bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collective Marketing Arrangements for Geographically Differentiated Agricultural Products: Welfare Impacts and Policy Implications
Authors: Lence Sergio H. , Marette Stéphan , Hayes Dermot J. , Foster William 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe examine the incentives of atomistic producers to differentiate and collectively market products. We analyze market and welfare effects of alternative producer organizations, discuss circumstances under which they will evolve, and describe implications for the ongoing debate between the EU and the United States. As fixed costs of development and marketing increase and the anticipated market size falls, it becomes essential to increase the producer organization's ability to control supply to cover the fixed costs associated with the introduction of differentiated products. Counterintuitively, stronger property right protection for producer organizations may enhance welfare even after a differentiated product has been developed.
Welfare Impacts of Cross‐Country Spillovers in Agricultural Research
Authors: Lence Sergio H. , Hayes Dermot J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe welfare implications of intellectual property protection (IPP) for private sector agricultural research are analyzed, focusing on the realistic cases where countries provide different IPP levels, technology spills over across countries, and the public sector is involved in research. A model is developed to determine who benefits from, and who should pay for, the associated research. The article contains some interesting results on the implications of a harmonization of IPP policies through multilateral agreements or via technology that allows research firms to prevent the copying of plants and animals that express traits that have emerged from their research.
Price Dynamics in U.S. Grain and Freight Markets
Authors: Yu Tun‐Hsiang (Edward) , Bessler David A. , Fuller Stephen W. 
Published: August 2007

This paper studies the spatial price linkages in U.S. grain and transportation markets using cointegration analysis and algorithms of inductive causation on directed acyclic graphs. Transport costs and prices from alternative transportation modes are considered to provide a relatively comprehensive view of the interaction between grain and freight markets over time. Dynamic relationship among corn prices in selected U.S. markets and freight rates, extending from January 1990 to December 2002, are explored. Results suggest the Mississippi Gulf (lower Mississippi River port area) is the most dominant corn market among evaluated export and domestic markets. Also, grain barge rates on the upper Mississippi/Illinois Rivers influence domestic corn markets in contemporaneous time. In the longer‐run, significant dynamic relationships among prices in domestic and export corn markets and freight rates are observed; perturbations in transportation rates affect the variation in corn prices considerably.Le présent article examine les relations d'arbitrage spatial entre les prix pour les marchés des céréales et du transport aux États‐Unis à l'aide d'une analyse de cointégration et d'algorithmes utilisant la notion de causalité inductive sur des graphiques acycliques orientés. Les coûts et les prix de divers modes de transport sont examinés afin de fournir un tableau assez complet de l'interaction entre le marché des céréales et le marché du fret au fil du temps. Nous avons exploré la relation dynamique entre les prix du maïs sur des marchés états‐uniens sélectionnés et les taux de fret, entre janvier 1990 et décembre 2002. Les résultats indiquent que le golfe du Mississippi (zone portuaire du Mississippi inférieur) est le marché de maïs le plus important parmi les marchés intérieurs et extérieurs évalués. Les frais de transport des céréales par barge sur le cours supérieur du Mississippi et la rivière Illinois influencent les marchés intérieurs du maïs à l'heure actuelle. À long terme, des liens dynamiques importants entre les prix sur les marchés du maïs intérieur et extérieurs et les frais de transport sont observés. Des changements de frais de transport affectent considérablement la variation des prix du maïs.
Potential for Sample Bias Due to NAPL Partitioning
Authors: Soutter Douglas , McBean Edward 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, dichloroethenes, and vinyl chloride are collectively known as chlorinated ethenes. Chlorinated ethenes are some of the most prevalent organic ground water contaminants in North America and may develop large ground water plumes. If areas of free‐phase petroleum are present within the boundaries of a chlorinated ethene plume, consideration must be given to the interpretation of ground water samples due to interactions between chlorinated ethenes and the petroleum. Chlorinated ethene concentrations in ground water samples may be significantly greater than concentrations immediately upgradient of the free‐phase petroleum zone if any of the free‐phase petroleum is entrained in the sample due to turbidity or a sheen/layer of product. This occurs because a significant mass of chlorinated ethenes can partition into the petroleum. The bias due to the entrainment of petroleum in a ground water sample becomes significant if a visible thickness of petroleum or oily sediment occurs in the sample.
Ten Years of Pesticide Monitoring in Norwegian Ground Water
Authors: Haarstad K. , Ludvigsen G. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPesticides in Norwegian ground water have been monitored since 1995. Here, we report data including 2004. The monitoring has focused on shallow ground water near agricultural fields (4 locations), on farm wells (22 locations), and on public waterworks (38 locations) 450 samples were analyzed for a total of 62 pesticide compounds and metabolites, and the result was 514 detections of single compounds. Altogether 27 pesticides and metabolites were detected: 2 insecticides, 9 fungicides, and 16 herbicides. Herbicides were most frequently detected (in 79% of the samples), followed by fungicides (20%) and insecticides (1%). Pesticide concentration was generally low, although high concentrations also occurred, for example, 33 μg/L of metribuzine in shallow ground water near agricultural fields and 20 μg/L of bentazon in a farm well. Some water soluble pesticides occurred both frequently and with relatively high concentrations in shallow ground water near agricultural fields. The results show that local ground water near farms is vulnerable for contamination of pesticides and needs further monitoring. Efforts should be made to minimize contamination of wells in farming areas through education on pesticide use, monitoring, and well positioning. Few pesticides were detected in ground water from waterworks and the concentrations were low. Monitoring of waterworks ended in 2002. The data show that there is a continuous need to monitor pesticides as well as selected metabolites in shallow ground water and wells near agricultural fields in Norway.
The potentially latent dominance of groundwater in ground engineering
Authors: Rowe P.W. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Examples are given of unforeseen damage or difficulties arising during or after construction of buildings, wharves, foundations, tunnels, in-ground storage, pipe lines, and embankments. The underlying potentially latent mechanisms of groundwater are classified into four groups, namely water pressure changes, physical changes, erosion, and affects of earthworks, in order to assist early identification of some of the types of change in ground properties which may be induced by site operations and may lead to damage. It is concluded that otherwise unforeseen damage is more likely to be averted by a greater degree of investigation during construction into the consequences of the construction sequences, method and plant used.
Investigations into the role of groundwater in promoting floor heave in coal mine gateroads
Authors: Hart P.A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

The geological environment of two South Wales collieries at which site investigations were carried out is summarised. This is followed by a review of identified geological parameters and their effects on floor heave under the headings of discontinuities, mineralogy, and groundwater. Methods of underground site investigation, laboratory testing, and data treatment are summarised. The effect of an increase of groundwater content on mechanical parameter values was quantified for laboratory tested rock cores, and
in situ
interbedded strata sections. The extent to which groundwater affects floor heave was found to be controlled by the mineralogical and structural nature of the floor strata.
Site investigations techniques used to assess the likely hydrological impact of a proposed landfill site
Authors: Whittle J.H. , Swanson A.C.S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
The construction of a landfill site is proposed at Dalinlongart, near Dunoon, Argyllshire. The site forms an unspoilt and secluded area within the hills and glens of the Cowal Peninsula on the Clyde Estuary and lies to the north of the nearby Highland Boundary Fault.
A development of this type has to satisfy the rigid constraints on the emission of pollutants and in this respect it was necessary to assess the likely impact of such a development on the existing hydrological conditions.
To obtain information for the design and subsequent operation of the landfill site, a site investigation was carried out involving a variety of techniques, both within the site and its environs. The merits and limitations of the differing investigation methods are described and discussed with respect to providing the required hydrogeological data in the context of this site.
This paper illustrates the benefits of a desk study, in particular the aerial photograph interpretation, in assessing the hydrogeology of the site area and in the economic planning of the subsequent ground investigation. The advantages of mapping techniques and deep trial pits to expose the structure of soil and rock strata are outlined together with the requirement to carry out water quality analyses before, during and after the construction of the landfill site. Boreholes were required not only to confirm the ground conditions indicated by other works, but also to provide permeability data and install standpipes and piezometers for the continued monitoring of groundwater conditions.
Dynamic sampling of groundwater for dispersion and corrosion investigations
Authors: Watkins D.C. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

Principles of sampling groundwater for the determination of its
in situ
inorganic and organic composition are described in the context of purpose and accuracy required. Two examples of techniques developed and used by Hydraulics Research are presented. Sampling of groundwater in a natural gradient regime containing artificial contamination by a tracer species is described. Special pneumatic piezometers were installed and employed to produce micro samples. Methods of installing, commissioning and monitoring these for extended periods are explained. Dynamic sampling of groundwater in a laminated glacial lake formation is also illustrated. Data were needed to define the corrosion and incrustation potential of the native groundwater on, for example, well screens. A method was devised which enabled a rapid assessment of relevant parameters using hand-portable equipment. Dynamic measurement of EC, pH, Eh and O
2
were accomplished. Samples were also taken for off-site chemical and bacterialogical analyses.
The measurement, interpretation and use of permeability values with specific reference to fissured aquifers
Authors: Walthall S. , Campbell J.E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
The measurement of permeability, or more correctly, hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer is of fundamental importance in the understanding of water movement within it and to the prediction of the behaviour of engineering works. A wide range of techniques is available to the hydrogeologist and engineering geologist, and includes: laboratory measurement, using both gas and water permeameters; pumping test, with and without observation boreholes; inflow and outflow packer tests; and numerical and analogue aquifer models. Each technique is described, and its practical problems and relative merits discussed. It is important to realise that some of the techniques measure the hydraulic properties of the borehole while others measure the properties of the surrounding aquifer. Care is needed to choose the appropriate methods for different problems. A brief case history is presented explaining the use of these techniques for the dewatering of a large civil engineering structure.
Analysis of an advanced dewatering scheme at an opencast coal site in Northumberland
Authors: Minett S.T. , Blythe D.A. , Hallam G.D. , Hughes D.B. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A triangular area of Coal Measures rocks bounded to the south by the major WSW-ENE trending Causey Park Dyke, to the north and west by the limit of outcrop and the east by the North Sea, has been extensively worked by opencast methods over the past twenty years. Due to the close concentration of opencast workings it has been feasible to maintain a regional dewatering scheme over a number of years from Hauxley Shaft. However, during prospecting operations for an opencast coal site it was found that substantial quantities of groundwater existed in old workings horizons, ponded against the Causey Park Dyke in a broad anticlinal structural trap.
It was decided by the Contractor that the area should be dewatered before excavations took place, to avoid the danger of flooding and water induced slope failures, and a submersible borehole pump was, thus, installed.
This provided an opportunity to undertake a pumping test in mining disturbed strata. Due to the high permeability of the old underground workings it was found that the data did not conform to any standard analysis methods. However, it was found that the system could be modelled by treating it as a lagoon of triangular wedge shape. A mass balance calculation was performed and it was predicted that it would take approximately 350 days to dewater the site. The field data conforms closely to the predicted drawdowns and it is concluded that this method may be applicable to many regions with a mining history.
Some aspects of groundwater control by the ground freezing and grouting methods
Authors: Harris J.S. , Pollard C.A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Prior to the construction of a new mineshaft, hydrological and geophysical tests are performed on a shaft centreline borehole and the recovered core which permit water-bearing zones to be located, and potential shaft inflows to be estimated. An assessment of this information enables the most appropriate method of groundwater control to permit safe and controlled shaft sinking to be selected. The three methods discussed in this paper are grouting, freezing and pressure relief.
Grouting is the process of reducing the permeability of water-bearing strata by the injection of appropriate materials under pressure, thereby reducing the shaft inflow to an acceptable level.
The geometry of the injection hole pattern required to form a grout cover, and the selection and subsequent injection of a suitable grout are discussed. An in-shaft test, performed from the advancing shaft sump into the water bearing strata, is described. This test gives a final check on the local aquifer characteristics, and allows the grouting scheme to be modified as required. A similar test performed after grouting enables the efficacy of the treatment to be assessed.
Groundwater control in large scale slope excavations — five case histories from Hong Kong
Authors: McNicholl D.P. , Pump W.L. , Cho G.W.F. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Slopes in Hong Kong are usually long in relation to their height and, with large quantities of excavation, they commonly require periods of days or sometimes weeks to construct the slope from berm to berm. There is usually sufficient time to implement drainage remedial measures, such as counterfort drains, raking drains, caisson drains, etc. if stability is in doubt due to high groundwater levels or seepage flows. The paper describes five case histories of typical site formation and slope preventive works, which were constructed in different weathering grades and parent rocks. All the schemes entailed extensive excavation and slopeworks. Sketch details of the drainage measure are outlined together with their costs.
Serial In vivo Spectroscopic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Lactate and Extracellular pH in Rat Gliomas Shows Redistribution of Protons Away from Sites of Glycolysis
Authors: Provent Peggy , Benito Marina , Hiba Bassem , Farion Régine , López-Larrubia Pilar , Ballesteros Paloma , Rémy Chantal , Segebarth Christoph , Cerdán Sebastián , Coles Jonathan A. , García-Martín María Luisa 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The acidity of the tumor microenvironment aids tumor growth, and mechanisms causing it are targets for potential therapies. We have imaged extracellular pH (pHe) in C6 cell gliomas in rat brain using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vivo. We used a new probe molecule, ISUCA [(±)2-(imidazol-1-yl)succinic acid], and fast imaging techniques, with spiral acquisition in k-space. We obtained a map of metabolites [136 ms echo time (TE)] and then infused ISUCA in a femoral vein (25 mmol/kg body weight over 110 min) and obtained two consecutive images of pHe within the tumor (40 ms TE, each acquisition taking 25 min). pHe (where ISUCA was present) ranged from 6.5 to 7.5 in voxels of 0.75 μL and did not change detectably when [ISUCA] increased. Infusion of glucose (0.2 mmol/kg·min) decreased tumor pHe by, on average, 0.150 (SE, 0.007; P &lt; 0.0001, 524 voxels in four rats) and increased the mean area of measurable lactate peaks by 54.4 ± 3.4% (P &lt; 0.0001, 287 voxels). However, voxel-by-voxel analysis showed that, both before and during glucose infusion, the distributions of lactate and extracellular acidity were very different. In tumor voxels where both could be measured, the glucose-induced increase in lactate showed no spatial correlation with the decrease in pHe. We suggest that, although glycolysis is the main source of protons, distributed sites of proton influx and efflux cause pHe to be acidic at sites remote from lactate production. [Cancer Res 2007;67(16):7638–45]
Mitotic Cell Death by Chromosome Fragmentation
Authors: Stevens Joshua B. , Liu Guo , Bremer Steven W. , Ye Karen J. , Xu Wenxin , Xu Jing , Sun Yi , Wu Gen Sheng , Savasan Sureyya , Krawetz Stephen A. , Ye Christine J. , Heng Henry H.Q. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Cell death plays a key role for both cancer progression and treatment. In this report, we characterize chromosome fragmentation, a new type of cell death that takes place during metaphase where condensed chromosomes are progressively degraded. It occurs spontaneously without any treatment in instances such as inherited status of genomic instability, or it can be induced by treatment with chemotherapeutics. It is observed within cell lines, tumors, and lymphocytes of cancer patients. The process of chromosome fragmentation results in loss of viability, but is apparently nonapoptotic and further differs from cellular death defined by mitotic catastrophe. Chromosome fragmentation represents an efficient means of induced cell death and is a clinically relevant biomarker of mitotic cell death. Chromosome fragmentation serves as a method to eliminate genomically unstable cells. Paradoxically, this process could result in genome aberrations common in cancer. The characterization of chromosome fragmentation may also shine light on the mechanism of chromosomal pulverization. [Cancer Res 2007;67(16):7686–94]
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors with Tyrosine Kinase Domain Mutations Exhibit Reduced Cbl Association, Poor Ubiquitylation, and Down-regulation but Are Efficiently Internalized
Authors: Padrón David , Sato Mitsuo , Shay Jerry W. , Gazdar Adi F. , Minna John D. , Roth Michael G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSome non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase domain mutations require altered signaling through the EGFR for cell survival and are exquisitely sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. EGFR down-regulation was impaired in two NSCLCs with EGFR tyrosine kinase domain mutations. The mutant receptors were poorly ubiquitylated and exhibited decreased association with the ubiquitin ligase Cbl. Overexpression of Cbl increased the degradation of EGFR. Treatment with geldanamycin, an inhibitor of the chaperone heat shock protein 90, also increased both wild-type and mutant EGFR degradation without affecting internalization. The down-regulation of the mutant EGFRs was still impaired when they were stably expressed in normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Thus, the mutations that altered signaling also decreased the interaction of EGFRs with the mechanisms responsible for endosomal sorting. [Cancer Res 2007;67(16):7695–702]
A Potent Indole-3-Carbinol–Derived Antitumor Agent with Pleiotropic Effects on Multiple Signaling Pathways in Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Weng Jing-Ru , Tsai Chen-Hsun , Kulp Samuel K. , Wang Dasheng , Lin Chia-Hui , Yang Hsiao-Ching , Ma Yihui , Sargeant Aaron , Chiu Chang-Fang , Tsai Ming-Hsui , Chen Ching-Shih 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol has emerged as a promising chemopreventive agent due to its in vivo efficacy in various animal models. However, indole-3-carbinol exhibits weak antiproliferative potency and is unstable in acidic milieu. Thus, this study was aimed at exploiting indole-3-carbinol to develop potent antitumor agents with improved chemical stability. This effort culminated in OSU-A9 {[1-(4-chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-methanol}, which is resistant to acid-catalyzed condensation, and exhibits 100-fold higher apoptosis-inducing activity than the parent compound. Relative to indole-3-carbinol, OSU-A9 displays a striking qualitative similarity in its effects on the phosphorylation or expression of multiple signaling targets, including Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinases, Bcl-2 family members, survivin, nuclear factor-κB, cyclin D1, p21, and p27. The ability of OSU-A9 to concurrently modulate this broad range of signaling targets underscores its in vitro and in vivo efficacy in prostate cancer cells. Nevertheless, despite this complex mode of mechanism, normal prostate epithelial cells were less susceptible to the antiproliferative effect of OSU-A9 than PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Treatment of athymic nude mice bearing established s.c. PC-3 xenograft tumors with OSU-A9 at 10 and 25 mg/kg i.p. for 42 days resulted in a 65% and 85%, respectively, suppression of tumor growth. Western blot analysis of representative biomarkers in tumor lysates revealed significant reductions in the intratumoral levels of phosphorylated (p-) Akt, Bcl-xL, and RelA, accompanied by robust increases in p-p38 levels. In conclusion, the ability of OSU-A9 to target multiple aspects of cancer cell survival with high potency suggests its clinical value in prostate cancer therapy. [Cancer Res 2007;67(16):7815–24]