bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanotechnology and food safety: potential benefits, possible risks?
Authors: Powell M. , Colin M. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Nanotechnology is the new frontier in food science. A purported 150-500 nano-based food and food-related products are already on the market worldwide, and the nanotechnology food industry is expected to grow to over $20 billion by 2010-2015. Food safety applications are expected to be a key focus of food nanotechnology research, development and commercialization in the near future. Recent
Escherichia coli
,
Salmonella
and other food-borne pathogen scares have made preventing and tracking of pathogens in food products and agricultural and industrial food systems a top priority. Nanotechnology-based applications could prevent food-borne pathogens from causing public illness and disease via improved packaging, sensing, tracking and more effective antibiotics, and many nanotechnology applications intended to make food safer are already on the market. At the same time, some scientists, regulators and non-governmental organizations are raising concerns about potential risks related to the increasing use of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in foods and other products. In this review, we broadly review what nanotechnology is and provide a brief overview of some of the food-related applications on the market and in development. In the bulk of the review, we describe applications of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials for food safety in particular. In conclusion, we discuss some of the potential health risks and unknowns related to the use of nanomaterials in foods and food packaging.
Land use decisions in smallholder rural communities in developing countries.
Authors: Mertz O. , Reenberg A. , Bruun T. B. , Birch-Thomsen T. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Land use change has become increasingly acknowledged as an important issue in terms of understanding the processes of global change. Hence, land use decision-making by smallholder communities in developing countries become a vital part of the broader comprehension of environmental and social change that are related to the change processes at the global scale. A wide range of analytical and conceptual frameworks has been developed to facilitate and sharpen such analyses, ranging from very theoretical to directly operational approaches. Five regional cases are used to illustrate the diversity of land use decisions and drivers of decisions. These range from political decisions on land tenure and development (Tanzania, Vietnam and Borneo) to the global effects of climate change (Sahel), and represent a diversity of contexts from the agricultural frontiers of humid tropical sites in Amazonia and Borneo to the more intensively farmed and long-settled tropical dryland areas of the Sahel. We conclude that although there are specific issues in all areas, the multiplicity of drivers for land use change is always important and necessary to capture if adequate understanding and development is to be achieved. The analytical and conceptual frameworks presented are useful for ensuring this.
Urinary tract infections in female pigs.
Authors: Martineau G. P. , Almond G. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This review is intended to provide an update on our current understanding of urinary tract infections (UTI) in female pigs. In general, there are two primary bacterial pathogens involved in these infections; however, several management and animal husbandry factors either contribute to or reduce the likelihood of infections. The precise molecular defence mechanisms in the porcine urinary bladder are poorly understood and extrapolation from other species may explain some of these mechanisms. Nevertheless, female pigs do possess inherent physiologic mechanisms for preventing the onset of UTI. To some extent, a 'country effect' appears to be involved with the significance of UTI in sows. Considerable efforts are made to diagnose and treat sows with UTI in France. In contrast, problems with UTI in sows tend to be overlooked in the USA. As shown in human medicine, perhaps the most significant challenge is the dilemma of asymptomatic bacteriuria. It is evident that considerable collaborative research is required to elucidate UTI in female pigs.
Extent and implications of agricultural reuse of untreated, partly treated and diluted wastewater in developing countries.
Authors: Keraita B. , Jimenez B. , Drechsel P. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The agricultural reuse of untreated, partially treated and diluted wastewater is a common reality in and around three out of four cities in low-income countries. It is practiced in both dry and wet climates, mostly as an informal activity. In several instances, raw wastewater is used in irrigation; in the majority of the cases, however, wastewater is discharged into water bodies and thus used in diluted form. The main driving forces identified for the growth of this practice include general global scarcity of freshwater resources and contamination of water bodies traditionally used for irrigation, especially around urban centres. Estimates on the extent of this practice range widely, but figures point at about 20 million ha of land irrigated in this way, most of it in Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa. Benefits highlighted in the cases reviewed include its reliable flow (which allows for multiple cropping across all seasons and climates), nutrient recovery, contributions to urban food supply and safeguarding of livelihoods (especially for the urban and peri-urban poor). However, health risks for farmers and consumers, such as worm infections, diarrhoea and skin diseases are major possible drawbacks, limiting formal recognition and support of wastewater irrigation. Nevertheless, low-cost interventions, as recently recommended by the World Health Organization and tested in West Africa, have shown great potential to reduce the health risks between farm and fork, especially where comprehensive wastewater treatment is not yet feasible. The development of locally appropriate risk reduction interventions should involve their users from the start in taking advantage of farmers' own innovations.
Risks associated with bovine embryo transfer and their containment.
Authors: Soom A. van , Nauwynck H. J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Virus-embryo interactions have been widely studied in cattle. This review examines possible routes of viral infection, sources of contamination and protective measures that can be taken when performing embryo transfer in cattle, and when appropriate, in other domestic species. Fertilized embryos are protected by the zona pellucida, but recent evidence in cow, pig and mouse embryos has shown that the pores in the zona pellucida are sufficiently large to mechanically entrap certain viruses, although penetration through the zona with infection of embryonic cells is considered unlikely. Whether this assumption holds true for very small viruses, and for embryos of other species remains to be determined. Viral transmission may not always be related to infection of the gametes or embryos, but may originate from infection of the genital tract of the donor, or from contamination of the media or of equipment used to manipulate the embryos. Recent technologies involving vitrification and subsequent storage of the embryos or semen in liquid nitrogen in open containers represent an increased contamination risk during long-term cryobanking. Sanitary measures to guard against the risk of viral infection need to be taken, especially when working with embryos from infected donors or with techniques that may compromise the embryo's defence mechanisms. In cattle, sanitary guidelines have been developed and accepted worldwide that can ensure that the risks of transmission via reproductive technology is very low when sanitary guidelines are being followed rigorously. For other species, such guidelines are in the process of development.
Mangrove forests and human security.
Authors: Walters B. B. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This paper reviews concepts and theories of 'environment and security' and examines their relevance in understanding human-mangrove interactions. Scientists and decision-makers are increasingly interested in the relationship between environmental change and human security. Research on human-mangrove interactions suggests that mangrove forests illustrate this relationship well, at least in terms of the general framing of these issues. Mangroves and the diverse resources and services they provide (wood, food and fuel) are critical to the livelihood security of highly vulnerable coastal populations throughout the tropics. At the same time, their restricted coastal distribution, which is often proximate to population concentrations, makes them the frequent loci of conflict between competing human interests. Studies of mangrove planting and human settlement along the coast demonstrate the value of mangroves for protecting property and livelihood from storm impacts. Observations of the Asian tsunami of 2004 further highlight this protective role and provide a stark reminder that environmental sustainability and human security are often inseparable. Yet, broadly framed discussions of environment and security offer little concrete guidance to researchers and policy-makers tasked with understanding and better managing the relationships between people and mangrove forests in particular contexts.
PRACTICING SCIENCE
Authors: Grinnell Frederick 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Chapter 1 presents an overview of the two central activities of the scientific process: discovery (learning new things about the world) and credibility (convincing other researchers that the new findings are correct). According to the linear model of research found in science textbooks, these activities are carried out by dispassionate investigators who are guided at every step by objectivity and logic in accordance with the scientific method. By contrast, everyday practice is far more ambiguous. Researchers are influenced by personality and biography; success requires intuition and passion as well as objectivity and logic. Objectivity ultimately depends on individual researchers transcending their subjectivity by turning to the scientific community with the goal of achieving knowledge that is correct for anyone, anywhere, anytime. Diversity in how scientists think and work enhances scientific exploration. When science education focuses solely on the linear model of research, the excitement and adventure of everyday practice are left out.
INTEGRITY
Authors: Grinnell Frederick 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyzes everyday practice of science in the context of surrounding sociocultural, political, and economic factors. Science policy determines what work will be done, who will do it, and how it will be financed. Ambiguity inherent in everyday practice, subjectivity of review panels, and differences of opinion regarding what counts as a desirable outcome all complicate the linkage between research agendas and national goals. Normal functioning of the research environment requires a high degree of trust. Financial conflict of interest can interfere with every aspect of practice, including analysis and publication of research findings, sharing of research knowledge and tools, and decision making by public advisory committees. Disclosure may be unable to deal adequately with conflict of interest; recusal may be necessary. The potential change in the research environment from “publish or perish” to “patent and prosper” threatens the health of biomedical research.
Kinship Care in Family-Serving Agencies
Authors: Wilson Dana Burdnell 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the development of kinship care practice in family-serving agencies. Family-serving agencies are setting goals for kinship care services that embrace a broad and inclusive definition of family, respect family strengths, build upon family resources, and work to support each family's effort to prevent the unnecessary separation of children from their kin. Family members are viewed as collaborative partners in service delivery, and interventions are offered to strengthen the ability of families to care for children.
WhanauKnows Best
Authors: Ernst Joy Swanson 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the child care and protection system in New Zealand. It begins with a historical background of the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act of 1989, focusing on the provisions of the 1989 Act relevant to kinship care. The chapter then describes the organization and structure of the New Zealand Young Persons and Their Families Services (NZCYPFS), provides statistical information, and discusses the role of community agencies. The process used by the NZCYPFS to respond to a report of child abuse or neglect is considered. Four themes arising in kinship care practice are discussed: availability of family, assessment of caregivers, financial help, and support and monitoring.
How One Corporation Got Involved
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of Pennsylvania Blue Shield's venture into the world of welfare. It discusses the factors that created the receptive environment for the venture. These include the organization's need for new workers, commitment and interest of management in the venture, the organization's history of providing training to new employees to give the necessary skills for competent job performance, receptive corporate culture, and involvement of other collaborating organizations in the project.
Integrating the New Workers
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the strategies used to integrate the new workers into the workplace. An overall approach was recommended which highlighted the importance of integrating the new workers into the workforce as naturally and as quickly as possible. Another strategy involved the use of the new employees as quickly as possible to help others, thus giving support and recognition to them as they succeeded in their new roles.
Innovations in Treating Alcohol Problems
Authors: ZWEBEN ALLEN , ROSE SUSAN 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the issues and practices related to the treatment needs of alcohol-abusing populations. Emphasis is placed on the brief intervention model, an approach deemed suitable for large numbers of individuals afflicted with alcohol problems. The rationale for this model along with its task components are presented. The chapter reviews empirical evidence on its effectiveness and provides recommendations for future research. Implications for practice, service delivery, policy, and interdisciplinary education are discussed.
Risk and Resiliency in Social Contexts
Authors: Joyce West Stevens 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter explicates the construct of resilience within historical social contexts to illuminate an evolutionary perspective of contextual stresses and the ways in which they are negotiated and managed over time. Strengths and social supports are used interchangeably with resilience and protective factors. Various risk models are explained. Both risk and resilience are defined. Race and ethnicity for Blacks is viewed as a form of social stigma and a risk factor. The notion of internalized racial self-hatred is rejected. Racial stigma need not be attributed as self-blame. A strengths perspective is defined.
Adolescent Developmental Theories
Authors: Joyce West Stevens 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter critiques the psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development as undergoing fundamental revisions influenced, in part, by feminist theory and developmental research. A developmental life-span thesis is explored for its relevancy to the phenomenological person-process-context model which clarifies identity as complex, integral to social contexts and evolving over the life span. Key developmental domains that characterized the adolescent trajectory are defined. Maturational tasks and developmental markers are clarified in each domain.
Person-Process-Context: An Ecological Transactional Model
Authors: Joyce West Stevens 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter explains the principal paradigm of the book — the person-process-context model — to answer the question: How do socially stigmatized individuals reconcile basic humanness in daily praxis? Operationally, the PPC model, metaphorically liken to a jazz ensemble, explains the improvisational nature of daily life experiences. Ordinary varieties of intersubjective experiences and Bronfenbrenner’s nested ecological contexts are given full explanation with diagrammatic illustrations. The PPC model is inherently rooted in the idea of the maximization of change processes. Since change is not always possible, the limitations of change is given systematic analysis by addressing issues of structural strain and social capital.
Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Role Commitment
Authors: Joyce West Stevens 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter spells out the first of seven developmental domains in the adolescent trajectory to maturation. The maturational task of the Race, Ethnic, and Gender Role Commitment domain is to commit to a racial, ethnic, and gender social identity with minimal ambivalence and anxiety for a cohesive and coherent self-presentation. Singularly, this particular domain is thought to be critical in its effect on all other domains for adaptive or maladaptive social outcomes. This domain as others in subsequent chapters is systematically analyzed relative to the impingement of pertinent social ecologies such as the family, peers, school, and neighborhood.
Opportunity Mobility and Adulthood Preparation
Authors: Joyce West Stevens 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by noting the difference between the ascribed and achieve statuses of adulthood. It then explores the inextricable connection of particular opportunity pathways, such as education and employment to adulthood preparation. Civic responsibilities are given careful consideration and are viewed as being of great import in adulthood preparation. In this regard, the limitations of poverty stricken communities are examined.
Community Social Work Practice in an Urban Context
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCommunity social work practice based on a capacity enhancement model offers tremendous potential for unifying communities consisting of groups from very different cultural backgrounds, and in the process of doing so, make physical changes in the community. This book emphasizes community and urban social work and explains how to create positive community environments in marginalized urban-based communities. The use of murals, gardens, playgrounds, and sculptures, for example provide social workers with an opportunity to identify, engage, and plan services with communities. These projects, in turn, are based upon a community's strengths and represent an effort at developing a community's capacity to help itself with assistance from professionals.
Introduction
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis introductory chapter sets the context from which to understand the importance of urban-centered practice for social work in the 21st century. It traces how the author became interested in a community-assets perspective and why the development of urban-specific interventions are so critical to community social work practice. In addition, it outlines the goals for the book, defines some of the key terms that are used, and describes the research methods used in selecting and analyzing case studies.
Framework for Capacity-Enhancement Practice
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of a framework for undertaking community capacity-enhancement interventions that are focused on murals, gardens, playgrounds, and sculptures that are built by the community. The framework consists of five phases that place equal emphasis on assessment, mapping, engagement, planning (includes implementation), and evaluation. The chapter discusses these different phases, how they interrelate, and grounds them within an ecological perspective toward practice.
Conceptual, Historical, and Ideological Underpinnings of Supported Employment
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSupported employment was developed during the advent of the consumer and family movements and more positive treatment approaches. The consumer movement pushed for a stronger voice in shaping service delivery and taking responsibility for directing one’s own life. Psychiatric rehabilitation promoted skills development directed toward independent community living and supports provided as needed. Choice was a fundamental component of recovery. Forerunners, Wehman and Moon, described the place-train approach as the foundation to supported employment. The Rehabilitation Act Amendment of 1986 codified supported employment into law. IPS standardizes supported employment for people with severe mental illness by combining information on services and outcomes from research studies.
Introduction to the IPS Approach to Supported Employment
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIPS is a standardized approach to supported employment for people with severe mental illness. IPS is derived from eight empirically derived principles. Employment specialists join mental health treatment teams to provide coordinated services. The vocational unit is comprised of a vocational supervisor and at least two employment specialists who carry discrete caseloads of no more than twenty-five people. In IPS, all people are encouraged to think about how employment may fit into their lives. Clients who express interest in working are assisted in finding a competitive job, full-time or part-time, that matches their skills, preferences, and experiences. People are provided individualized supports to maintain employment. As a team-based approach, all members of the team support the client’s work efforts.
Maintaining Jobs
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOnce a person has obtained a job, the employment specialist and the rest of the treatment team offer individualized supports to the client to maintain the job. Each working client will have a different set of supports because everyone has different needs. Supports are provided on an ongoing basis as long as the client wants and needs support. This chapter describes different categories of follow-along support, such as emotional support, support in the workplace, employer support, family support, peer support, and social skills training. Job endings are always viewed in terms of transitions and new information about the person as a worker that is used when planning for the next work experience. The chapter includes several vignettes to illustrate follow-along support.
Dual Diagnosis and Work
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMany people who have a co-occurring substance use disorder (dual diagnosis) are found ineligible for employment services because of substance use. This chapter includes an illustration of a person with a co-occurring substance use disorder who becomes interested in working. The illustration highlights benefits of working for people with dual disorders, such as structuring time and providing a motivation to reduce substance use. Motivational counseling strategies are used to help clients clarify goals. The employment specialist, treatment team, and client work together to identify a good job match that supports sobriety. The employment specialists and the team help clients develop a money management plan because money is often a cue for people with dual diagnosis to buy alcohol and drugs. The team provides ongoing support even when the client relapses.