bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variable smoothing in Bayesian intrinsic autoregressions
Authors: Brewer Mark J. , Nolan Andrew J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe introduce an adapted form of the Markov random field (MRF) for Bayesian spatial smoothing with small‐area data. This new scheme allows the amount of smoothing to vary in different parts of a map by employing area‐specific smoothing parameters, related to the variance of the MRF. We take an empirical Bayes approach, using variance information from a standard MRF analysis to provide prior information for the smoothing parameters of the adapted MRF. The scheme is shown to produce proper posterior distributions for a broad class of models. We test our method on both simulated and real data sets, and for the simulated data sets, the new scheme is found to improve modelling of both slowly‐varying levels of smoothness and discontinuities in the response surface. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathways to prevention: A training and technical assistance initiative to increase program capacity to address infant mental health issues in Early Head Start
Authors: Mann Tammy L. , Boss Jennifer , Randolph Suzanne 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article provides an overview of a training and consultation program aimed at enhancing the capacity of Early Head Start (EHS) and Migrant and Seasonal Head Start (MSHS) programs to address infant mental health issues from a promotion, prevention, and treatment perspective. This program was implemented by the Early Head Start National Resource Center (EHS NRC), operated by ZERO TO THREE. The EHS NRC is funded by the Head Start Bureau to provide a diverse array of training and technical assistance support services to Early Head Start programs throughout the country. In the fall of 2001, ZERO TO THREE was funded to design and implement the Pathways Initiative. While ZERO TO THREE was not funded to test the efficacy of the Pathways Initiative as a research intervention similar to other papers described in this special issue, we worked creatively to identify resources that allowed us to engage an external evaluator to look at both process and outcome measures. This paper describes the consultation program, evaluation activities, and key lessons learned.
Risk for maternal depression and child aggression in Early Head Start families: A test of ecological models
Authors: Malik Neena M. , Boris Neil W. , Heller Sherryl S. , Harden Brenda Jones , Squires Jane , Chazan‐Cohen Rachel , Beeber Linda S. , Kaczynski Karen J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCurrent literature indicates that risk for maternal depression is substantial in low‐income families. A large body of research also indicates that when mothers are depressed, children are at risk for a number of developmental difficulties. While mutual influence between child and parental difficulties has been noted, few studies examine risk factors for both depression and child aggression within ecological models. The present cross‐site study examined the unique and additive contributions of contextual factors, including SES and family functioning, on maternal depression and child aggression in Early Head Start families. A multiethnic sample of parents and their children, between the ages of 12 and 43 months, participated in this study. Families came from five Early Head Start programs across the United States, representing both urban and rural areas. Structural equation models (SEM) demonstrate mutual links between depression and aggression, mediated at least in part by ecological factors. SEM indicated that 36.4% of the variance in child aggression is accounted for in a model linking aggressive behavior to parent depression, stress, and couple‐level functioning, as well as other family interaction variables. A second model focusing on maternal depression revealed that 44.5% of the variance in maternal depression was accounted for through family factors, including couple‐related support and satisfaction and parenting stress. In this second model, child aggression was indirectly linked to maternal depression. These data have important implications for programs serving at‐risk families.
Infant mental health and family support: Contributions of Early Head Start to an integrated model for community‐based early childhood programs
Authors: McAllister Carol L. , Thomas Tammy 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper analyzes the experiences of an Early Head Start (EHS) program in adopting and implementing an infant mental health (IMH) approach in its work with community families. Through qualitative methods (participant observation, qualitative interviews, and case studies), we examined the strategies used, and the challenges encountered, by program staff as they applied IMH principles in their home‐visiting interventions with families whose lives involve significant economic, social, and psychological stressors. Our study identified four elements crucial to an effective IMH initiative: (1) teamwork, especially the use of transdisciplinary teams to review family cases, (2) reflective supervision, (3) development of an integrated and empathic understanding of the child's needs and the parent's challenges in meeting those needs, and (4) a dynamic ecological understanding of children, families, and communities in which psychosocial and socioeconomic factors are viewed as mutually important and interactive. We argue that each of these elements both builds on and enhances long‐standing dimensions of this EHS program's family support approach, creating an innovative and integrated model of IMH and family support that could prove of value in many community‐based programs serving children and families whose emotional health is affected by everyday experiences of economic and social inequality.
Controllability of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the vicinity of the ground state
Authors: Lange H. , Teismann H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLocal exact controllability of the one‐dimensional NLS (subject to zero‐boundary conditions) with distributed control is shown to hold in a H1‐neighbourhood of the nonlinear ground state. The Hilbert Uniqueness Method (HUM), due to Lions, is applied to the linear control problem that arises by linearization around the ground state. The application of HUM crucially depends on the spectral properties of the linearized NLS operator which are given in detail. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flame retardancy of polycarbonate enhanced by adding fly ash
Authors: Soyama Makoto , Inoue Kazuhiko , Iji Masatoshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have developed a flame‐retardant polycarbonate resin whose flame retardancy is greatly enhanced by adding fly ash (a by‐product from thermal power plants). Fly ash with comparatively small average particle sizes (<10 µm) raised the flame retardancy of polycarbonate because of the hydrogen bond that forms between the polycarbonate and the hydroxy group on the fly ash surface. This bond primarily improves the heat resistance of the polycarbonate and also isomerizes the polycarbonate to promote carbonization. The polycarbonate with 25 wt% of the fly ash showed good other main characteristics, such as mechanical properties and moldability, comparable to those of a flame retardant polycarbonate reinforced with glass fiber, used for electronic products such as desktop computers, etc. Applying the fly ash eliminates the need to use current retardants such as organic halogen compounds and thus promotes the perceived environmental safety of flame‐ retardant polycarbonate. In addition, being able to use less raw resin by adding the fly ash means that less energy is required to manufacture flame‐retardant polycarbonate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of tool‐embedded dielectric sensors on heat transfer phenomena during composite cure
Authors: Skordos A.A. , Partridge I.K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe present study examines the effects that placement of tool‐mounted dielectric sensors in the composite cure assembly has on the local thermal and degree‐of‐cure fields. A nonlinear heat transfer model, incorporating appropriate thermoset cure and thermal property submodels, is used to simulate the cure of carbon and glass composites of various thicknesses. The model is validated against experimental data obtained during the cure of composite samples in a resin‐transfer molding tool. The results of the simulations show that embedding a sensor can have a significant effect on the thermal field, because of the thermal conductivity mismatch between the metal tool and the sensor substrate material. In the heating‐up stage of the cure profile, sensors embedded in the heated tool side intensify thermal gradients, which causes a corresponding lag in the progress of the reaction in the area adjacent to the sensor. Exothermic effects are also intensified by the sensor presence, especially in the case of thick composite curing. These results suggest that control strategies based on the utilization of embedded sensors should take these effects into account. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:139–152, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Effects of synthesis conditions on crystal morphological structures and thermal degradation behavior of hydrotalcites and flame retardant and mechanical properties of EVA/hydrotalcite blends
Authors: Du Longchao , Qu Baojun 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of synthesis methods and reaction conditions on the crystal morphological structures and thermal degradation behavior of hydrotalcites have been studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis (PSA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The flame retardant and mechanical properties of ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) blends with the corresponding hydrotalcites have been estimated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94, and mechanical measurements. The results from the XRD, TEM, and PSA demonstrate that the hydrotalcites synthesized by ultrasound method have larger crystal sizes and particle size distribution than those by mechanical stirring method. Higher reaction temperature, longer dripping time, and lower solution concentration can increase the crystal and particle sizes of ultrasound‐synthesized hydrotalcites, whereas the longer ultrasound aging time can increase the crystal sizes and decrease the particle sizes of hydrotalcites because of the smashing conglomeration. The DTA data give a positive evidence that the hydrotalcite samples prepared by mechanical stirring method with longer alkaline dripping time have higher thermal degradation temperature than those by ultrasound method, since the ultrasound‐synthesized hydrotalcites have more lattice defects than stirring‐prepared hydrotalcites. The data from LOI, UL‐94, and mechanical tests show that the ultrasonic‐synthesized hydrotalcites have better flame retardant properties, whereas the stirring‐synthesized hydrotalcites have better tensile strength in the EVA/hydrotalcite blends. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:131–138, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Study on BMI modified allyl‐functional novolac resin/silica cloth composites: Effect of allylation degree on thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Luo Zhen‐hua , Liu Feng , Wei Liu‐he , Zhao Tong 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA series of allyl‐functional novolac resin with various allylation degree, from 32.4 to 114.6%, were synthesized and then blended reactively with 4,4′‐bismaleimide biphenyl methane (BMI) at a weight ratio of 2.50:1 to get BMI‐modified allyl‐functional novolac (BMAN) resins. BMAN resins were used as matrix resin to fabricate BMAN/Silica cloth composites by compression molding process. Heat‐resistant properties of the composites were evaluated by means of dynamic mechanical analysis. The results indicated that thermal resistance of the composites increased as allylation degree of BMAN resins increased. Mechanical properties of the composites, including interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and flexural strength at room temperature and 300°C, were determined, and the results showed that with increase in allylation degree of matrices the ILSS and flexural strength values of composites at room temperature decreased, but the values of ILSS and flexural strength at 300°C increased. Scanning electron microscope morphology analysis of fracture surface for composites revealed that tough interphase was responsible for the better mechanical properties of the composites based on lower allylation degree resins. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:180–185, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Epoxy/POSS organic–inorganic hybrids: Viscoelastic, mechanical properties and micromorphologies
Authors: Zhang Zengping , Liang Guozheng , Wang Jieliang , Ren Penggang 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA series of epoxy resin (EP)/octa(aminpropyl)silsesquioxane (POSS‐NH2) organic–inorganic hybrid composites (EP/POSS‐NH2 100/0, 95/5, 90/10, and 80/20 wt/wt) were prepared by melt casting and then curing. Viscoelastic and mechanical properties of these composites were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis and mechanical testing, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study of the micromorphologies of the composites and to elucidate the toughening mechanisms of POSS‐NH2. POSS units incorporated into the epoxy network showed good compatibility with the resin matrix. Phase separation was not observed even at high POSS content (20 wt%). Incorporation of POSS macromer into the epoxy network after curing increased the glass transition temperature, slightly narrowed the temperature range widths of the glass transition, and lowered the intensities of their loss moduli peaks of the resultant composites. The glass transition temperature of EP/POSS‐NH2 composites increased significantly with increasing POSS content at lower POSS content (<10 wt%), while increased slightly at higher POSS content. Both impact and flexural strengths of the hybrids reached their optimum values when 10 wt% content of POSS was introduced. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:175–179, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Synthesis of in situ encapsulated intumescent flame retardant and the flame retardancy in polypropylene
Authors: Liu Yuan , Wang Qi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this article, a nitrogen–phosphorus composite flame retardant, melamine phosphate (MP), was synthesized in a solution of phosphoric acid/macromolecular charring agent, polyamide 6 (PA6). With the progress of the phosphoric acid–melamine reaction producing MP, the acidity of this system decreased and the originally dissolved PA6 resin precipitated on the surface of MP particles to obtain the MP in situ encapsulated by PA6. This encapsulated MP was incorporated with a small molecular charring agent, pentaerythritol (PER), composed of an intumescent system to flame retard polypropylene (PP). As a result of the isolation effects of PA6 resin, the esterfication reaction between MP and PER was effectively suppressed at the processing temperature of PP, thus remarkably improving the thermal stability of such an intumescent system while maintaining the mechanical performance of the flame retardant PP. Additionally, encapsulated MP/PER system showed better charring properties when compared with MP/PER and therefore possessed a higher efficiency in flame retarding PP. The corresponding charring mechanisms of the former, including either a macromolecular charring agent or small molecular one, were investigated. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:163–167, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
The structure of the Escherichia coli nucleoside diphosphate kinase reveals a new quaternary architecture for this enzyme family
Authors: Moynié Lucile , Giraud Marie‐France , Georgescauld Florian , Lascu Ioan , Dautant Alain 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) catalyzes the transfer of γ‐phosphate from nucleoside triphosphates to nucleoside diphosphates. The subunit folding and the dimeric basic structural unit are remarkably the same for available structures but, depending on species, dimers self‐associate to form hexamers or tetramers. The crystal structure of the Escherichia coli NDPK reveals a new tetrameric quaternary structure for this protein family. The two tetramers differ by the relative orientation of interacting dimers, which face either the convex or the concave side of their central sheet as in either Myxococcus xanthus (type I) or E. coli (type II), respectively. In the type II tetramer, the subunits interact by a new interface harboring a zone called the Kpn loop as in hexamers, but by the opposite face of this loop. The evolutionary conservation of the interface residues indicates that this new quaternary structure seems to be the most frequent assembly mode in bacterial tetrameric NDP kinases. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pentagonal ZnO nanorods
Authors: Könenkamp R. , Word R. C. , Dosmailov M. , Nadarajah A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe report the growth of ZnO nanorods with pentagonal cross‐section in electrodeposition on p‐type Si substrates. Cathodic potentials smaller than those used for growth of hexagonal nanorods are used. The pentagonal wires have a typical length of 1–2 µm and grow out of an inhomogeneous nano‐crystalline thin film. We tentatively explain the occurrence of the pentagonal morphology in terms of kinetic limitations for electron transport in the p‐Si substrate and changed chemical conditions at the growth surface. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fetal myocardial performance in pregnancies complicated by gestational impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Wong M. L. , Wong W. H. S. , Cheung Y. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo determine fetal myocardial performance in pregnancies complicated by mild gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT).MethodsUltrasound examinations were performed in 37 pregnant women with mild GIGT (36 did not require insulin) and in 44 controls at 18–24, 26–30 and 34–37 weeks of gestation. The thickness of the fetal ventricular walls and interventricular septum were measured by M‐mode echocardiography. Using conventional Doppler echocardiography, the mitral and tricuspid early (E) and late (A) diastolic velocities and the ventricular myocardial performance index (MPI) were determined.ResultsThe fetuses of women with GIGT had a greater abdominal circumference (P = 0.02), a larger amniotic fluid index (P = 0.03), and a tendency to be heavier (P = 0.058) at the third scan. There were no significant differences in myocardial thickness, mitral and tricuspid E and A velocities, and E/A ratios between study and control groups. The left and right ventricular MPIs, while similar between the two groups in the first and second scans, had decreased significantly by late gestation in the GIGT fetuses (P for trend = 0.018 and 0.014, respectively) and were significantly lower than those of the control group (P = 0.002 and 0.0008, respectively).ConclusionsFetuses of women with mild GIGT lack the ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction that is common in fetuses of diabetic mothers, and they have a decreased MPI late in gestation. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sonomorphological evaluation of polypropylene mesh implants after vaginal mesh repair in women with cystocele or rectocele
Authors: Tunn R. , Picot A. , Marschke J. , Gauruder‐Burmester A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether the sonographically measured size of the mesh implant in women who had undergone vaginal polypropylene mesh repair 6 weeks previously correlates with the original size of the mesh and whether the mesh ensures complete support of the anterior or posterior compartment.MethodsForty postmenopausal women with anterior or posterior vaginal wall prolapse and sonographically proven cystocele (n = 20) or rectocele (n = 20) were evaluated preoperatively and 6 weeks after vaginal mesh repair. Introital ultrasound was performed to identify the polypropylene mesh and measure its distal to proximal length and configuration as well as its thickness. The initial mesh length was compared with that measured by ultrasound 6 weeks postoperatively. Vaginal length was measured pre‐ and postoperatively.ResultsThe mean ± SD age of the women was 68 ± 7 years. The 20 women with cystocele underwent repair by means of anterior transobturator mesh implantation; the initial mesh length was 6.8 ± 1.1 cm versus 2.9 ± 0.6 cm postoperatively. The 20 women with rectocele underwent repair by posterior transischioanal mesh implantation; the initial mesh length was 9.9 ± 0.8 cm versus 3.3 ± 0.5 cm postoperatively. The mesh supported 43.4% of the length of the anterior vaginal wall and this value was 53.7% for the posterior wall (P = 0.016).ConclusionSonography is recommended for postoperative evaluation of the anterior and posterior mesh positions after prolapse surgery. There is a considerable discrepancy between the implanted mesh size and the length measured 6 weeks later by postoperative ultrasound. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel palm oils from cloned palms
Authors: Jones L. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe ability to propagate oil palms vegetatively, using tissue culture techniques, allows us to select unique individuals for clonal propagation. Although yield improvement is the major criterion, there is considerable variation in oil composition among individual palms.Fatty acid composition is under genetic control although it also is influenced by environmental factors. Nevertheless, it is now possible to select palms for oil quality. Clones also can be propagated from interspecific hybrids, yielding more liquid oils.Development of commercial clones of oil palm with novel palm oil composition will depend greatly on the availability of long term markets for premium priced oils.
Production of protein and fatty acids in the anaerobic fermentation of molasses byE. ruminantium
Authors: Mehta Ketan I. , Callihan C. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractProduction of protein and volatile fatty acids by anaerobic digestion of blackstrap molasses was investigated. This protein may have potential as a feed for animals (and, we hope, for humans) in the near future. Volatile fatty acids can be further fermented to produce methane. Fermentation of molasses byEubacterium ruminantium was studied in a chemostat at a constant temperature of 37 C. This study focused on kinetics of growth of the pure culture. The maximum rate of protein production of about 0.326 g/l/hr was obtained when the pH and retention times were 6.2 and between 5 and 7 hrs, respectively. Average cell yield was 12.6% and carbohydrate conversion was 82 to 99%. Volatile fatty acids also were produced, with acetic acid and n‐butyric acid being the predominant products. Two different kinetic models were used to fit the experimental data. The kinetic parameters obtained for the Monod model were: μmax=0.207 (1/hr); ks=0.165 g/l.