bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Age on the Elemental Nutrients of Celosia Cultivars
Authors: Omueti Olusola 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYStudies on the effects of age on the elemental nutrients contained in Celosia argentea cultivars showed that calcium, phosphorus and potassium decreased with age, the highest content of those elements occurring in the leaves between 5 and 7 weeks after sowing. Other elements, notably manganese and magnesium, increased up to 15 weeks after sowing. An anthocyanin-pigmented cultivar contained more iron, sodium and copper than green cultivars. Breeding potentials of the cultivars in terms of elemental nutrients are discussed, and harvesting the leaves of all cultivars 5 to 9 weeks after sowing is recommended.
Effects of Planting Density on Leaf Area and Productivity of Two Maize Cultivars in Nigeria
Authors: Remison S. U. , Lucas E. O. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYTwo maize cvs, FARZ 23 and FARZ 25, were grown at three densities (37,000, 53,000 and 80,000 plants/ha) in 1979 and 1980. Leaf area index (LAI) increased with increase in plant population and was at a maximum at mid-silk. Grain yield was highest at 53,000 plants/ha. There was no relation between LAI and grain yield but there was a positive correlation between LAI and total dry matter yield.
Statistical Assessment of Different Ways of Calculating Land Equivalent Ratios (LER)
Authors: Oyejola B. A. , Mead R. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe use in analysis of variance of six different ways of calculating the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) was assessed. Criteria used are (1) normality of the residuals of LER values after fitting block and treatment effects, (2) precision of comparisons arising from the analysis of variance, and (3) possible bias in the means. These were examined in detail for data from one experiment and consistency of the results was investigated for seven other sets of data. Separate standardization in each block had no advantages over using the same standardization in all blocks. The use of many different divisors can lead to problems in the statistical analysis of LERs.
Yield Potential and Stratified Growth Analysis of an Indeterminate Climbing Pole Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris) in Mexico
Authors: Fanjul L. , Kohashi-Shibata J. , Hernandez-Xolocotzi E. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe yield potential of a highly productive non-commercial Type IV bean cultivar was determined under optimum field conditions, grown in monoculture at 1 plant/m2on trellises 3 m high. Canopy growth was analysed by dividing the stand into 25 cm horizontal strata. The main components of yield were number of inflorescences and number of pods per stratum. Daily yield for the growing period was 4.9 g dry weight/m2. Although a high yield per plant was recorded (823 g/plant) drop of young pods and seed abortion were the major factors reducing the potential yield.
Effects of Water Supply during Floral Initiation and Differentiation on Female Flower Production by Robusta Bananas
Authors: Holder G. D. , Gumbs F. A. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYA continuous non-limiting soil water supply, or a non-limiting supply from 120 to 180 days after planting, significantly increased (P = 0.01) female flower production of banana cv Robusta compared with continuous soil water stress. Relieving stress after 120 days produced a significantly higher (P = 0.05) average number of female flowers per inflorescence than when adequate water was supplied throughout. Female flower production is positively correlated with the average growth rates at floral initiation and early floral differentiation and with the final pseudostem girth.
Water Requirements of Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum) Sown on Different Dates in a Monsoon Climate
Authors: Taha M. A. , Malik M. N. A. , Chaudhry F. I. , Makhdum M. I. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe consumptive use of water by cotton (G. hirsutumL.) variety 149F, sown at three dates, was calculated using PenmanEt× crop factor method. The earlier the sowing date the more water evapotranspired, mainly due to differences in the length of the growing season and the amount by which it coincided with the monsoonal depression of potential evapotranspiration. An example is given of calculating the irrigation requirements of a mid-June sown cotton, accounting for average rainfall, showing that the water requirements of cotton during the early stages may be adequately met by the establishment irrigation and rains during July. Examples are cited to show that a charged profile at the beginning of the season may sustain good growth and produce satisfactory yield.
Analysing Daily Rainfall Measurements to Give Agronomically Useful Results. II. A Modelling Approach
Authors: Stern R. D. , Dennett M. D. , Dale I. C. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYA probabilistic model of daily rainfall can be used to derive results of potential value to agriculture. A simple example shows how this model works, but more realistic models are also fitted, using standard statistical computer packages, and examples of the results are presented graphically. The modelling approach is compared and contrasted with direct methods of analysing daily rainfall.
A Data-Capture System for Agricultural Research Based on a Microcomputer
Authors: McNicol J. W. , Ng S. C. M. , Kidger R. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe integration of a microcomputer-based data-capture and data-processing system into an existing mainframe computing environment in a crop research institute is described. The system includes hand-held data terminals and electronic balances. Some computing terms are explained in an appendix.
Improved Cropping Systems for the Deep Vertisols of the Indian Semi-arid Tropics
Authors: Reddy M. S. , Willey R. W. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYA series of experiments was designed to evaluate a wide range of possible cropping systems for deep Vertisols of the Indian semi-arid tropics. The introduction of a rainy season maize crop, compared with traditional fallowing, had little effect on the yields of post-rainy season crops of sorghum, chickpea and pigeonpea. Introducing a rainy season sorghum crop caused severe yield reductions of post-rainy season crops in one year but only slight reductions in two subsequent years. Intercrop systems of maize/pigeonpea or sorghum/pigeonpea, and a three-crop system of maize/pigeonpea/chickpea, appeared very promising. Gross returns were usually much higher for the improved systems that utilized both the rainy and post-rainy seasons, though differences in net returns were not quite so great because of the extra costs of growing the additional rainy season crops.
Effects of Cultivar and Location on Seed Protein in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Authors: Dahiya B. S. , Kapoor A. C. , Solanki I. S. , Waldia R. S. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYSignificant differences were found between 20 chickpea cultivars and four locations in respect of the concentration of protein in the seeds. Cultivar x location interactions were also significant. The average protein concentration among cultivars varied from 18.5 to 23.2% and among locations from 18.3 to 22.7%. Correlations between seed protein concentration and seed yield and seed size were very small. Protein concentration was influenced by available nitrogen in the soil.
Effect of Planting Date on Flowering Rate and Capsule Yield of Papaver bracteatum
Authors: Levy A. , Palevitch D. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYPapaver bracteatum Lindl., a potential source for codeine production, is a perennial species which is known to flower from the second year of growth. Through selection and early planting date, a high flowering rate (96%) was achieved during the first growing season. The flowering response and yield of capsules were very sensitive to planting date and seedling type. Delaying planting markedly decreased both flowering rate and yield of capsules in the first year. Direct sowing was more advantageous than transplanting. A yield of 36 g/m2 of dry de-seeded capsules was obtained during the first growing season by direct sowing in late summer.
Biochemical Components and Other Characteristics of Maturing Pods of Vegetable Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
Authors: Omueti Olusola , Ojomo O. A. , Ogunyanwo O. , Olafare S. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYPods of vegetable cowpea Vigna unguiculata Walp. cv. Dinner were harvested at various developmental stages and their biochemical components and other characteristics analysed in two years. Pod length, percentage dry matter and starch, fresh and dry weights and total yield of sugar and starch per unit area increased with age. The percentage total yield of sugars was greatest in pods aged between 11 and 13 days. Vitamin C, total acidity, crude fibre and crude protein percentage decreased with age. Content of minerals except iron also decreased with age of pods. Magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, manganese and copper contents were greater in 1977 than in 1979 but iron and calcium contents were smaller. The vegetable cowpea pods were a rich source of calcium, magnesium, potassium and iron. Pods harvested between 7 and 10 days after flowering were crisply tasty and high in nutrients and therefore nutritionally the most acceptable for consumption.
Weed Competition, Yield and Tuber Size of Potato as Affected by Herbicides Under Sudanese Conditions
Authors: Mohamed A. I. , Nour M. O. M. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe effects on the potato crop of the herbicides metribuzin, linuron and metobromuron, singly and in combination with each other and with hand weeding, were investigated and compared with cropped and uncropped weedy controls. Weed competition was determined by measuring weed dry weight. When the three herbicides were applied singly metribuzin gave the lowest weed dry weight, while the combination of metribuzin, metobromuron and hand weeding gave the lowest weed dry weight per unit area of all treatments in both seasons. However, the best potato yield was obtained from the combination of metribuzin and hand weeding. Metobromuron consistently reduced yield through reduction of tuber size irrespective of its effect on weed competition. Metribuzin was the best herbicide for the control of broad leaved weeds and many grasses.
Reaction of Genotypes of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Iron Chlorosis in a Calcareous Soil
Authors: Singh B. P. , Sinha M. K. , Singh R. A. , Singh B. N. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYNine rice genotypes were classed as tolerant, moderately tolerant, susceptible and highly susceptible, depending on their growth retardation and the intensity of lime-induced iron chlorosis. All except genotypes IET 7972 and IET 7973 showed varying degreees of chlorosis and corresponding decreases in shoot dry matter production. Chlorosis was negatively correlated with the orthophenanthroline reactive Fe2+ iron content of the leaves, the concentration of which accounted for 82% of the variability in chlorosis. However, total iron concentration in the leaves and the Fe/Mn, Fe/Cu and K/Fe ratios were not significantly correlated with dry matter accumulation in the plants.
Farming Systems Research: Clarification of Terms and Concepts
Authors: Sands Deborah Merrill 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYFarming Systems Research (FSR) has emerged as a major theme in international agricultural research in the past decade. However, despite widespread use of the term, its meaning and the types of research objectives, approaches, activities and methods to which it applies remain ambiguous. The lack of precision in concepts and terms will discredit FSR and jeopardize donor support. This paper seeks to clarify and define the major types of research approaches and activities encompassed by the general term FSR. Six types of research are distinguished and a new, more precise terminology is proposed.
Development of Reproductive Structures in Grain Legumes: The Growth, Cell Structure and Maturation of Pods and Seeds
Authors: Davies Sarah , Williams Watkin 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe study was carried out in an unheated glasshouse under natural conditions of daylength and temperature. Rates of pod and seed growth and development, and of desiccation at maturity, are reported in single genotypes of Lupinus albus, Lupinus mutabilis, Vicia faba, Pisum sativum and Lathyrus latifolius. The histology of tissue layers in pods are also described. The culti-var of Pisum sativum completed dry weight accumulation in pods in 20 days from anthesis; the equivalent time in Lupinus albus (Kievskij mutant) was 60–70 days and in genotypes of Lupinus mutabilis and Vicia faba about 50 days. The heavier pods and seeds of the L. albus and V. faba cultivars were due to a prolonged rapid growth phase: rates of weight accumulation in seeds during the rapid growth phase were similar for all cultivars. The histology of the pod wall varied between species but the rate of dehydration of pods was not a factor in determining date of maturity. The results are discussed in the light of reservations based on known intra-specific variation in crop species.
The Effect of Strain of Rhizobium and of Temperature on Nodulation and Early Growth of Trifolium semipilosum
Authors: Roughley R. J. , Date R. A. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of strain of Rhizobium and of temperature on nodule formation and early growth of Trifolium semipilosum was studied in controlled environment cabinets. Time required for nodules to form was affected by strain of Rhizobium and by root temperature, acting independently. Strains CB788 and CB2116 required only 9.5 to 10.0 days, averaging over temperatures, whereas strains CB782 and CB526 required 12.8 to 13.0 days. Nodulation was earliest at whole-plant temperatures of 25/20°C and 30/25°C day/night (average 9.5 days); 15 days were required at 20/15°C. Nodule number was independent of bacterial strain but dependent on temperature; nodules were fewest in the lowest and most in the highest temperature regime. Plant yield was determined by interactions between temperature and strain and was generally greatest at whole plant temperatures of 25/20°C.When nodulated plants growing at 25°C were transferred to a range of root temperatures, plants grew best at 20° and 25°C and with strains CB782 and CB2116.
Effects of Root Temperature on the Growth and Nitrogen Fixation of Trifolium semipilosum and Trifolium repens
Authors: Date R. A. , Roughley R. J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYChanges in plant dry weight and nitrogen content of Trifolium semipilosum cv. Safari and T. repens cv. Grasslands Huia were monitored when the root systems of effectively nodulated 28-day-old plants were exposed to a range of constant and diurnal temperatures for 21 days. Nitrogen fixation was more sensitive to high root temperatures than was dry weight accumulation, and T. semipilosum was relatively more tolerant of high root temperatures than T. repens for both dry weight and nitrogen content. The optimum temperatures for dry weight yield and nitrogen fixation (≡nitrogen content) were similar (21–23°C) for both species.Our data suggest that growth and nitrogen fixation in T. semipilosum are more tolerant of short-term exposure to increase in root temperature than in T. repens. In addition, both species accumulated more dry matter and fixed more nitrogen when night temperatures were reduced from either 30 or 35°C to 25°C. The increase was greater with T. semipilosum and may be a major factor in its adaptation to the humid subtropics and cooler (elevated) tropics.
Crop Growth, Development and Yield in Semi-arid Conditions in Botswana. I. The Effects of Population Density and Row Spacing on Sorghum Bicolor
Authors: Rees D. J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYA series of population density and row spacing trials were carried out with sorghum in conditions of increasingly severe water stress from 1980 to 1984. In conditions of reasonable water availability, increasing density resulted in increased leaf area indices, dry weight production and grain yields. In conditions of severely limiting water availability, increasing density resulted in developmental delays, density-dependent mortality and reduced plant dry weights, with little increase in dry weight production per hectare. In these conditions grain yields were reduced by increasing density. The proportion of dry weight allocated to grain declined with increasing density and decreasing plant size, a consequence of the requirement for a minimum plant size to support grain production. When plant size was reduced below a critical range, disproportionately large reductions in grain yield resulted.Optimum densities for grain production varied from below 10 000 plants ha−1 in dry conditions to over 120 000 plants ha−1 in moist conditions. Medium density treatments produced the largest grain yields on a long term basis, but the low density treatment showed a reduced risk of crop failure and greater yield stability.
Crop Growth, Development and Yield in Semi-arid Conditions in Botswana. II. The Effects of Intercropping Sorghum Bicolor with Vigna Unguiculata
Authors: Rees D. J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYPlant growth, development and yield were monitored in sorghum/cowpea intercropping trials in Botswana during the drought seasons of 1982/3 and 1983/4. The cowpea proved to be more competitive than sorghum in these arid conditions, resulting in substantial increases in sorghum mortality and developmental delay, and substantial decreases in sorghum leaf area indices, dry weight production and grain yield. Intercropping in standard rows at medium plant densities resulted in Land Equivalent Ratios considerably less than 1.0, in contrast to earlier trials in Botswana in higher rainfall years which demonstrated intercropping advantages. Low density, wide row intercropping resulted in some small intercropping advantages, suggesting that this treatment may have potential in Botswana's variable climatic conditions.
Soyabeans as Green Manure in a Maize Intercropping System
Authors: Pandey R. K. , Pendleton J. W. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYTwo experiments were conducted over a two year period at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines to evaluate the effect of a soyabean green manure intercrop on the grain yield of maize. Three rows of soyabeans were interplanted at 50 cm spacing between maize rows 1.5 m apart. Forty two days after planting the two outside soyabean rows were ploughed into the maize rows in a traditional ‘hilling up’ operation. At the zero and lower nitrogen rates, the soyabean green manure resulted in significantly larger maize yields than when maize was grown without green manure, providing the equivalent of 28 kg N ha−1 on the zero nitrogen plots. A response to green manure was also seen at 25 and 50 kg N ha−1. Allowing the central soyabean row to grow to maturity provided additional yield and protein.
Some General Principles of Crop Rotation Experiments
Authors: Preece D. A. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThis review paper deals with some of the general statistical principles of crop rotation experiments. The basic terminology of the subject is defined. Attention is paid to the fundamental design principle that each phase of a rotation should each year be present in an experiment involving that rotation. The inclusion of ‘auxiliary’ treatments - usually fertilizer treatments - is discussed. Consideration is given to matters influencing the choice of size and shape of plots. The statistician's role in planning a rotation experiment is portrayed as onerous. Emphasis is put on the importance of care and good practice in the management of a long-term agricultural experiment. Complications arising in the statistical analysis of data from a rotation trial are sketched.
Grain Yields of Maize and the Nitrogen Contribution Following Stylosanthes Pasture in the Nigerian Subhumid Zone
Authors: Saleem M. A. Mohamed , Otsyina R. M. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYMaize grain yields were significantly higher following one to three years of Stylosanthes than after natural fallow or repeated cropping. This demonstrates an important benefit of the forage legume in addition to its value as a ruminant feed supplement. The implications for the development of traditional agro-pastoral production systems are discussed.
Differences in the Growth and Development of Chickpea Seedling Roots (Cicer arietinum)
Authors: Vincent C. , Gregory P. J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYDifferences in the growth and development of five genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) were studied until the three branch stage (18 or 21 days after sowing). Seedlings were grown in nutrient solution in clear Perspex cells immersed in temperature controlled water baths. Daily removal and photographing allowed serial measurements of the rate of root extension to be made. An accurate, detailed description of the rooting pattern was obtained by sectioning along the primary axis after harvest. Significant differences between the genotypes in root and shoot growth were recorded. The Syrian local landrace, ILC 1929, and the Ascochyta blight resistant genotype, ILC 428, had faster rates of extentions of the primary root axis and of lateral root development than the other genotypes. The possible significance of these results to subsequent growth and yield in Mediterranean environments is discussed.
Sesame Agronomy in South-east Tanzania. II. Intercropping with Sorghum
Authors: Taylor B. R. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYField trials are described in which sesame varieties maturing in 125 days at 2 m high, were grown in alternate rows with sorghum maturing in 175 days at 4 m. Compared to sowing both crops together, the yield of sesame sown 10, 14 and 28 days after sorghum fell by 53, 68 and 100%, respectively, but sorghum yield was not consistently affected. Improved sesame varieties, despite being shorter and less branched, performed better than the local variety, and nitrogen fertilizer applied to one or both components of the mixture did not appear to favour one crop at the expense of the other.
Sesame Agronomy in South-east Tanzania. III. The Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Seed Yield and Oil Content
Authors: Taylor B. R. , Lamboll David , Kafiriti E. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe response of sesame to fertilizer was studied in 11 trials at four different sites, in which phosphorus was applied at rates from 0 to 26 kg ha−1 to the seed bed and nitrogen at rates from 0 to 60 kg ha−1 after thinning. Yield responses, found only to the main effects of nitrogen and phosphorus, are discussed in relation to soil type and previous cropping history of the sites and used to calculate gross cash returns from fertilizer use. Seed oil content was affected by environment, but responses to nitrogen and phosphorus were inconsistent.
The Choice of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Varieties by Smallholders in South-east Tanzania. I. Observations on Different Varieties
Authors: Preston S. R. , Simons J. H. , Taylor B. R. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYSmallholders in south-east Tanzania grow the groundnut Red Mwitunde (Arachis hypogaea ssp. hypogaea), a long-season variety with seed dormancy, although earlier maturing varieties with no seed dormancy (ssp. hypogaea and fastigiata) usually yielded better in trials, particularly when late sown. Small-seeded, short-season varieties established better in the field than Red Mwitunde and other large-seeded varieties, especially under moisture stress. Trials with selective fungicides to estimate yield losses from leafspots (mainly Cercosporidium personatum) and rust (Puccinia arachidis), jointly and separately, showed no consistent varietal differences.