bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test Method Using Energy to Evaluate the Cut Resistance of Protective Clothing Against Chain Saws
Authors: Turcot D , Daigle R 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWork with chain saws involves the risk of injury; workers wear protective equipment to protect themselves against these injuries. The question arises: How can the resistance of the protective equipment be evaluated? It can be evaluated either by using one of the test methods described in current standards or by using a new test method that has advantages over existing methods. The new test method is chosen because it measures the energy needed by a chainsaw to cut the protective equipment to be evaluated. The energy then becomes the performance criterion to classify the equipment and is an overall physical measurement parameter for evaluating the cut resistance of the material to a chainsaw.In the test method developed, a motor drives a fly wheel that acts as an energy reservoir, which in turn drives the chain. Once the test velocity has been reached, the motor is disengaged and the flywheel becomes the only source of energy driving the chain. The chain then comes in contact with the protective equipment to be evaluated.The total cut-through energy, selected as performance criterion, is determined by evaluating the difference between the initial and final kinetic energies of the rotating system. Also, a sensor installed between the flywheel and the chain records the torque transmitted by the flywheel to the chain. This method determines the energy dissipated when the equipment evaluated is being cut.The test phase was used to validate the operation of the test bench and to verify the feasibility of the measurement principle. The energy dissipated during cutting was evaluated for different materials and under different test conditions.The results obtained show that the energy necessary to cut through a sample is a repetitive measurement independent of the initial test velocity.In contrast to existing test methods, the method developed is independent of the drive system used, and consequently the motor driving the flywheel can be replaced or undergo maintenance without affecting the results. This ensures that the test method will retain its precision over time.
The Determination of the In-Plane Shear Characteristics of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Gilmour KR , Leacock AG , Ashbridge MTJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The test method detailed in ASTM Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Thin Aluminum Sheet Alloy Products (B 831) approximates the conditions of pure shear. The newly proposed test regime removes the rigid body rotation associated with pure shear and hence creates a simple shear deformation. The test also makes available an additional volume of empirical data by facilitating the measurement of both shear stress and strain throughout the test. The proposed test procedure was used to analyze the directionality of simple shear deformation in an aerospace 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. The shear yield strength determined using the newly proposed method was found to be approximately half of the uniaxial yield strength. The orthotropic response in shear was seen to differ from that exhibited during uniaxial testing. The stress-strain response in simple shear also illustrated the effect of the deformation restrictions through the appearance of serrated yielding.
A Performance Evaluation of Lightweight Non-Contact Pavement Profilers
Authors: Hand AJ , Mondal AK , Ward DR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Pavement smoothness was recently identified as the most significant factor the motoring public uses to judge the quality of U.S. roadways. A new generation of lightweight profilers has been developed that have the potential of providing nearly instantaneous smoothness measurements, giving contractors a tool to identify and address process control issues promptly and cost effectively. This new technology was cooperatively evaluated by a team of Purdue University and Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) researchers to assess the performance of the devices, as well as the potential for their use in Indiana.
A successful field test was conducted using four lightweight profilers that performed five replicate measurements at each of six sites: three, hot mix asphalt (HMA) and three, portland cement concrete (PCC). Smoothness data were reported in terms of International Roughness Index (IRI) and Profile Index with 0.0 and 0.2 in. (PI-0.0 and PI-0.2) blanking bands. The field test data showed good repeatability and poor reproducibility in terms of the smoothness indices considered, the profiles generated, and the identification of must-grind locations. Estimates of precision for the devices were determined in accordance with ASTM standards. The observed precision statements as well as statistical tests of between-vendor performance suggest that the performance of the devices, especially the reproducibility, should be improved prior to implementation of their use in construction specifications.
Comparison of ISO/FDA and ASTM Condom Water Leak Test Methods
Authors: Kerr LN , Boivin WS , Hamilton SL , Mailhot SA , O'Malley LG , Boyd SM , Pierdominici VJB , Bushar HF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This research compares the ISO/FDA and ASTM water leak test methods for detecting defects in latex and synthetic condoms. Detection rates of standardized defects are quantified for four condom materials. The overall detection rate of the ISO/FDA method (53.4%) averages 12.3% higher than the ASTM method (41.1%) and is higher for each of the four condom materials. Detection rates for both test methods vary significantly by condom material. The ISO/FDA method is effective in detecting 30 μm laser defects in polyurethane and latex condoms (79.9 and 69.7%, respectively), but is not very effective in baggy and high elongation condoms (24.4 and 39.7%). Due to the limited number of condoms tested, only four combinations of material, defect type, and hole location showed statistically significant differences in detection rates for ISO/FDA versus ASTM methods. Data produced by this research may help harmonize the ASTM and ISO/FDA water leak test methods.
Characterization and Creation of Defects in Condoms
Authors: Kerr LN , Chaput MP , Boyd SM , Galevi EA , Millward PA 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDefects in condoms were examined, then characterized and compared with defects introduced using various techniques. Eighty-five percent of the condom defects examined were classified as either a hole (void in material) or a slit (puncture). Laser drilling and puncturing with a 160 μm diameter acupuncture needle artificially introduced similar types of defects. Microscopic examination of the created defects, before and after FDA water leak testing, showed that this test method does not increase the size of preexisting microscopic defects. Examination also showed that these creation techniques generated reproducible defects within a condom type, with the size of acupuncture needle defects varying less than laser drilled defects. Results of water leak testing showed that the leakage characteristics of defects are affected by the material type, the condom shape and size, the type of defect and the defect size, and the presence of lubricant.
Empirical Models Depicting Grain Angle Effects on Load-Embedment Response of Dowel-Type Fasteners in Wood
Authors: Li Y , Chui YH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Predicting the moment-rotation response of a multifastener timber joint requires the use of empirical models that describe adequately the influence of load-to-grain angle on embedment response of wood under a dowel fastener. This paper presents two models. The first model describes the relationship between load, embedment, and load-to-grain angle, and can be used for predicting moment-rotation response of a multifastener joint. The second model relates the ultimate embedment at failure to load-to-grain angle. This second model is intended for predicting failure of timber joints. Comparison with test data confirms the suitability of these models to describe the influence of load-to-grain angle on embedment response of wood.
Ultrasonic Technique for Experimental Evaluation of Structural Integrity
Authors: Vangi D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An approach for an entirely experimental evaluation of the structural integrity of components or structures is presented. The approach is based on measurement, through ultrasonic techniques, of the effects induced on the local stress field by the presence of flaws in a structure. Due to the phenomenon of acoustoelasticity, such effects produce a variation in ultrasonic wave propagation velocity. From measurement of the wave propagation time within the material it is possible to calculate directly the stress intensity factors KI and KII, even in the case of mixed mode. The typical measurement chains for classic ultrasonic inspection are utilized in this approach. It is suitable in particular for utilization in conjunction with automated ultrasonic inspection techniques, inserting high-frequency transducers in the array of probes, and utilizing suitable analysis software. The results of tests conducted on specimens with fatigue cracks in different load conditions are reported.
The AMES Network Strategy Developments in the 5th Euratom Framework Program
Authors: Sevini F , Debarberis L , Törrönen K , Davies LM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The AMES (Aging Materials Evaluation and Studies) Network started its activity in 1993 with the aim of studying the consequences and the mechanisms of the aging process in materials used for nuclear reactor components. Together with ENIQ, NESC, and EPERC, it forms the so-called “Structural Integrity of Industrial Components” cluster of networks operated by the Joint Research Centre—Institute for Advanced Materials of the European Commission.
Initial activities of the network were the compilation of state-of-the-art reports on nondestructive monitoring techniques for thermal aging, dosimetry, survey of regulatory requirements, and predictive formulas for irradiation embrittlement as a result of in-kind contributions and projects cofunded by the 4th Euratom Framework Program. A brief overview of the outcome of these projects is given.
With the start of the 5th Euratom Framework Program. AMES has now entered its third strategy phase. Most of the projects approved by the Steering Committee and proposed to the Nuclear Fission Safety Key Action of the program to cover aspects of irradiation embrittlement and nondestructive monitoring were selected for funding.
Their focus is on the influence of chemical composition, namely phosphorus and nickel content, on the irradiation embrittlement of reactor pressure vessel materials, on the improvement of surveillance temperature measurement, on the validation of the master curve approach, and on nondestructive techniques to monitor aging of irradiated steels. The paper describes the objectives of the new 5th Framework Program projects and their matching with the AMES strategy, pointing out the involvement of CEEC and NIS countries.
Analysis of a High Rate Round Robin Based on Proposed Annexes to ASTM E 1820
Authors: Joyce JA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
ASTM Committee E08 Task Group E08.08.02 has conducted a round robin to evaluate two new proposed Annexes to Standard E 1820. The round robin involved testing compact and three-point bend specimens at elevated test rates using servohydraulic test machines and then analyzing the resulting data using the normalization method proposed by Landes et al. The test rates were limited so that essentially static (noninertial) analysis could be applied to the results with the objective of obtaining J-integral resistance curves (J-R curves) consistent with those obtained by static tests presently sanctioned by E 1820. The normalization method fits an assumed form of function to the normalized load versus displacement relationship of each specimen and provides a technique to estimate the crack length at each data point. The so-called “normalization function” used is fit to data before crack growth initiates and to one point at the end of the test, for which the final measured crack length is assumed to be available. In this sense it acts as an interpolation scheme to estimate crack lengths and hence crack extensions for use in evaluating the specimen J-R curve.
Five laboratories participated in the round robin. Each laboratory was provided with two to four IT C(T) and/or SE(B) specimens of an A572 bridge steel for testing. Each laboratory was responsible for precracking and testing the specimens, loading the specimens at elevated loading rates between approximately 25 mm/s and 2.5 m/s, collecting the resulting load and displacement data, and analyzing the data according to the proposed normalization annex document prepared by Task Group E08.08.02. Specimen blanks were distributed during July 1998, and tests were run between late 1998 and late 2000 and the data were subsequently analyzed and the results returned. This paper describes the results of these individual analyses and an additional consistent analysis of the data sets completed by the author of this paper.
The objectives of the round robin were to determine if the high rate annex and the normalization method provided accurate and reasonable procedures for obtaining high rate loading J-R curves for structural materials. Since only one material could be tested in the round robin it was hoped that the participants, and possibly others as well, would use the procedures presented to analyze other materials for which they had data and interest. The results of the round robin demonstrated that the method does give good results for the test material, and that all participants were able to apply the method and obtain reasonable results. The author will discuss several weaknesses of the proposed Annexes that were uncovered in the course of the round robin or by other researchers during the past two years, and proposed corrections are presented that hopefully will address these shortcomings.
A New Multiparameter Approach to the Prediction of Wear Rates in Agricultural Sprayer Nozzles
Authors: Soboyejo ABO , Ozkan HE , Papritan JC , Soboyejo WO 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A probabilistic multiparameter approach is presented in this paper for the prediction of the combined effects of multiple variables on wear rates in the material of agricultural sprayer nozzles. The methodology developed is based on the principles of stochastic processes in mathematical statistics, which essentially involve the statistical formulation of the mathematical models of wear rates as functions of the multiple random variables that may affect agricultural sprayer nozzle wear rates, and the determination of the constants of the probabilistic model using multivariate regression analysis.
A general empirical approach is proposed for the estimation of nozzle wear rate. The predictive capacity of the empirical approach is then verified by comparing the relevant theoretical model predictions with experimental data. When this exercise was carried out, excellent correlations were obtained between theoretical model predictions and experimental data. An important feature of the model is that assessments can be made for the relative contribution of the effect of each random variable on the total wear rate at any point in time. The importance of the new multiparameter models and the interdisciplinary collaboration of experts in the fields of structural materials, mechanics, and probabilistic methods in order to control and minimize wear rates in the design of nozzles for food production and agricultural engineering applications are also discussed.
Development of New Low-Cost Indirect Tensile Test Equipment for Bituminous Mixtures
Authors: Tigdemir M , Karasahin M , Kalyoncuoglu SF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In order to design pavements analytically, mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio should be known. In addition, fatigue and plasuc deformation life of bituminous mixtures have to be known. Marshall mix design, while abandoned in many developed countries, is still in use in Turkey. The reason for using the Marshall mix design is the lack of knowledge by highway authorities of other mix design methods, and the cost of change.
In order to minimize the cost of change, new low-cost indirect tensile test equipment has been developed that costs about one-tenth that of conventional equipment. The equipment is fully computer controlled and the control program was written by the first author. The load is controlled by a load cell, and the pressure is applied via an electronic pneumatic system. Deformation is measured by two LVDTs. The specimen size is the same as a Marshall specimen for the sake of easy sample preparation. However, if compaction equipment is available, other sample sizes can also be tested using the mold. In order to control the temperature in the cabinet, a digital thermostat that also shows the cabinet temperature on the screen is used. It is possible to apply square, haversinusoidal, and triangular waves to the sample.
Using different granular material gradations and temperatures, fatigue lives were obtained for analytical pavement design. As can be seen from the test results, the fatigue relationship does not have a good linear fit. Fatigue test results were interpreted in a different way using fuzzy set theory, which indicated that fatigue life can be predicted better than using the linear fit.
Determination and Calculational Minimization of the Nonlinearity of a Vis-NIR-Spectrophotometer Using the Double Aperture Method
Authors: Ossadnik S , Naundorf G , Schwedt G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The determination of the nonlinearity of spectrophotometers is essential for evaluating instrument performance. Nonlinearity is cause mainly by the detector system. Indirect methods, e.g., using calibrated filters or standard solutions, to determine these small deviations are not reliable for high-accuracy measurements. Typical uncertainties are in the order of ± 0.003 Abs. (0.5 to 1% of stated transmittance). The double aperture method is based on the principle of light addition. It is a direct method that requires no secondary transmission or concentration measurements. With the double aperture mask, two light beams are produced that can be measured separately or additively. In an ideal linear system, the sum of the separate readings is equal to the additive reading. The deviation in a real system represents a degree of nonlinearity. Through simple mathematical considerations a correction term can be found.
Using the double aperture method, the instrumental bias can be determined directly. While the measured systematic instrument error does not comprise additional uncertainties associated with the measurement of real samples, a calculational method to minimize instrument nonlinearity is shown.
Comparison of the Systems Approach and the Nordic Model and their Melded Application in the Development of Performance-Based Building Codes and Standards
Authors: Hattis DB , Becker R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Systems Approach and the Nordic Model are methodologies that have been formulated and applied over the past 30 years to the development of performance-based building codes, standards, and specifications. Their respective use of similar terminology has differed, which has led to some confusion and has contributed to the perception that they are, in fact, quite different. Proponents of each methodology have occasionally stated this perception in public forums and by doing so have created the appearance of controversy. However, a comparative analysis of the Systems Approach and the Nordic Model demonstrates that they are, in fact, quite similar and complementary. They can be melded and applied in a productive manner to the current widespread development of performance-based building codes and standards.
Specimen Instrumentation Techniques for Permanent Deformation Testing of Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Kaloush KE , Mirza MW , Uzan J , Witczak MW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents research efforts undertaken to develop, evaluate, and recommend proper laboratory specimen instrumentation and preparation techniques. The instrumentation was intended specifically to capture test parameters in permanent deformation tests for asphalt mixtures. The study evaluated axial deformation measurements and test parameters using the traditional clamps compared to on-specimen glued studs, both being holding devices for linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs). Sawed, “as compacted,” and capped specimen end conditions were also compared. The test results for specimens using clamps and/or capped ends indicated that the specimens were being restrained from deforming freely during the test. In addition, the permanent deformation parameters from both instrumentation types (clamps versus glued studs) were substantially different. The recommendation for permanent deformation testing of asphalt mixtures is to use the instrumentation setup with glued studs and sawed specimen ends with thin lubricated membranes at the ends to insure frictionless surface conditions.
Use of n-Propyl Bromide Solvents for Extraction and Recovery of Asphalt Cements
Authors: Stroup-Gardiner M , Nelson JW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Centrifuge extraction and Rotavapor recovery were used to determine the effect of solvent type (trichloroethylene and four n-propyl bromide products) on recovered asphalt binder properties. Mix variables included three binders mixed with each of two aggregate sources (one gradation). When recovered binder properties were compared to the original binder properties, the trichloroethylene solvent combined with the extraction and recovery processes occasionally produced higher (i.e., stiffer) recovered binders. One n-propyl bromide product appeared to be incompatible with the polymer-modified PG76-22. This incompatibility was seen as a distinct stringy, rubber like residue in the extractor. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that this same product also seemed to inhibit or actually limit normal hear-related changes. Overall, the data indicate that n-propyl bromide solvents can be used as direct replacements for the chlorinated solvents historically used for hot-mix asphalt extraction and binder recovery.
Stress Pattern Analysis by Thermal Emission of Plain Weave Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Resin Composite Iosipescu Specimens with Three Different Notch Angles
Authors: Osborne MC , Moran AL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Iosipescu specimens were developed to examine the shear properties of isotropic materials. In the past decade, there has been much effort made to analyze this specimen configuration for measuring anisotropic materials, particularly laminated and woven composites. Some authors have used notch angles ranging from 90 to 110° in these materials and other authors have performed finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the notch angle and depth with the most uniform shear stress zone based on the elastic moduli. The object of this study was to verify the preferred angle of woven fiber composites through the use of stress pattern analysis by thermal emission (SPATE), which is a technique that can image the hydrostatic stress state in a material under load. SPATE images were collected for various specimens at different notch angles (90, 100, and 110°) and different weave lay ups. Mean load was held constant while the SPATE image was collected but later increased to examine the stress state of the Iosipescu specimens at high loads. The results indicate that for a plain woven carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite, the 100° notched specimen is the best specimen of the three conditions examined due to the delay in occurrence of damage and the large size of the pure shear zone.