bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation and Behaviour
Authors: Buchholz Richard , Yamnik Patrick , Pulaski Cassan N , Campbell Chelsea A 
Published: December 2008

AbstractConservation behaviour is an area of conservation biology particularly suited to investigate problems of species endangerment associated with managing animals in fragmented habitats and isolated parks. It employs a theoretical framework that examines the mechanisms, development, function and phylogeny of behavioural variation in order to develop practical tools for preventing extinction. This framework can be used to attract animals to suitable habitat, restore migratory movements, identify individual reproductive strategies affecting conservation and focus protection on species most susceptible to extinction. The future success of conservation behaviour requires that behaviourists link individual variation in behaviour to processes that determine population viability.Key conceptsAnimal conservation will require active management.Behavioural problems must be examined from four perspectives (mechanisms, ontogeny, adaptive function, phylogeny) simultaneously.Behavioural strategies of individual animals change as habitat and populations are altered, and those changes could harm population viability.Animal behaviourists must participate in conservation planning to protect the future of biodiversity.
Biological Stoichiometry
Authors: Frost Paul C , Elser James J 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Biological stoichiometry is the study of the balance of energy and multiple chemical elements in living systems. This biological perspective compares the elemental requirements of organisms for growth, reproduction and maintenance with that provided by their nutritional resources. It has found a relatively greater flexibility in the elemental composition of primary producers compared to consumers, which leads to elemental imbalances between adjacent trophic levels. For individual organisms, the relatively low supply of an element can alter physiological processes underlying its acquisition, incorporation and release. When sustained, elemental imbalances slow growth and limit reproduction of organisms, particularly those with relatively high elemental requirements. Elemental imbalances have been documented in diverse ecosystems and at multiple trophic levels and have been shown to affect key ecological and evolutionary processes underlying population dynamics, trophic interactions and ecosystem function.
Identification of Improvised Inorganic Explosive Devices by Analysis of Postblast Residues Using Ion Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Hutchinson Joseph P. , Johns Cameron , Dicinoski Greg W. , Haddad Paul R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractChemical analysis of the residues from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) has become a topical subject as a result of increased frequency of terrorist bomb attacks. There is a need to identify the type of explosive device and its composition, which in turn can assist in the identification of the perpetrators.IEDs can either be organic based (high explosives) or the more easily produced inorganic‐based low explosives. Analysis of residues remaining after the deflagration of an inorganic IEDs presents several problems. A wide variety of ionic species may be present (such as unconsumed starting products, ionic species formed as part of the reaction) along with environmental or background species. Therefore, it is important that the target ions used to identify the device can be separated from other background ions present in the sample. The instrumental techniques of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and ion chromatography (IC) are proving to be ideally suited to this task. Both techniques have fundamental advantages, with CE offering highly efficient separations within a short run time, and IC offering high selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility.In this article, an outline of the analytical methods used in this area is presented, with particular focus on the application of CE and IC. A brief literature review of published methods is provided, along with background information on inorganic explosives, sampling techniques, portable instrumentation, and recent developments.
In Vivo Evaluation of Leukemic Stem Cells through the Xenotransplantation Model
Authors: Bonnet Dominique 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe xenotransplantation model has been instrumental for the identification and characterization of human leukemic stem cells. This unit describes our current method for the engraftment of human leukemic patients' samples in the xenotransplanted mouse model. We concentrate uniquely on the model of acute myeloid leukemia, as it was the first type of leukemia for which the xenotransplantation model was developed. Nevertheless, the Basic Protocol could be applied to other sorts of blood disorders. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 7:3.2.1‐3.2.11. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The relationship between socio‐sexual behavior and salivary cortisol in bonobos: tests of the tension regulation hypothesis
Authors: Hohmann Gottfried , Mundry Roger , Deschner Tobias 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBonobos are known for their pacifistic behavior and their large repertoire of behaviors that are thought to serve conflict resolution. One is an unusual form of ventro‐ventral mounting that facilitates genital contacts (GC). Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain its function. In this study we tested predictions of the tension regulation hypothesis using salivary cortisol as a marker for social stress. The results indicate a temporal relationship between GC and cortisol levels. Compared with baseline data and matched samples of unrestricted food access, rates of GC increased when access to food sources was restricted. Cortisol levels were highest when access to food was constrained. However, because the behavioral and hormonal responses occurred when viewing the stimulus at a distance and preceded the physical presence of the stimulus, we conclude that the anticipation of a competitive situation was sufficient to induce social stress. Contrary to our prediction, targets of aggression did not have higher rates of GC nor did they solicit GC more often than others. Furthermore, higher GC rates did not correlate with a more pronounced decrease in cortisol levels. Not all results obtained in this study supported the predictions concerning the regulatory function of GC on social tension and further research is needed to explore this question. However, the results indicate that the anticipation of competition may be sufficient to induce a costly physiological response, and that high levels of resource competition may have lasting effects on physical stress and stress management. Am. J. Primatol. 71:223–232, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Insights into the Neuromuscular Anatomy of the Ileocecal Valve
Authors: Cserni Tamas , Paran Sri , Kanyari Zsolt , O'Donnell Anne‐Marie , Kutasy Balazs , Nemeth Norbert , Puri Prem 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe neuroanatomy of the ileocecal valve (ICV) is poorly understood. A better understanding of this important functional component of the gastrointestinal tract would enable surgeons to reconstruct an effective valve following surgical resection of the ICV. ICVs were examined in young pigs (N = 5) using frontal and transverse paraffin embedded and frozen sections. Hematoxylin+Eosin (H+E) staining, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and NADPH‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d) histochemistry and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and C‐kit immunohistochemistry were performed. The H+E staining revealed that the ICV consists of three muscle layers: an external circular muscle layer continuous with that of the ileal circular muscle layer, an inner circular muscle layer continuous with that of the cecal circular muscle layer, and a single longitudinal muscle layer, which appears to be secondary to a fusion of the ileal and cecal longitudinal muscle layers. The AchE, NADPH‐d, and PGP 9.5 staining revealed two distinct coaxial myenteric plexuses, together with superficial and deep submucosal plexuses. The C‐kit immunostaining showed a continuous myenteric ICC network within the ICV. The structure of the neuromuscular components within the ICV suggests that the valve is a result of a simple intussusception of the terminal ileum into the cecum. This knowledge may help surgeons in their future attempts at reconstructing more anatomically and functionally suitable ICVs following surgical resection of native ICVs. Anat Rec 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lineare Wärmebrücken in vakuumgedämmten Konstruktionen
Authors: Willems Wolfgang , Skottke Tanja 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDie konsequent ansteigenden Anforderungen an den baulichen Wärmeschutz beheizter Gebäude führen unter bestimmten Randbedingungen zum Einsatz hochleistungsfähiger Wärmedämmelemente, deren Leistungsfähigkeit auf dem Einsatz der Vakuumtechnologie basiert. Das in den Elementen erzeugte Feinvakuum muss dauerhaft erhalten bleiben, um die exzellenten Wärmedämmeigenschaften gewährleisten zu können. Die dazu erforderliche permeationsdichte Einhüllung des Stützkernmaterials führt naturgemäß im Bereich der Elementkanten – und hier besonders im Bereich der bei größeren gedämmten Flächen erforderlichen Elementstöße – zu erhöhten Wärmeverlusten. Die vorliegende Arbeit quantifiziert diese zusätzlichen Wärmeverluste für unterschiedliche Konstruktionen auf der Basis von Messungen.
Brandschutz – Dokumentation einer Entwicklung
Authors: Schneider Ulrich , Kersken‐Bradley Marita , Kirchberger Hubert 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBis Ende der 1970er Jahre spielte sich der bauliche Brandschutz in den Materialprüfämtern ab und die Praxis war bemüht, die richtigen Tabellenwerte für die Feuerwiderstandsdauer zu finden. Mit den Beiträgen von Bub et al. wurde in Deutschland und Europa eine Entwicklung eingeleitet, die zunächst in internationalen technisch‐wissenschaftlichen Gremien wie dem CIB und dem JCSS aufgegriffen wurde und einen wesentlichen Grundstein für die Brandschutzteile der Eurocodes bildete. Weiterentwicklungen, wie im vfdb‐Leitfaden, wurden unter nicht unerheblicher Beteiligung von Hosser vorangebracht. Zu diesen Entwicklungen trug auch Gertis bei, indem an der Universität Stuttgart im Rahmen der Bauphysik als eine der ersten deutschen Universitäten, Brandschutz zumindest als Wahlpflichtfach angeboten wurde. Zwischenzeitlich sind europaweit eigenständige Masterstudiengänge entstanden. Dieser Beitrag ist eine Dokumentation der Anfänge, der Entwicklung und der wesentlichen Ergänzungen der letzten Jahre.
Salt solution flows in walls of monumental buildings
Authors: Kubik Jan , Kucharczyk Andrzej 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe main cause of the degradation of monumental buildings' walls is capillary transport of moisture with dissolved salts. These processes are cyclic and lead to salt crystallization in the external parts of walls. In the present work the moisture measurements, which were made on the walls of a 13th Century church in Opole/Poland, are presented. It is also the superficial model for salt solution flows proposed.
Change of thermal conductivity of concrete caused by brittle damage evolution
Authors: Perkowski Zbigniew 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA change of thermal conductivity caused by brittle damage evolution in concrete subjected to mechanical load is analysed in the paper. Considerations are illustrated by own experiment in which thermal conductivity of high performance concrete is compered for the loaded and not loaded laboratory‐samples. A quantitative assessment of the experiment is made on the basis of reciprocity theorem formulated for the heat transfer problem. To simplify the considerations it is assumed that damage in material is described by the scalar dimensionless parameter ω.
Effect of cracks on hygric and thermal characteristics of concrete
Authors: Vejmelková Eva , Padevět Pavel , Černý Robert 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of cracks on the moisture and heat transport and storage properties, basic physical properties and compressive strength of six different types of high performance concrete is analyzed in the paper. The cracks in the material specimens are randomly distributed, imposed by thermal treatment. Experimental results show that the presence of cracks affects all hygric and thermal parameters except for the specific heat capacity in quite a significant way. Also, the effects of microsilica addition and of the size and presence of aggregates are important. The liquid water transport is influenced by cracks, microsilica and aggregates in the most remarkable way, together with the compressive strength. Water vapor transport parameters, water sorption parameters, thermal conductivity and open porosity are also subject of significant changes and can indicate the damage induced by cracks with a sufficient sensitivity.
Einfluss des Verlustfaktors auf die Schalldämmung von Lochsteinmauerwerk
Authors: Schneider Martin , Fischer Heinz‐Martin 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBekanntlich hängt die Schalldämmung auch vom Verlustfaktor ab. Bei massiven Bauteilen wird dieser maßgeblich durch die Energieableitung über die Bauteilränder auf benachbarte Bauteile bestimmt, so dass die aktuellen Einbaubedingungen die Schalldämmung beeinflussen. Dieser Effekt wird in den Berechnungsmodellen der EN 12354 durch die sogenannte In‐situ‐Korrektur berücksichtigt. Dabei wird der bei einer Laborprüfung vorhandene Gesamtverlustfaktor des geprüften Bauteils auf den im realen Gebäude zu erwartenden Verlustfaktor umgerechnet. Für Hochlochziegel mit möglichen Steinresonanzen ab etwa 800 Hz wird dargestellt, wie hierfür die Verlustfaktor‐Korrektur anzuwenden ist. Es zeigt sich, dass die Korrektur im Prinzip gleich durchgeführt werden kann wie bei homogenem Mauerwerk, allerdings nur bis in den Bereich der ersten Steinresonanz. Im darüber liegenden Frequenzbereich erweist sich die Schalldämmung als von den Einbaubedingungen unabhängig, so dass dort keine Verlustfaktorkorrektur mehr durchgeführt werden darf.
Development of genetic approaches for the methane‐producing archaebacterium Methanococcus maripaludis
Authors: Whitman William B. , Tumbula Debra L. , Yu Jae‐Pil , Kim Wonduck 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMethanococcus maripaludis is a strict anaerobe that utilizes H2 or formate as an electron donor for CO2 reduction to methane. Recent progress in development of genetic systems in this archaebacterium makes it an excellent model system for molecular and biochemical studies. This progress includes development of methods for growth on solid medium, enriching auxotrophic mutants, efficient transformation, and random insertional inactivation of genes. Genetic markers for both puromycin and neomycin resistance are available. Lastly, a shuttle vector has been constructed from a cryptic methanococcal plasmid. These technical advances made it possible to utilize genetic approaches for the study of autotrophic CO2 assimilation in methanococci.
Microbial and plant metabolism of NO
Authors: Payne W. J. , Liu M.‐Y. , Bursakov S. A. , Le Gall J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDuring microbial denitrification, NO is produced by reduction of nitrite by either the reduced high spin d1 hemes in a unique reductase (NIR) or at the expense of a blue copper protein that transfers electrons that move first to a type I copper and then to a type II copper in a unique trimeric NIR. This latter type of NIR is also produced by several denitrifying filamentous fungi. Reduction of NO is then carried out by either a specific cytochrome bc complex NOR in denitrifying bacteria or a unique cytochrome P‐450 in denitrifying filamentous fungi. NO is also produced by an anomalous reaction of a molybdoprotein, nitrate reductase (NAR), acting on an odd substrate, NO2−. NO is also reduced by a multiheme NIR that serves physiologically for reduction of NO2− to NH3. This type NIR reduces NO to either N2O, if only partially reduced, or NH3, if fully reduced, when it encounters NO. This multiheme NIR is very sensitive to cyanide. Transcription of the genes for NIR and NOR production in a denitrifier is activated by NO, a process that also requires the presence of the gene product, a transcriptional activator, NnrR.
The Biochemistry of Drug Metabolism – An Introduction
Authors: Krämer Stefanie D. , Testa Bernard 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis review is part of a series of review articles on the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics published inChemistry & Biodiversity.After a thorough discussion of metabolic reactions and their enzymes, this article focuses on genetically determined differences in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. After a short introduction on the causes for genetic differences, the first focus is on species differences in drug and xenobiotic metabolism. A major chapter is then dedicated to clinically relevant genetic polymorphisms in human drug metabolism and resultant ethnic differences. The last two chapters deal with sex‐dependent differences in drug metabolism and personalized pharmacotherapy related to inter‐individual differences in drug metabolism.
Intraspecific Variation of the Cephalic Labial Gland Secretions in Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Coppée Audrey , Terzo Michaël , Valterova Irena , Rasmont Pierre 
Published: December 2008

AbstractVariations of secretions of the cephalic part of the labial glands from four different subspecies of Bombus terrestris, B. t. terrestris, B. t. lusitanicus, B. t. sassaricus, and B. t. dalmatinus, were investigated. 95 compounds were detected in the whole data set: 54 in B. t. terrestris, 54 in B. t. lusitanicus, 48 in B. t. sassaricus, and 44 in B. t. dalmatinus. The (E)‐2,3‐dihydrofarnesol is the main compound in B. t. dalmatinus and B. t. sassaricus, while it is dihydrofarnesyl dodecanoate in B. t. terrestris and B. t. lusitanicus. A principal component analysis produced a pattern showing three well distinct groups corresponding to dalmatinus, sassaricus, and terrestris+lusitanicus.
Two New Antioxidant Phenylpropanoids from Lindelofia stylosa
Authors: Choudhary M. Iqbal , Begum Afshan , Abbaskhan Ahmed , Musharraf Syed Ghulam , Ejaz Asma , Atta‐ur‐Rahman  
Published: December 2008

AbstractTwo new phenylpropanoids were isolated from Lindelofia stylosa (Kar. and Kir.) and characterized as 4‐hydroxy‐N‐{4‐[(E)‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enamido]butyl}benzamide (1) and 2‐[3‐hydroxy‐4‐(4‐hydroxyphenoxy)phenyl]‐1‐(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl (E)‐3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoate (2). Four known compounds, i.e. two phenylpropanoids, p‐coumaric acid (=(E)‐3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoic acid; 3) and ferulic acid (=(E)‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoic acid; 4), and two naphthalene glycosides, 8‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyltorachrysone (5) and 8‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐6‐demethoxytorachrysone (6), were also isolated for the first time from the plant. Compounds 1–6 were subjected to various antioxidant assays, including DPPH radical‐ and superoxide anion‐scavenging, and Fe2+‐chelation assays. Compound 2 was found to be most active in all assays with potency nearly similar to that of propyl gallate. Besides 2, compounds 1 and 5 were also found to be active in DPPH radical‐scavenging standard assay.
Polyprenylated Xanthones from Garcinia lancilimba Showing Apoptotic Effects against HeLa‐C3 Cells
Authors: Han Quan‐Bing , Tian Hong‐Lei , Yang Nian‐Yun , Qiao Chun‐Feng , Song Jing‐Zheng , Chang Donald C. , Luo Kathy Q. , Xu Hong‐Xi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThree new prenylated xanthones, 1–3, along with ten known compounds, were isolated from the stem bark of Garcinia lancilimba. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectra, as well as HR‐MS experiments. Some of these compounds showed apoptotic effects or growth‐inhibition effects against HeLa cells expressing a caspase sensor protein.
Coating of Highly Porous Fiber Matrices by Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Kemell Marianna , Ritala Mikko , Leskelä Markku , Groenen Roland , Lindfors Sven 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe potential of atomic layer deposition (ALD) in the coating of highly porous, 0.5 mm thick, metal fiber matrices is explored. Three different reactor types are compared for ALD of Al2O3 thin films from trimethylaluminum and water. Both an evacuation‐type and a flow‐type process are successful in forming conformal Al2O3 coatings on the fibers. The coatings are able to protect the fibers against electrochemical corrosion and thermal oxidation. In addition, a metallic Ir thin film is deposited by ALD on one of the Al2O3‐coated fiber matrices. This kind of a structure could be used, for example, as a catalytic filter.
Wide‐area estimates of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) evapotranspiration on the lower Colorado River measured by heat balance and remote sensing methods
Authors: Nagler Pamela L. , Morino Kiyomi , Didan Kamel , Erker Joseph , Osterberg John , Hultine Kevin R. , Glenn Edward P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn many places along the lower Colorado River, saltcedar (Tamarix spp) has replaced the native shrubs and trees, including arrowweed, mesquite, cottonwood and willows. Some have advocated that by removing saltcedar, we could save water and create environments more favourable to these native species. To test these assumptions we compared sap flux measurements of water used by native species in contrast to saltcedar, and compared soil salinity, ground water depth and soil moisture across a gradient of 200–1500 m from the river's edge on a floodplain terrace at Cibola National Wildlife Refuge (CNWR). We found that the fraction of land covered (fc) with vegetation in 2005–2007 was similar to that occupied by native vegetation in 1938 using satellite‐derived estimates and reprocessed aerial photographs scaled to comparable spatial resolutions (3–4 m). We converted fc to estimates of leaf area index (LAI) through point sampling and destructive analyses (r2 = 0·82). Saltcedar LAI averaged 2·54 with an fc of 0·80, and reached a maximum of 3·7 with an fc of 0·95. The ranges in fc and LAI are similar to those reported for native vegetation elsewhere and from the 1938 photographs over the study site. On‐site measurements of water use and soil and aquifer properties confirmed that although saltcedar grows in areas where salinity has increased much better than native shrubs and trees, rates of transpiration are similar. Annual water use over CNWR was about 1·15 m year−1. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.