bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the thickness and temperature dependence of elastic modulus in polymer films using picosecond ultrasonics
Authors: Yan Jinyu , Li Lian , Zeng Yantao , Tu Xinhao , Li Chuanwei , Wang Zhiyong 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Polymer nanofilms have found extensive applications in fields such as medical science and microelectronics, making the exploration of their mechanical properties highly significant. In this study, we examine the dependency of the out-of-plane elastic modulus of polymer films on both thickness and temperature, utilizing picosecond ultrasonics. Multiple acoustic modes of a polymer film are employed to measure its elastic modulus with heightened precision. Measurements are conducted on samples with different thicknesses and at different temperatures. The results indicate that the modulus of polymer nanofilms strongly depends on both thickness and temperature. For polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films with a thickness of less than 81 nm, the modulus determined exhibits a decrement correlating with thickness and is quantifiably inferior to the analogous bulk value. Additionally, as the temperature rises, the elastic modulus declines at clearly varying rates, which are described by two distinct modulus-temperature coefficients.
Gap solitons in quasi-1D Bose–Einstein condensate with three-body interactions under PT symmetry
Authors: Ma Jinping , Wang Qingqing , Tu Pu , Shao Kaihua , Zhao Yuexing , Su Ruiming , Zhao Xi , Xi Baolong , Shi Yuren 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The existence and stability of gap solitons in a quasi-one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate with three-body interactions loaded in a PT-symmetric potential are investigated numerically. Under the mean-field approximation, the dynamical behaviors of the system are described by a cubic-quintic Gross–Pitaevskii equation. Firstly, we obtained the band-gap structures via linearizing the GPE. The PT-symmetric of the system will be broken if the magnitude of the imaginary part of the external potential exceeds a critical value. Secondly, various of gap solitons were found by the Newton-Conjugate-Gradient method. Finally, the stability properties of gap solitons were investigated through the linear stability analysis and the direct long-time nonlinear dynamical evolution. The results indicated that the stability of on-site and off-site solitons was remarkably influenced by three-body interactions. There exists unstable on-site gap solitons when the PT-symmetric potential is taken into account. Additionally, the magnitude of the imaginary part of the potential also affects the profile and stability of the gap solitons. When it increases, the symmetry of the solitons will be broken.
First integrals, conserved vectors of nonlinear partial difference equations
Authors: Hussain Akhtar , Kara A H , Zaman F D 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We perform a symmetry analysis of some nonlinear partial difference equations (nP △ Es), where the discrete version is obtained using some discretization approach. The discrete versions of the wave, diffusion, Fisher and Huxley equations are the subject of this research. At first, the initial invariance approach is the Lie symmetry approach. The first integrals technique that Hydon introduced to be used with discrete ordinary difference equations (O △ Es) serves as our inspiration in this situation. We develop a similar technique for generating the first integral vectors of the nP △ Es without recourse to symmetry generators.
A computational strategy for nonlinear time-fractional generalized Kawahara equation using new eighth-kind Chebyshev operational matrices
Authors: Ahmed H M , Hafez R M , Abd-Elhameed W M 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a new method to numerically solve the nonlinear time-fractional generalized Kawahara equations (NTFGKE) with uniform initial boundary conditions (IBCs). A class of modified shifted eighth-kind Chebyshev polynomials (MSEKCPs) is introduced to satisfy the given IBCs. The proposed method is based on using the operational matrices (OMs) for the ordinary derivatives (ODs) and the fractional derivatives (FDs) of MSEKCPs. These OMs are employed together with the spectral collocation method (SCM). Our presented algorithm enables the extraction of efficient and accurate numerical solutions. The convergence of the suggested method and the error analysis have been developed. Three numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability and accuracy of our algorithm. Some comparisons of the presented numerical results with other existing ones are offered to validate the efficiency and superiority of our approach. The presented tables and graphs demonstrate that the proposed approach produces approximate solutions with high accuracy.
Influence of Cu doping on the functionality of spray coated SnS2 thin films and its photocatalytic degradation of dyes and antibacterial activity
Authors: Radja Imane , Nebatti Ech-Chergui Abdelkader , Zekri Atef , Rahman Ashmalina , Khane Yasmina , Bennabi Farid , Kadari Ali Sadek , Guezzoul M’hamed , Popa Adriana , Driss-Khodja Kouider , Aïssa Brahim , Amrani Bouhalouane , Khan Mohammad Mansoob 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Tin sulfide (SnS2) is a material known for its effective photocatalytic activity due to its affordability and wide light spectrum response. To enhance and optimize its optical and chemical characteristics, doping is a straightforward approach that can improve its photocatalytic efficiency. This work focuses on the effect of Cu doping on the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of the thin films prepared by the spray-coating approach. XRD confirms the hexagonal SnS2 structure. As the amount of Cu added increases, the crystallite size decreases while dislocation density rises. The XPS findings show that a low concentration of copper (2%) within the SnS2 thin films exhibits both high solubility and exclusively a monovalent state, in contrast to the 4% concentration. The effective band gap is in the range of 1.9–2.2 eV. SEM image reveals a variety of morphologies, and the porosity is reduced with increasing Cu doping. Furthermore, the FTIR study confirms the Sn-S bond present at 753 cm−1. EPR studies reveal the existence of sulfur vacancies in Cu-doped SnS2. Mechanical properties were also affected, with an observed decrease in microhardness as the dopant concentration increased. The photocatalytic activity of the samples is studied by photocatalytic degradation of malachite green and Congo red dyes under visible light irradiation. Additionally, their antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli was examined. This study shows that an optimal amount of Cu doping can significantly increase the photocatalytic performance of SnS2 for efficiently decomposing organic pollutants and enhancing antibacterial activities.
Jovian Magnetosheath Turbulence Driven by Whistler
Authors: Dwivedi N K , Singh S , Khodachenko M L , Sasunov Yu L , Kovács P , Kislyakova K G , Kis A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Jupiter’s magnetosheath is a natural yet complex laboratory for analyzing compressible plasma turbulence. Recent observations by the Juno mission provide a promising opportunity for the first time to reckon the energy cascade rate in the magnetohydrodynamic scales in the vicinity of Jupiter’s space. In the present work, a two-dimensional model is constructed for a whistler wave that is nonlinearly coupled with a wave magnetic field via ion density perturbation. The dynamics of whistler wave propagating in the direction of the magnetic field are derived within the limit of the two-fluid modeling approach. The magnetic field localization along with magnetic field spectra and spectral slope variations are estimated to realize the turbulence generation and energy cascade from large to small scales in the Jovian magnetosheath region. The simulated magnetic field spectrum in the wave number (in the unit of ion inertial length ρ

i
) consists of turbulence in the inertial range with a spectral slope of −1.4 and a spectral knee at k
ρ

i
= 1. Subsequently, the spectral slope increases to −2.6 and the spectrum becomes steeper. The simulated magnetic field spectrum in the wave number is further translated into the frequency domain using the whistler wave dispersion relation and by considering the Taylor frozen-in condition. The analytically estimated magnetic field spectrum slopes, i.e., −1.8 and −4.2 at low and high frequencies are further compared with recent Juno mission observations. The comparison further affirms the existence of Kolmogorov scaling, a spectral knee, and steepening in the spectrum at high frequencies. Furthermore, it is found that the two-fluid model can reasonably simulate the turbulence effects in Jovian magnetosheath in terms of magnetic field spectral distribution in wave number and frequency domains.
The construction of quantum network model based on formalized theory
Authors: Xiong Si-Yu , Bai Ming-Qiang , Mo Zhi-Wen 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
With the rapid development of quantum communication, various types of quantum communication protocols emerge one after another, and their number has been very large. Usually a quantum communication protocol is expressed in long words. Formalized processing of quantum communication protocol can simplify its expression mode, which is conducive to fast reading and selection of required protocols according to actual application requirements. In this paper, quantum communication protocols that use entangled particles as quantum channels to transmit known or unknown quantum states are classified based on classification of set, and the classified protocols are described in formalized language. A new quantum communication network model is constructed by using the formalized quantum communication protocol.
Preparation and structure investigation of polyethylene terephthalate polyester reinforced Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles for gamma ray shielding performance
Authors: Almeshari Meshari , Sallam Fawzy Hammad , Tharwat Mohamed , Alzamil Yasser , Salih Mohammed , Alshoumr Bader , Alyahyawi Amjad , El-Taher Atef 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Defects of high atomic materials gamma-ray shielding such as low chemical stability, low mechanical properties, and heaviness lead us to investigate other light and flexible materials such as polymers. Polymer-doped nanosized materials are the most frequently examined materials. In this study, polyethylene terephthalate [(C10H8O4)n] was doped with Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles up to 40 wt% (0.0, 10.0, 20.0, 40.0 wt%) prepared by Sol–Gel auto-combustion method with the help of Gelatin. The polyester/Nanofiller composite structures were identified using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, Scanning, and Transmission electron microscope as well as density measurements. x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the successful doping of nanofiller in the polyester structure as Zn signals appear in the atomic composition and Fe signals appear in the deconvolution of the peaks. x-ray diffraction, transmission, and scanning electron microscope display the same result. x-ray diffraction graph information with the Scherer equation offered the crystal size of the composite (26 nm). Polyester/nanofiller samples were scanned against gamma-ray and experimental shielding factors were computed using a narrow beam transmission technique with sodium iodide detector and two-point sources Cs-137 and Co-60. Experimental Linear and mass attenuation coefficient values swelled as percentages of nanofiller increased in the polyester structure. Experimental Mass attenuation values were compared with theoretical ones estimated from XCOM and Physics-X programs. The difference between them does not exceed 12% which is acceptable as the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy atomic composition utilized in the theoretical data calculation does not reveal Ni signals. This may occur at the depth of the composite structure. Finally, the half-value layer, the Tenth value layer, and the Mean free path are determined experimentally, and their values are reduced as the nanofiller doping percentage rises in the structure. This result confirms the efficiency of nanofiller addition to the polyester structure to attenuate gamma-ray.
An image encryption scheme based on the four-dimensional chaotic system and the mealy finite state machine
Authors: Zhang Xuncai , Liu Guanhe , Di Jiali 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes a four-dimensional hyperchaotic system to overcome the defect of weak encryption effect due to the simple complexity of low-dimensional chaotic systems in chaos-based image encryption schemes, which is verified to have better chaotic properties by dynamics analysis, sensitivity analysis, and randomness test. In addition, this paper proposes an image encryption scheme by combining the proposed chaotic system with the Mealy finite state machine (MFSM) to overcome the problem that some schemes are not resistant to statistical analysis. Firstly, the chaotic sequence is applied in the Knuth-Durstenfeld shuffling method to scramble the original image efficiently; secondly, according to the different information contained in the bit-plane, the pixel is decomposed and cyclically shifted at the bit level to achieve bit-level scrambling and diffusion; thirdly, the chaotic sequence is applied to select the rules for DNA encoding, and the diffusion process is achieved by Mealy finite state machine transformation; lastly, decoding the diffused image by selecting DNA rules randomly to get cipher image. This paper gives the experimental results, demonstrating that the scheme is highly secure. It can improve the encryption scheme’s sensitivity to plaintext and resist attacks such as differential attacks and select attacks.
The photon blockade in a three-wave mixing system coupled with a quantum dot
Authors: Mao Tong , Yao Zhihai , Yang Hui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this paper, the photon blockade effect in a three-wave mixing coupling system with a quantum dot has been studied. By using analytical calculation and numerical analysis, we find that both the conventional photon blockade and the unconventional photon blockade effects could be realized in this system in strong-coupling regime just by one driving. Besides, compared with Jaynes–Cummings model, this hybrid system shows other obvious advantages in realizing the photon blockade, like blockading photon of more different frequencies, stronger antibunching effect. All the results may provide useful theoretical references for the single-photon devices design by using quantum dot and three-wave mixing system in future experiments and applications.
Study on ESIPT process of fluorescence probe BT-ITC for detecting H2S in DMF/H2O mixed solution
Authors: Ma Hongyu , Gu Ning 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A probe molecule named BT-ITC with an isothiocyanate group was synthesized and evaluated for its H2S sensing ability based on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process J K Kim, S Y Bong, R Park, J Park, D Ok Jang 2022 An ESIPT-based fluorescent turn-on probe with isothiocyanate for detecting hydrogen sulfide in environmental and biological systems, Spectrochimica Acta Part A
278 121333. The BT-ITC molecule has a large Stokes shift, short response time, and low detection limit. The end result of the reaction between the molecules BT-ITC and H2S is the BTC-NH2 molecule. The hydrogen bond of the Enol structure BTC-NH2 molecule in excited-state (S1 state) is strengthened, compared to the ground-state (S0 state). The calculated absorption and fluorescence spectra were in good agreement with the experimental values. The frontier molecule orbitals (FMOs), the potential energy curve (PEC), and scatter plots of reduced density gradient (RDG) were calculated. According to aforementioned, it was discovered that the charges of BTC-NH2 molecule were rearranged via an electron transition brought on by photoexcitation. This changes the acidity and alkaline of the proton donor and acceptor, and thus promotes the ESIPT process.
Mathematical insights of social media addiction: fractal-fractional perspectives
Authors: Nadeem Anjam Yasir , Tabassum Saira , Arshad Muhammad , ur Rahman Mati , Ateeq Tahir Muhammad 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The excessive use of social media has become a growing concern in the current century, with dependence on these platforms developing into a complex behavioral addiction. Addressing this issue requires the employment of well-directed and inclusive efforts. In pursuit of continuous development in existent strategies, this article presents a non-linear deterministic mathematical model that encapsulates the dynamics of social media addiction within a population. The proposed model incorporates the fractal-fractional order derivative in the sense of the Caputo operator. The objectives of this research are attained by groping the dynamics of the social media addiction model through the stratification of the population into five compartments: susceptible individuals, exposed individuals, addicted individuals, recovery individuals, and those who have quit using social media. The validity of the devised model is established by proving the existence and uniqueness of the solution within the framework of the fixed-point theory. The Ulam-Hyer’s stability is established through nonlinear functional analysis, perturbing the problem with a small factor. Utilizing the Adam Bashforth numerical scheme, we obtain numerical solutions, which we validate through MATLAB simulations. Additionally, we explore the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to approximate solutions, presenting a significant innovation in this domain. We propose the adoption of this novel method for solving integral equations that elucidate the dynamics of social media addiction, surpassing traditional numerical methods. Numerical results are illustrated across various fractional orders and fractal dimensions, with comparisons made against integer orders. Our study indicates that ANN outperforms the Adams-Bashforth algorithm, offering a dependable approach to problem-solving. Throughout the article, we underscore the competitive advantage of our proposed strategy, providing a more nuanced understanding of the complex dynamics outlined in the model.
Achievement of non-charge layer InGaAs/Si avalanche photodiodes by introducing a groove ring at the bonding interface
Authors: Ke Shaoying , Wang Jie , Huang Zhiwei , Li Jiahui , Zhou Jinrong , Liu Guanzhou 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The avalanche photodiode (APD) is a prototypical example of a fast and high-gain detector, particularly in the infrared band, where it plays a crucial role in both military and civil optoelectronic devices. The combination of indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) and silicon (Si) offers an ideal solution for achieving high-performance APDs. For traditional InGaAs/Si APDs, the incorporation of a p-Si charge modulation layer between InGaAs and Si is necessary for electric field modulation. This ensures that a high electric field is maintained in the multiplication layer while keeping it low in the absorption layer. However, the preparation of the p-Si charge modulation layer necessitates a tedious and expensive ion implantation process. Besides, the ion implantation process can also lead to material surface contamination that significantly affects the performance of the device. In this paper, an InGaAs/Si APD without the charge layer is reported. This approach is based on semiconductor direct bonding technology, wherein a groove ring is introduced into the bonding interface to replace the charge layer to regulate the electric field distribution. The electric field of the absorption layer and the multiplier layer is controlled by adjusting the number of grooved rings. By introducing 11 grooved rings into the bonding interface, we achieve a remarkable gain bandwidth product of 88.55 GHz. These findings hold significant implications for the future development of non-charge layer InGaAs/Si APDs with high-gain bandwidth products.
Taking into consideration a fifth-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation in an optical fiber
Authors: Wang Meng , Yang Yan-Fei , Chen Lan-Hua , Zhu Si-Ru 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this paper, symbolic computation on a fifth-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation is done, for the attosecond pulses propagation in an optical fiber. With respect to the complex amplitude of the optical pulse envelope, we work out a Lax pair and derive the modified generalized Darboux transformation. Then, we give the semirational solutions via the modified generalized Darboux transformation method. By means of such solutions, we graphically discuss the properties for three types of the degenerate solitons.
Chiro-plasmon responses of x-shaped titanium nitride (TiN) nanoarrays by numerical simulations
Authors: Zhang Xiao Yang , Du Chao Ling , Ding Yi Han , Xie Wei Wei , Lei Ming Xin , Zhang Xue Jin , Cao Shui Yan , Shi Da Ning 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Titanium nitride (TiN) has recently been taken as a potential candidate for plasmonic material, which supports surface plasmon resonances and exhibits excellent thermal stability. In this article, we proposed a novel chiral metamaterial with TiN, which consists of X-shaped TiN nanorods periodically arranged on a glass substrate. Its extinction, circular dichroism (CD) spectra, and g-factors were calculated and regulated by the detailed geometry through numerical simulations using the finite element method to further boost the application of TiN in chiro-plasmonic system. We show that it presents chiral responses both in visible and near infrared (NIR) ranges. Under the optimized geometric parameters and NIR incidence, it predicts ∼4 and 2 fold E-field enhancement and g-factor, respectively, than that of experimental reports of TiN nanohelices. The obtained excellent chiro properties are elucidated well in terms of the obtained superchiral field and charge distributions, whose origin was analyzed by a linear superposition method. Moreover, the influence of dielectric environments is discussed as well. Overall, the findings underscore the potential of TiN as a chiro-plasmonic refractory metamaterial and shed light on the design of alternative chiro-plasmon metamaterials for NIR applications in the future.
Role of SiO2 in tailoring stability and nonlinear optical behaviour of gold nanoparticles in glass
Authors: Singla Shivani , Mahendru Nancy , Pandey Om Prakash , Chopra Neetu , Sharma Gopi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the present work, a new approach is introduced to mitigate the loss of gold nanoparticles while preparing the glass through the traditional melt-quench technique. The role of refractory material i.e. SiO2 in loss reduction is studied by comparing the results obtained for bismuth borate (40Bi2O3:60B2O3) and borosilicate (40Bi2O3:40B2O3:20SiO2) glasses containing gold nanoparticles of different sizes (10 nm, 40 nm and 100 nm). The particle density and thermal stability obtained from FESEM and DTA, respectively, increase considerably with the presence of SiO2 as one of the components of glass composition. The nonlinear optical behaviour of both systems in non-resonant regions has been obtained using the Z-scan technique. In addition, the suitability of the prepared glasses for optical limiting and switching applications has been analysed.