bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concepts of Time and Space in Phenomenology
Authors: Roubach Michael 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
I Ricœur's account of the distinction between phenomenological and cosmological time
My theme concerns the notions of time and space in Ricœur's thought with special emphasis on its relation to Phenomenology. As I understand it, in Temps et récit and again in La mémoire, l'histoire, l'oubli Ricœur proposes an opposition between subjective/phenomenological time and objective/cosmological time. In La mémoire, l'histoire, l'oubli he introduces a parallel distinction between lived space and geometrical space. We can state Ricœur's position in Husserlian terms and say that he is developing different regional ontologies, while I shall argue in these remarks that a certain fundamental ontology is required which will unify these different notions of space and different notions of time. Cosmic time is characterised by Ricœur as constituted by the distinction between earlier and later and by a general notion of the instant. The phenomenological notion of time is characterised by the distinction between the past and the future and its privileged instant is the present. In the third part of Temps et récit Ricœur argues for the autonomy of each notion. This autonomy is a necessary step in developing a third notion of historical time as a bridge between these two notions, the cosmic and the phenomenological.
“Aber wie soll ich denn aus dem Jiddischen übersetzen?”: Gershom Scholem and the Problem of Translating Yiddish
Authors: Groiser David 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
I Westjuden, Ostjuden, and the Place of Yiddish
During the First World War, the young Gershom (Gerhard) Scholem (1897–1982) published a typically forceful critique of three recent works of translation from Yiddish into German. His article, “Zum Problem der Übersetzung aus dem Jidischen [sic]” [On the Problem of Translating from Yiddish] (1917), reveals important dimensions of the cultural place of Yiddish in this period. Of general importance for understanding the development of Scholem's conception of language, the article and the exchange that it inspired also show in particular how, even within the camp of those sympathetic or devoting themselves to greater understanding of the Ostjuden, in some cases also converting their sympathy into practical action, there were widely differing approaches to the correct means and method by which this should be achieved.
Hannah Arendt on Action and Exile
Authors: Matveev Julia 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
I Politics and “exilic” experience
One remarkable aspect of this “Myth of Exile” is that it served two conflicting purposes: through its mystical interpretation of exile as action instead of suffering, it could rouse the people to hasten the coming of the Messiah [… ] But [… ] it served equally well the needs of the disillusioned people, who, having lost the Messianic hope, wanted a new, more general justification of exile, of their inactive existence and mere survival.
Zum Briefwechsel von Leo Löwenthal und Siegfried Kracauer
Authors: von Wussow Philipp 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Eine große Leidenschaft von Siegfried Kracauer war es, mit jüngeren, gleichsam noch unfertigen Denkern zu „symphilosophieren“. Dies hat etwa in den neueren Adorno-Biographien zu vielerlei Spekulationen und mitunter schlüpfrigen Anspielungen auf vermeintliche homoerotische Beziehungen zwischen Kracauer und Adorno geführt – Spekulationen, die sich nur im Deutschen Literaturarchiv überprüfen ließen, da das Material bislang nicht zitiert werden darf. Der Briefwechsel mit Leo Löwenthal legt nahe, dass es sich bei seiner Vorstellung vom „Symphilosophieren“ tatsächlich um eine subtile geistige Homoerotik handelt, mehr aber auch nicht. Geradezu beschwört wird „das Philosophieren zu zweien, das immer und ewig schön“ sei. Am 16. Oktober 1921 schreibt Kracauer: „Träumen Sie nicht auch jeden Menschen in seiner Art vollendet?“ Um der Perfektionierung des Leo Löwenthal willen scheut er auch vor sachlich scharfer Kritik nicht zurück, die sich jedoch mit unverbrüchlicher persönlicher Loyalität paart. Zu den Aspekten, die die frühen Briefe Kracauers so lesenswert machen, gehört es, wie er den jungen Löwenthal von der Bahn eines „wilden“, schwärmerischen Messianismus zu einer säkularen Wahrnehmung religiöser Inhalte zu lenken versucht.
Genetic and Coded Wire Tag Results Combine to Allow More-Precise Management of a Complex Chinook Salmon Aggregate
Authors: Parken Charles K. , Candy John R. , Irvine James R. , Beacham Terry D. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Conservation concerns for small, relatively unproductive populations of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha limit the utility of fisheries in Canada's Fraser River. To identify population-specific migration time and to index abundance, we analyzed 4,822 fish sampled for genetic variation in 2000 and 2001 and 580 fish with coded wire tags (CWTs) caught from 1987 to 2004 in a test fishery near the river mouth. Population sizes estimated from microsatellite variation were within 3.4% of the known-origin population composition and were unbiased in comparison with known-origin population sizes. All but 1 of the 30 populations detected by both genetic methods and CWTs had overlapping migration times, but these times differed significantly for only 7 populations. Migration times were identified for another 23 untagged populations identified by using genetics, which resulted in the assignment of migration timing groups (peak passage) for 53 populations as spring (March–May), early summer (June), midsummer (July), late summer (August), and fall (September–October). Population abundance indices at the test fishery were significantly associated with run size at the river mouth. When populations were aggregated by geographic stock structure and migration time, the abundance indices for the test fishery explained 80% of the variation in run size. Incorporating genetic information can substantially improve the utility of test fishery data and thereby allow more-precise management of complex population aggregates such as those in the Fraser River.
Factors Influencing Radio Wave Transmission and Reception: Use of Radiotelemetry in Large River Systems
Authors: Peters Lindsay M. , Reinhardt Ulrich G. , Pegg Mark A. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Many technical and environmental variables affect radio wave transmission and reception in aquatic environments. We used a controlled experimental design in three large North American rivers (Illinois and Mississippi rivers, Illinois, and Skeena River, British Columbia) to examine the effects of water conductivity, transmitter depth, electromagnetic noise, antenna height, and transmitter type on detection distance. Detection distance was significantly affected by water conductivity, transmitter depth, and electromagnetic noise from a boat motor. Detection distance and maximum depth of signal reception increased with decreasing conductivity except at conductivities from 60 to 90 μS/cm (Skeena River). In contrast to terrestrial radiotelemetry, antenna height did not significantly affect detection distance. We also determined that a transmitter with a 3.5-V battery had an approximately 2.5 times greater detection distance than a transmitter with a 1.5-V battery. We provide quantitative results for several variables influencing radio wave transmission and reception, and we present two regression equations that can be used by researchers to obtain estimated detection distances in rivers of similar conductivity and depth. Furthermore, we compared our detection distances with those calculated from theoretical equations and found that our field results yielded higher detection distances. We strongly believe that there are gaps between results reported in technical papers and those obtained in field method studies; we argue for more collaborative research between aquatic telemetry users and engineers to reduce the current need for trial and error in telemetry study design.
Behavior and Passage Performance of Northern Pike, Walleyes, and White Suckers in an Experimental Raceway
Authors: Peake Stephan J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The willingness and ability of wild adult northern pike Esox lucius, walleyes Sander vitreus, and white suckers Catostomus commersonii to ascend a 25- or 50-m experimental raceway against various water velocities (35–120 cm/s at 8 cm from the bottom) was measured. The probability that a fish of any given species would enter the raceway from its holding tank was significantly correlated with fork length, water temperature, and tank volume but was not correlated with water velocity. On average, 62.6% of northern pike, 45.0% of walleyes, and 44.2% of white suckers entered volitionally. For those fish that entered, the probability that at least one complete ascent would occur during the exposure period was not dependent on fish length, water temperature, raceway length, duration of the exposure period, time in captivity, or water velocity. On average, 74.4% of northern pike, 76.4% of walleyes, and 77.3% of white suckers that entered the raceway made at least one complete ascent. For northern pike and walleyes, the proportion of successful ascents at the highest water velocity tested (120 cm/s) was significantly lower than the proportions observed at the lower velocities. No significant differences were found among ascent proportions for white suckers. Fish in general may be more inclined to enter a culvert if the pool downstream of the entrance is relatively small. Culverts less than 50 m long should allow these species to pass as long as water velocities near the bottom do not exceed 100 cm/s. Fish passage models based on published data from forced performance trials predicted lower maximum allowable water speeds, which adds to a growing body of work that indicates the unsuitability of these tests for use in setting velocity criteria in culverts and fishways.
Changes in Consumption by Alewives and Lake Whitefish after Dreissenid Mussel Invasions in Lakes Michigan and Huron
Authors: Pothoven Steven A. , Madenjian Charles P. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Growth of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis has declined since the arrival and spread of dreissenid mussels in Lakes Michigan and Huron. Alewives are the main forage for the salmonids in Lake Michigan, and lake whitefish are the most important commercial species in both lakes. Bioenergetics modeling was used to determine consumption by the average individual fish before and after the dreissenid invasion and to provide insight into the invasion's effects on fish growth and food web dynamics. Alewives feed on both zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates, and lake whitefish are benthivores. Annual consumption of zooplankton by an average alewife in Lake Michigan was 37% lower and consumption of benthic macroinvertebrates (amphipods Diporeia spp., opossum shrimp Mysis relicta, and Chironomidae) was 19% lower during the postinvasion period (1995–2005) than during the preinvasion period (1983–1994). Reduced consumption by alewives corresponded with reduced alewife growth. In Lakes Michigan and Huron, consumption of nonmollusk macroinvertebrates (Diporeia spp., opossum shrimp, Chironomidae) by the average lake whitefish was 46–96% lower and consumption of mollusks (mainly dreissenids and gastropods) was 2–5 times greater during the postinvasion period than during the preinvasion period. Even though total food consumption by lake whitefish did not differ between the two periods in Lake Huron or the Southern Management Unit in Lake Michigan, postinvasion weight at age was at least 38% lower than preinvasion weight at age. Under the current postinvasion diet regime, consumption by lake whitefish would have to increase by up to 122% to achieve preinvasion growth rates.
Evaluation of a Nutrition Education Component Nested in the NutriSTEP™ Project
Authors: Rysdale Lee 
Published: February 2008

Purpose: Parents’ health literacy skills include food and nutrition knowledge, as well as the ability to read, comprehend, and use information related to their children’s health. The evaluation of a nutrition education booklet within the NutriSTEP™ ( Nutri tion S creening T ool for E very P reschooler) Project was conducted. Parents’ nutrition education needs and their sources of nutrition information were also assessed. Methods: Eight dietitians from four provinces conducted in-person interviews with a sample of 322 parents. Parents were asked their perception of the booklet and reported learning. Dietitians’ written feedback on the booklet and their recorded comments and nutrition advice to parents were gathered. Results: Collated feedback led to significant revisions to the booklet. Parents reported increased knowledge from the booklet; 38% wanted more information on nutrition, while 25% wanted to know more about preschoolers and physical activity. The top three sources of nutrition advice for this parent sample were physicians, dietitians, and public health units. Conclusions: Written materials must be evaluated with the target audience to improve readability and comprehension. Further nutrition education efforts should be targeted through parents’ main sources of nutrition information. Further research is needed on nutrition education intervention effectiveness to promote positive health outcomes.
Evaluating landscape quality with vegetation naturalness maps: an index and some inferences
Authors: Ferrari C. , Pezzi G. , Diani L. , Corazza M. 
Published: February 2008

Question: Can landscape quality be evaluated and compared with a single numerical value using vegetation maps?Location: Northern Apennines (Italy), ca. 44° N,10–11° E.Methods: Seven phytosociological vegetation maps (1:25000), which correspond to man's different impact on mountain landscapes, were considered. Syntaxa were classified into five degrees of naturalness: urbanized, agricultural, semi‐natural, sub‐natural, and natural. Vegetation maps showing naturalness were derived in a vectorial GIS. The degrees of naturalness were ordered according to increasing naturalness. If c1 is the cumulative relative value of every mapped area of the degrees of naturalness, the sum of these cumulative values A =∑ ci is is a measure of vegetation artificiality. Its maximum value is Amax= n‐1. The Index of Vegetation Naturalness IVN = 1 ‐A/Amax, ranging from 0 to 1. Our IVN is an extension of the ILC by Pizzolotto & Brandmayr (1996) due to the ordinal character of the vegetation classification into degrees of naturalness. The maps of vegetation naturalness were also analysed by two known metrics for the evaluation of landscape quality: TECI (Total Edge Contrast Index) and MSI (Mean Shape Index).Results: The case studies show that IVN is linearly correlated with decreasing area of urbanized and agricultural vegetation types as well as with increasing area of the highest degree of naturalness.Conclusions: IVN can be joined with the TECI for the evaluation of naturalness of landscapes. TECI can supply additional information about the importance of landscape ecotones. Our case studies suggest that an urbanized landscape should correspond to IVN values lower than 0.20. A natural landscape will have IVN values higher than 0.80.
Mental Health Conditions Associated With Strabismus in a Diverse Cohort of US Adults
Authors: Jin Kimberly , Aboobakar Inas F. , Whitman Mary C. , Oke Isdin 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceGreater understanding of the association between strabismus and mental health conditions across sociodemographic backgrounds may inform strategies to improve mental well-being in this population.ObjectiveTo describe the association of strabismus with mental health conditions in a diverse cohort of US adults.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used data from the National Institutes of Health’s All of Us Research Program, an ongoing program launched in 2015. The study included 3646 adults (aged ≥18 years) with strabismus and 3646 propensity score–matched controls. Statistical analysis was conducted from September 12, 2023, to January 29, 2024.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAdults with strabismus were propensity score matched on age, gender, race and ethnicity, income, educational level, and insurance status in a 1:1 ratio with adults without strabismus. The prevalences of anxiety, depression, substance use and addiction, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia spectrum disorder among adults with strabismus were compared with controls. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of mental health conditions with sociodemographic factors in each group.ResultsThis study included 3646 adults with strabismus (median age, 67 years [IQR, 53-76 years]; 2017 women [55%]) and 3646 propensity score–matched controls (median age, 67 years [IQR, 53-76 years]; 2017 women [55%]). Individuals with strabismus had higher prevalences of anxiety (1153 [32%] vs 519 [14%]; difference, 17%; 95% CI, 15%-19%; P &amp;lt; .001), depression (1189 [33%] vs 514 [14%]; difference, 19%; 95% CI, 17%-20%; P &amp;lt; .001), substance use and addiction (116 [3%] vs 51 [1%]; difference, 2%; 95% CI, 1%-3%; P &amp;lt; .001), bipolar disorder (253 [7%] vs 101 [3%]; difference, 4%; 95% CI, 3%-5%; P &amp;lt; .001), and schizophrenia spectrum disorder (103 [3%] vs 36 [1%]; difference, 2%; 95% CI, 1%-3%; P &amp;lt; .001) compared with individuals without strabismus. Among adults with strabismus, higher odds of mental health conditions were associated with younger age (odds ratio [OR], 1.11 per 10-year decrease; 95% CI, 1.06-1.16 per 10-year decrease), female gender (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.41-1.85), Black or African American race and ethnicity (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.01-1.48), low income (OR, 3.06; 95% CI, 2.56-3.67), and high school education or less (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.34-1.85).Conclusions and RelevanceIn a diverse and nationwide cohort, adults with strabismus were more likely to have mental health conditions compared with adults without strabismus. Further investigation into the risk factors for poor mental health among adults with strabismus across sociodemographic backgrounds may offer novel opportunities for interventions to improve mental well-being in this population.
A Dynamical Systems View of Psychiatric Disorders—Theory
Authors: Scheffer Marten , Bockting Claudi L. , Borsboom Denny , Cools Roshan , Delecroix Clara , Hartmann Jessica A. , Kendler Kenneth S. , van de Leemput Ingrid , van der Maas Han L. J. , van Nes Egbert , Mattson Mark , McGorry Pat D. , Nelson Barnaby 
Published: April 2024

ImportancePsychiatric disorders may come and go with symptoms changing over a lifetime. This suggests the need for a paradigm shift in diagnosis and treatment. Here we present a fresh look inspired by dynamical systems theory. This theory is used widely to explain tipping points, cycles, and chaos in complex systems ranging from the climate to ecosystems.ObservationsIn the dynamical systems view, we propose the healthy state has a basin of attraction representing its resilience, while disorders are alternative attractors in which the system can become trapped. Rather than an immutable trait, resilience in this approach is a dynamical property. Recent work has demonstrated the universality of generic dynamical indicators of resilience that are now employed globally to monitor the risks of collapse of complex systems, such as tropical rainforests and tipping elements of the climate system. Other dynamical systems tools are used in ecology and climate science to infer causality from time series. Moreover, experiences in ecological restoration confirm the theoretical prediction that under some conditions, short interventions may invoke long-term success when they flip the system into an alternative basin of attraction. All this implies practical applications for psychiatry, as are discussed in part 2 of this article.Conclusions and RelevanceWork in the field of dynamical systems points to novel ways of inferring causality and quantifying resilience from time series. Those approaches have now been tried and tested in a range of complex systems. The same tools may help monitoring and managing resilience of the healthy state as well as psychiatric disorders.
Diagnosing adult and pediatric extrapulmonary tuberculosis by MPT64 antigen detection with immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry using reproduced polyclonal antibodies
Authors: Helle Ole Magnus Bjørgaas , Kanthali Mala , Ishtiaq Sheeba , Ambreen Atiqa , Purohit Manju Raj , Mustafa Tehmina 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDiagnosing extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is challenging. Immunohistochemistry or immunocytochemistry has been used to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) by detection of MPT64 antigen from various extrapulmonary specimens and has shown good diagnostic performance in our previous studies. The test can distinguish between disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex and nontuberculous mycobacteria and can be applied on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue. As the antibodies previously used were in limited supply, a new batch of polyclonal antibodies was developed for scale‐up and evaluated for the first time in this study. Our aim was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the MPT64 test with reproduced antibodies in the high burden settings of Pakistan and India. Patients were enrolled prospectively. Samples from suspected sites of infection were collected and subjected to histopathologic and/or cytologic evaluation, routine TB diagnostics, GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert), and the MPT64 antigen detection test. Patients were followed until the end of treatment. Based on a composite reference standard (CRS), 556 patients were categorized as TB cases and 175 as non‐TB cases. The MPT64 test performed well on biopsies with a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 75%, respectively, against a CRS. For cytology samples, the sensitivity was low (36%), whereas the specificity was 81%. Overall, the MPT64 test showed higher sensitivity (73%) than Xpert (38%) and Mtb culture (33%). The test performed equally well in adults and children. We found an additive diagnostic value of the MPT64 test in conjunction with histology and molecular tests, increasing the yield for EPTB. In conclusion, immunochemical staining with MPT64 antibodies improves the diagnosis of EPTB in high burden settings and could be a valuable addition to routine diagnostics.
Trends in GeTe Thermoelectrics: From Fundamentals to Applications
Authors: Li Meng , Shi Xiao‐Lei , Chen Zhi‐Gang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractGermanium telluride (GeTe) with ultrafast ferroelectric transition, Rashba‐like electronic transport, and anomalous phonon anharmonicity are historically studied for potential memorizing and thermoelectric applications. Due to recent breakthroughs in spintronics, valleytronics, orbitronics, pre‐eminent GeTe thermoelectrics have re‐attracted enormous interest from both academia and industries, with increasing reports of significant figure‐of‐merit over 2.7 and the maximum efficiency of up to 17.0%. Here, the emerging trends in advancing GeTe thermoelectrics, starting from fundamentals of phase transformation, crystal structure, bonding mechanisms, and transport characteristics, with a highlight on the roles of Ge_4s2 lone pairs, are timely overviewed. Technical insights in synthesis, characterization, property measurement, and computation are then summarized. After that, several innovative strategies for increasing the figure‐of‐merit, including entropy engineering, nanostructuring, and hybridization, which will further benefit near‐room‐temperature and n‐type performance, are examined. Moreover, high‐density and high‐efficiency devices with broad working temperatures are discussed as a result of rational configurational and interfacial design. In the end, perspective remarks on the challenges and outlook envisaging for next‐generation GeTe thermoelectrics, which will play a prominent role in future energy and environmental landscapes, are provided.