bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychotherapy with Depressed Outpatients: Patient and Process Variables as Predictors of Outcome
Authors: Rounsaville Bruce J. , Weissman Myrna M. , Prusoff Brigitte A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper evaluates the predictive power of two classes of variables which are thought to be related to psychotherapy outcome: patient characteristics assessed at the start of treatment and process characteristics of the psychotherapy. The treatment was Short Term Interpersonal Psychoatherapy which was performed with ambulatory patients during a major depressive episode as defined by Research Diagnostic Criteria. Univariate correlations indicate that patients with generally healthier functioning on the Prognostic Index received better ratings on measures of psychotherapy process and experienced greater improvement in depressive symptoms and social functioning. However, in a multiple regression analysis, patient characteristics accounted for 64 per cent of the variance in treatment outcome, while psychotherapy process variables were not predictive of outcome.
School Phobia: A Therapeutic Trial with Clomipramine and Short-Term Outcome
Authors: Berney T. , Kolvin I. , Bhate S. R. , Garside R. F. , Jeans J. , Kay B. , Scarth L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA double-blind trial failed to demonstrate any significant short-term effects of clomipramine in doses recommended for use in general practice (in addition to the usual range of psychotherapeutic help) in the treatment of children with school refusal and neurotic disorder. Patterns of improvement were also studied for the sample as a whole irrespective of treatment. Neither age nor sex were significantly related to improvement, except on one behavioural measure where girls initially did better than boys. In addition, it was found that there was a rapid relief of depression but neurotic symptomatology tended to persist.
Are Young Women who Attempt Suicide Hysterical?
Authors: Goldney Robert D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryYoung women who had attempted suicide did not score in a more hysterical manner than women in a comparison group when assessed by the Hysteroid-Obsessoid Questionnaire. Those who made suicide attempts resulting in little physical harm more often demonstrated hysterical traits than those whose attempt involved a serious threat to life. However, even in those subjects the majority did not score in an hysteroid manner, and they certainly scored in a less hysteroid manner than subjects of the comparison group.These results are in accord with the small literature using standardised assessments, and do not support the clinical view that young women who attempt suicide exhibit marked hysterical traits.
Post-traumatic Psychiatric Disturbances: Patterns and Predictors of Outcome
Authors: Keshavan M. S. , Channabasavanna S. M. , Reddy G. N. Narayana 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA prospective follow-up study of 60 randomly selected cases of closed adult civilian head injuries was conducted for three months from the time of head injury to assess the frequency, patterns, and factors related to posttraumatic psychiatric disturbances.Eighty per cent of the cases had a neuropsychiatric disturbance as assessed at 1½ months. The commonest was post-concussional syndrome (43 per cent). The extent of social dysfunction was directly related to the severity of head injury. However, the total number of symptoms (largely subjective) correlated highly with pre-traumatic neuroticism. The inter-relatedness of organic and personality factors in the post-traumatic syndrome, and their predictive value, are discussed.
Guided Mourning for Morbid Grief: A Controlled Study
Authors: Mawson D. , Marks I. M. , Ramm L. , Stern R. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDuring 2 weeks on a waiting list 12 patients with morbid grief did not improve significantly. They were then randomly allocated either to guided mourning treatment, in which they were encouraged to face cues concerning their bereavement or to control treatment in which they were asked to avoid such cues. Each treatment comprised six 1½ hour sessions over 2 weeks. At week 4 guided mourning patients had improved significantly more than had controls on 3 measures, with a supportive trend on 4 measures. Improvement though modest was maintained to 10–28 weeks follow-up. Control patients did not improve significantly or show any trend to do so.
Cyclone ‘78 in Sri Lanka—The Mental Health Trail
Authors: Patrick V. , Patrick W. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA longitudinal study of psychological disturbance in the affected population in Sri Lanka after the cyclone disaster of 1978 was carried out. The post-cyclonic stress identified among the rural communities after their return to the same destroyed environment was studied. Symptoms tended to be early or delayed in appearance. The degree of unpreparedness is postulated as the cause of the former. Group cohesiveness and feelings of community tended to delay the manifestation of symptoms. Realization of losses, family needs, and continued habitation in damaged homes acted as reminders and reinforcers. Morbidity continued to affect over half the population one year later. Early intervention within community settings after such disasters is recommended.
A Pilot Study of the Mechanism of Action of Desipramine
Authors: Checkley S. A. , Slade A. P. , Shur E. , Dawling S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTo test the hypothesis that desipramine alters α adrenoceptor function in depressed patients, the effects of clonidine upon growth hormone sedation and blood pressure have been measured in depressed patients before and after treatment with desipramine. After three weeks of treatment the hypotensive and sedative effects of clonidine were inhibited in all patients even though plasma desipramine concentrations at this time varied from 42 to 560 μg/l. Growth hormone responses to clonidine were enhanced in five of the six patients but this effect was not statistically significant. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in these patients desipramine altered α adrenoceptor function: other explanations are discussed.
Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques: I. Methods and Measures
Authors: Rutter M. , Cox A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn account is given of the overall strategy and measures used in a three-phase study of styles and techniques employed in the initial diagnostic interviews with the parents of children referred to a child psychiatric clinic. The measures of interview style included interviewer activity and talkativeness, directiveness, types of questions and statements, interventions designed to elicit or to respond to feelings, and non-verbal qualities. The informant's response and the interview ‘outcome’ were assessed through measures of the quantity and quality of factual information obtained, and of the extent of expression of emotional feelings by the informant. Good inter-rater reliability was achieved with most measures. Some difficulties were experienced in achieving comparable thresholds for the recognition of expressed emotions.
Sexual Dysfunction and Psychiatric Morbidity in Patients Attending a Clinic for Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Catalan Jose , Bradley Maggie , Gallwey John , Hawton Keith 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPatients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were interviewed to estimate the presence of sexual dysfunction, and the GHQ-60 was used to measure psychiatric morbidity. Over one-fifth of the males and more than one-quarter of the females were experiencing sexual dysfunction problems, and the majority of them would have liked further help for their problems. The implications of the findings are discussed, and suggestions are made for dealing with these patients.
Comparison of Clients Assigned to In-patient and Out-patient Treatment for Alcoholism and Drug Addiction
Authors: Skinner Harvey A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study examined characteristics of 296 alcohol and/or drug abuse clients assigned to either (1) in-patient programmes, (2) out-patient programmes, or (3) a lower cost primary care alternative. Multivariate analysis indicated that clients admitted for in-patient care reported greater alcohol consumption and associated problems, fewer community supports and more severe symptoms such as depression and anxiety. They tended to be more frank about their problems while defence mechanisms were more apparent in clients admitted to out-patient and primary care programmes. In general, out-patients ahd more favourable prognostic indicators, such as higher social stability and lower level of alcoholic involvement. The differences among treatment programmes were alongquantitative dimensionsof problem severity. In particular, the alcohol dependence syndrome was a major discriminating dimension.
The Choice of Career of Consultant Psychiatrists
Authors: Brook Peter 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAll consultants in general psychiatry appointed in Britain between 1 October 1975 and 30 September 1978 were sent a questionnaire asking about their training and adequacy of experience before making a final decision. Over a quarter of the respondents were women, of whom a third had trained part-time. Family circumstances and availability of part-time posts were important determinants. Overseas graduates formed another quarter. For many psychiatry was not their first love but availability of posts and status were important factors in choice of career. Many consultants felt they lacked experience in the subspecialties within psychiatry.
Identification of the Endogenous Depressive Syndrome Based on the Symptoms and the Characteristics of the Course
Authors: Matussek P. , Söldner M. , Nagel D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryUsing a sample of 198 depressed patients (145 female, 53 male) retrospective histories of the illnesses were collected during a depression-free interval, based on a catalogue containing 38 symptom items and the course of the depression (including the interval personality). A cluster analysis on persons and items filtered out an endogenous depressive item profile, corresponding with the clinical syndrome of patients diagnosed as endogenous depressives in the clinics, although determined without reference to the clinical diagnoses. Our study supports many results from earlier multivariate statistical studies. We consider our data to be an essential contribution towards the establishment of a multiaxial clinical picture.
Some Familial and Clinical Characteristics of Female Suicidal Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Birtchnell John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe study compares 72 female psychiatric patients who had a history of suicide attempt with 122 who had neither attempted nor contemplated suicide. Of these 194 women, 128 had experienced the death of their mothers before the age of 11, but the proportions of early bereaved and not early bereaved who were suicidal were similar. Not even the events which followed bereavement affected suicidal behaviour, but the suicidal patients tended to come from larger sibships. Poor quality of the marriage and, for the early bereaved only, having three or more children related significantly to suicidal behaviour. The suicidal women were significantly more often described as dependent. Suicidal behaviour was not differentiated on the endogenous/neurotic depressive dichotomy but it was significantly related to severity of depression.
Social Relationships, Adversity and Neurosis: An Analysis of Prospective Observations
Authors: Henderson Scott 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effect of deficiencies in social relationships has been studied prospectively in a community sample. In the half who were exposed to the higher level of adversity, these deficiencies explained 30 per cent of the variance in neurotic symptoms four months later. They explained only 4 per cent in those with lower adversity. Contrary to expectation, it was not the lack of relationships, but perception of these as being inadequate under adversity, which had by far the stronger predictive power. This may mean that actual conditions in the immediate social environment are not important for neurosis. Instead, intrapsychic and personality factors may have a much stronger effect.
Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques III. Naturalistic Study: Eliciting Feelings
Authors: Hopkinson K. , Cox A. , Rutter M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA naturalistic study was undertaken of 36 video and audio-taped interviews undertaken by 7 different psychiatric trainees. The interviews studied were those conducted in the ordinary course of clinic work for diagnostic and therapeutic planning purposes by trainees when first seeing the parent or parents of a child newly referred to a psychiatric clinic. It was found that a variety of rather different interview techniques seemed to facilitate emotional expression. These included a low level of interview talk with few interruptions, a high rate of open rather than closed questions, direct requests for feelings, interpretations and expressions of sympathy. The issue of how far these associations reflected causal influences is discussed.
The Incidence of Cognitive Disabilities in the Siblings of Autistic Children
Authors: August Gerald J. , Stewart Mark A. , Tsai Luke 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIndividual components of cognitive disability were assessed in the siblings of 41 autistic probands and compared with similar measures from a control group of siblings of Down's syndrome individuals. The results showed a significant familial clustering of cognitive disabilities in the siblings of autistic probands. These cognitive impairments included disturbances in expressive and receptive language, specific learning disabilities, and varying degrees of mental subnormality.
An Ultrasound Technique for the Measurement of Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Resek George , Haines John , Sainsbury Peter 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA simple and portable ultrasound system, using a transducer attached to a pair of spectacles, to measure disorders of facial movement is described and applied to the measurement of tardive dyskinesia. Product-moment coefficients of correlation for the split-half and test-retest assessments of reliability in 20 patients were 0.96 and 0.93 respectively. Concurrent validity was confirmed by assessing the consistency between ultrasound scores and time-sampled scores based on video films (Pearson r = 0.86). Serial measurements of tardive dyskinesia over five months revealed striking individual consistency.
Facial Electromyography as a Predictor of Treatment Outcome in Depression
Authors: Carney Robert M. , Hong Barry A. , O'Connell Michael F. , Amado Henry 
Published: August 2008

SummaryElectromyograms (EMGs) from the corrugator, zygomatic and splenius capitis muscle sites and Beck depression inventory scores were obtained from 21 depressed in-patients shortly after admission and after two weeks in hospital. Contrary to the result of a previous study by other investigators, significant covariation between depressive symptoms and corrugator EMG levels was not seen. However, consistent with a second finding of the previous study, initial corrugator EMG levels were shown to be significantly predictive of treatment outcome. Further, initial EMG from the zygomatic was also found to predict changes in depression. The explanation is unclear and further research is needed.
Schizophrenics Fully Remitted on Neuroleptics for 3–5 years—To Stop or Continue Drugs?
Authors: Cheung Hung K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA double-blind comparison between benzodiazepines and neuroleptics was carried out for 1 ½ years on 30 schizophrenics who had hitherto continuously received neuroleptics and remained apparently in full remission for at least 3–5 years. The benzodiazepine-group had a significantly higher relapse rate than the neuroleptic-group, meaning that we cannot stop neuroleptics for these patients yet. Three possible reasons for this are (1) demand of the natural course of the illness, (2) the fact that the patients agreed to stay in therapy for so long may signify a need for therapy, (3) some of the relapses on stopping neuroleptics may be ‘withdrawal psychosis' after prolonged neuroleptic therapy. If withdrawal of neuroleptics is really needed, however, it may be considered for a subgroup of female patients whose illness started after the age of 40.
Identity Alterations and Prognosis in Schizophrenia
Authors: Yarden Paul E. , Raps Charles S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDelusions of altered personal identity were studied over a four-year period in 53 young schizophrenic in-patients divided into 13 with persistent delusions, 16 with fleeting delusions and 24 with no delusions of identity alteration at first examination. The three groups were clinically otherwise comparable. Follow-up showed that those with persistent delusions of altered identity had a poor prognosis and deteriorating course.
Psychiatric Effects of Alternate Day Steroid Therapy
Authors: Cordess Christopher , Folstein Marshal , Drachman Daniel 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe prevalence of emotional disorder in a total of 72 patients suffering from myasthenia gravis or from peripheral neuromuscular disorders was assessed, using the General Health Questionnaire and Present State Examination.Approximately half the patients were being treated with an alternate day regime of prednisone, receiving high dosage one day and low the next. Emotional disorder was found to be less prevalent among these patients than among patients not on steroids. The significance of the finding is discussed.
Platelet Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Acute Schizophrenia: Relationship to Symptomatology and Neuroleptic Medication
Authors: Owen Frank , Bourne Rachel C. , Crow Timothy J. , Johnstone Eve C. , Fadhli Adnam A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPlatelet MAO activity was assessed in 35 schizophrenics during a trial of the isomers of flupenthixol. Enzyme activity was unrelated to severity of symptoms, the presence of delusions, hallucinations or thought disorder or to negative symptoms. In a few patients MAO activity fluctuated widely with time, but in the group of patients on medication there was a slow decrease in enzyme activity which was significant after 28 days of treatment. Enzyme activity after 14 days' drug treatment was still correlated with activity before treatment, but after 28 days this significant correlation disappeared. Slow effects of neuroleptic drugs on platelet MAO activity may explain previous findings of reduced activity of the enzyme in schizophrenia.
Field Dependence and the Differentiation of Affective States
Authors: Parkes Katharine R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe extent to which anxiety, irritability and depression were differentiated as separate entities associated with characteristic patterns of somatic and cognitive symptoms by field dependent (FD) and field independent (Fl) normal female subjects was studied with the Hidden Figures Test and Unpleasant Emotions Questionnaire. In the Fl group the correlations between the three emotions were low and non-significant, reflecting a clear-cut differentiation in symptom configuration, as shown by psychiatrists. In the FD group the inter-correlations were significant and positive, corresponding to relatively poor symptom differentiation, comparable to that of a psychiatric patient group. This suggests that the cognitive style variable of field dependence may underly differences in symptom differentiation associated with psychiatrist/patient differences and, more generally, with social class and sex differences.
Propranolol in Schizophrenia
Authors: Peet M. , Bethell M. S. , Coates A. , Khamnee A. K. , Hall P. , Cooper S. J. , King D. J. , Yates R. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty-three hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients were treated with either propranolol, chlorpromazine or placebo in a double-blind randomized trial for up to three months. Propranolol in a usual dose of 640 mg/day, produced marked cardiovascular effects but no improvement in schizophrenic symptomatology relative to placebo. The effects of chlorpromazine were small and inconsistent.
The International Classification and the Diagnoses of English Psychiatrists 1968–1980
Authors: Kendell R. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe diagnoses given to samples of 1,000 first admissions to English mental hospitals in 1977 and 1980 were compared in order to find out how much influence the 9th revision of the International Classification and its glossary had had on the diagnostic habits of English psychiatrists since its introduction in January 1979. Although the differences between 1977 and 1980 diagnoses were modest they were greater than those found in an earlier comparison of 1968 and 1971 diagnoses, before and after the introduction of the 8th revision. Comparison of all four sets of diagnoses, from 1968 to 1980, revealed some serial changes in the categorization of depressive illnesses and a slowly increasing familiarity with the ICD. Although a higher proportion of diagnoses used the nomenclature of the ICD in 1980 than in previous years, this was mainly because the ICD had adapted itself to the habits of English psychiatrists rather than the other way about.
Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia, Affective Disorder and Organic Brain Disease
Authors: Abrams Richard , Redfield Joel , Taylor Michael Alan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWe used the Wechsler Adult Itelligence Scale (WAIS) to study a sample of patients with affective disorder (N = 52), schizophrenia (N = 17) and organic brain disease (N = 8). Schizophrenic patients had lower verbal, performance and full-scale IQs than patients with affective disorder, but were no different from those with organic brain disease. An individual WAIS subscale analysis showed that, compared with affectives, schizophrenics had relatively poorer performance on language than non-language tasks.These differences were independent of age, sex, handedness, educational level or drug administration and are consistent with a variety of studies demonstrating significant cerebral dysfunction in carefully diagnosed schizophrenic patients.
Life Events and Hospitalization in Children: A Comparison with a General Population
Authors: Kashani Javad H. , Hodges Kay K. , Simonds John F. , Hilderbrand Ernest 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study compared life events in three groups: hospitalized psychiatric, hospitalized paediatric, and non-patient non-hospitalized children, all aged 7–12 years. The most common life event in each group respectively was moving to a new school district, hospitalization for physical illnesses, and outstanding personal achievement. The hospitalized children had a significantly greater number of life events and mean score of life events than that of the general population. The authors conclude that the study of life events alone is insufficient to infer a causal relationship between life events, onset of illness and hospitalization in children.