bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which current chatbot is more competent in urological theoretical knowledge? A comparative analysis by the European board of urology in-service assessment
Authors: Şahin Mehmet Fatih , Doğan Çağrı , Topkaç Erdem Can , Şeramet Serkan , Tuncer Furkan Batuhan , Yazıcı Cenk Murat 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Introduction
The European Board of Urology (EBU) In-Service Assessment (ISA) test evaluates urologists’ knowledge and interpretation. Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbots are being used widely by physicians for theoretical information. This research compares five existing chatbots’ test performances and questions’ knowledge and interpretation.

Materials and methods
GPT-4o, Copilot Pro, Gemini Advanced, Claude 3.5, and Sonar Huge chatbots solved 596 questions in 6 exams between 2017 and 2022. The questions were divided into two categories: questions that measure knowledge and require data interpretation. The chatbots’ exam performances were compared.

Results
Overall, all chatbots except Claude 3.5 passed the examinations with a percentage of 60% overall score. Copilot Pro scored best, and Claude 3.5’s score difference was significant (71.6% vs. 56.2%, p = 0.001). When a total of 444 knowledge and 152 analysis questions were compared, Copilot Pro offered the greatest percentage of information, whereas Claude 3.5 provided the least (72.1% vs. 57.4%, p = 0.001). This was also true for analytical skills (70.4% vs. 52.6%, p = 0.019).

Conclusions
Four out of five chatbots passed the exams, achieving scores exceeding 60%, while only one did not pass the EBU examination. Copilot Pro performed best in EBU ISA examinations, whereas Claude 3.5 performed worst. Chatbots scored worse on analysis than knowledge questions. Thus, although existing chatbots are successful in terms of theoretical knowledge, their competence in analyzing the questions is questionable.
An intensity-based LIF measurement technique to quantify film thicknesses in the air gap of an electric motor with direct liquid cooling
Authors: Auernhammer A. , Bonarens M. , Goet G. , Wagner S. , Schorr J. , Dreizler A. , Böhm B. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The air gap of an optically accessible model of a directly cooled radial flux electric motor is investigated using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The cooling oil enters the air gap and a film forms on the stator surface, which resembles a thin film in a shear flow. The flow phenomena at different rotational speeds (2000 rpm to 10,000 rpm) are described. An intensity-based LIF measurement technique is developed and used to measure the film thickness on the stator in a realistic air gap environment. The rotational speed influences the flow phenomena and the film thickness of the stator film. With increasing rotational speed, i.e., increasing gas Reynolds number, the film thickness probability density functions (PDFs) shift to lower film thicknesses and become narrower, which is in agreement with the characteristic behavior of films in shear flows as reported in the literature. Additionally, the velocities of the wave crests which move across the film surface are evaluated and used to calculate the film Reynolds number ReF, which characterizes the investigated operating points.
SOD1-related inherited peripheral neuropathies in a Japanese cohort: genetic variants and clinical insights
Authors: Ando Masahiro , Higuchi Yujiro , Yuan Jun-Hui , Yoshimura Akiko , Yano Chikashi , Hobara Takahiro , Kojima Fumikazu , Hiramatsu Yu , Nozuma Satoshi , Nakamura Tomonori , Sakiyama Yusuke , Hashiguchi Akihiro , Okamoto Yuji , Matsushige Takeshi , Mitsui Jun , Tsuji Shoji , Takashima Hiroshi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) encompass a wide range of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system, often with complex genetic causes and frequent underdiagnosis. The variants in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene, primarily linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), have also been associated with peripheral neuropathy. The recent approval of Tofersen, targeting SOD1-related ALS, highlights the importance of precise genetic diagnosis. This study explores the clinical and genetic profiles of SOD1-related IPNs (SOD1-IPN) in a nationwide Japanese IPN cohort.

Methods
Clinical and genetic data were assessed from 1483 Japanese patients with IPN, with a focus on those harboring SOD1 pathogenic variants. The clinical evaluations included age of onset, gender, muscle weakness patterns, sensory disturbances, reflex responses, and electrophysiological findings.

Results
Seventeen patients with SOD1 pathogenic variants were identified, reinforcing SOD1’s role in IPN. The average onset age was 47, with a slight male predominance. Distal muscle weakness was noted in 9 of 13 patients, and asymmetric muscle weakness and atrophy in 10 of 14 cases. Mild sensory disturbances were observed in eight patients, with some showing hyperreflexia and abnormal reflexes. Electrophysiology predominantly indicated a length-dependent, motor-dominant axonal neuropathy.

Conclusion
This study reveals the clinical variability and likely underdiagnosis of SOD1-IPN, supporting the integration of SOD1 screening in IPN genetic testing, especially for patients with asymmetric, length-dependent axonal neuropathy evident in clinical and electrophysiological assessments.
Locus coeruleus neuromelanin, cognitive dysfunction, and brain metabolism in multiple system atrophy
Authors: Pasquini Jacopo , Sigurdsson Hilmar P. , Firbank Michael , Best Laura , Foster Victoria , Galley Debra , Maxwell Ross , Silani Vincenzo , Ceravolo Roberto , Petrides George , Brooks David J. , Pavese Nicola 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Cognitive dysfunction is increasingly recognized in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Locus coeruleus (LC) integrity is associated with cognitive performance both in healthy controls (HC) and neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Furthermore, cortical glucose hypometabolism is associated with impaired cognitive performance in MSA. However, knowledge about LC sub-regional degeneration and its association with cognitive dysfunction and cortical glucose metabolism is lacking.

Objective
To investigate LC sub-regional involvement and its association with cognitive impairment and brain metabolism in MSA.

Methods
Eleven MSA, eighteen PD, and eighteen HC participants were included in the study. Neuromelanin-sensitive MRI was used to determine rostral, middle and caudal LC neuromelanin signals. Brain glucose metabolism was investigated with [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose PET (FDG-PET). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used as a measure of global cognition.

Results
Middle LC neuromelanin signal was significantly reduced in MSA [t(43) = 3.70, corrected-p = 0.004] and PD [t(43) = 2.63, corrected-p = 0.041] compared to HC, while caudal LC was only reduced in MSA [t(43) = 2.82, corrected-p = 0.030]. In MSA, decreased rostral LC neuromelanin was associated with lower MoCA scores (ρ = 0.760, p = 0.006) which, in turn, were associated with lower frontal cortex glucose metabolism. An association between rostral LC neuromelanin signal and frontal cortex glucose metabolism was found in exploratory analyses.

Conclusion
Loss of LC neuromelanin signal was found in MSA, the middle and caudal parts being targeted. Rostral LC neuromelanin signal loss was associated with both frontal cortex hypometabolism and lower MoCA scores. This pathophysiological link should be further investigated as the noradrenergic system transmission is amenable to pharmacological manipulation.
The elastic properties of the tendinous and capsular layers of the rotator cuff complex using fresh tissue—a biomechanical study
Authors: Cronje Jessica Y. , Mogale Nkhensani , Govender Shavana , de Beer Mathys A. , Oberholster Abrie J. , McDuling Chris , Verbeek Rudi , Nkwenika Tshifhiwa , Keough Natalie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Elastic modulus is an important biomechanical component that indicates stiffness or elasticity of biological material. Recently the use of digital image correlation (DIC) in elastic modulus studies on fresh tissue has shown great accuracy in estimating elastic properties; thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the elasticity of capsular and tendinous layers of the rotator cuff complex employing this method.

Materials and methods
The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis from eight (n = 8) fresh/frozen tissue shoulders were reverse dissected from their origins. The muscles were separated from one another and dissected to produce 20 × 20 mm tendinous and capsular strips for each muscle. DIC was employed to measure the strain of the tendinous and capsular portions of each of the muscles during tensile testing, and tangent elastic modulus values were obtained.

Results
The tendinous layers for supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis yielded higher average tangent elastic moduli readings (62.1 MPa, 67.1 MPa, and 59.6 MPa, respectively) compared to their capsular counterparts (29.0 MPa, 32.5 MPa, and 41.5 MPa, respectively).

Conclusion
Different elastic moduli findings for the tendinous and capsular layers suggest these layers should be considered independently during surgical repair to avoid biomechanical imbalance which may result if these layers were to be repaired as one singular layer.
Electrical stimulation of neuroretinas with 3D pyrolytic carbon electrodes
Authors: Kusumanchi Pratik , Madsen Jesper Guldsmed , Bek Toke , Keller Stephan Sylvest , Davidsen Rasmus Schmidt 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Retinal prosthesis has been one of the medical strategies aimed at restoring some degree of vision for patients affected by retinal degenerative diseases, such as Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which are leading causes of irreversible visual loss. In retinal prosthesis, electrical pulses are typically delivered to the retinal neurons via electrodes on the surface of the implant. In this work, we fabricated 3D carbon pillar electrodes by pyrolysis of SU-8 structures defined photolithographically on Si wafers. We then measured compound action potentials induced in porcine neuroretinas stimulated with electrical pulses. The recorded spikes were validated to be biological in origin by adding the voltage-gated sodium-channel blocking agent tetrodotoxin. The minimum threshold voltage needed to effectively stimulate retinal cells, such as retinal ganglion cells, with 3D electrodes was analyzed through systematic investigation of the spike rate and amplitudes as a function of stimulation voltage. 3D electrodes significantly increased spike rate and amplitudes above spontaneous activity in the tissue during stimulation and outperformed the 2D counterpart, both in terms of spike rate and amplitude. Our results indicate a threshold voltage range of 500-600 mV for 1 ms pulses at a frequency of 10 Hz above which a significant increase in spike count was observed. Furthermore, we report an order of magnitude increase in peak-to-peak amplitude for evoked spikes (> 3 mV), compared to spontaneous spikes (∼ 200 µV). Based on numerical integration, we estimate the area under the curve to be ~14 times larger in evoked compound action potentials compared to spontaneous activity. This indicates the relative increase in number of contributing cells to the compound action potential. At a stimulation voltage of 600 mV the spike rate for 3D electrodes was above 10 spikes/channel/s. We hypothesize that the significant difference between 2D and 3D electrodes is not only caused by the higher active electrode surface area of the 3D micropillar electrodes, but also by more intricate contact and interaction with the inner cell layers of the retinal tissue. Our findings indicate that 3D carbon micropillar electrodes are promising for electrical stimulation of the retina.
Brief-Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for People with Emotional Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Young Daniel Kim-wan , Carlbring Per , Ng Siu-man , Daphne Cheng Yi Ting , Ng Petrus Yat-nam , Qi-rong Joseph Chen , Tam Cherry Hau Lin , Yeung Jerf Wai Keung 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This pilot study aimed to investigate the acceptability and effectiveness of a brief-guided internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) for people with emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a quasi-experimental research design with a 3-arm study, eligible participants were assigned to a group with student counsellors (n = 24), a group with counsellors (n = 23) or a non-active control group (n = 21). Participants received eight online modules and regular support via telephone counselling or video conferencing app (Zoom) from a counsellor or student counsellor during a 5-week intervention period, while the control group did not receive any intervention during the intervention period. An adherence rate of 85.10% was observed. The results of the 3 (group) × time (pre vs. post) repeated-measures analysis of covariance showed that the student counsellor and counsellor groups demonstrated significantly greater reductions in total emotional distress (partial η2 = 0.10) and stress (partial η2 = 0.14) than the control group. In addition, student counsellors and counsellors produced comparable intervention effects, and telephone counselling and Zoom support produced comparable intervention effects. This pilot study supports the acceptability and effectiveness of brief-guided iCBT for people with emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Association Between Classroom Quality and the Social Competence of Autistic Preschool-Age Boys
Authors: Oppenheim David , Dolev Smadar , Hamburger Lior , Lottan Rony , Kunst Shimrit , Friedelman Jenny , Mottes-Peleg Michal , Yirmiya Nurit 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Research on the impact of the classroom environment on neurotypical children has demonstrated that higher classroom quality contributes to children’s development, but whether this is also true with regard to autistic preschoolers has not been examined. Therefore, the goal of this study was to address this gap hypothesizing that higher classroom quality would be associated with higher child social competence both in and outside the classroom. The quality of the classrooms of 43 autistic preschooler boys was assessed by observation, and children’s social competence in preschool was assessed by observation and teacher-report, and outside preschool by observing children’s interactions with an unfamiliar adult. Controlling for the severity of the boys’ symptoms, results revealed that higher classroom emotional support and organization was associated with higher child social competence as observed and reported by teachers in preschool, and with the boys’ involvement with of an unfamiliar adult during play. The quality of the classroom environment was associated with the social skills of autistic boys.
A Low Background Setup for Low Energy X-ray Detection in the Context of the BabyIAXO/IAXO Axion Searches
Authors: Loidl M. , Ferrer-Ribas E. , Gastaldo L. , Kaur Arshjot , Kempf S. , Navick X.-F. , Rodrigues M. , Zahir M. L. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In the context of axion search in the BabyIAXO and IAXO helioscopes, various types of cryogenic detectors are investigated as high energy resolution, low energy threshold alternatives for the standard micromegas X-ray detectors. The setup presented in this paper comprising metallic magnetic calorimeter (MMC) X-ray detectors, a cryogenic local muon veto read out by an MMC, and internal and external lead shields, aims at establishing the background level that can be reached with MMCs in an above-ground experimental site. The low background setup is described in detail, and first observations from a low-temperature run are presented.
AI-assisted Real-Time Spatial Delphi: integrating artificial intelligence models for advancing future scenarios analysis
Authors: Calleo Yuri , Taylor Amos , Pilla Francesco , Di Zio Simone 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Real-Time Spatial Delphi represents an innovative method tailored to navigate the complexities of uncertain spatial issues. Adopted in Future Studies contexts, this method excels in developing spatial scenarios and leveraging the collaborative insights of experts within a virtual environment to achieve a consensus regarding territorial dynamics. However, while this method yields invaluable spatial insights and statistical metrics, the final outputs often remain confined to expert circles due to their technical complexity. In addition, the outcomes often lack direct policy implications, as they primarily provide an expansive overview of potential future scenarios. In response to these challenges, this paper proposes integrating text-to-image models and generative pre-trained transformers, into the Real-Time Spatial Delphi process. By adopting these advanced tools during the visioning and planning phases, the method endeavors to transform spatial judgments into visually immersive scenarios, while concurrently crafting actionable policy recommendations suitable for evaluation. To validate the approach, we present a case study in the environmental context, for the cities of Cork, Galway, and Limerick, located in Ireland. Through this application, we contribute to Futures Studies by illustrating the method’s capacity to envision plausible futures in the form of real images, considering the formulation of policies to support decision-making.
What has Happened to Job Quality in Britain? The Effect of Different Weighting Methods on Labour Market Inequalities and Changes Using a UK Quality of Work (QoW) Index, 2012–2021
Authors: Stephens Thomas C. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
There has been a growth in the use of multidimensional job quality indices, yet the job quality agenda has had a limited impact on public policymaking. This has partly been attributed to disagreements over how to measure job quality and, in particular, weight different indicators of indices. A further reason is a tendency to use international indices, which lack the sample size to explore important country-level inequalities in job quality. To address these issues, this paper presents findings from four different weighting methods for a new synthetic index of the Quality of Work (QoW) for the United Kingdom, using data from a large national survey (Understanding Society). The UK QoW Index contains 7 dimensions and 15 indicators. Several novel indicators argued to be particularly important to the UK context are developed, including health & safety and long-term job prospects. The paper defaults to a widely-used equal weighting approach informed by the Alkire-Foster method, but simultaneously presents findings using alternative hedonic, frequency-based and data-driven weighting methods. The paper then analyses inequalities and changes in job quality from 2012 to 2021; and differences in job quality by type of employment (self-employed, platform labour or gig economy), previous employment status (prior unemployment spell), sex, age, ethnicity and region, according to these four weighting methods. Save for hedonic weighting, these show a broad consistency in many of the key findings: namely, inequalities in job quality between most of the same sub-groups; and a growing polarisation in job quality between employees and self-employed workers.
A functionalist account of truth-grounding: refining Lynch’s view
Authors: Akiba Takeshi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This paper aims to improve on Michael Lynch’s functionalist account of truth-grounding. According to Lynch, truth is grounded in another (non-generic) alethic property when the latter has all the conceptually essential features of truth. However, this view faces a problem raised by Marian David (“Lynch’s Functionalist Theory of Truth”) and Crispin Wright (“A Plurality of Pluralisms”), which is that some conceptually essential features of truth are not possessed by the properties usually taken to ground it (such as correspondence and superwarrant), so that Lynch’s account cannot allow truth to be grounded in these properties. In response to this objection, I propose to modify Lynch’s account by restricting the range of truth’s essential features that a truth-grounding property must have to the class of what I call the “bearer-centered” features of truth. They are those features whose possession by truth amounts to certain facts about how propositions bearing truth behave. The resultant account then is that truth is grounded in a property when the latter has all the essential and bearer-centered features of truth. This account is immune to the David–Wright objection because the features they mention do not belong to the class of bearer-centered features. Also, this account is well-motivated by some principled reasons. The account thus serves as a viable functionalist account of truth-grounding.
Influence of the Crystallinity on the Tribological Behavior of MoS2 Nanoparticles Stabilized by a Succinimide Dispersant
Authors: Benmansour Marina , Afanasiev Pavel , Galipaud Jules , Vacher Béatrice , Joly-Pottuz Lucile , Dassenoy Fabrice 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the influence of the crystallinity of MoS2 nanoparticles on their tribological performance, when used as lubricant additives in presence of a succinimide-based dispersant. Friction tests were conducted at room temperature and 100 °C. Characterization techniques, such as TEM, XPS, TGA, and DLS were used to analyze the structural and chemical properties of the nanoparticles and the tribofilms formed during the friction tests. At room temperature, low crystallinity nanoparticles show superior friction reduction due to their structural defects which facilitate their exfoliation and make easier dispersant adsorption and effective nanoparticle interaction with surfaces. Higher friction coefficients are obtained with the high crystallinity nanoparticles. This is attributed to a less easy exfoliation of the nanoparticles together with greater difficulty for the dispersant to interact with closed-structure nanoparticles. The tribofilm is thicker with high crystallinity particles and made of exfoliated MoS2 sheets together with intact nanoparticles. At 100 °C, the friction performance of both nanoparticles are similar and very good as the dispersant looks to desorb from the rubbing surfaces, highlighting the significant impact of temperature on dispersant behavior and friction reduction. These findings underline the importance of tailoring lubricant formulations to both the crystallinity of MoS2 nanoparticles and the operating conditions in order to optimize tribological performance.