bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double Mediatory System Involving a Flavin Analog and a p-Benzoquinone Derivative for Photoinduced Electrochemical Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol to Benzaldehyde in Acetonitrile
Authors: Ishikawa Masashi , Okimoto Hiroyuki , Morita Masayuki , Matsuda Yoshiharu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The photoinduced electrochemical oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in acidic acetonitrile proceeded with practically 100% product selectivity and ca. 100% current efficiency under visible-light irradiation in the presence of riboflavin-2′,3′,4′,5′-tetraacetate (RF) as a mediator. A double mediatory system involving duroquinone as well as RF resulted in remarkable acceleration of the benzaldehyde formation with maintenance of both the high product selectivity and high current efficiency.
Investigation on the Electron-transfer Interaction of the Two Ferrocene Moieties Bridged by Ni2+ or Cu2+ and Its Mixed-valence Complexes
Authors: Yu Zhi , Zhou Yuan , Yang Wei , Tian Yunpeng , Duan Cun-ying , Liu Rongchuan , You Xiaozeng 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Investigation of the new mixed-valence trinuclear complexes of FcMFc (M = Ni, Cu) indicates that intramolecular long-range charge transfer for FcNiFc complex processes in timescale 1.6•106 s−1 through a long bridge including a coordinated bond at room temperature.
Synthesis and Properties of N,N′-Bis(1-pyrenylmethyl)-1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diaza-cyclooctadecane. Metal Ion-Indused Monomer and Excimer Emission Enhancement
Authors: Kubo Kanji , Sakurai Tadamitsu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
N,N′-Bis(1-pyrenylmethyl)-4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 ether was found to display unique photophysical properties in the presence of the guest metal salts. The binding of metal ions to the azacrown ether cavity inhibited the exciplex formation and changed the distance between two pyrenyl groups. This caused not only the emission-intensity anhancement but also a large change in the monomer/excimer fluorescence-intensity ratio.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Interconversion of S-Bridged Dinuclear and Hexanuclear Complexes Composed of cis(S)-[Co(aet)2(en)]+ and Trigonal-Bipyramidal Cadmium(II) (aet = 2-Aminoethanethiolate, en = Ethylenediamine)
Authors: Konno Takumi , Okamoto Ken-ichi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The reaction of [Ni{Co(aet)2(en)}2]4+ (1) with excess CdCl2 gave an S-bridged CoIIICdII dinuclear complex, [CdCl3{Co(aet)2(en)}] (2), which is interconvertible to a CoIII4CdII2 hexanuclear complex, [Cd2Cl{Co(aet)2(en)}4]7+ (3). X-Ray analyses of 2 and 3(NO3)7 indicated that each Cd atom in the complexes has a trigonal-bipyramidal geometry.
Novel Aggregation of fac(S)-[Rh(aet)3] by Square-Planar Palladium(II): Crystal Structure of Spontaneously Resolved RhIII3PdII2 Pentanuclear Complex [Pd{Pd(aet)}{Rh(aet)2}{Rh(aet)3}2]Br4 (aet = 2-Aminoethanethiolate)
Authors: Konno Takumi , Sasaki Chieko , Okamoto Ken-ichi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The reaction of fac(S)-[Rh(aet)3] (aet = NH2CH2CH2S−) with PdII gave a novel S-bridged RhIII3PdII2 pentanuclear complex, [Pd{Pd(aet)}{Rh(aet)2}{Rh(aet)3}2]4+ (1), of which bromide salt was spontaneously resolved. 1 was converted into [Pd{Pd(aet)}{Rh(aet)(NH2CH2CH2SCH3)}{Rh(aet)3}2]5+ (2) by methylation reaction.
Electrochemical Reactivity of LiFePO4 Prepared by Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Dokko Kaoru , Koizumi Shohei , Kanamura Kiyoshi 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
LiFePO4 was prepared by hydrothermal method starting from CH3COOLi, FeSO4, and (NH4)2HPO4 at 170 °C. The particle size of the obtained LiFePO4 was about 3 μm. The performance of the LiFePO4 as a positive electrode material for rechargeable lithium battery was evaluated in an organic electrolyte. The LiFePO4 exhibited a discharge capacity of 145 mA h g−1 at the electrode potential of 3.5 V vs Li/Li+.
Perceived Efficacy, Indications, and Information Sources for Medically Indigent Patients and Their Healthcare Providers Regarding Dietary Supplements
Authors: Clay Patrick G , Glaros Alan G , Clauson Kevin A 
Published: March 2006

Background: Evidence exists that medically indigent and minority patients use dietary supplements at rates as high or higher than that of the general population. Safety concerns regarding the use of dietary supplements are further exacerbated by a suboptimal level of patient disclosure and provider inquiry. Objective: To determine dietary supplement use, indications, perceived efficacy, and information sources of patients and providers using a pilot study in a clinic for the medically indigent. Methods: Five hundred self-administered patient surveys and 50 healthcare provider surveys were made available to any patient at a free health clinic in Kansas City, MO. Surveys were collected and descriptive analyses were performed. Results: Three hundred eleven patient surveys were returned. Of the 37.3% (116/311) of respondents who had used dietary supplements, 13.8% (n = 16) had 10 comorbid conditions. Ninety-six dietary supplements were used for 8 medical condition categories. The 9 agents most frequently reported used were garlic (n = 32), aloe/green tea (n = 27 each), chamomile/echinacea (n = 24 each), St. John's wort (n = 22), ginseng (n = 18), and cranberry/Ginkgo biloba (n = 17 each). Patients reported a broad range of indications for taking dietary supplements. Patients reported (mean ± SD) 2.37 ± 4.23 agents as effective and 0.78 ± 1.73 as ineffective or harmful. Provider surveys revealed that 60% (21/35) and 74% (26/35) were currently or had ever used dietary supplements, respectively. Fifty-seven percent (20/35) of providers reported attending educational programs on dietary supplements, and providers perceived patient supplement use to be most influenced by advertisements (40%) and friends (40%). Conclusions: The medically indigent population uses a wide variety of dietary supplements. There is little consistency in perceived indications, which may prevent clinicians from accurately predicting specific herbal use rationale given any individual's or population's set of comorbid conditions. Clinicians are encouraged to accurately determine their individual practice setting's use pattern.
Dalbavancin: A New Option for the Treatment of Gram-Positive Infections
Authors: Lin Shu-Wen , Carver Peggy L , DePestel Daryl D 
Published: March 2006

Objective: To review the pharmacology, microbiology, chemistry, in vitro susceptibility, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, tolerability, dosage, and administration of dalbavancin, a new semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search, restricted to the English language, was conducted from 1966 through January 2006. Supplementary sources included program abstracts from the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society of Microbiology, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America from 2000 to 2005 and information available from the manufacturer's Web site. Study Selection and Data Extraction: In vitro and preclinical studies, as well as Phase I, II, and III clinical trials, were evaluated to summarize the microbiology, pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety of dalbavancin. All published trials and abstracts citing dalbavancin were selected. Data Synthesis: Dalbavancin, a novel lipoglycopeptide, has a mechanism of action similar to that of other glycopeptides. It has in vitro activity against a variety of gram-positive organisms, but no activity against gram-negative or vancomycin-resistant enterococci that possess VanA gene. Due to its prolonged half-life (6–10 days), dalbavancin can be administered intravenously once weekly. In Phase II and III clinical trials, dalbavancin was effective and well tolerated for the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections, catheter-related bloodstream infections, and skin and skin-structure infections. To date, adverse events are mild and limited; the most common include pyrexia, headache, nausea, oral candidiasis, diarrhea, and constipation. Conclusions: Dalbavancin appears to be a promising antimicrobial agent for the treatment of gram-positive infections. A new drug application was filed with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 2004. The FDA issued an approvable letter in 2005 for dalbavancin. If approved, dalbavancin is expected to be launched in the first quarter of 2006.
Increased Sensitivity to Warfarin After Heart Valve Replacement
Authors: Rahman Mesbah , BinEsmael Taha M , Payne Nicola , Butchart Eric G 
Published: March 2006

Background: The dosage requirement of warfarin to achieve a given international normalized ratio (INR) often varies considerably between the immediate postoperative period and long-term follow-up in patients with prosthetic heart valves, leading to INR instability. Objective: To document the extent of warfarin sensitivity in a prospective study of patients receiving heart valve replacements. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data regarding anticoagulation for 111 patients who received warfarin following heart valve replacement were collected during their hospital stay (induction period) and between 1 and 3 months after surgery (follow-up period). Results: Mean patient age was 65.39 ± 10.55 years (range 29–85), with 66 men. The mean INR value during the follow-up period was, on average, 0.21 higher than the induction period (2.81 ± 0.5 vs 2.6 ± 0.6; p = 0.007). The mean follow-up warfarin dose was 1.54 mg higher than the mean induction warfarin dose (5.09 ± 2.03 vs 3.55 ± 1.94 mg; p < 0.001). The warfarin dose index, which indicates relative sensitivity of warfarin, decreased from 1.16 to 0.65 (p < 0.001). Although the INR values during the induction and follow-up periods were similar, the dose requirement in the follow-up period was, on average, 43% higher than that of the induction period. Conclusions: Immediately after heart valve replacement, patients are more sensitive to warfarin and should receive a lower warfarin dose during the initial phase of oral anticoagulation treatment. This enhanced sensitivity decreases with time. Patients require frequent monitoring and are likely to need an increase in the warfarin dose to avoid insufficient anticoagulation during the early follow-up period.
Treatment of Hepatitis C in HIV-Coinfected Patients
Authors: Hughes Christine A , Shafran Stephen D 
Published: March 2006

Objective: To review the current management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in persons coinfected with HIV. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1966–February 2006) was conducted, using key words such as HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, interferon, pegylated interferon, and therapy. Article bibliographies and conference abstracts were also reviewed to identify relevant studies. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Studies that examined HCV treatment in individuals coinfected with HIV and articles that focused on HCV/HIV coinfection were considered for this review. Data Synthesis: Coinfection with HIV leads to a more rapid and severe course of HCV-related liver disease. Treatment of HCV with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin therapy is relatively well tolerated in individuals coinfected with HIV, with overall sustained virologic response (SVR) rates of 27–40%. High relapse rates and poor response in HCV-genotype 1 contribute to the lower SVR in coinfected individuals compared with HCV monoinfection. Treatment of HCV is more complicated in HIV-infected persons due to increased risk of myelosuppression, drug interactions, hepatotoxicity of antiretroviral therapy, and the relative contraindication to interferon therapy in advanced HIV disease. Current guidelines recommend that all HIV-positive patients with chronic HCV infection be considered as treatment candidates for anti-HCV therapy due to the higher risk of liver disease progression. Further studies are needed, however, to define the appropriate dose and duration of therapy in HCV/HIV-coinfected individuals. Conclusions: Response to treatment with PEG-IFN and ribavirin is poorer in patients coinfected with HCV/HIV than in those infected with HCV alone. The benefits of anti-HCV therapy, including viral eradication, need to be weighed against the risks of adverse effects and drug-drug interactions between anti-HCV and antiretroviral medications.
Appeals System and Its Outcomes in National Health Insurance in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Swu-Jane , Kuo Shin-Chen , Kao Yang Yea-Huei 
Published: March 2006

Background: Prior authorization has been used extensively as one of the mechanisms to control costs and ensure quality of care by the National Health Insurance (NHI) plan in Taiwan. An appeals system, the Dispute Mediation Committee (DMC), independent of the NHI, is available for interested parties to dispute denials of prior authorization. Currently, medications for Alzheimer's disease constitute the largest category of appeals. Objective: To describe the appeals system and analyze outcomes of cases of medications for Alzheimer's disease submitted to the Bureau of NHI (BNHI) for prior authorization and to the DMC for appeals. Methods: Prescriptions of donepezil and rivastigmine submitted for prior authorization from 2000 through 2002 were analyzed. Cases denied prior authorization and later submitted as appeals to the DMC were summarized with descriptive and bivariate methods. Results: A total of 12237 cases of donepezil and 6975 cases of rivastigmine were submitted to the BNHI for prior authorization; among them, 72.6% of donepezil and 66.5% of rivastigmine cases received authorization. Among the thousands of cases denied prior authorization, 124 appealed to the DMC for dispute resolution. The result of the majority of the appeals (111 [89.5%]) was to uphold the BNHI denial decision. Most of the appeals were denied because of the lack of appropriate exclusion of other possible causes of dementia. Conclusions: Most appeals were again denied after expert review. Better education concerning utilization guidelines and a platform for insurer, insuree, and physician to dialog are needed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the appeals system.
Cost Analysis of Erythropoietic-Stimulating Therapy Dosing in Oncology Inpatients
Authors: Killian Aaron D , Gupta Vikas , Goetz Alisa E 
Published: March 2006

Background: Inpatient costs associated with different erythropoietic-stimulating therapy regimens have not been compared in an oncology setting. Objective: To conduct a cost analysis of different regimens of epoetin alfa (EPO) and darbepoetin alfa (DARB) in an inpatient oncology setting. Methods: A retrospective evaluation of oncology diagnosis-related group discharges during 2003, in 30 community hospitals, identified EPO treatment patterns. Wholesale acquisition costs were determined for patients who received EPO 40 000 units or more once weekly. Potential differences in costs were calculated using conversion ratios for an equivalent EPO dose 3 times weekly or DARB dose once weekly (EPO:DARB ratio 260:1, approximating DARB 150 μg once weekly). A sensitivity analysis was performed using an EPO:DARB ratio of 400:1, approximating DARB 100 μg once weekly (1.5 μg/kg). Results: Among the 1410 EPO doses administered (n = 677 pts.), a dose of 40000 units or more was used 44% of the time (n = 311 pts.), with dosing initiated on average 5.6 days after admission. For these 311 evaluable patients, switching from EPO 40 000 units once weekly to EPO 10 000 units 3 times weekly reduced per-patient and total drug acquisition costs by approximately 50% ($704 vs $359 and $218 938 vs $111 615, respectively). Relative to EPO once weekly, switching patients to DARB resulted in increased drug acquisition costs at the 260:1 conversion and lower costs at the 400:1 conversion. However, EPO 3 times weekly remained the least costly option by 44–63%. The cost-savings realized with EPO 10000 units 3 times weekly increased with longer duration of hospitalization. Conclusions: In an inpatient setting, use of EPO 10000 units 3 times weekly may minimize expenditures associated with treatment of cancer-related anemia using erythropoietic-stimulating therapies.
Formulary Forum: Sodium Oxybate for Cataplexy
Authors: Lemon Michael D , Strain Joe D , Farver Debra K 
Published: March 2006

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, precautions, dosing recommendations, and patient counseling of sodium oxybate for the treatment of cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. Data Sources: OVID and PubMed databases were searched (1966–January 2006) using the key words sodium oxybate, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, narcolepsy, and cataplexy. Only English-language articles were selected. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All information on sodium oxybate related to narcolepsy and cataplexy was considered. Study selection included human trials evaluating safety and efficacy of sodium oxybate for the treatment of cataplexy. Data Synthesis: Sodium oxybate is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. In placebo-controlled trials, sodium oxybate demonstrated efficacy in reducing the number of cataplexy attacks. The dosing regimen includes a split dose given at bedtime and 2.5–4 hours later due to its short elimination half-life. The drug is generally well tolerated, with headache, nausea, dizziness, pain, and somnolence being the most common adverse events. Conclusions: Sodium oxybate is safe and effective for the treatment of cataplexy. Potential disadvantages include a multiple dosing regimen, abuse potential, cost, and a closed distribution system. Potential advantages demonstrated in clinical trials include significant decreases in the number of weekly cataplexy attacks, improvement in daytime sleepiness, and improvement in the Clinical Global Impression of Change score and nighttime awakenings. Overall, sodium oxybate provides a new option for the treatment of cataplexy.
Effect of Buprenorphine and Antiretroviral Agents on the QT Interval in Opioid-Dependent Patients
Authors: Baker Jennifer R , Best AI M , Pade Patricia A , McCance-Katz Elinore F 
Published: March 2006

Background: Cardiac arrhythmias have been linked to treatment with methadone and levacetylmethadol. HIV-positive patients often have conditions that place them at risk for QT interval prolongation including HIV–associated dilated cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease as a consequence of highly active antiretroviral (ARV) therapy–associated metabolic syndrome, and uncorrected electrolyte abnormalities. As of February 14, 2006, no cases of adverse events related to QT interval prolongation have been reported in patients receiving buprenorphine, an opioid partial agonist and the newest drug approved for the treatment of opioid dependence. Objective: To evaluate the effects of buprenorphine/naloxone alone and in combination with 1 of 5 ARV agents (efavirenz, nelfinavir, delavirdine, ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir) on the QT interval. Methods: This study was prospective, open-label, and within-subject in design, with subjects serving as their own controls. In 50 HIV-negative, opioid-dependent subjects, electrocardiogram recordings were obtained at baseline, after receiving buprenorphine/naloxone for 2 weeks, and then following buprenorphine/naloxone plus ARV administration for 5–15 days at steady-state. QTc interval measurements were compared using mixed-model, repeated-measures ANOVA. Recent cocaine use and gender were considered covariates. Results: Buprenorphine/naloxone alone and often in the presence of evidence for recent use of cocaine did not significantly alter the QT interval (p = 0.612). Buprenorphine/naloxone in combination with ARVs caused a statistically, but not clinically, significant increase (p = 0.005) in the QT interval. Subjects receiving buprenorphine/naloxone in combination with either delavirdine or ritonavir had the greatest increase in QTc intervals. Conclusions: Prolonged QT intervals were not observed in opioid-dependent subjects receiving buprenorphine/naloxone alone. QT interval increases were observed with buprenorphine/naloxone in combination with either delavirdine or ritonavir, which inhibit CYP3A4.
Identification of mRNA Markers for Molecular Staging of Lymph Nodes in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Xi Liqiang , Gooding William , McCarty Kenneth , Godfrey Tony E , Hughes Steven J 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground: One evolving approach to improved prognostication of cancer patients is the identification of previously occult disease by use of quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Surprisingly, no systematic analysis of potential mRNA markers for colorectal cancer has been reported. We therefore performed an extensive mRNA marker survey for colorectal cancers.Methods: We identified potential markers through literature and database searches. We analyzed all markers by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR on a limited set of primary tumors and benign lymph nodes. Selected markers were further evaluated on a larger tissue set with positive lymph nodes.Results: We evaluated 43 markers and undertook further analysis of 6 in the secondary screening. Five gene markers—CDX1, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CK20, TACSTD1, and Villin1 (VIL1)—provided perfect classification of lymph node status.Conclusions: Several mRNA markers are capable of providing exceptionally accurate characterization of lymph node status in colorectal cancer. An automated, multimarker, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay for characterization of lymph nodes from colorectal cancer patients may be useful for improved staging and therapeutic decision making in colorectal cancer.
Development of a Supermartensitic Stainless Steel Microalloyed with Niobium
Authors: Rodrigues CAD , Lorenzo PLD , Sokolowski A , Barbosa A , Rollo JMDA 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The new class of supermartensitic stainless steels (SMSS) exhibits higher mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and weldability properties when compared with conventional martensitic stainless steels. This paper presents the results of detailed investigations on 12,50Cr-5,36Ni-2,10Mo-0,20Nb steels that were obtained in a conventional furnace under vacuum and subsequently hot rolled and heat treated similar to the procedure used in production of conventional stainless steels. The microstructural characterization was carried out by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and hot stage microscopy. Phase transformations and the effects from heat treatment were examined using a dilatometer. The microstructure, after quenching and tempering, is typical of a martensite matrix with carbonitride of Nb (C,N) small precipitates (40 nm) and mechanical properties of 26RC hardness, 910 MPa tensile strength, 860 MPa yield strength, 20,8% elongation and 199J Charpy impact.
Determination of the Thermo and Magneto Phoresis by the Dissipative Function
Authors: van Vaerenbergh Stéfan , Hennenberg Marcel , Weyssow Boris 
Published: February 2006

Summary
Three different thermally induced phoresis of magnetic colloids are indentified using thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Has been used an exact and original implementation of the mechanical balance that conciliates it with the usual hydrodynamic description of phoresis used to quantify the transport coefficients. Here, only the “translational” approximation has been developed. Are so distinguished: thermomagneto chemophoresis, reversibly coupled to chemophoresis (diffusion), and irreversibly coupled to them, the thermophoresis and magnetophoresis that occurs because the system is a polarized one. The two latter are quantified respectively by the “heat of transport” and the here introduced “magnetisation of transport”. The effects are better compared to thermophoresis, that can be measured individually, and reference measurements of them are mandatory to understand the experimental results.