bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zum Verhältnis von ästhetischer Theorie und ästhetischer Psychologi
Authors: Menzen Karl‐Heinz 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe goal of this essay is to point to the ambiguity of the aesthetic phenomenon in its receptivity as sui generis which is glissing away in modern discussion of aesthetics: On one side through the empiristic factualisation of the spiritual structuration of the human subject nevertheless receptive, on the other side through the evaporation of the world‐routed sensibility process in the human act of aesthetical experience. The beauty is neither subjective nor objective, nor interactively reducible to both of them; but: [Was aber schön ist, selig scheint es in ihm selbst] (Eduard Mörike). The base problems of constitution as it is vised in modern aesthetics, goals the conditio sine qua non of aesthetical experience, but just by doing this it is missing the ratio sufficiens, which for ever and ever is the beautiful in itself. The outcome of aesthetical history ends in a kind of subjectivism as loosing out of view the scopus of the beautiful in itself, where identity of both, subject and object of aesthetical experience, is coming forth, and what as such is set free and retributed to itself in the aesthetical act, which is an act of knowledge and acknowledge at once, unless it will never end to find itself in this maze of subject‐object‐dissimulation. Astonishment after all is just the verification of the unity of the different moments in this aesthetical act as such.
Romantische Naturkunde ‐ Die Doppelsinnigkeit der Naturbildung des Bernhard Heinrich Blasche (1766‐1832)
Authors: Trommer Gerhard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNaturbildung, written by B. H. Blasche in 1815, seems a typical philanthropic study about science education private organized. But it also demonstrates romantic philosophy influences, which led at least from describing natural history to biology. There was no success in Blasche's reformatory efforts: first reason because the idea of private education‐institution was out of discussion. Second reason was, on the way to stateorganized schoolsystem in Germany classic philology dominated and repressed deeply science education.
Analogien in Physik und Technik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert
Authors: Kaiser Walter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper the use of analogies in physics and in technology is analysed. First the important role philosophically deep rooted analogies played in romantic physics is discussed. The work of Schelling and Ritter is treated in particular. Second the mechanical analogue models in the kinetic theory of gases and in electrodynamics are examined, as well as the severe philosophical criticism which they received. A sketch of the theory of the electron gas is presented as an example for the success and the shortcomings of analogue models. Finally mechanical and electric analogue models in technology are considered; moreover biological analogies in engineering research, and the principle of similitude as applied to model experiments in shipbuilding are discussed. The analysis of the historical examples shows that in the 19th and 20th century the word “analogy” is no longer a vague notion. It represents a scientific method, which, however, inevitably leads to both an extension of the original theoretical models and to special theories of mapping.
Analogie und mathematisches Denken
Authors: Knobloch Eberhard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis article deals with six aspects of analogical thinking in mathematics: 1. Platonism and continuity principle or the “geometric voices of analogy” (as Kepler put it), 2. analogies and the surpassing of limits, 3. analogies and rule stretching, 4. analogies and concept stretching, 5. language and the art of inventing, 6. translation, or constructions instead of discovery. It takes especially into account the works of Kepler, Wallis, Leibniz, Euler, and Laplace who all underlined the importance of analogy in finding out new mathematical truth. But the meaning of analogy varies with the different authors. Isomorphic structures are interpreted as an outcome of analogical thinking.
Neue Wege der Forschung, ihrer Organisation und ihrer Förderung: Friedrich Schmidt‐Ott (4. 6. 1860–24. 4. 1956)
Authors: Treue Wolfgang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFrom 1888–1907 Friedrich Schmidt‐Ott was Althoffs closest collaborator in the Prussian ministry for cultural affairs. It was he whom Althoff let participate in all his endeavours to give German science and scholarship a heading position in the world. After Althoff's death he and Harnack developed further and realized his plans for the foundation of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society – today the Max Planck Society. Schmidt‐Ott had recognized already very early that – after the breakdown in 1918 – Germany would have to mobilize her scientific potential to the utmost. In the completely changed political environment it was his idea to transfer important functions to self‐responsibility and self‐government and hereby keeping them away from the influence of political parties. Following his suggestion, all academic institutions of higher education and academies joined together in the Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft, a self‐governing organization. This organization was supposed to have a central role in research funding and to develop entirely new methods in research promotion and financing. For Schmidt‐Ott, the president of the Notgemeinschaft, the promotion of young academics, interdisciplinary co‐operation and the overcoming of isolation were of foremost importance. The National socialists forced Schmidt‐Ott 1934 to leave office. But his idea, inspite of the short period, had promised good and turned out to be a remarkable success. After the second world war, in 1949, the Notgemeinschaft was refounded. Again the most important tasks were the promotion of young academics, the end of isolation and the development and financing of new research methods. To‐day this institution – since 1951 the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft – is the central self‐governing organization of academic institutions for the promotion of research in the Federal Republik of Germany. It has – with great success – developed further the work of its honorary president Schmidt‐Ott, who died in 1956.
Thesen zur Preußischen Wissenschaftspolitik gegen Ende des Wilhelminischen Zeitalters
Authors: Rasch Manfred 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrussian science during the second half of the Wilhelminian Age was confronted with the problem that research in the natural sciences was increasing substantially while at the same time state finances were at a low ebb. In order to finance new academic disciplines and to help German science gain and retain international recognition, the Ministry of Education and the Arts renounced the monopoly it had held so far in the almost exclusively government – supported promotion of science. The novel course adopted by the Prussian Ministry of Education and the Arts, especially by its members Friedrich Althoff and Friedrich Schmidt‐Ott, can most adequately be described as “promotion of the sciences under the control of local authorities” and “central administration of private contributions and donations for scientific purposes”. “Promotion of the sciences under the control of local authorities” signifies the foundation of research institutes and universities, which had taken place under municipal government auspices since the turn of the century. For the purpose of “central administration of private contributions and donations” and channeling these financial means into select projects, the Prussian Ministry of Education and the Arts initiated the foundation of the Kaiser Wilhelm‐Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften.
Wissenschaft — Mathematik — Technik: Ihre Wechselwirkung in der Antike
Authors: Krafft Fritz 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe question whether there exists an interaction between ‘science’ (foreign text ignored) and ‘technology’ (foreign text ignored, esp. foreign text ignored) in Greek and Roman antiquity is discussed controversially until today. Especially representatives of the philologies strictly deny any form of relation, whereas modern scientists tend to take for granted that the current interaction between (exact) natural sciences and technology has always existed, at least since the beginning of real natural science founded by the ancient Greeks.This paper shows that both parties are right — at least in a certain way. Following current terminology and contents of ‘science’ and ‘technology’ there had been such an interaction — particularly with mathematics as linking element in so far as in antiquity especially foreign text ignored (mechanics) was regarded as applied mathematics and not as science. The strong interaction between pure mathematics and such fields of applied mathematics (namely mechanical technology) based on the fact that technological (mechanical) artefacts were properly constructed mathematically. Some of them are mentioned in this paper (astrolabes and sundials, waterclocks, tools and machines — especially lifting gears, bucket elevators, guns, pneumatic tools —, architecture of temples); in so far the supporters of an interaction between science and technology are right. However, the post‐Aristotelian Greeks and Romans did not consider mathematics to be part of ‘science (of nature)’ as the post‐kantian exact scientists do. Mathematics to them was a mere ‘art’ — consequently, in the mentioned cases there had been an interaction between ‘arts’ and of course not between ‘science’ and ‘art’ (technology); and in so far those are right who deny an interaction between natural science and technology.This shows that the contrariety of the answers to the question depends on the different terminology chosen. Following the current understanding of ‘exact natural science’ the answer is: yes; following the conception of ‘science’ in the self‐understanding of Greek and Roman antiquity the answer is: no — and this is right as well! The reason for this apparent contrariety are just the different meanings and contents of ‘science (of nature)’ in antiquity and modern times.
Mittlere technische Bildung im deutschen Kaiserreich
Authors: Weber Wolfhard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIntermeriate organisations between two extremes tend to have a stressed life because of their adjusting character. Intermediate technical education in Prussia existed from 1821 to 1876 enabling graduates either to go to the Berlin Gewerbeakademie or to start a business on their own. This fell a victim when the bourgoisie striving for emancipation by education (and the association of the German mechanical engineers, VDI) insisted on the highest possible school‐degree as entry for students of technology. Reports on the positive experience in Switzerland, political considerations to integrate the able workers into the middle classes, local and regional economic interests as well as competition between the ministries of education and commerce from 1890 on resulted in a slow and then rapid extension of intermediate technical education, all this against the massive protests of the engineering professions.Establishing the Landesgewerbeamt and the DATSCH, who embraced all German (and even more German speaking representatives of) technical high schools, who both strongly influenced the shape of technical education in 20th century, mark the successful end of this process of differentiation.
Hat die Geschichtswissenschaft eine Praxis?
Authors: Kerner Maximilian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree examples are given which take into account previous considerations in the twentieth century concerning the theory and science of history as well as concrete studies about practical aspects of the discipline of history and which are intended to put to the test and demonstrate the chances and limits of historiography related to practical experience. On the one hand these examples refer to the role of history during the rediscovery of Europe at the end of our century (cf. note 35), on the other hand they point to the possibility of historical orientation in an era of increasing technical communication (cf. note 38), and also they indicate the significance of history at a time of resurgence of angst and fear caused by expanding technical progress (cf. note 49).
Pharmacokinetics of 8‐methoxypsoralen in the dog
Authors: Monbaliu J. G. , Belpaire F. M. , Braeckman R. A. , Bogaert M. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of 8‐MOP were studied in six dogs following intravenous administration of 2 mg kg−1. In most animals a bi‐exponential decline of the plasma level profile was observed. The calculated pharmacokinetic parameters varied considerably between the different dogs. The mean half‐lives of distribution and of elimination were 0.20 h and 2.17 h, respectively. The average total plasma clearance was 0.51 1 kg−1 h−.Following both oral and intravenous administration of doses of 1, 3, and 10 mg kg−1, non‐linear kinetics were found. Non‐linearity was confirmed following administration of the substance at increasing infusion rates.Finally in four dogs, extraction by the liver was calculated by measuring 8‐MOP concentration in the femoral artery and in a hepatic vein after intravenous administration of 1 mg kg−1. The extraction varied from animal to animal (18 per cent to nearly 100 per cent). Administration of an additional dose of 3 mg kg−1 in two of the dogs led to a decreased extraction.
Influence of high‐fat meal on the absorption of a silicon — containing amide, an inhibitor of acyl — coa: Cholesterol acyltransferase, in man
Authors: Tse F. L. S. , Jaffe J. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of 3‐(decyldimethylsilyl)‐N‐[2‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐l‐phenylethyl] propanamide (DMPP), an inhibitor of acyl‐CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase, have been examined in 18 healthy male volunteers who received an oral dose of either 14C‐DMPP or 3H‐DMPP immediately following a high‐fat meal, or 3H‐DMPP in the fasting state. DMPP was poorly absorbed in the fasting subjects. Administration with a high‐fat meal significantly increased the extent of absorption to 15 per cent of the dose. Simultaneous fitting of the blood levels and excretion data to a pharmacokinetic model showed that ca. 64 per cent of the absorbed DMPP was metabolized while the remainder was excreted intact via the bile. The routes of biotransformation included hydrolysis of the amide bond and oxidation of the phenyl ring. The apparent volumes of distribution for DMPP and its 14C and 3H labelled metabolites were 0.89,0.95, and 1.61kg−1, respectively, suggesting that these materials were distributed into extravascular spaces. The metabolites of DMPP were partially excreted in urine, accounting for 1.2 per cent and 3.8 per cent of the postprandial 14C and 3H labelled doses, respectively. The elimination half‐lives of DMPP and its 14C and 3H labelled metabolites were 2.8, 5.3, and 6.9 h, respectively.
Comparative bioavailability of furosemide from solution and 40 mg tablets with different dissolution characteristics following oral administration in normal men
Authors: Waller Elaine S. , Crismon M. Lynn , Bauza Micheal T. , Doluisio James T. , Smith Robert V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFurosemide tablets, with markedly different dissolution characteristics, and solution were orally administered to 21 healthy adult males to determine the effect of in vitro dissolution rate on in vivo bioavailability profiles. Furosemide 40 mg was given as Tablet A (fast dissolution characteristics), Tablet B (slow dissolution characteristics), and an aqueous solution. Both batches of tablets had identical formulae and were produced by a common process. The dissolution rate of the slower Tablet B was probably retarded by extension of the wet granulation time. Blood was collected for 12 h postdose and urine for 24 h. Peak plasma furosemide concentrations after the solution were significantly greater than after the tablets; there was no significant difference between the tablets. The time to peak occurred significantly earlier with the solution, with no significant difference between the tablets. Relative bioavailabilities of Tablet A and B were 89 per cent and 101 per cent, respectively, as determined by AUC, and 79 per cent and 84 per cent, respectively, as determined by urine recovery. These differences are not statistically significant. These results indicate that dissolution rate profiles of furosemide tablets may not be predictive of in vivo bioavailability.
The non‐linear pharmacokinetics of prednisone and prednisolone
Authors: Ferry James J. , Wagner John G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIntravenous zero order infusions were administered to New Zealand white rabbits. In a pilot study using one rabbit, prednisone and prednisolone clearance values increased with increase in either prednisone or prednisolone infusion rates. In the second study, prednisone was infused until both prednisone and prednisolone achieved steady‐state concentrations. In the third study, prednisone was infused until only prednisone achieved steady‐state concentrations. The results of the three experiments support the use of a non‐linear reversible metabolism model to describe the pharmacokinetic relationship between prednisone and prednisolone.
Clinical pharmacokinetics of etintidine
Authors: Huang Shiew‐Mei , Weintraub Howard S. , Abels Robert , Harris William , Marriott Thomas B. , Arnold John D. , Boccagno Joseph 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of etintidine (E), a potent H2 blocker, were studied in 12 normal, fasted subjects. The subjects received five ascending doses of E HCI in capsules at 72‐h intervals. Blood and urine samples were collected and the plasma and urine levels of E were determined by HPLC. Following oral administration, plasma E levels showed double peaks in half of the subjects. Mean Cmax., (0.42, 2.11, 3.82, 4.50, and 7.15 μg ml−1), AUC0‐∞ (0.96, 4.94, 11.3, 17.5, and 24.5 h μg ml−1), and the amount of E excreted unchanged in 72 h (20, 54.8, 170, 320, and 371 mg) were determined. These parameters indicate the amount of E absorbed increased linearly with dose for each individual. Renal clearance was independent of the dose and the mean value (16.6 lh−1) was about twice that of the creatinine clearance (which did not significantly change as a result of E treatment), indicating that E is actively secreted into the renal tubules. As E was eliminated rapidly from the body (t½<2 h), no substantial accumulation of E is expected after multiple dose treatment.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of methocarbamol in rats
Authors: Obach R. , Pruñonosa J. , Menargues A. , Nomen M. , Vallès J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn a pharmacokinetic study, 15, 30, 60, and 150 mg kg−1 intravenous and oral doses of methocarbamol were administered to rats. Differences observed in plasma clearance values, i.e. 0.0203, 0.0156, 0.0123, and 0.0085 1 kg−1 min−1 for 15, 30,60, and 150 mg kg−1, respectively, suggested a dose‐dependent pharmacokinetic behaviour of the drug. Elimination according to a biocompartmental open model and Michaelis‐Menten kinetics fits the plasma level data. Estimated Km and Vmax values were 38.49 ± 3.71 mg l−1 and 1.24 ± 0.06 mg l−1 min−1, respectively. After oral administration of 15, 30, and 60 mg kg−1 the peak plasma levels were reached earlier. The tmax values were 6, 6, and 10 min, respectively. After 150 mg kg−1 oral doses, peak plasma levels were reached later (tmax = 150 min). Estimated bioavailability ranged between 77 and 112 per cent.
Ocular absorption and disposition of phenylephrine and phenylephrine oxazolidine
Authors: Schoenwald R. D. , Chien D. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe ocular bioavailability of phenylephrine oxazolidine (PO), a prodrug intended for rapid corneal penetration, was micronized and suspended in sesame oil (1 and 10 per cent) and compared in bioavailability to phenylephrine HCl (PE) dissolved (10 per cent) in a buffered (pH 5.75), viscous (30 centipoise) vehicle. Cornea and aqueous humor of New Zealand rabbits were measured over time following 10 μl instillation to the eye. Based upon AUC measurements, corneal and aqueous humor levels were approximately 6 and 8 times greater for 10 per cent PO versus 10 per cent PE, respectively. In addition, the ocular pharmacokinetic values were determined for PE applied in a constant concentration (1 per cent) to the cornea over 180 min to anesthetized rabbits. Cornea and aqueous humor were measured for drug content over time. Using moment analysis and an initial slope method, the absorption rate constant, Ka, the steady state volume of distribution in the eye, Vss and ocular clearance, Qe, were calculated. Values obtained for PE were 4–15 × 10−5 min−1, 0.423ml and 14.6 μl min−1, respectively. The half‐life for drug elimination ranged from 63‐83 min depending on the tissue or route of administration.
The role of the ICOS/B7RP‐1 T cell costimulatory pathway in murine experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis
Authors: Usui Yoshihiko , Akiba Hisaya , Takeuchi Masaru , Kezuka Takeshi , Takeuchi Aya , Hattori Takaaki , Okunuki Yoko , Yamazaki Tomohide , Yagita Hideo , Usui Masahiko , Okumura Ko 
Published: October 2006

AbstractICOS/B7RP‐1 is a new member of the CD28/B7 family of costimulatory molecules and plays differential roles in autoimmune diseases. In this study, we examined the role of ICOS/B7RP‐1 pathway in the pathogenesis of mouse experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), an animal model of human autoimmune uveitis. ICOS expression was found on infiltrating CD4+ T cells in the region of the retina in EAU‐induced mice. The anti‐B7RP‐1 monoclonal antibody (mAb)‐treated or ICOS‐deficient mice showed a substantial reduction of disease scores. Blockade of ICOS/B7RP‐1 interaction during the effector phase ameliorated the disease, whereas its blockade during the induction phase exhibited no significant effect. Moreover, administration of anti‐B7RP‐1 mAb effectively ameliorated the disease induced by adoptive transfer of pathogenic T cells. The anti‐B7RP‐1 mAb treatment inhibited the expansion and/or effector function of pathogenic T cells, given that proliferative response and IFN‐γ production by lymph node cells were reduced upon restimulation with the antigen peptide in vitro. These results suggest that the ICOS/B7RP‐1 interaction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of uveitis. We also indicated that ICOS‐mediated costimulation plays differential roles in EAU and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which is also a Th1 disease induced in the same manner as EAU.
In vivo CD44‐CD49d complex formation in autoimmune disease has consequences on T cell activation and apoptosis resistance
Authors: Marhaba Rachid , Freyschmidt‐Paul Pia , Zöller Margot 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCD44 is involved in leukocyte migration and activation and has recently been reported to contribute to leukocyte extravasation by associating with CD49d. We explored whether similar changes in CD44 activity are seen in vivo using murine alopecia areata (AA) as a chronic, organ‐related autoimmune disease model system. Expression of the activated, hyaluronan‐binding form of CD44, and of CD49d, was elevated in draining lymph node cells (LNC) of AA‐affected mice as compared to control mice. LNC of AA mice displayed increased motility, proliferative activity and apoptosis resistance, which were equally well inhibited by anti‐CD44 and anti‐CD49d. The latter is the sequelae of the association between CD44 and CD49d that is seen in activated lymphocytes. Significantly, due to CD44‐CD49d complex formation, CD44 gains access to focal adhesion kinase and CD49d gains access to CD44‐associated lck and ezrin, such that downstream kinases become activated via CD44 or CD49d engagement. Thus, by their association, CD44 and CD49d mutually avail themselves of the partner's signaling pathways and the ligand binding of each one triggers signaling pathways of both. This strongly influences the lymphocytes’ activation state and function.