bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limited Opportunities for Paramedic Student Endotracheal Intubation Training in the Operating Room
Authors: Johnston Bradford D. , Seitz S. Robert , Wang Henry E. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract Background Paramedics, who often are the first to provide emergency care to critically ill patients, must be proficient in endotracheal intubation (ETI). Training in the controlled operating room (OR) setting is a common method for learning basic ETI technique. Objectives To determine the quantity and nature of OR ETI training currently provided to paramedic students. Methods The authors surveyed directors of paramedic training programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs. An anonymous 12‐question, structured, closed‐response survey instrument was used that requested information regarding the duration and nature of OR training provided to paramedic students. The results were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Results From 192 programs, 161 completed surveys were received (response rate, 85%). OR training was used at 156 programs (97%) but generally was limited (median, 17–32 hours per student). Half of the programs provided fewer than 16 OR hours per student. Students attempted a limited number of OR ETI (median, 6–10 ETI). Most respondents (61%) reported competition from other health care students for OR ETI. Other identified hindering factors included the increasing OR use of laryngeal mask airways and physicians' medicolegal concerns. Respondents from 52 (33%) programs reported a recent reduction in OR access, and 56 (36%) programs expected future OR opportunities to decrease. Conclusions Despite its key role in airway management education, the quantity and nature of OR ETI training that is available to paramedic students is limited in comparison to that available to other ETI providers.
State of Research in High‐consequence Hospital Surge Capacity
Authors: Schultz Carl H. , Koenig Kristi L. 
Published: September 2006

High‐consequence surge research involves a systems approach that includes elements such as healthcare facilities, out‐of‐hospital systems, mortuary services, public health, and sheltering. This article focuses on one aspect of this research, hospital surge capacity, and discusses a definition for such capacity, its components, and future considerations. While conceptual definitions of surge capacity exist, evidence‐based practical guidelines for hospitals require enhancement. The Health Resources and Services Administration's (HRSA) definition and benchmarks are extrapolated from those of other countries and rely mainly on trauma data. The most significant part of the HRSA target, the need to care for 500 victims stricken with an infectious disease per one million population in 24 hours, was not developed using a biological model. If HRSA's recommendation is applied to a sample metropolitan area such as Orange County, California, this translates to a goal of expanding hospital capacity by 20%–25% in the first 24 hours. Literature supporting this target is largely consensus based or anecdotal. There are no current objective measures defining hospital surge capacity. The literature identifying the components of surge capacity is fairly consistent and lists them as personnel, supplies and equipment, facilities, and a management system. Studies identifying strategies for hospitals to enhance these components and estimates of how long it will take are lacking. One system for augmenting hospital staff, the Emergency System for Advance Registration of Volunteer Health Professionals, is a consensus‐derived plan that has never been tested. Future challenges include developing strategies to handle the two different types of high‐consequence surge events: 1) a focal, time‐limited event (such as an earthquake) where outside resources exist and can be mobilized to assist those in need and 2) a widespread, prolonged event (such as pandemic influenza) where all resources will be in use and rationing or triage is needed.
Signaling Specificity of Interleukin-6 Action on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Al-Khalili Lubna , Bouzakri Karim , Glund Stephan , Lönnqvist Fredrik , Koistinen Heikki A. , Krook Anna 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
We identified signaling pathways by which IL-6 regulates skeletal muscle differentiation and metabolism. Primary human skeletal muscle cells were exposed to IL-6 (25 ng/ml either acutely or for several days), and small interfering RNA gene silencing was applied to measure glucose and fat metabolism. Chronic IL-6 exposure increased myotube fusion and formation and the mRNA expression of glucose transporter 4, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)α, PPARδ, PPARγ, PPARγ coactivator 1, glycogen synthase, myocyte enhancer factor 2D, uncoupling protein 2, fatty acid transporter 4, and IL-6 (P &lt; 0.05), whereas glucose transporter 1, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α, and uncoupling protein 3 were decreased. IL-6 increased glucose incorporation into glycogen, glucose uptake, lactate production, and fatty acid uptake and oxidation, concomitant with increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and ERK1/2. IL-6 also increased phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity (450%; P &lt; 0.05), which was blunted by subsequent insulin-stimulation (P &lt; 0.05). IL-6-mediated glucose metabolism was suppressed, but lipid metabolism was unaltered, by inhibition of PI3-kinase with LY294002. The small interfering RNA-directed depletion of AMPK reduced IL-6-mediated fatty acid oxidation and palmitate uptake but did not reduce glycogen synthesis. In summary, IL-6 increases glycogen synthesis via a PI3-kinase-dependent mechanism and enhances lipid oxidation via an AMPK-dependent mechanism in skeletal muscle. Thus, IL-6 directly promotes skeletal muscle differentiation and regulates muscle substrate utilization, promoting glycogen storage and lipid oxidation.
Gonadotropin-Induced Apoptosis in Human Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells Is Associated with Cyclooxygenase-2 Up-Regulation via the β-Catenin/T-Cell Factor Signaling Pathway
Authors: Pon Yuen Lam , Wong Alice S. T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractGonadotropins play a prominent role in ovarian function and pathology. We have shown that treatment with gonadotropins (FSH and LH/human chorionic gonadotropin) reduces the amount of N-cadherin with a concomitant induction of apoptosis in human ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells, but precise molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated activation of β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) signaling by gonadotropins. We further showed that ectopic expression of N-cadherin was sufficient to recruit β-catenin to the plasma membrane, thereby blocking β-catenin/TCF-mediated transactivation in gonadotropin-treated cells. Transfection with β-catenin small interfering RNA or expression of dominant negative TCF inhibited apoptosis, whereas expression of dominant stable β-catenin (S37A) caused significant apoptosis, thus supporting a proapoptotic role for β-catenin/TCF in human OSE. In addition, we showed that gonadotropins enhanced β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity through inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent manner, indicating cross talk between the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and β-catenin signaling pathways through glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Furthermore, gonadotropins increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression via the β-catenin/TCF pathway. COX-2 also played a role in gonadotropin-induced apoptosis, as treatment with the COX-2-specific inhibitor NS-398 or COX-2 small interfering RNA blocked gonadotropin-dependent apoptotic activity. These findings suggest that the participation of β-catenin in adhesion and signaling may represent a novel mechanism through which gonadotropins may regulate the cellular fate of human OSE.
Metabolite uptake, stoichiometry and chemoautotrophic function of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila: responses to environmental variations in substrate concentrations and temperature
Authors: Girguis Peter R. , Childress James J. 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARY
The hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila is a dominant member of many hydrothermal vent communities along the East Pacific rise and is one of the fastest growing metazoans known. Riftia flourish in diffuse hydrothermal fluid flows, an environment with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity in physical and chemical conditions. To date,physiological and biochemical studies of Riftia have focused on Riftia's adaptations to its chemoautotrophic bacterial symbionts. However the relation between in situ physico-chemical heterogeneity and Riftia host and symbiont metabolism, in particular symbiont chemoautotrophic function, remain poorly understood. Accordingly, we conducted experiments using shipboard high-pressure respirometers to ascertain the effect of varying substrate concentrations and temperature on Riftiametabolite uptake and symbiont carbon fixation. Our results show that substrate concentrations can strongly govern Riftia oxygen and sulfide uptake rates, as well as net carbon uptake (which is a proxy for chemoautotrophic primary production). However, after sufficient exposure to sulfide and oxygen, Riftia were capable of sustaining symbiont autotrophic function for several hours in seawater devoid of sulfide or oxygen, enabling the association to support symbiont metabolism through brief periods of substrate deficiency. Overall, temperature had the largest influence on Riftia metabolite uptake and symbiont autotrophic metabolism. In sum, while Riftia requires sufficient availability of substrates to support symbiont chemoautotrophic function, it is extremely well poised to buffer the temporal and spatial heterogeneity in environmental substrate concentrations, alleviating the influence of environmental heterogeneity on symbiont chemoautotrophic function.
Treatment of papilloma of the larynx in children
Authors: Boyle William F. , McCoy E. Gordon 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFew problems are more challenging than papilloma of the larynx. In a sense, there exists a great deal of information on the subject, and there certainly exists a vast array of treatment modalities. This paper is not only a brief review of the subject but also a report on recent experiences of the authors in the surgical treatment of this disease. Our experience indicates that repeated endoscopic excision of papillomas at four to six‐week intervals offers the greatest opportunity for eradication of the disease.
Blow‐out fractures of the orbit
Authors: Saviano Michael F. , Alonsoy William A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSwift, blunt, convex non‐penetrating orbital trauma displaces eye tissues backward. Ocular compression transmits intraorbital hydraulic pressure to the bony orbital pyramid walls. Abrupt ocular decompression occurs by means of a pyramid wall fracturing and allowing orbital tissues to herniate into adjacent sinuses: decompression valve. This mechanism of orbital kinetic energy de‐acceleration has been clinically,1,2 and experimentally1 described and classified23 as a pure blow‐out fracture (Table I).
Traumatic carotid jugular fistula
Authors: Loré John M. , Grisanti Anthony , Kane Arden 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA case of a traumatic arteriovenous fistula involving the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein near the base of the skull, together with a traumatic aneurysm formation and the coexistence of an ipsilateral congenital cerebral A‐V formation is presented.A review of the literature and present surgical management is discussed.
Frontal sinus barotrauma
Authors: Wbissman Bruce , Green Ronald S. , Roberts Perry T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFourteen Air Force pilots and one Scuba diver exhibiting a severe form of aerosinusitis — frontal sinus hematoma — were evaluated and treated. The physiology of the sinuses during flight is presented as a basis for clinical staging of sinus barotrauma. Despite prompt and intensive medical therapy, 13 pilots with Grade III sinus barotrauma required trephination of the frontal sinus.
A new immunoglobulin in allergic rhinitis — (IgE)
Authors: Mogi Goro 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAllergic rhinitis is among the atopic allergic diseases. Sera from patients with atopic disease possess reaginic antibodies that are positive Prausnitz‐Kiistner reaction substances. Recently, a new immunoglobulin class — IgE — was discovered, in which the reaginic antibodies are present in high concentration. The chemical structure and biologic properties of this new immunoglobulin are described, and further investigative efforts for IgE were proposed to clarify the defense mechanism of IgE.
Von recklinghausen's disease with multiple meningiomas
Authors: Evard Michael , Passy Victor 
Published: September 2006

AbstractVon Recklinghausen's disease has been documented by specific findings of “cafe au lait” spots and disseminated neurofibroma skin tumors. This same syndrome has also been ascribed to histological tumors of meningiomas, gliomas, pheochromocytomas, neurilemmomas, and ganglioneuromas, all of which are usually located elsewhere than in the integument. This paper presents an unusual case documented as Von Recklinghausen's. disease with multiple meningiomas involving many organ systems of the body. Questions as to the validity of cases of this nature being classified as Von Recklinghausen's disease are presented.
Mediastinoscopy: 300 cases reported and literature reviewed
Authors: Tucker John A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA total of 300 cases of mediastinoscopy are presented with a detailed analysis of indications and results. A 61 percent positive overall mediastinoscopy rate was achieved. A 43.8 percent positive mediastinoscopy rate was obtained in carcinoma of the lung. Sarcoidosis reached 96 percent success rate which is compatible with other world statistics. The establishment of mediastinoscopy as an important diagnostic procedure in problems of hilar adenopathy is substantiated. It is interesting to note that despite the established skill of the otolaryngologist as an endoscopist, mediastinoscopy in this country has been to date most widely performed by the thoracic surgeons.
The influence of ischemia upon the energy reserves of inner ear tissues
Authors: Thalmann R. , Miyoshi T. , Thalmann I. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIschemic changes in the levels of glucose, glycogen, ATP and P‐creatine are determined under “closed system” conditions in the organ of Corti, stria vascularis, ganglion spirale, cochlear nerve and vestibular sensory epithelia. From the resting levels of these compounds the total energy reserve in terms of equivalents of high energy phosphate, both preformed and potentially available from anaerobic glycolysis, is computed. The energy reserves are highest in the organ of Corti, intermediate in stria vascularis, spiral ganglion and vestibular structures, and lowest in the cochlear nerve. The rate of depletion of these energy reserves in ischemia is used as an indicator of the energy requirements of the respective tissues. The metabolic rate is by far the highest in the stria vascularis, intermediate in ganglion spirale and cochlear nerve and lowest in the organ of Corti and vestibular structures. There is no correlation between the total energy reserve and the initial energy use rates. The obtained data are compared with the dynamic patterns of the corresponding biopotentials and with pertinent results of enzymatic and respirometric studies; in addition, ischemic changes in glucose and lactate levels of perilymph are described.
Temporomandibular arthroplasty for chronic dislocation of the mandible
Authors: Sessions Donald G. , Porubsky Edward S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFive patients with chronic dislocation of the mandible have been treated with temporomandibular joint arthroplasty. Removal of the articular tubercle of the glenoid fossa in these patients has converted symptomatic dislocation into asymptomatic subluxation. Two patients with recurrent painful subluxation have also improved following the procedure.
Transmedian innervation of the human upper lip: An embryological study
Authors: Viers Wayne 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAnesthesia of the caudal margin of the nose and the upper lip is of considerable importance to otolaryngologists. It follows, therefore, that the sensory innervation is also important. In situations where adequate anesthesia is needed and limited quantity must be used, it is advantageous to know where that limited amount could be best placed to accomplish the greatest anesthesia.Due to transmedian innervation of the upper lip by the infraorbital nerves, it may be necessary to block both sides when procedures are to be carried out in the vicinity of the midline. The infraorbital nerves of each side cross the area of the frontonasal process and ultimately decussate in the midline. No other nerves were found to participate in sensory innervation of the upper lip.
The management of mandibular fractures in edentulous patients by intramedullary pinning
Authors: Bisi Ricardo H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe management of mandibular fractures in edentulous patients poses special problems of reduction and immobilization of the bone fragments. Intramedullary pinning as a means of internal fixation is a direct and simple procedure which permits the free movement of the jaw immediately after the operation.The present study supports the conclusion that intramedullary pinning may be considered the procedure of choice for the treatment of fractures of the body and most fractures of the angle of the edentulous mandible.
The inner ear fluids in man
Authors: Silverstein Herbert 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe microchemical analysis of human inner ear fluid has not only advanced our knowledge of inner ear function in normal and pathological states, but also has added another dimension to our diagnostic armamentarium in inner ear disease. The purpose of this thesis is

To review and evaluate all pertinent literature concerning the chemistry of human inner ear fluids.
To determine what percentage of inner ear fluids can be collected without contamination by hemolyzed cells (hemoglobin) or erythrocytes.
To study the glucose concentrations in human inner ear fluid in various pathological states.
To present the data from uncontaminated endolymph samples in Ménière's disease.
To study the correlation between the clinical picture of acoustic neurinoma and the results of inner ear fluid analysis.
To evaluate the present status of diagnostic labyrinthotomy (labyrinthine tap).
Introduction to the scanning electron microscope for the clinician‐researcher
Authors: Lucente Frank E. , Finke Edward H. , Kaufman Arenberg I. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe scanning electron microscope is an exciting instrument which is easily adapted by the clinician‐researcher to the study of tissues of otolaryngologic interest. The SEM is based on the television raster principle of scanning a surface with a thin beam of electrons. As a result of the interaction of the electron beam with the surface, a number of physical phenomena are elicited including the emission of secondary electrons. The latter are collected and used to produce a synchronous visual representation of the specimen's surface. The photomicrograph obtained more closely resembles a three‐dimensional view than those obtained with light or phase microscopy. With recent refinements in the techniques of specimen preparation the spectrum of applications of the SEM continues to broaden.
Cystic hygroma of the neck
Authors: Brooks Jack E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe literature of cystic hygroma of the neck has been presented. The important aspects of the embryology, clinical picture and treatment have been discussed. Because of the very low incidence of this tumor, most surgeons are unable to gain much personal experience with this intriguing lesion. Consideration of the reports of others and a retrospective review of his own cases has led the author to establish and suggest certain guidelines in dealing with this tumor.
Nasal venous drainage and the foramen caecum
Authors: Kaplan Harry A. , Browder Ann , Browder Jefferson 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThere has been a general acceptance that veins of the upper nasal region join a vein or veins that pass through the foramen caecum of the frontal bone and establish the most rostral lumen of the superior sagittal sinus. This anastomosis between the extracranial and intracranial venous systems has been presumed to be one avenue of escape for intracranial venous blood following occlusion of the superior sagittal sinus; also, this venous channel has been considered a potential portal of entry for inflammatory disease of the nose into the intracranial cavity. A vein or veins passing through the foramen caecum have not been demonstrable macroscopically in any of 201 specimens of cerebral dural sinuses examined by us.
Fascial sling suspension of the chin following resection of the anterior mandible
Authors: Norante John D. , Mccabe Brian F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractOne of the most vexing problems in oncologic surgery of the head and neck is the morbidity imposed by resection of the anterior portion of the mandible. Reconstruction of this area most commonly involves the use of autogenous bone grafts. This technique is not universally applicable and is sometimes met with failure. This is especially true where the patient has received prior radiation therapy and where resection of bone and soft tissue has been extensive.The authors have found that a continuous sling of fascia lata suspended from the zygomatic arches and threaded subcutaneously through the lower lip provides adequate support for the chin in cases where osseous reconstruction is not feasible. This technique has been used successfully in three patients.
Foreign body in the airway: A review of 202 cases
Authors: Kim In Guk , Brummitt W. M. , Humphry A. , Siomra S. W. , Wallace W. B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractForeign body in the tracheobronchial tree is serious and, on occasion, fatal. The symptoms and signs can be confused with asthma and pneumonia, leaving the true condition unsuspected. Children one to three years old with a triad of cough, wheezing and decreased air entry should be suspected. A child with protracted pneumonia should be reconsidered. Chest films in the expiratory phase should be taken. In no other operative procedure is it more important to have teamwork and good communication between endoscopist and anesthesiologist, when the diagnosis is made.
Suppression of rabbit ear skin homograft rejections with sheep anti‐thymus globulins. A preliminary report
Authors: David Lyle A. , Davidenas Joseph A. , Ogura Joseph H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTwo electrophorectically distinct “7s” γ1, and γ2 globulins were isolated from sheep anti‐rabbit thymus serum. The γ1 fraction was effective in prolonging skin homograft retention in rabbits but did not suppress humoral antibody formation. The γ2 fraction appears to contain other antibodies which react with rabbit tissue to cause anaphylactic‐like reactions.
Laryngopyocele
Authors: Thawley Stanley E. , Bone Robert C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTwo cases of laryngopyocele are reported: one presented with hoarseness and fever, the other with airway obstruction. Both lesions were resected by removing part of the thyroid cartilage. These two cases bring the total reported to 22. The management of this problem is discussed, and a brief review of laryngopyoceles is presented.