bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To Become an Entrepreneur in Ho Chi Minh City
Authors: Kim Annette Miae 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter outlines how the Vietnamese state has structured a challenging investment environment for private firms with its control of land ownership, land use planning, and investment approval. Therefore, the cooperation of state bodies is instrumental for firms wishing to capture potential profits through land development projects. However, it is also argued that entry into the market was relatively open in Ho Chi Minh City and firms could develop the political connections and social networks necessary to realize projects. The possession of initial endowment of political capital does not adequately explain who became entrepreneurs nor who succeeded in the new market.
Human-Sponsored Clonality
Authors: Avise John C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCloning by human hands can mean many things. It can refer to the intentional clonal propagation, via recombinant-DNA technologies, of small bits of a genome such as particular genes or regulatory DNA sequences. It can refer to the artificial stimulation of natural clonal processes, as for example by subjecting animals to treatments or research protocols that induce parthenogenesis, gynogenesis, hybridogenesis, or polyembryony, or that enforce intense inbreeding. Or, it can mean the purposeful manipulation of cells and whole genomes to generate genetically identical cell masses or even entire clonal individuals via mechanisms that may differ quite radically from those known in nature. This chapter reviews laboratory methods in biotechnology, and canvasses the resulting biological products that have emerged to date from each of these forms of human-mediated clonality.
5 The Metaphysical Joseph Smith
Authors: Albanese Catherine L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the Mormon prophet as a metaphysical figure. Noting that American religious history has too often limited itself to mainstream denominationalism and evangelicalism, the chapter has been able to limn the contours of metaphysical religion. This tradition emphasizes the world and human beings as ontologically parallel to, and deriving a stream of spiritual energy from, a higher reality. The consequent world view, as above, so below, is characteristic of hermeticism and modern mystics like Emanuel Swedenborg. Exploiting Richard Bushman's suggestion that Smith is a protean figure amenable to any number of religious agendas, this chapter finds he fits the bill perfectly as a proto-metaphysician. Extending the arguments of Bloom and Brooke, it argues that in addition to exploring occult antecedents and their influence on Joseph Smith, it is time for American historians to take account of the debt metaphysical religion owes to Joseph Smith.
9 Visions, Revelations, and Courage in Joseph Smith
Authors: Davies Douglas J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter applies the analytical insights of Paul Tillich and William Whyte to the revelatory production of Joseph Smith. These choices are intended to further the project of an interdisciplinary, rather than provincial or academically ghettoized, approach to Mormon Studies. Specifically, the chapter considers the traumas of the young Smith, the psychodrama of his First Vision, and echoes of both in the Gethsemane theology Smith developed. The courage that is revealed in these contexts is embodied by Joseph Smith personally and institutionally in such forms as vicarious baptism, and counter-cultural practices like plural marriage. Finally, the chapter explores the paradox of the LDS emphasis on both courageous individualism in a church that makes corporate belonging and corporate rites salvifically indispensable.
12 The Possibility of Joseph Smith: Some Evangelical Probings
Authors: Mouw Richard J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter contributes to the evangelical understanding of Joseph Smith. The interest of evangelical scholars in Mormonism has tended to be in the context of apologetics rather than scholarly inquiry. The chapter breaks new ground in this regard by responding to the probing question: Is Joseph Smith possible for you? It stakes out an alternative to the facile either/or approaches that refuse to relinquish the burden of judgment. Turning the study of Joseph Smith in the direction of reception-theory enables both a richer dialogue and the possibility of real insight into the religious yearnings and preoccupations of religious communities. As a tentative gesture in this direction, the chapter makes history in a modest way, rather than examining it.
13 The Prophethood of Joseph Smith
Authors: Hudson Wayne 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter argues that Joseph Smith is a genuine prophet of world historical importance. In a bold reversal (a non-Mormon), it takes such status as a historical given and a starting point that can enrich our study of various prophethoods, rather than as a laurel to be disputed about in religiously provincial and self-serving ways. This position is based largely on the enduring consequences of Smith's prophetic output, and then turns to analyze the constituent elements of his prophetic vocation: intelligibility, sincerity, charismatic force, cognitive complexity, and effectiveness. The chapter's main contribution in this regard is to probe the possibilities of taking prophecy seriously as an aspect of religious experience and cultural import, both objective and culturally mediated, but to do so without lapsing into irrationalism.
15 Studying Joseph Smith Jr.: A Guide to the Sources
Authors: Whittaker David J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter provides a bicentennial bibliographical chapter about the Mormon founder. It divides the voluminous manuscript sources on Smith into the various categories of journals, sermons and discourses, revelations, correspondence, personal history, administrative records, legal documents and judicial history, early Mormon publications, the papers of Smith's associates, and accounts of Smith's contemporaries. The chapter also separates the hundreds of published sources on Smith into sections on bibliographical guides and sources, diaries and personal writings, sermons and discourses and writings, personal history, revelations, and biographical studies.
The Goddess as Role Model
Authors: Pauwels Heidi R. M. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This book seeks to understand the major mythological role models that mark the moral landscape of young Hindu women. Generally, the goddess Sita, faithful consort of the god Rama, is regarded as the most important positive role model for women. The case of Radha, Krishna's clandestine lover, seems to challenge some of these norms. The book investigates in how far that holds true today. The focus is on the ways the goddesses cope with love. The first part looks at their falling in love, the way their weddings are arranged, and the significance of the wedding ceremonies. The second part looks at their married life, where they are faced with challenges. They come out of purdah to follow their beloved in hardship, and face the threat from “the other woman” and “the other man.” The book takes the case of Sita as main point of reference, but contrasts with comparable episodes from the stories of Radha or Krishna's other consorts. The goddess as role model for the woman in love is just as relevant today as in the past, as is evident from the popularity of the televised mythological series Ramayan and Shri Krishna directed by Ramanand Sagar, and the many allusions to Sita and Radha in popular culture. The television series and popular recent and classical hit‐movies that use Sita and Radha tropes are analyzed through comparison with the ancient Sanskrit sources (Valmiki Ramayana and Bhagavata Purana) and medieval vernacular reworkings by devotional poets (Tulsidas, Surdas, Nanddas and Hariram Vyas).
Wedding Promises
Authors: Pauwels Heidi R. M. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces the portrayal of divine wedding ceremonies over time. These ceremonies are an important public ritual in which values and gender ideologies are articulated and tradition is constructed; they encapsulate what is understood to constitute love and its relationship to the matrimonial bond. Sita and Rama's wedding is very influential this way; Radha and Krishna's secret wedding (love marriage or Gandharva vivaha) does not really subvert this ideal, in the movies, such rituals lead to an unhappy outcome. Sending a positive message, the televised Ramayan emphatically corrects for the real‐life inequality between the bride's and the groom's parties and advocates understanding by the in‐laws for a young wife's plight. However, it is more conservative than the older sources in making the total submission of the woman to the man's family a prerequisite for her being treated well. In the “wedding wave” movies of the nineties, such submission is rewarded by an abundance of consumer goods. Movies discussed are Aradhana, Dil, Hum aapke hain koun..!, Lajja, and 7 1/2 Phere.
Sexual Harassment
Authors: Pauwels Heidi R. M. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Chapter 6 studies how goddesses react when accosted by “the other man.” It compares the sexual harassment scenario of Sita's abduction with the eve‐teasing scenario of the Gopis’ being accosted at the well (panaghata‐lila). Sita's abductor is a villain and she resists him valiantly, but the Gopis fall for their accoster, Krishna. Sita's abduction on television is shown to be partly due to her crossing the Lakshman‐rekha or protective circle drawn by her brother‐in‐law (not mentioned in the earlier sources). Notwithstanding her mistake, even in hardship she remains true to dharma. In the medieval versions, the Gopis are worried about transgressing against dharma, but their love for Krishna ultimately overrides these concerns. The televised version downplays this scandal and popular film shows little sympathy for women once seduced. While the perpetrator of harassment is punished, the eve‐teaser gets off mostly scot‐free, but the victim of either is always blamed. Movie songs discussed are from Mughal‐e‐Azam, Satyam Shivam Sundarama, and Devdas. Movies discussed are Lajja and Mother India.
The Harvard and Chicago Schools and the Dominant Firm
Authors: Hovenkamp Herbert 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This paper begins with a wide-ranging comparison of “Chicago School” analysis with the earlier and more liberal “Harvard School” approaches, concluding that each had major influences in various areas of antitrust. It argues that terms of influence, the balance in the case law rather than the scholarship is in favor of the Harvard School. If the more conservative approach has had an influence, it is in “chastening” and thereby moderating Harvard School preference for vigorous enforcement. The paper turns to the question whether there can be a “general theory” of monopolization, an obsessive recent concern of conservative antitrust officials. It concludes that all proposed tests, while often containing useful insights in specific areas of law, fall short of the goal of a successful “general theory” because they fail to address particular undesirable forms of exclusion and are often underdeterrent. Finally, the paper explores two problem areas most controversial in courts today: (1) misuse of government processes, particularly in the form of fraud on the Patent Office; and (2) exclusionary discounting or discounts designed to drive out of the market, or discipline, rivals.
Free Riding: An Overstated, and Unconvincing, Explanation for Resale Price Maintenance
Authors: Lao Marina 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This paper begins with an analysis of Leegin followed by an examination of the free rider theory, which concludes that the free rider explanation for vertical restraints has been greatly overused; the expansive variants of the theory, in particular, are flawed on their own terms. It argues for a more positive or neutral perspective of free riding as positive externalities. So viewed, free riding should not be considered a problem that must be countered (with RPM) whenever it exists. Under this view, free riding is probably infrequently harmful and therefore minimum RPM seldom provides the competitive benefits proponents of RPM claim for it. The paper briefly discusses the potential anticompetitive effects of minimum RPM. It then considers the policy implications of Leegin and argues for a quick-look rule of reason standard for minimum resale price maintenance in the wake of Leegin.
Reinvigorating Horizontal Merger Enforcement
Authors: Baker Jonathan B. , Shapiro Carl 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The past 40 years have witnessed a transformation in horizontal merger enforcement in the United States. The weight given to market concentration by the federal courts and by the federal antitrust agencies has declined dramatically, and increasing weight has been given to three arguments often made by merging firms in their defense: entry, expansion, and efficiencies. This paper documents this shift and provides examples where courts have approved highly concentrating mergers based on limited evidence of entry and expansion. It shows that the decline in antitrust enforcement is ongoing, especially at the current Justice Department. It argues in favor of reinvigorating horizontal merger enforcement by partially restoring the presumption that mergers that produce high combined market shares are questionable. It proposes several routes by which the government can establish its prima facie case, distinguishing between cases involving coordinated versus unilateral anticompetitive effects.
Water Governance
Authors: Louka Elli 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the status of world water resources. It identifies uneven water distribution, pollution, salinization, droughts, and floods as typical problems in many countries of the world. A number of these problems are also becoming increasingly acute in industrializing countries. The chapter then discusses water governance, addressing issues such as uneven water distribution, water demand management, agriculture, urbanization, climate change, and corruption.
Designing Effective Organizations
Authors: Louka Elli 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the issue of institutional effectiveness within the context of the water framework directive (WFD). The WFD prescribes that a river basin district must be managed by a competent authority. Certain states have interpreted this provision as a requirement to establish river basin districts that would be governed by river basin institutions. Other countries have adopted more of a coordinating outlook to implementation, according to which multiple national, regional, and local authorities are to work together to prepare a river basin management plan. The preoccupation of both new and existing institutions of river basin management is how to ensure a high degree of effectiveness in water management.
The Future of the Elbe River Regime
Authors: Louka Elli 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Elbe River regime. The Elbe River basin district exemplifies the coordination required among various levels and authorities for the implementation of the water framework directive (WFD). Three hydrological levels of cooperation have been established — the international river basin district of the Elbe, working areas of the international district, and the FGG-Elbe that is organized based on hydrographic working areas. There are four administrative levels that must be coordinated on the German side, namely, the international level, the federal state, the länder, and the local level. There are also five administrative levels that must be coordinated on the Czech side, namely, the international level, the national government, the water boards, the regions, and the municipalities.
Restoring Trust
Authors: Abel Richard L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMost responses to the problem of unethical lawyer behavior begin with rule modifications, and then turn to education and ways to make the disciplinary system more effective. The lessons from the six disciplinary proceedings in this book suggest other solutions. Publicity is the most effective deterrent. Potential clients need to know if lawyers have been convicted, or even accused of misconduct. Malpractice liability should be compulsory. The costs of solo practice may be greater than the benefits. Bar associations should offer second opinions about fee arrangements, which must be written. For-profit referral agencies could do more to ensure the quality of the lawyers to whom they make referrals.
Three Decades of Misreporting Iran and Iraq
Authors: Rubin Michael 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines coverage of Iran and Iraq and shows how it has veered from underestimating the political force in Iran of the Ayatollah Khomeini’s heterodox innovations to overestimating the political ambitions of Iraq’s Shi’ite leaders. It shows how ignorance about Shi’ite and Sunni beliefs and practices, including the role of Shi’ite shrines and Sufi brotherhoods, has led to misreporting major political divisions in Iraq, and even its day-to-day politics. In the process, the chapter gives an overview of current religious dynamics in both countries. It has become a commonplace that the American administration was insufficiently aware of the religious complexities of Iran and Iraq when it led the invasion of Iraq in 2003; it is less commonly noted that press coverage has suffered from the same problem.
The Faith-Based Human Rights Quest: Missing the Story
Authors: Hertzke Allen D. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the most important human rights story since the end of the Cold War, the growth in the U.S. of a broad movement for international human rights that draws in evangelicals, Catholics, Jews, Buddhists, Baha’is, African-Americans, and feminists. This movement has pushed successfully for legislation and active policy on international religious freedom, Sudan, sexual trafficking, debt forgiveness, AIDS, and North Korea. Despite its repeated successes, it has often been ignored by journalists, or else its programs and personnel have been misstated, so that the broadest coalition in foreign policy is sometimes reduced to the purported politics of the “Christian right.” The result is that this major evolution in American human rights concerns and in U.S. foreign policy has been missed or misunderstood.
“Misunderestimating” Religion in the 2004 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Vinson C. Danielle , Guth James L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter analyzes coverage of the religious dimensions of the 2004 U.S. presidential election and concludes that journalists consistently misunderstood the meaning and dynamics of many of the events on which they reported. The labels often used by journalists to categorize religious adherents missed many of the most important political cleavages and what makes religious voters tick. One result was that Bush’s religious beliefs and appeal were mischaracterized, while Kerry’s religious beliefs were usually ignored. The same pattern held for coverage of evangelical and African-American churches. After the election, general ignorance about America’s religious dynamics led to widespread media surprise that increased youth and general voter turnout had helped Bush rather than Kerry.
International Norms and Cycles of Change
Authors: Sandholtz Wayne , Stiles Kendall 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
International lawyers and international relations scholars recognize that international norms change over time. Practices that were once permissible and even “normal” — like slavery, conquest, and wartime plundering — are now prohibited by international rules. Yet though we acknowledge norm change, we are just beginning to understand how and why international rules develop in the ways that they do. This book sketches the primary theoretical perspectives on international norm change, the “legalization” and “transnational activist” approaches, and argues that both are limited by their focus on international rules as outcomes. It then presents the “cycle theory”, in which norm change is continual, a product of the constant interplay among rules, behavior, and disputes. International Norms and Cycles of Change is the natural follow-on to Prohibiting Plunder, testing the cycle theory against ten empirical cases. The cases range from piracy and conquest, to terrorism, slavery, genocide, humanitarian intervention, and the right to democracy. The key finding is that, across long stretches of time and diverse substantive areas, norm change occurs via the cycle dynamic. This book further advances the authors' theoretical approach by arguing that international norms have been shaped by two main currents: sovereignty rules and liberal rules. It includes five cases of sovereignty rules and five of liberal rules in order to reveal the broad cyclic pattern of international change in these two categories of rules.
The End of Conquest: Consolidating Sovereign Equality
Authors: Gotberg Brook 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents a set of case studies to examine the cycle theory of international norm change with respect to rules on conquest. Each case represents a key cycle of norm change. The cases include Germany's 1870 annexation of Alsace-Lorraine; World War I; Japan's transformation of Manchuria into puppet state “Manchukuo” during the early years of the League of Nations; the Nazi invasions of Czechoslovakia and Poland leading up to World War II; North Korea's 1950 invasion of South Korea at the beginning of the Cold War; and the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait at the Cold War's end.
Protecting Cultural Treasures in Wartime
Authors: Sandholtz Wayne 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter assesses the evolution of international norms against cultural plundering, focusing on two crucial turns through the cycle of normative change: the Napoleonic Wars and World War II. The empirical account, based on both secondary and archival sources, clearly depicts cycles of normative change as posited in Chapter 1. International rules prohibiting plunder are part of the stream of sovereignty norms; antiplunder rules protect the right of states to their cultural patrimony, a right that states retain even in defeat or under occupation.
Terrorism: Reinforcing States’ Monopoly on Force
Authors: Stiles Kendall W. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The international regulation of terrorism has invariably confronted two major challenges. First, as nonstate actors, most terrorists have no clear standing under international law. Second, because terrorism is inherently political, it invariably provokes varied responses from states. This chapter shows how states have coped with these two challenges and how they have reframed the struggle to suppress terrorism using diverse legal structures and principles. In particular, it shows that the scope of what could be termed “justifiable” terrorism has narrowed dramatically, especially over the last decade, and the scope of justifiable responses has broadened proportionally. At the same time, the status of terrorist groups has changed in fits and starts over the years as states seek greater control over what may well be uncontrollable.