bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of the psychometric properties of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) family of measures
Authors: Pirkis Jane E , Burgess Philip M , Kirk Pia K , Dodson Sarity , Coombs Tim J , Williamson Michelle K 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
The Health of the Nation Outcome Scales was developed to routinely measure outcomes for adults with mental illness. Comparable instruments were also developed for children and adolescents (the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents) and older people (the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales 65+). All three are being widely used as outcome measures in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. There is, however, no comprehensive review of these instruments. This paper fills this gap by reviewing the psychometric properties of each.

Method
Articles and reports relating to the instruments were retrieved, and their findings synthesised to assess the instruments' validity (content, construct, concurrent, predictive), reliability (test-retest, inter-rater), sensitivity to change, and feasibility/utility.

Results
Mostly, the instruments perform adequately or better on most dimensions, although some of their psychometric properties warrant closer examination.

Conclusion
Collectively, the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales family of measures can assess outcomes for different groups on a range of mental health-related constructs, and can be regarded as appropriate for routinely monitoring outcomes.
Reactive oxygen species in spermatozoa: methods for monitoring and significance for the origins of genetic disease and infertility
Authors: Baker Mark A , Aitken R John 
Published: November 2005

AbstractHuman spermatozoa generate low levels of reactive oxygen species in order to stimulate key events, such as tyrosine phosphorylation, associated with sperm capacitation. However, if the generation of these potentially pernicious oxygen metabolites becomes elevated for any reason, spermatozoa possess a limited capacity to protect themselves from oxidative stress. As a consequence, exposure of human spermatozoa to intrinsically- or extrinsically- generated reactive oxygen intermediates can result in a state of oxidative stress characterized by peroxidative damage to the sperm plasma membrane and DNA damage to the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Oxidative stress in the male germ line is associated with poor fertilization rates, impaired embryonic development, high levels of abortion and increased morbidity in the offspring, including childhood cancer. In this review, we consider the possible origins of oxidative damage to human spermatozoa and reflect on the important contribution such stress might make to the origins of genetic disease in our species.
Exploring ethical considerations for the use of biological and physiological markers in population-based surveys in less developed countries
Authors: Pappas Gregory , Hyder Adnan A 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
The health information needs of developing countries increasingly include population-based estimates determined by biological and physiological measures. Collection of data on these biomarkers requires careful reassessment of ethical standards and procedures related to issues of safety, informed consent, reporting, and referral policies. This paper reviews the survey practices of health examination surveys that have been conducted in developed nations and discusses their application to similar types of surveys proposed for developing countries.

Discussion
The paper contends that a unitary set of ethical principles should be followed for surveys around the world that precludes the danger of creating double standards (and implicitly lowers standards for work done in developing countries). Global ethical standards must, however, be interpreted in the context of the unique historical and cultural context of the country in which the work is being done. Factors that influence ethical considerations, such as the relationship between investigators in developed and developing countries are also discussed.

Summary
The paper provides a set of conclusions reached through this discussion and recommendations for the ethical use of biomarkers in populations-based surveys in developing countries.
Biased alternative polyadenylation in human tissues
Authors: Zhang Haibo , Lee Ju Youn , Tian Bin 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Background
Alternative polyadenylation is one of the mechanisms in human cells that give rise to a variety of transcripts from a single gene. More than half of the human genes have multiple polyadenylation sites (poly(A) sites), leading to variable mRNA and protein products. Previous studies of individual genes have indicated that alternative polyadenylation could occur in a tissue-specific manner.

Results
We set out to systematically investigate the occurrence and mechanism of alternative polyadenylation in different human tissues using bioinformatic approaches. Using expressed sequence tag (EST) data, we investigated 42 distinct tissue types. We found that several tissues tend to use poly(A) sites that are biased toward certain locations of a gene, such as sites located in introns or internal exons, and various sites in the exon located closest to the 3' end. We also identified several tissues, including eye, retina and placenta, that tend to use poly(A) sites not frequently used in other tissues. By exploring microarray expression data, we analyzed over 20 genes whose protein products are involved in the process or regulation of mRNA polyadenylation. Several brain tissues showed high concordance of gene expression of these genes with each other, but low concordance with other tissue types. By comparing genomic regions surrounding poly(A) sites preferentially used in brain tissues with those in other tissues, we identified several cis-regulatory elements that were significantly associated with brain-specific poly(A) sites.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that there are systematic differences in poly(A) site usage among human tissues, and both trans-acting factors and cis-regulatory elements may be involved in regulating alternative polyadenylation in different tissues.
Phase III Study of Efaproxiral As an Adjunct to Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy for Brain Metastases
Authors: Suh John H. , Stea Baldassarre , Nabid Abdenour , Kresl John J. , Fortin André , Mercier Jean-Philippe , Senzer Neil , Chang Eric L. , Boyd Adam P. , Cagnoni Pablo J. , Shaw Edward 
Published: November 2005

Purpose To determine whether efaproxiral, an allosteric modifier of hemoglobin, improves survival in patients with brain metastases when used as an adjunct to whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT). Patients and Methods Patients with brain metastases from solid tumors and a Karnofsky performance score of ≥ 70 were randomly assigned to receive WBRT with supplemental oxygen and either efaproxiral at 75 or 100 mg/kg (efaproxiral arm) or no efaproxiral (control arm). The primary end point was survival. Results The study consisted of 515 eligible patients (efaproxiral arm, n = 265; control arm, n = 250). The median survival time (MST) was 5.4 months for the efaproxiral arm versus 4.4 months for the control arm (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.87; P = .16). For the subgroup of patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or breast cancer, the MST was 6.0 and 4.4 months, respectively (HR = 0.82; P = .07). Cox multiple regression analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in the risk of death for the efaproxiral arm in both primary populations. Further analysis indicated that the benefit may be restricted to the subgroup of patients with breast cancer. Response rates (radiographic complete response plus partial response) improved by 7% (P = .10) and 13% (P = .01) for all patients and for NSCLC and breast cancer patients in the efaproxiral arm, respectively. The most common severe adverse event in patients treated with efaproxiral was hypoxemia, which was reversible and effectively managed with supplemental oxygen in most patients. Conclusion The addition of efaproxiral, a noncytotoxic radiation sensitizer, to WBRT may improve response rates and survival in patients with brain metastases, particularly metastases from breast cancer. A confirmatory trial for breast cancer patients has been initiated.
Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Antitumor Activity of SU11248, a Novel Oral Multitarget Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, in Patients With Cancer
Authors: Faivre Sandrine , Delbaldo Catherine , Vera Karina , Robert Caroline , Lozahic Stéphanie , Lassau Nathalie , Bello Carlo , Deprimo Samuel , Brega Nicoletta , Massimini Giorgio , Armand Jean-Pierre , Scigalla Paul , Raymond Eric 
Published: November 2005

Purpose To establish the safety, pharmacokinetics, and recommended dose of sunitinib, a novel oral multitargeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antiangiogenic and antitumor properties, in patients with advanced malignancies. Patients and Methods Sunitinib was given orally for 4 weeks every 6 weeks. Results Twenty-eight patients received doses ranging from 15 to 59 mg/m2 (ranging from 50 mg every other day to 150 mg/d). Dose-limiting toxicities reported at the maximum-tolerated doses ≥ 75 mg/d were reversible grade 3 fatigue, grade 3 hypertension, and grade 2 bullous skin toxicity. Therefore, the recommended dose was 50 mg/d. At this dose, the main adverse effects were sore mouth, edema, and thrombocytopenia. Hair discoloration and yellow coloration of the skin were observed at doses ≥ 50 mg/d. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that potentially active target plasma concentrations ≥ 50 ng/mL can be achieved with moderate interpatient variability and a long half-life compatible with a single daily dosing. Six objective responses were observed in three renal cell carcinomas, one neuroendocrine tumor, one stromal tumor, and one unknown primary adenocarcinoma patient. At higher doses (≥ 75 mg/d), tumor responses were often associated with reduced intratumoral vascularization and central tumor necrosis, eventually resulting in organ perforation or fistula. Conclusion At the dose of 50 mg/d (4 weeks on, 2 weeks off), sunitinib displays manageable toxicity. Antitumor activity supports further studies in patients with renal cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal, neuroendocrine, and stromal tumors. Future studies may consider including prospective imaging techniques such as high frequency ultrasound to monitor tumor density.
New Proposal of Evaluation Method for DMFC Catalyst Layers by Means of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Osaka Tetsuya , Momma Toshiyuki , Tominaka Satoshi 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
On the evaluation of catalyst layers in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), we applied the proposed electrochemical cell which enabled to evaluate the catalyst layers without an electrolyte solution circumstance. In addition, properties of polymer electrolytes, such as ionic conductivities inside or outside agglomerates of catalystss were evaluated separately by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with an analysis using the proposed equivalent circuit. This method also suggested its possibility for evaluating a distribution of the electrolytes in catalyst layers.
Oxoanions-induced Rapid Synthesis of Highly Ordered Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Luo Yongming , Hou Zhaoyin , Jin Dingfeng , Gao Jing , Zheng Xiaoming 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Highly ordered mesoporous silica have been rapidly synthesized by using oxoanions as promoter and nonionic triblock copolymer P123 as template, and the reaction products has been characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption, XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM.
The Orientation Control of Dicationic Porphyrins on Clay Surfaces by Solvent Polarity
Authors: Eguchi Miharu , Takagi Shinsuke , Inoue Haruo 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The orientations of cationic porphyrins on a clay surface were found to be successfully controlled by solvent polarity. The orientational change was directly observed with the interface spectrometer equipped with a quartz waveguide system. Tetracationic porphyrins on the clay surface in water are oriented with the plane of the rings parallel to the silicate layer, while in the case of dicationic porphyrins (cis-type), the porphyrin plane stood up against the clay surface on addition of less polar water-miscible solvent.
Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate-catalyzed Synthesis of β-Keto Enol Ethers from Cyclic β-Diketones and Their Deprotection
Authors: Banerjee Biplab , Mandal Samir Kumar , Roy Subhas Chandra 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
A mild and efficient method for etherification of cyclic β-diketones with alcohols has been developed using a catalytic amount of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate at room temperature to afford the corresponding β-keto enol ethers in good to excellent yields. The deprotections of enol ethers in water–acetonitrile (1:1) using a catalytic amount (10 mol %) of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate have also been achieved.
Generation of β-Keto Radicals from Cyclopropanols Catalyzed by AgNO3
Authors: Chiba Shunsuke , Cao Zhengyan , El Bialy Serry Atta Atta , Narasaka Koichi 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Various β-keto radicals are generated from cyclopropanols by treatment with a catalytic amount of AgNO3 and (NH4)2S2O8 as a reoxidant in the presence of pyridine. Thus, generated β-keto radicals react with alkenes to yield addition products.
Preparation and Reactions of Heteroaryl Organomagnesium Compounds
Authors: Ila Hiriyakkanavar , Baron Oliver , Wagner Andreas J , Knochel Paul 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The halogen/magnesium-exchange reaction has opened new perspectives in organic synthesis and has considerably extended the range of available functionalized aryl and heteroaryl magnesium compounds bearing functional groups such as ester, nitrile, iodide, imine, or even sensitive groups like nitro, hydroxy, and boronic esters. The present review summarizes the applications of these functionalized heteroaryl- and arylmagnesium compounds for the synthesis of a wide variety of regiospecifically functionalized five- and six-membered heterocycles.
AFM Observation of Ca(OH)2 (0001) Surfaces Reacted with SO2: Role of Water Vapour on Product Morphology
Authors: Bausach Marta , Pera-Titus Marc , Tejero Javier , Cunill Fidel 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The morphology of single-crystal Ca(OH)2 (0001) surfaces after being reacted with SO2 at 313 K consists of “needle-like” features of CaSO3·(1/2)H2O whose mean size increases with the relative humidity at which the reaction takes place. This trend might provide an evidence of certain mobility of product crystallites induced by adsorbed water.
Aluminium-phosphorus interactions on growth and some physiological traits of carrot and radish plants
Authors: Ismail M. 
Published: November 2005

aluminium treatment caused a significant decrease in root length and dry matter yield in the shoots and roots of carrot (Daucus carotaL.) and radish (Raphanus sativusL.) plants. this reduction was concomitant with a decrease in the accumulation of soluble sugars and total amino acids, whereas a significant increase in the proline content of the shoots and roots was detected. Soluble protein remained more or less unchanged when Al was applied at low and moderate levels. However, at higher Al levels, the losses in soluble sugars were accompanied by increases in soluble protein in radish, whereas in carrot the opposite effect was observed. The application of phosphorus fertilizer to al-treated plants counteracted the toxic effect of aluminium by increasing root elongation and dry matter production. This was associated with high contents of soluble sugars and soluble protein as well as ca, mg and p, especially at low and moderate levels of aluminium
Photochemopreventive Effect of Pomegranate Fruit Extract on UVA‐mediated Activation of Cellular Pathways in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes
Authors: Syed Deeba N. , Malik Arshi , Hadi Naghma , Sarfaraz Sami , Afaq Farrukh , Mukhtar Hasan 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTUVA is the major portion (90–99%) of solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth and has been described to lead to formation of benign and malignant tumors. UVA‐mediated cellular damage occurs primarily through the release of reactive oxygen species and is responsible for im‐munosuppression, photodermatoses, photoaging and photocar‐cinogenesis. Pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) possesses strong antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. Our recent studies have shown that PFE treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) inhibits UVB‐mediated activation of MAPK and NF‐κB pathways. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STATJ), Protein Kinase B/AKT and Map Kinases (MAPKs), which are activated by a variety of factors, modulate cell proliferation, apoptosis and other biological activities. The goal of this study was to determine whether PFE affords protection against UVA‐mediated activation of STAT3, AKT and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that 4 J/ cm2 of UVA exposure to NHEK led to an increase in phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705, AKT at Ser473 and ERK1/2. Pretreatment of NHEK with PFE (60–100 μg/mL) for 24 h before exposure to UVA resulted in a dose‐dependent inhibition of UVA‐mediated phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705, AKT at Ser473 and ERK1/2. mTOR, structurally related to PDK, is involved in the regulation of p70S6K, which in turn phosphorylates the S6 protein of the 40S ribosomal sub‐unit. We found that UVA radiation of NHEK resulted in the phosphorylation of mTOR at Thr2448 and p70S6K at Thr421/ Ser424. PFE pretreatment resulted in a dose‐dependent inhibition in the phosphorylation of mTOR at Thr2448 and p70S6K at Thr421/Ser424. Our data further demonstrate that PFE pretreatment of NHEK resulted in significant inhibition of UVA exposure‐mediated increases in Ki‐67 and PCNA. PFE pretreatment of NHEK was found to increase the cell‐cycle arrest induced by UVA in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and the expression of Bax and Bad (proapoptotic proteins), with downregulation of Bcl‐XL expression (antiapoptotic protein). Our data suggest that PFE is an effective agent for ameliorating UVA‐mediated damages by modulating cellular pathways and merits further evaluation as a photochemopreventive agent.
Prevention of UV Radiation‐Induced Premature Skin Aging in Hairless Mice by the Novel Compound Melanocin A
Authors: Park Chi‐Hyun , Lee Min Jung , Kim Jong‐Pyung , Yoo Ick Dong , Chung Jin Ho 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTRepetitive exposure of the skin to UV radiation induces various harmful changes, such as thickening, wrinkle formation, inflammation and carcinogenesis. A variety of natural compounds and synthetic compounds have been studied to determine whether they can prevent W‐induced harmful effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of a novel compound, Melanocin A, which was isolated from Eupenicillium shearii F80695, on UV‐induced premature skin aging. First, we studied the effect of Melanocin A on UV‐induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 expression in an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, in vitro. Acute UV irradiation induced MMP‐9 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels and Melanocin A suppressed this expression in a dose‐dependent manner. We then investigated the effect of Melanocin A on UV‐induced skin changes in hairless mice in vivo. Chronic exposure of hairless mouse dorsal skin to UV increased skin thickness and induced wrinkle formation and the gelatinase activities of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9. Moreover, Melanocin A significantly suppressed UV‐induced morphologic skin changes and MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression. Taken together, these results show that Melanocin A can prevent the harmful effects of UV that lead to skin aging. Therefore, we suggest that Melanocin A should be viewed as a potential therapeutic agent for preventing and/or treating premature skin aging.
Metastable Beta Titanium Alloys for Orthopedic Applications
Authors: Qazi J. I. , Rack H. J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis article provides an overview of metastable β titanium alloys either being utilized or being considered for use in orthopedic applications. The effects of thermomechanical processing on the mechanical properties (e.g., elastic modulus, tensile, wear and high cycle fatigue performance) of Ti‐15Mo‐0.2O, Ti‐12Mo‐6Zr‐2Fe (TMZF), Ti‐29Nb‐13Ta‐4.6Zr and Ti‐35Nb‐7Zr‐5Ta are reviewed. The osteointegration behavior of Ti‐29Nb‐13Ta‐4.6Zr and Ti‐35Nb‐7Zr‐5Ta‐O alloys is also presented.
Recent Developments in Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Suryanarayana C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNanostructured materials with extremely fine grain sizes, typically less than 100 nm, have been shown to exhibit extremely high strength and hardness, increased diffusivity, useful sintering characteristics, and other unusual properties. Significant developments have taken place in recent years in trying to achieve high strength and ductility at the same time. New and potential applications are also being sought after. Several commercial ventures have also started (estimated to be around 1000 in different parts of the world). This overview will present the recent developments in our understanding of the mechanical behavior and molecular dynamics simulation studies, highlight the present unresolved issues, and discuss some of the promising applications for these novel and exciting materials.
Multilayer Ni‐P Coating for Improving the Corrosion Resistance of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Gu C. , Lian J. , Jiang Z. 
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this paper is to provide a high corrosion resistance multilayer coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy. The multilayer coating having a thickness of about 45 μm and consisting of different Ni‐P alloy layer was prepared by electroless deposition. The composition of the multilayer coating from substrate to surface was designed as the protective layer, a Ni‐P layer with high phosphorus content and a Ni‐P layer with low phosphorus content, respectively. The so‐called protective layer was a direct electroless plating Ni‐P deposits with the thickness of about 10 μm. The electrochemical behavior and the corrosion resistance of this multilayer coating were evaluated by the electrochemical measurement and the acid immersion test, respectively. Being different from the other Ni‐P alloys coatings on the magnesium alloy, this multilayer coating could provide the electrochemical protection for the substrate.
Biomolecular Structure Prediction Stochastic Optimization Methods
Authors: Schug A. , Fischer B. , Verma A. , Merlitz H. , Wenzel W. , Schoen G. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBiomolecular structure prediction remains an important challenge to biophysical chemistry. We recently developed an all‐atom free energy forcefield (PFF01) for protein structure prediction with stochastic optimization methods. We review recent studies, which demonstrated all‐atom folding of several proteins and summarize recent progress for in‐silico high‐throughput screening strategies for rational drug design, which are also based on the use of stochastic optimization methods to determine the conformation of the receptor‐ligand complex.
The First Observation of a Shear‐Induced bcc→fcc Transformation in Nanocrystalline Ferrite
Authors: Ivanisenko Y. , MacLaren I. , Valiev R.Z. , Fecht H.‐J. 
Published: November 2005

Ferrite has been transformed to austenite at room temperature in an initially pearlitic steel. This occurs under high shear strain conditions once the alloy has been grain‐refined down to a nanoscale dimensions by high‐pressure torsion deformation. This transformation must have occurred by a martensitic mechanism and plays the role of an additional deformation mechanism for the nanostructured material.