bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometric View of the Plasma Proteome and Peptidome
Authors: Hortin Glen L 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and the related technique, surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI)-TOF MS, are being applied widely to analyze serum or plasma specimens for potential disease markers.Methods: Reports on the basic principles and applications of MALDI-TOF MS were reviewed and related to information on abundance and masses of major plasma proteins.Outcomes: MALDI-TOF MS is a particle-counting method that responds to molar abundance, and ranking of plasma proteins by molar abundance increases the rank of small proteins relative to traditional ranking by mass abundance. Detectors for MALDI-TOF MS augment the bias for detecting smaller components by yielding stronger signals for an equivalent number of small vs large ions. Consequently, MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful tool for surveying small proteins and peptides comprising the peptidome or fragmentome, opening this new realm for analysis. It is complementary to techniques such as electrophoresis and HPLC, which have a bias for detecting larger molecules. Virtually all of the potential markers identified by MALDI-TOF MS to date represent forms of the most abundant plasma proteins.Conclusions: Analyses of serum or plasma by MALDI-TOF MS provide new information mainly about small proteins and peptides with high molar abundance. The spectrum of observed proteins and peptides suggests value for applications such as assessment of cardiovascular risk, nutritional status, liver injury, kidney failure, and systemic immune responses rather than early detection of cancer. Extending analysis by MALDI-TOF MS to lower abundance components, such as markers for early-stage cancers, probably will require more extensive specimen fractionation before analysis.
Introduction to the special issue: News decisions and news values
Authors: Reinemann Carsten , Schulz Winfried 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
It is one of the most relevant questions of journalism research: Why do journalists select certain events or topics for publication, neglecting the overwhelming majority of news available to them? Communication scholars have been addressing this question from very different theoretical perspectives, applying a wide variety of social research methods to answer it. But although there are various models identifying a multitude of influences on news decisions, a theory capable of exactly predicting the news selection of tomorrow's newspapers and news programs is still missing. Journalistic decision-making is a complex phenomenon that depends on a number of preconditions which are hard to tackle in a single theoretical approach or empirical investigation. Due to this complexity, there are still many unanswered questions that stimulate both empirical studies and theoretical thinking on news-making. Moreover, the media, journalism, and the factors shaping them are constantly changing. Yesterday's answers may not be appropriate to explain today's or tomorrow's news decisions.
Political parallelism in news and commentaries on the Haider conflict. A comparative analysis of Austrian, British, German, and French quality newspapers
Authors: Berkel Barbara 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Normative theories of media functions require a clear distinction between the media's two roles as forum and speaker in public spheres. This article seeks to study potential violations of the rule of separating fact from opinion. The comparative content analysis takes a European political conflict, the so-called Haider debate, as a litmus test of objectivity of news reporting. The study reveals some critical consequences of the press' political involvement in the debate. In all countries under study, the press tends to incorporate journalistic evaluations into the news. The Haider debate was characterized by a ‘political parallelism’ of the press in a manner which Hallin and Mancini re-defined as ‘party-press parallelism’. The newspapers favorably gave voice to speakers supporting their own positions, thus instrumentalizing opportune witnesses. As a result, the newspapers ‘synchronized’ the coverage with their editorial stances, which lead to biased news reporting in all outlets.
Im Reich der Unsicherheit? Italienische Archive und die Erforschung des Faschismus
Authors: Mantelli Brunello 
Published: April 2006

Vorspann
Zeitgeschichtsforschung in Italien, so hat ein großer Gelehrter einmal geschrieben, sei doppelt so mühsam wie in Frankreich, vor allem doppelt so zeitaufwendig. Brunello Mantelli differenziert diese allzu einseitige Einschätzung. Er verfolgt die Geschichte der faschistischen Archive, gibt einen ersten Überblick über die wichtigsten Quellenbestände und skizziert dabei - en passant - die neuesten Trends der Forschung über den Faschismus. Die Bilanz ist so schlecht nicht, auch wenn die Archiv- und Geschichtspolitik der Mitte-Rechts-Koalition von Berlusconi manchen Anlass zur Sorge gibt.
Eine Zentralstelle zur Verfolgung von Vertreibungsverbrechen? Rückseiten der Verjährungsdebatte in den Jahren 1964 bis 1966
Authors: Kittel Manfred 
Published: April 2006

Vorspann
Begriffe wie „Verjährungsdebatte“ oder „Zentralstelle der Landesjustizverwaltungen“ werden gewöhnlich nur mit NS-Verbrechen in Verbindung gebracht. Dass diese Begriffe auch einmal eine ganz andere Bedeutung hatten, ist weitgehend in Vergessenheit geraten. Hier handelt es sich aber um mehr als nur eine Fußnote in der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik: Aus welchen Gründen ist eine Ahndung der Vertreibungsverbrechen an den Deutschen noch nicht einmal juristisch vorbereitet worden?
Die katholischen Bischöfe und der 17. Juni 1953
Authors: Kösters Christoph 
Published: April 2006

Vorspann
Die Kirchen in der DDR haben die Streikenden einer verbreiteten Meinung nach am 17. Juni 1953 allein gelassen. Wohl auch infolge dieses gängigen Geschichtsbildes ist die Rolle der kleinen katholischen Diasporakirche bislang wenig erforscht worden. Christoph Kösters nimmt sie in seinem Beitrag genauer unter die Lupe und kann sich dabei auch auf neuere Ergebnisse einer von ihm bearbeiteten Aktenedition der Kommission für Zeitgeschichte stützen. Die katholische Kirche, zu diesem Schluss kommt Kösters, hatte gute Gründe, während des Aufstandes nicht die Machtfrage zu stellen. Welcher Art diese Gründe waren, wird im vorliegenden Beitrag deutlich.
A cautionary note on the use of simulation procedures for analyzing contingency tables containing small expected cell frequencies
Authors: Robles Jaime R. , van den Oord Edwin J. C. G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA comparison of a simple simulation procedure and exact tests for tables used in psychiatric genetic studies is performed, with focus on tables with small expected cell counts. The study shows that naive simulation procedures using uniform random numbers, could lead to conservative results, as compared with Fisher exact test for contingency tables, thus discarding as non‐significant tables that are significant according to the exact test. Exact tests are recommended as an alternative to naive simulation for evaluating the statistical significance of contingency tables with small expected cell counts. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design, Synthesis, and Calcium Channel Antagonist Activity of New 1,4‐Dihydropyridines Containing 4‐(5)‐Chloro‐2‐ethyl‐5‐(4)‐imidazolyl Substituent
Authors: Davood Asghar , Mansouri Niloufar , Rerza Dehpour Ahmad , Shafaroudi Hamed , Alipour Eskandar , Shafiee Abbas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of dialkyl, dicycloalkyl, and diaryl ester analogues of nifedipine, in which the ortho‐nitro phenyl group at position 4 is replaced by the 4‐(5)‐chloro‐2‐ethyl‐5‐(4)‐imidazolyl substituent, were synthesized and evaluated as calcium channel antagonists using the high K+ contraction of guinea pig ileal longitudinal smooth muscle. The results for the symmetrical ester series showed that increasing the length of the chain in C3‐ and C5‐ester substituents increased the activity and the most active compound was the diphenylethyl ester derivative, so it was more active than the reference drug nifedipine. In unsymmetrical diester series, when R1 is methyl or ethyl, increasing lipophilic properties in the R substituent, increased the activity. The most active compounds were methyl/phenethyl and ethyl/phenethyl ester derivatives, being slightly more active than nifedipine.
Cellular events leading to chondrocyte death after cartilage impact injury
Authors: Green D. M. , Noble P. C. , Ahuero J. S. , Birdsall H. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectiveWe undertook this study to test our postulate that leukocytes extend the zone of injury in cartilage after acute mechanical trauma.MethodsFresh cadaveric canine femoral condyles were subjected to 20–25‐MPa impact injury. Condyle explants or dispersed chondrocytes were cultured with autologous blood mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs). Viability of chondrocytes at varying distances from the impact site was assessed by trypan blue exclusion.ResultsMechanical injury caused a significant loss of viable chondrocytes over 7 days, even in cartilage >10 mm from the impact site. After biomechanical stress, death of cells within 10 mm of the impact could be largely prevented by addition of NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) generation. Chondrocytes within 10 mm of the impact were also susceptible to killing by living MNLs, but not by incubation with the supernatants of endotoxin‐activated MNLs. Chondrocytes in this vulnerable zone expressed intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) (CD54), facilitating attachment of MNLs that localized adjacent to the chondrocytes. Leukocytes killed dispersed chondrocytes harvested from the impact zone by generation of reactive oxygen species. Leukocyte‐mediated killing could be blocked by desferoxamine or by antibodies to CD18, which prevent attachment of leukocytes to ICAM‐1–expressing chondrocytes.ConclusionOur data suggest that after mechanical injury, chondrocytes distant from the site may be killed through the generation of NO. Inflammatory leukocytes further extend the zone of chondrocyte death by adhering to chondrocytes expressing ICAM‐1 and by inducing the accumulation of free oxygen radicals in the chondrocyte cytoplasm. Patients may benefit from therapies that reduce infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes into acutely injured cartilage.
Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab for the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or indolent non‐hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Tam Constantine S. , Wolf Max , Prince H. Miles , Januszewicz E. Henry , Westerman David , Lin Katherine I. , Carney Dennis , Seymour John F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FC‐R) shows significant in vitro synergism and may improve patient outcome with little overlapping toxicity.METHODSBetween December 2000 and June 2005, 77 patients completed therapy after a median of 4 cycles of FC‐R (fludarabine at a dose of 25 mg/m2 intravenously [i.v.] on Days 1–3, cyclophosphamide at a dose of 250 mg/m2 i.v. on Days 1–3, and rituximab at a dose of 375 mg/m2 on Day 1). The median age of the patients was 59 years, 65% were male; 31% had previously untreated disease; and 44% had chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 29% had follicular lymphoma, and 27% other indolent lymphoid malignancies. In addition to standard disease response criteria, patients underwent evaluation using flow cytometric and/or molecular studies.RESULTSObjective responses (OR) and complete responses (CR) were observed in 83% and 42%, respectively, of evaluable patients (n = 76), respectively. For patients with CLL, the respective OR and CR rates were 100% and 67% as firstline therapy, and 95% and 14% as salvage therapy. For patients with follicular lymphoma, the respective OR and CR rates were 100% and 86% as firstline therapy, and 87% and 67% as salvage therapy. Responders who had no detectable disease on flow cytometric and/or molecular studies experienced prolonged remissions with no recurrences reported at a median 25 months of follow‐up. Peripheral stem cell collection using stem cell factor plus granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor was successful in 10 of 13 patients who underwent mobilization (77%).CONCLUSIONSFC‐R is highly active as initial or salvage therapy in patients with CLL or indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Collection of autologous stem cells during molecular remission is feasible and may facilitate future exploration of high‐dose therapy in these patients. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Xeroderma pigmentosum group D haplotype predicts for response, survival, and toxicity after platinum‐based chemotherapy in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Booton Richard , Ward Tim , Heighway Jim , Taylor Pat , Power Fiona , Ashcroft Linda , Morris Julie , Thatcher Nicholas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe treatment of lung cancer has reached a therapeutic plateau. Several mechanisms of platinum resistance have been described, including the removal of platinum‐DNA adduct by nucleotide excision repair (NER). Polymorphisms within the Xeroderma pigmentosum Group D protein (XPD), a member of the NER pathway, are associated with alterations in enzyme activity and may change sensitivity to platinum‐based chemotherapy. The authors investigated the relation between XPD polymorphisms and treatment response, toxicity, and overall survival in patients who received platinum‐based chemotherapy for advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).METHODSBetween 2001 and 2002, 108 patients with chemotherapy‐naive, advanced NSCLC were recruited. Associations between XPD312/751 polymorphisms and XPD haplotype and treatment response, toxicity. and survival were evaluated.RESULTSSignificant correlations were observed between XPD haplotype and Grade 4 neutropenia and overall survival together with a greater response to platinum‐based chemotherapy for the XPD *A haplotype.CONCLUSIONSThe XPD haplotype may represent a useful pharmacogenomic marker of platinum‐based chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC and requires prospective validation. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Genetic analysis of early neurogenesis: Dedicated to the scientific contributions of Jose A. Campos‐Ortega (1940–2004)
Authors: Hartenstein Volker 
Published: April 2006

AbstractJose Campos‐Ortega stands out as one of the pioneers of developmental‐genetic studies of early neurogenesis. He also liked to reflect about the history of science: how one discovery leads to the next, and what role individuals play in the progress of science. He had indeed started to work on a book describing the history of developmental genetics during the last year of his life. His goal in this book was to “explain how developmental genetics originated, how it transformed developmental biology and, while doing so, how it contributed to achieve the biological synthesis.” In the following, I would like to reflect on the origin and growth of the field Campos‐Ortega contributed so much. In doing so, it is of particular interest to consider his scientific roots, and the manner in which he entered the stage of developmental genetics. I believe that Campos‐Ortega's unusual scientific background influenced in an important manner the way in which he shaped the study of early neurogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 235:2003–2008, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The extracellular matrix in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Friend or foe?
Authors: Ziober Amy F. , Falls Erica M. , Ziober Barry L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOral squamous cell carcinoma is a disfiguring, highly invasive and metastatic cancer. Despite advances in detection and therapy, many patients will continue to face a poor prognosis. It is well established that the predominate factor determining overall survival in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma is lymph node involvement. Tumor growth and progression to invasive cancer requires tumor cell interactions with the extracellular matrix. An understanding of how the extracellular matrix influences tumor development and invasion is fundamental in the development of new prognostic indicators and treatment strategies for oral squamous cell carcinoma. In this review, we summarize how changes in the extracellular matrix contribute to oral cancer development. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Digital photogrammetry for quantitative wear analysis of retrieved TKA components
Authors: Grochowsky J. C. , Alaways L. W. , Siskey R. , Most E. , Kurtz S. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe use of new materials in knee arthroplasty demands a way in which to accurately quantify wear in retrieved components. Methods such as damage scoring, coordinate measurement, and in vivo wear analysis have been used in the past. The limitations in these methods illustrate a need for a different methodology that can accurately quantify wear, which is relatively easy to perform and uses a minimal amount of expensive equipment. Off‐the‐shelf digital photogrammetry represents a potentially quick and easy alternative to what is readily available. Eighty tibial inserts were visually examined for front and backside wear and digitally photographed in the presence of two calibrated reference fields. All images were segmented (via manual and automated algorithms) using Adobe Photoshop and National Institute of Health ImageJ. Finally, wear was determined using ImageJ and Rhinoceros software. The absolute accuracy of the method and repeatability/reproducibility by different observers were measured in order to determine the uncertainty of wear measurements. To determine if variation in wear measurements was due to implant design, 35 implants of the three most prevalent designs were subjected to retrieval analysis. The overall accuracy of area measurements was 97.8%. The error in automated segmentation was found to be significantly lower than that of manual segmentation. The photogrammetry method was found to be reasonably accurate and repeatable in measuring 2‐D areas and applicable to determining wear. There was no significant variation in uncertainty detected among different implant designs. Photogrammetry has a broad range of applicability since it is size‐ and design‐independent. A minimal amount of off‐the‐shelf equipment is needed for the procedure and no proprietary knowledge of the implant is needed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Effect of particle size of an amorphous calcium phosphate filler on the mechanical strength and ion release of polymeric composites
Authors: Lee Soo‐Young , Regnault W. F. , Antonucci J. M. , Skrtic D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe random clustering of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) particles within resin matrices is thought to diminish the strength of their polymerized composites. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of ball‐milling on the particle size distribution (PSD) of ACP fillers and assess if improved dispersion of milled ACP in methacrylate resin sufficiently enhanced filler/matrix interactions to result in improved biaxial flexure strength (BFS), without compromising the remineralizing potential of the composites. Unmilled and wet‐milled zirconia‐hybridized ACP (Zr‐ACP) fillers were characterized by PSD analysis, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Composite specimens made from a photoactivated, ternary methacrylate resin admixed with a mass fraction of 40% of un‐milled or milled Zr‐ACP were evaluated for the BFS (dry and wet) and for the release of calcium and phosphate ions into saline solutions. While having no apparent effect on the structure, composition, and morphology/topology of the fillers, milling significantly reduced the average size of Zr‐ACP particulates (median diameter, dm = 0.9 ± 0.2 μm) and the spread of their PSD. Better dispersion of milled Zr‐ACP in the resins resulted in the improved BFS of the composites, even after aqueous soaking, and also gave a satisfactory ion release profile. The demonstrated improvement in the mechanical stability of anti‐demineralizing/remineralizing ACP composites based on milled Zr‐ACP filler may be beneficial in potentially extending their dental utility. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Combining EEG and fMRI: A multimodal tool for epilepsy research
Authors: Gotman Jean , Kobayashi Eliane , Bagshaw Andrew P. , Bénar Christian‐G. , Dubeau François 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPatients with epilepsy often present in their electroencephalogram (EEG) short electrical potentials (spikes or spike‐wave bursts) that are not accompanied by clinical manifestations but are of important diagnostic significance. They result from a population of abnormally hyperactive and hypersynchronous neurons. It is not easy to determine the location of the cerebral generators and the other brain regions that may be involved as a result of this abnormal activity. The possibility to combine EEG recording with functional MRI (fMRI) scanning opens the opportunity to uncover the regions of the brain showing changes in the fMRI signal in response to epileptic spikes seen in the EEG. These regions are presumably involved in the abnormal neuronal activity at the origin of epileptic discharges. This paper reviews the methodology involved in performing such studies, particularly the challenge of recording a good quality EEG inside the MR scanner while scanning is taking place, and the methods required for the statistical analysis of the combined EEG and fMRI time series. We review the results obtained in patients with different types of epileptic disorders and discuss the difficult theoretical problems raised by the interpretation of an increase (activation) and decrease (deactivation) in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal, both frequently seen in response to spikes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Special considerations for functional magnetic resonance imaging of pediatric populations
Authors: Kotsoni Eleni , Byrd Dana , Casey B.J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFunctional MRI (fMRI) provides a noninvasive means of studying both typical and atypical brain development in vivo. However, the developmental and clinical status of the populations of interest impact how neuroimaging data should be collected, analyzed, and interpreted. In the present work, we review methodological and theoretical issues relevant to developmental and clinical neuroimaging research and provide possible approaches for addressing each. These issues include accounting for differences in biological noise, neuroanatomy, motion, and task performance. Finally, we emphasize the importance of a converging methods approach in constraining and supporting interpretations of pediatric imaging results. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.