bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seroepidemiology of cytomegalovirus infection among children between the ages of 4 and 12 years in Taiwan
Authors: Shen Chen‐Yang , Chang Whi‐Wen , Chang Shu‐Fen , Chao Maio‐Fen , Huang Eng‐Shang , Wu Chen‐Wen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine risk factors responsible for primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in Taiwan, samples of blood for antibody to CMV were obtained from 362 children aged 4 to 12 years: 58% were found to be positive for anti‐CMV IgG antibody. Logistic regression analysis showed that seropositivity correlated with age, method of delivery, duration of breast feeding, and younger age of mother. Neither socioeconomic status nor crowded living conditions showed significant correlation with CMV seropositivity. Primary CMV infection in Taiwan appears to be less related to socioeconomic status shown in western countries, and, since the majority of pregnant women were seropositive in Taiwan, two of the major sources of primary CMV transmission are infected breast milk and the infected genital tract. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of the human papilloma virus type 16 mRNA‐transcripts in cytological abnormal scrapings
Authors: Falcinelli Cristina , Claas Eric , Kleter Bernhard , Quint Wim G. V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe RNA‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on cervical scrapings to detect and analyze transcripts from the E6‐E7 open reading frames (ORF) of human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16). The method, described previously for cervical squamous carcinomas and cervical intraepithelial neoplasias, was adapted to cervical scrapings. A primer set and two different probes specific for the E6‐E7 ORFs were selected. One of the probes was able to detect the amplification products from the full length, the major, and the minor transcripts whereas the other was specific for the major transcript only. To check the quality of the mRNA in the cervical scrapings, a primer set and a probe specific for the human keratin mRNA were selected. A group of 17 abnormal cytological cervical scrapes, which were positive for HPV16 DNA, was analyzed.In this group the human papilloma virus was not always transcriptionally active, as HPV16 mRNA transcripts were detected only in about one‐half (8/17) of the samples. These findings suggest that the RNA‐PCR method on cervical scrapings may be very useful for epidemiological studies on the role of transcriptionally active/ inactive HPV16 genes in the pathogenesis of an HPV16 infected lesion. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low antibody avidity in elderly chickenpox patients
Authors: Schoub Barry D. , Blackburn Nigel K. , Johnson Sylvia , McAnerney Jo M. , Miller Bennie 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA small outbreak of chickenpox confirmed serologically in 3 elderly patients from a geriatric home is described. Disease was probably due to exogenous reinfection, yet nevertheless the avidity of specific antibodies measured by the urea denaturation test was even lower than in primary chickenpox controls, which themselves were, as expected, significantly lower than zoster controls. In elderly individuals susceptibility to reinfection with varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) with clinical manifestation such as chickenpox may well be associated with the decay of specific humoral immunity detectable by antibodies of particularly low avidity, in contrast to reactivation of latent VZV presenting clinically as zoster, which is related to deficiencies in specific cellular immunity. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of an outbreak of rotavirus infection in geriatric patients by serotyping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)
Authors: Steel H. M. , Garnham S. , Beards G. M. , Brown D. W. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of rotavirus diarrhoea amongst pa‐tients on two wards in a geriatric unit was inves‐ tigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and serotyping. There had been no con‐ tact between the patients on different wards but some interchange of staff had occurred so it was important to exclude the possibility that the rota‐virus had been spread by staff.Two strains of rotavirus were shown to be present, one on each ward. Differences in the electropherotypes and serotypes were demon‐strated, showing conclusively that transfer of vi‐rus between the wards had not occurred. Thus, serotyping and PAGE are of value in the investi‐gation of rotavirus outbreaks in the hospital setting where cross‐infection between wards is suspected. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of adenoviruses in stools from healthy persons and patients with diarrhea by two‐step polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Allard Annika , Albinsson Bo , Wadell Göran 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of human adenoviruses in diluted stool samples was investigated. Two sets of nested primers, including primers specific for the hexon‐coding region and for the E1 B region of enteric adenoviruses (EAd), were assessed by two‐step amplification. The primers constitute two different PCR systems designed for the detection of adenoviruses belonging to all six subgenera (A‐F), and the two EAds Ad40 and Ad41, respectively. In a two‐step PCR mediated amplification a single virus particle was detected when the two sets of general hexon primers or Ead specific primers were used. Earlier results from PCR detection of adenoviruses in stool from children suffering from diarrhea gave indications that adenovirus particles are commonly shed in stools without being identified as the cause of il I ness [Allard et a I.: Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28:2659‐2667, 1990]). Therefore, the general and the EAd specific PCR assays were assessed on 150 stool specimens from three groups including 50 healthy children, 50 healthy adults, and 50 adults suffering from diarrhea. When the two sets of general hexon primers were used, 25 of the 50 specimens from the healthy children (mean age 21 months) were found positive by two‐step PCR amplification. Nine of the 50 specimens from the healthy adults (mean age 32 years) were found positive whereas 12 of the 50 specimens from sick adults (mean age 31 years) gave amplification products, using the two sets of general hexon primers in a nested fashion. None of the 150 specimens were found to be positive by two‐step PCR amplification using the two sets of EAd‐specific primers. The sensitivity of the PCR, together with its simplicity and reduced time scale compared to other detection methods, support the potential of this technique as an additional method for routine detection of human adenovirus infections. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Typing of human group A rotavirus with alkaline phosphatase‐labeled oligonucleotide probes
Authors: Sethabutr Orntipa , Hanchalay Suvath , Lexomboon Udom , Bishop Ruth F. , Holmes Ian H. , Echeverria Peter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRotavirus (RV) in stools of children <1 year of age with diarrhea in Bangkok in 1989 were serotyped by monoclonal enzyme immunoassay (MEIA). RNA extracted from these specimens was tested for hybridization with alkaline phosphatase (AP) and 32P‐labeled oligonucleotides constructed from the nucleotide sequences of VP7 of human G types 1 (HuG1Ac), 2 (HuG2Ac), 3 (HuG3Ac), and 4 (HuG4Ac). Of 148 specimens that contained RV, 72% (106/148) hybridized with RV G type specific AP‐labeled oligonucleotides compared to 47% (70/148) that were serotyped by MEIA (P < 0.001). Of 68 specimens that contained only one VP7 serotype (G‐type), as identified by MEIA, 94% (16/17) of G1, 90% (27130) of G2, 57% (4/7) of G3, and 36% (5/14) of G4 RV hybridized with the AP‐labeled HuG1Ac, HuG2Ac, HuG3Ac, and HuG4Ac oligonucleotides, respectively. The probes for G1, 2,3, and 4 RV were specific for each G type. The results of hybridizing specimens with 32P‐ and AP‐labeled oligonucleotides were similar. After transcription and amplification of cDNA of gene 9, AP‐labeled RV G type specific oligonucleotides hybridized with 90% (134/148) of RV specimens. The high sensitivity of these nonimmunological techniques could be of value in identifying G types of RV during vaccine trials. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A microtitre format point mutation assay: Application to the detection of drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 infected patients treated with zidovudine
Authors: Kaye Steve , Loveday Clive , Tedder Richard S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn assay for the analysis of point mutations in DNA fragments amplified by the polymerase chain reaction is described. The method was applied to the analysis of mutations leading to single amino acid changes in the reverse transcriptase gene of human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 that are associated with decreased sensitivity of the virus to the effects of the nucleoside analogue zidovudine. The assay uses a mi‐crotitre format allowing large numbers of clinical samples to be analysed, and is a quantitative assay giving information on the relative proportions of wild‐type and mutant sequence at the point being analysed. The analysis of mutations in codons 67, 70, 215, and 219 of the RT gene in samples taken at various time points after the commencement of zidovudine therapy shows a high variability in the rate at which these mutations arise and in the proportions of wild‐type and mutant sequences observed. The method we describe has wide application to the analysis of other point mutations in clinical or research Studies. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis B surface antigen particles of subtypes adw and adr, and compound subtype (adwr) in symptom‐free carriers in Japan
Authors: Kanagawa Hiroshi , Takai Emiko , Tsuda Fumio , Machida Atsuhiko , Kojima Mineo , Ishijima Ayako , Tanaka Takeshi , Okamoto Hiroaki , Miyakawa Yuzo , Mayumi Makoto 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOf sera from 1,878 Japanese blood donors who carried hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), 420 were subtyped as adw(22.4%) and 1,443 as adr(76.8%); only 15 (0.8%) contained HBsAg of subtype aywor ayr. Sera with HBsAg/adrhad higher HBsAg titres than those with HBsAg/adw (geometric mean of haemagglutination titre: 10.1 ± 2.4 vs. 9.7 ± 2.4, p <0.01), and a higher prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen (24% vs. 13%, p <0.001). Carriers of HBsAg/awr progressively predominated over those of HBsAg/adwwith increasing age. Of sera from 1,863 carriers of HBsAg/adwor HBsAg/adr, 182 (9.8%) contained HBsAg particles with both subtypic determinants in the wir allele. The presence of wand rdeterminants on the same particles was ascertained by sandwiching them between monoclonal antibody with the specificity for w and that with the specificity for r. HBsAg particles of compound subtype (adwr)were found more often in sera with hepatitis B e antigen than those without it (145/403 [36.0%] vs. 37/1,460 [2.5%], p <0.001). Sera with HBsAg/adwrparticles had HBsAg titres higher than those without them (12.4 ± 1.9 vs. 9.7 ± 2.3, p <0.001). HBsAg/adwrparticles arise from phenotypic mixing of the S‐gene product of wild‐type virus and that of mutants with point mutations for subtypic changes. The results obtained indicated that HBV strains of subtype adrhave a higher replicative activity than those of adw, and suggested that mutations in the S gene for subtypic changes would be associated with an active replication of hepatitis B virus. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concurrent hepatitis C virus and hepatitis delta virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Liaw Yun‐Fan , Chien Rong‐Nan , Chen Tong‐Jong , Sheen I‐Shyan , Chu Chia‐Ming 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSince hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) are transmitted by the same routes as hepatitis B virus (HBV), simultaneous or concurrent HCV and HDV infection in patients with chronic HBV infection may occur. To test this hypothesis and to examine the clinicohistological and immunopathological presentations of such multiple hepatitis virus infections, acute and/or convalescent serum specimens from 86 patients with acute HDV superinfection were tested by enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to HCV. Of the 86 patients, 18 (20.9%) were associated with HCV infection. Although patients with early mortality cannot be evaluated by the HCV markers used in this study, the results showed that the clinical and histologic features were similar except that patients with HCV infection were older than those without HCV infection (P < 0.01). Immunopathological studies carried out within 2 months after the onset of acute HDV superinfection demonstrated that hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) was not detected in any patient and HDV antigen was detected in 18.2% of the patients with HCV infection whereas HBcAg and HDAg were found in 7% and 65.1%, respectively, of those without HCV coinfection (P < 0.02). It is concluded that concurrent HCV and HDV superinfections can and do occur in patients with chronic HBV infection. In these triple viral infections, HCV may even transiently suppress HDV and HBV. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of hepatitis “C” virus in formalin‐fixed liver tissue by nested polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Sallie Richard , Rayner Anne , Portmann Bernard , Eddleston A. L. W. F. , Williams Roger 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInterpretation of antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients with liver disease is difficult due to false‐positive reactivity in some conditions. To evaluate the feasibility of HCV in archival material, HCV was sought in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded liver biopsy specimens. Nested polymerase chain reaction was used to detect hepatitis C virus in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded liver biopsy specimens after total RNA was extracted from tissue by proteinase K digestion and phenol/chloroform purification. The relative efficiency of amplification of HCV RNA from formalin‐fixed material was estimated semiquantitatively by serial dilution of cDNA synthesised from RNA extracted from fresh and formalin‐fixed sections from the same liver. Although HCV RNA could be detected in formalin‐fixed liver tissue by nested PCR in 5/5 cases in which HCV was detected in serum, amplification was ∼5‐fold less efficient than when HCV was amplified from fresh tissue. Nevertheless, nested PCR of HCV from formalin‐fixed liver tissue represents a useful technique in addressing some important questions related to the pathogenesis of liver disease. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of serum antibodies against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in selected populations from two U.S. cities
Authors: Stephensen Charles B. , Blount Sharon R. , Lanford Robert E. , Holmes Kathryn V. , Montali Richard J. , Fleenor Michael E. , Shaw Joseph F.E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn ELISA was developed for measuring serum antibodies against the arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and a closely related isolate termed callitrichid hepatitis virus (CHV). The ELISA was used to test sera from healthy adults and from hepatitis patients. In Birmingham, Alabama, the seropositivity rate for healthy black women was 5.1% (7/138), and the rate for patients with all types of hepatitis or cirrhosis was 4.3% (2/46). In San Antonio, Texas, the seropositivity rate among a clinical series of patients with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis was 0 (0/20), and the rate among persons rejected from blood donation because of high serum alanine aminotransferase levels was 2.4% (2/82). These results indicate that infection with LCMV or CHV is common in Birmingham but that infection is not associated with hepatitis. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of a new generation synthetic peptide combination assay for detection of antibodies to HIV‐1, HIV‐2, HTLV‐I, and HTLV‐II simultaneously
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Constantine Niel T. , Bansal Jaya , Callahan Johnny D. , Marsiglia Vincent C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new generation combination test (Detect‐Plus, IAF BioChem, Montreal, Canada) based on synthetic peptides for HIV‐1, HIV‐2, HTLV‐I, and HTLV‐II was compared with three routine commercial screening assays and confirmatory assays to determine its sensitivity and specificity and to evaluate it as a substitute screening method. Samples from 356 sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients were tested by the four screening tests. All initially reactive samples were retested in duplicate by the corresponding EIA and repeatedly reactive samples were confirmed by Western blots for HIV‐1, HIV‐2, and HTLV‐1/11. The confirmed positives detected by each screening assay were HIV‐1 (23/356,6.46%), HIV‐2 (1 1/356,3.09%), and HTLV‐1/11 (5/356,1.4%). The new generation Detect‐Plus test produced only two results (2/356, 0.56%) that were presumed t o be false‐positives in comparison to the screening tests, but the OD/CO values were just slightly high (1.5 and 1.9). There were no false negative results, indicating that the sensitivity of the new combination test was excellent (100%). Compared with routine retroviral EIA assays, the test is easy to perform—the total time requirement is only 2 hr and there is no need for incubation equipment. The OD/CO values were very high when samples were positive, making even visual interpretation possible. We conclude that this new combination assay is an excellent screening method for detection of antibodies to the human retroviruses, and may be particularly useful for screening blood for transfusion and in epidemiological investigations. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of transforming growth factor‐β1 against the inhibitory action of interferon on DNA synthesis and viral replication in hepatitis B virus DNA‐transfected cell
Authors: Kakumu Shinichi , Ito Yuji , Wakita Takaji , Yoshioka Kentaro , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Takayanagi Masahiro , Higashi Yasuyuki , Yang Zhi‐Qi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStudies were undertaken to examine the effects of recombinant human transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐PI) on DNA synthesis and antiviral actions of interferons (IFNs) in HepG2 cell, a hepatoma cell line, transfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA. The inhibitory effects of IFN‐a and ‐γ on DNA synthesis of HepG2 cells were enhanced in a dose‐dependent manner by a simultaneous addition of TGF‐β. The degree of suppression by the reagents was greater in HBV nontransfected cells than in transfected cells. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was not due to direct cytotoxic effects of the additives, since the viability of HepG2 cells was comparable i n the control and treated cultures as determined by trypan blue exclusion. Treatment of HBV DNA‐transfected HepG2 cells with IFNs resulted in decrease in production of HB surface and e antigens, and in the level of HBV DNA, but TGF‐p reversed the IFN‐induced antiviral state in HBV DNA‐transfected HepG2 cells. TGF‐p had no direct effect on HBV replication. These results indicate that rTGF‐p1 exerts a differential effect against the inhibitory actions of IFN on DNA synthesis and viral replication in HepG2 cells. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of hepatitis C viraemia in caucasian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Garson J. A. , Wicki A. N. , Ring C. J. A. , Joller H. , Zala G. , Schmid M. , Buehler H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPotential risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma were analysed in 40 Caucasian patients with this malignancy. A higher proportion (14 of 40; 35%) had evidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection than had evidence of either hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriage (17.5%) or alcohol abuse (30%). In all 14 patients whose sera were reactive by HCV ELISA (Ortho second generation test), the presence of antibodies to HCV were confirmed by recombinant immunoblot assay (Ortho RIBA‐2). Furthermore, two independent laboratories detected HCV‐RNA in 10 of the 14 (71%) anti‐HCV positive sera. Two additional sera were shown to contain HCV‐RNA when reanalysed by a modified PCR using oligo‐nucleotide primers designed to amplify a shorter fragment of the 5′ noncoding region of the genome. Seven of the anti‐HCV positive patients also had evidence of prior HBV infection and 2 admitted to alcohol abuse. HCV infection was the only identifiable risk factor in 6 patients. These data confirm the association between HCV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma and suggest that persistent viral replication accompanies tumour development in the majority of patients whose serum contains anti‐HCV. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dehydroepiandrosterone protects mice inoculated with West Nile virus and exposed to cold stress
Authors: Ben‐Nathan D. , Lustig S. , Kobiler D. , Danenberg H. D. , Lupu E. , Feuerstein G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe protective effect of pretreatment with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on stress‐enhanced viral encephalitis was studied in mice exposed to cold following inoculation with West Nile virus (WNV). Exposure of WNV‐inoculated mice to cold water (1 ± 0.5°C, 5 minutes/day for 8 days) resulted in a mortality rate of 83% as compared to 50% in nonstressed mice (p < 0.05). The effect of cold stress was more pronounced when mice were inoculated with WN‐25, a noninvasive neurovirulent variant of WNV. Mice infected with WN‐25 showed no mortality, whereas cold stressed mice inoculated with the same virus had a mortality rate of 67% (p < 0.05). The administration of DHEA (serial injections of 10‐20 mg/kg with or without a loading dose of 1 gm/kg) resulted in a significant reduction in the mortality rate of stressed mice inoculated with either virus (p < 0.05). Virus levels in the blood and brain of the DHEA‐treated mice, were significantly lower than in the control groups.DHEA also prevented the involution of lymphoid organs in stressed mice. The present study provides direct evidence of the protective effects of DHEA as an “anti‐stress” agent. Its ability to prevent mortality associated with WNV or WN‐25, and involution of lymphoid organs caused by stress‐induced immunosuppression, supports the notion that its activity is based on the modulation of the host response. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C virus infection by detection of antibody to multiple epitopes: Confirmation by antibody to synthetic oligopeptides
Authors: Brown D. , Powell L. , Morris A. , Rassam S. , Sherlock S. , McIntyre N. , Zuckerman A. J. , Dusheiko G. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerum samples from 226 patients covering a wide spectrum of liver disease were tested for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) using both first and second generation enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. Selected sera were also tested by peptide immunoassays, by the four‐antigen recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA II), and for viral genome by the polymerase chain reaction. Antibody to c100‐3 was detected in 61% of patients with chronic non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis and/or 46.5% with presumed NANB‐related cirrhosis by the first generation test. These figures increased to 77% and 58% when antibodies to recombinant structural and non‐structural HCV antigens were sought by the second generation assay. Supplemental testing against peptide Sp75 and Sp65isp67 confirmed that reactivity of sera by second generation assays was due to antibodies t o the additional structural and non‐structural antigens. Samples negative by the first generation assay were not confirmed by the supplemental assay using peptides Sp75 and Sp65/Sp67. HCV RNA was detected in 60% of the anti‐HCV positive sera tested, most of which were also RIBA II positive. Our findings confirm that the introduction of the structural and non‐structural antigens, especially the putativenucleocapsid protein, improves sensitivity of detection of antibodies to HCV, and facilitates diagnosis in patients with “cryptogenic” chronic hepatitis. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.