bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What do they know? The effects of outside director acquisition experience on firm acquisition performance
Authors: McDonald Michael L. , Westphal James D. , Graebner Melissa E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article contributes to the literature on board effectiveness by being perhaps the first to systematically examine how the nature of outside directors' prior experience, and resulting expertise, will influence the performance of a focal firm's strategic initiatives. Our theoretical model is grounded in the psychological literature on expertise and its role in group decision making effectiveness. We focus on outside director expertise in acquisition decision making, and its implications for the performance of the acquisitions of a focal firm. Our conceptual framework indicates that directors will develop expertise in making particular kinds of acquisition decisions (e.g., related or unrelated acquisitions or acquisitions in specific industries or product markets) through their past experiences at other firms with decisions about those specific types of acquisitions, and we predict that this experience and expertise will have positive effects on the performance of a focal firm's acquisitions. We extend our theoretical model to consider the conditions under which relevant director experience will prove most beneficial. Our model predicts that outside director acquisition expertise will deliver the greatest benefits when the focal firm's board is independent from management. We find empirical support for all of our hypotheses. In considering how and when director experience and resulting expertise may influence the performance of corporate acquisitions, our theory and results help to highlight a potential second main focus for research on the long‐standing question of what factors render boards of directors effective. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Which country matters? Institutional development and foreign affiliate performance
Authors: Chan Christine M. , Isobe Takehiko , Makino Shige 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article investigates the effect of the level of institutional development of host countries on the level of and variation in foreign affiliate performance. Institutional development is defined as the extent to which the economic, political, and social institutions in a host country are developed and are favorable for foreign affiliates. A longitudinal analysis of over 30,000 foreign affiliate‐year cases that include 6,985 foreign affiliates in 38 host countries between 1996 and 2001 shows that foreign affiliate performance varies noticeably both across and within host countries. The results suggest that the level of institutional development, as determined by the Institutional Development Index (IDI), a new measurement developed in this study, has a strong negative curvilinear relationship with the variation in foreign affiliate performance and a negative effect on the level of foreign affiliate performance. The implications for future research, practice, and policymaking are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International knowledge sourcing: evidence from U.S. firms expanding abroad
Authors: Chung Wilbur , Yeaple Stephen 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRecent research demonstrates that firms, motivated by national differences in technical activity, expand abroad to source unique knowledge. Extant research suggests that firms use a knowledge sourcing strategy to ‘catch up’ with competitors and to obtain ‘technical diversity.’ We widen the investigation by suggesting that firms also use knowledge sourcing as a springboard to reduce their next generation R&D costs–that firms would seek out similar R&D activity to combine with their own. Using unique data that encompasses the multitude of countries where U.S. firms invest, we test the importance of these explanations. Measuring knowledge via patent stocks, we find that country‐industries with larger stocks and greater technical similarity to the United States are more attractive. These findings suggest that an important explanation for firms investing abroad is not catching up or technologically diversifying, but is using similar R&D efforts of others to overcome fixed R&D cost hurdles. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why do patterns of environmental response differ? A stakeholders' pressure approach
Authors: Murillo‐Luna Josefina L. , Garcés‐Ayerbe Concepción , Rivera‐Torres Pilar 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe objective of this article is to analyze the strategies or patterns of adaptation of firms for responding to environmental requirements or expectations. We specifically analyze the influence of the different pressure agents or stakeholders on the degree of proactivity of these patterns. We therefore propose and validate four types of environmental response pattern, representing particular configurations of both the scope of environmental objectives and their allocation of internal resources. The analysis, which is focused on a sample of 240 industrial firms, provides empirical evidence enabling us to identify, understand, and evaluate the impact of stakeholders on the choice of environmental response pattern. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmentally Responsive Core/Shell Particles via Electrohydrodynamic Co‐Jetting of Fully Miscible Polymer Solutions
Authors: Kazemi Abbass , Lahann Joerg 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHerein it is demonstrated that electrohydrodynamic co‐jetting is not limited to Janus‐type particles, but can also be used for the preparation of core/shell particles. Using side‐by‐side flow of miscible polymer solutions, electrohydrodynamic co‐jetting offers an elegant and scalable route towards preparation of core/shell particles with otherwise difficult‐to‐prepare particle architectures, including particles with hydrophilic shell and core. Throughout this study, electrohydrodynamic co‐jetting of aqueous solutions consisting of a mixture of PAAm‐co‐AA and PAA is used, and a range of different types of particles with distinct compartments are observed. Transition from Janus particles to core/shell particles appears to be caused by changes in the relative conductivity of the two jetting solutions. After crosslinking, the core/shell particles are stable in aqueous solution and exhibit reproducible swelling behavior while maintaining the original core/shell geometry. In addition, the pH‐responsiveness of the particles is demonstrated by repeatedly switching the environmental pH between 1.3 and 12. Moreover, the core/shell particles show surprising uptake selectivity. For instance, a 450% increase in uptake of 6‐carboxyfluorescein over rhodamine B base is found.
Formation of Bubbles and Droplets in Parallel, Coupled Flow‐Focusing Geometries
Authors: Hashimoto Michinao , Shevkoplyas Sergey S. , Zasońska Beata , Szymborski Tomasz , Garstecki Piotr , Whitesides George M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper describes the mechanism of formation of bubbles of nitrogen in water containing Tween 20 as a surfactant, and of droplets of water in hexadecane containing Span 80 as a surfactant. The study of these microfluidic systems compares two or four flow‐focusing generators coupled through shared inlets, supplying the continuous phase, and through a common outlet channel. The processes that form bubbles in neighboring generators interact for a wide range of flow parameters; the formation of bubbles alternates in time and space, and the bubbles assemble into complex patterns in the outlet channel. The dynamics of formation of bubbles in these systems are stable for long time (at least 10 min). For a certain range of flow parameters, the coupled flow‐focusing generators exhibit two stable modes of operation for a single set of flow parameters. The dynamics of formation of droplets of water in hexadecane by the coupled flow‐focusing generators are simpler – the adjacent generators produce only monodisperse droplets over the entire range of flow parameters that are explored. These observations suggest that the mechanism of interaction between coupled flow‐focusing generators relies on the compressibility of the dispersed phase (e.g., the gas or liquid), and on variations in pressure at the flow‐focusing orifices induced by the breakup of bubbles or droplets.
On the stability of some relay‐type regulation system
Authors: Appell J. , Pryadko I.N. , Sadovsky B.N. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis note is concerned with the stability problem for solutions of a system which arises in the mathematical modelling of a temperature regulation device. It is well‐known that, for autonomous systems, a periodic regulation process can be asymptotically stable only if it is stationary. In this paper we consider the case where the “heating” equation is time‐dependent. We show that in this case, under suitable hypotheses, the solution is asymptotically stable, and we also give estimates for approximations of solutions.
Risk Factors for Lateral Cervical Lymph Node Involvement in Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Alfalah Haitham , Cranshaw Isaac , Jany Thomas , Arnalsteen Laurent , Leteurtre Emmanuelle , Cardot Catherine , Pattou François , Carnaille Bruno 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackgroundMetastases from follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) are usually blood borne and far less to lymph nodes (LN). The present study was designed to evaluate the factors that are associated with LN metastases in patients operated on for FTC.MethodsA retrospective review of 70 patients (25 men; mean age, 47 (range, 14–92) years) operated on between January 1995 and December 2005 for FTC was undertaken. All patients had histopathology study of the regional LN and postoperative radioiodine scintigraphy. According to LN invasion, they were divided into two groups in which various parameters were compared.ResultsThe length of follow‐up was 52 (range 17–108) months. A total of 375 LN were examined from ipsilateral neck side and 87 LN from the contralateral side. LN metastases were found in five (7%) cases: all ipsilateral. Comparing data from the patients with and without LN metastases, respectively, age was 60 and 47 years (p = 0.12), male/female ratio was 1/4 and 24/41 (p = 0.44), tumor size was 68 and 37 mm (p < 0.01), tumor differentiation (well/moderate) was 3/2 and 25/19 (p = 0.89), distant metastases were detected in 1 and 8 cases (p = 0.72). The tumor size was >40 mm in 35 (50%) patients. All patients with LN metastases were found in this group (5/35; 14%).ConclusionsFollicular thyroid carcinoma results in metastases to regional lymph nodes in 7% of cases but only to the ipsilateral neck side. Tumor size is the only factor that impacts it. We do not recommend lymph node dissection in follicular thyroid carcinomas <4 cm.
Drawbacks of Surfactant Presence on the Dissolution and Mechanical Properties of Detergent Tablets: How to Control Interfaces by Surfactant Localization
Authors: Chantraine Florence , Viana Marylène , Pouget Christelle , Brielles Nelly , Mondain‐Monval Olivier , Branlard Paul , Rubinstenn Gilles , Chulia Dominique 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study is to limit the hurdles generated by the presence of a surfactant, i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), in effervescent detergent tablets containing a chlorine provider. The results are highlighted by investigating the tablet's functional characteristics (mechanical strength, disintegration time). A second objective is to increase the surfactant content of the tablet in order to improve the cleaning properties of the detergent formula without retaining the previous drawbacks. For low tablet porosity, mechanical properties are damaged by the presence of 2% of SDS and while disintegration through an erosion mechanism is slowed down. Experimental evidence indicated that these phenomena are associated with the coexistence of SDS and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (DCCNa). Their separation by locating SDS in the tablet core was encouraging but had limited value due to the slow dissolution of the SDS core. The problem was solved when 2% SDS was concentrated on one face of the tablet; however, a higher concentration induced a delayed disintegration due to the progressive erosion of SDS, which behaved as a massive solid. The coating of the tablet with SDS was beneficial because the dissolution of the film delayed effervescence and consequently disintegration. Neither coating the SDS particles with cellulosic film nor including them in zeolite was an appropriate solution. On the other hand, segregating SDS and DCCNa by placing them in separate layers of the tablet produced very conclusive results when microcrystalline cellulose and an effervescent system were added to the SDS. Furthermore, this bilayer tablet allowed the SDS content to be increased while a satisfactory tensile strength and a low disintegration time were retained.
Regiospecific Enzymatic Oxygenation of cis‐Vaccenic Acid in the Marine Phototrophic Bacterium Erythrobacter sp. strain MG3
Authors: Rontani J.‐F. , Koblížek M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of the marine phototrophic bacterium Erythrobacter sp. strain MG3 was analysed. The involvement of an unusual enzymatic peroxidation of the allylic carbon 10 of cis‐vaccenic acid in this strain was confirmed. This process, which seems to be a characteristic of some aerobic and anaerobic phototrophic bacteria, appeared to also act on the allylic carbon 10 of octadeca‐5,11‐dienoic acid. Enzymatic degradation of 10‐hydroperoxyoctadec‐11(cis)‐enoic acid resulting from the peroxidation of cis‐vaccenic acid mainly involves reduction to the corresponding hydroxy acid (probably catalysed by peroxygenases) and cleavage to the corresponding oxoacid, which is then biohydrogenated. Abiotic degradation of this hydroperoxide involves allylic rearrangement to 10‐hydroperoxyoctadec‐11(trans)‐enoic and 12‐hydroperoxyoctadec‐10(trans)‐enoic acids and cyclisation to the very unusual 7,10‐epoxyoctadec‐11(cis)‐enoic acid. Several tests carried out at different periods of growth and under different growth conditions allowed to show that the induction of this enzymatic peroxidation process strongly depends on the physiological state of the cells and is enhanced during C‐limitation and at low temperatures.
Multidisciplinary management of clubfeet using the Ponseti method in a district general hospital setting
Authors: Kampa Rebecca , Binks Katherine , Dunkley Mia , Coates Christopher 
Published: September 2008

Purpose Idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is a relatively common complex deformity of the foot that can be successfully managed by the Ponseti method. The purpose of this study was to see if the latter can be effectively administered by non-medical specialists outside a specialist or teaching hospital setting. Method Retrospective review of 24 children (39 feet) with idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus managed by a physiotherapist-led service in a district general hospital. Results The median Pirani score at presentation was 4.5 (mean 4.2, range 1.5–6). The median Pirani score for feet requiring tenotomy was 6 (4.5–6), whereas feet not requiring tenotomy had a median Pirani score of 2.5 (1.5–5). A total of 18 feet (46%) underwent an Achilles tenotomy. Foot correction was achieved with an average of 3.4 (2–6) cast changes in the non-tenotomy group, and an average of 7.5 (5–13) in the tenotomy group. Successful initial correction of the deformity was achieved in 37 (95%) of the feet studied. One patient (2 feet, 5%) failed local conservative management, requiring tertiary referral. Two children (2 feet) have relapsed, requiring further serial casting. No children required open surgical release. Follow-up was for a mean of 31 months (17–50). Conclusions Early results suggest that a combined consultant/physiotherapist-delivered Ponseti service can be effectively and successfully administered in a district general hospital.
Left ventricular solid body rotation in non‐compaction cardiomyopathy: A potential new objective and quantitative functional diagnostic criterion?
Authors: van Dalen Bas M. , Caliskan Kadir , Soliman Osama I.I. , Nemes Attila , Vletter Wim B. , ten Cate Folkert J. , Geleijnse Marcel L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground:Left ventricular (LV) twist originates from the interaction between myocardial fibre helices that are formed during the formation of compact myocardium in the final stages of the development of myocardial architecture. Since non‐compaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM) is probably caused by intrauterine arrest of this final stage, it may be anticipated that LV twist characteristics are altered in NCCM patients, beyond that seen in patients with impaired LV function and normal compaction.Aims:The purpose of this study was to assess LV twist characteristics in NCCM patients compared to patients with non‐ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and normal subjects.Methods and results:The study population consisted of 10 patients with NCCM, 10 patients with DCM, and 10 healthy controls. LV twist was determined by speckle tracking echocardiography. In all controls and DCM patients, rotation was clockwise at the basal level and counterclockwise at the apical level. In contrast, in all NCCM patients the LV base and apex rotated in the same direction.Conclusions:These findings suggest that ‘LV solid body rotation’, with near absent LV twist, may be a new sensitive and specific, objective and quantitative, functional diagnostic criterion for NCCM.
Is ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) associated with right ventricular oxidative metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure?
Authors: Ukkonen Heikki , Burwash Ian G. , Dafoe William , de Kemp Robert A. , Haddad Haissam , Yoshinaga Keiichiro , Davies Ross A. , Gannon Edward K. , DaSilva Jean N. , Beanlands Rob S.B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground:The relationship between minute ventilation and the rate of CO2 elimination (VE/VCO2 slope) is associated with mortality in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). The VE/VCO2 slope ≥ 34 denotes a poor prognosis and has been proposed to reflect abnormalities in pulmonary perfusion.Aims:To study whether increased VE/VCO2 slope is associated with elevated right ventricular (RV) oxidative metabolism relative to the left ventricle (LV).Methods:21 patients with stable NYHA II–III CHF underwent symptom limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Dynamic [11C]acetate positron emission tomography (PET) was used to measure oxidative metabolism (kmono) of the LV and RV. Corrected RV oxidative metabolism (RVOx) was calculated as RV/LV kmono ratio.Results:Peak VO2 was 16.2±4.1 ml/min/kg and the VE/VCO2 slope was 33.4±6.1. LV and RV kmono were 0.046±0.009 and 0.037±0.007 min−1, respectively, with a RVOx of 0.83±0.17. There was a good correlation between RVOx and the VE/VCO2 slope (r=0.61, p=0.0034). RVOx was 0.77±0.16 in patients with a VE/VCO2 slope <34 and 0.93±0.16 in patients with VE/VCO2 slope ≥34 (p=0.047).Conclusion:RVOx correlates with VE/VCO2 slope in CHF patients. This supports the hypothesis that pulmonary vascular resistance is a determinant of the VE/VCO2 slope.
Effectiveness, safety, and acceptability of cryotherapy by midwives for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Maharashtra, India
Authors: Nene Bhagwan M. , Hiremath Pragna S. , Kane Subhadha , Fayette Jean‐Marie , Shastri Surendra S. , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and acceptability of cryotherapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) when provided by trained midwives in rural India.MethodWomen with colposcopic findings of CIN lesions suitable for ablative treatment received cryotherapy from trained midwives before the biopsy results were known. Cure rates, adverse effects, and complications were assessed and factors influencing cure rates were evaluated by tests. Cure was defined as no clinical or histologic evidence of CIN lesions 6 or more months after treatment.ResultsOf 1068 women treated with cryotherapy, 728 had histologically proven CIN in their pretreatment biopsy specimens; of the 574 reporting for follow‐up, 538 (93.7%) were cured (95% confidence interval [CI], 92.1%–96.3%). Cure rates were 96.4% (95% CI, 94.6%–98.1%) for CIN 1 and 82.1% (95% CI, 74.7%–89.4%) for CIN 2 and CIN 3 lesions combined. Minor adverse effects were documented in 5.2% of the women.ConclusionCryotherapy provided by midwives was found to be safe, effective, and acceptable by the women.
Surgical results of the intraoral removal of the submandibular gland
Authors: Hong Ki Hwan , Yang Yun Su 
Published: September 2008

ObjectivesMost patients with benign submandibular disorders have been treated surgically without difficulty via the transcervical approach. An alternative to the standard transcervical approach has been reported such as an intraoral approach.Subjects and MethodsRetrospective chart review of the 77 patients with benign submandibular disorders. All patients underwent an excision of the submandibular gland via intraoral approach.ResultsEarly postoperative complications developed in 74.0% of the temporary lingual sensory paresis followed by 70.1% of temporary limitation of tongue movement. However, these complications soon resolved in all patients spontaneously. Two cases of postoperative bleeding and 1 case of abscess formation were developed. Whereas late complications developed in 4 cases of residual salivary gland and abnormal sense of mouth floor and 1 case of gustatory sweating (Frey's) syndrome.ConclusionThe major advantages of this approach are no external scar, no injury to the marginal mandibular nerve. The disadvantage is a more difficult dissection to transcervical approach before proper expert, especially in the severe adhesion of salivary gland to surrounding tissue.
Research priorities in spasmodic dysphonia
Authors: Ludlow Christy L. , Adler Charles H. , Berke Gerald S. , Bielamowicz Steven A. , Blitzer Andrew , Bressman Susan B. , Hallett Mark , Jinnah H.A. , Juergens Uwe , Martin Sandra B. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Sapienza Christine , Singleton Andrew , Tanner Caroline M. , Woodson Gayle E. 
Published: September 2008

ObjectiveTo identify research priorities to increase understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and improved treatment of spasmodic dysphonia.Study Design and SettingA multidisciplinary working group was formed that included both scientists and clinicians from multiple disciplines (otolaryngology, neurology, speech pathology, genetics, and neuroscience) to review currently available information on spasmodic dysphonia and to identify research priorities.ResultsOperational definitions for spasmodic dysphonia at different levels of certainty were recommended for diagnosis and recommendations made for a multicenter multidisciplinary validation study.ConclusionsThe highest priority is to characterize the disorder and identify risk factors that may contribute to its onset. Future research should compare and contrast spasmodic dysphonia with other forms of focal dystonia. Development of animal models is recommended to explore hypotheses related to pathogenesis. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of spasmodic dysphonia should provide the basis for developing new treatment options and exploratory clinical trials.SignificanceThis document should foster future research to improve the care of patients with this chronic debilitating voice and speech disorder by otolaryngology, neurology, and speech pathology.