bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy with the Use of Interleukin-12-Encapsulated Microspheres plus AS01B in Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccination
Authors: Ha Sang-Jun , Park Su-Hyung , Kim Hye-Ju , Kim Seung-Chul , Kang Hyang-Ju , Lee Eun-Gae , Kwon Soon-Geon , Kim Byong-Moon , Lee Sung-Hee , Kim Won-Bae , Sung Young-Chul , Cho Sang-Nae 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTuberculosis subunit vaccines codelivered with interleukin-12 (IL-12)-encapsulated microspheres (IL-12EM) are designed for a sustained release of IL-12 and could induce strong Th1 immune responses specific to Ag85A and ESAT-6. The adjuvant combination of IL-12EM plus AS01B was a more efficient way to induce a sustained Th1 immunity and protection againstMycobacterium tuberculosis.
gC1qR/p33 Blockade ReducesStaphylococcus aureusColonization of Target Tissues in an Animal Model of Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Peerschke Ellinor I. B. , Bayer Arnold S. , Ghebrehiwet Berhane , Xiong Yan Q. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTgC1qR/p33 (gC1qR) is a ubiquitously expressed cellular protein that is also found in plasma and the extracellular matrix. In addition to its role in modulating the activation of complement and kinin cascades, gC1qR has been identified as a putative host ligand for endovascular pathogens, includingStaphylococcus aureus. The present study provides evidence of the ability of soluble gC1qR to enhanceS. aureus-fibrinogen interactions via simultaneously binding fibrinogen andS. aureus. This interaction was inhibited in vitro by two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs 74.5.2 and 60.11) recognizing distinct structural and functional domains of gC1qR. To evaluate the in vivo role of gC1qR, MAbs 74.5.2 and 60.11 were used in an experimental rat model ofS. aureusendocarditis. Each MAb (100 mg/kg of body weight, given intraperitoneally) reached sustained (>60 h) and high (100 to 200 μg/ml) serum levels. Prophylaxis with MAb 60.11 or 74.5.2 caused substantial reductions inS. aureuscolonization of aortic valves, kidneys, and the spleen compared to untreated controls. However, only MAb 74.5.2 prophylaxis therapy reached statistical significance, and only sera from animals protected with MAb 74.5.2 inhibited gC1qR-mediatedS. aureusinteractions with fibrinogen. Although not statistically significant, the reductions in bacterial colonization achieved with MAb 60.11 alone and in combination with MAb 74.5.2 (versus MAb 74.5.2 alone) suggest that there are effects of gC1qR blockade onS. aureusinfective endocarditis in addition to blocking gC1qR-mediatedS. aureusbinding to fibrinogen. Such impacts may include direct modulation of complement (MAb 60.11) and kinin cascades (MAb 74.5.2) and/or activation of immune and inflammatory responses via localized immune complex formation.
Immunogenicity and Protective Immunity against Bubonic Plague and Pneumonic Plague by Immunization of Mice with the Recombinant V10 Antigen, a Variant of LcrV
Authors: DeBord Kristin L. , Anderson Deborah M. , Marketon Melanie M. , Overheim Katie A. , DePaolo R. William , Ciletti Nancy A. , Jabri Bana , Schneewind Olaf 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

In contrast to
Yersinia pestis
LcrV, the recombinant V10 (rV10) variant (lacking residues 271 to 300) does not suppress the release of proinflammatory cytokines by immune cells. Immunization with rV10 generates robust antibody responses that protect mice against bubonic plague and pneumonic plague, suggesting that rV10 may serve as an improved plague vaccine.
SdrI, a Serine-Aspartate Repeat Protein Identified in
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Strain 7108, Is a Collagen-Binding Protein
Authors: Sakinc Türkan , Kleine Britta , Gatermann Sören G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

A gene encoding a serine-aspartate repeat protein of
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
, an important cause of
urinary tract infections in young women, has been cloned and sequenced.
In contrast to other SD repeat proteins, SdrI carries 21 additional
N-terminal repeats with a consensus sequence of
(P/A)ATKE(K/E)A(A/V)(T/I)(A/T/S)EE and has the
longest SD(AD)
(1-5)
repetitive region (854 amino acids)
described so far. This highly repetitive sequence contains only the
amino acids serine, asparagine, and a distinctly greater amount of
alanine (37%) than all other known SD repeat proteins (2.3 to 4.4%). In
addition, it is a collagen-binding protein of
S
.
saprophyticus
and the second example in this organism of a
surface protein carrying the LPXTG motif. We constructed an isogenic
sdrI
knockout mutant that showed decreased binding to
immobilized collagen compared with wild-type
S
.
saprophyticus
strain 7108. Binding could be reconstituted by
complementation. Collagen binding is specifically caused by SdrI, and
the recently described UafA protein, the only LPXTG-containing protein
in the genome sequence of the type strain, is not involved in this
trait. Our experiments suggest that, as in other staphylococci, the
presence of different LPXTG-anchored cell wall proteins is common in
S. saprophyticus
and support the notion that the
presence of matrix-binding surface proteins is common in
staphylococci.
Signal Transduction, Gene Transcription, and Cytokine Production Triggered in Macrophages by Exposure to Trypanosome DNA
Authors: Harris Tajie H. , Cooney Nicole M. , Mansfield John M. , Paulnock Donna M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTActivation of a type I cytokine response is important for early resistance to infection withTrypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the extracellular protozoan parasite that causes African sleeping sickness. The work presented here demonstrates that trypanosome DNA activates macrophages to produce factors that may contribute to this response. Initial results demonstrated thatT. brucei rhodesienseDNA was present in the plasma of C57BL/6 and C57BL/6-scidmice following infection. Subsequently, the effect of trypanosome DNA on macrophages was investigated; parasite DNA was found to be less stimulatory thanEscherichia coliDNA but more stimulatory than murine DNA, as predicted by the CG dinucleotide content. Trypanosome DNA stimulated the induction of a signal transduction cascade associated with Toll-like receptor signaling in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The signaling cascade led to expression of mRNAs, including interleukin-12 (IL-12) p40, IL-6, IL-10, cyclooxygenase-2, and beta interferon. The treatment of RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages with trypanosome DNA induced the production of NO, prostaglandin E2, and the cytokines IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In all cases, DNase I treatment ofT. brucei rhodesisenseDNA abolished the activation. These results suggest thatT. brucei rhodesienseDNA serves as a ligand for innate immune cells and may play an important contributory role in early stimulation of the host immune response during trypanosomiasis.
Transcribed
var
Genes Associated with Placental Malaria in MalawianWomen
Authors: Duffy Michael F. , Caragounis Aphrodite , Noviyanti Rintis , Kyriacou Helen M. , Choong Ee Ken , Boysen Katja , Healer Julie , Rowe J. Alexandra , Molyneux Malcolm E. , Brown Graham V. , Rogerson Stephen J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

Determining
the diversity of PfEMP1 sequences expressed by
Plasmodium
falciparum
-infected erythrocytes isolated from placentas is
important for attempts to develop a pregnancy-specific malaria vaccine.
The DBLγ and
var2csa
DBL3x domains of PfEMP1 molecules
are believed to mediate placental sequestration of infected
erythrocytes, so the sequences encoding these domains were amplified
from the cDNAs of placental parasites by using degenerate
oligonucleotides. The levels of specific
var
cDNAs were then
determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Homologues of
var2csa
DBL3x were the predominant sequences amplified from
the cDNAs of most placental but not most children's parasites. There
was 56% identity between all placental
var2csa
sequences. Many
different DBLγ domains were amplified from the cDNAs of
placental and children's isolates.
var2csa
transcripts were
the most abundant
var
transcripts of those tested in 11 of 12
placental isolates and 1 of 6 children's isolates. Gravidity did not
affect the levels of
var2csa
transcripts. We concluded that
placental malaria is frequently associated with transcription of
var2csa
but that other
var
genes are also expressed,
and parasites expressing high levels of
var2csa
are not
restricted to pregnant women. The diversity of
var2csa
sequences may be important for understanding immunity and for the
development of vaccines for malaria during
pregnancy.
Biomechanical Evaluation of 2 Techniques for Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Elbow
Authors: Paletta George A. , Klepps Steven J. , Difelice Gregory S. , Allen Tracy , Brodt Michael D. , Burns Meghan E. , Silva Matthew J. , Wright Rick W. 
Published: July 2006

Background Elbow medial ulnar collateral ligament tears often result in pain and instability that may be career threatening in overhead-throwing athletes. Surgical reconstruction is frequently chosen to treat this injury. Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction as described by Jobe is the most commonly used technique. Testing of this construct has not demonstrated that the biomechanical parameters of the native ligament are restored. A more recent construct, the docking technique, may more reliably reproduce these factors. Hypothesis Increasing the number of strands of palmaris longus tendon graft used in ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction and tensioning them using the docking technique result in a construct with improved biomechanical parameters as compared with the Jobe technique. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Thirty-three fresh-frozen human cadaveric elbows were randomized into 3 subgroups: Jobe (11), docking (12), and native (10). The Jobe and docking groups underwent reconstruction using their described palmaris tendon graft constructs. The ulnar collateral ligament was left intact in the native group. Elbows were potted and tested using a servohydraulic materials testing machine to apply a valgus moment at 30° of elbow flexion. Maximal moments to failure, stiffness, and strain at maximal moment and with a 3 N·m force applied were determined using a 2-camera motion analysis system to track reflective markers spanning the site. Results The docking (14.3 N·m) and native (18.8 N·m) subgroups resulted in higher maximal moment to failure than did the Jobe (8.9 N·m) subgroup (P <. 001). There was no significant difference between native and docking groups (P >. 05). Native ligaments were stiffer (301.4 N·m) than were Jobe (74.3 N·m) or docking (80.8 N·m; P <. 001). Native ligaments demonstrated lower strain at maximal force (0.087 mm/mm) and 3 N·m forces (0.030 mm/mm) than did the Jobe (0.198/0.057 mm/mm) or docking (0.287/0.042 mm/mm) subgroups. There was no difference in stiffness or strain between the Jobe and docking subgroups (P >. 05). Conclusion Neither technique reproduced the biomechanical profile of the native ulnar collateral ligament; the findings of this study suggest that the docking construct may offer initial biomechanical advantage over the Jobe construct.
The Effects of Estrogen on Material and Mechanical Properties of the Intra- and Extra-articular Knee Structures
Authors: Wentorf Fred A. , Sudoh Kenji , Moses Christina , Arendt Elizabeth A. , Carlson Cathy S. 
Published: July 2006

Background Female athletes have a higher incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries than do male athletes in similar sports. Hormones, particularly estrogen, have been indicated by some studies to be correlated with the disproportionate number of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes. Hypothesis Estrogen does not affect the mechanical or material properties of primate anterior cruciate ligaments or patellar tendons. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Twenty-six cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were divided into 2 groups: sham operated (estrogen maintained, n = 12) and ovariectomized (estrogen deficient, n = 14). After 2 years, the animals were sacrificed, and various properties of ligaments were tested. Two different ligaments were studied, the anterior cruciate ligament and patellar tendon. Results No differences were found between the sham-operated (sham) and ovariectomized group for failure load (anterior cruciate ligament: sham, 394 ± 67 N; ovariectomized, 392 ± 96 N; P >. 74), stiffness, elongation at failure, ultimate stress (anterior cruciate ligament: sham, 115 ± 30 MPa; ovariectomized, 128 ± 36 MPa; P >. 58), ultimate strain, modulus, failure sites, or energy to failure. Conclusion Endogenous estrogen does not directly affect the mechanical or material properties of the anterior cruciate ligament or the patellar tendon of cynomolgus macaques. Clinical Relevance This study supports the idea that knee ligament injury in female athletes is not a direct result of estrogen's effect on ligament properties.
Injury Rates, Risk Factors, and Mechanisms of Injury in Minor Hockey
Authors: Emery Carolyn A. , Meeuwisse Willem H. 
Published: July 2006

Background Hockey is one of the top sports for participation in youth in Canada. There are limited data on the epidemiology of injury in youth hockey. Purpose Through implementation and validation of an injury surveillance system, youth ice hockey injury rates, risk factors, and mechanisms of injury will be examined. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods During the 2004-2005 season in minor hockey in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 71 hockey teams (N = 986) were studied, including teams from each age group (Atom, 9/10 years; Pee Wee, 11/12 years; Bantam, 13/14 years; Midget, 15/16 years) and division of play (7-10 divisions per age group). A certified athletic therapist or candidate did weekly assessments of any identified hockey injury. Injury definition included any injury occurring during the regular hockey season that required medical attention, removal from a session, or missing a subsequent session. Results Of the 986 participating players, 216 players sustained a total of 296 injuries in the 2004-2005 season. The overall injury rate was 30.02 injuries per 100 players per season (95% confidence interval, 27.17-32.99) or 4.13 injuries per 1000 player hours (95% confidence interval, 3.67-4.62). Forty-five percent of all injuries occurred during body checking. Compared with the youngest age group, Atom, the risk of injury was greater in Pee Wee (relative risk, 2.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.63-5.8), Bantam (relative risk, 3.72; 95% confidence interval, 2.08-7.14), and Midget (relative risk, 5.43; 95% confidence interval, 3.14-10.17) leagues. The risk of injury in Pee Wee was greatest in the most elite divisions (relative risk, 2.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-5.81). Concussion, shoulder sprain/dislocation, and knee sprain were the most common injuries. Conclusion Significant differences in injury rates were found by age and division of play. The public health significance of body checking injury in minor hockey is great. Future research will include expansion of surveillance to further examine body checking injuries and prevention strategies in minor hockey.
The Effect of Tennis Racket Grip Size on Forearm Muscle Firing Patterns
Authors: Hatch George F. , Pink Marilyn M. , Mohr Karen J. , Sethi Paul M. , Jobe Frank W. 
Published: July 2006

Background Inappropriately sized tennis racket grip is often cited in the popular media as a risk factor for overuse injuries about the forearm and elbow. Currently, a hand measurement technique developed by Nirschl is commonly used by tennis racket manufacturing companies as the method for determining a player's “recommended” grip size. Hypothesis Quarter-inch changes from that recommended by Nirschl in tennis racket grip size will have no significant effect on forearm muscle firing patterns. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Sixteen asymptomatic Division I and II collegiate tennis players performed single-handed backhand ground strokes with rackets of 3 different grip sizes (recommended measurement, undersized 1/4 in, and oversized 1/4 in). Fine-wire electromyography was used to measure muscle activity in extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor digitorum communis, flexor carpi radialis, and pronator teres. Repeated-measure analysis of variance was used for within-group comparisons, comparing different grips in specified phases for backhand ground strokes (P [.lessequal]. 05). Results There were no significant differences in muscle activity between small, recommended, or big grips in any muscle tested. Conclusion Based on these findings, tennis racket grip size 1/4 in above or below Nirschl's recommended measurement does not significantly affect forearm muscle firing patterns. Clinical Relevance Alterations in tennis racket grip size within 1/4 in of Nirschl's recommended sizing do not have a significant effect on forearm muscle activity and therefore may not represent a significant risk factor for upper extremity cumulative trauma, such as lateral epicondylitis.
Prognostic significance of metallothionein in B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Poulsen Christian Bjørn , Borup Rehannah , Borregaard Niels , Nielsen Finn Cilius , Møller Michael Boe , Ralfkiaer Elisabeth 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe have investigated metallothionein (MT) I and II mRNA and protein in B-cell lymphomas with particular reference to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The mRNA profiling was performed on Affymetrix arrays and showed up-regulated MT mRNA in 15 of 48 DLBCLs, including 12 of 23 activated B-cell (ABC) and 3 of 9 type-3 lesions. In contrast, MT mRNA was low to undetectable in 16 germinal center B-cell (GCB)-type DLBCLs. Only 1 of 15 patients with up-regulated MT mRNA achieved a sustained remission, suggesting that up-regulated MT mRNA constitutes a significant risk factor for treatment failure. This was confirmed in 2 independent series, which showed significantly shorter 5-year survival in DLBCL with high versus low MT-IIa levels. By immunohistology, MT was shown to be present in both macrophages and lymphoma cells. The proportion of MT-positive macrophages did not correlate with the survival. In contrast, in 115 DLBCLs, MT labeling of more than 20% lymphoma cells was associated with a significantly poorer 5-year survival, independent of the age, stage, or International Prognostic Index. Taken together, it is suggested that both increased MT mRNA and MT protein expression by more than 20% lymphoma cells constitute independent risk factors in DLBCL.
Electrochemical Formation of 1,3,5-Trinaphthylbenzene Tri- and Tetraanions
Authors: Saji Tetsuo , Aoyagui Shigeru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Each of the cyclic voltammograms of tri(1-naphthyl)benzene and tri(2-naphthyl)benzene in 1,2-dimethoxyethane at −50 °C exhibits four reversible one-electron reduction steps; this may be evidence for the successive formation of the mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraanions of these hydrocarbons. The degeneracy of their π*-orbitals can account for the formation of the tri- and tetraanions.
Extraction of Bivalent Manganese, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, and Cadmium from Hydrochloric Acid Solutions by Long-chain Alkyl Quaternary Ammonium Chloride in Various Organic Solvents
Authors: Sato Taichi , Nakamura Takato , Fujimatsu Teruo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The extraction of bivalent manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc and cadmium from hydrochloric acid solutions by tricaprylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat-336) has been examined usmg various diluents such as benzene, chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, nitrobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and 1,2-dichloroethane. It was found that by assuming a regular solution, the distribution coefficient and the enthalpy change associated with metal extraction can be expressed in terms of the solubility parameters of Aliquat-336, diluent and the complex formed in the organic phase and their molar volumes. An empirical relation holds between distribution coefficient and the viscosity of diluent.
Syntheses of Derivatives of N2-Acetyl-N3-glycyl-l-2,3-diaminopropionic Acid and Their Hydrolyses by Trypsin
Authors: Minematsu Yoshihiro , Kang Shinwon , Waki Michinori , Kato Tetsuo , Izumiya Nobuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Amide and ethyl ester of N2-acetyl-N3-glycyl-l-2,3-diaminopropionic acid replacing an ethylene group in the side chain of lysine by a peptide bond were synthesized. The susceptibility of each derivative to trypsin was compared with that of the corresponding N2-acetyl-l-lysine derivative. Each derivative was hydrolyzed by trypsin, but was less susceptible than the corresponding l-lysine derivative.
Oxidation of Unsymmetrical Disulfide and Thiosulfinic S-Esters with Peroxy Acids. Search for Formation of α-Disulfoxide as An Intermediate in the Electrophilic Oxidation of Thiosulfinic S-Ester
Authors: Oae Shigeru , Takata Toshikazu , Kim Yong Hae 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Oxidation of an unsymmetrical disulfide, methyl phenyl disulfide, with peroxy acids takes place mainly at more electron-rich sulfur atom to form thiosulfinic S-ester at the first stage, while oxidation of unsymmetrical thiosulfinic S-ester with peroxy acids gives usually four thiosulfonic S-esters, together with sulfinic and sulfonic acids, further oxidation products. Oxidation of S-methyl benzenethiosulfinate 6 affords, as one of the products, S-phenyl methanethiosulfonate 11, in which the original sulfinyl oxygen is brought into methanesulfonyl group. A small amount of S-phenyl benzenethiosulfonate 9 (or benzenesulfonic acid 15) is obtained in the oxidation of S-phenyl methanethiosulfinate 7. 18O-Label of the starting thiosulfinic S-ester 6 was found to be incorporated to some extents into all four products, i.e. 8–11, while a part of 18O-label of S-phenyl methanethiosulfinate 7 was also observed in S-phenyl benzenethiosulfonate 9 and benzenesulfonic acid 15, although most of 18O-label of 7 was incorporated into S-phenyl methanethiosulfonate 11. Thiosulfinic S-esters are stable and do not undergo disproportionation and 18O-exchange under the conditions. These observations suggest the formation of α-disulfoxide as an intermediate in the oxidation of thiosulfinic S-ester to thiosulfonic S-ester, especially in the oxidation of 6, although no peak corresponding to α-disulfoxide was observed directly in the NMR spectra taken during the oxidations of a few thiosulfinic S-esters with peroxy acids. Mechanism of the oxidation is discussed.
A Reinvestigation of Small-angle Electron Scattering by CS2 and CCl4 Molecules
Authors: Nagashima Makoto , Konaka Shigehiro , Kimura Masao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A small-angle electron-diffraction unit (Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 11, 1199 (1972)) has been improved by enlarging the scattering chamber and installing a new nozzle system and a better counting unit. The intensities of 50 keV electrons scattered by CS2 and CCl4 molecules have been measured with a ≈1% precision in the s-range from 1 to 11.5 Å−1. Theoretical intensities have been calculated for the independent-atom model by taking into account the intramolecular double-scattering effect, and those intensities have been compared with the experimental intensities. The oscillatory feature appearing in the difference function, Δσ(s)=s4(Iexptl–IIAM), of CCl4 has been ascribed mainly to the deformation of the one-electron density in chlorine atoms by chemical binding.
Infrared Intensities of Bending Fundamentals in Gaseous HCCCN and DCCCN
Authors: Uyemura Masakatsu , Deguchi Shuji , Nakada Yoshikazu , Onaka Takashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The infrared spectra of three bending fundamentals (ν5, ν6, and ν7) of gaseous cyanoacetylene and cyanoacetylene-d have been measured and their integrated absorption coefficients A(νi) have been determined. The spectral pattern of ν5 fundamental region in HCCCN has been interpreted by assuming the Fermi resonance between v5=1 and v7=3 states. On the basis of the experimental intensity data and the normal coordinate treatment, the dipole-moment derivatives with respect to the internal bending coordinates have been calculated.