bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of lidocaine and steroids on breast milk‐induced lung injury in rabbits1
Authors: HOWLETT THOMAS , LERMAN JERROLD 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground : Local anesthetics inhibit mediator and free radical release from polymorphonuclear granulocytes and migration to their site of action. In a recent study, lidocaine significantly improved the alveolar–arterial oxygen difference gradients (A‐aDO2) after tracheal instillation of acid in rabbits. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of lidocaine and pulse‐dose steroids on human breast milk (HBM)‐induced lung injury in rabbits.Methods : After Animal Care Committee approval, six adult rabbits were assigned to each of three treatments: control, lidocaine, and steroids. After induction of anesthesia and controlled ventilation, acidified HBM at pH 1.8 and volume 1.2 ml·kg−1 was instilled into the trachea. Rabbits in the lidocaine group received lidocaine 2 mg·kg−1 i.v. before tracheal instillation and then 2 mg·kg−1·h−1 i.v. continuously. Rabbits in the steroid group received 30 mg·kg−1 methylprednisolone before tracheal instillation. A‐aDO2, static compliance and blood for white cell count, and cytokine interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) concentration were obtained at baseline and at 1 and 4 h postinstillation. After 4 h, the rabbits were killed. The left upper lobe was isolated and excised to determine the wet/dry ratio. The right lung was lavaged with 30 ml normal saline to determine the white cell count and the concentrations of albumin and IL‐8. Data were analyzed using one‐ or two‐way anova with repeated measures and an Student‐Newman‐Keuls (SNK) posthoc test (P < 0.05).Results : All rabbits completed the protocol. A‐aDO2 and CO2 tensions increased significantly at 1 and 4 h compared with baseline, although there were no differences among the treatments (P < 0.05). Compliance in the control group decreased compared with lidocaine and steroids.Conclusion : We conclude that preemptive lidocaine and steroids attenuate in part HBM‐induced lung injury in rabbits.
Immunization and anesthesia – an international survey
Authors: SHORT JUDITH A , VAN DER WALT JOHAN H , ZOANETTI DAVID C 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground : There is no direct evidence of any major interaction between immunization and commonly used anesthetic agents and techniques in children, but it is possible that immunosuppression caused by anesthesia and surgery may lead to decreased vaccine effectiveness or an increased risk of complications. In addition, diagnostic difficulty may arise if a recently immunized child suffers from postoperative pyrexia or malaise.Aim : The aim of this study was to ascertain anesthetists’ attitudes and practices regarding anesthesia and immunization.Methods : We conducted an international survey of members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (APAGBI) and the Society for Paediatric Anaesthesia of New Zealand and Australia (SPANZA).Results : Two hundred and ninety‐six (52.1%) APAGBI and 86 (49.4%) SPANZA responses were analyzed. There was no consensus of approach to this theoretical risk among respondents. In total, 60% of respondents would anesthetize a child for elective surgery within 1 week of receiving a live attenuated vaccine, but 40% would not. Few hospitals have formal policies on this issue and government guidance is based on a lack of evidence for adverse events rather than positive evidence of safety.Conclusions : There is a theoretical risk associated with anesthesia and surgery in recently immunized children. An international postal survey failed to find a consensus to this risk among pediatric anesthetists. From a risk management perspective, a review of the available evidence suggests that it would be prudent to adopt a cautious approach where the timing of elective surgery is discretionary. We therefore recommend that elective surgery and anesthesia should be postponed for 1 week after inactive vaccination and 3 weeks after live attenuated vaccination in children.
How is the therapeutic relationship talked into being?
Authors: Roy‐Chowdhury Sim 
Published: April 2006

A review of the place of the therapeutic relationship within systemic approaches to therapy is provided. This serves to contextualize the findings of a research study that subjects therapy sessions to a discursive analysis. The purpose of the analysis is to learn more about the therapeutic relationship through an examination of what actually takes place in sessions. Moments in therapy where therapeutic engagement is stronger and moments when it is weaker are identified and analysed. The discursive contours of a robust therapeutic relationship are highlighted. A theoretical account of the constituents of a stronger therapeutic relationship is constructed from this analysis.
But let me tell you something about experience. It outstrips all accounts of it. All ulterior versions.Martin Amis, Experience

The weight of this sad time we must obey;Speak what we feel not what we ought to say.William Shakespeare, King Lear
Names in frames: infants interpret words in sentence frames faster than words in isolation
Authors: Fernald Anne , Hurtado Nereyda 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn child‐directed speech (CDS), adults often use utterances with very few words; many include short, frequently used sentence frames, while others consist of a single word in isolation. Do such features of CDS provide perceptual advantages for the child? Based on descriptive analyses of parental speech, some researchers argue that isolated words should help infants in word recognition by facilitating segmentation, while others predict no advantage. To address this question directly, we used online measures of speech processing in a looking‐while‐listening procedure. In two experiments, 18‐month‐olds were presented with familiar object names in isolation and in a sentence frame. Infants were 120 ms slower to interpret target words in isolation than when the same words were preceded by a familiar carrier phrase, suggesting that the sentence frame facilitated word recognition. Familiar frames may enable the infant to ‘listen ahead’ more efficiently for the focused word at the end of the sentence.
The role of sensorimotor impairments in dyslexia: a multiple case study of dyslexic children
Authors: White Sarah , Milne Elizabeth , Rosen Stuart , Hansen Peter , Swettenham John , Frith Uta , Ramus Franck 
Published: April 2006

Abstract This study attempts to investigate the role of sensorimotor impairments in the reading disability that characterizes dyslexia. Twenty‐three children with dyslexia were compared to 22 control children, matched for age and non‐verbal intelligence, on tasks assessing literacy as well as phonological, visual, auditory and motor abilities. The dyslexic group as a whole were significantly impaired on phonological, but not sensorimotor, tasks. Analysis of individual data suggests that the most common impairments were on phonological and visual stress tasks and the vast majority of dyslexics had one of these two impairments. Furthermore, phonological skill was able to account for variation in literacy skill, to the exclusion of all sensorimotor factors, while neither auditory nor motor skill predicted any variance in phonological skill. Visual stress seems to account for a small proportion of dyslexics, independently of the commonly reported phonological deficit. However, there is little evidence for a causal role of auditory, motor or other visual impairments.
Are preschoolers sensitive to configural information in faces?
Authors: Pellicano Elizabeth , Rhodes Gillian , Peters Marianne 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Several researchers have proposed that developmental improvements in children's face recognition abilities might reflect an increasing reliance on configural information (i.e. spatial relations between features) in faces (Carey & Diamond, 1994; Mondloch, Le Grand & Maurer, 2002). We investigated 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds’ use of configural information for upright and inverted faces using Tanaka and Sengco's (1997) configural change paradigm. Participants saw a photograph of a child's face (e.g. Luke). Memory for features (e.g. Luke's mouth) was then tested in a face with the same configuration as the study face (e.g. Luke's face), in a face with a novel spatial configuration (e.g. Luke's face with the eyes shifted further apart), and presented on their own (e.g. Luke's mouth alone). We found that preschoolers and adults recognized target features from upright faces better when tested in the context of a face with the same configuration as the study face, than when they were embedded in a face with a new spatial configuration or when they were presented in isolation. This effect was lost when faces were inverted. The results suggest that adult‐like styles of face processing are present from 4 years of age.
Switching between tasks and responses: a developmental study
Authors: Crone Eveline A. , Bunge Silvia A. , Van Der Molen Maurits W. , Ridderinkhof K. Richard 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Task switching requires the ability to flexibly switch between task rules and responses, and is sensitive to developmental change. We tested the hypothesis that developmental changes in task switch performance are associated with changes in the facilitating or interfering effect of the previously retrieved stimulus–response (S–R) association. Three age groups (7–8‐year‐olds, 10–12‐year‐olds and 20–25‐year‐olds) performed a two‐choice reaction time (RT) task in which spatially compatible or incompatible responses were required. The RT costs associated with switching between tasks were larger when responses were repeated than when responses were alternated. Younger children showed a greater cost than adults when switching between tasks but repeating responses. This age difference decreased when the interval between the previous response and the upcoming stimulus increased. Switch costs were larger when switching to the compatible task than to the incompatible task, but this effect did not differ between age groups. These findings suggest that young children build up stronger transient associations between task sets and response sets, which interfere with their ability to switch to currently intended actions. A similar pattern has previously been observed for older adults (Mayr, 2001), suggesting a common contributor to task switching deficits across the life span.
The face behind the mask: a developmental study
Authors: Tottenham Nim , Leon Andrew C. , Casey B.J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Faces are a rich and available source of social information, and the representation for faces is robust in adults (i.e. the face detection effect; Purcell & Stewart, 1988). The current study compared the developmental trajectory of the robustness of face perception against the trajectory for a non‐face object. Participants (5–35 years old) were presented with rapid (17 and 33 millisecond) presentations of face and house stimuli and were instructed to identify the object category of the stimulus (face or house). There was an interaction between object type and age such that the developmental slope for face identification was steeper than the slope for house identification for the 17‐millisecond presentation. These data show that faces are processed in a different way than a non‐face object during the period from middle childhood through adolescence and adulthood, and this differential processing may involve the massive amount of exposure we have to faces.
When the social mirror breaks: deficits in automatic, but not voluntary, mimicry of emotional facial expressions in autism
Authors: McIntosh Daniel N. , Reichmann‐Decker Aimee , Winkielman Piotr , Wilbarger Julia L. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Humans, infants and adults alike, automatically mimic a variety of behaviors. Such mimicry facilitates social functioning, including establishment of interpersonal rapport and understanding of other minds. This fundamental social process may thus be impaired in disorders such as autism characterized by socio‐emotional and communicative deficits. We examined automatic and voluntary mimicry of emotional facial expression among adolescents and adults with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and a typical sample matched on age, gender and verbal intelligence. Participants viewed pictures of happy and angry expressions while the activity over their cheek and brow muscle region was monitored with electromyography (EMG). ASD participants did not automatically mimic facial expressions whereas the typically developing participants did. However, both groups showed evidence of successful voluntary mimicry. The data suggest that autism is associated with an impairment of a basic automatic social‐emotion process. Results have implications for understanding typical and atypical social cognition.
The effect of divided attention on inhibiting the gravity error
Authors: Hood Bruce M. , Wilson Alice , Dyson Sally 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Children who could overcome the gravity error on Hood's (1995) tubes task were tested in a condition where they had to monitor two falling balls. This condition significantly impaired search performance with the majority of mistakes being gravity errors. In a second experiment, the effect of monitoring two balls was compared in the tubes task and a spatial transposition task not involving gravity. Again, monitoring two objects produced impaired search performance in the gravity task but not in the spatial transposition task. These findings support the view that divided attention disrupts the ability to exercise inhibitory control over the gravity error and that the performance drop on this task is not due to the additional task demands incurred by divided attention.
Crossmodal integration of emotional information from face and voice in the infant brain
Authors: Grossmann Tobias , Striano Tricia , Friederici Angela D. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract We examined 7‐month‐old infants’ processing of emotionally congruent and incongruent face–voice pairs using ERP measures. Infants watched facial expressions (happy or angry) and, after a delay of 400 ms, heard a word spoken with a prosody that was either emotionally congruent or incongruent with the face being presented. The ERP data revealed that the amplitude of a negative component and a subsequent positive component in infants’ ERPs varied as a function of crossmodal emotional congruity. An emotionally incongruent prosody elicited a larger negative component in infants’ ERPs than did an emotionally congruent prosody. Conversely, the amplitude of infants’ positive component was larger to emotionally congruent than to incongruent prosody. Previous work has shown that an attenuation of the negative component and an enhancement of the later positive component in infants’ ERPs reflect the recognition of an item. Thus, the current findings suggest that 7‐month‐olds integrate emotional information across modalities and recognize common affect in the face and voice.
The shape of boubas: sound–shape correspondences in toddlers and adults
Authors: Maurer Daphne , Pathman Thanujeni , Mondloch Catherine J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract A striking demonstration that sound–object correspondences are not completely arbitrary is that adults map nonsense words with rounded vowels (e.g. bouba) to rounded shapes and nonsense words with unrounded vowels (e.g. kiki) to angular shapes (Köhler, 1947; Ramachandran & Hubbard, 2001). Here we tested the bouba/kiki phenomenon in 2.5‐year‐old children and a control group of adults (n =20 per age), using four pairs of rounded versus pointed shapes and four contrasting pairs of nonsense words differing in vowel sound. Overall, participants at both ages matched words with rounded vowels to the rounder shapes and words with unrounded vowels to the pointed shapes (both ps < .0005), with no significant difference between the two ages (p > .10). Such naturally biased correspondences between sound and shape may influence the development of language.
Choose and choose again: appearance–reality errors, pragmatics and logical ability
Authors: Deák Gedeon O. , Enright Brian 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the Appearance/Reality (AR) task some 3‐ and 4‐year‐old children make perseverative errors: they choose the same word for the appearance and the function of a deceptive object. Are these errors specific to the AR task, or signs of a general question‐answering problem? Preschoolers completed five tasks: AR; simple successive forced‐choice question pairs (QP); flexible naming of objects (FN); working memory (WM) span; and indeterminacy detection (ID). AR errors correlated with QP errors. Insensitivity to indeterminacy predicted perseveration in both tasks. Neither WM span nor flexible naming predicted other measures. Age predicted sensitivity to indeterminacy. These findings suggest that AR tests measure a pragmatic understanding; specifically, different questions about a topic usually call for different answers. This understanding is related to the ability to detect indeterminacy of each question in a series. AR errors are unrelated to the ability to represent an object as belonging to multiple categories, to working memory span, or to inhibiting previously activated words.
Frequency of Man‐Made Disasters in the 20th Century
Authors: Coleman Les 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper analyses two disaster databases maintained by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters and by Emergency Management Australia. The objective is to quantify the frequency, nature and changes in man‐made disasters in industrialised countries during the past century. The analysis shows an exponential growth in disaster frequency, largely due to an increase in traditional hazards such as fires and explosions, rather than from new technologies. Although the number of incidents has grown, this has been offset by a decline in fatalities per incident. An important implication of these results is that regulatory oversight and internal corporate governance processes are inadequate to ensure effective management of modern industrial risks.
Infrequent, but not frequent, reinforcers produce more variable responding and deficient sustained attention in young children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Aase Heidi , Sagvolden Terje 
Published: April 2006

Background:  The underlying behavioral/psychological processes of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder are unclear. Motivational factors, related to dopamine dysfunction, may play an important role in the development of the behavioral symptoms. Particularly, infrequent, but not frequent, reinforcers have been suggested to be associated with altered responding and deviant behavior in children with ADHD. The present study was designed to analyze the influence of reinforcement frequency on operationalized measures of hyperactivity, impulsiveness, sustained attention, and response variability.Methods:  Fifty‐six boys, half of whom were diagnosed with ADHD, completed a computerized task presented as a game with two squares on the screen. One square was associated with reinforcement. The task required responses by the computer mouse under contingencies alternating between variable interval schedules of short (mean 2 s) and long (mean 20 s) durations. Reinforcers were cartoon pictures and small trinkets.Results:  Overall, there was no difference between children with ADHD and comparison children when reinforcers were given frequently. Statistically significant differences on measures of sustained attention and variability, but not hyperactivity and impulsiveness, were found during infrequent reinforcement only. Age effects interacted with group effects on sustained attention, showing that group differences were found in the young children only. Surprisingly, older comparison children showed increased response variability and no learning.Conclusions:  When reinforcers are infrequent, children with ADHD show deficient sustained attention and increased variability in responding. Computer experience may have interfered with measures of hyperactivity and impulsiveness. The unexpectedly poor performance of the older comparison children may have been due to inefficient reinforcers or to verbally governed behavior overruling reinforcer effects. Reinforcer characteristics and experimental procedures are important factors influencing findings in studies investigating motivational factors. The study provides some support for the dynamic developmental theory of ADHD predicting relationships between neurobiological deficits, altered reinforcement mechanisms, and treatment recommendations.
Assessing medication effects in the MTA study using neuropsychological outcomes
Authors: Epstein Jeffery N. , Keith Conners C. , Hervey Aaron S. , Tonev Simon T. , Eugene Arnold L. , Abikoff Howard B. , Elliott Glen , Greenhill Laurence L. , Hechtman Lily , Hoagwood Kimberly , Hinshaw Stephen P. , Hoza Betsy , Jensen Peter S. , March John S. , Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Pelham William E. , Severe Joanne B. , Swanson James M. , Wells Karen , Vitiello Benedetto , Wigal Timothy ,   the MTA Cooperative Study Group
Published: April 2006

Background:  While studies have increasingly investigated deficits in reaction time (RT) and RT variability in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), few studies have examined the effects of stimulant medication on these important neuropsychological outcome measures.Methods:  316 children who participated in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA) completed the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT) at the 24‐month assessment point. Outcome measures included standard CPT outcomes (e.g., errors of commission, mean hit reaction time (RT)) and RT indicators derived from an Ex‐Gaussian distributional model (i.e., mu, sigma, and tau).Results:  Analyses revealed significant effects of medication across all neuropsychological outcome measures. Results on the Ex‐Gaussian outcome measures revealed that stimulant medication slows RT and reduces RT variability.Conclusions:  This demonstrates the importance of including analytic strategies that can accurately model the actual distributional pattern, including the positive skew. Further, the results of the study relate to several theoretical models of ADHD.
Child–therapist and parent–therapist alliance and therapeutic change in the treatment of children referred for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior
Authors: Kazdin Alan E. , Whitley Moira , Marciano Paul L. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  We examined the therapeutic alliance in evidence‐based treatment for children (N = 77, 19 girls, 58 boys, ages 6–14) referred clinically for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior.Method:  Different alliances (child–therapist, parent–therapist) were assessed from each participant's perspective at two points over the course of treatment. Both the quality of the child–therapist and the parent–therapist alliance predicted therapeutic changes in the children; the parent–therapist alliance also predicted improvements in parenting practices in the home.Results:  The findings could not easily be attributed to the influence of other domains (socioeconomic disadvantage, parent psychopathology and stress, and severity of child dysfunction) known to predict therapeutic change or to rater effects (common rater variance) in the predictors and criteria.Conclusion:  The therapeutic alliance warrants increased attention to understand the precise role in treatment and whether or how the alliance can be mobilized to enhance change.