bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Structure of Three Open‐Pollinated Faba Bean Varieties (Vicia faba L.)*
Authors: Ebmeyer E. , Stelling D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTo study the genetic structure of open‐pollinated faba bean varieties, three sets of genotypes were generated from each of the varieties ‘Minica’, ‘Kristall’, and ‘Deiniol’: (1) inbred lines developed by single‐seed descent in bee‐proof isolation cages, (2) intravanetal and (3) intervarietal F1‐hybrids produced by controlled hand crossing. In 1989 and 1990, a total of 144 entries, including the three open‐pollinated source varieties, were grown in single‐row plots with two replications at two locations in Western Germany.Performance data of the inbred lines revealed relatively large genotypic variability within each variety, for all the characters studied, which was greater in ‘Deiniol’ and ‘Kristall’ than in ‘Minica’. An average yield heterosis of 20 %, 39 % and 57 %, respectively, was found for the intravarietal hybrids, whereas that of the intervarietal hybrids varied between 70 and 73 %. Compared to the mean yield of the inbred lines the superiority of the open‐pollinated source variety was small and not significant in ‘Minica’ (6 %), but it was large and highly significant in ‘Kristall’ (22 %) and ‘Deiniol’ (37 %).The present investigation revealed in faba bean that similar performance levels of open‐pollinated varieties may result from either high per se performance under inbreeding with low heterosis values or from lower per se performance but with high heterosis values.
Yield Stability in Faba Bean, Vicia faba L. 2. Effects of Heterozygosity and Heterogeneity*
Authors: Stelling D. , Ebmeyer E. , Link W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn order to evaluate the effects of heterogeneity and heterozygosity on yield stability in faba beans, genotypes were generated with contrasting population structures, differing only in their levels of heterogeneity and heterozygosity. All entries were based on either eight or 36 inbred lines, respectively. The population structures tested consisted of pure stands of the inbred lines (1) and of their F1,‐hybrids (2), blends of the inbred lines (3) and of their F1 hybrids (4), four‐component synthetics in different Syngenerations (5), the open‐pollinated source varieties (6) and 36 polycross progenies (7). Five different entry sets (= data sets), each covering several of the seven population structures listed, were grown during 1986 to 1991 in at least four different environments in Western Germany and tested for yield.Stability parameters, i.e., the regression coefficient and deviation from regression (EBERHART and RUSSELL 1966), and the ecovalence (WRICKE 1962), revealed that yield stability of the different population structures was improved by increasing heterozygosity as well as heterogeneity. But the impact of both factors of diversity on yield stability varied between the different data sets. Positive effects of both factors on yield stability seemed to be additively combined in the hybrid blends (data set I). The same proved to be partly true for the four different Syn‐generations of the nine synthetics tested. Yield advantage of the different heterozygous variety structures over the homozygous ones in creased with increasing yield level at test sites, as indicated by regression coefficients larger than 1.
Selection for Yield and its Components in a Winter Wheat Population under Different Environmental Conditions in Albania
Authors: Collaku A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWheat breeding programmes in Albania depend upon the use of diverse genetic material of local origin and on special environmental conditions; the present study being conducted under drought stress conditions. Grain yield, yield components, plant height and test weight were estimated in an F5 generation of a winter wheat population at Kamez in 1989—90 and 1990—91 and at Lushnje in 1989—90. The highest values of heritability were observed for plant height, kernel weight and spike length. Due to drought stress the heritability of kernels per spike was low. None of the correlated responses was higher than the direct response for yield. Maximum genetic gain was expected when yield, plant height, spike length, kernels/spike and kernel weight were included in the index.
The Effect of the “D” Genome from Synthetic Wheat Lines in Anther Culture Responses
Authors: Ghaemi M. , Sarrafi A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSynthetic lines of wheat were compared in order to determine the effect of the “D” genome on embryo induction and plant regeneration from anther culture. The experiments were performed using 6 genotypes of wheat in a randomized block design with 4 replications.In all cases except one, addition of the “D” genome from T. tauschii increased the efficiency of embryo formation and green plantlet production. This positive effect of the “D” genome does not exclude the existence of possible interactions between the three genomes (A, B and D) and/or the effect of each genome separately.
Some remarks on carrot breeding (Daucus carota sativus Hoffm.)
Authors: Stein M. , Nothnagel Th. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCarrot breeding in the past 150 years has resulted in varieties with high yield, a short growing period, and excellent root colour. Recently, hybrid varieties have demonstrated good uniformity of roots, a quality accepted by most consumers. By contrast, only a few resistant varieties (mainly open‐pollinated varieties) are offered by seed companies, most being resistant to Alternaria. Hybrid breeding offers a chance of combining good uniformity and different sources of resistance. Efforts in future breeding should concentrate on the improvement of health and the development of genotypes suitable for cultivation in suboptimal climates and regions, as well as for special applications.
Oligonucleotide fingerprinting of tomato DNA
Authors: Kaemmer D. , Weising K. , Beyermann B. , Börner T. , Epplen J. T. , Kahlm G. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Hinfl ‐digested DNA samples of wild and cultivated species of tomato were hybridized in gel to different oligonucleotide probes complementary to simple‐sequence repeats. All motifs tested i.e. (GATA)4, (GGAT)4, (CA)8. (CAG)5, (GTG)5, (GAAGTGGG)2 and (CCTA)4, produced multilocus fingerprints in all tomato species and cultivars. The extent of inter‐ and intraspecific polymorphism of the banding patterns varied considerably between different probes, with (GGAT)4, (CCTA)4, (GATA)4 and (CA)8 showing a much higher discriminatory potential than the other probes. Cluster analysis of band‐sharing data yielded dendrograms which were consistent with the known history of tomato cultivation. (GATA)4 was also successfully used for purity testing of breeding lines, as well as for analysing an F1 progeny of a cross between two lines.
Identification of powdery‐mildew‐resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.). V. Old German cultivars and cultivars released in the former GDR
Authors: Lutz J. , Katzhammer M. , Stephan U. , Felsenstein F. G. , Oppitz K. , Zeller F. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA total of 59 old wheat cultivars grown in Germany prior to 1960 were tested for mildew response using a collection of 12 differential isolates of Erysiphe graminis DC f. sp. tritici Marchal (Blumeria graminis (DC) Speer f. sp. tritici). Nineteen cultivars did not possess any major resistance gene and 25 were characterized by susceptible or intermediate responses. Fifteen cultivars revealed isolate‐specific response patterns that could not be attributed to known major resistance genes or gene combinations. Many of the old German cultivars inherited a mildew‐resistance gene from the Canadian cultivar ‘Garnet’ which is tentatively designated M1‐Ga. Cultivars ‘Bretonischer Bartweizen’ (designated M1‐Br) and ‘Adlungs Alemannen’ (designated M1‐Ad) appeared to carry unknown resistance genes.Among 18 winter wheat cultivars released in the former GDR. eight showed susceptibility to all isolates used. Cv. “Borenos” carries resistance gene Pm3c. Five cultivars possess gene Pm4b. two cultivars gene pm5 and one cultivar a combination of genes Pm2 and Pm4b. Cultivar ‘Zentos’ was resistant to almost all isolates used. Its resistance might be conditioned by different unknown major resistance genes.
Grain quality and yield characteristics of D‐genome disomic substitution lines in ‘Langdon’ (Triticum turgidum var. durum)
Authors: Liu C.‐Y. , Rathjen A. J. , Shepherd K. W. , Gras P. W. , Giles L. C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSets of D‐genome disomic substitution lines of ‘Langdon’ (Triticum turgidum var. durum) were used to study the effect of chromosome substitutions on grain yield and flour technological properties.In general, the substitution of any D‐genome chromosome had a detrimental effect on grain yield and growth vigour (some lines were sterile). SDS‐sedimentation, SE‐HPLC and two‐gram mixograph procedures were used to measure dough strength of the lines studied. Significant correlations were observed between protein concentration and grain yield and other quality parameters such as SDS‐sedimentation value, the proportion of glutenin, dough mix time and peak resistance. Most of the quality characters were highly correlated with each other.Substitution of chromosomes 1D, 5D, 2D and 7D resulted in positive responses to SDS‐sedimentation values, but only chromosome 1D had positive effects on the proportion of peak 1 (P1%), measured by SE‐HPLC. Besides the major influence of chromosome 1D on three major mixograph parameters (mixing time, peak resistance and resistance breakdown), chromosome 5D also exhibited significant effects on these mixing parameters. Principal‐component analysis showed that the predominant effect on durum‐wheat rheological properties was from chromosome 1D, whereas chromosome 5D had a major effect on grain hardness (50%) and increased the whiteness of the flour.
Relationships between different prolamin proteins and some quality properties in durum wheat
Authors: Ruiz M. , Carrillo J. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe objective of this paper was to study the differences between some prolamin variants coded at the loci Glu‐3/Gli‐1, Glu‐1 and Gli‐A2 and their relative roles in durum‐wheat quality. F3 lines from four durum wheat crosses (‘Abadia’×‘Mexicali’. ‘Oscar’×‘Ardente’, ‘Oscar × Mexicali’ and ‘Alaga’×‘C. of Balazote’) were analysed for gliadin and glutenin composition by electrophoresis. Whole‐grain‐derived samples were analysed for SDS sedimentation (SDSS) value, mixing properties, and contents of protein and vitreousness. The glutenin patterns LMW‐2. LMW‐2− and LMW‐2 (CB) at Glu‐B3/Gli‐B1 were associated with better gluten quality than were LMW‐1 and LMW‐2*. The glutenin subunits LMW4 and LMW3 + 15 at Glu‐A3/Gli‐A1 and HMW‐1 showed better mixing properties than LMW7 + 12, LMW5 and the null phenotype. respectively. The HMW glutenin subunits 20 + 8 at Glu‐B1 showed a negative association with gluten quality, but the rest of the HMW glutenin subunits and α‐gliadins did not show any influence on gluten quality.Correlations between the results of the SDSS test and the mixograph were highly significant, but no correlation was found between these results and protein and vitreousness contents. The results are discussed in relation to the development of durum wheat varieties with improved qualities.
Genetics of multiple disease resistance in a doubled‐haploid population of barley
Authors: Steffenson B. J. , Jin Y. , Rossnagel B. G. , Rasmussen J. B. , Kao K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe barley accession Q21861 possesses resistance to the stem‐rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici), leaf‐rust (P. hordei), and powdery‐mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) pathogens. An anther‐culture‐derived doubled‐haploid population was produced from F1 plants from a cross of this accession and the susceptible breeding line SM89010 as a means of rapidly and efficiently determining the genetics of multiple disease resistance. The doubled‐haploid population segregated 1:1 (resistant:susceptible) for resistance to the stem rust pathotype QCC indicating the involvement of a single resistance gene, rpg4. Two‐gene (3:1) and one‐gene (1:1) segregation ratios were observed for resistance to the stem‐rust pathotype MCC at low (23–25°c) and high (27–29°C) temperature, respectively. These different segregation patterns were due to a pathotype × temperature interaction exhibited by rpg4 and Rpg1. another stem‐rust‐resistance gene present in Q21861. One‐gene and two‐gene segregation ratios were observed in reaction to the leaf rust and powdery mildew pathogens. These data demonstrate the utility of doubled haploid populations for determining the genetics of multiple disease resistance in barley.
Genotypic differences in susceptibility to wireworm attack in potato: mechanisms and implications for plant breeding
Authors: Olsson K. , Jonasson T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe influence of different tuber compounds on susceptibility to wire‐worms (Agriotes obscurus) was studied in experiments with 10–13 potato genotypes. Both greenhouse and field experiments showed that the susceptibility to wireworm attack was negatively correlated with the concentration of glycoalkaloids and positively correlated with the concentration of reducing sugars in the outer 2 mm of the tubers. Varietal differences in chlorogenic acid had no effect on susceptibility. Breeding for high levels of glycoalkaloids in the extreme periphery, but very low levels in the rest of the tuber, will protect the tubers from wireworms and yet result in acceptable glycoalkaloid levels for food safety.
Interactions in the pepper‐Phytophthora capsici system
Authors: Ortega R. Gil , Español C. Palazon , Zueco J. Cuartero 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTo analyse interactions in the Phytophthora capsici‐pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) system, three pepper lines (‘Morrón IN1A 224’, ‘PI201232’ and ‘SCM 334’) with various degrees of resistance to P. capsici and three P. capsici isolates with increasing aggressiveness were used. Inoculations were made when plants had 4–6 leaves, either by irrigating the culture substrate with P. capsici zoospore suspensions at increasing concentrations of up to 3 × 105/ml, or by adding mycelial suspension. P. capsici isolate ‘Ca’ was the least aggressive, followd by ‘8303’ and ‘Bl’. The logistic function was appropriate to describing cumulative mortalities of pepper seedlings inoculated with different P. capsici zoo‐spore concentrations. The inoculum concentration required for 50% mortality classified pepper lines as susceptible (‘Morrón INIA224’) and resistant (‘PI201232’ and ‘SCM334’), the former being less resistant than the latter. Isolates ‘Ca’ and ‘8303’ caused very different mortalities both with zoospore and mycelial inoculations, which allowed them to be classified as belonging to two different vertical pathotypes (PO and PI). Isolate ‘Bl’ acted similarly to isolate ‘8303’ when inoculated on ‘Morrón’ and ‘SCM334’, but its behaviour was dependent on zoospore concentration when inoculated on ‘PI201232’. It also proved to be similar to ‘Ca’ using mycelial inoculation. As the case of ‘Bl’ would not be an exception among P. capsici isolates, the two vertical pathotypes PI and PO would be the higher (isolate ‘8303’) and lower (isolate ‘Ca’) limits of a range of aggressiveness. Although there are cases of host‐parasite interaction, absence of interaction seems to be the rule.
Anther‐culture response in different genotypes and F1 hybrids of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Mitykó J. , Andrásfalvy A. , Csilléry G. , Fári M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn in vitro anther‐culture method has been improved by using young mother plants and by using frequent subcultures, thus increasing the androgenic yield in different Capsicum annuum L. genotypes. An assortment of peppers was used, composed of 15 genotypes (four breeding lines, seven cultivars and four F1 hybrids). A new system for qualifying the androgenic response was established. For use in practical breeding, a minimum of 5 % of plant regeneration was proposed as the criterion for a fair response. Accordingly, one excellent, one good and eight fair responses were identified among the genotypes investigated. As compared to the standard cultivar. 2 genotypes gave a significantly better response, i.e. ‘Fehérözön’ (75.8%) and ‘Szechuan 90716’ (21.0%). In comparative investigations, F1 hybrids, produced from crosses between poor/non‐responsive and responsive genotypes, showed a fair level of response, even the case of a poor response in donor parent. The ploidy level of the resulting plants was determined by flow‐cytometric analysis.
Genetic gains in two selection phases of a wheat‐breeding programme
Authors: Khalil I. H. , Carver B. F. , Smith E. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGenetic gain in field crops is usually estimated as the collective contribution of several breeding programmes. Critical to an individual breeder, however, is the genetic gain realized within a single programme. Our objective was to quantify per‐annum genetic gains from 1969 to 1993 within two successive phases of experimental line testing in the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programme of the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station. Data for grain yield (Phases I and II), volume weight and heading date (Phase II) were analysed according to the procedure developed by St. Martin and McBlain (1991). Genetic gains for grain yield were indistinguishable between phases, averaging 4.6 ± 1.1 and 4.2 ± 1.3% of the control mean across the 24‐year period. Genetic gain for volume weight averaged only 0.2% of the check mean, reflecting lower selection pressure for that trait compared to grain yield. Inconsistent genetic gains in heading date reflect a preference for a window of desirable heading dates rather than difficulties in selecting uni‐directionally for maturity. The absence of a decline in genetic gain in recent years indicates that future improvement in grain yield is likely; however, increased attention must be given to volume weight to maintain US domestic and export standards for hard winter wheat. The statistical procedure was useful in monitoring long‐term trends in genetic gains and identifying gaps in programme efficiency.
Genetic analysis of powdery‐mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei) resistance derived from wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum)
Authors: Mastebroek H. D. , Balkema‐Boomstra A. G. , Gaj M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew was investigated in 20 accessions of Hordeum spontaneum and in 20 F4 lines derived from crosses between the variety ‘Aramir’ and 13 accessions of H. spontaneum. Two resistance genes were detected in 17 accessions, and three resistance genes in one accession. In two accessions, only one resistance gene was present. The 20 breeding lines showed a large variation in infection type and infection level. The genetic relationship between the resistance genes detected was investigated in the seven most resistant F4 lines. These F4 lines were divided into three groups which carried different resistance genes. In two lines, the detected resistance gene was shown to be race‐specific.
Variation among progenies of diploid plants regenerated from haploid, microspore‐derived cell‐suspension protoplasts of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Mezencev N. , Clément G. , Guiderdoni E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractProgenies of 110 diploid R0 plants regenerated from haploid protoplasts derived from microspore callus cell suspension culture of rice (cv. Miara) were evaluated for 6 traits, along with control lines, in a replicated field trial. Complementary post‐harvest observations were carried out for four panicle or grain characters. A wide range of variation was observed for all traits under study among the protoclonal lines. The mean of the protoclonal population was significantly different from that of the control for most traits and 64.5% of the lines differed from the control for at least one field‐evaluated trait. A unidirectional shift towards later‐maturing, taller, and lower‐tillering lines was observed. Of all the lines, 39% were taller than the control by at least 10 cm, 31 % had flowering delayed by at least 5 days, and 13% exhibited significantly longer panicles (P = 0.05). As to the agronomical value of the lines, the variation resulted in a global negative drift although favourable variations were found in a few lines. All but two lines were homogeneous, suggesting that most variations existed in a homozygous form in the R0 plants. R2 lines grown from seeds of 17 R1 protoclonal lines stably inherited the changes and did not segregate, thereby confirming that variations are fixed.
Variation and covariation for quantitative resistance to head blight (Fusarium culmorum) in two testcross series of S2 lines in winter rye
Authors: Miedaner T. , Ziegler D. E. , Geiger H. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe amount of genetic variation among inbred lines and testcrosses, and covariation between both genetic materials, are of crucial importance for selection efficiency in hybrid breeding. To estimate these quantitative genetic parameters for resistance of winter rye (Secale cereale) to head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum, 88 three‐way cross hybrids, produced by crossing each of 44 S2 Carsten inbred lines with two unrelated Petkus single‐cross testers, were evaluated along with the parental lines over 2 years. Resistance traits were head‐blight rating and grain weight per spike relative to the non‐inoculated control. Significant genotypic variation occurred among lines and in both testcross series. S2 lines displayed considerably more variation than testcross series. Genotype × environment interaction was more marked among the inbred lines, while estimates of heritability were similar for both genetic materials. Testcrosses showed heterosis for head‐blight resistance. No relationship existed between S2 lines and the two testcross series for any resistance trait. This might be caused by an association between inbreeding and Fusarium‐head‐blight susceptibility and different inbreeding depression among the S2 population. The phenotypic correlations between the testcross series were moderate for both traits (r = 0.58, P < 0.01). In conclusion, Fusarium‐head‐blight resistance has to be selected at the respective heterozygosity levels.
Inheritance of anther‐culture response in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
Authors: Madsen S. , Olesen A. , Dennis B. , Andersen S. B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGenetic control of the capacity to respond to anther culture in perennial ryegrass was studied in F1 offspring from crosses between 11 clones selected for anther‐culture response (‘inducers’) and 10 clones selected from breeding material on the basis of good agronomic performance. Large differences in anther‐culture response were observed between the two types of parent, with inducer clones producing an average of 10.7 green plants per 100 anthers, compared with only 0.3 for breeding clones. Hybrid populations produced an average of 2.2 green plants per 100 plated anthers, which is 7.3 times the response of the breeding material. This improvement was mainly due to a 9.4‐fold increase in the percentage of green plants regenerated from hybrid populations to 4.7% compared to an average of 0.5% from breeding clones. Most of the GCA (general combining ability) in the experiment was contributed by the breeding material, constituting 55.8, 100.0 and 36.7% of genetic variation among hybrids for embryo formation, regeneration and green plant percentage, respectively. Any remaining genetic variation among hybrids was predominantly due to SCA (specific combining ability) effects, with percentages of 44.2 and 63.3%, respectively, for embryo and green plant formation. These results are discussed with respect to the possible exploitation of genes controlling anther‐culture response for haploid production in breeding programmes of perennial ryegrass.