bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guest–Host Hydrogen Bonding in Structure H Clathrate Hydrates
Authors: Susilo Robin , Alavi Saman , Moudrakovski Igor L. , Englezos Peter , Ripmeester John A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMolecular dynamics simulations of the structure H (sH) clathrate of tert‐butylmethylether show the prevalence of ether–water hydrogen bonding (see picture), absent in the neo‐hexane sH clathrate. This affects guest–cage dynamics and host–water dielectric relaxation dynamics. The 13C and 1H NMR relaxation times for both guests are measured, and the differences are explained in terms of guest–host interactions in the two clathrates.magnified imageThe formation of guest–host hydrogen bonds in structure H (sH) clathrate hydrates is studied herein. We contrast the structure and guest dynamics of the tert‐butylmethylether (TBME) and neohexane (NH) sH clathrates by performing molecular dynamics simulations on these two clathrates and measuring 1H and 13C NMR relaxation times of the guests. These two guests are isoelectronic and differ with respect to the presence of the ether oxygen atom in TBME and a CH2 group in NH. The TBME guest forms long‐lived hydrogen bonds with water molecules in the equatorial region of the large sH clathrate cage. These hydrogen bonds effectively tether the TBME guest to the side of the cage and restrict its rattling and rotational motions in the cage compared to NH, which does not become hydrogen bonded to the cage’s water molecules.
Selbsttragende Ziegelflachstürze mit unvermörtelten Stoßfugen in der Übermauerung
Authors: Meyer Udo , Schmidt Roger 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMauerwerk mit unvermörtelten Stoßfugen ist seit vielen Jahren die überwiegend verwendete Bauweise in Deutschland. Im Bereich von Flachsturz‐Übermauerungen war bisher jedoch die Vermörtelung der Stoßfugen vorgeschrieben. Eine neue bauaufsichtliche Zulassung ermöglicht erstmals die Ausführung von nichttragenden Flachsturz‐Übermauerungen mit großformatigen Ziegeln ohne Stoßfugenvermörtelung. Der folgende Beitrag erläutert die wichtigsten Anwendungsregeln dieser Zulassung (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Th2 allergic immune response to inhaled fungal antigens is modulated by TLR‐4‐independent bacterial products
Authors: Allard Jenna B. , Rinaldi Lisa , Wargo Matthew J. , Allen Gilman , Akira Shizuo , Uematsu Satoshi , Poynter Matthew E. , Hogan Deborah A. , Rincon Mercedes , Whittaker Laurie A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAllergic airway disease is characterized by eosinophilic inflammation, mucus hypersecretion and increased airway resistance. Fungal antigens are ubiquitous within the environment and are well known triggers of allergic disease. Bacterial products are also frequently encountered within the environment and may alter the immune response to certain antigens. The consequence of simultaneous exposure to bacterial and fungal products on the lung adaptive immune response has not been explored. Here, we show that oropharyngeal aspiration of fungal lysates (Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus) promotes airway eosinophilia, secretion of Th2 cytokines and mucus cell metaplasia. In contrast, oropharyngeal exposure to bacterial lysates (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) promotes airway inflammation characterized by neutrophils, Th1 cytokine secretion and no mucus production. More importantly, administration of bacterial lysates together with fungal lysates deviates the adaptive immune response to a Th1 type associated with neutrophilia and diminished mucus production. The immunomodulatory effect that bacterial lysates have on the response to fungi is TLR4 independent but MyD88 dependent. Thus, different types of microbial products within the airway can alter the host's adaptive immune response and potentially impact the development of allergic airway disease to environmental fungal antigens.
Preparation of a Reversible Redox‐Controlled Cage‐Type Molecule Linked by Disulfide Bonds
Authors: Horng Yih‐Chern , Lin Tzung‐Lung , Tu Cheng‐Yi , Sung Ting‐Ju , Hsieh Chang‐Chih , Hu Ching‐Han , Lee Hon Man , Kuo Ting‐Shen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA unique trithiol macromolecule, with an intrinsic conformational propensity for dimerization (cage) instead of oligomerization upon oxidation, was prepared straightforwardly through rational design. The quantitative conversion and the reversibility between the cage and trithiols through redox reactions were assayed by 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis. The X‐ray structure of the synthesized cage‐type molecule represents the first successful example of a redox‐controlled reversible dimeric capsule linked through covalent disulfide bonds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Dude looks like a lady: Exploring the malleability of person categorization
Authors: Brebner Joanne L. , Martin Douglas , Macrae C. Neil 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRecent research has documented how single facial features can trigger person categorization. Questions remain, however, regarding the automaticity of the reported effects. Using a modified flanker paradigm, the current investigation explored the extent to which hair cues drive sex categorization when faces comprise task‐irrelevant (i.e., unattended) stimuli. In three experiments, participants were required to classify target forenames by gender while ignoring irrelevant flanking faces with and without hair cues. When present, hair cues were either congruent or incongruent with prevailing cultural stereotypes. The results demonstrated the potency of category‐specifying featural cues. First, flanker interference only emerged when critical hair cues were present (Experiment 1). Second, flankers with stereotype‐incongruent hairstyles (e.g., men with long hair) facilitated access to information associated with the opposite sex (Experiment 2), even when the flankers were highly familiar celebrities (Experiment 3). The theoretical implications of these findings are considered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Priming the ant or the grasshopper in people's mind: How regulatory mode affects inter‐temporal choices
Authors: Mannetti Lucia , Leder Susanne , Insalata Libera , Pierro Antonio , Higgins Tory , Kruglanski Arie 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe present study examined the influence of two regulatory mode concerns—a locomotion concern with movement from state to state and an assessment concern with making comparisons—on choices between immediate and delayed (from 2 to 6 weeks) money rewards. Regulatory mode orientation was induced by means of a priming procedure. We predicted that the choices in the assessment condition would be less impulsive and more far‐sighted than those in the locomotion condition. After taking into account the effects of amount of early reward, length of delay and increase in delayed reward—all of which were in the direction of previous studies—this regulatory mode prediction was supported. Our findings suggest that it might be possible to induce more far‐sighted (or economically rational) inter‐temporal choices by means of instructions that induce an assessment orientation independent of stable inter‐individual differences in discount rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent progress in gasification/pyrolysis technologies for biomass conversion to energy
Authors: Digman Brett , Joo Hyun Soo , Kim Dong‐Shik 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this review, we will be discussing existing techniques and recent progress in gasification and pyrolysis techniques for the conversion of cellulosic biomass into a viable source of energy. Topics of discussion will include biomass gasification to produce syngas and process concerns, as well as various ways to address these issues, biomass pyrolysis for production of bio‐oil and examples of novel techniques published in recent articles, co‐firing of biomass and coal and the use of co‐gasification and co‐pyrolysis, the combination of pyrolysis and gasification to process pyrolysis products to syngas through gasification and liquifaction of syngas and its conversion to fuels such as ethanol, methanol, and Fisher‐Tropsh oil through modified catalysis. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
MNS16A minisatellite genotypes in relation to risk of glioma and meningioma and to glioblastoma outcome
Authors: Andersson Ulrika , Osterman Pia , Sjöström Sara , Johansen Christoffer , Henriksson Roger , Brännström Thomas , Broholm Helle , Christensen Helle Collatz , Ahlbom Anders , Auvinen Anssi , Feychting Maria , Lönn Stefan , Kiuru Anne , Swerdlow Anthony , Schoemaker Minouk , Roos Göran , Malmer Beatrice 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene is upregulated in a majority of malignant tumours. A variable tandem repeat, MNS16A, has been reported to be of functional significance for hTERT expression. Published data on the clinical relevance of MNS16A variants in brain tumours have been contradictory. The present population‐based study in the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom evaluated brain‐tumour risk and survival in relation to MNS16A minisatellite variants in 648 glioma cases, 473 meningioma cases and 1,359 age, sex and geographically matched controls. By PCR‐based genotyping all study subjects with fragments of 240 or 271 bp were judged as having short (S) alleles and subjects with 299 or 331 bp fragments as having long (L) alleles. Relative risk of glioma or meningioma was estimated with logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and country. Overall survival was analysed using Kaplan–Meier estimates and equality of survival distributions using the log‐rank test and Cox proportional hazard ratios. The MNS16A genotype was not associated with risk of occurrence of glioma, glioblastoma (GBM) or meningioma. For GBM there were median survivals of 15.3, 11.0 and 10.7 months for the LL, LS and SS genotypes, respectively; the hazard ratio for having the LS genotype compared with the LL was significantly increased HR 2.44 (1.56–3.82) and having the SS genotype versus the LL was nonsignificantly increased HR 1.46 (0.81–2.61). When comparing the LL versus having one of the potentially functional variants LS and SS, the HR was 2.10 (1.41–3.1). However, functionality was not supported as there was no trend towards increasing HR with number of S alleles. Collected data from our and previous studies regarding both risk and survival for the MNS16A genotypes are contradictory and warrant further investigations. © 2009 UICC
Bax shuttling after rotenone treatment of neuronal primary cultures: Effects on cell death phenotypes
Authors: Gill Martin B. , Perez‐Polo J. Regino 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNeonatal (P7) brain hypoxia–ischemia (HI) induces intracellular Bax protein shifts to the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it triggers the activation of the respective cell death signaling cascades. When compared with HI‐treated rat pups, 100% O2 resuscitation of HI‐treated rat pups increases HI‐induced ER Bax levels, ER‐mediated cell death signaling, and resultant lesion volume and inflammation due to increased necrotic‐like cell death. To better characterize the role of Bax intracellular shuttling ER cell death signaling and necrotic‐like cell death, we used rotenone‐treated P5 neuronal cortical cultures to increase ER Bax levels and subsequent cell death signaling. We treated P5 primary cortical neurons with 25 μM and 100 μM rotenone as an apoptotic or necrotic‐like stimulus, respectively, and measured intracellular organelle Bax levels and the subsequent activation of ER/mitochondrial cell death signaling. The 25 μM rotenone treatment promptly increased nuclear Bax levels followed by a later increase in mitochondrial Bax levels and caspase‐mediated cleavage of α‐fodrin. The 100 μM rotenone treatment also resulted in an early increase in nuclear Bax levels followed by a subsequent increase in ER Bax levels and calpain‐mediated cleavage of α‐fodrin. After pretreatment with the immunosuppressive and neuroprotective FK506, there was a delay in Bax intracellular shifts and cell death signaling for both the 25 and 100 μM rotenone treatments. These results suggest that the different outcomes of apoptotic‐like vs. necrotic‐like cell death resulting from the treatment of neuronal cultures with rotenone at 25 and 100μM rotenone reflect changes in the intracellular trafficking of Bax among different organelles. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK): A regulator of CNS myelination
Authors: Forrest Audrey D. , Beggs Hilary E. , Reichardt Louis F. , Dupree Jeffrey L. , Colello Raymond J. , Fuss Babette 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe formation of the myelin sheath is a crucial step during development because it enables fast and efficient propagation of signals within the limited space of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). During the process of myelination, oligodendrocytes actively interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM). These interactions are considered crucial for proper and timely completion of the myelin sheath. However, the exact regulatory circuits involved in the signaling events that occur between the ECM and oligodendrocytes are currently not fully understood. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the role of a known integrator of cell–ECM signaling, namely, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), in CNS myelination via the use of conditional (oligodendrocyte‐specific) and inducible FAK‐knockout mice (Fakflox/flox: PLP/CreERT mice). When inducing FAK knockout just prior to and during active myelination of the optic nerve, we observed a significant reduction in the number of myelinated fibers on postnatal day 14. In addition, our data revealed a decreased number of primary processes extending from oligodendrocyte cell bodies at this postnatal age and on induction of FAK knockout. In contrast, myelination appeared normal on postnatal day 28. Thus, our data suggest that FAK controls the efficiency and timing of CNS myelination during its initial stages, at least in part, by regulating oligodendrocyte process outgrowth and/or remodeling. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inactive and relict rock glaciers of the Deboullie Lakes Ecological Reserve, northern Maine, USA
Authors: Putnam Aaron E. , Putnam David E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLobate talus slopes in the Deboullie Lakes Ecological Reserve (DLER) of northern Maine exhibit parabolic profiles characteristic of inactive and relict talus‐derived rock glaciers. Vegetated rock glacier surfaces suggest that the landforms are no longer active, and lobes comprising two DLER rock glaciers document periods of past growth. Observations of perennial subsurface ice are supported by datalogger temperature measurements, indicating that sporadic permafrost exists throughout the DLER. We compare the DLER rock glaciers, along with similar features elsewhere in New England and adjacent Québec, to the modern alpine permafrost distribution. Results indicate that a mean annual temperature cooling of ∼6°C is required to promote active rock glacier growth. Ages of plant remains recovered from the basal sediments of a local pond constrain deglaciation to before 11 320 14C a BP, and core stratigraphy and organic content reveal that a periglacial environment persisted during the early postglacial era. Thus, we hypothesise that the DLER rock glaciers were active during Lateglacial time despite the lack of glacier activity in the region. We take this to suggest that north‐eastern US rock glaciers formed in response to mean annual temperatures skewed towards the frigid winters of the Younger Dryas chronozone. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of field‐enhanced and pressure‐assisted field‐enhanced sample injection techniques for the analysis of water‐soluble vitamins using CZE
Authors: Liu Qingqing , Liu Yaling , Guan Yu , Jia Li 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA new online concentration method, namely pressure‐assisted field‐enhanced sample injection (PA‐FESI), was developed and compared with FESI for the analysis of water‐soluble vitamins by CZE with UV detection. In PA‐FESI, negative voltage and positive pressure were simultaneously applied to initialize PA‐FESI. PA‐FESI uses the hydrodynamic flow generated by the positive pressure to counterbalance the reverse EOF in the capillary column during electrokinetic sample injection, which allowed a longer injection time than usual FESI mode without compromising the separation efficiency. Using the PA‐FESI method, the LODs of the vitamins were at ng/mL level based on the S/N of 3 and the RSDs of migration time and peak area for each vitamin (1 μg/mL) were less than 5.1%. The developed method was applied to the analysis of water‐soluble vitamins in corns.
A boundary value problem for the spherically symmetric motion of a pressureless gas with a temperature‐dependent viscosity
Authors: Ducomet Bernard , Nečasová Šárka 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe consider an initial‐boundary value problem for the equations of spherically symmetric motion of a pressureless gas with temperature‐dependent viscosity µ(θ) and conductivity κ(θ). We prove that this problem admits a unique weak solution, assuming Belov's functional relation between µ(θ) and κ(θ) and we give the behaviour of the solution for large times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ossified haematomas and infectious bone changes on the anterior tibia: histomorphological features as an aid for accurate diagnosis
Authors: Van der Merwe A. E. , Maat G. J. R. , Steyn M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractExamination of the histological structure of bone not only helps investigators to estimate age at death but can also aid in the diagnosis of palaeopathological lesions. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether histological features as described in the literature can confirm the macroscopic diagnoses of ossified subperiosteal haematomas associated with healed scurvy and syphilitic bone changes observed on the anterior tibiae of individuals from a 19th century mining community from Kimberley South Africa. The frequent occurrence of these two diseases amongst the deceased was well established in related hospital documents and governmental documents. A section of bone was removed from lesions on the tibiae of 14 individuals. These bone changes were macroscopically diagnosed as being indicative of either treponematosis ossified subperiosteal haematomas or non‐specific periostitis. Cross‐sections were prepared for microscopic investigation using a manual ground section technique. Ossified haematomas were histologically identified in seven individuals. These sections were characterised by normal cortical bone an intact original periosteal surface and newly formed radiating trabecular bone apposing it. Three phases of ossified subperiosteal haematoma formation and remodelling could be distinguished. Infectious bone changes most likely associated with treponematosis were observed in one individual. These were characterised by lysis and numerous resorption holes/channels. No clear distinction could be made between the internal spongy cortical or newly formed bone. Histological features described by some authors as characteristic of this condition could not be identified. In addition three individuals presented with microscopic features indicative of both the aforementioned bone affections and three did not show any pathological changes on microscopic level. It was concluded that although specific pathological conditions can most likely not be diagnosed purely on the basis of histomorphological observations broad distinctions could be made between lesions caused by the ossification of subperiosteal haematomas and bone changes due to infectious diseases. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A dynamic game of status‐seeking with public capital and an exhaustible resource
Authors: Katayama Seiichi , Long Ngo Van 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper explores the link between status‐seeking and the exploitation of a common property exhaustible resource. The extracted resource is an input in the production of a final good. The other input is man‐made capital, which is a second state variable. Extraction requires efforts. Economic agents derive utility not only from absolute consumption, but also from relative consumption, because the latter is a signal of relative status. We consider a differential game involving n infinitely lived agents. We compare the Markov‐perfect Nash equilibrium of this game with the outcome under cooperation. We find that the degree of status‐consciousness has important impact on the Markov‐perfect Nash equilibrium. A higher degree of status‐consciousness leads to greater excessive consumption, and lower capital accumulation. If extraction is costless, status‐consciousness has no impact on the extraction/resource‐stock ratio. However, with costly extraction, higher status‐consciousness reduces this ratio. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of Rhesus status on first‐trimester pregnancy screening markers free β human chorionic gonadotropin, pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A and nuchal translucency
Authors: Cowans Nicholas J. , Stamatopoulou Anastasia , Spencer Kevin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo examine whether maternal Rhesus status has any effect on the levels of first‐trimester markers free beta‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG), pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) and nuchal translucency (NT).MethodsFirst‐trimester free‐β‐hCG and PAPP‐A levels from pregnant women attending three hospitals in Kent were converted into MoMs and corrected for maternal weight, ethnicity, and smoking status. Maternal Rhesus status data were merged with screening data and free‐β‐hCG and PAPP‐A medians multiples of medians (MoMs) and NT from the Rhesus positive and Rhesus negative group were compared.ResultsTotally, 15 045 normal, singleton pregnancies were retrieved with full records. Altogether, 16.0% of the population were Rhesus negative. There was no difference between the medians MoMs of both free‐β‐hCG nor PAPP‐A nor NT in the two Rhesus status groups (p > 0.05). Demographic analysis on the distribution of Rhesus status in different ethnic origins showed that Caucasians have lower percentages of RhD‐positive antigen compared to Asians and Afro–Caribbeans.ConclusionMaternal Rhesus status does not influence the levels of free‐β‐hCG and PAPP‐A in the first trimester of pregnancy in this almost exclusively Caucasian population studied; therefore correction for maternal Rhesus status is not suggested. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural changes on citronellol induced by gamma radiation
Authors: Rodríguez‐Linares Diana , Codorniu‐Hernández Edelsys , Aguilera‐Corrales Yuri , Rapado‐Paneque Manuel , Quert‐Alvarez Rolando , Ferro Noel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractStructural changes in pure citronellol after exposure to different doses of gamma radiation were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques and molecular modelling methods. The citronellol samples were irradiated in an MPX‐γ30 installation (60Co, E = 1.25 MeV), absorbing in a dose range from 1.45 to 10.02 kGy. Citronellal and hydroxycitronellal compounds were detected in the irradiated samples. Some mechanisms of radiolytic transformations for citronellol were proposed and modelled at semiempirical quantum chemical level. These results provide the basis for the possible development of new synthetic pathways for close structurally related compounds, based on the use of gamma irradiation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.