bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Southern Urals: deep subduction, soft collision and weak erosion
Authors: Matte Philippe 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The Urals are a linear north-south-trending belt (2500 km in length, from Novaya Zemlya to the Aral Sea). Their apparent narrowness (100-150 km) in the polar and cispolar parts is mainly due to the Siberian Meso-Cenozoic post-tectonic cover. In the southern, broadest part that crops out, the width of the Urals is close to 500 km. The Urals are very different from the other European Palaeozoic belts, the Caledonides and Variscides: despite subduction that built volcanic arcs in Silurian-Devonian times and pushed continental crust to great depth, where it underwent UHP metamorphism, the global shortening is relatively small, without great nappes, and the level of erosion very high, mainly east of the oceanic suture, where high-grade Uralian metamorphism is scarce. Another unusual feature is the preservation of an orogenic root in the centre of the orogen. These characteristics are due to the plate tectonic history that led to the orogeny: eastward subduction of the European passive margin stopped quickly after the Devonian because it was difficult for a so large a continent to sink further. Orogeny continued by westward subduction, east of the volcanic arc, closure of oceanic basins and accretion of small continental blocks and arcs without large underthrusting, and thus with little metamorphism or erosion (soft collision) but with large strike-slip motion. Preservation of the root is thought to be due to the high density of the central volcanic arc at depth (mantle and probably mafic granulites), which precluded strong uplift and erosion.
The Vendian-Early Palaeozoic sedimentary basins of the East European Craton
Authors: Sliaupa Saulius , Fokin Pavel , Lazauskiene Jurga , Stephenson Randell A. 
Published: July 2007

abstract
Vendian-Early Palaeozoic sedimentation on the East European Craton (EEC) was confined to the cratonic margins with limited intracratonic subsidence. Generally, there are two geodynamic stages involved: in stage 1, basins formed in response to continental break-up processes; in stage 2, basins formed in response to the reassembly of continental lithosphere fragments and associated continental accretionary processes. The establishment of the Peri-Tornquist passive margin was a polyphase process that commenced in the Early Vendian in the SW and ended in the Cambrian in the NW. Neoproterozoic rifting along the Scandinavian margin was essentially a long process (250 Ma), whereas the fragmentation of the continent along the earlier Timanian orogen in the east and establishment of Peri-Uralian basins took place in a rather short time span. A similar scenario is suggested for the basement of the Peri-Caspian Basin. The rift-to-drift transition is expressed differently on the various EEC margins and this could be a reflection of the relative strengths of the underlying lithosphere. The change to a convergent margin setting is recorded in Peri-Tornquist basins in the Late Ordovician, climaxing with high rates of subsidence during Late Silurian time. Subsidence rates on the cratonic margins were governed by the emplacement of orogenic loads. Where there was a short time span between Stages 1 and 2, continuing thermal subsidence from the former was superimposed onto the flexural subsidence of the latter, such as on the Dnestr margin. Other processes, such as dynamic loading related to mantle flow, are implied for the anomalously broad Stage 2 Baltic Basin. Peri-Uralian basins developed as passive continental margin basins throughout the Early Palaeozoic. Stress regime changes generated at the craton margins are reflected in the structure and subsidence patterns recorded in the intracratonic Moscow Basin.
Monitoring the Corrosion Behavior of Coated Reinforcement for Concrete
Authors: Wheat Harovel G. , Liu Guangjuan 
Published: July 2007

Since its introduction in the 1970s, epoxy-coated reinforcement (ECR) has become of the most widely used alternatives to black steel.	Because of its premature deterioration in Florida soon after its introduction into large-scale bridge projects, other types of coatings are now being investigated. Some of those include new formulations of epoxy as well as other coatings that have not been used in concrete applications. This investigation is an examination of the corrosion behavior of epoxy-coated rebar, nylon-coated rebar, and PVC-coated rebar in simulated concrete solutions and in salt-contaminated concrete. The corrosion behavior is being examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Concrete macrocells have been exposed to salt water ponding for almost four years. EIS results indicate that, in general, the corrosion behavior of the coated reinforcement in the concrete is better than the corrosion behavior based on exposure in the simulated concrete solutions.
Coating Condition Evaluation of Epoxy Coated Rebar
Authors: Lau Kingsley , Sagüés Alberto A. 
Published: July 2007

The initial results of ongoing research on the corrosion condition of epoxy coated steel reinforcement (ECR) from a low permeability concrete marine structure with thin preexisting structural cracks after ~20 years of service are presented. Coating autopsies and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were conducted on ECR samples extracted from the field.	No preferential coating deterioration was observed on ECR zones intersected by a crack compared to the rest of the ECR segment. Results from EIS measurements show a high frequency (hf) loop in disbonded ECR samples. Larger hf loops in cracked concrete samples are indicative of larger electrolyte conductance. The low frequency impedance response behavior is characteristic of current and interfacial capacitance distribution in a transmission line configuration.	Further tests are in progress.
A novel synthetic compound that interrupts androgen receptor signaling in human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Lu Shan , Wang Amy , Lu Shan , Dong Zhongyun 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6-amino-2-[2-(4-tert-butyl-phenoxy)-ethylsulfonyl]-1H-pyrimidine-4-one (DL3), a novel synthetic compound with small-molecule drug properties, on androgen-regulated gene expression and cell growth in human prostate cancer cells. LNCaP, 22Rv1, and LAPC-4 cells were used in the studies. Expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and androgen receptor (AR) was determined by ELISA, Western blotting, real-time reverse transcription-PCR, nuclear run-on, and/or promoter luciferase reporter assays. Effects of DL3 on cell growth were determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide staining. DL3 inhibited dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced PSA expression in a dose-dependent fashion. The inhibitory effects of DL3 were more potent than those of flutamide, nilutamide, and bicalutamide. Moreover, DL3 blocked the stimulatory effects of nilutamide on PSA expression in LNCaP cells. Unlike the three classic antiandrogens, DL3 did not show intrinsic AR agonist activity. Nuclear run-on and PSA promoter reporter assays revealed that DL3 blocked DHT-induced PSA gene transcription. Consistent with its effects on PSA expression, DL3 inhibited DHT-stimulated cell growth with a potency significantly superior to flutamide, nilutamide, or bicalutamide. Furthermore, cells resistant to flutamide or nilutamide were as susceptible as their parental counterparts to the inhibitory effects of DL3 on both PSA expression and cell growth. DL3 did not inhibit AR nuclear localization and the NH2- and COOH-terminal interaction of AR induced by DHT. These data show that DL3 is a novel inhibitor of the AR signaling axis and a potentially potent therapeutic agent for the management of advanced human prostate cancer. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):2057–64]
Track Two Diplomacy from a Track One Perspective: Comparing the Perceptions of Turkish and American Diplomats
Authors: Gürkaynak C. Esra Çuhadar 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough it is often implicitly assumed by track two practitioners that track two efforts are complementary to official negotiations and are welcomed by official actors, little is known about the actual perceptions of these efforts by official parties, especially in the context of non-Western countries. Turkey, as one of these countries, was exposed to numerous track two efforts in the last decade. A survey of Turkish diplomats was conducted to explore how interventions by American- and European-based track two actors are perceived by the track one community in a developing and non-Western country. The Turkish diplomats' perceptions are organized around four categories: who are the track two actors, contributions of track two diplomacy, problems caused by track two diplomacy, and ideas concerning track two-track one cooperation. Then, the perceptions of Turkish and American diplomats are compared to assess whether their perceptions of track two diplomacy differ and, if so, in what particular ways they differ. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed and ideas for future research proposed.
Effect of Electrification Conditions on the Freezing of Supercooled Water Droplets on a Hydrophobic Coating
Authors: Nakajima Akira , Imase Akihito , Suzuki Shunsuke , Yoshida Naoya , Sakai Munetoshi , Hashimoto Ayako , Kameshima Yoshikazu , Toshiyoshi Hiroshi , Okada Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The effects of electrification processes on ice nucleation on an octadecanethiol (ODT) coating were investigated under two different conditions. Electrification provides the driving force of the movement to the three-phase contact line. This change promotes ice nucleation on the supercooled water droplet. In contrast, electrification before cooling inhibits freezing, probably because of the limitation of orientational freedom by the interaction between the surface charge and the dipole moment of water molecules.
Aversion to side effects in preventive medical treatment decisions
Authors: Waters Erika A. , Weinstein Neil D. , Colditz Graham A. , Emmons Karen M. 
Published: July 2007

Objectives. Individuals may be overly sensitive to the side effects of treatments aimed at preventing illness, in part because they have difficulty in evaluating situations with several possible outcomes that differ in probability. This study tested willingness to undergo a hypothetical preventive treatment and accuracy in determining the probability of harm from the treatment as a function of the presence of a side effect, the initial probability of harm, the format in which probabilities were presented (percentages or frequencies), and the presence or absence of a graphic.Design. The study was a factorial experiment involving 5,251 participants.Methods. Participants recruited from a health‐oriented internet site read about a hypothetical cancer prevention treatment situation and were asked to indicate their willingness to accept this treatment and whether it would increase or decrease their overall risk of cancer. The net benefit of the treatment was the same in all conditions, whether or not it was associated with a small side effect.Results. The presence of information about a side effect dramatically decreased willingness to undergo preventive treatment and accuracy in evaluating the treatment's effects. Willingness and accuracy were not influenced by the initial probability of harm, whether the risk probability information was presented as frequencies (N in 100) or as percentages, or whether the initial risk was presented with a bar graph or an array of asterisks or stick figures.Conclusion. Individuals are highly averse to preventive treatments with even small side effects and have difficulty combining the likelihood of positive and negative outcomes to determine the treatment's overall benefits.
A longitudinal analysis of emotional impact, coping strategies and post‐traumatic psychological growth following spinal cord injury: A 10‐year review
Authors: Pollard Clair , Kennedy Paul 
Published: July 2007

Objectives. To review emotional impact, psychological growth and coping strategies in a sample of traumatic spinal cord injured people from 12 weeks post‐injury to 10 years post‐hospital discharge.Design. Longitudinal, multiple wave panel design.Methods. Eighty‐seven people with traumatically acquired spinal cord injuries were assessed at 12 weeks post‐injury and followed up 10 years later (43% of the original sample responded). The Beck Depression Inventory, the State Anxiety Inventory, the COPE Scale, the Functional Independence Measure and the Social Support Inventory were completed on both occasions.Results. Rates of anxiety and depression had changed little over the 10‐year period. Two‐thirds of the sample showed no signs or symptoms of depression. Coping strategies remained relatively stable over time, statistically significant regression models (coping strategies at week 12 post‐injury) predicted one‐third of the variance in depression at year 10. Rates of post‐traumatic psychological growth were associated with higher levels of psychological distress.Conclusion. These results suggest that many people living with spinal cord injury manage the consequences of their disability without significant levels of psychopathology. However, the coping strategies they employ remain critical in accounting for this adjustment. The relationship between post‐traumatic growth and psychological well‐being was found to be complex, raising many questions for future research.
Regulation of Osteoclast Differentiation and Function by Phosphate: Potential Role of Osteoclasts in the Skeletal Abnormalities in Hypophosphatemic Conditions
Authors: Hayashibara Tetsuyuki , Hiraga Toru , Sugita Atsushi , Wang Liyang , Hata Kenji , Ooshima Takashi , Yoneda Toshiyuki 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Mice fed with a low Pi diet exhibited decreased osteoclast number. Hyp mice also showed decreased osteoclasts, and high Pi reversed it. Low Pi reduced osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro. Hypophosphatemia may suppress osteoclast differentiation/function, leading to skeletal abnormalities.
Introduction: Skeletal abnormalities seen in hypophosphatemic disorders indicate a critical role of phosphate (Pi) in skeletogenesis. However, the role of osteoclasts in the pathogenesis of the disturbed skeletogenesis is unclear.
Materials and Methods: Mice fed with a low-Pi diet and Hyp mice that are characterized by hypophosphatemia and impaired osteogenesis were studied. Effects of Pi on osteoclast formation and bone resorption were also examined in vitro.
Results: Histomorphometric examination showed that mice on a low-Pi diet exhibited decreased osteoclast number. Furthermore, osteoclast number in Hyp mice was also decreased compared with wildtype (WT) mice. Of note, feeding of Hyp mice with high-Pi diet significantly reversed hypophosphatemia, improved disturbed osteogenesis, and increased osteoclast number. Osteoclast-like cell (OLC) formation and bone resorption in Hyp bone marrow cells was not different from WT bone marrow cells. On the other hand, OLC formation and bone resorption were decreased in conjunction with reduced mRNA expression of RANKL in WT bone marrow cells cultured in the medium containing low Pi (0.5 mM). Recombinant human matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE), a candidate for phosphatonin, also decreased osteoclast formation, whereas fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), another phosphatonin candidate, showed no effects.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that Pi controls the differentiation and function of osteoclasts. These actions of Pi on osteoclasts may be associated with the pathogenesis of the skeletal abnormalities in hypophosphatemic disorders.
Fundamental study of the interaction of Ti atoms with spruce surfaces
Authors: Klarhöfer Lothar , Voigts Florian , Schwendt Dominik , Roos Burkhard , Viöl Wolfgang , Höfft Oliver , Maus-Friedrichs Wolfgang 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Metastable induced electron spectroscopy (MIES), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were applied to study the interaction of Ti metal atoms with spruce surfaces. Spruce surfaces were produced by planing splints from a spruce bar. Ti atoms were adsorbed from a metal evaporator under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The amount adsorbed corresponds to 10 monolayer equivalents. Strong interactions between the spruce surface and metals atoms occurred. Impinging Ti atoms were oxidized by the spruce surface. No Ti agglomeration or particle formation was observed. The surface was smoothed by the Ti applied and was completely covered by a titanium oxide film.
Chemical composition of 36 Brazilian Amazon forest wood species
Authors: Santana Marcos Antonio Eduardo , Okino Esmeralda Yoshico Arakaki 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Woods of 36 tree species from the Brazilian Amazon forest have been extracted and analyzed by means of total hydrolysis. For each species, three trees were analyzed in duplicate. The sugars and other byproducts of hydrolysis were analyzed by HPLC. Uronic anhydrides and acid-soluble lignin were determined by colorimetric methods. Acid-insoluble lignin, ash, and extractive contents were analyzed gravimetrically. Each analysis was performed several times and the data were evaluated statistically. The average percentages for ash and extractives are presented. Quantitative data for sugars obtained by HPLC were recalculated for glucan, galactan, arabinan, and mannan contents. These data are presented together with quantitative data for acetyl groups, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde, levulinic acid, uronic anhydride, acid-soluble and -insoluble lignin as summative analysis data based on an ash- and extractive-free basis, where, in an ideal case, the data should sum up to 100%. The summative results obtained varied from 96.0% to 99.6%, which is very satisfactory.
Physikalisch-modellbasierte Regelung des Luftpfads von Dieselmotoren für zukünftige Anforderungen (Physical Model Based Control of the Airpath of Diesel Engines for Future Requirements)
Authors: Schwarte Anselm , Schneider Dirk , Nienhoff Michael , Kopold Richard , Kornienko Andrei , Koops Ingo , Birkner Christian 
Published: July 2007

Das Gaswechselsystem moderner Dieselmotoren und dessen Regelung müssen zunehmend höheren Anforderungen genügen, um die Rohemissionen im Hinblick auf kommende Abgasgesetzgebungen in den Hauptmärkten weiter zu reduzieren, den Drehmomentverlauf und die Dynamik über den gesamten Drehzahlbereich zu verbessern, sowie um Abgasnachbehandlungssysteme zu unterstützen. Die Einführung der physikalisch-modellbasierten Regelung des Luftpfads ermöglicht es, die Kennfeldstrukturen stark zu vereinfachen, sich ändernde Betriebsbedingungen genauer zu berücksichtigen sowie die Linearisierung, Störgrößenkompensation und Entkopplung von Regelkreisen.
The gas exchange system of modern diesel engines and its control has to fulfill increasingly challenging requirements in order to further reduce raw emissions with regard to the next legislations in the main markets, improve torque and dynamic response over the whole speed range and to support exhaust aftertreatment systems. The introduction of the physical model based control of the airpath gives the possibility to reduce lookup table structures, to adjust to changing operation conditions as well as linearization, disturbance compensation and decoupling of control loops.
Predicting Fishing Participation and Site Choice While Accounting for Spatial Substitution, Trip Timing, and Trip Context
Authors: Hunt Len M. , Boots Barry N. , Boxall Peter C. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We developed choice models to understand and predict the amount, timing, and locations of recreational fishing trips taken by anglers in northwestern Ontario, Canada. These models incorporated several improvements over previous models to account for complex patterns of spatial substitution among fishing sites, the context of fishing trips, and the importance of tradition and weather on the timing of trips. Joint models of fishing participation and site choice were developed for two resident populations of anglers from northern Ontario. For both populations, the three innovations provided significant improvements to the models and important information for understanding and predicting recreational fishing behaviors. The utility of the model to fisheries managers was illustrated through a management scenario that involved the restoration of walleyes Sander vitreus in a large water body. The forecasts suggested that the effect of this restoration on fishing effort at other waters was influenced by spatial proximity and temporal use at the fishing sites.
Evaluating mercury biomagnification in fish from a tropical marine environment using stable isotopes (δ13C AND δ15N)
Authors: Al-Reasi Hassan A. , Ababneh Fuad A. , Lean David R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were measured in zooplankton and 13 fish species from a coastal food web of the Gulf of Oman, an arm of the Arabian Sea between Oman and Iran. Stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) also were determined to track mercury biomagnification. The average concentration of T-Hg in zooplankton was 21 ± 8.0 ng g−1 with MeHg accounting 10% of T-Hg. Total mercury levels in fish species ranged from 3.0 ng g−1 (Sardinella longiceps) to 760 ng g−1 (Rhizoprionodon acutus) with relatively lower fraction of MeHg (72%) than that found in other studies. The average trophic difference (△13C) between zooplankton and planktivorous fish (Selar crumenopthalmus, Rastrelliger kanagurta, and S. longiceps) was higher (3.4%0) than expected, suggesting that zooplankton may not be the main diet or direct carbon source for these fish species. However, further sampling would be required to compensate for temporal changes in zooplankton and the influence of their lipid content. Trophic position inferred by δ15N and and slopes of the regression equations (log10[T-Hg] = 0.13[δ15N] — 3.57 and log10[MeHg] = 0.14[δ15N] — 3.90) as estimates of biomagnification indicate that biomagnification of T-Hg and MeHg was lower in this tropical ocean compared to what has been observed in arctic and temperate ecosystems and tropical African lakes. The calculated daily intake of methylmercury in the diet of local people through fish consumption was well below the established World Health Organization (WHO) tolerable daily intake threshold for most of the fish species except Euthynnus affinis, Epinephelus epistictus, R. acutus, and Thunnus tonggol, illustrating safe consumption of the commonly consumed fish species.