bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of glucosamine on matrix metalloproteinase expression and activity in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated equine chondrocytes
Authors: Byron Christopher R. , Orth Michael W. , Venta Patrick J. , Lloyd James W. , Caron John P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To characterize potential mechanisms of action of glucosamine inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated equine chondrocytes.Sample Population—Chondrocytes cultured from samples of metacarpophalangeal articular cartilage collected from cadaveric limbs of horses.Procedure—The effect of glucosamine on MMP activity in conditioned medium from LPS-stimulated cartilage explants was determined by a colorimetric assay with azocoll substrate. Treatments consisted of negative and positive controls, glucose (50mM), and glucosamine (50, 25, 6.25, 3, and 1.5mM). The influence of glucosamine on MMP synthesis was determined in chondrocytes in pellet culture incubated with LPS (20 µg/mL). Concentration of MMP-13 was quantified in spent medium via ELISA; nonspecific MMP activity was determined via azocoll digestion in organomercurial- activated medium. Effects of glucosamine on MMP mRNA concentration in similarly treated chondrocytes were determined by northern blot hybridization with MMP-1, -3, and -13 probes. Statistical analyses were performed with 2-way ANOVA.Results—Glucosamine had no effect on activated MMP activity but inhibited MMP protein expression, as determined by azocoll digestion (glucosamine, 3 to 50mM) and MMP-13 ELISA (glucosamine, 1.5 to 50mM). Resting mRNA concentrations for MMP-1, -3, and -13 mRNA were significantly lower in cultures exposed to glucosamine at concentrations of 50 and 25mM than those of positive controls.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Glucosamine appears capable of pretranslational, and possibly also translational, regulation of MMP expression; data suggest a potential mechanism of action for chondroprotective effects of this aminomonosaccharide. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:666–671)
Corneal sensitivity in dogs with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Good Kathryn L. , Maggs David J. , Hollingsworth Steven R. , Scagliotti Randall H. , Nelson Richard W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To compare aesthesiometer-determined corneal sensitivity between diabetic and nondiabetic dogs and to investigate the correlation between corneal sensitivity and duration of diabetes or status of glycemic control, as estimated by use of glycated blood protein concentrations.Animals—23 diabetic and 29 nondiabetic normoglycemic dogs.Procedure—A Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer was used to measure corneal touch threshold (CTT) in 5 corneal regions of each dog. At the time of ocular examination, duration of diabetes mellitus was estimated from the history, and blood was drawn for assessment of blood glycosylated hemoglobin and serum fructosamine concentrations.Results—Median CTT for central, nasal, dorsal, temporal, and ventral corneal regions in nondiabetic dogs (1.6, 2.3, 2.8, 2.8, and 5.1 g/mm2, respectively) was significantly lower than in diabetic dogs (2.8, 4.0, 5.1, 5.1, and 6.6 g/mm2, respectively). Median regional CTT in diabetic dogs was not significantly correlated with estimated duration of diabetes mellitus or blood glycated protein concentrations. No significant difference was found in regional CTT between eyes of normoglycemic dogs with unilateral cataracts.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Diabetic dogs have significantly reduced corneal sensitivity in all regions, compared with nondiabetic normoglycemic dogs. Regional variation in corneal sensitivity is similar in diabetic and normoglycemic dogs. Neither glycemic control nor duration of diabetes, as estimated, is significantly correlated with corneal hyposensitivity. Corneal nerve dysfunction may be associated with recurrent or nonhealing ulcers in diabetic dogs for which no other underlying cause can be found. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:7–11)
Evaluation of serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism for early diagnosis of nonunion and infected nonunion fractures in rabbits
Authors: Southwood Louise L. , Frisbie David D. , Kawcak Chris E. , McIlwraith C. Wayne 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the use of serum concentrations of biochemical markers of bone metabolism (osteocalcin [OC], bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BS-ALP], and deoxypyridinoline [DPYR]) to compare healing in infected versus noninfected fractures and in fractures with normal repair versus delayed (nonunion) repair in rabbits.Animals—32 female 9- to 10-month-old New Zealand White rabbits.Procedure—A femoral fracture defect was made in each rabbit. Rabbits were assigned to the following groups: the bone morphogenetic-2 gene treatment group with either noninfected nonunion or infected (ie, inoculation of defects withStaphylococcus aureus) nonunion fractures or the luciferase (control) gene treatment group with either noninfected nonunion or infected nonunion fractures. Serum samples were obtained before surgery (time 0) and 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after surgery. Callus formation and lysis grades were evaluated radiographically at 16 weeks.Results—Serum OC and BS-ALP concentrations decreased from time 0 at 4 weeks, peaked at 8 weeks, and then decreased. Serum DPYR concentration peaked at 4 weeks and then decreased, independent of gene treatment group or fracture infection status. Compared with rabbits with noninfected fractures, those with infected fractures had lower serum OC and BS-ALP concentrations at 4 weeks, higher serum OC concentrations at 16 weeks, and higher serum DPYR concentrations at 4, 8, and 16 weeks. Combined serum OC, BS-ALP, and DPYR concentrations provided an accuracy of 96% for prediction of fracture infection status at 4 weeks.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Measurement of multiple serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism could be useful for clinical evaluation of fracture healing and early diagnosis of osteomyelitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;64:727–735)
Effects of dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and vitamin E on the immune response of healthy geriatric dogs
Authors: Hall Jean A. , Tooley Katie A. , Gradin Joseph L. , Jewell Dennis E. , Wander Rosemary C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the effect of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios and α-tocopheryl acetate concentration on immune functions and T cell subpopulations in healthy dogs.Animals—Thirty-two 7- to 10-year old female Beagles.Procedure—For 17 weeks, dogs were fed food that contained low (1.4:1) or high (40:1) ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in combination with 3 concentrations of allrac-α-tocopheryl acetate (low, 17 mg/kg of food; medium, 101 mg/kg; high, 447 mg/kg). Dogs were inoculated twice with a keyhole limpet hemocyanin suspension at 13 and 15 weeks.Results—After 12 weeks, dogs consuming low concentrations of α-tocopheryl acetate had lower percentages of CD8+ T cells, compared with dogs consuming medium or high α-tocopheryl acetate concentrations. Also, dogs consuming low α-tocopheryl acetate concentrations had higher CD4+ to CD8+ T cell ratios. On day 4 of week 15, the percentage of CD8+ T cells was highest in dogs fed medium concentrations of α-tocopheryl acetate, compared with other dogs; however, the CD4+ to CD8+ T cell ratio was higher only in dogs fed low concentrations of α- tocopheryl acetate with high concentrations of n-3 fatty acids. Dogs consuming low concentrations of n- 3 fatty acids with medium concentrations of α-tocopheryl acetate had the largest delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test response.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An optimum amount of dietary α-tocopheryl acetate concentration, regardless of the dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio, stimulates the CD8+ T cell population. Effects of an optimum amount of dietary α-tocopheryl acetate concentration on the DTH response are blunted by dietary n-3 fatty acids. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:762–772)
Benefit-cost analysis of vaccination and preemptive slaughter as a means of eradicating foot-and-mouth disease
Authors: Bates Thomas W. , Carpenter Tim E. , Thurmond Mark C. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To assess relative costs and benefits of
vaccination and preemptive herd slaughter to control
transmission of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus
(FMDV).

Sample Population—2,238 herds and 5 sale yards
located in Fresno, Kings, and Tulare counties of
California.

Procedure—Direct costs associated with indemnity,
slaughter, cleaning and disinfecting livestock premises,
and vaccination were compared for various eradication
strategies. Additional cost, total program cost,
net benefit, and benefit-cost value (B/C) for each supplemental
strategy were estimated, based in part on
results of published model simulations for FMD.
Sensitivity analyses were conducted.

Results—Mean herd indemnity payments were estimated
to be $2.6 million and $110,359 for dairy and
nondairy herds, respectively. Cost to clean and disinfect
livestock premises ranged from $18,062 to
$60,205. Mean vaccination cost was $2,960/herd.
Total eradication cost ranged from $61 million to $551
million. All supplemental strategies involving use of
vaccination were economically efficient (B/C range,
5.0 to 10.1) and feasible, whereas supplemental
strategies involving use of slaughter programs were
not economically efficient (B-C, 0.05 to 0.8) or feasible.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vaccination
with a highly efficacious vaccine may be a cost-effective
strategy for control of FMD if vaccinated animals
are not subsequently slaughtered and there is no
future adverse economic impact, such as trade
restrictions. Although less preferable than the baseline
eradication program, selective slaughter of highest-risk herds was preferable to other preemptive
slaughter strategies. However, indirect costs can be
expected to contribute substantially more than direct
costs to the total cost of eradication programs. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:805–812)
Development of a solid-phase assay for measurement of sulfated glycosaminoglycan concentrations in equine synovial fluid
Authors: Oke Stacey L. , Hurtig Mark B. , Keates Robert A. , Wright Jen R. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To develop a new 1,9-dimethylmethylene
blue (DMMB) assay for measurement of sulfated
glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) concentrations in
equine synovial fluid (SF) by use of membrane technology
and to compare the assay's ability to measure
sGAG concentrations with that of 2 other established
DMMB assays.

Sample Population—25 samples of SF collected
from affected joints of 14 horses and 13 samples of
SF collected from nonaffected (control) joints of 4
horses.

Procedure—A solid-phase DMMB assay was developed
to measure sGAG concentrations in SF. Results for
the assay were then compared with results obtained by
use of the direct spectrophotometric method (ie,
Farndale method) and microplate DMMB assay.

Results—The solid-phase assay and direct spectrophotometric
assay measured the same sGAG concentrations
in identical equine SF, but those concentrations differed
significantly from results obtained by use of the
microplate DMMB assay. All other aspects of the solidphase
DMMB assay were comparable to both the direct
spectrophotometric and microplate DMMB assays.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The new
solid-phase assay can be used interchangeably with
the direct spectrophotometric method to measure
sGAG concentrations in equine SF samples, but it
cannot be interchanged with the microplate DMMB
assay. Results can be rapidly obtained with the solidphase
assay. Also, the solid-phase assay can detect
nanogram quantities of sGAGs in SF, circumvent the
problem of premature precipitation of sGAG-dye complexes,
and provide quantitative or qualitative results.
The solid-phase assay may replace other DMMB
assays for measuring sGAG concentrations in SF
obtained from horses. ( Am J Vet Res 2003;
64:894–899)
Pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after multidose oral administration and efficacy in the prevention of allograft rejection in cats with renal transplants
Authors: Kyles Andrew E. , Gregory Clare R. , Craigmill Arthur L. , Griffey Stephen M. , Jackson Joshua , Stanley Scot D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To describe pharmacokinetics of multidose oral administration of tacrolimus in healthy cats and evaluate the efficacy of tacrolimus in the prevention of allograft rejection in cats with renal transplants.Animals—6 healthy research cats.Procedure—Cats received tacrolimus (0.375 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) for 14 days. Blood tacrolimus concentrations were measured by a high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. Each cat received an immunogenically mismatched renal allograft and native kidney nephrectomy. Tacrolimus dosage was modified to maintain a target blood concentration of 5 to 10 ng/mL. Cats were euthanatized if plasma creatinine concentration exceeded 7 mg/dL, body weight loss exceeded 20%, or on day 50 after surgery. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted for 6 cats treated with tacrolimus and for 8 cats with renal transplants that did not receive immunosuppressive treatment.Results—Mean (± SD) values of elimination half-life, time to maximum concentration, maximum blood concentration, and area under the concentration versus time curve from the last dose of tacrolimus to 12 hours later were 20.5 ± 9.8 hours, 0.77 ± 0.37 hours, 27.5 ± 31.8 ng/mL, and 161 ± 168 hours × ng/mL, respectively. Tacrolimus treated cats survived longer (median, 44 days; range, 24 to 52 days) than untreated cats (median, 23 days; range, 8 to 34 days). On histologic evaluation, 3 cats had evidence of acute-active rejection, 1 cat had necrotizing vasculitis, and 2 cats euthanatized at study termination had normal appearing allografts.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tacrolimus may be an effective immunosuppressive agent for renal transplantation in cats. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:926–934)
Insulin resistance and abomasal motility disorders in cows detected by use of abomasoduodenal electromyography after surgical correction of left displaced abomasum
Authors: Pravettoni Davide , Doll Klaus , Hummel Markus , Cavallone Elena , Re Michela , Belloli Angelo G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the correlation between insulin concentrations and myoelectrical activity of the abomasum in cows with a left displaced abomasum (LDA).Animals—14 dairy cows with an LDA at the onset of lactation.Procedure—During surgical correction of an LDA, 3 pairs of electrodes were placed in the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract (abomasal body, pars pylorica, and duodenum) of each cow. Electromyographic recordings were obtained once per day for 7 days. Samples were collected and tested to determine concentrations of insulin, glucagon, cortisol, glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, and nonesterified fatty acids.Results—All 14 cattle had high glucose and insulin concentrations at the time of admission, independent of ketosis. Concentrations of glucose and insulin decreased slowly after surgical treatment and were associated with a progressive increase in abomasoduodenal myoelectric activity. The 14 cows were allocated into 2 groups (suspected insulinresistant cattle, n = 7; suspected non–insulin-resistant cattle, 7) on the basis of persistent hyperinsulinemia during the postoperative period. Seven days after surgery, the abomasoduodenal myoelectric patterns were still significantly lower for the insulinresistant cows, compared with patterns for the non–insulin-resistant cows.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Insulin resistance appears to be common in cows with an LDA. Analysis of results of this study reveals that abomasal atony in cows with an LDA depends on persistence of high serum concentrations of insulin. Results of this study could provide an explanation for a pathogenetic factor of LDAs and the frequent relapses of cattle affected by this condition. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1319–1324)
Effects of intracameral injection of preservative-free lidocaine on the anterior segment of the eyes in dogs
Authors: Gerding Paul A. , Turner Terri L. , Hamor Ralph E. , Schaeffer David J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate effects of intracameral injection of preservative-free 1% and 2% lidocaine hydrochloride solution on the anterior segment of the eyes in dogs.Animals—16 adult healthy dogs (8 male and 8 female) judged to be free of ocular disease.Procedure—Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 8 dogs each. Group 1 dogs received an intracameral injection of 0.10 mL of preservative-free 1% lidocaine solution in the designated eye, and group 2 dogs received 0.10 mL of preservative-free 2% lidocaine solution in the designated eye. After injection, intraocular pressure was measured every 12 hours for 48 hours and then every 24 hours until 168 hours after injection. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy was performed preceding intracameral injection, 8 hours after injection, and then every 24 hours until 168 hours after injection. Ultrasonic pachymetry and specular microscopy were performed preceding intracameral injection and 72 and 168 hours after injection. Corneal thickness and endothelial cell density and morphology were compared with baseline measurements.Results—No significant differences were found in intraocular pressure, corneal thickness, endothelial cell density, and morphologic features in either group, compared with baseline. A significant difference in aqueous flare was found for treated and control eyes 8, 24, and 48 hours after injection, compared with baseline. No significant difference in aqueous flare was found between treated and control eyes within either group.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—No adverse ocular effects were detected after intracameral injection of preservative-free 1% or 2% lidocaine solution; thus, its use would be safe for intraocular pain management in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1325–1330)
Effects of α2-adrenergic receptor agonists on urine production in horses deprived of food and water
Authors: Nuñez Enrique , Steffey Eugene P. , Ocampo Luis , Rodriguez Alejandro , Garcia Alma A. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To quantitate the dose- and time-related
effects of IV administration of xylazine and detomidine
on urine characteristics in horses deprived of
feed and water.

Animals—6 horses.

Procedure—Feed and water were withheld for 24
hours followed by IV administration of saline (0.9%
NaCl) solution, xylazine (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg), or detomidine
(0.03 mg/kg). Horses were treated 4 times, each
time with a different protocol. Following treatment,
urine and blood samples were obtained at 15, 30, 60,
120, and 180 minutes. Blood samples were analyzed
for PCV and serum concentrations of total plasma
solids, sodium, and potassium. Urine samples were
analyzed for pH and concentrations of glucose, proteins,
sodium, and potassium.

Results—Baseline (before treatment) urine flow was
0.30 ± 0.03 mL/kg/h and did not significantly change
after treatment with saline solution and low-dose
xylazine but transiently increased by 1 hour after treatment
with high-dose xylazine or detomidine. Total
urine output at 2 hours following treatment was 312
± 101 mL versus 4,845 ± 272 mL for saline solution
and detomidine, respectively. Absolute values of
urine concentrations of sodium and potassium also
variably increased following xylazine and detomidine
administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Xylazine and
detomidine administration in horses deprived of feed
and water causes transient increases in urine volume
and loss of sodium and potassium. Increase in urine
flow is directly related to dose and type of α2-adrenergic
receptor agonist. Dehydration in horses may be
exacerbated by concurrent administration of α2-adrenergic
receptor agonists. (Am J Vet Res
2004;65:1342–1346)
Evaluation of the induction and recovery characteristics of anesthesia with desflurane in cats
Authors: Barter Linda S. , Ilkiw Janet E. , Pypendop Bruno H. , Steffey Eugene P. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate
the characteristics of desflurane with regard to
the induction of and recovery from anesthesia in cats.

Animals—6 cats.

Procedure—Anesthesia was induced and maintained
with desflurane in oxygen. Individual minimum alveolar
concentration (MAC) values were determined;
anesthesia was maintained at 1.25 × MAC for a total
anesthesia time (including MAC determination) of 5
hours. Cats were allowed to recover from anesthesia.
Induction and recovery periods were video recorded
and later scored by use of a grading scale from 0 to
100 (100 being the best outcome). Timing of events
was recorded.

Results—The MAC of desflurane was 10.27 ± 1.06%,
and mean dose was 5.6 ± 0.2 MAC-hours. Times to
loss of coordination, recumbency, and endotracheal
intubation were 1.3 ± 0.4, 2.3 ± 0.3, and 6.4 ± 1.1 minutes,
respectively. Median score for quality of anesthetic
induction was 93 (range, 91 to 94). Times to
first movement, extubation, standing, and ability to
jump and land with coordination were 2.8 ± 1.0,
3.8 ± 0.5, 14.3 ± 3.9, and 26.4 ± 5.1 minutes, respectively.
Alveolar washout of desflurane was rapid.
Median score for quality of anesthetic recovery was
94 (range, 86 to 96).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Desflurane
was associated with rapid induction of and recovery
from anesthesia in cats; assessors rated the overall
quality of induction and recovery as excellent. Results
appear to support the use of desflurane for induction
and maintenance of anesthesia in healthy cats. (Am J
Vet Res 2004;65:748–751)
Long-term delivery of ivermectin by use of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic)acid microparticles in dogs
Authors: Clark Steven L. , Crowley Angela J. , Schmidt Paul G. , Donoghue Ann R. , Piché Claude A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the potential utility of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) as a long-acting biodegradable drug delivery matrix for ivermectin used in the prevention of heartworm disease in dogs.Animals—30 adult female dogs.Procedure—Microparticle formulations containing 25 weight percent (wt%), 35 wt%, and 50 wt% ivermectin were prepared by an oil-in-water emulsion technique with solvent extraction into excess water. A fourth formulation, consisting of a mixture of 15 wt% and 50 wt% ivermectin microparticles, was blended in a 1:1 ratio to result in a 32.5 wt% ivermectin formulation. Formulations were administered once on Day 0 to groups of 6 dogs at a dose of 0.5 mg of ivermectin/ kg, SC. Half of the dogs in each treatment group and 3 untreated control dogs were infected withDirofilaria immitislarvae 121 and 170 days after treatment. Six months after infection, dogs were euthanatized and necropsies were performed. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy were investigated.Results—Analysis of pharmacokinetic data revealed sustained release of ivermectin during at least 287 days in 3 distinct phases: a small initial peak, followed by release of drug through diffusion, and polymer degradation. Untreated control dogs were all infected with heartworms. Heartworms were not found in any of the dogs in the ivermectin-PLGA treated groups. Adverse clinical signs were not observed.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—All formulations were 100% effective in preventing development of adult heartworms. Results indicate that PLGA microparticles are a promising drug delivery matrix for use with ivermectin for the prevention of heartworm disease for at least 6 months after treatment. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:752–757)