Risk Assessment & Management Based Criteria for Design and Requalification of Pipelines and Risers in the Bay of Campeche
Authors: Bea R.G. , Ramos R. , Hernandez T. , Valle O. , Valdes V. , Maya R. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Risk Assessment and Management (RAM) based criteria for the design and requalification of pipelines and risers in the Bay of Campeche have been developed and implemented by PEMEX and IMP. The criteria address pipeline pressure integrity and corrosion, hydrodynamic stability, and capacity to withstand movements of the sea floor soils (the soft sea floor soils in the Bay of Campeche develop significant motions during hurricanes). The pipelines are assessed for three Safety and Serviceability Classifications. The SSC are based on risk acceptance criteria derived from considerations of economics, historic performance of pipelines, and current standards-of practice. Desirable and acceptable reliabilities of the pipelines for the three conditions cited are defined. Reliability formulations of pipeline 'demands' and 'capacities' are developed for loss of containment integrity due to corrosion, and hydrodynamic instability. Design for corrosion is linked to Inspection, Maintenance, and Repair (IMR) programs that will be implemented to manage corrosion. Uncertainties and biases associated with the analytical procedures are evaluated. Given the risk based characterizations, the reliability formulations, and the assessments of uncertainties and biases, design and requalification criteria are defined.

Introduction
At the present time, there are more than 500 km of pipelines located in the Bay of Campeche. These pipelines transport in excess of 2 million barrels of oil and 1.5 billion cubic feet of gas per day. The majority of the pipelines are located in water depths between 30 m and 50 m. Most of these pipelines were installed in the 1980's and 1990's, with some pipelines installed in the late 1970's. In October 1995, hurricane Roxanne formed in the western Caribbean Sea, crossed the Yucatan Peninsula, and entered the Bay of Campeche. Due to a southward moving front, the hurricane did not follow the normal northerly path of most hurricanes. It was forced back into the Bay of Campeche and the eastern coast of Mexico where it did considerable damage. Roxanne was the most severe hurricane to affect the Bay of Campeche during this century. It generated environmental conditions which approximated those of 100-year return period hurricanes.1 The majority of damage was confined to pipelines.2 Pipeline damage consisted of broken and leaking connections (above and under water), and damaged weight coatings. Given the results from the pipeline inspections and fitness for purpose studies, PEMEX and IMP initiated development of Risk Assessment and Management (RAM) based criteria for design and requalification of the pipelines in the Bay of Campeche. The RAM based criteria was to take advantage of the results from the oceanographic, pipeline design and inspections. and fitness for purpose studies, recent results from studI.es conducted by DNV3, AG4A, ISO5, BSI6, and API7 to develop advanced criteria for design of new pipelines and assessment of existing pipelines. Probability based reliability methods were used to evaluate the full scope (environmental and operating hazards), life-cycle (design, construction, operations, maintenance, decommissioning) risk characteristics associated with the Bay of Campeche pipelines (Risk Assessment).8–15 PEMEX and IMP utilized advanced risk management and decision analysis methods to define how the criteria should be defined to develop acceptable risks (Management).11,16,17