bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HEALTH AS FREEDOM: ADDRESSING SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF GLOBAL HEALTH INEQUITIES THROUGH THE HUMAN RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT
Authors: FOX ASHLEY M. , MEIER BENJAMIN MASON 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTIn spite of vast global improvements in living standards, health, and well‐being, the persistence of absolute poverty and its attendant maladies remains an unsettling fact of life for billions around the world and constitutes the primary cause for the failure of developing states to improve the health of their peoples. While economic development in developing countries is necessary to provide for underlying determinants of health – most prominently, poverty reduction and the building of comprehensive primary health systems – inequalities in power within the international economic order and the spread of neoliberal development policy limit the ability of developing states to develop economically and realize public goods for health. With neoliberal development policies impacting entire societies, the collective right to development, as compared with an individual rights‐based approach to development, offers a framework by which to restructure this system to realize social determinants of health. The right to development, working through a vector of rights, can address social determinants of health, obligating states and the international community to support public health systems while reducing inequities in health through poverty‐reducing economic growth. At an international level, where the ability of states to develop economically and to realize public goods through public health systems is constrained by international financial institutions, the implementation of the right to development enables a restructuring of international institutions and foreign‐aid programs, allowing states to enter development debates with a right to cooperation from other states, not simply a cry for charity.
Pre‐adolescents’ Peer‐relational Schemas and Social Goals across Relational Contexts
Authors: Salmivalli Christina , Peets Kätlin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCurrent theorists stress the context‐specificity of social behaviors and social cognitions. Although researchers have started to investigate the relationship as one context that might influence social cognitions, relatively little is known about the influence of relational context on the social goals endorsed by children and adolescents. The current study tested the hypothesis that pre‐adolescents’ goals would vary between individuals as well as across relational contexts, and examined factors that might explain such variation. Participants (N = 102, 11–12 years) filled in questionnaires regarding their social goals and self‐ and peer‐perceptions when around each same‐sex classmate. Both goals and perceptions displayed significant variation between individuals, as well as between different relationship contexts. The goals pre‐adolescents pursued in different relationships were partly explained by varying perceptions of self and of the relationship partner in each relational context, as well as by the affective nature of the relationship. After accounting for the relationship‐specific variation, few associations were significant at the individual level. The results highlight the importance of studying contextual variance in social goals and social cognitions in general.
Are the Competent the Morally Good? Perspective Taking and Moral Motivation of Children Involved in Bullying
Authors: Gasser Luciano , Keller Monika 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe present study tested the hypothesis of the cognitively competent but morally insensitive bully. On the basis of teacher and peer ratings, 212 young elementary school children were selected and categorized as bullies, bully–victims, victims, and prosocial children. Children's perspective‐taking skills were assessed using theory‐of‐mind tasks, and moral motivation was assessed with a task about moral emotion attributions after moral rule transgressions. Analyses at the group level revealed that only bully–victims, but not bullies, were characterized by a deficit in perspective taking, while both aggressive groups showed a deficit in moral motivation. Analyses at the individual level, however, revealed that bullies were a more heterogeneous group, including children with an asymmetry between perspective taking and moral motivation, as well as children scoring consistently low or high on both measures. The findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between (1) strategic social–cognitive and moral competencies and (2) different subgroups of bullies.
Relations of Parent–Youth Interactive Exchanges to Adolescent Socioemotional Development
Authors: Hutt Rachel L. , Wang Qi , Evans Gary W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study examined the relations of parent–youth agreement and disagreement during a joint problem‐solving task and multi‐methodological indices of socioemotional outcomes in adolescents (mean age = 13). One hundred and sixty‐seven parents and their adolescent children participated. Each parent–youth pair played the interactive game ‘Jenga’, and their interactions were analyzed for frequency of elaborations (agreement during three or more conversational turns) and negotiations (disagreement during three or more conversational turns). Elaborations during parent–youth interactions were related to less negative classroom behavior, better self‐regulation, and more task persistence in youth. Findings are discussed in light of the importance of parent–youth interaction and youth autonomy in adolescent socioemotional development.
Rat tau proteome consists of six tau isoforms: implication for animal models of human tauopathies
Authors: Hanes Jozef , Zilka Norbert , Bartkova Miriam , Caletkova Miroslava , Dobrota Dusan , Novak Michal 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHuman brain encompasses six tau isoforms, containing either three (3R) or four (4R) repeat domains, all of which participate in the pathogenesis of human tauopathies. To investigate the role of tau protein in the disease, transgenic rat models have been created. However, unlike humans, it has been suggested that rat brain expresses only three 4R tau isoforms. Because of the significance of the number of tau isoforms for faithful reproducibility of neurofibrillary pathology in transgenic rat models, we reopened this issue. Surprisingly, our results showed that adult rat brain contains six tau isoforms like humans. Protein expression of 4R tau isoforms was ninefold higher than 3R isoforms. Furthermore, the protein levels of tau isoforms with none, one or two N‐terminal inserts were 30%, 35%, and 35% of total tau, respectively. Moreover, amount and ratio of tau isoforms were developmentally regulated. The levels of 4R tau isoforms progressively increased from early postnatal period until adulthood, whereas the expression of 3R tau isoforms reached maximum at P10 and then gradually declined. Our results show that rat brain encompasses full tau proteome similar to humans. These findings support the use of rat as an animal model in human tauopathies research.
F 15845 inhibits persistent sodium current in the heart and prevents angina in animal models
Authors: Vacher B , Pignier C , Létienne R , Verscheure Y , Le Grand B 
Published: January 2009

Background and purpose:  Activation of the persistent sodium current in ischaemic myocardium results in calcium overload which is toxic for the cardiomyocyte. Thus, the activity of 3‐(R)‐[3‐(2‐methoxyphenylthio‐2‐(S)‐methylpropyl]amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,5 benzoxathiepine bromhydrate (F 15845), a new selective persistent sodium current blocker, in protecting against the effects of cardiac ischaemia was examined, in both in vitro and in vivo models.Experimental approach:  Electrophysiological studies using patch‐clamp and conventional microlelectrode techniques, isolated perfused hearts and models of angina in anaesthetized animals were used to assess the protection afforded by F 15845 against ischaemia‐induced changes.Key results:  F 15845 reduced the persistent sodium current activated by veratridine (IC50 1.58 × 10−6 mol·L−1). F 15845 blocked voltage‐gated human cardiac sodium channels in a novel, voltage‐dependent manner, selectively affecting steady‐state inactivation. F 15845 did not affect action potential shape and basal function of guinea pig isolated perfused hearts but did reduce ischaemia‐induced diastolic contracture in this model (IC50 0.64 × 10−6 mol·L−1). In rabbits, F 15845 given i.v. (ED50 0.05 mg·kg−1) or orally (ED50 0.13 mg·kg−1) dose‐dependently and powerfully inhibited regional myocardial ischaemia‐induced ST segment elevation in the absence of haemodynamic effects, implying direct cardiac activity. In dogs, F 15845 dose‐dependently inhibited epicardial ST segment changes (70 ± 8% at 0.63 mg·kg−1) in an experimental angina model of demand ischaemia, again without haemodynamic effects, confirming a direct anti‐anginal activity.Conclusions and implications:  F 15845 is a selective, potent blocker of the persistent sodium current, generated by the human Nav1.5 channel isoforms, and prevents cardiac angina in animal models.
Soil and Fertilizer Amendments and Edge Effects on the Floral Succession of Pulverized Fuel Ash
Authors: Shaw Peter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPlots of fresh pulverized fuel ash (PFA, an industrial waste) were inoculated with soils from existing PFA sites and fertilizers in a factorial design, then left unmanaged for 12 years during which time the floral development and soil chemistry were monitored annually. For the first 3 years, the site supported a sparse mix of chenopods (including the scarceChenopodium glaucum) and halophytes. As salinity declined, ruderals, legumes, and grasses plus the fire‐site mossFunaria hygrometricacolonized, followed byFestuca arundinaceagrassland (NVC community MG12) andHippophae rhamnoidesscrub.Dactylorhiza incarnata(orchidacea) appeared after 7 years, but only in plots that had received soil from existing orchid colonies. Four years later, a larger second generation ofDactylorhizaappeared, but only in the central zone of the site where vegetation was thinnest. By year 12, the site was dominated by coarse grasses and scrub, with early successional species persisting only in the sparsely vegetated center, where nitrate levels were lowest. This edge effect is interpreted as centripetal encroachment, a process of potentially wider concern for the conservation of low‐fertility habitat patches. Overall, seed bank inoculation seems to have introduced few but desirable species (D. incarnata,Pyrola rotundifolia, some halophytes, and annuals), whereas initial application of organic fertilizer had long‐lasting (≥10 years) effects on cover and soil composition.
A pilot examination of social context and everyday physical activity among adults receiving Community Mental Health Services
Authors: McCormick B. P. , Frey G. C. , Lee C.‐T. , Gajic T. , Stamatovic‐Gajic B. , Maksimovic M. 
Published: January 2009

Objective:  Community mental health center (CMHC) clients include a variety of people with moderate to severe mental illnesses who also report a number of physical health problems. Physical activity (PA) has been identified as one intervention to improve health among this population; however, little is known about the role of social context in PA. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of social context in everyday PA among CMHC clients.Method:  Data were collected from CMHC clients in two cultures using accelerometery and experience sampling methods. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling.Results:  Independence in housing nor culture was significantly associated with levels of PA. Being alone was significantly negatively related to PA level.Conclusion:  Social isolation appears to be negatively related to PA at the level of everyday life. Physical activity interventions with this population should consider including social components as a part of PA.
Cognition as predictor of current and follow‐up depressive symptoms in the general population
Authors: Simons C. J. P. , Jacobs N. , Derom C. , Thiery E. , Jolles J. , Van Os J. , Krabbendam L. 
Published: January 2009

Objective:  Previous studies have reported an association between depression and poor cognitive functioning. Unknown is to what degree such associations are merely state‐related or reflect an enduring depression vulnerability. This study examined whether cognitive deficits predict current and/or follow‐up (sub)clinical depressive symptoms in the general population.Method:  A population‐based sample of 569 female twins and 43 of their sisters completed a neuropsychological battery. Cross‐sectional and prospective associations between depressive symptoms measured at the subclinical [Symptom Checklist‐90 (SCL‐90)] and clinical level (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV disorders) and neuropsychological factors (episodic memory and information processing speed) were examined.Results:  Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV disorders baseline depressive symptoms were significantly associated with information processing speed but not with episodic memory. Episodic memory was significantly associated with follow‐up SCL‐90 depressive symptoms.Conclusion:  Being depressed is accompanied by slower information processing. Poor memory functioning may be a predictor for the onset of subclinical depressive symptoms.
Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the expression of pp38MAPK and furin in human keratinocyte‐derived cell lines
Authors: Huynh Tien T. , Chan Kasey S. , Piva Terrence J. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is known to induce the activation of stress‐inflammation signal transduction pathways, and to induce the activity of many proteases in skin cells. It is unknown whether the activation of proteases such as furin is related to changes in the phosphorylation status of p38MAPK.Methods: The effect of UVR on immortalized keratinocyte (HaCaT) and squamous cell carcinoma (Colo16) cells was investigated with respect to cell survival, phosphorylation of p38MAPK, and the proprotein convertase, furin. The cells were exposed to either a low or a high dose of UVA and/or UVB and the viability was monitored over 48 h, along with changes in the intracellular expression of p38MAPK and furin.Results: Low‐dose UVA (2 kJ/m2) and/or UVB (0.2 kJ/m2) radiation had no effect on cell viability, except in UVA‐irradiated Colo16 cells. High UVA (20 kJ/m2) caused a loss of cell viability in HaCaT cells, but not in Colo16 cells. The opposite effect was seen in cells exposed to a high UVB dose (2 kJ/m2). The viability of both cell cultures decreased when exposed to high‐dose UVA+B radiation. UV irradiation downregulated the expression of phosphorylated p38 (pp38) in HaCaT cells irrespective of the UV dose and type. In Colo16 cells, UV radiation induced pp38 expression in the cells following exposure, with the highest increase in cells exposed to high‐dose UVA. The expression of furin in UV‐irradiated HaCaT cells was similar to that seen for pp38 expression. In Colo16 cells, UV radiation induced furin expression, with the highest increase seen in cells 24 h after exposure to both high‐dose UVB and UVA+B radiation.Conclusion: The results show that there are differences between the effect of UV types and doses on cell function in the keratinocyte‐derived cell lines examined in this study. The level of furin expression in Colo16 cells correlated to changes in pp38 levels in the cells following exposure to UV radiation, but not in HaCaT cells. From an improved understanding of the signalling pathways and their downstream events and how these may differ as a result of tumorigenesis, it may enable the development of inhibitors, which may have therapeutic applications.
The development of a filter to enhance the efficacy and safety of excimer light (308 nm) therapy
Authors: Kobayashi Keiko , Yasuda Yoko , Shintani Yoichi , Sumitomo Taku , Saga Takashi , Kimura Makoto , Yamamoto Aya , Mori Toshio , Maeda Akira , Yamaguchi Yuji , Morita Akimichi 
Published: January 2009

Background: Excimer light (308 nm) therapy is a new ultraviolet (UV) B phototherapy for which the efficacy and resulting DNA damage are not well established.Purpose: To develop an effective and safe phototherapy using the excimer lamp, we studied the effects of different light cut‐off filters, A and B.Methods: Efficacy was evaluated by measuring apoptosis using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis. DNA damage was evaluated by measuring cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Light sources, including normal wave and short wave (SW) excimer light, broad‐band (BB) UVB, and narrow‐band (NB) UVB, were examined using the filters. A human skin equivalent model was also examined.Results: The ratio of positive apoptosis to CPD formation normalized to the mean induced by NB‐UVB was 5.7 using the excimer lamp without a filter, 6.3 using the excimer lamp with the A filter, 6.4 using the SW excimer lamp without a filter, and 4.2 using the BB‐UVB. The A filter reduced CPD formation induced by the normal wave and SW excimer lamp. In the human skin equivalent model, the use of filters significantly decreased the amount of CPD‐positive cells.Conclusions: These findings suggest that using the A filter with the excimer lamp increases the efficacy and safety of excimer light therapy.
Feasibility and accuracy of a newly developed hand‐held device with a flat‐type fluorescent lamp for measuring the minimal erythema dose for narrow‐band UVB therapy
Authors: Morita Akimichi , Shintani Yoichi , Nishida Emi , Kato Hiroshi , Yoshida Hisashi , Minamoto Maki , Yamaguchi Yuji , Maeda Akira 
Published: January 2009

Background: Narrow‐band ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) for the treatment of refractory skin diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, requires an adequate irradiation protocol based on the minimal erythema dose (MED) to establish an optimal dosage schedule. Although MED can be measured using a systemic‐type irradiation unit, there are difficulties associated with this device. There is no standardized device available to determine the MED for NB‐UVB. Here, we compared a conventional device with a newly developed device for measuring MED.Method: MED was measured in 16 psoriasis patients using both a conventional measuring device and the newly developed device, which comprised a hand‐held NB‐UVB (311–313 nm) flat‐type fluorescent lamp with neutral density filters having different transmittances ranging from 10% to 90%. This device was designed to be stably maintained on the skin surface and to provide a highly accurate measurement with only one UV irradiation exposure while also preventing UV radiation from leaking to nonirradiated areas.Results: The MED values obtained from each patient were the same using both devices.Conclusion: One‐time irradiation using the new hand‐held device with the NB‐UVB flat‐type fluorescent lamp is feasible and accurate for determining the MED to use in calculating the UV irradiation treatment dose.
In Men with Erectile Dysfunction, Satisfaction with Quality of Erections Correlates with Erection Hardness, Treatment Satisfaction, and Emotional Well-Being
Authors: Kaminetsky Jed C. , Depko Andrzej J. , Ströberg Peter , Buvat Jacques , Tseng Li-Jung , Stecher Vera J. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The validated Quality of Erection Questionnaire (QEQ) evaluates satisfaction with erection quality.

Aim
To collate QEQ data, including correlations between QEQ outcomes and outcomes assessing emotional well-being, treatment satisfaction, and erection hardness after sildenafil citrate treatment.

Methods
In four trials, men older than 18 years and with erectile dysfunction, a stable sexual partner, and no recent phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor use were randomized to double-blind flexible-dose sildenafil or placebo (1:1 ratio) for 6 or 10 weeks (two trials), fixed-dose 50 mg, 100 mg, and placebo (1:1:1 ratio) for 8 weeks (one trial), and 50 mg and 100 mg (1:1 ratio) for 4 weeks after 4 weeks of single-blind sildenafil 50 mg. Exclusion criteria included recent significant cardiovascular disease, use of nitrates, nitric oxide donors, cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors, or other erectile dysfunction treatment, and sildenafil hypersensitivity or previous severe or serious treatment-related adverse event.

Main Outcomes Measures
Scores on the QEQ, QEQ Question 5 (satisfaction with erection hardness), the Self-Esteem and Relationship Questionnaire, and the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction; the percentage of occasions with Erection Hardness Score 3 (EHS 3, hard enough for penetration but not completely hard) and/or EHS 4 (completely hard and fully rigid); and Pearson correlation coefficients.

Results
1,296 men (18–80 years) were randomized. Except for the percentage of occasions with EHS 3, all outcomes improved in men treated with sildenafil and correlated positively with the change in QEQ scores in all trials.

Conclusions
Satisfaction with the quality of erections, which is easily monitored with the QEQ, correlated positively with measures of emotional well-being and treatment satisfaction and with the change in percentage of erections that were completely hard and fully rigid, but not with the change in percentage of erections that were hard enough for penetration but not completely hard.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Genomic sister‐disorders of neurodevelopment: an evolutionary approach
Authors: Crespi Bernard , Summers Kyle , Dorus Steve 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGenomic sister‐disorders are defined here as diseases mediated by duplications versus deletions of the same region. Such disorders can provide unique information concerning the genomic underpinnings of human neurodevelopment because effects of diametric variation in gene copy number on cognitive and behavioral phenotypes can be inferred. We describe evidence from the literature on deletions versus duplications for the regions underlying the best‐known human neurogenetic sister‐disorders, including Williams syndrome, Velocardiofacial syndrome, and Smith–Magenis syndrome, as well as the X‐chromosomal conditions Klinefelter and Turner syndromes. These data suggest that diametric copy‐number alterations can, like diametric alterations to imprinted genes, generate contrasting phenotypes associated with autistic‐spectrum and psychotic‐spectrum conditions. Genomically based perturbations to the development of the human social brain are thus apparently mediated to a notable degree by effects of variation in gene copy number. We also conducted the first analyses of positive selection for genes in the regions affected by these disorders. We found evidence consistent with adaptive evolution of protein‐coding genes, or selective sweeps, for three of the four sets of sister‐syndromes analyzed. These studies of selection facilitate identification of candidate genes for the phenotypes observed and lend a novel evolutionary dimension to the analysis of human cognitive architecture and neurogenetic disorders.