bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
III-V Device Integration on Silicon Via Metamorphic SiGe Substrates
Authors: Carlin John A. , Andre Carrie , Kwon Ojin , Gonzalez Maria , Lueck Matt , Fitzgerald Eugene , Wilt David , Ringel Steven 
Published: November 2006

A range of high performance minority carrier devices have been successfully fabricated on Si virtual	substrates where threading dislocation densities (TDDs) as low as 1x106 cm-2 are routinely achieved. Minority carrier lifetime data achieved on GaAs-on-Si layers exploiting this novel SiGe buffer approach to monolithic integration (τp = 10.5 ns and τn = 1.7ns) verifies the high III-V material quality. Single junction GaAs solar cells with high efficiencies for GaAs/Si of 18.1% under AM1.5-G illumination were demonstrated. Further exploiting the novel GaAs/Si material quality, even more complex minority carrier devices including dual-junction solar cells and LEDs were fabricated, yielding high performance consistent with the high III-V/Si mobilities. In both cases, certain device metrics on SiGe outperformed identical GaAs monolithic devices. Finally, a visible laser on Si was achieved, demonstrating the success and further potential of this III-V/Si integration methodology.
Nano-Structure Controlled Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications Prepared by Ion Beam Irradiation
Authors: Yamaki Tetsuya , Kozone Yuichi , Hiroki Akihiro , Asano Masaharu , Kubota Hitoshi , Yoshida Masaru 
Published: November 2006

Fluoropolymer-based electrolyte membranes for fuel cells were prepared by using heavy ion beams from the cyclotron accelerator of the Takasaki Ion Accelerators for Advanced Radiation Application (TIARA), Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). The preparation method for these so-called nano-scale structure-controlled membranes	involves (i) the swift heavy ion irradiation of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films and subsequent chemical etching to obtain cylindrical pores with a diameter of 100 nm, and (ii) the filling of proton-conducting polymer chains into the etched pores by gamma-ray-induced graft polymerization. The proton transport only in the thickness direction was observed for the resulting membranes with controlled ion exchange capacities, indicating the formation of one-dimensional straight proton-conducting pathways parallel to the ion-beam incident axis. The membranes exhibited a lower water uptake and reduced methanol permeability compared to commercially-available Nafion probably due to the restricted structures.
Co-C-N Oxygen Reduction Catalysts Prepared by Combinatorial Magnetron Sputter Deposition
Authors: Yang Ruizhi , Dahn Jeff R. , Bonakdarpour Arman , Easton E. Bradley 
Published: November 2006

Thin film libraries of CoxC1-x-yNy (0 < x < 0.106, 0.003 < y < 0.190) have been prepared by combinatorial magnetron sputter deposition and subsequent heat-treatment at 700, 800 and 1000{degree sign}C in N2.	Libraries with 0 < x < 0.105 and 0.026 < y < 0.096 heat-treated at 800{degree sign}C show good catalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in 0.1M HClO4 solution at room temperature. The catalytic activity of the CoxC1-x-yNy libraries is strongly dependent on the heat-treatment temperature. Heat-treated CoxC1-x-yNy libraries show good stability against Co dissolution in 0.5M H2SO4 at room temperature, suggesting that catalysts stable in the PEM fuel cell environment can be found.
Hexaboride Ceramics as PEMFC Electrode Catalysts Supports
Authors: Brosha Eric L. , Wilson Mahlon , Garzon Fernando , Johnston Christina , Uribe Francisco A. 
Published: November 2006

Metal hexaborides demonstrate the unusual ability to spontaneously deposit noble metals from solution without the need for separate reducing agents or pretreatments.	A range of deposition thicknesses are possible and uniform and strongly adherent 30 nm thick metal films on lanthanum hexaboride sputter- coated glass are easily and quickly achieved. Full and uniform coverages of hexaboride powders are obtained even with deposits only ca. 1 nm thick. Cyclic voltammetry for 4 wt% Pt on a roughly 1 m2/g EuB6 powder show electrochemically active Pt surface area, derived from the area under the hydrogen absorption curve, to be 39 m2/g Pt and is exceptional considering the low hexaboride support surface area. This result suggests that the entire support area is covered with Pt (approximately 1 nm thick) and that the entire Pt surface is electrochemically active.
Nafion Quantity Variation on Electrodes used in SPE Electrolyzer
Authors: Morales Lizbeth , Arriaga Luis G. , Cano Ulises , Acosta Roberto 
Published: November 2006

The production of hydrogen using renewable sources by for example electrolysis and photoelectrolysis, avoids the	emission of pollutants to the environment, especially if the electrical power for the electrolyzer is supplied by renewable energy. At the moment two types of commercial hydrogen generators exist by means of an electrolysis process: the alkaline electrolyzer (EA) and the solid polymer electrolyte electrolyzer, called SPE. SPE electrolyzer technology has brought the possibility of having a cleaner hydrogen generator. Essential part of an SPE electrolyzer, is the membrane- electrode assembly (MEA), where hydrogen generation (cathode electrode) and oxygen evolution (anode electrode) reactions take place. In the present work IrO2 and Pt/Vu were used as anode and cathode respectively for an ESP electrolyzer. Electrochemical measurements were realized using 5 different MEÁs, prepared by a hot-spray technique, where electrocatalytic inks were prepared and airbrushdeposited onto the membrane at 20 cm. After several deposited layers the obtained dried catalytic surfaces were rather homogeneous. After deposition, a thermomechanical process was used. All assemblies were prepared using Nafion® 117 and loads of 2 mg-cm-2 of IrO2 (Electrochem)as anode and 1 mg-cm-2 of 20% Pt/Vu (Electrochem) as cathode, nafion solution, ethylic alcohol to the catalyzer and then ultrasound stirred. The Nafion solution quantity was varied for the cathode and anode. Data were collected obtaining the polarization, power density and EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy)curves at 25{degree sign}C using a hardware manufactured in the laboratory, containing titanium mesh as current collector
Analysis of Gas Diffusion Layer and Flow Field Design using Neutron Radiography
Authors: Yoshizawa Koudai , Ikezoe Keigo , Tasaki Yutaka , Kramer Denis , Lehmann Eberhard , Scherer Günther G. 
Published: November 2006

A carbon cloth gas diffusion layer (GDL) displays better performance than a carbon paper GDL under humidified conditions. A straight flow field displays better performance than a serpentine flow field. To investigate these phenomena, neutron radiography was used to compare the amount of liquid water that accumulated in test fuel cells. It was found that a larger amount of water accumulated in a carbon cloth GDL than in a carbon paper GDL.	From the standpoint of cell performance, the carbon cloth GDL was less influenced by the accumulated water than the carbon paper GDL. It is assumed that the broader pore distribution of a carbon cloth GDL creates oxygen diffusion paths even if water accumulates in the GDL. With a serpentine flow field, water accumulated in the corner and the gas bypassed the flow field. These phenomena are the main causes of performance deterioration with a serpentine flow field.
Dissolution of Platinum in Acidic Media
Authors: Ota Kenichiro , Koizumi Yuuki , Mitsushima Shigenori , Kamiya Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2006

Platinum dissolves chemically after the formation of oxide in oxygen atmosphere, such as the cathode of polymer electrolyte fuel cells(PEFCs).	Considering the platinum depositions in the membrane electrolyte of PEFCs, the solubility of platinum (oxide) in the electrolyte might be one of key issues, in order to improve the durability of PEFCs. In this study, platinum solubility has been determined in acidic medium as a function of temperature, pH, and potential which was controlled with oxygen partial pressure. The solubility was 2.9x10-6mol dm-3 at 23oC in 1mol dm-3 H2SO4 under air, and increased with temperature and with the decrease of pH. The platinum solubility significantly increased with the presence of oxygen.	From these results, the dissolution of a platinum oxide in acidic medium would follow an acidic dissolution mechanism.
Deterioration of Pt Catalyst Under Potential Cycling
Authors: Kawahara Shuya , Mitsushima Shigenori , Ota Kenichiro , Kamiya Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2006

Using the rotating ring-disk electrode, Pt consumption has been investigated to clarify the dissolution mechanisms under potential cycling which was the symmetric and asymmetric potential wave. The charge of Pt oxidation was always larger than that of reduction. The difference of the oxidation and reduction charges should be caused by Pt dissolution. Pt dissolved during the oxide formation at anodic sweep for Symmetric rectangular wave , Symmetric triangular wave and Slow anodic triangular wave . The charge transfer number of the anodic dissolution reaction was ca. 4, based on the relationship between the difference of anodic/cathodic charges and the consumption. Therefore, the dissolution reaction would be Pt → Pt4+ + 4e- or chemical dissolution of PtO2 that was electrochemically 4-electron oxidized. For	Slow cathodic triangular wave , Pt dissolution during cathodic sweep was also observed. The charge transfer number of the cathodic dissolution reaction was ca. 2. This reaction would be PtO2 + 4H+ + 2e- → Pt2+ + 2H2O.
Identifying Contributing Degradation Phenomena in PEM Fuel Cell Membrane Electride Assemblies Via Electron Microscopy
Authors: More Karren , Borup Rod , Reeves Kimberly 
Published: November 2006

Advanced electron microscopy and ultramicrotomy specimen preparation techniques have been used to characterize the microstructural changes within PEM fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) that contribute to performance loss.	Atomic- level structural and compositional analyses have been conducted on intact 3-layer MEAs before and after life-testing to identify the microstructural degradation of individual constituents comprising the MEA, i.e., carbon support, electrocatalyst, polymer membrane, and recast ionomer.	Analyses conducted in this way are required to correlate observed microstructural changes with durability and fuel cell performance.
PEMFC Component Characterization and Its Relationship to Mass-Transport Overpotentials during Long-Term Testing
Authors: Wood David , Davey John , Atanassov Plamen , Borup Rod 
Published: November 2006

Individual overpotential contributions to PEM Fuel Cell performance are examined to determine how these change during long operating times. The cathode mass-transport overpotential and its relationship to O2 diffusion mechanisms and liquid- water transport is examined in detail.	A method, governing equation, and durability case study is presented here for estimating both overpotential contributions as a function of testing time, as well as the breakdown of mass-transport overpotential for the cathode Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) and catalyst layer. The importance of correlating component characterization with this durability data is also shown using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and pore- size distribution (PSD) measurements obtained with Hg and H2O porosimetry.
Stop-Start and High-Current Durability Testing of Nanostructured Thin Film Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Debe Mark K. , Steinbach Andrew J. , Noda Kazuki 
Published: November 2006

This paper reports two new PEM fuel cell catalyst durability test results using 3M's nanostructured thin film (NSTF) catalysts, which do not use carbon-supports or additional ionomer in the electrode layer. One test uses an automotive start/stop (S/S) testing protocol provided through communication with Nissan, and compares the NSTF catalyst durability with that of a conventional carbon supported dispersed Pt catalyst.	Fuel cell performance, cyclic voltammograms, surface area changes, specific activity	and XRD crystallite sizes were measured before and after S/S testing. The NSTF catalyst show much less loss of performance under the S/S cycling and most of the loss is recoverable. The second test involves high current density operation under totally dry H2/O2 conditions. Operating with an average current density of 1 A/cm2, with over 1600 scans between 0.1 and 2 A/cm2, the NSTF MEA lasted 1000 hours, consistent with extremely low measured fluoride ion emission rates.
Dynamics of PFSA Polymer Hydration Measured in Situ by SAXS
Authors: Herring Andrew M. , Yandrasits Michael A. , Aieta Niccolo V. , Stanis Ronald J. , Hamrock Steven J. , Cookson David J. 
Published: November 2006

Proton exchange membranes were cast from three perfluorosulfonic acid	(PFSA) ionomers, Nafion®, the 3M PFSA polymer, and the Dow membrane, with side chains -O-(CF2CF(CF3)- O-(CF2)2SO3H, -O-(CF2)4-SO3H, and -O-(CF2)2-SO3H respectively. The materials were heated above the Tg and the reorganization of the polymer morphology was studied in situ on the nanoscale by SAXS using synchrotron radiation. It was shown that both the 3M and the Dow membranes are much more crystalline and featured than the Nafion® membrane. The membranes were then hydrated at 80, 100, and 120ºC, with a humidified gas stream (80ºC dew point), and the kinetics of the morphological changes studied. In general the SAXS features increased in intensity as the ionomer peak grew in and swelled. Various heteropoly acid additives were also added to the membrane which was found to suppress the ionomer peak.
Application of Three TiO2 Polymorphs in Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells
Authors: Vega Poot Alberto G. , Reyes Coronado David , Oskam G. 
Published: November 2006

TiO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized in three phases in pure form, using amorphous TiO2 as a base material.	Porous, nanostructured films were prepared using the doctor-blading method from a TiO2 suspension. After heating at 450 åC to remove the polymer, the films were sensitized with the dye N-719.	Solar cells were prepared using a method of assembly designed to avoid evaporation of the solvent and the entrance of water and oxygen, and the efficiency of the solar cells was determined. The influence of the TiO2 structure on the solar cell performance is discussed.
Modified Porphyrinic Sensor for Nitric Oxide Monitoring
Authors: Hrbac Jan , Gregor Cenek , Vostalova Jitka , Kralova Jana , Ciz Milan , Lojek Antonin 
Published: November 2006

Carbon fiber, covered with nickel(II)poly-tetrakis(3-methoxy-4- hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin and Nafion® layers - porphyrinic sensor	is one of the most widely used nitric oxide selective electrodes. It is also the earliest design of coated wire type nitric oxide sensor, suggested by Malinski et al. in the early 1990s. Electrocatalytical properties of poly-NiTMHPP are well documented in the literature but the poly-NiTMHPP layer has not been considered as an anti-interference barrier. In this contribution we describe that by careful adjustment of conditions used during the process of nickel porphyrin electropolymerization (the use of cyclic potential scanning regime for polymerization, optimum number of cycles, optimum porphyrin monomer concentration), and by modification of the Nafion coating process the sensors which are very selective for nitric oxide can be fabricated, without the need to compromise between selectivity and detection limit.
Automated Microarray Technology for Biomedical and Environmental Sensors
Authors: Aguilar Zoraida P. , Van Nguyen Chien , Sirisena Mali , Gertsch Jana , Arumugam Prabhu , Spencer Daryl , Wansapura Chamika , Aguilar Ysmael , Homesley Jerry 
Published: November 2006

Studies toward the development of automated, rapid, sensitive, low-cost, and reliable biomedical and environmental assays using arrays of microcavities with three individually addressable electrodes is reported. Each microcavity in the array contains a bottom electrode called recessed microdisk electrode (or RMD), a middle layer electrode found along the wall called tubular nanoband electrode (or TNB), and a rim/top electrode. The microelectrode TNB was used to detect the signal from a microwell assay for as low as 100 pg of Plasmodium falciparum CSP gene over 5-min enzyme substrate incubation. A self-contained microelectrochemical assay for Cryptosporidium parvum was generated using the RMD for capture, the TNB as the detecting electrode, and the rim/top as the pseudoreference/auxiliary electrodes.	The 4-μm distance of the capture surface to the TNB detecting electrode provided close proximity to the assay components which allowed for a rapid response where the first signal was recorded within 30 s of enzyme substrate incubation. The self-contained nature of the microcavity provided low cost assays with the use of reagents down to 200 nL. The self-contained microelectrochemical microarrays were compatible with automation that was demonstrated in the detection of 25 pg Bacillus anthracis anti-PA IgG in < 25 min total assay time.
A Theoretical Framework for Prediction of Solid State Potentiometric Gas Sensor Behavior.
Authors: White Briggs M. , Macam Eric , Van Assche F. Martin , Traversa E. , Wachsman Eric D. 
Published: November 2006

A 3 electrode, Luggin's Probe configuration was employed in making D. C. polarization and open-circuit potential (OCP) measurements on Platinum and La2CuO4 electrodes in atmospheres containing O2, NO, NO2, CO and CO2 at 500{degree sign}C. Each electrode potential, referenced to an isolated embedded reference electrode, changed when exposed to the aforementioned gases and the differences summed to equal the sensor signals previously seen when both electrodes were exposed to the same environment. Both the La2CuO4 and Pt electrode potentials went down when exposed to reducing gases (NO and CO) and went up when exposed to oxidizing gases (O2 and NO2). The Pt responses (DOCP) were larger than those for La2CuO4 for all gases.	La2CuO4|YSZ|Pt sensors responded positively to NO and CO, negatively to NO2 and negligibly to O2. The D.C. polarization behavior for the Pt and La2CuO4 electrodes were contrasted and related to their individual gas responses (DOCPs).
Deficits in Movement Planning and Intrinsic Coordinate Control in Ideomotor Apraxia
Authors: Jax Steven A. , Buxbaum Laurel J. , Moll Adrienne D. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Two central issues in the field of motor control are the coordinate frame in which movements are controlled and the distinction between movement planning and online correction. In this study we used these issues to frame several hypotheses about the deficits underlying ideomotor apraxia (IMA). In particular, we examined whether ideomotor apraxics exhibited (1) deficits in movement control in intrinsic (body relative) coordinates with better control in extrinsic (workspace relative) coordinates, (2) deficits in movement planning that are compensated for by an overreliance on online correction, or (3) both deficits. Patients with IMA and two comparison groups performed movement tasks that relied preferentially on either intrinsic or extrinsic coordinate control when online correction was either possible or impossible. Participants performed posture imitation and grasp imitation movements to body- and object-relative end positions in the presence or absence of visual feedback. Consistent with the intrinsic coordinate control hypothesis, patients with IMA showed a significantly greater disparity than the other two groups between movements made to body-relative and object-relative targets as well as between imitation of meaningless postures and grasping. Consistent with the correction overreliance hypothesis, the IMA group was more disrupted than the other groups by the removal of vision. Thus, IMA patients exhibit behavioral patterns consistent with both deficient intrinsic coordinate control and overreliance upon visual feedback. Finally, lesion analysis suggests that damage to the left inferior parietal lobe (Brodmann's areas 39 and 40) may play a key role in both behavioral deficits.
What Neuroscience Can Tell about Intuitive Processes in the Context of Perceptual Discovery
Authors: Volz Kirsten G. , von Cramon D. Yves 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAccording to the Oxford English Dictionary, intuition is “the ability to understand or know something immediately, without conscious reasoning.” Most people would agree that intuitive responses appear as ideas or feelings that subsequently guide our thoughts and behaviors. It is proposed that people continuously, without conscious attention, recognize patterns in the stream of sensations that impinge upon them. What exactly is being recognized is not clear yet, but we assume that people detect potential content based on only a few aspects of the input (i.e., the gist). The result is a vague perception of coherence which is not explicitly describable but instead embodied in a “gut feeling” or an initial guess, which subsequently biases thought and inquiry. To approach the nature of intuitive processes, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging when participants were working at a modified version of the Waterloo Gestalt Closure Task. Starting from our conceptualization that intuition involves an informed judgment in the context of discovery, we expected activation within the median orbito-frontal cortex (OFC), as this area receives input from all sensory modalities and has been shown to be crucially involved in emotionally driven decisions. Results from a direct contrast between intuitive and nonintuitive judgments, as well as from a parametric analysis, revealed the median OFC, the lateral portion of the amygdala, anterior insula, and ventral occipito-temporal regions to be activated. Based on these findings, we suggest our definition of intuition to be promising and a good starting point for future research on intuitive processes.
A Neurolinguistic Model of Grammatical Construction Processing
Authors: Dominey Peter Ford , Hoen Michel , Inui Toshio 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
One of the functions of everyday human language is to communicate meaning. Thus, when one hears or reads the sentence, “John gave a book to Mary,” some aspect of an event concerning the transfer of possession of a book from John to Mary is (hopefully) transmitted. One theoretical approach to language referred to as construction grammar emphasizes this link between sentence structure and meaning in the form of grammatical constructions. The objective of the current research is to (1) outline a functional description of grammatical construction processing based on principles of psycholinguistics, (2) develop a model of how these functions can be implemented in human neurophysiology, and then (3) demonstrate the feasibility of the resulting model in processing languages of typologically diverse natures, that is, English, French, and Japanese. In this context, particular interest will be directed toward the processing of novel compositional structure of relative phrases. The simulation results are discussed in the context of recent neurophysiological studies of language processing.