bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water quality during egg incubation influences yolk‐sac fry sodium kinetics in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: a possible mechanism of adaptation to acid waters
Authors: McWilliams P. G. , Shephard K. L. 
Published: January 2006

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fry hatched from eggs transferred from high‐Na to low‐Na water during the eyed stage of development had a significantly higher Vmax and lower Km (P <0.01) of the sodium uptake mechanism than fry hatched from eggs incubated entirely in low‐Na or high‐Na water.Fry hatched from eggs transferred to acid, high aluminium water during the eyed stage of development had a similar Vmax and Km to fry hatched from eggs incubated entirely in high‐ or low‐Na water. Eggs incubated continuously in acid, high aluminium (low‐Na) water produced fry with significantly lower Km and Vmax values than fry hatched from eggs incubated continuously in low‐Na water. Eggs and fry in acid, high aluminium water continually lost sodium and mortality was 100% at 5 5 M O degree‐days (2–3 weeks after hatching).The results are discussed with respect to the influence of perivitelline fluid ion activities in eggs in acid, high aluminium water on the kinetic characteristics of sodium uptake in yolk‐sac fry. A possible mechanism for the long‐term adaptation of teleosts in acidified natural waters is also proposed.
Spawning period and migration of three species of cyprinids in a stream with Mediterranean regimen (SW Spain)
Authors: Rodriguez‐Ruiz A. , Granado‐Lorencio C. 
Published: January 2006

From February to June 1989, we examined the spawning period and migration of the Iberian barbel (Barbus sclateri), Iberian nase (Chondrostoma polylepis willkommii), and mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis) from an upstream reservoir on a river, which has a Mediterranean regimen (SW Spain). Intensive electrofishing and tagging experiments revealed a tendency in this species to use a tributary to spawn.Barbel migration started in late March‐early April, when they gathered in discrete groups to abandon the reservoir. The barbel spawned in the Indiano dam (a major obstacle to upstream‐migrating fish). Mass immigration occurred in mid‐May. The emigration of Iberian nase began in mid‐late March (not reaching the dam) and ended in late May. The carp migration began in early March, they spawned next to the dam and immigrated in late May‐early June. Our results support the hypothesis that water temperature is the major factor that controls migration in these species.
A simple regression model to assess environmental effects on fish growth
Authors: Maceina M. J. 
Published: January 2006

Multiple regression was used to assess relationships between annular growth and environmental variables. This approach (1) tests for the significance of environmental changes on fish growth and (2) can be successfully used to predict fish growth using different environmental conditions. Age usually explains a large proportion of the variation in growth increments measured in length, and these two variables are inversely related. Since length increments decline as age increases, environmental impacts on growth will be reduced as fish grow older. To account for within‐age growth variation and incorporate this age‐dependent factor, the inverse of age (1/age in years) is multiplied by the value of an environmental variable (ENV) that may be related to growth. This interaction term and age are regressed against mean annular growth increments in length (TLINC; lt+1—l1):TLINC = b0—b1AGE±b2(1/AGE)*ENVwhere b0, b1, and b2 are the regression coefficients for intercept and slope, respectively. Additional variables that measure environmental factors can be added to the model. Environmental effects associated with growth rates of black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus (LeSueur), are presented as an example.
Spawning of Basilichthys microlepidotus (Jenyns)
Authors: Comte S. , Vila I. 
Published: January 2006

Characteristics of the reproductive cycle of Basilichthys microlepidotus (Jenyns), an atherinid fish living in a South American Mediterranean arid zone, are analysed. Specimens 9‐170 mm in total length were captured from August 1982 to April 1984 in the Rio Choapa, in northern Chile (31%%45′ S, 71°15′ W). Analysis of gonadosomatic index fluctuations, and determination of the proportion of mature males and females captured during the study period, allowed the estimation of the duration of the reproductive cycle.Females 70–170 mm in total length contained 2000–9000 intraovarian oocytes, of which approximately 80% were vitellogenic (100–1300 μm in diameter) and exhibited a polymodal distribution. A further 4 to 15% of the total oocytes, measured 1700–2000 μm in diameter and appeared ready to be spawned. In 30% of the examined ovaries some of the largest oocytes exhibited signs of degeneration, or atresia. Juveniles approximately 30 mm in total length were captured over most of the study period. Results strongly suggest that B. microlepidotus has multiple spawnings.
Abuse and Addiction—Man or Drug ?
Authors: SAVAGE P. P. E. 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYTwo cases are described of young persons of rather inadequate personality who became dependent upon aspirin (acetylsalicyclic acid) in a manner reminiscent of the commoner agents of addiction, suggesting that the personality is more important than the drug in addiction and abuse. Both belong to non‐urban communities, and to New Zealand in days when the European‐U.S. drug taking pattern was unknown in New Zealand.
On the Loss‐of‐Control Phenomenon in Alcoholism
Authors: Keller Mark 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper tries to define and clarify the issue of loss of control as part of the nature of alcoholism. It defines what it really is, when and how it operates most significantly and also clarifies its relationship to alcoholism. As a necessary preface there is a clarification of the concept alcoholism itself. The taper concludes with a discussion on the new focus that this approach permits on the possibilities of prevention.
Drug Dependence: A Pharmacological Analysis*
Authors: Collier H. O. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe main thane of this lecture is the study of drug‐dependence through its interactions with other pharmacologically or physiologically active substances, particularly those known to interact with endogenous humoral mechanisms. A study of the interactions of atropine para‐chlorophenylalanine, and indomethacin with an acute morphine dependence in the rat has shown that the intensity or direction or action of the modifying drug may be determined by (I) the particular withdrawal effect studied and (2) whether the drug is given before dependence induction or before withdrawal. From this we infer that morphine dependence is multipartite as regards mediators involved, and that the involvement of acetylcholine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and prostaglandin(s) in certain parts of dependence is intimate. Other drugs interacting with dependence include those that block catecholamine synthesis and those inhibiting protein synthesis.At the whole animal level, the most important property of a drug of dependence is its ability to reinforce positively and sometimes also negatively its self injection. In other words, drugs of dependence alter in favour of reward the balance of the reward‐punishment relationship in the brain and their withdrawal reverses this. With drugs having physical withdrawal effects, psychic dependence may simply be one part of a multipartite structure.From the evidence discussed, two general implications for dependence mechanisms emerge. First, catecholomines are probably involved in drug‐induced reward, because (a) amphetamine euphoria is inhibited by α‐methyltyrosine, (b) self‐stimulation in rats is inhibited by drugs blocking catecholamine synthesis, and (c) some of the most rewarding drugs of dependence (opioids, cocaine and amphetamine) interact with catecholamines. We do not know which of dopamine and noradrenaline might be the main catecholamine concerned, but present experimental evidence favours noradrenaline. Second, mechanisms proposed to account for physical dependence may also apply to psychic dependence.These considerations enable us to re‐examine, by means of particular cases, the general hypothesis that tolerance and for dependence might arise through a drug‐induced, Actaptive change in the number (or efficiency) of receptors. In one case, where the receptor involved interacts with drug to produce a response, receptor multiplication might be expected to produce sensitization, rather than tolerance, to that response, without dependence. If the receptor interacts with drug to produce no effect (e.g. sequestration of drug molecule), then receptor multiplication would lead1 to tolerance, but not dependence. In a second case, if the receptor is for an endogenous neurohumoral mediator or its precursor and not for drag, its change in number would lead to tolerance associated with dependence, as probably occurs with morphine. In a third case, if the receptor is both for drug and for endogenous neurohumoral substance, then its e in number would lead to dependence without tolerance, as probably occurs with cocaine.
Drug Taking Amongst Emotionally Disturbed University Students
Authors: Duddle May 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOut of 109 undergraduate students seen at a psychiatric clinic 26 (23.9%) had tried cannabis, 21 taking it regularly; 15 (13.8%) had tried L.S.D. and 3 had used other drugs including heroin and amphetamine.Students who used drugs tended to have friends who were also users and estimated that a high proportion of all University students took drugs (48.9%) whereas non‐users had few friends who took drugs and estimated that only 14.4% of the whole University were drug takers.There was no evidence that taking cannabis increased the incidence or severity of psychiatric illness amongst students.
A Comprehensive Model for the Acquisition, Maintenance and Treatment of Drug‐taking Behaviour
Authors: Solomon Elizabeth , Marshall W. L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA consideration of the literature suggests that in addition to chemical effects and the often cited importance of personal characteristics, the acquisition and maintenance of drug‐taking behaviour is facilitated by social and environmental factors. A model is outlined that includes these various factors and the implications for treatment are discussed. Treatment is described in such a way that individual variation can be accommodated while at the same time retaining the capacity to experimentally examine the value of each treatment component.
Urinalysis of 39,350 Samples for Drugs Subject to Abuse in a Methadone Maintenance Treatment Programme
Authors: Mule S. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryUrinalysis of 39,350 samples within a methadone treatment programme for drugs subject to abuse over a period of 16 months provided the following positive data: methadone, 95.74%; morphine, 1.20%; quinine, 2.24%; codeine, 0.15%; phenethylamines, 0.87%; barbiturates, 1.34%; and miscellaneous group of drugs, 1.01%. The total positive exclusive of methadone was 6.81%. The urinalysis data indicated a low level of illicit drug usage within the programme.
Evaluation of the Effects of Training of Paraprofessionals in the Treatment of Alcoholism: A Pilot Study*
Authors: Wehmer Gerald , Cooke Gerald , Gruber John 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA program for the training of paraprofessionals in alcoholism is outlined, and the characteristics of persons attracted are described. The effects of the program on a pilot group of 13 are evaluated. The training program attracts persons familiar with alcoholism through personal experience or previous helping experience. It modifies the trainees' attitude toward alcoholism as an illness and some personality traits, but does not increase the information about alcoholism in this already moderately knowledgeable group. The most important effect is the change in trainees' therapeutic technique from directive to non‐directive. Follow‐up indicates that the program enables trainees to use more techniques in their treatment of alcoholics and to progress to higher level jobs.
Social Data and Personality Factors of Clinically Treated Young Drug Users
Authors: Täschner Karl‐L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn view of the continuingly increasing number of young drug dependents requiring clinical treatment we studied 147 dependent in‐patients under 30 years. It was found that the sex distribution is furthermore approaching to the cross‐section of population compared to former studies at our clinic. A little less than 60 per cent of our group are polytoxikomans and using opiates; they are dominating.Secondly come the users of halluzinogens. Social attendant symptoms of drug use are evident in our group: more than 60 per cent are without own income, nearly half of the drug dependents are out of work resp. unemployed. It was also found that the social disintegration is increasing compared to former studies at our clinic. The low age of the patients is identified as important risk factor for the social encroachment. As the average age of the drug users is decreasing, further grave consequences in the social field are to be expected in future. More than one‐third of our patients had interrupted their course of education, only nearly one‐sixth achieved it. The risk in the course of education starts only after having achieved the elementary school. Conflicts of the patients are shown as consequences of a complicated or failed adaptation to the social realities. They appear to drug dependents, especially in the familiar–personal field, but also in the political and criminal fold. Three‐quarters of our patients are burdened with such conflicts. It is shortly pointed out to the methodical difficulties in registering personality dimensions. Our drug patients had primarily a small psychical but, on the contrary, a great physical capacity. They were primarily active and full of initiative, impulsive and tended to an uncontrolled way of behaviour. They had a great need of sociability and a good ability to contact. They chiefly were self‐unsecure and suffered from an unstable mood, had sensitive features, were pacific and little anxious. Their alcohol use was small, their nicotine use, on the contrary, high.
Harmful Effects of Marihuana Use: Experiences and Opinions of Current and Past Marihuana Users
Authors: Fisher Gary 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA sample of 530 marihuana users, classified according to five use patterns (trial users, past users, occasional regular and daily current users), were asked their experiences and opinions with respect to eight areas related to the dangers of marihuana use: experienced harmful effects; potential dangers to self; type of harm caused to others; potential dangers to society; reasons for possibly discontinuing use by current users; reasons for having discontinued use by past users; legal dangers; and types of people whom users would not recommend use marihuana.
Study of Methadone Terminations
Authors: Brown Edward M. , Benante Joseph , Greenberg Myron , MacArthur Mary 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThree methadone units at the Lower Eastside Service Center terminated 110 patients over a 16‐month period. Nine were transferred, therefore 85 males and 16 females constituted the methadone terminations; a total of 101, or 18 per cent of the methadone admissions.Ten per cent of the terminations voluntarily detoxified under planned medical care of which half appeared to be making successful sound adjustments.Thirty‐nine unilaterally discontinued attending and disappeared from clinic contact which represented the largest single disposition.Fifty‐two per cent involuntarily detoxified due to adjustment problems. Twenty‐one per cent had been imprisoned and 14 per cent were terminated by the clinic for abusive behavior.There was one readmission.The terminations generally reflected the ethnic composition of the clinics with Puerto Ricans representing about half the population. There was an absence of black patients terminated for abusive behavior. Drug abuse as a cause of termination was higher among whites as compared to other ethnic groups.The data indicates need for research follow‐up with unilateral terminations to study the results of their disappearance and for clinical support with the planned detoxifications to assist in their adjustment.
Reasons for the Increase in Irish Admission Rates for Alcoholic Disorders
Authors: Kelleher M. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred and forty‐seven consecutive admissions to mental hospitals in the South and West of Ireland, 194 random admissions to mental hospitals in New York and 174 random admissions to mental hospitals in London were examined within three days of admission using reliable semistructured, standardized clinicae instruments and diagnosed according to the criteria of the British Glossary. It was found that the diagnosis of alcoholic disorder was made significantly more frequently on the Irish than on the London admissions and that the Irish admissions, diagnosed alcoholic, had significant more mental symptoms than alcoholic admissions to New York mental hospitals. These findings are discussed in the light of the recent marked increase in first admission rates for alcoholism in Ireland.
An Investigation of an Alcoholism Rehabilitation Halfway House: IV Attractions of the Halfway House for Residents
Authors: Orford Jim , Hawker Ann , Nicholls Peter 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIngredients of an alcoholism halfway house rehabilitation programme which were thought a priori to be “therapeutic” were generally considered relatively unimportant by halfway house residents but having a “no drink rule” at the house was perceived as being the most important ingredient. A factor analysis suggested three interpretable dimensions of perceived importance to residents. The first two appeared to reflect relative degrees of interest, firstly, in verbal therapy, and secondly, in the opportunity for social recovery. It is argued that these two dimensions reflect rather different conceptions of a halfway house and that halfway house provision in the alcoholism field should allow for both conceptions and should not at this stage be based exclusively upon one or other of them. The third factor contrasted an interest in “getting by alone” and an interest in exposure to Alcoholics Anonymous and other sources of information on alcoholism. Residents whose alcoholism was relatively chronic tended towards the latter interests.
Marijuana and Heroin: A Study of Initiation of Drug Use by Heroin Addicts
Authors: Duncan David F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMany studies have explored the question of whether or not marijuana use leads to heroin use. An unstated assumption in most of these studies seems to be the presupposition that marijuana use was the drug user's initiation into use of drugs. In two samples of ex‐heroin addicts it was found that a majority of the subjects had not begun their drug use with marijuana.
A Study of Methadone Maintenance Patients with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Authors: Pugliese Anthony C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) was administered to 65 methadone maintenance patients being treated on an out‐patient basis at Roosevelt Hospital, Metuchen, Mew Jersey.The study investigated the personality characteristics of the subjects and what affect they may have on his employ ability.The present data indicates that the emotional adjustment of the patients may not have a bearing on their present employment, which is predominately in the unskilled area, but it may become a factor when they begin to seek advancement toward higher level positions.The majority of patients scored in the abnormal range on the Pd scale of the MMPI (the Pd scale was based upon patients who exhibited a disregard for social values, an inability to profit from experience, and a difficulty in maintaining satisfactory personal relationships). High Pd scale scores suggest an individual who is impulsive, resentful, and lacking in deep emotional responses. These personality characteristics may be a factor when the patient attempts to seek employment in sales, service, or other fields where personal relationships are important. It is not a factor in their present employment.
An Investigation of Personality and Caffeine Use
Authors: Primavera Louis H. , Simon William E. , Camisa John M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate possible personality differences between caffeine users and non users. Caffeine users (n=74) and caffeine non users (n=31) were compared on (a) psychological needs, as measured by the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, (b) self description and (c) academic achievement in high school and college because these measures have shown to discriminate between users an non users of tobacco. The results indicate that the caffeine users and non users in this study did not differ on the personality measures used.
The Critical Assessment of the T.V. Film “The Drug Takers”
Authors: Milne H. B. , Butt T. W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Granada T.V. film “The Drug Takers” was made to present facts about drug abuse in an unsensational, rational way. The effects of the film on a sample of school children was assessed using a questionnaire and the main finding was that the film had no significant effect on any of the attitudes assessed. Possible reasons for this are examined, which imply a different approach to future educational projects in this field.
Aspects of Personal Relationships in Heroin Dependent Young Men–An Experimental Study
Authors: Kaldegg A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe paper presents the results of Eysenck's Personality Inventory (30 cases), of the “Draw a Person” test (40 cases), of If rout's “Personal Preference Scale” (37 cases) and of card 6 BM, “Thematic Apperception Test” (53 cases) given to heroin dependent young men. no statistically significant differences were found in the extraversion‐introversion dimension. The individual addict could be either extra‐ or introverted. The finding of an American study in which the female figure wax drawn first by addicts in the “Draw a Person” test was not validated. On the Krout Scale the addicts scored significantly lower than “normals'” on the “masculinity” scale and significantly higher on the “feminity” scale but in spite of these trends their femininity score did not exceed the masculinity score as was the ease with homosexuals. The TA T stories were thematically different from other clinical groups and some showed preoccupation with death in an unusual way.
Family Background and Personal Trauma among Drug Addicts in the United States: Implications for Treatment
Authors: Aron William S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper draws together a number of past studies of the family background characteristics of drug addicts. Additional data recently collected from a sample of 346 addicts in treatment are also reported and contrasted with the existing findings in the literature. The personal trauma in the disruptive backgrounds of drug addicts is a subject seldom broached in literature but one which the new data in this article highlights. Questions are asked about the administration of drug programs, given the background characteristics of those in treatment, and conclusions are drawn based on the therapeutic implications of the family disorganization and personal traumas in the backgrounds of addicts.