bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mediators of Well‐being in Ageing Family Carers of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Minnes Patricia , Woodford Lynn , Passey Jennifer 
Published: June 2007

Background  Increasing numbers of adults with an intellectual disability are being cared for at home by ageing parents. The purpose of this study was to determine whether carer resources (i.e. social support and formal service use) and carer appraisals of ageing and stress/burden mediate the relationships between (1) maladaptive behaviour and carer depression; (2) carer health and carer depression; (3) maladaptive behaviour and carer quality of life; and (4) carer health and carer quality of life.Methods  Eighty parents over the age of 50 were interviewed using a number of measures concerning their overall health, perceptions of ageing and stress, depression, and their child's maladaptive behaviour.Results  Carer perceptions of ageing and stress emerged as significant mediators of the relationship between carer health and depression. In addition, perceived carer stress emerged as a significant mediator of the relationship between maladaptive behaviour and carer depression. Resources and appraisals did not emerge as significant mediators in analyses using quality of life as a positive outcome.Conclusions  Results highlight the important contributions of appraisals to well‐being and raise questions for future research regarding the role of resources such as informal and formal support in the coping process.
Tensions Around Inclusion: Reframing the Moral Horizon
Authors: Clegg Jennifer , Murphy Elizabeth , Almack Kathryn , Harvey Anna 
Published: June 2007

Background  Inclusion is one of four policies for people with disabilities in the UK. Criticisms of its three key attributes – mainstreaming, independent living and employment – are reviewed.Methods  This study of 28 young people, most with severe intellectual disabilities, investigated engagement with inclusion at their transition to adult services. Data were collected from the young people where possible; from their carers, mostly parents; and from professionals responsible for brokering transition. Narrative analysis of this material investigated ways in which respondents did or did not engage with the goals of inclusion as defined in various policy documents.Results  Both mainstreaming and independent living were experienced as moral imperatives which generated tension for many respondents. Employment was associated with less tension, probably because only a minority of respondents considered it salient. Possible alternative goals invoked by parents/carers and professionals were meaningful activity and same‐age social relationships.Conclusions  There is a need to acknowledge the moral pressures and judgements arising from inclusion policy that complicate decision‐making at transition and to shift the moral horizon away from individual attainments and towards the activities and relationships that take people beyond themselves.
Muscle moment arms of pelvic limb muscles of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Smith N. C. , Payne R. C. , Jespers K. J. , Wilson A. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMuscle moment arms were measured for major muscles of the pelvic limb of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) in order to assess specific functional behaviour and to apply this to locomotor performance. Pelvic limbs of six juvenile ostriches were used for this study. The tendon travel technique was used to measure moment arms of 21 muscles at the hip, knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joints throughout the ranges of motion observed during level running. Six of the 21 muscles measured were found to have moment arms that did not change with joint angle, whilst the remainder all demonstrated angle‐dependent changes for at least one of the joints crossed. Moment arm lengths tended to be longest for the large proximal muscles, whilst the largest relative changes were found for the moment arms of the distal muscles. For muscles where moment arm varied with joint angle: all hip muscles were found to have increasing moment arms with extension of the joint, knee flexors were found to have moment arms that increased with extension, knee extensor moment arms were found to increase with flexion and ankle extensor moment arms increased with extension. The greatest relative changes were observed in the flexors of the metatarsophalangeal joint, for which a three‐fold increase in moment arm was observed from flexion to full extension. Changes in muscle moment arm through the range of motion studied appear to optimize muscle function during stance phase, increasing the effective mechanical advantage of these muscles.
Alzheimer’s presenilin 1 modulates sorting of APP and its carboxyl‐terminal fragments in cerebral neurons in vivo
Authors: Gandy Sam , Zhang Yun‐wu , Ikin Annat , Schmidt Stephen D. , Levy Efrat , Sheffield Roxanne , Nixon Ralph A. , Liao Francesca‐Fang , Mathews Paul M. , Xu Huaxi , Ehrlich Michelle E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractStudies in continuously cultured cells have established that familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) mutant presenilin 1 (PS1) delays exit of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) from the trans‐Golgi network (TGN). Here we report the first description of PS1‐regulated APP trafficking in cerebral neurons in culture and in vivo. Using neurons from transgenic mice or a cell‐free APP transport vesicle biogenesis system derived from the TGN of those neurons, we demonstrated that knocking‐in an FAD‐associated mutant PS1 transgene was associated with delayed kinetics of APP arrival at the cell surface. Apparently, this delay was at least partially attributable to impaired exit of APP from the TGN, which was documented in the cell‐free APP transport vesicle biogenesis assay. To extend the study to APP and carboxyl terminal fragment (CTF) trafficking to cerebral neurons in vivo, we performed subcellular fractionation of brains from APP transgenic mice, some of which carried a second transgene encoding an FAD‐associated mutant form of PS1. The presence of the FAD mutant PS1 was associated with a slight shift in the subcellular localization of both holoAPP and APP CTFs toward iodixanol density gradient fractions that were enriched in a marker for the TGN. In a parallel set of experiments, we used an APP : furin chimeric protein strategy to test the effect of artificially forcing TGN concentration of an APP : furin chimera that could be a substrate for β‐ and γ‐cleavage. This chimeric substrate generated excess Aβ42 when compared with wildtype APP. These data indicate that the presence of an FAD‐associated mutant human PS1 transgene is associated with redistribution of the APP and APP CTFs in brain neurons toward TGN‐enriched fractions. The chimera experiment suggests that TGN‐enrichment of a β‐/γ‐secretase substrate may play an integral role in the action of mutant PS1 to elevate brain levels of Aβ42.
Protective effects of 15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14‐prostaglandin J2 against glutamate‐induced cell death in primary cortical neuron cultures: induction of adaptive response and enhancement of cell tolerance primarily through up‐regulation of cellular glutathione
Authors: Saito Yoshiro , Nishio Keiko , Numakawa Yumiko , Ogawa Yoko , Yoshida Yasukazu , Noguchi Noriko , Niki Etsuo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere is increasing evidence to suggest that reactive oxygen species, including a variety of lipid oxidation products and other physiologically existing oxidative stimuli, can induce an adaptive response and enhance cell tolerance. In the present study, by using cultured cortical neurons, we investigated the effect of electrophilic lipids, such as 15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14‐prostaglandin J2 (15d‐PGJ2) and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (4‐HNE) against the cell death induced by H2O2 and glutamate. Pre‐treatment with both 15d‐PGJ2 and 4‐HNE at sublethal concentrations resulted in a significant protective effect against oxidative stress, and 15d‐PGJ2, in particular, exhibited a complete protective effect against glutamate‐induced neuronal cell death. Pre‐treatment with 15d‐PGJ2 increased the intracellular glutathione (GSH) as well as the gene expression of glutamate‐cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate‐limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis. 15d‐PGJ2 protected cells from glutamate‐induced GSH depletion, while the inhibition of cellular GSH synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine abolished the adaptive response induced by 15d‐PGJ2. These findings indicate that at low levels, 15d‐PGJ2 acts as a potent survival mediator against glutamate‐induced insults via the induction of an adaptive response primarily through the up‐regulation of the intracellular GSH synthesis.
A structural mechanism for maintaining the ‘on‐state’ of the CaMKII memory switch in the post‐synaptic density
Authors: Mullasseril Praseeda , Dosemeci Ayse , Lisman John E. , Griffith Leslie C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCa2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is activated by Ca2+ entry into neurons. Autophosphorylation of T286 is of special importance because it makes the enzyme active in the absence of Ca2+, providing a biochemical memory that is critical for plasticity. To understand the factors controlling the duration of this state of CaMKII, we studied dephosphorylation of CaMKII in the post‐synaptic density (PSD), a structure that defines a neuronal subcompartment critical for plasticity. We found that PSD‐resident PP1 can dephosphorylate many sites on CaMKII, but not the T286 site that produces Ca2+‐independent activity. This, together with previous work showing that soluble PP2A cannot dephosphorylate PSD CaMKII, provides a novel explanation for the in vivo persistence of T286 phosphorylation: after activated CaMKII translocates from the cytoplasm to the PSD, structural constraints prevent phosphatases from dephosphorylating T286. These results also suggest that the PSD is more than a simple scaffold for synaptic proteins; it may act to regulate the activity of proteins by positioning them in orientations that either prevent or favor specific biochemical reactions.
Twelve polymorphic expressed sequence tags‐derived markers for Plasmopara halstedii, the causal agent of sunflower downy mildew
Authors: GIRESSE X. , TOURVIEILLE DE LABROUHE D. , RICHARD‐CERVERA S. , DELMOTTE F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwelve expressed sequence tags‐derived markers were isolated from Plasmopara halstedii (Oomycetes), the causal agent of sunflower downy mildew. A total of 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms and five indels were detected by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis and developed for high‐throughput genotyping of 32 isolates. There was a high level of genetic diversity (HE = 0.484). Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.143 indicating that P. halstedii is probably a selfing species. These markers were also useful in detecting significant genetic variations among French populations (FST = 0.193) and between French and Russian populations (FST = 0.23). Cross‐amplification tests on three closely related species indicated that no loci amplified in other Oomycete species.
The latest cosmeceutical approaches for anti‐aging
Authors: Draelos Zoe Diana 
Published: June 2007

SummaryBackground  Cosmeceuticals provide a new therapeutic frontier for anti‐aging in dermatology. The most dramatic signs of cutaneous aging include the lack of skin surface regularity, the formation of rhagades, and the increased presence of dyspigmentation.Background  The objective of this review is to illustrate how these three needs of maturing skin can be met by novel ingredients incorporated into carefully constructed formulations designed to deliver scientifically measurable and visibly noticeable improvement.Conclusion  Skin surface irregularity can be improved through increased skin turnover facilitated by topical niacinamide, while the appearance of fine lines can be diminished through the application of moisturizers containing engineered peptides and over‐the‐counter retinoids, such as retinyl propionate. Finally, skin pigmentation can become more regular with the topical application of N‐acetyl glucosamine and ultraviolet A photoprotective ingredients. Furthermore, combining cosmeceutical ingredients in a moisturizing vehicle can magnify benefits and profoundly improve skin appearance.
Maintenance of healthy skin: cleansing, moisturization, and ultraviolet protection
Authors: Nash J Frank , Matts Paul J , Ertel Keith D 
Published: June 2007

SummaryBackground  The human skin is exposed to an extraordinary hostile environment over the course of a lifetime. Whereas there are multiple product types that consumers may select to help preserve and protect the skin, at a minimum cleansing, moisturization, and protection against solar ultraviolet radiation are elements of any strategy designed for skin health. To achieve the greatest benefit from these treatment modalities, products must be carefully formulated, chosen, and used, since poorly designed or misused products may exacerbate symptoms associated with unhealthy skin.Aims  The objective of this review is to present the principle elements of cleansing, moisturization, and sun protection modalities that are, in some measure, responsible for maintaining healthy skin.Conclusion  Healthy skin is a universal desire of humans. The regular and proper use of cleansing, moisturization, and solar protection regimens plays a key role in maintaining skin health. These are lifetime practices wherein product technologies evolve even as the essential function remains.
Safety of cosmetic products
Authors: Engasser Patricia , Long Timothy , McNamee Pauline , Schlatter Harald , Gray John 
Published: June 2007

SummaryBackground  While technological advances have spurred innovations in product development and testing, often dermatologists and consumers are not aware of the extensive processes that manufacturers use to ensure that products are safe. In all of the major markets around the world, laws require that every cosmetic or personal care product on store shelves be safe for their intended use. The assessment of cosmetic product safety is a multistep process that spans the various stages of the product development/marketing cycle. Extensive testing to ensure safety is an integral and ongoing part of this product development cycle.Aims  In this paper we attempt to distill the most relevant information on the science of cosmetic safety assessment in order to enhance our understanding of cosmetics and how to use this knowledge to increase consumer and patient safety. We will review a wide range of topics, including the current best practices of reputable manufacturers for ensuring product safety, the regulatory environment for cosmetics, as well as research in contact dermatitis related to cosmetics. We will also review the most recent data related to two topics that receive a significant amount of attention these days: preservatives and fragrances.Conclusion  Today, regulatory bodies around the world have set rigorous standards for product safety, while improved technology has made testing more efficient. Ongoing research continues to generate improvements in the way products are developed and evaluated – from start to finish. By using the latest scientific advances and good manufacturing practices, cosmetic manufacturers are putting products through cutting‐edge paces designed to maximize safety.
An overview of hair dye safety
Authors: Schlatter Harald , Long Timothy , Gray John 
Published: June 2007

SummaryBackground  Due to their basic reactive chemistry, the safety evaluation of hair dyes has always been a major consideration. Hair dyes are therefore one of the most studied and regulated consumer products on the market with an overwhelming amount of safety data. Yet, hair dyes continue to come under scrutiny, primarily regarding two safety concerns: First, a potential link to increased cancer risk, and second, skin allergy.Aims  This paper will review epidemiologic studies regarding hair dye safety, discuss hair dye allergies incidence and consumer practices, and provide practical recommendations for dermatologists and patients.Conclusion  Numerous epidemiologic studies have been conducted, evaluating a potential correlation between hair dye use and an increased risk for any possible cancer type. Taking all currently available epidemiology studies and state‐of‐the‐art safety data into account, it is concluded that hair dyes do not pose an increased cancer risk, either for consumers and clients, or for professional hairdressers. Like other products such as certain foods or drugs, hair dyes can cause allergic reactions in a few sensitive individuals. The vast majority of hair dye allergies are delayed hypersensitivity or type IV reactions. Allergic reactions to hair dyes are rare when compared to their widespread use and occur at a rate of approximately 1 per 1 million products sold. To further minimize the risk of hair dye allergies, the cosmetic industry has voluntarily implemented risk management measures. For example, all oxidative hair dye products bear allergy warning labels on pack, making consumers and hairdressers aware of a potential allergy risk. In addition, hair coloring products are equipped with clear use instructions and the majority of brands recommend conducting a skin sensitivity test 48 h before the hair coloration. Finally, professional hairdressers are advised to apply appropriate occupational safety measures (like wearing gloves). In collaboration with dermatologists, we will continue the education efforts towards consumers, clients, and hairdressers to improving the compliance with the risk management measures with the overall aim to further minimize any potential allergy risk.
Assessing the Performance of Business Unit Managers
Authors: BOUWENS JAN , VAN LENT LAURENCE 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTUsing a sample of 140 managers, we investigate the use of various performance metrics in determining the periodic assessment, bonus decisions, and career paths of business unit managers. We show that the weight on accounting return measures is associated with the authority of these managers, and we document that both disaggregated measures (expenses and revenues), and nonfinancial measures play a greater role as interdependencies between business units increase. The results suggest separate and distinct roles for different types of performance measures. Accounting return measures are used to create the proper incentives for managers with greater authority, while disaggregated and nonfinancial measures are employed in response to interdependencies.
A prospective clinical study of non‐submerged immediate implants: clinical outcomes and esthetic results
Authors: Chen Stephen T. , Darby Ivan B. , Reynolds Eric C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectives: To evaluate healing of marginal defects in immediate transmucosal implants grafted with anorganic bovine bone, and to assess mucosal and radiographic outcomes 3–4 years following restoration.Material and methods: Thirty immediate transmucosal implants in maxillary anterior extraction sites of 30 patients randomly received BioOss™ (N=10; BG), BioOss™ and resorbable collagen membrane (N=10; BG+M) or no graft (N=10; control).Results: Vertical defect height (VDH) reductions of 81.2±5%, 70.5±17.4% and 68.2±16.6%, and horizontal defect depth (HDD) reductions of 71.7±34.3%, 81.7±33.7% and 55±28.4% were observed for BG, BG+M and control groups, respectively, with no significant inter‐group differences. Horizontal resorption was significantly greater in control group (48.3±9.5%) when compared with BG (15.8±16.9%) and BG+M (20±21.9%) groups (P=0.000). Ten sites (33.3%) exhibited recession of the mucosa after 6 months; eight (26.7%) had an unsatisfactory esthetic result post‐restoration due to recession. Mucosal recession was significantly associated (P=0.032) with buccally positioned implants (HDD 1.1±0.3 mm) when compared with lingually positioned implants (HDD 2.3±0.6 mm). In 19 patients followed for a mean of 4.0±0.7 years, marginal mucosa and bone levels remained stable following restoration.Conclusion: BioOss™ significantly reduced horizontal resorption of buccal bone. There is a risk of mucosal recession and adverse soft tissue esthetics with immediate implant placement. However, this risk may be reduced by avoiding a buccal position of the implant in the extraction socket.
The relationship of hepatitis B virus infection and non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma and its impact on clinical characteristics and prognosis
Authors: Lim Soon‐Thye , Fei Gao , Quek Richard , Lim Lay‐Cheng , Lee Lai‐Heng , Yap Swee‐Peng , Loong Susan , Tao Miriam 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAim of the study:  This study aims to evaluate the association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and lymphoma and to characterize HBV‐related lymphomas. The efficacy of prophylactic lamivudine on HBV reactivation was also evaluated.Methods:  We compared the prevalence rate of HBV infection in 556 patients with lymphoma seen over a 4‐yr period with that in a group of 4698 Singapore residents aged 18–69 who participated in the National Health Survey. Next, we compared the clinic‐pathologic characteristics of HBV‐positive and HBV‐negative lymphoma cases.Results:  The prevalence rate of HBV infection in our study was 10.3% (57/556), higher than the prevalence rate of 4.1% (192/4698) in the general population (P ≤ 0.001). The higher prevalence was observed in both sexes and across different age groups. An association was observed for non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) but not Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The characteristics of HBV‐infected patients with lymphoma were similar to those who were HBV‐uninfected in terms of age, ECOG, extra‐nodal involvement, LDH level, stage, complete remission rate and overall survival. Use of prophylactic lamivudine significantly decreased the incidence of HBV reactivation (13% vs. 38%, P = 0.02) and disruption to chemotherapy (43% vs. 4%, P = 0.02), with a trend towards improved overall survival.Conclusions:  Our findings suggest that an association exists between HBV infection and NHL. However, HBV infection does not appear to have a significant impact on the clinical characteristics and prognosis of NHL. Prophylactic lamivudine should be considered in all HBV‐infected patients receiving antracycline and/or steroid containing chemotherapy.
Biphenotypic bigenotypic lymphoma with simultaneous expression of PAX5/BSAP and B‐ and T‐cell markers
Authors: Hansson Markus , Jerkeman Mats , Dictor Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLymphomas are currently categorized according to their origin from a B or T lymphocyte. Immature and less commonly mature (peripheral) lymphomas may harbor rearrangements of both the B‐ and T‐cell antigen receptor genes (dual genotype or bigenotype). Rarely, cells in lymphoma with a single genotype simultaneously express both B‐ and T‐cell markers (biphenotypic lymphomas). We discuss the diagnostic and clinical implications in the case of a 42‐yr‐old female with a peripheral CD30+ lymphoma that displayed both characteristic B‐ and T‐cell surface antigens and clonal rearrangement of B‐ and T‐cell antigen receptor gene loci. Simultaneous nuclear expression of the transcription factor gene PAX5 suggested that this major driver of B‐cell differentiation did not preclude expression of CD3ε, generally assumed to be a T‐cell associated antigen.