bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facilitation and interference among three predators affect their consumption of a stream‐dwelling mayfly
Authors: NILSSON ERIKA , HERTONSSON PIA , STENBERG MARIKA , BRODERSEN JAKOB , OLSSON KARIN , STENROTH PATRIK , LAKOWITZ THOMAS , BRÖNMARK CHRISTER , NYSTRÖM PER , MCINTOSH ANGUS R. 
Published: June 2006

Summary1. We experimentally tested if a multiplicative risk model accurately predicted the consumption of a common mayfly at risk of predation from three predator species in New Zealand streams. Deviations between model predictions and experimental observations were interpreted as indicators of ecologically important interactions between predators.2. The predators included a drift‐feeding fish [brown trout (T), Salmo trutta], a benthivorous fish [galaxiid (G), koaro, Galaxias brevipennis] and a benthic predatory stonefly (S; Stenoperla sp.) with Deleatidium sp. mayflies as prey. Eight treatments with all predator species combinations and a predator‐free control were used. Experiments were performed in aquaria with cobbles as predator refuges for mayflies and we measured the proportion of prey consumed after 6 h for both day and night trials.3. Trout consumed a higher proportion of prey than other predators. For the two predator treatments we found less than expected prey consumption in the galaxiid + trout treatment (G + T) for both day and night trials, whereas a higher than expected proportion of prey was consumed during night time in the stonefly + trout (S + T) treatment.4. The results indicate interference (G + T) and facilitation (S + T) between predators depending on predator identity and time of day. Thus, to make accurate predictions of interspecific interactions, it is necessary to consider the ecology of individual species and how differences influence the direction and magnitude of interactions.
Detectability of residual Epiphany and gutta‐percha after root canal retreatment using a dental operating microscope and radiographs – an ex vivo study
Authors: Schirrmeister J. F. , Hermanns P. , Meyer K. M. , Goetz F. , Hellwig E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAim  To compare the detectability of residual Epiphany and gutta‐percha after root canal retreatment using a dental operating microscope and radiographic examination with the residual area measured after rendering the roots transparent.Methodology  Sixty extracted single‐rooted maxillary central incisor teeth were enlarged to apical size 40. Thirty canals were filled using vertically compacted Epiphany, the remainder were filled with vertically compacted gutta‐percha and AH Plus sealer. After re‐instrumentation to apical size 50, radiographs of the roots were taken in buccolingual and mesiodistal direction. Residual filling material was categorized by three observers using the radiographs and a dental operating microscope. The area of remaining material that was made visible by radiographs was measured with the aid of a computer image analysis programme. After clearing the roots, areas of residual filling material on the root canal wall were measured using a microscope.Results  Computer image analysis of the radiographs showed significantly smaller areas of remaining gutta‐percha and Epiphany compared with the analysis of the transparent teeth that revealed only one absolutely clean root (Epiphany). Especially in the gutta‐percha group, the scores determined by the observers using radiographic examination gave an over‐optimistic impression of cleanliness compared with the scores determined by the visualization through the microscope.Conclusion  Especially for remaining gutta‐percha, the operating microscopes provided better detection of residual root filling material in retreated maxillary incisor teeth.
Dental health of 5‐year‐old children and parents’ perceptions for oral health in the prefectures of Athens and Piraeus in the Attica County of Greece
Authors: KALYVAS D. I. , TAYLOR C. M. , MICHAS V. , LYGIDAKIS N. A. 
Published: June 2006

Summary.  Objectives.  This study was undertaken in 2001 in order to investigate the dental health status of 5‐year‐olds in an urban community within Attica County in Greece and the views of the carers of this age group.Methods.  Three hundred and forty‐five nursery children were examined, using the WHO methods and criteria. Parents’ views were recorded in a questionnaire.Results.  Overall, 48·4% had some experience of dental decay. The mean dmft of the whole study population was 2·6, whereas the mean dmft of the subjects with active decay was 5·4; in these cases untreated decay was the highest component (mean dt = 5·0). A questionnaire using phone calls to the children's homes achieved a 100% response rate. Ninety‐five per cent of parents thought that a child should visit the dentist at this early age and 79·5% of responders answered that they had already visited the dentist with their child for different reasons. Three‐quarters (75·4%) of parents had received information about fluoride, whereas 72·5% answered that did not use any type of fluoride for their child at home. It was reported that 63·5% of children ate snacks, sweets, cakes, biscuits, and gums between the main meals of the day and 31% of the subjects more than once per day.Conclusions.  Caries indicies were higher from the National 2003–4 survey and were attributed to the increasing number of immigrants in some areas. The population under investigation had the appropriate information for the prevention of dental decay but they appear to maintain unhealthy behaviours in their everyday living.
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: a nurse‐led domiciliary service
Authors: Tomlinson Mark , John Gibson G. 
Published: June 2006

Aim.  This paper reports a successful transformation of clinical practice from inpatient diagnosis and initiation of treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome to a nurse‐led domiciliary model increasing patient access and choice.Background.  Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome is common, affecting globally 2–4% of the adult population. It is characterized by periodic complete or partial collapse of the upper airway, leading to hypoxaemia and sleep fragmentation, resulting in daytime sleepiness and impaired quality of life. It can be treated successfully with nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure. Strategies for diagnosis and initiation of treatment have traditionally been inpatient‐based, but limited facilities and increasing demand in many countries have necessitated alternative strategies.Methods.  As an extension to our current inpatient provision, we have established nurse‐led domiciliary investigation and treatment. Patients meeting predefined criteria undergo a limited sleep study followed by therapy initiation at home. Confirmation of investigation findings, evaluation of treatment, education and long‐term review are carried out in nurse‐led clinics.Results.  We evaluated outcome in the first 150 patients managed in this way between August 2002 and December 2003. In our highly selected patient group, 79% of those who undertook a trial of treatment continued at 3 months, with average compliance >5 hours per night, a figure which compares favourably with our overall patient population. Statistically significant sustained improvement in sleepiness was seen. Independent predictors of long‐term acceptability of continuous positive airway pressure were disease severity and magnitude of improvement in sleepiness.Conclusion.  A nurse‐led service for domiciliary diagnosis, treatment initiation and on‐going management of selected patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome is feasible and cost‐effective, with outcomes comparable with conventional inpatient services. This approach is applicable in most countries where increasing demand for investigations greatly exceeds the availability of traditional facilities.
Infection dynamics of Neoheterobothrium hirame (Monogenea) on juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel), in coastal waters of Japan
Authors: Shirakashi S , Yamada T , Yamada T , Ogawa K 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA recent epidemic of the invasive monogenean Neoheterobothrium hirame is suspected to have caused the significant decline of the commercial catch of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, in Japan. To clarify the causal link between parasite invasion and host depletion, we monitored the infections of N. hirame on juvenile flounder for 2 years at two widely separate bays, Obama Bay, experiencing a devastating reduction in flounder catches, and Miyako Bay with a stable catch. Prevalence, mean intensity and abundance of developmental stages of N. hirame were compared between the bays and between fish year classes. Fishes captured at Obama Bay harboured three times more worms than those at Miyako Bay and had a significantly higher overall prevalence of infection. In addition, there was a negative correlation between parasite intensity and host condition factor at Obama Bay, suggesting a causal link between the N. hirame epidemic and the reduction of local flounder populations.
Enhanced viability of a nervous necrosis virus‐infected stable cell line over‐expressing a fusion product of the zfBcl‐xL and green fluorescent protein genes
Authors: Chen S‐P , Yang H‐L , Lin H‐Y , Chen M‐C , Wu J‐L , Hong J‐R 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection induces host cell apoptosis by an ill‐understood process. We utilized a fusion between enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and the zfBcl‐xL gene in GL‐av cells to select for zfBcl‐xL stable cell lines and to assess the effectiveness of the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐xL in circumventing NNV‐induced cell death. Stable EGFP and EGFP‐Bcl‐xL‐expressing clones were obtained at high purity within 2.5–3 months. In the latter, the EGFP‐Bcl‐xL fusion protein (approximately 58.2 kDa, as ascertained by Western blot) was predominantly targeted to mitochondria. We assayed for apoptosis in red‐spotted grouper NNV Tainan no. 1 (RGNNV TN1)‐infected cells with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)‐mediated end labelling (TUNEL) of DNA at different virus doses. NNV infection of NNV Bcl‐xL GL‐av cell line revealed a protective effect, with a decrease in TUNEL‐positive cells of 7%, 8% and 31.8% at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. In addition, RGNNV infection of the Bcl‐xL GL‐av cell line revealed a protective effect, with an enhanced viability of 3%, 40% and 73% at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. We conclude that NNV‐induced apoptotic cell death can be lessened in transgenic grouper fish cells.
Coalescent‐based hypothesis testing supports multiple Pleistocene refugia in the Pacific Northwest for the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)
Authors: STEELE CRAIG A. , STORFER ANDREW 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPhylogeographic patterns of many taxa are explained by Pleistocene glaciation. The temperate rainforests within the Pacific Northwest of North America provide an excellent example of this phenomenon, and competing phylogenetic hypotheses exist regarding the number of Pleistocene refugia influencing genetic variation of endemic organisms. One such endemic is the Pacific giant salamander, Dicamptodon tenebrosus. In this study, we estimate this species’ phylogeny and use a coalescent modeling approach to test five hypotheses concerning the number, location and divergence times of purported Pleistocene refugia. Single refugium hypotheses include: a northern refugium in the Columbia River Valley and a southern refugium in the Klamath‐Siskiyou Mountains. Dual refugia hypotheses include these same refugia but separated at varying times: last glacial maximum (20 000 years ago), mid‐Pleistocene (800 000 years ago) and early Pleistocene (1.7 million years ago). Phylogenetic analyses and inferences from nested clade analysis reveal distinct northern and southern lineages expanding from the Columbia River Valley and the Klamath‐Siskiyou Mountains, respectively. Results of coalescent simulations reject both single refugium hypotheses and the hypothesis of dual refugia with a separation date in the late Pleistocene but not hypotheses predicting dual refugia with separation in early or mid‐Pleistocene. Estimates of time since divergence between northern and southern lineages also indicate separation since early to mid‐Pleistocene. Tests for expanding populations using mismatch distributions and ‘g’ distributions reveal demographic growth in the northern and southern lineages. The combination of these results provides strong evidence that this species was restricted into, and subsequently expanded from, at least two Pleistocene refugia in the Pacific Northwest.
Population genetic structure of Arabidopsis lyrata in Europe
Authors: CLAUSS MARIA J. , MITCHELL‐OLDS THOMAS 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPopulation genetic theory predicts that the self‐incompatible and perennial herb, Arabidopsis lyrata, will have a genetic structure that differs from the self‐fertilizing, annual Arabidopsis thaliana. We quantified the genetic structure for eight populations of A. lyrata ssp. petraea in historically nonglaciated regions of central Europe. Analysis of 20 microsatellite loci for 344 individuals demonstrated that, in accordance with predictions, diploid populations had high genome‐wide heterozygosity (HO = 0.48; HE = 0.52), high within‐population diversity (83% of total) compatible with mutation–drift equilibrium, and moderate differentiation among populations (FST = 0.17). Within a single population, the vast majority of genetic variability (92%) was found at the smallest spatial scale (< 3 m). Although there was no evidence of biparental inbreeding or clonal propagation at this scale (FIS = 0.003), significant fine‐scale spatial autocorrelation indicated localized gene flow presumably due to gravity dispersed seeds (Sp = 0.018). Limited gene flow between isolated population clusters (regions) separated by hundreds of kilometres has given rise to an isolation by distance pattern of diversification, with low, but significant, differentiation among regions (FST = 0.05). The maintenance of geographically widespread polymorphisms and uniformly high diversity throughout central Europe is consistent with periglacial survival of A. lyrata ssp. petraea north of the Alps in steppe‐tundra habitats during the last glacial maximum. As expected of northern and previously glaciated localities, A. lyrata in Iceland was genetically less diverse and highly differentiated from central Europe (HE = 0.37; FST = 0.27).
Carbon partitioning and export in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana with altered capacity for sucrose synthesis grown at low temperature: a role for metabolite transporters
Authors: LUNDMARK MARIA , CAVACO ANA M. , TREVANION STEPHEN , HURRY VAUGHAN 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTWe investigated the role of metabolite transporters in cold acclimation by comparing the responses of wild‐type (WT) Arabidopsis thaliana (Heynh.) with that of transgenic plants over‐expressing sucrose‐phosphate synthase (SPSox) or with that of antisense repression of cytosolic fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase (FBPas). Plants were grown at 23 °C and then shifted to 5 °C. We compared the leaves shifted to 5 °C for 3 and 10 d with new leaves that developed at 5 °C with control leaves on plants at 23 °C. At 23 °C, ectopic expression of SPS resulted in 30% more carbon being fixed per day and an increase in sucrose export from source leaves. This increase in fixation and export was supported by increased expression of the plastidic triose‐phosphate transporter AtTPT and, to a lesser extent, the high‐affinity Suc transporter AtSUC1. The improved photosynthetic performance of the SPSox plants was maintained after they were shifted to 5 °C and this was associated with further increases in AtSUC1 expression but with a strong repression of AtTPT mRNA abundance. Similar responses were shown by WT plants during acclimation to low temperature and this response was attenuated in the low sucrose producing FBPas plants. These data suggest that a key element in recovering flux through carbohydrate metabolism in the cold is to control the partitioning of metabolites between the chloroplast and the cytosol, and Arabidopsis modulates the expression of AtTPT to maintain balanced carbon flow. Arabidopsis also up‐regulates the expression of AtSUC1, and to lesser extent AtSUC2, as down‐stream components facilitate sucrose transport in leaves that develop at low temperatures.
Visual and PCR assessment of light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cultivars
Authors: Karolewski Z. , Fitt B. D. L. , Latunde‐Dada A. O. , Foster S. J. , Todd A. D. , Downes K. , Evans N. 
Published: June 2006

Methods to assess light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) on winter oilseed rape cultivars were compared in laboratory, controlled‐environment and field experiments. In controlled‐environment experiments with seedling leaves inoculated at GS 1,4, the greatest differences in percentage area affected byP. brassicaesporulation were observed with inoculum concentrations of 4 × 103or 4 × 104spores mL−1, rather than 4 × 102or 4 × 105spores mL−1, but older leaves had begun to senesce before assessment, particularly where they were severely affected byP. brassicae. In winter oilseed rape field experiments, a severe light leaf spot epidemic developed in 2002/03 (inoculated, September/October rainfall 127·2 mm) but not in 2003/04 (uninoculated, September/October rainfall 40·7 mm). In‐plot assessments discriminated between cultivars best in February/March in 2003 and June in 2004, but sometimes failed to detect plots with many infected plants (e.g. March/April 2004). Ranking of cultivar resistance differed between seedling experiments done under controlled‐environment conditions and field experiments. The sensitivity of detection ofP. brassicaeDNA extracted from culture was greater using the PCR primer pair PbITSF/PbITSR than using primers Pb1/Pb2.P. brassicaewas detected by PCR (PbITS primers) in leaves from controlled‐environment experiments immediately and up to 14 days after inoculation, and in leaves sampled from field experiments 2 months before detection by visual assessment.
Protection of olive planting stocks against parasitism of root‐knot nematodes by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Castillo P. , Nico A. I. , Azcón‐Aguilar C. , Del Río Rincón C. , Calvet C. , Jiménez‐Díaz R. M. 
Published: June 2006

The effects were investigated, under controlled conditions, of single and joint inoculation of olive planting stocks cvs Arbequina and Picual with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae or Glomus viscosum, and the root‐knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica, on plant performance and nematode infection. Establishment of the fungal symbiosis significantly increased growth of olive plants by 88·9% within a range of 11·9–214·0%, irrespective of olive cultivar, plant age and infection by M. incognita or M. javanica. In plants free from AMF, infection by Meloidogyne spp. significantly reduced the plant main stem diameter by 22·8–38·6%, irrespective of cultivar and plant age. Establishment of AMF in olive plants significantly reduced severity of root galling by 6·3–36·8% as well as reproduction of both Meloidogyne spp. by 11·8–35·7%, indicating a protective effect against parasitism by root‐knot nematodes. Infection by the nematodes influenced root colonization by AMF, but the net effect depended on the AMF isolate–olive cultivar combination. It is concluded that prior inoculation of olive plants with AMF may contribute to improving the health status and vigour of cvs Arbequina and Picual planting stocks during nursery propagation.
Chloroquine or amodiaquine combined with sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine for uncomplicated malaria: a systematic review
Authors: Hwang Jimee , Bitarakwate Edward , Pai Madhukar , Reingold Arthur , Rosenthal Philip J. , Dorsey Grant 
Published: June 2006

SummaryObjective  To compare the efficacies against uncomplicated falciparum malaria of chloroquine (CQ), amodiaquine (AQ), sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) and combinations of these inexpensive drugs.Methods  We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL Register of Controlled Trials, BIOSIS, Web of Science, African Index Medicus, DARE, Digital Dissertations and Current Controlled Trials for randomised or quasi‐randomised controlled trials conducted between 1991 and June 2004 regardless of language and geography. We also contacted malaria experts, searched reference lists, and contacted individual authors for unreported study characteristics and additional data. Unpublished data were sought and included in the analyses.Results  Thirteen randomised trials (n = 4248) were identified and the summary relative risks of treatment failure at 28 days were calculated. There was marginal benefit in adding CQ to SP, compared with SP monotherapy (RR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.54–1.02). Combining AQ with SP was associated with a significantly lower risk of treatment failure than SP monotherapy (RR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.15–0.82) and AQ monotherapy (RR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.42–0.83). AQ plus SP was associated with a significantly lower risk of treatment failure than CQ plus SP (RR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.25–0.72). Serious adverse events were rare and did not increase with combination therapy.Conclusion  Amodiaquine plus SP remains an efficacious, affordable and safe option for treating malaria in certain settings.
Negotiating improved case management of childhood illness with formal and informal private practitioners in Uganda
Authors: Tawfik Youssef , Nsungwa‐Sabitii Jesca , Greer George , Owor Joseph , Kesande Rosette , Prysor‐Jones Suzanne 
Published: June 2006

SummaryObjective  In Uganda, formal and informal private practitioners (PPs) provide most case management for childhood illness. This paper describes the impact of negotiation sessions, an intervention to improve the quality of PPs’ case management of childhood diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection and malaria in a rural district in Uganda.Method  Negotiation sessions targeted PPs working at private clinics and drug shops. The aim was to improve key practices extracted from the national Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Guidelines, and to measure the PPs’ performance before and after the intervention.Results  Post‐intervention the quality of case management for childhood diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection and malaria was generally better, although certain practices appeared resistant to change. We discovered various types of PPs who were mostly unregistered by the district authorities.Conclusions  Results suggest the importance of maintaining ongoing monitoring and support to PPs to understand barriers to change and to encourage more practice improvement. Modifications to the intervention are needed to take it to scale and render it more sustainable. Getting local organizations and professional associations more involved could make it easier to establish and maintain contact with PPs. The government needs to simplify registration procedures and reduce associated fees to encourage PPs to register and thus be included in a large‐scale intervention. Future interventions need to measure the impact on improving childhood case management at the community/household level.