bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Typification of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) and its implications for the correct naming of two Echinacea taxa
Authors: Binns Shannon E. , Baum Bernard R. , Arnason John T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBinns, S. E., Baum, B. R., & Arnason, J. T.: Typification of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) and its implications for the correct naming of two Echinacea taxa. – Taxon 50: 1169–1175. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040–0262.A thorough investigation of relevant nomenclatural types and descriptions reveals that the name Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, which was lectotypified by McGregor in 1968, has been consistently misapplied since 1903 to a taxon distinctly different from that of its modern lectotype and of the original Linnaean concept. Linnaeus's original concept of Rudbeckia purpurea, maintained by Candolle as Echinacea purpurea when he segregated E. serótina (Nutt.) DC., is the species now known as E. laevigata (C. L. Boynton & Beadle) S. F. Blake. Technically, therefore, the correct name for the species currently called E. laevigata is E. purpurea (L.) Moench, and the correct name for the species currently called E. purpurea is E. serotina (Nutt.) DC., for which a lectotype is designated. Conservation of the name E. purpurea in the sense of its current application, which also preserves the usage of E. laevigata, is proposed in a separate article (see Binns & al., p. 1199, this issue).
A new tribal classification of Mesembryanthemaceae: evidence from floral nectaries
Authors: Chesselet Pascale , Smith Gideon F. , van Wyk Abraham E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMesembryanthemaceae Fenzl, here defined as excluding Aizoaceae Rudolphi s.str., are divided into five major groups, primarily on the basis of characters of the floral nectary. In terms of nectary type, the meronectary is considered a synapomorphy for the family Mesembryanthemaceae. The koilomorphic meronectary is a synapomorphy for subfamily Mesembryanthemoideae, considered the basal group; it is not further divided at tribal level. Four distinct nectary types characterize the more specialized subfamily Ruschioideae Schwantes in Ihlenf., Schwantes & Straka emend. Bittrich & H.E.K. Hartmann, and are used here to establish a new tribal classification for the group. Tribe Apatesieae Schwantes emend. Chesselet, G.F. Sm. & A.E. van Wyk (seven genera) is characterized by a broad, flat holonectary. Fruits in this tribe have diversified and several have lost hygrochastic properties. The group is regarded as primitive among Ruschioideae. Subtribe Dorotheanthinae Schwantes ex Ihlenf. & Struck (three genera) is raised to tribal level as Dorotheantheae (Schwantes ex Ihlenf. & Struck) Chesselet, G.F. Sm. & A.E. van Wyk. Plants in this tribe have semi‐succulent leaves and all are annuals. The group has flowers with broad, flat meronectaries, and is not defined by any synapomorphy in terms of nectary type. Tribe Delospermeae Chesselet, G.F. Sm. & A.E. van Wyk (27 genera) is newly proposed to include all taxa with a lophomorphic meronectary; it has diversified mostly in the summer‐rainfall region of southern Africa. Tribe Ruschieae, as emended here, incorporates 71 genera. It is characterized by a lophomorphic holonectary and has diversified mostly in the arid winter‐rainfall region of southern Africa. Nectary types suggest primitiveness of Delospermeae in relation to Ruschieae among the highly succulent ruschioid taxa and support previous hypotheses suggesting that more derived Ruschioideae originated in the summer‐rainfall region of southern Africa.
Circumscription, classification, and (Bryopsida) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data and morphology taxonomy of Amblystegiaceae
Authors: Vanderpoorten Alain , Hedenäs Lars , Cox Cymon J. , Shaw A. Jonathan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractResults from a previous broad­scale analysis employing trnL­trnF sequence data for 168 Hypnalean and 11 Hookerialean taxa, and an analysis employing two chloroplast regions, trnL­trnF and atpB­rbcL, one nuclear region, the internal transcribed spacers of 18S­26S rDNA, plus 68 morphological characters for a reduced data set of 54 Hypnalean taxa, were used to circumscribe Amblystegiaceae. The analyses provided two well­supported main clades including taxa traditionally included in Amblystegiaceae s.l. and recognized as Amblystegiaceae s.str. [Anacamptodon, Amblystegium, Campyliadelphus, Campylium, Cratoneuron, Cratoneuropsis, Drepanocladus s.str., Gradsteinia, Hygrohypnum s.str. (including the type species, H. luridum, but excluding a number of other species previously accommodated in the genus), Hypnobartlettia, Leptodictyum, Palustriella, Pseudo­calliergon, and Serpoleskea] and Calliergonaceae stat. nov. (Calliergon, Hamatocaulis, Loeskypnum, Straminergon, and Warnstorfia). Scorpidium and "Hygrohypnum" ochraceum were closely related to Calliergonaceae but were not included in the family because of the lack of support. All these genera but Anacamptodon have previously been included in Amblystegiaceae s.l. The sporophytic features of Anacamptodon, which contrast with those of all the other members of Amblystegiaceae, are interpreted as adaptations to an epiphytic habitat and suggest, together with other recent taxonomic works in Hookeriales, that characters related to sporophytic specializations are among the most homoplastic. Several other taxa (Calliergonella, Campylophyllum, Conardia, Donrichardsia, "Hygrohypnum" smithii, Platydictya, Sanionia), previously included in Amblystegiaceae s.l., appeared more closely related to other Hypnalean families. Recircumscribed Amblystegiaceae, and several clades within the family, have no identifiable morphological synapomorphies. A new system of classification for recircumscribed Amblystegiaceae, including morphological delimitation of presented clades based on maximum likelihood reconstruction of ancestral character states, is proposed and appropriate nomenclatural changes made.
Revised typification of Veronica agrestis L. (Scrophulariaceae)
Authors: Martínez-Ortega Maria Montserrat , Sánchez José Ángel , Cafferty Steve , Rico Enrique , Thulin Mats 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA previously designated lectotype for the name Veronica agrestis L. is here superseded in favour of an alternative original element on the grounds of conflict with the protologue in accordance with Art. 9.17(b) of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. An earlier proposal to conserve the name with a conserved type is withdrawn.
Neotypification of Uvaria hirsuta Jack (Annonaceae)
Authors: Meade Conor V. , Parnell John A. N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUvaria hirsuta Jack is one of the more common species of the genus Uvaria (Annonaceae) in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. The original type was destroyed in 1824, and any duplicates which may have existed are now lost. Wallich Herbarium Catalogue no. 6458b is proposed here as neotype for U. hirsuta. The specimen is of high quality, includes both flowers and fruits, and was collected at the type locality soon after Jack’s original collections.
Designation of an epitype for Helotium yunnanense and its transfer to the genus Lambertella (Rutstroemiaceae, Ascomycota)
Authors: Zhuang Wen-Ying , Zhang Yan-Hui 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHelotium yunnanense is re‐described based upon examination of the holotype and an epitype designated, due to the lack of apothecia matching the original description in the holotype material. Detailed morphological study indicated that the fungus is a member of the genus Lambertella. A new combination, Lambertella yunnanensis, is, therefore, proposed.
On the typification of two misunderstood Roccella (Lichenized fungi) names, R. tinctoria and R. fucoides
Authors: Tehler Anders 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe nomenclature and taxonomy of two Roccella species are examined and clarified. Roccella tinctoria DC., a nomen novum for Lichen roccella L., replaces Roccella vincentina [“vicentina”] (Vain.) Follm., the name which has been most commonly used in recent years for this sorediate species. Roccella fucoides (Dicks.) Vain, based on Lichen fucoides Dicks., is neotypified and is the correct name for what has been known as R. phycopsis, now shown to be an illegitimate superfluous name for R. fucoides.
On the waiting time distribution in a generalized queueing system with uniformly bounded sojourn times
Authors: Loris-Teghem Jacqueline 
Published: April 2006

A generalized queueing system with (N + 2) types of triplets (delay, service time, probability of joining the queue) and with uniformly bounded sojourn times is considered. An expression for the generating function of the Laplace-Stieltjes transforms of the waiting time distributions is derived analytically, in a case where some of the random variables defining the model have a rational Laplace-Stieltjes transform.The standard Kl/Km/1 queueing system with uniformly bounded sojourn times is considered in particular.
On the equivalence of certain Markov chains
Authors: Vit Pedro 
Published: April 2006

It is shown that an irreducible and aperiodic Markov chain can be altered preserving irreducibility without altering the nature of the chain in the sense that, the modified chain is transient (recurrent) if and only if the original chain is transient (recurrent). Furthermore, it is shown by means of a counterexample that ergodicity (null-recurrence) is not preserved.An interesting application of this result is a simple proof of Pakes's generalization of Foster's criterion for a chain to be recurrent.
Joe Burchenal and the birth of combination chemotherapy
Authors: Thomas Angela 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWhen Joe Burchenal started studying medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1934, antibiotics had not been discovered and the survival of patients diagnosed with acute leukaemia was <4 months. By the time he retired in 1983, 58% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia survived 5 years with the majority being cured of their disease. His early work in infectious diseases and antimicrobials equipped him well, both clinically and scientifically. The approach to developing antibiotics to conquer previously incurable infection was an inspiration and model for his pioneering work when searching for drugs with activity against cancer. Trials of sequential and then combination chemotherapy followed. Success in treating lymphoid malignancies in children led him to develop treatment regimens for other more resistant cancers, and as an advocate of collaborative working he introduced multimodal therapy to tackle bulky or metastatic cancers, replacing inevitable relapse with a chance of true cure.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders in adult clients with pervasive developmental disorders
Authors: Galli‐Carminati G. , Chauvet I. , Deriaz N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground  In clients with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), some authors have noticed the presence of gastrointestinal disorders and behavioural disorders. An augmented prevalence of different histological anomalies has also been reported. The aim of our study is to highlight the prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders in this adult with PDD sample and to demonstrate the importance of accurate evaluation of gastrointestinal disorders in clients with PDD.Methods  The present comparative study involved 118 clients. Our research was motivated by the clinical observation that behavioural disorders sometimes disappeared with administration of anti‐gastric acid or anti‐ulcerous medications. It focused on two samples of clients with intellectual disability – those with associated PDD and those without. The presence of gastrointestinal disorders was assessed retrospectively on the basis of hospital records.Results  The prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders reported in clinical files was 48.8% in clients with PDD, as compared with 8.0% in non‐PDD clients (P < 0.00001).Conclusion  Gastrointestinal disorders, and especially gastro‐oesophageal reflux, if neglected, may contribute to behavioural disorders in PDD clients. Moreover, gastrointestinal disorders may be considered as a feature of PDD. We highlight the fact that somatic disorders may coexist in persons with PDD.
Phylogeography of the flat‐tailed horned lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii) and systematics of the P. mcallii–platyrhinos mtDNA complex
Authors: MULCAHY DANIEL G. , SPAULDING ALLEN W. , MENDELSON JOSEPH R. , BRODIE EDMUND D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo species of horned lizards are sympatric along the periphery of the Salton Trough. Phrynosoma mcallii, endemic to the trough, is of conservation concern because its limited habitat has been fragmented by human activities. A more common and widespread species, Phrynosoma platyrhinos, occurs around the periphery of the trough and much further to the North. The two species are syntopic at a few localities, where morphological intermediates have also been found. Here, we used nested clade phylogeographical analysis (NCPA) and analysis of molecular variance (amova), to examine 781 bp of mitochondrial DNA (nad4 and two tRNAs) from 82 individuals of P. mcallii. We tested whether populations of this species were recently connected, or if they were historically isolated prior to human modification of the region. Our NCPA results indicated significant population structure associated with the Colorado River, suggesting limited gene flow and potential isolation across this barrier. Populations west of the Colorado River, currently isolated from one another by human development, show less genetic differentiation. We also collected homologous sequence data from 34 individuals of P. platyrhinos and seven specimens morphologically intermediate between P. mcallii and P. platyrhinos, as a preliminary investigation of hybridization between these two species. From phylogenetic results of these data, we identified a species (Phrynosoma goodei) previously recognized as a subspecies of P. platyrhinos. Six of the morphologically intermediate specimens shared mtDNA haplotypes with P. goodei, while one was nested among P. mcallii haplotypes.
Turtle Riding on the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Pocock Celmara 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTurtle riding was once a popular activity among holidaymakers at the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast of Australia. In the first half of the twentieth century. it was a significant way for tourists to engage with living marine life. The turtle breeding season offered tourists an opportunity to see female turtles emerge from the sea and come ashore to nest and lay their eggs. They could also witness emerging hatchlings scuttle from shore to sea. This sea-land-sea transformation facilitated unique forms of human-nonhuman animal interaction and was integral to visitor affection for, and affinity with, sea turtles.
Illness representations of coronary artery disease: An empirical examination of the Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (IPQ) in patients undergoing surgery, angioplasty and medication
Authors: Hirani Shashivadan P. , Pugsley Wilfred B. , Newman Stanton P. 
Published: April 2006

Background. This study sought to validate empirically, through factor analysis, the theoretically developed Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (IPQ) measure of illness representations, and investigated how illness representations varied within an illness condition between different treatments.Methods. Two hundred and fourteen coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, 70 of whom were undergoing medication, 71 to undergo angioplasty and 73 to undergo coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), completed the New Zealand Heart Attack Recovery Project version of the IPQ. The core cognitive illness representation statement responses were subject to principal components analyses (PCA), with oblique rotation. Identity data were examined regarding symptom frequency. Subscales based on factor structures and frequency scores were utilized to investigate treatment group differences in illness beliefs through analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).Findings. PCA of the core components indicated four factors labelled: ‘illness impact’, ‘duration’, ‘control’, and ‘self‐image’, accounting for 46.5% of the variance. The most frequently experienced symptoms were fatigue, breathlessness and chest‐pain (angina). ANCOVAs showed significant treatment group differences in frequency of chest‐pain experienced (medication < CABG, p <.01) and differences on illness ‘duration’ beliefs (medication > revascularization groups, p <.001).Discussion. The results produced a modified structure for the IPQ, which appeared to reflect the nature of the illness under study and the possible fractionation of the core illness representation components. Responses on the subscales created were also related to the position within the ‘subjective experience with the illness’ that a patient had reached and the treatment being undertaken.
THE ROLE OF SMALL POPULATIONS FOR THE DIFFERENTIATION IN PLANTS
Authors: Runemark Hans 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWhen trying to answer the question whether the effects of genetic drift have evolutionary significance, we must keep in mind that a local population is normally a dynamic system, changing in size, splitting into minor entities, or merging into larger complexes. Most populations have certainly been small for longer or shorter periods, and hence the role of genetic drift must not be neglected.The main role of genetic drift in the complex processes involved in the evolution of plants may be (1) the introduction of genetic factors, which are primarily non‐adaptive, (2) the rapid fixation of genetic changes, and (3) the breaking down of rigid gene blocks. Generally speaking a population may be said to be in a selective phase when it is large and in a creative phase when it is small.
THE TWO ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS OF NOMENCLATURE PROPOSED AND USED FOR ORCHIDS BY DU PETIT‐THOUARS, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO CORYMBORKIS THOUARS
Authors: Friis Ib , Rasmussen Finn N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe principles of botanical nomenclature proposed by Thouars in his works on orchids are reviewed. Throughout these works Thouars rather consistently coined names according to his own principles, as alternatives to names in accordance with traditional nomenclature. The alternative specific names were used as binary combinations and can be accepted under the present rules of botanical nomenclature. For this reason they must be taken into consideration in cases where the traditionally formed names have earlier homonyms. It is shown that O. Kuntze's interpretation of Thouars' nomenclature is erroneous.
GENETICS OF LUPINUS VII. OUTCROSSING, AUTOFERTILITY, AND VARIABILITY IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF THE NANUS GROUP
Authors: Harding James , Mankinen C. B. , Elliott M. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOutcrossing rates in natural populations of Lupinus nanus Dougl. have been found to vary from nearly zero to nearly 100 percent (Harding and Horovitz, 1969; Harding, 1970). These studies were based primarily on a group of northern populations of subspecies apricus (Elliott, Harding, and Mankinen; paper VI). The purposes of this paper are (1) to report estimates of outcrossing for the other subspecies of L. nanus, (2) to report estimates of outcrossing for the closely related species, L. bicolor, L. affinis, L. polycarpus, and L. pachylobus, (3) to discuss the relationship between these estimates of outcrossing and autofertility, and (4) to discuss the relationship between outcrossing and phenotypic and genotypic variability maintained in populations.
GENE VARIATION IN DROSOPHILA POPULATIONS
Authors: Prakash Satya 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRecent investigations on gene variation as revealed by electrophoresis of proteins show that in mice, man and Drosophila, 30–40% of the loci are polymorphic and 7–12% of the loci are in a heterozygous state in an individual. Populations of D. pseudoobscura from ecological margins are as heterozygous as those in the center and the allele frequencies are very similar in all the populations except in Bogota, Colombia, which is a complete isolate from the main body of the species. The Bogota population of D. pseudoobscura has reduced genetic variation and when Bogota females are mated to males of various populations from the United States and Guatemala, the F1 males are sterile and the F1 females are fertile. The reciprocal cross produces fertile hybrids of both sexes. Founder effect and lack of gene flow from other populations is a very important aspect of speciation. When two closely related sibling species D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis are compared for genetic changes at 24 homologous loci, it is found that no locus is monomorphic or polymorphic for entirely different alleles, however, at several polymorphic loci, the two species have unique alleles in addition to the similar alleles.
EVOLUTIONARY MORPHOLOGY: DISTINGUISHING ANCESTRAL STRUCTURE FROM DERIVED STRUCTURE IN FLOWERING PLANTS
Authors: Eyde Richard H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCertain structural changes have occurred repeatedly in the evolution of flowering plants. Evidence for these evolutionary trends is often in the form of character gradients or morphoclines, within which the direction of change can be inferred from paleobotanical, geographical, or ecological circumstances. No trends are more firmly established than those involving microscopic characters of the secondary xylem, trends for which the ancestral condition is known from fossil evidence. Recently, trends in the evolution of angiospermous pollen grains have also been convincingly demonstrated from the fossil record. Since postulated evolutionary trends in floral structure cannot be verified in the same manner, floral anatomy has always been a controversial subject. Despite the controversy, the anatomical investigation of flowers benefits systematics in at least two ways: by revealing characters of potential taxonomic value and, when floral vascular bundles of related taxa are united in varying degree, by indicating the direction of evolutionary change.
SPECIMEN IDENTIFICATION AND KEY CONSTRUCTION WITH TIME‐SHARING COMPUTERS
Authors: Morse Larry E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCurrent methods of specimen identification are surveyed, and algorithms are given for constructing dichotomous keys and for identifying specimens directly with a polythetic polyclave procedure. Although usable without computers, these techniques have been automated as Fortran programs on a time‐sharing system. Taxon/character data are encoded as a hierarchy of data matrices for use with the various programs. Large‐scale taxonomic information systems are also briefly discussed.
THE TYPE LOCALITY OF ORCUTTIA FRAGILIS
Authors: Reeder John R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis note points out that the name of the type locality of Orcuttia fragilis Swallen is neither Llano Dirai nor Llano Datillare, the only names which appear in the literature and/or on labels of the type material. The area is actually Llanos de Hiray.
SIEVE‐ELEMENT PLASTIDS OF FOUQUIERIA, FRANKENIA (TAMARICALES), AND RHABDODENDRON (RUTACEAE), TAXA SOMETIMES ALLIED WITH CENTROSPERMAE (CARYOPHYLLALES)
Authors: Behnke H.‐Dietmar 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn ultrastructural investigation of sieve‐elements of nine species of Tamaricales (including Fouquieria and Frankenia) demonstrated plastids of the starch‐storing S‐type. Sieve‐elements of Rhabdodendron (Rutaceae) contained P‐type plastids with a single polygonal protein crystalloid besides starch grains. In these respects all these species are unlike the specific P‐type plastids characteristic of the Centrospermae.