bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unemployment and occupational aspirations: a panel study of high school graduates*
Authors: EMPSON‐WARNER SUSAN , KRAHN HARVEY 
Published: January 2009

La plupart des études des aspirations professionnelles des jeunes ont analysé les rapports entre divers facteurs et les aspirations sans chercher à déterminer comment ces aspirations pourraient évoluer au fur et à mesure que les adolescents font la transition entre l'école et le marché du travail. Compte tenu de la situation sur le marché du travail au Canada, les grandes aspirations en matière de carrière de beaucoup de jeunes risquent fort d'être déçues. Les données d'une étude àéchantillon constant chez des jeunes qui avaient terminé leurs études secondaires dans une grande ville de l'Ouest indiquent que l'expérience du chômage au cours de la première année après le départ de l'école conduit à une modération des aspirations profcssionnelles. En examinant ces données, les auteurs cherchent àélucider certaines des grandes questions théoriques touchant la reproduction des inégalités socialcs.Studies of young people's occupational aspirations have typically focussed on their correlates, but have not addressed the question of how aspirations may be modified as teenagers make the transition from school to work. Given the distribution of jobs in the Canadian labour market, many of the high career aspirations of teenagers will not be satisfied. Data from a panel study of high school graduates in a large western Canadian city show how the experience of unemployment in the first year following graduation leads to a reduction in occupational aspirations. These findings are discussed with reference to central sociological questions about the reproduction of social inequalities.
Some advantages of Canadian disunity: how Quebec sovereignty might aid economic development in English‐speaking Canada*
Authors: BRYM ROBERT J. 
Published: January 2009

Les conflits relatifs au partage des pouvoirs entre de grandes communautés ethniques possédant chacune un ensemble complet d'institutions peuvent aboutir à une décentralisation telle que l'État cesse d'être un instrument efficace de planification économique et que l'économie du pays commence à en souffrir. Le cas de tiraillements Canado‐québécois illustre ce type de processus et soulève la question suivante: l'avenir économique du Canada ne serait‐il pas plus prometteur si le Québec devenait indépendant?Jurisdictional disputes between large, institutionally complete ethnic communities in a single society may promote so much decentralization of authority that the state becomes ineffective as an economic planner. Economic decline may result. The Canada/Quebec case illustrates this process and suggests that Quebec independence may improve Canada's economic prospects.
Trends in the ethnic origins of Canadian elites: the decline of the BRITS?*
Authors: OGMUNDSON R. , MCLAUGHLIN J. 
Published: January 2009

Depuis la publication de La mosaïque verticale de John Porter en 1965, la vision préominante du Canada est celie d'un pays caractérisé par une forte stratification ethnique, surtout au niveau des élites, qui seraient elles‐mêmes dominées de façn érasante par des personnes d'origine britannique. Or, des recherches ultérieures sur l'ensemble de la population canadienne démontrent que la stratification ethnique est moins marquée qu'on le croyait; au contraire, elle est plutôt faible et tend même à s'estomper. D'où l'intérêt de reprendre l'analyse des élites canadiennes. L'auteur de cette communication présente les données originales de Porter, fait la synthèse des résultats d'autres recherches pertinentes et décrit les données les plus récentes sur l'évolution des origines ethniques des élites au Canada.The conventional wisdom concerning ethnicity in Canada has been dominated by the imagery of The Vertical Mosaic published in 1965 by John Porter. This conventional wisdom maintains that Canada is characterized by pronounced ethnic stratification especially at the level of elites which are thought to be dominated overwhelmingly by those of British origin. Suhequent research at the level of the general population has shown that ethnic stratification was not aa great as originally thought, is minimal, and is in decline. Consequently it is of interest to re‐examine the situation regarding Canadian elites. The original data of Porter are presented. The findings of other relevant research are outlined. New data on trends in the ethnic origins of Canadian elites are reported.
Women against feminism: an examination of feminist social movements and anti‐feminist countermovements
Authors: STEUTER ERIN 
Published: January 2009

Cette communication se veut une analyse descriptive à la fois des mouvements sociaux féministes aux États‐Unis et au Canada et des contre‐mouvements anti‐féministes qu'ils ont suscités. L'auteur documente la relation dialectique qui caractèrise ces mouvements depuis un siècle din de mieux élucider la nature et le caractère des deux groups. Une attention particulière est accordée au rôle du mouvement pro‐famille au Canada dans l'opposition aux objectifs du mouvement féministe contemporain. L'auteur démontre qu'il s'est créé un rapport d'interdépendance entre les deux camps, qui ont formulé des programmes, des idéologies et des stratégies de plus en plus élaborées à mesure que la lutte pour l'hégémonie s'est intensifiée.This paper examines feminist social movements in both the United States and Canada and describes and analyses the anti‐feminist countermovements that have repeatedly arisen in response to them. The dialectical relationship that has existed between these movements for the last century is documented in an effort to further understand the nature and character of these two groups. Specific attention is paid to the role of the pro‐family movement in Canada in opposing contemporary feminist goals. It is shown that an interdependence has developed ‐ with the formulation of sophisticated programs, ideologies and strategies on both sides ‐ as the struggle for dominance has intensified.
Falling behind: The income of lone‐mother families, 1970–1985
Authors: MCQUILLAN KEVIN 
Published: January 2009

Cette communication analyse la situation économique des familles monoparentales dont le chef est une femme à partir de données des recensements canadiens de 1971, 1981 et 1986 disponibles sur microfiches à accès public. L'analyse révèle qu'en dépit d'une augmentation sensible du revenu réel des familles à mère sans coqjoint, l'écart entre le revenu de celles‐ci et le revenu des familles biparentales s'est creusé de manière importante au cow de la période étudiée de 15 ans. Bien que l'augmentation des salaires aient été lente autant pour hommes mariée que pour les mères sans conjoint, une forte hausse du taux de participation des femmes mariées à la population active a permis aux familles biparentales d'augmenter de façon appréciable leur revenu familial total. Du c&#x006f;&#x030c;té des familles à mère sans conjoint, par contre, divers changements démographiques ont limité l'augmentation des gains totaux et ralentit l'accroissement du revenu familial.This paper examines the economic fortunes of lone‐mother families using the public use microfiles of the 1971 and 1986 Canadian censuses. The analysis shows that despite a 16 per cent increase in the real income of lone‐mother families, the income gap between lone‐mother and two‐parent families widened appreciably over the 15‐year period. Although real wages for both husbands and lone mothers rose slowly, a sharp increase in the labour force participation rate of married women allowed two‐parent families to increase their total family income significantly. By contrast, demographic changes among lone‐mother families served to limit the increase in total family earnings and slowed the rise of family income.
Critical Perspectives in Antiracism: An Introduction*
Authors: Dei George J. Sefa 
Published: January 2009

Ce numéro spécial de la RCSA est consacré aux nouvelles façons d'aborder la lutte antiraciste dans des contextes multiraciaux. Les auteurs examinent les pratiques antiracistes selon des points de vue différents qui parfois se chevauchent, et tracent les grandes lignes de la pratique antiraciste, tout particullièrement en ce qui concerne la pédagogie et les ateliers antiracistes. Ils apportent leur contribution à létude de l'antiracisme critique et à son application dans le discours pédagogique. Il est question également dévolution sociale et pédagogique, et ils montrent comment le discours et la pratique anti‐racistes peuvent l'accélérer. Même si les fondements théoriques et méthodologiques de l'antiracisme ne sont pas entièrement définis, les auteurs s'efforcent de reformuler l'antiracisme à partir de ses origines propres. Le présent article amorce la discussion en fixant les limites du discours et en précisant l'impact de l'antiracisme sur lévolution pédagogique et sociale. Il examine comment une culture antiraciste peut sépanouir, surtout dans un contexte eurocanadien et euroaméricain. Les répercussions de la mondialisation sur léducation et lévolution sociale sont examinées, tout comme le sont les motifs de ceux qui préconisent une mise en pratique de la pensée antiraciste.This special issue of the CRSA aims to explore new ways of thinking about antiracism praxis in multiracial contexts. The papers in this issue examine antiracism praxis from varying and intersecting backgrounds and positions. They present a broad view of antiracism extending from teacher education to antiracism workshop training. They build on existing scholarship in critical antiracism as a pedagogical discourse and a communicative and political practice. A key question is: How we can ensure that antiracism discourse and practice connect to achieve educational and transformative social change? While the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of antiracism are still in the formative stage, the essays will add to ongoing attempts to (re)conceptualize antiracism from its original formulations. This article begins the dialogue by specifying an antiracism discursive framework and the implications of anti‐racism's basic tenets for transformative learning and social change. It explores some of the ways that antiracism knowledge can be constructed, produced and disseminated, particularly (but not exclusively) in Euro‐Canadian/American contexts, and highlights some of the challenges that current globalization processes provide for education and social change, and the rationale for engaging in antiracism praxis.
The Impact of Movements: Bureaucratic Insurgency, Canadianization and the CSAA*
Authors: CORMIER JEFFREY J. 
Published: January 2009

Une plus grande attention est actuellement portée aux conséquences des mouvements sociaux. Basé sur du matériel d'archives et d'entrevues, cet article réexamine la notion d'insurrection bureaucratique de Zald et Berger afin d'analyser la dynamique de changement et de transformation de la Société canadienne de sociologie et d'anthropologie (SCSA) au début des années 1970. Contrairement à la thése de Weber‐Michels, qui prédit qu'en gagnant en maturité une organisation tend à devenir moins politisée et plus conservatrice, la SCSA s'est politisée par suite du mouvement de « canadianisation » des institutions culturelles et éducationnelles. Une explication pour ce changement est proposée, laquelle questionne la thèse de transformation organisationnelle de Weber‐Michels et les conséquences qui en découlent.Greater attention is now being given to the consequences of social movements. Relying on archival and interview material, this paper revisits Zald and Berger's notion of bureaucratic insurgency to analyse the dynamics of change and transformation in the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association (CSAA) during the early 1970s. Contrary to the Weber‐Michels thesis, which predicts that as organizations age they become less political and more conservative, the CSAA became politicized as a result of the movement to Canadianize cultural and educational institutions. An explanation for this change is offered, which serves to challenge the Weber‐Michels thesis of organizational transformation and its outcome.
Small Town, Big Benefits: The Ripple Effect of 7/day Child Care*
Authors: ALBANESE PATRIZIA 
Published: January 2009

Dans cet article, l'auteure présente quelques résultats d'une enquête d'approche qualitative auprès de méres et d'éducatrices visant à analyser les répercussions du programme éducatif québécois (service de garde offrant des places pour une contribution parentale de 7 par jour) sur une ville frontière defavorisée. L'étude, qui présente un échantillon des commentaires de mères et d'éducatrices, constitue la première phase d'un projet de trois volets. l'article démontre comment un investissement dans les enfants au moyen d'un programme uni‐versel a pu avoir un impact d'ensemble sur cette collectivitééconomique‐ment défavorisée, un effet remarqué dans les families et dans la collectivité et, en retour, sur les enfants eux‐mêmes.This paper assesses the impact of Quebec's 7/day child care program on an economically disadvantaged community near the Quebec/Ontario border, using qualitative interviews with mothers of children in the program and with child care workers. A pilot snowball sample of mothers and child care workers marks the first phase of a three‐phase project in the community. This paper shows how investing in children through a universal child care initiative resonates through this economically hard‐hit community, in essence producing a ripple effect through families and the community, and reciprocally back again to children.
Behind the Screen: The Role of State‐TV Relationships in Russia, 1990–2000*
Authors: ROZANOVA JULIA 
Published: January 2009

Les systèmes de régulation de la production des programmes télévisuels sont aussi importants dans les études des médias que l'analyse du corps d'un texte. l'économie politique rend possible l'étude des programmes télévisuels et des systèmes de régulation de la production télévisuelle dans un seul modèle de même que leurs interconnections. Deux systèmes régulateurs de télévision sont décrits, et les dynamiques de leur transformation sont présentées. Les résultats des entrevues avec les fonctionnaires de l'industrie télévisuelle sont utilisés pour examiner l'influence des relations entre l'État et les entreprises de télévision sur le contenu des programmes produits par la télévision russe entre 1990 et 2000.This paper argues that the content of television programs is influenced by how their production is organized and regulated. The political‐economic approach provides a useful framework to link television programs and the regulation of TV production within a single model, and to investigate their interrelationship. Two systems of TV regulation are described in this paper and their evolution is discussed. Data from in‐depth qualitative interviews with Russian television industry insiders are used to examine the impact of changes in the regulation of television on the types and content of programs produced between 1990 and 2000.
How Distinctive Are Canadian Research Methods?*
Authors: PLATT JENNIFER 
Published: January 2009

l'auteure de cet article aborde la question de la spécificité des méthodologies de recherche canadiennes, en examinant d'abord les grands modeles de méthodologies utilisés dans les articles empiriques publiés dans les principales revues canadiennes à partir des années 1960, comment ils ont changé au cours des temps et comment ils ont différé chez les anglophones et les francophones du Canada. Elle examine aussi la question de l'influence américaine soulevée par le débat qui s'est tenu sur la canadianisation. Il en ressort qu'au cours des dernières années les différences dues à la spécificité des sexes qui traversent ces divisions nationales ont été les plus importantes. l'effet final est que le modèle canadien global a quelque chose en commun avec ceux enregistrés dans les autres pays, quoique, à un niveau plus circonstancié, il soit spécifiquement canadien ou québécois. Les raisons des similarités et des différences sont analysées.This paper addresses the question of the distinctiveness of Canadian research methods by looking first at the broad pattern of methods used in empirical articles published in leading Canadian journals from the 1960s, how these have changed over time, and how they have differed between Francophone and Anglophone Canada. Issues of U.S. influence raised by the earlier Canadianization debate are also addressed. It is found that, for the more recent period, gender differences that cut across these “national” divisions have been the more salient. The net effect is that the total Canadian pattern has something in common with that recorded for other countries, although at a more detailed level there are specifically Canadian or Québécois effects. Reasons for the similarities and differences are discussed.
Interaction between Lactic Acid Bacteria and
Mycobacterium bovis
in Ethiopian Fermented Milk: Insight into the Fate of
M. bovis
Authors: Mariam Solomon H. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium bovis
causes tuberculosis in animals and humans. Infected cows can transmit the bacillus to humans via milk. Milk also contains lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB isolated from milk were put in milk cultures together with spiked
M. bovis
. Different LAB had different abilities to reduce
M. bovis
counts, as
M. bovis
was undetectable in some while it persisted in two of the cultures.
The
Salmonella
Pathogenicity Island 2-Encoded Type III Secretion System Is Essential for the Survival of
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium in Free-Living Amoebae
Authors: Bleasdale Benjamin , Lott Penelope J. , Jagannathan Aparna , Stevens Mark P. , Birtles Richard J. , Wigley Paul 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Free-living amoebae represent a potential reservoir and predator of
Salmonella enterica
. Through the use of type III secretion system (T3SS) mutants and analysis of transcription of selected T3SS genes, we demonstrated that the
Salmonella
pathogenicity island 2 is highly induced during
S. enterica
serovar Typhimurium infection of
Acanthamoeba polyphaga
and is essential for survival within amoebae.
90-Kilodalton Heat Shock Protein, Hsp90, as a Target for Genotyping
Cryptosporidium
spp. Known To Infect Humans
Authors: Feng Yaoyu , Dearen Theresa , Cama Vitaliano , Xiao Lihua 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Small-subunit (SSU) rRNA-based methods have been commonly used in the differentiation of
Cryptosporidium
species or genotypes. In order to develop a new tool for confirming the genotypes of
Cryptosporidium
species, parts of the 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) genes of seven
Cryptosporidium
species and genotypes known to infect humans (
C. hominis
,
C. parvum
,
C. meleagridis
,
C. canis
,
C. muris
,
C. suis
, and the cervine genotype), together with one from cattle (
C. andersoni
), were sequenced and analyzed. With the exception of
C. felis
from cats and
C. baileyi
from birds, the Hsp90 genes of all tested
Cryptosporidium
species were amplified. Phylogenetic analysis of the
hsp90
sequences from all these species is congruent with previous studies in which the SSU rRNA, 70-kDa heat shock protein, oocyst wall protein, and actin genes were analyzed and showed that gastric and intestinal parasites segregate into two distinct clades. In this study, the secondary products of
hsp90
produced after PCR-restriction fragment length digestion with StyI and HphI or with BbsI showed that parasites within the intestinal or gastric clade could be differentiated from each other. These data confirm the utility of the Hsp90 gene as a sensitive, specific, and robust molecular tool for differentiating species and/or genotypes of
Cryptosporidium
in clinical specimens.
Polymorphic Mucin Antigens CpMuc4 and CpMuc5 Are Integral toCryptosporidium parvumInfection In Vitro
Authors: O'Connor Roberta M. , Burns Patrick B. , Ha-Ngoc Tin , Scarpato Kristen , Khan Wasif , Kang Gagandeep , Ward Honorine 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTCryptosporidium, a waterborne enteric parasite, is a frequent cause of diarrheal disease outbreaks worldwide. Thus far, the few antigens shown to be important for attachment to and invasion of the host cell byCryptosporidiumare all mucin-like glycoproteins. In order to investigate other antigens that could be important forCryptosporidiumhost-parasite interactions, theCryptosporidiumgenome databases were mined for other mucin-like genes. A single locus of seven small mucin sequences was identified on chromosome 2 (CpMuc1 to -7). Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis demonstrated that all seven CpMucs were expressed throughout intracellular development. CpMuc4 and CpMuc5 were selected for further investigation because of the significant sequence divergence betweenCryptosporidium parvumandC. hominisalleles. Rabbit anti-CpMuc5 and -CpMuc4 antibodies identified several polypeptides inC. parvumlysates, suggestive of proteolytic processing of the mucins. All polypeptides were larger than the predicted molecular weight, which is suggestive of posttranslational processing, most likely O-glycosylation. In immunofluorescence assays, both anti-CpMuc4 and -CpMuc5 antibodies reacted with the apical region of sporozoites and revealed surface-exposed epitopes. The antigens were not shed during excystation but did partition into the aqueous phase of Triton X-114 extractions. Consistent with a role in attachment and invasion, CpMuc4 and CpMuc5 could be detected binding to fixed Caco-2A cells, and anti-CpMuc4 peptide antibodies inhibitedCryptosporidiuminfection in vitro. Sequencing of CpMuc4 and CpMuc5 fromC. hominisclinical isolates identified several polymorphic alleles. The data suggest that these antigens are integral forCryptosporidiuminfection in vitro and may be potential vaccine candidates.
Gamma Interferon and Interleukin-1 Receptor 1 Regulate Neutrophil Recruitment to the Corneal Stroma in a Murine Model ofOnchocerca volvulusKeratitis
Authors: Gentil Katrin , Pearlman Eric 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTToll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is an essential mediator of corneal inflammation induced by the filarial nematodeOnchocerca volvulus, which harbors endosymbioticWolbachiabacteria. TLR2 is also required for dendritic cell activation, gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production, and neutrophil recruitment to the cornea. To examine the role of IFN-γ inO. volvuluskeratitis, C57BL/6 and IFN-γ−/−mice were immunized subcutaneously, and a soluble antigen extract fromO. volvulusadult worms (OvAg) was injected into the corneal stroma of each animal. We found that, in the absence of IFN-γ, neutrophil recruitment to the cornea was significantly impaired, whereas there was no effect on eosinophil infiltration. Since the cornea contains resident macrophages and fibroblasts and our previous studies showed that CXC chemokines mediate neutrophil recruitment, we examined the role of recombinant IFN-γ (rIFN-γ) on each cell type. We found no effect of rIFN-γ on CXC chemokine production by macrophages or corneal fibroblasts, either alone or with filarial extracts; in contrast, rIFN-γ was found to enhance OvAg-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1α, and IL-1β in macrophages. Furthermore, we found that rTNF-α, rIL-1α, or rIL-1β induced CXC chemokine production by corneal fibroblasts but not by macrophages. To determine the relative contributions of endogenous cytokines, we injected OvAg into the corneal stroma of C57BL/6, IL-1 receptor 1−/−(IL-1R1−/−), and TNF-αR1/2−/−mice and examined neutrophil recruitment. We found that neutrophil infiltration was impaired in IL-1R1−/−mice but not in TNF-αR1/2−/−mice. IFN-γ therefore appears to regulate neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma by enhancing TLR2 expression and OvAg-induced IL-1α and IL-1β production by macrophages in the cornea, which then induce IL-1R1-dependent production of CXC chemokine by resident corneal fibroblasts.