bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production and oxidation of wool grease after shearing
Authors: DARWISH A , HENNESSY DR , MAXWELL CA 
Published: March 2008

Objective To measure the production and amount of oxidation of wool grease secreted immediately after shearing. To identify components of wool grease that might act as a carrier to facilitate lateral diffusion of topically applied insecticides.DesignFine‐wool Merino sheep were shorn and residual greasy wool was collected from the sheep's flank. The quantity of grease produced, and the amount of oxidation was measured during 18 days after shearing. Wool grease was fractionated into five component groups based on their polarity and the degree of oxidation in these fractions determined.ResultsThere was a 24% increase in grease production within 2 days after shearing but secretions returned to pre‐shearing amounts after 4 days. During this period wool grease oxidised rapidly. Of the grease fractions examined, sterol and wax esters remained essentially unoxidised whereas free sterols such as cholesterol and lanosterol, fatty acids and polar lipids, aldehydes and alcohols were extensively oxidised within 7 days after shearing.ConclusionThe transient increase in grease production after shearing may facilitate diffusion of topically applied synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Oxidation of grease components may then contain the insecticide and limit further diffusion. Incorporating the insecticide in non‐oxidising fractions of wool grease may make insecticide dispersion more efficient.
A bovine stress syndrome associated with exercise‐induced hyperthermia
Authors: HILL BD , McMANUS AC , BROWN NN , PLAYFORD CL , NOBLE JW 
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate an exercise‐induced bovine stress syndrome under field and controlled experimental conditions. Design and procedure In the field study, cattle affected with the stress syndrome were observed while they were grazing and during normal mustering using horses. This study served to define the clinical nature of the syndrome. The experimental study utilised three affected and five normal unaffected cattle. These animals were compared on the basis of their response to a defined exercise program, which consisted of walking 3.6 km in 2 h. Blood samples and measurements of respiratory rate, ambient temperature and rectal temperature were taken immediately before exercise, and at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 h during the exercise and 24 h later. Clinical and blood constituent data were subjected to standard analysis of variance and repeated measures analysis. Results In the field study, affected cattle were observed to show abnormally anxious and hyperactive behaviour. This behaviour was exhibited by affected cattle during the experimental exercise program where it was shown to be accompanied by hyperthermia and hyperventilation. The experimental study showed that affected cattle developed metabolic acidosis and became hyperglycaemic. Their plasma creatine kinase activity remained markedly increased at 24 h after exercise but other clinical and blood constituent variables had returned to normal values. Conclusion The clinical and biochemical changes detected in affected cattle were consistent with exercise‐induced malignant hyperthermia.
Echocardiographic measurements in Greyhounds, Whippets and Italian Greyhounds ‐ dogs with a similar conformation but different size
Authors: TORRE PK DELLA , KIRBY AC , CHURCH DB , MALIK R. 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the effect of body size on various echocardiographic measurements in dogs of widely differing size, but identical body conformation. Design A randomised echocardiographic study of healthy sighthounds. Animals 60 dogs comprising an equal number (20) of racing Greyhounds, Whippets and Italian Greyhounds. Procedure Following sedation with acepromazine and morphine, and acclimatisation, a thorough echocardiographic examination was performed on each dog using standard methods. Results Dimensions measured echocardiographically were highly correlated with body size. These data were subsequently examined using analyses of variance and regression. Body surface area was the best overall predictor of dimensional measurements. In comparison to previous studies using dogs of differing size and conformation, the spread of values for measurements plotted against body surface area showed substantially narrower ranges. Thus, the relationship between echocardiographic measurements and body surface area was much closer for dogs with an identical somatotype than for dogs of differing size and conformation. Commonly used ejection phase indices (fractional shortening, ejection fraction and velocity of circumferential fibre shortening) were negatively correlated with body size. In contrast, the thickening fraction of the left ventricular posterior wall, another ejection phase index, was independent of body weight and body surface area for all three breeds and when the data were pooled. Conclusion Taken in consideration with previous work, this study demonstrates that body conformation and body size both influence canine echocardiographic measurements. Commonly used ejection phase indices are significantly affected by body size, with larger sighthounds having lower values. A more appropriate method of quantitating left ventricular function may be the determination of the thickening fraction of the left ventricular posterior wall.
Evaluation of a laboratory test to detect resistance to closantel in Haemonchus contortus
Authors: LLOYD JB , FITZGIBBON CC , BARCHIA I. 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate a laboratory test for closantel resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Procedure Field isolates of H contortus, known to be resistant to closantel, were tested in the assay. In addition, mixtures of closantel‐susceptible and closantel‐resistant laboratory reference strains were tested to develop a method of predicting the proportion of resistant worms in a sample from the field. Results The assay correctly identified as resistant all of the closantel‐resistant field isolates of H contortus. It also identified one isolate with an in vivo efficacy of 98% as having emerging resistance. Testing of the mixtures of laboratory reference strains revealed that an isolate would be classified as resistant when it consists of about 25% or more resistant worms. Test samples that are not fully susceptible yet contain less than 25% resistant worms may be classified as emerging resistance. Conclusion The in vitro migration assay is a sensitive method of detecting closantel resistance in H contortus.
Genetic screening for progressive retinal atrophy in the Australian population of Irish Setters
Authors: MAROUDAS P. , JOBLING AI , AUGUSTEYN RC 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine whether the rcd‐1 mutation causing progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in Irish Setters is in the Australian breeding population. Method DNA samples were tested for the mutation using the Polymerase Chain Reaction and specific primer nucleotides to amplify the phosphodiesterase gene followed by restriction enzyme cleavage and fragment size determination. Results No mutant alleles were found in 38 Irish Setters, representing over 80% of all major breeding stock in five Australian states. Conclusions It is likely that the Australian population of Irish Setters is free of the rcd‐1 form of PRA.
Evaluation of brain damage resulting from penetrating and non‐penetrating captive bolt stunning using lambs
Authors: FINNIE JW , BLUMBERGS PC , MANAVIS J. , SUMMERSIDES GE , DAVIES RA 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo compare the brain damage in sheep resulting from penetrating and non‐penetrating captive bolt stunning.DesignThe unrestrained heads of anaesthetised lambs were impacted in the temporal region with penetrating and non‐penetrating captive bolt pistols (humane stunners) using a constant charge. Two hours after head impact, brains were perfusion‐fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Coronal sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically for amyloid precursor protein, a sensitive marker of axonal and neuronal reaction in brains after trauma. Pathological changes in these brains were then quantified by morphometric analysis.ResultsThe skull was fractured in 50% of lambs after a non‐penetrating head impact and in all animals after a penetrating head wound. Impact contusions were present in 80% of lambs receiving a non‐penetrating head injury and in all of those with a penetrating wound. Total contusion area was similar in both groups. Amyloid precursor protein‐positive axons and neurons, and haemorrhage, were widely distributed in the brain after both head impact types, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Multifocal necrosis of the cerebellar granular layer was found in all lambs with non‐penetrating head injury, but in none with a penetrating injury.ConclusionsThe structural brain damage, a mixture of focal and diffuse injury, produced by penetrating and non‐penetrating captive bolt pistols was overall similar and of sufficient severity to suggest that both types of weapon are acceptable for euthanasia.
Comparison of three serological tests and an interferon‐g assay for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis in experimentally infected sheep
Authors: GWOZDZ JM , THOMPSON KG , MURRAY A. , REICHEL MP , MANKTELOW BW , WEST DM 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo compare the diagnostic performance of a complement fixation test, an agar gel immunodiffusion test, an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and a whole‐blood interferon‐g assay for paratuberculosis in 14 sheep experimentally infected withMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosis.Experimentaldesign Longitudinal study.ResultsThe IFN‐g assay detected more experimentally infected sheep, and earlier, than any of the serological tests. None of the antibody assays was able to detect all sheep with histologically confirmed paratuberculosis.ConclusionsThe superior performance of the IFN‐g assay in detecting infected sheep in this small experimental population warrants its further evaluation in a larger population of sheep naturally exposed toMaparatuberculosis.
Effects of tail amputation and treatment with an albendazole controlled‐release capsule on the health and productivity of prime lambs
Authors: WARE JK WEBB , VIZARD AL , LEAN GR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the effects of tail amputation an treatment with albendazole controlled‐release capsule (CRC on the health and productivity of prime lambs. Design Field trials on three farms. Animals About 551 Coopworth‐Poll Dorset cross, 588 Bord Leicester‐Merino‐Poll Dorset cross and 575 Corriedale‐Po Dorset cross lambs. Procedure On three farms, lambs with amputated tail were compared with an equal number of lambs with tails le entire. In both of these groups half the lambs were treate with an albendazole CRC 13 weeks after the start of lambin Faecal soiling of the breech and flystrike of the breech wer recorded. Lambs were weighed and body condition scored each visit and carcase weights and fat score of each lamb slaughter. Procedures on the slaughter chain were monitore to determine whether the retention of the tail caused an problems. Results There were no observed benefits of treatme with an albendazole CRC on the farms in the study. Ther was no strong evidence that tail amputation had any long term effect on the growth rate of lambs or carcase traits. N detrimental effects were observed during processing of lamb with long tails in the abattoir. Lambs with entire tails ha significantly greater mean dag scores than lambs wit amputated tails. On one farm lambs with entire tails were about twice the risk of requiring crutching and on another far were at three times the risk of breech strike compared wit lambs with amputated tails. Conclusion This study provides evidence that amputatin the tail is not an absolute requirement to maintain the healt and welfare of prime lambs, but leaving the tail of prime lamb entire is likely to increase chemical usage to control flystrik and to increase the frequency of crutching.
Perirenal pseudocysts in 26 cats
Authors: BECK JA , BELLENGER CR , LAMB WA , CHURCHER RK , HUNT GB , NICOLL RG , MALIK R. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate clinical features, anatomical location, nature of pseudocyst fluid, results of surgical treatment and links with underlying renal disease in cats with perirenal pseudocysts.DesignA retrospective study of 26 affected cats, including 8 treated surgically.ResultsNineteen (73%) affected cats were male. The median age was 11 years. Most presented for abdominal enlargement and had varying degrees of renal dysfunction on presentation. Thirteen cats (50%) had bilateral pseudocysts. The pseudocyst fluid was a transudate or modified transudate in all cases. All surgically treated cats had subcapsular perirenal pseudocysts. Associated renal lesions were identified in all cats that had renal biopsies or detailed ultrasonographic examinations. Surgery relieved clinical signs but did not stop progression of renal disease. Cats survived a median of 9 months after surgery and survival was correlated statistically to degree of azotaemia at presentation. Percutaneous drainage of pseudocysts was ineffective in controlling long‐term fluid accumulation.ConclusionsSubcapsular perirenal pseudocysts are formed in cats by accumulation of transudate between the capsule and parenchyma of the kidney as a result of underlying parenchymal disease. Pseudocyst formation can occur at variable stages of renal dysfunction. Resection of the pseudocyst wall is usually effective in eliminating signs but does not stop progression of renal disease. The prognosis for cats with pseudocyst formation is related to the degree of renal dysfunction at time of diagnosis.
Establishment, validation and use of the Kielstein‐Rapp‐Gabrielson serotyping scheme forHaemophilus parasuis
Authors: RAFIEE M. , BLACKALL PJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectivesTo produce antisera to the 15 recognised reference strains of the Kielstein‐Rapp‐Gabrielson (KRG) serotyping scheme forHaemophilus parasuis, validate those sera and use them to serotype 46 Australian field isolates ofH parasuis.DesignAntisera were produced in rabbits and validated by cross‐testing with the reference strains and re‐testing 15 Australian field isolates ofH parasuisthat had been previously serotyped in the United States of America. The validated antisera were then used to determine the serovar of 46 Australian isolates.ResultsMonospecific antisera were produced for 14 of the 15 KRG serovars ofH parasuis.Two Australian field isolates, confirmed previously as serovars 1 and 7, were used to produce monospecific antisera for serovars 1 and 7 respectively. The antiserum for serovar 4 gave a one‐way cross reaction with the antigen of serovar 14. The typing antisera correctly typed all 15H parasuisthat had been previously typed by antisera produced overseas. The 46 field isolates were shown to belong to serovars 2 (two isolates), 4 (one isolate), 5 (18 isolates), 12 (two isolates) and 13 (four isolates). The remaining 19 isolates were non‐typable.ConclusionSerotyping ofH parasuisisolates is now available in Australia.H parasuisserovars 5 and 13 remain the predominant serovars present in Australian pigs.
Use of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis to distinguish clinically important strains of Staphylococcus intermedius from the skin of dogs
Authors: BARRS VR , BRISCOE D , MALIK R , LOVE DN 
Published: March 2008

Aims To use multilocus enzyme electrophoresis to determine the genetic structure of Staphylococcus intermedius from normal skin of dogs and those isolated from a variety of disease conditions and to distinguish clinically important strains in dogs. Methodology The diversity amongst 129 isolates of S intermedius from the skin and mucosa of 32 healthy dogs and 120 isolates from diseased sites in 120 individual dogs was examined using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Associations among ETs were examined to determine the diversity of isolates. Results Twenty two ETs were distinguished comprising 21 containing isolates from diseased sites and 11 containing isolates from normal dogs. The majority of isolates (171 of 249; 69%) were located in two ETs (ET1 and ET 4), that were not distinguishable phenotypically. ET 1 contained 94 isolates (54 isolates from healthy dogs and 40 isolates from diseased sites) and ET 4 contained 77 isolates (46 from healthy dogs and 31 isolates from diseased sites). Further, 77.5% of isolates from healthy dogs were present in ET 1 and ET 4 and 59% of isolates from diseased dogs belonged to the same two ETs. There was only a small difference in genetic diversity among isolates taken from healthy dogs (11 ETs; H =0.182) and those isolates taken from clinical specimens from diseased dogs (21 ETs; H = 0.218). Of the 21 ETs from diseased sites, ET 16 contained all six isolates from Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome in racing Greyhounds. Conclusions The small difference in genetic diversity between isolates from the skin and mucosa of healthy dogs and isolates from various diseases, as well as the presence of the majority of isolates in two ETs, is consistent with the role of S intemedius as an opportunistic pathogen. The confinement of all Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome isolates within one ET is confirmation of this entity as a distinct disease of dogs.
Haematological and biochemical findings in cats in Australia with lymphosarcoma
Authors: GABOR LJ , CANFIELD PJ , MALIK R 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo describe, for the first time, haematological and serum biochemical findings in cases of lymphosarcoma in Australian cats.DesignA prospective multi‐institutional study.ProcedureOf 118 affected cats presented to the authors over a 18‐month period, 97 were evaluated haematologically and 87 biochemically. Haematological analysis usually included determination of packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell and leukocyte counts, differential leukcocyte count, reticulocyte count and examination of buffy‐coat smears for neoplastic cells. Serum biochemical analysis was done primarily with a discrete analyser and included a panel of commonly used analytes.ResultsNonregenerative anaemia was present in 54% (52/97) of cats. Neutrophilia, present in 65% (59/91) of cats, was commonly associated with lymphocytopaenia, eosinopaenia and monocytosis. Of the 13 cats with a secondary leukaemic manifestation, only five had distinct lymphocytosis. Serum biochemical abnormalities either were nonspecific, such as hypoglycaemia in 37% (32/87) of cats, or related to specific tissue involvement, such as hypoalbuminaemia in 76% (31/41) of cats with alimentary involvement and azotaemia in 60% (15/25) of cats with renal involvement.ConclusionIt was shown for the first time that haematological and serum biochemical findings are of limited value in diagnosing lymphosarcoma in Australian cats, except if they are leukaemic. Although clinical pathological changes were common, they were nonspecific or related to specific tissue involvement. Their value in assessing response to therapy needs to be examined further. Patient characteristics such as age, breed and sex also had limited effect on laboratory findings and those observed were of little consequence. Additionally, histological and immunophenotypical variations in tumour type had little effect on laboratory findings.
Feline hyperthyroidism: spectrum of clinical presentions and response to carbimazole therapy
Authors: BUCKNELL DG 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the spectrum of clinical presentations of hyperthyroidism in cats and response to carbimazole therapy by analysis of historical, clinical and laboratory data.DesignA prospective clinical study involving client‐owned cats presenting to a private veterinary practice in Australia.ProcedureTwenty‐five cats diagnosed as hyperthyroid during a 23‐month period participated in the study with owner consent. Therapy with carbimazole was instituted and revisits were scheduled 2, 6 and 13 weeks after diagnosis. The cats were physically examined and underwent haematological and serum biochemical testing at each revisit. Owners were also asked to assess clinical signs in their cats in the periods between veterinary examinations. Cats with underlying renal disease were managed by alterations or cessation of carbimazole therapy.ResultsA high prevalence of lethargic or inappetent cats without detectable underlying nonthyroidal illness was found. There was also a high prevalence of cats less than 10‐years‐old and cats in good body condition. Fourteen cats treated with carbimazole and monitored for 13 weeks responded favourably to therapy. Side‐effects were minor and uncommon. Cats with underlying renal disease that became apparent during the study, responded well to alterations or cessation of carbimazole therapy.ConclusionThe trend towards more subtle clinical presentations of hyperthyroid cats reported previously continued in this study. The findings of the current study do not appear to support the traditional view of hyperthyroid cats as being old, hyperactive, hungry and thin. Carbimazole therapy was found to decrease the prevalence of almost all clinical abnormalities in 14 cats and side‐effects were minor and uncommon. This study demonstrates the usefulness of medical management of hyperthyroidism in the cat when radioiodine therapy is not possible due to renal compromise or other factors.
Surveillance for aquabirnavirus in fish hatcheries in Victoria
Authors: MULLER JD , WILKS CR , HUMPHREY JD , GRANT P 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine whether or not aquabirnavirus is present in Victorian fish hatcheries. Procedure Milt and ovarian fluids were collected from brood stock at 12 hatcheries and cultured in two sensitive cell lines for the presence of viruses. Results No cytopathic effect was detected indicating the absence of virus. Conclusion There is no evidence of infection with aquabirnavirus or Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis virus in Victorian fish hatcheries
Disease and injury among veterinarians
Authors: PHILLIPS M , JEYARETNAM J , JONES H 
Published: March 2008

Objective To identify occupational causes of disease and injury in veterinarians and their staff. Design A self‐administered questionnaire was mailed to all of the 160 registered veterinary practices in Western Australia. Results Injuries accounted for most workers' compensation claims over a 12‐month period with 31% of respondents losing a total of 360 work days with a mean of 13.3 days whereas non‐occupational diseases such as influenza accounted for 408 work days lost. Over a 10‐year period, 71% of respondents had been injured. The major physical injuries were dog and cat bites, cat scratches, scalpel blade cuts and back injuries from lifting heavy animals. Exposure to chemicals such as flea rinses, formalin, glutaraldehyde, x‐ray developers and gaseous anaesthetics were reported to cause headache, nausea and allergies. Thirty percent of respondents did not have extractor fans for scavenging waste anaesthetic gases. The study showed high use of radiography (94%) for diagnostic purposes with 24% of respondents believing radiation exposure is a major occupational health and safety issue. Stress, drug abuse, suicide and burglary were also reported. Despite a high awareness of zoonotic diseases, there were very few reports of these. Conclusion Injuries and other occupational hazards reported together with work days lost demonstrate a need for improving the working environment of veterinarians and their staff and the development of comprehensive health and safety programs.