bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obestatin Is Not Elevated or Correlated with Insulin in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome
Authors: Park Won Hah , Oh Yoo Joung , Kim Gae Young , Kim Sang Eun , Paik Kyung-Hoon , Han Sun Ju , Kim An Hee , Chu Su Hyun , Kwon Eun Kyung , Kim Seon Woo , Jin Dong-Kyu 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Context: Obestatin is a peptide hormone derived from the proteolytic cleavage of ghrelin preprohormone. In Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), the levels of total ghrelin (TG) and acylated ghrelin (AG) are increased, and these hormones are regulated by insulin.
Objective: Our objective was to analyze the changes in the obestatin levels after glucose loading and to characterize the correlations of obestatin with TG, AG, and insulin.
Design: Plasma obestatin, TG, AG, and insulin levels were measured in PWS children (n = 15) and controls (n = 18) during an oral glucose tolerance test.
Setting: All subjects were admitted to the Samsung Medical Center.
Interventions: An oral glucose tolerance test was performed after an overnight fast.
Main Outcome Measures: The plasma levels of obestatin, TG, AG, and serum insulin were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after glucose challenge, and areas under the curves (AUCs) were calculated.
Results: No significant difference in AUC of the plasma obestatin was found between the PWS children and normal obese controls (P = 0.885), although AUC of AG (P = 0.002) and TG (P = 0.003) were increased in the PWS children. Moreover, There was a negative correlation between the AUC of AG and AUC of insulin both in PWS (r = −0.432; P = 0.049) and in controls (r = −0.507; P = 0.016). However, AUC of obestatin was not significantly correlated with AUC of insulin (in PWS, r = 0.168 and P = 0.275; in controls, r = −0.331 and P = 0.09).
Conclusions: Our results indicate that plasma obestatin is not elevated in PWS children and is not regulated by insulin both in PWS children and in obese controls.
Fat Mass Is Not Beneficial to Bone in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Janicka Agnieszka , Wren Tishya A. L. , Sanchez Monique M. , Dorey Frederick , Kim Paul S. , Mittelman Steven D. , Gilsanz Vicente 
Published: January 2007

AbstractContext: Although muscle mass is beneficial to bone, studies on the effect of fat mass on bone have yielded conflicting results.Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the relations between lean and fat mass and bone structure.Design: This study was cross-sectional.Setting: The study was conducted in a general community.Subjects: Subjects included 300 healthy sexually mature adolescents and young adults (150 males and 150 females) between the ages of 13 and 21 yr.Main Outcome Measure: We investigated the relation between dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures of total body fat and lean mass and bone values obtained with DXA (legs and lumbar spine bone mineral density and bone mineral content) and computed tomography (CT) (cross-sectional and cortical bone areas of the femurs and cross-sectional area and cancellous bone density of the vertebrae).Results: Simple and multiple linear regression analyses showed significant positive relations between DXA lean mass and all CT and DXA measures of bone in the axial and appendicular skeletons (all P &lt; 0.005). In contrast, whereas Pearson correlations between DXA measures of fat mass and bone parameters were generally positive, multiple regression analyses showed that fat mass, after accounting for lean mass, trunk height/leg length, had a negative, or no, correlation with CT and DXA values for bone.Conclusions: Our findings provide compelling evidence that, despite increased mechanical loading and independent of lean mass, adipose tissue is not beneficial to bone structure.
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion in Humans after 80 Milligrams of Iodine for 15 Days and Subsequent Withdrawal
Authors: Theodoropoulou Anastasia , Vagenakis Apostolos G. , Makri Maria , Markou Kostas B. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Context: In animals, acute iodine administration results in acute intrathyroidal inhibition of iodinations followed by escape of the inhibition if the excessive iodine intake continues. In humans, the intrathyroidal nonhormonal and hormonal iodine concentration after exposure to large doses of iodine for a relatively long period of time is not known.
Objective: To determine whether, in human thyroid, administration of large doses of iodine for a relatively long time results in alterations of intrathyroidal hormonal (HI) T4 and T3 and total iodine (TI) content, as well as whether changes in serum concentration of thyroid hormones and TSH would occur after iodine administration or discontinuation.
Design: In 33 euthyroid patients with single thyroid nodule or hyperparathyroidism, Lugol solution (80 mg iodine) was administered for 15 d before operation. Groups of six to eight patients underwent operation 0, 5, 10, and 15 d after iodine withdrawal. TI, HI in a sample of thyroid tissue, and serum concentration of T4, T3, and TSH were measured. In 21 normal euthyroid subjects who did not undergo operation, a similar protocol was used and serial blood measurements were taken.
Main Outcome Measure: Intrathyroidal TI, HI, and serum thyroid hormone and TSH measurements were the main outcome measure.
Results: Intrathyroidal HI content and serum T4 and T3 were unchanged during and after iodine discontinuation. TI was increased during iodine administration and returned to control values 5 d after discontinuation of iodine. The ratio of HI/TI was decreased and returned to control values 15 d after the iodine was discontinued. Serum TSH was increased during iodine administration and returned to control values 10 d after iodine withdrawal.
Conclusions: In humans, administration of iodine for a relatively long period of time was accompanied by increased intrathyroidal TI, but no changes in HI or demonstrable increases of serum T4 and T3 were observed. It is hypothesized that the maintenance of normal intrathyroidal HI is the result of the combined inhibitory effect of iodine on thyroid hormone synthesis and on the release of T4 and T3 from the thyroid.
Gestational Age Correlates to Genotype in Girls with CYP21 Deficiency
Authors: Gidlöf Sebastian , Wedell Anna , Nordenström Anna 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Context: The mechanisms behind onset of labor and prolongation of pregnancy are not fully understood, but steroid hormones are thought to contribute. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone has been shown to prolong pregnancy in humans. Male fetuses have been reported to have longer gestation than females.
Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate whether severity of 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21) deficiency in fetuses with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) correlates with length of pregnancy.
Design and Subjects: The gestational age (GA) of a cohort of CAH patients born between 1978 and 2004 was studied retrospectively. The GA was correlated to the severity of disease indicated by CYP21 genotype in 114 patients. The results were compared with respect to sex and the normal Swedish population data.
Results: In female fetuses with CAH, we found a correlation between GA and CYP21 genotype. Females with the most severe form of the disease, null mutation, had the longest GA and differed significantly from the normal population. No difference between the sexes was detected for fetuses with CAH as a group. There were no significant differences between CYP21 genotype groups for males.
Conclusions: Female patients with severe CYP21 deficiency had longer GA than patients with the milder form of the disease, indicating that androgen excess, increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels, or cortisol deficiency or a combination of these factors is of importance for prolongation of pregnancy. The same correlation was not observed for male patients. The results of this study support the notion that steroid hormones affect the prolongation of pregnancy or onset of labor or both.
Acute Effects of Triiodothyronine on Endothelial Function in Human Subjects
Authors: Napoli Raffaele , Guardasole Vincenzo , Angelini Valentina , Zarra Emanuela , Terracciano Daniela , D’Anna Carolina , Matarazzo Margherita , Oliviero Ugo , Macchia Vincenzo , Saccà Luigi 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Context: Thyroid hormone regulates several cardiovascular functions, and low T3 levels are frequently associated with cardiovascular diseases. Whether T3 exerts any acute and direct effect on endothelial function in humans is unknown.
Objective: Our objective was to clarify whether acute changes in serum T3 concentration affect endothelial function.
Design, Setting, and Subjects: Ten healthy subjects (age, 24 ± 1 yr) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at a university hospital.
Interventions: T3 (or placebo) was infused for 7 h into the brachial artery to raise local T3 to levels observed in moderate hyperthyroidism. Vascular reactivity was tested by intraarterial infusion of vasoactive agents.
Main Outcome Measures: We assessed changes in forearm blood flow (FBF) measured by plethysmography.
Results: FBF response to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine was enhanced by T3 (P = 0.002 for the interaction between T3 and acetylcholine). The slopes of the dose-response curves were 0.41 ± 0.06 and 0.23 ± 0.04 ml/dl·min/μg in the T3 and placebo study, respectively (P = 0.03). T3 infusion had no effect on the FBF response to sodium nitroprusside. T3 potentiated the vasoconstrictor response to norepinephrine (P = 0.006 for the interaction). Also, the slopes of the dose-response curves were affected by T3 (1.95 ± 0.77 and 3.83 ± 0.35 ml/dl·min/mg in the placebo and T3 study, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). The increase in basal FBF induced by T3 was inhibited by NG-monomethyl-l-arginine.
Conclusions: T3 exerts direct and acute effects on the resistance vessels by enhancing endothelial function and norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction. The data may help clarify the vascular impact of the low T3 syndrome and point to potential therapeutic strategies.
An Examination of the Health Profile, Service Use and Care Needs of Older Adults in Residential Care Facilities
Authors: Aminzadeh F. , Dalziel W.B. , Molnar F. J. , Alie J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTPrivate, unregulated residential care facilities have become an increasingly important component of the continuum of housing and care for frail older adults in Canada. To date, this growing segment of the older population has received very little research attention. This study involved an in-depth examination of the functional/health profile, patterns of service use, and medical/care needs of a representative sample of 178 older adults in residential care facilities in the City of Ottawa. The results indicate great diversity in resident and facility profiles in this setting and confirm earlier impressions that special care units in the residential care sector have become increasingly close to being unlicensedpseudo-nursing homes. Despite the heavy burden of care, the evidence suggests that the care needs of the majority of residents are adequately met in the residential care environment. The results can inform future research, case finding, educational, and policy planning initiatives in this setting.
Barriers and Facilitators in Pain Management in Long-Term Care Institutions: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Fox Patricia , Solomon Patricia , Raina Parminder , Jadad Alejandro 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to identify barriers to the management of pain in long-term care institutions. Formal caregivers practising in four long-term care institutions in Hamilton, Ontario participated in eight focus groups. Participants included 6 physicians, 19 registered nurses, 8 registered practical nurses, 13 health care aides and 8 occupational therapists or physiotherapists. Three types of barriers were found: caregiver-related, patient-related and systems-related. Four themes for facilitating pain management were identified: (a) caregivers knowing the patient, (b) family support, (c) caregivers demonstrating understanding and compassion, and (d) teamwork by caregivers. Formal caregivers practising in long-term care institutions encounter a multitude of barriers that hinder the adequate assessment and treatment of pain, such as caregiver beliefs and knowledge and cognitive impairment in patients. Innovative strategies and strong political will are needed to overcome them.
Simon Biggs, Ariela Lowenstein, and Jon Hendricks (Eds.). The Need for Theory: Critical Approaches to Social Gerontology. Amityville, New York: Baywood, 2003.
Authors: McDaniel Susan A. 
Published: January 2007

RÉSUMÉThe Need for Theory: Critical Approaches to Social Gerontology est un titre bien choisi et un ouvrage qui arrive à point dans l'histoire de la gérontologie sociale. Pendant les 50 premières années de la gérontologie sociale, les théories ont pu sembler trop abstrait devant l'urgence de régler les problèmes. Aujourd'hui encore, les problèmes continuent d'exiger notre intervention (comme en témoigne le rôle croissant du vieillissement de la population dans l'établissement des politiques) et la nécessité de disposer d'une théorie qui interpelle et explique est plus aiguë que jamais. Cet ouvrage bien équilibré reconnaît que le pragmatisme avec lequel la gérontologie sociale règle les problèmes est son plus grand atout et son plus grand handicap. L'ouvrage explore la théorie appliquée à la gérontologie sociale de l'intérieur et de l'extérieur. De l'intérieur, il examine les questions d'identité, sociale et corporelle, et le sens, pour l'individu et la société, du vieillissement et de la vieillesse. De l'extérieur, il analyse la reconfiguration des relations et des structures sociales à travers la mondialisation, la modernité et les réformes économiques. La réponse la plus importante qu'apportent les éditeurs et les auteurs à la question posée dans le titre de l'ouvrage « A-t-on besoin de théorie? » est un « oui » catégorique et définitif.
S. Fredman and S. Spencer (Eds.). Age as an Equality Issue: Legal and Policy Perspectives. Oxford & Portland: Hart Publishing, 2003.
Authors: Neysmith Sheila M. 
Published: January 2007

RÉSUMÉCet ouvrage aborde diverses approches juridiques et politiques reliées à la discrimination fondée sur l'âge et la législation en matière d'égalité. Ses forces résident en : 1) l'inclusion de chapitres abordant les composantes théoriques de l'égalité, 2) une discussion des distinctions existant entre législation en matière d'égalité et législation antidiscriminatoire et 3) l'importance accordée à des domaines autres que les politiques traditionnelles liées à l'emploi. L'ouvrage s'adresse essentiellement à un public anglais (surtout du Royaume-Uni) mais de nombreux éléments intéresseront les lecteurs canadiens.
S. Aurenche (Éd.). La mort devant soi. Euthanasie, des clés pour un débat. Paris: Éditions Autrement, 2003.
Authors: St-Arnaud Jocelyne 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPublished by é ditions Autrement under the direction of Sophie Aurenche, this book examines euthanasia as a current subject of discussion in France. The January 2000 decision rendered by the Comité consultative national d'éthique (CCNE) accepting euthanasia in extenuating circumstances, and the passing of the March 2002 law on the rights of patients, including the right to a dignified death, have reopened the debate on the subject of euthanasia. No longer discussed only in the back rooms of the hospital or among those practising within the ethical and juridical spheres, euthanasia has emerged into the public domain. Journalist Sophie Aurenche has facilitated the debate by giving voice to speakers from a number of disciplines; each brings expertise and knowledge to the discussion and each examines the following question: is euthanasia a humanist duty or an inhumane practice? In the first section of the book, the texts address the question based on the meaning of the term euthanasia and its related concepts. The second half is dedicated to testimonies and reflections on the experience and practice of euthanasia. This book is a must for those interested in the study and repercussions of euthanasia and palliative care. The studies brought together in this volume as well as the realities they describe should be consulted in any future research on possible solutions envisioned on the issue of euthanasia.
Benefits, Intentions, and the Principle of Fairness
Authors: Boran Idil 
Published: January 2007

In its simplest form, the principle of fairness tells us the following. If a number of people are producing a public good that we benefit from, it is not morally acceptable to free ride on their backs, enjoying the benefits without paying the costs. We owe them our fair share of the costs of the production of that good. The principle of fairness, defended by Rawls in A Theory of Justice and widely discussed subsequently, is sometimes invoked in various areas of applied ethics, such as environmental ethics, social ethics, etc.As it stands, the principle of fairness offers an account of a particular type of moral obligation that obtains if certain conditions are satisfied. For example, the good produced must be a particular type of good, the scheme in which it is produced must itself be fair, and so on. This account inspired a wave of discussions, which set the tone for the debate on the principle of fairness, about two decades ago.
To Be or Not to Be South Asian: Contemporary Indian American Politics
Authors: Kurien Prema A. 
Published: January 2007

There are two major types of coalitional alliances that ethnic groups have developed in the U.S.: coalitions based on continent of origin and coalitions based on religious affiliation. What are the similarities and differences between the two types of mobilizations and how does each affect the ethnic community and the wider society?	My article examines these debates by looking at two ways in which Indian Americans are entering the public sphere in the U.S.: around a "South Asian" platform and around a pan-Hindu or "Indic" identity.
Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding Therapy for the Treatment of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Ezzat Christopher F. , Chavarria Carmen , Teichgraeber John F. , Chen Jung-Wei , Stratmann Robin G. , Gateno Jaime , Xia James J. 
Published: January 2007

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) therapy in the treatment of patients with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft and palate (UCLP). Design: A prospective study with blinded measurements. Patients: Twelve patients with UCLP treated from 1997 to 2003. Interventions: The starting age for PNAM therapy was 26 days and the average length of the therapy was 110 days. Main Outcome Measures: Measurements of intraoral and extraoral casts were made, and statistical analyses were used to compare the differences between pre- and posttherapy measurements. Results: After PNAM therapy, there was a statistically significant decrease in both intersegment alveolar cleft distance and columellar deviation (p < .05). There was also a statistically significant increase in cleft nostril height, maxillary width, and columellar width (p < .05). Moreover, although there was no statistically significant reduction of the affected nostril width, it demonstrated on average 1.7-mm reduction after PNAM therapy. The length of the time the patient utilized the appliance and postmolding nostril height were found to have a statistically significant positive correlation (p < .05). Conclusions: PNAM therapy decreases intersegment alveolar cleft distance while permitting an increase in posterior maxillary arch width. It also increases nasal symmetry by decreasing columellar deviation, increasing nostril height on the affected side, maintaining bialar width of nose, increasing columellar width, and creating more symmetrical nostril heights and widths. The improvement of the height of the cleft nostril was correlated with the time the appliance was applied.
EphB/Ephrin-B Interaction Mediates Adult Stem Cell Attachment, Spreading, and Migration: Implications for Dental Tissue Repair
Authors: Stokowski Agnieszka , Shi Songtao , Sun Tao , Bartold Peter Mark , Koblar Simon Andrea , Gronthos Stan 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Human adult dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) reside predominantly within the perivascular niche of dental pulp and are thought to originate from migrating neural crest cells during development. The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, the ephrin molecules, play an essential role in the migration of neural crest cells during development and stem cell niche maintenance. The present study examined the expression and function of the B-subclass Eph/ephrin molecules on DPSCs. Multiple receptors were primarily identified on DPSCs within the perivascular niche, whereas ephrin-B1 and ephrin-B3 were expressed by the surrounding pulp tissue. EphB/ephrin-B bidirectional signaling inhibited cell attachment and spreading, predominately via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway for forward signaling and phosphorylation of Src family tyrosine kinases via reverse ephrin-B signaling. DPSC migration was restricted through unidirectional ephrin-B1-activated EphB forward signaling, primarily signaling through the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, we observed that ephrin-B1 was downregulated in diseased adult teeth compared with paired uninjured controls. Collectively, these studies suggest that EphB/ephrin-B molecules play a role in restricting DPSC attachment and migration to maintain DPSCs within their stem cell niche under steady-state conditions. These results may have implications for dental pulp development and regeneration.
Distribution of larval anisakids in blue whiting off Portuguese fish market
Authors: Cruz C. , Barbosa C. , Saraiva A. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Specimens of Micromesistius poutassou (n=238) obtained in a fish market of Oporto, Portugal, were examined for the presence of larval anisakids. Anisakis sp. L3 larvae (prevalence = 77.7 %; mean intensity = 5.8; mean abundance = 4.5) and Hysterothylacium sp. L3 larvae (prevalence = 5 %; mean intensity = 4.1; mean abundance = 0.2) were found in body cavity, mesenteries, liver and muscles. The Anisakis sp. intensity and abundance were significantly related to the host body length. The percentage of Anisakis sp. in muscle was inversely related to the host length.
Reverberant auditory environments: the effects of multiple echoes on distraction by ‘irrelevant’ speech
Authors: Beaman C. Philip , Holt Nigel J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo experiments examine the effect on an immediate recall test of simulating a reverberant auditory environment in which auditory distracters in the form of speech are played to the participants (the ‘irrelevant sound effect’). An echo‐intensive environment simulated by the addition of reverberation to the speech reduced the extent of ‘changes in state’ in the irrelevant speech stream by smoothing the profile of the waveform. In both experiments, the reverberant auditory environment produced significantly smaller irrelevant sound distraction effects than an echo‐free environment. Results are interpreted in terms of changing‐state hypothesis, which states that acoustic content of irrelevant sound, rather than phonology or semantics, determines the extent of the irrelevant sound effect (ISE). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.