bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Berkner Island (Antarctica) ice-core drilling project
Authors: Mulvaney Robert , Alemany Olivier , Possenti Philippe 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe describe a project to retrieve a 948m deep ice core from Berkner Island, Antarctica. Using relatively lightweight logistics and a small team, the drilling operation over three austral summer seasons used electromechanical drilling technology, described in detail, from a covered shallow pit and a fluid-filled borehole. A basal temperature well below pressure-melting point meant that no drilling problems were encountered when approaching the bed and the borehole penetrated through to the base of the ice sheet, and sediment was retrieved from beneath the ice.
Closure of deep boreholes in ice sheets: a discussion
Authors: Talalay P.G. , Hooke Roger LeB. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe most frequently used relation between ice deformation rate, έ, and stress, ፐ, is the power law, commonly called Glen’s flow law, έ = Aፐn, in which A is an ice stiffness parameter and n is an empirical constant. A can be estimated from the simple exponential relation where A0 is a constant independent of temperature; E, commonly called the enhancement factor, depends on ice crystal orientation, impurity content and other factors; Q is the activation energy for creep; R is the universal gas constant; and T is the absolute temperature. Laboratory experiments yield values of A0 = 9.514MPa–3a–1 for secondary creep. Typical borehole closure experiments then give E ≈ 0.16. This low value probably results from the fact that, when deforming into a borehole, ice is subject to stresses that are inconsistent with the preferred orientation of c axes that has developed over many years under a stress configuration with no borehole present. Closure data from Vostok hole 3G yield E ≈ 0.7. This higher value may reflect a unique stress environment yielding fabrics that are somewhat better oriented for borehole closure.
A new 122 mm electromechanical drill for deep ice-sheet coring (DISC): 1. Design concepts
Authors: Shturmakov Alexander J. , Lebar Donald A. , Mason William P. , Bentley Charles R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe Deep Ice Sheet Coring (DISC) drill, developed by Ice Coring and Drilling Services (ICDS) under contract with the US National Science Foundation, is an electromechanical drill designed to take 122 mm diameter ice cores to depths of 4000 m. The conceptual design of the DISC drill was developed in 2002/03 based on science requirements written by K. Taylor and the United States ice-coring community and on engineering performance objectives. Detailed design of the drill began in June 2003. Special attention was paid to building safety into the design and operation of the drill system. The drill was designed and manufactured by a team of engineers and technicians from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and various subcontractors with assistance from the science community, the European ice-drilling community and polar logistical support organizations. ICDS successfully tested the drill in Greenland in 2006 and will continue its development to meet the science objectives of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide Ice Core Project.
Heat generated by cutting ice in deep ice-core drilling
Authors: Azuma Nobuhiko , Tanabe Ikuo , Motoyama Hideaki 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn order to understand and solve the ‘warm-ice problem’ in deep ice-core drilling, we applied the metal-cutting theory to ice and estimated the heat generated during ice coring taking into account the mechanical and thermal properties of the ice and cutters. We found that (1) most of the heat in cutting is generated by shear deformation at the shear plane of ice, and the heat could increase the chip temperature by several degrees; (2) the rake angle of the cutter has more influence on the temperature increase in chips than the barrel rotation speed and penetration pitch; (3) if the cutter is made of a material with larger thermal conductivity, the temperature increase in the chips can be reduced; and (4) if the density of the liquid is less than the density of ice, the cutting chips sink to the bottom and the friction heat generated by the drill head and slush can raise the ambient temperature of the drill head by several degrees.
Regulation of mTOR and p70 S6 kinase by the muscarinic M4 receptor in PC12 cells
Authors: Chan Grace P.W. , Wu Eddy H.T. , Wong Yung H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe Gi‐coupled M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) has recently been shown to stimulate the survival of PC12 cells through the PI3K/Akt/tuberin pathway. Since mTOR and p70S6K are critical components in activating translation which lie downstream of tuberin, we examined the ability of M4 mAChR to regulate these targets in PC12 cells. Carbachol (CCh) dose‐dependently stimulated both mTOR and p70S6K phosphorylations and these responses were abolished by pertussis toxin pretreatment, indicating the involvement of the Gi‐coupled M4 mAChR. Phosphorylations of both mTOR and p70S6K were effectively blocked upon inhibition of PI3K by wortmannin. As compared to similar responses elicited by the nerve growth factor (NGF), the M4 mAChR‐induced activation of Akt/tuberin/mTOR/p70S6K occurred in a relatively transient manner. Although inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A by okadaic acid augmented the transient effects of CCh on Akt/tuberin phosphorylations, it failed to significantly prolong these responses. The total protein level of PTEN (tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten) was attenuated upon NGF, but not CCh treatment. This indicates that downregulation of PTEN may help to sustain the phosphorylation of Akt/tuberin by NGF. Collectively, these findings suggest that PP2A and PTEN may be involved in fine tuning the regulation of Akt/tuberin/mTOR/p70S6K in PC12 cells by M4 mAChR and TrkA, respectively.
Quantitative climate and vegetation trends since the late glacial on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau deduced from Koucha Lake pollen spectra
Authors: Herzschuh Ulrike , Kramer Annette , Mischke Steffen , Zhang Chengjun 
Published: December 2008

AbstractQuantitative information on vegetation and climate history from the late glacial–Holocene on the Tibetan Plateau is extremely rare. Here, we present palynological results of a 4.30-m-long sediment record collected from Koucha Lake in the Bayan Har Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Vegetation change has been traced by biomisation, ordination of pollen data, and calculation of pollen ratios. The application of a pollen–climate calibration set from the eastern Tibetan Plateau to Koucha Lake pollen spectra yielded quantitative climate information. The area was covered by alpine desert/steppe, characteristic of a cold and dry climate (with 50% less precipitation than today) between 16,700 and 14,600 cal yr BP. Steppe vegetation, warm (∼ 1°C higher than today) and wet conditions prevailed between 14,600 and 6600 cal yr BP. These findings contradict evidence from other monsoon-influenced areas of Asia, where the early Holocene is thought to have been moist. Low effective moisture on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau was likely due to high temperature and evaporation, even though precipitation levels may have been similar to present-day values. The vegetation changed to tundra around 6600 cal yr BP, indicating that wet and cool climate conditions occurred on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the second half of the Holocene.
Paleo-climate of the Boise area, Idaho from the last glacial maximum to the present based on groundwater δ2H and δ18O compositions
Authors: Schlegel Melissa E. , Mayo Alan L. , Nelson Steve , Tingey Dave , Henderson Rachel , Eggett Dennis 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA 30 ka paleo-climate record of the Boise area, Idaho, USA has been delineated using groundwater stable isotopic compositions. Groundwater ages are modern (cold batholith), 5–15 ka (thermal batholith), 10–20 ka (frontal fault), and 20–30 ka (Snake River plain thermal). The stable isotopic composition of groundwaters have been used as a surrogate for the stable isotopic composition of precipitation. Using δ2H and δ18O compositions, local groundwater lines (LGWL's) were defined for each system. Each LGWL has been evaluated with defined slopes of 6.94 and 8, respectively, and resulting deuterium excess values (d) were found for each groundwater system for each slope. Time dependent changes in moisture source humidity and temperature, and Boise area recharge temperatures, calculated from stable isotopic data and the deuterium excess factors, agree with previous paleo-climate studies. Results indicate that from the last glacial maximum to the present time the humidity over the ocean moisture source increased by 9%, sea surface temperature at the moisture source increased 6–7°C, and local Boise temperature increased by 4–5°C. A greater increase of temperature at the moisture source as compared to the Boise area may impart be due to a shift in the moisture source area.
Reward or persuasion? The battle to define the meaning of a citation
Authors: DAVIS Philip M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe history and development of the Science Citation Index (SCI) is an example of the power of users in defining and influencing the development of a new technology. The SCI was developed as a tool for the historian of science for the purpose of tracing the history of ideas, but it was appropriated by users for purposes for which it was unintended – as a tool for evaluating the literature, individuals, institutions, and countries. The development of a citation tool gave rise to a debate over what is actually measured by citations. The citation‐as‐reward camp views citations as indicators of quality and impact, whereas the citation‐as‐persuasion camp views citations as no more than rhetorical devices. While neither view can fully explain how authors use citations, citation‐as‐reward prevails as the dominant interpretation.
E‐books in practice: the librarian's perspective
Authors: BALL Rafael 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIt has become unimaginable to provide information – particularly scientific information – without e‐books. They have become part of today's combination of media, which includes printed books and journals, e‐journals, e‐books, and databases. When e‐books first appeared on the market, librarians very quickly formulated their key requirements. The most important requirement is functionality: it must be possible to look through a book chapter by chapter, and also to get a quick overview of a comprehensive monograph. Usage arrangements, including concurrent usage and use for interlibrary loans, are also important. The use of uniform technical standards increases the acceptance of e‐books.
Recognizing referees at the American Physical Society
Authors: SPROUSE Gene D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe American Physical Society (APS) started a program in 2008 to recognize its most outstanding referees. The award, based on the quality, number, and timeliness of reports, was made to 534 referees chosen from the 42,000 active APS referees. The award is not money or subscriptions, but a certificate and a pin, and more importantly, recognition of an outstanding job done for the community. The program will continue with the selection of around 140 referees each year. The design and implementation of this award program are described, with some indications of how it has been received.
The Berg Fashion Library
Authors: EARLE Kathryn 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTBerg is a small academic publisher based in Oxford, UK. The Berg Fashion Library (BFL), launching in 2010, will be a new interdisciplinary online portal focusing on dress, and offering fully cross‐searchable access to an expanding range of content collections – including books, journals, images and reference works, all underpinned by a specially created taxonomy. The BFL will be offered to library customers by annual subscription on a ‘pick and mix’ basis. This is a massive project for a small publisher to undertake. This case study describes our experience of its development to date and what we learned, as well as the impact on our business. (Subsequent to the writing of this article, Berg Publishers was purchased by Bloomsbury Publishing plc.)
The Gutenberg‐e project: opportunities and challenges in publishing born‐digital monographs
Authors: WITTENBERG Kate 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe Gutenberg‐e project was created as an experiment to explore whether peer‐reviewed, born‐digital monographs would alter the way in which historical scholarship is presented, whether scholars would receive the same professional credit for these publications as for work published in print, and whether the project would enable publication of monographs that would otherwise be turned down by university presses for financial reasons. The project reached the following conclusions: authors and publishing staff collaborated in creating new models of scholarship and writing; over the course of the project, attitudes toward digital publications evolved toward acceptance of this new form of publication; the time and costs involved in creating these models exceeded expectations; continued experimentation is necessary in order to keep up with authors' growing expectations in publishing digital scholarship.
Bringing Chinese research to the world: Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China
Authors: Wei SHI , BENSON Nancy 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTFrontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China (FESEC) is a quarterly English‐language journal jointly published by Higher Education Press of China and Springer of Germany, and edited by Higher Education Press and Tsinghua University in China. The journal, launched in February 2007, publishes articles highlighting the latest environmental science and engineering research in China, sharing the work of Chinese researchers with other researchers throughout the world. The aim of the journal is to extend the influence and input of Chinese research to the rest of the world.
National vs. international journals: views of medical professionals in Croatia
Authors: SAMBUNJAK Dario , HUIĆ Mirjana , HREN Darko , KATIĆ Milica , MARUŠIĆ Ana , MARUŠIĆ Matko 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTScholarly journals, especially in non‐English‐speaking countries, may perform very different functions depending on whether they are published for national or international audiences. Four hundred and sixty‐six academic physicians and non‐academic general practitioners in Croatia were surveyed on their knowledge about two Croatian medical journals: Liječnički vjesnik (published in Croatian) and Croatian Medical Journal (published in English). The physicians were also surveyed about the importance of all national and international journals published in Croatia, and the types of articles they thought should be published in these journals. More respondents rated national (n = 329, 72.6%) than international journals (n = 275, 63.5%, P < 0.001, Wilcoxon test) as very important for the medical profession. On the other hand, publishing in international journals was more often rated as important than publishing in national journals (n = 184, 42.5% vs. n = 125, 27.8%; P < 0.001, Wilcoxon test). Guidelines for clinical practice were rated as the most important publication item in national journals, and original scientific articles in international journals.
Are flawed MPAs any good or just a new way of making old mistakes?
Authors: Le Quesne Will J. F. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Le Quesne, W. J. F. 2009. Are flawed MPAs any good or just a new way of making old mistakes? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 132–136. The case for Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is often supported by the observation that present fisheries management has failed. This overlooks the fact that, often, management plans are not implemented in accordance with advice and that subsequent regulations are frequently violated. Evidence is emerging that MPAs may be equally open to mismanagement, either because MPAs are smaller than recommended or through lack of compliance. Therefore, it is interesting to ask whether MPAs would also fail if they are not properly implemented or enforced. A population model was used to examine this question. The model demonstrates that biomass and yield are reduced, and can collapse under “bad” MPA management. When illegal, unreported, or unregulated fishing occurred within the MPA, yield and biomass declined almost linearly with increasing poaching pressure. Yield was more robust than biomass to the effects of making MPAs smaller than the optimum size for limited reductions in MPA size. Varying the degree of mobility had little impact on the response of yield and biomass. This analysis demonstrates the vulnerability of MPAs to design and governance failings, and the importance of considering enforcement during MPA design.
Managing mobile species with MPAs: the effects of mobility, larval dispersal, and fishing mortality on closure size
Authors: Le Quesne W. J. F. , Codling Edward A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Le Quesne, W. J. F., and Codling, E. A. 2009. Managing mobile species with MPAs: the effects of mobility, larval dispersal, and fishing mortality on closure size. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 122–131. The use of closed areas (marine protected areas, marine reserves, no-take zones) has been suggested as a possible solution to the perceived global fisheries crisis. However, to optimize the design and evaluate the effectiveness of closed areas, we need to understand the interaction between larval dispersal, adult mobility, and fishing mortality. In this paper, a simple, spatially explicit dynamic population model was developed to examine the effects of these interacting factors on optimal closure size and resulting yields. The effect of using one large or several smaller closed areas was also examined. Our model confirmed previous results: closed areas do not improve the yield of populations that are optimally managed or underexploited and, as mobility increases, optimum closure size increases. The model also predicted some interesting counter-intuitive results; for overexploited stocks, the greatest benefit from closed areas can be obtained for stocks with highest mobility, although this may require closure of 85% of the total area. For the tested parameter settings, adult spillover had greater potential to improve yield than larval export, and using several small closed areas rather than a single larger one had the same effect as increasing the mobility of the population.
Long-Term Inactivation Study of Three Enteroviruses in Artificial Surface and Groundwaters, Using PCR and Cell Culture
Authors: de Roda Husman A. M. , Lodder W. J. , Rutjes S. A. , Schijven J. F. , Teunis P. F. M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Since the transmission of pathogenic viruses via water is indistinguishable from the transmission via other routes and since the levels in drinking water, although significant for health, may be too low for detection, quantitative viral risk assessment is a useful tool for assessing disease risk due to consumption of drinking water. Quantitative viral risk assessment requires information concerning the ability of viruses detected in drinking water to infect their host. To obtain insight into the infectivity of viruses in relation to the presence of virus genomes, inactivation of three different enteroviruses in artificial ground and surface waters under different controlled pH, temperature, and salt conditions was studied by using both PCR and cell culture over time. In salt-peptone medium, the estimated ratio of RNA genomes to infectious poliovirus 1 in freshly prepared suspensions was about 10
0
. At 4°C this ratio was 10
3
after 600 days, and at 22°C it was 10
4
after 200 days. For poliovirus 1 and 2 the RNA/infectious virus ratio was higher in artificial groundwater than in artificial surface water, but this was not the case for coxsackievirus B4. When molecular detection is used for virus enumeration, it is important that the fraction of infectious virus (based on all virus genomes detected) decays with time, especially at temperatures near 22°C.
Molecular Determinants of the Regioselectivity of Toluene/
o
-Xylene Monooxygenase from
Pseudomonas
sp. Strain OX1
Authors: Notomista Eugenio , Cafaro Valeria , Bozza Giuseppe , Di Donato Alberto 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Bacterial multicomponent monooxygenases (BMMs) are a heterogeneous family of di-iron monooxygenases which share the very interesting ability to hydroxylate aliphatic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons. Each BMM possesses defined substrate specificity and regioselectivity which match the metabolic requirements of the strain from which it has been isolated.
Pseudomonas
sp. strain OX1, a strain able to metabolize
o
-,
m
-, and
p
-cresols, produces the BMM toluene/
o
-xylene monooxygenase (ToMO), which converts toluene to a mixture of
o
-,
m
-, and
p
-cresol isomers. In order to investigate the molecular determinants of ToMO regioselectivity, we prepared and characterized 15 single-mutant and 3 double-mutant forms of the ToMO active site pocket. Using the Monte Carlo approach, we prepared models of ToMO-substrate and ToMO-reaction intermediate complexes which allowed us to provide a molecular explanation for the regioselectivities of wild-type and mutant ToMO enzymes. Furthermore, using binding energy values calculated by energy analyses of the complexes and a simple mathematical model of the hydroxylation reaction, we were able to predict quantitatively the regioselectivities of the majority of the variant proteins with good accuracy. The results show not only that the fine-tuning of ToMO regioselectivity can be achieved through a careful alteration of the shape of the active site but also that the effects of the mutations on regioselectivity can be quantitatively predicted a priori.
Lymphocyte-specific TRAF3 transgenic mice have enhanced humoral responses and develop plasmacytosis, autoimmunity, inflammation, and cancer
Authors: Zapata Juan M. , Llobet David , Krajewska Maryla , Lefebvre Sophie , Kress Christina L. , Reed John C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor–associated factor 3 (TRAF3) regulates both innate and adaptive immunity by modulating signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLR) and TNF receptors. TRAF3 was recently identified as a tumor suppressor in human multiple myeloma, suggesting a prominent role in plasma cell homeostasis. We have generated transgenic mice expressing human TRAF3 in lymphocytes. These mice are normal at birth, but they develop over time plasmacytosis and hypergammaglobulinemia, as well as systemic inflammation and tertiary lymphoid organ formation. The analysis of the humoral responses of the TRAF3 mice demonstrated increased responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigens with increased production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, TLR-mediated IgG production is also increased in TRAF3 B cells. In addition, TRAF3 mice develop autoimmunity and are predisposed to cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue (≈ 50% incidence) and salivary gland tumors. In summary, TRAF3 renders B cells hyperreactive to antigens and TLR agonists, promoting autoimmunity, inflammation, and cancer, hereby providing a new model for studying de novo carcinogenesis promoted by B cell–initiated chronic inflammation.