bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stickstoff‐Eintrag und ‐Verbleib im Boden unter offenen und abgedeckten Mistmieten
Authors: Dewes T. , Ahrens E. , Koch Ch. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNitrogen penetration and persistence in soil under uncovered and covered farmyard manure heapsAfter deposition of cattle manure for 308 days neither the total nitrogen nor the nitrate but onlv the ammonia content in the soil (0–70 cm) was significantly increased. During a 258 days period from autumn to spring the observed microbial oxidation of penetrated ammonia to nitrate was tardy and by no means quantitative. So leaching of nitrate was hardly to be detected during the whole period. In the soil layer 40–70 cm a maximum of 1.6 g NO3−‐N/m2was measured, which was in an equivalent range with the amounts detected by large scale investigations in agricultural soils at the same season. Therefore the manure heaps in question did not lead to an uncommon increase of nitrate in soil. The protection of the heaps against precipitation simply brought about small and only a few times significant reductions in soil Nmincontent.
Responses of Some Local/Exotic Accessions of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) to Salt Stress
Authors: Ashraf M. , Waheed A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAssessment of salt tolerance at all growth stages is crucial to determine the overall tolerance of a crop. Salt tolerance of five tolerantILL 5845, ILL 6451, ILL 6788, ILL 6793 andILL 6796, three moderately tolerant ILL 6431. ILL 6770 andILL 6784, and three sensitiveILL 6210, ILL 6439 andILL 6778 accessions selected at the germination and seedling stages was assessed at the adult stage using sand culture sahnized with 0, 30, or 60 mol m−3 NaCl. A positive correlation was observed between degrees of salt tolerance at different growth stages in three tolerant accessionsILL 6451, ILL 6788 andILL 6793 which produced significantly higher seed yield than the other accessions. This was also affirmed in three sensitive and two moderately tolerant accessions (ILL 6770 andILL 6784) whose salt sensitivity was conferred consistently at all growth stages. In contrastILL 5845, andILL 6796 which were highly salt tolerant andILL 6431 which was moderately tolerant at the early growth stages had relatively low seed yield, hence showing a negative correlation between tolerances at different growth stages.High yielding accessionsILL 6451, ILL 6788 andILL 6793 in general, accumulated higher Na+ and higher or moderate Cl− in their shoots compared with the other accessions, thus showing a typical halophytic mechanism of salt inclusion. K/Na ratios of all the tolerant, moderately tolerant and sensitive accessions exceptILL 6784 andILL 6778 were less than 1, a suggested minimum level for normal functioning of many metabolic processes in plants.The present study shows that salt tolerance observed previously at the early growth stages is conferred at the adult stage in most of the accessions of lentil examined here; but for others in which no positive correlation was observed between different growth stages suggests that a combination of certain characters can be used as selection criterion for improving salinity tolerance in lentil through exploitation of inter‐ and intra‐cultivar/line variation.
Environmental Adaptation and Stability Relationships between Grain Yield and some Agronomic Traits in Winter Oat
Authors: ÖZgen M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the stability of grain yield, harvest index, plant height, and panicle length and to determine the association of grain yield with these traits in winter white oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes. The genotypes were grown in replicated tests in Ankara in 1985–1991. Each experiment year was regarded as an environment, and entry mean of each year was used as the environmental index. Stability parameters were estimated from the regression analysis as linear regression coefficient (b), deviations from regression (S2d) and coefficient of determination (r2).Genotypes differed significantly for all traits and significant genotypes X environment interactions occurred for these traits. On the basis of estimates of stability parameters, A‐24 genotype was stable for grain yield. Correlation coefficients between traits were inconsistent in good and poor environments except between grain yield and panicle length. The study suggested that these traits are differently affected by environmental changes and selection for panicle length might be effective as selection for grain yield in improving oats with high grain yield for diverse environments.
Die Ertragsbildung und Ertragsstruktur eines konventionellen und eines epigonalen Genotyps der Weißen Lupine (Lupinus albus)
Authors: Stützel H. , Aufhammer W. , Rautenkranz A. , Wagner B. , Falfus J. , Nalborczyk E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Yield formation and yield components of a conventional and an epigonal genotype of white lupin (Lupinus albus) Differences in yield formation and yield structure of two contrasting Lupinus albus growth types, the conventional, freely branching cultivar Kalina and the epigonal. little branching cultivar Ep I were analyzed. Both cultivars were grown in field experiments at Hohenheim in 1987 and 1988 with a combined variation of population density (30–120 plants/m2) and plant distribution. In addition, assimilate distribution within the plant was studied using a 14C‐labelling experiment. – The contributions of branches to light interception of the crops during the generative phase were > 90 % in Kalina as compared to about 30 % in Ep 1. Relative 14C uptake of branches was in a similar range, but great proportions of the 14C taken up by branches was translocated to main stems. No genotype x plant density interactions with respect to grain yield were recorded, indicating that yield formation at main stems and branches was affected by cropping conditions similarly in both genotypes. This applies to the conditions of the experiments, where stress effects were absent. Under these conditions, the conventional genotype showed agronomic, but no physiological disadvantages.
Population and Planting Pattern Effects on Intercropped Maize and Cowpea
Authors: Ezumah H. C. , Ikeorgu J. E. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField studies on the nature of competition and the effects of various planting patterns on maize/cowpea intercrop yields were conducted in Southwestern Nigeria. Relative Crowding Coefficient values indicated that maize dominated cowpea. The magnitude of competition between maize and cowpea is related to season and nitrogen fertilizer. Based on grain yields, maize and cowpea compete for N only when it was applied but tended to derive it from different sources in the absence of applied N.Spatial arrangements designed to increase light reaching intercropped cowpea included alternate and double rows of cowpeas between maize rows. These did not, however, increase grain yields of cowpeas over those intercropped with maize in the same row.
Water Stress and Potassium Fertilization in Field Grown Maize (Zea mays L.): Effects on Leaf Water Relations and Leaf Rolling
Authors: Premachandra G. S. , Saneoka H. , Fujita K. , Ogata S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThree cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.) were grown in the experimental field at Hiroshima University, Japan under two levels of K fertilization with a non‐irrigated water stress treatment and an irrigated control during June to August 1990. Leaf water potential, osmotic potential and stomatal conductance were measured 21 d after withholding water. Diurnal changes in degree of leaf rolling were measured on the 22nd day after withholding water. Leaf water potential and osmotic potential at full turgor were lower in the non‐irrigated plants than irrigated and they were lower in the high K plants than the low K plants. Lowering of osmotic potential (osmotic adjustment) helped to maintain turgor under low water potential conditions. Turgor potential was increased by the higher K fertilization. Higher turgor potential may contribute to the higher stomatal conductance observed in non‐irrigated high K plants. The degree of leaf rolling increased towards noon, and it was lower in high K plants than in low K plants. High K plants recovered from leaf rolling faster than the low K plants during the afternoon. High K. plants could maintain higher turgor potential throughout the day than the low K plants. Degree of leaf rolling was the lowest in the cultivar K‐8388 which maintained the highest turgor potential via osmotic adjustment and it recovered from leaf rolling faster than the other two cultivars. Higher levels of K fertilization may be beneficial for maize plants to tolerate to water stress conditions.
Dynamics of the Cumulation of Iron, Copper and Sodium During Development to Maturity of Soybean Seed
Authors: Slipčević V. , Vedrina‐Dragojević I. , Balint L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe dynamics of the cumulation of iron, copper and sodium with four genotypes of soybean cultivated in the same topographical and agrotechnical conditions during three years was followed. Sampling was done in weekly intervals until complete maturity of seed. It was found out that the most intense cumulation took place during the seed development stages III and IV at the time of mostly expressed metabolic activity of the seed. The absolute values of the contents were increasing along with seed maturing and maximums were reached by the end of the stage IV or rather by the beginning of the seed development stage V. Although the dynamics of cumulation regardless of the year of investigation was equal with all the genotypes the analysis of the impact of climatic factors showed that higher precipitation at the period of seed development along with moderate air temperature affected mineral cumulation. Similarly, the highest contents of iron, copper and sodium observed with the genotypes Srecka and Maksimirka point out that the cumulation of the investigated minerals in soybean seed is affected by genetic particularity.
The Effect of Plastic Mulch and Greenhouse‐Raised Seedlings on Yield of Maize
Authors: van der Werf H. M. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe yield of maize (Zea mays L.) can be increased appreciably if canopy closure is brought forward. In France and Germany, the use of plastic mulch has boosted dry matter yields of silage maize by approximately 4 t/ha. In Germany, the grain yield of maize plants grown from greenhouse‐raised seedlings was 2.4 t/ha more than that of plants grown conventionally. The present study aimed to review and quantify the effect of the use of plastic mulch and greenhouse‐raised seedlings on yield of maize. In field trials the effect of a photo‐degradable transparent plastic mulch on the yield of two hybrids: Clipper (early‐maturing) and Dea (late‐maturing) was tested. In two of these trials the effect of using seedlings raised in the greenhouse up to the five‐leaf stage was also tested. Crops with plastic mulch required 10 % fewer growing degree days from planting to silking than the unmulched crops, and this number was more constant between years and sites. On average, plastic mulch increased whole plant dry matter content from 29 % to 33 %, and the dry matter of the ear from 45 % to 52 %. In Dea, dry matter yields of the whole plant and of the ear rose by 2.6 and 2.1 t/ha respectively. In Clipper the yield increases were half as large. The regression of whole plant dry matter yield on the sum of global radiation from silking to harvest was similar for mulched and unmulched crops. This suggests that the yield increases obtained with the plastic mulch were largely attributable to advancement of canopy establishment. The whole‐plant dry matter yield of plants initially raised in the greenhouse was similar to that of maize sown in situ, but the ear dry matter yield was 2.4 t/ha higher.
Plant Growth Regulator Effects on Protein Content and Yield of Spring Barley and Wheat
Authors: Ma B. L. , Leibovitch S. , Smith D. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPlant growth regulators (PGR) have potential to increase grain yield and may also alter grain protein levels of cereal crops. A 3‐yr field experiment with spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars was conducted to determine whether ethephon treatment increased protein concentration, protein yield, and grain yield. A greenhouse experiment was also conducted to evaluate the response of barley grain protein concentration to gradual addition of ethephon (2.2 × 10‐3 mM) or chlormequat (5.8 × 10‐3 mM) solution after an thesis. Under field conditions, ethephon treatment increased barley and wheat grain protein concentrations by as much as 16 % but decreased grain yield so that protein yield increases were small or did not occur. For Laurier barley, total gram N content was increased by up to 20 % in one year of this study. However, over the 3 years, an inverse relation existed between grain protein and yield. Greenhouse data showed that i) the gradient in grain size and protein concentration among spikelets of a spike, which is established before anthesis, was not affected by either chlormequat or ethephon; and ii) chlormequat increased grain protein by 7 to 11 % whereas ethephon increased protein concentration by up to 13 % in one of the two experiments. Our data indicate that PGR can alter protein accumulation in the grain, and thus, the quality of bread wheat and feed barley crops can be increased m regions with a short crop‐growing season. However, a portion of the increase in gram protein concentration is due to decreased starch deposition, which is associated with yield reductions. The greenhouse data confirmed that a portion of the increase in grain protein concentration due to PGR application is caused by increased protein accumulation in the barley grain.
Effect of Different Methods and Timings of Stand Establishment on Performance of Rainfed Lowland Rice Under 0–50 cm Water Depth
Authors: Sharma A. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAbout one‐third of the total rice is grown under rainfed lowland conditions, mostly m south and south‐east Asia. Crop productivity in this ecosystem can be improved by adopting suitable management practices as drainage of excess water is not feasible in the catchment and coastal areas. Field experiments were conducted using a long‐duration (165 days), photosensitive, semi‐tall (150 cm) rice cultivar Utkalprabha established through direct sowing or transplanting on different dates under 0–50 cm water depth at Cuttack, India, during 1989–91. Direct sowing was done in lines in dry soil from 10 May onward using 400 seeds/m2 and continued at 10 day intervals until June. Transplanting was done after accumulation of water in the field from July until 15 August with seedlings raised in nursery seed‐beds with or without fertilizer application (100 kg N and 8.7 kg P and 16.7 kg K/ha) and tillers removed from the direct‐sown crop. Seedling emergence varied significantly from 127–212/m, irrespective of sowing date and was dependent on rains received after sowing. However, the early sown crops in spite of poor germination, performed well due to better establishment and tiller production before water rose to higher depths in the field. There was a decreasing trend in grain yield, particularly when the sowing was delayed beyond end of May. The loss in yield with delayed sowing in June was due to poor crop stand which could not be compensated for by applying 50 % more seed (600/m2) and N fertilizer (60 kg N/ha). Removal of some of the tillers (100–130/m2) from crops sown on 30 May with 600 seeds/m2 for planting on an equivalent plot area did not cause any adverse effect on the performance of mother crop. The anticipated shortfall in yield due to lower panicles/m2 with clonal tiller separation was compensated for by the resulting increase in panicle weight.The performance of transplanted crops depended greatly on the water depth at or soon after planting. In 1990, planting on 15 July in 30 cm water depth helped in relatively better establishment and grain yield at par with sowing on 10 May. However, in 1991, when there was a sudden and rapid increase in water level to higher depths (50 cm) immediately after planting, the early planted crops produced only a negligible yield (0–1.2 t/ha). Highest yield was obtained from the crop planted with clonal tillers followed by that raised with fertilized and unfertilized nursery seedlings. Clonal tillers were taller (90 cm) and had more dry weight (1.78 g) compared with nursery seedlings (50–80 cm and 0.25–0.91 g). Therefore, the clonally propagated crop established well and acclimatized faster in the similar flooded environment, resulting in significantly higher grain yield particularly under late planted conditions. The results suggested early sowing by the end of May and transplanting with clonal tillers uprooted from the direct‐sown crops for higher productivity of rice under uncontrolled excess water conditions.
Soil Type Influences Relative Yield of Barley and Wheat in a Mediterranean‐type Environment
Authors: Simpson P. G. , Siddique K. H. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia the yield of barley relative to wheat is influenced by soil type. Field trials studied detailed aspects of growth, development, yield and water use of a range of barley and wheat cultivars on 2 soil types at 2 locations to identify those factors that lead to the differential relative yields.Barley had greater grain yields than wheat on both fine and coarse textured soils. On both soil types barley had a greater number of mainstem leaves which appeared faster than those of wheat and this was associated with greater tillering (6.5 v. 3.5 shoots/plant), higher GAI and greater dry matter production (845 v. 804 g/ m). The difference in yield between the two species was greater on the fine textured soil (15 v. 7 %). Barley also had greater harvest index than wheat (6—15%), and this combined with greater dry matter production on the fine textured soil led to a larger yield advantage over wheat than occurred on the coarse textured soil. Water use efficiency was greater for barley than for wheat on both soils.The greater yield advantage of barley over wheat on the fine textured soil was the result of greater biomass production by barley and greater harvest index. Differences in pattern of water use, and water use efficiency of grain production were associated with greater barley yields but are not themselves considered to be the cause of relative yield differences across soil types. The possible implications of factors such as intrinsic nutrient supply on the 2 soil types in relation to observed yield differences are discussed.
Irrigated Sweet Corn Crop Production Functions and Efficient Water Use1
Authors: Abu‐Awwad A. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe yield of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and seasonal evapotranspiration as affected by different amounts of irrigation water was studied in a field plot experiment during 1991 and 1992 in the Jordan Valley. Four different amounts of irrigation water were imposed with trickle irrigation on a clay soil.The different sweet corn components differed in their response to seasonal evapotranspiration. Sweet corn yields of total fresh and total oven dry matter at W3 (W3 = Eo) and W4 (W4 =1.5 EJ were significantly higher than yields at lesser water amounts (W1 = 0.25 Eo and W2 = 0.5 EJ, while good husked fresh ear yield at W4 was significantly higher than yield at W1, W2, and W3. Seasonal evapotranspiration increased in a decreasing rate as total water applied increased. Increasing total water applied more than 400 mm resulted in a negligible increase in sweet corn seasonal evapotranspiration. Crop productivity and water use index (defined as the change in crop yield per unit change in seasonal evapotranspiration) were the highest, when optimal water levels were used.
Effect of High Temperature Stress on 14CO2 Assimilation and Partitioning in Indian Mustard
Authors: Subrahmanyam Desiraju , Rathore V. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffect of heat stress on 14CO2 assimilation and translocation by different parts was investigated in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.]. Heat stress reduced 14CO2 assimilation by leaves, stem and pods. Export of radioactive carbon from upper and lower leaves, upper and lower stem and stem of terminal raceme was inhibited in response to heat stress. Import of 14C‐photosynthates into pods was also inhibited by heat stress indicating reduction in sink strength of the developing pods.
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation of White Clover in a Mixed Sward is not Limited by Height of Repeated Cutting
Authors: Seresinhe T. , Hartwig U. A. , Kessler W. , Nosberger J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate whether symbiotic nitrogen fixation in white clover nodules limits nitrogen supply and hence clover growth by repeated defoliation at two cutting heights. Other possible factors governing symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the field were also elucidated. Using 15N, a 2‐year field experiment including white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Ladino) and perennial ryegrass (Loliumperenne L. cv. Bastion) in monocultures and in mixtures was conducted in Eschikon, Switzerland. The effect of two cutting heights (4 cm and 10 cm above ground level) on the performance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation of white clover in the different sward‐types was investigated. After each harvest, the plots were fertilized with 3 g N m‐2(equivalent to 30 kg N ha‐1 cut‐1 or 210 kg N ha‐1 year‐1). In both years, white clover grown in a mixture with grass received a significantly higher percentage of nitrogen from symbiotic fixation compared with clover grown in monoculture. This phenomenon is attributed to the strong competitiveness of ryegrass in soil nitrogen uptake. Consequently, white clover in the clover‐ryegrass mixture was more dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation than that grown in monoculture. The cutting height did not preferentially influence symbiotic nitrogen fixation, as opposed to the uptake of mineral nitrogen from the soil. From this finding it is suggested that symbiotic nitrogen fixation did not limit the supply of nitrogen to clover and hence its growth. It is proposed that symbiotic nitrogen fixation in white clover is regulated by the demand for nitrogen rather than by the availability of carbohydrate reserves in the stolons. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation should thus be looked upon as an integrated plant growth factor and not as an isolated phenomenon.
Yield and Seed Quality of Mungbean as Affected by Irrigation in a Dry Season
Authors: Sangakkara U. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field study was conducted with the objective of determining the effects of soil moisture on seed yield and quality of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) when grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions in a dry season. Seed quality was determined in terms of germination and production of normal seedlings after controlled deterioration. The presence of adequate soil moisture increased growth and yields of mungbean significantly. The seeds from irrigated plots had a greater weight, owing to heavier cotyledons. Although germination of seeds from the irrigated plots was higher before and after controlled deterioration for 72 h, the number of abnormal seedlings was also greater. Controlled deterioration reduced germination of both categories of seed in the same manner. These factors indicate the low potential of using seeds produced under irrigation in dry seasons as planting material, especially after storage.