bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citizenship and the Welfare State: A Critique of David Miller's Theory of Nationality
Authors: Hibbert Neil 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.For much of the post-war period of welfare state formation, T.H. Marshall's idea of shared entitlement to universal social rights of citizenship formed the theoretical foundations of social democratic political reforms and legitimacy. This approach has been updated by contemporary egalitarian theorists, such as John Rawls. The ongoing politics of restructuring have led to a growing number of arguments against the motivational capacity of an institutional account of social unity. This paper examines a particular argument against rights-based citizenship—David Miller's theory of nationality. Miller argues that “pure” citizenship rests on self-interest, and thus when differences in risk are explicit it can only legitimate minimal redistribution. Strong welfare states require pre-political ties and must be embedded in the ethical relations of shared nationality. Against Miller's position, it is advanced that shared citizenship has both effective motivational and moral dimensions. It can also address the problems the nationality thesis faces in reconciling its account of motivation with the moral diversity that is constitutive of pluralist societies.Résumé.Dans l'après-guerre, au moment de la formation des Etats-providence, la mise en place et la justification des politiques social-démocrates s'appuyèrent en grande majorité sur la théorie de T.H. Marshall à propos du rôle joué par les droits sociaux dans l'intégration civique. Cette approche a été actualisée par des théoriciens égalitariens tels que John Rawls. Les politiques actuelles de restructuration de l'Etat-providence ont provoqué la multiplication d'un certain type de critiques soulignant les insuffisances de cette approche institutionnelle du lien social en termes de ressources motivationnelles. Cet article examine l'une ces critiques, formulée par David Miller dans sa théorie sur la nationalité. Miller soutient que la citoyenneté “pure” repose sur l'intérêt personnel et qu'elle ne peut justifier qu'une redistribution minimale, lorsque les différences engagées sont manifestes. Pour affirmer leur autorité, les Etats-providence ont besoin d'être fondés sur des liens prépolitiques et soutenus par les rapports de solidarité d'une nationalité commune. A l'encontre de la position défendue par Miller, on avancera que la citoyenneté possède de façon effective une dimension qui est à la fois morale et motivationnelle. En outre, elle est à même d'affronter les problèmes que soulève la thèse sur la nationalité, en réconciliant sa conception de la motivation avec la diversité morale inhérente aux sociétés pluralistes.
Making Political Science Matter: Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method
Authors: Anderson Bruce 
Published: March 2008

Making Political Science Matter: Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method, Sanford F. Schram and Brian Caterino, New York: New York University Press, 2006, pp. 304.Making Political Science Matter is a response to Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again by Bent Flyvbjerg, Professor of Planning at Aalborg University, Denmark (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Making Political Science Matter is a collection of fourteen essays on methodological issues in political science. Its overarching aim is “to move the conversation forward in the hopes of seeing the possibility of a rejuvenated political science” (11).
Une école pour le monde, une école pour tout le monde : L'éducation québécoise dans le contexte de la mondialisation.
Authors: Birch Lisa 
Published: March 2008

Une école pour le monde, une école pour tout le monde : L'éducation québécoise dans le contexte de la mondialisation., Jocelyn Berthelot, VLB Éditeur, 2006, 220 pages.Jocelyn Berthelot, chercheur à la Centrale des syndicats du Québec (CSQ) et membre du Centre de recherche et d'intervention sur la réussite scolaire (CRIRES), décortique les effets pervers du néolibéralisme sur le système d'éducation au Québec et ailleurs pour ensuite proposer un projet éducatif et social de remplacement basé sur les principes de l'égalité, de l'intégration sociale, de la justice sociale et de la démocratie. Érudit et éclectique, cet ouvrage bien documenté nous présente dans un premier acte une synthèse bien structurée de l'histoire de la mondialisation et les enjeux sociaux, économiques et politiques qui en découlent. Le deuxième acte décrit le “nouvel ordre éducatif mondial” d'inspiration néolibérale et en expose les conséquences, engendrées par la marchandisation de l'éducation et l'introduction des notions de concurrence, notamment les glissements inégalitaires auxquels l'école publique doit faire face dans nos démocraties. En conclusion, le troisième acte propose un plaidoyer passionné et cohérent en faveur d'un projet social de démocratisation de l'éducation et, par ricochet, d'une politique multisectorielle de lutte intégrée contre la pauvreté et l'exclusion sociale. Chaque acte inclut des comparaisons très intéressantes entre l'expérience québécoise et ce qui se passe ailleurs en Amérique du Nord, en Europe, en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande. Des résultats de recherches dans le domaine ainsi que des réflexions de philosophes éclairent l'analyse du début à la fin et agrémentent la lecture. Même si, à certains endroits, l'analyse pourrait être légèrement plus nuancée, cet ouvrage a le mérite d'identifier clairement les failles de l'éducation québécoise et de les mettre en perspective. De plus, il a le courage de dépasser le stade de la critique en proposant un débat autour d'un modèle de remplacement, un “New Deal”, qui vise à recentrer l'éducation autour des grandes valeurs démocratiques.
Democracy
Authors: Parris Kristen 
Published: March 2008

Democracy, Charles Tilly, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. xi, 227.The ideal of democracy is rarely challenged openly in the contemporary world, yet it remains one of the social science's essentially contested concepts. Despite a large and growing literature on the topic, there is little consensus on how we are to decide when a particular regime qualifies as a democracy or not. In his ambitious and forceful new book, Charles Tilly argues that this lack of a clear and accurate definition of democracy is of considerable consequence. Lucid explanations of democratization, political standing of regimes, related foreign policy decisions and the quality of people's lives are all at stake. Tilly devotes his first chapter to building a working definition of democracy before putting forward a cogent explanatory framework for understanding how and why democracies emerge and why they sometimes disappear and to demonstrate what difference it makes.
The Politics of Free Markets: The Rise of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States
Authors: Hamilton Paul 
Published: March 2008

The Politics of Free Markets: The Rise of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, Monica Prasad, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006 pp. 328, ix.Following the Second World War many western democracies embarked on an expansion of their respective welfare states. This effort would be effectively stopped, even reversed, with the development of neoliberal policies within established parties of the right. In other states, neoliberalism was effectively blocked from affecting public policy. Monica Prasad's book is an effort to explain the success or failure of neoliberalism in western democracies.
Incertitudes, pouvoir et résistances : les enjeux du politique dans la modernité
Authors: Paquerot Sylvie 
Published: March 2008

Incertitudes, pouvoir et résistances : les enjeux du politique dans la modernité, Carol Levasseur, Québec, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2006, 432 pages.La quatrième de couverture décrit l'ouvrage en peu de mots : “Ce livre contient les principales contributions de Carol Levasseur, professeur au Département de science politique de l'Université Laval, décédé en 2003”. Publié après la mort de l'auteur, il se compose de textes réunis et mis en perspective par ses collègues : Leila Azzaria, Jean-Marie Fecteau, Jean-Guy Lacroix et Diane Lamoureux. Il présente donc les limites inhérentes à tout recueil visant à rendre compte de la pensée d'un auteur dans sa complexité … en l'absence de toute rétroaction de sa part.
The latent structure of post-traumatic stress disorder: tests of invariance by gender and trauma type
Authors: Chung H. , Breslau N. 
Published: March 2008

BackgroundMeasurement invariance of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criterion symptoms was tested by gender and trauma type, assaultive and non-assaultive.MethodAnalysis was conducted using latent class analysis (LCA), based on findings that the three-class LCA model from Breslau et al. (Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62, 1343–1351) fits the data across the four groups best. The classes represent three levels of PTSD-related disturbance: no disturbance, intermediate disturbance and pervasive disturbance, with the last one approximating the DSM-IV PTSD diagnosis.ResultsAnalysis of measurement invariance showed that, with respect to gender, there was no evidence of differential symptom reporting within the same disturbance class. DSM-IV symptom indicators represent the latent structure of PTSD equally in males and females. We found that more female than male victims of assaultive violence experienced pervasive disturbance. In the absence of measurement variability associated with gender, the finding is likely to reflect a gender difference in susceptibility. The analysis of measurement invariance detected evidence of variability associated with trauma type. Victims of assaultive violence in the pervasive disturbance class report more severe distress (especially emotional numbing) than do victims of non-assaultive violence in the same class.ConclusionsThe finding of measurement bias associated with type of trauma raises questions about the applicability of a single definition for PTSD associated with assaultive violence and PTSD associated with traumatic events of lesser magnitude.
Levels of vasopressin in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Morrison Wynne E. , Simone Shari , Conway Dyana , Tumulty Jamie , Johnson Cynthia , Cardarelli Marcelo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectivesIt is accepted treatment to give vasopressin to adults in postcardiotomy shock, but such use in children is controversial. Cardiopulmonary bypass is presumed to attenuate the normal endogenous vasopressin response to shock. We hypothesized that levels of vasopressin in children are altered by bypass, and that children having low endogenous levels perioperatively are more likely to develop hypotension, or require vasopressors.MethodsSerial levels of vasopressin were assessed prospectively in children undergoing bypass at a single center.ResultsOf 61 eligible patients, we enrolled 39 (63%). Their median age was 5 months. The mean level of vasopressin prior to bypass was 18.6 picograms per millilitre, with an interquartile range from 2.6 to 11.4. Levels of vasopressin peaked during bypass at 87.1, this being highly significant compared to baseline (p < 0.00005), remained high for 12 hours at a mean of 73.5, again significantly different from baseline (p = 0.002), were falling at 24 hours, with a mean of 28.1 (p = 0.04), and had returned to baseline by 48 hours, when the mean was 7.4 (p = 0.3). Age, gender, and the category for surgical risk had no influence on the levels of vasopressin. There was no statistically significant relationship between the measured levels and hypotension or the requirement for vasopressors, although a few persistently hypotensive patients had high levels subsequent to bypass. Higher levels correlated with higher levels of sodium in the serum (rs= 0.37, p < 0.00005), higher osmolality (rs= 0.37, p < 0.00005), and positive fluid balance (rs= 0.23, p < 0.008). Preoperative use of inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme, preoperative congestive cardiac failure, and longer periods of bypass predicted higher levels during the first eight postoperative hours.ConclusionsChildren do not have deficient endogenous levels of vasopressin following bypass, and lower levels are not associated with hypotension. Any therapeutic efficacy of infusion of vasopressin for post-cardiotomy shock in children is likely due to reasons other than physiologic replacement.
Takayasu’s disease: a review
Authors: Tann Oliver R. , Tulloh Robert M.R. , Hamilton Mark C.K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTakayasu’s disease is a rare chronic vasculitis of unknown aetiology. Initial symptoms and signs are non-specific, and a high index of suspicion is needed to make the correct diagnosis. The disease is associated with a high incidence of morbidity, and a significant risk of premature death. Serological tests have proved unreliable in distinguishing active from quiescent disease, with non-invasive imaging currently offering the best option for early diagnosis, and monitoring the response to treatment. In this review, we detail the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, imaging characteristics, and currently available treatments.
A comparative study of selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in normal and breast cancer patients
Authors: Moradi Masoumeh , Hassan Eftekhari Mohammad , Talei Abdolrasoul , Rajaei Fard Abdolreza 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe present study was undertaken to compare plasma Se values and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in normal and breast cancer patients.DesignIn a case–control study, forty-five breast cancer patients and the same number of healthy women were randomly selected from their population. Se was measured in plasma by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and GPX activity in erythrocytes was measured using a standard spectrophotometric method.ResultsPlasma Se concentration in healthy women and breast cancer patients was in the normal range, with no statistically significant difference observed between the two groups (138·40 (sd 40·36) μg/l v. 132·15 (sd 35·37) μg/l, respectively). Erythrocyte GPX activity was significantly (P<0·01) higher in breast cancer patients (24·81 (sd 11·66) U/g Hb) compared with healthy women (20·29 (sd 4·24) U/g Hb).ConclusionThe present study indicated that Se deficiency was not a problem in the participants, and sufficient quantity of this element could increase GPX activity to have a protective effect against oxidative damage.
First Report of Rhizoctonia solani Subgroup AG 1-ID Causing Leaf Blight on Durian in Vietnam
Authors: Thuan T. T. M. , Tho N. , Tuyen B. C. 
Published: March 2008

During the rainy season in Vietnam, leaf blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani often occurs on 3- to 5-year-old durian (Durio zibethinus). Symptoms appear as large, pale brown, blighted lesions with an irregular border. In excessive moisture conditions, yellowish white hyphae appear on the lesions, and the affected leaves turn dark brown and wilt. There are no reports describing the anastomosis groups (AG) and subgroups of Rhizoctonia solani occurring in durian. In June of 2004, two isolates of R. solani were obtained from leaf blight lesions on durian growing in Binh Duong and Dong Nai provinces. The durian isolates were identified as AG 1 based on hyphal anastomosis. In pathogenicity tests, the durian isolates infected cucumber, mung bean, and leaf mustard seedlings grown on water agar in petri dishes. The rDNA-ITS sequence of the durian isolates was determined (GenBank Accession Nos. EF197797 and EF197798) and aligned with those of AG 1-IA, AG 1-IB, AG 1-IC, and AG 1-ID available in the GenBank database. The sequence similarity of the total rDNA-ITS region (including 5.8S) within the durian isolates was 99.9%. The sequence similarity of the durian isolates and AG 1-ID isolates was 99.1 to 100%, but similarity with other AG 1 subgroups was 89.1 to 94.0%. The results suggest that the two Vietnam durian isolates of R. solani are members of AG 1-ID. AG 1-ID has only been reported causing necrotic leaf spots on coffees in the Philippines (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solani AG 1-ID on durian and the first report of the presence of R. solani AG 1-ID in Vietnam. Reference: (1) A. Priyatmojo et al. Phytopathology 91:1054, 2001.
First Report of Angelonia flower break virus in Nemesia spp. and Other Ornamental Plants in California
Authors: Mathews D. M. , Dodds J. A. 
Published: March 2008

Between June 2006 and July 2007, ornamental plant samples were collected from four counties in California (Riverside, Sacramento, San Diego, and Santa Barbara) and tested for the presence of Angelonia flower break virus (AnFBV) using ELISA (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN). Tissue samples were from propagation facilities or wholesale outlets except those from Riverside County, which were from retail stores. Thirteen positive samples were found in three varieties each of Angelonia and Nemesia spp. and seven varieties of Verbena spp., with at least one positive from each county. Foliar symptoms ranged from asymptomatic to a mild mosaic with distinct flower breaking in the Angelonia spp. Results were confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR of the coat protein gene (1) and the 1,172-bp amplicons were sequenced. Viral isolates from the three varieties of the Angelonia spp. had 98 to 99% nucleotide similarity and 99 to 100% amino acid identity to the Maryland strain of AnFBV (1; GenBank Accession No. DQ221212), with 91 to 92% nucleotide similarity and 96 to 97% amino acid identity to the Israel and Florida strains (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ223771 and DQ219415). All viral isolates from the Nemesia and Verbena spp. plants had nucleotide similarities of 96 to 98% and 98% amino acid identity to the Israel and Florida strains, with 91 to 92% nucleotide similarity to the Maryland strain. AnFBV has been previously reported in Angelonia and Verbena spp. among other hosts (1,2), but not in Nemesia spp. and not in California. This recently described carmovirus appears to be well established in the state in a variety of ornamental plant species. References: (1) S. Adkins et al. Phytopathology 96:460, 2006. (2) F. Assis-Filho et al. Plant Dis. 90:1115, 2006.
First Report of Stemphylium vesicarium as Causal Agent of Wilting and Root Rotting of Radish Sprouts in Italy
Authors: Belisario A. , Vitale S. , Luongo L. , Nardi S. , Talevi S. , Corvi F. 
Published: March 2008

A consistent contamination from a Stemphylium sp. was detected on radish (Raphanus sativus) seeds by a seed blotter test. Twenty-five percent of seed lots were contaminated. Stemphylium vesicarium (teleomorph Pleospora allii) was identified on the basis of morphological characters of conidia and conidiophores (4). Conidia were golden brown to dark drown, oblong to oval with one to four transverse and one to three longitudinal septa, constricted at one to three of the major transverse septa. Conidia dimensions ranged from 12 to 22 × 30 to 40 μm. Conidiophores were straight or occasionally one-branched with a swollen apex and one to four septate. Pseudothecia with asci and ascopores were observed on radish seeds. Asci were cylindrical to clavate with eight ascospores with up to six transverse septa and numerous longitudinal septa. Species identification was also confirmed after comparing the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and gpd (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) (3) of four isolates with those of Stemphylium species already present in the NCBI database. Accessions Nos. AM 746020 to AM746023 and AM883174 to AM883177 were deposited for ITS and gpd, respectively. Artificial inoculations were carried out on radish seeds previously disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min and then plated on S. vesicarium sporulating colonies grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The four sequenced isolates were tested for pathogenicity. Disinfected seeds were plated onto PDA only and used as a control. After 48 h of incubation, seeds were sown in sterilized soil in plastic plates. The emerging and the eventually dead plants were counted. Stem necrosis and root rotting developed on sprouts within the first week after sowing. On the surviving infected plantlets, wilting and death occurred on more than 70% of the plants within 4 weeks after sowing. Control plantlets obtained from disinfected seeds remained healthy. The fungus reisolated from wilted and dead plants was morphologically identical to the original isolates, thus confirming S. vesicarium as the causal agent. In Italy, this pathogen is common on asparagus (1), but it has also been reported on Allium spp., tomato, and pear. On European pear it is the causal agent of brown spot (2), a destructive disease in the Mediterranean area but also in the Netherlands and other continental European countries. On the basis of these results, seed contamination with S. vesicarium can represent a threat for the production of radish for sprout consumption. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. vesicarium on radish plantlets in Italy. References: (1) F. Del Zan et al. L'informatore Agrario 11:95, 1989. (2) I. Llorente and E. Montesinos. Plant Dis. 90:1368, 2006. (3) B. M. Pryor and D. M. Bigelow. Mycologia 95:1141, 2003. (4) E. G. Simmons. Sydowia 38:284, 1985.
Resistance to Citrus Canker Caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in an Accession of Citrus sp. Similar to Grapefruit
Authors: Gochez A. M. , Canteros B. I. 
Published: March 2008

Citrus canker is caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. All grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) cultivars are highly susceptible to the A-group strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. A type of grapefruit (Citrus sp.) called Dalan Dan (DD) has shown high resistance in the field in Misiones, Argentina where it is widely planted. The DD is Accession No. NC678 in the Campinas Citrus Germplasm Collection (Centro APTA Citrus Sylvio Moreira, Cordeiropolis, SP, Brazil) and Accession No. CCC-618 Dalan Dan in the Argentina Citrus Germplasm Collection at INTA (Concordia, Entre Ríos). Molecular studies completed in Brazil have shown high similarities among grapefruit varieties and DD (1). We report here the characterization of quantitative resistance to citrus canker in DD. Quantitative resistance in citrus is expressed as lower number of lesions per leaf area (3). Lesions per square centimeter were calculated after 3 to 4 weeks of two sets of inoculation of three inoculum levels (5 × 102, 2.5 × 103, and 5 × 103 cells per ml) in leaves of developing leaf flushes. The period of greatest susceptibility in DD was 15 to 23 days for the three inoculum levels; 1.35 ± 0.34 to 0.01 ± 0.01, 4.98 ± 0.91 to 0.91 ± 0.48, and 9.85 ± 2.17 to 1.91 ± 1.37 lesions per cm2, respectively. By contrast, the period of greatest susceptibility in grapefruit cv. Duncan was 15 to 29 days for the same three inoculum levels; 2.78 ± 0.46 to 1.22 ± 0.39, 17.29 ± 2.79 to 5.55 ± 0.93, and 22.87 ± 3.27 to 11.95 ± 3.55 lesions per cm2, respectively. The results shown here suggest that the DD citrus accession is susceptible to citrus canker for a very short time during the development of leaf flushes, which results in very high resistance in the field. This citrus germplasm material could be valuable as a source of resistance to improve other varieties or as a replacement of grapefruit due to the similar fruit and juice qualities. References: (1) M. J. Corazza-Nunes et al. Euphytica 126:169, 2002. (2) M. J. Corazza-Nunes et al. Summa Phytopathol. 32:322, 2006. (3) R. E. Stall et al. Phytopathology 72:1097, 1982.