bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lactones in butter, butteroil, and margarine
Authors: Ellis R. , Wong N. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe γ‐ and Δ‐lactones of butter, butteroil, and margarine samples were determined by a recently developed extraction and chromatographic method. A chromatographic column is made of three layers consisting of 6 g aluminum oxide upon which is placed 35 g sodium sulfate and then a fat‐Celite mixture obtained by grinding 10 g sample with 35 g Celite 545. The column was eluted with acetonitrile, and the extract was concentrated and lactones determined by gas chromatography. γ‐Dodecalactone, Δ‐decalactone, Δ‐dodecalactone, and Δ‐tetradecalactone were recovered quantitatively. Freshly made butter had only 7 ppm of these lactones, whereas commercial samples ranged from 12–30 ppm. Two of eight commercial margarine samples had as much as 10 ppm of Δ‐decalactone and Δ‐dodecalactone. Comparison of unheated butteroil with butteroil heated at various temperatures showed a correlation of lactone content with time and temperature of heating. Butteroil heated at 65 or 100 C showed increasing levels of lactones up to 8 hr, whereas butteroil heated at 145 or 125 C showed a maximum production at ca. 2 and 4 hr, respectively.
The component acids of kamala oil (Mallotus Philippinensis, Muell. Arg.)
Authors: Gupta S. C. , Gupta S. S. , Aggarwal J. S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryKamala oil has been found to contain about 60% of kamlolenic acid as the only major component with minor proportions of common linoleic, oleic, and saturated acids and probably some conjugated diethenoid acid. The saturated components consist mostly of myristic and palmitic acids.Consecutive extraction of kamala seeds with petroleum ether and ethyl ether yields two fractions of the oil, containing about 40% and 80% of kamlolenic acid, respectively.During storage a portion of the unsaturated glycerides seems to undergo polymerization within the seed itself and appears as an insoluble gelatinous mass during saponification of the oil.
Economic status of the fats and oils industry
Authors: Walsh Robert M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIn summary, production of fats from domestie materials has increased over 40% since prewar. The world shortage of edible fats of early postwar years has been overcome through increased production, and, with petroleum derivatives replacing fats in some industrial uses, the United States has a surplus of fats over domestic needs. Inventories have increased. The government, through price programs, has acquired substantial stocks of cottonseed oil, linseed oil, and butter. Recent trends offer little promise of change in the high‐inventory position unless extraordinary measures are taken. Lard output, now relatively low, will rise again, beginning next fall. And the effect of 1954 cotton acreage restrictions on oil production will be more than offset by increased soybean and flaxseed plantings. Although exports of low‐priced tallow and greases have been gaining, exports of edible oils have deelined. Domestic disappearance of fats in food uses is rising in line with population growth, but industrial use is falling particularly in the manufacture of soap. With an abundant supply of certain inedible fats available, there is opportunity and need for chemical discovery to support now uses based on quality products and for expansion of outlets in markets here‐tofre little used.
Breeding for lipid composition in corn
Authors: Weber E. J. , Alexander D. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLarge genetic diversity is available in corn (Zea mays L.) for alteration of its lipid composition. Mass selection has produced strains ranging from 0.4–17% oil with genetic variability still existing in the high oil version. High oil hybrids (7–8% oil) with yields equal to those of commercial hybrids (4% oil) have recently been developed. In feeding trials at the University of Minnesota, pigs made more efficient gains on high oil corn. Oleic and linoleic acids usually make up 80–90% of the fatty acids of corn oil. Screening of corn lines has revealed a range for linoleic acid of 25–71% and for oleic acid of 20–60%. Although the genetics of fattya cid synthesis have not been completely elucidated, breeding of corn with selected unsaturation should be possible. Fatty acid placement within the triglyceride molecule also may be subject to genetic modification in corn.
Recent research on safflower, sunflower, and cotton
Authors: Knowles P. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResearch on safflower shows the following: a) levels of greater than 80% oleic acid and linoleic acid will be achieved with few effects by management of genes; b) oil content of 50% will be possible in extreme reduced hull types; c) resistance to several diseases has been identified in introductions of domesticated and wild safflower; and d) improvements can be made in ornamental types of safflower used in dried flower arrangements. In sunflower, major improvements are: a) resistance to all important diseases; b) some resistance to larvae of the sunflower moth through use of types with an armored layer in the hull of the seed; and c) development of superior hybrid varieties. In cotton, oil and meal have been improved by the genetic or mechanical removal of gossypol glands.
Flavor evaluation of copper‐hydrogenated soybean oils
Authors: Cowan J. C. , Evans C. D. , Moser Helen A. , List G. R. , Koritala S. , Moulton K. J. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe use of copper catalyst to reduce selectively the linolenate in soybean oil improves its flavor stability. As previously shown, the copper must be removed or properly inactivated to obtain an oil of high initial quality. In oven and heat tests, odor and flavor development in the hydrogenated soybean oil samples correlate surprisingly well with actual levels of linolenate, but there were some differences in overall responses among cottonseed oil, copper‐reduced (0.0% linolenate) and nickel‐reduced (3.0% linolenate) soybean oils. The taste panel generally scored the last three oils in the following order: cottonseed oil, copper‐reduced and nickel‐reduced soybean oil.
Transfer and adsorption steps affecting partial hydrogenation of triglyceride oils
Authors: Albright Lyle F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe numerous transfer, adsorption and true hydrogenation steps which occur during the partial hydrogenation of triglyceride oils are reviewed and discussed. Transfer steps involve the transfer or diffusion of the reactants to the catalyst surface and possibly also into the pores of the catalyst. In addition, the reaction products must then also be transferred back to the main body of the triglyceride oil. Such reaction products include not only the saturated groups (formed by the hydrogenation of the unsaturated groups) but also the geometrical and positional isomers of the original unsaturated groups. Once an unsaturated group reaches the catalyst surface, it is generally assumed that it is adsorbed on the catalyst. Polyunsaturated fatty groups are however preferentially adsorbed relative to monounsaturated fatty groups. The overall kinetics of hydrogenation affects the relative ratio of the adsorption of the polyunsaturated to the monounsaturated groups at the catalyst surface. Transfer and adsorption steps frequently, if not always, are the critical steps in controlling the degree of isomerization and selectivity of reactions in the partial hydrogenation process. Additional information is still needed relative to these steps but the general trends which occur are discussed.
Gas chromatographic analysis for alpha‐olefin sulfonate
Authors: Nagai Toshio , Hashimoto Shigeru , Yamane Izumi , Mori Akira 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe separation and determination of alkene sulfonate and hydroxyalkane sulfonate, and the carbon chain distribution of the lipophilic groups of long chain alpha‐olefin sulfonates (C14 to C18) were studied by means of gas chromatography. Samples were hydrogenated initially, and converted to sulfonyl chlorides for gas chromatographic analysis. Using a glass column, 4 mm i.d. and 2.5 m long, packed with Silicon SE‐30, 3% on 60 to 80 mesh Chromosorb WAW treated with hexamethyldisilazane, a 0.3 to 0.6 μl sample, as 10% carbon tetrachloride solution, was injected directly on the column, and alkane and monochloroalkane sulfonyl chloride were determined as alkyl chloride and alkyl dichloride, respectively. Minimization of further decomposition, improvement of peak separation and reproducibility were accomplished by this procedure. The method was applied to alpha‐olefin sulfonates produced commercially from C14 to C18 alpha‐olefins.
Hydrogenolysis products of the minor fatty acids fromEuphoria longana seed oil
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Hooper S. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe behavior of shorter‐chain cyclopropane fatty acid components ofEuphoria longana seed oil and some other minor components during hydrogenolysis has been studied by open‐tubular gas liquid chromatography on butanediolsuccinate polyester and Apiezon L substrates. The retention data and degree of resolution of the pairs of monomethylbranched fatty acids resulting from the hydrogenolysis of cyclopropane rings are used to indicate the positions of the latter in a series of fatty acids as ω9 relative to the terminal methyl group. An instance of possible isomerization of a cyclopropene fatty acid has been detected. The probable positions of monoethylenic unsaturation in fatty acids are discussed.
A new and rapid method for the electron microscopic examination of fats
Authors: Jewell G. G. , Meara M. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA replica technique was developed to study the crystal structure of fats using the electron microscope. The fats were frozen prior to replicating, and it was shown that differing rates of freezing produce structural differences within the fat. The use of Teepol solutions permitted a degree of separation of the solid and liquid phases, and the differences between crystals of the solid phase were shown.
Some fundamental aspects of bleaching
Authors: Rich A. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews several aspects of bleaching fats and oils. Bleaching is a relatively simple operation from a mechanical standpoint, however the underlying technical background of the reactions occurring in the oil is quite involved and frequently weird, and apparently inconsistent effects result. Specificially, the subjects covered are: (a) effect of bleaching upon the organic peroxides of the oil; (b) nature of the bleaching reaction; (c) variation of bleaching efficiency between clays upon different oils; and (d) filtration factors.
Isomerization during hydrogenation. II. Methyl cis‐10, cis‐12‐octadecadienoate
Authors: Allen R. R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMethylcis‐10,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate was prepared and found to have an ultraviolet absorption peak at 235 mµ, α=95. The infrared spectrum revealed no diagnostic peaks for thecis,cis conjugated system.The hydrogenation of the ester showed that when one mole of hydrogen was added, 1–2, 1–4, and 3–4 addition took place with equal ease to produce an equimolar mixture ofcis‐10‐,trans‐11‐, andcis‐12‐octadecenoates. An explanation of the reaction is offered on the basis of the structure of the diene system.
Consistency of mixtures of cottonseed and Paraguayan palm kernel oils
Authors: Landmann Werner , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA palm kernel oil, mbocaya, possessing a relatively high iodine value, approximately 30, is being produced in Paraguay. Production can be expanded. One possible use for the oil is as a component of shortenings.As expected, consistency measurements showed the oil to be unsuited for conversion to shortening of the all‐hydrogenated type. Blends with hydrogenated cottonseed oil yielded products having acceptable consistency characteristics. However, for a given consistency, the proportion of hydrogenated cottonseed oil needed was greater than that needed for a comparable blend with cottonseed oil. The difference was attributed to the formation of solid solutions or mixed crystals in the latter blend.A mixture of hydrogenated palm kernel oil and cottonseed oil was prepared and found to possess consistency characteristics better than those of a typical shortening of the all‐hydrogenated type.
The antioxidant properties of some 6‐Hydroxychromans and 5‐Hydroxycoumarans
Authors: Gleim William K. T. , Chenicek Joseph A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe inhibitor activity of some 6‐hydroxychromans and 5‐hydroxycoumarans in gasoline and lard was investigated. The coumarans are the more effective in both substrates. Introduction of a tertiary butyl group ortho to the hydroxyl group increases the activity of 2,2‐dimethyl‐5‐hydroxycoumaran in both substrates, but the activity of the 2,2‐dimethyl‐6‐hydroxychromans is increased only in gasoline.
Improved method for determining gossypol in crude cottonseed oils
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Mitcham Donald , O’Connor Robert T. , Stansbury Mack F. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe p‐anisidine method for the determination of gossypol in crude cottonseed oils has been reinvestigated and modified to make it applicable to all crude oils obtained by the newer methods of processing cottonseed. The modifications included a change in the composition of the solvent, a higher reaction temperature, and the use of a more concentrated panisidine reagent. The modified method was found satisfactory where different colorimeters and spectrophotometers were used for measuring the color developed.Comparison of aniline and p‐anisidine as reagents for the analysis of gossypol pigments showed that the presence of modified gossypol in some crude oils resulted in an over‐correction for background absorption and led to significant errors when aniline was used as the color development agent.
A commercial process for the recovery of deodorizer distillates
Authors: Fiala Richard J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA continuous system for recovering the organic distillates from the deodorization process has been briefly described. The operation of this system essentially eliminates barometric condenser‐water disposal problems since this water is relatively free of organic contaminants.At a nominal cost, which can be economically justified, all deodorizers could be put on a closed‐circuit water system. The cooling towers in this system would remain clean and would require little maintenance. The organic materials, which were formerly lost as stream contaminants, would be recovered in a dry form which holds a premium over acidulated soapstock.This system would prove advantageous to the many processors of fatty products who are currently having waste‐water disposal problems or who are operating on closed‐circuit water systems, where periodic shutdown, cleaning, and maintenance of the cooling tower are required. The system is a major step toward solving the problems which have been so important in the past few years.
Esters of hydroxystearic acids as primary low‐temperature plasticizers for a vinyl chloride—Vinyl acetate copolymer
Authors: Knight H. B. , Witnauer Lee P. , Palm W. E. , Koos R. E. , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThirty‐one acyloxy or aryloxy esters prepared from hydroxystearic acids have been evaluated as plasticizers for a vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate copolymer (95∶5). Many of them were found to be primary plasticizers, having outstanding low‐temperature performance when employed at the 35% level. Formulations with these compounds compared quite favorably in tensile properties with those containing the di‐2‐ethylhexyl esters of phthalic, sebacic, azelaic, and adipic acids. Volatility losses were similar to those of the four di‐2‐ethylhexyl esters. The loss of plasticizer through migration was equal to or less than that from compositions containing the esters of sebacic, azelaic, and adipic acids but was greater than that of the phthalate ester.A mechanistic scheme of plasticizer‐polymer interaction has been presented, proposing that the rate of diffusion of plasticizer through the polymer mass is a controlling factor in both good low‐temperature performance and the resulting high migration losses. Methyl esters, some aromatic esters, and esters containing three or more polar centers have improved permanence but show a more rapid change in torsional modulus as the temperature is lowered during the determination of the Clash‐Berg stiffening temperature.
Preparation and properties of methyl arachidonate from pork liver
Authors: Privett O. S. , Weber R. P. , Nickell E. Christense 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA procedure is described whereby the mixed fatty acids of pork liver lipid are fractionated into groups of acids to facilitate their analysis and isolation. The major acids of pork liver lipid were palmitic 22.9%, stearic 16.8%, oleic 38.5%, linoleic 5.0%, and arachidonic 4.4%. A number of other unsaturated fatty acids were detected in minor amounts, such as isomers of arachidonic, linoleic, and palmitoleic acids. A number of fatty acids of odd‐numbered chain length also were detected.The isolation of methyl arachidonate in a number of preparations of purity ranging from 87 to more than 99% is described. Yields ranged from 44% for the purest arachidonate to 93% for the less pure concentrates. Alkali‐isomerization analyses of methyl arachidonate from this source, by the 21% KOH‐glycol method, gave appreciably different absorptivities from those previously published.Various criteria for estimating purity of polyun‐saturated fatty acids are discussed in the light of results of the analysis of methyl arachidonate.
Addition of chlorine to unsaturated fatty acids and esters
Authors: Lyness W. I. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMethyl oleate, oleic acid, and ethyl linoleate were chlorinated with elemental chlorine at temperatures near −20°C. Approximately quantitative yields of the addition products were obtained, with little or no concurrent substitution. The products prepared in this manner had not previously been reported in the pure state. Two new compounds, ethyl tetrachlorostearate and tetrachlorostearic acid, were prepared.Methyl dichlorostearate was found to distil with no apparent decomposition at 190–200°C. under pressures below 1 mm. Removal of the chlorine atoms required more drastic conditions that removal of bromine atoms from the same positions and was accompanied by complicating side reactions.
An investigation of the oil of laemonema morosum matsubara
Authors: Komori Saburo , Agawa Toshio 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIt has been shown that the oil ofLaemonema Morosum Matsubara, a deep sea fish, contains a large amount (31–34%) of unsaponifiable matter. The main component (ca. 50%) of which is 11‐docosen‐1‐ol, has an m.p. 31.7–32.3°C. This alcohol has not been previously reported in the literature. From this alcoholtrans‐11‐docosen‐1‐ol having m.p. 52.4–52.8°C. was prepared. The infrared spectra of these two alcohols are given.
Effect of heat on the color of trichloroethylene‐extracted cottonseed oil
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Juhl William G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryTrichloroethylene cottonseed oil miscellas from prime meats heated during desolventization above 180°F. produced a refined oil darker than prime. When the miscellas were heated above 190°F., the bleached oils produced from them were darker than prime. Extracting prime meats with trichloroethylene above 118°F. produced an oil darker than prime. There is some evidence that heating the meats above about 170°F. also gives a dark oil. Dilute miscellas, when desolventized, produced a darker oil than more concentrated ones probably because of the longer time required for solvent removal. It is believed that the darkening is primarily a function of time and temperature, rather than the solvent used.
Protective films for pilot‐plant deodorizers
Authors: Beal R. E. , Lancaster E. B. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryWith mild agitation, soybean oil is not appreciably contaminated by contact with clean steel surfaces unless the fatty acid content is above 0.1% and the temperature above 150°C.It has been shown that an oxidized oil film is an effective coating for metals used in the construction of pilot‐plant deodorizers. Such a film, to be most effective, should be washed free of unoxidized, noncoherent oil with a suitable solvent. If the metal is properly coated an oxidation‐stable and flavor‐stable oil can be obtained from the deodorizer, providing the oil has been properly refined and bleached. The oil film is nearly the equivalent of a glass surface in its effect on oil stability, is easily formed on a metallic surface, and can be readily removed when the metal is cleaned with caustic.A silicone varnish film baked on the metal surface is somewhat less effective than an oil film. Other methods of treating steel or stainless steel, which include coating the metal with a polymeric ether‐linked wax, grit‐polishing, and electropolishing, are fairly effective in reducing corrosion of the metal during deodorization.
The preparation of stearolic acid and methyl dideutero‐oleate, and certain of their derivatives
Authors: Khan N. A. , Deatherage F. E. , Brown J. B. 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. Improved methods of synthesizing stearolic acid and 9,10‐diketostearic acid in high yields are described. Dehydrobromination of dibromostearic acid by sodamide in ammonia is shown to be a very smooth and practical reaction.2. Dibromo‐oleic acid, methyl stearolate, and ethyl stearolate have been prepared and characterized.3. Stearolamide, dibromo‐oleyl alcohol, and stearolyl alcohol (9‐octadecynol‐1) have been synthesized and their properties described.4. Selective hydrogenation and low temperature crystallization have been utilized to prepare oleic acid from stearolic acid and methyl oleate and methyl 9,10‐dideutero‐oleate, free of other higher unsaturated substances, from methyl stearolate.5. Complete reduction of dideutero‐oleate yielded 9,10‐tetradeuterostearate which, on hydrolysis, gave tetradeuterostearic acid.6. Infra‐red absorption curves for 9,10‐dideuterooleate, tetradeuterostearate, and tetradeuterostearic acid are also reported.
Molecularly distilled monoglycerides. III. Nutritional studies on monoglycerides derived from cottonseed oil
Authors: Ames Stanley R. , O’grady M. Patricia , Embree Norris D. , Harris Philip L. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionsMonoglycerides, prepared from cottonseed oil, were fed to three generations of rats at a 15% and a 25% level as the sole source of fat in the diet. Refined cottonseed oil was fed to comparable groups of rats at the same levels.No significant differences were found between the monoglycerides and the cottonseed oil in their nutritive value as measured by growth response, reproduction ability, and lactation performance. Absorption of fatty acids, either as monoglycerides or as the original oil, from the intestinal tract was the same as shown by essentially equal coefficients of absorption for the two types of lipid at a 25% level in the diet.
The determination of rosin in fatty acids
Authors: Herrlinger Richard , Compeau Gerald M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA new method is described for the determination of rosin acids in fatty acids over a range of 0–15%.The method is based on an acid‐catalyzed selective esterification of a large sample, removal of the acid catalyst, titration of the unesterified rosin acids, and application of an empirical correction factor to the results.Excellent agreement is obtained between various analysts, and the rosin acids content can be determined to within ±0.1%.Examination of the McNicoll and Wolff indicator methods showed these methods unreliable in the range of 0–15% rosin acids. The McNicoll method gave values which were from .5–1% low and the Wolff method 2–3% high.It is anticipated that the new method, which covers a rosin acids range that is becoming more important industrially as the technology of tall oil separation advances, will prove useful to workers in this field and to those interested in the accurate determination of rosin acids in other products.