bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The legality of boxing
Authors: Gunn Michael , Ormerod David 
Published: April 2006

Boxing, in particular professional boxing, has been bedevilied in recent years by a number of highly publicised tragedies in the ring. Despite these tragedies, the Law Commission in its recent Consultation Paper declined the opportunity to review the legality of professional boxing. The Law Commission concluded that‘boxing, if it is to remain lawful, can only do so by the application of public policy considerations that are particular to that sport. Since that is a matter of pure policy, divorced from the more general considerations addressed in this Paper, we do not think it would be useful for us to add to the already formidable public debate on the issues.
Williams v Hensman and the uses of history
Authors: Luther Peter 
Published: April 2006

When the topic of severance of a beneficial joint tenancy is discussed, most judges and academics start with the case of Williams v Hensman. The judgment of Sir William Page Wood V-C is the ‘locus classicus’, the ‘starting point for any discussion of the modem law’. One paragraph of Page Wood's judgment is quoted in case after case:‘A joint tenancy may be severed in three ways: in the first place, an act of one of the persons interested operating on his own share may create a severance as to that share. The right of each joint tenant is a right by survivorship only in the event of no severance having taken place of the share which is claimed under the jus accrescendi. Each one is at liberty to dispose of his own interest in such a manner as to sever it from the joint fund - losing, of course, at the same time, his own right of survivorship.
Estoppel and the protection of expectations
Authors: Cooke Elizabeth 
Published: April 2006

Does the law of estoppel remedy reliance loss, or protect and grant expectations? In 1983 it was said that:‘This is a question that the courts must decide once and for all, and … they must not shirk from providing an answer by pretending that that answer will vary according to the facts of each particular case.’This article examines a view about this question which I shall call the ‘reliance loss theory’, which states that the normal response to a successful plea of estoppel is to compensate the claimant's reliance loss rather than to fulfil his expectations; in other words, that the court will, if possible, remedy the detriment he has already suffered in reliance upon what the other has said, without going to the lengths of obliging that other to abide by, or fulfil, what he has led the claimant to believe by his conduct or silence. The reliance loss theory has been presented as a description of what actually happens, but it also appears as an argument for what the law should be.
Approaches to broadcasting regulation: Australia and United Kingdom compared
Authors: Hitchens L P 
Published: April 2006

Delivering the 1995 Goodman Lecture, David Glencross, the then Chief Executive of the Independent Television Commission (‘ITC’) commented that the Broadcasting Act 1990 did not contain sufficient flexibility to allow the ITC to deal effectively with unforeseen developments such as changing technology and media ownership and control issues. This is an interesting comment on the legislation because the Broadcasting Act 1990 represented a deliberate move towards a rule-based form of regulation away from the flexible, non-specific and discretionary style of the Broadcasting Act 1981 which it replaced. The White Paper which set out the Government's proposals for the new regulatory system emphasised this:‘The ITC would apply lighter, more objective programme requirements. …The ITC would therefore adopt a less heavy handed and discretionary approach than the IBA necessarily does at present’.However, the Government recognised that ‘[a] new enabling framework must be flexible enough to allow for technological change’.
Exploring the interaction between law and economics: the limits of formalism
Authors: Campbell David , Picciotto Sol 
Published: April 2006

As lawyers concerned with the regulation of economic activity, we applaud the recognition in Professor Charles Goodhart's recent Chorley lecture that much of the ‘law and economics’ of the past quarter-century has involved ‘too much one-way traffic’. If the field of law and economics has indeed largely, as Professor Goodhart suggests, consisted of a process of intellectual imperialism, specifically of the colonisation of law by economics, we consider it important to reflect on the reasons for this, and to make some suggestions to improve the collaboration between the two disciplines. In brief, we suggest that this interaction has been bedevilled by its tendency to reproduce the worst aspects of formalism in each discipline.Professor Goodhart shows that the bulk of law and economics has consisted of a fairly unthinking application of standard neo-classical economic assumptions to legal phenomena which have themselves typically been conceived in conventional doctrinal terms.
Definitions and directions: recklessness unheeded
Authors: Halpin Andrew 
Published: April 2006

It is difficult to capture, even metaphorically, the nature of law as practised in the criminal appellate courts when considering the fundamentals of the subject -the basic principles of mens rea. If law is treated metaphorically as a science, allowing, as Lord Denning suggested, its principles to be revised by the demands of justice, in the way that scientific principles are revised by the demands of experimental data, then there should at least be a coherent development of the subject where identifiable principles of law are matched to a more sophisticated grasp of the requirements of justice.Of course, such a formal image is less fashionable today than it once was, and a more ‘critical’ perspective of legal materials may be taken. But here, too, we lack a suitable image to convey the current state of the law.
Audit, accountability and independence: the role of the Audit Commission
Authors: Hollingsworth Kathryn , White Fidelma , Harden Ian 
Published: April 2006

The role of independent institutions, the relationship between independence and accountability, and the meaning and significance of these concepts in terms of democratic ideals, are issues that constitutional analysis of modem government can hardly avoid. The institutions and practice of government audit provide concrete illustrations of the complexities and dilemmas involved in such analysis.Auditors themselves conventionally distinguish internal from external audit. A widely accepted definition is that external audit means the examination of accounts and other activities, conducted from outside an organisation by an independent review body for the purpose of holding managers to account. In contrast, internal audit takes place within an organisation, to review accounting and other operations as a service to management. An internal audit unit normally operates separately from those within the organisation who are responsible for the activities under review.
Reform in haste and repent at leisure: lolanthe, the Lord High Executioner and Brave New World
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: April 2006

‘Turning and turning in the widening gyreThe falcon cannot hear the falconer;Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;More anarchy is loosed upon the world.’Labour came to power in 1997 with a commitment to constitutional reform and joined-up government. New Labour has indeed produced significant constitutional change: devolution to Scotland and Wales, the Human Rights Act 1998, partial reform of the House of Lords, elected Mayors, a Freedom of Information Act, an Electoral Commission and more. Joined up it was not. Nothing better illustrated this than the (arguably) botched Cabinet reshuffle on 12 June 2003. On that day, Downing Street announced the resignation (or sacking) of Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor since 1997, and the abolition of his post, and, in its place, the establishment of a Department of Constitutional Affairs, and, finally, the creation of a Supreme Court.
Judges and politics: an essay from Canada
Authors: Hutchinson Allan C 
Published: April 2006

‘We are here as on a darkling plainSwept with confused alarms of struggle and flight,Where ignorant armies clash by night.’Matthew ArnoldIt is said of statistics that what they reveal is interesting, but what they hide is crucial. Much the same can be said of the present British debate over constitutional change and the courts. The various constitutional reforms proposed seem to be obvious and long overdue - abolishing the post of Lord Chancellor; setting up a Supreme Court separate from the House of Lords; and establishing a judicial appointments committee. However, at least as presented and dealt with by the government and the judges, while these innovations are interesting and generally positive, what they fail to mention or address is much more crucial and revealing.
EVERY (k + 1)-AFFINE COMPLETE NILPOTENT GROUP OF CLASS k IS AFFINE COMPLETE
Authors: AICHINGER ERHARD , ECKER JÜRGEN 
Published: April 2006

We let G be a group, and we let k be a natural number. We assume that G is nilpotent of class at most k, and that every (k + 1)-ary congruence preserving function on G is a polynomial function. We show that then every congruence preserving function on G (of any finite arity) is a polynomial function.
THE LINEARITY OF THE CONJUGACY PROBLEM IN WORD-HYPERBOLIC GROUPS
Authors: EPSTEIN DAVID , HOLT DEREK 
Published: April 2006

The main result proved in this paper is that the conjugacy problem in word-hyperbolic groups is solvable in linear time. This is using a standard RAM model of computation, in which basic arithmetical operations on integers are assumed to take place in constant time. The constants involved in the linear time solution are all computable explicitly. We also give a proof of the result of Mike Shapiro that in a word-hyperbolic group a word in the generators can be transformed into short-lex normal form in linear time. This is used in the proof of our main theorem, but is a significant theoretical result of independent interest, which deserves to be in the literature. Previously the best known result was a quadratic estimate.
Prediction of Summer Maximum and Minimum Temperature over the Central and Western United States: The Roles of Soil Moisture and Sea Surface Temperature
Authors: Alfaro Eric J. , Gershunov Alexander , Cayan Daniel 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A statistical model based on canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to explore climatic associations and predictability of June–August (JJA) maximum and minimum surface air temperatures (Tmax and Tmin) as well as the frequency of Tmax daily extremes (Tmax90) in the central and western United States (west of 90°W). Explanatory variables are monthly and seasonal Pacific Ocean SST (PSST) and the Climate Division Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) during 1950–2001. Although there is a positive correlation between Tmax and Tmin, the two variables exhibit somewhat different patterns and dynamics. Both exhibit their lowest levels of variability in summer, but that of Tmax is greater than Tmin. The predictability of Tmax is mainly associated with local effects related to previous soil moisture conditions at short range (one month to one season), with PSST providing a secondary influence. Predictability of Tmin is more strongly influenced by large-scale (PSST) patterns, with PDSI acting as a short-range predictive influence. For both predictand variables (Tmax and Tmin), the PDSI influence falls off markedly at time leads beyond a few months, but a PSST influence remains for at least two seasons. The maximum predictive skill for JJA Tmin, Tmax, and Tmax90 is from May PSST and PDSI. Importantly, skills evaluated for various seasons and time leads undergo a seasonal cycle that has maximum levels in summer. At the seasonal time frame, summer Tmax prediction skills are greatest in the Midwest, northern and central California, Arizona, and Utah. Similar results were found for Tmax90. In contrast, Tmin skill is spread over most of the western region, except for clusters of low skill in the northern Midwest and southern Montana, Idaho, and northern Arizona.
Bulk Recycling Models with Incomplete Vertical Mixing. Part II: Precipitation Recycling in the Amazon Basin
Authors: Burde Georgy I. , Gandush Chantuu , Bayarjargal Yunden 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
An efficient method for precipitation recycling calculations based on the general bulk recycling model is developed and applied to the Amazon basin region. The results are compared with the estimates provided by simplified recycling models, and with the estimations obtained in other studies. Then the numerical procedure is adjusted to the modified recycling model incorporating some effects of incomplete vertical mixing of water in the tropospheric column as described in Part I of this paper. The modified numerical model is applied to the Amazon basin region and the results are compared with those from the unmodified model. It is seen from the results that the effects related to an incomplete vertical mixing produce significant changes in the level and distribution of precipitation recycling over the Amazon basin. The general changes in the recycling patterns occurring as a result of modifications include a significant increase in the contribution of recycled water to precipitation in the eastern part of the region and weakening continental recycling gradients. The regional recycling ratio values for the Amazon basin estimated by the modified model are significantly higher than the values provided by the unmodified model. The results of application of the models to several other regions on the globe are described in short. In particular, a comparison of the results with the estimates by the modified Budyko model is made for different regions, and it is found that the modified Budyko's model estimates are, in general, closer to the modified model numerical results than it was for the unmodified models. The results for precipitation recycling over the central United States are presented in more detail. For this region, the information on the degree of incomplete vertical mixing available from the GCM tracer transport modeling results has been used in the modified model calculations. It has been found that, as distinct from the Amazon basin, the effects related to an incomplete vertical mixing do not produce significant changes in the level and distribution of precipitation recycling over the central United States.
On the Potential Change in Surface Water Vapor Deposition over the Continental United States due to Increases in Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Pan Zaitao , Segal Moti , Graves Charles 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Characteristics of surface water vapor deposition (WVD) over the continental United States under the present climate and a future climate scenario reflecting the mid-twenty-first-century increased greenhouse gas concentrations were evaluated by using a regional climate model forced by initial and lateral boundary conditions generated by a GCM. Simulated seasonal WVD frequency and daily amounts are presented and elaboration on their relation to potential surface dew/frost is also provided. The climate scenario showed in winter a noticeable decline in WVD frequency over snow-covered areas in the Midwest and over most of the elevated terrain in the western United States, contrasted by an overall increase in the eastern United States. In summer, a decline in frequency was simulated for most of the United States, particularly over the mountains in the west. A spatially mixed trend of change in the frequency was indicated in spring and fall. The trend of change in WVD amount resembled that of the frequency in summer, whereas a largely reversed relation was shown in winter. Quantitatively, changes in frequency and amount of WVD in the range of −30% to +30% generally were indicated for all locations and seasons, except for the western half of the United States, where the change was larger in summer. While areas passing a local statistical test on WVD changes ranged from 11% to 36% of land domain, the WVD differences as a whole field between present climate and future scenarios are significant.
ENSO Bred Vectors in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Models
Authors: Yang S-C. , Kalnay E. , Cai M. , Rienecker M. , Yuan G. , Toth Z. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The breeding method has been implemented in the NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) coupled general circulation model (CGCM) with the ultimate goal of improving operational seasonal to interannual climate predictions through ensemble forecasting and data assimilation. This is the first attempt to isolate the evolving ENSO instability and its corresponding global atmospheric response in a fully coupled ocean–atmosphere GCM. The results herein show that the growth rate of the coupled bred vectors (BVs) is sensitive to the ENSO phases of the evolving background flow and peaks about 3 months before an ENSO event. The structure of the dominant growing BV modes also evolves with the background ENSO and exhibits a larger amplitude in the eastern tropical Pacific, reflecting the natural dynamical sensitivity associated with the shallow thermocline at the eastern boundary. The key features of coupled bred vectors of the NSIPP CGCM are reproduced when using the NCEP CGCM, an independently developed coupled general circulation model.
A Meteorological Distribution System for High-Resolution Terrestrial Modeling (MicroMet)
Authors: Liston Glen E. , Elder Kelly 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
An intermediate-complexity, quasi–physically based, meteorological model (MicroMet) has been developed to produce high-resolution (e.g., 30-m to 1-km horizontal grid increment) atmospheric forcings required to run spatially distributed terrestrial models over a wide variety of landscapes. The following eight variables, required to run most terrestrial models, are distributed: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, incoming solar radiation, incoming longwave radiation, surface pressure, and precipitation. To produce these distributions, MicroMet assumes that at least one value of each of the following meteorological variables are available for each time step, somewhere within, or near, the simulation domain: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation. These variables are collected at most meteorological stations. For the incoming solar and longwave radiation, and surface pressure, either MicroMet can use its submodels to generate these fields, or it can create the distributions from observations as part of a data assimilation procedure. MicroMet includes a preprocessor component that analyzes meteorological data, then identifies and corrects potential deficiencies. Since providing temporally and spatially continuous atmospheric forcing data for terrestrial models is a core objective of MicroMet, the preprocessor also fills in any missing data segments with realistic values. Data filling is achieved by employing a variety of procedures, including an autoregressive integrated moving average calculation for diurnally varying variables (e.g., air temperature). To create the distributed atmospheric fields, spatial interpolations are performed using the Barnes objective analysis scheme, and subsequent corrections are made to the interpolated fields using known temperature–elevation, wind–topography, humidity–cloudiness, and radiation–cloud–topography relationships.
The Promise of Load Balancing the Parameterization of Moist Convection Using a Model Data Load Index
Authors: Muszala S. P. , Connors D. A. , Hack J. J. , Alaghband G. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The parameterization of physical processes in atmospheric general circulation models contributes to load imbalances among individual processors of message-passing distributed-multiprocessor systems. Load imbalances increase the overall time to completion of a model run and should be eliminated or reduced as much as possible. Presented herein is a new technique that shows promise for load balancing the parameterization of moist convection found in the Community Climate System Model's (CCSM's) Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3).
At the heart of this technique is a load index that is a marker for moist convection (called a model data load index). The marker for moist convection correlates directly to the amount of processing time per model grid cell and can therefore be used to effect a load balance. Spatial locality on the model grid and temporal locality between model time steps exist that allow a decomposition from a load-balancing step to be retained for multiple time steps. The analysis in this paper shows that the load balance does not need to be applied at every time step and that the number of steps in which the previous load balance remains effective is large enough for the overhead to be cost effective.
Tests performed indicate that this technique is scalable to higher-resolution models as well as to higher processor counts than those presented. Through the use of the Load Balancing and Scheduling Framework (LBSF), this technique shows promise in reducing (by ∼47%) the time of the unbalanced load of one particular subroutine in CAM3 at the T85 spectral truncation. A maximum of 3.75 s of total execution time is saved over a 2430-time-step simulation. When extrapolated to a 1000-yr simulation, this translates to a potential savings of ∼22 h in that subroutine alone.
Similar methods applied to remaining subroutines can add up to a significant savings. These results are encouraging in that a fine-grained load-balancing technique using the evolving characteristics of geophysical data paves the way for load balancing a broad range of physical calculations, both in CAM3 and other scientific applications, where more general techniques are not practical.
The Hermeneutics of Fictional Black and Factual Red: the Markan Simon of Cyrene and the Quest for the Historical Jesus
Authors: Lyons William 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article notes the polarized nature of scholarship on Simon of Cyrene (Mark 15.21) and reviews the evidence used to support both the view that he is a fictional character and the view that he is a historical figure. This falls into four categories: competing traditions, homiletic function, absence of Christian witnesses, and the significance of Alexander and Rufus. Concluding that the evidence invoked cannot account for these divergent views, I propose that the decisive factor in scholarly choice is hermeneutical in origin; it is the influence of the matrix of presuppositions that each scholar brings to this text. Until such time as we have investigated these matrices more fully, I suggest that any agreement on texts like Mark 15.21 will remain strictly limited. By way of conclusion, my personal view of Simon is outlined and deemed less than adequate in the light of this study.