bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection of Polymers for the Control of Mobility and Permeability Variation at Richfield East Dome Unit, Orange County, California
Authors: Bolton Helen P. , Carter Walter H. , Kamdar Ruby S. , Nute A. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Richfield East Dome Unit (REDU) is located in Orange County, California, southeast of Los Angeles. The East Dome Unit contains several massive unconsolidated sand zones which were produced by depletion drive from 1920 to 1974. In 1974, a water-flood was initiated in the Chapman Zone. The performance of the waterflood has been reduced by the highly hetergeneous nature of the Chapman sand and by the adverse water-oil mobility ratio resulting from the high viscosity crude oil present. Preliminary evaluation of various enhanced recovery processes indicated that the application of mobility control polymer, coupled with selective permeability variation control treatment of certain injection wells, could improve the oil recovery efficiency of the waterflood.
Extensive laboratory testing was conducted in Chapman cores and sand packs to select the most applicable mobility control polymer and the most effective permeability variation control process.
Five commercially available mobility control polyacrylamide polymers were screened to determine their suitability to REDU reservoir rock and fluids. Selection criteria included the oil recovery efficiency, polymer retention, polymer solution viscosity, and residual resistance factor. As a result of the laboratory tests, Cyanatrol WF-940S was selected for additional field testing.
Three commercially available polymer permeability variation control processes were also evaluated in the laboratory. The ability of each process to improve the dimensionless flow rate ratio in parallel sand pack tests was used as the main selection criterion. A polyacrylamide treatment utilizing aluminum cross-linking was selected for additional field testing.
Field tests of both the mobility control polymer and the permeability variation control polymer process have been initiated in the Chapman Zone of the Richfield East Dome Unit.
Calculation of Unsteady State Heat Loss for Steam Insection Wells Using a Ti-59 Programmable Calculator
Authors: Smith David D. , Weinbrandt Richard M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A TI 59 program is presented which calculates downhole steam quality, steam enthalpy, and heat injection rate as a function of time. The basic calculation technique used in the program is taken from the available literature with modifications to permit use of the programmable calculator. Both concentric and eccentric tubing cases are considered. The program has been validated against several other computer simulations and checks quite favorably in all cases.
Preliminary Methane Resource Assessment of Coalbeds in the Akroma Basin
Authors: Rieke Herman H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Potentially recoverable quantities of methane from unconventional sources such as coalbeds have been largely excluded from potential gas supply surveys. This is attributable to the lack of data about the resource, technology and economics of its recovery. In order to provide answers, DOE initiated the Methane Recovery from Coalbeds Project (MRCP) to characterize the gas-in-place for various coalbeds and associated sediments. After the 1977 initiation of the MRCP, several other interested groups have supported various aspects of the project.
Results are presented from the first phase of a joint effort between DOE (METC), TRW, GRI, and Industry to investigate the coalbed methane resource in the Arkoma basin. This elongated narrow east-west sedimentary basin is located in east-central Oklahoma and in west-central Arkansas and contains extensive gaseous bituminous coal reserves of Pennsylvanian age. Preliminary gas-in-place resource estimates were made based on the volume of coal in-place and on direct methane desorption data. It has been conservatively estimated that the total coal resource of the basin is about 7.9 billion tons. Seven individual coal seams have been identified as being the most likely candidates to contain potential coalbed gas reservoirs. The majority of these coalbeds are continuous, but these beds do not maintain a constant thickness throughout the basin. Total gas contents, as determined by desorption tests on coal cores, range from 73 cubic feet per ton to 576 cubic feet per ton. The estimated unsealed in-place methane resource is 1.6 Tcf and is considered a low volumetric assessment for the basin. The estimated depth scaled in-place methane resource is 2.7 Tcf, 82 percent of which is contained in the Hartshorne coalbeds. Analyses of gas produced from the Hartshorne coals/Hartshorne Formation show a range of Btu values from 993 to 1118 in the western part of the basin.
A viable exploration rationale has been established for the Arkoma basin, based on various geological aspects, such as stratigraphy and structure, the depth of the coalbeds and the recent MRCP well tests. The described methodology of methane exploration is present along with the results. Redefined target-test areas in the basin have been delineated and are discussed.
Evaluation of Fractured Reservoir Rocks Using Geophysical Well Logs
Authors: Fertl Walter H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recent economic forecasts place recoverable crude oil reserves from fractured reservoir rocks in excess of 40 billion stock tank barrels. Hence, over the past few years the petroleum industry has exhibited an ever increasing interest in fractured reservoirs.
The present discussion summarizes wireline logging techniques applicable in the detection of fractured reservoir rocks and reviews their advantages and possible limitations.
Economics of Devonian Shale, Coal Seam and Similar Special Appalachian Gas Sources
Authors: Miller Richard M. , Mutchler Norman E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The natural gas curtailments during the winter of 1976-77 and the threat that gas interruptions would become a permanent way of industrial life sparked widespread interest in the investigation of local, higher-cost gas sources. Analyses of the technical, institutional, legal and economic constraints and opportunities associated with these gas sources located in the Appalachian Region were undertaken for the Appalachian Regional Commission. The economic potentials appeared encouraging providing certain constraints are removed and/or relaxed.
Waynesburg College Multiple Coal Seam Methane Extraction Well
Authors: Kirr James N. , Eddy Greg E. , Rahsman Robert , McGinnis Norman F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Waynesburg College, in cooperation with TRW, Inc. and the Department of Energy, is in the process of completing the drilling of a well through the Upper Pennsylvanian coals near Waynesburg, Greene County in southwestern Pennsylvania. The primary objective of this well was to determine the optimum method for the extraction of methane gas from a multiple number of coal seams, and secondly, to provide Waynesburg College with an alternate source of energy to heat the buildings on the campus. It is anticipated that the gas produced will replace 60 to 70 percent of the peak demand of the College.
The well was drilled to a total depth of 442 meters using rotary percussion with air. After setting a water string of 22 cm casing, a 20 cm hole was drilled to the total depth. Production casing measuring 14 cm was cemented to the surface in a single stage.
Perforation and fracturing were done on an incremental basis using a retrievable bridge plug. Data from the coring and logging operations indicated that only seven of the coal seams present at the site would be suitable for fracturing and gas production. The coals were divided into three zones and perforated and fractured in turn to allow for maximum stimulation. The retrievable bridge plug was used to isolate the lower fractured seams from those above that were to be fractured. Fracturing was done with foam injected at a maximum rate of .03 m3/s using a sand proppant to maintain the openings in the coal.
The well, when completed, will be topped with a standard well head. A downhole positive displacement pump will be used to remove the water produced from the coals. The well is presently undergoing testing to determine its production potential. The gas produced will be run through a separator and dessicator before it is metered into a nearby existing commercial gas line for transportation to the Waynesburg College campus.
Polymer-Polymer And Polymer-Solid Interaction And Their Relevance For Polymer Application In Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Klein J. , Kulicke W. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A variety of vinyl type polymers has been prepared and characterized to compare their viscosity behaviour with "established" technical polymers. Special emphasis is given to fundamental aspects of solution structure with regard to the conformation of a single chain and of chain to chain interaction. This will be examplified by studying homopolymers, copolymers and polymer mixtures of nonionic and ionic charakter.
Chain stiffening, based on intramolecular energetic and steric interaction and hydrogen bonding are considered as important structural parameters to describe the static and dynamic (time dependent) solution structure.
Polymer adsorption on quarz sand shows considerable differences for polyacrylamide (PAAm) and polysaccharide in their dependence on salinity. Polymer retention - in addition to adsorption - can be made visible by scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-Ray analysis.
The Economic Aspects of Marginal Field Development in An Offshore Environment
Authors: Cox T. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
With the current demand for hydrocarbons, the constraints on the development of offshore oil and gas fields are attracting more and more attention. In the North Sea for example some 15% of the reserves could lie in reservoirs containing 100 million barrels or less. The discoveries which are restrained from development by economic factors can therefore be a significant percentage of the total basin reserves. In this paper the constraints are examined and their significance in economic terms is considered. It is concluded that in an environment such as the United Kingdom Continental Shelf, major problems can be expected with justification of the development of a field containing reserves of less than 50 million barrels. At this level of reserve the importance of the range of uncertainty in reserve, deliverability and cost estimates must be clearly understood. Where uncertainty prevents development decisions, government incentives must be considered.
Design Aspects of A 1.5 MWe Exhaust Fired Gas Turbine
Authors: Lowder J. R. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper presents some of the engineering details of the Ruston-Hague Exhaust Fired Gas Turbine (EFGT) and gives a record of recent advances made in developing the ceramic heater for this system. It is proposed to demonstrate this powerplant in a heavy crude oil, coal-oil or fully coal fired application when the current program of laboratory testing has been completed.
In this cooperative venture, Hague International of South Portland, Maine, will provide the ceramic heater and combustion equipment and Ruston Gas Turbines of Houston, Texas (also Lincoln, England) will supply the gas turbine, power takeoff and control equipment. The system will be used to supply shaft power or electricity, in addition to process steam, at an estimated overall fuel efficiency close to 80%.
The project has evolved from international pressure to utilize cheaper indigenous fuels in machines hitherto designed for power generation on distillate oils. Because the system incorporates an externally fired ceramic heater, many of the fundamental problems associated with internally firing a small industrial gas turbine on ash laden and often corrosive fuels are completely avoided. Problems associated with particulate, NOx and SOx emissions remain a serious consideration but these render themselves more amenable to traditional treatment once the decision to opt for external firing has been taken.
The paper examines the economic and technical merits of the Ruston-Hague system using a generalized economic calculation. The broader implications and scale up potential of this technology are then covered and the relevence of this technology to the Petroleum industry briefly discussed.
Downhole Corrosion - Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Weeter Robert F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Corrosion control planning should begin before any well is drilled. The means of controlling corrosion in oil and gas wells are outlined in some detail in this paper. Primary cause of corrosion of metals is contact of metal with corrosive gases in well fluids in the presence of liquid water. Corrosion can be controlled by removing the contact, the corrosive gases or the water. Means for doing this are metallurgy, control of the well environment, separation of the metal of the pipe from the well environment, and cathodic protection. Each should be evaluated for use separately or in combination to obtain the most cost-effective control. Corrosion rates can be monitored by one or several devices which are commonly used for that purpose. The monitoring is especially effective in evaluating the results of corrosion control measures.
Computer Simulation of the Directional Drilling Process
Authors: Millheim Keith K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper is the first reporting of a directional drilling simulation computer program that converts side force values, generated by a three-dimensional bottom-hole assembly algorithm, to actual displacements in the x and y planes. The program can be used to simulate directional wells that have been drilled, or to predict the actual trajectory for a given bottom-hole assembly, geology, and operating conditions.
The logic for the simulation program is presented, discussing how the bottom-hole assembly program, and the bit and stabilizer side cutting data were merged to form the basis of the program. Various inputs for a simulation or prediction, and the sensitivity of each input, are discussed. Mechanisms that are not included in the algorithm are cited, explaining how the lack of these mechanisms precluded the simulation of a certain variety of directional wells.
Results from the simulation of a directional well drilled in Holland are presented. Matching of actual inclination and direction data provided the basis of showing how the program could be used in a predictive mode for the selection and operation of other bottom-hole assemblies for drilling another directional well in the same area.
A final section discusses some of the problems encountered in running simulations and how these problems equate to actual field conditions. Mechanisms that need to be added to the algorithm to increase the fidelity and the breath of the simulation are mentioned.
The existing program has been used successfully to match wellbore trajectories in areas where the geological effects are nil to moderate and the wellbore conditions can be accurately described. With further refinements and enhancements to the program, it will only be a matter of time before any directional or deviation control well can be simulated. This ultimately means a computer program can be used to aid the drilling person in making sound engineering decisions on how to drill a directional well.
Breeding for Striga Resistance in Sorghum: Exploitation of an Intricate Host–Parasite Biology
Authors: Ejeta Gebisa 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTThe parasitic weed Striga Lour. has been one of the more intractable agricultural problems seriously limiting productivity of cereal and legume crops in sub‐Saharan Africa. The development of crop plants with resistance to Striga has been limited because of the complexity of interactions between host, parasite, and the physical environment. We formulated a novel approach based on developing and exploiting a thorough understanding of the biology of this intricate association. We employed this knowledge‐based approach to develop powerful selection assays, to conduct genetic analyses, and to characterize the range of mechanism involved in host plant resistance to Striga Information thus generated has been used to identify unique sources of resistance to Striga, introgress these genes into selected cultivars, and deploy sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivars with known sources of Striga resistance either independently or in tandem as genotypes with multiple mechanisms of resistance. High yielding sorghum cultivars with Striga resistance and evident grain quality characteristics have been developed and deployed in a number of African countries to be used as cultivars per se or as a central component of an integrated Striga management program.
Translational Bioinformatics: At the Interface of Genomics and Quantitative Genetics
Authors: Beavis William D. , Schilkey Faye D. , Baxter Susan M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTGenomics and bioinformatics are expected to revolutionize crop improvement. We have to admit, however, that while information from the various “omics” is being used by developmental and evolutionary biologists, the information is not being used routinely by translational plant biologists or applied plant breeders. This is due to a failure to provide information from omics technologies in formats that can be used to develop more effective and efficient assays that the breeder can use for selection. A similar situation exists in biomedical research where more efficacious therapies will be realized if omics information is translated into biomarker‐based diagnostics. Because data are still lacking in plant science, herein we describe the development of an integrated web‐based system that supports translational research using a biomedical example that can serve as a model for translational plant research. We also discuss how the bioinformatic system is agnostic with respect to data content and is capable of accepting omics data that eventually will be generated by plant biologists for use by plant breeders to develop diagnostic biomarkers for use in selection.
Club guessing sequences and filters
Authors: Ishiu Tetsuya 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe investigate club guessing sequences and filters. We prove that assumingV=L, there exists a strong club guessing sequence on μ if and only if μ is not ineffable for every uncountable regular cardinal μ. We also prove that for every uncountable regular cardinal μ, relative to the existence of a Woodin cardinal above μ, it is consistent that every tail club guessing ideal on μ is precipitous.
An exploration of the partial respects in which an axiom system recognizing solely addition as a total function can verify its own consistency
Authors: Willard Dan E. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article will study a class of deduction systems that allow for a limited use of the modus ponens method of deduction. We will show that it is possible to devise axiom systems α that can recognize their consistency under a deduction systemD provided that: (1) α treats multiplication as a 3-way relation (rather than as a total function), and that (2)Ddoes not allow for the use of a modus ponens methodology above essentially the levels of Π1and Σ1formulae.Part of what will make this boundary-case exception to the Second Incompleteness Theorem interesting is that we will also characterize generalizations of the Second Incompleteness Theorem that take force when we only slightly weaken the assumptions of our boundary-case exceptions in any of several further directions.
Converse dual cardinals
Authors: Brendle Jörg , Zhang Shuguo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe investigate the set (ω) of partitions of the natural numbers ordered by ≤* where A ≤* B if by gluing finitely many blocks of A we can get a partition coarser than B. In particular, we determine the values of a number of cardinals which are naturally associated with the structure ((ω), ≥*), in terms of classical cardinal invariants of the continuum.
The generalised type-theoretic interpretation of constructive set theory
Authors: Gambino Nicola , Aczel Peter 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe present a generalisation of the type-theoretic interpretation of constructive set theory into Martin-Löf type theory. The original interpretation treated logic in Martin-Löf type theory via the propositions-as-types interpretation. The generalisation involves replacing Martin-Löf type theory with a new type theory in which logic is treated as primitive. The primitive treatment of logic in type theories allows us to study reinterpretations of logic, such as the double-negation translation.
Computable trees of Scott rank ω1CK, and computable approximation
Authors: Calvert Wesley , Knight Julia F. , Millar Jessica 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMakkai [10] produced an arithmetical structure of Scott rank ω1CK. In [9], Makkai's example is made computable. Here we show that there are computable trees of Scott rank ω1CK. We introduce a notion of “rank homogeneity”. In rank homogeneous trees, orbits of tuples can be understood relatively easily. By using these trees, we avoid the need to pass to the more complicated “group trees” of [10] and [9], Using the same kind of trees, we obtain one of rank ω1CK that is “strongly computably approximable”. We also develop some technology that may yield further results of this kind.
Fusion over sublanguages
Authors: Hasson Assaf , Hils Martin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractGeneralising Hrushovski's fusion technique we construct the free fusion of two strongly minimal theoriesT1.T2intersecting in a totally categorical sub-theoryT0. We show that if. e.g.,T0is the theory of infinite vector spaces over a finite field then the fusion theoryTω, exists, is complete and ω-stable of rank ω. We give a detailed geometrical analysis ofTω, proving that if bothT1,T2are 1-based then.Tω can be collapsed into a strongly minimal theory, if some additional technical conditions hold—all trivially satisfied ifT0is the theory of infinite vector spaces over a finite field.
A constructive view on ergodic theorems
Authors: Spitters Bas 
Published: December 2007

AbstractLet T be a positive L1-L∞ contraction. We prove that the following statements are equivalent in constructive mathematics.(1) The projection in L2, on the space of invariant functions exists:(2) The sequence (Tn)n∈N Cesáro-converges in the L2 norm:(3) The sequence (Tn)n∈N Cesáro-converges almost everywhere.Thus, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for the Mean Ergodic Theorem and the Dunford-Schwartz Pointwise Ergodic Theorem.As a corollary we obtain a constructive ergodic theorem for ergodic measure-preserving transformations.This answers a question posed by Bishop.
Axiomatizing Kripke's theory of truth
Authors: Halbach Volker , Horsten Leon 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe investigate axiomatizations of Kripke's theory of truth based on the Strong Kleene evaluation scheme for treating sentences lacking a truth value. Feferman's axiomatization KF formulated in classical logic is an indirect approach, because it is not sound with respect to Kripke's semantics in the straightforward sense: only the sentences that can be proved to be true in KF are valid in Kripke's partial models. Reinhardt proposed to focus just on the sentences that can be proved to be true in KF and conjectured that the detour through classical logic in KF is dispensable. We refute Reinhardt's Conjecture, and provide a direct axiomatization PKF of Kripke's theory in partial logic. We argue that any natural axiomatization of Kripke's theory in Strong Kleene logic has the same proof-theoretic strength as PKF. namely the strength of the systemramified analysis or a system of Tarskian ramified truth up to ωω. Thus any such axiomatization is much weaker than Feferman's axiomatization KF in classical logic, which is equivalent to the systemof ramified analysis up to ε0.