bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FEAR OF CRIME IN RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITIES
Authors: SHOTLAND R. LANCE , HAYWARD SCOTT C. , YOUNG CARLOTTA , SIGNORELLA MARGARET L. , MINDINGALL KENNETH , KENNEDY JOHN K. , ROVINE MICHAEL J. , DANOWITZ ED WARD F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThree variables were hypothesized to cause a fear of crime and a potential change in behavior. These were: (1) crimes against a person rather than crimes against property; (2) a crime committed in an area frequented rather than a crime occurring in an area one never entered; (3) a recurring crime rather than a crime that occurred once. Two different samples of female subjects (n = 249) were approached at their residences and were asked to read one of a number of fictitious crime stories that the news media supposedly had not reported and to complete two scales measuring: (1) an emotional response to crime and (2) a potential behavioral response to crime. The results indicate that a physical assault produces both more fear and more potential behavioral change than a burglary. A crime that occurs eight times causes people to consider taking precautions in comparison to a crime that occurs once. There is some evidence that a crime in an area one frequents causes more fear than a crime occurring in an area one never enters.
DESIGN PROBLEMS IN PUBLIC POLICY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: LEWIS DAN A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis essay explores the issues involved in designing public policies. It suggests that those programs not well designed will generate inappropriate expectations for success. This lack of design sophistication may not lead well‐conceived methods .for achieving stated objectives. Taking the Low Enforcement Assistance Administration's Cornmunit. Anti‐Crime Program as an example, the paper analyzes the implicit sociological theory which guided the development of this new and important program. The essay concludes by highlighting some of the important contributions the Community Anti‐Crime Program can make in the criminal justice policy arena despite its conceptual shortcomings. While design problems may hinder the implementation of programs, they do not necessarily have to cripple them.
LEGAL STIGMA FOR MARIJUANA POSSESSION
Authors: ERICKSON PATRICIA G. , GOODSTADT MICHAEL S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA field experiment demonstrated that (1) the more serious a person's criminal history involving marijuana, the fewer positive responses were received from potential employers and (2) positions requiring bonding received fewer acceptances than those that made no such specification. No interaction between the combined effects of bonding and criminal record occurred. The present and previous studies suggest that legal stigma from a criminal record may affect employment opportunities in a generalizable manner and that even nonjail penalties have negative repercussions for future employment opportunities. This suggests inherent limitations to achieving a significant reduction of the harmful effects of criminalizarion by reducing the severity of penalties: some indirect costs of legal sanction appear to be inevitable.
EQUITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE:
Authors: LONGSHORE DOUGLAS 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis research examines the punishment decisions of 166 respondents, 36 of whom are employed in criminal justice occupations. Comparison of the decisions of criminal justice respondents and non‐criminal justice respondents provides a test of two constructs in equity theory: inequity between offenders and victim and inequity between offender and accomplice. Results strongly, support the first construct and equivocally support the second.
SEX AND DELINQUENCY: A Partial Test of the Masculinity Hypothesis
Authors: CULLEN FRANCIS T. , GOLDEN KATHRYN M. , CULLEN JOHN B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWith increasing frequency, commentators assert that attitudes associated with occupying the male status or “masculinity” contribute to criminal/delinquent involvement. Despite the ubiquity with which this “masculinity hypothesis” appears, it has received few empirical assessments, and those that do exist typically are flawed by what amounts to the ecological fallacy. Using individual level data, this research attempted to test the masculinity proposition. In general, our data lent some support to the hypothesis, indicating that independent of gender, having masculine attributes positively affected the commission of different types of delinquent offenses.
RAPE IN STOCKHOLM:
Authors: GEIS GILBERT , GEIS ROBLEY 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSweden has a reputation for sexual liberality and sex‐role equality, two items which might be presumed to correlate with a low rate of forcible rape. In truth, however, the rate of rape known to the police in Stockholm is about equivalent to that for comparably sized American jurisdictions. Neither laws nor reporting rates are believed to vary meaningfully between the United States and Sweden. We suggest that the rape in Stockholm may well be a function of a different kind of sexual behavior (though not so different as stereotypes portray), and that more sophisticated studies of rape and other crimes ought to refine sharply the gross measurements now employed to signify criminal activity.
BROKEN HOMES AND MIDDLE‐CLASS DELINQUENCY:
Authors: GRINNELL RICHARD M. , CHAMBERS CHERYL A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis research note presents the results of an empirical study that examines the relationship between broken homes and middle‐class delinquents known to the juvenile justice system and compares the findings with a recent study that focused on the relationship between broken juveniles homes and self‐reported delinquency. A comparison of the two studies reveals that both studies found little or no relationship between broken homes and middle‐class delinquency.
THE CONTEMPORARY CRISES OF MARXIST CRIMINOLOGY
Authors: KLOCKARS CARL B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMarxist theory gains its critical capacity by presenting itself as in the process of being realized through class conflict. By locating its critical and empirical reality in a ideal, unrepressive, unoppressive, relatively crime free future, it renders itself irresponsible for its own history and immune from empirical criticism. In order to sustain this vision in the absence of historical evidence. the chief promoters of a Marxist perspective in American criminology have found it necessary to invent untestable and irrefutable concepts whose principal function is to maintain a suspension of the relationship between history, social reality, and theory. Because such work is more akin to religious phophesy than criminology. it presently appears to be irreconcilable with all heretofore accepted standards of academic scholarship.
THE NEW CRIMINOLOGY IS THE OLD SENTIMENTALITY
Authors: TOBY JACKSON 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe New Criminology is neither new nor criminology, merely sentimental overidentification with the underdog masquerading as science. This sentimentality appeals to students of crime only because criminology has traditionally been sympathetic to the underdog. The hypotheses of discriminatory law enforcement and of white‐collar immorality reflect such sympathy. The millenarial hopes of the New Criminology are illusory. That justice is imperfect even in relatively decent societies is no excuse for embracing nihilism or for giving up the attempt to maintain social order.
AFTER LABELING AND CONFLICT
Authors: WOLLAN LAURIN A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCriminology will become somewhat more concerned for values in the future hence shifting slightly from the empirical, scientific end of the spectrum toward the normative, philosophical end. This will result from crises in criminal justice. from the “coming crisis in western sociology.” from the effects of “critical criminology” from changes in social science generally. and from broader circumstances of criminology and criminal justice.
RANDOM ASSIGNMENT IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH Some Ethical and Legal Issues
Authors: BAUNACH PHYLLIS JO 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRandomization techniques entail sound methodological means to assign participants to groups for experimental purposes. However, prior to applying this technique to criminal justice research, several ethical and legal issues must be considered. For example, in a legal context, the objectivity afforded by the randomization process may be interpreted as “arbitrary.” Similarly, depriving control group participants of the presumed benefits of a newly launched program may be regarded as unethical. It may be possible to adapt the randomization procedure to experimental contingencies. However, caution must then be taken in carrying out the adaptation, as the methodological rigor and hence the interpretability of the results may be affected.
ROLE CONFLICT IN CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Authors: HEPBURN JOHN R. , ALBONETTI CELESTA 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe divergent and often incompatible goals of treatment and custody within correctional organizations frequently result in ambiguous role expectations and role conflict among prison personnel. Hypotheses that role conflict is significantly greater among staff in treatment institutions than among staff in custodv institutions. Is significantly greater among treatment staff than among custody staff, and is significantly related to both job satisfaction and punitive attitudes toward inmates are tested with questionnaire data obtained from 336 treatment and custody personnel within 6 adult correctional facilities. Although the bivariate analyses provide support for each of the hypotheses, subsequent analyses indicate that role conflict is more likely to be the product of the organizational goals of the institution than of the treatment or custody staff positions within those institutions. These findings are related to previous analyses of the treatment‐custody dilemma within institutions, and the implications for future research are discussed.
POLICE EMPLOYMENT AND SUBURBAN CRIME
Authors: HUFF C. RONALD , STAHURA JOHN M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAlthough politicians, police, and others have often advocated the expansion of police employment in the effort to control crime, the empirical relationship between police employment and crime rates has seldom been systematically explored. This study incorporates variables which are causally related both to crime and police employment roles for the 252 northern and northeastern suburbs for which police employment and crime data are available for 1970–1972. Separate analyses of violent and property crime are undertaken, incorporating data on police employment as a causally related variable along with several other determinants of crime identified in earlier studies. The analysis suggests that police employment and crime rates are reciprocally related, and that these relationships offer more support for a “labeling” than a “deterrence” perspective.
DOUBLE MARGINALITY OF BLACK POLICEMEN
Authors: CAMPBELL VALENCIA 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article explores the extent to which black policemen are victims of “double marginality” (Alex. 1969). From secondary data on 576 black male policemen in a large metropolitan area, it was found that the concept of double marginality has little explanatory power in accounting for variation in either black officers' perception of public involvement in police affairs or black officers' perception of police authority. These findings raise serious questions about the general applicability of the marginality concept in explaining black officer' perceptions today.
DETERMINANTS OF ATTITUDES TOWARD CITY POLICE
Authors: SCAGLION RICHARD , CONDON RICHARD G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a survey of attitudes toward police and police service among 273 citizens in 4 neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Extensive socioeconomic and personal history data were collected for all individuals. Results indicate that personal history. particularly respondents’perceptions of the way in which specific officers have related to them personally in previous encounters, is a more significant determinant of general attitudes towards police than were all socioeconomic variables including race and income. Results thus suggest that positive styles of policing will significantly affect police‐community relations, and that police‐community relations programs stressing officer‐citizen interaction in a law enforcement context will have the highest probability of success.
TREATMENT OF DELINQUENT YOUTH:
Authors: ANDERSON ELAINE A. , SPANIER GRAHAM B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article examines the relative influences of the juvenile probation officer's perceptions of self and work on his or her opinions of delinquency and decisions made about juveniles. Self‐administered questionnaires were completed by 255 juvenile probation officers. Results indicate that the officer who is treatment‐service oriented is less likely to label juvenile acts delinquent than the officer who responds to lawyer role models. Officers who make rehabilitative recommendations are less likely to label acts delinquent than those who do not. The independent variables accounted for a rural of 21.3% of the variance in the dependent variable, the officer's perception of treatment.
WOMEN, RACE, AND CRIME
Authors: YOUNG VERNETTA D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article examines the interrelationships among women, race, and crime as presented by Adler. The empirical assertions concerning the pattern of crime for black and white males and females are examined using victim survey data. It was concluded that the explanations for racial differences in female crime and delinquency advanced by Adler have little value since the empirical differences they purport to explain are not supported by the data.
A COMPARISON OF DELINQUENCY TRENDS
Authors: MARTIN ROBERT G. , CONGER RAND D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractComparative data are presented assessing trends in the juvenile crime rates for Japan and the United States over the past decade. Both court and arrest records show that the rate of juvenile crime has increased substantially in the United States while remaining essentially stable in Japan. The analyses demonstrate that this conclusion holds even when appropriate controls are introduced for the age groups involved. Suggestions are made for future research that might explain the differences reported for the two nations.
TRENDS IN FEMALE DELINQUENCY
Authors: STEFFENSMEIER DA RRELL J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNational arrest statistics combined with juvenile court, self‐report, and field observational data are used to evaluate current conceptions of the changing nature of female delinquency. Adolescent females made arrest gains in the categories of larceny (e.g., shoplifting). liquor law violations (e.g. underage drinking), and runaways. Studies of juvenile gangs show no increase in female violence or gang‐related delinquencies while self‐report data show that, with the exception of marijuana use and drinking, female delinquency has remained generally stable over the past decade. We conclude that patterns of female delinquency, especially as revealed in nonofficial sources of evidence, have changed very little in recent years and that female delinquency continues to reflect traditional sex roles. The evidence suggests that the Women's Movement has had little or no effect on female delinquency. At the end of the report. we suggest alternative views regarding female delinquency and the forces shaping it.
VIOLENCE AND COMMITMENT IN CUSTODIAL SETTINGS
Authors: SHOEMAKER DONALD J. , HILLERY GEORGE A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractQuestionnaires were distributed to the inmates and staff of four custodial settings: (1) a men's prison; (2)a women's prison; (3) a boarding school for troubled and troublesome juveniles; and (4) a drug rehabilitation halfway house (staff not questioned). The hypothesis of the study was that violence would be inversely related to commitment (defined as involvement with the organization and organizational cohesion). Using attitudinal measures of commitment and a self‐report. Guttman scale of violence, the results of the study indicated the following: (1) violence was significantly inversely related to both organizational involvement and cohesion among some custodial inmates and (2) violence was slightly positively correlated with involvement and cohesion among some custodial staff. The relationship persisted among inmates even with the introduction of age and education as control variables. The use of these controls only slightly modified the relationship among custodial staff:
TOWARD A THEORY OF BAIL RISK
Authors: OZANNE MARQ R. , WILSON ROBERT A. , GEDNEY DEWAINE L 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Criteria which are commonly employed in the assessment of the bail risk (failure to appear) are examined. based on samples of defendants released in Philadelphia, Delaware. and Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The original release on recognizance criteria offered by the Manhattan Bail Project is contrasted with a factor analytical model of bail risk produced through the present study. Counter to the original construct, community ties are reflected in two separate factors rather than one. Findings suggest a reassessment of the meaning of community ties with respect to bail risk. In contrast to the original interpretation, basedprincipally on length of time in a community and contacts with friends and relatives, successful performance of adult male roles in the community reflected by marriage and its associated responsibilities appears to be more important in assessing bail risk. The community ties factor, however, may be a byproduct of differential local community social structure and process.
THE REGULATION OF INTERACTION BY POLICE
Authors: SYKES RICHARD E. , BRENT EDWARD E. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Scholars agree that a preoccupation of police is the maintenance of their authority during encounters with civilians. There is little knowledge of how they seek to do this. Using a subset of process data from a large, quantitative, observational field study of police, the authors analyze it from the perspective of general systems theory. They find that authority is maintained in most cases by much more subtle means than past studies have identified.
ROLE STRESS, CUSTODY ORIENTATION, AND DISCIPLINARY ACTIONS
Authors: POOLE ERIC D. , REGOLI ROBERT M. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Shifting correctional philosophies and institutional policies concerning the handling and control of inmates have contributed to experiences of role stress among prison guards. The present study, based on questionnaire responses of 144 prison guards from a maximum security prison, suggests that role stress is resolved by an intensified commitment to the custodial role. A major consequence of this is a higher rate of disciplinary reports filed by the guards. Apparently, an increased custody orientation disposes guards to a pattern of closer surveillance and control of the inmate population. This study concludes with a discussion of the implications of our findings for guardinmate relationships and for the administration of justice in the prison setting.
PRISON GUARDS' ATTITUDES TOWARD COMPONENTS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Authors: CROUCH BEN M. , ALPERT GEOFFREY P. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Only recently has there been very much interest in prison guards, their behavior, or their attitudes. Although prisons and their prisoners have been the subject of many investigations, the keepers have been overlooked. This article reports guards’attitudes toward the criminal justice system and suggests what these attitudes may mean.
SERIOUSNESS OF OFFENSES
Authors: KVÅLSETH TARALD O. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This experimental study, which was partly a replication of two previous studies in Canada and the United States, had a group of Norwegian students judge the seriousness of a set of offenses based on the magnitude estimation technique of psychophysics. Although it appeared that a considerable degree of consensus regarding the rank ordering of offense seriousness extended across the social and cultural differences between the three subject populations, some clear differences did emerge. In general, any change in the judgment of offense seriousness by the Norwegian subjects exceeded the corresponding changes perceived by the Canadian and the U.S. subjects.
CONSTRUCTING CROSS‐CULTURAL THEORIES IN CRIMINOLOGY
Authors: BENNETT RICHARD R. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Over the past twenty years, researchers have, once again, discovered the benefits of studying a phenomenon cross‐culturally, and a revival of the method is currently underway. However, criminologists currently use the method to determine the scope and generalizability of their theories, which were orginally developed for use in one particular culture. Due to problems in this approach, their activities have been met with varied success. The purpose of this article is to examine the use of the cross‐cultural research method in constructing and testing criminological theories. The article will distinguish between the use of a method to determine a theory's scope and generalizability (Evaluative Approach) and the use of the method to construct explanatory models designed to transcend cultural boundaries (Generative Approach). The article will conclude with a detailed discussion of the latter.
SOCIAL STATUS AND DEVIANCE
Authors: KROHN MARVIN D. , AKERS RONALD L , RADOSEVICH MARCIA J. , LANZA‐KADUCE LONN 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The relationship between social class and four measures of deviance was examined within the context of schools with predominantly upper‐middleclass. middle‐class, and working‐class populations. The hypothesis that there would be significant inverse relationships between social class and rates of deviant behavior within working‐class but not upper‐middle‐ or middle‐class schools was not supported by our data. There also was no consistent support found for the hypothesis that working‐class schools should have higher rates of deviance. The fact that even when we contextualize the social class/delinquency relationship we fail to find a significant inverse relationship, further confirms the conclusion that social class does not appear to be an important predictor of delinquency.
IMPACT OF A YOUTH SERVICE CENTER
Authors: DENNO DEBORAH J. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The influences of a Youth Service Center are assessed in two South Philadelphia police districts and two pairs of selected comparison districts, using Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and the Youth Center's caseload arrest data. UCR data indicate a slight change in arrest rates within the selected target districts and fluctuating rates within comparison districts. Data for Youth Center Clients show a 26% decrease in arrests during a oneyear period, particularly for white youths. but analysis of other important factors that may have an impact on arrest rates suggests thar it is impossible at this time to demonstrate that the Youth Service Center is significantly decreasing official juvenile delinquency.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE PREDICTABILITY OF PRISON RELEASE
Authors: GOODSTEIN LYNNE 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Although the determinate sentence is generally discussed as a unified concept, it appears to be comprised of two independent factors which can be considered separately‐equity in sentencing and predictability of release. This paper features one component of the determinate sentence, predictability of release, in an attempt to demonstrate the advantages of providing inmates with advance information concerning their release dates. Evidence from psychological research on stress and intrinsic motivation is presented to substantiate claims by critics of the indeterminate sentence that it results in heightened inmate‐anxiety and poor program‐performance. Ensuring predictability of release is an important objective which is likely to result in benefits for both inmates and the correctional system as a whole.