bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased plasma glucose levels after Hypnorm® anaesthesia, but not after Pentobarbital® anaesthesia in rats
Authors: Johansen Oddmund , Vaaler Stein , Jorde Rolf , Reikerås Olav 
Published: May 2007

The effects of the fentanyl fluanisone combination (Hypnorm®) and pentobarbitone sodium (Pentobarbital®) anaesthesia on blood glucose, insulin and glucagon were tested in rats in the fed and fasted state. Blood glucose was measured before and at 10, 20 and 30 min after injection of the anaesthetic agents. At 30 min the rats were sacrificed, and blood was drawn for measurement of glucagon and insulin. Pre-anaesthetic values for insulin and glucagon were established in separate groups of fasted and fed rats. In fasting rats given Hypnorm®, blood glucose and plasma insulin were unchanged while there was a non-significant increase in plasma glucagon. The fasted rats given Pentobarbital® had unchanged blood glucose and plasma insulin and a non-significant depression of glucagon. The fed rats given Hypnorm® had a significant increase in blood glucose at 10 min and nearly a doubling of glucose values at 20 and 30 min ( P<0.001). Glucagon increased far less than in the fasted group, whereas insulin was doubled from preanaesthetic values ( P<0.05). The fed rats given Pentobarbital®, had unchanged blood glucose, a slight nonsignificant depression of glucagon and a significant increase in insulin ( P<0.01). Thus Hypnorm® induced hyperglycaemia in fed but not in fasted rats, probably because more glucose was available in the fed state. Fed animals are a modification of the standard fasted animal model, and may be preferable when exploring hyperglycaemic or other reactions to anaesthetic agents.
Assessment of the accuracy of quantitative urine collection in mink (Mustela vison) using osmotic pumps for continuous release of p-amino-hippuric acid and inulin
Authors: Wamberg Søren , Elnif Jan , Tauson Anne-Helene 
Published: May 2007

A method is described to assess the accuracy of quantitative collection of urine in small experimental animals using implanted Alzetr osmotic pumps for continuous release of specific urinary markers. The nominal pumping rate (10.00±0.15 µl/h; mean±SEM) of 10 osmotic pumps was verified (9.96±0.12 µl/h) in a l0-day in vitro assay in isotonic saline at 39.0 °C. Ten adult female mink (1100±34 g) had a 2-ml osmotic pump implanted intraperitoneally for 7 days while maintained in metabolic cages on a conventional mink diet. In 5 mink the pumps contained [3H]-labelled p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) only. The remaining 5 animals received a pump containing [H]-PAH and [14C]-labelled inulin. The experiment was well tolerated by all animals. In fed animals, the amount of urine collected per day was not influenced by the osmotic pumps, whereas 24 h of fasting (water allowed) caused a dramatic fall in urinary volume. In 4 consecutive 24-h collections of urine ( n=l0 animals) the recovery of [3H]-PAH was 70.8±3.6% (range: 52.0-87.2%), and urinary plus faecal water (=total) recovery of [3H]-PAH averaged 77.0±3.7% (range: 60.3%-94.3%). For [14C]-inulin ( n=5 animals) the urinary and total recoveries were 68.4±2.2% and 77.2±2.4%, respectively. In urine the 14C to 3H counts-ratio was almost identical to that of the infusion solution, indicating that metabolic decomposition of the markers was negligible. The results indicate that the daily recovery of suitable urinary markers, released by implanted osmotic pumps, provides a reproducible and valid measure of the accuracy achieved in quantitative collection of urine in mink and probably also in other animal species. Hence, this technique may be useful in future studies on animal nutrition and/or drug disposition.
180 Years of Atmospheric Co2 Gas Analysis by Chemical Methods
Authors: Beck Ernst-Georg 
Published: May 2007

More than 90,000 accurate chemical analyses of CO2 in air since 1812 are summarised. The historic chemical data reveal that changes in CO2 track changes in temperature, and therefore climate in contrast to the simple, monotonically increasing CO2 trend depicted in the post-1990 literature on climate-change. Since 1812, the CO2 concentration in northern hemispheric air has fluctuated exhibiting three high level maxima around 1825, 1857 and 1942 the latter showing more than 400 ppm. Between 1857 and 1958, the Pettenkofer process was the standard analytical method for determining atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and usually achieved an accuracy better than 3%. These determinations were made by several scientists of Nobel Prize level distinction. Following Callendar (1938), modern climatologists have generally ignored the historic determinations of CO2, despite the techniques being standard text book procedures in several different disciplines. Chemical methods were discredited as unreliable choosing only few which fit the assumption of a climate CO2 connection.
Ockham on Judgment, Concepts, and The Problem of Intentionality
Authors: Brower-Toland Susan 
Published: May 2007

IntroductionIn this paper I examine William Ockham's theory of judgment — in particular, his account of the nature and ontological Status of its objects. ‘Judgment’ (Latiniudicio)is the expression Ockham and other medieval thinkers use to refer to a certain subset of what philosophers nowadays call ‘propositional attitudes’. Judgments include all and only those mental states in which a subject not only entertains a given propositional content, but also takes some positive stance with respect to its truth. For Ockham, therefore, as for other medievals, a judgment is a type of mental State that includes attitudes such as belief, knowledge, opinion, doubt, faith, and so on.
Adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of the anti-inflammatory drug tolmetin in bulk form, pharmaceutical formulation and human serum
Authors: Beltagi Amr , El-Attar Mona , Ghoneim Enass 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The electro-reduction of tolmetin at the hanging mercury drop electrode was studied in different supporting electrolytes using cyclic voltammetry and square-wave stripping voltammetry techniques. Voltammograms of tolmetin exhibited a single well-defined 2-electron irreversible cathodic peak in media of pH C=O double bond of the analyte molecule. Adsorption of tolmetin onto the surface of the hanging mercury electrode was identified and each adsorbed tolmetin molecule was found to occupy an area of 0.23 nm2. A square-wave adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric procedure was described for the direct determination of tolmetin in bulk form and pharmaceutical formulation (Rumatol® capsules) with a limit of quantitation of 2 × 10−9 M and a mean percentage recovery of 98.35 ± 1.21% to 99.57 ± 1.23. Moreover, the described procedure was successfully applied for the direct assay of tolmetin in spiked human serum without pretreatment or extraction prior to the analysis while a quantitation limit of 5 × 10−9 M tolmetin was achieved.
On the symmetry of magnetic structures in terms of the fibre bundles
Authors: Warczewski Jerzy , Gusin Paweł , Śliwińska Tamara , Urban Grzegorz , Krok-Kowalski Józef 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe paper concerns the application of the fibre bundle approach to the description of the magnetic structures and their symmetry groups. Hence the explicit formulas describing both the variety of magnetic structures and their symmetry groups have been derived. The assumption was made that the bundle sections correspond to magnetizations of the separate crystal planes multiplied by a certain Gaussian factor defined in ℝ3, the last factor making the problem continuous and more physical.
Comparison of mandibular motion in horses chewing hay and pellets
Authors: BONIN S. J. , CLAYTON H. M. , LANOVAZ J. L. , JOHNSTON T. 
Published: May 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: Previous studies have suggested that temporomandibular joint (TMJ) kinematics depend on the type of food being masticated, but accurate measurements of TMJ motion in horses chewing different feeds have not been published. Hypothesis: The temporomandibular joint has a larger range of motion when horses chew hay compared to pellets. Methods: An optical motion capture system was used to track skin markers on the skull and mandible of 7 horses as they chewed hay and pellets. A virtual marker was created on the midline between the mandibles at the level of the 4th premolar teeth to represent the overall motion of the mandible relative to the skull during the chewing cycle. Results: Frequency of the chewing cycles was lower for hay than for pellets. Excursions of the virtual mandibular marker were significantly larger in all 3 directions when chewing hay compared to pellets. The mean velocity of the virtual mandibular marker during the chewing cycle was the same when chewing the 2 feeds. Conclusions: The range of mediolateral displacement of the mandible was sufficient to give full occlusal contact of the upper and lower dental arcades when chewing hay but not when chewing pellets. Potential relevance: These findings support the suggestion that horses receiving a diet high in concentrate feeds may require more frequent dental prophylactic examinations and treatments to avoid the development of dental irregularities associated with smaller mandibular excursions during chewing.
Seroprevalence of antibotulinum neurotoxintype Cantibodies in horses in Israel
Authors: STEINMAN A. , KACHTAN I. , LEVI O. , SHPIGEL N. Y. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Clostridium botulinum type Cis prevalent in Israel and outbreaks recorded in many species, other than horses. Association between levels of anti‐BoNT/C antibodies and equine grass sickness (EGS) have been demonstrated but seroprevalence of anti‐BoNT/C antibodies in horses has not been reported nor has EGS been reported in Israel.Objectives: To determine the seroprevalence of specific anti‐BoNT/C antibodies in horses in Israel and to determine whether age, breed and gender, or geographical region of farms are potential risk factors for exposure to BoNT/C.Hypothesis: Anti‐BoNT/C antibodies are prevalent among horses in Israel and farm and horse‐level variables are associated with increased risk for exposure.Methods: Serum samples from 198 horses were collected and the levels of specific anti‐BoNT/C antibodies were determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For each categorical variable indicator variables were created and the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the outcome variable were calculated using a univariable and multivariable logistic regression models.Results: A total of 61 (30.8%) horses were ELISA positive for anti‐BoNT/C IgG antibodies. The farm and its geographical region were associated significantly with seropositivity, horse‐level variables, such as gender and breed, were also associated with seropositivity. Quarter Horse and Warmblood mares placed in the southern region of Israel had the highest odds to be tested positive for anti‐BoNT/C IgG antibodies.Conclusions and potential relevance: Several farm and various horse‐level risk factors for exposure to BoNT/C, found in this study, could be correlated to previously reported risk factors of EGS. Studies are required to determine the predisposing factors that cause EGS, which is apparently not present in Israel.
A region on equine chromosome 13 is linked to recurrent airway obstruction in horses
Authors: JOST U. , KLUKOWSKA‐RÖTZLER J. , DOLF G. , SWINBURNE J. E. , RAMSEYER A. , BUGNO M. , BURGER D. , BLOTT S. , GERBER V. 
Published: May 2007

Summary Reasons for study: Equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is probably dependent on a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors and shares many characteristic features with human asthma. Interleukin 4 receptor α chain (IL4RA) is a candidate gene because of its role in the development of human asthma, confirmation of this association is therefore required. Methods: The equine BAC clone containing the IL4RA gene was localised to ECA13q13 by the FISH method. Microsatellite markers in this region were investigated for possible association and linkage with RAO in 2 large Warmblood halfsib families. Based on a history of clinical signs (coughing, nasal discharge, abnormal breathing and poor performance), horses were classified in a horse owner assessed respiratory signs index (HOARSI 1–4: from healthy, mild, moderate to severe signs). Four microsatellite markers (AHT133, LEX041, VHL47, ASB037) were analysed in the offspring of Sire 1 (48 unaffected HOARSI 1 vs. 59 affected HOARSI 2–4) and Sire 2 (35 HOARSI 1 vs. 50 HOARSI 2–4), age ≥7 years. Results: For both sires haplotypes could be established in the order AHT133‐LEX047‐VHL47‐ASB37. The distances in this order were estimated to be 2.9, 0.9 and 2.3 centiMorgans, respectively. Haplotype association with mild to severe clinical signs of chronic lower airway disease (HOARSI 2–4) was significant in the offspring of Sire 1 (P = 0.026) but not significant for the offspring of Sire 2 (P = 0.32). Linkage analysis showed the ECA13q13 region containing IL4RA to be linked to equine chronic lower airway disease in one family (P<0.01), but not in the second family. Conclusions: This supports a genetic background for equine RAO and indicates that IL4RA is a candidate gene with possible locus heterogeneity for this disease. Potential relevance: Identification of major genes for RAO may provide a basis for breeding and individual prevention for this important disease.
Electrosurgery as the sole means of haemostasis during the laparoscopic removal of pathologically enlarged ovaries in mares: a report of 55 cases
Authors: LLOYD D. , WALMSLEY J. P. , GREET T. R. C. , PAYNE R. J. , NEWTON J. R. , PHILLIPS T. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: There is little published clinical evidence on the use of a laparoscopic approach for the removal of pathologically enlarged ovaries in standing mares.Objectives: To show the orders of success and complication rates that can be expected if pathologically enlarged ovaries are removed from standing, sedated mares under laparoscopic guidance using only electrosurgical means of haemostasis.Methods: A retrospective analysis was made of 55 mares in which the removal of an enlarged ovary was attempted by applying a standard laparoscopic procedure for routine ovariectomy in standing mares including a reliance solely on one of 2 types of electrosurgical bipolar forceps with an integrated guillotine for haemostasis and transection of the ovarian pedicle. The outcomes and complications encountered were recorded. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk of any complications associated with the size of the ovary removed and the instrument used.Results: In 54 of the 55 mares, the surgery was successfully accomplished by the planned approach. In one mare there was significant intraoperative haemorrhage and this necessitated the additional use of a prosthetic haemostatic device. The only other complications encountered were post operative abdominal discomfort (n = 9), delayed incisional wound healing (n = 6) and iatrogenic uterine puncture (n = 2). One mare developed a rectal tear, but not as a direct complication of the surgical procedure. None of these prevented a long‐term successful outcome.Conclusions: The removal of pathologically enlarged ovaries (up to 30 cm diameter) from mares under standing sedation can be accomplished predictably and safely by applying the standard laparoscopic approach that is established for routine laparoscopic ovariectomy, including a reliance solely on endoscopic electrosurgery instruments for haemostasis of the ovarian pedicle.Potential relevance: This study shows that the simple standing laparoscopic technique now favoured for routine ovariectomy can be used safely and reliably for the removal of pathologically enlarged ovaries. This promises to be of significant clinical advantage to mares so affected.
The effect of induced forelimb lameness on thoracolumbar kinematics during treadmill locomotion
Authors: ALVAREZ C. B. GOMEZ , WENNERSTRAND J. , BOBBERT M. F. , LAMERS L. , JOHNSTON C. , BACK W. , WEEREN P. R. van 
Published: May 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Lameness has often been suggested to result in altered movement of the back, but there are no detailed studies describing such a relationship in quantitative terms.Objectives: To quantify the effect of induced subtle forelimb lameness on thoracolumbar kinematics in the horse.Methods: Kinematics of 6 riding horses was measured at walk and at trot on a treadmill before and after the induction of reversible forelimb lamenessgrade 2(AAEP scale 1–5). Ground reaction forces (GRF) for individual limbs were calculated from kinematics.Results: The horses significantly unloaded the painful limb by 11.5% at trot, while unloading at walk was not significant. The overall flexion‐extension range of back motion decreased on average by 0.2° at walk and increased by 3.3° at trot (P<0.05). Changes in angular motion patterns of vertebral joints were noted only at trot, with an increase in flexion of 0.9° at T10 (i.e. angle between T6, T10 and T13) during the stance phase of the sound diagonal and an increase in extension of the thoracolumbar area during stance of the lame diagonal (0.7° at T13, 0.8° at T17, 0.5° at L1, 0.4° at L3 and 0.3° at L5) (P<0.05). Lameness further caused a lateral bending of the cranial thoracic vertebral column towards the lame side (1.3° at T10 and 0.9° at T13) (P<0.05) during stance of the lame diagonal.Conclusions: Both range of motion and vertebral angular motion patterns are affected by subtle forelimb lameness. At walk, the effect is minimal, at trot the horses increased the vertebral range of motion and changed the pattern of thoracolumbar motion in the sagittal and horizontal planes, presumably in an attempt to move the centre of gravity away from the lame side and reduce the force on the affected limb.Potential relevance: Subtle forelimb lameness affects thoracolumbar kinematics. Future studies should aim at elucidating whether the altered movement patterns lead to back and/or neck dysfunction in the case of chronic lameness.
Histological evaluation of the equine larynx after unilateral laser‐assisted ventriculocordectomy
Authors: ROBINSON P. , WILLIAMS K. J. , SULLINS K. E. , ARNOCZKY S. P. , STICK J. A. , ROBINSON N. E. , FEIJTER‐RUPP H. de , DERKSEN F. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Trans‐endoscopic laser surgery, such as unilateral laser‐assisted ventriculocordectomy (LVC), has gained popularity in the treatment of RLN because a laryngotomy incision or general anaesthesia are not required. However, removal of the vocal fold and ventricle takes considerable laser energy and could cause collateral tissue damage, including injury to the adjacent laryngeal cartilages.Objectives: To document the histological effects of laser surgery on laryngeal tissues in horses that have undergone LVC for the treatment of laryngeal hemiplegia (LH).Methods: Six horses were used: 4 with experimentally induced LH that had subsequently undergone LVC 6 months prior to euthanasia; and, 2 horses were used as controls. One of the control horses with naturally occurring LH was used to study the effect of neuropathy alone, whereas the other was subjected to euthanasia immediately following LVC to evaluate the acute effect of laser surgery. Using a band saw, each larynx was sectioned transversely at 5 mm intervals and evaluated histologically.Results: Acutely, LVC caused thermal damage to adjacent soft tissues but did not affect the histology of the laryngeal cartilages. Six months after LVC, laryngeal cartilages were histologically normal and there was squamous metaplasia of the repaired laryngeal mucosa, resulting in restitution of the mucosal integrity.Conclusions: Using a diode laser in contact fashion at 20 W, LVC can be used to remove the laryngeal vocal fold and ventricle without causing laryngeal cartilage damage.Potential relevance: Laryngeal chondritis is an unlikely consequence of LVC.
Effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on the biochemical composition and metabolic activity of tenocytes in normal tendinous structures in ponies
Authors: BOSCH G. , LIN Y. L. , van SCHIE H. T. M. , van DE LEST C. H. A. , BARNEVELD A. , van WEEREN P. R. 
Published: May 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) has recently been introduced as a new therapy for tendon injuries in horses, but little is known about the basic mechanism of action of this therapy. Objectives: To study the effect of ESWT on biochemical parameters and tenocyte metabolism of normal tendinous structures in ponies. Methods: Six Shetland ponies, free of lameness and with ultrasonographically normal flexor and extensor tendons and suspensory ligaments (SL), were used. ESWT was applied at the origin of the suspensory ligament and the midmetacarpal region of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) 6 weeks prior to sample taking, and at the midmetacarpal region (ET) and the insertion on the extensor process of the distal phalanx (EP) of the common digital extensor tendon 3 h prior to tendon sampling. In all animals one front leg was treated and the other front leg was used as control. After euthanasia, tendon explants were harvested aseptically for in vitro cell culture experiments and additional samples were taken for biochemical analyses. Results: In the explants harvested 3 h after treatment, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and protein syntheses were increased (P<0.05). The synthesis of all measured parameters was decreased 6 weeks after ESWT treatment. Biochemically, the level of degraded collagen was increased 3 h after treatment (P<0.05). Six weeks after treatment, there was a decrease of degraded collagen and GAG contents. DNA content had not changed in either tendon samples or explants after culturing. Conclusions: ESWT causes a transient stimulation of metabolism in tendinous structures of ponies shortly after treatment. After 6 weeks metabolism has decreased significantly and GAG levels are lower than in untreated control limbs. Potential relevance: The stimulating short‐term effect of ESWT might accelerate the initiation of the healing process in injured tendons. The long‐term effect seems less beneficial. Further research should aim at determining the duration of this effect and at assessing its relevance for end‐stage tendon quality.
In search of clinical truths: equine and comparative studies of anatomy
Authors: LATORRE R. , RODRIGUEZ M. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe importance of correlating anatomical studies with diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in practice has long been recognised. Such studies in the horse have, until recently, lagged behind this discipline in human medicine and surgery. Clinical techniques by which this correlation is achieved include radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.This review presents published literature on the subject and, in addition, describes the part played by plastination, a recently developed technique for the preservation of biological specimens. In this, tissue fluids and part of the lipids are replaced by certain polymers yielding specimens that can be handled without gloves, do not smell or decay, and even retain microscopic properties of the original sample. The technique has proved to be a useful tool to correct previously presented anatomical descriptions and is one now favoured by human surgeons. Studies of the horse employing this technique include those of the temporomandibular joint and tarsus. The aim of the review is to stimulate further correlations of anatomical structure and equine medical and surgical procedures, thereby advancing knowledge and understanding in practice and teaching.