bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A life shaped by pain: women and endometriosis
Authors: Huntington Annette , Gilmour Jean A 
Published: April 2006

Aims and objectives.  The research aim was to explore women's perceptions of living with endometriosis, its effects on their lives and the strategies used to manage their disease.Background.  Symptomatic endometriosis significantly affects women's quality of life. Characteristically the condition causes severe pain and has a negative impact on the ability to work, on family relationships and self‐esteem. There has been little discussion about women's experience of endometriosis in nursing literature.Design.  A qualitative research design informed by feminist research principles was chosen for this project.Methods.  Eighteen women agreed to take part in the research. The individual, audio taped interviews were semi‐structured and interactive. The interviews were analysed using a thematic analysis approach.Results.  The dominant feature of data from the interviews was the experience of severe and chronic pain impacting on all aspects of life. Analysis related to pain resulted in four themes: manifestations of pain, the pain trajectory, intractable pain and controlling pain.Conclusion.  The diagnostic process typically took 5–10 years indicating that primary health care practitioners need higher levels of ‘suspicion’ for this condition. Case studies and problem‐based scenarios focusing on endometriosis in health professional education programmes would enhance diagnostic skills and knowledge development. No formal pain management follow up after diagnosis and treatment meant women actively sought information from other sources as they made major lifestyle changes in the areas of activity and nutrition. Pain management services specifically for women with endometriosis would provide much needed support with this neglected aspect of the disease.Relevance to clinical practice.  This is a fertile area for the development of the Nurse Practitioner role which, also drawing on the considerable collective expertise of women with endometriosis, could provide significant information and support for women as they manage this highly complex condition.
Alcohol use among young adults presenting to the emergency department
Authors: Tjipto Alwie C , McD Taylor David , Liew Hui 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectives:  To determine the prevalence of young ED patients at risk from hazardous alcohol consumption, to identify high‐risk patient subgroups and evaluate the feasibility of use of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in this setting.Methods:  We undertook a cross‐sectional survey of 336 ED patients aged 18–30 years, inclusive. All were breathalysed prior to self‐administering the AUDIT. A ‘positive’ AUDIT score (≥8) defined hazardous alcohol consumption. AUDIT scores were correlated with sex and trauma diagnosis.Results:  One hundred and thirty‐one (39.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 33.8–44.5) patients were classified as AUDIT‐positive. Men were significantly more likely to be AUDIT‐positive (49%vs 23%, P < 0.001) and had significantly higher total AUDIT scores (P < 0.001) than women. Trauma patients were significantly more likely to be AUDIT‐positive (P < 0.001) and had significantly higher AUDIT scores than non‐trauma patients (P < 0.001). Of the six patients who recorded a positive breath alcohol reading, all were AUDIT‐positive. One hundred (76.3%, 95% CI 68.0–83.1) AUDIT‐positive patients did not report others being concerned about their drinking or had not been given advice to cut down.Conclusion:  It is feasible to use the AUDIT screening tool in the ED to identify those at risk from hazardous drinking. In our ED there is a high prevalence of hazardous alcohol consumption in young adult patients, many of whom have not previously received advice to cut down on their drinking.
SIMULTANEOUS RECOVERY AND DETECTION OF FOUR HEAT‐INJURED FOODBORNE PATHOGENS IN GROUND BEEF AND MILK BY A FOUR‐COMPARTMENT THIN AGAR LAYER PLATE
Authors: WU VIVIAN C.H. , FUNG DANIEL Y.C. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT A four‐compartment thin agar layer (4‐TAL) system was developed to improve operation efficiency and recover injured foodborne pathogens simultaneously. The system consisted of a layer of nonselective agar overlaid on four different selective agars (xylose lysine desoxycholate [XLD], cefsulodin irgasan novobiocin [CIN], modified Oxford medium [MOX] and MacConkey sorbitol agar [MSA]) housed in a four‐compartment petri dish. We applied this system to simultaneously recover heat‐injured (55C, 10 min) Escherichia coli O157:H7 (MSA), Listeria monocytogenes (MOX), Salmonella Typhimurium (XLD) and Yersinia enterocolitica (CIN) from ground beef and pasteurized milk. No significant difference (P > 0.05) occurred between the single recovery unit (nonselective agar overlaid on one selective agar in a standard petri dish) and the 4‐TAL for detecting four heat‐injured pathogens in tested samples. Both TAL methods showed greater recovery of four heat‐injured pathogens than the pathogen‐specific selective media (P < 0.05). The 4‐TAL system appears to be efficient for recovery and detection of injured pathogens in food in terms of operation, material and labor costs, and space of incubation.
Host Genetics of
Bordetella pertussis
Infection in Mice: Significance of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Genetic Susceptibility and Pathobiology
Authors: Banus H. A. , Vandebriel R. J. , de Ruiter H. , Dormans J. A. M. A. , Nagelkerke N. J. , Mooi F. R. , Hoebee B. , van Kranen H. J. , Kimman T. G. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

The susceptibility to and the severity of
Bordetella pertussis
infections in infants and children varies widely, suggesting that genetic differences between individuals influence the course of infection. We have previously identified three novel loci that influence the severity of whooping cough by using recombinant congenic strains of mice:
Bordetella pertussis
susceptibility loci 1, 2, and 3 (
Bps1
,
-2
, and
-3
). Because these loci could not account for all genetic differences between mice, we extended our search for additional susceptibility loci. We therefore screened 11 inbred strains of mice for susceptibility to a pertussis infection after intranasal infection. Susceptibility was defined by the number of bacteria in the lungs, being indicative of the effect between the clearance and replication of bacteria. The most resistant (A/J) and the most susceptible (C3H/HeJ) strains were selected for further genetic and phenotypic characterization. The link between bacterial clearance and chromosomal location was investigated with 300 F
2
mice, generated by crossing A/J and C3H/HeJ mice. We found a link between the delayed clearance of bacteria from the lung and a large part of chromosome 4 in F
2
mice with a maximum log of the odds score of 33.6 at 65.4 Mb, which is the location of
Tlr4
. C3H/HeJ mice carry a functional mutation in the intracellular domain of
Tlr4
. This locus accounted for all detectable genetic differences between these strains. Compared to A/J mice, C3H/HeJ mice showed a delayed clearance of bacteria from the lung, a higher relative lung weight, and increased body weight loss. Splenocytes from infected C3H/HeJ mice produced almost no interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) upon ex vivo restimulation with
B. pertussis
compared to A/J mice and also showed a delayed gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production. TNF-α expression in the lungs 3 days after infection was increased fivefold compared to uninfected controls in A/J mice and was not affected in C3H/HeJ mice. In conclusion,
Tlr4
is a major host factor explaining the differences in the course of infection between these inbred strains of mice. Functional
Tlr4
is essential for an efficient IL-1-β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ response; efficient clearance of bacteria from the lung; and reduced lung pathology.
The
Escherichia coli
O157 Flagellar Regulatory Gene
flhC
and Not the Flagellin Gene
fliC
Impacts Colonization of Cattle
Authors: Dobbin Heather S. , Hovde Carolyn J. , Williams Christopher J. , Minnich Scott A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

A virulent European
Escherichia coli
O157:H

−

isolate is nonmotile due to a 12-bp deletion in the flagellar regulatory gene
flhC
. To investigate the contribution of
flhC
in the relationship between
E. coli
O157:H7 and cattle, we constructed a similar
flhC
regulatory mutant in the well-characterized strain ATCC 43894. There was no difference in the growth rate between the wild type and this regulatory mutant, but phenotypic arrays showed substrate utilization differences. Survival in the bovine gastrointestinal tract and colonization of the rectoanal junction mucosa were assessed. Mixtures of both strains were given orally or rectally to steers or administered into the rumen of cattle dually cannulated at the rumen and duodenum. One day post-oral dose, most rectal/fecal isolates (74%) were the regulatory mutant, but by 3 days post-oral dose and throughout the 42-day experiment, ≥80% of the isolates were wild type. Among steers given a rectal application of both strains, wild-type isolates were the majority of isolates recovered on all days. The regulatory mutant survived better than the wild type in both the rumen and duodenum. To test the role of motility, a filament mutant (Δ
fliC
) was constructed and similar cattle experiments were performed. On all days post-oral dose, the majority of isolates (64% to 98%) were the filament mutant. In contrast, both strains were recovered equally post-rectal application. Thus, the regulatory mutant survived passage through the bovine gastrointestinal tract better than the wild type but failed to efficiently colonize cattle, and the requirement of
flhC
for colonization was not dependent on a functional flagellum.
Mixed Strain Infections and Strain-Specific Protective Immunity in the Rodent Malaria Parasite
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi
in Mice
Authors: Cheesman Sandra , Raza Ahmed , Carter Richard 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Important to malaria vaccine design is the phenomenon of “strain-specific” immunity. Using an accurate and sensitive assay of parasite genotype, real-time quantitative PCR, we have investigated protective immunity against mixed infections of genetically distinct cloned “strains” of the rodent malaria parasite
Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi
in mice. Four strains of
P. c. chabaudi
, AS, AJ, AQ, and CB, were studied. One round of blood infection and drug cure with a single strain resulted in a partial reduction in parasitemia, compared with levels for naïve mice, in challenge infections with mixed inocula of the immunizing (homologous) strain and a heterologous strain. In all cases, the numbers of blood-stage parasites of each genotype were reduced to similar degrees. After a second, homologous round of infection and drug cure followed by challenge with homologous and heterologous strains, the parasitemias were reduced even further. In these circumstances, moreover, the homologous strain was reduced much faster than the heterologous strain in all of the combinations tested. That the immunity induced by a single infection did not show “strain specificity,” while the immunity following a second, homologous infection did, suggests that the “strain-specific” component of protective immunity in malaria may be dependent upon immune memory. The results show that strong, protective immunity induced by and effective against malaria parasites from a single parasite species has a significant “strain-specific” component and that this immunity operates differentially against genetically distinct parasites within the same infection.
A Fungicidal Monoclonal Antibody Protects against Murine Invasive Candidiasis
Authors: Sevilla María J. , Robledo Beatriz , Rementeria Aitor , Moragues María D. , Pontón José 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Mice infected by
Candida albicans
and treated with monoclonal antibody C7 survived longer than saline-treated animals. A prozone-like effect was observed. The in vitro candidacidal activity of macrophages was strongly enhanced when
C. albicans
was opsonized by C7 and complete murine serum was present.
Specific Modification of a Na
+
Binding Site in NADH:Quinone Oxidoreductase from
Klebsiella pneumoniae
with Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
Authors: Vgenopoulou Irini , Gemperli Anja C. , Steuber Julia 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

The respiratory NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (complex I) (NDH-1) is a multisubunit enzyme that translocates protons (or in some cases Na
+
) across energy-conserving membranes from bacteria or mitochondria. We studied the reaction of the Na
+
-translocating complex I from the enterobacterium
Klebsiella pneumoniae
with
N
,
N
′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), with the aim of identifying a subunit critical for Na
+
binding. At low Na
+
concentrations (0.6 mM), DCCD inhibited both quinone reduction and Na
+
transport by NDH-1 concurrent with the covalent modification of a 30-kDa polypeptide. In the presence of 50 mM Na
+
, NDH-1 was protected from inhibition by DCCD, and the modification of the 30-kDa polypeptide with [
14
C]DCCD was prevented, indicating that Na
+
and DCCD competed for the binding to a critical carboxyl group in NDH-1. The 30-kDa polypeptide was assigned to NuoH, the homologue of the ND1 subunit from mitochondrial complex I. It is proposed that Na
+
binds to the NuoH subunit during NADH-driven Na
+
transport by NDH-1.
Sequencing
Bacillus anthracis
Typing Phages Gamma and Cherry Reveals a Common Ancestry
Authors: Fouts Derrick E. , Rasko David A. , Cer Regina Z. , Jiang Lingxia , Fedorova Nadia B. , Shvartsbeyn Alla , Vamathevan Jessica J. , Tallon Luke , Althoff Ryan , Arbogast Tamara S. , Fadrosh Douglas W. , Read Timothy D. , Gill Steven R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

The genetic relatedness of the
Bacillus anthracis
typing phages Gamma and Cherry was determined by nucleotide sequencing and comparative analysis. The genomes of these two phages were identical except at three variable loci, which showed heterogeneity within individual lysates and among Cherry, Wβ, Fah, and four Gamma bacteriophage sequences.
Induction of
Escherichia coli
Chromosomal
mazEF
by Stressful Conditions Causes an Irreversible Loss of Viability
Authors: Kolodkin-Gal Ilana , Engelberg-Kulka Hanna 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

mazEF
is a stress-induced toxin-antitoxin module located on the chromosomes of many bacteria. Here we induced
Escherichia coli
chromosomal
mazEF
by various stressful conditions. We found an irreversible loss of viability, which is the basic characteristic of cell death. These results further support our previous conclusion that
E. coli mazEF
mediation of cell death is not a passive process, but an active and genetically “programmed” death response.
Task-level control of rapid wall following in the American cockroach
Authors: Cowan N. J. , Lee J. , Full R. J. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThe American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, is reported to follow walls at a rate of up to 25 turns s–1. During high-speed wall following, a cockroach holds its antenna relatively still at the base while the flagellum bends in response to upcoming protrusions. We present a simple mechanosensory model for the task-level dynamics of wall following. In the model a torsional, mass-damper system describes the cockroach's turning dynamics, and a simplified antenna measures distance from the cockroach's centerline to a wall. The model predicts that stabilizing neural feedback requires both proportional feedback (difference between the actual and desired distance to wall) and derivative feedback (velocity of wall convergence) information from the antenna. To test this prediction, we fit a closed-loop proportional-derivative control model to trials in which blinded cockroaches encountered an angled wall (30° or 45°) while running. We used the average state of the cockroach in each of its first four strides after first contacting the angled wall to predict the state in each subsequent stride. Nonlinear statistical regression provided best-fit model parameters. We rejected the hypothesis that proportional feedback alone was sufficient. A derivative (velocity) feedback term in the control model was necessary for stability.
Parathyroid hormone may maintain bone formation in hibernating black bears (Ursus americanus) to prevent disuse osteoporosis
Authors: Donahue Seth W. , Galley Sarah A. , Vaughan Michael R. , Patterson-Buckendahl Patricia , Demers Laurence M. , Vance Josef L. , McGee Meghan E. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY
Mechanical unloading of bone causes an imbalance in bone formation and resorption leading to bone loss and increased fracture risk. Black bears(Ursus americanus) are inactive for up to six months during hibernation, yet bone mineral content and strength do not decrease with disuse or aging. To test whether hibernating bears have biological mechanisms to prevent disuse osteoporosis, we measured the serum concentrations of hormones and growth factors involved in bone metabolism and correlated them with the serum concentration of a bone formation marker (osteocalcin). Serum was obtained from black bears over a 7-month duration that included periods of activity and inactivity. Both resorption and formation markers increased during hibernation, suggesting high bone turnover occurred during inactivity. However, bone formation appeared to be balanced with bone resorption. The serum concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) was higher in the hibernation(P=0.35) and post-hibernation (P=0.006) seasons relative to pre-hibernation levels. Serum leptin was lower (P&lt;0.004)post-hibernation relative to pre-hibernation and hibernation periods. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) decreased (P&lt;0.0001) during hibernation relative to pre-hibernation and reached its highest value during remobilization. There was no difference (P=0.64) in 25-OH vitamin D between the three seasons. Serum osteocalcin (bone formation marker) was significantly correlated with PTH, but not with leptin, IGF-I or 25-OH vitamin D. Osteocalcin and PTH were positively correlated when samples from all seasons were pooled and when only hibernation samples were considered, raising the possibility that the anabolic actions of PTH help maintain bone formation to prevent disuse osteoporosis. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)release from MC3T3 osteoblastic cells was significantly affected by treatment with bear serum from different seasons (i.e. hibernation versus active periods). The seasonal changes in PGE2 release showed trends similar to the seasonal changes in serum IGF-I. Since both PGE2 and IGF-I are associated with collagenous bone formation, it is possible that seasonal changes in a circulating factor influence IGF-I levels in vivo in bears and PGE2 release in osteoblastic cells in vitro. The significant decrease in serum leptin following arousal from hibernation may promote bone formation during remobilization, assuming there is a similar decrease in intracerebroventricular leptin. These findings support the idea that seasonal changes in the concentration of circulating molecules help regulate bone formation activity and may be important for preventing disuse osteoporosis in bears.
Witt-Type Theorems for Grassmannians and Lie Incidence Geometries
Authors: Cooperstein B. N. , Kasikova Anna , Shult Ernest E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
For a subset of a Lie incidence geometry two intrinsic notions of independence are introduced. Also defined is the notion of a parabolic subspace. A classification is achieved for certain independent subgraphs of the point collinearity graph of the Lie incidence geometries An,k
, Bn,n
, Dn,n
. As a corollary it is proved that certain subspaces of these geometries are parabolic and transitivity results are obtained.
Polar spaces embedded in projective spaces
Authors: Seal Gavin J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Let P be a polar space induced by a
quasipolarity on a projective space G. In this article, we give
sufficient conditions for an embedding (i.e. an incidence-preserving map which
is injective on points and lines) of P into a projective space
H to be extendable to an incidencepreserving map from G to
H. As a consequence, we obtain conditions for such an embedding to be
induced by a semilinear map between the overlying vector
spaces.
On the geometry of linear involutions
Authors: Pankov Mark 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Let V be an n-dimensional left
vector space over a division ring R and n ≥ 3. Denote by ##
add figure 'advg.5.3.455_01.gif'##
k
the Grassmann space of
k-dimensional subspaces of V and write ## add figure
'advg.5.3.455_02.gif'##
k
for the set of all pairs
(S, U ) ∈ ## add figure
'advg.5.3.455_01.gif'##
k
ｘ ## add figure
'advg.5.3.455_01.gif'##
n - k
such that S + U = V. We study bijective transformations of ## add
figure 'advg.5.3.455_02.gif'##
k
preserving the class of base
subsets and show that these mappings are induced by semilinear isomorphisms of
V to itself or to the dual space V* if n
≠ 2k ; for n = 2k this fails. This result can be
formulated as the following: if n ≠ 2k and the characteristic
of R is not equal to 2 then any commutativity preserving transformation
of the set of (k, n - k )-involutions can be
extended to an automorphism of the group GL(V ).
Metaphor in the ‘‘Strict Father’’ and ‘‘Nurturant Parent’’ cognitive models: Theoretical issues raised in an empirical study
Authors: Cienki Alan 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The metaphorical components of two cognitive models of
moral/political systems, presented in Lakoff (1996 [2002]), were tested
empirically, using a set of televised debates between two candidates for US
president as data. Few verbal metaphoric expressions were found in the data
which directly reﬂected the conceptual metaphors proposed in the models.
However, a large number of mostly non-metaphoric expressions were found which
constitute entailments of the models. This suggests a form of reasoning
according to the logic of the proposed metaphors. The speakers’ metaphoric
gestures in one of the debates were then coded and analyzed. Quantitative
analysis produced results similar to the linguistic analysis, but qualitative
analysis highlighted signiﬁcant differences between the models, both in terms of
their composition and how they can be expressed. The study raises methodological
issues for metaphor research, and theoretical questions about the ways of
identifying and labeling conceptual metaphors and about the status of cognitive
and cultural models.
Reading relative clauses in English
Authors: Gibson Edward , Desmet Timothy , Grodner Daniel , Watson Duane , Ko Kara 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Two self-paced reading experiments investigated
several factors that inﬂuence the comprehension complexity of singly-embedded
relative clauses (RCs) in English. Three factors were manipulated in Experiment
1, resulting in three main effects. First, object-extracted RCs were read more
slowly than subject-extracted RCs, replicating previous work. Second, RCs that
were embedded within the sentential complement of a noun were read more slowly
than comparable RCs that were not embedded in this way. Third, and most
interestingly, object-modifying RCs were read more slowly than subject-modifying
relative clauses. This result contradicts one of the central tenets of
complexity research: that nested sentences are harder to understand than their
right-branching equivalents (e.g., Miller and Chomsky 1963). It is hypothesized
that this result followed from a combination of two information-ﬂow factors: (1)
background information is usually presented early in a sentence; and (2)
restrictive RCs—the form of the RCs in Experiment 1—usually convey background
information. Experiment 2 tested this hypothesis by comparing restrictive and
non-restrictive RCs— which generally provide new information—in both subject-
and objectmodifying positions. The results of the experiment were as predicted
by the information-ﬂow account: Only restrictive RCs were read more slowly when
modifying objects. It is concluded that both resource and information-ﬂow
factors need to be considered in explaining RC complexity
effects.