bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cryogenic Technology
Authors: Barron Randall F. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Uses

3.

Liquefaction Systems

3.1.

Joule ‐ Thomson Effect

3.2.

Basic Linde ‐ Hampson System

3.3.

Precooled Linde ‐ Hampson System

3.4.

Linde Dual‐Pressure System

3.5.

Claude Liquefier

3.6.

Liquefaction Systems for Natural Gas

3.7.

Collins Helium‐Liquefaction System

3.8.

Miniature Liquefaction Systems

3.9.

Comparison of Liquefaction Systems

4.

Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems

4.1.

Thermodynamically Ideal Refrigerator

4.2.

Joule ‐ Thomson Refrigerators

4.3.

CVI Cold‐Gas Refrigerator

4.4.

Stirling Refrigerator

4.5.

Vuilleumier Refrigerator

4.6.

Solvay Refrigerator

4.7.

Gifford ‐ McMahon Refrigerator

4.8.

Magnetic Refrigerators

4.9.

Dilution Refrigerator

5.

Components of Liquefiers and Cryocoolers

5.1.

Cryogenic Heat Exchangers

5.1.1.

Types of Cryogenic Heat Exchangers

5.1.2.

Heat Exchangers for Dilution Refrigerators

5.1.3.

Heat Exchanger Design Problems

5.1.4.

Regenerators

5.2.

Compressors

5.3.

Expanders

6.

Low‐Temperature Separation Systems

6.1.

Minimum Work of Separation

6.2.

Properties of Mixtures

6.3.

Flash Calculation

6.4.

Principles of Cryogenic Rectification

6.5.

Linde Single‐Column System

6.6.

Linde Double‐Column System

6.7.

Heylandt System

6.8.

Argon Separation

6.9.

Neon Separation

6.10.

Physical Adsorption
Analytical Chemistry: Purpose and Procedures
Authors: Tölg Günther , Günzler Helmut , Williams Alex 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.The Evolution of Analytical Chemistry2.The Functional Organization of Analytical Chemistry3.Analysis Today4.Computers5.Analytical Tasks and Structures5.1.Formulating the Analytical Problem5.2.Research and Application5.3.An Organogram5.4.Physical Organization of the Analytical Laboratory5.5.The Target of Analysis6.Definitions and Important Concepts6.1.Sensitivity, Limit of Detection, and Detection Power6.2.Reliability ‐ Measurement Uncertainty6.3.Elemental Analysis6.4.Elementary Analysis6.5.Microanalysis and Micro Procedures6.6.Stereochemical and Topochemical Analysis6.7.Microdistribution Analysis6.8.Surface Analysis6.9.Trace Analysis6.10.Trace Elements6.11.Multistep Procedures6.12.Hyphenated Methods6.13.Radioanalytical Methods and Activation Analysis6.14.Species Analysis (Speciation)6.15.Chemometrics6.16.DNA Analysis
Electrophoresis
Authors: Righetti Pier Giorgio , Gelfi Cecilia 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Basic Principles3.Electrophoretic Matrices3.1.Cellulose Acetate3.2.Agarose Gels3.3.Polyacrylamide Gels4.Discontinuous Electrophoresis5.Isoelectric Focusing6.Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Electrophoresis7.Porosity Gradient Gels8.Two‐Dimensional Maps (Proteome Analysis)9.Isotachophoresis10.Immunoelectrophoresis10.1.Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis10.2.Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis10.3.Tandem Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis10.4.Intermediate Gel Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis10.5.Fused‐Rocket Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis11.Staining Techniques and Blotting12.Immobilized pH Gradients13.Capillary Zone Electrophoresis14.Preparative Electrophoresis14.1.Preparative Isoelectric Focusing in Granulated Gel Layers14.2.Continuous‐Flow, Recycling Isoelectric Focusing14.3.The Rotofor14.4.Recycling Free‐Flow Focusing (RF3)14.5.Multicompartment Electrolyzers with Isoelectric Membranes
Environmental Management in the Chemical Industry
Authors: Jourdan Louis , Jonckheere Filip , Geffarth Ulrich , Busson Jaques 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

1.1.

Historical Development

1.2.

Factors Influencing Companies to Improve Their Environmental Performance

1.3.

Scope of This Contribution

2.

Environmental Management in Chemical Companies

2.1.

Preamble

2.2.

Environmental Management Systems

2.3.

Environmental Policy

2.4.

Organization and Structure

2.4.1.

Typical Organization

2.4.2.

Staffing of HSE Functions

2.4.3.

Employee Motivation and Training

2.4.4.

Research and Development

2.5.

Standards, Regulations, Monitoring, and Environmental Programs

2.5.1.

Register of Standards

2.5.2.

Measuring Environmental Performance

2.5.3.

Environmental Programs

2.6.

Environmental Audits

2.6.1.

Definition

2.6.2.

The Audit Plan

2.6.3.

Environmental Auditors

2.6.4.

Audit Methodology and Process

2.6.5.

Audit Report and Action Program

2.7.

Environmental Management Reviews

3.

Environmental Communication

3.1.

Environmental Communication: A New Aspect of Management

3.2.

Audiences and Vehicles

3.3.

The Environmental Report

3.3.1.

Audiences

3.3.2.

Corporate or Site Reports

3.3.3.

Contents of the Report

3.3.4.

Links to Environmental Management Systems

3.3.5.

Trends

3.4.

Stakeholder's Reactions

3.5.

Who Communicates?

4.

The Impact of Legislation on Environmental Management

4.1.

Operating Permits

4.2.

Process Safety Legislation

4.3.

The EC Eco‐Management and Audit Regulation

4.4.

Mandatory Environmental Communication

5.

Voluntary Action by Industry

5.1.

Internal Statements

5.2.

Voluntary Agreements

5.3.

Public Commitments

5.4.

Responsible Care

5.4.1.

Responsible Care; What Is It?

5.4.2.

The Guiding Principles

5.4.3.

National Programs

5.4.4.

The Scope of Responsible Care; Product Stewardship

5.4.5.

The Challenges of Responsible Care

6.

Standardization and Certification of Environmental Management Systems

6.1.

Standards for Environmental Management Systems

6.1.1.

Generic or Specific Standards

6.1.2.

EMS Standards

6.1.3.

The ISO 9000 and 14 000 Standards

6.2.

Certification of Environmental Management Standards

6.2.1.

Certification of an EMS

6.2.2.

Certification Against the EC Regulation

7.

International Aspects of Environmental Management

7.1.

Environmental Requirements in Different Countries

7.2.

Technological Cooperation
Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Kear Bernard H. , Skandan Ganesh 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Characteristics of Nanostructured Materials3.Production of Nanostructured Powders3.1.Spray Conversion Processing3.2.Sol ‐ Gel Processing3.3.Aqueous Solution Processing3.4.Physical Vapor Synthesis3.5.Chemical Vapor Condensation3.6.Chemical Vapor Reaction3.7.Liquid Flame Spray4.Processing of Nanostructured Bulk Structures and Coatings4.1.Equal Channel Angular Pressing4.2.Liquid Phase Sintering ofn‐WC/Co4.3.Thermal Spraying ofn‐WC/Co4.4.High‐Pressure Consolidation5.Processing of Novel Nanostructured Materials5.1.Composite Nanoparticles5.2.Films with Nanoscale Porosity5.3.High Green Density Compaction Method6.Applications of Nanostructured Materials7.Future Perspective
Chemical Conservation of Stone Structures
Authors: Snethlage Rolf , Wendler Eberhard 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Traditional Stone‐Conservation Products

2.1.

Limewater and Lime Wash

2.2.

Linseed Oil

2.3.

Waxes

2.4.

Fluorosilicates

2.5.

Water Glass

3.

Organosilicon Compounds

3.1.

Strengtheners

3.1.1.

Tetraethyl Orthosilicate

3.1.2.

Flexible Gels

3.1.3.

Coupling Agents

3.1.4.

Effect on Stone Properties

3.2.

Hydrophobic Products

3.2.1.

Formulations

3.2.2.

Combined Products

3.2.3.

Microemulsions

3.2.4.

Effect of Hydrophobation on Stone Properties

3.2.5.

Durability

4.

Acrylates

4.1.

Reactive Acrylate Systems

4.2.

Polymer Acrylate Systems

4.3.

Total Impregnation with PMMA

5.

Epoxy Resins

6.

Polyurethanes

7.

Polyester and Alkyd Resins

8.

Polymer Dispersions

9.

Conclusions
Mössbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Gütlich Philipp , Ensling Jürgen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Principle and Experimental Conditions of Recoil‐free Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence2.1.Nuclear Resonance2.2.Recoil Effect2.3.Mössbauer Effect3.Mössbauer Experiment3.1.Doppler Effect3.2.Mössbauer Spectrometer4.Preparation of Mössbauer Source and Absorber5.Hyperfine Interactions5.1.Isomer Shift5.2.Magnetic Hyperfine Interaction5.3.Quadrupole Splitting5.4.Combined Quadrupole and Magnetic Hyperfine Interactions5.5.Relative Intensities of Resonance Lines6.Evaluation of Mössbauer Spectra7.Selected Applications7.1.Magnetic Materials7.2.Corrosion Products7.3.Catalysis7.4.Atmospheric Aerosol Samples7.5.U.S. One‐Dollar Bill
Techniques for DNA Analysis
Authors: Wall Wilson J. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

1.1.

DNA Structure

1.2.

Structure of DNA in Vivo

2.

Primary Molecular Tools for DNA Analysis

3.

Methods of DNA Detection

3.1.

Bioluminescence

3.2.

Colorimetry

3.3.

Electrochemiluminescence

3.4.

Fluorescence

3.5.

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)

3.6.

Single‐Strand Conformation Polymorhism

3.7.

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA

3.8.

Short Tandem Repeat Analysis

3.9.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Detection

3.10.

Mitochondrial DNA Analysis

3.11.

DNA Analysis and Bioinformatics

4.

Applications of DNA Analysis

4.1.

General Principles of ARMS Analysis of DNA

4.2.

Analysis of Dynamic Mutations

4.3.

Using DNA Analysis to Determine Sex

4.4.

Methods of Personal Identification

4.5.

Bacterial Contamination of Water Supplies

4.6.

Adulteration of Food Stuffs
Ion Beam Techniques
Authors: Wolf Gerhard K. , Ensinger Wolfgang 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Interaction of Ions with Matter

3.

Equipment for Ion Beam Generation and Application

3.1.

Gaseous Ion Sources

3.2.

Solid Sources

3.3.

IBAD Facilities

4.

Applications

4.1.

Semiconductor Processing

4.2.

Metal Modification

4.3.

Ion Beam Modification of Insulators

4.3.1.

Ion Implantation and Ion Bombardment

4.3.2.

Metallization and Ion Beam Assisted Coatings

5.

Outlook
Inulin
Authors: Franck Anne , Levecke Bart 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Chemical Structure3.Physical and Chemical Properties4.Physiological Properties5.Resources and Raw Materials5.1.Dahlia5.2.Jerusalem Artichoke5.3.Chicory6.Production6.1.First Step6.2.Second Step6.3.Environmental Aspects7.Uses7.1.Food Applications7.2.Inulin Derivatives for Non‐Food Applications7.2.1.Oxidation7.2.2.Carboxymethylation7.2.3.Hydrophobization8.Analysis8.1.HPLC8.2.Gas Chromatography8.3.HPAEC Analysis (Dionex)8.4.Permethylation8.5.Quantitative Determination9.Legal Aspects10.Economic Aspects and Trade Names
Alkali Metal Cyanides
Authors: Rubo Andreas , Kellens Raf , Reddy Jay , Steier Norbert , Hasenpusch Wolfgang 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Properties2.Production, Packaging, and Transport2.1.Classical Cyanide Production Processes2.2.Cyanide Production Processes2.3.Energy Consumption2.4.Packaging and Transport2.5.Responsible Care, Product Stewardship, Sustainable Development, Certification3.Emissions and Consumptions4.Quality Specifications, Impurities5.Uses5.1.Gold Mining5.2.Chemical Synthesis5.3.Electroplating of Metals5.4.Hardening of Metals6.Economic Aspects7.Best Available Techniques (BAT)7.1.Processes7.2.Procedures7.3.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Fraser and Ablepharon macrostomia phenotypes: Concurrence in one family and association with mutatedFRAS1
Authors: Cavalcanti Denise Pontes , Matejas Verena , Luquetti Daniela , Mello Marcos Fernando , Zenker Martin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTo date, Fraser syndrome (FS) and Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome (AMS) have been considered distinct disorders, but they share strikingly similar patterns of congenital abnormalities, specifically craniofacial anomalies. While recent research has led to the identification of the genesFRAS1andFREM2as the cause of FS, the genetic basis of AMS continues to be enigmatic. We report on the concurrence of AMS‐like and Fraser phenotypes in a Brazilian family. Both affected sibs were homozygous for a novel splice site mutation in theFRAS1gene. Extensive studies on mRNA expression indicated that this mutation most likely leads to loss of function as most previously reportedFRAS1mutations associated with FS. We conclude that a phenotype resembling AMS is a rare clinical expression of FS with no obvious genotype–phenotype correlation. However, the molecular basis of “true” AMS which has been reported as a sporadic disorder in all cases but one, and so far with no relation to FS, is probably different and still needs to be further investigated. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hematological abnormalities during the first week of life among neonates with Down syndrome: Data from a multihospital healthcare system
Authors: Henry E. , Walker D. , Wiedmeier S.E. , Christensen R.D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractVarious hematological abnormalities have been reported among neonates with Down syndrome. Thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia, polycythemia, neutrophilia, transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD), and congenital leukemia have all been reported. The two largest case series previously reported involved 63 and 31 cases. To acquire hematological data from a larger case series, we obtained all CBCs done during the first week after birth on all neonates with Down syndrome cared for in an Intermountain Healthcare (IHC) hospital with a date of birth between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2005. During this period, 145,522 live births were recorded at 18 hospitals. Down syndrome was recognized in 226 (1 in 644). One hundred fifty‐eight (70%) of these had one or more CBCs obtained before the seventh day (144 hr). Neonates who did versus did not have a CBC in the first week had a similar gestational age, birth weight, percentage who were LGA and SGA, and length of stay. Neutrophilia was the most common hematological abnormality detected, with 80% of absolute neutrophil counts above the upper limit of normal for age. Six percent (9/158) had blasts identified on the blood film and three, where this was persistent, were referred to the pediatric hematology service for further evaluation. The next most commonly detected abnormality was thrombocytopenia, with 66% of platelet counts <150,000/µl, and with 6% of counts <50,000/µl. The mean platelet volume did not correlate with the platelet count, but tended to run slightly large (9.2 ± 1.3 fl), with 24% of values above 10 fl. Only one had a platelet transfusion. Polycythemia was the next most common hematological abnormality detected, with 33% of hematocrit values above 65% or hemoglobin concentrations above 22 g/dl. Six had a reduction transfusion. One patient had significant anemia (hematocrit <15%) and received an erythrocyte transfusion. One had neutropenia associated with an infection after bowel surgery. Neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, and polycythemia were the most common hematological abnormalities observed among neonates with Down syndrome. Anemia, thrombocytosis, and neutropenia were not more common than among neonates who do not have Down syndrome. Hematological abnormalities were so common in this group that it seems reasonable to recommend that one or more CBCs be obtained on all neonates with Down syndrome. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A male infant with a 9.6 Mb terminal Xp deletion including the OA1 locus: Limit of viability of Xp deletions in males
Authors: Melichar Volker O. , Guth Sabine , Hellebrand Heide , Meindl Alfons , Hardt Katharina von der , Kraus Cornelia , Trautmann Udo , Rascher Wolfgang , Rauch Anita , Zenker Martin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMales with deletions of or within Xp22.3‐pter display variable contiguous gene syndromes including manifestations of Léri‐Weill syndrome, chondrodysplasia punctata, mental retardation, ichthyosis, Kallmann syndrome, and ocular albinism. Herein, we report on a male infant with a large, cytogenetically visible, terminal Xp deletion defined by extensive FISH and STS marker analysis to encompass 9.6 Mb, and findings of all of the disorders mentioned above. His deletion approximates the largest Xp terminal deletion ever reported in a male individual. Since the extent of terminal Xp deletions viable in males is limited by the position of male lethal genes in Xp22.2 at about 10–11 Mb from the telomere, this patient falls into the category of the most severe male terminal Xp deletion phenotype. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of a 5.3 Mb deletion in 15q14 by comparative genomic hybridization using a whole genome “tiling path” BAC array in a girl with heart defect, cleft palate, and developmental delay
Authors: Erdogan Fikret , Ullmann Reinhard , Chen Wei , Schubert Marei , Adolph Sabine , Hultschig Claus , Kalscheuer Vera , Ropers Hans‐Hilger , Spaich Christiane , Tzschach Andreas 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHigh‐resolution array CGH utilizing sets of overlapping BAC and PAC clones (“tiling path”) covering the whole genome is a powerful novel tool for fast detection of submicroscopic chromosome deletions or duplications. We describe the successful application of a submegabase resolution whole genome “tiling path” BAC array to confirm and characterize a de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome 15. The deletion has a size of 5.3 Mb and is located within chromosome band 15q14, distal to the Prader–Willi/Angelman region. The affected girl had a heart defect, cleft palate, recurrent infections, and developmental delay. In contrast to GTG banding, array CGH determined the exact number of deleted genes and thus allowed the identification of candidate genes for cleft palate (GREM1, CX36, MEIS2), congenital heart defect (ACTC, GREM1, CX36, MEIS2), and mental retardation (ARHGAP11A, CHRNA7, CHRM5). © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obesity, hypothyroidism, craniosynostosis, cardiac hypertrophy, colitis, and developmental delay: A novel syndrome
Authors: Tan Tiong Yang , Amor David J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe describe in two brothers an apparently novel syndrome comprising obesity, congenital hypothyroidism, neonatal colitis, cardiac biventricular hypertrophy, craniosynostosis, and developmental delay. The first brother presented with neonatal colitis and congenital hypothyroidism and died at age 5 weeks of fulminant colitis. The second brother presented neonatally with the same condition, but survived and subsequently developed severe obesity, sagittal and coronal synostosis, and developmental delay. Both pregnancies had been complicated by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP syndrome). Exhaustive genetic and metabolic investigations have failed to provide a unifying pathogenesis. This unique combination of manifestations appears to represent a new syndrome with probable autosomal recessive or X‐linked recessive inheritance. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A girl with neurofibromatosis type 1, atypical autism and mosaic ring chromosome 17
Authors: Havlovicova Marketa , Novotna Drahuse , Kocarek Eduard , Novotna Kamila , Bendova Sarka , Petrak Borivoj , Hrdlicka Michal , Sedlacek Zdenek 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe describe a girl with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), mild dysmorphic features, growth and mental retardation, autism, and mosaicism of ring chromosome 17 and chromosome 17 monosomy. The extent of genetic material deleted from the ring chromosome was determined using a combination of classical cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to be 0.6–2.5 Mb on 17p, and up to about 10 Mb on 17q. Based on our observations and on a review of the literature we argue that in addition to a universal “ring syndrome” which is based on ring instability and is less specific for the chromosome involved, various ring chromosomes underlie their own characteristic phenotypes. We propose that the symptoms leading to the diagnosis of NF1 in our patient could be attributed to mosaic hemizygosity for the NF1 gene in some of her somatic cells. A similar mechanism or a direct involvement of respective disease genes in the aberration could possibly influence also the development of autism and other symptoms. We raise a question if the loss of one copy of chromosome 17 from a substantial fraction of somatic cells can have specific consequences also for future risks of the patient, for example, due to the mosaic hemizygosity for the BRCA1 and TP53 genes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Duplication/deletion mosaicism of the 7q(21.1 → 31.3) region
Authors: Morales Carme , Madrigal Irene , Esqué Teresa , de la Fuente José Eugenio , Rodríguez José Manuel , Margarit Ester , Soler Anna , Sánchez Aurora 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMosaicism for structural aberrations is a rare event and the coexistence of a cell line with a duplication and another with a deletion of the same chromosome segment is even more infrequent. We report a boy with a 46,XY,del(7q)/46,XY,dup(7q) mosaicism. High‐resolution cytogenetic analysis and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) performed at birth showed a trisomy for region 7q21.1 to 7q31.3 in 90% of metaphases analyzed and monosomy for the same region in 10% of metaphases. At the age of 12 months, karyotype on peripheral blood and exfoliated urinary epithelial cells was 46,XY,dup(7)(q21.1q31.3) in all cells analyzed. The patient presented malformations and psychomotor retardation. His phenotype is compared with other previously case reports describing patients with an interstitial duplication of 7(q21 or q22 → q31.3). Due to the absence of a normal cell line, we propose a post‐zygotic origin of the abnormality during the first mitotic division and a progressive loss of the deleted cells during pre‐ and post‐natal development by selective pressure. The patient described here emphasizes the possible existence of an undetectable cell line in patients previously diagnosed of pure partial 7q trisomy or monosomy to explain the great clinical variability between reported patients. We also describe the culture of urinary epithelial cells in order to perform cytogenetic analysis as a useful non‐invasive method. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sibling cases of Vici syndrome: Sleep abnormalities and complications of renal tubular acidosis
Authors: Miyata Rie , Hayashi Masaharu , Sato Hiroyuki , Sugawara Yuji , Yui Takako , Araki Satoshi , Hasegawa Takeshi , Doi Shozaburo , Kohyama Jun 
Published: December 2006

AbstractVici syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by albinism, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and developmental delays. Cardiac complications usually cause poor prognosis. We report sibling cases of Vici syndrome, and address complications of renal tubular acidosis. We also demonstrate the significance of serial examinations of brain natriuretic peptides, and discuss the possible early use of a β‐blocker to control cardiomyopathy. A sleep study including polysomnography indicated functional brainstem involvement, in which muscle atonia during non‐rapid sleeping eye movements, and bursts of rapid eye movements increased. These findings provide new clues for medical care of patients with Vici syndrome. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scandium–Bipyridine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Aminolysis of meso‐Epoxides
Authors: Mai Enzo , Schneider Christoph 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe scandium–bipyridine‐catalyzed enantioselective addition of anilines and O‐alkyl hydroxylamines to meso‐epoxides has been optimized and extended to a broad range of epoxides and amines. Whereas aromatic meso‐epoxides generally furnished the corresponding 1,2‐amino alcohols in excellent enantioselectivities, aliphatic meso‐epoxides only gave rise to moderate enantioselectivities in the aminolysis. The catalyst loading may be lowered to just 5 mol % with only marginal effects on yield and enantioselectivity. A strong positive nonlinear effect has been observed, pointing to aggregation phenomena of the catalyst.