bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aceton‐Unlösliches – Direktes Verfahren Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten, Tensiden und verwandten Stoffen: Analyse von Fettbegleitstoffen XV
Authors: Fiebig H.‐J. , Bonekamp A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDer “Gemeinschaftsausschuß für die Analytik von Fetten, Ölen, Fettprodukten, verwandten Stoffen und Rohstoffen (GAFett)” stellt die nachfolgende Methode zur Untersuchung von Lecithinen den interessierten Fachkreisen von und bittet um Anmerkungen. Die Methode soll in die DGF‐EinheitsmethodenVerlegt bei der Wissenschaftlichen Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart.
aufgenommen werden.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of monoacylglycerides by glycerolysis of campher tree seed oil and cocoa‐butter
Authors: Thude Sibylle , Shukun Liu , Said Mamot B. , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe lipase‐catalyzed glycerolysis of Campher tree seed oil and Cocoa‐butter in a solid‐phase system was studied. Lipases from Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL) and Chromobacterium viscosum (CVL) were considered as suitable for the synthesis of monoacylglycerols (MAG). The glycerolysis of Campher tree seed oil was performed initially at 25°C followed by cooling to 7°C. This resulted in 86% (PCL) and 90% (CVL) MAG. Maximum concentration of MAG from Cocoa‐butter was 89% with both lipases, when the reaction was performed at 25°C. Isolation of MAG was performed by extraction with chloroform at 4°C followed by purification via silica gel chromatography.
Significance of docosahexaenoic acid for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae
Authors: Wirth Manfred , Steffens Werner , Meinelt Thomas , Steinberg Christian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractN‐3 fatty acids are essential for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Our investigations specify the fatty acid requirements of rainbow trout larvae. One group of larvae was fed with Artemia ssp. rich in linolenic acid (18:3 n‐3) and octadecatetraenoic acid (18:4 n‐3), while the other group received a commercial fish feed containing high levels of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3). After two and four weeks of feeding, the growth and fatty acid pattern of the larvae were determined. The fatty acid composition of the diet is reflected in the triglyceride composition of the fish, but there is no sign of conversion of 18:3 n‐3 and 18:4 n‐3 into long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. This is caused by limited chain elongation rather than by low enzyme activity of desaturase. In the triglycerides of the larvae, high levels of 18:4 n‐3 were determined. This fatty acid was not transformed into the corresponding long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Deficiency of 22:6 n‐3 resulted in reduced larval growth. Therefore, it can be stated that docosahexaenoic acid is essential for rainbow trout larvae.
Low temperature and pressure hydrogenation of methyl‐9‐(hydroxyimino)‐octadecanoate and derivatives to their corresponding amino derivatives
Authors: Bogaert Piet M. P. , van den Bosch Geertruida G. M. , Tassignon Patrick S. G. , de Wit Dirk , Slaghek Theodoor M. , van der Meeren Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA two step, one pot procedure, for the preparation of methyl‐9‐(or 12)‐aminooctadecanoate and 1‐hydroxy‐9‐(or 12)‐aminooctadecane was developed. This procedure is based on the oximation followed by hydrogenation of methyl‐9‐oxooctadecanoate, 1‐hydroxy‐9‐oxooctadecane and the C‐12‐oxo isomers. For the oximation of the keto compounds (1a–d) two methods were used. In the first method NH2OH.HCl as aminodonor and Et3N as HCl‐acceptor has been used. One of the major problems in this reaction sequence is the formation of Et3N.HCl. Experimentally it became clear that in an one pot reaction without separation of the Et3N.HCl, the catalytic reduction of the oximes (2a–d) to their corresponding amines was inhibited. This problem could be solved by using free NH2OH. In the second method free NH2OH was used for the oximation. For the catalytic reduction of the oxime derivatives mild (room temperature and 40 psi), and therefore industrial interesting, hydrogenation conditions were used.
High‐temperature gas chromatography for the detection of trierucoylglycerol in the seed oil of transgenic rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Möllers Christian , Lühs Wilfried , Schaffert Elena , Thies Werner 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for the determination of the triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of the seed oil of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by high‐temperature gas chromatography (HT‐GC) has been developed. For oil quality breeding in rapeseed such a method gains increasing importance since by means of molecular gene transfer novel TAG species, e.g. like trierucoylglycerol are developed, for the detection of which, however, no adequate efficient method is available. The HT‐GC method is quicker in comparison to the conventionally used HPLC method and the analysis can be performed with minute amounts of oil, as they are available by means of oil extraction from single cotyledons of microspore‐derived embryos and from ‘half‐seeds’ of rapeseed. Following the triacylglycerol analysis, enough oil remains to allow the determination of the fatty acid composition of the same sample.
Influence of a modified fatty acid profile of egg yolk fat on technological properties of hen's eggs
Authors: Brettschneider Jörg G. , Jeroch Heinz , Dänicke Sven , Pikul Jan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA feeding experiment with brown layers was carried out to find effects of graded levels of rapeseed (without, 15% and 30%) in layer diets on the fatty acid composition of egg yolk and related functional properties of such modified eggs.A considerable increase of the content of essential n‐3 fatty acids in egg yolk fat was noticed by including graded levels of rapeseed in layer diets. The destruction force of a gel prepared from whole egg was improved by the highest rapeseed level (30%) and emulsifying capacity by medium inclusion of rapeseed in layer diets (15%). The thermal stability of an emulsion prepared from whole egg was not influenced by rape feeding. Viscosity of mayonnaise prepared from egg yolk and whole egg yolk was decreased by increased rapeseed levels in the diets. In tendency, organoleptic evaluation of sponge cake prepared from whole egg revealed better results for the control group. The baking height of sponge cake was improved by rapeseed inclusion in layer diets.It may be assumed that all these changes caused by rapeseed feeding are closely related to the mentioned changes in the fatty acid profile.
Determination of free fatty acids and diacylglycerols in native vegetable oils
Authors: Brühl Ludger 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe analysis of free fatty acids (FFA) and diacylglycerols (DG) by GLC may be used to detect the deacidification of oils. Free fatty acids are removed from the oil during neutralization or physical refining, while the corresponding DG remain in the oil. This will change the ratio of FFA to DG. For analysis, oils with tricaprin as internal standard are silylated and injected on‐column onto a short high‐temperature capillary column. Extracted oils showed higher amounts of FFA and DG than pressed oils from the same batch of seeds. There are only minor changes in the ratio of FFA to DG according to the yield of pressing or due to washing the oil.
Aqueous‐enzymatic extraction of plum kernel oil
Authors: Picuric‐Jovanovic Ksenija , Vrbaski Zarko , Milovanovic Mirjana 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn aqueous‐enzymatic extraction process of plum kernel oil was investigated on a laboratory scale, varying several processing parameters, with main emphasis on the oil yield. Efficient recovery of oil was related to three operations: pretreatment, enzymatic reaction and separation of oil. Maximum oil yield of about 70% (estimated by the Soxhlet method) was obtained at an enzyme concentration of 0.5%, extraction temperature of 45°C, pH 4.5, treatment time of 1 h and dilution ratio of 1:4. The aqueous‐enzymatic extraction did not have any determining effect on the fatty acid composition, tocopherol composition, iodine value and saponification value. The free fatty acid content was higher, while the phosphatide content and peroxide value were lower in the oil extracted by the aqueous‐enzymatic process as compared to the Soxhlet extracted samples.
Alkyl halides reactions with cathodes or with magnesium. Grignard reagent studied with radical clocks. What is the step competing with the isomerisation of the intermediate radical?
Authors: Kanoufi Frédéric , Combellas Catherine , Hazimeh Hassan , Mattalia  , Marchi‐Delapierre Caroline , Chanon Michel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the mechanism of reaction of Grignard reagent formation for alkyl halides (RX), it is generally assumed that the alkyl radical, formed by the electron transfer from the metal to this halide, reacts rapidly with the paramagnetic MgX• species. The previous comparisons of aryl halides reactivity toward magnesium and their reactivity toward a cathode strongly suggested that MgX• species are not, for the aryl halides, compulsory to rationalise the observed facts. The aryl radicals formed by electron transfer from the metal to the aryl halide would undergo a rapid second electron transfer to yield carbanions transformed into RMgX by reaction with MgX2. In contrast, for the alkyl halides, the reduction of the rapidly formed alkyl radicals into carbanions has seldom been discussed as a possible fate for these radicals, the main discussed fates being dimerisation, disproportionation, hydrogen abstraction from the solvent, rearrangement or coupling with MgX• radicals. Two main differences distinguish the reactivity of alkyl halides from their aryl halides counterpart. First, the radical anions of aryl halides may have a given lifetime whereas electron transfer to alkyl halides is concerted with the cleavage of the molecule. Second, the aryl radicals display far stronger oxidising properties than the alkyl radicals. The counterpart of this property is that aryl carbanions display weaker reducing properties than the alkyl ones. In this report, putting in perspective Grignard reaction and the experimental results obtained with identical radical clocks in electrochemistry, we tentatively provide an answer to the question raised in the title. The comparison of electrochemical patterns of reactivity of selected alkyl halides and the evolutions of yields in the preparation of Grignard reagent suggest a new explanation for the lower yields generally observed when alkyl iodides are the starting substrates. It involves an autocatalytic reaction where carbanionic species formed from the alkyl radicals and diffusing away from the metal surface, transfer one electron to the alkyl halide; the result would be the creation of two radicals leading to an increased amount of by‐products. If the carbanionic mechanism were to be retained for the formation of alkyl Grignard reagent one would have to admit that the magnesium surface behaves as a cathode displaying high current densities reminiscent of microelectrodes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of transport on gas loss from freight containers under fumigation. Part I: Experimental investigation
Authors: Banks H. Jonathan , Sharp Alister K. , Irving Arthur R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rate of gas interchange between the atmosphere within a freight container and the external air has an important influence on the effectiveness of in‐container fumigation. When a container is exposed to the wind or is in motion, the rate of gas interchange may be much greater than that under static conditions. The effect of motion or wind on gas interchange was studied by observing gas loss from freight containers, both empty and loaded with rice, while stationary and while being transported by rail. The gas interchange rate was determined by measuring the rate of loss from the containers of either a combination of a fumigant, methyl bromide, and a relatively inert tracer gas, carbon monoxide, or of carbon monoxide alone. In loaded containers the difference between the loss rate constants of methyl bromide and carbon monoxide (0.29.0.03d−1) was within the range expected for the reaction of methyl bromide with rice. After allowing for gas loss caused by changes in temperature and pressure, the component of the interchange rate constant attributable to air motion was found to be proportional to gas‐tightness as measured by a steady‐state pressure test, and also to the relative air speed over the container. Under conditions of varying wind and train speed, the fraction of the initial concentration of gas remaining was found to be an exponential function of wind run past the container. When wind effects were not important, it was found to be an exponential function of distance travelled.
Response of American sycamore seedlings to maleic hydrazide and sodium chloride
Authors: Domir Subhash C. , Townsend Alden M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmerican sycamore (Platanus occidentals L.) seedlings grown in a hydroponics system were treated with a growth regulator, maleic hydrazide (MH) or sodium chloride, or a combination of the two. Application of maleic hydrazide or sodium chloride retarded plant growth, but combined application did not show significant interaction effects. Treatment with both sodium chloride and MH reduced the dry weight of plant tissue to a greater extent than sodium chloride application alone. Elemental analyses of various plant parts revealed that MH was generally without effect on the level of either sodium or chloride ions. In old stem tissue, however, treatment with MH had no effect in the absence of sodium chloride but was associated with lower chloride content in its presence.
Cytological studies on the mode of action of systemic fungicides on the host pathogen complex barley‐powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei marchal)
Authors: Smolka Silvia , Wolf Gerhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of systemic fungicides on the host‐pathogen interface between barley and powdery mildew were studied using cytological methods and specific staining procedures. Propiconazole, etaconazole, bitertanol, triforine, imazalil, nuarimol, tridemorph and fenpropimorph, which are all inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis, stopped growth of the fungus 2 days after application and led to deposits of plant origin around haustoria; these contained polysaccharides, especially callose. This encapsulation resembled the reaction often observed in resistant plants. In contrast, pyrazophos and ethirimol, applied at reduced concentrations, inhibited the fungus at the haustorial stage but did not induce encapsulation. These results suggest that encapsulation is not simply a reaction to the previously damaged fungus, but may be an indirect effect of sterol biosynthesis‐inhibiting fungicides on the host metabolism which is elicited by the fungus. The results are discussed in the context of previous observations on the modes of action of these fungicides.
Modelling the behaviour of organic chemicals in soil and ground water
Authors: Leistra Minze 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe development, testing and application of computer models for the behaviour of organic chemicals, especially pesticides, in soil and ground water has been reviewed. Detailed data are needed on the structure and properties of the soil and ground‐water systems, and on the flow of water through these systems. Adsorption and transformation of organic chemicals can be studied in the laboratory and the results introduced into the models. The mathematical techniques most frequently used for the solution of the differential equations are briefly discussed. Some models for the behaviour of pesticides in the root zone have been tested against results of field trials and some interesting deviations between computations and measurements emerged. Techniques for the simulation of the behaviour of organic chemicals in the ground‐water zone are also available. However input data for the models are often lacking, as are also results of field studies for testing the models.
Hydrolytic stability of chemicals—a comparison of EPA and OECD protocols and suggestions for a combined universal method
Authors: Grayson B. Terence 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComparison of the most recent EPA and OECD guidelines shows that there are small but significant differences in the protocols recommended for determining the rates of hydrolysis of industrial chemicals for environmental hazard assessment. The detailed conditions given in these guidelines, such as purity and concentration of active ingredient, co‐solvent, pH, buffer type and concentration, temperature, sampling times, and methods of analysis, have been examined in relation to their effects on the accuracy of the measured rates of hydrolysis. It is suggested that the two protocols could be made more similar while still obtaining results that will be sufficiently accurate for estimations of abiotic environmental persistence.
Synthesis and antifungal activity of imidazole‐1‐carboxylates
Authors: Imai Tetsuya , Takao Hisashi , Yamaguchi Kunio , Uchida Toshiro , Goto Takeshi , Umetsu Noriharu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of imidazole‐1‐carboxylates was prepared by reacting various alcohols with trichloromethyl chloroformate and imidazole or N,N'‐carbonyl‐diimidazole. They were tested for fungitoxic activity in vitro against two phytopathogenic fungi, Botrytis cinerea (grey mould) and Gibberella fujikuroi, and for preventive efficacy against grey mould on cucumber leaves. 1‐(4‐Substituted phenoxymethyl)‐2,2‐dimethylpropylimidazole‐1‐carboxylates showed excellent in‐vitro activity against B. cinerea, and moderate activity against G. fujikuroi, and some of them also effectively controlled grey mould in vivo. A 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole derivative corresponding to an imidazole derivative did not have any activity, while a thiocarboxylate corresponding to an imidazole carboxylate showed excellent activity against both B. cinerea and G. fujikuroi.
Fungitoxicity of 5‐aminoisoxazole‐4‐thiocyanate derivatives
Authors: Vicentini Chiara B. , Brandolini Vincenzo , Poli Tiziana , Guarneri Mario , Giori Paolo 
Published: November 2006

Abstract3‐Methyl‐5‐(acyl/alkyl)aminoisoxazole‐4‐thiocyanates were prepared by rhodanation of N‐acyl/alkyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐isoxazolamines. These products were tested for antifungal activity against a series of phytopathogenic fungi of different taxonomic classes. Some of the compounds showed interesting in‐vitro activity. The more active compound in the in‐vitro test displayed a moderate preventive activity against Plasmopara viticola, Alternaria solani and Pyricularia recondita.
Product fragility and damage boundary theory
Authors: Burgess Gary J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe theoretical basis for the widely accepted Damage Boundary Curve approach to product fragility and the applicability of its associated ASTM fragility assessment test procedure are first discussed. The basic assumption that the product can be modelled as a collection of linear spring/mass systems is shown to lead to specific characteristics of the product's damage boundary curve which are not borne out by the results of shock tests performed on some common consumer products. Discrepancies between theoretical predictions and experimental results are attributed to the inability of the model to account for progressive failure due to plastic deformation accumulated as a result of repeated shocks. An alternative damage boundary curve for a rigid/perfectly‐plastic model is then developed and shown to be a better estimate of fragility for a broader class of products based on the results of shock tests. Modifications to the standard ASTM test procedure required to obtain the damage boundary curve for this type of product are suggested. Finally, the damage boundary theory for a generalized model which incorporates both elastic and plastic properties is developed. The feature of the damage boundary curve which are shown to survive regardless of the choice of model for the product are the critical velocity change and critical acceleration parameters. Those which do not are the shape of the damage region and the associated test procedures.
Converting cracks in corrugated board. Effect of liner and fluting properties
Authors: Cavlin S. I. , Edholm B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe crack propagation that occurs in corrugated board in connection with die cutting is analysed in order to identify the most crucial liner and fluting parameters and clarify their relative importance.Based on an energy approach and the brittleness concept — Lc‐1(m‐1) — for the liner, a formula is derived. This formula is then verified exeprimentally for a large number of corrugated board qualities of different thicknesses and flat crush strengths as well as for liners with widely differing mechanical properties. The correlation can be regarded as very good.The analysis shows that crack propagation is dependent on three material parameters —the brittleness of the liner, the compression strength of the fluting in relation to the tensile strength of the liner and the breaking strain of the liner. It is shown that crack propagation increases proportionally with increasing liner brittleness, provided that the other material parameters remain unchanged. The compression strength of the fluting layer contributes somewhat more than proportionally — by a power of 1.33. The crack propagation decreases with increased breaking strain, the relation is almost inversely proportional.In practice, none of the above mentioned liner parameters car. be chosen independently of the others. The same applies to the fluting parameters. When estimating the expected crack propagation in a particular corrugated board quality, it is necessary to consider the contribution from all the mentioned parameters according to the formula.
The tightness of retail packaging: A selection of test methods to be used for a wide range of packed products
Authors: Camus Pierrick , Mullot Patrice , Veaux Michel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe tightness of retail packagings and of their closures is of primary importance both for domestic and industrial products. For this reason, a research programme designed to establish proper testing methods for a wide range of ‘packaging + product’ combinations, in order to check their tightness or permeability, was set up.All the available testing methods were reviewed, the most reliable ones selected and their sensitivity determined. More than 200 combinations of ‘packaging + product’ belonging to five families of consumer products were examined and their tightness/permeability problems noted.Finally, specific testing methods were assigned to each combination of ‘packaging + product’. All these examples are currently in use in the packaging laboratory as a guideline for the testing of every kind of packaging.