bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GOING AGAINST THE GRAIN IN SICILIAN GREEK ECONOMICS
Authors: DE ANGELIS FRANCO 
Published: October 2006

On his recent retirement from the chair of classical archaeology in Cambridge University, Anthony Snodgrass reflected on the state of the subject, wondering whether a paradigm shift has occurred. Snodgrass assesses various matters, including, for our purposes, how archaeological approaches to ancient literary sources have changed. His comments deserve quotation in full:…Classical archaeology is often stigmatized, by its many critics, as being ‘text-driven’ … [in] that the subject takes its orientation from, and adapts its whole narrative to, the lead given by the literary sources. Thus the archaeology of Roman Britain has been built around Tacitus' narrative of conquest; the study of Greek art around the text of the Elder Pliny; the archaeology of fifth-century Athens around the narratives supplied by Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon; that of Republican Rome similarly around those of Livy and Diodorus; that of Sicily again around Thucydides; and most notoriously, that of Aegean prehistory and protohistory around Homer…. But there is a deeper level still. Traditional Classical archaeology is stated…to have directed its energies at those aspects of the ancient world on which the written sources, taken as a whole, throw light. Thus, on urban but not on rural life; on public and civic, but not on domestic activity; on periods seen as historically important, but not on the obscurer ones; on the permanent physical manifestations of religion, but not on the temporary ones – sacrifice, patterns of dedication, ritual meals, pilgrimage; on the artefacts interred in burials, but not on burial itself; on the historically prominent states – in Greece, Athens and Sparta – but not on what has recently been called ‘the Third Greece’…
INFLUENCE OF HEIGHT ON ATTAINED LEVEL OF EDUCATION IN MALES AT 19 YEARS OF AGE
Authors: SZKLARSKA ALICJA , KOZIEŁ SŁAWOMIR , BIELICKI TADEUSZ , MALINA ROBERT M. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryIn this study it is hypothesized that taller individuals are more likely to move up the scale of educational attainment compared with shorter individuals from the same social background. Three national cohorts of 19-year-old males were considered: 29,464 born in 1967 and surveyed in 1986, 31,062 born in 1976 and surveyed in 1995, and 30,851 born in 1982 and surveyed in 2001. Four social variables were used to describe the social background of each conscript in the three surveys: degree of urbanization, family size, and parental and maternal educational status. The educational status of each conscript was classified into two groups: (1) those who were secondary school students or graduates, or who had entered college, and (2) those who had completed their education at the primary school level or who had gone to a basic trade school. Multiple binomial logistic regressions were used to estimate the relative risk of achieving higher educational status by 19-year-old males relative to height and the four social factors. Consistently across the three cohorts the odd ratios (ORs) indicate that height exerts an independent and significant effect on the attained level of education at the age of 19 years in males (1986: OR=1·24, p<0·001; 1995: OR=1·24, p<0·001; 2001: OR=1·20, p<0·001). Two possible, not mutually exclusive, selective mechanisms are postulated and discussed: ‘passive’ and ‘active’ action.
Autism spectrum disorder and psychopathy: shared cognitive underpinnings or double hit?
Authors: ROGERS JOHN , VIDING ESSI , JAMES BLAIR R. , FRITH UTA , HAPPÉ FRANCESCA 
Published: October 2006

Background. We measured psychopathic traits in boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) selected for difficult and aggressive behaviour. We asked (i) whether psychopathic tendencies can be measured in ASD independent of the severity of autistic behaviour; (ii) whether individuals with ASD with callous–unemotional (CU) traits differ in their cognitive profile from those without such traits; and (iii) how the cognitive data from this study compare with previous data of youngsters with psychopathic tendencies.Method. Twenty-eight ASD boys were rated on psychopathic tendencies, autistic traits and a range of cognitive measures assessing mentalizing ability, executive functions, emotion recognition and ability to make moral–conventional distinction.Results. Our results indicate that psychopathic tendencies are not related to severity of ASD. In addition, such tendencies do not seem to be related to core autistic cognitive deficits, specifically in ‘mind-reading’ or executive function. Boys with co-occurring ASD and CU tendencies share some behaviours and aspects of cognitive profile with boys who have psychopathic tendencies alone.Conclusions. Callous/psychopathic acts in a small number of individuals with ASD probably reflect a ‘double hit’ involving an additional impairment of empathic response to distress cues, which is not part and parcel of ASD itself.
Neural correlates of enhanced working-memory performance in dissociative disorder: a functional MRI study
Authors: ELZINGA BERNET M. , ARDON ANGELIQUE M. , HEIJNIS MAAIKE K. , De RUITER MICHIEL B. , VAN DYCK RICHARD , VELTMAN DICK J. 
Published: October 2006

Background. Memory functioning has been highlighted as a central issue in pathological dissociation. In non-pathological dissociation, evidence for enhanced working memory has been found, together with greater task-load related activity. So far, no imaging studies have investigated working memory in dissociative patients.Method. To assess working memory in dissociative patients functional magnetic resonance imaging was used during performance of a parametric, verbal working-memory task in patients with a dissociative disorder (n=16) and healthy controls (n=16).Results. Imaging data showed that both groups activated brain regions typically involved in working memory, i.e. anterior, dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), and parietal cortex. Dissociative patients showed more activation in these areas, particularly in the left anterior PFC, dorsolateral PFC and parietal cortex. In line with these findings, patients made fewer errors with increasing task load compared to controls, despite the fact that they felt more anxious and less concentrated during task performance.Conclusions. These results extend findings in non-pathological high dissociative individuals, suggesting that trait dissociation is associated with enhanced working-memory capacities. This may distinguish dissociative patients from patients with post-traumatic stress disorder, who are generally characterized by impaired working memory.
“In This Miserable Spot Called Quarantine”: The Healthy and Unhealthy in Nineteenth Century Australian and Pacific Quarantine Stations
Authors: Maglen Krista 
Published: October 2006

ArgumentBy examining sources created by people who were detained or employed at the quarantine stations of Australia and the Western Pacific, this article illuminates aspects of the history of disease control that cannot be observed in other source material. Most research examining the history of maritime quarantine has tended to rely on the records of official and government agencies. As a result, discussion has largely been confined to government policy and larger issues of the political, economic, and social consequences of maritime disease control. This article contributes to the historiography by examining personal sources that show how quarantine policy and practice were experienced from the perspective of its participants. They reveal the experiences of otherwise obscured healthy detainees and illuminate agency among quarantined individuals that cannot be observed without these sources.
The Rise and Fall of the Medical Gaze: The Political Economy of Immigrant Medical Inspection in Modern America
Authors: Fairchild Amy L. 
Published: October 2006

ArgumentIn this paper I examine the mass medical inspections of immigrants to the United States from the 1890s through the 1920s. I show how, framed as it was not only by nativism and eugenics but also by national industrial imperatives and priorities, scientific medicine served dual purposes. On the one hand, the medical exam was a tool for managing cultural and biological threats to the nation. There were regional variations in medical inspections that reflected the politics of race. On the other hand, the medical exam played an important role in the process of building an unskilled, highly mobile labor force. The industrial demands of the nation provided a rationale for drawing and absorbing millions of European immigrants into the labor force. It was thus a distinct product of the political economy of immigration. It was this second function that characterized the exam for the majority of immigrants entering the nation.
Inoculating against Barbarism? State Medicine and Immigrant Policy in Turn-of-the-Century Argentina
Authors: Rodriguez Julia 
Published: October 2006

ArgumentThe border in turn-of-the-century Argentina was a place of heightened anxiety. State officials ignored the nation's vast land borders and focused on the port, located in the capital city of Buenos Aires, which attracted nearly six million European immigrants in the decades after 1870. Federal authorities were seeking to attract new immigrants and yet they were terrified that opening their gates would allow entry among the potential citizenry a new category of “toxins” dangerous to the national body. The authorities hired physicians as gatekeepers to identify desirable and undesirable traits that went beyond the definition of communicable disease. Science and medicine appeared to provide a means of legitimating a variety of attempts by the state to control the makeup of the population; in reality, the state's power to inspect immigrants for disease, racial toxins, social upheaval, and political instability was minimized by realistic decisions to open borders and by a weak and limited ability to control the influx of people. Alongside calls for immigrant selection there coexisted a strong trend in political discourse that sought to build a unified, homogenous national culture by accepting and assimilating the foreign masses. Both approaches, however, had similar goals – the material progress of the nation, the advancement of Argentina's “civilization,” and the erasure of traces of “foreignness” among the new population.
Colonial Malariology, Medical Borders, and Sharing Scientific Knowledge in Mandatory Palestine
Authors: Sufian Sandy 
Published: October 2006

ArgumentThis article focuses on the specific ways in which Zionist scientists studying malaria in Mandatory Palestine (1920–1947) presented their work to international scientific circles, moving between the transnational aspects and the local aspects of their work on malaria while suffusing that work with nationalist meanings. This slippery yet seemingly unproblematic movement between the general and the specific, between the colonial world and Palestine, was a necessary mechanism of scientific exchange. In the Zionist case the work on malaria for these scientists was both a marker of their belief in progress and also a sign of their devotion to a specific political and social project. The knowledge imparted by Zionist malariologists and the international reception it received lent scientific legitimacy to the Zionist project while it advanced the goals of settling the land and defining the communal borders within Palestine between the Arab population and the Jewish one. In this way, the Zionist anti-malaria project in Palestine holds a unique place in malaria research of the time.
Actions of ZD0947, a novel ATP‐sensitive K+channel opener, on membrane currents in human detrusor myocytes
Authors: Aishima M , Tomoda T , Yunoki T , Nakano T , Seki N , Yonemitsu Y , Sueishi K , Naito S , Ito Y , Teramoto N 
Published: October 2006

Background and purpose:ATP‐sensitive K+channels (KATPchannels) play important roles in regulating the resting membrane potential of detrusor smooth muscle. Actions of ZD0947, a novel KATPchannel opener, on both carbachol (CCh)‐induced detrusor contractions and membrane currents in human urinary bladder myocytes were investigated.Experimental approach:Tension measurements and patch‐clamp techniques were utilized to study the effects of ZD0947 in segments of human urinary bladder. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to detect the expression of the sulphonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) and the SUR2B antigens in human detrusor muscle.Key results:ZD0947 (≥0.1 μM) caused a concentration‐dependent relaxation of the CCh‐induced contraction of human detrusor, which was reversed by glibenclamide. The rank order of the potency to relax the CCh‐induced contraction was pinacidil>ZD0947>diazoxide. In conventional whole‐cell configuration, ZD0947 (≥1 μM) caused a concentration‐dependent inward K+current which was suppressed by glibenclamide at ‐60 mV. When 1 mM ATP was included in the pipette solution, application of pinacidil or ZD0947 caused no inward K+current at ‐60 mV. Gliclazide (≤1 μM), a selective SUR1 blocker, inhibited the ZD0947‐induced currents (Ki=4.0 μM) and the diazoxide‐induced currents (high‐affinity site,Ki1=42.4 nM; low‐affinity site,Ki2=84.5 μM) at ‐60 mV. Immunohistochemical studies indicated the presence of SUR1 and SUR2B proteins, which are constituents of KATPchannels, in the bundles of human detrusor smooth muscle.Conclusions and Implications:These results suggest that ZD0947 caused a glibenclamide‐sensitive detrusor relaxation through activation of glibenclamide‐sensitive KATPchannels in human urinary bladder.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 542–550. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706893
β3‐Adrenoceptor agonist stimulation of the Na+,K+‐pump in rat skeletal muscle is mediated by β2‐ rather than β3‐adrenoceptors
Authors: Murphy K T , Bundgaard H , Clausen T 
Published: October 2006

Background and purpose:In cardiac muscle, BRL 37344, a selective β3‐adrenoceptor agonist, activates the Na+,K+‐pump via NO signalling. This study investigated whether BRL 37344 also activates the Na+,K+‐pump via β3‐adrenoceptors in skeletal muscle.Experimental approach:Isolated rat soleus muscles were incubated between 1 and 60 min in buffer. Intracellular Na+,K+ content and Na+,K+‐pump activity were measured using flame photometry and ouabain‐suppressible 86Rb+ uptake, respectively. Additional muscles were mounted on force transducers and stimulated (60 Hz for 2 s) every 10 min.Key results:BRL 37344 (10‐8‐10‐5 M) induced a concentration‐ and time‐dependent reduction in intracellular Na+, and increased ouabain‐suppressible 86Rb+ uptake by up to 112%. BRL 37344‐induced reductions in intracellular Na+ were blocked by the β1/β2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, nadolol (10‐7 M), and the β2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI 118,551 (10‐7‐10‐5 M), but not by β3‐ or β1‐adrenoceptor antagonists, SR 59230A (10‐7 M) and CGP 20712A (10‐7‐10‐5 M), respectively. Another β3‐adrenoceptor agonist, CL 316,243, did not alter intracellular Na+. BRL 37344‐induced reductions in intracellular Na+ were not blocked by L‐NAME, an NOS inhibitor, or ODQ, a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor. The NO donors, SNP and SNAP, did not alter intracellular Na+. BRL 37344 rapidly recovered force in muscles depressed by high [K+]o, an effect that was blocked by nadolol, but not L‐NAME.Conclusions and implications:In rat soleus muscle, the β3‐adrenoceptor agonist BRL 37344 stimulated the Na+,K+‐pump via β2‐adrenoceptors. A more selective β3‐adrenoceptor agonist did not affect Na+, K+ homeostasis in skeletal muscle. NO did not seem to mediate Na+,K+‐pump stimulation in skeletal muscle.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 635–646. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706896
Pharmacological and molecular evidence for the involvement of Kv4.3 in ultra‐fast activating K+ currents in murine portal vein myocytes
Authors: Yeung S Y M , Ohya S , Sergeant G P , Pucovský V , Greenwood I A 
Published: October 2006

Background and purpose:The aim of this study was to determine the molecular identity of a transient K+ current (termed I
UF) in mouse portal vein myocytes using pharmacological and molecular tools.Experimental approach:Whole cell currents were recorded using the ruptured patch con from either acutely dispersed single smooth muscle cells from the murine portal vein or human embryonic kidney cells. Reverse transcriptase polymerase reaction (RT‐PCR) experiments were undertaken on RNA isolated from mouse portal vein using primers specific for various voltage‐dependent K+ channels, auxillary subunits and calcium‐binding proteins. Immunocytochemistry was undertaken using an antibody specific for Kv4.3.Key results: I
UF had a mean amplitude at +40 mV of 558±50 pA (n=32) with a mean time to peak at +40 mV of ∼4 ms. I
UF activated and inactivated with a half maximal voltage of ‐12±2 mV and ‐85±2 mV, respectively. I
UF was relatively resistant to 4‐aminopyridine (5 mM produced 30±6 % block at +20 mV) but was inhibited effectively by flecainide (IC50 value was 100nM) and phrixotoxin II. This pharmacological profile is consistent with I
UF being comprised of Kv4.x proteins and this is supported by the results from the quantitative PCR and immunocytochemical experiments.Conclusions and implications:These data represent a rigorous investigation of the molecular basis of vascular transient K+ currents and implicates Kv4.3 as a major component of the channel complex.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 676–686. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706903
What is the significance of vascular hydrogen sulphide (H2S)?
Authors: O'Sullivan S E 
Published: October 2006

The important role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of vascular tone has been well studied. By contrast, the vascular significance of another gaseous mediator, hydrogen sulphide (H2S), is still poorly understood. A study published in this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology now provides evidence that in addition to the vasorelaxant effects of H2S reported in vitro, low concentrations of H2S also cause arterial vasoconstriction, reverse NO‐mediated vasorelaxation and cause an NO‐dependent pressor effect in vivo. This commentary discusses the implications and questions raised by these results.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 609–610. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706907
Cardiovascular responses to combined treatment with selective monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors and L‐DOPA in the rat
Authors: Finberg J P M , Gross A , Bar‐Am O , Friedman R , Loboda Y , Youdim M B H 
Published: October 2006

Background and purpose:Postural hypotension is a common side‐effect of L‐DOPA treatment of Parkinson's disease, and may be potentiated when L‐DOPA is combined with selegiline, a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO‐B). Rasagiline is a new, potent and selective MAO‐B inhibitor, which does not possess the sympathomimetic effects of selegiline. We have studied the effects of these selective MAO inhibitors, L‐DOPA and dopamine on the cardiovascular system of the rat.Experimental approach:Blood pressure and heart rate was measured in conscious rats following acute or chronic administration of rasagiline, selegiline and L‐DOPA, by comparison with the selective MAO‐A inhibitor clorgyline, or the MAO‐A/B inhibitor tranylcypromine. Cardiovascular responses, catecholamine release, and modification of pressor response to dopamine were studied in pithed rats.Key results:In conscious rats neither rasagiline nor selegiline caused significant potentiation of the effects of L‐DOPA (50, 100, 150 mg.kg−1) on blood pressure or heart rate at doses which selectively inhibited MAO‐B, but L‐DOPA responses were potentiated by clorgyline and tranylcypromine. In rats treated twice daily for 8 days with L‐DOPA and carbidopa, selegiline (5 mg.kg−1) but not rasagiline (0.2 mg.kg−1) caused a significant hypotensive response to L‐DOPA and carbidopa, although both drugs caused similar inhibition of MAO‐A and MAO‐B. In pithed rats, selegiline but not rasagiline increased catecholamine release and heart rate, and potentiated dopamine pressor response at MAO‐B selective dose.Conclusions and implications:The different responses to the two MAO‐B inhibitors may be explained by the amine releasing effect of amphetamine metabolites formed from selegiline.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 647–656. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706908
Blood–brain distribution of morphine‐6‐glucuronide in sheep
Authors: Villesen H H , Foster D J R , Upton R N , Christrup L L , Somogyi A A , Martinez A , Grant C 
Published: October 2006

Background and purpose:At present there are few data regarding the rate and extent of brain–blood partitioning of the opioid active metabolite of morphine, morphine‐6‐glucuronide (M6G). In this study the cerebral kinetics of M6G were determined, after a short‐term intravenous infusion, in chronically instrumented conscious sheep.Experimental approach:Five sheep received an intravenous infusion of M6G 2.2 mg kg‐1over a four‐minute period. Non‐linear mixed‐effects analysis, with hybrid physiologically based kinetic models, was used to estimate cerebral kinetics from the arterio‐sagittal sinus concentration gradients and cerebral blood flow measurements.Key results:A membrane limited model was selected as the final model. The blood‐brain equilibration of M6G was relatively slow (time to reach 50% equilibration of the deep compartment 5.8 min), with low membrane permeability (PS, population mean, 2.5 ml min‐1) from the initial compartment (V1, 13.7 ml) to a small deep distribution volume (V2) of 18.4 ml. There was some between‐animal variability (%CV) in the initial distribution volume (29%), but this was not identified for PS or V2.Conclusion and Implications:Pharmacokinetic modelling of M6G showed a delayed equilibration between brain and blood of a nature that is primarily limited by permeability across the blood‐brain‐barrier, in accordance with its physico‐chemical properties.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 754–760. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706916
AM‐36 modulates the neutrophil inflammatory response and reduces breakdown of the blood brain barrier after endothelin‐1 induced focal brain ischaemia
Authors: Weston R M , Jarrott B , Ishizuka Y , Callaway J K 
Published: October 2006

Background and purpose:Following transient focal stroke, rapid accumulation and activation of neutrophils in the ischaemic region is deleterious due to release of reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidase (MPO). The purpose of this study was to examine whether AM‐36, both a Na+ channel blocker and an antioxidant, afforded neuroprotection by modulating neutrophil accumulation into brain, following endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) induced middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in conscious rats.Experimental approach:AM‐36 was administered at 3 and 24 h after ET‐1‐induced MCAo. Functional recovery was determined using grid‐walking and cylinder tests. Image analysis of brain sections was used to determine infarct volume. The effect of AM‐36 on neutrophil infiltration and their interaction with macrophages was examined in rats at 48 h following MCAo by both an MPO assay and double‐label immunofluorescence. Blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown was measured by the area stained by intravenous Evans Blue.Key results:AM‐36 reduced functional deficits in both tests such that no difference existed from pre‐ischaemic values at 48 h. Neutrophil infiltration, assessed by MPO activity, and infarct volume were significantly reduced following AM‐36 administration by 54 and 60% respectively. Similarly, immunofluorescence revealed that AM‐36 reduced neutrophil infiltration by ∼50% in selected brain regions, when compared to controls, and also modulated macrophage phagocytosis of neutrophils. Breakdown of the BBB was significantly reduced by 60% following AM‐36 treatment.Conclusions and Implications:These findings suggest that AM‐36 can directly modulate the neutrophil inflammatory response and reduce BBB breakdown following MCAo.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 712–723. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706918