bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An immune response gene expression module identifies a good prognosis subtype in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer
Authors: Teschendorff Andrew E , Miremadi Ahmad , Pinder Sarah E , Ellis Ian O , Caldas Carlos 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Background
Estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer specimens are predominantly of high grade, have frequent p53 mutations, and are broadly divided into HER2-positive and basal subtypes. Although ER-negative disease has overall worse prognosis than does ER-positive breast cancer, not all ER-negative breast cancer patients have poor clinical outcome. Reliable identification of ER-negative tumors that have a good prognosis is not yet possible.

Results
We apply a recently proposed feature selection method in an integrative analysis of three major microarray expression datasets to identify molecular subclasses and prognostic markers in ER-negative breast cancer. We find a subclass of basal tumors, characterized by over-expression of immune response genes, which has a better prognosis than the rest of ER-negative breast cancers. Moreover, we show that, in contrast to ER-positive tumours, the majority of prognostic markers in ER-negative breast cancer are over-expressed in the good prognosis group and are associated with activation of complement and immune response pathways. Specifically, we identify an immune response related seven-gene module and show that downregulation of this module confers greater risk for distant metastasis (hazard ratio 2.02, 95% confidence interval 1.2-3.4; P = 0.009), independent of lymph node status and lymphocytic infiltration. Furthermore, we validate the immune response module using two additional independent datasets.

Conclusion
We show that ER-negative basal breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with at least four main subtypes. Furthermore, we show that the heterogeneity in clinical outcome of ER-negative breast cancer is related to the variability in expression levels of complement and immune response pathway genes, independent of lymphocytic infiltration.
Associations between common mental disorders and the Mental Illness Needs Index in community settings
Authors: Fone David L. , Dunstan Frank , John Ann , Lloyd Keith 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundThe relationship between the Mental Illness Needs Index (MINI) and the common mental disorders is not known.AimsTo investigate associations between the small-area MINI score and common mental disorder at individual level.MethodMental health status was measured using the Mental Health Inventory of the Short Form 36 instrument (SF-36). Data from the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs population survey were analysed in multilevel models of 10 653 individuals aged 18–74 years nested within the 2001 UK census geographies of 110 lower super output areas and 33 wards.ResultsThe MINI score was significantly associated with common mental disorder after adjusting for individual risk factors. This association was stronger at the smaller spatial scale of the lower super output area and for individuals who were permanently sick or disabled.ConclusionsThe MINI is potentially useful for small-area needs assessment and service planning for common mental disorder in community settings.
Prevalence of dementia in intellectual disability using different diagnostic criteria
Authors: Strydom A. , Livingston G. , King M. , Hassiotis A. 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundDiagnosis of dementia is complex in adults with intellectual disability owing to their pre-existing deficits and different presentation.AimsTo describe the clinical features and prevalence of dementia and its subtypes, and to compare the concurrent validity of dementia criteria in older adults with intellectual disability.MethodThe Becoming Older with Learning Disability (BOLD) memory study is a two-stage epidemiological survey of adults with intellectual disability without Down syndrome aged 60 years and older, with comprehensive assessment of people who screen positive. Dementia was diagnosed according to ICD-10, DSM-IV and DC-LD criteria.ResultsThe DSM – IV dementia criteria were more inclusive. Diagnosis using ICD – 10 excluded people with even moderate dementia. Clinical subtypes of dementia can be recognised in adults with intellectual disability. Alzheimer's dementia was the most common, with a prevalence of 8.6% (95% CI 5.2–13.0), almost three times greater than expected.ConclusionsDementia is common in older adults with intellectual disability, but prevalence differs according to the diagnostic criteria used. This has implications for clinical practice.
Relationship between daily suicide counts and temperature in England and Wales
Authors: Page Lisa A. , Hajat Shakoor , Kovats R. Sari 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundSeasonal fluctuation in suicide has been observed in many populations. High temperature may contribute to this, but the effect of short-term fluctuations in temperature on suicide rates has not been studied.AimsTo assess the relationship between daily temperature and daily suicide counts in England and Wales between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2003 and to establish whether heatwaves are associated with increased mortality from suicide.MethodTime-series regression analysis was used to explore and quantify the relationship between daily suicide counts and daily temperature. The impact of two heatwaves on suicide was estimated.ResultsNo spring or summer peak in suicide was found. Above 18 °, each 1 ° increase in mean temperature was associated with a 3.8 and 5.0% rise in suicide and violent suicide respectively. Suicide increased by 46.9% during the 1995 heatwave, whereas no change was seen during the 2003 heat wave.ConclusionsThere is increased risk of suicide during hot weather.
New approaches to reimbursement schemes based on patient classification systems and their comparison
Authors: Marazzi Alfio , Gardiol Lucien , Duong Hong Dung 
Published: July 2007

We propose reimbursement schemes based on patient classification systems (PCSs) that include adjustments for length of stay (LOS) and exceptional costs and are designed to minimize undesirable effects of economic incentives. In addition, a statistical approach to compare the schemes and the underlying PCSs is proposed, where costs and LOSs for two successive years are used. The first year data provides estimates of the class cost means and the next year's reimbursements which are compared with the second year's costs. This method focuses on the predictive power of a PCS and differs from the usual retrospective analyses based on the proportion of explained variance for single year data. The approach is applied to discharge data of Swiss hospitals where stays are grouped according to five PCSs: All Patient Diagnosis-Related Groups (AP-DRGs), All Patient Refined Diagnosis-Related Groups (APR-DRGs), International Refined Diagnosis-Related Groups (IR-DRGs), Australian Refined Diagnosis-Related Groups (AR-DRGs), and SQLape. When adjusting for LOS and outliers, these systems do not differ substantially in their ability to predict cost of stay. Therefore, increasing the number of classes does not necessarily improve cost predictions. However, the payment of a fixed amount per diem (not exceeding the marginal cost) and correcting the reimbursements for exceptional costs substantially reduces the average discrepancy between costs and reimbursements.
Evaluating primary care research networks
Authors: Fenton Evelyn , Harvey Janet , Sturt Jackie 
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a conceptual framework and tool kit, generated from the evaluation of five primary care research networks (PCRNs) funded by the then London, National Health Service (NHS) Executive. We employed qualitative methods designed to match the most important characteristics of PCRNs, conducting five contextualized case studies covering the five networks. A conceptual evaluation framework based on a review of the organization science literature was developed and comprised the broad, but inter-related organizational dimensions of structure, processes, boundaries and network self-evaluation as input factors and strategic emphasis as epitomized by network objectives. These dimensions were comprised of more detailed subdimensions designed to capture the potential of the networks to create ideas and knowledge, or intellectual capital, the key construct upon which our evaluation tool kit was based. We considered the congruence, or fit, between network objectives and input factors: greater congruence implied greater ability to achieve implicit and overt objectives. We conclude that network evaluation must take place, over time, recognizing stage of development and potential for long-term viability, but within a generic framework of inputs and outputs. If there is a good fit or congruence between their input factors and network objectives, networks will be internally coherent and able to operate at optimum effectiveness.
Sorption Capacity and Thermodynamic Properties of Natural Turkish (Reşadiye) Bentonite for the Removal of Ammonium Ions from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Saltali Kadir , Sarι Ahmet 
Published: July 2007

Natural clays and materials such as bentonite, zeolite and sepiolite have been widely used for environmental and agricultural purposes because of their easy application and relative low cost. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sorption capacity of the natural Turkish (Reşadiye) bentonite (NTB) for the removal of ammonium (NH+4) ions from aqueous solution from the viewpoint of both the sorption isotherms and the associated thermodynamics. The influence of pH, adsorbent dosage and temperature on the sorption of NH+4 ions onto NTB was also studied. It was found that the non-linear Langmuir model was more suitable for describing the sorption of NH+4 ions onto NTB since the application of this model exhibited a higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.99) than that for the non-linear Freundlich model (R2 = 0.98). The Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) model was also applied to the equilibrium data (R2 = 0.99). The maximum sorption capacity towards NH+4 ions was determined via the Langmiur equation and found to be 30.12 mg/g. A comparison of the sorption capacity of NTB with those for various adsorbents revealed that this adsorbent had a high sorption capacity for the removal of NH+4 ions. The results obtained from an application of the D-R isotherm showed that the sorption of NH+4 ions onto NTB was a physical process. Thermodynamic parameters such as the free energy change (ΔG0), enthalpy change (ΔH0) and entropy change (AS0) were also calculated to establish the thermodynamic adsorption behaviour of NH+4 ions onto NTB. These parameters indicated that the sorption of NH+4 ions by NTB was spontaneous, exothermic in nature and involved weak interactions between the NH+4 ions and negative charges on the NTB surface. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that NTB has a significant potential for reducing the concentration of NH+4 ions in wastewater and agricultural residues by sorption without destroying the physical and ecological properties of the environment.
Sorption and Separation of Sugars with Adsorbents Based on Reversible Chemical Interaction
Authors: Vente Johan A. , Bosch Hans , de Haan André B. , Bussmann Paul J.T. 
Published: July 2007

The goal of this work was to enhance the selectivity of the separation of fructose or glucose from carbohydrate mixtures with adsorbents capable of reversible reaction. The experimental data presented demonstrate the feasibility of separating glucose from trans-galacto-oligosaccharides and fructose from fructo-oligosaccharides using resins as adsorbents. Comparison of the sorption properties of a resin functionalised with the bisulphite (HSO−3) ion with its original chloride (Cl−) form showed that the sorption of glucose increased due to interaction with the bisulphite group. In addition, functionalisation with bisulphite resulted in selectivity towards glucose relative to fructose and lactose. Moreover, chromatographic separation of glucose from trans-galacto-oligosaccharides on a bisulphite-loaded resin was improved compared to the same resin in the chloride form. However, the bisulphite unfortunately oxidised. Boronic acid-functionalised resin was selective towards fructose at pH 6.0 compared to glucose, indicating complex formation between fructose and boronic acid. Although complex formation with boronate has been assumed to be even stronger than with boronic acid, increasing the pH to a value above the pKa of the functional group did not improve fructose sorption. Chromatographic separation of fructose from fructo-oligosaccharides was obtained on boronic acid-functionalised resin as a result of complex formation with fructose. These results show that reversible chemical reactions can lead to an improvement in the performance of adsorbents for sugar separations.
Effects of Ionic Strength on the Uptake of Taurine and Glycine onto a Strongly Basic Anion-Exchange Resin
Authors: Song Feng , Li Zhong , Xia Qibin , Xi Hongxia , Zhao Zhenxia 
Published: July 2007

The effect of ionic strength on the competitive ion-exchange equilibria of taurine and glycine on the strong basic anion-exchange resin D290 has been studied. The adsorption isotherms of taurine and glycine onto D290 were measured and the distribution coefficients of taurine relative to glycine on the resin were calculated at different ionic strengths. The breakthrough curves and the elution peak profiles of taurine and glycine onto a fixed bed packed with D290 were determined. The effects of ionic strength on the breakthrough times of solutes through the fixed bed and the resolution of the taurine and glycine elution curves were discussed. The results obtained show that the amount of taurine taken up by the D290 resin was higher than that of glycine, and that the selectivity of D290 for taurine was larger than that for glycine. The higher the ionic strength of the solution, the lower the amount of taurine or glycine taken up by D290. With increasing solution ionic strength, the magnitude of the distribution coefficient of taurine relative to that of glycine decreased, as did the breakthrough times for glycine and taurine and the resolution of their elution curves.
Pseudofracture of the neck of femur secondary to osteomalacia
Authors: Lee C. , Lashari S. 
Published: August 2007

Nutritional osteomalacia is a metabolic bone disorder common among the Asian female immigrant population in the United Kingdom. We describe the case of a female of Asian origin, who was found to have a unilateral undisplaced pseudofracture of the neck of the femur during pregnancy. Although not operated on the fracture was treated successfully with calcium and vitamin D supplement therapy. Within one month of treatment, the bone pain subsided and she was able to bear full weight. Subsequent radiological follow-up showed the pseudofracture to have healed sufficiently with no evidence of avascular necrosis. There should be a high index of suspicion of this disease, particularly among Asian patients presenting with persistent and non-specific musculoskeletal pain.
The role of pain and function in determining patient satisfaction after total knee replacement
Authors: Baker P. N. , van der Meulen J. H. , Lewsey J. , Gregg P. J. 
Published: August 2007

A postal questionnaire was sent to 10 000 patients more than one year after their total knee replacement (TKR). They were assessed using the Oxford knee score and were asked whether they were satisfied, unsure or unsatisfied with their TKR. The response rate was 87.4% (8231 of 9417 eligible questionnaires) and a total of 81.8% (6625 of 8095) of patients were satisfied. Multivariable regression modelling showed that patients with higher scores relating to the pain and function elements of the Oxford knee score had a lower level of satisfaction (p < 0.001), and that ongoing pain was a stronger predictor of this. Female gender and a primary diagnosis of osteoarthritis were found to be predictors of lower levels of patient satisfaction. Differences in the rate of satisfaction were also observed in relation to age, the American Society of Anesthesiologists grade and the type of prosthesis. This study has provided data on the Oxford knee score and the expected levels of satisfaction at one year after TKR. The results should act as a benchmark of practice in the United Kingdom and provide a baseline for peer comparison between institutions.
The pathology of frozen shoulder
Authors: Hand G. C. R. , Athanasou N. A. , Matthews T. , Carr A. J. 
Published: August 2007

We treated 22 patients with a diagnosis of primary frozen shoulder resistant to conservative treatment by manipulation under anaesthetic and arthroscopic release of the rotator interval, at a mean time from onset of 15 months (3 to 36). Biopsies were taken from this site and histological and immunocytochemical analysis was performed to identify the types of cell present. The tissue was characterised by the presence of fibroblasts, proliferating fibroblasts and chronic inflammatory cells. The infiltrate of chronic inflammatory cells was predominantly made up of mast cells, with T cells, B cells and macrophages also present. The pathology of frozen shoulder includes a chronic inflammatory response with fibroblastic proliferation which may be immunomodulated.
Chemical upgrading of sedimentary Na-chabazite from Bowie, Arizona
Authors: Kuznicki Steven M. , Lin Christopher C. H. , Bian Junjie , Anson Alejandro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNatural zeolites may represent one of the greatest under-utilized resources of the mineral world. Even with their unique character and properties, issues of consistency, homogeneity and purity preclude them from many premium applications. We report a simple method to upgrade mineral sedimentary Na-chabazite from the well known Bowie, Arizona, deposit to near synthetic purity and consistency. During this alkaline-silicate digestion process, initially soft chabazite ore granules gain substantial mechanical strength. This may allow direct employment in adsorption and purification processes without the need for binding and forming. These granules manifest significantly improved adsorption properties, including enhanced water and CO2 adsorptivity.
Isothermal measurement of heats of hydration in zeolites by simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Neuhoff Philip S. , Wang Jie 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA calorimetric method for determining isothermal partial and integral heats of hydration reactions (ΔH¯R,T,P${\rm{\Delta }}{\bar H_{{\rm{R,}}T,\,P}}$ and ΔH∼R,T,P${\rm{\Delta }}{\tilde H_{{\rm{R,}}T,\,P}}$, respectively) in zeolites and other mineral hydrates is presented. The method involves immersing a dehydrated sample in a humid gas stream under isothermal conditions within a thermal analysis device that records simultaneous differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) signals. Monitoring changes in sample mass (corresponding to extent of reaction progress) coincident with a quantitative measurement of heat flow allows for direct detection of ΔH¯R,T,P${\rm{\Delta }}{\bar H_{{\rm{R,}}T,\,P}}$ as a function of the extent of hydration, which can be integrated to determine ΔH∼R,T,P${\rm{\Delta }}{\tilde H_{{\rm{R,}}T,\,P}}$. In addition, it eliminates uncertainties associated with imprecise knowledge of the starting and final states of a sample during hydration. Measurement under isothermal conditions removes uncertainties associated with heat capacity effects that complicate interpretations of DSC measurements of dehydration heats conducted under traditional scanning temperature conditions. Example experiments on the zeolites natrolite, analcime and chabazite are used to illustrate strategies for quantifying ΔH¯R,T,P${\rm{\Delta }}{\bar H_{{\rm{R,}}T,\,P}}$ and ΔH∼R,T,P${\rm{\Delta }}{\tilde H_{{\rm{R,}}T,\,P}}$ and minimizing errors associated with baseline uncertainties. Results from this method agree well with previously published values determined by other calorimetric techniques and regression of phase equilibrium data. In the case of chabazite, the results allowed detailed measurements of the variation in ΔH¯R,T,P${\rm{\Delta }}{\bar H_{{\rm{R,}}T,\,P}}$ for energetically different water types encountered progressively as the sample absorbed water. This technique complements and in many cases improves the quality of thermodynamic data obtained through phase equilibrium observations and other calorimetric techniques.
Inheritance vs. neoformation of kaolinite during lateritic soil formation: A case study in the middle Amazon basin
Authors: Balan Etienne , Fritsch Emmanuel , Allard Thierry , Calas Georges 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe tropical weathering of sedimentary kaolin deposits from the plateaux surrounding Manaus (Alter do Chao formation, Amazon basin, Brazil) leads to the in situ formation of thick kaolinitic soils. The structural changes of kaolinite have been investigated quantitatively by infrared spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance. Both techniques consistently show that each sample contains two types of kaolinite in various proportions. The progressive decrease in kaolinite order from the bottom to the top of the profile results from the gradual replacement of an old population of well-ordered kaolinite, typical of the underlying sedimentary kaolin, by a more recent generation of poorly ordered soil kaolinite. The vertical pattern of kaolinite replacement differs from that of the transformation of Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides previously observed in the same profile. The inherited fraction of well-ordered kaolinite ranges from 60% at a depth of 9 m to 30% in the upper levels of the soil. The persistence of sedimentary kaolinite in the upper horizons suggests that the rate of kaolinite transformation is relatively slow at the time scale of lateritic soil formation. Kaolinite inheritance unlocks the lateritic record of past weathering conditions.
Formation and transformation of mixed-layer minerals by tertiary intrusives in cretaceous mudstones, West Greenland
Authors: Drits Victor A. , Lindgreen Holger , Sakharov Boris A. , Jakobsen Hans Jørgen , Fallick Anthony E. , Salyn Alfred L. , Dainyak Lidia G. , Zviagina Bella B. , Barfod Dan N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the Nuussuaq Basin, West Greenland, a thick succession of Tertiary dolerites has penetrated Upper Cretaceous mudstone. The mixed-layer minerals of mudstone core samples have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, solid-state 29Si and 27A1 magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, Mössbauer and infrared spectroscopies, thermal analysis, chemical analysis, stable isotopes (18O/16O), and K/Ar dating. The mixed-layer minerals include for each sample two mixed-layer phases consisting of pyrophyllite, margarite, paragonite, tobelite, illite, smectite and vermiculite layers. The main, 80 m thick intrusion resulted in the formation of pyrophyllite, margarite, paragonite and tobelite layers. However, the tobelite layers are absent in samples <21 m from this intrusion. Furthermore, chlorite was formed and kaolinite destroyed in samples adjacent to minor intrusions and at distances <60 m from the large intrusion. For the first time, the detailed, complex mixed-layer structures formed during contact metamorphism of kaolinitic, oil-forming mudstones have been investigated accurately. The formation of tobelite layers reveals that oil formation has taken place during contact metamorphism. Furthermore, K/Ar dating of mixed-layer minerals from shale indicates that the intrusives are of early Eocene age. The 80 m thick intrusive is responsible for the main mixed-layer transformations, whereas two thin (3 m and 0.5 m thick) intrusions contribute little. Thus, the detailed mixed-layer investigation has contributed significantly to the understanding of the regional geology and the contact metamorphic processes.