bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Needs expressed’ and ‘offers of care’: an observational study of mothers with somatisation disorder and their children
Authors: Bialas Ivona , Craig Tom K.J. 
Published: August 2006

Background:  The abnormal illness behaviours characterising somatisation disorder may be learnt responses acquired through exposure to parental illness and health anxiety in childhood. In this observational study we explore this hypothesis by examining patterns of interaction in mothers and their school age children.Method:  A sample of 136 mother and child pairs in 3 groups (42 mothers with somatisation disorder, 44 organically ill mothers and 50 healthy mothers) completed a battery of self‐report and interview measures. Their interaction in semi‐structured play tasks and a meal was videotaped and later analysed for the presence of ‘needs’ and ‘offers of care’ by researchers who were blind to maternal group membership.Results:  During play, a greater proportion of the children of somatising mothers expressed ‘health and safety’ needs than did children of other mothers. In contrast, during a meal, these children expressed fewer needs of all types. Children of somatising mothers were more likely than other children to ignore their mothers’ offers of care. The somatising mothers expressed more health and safety needs during the meal than did other mothers and were generally less responsive to all needs expressed by their children.Conclusions:  Our study suggests that mothers with somatisation disorder and their children interact differently than other mother–child pairs. This finding supports the theory for environmental influences in the development of this disorder.
Which family factors predict children's externalizing behaviors following discharge from psychiatric inpatient treatment?
Authors: Blader Joseph C. 
Published: August 2006

Objective:  Parents’ behavior management practices, parental stress, and family environment are highly pertinent to children's conduct problems. Preadolescents’ psychiatric hospitalization usually arises because of severe conduct problems, so the relationships of family‐related variables to postdischarge functioning warrant investigation. This study examined postdischarge clinical course and select family factors to model outcomes via a) predictors measured at admission, b) predictors measured concurrently with outcome, and c) changes in predictor values from admission through follow‐up.Method:  In a prospective follow‐up of 107 child psychiatry inpatients, caregivers completed rating scales pertaining to their child's behavior, parenting practices, parenting stress, caregiver strain, and their own psychological distress at admission and three, six, and 12 months after discharge.Results:  The magnitude of reductions in parenting stress between admission and follow‐up bore the strongest relationship to improvements in externalizing behavior. The largest and most sustained decreases in externalizing behavior arose among youngsters whose parents reported high parenting stress at admission and low parenting stress after discharge. By contrast, children whose parents reported low parenting stress at admission and follow‐up showed significantly less postdischarge improvement. Parenting stress changes were not attributable to changes in behavioral symptoms. Parenting stress eclipsed relationships between behavior management practices and child outcomes, suggesting that parenting stress might have a mediational role.Conclusions:  High initial parenting stress disposed to better outcomes over the year of follow‐up. Consistently low stress predicted less improvement. Higher stress at admission may imply more advantageous parent–child relationships or motivation for subsequent persistence with treatment. Interventions that ameliorate high stress may warrant further study. Low parenting stress might signify disengagement, or, alternatively, that parents of some chronically impaired children become rather inured to fluctuations in behavioral problems. If confirmed, further examination of these and other accounts for a relationship between low parenting stress and suboptimal child outcome seems warranted.
Army ant prey availability and consumption by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes vellerosus) at Gashaka (Nigeria)
Authors: Schöning C. , Ellis D. , Fowler A. , Sommer V. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractArmy ant predation by chimpanzees has been studied as an intriguing example of tool use and a possible case of cultural variation. However, the importance of army ant prey in chimpanzee diet and feeding ecology is still only poorly understood. We studied the availability and consumption of army ants in a population of the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes vellerosus in Nigeria. Army ants were collected from nests and trails (workers) and near artificial light sources (males). Three potential prey species were found: Dorylus rufescens, Dorylus gerstaeckeri and Dorylus kohli. Dorylus rufescens was by far more abundant than the other two species. Only remains from D. rufescens were present in chimpanzee faeces. This is the first report of consumption of this ant species by chimpanzees. However, because of the low availability of the other two species, it is unclear whether this pattern reflects a preference for D. rufescens. Although D. rufescens' availability varied with weather conditions, the occurrence as well as the absolute and relative numbers of Dorylus fragments in faeces did not. This finding, together with the considerable difficulties encountered by human observers in their efforts to locate nests by following trails, suggests that the chimpanzees in this population do not harvest army ants from trails and do not use trails to locate nests. The overall occurrence of army ant fragments in 42.3% of all faecal samples is the highest ever recorded in any chimpanzee population. This indicates that in this chimpanzee population, army ant prey is not a fallback during periods of sparse availability of plant food, but quantitatively important throughout the year. Future studies will be needed to clarify which cues and strategies chimpanzees use to locate army ant nests and to assess the role of myrmecophagy with respect to macro‐ or micronutrient demands.
An experimental approach to modeling the strength of canine teeth
Authors: Freeman P. W. , Lemen C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe strength of canine teeth in several carnivores is found through direct fracture experiments. The average forces required to break the canines of adult animals are coyote 1170 N, red fox 533 N, bobcat 737 N and raccoon 512 N. Stresses created in teeth at the breaking load are predicted by finite‐element analysis and beam theory. The ultimate tensile stress sustainable in these teeth is 338 MPa in adult animals. The large pulp cavity in the canines of young animals significantly weakens the bases of their teeth (by about 25%), but as the animal ages the pulp cavity decreases and has little effect on overall tooth strength. The tooth material of young of the year is significantly weaker than that from older animals (by about 35%). With the experimentally derived ultimate tensile stress, finite‐element analysis can estimate the breaking load of canines for several carnivores. A significant allometric relationship exists between log of body weight and log of strength of tooth (slope=0.81).
Cardiovascular pharmacology and physiology of the isoprostanes
Authors: Cracowski Jean‐Luc , Durand Thierry 
Published: August 2006

AbstractF2‐isoprostanes are a complex family of compounds produced from arachidonic acid via a free radical‐catalyzed mechanism. Their quantification as a pathophysiological biomarker provides a unique opportunity to investigate lipid peroxidation in vascular diseases. Their measurement also provides an interesting biomarker for the rational dose selection of antioxidants in vascular diseases where oxidative stress might be involved. In addition to their use as biomarkers, some isoprostanes possess a biological activity. The 15‐series F2‐ and E2‐isoprostanes mediate vasoconstriction in different vascular beds and species. In addition, 15‐F2t‐IsoP induces smooth muscle cells mitogenesis and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. The data available supports but does not prove the hypothesis that isoprostanes are involved in vascular physiology and pathogenesis.
The effect of positive end‐expiratory pressure ventilation on propofol concentrations during general anesthesia in humans
Authors: Takizawa Eri , Ito Naomi , Ishizeki Junko , Goto Fumio , Hiraoka Haruhiko , Takizawa Daisuke 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe present study investigated the effects of positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) on propofol concentrations in humans. Eleven patients undergoing elective surgery were enrolled in this study. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, then maintained using 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen, fentanyl 10–20 μg/kg and continuous infusion of propofol. Vecuronium was used to facilitate the artificial ventilation of the lungs. Propofol was administered to all subjects via target‐controlled infusion to achieve a propofol concentration of 6.0 μg/mL at intubation and 2.0 μg/mL after intubation. Before, during and after PEEP level of 10 cmH2O, cardiac output (CO) and effective liver blood flow (LBF) was measured using indocyanine green as an indicator and blood propofol concentration was determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Data are expressed as median and range. After PEEP of 10 cmH2O was applied, CO and effective LBF was significantly decreased from 5.5 (3.8–6.8) L/min to 4.5 (3.2–5.8) L/min (P < 0.05), 0.78 (0.65–1.21) L/min to 0.65 (0.50–0.89) L/min (P < 0.05), respectively. Propofol concentration was significantly increased from 2.21 (1.46–2.63) μg/mL to 2.45(1.79–2.89) μg/mL (P < 0.05). These data indicate that propofol concentrations can be increased by PEEP, suggesting the possibility of overdosing following PEEP.
Alveolar Hemorrhage: An Underdiagnosed Complication of Treatment with Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors
Authors: ISKANDAR SAID B. , KASASBEH EHAB S. , MECHLEB BASSAM K. , GARCIA ISRAEL , JACKSON ANN , FAHRIG STEPHEN , ALBALBISSI KAISS , HENRY PHILLIP D. 
Published: August 2006

Objective: Alveolar hemorrhage (AH) is a rare complication of treatment with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Hemoptysis, a constant sign, lacks in specificity, and may occur in confounding syndromes such as pulmonary edema, pulmonary infarction, and pneumonia. Nonspecific symptoms and signs often delay the diagnosis, thereby allowing serious or even fatal disease progression. Here, we performed a large‐scale retrospective analysis to define the incidence and risk factors of AH in the setting of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors therapy.
Background: Randomized controlled trials demonstrate that treatment with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) inhibitors may improve the outcome of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and angioplastic procedures. However, this treatment may rarely lead to severe hemorrhagic complications, in particular AH. Unfortunately, the incidence and risk factors of AH remain poorly defined.
Methods: We reviewed for the period extending from August 1998 to January 2005 consecutive histories of AMI patients receiving coronary arteriography and treatment with either eptifibatide or abciximab. Concomitantly admitted AMI patients not treated with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors were reviewed and served as a control group. The diagnosis of AH required the demonstration of typical symptoms and signs including dyspnea, hemoptysis, arterial hypoxemia, pulmonary radiographic changes, and, when available, bronchoscopic signs for AH. Potential covariates including pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, smoking, and use of other anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents were evaluated.
Results: Six of 1,810 patients (0.33%) receiving eptifibatide and five of 3,648 patients (0.14%) receiving abciximab exhibited typical symptoms and signs of AH. Contrarily, only one of 4,136 patients (0.025%) receiving no GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors presented with similar symptoms and signs. There was no fatal outcome, though two patients required blood transfusions. Statistically significant differences were found between control patients and patients receiving eptifibatide alone (P = 0.004). There was also a significant difference between untreated patients and those receiving eptifibatide and abciximab (P = 0.017). No differences were found between eptifibatide and abciximab‐treated patients (P = 0.19) or between abciximab and untreated control patients (P = 0.105).
Conclusions: AH is a rare complication of treatment with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Its incidence ranged from 0.14% in patients treated with abciximab to 0.33% in those receiving eptifibatide. Compared to a control group, patients treated with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors had a statistically increased risk for AH.
Stress Response of Escherichia coli
Authors: Chung H.J. , Bang W. , Drake M.A. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT:
Escherichia coli encounter numerous different stresses during their growth, survival, and infection. These stresses are relevant to survival in foods and food processing environments. E. coli and other bacteria respond to stress conditions by activating small or large groups of genes under the control of common regulator proteins. Stress conditions result in the accumulation of these regulator proteins and subsequent transcription of many genes allows cells to cope with specific stress situations, conferring stress tolerance and survival. In addition, induced stress tolerance of cells is attributed to enhanced virulence and enhanced tolerance to other stresses (cross‐protection). In this review, regulation of stress and the stress tolerance response of E. coli to heat, acid, starvation, and cold stresses that are commonly used in food preservation and food production will be addressed. The effect of different stress on survival, adaptation, and cross‐protection of E. coli studied using laboratory media, and real foods will be briefly summarized. Finally, the relationship of stress response and subsequent virulence and cross‐protection will also be discussed.
Liberating Behavior from Time‐Bound Control: Expanding the Present Through Hypnosis1
Authors: Zimbardo Philip G. , Marshall Gary , Maslach Christina 
Published: August 2006

Temporal perspective was experimentally manipulated by verbal instructions to expand the present while minimizing the significance of past and future. The reactions of trained hypnotic subjects to this induction were compared with hynotic simulators and nonsimulating controls. In a fourth group, time sense was made salient but no suggestion given to alter it. Across a variety of tasks, self‐report measures, and behavioral observations, this modification of the boundaries between past, present, and future resulted in profound consequences among the hypnotic subjects.Changes in affect, language, thought processes, sensory awareness, and susceptibility to social‐emotional contagion, accompanied an expanded present orientation. Nonreactive measures distinguished simulators from hypnotic subjects who apparently were better able than control subjects to incorporate the induced time distortion and perceive it as a viable alternative to their traditional time perspective. Some implications of time as a pervasive, non‐obvious, independent variable in the social control of cognition and behavior are outlined.
Would a Type A Date Another Type A?: Influence of Behavior Type and Personal Attributes In the Selection of Dating Partners1
Authors: Morell Marie A. , Twillman Robert K. , Sullaway Megan E. 
Published: August 2006

Certain behavior type patterns in couples have been associated with heightened interpersonal distress and coronary heart disease risk. However, the factors that lead to such pairings seldom have been investigated. The present study examined the associations between personal behavior type and gender‐role self‐concept related to the selection of hypothetical dating partners.Eighty‐one male and 116 female heterosexual college students completed questionnaires to assess behavior type (Jenkins Activity Survey) and gender‐role self‐concept (Personal Attributes Questionnaire, PAQ). Participants chose a preferred “dating partner” from vignettes differing in the degree of Type A‐Type B behavior displayed. Results of CATMOD and chi‐square analyses were generally consistent with the similarity theory of interpersonal attraction. Type A and B males as well as Type B females preferred hypothetical dating partners identical to their own behavior type. Type A females with high PAQ Masculinity scores selected Type A dates, whereas Type A females with low PAQ Masculinity preferred Type Bs. Implications for the selection of actual dating partners, spouses, potential interpersonal distress, and coronary heart disease risk are discussed.
Dolichos yellow mosaic virus belongs to a distinct lineage of Old World begomoviruses; its biological and molecular properties
Authors: Maruthi M.N. , Manjunatha B. , Rekha A.R. , Govindappa M.R. , Colvin J. , Muniyappa V. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDolichos yellow mosaic disease (DYMD) affects the production of dolichos in South Asia. Diseased plants produce characteristic bright yellow mosaic patches on the leaves and early infections cause reductions in yield. The putative dolichos yellow mosaic virus (DoYMV) was transmitted poorly (maximum 18.3% transmission) by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. DoYMV has a narrow host range and infected only Lablab purpureus and L. purpureus var. typicum out of the 36 species tested. Virus was detected using monoclonal antibodies in a triple‐antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and by PCR. Complete DNA‐A components of DoYMV isolates from Mysore and Bangalore, South India, were sequenced, but several attempts to identify DNA‐B and DNA‐β were unsuccessful. DoYMV isolates shared DNA‐A nucleotide identities of 92.5–95.3% with previously described isolates from North India and Bangladesh. They were most similar to mungbean‐infecting begomoviruses at 61.6–64.4% of DNA‐A nucleotide identities. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA‐A sequences grouped the dolichos‐infecting and mungbean‐infecting begomoviruses into a distinct cluster away from begomoviruses infecting non‐leguminous plants in the Indian subcontinent. Antigenically, legume‐infecting begomoviruses were most similar to each other compared with non‐legume viruses. Collectively, these results indicate that legume‐infecting begomoviruses in the Indian subcontinent belonged to a distinct lineage of Old World begomoviruses.
Putative Nitrogen Sensing Systems in Higher Plants
Authors: Lam Hon‐Ming , Chiao Ying Ann , Li Man‐Wah , Yung Yuk‐Kwong , Ji Sang 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNitrogen (N) metabolism is essential for the biosynthesis of vital biomolecules. N status thus exerts profound effects on plant growth and development, and must be closely monitored. In bacteria and fungi, a few sophisticated N sensing systems have been extensively studied. In animals, the ability to receive amino acid signals has evolved to become an integral part of the nervous coordination system. In this review, we will summarize recent developments in the search for putative N sensing systems in higher plants based on homologous systems in bacteria, fungi, and animals. Apparently, although plants have separated and diversified from other organisms during the evolution process, striking similarities can be found in their N sensing systems compared with those of their counterparts; however, our understanding of these systems is still incomplete. Significant modifications of the N sensing systems (including cross‐talk with other signal transduction pathways) in higher plants may be a strategy of adaptation to their unique mode of life.(Managing editor: Ping He)
Placement of a long term tracheal cannula in a Thoroughbred racehorse with bilateral laryngeal dysfunction
Authors: SCHAAF KL , KANNEGIETER NJ , LOVELL DK 
Published: August 2006

A Thoroughbred horse with bilateral laryngeal dysfunction was treated by placement of a long term tracheal cannula in order to restore full athletic function. The horse initially presented with right‐sided arytenoid dysfunction that was considered to be due to a congenital malformation of the laryngeal cartilage. This was corrected by a right‐sided laryngoplasty and ventriculectomy. The horse re‐presented 1 year later with idiopathic left laryngeal hemiplegia. The decision was made to place a long‐term tracheal cannula due to the low success rate and high complication rate associated with other surgeries used to correct bilateral arytenoid dysfunction.A three‐piece tracheotomy cannula and stopper were positioned under general anaesthesia. The horse rapidly adjusted to the tracheal cannula and no post‐surgical complications were encountered. The horse resumed training 4 weeks postoperatively. Due to the rules governing racing in Australia the horse was exported to New Zealand where he continued his racing career.It was concluded that tracheotomy is a straightforward technique associated with minimal complications and can provide an excellent prognosis for return of full airway function in racing horses. It is recognised that many issues need to be considered prior to more general acceptance of this technique, including assessment of animal welfare issues and public perception. In appropriate cases consideration should be given to using long term placement of a tracheotomy cannula as a treatment option to restore maximal airflow in horses with upper airway obstruction.
Genetic Diversity of
Borrelia burgdorferi
Sensu Stricto in
Peromyscus leucopus
, the Primary Reservoir of Lyme Disease in a Region of Endemicity in Southern Maryland
Authors: Anderson Jennifer M. , Norris Douglas E. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT

In the north central and northeastern United States,
Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu stricto, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease (LD), is maintained in an enzootic cycle between the vector,
Ixodes scapularis
, and the primary reservoir host,
Peromyscus leucopus
. Genetic diversity of the pathogen based on sequencing of two plasmid-located genes, those for outer surface protein A (
ospA
) and outer surface protein C (
ospC
), has been examined in both tick and human specimens at local, regional, and worldwide population scales. Additionally, previous studies have only been conducted with tick or human specimens at the local population level in areas with high LD transmission rates. This study examined the genetic diversity of circulating borreliae in the reservoir population from a large region of the western coastal plains of southern Maryland, where moderate numbers of human LD cases are reported. Six
ospA
mobility classes, including two that were not previously described, and eight
ospC
groups were found among the
P. leucopus
samples. Twenty-five percent of all specimens were infected with more than one
ospA
or
ospC
variant. The frequency distribution of variants was homogeneous, both locally and spatially. The spirochete diversity found in Maryland was not as high as that observed among northern tick populations, yet similar genotypes were observed in both populations. These results also show that mice are important for maintaining
Borrelia
variants, even rare variants, and that reservoir populations should therefore be considered when assessing the diversity of
B. burgdorferi
.