bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing methods to assess and predict the population level effects of environmental contaminants
Authors: Emlen John M , Springman Kathrine R 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The field of ecological toxicity seems largely to have drifted away from what its title implies—assessing and predicting the ecological consequences of environmental contaminants—moving instead toward an emphasis on individual effects and physiologic case studies. This paper elucidates how a relatively new ecological methodology, interaction assessment (INTASS), could be useful in addressing the field's initial goals. Specifically, INTASS is a model platform and methodology, applicable across a broad array of taxa and habitat types, that can be used to construct population dynamics models from field data. Information on environmental contaminants and multiple stressors can be incorporated into these models in a form that bypasses the problems inherent in assessing uptake, chemical interactions in the environment, and synergistic effects in the organism. INTASS can, therefore, be used to evaluate the effects of contaminants and other stressors at the population level and to predict how changes in stressor levels or composition of contaminant mixtures, as well as various mitigation measures, might affect population dynamics.
DESYRE: Decision support system for the rehabilitation of contaminated megasites
Authors: Carlon Claudio , Critto Andrea , Ramieri Emiliano , Marcomini Antonio 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
DESYRE (DEcision Support sYstem for the REqualification of contaminated sites) is a GIS-based decision support system (DSS) specifically developed to address the integrated management and remediation of contaminated megasites (i.e., large contaminated areas or impacted areas characterized by multiple site owners and multiple stakeholders). In the DESYRE conceptual design and development the main aspects pertaining to a remediation process—analysis of social and economic benefits and constrains, site characterization, risk assessment, selection of best available technologies, creation of sets of technologies to be applied, analysis of the residual risk, and comparison of different remediation scenarios—were included. The DESYRE DSS is a GIS-based software composed of 6 interconnected modules. In the characterization module, chemical and hydrogeological data are organized in a relational database and contaminants' distributions are mapped by using geostatistic tools. The socioeconomic module addresses the socioeconomic constraints though a fuzzy logic analysis to select the best land use. The risk assessment module is divided into 2 phases. In the preremediation phase, an original procedure allows assessing and representing the spatial distribution of risks posed by contaminants in soil and groundwater, providing a risk-based zoning of the site. Then, in the technology assessment module, a selection of suitable technologies and creation of different technology sets, taking into account both technical requirements and site-specific features, are performed by experts supported by multicriteria decision analysis tools. In the postremediation risk assessment, a simulation of applied technologies provides residual risk maps with related uncertainty maps. Finally, in the decision module, alternative remediation scenarios are described by a set of indices and can be compared and ranked by interested stakeholders using multicriteria decision analysis methodologies. The paper highlights original procedural steps and functionalities of DESYRE and analyzes its main points of strength and potentialities, as well as limits.
Summary and recommendations from a SETAC pellston workshop on in situ measures of ecological effects
Authors: Baird Donald J , Burton G. Allen , Culp Joseph M , Maltby Lorraine 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The objective of a SETAC Pellston Workshop held in Portland, Oregon, USA, in November 2004 was to evaluate the use of field-based biological effects and exposure techniques in the hazard and risk assessment of aquatic ecosystems, thereby improving the accuracy and relevance of the decision-making process. This objective was addressed by keynote presentations outlining the state of the science and providing case studies, followed by work-group discussions focusing on 4 main areas: 1) Improving stressor-effect diagnostic capability in the assessment process; 2) maximizing efficiency, quality assurance and quality control, and broad-scale applicability of in situ field bioassays and experimental approaches; 3) determining the ecological relevance and consequences of individual and food chain-based effect measures; and 4) incorporating results from field-based effect methods into a weight-of-evidence decision-making process. Major outcomes from group discussions are highlighted, and future priorities for research in this area are recommended.
In situ-based effects measures: Determining the ecological relevance of measured responses
Authors: Baird Donald J , Brown Steven S , Lagadic Laurent , Liess Matthias , Maltby Lorraine , Moreira-Santos Matilde , Schulz Ralf , Scott Geoffrey I 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The aim of this review is to examine how the choice of test species and study design employed in the use of in situ approaches in ecological risk assessment can maximize the ecological relevance of data. We provide a framework to define and assess ecological relevance that permits study designs to remain focused on the ecological question being addressed. This framework makes explicit the linkages between effects at lower levels of biological organization and higher-order ecological effects at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. The usefulness of this framework is illustrated by reference to specific examples from aquatic ecotoxicology. The use of models as both interpretive and predictive tools is discussed, with suggestions of appropriate methods for different protection goals.
Bipolar disorder: What can psychotherapists learn from the cognitive research?
Authors: Johnson Sheri , Tran Tanya 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRandomized controlled trials of psychological treatment, principally cognitive therapy, for bipolar disorder have yielded inconsistent results. Given the status of this evidentiary base, we provide a more fine‐grained analysis of the cognitive profiles associated with bipolar disorder to inform clinical practice. In this practice‐friendly review, we consider evidence that both negative and positive cognitive styles are related to bipolar disorder. Cross‐sectional and prospective evidence suggest that negative cognitive styles are related to depression within bipolar disorder, but there also is evidence that bipolar disorder is related to an elevated focus on goals as well as to increases in confidence during manic states. With such findings as backdrop, we consider the outcomes of psychological treatments for bipolar disorder and advance several suggestions for clinical practice. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 425–432, 2007.
What psychotherapists should know about pharmacotherapies for bipolar disorder
Authors: Goldberg Joseph F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article provides a practice‐friendly overview of current psychotropic agents used for the treatment of bipolar disorder. The author reviews definitions and concepts about mood stabilization according to the evidence base, in turn profiling a “clinical niche” for lithium, anticonvulsant drugs, atypical antipsychotics, and antidepressants. Results from randomized clinical trials are summarized to help clinicians individualize treatment decisions and tailor them to real‐world patients. Recognition and management of common adverse effects are discussed alongside risk–benefit strategies to guide optimal treatment that balances clinical efficacy with drug safety and tolerability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 475–490, 2007.
An integrative formulation‐based cognitive treatment of bipolar disorders: Application and illustration
Authors: Mansell Warren 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn integrative cognitive treatment for mood swings and bipolar disorders is summarized and then illustrated in a clinical case. In essence, it is proposed that multiple, extreme, and conflicting beliefs about changes in internal state, and the reciprocal impact of these beliefs on behavior, physiology, and the social environment, constitute the central mechanism that maintain and escalate bipolar symptoms. Using a case illustration with examples of therapy dialogue, several key aspects of cognitive‐behavioral therapy are explained, including the assessment of mood, beliefs, distressing imagery, and recurrent thinking; case formulation; therapeutic techniques; self‐awareness; interpersonal factors during therapy; and systemic issues. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 447–461, 2007.
Reaction of the benzoyloxy radical with α‐methylstyrene
Authors: Barson C. Anthony , Bevington John C. , Hunt Barry J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBenzoyl peroxide labelled with carbon‐14 and tritium has been used for study of the end‐groups in copolymers of α‐methylstyrene (MST) with methyl methacrylate, in particular determination of the relative numbers of benzoate and phenyl end‐groups derived from the initiator. MST is found to be quite reactive towards the benzoyloxy radical. It is deduced that combination is the dominant mode of termination in the copolymerization, that transfer reactions are not important and that there is little abstraction of hydrogen from MST by the benzoyloxy radical.
A microstructural study of polystyrene—polyether sulphone polymer blends
Authors: Sickafus Kurt E. , Donald Athene M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPolystyrene (PS)‐polyether sulphone (PES) polymer blend thin films were prepared for investigation in a scanning transmission electron microscope. The microstructures of PS‐PES films (prepared by drawing from solutions at temperatures above ambient) of three different compositions were characterized: (1) 75 wt% PS‐25 wt% PES, (2) 50 wt% PS‐50 wt% PES, and (3) 25 wt% PS‐75 wt% PES. For films prepared at ∼ 40°C all three compositions exhibited microstructures consisting of spherical inclusions, ranging from ∼0.2μm to ∼ 1.2μm in diameter. The microscope used here was equipped with an energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer, and this was employed to determine the chemical content of the inclusions and the matrix material. From X‐ray analysis, it was found that films (1) and (2) consisted entirely of PES‐rich inclusions, while film (3) contained both PS‐rich and PES‐rich inclusions. In addition, these analyses revealed that films (2) and (3) possessed a ‘mixed’ PS‐PES matrix phase. At the other temperatures for film preparation some significant differences in morphology were observed, reflecting the different rates of solvent evaporation.
Guest network co‐continuity in interpenetrating polymer networks: A diffusion study
Authors: McGarey Brian , McLenaghan Alan D. W. , Richards Randal W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInterpenetrating networks have been prepared using poly(dimethylsiloxane) as the host network and polymethacrylic acid as the guest network, i.e. polymerised and crosslinked in the presence of the siloxane network. These networks were swollen to equilibrium in dilute aqueous potassium chloride solutions and used as membranes to separate a solution of potassium chloride from pure water. The concentration of potassium chloride either side of each membrane was monitored as a function of time by conductivity measurements. From these data, the diffusion coefficient of potassium chloride in the membranes was calculated as a function of polymethacrylic acid content for temperatures of 303, 318 and 333K. Values of the diffusion coefficient were between 3 x 10−7cm2s−1 and 19 x 10−5 cm2 s−1. The activation energy of the diffusive process decreased linearly with the increase in water content of the networks.
Newtonian behaviour of sheared aqueous carboxymethylcellulose solution on aging
Authors: Jayabalan M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effects of microbiological attack on the rheological properties of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) solutions are described. The effect of aging on the viscosity of aqueous NaCMC solution was studied by means of a Brookfield viscometer. An aqueous NaCMC solution was allowed to age and was subjected to shearing at different time intervals. Dilatant rheological properties were observed in contrast to the usually pseudoplastic behaviour of a normal NaCMC solution. This is attributed to the effect of shear‐induced recombination of NaCMC macromolecular crystallites produced as a result of chain scission of NaCMC molecules during aging. The recombination of the crystallites gives higher values of viscosity at higher shear rates. A five months aged sample when subjected to shearing for a period of 20 h exhibits different behaviour. After prolonged post‐shearing of this sample, the viscosity measured at shear speeds of 10 rpm and 20 rpm at 72 h and 102h approaches a common value for post‐shearing period. The approach to the Newtonian character is attributed to the shear‐stress‐induced breakdown of the crystalline aggregates. These studies reveal that the aging effects on NaCMC solution have a drastic influence on the rheological properties.
Ring‐opening polymerization of norbornene and six of its methyl derivatives by well‐defined tungsten‐carbene complex catalysts
Authors: Greene Ruth M. E. , Ivin Kenneth J. , Kress Jacky , Osborn John A. , Rooney John J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEight tungsten‐carbene complex catalysts of the type W(CHCMe3)L1L2L3L4, where the ligands L are various combinations of OCH2CMe3, SO3CF3, OSiPh3, Br and I, have been used, in the presence and absence of GaBr3, to polymerize norbornene and six of its methyl derivatives by ring opening. The microstructure of the polymers was determined from their 13C NMR spectra; values of cis content, cis‐trans blockiness, ring‐dyad tacticity and head‐tail bias were derived as appropriate to each system. The results are discussed in terms of electronic and steric effects in the propagating carbene complexes.
Experimental evidence for slow theory of mutual diffusion coefficients in phase separating polymer blends
Authors: Higgins J. S. , Fruitwala H. A. , Tomlins P. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSmall Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) is used to study the kinetics of spinodal decomposition of a blend of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with solution chlorinated polyethylene. The early stages of phase separation are quantified using Cahn‐Hilliard theory. Temperature and molecular weight dependences of interdiffusion are studied and it is shown that data can be better interpreted in terms of a wave vector dependent diffusional mobility M(q).
Polyurethane from kraft lignin
Authors: Cheradame H. , Detoisien M. , Gandini A. , Pla F. , Roux G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe condensation of lignin with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or of a mixture of lignin‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with HDI was investigated. The lignin used in this study was a kraft lignin from Pinus maritima, and was obtained from black liquor by acidification, filtration and vacuum drying. Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to compare the weight loss against temperature of polyurethanes based on kraft lignin and hexamethylene diisocyanate, or of mixed polyurethanes lignin‐PEO‐HDI, with that of kraft lignin alone. It was shown that lignin can react with isocyanates in rather mild conditions to give polyurethanes, confirming previous results performed with model molecules. Some mechanical properties (Young's modulus and rupture strength) and glass transition temperature were also measured on the various above materials. In all cases it was concluded that lignin participates to the polycondensation reaction.As to rigid foams, it was found that polyurethanes prepared with oxypropylated glycerol, ethylene glycol and kraft lignin, in the weight proportions of 100/30/15, and HDI had good dimensional stability, and thermal and mechanical properties comparable to those of equivalent industrial materials.
Influence of total processing history on polypropylene structure and properties
Authors: Akay M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo polypropylenes produced by different conversion routes were extruded as film with added amounts of sodium benzoate between 0.025% and 0.5% by weight. The resultant structures were shown to be a function of casting conditions, molecular features of the base polymer and induced degree of nucleation. At high casting temperatures and with higher percentage of nucleating agents the characteristic skin‐core structure was reversed; the film exhibiting a coarse spherulitic skin and a fine structure in the core. These conditions also gave rise to notable as‐cast orientation. Addition of the highest levels of sodium benzoate resulted in a non‐spherulitic crystalline core structure. As would be expected the elastic modulus and the yield strength of the films increased with percentage crystallinity.
Bioactive polymers LVII. A novel drug delivery system based on 5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde‐semicarbazone and poly(acrylic acid‐co‐vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Dumitriu Severian , Popa Marcel , Petrovan Simion , Staicu Raluca 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe coupling of 5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde‐semicarbazone on to poly(acrylic acid‐co‐vinyl alcohol) copolymer by the use of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as activator has been studied.On the basis of an experimental design, the influence of different parameters is studied (activator/support, drug/support, reaction time, solvent volume) in order to determine the optimum conditions for obtaining the maximum amount of the coupled drug on the support.
Ultrasonic absorption and visco‐relaxation study of poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous solution. (A method for the determination of molecular weight)
Authors: Hassun Subhi Kemal , Isa Suad Omran 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUltrasonic absorption and velocity measurements are reported on aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PV‐OH) of different molecular weights and concentrations obtained using a pulsed ultrasonic apparatus operating at 2 MHz and 303 K. The variations in these parameters as a function of concentration are interpreted in terms of changes in the magnitude of the contribution due to relaxation of the backbone and of the side chain acetyl groups. The results show an increase in velocity, density and viscosity with increase in molecular weight and concentration of PV‐OH.In contrast the attenuation values decrease with increase in molecular weight. This suggests that interaction is occurring between PV‐OH and water molecules. Deviation of the variation of the attenuation with concentration from the ‘ideal’ dilute solution behaviour at high concentration is ascribed to the effects of polymer‐polymer interaction. The magnitude of the volume change associated with polymer‐solvent interactions is estimated and discussed.A mathematical equation correlating the relaxation amplitude and the molecular weight of the polymer is suggested. This approach was applied to the calculation of the molecular weight of four unknown samples of PV‐OH from their measured relaxation amplitudes. The results obtained agree well with those obtained from osmometry.
Rheological behaviour of titanate coated mica‐filled polypropylene
Authors: Bajaj Pushpa , Jha Narendra K. , Jha Rajiv K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTitanate coupling agents have been used for the surface modification of mica to improve the viscoelastic behaviour of mica‐filled polypropylene. Four titanate coupling agents, neoalkoxy tri(dioctylpyrophosphato) titanate (CA1), neoalkoxy trineodecanoyl titanate (CA2), bisacetylacetonatodistearato titanate (CA3), and bisacetylacetonatodipalmitato titanate (CA4), were used in the present investigation. Mica powder (10 μm, particle size) was coated with these coupling agents in varying concentrations (0.5‐10% based on the weight of the filler), and then blended with stabilised polypropylene powder of 10 melt flow index (MFI). The mica‐filled (10‐50 wt%) polypropylene samples were extruded and used in the granular form for studying the viscoelastic behaviour. The melt viscosity of titanate coated mica‐PP samples decreases irrespective of the nature of the coupling agent used. The activation energy of melt rheology is independent of the mica content. The die swell increases with the use of titanate coupling agent. Compatibility of mica and polypropylene has also been studied with the help of a scanning electron microscope.
Polymeric surfactants for enhanced oil recovery. Part I—critical micelle concentration of some ethoxylated alkylphenol—formaldehyde nonionics
Authors: Barakat Youssef , Gendy Tahany S. , Mohamad Attia I. , Youssef Abdel‐Fattah M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFour low molecular weight nonionic polymeric surfactants were prepared by condensing octyl‐, dodecyl‐, tetradecyl‐ and hexadecylphenol with para‐formaldehyde, and then reacting the resulting resins with ethylene oxide to obtain products with the desired degree of ethoxylation. The molecular weights of the prepared alkylphenol‐formaldehyde resins (prior to ethoxylation) were determined by vapour pressure osmometry.The surface tensions of aqueous solutions of these nonionic polymeric surfactants were determined by using the spinning drop method. Plotting the surface tensions obtained versus the logarithm of concentrations resulted in two lines: the pre‐CMC (CMC = critical micelle concentration) line (the linear portion below the CMC value) and the post‐CMC line (the linear portion above the CMC value). Least squares regression analysis was performed to get the best equation for each of the two lines. Solving these two equations simultaneously resulted in the value of the CMC and the corresponding surface tension (γCMC) for each surfactant of the four polymeric nonionic groups.The CMC values obtained for these polymeric surfactants are of the same order of magnitude obtained for monomeric and other polymeric nonionic surfactants.
Thermodynamics of micellization of poly‐styrene‐block‐poly(ethylene/propylene) copolymers in decane
Authors: Price Colin , Stubbersfield Rita B. , El‐Kafrawy Salwa , Kendall Kenneth D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLight scattering was used to establish the dependence of the critical micelle temperature, CMT, on concentration for solutions of three polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene/propylene) copolymers in decane. Electron microscopy studies of particles isolated from the solutions showed that the micelles had narrow size distributions and micellization could be treated thermodynamically as a closed association. The light scattering results were used to calculate the standard Gibbs energies of micellization, ΔGφ, and the standard enthalpy, ΔHφ, and entropy contributions, —TΔSφ. The values of ΔHφ were large and negative, and markedly dependent on the molecular weight of the polystyrene block. The values of ΔGφ for the three samples were on the other hand very similar to each other. The standard entropy contributions were unfavourable to micelle formation.
A calorimetric study of the interchange reactions in bisphenol a polycarbonate/nylon‐6 blends
Authors: Cortárzar Milagros , Eguiazábal José I. , Iruin Juan J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe interchange reactions in a partially miscible blend composed of bisphenol A polycarbonate and nylon‐6 have been studied by the use of a calorimetric technique. It has been found that these reactions affect the thermal transitions of the mixtures. These effects have been interpreted to be a consequence of the progressive formation of copolymers which homogenize the mixture.