bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Panel discussion on glottic tumors. VII. The management of glottic carcinoma by primary irradiation with surgery in reserve
Authors: Stewart J. G. , Brown J. R. , Palmer M. K. , Cooper A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFour hundred nineteen cases of carcinoma of the larynx (1962–1965, Christie Hospital) treated primarily by radiation with surgery in reserve for cases where radiation failed, are reviewed. Two hundred ninety‐one of these cases were glottic carcinomas and cure rates, and contribution from subsequent surgery is indicated in detail. Finally the overall results are compared with a larger series of 605 cases (1955–1961). Five‐year cure rate in early cases is consistent at 89 percent; likewise in the latest cases at 30 percent, the intermediate group appear to have improved by some 8 percent over the period outlined. The overall cure rate is 70 percent.
Evaluation of nasal tip surgery
Authors: Friedma William H. , Oliver Mae , Biller Hugh F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNasal tip surgery has been evaluated with respect to correction of the lower lateral cartilages. Indications, techniques, results, and complications related to three generic approaches to the lower lateral cartilages are described.In 673 consecutive rhinoplasties the commonest type of nasal tip surgery was excisional, utilizing either a marginal or cartilage splitting technique. These techniques were utilized: 1. to accomplish debulking, and 2. to accomplish the installation of facets. The excisional technique found its greatest utility in primary rhinoplasties.The version technique, utilizing a change of direction of the thrust of the lower lateral cartilages was utilized in a variety of situations, particularly for the correction of moderately congenitally hypoplastic tip cartilages. It also found great utility in surgery of the Negro or cleft palate nose, increasing tip projection, correcting unacceptable bifidity, and in revision rhinoplasty.Augmentation rhinoplasty, utilizing conchal cartilage as an elastic strut was particularly useful for severe hypoplastic cartilage deficits, the Negro nose, columellar retraction, and alar rim deficits.The overall complication rate of lower lateral rhinoplasty was 17.4 percent. The rate of unacceptable complications related to lower lateral rhinoplasty was 2.7 percent.
Human auditory nerve responses: A comparison of three commonly used recording sites
Authors: Simmons F. Blair 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe computer‐averaged N1 response from humans to click stimuli was compared at three recording sites — dermal and subdermal electrodes in the ear canal, and a transtympanic electrode on the promontory. A total of 26 subjects, some of whom were measured at all three sites, participated in 47 experiments. The promontory electrodes were consistently more sensitive and yielded cleaner N1 waveforms than did the ear canal sites. In considering the clinical use of N1 averaging, the advantages of the trans‐tympanic method outweigh the risks. While a few persons yield reasonably good ear canal potentials, the reliability of this method in general application is inadequate and unpredictable.
Anesthetic management for carbon dioxide laser surgery of the larynx
Authors: Shaker Mohamed H. , Konchigeri Halappa N. , Andrews Albert H. , Holinger Paul H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFifty‐one patients underwent 71 carbon dioxide laser procedures under general anesthesia for various intralaryngeal pathology. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium followed by succinylcholine to facilitate endotracheal intubation. For maintenance of anesthesia, 70 percent nitrous oxide was supplemented with halothane, enflurane or small doses of fentanyl. Succinylcholine, d‐tubocurare or pancuronium were used to maintain muscular relaxation of jaw, pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles for a smooth lasing procedure. Small diameter (16–22 Fr.), red rubber, cuffed endotracheal tubes provided maximum working space, facilitated the controlled ventilation and reduced the explosion hazard of the anesthetic gases. Safely eyeglasses were used by all the personnel in the operating room against accidental injury to the cornea by the laser beam. Anesthetic management provided excellent operative conditions with maximum safety to the patient and the personnel in the operating room.
Cricopharyngeal myotomy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Lebo Charles P. , Sangü Kwei , Norris Forbes H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractReported herein is the experience of the authors with 38 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients for whom cricopharyngeal myotomy was performed. The major surgical objectives were facilitation of swallowing and amelioration of the tendency of these patients to aspirate ingestants and secretions. In the group of these patients in which the follow‐up information has been adequate, 64 percent were improved and 36 percent experienced no significant benefits. The authors' surgical indications, methods of anesthesia, surgical technique, and postoperative care are described.
Examination of the vestibular system by short‐time accelerations
Authors: Bodó GyÖRgy 
Published: September 2006

AbstractShort accelerations, lasting for the split part of a second can be produced by the chair rotating with uniform speed in such a way that the chair will change its direction after each turn of 360°. The accelerations of alternating directions produce ampullopetal flows in the right and the left labyrinth alternately. The nystagmus elicited will be finished during the rotation of the chair with uniform speed, thus during the stimulus‐free period.The short acceleration rates render possible the multiple dosage of identical stimuli as well as the gradual increase of the intensity of the stimulus. Since the stimulus produces ampullopetal flow in the right and the left labyrinth alternately the central vestibular equilibrium will not be changed. The author applied acceleration stimuli of 20, 30, 40 and 50°/sec2 doses to 20 healthy male subjects and studied the manifestations of the nystagmus elicited.
Evolution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Gene Is Dominated by Purifying Selection
Authors: Edwards C T T , Holmes E C , Pybus O G , Wilson D J , Viscidi R P , Abrams E J , Phillips R E , Drummond A J 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) during chronic infection involves the rapid, continuous turnover of genetic diversity. However, the role of natural selection, relative to random genetic drift, in governing this process is unclear. We tested a stochastic model of genetic drift using partial envelope sequences sampled longitudinally in 28 infected children. In each case the Bayesian posterior (empirical) distribution of coalescent genealogies was estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Posterior predictive simulation was then used to generate a null distribution of genealogies assuming neutrality, with the null and empirical distributions compared using four genealogy-based summary statistics sensitive to nonneutral evolution. Because both null and empirical distributions were generated within a coalescent framework, we were able to explicitly account for the confounding influence of demography. From the distribution of corrected P-values across patients, we conclude that empirical genealogies are more asymmetric than expected if evolution is driven by mutation and genetic drift only, with an excess of low-frequency polymorphisms in the population. This indicates that although drift may still play an important role, natural selection has a strong influence on the evolution of HIV-1 envelope. A negative relationship between effective population size and substitution rate indicates that as the efficacy of selection increases, a smaller proportion of mutations approach fixation in the population. This suggests the presence of deleterious mutations. We therefore conclude that intrahost HIV-1 evolution in envelope is dominated by purifying selection against low-frequency deleterious mutations that do not reach fixation.
Isochores Exhibit Evidence of Genes Interacting With the Large-Scale Genomic Environment
Authors: Press William H , Robins Harlan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe genomes of mammals and birds can be partitioned into megabase-long regions, termed isochores, with consistently high, or low, average C + G content. Isochores with high CG contain a mixture of CG-rich and AT-rich genes, while high-AT isochores contain predominantly AT-rich genes. The two gene populations in the high-CG isochores are functionally distinguishable by statistical analysis of their gene ontology categories. However, the aggregate of the two populations in CG isochores is not statistically distinct from AT-rich genes in AT isochores. Genes tend to be located at local extrema of composition within the isochores, indicating that the CG-enriching mechanism acted differently when near to genes. On the other hand, maximum-likelihood reconstruction of molecular phylogenetic trees shows that branch lengths (evolutionary distances) for third codon positions in CG-rich genes are not substantially larger than those for AT-rich genes. In the context of neutral mutation theory this argues against any strong positive selection. Disparate features of isochores might be explained by a model in which about half of all genes functionally require AT richness, while, in warm-blooded organisms, about half the genome (in large coherent blocks) acquired a strong bias for mutations to CG. Using mutations in CG-rich genes as convenient indicators, we show that ≈20% of amino acids in proteins are broadly substitutable, without regard to chemical similarity.
Assignment of Rainbow Trout Linkage Groups to Specific Chromosomes
Authors: Phillips Ruth B , Nichols Krista M , DeKoning Jenefer J , Morasch Matthew R , Keatley Kimberly A , Rexroad Caird , Gahr Scott A , Danzmann Roy G , Drew Robert E , Thorgaard Gary H 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The rainbow trout genetic linkage groups have been assigned to specific chromosomes in the OSU (2N = 60) strain using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with BAC probes containing genes mapped to each linkage group. There was a rough correlation between chromosome size and size of the genetic linkage map in centimorgans for the genetic maps based on recombination from the female parent. Chromosome size and structure have a major impact on the female:male recombination ratio, which is much higher (up to 10:1 near the centromeres) on the larger metacentric chromosomes compared to smaller acrocentric chromosomes. Eighty percent of the BAC clones containing duplicate genes mapped to a single chromosomal location, suggesting that diploidization resulted in substantial divergence of intergenic regions. The BAC clones that hybridized to both duplicate loci were usually located in the distal portion of the chromosome. Duplicate genes were almost always found at a similar location on the chromosome arm of two different chromosome pairs, suggesting that most of the chromosome rearrangements following tetraploidization were centric fusions and did not involve homeologous chromosomes. The set of BACs compiled for this research will be especially useful in construction of genome maps and identification of QTL for important traits in other salmonid fishes.
Natural Isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Display Complex Genetic Variation in Sporulation Efficiency
Authors: Gerke Justin P , Chen Christina T L , Cohen Barak A 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Sporulation is a well-studied process executed with varying efficiency by diverse yeast strains. We developed a high-throughput method to quantify yeast sporulation efficiency and used this technique to analyze a line cross between a high-efficiency oak tree isolate and a low-efficiency wine strain. We find that natural variation in sporulation efficiency mirrors natural variation in higher eukaryotes: it shows divergence between isolated populations, arises from loci of major effect, and exhibits epistasis. We show that the lower sporulation efficiency of the wine strain results from a failure to initiate sporulation, rather than from slower kinetics of meiosis and spore formation. The two strains differentially regulate many genes involved in aerobic respiration, an essential pathway for sporulation, such that the oak tree strain appears better poised to generate energy from this pathway. We also report that a polymorphism in RME1 that affects sporulation efficiency in laboratory strains also cosegregates with significant phenotypic differences in our cross of natural isolates. These results lay the groundwork for the study of variation in sporulation efficiency among natural isolates of yeast.
Identifying the Environmental Factors That Determine the Genetic Structure of Populations
Authors: Foll Matthieu , Gaggiotti Oscar 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The study of population genetic structure is a fundamental problem in population biology because it helps us obtain a deeper understanding of the evolutionary process. One of the issues most assiduously studied in this context is the assessment of the relative importance of environmental factors (geographic distance, language, temperature, altitude, etc.) on the genetic structure of populations. The most widely used method to address this question is the multivariate Mantel test, a nonparametric method that calculates a correlation coefficient between a dependent matrix of pairwise population genetic distances and one or more independent matrices of environmental differences. Here we present a hierarchical Bayesian method that estimates FST values for each local population and relates them to environmental factors using a generalized linear model. The method is demonstrated by applying it to two data sets, a data set for a population of the argan tree and a human data set comprising 51 populations distributed worldwide. We also carry out a simulation study to investigate the performance of the method and find that it can correctly identify the factors that play a role in the structuring of genetic diversity under a wide range of scenarios.
A Polymorphism in the 5′-Untranslated Region of the Porcine Cholecystokinin Type A Receptor Gene Affects Feed Intake and Growth
Authors: Houston R D , Haley C S , Archibald A L , Cameron N D , Plastow G S , Rance K A 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The location and utilization of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes with significant effects on economically important traits are becoming increasingly important in livestock breeding programs. The porcine cholecystokinin type A receptor (CCKAR) is a candidate gene for performance traits, due to its known role in the physiological control of feed intake, satiety, and obesity. We investigated the association of CCKAR polymorphisms with feeding, growth, and efficiency traits in an F2 population derived from a cross between Meishan and Large White founder animals and in lines of Large White pigs that had been divergently selected on the basis of lean growth efficiency traits. In the F2 population, CCKAR genotype was significantly associated with daily feed intake and average daily gain. The effects of the polymorphisms were then assessed in a larger-scale analysis of segregating commercial lines. A newly discovered single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) had highly significant effects on feed intake, average daily gain, and days to 110 kg, which were not seen for a previously reported SNP within the CCKAR gene. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the novel SNP disrupts the binding of the YY1 transcription factor, which raises the possibility that it is the causal variant. The 5′-UTR SNP could be utilized as a molecular genetic test for increased feed intake, faster lean growth, and reduced days to market weight in segregating commercial lines.
Complex Genetic Architecture Revealed by Analysis of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Chromosome Substitution Strains and F2 Crosses
Authors: Stylianou Ioannis M , Tsaih Shirng-Wern , DiPetrillo Keith , Ishimori Naoki , Li Renhua , Paigen Beverly , Churchill Gary 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Intercrosses between inbred lines provide a traditional approach to analysis of polygenic inheritance in model organisms. Chromosome substitution strains (CSSs) have been developed as an alternative to accelerate the pace of gene identification in quantitative trait mapping. We compared a classical intercross and three CSS intercrosses to examine the genetic architecture underlying plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels in the C57BL/6J (B) and A/J (A) mouse strains. The B × A intercross revealed significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for HDL on chromosomes 1, 4, 8, 15, 17, 18, and 19. A CSS survey revealed that many have significantly different HDL levels compared to the background strain B, including chromosomes with no significant QTL in the intercross and, in some cases (CSS-1, CSS-17), effects that are opposite to those observed in the B × A intercross population. Intercrosses between B and three CSSs (CSS-3, CSS-11, and CSS-8) revealed significant QTL but with some unexpected differences from the B × A intercross. Our inability to predict the results of CSS intercrosses suggests that additional complexity will be revealed by further crosses and that the CSS mapping strategy should be viewed as a complement to, rather than a replacement for, classical intercross mapping.
Chromatin-Modifiying Enzymes Are Essential When the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Morphogenesis Checkpoint Is Constitutively Activated
Authors: Ruault Myriam , Pillus Lorraine 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Hsl7p plays a central role in the morphogenesis checkpoint triggered when yeast bud formation is impaired and is proposed to function as an arginine methyltransferase. HSL7 is also essential in the absence of the N-terminal tails of histones H3 or H4. The requirement for H3 and H4 tails may indicate a need for their post-translational modification to bypass the morphogenesis checkpoint. In support of this, the absence of the acetyltransferases Gcn5p or Esa1p, the deacetylase Rpd3p, or the lysine-methyltransferase Set1p resulted in death or extreme sickness in hslΔ mutants. These synthetic interactions involved both the activity of the chromatin-modifying enzymes and the complexes through which they act. Newly reported silencing phenotypes of hsl7Δ mirror those previously reported for gcn5Δ and rpd3Δ, thereby strengthening their functional links. In addition, synthetic interactions and silencing phenotypes were suppressed by inactivation of the morphogenesis checkpoint, either by SWE1 deletion or by preventing Cdc28p phosphorylation. A catalytically dead Hsl7p retained wild-type interactions, implying that modification of histone H3 or H4 N termini by Gcn5p, Esa1p, Rpd3p, and Set1p, but not by Hsl7p, was needed to bypass the morphogenesis checkpoint.
Unique Classes of Mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae G-Protein Translation Elongation Factor 1A Suppress the Requirement for Guanine Nucleotide Exchange
Authors: Ozturk Sedide B , Vishnu Melanie R , Olarewaju Olubunmi , Starita Lea M , Masison Daniel C , Kinzy Terri Goss 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
G-proteins play critical roles in many cellular processes and are regulated by accessory proteins that modulate the nucleotide-bound state. Such proteins, including eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A), are frequently reactivated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, only the catalytic subunit of the GEF complex, eEF1Bα, is essential for viability. The requirement for the TEF5 gene encoding eEF1Bα can be suppressed by the presence of excess substrate, eEF1A. These cells, however, have defects in growth and translation. Two independent unbiased screens performed to dissect the cause of these phenotypes yielded dominant suppressors that bypass the requirement for extra eEF1A. Surprisingly, all mutations are in the G-protein eEF1A and cluster in its GTP-binding domain. Five mutants were used to construct novel strains expressing only the eEF1A mutant at normal levels. These strains show no growth defects and little to no decreases in total translation, which raises questions as to the evolutionary expression of GEF complexity and other potential functions of this complex. The location of the mutations on the eEF1A-eEF1Bα structure suggests that their mechanism of suppression may depend on effects on the conserved G-protein elements: the P-loop and NKXD nucleotide-binding element.
Precise Centromere Mapping Using a Combination of Repeat Junction Markers and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation–Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Luce Amy C , Sharma Anupma , Mollere Oliver S B , Wolfgruber Thomas K , Nagaki Kiyotaka , Jiang Jiming , Presting Gernot G , Dawe R Kelly 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Centromeres are difficult to map even in species where genetic resolution is excellent. Here we show that junctions between repeats provide reliable single-copy markers for recombinant inbred mapping within centromeres and pericentromeric heterochromatin. Repeat junction mapping was combined with anti-CENH3-mediated ChIP to provide a definitive map position for maize centromere 8.
A Chip off the Old Block: A Model for the Evolution of Genomic Imprinting via Selection for Parental Similarity
Authors: Spencer Hamish G , Clark Andrew G 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
A consequence of genomic imprinting is that offspring are more similar to one parent than to the other, depending on which parent's genes are inactivated in those offspring. We hypothesize that genomic imprinting may have evolved at some loci because of selection to be similar to the parent of one sex or the other. We construct and analyze an evolutionary-genetic model of a two-locus two-deme system, in which one locus codes for a character under local selection and the second locus is a potential cis-acting modifier of imprinting. A proportion of males only migrate between demes every generation, and prebreeding males are less fit, on average, than females. We examine the conditions in which an imprinting modifier allele can invade a population fixed for a nonimprinting modifier allele and vice versa. We find that the conditions under which the imprinting modifier invades are biologically restrictive (high migration rates and high values of recombination between the two loci) and thus this hypothesis is unlikely to explain the evolution of imprinting. Our modeling also shows that, as with several other hypotheses, polymorphism of imprinting status may evolve under certain circumstances, a feature not predicted by verbal accounts.
Misregulation of Sex-Lethal and Disruption of Male-Specific Lethal Complex Localization in Drosophila Species Hybrids
Authors: Pal Bhadra Manika , Bhadra Utpal , Birchler James A 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
A major model system for the study of evolutionary divergence between closely related species has been the unisexual lethality resulting from reciprocal crosses of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. Sex-lethal (Sxl), a critical gene for sex determination, is misregulated in these hybrids. In hybrid males from D. melanogaster mothers, there is an abnormal expression of Sxl and a failure of localization of the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex to the X chromosome, which causes changes in gene expression. Introduction of a Sxl mutation into this hybrid genotype will allow expression of the MSL complex but there is no sequestration to the X chromosome. Lethal hybrid rescue (Lhr), which allows hybrid males from this cross to survive, corrects the SXL and MSL defects. The reciprocal cross of D. simulans mothers by D. melanogaster males exhibits underexpression of Sxl in embryos.