bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Appalachian Inner Piedmont: an exhumed strike-parallel, tectonically forced orogenic channel
Authors: Hatcher Robert D. , Merschat Arthur J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The Appalachian Inner Piedmont (IP) extends along orogenic strike some 700 km from North Carolina to Alabama. Its physical attributes contrast with those of other Appalachian tectonic elements: gentle dip of dominant foliation; imbricate stack of fold nappes; dominant sillimanite-grade metamorphism and near ubiquitous migmatization; heterogeneous, non-plane deformation; and earlier S-foliations transposed to C-foliations southeast of the mid-Palaeozoic Brevard fault zone forming a 10–20 km wide amphibolite-facies shear zone along the western flank of the IP. The IP contains west- and SW-directed thrust sheets and mineral stretching lineation, sheath folds on all scales, and other indicators that define a curved crustal flow pattern throughout the belt. Field and modern geochronologic data confirm that the IP is not exotic. It contains a Laurentian component (eastern Tugaloo terrane) and an internal terrane (Cat Square) that contains both Laurentian and Gondwanan detrital zircons, separated by the Brindle Creek fault. Cat Square terrane rocks likely accumulated in a Devonian remnant ocean that closed beginning
c.
400 Ma.

The complex but consistently asymmetric, NW- to west- to SW-directed flow pattern throughout the IP reflects confinement beneath a > 15 km thick overburden produced during subduction of Cat Square and Laurentian components beneath the approaching Carolina superterrane along the Central Piedmont suture. Oblique NE-to-SW transpressive subduction to > 15 km depth initiated partial melting, forcing escape from the collision zone in an along-strike orogenic channel. The IP detached from rocks to the west of the mid-Palaeozoic Brevard fault zone as the collision zone tightened and the IP mass flowed
c.
200 km southwestward in the channel. The top of the channel is preserved at the NE end of the IP, and the base (Brevard fault zone) is preserved to the west and SW. As an exhumed orogenic channel, the curved IP flow paths may provide insight for middle to lower crustal deformation and flow in modern orogens.
The Campi Flegrei caldera: unrest mechanisms and hazards
Authors: De Natale G. , Troise C. , Pingue F. , Mastrolorenzo G. , Pappalardo L. , Battaglia M. , Boschi E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In the last four decades, Campi Flegrei caldera has been the world’s most active caldera characterized by intense unrest episodes involving huge ground deformation and seismicity, but, at the time of writing, has not culminated in an eruption. We present a careful review, with new analyses and interpretation, of all the data and recent research results. We deal with three main problems: the tentative reconstruction of the substructure; the modelling of unrest episodes to shed light on possible pre-eruptive scenarios; and the probabilistic estimation of the hazards from explosive pyroclastic products. The results show, for the first time at a volcano, that a very peculiar mechanism is generating episodes of unrest, involving mainly activation of the geothermal system from deeper magma reservoirs. The character and evolution of unrest episodes is strongly controlled by structural features, like the ring-fault system at the borders of the caldera collapse. The use of detailed volcanological, mathematical and statistical procedures also make it possible to obtain a detailed picture of eruptive hazards in the whole Neapolitan area. The complex behaviour of this caldera, involving interaction between magmatic and geothermal phenomena, sheds light on the dynamics of the most dangerous types of volcanoes in the world.
Lateral collapse and tsunamigenic potential of marine volcanoes
Authors: McGuire W. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The predominantly constructive life cycles of large, long-lived, stratovolcanoes and basaltic shields are punctuated by transitory episodes during which large volumes of material are divested from the flanks. Such shedding typically takes place catastrophically in the form of a lateral collapse, generating a debris avalanche and leaving a scar that may attain caldera dimensions. Collapse may follow instability development arising from a single, discrete, event, such as a crypto-dome intrusion, or may be the end-product of progressive destabilization over a long period of time. Lateral collapses may also occur at persistent slumps, which may have been active over periods as long as 10
4
–10
5
a prior to catastrophic failure. Collapse velocities may exceed 40 m s
−1
, leading to completion of the process within a few hundreds of seconds. Collapse volumes span several orders of magnitude, ranging from less than 1 km
3
to more than 10 km
3
at many continental and subduction-zone volcanoes, to 1000 km
3
or more at the great basalt shields of Hawaii. Lateral collapse may be accompanied by a wide range of associated hazards, including atmospheric shock wave, pyroclastic flows and surges, extensive tephra fall, and secondary lahars. For volcanoes in the marine environment, potentially destructive and lethal tsunamis can be added to the inventory. Here, the potential for a lateral collapse at an ocean island volcano to generate a ‘mega-tsunami’ (more than 100 m high at source and destructive at oceanic distances) is discussed and evaluated.
Volcanic hazard assessment at the Campi Flegrei caldera
Authors: Mastrolorenzo G. , Pappalardo L. , Troise C. , Rossano S. , Panizza A. , de Natale G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Previous and new results from probabilistic approaches based on available volcanological data from real eruptions of Campi Flegrei, are assembled in a comprehensive assessment of volcanic hazards at the Campi Flegrei caldera, in order to compare the volcanic hazards related to the different types of events. Hazard maps based on a very wide set of numerical simulations, produced using field and laboratory data as input parameters relative to the whole range of fallout and pyroclastic-flow events and their relative occurrence, are presented. The results allow us to quantitatively evaluate and compare the hazard related to pyroclastic fallout and density currents (PDCs) in the Campi Flegrei area and its surroundings, including the city of Naples.
Due to the dominant wind directions, the hazard from fallout mostly affects the area east of the caldera, and the caldera itself, with the level of probability and expected thickness decreasing with distance from the caldera and outside the eastern sectors. The hazard from PDCs decrease roughly radially with distance from the caldera centre and is strongly controlled by the topographic relief, which produces an effective barrier to propagation of PDCs to the east and northeast, areas which include metropolitan Naples. The main result is that the metropolitan area of Naples would be directly exposed to both fallout and PDCs. Moreover, the level of probability for critical tephra accumulation by fallout is relatively high, even for moderate-scale events, while, due to the presence of topographic barriers, the hazard from PDCs is only moderate and mostly associated with the largest events.
Intrinsic vulnerability of the Alburni karst system (southern Italy)
Authors: Ducci D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In order to, respectively, assess the resource vulnerability and the source vulnerability of the Alburni karst system (southern Italy), the COP and VULK methods have been applied in the framework of the ‘European Approach’ as proposed in 2003 by the COST (Co-Operation in Science and Technology) 620 task group – Action: ‘Vulnerability and Risk Mapping for the Protection of Carbonate – Karst – Aquifers’. The Alburni massif, with more than 500 caves, is the most important karst area of southern Italy. The drainage network is not continuous; there are several endoreic basins and large zones without superficial drainage but with many sinking streams (streams disappearing into swallow holes) and dolines. The caves (more than 100), well explored by speleologists, directly communicate with the above mentioned infiltration areas. The most important ones are hierarchically well organized and extend over a wide area. Some of them recharge important springs with very short transit times. The final vulnerability map shows that the prevalent vulnerabilities are high and very high owing to the widespread karstification and the presence of large vegetated areas with gentle slopes that favour fast infiltration on the plateau.
Natural and anthropogenic rock collapse over open caves
Authors: Waltham T. , Lu Z. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Natural rock collapse that reaches the ground surface to form a collapse doline is relatively rare in limestone karst. The anthropogenic karst geohazard is posed by the possibility of rock collapse when additional loading is imposed by engineering works directly over a known or unknown cave. An intact rock-cover thickness that exceeds half the cave width appears to be safe in most karst terrains formed in strong limestone. Guidelines suggest that drilling or probing prior to construction should prove sound rock to depths ranging between 3 and 7 m in most of the various types of karst.
Sinkholes in Italy: first results on the inventory and analysis
Authors: Nisio S. , Caramanna G. , Ciotoli G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Italian Geological Survey (APAT) carried out field surveys and analysis of collapse phenomena (sinkholes) in Italy. The main goal of the project is to collect geological, geomorphological, geochemical and hydrogeological data about the sinkhole-prone areas in Italy in order to develop a spatial database of the characteristics of each phenomenon. The preliminary results of this study provide information on the distribution, geological setting, and monitoring and remediation actions associated with these natural collapses in Italy. Many Italian regions are affected by these natural disasters. Some of them are caused by karst collapses or anthropic activity. However, some occur in areas characterized by buried carbonate bedrock (up to 190 m), as well as by peculiar geological–structural and geochemical scenarios. In these areas it is not reasonable to ascribe the formation mechanism to karst activity. Instead, these types of cavities quickly develop in terrains with a variable granulometry, often in connection with upwelling fluids. In this work some natural specific cases have been studied in order to define the relationships between the geology (regional tectonic elements, mineral spring waters and strong gas vents) and the genesis of the sinkholes. A first attempt of sinkhole classification is also presented.
Karst processes and slope instability: some investigations in the carbonate Apennine of Campania (southern Italy)
Authors: Santo A. , Del Prete S. , Di Crescenzo G. , Rotella M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Some investigations carried out in the Campania Region (southern Italy) are shown concerning instability phenomena, the development of which is strongly influenced by karst. The widespread presence of carbonate massifs close to important urban centres with dense road networks creates high-risk situations in many settings of this region.
Such phenomena can have very different dimensions, origin and geomorphological development, and can be traced back to the action of hypogean and epigean karst and to complex interactions with other erosional processes.
In particular, among the hypogean forms, we have analysed collapse sinkholes that have developed on carbonate slopes, especially along fault lines where there are aquifers and ascent of mineralized fluids, and which are sometimes connected to strong seismic events.
Among the forms connected to epikarst processes, the origin of pinnacles has been investigated. They are isolated rock pillars, whose origin depends on a particular interaction between the geostructural characteristics of the masses and the process of karstic dissolution.
Moreover, a wide variety of morphologies exist that are related to the interaction between epigean and hypogean karst and other typologies of erosional processes. Among these one group is represented by caves on carbonate slopes developed in cataclastic zones, where a slow karstic process leads to the formation of upwards caves, with dimensions of some decametres, and consequently to the high production of debris downhill. Similarly, this process has been observed along slopes set on talus. Finally, the complex combination of the karstic phenomenon with the erosional wave action forms both caves and natural rock arcs along the coasts.
Influence of Thermal Treatment on The Electronic Properties of ITO Thin FilmsObtained by RF Cathodic Pulverization. Study of Solar Cells Based on Silicon/(RF Sputtered) ITO Junctions
Authors: Campet G. , Geoffroy C. , Wen S. J. , Portier J. , Keou P. , Salardenne J. , Sun Z. W. 
Published: April 2008

ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) thin films obtained by R.F cathodic sputtering have been studied. The influence
of thermal treatment on the electronic properties of the films has been particularly investigated. Electrical
measurements were performed between 95 and 600 K. Free carriers concentration in the film were
measured by Hall effect coefficient. Optical indices were determined by computer drawing of charts
allowing to simplify Manifacier method.Finally study of SIS tunnel solar cells, based on Si/(RF sputtered) ITO junctions is presented.
Priming of T cells to Fas-mediated proliferative signals by interleukin-7
Authors: Rethi Bence , Vivar Nancy , Sammicheli Stefano , Fluur Caroline , Ruffin Nicolas , Atlas Ann , Rajnavolgyi Eva , Chiodi Francesca 
Published: April 2008

AbstractT-cell depletion associated with HIV infection or cytoreductive therapies triggers potential T-cell regenerative mechanisms such as peripheral T-lymphocyte expansion to weak antigenic stimuli and the increased availability of interleukin-7 (IL-7), a cytokine with potent antiapoptotic and proliferative activities. Deleterious mechanisms also associated with lymphopenia, such as increased Fas expression and apoptosis of T cell, however, may result in opposing effects. In this study, we show that Fas molecules, primarily associated with T-cell depletion in lymphopenic settings, may also contribute to compensatory T-cell expansion through transmitting costimulatory signals to suboptimally activated T cells. Proliferation of T lymphocytes in response to concomitant Fas and T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering was shown to be increased in HIV-infected individuals compared with noninfected controls. As IL-7 levels are often elevated in lymphopenic individuals in association with increased Fas expression, we analyzed whether IL-7 would influence Fas-mediated proliferative signals in T cells. We show that IL-7 is able to increase the efficacy of Fas to induce proliferation of suboptimally activated T cells. Thus, high IL-7 levels associated with lymphopenic conditions may simultaneously induce sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis in nonactivated T cells and increase Fas-induced costimulatory signals in T cells recognizing low-affinity antigens.
Role of ephrinB2 expression in endothelial cells during arteriogenesis: impact on smooth muscle cell migration and monocyte recruitment
Authors: Korff Thomas , Braun Jennifer , Pfaff Dennis , Augustin Hellmut G. , Hecker Markus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExpression of the arterial marker molecule ephrinB2 in endothelial cells is a prerequisite for adequate remodeling processes of the developing or angiogenic vasculature. Although its role in these processes has been extensively studied, the impact of ephrinB2 on the remodeling of adult arteries is largely unknown. To this end, we analyzed its expression during a biomechanically induced arteriolar remodeling process known as arteriogenesis and noted a significant increase in ephrinB2 expression under these conditions. By examining those biomechanical forces presumed to drive arteriogenesis, we identified cyclic stretch as a critical inducer of ephrinB2 expression in endothelial cells. Subsequent functional analyses in vitro revealed that endothelial cells expressing ephrinB2 limit the migration of smooth muscle cells, thereby enhancing segregation of both cell types. Moreover, MCP-1 induced transmigration of monocytes through a monolayer of endothelial cells overexpressing a truncated variant of ephrinB2 was clearly impeded. Taken together, these data suggest that expression of ephrinB2 in adult endothelial cells is up-regulated during arterial remodeling and controlled by cyclic stretch, a well-known inducer of such processes. This stretch-induced ephrinB2 expression may be pivotal for arteriogenesis as it limits smooth muscle cell migration within defined borders and controls monocyte extravasation.
SDF-1/CXCR4 and VLA-4 interaction regulates homing in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Authors: Ngo Hai T. , Leleu Xavier , Lee Jack , Jia Xiaoying , Melhem Molly , Runnels Judith , Moreau Anne-Sophie , Burwick Nicholas , Azab Abdel Kareem , Roccaro Aldo , Azab Feda , Sacco Antonio , Farag Mena , Sackstein Robert , Ghobrial Irene M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is characterized by widespread involvement of the bone marrow at the time of diagnosis, implying continuous homing of WM cells into the marrow. The mechanisms by which trafficking of the malignant cells into the bone marrow has not been previously elucidated. In this study, we show that WM cells express high levels of chemokine and adhesion receptors, including CXCR4 and VLA-4. We showed that CXCR4 was essential for the migration and trans-endothelial migration of WM cells under static and dynamic shear flow conditions, with significant inhibition of migration using CXCR4 knockdown or the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100. Similarly, CXCR4 or VLA-4 inhibition led to significant inhibition of adhesion to fibronectin, stromal cells, and endothelial cells. Decreased adhesion of WM cells to stromal cells by AMD3100 led to increased sensitivity of these cells to cytotoxicity by bortezomib. To further investigate the mechanisms of CXCR4-dependent adhesion, we showed that CXCR4 and VLA-4 directly interact in response to SDF-1, we further investigated downstream signaling pathways regulating migration and adhesion in WM. Together, these studies demonstrate that the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis interacts with VLA-4 in regulating migration and adhesion of WM cells in the bone marrow microenvironment.
Paraffin-based 6-gene model predicts outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with R-CHOP
Authors: Malumbres Raquel , Chen Jun , Tibshirani Rob , Johnson Nathalie A. , Sehn Laurie H. , Natkunam Yaso , Briones Javier , Advani Ranjana , Connors Joseph M. , Byrne Gerald E. , Levy Ronald , Gascoyne Randy D. , Lossos Izidore S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDiffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by variable clinical outcomes. Outcome prediction at the time of diagnosis is of paramount importance. Previously, we constructed a 6-gene model for outcome prediction of DLBCL patients treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapies. However, the standard therapy has evolved into rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP). Herein, we evaluated the predictive power of a paraffin-based 6-gene model in R-CHOP–treated DLBCL patients. RNA was successfully extracted from 132 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens. Expression of the 6 genes comprising the model was measured and the mortality predictor score was calculated for each patient. The mortality predictor score divided patients into low-risk (below median) and high-risk (above median) subgroups with significantly different overall survival (OS; P = .002) and progression-free survival (PFS; P = .038). The model also predicted OS and PFS when the mortality predictor score was considered as a continuous variable (P = .002 and .010, respectively) and was independent of the IPI for prediction of OS (P = .008). These findings demonstrate that the prognostic value of the 6-gene model remains significant in the era of R-CHOP treatment and that the model can be applied to routine FFPE tissue from initial diagnostic biopsies.
Coral kin aggregations exhibit mixed allogeneic reactions and enhanced fitness during early ontogeny
Authors: Amar Keren-Or , Chadwick Nanette E , Rinkevich Baruch 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
Aggregated settlement of kin larvae in sessile marine invertebrates may result in a complex array of compatible and incompatible allogeneic responses within each assemblage. Each such aggregate can, therefore, be considered as a distinct self-organizing biological entity representing adaptations that have evolved to maximize the potential benefits of gregarious settlement. However, only sparse information exists on the selective forces and ecological consequences of allogeneic coalescence.

Results
We studied the consequences of aggregated settlement of kin larvae of Stylophora pistillata (a Red Sea stony coral), under controlled laboratory settings. When spat came into contact, they either fused, establishing a chimera, or rejected one another. A one-year study on growth and survivorship of 544 settled S. pistillata genotypes revealed six types of biological entities: (1) Single genotypes (SG); (2) Bi-chimeras (BC); (3) Bi-rejecting genotypes (BR); (4) Tri-chimera entities (TC); (5) Three-rejecting genotypes (TR); and (6) Multi-partner entities (MP; consisting of 7.5 ± 2.6 partners). Analysis of allorecognition responses revealed an array of effector mechanisms: real tissue fusions, transitory fusions and six other histoincompatible reactions (borderline formation, sutures, overgrowth, bleaching, rejection, and partner death), disclosing unalike onsets of ontogeny and complex modes of appearance within each aggregate. Evaluations at the entity level revealed that MP entities were the largest, especially in the first two months (compared with SG: 571% in the first month and 162% in the seventh month). However, at the genotype level, the SG entities were the largest and the colonies with the highest-cost-per-genotype were the TR and the MP colonies. The cost was calculated as reduced average genotype size, from 27% and 12% in the first month to 67% and 64% in the seventh month, respectively. In general, MP exhibited the highest survivorship rate (85%, after one year) and SG the lowest (54%).

Conclusion
In view of the above, we suggest that the driving force behind gregarious kin settlements in Stylophora pistillata stems from gained benefits associated with the immediate and long-term increase in total size of the MP entity, whereas survivorship rates did not draw a parallel link. Furthermore, the biological organization of MP entity exhibits, simultaneously, an intricate network of rejecting and fusible interactions in a single allogeneic intimate arena, where proposed benefits surpass costs incurred by discord among founders. Above results and documentations on gregarious settlement in other marine taxa bring us to suggest that the 'group level' of kin aggregates may serve as a ubiquitous legitimate selection entity in the evolution of a sessile mode of life in marine organisms.