bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Landscape fluidity – a unifying perspective for understanding and adapting to global change
Authors: Manning Adrian D. , Fischer Joern , Felton Adam , Newell Barry , Steffen Will , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractRapid, human‐induced global change presents major challenges to researchers, policy‐makers and land managers. Addressing these challenges requires an appreciation of the dynamics of ecological systems. Here, we propose ‘landscape fluidity’ as a perspective and research agenda from which to consider landscapes in the process of changing rapidly through both time and space. We define landscape fluidity as the ebb and flow of different organisms within a landscape through time. A range of existing ideas, themes and practical approaches are relevant to landscape fluidity, and we use a case study of scattered tree landscapes in south‐eastern Australia to illustrate the benefits of a landscape fluidity perspective. We suggest that a focus on landscape fluidity can bring a renewed emphasis on change in landscapes and so help unify a range of currently separate research themes in biogeography, ecology, palaeoecology and conservation biology.
Searching for heat in a marine biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Bellwood David R. , Meyer Christopher P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCoral reefs exhibit highly congruent patterns of biodiversity, with a prominent hotspot in the Indo‐Australian Archipelago (IAA). Unlike many terrestrial systems, the IAA hotspot exhibits extensive latitudinal and longitudinal biodiversity gradients. Conflicting hypotheses have highlighted the importance of the area as a centre of origin, overlap or accumulation, with the location of endemics being used as the primary criterion for testing these hypotheses, by identifying the presumed geographical origins of species. We evaluate the utility of marine endemics for resolving these hypotheses, and examine recent molecular phylogenetic evidence for coral reef species that has revealed the antiquity of the endemics and the other species that make up this hotspot. These analyses emphasize the importance of the IAA in the survival rather than the origins of species.
Prognostic role of the glucometabolic status assessed in a metabolically stable phase after a first acute myocardial infarction: the SHEEP study
Authors: Janszky I. , Hallqvist J. , Ljung R. , Ahlbom A. , Hammar N. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract.Objectives.  Our objective was to examine fasting glucose and insulin levels in patients surviving 3 months after a first AMI in relation to long‐term prognosis.Design.  A total of 1167 consecutive patients between 45 and 70 years with a first nonfatal AMI underwent a standardized clinical examination and were followed for a mean of 8 years for total and cardiac mortality and hospitalization for nonfatal cardiovascular disease. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was defined as fasting glucose between 5.6 and 7 mmol L−1 and a level ≥7 mmol L−1 as newly detected diabetes. Patients with a fasting glucose level <5.6 mmol L−1 and without a history of diabetes were classified as normoglycemic (NG). An estimate of insulin resistance was calculated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA).Results.  We recorded 219 deaths, 121 deaths from cardiac causes, during the follow‐up period. After adjustment for several potential confounders, hazard ratios for total mortality were 1.36 (95% confidence interval 0.93–1.99, P = 0.11), 2.27 (1.26–4.09, P = 0.006) and 2.15 (1.43–3.21, P < 0.001) for patients with IFG, newly detected diabetes and history of diabetes when compared to the NG group. Cardiac mortality, risk of hospitalization for recurrent nonfatal AMI, stroke or heart failure generally showed a similar pattern to that of total mortality. Insulin level and HOMA values were also associated with increased risk for recurrent events.Conclusions.  We confirmed that both known and newly detected diabetes is a strong prognostic factor in AMI. In addition, our findings suggest that glucose levels below the diabetes cut off value might also predict poor long‐term prognosis when assessed in a metabolically stable phase.
Identification of T‐cell stimulating antigens from Giardia lamblia by using Giardia‐specific T‐cell hybridomas
Authors: ASTIAZARAN‐GARCIA H. , QUINTERO J. , VEGA R. , BRICEÑO P. , OVIEDO C. , RASCON L. , GARIBAY‐ESCOBAR A. , CASTILLO‐YAÑEZ F. J. , ROBLES‐ZEPEDA R. , HERNANDEZ J. , VELAZQUEZ C. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY T‐cell immune response plays an important role in controlling Giardia lamblia infections. Little is known about the G. lamblia‐specific antigens that stimulate a cell‐mediated immune response. The aim of the present study was to identify T‐cell stimulating G. lamblia antigens. For this purpose, we generated a group of Giardia‐specific T‐cell hybridomas (2F9, 4D5, 6D10, 8B9, 9B10, 10F7 and 10G5). Hybridomas were screened for reactivity with G. lamblia protein extract by the CTLL bioassay. These T‐cell hybridomas did not exhibit any significant activation either in the absence of G. lamblia protein extract or in the presence of irrelevant antigen (hen white egg lysozyme). To further characterize the T‐cell hybridomas generated, we selected three hybridomas (10G5, 4D5 and 9B10). Giardia lamblia proteins of 90–110, 65–77 and 40–64 kDa showed T‐cell stimulating activity for the hybridomas 10G5, 4D5 and 9B10, respectively, in a concentration‐dependent manner. Protein extract obtained from different G. lamblia strains (GS/M‐83‐H7, WB C6 and a clinical isolate (YJJ)) stimulated all T‐cell hybridomas, indicating that T‐cell‐stimulating antigens are expressed among different G. lamblia strains. In conclusion, we identified T‐cell stimulating G. lamblia antigens by using Giardia‐specific T‐cell hybridomas. To our knowledge, these hybridomas are the first‐described T‐cell hybridomas specific for G. lamblia.
Electrical signalling and cytokinins mediate effects of light and root cutting on ion uptake in intact plants
Authors: SHABALA SERGEY , PANG JIAYIN , ZHOU MEIXUE , SHABALA LANA , CUIN TRACEY A. , NICK PETER , WEGNER LARS H. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTNutrient acquisition in the mature root zone is under systemic control by the shoot and the root tip. In maize, exposure of the shoot to light induces short‐term (within 1–2 min) effects on net K+ and H+ transport at the root surface. H+ efflux decreased (from −18 to −12 nmol m−2 s−1) and K+ uptake (∼2 nmol m−2 s−1) reverted to efflux (∼−3 nmol m−2 s−1). Xylem probing revealed that the trans‐root (electrical) potential drop between xylem vessels and an external electrode responded within seconds to a stepwise increase in light intensity; xylem pressure started to decrease after a ∼3 min delay, favouring electrical as opposed to hydraulic signalling. Cutting of maize and barley roots at the base reduced H+ efflux and stopped K+ influx in low‐salt medium; xylem pressure rapidly increased to atmospheric levels. With 100 mm NaCl added to the bath, the pressure jump upon cutting was more dramatic, but fluxes remained unaffected, providing further evidence against hydraulic regulation of ion uptake. Following excision of the apical part of barley roots, influx changed to large efflux (−50 nmol m−2 s−1). Kinetin (2–4 µm), a synthetic cytokinin, reversed this effect. Regulation of ion transport by root‐tip‐synthesized cytokinins is discussed.
First alkaline magmatism during Iberia–Newfoundland rifting
Authors: Grange Marion , Schärer Urs , Cornen Guy , Girardeau Jacques 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe age and origin of alkaline rocks emplaced into the sediments of the rift‐related continental Lusitanian basin were investigated to constrain earliest magmatic activity occurring prior to oceanic plate formation between Iberia and Newfoundland. The U–Pb titanite ages are 146.5 ± 1.6 (2σSTERR), 145.3 ± 1.4 and 142.3 ± 1.0 Ma, and initial Pb isotopic ratios of feldspars lie at 18.418–18.978 for 206Pb/204Pb, at 15.594–15.925 for 207Pb/204Pb and at 37.105–39.216 for 208Pb/204Pb. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios measured in the same feldspar fractions lie at 0.705409–0.706462. This episode of magmatic activity lasting for at least 4.2 ± 2.6 Myr most likely marks a phase of maximum lithospheric thinning during which zones of weakness were created to allow deep magmas to reach the surface. Such zones are preferentially re‐activated Palaeozoic faults of the Iberian plate. The isotope data suggest that the dominant volume of alkaline magmas was generated by partial melting of the metasomatized subcontinental Iberian mantle.
The impact of distance of residence from a peripheral health facility on pediatric health utilisation in rural western Kenya
Authors: Feikin Daniel R. , Nguyen Ly Minh , Adazu Kubaje , Ombok Maurice , Audi Allan , Slutsker Laurence , Lindblade Kim A. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryObjective  To explore the impact of distance on utilisation of peripheral health facilities for sick child visits in Asembo, rural western Kenya.Methods  As part of a demographic surveillance system (DSS), censuses of all households in the Asembo population of 55 000 are conducted three times a year, data are collected at all outpatient pediatric visits in seven DSS clinics in Asembo, and all households are GIS‐mapped and linkable to a child’s unique DSS identification number. Between May 1, 2003 and April 30, 2004, 3501 clinic visits were linked to 2432 children among 10 973 DSS‐resident children < 5 years of age.Results  Younger children and children with more severe illnesses travelled further for clinic visits. The median distance travelled varied by clinic. The rate of clinic visits decreased linearly at 0.5 km intervals up to 4 km, after which the rate stabilised. Using Poisson regression, controlling for the nearest DSS clinic for each child, socio‐economic status and maternal education, and accounting for household clustering of children, for every 1 km increase in distance of residence from a DSS clinic, the rate of clinic visits decreased by 34% (95% CI, 31–37%) from the previous kilometer.Conclusion  Achieving equity in access to health care for children in rural Kenya will require creative strategies to address a significant distance‐decay effect in health care utilisation.
A case of superficial suppurative necrolytic dermatitis of miniature schnauzers with identification of a causative agent using patch testing
Authors: Murayama Nobuo , Midorikawa Kuniaki , Nagata Masahiko 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA 9‐year‐old, castrated male, miniature schnauzer presented with malaise, anorexia, fever and severe inflammatory skin lesions on the dorsum, thighs and pinnae. The lesions developed 2 days after bathing with a commercial shampoo. Histopathological examination of skin samples revealed neutrophilic exocytosis, parakeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia and neutrophilic infiltration in the superficial dermis. Skin lesions resolved completely after 14 days of treatment with prednisolone and ofloxacin. Patch testing performed on the patient and a clinically healthy dog showed erythema at the site exposed to the culprit shampoo 48 h later only on the patient. Histopathological findings of the erythematous reaction were similar to those of the spontaneous skin lesions. Based on these findings, the dog was diagnosed with superficial suppurative necrolytic dermatitis of miniature schnauzers. The patch test results suggested that contact dermatitis to a commercial shampoo played a role in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Amplification of three different papillomaviral DNA sequences from a cat with viral plaques
Authors: Munday John S. , Willis Kristen A. , Kiupel Matti , Hill Fraser I. , Dunowska Magdalena 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA 3‐year‐old cat from New Zealand developed three small raised non‐ulcerated plaques on the face. Serology detected antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Histology of the plaque revealed epidermal hyperplasia with keratinocytes either distended with large blue‐grey cytoplasmic bodies or with shrunken nuclei surrounded by a clear halo. Papillomavirus (PV) antigen was detected immunohistochemically and feline viral plaque was diagnosed. Swabs were taken of both lesional and non‐lesional skin, and polymerase chain reactions were used to detect PV DNA. Three different PV DNA sequences were amplified, one from a Felis domesticus PV type 1 (FdPV‐1) previously amplified from a feline viral plaque, a second (FdPV‐JM) previously amplified from feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas, and a third FdPV‐MY that was not reported previously. All three sequences were amplified from swabs of both lesional and non‐lesional skin. These results extend the geographical range of FdPV‐1 outside North America and also demonstrate the ability of FdPV‐1 to asymptomatically infect feline skin. However, the detection of multiple PV sequences within both lesional and non‐lesional samples makes it difficult to determine whether or not any of the PVs caused feline viral plaque development in this cat. This is the first time PV DNA has been detected in a feline skin swab sample. Additionally, it is the first report of multiple PVs being detected in a single sample from a cat. This may suggest that FIV infection predisposes cats to cutaneous PV infection.
Effects of antagonistic coevolution on parasite‐mediated host coexistence
Authors: MORGAN A. D. , CRAIG MACLEAN R. , BUCKLING A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractParasites can promote diversity by mediating coexistence between a poorer and superior competitor, if the superior competitor is more susceptible to parasitism. However, hosts and parasites frequently undergo antagonistic coevolution. This process may result in the accumulation of pleiotropic fitness costs associated with host resistance, and could breakdown coexistence. We experimentally investigated parasite‐mediated coexistence of two genotypes of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, where one genotype underwent coevolution with a parasite (a virulent bacteriophage), whereas the other genotype was resistant to the evolving phages at all time points, but a poorer competitor. In the absence of phages, the resistant genotype was rapidly driven extinct in all populations. In the presence of the phages, the resistant genotype persisted in four of six populations and eventually reached higher frequencies than the sensitive genotype. The coevolving genotype showed a reduction in the growth rate, consistent with a cost of resistance, which may be responsible for a decline in its relative fitness. These results demonstrate that the stability of parasite‐mediated coexistence of resistant and susceptible species or genotypes is likely to be affected if parasites and susceptible hosts coevolve.
Dispersal and population genetic structure of Telmatherina antoniae, an endemic freshwater Sailfin silverside from Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: WALTER R. P. , HAFFNER G. D. , HEATH D. D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPopulation genetic structure in the presence of substantial dispersal provides a unique perspective on the evolution of reproductive isolation. We sampled Telmatherina antoniae, an endemic fish species, at 10 sites in Lake Matano, Indonesia. Significant genetic structure (FST = 0.03) was found, despite a migration rate of 10.2% and a mean dispersal distance of 13.6 km, estimated by genotype assignment. Neither dispersal distance nor direction differed from random expectations, indicative of no dispersal barrier in Lake Matano. However, Bayesian genotype cluster assignment identified a population structure consisting of four to six clusters that did not coincide with sample site distribution, but explained two to three times more genetic variance than sample site. The mechanism for continued isolation of those genetic clusters is unknown, but assortative mating and temporal isolation are obvious candidates. Our results resolve the apparent paradox of population genetic structure coupled with frequent dispersal, and highlight the importance of considering cryptic genetic structure.
Senescent sperm performance in old male birds
Authors: MØLLER A. P. , MOUSSEAU T. A. , RUDOLFSEN G. , BALBONTíN J. , MARZAL A. , HERMOSELL I. , DE LOPE F. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSenescence is the deterioration of the phenotype with age caused by negative effects of mutations acting late in life or the physiological deterioration of vital processes. Birds have traditionally been assumed to senescence slowly despite their high metabolic rates, high blood sugar levels and high body temperature. Here we investigate the patterns of age‐related performance of sperm of a long distance migrant, the barn swallowHirundo rustica, varying in age from 1 to 6 years, analysed by the computer‐assisted sperm analysis equipment. Sperm showed deteriorating performance in terms of linear movement, track velocity, straight line velocity and reduced proportions of rapidly moving, progressive and motile sperm with age. In a second series of experiments, we assessed performance of sperm from the same males in neutral medium and in medium derived from the reproductive tract of females in an attempt to test if sperm of old males performed relatively better in female medium, as expected from extra‐pair paternity being negatively related to male age, but not to female age. Older males showed consistently better performance in female medium than in neutral medium in terms of track velocity, straight line velocity and reduced proportions of rapidly moving, progressive and motile sperm, whereas young males showed better performance in neutral medium. These results provide evidence of declining sperm performance for important reproductive variables not only with age, but also with the sperm of old males performing differentially better in female medium than young males.
Performance and acceptance evaluation of a knowledge‐based SDSS for medfly area‐wide control
Authors: Cohen A. , Cohen Y. , Broday D. , Timar D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe performance evaluation of a spatial decision support system (SDSS) for medfly control in citrus in Israel, known as ‘MedCila’, is described. The performance was evaluated by considering four aspects: verification, validation, acceptance and effectiveness. For the performance evaluation of MedCila, a representative set of 420 real cases was collected. In addition, an expert panel was gathered to serve as ‘a reference level of expertise’ against which MedCila recommendations were compared. Various types of comparisons and cross‐sections were made using the MedCila recommendations and the decisions of the zone managers to evaluate its performance. In general, MedCila was validated to provide an 80% proportion of success. For complex cases, it was validated to provide only 75% proportion of success. The results show that MedCila significantly reduces spraying actions by at least 8%, which is estimated to save 13.3 tons of chemicals and 250 000 US$ each year. MedCila may improve the effectiveness of the decision‐making process of the zone managers by highlighting the trivial cases and by providing them with clear‐cut recommendations. Moreover, decision‐making in complex cases by using MedCila provides the option of using more data and information that may increase the willingness to take a risk and reduce spraying actions.
Isolation of entomopathogenic fungi from the soil and their pathogenicity to two fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Sookar P. , Bhagwant S. , Awuor Ouna E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe occurrence of deuteromycetous entomopathogenic fungi was determined by examining 224 soil samples from 19 locations in three climatic zones of Mauritius. Three sites were sampled per location: one site under vegetables cultivation, one site under sugar cane plantation and one natural site each within 1 km of each other. Soil samples were baited with the waxmoth larvae Galleria mellonella L. and incubated in the dark at 15, 20, 25 or 30°C for 7, 14 and 21 days. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from 77 out of 224 (38.6%) soil samples. Metarhizium anisopliae was isolated from 42 (18.8%) samples, Beauveria bassiana from 24 (10.7%), Metarhizium spp. and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus from 5 (2.2%) each and Beauveria spp. from 1 (0.4%). It was observed that M. anisopliae was isolated more frequently from soils under vegetables as compared to soils under sugarcane or habitat with natural vegetation. Beauveria bassiana was isolated more frequently at the lowest incubation temperature (15°C) while M. anisopliae isolates were recovered more frequently at higher temperatures (25 and 30°C). The pathogenicity of seven isolates of M. anisopliae, five isolates of B. bassiana and two isolates of P. fumosoroseus towards the adults of Bactrocera zonata and Bactrocera cucurbitae was tested by topical application of conidial suspension of 1 × 106 conidia/ml. All the isolates tested were pathogenic to the two fruit fly species. Mortality of B. zonata varied between 12.0 and 98.0% and between 2.0 and 94.0% in B. cucurbitae at 5 days post‐treatment. Our results suggest that entomopathogenic fungi present locally, could be integrated for the control of B. zonata and B. cucurbitae.
Cameraria ohridella: 10 years of sex pheromone and kairomone research
Authors: Svatoš A. , Kalinová B. , Hrdý I. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis review traces the identification and use of sex pheromone of the horse chestnut leafminerCameraria ohridellaDeschka et Dimić (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Lithocolletinae) to monitor population density and discuss its potential for direct control. Host volatiles endogenously emitted fromAesculus hippocastanumL. leaves are described in terms of their ability to control conspecific females.
Evaluation of trimedlure dispensers by a method based on thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Alfaro C. , Domínguez J. , Navarro‐Llopis V. , Primo J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractKnowledge about the behaviour of trimedlure (TML) dispensers is essential to ensure the efficacy of monitoring and control methods based on TML as attractant. There are several commercially available TML dispensers, and each of them has a different useful life and TML release profile. Their emission is also affected differently by environmental factors. Even the same type of dispenser sometimes shows an important variability in the TML release rate. Because of the importance of methods based on TML lures in the control of the Mediterranean fruit fly and the influence of the TML dispenser on the efficacy of these control methods, we developed a non‐destructive flow‐through system to measure the TML release rate. This volatile collection method (VCM) adsorbs TML vapour on a Tenax TA desorption tube, and TML is quantified by Thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Two types of TML dispensers, a polymeric (Aralure) and a mesoporous (Epalure), were field aged during 3 months. The TML release rates of these dispensers were determined by both, VCM and solvent extraction method. In this study, the correlation between both measurement methods is shown. A field trial has also been carried out to correlate trap catches and TML emission of each type of tested dispenser. The VCM allows a quick and accurate evaluation of the current behaviour of commercial dispensers along their useful life. It also allows comparing the TML release rate between different dispensers. We believe that the VCM can be useful for dispenser manufacturers to determine seasonal dispenser performance before a new product is introduced in the market, and to rapidly verify TML dispenser release when field‐aged dispenser efficacy is in question. Thus, it can be employed as a quality control of commercial dispensers.