Abstract 5500: Single cell sequencing reveals cancer associated fibroblast heterogeneity at the core of the tumor microenvironment in brain metastasis
Authors: Simon Thomas , Buckley David N. , Tew Ben Y. , Salomon Matthew , Yang Zeyi , Gooden Gerald C. , Toms Steven A. , Zada Gabriel , Salhia Bodour 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Introduction: Brain metastasis (BM) remains incurable with a dismal 2-year survival of less than 2%. BM are surrounded by a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) comprised of a meshwork of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and an assemblage of cell types including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the most prominent cell type within the TME. We have previously shown that patient-derived BM CAFs can either support or inhibit tumor growth in vivo, suggesting that BM CAFs are heterogenous. Yet, there remains a dearth of data on the functional and mechanistic underpinnings of CAFs in the BM TME.
Methods: To explore both the molecular profiles of CAFs and their heterogeneity in the BM TME, we performed a single cell Multiome (RNA and Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC)) sequencing (scMultiome-seq) analysis of 9 human BM tissue samples and 4 BM patient-derived CAF cell lines, from both lung and breast primary cancers. Next, we investigated the tumor supportive or inhibitory capabilities of BM CAF cell lines on the growth of BM tumor cells in vitro.
Results: ScMultiome-seq analysis of BM tissue samples identified 4 distinct CAF subpopulations, that we termed desmoplastic, immune, contractile, and neural CAFs, in the BM TME. These CAF subpopulations are respectively involved in either regulating the ECM organization, orchestrating the neuroimmune response, triggering tissue contraction or regulating neural components upon BM growth. CellPhoneDB analysis revealed that CAFs had more cell-cell interactions with other cells than any other cell types in the BM TME. Pseudotime analysis demonstrated the potential cell of origin of each BM CAF subpopulation and the cell state transition they undergo. We observed that the end cell state of the desmoplastic CAFs expressed high levels of immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine rich repeat (ISLR). ISLR was also observed to be highly expressed in a BM patient-derived CAF cell line which was previously reported by our lab to restrain tumor growth in vivo, suggesting that desmoplastic CAFs with high ISLR expression (ISLR-CAFs) might be tumor inhibitory. ScMultiome-seq analysis of BM CAF cell lines validated that tumor inhibitory CAF cell lines were primarily of the desmoplastic ISLR-CAF subpopulation. Conditioned media obtained from ISLR-CAFs containing high levels of ISLR inhibited tumor cell viability in vitro compared to controls.
Conclusion: Our study is the first to describe the heterogeneity of CAFs and their potential central roles in the BM TME. We also identify that CAF subpopulations are dynamic and can transition to tumor inhibitory cell states, such as ISLR-CAFs. These data have potential to help design therapeutic strategies that selectively target tumor supportive CAFs whilst protecting tumor inhibitory ones.
Citation Format: Thomas Simon, David N. Buckley, Ben Y. Tew, Matthew Salomon, Zeyi Yang, Gerald C. Gooden, Steven A. Toms, Gabriel Zada, Bodour Salhia. Single cell sequencing reveals cancer associated fibroblast heterogeneity at the core of the tumor microenvironment in brain metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5500.