bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attic Oil Recovery by Steam Displacement
Authors: McBean W.N. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 43rd Annual California Regional Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME to be held in Bakersfield, Calif., Nov. 8–10, 1972. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon requested to the Editor PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon requested to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
The Metson Pool of the Midway-Sunset Field in California is a steeply dipping, viscous oil reservoir. Steam-type thermal recovery operations have been in progress in the pool for seven years.
Cyclic steam stimulation efforts have been designed to take advantage of both natural and induced productive mechanisms. These cyclic operations have proven effective in all but the extreme updip sections of the formation.
An attic steam injection program was initiated as a pilot project in October, 1970 and has since been expanded to include six steam injection wells across the updip edge of the formation. The short term objective of this program is to economically displace and recover oil at the top of the structure by conventional steam flood mechanisms. The long-term objective is to accelerate recoveries from downdip cyclic operations by repressuring and stimulated gas drive mechanisms. A special operating technique has been introduced to this program that allows better control of the development of the steam zone and better use of the beneficial effects associated with steam channeling.

HISTORY
The Metson Pool of the Midway-Sunset Field is located in Sections 23 and 24, T11N, R23W, SBB and M, Kern County, California. The discovery well was completed in 1953 pumping 10.5 deg. API oil at a rate of 27 BPD. pumping 10.5 deg. API oil at a rate of 27 BPD. Development drilling for primary production was limited due to the low oil rates.
The Metson sand is of Miocene Age and is encountered at an average depth of 1,050 feet. The sand has a 30% porosity and permeabilities ranging from 1 to 4 darcies. The average dip of the productive sands is 70 degrees. productive sands is 70 degrees. Cyclic steam stimulation was introduced as a recovery process in late 1965. Response to initial stimulation efforts was good with most wells exhibiting oil rates in excess of 100 BPD after steaming and yielding oil-steam ratios for individual cycles of 0.8–1.3. However, cyclic response declined as the number of cycles progressed. progressed.
Administration and Regulation of the California Ad Valorem Taxing System
Authors: Campbell-Taylor R.B. , Bertholf Harold W. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 43rd Annual California Regional Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME to be held in Bakersfield, Calif., Nov. 8–10, 1972. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon requested to the Editor PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon requested to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
In the State of California local government revenues are raised through a tax on property including mineral rights. Although this ad valorem system is administered by the various counties and regulated by the Stat it often requires active participate by informed taxpayers. However, few petroleum engineers understand the petroleum engineers understand the system sufficiently well to work effectively with it. This paper explains California's ad valorem tax system and each parties' respective responsibilities, rights and remedies so as to provide the petroleum engineer with an understanding that will allow him to be of assistance in assuring that a fair and equitable tax burden is levied on the petroleum properties he operates.

Introduction
In the year 1922, the State's taxing agency stated in its annual report that "Many of the counties are adding new sources of revenue (which will be used) … for the relief in some instances of the … property tax." The rise in values and taxes in the half-century since that report was published has been meteoric. The full cash value of locally assessable and taxable property in 1972 was an awesome 3233 billion, and local revenues of more than $6 billion were two-thirds as much as the total value of fifty years earlier. In the past five years alone, the value of assessments has risen at a compounded rate of three percent per year, and local taxes have increased at an average annual rate of eleven percent. Public and political interest in the property tax has accelerated, and some relief from that tax has already been achieved, in varying degrees, by a complex system of exemptions that tends to expand every year.
How then does this affect us as petroleum engineers? First, ad valorem petroleum engineers? First, ad valorem taxes have become a major expense in lease operations (averaging about 0.20/bbl.) often exceeding such items as electricity, fuel, dehydration or overhead.
Stress and Strain Rate Dependence of Bentonite Clay Suspension Gel Strengths
Authors: Lord D.L. , Menzie D.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The current investigation conducted in concentric cylinder viscometer and cylindrical tube geometries with a bentonite clay suspension was successful in establishing criteria for the often observed dependence of gel strength or yield stress on what has been inappropriately termed shear rate. Rather than being dependent on the shear rate associated with fluid hydraulics, these thixotropic fluid structural yield stresses are demonstrated to be dependent upon such solid mechanics considerations as shear stress rate and shear strain rate. The concentric cylinder or Couette viscometer was shown to be capable of assessing the gel strength dependence on shear stress rate. Strain rate data were limited because of the poor resolution obtainable at higher stress rates from the instrumentation employed with the viscometer. Similar gel strength-stress rate data were generated by subjecting steel tubes containing gel to loadings imposed by compressed air and suddenly applied pump rates. Theoretical considerations lead to a data correlation of yield stress, Y, as a function of shear stress rate,. This correlation was of the form, Y = b 1n () + C, where C and b are constants. It was further shown that constants C and b could be correlated as exponential functions of rest time.
Model Calculations for Wetting Studies: The Role of Contact Angle and Adsorption in Wetting Energetics
Authors: Whalen James W. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the Oilfield Chemistry Symposium of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Denver, Colo., May 24–25, 1973. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon requested to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made. provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
This distinction between low energy surfaces on which liquids exhibit finite contact angles and high energy surfaces on which liquid spreading occurs is extended to the vapor-solid interface, where it is assumed that multilayer adsorption at saturation pressure of the vapor occurs in the liquid spreading case, while submonolayer adsorption is characteristic of the nonspreading case.
An empirical relationship is established between contact angle and adsorption at saturation pressure. Thermodynamic quantities of interest in wetting phenomena are calculated on the basis of energetic parameters in the adsorption expression.

Introduction
Wetting refers to the interaction between liquid and solid phases in the presence of saturated vapor. Traditionally, the subject has been approached from the observational standpoint (does a liquid drop spread on the subject solid or does it retain a semblance of its drop character?). Interpretation has centered on the mechanical properties of the interfacial systems in analogy to treatments applied to the more accessible liquid-vapor interface. This approach is reflected by the Young Equation,
, (1)
where terms refer to interfacial tensions, the particular interface being identified by subscripts indicating the phases present and being the angle (measured through the liquid) characterizing the three phase line of contact. Interfacial tensions are recognized as numerically equivalent to interfacial free energies but Eq. 1 remains an expression which reflects but does not quantize the wetting phenomenon since SV and SL are not amenable to measurement.
Melrose has cataloged the thermodynamic relationships relevant to the energetics of wetting in a common notational structure and, in so doing, called attention to the energetic parameters which should be accessible to parameters which should be accessible to experiment. These are embodied in the following two equations:
(2)
(3)
A New Weighting Material for Drilling Fluids Based on Synthetic Iron Oxide
Authors: Menzel Dieter 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 48th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Las Vegas, Nev., Sept. 30-Oct. 3, 1973. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgement of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
A new weighting material based on synthetic iron oxide has been developed. Early laboratory tests with this material indicated that although up to API specification for barytes, it nevertheless failed to give a satisfactory performance test under the conditions stated by OCMA. Further investigations showed that particle size distribution and total surface area had to be controlled to achieve the most satisfactory performance and also suggested that a new performance and also suggested that a new specification might well be required for any weighting material.

Introduction
Until now ground barytes with a specific gravity of 4.2 has been the most common weighting material for drilling fluids. The demand of the free world is now approx. 2 million tons per year corresponding to 55% of the total barytes production. The USA used 1.2 million tons per year barytes drilling mud grade in 1972. Because of increasing drilling activity one can expect a considerable growth in barytes consumption in the next few years. In some of the new exploration regions outside of the USA it may prove difficult to obtain sufficient high quality barytes.
In the past numerous trials have been undertaken to substitute barytes with other heavy metal compounds with specific gravities higher than 4.2. None of these materials however proved successful, because the price was too high, the required amounts were not available in sufficient quantities or else the properties in drilling muds showed properties in drilling muds showed disadvantages. Weighting materials such as galena, lead oxide, natural iron oxide or barium carbonate have only been used to a limited extent.
A new weighting material, FER-O-BAR+), based on synthetic iron oxide; has now been introduced. This material is a) generally applicable, b) available in sufficient quantities, c) produced with constant quality, d) comparable with barytes price.
The properties of the new product are described below.
Application of Sparse Matrix Techniques in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Woo P.T. , Gustavson F.G. , Roberts S.J. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 48th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Las Vegas, Nev., Sept. 30-Oct. 3, 1973. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgement of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
The matrices arising in reservoir simulation are sparse in that most elements are zeros. These matrix equations can be solved efficiently by sparse matrix techniques, which take advantage of the zeros. The approach consists of two steps:The matrix or grid is reordered to preserve the sparsity.The preserve the sparsity.
(2) The system of equations with the reordered matrix is then solved by using an efficient Gaussian elimination or factorization algorithm that avoids operating on zeros. This paper compares several schemes that are effective for reordering the matrix. It also presents two general purpose sparse matrix algorithms that efficiently solve any type of reservoir simulation equations with any ordering. One of the algorithms is up to 8 times faster than the conventional band matrix algorithm; and the other, up to 18 times faster. Sparse matrix techniques are also competitive with iterative techniques. For large matrices, the algorithms' storage requirement can be readily met by a computer with virtual storage.

Background
The linear pressure and saturation equations in reservoir simulation usually have been solved with iterative rather than direct methods. This was thought to save time and storage. However, the increasing complexity of simulation problems has substantially increased the number of iterations required. We have found that in some situations, such as coning or compositional simulation, many iterative methods (including SIP 22) will not converge to an acceptable solution within a reasonable number of iterations. Even in situations where iterative methods converge, selecting an optimum iterative method and optimum acceleration parameters is tedious and sometimes parameters is tedious and sometimes expensive.
Thermal Properties Of Oil Reservoir Formations
Authors: Bailly Florent H. , Mangold George B. 
Published: December 2007

This paper is to be presented at the 37th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Los Angeles on October 7–10, 1962. Permission to publish is hereby restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of the Journal of Petroleum Technology or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in Journal of Petroleum Technology or Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal is granted on request, providing proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines with the paper.

Introduction
In situ combustion is a method of oil recovery which has come to stay. Most know the number of fire floods that are in progress, two few know, in detail, the state of knowledge which has been obtained collectively from all those projects in progress. A symposium on the subject might be forthcoming someday.
This brief paper is not based on an intimate knowledge of, or connection with, any fire flooding project, but it is prepared after many years of analysing formations and reservoir rocks utilizing differential thermal analysis. The resultant thermograms of "thermal signatures" of the rocks have made it possible to determine and identify minerals. It has been possible to use these signatures for correlation. Research on thermogram differences with varying percentages to knowns has given data on the method's value in quantitative as well al qualitative work. In both the energy release, or absorption, the signature gives a net, thermal energy, a quantitative value per gram of mixture, covering the thermal gradient and showing temperature points at which energy anomalies of release or absorption occur.
In fire flooding operations the formations themselves can no longer be considered as an inert porous and permeable structure which remains unresponsive to the thermal energy being used to strip it of the contents of its pores.
Performance of a Simulated Fractured Matrix Reservoir Subject to a Bottom-Water Drive
Authors: Yazdi Mojtaba , Crawford Paul B. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 48th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Las Vegas, Nev., Sept. 30-Oct. 3, 1973. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
The water flooding performance in homogeneous or isolated layered systems has been well documented in the technical literature; however, the literature does not indicate that work has been conducted on the flooding performance of a fractured matrix reservoir performance of a fractured matrix reservoir subject to a bottom-water drive. It is generally believed that flooding of a fractured matrix reservoir would not recover much of the oil because the water would move faster through the fracture ant there would be an early breakthrough of the water, yet this has not been demonstrated for a bottom-water drive.
A model to represent one element of a fractured matrix reservoir was constructed. The model was positioned vertically and water was injected at a constant rate in the bottom and oil was produced from the top of the model. The experiments were made with different initial water saturations using unconsolidated sands.
In this study it was observed that imbibition rather than the direct displacement of oil by water was the dominant mechanism in the recovery of oil from a fractured matrix.
The oil-water interface was observed to be four to fifteen inches higher in the matrix than in the fracture. For some systems the oil-water interface stabilized at about five inches higher in the matrix than the fracture.
Oil recovery from the fractured matrix ranged from 27 to as high as 77 percent of the initial oil-in-place. Low initial water saturations resulted in a greater percentage oil recovery.
It is concluded that thick, fractured matrix reservoirs may be engineered for successful flooding by bottom-water drives.

Introduction
The fractured reservoir and the detrimental effect of fractures on secondary and tertiary recovery programs has been recognized for many years. It has been thought that water flooding of a fractured reservoir may not recover much of the oil because the water would move through the fracture and there would be an early breakthrough of the water. Much of the oil would be bypassed.