bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SURVEY OF DAIRY HERDS IN THE MOSS VALE DISTRICT OF NEW SOUTH WALES: Fertility of Herds
Authors: McClure T. J. , Dowell Anne E. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe fertility of the dairy herds of the Moss Vale district of New South Wales varied considerably during 1963, 1964 and 1965, both within and between years. “Herd problems” occurred in 40% of the herd seasons. The monthly average first service non‐return rate ranged from 49.7 to 64.7% and the annual rate from 55.0 to 66.0%. Brucellosis and vibriosis, but not trichomoniasis or male infertility, appeared to contribute to the lowered fertility, but these were not responsible for all the problems. It appears that a major environmental factor, possibly nutritional, was depressing the fertility of herds in this district.
OCCURRENCE OF HAEMOLYTIC ESCHERICHIA COLI SEROGROUPS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PIG DISEASES IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Elder Jean K. , Tammemagi L. , Baynes I. D. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySerological examination of 177 strains of haemolytic Escherichia coil from pigs from 95 piggeries showed that 50 isolates from 28 piggeries were agglutinated by serums prepared against 0141:K85ab, 45 from 20 piggeries by 0141:K85ac, 32 isolates from 19 piggeries by 08 and four isolates from two piggeries by 0139:K82. Forty‐six strains from 26 piggeries were unclassified. Ninety strains were isolated from intestine and/or mesenteric lymph nodes and 87 from other organs.Of the 95 outbreaks associated with haemolytic E. coli, 41 were diagnosed as oedema disease, 40 as coli‐enteritis and the remainder were miscellaneous conditions. The clinical and pathological features of outbreaks associated with colibacillosis and septicaemic salmonellosis were compared and discussed.
THE ANTHELMINTIC EFFICIENCY OF LAEVO‐TETRAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE AGAINST NEMATODE PARASITES OF SHEEP AND CATTLE
Authors: Hart J. A. , James P. S. , Curr C. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryCritical anthelmintic tests and controlled trials were used to assess the efficiency of laevo‐tetramisole hydrochloride against nematode infections in sheep and cattle.In sheep, oral dose rates of 5 mg/kg and above were 94 to 100% effective against adult Haemonchus contortus, intestinal Trichostrongylus spp, Nematodirus spp, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum and Chabertia ovina. A dose rate of 7.5 mg/kg was required for consistently high activity against Ostertagia spp, but activity against Trichostrongylus axei remained variable at this dose level. Efficiency against Trichuris ovis ranged from 76 to 100% at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg. The drug was 94 to 100% effective against 7‐day old and 14‐day old H. contortus, intestinal Trichostrongylus spp and O. colun bianum infections, and 83 to 89% effective against 14‐day old Ostertagia spp and T. axei, at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg. Seven‐day old Ostertagia spp larvae were highly resistant at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg, while activity against T. axei infections of the same age appeared variable at 5 and 10 mg/kg.In cattle, subcutaneous treatment at dose rates of 1.5 mg/kg and above, and oral treatment at 7.5 mg/kg, were 93 to 100% effective against adult Haemonchus placei, intestinal Trichostrongylus spp, Nematodirus helvetianus, Cooperia spp and Oesophagostomum radiatum, and 84 to 98% effective against Ostertagia ostertagi. Against Trichostrongylus axei, a rate of 5 mg/kg subcutaneously was 83% effective, and a rate of 7.5 mg/kg orally 97% effective, while these dose rates gave 88 to 100% clearance of adult Dictyocaulus viviparous.
NITRITE POISONING IN SHEEP DUE TO CAPEWEED (ARCTOTHECA CALENDULA)
Authors: Fairnie J. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThis communication discusses the relationship between capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) and nitrite poisoning and reports a case history involving a mob of wethers on an almost pure sward of young rapidly growing capeweed. It is postulated that methaemoglobinaemia resulted from the ingestion of capeweed containing high levels of nitrate quickly enough to overwhelm the normal detoxifying mechanisms of the sheep.A rapid qualitative in vitro test on pasture specimens of capeweed is described, and its use is recommended for quick confirmation of diagnosis on suspected pasture plants.
ANTHELMINTIC TREATMENT OF YOUNG BEEF CATTLE IN CENTRAL QUEENSLAND
Authors: Winks R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe value of regular anthelmintic treatment of beef calves was assessed in two herds in central Queensland. In each herd groups of 31 suckling calves were observed. Control groups received no treatment, and treated groups received injectable trichlorphon either after rainfall exceeding 2 inches or monthly.Regular faecal egg counts revealed moderate infestations with Haemonchus placei, Oesopha‐gostomum radiation, Cooperia spp, and Tricha‐strongylus spp. In one herd, the groups received 0, 7, and 14 treatments over a period of 15 months, and showed mean weight gains of 356, 355, and 365 lb respectively. In the second herd after 0, 6, and 12 treatments, the corresponding gains were 407, 415, and 419 lb. It was concluded that, in these circumstances, the anthelmintic treatment had no economic value.
LAPAROTOMY IN EQUINE COLIC—A REPORT OF THIRTEEN CLINICAL CASES
Authors: Mason T. A. , Johnston D. E. , Wallace C. E. , Christie B. A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA report of 13 unselected clinical cases of colic in horses which were submitted to laparotomy is presented, together with one case of experimental end‐to‐side anastomosis of the ileum into the caecum.Cases are divided into acute or peracute with diverse aetiology, and subacute or chronic where all the lesions involved the small intestine.The technique of anaesthesia and surgical procedures is described and emphasis is placed on the necessity of adequate fluid therapy in such cases.
HELMINTH AND ARTHROPOD PARASITES OF THE DOMESTIC CAT IN PAPUA AND NEW GUINEA
Authors: Talbot N. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA survey of the parasites found in 117 cats from the Port Moresby area of Papua and New Guinea is reported. The helminth species not previously recorded on the Australian mainland included Joyeuxiella pasquelei, Ancylostoma tubaeformae and Euparadistomum sp. The heart‐worm, Dirofilaria immitis, is a relatively common parasite of aged cats in the Territory. Arthropods decorded included two indigenous tick species lxodes confusus and Haemaphysalis noveguineae.
MYCOPLASMAS ISOLATED FROM CATTLE IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Cottew G. S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryNinety‐three mycoplasmas isolated in Australia from various pathological conditions in cattle and from healthy cattle were classified using the growth inhibition reaction. Eighty strains were placed in seven of the eight groups described by Leach (1967). The number of additional groups into which the 13 remaining strains may fall is not known.Cross‐reactions not described previously were found between M. bovigenitalium and strains of group 7 (L2917).
TRANSMISSION OF FUSIFORMIS NODOSUS INFECTION FROM CATTLE TO SHEEP
Authors: Wilkinson F. C. , Egerton J. R. , Disckson J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThree of twelve experimental sheep developed benign foot‐rot after grazing for three months with a steer infected with Fusiformis nodosus. F. nodosus was isolated from the steer, and it had a similar protcolytic index to strains isolated from benign foot‐rot in sheep. Histological changes in the interdigital skin of the infected steer and sheep were similar. In both species F. nodosus, F. necrophorus and spirochaetes had invaded the epidermis. Chronic inflammation and hyperkeratosis were associated with this invasion.The relevance of these findings to ovine foot‐rot eradication campaigns on properties where sheep graze with cattle is discussed.
AN OUTBREAK OF BOVINE ABORTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH LEPTOSPIROSIS
Authors: Knott S. G. , Dadswell L. P. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA severe abortion storm on a grazing property, in which 50% of Hereford cows aborted in 2 months, is described. Serological evidence suggested that the abortion storm was due to leptospirosis.Epidemiological factors associated with the abortion storm were (a) introduction of infected cows into a susceptible population; (b) the practice of seasonal calving, which resulted in the susceptible population being in the last third of gestation when exposed to infection; and (c) environmental conditions suitable for the propagation of leptospira being coincident with the introduction of infection into the susceptible herd.
EFFECT OF SELENIUM ON WOOL PRODUCTION, BODY WEIGHT AND MORTALITY OF YOUNG SHEEP IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Gabbedy B. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe effect of regular selenium supplementation on the body weight, wool production and mortality of young Merino sheep was investigated. Groups of Se‐treated and control sheep involving from 260–500 on each of 15 farms were observed from six weeks to 19 months of age. Ten mg Se as sodium hydrogen selenite was administered orally to the treated sheep at two‐monthly intervals. Treated and control sheep grazed together throughout the trial period.Statistically significant responses to selenium were recorded in body weight gains on four farms, in decreased mortality on five farms and as an increase in fleece weight on eight farms. The response in fleece weight varied from 2.9‐7.6% and could not be explained as a result of increased body weight.The increase in fleece weight was not due to an increase of grease in the wool but appeared to be due to an increase in fibre diameter and to a lesser extent an increase in staple length.A statistically significant decrease in the incidence of tender fleeces as a result of selenium supplementation was also recorded. All farms on which responses to selenium were obtained were in areas with average annual rainfall more than 20 inches.On two farms selenium caused statistically significant depressions in the parameters measured. Both farms were in areas with less than 20 inches average annual rainfall.
THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF BIRDSVILLE DISEASE OF HORSES
Authors: Hooper P. T. , Hart B. , Smith G. W. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn a feeding experiment with eight horses fed toxic levels of Indigofera dominii, the poisonous plant which caused Birdsville disease of horses, three of four supplemented with peanut meal and one supplemented with gelatin did not develop the disease. Two non‐supplemented control horses, one supplemented with peanut meal and another who was fed gelatin but rejected it, contracted Birdsville disease. This experiment, along with treatment trials in field cases is presented as evidence of the value of arginine‐rich protein supplement in protecting and treating horses against the toxic effects of Indigofera dominii. The possible mode of action is discussed.
INACTIVATION OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VIRUS BY DISINFECTANTS
Authors: Ellery B. W. , Howes D. W. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe effect of several commercial disinfectants on the infectivity of infectious laryngotracheitis virus was studied. Benzalkonium chlorides did not cause any detectable inactivation of the virus when their concentration was less than 0.001%, but at concentrations greater than 0.01% no surviving virus was detected.At 0.00015% 2,4‐dichloro‐meta‐xylenol did not detectably inactivate virus, while no virus survived in the presence of 0.01% of the compound.In the presence of 1% skim milk, ten times as much disinfectant was needed to inactivate the same amount of virus.An anthelmintic and an anti‐histomonad had no detectable effect on virus infectivity at concentrations of 0.32% and 0.025% respectively.The significance of the findings in relation to vaccination of poultry against infectious laryngotracheitis via drinking water is discussed.
PATHOGENICITY OF MYCOBACTERIUM INTRACELLULARE TO PIGS
Authors: Tammemagi L. , Simmons G. C. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe pathologic response of pigs to a strain of M. intracellulare serotype VI was investigated in three trials. Ten mg wet weight of the second subculture maintained on Löwenstein‐Jensen slopes produced a large number of tubercular nodules in the mesenteric lymph node of one pig infected orally, and similar lesions in the iliac lymph nodes of another pig following injection of the culture into the gluteal muscles. The lesions so produced were comparable with those recorded in the outbreak of tubercular lymphadenitis from which the above strain was isolated.In two other trials, variable doses ranging from 1.3 to 63 mg wet weight Löwenstein‐Jensen, harvested from the fourth and fifths subculture of this strain, were administered to 13 pigs. The number and size of lesions produced were much smaller, and in several instances no gross or microscopic lesions were detected.Further work is being done to investigate the factors resulting in decreased virulence of this strain of M. intracellulare for pigs.
PERINATAL LAMB MORTALITY IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA 3. Congenital Infections
Authors: Dennis S. M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryInfectious abortion was diagnosed on 14.5% of the 695 participating farms from 225 districts scattered throughout the agricultural area of Western Australia. Major congenital pathogens were diagnosed on 9.6% of the farms: vibriosis 48, listeriosis 14, brucellosis 4, toxoplasmosis 4, salmonellosis 2, and enzootic abortion was suspected on 1. Five abortions were due to concurrent infections. Vibriosis was the most important and widespread abortion disease in sheep in the State. Listeriosis, toxoplasmosis and brucellosis were diagnosed for the first time in Western Australia as a cause of abortion in 1963. Miscellaneous congenital pathogens were diagnosed on 4.9% of the farms; these were corynebacteria 12, streptococci 7, pasteurellae 5, staphylococci 3, E. coli 3, and other species 4. Forty‐four (6.3%) of the abortions were undiagnosed. It was concluded that congenital infections were widespread in the agricultural area of Western Australia and it was estimated that they were responsible for one‐fifteenth of the perinatal lamb mortality.
THE RADIOLOGICAL APPEARANCE OF STOMACH GAS IN THE DOG
Authors: Grandage J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryStomach gas serves as an excellent radiographic contrast agent for outlining the gastric mucosa. Selection of a suitable posture, based on the principle of rising gas, coupled with an appropriate projection, enables demonstration of most of the lining of the stomach. By modification of the way in which a dog is laid on its left side it is possible to select whether the fundus or the pylorus is filled with gas.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PORCINE PARVOVIRUS
Authors: JOHNSON R. H. , DONALDSON‐WOOD C. , JOD HAN Soo , ALLENDER U. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryEvidence presented suggests that porcine parvovirus is highly stable and infective. Introduction of virus to susceptible herds results in 100% infection rate within the following 3 months. Active immunity is associated with high persistent levels of haemagglutination‐inhibitating (HI) antibody (> 256), piglets suckling immune sows acquiring HI titres between 10,000 and 40,000. Loss of passive immunity, measured by HI, occurs in a majority of pigs between 14 and 26 weeks of age (mean 21 weeks), whilst an average of 25% (2–47%) of pigs lose HI titres between 26 and 36 weeks of age. Susceptibility to challenge with virus does not occur until 3–5 weeks following loss of HI titres. In endemically infected herds 98–100% of adult pigs show serological evidence of active immunity.A significant proportion of gilts may not be actively immune to porcine parvovirus at the time of first service, and subsequent infection may occur while these gilts are pregnant.
THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS IN FOWLS INFECTED WITH A NEPHROTROPIC “T” STRAIN OF VIRUS
Authors: PURCELL D. A. , THAM V. L. , SURMAN P. G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe histopathology of the infectious bronchitis caused by the Cumming “T” strain of virus is described in fowls exposed to infection by an aerosol method. Desquamation of the ciliated and glandular epithelium throughout the trachea was seen 24 hours after exposure to virus. This was followed by rapid proliferation presumably of residual basal cells with the production of a stratified undifferentiated epithelial covering. Small areas of the tracheal submucosa showed lymphocytic infiltration by the 4th day. Cilia were first observed in the regenerating epithelium on the 7th day when mucous cells were also seen to be numerous. Alveolar mucous glands developed over the following 4 days and by the 12th day regeneration appeared complete. Pulmonary lesions were generally not severe and the air sacs were only slightly oedematous for 4 days following exposure.Necrosis of a few tubules scattered throughout the kidneys was seen on the 4th day. By the 6th day cystic tubules containing epithelial debris and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were prominent in both cortex and medulla and necrotic tubules were scattered throughout the kidneys. PAS positive granules were present in the renal tubular epithelium and were most pronounced in the distal convoluted tubules. Infiltration of the interstitium by lymphocytes and plasma cells was generally marked on the 7th day. The cytoplasm of these plasma cells was strongly PAS positive and such cells were most numerous on the 12th and 13th days after exposure and then their numbers rapidly declined. Regeneration of tubular epithelium was advanced by the 10th day and much of the cell debris had been cleared from the lumina of the tubules. What appeared to be compressed areas were seen in the cortex from the 13th day where glomeruli and tubules were numerous through considerably reduced in size. These were not seen after the 35th day, however an occasional lymph nodule persisted in the intersitium.
BOVINE VIBRIOSIS VACCINATION
Authors: Johns D. R. , Mater R. J. , Medveczky N. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An adjuvant vaccine was prepared from an Australian isolate of Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus biotype intermedius and injected into 23 virgin Guernsey heifers. Ten nonvaccinated animals served as controls. When challenged by the intravaginal route with a culture of either the homologous strain or biotype venerealis, weekly swabs from the anterior vagina continued to yield either biotype in 8 of 10 nonvaccinates at 6 weeks as compared with 3 of 23 vaccinates.Serology in vaccinated heifers and rabbits showed that the vaccine produced high titres of antibody against both homologous and heterologous strains.
ELECTIVE CAESAREAN OPERATION IN HEREFORD CATTLE
Authors: Sloss V. , Dufty J. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An elective left flank Caesarean operation was performed on 56 Hereford cattle and the influence of various surgical techniques on the postoperative progress assessed.A paravertebral nerve block produced effective analgesia in all layers of the abdominal wall of all cattle. In contrast, tissue infiltration, in the form of an inverted L block, did not produce analgesia of the peritoneum and was generally only partly effective in the muscle layers of fat animals.The use of a spasmolytic drug facilitated handling of the uterus. Xylazine, when given to unmanageable animals, noticeably increased uterine tone even when used in conjunction with a spasmolytic.Three animals (5.4%) died from generalised peritonitis. Peritoneal adhesions developed in 29 animals (51.8%) and minor wound dehiscence and/or suture infection occurred in 8 animals (14.1%). Postoperative subcutaneous emphysema developed in 23 cattle (41%). The absence of sutures in the peritoneum was associated with a significant increase in the occurrence of subcutaneous emphysema. Although the prevalence of retained foetal membranes was high this did not seem, to influence the postoperative progress of the animal.
THE NEW SOUTH WALES MASTITIS CONTROL PROGRAM
Authors: Mylrea P. J. , Hoare R. J. T. , Colquhoun Patricia , Links I. J. , Barton R. J. Richards Mary 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Bacteriological examinations were made on quarter samples from cows in 35 herds over a 3 year period to monitor the response in a mastitis control program.Initially, Staphylococcus aureus predominated in 32 of the herds and the mean herd prevalence was 26%. The control measures halved this rate but there was considerable variation in response between herds. The decline occurred rapidly and there was a significant reduction (P < 0.01) by 3 months. Streptococcus agalactiae predominated in 3 herds and the overall infection rate was 4.9%. Control measures eliminated the infection completely from most herds but re‐infection occurred in 2 herds. The greatest decline occurred in the first 6 months and was significant (P < 0.05).The measures had little effect upon Str. uberis and Str. dysgalactiae which remained fairly consistently at low levels.Initially, strains of Staph. aureus resistant to penicillin were dominant in most herds. In a minority of herds strains resistant to streptomycin predominated and in these herds there was a concurrent resistance to penicillin. These patterns did not change greatly over the control period. Resistance by Str. agalactiae to streptomycin occurred in most herds at the start of the program.
STUDIES ON NEMATODE INFECTIONS OF BEEF CATTLE IN NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Smeal M. G. , Hotson I. K. , Mylrea P. J. , Jackson A. R. , Campbell N. J. , Kirton H. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The occurrence and seasonal trends of nematode parasite infections in beef cattle on the Tablelands and North Coast regions of New South Wales are described, based on warm counts from 627 spring‐born steers slaughtered at 2‐monthly intervals from 6 to 24 months of age.The predominant parasites were Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei and Cooperia spp.Large burdens of adult Ostertagia were seen in 12‐month‐old animals in late winter and early spring, and later in 18‐ to 20‐month‐old cattle in the following late summer and autumn. These infections often resulted in outbreaks of clinical parasitism. Massive numbers of inhibited early fourth stage larvae (EL4) also accumulated in the yearlings during their first spring, reached peaks in mid‐summer and then declined. The possibility of their resumption of development to mature worms in the late summer and autumn period is discussed.Adult T. axei showed a similar seasonal trend to Ostertagia and may have increased the severity of outbreaks of clinical disease. Cooperia populations of EL4 and adult worms were highest in weaners during winter, but lower numbers thereafter indicated a strong resistance to re‐infection. In addition, Haemonchus placei occurred frequently on the North Coast both as EL4 and adults in cattle of all ages up to 20 months.Of the other cattle nematodes, Oesophagostomum radiatum and Trichuris spp occurred in low numbers, mainly in weaners. Bunostomum phlebotomum and H. contortus occurred sporadically on the North Coast and Tablelands respectively. Intestinal Trichostrongylus spp, Oesophagostomum venulosum and Dictyocaulus viviparus were seen occasionally and Nematodirus spp were not seen.There was a poor relationship between worm counts and faecal egg counts. Cooperia spp dominated the egg counts, while those for other genera were generally low and did not reflect the relative abundance or seasonal changes in worm numbers.
TRANSMISSION OF A MUCOSAL DISEASE VIRUS INFECTION BETWEEN SHEEP
Authors: Plant J. W. , Gard G. P. , Acland Helen M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The transmission of mucosal disease virus (MDV) from infected ewes and their lambs to susceptible sheep was investigated. MDV was recovered from the amniotic fluid of an infected pregnant ewe and from the blood, nasal swabs and urine of hairy lambs. MDV infection was transmitted either at lambing, from infective foetal fluids or lambs, or later as a result of contact with a surviving hairy lamb. Adult sheep and 12‐months‐old sheep were less readily infected than were newborn lambs.Pregnant ewes were infected by contact with a hairy lamb and either aborted or gave birth to an infected hairy lamb. A method to minimise spread of the infection in the field is suggested.