bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnitude frequency study of rockfall in Co. Antrim, N. Ireland
Authors: Douglas G. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDetailed observations of rockfall were kept on a weekly basis over a two year period. The results indicate that there is both a seasonal distribution of rockfall with maxima in February‐March and November–December, and continuous small scale rockfall throughout the year.There appears to be some connection between rockfall and frost processes, while the peculiar geotechnical properties of the lava flows in county Antrim, in particular the presence of microfractures, would seem to be the main underlying cause for the observed activity.
A study of the infiltration characteristics of undisturbed soil under simulated rainfall
Authors: Johnston Harold T. , Elsawy Elsayed M. , Cochrane Stanley R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInfiltration is the single most important parameter in deriving the net quick response rainfall which contributes to stream flood discharges.Rainfall simulation is used to study the infiltration characteristics in a typical catchment, the Six Mile Water in N. Ireland. The design of the simulator was such that it could be easily moved from one test area to another within the catchment to examine the effect of soil and slope variation. The simulator was first calibrated in controlled laboratory conditions and later the calibration was checked in the field.The simulator was mounted over an undisturbed plot of 37 m2 and the surface runoff from the area measured by means of a collecting channel located along a lower edge of the plot. Soil moisture variations were monitored using a soil moisture neutron probe. Soil classification tests and gravimetric moisture contents were carried out on each plot.The field tests were carried out with variations in rainfall intensity, initial conditions, changing seasons, and for different plots within the catchment area. The results obtained are unique in that they present data obtained under field conditions for undisturbed soil within a natural catchment. The infiltration behaviour was found to depend upon rainfall intensity, initial conditions of the plot under consideration, seasonal temperature, and a slope of the plot. The data showed that while a classical Horton type equation for infiltration was suitable for the later stages of each test result when significant surface runoff was taking place, the model failed to represent early response adequately due to storage effects being omitted in the equation. A modified form of Horton equation is proposed, which models more accurately the infiltration characteristics of the full period of each test run.
Definition of a minimal region of deletion of chromosome 7 in uterine leiomyomas by tiling‐path microarray CGH and mutation analysis of known genes in this region
Authors: Vanharanta Sakari , Wortham Noel C. , Langford Cordelia , El‐Bahrawy Mona , van der Spuy Zephne , Sjöberg Jari , Lehtonen Rainer , Karhu Auli , Tomlinson Ian P.M. , Aaltonen Lauri A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSomatic interstitial deletions of chromosome segment 7q22–q31 in uterine leiomyomas are a frequent event, thought to be indicative of a tumor suppressor gene in the region. Previous LOH and CGH studies have refined this region to 7q22.3–q31, although the target gene has not been identified. Here, we have used tiling‐path resolution microarray CGH to further refine the region and to identify homozygous deletions in fibroids. Furthermore, we have screened all manually annotated genes in the region for mutations. We have refined the minimum deleted region at 7q22.3–q31 to 2.79 Mbp and identified a second region of deletion at 7q34. However, we identified no pathogenic coding variation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Fight for Survival in the Mountain Forest
Authors: Klaus Siegfried , Sun Yue‐Hua , Scherzinger Wolfgang 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Lianhuashan Nature Reserve in China is home to many plant and animal species. But, as the example of the Chinese grouse shows, this habitat is under threat. Only the determined protection of the mountain forests of Central Asia can ensure the future of this unique biocoenosis
A Late Palaeozoic‐Early Mesozoic marginal basin along the actives sourthern continental margin of Eurasia: Evidence from the central Pontides (Turkey) and adjacent regions
Authors: Ustaömer Timur , Robertson Alastair H. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRemnants of two ‘Palaeotethyan’ oceanic basins are exposed in the Central Pontides of northern Turkey, separated by a continental sliver and an oceanic arc. The southern basin corresponds to the main Tethys (‘Palaeotethys’), which partially closed in Early Mesozoic time following northward subduction under the southern, active continental margin of Eurasia.The northern basin (Küre Complex) opened above the ‘Palaeotethyan’ subduction zone as a marginal basin, following rifting of a continental fragment (Istanbul fragment) from Eurasia. Marginal basin opening apparently dates from the Late Palaeozoic in the east (Küre basin) and from the Triassic in the west (Kocaeli basin). Basin closure was achieved by southward subduction‐accretion, in pre‐Late Jurassic times, leaving ‘Neotethys’ open to the south.Counterparts of the Küre Complex are found in the adjacent Crimea (Taurian Series), Istranca (Zabernevo Complex), Dobrogea (Nalbant flysch) and Caucasus (pre‐Late Jurassic Southern Slope Basin) regions. Basin opening was accompanied by oceanic crust genesis, at least in the Pontides and Caucasus. Closure before Mid‐Jurassic time was achieved by subduction‐accretion processes, whereby oceanic crust and deep‐sea sediments (including sulphides) were detached and structurally assembled, while oceanic basement was subducted. Marginal basin opening and closure is seen as one in a series of events along a long‐lived, active south Eurasian continental margin.
Geological history of the northward arched segment of the North Anatolian Transform Fault Zone
Authors: Dirik Kadir 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe study area is located in the southern part of the Central Pontides. The rocks exposed in this region have been divided into three major groups: basement, cover sequence and volcanic rocks. The basement rocks are composed of metamorphic units and a chaotic assemblage derived from an accretionary prism produced during the northward subduction of northern Neo‐Tethys during the Late Cretaceous. During the same period, the basal element of the cover sequence, a thick and coarsening upward flysch succession (Cankurtaran Formation) was deposited in a tectonically active forearc regime. Towards the end of the Early Palaeocene, the entire study area emerged and became the site of erosion. During the Late Palaeocene to Early Eocene, the northern and southern parts of the study area were invaded by a new transgressing sea. This period was followed by uplift, volcanic activity and the formation of regressive sequences, events resulting from continental collision between the Anatolian and Pontide blocks during Late Eocene to Early Miocene times.Continuing convergence between the Anatolian and Pontide blocks resulted in conversion of the compressional‐contractional regime into a compressional‐extensional regime and the inception of the North Anatolian strike‐slip system during the Late Miocene‐Early Pliocene period.
Geochemical characteristics of granitoids along the western margin of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex and their tectonic implications
Authors: Akiman Orhan , Erler Ayhan , Göncüoǧlu M. Cemal , Güleç Nilgün , Geven Akin , Türeli̇ T. Kemal , Kadioǧlu Yusuf K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe closely related assemblage of igneous and metamorphic rocks that lie within a triangular area approximately bounded by the Tuzgölü Fault, the Ecemiş Fault and the Izmir‐Ankara‐Erzincan Suture and between the lines connecting Ankara, Sivas and Niǧde is called the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC). The granitoids cropping out within the CACC can be divided areally into three groups: (1) a large number of individual small plutons which form an arcuate set and curve from NE‐SW to NW‐SE and extend from Sulakyurt to Niǧde along the western margin; (2) a relatively narrow and smaller set of disconnected plutons extending from Sivas to Çamardi along the eastern margin; and (3) a very large batholith along the northern margin exposed around Yozgat.This study deals only with the first group of rocks. Geochemical data have been used to classify the granitoids, to determine their chemical characteristics, and to estimate the possible source regions and tectonic environment of magma generation and emplacement. The geochemical data indicate that these western margin granitoids range in composition from monzonitic to granitic‐granodioritic varieties, belong to the alumina‐cafemic and cafemic associations and possess either a metaluminous or peraluminous character. All granitoid types display features which may indicate the presence of both S‐ and I‐type igneous rocks. Interpretation of the trace element data suggests a syncollisional to late/post‐collisional tectonic setting and a continental crustal source for the granitoids.
Ophiolites and related metamorphic rocks from the Kütahya region, north‐west Turkey
Authors: Önen A. P. , Hall R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Izmir‐Ankara‐Erzincan suture zone is the major Neotethyan suture in northern Anatolia. Two areas of ophiolitic rocks from this zone have been studied. The Beşdeǧirmen area, north of Kütahya, includes dismembered ophiolitic rocks (the Kinik Ophiolite) and consists of serpentinized pyroxenites and periodotites together with gabbros and gabbro dykes. The Kaynarca area, south‐east of Kütahya, contains medium to low grade metamorphic rocks (mainly amphibolites, amphibole schists and quartz schists) at the base of the Kinik Ophiolite. These two areas are probably joined under the Neogene cover.The Beşdeǧirmen pyroxenites contain spinel with a Cr number [Cr/(Cr + Al)] < 0·60 and are similar to peridotites from mid‐ocean ridge (MOR) settings. Gabbro samples contain very calcic plagioclase (An87–100) and magnesio‐hornblende as the principal phases; prehnite and zeolite are the most common late stage fracture infillings. The chemistry and mineralogy of the gabbros have features similar to rocks from both MOR and arc settings.For the Kaynarca amphibolites there are at least two stages of amphibole growth. The first stage amphiboles are brownish green calcic varieties. In contrast, the second stage amphiboles record a medium to high pressure overprint with the growth of fibrous, bluish green varieties. The low crossite content of the amphiboles, and the absence of lawsonite, suggest the transition between blueschist and greenschist facies metamorphism. Trace element and rare earth element data from the amphibolite samples are comparable with oceanic island basalts.Isotopic dating suggests a Coniacian‐Ypresian age for the formation of the Beşdeǧirmen gabbros, significantly younger than the Jurassic ages previously suggested for the formation of the main Izmir‐Ankara ocean. Unlike many other Tethyan ophiolites the Kinik Ophiolite appears to represent a fragment of a Neotethyan ocean, rather than a supra‐subduction zone environment. We suggest a back‐arc basin setting for the formation of the Beşdeǧirmen ophiolitic rocks.The Kaynarca rocks formed as an oceanic island or seamount and the Kaynarca amphibolites were formed by intra‐oceanic thrusting during the closure of the Izmir‐Ankara‐Erzincan ocean. Preliminary isotopic data suggest an Albian‐Campanian age for this sub‐ophiolite metamorphism. The sub‐ophiolite metamorphic rocks were overprinted by low temperature‐high pressure metamorphism related to Late Cretaceous subduction. Final emplacement is related to the terminal collisional event which occurred at the end of the Cretaceous.
Lateral moisture flow beneath a sandy hillslope without an apparent impeding layer
Authors: McCord James T. , Stephens Daniel B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPart of a small drainage basin on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (about 25 km north of Socorro, NM) was intensively instrumented with soil monitoring equipment to estimate natural ground‐water recharge. Soil‐moisture data were analysed with special attention to characterizing the influence of topography on the direction of vadose water flow paths in fine to medium aeolian sand. Moisture content data were obtained by the neutron scattering technique, and hydraulic head data were obtained using tensiometers. In addition, tracer experiments were conducted on a sandy hillslope to delineate the flow paths of vadose water. The results indicate that there is a strong lateral component to unsaturated flow on a hillslope, even in the absence of apparent sublayers of much lower permeability. Darcian calculations estimate the long‐term, steady, deep flux beneath a concave location to be about 4 per cent of an assumed mean annual precipitation of 20 cm. The deep soil water flux downward varied by several orders of magnitude during the 17 month period of record.
Flow dynamics and suspended sediment properties in arid zone flash floods
Authors: Reid I. , Frostick L. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHydrological process in arid zones differs substantially from that in better documented humid environments. The ponding point for infiltration is reached within 10 mins of first rain and overland flow forms the major component of basin runoff. Drainage densities are high, approaching 100 km.km−2, maximising the opportunity for both water and eroded soil to reach the channel network. The typical flood bore is not as abrupt as the mythology of desert streams would suggest. Nevertheless, the time of rise of the flood hydrograph is usually between 4 and 16 mins, giving credance to the notion of ‘flash flood’. Measured flows remain subcritical in the main, though Froude number exceeds unity for short periods around peak discharge. Flow is exceedingly turbulent, with Reynolds number > 105 even for much of the recession limb. As a result, suspended sediment concentrations by size grade are shown to be hydraulically controlled. However, the high degree of turbulence and wide availability of sediment from hillslope and channel sources also means that the mean size of the suspended load varies systematically with flow parameters. In this respect, ephemeral streams differ from perennial counterparts in humid environments where no clear‐cut relationships exist. There is greater prospect of deriving a physically deterministic model of suspended sediment transport in desert streams. Implications for soil erosion and reservoir siltation are discussed, and sediment is traced from its source to its various sinks within the drainage basin.
A dynamic, process‐based, user‐oriented model of forest effects on water yield
Authors: Schulze R. E. , George W. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of afforestation on water yield from catchments are reviewed. In the light of research findings and an assessment of the method currently used in South Africa to determine reductions of water production associated with afforestation, the ACRU agrohydrological model is adapted to account for changes in critical land use related processes as a forest grows in time by incorporation of a dynamic land use information file. First tests with this model on a catchment at Cathedral Peak in the Natal Drakensberg, which was afforested in 1951, indicate that forest hydrological effects can be modelled successfully with a dynamic land use file. Further model development is outlined.
A study of the three‐dimensional groundwater flow system in an upland area of Japan
Authors: Bae S. K. , Kayane I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA three‐dimensional finite difference model was developed to study the groundwater flow system in an upland area bordering a lake. For a general perspective of the groundwater flow system, a steady state three‐dimensional flow was employed. Having determined the flow net by using a three‐dimensional model, the flow volumes under natural conditions have been used to establish the parameter values and for the analyses of flow patterns. Further, to study the effects of human impact and precipitation on groundwater flow conditions in a small area, a transient three‐dimensional simulation was performed. Environmental tritium was used to trace the regional groundwater movement to verify the three‐dimensional mathematical model. Results obtained using the three‐dimensional mathematical model approach and tritium concentration analyses were in close agreement. The results demonstrated that the groundwater flow system should be analysed using a three‐dimensional geometric concept of groundwater movement.
Effects of wildfire and logging on streamwater chemistry and cation exports of small forested catchments in Southeastern New South Wales, Australia
Authors: MacKay S. M. , Robinson G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn January 1979 four experimental catchments in forests of southeastern New South Wales were burnt by wildfire. Logging before the fire had no detectable effect on concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cl, NO3, nor on pH of stream waters.In all burnt catchments mean K concentrations increased by from 20 per cent to 60 per cent for a 12 month period and nitrate concentrations increased by factors of about ten in severely burnt catchments. In one of the catchments (unlogged) Ca also increased. From one year to four years after the fire, concentrations of all ions were either close to or less than levels predicted from the control but, during the fifth and sixth years, concentrations of Mg and Na were higher by 20 per cent to 60 per cent.In all burnt catchments, cation exports increased considerably during the first three years after the fire but major components of these increases were elevated levels of runoff. Exports of Mg and Na were higher than those of the control during the fifth and sixth years after the fire, although runoff had returned to pre‐fire levels in the two unlogged catchments and was 10 per cent to 20 per cent greater than the control in the two logged catchments. During this final period, increased ion concentrations were the main factors which contributed to the elevated exports.Post‐fire logging in one catchment had no detectable effects on streamwater parameters measured in the study but was associated with a further increase in runoff.
Sources and sinks of nutrients in a New Zealand hill pasture catchment II. Phosphorus
Authors: Cooke James G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe management of the riparian zone has been suggested as a technique for controlling the amounts of phosphorus (P) entering watercourses draining pasture catchments. A study was therefore made of P entering a stream from various sources (rainfall, surface and subsurface derived runoff, direct fallout from aerial topdressing), with the object of providing a rational basis for the design of effective riparian management schemes.P entrained in surface runoff could account for virtually all of the P entering the stream during storms. Approximately 20 per cent of the annual P export from the catchment could be accounted for by direct aerial input of P to the stream during autumn fertilizer topdressing. More than 85 per cent of the P was exported from the catchment as particulate P. Stream sediment had higher P sorption capacities, and were enriched with P relative to the soils from which they were derived. There was a pronounced seasonal variation in sediment enrichment which could be predicted (r2 = 0.92) by the logarithm of the rainfall since fertilizer topdressing (LNFERT) and flood intensity. The amount of P lost in streamflow during any flood event was predicted (r2 = 0.94) by peak flow, seven day antecedent peak flow and LNFERT. Approximately 40 per cent of the 1.3 kg P ha−1 exported during 1981 occurred in four storms with recurrence intervals of more than three months. From a P budget compiled from nine events it was hypothesized that the stream acted as a net sink for P at baseflow and low‐medium intensity floods but was a source of P at higher flood intensities.It was concluded that P losses from hill pasture catchments could be reduced by avoidance of direct application of P fertilizer to the stream channel, and by fencing out stock from seasonally saturated areas during periods of saturation. The ultimate success of the latter technique would depend on whether buffer vegetation could retain accumulated P during extreme storm events.
The quantity of stormwater runoff from ten stretches of road, a car park and eight roofs in Hertfordshire, England during 1983
Authors: Hollis G. E. , Ovenden J. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRainfall and runoff were monitored simultaneously for one year from a residential road, a car park, nine sections of road draining to individual gullies, two house roofs, two garage roofs, and three types of factory roof. The sites, which included an automatic weather station, were in Redbourn, Hertfordshire on Flood Studies Report Soil Type 1. The 2906 quality controlled ‘station‐storms’ represented 193 rain storms and involved 57.2 per cent of the annual rainfall. 1732 storms were of less than 1.4mm of rain, whilst 77 had over 10mm.The percentage runoff averaged 11.4 per cent for roads and 56.9 per cent for roofs (28.3 per cent and 90.4 per cent respectively for rainfalls >5mm). Percentage runoff from the roads was cyclic with a peak during the summer months but there was a marked variation in monthly percentage runoff within and between sites. Regression analysis to explain percentage runoff was undertaken with various subsets of data for: each site; roads; and roofs. The regression analysis considered all storms; >1 percent runoff events; >5mm rainfalls; and events with > = 4 mm rain and > = 5 per cent runoff. The variable values in percentage runoff could not be explained satisfactorily with statistical methods. Only eight of the 72 equations explained more than 57 per cent of the variance. The most important explanatory variables for roads were short term rainfall intensity and rainfall amount, the former was the most important for roofs. ‘Seasonal’ variables had a positive relation ship for roads which shows that the percentage runoff from roads is higher in summer than winter. The antecedent variables showed that percentage runoff from roads and roofs is increased by antecedent rainfall. Seasonal factors and evaporation were unimportant for the percentage runoff from roofs.Depression storage, assessed by examining rainfalls that did and did not produce runoff, showed a diversity of monthly values. The depression storages derived by the regression intercept method were usually smaller. There were no relationships between depression storage and catchment or roof slope. The mean values for roofs and roads respectively were 0.52 mm and 1.23 mm for the classification method and 0.42 mm and 0.6mm with the regression approach.Peak runoff from the roads showed an attenuation to 12.8 per cent for 1 minute rainfall intensities and 24.2 per cent for 5 minute intensities. For roofs the attenuation averaged 36.8 per cent for 1 minute intensities and 92.6 for 5 minute intensities. Regression for peak runoff coefficients from roofs and roads explained negligible amounts of the variance except when events with 1 minute rainfall intensities of over 30 mm hr−1 over the roads were analysed. Total rainfall was an important explanatory variable as was the slope of the road. There was evidence that peak coefficients for roads are greater during the summer.