bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Trait Loci for BMD and Bone Strength in an Intercross Between Domestic and Wildtype Chickens
Authors: Rubin Carl-Johan , Brändström Helena , Wright Dominic , Kerje Susanne , Gunnarsson Ulrika , Schutz Karin , Fredriksson Robert , Jensen Per , Andersson Leif , Ohlsson Claes , Mallmin Hans , Larsson Sune , Kindmark Andreas 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
With chicken used as a model species, we used QTL analysis to examine the genetic contribution to bone traits. We report the identification of four QTLs for femoral traits: one for bone strength, one for endosteal circumference, and two affecting mineral density of noncortical bone.
Introduction: BMD is a highly heritable phenotype, governed by elements at numerous loci. In studies examining the genetic contribution to bone traits, many loci have been identified in humans and in other species. The goal of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling BMD and bone strength in an intercross between wildtype and domestic chickens.
Materials and Methods: A set of 164 markers, covering 30 chromosomes (chr.), were used to genotype 337 F2-individuals from an intercross of domesticated white Leghorn and wildtype red junglefowl chicken. DXA and pQCT were used to measure BMD and bone structure. Three-point bending tests and torsional strength tests were performed to determine the biomechanical strength of the bone. QTLs were mapped using forward selection for loci with significant marginal effects.
Results: Four QTLs for femoral bone traits were identified in QTL analysis with body weight included as a covariate. A QTL on chr. 1 affected female noncortical BMD (LOD 4.6) and is syntenic to human 12q21–12q23. Also located on chr. 1, a locus with synteny to human 12q13–14 affected endosteal circumference (LOD 4.6). On chr. 2, a QTL corresponding to human 5p13-p15, 7p12, 18q12, 18q21, and 9q22–9q31 affected BMD in females; noncortical (LOD 4.0) and metaphyseal (LOD 7.0) BMD by pQCT and BMD by DXA (LOD 5.9). A QTL located on chr. 20 (LOD 5.2) affected bone biomechanical strength and had sex-dependent effects. In addition to the significant QTLs, 10 further loci with suggestive linkage to bone traits were identified.
Conclusions: Four QTLs were identified: two for noncortical BMD, one for endosteal circumference, and one affecting bone biomechanical strength. The future identification of genes responsible for these QTLs will increase the understanding of vertebrate skeletal biology.
Alterations of Cortical and Trabecular Architecture Are Associated With Fractures in Postmenopausal Women, Partially Independent of Decreased BMD Measured by DXA: The OFELY Study
Authors: Sornay-Rendu Elisabeth , Boutroy Stéphanie , Munoz Françoise , Delmas Pierre D 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
We assessed the role of low aBMD and impaired architecture—assessed by an HR-pQCT system—in a case-control study of postmenopausal women with fractures. Vertebral and nonvertebral fractures are associated with low volumetric BMD and architectural alterations of trabecular and cortical bone, independent of aBMD assessed by DXA.
Introduction: Alterations of bone architecture and low BMD both contribute to skeletal fragility, but the contribution of cortical and trabecular architecture, independently of areal BMD (aBMD), to the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women has not been thoroughly evaluated. We assessed the role of impaired architecture and low BMD in postmenopausal women with fractures.
Materials and Methods: A matched case-control study in women from the OFELY cohort was performed after 13 years of follow-up. One hundred one women (mean, 73.7 ± 8 years) who sustained a fragility fracture during the follow-up of the study were age-matched with one control who never had a fracture. Density and architecture at the distal radius and tibia were measured with high-resolution pQCT (HR-pQCT) using an XTreme CT (Scanco Medical AG, Bassersdorf, Switzerland). aBMD at the total hip and ultradistal radius was measured by DXA.
Results: There were 80 peripheral fractures in 72 women, 44 vertebral fractures in 34 women, and both types of fractures in 5 women over the 14 years of follow-up. At the distal radius, women with fractures had lower volumetric total (D tot) and trabecular (D trab) BMDs, BV/TV, cortical thickness (Cort Th), trabecular number (TbN), and trabecular thickness (TbTh) and higher trabecular separation (TbSp) and distribution of trabecular separation (TbSpSd) than controls without fractures. In a logistic model, each SD decrease of volumetric total and trabecular densities was associated with a significantly increased risk of fracture at both sites (ORs ranged from 2.00 to 2.47). After adjusting for aBMD measured by DXA at the ultradistal radius, differences between cases and controls remained significant for D trab, and there was a similar trend for TbN, TbSp, and TbSpSd, with adjusted ORs ranging from 1.32 to 1.50. At the distal tibia, before and after adjusting for total hip aBMD, differences between cases and controls remained significant for D tot, D trab, Cort Th, and TbTh, with adjusted ORs ranging from 1.80 to 2.09.
Conclusions: In postmenopausal women, vertebral and nonvertebral fractures are associated with low volumetric BMD and architectural alterations of trabecular and cortical bone that can be assessed noninvasively and that are partially independent of aBMD assessed by DXA.
Different Responsiveness of Alveolar and Tibial Bone to Bone Loss Stimuli
Authors: Mavropoulos Anestis , Rizzoli René , Ammann Patrick 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Mandibular and systemic bone loss are poorly associated. We compared the effect of isocaloric protein undernutrition and/or ovariectomy on BMD and microstructure of mandibular alveolar and proximal tibia sites in adult rats. Mandibular bone was significantly less affected.
Introduction: Whether mandibular bone and axial or peripheral skeleton respond similarly to systemic bone loss remains a subject of controversy. We have previously shown that mechanical loading during mastication influences bone mass and architecture of the mandibular alveolar bone. Isocaloric protein undernutrition and ovariectomy are known to cause bone loss and deterioration of bone microarchitecture at various axial and peripheral skeletal sites. We studied how the mandible, which is subjected to heavy, abrupt, and intermittent forces during mastication, responds to low-protein intake and/or ovariectomy and compared this response to that of the proximal tibia in adult rats.
Materials and Methods: Forty-four 6-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent transabdominal ovariectomy (OVX; n = 22) or sham operation (n = 22) and were pair-fed isocaloric diets containing either 15% or 2.5% casein (sham 15%, n = 11; sham 2.5%, n = 11; OVX 15%, n = 11; and OVX 2.5%, n = 11) for 16 weeks. BMD and bone microarchitecture parameters (e.g., bone volume fraction [BV/TV] and trabecular thickness and number) of the mandible and the proximal tibia were measured at the end of the experiment using DXA and μCT.
Results: Mandibular alveolar bone was negatively influenced by both protein undernutrition and OVX, but to a significantly lesser extent than the proximal tibia. In sham-operated animals, low-protein intake led to a 17.3% reduction of BV/TV in the mandible and 84.6% in the tibia (p &lt; 0.001). In normal protein diet–fed animals, OVX led to a reduction of BV/TV of 4.9% in the mandible but 82% in the tibia (p &lt; 0.001). In the mandible, protein undernutrition resulted in thinner trabeculae (p &lt; 0.05), whereas OVX led to a reduction of trabecular number (p &lt; 0.05).
Conclusions: Mandibular alveolar bone was found to be less sensitive to either protein undernutrition or OVX than the proximal tibia spongiosa. We hypothesize that the mechanical loading of the alveolar process during mastication may protect the alveolar bone from the detrimental effects observed in other skeletal sites, such as the proximal tibia. Morphological and embryological differences between the two skeletal sites might also play a role.
Negative Regulation by p70 S6 Kinase of FGF-2–Stimulated VEGF Release Through Stress-Activated Protein Kinase/c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase in Osteoblasts
Authors: Takai Shinji , Tokuda Haruhiko , Hanai Yoshiteru , Harada Atsushi , Yasuda Eisuke , Matsushima-Nishiwaki Rie , Kato Hisaaki , Ogura Shinji , Ohta Toshiki , Kozawa Osamu 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
To clarify the mechanism of VEGF release in osteoblasts, we studied whether p70 S6 kinase is involved in basic FGF-2–stimulated VEGF release in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. In this study, we show that p70 S6 kinase activated by FGF-2 negatively regulates VEGF release through SAPK/JNK in osteoblasts.
Introduction: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in bone metabolism. We have previously reported that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) stimulates the release of VEGF through p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells and that FGF-2–activated p38 MAP kinase negatively regulates VEGF release. However, the mechanism behind VEGF release in osteoblasts is not precisely known.
Materials and Methods: The levels of VEGF released from MC3T3-E1 cells were measured by enzyme immunoassay. The phosphorylation of each protein kinase was analyzed by Western blotting. To knock down p70 S6 kinase in MC3T3-E1 cells, the cells were transfected with siRNA to target p70 S6 kinase.
Results: FGF-2 time-dependently induced the phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase. Rapamycin significantly enhanced the FGF-2–stimulated VEGF release and VEGF mRNA expression. The FGF-2–induced phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase was suppressed by rapamycin. Rapamycin markedly enhanced the FGF-2–induced phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK without affecting the phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAP kinase or p38 MAP kinase. SP600125, a specific inhibitor of SAPK/JNK, suppressed the amplification by rapamycin of the FGF-2–stimulated VEGF release similar to the levels of FGF-2 with SP600125. Finally, downregulation of p70 S6 kinase by siRNA significantly enhanced the FGF-2–stimulated VEGF release and phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK.
Conclusions: These results strongly suggest that p70 S6 kinase limits FGF-2–stimulated VEGF release through self-regulation of SAPK/JNK, composing a negative feedback loop, in osteoblasts.
The New Age of Communication Research: Discourse, Cognition and Behaviour
Authors: McDonald Skye , Togher Leanne 
Published: December 2006

AbstractResearch into communication disorders has been undergoing a slow revolution over the past few decades with some fascinating advances and some exciting new directions ahead. The major change in emphasis that has emerged is an interest in assessing communication as this relates to real-life everyday type situations. In particular, three major thrusts can be identified. The first is the application of socially relevant linguistic theory to communication disorders. Thus, theorists such as Halliday have provided useful frameworks for identifying patterns in discourse. In turn, these have revealed the strengths and weakness of speakers with aphasia or other communication disorders (e.g., traumatic brain injuries) and also what their conversational partners do to help or hinder this process. The second is an examination of how cognitive processes, including memory, inferential reasoning and social cognition, contribute to communicative competence in people who have communication disorders but not aphasia, such as those with Alzheimer's disease, with traumatic brain injuries and with right hemisphere lesions. The third is the adoption of a more integrated approach, whereby verbal and nonverbal behaviours are examined in detail for their communicative meaning, for both the purposes of characterising communication breakdown and for developing an integrated treatment approach.
The Impact of Varied Speaker Role and Communication Partner on the Communicative Interactions of a Person With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Single Case Study Using Systemic Functional Linguistics
Authors: Togher Leanne , Taylor Christine , Aird Vanessa , Grant Susan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article presents preliminary findings on an investigation into the differences in communicative performance across varying speaking conditions, of an individual with a cognitive–linguistic impairment following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The article compares the communicative exchanges of an individual in a conversation with a therapist, a conversational dyad with a peer with TBI, and in a communication group task where they were interacting with other participants with TBI. The speaking conditions studied included an unstructured chat, the participant requesting information and the participant giving information. Results showed that the person with TBI responded to differences in communication partner and speaker role. He was best able to give information in the unstructured chat with the clinician and the information giving session in the group. Requesting was maximally facilitated in the information request condition with the clinician. Qualitatively, however, the most equal interactions occurred with the peer, with evidence of the person with TBI engaging in typical conversational strategies such as establishing common ground to facilitate topic development and co-constructing the discourse topics. These strategies did not occur in the clinician or group interactions, possibly due to power imbalance in the former and impaired cognitive–linguistic ability in the latter situation. Implications for clinical decision making regarding intervention strategies for patients with cognitive–communication deficits are discussed.
Gist Distinctions in Healthy Cognitive Aging Versus Mild Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Chapman Sandra B. , Anand Raksha , Sparks Garen , Cullum C. Munro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThere is limited understanding of the effects of normal and abnormal aging on gist-based memory in relation to the massive evidence regarding detail-based memory. This void is striking given the widely accepted view that memory is rarely veridical, but most often abstracted. The present study examined the effects of healthy advanced aging and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) on three distinct forms of gist. Two of these gist forms involved a passage: transformed gist (global generalised meaning of a passage) and main-idea gist (main points of a passage). The third gist form involved a word list: categorical gist (clustering of words according to semantic categories during list recall). These gist forms were assessed in immediate and delayed recall conditions. A total of 36 participants were included: 12 cognitively healthy young seniors (65–79 years), 12 cognitively healthy old seniors (80–95 years), and 12 young seniors with mild AD (65–79 years). The findings revealed that age and dementia did not equally affect all three forms of gist. Specifically, transformed gist was relatively maintained in the cognitively healthy senior groups as compared to the other two gist forms (main-idea gist and categorical gist), whereas all three gist forms were impaired in individuals with AD. The present study suggests that transformed gist operates differently than detail-based memory in the cognitively healthy senior groups. These findings have important theoretical implications in terms of informing existing models on the interrelationship between gist and detail-based memory and clinical implications in diagnosis of AD.
Self-Coaching: A Context-Sensitive, Person-Centred Approach to Social Communication After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Ylvisaker Mark 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUnsuccessful social communication after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often a consequence of self-regulatory (executive function) impairments. The primary goal of this article is to describe an approach to intervention for individuals with self-regulatory impairments that is individualised, sensitive to context and to the role of everyday communication partners, and supported by personally compelling metaphors. After a brief review of the social communication outcome literature, an innovative approach to improving social competence is presented and illustrated. The article ends with a review of the evidence base for social skills and self-talk interventions.
Natural Cement in the 21st Century
Authors: Edison MP 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Natural cement, the predominant hydraulic binder of the 19th century, has re-emerged in the 21st century as a restoration material. Engineers, architects, conservators, and owners must be able to rely upon modern natural cements to meet the same performance criteria as historic cement materials. In addition to the performance criteria, natural cement must provide the working characteristics demanded by contemporary tradespeople and the aesthetic results expected in high-quality historic restoration work. Historic standards for natural cement are reviewed and criteria used in developing the recently reinstated ASTM C 10 Standard Specification for Natural Cement are discussed. Recent research into the effectiveness of set and flow modifying admixtures with natural cement is presented, as well as an overview of producing color matches for natural cement mortars and stuccos.
Molecular Interaction between Projection Neuron Precursors and Invading Interneurons via Stromal-Derived Factor 1 (CXCL12)/CXCR4 Signaling in the Cortical Subventricular Zone/Intermediate Zone
Authors: Tiveron Marie-Catherine , Rossel Mireille , Moepps Barbara , Zhang Yong Li , Seidenfaden Ralph , Favor Jack , König Norbert , Cremer Harold 
Published: December 2006

Most cortical interneurons are generated in the subpallial ganglionic eminences and migrate tangentially to their final destinations in the neocortex. Within the cortex, interneurons follow mainly stereotype routes in the subventricular zone/intermediate zone (SVZ/IZ) and in the marginal zone. It has been suggested that interactions between invading interneurons and locally generated projection neurons are implicated in the temporal and spatial regulation of the invasion process. However, so far experimental evidence for such interactions is lacking.We show here that the chemokine stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1; CXCL12) is expressed in the main invasion route for cortical interneurons in the SVZ/IZ. Most SDF-1-positive cells are proliferating and express the homeodomain transcription factors Cux1 and Cux2. Using MASH-1 mutant mice in concert with the interneuron marker DLX, we exclude that interneurons themselves produce the chemokine in an autocrine manner. We conclude that the SDF-1-expressing cell population represents the precursors of projection neurons during their transition and amplification in the SVZ/IZ. Using mice lacking the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4 or Pax6, we demonstrate that SDF-1 expression in the cortical SVZ/IZ is essential for recognition of this pathway by interneurons. These results represent the first evidence for a molecular interaction between precursors of projection neurons and invading interneurons during corticogenesis.
The Savior, the Woman, and the Head of the Dragon in the Caput Masses and Motet
Authors: ROBERTSON ANNE WALTERS 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGod's dramatic curse of Adam, Eve, and the serpent, as recorded in Genesis 3:14–15, contains a theological ambiguity that played out in the visual arts, literature, and, as this article contends, music of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Translations of this passage leave in doubt whether a male, a female, or both, will defeat sin by crushing Satan's head (“caput”). This issue lies at the heart of the three Caput masses by an anonymous Englishman, Johannes Ockeghem, and Jacob Obrecht, and the Caput Motet for the Virgin by Richard Hygons from the Eton Choirbook.Fifteenth-century discussions of the roles of Christ and Mary in confronting sin, often called the “head of the dragon,” help unravel the meaning of these works. The Caput masses are Christ-focused and emphasize the Savior or one of his surrogates suppressing the beast's head, as seen in illumination, rubric, and canon found in the masses. Folklorically based rituals and concepts of liturgical time are similarly built around the idea of the temporary reign of the Devil, who is ultimately trodden down by Christ. Hygons's motet appears after celebration of the Immaculate Conception was authorized in the late fifteenth century. This feast proclaimed Mary's conquest of sin through her own trampling on the dragon; the motet stresses Marian elements of the Caput theology, especially the contrast between the Virgin's spotlessness and Eve's corruption. Features of the Caput tradition mirror topics discussed in astrological and astronomical treatises and suggest that the composer of the original Caput Mass may also have been an astronomer. The disappearance of the Caput tradition signals its lasting influence through its progeny, which rise up in yet another renowned family of polyphonic masses.Together, the Caput masses and motet encompass the multifaceted doctrine of Redemption from the late middle ages under one highly symbolic Caput rubric.
“Everybody Step”: Irving Berlin, Jazz, and Broadway in the 1920s
Authors: MAGEE JEFFREY 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
In his four Music Box Revues (1921–24), Irving Berlin introduced a series of songs that many construed as jazz. That view has not prevailed, but the jazz label becomes more intelligible through efforts to restore its original milieu, including the songs' distinctive musical and linguistic elements, their theatrical context, and the cultural commentary surrounding Berlin and his work in that period. At a time when the term jazz had only recently entered public discourse, and when its meaning, content, and value remained in flux, Berlin deployed a variety of ragtime and blues figures that may be described as black topics, and combined them in such a way as to produce a jazz trope, a musical construct created by juxtaposing disparate or even contradictory topics. When repeatedly set to lyrics that celebrate illicit behavior, the music gains further associations with things that jazz was thought to abet. Theatrical setting further reinforced the songs' links to jazz. Berlin wrote many of the numbers for a flapper-style sister act, often placed them in a climactic program position, and juxtaposed them with sentimental and nostalgic songs that lacked jazz flavor and whose lyrics, in some cases, pointedly denied jazz's attractions. Beyond the stage, the songs and their theatrical presentation flourished within an emerging perspective that identified Jewish Americans, such as Berlin and George Gershwin, as the key figures in jazz and musical theater. Berlin's Broadway jazz stands as an influential and revealing intersection of musical, linguistic, theatrical, and social elements in the early 1920s.
Approximate Genealogies Under Genetic Hitchhiking
Authors: Pfaffelhuber P , Haubold B , Wakolbinger A 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The rapid fixation of an advantageous allele leads to a reduction in linked neutral variation around the target of selection. The genealogy at a neutral locus in such a selective sweep can be simulated by first generating a random path of the advantageous allele's frequency and then a structured coalescent in this background. Usually the frequency path is approximated by a logistic growth curve. We discuss an alternative method that approximates the genealogy by a random binary splitting tree, a so-called Yule tree that does not require first constructing a frequency path. Compared to the coalescent in a logistic background, this method gives a slightly better approximation for identity by descent during the selective phase and a much better approximation for the number of lineages that stem from the founder of the selective sweep. In applications such as the approximation of the distribution of Tajima's D, the two approximation methods perform equally well. For relevant parameter ranges, the Yule approximation is faster.