bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in five horses
Authors: Wong David M. , Belgrave Rodney L. , Williams Kurt J. , Del Piero Fabio , Alcott Cody J. , Bolin Steven R. , Marr Celia M. , Nolen-Walston Rose , Myers Ronald K. , Wilkins Pamela A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Case Description—5 horses were evaluated because of decreased appetite, weight loss, fever, cough, tachypnea, and respiratory distress.
Clinical Findings—Tachycardia, tachypnea, increased respiratory effort, lethargy, fever, poor body condition, and nasal discharge were detected in various combinations on initial physical examination. Evaluation of the lower portion of the respiratory tract via radiography and ultrasonography revealed a severe nodular interstitial pattern. Histologic examination of lung tissue revealed interstitial expansion of alveolar parenchyma with collagen, intraluminal accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages within the alveoli, and occasional intranuclear inclusion bodies within alveolar macrophages. Equine herpesvirus type 5 was detected in samples of lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or both via polymerase chain reaction assay in all cases. A diagnosis of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) was established.
Treatment and Outcome—Horses were provided supportive treatment and were administered a variety of medications including corticosteroids and acyclovir. Two horses survived and returned to their previous level of activity. Three horses were euthanized because of either deterioration of clinical condition (n = 2) or failure to improve within 4 weeks of initiation of treatment (1).
Clinical Relevance—EMPF should be considered as a differential diagnosis for adult horses with interstitial pneumonia and should be suspected on the basis of characteristic radiographic, ultrasonographic, and histopathologic findings. Equine herpesvirus type 5 is found in association with EMPF; although the exact pathogenic role this virus plays in EMPF is unknown, equine herpesvirus type 5 may be an etiologic agent or cofactor in the development of EMPF.
A field evaluation of mortality rate and growth performance in pigs vaccinated against porcine circovirus type 2
Authors: Horlen Kyle P. , Dritz Steve S. , Nietfeld Jerome C. , Henry Steven C. , Hesse Richard A. , Oberst Richard , Hays Michael , Anderson Joseph , Rowland Raymond R. R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate, under field conditions, the effects of a commercial porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccine on mortality rate and growth performance in a herd infected with PCV2 that had a history of porcine circovirus disease.
Design—Randomized controlled clinical trial.
Animals—485 commercial, cross-bred, growing pigs.
Procedures—Prior to weaning, pigs were randomly assigned within litter to a vaccination or unvaccinated control group. Pigs in the vaccination group were given a commercial PCV2 vaccine at weaning and 3 weeks later. Mortality rate was recorded, and pigs were weighed prior to vaccination, when moved from the nursery, and prior to marketing. Infection status was assessed by serologic testing and detection of viral DNA in serum.
Results—Compared with control pigs, pigs vaccinated against PCV2 had a significantly lower mortality rate during the finishing phase, significantly higher average daily gain during the finishing phase, and significantly lower likelihood of being lightweight at the time of marketing. For vaccinated pigs, overall mortality rate was reduced by 50% and average daily gain during the finishing period was increased by 9.3%. At the time of marketing, vaccinated pigs weighed an average of 8.8 kg (19.4 lb) more than control pigs, without any difference in days to marketing. Serum PCV2 antibody titers increased in control pigs, and PCV2 DNA was detected, indicating active PCV2 infection.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that vaccination against PCV2 was effective at reducing mortality rate and improving growth performance among pigs in a herd infected with PCV2.
Gap ecology in Florida scrub: Species occurrence, diversity and gap properties
Authors: Menges Eric S. , Craddock Alaä , Salo Jessica , Zinthefer Robin , Weekley Carl W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractQuestions:Studies of gap effects have been conducted mainly in forests. We studied gap ecology in a pyrogenicCeratiola ericoides(Florida rosemary) dominated shrubland and asked: How do gap size and the frequency of large gaps change across the fire chronosequence? Do larger gaps differ from smaller gaps in vegetation structure or species diversity? Are effects of gaps independent of, or dependent upon, time‐since‐fire? Are larger gaps refugia for herbs and subshrubs?Location:Archbold Biological Station, Lake Wales Ridge, south‐central Florida, USA.Methods:We investigated plant species occurrence and diversity in 805 gaps (areas free of shrubs taller than 50 cm) in 28 fire‐dependent Florida rosemary scrub sites. We collected quantitative cover data in a subset of seven sites.Results:Gap area distribution was lognormal. The largest gaps occurred throughout all but the longest time‐since‐fire intervals. Gaps were smallest in the longest unburned site but otherwise did not show strong patterns across the fire chronosequence. Species diversity measures increased with increasing gap area, with herbaceous diversity increasing with both gap area and bare sand. Herb diversity (H') decreased with time‐since‐fire. Larger gaps are refugia for some species. Of 14 species occurring in 25–75% of gaps, 13 had increased occupancy with increasing gap area, and gap area was the strongest predictor of occupancy for seven species of herbs and shrubs. Time‐since‐fire was the strongest predictor of occupancy for five species, including four ground lichens that increased with time‐since‐fire.Conclusions:Community structure within Florida scrub gaps is influenced by gap size, which in turn is affected by fire, the dominant ecological disturbance. We present a conceptual model that considers both gap size and time‐since‐fire as drivers of community structure and herbaceous plant diversity in Florida scrub. Because gap properties (independently of fire) have strong influences on species assemblages in Florida rosemary scrub gaps, fire management should consider the number and size of gaps across the landscape.
Fine Chemicals
Authors: Pollak Peter 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Fine chemicals are low volume, high priced, chemical intermediates, and bulk active ingredients, which are used primarily in the preparation of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, these chemicals are also used in other specialties, eg, household and personal care ingredients, electronic chemicals, and flavors and fragrances. In contrast to specialty chemicals, these intermediates are sold within the chemical industry and according to specifications rather than performance criteria. Fine chemicals typically are manufactured by batch processes in multipurpose plants starting from commodity chemicals and involving several distinct chemical or biotechnological steps. A typical fine chemical plant consists of a “wet” section, where the chemical reactions and the preliminary solid–liquid separations are carried out, and a “dry” section, where the product drying, milling, sieving, and packaging takes place. The wet section is further divided into production trains that allow individual process steps to be performed. The main apparatus are jacketed and agitated 1–10‐m
3
reaction vessels connected to overhead condensers, and filters resp. centrifuges. The smallest production unit is a “train”. A train usually consists of three jacketed reactors with overhead condensers, head tanks, receivers, and a filtration unit. Several trains are regrouped in a production building. A complete plant also comprises an administrative building, R&D, and analytical laboratories, a pilot plant, utilities, maintenance and waste disposal units, and a warehouse.
Xylylene Polymers
Authors: Kumar Rakesh 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPinhole‐free coatings of outstanding conformality and thickness uniformity are produced by exposing a substrate to a controlled deposition of pure gaseous monomer through the unique chemistry ofp‐xylylene, which is thermally stable, but very reactive toward polymerization with other like molecules, in a process known as vapor deposition polymerization (VDP). A high molecular weight coating of poly(p‐xylylene) (PPX) is produced. Recent VDP developments are stressed in the article.The convenient generation of the extremely reactive monomer is accomplished by thermal cleavage of its stable dimer,cyclo‐di‐p‐xylylene (DPX), commercially in the Gorham process. The PPXs formed as coatings in the Gorham process are referred to generically as parylenes. Parylenes N, C, D, and Parylene HT are polymer coatings produced by the Gorham process using the dimers DPXN, DPXC, DPXD, and DPX‐HT respectively. These dimers are the feedstocks for the coating process. The Parylene C monomer, chloro‐p‐xylylene, has become the de facto performance standard owing to its room temperature volatility. The VDP processes using means other than pyrolytic cleavage of DPX to generate reactive monomer, none practiced commercially, include photopolymerization and plasma polymerization, as well as imidization to produce polyimide films.Manufacture of commercial DPXN is through two routes: direct pyrolysis ofp‐xylene and the Hofmann elimination route. Both DPXC and DPXD are prepared from DPXN by chlorinating. Thermodynamic considerations of the parylene process by VDP are covered. The importance of the physical processes of condensation and diffusion in VDP are treated, as is the propagation reaction.The VDP produces films of uniform thickness having excellent conformality and purity. Electrical properties merit their use in electronic construction. Barrier, spectral, and optical properties are also useful. Crystallinity determines important properties of mechanical strength at elevated temperatures and solvent resistance, which constitute the principal advantages of PPX materials. Uses include circuit boards, hybrid circuits, semiconductors, capacitors, the bathythermograph, medical uses (as in pacemakers), artifact conservation, and in laser fusion targets. They are also used as barrier coatings, in corrosion control, and as dry lubricants. The dimers present little concern in handling and storage to an experienced operator. In ancillary operations, such as cleaning or adhesion promotion, suitable precautions given in manufacturers' Material Safety Data Sheets should be observed.
Isoprene Polymers
Authors: Senyek Michael L. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Isoprene was first isolated from the pyrolysis products of natural rubber. The first preparation of polyisoprene was reported in 1879. In 1950, the goal of preparing synthetic
cis
1,4‐polyisoprene as a counter part to natural rubber was achieved. Attention was then focused on commercial preparation of isoprene for polymerization use. Shortly after the discovery of stereospecific catalysts, the first commercial polyisoprene plant came on stream in 1959–1960 using a lithium catalyst. Isoprene is a reactive diene that undergoes cycloaddition, electrophilic, nucleophilic, free‐radical, and coordinated catalytic addition, and thermal dimerization. Information on the production of isoprene by naphtha cracking as well as the synthetic processes is detailed. Depending on the catalyst and conditions, isoprene may undergo 1,2,3,4, or 1,4 addition leading to several isomeric structures. Coordination catalysts, alkali metal catalysts, and Alfin catalysts are important for polymerization and are discussed. Chemical modification of polymers is a convenient way of altering physical and mechanical properties. Highly unsaturated polymers such as polyisoprene are easily modified because the olefinic bond is readily available. Their high reactivity with a variety of chemical substances offers advantages in chemical modification and vulcanization. However, reaction with oxygen and ozone causes degradation and loss of physical and mechanical properties. Synthetic polyisoprene is processed on conventional rubber machinery. Compounding technology is similar to that used for natural rubber. Typical formulations are given. A brief discussion of isoprene copolymers and 1,4‐
trans
‐polyisoprene is included. Isoprene is classified as a flammable liquid. It is a moderate irritant to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. The primary use for
cis
‐1,4‐polyisoprene is in tires and tire products. It is also used, eg, in molded and mechanical goods, adhesives, belts, foam rubber, and elastic threads.. Automotive molded products and medical applications are typical.
Trans
‐1,4‐Poyisoprene can be extracted, calendered, injection molded, and compression molded. It can be used in blends with other polymers. Its main use is in golf ball covers.
Macrocyclic Polymers
Authors: Brunelle Daniel J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Macrocyclic polymers, defined as polymers having more than 20 atoms in a ring structure, have been known for many decades. Theories of macrocycle formation via ring‐chain equilibration or end‐to‐end cyclization were developed in the 1950's, and soon followed by isolation, characterization, and synthesis of macrocyclic polymers. Both high molecular weight (Mn > 10,000Da) and oligomeric macrocycles have been intensively studied in the past 20 years. Although much of the research has been academic, macrocyclic polymers are now commercially available as well. This article details some of the recent synthetic efforts aimed at macrocyclic polymer generation, and also describes utilization of macrocyclic oligomers as substrates for ring‐opening polymerization.
Selective antiaggressive effect of an alpha‐2 adrenoceptor agonist naphthylmedetomidine in mice
Authors: Votava Martin , Hess Ladislav , Kršiak Miloslav 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAlpha‐2 adrenoceptors (α2‐ARs) are critically involved in regulating neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerves and neurons and play an important role in the regulation of awareness, arousal and vigilance. In our recent study, dexmedetomidine, a full α2‐AR agonist, produced antiaggressive effects in the social conflict test in mice at doses that were twice smaller than those producing sedation. The aim of this study was to ascertain antiaggressive effect of a novel drug naphthylmedetomidine, with a more selective α2‐AR activity. Behavioral effects of naphthylmedetomidine (150–1200 µg/kg i.p.) were studied in the activity cage and in the social conflict tests in mice. Naphthylmedetomidine dose dependently decreased aggressive behavior during social conflict in aggressive mice with significant reduction already at the lowest doses tested (150 µg/kg), whereas locomotion and social investigation were significantly decreased only after four times bigger dose of naphthylmedetomidine (600 µg/kg) in aggressive mice. Naphthylmedetomidine had no effect on aggression in nonaggressive mice. Naphthylmedetomidine reduced locomotion in the activity cage significantly only at the highest doses tested (600 and 1200 µg/kg), and this effect was only partially reversed by administration of high doses of an alpha‐2 antagonist atipamezole (3 and 10 mg/kg). In nonaggressive mice, the difference between the dose reducing dominant social behavior (social investigation) and locomotion (150 and 300 µg/kg, respectively) was smaller than in aggressive mice. In conclusion, naphthylmedetomidine showed a very strong and selective antiaggressive effect in aggressive mice, which was devoid of locomotion‐inhibiting/sedative effect. This study suggests that naphthylmedetomidine may have clinical potential as antiaggressive drug. Aggr. Behav. 34:394–403, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Hybrid Phosphine Ligand for Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides
Authors: Suzuki Ken , Hori Yoji , Kobayashi Tohru 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA new hybrid phosphine was designed. The phosphine combines two common structural characteristics found among the effective phosphine ligands reported recently, namely, three tert‐alkyl substituents binding to the phosphorus and an aryl group at an appropriate position. A hybrid phospine/palladium system is versatile and effective for the coupling reaction of various aryl halides with primary and secondary amines including carbazole.
An Efficient Method for the Selective Iridium‐Catalyzed Monoalkylation of (Hetero)aromatic Amines with Primary Alcohols
Authors: Blank Benoît , Madalska Martyna , Kempe Rhett 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn efficient multi‐gram scale synthesis protocol of a variety of P,N ligands is described. The synthesis is achieved in a two‐step reaction. First, the amine is deprotonated and subsequently the chlorophosphine is added to yield the corresponding P,N ligand. Deprotonation of the amine is normally achieved with n‐BuLi at low temperature, but for the preparation of ligands with a 2,2′‐dipyridylamino backbone and phosphines with a high steric demand KH has to be employed in combination with reaction temperatures of 110 °C for the salt metathesis step. The reaction of two equivalents of a selected P,N ligand with one equivalent of the iridium complex [IrCl(cod)]2 (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) affords P,N ligand‐coordinated iridium complexes in quantitative yield. X‐Ray single crystal structure analysis of one of these complexes reveals a monomeric five‐coordinated structure in the solid state. The iridium complexes were used to form catalysts for the N‐alkylation of aromatic amines with alcohols. The catalyst system was optimized by studying 8 different P,N ligands, 9 different solvents and 14 different bases. Systematic variation of the substrate to base and the amine to alcohol ratios as well as the catalyst loading led to optimized catalytic reaction conditions. The substrate scope of the developed catalytic protocol was shown by synthesizing 20 different amines of which 12 could be obtained in isolated yields higher than 90%. A new efficient catalyst system for the selective monoalkylation of primary aromatic and heteroaromatic amines with primary aromatic, heteroaromatic as well as aliphatic alcohols has been established. The reaction proceeds with rather moderate catalyst loadings.
Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of Mesoporous Polymer Colloids in Olefin Hydrosilylation
Authors: Zhang Yugen , Zhao Lan , Patra Pranab K. , Ying Jackie Y. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMesoporous polymer particles (MPPs) have been synthesized by using the spherical microparticles of siliceous mesocellular foam (MCF) as a hard template. The MPPs possessed a robust structure with ultralarge mesopores, and a clean and inert surface. The surface properties of the MPPs could be tailored for various applications by using different functionalized monomers. An imidazolium‐pyrrolidine ligand was successfully immobilized onto MPPs and used as a supported platinum organometallic catalyst in olefin hydrosilylation. The MPP‐supported catalyst provided superior activity and selectivity for this reaction as compared to the MCF‐supported catalyst.
Structure of operating domains of loop reactors
Authors: Nekhamkina Olga , Sheintuch Moshe 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA loop reactor (LR), composed as an N‐unit loop with step‐wise shifted inlet and outlet ports, is one of suggested technological solutions for low‐concentration volatile organic compounds (VOC) combustion. Such a scheme ensures a sufficiently high temperature with autothermal behavior and nearly uniform catalytic utilization. The main drawback of the LR is a very narrow window of switching velocities that sustain a stable “frozen” solution that exists if the switching and the pulse velocity are synchronized. In the present work we show the existence of many “finger”‐like domains of complex frequency‐locked solutions that allow to significantly extend the operation domain, rendering the LR scheme more attractive for practical implementation. A brief comparison with the other heat recuperation technologies (reverse flow and circular loop reactors) is presented. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Developmental changes in the relationship between leptin and adiposity among Tsimané children and adolescents
Authors: Sharrock Katherine C. B. , Kuzawa Christopher W. , Leonard William R. , Tanner Susan , Reyes‐García Victoria E. , Vadez Vincent , Huanca Tomás , McDade Thomas W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLeptin is thought to signal energy stores, thus helping the body balance energy intake and expenditure. However, the strong relationship between leptin and adiposity in populations with adequate nutrition or common obesity is not universal across ecologic contexts, and leptin often correlates only weakly, or not at all, with adiposity in populations of lean or marginally‐nourished males. To clarify whether the relationship between adiposity and leptin changes during development, this study examines leptin and body fat among children and adolescents of lowland Bolivia. Anthropometric measures of body composition and dried blood spot samples were collected from 487 Tsimane' ranging from 2 to 15 years of age. Leptin was assayed using an enzyme immunoassay protocol validated for use with blood spot samples. In this population, leptin concentrations were among the lowest reported in a human population (mean ± SD: 1.26 ± 0.5 and 0.57 ± 0.3 in females and males). In addition, the relationship between leptin and adiposity follows distinct developmental trajectories in males and females. In males, leptin is weakly correlated with most measures of body composition at all ages investigated. However, in females, the level of body fat and the strength of the correlation between body fat and leptin (a measure of its strength as a signal of energy stores) both increase markedly with age. These findings suggest a more important role of leptin as a signal of energy stores among females as they approach reproductive maturity, while raising questions about the function of this hormone in lean males. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geroderma osteodysplasticum hereditaria and wrinkly skin syndrome in 22 patients from Oman
Authors: Rajab Anna , Kornak U. , Budde B. S. , Hoffmann K. , Jaeken J. , Nürnberg P. , Mundlos S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractExcessive skin wrinkling and cutis laxa are seen in many genetic conditions and overlapping features can make a clinical diagnosis difficult. Here we report on 22 Omani patients from 11 consanguineous families with the diagnosis of wrinkly skin syndrome (WSS, OMIM 278250) or geroderma osteodysplasticum hereditaria (GO, OMIM 231070). The WSS phenotype evolves during early childhood and includes a generalized and excessive skin wrinkling, dental problems, herniae, foot deformities, hip dislocations, growth retardation, and a large anterior fontanelle. The facial gestalt is characterized by a broad nasal bridge, hypertelorism, and downslanting palpebral fissures. We were unable to differentiate between WSS and cutis laxa with growth and developmental delay (CLGDD, OMIM 219200) suggesting that both can be considered as one entity. Distinct hallmarks of GO were skin wrinkling limited to the dorsum of hands and feet and to the abdomen, normal fontanelles, maxillary hypoplasia, bowed long bones, and osteopenia with frequent fractures. In contrast to the attenuation of the skin phenotype with age in WSS, adult patients with GO appeared prematurely aged. A serum sialotransferrin type 2 pattern was found in all four WSS patients tested. Apolipoprotein CIII (a marker for O‐glycosylation) was normal suggesting that WSS is frequently associated with a N‐protein glycosylation defect, probably at the level of processing (CDG‐II). All four investigated GO patients showed normal sialotransferrin patterns. The known loci for cutis laxa and WSS on 2q31, 5q23‐q31, 7q11, 11q13, and 14q32 were excluded. We suggest that WSS and GO are distinct entities with overlapping features. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.