bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial Phylogeny of Cryptic Species of the Lacewing Chrysoperla nipponensis (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in Japan
Authors: Haruyama Naoto , Naka Hideshi , Mochizuki Atsushi , Nomura Masashi 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
We surveyed a 1,033-bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence to look for a useful diagnostic marker for discrimination between the Japanese cryptic species Chrysoperla nipponensis (Okamoto) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) (types A and B) and the commercially introduced Chrysoperla carnea s. str. from Germany. Phylogenetic analysis showed four distinct haplotype groups: one group corresponded to C. nipponensis type B and one group to C. carnea s. str., and the remaining two distinct groups, A1 and A2, corresponded to the same song phenotype, C. nipponensis type A. A2 was linked with the group of C. carnea s. str. and A1 was linked with the group of C. nipponensis type B. Cross-testing between A1 and A2 revealed their reproductive compatibility. Mitochondrial polyphyly within C. nipponensis type A may, therefore, originate from introgression or incomplete lineage sorting. Within the mitochondrial COI region presented here, there were 17 variable nucleotide sites useful for discriminating the four haplotype groups from each other.
Overcoming Immunologic Tolerance to Melanoma: Targeting CTLA-4 with Ipilimumab (MDX-010)
Authors: Weber Jeffrey 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Targeted biologic therapies such as anti–cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-4) monoclonal antibodies, either as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy or vaccines, have shown great promise in late-stage melanoma, which has a very poor prognosis. Melanoma is relatively resistant to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Blockade of CTLA-4, which inhibits T-cell proliferation, promotes stimulation of adaptive immunity and T-cell activation, resulting in eradication of tumor cells. Two human monoclonal antibodies are under investigation in melanoma. Phase II and III clinical trials are currently evaluating the efficacy and safety of ipilimumab (MDX-010, Medarex, Inc., Princeton, NJ, and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ) and tremelimumab (CP-675,206; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, New York) in melanoma. Data are available on ipilimumab, which has been explored as monotherapy and in combination with vaccines, other immunotherapies such as interleukin-2, and chemotherapies such as dacarbazine. Overall response rates range from 13% with ipilimumab plus vaccine in patients with stage IV disease to 17% and 22% with ipilimumab plus dacarbazine or interleukin-2, respectively, in patients with metastatic disease. Responses have been durable, and among those experiencing grade 3 or 4 autoimmune toxicities, even higher response rates have been seen—up to 36%. While the optimal dose of ipilimumab has yet to be established, studies also indicate that higher doses may be more effective. Importantly, the lack of an initial clinical response may not predict ultimate treatment failure, because the onset of a response may follow progressive disease or stable disease. Pending results from registration studies with ipilimumab and lessons learned from registration studies conducted with tremelimumab will help to define the role of anti–CTLA-4 blockade in the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
The Mechanism of Anti-CTLA-4 Activity and the Negative Regulation of T-Cell Activation
Authors: Wolchok Jedd D. , Saenger Yvonne 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe survival rate of patients diagnosed with late-stage melanoma is poor—only 5%–10%. Enlisting the immune system in the fight against cancers such as melanoma could help improve the prognosis of these patients. Data have shown that melanocyte proteins make good targets for immune system–based therapy in this disease. However, self-tolerance, which develops to inhibit autoimmune attack, makes this strategy difficult. Two proteins on the surface of T cells—CD28 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4)—play important roles in the regulation of immune activation and tolerance. CD28 provides positive modulatory signals in the early stages of an immune response, while CTLA-4 signaling inhibits T-cell activation, particularly during strong T-cell responses. CTLA-4 blockade using anti—CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody therapy has great appeal because suppression of inhibitory signals results in the generation of an antitumor T-cell response. Both clinical and preclinical data indicate that CTLA-4 blockade results in direct activation of CD4+ and CD8+ effector cells, and anti–CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody therapy has shown promise in a number of cancers, particularly melanoma. Interestingly, the occurrence of adverse events among patients treated with CTLA-4 blockade helps shed light on the mechanism of action of anti–CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies. Most adverse events involve immune-related toxicity to the skin and gastrointestinal tract. Major gastrointestinal toxicity develops in up to 21% of treated patients, and while an objective response occurs in approximately 36% of melanoma patients who develop enterocolitis with treatment, an objective response is found in only 11% of patients who do not experience this adverse reaction.
Catastrophic multiple organ ischemia due to an anti‐Pr cold agglutinin developing in a patient with mixed cryoglobulinemia after treatment with rituximab
Authors: Ruch Joshua , McMahon Brandon , Ramsey Glenn , Kwaan Hau C. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCold agglutinin disease occurring with cryoglobulinemia is a rare occurrence. Here, we report a patient with mixed cryoglobulinemia that was treated with rituximab and, after response, developed an anti‐Pr cold agglutinin that manifested with hemolysis and microvascular occlusion causing mesenteric ischemia and cerebral infarction. Unlike previous reports of patients with cryoglobulinemia and cold agglutinin disease, our patient did not have a detectable cryoprecipitate when his cold agglutinin manifested. Am. J. Hematol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding hind limb weight support in chimpanzees with implications for the evolution of primate locomotion
Authors: Raichlen David A. , Pontzer Herman , Shapiro Liza J. , Sockol Michael D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMost quadrupedal mammals support a larger amount of body weight on their forelimbs compared with their hind limbs during locomotion, whereas most primates support more of their body weight on their hind limbs. Increased hind limb weight support is generally interpreted as an adaptation that reduces stress on primates' highly mobile forelimb joints. Thus, increased hind limb weight support was likely vital for the evolution of primate arboreality. Despite its evolutionary importance, the mechanism used by primates to achieve this important kinetic pattern remains unclear. Here, we examine weight support patterns in a sample of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to test the hypothesis that limb position, combined with whole body center of mass position (COM), explains increased hind limb weight support in this taxon. Chimpanzees have a COM midway between their shoulders and hips and walk with a relatively protracted hind limb and a relatively vertical forelimb, averaged over a step. Thus, the limb kinematics of chimpanzees brings their feet closer to the COM than their hands, generating greater hind limb weight support. Comparative data suggest that these same factors likely explain weight support patterns for a broader sample of primates. It remains unclear whether primates use these limb kinematics to increase hind limb weight support, or whether they are byproducts of other gait characteristics. The latter hypothesis raises the intriguing possibility that primate weight support patterns actually evolved as byproducts of other traits, or spandrels, rather than as adaptations to increase forelimb mobility. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photoinduced surface crosslinking of superabsorbent polymer particles
Authors: Jockusch Steffen , Turro Nicholas J. , Mitsukami Yoshiro , Matsumoto Makoto , Iwamura Taku , Lindner Torsten , Flohr Andreas , di Massimo Giuseppe 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSuperabsorbent polymer particles, consisting of partly neutralized, slightly crosslinked poly(acrylic acid), have been surface‐crosslinked photochemically. Surface crosslinking is required for many applications of superabsorbent polymers, such as disposable diapers, to control the flow and absorption of liquids in the gel bed. Photoinduced surface crosslinking has been achieved under UV irradiation (200–300 nm) with (NH4)2S2O8 as a photoactivated crosslinking agent. In comparison with the currently used thermal ester bridging method for surface crosslinking, the new photochemical method generates superabsorbent particles with superior properties, such as an improved flow of liquid through the gel bed, which utilizes the entire gel bed. These improved properties have been shown by water absorption capacity studies, fluid flow dynamics, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and low‐energy ion‐scattering studies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of hyperbranched polyester capillary columns used for the separation of basic proteins
Authors: Shou Chongqi , Zhang Zhiliang 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA series of hyperbranched polyesters with pentaerythritol as the core were synthesized and coated on the inner surface of fused‐silica capillaries by chemical bonding. Three kinds of basic proteins were selected for studying the behavior of the adsorption to fused‐silica capillaries. Comparative studies of the coating materials were conducted, and the experimental results showed that the coated columns with hyperbranched polyesters could suppress the electroosmotic flow greatly and effectively prevent adsorption in the pH range of 4–6; they were superior to capillaries coated with traditional hydroxypropyl cellulose. Furthermore, research was conducted to study the effect of hyperbranched polyester generation on the column efficiency. The results showed that higher column efficiency was obtained on a capillary column coated with the sixth generation of the hyperbranched polyester at pH 5.0. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Quantification of surface forces of thermoplastic elastomeric nanocomposites based on poly(styrene‐ethylene‐co‐butylene‐styrene) and clay by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Ganguly Anirban , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAtomic force microscopy was used for qualitative phase morphological mapping as well as quantitative investigation of surface forces measured at constituting blocks and clay regions of a thermoplastic elastomeric nanocomposite based on triblock copolymer: poly(styrene‐ethylene‐co‐butylene‐styrene) (SEBS) and organically modified nano‐clay. The roughness and power spectral density analyses of surface topography provided the increment in random roughness of the nanocomposite surface compared to pristine SEBS surface. The same surfaces were examined by means of single point force‐distance, and force‐volume measurements. Large adhesive force of 25 nN and contact force of 260 nN were found in soft polyethylene (PEB) segments and higher cantilever deflection of 210 nm was found for clay regions of SEBS‐clay nanocomposite. Mapping of elastic modulus of the glassy and rubbery blocks and clay regions was probed by employing Hertzian and JKR model from respective approaching and retracting parts of force‐distance curves. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
On the measurement of atmospheric gamma drop‐size distributions
Authors: Brawn Dan , Upton Graham 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe consider concurrent data from two makes of laser disdrometer, fitting gamma distributions to each minute's data. We show that, as has been suggested elsewhere, there does appear to be a relationship between the shape and slope parameters. However, we present a revised formulation of the relationship and demonstrate that the relation appears to vary with the type of disdrometer used. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Enhanced microwave‐assisted method for on‐bead disulfide bond formation: Synthesis of α‐conotoxin MII
Authors: Galanis Athanassios S. , Albericio Fernando , Grøtli Morten 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA novel enhanced microwave‐assisted disulfide bridge formation method has been developed. To optimize the synthesis of the biologically important bicyclic peptide α‐conotoxin MII (α‐CtxMII), several cyclization methods have been tested and are discussed herein. By using m.w.‐assisted heating, we achieved high yields for the first loop cyclization of α‐CtxMII on‐bead. This method has the advantage of avoiding intermolecular by‐products during the cyclization step. Furthermore, the method gives higher yields compared with the common on‐bead cyclization methods. The second disulfide bridge of α‐CtxMII was formed using a simple oxidation method after the cleavage of the intermediate monocyclic peptide from the resin. This method has the potential to be efficient for the synthesis of other disulfide rich biologically important peptides. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 92: 23–34, 2009.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The virtues and vices of equilibrium and the future of financial economics
Authors: Farmer J. Doyne , Geanakoplos John 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe use of equilibrium models in economics springs from the desire for parsimonious models of economic phenomena that take human reasoning into account. This approach has been the cornerstone of modern economic theory. We explain why this is so, extolling the virtues of equilibrium theory; then we present a critique and describe why this approach is inherently limited, and why economics needs to move in new directions if it is to continue to make progress. We stress that this shouldn't be a question of dogma, and should be resolved empirically. There are situations where equilibrium models provide useful predictions and there are situations where they can never provide useful predictions. There are also many situations where the jury is still out, i.e., where so far they fail to provide a good description of the world, but where proper extensions might change this. Our goal is to convince the skeptics that equilibrium models can be useful, but also to make traditional economists more aware of the limitations of equilibrium models. We sketch some alternative approaches and discuss why they should play an important role in future research in economics. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009
OTA‐based transmission line model with variable parameters for analog power flow computation
Authors: Leger Aaron St. , Nwankpa Chika 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAnalog computation has some inherent benefits over traditional digital computation methods and fosters a continued interest in research, specifically in power systems, due to its associated strengths. Among these advantages are physically realizable solutions, much faster computation times and more accurate models. To realize an analog computation environment for power system analysis analog models and their circuit realizations are required. This paper focuses on the design, simulation and hardware verification of transmission line models with variable parameters for the purpose of analog power flow computation. Specifically, pi equivalent lumped parameter and distributed parameter transmission line models with parametric variation based on temperature and frequency are presented. Operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) are the primary circuit elements in the hardware designs and allow remote reconfigurability and variation of transmission line parameters via transconductance gain. Test results are presented from a hardware prototype, which was developed and tested based on the proposed analog line models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing methods for partially encrypted data in multihop Web services
Authors: Nakayama Kojiro , Oba Michiko , Aramoto Michitaka , Komoda Norihisa 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMessage layer security is necessary to ensure the end‐to‐end security of Web services. To provide confidentiality against the intermediaries along the message path, XML encryption is used to partially encrypt the message. Because the data structure is changed by the partial encryption, the encrypted message is no longer valid with respect to the original schema definition. Thus, problems occur regarding the processing of the schema validation and the data binding by the intermediary. In this paper, we discuss two possible methods to solve these problems. The first method is to transform the original schema definition. The second is to transform the received message. We examined these methods by applying them to demonstration experiment of Web services. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(5): 26– 32, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10112
Development of a large‐current high‐precision pulse power supply
Authors: Takayanagi Tomohiro , Koseki Shoichiro , Kubo Hiroshi , Katoh Shuji , Ogawa Shinichi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractJAEA and KEK are jointly constructing a high‐intensity proton accelerator project J‐PARC. Its main accelerator is a 3‐GeV synchrotron. Its injection bump magnets, especially horizontal paint bump magnets, are excited by large pulse currents. Their rated currents are over 10 kA and pulse widths are about 1 ms. Tracking errors are required to be less than 1%. Multiple connected two‐quadrant IGBT choppers are adopted for their power supplies. Their output currents are controlled by feedback control with minor loop voltage control (m‐AVR). When output current of a chopper intermits at small current, its output voltage rises and current control becomes difficult. In this paper, response of m‐AVR and output voltage characteristics at current intermittent region are studied and an improved control scheme is proposed. The performance is confirmed by a test. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(3): 62– 72, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20783
Rel/NF‐κB family member RelA regulates NK1.1− to NK1.1+ transition as well as IL‐15‐induced expansion of NKT cells
Authors: Vallabhapurapu Sivakumar , Powolny‐Budnicka Iwona , Riemann Marc , Schmid Roland M. , Paxian Stephan , Pfeffer Klaus , Körner Heinrich , Weih Falk 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDevelopment of NKT cells was shown to depend on lymphotoxin (LT) and IL‐15 signaling pathways as well as on cytokine receptor common γ chain. After positive selection, NKT‐cell precursors transit through progressive maturation stages including proliferative expansion within the NK1.1− window. The transcription factors that integrate different signaling pathways into different stages of NKT‐cell development are not well characterized. Here, we show that the Rel/NF‐κB family member RelA regulates the NK1.1− to NK1.1+ transition during NKT‐cell development. RelA is also required for both IL‐15‐ and IL‐7‐induced proliferation of CD44hiNK1.1− NKT‐cell precursors. Activation of the invariant NKT‐cell receptor induces both IL‐15 receptor α and γ chains' expression in an NF‐κB‐dependent manner, suggesting a molecular mechanism by which NF‐κB regulates NKT‐cell development. NF‐κB also regulates TCR‐induced expression of LT‐α and LT‐β within NKT cells. In contrast to previous reports, however, we show that LT signaling is dispensable for thymic NKT‐cell development but is essential for their colonization of peripheral organs such as liver.
Highly Luminescent Superparamagnetic Diterbium(III) Complex Based on the Bifunctionality of p‐tert‐Butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene
Authors: Kajiwara Takashi , Hasegawa Miki , Ishii Ayumi , Katagiri Kensuke , Baatar Munkhtsetseg , Takaishi Shinya , Iki Nobuhiko , Yamashita Masahiro 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA diterbium(III) complex was synthesized by using p‐tert‐butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene, which adopts a 1,2‐alternate conformation, acts as a sensitive optical‐antenna chromophore for UV and near‐UV light and causes easy‐axis magnetic anisotropy in the TbIII ions. The complex showed efficient ff emission with a corrected quantum yield of ca. 85 % even at room temperature. In addition, it showed superparamagnetic behaviour due to slow magnetic relaxation at low temperatures.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Temporal control of drug release from biodegradable polymer: Multicomponent diclofenac sodium releasing PLGA 80/20 rod
Authors: Nikkola Lila , Viitanen Petrus , Ashammakhi Nureddin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn our previous studies we have reported on the development of diclofenac sodium (DS) releasing rods. However, their drug release profiles were unsatisfactory. To enhance the drug release properties of the implant, we have developed a system whereby various elements can be combined into one implant. Melt extruded, self‐reinforced (SR), and sterilized (S) DS‐containing SR‐PLGA 80/20 billets were combined to produce multicomponent implants with various compositions. These components were basically heat pressed together to form multicomponent rods. Drug release from single component and multicomponent rods was defined using a UV‐Vis spectrophotometer. DS was released from individual components within 82–111 days and from multicomponent rods within 50–70 days. Thermal properties were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The melting temperature (Tm) of multicomponent implants was about 157°C, change in heat fusion (ΔH) was 13.3 J/g, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) was 55.4°C. Mechanical strength was measured for 2 weeks and it decreased from 55 to 15 MPa. In conclusion, by compression molding three components with different release rates it is possible to control the temporal release from multicomponent rods. Released DS concentrations were within range for 49–74 days depending on the fractions of individual components used. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009