bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Kinetoplast Ultrastructure in the Trypanosomatidae*
Authors: CLARK† TRUMAN B. , WALLACE F. G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.The kinetoplast and associated structures in Leishmanial tropica, Trypanosoma cruzi, T. lewisi, Herpeto‐inonas culicis, H. muscarum and Crithidia fasciculata have been studied by electron microscopy of thin sections. The kinetoplast appears as a mitochondrion within which are antero‐posteriorly oriented anastomosing fibers. In the three species parasitic in vertebrates there is a sharply delimited anterior zone where these fibers are thick and electron‐dense. In the insect parasites the fibers form a looser network of approximately uniform density from anterior to posterior.The blepharoplast is the 9‐fibered cylinder forming the base of the axoneme and extending below the base of the reservoir. A diffuse mass of electron‐dense material surrounding this is the basal granule, visible also with the light microscope.The contractile vacuole appears in electron microsraphs as a clear area associated with Golgi material.
A New Species of Coccidia of the Grey Squirrel Sciurtis (Neosciurns) carolinensis
Authors: PRASAD H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.A new species of Coccidia, Eimeria neosciuri sp. now, has been described from the squirrel host, Sciurns (Neo‐sciurus) carolinensis. The oocysts (21.8‐28.0 ju X 13.7‐18.1) are elliptical in shape without a visible micropyle. The sporo‐ cysts are oval with protruding nipple. The endogenous stase; of this species occur in the epithelial cells of the villi of the upper ileum. Oocyst production declines in about a fortnight after a rise to its maximum during the first 6‐10 days.
Investigations into the Coccidia of the Grey Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin
Authors: WEBSTER J. M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Stages in the life‐cycle of the coccidium Eimeria neosciuri Prasad(12), from the epithelial lining of the small intestine of Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin are described, with particular reference to the endogenous phases. The pathology, sporulation and rate of oocyst production are determined, and a discussion on known coccidia from related Sciurus spec: included.
Comparative Physiological Studies on Four Species of Hemoflagellates in Culture. I. Endogenous Respiration and Respiration in the Presence of Glucose*
Authors: ZELEDONt RODRIGO 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Endogenous respiration and respiration in the presence of glucose of the culture forms of Endotrypanum schaudinni, Leishmania enriettü, Schizotrypanum vespertilionis, and S. cruzi, have been compared in terms of cell number and nitrogen content. Growth curves for the 4 species at 26° C. showed that E. schaudinni and L. enriettü grow faster than the Schizotrypanum in a reproducible modification of Senekjie's diphasic medium. Respiration was studied manometrically using organisms harvested in the exponential phase of growth. Res‐piratory patterns at 30° C. and pH 7.2 are presented for each species. Low endogenous rates are characteristic of E. schaudinni and L. enriettii; they are relatively high in both Schizotrypanum spp. The respiration of E. schaudinni is stimulated from 5.3 to 36.1 times by glucose; that of L. enriettii from 5.2 to 9.7 times and that of the Schizotrypanum from 1.9 to 5.7 times. Carbohydrate is of great importance for the survival and motility of E. schaudinni and L. enriettii, but plays a relatively minor role in Schizotrypanum.
Effect of Aminotriazole and Streptomycin on Multiplication and Pigment Production of Photosynthetic Microorganisms*
Authors: AARONSON S. , SCHER† S. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.3‐Amino‐l,2,4‐triazole (AT) stops multiplication of the photosynthetic protists, Ochromonas danica, O. mal‐hamensis, Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. and Rhodopseudo‐monas palustris; it also stops growth of the multicellular plant, Spirodela oligorhiza. O. danica and S. oligorhiza are the most sensitive. AT is about equally inhibitory to algal flagellates grown in the light or dark. Porphyrin biosynthesis is suggested as the probable site of inhibition by AT. Both AT and streptomycin (SM) bleach all the above organisms. Bleaching is permanent only in SM‐bleached E. gracilis; all the other organisms become fully pigmented when placed in inhibitor‐free media. The uniqueness of the SM‐bkaching of E. gracilis is discussed.
Electron Microscope Study of the Exoerythrocytic Form of Plasmodium gallinaceum in Thin Sections of Infected Tissue Cultures*
Authors: MEYER H. , MUSACCHIO M. DE OLIVEIRA 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.The exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium gallinaceum in thin sections of infected tissue cultures have been examined with the electron microscope. It was seen that important changes occur in the fine structure of the parasite during the various phases of the cycle. The cytoplasm of the merozoites at the beginning and at the end of each cycle shows a great electron density due to a fine granulation. Larger granules are found at one pole of the parasite. The merozoites have a large nucleus in the center, and an oval body of great electron density at one pole, the significance of which is unknown. Short canaliculi can also be seen in the cytoplasm, but no mitochondria have been found.The cytoplasm of the schizonts shows a low electron density. It contains small particles scattered irregularly throughout its whole mass. The nuclei are not well defined; the oval body observed in the merozoites apparently has disappeared. Short canaliculi are present everywhere; however, mitochondria could not be identified with certainty.In the final phase of the cycle, in the rosette formations, the cytoplasm assumes again the fine granular structure. The future merozoites are grouped around a cytoplasmic core, with which they are directly connected. The whole segmenter is situated in a vacuole formation. In cross sections of the merozoites an opening in the central pole has been observed.
Malayan Protozoa 3. Saurian Malaria Parasites*
Authors: LAIRD MARSHALL 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Plasmodium minasense Carini and Rudolph is recorded from three of 28 examples of Gonyocephalus bor‐neensis (Schlegel) from Kepong and Bukit Lagong, Selangor, and P. vastator n. sp. is described from a single example of Draco volans Gray from Ulu Langat, Selangor. Both of these arboreal agamid lizards are new hosts for malaria parasites.P. vastator n. sp. is characterized by its highly amoeboid trophozoites, nucleophilic schizonts producing from four to eight (usually six) merozoites, and large (up to 22.1 ± 8.1 μ) gametocytes which alter and ultimately destroy the host cell. Forty‐six other lizards of nine species, and 28 snakes of 11 species, proved negative for Plasmodium,
Conjugation in Blepharisma undulans americanum.
Authors: BHANDARY A. VASANTHI 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.An account of conjugation in an American species of Blepharisma is given. A comparison is also made with the available knowledge of the two Indian species of this genus. In the conjugating pair, the condensed macronucleus shows Feulgen negative regions. Before the conjugants separate, the macronuclear and micronuclear anlagen become distinguishable.The species is characterized by a number of striking features which become noticeable after syngamy. The synkaryon divides thrice giving rise to 8 bodies. Of these, 3 to 7 become the macronuclear anlagen and the rest, the micronuclei. The resorption of the old macronucleus occurs much later, just before the exconjugant attains the vegetative form. No metagamic fissions occur in this species and each exconjugant becomes a vegetative animal in 5 or 6 days. During this period, the macronuclear anlagen arrange themselves in a series and develop slender connections with one another to produce the moniliform macronucleus of the vegetative animal. The micronuclear anlagen, on the other hand, divide by mitosis to attain the vegetative number. In this species 40% to 45% of the exconjugants are viable and the rest die.
A Mutant of Chlamydomonas moewusii lacking contractile vacuoles*
Authors: GUILLARD ROBERT R. L. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.An X‐ray induced mutant (S‐16) of Chlamydomonas moewusii Gerloff lacked observable contractile vacuoles. Unlike the wild strain with vacuoles, S‐16 survived only when the osmotic pressure of the medium was above 1.5 atmospheres and was provided by compounds that penetrate cell membranes slowly, like NaCl or sucrose. In solutions of such compounds, when the osmotic pressure was above 2.1 atmospheres, growth of S‐16 was similar to that of the wild strain. S‐16 did not grow at all in isosmotic solutions of ethylene glycol cr other rapidly penetrating compounds. Urea and glycerol, which penetrate only moderately rapidly, allowed an intermediate growth. Thus, S‐16 cells are dependent upon the prevention of net inward diffusion of water.Contractile vacuoles of the wild strain were not seen when cells were suspended in solutions that allowed growth of S‐16. but were visible in isosmotic solutions cf ethylene glycol or ethanol. S‐16 cells ultimately burst in solutions of low osmotic pressure; large vacuole‐like areas were formed but did not contract.The pulsation rate of vacuoles of the wild strain was relatively independent of osmetic pressure; vacuoles became smaller and finally invisible at higher osmotic pressures.It is concluded that the sole essential function of contractile vacuoles in C. moewusii is elimination of water.
On the Parasitic Protozoa of Liberia. III. Three new species of Caryospora Léger, 1904 from the hissing sand snake Psammophis sibilans phillipsi and a note on a Caryospora in Coluber ravergieri nummifer from Israel.
Authors: BRAY R. S. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Three new species of Caryospora (Coccidiida, Eimeriidae) are described from Psammophis sibilans phillipsi. These are C. psammophi sp. nov.: oöcysts with yellow walls, 25 to 34 μ. ×23 to 31 μ C. hermae sp. nov.: oöcysts with colorless walls, 21 to 24 μ× 20 to 22 p) and C. weyerae sp. nov.: oocysts with colorless walls, 14 to 18 μ× 13 to 17 μ, Endogenous stages of all three parasites are found in epithelial cells of the small intestine of the snake.A Caryospora from Israel is described and named C. zucker‐manae sp. nov.: oöcysts spherical with outer wall crumpled. 15 to 18 μ
The Transmission of Lankesterella (= Atoxoplasma) in Birds by the Mite Dermanyssus gallinae
Authors: LAINSON RALPH 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Using the mite Dermanyssus gallinae as the vector and the canary (Serinus canariu s) as the avian host, the author was able to demonstrate the transmission of the parasite Lankesterella (=Atoxoplasm a) garnhami Lainson, 1959. Mites were taken from infected canaries and fed to clean ones; 3 out of 4 birds became infected. Mites taken from infected sparrows (Passer domesticus domesticu s) were fed to 4 other clean canaries, all of which became infected. Natural transmission of the parasite was achieved when 2 clean canaries were exposed to infestation by mites which had previously fed exclusively on infected sparrows. Six control canaries, obtained from the same source as the experimental birds, were all shown to be uninfected. It is concluded that the parasites in the sparrow and the canary are identical. The specific name of Lankesterella serini Lainson, 1959, for the organism in the canary becomes, therefore, a synonym of L. garnhami Lainson, 1959.
Katodinium dorsalisulcum, a New Species of Unarmored Dinophyceae*
Authors: HULBURT EDWARD M. , McLAUGHLIN J. J. A. , ZAHL P. A. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.A new species of naked Dinophyceae is described and the culture medium for its continued growth denned. The species is distinctive in having a posteriorly placed girdle, characteristic of the genus Katodinium (Fott, 1957), and in possessing a counterclockwise loop of the sulcus about the apex.
Effects of Certain Surface‐Active Po lyoxyethylene Ethers in Experimental Protozoal Infections
Authors: GOBLE FRANS C. , BOYD JAMES L. , FULTON JAMES D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Certain polyoxyethylene ethers, derived from p‐tert.‐octylphenol and representatives of series which have activity against murine tuberculosis and leprosy were tested in several protozoal infections. Triton WR‐1339 represented the series in which the phenolic groups are arranged linearly while HOC‐12½ and LOC‐60 represented series in which the phenolic groups were condensed into a cyclic structure. WR‐1339 was found to be active against infections with Trypanosoma gambiense, T. rhodesiense, T. brucei, T. congolense, and T. equipevdum in mice, and against Leishmania donovani in the golden hamster. The “macrocyclic” HOC‐12:4 also had activity, but of a much lower order, against the first three trypanosome infections listed, and in leishmaniasis it had activity equivalent to that of WR‐1339. Neither of these compounds was active against Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium berghei nor Toxoplasma gondii in mice, nor against Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae in guinea pigs. The other macrocyclic compound, LOC‐60, was inactive in the infections in which it was tested (T. congolense and T. rhodesiense).Although the action of the polyoxyethylene hers in murine tuberculosis and leprosy had been reported to be an indirect one, affecting the host rather than the mycobacteria (which are said to be resistant to these materials in vitro) it was found that the differential effects in trypanosomiasis, observed with WR‐1339 (which had good activity in vivo) and HOC‐12½ (which had poor activity in v i v o), were well correlated with their effects in vitro. In the light of the strength of the dilutions which killed T. congolense in the t a t tube and the blood levels of WR‐1339 obtaining after medication the control of the infection could be attributed to the direct action of the compound on the parasite although some indirect effect on the host, perhaps of the nature of reticulo‐endothelial stimulation, could not be excluded.
Nitrogen Metabolism in Paramecium aurelia
Authors: SOLDO A. T. , VAN WAGTENDONK W. J. 
Published: May 2007

Nitrogen in cell fractions of Paramecium aurelia varied according to the growth medium. Trichloroacetic acid‐soluble fractions of cells were chromatographer. Adenine, adenosine, guanine, guanosine, hypoxanthine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, proline, and phenylalanine were identified. Fyrimidines and xanthine, or their respective ribosides and ribotides, were not detected. Ammonia was released into the medium by both actively growing and “resting” cells. Culture fluids of “resting”cells also contained hypoxanthine and lesser amounts of adenine and guanine. Urea, uric acid, creatine, cretonne, and ailantoin were absent.Pyrimidine nitrogen seems excreted as dihydrouracil. The following enzymes were detected in homogenates and cell‐free preparations: nucleotidases, nucleoside hydrolases, and cytidine deaminase. Urease, uricase, adenase, guanase, xanthine oxidase, adenosine deaminase, and 5′‐adenylic acid deaminase were not present in this organism.Purine and pyrimidine incorporation into nucleic acids was investigated by the use of radioactive tracers. Guanosine gives rise to nucleic‐acid guanine and adenine; adenosine was precursor to nucleic acid adenine only. Formate was incorporated into purines; glycine was not. P. aurelia can interconvert cytidine and uridine; both give rise to nucleic acid thymine. The methyl group of thymine may be derived from formate.
The Ciliature and Infraciliature of Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy*
Authors: KING R. L. , BEAMS H. W. , TAHMISIAN T. N. , DEVINE R. L. 
Published: May 2007

The structure of a cilium in Nyctotherus ovalis is that usually found: two single central filaments surrounded peripherally by nine double filaments; the whole is encased in a ciliary membrane continuous with the pellicle. The two central filaments end in a single enlarged bulb just above a septum, located at about the level of the pellicle, whereas the nine double filaments extend inward to form the cylindrical basal body, which is open at its inner end. Inside the basal body are granules àrranged in rows parallel to its sides. These granules may have significance in the origin of new basal bodies as well as in the outgrowth of new cilia. The latter may have been observed in a few instances. Parallel to the pellicle are two series of fibrils, one median and one inner, connecting adjacent basal bodies. Fibrils extend from the inner end of each basal body, these converge and extend deep into the ectoplasm, often becoming lost in a pattern of equilateral triangles, arranged to form hexagons. These features are clearly seen in the peristomial membranelles, where the basal bodies of the four rows of cilia are close together, separated from adjacent membranelles by a protoplasmic shelf and supported by a mass of fibrillar material comprising the peristomial ectoplasmic band. This broad band extends to the inner end of the peristome whence it returns along the opposite wall as a narrow mass of fibrillar ectoplasm without basal bodies. Peripherally the fibrils are condensed into fan‐like bundles; internally they often form a network of equilateral triangles arranged to form hexagons, with corpuscles at the intersections. Trichite‐like structures are also found in the peristomial groove and tube; these are connected to both the basal bodies and the fibrillar network.The functions, origin and development of this complex infraciliature during fission constitute one of the yet unsolved morphological problems in such complex ciliates.
Spontaneous Astomy: Loss of Oral Areas in Glaucoma chattoni*
Authors: FRANKEL JOSEPH 
Published: May 2007

Specimens of Glaucoma chattoni lacking in oral areas and unable to divide were observed in both axenic and bacterized cultures. The frequency of incidence of astomy rose in the course of continued cultivation of G. chattoni A, which was the strain most extensively studied.Observations on silver impregnated animals from mass cultures, and studies of individually isolated living ciliates, have both led to the conclusion that all cells destined to become astomous pass through a certain definite sequence of events. These axe: 1. Initial damage, not microscopically detectable, predisposes the cell in such a way that within a few generattons all of its progeny become astomous. 2. The ability to complete normal stomatogenesis is lost; the cell cannot maintain normal posterior oral anlagen and also cannot regenerate following damage to the existing oral area. At this stage the cell can still divide, so that astomous opisthes are produced. 3. The existing oral area disappears shortly after the ability to produce new oral areas is lost. Loss of ability to divide occurs simultaneously with loss of oral areas. 4. Finally, there is increasing disorganization of the kineties, gradually decreasing activity and death.The incidence of astomy was compared in several different strains of G. chattoni, including two newly isolated from nature.
Studies in the Mitosis of Euglena I. On the Chromosome Cycle of Euglena viridis Ehrbg.
Authors: SA1TO MINORU 
Published: May 2007

The chromosome cycle in the vegetative division of Euglena viridis was investigated. The seeming chromatin granules in the interphase nucleus are in reality thread structures, paired and very loosely twisted. Each component of the paired threads is called a chromatid, and consists of a fine thread of even thickness, the chromonema.In the prophase, linear contraction and thickening of the chromatids occurs by means of the spiralization of them. In the later prophase, the coiled chromonema splits into two finer strands which show the plectonemic spiral. At the metaphase, the chromosomes are arranged in the form of an equatorial ring, encircling the median portion of the elongated endosome. Nearly all of the chromosomes have a submedian or a sub‐terminal and a few of them have a terminal kinetochore. In the early anaphase, separation of the sister chromosomes takes place beginning at the kinetochore. The spindle fibres in the metaphase and anaphase were not observed. The two stranded spiral in the chromosomes is separated into distinct components by the uncoiling in the later telophase, and they are transformed, in the interphase nucleus, into the paired chromatids.
Observations on the Fine Structure of the Ciliate Dileptus anser
Authors: DUMONT JAMES N. 
Published: May 2007

Dileptus anser is a relatively large multinucleate ciliate (gymnostome) which bears an anteriorly directed non‐retractable proboscis. On the ventral surface of the proboscis is found a “feeding groove” which is bounded laterally by large feeding cilia. In the ventral mid‐line of this groove is a small fiber which passes from the anterior tip to the cytostome‐cytopharyngeal complex, which is located at the base of the proboscis. Electron micrographs show that this fiber is composed of smaller fibrils. These smaller fibrils are attached to the kinetosomes of the feeding cilia on both the right and left sides of the larger fibril bundle. Thus, the mid‐ventral fibril bundle lies between two ciliary rows and provides fibrils for kinetosomes on both its right and left sides. Therefore, it seems likely in the case of this gymnostome, that there exists an exception to the rule of desmodexy as postulated by Chatton and Lwoff (1935). The function of these fibrils remains obscure but it is suggested that, in view of their close association with the feeding cilia and the non‐retractable nature of the proboscis, their function may be primarily coordinative. However, the possibility that they may also be concerned secondarily with minor contractions is not excluded.The armature of the cytostome‐cytopharyngeal complex is composed of two distinct systems: (1) a system of fibrils which are apparently kinetodesmal and (2) a system of trichites. The fibrils are thought to be associated with the feeding cilia of the proboscis as well as with those which surround the cytostome. The fibrils extend into the cytoplasm of the armature and are intermingled among the trichites. The tri‐chites are arranged in two concentric cones around the cytostome. In the outermost cone they are larger and arranged in almost single file as opposed to the smaller size and the more or less random orientation of those of the inner cone. They are composed of smaller hexagonally packed rods which measure 170‐180 Å in diameter and are separated by a space of about 100 Å.
Serological Studies on Protozoa. I. Antigens Related to Developmental Stages of Colpoda maupasi*
Authors: PADNOS MORTON 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Rabbit antisera to trophic and resting cyst stages of C. maupasi were analyzed by absorption and cross absorption with trophic and resting cyst antigens. The trophic form gave rise to immobilizing and agglutinating antisera of high titer, whereas the cyst stage gave rise to immobilizing and agglutinating antisera of lower titer. The cyst antiserum also stimulated the formation of a gelatinous membrane around some of the immobilized organisms. Both antisera had their effect against the trophic form; the cyst stage was not visibly affected.Two antigenic components were demonstrated in the resting cyst stage, one shared in common with the trophic stage, which gave rise to an immobilizing and agglutinating antibody, and a second antigen present only in the cyst, yielding a lytic antibody. The lytic antibody was revealed only after absorption of the immobilizing antibody component from the cyst antiserum.The recombination of immobilizing and agglutinating antibodies with lytic antibody revealed a reciprocal linear relationship, i.e., the lytic activity was more pronounced as the immobilizing titer decreased. The two antibody components when combined in a ratio of approximately 3:1 (immobilizing to lytic antibody), inhibited lysis and duplicated the immobilizing and gelatinous membrane formation observed for the unabsorbed cyst antisera.