bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ASPECTS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN NEWBORN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS. III
Authors: Mølsted-Pedersen Lars , Jørgensen Kaj R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Plasma insulin was determined during iv glucose tolerance tests performed 3 hours after birth in 54 newborn fasting infants comprising three groups: 26 infants of normal mothers, 11 infants of non-insulintreated diabetic mothers and 17 of insulin-treated diabetic mothers.
In the normal group a significant positive correlation was found between the fasting plasma insulin concentration and the birth weight. In all three groups a positive correlation was found between the birth weight and the insulin increase 12 min after the glucose injection (Δ I). Between Δ I and the disappearance rate of glucose (K value) a significant positive correlation was demonstrated in all three groups of infants.
Δ I was identical with the maximum increase in plasma insulin in the diabetic groups, while in the normal group a maximum did not occur until 50 min after the glucose injection.
Simultaneously obtained plasma samples from the umbilical vein, umbilical artery and heel stab demonstrated that reliable results of plasma insulin concentration could only be obtained from the umbilical vein.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ENDOCRINE REGULATIONS DURING THE PERIOVULATORY PHASE OF THE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Leyendecker G. , Wardlaw Sharon , Nocke W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In an attempt to simulate some parts of the progesterone and oestradiol patterns found in the normal menstrual cycle by intramuscular injections of microcrystalline progesterone and oestradiol benzoate, two distinct effects of progesterone and oestradiol on the hypothalamic cyclic centre were observed. Both progesterone and oestradiol can produce a positive feedback on the cyclic centre as measured by a plasma LH surge when administered to women with primary amenorrhoea, to castrated women, to women in the postmenopause and to eugonadal women receiving oral therapy of 60 μg of ethinyloestradiol per day. Subsequent LH peaks could be induced with progesterone or oestradiol benzoate after an oestradiol induced LH peak, but no further LH peak could be induced by either progesterone or oestradiol following a first progesterone induced LH peak. The progesterone induced LH discharge differed from that induced by oestradiol: It always occurred immediately after progesterone injection regardless of the dose given and was terminated very abruptly. The duration of the release of LH seems to decrease with an increase in the progesterone dose. In contrast, the first significant rise in the plasma LH concentration after oestradiol benzoate injection occurred after a latent phase of at least 24 hours. A significant FSH increase in the plasma was only seen following progesterone injection.
The results of these feedback studies are interpreted in conjunction with the steroid pattern of the human female menstrual cycle. 17β-oestradiol was suggested as the initial triggering stimulus in the cycle leading to an LH surge. This first LH surge may cause the pre-ovulatory luteinization of the theca interna, thus, resulting in an increase of plasma progesterone. The biphasic stimulatory and inhibitory feedback effect of progesterone provides the final dosage regulation of the total LH discharge by regulating the amount of LH released in the second part of the biphasic midcycle peak. Progesterone also blocks the cyclic centre to further stimulation during the luteal phase of the cycle. The biphasic feedback effect of progesterone is interpreted as a possible periovulatory mechanism for mono-ovulation in the human female.
URINARY EXCRETION OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE IN NORMAL AND ABNORMAL LATE PREGNANCY AND IN NON-PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Dässler C.-G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The urinary excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) in 10 healthy women during the last month of pregnancy (mean m = 0.43 mg/24 h; standard deviation sd = ±0.13) was found to be as high as that in 7 patients with chronic hypertension or with toxaemia of pregnancy (m = 0.40 mg/24 h; sd = ±0.13). The values were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased in 6 women in late pregnancy with intrauterine foetal death (m = 0.20 mg/24 h; sd = ±0.10), in two cases of pregnancy with anencephalic foetuses (0.30 and 0.25 mg/24 h, resp.) and in 11 healthy non-pregnant women (m = 0.26 mg/24 h, sd = ±0.10). The method used involved separation of free non-conjugated Zimmermann chromogens from the urine by extraction with benzene, mild hydrolysis of the urine, column chromatography on silica gel and colorimetric determination as Zimmermann chromogen. It is assumed that the increased excretion of DHA in the two groups of late pregnant women with intact pregnancy as compared with non-pregnant women may be caused by the biosynthesis of DHA in the foetal adrenals. The unchanged values of DHA in the two groups of women during late pregnancy with intrauterine foetal death or with anencephalics may reflect the interrupted biosynthesis of DHA.
THE EFFECTS OF A SYNTHETIC THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) IN NORMAL AND ENDOCRINOPATHIC SUBJECTS
Authors: Faglia G. , Beck-Peccoz P. , Ambrosi B. , Ferrari C. , Travaglini P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effects of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) on plasma thyrotrophin (HTSH), thyroxine iodine (T4-I), growth hormone (HGH) and cortisol were studied in healthy and endocrinopathic subjects. In normal subjects rapid iv injection of 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 μg of TRH caused definite increases in plasma HTSH with a dose-response correlation between 100 and 200 μg; the peak occurred at 20–30 min at any dose level; iv infusion of 1000 μg over 30 min was followed by highly variable rises in plasma HTSH; the oral administration of 20 mg caused a definite and prolonged increase. In endocrinopathic subjects a standard dose of 600 μg of TRH was rapidly iv injected: 5 euthyroid patients with high 131I thyroidal uptake showed a normal increase in HTSH; 10 cases of Graves' disease, 5 of hyperactive adenomas as well as 4 normal subjects pre-treated with triiodothyronine showed no response; out of 5 cases of Graves' disease re-investigated after remission 3 showed no response, while 2 had an exaggerated response; 5 cases of primary myxoedema showed a very marked and prolonged response; out of 2 patients with idiopathic secondary hypothyroidism 1 did not respond at all and 1 showed a large and prolonged increase with a late peak; out of 4 cases of secondary hypothyroidism due to pituitary tumours, 2 gave normal responses, 1 showed a very marked and prolonged rise and 1 had a poor response; the same subject, after selective adenomectomy, however, had an exaggerated response; 12 euthyroid patients with pituitary tumours were examined: 3 did not respond at all, 4 had a normal increase in plasma HTSH and 5 gave a prolonged and exaggerated response. The serum T4-I showed an upward trend after TRH iv; however, the increase was not present in all instances. After oral administration of TRH a more definite increase was reached. It was demonstrated that TRH does not promote the release of HGH and ACTH.
DISTRIBUTION OF 14C-THIOURACIL IN THE THYROID AND THE ULTIMOBRANCHIAL GLAND OF CHICKENS STUDIED BY WHOLE-BODY AUTORADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Slanina Premysl 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Whole-body autoradiography of chicks 10, 20, 240 minutes and 1 and 4 days atfer iv injection of 14C-thiouracil showed a rapid and high accumulation of radioactivity in the thyroid. The concentration of radioactivity in the thyroid was higher than in any other tissue and persisted for as long as 4 days after the injection. In contrast, the level of radioactivity in the calcitonin producing ultimobranchial gland never exceeded that of the blood, suggesting that thiouracil does not directly affect the release of calcitonin.
MEASUREMENTS OF 125I LABELLED METABOLITES IN HUMAN THYROID TISSUE
Authors: Agerbæk Hans 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The results of paper-chromatographic separation and measurements of radioactive-labelled, iodinated metabolites in digested thyroid tissue depend to a great extent on the procedure chosen.
The purpose of the present study was to develop a valid and reproducible procedure for human thyroid specimens.
We have systematically evaluated the following steps in the procedure: 1) removal of representative tissue for mean distribution of 125I and [125I] aminoacids, 2) chromatography of undigested thyroid homogenate, 3) propylthiouracil (PTU) versus 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (MMI) in the digest buffer, 4) digestion time using Pronase, 5) digestion of »whole« versus centrifuged homogenate, 6) chromatography of »whole«-digest versus supernatant of centrifuged digest, 7) chromatography in acid and alkaline solvents.
Based on this investigation the following standard procedure was chosen: Representative tissue specimens were homogenized in Tris-acetic acid buffer 0.2 m, pH 8.6 containing PTU 7 × 10−4 m, tissue concentration 40 mg/ml. »Whole«-homogenate was digested at 37°C for 24 hours with added Pronase 4 mg/ml + toluol. »Whole«-digest was applied to Whatmann 3 MM paper for approximately 10 hours of ascending chromatography. The solvent used was n-butanol-ethanol-ammonia 0.4 n (15:3:6). The standard procedure was checked by 65 duplicate estimations and found to be highly reproducible. Extensive recovery experiments with in vitro added [125I] aminoacids and Na125I revealed a total radioactivity recovery of 96% for DIT, 93% for MIT, 95% for I−, 98% for T4 and 90% for T3. The relative recovery, an expression of the stability of individual compound, was about 100% for MIT, DIT and I−, but only 75% for T4 and 77% for T3.
IODIDE-INDUCED GOITRE AND HYPOTHYROIDISM IN A PATIENT WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS
Authors: Liewendahl K. , Turula M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Goitre due to the ingestion of excess iodide is a comparatively rare disorder. About two hundred cases of sporadic iodide goitre have been reported. In two of these cases an underlying chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was verified histologically or cytologically. This paper describes another case of iodide goitre after prolonged intake of seaweed tablets in a female with histologically verified chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. The discussion is concerned with the mechanism of development of iodide goitre and the possible interrelationship between thyroiditis and the intake of excess iodide in the patient studied.
DYNAMICS OF HEPATIC GLYCOGEN: OESTROGEN AND PREGNANCY
Authors: Paul P. K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effects of oestradiol (0.5 μ/rat/day) given for a variable period on rat liver were investigated, and the results were compared with those of untreated pregnant rats at different stages of pregnancy. The part played by the adrenal under these conditions was also investigated. Oestrogen treatment for 14 and 21 days in intact rats reduced the liver glycogen. A corresponding reduction in food intake was noted during these days. However, a rebound rise in liver glycogen occurred after 28 days of oestrogen administration. In contrast, the ovariectomized animals did not show any change in liver glycogen following steroid treatment. During pregnancy the total liver glycogen increased after the first week, but returned to the normal level on day twenty one. The adrenal and serum cholesterol levels in oestrogen treated and pregnant rats remained low except for an increase in serum cholesterol on day 21 of gestation and 7 days after oestrogen treatment. The study suggests that continued oestrogen treatment of non-pregnant rats probably maintains some endogenous factor(s) (progesterone) for about 21 days, which antagonizes the effect of oestrogen administration on hepatic glycogen deposition. The implications of liver glycogen changes during pregnancy in relation to progesterone levels and dietary intake are discussed.
FORMATION OF 5α-REDUCED PRODUCTS FROM TESTOSTERONE IN VITRO BY GERM CELLS FROM IMMATURE RATS
Authors: Yamada Morio , Yasue Shunji , Matsumoto Keishi 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In the incubation study of [3H] testosterone with tissue homogenates in the presence of NADPH, it was shown that the rate of production of the sum of all 5α-reduced products by 30-day-old rat testes (50 to 100 nmoles/g tissue or 100 mg protein/h) was of the order of twenty times that by the ventral prostate (2 to 4 nmoles/g tissue/h). The activities of the C19-steroid Δ4-5α-reductase of the seminiferous tubules, germ cells and tubular non-germ cells isolated from immature rats (7 to 10, 11 to 13 and 5 to 7 nmoles/100 mg protein/h, respectively) were of similar order to those of the prostate, while much less activity was found in the spleen and muscle. It was also noted that the activity of the 5α-androstane-3α-, and -3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase seemed to be higher in each tissue of immature rat testes than in the prostate tissue. The seminiferous tubules were isolated by collagenase treatment and germ cells were separated from non-germ cells by tubular cell culture at 34°C for 2 days. Thus, germ cells of immature rat testes seem to have the characteristics of androgen responsive tissue.
HORMONAL STUDIES IN A PATIENT WITH THE TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION SYNDROME
Authors: Ismail A. A. A. , Davidson D. W. , Souka A. R. , Loraine J. A. , Foss G. L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A prolonged study extending over 77 days in a patient with testicular feminization was conducted during which castration was performed and gonadal and adrenal stimulation undertaken. Prior to castration levels of urinary testosterone and epitestosterone were high and cyclic changes in oestrogens and pregnanediol output were not noted. Following operation there was a marked decrease in the excretion of androgenic steroids but no significant changes following HCG administration. The main endocrinological feature of this patient was the lack of cyclicity of gonadal steroids.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE TESTS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION
Authors: Angulo M. S. Laurent de , van Gelderen H. H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
An attempt has been made to determine the value of the lysine-8-vasopressin test when used together with the insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and the metyrapone test for the differentiation between hypothalamic and pituitary secondary adrenocortical insufficiency. This study was carried out in 65 children and adolescents with various disorders associated with growth retardation or overweight. The criteria for normal responses to the tests were based on findings in a 'control' group consisting of children with short stature without endocrinological disease. These criteria have been discussed in detail.
In the control group, the concordance between the results of each of the tests was good. As far as the groups with proven or possible hypothalamic and/or pituitary disorders were concerned, discrepancies between the LVP test results and those of the ITT were found in a considerably higher proportion of cases. The combination of an abnormal ITT and a normal LVP test was encountered significantly more often than the reverse situation. This is in agreement with the hypothesis that LVP acts directly on the adenohypophysis while ITT acts at the hypothalamic or higher levels. The LVP test seems to be a valuable additionto the tests of hypothalamic-hypophyseal function.
GONADOTROPHINS, TESTOSTERONE AND OESTROGEN LEVELS IN RELATION TO OVARIAN MORPHOLOGY IN 11β-HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY
Authors: Sizonenko P. C. , Schindler A. M. , Kohlberg I. J. , Paunier L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Two siblings, aged 6 years 2 months and 4 years 2 months respectively, with the hypertensive form of congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia due to 11β-hydroxylase deficiency are presented. The blood levels of FSH were in the pubertal range and the LH levels were low. Testosterone-like-substances (TLS) were in the normal range for adult males; urinary oestrogens were increased and the bone ages were 15 and 13 years. Pubertal development had begun although suppression therapy was never started, as shown by the pubertal levels of FSH, and the rapid increase of both FSH and LH when the adrenal secretion was suppressed. Polycystic ovaries were observed in both cases. The role of testosterone and derivatives as well as of FSH in the development of polycystic ovaries is discussed.
METABOLISM OF 3β-HYDROXY-Δ5- AND 3-OXO-Δ4-C19 AND C21 STEROIDS IN HUMAN LIVER MICROSOMES
Authors: Björkhem Ingemar , Einarsson Kurt , Gustafsson Jan-Åke , Somell Anders 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The metabolism of [4-14C] dehydroepiandrosterone*, [4-14C] pregnenolone, [4-14C] androstenedione, [4-14C] testosterone and [4-14C] progesterone in microsomal preparations of human liver has been studied.
[4-14C] Dehydroepiandrosterone with NADPH as cofactor gave the following composition of products: 3β,7β-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (about 25%), 3β-hydroxy-5-androstene-7,17-dione (about 25%), 3β,7α-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (about 10%), 3β,17β-dihydroxy-5-androsten16-one (about 10%), 6β-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (about 10%), 3β,16α-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (< 5%), 5-androstene-3β,16α,17β-triol (< 5%) and 6α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (< 5%). In addition an unidentified hydroxylated derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone (about 10%) was formed. [4-14C] Dehydroepiandrosterone with NAD as cofactor was converted into androstenedione. [4-14C] Pregnenolone with NADPH as cofactor was metabolized only to a small degree, and of the products formed, only 6β-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (about 20% of products) and 3β,16α-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (about 10% of products) could be identified. Pregnenolone with NAD as cofactor was converted into progesterone. [4-14C] Testosterone with NADPH as cofactor gave the following composition of products: 6β,17β-dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one (30–50%), androstenedione (25–40%), 2ε,17β-dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one (5–10%), 6β-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (about 5%), 1β,17β-dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one (< 5%), 15β,17β-dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one (< 5%) and 16α,17β-dihydroxy-4-androsten-3-one (< 5%). [4-14C] Androstenedione with NADPH as cofactor gave the following composition of products: 6β-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (50–60%), 5α-androstane-3,17-dione (about 10%), testosterone (about 5%), 17β-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,16-dione (about 5%) and 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (about 5%). [4-14C] Progesterone with NADPH as cofactor gave the following composition of products: 6β-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (about 30%), 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione (10–20%), 3β-hydroxy-5-pregnan-20-one (about 10%) and 6α-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (5%).
IN VIVO UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF 3H-TESTOSTERONE AND 3H-5α-DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE BY HUMAN BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY
Authors: Becker H. , Kaufmann J. , Klosterhalfen H. , Voigt K. D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Thirty min before prostatectomy, either 400 μCi [1,2-3H] testosterone (51 Ci/mM) or 400 μCi [1,2-3H] 5α-dihydrotestosterone (44 Ci/mM) was injected intravenously into human patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (bph). Total radioactivity was counted in aliquots of blood, of skeletal muscle, of prostate and of different parts of the prostatic adenomas. After extraction, the unconjugated steroids were isolated by TLC in different systems. The following results were obtained: 1. The endogenous plasma concentrations of testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) in patients with bph are within the normal range. 2. Testosterone and 5α-DHT accumulate to a greater extent in prostatic tissue than in muscular tissue. 3. 5α-DHT is the main metabolite in prostatic tissue, the extent of 5α-reduction depending on the predominant type of tissue present. 4. In muscle no 5α-reduction of testosterone occurs, whereas exogenous 5α-DHT is efficiently metabolised to androstanediols and androsterone. 5. The androgen concentrations and the distribution of metabolites in the blood do not reflect the situation in the prostate or in skeletal muscle.
METABOLISM OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE AND ANDROSTENEDIONE IN A NEWBORN ANENCEPHALIC MONSTER AT TERM
Authors: Benagiano G. , Torre B. de la , Gualtieri R. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A newborn anencephalic monster was injected with carbon-14 labelled dehydroepiandrosterone and tritium labelled androstenedione and metabolites recovered from various tissues and blood specimens were analysed. Dehydroepiandrosterone was readily converted to dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in all tissues studied. Furthermore, unconjugated as well as conjugated 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol and conjugated 16α-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone were isolated from the liver. Very little, if any, of the injected dehydroepiandrosterone was converted to Δ4-3-ketosteroids, ring A reduction products or oestrogens.
On the other hand, androstenedione was rapidly metabolized to testosterone, a variety of unconjugated and conjugated reduction products and conjugated oestrogens.
From the different tissues, the following unconjugated compounds were isolated in a radiochemically homogenous form: testosterone (liver, blood, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, thymus), 5β-androstanedione (liver), 5β-androsterone (liver, blood, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, thymus), epi-5β-androsterone (liver), 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol and 5α-androstanedione (blood, combined extract of all organs), 5α-androsterone (liver, blood, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, thymus), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (combined foetal organs except the liver) and epi-5α-androsterone (blood and combined foetal organs except the liver). From the solvolysed conjugated fraction, the following steroids were isolated: 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (liver), 5β-androsterone (liver, blood, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, thymus), epi-5β-androsterone (liver), 5α-androsterone (liver, blood, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, thymus), testosterone (liver, blood, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, thymus). The 5β-forms were predominant in the liver, whereas the 5α-forms dominated the pattern in all other tissues studied, including the blood.
The data indicate that the androgen metabolism of the anencephalic monster studied, did not differ qualitatively from that of midterm foetuses.
PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, PROGESTERONE AND OESTRADIOL DURING NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLES IN WOMEN
Authors: Holmdahl Tore H:son , Johansson Elof D. B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Liquid-gel chromatography on hydroxyalkoxypropyl Sephadex has been used to separate 17α-hydroxyprogesterone* and progesterone from interfering steroids prior to assay by competitive protein binding. During the luteal phase 0.5 ml of plasma was enough for determinations of both steroids. Fifteen samples could be assayed in less than 48 h. Oestradiol in plasma was assayed by radioimmunoassay. Daily blood samples were collected during 10 normal menstrual cycles in young, healthy women. The average cycle length was 29.7±2.0 (sd) days. 17α-hydroxyprogesterone displayed a midcyclic peak averaging 1.86±0.70 (sd) ng per ml coinciding with a midcyclic peak of oestradiol averaging 16.50± 5.95 (sd) ng per 100 ml of plasma. The highest luteal phase level of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone was 1.94 ±0.72 (sd) ng per ml. The corresponding levels for oestradiol were 9.1 ±3.8 (sd) ng per 100 ml. Progesterone formed a luteal plateau averaging 12.3±2.3 (sd) days. The highest luteal level of progesterone was 14.6±2.1 (sd) ng per ml. The peripheral plasma pattern of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone seems to mimic that of oestradiol during the human menstrual cycle.