bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geotechnical background to problems of conservation of the medieval centre of Tricarico, southern Italy
Authors: Bromhead E. N. , Coppola L. , Rendell H. M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In common with many other hilltop settlements throughout central and southern Italy, Tricarico is subject to a range of geotechnical and geological hazards which arise largely from the tectonic setting of the area in which it is situated. Hazards include both earthquakes and landslides. The former are experienced throughout the town, but the latter are a problem mainly in locations along the edges of the calcarenite ridge on which the town is built, where the calcarenite and the underlying overconsolidated Pliocene clays are involved. The town possesses an almost perfectly preserved medieval centre, dating from the 10th century. Conservation of this architectural heritage poses a series of problems arising from economic and political pressures, as well as from population changes in this part of Italy, and conservation issues arising out of damage experienced in the November 1980 earthquake are still unresolved, not least because of uncertainty about geological conditions in the worst affected areas of the town. Conservation measures also need to take into account the current instability experienced in the peripheral areas of the historic centre, and the probable future development of these areas. The paper describes a series of investigations into the geotechnical hazards which threaten the town, and which have a bearing on the deliberations of the community in seeking a proper response to the challenges of conservation in such an active area. Among these investigations are surface surveys, and subsurface investigations into the geological structure of the town. From the data it has been possible to draw inferences as to the measures necessary to control slope movements in the worst affected areas. In addition, the effect of the geological structure on the physical response of the town to recent and past seismic events is considered. Proposals for remedial measures to improve slope stability, and strategies to improve the general resistance of the town to seismic damage, are reviewed.
Mechanisms of floodbank failure during large flood events on the rivers Tay and Earn, Scotland
Authors: Gilvear D. J. , Davies J. R. , Winterbottom S. J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This paper describes flood embankment breaches on the Tay and Earn river systems, Scotland, during a 100-year return period flood in January 1993. The location of flood embankment breaches are compared with failures mapped during another large flood event in February 1990 and other historical information on flood embankment instability. Breaches were identified using colour aerial photography taken 10 days after the January 1993 flood event and a detailed field survey of every flood embankment breach was subsequently undertaken. In total, 116 breaches resulted from the 1993 flood event, most as a result of overtopping, and extensive floodplain damage was associated with a number of the failures.
Specific sections of the Tay and Earn river systems demonstrated a high incidence of flood embankment breaching. Along these sections, embankments on the outside of bends and overlying old river courses are highly vulnerable to failure. Embankments bordering tributary streams are also vulnerable to failure as a result of being perpendicular to the direction of flow across the floodplain during inundation. A number of failures, however, cannot be attributed directly to their position relative to the river or former river courses. In these cases local factors, such as scour around fence-posts or poor flood embankment construction are probably dominant. Given the repeated breaching of embankments during flood events, changing agricultural land-use practices, and possible changes in flood magnitudes and frequencies, a number of recommendations concerning flood embankment management on the Tay and Earn river systems are proposed.
Jubilee Line Extension
Authors: Page D. P. 
Published: November 2007

On 29 October 1993 the Government finally gave its consent and financial backing to the £1.9 billion extension of the Jubilee Line underground railway in London after a £400 million contribution from the private sector was secured. This extension will be the biggest addition to the underground system in London since the construction of the Victoria Line in the 1960s.
The extension will take the Jubilee Line from Green Park to Stratford in east London via the South Bank, London's Docklands and the North Greenwich peninsula (Fig. 1). Currently the Jubilee Line links Stanmore in northwest London with Charing Cross in central London. The section of the line between Green Park and Charing Cross will be closed to regular services. The line will contribute to the regeneration of the Docklands, relieve congestion on other underground lines, improve links between existing British Rail termini and bring parts of south and east London within reach of the underground network for the first time.
The extension has a total length of 15.8 km, 10.4 km of which is in twin bored 4.35 m internal diameter running tunnel. The remainder, from the portal at Canning Town to Stratford, is at the surface. It involves the construction of eleven additional stations, eight of which are underground, a new depot at Stratford and a control centre at Neasden Depot as well as an upgrade of the existing line. New station sites will be created at Southwark, Bermondsey, Canada Water, Canary Wharf, North Greenwich and Canning Town.
Prediction of borehole yield in the confined Chalk of the London Basin
Authors: Monkhouse R. A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Over the past 150 years, groundwater has been pumped from deep boreholes penetrating the Chalk aquifer underlying the Palaeogene strata of the London Basin. By studying the performance of these boreholes, particularly by the consideration of a standardized specific capacity, it is possible to delineate those areas in which greater or lesser yields may be obtained, and to predict the yields likely to be obtained from a borehole of given dimensions.
Groundwater vulnerability assessment: two case studies using GIS methodology
Authors: Hiscock K. M. , Lovett A. A. , Brainard J. S. , Parfitt J. P. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In the first case study presented here, a geographic information system (GIS) is used to create a groundwater vulnerability map of the Midlands and northwest of England by overlaying regional information on the solid geology, Quaternary drift cover and soil cover. The map reveals that areas of extreme and high groundwater vulnerability occur in the vicinities of Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester.
In the second study, a GIS is used to create a groundwater vulnerability map for southeast England and to combine this information with results from a routing model for the transport of hazardous aqueous waste within the region. The routing mode utilizes an accident-minimizing scenario and expresses the potential pollution threat to groundwater as the number of tanker-kilometers directed over each groundwater vulnerability class.
It is concluded that a GIS methodology is very suitable for groundwater vulnerability mapping, providing an ability to integrate multiple layers of information and to derive additional information, for example on pollution risks. A GIS also allows flexibility in the revision of maps should existing information become obsolete, or revision of the groundwater vulnerability classification scheme be necessary.
Mapping remote areas using SRTM and ASTER digital elevation model data: a solution to orientation problems
Authors: Dowman I. , Balan P. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are used in many applications and some of them, such as geomorphological or geological applications, need DEMs to be generated over a very large area, with high resolution. As high-resolution sensors cover smaller areas, DEMs could be generated only for those areas that could be mosaiced later to cover the total area. If no ground control points are accessible, individual DEM tiles pose orientation problems during mosaicing, as the stereo models are not adjusted to each other. These orientation problems are addressed in this paper. Differences between the adjacent DEM tiles include tilt and vertical offset. A solution is proposed to remove such tilt and vertical offset and/or to register the relative DEMs to a reference DEM, if available. Results are presented of a case study over part of the Zagros Mountains, Iran, covering 72 065 km
2
. The software tool developed in this study was applied to mosaic 14 ASTER DEMs: no ground control points were used for any of those DEM tiles or for the mosaic. An SRTM DEM of 90 m grid spacing was used to register the mosaic to achieve the absolute orientation.
Developments in synthetic aperture radar interferometry for monitoring geohazards
Authors: Riedmann M. , Haynes M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In 1993 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR) was introduced to the wider remote sensing community with the publication of the interferogram depicting the ground deformation caused by the Landers earthquake. Although the power of interferometry was demonstrated, the conventional technique has not always been applicable in all operational scenarios. Over the last few years, however, a number of technical developments have emerged that provide a higher precision of motion rates, the extraction of specific motion histories, and precise targeting. This paper examines uses of differential SAR interferometry (DifSAR) for monitoring geohazards. Limitations of DifSAR will be discussed: lack of coherence, atmospheric refraction and targeting. It will be shown how some of these limitations can be overcome with persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI), which detects slow ground motion with annual rates of as little as a few millimetres, reconstructing a motion history based on the European Space Agency's SAR image archive. The technique permits the estimation and removal of the atmospheric phase, achieving higher accuracies than DifSAR. PSI relies on the availability of pre-existing ground features that strongly and persistently reflect back the signal from the satellite. However, in highly vegetated regions, PSI may not be applicable because of the lack of natural scatterers. To ensure motion measurement of the ground or structures at targeted locations, the NPA Group is developing InSAR using artificial radar reflectors, such as Corner Reflectors (CRs) or Compact Active Transponders (CATs). Both reflector types are still undergoing validation tests, but results show a high phase stability in both cases.
On Sudbury-Area Wind Speeds—A Tale of Forest Regeneration
Authors: Tanentzap Andrew J. , Taylor Peter A. , Yan Norman D. , Salmon James R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A 34% reduction in 10-m wind speeds at Sudbury Airport in Ontario, Canada, over the period 1975–95 appears to be a result of significant changes in the surface roughness of the surrounding area that are due to land restoration and reforestation following historical environmental damage caused by high sulfur dioxide and other industrial emissions. Neither 850-hPa winds extracted from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis database nor wind measurements at meteorological stations 200 km to the north and 120 km to the east of Sudbury show the same decrease. To assess these changes in observed wind speed quantitatively, geostrophic drag laws were employed to illustrate potential changes in near-surface wind speeds in areas surrounding the airport. A model of the internal boundary layer flow adjustment associated with changes in the surface roughness length between the surroundings and the grass or snow surface of the airport was then applied to compute expected annual average wind speeds at the airport site itself. The estimates obtained with this relatively simple procedure match the observations and confirm that reforestation is likely the major cause of the reduced wind speeds. This finding bears economic, social, and ecological importance, because it will influence wind energy potential, wind loads on structures, wind chill, and home heating costs through to the biology of small- to medium-sized lakes.
Identifying Weather Regimes in the Wintertime 500-hPa Geopotential Height Field for the Pacific–North American Sector Using a Limited-Contour Clustering Technique
Authors: Casola Joseph H. , Wallace John M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A hierarchical clustering algorithm using Ward’s method has been applied to the 500-hPa geopotential height field in the Pacific–North American sector. In contrast to previous clustering studies that measure distance between records by using all the grid points within the domain (full-field method), the procedure outlined here, referred to as the limited-contour method, focuses on the coordinates of the 540-dam contour as the distance measure. Comparison between the regimes emerging from the two methods shows that the limited-contour method is more efficient than the full-field method with respect to grouping maps with ridges located at similar longitudes. The four regimes emerging from the limited-contour clustering analysis have been named as follows: Off-Shore Trough, Alaskan Ridge, Coastal Ridge, and Rockies Ridge. The frequencies of occurrence of the regimes have a significant relationship with the phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. El Niño winters exhibit a strong preference for the Rockies Ridge pattern; La Niña winters exhibit a greater diversity of regimes. The frequencies of occurrence of extreme cold outbreaks and episodes of heavy precipitation in the Pacific Northwest show a relatively strong connection to the regime type. For other regions in the western portion of the United States, only the frequency of occurrence of cold outbreaks exhibits a significant relationship to regime type.
Towards reality and away from blind acceptance: Changes in the attitude of public house bar staff to their exposure to second hand tobacco smoke in the work-place since the announcement of legislative measures
Authors: Adams Jones Marc , Adams Jones David , Powell Colin 
Published: November 2007

Attitudes of bar staff to second hand tobacco smoke in the workplace were investigated in 2001 by means of a questionnaire. At that time, government policy favoured voluntary agreements with the hospitality industry. In 2006, when policy had changed and legislation was imminent, the same questionnaire was used to measure the change in attitude over the five-year period. The main findings were: • bar staff had become significantly less tolerant of second hand smoke between 2001 and 2006. • bar staff who smoked had become significantly more supportive of the introduction of a smoking policy by 2006 • the significant majority considering a smoking policy to be impractical in 2001 had disappeared by 2006. • in 2006 it was still the majority view that smoking was an integral part of pub life and that smoking policies would interfere with customers' enjoyment. The message is therefore that there has been significant movement towards acceptance of a ban on smoking in the workplace. Enforcement of this ban, however, could be difficult in view of the still widespread view that smoking and public houses have some sort of special relationship.
Parallel Performance Modeling using a Genetic Programming-based Error Correction Procedure
Authors: Raghavachar Kavitha , Mahinthakumar G. , Worley Patrick , Zechman Emily , Ranjithan Ranji 
Published: November 2007

Performance models of high performance computing (HPC) applications are important for several reasons. First, they provide insight to designers of HPC systems on the role of subsystems such as the processor or the network in determining application performance. Second, they allow HPC centers more accurately to target procurements to resource requirements. Third, they can be used to identify application performance bottlenecks and to provide insights about scalability issues. The suitability of a performance model, however, for a particular performance investigation is a function of both the accuracy and the cost of the model. A semi-empirical model previously published by the authors for an astrophysics application was shown to be inaccurate when predicting communication cost for large numbers of processors. It is hypothesized that this deficiency is due to the inability of the model adequately to capture communication contention (threshold effects) as well as other unmodeled components such as noise and I/O contention. In this paper we present a new approach to capture these unknown features to improve the predictive capabilities of the model. This approach uses a systematic model error-correction procedure that uses evolutionary algorithms to find an error correction term to augment the eXisting model. Four variations of this procedure were investigated and all were shown to produce better results than the original model. Successful cross-platform application of this approach showed that it adequately captures machine dependent characteristics. This approach was then successfully demonstrated for a second application, further showing its versatility.
Using Permuted States and Validated Simulation to Analyze Conflict Rates in Optimistic Replication
Authors: Wang An-I Andy , Kuenning Geoff , Reiher Peter 
Published: November 2007

Optimistic replication provides high data availability in the presence of network outages. Although widely deployed, this relaXed consistency model introduces concurrent updates, whose behavior is poorly understood due to the vast state space. This paper introduces the notion of permuted states to eliminate system states that are redundant and unreachable, which can constitute the majority of states (4069 out of 4096 for four replicas). With the aid of permuted states, we are for the first time able to construct analytical models beyond the two-replica case. By eXamining the analysis for 2 to 4 replicas, we can demystify the process of forming identical conflicts—the most common conflict type at high replication factors. Additionally, we have automated and optimized the generation of permuted states, which allows us to eXplore higher replication factors (up to 10 replicas) using hybrid techniques. It also allows us to validate our results with eXisting simulations based on actual replication mechanisms, which previously were analytically validated with only one pair of replicas. Finally, we have discovered that update locality and bimodal access patterns are the primary factors contributing to the formation of identical conflicts.
Sequence analysis of an Archaeal virus isolated from a hypersaline lake in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Pagaling Eulyn , Haigh Richard D , Grant William D , Cowan Don A , Jones Brian E , Ma Yanhe , Ventosa Antonio , Heaphy Shaun 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
We are profoundly ignorant about the diversity of viruses that infect the domain Archaea. Less than 100 have been identified and described and very few of these have had their genomic sequences determined. Here we report the genomic sequence of a previously undescribed archaeal virus.

Results
Haloarchaeal strains with 16S rRNA gene sequences 98% identical to Halorubrum saccharovorum were isolated from a hypersaline lake in Inner Mongolia. Two lytic viruses infecting these were isolated from the lake water. The BJ1 virus is described in this paper. It has an icosahedral head and tail morphology and most likely a linear double stranded DNA genome exhibiting terminal redundancy. Its genome sequence has 42,271 base pairs with a GC content of ~65 mol%. The genome of BJ1 is predicted to encode 70 ORFs, including one for a tRNA. Fifty of the seventy ORFs had no identity to data base entries; twenty showed sequence identity matches to archaeal viruses and to haloarchaea. ORFs possibly coding for an origin of replication complex, integrase, helicase and structural capsid proteins were identified. Evidence for viral integration was obtained.

Conclusion
The virus described here has a very low sequence identity to any previously described virus. Fifty of the seventy ORFs could not be annotated in any way based on amino acid identities with sequences already present in the databases. Determining functions for ORFs such as these is probably easier using a simple virus as a model system.
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in human monocytic leukemia cells: from gene expression to network construction
Authors: Cheng Kun-Chieh , Huang Hsuan-Cheng , Chen Jenn-Han , Hsu Jia-Wei , Cheng Hsu-Chieh , Ou Chern-Han , Yang Wen-Bin , Chen Shui-Tein , Wong Chi-Huey , Juan Hsueh-Fen 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background

Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a herbal medicine for promoting health and longevity in China and other Asian countries. Polysaccharide extracts from Ganoderma lucidum have been reported to exhibit immuno-modulating and anti-tumor activities. In previous studies, F3, the active component of the polysaccharide extract, was found to activate various cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α. This gave rise to our investigation on how F3 stimulates immuno-modulating or anti-tumor effects in human leukemia THP-1 cells.

Results
Here, we integrated time-course DNA microarray analysis, quantitative PCR assays, and bioinformatics methods to study the F3-induced effects in THP-1 cells. Significantly disturbed pathways induced by F3 were identified with statistical analysis on microarray data. The apoptosis induction through the DR3 and DR4/5 death receptors was found to be one of the most significant pathways and play a key role in THP-1 cells after F3 treatment. Based on time-course gene expression measurements of the identified pathway, we reconstructed a plausible regulatory network of the involved genes using reverse-engineering computational approach.

Conclusion
Our results showed that F3 may induce death receptor ligands to initiate signaling via receptor oligomerization, recruitment of specialized adaptor proteins and activation of caspase cascades.