bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Beast in the Field: The Google Maps Mashup as GIS/2
Authors: Miller Christopher C. 
Published: April 2007

Over the last decade or more, geographic information systems (GIS) have proved themselves nimble and potent tools in myriad academic, civic, and political disciplines. A body of scholarship followed GIS on its rise to wider acceptance and adoption, however, that questioned its nature and the way its power was wielded. This scholarship ultimately produced various models for “GIS/2,” an amalgam of GIS's power and the grassroots democratic activity that might have been fostered by it but largely was not. This article revisits going models of GIS/2 and finds them to be so much vapourware compared to recent developments in online geospatial applications. The article argues that for all of the well-intentioned effort put into GIS/2 theory, the most progressive real-world candidate for GIS/2 has been produced only recently, by another rare combination indeed: two Austin, Texas, 20-somethings and the online search monolith Google. The Google Maps mashup, a very twenty-first-century beast born of code from disparate Web applications, exhibits great potential to be a real live GIS/2. Moreover, there is one mashup in particular that, while perhaps not quite mature enough to realistically match 15 years of GIS/2 scholarship, is still possibly the finest working example yet of the ideas and concepts posited therein.
Professional Training As A Factor In The Proliferation Of GIS Applications
Authors: Dymon U T E J 
Published: April 2007

Highly trained technicians and knowledgeable professional conceptualizations are two complementary ingredients necessary for effective applications of Geographic Information Systems. This study focuses on the kind of background and professional training required of the users and how they currently apply GIS. Results of a survey of two hundred users in Massachusetts, United States, reveal mat the majority do not possess formal training in the technique but developed the necessary skills on the job. Based on the length of their experience with GIS, two groups of users, the computer science experts and the planner/managers, emerged from the survey data. While the majority of these users are satisfied with their mastery of their respective systems, many users indicated that they needed between three and six months to become proficient in operating a GIS. Numerous cases of failures in attempts to implement a GIS were also cited by users. Deux ingrdients complmentaires sont ncessaires pour une application efficace des systmes d'information gographique (SIG): des techniciens hautement forms et des conceptualisations professionnelles savantes. Cette tude se concentre sur la nature de la formation professionnelle requise chez les usagers ainsi que la manire d'appliquer couramment les SIG. Les rsultats d'une enquªte auprs de deux cents usagers au Massachussets, aux Etats-Unis, rvlent que la majorit d'entre eux ne possdent pas de formation spcifique dans la technique, mais ont dvelopp les habilets ncessaires en cours d'emploi. Sur la base de la dure de leur exprience aves les SIG, deux groupes d'usagers sont ressortis des rsultats de l'enquªte: les experts en informatique et le groupe des gestionnaires-planificateurs. Alors que la majorit de ces usagers sont satisfaits de leur ma®trise de leurs systmes respectifs, plusieurs ont indiqu qu'ils avaient eu besoin de trois six mois pour se sentir l'aise dans l'opration d'un SIG. Certains usagers ont aussi racont de nombreux cas d'chec lors de certaines tentatives d'implantation d'un SIG.
Generalization of Digital Terrain Models for Use in Landform Mapping
Authors: SCHMID-MCGIBBON GESCHE 
Published: April 2007

The generalization of digital terrain models (DTMs) is essential for the generation of legible, visually effective, grey-scale maps used in landform mapping. In this research, DTMs of slope gradient and downslope curvature are generalized by reducing the short-wave land-form variation, using a low-pass modal filtering technique. The effect of the filtering on the generalization and on the accuracy of the map is dependent on the size of the neighbourhood. As a consequence, the determination of neighbourhood sizes forms one of the most important processing steps in the filtering process. Neighbourhood sizes are selected on the basis of texture analysis, in conjunction with visual interpretation of the resulting maps. Relative variance is used as a texture measure to select neighbourhood sizes for the filtering process. The analysis shows that variances differ according to terrain roughness and area size, and that the variance increases for terrain parameters of higher-order derivatives. As a result, different neighbourhood sizes have to be selected for filtering different terrain parameters, and areas of different terrain. Visual comparisons of the original with the filtered DTMs show that the readability of the filtered DTMs is improved by using a modal filtering technique. Unwanted detail of short-wave terrain variation is reduced in the filtering process. At the same time, sufficient detail is maintained to distinguish between landform categories of different landform patterns and various dominant-slope gradient classes. Maps of the eliminated short-wave variation are of geomorphologic benefit for extracting specific landform elements. The filtering of the DTMs, on the other hand, is essential to reduce data complexity if the DTMs are to be used in further multilevel modelling procedures. Key words: Terrain generalization, low-pass modal filtering, texture analysis, digital terrain models of slope gradient and curvature, landform mapping in Alberta
Rewiring for a GIS/2
Authors: Sieber R. 
Published: April 2007

Increasing numbers of activist non-profits and traditionally marginalized peoples are adopting gis as a tool for social change. Its use is scrutinized by academics who worry that gis embodies a mechanism for misrepresentation, diversion, control, and surveillance. This critique has not slowed adoption, and for the past decade researchers have been investigating the use and value of gis in a variety of non-profits and citizens' groups. Many of these new users are calling for a different kind of gis — a gis/2. This gis must be able to represent different measures and visions of place and integrate local knowledge, support cultural and multi-lingual distinctions, and preserve — rather than reduce — friction, disagreement, redundancy, and even error. In this paper I argue that one must "rewire gis" — that is, engage the code and the coding directly — to build a gis/2. A literature review on the use and value of gis in social movements, activist non-profits, and citizens' groups illustrates the limitations of current gis and the necessary ingredients for a more inclusive gis/2. I present four approaches, which are framed materially and discursively. Three approaches modify existing gis to achieve a gis/2. A fourth systems design approach is proposed, which incorporates two innovations in computing science: Unified Modelling Language (uml) and eXtensible Markup Language (xml). This prototype is sensitized to the needs of social movement, nonprofit, and citizens' organizations. These four approaches, used separately or in conjunction, serve as blueprints for further discussions on the rewiring of gis.
A Formalism for the Structural Description of Vector Maps, and its Use for Multi-Scale Representations: a Hydrographic Example
Authors: Molenaar Martien , Martinez Casasnovas Jose 
Published: April 2007

A formalism is defined for the structural description of vector maps. This formalism is based on the use of six entity types. Three are the geometric elements node, edge, and face; the other three are the object types, point, line, and area. With this formalism, the structure of spatial terrain descriptions can be expressed in an abstracted sense, i.e., without any reference to the special constraints of a particular database implementation. Processes applied to the data can also be expressed with this formalism. The generalization of the description of a drainage system will serve as an example. This generalization can be seen as a transformation of the contents of a database. The basic operations in this process include • the selection of objects that are to remain in the database and the elimination of those that will not be presented at a smaller scale; • the aggregation of objects that will not play an individual role at the smaller scale; and • the reclassification of the remaining objects. The formalism will help us establish rules and check their effect on neighbourhood objects that are subjected to these operations. The basic hydrological structure in the example will be left intact by the transformation; however, some of the semantic aspects will be effected. [or, more likely, affected?]
Reconsidering Rules For Point-Feature Name Placement
Authors: WU CHYAN VICTOR , BUTTENFIELD BARBARA P 
Published: April 2007

Existing guidelines for automated map name placement are usually based on Imhofâ€™s (1975) and Yoeli's (1972) research, guidelines for name placement that have not been verified empirically. This study addresses the validity of Yoeli's model concerning eight possible positions for labeling a name to a point feature and their priorities. Investigation is focused on how lettering is placed on road maps, and on the diversities in styles of name placement used by differing publishing houses. It is concluded that Yoeli's positional prioritization is not evident on the maps studied, and that the prioritization may be a matter of map publisher's preference. However, certain graphic constraints may confine these preferences into unique solutions. Lors du positionnement automatique de noms sur les cartes, on utilise prsentement des principes qui dcoulent des recherches de Imhof (1975) et de Yoeli (1972), mais qui n'on pas t vrifis empiriquement. Cette tude porte sur la validit du modle de Yoeli qui suggre huit positions possibles, ainsi que leurs priorits, pour accoler un nom un lment ponctuel. L'enquªte s'est concentre sur le placement du lettrage sur les cartes routires ainsi que sur la diversit des styles de positionnement de noms selon la maison d'dition. L'on conclut que la priorisation des positions selon Yoeli n'est pas vidente sur les cartes tudies et qu'elle peut dpendre des prfrences de l'diteur de la carte. Certaines contraintes graphiques peuvent cependant confiner ces prfrences des solutions uniques.
Women's physical aggression in bars: an event‐based examination of precipitants and predictors of severity
Authors: Lorraine Collins R. , Quigley Brian , Leonard Kenneth E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlthough women drink in bars and experience aggression in bar settings, much of the research has focused on men's experiences of aggression in bars. We used data from questionnaires and face‐to‐face interviews to examine the contributors to the occurrence and severity of women's experience of specific incidents of aggression in bars. Young women (n=92) provided event‐based descriptions of their most recent experience of physical aggression in a bar during the past 24 months. Most aggression in bars was precipitated by rowdy behavior and involved female opponents who were strangers. The severity and overall aggressiveness of the respondent's behaviors were positively associated with initiating the incident and having a female opponent. The severity and overall aggressiveness of the opponent's behaviors were negatively associated with initiating the incident and positively associated with having a female opponent. This study adds to the paucity of research on women's aggression in bars and expands our understanding of women's roles as perpetrator and victim of such aggression. Aggr. Behav. 33:304–313, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In situkinetic modelling of intestinal efflux in rats: functional characterization of segmental differences and correlation within vitroresults
Authors: González‐Alvarez Isabel , Fernández‐Teruel Carlos , Casabó‐Alós Vicente G. , Garrigues Teresa M. , Polli James E. , Ruiz‐García Ana , Bermejo Marival 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe objective was to devise and apply a novel modelling approach to combine segmentalin siturat perfusion data andin vitrocell culture data, in order to elucidate the contribution of efflux in drug absorption kinetics. The fluoroquinolone CNV97100 was used as a model P‐gp substrate.In situintestinal perfusion was performed in rat duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon to measure the influence of P‐gp expression on efflux. Inhibition studies of CNV97100 were performed in the presence of verapamil, quinidine, cyclosporin A andp‐aminohippuric acid. Absorption/efflux parameters were modelled simultaneously, using data from bothin situstudies as well asin vitrostudies. The maximal efflux velocity was modelled as a baseline value, corrected for each segment based on the expression level. CNV97100 passive diffusional permeability (Pdiff) and its affinity for the efflux carrier (Km) were assumed to be the same in all segments. The results indicate the new approach to combinein situdata andin vitrodata succeed in yielding a unified, quantitative model for absorption/efflux. The model incorporated a quantitative relationship between P‐gp expression level and the efflux functionality, both acrossin situandin vitrosystems, as well across different intestinal segments in thein situstudies. Permeability values decreased from duodenum to ileum in accordance with the increasing P‐gp expression levels in rat intestine. The developed model reflects a strong correlation betweenin vitroandin situresults, including intrinsic differences in surface area. The successful application of a model approach to combine absorption data from two different experimental systems holds promise for future efforts to predict absorption results from one system to a second system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An alternative Alcian Blue dye variant for the evaluation of fetal cartilage
Authors: Redfern Brian G. , David Wise L. , Spence Stan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: The most comprehensive evaluation of vertebrate skeletal development involves the use of Alizarin Red S dye to stain ossified bone and various other dyes to stain cartilage. The dye used most widely to stain fetal cartilage in rodents and rabbits is Alcian Blue 8GX. However, the global supply of this specific dye has been exhausted. Several forms of the dye marketed as Alcian Blue 8GX are now available, although they are not synthesized via the original 8GX manufacturing process. METHODS: One new Alcian Blue 8GX form and two Alcian Blue dye variants were evaluated in rats and rabbits using standard staining procedures. The staining quality of these dyes were evaluated relative to the original form of Alcian Blue 8GX based on cartilage uptake of the dye, clarity of the cartilaginous components, staining intensity of the dye, and overall readability of the specimens under stereomicroscopic evaluation. RESULTS: Staining with the newer form of Alcian Blue 8GX resulted in poor staining quality. The Alcian Blue‐Pyridine variant performed well, although staining intensity was less than optimal. The Alcian Blue‐Tetrakis variant provided staining characteristics that were most similar to the original form of Alcian Blue 8GX. CONCLUSIONS: Alcian Blue‐Tetrakis was markedly better in its ability to stain fetal cartilage than the newer form of Alcian Blue 8GX. Birth Defects Res (Part B), 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Putting microbes to work: Dairy fermentation, cell factories and bioactive peptides. Part I: Overview
Authors: Hayes Maria , Ross R. Paul , Fitzgerald Gerald F. , Stanton Catherine 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA variety of milk‐derived biologically active peptides have been shown to exert both functional and physiological roles in vitro and in vivo, and because of this are of particular interest for food science and nutrition applications. Biological activities associated with such peptides include immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anti‐hypertensive and opioid‐like properties. Milk proteins are recognized as a primary source of bioactive peptides, which can be encrypted within the amino acid sequence of dairy proteins, requiring proteolysis for release and activation. Fermentation of milk proteins using the proteolytic systems of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is an attractive approach for generation of functional foods enriched in bioactive peptides given the low cost and positive nutritional image associated with fermented milk drinks and yoghurt. In this review, we discuss the exploitation of such fermentation towards the development of functional foods conferring specific health benefits to the consumer beyond basic nutrition. In particular, in Part I, we focus on the release of encrypted bioactive peptides from a range of food protein sources, as well as the use of LAB as cell factories for the de novo generation of bioactivities.
Solution structure of a novel D‐naphthylalanine substituted peptide with potential antibacterial and antifungal activities
Authors: Wu Jiun‐Ming , Wei Shu‐Yi , Chen Heng‐Li , Weng Kuo‐Yao , Cheng Hsi‐Tsung , Cheng Jya‐Wei 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA new type of Trp‐rich peptide, Ac‐KWRRWVRWI‐NH2, designated as Pac‐525, was found to possess improved activity against both gram‐positive and negative bacteria. We have synthesized two Pac‐525 analogues, D‐Pac‐525 containing all D‐amino acids and D‐Nal‐Pac‐525, the D‐Pac‐525 analogue with tryptophan replaced by D‐β‐naphthylalanine. We have determined the solution structure of D‐Nal‐Pac‐525 bound to membrane‐mimetic DPC micelles by two‐dimensional NMR methods. The DPC micelle‐bound structure of D‐Nal‐Pac‐525 adopts a left‐hand α‐helical segment and the positively charged residues are clustered together to form a hydrophilic patch. The surface electrostatic potential map indicates the threeD‐β‐naphthylalanines are packed against the peptide backbone and form an amphipathic structure. A variety of biophysical and biochemical experiments, including circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, and microcalorimetry, were used to show that D‐Nal‐Pac‐525 interacted strongly with negatively charged phospholipid vesicles and induced efficient dye release from these vesicles, suggesting that the strong antimicrobial activity of D‐Nal‐Pac‐525 may be due to interactions with bacterial and fungus membranes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 738–745, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence
Authors: Holzer B , Rosen H R , Novi G , Ausch C , Hölbling N , Schiessel R 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Background
Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) has emerged as a promising technique for the treatment of faecal incontinence. This study assessed the outcome of SNS in a cohort of patients with incontinence of neurological aetiology.

Methods
Thirty-six patients were included in a trial of SNS. Twenty-nine subsequently had a permanent implant. Evaluation consisted of a continence diary, anal manometry, saline retention testing and quality of life assessment.

Results
After a median follow-up of 35 (range 3–71) months, 28 patients showed a marked improvement in or complete recovery of continence. Incontinence to solid or liquid stool decreased from a median of 7 (range 4–15) to 2 (range 0–5) episodes in 21 days (P = 0·002). Saline retention time increased from a median of 2 (range 0–5) to 7 (range 2–15) min (P = 0·002). Maximum resting and squeeze anal canal pressures increased compared with preoperative values. Quality of life on all scales among patients who received a permanent implant increased at 12 and 24 months after operation.

Conclusion
SNS is of value in selected patients with neurogenic faecal incontinence.
New Stannide ScAgSn: Determination of the Superstructure via Two‐Dimensional 45Sc Solid State NMR.
Authors: Sebastian C. Peter , Zhang Long , Fehse Constanze , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Eckert Hellmut , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structure of the New Cobalt Tellurite Chloride Co5Te4O11Cl4.
Authors: Becker Richard , Johnsson Mats , Berger Helmuth 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Potassiumpolysulfides: [K(THF)]2S6 and [K2(THF)]S9.
Authors: Dornhaus Franz , Bolte Michael , Wagner Matthias , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Copper‐Complex‐Substituted Tungstogermanates.
Authors: Wang Chun‐Mei , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Yang Guo‐Yu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Insights into the General and Efficient Cross McMurry Reactions Between Ketones.
Authors: Duan Xin‐Fang , Zeng Jing , Lue Jia‐Wei , Zhang Zhan‐Bin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Preparation of N‐Acylsulfonamides by Using Sulfonyl Isocyanate.
Authors: Manabe Shino , Sugioka Tomoyuki , Ito Yukishige 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Trimethylsilylation and Tetrahydropyranylation of Alcohols in the Presence of 1,3‐Dibromo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin.
Authors: Shirini Farhad , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Paktinat Maryam 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ruthenium(III) Acetylacetonate [Ru(acac)3] — An Efficient Chemoselective Catalyst for the Tetrahydropyranylation (THP) of Alcohols and Phenols under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Varala Ravi , Adapa Srinivas R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mild Preparation of Alkenes from Phenyl Sulfides: One‐Pot Elimination of Phenylthio Group via Sulfilimine at Ambient Temperature.
Authors: Matsuo Jun‐ichi , Kozai Takaaki , Ishibashi Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
RuCl3/PPh3: An Efficient Combination for the Preparation of Chiral 1,3‐anti‐Diols Through Catalytic Hydrogenation.
Authors: Labeeuw Olivier , Roche Christophe , Phansavath Phannarath , Genet Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.