bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinct properties of two major excitatory inputs to hippocampal pyramidal cells: a computational study
Authors: Káli Szabolcs , Freund Tamás F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe two main sources of excitatory input to CA1 pyramidal cells, the Schaffer collaterals (SC) and the perforant path (PP), target different regions of the dendritic tree. This spatial segregation may have important consequences for the way in which different inputs affect the activity of principal neurons. We constructed detailed biophysical models of CA1 pyramidal cells, incorporating a variety of active conductances, and investigated the ability of synapses located in different dendritic segments to elicit a somatic voltage response. Synaptic efficacy as seen by the soma was strongly dependent on the site of the synapse, with PP inputs being more severely attenuated than SC inputs. Variability within SC inputs, but not between SC inputs and PP inputs, could be eliminated by appropriate scaling of synaptic efficacy. The spatial and temporal summation of multiple synaptic inputs was also investigated. While summation of SC inputs was linear up to the somatic spike threshold, PP inputs summed in a strongly sublinear fashion, with the somatic response remaining subthreshold even following the simultaneous activation of a large number of synapses and during stimulation with high‐frequency trains. Finally, the relative impact of different pathways on somatic activity could be effectively altered by modulating the kinetic properties of dendritic transient K+ channels, corresponding to the activation of ascending modulatory neurotransmitter systems. In this case, the efficacy of the PP was enhanced by the dendritic generation and limited spread of action potentials. Strong PP activation could also evoke dendritic Ca++ spikes, which often triggered a somatic burst.
Innovating in higher education: contexts for change in learning technology
Authors: Hannan Andrew 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper draws on three research projects (undertaken in 1997–99, 2002 and 2004–05) that have examined innovation in learning and teaching methods in UK higher education. The first two of these focused on such matters as departmental and institutional cultures and the factors that have either enabled or inhibited change. The third has begun to monitor the impact of the process of establishing Centres for Excellence in Teaching and Learning. The prospects for introducing innovations in teaching and learning in higher education are considered in relation to these wider contexts in terms of policies, structures and cultures.
Computers on wheels: an alternative to ‘each one has one’
Authors: Grant Michael M. , Ross Steven M. , Wang Weiping , Potter Allison 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFour fifth‐grade classrooms embarked on a modified ubiquitous computing initiative in the fall of 2003. Two 15‐computer wireless laptop carts were shared among the four classrooms in an effort to integrate technology across the curriculum and affect change in student learning and teacher pedagogy. This initiative—in contrast to other one‐to‐one programmemess and stationary labs—offers public schools alternatives to budget constraints and instructional‐space overhead. Results indicate positive teacher technology competence and confidence, as well as instructional strategies that were student‐centred made meaningful uses of technology. Teacher technological knowledge and efficacy, pedagogical knowledge, and a supportive school community seem to be strong indicators for impacting technology integration in this context.
Urban Circulation and the Everyday Politics of African Urban Youth: The Case of Douala, Cameroon
Authors: SIMONE ABDOUMALIQ 
Published: October 2005

Institutions across many cities in Africa lack sufficient authority to instil any overarching matrix of definitions and spatial framework capable of holding residents in stable articulations with infrastructure, territory and urban resources of all kinds. The resultant dispersion of ways of operating in cities does not necessarily mean that regularities are impossible to attain. Rather, an increasingly generalized practice of converting bodies, infrastructure and urban objects into mutltiplex and unstable uses can give rise to particular forms of sociality which in turn cultivate a certain flexibility in how highly volatile urban situations are appropriated and lived. By examining various modalities of circulation — through disparate spatial and symbolic economies — engaged in by youth in various situations and quarters in Douala, Cameroon, this article attempts to explore the elaboration of specific urban political practices. These practices are aimed at countering marginalization and reappropriating the city as a platform for more diverse engagements with a larger world.Dans de nombreuses grandes villes d’Afrique, les institutions manquent de l’autorité suffisante pour faire naître une enveloppe de définitions et un cadre spatial capables d’assurer aux habitants des articulations stables avec une infrastructure, un territoire et des ressources urbaines de toutes sortes. Il en résulte une dispersion des modes opératoires dans les villes, ce qui n’interdit pas forcément toute forme de régularité. Au contraire, la conversion généralisée d’organismes, infrastructures et objets urbains en usages composites et instables fait naître des formes spécifiques de socialité qui elles‐mêmes nourrissent une certaine flexibilité dans la manière dont les habitants s’approprient et vivent des situations urbaines très volatiles. En étudiant plusieurs modalités de circulation‐via des économies symboliques et spatiales disparates — adoptées par les jeunes dans des situations et des quartiers variés de Douala (Cameroun), cet article tente d’explorer l’élaboration de pratiques politiques urbaines spécifiques. Ces dernières visent à combattre la marginalisation et à se réapproprier la ville en tant que scène d’engagements plus diversifiés avec un monde plus vaste.
Winning, then Losing, the Battle with Globalization: Vietnamese Petty Traders in Slovakia
Authors: WILLIAMS ALLAN M. , BALÁŽ VLADIMIR 
Published: October 2005

This article addresses the remarkable growth of Vietnamese market trading in Central and Eastern Europe, notably Slovakia, in the early 1990s, and its subsequent decline. The literature on ethnic entrepreneurship and cross‐border petty trading provides partial insights into this phenomenon, but fails to explain the levels of concentration of the Vietnamese in market trading, or the rapid changes in this sector. We therefore conceptualize them as being at the nexus of shifting flows of capital, goods and people, and draw on the notion of transnational spaces.L’article aborde le commerce du Vietnam en Europe centrale et de l’Est, notamment en Slovaquie, lequel a connu un remarquable essor au début des années 1990 suivi d’un déclin. Les travaux sur l’esprit d’entreprise ethnique et le petit commerce transfrontalier n’offrent qu’un éclairage partiel de ce phénomène, sans expliquer les niveaux de concentration des Vietnamiens dans le commerce ni les rapides transformations de ce secteur. L’article les conceptualise donc comme le cœur des flux changeants de capitaux, marchandises et populations en s’inspirant de la notion d’espaces transnationaux.
Coping with Urban Poverty: Changing Citizenship in Europe?
Authors: ABRAHAMSON PETER 
Published: October 2005

The so‐called European Social Model consists of four distinctly different poverty regimes with diverse consequences for men and women. According to current political rhetoric these policy regimes are changing significantly everywhere, hence transforming the opportunities and challenges for men and women. This article discusses whether, and to what extent, the perceived changes have affected low‐income mothers in European urban settings. The data are drawn primarily from qualitative interviews with mothers of young children (under school age) in low‐income neighbourhoods in three middle‐size cities: Hochstätt in Mannheim (Germany), Le Breil in Nantes (France), and Tang Hall in York (UK). In each neighbourhood 20 mothers were interviewed during 1998 and 1999. For all four welfare regimes within the European Union, mothers and fathers have traditionally had very different roles within the family and varying opportunities to participate in the labour market. According to recent policy formulations this situation is changing. However, the changes are not reflected in the everyday life of poor citizens. Rather, the interviews revealed that business was as usual.Ledit Modèle social européen se compose de quatre régimes de pauvreté distinctifs ayant des incidences diverses sur les hommes et les femmes. D’après le discours politique actuel, ces politiques changent partout considérablement, transformant les opportunités et défis que connaissent les hommes et les femmes. L’article étudie si, et dans quelle mesure, les évolutions perçues ont affecté les mères ayant de faibles revenus dans les cadres urbains européens. Les données émanent principalement d’entretiens qualitatifs avec des mères de jeunes enfants (en âge pré‐scolaire) habitant des quartiers économiquement faibles de trois villes moyennes: Hochstätt à Mannheim (Allemagne), Le Breil à Nantes (France) et Tang Hall à York (R‐U). Vingt mères de chaque quartier ont été interrogées courant 1998–:9. Selon les quatre régimes d’aide sociale relevant de l’Union européenne, les mères et les pères ont eu des rôles très différents au sein de la famille et des possibilités diverses de participer au marché du travail. D’après les dernières formules politiques, cette situation évolue. Pourtant, les changements sont invisibles dans la vie quotidienne des citoyens pauvres. Au contraire, les entretiens ont révélé que tout était comme avant.
The Socio‐spatial Conditions of the Open City: A Theoretical Sketch
Authors: IPSEN DETLEV 
Published: October 2005

Without additional immigration of several million people over the next few decades, the demographic development of most European countries will lead to a considerable population decrease. Because such a reduction is neither desirable nor realistically possible, cities in particular will be the target of increasing immigration, and hence will undergo qualitative change. Today, there are large ethnic and cultural minorities in many German cities and suburbs; in the future, whole cities will become international, and suburbs will become ethnic‐cultural communities. This article presents a theory for the discussion on how such a change can be managed productively. The concept of the ‘open city’ is understood as both a risk and an opportunity. This article pleads for a socio‐culturally segregated division of urban space for the prevention of discrimination to be possible. The multitude of separate cultures must be supplemented by a ‘hyper‐culture’ in order to integrate the urban culture as a whole.Sans l’apport de l’immigration de plusieurs millions de personnes au cours des prochaines décennies, l’évolution démographique de la plupart des pays d’Europe aboutira à une nette chute de population. Comme une telle diminution n’est ni souhaitable ni une réalité envisageable, les villes notamment vont être la cible d’une immigration croissante, donc subir des changements qualitatifs. Aujourd’hui, il existe d’importantes minorités ethniques et culturelles dans de nombreuses villes et banlieues allemandes: à l’avenir, la totalité des villes deviendront internationales et les banlieues se feront communautés ethno‐culturelles. Cet article présente une théorie comme base de discussion sur la manière de gérer ce changement de façon productive. Le concept de ‘ville ouverte’ est perçu à la fois comme un risque et une opportunité. L’article plaide pour une division socio‐culturelle de l’espace urbain comme moyen de prévention de la discrimination. La multitude de cultures distinctes doit être complétée d’une ‘hyper‐culture’ afin d’intégrer en bloc la culture urbaine.
Spaces of Difference: Reflections from Toronto on Multiculturalism, Bourgeois Urbanism and the Possibility of Radical Urban Politics
Authors: GOONEWARDENA KANISHKA , KIPFER STEFAN 
Published: October 2005

What explains the lack of what Mike Davis famously called ‘magical urbanism’— referring to the increasingly influential and potentially radical role played by Latino immigrants in US politics — in such diverse Canadian cities as Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver? This article points out how the Canadian legacy of multiculturalism constitutes one key cause of the failure of left urban politics in Canada to produce yet anything approaching the promise of ‘magical urbanism’ south of the border, especially by underlining how this bulwark of liberal ideology lends itself so readily to some resilient variations of bourgeois urbanism — including the commodification of difference, most recently under the auspices of Richard Florida's ‘creative class’. Against the pluralism of the food court and the shopping mall, both in its official multicultural and seemingly oppositional ‘hybrid’ forms, are radical approaches to difference in the city still possible — in Canada or elsewhere? The authors argue that the concepts of ‘maximal’ and ‘produced’ (vis‐à‐vis ‘minimal’ and ‘induced’) difference and the politics of ‘the right to the city’ elaborated by Henri Lefebvre — in conjunction with the reflections on subaltern experiences of difference by critics such as Himani Bannerji and Ambalavanar Sivanandan — indeed provide a starting point for radical urban politics.Comment expliquer, dans des villes canadiennes aussi différentes que Toronto, Montréal ou Vancouver, l’absence de ce que Mike Davis a appelé‘l’urbanisme magique’ en parlant du rôle de plus en plus influent, voire radical, des immigrants latinoaméricain dans la politique des États‐unis? L’héritage canadien du multiculturalisme explique d’abord pourquoi la politique urbaine de gauche n’a encore rien pu produire au Canada qui s’approcherait de la promesse d’un ‘urbanisme magique’ comme au sud de la frontière. L’article souligne notamment comment ce rempart d’idéologie libérale se prête si facilement à quelques variantes résistantes d’urbanisme bourgeois, dont la banalisation de la différence, tout récemment sous les auspices de la ‘classe créative’ de Richard Florida. Face au pluralisme de l’aire de restauration et du centre commercial, tous deux sous des formes ‘hybrides’ multiculturelles et aparemment contradictoires, des approches radicales de la différence dans la ville sont‐elles encore possibles, au Canada ou ailleurs? Les concepts de différence ‘maximale’ et ‘produite’ (par opposition à‘minimale’ et ‘induite’) et la politique du ‘droit à la ville’ conçue par Henri Lefebvre — alliés aux réflexions sur des expériences de différence subalternes émanant de critiques tels que Himani Bannerji et Ambalavanar Sivanandan — offrent indubitablement un point de départ pour une politique urbaine radicale.
Molecular gas in irradiated protoplanetary discs
Authors: Greaves J. S. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Gas discs around young stars typically disappear after a few Myr and it has been suggested that the discs are internally photoevaporated, but the stellar ultraviolet and X-ray radiation appears insufficient for this mechanism to work. Archival data are used to search for any relation between X-ray luminosity and gas in the disc (traced by 13CO molecules) for isolated young stars in Taurus. A significant correlation is found in that more irradiation increases the amount of 13CO, rather than dispersing the disc. Since high dust masses and accretion rates do not boost the X-ray luminosities, feeding of the radiation by the disc can be ruled out. It is more plausible that energetic photons are releasing molecules that would otherwise be frozen onto dust grains. In this case, estimates of disc mass using a canonical CO:H2 ratio are unrealistic. However, the mass released in CO molecules could contribute to building a belt of icy comets similar to the Sun's Kuiper Belt.
Oscillations of rotating bodies: a self-adjoint formalism applied to dynamic tides and tidal capture
Authors: Papaloizou J. C. B. , Ivanov P. B. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
We consider the excitation of the inertial modes of a uniformly rotating fully convective body due to a close encounter with another object. This could lead to a tidal capture or orbital circularization depending on whether the initial orbit is unbound or highly eccentric. We develop a general self-adjoint formalism for the response problem and thus solve it taking into account the inertial modes with m= 2 for a full polytrope with n= 1.5. We are accordingly able to show in this case that the excitation of inertial modes dominates the response for large impact parameters and thus cannot be neglected in calculations of tidal energy and angular momentum exchange or orbital circularization from large eccentricity.
Supporting Negotiations in the Early Stage of Large-Scale Mechanical
System Design
Authors: Ge Ping , Lu Stephen C.-Y. , Bukkapatnam Satish T.S. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The development of large-scale mechanical systems involves interactive negotiations among nontechnical and technical design stakeholders. Usually, two types of negotiations exist: (i) those between the nontechnical stakeholders and technical stakeholders with responsibilities for the overall system, such as chief system design engineers and project managers; and (ii) those within the design engineering groups who are responsible for design tasks at different system hierarchical levels, i.e., system, subsystem, and component. This paper addresses the interactive negotiations among the design engineering groups. A direct synthesis (DS) method was developed to support the negotiations by combining adaptive and interactive modeling system based surrogate modeling with a set-based “zoom-in” approach. A vehicle frontal structural system design example is used to demonstrate how to apply the DS method in industrial practice. The preliminary results show that DS has the potential to support the fast synthesis of robust design alternatives that satisfy performance requirements at the system, subsystem, and component level.
Compensation and Weights for Trade-offs in Engineering Design: Beyond the Weighted Sum
Authors: Scott Michael J. , Antonsson Erik K. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMulticriteria decision support methods are common in engineering design. These methods typically rely on a summation of weighted attributes to accomplish trade-offs among competing objectives. It has long been known that a weighted sum, when used for multicriteria optimization, may fail to locate all points on a nonconvex Pareto frontier. More recent results from the optimization literature relate the curvature of an objective function to its ability to capture Pareto points, but do not consider the significance of the objective function parameters in choosing one Pareto point over another. A parametrized family of aggregations appropriate for engineering design is shown to model decisions capturing all possible trade-offs, and therefore can direct the solution to any Pareto optimum. This paper gives a mathematical and theoretical interpretation of the parameters of this family of aggregations as defining a degree of compensation among criteria as well as a measure of their relative importance. The inability to reach all Pareto optima is shown to be surmounted by this consideration of degree of compensation as an additional parameter of the decision. Additionally, the direct specification of importance weights is common to many decision methods. The choice of a single point from a Pareto frontier by specifying importance weights alone is shown to depend on the degree of compensation implicit in the aggregation. Thus both the degree of compensation and weights must be considered to capture all potentially acceptable decisions. A simple truss design example is used here to illustrate the concepts.
Parameterization of Canopy Structure and Leaf-Level Gas Exchange for an Eastern Amazonian Tropical Rain Forest (Tapajós National Forest, Pará, Brazil)
Authors: Domingues Tomas F. , Berry Joseph A. , Martinelli Luiz A. , Ometto Jean P. H. B. , Ehleringer James R. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Carbon flux of Amazonian primary forest vegetation has been shown to vary both spatially and temporally. Process-based models are adequate tools to understand the basis of such variation and can also provide projections to future scenarios. The parameterization of such process-based models requires information from the vegetation in question simply because ecosystem-level gas exchange is a direct result of the tightly coupled interaction between local vegetation and regional climate. In this study, data are presented concerning canopy structure [leaf area index (LAI), and the ratio of leaf dry mass to leaf area (LMA)], leaf chemistry [area-based foliar nitrogen content (Narea) and carbon isotope composition (δ13C)], and photosynthetic gas exchange [maximum carbon assimilation rates (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs@Amax), maximum carboxylation capacity (Vcmax), and respiration rates (Rd)] versus relative height from an extensive survey of primary forest vegetation of the Santarém region (eastern Amazon, Santarém, Federal State of Pará, Brazil). Ground-level LAI values ranged between 4.5 and 5.9. Both Amax and Vcmax showed large variations within the canopy profile with values ranging between 2.4 and 15.7 μmol m−2 s−1 and between 10.1 and 105.7 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively. Also, Narea varied between 0.75 to 4.19 gN m−2, and similar to Amax and Vcmax, showed higher values at the top of the canopy. Variations were detected among sites in patterns of vertical distribution of Narea and LAI, indicating spatial heterogeneity of the forest. Also, no statistically significant evidence of seasonal variations on parameters was observed, indicating that there is limited gas exchange acclimation by the vegetation to wet or dry seasons.
Quality Control and Verification of Weather Radar Wind Profiles
Authors: Holleman Iwan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Weather radar wind profiles (WRWPs) have been retrieved from Doppler volume scans using different implementations of the velocity–azimuth display (VAD) and volume velocity processing (VVP) methods. An extensive quality control of the radial velocity data and the retrieved wind vectors has been applied. The quality and availability of the obtained wind profiles have been assessed by comparisons with collocated radiosonde observations and numerical weather prediction (NWP) data over a 9-month period. The comparisons reveal that the VVP methods perform better than the VAD methods, and that the simplest implementation of the VVP (VVP1) method performs the best of all. The availability fraction of VVP1 wind vectors is about 0.39 at ground level and drops below 0.16 at a 6-km altitude. The observation minus background statistics of the VVP1 wind profiles against the High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM) NWP model are at least as good as those of the radiosonde profiles. This result clearly demonstrates the high quality of (quality controlled) weather radar wind profiles.