bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticles for the Treatment ofAlzheimer's Disease: Theoretical Rationale, Present Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Liu Gang , Men Ping , Perry George , Smith Mark A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionRationales: The Ability of Nanoparticles to Cross theBBB– A Useful Tool to Deliver Drugs into the BrainPhysiological Functions of theBBBStrategies for DrugBBBPenetrationPreparation of Polymeric Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery SystemsPossible Mechanisms by which Nanoparticles Cross theBBBStatus: Nanoparticle Targeting Transport of Therapeutic Agents for Potential Treatment ofADNanoparticle Targeting ofAβ to Deliver Potentially Therapeutic AgentsNanoparticulate Antioxidant Delivery to Increase Efficacy againstAβ‐mediated Oxidative StressNanoparticle Delivery of Copper Chelator for Preventing and ReversingAβ DepositionNanoparticle Transport of Iron Chelators and Metal Chelator Complexes Into and Out of the Brain, RespectivelyIncreased Levels of Various Metals in the Brain ofADPatientsProblems with Iron Chelators for Simultaneous Removal of Multimetal Ions for Treatment ofADNanoparticle Transport Technology to Improve Chelation Therapy forADExperimental DescriptionsResults and DiscussionPerspectivesAcknowledgments
Effects of the addition of small amounts of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer on the processing characteristics of polyphenylene oxide–polyamide alloys
Authors: Ruggiero Vera , Acierno Domenico 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe possibility of improving the processing characteristics of a high‐viscosity engineering polymer alloy (PPO‐PA6,6) was explored through the addition of small amounts of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCP). The thermal and rheological characteristics were examined for LCP contents up to 5 wt%. Inclusion of even a small amount of LCP (1 wt%) has resulted in a substantial decrease in the melt viscosity (∼50%) and in the possible lowering of the processing temperature of the PPO–PA alloy. Numerical simulation and experimental tests for the injection molding of a fairly complex component have shown that cavity filling occurs more rapidly when small amounts of LCP are added to the blend. Together with morphological examinations, these results have confirmed that LCP is thoroughly dispersed in the blend and acts as a true viscosity depressant, rather than behaving as an external lubricant. The resulting improvements in processing characteristics were also evident from the increase in the onset degradation temperature and the reduction in thermal expansion coefficient of the blends. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 26:109–120, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20089
Improved thermal design of a compression mold
Authors: Kuczmarski Maria A. , Johnston J. Christopher 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAn analysis of the heat transfer in a tool for producing neat resin disks was conducted to determine how to bring about a better agreement between the tool temperature and the applied temperature profile. Using the commercial code FLUENT to investigate the relative effects of heat conduction into the tool and heat loss from the tool by convection, it was shown that convective heat transfer appears more important than conduction in controlling the tool performance. Decreasing the height of the tool was predicted to decrease the heat losses by convection. Redesigning of the tool based on this analysis resulted in the tool experiencing the applied temperature profile. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 26:86–99, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20091
Synthesis and characterization of poly(ε‐caprolactones) and poly(δ‐valerolactone): Macroactivators for obtaining poly(esteramides)
Authors: Toncheva Natalia Valentinova , Mateva Rosa Petrova 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTwo new families of biodegradable poly[(ε‐caprolactam)‐co‐(ε‐caprolactone)] and poly[(ε‐caprolactam)‐co‐(δ‐valerolactone)] copolymers were synthesized via anionic polymerization. The polymerization was activated with macroactivators (MAs) based on telechelic poly(ε‐caprolactones) (PCLOs) and poly(δ‐valerolactone) (PVLO) polyols. The molecular weights of the polyesters were varied to obtain a large diversity of copolymer structures and properties. The MAs were prepared by reaction of reactive hydroxyl end‐groups of PCLO polyols or hydroxyl‐carboxyl end‐groups PVLO polyol with isophorone diisocyanate (IF). The diisocyanate‐end‐capped poly(lactones) were additionally blocked in situ with ε‐caprolactam to receive corresponding carbamoyllactam derivates. Analyses of the isolated products by FTIR, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography indicated that nearly quantitative end‐functionalization was achieved in all cases. The prepared MAs reduce the polymerization time to several minutes and improve the toughness of the synthesized poly(esteramides). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 26:121–131, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20093
Curing characteristics and mechanical properties of carbon fiber‐interlayered fabric composites based on a polyurethane matrix
Authors: Lavorgna Marino , Cerruti Pierfrancesco , Casula Gianluca , Iannace Salvatore , Harper John F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPolyurethane matrix composites based on fiber‐interlayered carbon fabric laminates were prepared by compression molding to assess the feasibility of this approach, when using a highly reactive resin as matrix. The polyurethane matrix was prepared using the excess isocyanate to enhance the rigidity of the system through additional crosslinking. The fiber‐interlayered laminates consisted of different amount of short fibers between two carbon fabrics. Three composites containing, respectively, 12%, 18%, and 26% wt/wt total carbon fibers were produced for this study. Thermal and IR spectroscopic analysis were performed to select the most suitable thermal curing conditions for the matrix. The results showed that 70°C represents the minimum curing temperature required to carry out the reactions between polyol and isocyanate groups at an economical rate. In this condition, a multistep reaction occurs to consume the excess isocyanate. Mechanical strength of the composites was measured by three‐point bending tests, and the data were analyzed by the Weibull statistical method. Fiber content in the interlayer is a critical parameter in the manufacture of these types of composite materials. Composites with 13% and 21% wt/wt short fibers in the interlayers (giving a total carbon fiber content of 18% and 26% wt/wt) exhibit a wider cumulative distribution of strength data due to the restrictions that they impose on the flow of the resin, thereby resulting in an inhomogeneous distribution of resin throughout the samples. A composite with 12% total carbon content (7% wt/wt short fibers) exhibits a narrower cumulative distribution, denoting a greater reliability relative to the manufacturing method used in this study. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 26:132–145, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20094
Packing structure of MPS SAMs and its influence on oriented deposition of SnO2 crystal films
Authors: Zhang Jinli , Zhang Ming , Li Wei , Zhai Yi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe (110) crystal plane of SnO2 was found by X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy to grow preferentially in the direction of short‐chain sulfonate self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) formed from in situ oxidation of 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) treated Si substrates. Molecular simulations were performed to study the optimal packing structure of MPS SAMs on Si (100) surface as well as its induced deposition mechanism to the SnO2 crystal. Molecular mechanics calculations showed that the MPS molecules self‐assembled on Si (100) surfaces with a coverage ratio of 50% and a zigzag‐like packing pattern. Molecular dynamics calculations reflected that oxidation of the SH of MPS contributed to uniform SO3H‐terminated SAMs with narrower distribution of dihedral angles. Density functional theory calculations suggested the existence of strong interactions between the SO3H groups of SAMs and SnO2 (110) plane, which was due to the structural and electrical match between the SO3H group and the unsaturated atoms on SnO2 (110) plane. These results consistently confirmed that the ordered SAMs with SO3H terminal group are beneficial to the epitaxial growth of crystal SnO2. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a draft tube airlift reactor with dilute alcohol solutions
Authors: Albijanić B. , Havran V. , Petrović D. Lj. , Đurić M. , Tekić M. N. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigate an influence of different alcohols on the behavior of a draft tube airlift reactor. The main hydrodynamic and mass transfer parameters in 1 wt % aqueous solutions of five aliphatic alcohols were examined. The results showed that alcohol addition enhanced gas holdup and mass transfer coefficient, but led to notable reduction of liquid velocity and hence elongation of circulation time, relative to the values determined for water. By introducing the surface tension gradient as a relevant independent variable, we defined a simple empirical correlation for overall gas holdup, circulation time, and mass transfer coefficient. The proposed empirical correlations have shown a satisfactory agreement between the calculated and the experimental data. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
The origin of trisomy 13
Authors: Hall Heather E. , Chan E. Ricky , Collins Andrew , Judis LuAnn , Shirley Sofia , Surti Urvashi , Hoffner Lori , Cockwell Annette E. , Jacobs Patricia A. , Hassold Terry J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTrisomy 13 is one of the most common trisomies in clinically recognized pregnancies and one of the few trisomies identified in liveborns, yet relatively little is known about the errors that lead to trisomy 13. Accordingly, we initiated studies to investigate the origin of the extra chromosome in 78 cases of trisomy 13. Our results indicate that the majority of cases (>91%) are maternal in origin and, similar to other autosomal trisomies, the extra chromosome is typically due to errors in meiosis I. Surprisingly, however, a large number of errors also occur during maternal meiosis II (∼37%), distinguishing trisomy 13 from other acrocentric and most nonacrocentric chromosomes. As with other trisomies, failure to recombine is an important contributor to nondisjunction of chromosome 13. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fetal anticonvulsant syndromes and polymorphisms in MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR
Authors: Dean John , Robertson Zoe , Reid V. , Wang Q. Diana , Hailey Hazel , Moore Sue , Rasalam A. Dee , Turnpenny Peter , Lloyd David , Cardy Amanda , Shaw Duncan , Little Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe malformations found in fetal anticonvulsant syndromes (FACS) are associated with folic acid deficiency and methylene‐tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms in the general population. To investigate a possible association between FACS and MTHFR genotype, we recruited 200 mothers who had taken anti‐epileptic drugs in pregnancy, and delivered at Aberdeen Maternity Hospital over a 26‐year period. Clinical findings in the mothers and their 337 children were documented. A clinical algorithm was devised to diagnose FACS objectively. Case‐parent triads were genotyped for polymorphisms in MTHFR, serine hydroxymethyl transferase (SHMT1), methionine synthase (MTR), and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), and analyzed by log‐linear regression. No effect of the child's genotype on congenital malformation, neurodevelopmental disorder or FACS was detected using this method. The risk of having a child with congenital malformation or FACS was three to four times higher for mothers who were MTHFR 677TT homozygotes compared with MTHFR 677CC homozygotes. MTR 2756A > G and MTRR 66A > G genotype frequencies in children with FACS and neurodevelopmental disorder were different from those in healthy blood donor controls. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recurrent inverted duplication of 2p with terminal deletion in a patient with the classical phenotype of trisomy 2p23‐pter
Authors: Gruchy Nicolas , Jacquemont Marie‐Line , Lyonnet Stanislas , Labrune Philippe , El Kamel Imen , Siffroi Jean‐Pierre , Portnoï Marie‐France 
Published: September 2007

AbstractInverted duplications with terminal deletions have been reported in an increasing number of chromosomes and are probably more frequent than suspected until recently. We describe the cytogenetic and molecular characterization of an inverted duplication of chromosome 2p in an 8‐year‐old girl. Firstly interpreted as partial duplication 2p, the rearrangement was in fact an inverted duplication associated with a terminal deletion of the short arm of the rearranged chromosome 2, the latter not being detectable by cytogenetic analysis. The complete karyotype was: 46,XX,add(2)(p23)dn.ish inv dup del(2)(:p23.2→p25.3::p25.3→qter) (wcp2+,N‐MYC++,2pter−)dn. We precisely define the extension of both the duplication and the deletion using bacterial artificial chromosomes clones spanning the regions. The size of the inverted duplicated segment was estimated to be 28 Mb, spanning from 2p23.2 to 2p25.3, and an approximately 1.6 Mb segment at 2pter‐p25.3 was deleted in the abnormal chromosome. The physical findings noted in our patient include prominent forehead, hypertelorism, flat nasal bridge, and low‐set and large ears. In addition, she had congenital heart defect and scoliosis. Her psychomotor development was severely delayed from the beginning. All these clinical features are the same as observed for the typical trisomy 2p23‐pter syndrome. The phenotypic effects of the terminal deletion of 2p in addition to the trisomy are discussed. This is the third patient presenting with a severe clinical phenotype and a de novo inv dup del (2p). © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sibling phenotype concordance in classical infantile Pompe disease
Authors: Smith Wendy E. , Sullivan‐Saarela Jennifer A. , Li Jennifer S. , Cox Gerald F. , Corzo Deyanira , Chen Yuan‐Tsong , Kishnani Priya S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPompe disease (acid‐α‐glucosidase deficiency) encompasses a clinical spectrum, ranging from severe infantile‐onset disease with clinical symptoms appearing before 1 year of age with rapid progression to an early death, to late‐onset disease with a much more variable age at onset and disease course. Sibling phenotype discordance has been reported for late‐onset Pompe disease, but has not been studied in classical infantile disease. We reviewed the medical literature for affected sibships in which at least one sibling had clinical and pathology or biochemical findings consistent with infantile Pompe disease including symptoms beginning in infancy, early hypotonia, cardiomegaly documented by 6 months of age, and early death. The age at symptom onset, age at death, and clinical course were compared between probands and affected siblings. Our results showed that since 1931, publications document 13 families with 31 affected infants (11 probands; 20 affected siblings). The median age at symptom onset for all affected infants was 3 months (range 0–6 months) with significant correlation (R = 0.60, P = 0.04) between probands and affected siblings. The median age at death for all affected infants was 6 months (range 1.5–13 months); probands were slightly older at death than their siblings. The median length of disease course for all affected infants was 3 months (0–10 months) and was slightly longer for probands. Unlike late‐onset Pompe disease, there appears to be minimal phenotypic and lifespan variation among siblings with infantile Pompe disease. This prognostic information is vital for families with affected infants and allows for appropriate genetic counseling. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two novel GALNT3 mutations in familial tumoral calcinosis
Authors: Garringer Holly J. , Mortazavi Seyed Mohammad Javad , Esteghamat Fatemehsadat , Malekpour Mahdi , Boztepe Harika , Tanakol Refik , Davis Siobhan I. , White Kenneth E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFamilial tumoral calcinosis (TC) is characterized by elevated serum phosphate concentrations, normal or elevated 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, as well as periarticular and vascular calcifications. Recessive mutations in the mucin‐like glycosyltransferase GalNAc transferase‐3 (GALNT3) and the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF23) have been shown to result in TC. In the present study, mutational analyses were performed on two patients with TC to determine the molecular basis of their diseases. Analysis of the first patient revealed a novel, homozygous base insertion (1102_1103insT) in GALNT3 exon 5 that results in a frameshift and premature stop codon (E375X). The second patient had a novel homozygous transition (1460 g>a) in GALNT3 exon 7, which caused a nonsense mutation (W487X). Both mutations are predicted to markedly truncate the mature GALNT3 protein product. Although the patients carry GALNT3 mutations, these individuals presented with low‐normal serum concentrations of intact biologically active FGF23 and high levels of C‐terminal FGF23. In order to discern a possible relationship between GALNT3 and FGF23 in TC, a comprehensive assessment of the reported TC mutations was also performed. In summary, we have detected novel GALNT3 mutations that result in familial TC, and show that disturbed serum FGF23 concentrations are present in our TC cases as well as in previously reported cases. These studies expand our current genetic understanding of familial TC, and support a pathophysiological association between GALNT3 and FGF23. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lymphedema, cardiac septal defects, and characteristic facies: Possible new case of Irons–Bianchi syndrome
Authors: van Steensel M.A.M. , van Geel M. , Schrander‐Stumpel C. , Steijlen P.M. , Veraart J.C.J.M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe describe a Dutch girl with fetal hydrops, congenital lymphedema of the lower legs, complex congenital cardiac malformation, and a typical face with epicanthal folds. This particular combination of symptoms has been previously described by Irons and Bianchi in 1996. Our report confirms their observation and suggests that this particular constellation of symptoms may constitute a new syndrome. Molecular analysis confirms this statement by demonstrating absence of mutations in several genes known to be involved in syndromes with lymphedema. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Periconceptional consumption of vitamins containing folic acid and risk for multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Bitsko Rebecca H. , Reefhuis Jennita , Romitti Paul A. , Moore Cynthia A. , Honein Margaret A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAlthough it has been well established that periconceptional use of multivitamins containing folic acid (FA) reduces the risk for neural tube defects, two recent U.S. studies have shown an increased risk for multiple congenital anomalies (MCAs) associated with periconceptional use of vitamins containing FA. This study assessed the association between the periconceptional use of vitamins containing FA and MCAs in a third U.S. population. Mothers of infants with MCAs and a random sample of live births (control infants) born in Iowa during 1993–1995 were eligible to participate in the Birth Defects Risk Factor Surveillance case‐control study. During a telephone interview, participants reported on exposure to FA through vitamins, cereal, and food supplements. There was no association between taking vitamins containing FA during the periconceptional period (3 months before conception through the first trimester) and MCAs in the crude estimates or after adjusting for maternal race or ethnicity, education, gravidity, smoking, or alcohol use in the first trimester, or body mass index prior to pregnancy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75–1.69]. There was also no association between vitamin exposure beginning in the first trimester and MCAs outcome (aOR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.59–1.87). In contrast to the two recently published reports, there was no association between periconceptional vitamin exposure and MCAs in the Iowa population. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PAK3 related mental disability: Further characterization of the phenotype
Authors: Peippo Maarit , Koivisto Anne M. , Särkämö Teppo , Sipponen Marjatta , von Koskull Harriet , Ylisaukko‐oja Tero , Rehnström Karola , Froyen Guy , Ignatius Jaakko , Järvelä Irma 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe report clinical, neuropsychological and molecular findings in affected males and carrier females in the fourth reported family with mental retardation caused by mutation in the PAK3 gene (Xq22.3‐q23), W446S. In contrast to previous reports, carrier females manifested learning problems and mild mental disability. Skewed X‐inactivation was observed here for the first time in carriers of PAK3 mutation. Neuropsychological tests in affected males and carrier females suggested a common neuropsychological profile of impaired spatial cognitive abilities and defects in attentional and executive functions. The five affected males examined herein had a proportionally small head size or microcephaly, large ears, oral motor hypotonia with drooling and inarticulate speech and short attention span, anxiety, restlessness, and aggression. Brain imaging showed signs of chronic non‐progressive hydrocephalus in one patient who manifested psychosis and fluctuant gait deterioration, while two other patients showed no abnormalities. EEG recordings were available from four affected males and one carrier female, and all showed similar posterior slow wave activity without epileptic discharges. Only one affected male in the family suffered from epilepsy. When comparing the affected males in this family and the three previously reported families with mental retardation due to a PAK3 mutation, similarities in their characteristics were small head size or microcephaly, large ears, speech defects, behavioral abnormalities, and psychiatric disease. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetics of tension‐type headache: A population based twin study
Authors: Russell Michael Bjørn , Levi Niels , Kaprio Jaakko 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe purpose was to investigate the importance of genetic and environmental factors in tension‐type headache using a genetic modeling analysis. Twins age 12–41 years old from the population based Danish Twin Registry received a validated posted questionnaire about tension‐type headache and migraine. Inclusion required that both twins in a pairs replied on the questionnaire and known zygosity. Twin pairs where one or both twins had co‐occurrence of migraine were excluded. Migraine significantly increases the risk as well as the frequency of tension–type headache. The quantitative genetic modeling included 2,437 monozygotic (MZ), 2,720 same gender dizygotic (DZ), and 2,203 opposite gender DZ twin pairs without co‐occurrence of migraine. Polychoric correlations were significantly higher in MZ than same gender DZ twin pairs analyzed separately by gender, while polychoric correlation were higher in same gender than opposite gender DZ twin pairs, although this was not significant in the comparison with male same gender DZ twin pairs. The best fitting model is based on gender specific prevalence and variance components without gender specific genetic effects. Heritability estimates of 48% in men and 44% in women were obtained. Genetic effects contribute to nearly half of variance in the liability to tension‐type headache. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.