bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pseudo‐single‐phase, base‐catalyzed transmethylation of soybean oil
Authors: Mao Vinnie , Konar Samir K. , Boocock David G. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe base‐catalyzed transmethylation of soybean oil has been studied under conditions whereby the reaction starts as a single phase, but later becomes two phases as glycerol separates. Methanol/oil molar ratios of 6∶1 were used at 23°C. The catalysts were sodium hydroxide (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wt%), potassium hydroxide (1.0 and 1.4 wt%), and sodium methoxide (0.5, 1.0, and 1.35 wt%), all concentrations being with respect to the oil. Oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) was used to form a single reaction phase. The reactions deviated from homogeneous kinetics as glycerol separated, taking with it most of the catalyst. When 1.0 wt% sodium hydroxide was used, the methyl ester content reached 97.5 wt% after 4 h, compared with 85–90 wt% in the two‐phase reaction. Sodium hydroxide (1.0 wt%), sodium methoxide (1.35 wt%), and potassium hydroxide (1.4 wt%) gave similar results, presumably because the same number of moles was used. The ASTM biodiesel specification for chemically bound glycerol was achieved after only 3 min when 2.0 wt% sodium hydroxide was used. However, the standard was not achieved after 4 h when 1.0 wt% sodium hydroxide was used, the MG content being 1.1–1.6 wt%. The use of 2.0 wt% catalyst is commercially impractical.
Quality loss related to rancidity development during frozen storage of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus)
Authors: Aubourg Santiago P. , Piñeiro Carmen , González M Jesús 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe development of rancidity and its effect on quality loss were studied in frozen horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Two different kinds of fish products (whole fish and fillets) were stored at a commercial freezer temperature (−20°C) for up to 12 mon and were compared to samples stored at a much lower temperature (−80°C). Analyses included: lipid hydrolysis (FFA formation) and oxidation (PV, thiobarbituric acid index, fluorescent compound formation), loss of endogenous antioxidant (α‐tocopherol), protein changes (electrophoretic analysis of sarcoplasmic and SDS‐soluble fractions), and sensory analysis (skin, eyes, gills, flesh odor, consistency, flesh appearance). According to biochemical indices, fillets stored at −20°C showed susceptibility to rancidity development, leading to a shelf life of 1 mon, whereas whole fish at the same temperature were still edible at month 5. The use of a low temperature (−80°C) inhibited rancidity development, leading to good‐quality (whole fish) and fairquality (fillets) fish products at the end of the experiment. The application of protective treatments especially designed to prevent lipid oxidation is encouraged when commercializing this species in the frozen state.
Preparation of soy protein concentrate and isolate from extruded‐expelled soybean meals
Authors: Wang H. , Johnson L. A. , Wang T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoy protein concentrates (SPC) and soy protein isolates (SPI) were produced from hexane‐defatted soy white flakes and from two extruded‐expelled (EE) soy protein meals with different degrees of protein denaturation. Processing characteristics, such as yield and protein content, and the key protein functional properties of the products were investigated. Both acid‐and alcohol‐washed SPC from the two EE meals had higher yields but lower protein contents than that from white flakes. Generally, SPC from an acid wash had much better functional properties than those from an alcohol wash. The SPI yield was highly proportional to the protein dispersibility index (PDI) of the starting material, so the EE meal with lower PDI had lower SPI recovery. The protein content in SPI prepared from EE meals was about 80%, which was lower than from white flakes. Nevertheless, SPI from EE meals showed functional properties similar to or better than those from white flakes. The low protein contents in SPC and SPI made from EE meals were mainly due to the presence of residual oil in the final products. SPI made from EE meals had higher concentration of glycinin relative to β‐conglycinin than that from white flakes.
The Application of Critical Social Theory to National Security Research
Authors: Tootell Holly 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
High‐tech solutions to national security, specifically Location‐Based Services (LBS), are attracting increased attention from citizens as they become more pervasive. The connection between LBS and national security has been made in previous ICT studies but has been limited to either the technological or the privacy impact of LBS. They have not addressed the use of LBS from a ‘lifeworld’ perspective. To do this Habermas’s Critical Social Theory (CST) is proposed as a method suitable for investigating the social impact of the technologies and identifying factors driving governments to adopt such technologies. The theory is applied to the national security context.
PartTree: an algorithm to build an approximate tree from a large number of unaligned sequences
Authors: Katoh Kazutaka , Toh Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMotivation: To construct a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of a large number (&gt;∼10 000) of sequences, the calculation of a guide tree with a complexity of O(N2) to O(N3), where N is the number of sequences, is the most time-consuming process.Results: To overcome this limitation, we have developed an approximate algorithm, PartTree, to construct a guide tree with an average time complexity of O(N log N). The new MSA method with the PartTree algorithm can align ∼60 000 sequences in several minutes on a standard desktop computer. The loss of accuracy in MSA caused by this approximation was estimated to be several percent in benchmark tests using Pfam.Availability: The present algorithm has been implemented in the MAFFT sequence alignment package ().Contact: katoh@bioreg.kyushu-u.ac.jpSupplementary information: Supplementary information is available at Bioinformatics online.
Genome size and recombination in angiosperms: a second look
Authors: ROSS‐IBARRA J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDespite dramatic differences in genome size – and thus space for recombination to occur – previous workers found no correlation between recombination rate and genome size in flowering plants. Here I re‐investigate these claims using phylogenetic comparative methods to test a large data set of recombination data in angiosperms. I show that genome size is significantly correlated with recombination rate across a wide sampling of species and that change in genome size explains a meaningful proportion (∼20%) of variation in recombination rate. I show that the strength of this correlation is comparable with that of several characters previously linked to evolutionary change in recombination rate, but argue that consideration of processes of genome size change likely make the observed correlation a conservative estimate. And finally, although I find that recombination rate increases less than proportionally to change in genome size, several mechanistic and theoretical arguments suggest that this result is not unexpected.
Prenatal period to adolescence: the variable presentations of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
Authors: ASLAN AYSE TANA , YALCIN EBRU , SOYER TUTKU , DOGRU DENIZ , TALIM BERIL , CIFTCI ARBAY OZDEN , OZCELIK UGUR , KIPER NURAL 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) of the lung is a rare but potentially life‐threatening pulmonary anomaly.Methods: Seven patients operated on with the diagnosis of CCAM were reviewed to determine the clinical presentation, age at diagnosis, histopathologic types and the postoperative course.Results: Cough and respiratory distress were common clinical findings in the patients in the present study. Two of the patients had congenital respiratory distress. The patient who was diagnosed at 15 years had cough, hemoptysis and anorexia for the last 4 months. One patient who received the diagnosis of CCAM prenatally was asymptomatic until she was operated on, on the 45th postnatal day. All patients but one were operated on and histopathological diagnosis was made for each of them between the ages of 4 days to 12 months. Four patients were diagnosed as having CCAM type I, and three patients had CCAM type II histopathologically. Duration of postoperative follow up was between 3 months and 15 years. Neither patient had complaints during that period.Conclusion: CCAM can present at different ages and in various clinical presentations. There can even be asymptomatic patients who receive their diagnosis during the prenatal period. The possibility of an underlying CCAM should be considered in infants with recurrent chest infections or persistent abnormalities on chest X‐ray following an acute infection. CCAM should also be considered in cases with lung abscess, even in adolescents with no past history of pulmonary complaints.
Newborn hearing screening in a single private Japanese obstetric hospital
Authors: TSUCHIYA HIROYUKI , GOTO KOKO , YUNOHARA NAOKI , MATSUOKA MARIKO , NISHIOKA MASAYO , NAKAMURA YASUKO , FUKUDA YOKO , ENDO FUMIO , MATSUI KAZUO 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Hearing loss is one of the most common abnormalities present at birth. The authors examined the frequency of newborn hearing disturbance at a single obstetric hospital to exclude technical varieties or varieties of subjects which are inevitable in multiple institutional cooperative studies.Methods: The newborns were examined with an automated auditory brainstem response screener, the ALGO 2e, on day 4 post‐partum. This Screener uses 35 dB near hearing level click stimuli and provides a PASS/REFER result that requires no interpretation. The PASS result is accepted as adequate evidence of hearing and REFER result as required further diagnostic testing to determine hearing status. Screenings of REFER outcomes were repeated at 1 month of age. Comparisons were made of the results and the Japanese multiple institutional trials by Mann–Whitney U‐test.Results: The authors screened 8979 out of 13 494 neonates born from July 1999 to October 2004. The neonates with unilateral or bilateral REFER outcomes were 37 cases (0.41% of the total examined) on day 4, and 31 cases (0.35%) at 1 month of age. Five of the 31 neonates had PASS outcomes at 6 months of age. Among the 31 REFER neonates, eight (25.8%) had otolaryngeal complications.Conclusion: In the present study, screening results at 1 month of age resembled the final diagnosis obtained at 6 months of age; out of 31 REFER cases, 26 cases were diagnosed with hearing loss. In contrast, in the multiple institutional study, both unilateral and bilateral REFER rates were much higher than the rates of final hearing loss. Concerning the final diagnoses of bilateral hearing loss, the authors’ results (0.10%) and the multiple institutional studies’ results (0.05% in low‐risk and 2.19% in high‐risk neonates) were comparable to the results reported in the USA. To expand the newborn hearing screening program, it is crucial that authority and institutions concerned promote the development of a national or prefecture‐based early hearing loss identification and intervention network.
Umbilical serum concentrations of chemokines (RANTES and MGSA/GRO‐α) in preterm and term neonates
Authors: KRÓLAK‐OLEJNIK BARBARA , BECK BRYGIDA , OLEJNIK IGOR 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between labor (preterm and term) and umbilical blood serum regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and melanoma growth stimulatory activity/growth‐related oncogene‐a (MSGA/GRO‐α) concentration, and to determine whether early sepsis and pneumonia are associated with changes in concentrations of the chemokines (RANTES and MSGA/GRO‐α) in umbilical blood serum.Methods: Umbilical blood was obtained from 67 neonates in the following groups: (i) preterm neonates with early sepsis; (ii) preterm neonates with pneumonia; (iii) non‐infected preterm neonates; and (iv) full‐term healthy neonates. RANTES and MGSA/GRO‐α concentrations were determined by use of a commercially available immunoassay kit.Results: Non‐infected preterm neonates had lower RANTES concentrations than healthy term neonates. Preterm infected neonates (pneumonia or sepsis) did not have higher RANTES concentrations than non‐infected preterm neonates. In contrast, non‐infected preterm neonates had higher MSGA/GRO‐α concentrations than full‐term healthy neonates. And preterm neonates with sepsis had higher MGSA/GRO‐α concentrations than preterm ones with pneumonia and non‐infected preterm ones.Conclusions: Preterm neonates had constitutively lower RANTES concentrations than term ones and it seems that during infection RANTES concentrations did not increase. MGSA/GRO‐a concentrations were constitutively higher in preterm than term neonates, and septic events further increased its concentrations in preterm neonates.
Immune components (IgA, IgM, IgG, immune cells) of colostrum of Bangladeshi mothers
Authors: ISLAM SK NAZRUL , AHMED LUTHFOR , KHAN Md. NAZRUL ISLAM , HUQUE SAIFUL , BEGUM ANWARA , YUNUS ABUL BASHAR MOHAMMED 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Colostrum is the first defense for neonates. It is rich in immune components including immunoglobulins and viable immune cells. In the present study, human colostrum collected from 105 postpartum mothers was analyzed for its IgA, IgM, IgG levels, and peripheral immune cells.Methods: Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to analyze the serum immunoglobulin concentrations. Immune cells were estimated by counting 200 cells.Results: IgA was the dominant immunoglobulin and ranged from 2.84 to 8.69 g/L (mean 5.61 g/L). Mean IgM and IgG concentrations were 0.4 g/L (0.16–0.66 g/L) and 0.095 g/L (0.04–0.15 g/L), respectively. Neutrophil–macrophage (neu‐mac) predominated in cell count (59%) followed by lymphocyte–plasma cells (lymph‐plasma; 40%). The influence of maternal nutritional status, age, parity and income levels on the colostral immunological factors was studied. No significant association could be traced for immunoglobulin content, suggesting that maternal characteristics do not have any bearing on the immunoglobulin content of colostrum. Mean value of eosinophils was found to be higher among the underweight than the normal mothers (F= 3.143, r=−0.101). Maternal age was positively correlated with eosinophil (F= 3.296, r= 0.162). Concentration of neu‐mac had a positive significant correlation with parity (t=−2.07, r= 0.205), while it was negatively significant for lymphocyte–plasma cells (t= 2.073, r=−0.101). However, the correlation coefficients of the immunologic parameters with other maternal characteristics were statistically insignificant.Conclusion: Colostrum has enough humoral and cellular elements to protect babies. Therefore, immune protection derived from breastfeeding depends on the immunoglobulin level of the colostrum as well as the amount of colostrum ingested.
The impact of soil conservation and output diversification on farm income in Central American hillside farming
Authors: Bravo‐Ureta Boris E. , Solís Daniel , Cocchi Horacio , Quiroga Ricardo E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article analyzes the determinants of farm income among hillside farmers participating in natural resource management projects in El Salvador and Honduras. The farm income function was evaluated using a system of equations in which income is determined simultaneously by the farmer's decision to adopt soil conservation technologies and by the level of diversification (number of agricultural activities) on the farm. The database used comes from surveys administered to 678 beneficiaries of these projects during 2002. The econometric results suggest that all the variables related directly to land use (i.e., output diversification, soil conservation practices and structures, and the adoption of forestry systems) have a positive and statistically significant association with farm income. Also, farmers who own land enjoy higher farm incomes than those who do not. The results indicate that when investing in natural resource management projects, governments and multilateral development agencies should pay close attention to output diversification, land tenure, and human capital formation as effective instruments in increasing farm income.
Incidence and clinical characteristics of symptomatic choroidal metastasis from breast cancer
Authors: Kreusel Klaus‐Martin , Bechrakis Nikolaos E. , Krause Lothar , Wiegel Thomas , Foerster Michael H. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To determine the clinical incidence and characteristics of symptomatic choroidal metastasis (CM) in breast cancer.Methods:  Forty‐six consecutive patients with CM from breast cancer were retrospectively reviewed in respect of ocular findings, medical history and systemic disease. Clinical incidence of CM was determined and compared with the incidence predicted from prevalence data obtained in ocular screening studies.Results:  Choroidal metastasis occurred with a median interval of 42.4 months after diagnosis of breast cancer and was predominantly unilateral (63% patients) and solitary (57% affected eyes). A total of 32% of patients had no history of metastatic tumour disease, but systemic screening with CT and scintigraphy revealed metastatic disease in 100% of patients. A median number of three other organs were affected by metastasis. Median survival from diagnosis of CM was 13.1 months. The mean number of local patients diagnosed with CM was 2.9 per year, which was one order of magnitude less than predicted from clinical screening studies.Conclusions:  Choroidal metastasis occurs in advanced metastatic breast cancer, indicating a grave vital prognosis. In a minority of patients (32%) it is the first sign of metastatic disease. The clinical incidence of CM is far smaller than predicted from prevalence data obtained from ocular screening studies.
Antifungal Effects on Metabolite Profiles of Medically Important Yeast Species Measured by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Coen Muireann , Bodkin Jennifer , Power Damla , Bubb William A. , Himmelreich Uwe , Kuchel Philip W. , Sorrell Tania C. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Drug-induced inhibition of fungal growth is used in the diagnostic laboratory to predict therapeutic efficacy but is relatively slow, and determination of endpoints can be problematic. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy identifies the metabolic complement of microorganisms while monitoring utilization of constituents of the incubation medium. This technique may provide a rapid and objective indicator of antifungal effects. We evaluated the effects of caspofungin, amphotericin B (AMB), and voriconazole on metabolic profiles of yeast species cultured in RPMI-2% glucose-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid buffer in microtiter plates in a proof-of-principle study.
1
H NMR spectra were obtained using Bruker NMR spectrometers at
1
H frequencies of 600 and 360 MHz. Metabolites were identified by two-dimensional correlation NMR spectra, and relative peak integrals were calculated from one-dimensional
1
H NMR spectra. MICs were determined by a modification of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution method M27-A. Utilization of glucose and branched-chain and aromatic amino acid substrates was accompanied by fungal production of acetate, acetaldehyde, ethanol, formate, fumarate, glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and succinate. Clear-cut metabolic endpoints indicating a greater than 50% reduction in substrate utilization and fungal metabolite production which correlated with MICs were noted at 16 and 24 h for all three drugs. At 8 h, reductions of greater than 50% for selected metabolites were noted for caspofungin and AMB. Direct NMR-based observation of metabolic alterations in yeast cultures reveals changes in key metabolic pathways and should be evaluated formally as a rapid technique for determining susceptibility to antifungal drugs.
Glibenclamide, a Blocker of K
+
ATP
Channels, Shows Antileishmanial Activity in Experimental Murine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Serrano-Martín Xenón , Payares Gilberto , Mendoza-León Alexis 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Glibenclamide reduced the rate of lesion growth in BALB/c mice infected with
Leishmania
(
Leishmania
)
mexicana
, the effect was dose dependent, and the highest dose proved more effective than glucantime. Cross-resistance to glucantime was found in animals infected with a glibenclamide-resistant line, but combined therapy reduced lesion progression even in the glibenclamide-resistant strain.
Genetic Environment of Acquired
bla
ACC-1
β-Lactamase Gene in
Enterobacteriaceae
Isolates
Authors: Doloy A. , Verdet C. , Gautier V. , Decré D. , Ronco E. , Hammami A. , Philippon A. , Arlet G. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

We studied the genetic organization of
bla
ACC-1
in 14 isolates of
Enterobacteriaceae
from France, Tunisia, and Germany. In a common ancestor, IS
Ecp1
was likely involved in the mobilization of this gene from the
Hafnia alvei
chromosome to a plasmid. Other genetic events involving insertion sequences (particularly IS
26
), transposons (particularly Tn
1696
), or
sulI
-type integrons have occurred, leading to complex genetic environments.
Long-Term Treatment with Lopinavir-Ritonavir Induces a Reduction in Peripheral Adipose Depots in Mice
Authors: Prot Matthieu , Heripret Laurence , Cardot-Leccia Nathalie , Perrin Christophe , Aouadi Myriam , Lavrut Thibaud , Garraffo Rodolphe , Dellamonica Pierre , Durant Jacques , Le Marchand-Brustel Yannick , Binétruy Bernard 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients is associated with adverse effects, such as lipodystrophy and hyperlipidemia. The lipodystrophic syndrome is characterized by a peripheral lipoatrophy and/or fat accumulation in the abdomen and neck. In order to get insights into the physiopathological mechanisms underlying this syndrome, we treated mice with protease inhibitors (PIs) over a long period of time. Although atazanavir-treated mice presented the same circulating triglyceride concentration as control mice, lopinavir-ritonavir-treated mice rapidly became hypertriglyceridemic, with triglyceride levels of 200 mg/dl, whereas control and atazanavir-treated animals had triglyceride levels of 80 mg/dl. These results obtained with mice reproduce the metabolic disorder observed in humans. White adipose tissue (WAT) was analyzed after 8 weeks of treatment. Compared to the control or atazanavir treatment, lopinavir-ritonavir treatment induced a significant 25% weight reduction in the peripheral inguinal WAT depot. By contrast, the profound epididymal WAT depot was not affected. This effect was associated with a 5.5-fold increase in
SREBP-1c
gene expression only in the inguinal depot. Our results demonstrate that the long-term treatment of mice with PIs constitutes an interesting experimental model with which some aspects of the lipoatrophy induced by HAART in humans may be studied.