bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DOSE‐RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS IN A CYTOCHEMICAL SECTION BIOASSAY FOR THYROID STIMULATORS
Authors: NEYLAN D. , SMYTH P. P. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe thyroid stimulators TSH and thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) have previously been distinguished in a cytochemical section bioassay (CBA) by the different times at which they caused maximum increase of lysosomal membrane permeability within guinea‐pig thyroid follicular cells. The present study demonstrates that the times at which maximum stimulation occurs in the assay depends not only on the type (TSH or TSI) but also on the concentration of the stimulator. At higher concentrations of stumulator earlier times of maximum stimulation were observed for both TSH and TSI. When both stimulators were simultaneously present in plasma at higher concentrations a single peak of stimulatory activity occurred. Neutralization studies using specific antisera revealed that the single peak represented a merging of TSH and TSI peaks. These findings explain the lack of parallelism to the standard curve seen at higher concentrations of TSH or TSI in the CBA. They emphasize the necessity of measuring plasma samples at a variety of dilutions in order to achieve parallelism and to avoid intra‐assay interference between TSH and TSI. When these conditions are observed CBA can be used to detect TSH and TSI with extreme sensitivity even when both are simultaneously present in plasma.
RAPID COMMUNICATION: SERUM IMMUNOREACTIVE MELATONIN IN BOYS WITH DELAYED PUBERTY
Authors: HAY H. N. COHENI. D. , ANNESLEY T. M. , BEASTALL G. H. , WALLACE A. M. , SPOONER R. , THOMSON J. A. , EASTWOLD P. , KLEE G. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerum immunoreactive melatonin was measured in thirty‐three male subjects with delayed puberty, thirty of whom had simple (idiopathic) delayed puberty (SDP) and three of whom were GH deficient. The results were compared with a control population of twenty‐six subjects. Significantly elevated values of serum melatonin were demonstrated in both groups of abnormal subjects as compared with the control population (P < 0.0001). No significant fall of serum melatonin was noted in the subjects with simple pubertal delay prior to the onset of puberty. However, there was a significant fall of serum melatonin in these subjects between mid and late puberty (P < 0.025). The results suggest that whilst melatonin may inhibit puberty, a fall in serum levels is not essential for the commencement of puberty in man.
A COMPARISON OF THREE GLUCOCORTICOID SUPPRESSIVE REGIMES IN ADULTS WITH CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: And P. M. HORROCKS , LONDON D. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have compared three glucocorticoids, hydrocortisone (HC) (20 mg mane & 10 mg nocte), cortisone acetate (CA) (25 mg mane & 12.5 mg nocte), dexamethasone (DXM) (0.5 mg mane & 0.25 mg nocte), for their effect on the biochemical control of adult patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Twenty‐four‐hour profiles of plasma concentrations of ACTH, 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (170HP) and androstenedione (Δ4A), and 09.00 h dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) plasma concentrations were used to assess control. The patients were studied after 2 weeks on each glucocorticoid. The areas under the curves, the heights of the morning peaks of each hormone, the midnight concentrations, and the concentrations of hormones just before the evening dose were analysed. The results show that all the indices, except the midnight concentrations which were uniformally low, were significantly lower on DXM than on either HC or CA. There were no significant differences between HC and CA for any of the indices. The DHAS concentrations were low on all three glucocorticoids but again significantly lower on DXM.DXM (0.5 mg mane & 0.25 mg nocte) is therefore, in the short term, a better suppressor of the pituitary‐adrenal axis in adults with CAH than either HC or CA, and in the dose used did not suppress ACTH to undetectable levels, nor the steroids to below levels found in normal subjects.
AMENORRHOEA AND FAILURE TO VIRILIZE IN A PATIENT WITH A TESTOSTERONE SECRETING GRANULOSA CELL TUMOUR
Authors: TAYLOR H. C. , VELASCO M. E. , FLORES S. G. , And G. BERG , BROWN T. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 39‐year‐old woman presented with secondary amenorrhoea in the absence of galactorrhoea, hirsutism or virilization. Investigation revealed a strikingly elevated serum testosterone, dihydrotesterone, free testosterone and LH level. At laparotomy a large granulosa cell tumour was encountered and totally removed. Analysis of the tumour revealed 127 ng of testosterone/mg of tumour tissue. The testosterone was localized immunocytochemically to the granulosa cells, which demonstrated typical ultrastructural characteristics of oestrogen rather than androgen secreting tissue. A study of androgen binding and metabolism prior to tumour resection revealed a normal androgen receptor as evidenced by normal maximum binding, dissociation constant and nuclear uptake. Removal of the tumour resulted in a return to normal of all abnormalities. We conclude that granulosa cell tumours may rarely secrete large amounts of testosterone and that in this situation their ultrastructure is unchanged. Furthermore, absence of LH suppression or hirsutism in an amenorrhoeic patient does not dismiss the possibility of a significant androgensecreting tumour. In this situation, the failure to virilize may be due to a post‐nuclear translocational defect.
TRILOSTANE AND THE NORMAL HYPOTHALAMIC‐PITUITARY‐ADRENOCORTICAL AXIS
Authors: SEMPLE C. G. , THOMSON J. A , STARK A. N. , And M. McDONALD , BEASTALL G. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTrilostane has been used to treat Cushing's syndrome and other adrenocortical disorders. To investigate its effect on the normal adrenal gland, trilostane (initially 240 mg/day) was given to ten healthy men, the dose increasing at weekly intervals by 240 mg/day up to a final dose of 960 mg/day. The drug was well tolerated although one subject withdrew after the first week because of gastrointestinal side effects. Trilostane had no significant effect on aldosterone levels or blood pressure. The mean 24‐h urinary free cortisol excretion rose from 14.2 to 22.0 μmol/mol creatinine (P < 0.01) before and after trilostane 240 mg/day but did not rise thereafter. Early morning serum cortisol and plasma ACTH levels did not change on trilostane. The mean increment in serum cortisol after the i.v. injection of 0.25 mg of ACTH was reduced from 398 nmol/l before trilostane to 287 nmol/l on 240 mg/day and to 291 nmol/l on 960 mg/day (P± 0.01). Insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia while on 960 mg/day produced a maximum increment in serum cortisol of 361 < 118 nmol/l (mean ± SD) although one subject had a subnormal increment of 180 nmol/l (normal > 200 nmol/l). Plasma ACTH rose with hypoglycaemia in all cases. We conclude that trilostane has only a minor effect on the normal hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis.
FERTILITY AFTER CHILDBIRTH: ADEQUACY OF POST‐PARTUM LUTEAL PHASES
Authors: McNEILLY A. S. , HOWIE P. W. , HOUSTON M. J. , And A. COOK , BOYLE H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYNormal ranges of urinary pregnanediol and total urinary oestrogen were determined from weekly estimations in twenty‐seven cycles from seven normally menstruating control women and compared with the levels in the cycles of twenty‐seven breast feeding and ten bottle feeding mothers. During lactation, the luteal phase pregnanediol levels were within normal limits in thirteen of forty‐nine (27%) cycles, the remainder of the luteal phases being deficient (31%) or absent (42%). The proportion of normal luteal phases remained low during first cycles after lactation in six of twenty‐three (26%) but rose to twenty‐four of thirty‐one (77%) in subsequent cycles. In bottle feeding mothers, the luteal phases of first post‐partum cycles were deficient in two often (20%) and absent in eight of ten (80%). In second post‐partum cycles, the majority of luteal phases were deficient (eight often, 80%) and it was not until third post‐partum cycles that seven of eight (88%) had luteal phase pregnanediol levels in the normal range. Cycles during lactation and first cycles after lactation had significantly lower mean urinary pregnanediol and total urinary oestrogen levels than both the control cycles and the later cycles after lactation. Similarly, first post‐partum cycles in bottle feeders had lower urinary pregnanediol and total urinary oestrogen levels than controls. This study shows an increased frequency of abnormal luteal phases during the early post‐partum menstrual cycles of both breast and bottle feeding mothers which may be associated with defective development of the follicle.
EFFECTS OF ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS TRH AND METOCLOPRAMIDE ON PRL AND TSH SECRETION IN WOMEN
Authors: And ANTTI KAUPPILA , YLIKORKALA OLAVI 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPituitary secretion of PRL and TSH is under the control of inhibitory dopaminergic and stimulatory TRH‐mediated mechanisms. To evaluate the relationships between these regulatory systems, ten healthy women were treated with oral TRH (20 mg twice daily), a dopamine blocking drug, metoclopramide (MC) (10 mg t.d.s.) or placebo for 1 week (from 8th to 14th cycle day). Serum concentrations of PRL, TSH, T3 and T4 were determined before, at the end, and 3 days after the treatments. In addition, PRL and TSH responses to i.v. TRH (200 μg) or MC (10 mg) were studied at the end of the oral treatments. Oral TRH treatment was accompanied by increases in basal T3 and T4 concentrations, no change in PRL, and a decrease in TSH 3 days after the end of treatment. Oral TRH did not modify the PRL response to i.v. MC while it eliminated the TSH response to i.v. MC, possibly because of elevated concentrations of thyroid hormones. Oral MC treatment raised the concentrations of PRL, T3 and T4, and also potentiated the PRL response to i.v. TRH, whereas the TSH response remained unaltered. These results demonstrate that dopaminergic and TRH‐mediated mechanisms are related in the control of PRL and TSH secretions, perhaps directly or through thyroid hormones.
VITAMIN D METABOLISM IN HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: MACFARLANE I. A. , MAWER E. B. , BERRY J. , HANN J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe serum concentrations of 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol (25 OH D3), 24,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol [24,25(OH)2D3] and 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] were measured in twenty‐one patients with untreated hyperthyroidism. Compared with control subjects, 25 OH D3 concentrations were not altered, 24,25(OH)2D3 concentrations were increased, although not significantly and 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations were decreased (P= 0.01). Following oral carbimazole therapy, 24,25(OH)2D3 concentrations fell (P<0.01), 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations increased (P<0.01) and 25 OH D3 concentrations were unchanged. The altered 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 concentrations found in hyperthyroidism are probably due to the effects of thyroid hormone on bone and mineral metabolism. Increased serum calcium and phosphate concentrations with secondary hypoparathyroidism result in stimulation of the renal 24‐hydroxylase and suppression of the 1‐hydroxylase enzymes. In addition, serum 24,25(OH)2D3 concentrations were significantly correlated with serum triiodothyronine levels (T3) (r= 0.66, P<0.002) before treatment. This may indicate a direct stimulatory effect of T3 on 24‐hydroxylase activity. No relationship was found between serum 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations before therapy and serum T3.
EVIDENCE FOR INDEPENDENT REGULATION OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE AND ADIPOCYTE INSULIN RECEPTORS
Authors: BENSON EDWARD A. , GALES‐BENSON PATRICE , ELLIOTT ROBERT B. , HOLDAWAY IAN M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSpecific binding of [125I]‐insulin was measured in erythrocytes and fat obtained at the time of mastectomy in twenty‐three subjects. There was a significant negative correlation between the level of specific binding to fat and fasting insulin concentration (r= 0.55, P<0.05, n= 23) suggesting down‐regulation of fat insulin receptors by insulin. Insulin binding to erythrocytes did not correlate with insulin level nor was there any relationship between insulin binding to erythrocytes and fat from the same subject. Thus while the erythrocyte insulin receptor may be of interest in its own right, it may not be subject to the normal regulatory influences seen in classical insulin target tissues. Insulin binding to erythrocytes may therefore be invalid as a model to study down‐regulation of insulin receptors.
TWO CASES OF LYMPHOMA OF THE PAROTID GLAND FOLLOWING ABLATIVE RADIOIODINE THERAPY FOR THYROID CARCINOMA
Authors: WISEMAN J. C. , HALES I. B. , JOASOO A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo adult patients are described in whom 131I therapy for thyroid carcinoma was followed by the development of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in salivary glands. Histologically one was lymphocytic and the other histiocytic. The total doses of 131I given were 27 GBq (675 mCi) and 14 GBq (350 mCi), lymphoma presenting 10 and 3 years respectively after the initial therapeutic dose of 131I. We suggest that the relationship is a causal one, because of the rarity of salivary gland lymphoma and the high dose of radiation to the salivary glands with this mode of therapy.
INTRANASAL LHRH AGONIST TREATMENT FOR INHIBITION OF OVULATION IN WOMEN: CLINICAL ASPECTS
Authors: BERGQUIST CHRISTER , NILLIUS SVEN JOHAN , WIDE LEIF 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDaily intranasal administration of the potent stimulatory LHRH analogue D‐Ser(TBU)6‐EA10‐LHRH was given to fifty healthy women for 3 months. Twenty‐six women received 400 μg LHRH agonist/day and twenty‐four women received 600 μg/day. Inhibition of ovulation occurred during 147 of the 150 treatment months. The three presumptively ovulatory cycles were probably the result of initial technical problems with the nasal spray. No pregnancies occurred. Reactivation of corpus luteum with slightly raised progesterone levels in serum at initiation of treatment was observed in six women. During 20 months of treatment the serum progesterone levels were slightly raised, indicating luteinization of follicles or defect luteal phases. Most of the women had menstrual‐like bleeding during treatment. Seventeen volunteers had regular bleeding and twenty‐three women had oligomenorrhoea. No dysfunctional uterine bleeding occurred, but three women reported spotting. The remaining ten women had amenorrhoea during treatment without any symptoms of oestrogen deficiency. After discontinuation of treatment the women regained ovulatory menstrual cycles after 31 days on average. The treatment was very well accepted by all the women.
THE DECREASED BASAL AND STIMULATED PROLACTIN LEVELS IN ISOLATED GONADOTROPHIN DEFICIENCY: A CONSEQUENCE OF THE LOW OESTROGEN STATE
Authors: SPITZ I. M. , ZYLBER‐HARAN E. A. , TRESTIAN S. , DICKSTEIN Y. , PALTI Z. , SCHENKER J. G. 
Published: March 2008

Prolactin secretion has been evaluated in seven male and six female patients with isolated gonadotrophin deficiency (IGD). The subjects were challenged with the dopaminergic antagonist, metoclopramide (10 mg) and TRH (200 μg) before, during and after cessation of hormonal treatment. Five females received three consecutive 21‐day courses of ethinyl oestradiol (0·1 mg daily) at monthly intervals and the remaining subject conjugated oestrogens (Premarin 0·625 mg daily) according to a similar protocol. Treatment of the males with hCG (pregnyl) 5000 iu twice weekly led to a rise in oestradiol and testosterone levels. Two males were receiving pergonal (human menopausal gonadotrophin) in addition. In the untreated state in both males and females, basal oestradiol and PRL levels were decreased as were the PRL responses to metoclopramide and TRH as compared with normal controls. During treatment in both groups, there was an increase in basal PRL levels as well as PRL response to the two stimuli, which became indistinguishable from the controls. Cessation of treatment was associated with a rapid decrease in basal PRL levels and PRL elevation following metoclopramide and TRH. In contrast to the effect of hCG, the administration of two non‐aromatizable androgens (mesterolone and fluoxymesterone) had no effect on basal and TRH‐induced PRL secretion. The administration of clomiphene citrate during hCG treatment in one male IGD patient produced a decrease in the basal and stimulated PRL response.It is concluded that the low basal PRL levels and impaired PRL responses to stimulation are not an inherent component of the syndrome of IGD, but a consequence of the abnormal steroid milieu.
CONTROL OF SECRETION OF PARATHYROID HORMONE IN SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: ADAMI S. , MUIRHEAD N. , MANNING R. M. , GLEED J. H. , PAPAPOULOS S. E. , SANDLER L. M. , CATTO G. R. D. , O'RIORDAN J. L. H. 
Published: March 2008

The response of the parathyroids to an infusion of calcium has been studied in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to either vitamin D deficiency or to chronic renal failure. Two specific homologous immunoradiometric assays for human parathyroid hormone (PTH) have been used to assess the response, one specific for the amino‐terminus (N‐PTH), the other specific for the carboxy‐terminus (C‐PTH) of the molecule.In both the vitamin D deficient and the uraemic patients, in response to a 4 mg/kg/h infusion of calcium generally for 4 h, suppression of N‐PTH was similar, falling to around 20–30% of the initial value. In the uraemic subjects, the degree of suppression was inversely related to the initial plasma calcium (r= 0·9, P< 0·001). Measured with the C‐PTH assay, the response was generally less, particularly in the uraemic subjects in whom it was often preceded by an initial rise in C‐PTH.In both groups of subjects, suppression of N‐PTH began as soon as the plasma calcium began to rise and before hypercalcaemia was produced. At the end of the infusion the concentration of N‐PTH rose quickly, although the plasma calcium was still high. In four uraemic subjects the rate of infusion of calcium was reduced after 1–1·5 h to limit the rise in plasma calcium. As the calcium approached a plateau, the concentration of N‐PTH was found to rise again.These results indicate the importance of using PTH assays of well defined specificity to evaluate autonomy, and show that the degree of suppression achieved is dependent both on renal function and basal plasma calcium. In addition, these observations suggest that the direction and rate of change of plasma calcium are important in the control of secretion of parathyroid hormone.
ANTIGENICITY OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN PREPARATIONS IN MEN
Authors: NIESCHLAG E. , BERNITZ S. , TÖPERT M. 
Published: March 2008

The antigenicity of HCG was tested in twenty‐three young healthy men receiving two different HCG preparations (A and B). Each subject received 5000 i.u. HCG intramuscularly daily for three consecutive days, followed by another course, 3 weeks later, of 5000 i.u. HCG injections daily for 3 days. Two of the fifteen subjects treated with preparation A developed HCG antibodies in response to the HCG injections.The results show that although HCG is of human origin and also occurs normally in men, it may induce antibody formation even after brief treatment.
TREATMENT OF POST MENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. A CONTROLLED THERAPEUTIC TRIAL COMPARING OESTROGEN/GESTAGEN, 1,25‐DIHYDROXY‐VITAMIN D3 AND CALCIUM
Authors: JENSEN G. FINN , CHRISTIANSEN C. , TRANSBØL I. 
Published: March 2008

A controlled therapeutic trial on seventy‐four 70‐year‐old women was carried out with the purpose of finding the optimal treatment for post menopausal osteoporosis. The bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by 125I‐photonabsorptiometry at two sites in the distal part of the forearms, where the trabecular/cortical ratio is 0·25 and 1·5, respectively. Radiographs were done on the right hand to measure the metacarpal bone mass (cortical area/total area = CA/TA).After observing the spontaneous course of bone loss for 6 months the participants were allocated at random to 12 months’treatment with 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] and oestrogen/gestagen, alone or in combination, and calcium. The groups treated with oestrogen/gestagen [with or without 1,25(OH)2D3] showed a highly significant increase in BMC. In contrast bone mineral remained unchanged or decreased in both the calcium and the 1,25(OH)2D3 groups with a tendency towards more pronounced negative bone balance in the 1,25‐(OH)2D3 group.Seven out of nineteen patients on 1,25(OH)2D3 developed hypercalcaemia, which necessitated a reduction in dosage. It is concluded that the new vitamin D metabolite, 1,25(OH)2 D3, given in clinically acceptable doses, is without value in the treatment of post menopausal osteoporosis.
IMMUNOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES IN TOXIC MULTINODULAR GOITRE AND ACTIVE GRAVES’DISEASE
Authors: KIY Y. , REZKALLAH‐IWASSO M. T. , PERAÇOLI M. T. S. , MOTA N. G. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCell‐mediated and humoral immunity were studied in seventeen patients with toxic multinodular goitre, ten with active Graves’disease and fourteen healthy controls. The study included determination of sheep erythrocyte and complement rosette‐forming cells in the peripheral blood, immunoglobulin levels, titres of microsomal antibodies and migration inhibition test using thyroid extract and phytohaemagglutinin. When compared with controls the patients showed a positive response to thyroid antigen in the leucocyte migration inhibition test. Microsomal antibodies were detected in seven out of ten active Graves’disease patients against two out of seventeen of those with toxic multinodular goitre. Significantly increased IgG and IgA and decreased IgM levels were found only in the toxic multinodular group. These data provide further evidence for immunological disturbances in toxic multinodular goitre.
RAISED PLASMA OESTROGENS IN INFERTILE MEN WITH ELEVATED LEVELS OF FSH
Authors: WU F. C. W. , SWANSTON I. A. , BAIRD D. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn twenty oligospermic or azoospermic patients with elevated plasma FSH, the mean concentrations of plasma oestrone sulphate (843 ± 233 pg/ml), oestrone (54 ± 10±4 pg/ml) and oestradiol (46±6 ± 12±6 pg/ml) were found to be significantly higher than in twenty‐one normal fertile men of comparable age (593 ± 220 pg/ml, 40±6 ± 8±8 pg/ml and 33±1 ± 10±9 pg/ml respectively). SHBG binding capacity was elevated in the infertile group (infertile 3±35 ± 0±82 × 10−8 M/l v. normal 2±76 ± 0±89 × 10−8 M/l) but the total plasma testosterone concentrations were comparable (infertile 5435 ± 1578 pg/ml v. normal 5046 ± 1102 pg/ml). Evidence was cited to support the view that Sertoli cells, in response to an unphysiological FSH stimulation, are a likely source of excessive oestrogen production. The possible significance of increased intra‐testicular and circulating oestrogen in the altered state of testicular steroidogenic function in men with primary seminiferous tubular defects was discussed.
THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE PENTOSE SHUNT IN THYROID METABOLISM AFTER STIMULATION WITH TSH OR WITH IMMUNOGLOBULINS FROM PATIENTS WITH THYROID DISEASE. II. THE REOXIDATION OF NADPH AND STIMULATION OF HORMONE SYNTHESIS
Authors: DREXHAGE H. A. , HAMMOND LINDA J. , BITENSKY LUCILLE , CHAYEN J. , BOTTAZZO G. F. , DONIACH DEBORAH 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYReducing equivalents derived from the tissue re‐oxidation of NADPH (NADPH‐diaphorase) have been implicated in the peroxidation that is involved in the organification of iodine in the production of thyroid hormones. Immunoglobulin (Ig) fractions from patients with thyroid diseases and from normal controls, in a standard dose of 125 μg/ml and 0±3 μ/ml thyrotrophin (TSH) were incubated with segments of guinea‐pig thyroid gland maintained in vitro. A quantitative cytochemical study was made on how these fractions influenced the enzyme activity. A good correlation was found between the ability of such Ig fractions to stimulate the NADPH‐diaphorase activity and (1) the degree of hyperthyroidism in the patients and (2) the amount of T3 secreted by the thyroid segments in vitro.