bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of laccases with cellulases on denim for clean effluent and repeatable biowashing
Authors: Montazer M. , Maryan A. Sadeghian 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this study, we try to use laccases with cellulases to investigate their effects on the garments and possible reusing of biowashing effluent to save water, enzyme, and energy. To achieve these goals, denim garments treated with different percentages of laccases and cellulases and the remaining baths (effluent) used three times with three different methods. Color indices of fabric samples were measured by colorimeter on the front and back of garment and on the white pocket. The effluents in the remaining baths were also monitored by spectrophotometer after each processing. The XRD spectrums were used to calculate the crystalline degrees of the chosen samples. The fiber surfaces of some treated samples were observed by SEM. The results revealed that using optimum concentration of laccases and cellulases produces the same biowashing effect on the garment after three‐repeated biowashing. By using this method, laccases helps to discolor the effluent and enzyme residuals of both cellulases and laccases are useful for repeated processing. Overall, this method is recommending a biowashing process with considerable reduce in consumption of laccases, cellulases, water, time, and energy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Rheology of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride cellulose solutions. III. Elongational rheology
Authors: Sammons Rhea J. , Collier John R. , Rials Timothy G. , Petrovan Simioan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe elongational rheology of solutions of cellulose in the ionic liquid solvent 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) was measured at 80, 90, and 100°C; 8, 10, and 12 wt% cellulose; Hencky strains 5, 6, 7; and strain rates from 1 to 100 s−1. Master curves were generated by shifting the elongational viscosity curves with respect to temperature and Hencky strain. Also, general master curves were generated by simultaneously shifting with respect to both temperatures and Hencky strain. From the Arrhenius plots of the temperature shift factors, the activation energy for elongational flow was determined. The elongational rheology of these solutions was elongational strain rate thinning similar to that of their shear behavior and polymer melts and they were also strain hardening. Both effects and the viscosity increased with cellulose concentration. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of length of hydroxyalkyl groups in the clay modifier on the properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Kim Wantae , Chung Dae‐won , Kim Jeong Ho 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPolyether‐ and polyester‐based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposites containing the montmorillonite modified with quaternary ammonium salts having a relatively long hydroxyalkyl branch (MMT‐OH) were prepared via solution mixing. Quaternary ammonium salts with dimethyl, octyl, hydroxyundecyl branches were synthesized by the addition reaction of dimethyloctylamine and 11‐bromo‐1‐undecanol and were used for the preparation of MMT‐OH. In this MMT‐OH clay, hydroxyl groups are located at the outer end of the relatively long undecyl branch, which may make the hydroxyl groups more exposed to the matrix polymers compared to the clays with the modifiers having shorter hydroxyalkyl chain such as C30B. Actually, more hydroxyl groups in MMT‐OH's are thought to be exposed outside the modified clay, since MMT‐OH's were observed to be somewhat dispersed in water, while clays with shorter alkyl chains were not. From XRD and TEM results, the silicate layers of MMT‐OH were shown to be very well dispersed in ether‐TPU and ester‐TPU nanocomposites prepared from dimethyl acetamide solution. In the case of ester‐TPU nanocomposites, much better clay dispersion was observed for nanocomposites containing MMT‐OH than the ones with C30B in the TEM images. The tensile properties measurement showed the similar trend. Although MMT‐OH has only one hydroxyl group while C30B has two, above results of better tensile properties and water dispersibility of MMT‐OH than C30B having two hydroxyls indicate that the position of hydroxyls may be a important factor in determining the properties of TPU/clay nanocomposites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses showed that the long hydroxyalkyl chain modifiers may provide more hydrogen bonding sites than short hydroxyalkyl chain modifiers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
The Relationship Between the Infraorbital Foramen, Infraorbital Nerve, and Maxillary Mechanoreception: Implications for Interpreting the Paleoecology of Fossil Mammals Based on Infraorbital Foramen Size
Authors: Muchlinski Magdalena N. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOsteological cranial features, such as foramina, assist in phylogenetic and ecological interpretations of fossil mammals. However, the validity of using foramina in these interpretations when their contents are not well documented is questionable. For decades, the infraorbital foramen (IOF) has been used to interpret aspects of the fossil record, yet there are conflicting accounts about what passes through the foramen and little known about how neural and vascular structures contribute to its contents. This study tracks and documents the neural and/or vascular anatomy of the IOF and examines the correlation of infraorbital nerve (ION) and IOF cross‐sectional area. To address this question, 161 mammalian cadavers, including 80 primates, were injected with latex dye to track the vascular anatomy associated with the IOF. All ION fibers were then removed from the infraorbital canal, and ION cross‐sectional area was calculated from histological slides. Latex injections and histological slides revealed that only the ION and a small infraorbital artery pass through the IOF. Variation in ION size explains 85% of variation in IOF area, and the artery represents a negligible portion of the foramen. The strong positive correlation between the ION and IOF size suggests that, in the absence of nerve tissue, the IOF can serve as a proxy for ION area. IOF area maybe used to evaluate differences in maxillary mechanoreception in both extinct and extant taxa. Anat Rec, 291:1221–1226, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serous Cells in the Parotid Glands of Two Species of Tamarins: Polarized Secretory Granules
Authors: Tandler Bernard 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe parotid glands of two species of tamarins were examined by electron microscopy. Endpiece cells are typical in appearance, with an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi apparatuses, and numerous serous granules. In the saddleback tamarin, the secretory granules contain a dense spherule pressed against the inner aspect of the limiting membrane, leading to a surface bulge. During the course of merocrine secretion (a form of exocytosis), such morphologically polarized granules approach the luminal plasma membranes with the bulge in the vanguard. It is these protuberances that fuse with the plasmalemma. In contrast, although serous granules in the cotton top tamarin contain a spherule, they lack surface bulges and their docking on luminal membranes seems to be a random event with respect to their surface morphology. Moreover, certain other types of cells in a taxonomically wide spectrum of species have granules with a less obvious structural polarity, as well as cells whose granules lack morphological polarity but have a functional polarity that comes into play during exocytosis of such secretory granules. Anat Rec, 291:1254–1261, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Architectonic Subdivisions of Neocortex in the Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
Authors: Wong Peiyan , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSquirrels are highly visual mammals with an expanded cortical visual system and a number of well‐differentiated architectonic fields. To describe and delimit cortical fields, subdivisions of cortex were reconstructed from serial brain sections cut in the coronal, sagittal, or horizontal planes. Architectonic characteristics of cortical areas were visualized after brain sections were processed with immunohistochemical and histochemical procedures for revealing parvalbumin, calbindin, neurofilament protein, vesicle glutamate transporter 2, limbic‐associated membrane protein, synaptic zinc, cytochrome oxidase, myelin or Nissl substance. In general, these different procedures revealed similar boundaries between areas, suggesting that functionally relevant borders were being detected. The results allowed a more precise demarcation of previously identified areas as well as the identification of areas that had not been previously described. Primary sensory cortical areas were characterized by sparse zinc staining of layer 4, as thalamocortical terminations lack zinc, as well as by layer 4 terminations rich in parvalbumin and vesicle glutamate transporter 2. Primary areas also expressed higher levels of cytochrome oxidase and myelin. Primary motor cortex was associated with large SMI‐32 labeled pyramidal cells in layers 3 and 5. Our proposed organization of cortex in gray squirrels includes both similarities and differences to the proposed of cortex in other rodents such as mice and rats. The presence of a number of well‐differentiated cortical areas in squirrels may serve as a guide to the identification of homologous fields in other rodents, as well as a useful guide in further studies of cortical organization and function. Anat Rec, 291:1301–1333, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of p53 family in birth defects: Lessons from zebrafish
Authors: Danilova Nadia , Sakamoto Kathleen M. , Lin Shuo 
Published: September 2008

Abstractp53 protein family is an important teratologic suppressor, but in certain conditions it can cause congenital abnormalities. p53 family performs this dual role in development by integrating information from cell's interior with that from the environment to determine the choice between life and death. Understanding of p53 family developmental functions may lead to new therapeutic approaches for treatment and prevention of birth defects. Zebrafish is becoming the vertebrate system of choice for studying p53 family role in development. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 84:215–227, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of short‐term W‐CDMA mobile phone base station exposure on women with or without mobile phone related symptoms
Authors: Furubayashi Toshiaki , Ushiyama Akira , Terao Yasuo , Mizuno Yoko , Shirasawa Kei , Pongpaibool Pornanong , Simba Ally Y. , Wake Kanako , Nishikawa Masami , Miyawaki Kaori , Yasuda Asako , Uchiyama Mitsunori , Yamashita Hitomi Kobayashi , Masuda Hiroshi , Hirota Shogo , Takahashi Miyuki , Okano Tomoko , Inomata‐Terada Satomi , Sokejima Shigeru , Maruyama Eiji , Watanabe Soichi , Taki Masao , Ohkubo Chiyoji , Ugawa Yoshikazu 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTo investigate possible health effects of mobile phone use, we conducted a double‐blind, cross‐over provocation study to confirm whether subjects with mobile phone related symptoms (MPRS) are more susceptible than control subjects to the effect of electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted from base stations. We sent questionnaires to 5,000 women and obtained 2,472 valid responses from possible candidates; from these, we recruited 11 subjects with MPRS and 43 controls. There were four EMF exposure conditions, each of which lasted 30 min: continuous, intermittent, and sham exposure with and without noise. Subjects were exposed to EMF of 2.14 GHz, 10 V/m (W‐CDMA), in a shielded room to simulate whole‐body exposure to EMF from base stations, although the exposure strength we used was higher than that commonly received from base stations. We measured several psychological and cognitive parameters pre‐ and post‐exposure, and monitored autonomic functions. Subjects were asked to report on their perception of EMF and level of discomfort during the experiment. The MPRS group did not differ from the controls in their ability to detect exposure to EMF; nevertheless they consistently experienced more discomfort, regardless of whether or not they were actually exposed to EMF, and despite the lack of significant changes in their autonomic functions. Thus, the two groups did not differ in their responses to real or sham EMF exposure according to any psychological, cognitive or autonomic assessment. In conclusion, we found no evidence of any causal link between hypersensitivity symptoms and exposure to EMF from base stations. Bioelectromagnetics 30:100–113, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid chemiluminometric determination of gabapentin in pharmaceutical formulations exploiting pulsed‐flow analysis
Authors: Manera Matías , Miró Manuel , Ribeiro Marta F. T. , Estela José Manuel , Cerdà Víctor , Santos João L. M. , Lima José L. F. C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this study, a straightforward and automated pulsed flow‐based procedure was developed for the chemiluminometric determination of gabapentin [1‐(aminomethyl)cyclo‐hexaneacetic acid], a new generation antiepileptic drug, in different formulated dosage forms. The software‐controlled time‐based injection method capitalizes on the decrease of the background chemiluminescence (CL) readout of the luminol–hypochlorite reaction in the presence of gabapentin. In short, gabapentin works as a hypochlorite scavenger. The analytical procedure was implemented in a multi‐pumping flow network furnished with a suite of microdispensing solenoid‐actuated pumps. The diaphragm‐type micropumps might be configured to operate as fluid propellers, commutation units and metering injectors. A dynamic linear working range for gabapentin concentrations in the range 60–350 µmol/L was obtained, with an estimated detection limit of 40 µmol/L. The flow analyser handles about 41 injections/h and yields precise results (RSD < 2%). The miniaturized flow analyser thus has potential to be exploited for in‐line monitoring of drug manufacturing within the quality assurance framework of modern pharmaceutical companies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminescent and hydrophilic LaF3–polymer nanocomposite for DNA detection
Authors: Wang Lun , Li Peng , Wang Leyu 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Luminescent LaF3–Ce3+/Tb3+ nanocrystals have been successfully prepared via a simple wet chemical technique. For the next bioapplication, these nanoparticles dispersed in cyclohexane have also been functionalized with poly(St‐co‐MAA), based on a designed oil‐in‐water microemulsion system. These polymer‐coated nanospheres are water‐soluble and bioconjugable. Unlike semiconductor quantum dots, the as‐prepared lanthanum fluoride nanocrystals possess non‐size‐dependent emissions and completely stable photocycles. With functionalized LaF3 nanospheres as fluorescence probes, a fluorescence method was developed for the rapid quantitative analysis of DNA, due to the quenching effect of fluorescence by the DNA. Under optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensity was proportional to the concentration of the introduced DNA over the range 2.5–35 µg/mL for calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) and 2.5–30 µg/mL for fish sperm DNA (fsDNA), respectively. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a chemiluminescent imaging assay for the detection of anti‐erythropoietin antibody in human sera
Authors: Wang Wenjun , Lu Yanyan , Zhang Sichun , Wang Shidong , Cao Po , Tian Yaping , Zhang Xinrong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMeasuring low amounts of anti‐erythropoietin antibodies (anti‐EPO Abs) is important to evaluate the therapeutic safety of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). In this work, a simple, sensitive and high‐throughput chemiluminescent (CL) imaging assay was developed for the detection of anti‐EPO Abs in human sera. The influence of several physicochemical parameters, such as coating conditions, incubation time, detergent concentration and exposure time, were investigated. A calibration curve was established and the range of quantitative detection was 0.12–13.91 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD, 3σ) for the CL‐imaging assay was 0.033 ng/mL. Compared to conventional colorimetric enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the LOD of the CL‐imaging assay is 50‐fold lower. The recoveries of anti‐EPO Abs in the fortified serum were in the range 87.1–116.9% using the present method, which highlighted the validity of the CL‐imaging assay system to accurately determine the anti‐EPO Abs in serum samples. CL‐imaging assay was used to evaluate the presence of anti‐EPO Abs in serum samples obtained from chronic renal failure (CRF) patients treated with rhEPO. Contrary to what was expected, the sera from CRF patients did not contain anti‐EPO Abs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral HPLC separation and absolute configuration of novel S‐DABO derivatives
Authors: Cirilli Roberto , Ferretti Rosella , La Torre Francesco , Borioni Anna , Fares Vincenzo , Camalli Mercedes , Faggi Cristina , Rotili Dante , Mai Antonello 
Published: September 2008

AbstractChiral 2‐(sec‐butylthio)‐6‐[1‐(2,6‐dichlorophenyl)propyl]‐5‐methylpyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one (compound 1) was synthesized to serve as a model compound for structural elucidation of novel S‐DABO (dihydroalkoxybenzyloxopyrimidine) derivatives endowed with potential HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity. Stereochemical characterization of four stereoisomers of 1 was achieved by an experimental approach based on the following steps: (a) direct HPLC enantio‐ and diastereoseparation at semipreparative scale; (b) determination of elution order of stereomeric mixture by using chiroptical detection (polarimeter or circular dichroism (CD)); (c) X‐ray crystallography of two diastereoisomers isolated at semipreparative scale. The CD analysis of 1 and its two analogues (compounds 2 and 3), both having a single stereogenic center located in two different alkyl side chains of the dihydropyrimidinone structure, was carried out. The results of this study indicated a correlation between the absolute configuration at C‐1 of alkyl side chain of the dihydropyrimidinone structure and the sign of the CD band at around 245 nm. Chirality, 2008. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostate‐specific antigen levels in relation to consumption of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen
Authors: Singer Eric A. , Palapattu Ganesh S. , van Wijngaarden Edwin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Inflammation has been implicated in prostate carcinogenesis; therefore, the use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has the potential of decreasing the risk of prostate cancer. However, to the authors' knowledge the precise correlation between oral NSAID use, serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), and prostate cancer risk is unknown. To further characterize this association, the authors evaluated serum PSA levels with regard to NSAID and acetaminophen consumption in a large cross‐sectional study of men in the US.METHODS.PSA levels were determined in 1319 men aged >40 years in the 2001‐2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Linear regressions were performed on log‐transformed PSA levels, accounting for the complex survey design, to evaluate the relations between PSA and the use of NSAIDs and acetaminophen after adjusting for the effects of age, race, educational level, smoking status, body mass index, coexisting inflammatory conditions, and heart disease.RESULTS.NSAID and acetaminophen consumption displayed a negative association with PSA levels, namely, individuals who reported using NSAIDs (19.8%) or acetaminophen (1.3%) regularly had lower PSA levels than individuals who did not take these drugs, although the impact of acetaminophen was not statistically significant. PSA levels among NSAID users were 0.9 times the levels among nondrug takers (P = .038), whereas PSA levels among acetaminophen users were 0.76 times the levels in nondrug takers (P = .14). Individuals who stated they took both NSAIDs and acetaminophen (0.99%) on a regular basis had higher PSA levels (1.8 times greater), although not statistically significantly so (P = .24), than individuals who stated they did not take either of these drugs regularly.CONCLUSIONS.The findings of the current study suggest that regular NSAID consumption may reduce serum PSA levels. Whether this is indicative of a protective effect on prostate cancer risk or masks possible prostate injury resulting in reduced detection of prostate cancer is unclear. Given the widespread consumption of NSAIDs and the regular use of PSA for the assessment of prostate cancer risk, the potential implications of the current study's findings may be substantial and warrant further investigation. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine
Authors: Huang Hui , Abraham Jame , Hung Elizabeth , Averbuch Steven , Merino Maria , Steinberg Seth M. , Pacak Karel , Fojo Tito 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDA long‐term follow‐up was conducted of 18 patients with a diagnosis of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine (CVD).METHODSThe study design was a nonrandomized, single‐arm trial conducted at a government medical referral center. Eighteen patients with metastatic malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma were studied. After controlling symptoms of catecholamine excess, patients were treated with cyclophosphamide at 750 mg/m2, vincristine at 1.4 mg/m2, and dacarbazine at 600 mg/m2 on Day 1 and dacarbazine at 600 mg/m2 on Day 2, every 21 to 28 days.RESULTSCombination chemotherapy with CVD produced a complete response rate of 11% and a partial response rate of 44%. Median survival from a landmark was 3.8 years for patients whose tumors responded to therapy and 1.8 years for patients whose tumors did not respond (P = .65). All patients with tumors scored as responding reported improvement in their symptoms related to excessive catecholamine release and had objective improvements in blood pressure. CVD was well tolerated with only grade I/II toxicities.CONCLUSIONSCombination chemotherapy with CVD produced objective tumor responses in patients with advanced malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma. In this 22‐year follow‐up there was no difference in overall survival between patients whose tumors objectively shrank and those with stable or progressive disease. However, patients reported improvement in symptoms, had objective improvements in blood pressure, and had tumor shrinkage that made surgical resection possible. The authors conclude that CVD therapy is not indicated in every patient with metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, but should be considered in the management of patients with symptoms and where tumor shrinkage might be beneficial. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.