bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene Expression Signatures Predict Outcome in Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Carcinoma: A Multicenter Validation Study
Authors: Dyrskjøt Lars , Zieger Karsten , Real Francisco X. , Malats Núria , Carrato Alfredo , Hurst Carolyn , Kotwal Sanjeev , Knowles Margaret , Malmström Per-Uno , de la Torre Manuel , Wester Kenneth , Allory Yves , Vordos Dimitri , Caillault Aurélie , Radvanyi François , Hein Anne-Mette K. , Jensen Jens L. , Jensen Klaus M.E. , Marcussen Niels , Ørntoft Torben F. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Clinically useful molecular markers predicting the clinical course of patients diagnosed with non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer are needed to improve treatment outcome. Here, we validated four previously reported gene expression signatures for molecular diagnosis of disease stage and carcinoma in situ (CIS) and for predicting disease recurrence and progression.
Experimental Design: We analyzed tumors from 404 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer in hospitals in Denmark, Sweden, England, Spain, and France using custom microarrays. Molecular classifications were compared with pathologic diagnosis and clinical outcome.
Results: Classification of disease stage using a 52-gene classifier was found to be highly significantly correlated with pathologic stage (P &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, the classifier added information regarding disease progression of Ta or T1 tumors (P &lt; 0.001). The molecular 88-gene progression classifier was highly significantly correlated with progression-free survival (P &lt; 0.001) and cancer-specific survival (P = 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed the progression classifier to be an independently significant variable associated with disease progression after adjustment for age, sex, stage, grade, and treatment (hazard ratio, 2.3; P = 0.007). The diagnosis of CIS using a 68-gene classifier showed a highly significant correlation with histopathologic CIS diagnosis (odds ratio, 5.8; P &lt; 0.001) in multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Conclusion: This multicenter validation study confirms in an independent series the clinical utility of molecular classifiers to predict the outcome of patients initially diagnosed with non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer. This information may be useful to better guide patient treatment.
Therapeutic Implications of Leukemia Stem Cell Development
Authors: Stubbs Matthew C. , Armstrong Scott A. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Acute myelogenous leukemias, and perhaps many other cancers, are maintained by a population of cancer stem cells that can regenerate themselves as well as give rise to more differentiated and less proliferative cells that constitute the bulk of the disease. Recent discoveries have shed light on both the nature of leukemia stem cells (LSC) and their cells of origin. Here, we review which hematopoietic cells could give rise to LSC, and the phenotype of fully developed LSC. The perturbed developmental pathways and cellular context of LSC development have implications for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
Characterization of the CCL21-mediated melanoma-specific immune responses and in situ melanoma eradication
Authors: Novak Laura , Igoucheva Olga , Cho Stephanie , Alexeev Vitali 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that secondary lymphoid chemokine, CCL21, can be used for modulation of tumor-specific immune responses. Here, using B16F0 melanoma cells stably expressing CCL21 under the control of cytomegalovirus and ubiquitin promoters, we showed that CCL21-activated immune responses depend on the amount of melanoma-derived chemokine, which, in turn, depends on the strength of the promoter. We showed that ubiquitin promoter–driven expression of CCL21 enabled massive infiltration of tumors with CD4+CD25−, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and CD11c+ dendritic cells, and consequent activation of cellular and humoral immune responses sufficient for complete rejection of CCL21-positive melanomas within 3 weeks in all tumor-inoculated mice. Mice that rejected CCL21-positive tumors acquired protective immunity against melanoma, which was transferable to naive mice via splenocytes and central memory T cells. Moreover, melanoma-derived CCL21 facilitated immune-mediated remission of preestablished, distant wild-type melanomas. Overall, these results suggest that elevated levels of tumor-derived CCL21 are required for the activation of strong melanoma-specific immune responses and generation of protective immunologic memory. They also open new perspectives for the development of novel vaccination strategies against melanoma, which use intratumoral delivery of the optimized CCL21-encoding vectors in conjunction with DNA-based vaccines. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(6):1–10]
Gaia, God, and the Internet: The History of Evolution and the Utopia of Community in Media Society
Authors: Krüger Oliver 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe question of religious content in the media has occupied many scholars studying the relationship between media and religion. However, the study of recent religious thought offers a promising perspective for the analysis of the cultural perceptions of various media technologies. After the Internet first appeared in American households in the middle of the 1990s, a variety of religious or spiritual interpretations of the new medium emerged. The far-reaching ideas see the Internet as the first step of the realisation of a divine entity consisting of the collective human mind. In this vision, the emergence of the Internet is considered to be part of a teleological evolutionary model. Essential for the religious and evolutionary construction of the Internet is an incorporation of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's model of evolution — especially the idea of the noosphere, and its adoption in media theory by Marshall McLuhan. The connections of these ideas to James Lovelock's Gaia theory illustrate the notion of the Internet as an organic entity. The article outlines the processes of the reception of religious and evolutionary ideas which led to the recent interpretations of the Internet as a divine sphere.
The Ontological Argument of Diogenes of Babylon
Authors: Papazian Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn argument for the existence of gods given by the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon and reported by Sextus Empiricus appears to be an ancient version of the ontological argument. In this paper I present a new reconstruction of Diogenes' argument that differs in certain important respects from the reconstruction presented by Jacques Brunschwig. I argue that my reconstruction makes better sense of how Diogenes' argument emerged as a response to an attack on an earlier Stoic argument presented by Zeno of Citium. Diogenes' argument as reconstructed here is an example of a modal ontological argument that makes use of the concept of being of such a nature as to exist. I argue that this concept is a modal concept that is based on the Philonian definition of possibility, and thus that Diogenes' argument is a source of important evidence about the use of non-Stoic modalities in the post-Chrysippean Stoa. I conclude by arguing that the objections made against considering Diogenes' argument as ontological are unfounded and that Diogenes' argument clearly resembles modern versions of modal ontological arguments.
Averroes, Thomas Aquinas and Giles of Rome on How is Man Understands
Authors: Conolly Brian Francis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGiles of Rome, in his early treatise, De plurificatione possibilis intellectus, criticizes the arguments of Thomas Aquinas against the Averroist doctrine of the uniqueness of the possible intellect on the grounds that Aquinas does not fully appreciate the distinction between material and intentional forms and the differences in how these forms are generated. Nevertheless, like Aquinas, he argues that Averroes' doctrine still results in the apparently absurd consequence that homo non intelligit, i.e., the individual, particular man, this man, does not understand. Giles, however, attempts to respond to certain "radical" Averroists, who, in a bold and clever maneuver, affirm that homo non intelligit. While Giles does effectively argue that homo non intelligit is not the opinion of Averroes, he is unable to demonstrate the absurdity of homo non intelligit in a manner that would be convincing to the Averroists. This is because Giles, like Aquinas, maintains that the intellect is a power of the soul, and thus has a different conception of the relation between body and intellect than do the Averroists, who emphasize the separateness of the intellect.
Albert the Great and the Revival of Aristotle's Zoological Research Program
Authors: Tkacz Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough Aristotle's zoological works were known in antiquity and during the early medieval period, the scientific research program discussed and exemplified therein disappeared after Theophrastus. After some fifteen hundred years, it reappears in the work of Albert the Great who extensively explains Aristotle's conception of a scientific research program and extends Aristotle's zoological researches. Evidence of Albert's Aristotelian commentaries shows that he clearly understood animals to represent a self-contained subject-genus, that the study of this subject-genus constitutes theoretical knowledge in an Aristotelian sense, that natural finality and suppositional necessity provide principles of zoological science, and that research into animals must be conducted according to a two-staged methodology of division and demonstration.
Introduction. Out Of Africa?
Authors: Palmié Stephan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis introductory essay focuses on the epistemological questions involved in qualifying religious phenomena as 'African', whether on the African continent itself or elsewhere. Taking its departure from the fact that the very term 'Africa' is heteronymic in origin, it argues for a perspective that treats 'Africa' and 'Africanness' not as ontological givens, but as problems to be empirically investigated in regard to both the historical forces and discursive formations that lastingly 'Africanized' the continent and its inhabitants, and in regard to the various strategies by which actors both on the continent and outside of it have turned contextually specific notions of 'Africanity' into socially salient predicates of their strategies of identification.
Governing Man-Gods: Spiritism and the Struggle for Progress in Republican Cuba
Authors: Román Reinaldo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article explores the contrasting careers of two Spiritist healers, one Spanish-born and the other Afro-Cuban. It suggests that the prosecution of the black man-god (Hilario Mustelier) and the public celebration of the ministry of the Spaniard (Juan Manso) attest to the consolidation of a political rationality burgeoning in Cuba at the turn of the twentieth century. Under this regime, government officials and journalists sought to alter the conditions that gave rise to 'fanaticism' to promote the modernization of the nascent republic. Following a discussion of the notions of race and culture underpinning Cuban discourses of progress, the article offers a critique of the scholarly literature dealing with Afro-Cuban religions and syncretism.
On Leaving and Joining Africanness Through Religion: The 'Black Caribs' Across Multiple Diasporic Horizons
Authors: Johnson Paul Christopher 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGarifuna religion is derived from a confluence of Amerindian, African and European antecedents. For the Garifuna in Central America, the spatial focus of authentic religious practice has for over two centuries been that of their former homeland and site of ethnogenesis, the island of St Vincent. It is from St Vincent that the ancestors return, through spirit possession, to join with their living descendants in ritual events. During the last generation, about a third of the population migrated to the US, especially to New York City. This departure created a new diasporic horizon, as the Central American villages left behind now acquired their own aura of ancestral fidelity and religious power. Yet New-York-based Garifuna are now giving attention to the African components of their story of origin, to a degree that has not occurred in homeland villages of Honduras. This essay considers the notion of 'leaving' and 'joining' the African diaspora by examining religious components of Garifuna social formation on St Vincent, the deportation to Central America, and contemporary processes of Africanization being initiated in New York.
Circulation Regimes due to Attractor Merging in Atmospheric Models
Authors: Sempf Mario , Dethloff Klaus , Handorf Dörthe , Kurgansky Michael V. 
Published: June 2007

From a dynamical systems theory perspective, the mechanisms of atmospheric regime behavior in a barotropic model, a pseudobarotropic model, and a baroclinic three-level model, where all of them show quite realistic regimes, are unveiled. Along with this, the role played by multiple equilibria for the emergence of regimes in barotropic models is critically reexamined. In the barotropic model, a sequence of bifurcations is observed, which leads to the merging of coexisting attractors and results in two pronounced regimes corresponding to high- and low-index flow. The pseudobarotropic model is constructed from the three-level model by introducing a strong internal friction between the levels and switching off the interfacial diabatic forcing, and it has essentially the same bifurcation properties and regimes as the truly barotropic model. A continuous metamorphosis between the pseudobarotropic and the original baroclinic three-level model is accomplished by a linear interpolation of parameters and forcing fields between these two models. Both local and global bifurcations occurring during this transition to baroclinicity are analyzed in detail, yielding two main results. First, almost all of the multiple steady states of the pseudobarotropic model owe their existence merely to the fact that the surface friction has generally to be chosen unphysically weak in barotropic models in order to obtain chaotic behavior. Second, the circulation regimes in both the pseudobarotropic model and the baroclinic three-level model are proven to emerge from the unification of multiple attractors, which coexist at intermediate strength of baroclinicity and correspond to low- or high-index flow configurations, respectively.
The Interaction of Katabatic Flow and Mountain Waves. Part II: Case Study Analysis and Conceptual Model
Authors: Poulos Gregory S. , Bossert James E. , McKee Thomas B. , Pielke Roger A. 
Published: June 2007

Via numerical analysis of detailed simulations of an early September 1993 case night, the authors develop a conceptual model of the interaction of katabatic flow in the nocturnal boundary layer with mountain waves (MKI). A companion paper (Part I) describes the synoptic and mesoscale observations of the case night from the Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain (ASCOT) experiment and idealized numerical simulations that manifest components of the conceptual model of MKI presented herein. The reader is also referred to Part I for detailed scientific background and motivation. The interaction of these phenomena is complicated and nonlinear since the amplitude, wavelength, and vertical structure of the mountain-wave system developed by flow over the barrier owes some portion of its morphology to the evolving atmospheric stability in which the drainage flows develop. Simultaneously, katabatic flows are impacted by the topographically induced gravity wave evolution, which may include significantly changing wavelength, amplitude, flow magnitude, and wave breaking behavior. In addition to effects caused by turbulence (including scouring), perturbations to the leeside gravity wave structure at altitudes physically distant from the surface-based katabatic flow layer can be reflected in the katabatic flow by transmission through the atmospheric column. The simulations show that the evolution of atmospheric structure aloft can create local variability in the surface pressure gradient force governing katabatic flow. Variability is found to occur on two scales, on the meso-β due to evolution of the mountain-wave system on the order of one hour, and on the microscale due to rapid wave evolution (short wavelength) and wave breaking–induced fluctuations. It is proposed that the MKI mechanism explains a portion of the variability in observational records of katabatic flow.
A Three-Dimensional Wave-Activity Relation for Pseudomomentum
Authors: Ran Lingkun , Gao Shouting 
Published: June 2007

A three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic local wave-activity relation for pseudomomentum is derived from the nonhydrostatic primitive equations in Cartesian coordinates by using an extension of the momentum–Casimir method. The stationary and zonally symmetric basic states are chosen and a Casimir function, which is the single-valued function of potential vorticity and potential temperature, is introduced in the derivation. The wave-activity density and wave-activity flux of the local wave-activity relation for pseudomomentum are expressed entirely in terms of Eulerian quantities so that they are easily calculated with atmospheric data and do not require the knowledge of particle placements. Constructed in the ageostrophic and nonhydrostatic dynamical framework, the local wave-activity relation for pseudomomentum is applicable to diagnosing the evolution and propagation of mesoscale weather systems.
An Evaluation of Microphysics Fields from Mesoscale Model Simulations of Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Comparisons with Observations
Authors: Rogers Robert F. , Black Michael L. , Chen Shuyi S. , Black Robert A. 
Published: June 2007

This study presents a framework for comparing hydrometeor and vertical velocity fields from mesoscale model simulations of tropical cyclones with observations of these fields from a variety of platforms. The framework is based on the Yuter and Houze constant frequency by altitude diagram (CFAD) technique, along with a new hurricane partitioning technique, to compare the statistics of vertical motion and reflectivity fields and hydrometeor concentrations from two datasets: one consisting of airborne radar retrievals and microphysical probe measurements collected from tropical cyclone aircraft flights over many years, and another consisting of cloud-scale (1.67-km grid length) tropical cyclone simulations using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). Such comparisons of the microphysics fields can identify biases in the simulations that may lead to an identification of deficiencies in the modeling system, such as the formulation of various physical parameterization schemes used in the model. Improvements in these schemes may potentially lead to better forecasts of tropical cyclone intensity and rainfall. In Part I of this study, the evaluation framework is demonstrated by comparing the radar retrievals and probe measurements to MM5 simulations of Hurricanes Bonnie (1998) and Floyd (1999). Comparisons of the statistics from the two datasets show that the model reproduces many of the gross features seen in the observations, though notable differences are evident. The general distribution of vertical motion is similar between the observations and simulations, with the strongest up- and downdrafts making up a small percentage of the overall population in both datasets, but the magnitudes of vertical motion are weaker in the simulations. The model-derived reflectivities are much higher than observed, and correlations between vertical motion and hydrometeor concentration and reflectivity show a much stronger relationship in the model than what is observed. Possible errors in the data processing are discussed as potential sources of differences between the observed and simulated datasets in Part I. In Part II, attention will be focused on using the evaluation framework to investigate the role that different model configurations (i.e., different resolutions and physical parameterizations) play in producing different microphysics fields in the simulation of Hurricane Bonnie. The microphysical and planetary boundary layer parameterization schemes, as well as higher horizontal and vertical resolutions, will be tested in the simulation to identify the extent to which changes in these schemes are reflected in improvements of the statistical comparisons with the observations.
Multiscale Organization of Convection Simulated with Explicit Cloud Processes on an Aquaplanet
Authors: Nasuno Tomoe , Tomita Hirofumi , Iga Shinichi , Miura Hiroaki , Satoh Masaki 
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the multiscale organization of tropical convection on an aquaplanet in a model experiment with a horizontal mesh size of 3.5 km (for a 10-day simulation) and 7 km (for a 40-day simulation). The numerical experiment used the nonhydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model (NICAM) with explicit cloud physics. The simulation realistically reproduced multiscale cloud systems: eastward-propagating super cloud clusters (SCCs) contained westward-propagating cloud clusters (CCs). SCCs (CCs) had zonal sizes of several thousand (hundred) kilometers; typical propagation speed was 17 (10) m s−1. Smaller convective structures such as mesoscale cloud systems (MCs) of O(10 km) and cloud-scale elements (<10 km) were reproduced. A squall-type cluster with high cloud top (z > 16 km) of O(100 km) area was also reproduced. Planetary-scale equatorial waves (with wavelengths of 10 000 and 40 000 km) had a major influence on the eastward propagation of the simulated SCC; destabilization east of the SCC facilitated generation of new CCs at the eastern end of the SCC. Large-scale divergence fields associated with the waves enhanced the growth of deep clouds in the CCs. A case study of a typical SCC showed that the primary mechanism forcing westward propagation varies with the life stages of the CCs or with vertical profiles of zonal wind. Cold pools and synoptic-scale waves both affected CC organization. Cloud-scale elements systematically formed along the edges of cold pools to sustain simulated MCs. The location, movement, and duration of the MCs varied with the large-scale conditions.
A New Characterization of Rain and Clouds: Results from a Statistical Inversion of Count Data
Authors: Jameson A. R. 
Published: June 2007

Most variables in meteorology are statistically heterogeneous. The statistics of data from several different locations, then, can be thought of as an amalgamation of information contained in several contributing probability density functions (PDFs) having different sets of parameters, different parametric forms, and different mean values. The frequency distribution of such data, then, will often be multimodal. Usually, however, in order to achieve better sampling, measurements of these variables over an entire set of data gathered at widely disparate locations are processed as though the data were statistically homogeneous, that is, as though they were fully characterized by just one PDF and one single set of parameters having one mean value. Is there, instead, a better way of treating the data in a manner that is consistent with this statistical heterogeneity? This question is addressed here using a statistical inversion technique developed by Tarantola based upon Bayesian methodology. Two examples of disdrometer measurements in real rain, one 16 h and the other 3 min long, reveal the presence of multiple mean values of the counts at all the different drop sizes. In both cases the heterogeneous rain can be decomposed into five–seven statistically homogeneous components, each characterized by its own steady drop size distribution. Concepts such as stratiform versus convective rain can be given more precise meaning in terms of the contributions each component makes to the rain. Furthermore, this discovery permits the explicit inclusion of statistical heterogeneity into some analytic theories.