bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential revenue impact of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the United States
Authors: Paarlberg Philip L. , Lee John G. , Seitzinger Ann H. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To estimate potential revenue impacts of
an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the
United States similar to the outbreak in the United
Kingdom during 2001.

Design—Economic analysis successively incorporating
quarantine and slaughter of animals, an export
ban, and consumer fears about the disease were
used to determine the combined impact.

Sample Population—Secondary data for cattle,
swine, lambs, poultry, and products of these animals.

Procedure—Data for 1999 were used to calibrate a
model for the US agricultural sector. Removal of animals,
similar to that observed in the United Kingdom,
was introduced, along with a ban on exportation of
livestock, red meat, and dairy products and a reduction
and shift in consumption of red meat in the
United States.

Results—The largest impacts on farm income of an
FMD outbreak were from the loss of export markets
and reductions in domestic demand arising from consumer
fears, not from removal of infected animals.
These elements could cause an estimated decrease
of $14 billion (9.5%) in US farm income. Losses in
gross revenue for each sector were estimated to be
the following: live swine, –34%; pork, –24%; live cattle
–17%; beef, –20%; milk, –16%; live lambs and
sheep, –14%; lamb and sheep meat, –10%; forage,
–15%; and soybean meal, –7%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Procedures
to contain an outbreak of FMD to specific regions and
allow maintenance of FMD-free exports and efforts to
educate consumers about health risks are critical to
mitigating adverse economic impacts of an FMD outbreak.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:988–992)
Associations between age or sex and prevalence of gastric ulceration in Standardbred racehorses in training
Authors: Rabuffo Tara S. , Orsini James A. , Sullivan Eileen , Engiles Julie , Norman Tracy , Boston Raymond 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine associations between age, sex, or medical treatment and prevalence and severity of gastric ulceration in Standardbred racehorses in training.Design—Cross-sectional study.Animals—224 Standardbred racehorses in training.Procedure—Gastroscopy was performed on each horse, and mucosal ulceration was graded from 0 (normal mucosa, no lesions) to 3 (extensive, often coalescing, lesions with areas of deep ulceration). Associations between age, sex, or treatment and prevalence and severity of ulcers were evaluated.Results—Prevalence of gastric ulceration was 87%. Although there was little association between age and prevalence of ulcers, there was an association between age and severity of ulcers. Most 2-year-old horses (57.7%) had an ulcer score of 0 or 1. In all other age groups, most (58% to 82.61%) of horses had an ulcer score of 2 or 3. Although overall prevalence of ulceration was comparable among sex groups, the relative risk for gastric ulceration increased with age in castrated males, whereas it decreased in females and sexually intact males.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Gastric ulceration is common in Standardbred horses in race training. Severity is higher in horses ≥ 3 years of age than in 2-year-old horses. Relative risk for ulceration increases with age in castrated males. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1156–1159)
Use of keyhole lung biopsy for diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases in dogs and cats: 13 cases (1998–2001)
Authors: Norris Carol R. , Griffey Stephen M. , Walsh Peter 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To characterize interstitial lung diseases
(ILDs) and evaluate use of keyhole lung biopsy for
diagnosis of ILDs in dogs and cats.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—11 dogs and 2 cats.

Procedure—Medical records of dogs and cats undergoing
keyhole lung biopsy to confirm ILDs were
reviewed. Signalment, clinical signs, results of thoracic
radiography and other respiratory diagnostic
tests, postoperative complications, and patient outcome
were analyzed.

Results—Clinical respiratory signs included cough,
tachypnea, exercise intolerance, and hemoptysis.
Thoracic radiographic abnormalities included interstitial,
alveolar, and bronchointerstitial patterns and multiple
discrete pulmonary nodules. Lung biopsy and
histologic examination revealed interstitial pulmonary
fibrosis, bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia,
or unclassified lesions. Outcome after biopsy
included no response to treatment, euthanasia, partial
or complete remission while receiving medication,
and cure.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Recognition
and classification of ILDs in dogs and cats are likely to
be important in guiding appropriate treatment and
providing accurate prognostic information. Ancillary
respiratory diagnostic tests are beneficial in ruling out
infectious and neoplastic disorders that may mimic
ILDs; however, their present use in the diagnosis of
ILDs is limited. Results suggest that keyhole lung
biopsy is an effective means for obtaining a specimen
for histologic diagnosis in dogs and cats with ILDs.
( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:1453–1459)
Comparison of refractometers and test endpoints in the measurement of serum protein concentration to assess passive transfer status in calves
Authors: Calloway Christopher D. , Tyler Jeff W. , Tessman Ronald K. , Hostetler Douglas , Holle Julie 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate 3 refractometers for detection of failure of passive transfer (FPT) of immunity in calves, and assess the effect of refractometric test endpoints on sensitivity, specificity, and proportion of calves classified correctly with regard to passive transfer status.Design—Prospective study.Animals—90 calves.Procedure—Blood samples were obtained from calves that were < 10 days old. Serum IgG concentration was determined by use of a radial immunodiffusion assay. Accuracy of 3 refractometers in the prediction of serum IgG concentration was determined by use of standard epidemiologic methods and a linear regression model.Results—At a serum protein concentration test endpoint of 5.2 g/dL, sensitivity of each refractometer was 0.89 or 0.93, and specificity ranged from 0.80 to 0.91. For all refractometers, serum protein concentration test endpoints of 5.0 or 5.2 g/dL resulted in sensitivity > 0.80, specificity > 0.80, and proportion of calves classified correctly > 0.85. Serum protein concentrations equivalent to 1,000 mg of IgG/dL of serum were 4.9, 4.8, and 5.1 g/dL for the 3 refractometers.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The refractometers, including a nontemperature-compensating instrument, performed similarly in detection of FPT. Serum protein concentration test endpoints of 5.0 and 5.2 g/dL yielded accurate results in the assessment of adequacy of passive transfer; lower or higher test endpoints misclassified larger numbers of calves. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1605–1608)
Ultrasonographic findings in cats with clinical, gross pathologic, and histologic evidence of acute pancreatic necrosis: 20 cases (1994–2001)
Authors: Saunders H. Mark , VanWinkle Thomas J. , Drobatz Kenneth , Kimmel Susan E. , Washabau Robert J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine ultrasonographic findings in cats with clinical, gross pathologic, and histologic evidence of acute pancreatic necrosis.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—20 cats.Procedure—Ultrasound reports and permanent ultrasonographic images were reviewed, and ultrasonographic findings were recorded. Thoracic and abdominal radiographs were also reviewed, when available. Anatomic localization of pancreatic necrosis was determined from the gross pathology report; duration and severity of pancreatic necrosis were determined by reviewing histologic specimens. The presence of concurrent disease was recorded from the final pathology report.Results—The pancreas was considered ultrasonographically normal in 10 cats and was not observed in 3. Ultrasonographic findings were considered compatible with pancreatitis in the remaining 7 cats. Gross pathologic findings indicated that pancreatitis was multifocal in all 7 of these cats; histologically, pancreatitis was acute or subacute in 5 and associated with severe or moderate necrosis in 6. In the remaining 13 cats, gross pathologic findings indicated that pancreatitis was multifocal (n = 8) or focal (2), or gross pathologic findings were normal (3). Histologically, pancreatitis was peracute or acute in 11 of these 13 cats and associated with severe or moderate necrosis in 8. Thoracic and abdominal radiographic findings were nonspecific.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of ultrasonography were consistent with a diagnosis of pancreatitis in only 7 of 20 cats with acute pancreatic necrosis in the present study. This suggests that new diagnostic criteria must be established if abdominal ultrasonography is to be an effective tool in the diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1724–1730)
Spontaneous femoral capital physeal fractures in adult cats: 26 cases (1996–2001)
Authors: McNicholas Walter T. , Wilkens Brent E. , Blevins William E. , Snyder Paul W. , McCabe George P. , Applewhite Aric A. , Laverty Peter H. , Breur Gert J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine clinical, radiographic, and histologic abnormalities in adult cats > 1 year old with spontaneous (ie, nontraumatic) femoral capital physeal fractures.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—26 cats.Procedure—Medical records of cats > 1 year old with femoral capital physeal fractures and no history of trauma were examined.Results—Mean ± SD age of the cats was 22.5 ± 6.5 months. Twenty-five cats were neutered males. Mean weight of the cats was significantly greater than mean weight of a group of age- and sex-matched control cats. Of 16 cats for which age at the time of neutering was known, 14 had been neutered before 6 months of age. Nine cats had bilateral fractures. Severity of femoral neck osteolysis and sclerosis increased with increased duration of clinical signs. The contralateral femoral capital physis, distal femoral physes, and proximal tibial physes were radiographically open in 13 of 18, 19 of 24, and 24 of 24 cats, respectively. Histologically, the epiphysis contained normal articular cartilage and bone, but attached growth plate cartilage lacked the normal columnar arrangement of chondrocytes.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that adult cats with spontaneous femoral capital physeal fractures were most likely to be heavier, neutered males with delayed physeal closure. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:1731–1736)
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Escherichia coli strains from a turkey operation
Authors: Altekruse Sean F. , Elvinger François , Lee Kyung-Yul , Tollefson Linda K. , Pierson F. William , Eifert Joseph , Sriranganathan Nammalwar 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To measure minimum inhibitory concentrations
(MIC) of 17 antimicrobials for Escherichia coli
isolates from a turkey operation and assess whether
small samples provide precise estimates of geometric
mean MIC.

Design—Prospective study.

Sample Population—105 clinical isolates from birds
and 1,104 fecal isolates from 20 flocks (poults and finisher
hens).

Procedure—A Mueller-Hinton broth dilution panel
was used to measure MIC, and MIC of fecal and
clinical isolates were compared. We drew random
samples of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 isolates
from each finisher flock and between 100 and
105 isolates from 5, 7, 10, and 20 flocks.
Antimicrobial usage was determined for enrolled
flocks.

Results—Six of 12 poult and 18 of 20 finisher
flocks had been treated with antimicrobials, often
for respiratory illnesses consistent with colibacillosis.
All birds received gentamicin at the hatchery.
More fecal than clinical isolates were resistant to
ampicillin; however, more clinical isolates were
resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and sulfamethoxazole.
Precise estimates of geometric
mean MIC for flocks were obtained when ≥ 15
fecal isolates were obtained per flock and, for the
operation, when 105 isolates were obtained from ≥
7 flocks.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Antimicrobial
usage was common and may have contributed to the
resistance patterns of isolates. With a modest allocation
of laboratory resources, producers can monitor
antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical and fecal E coli
to manage risks of antimicrobial usage and resistance.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:411–416)
Use of carbon dioxide laser for onychectomy in cats
Authors: Mison Michael B. , Bohart George H. , Walshaw Richard , Winters Cathy A. , Hauptman Joe G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To compare postoperative signs of discomfort and complications associated with use of CO2laser for onychectomy with those of the scalpel technique in cats.Design—Prospective, randomized, masked clinical trial.Animals—20 client-owned cats.Procedure—Forelimb feet (right, left) were randomly assigned to laser and scalpel treatment groups. Signs of discomfort (lameness and signs of pain) and complications (hemorrhage, swelling, and discharge) were assessed on days 0, 1, and 7. Surgeries were performed by 1 experienced surgeon. Evaluations were performed by 2 individuals without knowledge of treatment group. Signs of discomfort and complications were scored on scales of 0 to 8 and 0 to 9, respectively.Results—Onychectomy did not result in high discomfort or complication scores 1 day after surgery, regardless of technique used, although the lasertreated group had significantly lower scores for signs of discomfort and complications. Seven days after surgery, significant differences were not detected between groups for signs of discomfort or complications.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The CO2laser can be an excellent tool for onychectomy in cats, with excellent hemostasis and minimal postoperative discomfort and complications. Differences in discomfort and complications between groups treated via scalpel versus CO2laser were not clinically relevant and were only observed 1 day after surgery. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:651–653)
Potentially hazardous sulfur conditions on beef cattle ranches in the United States
Authors: Gould Daniel H. , Dargatz David A. , Garry Franklyn B. , Hamar Dwayne W. , Ross Paul F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To analyze the sulfur content of water and forage samples from a geographically diverse sample of beef cow-calf operations in the United States and to estimate frequency and distribution of premises where forage and water resources could result in consumption of hazardous amounts of sulfur by cattle.Design—Cross-sectional study.Sample Population—709 forage samples from 678 beef cow-calf operations and individual water samples from 498 operations in 23 states.Procedure—Sulfur content of forage samples and sulfate concentration of water samples were measured. Total sulfur intake was estimated for pairs of forage and water samples.Results—Total sulfur intake was estimated for 454 pairs of forage and water samples. In general, highest forage sulfur contents did not coincide with highest water sulfate concentrations. Overall, 52 of the 454 (11.5%) sample pairs were estimated to yield total sulfur intake (as a percentage of dry matter) ≥ 0.4%, assuming water intake during conditions of high ambient temperature. Most of these premises were in north-central (n = 19) or western (19) states.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that on numerous beef cow-calf operations throughout the United States, consumption of forage and water could result in excessively high sulfur intake. All water sources and dietary components should be evaluated when assessing total sulfur intake. Knowledge of total sulfur intake may be useful in reducing the risk of sulfur-associated health and performance problems in beef cattle. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:673–677)
Predicted ages of dairy calves when colostrumderived bovine viral diarrhea virus antibodies would no longer offer protection against disease or interfere with vaccination
Authors: Muñoz-Zanzi Claudia A. , Thurmond Mark C. , Johnson Wesley O. , Hietala Sharon K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To develop models that could be used to predict, for dairy calves, the age at which colostrumderived bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antibodies would no longer offer protection against infection or interfere with vaccination.Design—Prospective observational field study.Animals—466 calves in 2 California dairy herds.Procedure—Serum BVDV neutralizing antibody titers were measured from birth through 300 days of age. The age by which colostrum-derived BVDV antibodies had decayed sufficiently that calves were considered susceptible to BVDV infection (ie, titer ≤ 1:16) or calves became seronegative was modeled with survival analysis methods. Mixed-effects regression analysis was used to model colostrum-derived BVDV antibody titer for any given age.Results—Half the calves in both herds became seronegative for BVDV type I by 141 days of age and for BVDV type II by 114 days of age. Rate of antibody decay was significantly associated with antibody titer at 1 to 3 days of age and with whether calves were congenitally infected with BVDV. Three-month-old calves were predicted to have a mean BVDV type-I antibody titer of 1:32 and a mean BVDV type-II antibody titer of 1:16.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results provide an improved understanding of the decay of BVDV-specific colostrum-derived antibodies in dairy calves raised under typical field conditions. Knowledge of the age when the calf herd becomes susceptible can be useful when designing vaccination programs aimed at minimizing negative effects of colostrum-derived antibodies on vaccine efficacy while maximizing overall calf herd immunity. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2002;221:678–685)
Effect on fertility of uterine lavage performed immediately prior to insemination in mares
Authors: Vanderwall Dirk K. , Woods Gordon L. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine the effect on fertility of
large-volume uterine lavage with lactated Ringer’s
solution (LRS) performed immediately prior to insemination
in mares.

Design—Prospective randomized controlled study.

Animals—20 mares.

Procedure—Control mares (n = 10) were inseminated
with 1 billion (estimated before cooling) progressively
motile spermatozoa that had been cooled in a
passive cooling unit for 24 hours. Mares (n = 10) in
the treatment group were inseminated with 1 billion
progressively motile spermatozoa (cooled as
described for control mares) immediately after uterine
lavage with 4 L of sterile LRS.

Results—There were no significant differences in
pregnancy rates or size of the embryonic vesicle on
days 12, 13, and 14 after ovulation between control
and treated mares.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate
that uterine lavage with LRS can be performed immediately
prior to insemination without adversely affecting
fertility in mares. This is clinically important, because
insemination may be necessary when a mare has
inflammation-associated fluid (detectable ultrasonographically)
in the uterus; removal of the fluid is desirable,
because it adversely affects spermatozoal motility
and fertility. This situation typically arises when mares
require rebreeding after they have developed persistent
mating-induced endometritis or are inseminated multiple
times in a 24-hour period (during the period of physiologic
mating-induced inflammation), which is a common
practice when using cooled or frozen-thawed
semen. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:1108–1110)
Evaluation of day-to-day variability of serial blood glucose concentration curves in diabetic dogs
Authors: Fleeman Linda M. , Rand Jacquie S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate day-to-day variability of serial blood glucose concentration curves in dogs with diabetes mellitus.Design—Prospective clinical study.Animals—10 dogs with diabetes mellitus.Procedure—Paired 12-hour serial blood glucose concentration curves performed during 2 consecutive days were obtained on 3 occasions from each dog. Dogs received the same dose of insulin and meal every 12 hours on both days. For each pair of curves, comparison was made between the results of days 1 and 2.Results—Mean absolute difference (without regard to sign) between days 1 and 2 for each parameter was significantly > 0, disproving the hypothesis that there is minimal day-to-day variability of serial blood glucose concentration curves when insulin dose and meals are kept constant. Coefficient of variation of the absolute difference between days 1 and 2 for each parameter ranged from 68 to 103%. Evaluation of the paired curves led to an opposite recommendation for adjustment of the insulin dose on day 2, compared with day 1, on 27% of occasions. Disparity between dosage recommendations was more pronounced when glucose concentration nadir was < 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) on 1 or both days. In this subset of 20 paired curves, an opposite recommendation for dosage adjustment was made on 40% of occasions.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—There is large day-to-day variation in parameters of serial blood glucose concentration curves in diabetic dogs. Day-to-day variability of serial blood glucose concentration curves has important clinical implications, particularly in dogs with good glycemic control. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:317–321)
Use of thermokeratoplasty for treatment of ulcerative keratitis and bullous keratopathy secondary to corneal endothelial disease in dogs: 13 cases (1994–2001)
Authors: Michau Tammy Miller , Gilger Brian C. , Maggio Federica , Davidson Michael G. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate the outcome of thermokeratoplasty
for treatment of ulcerative keratitis and bullous
keratopathy secondary to corneal endothelial disease
in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—13 dogs.

Procedures—Medical records from 1994 to 2001 for
dogs evaluated because of ulcerative keratitis and
bullous keratopathy and treated with thermokeratoplasty
were reviewed.

Results—There were 7 spayed females, 5 castrated
males, and 1 sexually intact male, ranging from 6 to
16 years of age. Ten dogs had endothelial degeneration,
and 3 dogs had breed-related endothelial dystrophy.
All dogs had bullous keratopathy, characterized
by microbullae formation that was detected via biomicroscopy.
Recurrent or nonhealing corneal ulcers
were detected unilaterally in 5 dogs and bilaterally in
8 dogs. Mean ± SD duration from thermokeratoplasty
until ulcerations were healed for all dogs was 2.2 ±
1.1 weeks. All dogs that underwent thermokeratoplasty
for nonhealing corneal ulceration secondary to
endothelial disease and corneal edema had epithelial
wound healing and resolution of corneal ulceration.
Mean duration of treatment (ie, topical treatment
required until resolution of ulceration) was significantly
less after thermokeratoplasty than duration of
treatment (with multiple treatments) prior to referral.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—It may be
necessary to perform thermokeratoplasty of the
entire cornea to prevent recurrence of ulcerations
in areas that have not been treated with thermokeratoplasty.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:
607–612)