bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A method to determine the monoglyceride content in fats and oils
Authors: Halvarson Hans , Qvist Olof 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA methodology was worked out to analyze monoglycerides present in fats and oils in low levels (<0.5%). The monoglycerides are enriched by acetonitrile extraction and further evaluated either by gas liquid chromatography or by a combination of thin layer chromatography‐gas liquid chromatography. Results are presented showing the selectivity, yield, and reproducibility of the isolation step and the efficiency of the thin layer chromatography fractionation. Examples also are given demonstrating some possible applications of the proposed method.
Extraction of lipids from cottonseed tissue: V. Ultrastructural effects of extraction with hexane‐acetic acid
Authors: Jacks T. J. , Yatsu L. Y. , Hensarling T. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCottonseed tissue was extracted with acidified hexane (hexane containing 2–25% acetic acid, v/v) and then examined with an electron microscope. In all cases, the contents of the oil‐rich spherosomes were emptied and cytoplasm remained intact after lipid extraction. However, membranous elements of the cytoplasm appeared diffuse and disorganized. The possible effect of this disorganization of membranes in accounting for the greater amount of lipid extracted by acidified hexane than by hexane is discussed.
Diffusivities of hydrogen and glyceryl trioleate in cottonseed oil at elevated temperature
Authors: Andersson K. , Hell M. , Löwendahl L. , Schöőn N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe diffusivities of hydrogen and glyceryl trioleate in cottonseed oil were determined at different iodine values. The diffusivity of hydrogen was shown to be ca. 100 times as great as that of the glyceryl trioleate. The diffusivities were shown to be dependent upon the iodine values. This influence could be explained, at least in the case of the glyceryl trioleate diffusion, by the difference of the viscosity of the oil. A separate determination of the solubility of hydrogen in the oil was a necessary part of the diffusivity determination.
Origin of bicyclic fatty acids in tall oil
Authors: Hase Anneli , Harva O. , Pakkanen Tuula 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt was shown that two bicyclic fatty acids present in Finnish tall oil were formed from (5Z, 9Z, 12Z)‐5, 9, 12‐octadecatrienoic acid, pinolenic acid (I). Under the alkaline conditions of sulfate pulping, pinolenic acid forms conjugated isomers which undergo Diels‐Alder cyclization during the heating in the tall oil distillation. The cyclization products, here called cyclopinolenic acids, are bicyclic fatty acids and stereoisomers of 4‐(5‐pentyl‐3a, 4,5,7a‐tetrahydro‐4‐indanyl) butanoic acid (IV and V).
Study on skin roughness caused by surfactants: II. Correlation between protein denaturation and skin roughness
Authors: Imokawa G. , Sumura K. , Katsumi M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn attempt to determine protein denaturing potency of typical surfactants has been made by measuring specific rotation of bovine serum albumin. The potencies obtained were examined in relation to the intensities of skin roughness in vivo caused by the surfactants, and a noticeable correlation was found between them. This fact also suggested that the cause of skin roughness may be attributed to a certain extent to adsorption of surfactants. In addition, this technique is very useful in predicting the skin roughening potency of a surfactant without using human skin.
Effect of antioxidants on refined palm oil
Authors: Fritsch C. W. , Weiss V. E. , Anderson R. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlkali refined palm oil and hydrogenated cotton‐seed oil were stabilized with butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, and tertiary butylhydroquinone. Under bulk storage temperatures significant reductions in the peroxide formation of palm oil were obtained only with tertiary butyl‐hydroquinone. The reduction in peroxide formation with tertiary butylhydroquinone was much greater than anticipated from the active oxygen method results. The stability improvement of a snack product fried in palm oil stabilized with tertiary butylhydroquinone depended greatly on the frying conditions used. Under mild frying conditions tertiary butyl‐hydroquinone had somewhat greater carry‐through than butylated hydroxytoluene. Under more severe frying conditions tertiary butylhydroquinone provided less protection than butylated hydroxytoluene. Both palm oil and hydrogenated cottonseed oil stabilized with only butylated hydroanisole had higher active oxygen stabilities than the unstabilized controls; however, no reduction in peroxide formation of the butylated hydroxyanisole oils compared to the controls was found during storage of the oil or the snack product at 50–60 C.
Mixed sulfated tallow alkanolamides as lime soap dispersing agents
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Noble W. R. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSulfated alkanolamides of hydrogenated tallow fatty acids have been shown to possess excellent lime soap dispersing and detergent properties. However the high melting points of the alkanolamides and their relative insolubility in organic solvents such as dichloroethane make sulfation on an industrial scale awk ward. This difficulty has been overcome by the use of a eutectic mixture of the N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)amide and N‐(2‐[2‐hydroxyethoxy]ethyl)amide of unhydrogenated tallow fatty acids. The sulfation of such a mixture can be carried out at or slightly above room temperature, and only a small amount of a chlorinated solvent is required in order to keep the sulfation mixture fluid. The resulting sulfated mixed alkanolamide is an excellent lime soap dispersing agent, which is formulated readily with tallow soap and a glassy silicate into an effective heavy duty detergent.
Composition and related nutritional and organoleptic aspects of palm oil
Authors: Clegg A. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPalm oil is a fruit‐coat fat that is low in sterols and rich in vitamins A and E. Up to 50% of its fatty acids are unsaturated, and linoleic acid constitutes up to 11% of the total acids. Its composition makes it an edible oil of nutritional importance and endows it with an inherent stability to oxidation, which has important organoleptic connotations. Variations in composition can occur for a number of reasons but, in general, oils produced in plantation countries have reasonably consistent properties.
The relationship between the greying of textiles and the frictional electricity generated in organic solvent systems
Authors: Brewer George E. F. 
Published: June 2007

Summary

Frictional electricities in two‐component solvent systems have been measured with an electronic amplifier by use of metal cells in which relative motion was produced by a rotating shaft covered by a textile sleeve.

The observed voltages and amperages depend upon the rate of agitation, the relative size of cell and rotor, and upon the less well controlled influence of atmospheric and mechanical conditions on the textile materials. The described equipment allows a reproducibility of±30% for the measurement of frictional electricity.

Mixtures of solvent pairs were tested, and one or more maxima and/or minima of frictional electricity were observed in these two‐component systems with a reproducibility of ±2% by volume composition.

Samples of textile materials were subjected to tests for greying by colloidal graphite‐stearic acid suspensions in two‐component solvent systems. The greying was found to increase and decrease with the observed frictional electricities.

Data are reported for frictional electricity and greying observed in Stoddard‐trichloro ethylene and also in Stoddard‐tert. butanol mixtures.
Geometric isomerization of fatty acids with nickel catalyst
Authors: Grompone Maria A. , Moyna Patrick 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCis‐trans isomerization studies were performed on commercial oleic acid and refined sunflower oil. Reactions were carried out at constant temperature, under inert atmosphere (without hydrogen), using an industrial nickelcontaining hydrogenation catalyst.With sunflower oil, hydrogen transfer and polymerization were concurrent with the formation ofrans isomers.
A simple method for estimation of cetane index of vegetable oil methyl esters
Authors: Krisnangkura Kanit 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article illustrates a simple method for estimation of cetane indexes of vegetable oil methyl esters from their saponification and iodine numbers. The range of the calculated values covers all the cetane numbers of vegetable oil methyl esters determined experimentally. when it was applied to individual fatty acid methyl esters from C8 to C24, a straight line parallel to that of Klopfenstein was obtained.
Surfactants for hard‐surface cleaning: Mechanisms of solid soil removal
Authors: Cox Michael F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSoil‐submersion tests were performed with several solid, organic soils to examine the effects of surfactant structure on soil removal. Results show that hydrophobe size and Hydrophile‐Lipophile Balance (HLB) affect soil removal processes. Data also indicate that soil removal first requires penetration of the surfactant (and associated water molecules) into the soil. After this liquefaction process begins, other processes (e.g., emulsification, mechanical action, reduction in soil adhesion) can commence which actually remove soil.
Surfactant precipitation in aqueous solutions containing mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants
Authors: Stellner Kevin L. , Scamehorn John F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe salinity tolerance (precipitation phase boundary) is measured for a mixed anionic/nonionic surfactant system above the CMC. For any total surfactant concentration, the salinity tolerance is shown to increase as the percentage of nonionic surfactant in the system is increased. A model is developed which can predict the phase boundaries for the mixed surfactant system from the pure anionic surfactant phase boundary and information about mixed micelle formation. In the model, precipitation is viewed as a solubility product relationship between the anionic surfactant monomer and the total unassociated counterion. The reason that salinity tolerance (or counterion concentration necessary to cause precipitation) increases with addition of nonionic surfactant is that mixed micelle formation reduces the anionic surfactant monomer concentration. For the experimental studies, sodium dodecyl sulfate is the anionic surfactant, a polyethoxylated nonylphenol is the nonionic surfactant, and sodium chloride is the added salt.
Utilization potential ofCrambe abyssinica
Authors: Bruun Johannes H. , Matchett John R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCrambe abyssinica can be grown in the principal wheat growing areas of Western U. S. and in the Northern Corn Belt states with yields of 2000 lb of seed/acre. The seed contains 35% oil, in which erucic acid constitutes 60% of the total fatty acids. The erucic acid can be converted by ozonolysis into brassylic and pelargonic acids. It has been estimated that the chemical industry could afford to pay about 7.7ঁ/lb for theCrambe oil, when used for the production of both brassylic and pelargonic acid, assuming an 85% ozonolysis yield for the oil and a sales price of 35ঁ/lb for brassylic acid and 15ঁ/lb for pelargonic acid. A higher price could be justified if some of the indicated improvements could be accomplished. The net dollar return/acre has been conservatively estimated to be about $19/acre. The potential market for theCrambe crop would probably require the planting of about 65,000 acres.
Laboratory sulfonation methods for detergent alkylbenzenes
Authors: Liddicoet T. H. , Olund S. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLaboratory methods are described for evaluation of alkylbenzenes by three different sulfonation techniques: batch oleum sulfonation, continuous oleum sulfonation, and batch sulfur trioxide‐air sulfonation. Sulfonation conditions such as temp, mixing, and reaction time are carefully controlled; and the resulting sulfonates are reproducible in quality. Of particular interest is the close control of the sulfonating agent feed rate. In the batch oleum method, this is accomplished by flow through a calibrated capillary under constant head and in the SO3‐air method, by constant rate injection of liquid SO3 into the vaporizer. In the continuous oleum method, both alkylate and oleum feed rates are kept at desired levels with a duplex positive displacement pump which pumps against spring‐loaded ball check valves in the lines to the mixing pump.Sulfonation data (including solution colors and unsulfonated oil contents of the products) are presented for several commercial detergent alkylbenzenes varying in average mol wt from 241舑267. Quality of the alkylbenzene is more critical for the continuous oleum and batch SO3‐air methods than for the batch oleum sulfonation.
Bleaching of refined cottonseed oil with modified alumina adsorbents
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Kuck James C. , Frampton Vernon L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractActivated aluminas, modified by treatment with inorganic and organic acids were tested for their efficiency as bleaching agents and for their ability to eliminate the response of refined cottonseed oil to the Halphen test. The best of these adsorbents, an alumina containing catalytic amounts of adsorbed sulfurous acid, is a bleaching agent that is effective in removing problem pigments from offcolored cottonseed oils, and is superior to activated aluminas in removing green chlorophyll‐like pigments. Oils bleached with the catalytic adsorbent are negative to the Halphen test, and are free of sulfur.Study of the rate of reduction in the Halphen test response as a function of bleaching time and temp indicated that sulfurous acid treated alumina has a pronounced catalytic effect. The Halphen test response is eliminated during a 30 min bleaching period at 225C. Deodorization conditions employed had little effect on Halphen test reduction.
The acute oral toxicity of cottonseed pigment glands and intraglandular pigments
Authors: El‐Nockrashy A. S. , Lyman C. M. , Dollahite J. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAcute oral toxicity studies were carried out on cottonseed pigment glands, gossypol, diaminogossypol and gossypurpurin using rats as experimental animals. It was found that both diaminogossypol and gossypurpurin are considerably less toxic than pure gossypol. The pigment glands were more toxic than gossypol and it was concluded that the toxicity of pigments cannot be accounted for entirely on the basis of their gossypol content.Administration of gossypol with cottonseed oil orSterculia foetida oil, both of which contain cyclopropene fatty acids, increased the toxicity very slightly over that found when gossypol was administered in corn oil. In the case of corn oil andSterculia foetida oil, the difference was statistically significant.Less gossypol was also found in the feces when the test dose was given in cottonseed oil orS. foetida oil indicating a possible effect of the cyclopropene fatty acids in increasing gossypol absorption.
Petroselinic acid and nonsaponifiable constituents of parsley seed oil
Authors: Privett O. S. , Nadenicek J. D. , Weber R. P. , Pusch F. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSelective extraction of parsley seed oil (Petroselinum sativum) facilitates the isolation of myristiein (5‐allyl‐1‐methoxy‐2,3‐methylenedioxybenzene) and is also useful for the preparation of petroselinic acid from the triglycerides of this oil. Coriander seed oil (Coriandrum sativum) is also a satisfactory source for the isolation of petroselinic acid.
The preparation of lauryl alcohol and 6‐hydroxycaproic acid from petroselinic acid
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Ward T. L. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLauryl alcohol and 6‐hydroxycaproic acid have been prepared from the ozonolysis products from both petroselinic acid and its ethyl ester by reduction with sodium borohydride. Satisfactory conversion of the ozonolysis product from ethyl petroselinate to lauryl alcohol and ethyl 6‐hydroxycaproate was also achieved by catalytic hydrogenation, but the hydrogenation product was contaminated with small amounts of diethyl adipate and ethyl laurate as indicated by gas liquid chromatography. A procedure has been devised using ion exchange resin for the conversion of sodium 6‐hydroxycaproate to 6‐hydroxycaproic acid without the concomitant formation of lactones or polyesters.
Hydrogenation of methyl linolenate. II. Studies on the structure of the isolinoleic acids
Authors: Rebello Damascene , Daubert B. F. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe methyl isolinoleate fraction obtained by the low temperature crystallization procedure was found to be a mixture of at least three isomers, the 8,14‐, 9,15‐, and 10,14‐ isolinoleic acids. The infrared absorption spectrum of this fraction indicated atrans‐configuration for at least one of the double bonds of isolinoleic acid.The Twitchell lead salt‐alcohol method was found unsuitable for the determination of saturated acids, due to the presence of a “solid isolinoleic” acid in the “solid” acids separated by this method.
Alkyl hydroxyanisoles as antioxidants
Authors: Rosenwald R. H. , Chenicek J. A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe antioxidant potency of a substituted hydroxyanisole greatly depends on the orientation of the substituents which make up the molecule. This fact is demonstrated by the synthesis and evaluation of a number of alkyl substituted hydroxyanisoles as to antioxidant effectiveness in the stabilization of lard. In the case of the derivatives of 4‐hydroxyanisole, maximum potency is realized by placement of a t‐butyl group in the number 3 position relative to the methoxy group. The substitution of other groups such as one or two methyl groups, a butyl group of normal, iso, or secondary configuration, or a t‐butyl group in the number 2 position leads to an antioxidant of lower potency. The potencies of the three t‐butylhydroxyphenetoles are comparable to those of the corresponding t‐butylhydroxyanisoles. The effectiveness of butylated 2‐ and 3‐hydroxyanisoles are all low; it is essential that the hydroxy group be in the 4‐position relative to the methoxy group.The stability of baked goods (soda crackers) is greater with lard inhibited with 3‐t‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole than with 2‐t‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole.
Reactions of fatty materials with oxygen. VIII. Cis‐trans isomerization during autoxidation of methyl oleate
Authors: Knight H. B. , Eddy C. Roland , Swern Daniel 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMethyl oleate irradiated with ultra‐violet light has been autoxidized at 35° and the reaction has been followed by means of the infrared spectrophotometer. During the extremely early stages of autoxidation and continuing up to at least 700 hours, a cis‐trans isomerization induced by oxygen is one of the reactions which occurs.The data suggest that most, if not all, of the peroxides produced during the autoxidation of methyl oleate, at least up to 300 hours, are trans peroxides and not methyl oleate peroxides, as had been previously supposed. A mechanism for the formation of trans peroxides from allylic free radicals is proposed.Mechanisms are also proposed for the formation of non‐peroxidic trans materials during autoxidation. These could explain the formation of trans‐9,10‐epoxystearic acid and high melting 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid from autoxidizing oleic acid.
The equilibrium moisture content of tung fruit and its components at different relative humidities
Authors: Holmes Raiford L. , McKinney Robert S. , Minor J. C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe equilibrium moisture contents at 25°C. were determined for the whole tung fruit, the outer hull, the inner hull, shell, kernels, and seed of the fruit, and on the cake from continuous screw presses at nine different relative humidities. The relative humidities were maintained by enclosing saturated solutions of different salts in desiccators in a room maintained at constant temperature.
Evaluation of yield and chemical composition of fennel seed from different planting dates and row‐spacings
Authors: Moreau J. P. , Holmes R. L. , Ward T. L. , Williams J. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn an evaluation of potential oilseed crops, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) was planted at Lincoln, Nebraska, on three dates and at three row‐spacings. Yields from the two earliest dates averaged 518 lb/acre, compared with 102 lb/acre for the latest date. Differences in yields for the row‐spacings were not statistically significant, nor was there interaction between dates and row‐spacings.Oil content of the seed varied from 10.7 to 19.0% for all plantings, the significantly higher amounts occurring in seed from the earliest plantings. The amount of petroselinic acid present as C18 monoenes was found by ozonization of the mixed methyl esters, reduction to aldehydes, and consequent GLC analysis; the amount ranged from 70.0舑74.5% of the oil and was not significantly affected by either planting date or row‐spacing.
Foam test method
Authors: Kelly W. R. , Borza P. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis method measures the height of foam developed by pouring. The action is intermittent, time being alloted strictly for foam decay, as well as for foam generation. Comparative or duplicate tests can be prolonged indefinitely, or until a steadied state is reached. Tests on solutions may be carried out at various temperatures and in the presence or absence of soils, or foamicides, that may be added at any time. Foam heights can be measured with reasonable precision.
Euphorbia andVernonia seed oil products as plasticizer‐Stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Krewson C. F. , Riser G. R. , Scott W. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeed oils ofEuphorbia lagascae Spreng. andVernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. were prepared, refined and epoxidized; trivernolin was prepared fromV. anthelmintica and also epoxidized. These products were each comparatively evaluated as plasticizer‐stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride against commercial controls. EpoxidizedEuphorbia andVernonia oils and epoxidized trivernolin have potential value as primary plasticizers with the added advantage of increased heat and light stability; they could also be used in combination with other plasticizers utilizing the latter properties. Crude and refinedEuphorbia andVernonia oils are not considered suitable primary plasticizers because of poor compatibility and permanence; at low levels they probably could be used as stabilizers.
Conjugated dienes and trienes from methyl oleate and methyl linoleate
Authors: Perlstein Theodore , Eisner Abner , Ault Waldo C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMethyl oleate and methyl linoleate were converted to conjugated dienes and trienes, respectively, by selecting and modifying the conventional procedures usually applied to the generation and characterization of fatty hydroperoxides. Conditions have been studied in the laboratory for: (a) the optimum production of hydroperoxides with a minimum of by‐products, (b) the effective separation and concentration of the resulting hydroperoxide, (c) the economic reduction of the hydroperoxide mixture, (d) simple dehydration of the reduced product, and, (e) recovery of the resulting polyene‐rich material. If the processing sequence is halted after the reduction step, the resulting product,is a mixture of allylic hydroxy monoene or diene methyl esters. Our investigations have been extended to include studies on the methyl esters of commercial oleic acid and the mixture of methyl esters resulting from alcoholysis of lard oil. Products containing 20舑25% conjugated diene and lesser proportions of conjugated triene were obtained.