bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite—element formulation for nonlinear dielectric slab waveguides
Authors: Hayata Kazuya , Nagai Michio , Koshiba Masanori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a new general‐purpose numerical method based on the finite‐element method for both TE and TM polarizations, by which the guided mode behaviors in a dielectric slab waveguide with an arbitrary nonlinear material and an arbitrary refractive index profile can be analyzed systematically. The matrix equation derived in this paper is a nonlinear matrix eigenvalue problem with the effective relative permittivity as an eigenvalue and the principal electromagnetic field as an eigenvector. The equation can be solved in a self‐consistent way by an iterative calculation with the linear solution as an initial value. In the present formulation, the biaxial anisotropy of the nonlinear permittivity tensor for the TM wave is taken into account rigorously. A uniaxial approximation which has often been used is not employed at all. From these features, the present method is considered to be a powerful analysis method for a practical nonlinear dielectric slab waveguide. Further, it can be used for investigation of the validity of various approximate methods. The present method is applied to the nonlinear TE and TM wave propagation in a symmetric three‐layered slab waveguide with a nonlinear core layer and the effectiveness of the method is confirmed.
Development of Mo metallization process of AIN ceramic surfaces
Authors: Takahashi Masaaki , Yamada Kazuji , Oukouchi Takahiko , Kanai Kiyoshi , Kurihara Koichiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo utilize the highly thermally conductive aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramic as an insulating substrate for power semiconductor devices, molybdenum (Mo) metallization on the AlN ceramic was investigated. To metallize the AIN ceramic surface with Mo, the Mo paste and sintering methods, which are used to metallize the alumina surface, cannot be used because of the high purity of the AlN ceramic. Therefore, 10 to 15 wt% of glassified MnO‐SiO2 (64 : 36 wt%) was added to the Mo paste as a sintering agent. To carry out sintering, the metallized AlN ceramic was heated at temperatures up to 900°C under forming gas (H2 : N2) containing H2O vapor, and then heated at 1280 ∼ 1300°C under dry forming gas. The AlN ceramic metallized with Mo by the foregoing procedure had a heat resistance as low as 0.8 ∼ 1.3°C/W when the ceramic was inserted between a transistor and a Cu base. No change was observed in the heat resistance of metallized ceramic after 1000 thermal cycles.
A measurement method for visualization of static electricity distribution
Authors: Fujiwara Osamu , Azakami Takashi , Kondoh Takeshi , Katoh Kazuo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe number of damaging incidents due to electrostatic discharges (ESD) on digital electronic equipment has been increasing with the increased use of integrated semiconductor elements with lower operation power. We proposed the idea that by visualizing the static electricity which caused ESD for realtime recognition and tracking, preventive measures could be applied before ESD occur. This paper proposes a measuring principle in which the electric potentials induced on an array of small square electrodes placed in parallel in the vicinity of a charged body are proportional to the amount of the charge of the body. A prototype based on this principle was built and attempts were made at visualization and tracking for the static electricity distribution of a charged body. As a result, we confirmed that we could visualize charge distributions of a charged body directly below the electrode array using the electric potential data from a finite number of measuring electrodes. Furthermore, we could observe a two‐dimensional charge distribution of a charged body using an acrylic sheet.
High‐density wiring technology in multiwire boards
Authors: Fukutomi Naoki , Iwasaki Yorio , Kojima Fujio , Kamiyama Hiroharu , Asai Masahide , Kawada Nobuo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the recent requirement for high‐density packaging technology and discusses the high‐density wiring technique for the Multiwire board. A proposal is made for the wiring rule as well as the fundamental manufacturing processes, which can realize twice higher wiring density compared with the traditional method. The Multiwire wiring employing the insulated wires as conductor can realize the wire crossings on the same plane. However, the technique has the following problem. When thin wire is used and the wiring pitch is reduced to realize a high‐density wiring, the strength of the wire is reduced, its adhesion to the board is degraded, and an interference with the adjacent wire due to stylus is produced. Then there are dangers of producing such defects as wire breakage, floating wire, position shift and flaws in a wire insulator. Those phenomena place a limit on the high‐density implementation by reduciong of the wiring pitch. From such a viewpoint, the diagonal wiring is newly utilized positively, leading to the wire breakage prevention at three or four wire crossovers which has a high breakage probability. Based on the estimation of the number of terminals and the terminal pitch of the LSI package in the future, the required wiring density is calculated. The industrially practical accuracy is assigned to the manufacturing processes, and considering those situations, the high‐density wiring rules are discussed. As a result, the following wiring rules are derived. The through‐holes are located by a 2.54‐mm grid and at the center, and eight passings (five orthogonal plus three diagonal) in a 2.54‐mm grid can be made as the highest wiring density. In addition, some intermediate wiring rules for five, six and seven passings are also presented. An example is shown in which the new wiring rule is applied to the product based on those investigations.
High‐efficiency high‐repetition rate KrF excimer laser
Authors: Hotta Kazuaki , Arai Motohiro , Ito Sinji 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDischarge‐excited KrF excimer lasers with wavelength of 248 nm are expected to be useful as a light source for microlithography of 64‐Mbit DRAM. This paper reports on a high‐repetition‐rate UV preionized discharge‐excited KrF excimer laser with a new capacitor‐transfer‐circuit configuration in which peaking capacitors are buried in the wall of the laser vessel. This KrF laser delivers a high efficiency of 4 percent, a high average power of 150 W at 600 Hz, and a high‐repetition rate of 700 Hz. The gas lifetime has been confirmed to exceed 3 × 106 shots without a gas purifier.This paper also discusses oscillation efficiency, high‐repetition rate operations and the gas lifetime for KrF excimer lasers with an ultraviolet (UV) automatic preionization and a capacitor‐transfer circuit. It has been confirmed that long gas lifetime and high‐repetition rate have been achieved due to the high oscillation efficiency.
Analysis of noise properties of dc‐SQUIDs
Authors: Matsuda Mizushi , Kuriki Shinya , Matachi Atsushi , Hasegawa Hideki , Hamasaki Katsuyoshi , Yamashita Tsutomu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe characteristics of low‐frequency noise in a dc‐SQUID are discussed from both the simulation analysis by numerical calculations and the measured results. The acbias method conceived based on the simulation results is used for evaluation of the low‐frequency noise in a SQUID after it is separated into: (1) the component due to asymmetric fluctuation of the two junction parameters; and (2) the variation of the magnetic flux linking with the SQUID ring. It is found that for the former, the magnitude is strongly dependent on the inductance value and the value is rather large even in the SQUID with Josephson elements of the type other than the tunnel junctions. With respect to the latter, the magnitude is on the same order as the parameter fluctuation noise and is caused mainly by the trapped magnetic flux.
Design method for polarization‐maintaining optical fibers with zero total dispersion at two wavelengths
Authors: Furukawa Shinichi , Ogura Kazuhito , Hinata Takashi , Hosono Toshio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe design method for the polarization‐maintaining optical fiber with two hollow circular pits across the core‐clad interface was investigated under the following two conditions: (1) the total dispersion for one of nondegenerated HE11 modes is zero simultaneously at the two wavelengths of 1.30 μm and 1.55 μm (the zero dispersion condition); and (2) the modal birefringence (=B) is maximum. The polarization‐maintaining optical fibers with hollow circular pits across the coreclad interface are the structure which can maximize the modal birefringence in angularly nonuniform refractive index profiles in the case where no dispersion is considered. To satisfy the conditions for (1) and (2), the relative index difference of the core and the clad Δ1, the normalized minimum distance between the core center and the pit periphery D [Δ(R0‐a3)/a1; R0; the distance between the core center and the pit center, a1: the core radius, a3: the pit radius], and the normalized pit radius (= a3/a1) are used as parameters. The principal results obtained in this paper are as follows. (1) If D is decreased, B also reduces since a3/a1 must also be decreased for the zero dispersion condition. (2) B can be maximized if two hollow pits are in contact with the core periphery (D = 1.0). (3) When Δ1 is 0.5 to 1.5 percent, the attained maximum value of B is 0.75 × 10−4 to 2.23 × 10−4.
Fabrication of high‐gain dc‐squid magnetometer with nbn nanobridges
Authors: Irie Akinobu , Hamasaki Katsuyoshi , Yamashita Tsutomu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA high‐gain dc‐SQUID using NbN nanobridges has been fabricated for biomedical magnetic measurements, and its device parameters and intrinsic energy sensitivity have been evaluated. Since the fabricated device uses NbN nanobridges for Josephson junctions, it has a smaller capacitance than that of conventional tunneling‐type devices.The NbN nanobridges have large normal conductivities of around 10 Ω, resulting in a high gain. Since the reduction of loop inductance and device capacitance is necessary for energy‐sensitivity improvement, the slit uses an edge‐junction to reduce parasitic inductances and capacitances which are problems in a washer‐type dc‐SQUID with a split.As a result, it has been confirmed that the device capacitance is due to the bridge portion itself and that the parasitic inductance of the slit portion is reduced by using edge junctions. Thus, the improvement on the energy sensitivity can be expected and the NbN nanobridge dc‐SQUID is promising for biomedical magnetic measurement applications.
Variable spatial difference by using of delay wave characteristics in spatial network method
Authors: Kimura Hideaki , Yoshida Norinobu , Fukai Ichiro , Shibata Tsugumichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecently, computer aided design (CAD) for microwave or millimeter‐wave devices has become very important. In particular, the necessity of simulation of a system based on numerical analysis has increased. Analysis on the time domain is available for estimating pulse propagation characteristics on high‐speed devices.For this purpose, this paper proposes the spatial network method using full electromagnetic components and presents its characteristics.However, the time‐step in iterative computation is the same in the whole system and it demands the same space difference length corresponding to the same wave propagation time.The forementioned limitation becomes an obstacle for an efficient analysis of a large model with high accuracy, since many discretized points increase memory and computing time.Finally, a variable difference method of space in the spatial network method is described by using delay characteristics of lumped circuit elements at each node.
Uhf band high‐power mosfet
Authors: Katsueda Mineo , Okabe Takeaki , Takei Ichiro , Fujita Yuzuru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDevelopment of a high‐frequency, high‐power transistor is expected for communication and broadcast usages. In recognition of superior high‐frequency performance and thermal stability of the lateral power MOSFET, the authors have attempted to improve power and frequency characteristics. By means of the self‐align method using high melting point, 1.5‐μm metal gate, a high‐frequency characteristic of a cutoff frequency of 4 GHz was attained.Since the high output power depends on high breakdown voltage and low on‐resistance, the trade‐off between the breakdown voltage of 100 V and the on‐resistance was carried out using two‐dimensional analysis. Based on the findings, a chip was fabricated which has a saturation output power of 50 W and a drain efficiency of 50 percent at 860 MHz.Further, the output was increased by the parallel operation of multichips containing an internal matching circuit. With three chips, an output power of 100 W, a power gain of 12 dB, and a drain efficiency of 45 percent were attained. With a four‐chip push/pull configuration, an output power of 150 W, a power gain of 12 dB and a drain efficiency of 47 percent were attained.
An analysis method in EISCAP when the coefficient matrices of the state equations are singular by switches
Authors: Oota Ichirou , Ueno Fumio , Inoue Takahiro , Eam Tan Sin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the analysis of switched circuits, the same number of different state equations must be solved as the number of states of the circuit depending on the on‐off of the switches. As a result of this property, the analysis of the switched circuits is made complex and requires a long time.The authors have developed a numerical analysis program called EISCAP for the switched circuits. In this program for CAD, the particular solution of the state equation is derived using the inverse of the coefficient matrix. It may happen, however, that capacitors are connected in series or inductors are connected in parallel by the switching operation. Then the coefficient matrix of the state equation becomes singular, and the particular solution cannot be derived using the inverse matrix.This paper proposes an analysis procedure for the case where the coefficient matrix of the state equation is singular. The proposed procedure has the following features: (1) the traditional EISCAP program can directly be used by a simple matrix manipulation; (2) the analysis can be executed when the data of the circuit containing series capacitors or parallel inductors are directly inputted, which has been impossible in other circuit analysis programs; and (3) the result of simulation agrees well with the result of measurement.
Response to Manz and Manz's article on self‐directed learning (hrdq 2:1): An instructional design perspective
Authors: Spitzer Dean R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHooray for Manz and Manz (1991) who have presented many stimulating thoughts concerning self‐directed learning (SDL), an area of educational research and development that is vital to the future of this nation. Hooray for Campbell (1991) who, in his response to the Manz and Manz article, did an admirable job of arguing for the immediate application of SDL to business organizations. Some degree of SDL is essential for meeting the training needs of any business organization. In most such organizations (including my own), there is a mind‐boggling array of training needs, all crying out for attention. It is simply impossible to address all these needs through externally directed (formal) courses.
The effectiveness of employee assistance program supervisor training: An experimental study
Authors: Schneider Robert J. , Colan Neil B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study employed an experimental design to assess the effectiveness of supervisor training conducted by a large corporate employee assistance program (EAP). A total of 291 supervisors were randomly assigned to one of three study groups, and data were collected immediately following the training sessions. Supervisor training conducted by both in‐house and contracted EAP trainers was found to be effective. In addition, these data demonstrate that supervisor training is best viewed as a process and not as a single event. Additional training had a significant impact on supervisors' knowledge of the EAP even after controlling for previous training and previous experience with the EAP.
Management styles, mediating variables, and stress among HRD professionals
Authors: Lind Susan L. , Otte Fred L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis exploratory study examined the relationship between management styles, selected potential mediating variables, and employee stress levels. Members of a human resource professional organization who worked in business and industry were randomly selected and asked to complete five survey instruments. Variables included stress level, certain personality and demographic characteristics, and the perceived management style of their managers. Significant differences in employee stress levels were found between the management styles. Different combinations of the mediating variables predicted stress in each of the management styles. In addition, when management style was included as a predictor variable, it was the biggest predictor of stress. The relationship between management style and employee stress level has implications for today's HRD practitioners.
Policy‐making under extreme uncertainty: Developing country responses to global warming
Authors: Killick Tony 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper explores how national rural development policies within low‐income countries should respond to global warming, given the very large uncertainties surrounding its extent and effects. The wide range of opinions concerning the facts of global warming is described and the discussion of policy responses is organized around general principles for the design of policy in the face of chronic uncertainty. However, the question is posed whether political systems are likely to be able to play the type of role envisaged; and the limitations of what national policies towards global warming can achieve are stressed.
Programming development assistance
Authors: Galli Rosemary E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis essay discusses the politics of programming development assistance. The first section presents a macro‐view of the development ‘system’ as a background to the first case study, the country programming exercise in Colombia. The second very different case is of the attempt to reorganize the debt of Guinea‐Bissau through a structural adjustment programme. The case studies reveal the two programming experiences to be political rather than simply technical exercises. They show the effort to find a disinterested coordinator to be futile. The conclusion argues that coordination should be the major responsibility of host country nationals who draw their primary inspiration from the so‐called beneficiaries of development assistance.
Labour markets, poverty and adjustment
Authors: Addison Tony , Demery Lionel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe labour market is one of the most important channels through which adjustment programmes affect the poor. Adjustment's poverty impact will differ between competitive and imperfect labour markets. Two effects on poverty are highlighted: changes in real wages arising from changes in labour demand and prices, and the reallocation of labour between sectors. These effects can work in the same or opposite directions, depending on the economy's structure. Since some workers may gain, and some may lose, workers can have conflicting interests during adjustment.
The impact of environmental policies on agricultural trade
Authors: Diakosavvas Dimitris 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn recent years much prominence has been given to environmental issues and to the interrelationships between environmental and economic policies. At the same time, concern has also been expressed over the potential tradeoffs between environmental policies and trade policies in so far as the former can be used as protectionist devices. The paper presents some empirical evidence of the impact of environmental policies on agricultural trade for 10 agricultural commodities. It is concluded that trade for the most polluting commodities has been altered from what is predicted by the Heckscher‐Ohlin (H‐O) theorem of comparative advantage.
Adjustment, social sectors, and demographic change in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Ekouevi Koffi , Adepoju Aderanti 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) on social sectors in Sub‐Saharan Africa and its implications for demographic change. Our analysis suggests a continuing deterioration of social sectors which may have been accelerated by a decade of implementation of SAPs. In that context, two speculative scenarios are envisioned for the region's demographic change: a delayed demographic transition justified by the persistence of conditions that sustain high fertility; and a crisis‐led transition where hardship might accelerate the transition. Country specific studies are more suited than comparative studies to unravel these issues.
The demographic situation in Nigeria and prospects for fertility transition
Authors: Orubuloye I. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractData sources from the 1980s are used to examine the main features of Nigeria's population patterns and trends. Fertility has remained relatively constant up until very recently, when there has been evidence for a decline in fertility in the south of the country. In the north, fertility remains high, contraceptive use remains low, and women continue to marry at young ages. The mortality declines of the oil boom years are threatening to reverse, as economic crisis hits health services. Although there is some evidence of rising contraceptive knowledge and use in the south, certain features of Nigerian family structures militate against fertility decline. This situation is likely to change only through education and the transformation of women's status.
Recent trends in fertility in Botswana
Authors: Diamond Ian , Rutenberg Naomi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFertility trends in Botswana have been the subject of much debate in recent years as a number of surveys in the mid to late 1980s suggested that a fertility decline was under way. This paper first reviews the demographic evidence for a fertility decline and argues that the magnitude of the decline was rather less than some commentators had suggested. The paper then places the trends in fertility in the social and economic context of Botswana in the 1980s. It is argued that there could have been a short‐term decline in childbearing as a result of economic crises brought on by a major drought and helped by the government of Botswana's strategies to alleviate the effects of the drought on its people.
The politics of agenda setting in international health: Child health versus adult health in developing countries
Authors: Reich Michael R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper compares the politics of agenda setting in international health policy, for the issues of child health and adult health, along five political streams: organizational, symbolic, economic, scientific and politician politics. The approach is a modified version of Kingdon's ‘garbage can model’ of how public policy agendas are set. The analysis shows that the five political streams all favoured child health over adult health as an issue on the international health policy agenda, until recently. In the early 1990s, the World Bank has asserted greater influence on this agenda than previously, with a concerted effort to shift the focus from child health to adult health and to give greater attention to the preventive aspects of adult health in poor countries.