic safety of intravitreally (IVT) injected gold nanorods (AuNRs) in mice over 32 days, by focusing on three formulations: 25-nm Thy-1 conjugated AuNRs, 5-nm Thy-1 AuNRs, and 25-nm bare AuNRs. Thy-1 conjugation aimed to target retinal ganglion cells specifically. Our analyses included hematological data, serum biochemistry, and body weight changes. The results showed a 23% increase in uric acid concentration in the presence of bare AuNRs (p = 0.0018) and a 3% reduction in body weight in the presence of 25-nm Thy-1 AuNRs (p = 0.0230). Age influenced monocyte concentration, total bilirubin, cholesterol, and chloride levels, while sex differences were noted in body weight and several hematological and biochemical parameters. These results suggest that IVT-injected Thy-1 AuNRs may not induce systemic toxicity for up to 32 days, highlighting the importance of targeted delivery to mitigate potential toxicity.