bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women, minorities make advances in science and engineering higher education
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

While the number of U.S. women and underrepresented minority group members earning baccalaureate to doctoral degrees in science and engineering (S&E) fields rose significantly from 1985 to 1995, the representation of these groups still remains below their representation in the U.S. population of 18‐to 30‐year‐olds, according to a recent data brief issued by the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Science Resources Studies. In the study, “underrepresented” minorities include African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans.The number of women receiving S&E bachelor's degrees increased by 36% (from 129,000 to 176,000) to equal 46% of all S&E bachelor's degrees awarded. During that same time period, the number of underrepresented racial and ethnic minority recipients of S&E bachelor's degrees increased by 62% (from 32,000 to 52,000), and accounted for 13.5% of all S&E bachelor's degrees awarded.
Holocene Antarctic's coastal environment, ice sheet, and sea levels explored
Authors: Goodwin I. , Berkman P. , Hjort C. , Hirakawa K. 
Published: October 2006

Efforts are in the works to resolve a several‐decade‐long debate over the size and extent of the Antarctic ice sheet and its role in sea levels during the last glacial cycle. Researchers also want to find out more about the nature of environmental changes around the Antarctic coast throughout the Holocene, the sensitivity of the ice sheet to warm periods, and the significance of pre‐Holocene marine fossils there.Scientists concerned with these issues presented their research priorities last fall at an Antarctic ice margin evolution (ANTIME) workshop, “Circum‐Antarctic Coastal Environmental Variability and Sea Level History During the Late Quaternary.” These workshop participants included coastal and glacial geomorphologists, geochemists, and paleoecologists.
Book about Earth's magnetotail wins award
Authors: White Catherine 
Published: October 2006

A book published by AGU in 1998 has received the Association of American Publishers/Scholarly Publishing Division's award for best book in the physics and astronomy category. The book, New Perspectives on the Earth's Magnetotail, records the great achievements in magnetotail physics over the past decade.The book was judged on both its scientific merits and relevance to society.The award‐winning volume, which drew much from the new information obtained by the GEOTAIL mission, provides first‐hand information on the generation mechanisms for energetic particles. By revealing many of the basic properties of the plasma that fills the universe from the solar system to distant galaxies, it provides a basis for understanding cosmic processes.
Comment [on “Norwegians led the way in training wartime weather officers”]
Authors: McPeak William 
Published: October 2006

With such a rarity of historical pieces dealing with the atmospheric sciences, Sheldon Levin's article (Eos, December 30, 1997) recalling the wartime weather school at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) was most welcomed. For further perspective's sake, I wish to point out a few discrepancies in the article as well as some background information.Jacob Bjerknes, Jorgen Holmboe,and Harald Sverdrup were all disciples of Jacob's father's (Vilhelm Bjerknes) seminal dynamic/synoptic meteorology work (the so called Bergen School) in Norway early in the century. Sverdrup was among the first students—followed by Jacob, then Holmboe. Joseph Kaplan of UCLA actively recruited Jacob, whose offer from Berkeley was from the geography department rather than the geology department.
Fewer USGS Streamgaging Stations could pose problems for flood forecasting, Report cautions
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Although the risk of flooding along rivers has not decreased in the United States over the past several decades, the number of stations in the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) streamgaging network has dropped significantly during that same time period, according to a new report by the agency to Congress, “A New Evaluation of the USGS Streamgaging Network.”The decline in streamgaging stations also is affecting the ability to forecast long‐term changes and determine water quality, the report states.
Pangaea theory wins out
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Iliana Jäätmaa may not fully understand how plate tectonics work. But the eighth grader at Walkersville Middle School in Walkersville, Maryland,created an award‐winning desktop model of Pangaea that works by strings, levers, rubber bands, and other basic items.The “simple elegance” of plywood cutout land masses gliding atop a 32″×20″ board, with the help of 2 C‐size batteries, earned her top honors in the group of 6th to 9th graders in this year's Duracell/National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) scholarship competition. For her creation, “Pangaea, A World in Motion,” she also received a $20,000 U.S.savings bond.
Remote sensing may provide unprecedented hydrological data
Authors: Koster Randal D. , Houser Paul R. , Engman Edwin T. , Kustas William P. 
Published: October 2006

Basic hydrological research and water resources management may reap tremendous benefits from remote sensing technology, studies are showing. Satellite coverage may allow unprecedented accuracy in the quantification of the global hydrological cycle, for example.Yet despite such benefits, few hydrologists currently use such data.This is partly because the needed tools and algorithms are not fully developed. Such development requires field experiments that combine remotely sensed data with detailed in situ observations.
Stumm and Morgan receive 1999 Stockholm water prize
Authors: Grant Shermonta L. 
Published: October 2006

At a March 22 press conference in Stockholm, the Stockholm Water Foundation announced that Professors Werner Stumm and James J. Morgan will be awarded the 1999 Stockholm Water Prize. The aquatic chemists will share this distinguished prize of $150,000, which recognizes an individual, organization, or institution that makes a sizable contribution to water resources.The scientists were chosen for their extensive research accomplishments in the discipline, which have improved the understanding of processes in the water environment and have led to the production of better methods for treating wastewater and drinking water throughout the world. Both scientists established aquatic chemistry as a primary discipline for many colleagues, including limnologists, ecologists, and oceanographers. They also coauthored a book titled Aquatic Chemistry, which is a renowned reference for professionals and students throughout the scientific community.
Improved resource management turns a southern U.S. city into a model for sustainability
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The Southside still looks rundown. But as one heads north to the 1400 block on Market Street, a fleet of electric and hybrid buses next door to the Chattanooga Choo Choo hotel waits to ferry passengers downtown past the solar‐paneled Tennessee Valley Authority office building. That structure, along with the world's largest freshwater aquarium—awash in visitors since 1992—and a riverwalk that each year stretches further along the banks of the oncefilthy Tennessee River are among the signs, symbols, and brick and mortar of urban renewal, much of which has retained the historic texture of Chattanooga, Tennessee.One senses that something is happening in this place.
Input needed for Workshop on Mineral and Rock Physics
Authors: Navrotsky Alexandra 
Published: October 2006

A workshop is being organized to summarize progress and opportunities in mineral and rock physics, and the scientific community is being asked for input. The workshop itself will be limited to 20 invited participants but will generate a report identifying recent major accomplishments in the field, major opportunities and challenges for research in the next decade, and facility instrumentation, human resources, and education needs. Comments from all mineral and rock physicists and Earth scientists in general are welcome.The rapidly evolving field has emerged over the last 20 years as an exciting interdisciplinary area of Earth science. Sometimes also called physics and chemistry of Earth materials, this general area encompasses the application of the molecular‐level concepts and experimental and theoretical techniques of chemistry and physics to materials and problems relevant to geology. Its unifying viewpoint is the question, “Why and how, at the level of atoms and their interactions, do geologic processes occur?” Though mineral physics arose largely through interest about and application to the Earth's mantle and core, its fundamental approach is much broader and has relevance to the Earth from surface to core, to current environmental problems as well as to planetary evolution, and to other planetary bodies.
James R. Wait (1924–1998)
Authors: Hill David A. 
Published: October 2006

James (Jim) R.Wait, a pioneer in electromagnetic theory and applications to geophysical exploration, died of cancer in Tucson, Arizona, on October 1, 1998. At 74, he was still very active and innovative in electromagnetics as Regents Professor Emeritus, University of Arizona, and as a consultant in electrical geophysics. He is survived by his wife, Gertrude; his son, George; his daughter, Laura; and three grandchildren, James, Carolyn, and Connor.Jim was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on January 23, 1924. He obtained B.A.Sc.and M.A.Sc. degrees in 1948 and 1949, respectively and his Ph.D. degree in 1951, in electrical engineering, all from the University of Toronto. He obtained his “T” in skiing and remained an avid skier all his life. Jim stayed in great shape and always found time to work out despite his busy schedule. I still remember the business trip where Jim and I ran laps around the parking lot of a Holiday Inn for his daily workout.
From Magma to Tephra (Developments in Volcanology 4)
Authors: Hughes Simon 
Published: October 2006

Volcanology is a rapidly evolving science that has recently received a high media profile through Hollywood movies and television coverage of Montserrat in the West Indies and the Mexican volcanoes of Colima and Popocatépetl. One of the movies and all three of the real‐life eruptions involve volcanoes that are subject to sudden, explosive eruptions that can cause many hazards.In the region of the volcanic vent, high altitude eruption columns that resemble the mushroom cloud of an atomic blast can repeatedly disrupt regional air traffic. Within several kilometers of the volcanic edifice, fallout from the eruption can destroy roofs and hinder access while hot and ash‐laden pyroclastic density currents can lay to waste any population centers that are encountered in their paths. Such events have claimed thousands of lives in this century alone. Over time, the potential also exists for economic disruption and, on a global scale, climatic change.
Numerical Methods in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling: The Andre J. Robert Memorial Volume
Authors: Rosmond Tom 
Published: October 2006

Most people, even including some in the scientific community, do not realize how much the weather forecasts they use to guide the activities of their daily lives depend on very complex mathematics and numerical methods that are the basis of modern numerical weather prediction (NWP). André Robert (1929–1993), to whom Numerical Methods in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling is dedicated, had a career that contributed greatly to the growth of NWP and the role that the atmospheric computer models of NWP play in our society. There are probably no NWP models running anywhere in the world today that do not use numerical methods introduced by Robert, and those of us who work with and use these models everyday are indebted to him.The first two chapters of the volume are chronicles of Robert's life and career. The first is a 1987 interview by Harold Ritchie, one of Robert's many proteges and colleagues at the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service. The interview traces Robert's life from his birth in New York to French Canadian parents, to his emigration to Quebec at an early age, his education and early employment, and his rise in stature as one of the preeminent research meteorologists of our time. An amusing anecdote he relates is his impression of weather forecasts while he was considering his first job as a meteorologist in the early 1950s. A newspaper of the time placed the weather forecast and daily horoscope side by side, and Robert regarded each to have a similar scientific basis. Thankfully he soon realized there was a difference between the two, and his subsequent career certainly confirmed the distinction.
Project offers funding applicants education, public outreach help
Authors: Johnson Roberta M. 
Published: October 2006

The Windows to the Universe project (http://www.windows.umich.edu) offers principal investigators developing proposals for funding from NASA, the National Science Foundation, and other agencies a high leverage vehicle for education and public outreach efforts associated with their proposals. With a rapidly growing audience of over 300,000 users per month (as of February 1999), approximately one third in the K‐12 sector, the Windows to the Universe project provides investigators an instant, large‐scale, global audience.The approximately 4800 interconnected html documents developed by the project over the past 4 years (including an emphasis on Sun‐Earth connections through its “Space Weather Today” section) provide a substantial body of content, as well as a proven user‐friendly interface, that can be immediately utilized to avoid duplication of effort and provide efficient use of education and public outreach funds. The Windows to the Universe project also includes teacher workshops, evaluation, and dissemination.
Satellite radar images capture a subglacial volcanic eruption in Iceland
Authors: Garvin James B. , Mahmood Ahmed , Giguere Christine 
Published: October 2006

What are believed to be the first satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of a sub‐glacial eruption have been captured by the Canadian Space Agency's RADARSAT at the Grimsvotn volcano in Iceland. The high‐resolution images were made in late November 1998 before the eruption, in late December 1998 during the eruption, and in mid‐January 1999 after the eruption (Figure 1), all in spite of persistent cloud cover and darkness.The subglacial eruption, centered within Grimsvotn volcano, occurred between December 18 and 28, 1998. It began at the southern rim of the caldera, in the west‐central region of the Vatnajokull ice cap glacier, the largest in Europe with a total area of ∼8300 km2. During the eruption's early stages, five craters were active along an eruptive fissure, extending east‐west along the southern caldera rim.
Bird's eye view of Shishaldin Eruption
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

As the Reeve Aleutian Airways' 727 banked sharply from its destination of the town of Adak in Alaska's Aleutian arc for an abort to the Cold Harbor airport at about 11:50 a.m. local Alaska time on April 19, the pilot of the local passenger carrier announced over the loudspeaker, “We have a unique opportunity here to see something we don't see very often.”Out the left side of the plane, passengers including John Power, seated toward the back along an aisle, momentarily glimpsed a spreading volcanic ash plume billowing from the 2,857 m high Shishaldin volcano just 100 km to the west. The pilot took evasive action to avoid ingesting potentially damaging ash into the plane's engines.
Even more interdisciplinary future lies ahead for ocean chemistry
Authors: Mayer Larry , Druffel Ellen , Bender Mike , Boyle Ed , Jahnke Rick , Jenkins Bill , Lee Cindy , Luther George , Moore Billy 
Published: October 2006

Ocean chemistry is among the most interdisciplinary of marine sciences, but even greater linkage to other oceanographic and materials science disciplines is recommended in a new report by the chemical oceanography community. The field has advanced dramatically during the past 20 years and is poised to make fundamental new contributions in the coming decades, the report emphasizes.Chemical and biogeochemical processes in the ocean have profound implications for atmospheric chemistry ocean biology, and (via hydrothermal processes) the evolution of the ocean crust. Chemical tracer studies underlie much of our understanding of ocean circulation, while the chemical and isotopic composition of microfossils provides a record of past ocean circulation, temperature, and climate. Chemical processes in the marine realm thus have a profound impact on key aspects of the environment while providing the tools to study other fundamental oceanic processes.
Landsat 7 returns first images
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Landsat 7, launched on April 15, is the latest in a series of U.S. satellites first launched in 1972, and promises to extend the longest continual remote sensing record of the Earth's continental surfaces and near coastal regions available for civilian usage.While Landsat 7 is not yet in its final orbital position or collecting data for a global archive, several early images have been taken, including the image pictured here of a section of the Tennessee Valley in the southeastern United States.
German Geophysical Society preserves history
Authors: Schröder Wilfried 
Published: October 2006

The German Geophysical Society includes a very active History Commission, founded in 1982, and the society has been publishing the journal Mitteilungen des Arbeitskreises (Communications of the Commission) since then. Mitteilungen is a discussion forum for the history and philosophy of science and especially the geosciences and related disciplines.A recent issue of the journal,Volume 18, From Newton to Einstein: Festschrift for Professor Treder on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, honored Hans‐Jurgen Treder, a leading researcher on Einstein's life and work, with papers from authors around the world. Treder, who is president of the History Commission, was, for a long time, leader of the Cosmic Physics Research Commission of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin and director of the Einstein Laboratory for Theoretical Physics.
Scientists debate origin of Earth and Moon
Authors: Halliday Alex N. , Drake Michael J. 
Published: October 2006

The big questions of how the Earth and Moon formed and first developed have, for many years, been at the borderline of tractability because of what appears to be an almost complete obliteration of any physical, chemical, or isotopic record of the first 500 million years of Earth history. We do know that in the first 200 million years the Earth acquired a core, a mantle, perhaps a primitive crust, and a hydrosphere and an atmosphere. It also became patently clear in the mid‐1980s that the origins of the Earth and its Moon were inextricably intertwined.Recently, various unrelated research efforts have provided exciting new lines of evidence that bear directly on these issues. The breakthroughs have come mainly with advances in simulations of the dynamics of planetary accretion, isotopic chronometers for the timescales of early solar system processes, noble gas constraints on the formation of the atmosphere, and melting experiments at previously unattainable pressures and temperatures. With this backdrop, scientists met last December to discuss their findings at a conference on “The Origin of the Earth and the Moon,” organized by the Geochemical Society and the Lunar and Planetary Institute.
New NRC report calls for improved U.S. climate modeling strategy
Authors: Karl Tom , Schultz Peter 
Published: October 2006

A coordinated national strategy in the United States for climate modeling is essential, states a recent report by the Climate Research Committee (CRC) of the National Research Council. The report draws a number of significant conclusions regarding the state of the country's high‐end climate modeling, and, in conjunction with better coordination, addresses resource availability and the prioritization of advanced modeling.The CRC report contains two major findings. First, although individual federal agencies may have established well‐defined priorities for climate modeling research, no integrated national strategy exists to focus U.S. climate modeling efforts. These efforts include the broad objectives of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), the needs for comprehensive contributions to the science base of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, and the wide‐ranging needs of the scientific community No coordinated mechanism exists for prioritizing these needs or ensuring that these priorities are adequately addressed.
Reply: U.N. should have sought expert advice
Authors: Campbell Wallace H. , Geller Robert J. 
Published: October 2006

Let us first consider points raised by Freund.Campbell is a physicist. His area of specialization for the last 41 years has been geomagnetism, not seismology He did consult and reference respected seismologists in preparing his Eos article [Campbell, 1998]. The co‐author of this reply, Geller, is a seismologist who has extensively studied proposed earthquake prediction methods [e.g., Geller, 1997].
GRL is wetter than you think
Authors: Eltahir Elfatih A. B. 
Published: October 2006

A council that includes the heads of 12 United States federal agencies involved in funding ocean research or developing ocean research policy has called for the establishment of a national integrated and sustained ocean observing system.Officials said the system should integrate new tools to monitor changes in the oceans' physical, biological, and chemical systems with the many already‐existing satellite and in situ observing elements. The system, they said, could improve long‐term climate forecasts, increase understanding of long and short‐term ocean phenomena, and help to answer some key questions concerning global warming.
New shoreline map‐drawing data available
Authors: Feistel Rainer 
Published: October 2006

A new shoreline database for making geophysical maps is now available to software developers and should expedite the map‐drawing process considerably. The new database, known as Regionally Accessible Nested Global Shorelines (RANGS), attempts to combine the best of the two sets of data most often used in recent years. It follows its forerunners, World Vector Shoreline (WVS) and global self‐consistent hierarchical high‐resolution shorelines (GSHHS),in providing coastline information for computing geophysical maps.Software tools for such maps often require such information, and many make use of WVS data, originally issued by the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency in 1988. WVS data are organized in 1°×1° cells covering the entire globe and depicting either only water or only land or coastlines.
Henry (Hank) J. Moore (1928–1998)
Authors: Thompson Thomas W. 
Published: October 2006

Henry (Hank) J. Moore, a member of the AGU Planetary Sciences section, died of a heart attack on September 21, 1998. He was in Utah while on a family trip to visit his daughter. His 70th birthday occurred just 3 weeks before his death. Henry, who was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, took great pride in having found and visited the small town of Albuquerque in the Extremadura region of Spain, noting the geologic similarities between that part of Spain and his birthplace in America.Henry, known for his contributions to the Apollo,Viking, Magellan, and Mars Pathfinder missions, attributed his career to a chance encounter with Gene Shoemaker in 1960. Henry was completing his Ph.D. work in geology at Stanford University and Gene obviously had spotted Henry's keen analytical mind. I suspect this pivotal meeting was far from a chance encounter.