bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocean Fertilisation and Climate Change: The Need to Regulate Emerging High Seas Uses
Authors: Rayfuse Rosemary , Lawrence Mark G. , Gjerde Kristina M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Geo-engineering and environmental modification techniques are increasingly
being proposed as climate change mitigation strategies. Ocean fertilisation
has been promoted as a simple solution to the problem of increasing
atmospheric CO2 levels. However, neither its environmental safety nor its
efficacy has been adequately assessed. This article examines the legality of
ocean fertilisation under the law of the sea and concludes that it is
subject to regulation under the London Convention and London Protocol as its
potential for harm is contrary to the aims of these agreements. Hence, the
sale of carbon offsets to fund ocean fertilisation activities should be
prohibited unless and until an adequate risk assessment based on independent
peer-reviewed science has established that the benefits outweigh the
potential for harm, and appropriate regulation is in place to ensure that
real, measurable, long-term CO2 sequestration can be independently verified.
The initial uncertainties surrounding the appropriate regulatory regime for
ocean fertilisation highlight the need for a comprehensive global regime for
the prior assessment and on-going monitoring of existing, new and emerging
high seas activities and uses to ensure they do not have adverse impacts on
marine biodiversity and the marine environment in areas beyond national
jurisdiction.
Comparison of the Diurnal Cycle of Outgoing Longwave Radiation from a Climate Model with Results from ERBE
Authors: Smith G. Louis , Mlynczak Pamela E. , Rutan David A. , Wong Takmeng 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The diurnal cycle of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) computed by a climate model provides a powerful test of the numerical description of various physical processes. Diurnal cycles of OLR computed by version 3 of the Hadley Centre Atmospheric Model (HadAM3) are compared with those observed by the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) for the boreal summer season (June–August). The ERBS observations cover the domain from 55°S to 55°N. To compare the observed and modeled diurnal cycles, the principal component (PC) analysis method is used over this domain. The analysis is performed separately for the land and ocean regions. For land over this domain, the diurnal cycle computed by the model has a root-mean-square (RMS) of 11.4 W m−2, as compared with 13.3 W m−2 for ERBS. PC-1 for ERBS observations and for the model are similar, but the ERBS result has a peak near 1230 LST and decreases very slightly during night, whereas the peak of the model result is an hour later and at night the OLR decreases by 7 W m−2 between 2000 and 0600 LST. Some of the difference between the ERBS and model results is due to the computation of convection too early in the afternoon by the model. PC-2 describes effects of morning/afternoon cloudiness on OLR, depending on the sign. Over ocean in the ERBS domain, the model RMS of the OLR diurnal cycle is 2.8 W m−2, as compared with 5.9 W m−2 for ERBS. Also, for the model, PC-1 accounts for 66% of the variance, while for ERBS, PC-1 accounts for only 16% of the variance. Thus, over ocean, the ERBS results show a greater variety of OLR diurnal cycles than the model does.
The metal of the moon goddess
Authors: Giumlia-Mair A. 
Published: May 2008

Arsenical copper was widely used in the Early Bronze Age, but it was not employed after the introduction of copper–tin alloys in the period around the Middle Bronze Age. Nevertheless the present research showed that a few ornamental objects of particular kind were made of a copper alloy with a silvery surface, containing arsenic, antimony and often some cobalt and nickel still in the Final Bronze Age and in the Iron Age. This alloy is very fragile and can only be cast, it is very difficult to cut and file and shows a characteristic silvery surface. The shiny and silvery grey colour of these objects is due to a segregation phenomenon. During the slow cooling of the metal the As rich α and γ compound (eutectic) is pushed to the surface through feeders which look like filaments running into the metal body and forms the typical silvery grey layer. The microstructure of the eutectic shows a solid solution phase α and a compound γ, containing 29˙65 As (Cu3As). The eutectic can develop already with 1–2% of As in the alloy. Ornamental objects made of this distinctive and beautiful material were worn by women who had special powers and exceptional functions in the society of the time and were connected with the cult of the moon and fertility goddess.
The antileukemia activity of a human anti-CD40 antagonist antibody, HCD122, on human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells
Authors: Luqman Mohammad , Klabunde Sha , Lin Karen , Georgakis Georgios V. , Cherukuri Anu , Holash Jocelyn , Goldbeck Cheryl , Xu Xiaomei , Kadel Edward E. , Lee Sang Hoon , Aukerman Sharon Lea , Jallal Bahija , Aziz Natasha , Weng Wen-Kai , Wierda William , O'Brien Susan , Younes Anas 
Published: May 2008

AbstractB-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the surface expression of CD20, CD5 antigens, as well as the receptor CD40. Activation of CD40 by its ligand (CD40L) induces proliferation and rescues the cells from spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. CD40 activation also induces secretion of cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-8, and GM-CSF, which are involved in tumor cell survival, migration, and interaction with cells in the tumor microenvironment. Here we demonstrate that in primary B-CLL tumor cells, the novel antagonist anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, HCD122, inhibits CD40L-induced activation of signaling pathways, proliferation and survival, and secretion of cytokines. Furthermore, HCD122 is also a potent mediator of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), lysing B-CLL cells more efficiently than rituximab in vitro, despite a significantly higher number of cell surface CD20 binding sites compared with CD40. Unlike rituximab, however, HCD122 (formerly CHIR-12.12) does not internalize upon binding to the cells. Our data suggest that HCD122 may inhibit B-CLL growth by blocking CD40 signaling and by ADCC-mediated cell lysis.
The vessel wall and its interactions
Authors: Wagner Denisa D. , Frenette Paul S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBlood cell interactions with the vessel wall were first documented almost 170 years ago. Modern advances have revealed that leukocyte and platelet interactions with the endothelium are at the nexus of complex, dynamic cellular and molecular networks that, when dysregulated, may lead to pathological inflammation and thrombosis, which are major sources of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. In this review, we relate the history of blood cell interactions with the vasculature, discuss recent progress, and raise some unresolved questions awaiting the field.
Health and lifestyle of Nepalese migrants in the UK
Authors: Adhikary Pratik , Simkhada Padam P , van Teijlingen Edwin R , Raja Amalraj E 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
The health status and lifestyle of migrants is often poorer than that of the general population of their host countries. The Nepalese represent a relatively small, but growing, immigrant community in the UK, about whom very little is known in term of public health. Therefore, our study examined the health and lifestyle of Nepalese migrants in the UK.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey of Nepalese migrants in UK was conducted in early 2007 using a postal, self-administered questionnaire in England and Scotland (n = 312), and telephone interviews in Wales (n = 15). The total response rate was 68% (327 out of 480). Data were analyzed to establish whether there are associations between socio-economic and lifestyle factors. A multivariate binary logistic regression was applied to find out independent effect of personal factors on health status.

Results
The majority of respondents was male (75%), aged between 30 and 45 (66%), married or had a civil partner (83%), had university education (47%) and an annual family income (69%) ranging from £5,035 to £33,300. More than one third (39%) of the respondents have lived in the UK for 1 to 5 years and approximately half (46%) were longer-term residents. Most (95%) were registered with a family doctor, but only 38% with a dentist. A low proportion (14%) of respondents smoked but more than half (61%) consumed alcohol. More than half (57%) did not do regular exercises and nearly one fourth (23%) of respondents rated their health as poor. Self reported 'good' health status of the respondents was independently associated with immigration status and doing regular exercise

Conclusion
The self reported health status and lifestyle, health seeking behaviour of Nepalese people who are residing in UK appears to be good. However, the overall regular exercise and dentist registration was rather poor. Health promotion, especially aimed at Nepalese migrants could help encourage them to exercise regularly and assist them to register with a dentist.
Proteomic changes in rat hippocampus and adrenals following short-term sleep deprivation
Authors: Poirrier Jean-Etienne , Guillonneau François , Renaut Jenny , Sergeant Kjell , Luxen Andre , Maquet Pierre , Leprince Pierre 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
To identify the biochemical changes induced by sleep deprivation at a proteomic level, we compared the hippocampal proteome of rats either after 4 hours of sleep or sleep deprivation obtained by gentle handling. Because sleep deprivation might induce some stress, we also analyzed proteomic changes in rat adrenals in the same conditions. After sleep deprivation, proteins from both tissues were extracted and subjected to 2D-DIGE analysis followed by protein identification through mass spectrometry and database search.

Results
In the hippocampus, 87 spots showed significant variation between sleep and sleep deprivation, with more proteins showing higher abundance in the latter case. Of these, 16 proteins were present in sufficient amount for a sequencing attempt and among the 12 identified proteins, inferred affected cellular functions include cell metabolism, energy pathways, transport and vesicle trafficking, cytoskeleton and protein processing. Although we did not observe classical, macroscopic effect of stress in sleep-deprived rats, 47 protein spots showed significant variation in adrenal tissue between sleep and sleep deprivation, with more proteins showing higher abundance following sleep. Of these, 16 proteins were also present in sufficient amount for a sequencing attempt and among the 13 identified proteins, the most relevant cellular function that was affected was cell metabolism.

Conclusion
At a proteomic level, short term sleep deprivation is characterized by a higher expression of some proteins in the hippocampus and a lower abundance of other proteins in the adrenals (compared to normal sleep control). Altogether, this could indicate a general activation of a number of cellular mechanisms involved in the maintenance of wakefulness and in increased energy expenditure during sleep deprivation. These findings are relevant to suggested functions of sleep like energy repletion and the restoration of molecular stocks or a more global homeostasis of synaptic processes.
Antismoking messages and current cigarette smoking status in Somaliland: results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2004
Authors: Siziya Seter , Rudatsikira Emmanuel , Muula Adamson S 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
Tobacco is a leading cause of death globally. There are limited reports on current cigarette smoking prevalence and its associated-antismoking messages among adolescents in conflict zones of the world. We, therefore, conducted secondary analysis of data to estimate the prevalence of current cigarette smoking, and to determine associations of antismoking messages with smoking status.

Methods
We used data from the Somaliland Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) of 2004 to estimate the prevalence of smoking. We also assessed whether being exposed to anti-smoking media, education and having discussed with family members on the harmful effects of smoking were associated with smoking. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess these associations. Current smoking was defined as having reported smoking cigarettes, even a single puff, in the last 30 days preceding the survey (main outcome).

Results
Altogether 1563 adolescents participated in the survey. However, 1122 had data on the main outcome. Altogether, 15.8% of the respondents reported having smoked cigarettes (10.3% among males, and 11.1% among females). Factors that were associated with reported non-smoking were: discussing harmful effects of smoking cigarettes with their family members (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.52, 0.71); being taught that smoking makes teeth yellow, causes wrinkles and smokers smell badly (OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.52, 0.74); being taught that people of the respondent's age do not smoke (OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.69, 0.95); and having reported that religious organizations discouraged young people smoking (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.60, 0.82). However, exposure to a lot many antismoking messages at social gatherings was associated with smoking. Exposure to antismoking print media was not associated with smoking status.

Conclusion
A combination of school and home based antismoking interventions may be effective in controlling adolescent smoking in Somaliland.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia prosthetic valve endocarditis: a case report
Authors: Bayle Sophie , Rovery Clarisse , Sbragia Pascal , Raoult Didier , Brouqui Philippe 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Introduction

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an environmental bacterium increasingly involved in nosocomial infections and resistant to most antibiotics. It is important to recognize and efficiently treat infections with this bacterium as soon as possible.

Case presentation
We present a case of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia prosthetic valve endocarditis secondary to an indwelling catheter infection. The patient was cured without surgery. We review other cases of S. maltophilia endocarditis from the literature and describe the peculiarities of this case.

Conclusion

S. maltophilia endocarditis is a rare disease that is often hospital-acquired and related to an indwelling catheter infection. The high lethality is likely related to the intrinsic resistance of nosocomial bloodstream infections to commonly prescribed antibiotics.
Cystic fibrosis presenting as recurrent pancreatitis in a young child with a normal sweat test and pancreas divisum: a case report
Authors: Conklin Laurie , Zeitlin Pamela L. , Cuffari Carmen 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Pancreatitis is a rare manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF) and may rarely be the presenting symptom in adolescent or adult patients with CF. We report a case of a 4 year-old female who initially presented with recurrent pancreatitis, a normal sweat test, and a diagnosis of pancreas divisum. She was subsequently diagnosed with cystic fibrosis at the age of 6 years, despite normal growth and no pulmonary symptoms, after nasal potential difference measurements suggested possible CF and two known CF-causing mutations (ΔF508 and L997F) were detected.

Case Presentation
An otherwise healthy 4 year-old female developed chronic pancreatitis and was diagnosed with pancreas divisum. Sphincterotomy was performed without resolution of her pancreatitis. Sweat test was negative for cystic fibrosis, but measurement of nasal potential differences suggested possible cystic fibrosis. These results prompted extended Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Conductance (CFTR) mutational analysis that revealed a compound heterozygous mutation: ΔF508 and L997F.

Conclusion
CFTR mutations should be considered in cases of chronic or recurrent pancreatitis despite a negative sweat test and the presence of pancreas divisum. Children with CFTR mutations may present with recurrent pancreatitis, lacking any other signs or symptoms of cystic fibrosis. It is possible that the combination of pancreas divisum and abnormal CFTR function may contribute to the severity and frequency of recurrent pancreatitis.
Successful treatment of kasabach-merritt syndrome with vincristine and surgery: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Abass Kotb , Saad Hekma , Kherala Mostafa , Abd-Elsayed Alaa A 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Haemangiomas are vascular lesions resulting from abnormal proliferation of blood vessels. They are the most common pediatric neoplasm. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome is a rare type of vascular lesion with peculiar characteristics. The diagnosis is based upon three basic findings; enlarging haemangioma, thrombocytopenia and consumption coagulopathy.

Case presentation
A 5 month old boy was admitted to the Pediatrics department for the management of an abdominal wall mass. He was the first child of consanguineous parents, born in a private hospital following uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. At birth a bluish birth mark 5 cm × 5 cm was noted below the umbilicus. Over the next five months, this birth mark increased in size and evolved into a swelling. As a result, the patient was admitted to Maternal and Child Health (MCH) unit for the management of this swelling.
The clinical findings and imagining studies followed by laboratory investigations strongly suggested the diagnosis of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome.
Vincristine was initiated after a trial of corticosteroids when the platelet count was 6000/cmm. One week after the start of vincristine the size of the lesion started to decrease. At the end of 6th week the lesion size decreased to half and the platelet count increased to 49,000/cmm. Vincristine was continued for another 2 weeks, no further improvement in lesion size or platelet count was observed. Vincristine was discontinued and the patient was shifted to the paediatric surgery department. A fresh platelet transfusion was given and the haemangioma was excised completely.
The histopathological examination of the excised mass revealed a caverno-capillary haemangioma with infiltration into skeletal muscles.

Conclusion
Six weeks treatment with vincristine in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/week followed by surgical excision may be the best management in selected cases of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome.
Antiproliferative and cytostatic effects of the natural product eupatorin on MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells due to CYP1-mediated metabolism
Authors: Androutsopoulos Vasilis , Arroo Randolph RJ , Hall John F , Surichan Somchaiya , Potter Gerry A 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Introduction
The natural product eupatorin has been reported to have antiproliferative activity in tumour cell lines, but the exact mechanism is unclear. The cytochromes P450 CYP1B1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 have been shown to participate in the activation of various xenobiotics, compounds derived from the diet as well as chemotherapeutic drugs. CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 have also been proposed as targets for cancer chemotherapy for their differential and selective overexpression in tumour cells. In this study, we aimed to identify a possible mechanism of action for the antiproliferative effect of eupatorin, which can be attributed to CYP1 family-mediated metabolism.

Methods
The study focuses on the antiproliferative action of eupatorin on the human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-468 and on a cell line derived from normal mammary tissue, MCF-10A. The cytotoxicity of the flavone, its effect on the cell cycle of the abovementioned cell lines, and its metabolism by CYP1 family enzymes were examined.

Results
Eupatorin showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of cell growth on MDA-MB-468 cells with a submicromolar median inhibition concentration (IC50) whereas the IC50 of this compound in MCF-10A cells was considerably higher. The antiproliferative effect, as measured by EROD (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) assay and Western immunoblotting, was attributed mainly to CYP1A1 expression in MDA-MB-468 cells but not in MCF-10A cells. Moreover, CYP1 family enzymes were shown to metabolise eupatorin in vitro to the flavone cirsiliol and two other unidentified metabolites. Metabolism of eupatorin was also detected in MDA-MB-468 cell cultures, whereas metabolism by MCF-10A cells was negligible. Eupatorin was further shown to arrest the cell cycle of the CYP1-expressing cell line MDA-MB-468 in G2/M phase, whereas no effect was observed in MCF-10A cells, which do not express CYP1 enzymes. The effect of eupatorin on the MDA-MB-468 cell cycle could be reversed by co-application of the CYP1 inhibitor acacetin.

Conclusion
The flavone eupatorin is selectively activated in breast cancer cells, but not in normal breast cells, due to CYP1 family metabolism. This provides a basis for selectivity which is desired against breast tumour cells. In this sense, eupatorin is shown by this study to be a very promising chemopreventative candidate that should be examined further in an in vivo study.
GeneCount: genome-wide calculation of absolute tumor DNA copy numbers from array comparative genomic hybridization data
Authors: Lyng Heidi , Lando Malin , Brøvig Runar S , Svendsrud Debbie H , Johansen Morten , Galteland Eivind , Brustugun Odd T , Meza-Zepeda Leonardo A , Myklebost Ola , Kristensen Gunnar B , Hovig Eivind , Stokke Trond 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAbsolute tumor DNA copy numbers can currently be achieved only on a single gene basis by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We present GeneCount, a method for genome-wide calculation of absolute copy numbers from clinical array comparative genomic hybridization data. The tumor cell fraction is reliably estimated in the model. Data consistent with FISH results are achieved. We demonstrate significant improvements over existing methods for exploring gene dosages and intratumor copy number heterogeneity in cancers.
Use of Proximity Ligation to Screen for Inhibitors of Interactions between Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A and Its Receptors
Authors: Gustafsdottir Sigrun M , Wennström Stefan , Fredriksson Simon , Schallmeiner Edith , Hamilton Andrew D , Sebti Said M , Landegren Ulf 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground: Improved methods are required to screen drug candidates for their influences on protein interactions. There is also a compelling need for miniaturization of screening assays, with attendant reductions in reagent consumption and assay costs.Methods: We used sensitive, miniaturized proximity ligation assays (PLAs) to monitor binding of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) to 2 of its receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. We measured the effects of proteins and low molecular weight compounds capable of disrupting these interactions and compared the results with those obtained by immunoblot analysis. We analyzed 6 different inhibitors: a DNA aptamer, a mixed DNA/RNA aptamer, a monoclonal VEGF-A neutralizing antibody, a monoclonal antibody directed against VEGFR-2, a recombinant competitive protein, and a low molecular weight synthetic molecule.Results: The PLAs were successful for monitoring the formation and inhibition of VEGF-A–receptor complexes, and the results correlated well with those obtained by measuring receptor phosphorylation. The total PLA time is just 3 hours, with minimal manual work and reagent additions. The method allows evaluation of the apparent affinity [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)] from a dose–response curve.Conclusions: The PLA may offer significant advantages over conventional methods for screening the interactions of ligands with their receptors. The assay may prove useful for parallel analyses of large numbers of samples in the screening of inhibitor libraries for promising agents. The technique provides dose–response curves, allowing IC50 values to be calculated.