bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numeric Aberration of Chromosome 17 Is Strongly Correlated with p53 Overexpression, Tumor Proliferation and Histopathology in Human Bladder Cancer
Authors: Li Benyi , Kanamaru Hiroshi , Noriki Sakon , Fukuda Masaru , Okada Kenichiro 
Published: July 2007

Background This study investigated the relationships between the numeric aberrations of chromosome 17 and p53 expression, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index (PCNA‐LI) and histopathology, to determine their prognostic significance in bladder cancer. MethodsUsing in situ hybridization (1SH) with a biotin‐labeled chromosome‐specific DNA probe, the copy number of pericentromeric sequences in chromosome 17 were detected within interphase nuclei in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections from 59 nonmetastasized transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of the urinary bladder. Expression of p53 and PCNA‐LI were determined in serial sections by an immunohistochemical method. Results The percentage of hyperdiploid cells for chromosome 17 correlated with p53 overexpression (P< 0.002), PCNA‐LI (P< 0.002), increasing tumor grade (P< 0.002) and advanced pathologic stage (P< 0.002). The average percentage of hyperdiploid cells was lower in tumors with negative p53 expression than in tumors with p53 overexpression (P< 0.002). Also, more polysomic TCCs were found in muscle‐invasive than in superficial cases (P< 0.01), and there was a difference in both p53 overexpression or PCNA‐LI between disomic and polysomic TCCs (P<0.01). Patients with chromosome 17 disomic tumors showed less frequent tumor progression than patients with polysomic tumors (P< 0.05). However, chromosome 17 polysomy was an independent prognostic indicator only for patient survival (P< 0.05). Conclusion The occurrence and extent of numeric aberrations of chromosome 17 may be associated with the evolution of aggressive growth in TCC and may be a useful indicator for survival.
Molecular Staging of Prostate Cancer: Comparison of Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay Using Prostate Specific Antigen Versus Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen as Primer
Authors: Okegawa Takatsugu , Yoshioka Junichi , Morita Ryoji , Nutahara Kikuo , Tsukada Yutaka , Higashihara Eiji 
Published: July 2007

Background: We examined the utility for prostate cancer staging of nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) using either prostate specific antigen (PSA) or prostate specific membrane antigen (PSM) as primer. Methods: LNCaP cells were used for the in vitro quantification of RT‐PCR. RT‐PCR was performed on the peripheral blood of 105 control subjects and 63 patients with prostate cancer (32 who eventually underwent radical prostatectomy and 31 with clinical stage D2 cancer). Results: The nested RT‐PCR for the PSA and PSM primers was able to detect 1 LNCaP cell per 106 leukemia (K562) cells. Noneof the control subjects was found positive for the presence of prostate cancer cells by nested RT‐PCR. In the 32‐patient surgery group, the results of nested RT‐PCR were significantly correlated with the pathologic stage of the cancer when using PSM primers (P=2.00times10‐3 by Kendall's correlation test) but not when using PSA primers (P=0.06). Extraprostatic extension was significantly more closely correlated with positive PSM nested RT‐PCR results (P=0.012 by Fisher's exact probability test) than with positive results of PSA, nested RT‐PCR, digital rectal examination, CT imaging, level of serum PSA or Cleason score. In the untreated stage D2 patients, the positive result rate of PSM nested RT‐PCR was significantly higher than that of PSA nested RT‐PCR (P=0.025 by McNemar test). Conclusion: Nested RT‐PCR using PSM primers appears to predict the prostate cancer stage more accurately than does nested RT‐PCR using PSA primers or conventional clinical staging modalities.
Incidence of Urogenital Cancers in Gunma Prefecture, Japan: A 10‐Year Summary
Authors: Nakata Seiji , Ohtake Nobuaki , Kubota Yutaka , Imai Kyoichi , Yamanaka Hidetoshi , Ito Yoshikazu , Hirayama Nobuaki , Hasegawa Kazunori 
Published: July 2007

Background: Although the incidence of urogenital cancers in Japan is lower than that of other cancers, it is increasing steadily. Thus, an epidemiologic study was necessary to determine the measures that would decrease the mortality rate associated with these cancers. Methods: The subjects were 4759 patients with urogenital cancer who were living in Gunma Prefecture and who were newly diagnosed between 1985 and 1994. The data were analyzed by year and by patients' ages. The incidence rates of each disease were expressed as the number of cases per 100,000/year, and age‐adjusted rates were adjusted to the world population. Results: The number of males and females afflicted by urogenital cancers increased over the 10‐year period. The increase in age‐adjusted incidence rates was sharpest for prostate, renal cell, and testicular cancers among males, and for renal cell, renal pelvic and ureter cancers among females. When age‐specific rates were plotted against age on double logarithmic scales, the cancers were classified as type 1 (linear), type 2 (linear until a certain age, then flattening out or decreasing), or type 3 (irregular) based on the slope of the line. The magnitude of increase in the age‐specific incidence rates of type 1 cancers with age was on the order of the 12th power for prostate cancer and the 5th power for bladder cancer. When the 10 years were divided into 2 periods (earlier and later), the age‐specific incidence rates of prostate and renal cell cancers increased in all age groups, whereas the age‐specific incidence rates of cancers that increased less sharply remained stable or even declined in some age groups. Conclusion: These epidemiologic data should be useful in reducing the mortality rates associated with these cancers.
Elevated Stress Protein in Transitional Cells Exposed to Urine from Interstitial Cystitis Patients
Authors: Ito Takaaki , Stein Paul C. , Parsons C. Lowell , Schmidt Joseph D. 
Published: July 2007

Background: It has been hypothesized that urine from interstitial cystitis (IC) patients may contain one or more toxic factors not present in “normal” urine. Bladder tissues exposed to these toxic factors could have elevated stress proteins. If this assumption is correct, stress protein levels could be a useful marker for identifying patients at risk for developing this syndrome. Methods: To experimentally investigate this possibility, a sensitive assay (ELISA) was used to measure levels of the72 kDa stress protein in urothelial target cells after in vitro exposure to urine from IC patients. Results: We observed a modest 12% increase in72 kDa stress protein in cells treated with urine from IC patients compared to cells exposed to normal urine (1.12 compared to 0.99 ng/μg extracted protein; P< 0.05). In addition, it was possible to demonstrate the72 kDa stress protein in histologic sections obtained from mucosal biopsies of IC patients. Stress protein was located primarily in the surface urothelial cells of the mucosa. Conclusions: These results seem to indicate that stress protein could play an important protective role at this particular site. They further suggest that iC urine is more toxic than normal urine and, in contact with underlying urothelial and deeper bladder tissue, may upregulate genes involved in stress protein responses. This may be an important concept in the etiology of IC.
Incidence of Lymph Node Metastasis and its Impact on Long‐term Prognosis in Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Arai Yoichi , Kanamaru Hiroshi , Yoshimura Koji , Okubo Kazutoshi , Kamoto Toshiyuki , Yoshida Osamu 
Published: July 2007

Background: Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is an important staging method for men with clinically localized prostate cancer. We report our experience with staging PLND and the impact of lymph node metastasis on long‐term prognosis.Methods: One hundred forty‐eight consecutive patients who underwent staging PLND for clinically localized prostate cancer were retrospectively studied. Patients were evaluated for the presence and number of lymph node metastases, treatment (prostatectomy vs. radiotherapy), and endocrine therapy, and analyzed with respect to disease progression and survival. The mean follow‐up period was 52.9 months (range, 2.3 to 165.8 months).Results: Thirty‐two patients (21.6%) had pelvic lymph node metastases, the incidence of which markedly decreased from 32.3% in 1982 to 1987 to 6.7% in 1994 to 1997. The intervals to disease progression and cancer death were significantly shorter in patients with positive lymph nodes (P < 0.001). In stage D1 disease, patients who underwent a radical prostatectomy tended to be free of progression longer than those receiving radiotherapy or conservative therapy (P= 0.0546). Other factors, such as early endocrine therapy, the extent of lymph node involvement and the Gleason score of the primary tumor did not predict disease progression or survival.Conclusion: These data suggest a decreasing trend in the incidence of lymph node metastasis in the PSA era. Although longer disease‐free intervals were observed in radical prostatectomy‐treated patients, the impact of an aggressive approach to stage D1 disease awaits further studies.
Neuropathic Bladder Dysfunction in Patients with Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Authors: Miyata Masanobu , Mizunaga Mitsuhiro , Taniguchi Narumi , Kaneko Shigeo , Yachiku Sunao , Atsuta Yuji 
Published: July 2007

Background: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) may cause neuropathic bladder dysfunction due to spinal cord involvement. OPLL, unlike a traumatic spinal cord lesion, progresses insidiously and sometimes affects longer cord segments. As the manifestation of bladder dysfunction may depend on the development of OPLL, we studied the relationship between bladder function and roentgenographic changes in the spinal canals of OPLL patients. Patients and Methods: Eighteen surgical candidates (11 males and 7 females, 34 to 85 years old) were studied urodynamically. Sixteen underwent C02‐filling cystometry, uroflowmetry and measurement of their residual urine volume. Cystometry was omitted in the remaining 2 patients. The vertical extent of OPLL and the degree of stenosis in the spinal canal was estimated by x‐ray films and CT. Results: The cystometric study revealed detrusor hyperreflexia in 2 patients and areflexic or underactive detrusors in 5 patients. Intermittent flows or considerable amounts of residual urine were also observed in the areflexia/underactive group. Uroflowmetry showed a normal flow with little residual urine in both patients in whom cystometry was omitted. Bladder sensation was maintained in all patients. The occurrence of abnormal detrusor activity had no relationship to the degree of canal stenosis, while the occurrence of an areflexic or underactive detrusor correlated with the vertical extent of OPLL. Conclusion: Although detrusor hyperreflexia is common in an upper spinal cord lesion, attention should also be paid to the development of detrusor underactivity in patients with a wide vertical extent of OPLL.
Optimal Conditions to Induce Rat Adrenal Medullary Changes, Such as Pheochromocytoma, by Nicotine
Authors: Saiko Yasushi , Homma Yukio , Kawabe Kazuki , Aso Yoshio 
Published: July 2007

Background: Nicotine‐induced adrenal medullary hypertrophy in rats has been suggested to be a model for pheochromocytoma. Study conditions for proving such an assertion, however, have not been optimized. Methods: Studies on strain difference, dose dependency, and the time course of catecholamine metabolism in response to nicotine treatment were conducted. Under the putative optimal experimental conditions, metabolic and histologic changes in the adrenal medulla were investigated. Results: Male Wistar rats treated with a maximum dose of 4 mg/kg per day of nicotine for 9 weeks, including a 2‐week lead‐in period, developed highly consistent changes in the adrenal medulla. Concerning metabolic indices, the norepinephrine content of the adrenal and the urinary excretion of epinephrine and metanephrine were significantly elevated. Hyperplastic and hyperactive states of the adrenal medulla were also indicated by a morphometric analysis on electron microscopic figures. These showed an enlarged cytoplasmic area, the development of a rough‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and an increased number and density of intracellular catecholamine granules. The metabolic changes were found to reverse 3 weeks after the cessation of nicotine administration. Conclusion: These results provide better‐defined experimental conditions for an animal model of pheochromocytoma.
Ileal Neobladder for Bladder Substitution after Radical Cystectomy
Authors: Yokoo Akifumi , Hirose Takaoki , Mikuma Naohito , Tsukamoto Taiji 
Published: July 2007

Background: Studer's ileal neobladder is technically simple, and favorable clinical results have been reported. However, there have been only a few follow‐up studies on this type of ileal neobladder. We reviewed the clinical outcomes of patients who received Studer's ileal neobladder, with a minor modification, in our institution. Methods: Twenty‐five men underwent bladder reconstruction with Studer's ileal neobladder after radical cystectomy. The function of the ileal neobladder and voiding status were evaluated during follow‐up. The follow‐up period ranged from 3 to 42 months (mean, 24 months). Results: The ileal neobladder achieved a large capacity at a low basal pressure, associated with a relatively low complication rate directly related to the neobladder. At 12 months after surgery, daytime and nighttime continence rates were 90|X% and 74|X%, respectively. In 5 patients who were incontinent, the maximal urethral closure pressure was statistically lower than in patients with continence. Conclusion: Studer's ileal neobladder is an easy operative procedure for bladder substitution, and has a relatively low complication rate directly related to the neobladder. Good compliance ofthe pouch and preservation of the external sphincter mechanism are the most important factors for achieving urinary continence, after construction of the ileal neobladder.
Diffusion of Piperacillin, Cefotiam, Minocycline, Amikacin and Ofloxacin into the Prostate
Authors: Goto Toshihiro , Makinose Shinichi , Ohi Yoshitada , Yamauchi Daishi , Kayajima Tsuneyoshi , Nagayama Kazuhiro , Hayami Hiroshi 
Published: July 2007

Background: The successful treatment of bacterial prostatitis depends on an effective antimicrobial concentration in prostatic tissue against the infecting organism. In this study we compared the diffusion of 5 types of antimicrobials into the prostate. Methods: The concentrations of piperacillin, cefotiam, minocycline, amikacin, and ofloxacin were determined in prostatic fluid, prostatic tissue, and serum 2.5 to 3 hours after a single administration from 55 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Results: Although amikacin showed the highest mean concentration both in prostatic tissueand prostatic fluid, the prostatic tissue/serum ratio was significantly higher (P < 0.01) for ofloxacin (1.49 ± 0.80) and minocycline(0.94 ± 0.39)compared with those for amikacin (0.49 ± 0.2l)and piperacillin (0.21 ± 0.15). Also, the prostatic fluid/serum ratio was lower than the prostatic tissue/serum ratio for each drug, however, the prostatic fluid/serum ratio of ofloxacin was significantly higher than that of other antimicrobials tested (P < 0.01). Conclusion: These results support earlier studies demonstrating that fluoroquinolones are a useful class of antimicrobials for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. They also suggest that in view of the pharmacokinetic properties and antimicrobial activities, amikacin and minocycline may be alternate antimicrobial options for selected patients with bacterial infections of the prostate.
long‐term Follow‐up Study of Penile Cancer
Authors: Yamada Yuji , Gohji Kazuo , Hara Isao , Sugiyama Takeki , Arakawa Soichi , Kamidono Sadao 
Published: July 2007

Background: We reviewed the outcomes for patients with penile cancer to determine factors predictive of their survival. Methods: Between 1966 and 1996, 59 patients with penile cancer were treated at Kobe University Hospital. The median follow‐up period was 109 months (range, 4 to 240 months). The prognostic factors were determined by multivariate analysis. Disease progression rates, according to stage and the type of surgery, were studied. Results: The 5‐and 10‐year, cause‐specific survival rates were 75.9|X% and 73.8|X%, respectively. Lymph node involvement, tumor stage, and tumor differentiation were the independent risk factors identified by multivariate analysis. Among the patients at stage 1 and 2, none of the 29 patients treated with early lymphadenectomy showed recurrence in the inguinal region, while 4 (27|X%) of 15 patients without lymphadenectomy showed such recurrence. Conclusion: Our results suggestthattumor stage, lymph node involvement, and tumor differentiation are significant prognostic factors for survival, and that early inguinal lymphadenectomy would improve the prognosis of patients with stage 1 or 2 penile cancer.
Inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK) increases neurite outgrowth on chondroitin sulphate proteoglycanin vitroand axonal regeneration in the adult optic nervein vivo
Authors: Lingor Paul , Teusch Nicole , Schwarz Katrin , Mueller Reinhold , Mack Helmut , Bähr Mathias , Mueller Bernhard K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInhibitory molecules derived from CNS myelin and glial scar tissue are major causes for insufficient functional regeneration in the mammalian CNS. A multitude of these molecules signal through the Rho/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway. We evaluated three inhibitors of ROCK, Y‐ 27632, Fasudil (HA‐1077), and Dimethylfasudil (H‐1152), in models of neurite outgrowthin vitro. We show, that all three ROCK inhibitors partially restore neurite outgrowth of Ntera‐2 neurons on the inhibitory chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan substrate. In the rat optic nerve crush model Y‐27632 dose‐dependently increased regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axonsin vivo. Application of Dimethylfasudil showed a trend towards increased axonal regeneration in an intermediate concentration. We demonstrate that inhibition of ROCK can be an effective therapeutic approach to increase regeneration of CNS neurons. The selection of a suitable inhibitor with a broad therapeutic window, however, is crucial in order to minimize unwanted side effects and to avoid deleterious effects on nerve fiber growth.
Building and testing conceptual and empirical models for predicting soil bulk density
Authors: Tranter G. , Minasny B. , Mcbratney A. B. , Murphy B. , Mckenzie N. J. , Grundy M. , Brough D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe development of pedotransfer functions offers a potential means of alleviating cost and labour burdens associated with bulk‐density determinations. As a means of incorporating a priori knowledge into the model‐building process, we propose a conceptual model for predicting soil bulk density from other more regularly measured properties. The model considers soil bulk density to be a function of soil mineral packing structures (ρm) and soil structure (Δρ). Bulk‐density maxima were found for soils with approximately 80% sand. Bulk densities were also observed to increase with depth, suggesting the influence of over‐burden pressure. Residuals from the ρm model, hereby known as Δρ, correlated with organic carbon. All models were trained using Australian soil data, with limits set at bulk densities between 0.7 and 1.8 g cm−3 and containing organic carbon levels below 12%. Performance of the conceptual model (r2 = 0.49) was found to be comparable with a multiple linear regression model (r2 = 0.49) and outperformed models developed using an artificial neural network (r2 = 0.47) and a regression tree (r2 = 0.43). Further development of the conceptual model should allow the inclusion of soil morphological data to improve bulk‐density predictions.
Presumptive Baclofen Intoxication in a Dog
Authors: Hecht Daniel V. , Allenspach Karin 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA five year old mixed breed dog weighing 30 kg., presumptively ingested six to twelve 20 mg baclofen tablets four to six hours prior to admission. The dog had been ataxic and vocalizing at home but was stuporous on presentation. Toxic effects noted were hypothermia, hypertension and sedation, followed by prolonged agitation. Treatment consisted of administration of activated charcoal, fluid diuresis, sodium nitroprusside, and diazepam. Baclofen overdose has been reported frequently in humans, but this is the first report of it in a dog. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 49–54)
Less Is Not More: Underutilization of Headache Medications in a University Hospital Emergency Department
Authors: Gupta Madhavi X. , Silberstein Stephen D. , Young William B. , Hopkins Mary , Lopez Bernard L. , Samsa Gregory P. 
Published: July 2007

Objective.—To gain knowledge of episodic headache patients who seek care at an urban university emergency department (ED), to evaluate the care they receive and to examine the impact of the ED on these headache patients.Background.—In the United States, 1% of all ED visits are for the chief complaint of headache. The ED has a significant role in the identification and treatment of primary headache sufferers.Methods.—Patients who presented to the ED with a chief complaint of headache were prospectively administered a patient survey, the PRIME‐MD Patient Health Questionnaire, and MIDAS. Inclusion criteria: any patient 18 years or older with a nontraumatic headache of less than 1 month in duration. The patients included had episodic headache. Exclusion criteria: any patient with a history of a lumbar puncture or epidural procedure in the previous 7 days or those with chronic daily headache. Patients who met criteria were asked questions about headache type, health care utilization, satisfaction, co‐morbid illnesses, and demographics. A neurologist independently reviewed the ED chart.Results.—A total of 219 of 364 patients were eligible and consented. The median age was 34. Most (147, 67.1%) were women; 104 (47.5%) were diagnosed with migraine or probable migraine by chart review; 36% did not have enough information for a neurologist to code a diagnosis. Relatively few headache‐specific medications were used 24 hours prior to ED arrival. Only 5% of patients were on headache‐preventive medication. Patients commonly received neuroleptics (dopamine antagonists 98 [67.5%]) or opioids (93 [64.1%]) in the ED; however, 74 (33.8%) subjects received neither medication nor IV fluids. Upon leaving the ED, 21.8% were pain free and 89 (40.6%) patients were asked to follow‐up with a physician. A total of 137 (62.6%) patients had no documented discharge medications. One person received a prescription for a preventive medication. Sixty‐four percent of those who returned the diary reported that the headache returned within 24 hours of leaving the ED.Conclusions.—Migraine ICHD‐2 criteria are underused, and patients are undertreated in the ED. Many patients leave without a discharge diagnosis, outpatient medications, or instructions. ED physicians could help identify the migraineurs and channel them toward appropriate outpatient treatment.