bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computing the Trivariate Chain Length/Degree of Branching/Number of Combination Points Distribution for Radical Polymerization with Transfer to Polymer and Recombination Termination
Authors: Iedema Piet D. , Hoefsloot Huub C. J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSummary: Polymer molecules made by radical polymerization with transfer to polymer and recombination termination contain branch points (connecting branch arms to backbones) and combination points (connecting various molecular structures). The trivariate chain length/degree of branching/number of combination points distribution (CLD/DBD/CPD) was calculated using a two‐dimensional version of a previously used pseudo‐distribution approach. This yielded the CPD moments for given chain length n and number of branches i. Both DBD and CPD at given chain length resemble a binomial distribution. For the construction of the full DBD and CPD a set of orthogonal polynomials, the Krawtchouk polynomials, in combination with the binomial distribution was employed. A first‐order Krawtchouk approximation enabled to compute the full CLD/DBD/CPD from the three CPD moments as a function of n and i. Results agree well with those from a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method. However, the large scatter due to the small numbers of molecules collected in the MC method at longer chain lengths prevents comparison in this range.Solutions of 3D CLD/DBD/CPD: CPD at constant chain length (20 000) and number of branch points (20).magnified imageSolutions of 3D CLD/DBD/CPD: CPD at constant chain length (20 000) and number of branch points (20).
Prevalence study of primary dystonia in Iceland
Authors: Asgeirsson Hilmir , Jakobsson Finnbogi , Hjaltason Haukur , Jonsdottir Helga , Sveinbjornsdottir Sigurlaug 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn Iceland, the crude prevalence for all types of primary dystonia was 37.1/105(confidence interval, 30.4–44.9). Focal dystonia had the highest prevalence (31.2/105), followed by segmental (3.1/105), multifocal (2.4/105) and generalized dystonia (0.3/105). Cervical dystonia was the most common focal dystonia (11.5/105), followed by limb dystonia (8.0/105), laryngeal dystonia (5.9/105), blepharospasm (3.1/105), and oromandibular dystonia (2.8/105). The male:female ratio for all patients was 1:1.9 (P= 0.0007), and females outnumbered males in all subtypes except oromandibular dystonia. Mean age of onset for all patients was 42.7 years (range, 3–82 years). This prevalence of primary dystonia is higher than in most reported studies, possibly because of more complete ascertainment but the relative frequencies of dystonia subtypes is similar. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
HS1‐BP3 gene variant is common in familial essential tremor
Authors: Higgins Joseph J. , Lombardi Roni Q. , Pucilowska Joanna , Jankovic Joseph , Golbe Lawrence I. , Verhagen Leo 
Published: October 2005

AbstractEssential tremor (ET) is a movement disorder characterized by a postural or kinetic tremor of the hands, head, or voice. It is typically a familial condition and affects 1% to 4% of the general population. The trait is genetically linked to chromosome 2p in some families. A variant (828C→G) in exon 7 of the hematopoietic‐specific protein 1 binding protein 3 gene (HS1‐BP3) on chromosome 2p recently has been found to segregate with ET in 2 families. To determine the frequency of this variant in a larger series, we studied patients with ET, Parkinson disease (PD), and controls without tremor. Affected singletons representing 73 families from the United States with dominantly inherited ET, 35 individuals with PD, and 304 healthy controls older than age 60 were tested for the 828C→G variant in exon 7 of the HS1‐BP3 gene by a BseYI restriction enzyme digest of the polymerase chain reaction product. Heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele were identified in 12 individuals with ET (16.4%) and in 1 individual with PD and postural tremor (3%). All of the healthy controls (608 chromosomes) were homozygous for the wild‐type allele. The 828C→G genetic variant in the HS1‐BP3 gene occurs relatively frequently in subjects with ET. The variant may also be found in some individuals with PD and postural tremor. The HS1‐BP3 gene plays a putative role in regulating catecholamine and serotonin metabolism, but the functional consequences of the amino acid substitution (A265G) caused by this genetic variant is unknown. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Learning a high‐precision locomotor task in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: van Hedel Hubertus J.A. , Waldvogel Daniel , Dietz Volker 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe evaluated the acquisition and performance of a high‐precision locomotor task in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy subjects. All subjects walked on a treadmill and had to step repetitively as low as possible over an obstacle without touching it. During blocks 1 and 2, the subjects had full vision and received additional acoustic warning and feedback signals. During block 3, vision became restricted. Changes in foot clearance and the number of obstacle hits were evaluated. Initially, PD patients performed poorer and improved foot clearance slower. After task repetition, the groups performed similarly. Restricting vision deteriorated performance in both groups. The similar performance of PD patients after task repetition might indicate that adequate training could improve adaptive locomotor behavior in PD patients. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
On‐demand deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: A report on four cases
Authors: Kronenbuerger Martin , Fromm Christoph , Block Frank , Coenen Volker A. , Rohde Ina , Rohde Veit , Noth Johannes 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for essential tremor (ET), but loss of efficacy due to tolerance can occur. Our objective was to evaluate if it is feasible to use DBS only on‐demand and if this would prevent tolerance. We report on the effects of left‐side thalamic DBS in 4 ET patients who were instructed to switch on stimulation only when using their right hand for motor tasks and were followed‐up to 30 months after surgery. The patients were capable of using DBS only on‐demand (DBS use of 22.0 ± 13.5%/day). DBS led to a stable suppression of right arm tremor throughout the follow‐up. No problems associated with tolerance such as tremor rebound or late therapy failure occurred. In comparison to publications stating that ET patients had been using DBS continuously during the daytime, the use of on‐demand DBS saves battery life, which delays surgical replacement of the stimulator. Thus, on‐demand DBS saves money, may help to prevent tolerance, and should be adopted for the long‐term treatment of ET patients. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Eye–hand coordination in essential tremor
Authors: Trillenberg Peter , Führer Julia , Sprenger Andreas , Hagenow Ania , Kömpf Detlef , Wenzelburger Roland , Deuschl Günther , Heide Wolfgang , Helmchen Christoph 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPatients with essential tremor (ET) or with cerebellar lesions have in common oculomotor abnormalities, with the exception of saccadic eye movements, which do not seem to be involved in ET. Since grasping is prolonged in ET and might be related to saccadic dysmetria, we tested whether simultaneous hand pointing could unmask it. Twelve ET patients and 14 controls performed saccades with and without simultaneous pointing movements to the same targets, and with and without a gap between the disappearance of the fixation point and the appearance of the target. Eye movements were recorded with the magnetic search‐coil method, hand movements with an ultrasound‐emitting probe. ET patients did not have saccadic dysmetria, and contrary to normal subjects their saccadic latency did not decrease during combined eye–hand movements compared with saccades performed in isolation. Hand movements had a longer duration in ET patients, with decreased peak acceleration, an increased latency of the peak velocity, and peak deceleration. In conclusion, this first study on eye–hand coordination in ET revealed abnormal kinematic changes in the early phase of pointing movements. These changes might be related to cerebellar disease but they are independent of the intention tremor component and saccade performance. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Unusual position‐sensitive jaw tremor responsive to botulinum toxin
Authors: Tarsy Daniel , Ro Susie I. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe report on a woman with a focal position‐sensitive jaw tremor present with the jaw held slightly open or while drinking from a cup. Electromyography demonstrated a rhythmic 5 Hz alternating tremor involving masseter and digastric muscles with normal reciprocal inhibition. The tremor was markedly reduced with botulinum toxin injections. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Detection of the myo‐inositol 4.06‐ppm resonance by selective J rewinding: Application to human prefrontal cortex in vivo
Authors: Choi Changho , Ogilvie Catherine J. , Malykhin Nikolai , Ngo Jennifer T. V. , Hartfeil Misha A. W. , Coupland Nicholas J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA new proton NMR single‐voxel spectral editing strategy for the rapid measurement of myo‐inositol in human brain is proposed. The spectral editing detects the 4.06‐ppm, weakly coupled resonance by means of selective J rewinding. An 84.6‐ms‐long quadruple‐resonance selective 180° radiofrequency pulse, implemented within an adiabatic‐refocused localization sequence, induces an in‐phase triplet at 4.06 ppm, while eliminating the contribution from creatine, phosphorylethanolamine, lactate, and serine in this spectral region. The myo‐inositol concentration in human prefrontal cortex is estimated to be 5.7 ± 0.9 μmol/g (mean ± SD, n = 7), with reference to NAA at 10 μmol/g. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radical polymerization behavior of trimethoxyvinylsilane
Authors: Seno Makiko , Hasegawa Makoto , Hirano Tomohiro , Sato Tsuneyuki 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTrimethoxyvinylsilane (TMVS) was quantitatively polymerized at 130 °C in bulk, using dicumyl peroxide (DCPO) as initiator. The polymerization of TMVS with DCPO was kinetically studied in dioxane by Fourier transform near‐infrared spectroscopy. The overall activation energy of the bulk polymerization was estimated to be 112 kJ/mol. The initial polymerization rate (Rp) was expressed by Rp = k[DCPO]0.6[TMVS]1.0 at 120 °C, being closely similar to that of the conventional radical polymerization involving bimolecular termination. The polymerization system involved electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopically observable polymer radicals under the actual polymerization conditions. ESR‐determined apparent rate constants of propagation and termination were 13 L/mol s and 3.1 × 104 L/mol s at 120 °C, respectively. The molecular weight of the resulting poly(TMVS)s was low (Mn = 2.0–4.4 × 103), because of the high chain transfer constant (Cmtr = 4.2 × 10−2 at 120 °C) to the monomer. The bulk copolymerization of TMVS (M1) and vinyl acetate (M2) at 120 °C gave the following copolymerization parameters: rl = 1.4, r2 = 0.24, Q1 = 0.084, and e1 = +0.80. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5864–5871, 2005
Mobility and leaching of glyphosate: a review
Authors: Vereecken Harry 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThere is currently concern that glyphosate, a strongly sorbing non‐selective herbicide which is widely used in Europe, may be leached from the root zone into drainage water and groundwater. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss the state of knowledge with respect to the mobility and leaching of glyphosate from agricultural soils. Specific attention is given to the adsorption behaviour of glyphosate and the analysis of available studies on glyphosate transport. In addition, there are a number of experimental and numerical studies indicating that other strongly sorbing substances may be transported rapidly to the sub‐surface. The experimental studies analysed in the paper encompass column‐, lysimeter‐ and field‐scale experiments on glyphosate transport. The experimental findings, combined with transport studies on other strongly sorbing pesticides in the literature, support the hypothesis that transport of glyphosate may be caused by an interaction of high rainfall events shortly after application on wet soils showing the presence of preferential flow paths. Concentrations of glyphosate in European groundwater have been reported occasionally but monitoring is still limited. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The outlook for peptide drugs and the intricate relationship between the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients manufacturer and their sponsors
Authors: de Chastonay Jose 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAs research laboratories discover an ever‐increasing number of peptides of pharmacological interest, there is an increased need for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) services, as these drugs candidates undergo clinical trials. It is therefore essential to understand the importance of the relationship with the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) manufacturer and its implications in the development and commercialization of the future peptide drug. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New direct evidence of point defects interacting with dislocations and grain boundaries in diamond
Authors: Mora A. E. , Steeds J. W. , Butler J. E. , Yan C.‐S. , Mao H. K. , Hemley R. J. , Fisher D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe correlation of TEM imaging and micro‐photoluminescence studies of electron irradiated areas of diamond, developed in Bristol, has been extended to new optical centres and defects. In this paper, we show new evidence of the interaction of point defects with dislocations and grain boundaries in diamond. Optical centres at 518.6 and 518.8 nm are directly correlated with dislocations and an optical centre at 519.1 nm was correlated with a grain boundary. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
How do electronic properties of conventional III–V semiconductors hold for the III–V boron bismuth BBi compound?
Authors: Madouri D. , Ferhat M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe have performed ab‐initio self‐consistent calculations using the full potential linear augmented plane wave method to investigate the structural and the electronic properties of the boron bismuth III–V compound BBi. Our calculations provide the first available information about the structural and electronic ground‐state properties of BBi. Total energy calculations of the cubic zinc‐blende, wurtzite, rock‐salt, cesium chloride and orthorhombic Cmcm phases are made. The zinc‐blende structure is found to be the ground‐state phase of BBi; within the generalized gradient approximation (local density approximation), we found a lattice constant of 5.529 Å (5.416 Å) and a bulk modulus of 72.20 GPa (86.27 GPa). We found that, contrary to other boron compounds, the band gap of BBi is direct at the Γ point. The relativistic contraction of the 6s orbital of Bi has a strong influence on the bands and bonds of BBi. Consequently, the electronic properties of BBi are shown to differ considerably from those of common group III–V semiconductors (e.g. GaAs); in particular, we found an unusually strong p–p mixing of the valence‐band maximum relative to most of the other III–V compounds. Furthermore, the calculated valence charge density shows an anomalous behavior, characterized by a charge transfer towards the ‘cation' B atom, further illustrating the rich behavior of boron bismuth compounds. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of imperfect surface on dielectric susceptibility in the ferroelectric thin film with second‐order phase transition
Authors: Lin Shan , Lü Tian‐Quan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA generalized Ginzburg–Landau–Devonshire free energy has been used to investigate the temperature and the thickness dependence of the dielectric susceptibility of ferroelectric (FE) thin films with imperfect surface layers and the second‐order phase transition. When the spontaneous polarization is depressed in the surface layer, the transition temperature of the film is lower than that of the bulk; the mean susceptibility of the film increases with the decrease of the film thickness and goes up rapidly near the critical thickness, and a size‐driven phase transition will take place in this case. When the spontaneous polarization is enhanced in the surface layer, the critical temperature of the film is higher than that of the bulk, the mean susceptibility decreases with decreasing the film thickness, and there is no size‐driven phase transition in this case. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of surface energy minima on the shape of self‐induced SiGe nanoislands
Authors: Yaremko A. M. , Dzhagan V. M. , Lytvyn P. M. , Yukhymchuk V. O. , Valakh M. Ya. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe results of a numerical modelling of the influence of discrete surface energy minima on the island shape transition are reported. The real composition of self‐induced (Ge)SiGe/Si nanoislands grown at high temperatures is taken into account in deriving the expression of the island total energy. The simulated values of the critical island size at which the transition occurs are compared with those observed in experiments. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Negative effects of hydroxyl radical‐generating mists (simulated dew water) on the photosynthesis and growth of Japanese apricot seedlings (Prunus mume)
Authors: Yoon Johee , Abe‐Suzuki Masayo , Eko Pudjadi , Tamai Hiroshi , Hanamitsu Shigeichiro , Nakane Kaneyuki 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe hydroxyl (OH) radical, which is generated in polluted dew water on leaf surfaces of the Japanese apricot (Prunus mume), is known to be a potent oxidant. In order to investigate the effects of the OH radical formed in polluted dew water on the photosynthesis and growth of 3‐year‐old seedlings of P. mume, OH radical‐generating solutions simulating polluted dew water were sprayed in the early morning as a mist throughout a growing season onto the leaf surfaces of seedlings growing in experimental greenhouses. Four OH radical‐generating solutions (0, 6, 18 and 54 μM H2O2 with Fe(III) and an oxalate ion) were used in the mist treatment. Five months after the beginning of treatment, the leaves exposed to the mist containing 54 μM H2O2 showed a significantly smaller maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Amax) and stomatal conductance (gs) as compared to the leaves exposed to the mist containing 0 μM H2O2. Exposure of P. mume seedlings to the OH radical‐generating mist had caused a reduction in the dry weight and relative growth rate (RGR) of the above‐ground parts (stem + branch) at the end of the growing season. A significant positive correlation was shown between RGR and Amax. Thus, the effects of oxidants generated in polluted dew water on leaf surfaces can be considered to be a cause of the decrease in leaf photosynthesis and growth of P. mume.
Radar evidence of orographic enhancement due to the seeder feeder mechanism
Authors: Purdy J. C. , Austin G.L. , Seed A. W. , Cluckie I.D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThere are many cases where observed orographic enhancement has been plausibly attributed to the seeder feeder mechanism. To date, however, there have been few examples of radar data that clearly illustrate the concept of process, in the manner that the data presented here do. In this case study, vertical pointing radar data collected on the windward side of New Zealand's Southern Alps show two separated precipitating systems, with shallow rainfall enhanced by snowfall from aloft. Simple analysis of the synoptic conditions and rainfall data showed that this interaction did result in orographic enhancement. Further evidence of a seeder feeder event is given by simultaneous scanning radar data, which show a marked increase in raining area at the onset of the snowfall. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Probabilistic precipitation forecasts from a deterministic model: a pragmatic approach
Authors: Theis S. E. , Hense A. , Damrath U. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPrecipitation forecasts from mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models often contain features that are not deterministically predictable and require a probabilistic forecast approach. However, some forecast providers still refrain from a probabilistic approach in operational forecasting because existing methods are associated with substantial costs. Therefore, a pragmatic, low‐budget postprocessing procedure is presented that derives probabilistic precipitation forecasts from deterministic NWP model output. The methodology looks in the spatio‐temporal neighbourhood of a point to get a set of forecasts and uses this set to derive a probabilistic forecast at the central point of the neighbourhood. For the sake of low implementation costs and low running costs, the procedure does without ensemble simulations, historical error statistics or the operational interaction of a forecaster. The procedure is applied to the output of the mesoscale model LM, the regional part of the operational modelling system of the German Weather Service (DWD). The probabilistic postprocessed forecast (PPPF) outperforms the deterministic direct model output in terms of forecast consistency, forecast quality and forecast value. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
The evolution and retreat features of the summer monsoon over India
Authors: Rao P. L. S. , Mohanty U.C. , Ramesh K. J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe motivation for this study stems from the fact that there are no uniform criteria to identify the onset of the summer monsoon at a particular location. Furthermore, proper understanding of the events that culminate in the onset of the monsoon is crucial to allow its prediction over various time scales. An attempt is made to elucidate the characteristics of the onset and retreat of the monsoon using a global data assimilation and forecast system. For this purpose, the time series of net tropospheric large‐scale budgets of kinetic energy, heat and moisture are examined over the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and some land locations in India. The study makes use of daily data comprising operational analysis (0000 UTC) and forecasts (day1 through day5) produced by the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, India, for the summer season of 1994.The sequence of events associated with the advent of the monsoon is noticeably different at various locations. The horizontal fluxes of heat and moisture produce a divergence regime prior to the evolution and change to convergence during the onset of monsoon over the Arabian Sea. Similarly, intense diabatic cooling is noticed prior to the onset of monsoon and changes to heating subsequently. On the other hand, heat and moisture fluxes remain in the convergence regime well before the arrival of the monsoon over the Bay of Bengal. In turn, diabatic heating is noticed prior to the onset here. Onset characteristics at Bombay and Nagpur are similar to those of the Arabian Sea. However, features at Calcutta are identical to those over the Bay of Bengal. Further, the budgets of kinetic energy, heat and moisture depict monotonic decrease at various land locations corresponding to the retreat. Interestingly, the signature of retreat is very similar at the various locations considered here. These changes are observed in the analysis and further corroborated by the model forecasts. Despite the systematic biases, the model captures the essential signature of the onset at various forecast ranges. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society