bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transformation of barban and analogues by Pseudomonas alcaligenes isolated from soil
Authors: Marty Jean‐Louis , Bastide Jean 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChlorbufam and barban are two common herbicides used for the control of weeds. A bacterial strain isolated from soil and identified as Pseudomonas caligenes was able to hydrolyse chlorbufam with the production of 3‐chloroaniline. However, barban was metabolised without production of 3‐chloroaniline. A study has been made of the transformation by Pseudomonas alcaligenes of structural analogues of these two herbicides (but‐2‐ynyl 3‐chlorocarbanilate, butyl 3‐chlorocarbanilate, 4‐hydroxy‐but‐2‐ynyl 3‐chlorocarbanilate) and cinnamyl chloride. It was shown that barban gave a water‐soluble metabolite by reaction of the propargyl chloride group of this compound. The same reaction was obtained with the allyl chloride group of cinnamyl chloride.The water‐soluble metabolite was identified as a glutathione conjugate. The pH and composition of the medium have a considerable influence on barban metabolism.
Studies on pesticides based on coumarin IV: Synthesis and antifungal activity of twelve 4‐(substituted phenoxy)methyl‐6‐methyl coumarins
Authors: Batra Tushar , Singh Raj V. , Sangwan Naresh K. , Malik Mangel S. , Malik Om. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwelve 4‐(substituted phenoxy)methyl‐6‐methyl coumarins were synthesised by the condensation of 4‐chloromethyl‐6‐methyl coumarin with various phenols in the presence of potassium carbonate in dry acetone. The compounds were tested for their toxicity towards the mycelial growth of seven plant pathogenic fungi. Among the tested fungi, Pythium aphanidermatum, Colletotrichum falcatum, Drechslera oryzae, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani exhibited maximum sensitivity whereas Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani were least sensitive to the test compounds. The 4‐(4‐tert‐butylphenoxy)methyl and 4‐(4‐nitrophenoxy)methyl analogues possessed greatest toxicity towards the majority of the tested fungi.
Phosphonate—hydrogen exchange in aqueous solutions of 2H and 3H‐labelled phosphonic acid
Authors: Bompeix Gilbert , Burgada Ramon , Lameta Agnès D'arcy , Soulié Marie‐Christine 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhosphonic acid (phosphorous acid), H — PO(OH)2, the active breakdown product in plant tissues of the systemic anti‐oomycete fungicide fosetyl‐aluminium was investigated in order to assay the stability of the labelled compound. There is a strong and fast isotopic exchange in unbuffered aqueous solutions of 2H — PO(OH)2, and therefore 3H — PO(OH)2, so that Fenn and Coffey's experiments must be reinterpreted because these authors used a stock solution of pure labelled phosphonic acid. However, it is possible to use this last compound for biological experiments under the following conditions: (1) Keeping the dry sodium salt 3H — PO(ONa)2. 5H2O in small flasks (100 mg, 37 MBq each) in a vacuum desiccator for individual use without fractionation; (2) using the compound at neutral or slightly acidic pH.
An assessment of methacrifos as a grain protectant and its efficacy against oryzaephilus surinamensis L., Tribolium castaneum herbst, Sitophilus granarius L., Sitophilus oryzae L., Acarus siro L., Glycyphagus destructor schrank and Tyrophagus longior gervais
Authors: Tigar Barbara J. , Pinniger David B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA trial was carried out to investigate the efficacy of methacrifos against susceptible and multi‐resistant strains of four species of insect and three species of mite. Methacrifos was applied to two separate 20‐tonne loads of English wheat which were then stored under ambient conditions for 24 weeks. The efficacy of methacrifos was assessed using established bioassay techniques which showed complete control for 24 weeks of all susceptible insects except S. oryzae, where there were survivors at week 24. Methacrifos also gave 100% mortality of resistant O. surinamensis for 24 weeks. There was >95% mortality for 16 weeks of resistant strains of T. castaneum and of resistant S. granarius and S. oryzae for 20 weeks. After S. granarius and S. oryzae were removed, the grain was incubated for 10 weeks. Subsequent F1 emergence was considerably less from the treatments than from the controls. Methacrifos produced 100% mortality for T. longior for 24 weeks, but control of G. destructor fluctuated and was <100% at week 24. There were survivors of A. siro from week 4.
Field test of a mathematical model for non‐equilibrium transport of pesticides in soil
Authors: Boesten Jos J. T. I. , Van Der Pas Leo J. T. , Smelt Johan H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA model for the transport of pesticides in non‐structured arable soil has been tested under field conditions. Three classes of sorption site are distinguished in the model. Sorption at class 1 sites is assumed to be at equilibrium whereas sorption at class 2 and class 3 sites is calculated using rate equations. Class 2 sites equilibrate on a time scale of days and class 3 sites equilibrate on a time scale of hundreds of days. In the model, the liquid phase is assumed to be homogeneous and completely mobile. The model was validated in two field experiments on a loamy sand soil using the herbicides cyanazine and metribuzin and using bromide ion as a tracer of liquid flow in soil. Ignoring sorption at class 3 sites resulted in large discrepancies between calculated and measured concentration profiles. Calculated concentration profiles were sensitive to the desorption rate constant for class 3 sites.
Synthesis of new 7H‐1,3,4‐thiadiazolo[3,2‐a] [1,3,5] triazine‐7‐thiones as potential fungicides
Authors: Yadav Lal Dhar Singh , Misra Atma Ram , Singh Harendra 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of 2‐aryl‐ and 2‐aryloxymethyl‐5‐aryl‐7H‐1,3,4‐thiadiazolo[3,2‐a][1,3,5]triazine‐7‐thiones have been synthesised and their fungitoxicities determined in vitro against Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum. Two alternative routes for synthesis of the title compounds are described. Some of the compounds had activities comparable with that of the commercial fungicide mancozeb. Structure/activity relationships for the compounds are discussed.
Products from the sensitised photo‐oxidation of 2‐dimethylamino‐5,6‐dimethylpyrimidin‐4‐ol
Authors: Dixon Stephen R. , Wells Clifford H. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe products from the methylene blue sensitised photo‐oxidation of 2‐dimethylamino‐5,6‐dimethylpyrimidin‐4‐ol (I) in deuterochloroform/deuteroacetone have been investigated. A zwitterion and a hydroperoxide are formed initially, with the zwitterion predominating. The zwitterion compound degrades or reacts in the solid state on silica gel to give further products.
Accelerated degradation of thiocarbamate herbicides in Israeli soils following repeated use of vernolate
Authors: Tal Abraham , Rubin Baruch , Katan Jacob , Aharonson Nadav 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAccelerated degradation of vernolate, EPTC and butylate but not of cycloate was detected in soils from three locations in Israel which were treated annually with vernolate. Repeated application of EPTC to soils with and without a history of vernolate application, under laboratory conditions, resulted in a progressive increase in its rate of dissipation with each application. Accelerated degradation of EPTC was also rapidly induced by mixing small amounts (5%) of soil with a history of vernolate treatment with soil that had never received vernolate. Liberation of 14CO2 from [14C]EPTC was more rapid in vernolate‐treated soils than in untreated soils, indicating a development of microbial populations in soil capable of rapidly degrading the EPTC. Degradation of [14C]EPTC was faster in soil previously cropped with maize than in non‐cropped soil, but slower in soils cropped with cotton or peanuts.
Synthesis and insecticidal activity of lipophilic amides. Part 7. Alternative aromatic groups for phenyl in 6‐phenylhexa‐2,4‐dienamides
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Johnson Diana M. , Pulman David A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSynthesis of a wide range of analogues of the lead compound, N‐2‐methylpropyl‐6‐phenylhexa‐2,4‐dienamide, in which phenyl was replaced by other aromatic systems is reported. In cases where rearrangement rendered the N‐2‐methylpropyl compound less accessible, N‐2,2‐dimethylpropyl substitution was used, because rearrangement was then suppressed. Several of the groups examined, for instance 2‐naphthyl, enhanced insecticidal activity, and when appropriately substituted, particularly with halogen, led to the most active compounds discovered in this series.
Problems in the control of insecticide‐resistant rice plant‐ and leafhoppers
Authors: Miyata Tadashi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral species of rice plant‐ and leafhoppers cause serious yield loss by sucking the plant sap and/or by transmitting diseases. Rice plant‐ and leafhoppers show resistance to various organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides and may also be resistant to compounds of two or more different chemical groups. Thus, it is important to monitor the levels of resistance in field populations, to control resistant populations and to retard the development of further resistance by appropriate tactics. The merits and shortcomings of the various tactical and monitoring techniques are discussed.
Use of immunochemical techniques for the analysis of pesticides
Authors: Jung Freia , Gee Shirley J. , Harrison Robert O. , Goodrow Marvin H. , Karu Alexander E. , Braun Adolf L. , Li Qing Xiao , Hammock Bruce D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImmunochemical assays for small molecules such as pesticides are rapidly gaining acceptance among analytical chemists. These techniques are rapid, sensitive, cost effective and can easily cope with large sample loads. This review lists the advantages and disadvantages of the technique and describes the steps in assay development using examples from this laboratory, particularly the thiocarbamate herbicide molinate and the triazine herbicides. The focus is primarily on hapten synthesis strategies, assay format considerations, sample preparation and assay validation.
Insecticide resistance in Myzus persicae: From field to gene and back again
Authors: Devonshire Alan L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis review of our work on resistance in Myzus persicae over the past 20 years is divided into three sections. After a brief introduction, the biochemistry of the resistance mechanism is discussed, followed by a description of how the understanding of this has been used to develop sensitive and reliable methods for monitoring resistance in field populations. Finally, recent work on the molecular genetic basis of the resistance mechanism is described, and its practical implications for understanding the build‐up of resistance in populations are discussed.
The role of behavior in insecticide resistance
Authors: Sparks Thomas C. , Lockwood Jeffrey A. , Byford Ronnie L. , Graves Jerry B. , Leonard B. Roger 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough behavioral resistance remains enigmatic, an examination of the literature firmly supports the existence of behavioral resistance in both the presence and absence of the better understood and accepted physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Studies of pyrethroid resistance in the horn fly and the tobacco budworm have identified several resistance mechanisms, including behavioral adaptations, in addition to target‐site insensitivity and enhanced detoxification. The coexistence of physiological and behavioral responses neither precludes a common mechanism nor requires one. Even if a common mechanism such as knockdown resistance or enhanced detoxification is involved, this does not negate the survival benefit of either avoiding the toxicant or reducing movement to avoid exposure. Thus, behavioral resistance may be much more ubiquitous and important than previous interpretation of the literature suggests.
Designing resistance management programs: How can you choose?
Authors: Roush Richard T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA list of often‐discussed resistance management tactics is critically reviewed. Alteration of insecticides across generations, non‐persistent formulations, and the use of pesticides conferring only low magnitudes of resistance seem to be among the most promising tactics for general use in resistance management. Justifying the first two choices usually requires little more than data on product persistence in terms of toxic effect on susceptible individuals under field conditions. The last tactic requires additional information on resistance ratios for resistant and susceptible genotypes under field exposure. The efficacy of pesticide mixtures is highly dependent on equal persistence of both compounds used in the mixture. The number of genes involved in resistance and the fitness disadvantages they may confer in the absence of use appear to be of relatively little significance in choosing management tactics.
A comparison of permethrin and methomyl insecticides for the control of a multiresistant strain of houseflies (Musca domestica)
Authors: Webb D. P. , Wildey K. B. , Chapman P. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA methomyl sugar bait formulation and permethrin residual spray were compared for the control of a multi‐insecticide resistant strain of housefly in a UK pig farm. The methomyl was applied as a granular scatter bait at the manufacturer's recommended rate of 25 mg m−2 active ingredient (a.i.) to the treated floor area. Permethrin was applied at 32, 64 and 128 mg m−2 a.i. to structural surfaces. The highest deposit rate of permethrin used was four times that recommended by the manufacturer for the control of flying insects. The methomyl bait gave effective control but the permethrin spray failed at all deposit rates tested. The use of permethrin increased resistance to this compound at the KD50 level from x 13 to x 560 within 10 weeks and significantly increased the proportion of flies resistant to natural pyrethrins synergised with piperonyl butoxide (P<0.01).
A molecular graphics study of factors influencing herbicidal activity of oximes of 3‐acyl‐tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2,4‐diones
Authors: Winkler David A. , Liepa Andris J. , Anderson‐McKay Janet E. , Hart Noel K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStructure‐activity relationships in oximes of a series of sixteen 3‐acyltetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2,4‐diones, exhibiting a variety of pre‐ and postemergent herbicidal activities, have been studied by means of computer graphics methods. The most active compounds are potent grass‐killers. This graminicidal activity appears to depend strongly on the size and shape of the substituent at the 6‐position of the pyran. The activity correlates with both molar refractivity and fit to a hypothetical ‘receptor’ probably the active site of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase. The herbicide sethoxydim and the pyrandione herbicides appear to mimic the transition state of the reaction catalyzed by acetyl‐CoA carboxylase.The study has yielded a receptor model which defines clearly the three‐dimensional binding reguirements of the pyran ring and the substituents at the 6 position. It is not capable of providing information on the structural requirements of the 3‐acyl moiety. The model is capable of discriminating between active and inactive herbicidal compounds and provides a basis for the design of new herbicidal compounds with enhanced graminicidal activity.
Symbiotic micro‐organisms of insects: A potential new source for biologically active substances
Authors: Kenny Peter T. M. , Tamura Susan Y. , Fredenhagen Andreas , Naya Yoko , Nakanishi Koji , Nishiyama Koushi , Sugiura Miyoji , Kita Hiroshi , Komura Hajime 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSymbiotic micro‐organisms isolated from insects have been shown to be a potential new source for antimicrobial substances. Diacetylphloroglucinol and pyoluteorin were produced by a bacterial symbiont of the white‐backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera. Diacetylphloroglucinol was also produced by a fungal ectosymbiont of an ambrosia beetle, Scolytoplatypus mikado. A peptide antibiotic, polymyxin E1, was isolated from the cultured broth of an intracellular symbiont identified as Bacillus polymyxa, isolated from an oriental stinkbug, Plautia stali. An Enterobacter sp. bacterial symbiont of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, produced a novel antibacterial substance, andrimid, whose antibacterial spectrum is unique, displaying potent activity only against the bacterial blight pathogen of the rice plant, Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae, and a few other bacteria.
Extended summaries pesticides group symposium natural products as a source for new agricultural chemicals
Authors: McGowan Christine M. , Willms Lothar , Ayer S. W. , Isaac B. G. , Krupa D. M. , Crosby K. E. , Letendre L. J. , Stonard Richard J. , Phillipson J. David , Powell Richard G. , Nair M. G. , Putam A. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe following are extended abstracts of six of the papers presented at the above meeting and, as so presented, they are entirely the responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science.
Use of insect antifeedants against aphid vectors of plant virus disease
Authors: Griffiths David C. , Pickett John A. , Smart Lesley E. , Woodcock Christine M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe probing and feeding behaviour of aphids can result in uptake of viruses from infected plants and subsequent transmission to healthy plants. It is possible to interfere with virus acquisition and transmission by influencing aphid host‐selection and feeding behaviour with antifeedant chemicals. Published work is reviewed and new work is presented in this paper. The two most successful classes of antifeedants against aphids are (a) compounds derived from the aphid alarm pheromone and (b) plant‐derived antifeedants such as the sesquiterpene (‐)‐polygodial. Results with these and other compounds are discussed in terms of antifeedant activity against Myzus persicae, their effects on resistant aphids and the evidence for decŕease in virus spread by aphids in laboratory and field.
A note on simple biochemical methods for resistance detection and their field application in Sri Lanka
Authors: Hemingway Janet 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInsecticide resistance is conferred by a limited number of clearly defined mechanisms. Previously, resistance detection in field populations of insects was confined to bioassays, which gave information limited to the presence of resistance to the insecticide tested. Biochemical tests have now been introduced into the field in Sri Lanka, which give information on the underlying mechanism of resistance. These tests, as well as being cheap and easy, work at the level of the individual insect and hence give information on the spectrum of resistance, the level of resistance and the frequency of resistance genes in field populations. In Sri Lanka, a malathion‐specific carboxylesterase has been detected in Anopheles culicifacies, an altered acetylcholinesterase in Anopheles nigerrimus and oxidase and glutathione S‐transferase based mechanisms in Anopheles subpictus. The selective advantage of resistant individuals under field insecticide spraying regimes has been estimated, and the relative importance of larval and adult insecticide selection assessed.
The structure/activity relationships of pyrethroid insecticides. 1. A Novel Approach Based upon the Use of Multivariate QSAR and Computational Chemistry
Authors: Ford Martyn G. , Greenwood Richard , Turner Christopher H. , Hudson Brian , Livingstone David J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe structure/activity relationships of substituted benzyl (1RS)‐transcyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate insectieides have been investigated by a combination of multivariate statistical techniques and molecular modelling. Quantum and molecular mechanics were used to calculate a set of seventy descriptors to represent the molecular properties of the series. These can be summarised by eight uncorrelated factors which describe the associations between the seventy descriptors with little loss of information. The neurotoxicities, knockdown and killing activities of the compounds are associated with the same three physicochemical factors, suggesting that common molecular features are required for these different responses. In this series, high biological potency is conferred by the presence of a partial positive charge at a meta carbon in the benzyl ring of the alcohol moiety, small nucleophilic superdelocalisabilities on the carbonyl carbon and oxygen atoms of the ester linkage, and chlorosubstituents subtended by the terminal carbon atom of the vinyl side chain at C3 of the cyclopropane ring. An additional property related to the nucleophilic superdelocalisabilities of the ortho and meta carbons of the benzyl ring is required for knockdown activity.
Pyrethroids and terrestrial non‐target organisms
Authors: Inglesfield Christopher 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe discovery and development of the pyrethroid insecticides represents a major advance in the techniques of crop protection and disease vector control. These compounds combine outstanding efficacy against a broad spectrum of noxious insects with low toxicity to birds and mammals. This paper considers the effects of pyrethroids on other components of the terrestrial non‐target fauna, with particular reference to effects on ‘beneficial’ organisms, including natural pest‐control agents, pollinators, and organisms responsible for the maintenance of soil structure and fertility. This paper uses laboratory and field data to identify which groups of organisms may be potentially at risk from the use of pyrethroids, and draws on extensive field data to consider the significance of such hazards under conditions of normal use. Emphasis will be placed throughout on the evaluation of these compounds under practical conditions, including both crop and non‐crop usages. Limitations to, and opportunities for, the use of pyrethroids are discussed, and the potential for further development is considered.
The origins of selectivity and performance of a new pre‐emergence bleaching herbicide, WL 110547. Part II: Plant and environmental factors influencing biological activity
Authors: Blackman Peter G. , Deveson Malcolm R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPre‐emergence applications of the novel tetrazole herbicide WL 110547 control a number of economically important grass and broad‐leaved weed species in small grain cereals. To assess the influence of plant and environmental factors on the biological performance of WL 110547, a series of tests were carried out under controlled conditions and, where appropriate, comparisons were made with field observations.When presented with the maximum opportunity for compound uptake in the absence of soil, differences in the degree of susceptibility to WL 110547 were observed amongst both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species, although the latter group generally showed higher levels of phytotoxicity. This species susceptibility to WL 110547 was unaffected by temperature.Increasing the sowing depth in soil decreased the level of effect of WL 110547 on a number of monocotyledonous species, although small‐seeded species (e.g. blackgrass, annual meadow grass), emerging from deep in the soil profile, subsequently developed levels of phytotoxicity comparable to, or even greater than, shallow‐planted seedlings. This was attributed to less vigorous seedlings, emerging from depth, that were unable to regenerate new tissue and grow away from a treated soil layer. Reduced growth rates of wild oat, blackgrass and speedwell, induced by low temperatures, also increased the phytotoxicity of WL 110547. Furthermore, applications of WL 110547 during seedling emergence maximised herbicide effect, as did seedling emergence through moist rather than dry soil.The results are discussed in relation to the mobility of the herbicide in soil, the mode of action of WL 110547, its availability to the plant and the duration of contact between emerging shoot and treated soil layer.