bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chondrogenic differentiation of adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells: Greater doses of growth factor are necessary
Authors: Kim Hye‐Joung , Im Gun‐Il 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThere have been controversies regarding the chondrogenic potential of adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ATMSCs) compared with bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). The purpose of this study was to confirm the hypothesis that chondrogenesis can be achieved from ATMSCs comparable to that from BMMSCs by using greater dose of currently known chondrogenic growth factors. Chondrogenesis was induced from ATMSCs by culturing them in pellets under the following conditions: #1 without growth factors (negative control); #2 5 ng/mL of TGF‐β2; #3 5 ng/mL of TGF‐β2 and 100 ng/mL of IGF‐I; #4 15 ng/mL of TGF‐β2; #5 15 ng/mL of TGF‐β2 and 300 ng/mL of IGF‐I; #6 25 ng/mL of TGF‐β2; #7 25 ng/mL of TGF‐β2 and 500 ng/mL of IGF‐I. After 4 weeks of in vitro culture, the pellets were harvested for DNA quantification, analysis of the glycosaminoglycan content, reverse transcription, and real‐time PCR for collagen type I (COL1A1), collagen type II (COL2A1), and Sox‐9. Safranin‐O and immunohistochemical staining for type II collagen also were carried out, and histological grading was performed based on the findings. A combination of 25 ng/mL TGF‐β2 and 500 ng/mL IGF‐I produced results comparable to the positive control (BMMSCs treated with 5 ng/mL TGF‐β2) as demonstrated by DNA amount, GAG analysis, real‐time PCR, and histological findings. Although ATMSCs have lower chondrogenic potentials than BMMSCs, chondrogenesis comparable to BMMSCs can be induced from ATMSCs using a greater dose combination of growth factors. These results lend a further support to the application of ATMSCs for cartilage tissue engineering. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 612–619, 2009
Fuelwood, deforestation, and land degradation: 10 years of evidence from cebu province, the Philippines
Authors: Bensel Terrence 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA major development concern of the 1970s and 1980s was ‘the other energy’ or ‘woodfuel crisis’. Woodfuel use in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America was believed to be a key factor in tropical deforestation, and the loss of forests was projected to result in widespread woodfuel shortages. In recent years, however, it has become apparent that woodfuel production is seldom a direct cause of deforestation (although it may be a by‐product), and that most woodfuel demand is met by trees and shrubs growing outside of forest areas. In addition, earlier predictions of serious woodfuel shortages have not materialized. But in some regions, including the Philippines, woodfuel use is still regularly pointed to as a primary cause of deforestation, and woodfuel shortages are still predicted for the immediate future. In particular, commercial woodfuel demand for household and commercial use is said to be contributing to over‐exploitation of forest resources. This paper examines the connections between commercial woodfuel demand and deforestation on the Island of Cebu in the central Philippines. Cebu is widely perceived as an environmental disaster area on the brink of ecological collapse, and tree cutting for woodfuel production is often blamed for contributing to this condition. In contrast, this paper will argue that environmental conditions on Cebu are improving, that tree planting and management is widespread among smallholder farmers and other landowners, and that commercial demand for woodfuel and other wood products is one of the main factors driving increased reforestation on the island. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of underivatized artemisinin and related sesquiterpene lactones by high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection
Authors: Ferreira Jorge F. S. , Gonzalez Javier M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIntroductionAlthough high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC‐PAD) is widely available, it has not been used for artemisinin (1) analysis because of the lack of UV absorption reported for this lactone. Increased Artemisia annua cultivation for production of 1 requires an affordable and reliable method to analyse 1 and its precursors dihydroartemisinic acid (2) and artemisinic acid (3) simultaneously from underivatized plant extracts.ObjectiveTo validate HPLC‐PAD for the quantification of underivatized artemisinin from A. annua and artemisinin‐based drugs.MethodologyDried A. annua leaves were extracted with petroleum ether, dried, reconstituted in acetonitrile, and analysed by HPLC‐PAD at 192 nm using an isocratic mobile phase (60:40, acetonitrile:0.1% acetic acid). HPLC‐PAD was evaluated through accuracy, precision, recovery and comparison with HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC‐ELSD).ResultsHPLC‐PAD proved accurate, precise and reproducible for the direct quantification of 1 and related compounds, and was more sensitive than ELSD for most of the compounds tested. The limit of quantification of 1–3 from plants was 0.048, 0.024 and 0.008 g/100 g dry weight, respectively. Recoveries were over 98%, with good intra‐ and inter‐day repeatability. HPLC‐PAD correlated significantly (r2 = 0.99, p <0.001) with HPLC‐ELSD for artemisinin analysis. HPLC‐PAD was also reliable for the analysis of dihydroartemisinin, artesunate and artelinic acid.ConclusionHPLC with ultraviolet detection was validated for the quantification of underivatized 1, 2, and 3 from crude plant samples, and is readily applicable for the quality control of herbals and artemisinin‐related pharmaceutical compounds. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transient reference values for impulse oscillometry for children aged 3–18 years
Authors: Nowowiejska Bożena , Tomalak Waldemar , Radliński Jakub , Siergiejko Grzegorz , Latawiec Wojciech , Kaczmarski Maciej 
Published: November 2008

AbstractImpulse oscillometry (IOS) is a technique of assessing mechanical properties of respiratory system by means of measuring resistances and reactances in a number of frequencies during tidal breathing. It is especially useful in preschool children, however has also been validated in older children and adults. The aim of the present study was to construct equations describing normal values of oscillatory parameters in pediatric population of healthy polish children. Six hundred twenty‐six healthy children aged 3.1–18.9 years (278 boys and 348 girls) completed the study. Analysis revealed that body height was the best predictor and resistances are best described with exponential model while reactances with linear one, with correlation coefficient r reaching the value of 0.9. Oscillometric resistances decrease with height, while reactances increase. Reference values for children and adolescents will allow not only the interpretation of the measurement, but also will make possible to study changes of oscillometric indices during growth. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2008; 43:1193–1197. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulation of electronic density of states and optical properties of PbB4O7 by first‐principles DFT method
Authors: Wang Hui , Wang Yufang , Cao Xuewei , Zhang Lei , Feng Min , Lan Guoxiang 
Published: November 2008

AbstractFirst‐principles calculations based on the density functional theory and the generalized gradient approximation were carried out to systematically investigate the electronic structure and linear optical properties of lead tetraborate (PbB4O7; PTB) single crystals. An indirect band gap of 4.34 eV is obtained. The valence band top is at the X‐point and the conduction band is at the Γ‐point. The calculated total and partial densities of states indicate that the top valence band is constructed from O 2p states and the low conduction band mainly consists of Pb 6p states. The optical absorption spectra show several prominent structures but with very small directional anisotropy. PTB crystals have a higher refractive index but a small birefringence. The calculated frequency‐dependent refractive index is in good agreement with experimental data. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A versatile method for stable carbon isotope analysis of carbohydrates by high‐performance liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Boschker H. T. S. , Moerdijk‐Poortvliet T. C. W. , van Breugel P. , Houtekamer M. , Middelburg J. J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe have developed a method to analyze stable carbon isotope (13C/12C) ratios in a variety of carbohydrates using high‐performance liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HPLC/IRMS). The chromatography is based on strong anion‐exchange columns with low strength NaOH eluents. An eluent concentration of 1 mM resulted in low background signals and good separation of most of the typical plant neutral carbohydrates. We also show that more strongly bound carbohydrates such as acidic carbohydrates can be separated by inclusion of NO as an inorganic pusher ion in the eluent. Analyses of neutral carbohydrate concentrations and their stable carbon isotope ratios are shown for plant materials and marine sediment samples both at natural abundance and for 13C‐enriched samples. The main advantage of HPLC/IRMS analysis over traditional gas chromatography based methods is that no derivatization is needed resulting in simple sample treatment and improved accuracy and reproducibility. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The typical structure of graphs without given excluded subgraphs
Authors: Balogh József , Bollobás Béla , Simonovits Miklós 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLet $ {\cal L}$ be a finite family of graphs. We describe the typical structure of $ {\cal L}$‐free graphs, improving our earlier results (Balogh et al., J Combinat Theory Ser B 91 (2004), 1–24) on the Erdős–Frankl–Rödl theorem (Erdős et al., Graphs Combinat 2 (1986), 113–121), by proving our earlier conjecture that, for $ p = p ({\cal L}) = {\rm min}_L \in {\cal L} \chi (L) - 1 $, the structure of almost all $ {\cal L}$‐free graphs is very similar to that of a random subgraph of the Turán graph Tn,p. The “similarity” is measured in terms of graph theoretical parameters of $ {\cal L}$.© 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Sky‐sourced sustainability—the potential environmental advantages of building tall
Authors: Leung Luke , Weismantle Peter 
Published: November 2008

AbstractUtilizing the earth and near‐grade environment as a source of energy has historically been a common practice. Beyond solar and wind, designers do not usually look towards the sky as the source of additional benefits. The objective of this paper was to make tall‐building designers more aware of the additional sources of sustainability ‘in the sky’; how these sources change with altitude; and how this knowledge can benefit the design, construction and operation of tall buildings.Exterior environmental factors including temperature, presssure/air density, solar, wind and moisture, and their relationships with altitude are discussed. Selected approaches are suggested on how to benefit from them. Since current energy codes and ‘green’ building standards do not address the issue of enrironmental variations with altitude, the sky has potential to offer unique energy‐saving opportunities and possibly add to the quantified sustainability of a tall building.Where possible, a speculative 1‐km (3281 ft) tall tower in Dubai is used as an example for illustration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tube Formation in Nanoscale Materials
Authors: Yan Chenglin , Liu Jun , Liu Fei , Wu Junshu , Gao Kun , Xue Dongfeng 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The formation of tubular nanostructures normally requires layered, anisotropic, or pseudo-layered crystal structures, while inorganic compounds typically do not possess such structures, inorganic nanotubes thus have been a hot topic in the past decade. In this article, we review recent research activities on nanotubes fabrication and focus on three novel synthetic strategies for generating nanotubes from inorganic materials that do not have a layered structure. Specifically, thermal oxidation method based on gas–solid reaction to porous CuO nanotubes has been successfully established, semiconductor ZnS and Nb2O5nanotubes have been prepared by employing sacrificial template strategy based on liquid–solid reaction, and an in situ template method has been developed for the preparation of ZnO taper tubes through a chemical etching reaction. We have described the nanotube formation processes and illustrated the detailed key factors during their growth. The proposed mechanisms are presented for nanotube fabrication and the important pioneering studies are discussed on the rational design and fabrication of functional materials with tubular structures. It is the intention of this contribution to provide a brief account of these research activities.
Structural Evolution During Formation and Filling of Self-patterned Nanoholes on GaAs (100) Surfaces
Authors: Sablon KA , Wang Zh M , Salamo GJ , Zhou Lin , Smith David J 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Nanohole formation on an AlAs/GaAs superlattice gives insight to both the “drilling” effect of Ga droplets on AlAs as compared to GaAs and the hole-filling process. The shape and depth of the nanoholes formed on GaAs (100) substrates has been studied by the cross-section transmission electron microscopy. The Ga droplets “drill” through the AlAs layer at a much slower rate than through GaAs due to differences in activation energy. Refill of the nanohole results in elongated GaAs mounds along the [01−1] direction. As a result of capillarity-induced diffusion, GaAs favors growth inside the nanoholes, which provides the possibility to fabricate GaAs and AlAs nanostructures.
Visualization of Bile Homeostasis Using 1H‐NMR Spectroscopy as a Route for Assessing Liver Cancer
Authors: Nagana Gowda G. A. , Shanaiah Narasimhamurthy , Cooper Amanda , Maluccio Mary , Raftery Daniel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractChanges in bile synthesis by the liver or alterations in the enterohepatic circulation due to a variety of etiological conditions may represent a novel source of liver disease‐specific biomarkers. Bile from patients with liver diseases exhibited significant changes in the levels of glycine‐ and taurine‐conjugated bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol and urea relative to non‐liver disease controls. Cholangiocarcinoma and non‐malignant liver diseases (NMLD) showed the most significant alterations. Further, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) could be differentiated from NMLD (p = 0.02), as well as non‐liver disease controls (p = 0.02) based on the amounts of bile acids, phospholipids and/or cholesterol. HCC also differed with cholangiocarcinoma although not significantly. Urea increases somewhat in non‐malignant liver disease relative to non‐liver disease controls, while the bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol all decrease significantly. The ratio between some major bile metabolites also distinguished NMLD (p = 0.004–0.01) from non‐liver disease controls. This snapshot view of bile homeostasis, is obtainable from a simple nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approach and demonstrates the enormous opportunity to assess liver status, explore biomarkers for high risk diseases such as cancers and improve the understanding of normal and abnormal cellular functions.
The Beastie Boys: Jews in whiteface
Authors: STRATTON JON 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe Beastie Boys are usually described as the white hip hop group who helped break rap to a broad-based white audience. Rarely is it acknowledged that the Beasties all came from Jewish backgrounds. This article examines the implications of the Beastie Boys’ Jewishness. The Beasties can be placed in a long history of Jewish entertainers reworking black music for white American audiences. By the 1980s, Jews in the United States had been assimilated into whiteness, yet it is clear that the memory of discrimination lived on. The members of the Beasties played with whiteness – performed in whiteface – while being very aware of their own Jewishness and the implications of this. With the advice and mentoring of African American Russell Simmons and the Jewish Rick Rubin, the group gained respect in the black community as legitimate rappers and then set out to perform as uncivil rock performers for white audiences. This article argues that the Beasties’ Jewishness was central to their success as the group that brought rap to a mainstream white American audience.
Antimicrobial resistance in swine production
Authors: Aarestrup Frank M. , Oliver Duran C. , Burch David G. S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLarge amounts of antimicrobial agents are still being used in modern swine production in many countries around the world. This facilitates the emergence and development of antimicrobial resistance. Bacteria causing infections in swine have in several cases acquired resistance to a number of the agents most commonly used for treatment, making it difficult to predict the efficacy of different antimicrobial agents without prior susceptibility testing. This review gives an overview of recent susceptibility data from different parts of the world and discusses the importance of the development of resistance not only in the treatment of infections in swine but also taking into account the human health implications of antimicrobial resistance.
2-[18f]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (fdg) uptake in human tumor cells is related to the expression of glut-1 and hexokinase ii
Authors: Ong L.-C. , Jin Y. , Song I.-C. , Yu S. , Zhang K. 
Published: November 2008

Background: The uptake of 2-[18F]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) is widely used as a marker of increased glucose metabolism to monitor progression of cancers with positron emission tomography (PET). Many tumors have been shown to overexpress facilitated glucose transporters, especially GLUT-1 and a glycolytic enzyme, hexokinase II. Purpose: To define whether a quantitative relationship exists between the expression levels of GLUT-1 and hexokinase II, and 18F-FDG uptake in human cancer xenografts. Material and Methods: We determined the expression levels of both GLUT-1 and hexokinase II in normal cells and in five different human cancer cell lines (AGS, A431, A549, Colo 320 HSR, and HepG2) using Western blot analysis. In vitro assays of 18F-FDG uptake in cultures were performed, and subsequently representative cell lines were inoculated onto the flanks of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. To establish an orthotopic model of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cells were injected into the intraportal vein of SCID mice. 18F-FDG uptake in vivo was assessed by subjecting mice to PET imaging. Results: All cell lines were shown to express higher amounts of GLUT-1 and hexokinase II compared with fibroblast controls. Our results from in vitro 18F-FDG uptake assays also correlated with the Western blot results. All xenografts gave highly positive results at microPET imaging, and a strong correlation ( R2=0.88, P<0.001) was found between the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) and the expression of GLUT-1 proteins. Conclusion: Our data indicate that the expression levels of GLUT-1 and hexokinase II as well as in vitro assays of FDG uptake serve as good screening tests to evaluate the feasibility of cell lines to be further developed into xenograft cancer models for small-animal PET imaging.
Spatial Reasoning With External Visualizations: What Matters Is What You See, Not Whether You Interact
Authors: Keehner Madeleine , Hegarty Mary , Cohen Cheryl , Khooshabeh Peter , Montello Daniel R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThree experiments examined the effects of interactive visualizations and spatial abilities on a task requiring participants to infer and draw cross sections of a three‐dimensional (3D) object. The experiments manipulated whether participants could interactively control a virtual 3D visualization of the object while performing the task, and compared participants who were allowed interactive control of the visualization to those who were not allowed control. In Experiment 1, interactivity produced better performance than passive viewing, but the advantage of interactivity disappeared in Experiment 2 when visual input for the two conditions in a yoked design was equalized. In Experiments 2 and 3, differences in how interactive participants manipulated the visualization were large and related to performance. In Experiment 3, non‐interactive participants who watched optimal movements of the display performed as well as interactive participants who manipulated the visualization effectively and better than interactive participants who manipulated the visualization ineffectively. Spatial ability made an independent contribution to performance on the spatial reasoning task, but did not predict patterns of interactive behavior. These experiments indicate that providing participants with active control of a computer visualization does not necessarily enhance task performance, whereas seeing the most task‐relevant information does, and this is true regardless of whether the task‐relevant information is obtained actively or passively.
The Pervasiveness of 1/f Scaling in Speech Reflects the Metastable Basis of Cognition
Authors: Kello Christopher T. , Anderson Gregory G. , Holden John G. , Van Orden Guy C. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHuman neural and behavioral activities have been reported to exhibit fractal dynamics known as 1/f noise, which is more aptly named 1/f scaling. Some argue that 1/f scaling is a general and pervasive property of the dynamical substrate from which cognitive functions are formed. Others argue that it is an idiosyncratic property of domain‐specific processes. An experiment was conducted to investigate whether 1/f scaling pervades the intrinsic fluctuations of a spoken word. Ten participants each repeated the word bucket over 1,000 times, and fluctuations in acoustic measurements across repetitions generally followed the 1/f scaling relation, including numerous parallel yet distinct series of 1/f fluctuations. On the basis of work showing that 1/f scaling is a universal earmark of metastability, it is proposed that the observed pervasiveness of 1/f fluctuations in speech reflects the fact that cognitive functions are formed as metastable patterns of activity in brain, body, and environment.
Body Parts and Early‐Learned Verbs
Authors: Maouene Josita , Hidaka Shohei , Smith Linda B. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article reports the structure of associations among 101 common verbs and body parts. The verbs are those typically learned by children learning English prior to 3 years of age. In a free association task, 50 adults were asked to provide the single body part that came to mind when they thought of each verb. Analyses reveal highly systematic and structured patterns of associations that are also related to the normative age of acquisition of the verbs showing a progression from verbs associated with actions by the mouth, to verbs strongly associated with actions by hand and arm, to verbs not so strongly associated with any one body part. The results have implications for proposals about embodied verb meaning and also for processes of early verb learning.
Zipf's Law and Avoidance of Excessive Synonymy
Authors: Manin Dmitrii Y. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractZipf's law states that if words of language are ranked in the order of decreasing frequency in texts, the frequency of a word is inversely proportional to its rank. It is very reliably observed in the data, but to date it escaped satisfactory theoretical explanation. This article suggests that Zipf's law may result from a hierarchical organization of word meanings over the semantic space, which in turn is generated by the evolution of word semantics dominated by expansion of meanings and competition of synonyms. A study of the frequency of partial synonyms in Russian provides experimental evidence for the hypothesis that word frequency is determined by semantics.