bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of the year 2005: literature on applications of isothermal titration calorimetry
Authors: Ababou Adessamad , Ladbury John E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIsothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) can provide a full thermodynamic characterization of an interaction. Its usage does not suffer from constraints of molecular size, shape or chemical constitution. Neither is there any need for chemical modification or attachment to solid support. This ease of use has made it an invaluable instrumental resource and led to its appearance in many laboratories. Despite this, the value of the thermodynamic parameterization has, only quite recently, become widely appreciated. Although our understanding of the correlation between thermodynamic data and structural details continues to be somewhat naïve, a large number of publications have begun to improve the situation. In this overview of the literature for 2005, we have attempted to highlight works of interest and novelty. Furthermore, we draw attention to those works which we feel have provided a route to better analysis and increased our ability to understand the meaning of thermodynamic change on binding. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An embeddedness framing of governance and opportunism: towards a cross‐nationally accommodating theory of agency—critique and extension
Authors: Zahra Shaker A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractResearch on corporate governance has been increased in recent years, reflecting growing concern about the future of global capitalism. Much of this research has been under socialized. Lubatkin and colleagues attempt to address this serious shortcomings of past research. While making an important and informative contribution to research, I believe these authors overlook the questionable assumptions of agency models of governance. Lubatkin and colleagues also key issues resulting from the internationalization of corporate governance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Historical instrumental climate data for Australia—quality and utility for palaeoclimatic studies
Authors: Nicholls Neville , Collins Dean , Trewin Blair , Hope Pandora 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe quality and availability of climate data suitable for palaeoclimatic calibration and verification for the Australian region are discussed and documented. Details of the various datasets, including problems with the data, are presented. High‐quality datasets, where such problems are reduced or even eliminated, are discussed. Many climate datasets are now analysed onto grids, facilitating the preparation of regional‐average time series. Work is under way to produce such high‐quality, gridded datasets for a variety of hitherto unavailable climate data, including surface humidity, pan evaporation, wind, and cloud. An experiment suggests that only a relatively small number of palaeoclimatic time series could provide a useful estimate of long‐term changes in Australian annual average temperature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Five centuries of climate change in Australia: the view from underground
Authors: Pollack Henry N. , Huang Shaopeng , Smerdon Jason E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFifty‐seven borehole temperature profiles from across Australia are analysed to reconstruct a ground surface temperature history for the past five centuries. The five‐hundred‐year reconstruction is characterised by a temperature increase of approximately 0.5 K, with most of the warming occurring in the 19th and 20th centuries. The 17th century was the coolest interval of the five‐century reconstruction. Comparison of the geothermal reconstruction to the Australian annual surface air temperature time series in their period of overlap shows excellent agreement. The full geothermal reconstruction also agrees well with the low‐frequency component of dendroclimatic reconstructions from Tasmania and New Zealand. The warming of Australia over the past five centuries is only about half that experienced by the continents of the Northern Hemisphere in the same time interval. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐slice analysis of the Australian summer monsoon during the late Quaternary using the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model
Authors: Marshall A. G. , Lynch A. H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe use the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model (FOAM) to investigate the variation in the Australian summer monsoon over the last 55 000 years. A synthesis of palaeoenvironmental observations is used to constrain the model for six time slices: 55, 35, 21, 11, 6 and 0 ka. Both inter‐hemispheric forcing and the seasonal timing of local insolation changes play key, and interacting, roles on the evolution and intensity of the monsoon.During the onset to the monsoon, a heat low develops to the west of Australia over the Indian Ocean in all time slices, but with varying strengths. Divergent outflow from Asia converges with the cyclonic flow to bring increased rainfall to northern Australia and the maritime continent. The relative importance of a low pressure ‘pull’ and the high pressure ‘push’ varies according to the strength of the pressure anomalies. Only in the middle Holocene is the low pressure ‘pull’ the dominant forcing mechanism. At 21 ka, the climate shift to colder mean temperatures determines the large‐scale dynamics of the monsoon.The general picture that emerges from these results is consistent with available palaeodata but highlights the importance of a broad regional perspective to ascribe the driving mechanisms at different times. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructing El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) from high‐resolution palaeoarchives
Authors: Gergis Joëlle , Braganza Karl , Fowler Anthony , Mooney Scott , Risbey James 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEl Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the most important coupled ocean–atmospheric phenomena to cause global climate variability on interannual timescales. Efforts to understand recent, apparently anomalous ENSO behaviour are hampered by the phenomenon's unstable (non‐stationary) nature and the limitations inherent in palaeoclimate records. In this paper, the complexities associated with isolating ENSO signals in observational and palaeoclimate records are reviewed. The utility and limitations of high‐resolution (tree‐ring, coral, speleothems, ice and documentary) proxy data for ENSO reconstruction are discussed. To overcome the regional biases contained within each palaeoclimatic source, it is necessary to compare complementary signals derived from multiple proxy climate records. To date, there have been limited attempts to reconstruct large‐scale ENSO using these ‘multiproxy’ methodologies. A critique of the complexities associated with previous approaches of reconstructing discrete ENSO events and atmospheric/oceanic indices is provided. Abundant potential remains to better characterise teleconnection patterns, propagation signatures and non‐stationary features of large‐scale ENSO behaviour. If key uncertainties in ENSO dynamics (such as the response of extreme events to natural/human forcing) are to be adequately assessed, then complementary attempts must be made to model the historic synoptic conditions with apparent changes in reconstructed indices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of ice‐core, marine and terrestrial records for the Australian Last Glacial Maximum and Termination: a contribution from the OZ INTIMATE group
Authors: Turney C. S. M. , Haberle S. , Fink D. , Kershaw A. P. , Barbetti M. , Barrows T. T. , Black M. , Cohen T. J. , Corrège T. , Hesse P. P. , Hua Q. , Johnston R. , Morgan V. , Moss P. , Nanson G. , van Ommen T. , Rule S. , Williams N. J. , Zhao J.‐X. , D'Costa D. , Feng Y.‐X. , Gagan M. , Mooney S. , Xia Q. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe degree to which Southern Hemisphere climatic changes during the end of the last glacial period and early Holocene (30‐8 ka) were influenced or initiated by events occurring in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere is a complex issue. There is conflicting evidence for the degree of hemispheric ‘teleconnection’ and an unresolved debate as to the principle forcing mechanism(s). The available hypotheses are difficult to test robustly, however, because the few detailed palaeoclimatic records in the Southern Hemisphere are widely dispersed and lack duplication. Here we present climatic and environmental reconstructions from across Australia, a key region of the Southern Hemisphere because of the range of environments it covers and the potentially important role regional atmospheric and oceanic controls play in global climate change. We identify a general scheme of events for the end of the last glacial period and early Holocene but a detailed reconstruction proved problematic. Significant progress in climate quantification and geochronological control is now urgently required to robustly investigate change through this period. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and testing of transfer functions for generating quantitative climatic estimates from Australian pollen data
Authors: Cook Ellyn J. , van der Kaars Sander 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe review attempts to derive quantitative climatic estimates from Australian pollen data, including the climatic envelope, climatic indicator and modern analogue approaches, and outline the need to pursue alternatives for use as input to, or validation of, simulations by models of past, present and future climate patterns. To this end, we have constructed and tested modern pollen–climate transfer functions for mainland southeastern Australia and Tasmania using the existing southeastern Australian pollen database and for northern Australia using a new pollen database we are developing. After testing for statistical significance, 11 parameters were selected for mainland southeastern Australia, seven for Tasmania and six for northern Australia. The functions are based on weighted‐averaging partial least squares regression and their predictive ability evaluated against modern observational climate data using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation. Functions for summer, annual and winter rainfall and temperatures are most robust for southeastern Australia, while in Tasmania functions for minimum temperature of the coldest period, mean winter and mean annual temperature are the most reliable. In northern Australia, annual and summer rainfall and annual and summer moisture indexes are the strongest. The validation of all functions means all can be applied to Quaternary pollen records from these three areas with confidence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Core‐Sheath Composite Nanofibers by Emulsion Electrospinning
Authors: Xu Xiuling , Zhuang Xiuli , Chen Xuesi , Wang Xinri , Yang Lixin , Jing Xiabin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSummary: Uniform core‐sheath nanofibers are prepared by electrospinning a water‐in‐oil emulsion in which the aqueous phase consists of a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solution in water and the oily phase is a chloroform solution of an amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(L‐lactic acid) (PEG‐PLA) diblock copolymer. The obtained fibers are composed of a PEO core and a PEG‐PLA sheath with a sharp boundary in between. By adjusting the emulsion composition and the emulsification parameters, the overall fiber size and the relative diameters of the core and the sheath can be changed. A mechanism is proposed to explain the process of transformation from the emulsion to the core‐sheath fibers, i.e., the stretching and evaporation induced de‐emulsification. In principle, this process can be applied to other systems to prepare core‐sheath fibers in place of concentric electrospinning and it is especially suitable for fabricating composite nanofibers that contain water‐soluble drugs.Schematic mechanism for the formation of core‐sheath composite fibers during emulsion electrospinning.imageSchematic mechanism for the formation of core‐sheath composite fibers during emulsion electrospinning.
Synthesis of Novel Star Shaped Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Utilizing Fullerene as the Molecular Core
Authors: Kai Weihua , Hua Lei , Zhao Li , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSummary: The synthesis of star shaped poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) with a fullerene molecular core (s‐PCLF) was successfully achieved by the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone with fullerenol as the initiator. Through NMR and GPC analysis, the average number of arms of PCL on each fullerene core was estimated to be 2–3.Fullerenol (left) and PCL star polymer (right) in THF.imageFullerenol (left) and PCL star polymer (right) in THF.
Surface Functionalization of Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles via RAFT‐Mediated Graft Polymerization
Authors: Wang Wen‐Cai , Neoh Koon‐Gee , Kang En‐Tang 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSummary: Surface functionalization of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) via living radical graft polymerization with styrene and acrylic acid (AAc) in the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)‐mediated process was reported. Peroxides and hydroperoxides generated on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles via ozone pretreatment facilitated the thermally initiated graft polymerization in the RAFT‐mediated process. A comparison of the MNP before and after the RAFT‐mediated process was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to determine the molecular weight of the free homopolymer in the reaction mixture. Well‐defined polymer chains were grown from the MNP surfaces to yield particles with a Fe3O4 core and a polymer outer layer. The resulting core–shell Fe3O4‐g‐polystyrene and Fe3O4‐g‐poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) nanoparticles formed stable dispersions in the organic solvents for polystyrene (PS) and PAAc, respectively.Schematic illustration of thermally induced graft polymerization of styrene and AAc with the ozone‐treated Fe3O4 MNP.imageSchematic illustration of thermally induced graft polymerization of styrene and AAc with the ozone‐treated Fe3O4 MNP.
Self‐Assembly of Two Agents in a Core‐Shell‐Corona Multicompartment Micelle Studied by Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Xia Jun , Zhong Chongli 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSummary: Dissipative particle dynamics simulations are performed on the distributions of two agents in a core‐shell‐corona multicompartment micelle. The simulated results show that when the agents are weakly hydrophobic, their distributions in the multicompartment micelle are largely affected by the interactions between the agents and the blocks; while for strongly hydrophobic agents, the self‐assembly of solubilized species in the micelle is also affected largely by the interactions between the species. This work confirms that a multicompartment micelle can store two agents within separate nanoscopic compartments simultaneously, and shows that the distributions of the agents can be tailored easily by changing the interactions presented. This provides molecular‐level information that is useful for the future rational design of new micellar systems with tailored properties.Simulated cross sections of the multicompartment micelles with strongly hydrophobic solubilized agents (the solvent and block A are omitted for clarity, block B is dark gray, block C is light gray, agent P is white, and agent Q is black).imageSimulated cross sections of the multicompartment micelles with strongly hydrophobic solubilized agents (the solvent and block A are omitted for clarity, block B is dark gray, block C is light gray, agent P is white, and agent Q is black).
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized by Hyperbranched Poly(urea‐urethane)s by a One‐Pot Polycondensation
Authors: Yang Yingkui , Xie Xiaolin , Wu Jingao , Yang Zhifang , Wang Xiaotao , Mai Yiu‐Wing 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSummary: Hyperbranched poly(urea‐urethane)‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT‐HPUs) have been synthesized by a one‐pot polycondensation of tolylene 2,4‐diisocyanate and diethanolamine in the presence of MWNTs terminated with multiple hydroxy groups. FT‐IR, Raman, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra reveal that the HPU trees are covalently grafted onto the MWNT surfaces. After a high density of HPU trees (83.5 wt.‐%) is attached to the MWNTs, core‐shell nanostructures with MWNTs as the core and the HPU trees as the shell are formed. A loose and uniform nanotube network can be observed by TEM, SEM, and AFM. The resulting MWNT‐HPUs are soluble in polar solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamine, 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone, and dimethyl sulfoxide.Hyperbranched poly(urea‐urethane)s functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes.imageHyperbranched poly(urea‐urethane)s functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes.
Molecular‐Complex Formation of Syndiotactic Polystyrene with Stable Radical Molecules
Authors: Kaneko Fumitoshi , Uda Yukihiro , Kajiwara Atsushi , Tanigaki Nobutaka 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSummary: The formation of a molecular‐complex crystalline phase of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) that contains a stable nitroxide radical compound, 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐N‐oxyl (TEMPO), is confirmed by IR and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Through a guest exchange procedure assisted by a plasticizing agent, the original guest (chloroform) contained in the starting clathrate phase is completely replaced by TEMPO. Although the conformational regularity of the sPS helices in the resultant crystalline phase that contains TEMPO is similar to that in the starting clathrate phase, the host lattice expands in the 010 direction. The guest TEMPO molecules exhibit a significantly broadened ESR signal because of their highly concentrated state in the complex crystalline phase.Thermogravimetric measurement of a powder sample of the sPS/TEMPO complex.imageThermogravimetric measurement of a powder sample of the sPS/TEMPO complex.
Facile and Efficient One‐Pot Transformation of RAFT Polymer End Groups via a Mild Aminolysis/Michael Addition Sequence
Authors: Qiu Xing‐Ping , Winnik Françoise M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSummary: The trithiocarbonate end groups of polymers prepared by RAFT polymerization are converted into colorless and stable thioethers in a one‐pot process that combines aminolysis of the trithiocarbonate functions and Michael addition of the resulting thiols to α, β‐unsaturated carbonyl derivatives. This post polymerization procedure, which is carried out under mild conditions to near quantitative conversion, is described in the case of a telechelic poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) sample bearing isobutylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl end groups. The chemical composition, purity, and molar masses of the modified polymers are assessed by GPC, 1H NMR spectroscopy and UV‐vis spectroscopy, which together demonstrate the efficiency of the method and confirm that the molecular weight and polydispersity of the precursor RAFT polymer are not affected by the treatment.The facile, one pot synthesis combines the reactions of trithiocarbonate aminolysis and Michael addition of a thiol to an α, β‐unsaturated ester to transform the labile, colored thiocarbonylthio moiety into a stable, colorless thioether.imageThe facile, one pot synthesis combines the reactions of trithiocarbonate aminolysis and Michael addition of a thiol to an α, β‐unsaturated ester to transform the labile, colored thiocarbonylthio moiety into a stable, colorless thioether.
Chain Architecture Dependent 3‐Dimensional Supramolecular Assembly of Rod‐Coil Molecules with a Conjugated Hexa‐p‐phenylene Rod
Authors: Park Myoung‐Hwan , Ryu Ja‐Hyoung , Lee Eunji , Han Kyung‐Hee , Chung Yeon‐Wook , Cho Byoung‐Ki , Lee Myongsoo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSummary: We have prepared hexa‐p‐phenylene based rod‐coil molecules with identical coil volume fractions, but different poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) coil architectures (linear versus dibranched), and investigated their self‐assembling behavior in the solid state by small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Rod‐coil molecules with a linear PPO coil showed a honeycomb‐like lamellar assembly of rod segments with hexagonally arrayed PPO coil perforations. In contrast, the rod‐coil molecules with dibranched PPO coils self‐organized into rod bundles with a body centered tetragonal symmetry surrounded by a PPO coil matrix. These results demonstrate that the steric hindrance at the rod/coil interface arising from coil architectural variation is a dominant parameter governing supramolecular rod assembly in the rod‐coil system.TEM images and schematic illustrations of the self‐assembled structures of rod‐coil molecules with linear (left) and dibranched (right) PPO coils, respectively.imageTEM images and schematic illustrations of the self‐assembled structures of rod‐coil molecules with linear (left) and dibranched (right) PPO coils, respectively.
Synthesis of Poly(tartar amides) as Bio‐Inspired Antifreeze Additives
Authors: Yagci Yavuz E. , Antonietti Markus , Börner Hans G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSummary: Multifunctional poly(tartar amides) have been synthesized and used as bio‐inspired antifreeze additives. It is shown that these polymers strongly interfere with the crystallization process of water in comparison to commercially available commodity polymers. While the addition of the poly(tartar amides) results in minor freezing point depression, as is shown by differential scanning calorimetry, a strong change in the ice crystal morphology is evident. Wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and optical microscopy indicate that the hexagonal structure of undisturbed ice‐crystals is oriented and partly deformed.Light microscopy image of ice crystals at 223 K after a freezing assay with poly(tartar amides) shown at a polymer concentration of 2 wt.‐%.imageLight microscopy image of ice crystals at 223 K after a freezing assay with poly(tartar amides) shown at a polymer concentration of 2 wt.‐%.
In‐depth study of the electromagnetics of ultrahigh‐field MRI
Authors: Ibrahim Tamer S. , Mitchell Chad , Abraham Roney , Schmalbrock Petra 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this work, numerical and experimental studies of the transverse electromagnetic (TEM) resonator modes at ultrahigh‐field (UHF) MRI are performed using an in‐house finite difference time domain package at 340 MHz and using an 8 T whole‐body MRI system. The simulations utilized anatomically detailed human head mesh and a spherical head‐sized phantom, while the experiments included an electromagnetically equivalent (to simulations) phantom and in vivo human head studies. An in‐depth look at the homogeneity of the transmit‐and‐receive fields and local and global polarization of the electromagnetic waves inside the cavity of the head coil, and also the current distribution obtained on the resonator elements, is provided for several coil modes when the coil is empty and loaded. Based on the numerical and experimental results, which are in excellent agreement, an electromagnetic characterization of loading radio‐frequency (RF) head coils during a UHF MRI experiment is provided. The possibility of using the aforementioned modes for specific types of imaging application is briefly reviewed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.