bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Discharge at Near Atmospheric Pressure for DLC Films Etching
Authors: Marcuzzo Jossano S. , Urruchi Wilfredo I. , Massi Marcos , Grigorov Kornely , Maciel Homero S. 
Published: November 2007

Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) films are promising materials for micro and nano electronic industries, by their particular physical-chemical properties. For these applications, DLC films are usually etched by using plasma reactors that operate at	low gas pressure thus requiring sophisticated vacuum and gas admission systems. In this work a much simple and inexpensive plasma etching system was used which is based on a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), operating with	oxygen at near atmospheric pressure. The DBD was integrated to a working chamber where a substrate holder was placed to intercept the plasma flow at a distance from the discharge outlet. The performance of the etch process in this	system was evaluated by etching DLC films under various operating conditions: pressures in the range (55.0	75.0) kPa, time of process varying from 1min to 20min and electrode-substrate distance (5 and 10 mm). The main characterization techniques to analy ze the etched films were atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy and profilometry. The results show that etching rates up to 7nm/min can be attained with power as low	as 2.3W for a 2.0cm2 exposed area. Overall the etching process	in this high pressure	oxygen plasma medium differs substantially from the case of low pressure etching. It	causes low damage to the substrate and promotes more homogeneous etching.
LysoPC acyltransferase/PC transacylase activities in plant plasma membrane and plasma membrane-associated endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Larsson Karin E , Kjellberg J Magnus , Tjellström Henrik , Sandelius Anna Stina 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
The phospholipids of the plant plasma membrane are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The majority of these lipids reach the plasma membrane independently of the secretory vesicular pathway. Phospholipid delivery to the mitochondria and chloroplasts of plant cells also bypasses the secretory pathway and here it has been proposed that lysophospholipids are transported at contact sites between specific regions of the ER and the respective organelle, followed by lysophospholipid acylation in the target organelle. To test the hypothesis that a corresponding mechanism operates to transport phospholipids to the plasma membrane outside the secretory pathway, we investigated whether lysolipid acylation occurs also in the plant plasma membrane and whether this membrane, like the chloroplasts and mitochondria, is in close contact with the ER.

Results
The plant plasma membrane readily incorporated the acyl chain of acyl-CoA into phospholipids. Oleic acid was preferred over palmitic acid as substrate and acyl incorporation occurred predominantly into phosphatidylcholine (PC). Phospholipase A2 stimulated the reaction, as did exogenous lysoPC when administered in above critical micellar concentrations. AgNO3 was inhibitory. The lysophospholipid acylation reaction was higher in a membrane fraction that could be washed off the isolated plasma membranes after repeated freezing and thawing cycles in a medium with lowered pH. This fraction exhibited several ER-like characteristics. When plasma membranes isolated from transgenic Arabidopsis expressing green fluorescent protein in the ER lumen were observed by confocal microscopy, membranes of ER origin were associated with the isolated plasma membranes.

Conclusion
We conclude that a lysoPC acylation activity is associated with plant plasma membranes and cannot exclude a PC transacylase activity. It is highly plausible that the enzyme(s) resides in a fraction of the ER, closely associated with the plasma membrane, or in both. We suggest that this fraction might be the equivalent of the mitochondria associated membrane of ER origin that delivers phospholipids to the mitochondria, and to the recently isolated ER-derived membrane fraction that is in close contact with chloroplasts. The in situ function of the lysoPC acylation/PC transacylase activity is unknown, but involvement in lipid delivery from the ER to the plasma membrane is suggested.
Development and Implementation of a Model to Improve Identification of Patients Infected with HIV Using Diagnostic Rapid Testing in the Emergency Department
Authors: Haukoos Jason S. , Hopkins Emily , Eliopoulos Vassily T. , Byyny Richard L. , LaPerriere Kate A. , Mendoza Myles X. , Thrun Mark W. ,   Denver Emergency Department Rapid HIV Testing Study Group
Published: November 2007

Objectives Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to expand in nontraditional risk groups, and the prevalence of undiagnosed infection remains relatively high in the patient populations of urban emergency departments (EDs). Unfortunately, HIV testing in this setting remains uncommon. The objectives of this study were 1) to develop a physician‐based diagnostic rapid HIV testing model, 2) to implement this model in a high‐volume urban ED, and 3) to prospectively characterize the patients who were targeted by physicians for testing and determine the proportions who completed rapid HIV counseling, testing, and referral; tested positive for HIV infection; and were successfully linked into medical and preventative care. Methods An interdisciplinary group of investigators developed a model for performing physician‐based diagnostic rapid HIV testing in the ED. This model was then evaluated using a prospective cohort study design. Emergency physicians identified patients at risk for undiagnosed HIV infection using clinical judgment and consensus guidelines. Testing was performed by the hospital's central laboratory, and clinical social workers performed pretest and posttest counseling and provided appropriate medical and preventative care referrals, as defined by the model. Results Over the 30‐month study period, 105,856 patients were evaluated in the ED. Of these, 681 (0.64%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.60% to 0.69%) were identified by physicians and completed rapid HIV counseling, testing, and referral. Of the 681 patients, 15 (2.2%; 95% CI = 1.2% to 3.6%) patients tested positive for HIV infection and 12 (80%; 95% CI = 52% to 96%) were successfully linked into care. Conclusions A physician‐based diagnostic HIV testing model was developed, successfully implemented, and sustained in a high‐volume, urban ED setting. While the use of this model successfully identified patients with undiagnosed HIV infection in the ED, the overall level of testing remained low. Innovative testing programs, such as nontargeted screening, more specific targeted screening, or alternative hybrid methods, are needed to more effectively identify undiagnosed HIV infection in the ED patient population.
Emergency Department Use of Intravenous Procainamide for Patients with Acute Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter
Authors: Stiell Ian G. , Clement Catherine M. , Symington Cheryl , Perry Jeffrey J. , Vaillancourt Christian , Wells George A. 
Published: November 2007

Objectives Acute atrial fibrillation and flutter are very common arrhythmias seen in emergency department (ED) patients, but there is no consensus for their optimal management. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of intravenous (IV) procainamide for acute atrial fibrillation or flutter. Methods This health records review included a consecutive cohort of ED patients with acute‐onset atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter who received IV procainamide at one university hospital ED during a five‐year period. The standard clinical protocol involved IV infusion of 1 g of procainamide over 60 minutes, followed by electrical cardioversion if necessary. A trained observer extracted data from the original clinical records. Outcome measurements included conversion to sinus rhythm, adverse events, and relapse up to seven days. Results The 341 study patients had a mean age of 63.9 years (SD ± 15.5 years), and 56.6% were male. The conversion rates were 52.2% (95% confidence interval = 47% to 58%) for 316 atrial fibrillation cases and 28.0% (95% confidence interval = 13% to 46%) for 25 atrial flutter cases. Mean dose given was 860.7 mg (SD ± 231.2 mg), and median time to conversion was 55 minutes. Adverse events occurred in 34 cases (10.0%): hypotension, 8.5%; bradycardia, 0.6%; atrioventricular block, 0.6%; and ventricular tachycardia, 0.3%. There were no cases of torsades de pointes, cerebrovascular accident, or death. Most patients (94.4%) were discharged home, but 2.9% of patients returned with a recurrence of atrial fibrillation within seven days. Conclusions This study of acute atrial fibrillation or flutter patients treated in the ED with IV procainamide suggests that this treatment is safe and effective in this setting. Procainamide should be prospectively compared with other ED strategies.
Acute Effects of Ghrelin Administration on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Vestergaard Esben Thyssen , Djurhuus Christian Born , Gjedsted Jakob , Nielsen Søren , Møller Niels , Holst Jens Juul , Jørgensen Jens Otto Lunde , Schmitz Ole 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Context: Ghrelin infusion increases plasma glucose and nonesterified fatty acids, but it is uncertain whether this is secondary to the concomitant release of GH.
Objective: Our objective was to study direct effects of ghrelin on substrate metabolism.
Design: This was a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled two-period crossover study.
Setting: The study was performed in a university clinical research laboratory.
Participants: Eight healthy men aged 27.2 ± 0.9 yr with a body mass index of 23.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2 were included in the study.
Intervention: Subjects received infusion of ghrelin (5 pmol·kg−1·min−1) or placebo for 5 h together with a pancreatic clamp (somatostatin 330 μg·h−1, insulin 0.1 mU·kg−1·min−1, GH 2 ng·kg−1·min−1, and glucagon 0.5 ng·kg−1·min−1). A hyperinsulinemic (0.6 mU·kg−1·min−1) euglycemic clamp was performed during the final 2 h of each infusion.
Results: Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal decreased with ghrelin [basal: 1.9 ± 0.1 (ghrelin) vs. 2.3 ± 0.1 mg·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.03; clamp: 3.9 ± 0.6 (ghrelin) vs. 6.1 ± 0.5 mg·kg−1·min−1, P = 0.02], whereas endogenous glucose production was similar. Glucose infusion rate during the clamp was reduced by ghrelin [4.0 ± 0.7 (ghrelin) vs. 6.9 ± 0.9 mg·kg−1·min−1; P = 0.007], whereas nonesterified fatty acid flux increased [131 ± 26 (ghrelin) vs. 69 ± 5 μmol/min; P = 0.048] in the basal period. Regional lipolysis (skeletal muscle, sc fat) increased insignificantly with ghrelin infusion. Energy expenditure during the clamp decreased after ghrelin infusion [1539 ± 28 (ghrelin) vs. 1608 ± 32 kcal/24 h; P = 0.048], but the respiratory quotient did not differ. Minor but significant elevations in serum levels of GH and cortisol were observed after ghrelin infusion.
Conclusions: Administration of exogenous ghrelin causes insulin resistance in muscle and stimulates lipolysis; these effects are likely to be direct, although a small contribution of GH and cortisol cannot be excluded.
Utilization of Pharmacologic Treatment in Youths with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Medicaid Database
Authors: Winterstein Almut G , Gerhard Tobias , Shuster Jonathan , Zito Julie , Johnson Michael , Liu Huazhi , Saidi Arwa 
Published: November 2007

Background: Little is known about longitudinal changes in drug utilization in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Objective: To describe longitudinal trends in ADHD drug utilization and explore demographic differences among youths eligible for a large Southern state Medicaid program. Methods: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of 10 years of claims data for all Medicaid beneficiaries younger than 20 years of age with 6 months or more of continuous insurance (N = 2,131,953) was conducted. Annual prevalence, incidence, and persistence in ADHD medication use (stimulants and atomoxetine) were estimated based on pharmacy claims and clinician-reported ADHD diagnosis. Results: ADHD prevalence increased 1.70-fold (95% CI 1.67 to 1.73) from 3.10% (21,904 of 705,573 beneficiaries) in fiscal year 1995–1996 to 5.27% (41,661 of 790,338) in 2003–2004, paralleled by a 1.84-fold (95% CI 1.81 to 1.87) increase in drug use to 4.63%. In 2003–2004, 0.69% of youths were diagnosed and newly started on drugs, reflecting a 1.38-fold (95% CI 1.33 to 1.43) increase over 1995–1996. One in five white males between the ages of 10 and 14 years (19.24%; 95% CI 18.81 to 19.67) received ADHD medication in 2003–2004. Males continued to be more likely diagnosed and treated than females (prevalence ratio [PR] in 2003–2004 = 2.96:95% CI 2.90 to 3.03 vs 3.82; 95% CI 3.69 to 3.96 in 1995–1996), as were whites when compared with Hispanics (PR in 2003–2004 = 2.65; 95% CI 2.57 to 2.73 vs 3.78; 95% CI 3.57 to 3.99 in 1995–1996) and blacks (PR in 2003–2004 = 1.81; 95% CI 1.76 to 1.85 vs 2.00; 95% CI 1.93 to 2.07 in 1995–1996). The most common starting age throughout the study period was 5–9 years, with 2.45% (95% CI 2.37 to 2.52) new ADHD drug users in 2003–2004, but largest increases in prevalence were observed in adolescents 15–19 years of age, with 2.47% (95% CI 2.38 to 2.55) in 2003–2004 compared with 0.45% (95% CI 0.41 to 0.49) in 1995–1996. Medication persistence varied, with only 49.9% (95% CI 49.4 to 50.5) of new users receiving drugs after 1 year, with yet another 17.2% (95% CI 16.4 to 18.0) continuing for 5 years or more. Conclusions: ADHD drug utilization continues to increase due to steady increases in diagnosis and chronic use of the drugs over several years. While racial, ethnic, and sex differences persist, the age distribution of drug users has shifted toward older children. These findings emphasize the need for studies that analyze determinants of treatment as well as outcomes, both benefits and risks, associated with long-term medication use.
The Secularisation of Jewish Cultural Memory: Epistemological and Hermeneutical Reflections
Authors: Mendes-Flohr Paul 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
I Books and Order
In an autobiographical essay, Walter Benjamin tells of moving to a new apartment and unpacking his library from the crates that had transported them to their new abode. While reassembling his library, he reflects upon the random, often fortuitous manner in which the books were acquired. But once they are placed on the shelves of his library they gain an order, at least in his imagination. As constellated in his library, the tomes form a distinctive bibliophilic and intellectual landscape, marking the byways of his spiritual biography. To be sure, the order the books attained on the shelves of Benjamin's library may not have been readily discerned by others who may even have had difficulty in grasping the inner logic of his collection.
Economic Geography and the Effect of Environmental Pollution on Agglomeration
Authors: Lange Andreas , Quaas Martin F 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
We study how local environmental pollution affects spatial patterns of economic activities when workers can migrate. Based on a New Economic Geography model, we analytically characterize the stability conditions for three different types of equilibria: symmetric spreading, partial and full agglomeration. We show that the extent of agglomeration crucially depends on the damages caused by local pollution. We thereby provide a unified framework for discussing different relationships between the extent of agglomeration and trade freeness that have been found in the literature.
Nature and Nurture in the Intergenerational Transmission of Socioeconomic Status: Evidence from Swedish Children and Their Biological and Rearing Parents
Authors: Björklund Anders , Jäntti Markus , Solon Gary 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This study uses an extraordinary Swedish data set to explore the sources of the intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic status. Merging data from administrative sources and censuses, we investigate the association between sons' and daughters' socioeconomic outcomes and those of their biological and rearing parents. Our analysis focuses on children raised in six different family circumstances: raised by both biological parents, raised by the biological mother without a stepfather, raised by the biological mother with a stepfather, raised by the biological father without a stepmother, raised by the biological father with a stepmother, and raised by two adoptive parents. Relative to the existing literature, the most remarkable feature of our data set is that it contains information on the biological parents even when they are not the rearing parents. We specify a simple additive model of pre-birth (including genetic) and post-birth influences and examine the model's ability to provide a unified account of the intergenerational associations in all six family types. Our results suggest substantial roles for both pre-birth and post-birth factors.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Lifetime Earnings: Evidence from Brazil
Authors: Dunn Christopher E 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This paper uses unique household survey data from Brazil and recently developed econometric techniques to estimate the transmission of lifetime earnings in Brazil and to examine effects of earnings measurement on estimates of intergenerational mobility. The level of intergenerational earnings transmission in Brazil is estimated to be among the highest observed for any country. Observations of earnings across the life-cycles of fathers and sons are used to form estimates of the transmission of lifetime earnings and to study life-cycle measurement effects on earnings transmission estimates. The use of earnings of relatively young sons, common in previous studies, is found to underestimate the true level of transmission of lifetime earnings. This paper provides two methods to obtain improved measures of lifetime earnings transmission. This paper also finds that education may be the most significant pathway by which earnings are transmitted intergenerationally.
Les organisations internationales européennes et les relations entre l'Est et l'Ouest
Authors: Folin Jacques de 
Published: November 2007

Quatre organisations internationales européennes, une organisation à vocation universelle et trois organisations de caractère « occidental », s'efforcent de promouvoir ou de consolider la « détente » en développant les relations commerciales, culturelles ou techniques entre l'Europe de l'Ouest et l'Europe de l'Est. Chaque organisation a ses méthodes, ses objectifs et sa composition géographique. Mais toutes ces organisations ont un but commun : mettre en œuvre une coopération internationale qui atténue ou même efface les effets de la division de l'Europe.
L'auteur dresse le bilan des résultats obtenus : ceux-ci dépendent de la nature de chaque organisation. Au printemps de 1968, des possibilités intéressantes commençaient à se dessiner, après des années de « guerre froide ». Au lendemain de l'affaire tchécoslovaque, que peut-il se passer ? Le développement des contacts techniques entre l'Est et l'Ouest a l'avantage de ne pas trop dépendre du contexte politique général. On peut donc en attendre, même dans des circonstances difficiles, une amélioration des relations entre les deux parties de l'Europe. L'Est ne peut y voir systématiquement des tentatives d'infiltration ou de subversion.
Les efforts des organisations internationales européennes ne sont-pas toujours spectaculaires ; ils n'en sont pas moins nécessaires à la « détente ».
La politique étrangère de la République socialiste de Roumanie
Authors: Gliga Vasile 
Published: November 2007

La Roumanie n'a cessé, depuis ces dernières années, de développer ses relations internationales dans les domaines économique, politique et culturel, avec un nombre toujours plus grand d'Etats.
Sa politique extérieure est basée sur le principe du respect de la souveraineté et de l'indépendance nationales, de l'égalité en droits, de la non-ingérence dans les affaires intérieures des autres pays.
La consolidation de la paix dans le monde, d'après ses dirigeants, dépend des efforts de toutes les nations, grandes et petites, qui, tout en reconnaissant la réalité des situations créées par la dernière guerre mondiale, devraient s'efforcer de régler leurs problèmes en excluant tout recours à la force.
Les paysans et la révolution : Chine, 1919-1949
Authors: Bianco Lucien 
Published: November 2007

C'est en s'appuyant sur les masses paysannes que les communistes chinois ont renversé l'ancien régime ; mais quelle a été exactement la participation paysanne à la révolution ? Après avoir rappelé les principales phases de l'action paysanne entre 1919 et 1949, L. Bianco analyse et juge, en s'appuyant sur ses recherches personnelles :
1) l'agitation paysanne non communiste dans la Chine contemporaine ;
2) la coopération entre communistes et paysans dans le combat révolutionnaire.
Il conclut en refusant de substituer au mythe du messianisme prolétarien celui d'un messianisme paysan qui invoque assez souvent l'exemple chinois.
Situation et perspectives politiques des Canadiens-Français
Authors: Morin Jacques-Yvan 
Published: November 2007

L'évolution des idées dans un milieu fermé et assiégé de l'extérieur ne pouvait être que lente : les Canadiens français, « parqués » dans le Québec, prennent aujourd'hui conscience qu'à côté du problème culturel vient se superposer un conflit socio-économique.
Les Anglo-canadiens subissant de plus en plus l'influence américaine, les Canadiens français ont cherché à faire contrepoids : d'abord, grâce à Rome qui fut longtemps leur seule façon d'accéder à l'universel, et aujourd'hui grâce à l'Europe.
L'auteur pense qu'un nouvel équilibre constitutionnel, qui reconnaîtrait au Québec un statut particulier, demeure possible. Sinon, en l'absence d'un compromis, l'indépendance s'imposera. Mais les conditions objectives de cette indépendance ne lui paraissent pas réunies.
De la Confédération internationale des Travailleurs chrétiens (C.I.S.C.) à la Confédération mondiale du Travail (C.M.T.)
Authors:   CELTA
Published: November 2007

Une ample majorité a ratifié, en octobre 1968, le changement de nom de la C.I.S.C, ouvrant ainsi la porte à l'humanisme non religieux.
La nouvelle Confédération mondiale du travail espère trouver une expansion dans le Tiers-Monde. Elle sera en compétition serrée avec la Fédération syndicale mondiale et la Confédération internationale des syndicats libres, mais sa vocation est justement d'être une troisième force du syndicalisme mondial, indépendante des blocs.
La politique étrangère de l'U.R.S.S.
Authors: Garder Michel 
Published: November 2007

Héritière à la fois de l'ancien Empire russe et de la « patrie des prolétaires » issue de la révolution bolchevique, l'U.R.S.S., devenue une des super-Puissances mondiales, porte la marque de son double héritage. Sa politique étrangère se présente de ce fait comme un tout complexe englobant les aspirations traditionnelles de la Russie, la vocation révolutionnaire lénino-marxiste et les intérêts particuliers de son oligarchie régnante.
Depuis la disparition de Staline, la démystification de sa légende et surtout le schisme chinois, cette politique, naguère relativement cohérente, est devenue de plus en plus contradictoire. Partisans farouches du statu quo dans tous les domaines, prisonniers d'une légende révolutionnaire vidée de sa substance, les dirigeants soviétiques en sont réduits à la défensive dans le domaine idéologique et à l'immobilisme en matière de politique étrangère.