bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of oil in the bran layers of slender, medium, and short grain varieties of rice, and effect of parboiling
Authors: Mukherjee R. K. , Bhattacharjee M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study of the distribution of oil in slender (IR‐22), medium (Jaya), and short (Bala) grain types of rice indicated that the oil content of the bran was highest in IR‐22 (24.4%) followed by Jaya (22.8%) and Bala (15.2%) at a given (5%) polish percentage. Parboiling increased the oil yield of the bran in all the varieties, but much more in Jaya and Bala (7–9%) than in IR‐22 (3%) indicating that in the slender IR‐22, the oil was more concentrated in the surface layers of the grain. The oil content increased somewhat sharply in IR‐22 and Bala up to 4.0 and 5.5% polish, respectively, and then declined with further polish. In Jaya, the increase was smaller and more or less constant up to 6.0% polish. Changes due to parboiling were similar to those for raw samples with higher values for the parboiled samples. Distribution in surface fractions showed highest values for each fraction from the slender IR‐22 followed by the medium Jaya and the short grain Bala. The pattern of distribution was, however, strikingly different in the slender variety compared to the others. Difference between raw and parboiled fractions in each variety was not similar: in IR‐22, the increase in parboiled samples was 5–7%, 5–13% in Jaya, and as much as 1–11% in Bala.
Linear carboxylic acid esters from α‐olefins: 3. Catalysis by dispersions of palladium complexes
Authors: Knifton John F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLinear, fatty‐type, carboxylic acid esters are prepared by regioselective 1‐alkene carbonylation catalyzed by dispersions of ligand‐stabilized palladium(II) chlorides in quaternary Group VB salts of trichlorostannate(II). The sensitivity of these syntheses to catalyst composition and alkene structure is described, together with techniques for multiple cycling and regeneration of the preferred palladium formulation, PdCl2[P(C6H5)3]2‐10[(C2H5)4N][SnCl3].
Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of cyclopropenoid fatty acids
Authors: Schneider E. L. , Loke Sook P. , Hopkins D. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for the analysis of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in oils. The method consists of reacting the methyl esters of the cyclopropenoid fatty acids with silver nitrate in methanol to form ether and ketone derivatives. The derivatives formed from the cyclopropenoid fatty acids are separated from the methyl esters of the normal fatty acids by gas‐liquid chromatography on a 15% diethylene glycol succinate column. The method is applicable to oils containing from 0.01% to 100% of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. The derivatives of oils containing lew levels of cyclopropenoids are separated from the normal methyl esters by alumina chromatography prior to gas‐liquid chromatography. Studies on the quantitative aspects of the derivative formation, alumina chromatography, and gas‐liquid chromatography are reported. Analyses for total cyclopropenoid fatty acid content of cottonseed oil andSterculia foetida oil by the gas‐liquid chromatographic and hydrobromic acid titration procedures showed good agreement. Replicate analyses of a sample ofSterculia foetida oil for malvalic and sterculic acid gave coefficients of variation of 6.04% and 1.17%, respectively.
Removal of aflatoxins from oilseed meals by extraction with aqueous isopropanol
Authors: Rayner Eric T. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAqueous isopropanol was found to be an effective solvent for removal of aflatoxins from contaminated cottonseed and peanut meals. Extraction with 6 passes of 80% aqueous isopropanol at 60C resulted in complete removal of aflatoxins in both meals, as measured by thin‐layer chromatography. Under similar extraction conditions, the isopropanol‐water azeotrope, 88% isopropanol by weight, removed 88% of the total aflatoxins in peanut meal, a reduction from 82 to 10 ppb, and 79% of the total aflatoxins in cottonseed meal, a reduction from 214 to 46 ppb. Lower temperatures were less effective with both solvent systems.
Determination of the solid fat content of commercial fats by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Madison B. L. , Hill R. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method and instrumentation for measuring the solid fat content is reported that is both accurate and precise. It involves using transient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements for determining the percentage of solids in commercial shortenings and hydrogenated oils at selected temperatures. The incorporation of a tempering step at 26.7 C for all samples before measurement has improved the precision of the solids content actually measured (±0.2% solids) which approximates that of dilatometry. Duplicate measurements are not required to obtain this precision. The instrument is equipped with six 10‐mm sample holders in combination with a precise variable temperature accessory system which eliminates the temperature difference between the sample and sample holder. This improved and exact temperature conditioning of samples provides better sample stability and easier handling for routine conditions of analysis. A single temperature result can be made in less than 1 hr and typical 5 temperature results obtained in 2.5 hr. Our work also indicates that tempering does influence results, the net effect being to decrease the amount of solids at temperatures less than the tempering temperature. In comparing the pulsed NMR measured solids with these measured by dilatometry, differences between methods of measurement are minimized when samples have had the same tempering and temperature history. This method provides flexibility, speed, and increased sample throughput of up to 60 samples/day. The self‐contained equipment requires only 9 sq ft of space and is ready for measurements within 45 min after start‐up.
Composition of tall oil pitch
Authors: Holmbom B. , Erä V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCompositions of six grades of tall oil pitch (TOP), four of finnish and two of U.S. origin were investigated. The pitch samples contained 34.6–51.6% free acids, 23.2–37.8% esterified acids, and 25.3–34.4% unsaponifiable neutral compounds. Each of the above fractions was analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Approximately 60% of the weight fraction in TOP consisted of high molecular components of which about half were acidic compounds. The low molecular free acids were mainly dehydroabietic, abietic, and other resin acids. The esterified acids consisted chiefly of oleic and linoleic acids. Unsaponifiable fractions were composed of diterpene alcohols, fatty alcohols, sterols, and dehydrated sterols. The alcohol components were almost completely esterified.
Rapid calculation of solid fat index values from dilatometer readings
Authors: Bowers R. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEquations are presented for the reduction of dilatometer readings to AOCS solid fat index (SFI) values. The equations include corrections for expansion of the confining fluid. The corrections were derived from fundamental equations describing the thermal expansion of water. These equations permit machine calculation of SFI values without the use of tables of corrections, resulting in a significant reduction in computational time.
Nonaqueous titrimetric analysis of sulfuric and alkylbenzene sulfonic acids in detergent intermediates
Authors: Yamaguchi Shinichiro , Nukui Shozo , Kubo Mitsugi , Konishi Kazuo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA single differential nonaqueous titration method is presented for the analysis of sulfuric and alkylbenzene sulfonic acids in a detergent intermediate material. The organic and sulfuric acids in the sample were quantitatively titrated potentiometrically with standard cyclohexylamine solution. With certain specified sample compositions, approximate sulfuric acid determinations may be made without sample weighing or the use of standardized titrant. The titration is based upon the ratio of the first and second end points of the differential titration curve. Because of its simplicity, the latter method adaption is especially useful for routine control type analyses.
Hydrogenation of a menhaden oil: II. Formation and evolution of the C20 dienoic and trienoic fatty acids as a function of the degree of hydrogenation
Authors: Sebedio J‐ L. , Ackmam R. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo complement studies on monoethylenic fatty acids produced from the major polyunsaturated fatty acid (20:5A5,8,11,14,17) during hydrogenation of a menhaden oil of iodine value (IV) 159, the C10 dienoic and trienoic fatty acid isomers of partially hydro‐genated menhaden oils (PHMO) of IV 131.5, 96.5 and 85.5 were isolated by a combination of preparative gas liquid chromatography (GLC), mercuric adduct fractionation, and silver nitrate thin layer chromatography (AgNO3‐TLC). The 20:2 fatty acid methyl esters of the three PHMO samples were transformed to the corresponding alcohols and ozonized in BF3‐MeOH, followed by GLC analysis of the ozonolysis fragments. During the hydrogenation process, re‐sidual ethylenic bonds in the 20:2 isomers tend to migrate both towards the carboxyl group and towards the methyl end of the molecule. The hydrazine reaction results revealed that thetrans ethylenic bonds in the 20:2 and 20:3 isomers were distributed all along the the carbon chain, but thecis ethylenic bonds were more localized in the Δ11,Δ14 and Δ17 positions of the preexisting major menhaden oil component 20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17. Iatroscan analyses on AgNO3‐chromarods revealed that, as a result of the hydrogenation process, almost half of the 20:2 isomers were non‐methylene‐interruptedcis, trans/trans, cis structures.
The dual‐solvent extraction of wool grease with hexane and aqueous isopropanol
Authors: Anderson C. A. , Warner J. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHexane solutions of three wool greases of different purities—(a) B.P. grade, (b) a typical commercial grade, and (c) a very crude grease‐were extracted by countercurrent flow of aqueous isopropanol (60% v/v IPA) in a 12‐stage mixer‐settler pilot plant. Fractionation performance was in close agreement with that predicted by an ex‐traction model developed previously. Concentrations of detergent in the product greases were 0.00%, 0.00% and 0.43%, respectively. However, even with the crude grease the concentration of detergent oligomers with more than 7 ethoxylate units was zero; free acids content was slightly reduced; and the free cholesterol content was unaffected. The color of the wool grease was improved by solvent extraction, but the bleachability was only marginally improved. The complete removal of detergent oligomers indicates that the extrac‐tion technique will improve the water‐emulsifying capacity of cer‐tain wool greases and overcome the synergism responsible for hyp ersensitivity.
Effects of ionizing radiations on fats. II. Accumulation of peroxides and other chemical changes
Authors: Chipault J. R. , Mizuno G. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe accumulation of peroxides, carbonyl com‐pounds and reducing substances during irradia‐tion and post‐irradiation storage of pure fatty acid methyl esters has been studied.Irradiation and storage of irradiated methyl myristate under vacuum results in formation of small quantities of these compounds. Irradiation under oxygen gives peroxides and carbonyl com‐pounds in yields indicating that every ionization results in the formation of one molecule of each group, and antioxidants have no effect on the formation of these compounds during irradiation.Irradiation of methyl linoleate under vacuum results in destruction of pre‐formed hydroperox‐ides. During irradiation in oxygen, approximately one‐eighth of the peroxides formed arises from the direct reaction of irradiation‐induced free radi‐cals with oxygen, while the rest is formed through a chain mechanism with an average chain length of 7.Peroxides continue to accumulate in irradiated methyl linoleate stored under oxygen at a rate increasing with initial irradiation dose.Antioxidants have some effect in retarding the formation of peroxides during irradiation of methyl linoleate and during post‐irradiation stor‐age, but the effect is small compared to their antioxygenic activity toward simple autoxidation. The effect varies with the nature of the antioxi‐dant and with irradiation dose. Propyl gallate is much less effective than butylated hydroxy‐anisole and appears to be easily destroyed during irradiation.
Antimycotic activity of some fatty acid derivatives
Authors: Novak A. F. , Fisher Mary J. , Fore Sara P. , Dupuy H. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPetroselinic and ricinoleic acids and a number of their derivatives, together with stearic acid and two oleic acid derivatives which were in‐cluded for the purpose of comparison, have been screened for antimycotic activity against 22 pathogenic yeasts and molds. A number of the compounds exhibited a wide spectrum of activity, testing either fair or good against all or most of the yeasts and molds, and almost all were fairly active against at least one of the organisms.
Studies of the oxygen bomb method for determining shortening stabilities
Authors: Bennett J. E. , Byer M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Oxygen Bomb Method as evolved by the studies presented in this paper gives production and quality control laboratories a procedure by which to measure a fifty‐hour shortening in one hour and forty‐five minutes. The OBM is twice as precise as in the Active Oxygen Method as shown by the comparison of their two sigma error.
Origin of minor constituents of commercial oleic acid
Authors: Murase Y. , Lin S. S. , Min D. B. S. , Hsieh O. A. L. , Chang S. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFatty acids were prepared from beef tallow in the laboratory by alkalization and acidification under a nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures below 100 C. The minor constituents in the beef tallow fatty acids were isolated by the silicic acid method as described previously. They were fractionated by silicic acid liquid column chromatography and characterized by chemical functional group analyses, elemental analyses and infrared spectrophotometric methods. The results suggest that the minor constituents in commercial fatty acids were partly present in the original raw material of beef tallow and were partly formed as artifacts during the manufacturing process.
Oil and water determination in emulsions by pulsed low‐resolution NMR
Authors: Brosio E. , Conti F. , Di Nola A. , Scalzo M. , Zulli E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA pulsed, low‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique has been used for the oil and water determination in O/W emulsions. The method is based on the analysis of the longitudinal magnetization decay curve, that, due to the different relaxation times of oil and water, consists of 2 recognizable components. Correlation of NMR results with fat content is described. A good correlation between the NMR response and fat content by weight has been found. The rapidity and accuracy of the measurements are comparable to those of other techniques.
Interfacial tensions of vegetable oil/water systems: Effect of oil purification
Authors: Gaonkar Anilkumar G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethods were developed to determine the interfacial tension (IT) of vegetable oil/water systems as a function of time, and to remove interfacially active contaminants from commercial vegetable oils. Interfacial tensions between commercial vegetable oils and water decreased with time due to the presence of impurities. Interfacial tensions of purified oils against water were substantially higher than those reported in the literature, and remained unchanged with time, thereby indicating the absence of surface chemical impurities in the oil. The lowering of IT in the case of commercial oils was ascribed to the presence of mixtures of monoglycerides.
Phospholipid degradation in membranes of isolated soybean lipid bodies
Authors: Simpson T. D. , Nakamura L. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMembrane degradation was observed in lipod bodies isolated from soybean seeds and incubated at 30°C for 6‐ and 18‐day periods. Three events occurred during degradation. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyle‐thanolamine (PE) were converted to phosphatidic acid presumably by phospholipase D, but PE decreased even in the absence of phospholipase D enzymic activity. A substance that cochromatographed with cardiolipin appeared as a product after 18 days incubation.
Resistance of lipid films to water vapor transmission
Authors: Kester J. J. , Fennema O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVarious lipids, mounted on a polar filter paper support, were evaluated as barriers to the transmission of water vapor. Beeswax was most resistant to moisture transmission followed by stearly alcohol, acetylated monoglycerides, tristearin, and stearic acid in order of decreasing resistance. Resistance of beeswax to the transmission of water vapor is similar to that of polyethylene terephthlate and polyvinyl chloride. Temperature dependence of resistance to water vapor transport was influenced markedly by the polar‐supporting matrix. This was attributed to the moisture sorption characteristics of the support, a finding that has relevance to edible, lipid‐based films that contain hydrophilic polymers for structural integrity.
Tempering influence on oxygen and water vapor transmission through a stearyl alcohol film
Authors: Kester J. J. , Fennema O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStearyl alcohol was layered on a filter paper support and tested for resistance to O2 and water vapor transmission following tempering. Tempering at 48C for 14 or 35 days caused the resistance to O2 and water vapor transmission to increase. The resistance to O2 and water vapor transport was increased 80% and 50% respectively, after 35 days. Likely mechanistic explanations include the healing of crystal imperfections and the development of a more extensive and betterlinked arrangement of lipid crystalline platelets.
EPA and DHA contents of encapsulated fish oil products
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Ratnayake W. M. N. , Macpherson E. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeventeen brands of encapsulated fish oil or fish oil concentrate products, purchased during the period 1984–88 over the counter in the United States United Kingdom or Canada, were analyzed for their mg contents of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids per g of capsule contents. The mg contents were determined with respect to methyl tricosanoate internal standard by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) on a SUPELCOWAX‐10 flexible fused silica capillary column. The alkyl ester and free fatty acid products showed very high levels of EPA (259–300 mg) and DHA (172–254 mg) whereas in the triglyceride oils EPA ranged from a low of 80 to a high of 250 mg, and DHA ranged from 78 to 156 mg, per g of capsule contents. The mg/g results indicate that the label claims for EPA and DHA for the majority of the products sampled are presented with reasonable accuracy.
Soap based detergent formulation: XXIV. Sulfobetaine derivatives of fatty amides
Authors: Parris Nicholas , Pierce Carl , Linfield Warner M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummarySulfobetaines were prepared from the reaction of fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters or fatty glycerides with N,N‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediamine to form an aminoamide which could be allowed to react further with either sodium 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propanesulfonate (from epichlorohydrin and sodium bisulfite) or with allyl chloride followed by addition of sodium bisulfite to form sulfobetaines. The conditions for the reaction between aminoamide and sodium 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxyl‐1‐propanesulfonate were studied in an effort to minimize the extent of hydrolysis of the 3‐chloro‐compound and thus increase the yield of desired compound. Investigation of the quaternization of the aminoamide with allyl chloride showed that this reaction proceeded readily at pressures above atmospheric. The addition of sodium bisulfite to the resulting allyl quaternary ammonium compound took place readily in the presence of certain free radical initiators. Solution properties and detergency performance of the compounds are reported. Detergency of ternary formulations of soap, glassy silicate builder, and the above sulfobetaines was the same as that obtained with ternary formulations containing the analogous sulfobetaines obtained from the reaction of propanesultone with the aminoamide. We have developed a synthetic scheme for fatty amino sulfobetaines that requires no purification, avoids the use of carcinogenic 1,3‐propanesultone and expensive fatty tertiary amines, and produces detergents that perform as well as the previously described purified sulfobetaines [Parris et al., JAOCS 50:509 (1973); Paris et al., Ibid. 53:60 (1976)].
Further observations concerning effects of unsaponifiable constituents on the properties of coffee seed oil
Authors: Hartman Leopold , Lago Regina C. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe addition of monoesters of cafestol to triglycerides obtained by re‐esterification of coffee oil fatty acids resulted in a behavior similar to that of the original coffee oil when subjecting the mixture to the Wesson procedure, a test for predicting refining losses. Contrary to expectation, the softening point of the triglycerides remained practically unaffected by the above addition.
Methional as an antioxidant for vegetable oils
Authors: Sims R. J. , Fioriti J. A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and summaryBrief heating of safflower oil with 1% by weight of DL‐methionine at 200 C stabilized the oil to subse‐quent autoxidation. Since this treatment also caused development of a strong cabbage‐like aroma, it was difficult to follow the oxidation organoleptically. Measurements of oxygen absorption rate and per‐oxide development confirmed that the heated oil was quite stable. The major product of the reaction between methionine and safflower oil, N(3‐methyl‐thiopropyl) linoleic amide, was found to be a pro‐oxidant. There was evidence that methional (β‐methylmercaptopropionaldehyde), formed by de‐gradation of methionine, is the active antioxidant. Commercial methional contains significant quantities of a dimer and trimer, both of which were also found to have antioxidant activity. The dimer is a de‐hydrated aldol condensation product whereas the trimer is cyclic, a substituted trioxymethylene. Meth‐ional and its polymers have such strong objectionable odors, even at low concentrations in oil, that their usefulness as antioxidants may be very limited.
Anaerobic biodegradability of carboxymethyloxysuccinate, a detergent builder
Authors: Viccaro John P. , Ambye Edith L. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryControlled amounts of C‐14 labeled trisodium car‐boxymethyloxysuccinate, an experimental detergent builder, were added to a laboratory anaerobic digester system. The daily dosages were increased incrementally from 4 to 20 ppm, dosages being held at each level for 24 days. Biodegradation commenced after 6 days, and once complete acclimation occurred, removals were rapid and complete at all dosage levels, yielding CO2 and CH4 as virtually the only end‐products of decomposition. After 96 days of application, total removal was in excess of 95%. Further, this com‐pound did not interfere with the normal digestion processes or display any inhibitory effects on the bacterial population.