bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromosome 8q24 risk variants in hereditary and non‐hereditary prostate cancer patients
Authors: Sun Jielin , Lange Ethan M. , Isaacs Sarah D. , Liu Wennuan , Wiley Kathleen E. , Lange Leslie , Gronberg Henrik , Duggan David , Carpten John D. , Walsh Patrick C. , Xu Jianfeng , Chang Bao‐Li , Isaacs William B. , Zheng S. Lilly 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackgroundMultiple variants in three regions at 8q24 are consistently found to be associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk in population‐based association studies. The role that these variants may play in familial prostate cancer risk has not been extensively investigated.MethodsWe evaluated 12 SNPs at three 8q24 regions using population‐based association and family‐based linkage and association methods in hereditary PCa (HPC) probands and their families, non‐HPC patients, and unaffected screened controls, all recruited at Johns Hopkins Hospital.ResultsFor multiple variants in Region 1 (e.g., rs1447295) and Region 2 (e.g., rs16901979), we found statistically significantly higher frequencies of previously identified risk alleles and genotypes in HPC probands than in unaffected controls. Furthermore, in Region 2 the risk alleles were statistically significantly more frequent in HPC probands than in non‐HPC patients. Family‐based transmission tests found risk alleles of SNPs in Region 2, but not in Regions 1 and 3, were significantly over‐transmitted to affected men in these families. We found little evidence supporting PCa linkage at 8q24 in 168 HPC families, in part explained by the observation of multiple, different risk allele‐containing haplotypes segregating in the vast majority of these families.ConclusionsOur study further supports the presence of PCa susceptibility loci at 8q24, particular at Region 2, and also provides evidence that these SNPs play an important role in familial prostate cancer. Large family‐based studies are needed to confirm our novel findings. Prostate 68: 489–497, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A density functional study of CoCn (n = 1–8) clusters: Structures and stabilities
Authors: Redondo Pilar , Barrientos Carmen , Largo Antonio 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA theoretical study of the different linear, fan and cyclic CoCn (n = 1–8) clusters has been carried out. Predictions for their electronic energies, rotational constants, dipole moments, and harmonic vibrational frequencies have been made using the B3LYP method with the 6‐311+G(d) basis set. Doublet and quartet lowest‐lying states have been found for neutral CoCn clusters. The stability of linear, fan, and cyclic structures as a function of the size of the cluster has been discussed in terms of the incremental binding energies. Only fan structures show a clear even‐odd alternation in stability. The incremental binding energies exhibit small changes along the series in the case of linear isomers, whereas for cyclic ones decrease along the series. It is also found that for the small CoCn clusters in general, the linear‐type structures are more stable than the fan and cyclic ones. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
A formula for the Kirchhoff index
Authors: Bendito Enrique , Carmona Angeles , Encinas Andres M. , Gesto Jose M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe show here that the Kirchhoff index of a network is the average of the Wiener capacities of its vertices. Moreover, we obtain a closed‐form formula for the effective resistance between any pair of vertices when the considered network has some symmetries, which allows us to give the corresponding formulas for the Kirchhoff index. In addition, we find the expression for the Foster's n‐th formula.
Transition probabilities found for M + CH4 reactions (M = zinc, copper)
Authors: Pacheco‐Sánchez Juan Horacio , Novaro Octavio 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTransition probabilities between the lowest energy levels of M + CH4 (M = Zn, Cu) reactions were obtained through nonadiabatic crossings using a modification of the Landau–Zener (L–Z) theory. Hartree Fock self consistent field (HF‐SCF) ab initio calculations were utilized to obtain the reaction pathways by means of the PSHF program, while pseudopotentials for representing the core–core and core‐valence interaction were applied. The correlation energy is taken into account by means of multireference variational and perturbative configuration interaction calculations to second order using CIPSI code. The variational space generated in iterative manner includes more than 250 determinants, while the perturbative space is about 3 × 107 configurations. The perturbative contribution is about 40% of the total correlation energy recovered. The time dependent L–Z theory was developed through the reaction coordinate r (distance). An extension of the latter theory to the reaction coordinate θ (angle) was used in this case. Then, the nonadiabatic crossings depend on both the angular velocity and the moment of inertia, among other things. The transition probability of the system HMCH3 (M = Zn, Cu) leading from one energy level to another is calculated through an avoided crossing. This method has been previously tested on gallium‐methane and gallium‐silane reactions for which the theoretical probability transitions between potential energy surfaces of gallium‐methane reactions agree with experimental quenching branching fractions with great accuracy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., 2008
Theoretical study of the electronic spectra of bi‐ and tri‐heteronuclear platinum complexes
Authors: Mendizabal Fernando 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe electronic structure and the spectroscopic properties of [Pt(NH3)4][Au(CN)2]2, [Pt(NH3)4][Ag(CN)2]2, [Pt(CNCH3)4][Pt(CN)4], and [Pt(CNCH3)4][Pd(CN)4] were studied at the HF, MP2, B3LYP, and PBE levels. In all the complexes, it was found that the nature of the intermetal interactions is consistent with the presence of a high‐ionic contribution (90%) and a dispersion‐type interaction (10%). The absorption spectra of these complexes were calculated by the single‐excitation time‐dependent (TD) method at the HF, B3LYP, and PBE levels. The [Pt(NH3)4][M(CN)2]2 (M  Au, Ag) complexes showed a 1(dσ* → pσ) transition associated with a metal–metal charge transfer. On the other hand, the [Pt(CNCH3)4][M(CN)4] (M  Pt, Pd) complexes showed a 1(dσ* → π*) transition associated with a metal‐to‐metal and ligand charge transfer. The values obtained theoretically are in agreement with the experimental range. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This introduction argues that Alfred Tennyson’s conception of “rapt oration” is critical to the understanding of a quartet of his major dramatic monologues, “St. Simeon Stylites,” “Ulysses,” “Tithonus,” and “Tiresias,” all drafted after the death in 1833 of his friend, Arthur Henry Hallam, though published over the course of the ensuing half-century. An examination of a variety of Tennyson’s works, in particular In Memoriam, establishes “rapt oration” as a state in which both speaker and listener are “transported” by the speaker’s oratorical prowess. A desire for rapture, characterized by both personal and political transformation, motivates the speech and actions of each of Tennyson’s speakers in these dramatic monologues. This introduction additionally argues that these dramatic monologues should be considered in the context of nineteenth-century rapture theology, reform politics, classical scholarship (in particular theories on Homer), and sexological theory, as well as in the context of Tennyson’s relationships with a range of contemporaries, including Thomas Carlyle, William Gladstone, John Stuart Mill, and Heinrich Schliemann.
5 TITHONUS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF MASCULINE BEAUTY
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines “Tithonus” in the context of Tennyson’s “Oenone,” and of his early poems representing Tithonus’s son, Memnon. In studying the phenomenon of masculine beauty in a cluster of related poems of Tennyson’s, Chapter Five also explores the problem of beauty in Tennyson’s poetics. Section one, “Trojan Aesthetics,” examines some of Tithonus’s familial, social, and literary contexts and their implications for Tennyson’s own poetic practice. Drawing on Arthur Henry Hallam’s conception of “sympathy,” as well as a range of Victorian aesthetic, poetic, and psycho-sexual theories (including Havelock Ellis’s theory of “eonism”), this chapter’s second section, “The Rapture of Tiresias,” explores the nature of identification and similitude in Tennyson’s dramatic monologue. Pearsall responds to the critical tradition of dismissing Tennyson’s poetry as “effeminate” and “ornamental,” suggesting that, through Tithonus’s efficacious speech, Tennyson demonstrates the utility of beauty.
Introduction
Authors: Ramble Charles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The original aim of the research that led to this book was to explore the confrontation between Buddhism and Himalayan “pagan” religion, based on the sacrificial cult of territorial gods. It was hypothesised that such a study might shed light on the interaction between Buddhism and indigenous religion in early Tibet. When this hypothesis was found to be misleadingly simple, the inquiry shifted to the way in which both Buddhism and pagan religion were just two components of a complex “civil religion,” revealed by the history of the community, its social institutions, and the dialectical relationship between the individual and the collective. The theoretical position adopted here is essentially a Durkheimian perspective as modified by authors such as Berger and Luckmann. A discussion of the concept of civil religion and the main literature on the subject is followed by an outline of the book's chapters.
The People of Mustang and Their History
Authors: Ramble Charles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The community of Te, the focus of this book, is located within the modern‐day Nepalese district of Mustang. The aim of this chapter is to situate Mustang within the historical and political context of Nepal. The fortunes of Mustang are traced from the creation of the kingdom of Lo (to which it corresponds in geographical extent) in the 15th century. Lo later became a vassal of the kingdom of Jumla, to the west, and its territory disintegrated into several autonomous enclaves. The rise of the Gorkhas in the 18th century resulted in the absorption of Lo/Mustang into the nascent state of Nepal. Under Nepal's Rana regime (1846–1951), Mustang was dominated by the Thakalis, whose monopoly of the salt trade brought them political and judicial privileges. Particular attention is given to the ethnically Tibetan enclave of Baragaon, and to the cluster of five villages called the Shöyul, where Te is located.
The Encounter with Buddhism
Authors: Ramble Charles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The encounter between Himalayan communities and Buddhism is sometimes oversimplified both in ethnographic studies and in the autobiographical accounts of missionary lamas. Buddhism has come to Te not as a set of abstract moral and dogmatic precepts but through different clerical institutions. The religious needs of the community have long been served by Nyingmapa tantric priests from an adjacent settlement. The archives of two such families reveal the insecurities of certain prominent figures in their competition for patronage. The apprenticeship and the civic duties of these priests is examined. The Sakyapa school of Buddhism, the dominant monastic tradition in Mustang, was once influential in Te. However, the community of monks eventually lost its religious character and evolved into a class of traders.
Buddhists or Pagans?
Authors: Ramble Charles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter further challenges the reduction of religion in culturally Tibetan villages to a confrontation between opposed ideologies: Buddhism on the one hand and the cult of autochthonous gods on the other. The fallacy of this simple dialectic is illustrated by an examination of a number of local documents and anecdotes. Whereas the most obvious interpretation of these reinforces the idea of an ideological clash between Buddhist tenets and “pagan” practice, closer analysis demonstrates that this attractive scenario is an irrelevance. Apparent inconsistencies in the examples are reconciled when they are examined not in terms of the conventional understanding of religion but rather from the point of view of the community. It is suggested that certain narratives that are ostensibly concerned with Buddhism are in fact celebrations of the morality of collectivity as opposed to the divisive (albeit lucrative) ethos of individualism.
Conclusion
Authors: Ramble Charles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Te may be culturally conservative, but it is by no means impervious to change. While the mechanisms for dealing with limited change have been discussed in previous chapters, the Conclusion examines the more substantial developments that are likely to come about as a consequence of “radical transcendence.” The resulting disenchantment—to use Weber's term—entails the irrevocable retreat of “sublime values” from a rational and secularised world. Evidence for this process in Te is found by re‐examining its laws and identifying the disappearance of some of the most complex institutions that were seen to be central to its civil religion. However, using analogies from Indo‐European linguistics and the status of transcendence in European religion, it is suggested that the conspicuous phenomenon of disenchantment is constantly balanced by a less visible process of re‐enchantment, and evidence for the latter can be found in the case of Te.
The Making of the African American Holiness Movement
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter investigates how growing numbers of Delta blacks rejected a number of the new dimensions to black religion, including the role of fraternal orders, the sight of ministers hawking market wares in person and in print, the popular stress on worldly goods as a sign of spiritual worth and success, and the marginalization of women from traditional roles of authority. It demonstrates how the disenchanted turned to a new breed of religious leader, men such as William Christian, Charles H. Mason, and Charles P. Jones, one-time Baptist ministers who urged blacks to recapture the spirit of primitive Christianity. Each was a founding father of the African American Holiness‐Pentecostal movement and criticized black denominational churches as too materialistic, rational, and hostile to ecstatic dimensions of worship. Yet within twenty years of its founding, the Holiness leaders, ironically, embraced some of the very denominational practices they had previously castigated, revealing not only the limits to their calls for reform but also some of the modern characteristics of Delta black religion as a whole.
Is Dōgen's Eiheiji Temple “Mt. T'ien‐t'ung East”?: Geo‐Ritual Perspectives on the Transition from Chinese Ch'an to Japanese Zen
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter 4 approaches the formative period of the establishment of Zen ritual in Japan based on sources from China by way of the sacred space within which it is conducted. Although it has long been thought that Dōgen sought to design his new Eiheiji temple after the Sung dynasty Chinese model of Mt. T'ien‐t'ung, a study of the ritual layout of both plans reveals more differences than similarities. The “geo‐ritual” perspective taken in this study compares how the geographical settings and social environments of the two temple sites affect the way in which they implement Zen ritual. The author's conclusion is that Dōgen did not attempt to duplicate the Chinese model in rural Japan, but instead “adjusted it to the Japanese context” by taking local social, political, and economic conditions into account. These differences in the structural layout of the monasteries underscore the conclusion drawn elsewhere that Japanese Zen ritual diverged in a variety of significant ways from the models available in medieval China, even though Zen leaders in Japan typically proclaimed otherwise for the purpose of legitimation.
International Agreements
Authors: Guzman Andrew T 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the most important source of international law – the international agreement. It first explains why it is appropriate to think of states as being risk neutral rather than risk averse in the context of international law. It then explores the choice states make between various design features in their international agreements, including the choice between hard and soft law, the presence or absence of dispute resolution, the use of reservations, escape clauses, and exit clauses. The trade‐off between form and substance in agreements is also explained, as is the manner in which membership rules are developed.
Customary International Law
Authors: Guzman Andrew T 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter applies the theory of international law (developed earlier in the book) to customary international law. The way in which reputation, retaliation, and reciprocity support a body of less formalized legal rules, that operate more forcefully than mere norms, is explained. The chapter reconsiders traditional views of custom and in particular the requirements of opinio juris and general practice, explaining why a better definition of custom would demand on the former.
Understanding International Law
Authors: Guzman Andrew T 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis concluding chapter ties together the prior analysis of international law and emphasizes that sense in which various forms of international obligation represent alternative choices along a spectrum of commitment. States choose where on that spectrum they wish to locate their obligations. The chapter also points out that the book's approach subject matter can be applied to all forms of international law and any substantive issue area. By bringing the entire field within a single theoretical approach the book offers a complete and satisfying account of international law.
Celibacy in the Early Christian Church
Authors: Holland Glenn 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The emphasis on the virgin birth of Jesus, the apparent celibacy of Jesus due in part to his itinerant lifestyle, and the apparent sexual abstinence of many of his disciples served as models for Christian practice at a later period. The early Christian motivation for celibacy was connected to the eschatological expectations of the early community, and later celibacy became associated with a veneration of the ascetic lifestyle.
“Let Anyone Accept This Who Can”
Authors: Cheatham Karen 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A distinction is made between virginity, which was mostly associated with women, and chastity, which represented a choice of lifestyle after sexual activity. These kinds of choices were associated with sexual purity, preparation for an intimate relationship with God, imitation of angels, and connection to superior moral and spiritual conditions. Resistance to church authority was evident by chaste marriages for devoted couples and lay sanctity movements, such as the Beguines.
Celibacy and the Protestant Traditions
Authors: Bryant M. Darrol 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The Protestant reformer Martin Luther denounced priestly celibacy as a universal policy, argued that it kept clergy and laypeople apart, and was opposed to the Word of God and against Christ because such vows violated the freedom of the gospel and made religion a matter of rules, status, orders, and divisions rather than a spontaneous relation to God through Christ. It was also ridiculous to assume that virginity was superior to marriage, and there was a danger that the vow of celibacy could become a substitute for faith itself. Other reformers such as John Calvin, John Wesley, and Karl Barth focused on other problems associated with celibacy.
Islamic Tradition and Celibacy
Authors: Bashir Shahzad 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The prophet Muhammad served as a model for those entering into marriage and celibacy is rejected as a human invention, although the Islamic tradition embodies exceptions with Sufism and its more negative attitudes toward the human body. Sufi groups used celibacy as a form of social protest. There is also a relation between forced celibacy and political power during the medieval period. In addition to certain Sufi groups, eunuchs represented another exception to the general negative Islamic attitude toward celibacy.
Celibacy in East Asian Buddhism
Authors: Kieschnick John 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chinese and Japanese Buddhism manifested a wide diversity of practice within a cultural context in which there were many obstacles to celibacy. The cultural image of Buddhism was harmed in China by the misconduct of monks, critical literary figures, and the fabrication of stories about wayward monks for political reasons. With the advent of Japanese devotional movements, many Buddhists rejected celibacy in favor of marriage.
Sexual Control and Daoist Cultivation
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Celibacy was not central to Daoism ethos and the basic Confucian conviction that the family represented the basis of Chinese society, although harnessing and refining sexual energy, a basic power of life, was essential to Daoism. Inner alchemy schools stressed female superiority in order to harness the primal sexual energy with the intention of transforming it into a spiritual force that created an immortal embryo within one's body. Sexual techniques did not completely eliminate celibacy because it was used as a prelude to enhancing concentration and meditation practices.
“The Pain Has No Right to Exist”
Authors: Peters Shawn Francis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe sociolegal issues raised by more contemporary prosecutions of Christian Scientists for neglect and manslaughter compose the bulk of this chapter. These cases pitted grieving parents who sincerely believed in the efficacy of spiritual healing against equally genuine prosecutors who insisted that those parents’ neglect had resulted in the senseless deaths of children. The litigation resulting from the death of Ian Lundman in 1989 provides a particularly revealing jumping-off point because it gave rise to two separate legal actions: a criminal prosecution of his mother (in whose care he died), and an unprecedented wrongful death civil action filed by his father against his mother and the “mother church” of Christian Science in Boston. This chapter uses these cases to underscore the difficulties posed to prosecutions by state laws that often were interpreted as providing exemptions to manslaughter and child neglect laws to parents who practice spiritual healing.
“This Ain't Religion”
Authors: Peters Shawn Francis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses how issues of reproductive rights have been implicated in cases of religion-based medical neglect. Its primary focus is on legal cases involving members of a New England sect known as The Body, among them a woman named Rebecca Corneau. Massachusetts authorities obtained a court order mandating state-supervised confinement for Corneau so that she would give birth under a physician's supervision. The chapter also explores other cases raising analogous legal issues, including several cases involving pregnant Jehovah's Witnesses (who have long refused, on religious grounds, to accept blood transfusions). A discussion of Witness transfusion cases involving both children and fetuses highlights the web of bioethical issues confronting physicians and hospital administrators in cases of religion-based medical neglect.