bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated p21 expression is associated with poor prognosis of rectal stromal tumors after resection
Authors: Hu Tsung‐Hui , Tai Ming‐Hong , Chuah Seng‐Kee , Chen Hong‐Hwa , Lin Jui‐Wei , Huang Hsuan‐Ying , Chou Yeh‐Pin , Yi Li‐Na , Kuo Chung‐Mou , Changchien Chi‐Sin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe pathogenic role of alteration of cell‐cycle proteins in rectal stromal tumors (GISTs) remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the prognostic role of p21 to compare with p53, PCNA, and Ki‐67 in rectal GISTs.MethodsForty‐nine surgically resected CD117 (+) rectal GISTs were enrolled from 1986 to 2006. Immunohistochemical studies were performed with antibodies of p21, p53, PCNA, and Ki‐67.ResultsThe labeling index (LI) of immunoreactivities range from 0% to 65% for p53, 0% to 60% for p21, 0% to 67% for Ki‐67, and 30% to 93% for PCNA. LI of four markers were positively correlated (P < 0.05). LI of four markers were also positively correlated with tumor mitosis and tumor size (P < 0.05). Tumors with high p53, p21, or Ki‐67 LI were associated with increased NIH risk, non‐spindle cell type, and high cell pleomorphism (P < 0.05). Survival analyses demonstrated that large tumor size (P = 0.012), high tumor mitosis (P < 0.001), increased NIH risk (P = 0.003), high cell pleomorphism (P = 0.004), high p53 LI (P = 0.005), high p21 LI (P = 0.009), high PCNA LI (P = 0.001), and high Ki‐67 LI (P = 0.042) were poor prognostic factors for disease‐specific survival.ConclusionsElevated p21 expression is associated with poor prognosis of rectal stromal tumors after resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;98:117–123. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of fluctuation and modification on microstructure and impact toughness of 20 wt.% Cr hypereutectic white cast iron. Einfluss durch Partikelzugaben und Modifikationen auf die Mikrostruktur und die Kerbschlagzähigkeit von übereutektischem weißen Gusseisen mit 20 Gew.‐% Cr
Authors: Zhi X. , Xing J. , Fu H. , Gao Y. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn the present study, Fe‐Cr‐C hypereutectic high chromium white cast iron were prepared from industry‐grade materials and subjected to the treatment of modification using Fe‐Si‐RE alloy, aluminum and a self‐made intermediate alloy, fluctuation (ferroalloy powder), and the combination of the fluctuation and the modification respectively. The structures of the treated alloy were investigated by means of the optical microscopy (OM). The impact toughness of the specimens was also examined. The fractographs of the samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that, with the addition of fluctuation or modifying agents, the primary carbides were refined and the impact toughness of the alloys was improved, especially with the combination of them.
Effect of the load location along the involute curve of spur gears on the applied stress at the fillet radius
Authors: Khoshnaw F. M. , Ahmed N. M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this study, attempts are carried out to determine the amount of stress at the fillet radius region of spur gears when the applied load location changes, along the involute curve, from the top surface to the bottom. For this purpose the photoelastic method and numerical MSC/NASTRAN software are used. The gears with pressure angle (ϕ) 20o, and 25o were prepared from photoelastic material type PLM‐4B in this study. Practical calibration is used to determine the fringe order value of this material. Four different modules (m); 6, 10, 14, and 20 mm were prepared for two different numbers of teeth (N); 18 and 26, with different face widths (B1, B2, B3); 10, 17, 25.4 mm respectively. Four load values were applied on each tooth at five to six different load locations along the involutes curve profile. In order to accomplish the comparison between the results for different methods, the same sample dimensions and parameters were prepared again for the MSC/NASTRAN software.The results showed that the maximum applied stress at the fillet radius occur when the applied load location is on the top land of a tooth, and then that amount is decreased when the applied load positions change toward the bottom land. The results of the NASTRAN method showed that the applied stress at the fillet radius would be minimum when the loading point locates between the pitch circle and dedendum circle, in particular around 1.5 times module (1.5 m) of the total tooth height which equals 2.25 module, and then the applied stresses are increased again. However, in the photoelastic method the applied stresses were decreased continuously to the bottom land. The reasons behind such results can be attributed to the type of failure theories that can be used in NASTRAN software for characterization the applied stresses, i.e. considering types of applied stresses into account, such as bending, direct compressive, and shear stresses. Moreover, in order to compare the applied stress values at fillet regions, obtained by theoretical and practical approaches, four different standard mathematical equations are used for stress calculation at fillet radius of spur gears to show the difference of the parameters and variables that can affect the applied stress results.
Über die Verwendung und Bedeutung von Kerbformzahlen bei der Auslegung von Faser‐Kunststoff‐Verbunden
Authors: Kremer T. , Schürmann H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBei der Auslegung von Bauteilen ist die Verwendung von Formzahlen, zur Beurteilung von Spannungsüberhöhungen an Ausschnitten und Kerben, ein gebräuchliches Verfahren. Auch bei geschichteten Verbundwerkstoffen kommen Formfaktoren zum Einsatz, die – neben der Form – auch von den Elastizitätseigenschaften des Verbundwerkstoffs abhängen. Die Verwendung solcher Formzahlen führt jedoch in vielen Fällen zu einer Fehlinterpretation der Spannungen am Ausschnitt. Anhand von Beispielen werden die Unzulänglichkeiten dieser Formzahlen belegt und das Entstehen einer missverständlichen Interpretation verdeutlicht. Zur Behebung dieser Mängel wird eine neue lokale, schichtenweise Formzahl eingeführt. Die Definition der neuen lokalen, schichtenweisen Formzahl behebt die vorhandenen Mängel konventioneller Formzahlen. Anhand eines Beispiels wird die Bestimmung der neuen Formzahl erläutert. Gleichzeitig werden Kriterien entwickelt, mit deren Hilfe beurteilt werden kann, in welchen Fällen globale Formzahlen zur aussagekräftigen Beschreibung eines Ausschnitts in einem geschichteten Verbundwerkstoff verwendet werden können.
A general model for stress‐life fatigue prediction
Authors: Al‐Rubaie K. S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractFrom several factors that influence the fatigue behaviour of a particular material, the stress ratio or mean stress and the stress concentration factor are of great importance for the structural calculation. Since most components and structural members contain notches that could be sites of fatigue crack initiation, fatigue data from specimens with different forms of notches have to be collected. The collection of such data at various stress ratios or mean stresses is not economic and time‐consuming. Based on the Walker equivalent stress model, a general fatigue life model is presented and tested with 2024‐T3 fatigue data, available in the literature. The Walker model considered only the effect of stress ratio or mean stress on the fatigue behaviour. On the other hand, in the proposed model, the combined effect of mean stress and stress concentration factor on fatigue behaviour is demonstrated. The statistical analysis indicates that the presented model is very efficient to interpolate the fatigue life successfully, thereby reducing both time and cost.
Lamellar precipitation in Cu‐4,5 at. % In alloy
Authors: Bensaada S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to study the lamellar precipitate morphology in the Cu‐4, 5 at. % In alloy by optical, scanning electron and transmission microscopy. It was observed that the lamellar precipitates develop starting from a grain boundary by a discontinuous reaction during an ageing at 673 K, and different lamellar orientations in the same cell were observed. The discontinuous reaction can also develop in the interphase boundaries. In the same way, the reaction front form of the precipitate during ageing was analyzed in this work.
Mechanism of 2‐methoxyestradiol‐induced apoptosis and growth arrest in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Fukui Masayuki , Zhu Bao Ting 
Published: June 2008

Abstract2‐Methoxyestradiol, a well‐known nonpolar endogenous metabolite of 17β‐estradiol, has been shown to selectively induce apoptosis in a number of cancer cell lines, but not in normal cells. The mechanism of 2‐methoxyestradiol‐induced apoptosis appears to vary considerably in different cell lines examined. In the present study, we systematically analyzed the mechanisms of 2‐methoxyestradiol‐induced apoptosis in the estrogen receptor‐negative MDA‐MB‐435s human breast cancer cells. We found that 2‐methoxyestradiol induced the activation of JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPKs. 2‐methoxyestradiol‐induced JNK activation was associated with the induction of apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathways as a result of increased phosphorylation (inactivation) of the anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL proteins. In comparison, 2‐methoxyestradiol‐induced activation of ERK and p38 in these cells was found to have a protective effect against 2‐MeO‐E2‐induced apoptosis. Consistent with this observation, the presence of pharmacological inhibitor of ERK or p38 enhanced 2‐methoxyestradiol‐induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, inhibition of ERK and p38 activity was associated with activation of various caspases and PARP cleavage, and it also stabilized the pro‐apoptotic proteins Bax and Bim, thereby preventing them from degradation during 2‐methoxyestradiol treatment. These results suggest that ERK and p38 MAPKs may serve as viable targets for the sensitization of human breast cancer cells to 2‐methoxyestradiol‐induced apoptosis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An assessment of the domain reduction method as an advanced boundary condition and some pitfalls in the use of conventional absorbing boundaries
Authors: Kontoe Stavroula , Zdravkovic Lidija , Potts David M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper assesses the performance of two commonly used absorbing boundaries in dynamic finite element analysis of geotechnical problems in conjunction with the domain reduction method (DRM). The DRM was originally developed by Bielak et al. (Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 2003; 93(2):817–824) to reduce the computational cost of seismological applications, whereas Yoshimura et al. (Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 2003; 93(2):825–840) showed that it can be effectively used as a boundary condition. In this study a practical methodology is proposed, which employs the cone boundary of Kellezi (Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. 2000; 19:533–547) on the outer boundary of the reduced (step II) model of the DRM. To verify the applicability of the proposed methodology, the results using both the cone boundary and the standard viscous boundary are compared with those using an extended mesh. Finally, results using the DRM as a boundary condition are compared with those using conventional boundary conditions. Some common pitfalls in the use of absorbing boundaries are highlighted and guidance for their correct use in engineering practice is given. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advancing nonprofit organizational effectiveness research and theory: Nine theses
Authors: Herman Robert D. , Renz David O. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDrawing on the general literature on organizational effectiveness, the specialized literature on nonprofit organizational effectiveness, and recent research in the field, this article advances nine theses, or conclusions, about the effectiveness of public benefit charitable, nonprofit organizations (NPOs). NPO effectiveness is (1) always comparative, (2) multidimensional, (3) related to board effectiveness (but how is not clear), (4) related to the use of correct management practices but not in any simple “best practices” way, and (5) a social construction. Furthermore, (6) it is unlikely that there are any universally applicable best practices that can be prescribed for all NPO boards and management, (7) organizational responsiveness is a useful organizational‐level effectiveness measure, (8) distinguishing among types of NPOs is important and useful, and (9) level of analysis makes a difference in researching and understanding effectiveness. The article concludes by considering implications for organizational practice, boards and governance practices, program evaluation, including program outcomes assessment, and capacity building and capacity builders.
Evaluating philanthropic foundations according to their social values
Authors: Whitman John R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPhilanthropic foundations are seen as enterprises committed to building what they view as a better world. Their visions of a better world are described in terms of social values that represent preferred end states for society or means of achieving such states. This article describes a procedure in which a foundation's espoused social values, made explicit, may serve as a referent to evaluate the foundation's performance. The process by which social values are determined is offered as a means to promote critical and reflective discourse not only within the foundation but with the public, especially those affected by the foundation's work.
Determinants of compensation: A study of pay, performance, and gender differences for fundraising professionals
Authors: Mesch Debra J. , Rooney Patrick M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis study examines the determinants of compensation for fundraising professionals by addressing the following research questions: (1) Is there a significant pay‐performance relationship? (2) What are the factors that affect bonus and salary? (3) Is there a gender‐pay gap for individuals who are in the role of fundraisers? Data were collected over a four‐year period from a national sample of fundraising professionals employed across all industry classifications. Amount of money raised was the primary performance variable of interest. Bivariate tests for differences between males and females, as well as two‐stage simultaneous regressions, were used to determine the effects of fundraising performance on the pay of fundraisers. Results indicated a significant and positive pay‐performance linkage across all fundraising positions, particularly for chief development officers, as well as a consistent gender‐pay gap across fundraising positions.
Employee creativity in U.S. and Lithuanian nonprofit organizations
Authors: Jaskyte Kristina 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article reports findings from a study designed to test a model of creativity in the United States and Lithuania. Five independent variables were derived from the creativity literature: perceived leadership behaviors, organizational norms for creativity, group climate, job characteristics, and motivational orientation. They were used to predict creativity in a sample of 201 employees of nonprofit organizations. The results differed for the two countries. Interestingly, while in the United States organizational norms for creativity, extrinsic motivation, and hierarchical level were related to employee creativity, in Lithuania intrinsic motivation and education constituted major predictors of creativity. Based on the study results, I suggest practical implications for nonprofit managers on how to capitalize on their employees' creativity.
Comparison of solubility of gases and vapours in wet and dry alcohols, especially octan‐1‐ol
Authors: Abraham Michael H. , Acree William E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractEquations for the solubility of gases and vapours into dry alcohols from methanol to decan‐1‐ol and into water‐saturated alcohols from butan‐1‐ol to decan‐1‐ol have been compared through the use of the Abraham solvation equation. It is shown that there are noticeable differences in solvation into the dry and wet alcohols, and that these differences become larger as the alcohols become smaller and take up more water. The two main factors that lead to the differences in solvation are the solute hydrogen‐bond basicity, B, and solute size, L. Increase in solute hydrogen‐bond basicity favours the wet alcohols and increase in solute size favours the dry alcohols. Solute hydrogen‐bond acidity plays no part, because the hydrogen‐bond basicity of water, wet alcohols and dry alcohols is almost the same. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A statistical‐mechanical analysis of group additivity. Calculation of thermochemical values from frequency distributions
Authors: Bojesen Gustav 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMolecular vibrational frequencies of homologous series plotted as cumulative frequency distributions are very similar, and the fine structure of the distributions exhibit identical features. An obvious explanation is that the changes in the molecular frequency distributions (MFDs) from one homologue to the next is independent of the chain length and of the functional groups in the molecule. Since group additivity is valid for the chosen homologous series there is here an explanation for the linearity of thermochemical values expressed by group additivity. For these properties the following hypothesis is proposed: group additivity is observed when the MFD is a sum of group frequency distributions (GFDs). This leads to additivity for the zero‐point vibrational energy which is confirmed by analysis of the frequencies of 126 organic molecules from 11 homologous series. The frequency distribution for a methylene group is estimated from that of octadecane. From this GFD combined with 11 different MFD it is possible to calculate model frequencies for the homologous series which are in good agreement with frequencies fromab initiocalculations. For three thermochemical parameters (the logarithm of the vibrational partition function, the vibrational excitation energy and the vibrational heat capacity), the combination of the estimated methylene GFD with 11 different MFDs lead to group additivity values for a methylene group which are identical over a wide temperature range. The derivation of Benson additivity for thermochemical functions from frequency distributions is at step towards a better understanding of Benson additivity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ru(III), Os(VIII), Pd(II) and Pt(IV) catalysed oxidation of glycyl–glycine by sodium N‐chloro‐p‐toluenesulfonamide: comparative mechanistic aspects and kinetic modelling
Authors: Jagadeesh R. V. , Puttaswamya  
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe Ru(III)/Os(VIII)/Pd(II)/Pt(IV)‐catalysed kinetics of oxidation of glycyl–glycine (Gly‐Gly) by sodium N‐chloro‐p‐ toluenesulfonamide (chloramine‐T; CAT) in NaOH medium has been investigated at 308 K. The stoichiometry and oxidation products in each case were found to be the same but their kinetic patterns observed are different. Under comparable experimental conditions, the oxidation‐kinetics and mechanistic behaviour of Gly‐Gly with CAT in NaOH medium is different for each catalyst and obeys the underlying rate laws:

Rate = k [CAT]t [Gly‐Gly]0 [Ru(III)][OH−]x

Rate = k [CAT]t[Gly‐Gly]x [Os(VIII)]y[OH−]z

Rate = k [CAT]t[Gly‐Gly]x [Pd(II)][OH−]y

Rate = k [CAT]t[Gly‐Gly]0 [Pt(IV)]x[OH−]y

Here, ${\rm Ts} = {\rm CH}_3 {\rm C}_6 {\rm H}_4 {\rm SO}_{2^ -}$ and x, y, z < 1 in all the cases. The anion of CAT, CH3C6H4SO2NCl−, has been postulated as the common reactive oxidising species in all the cases. Under comparable experimental conditions, the relative ability of these catalysts towards oxidation of Gly‐Gly by CAT are in the order: Os(VIII) > Ru(III) > Pt(IV) > Pd(II). This trend may be attributed to the different d‐electronic configuration of the catalysts. Further, the rates of oxidation of all the four catalysed reactions have been compared with uncatalysed reactions, under identical experimental conditions. It was found that the catalysed reaction rates are 7‐ to 24‐fold faster. Based on the observed experimental results, detailed mechanistic interpretation and the related kinetic modelling have been worked out for each catalyst. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does the five‐member hydrogen bond ring in quinoline carboxamides exist?
Authors: Majerz Irena , Dziembowska Teresa 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe presence of intramolecular NHN hydrogen bond in 4‐R‐quinoline‐2‐(N‐R′‐carboxamides) was investigated by AIM methodology. Values of electron density, elipticity, and total energy density at the bond critical point of H···N in amides were compared with respective values of H···O in their N‐oxides. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of base‐catalyzed cyclization of 2,6‐dinitrophenylsulfanyl ethanenitrile and 2,4,6‐trinitrophenylsulfanyl ethanenitrile
Authors: Černý Jiří , Hanusek Jiří , Macháček Vladimír 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe kinetics of base catalyzed cyclization of 2,6‐dinitrophenylsulfanyl ethanenitrile and 2,4,6‐trinitrophenylsulfanyl ethanenitrile giving 2‐cyano‐7‐nitrobenzo[d]thiazole‐3‐oxide and 2‐cyano‐5,7‐dinitrobenzo[d]thiazole‐3‐oxide respectively was studied in methanolic methoxyacetate, acetate, trichlorophenoxide, N‐methylmorpholine, and N‐methylpiperidine buffers at 25 °C and I = 0.1 mol L−1. It was found that reaction involves both general acid and general base catalyses whose manifestation depends on the pKa of the acid‐buffer component and the ratio of both buffer components. In weakly basic buffers the rate‐limiting step is CH bond breaking in the cyclic intermediate, while in strongly basic buffers the rate‐limiting step is the general acid‐catalyzed elimination of hydroxyl group from the intermediate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones with N‐bromosuccinimide in polyethylene glycol: an experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Fan Ji‐Cai , Shang Zhi‐Cai , Liang Jun , Liu Xiu‐Hong , Liu Yang 
Published: June 2008

AbstractOxidation of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols has been studied by using N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) as oxidant and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as reaction medium under mild reaction conditions. Temperature and solvent effect are studied. Theoretical study is also done with the Gaussian 98 suite of program and the calculation results are in good accordance with the experimental outcome. This system offers a very clean, convenient, environmentally benign method for the oxidation of alcohols. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermochemistry of Species Potentially Formed During NTO/MMH Hypergolic Ignition
Authors: Osmont Antoine , Catoire Laurent , Klapötke Thomas M. , Vaghjiani Ghanshyam L. , Swihart Mark T. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with the gas‐phase thermodynamic properties of endothermic compounds potentially formed during monomethylhydrazine (MMH)/nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) hypergolic reactivity. The standard enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K are determined by means of quantum chemistry calculations along with protocols developed for these compounds. The resultant data, currently previously unavailable for almost all of these compounds, are potentially critical to the modeling of combustion chemistry of this bipropellant combination.