bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of electromagnetic scattering problems by the combination of the FEM and BEM
Authors: Toyoda Ichihiko , Matsuhara Masanori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new numerical method is proposed for the analysis of the electromagnetic scattering problem by an inhomogeneous scatterer. Although the finite‐element method and the boundary‐element method have a high degree of generality, several difficulties occur if they are applied to the electromagnetic scattering problem.First, in the case of the finite‐element method, treatment of inhomogeneous regions is easy, but that of an open region is difficult. Hence, the finite‐element method is not suited for the scattering problems in which open regions such as the exterior of the scattering body need to be treated.On the other hand, in the case of the boundary‐element method, treatment of the open region is easy but that of inhomogeneous regions is difficult.In this paper, a new combination of the finite‐element and boundary–element methods is proposed in which the advantages of both are incorporated. The new combined method proposed in this paper solves several difficulties of the conventional combination method by means of the boundary‐element method using the extended integral equation for which observation points are placed on the closed loop inside the scatterer. Numerical computations are carried out for a number of examples so that it is proven that the present method can be applied to scatterers with arbitrary shapes and arbitrary permittivity distributions. Further, it is shown that in addition to the far field, the near field can be found.
Scattering of guided mode by atoms in optical fiber and energy flow
Authors: Kuroda Michiko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecently, a significant effort has been spent on research related to radiating X‐rays, and new X‐ray optical devices have been developed. However, in this case, the problem has arisen of scattering of the incident light or the X‐ray by atoms in the medium. When an X‐ray or a short wavelength optical beam is incident on a fiber, the incident light is scattered by the atoms and a part of the scattered light is radiated so that the energy ratio captured in the fiber is decreased. To minimize this effect, it is necessary to optimize the shape and the refractive index of the fiber.In this paper, the theory of radiation from an electric dipole which has been used in atmospheric communication is used for the first time to study the problem of scattering by the atoms. By the application of this theory, the scattering problem can be solved easily.The energy fraction captured in the fiber for the normalized fiber thickness, which has been obtained only for each mode, is now computed adding the higher‐order modes. The results are compared with those in the absence of scattering. It is found that, although the power can be trapped well inside the fiber by increasing the normalized fiber thickness in the case without scattering, the loss cannot be eliminated if scattering exists.
Improved finite element analysis of axisymmetrical resonators
Authors: Yoneda Naofumi , Yoneyama Tsukasa 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResonant frequencies and the unloaded Q's of an axially symmetric resonator are calculated via a finite element method using three magnetic field components. In general, triangular elements are used in the finite element method. However, such elements are not necessarily convenient since the computational accuracy is degraded for the resonant modes with circumferential modal number of 0 or 1.In this paper, such difficulty is resolved by introduction of axial elements near the center axis. To reduce computation time, infinite elements also are introduced. The resonant frequencies actually are computed for dielectric disk resonators placed in a parallel plate cutoff waveguide and a conducting cylindrical cavity. It is confirmed that the computed results agree well with measured results or other available computed data.
A highly reliable 256‐kb MNOS EEPROM: Memory cell design technology
Authors: Kamigaki Yoshiaki , Minami Shin‐Ichi , Furusawa Kazunori , Furuno Takeshi , Uchida Ken , Hagiwara Takaaki , Sato Nobuyuki , Ujiie Kazufusa 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMemory cell design technology for highly reliable 256‐kb MNOS EEPROM has been established. It realizes 10‐year data retention and 105 erase/write cycle endurance. An MNOS memory device is composed of a 24‐nm Si3N4 layer and a 1.6‐nm tunnel SiO2 layer. The programming voltage is 13 ± 1 V supplied from internal high‐voltage generator.A wide operating margin has been obtained in which the lower limit ensures the retention of the written state and the upper limit ensures the endurance of the erased state.Using 1.3‐μm CMOS fabrication technology, the data line pitch is 6.7 μm and the word line pitch is 7.8 μm. As a result, the MNOS memory cell size is designed to be 52.26 μm2, and the chip size is the smallest one such as 33.16 mm2 in 256‐kb EEPROMs.
Characteristics of a traveling‐wave drop generator for a multinozzle continuous ink jet printer
Authors: Morita Naoki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe drop generator for a multinozzle continuous ink jet which utilizes a traveling wave for jet oscillation resulted in superior performance over the prior method described in a previous report. Further experiments gave the following results.Standing wave oscillation on the traveling‐wave drop generator caused alternately long or short patterns in drop‐break‐off length or caused a swell pattern due to the relationship between the nozzle and the sound‐wave node position.Theoretical prediction determined the ink tube diameter to obtain stable drop generation which agreed with measured results on the frequency limit. Acoustic attenuation according to the wave propagation at printing frequency was fairly small for stable operation. However, a large attenuation was observed at a lower frequency and the phase velocity in the ink tube showed a singular point. These phenomena were considered to be the structural resonance around nozzles or the resonance between suspended bubbles in the ink and traveling wave.
Improved coupled‐mode theory by including radiation modes, and its application
Authors: Sawa Sinnosuke , Tominaga Tetsufumi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a new coupled‐mode theory by extending Chuang's theory to include the radiation modes. The effectiveness of this theory is demonstrated via numerical analysis.The coupling equations are derived following a procedure similar to Chuang's and the radiation modes are included in it. The coupling equations are simplified by neglecting the terms which represent the coupling between the radiation modes because their contribution is insignificant.In the numerical analysis, the radiation modes are treated in isolation and the coupling between them is neglected. The model for the numerical analysis is that of a symmetrical and asymmetrical optical slab waveguide. The light intensity distribution inside the guide is investigated numerically and the results are compared with those by Chuang's theory.As the result of analysis, it is shown that due to excitation of radiation modes near the input/output end, the coupling length estimated by the present theory is longer than that by Chuang's theory. Moreover, the light intensity distribution has been extended.
Analysis of soliton pulse propagation in a birefringent optical fiber using the finite‐element method
Authors: Eguchi Masashi , Hayata Kazuya , Koshiba Masanori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSince the problem of waveform distortion in optical communications can be overcome by optical soliton, very wide band transmission becomes possible. It is foreseen that soliton propagation is the candidate for future optical systems. The soliton behavior can be expressed by the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations.In this equation, taking the nonlinear oscillatory or loss terms due to the mutual parametric effects of each polarization component into account, the analysis will become very complicated. Concerning this point, in most analytical procedures, such oscillatory terms are neglected. However, the contribution of these terms are large in optical fibers of low birefringence and, therefore, they cannot be neglected.In order to establish a unified and effective approach, taking these perturbation and oscillatory terms into account, an analytical procedure based on the finite element method is proposed. Ultrashort pulse transmission in various fibers and the effects of the birefringence upon soliton pulses are investigated. The correctness of the present method is verified and several new results are obtained. Finally, in case of subpicosecond pulse transmission in optical fibers of low birefringence, it is shown that the contribution of the above mentioned terms is quite remarkable.
Compact narrowband filters using grating‐assisted vertical directional couplers
Authors: Sakata Hajime , Takeuchi Shinsuke , Ouchi Toshihiko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the theoretical and experimental investigations of an integrated wavelength filter consisting of an AlGaAs/GaAs MQW waveguide. This filter is made of a vertical directional coupler which performs forward coupling by means of a grating. It is small, and its center wavelength and bandwidth can be freely designed.The configuration of the filter is described first and a design guideline is shown to obtain a narrowband filter response with a short coupling length. As a result of the trial fabrication, narrowband filters with 3‐dB bandwidths of 2.5 nm and 3.2 nm were realized with coupling lengths of only 510 μm and 430 μm, respectively. Next, it was shown experimentally that the filter center wavelength can be shifted from 824 nm to 839.5 nm by controlling the grating period from 9.8 μm to 10.6 μm. Further, a method for reducing the sidelobe level is proposed by modulation of the grating duty ratio. Numerical results for such a proposal are described.
Keirsey‐bates temperament categories: A basis for motivational interventions
Authors: McKeen Ronald L. , McSwain Cynthia 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Keirsey‐Bates Temperament Categories, an elaboration of the Myers‐Briggs Types Indicator, are discussed as analytic referents for dealing with motivation in the workplace. The Keirsey‐Bates categories are: SJ (valuing careful, thorough, accurate work), NT (valuing quality of ideas and intellectual competency), SP (valuing a clever way of making things happen or getting things done), and NF (valuing oneself as a person who makes important contributions). Based on a 1982‐1987 study of more than 200 subjects in training programs (in leadership and problem solving) or university classes (in administration, public school supervision, housing administration, or organization development), the authors conclude that the categories do have a practical application for many managers who would like to match work incentives to what their employees value. This article describes the study and discusses the four Keirsey‐Bates categories as they apply to the workplace.
Epidemiological analysis as a method of identifying safety training needs
Authors: Passmore David L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe epidemiological methods used in a study of 8,567 injuries that took place in 1986 among 78,741 anthracite and bituminous underground coal miners can be broadly applied to identify work problems in training needs analysis. Epidemiological analysis of occupational injuries can identify safety problems but only rarely provides an assessment of probable solutions. It can, however, identify the most frequent and consequential safety problems that should receive close assessment. This methodology can help identify safety problems that may be reduced by training.
Reality‐referenced training: An empirical study of self‐norming needs assessment
Authors: Tway Duane C. , Davis Larry Nolan , Mink Oscar G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNeeds assessment is a necessary starting point in developing a training program, but assessing training needs may be a difficult task. Conducting a needs assessment oriented to a reality‐referenced competency model can provide: a self‐norming validation of training needs by the people who will be trained, fast feedback, an effective method of evaluating the usefulness of proposed training programs, and adaptability to changing needs. This article describes research conducted during a redesign of training at the Texas Rehabilitation Commission and explains why the reality‐referenced training system is a valid way to complete a needs assessment.
The multiple forms of on‐site training
Authors: de Jong Jan A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is estimated that more than half of corporate training programs take place in the workplace. Important differences exist among these on‐site training programs; this article distinguishes and describes three main forms of on‐site corporate training: on‐site practice, on‐site instruction, and on‐site study. A recent trend to develop on‐site study programs as a means of individualizing job instruction in a controlled way is identified in Dutch firms. Three such programs are described in detail.
Enhancing group behavior with a keypad‐based group support system
Authors: Watson Richard I , Bostrom Robert P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMany managers complain about the quality of group meetings. Information technology, in the form of a group support system (GSS), has the potential to improve meeting quality. This article offers an integrated model for explaining why a particular GSS improves meetings. The explanatory model is based on the meeting cycle model; organizational development research; and theories of social comparison, information exchange, and organizational change.
Building learning organizations: The individual‐culture interaction
Authors: Brooks Ann K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLeaders working to transform the culture of their organization often observe that the reason the organization is not changing is that the employees themselves are not changing. However, employees who have been hired and promoted for years because of their ability to compete internally find it difficult to exhibit such qualities as openness and willingness to participate when top leaders determine that these qualities would benefit the organization.Based on a recent study, this article presents findings on how critically reflective employees change their organization and on which factors within the corporation encourage or inhibit their learning. It examines programs for change in light of current learning theory and offers suggestions for developing and encouraging critically reflective employees.
The impact of deming quality management on interdepartmental cooperation
Authors: Collard Eileen F. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article reports on a study of the impact of a Deming quality management approach on perceptions of interdepartmental cooperation. The study was based on intergroup relations theory and provides new insight into some of the “people” issues related to quality management. A two‐part survey was given to a sample of respondents from two interacting departments in each of two companies. In the first part of the survey, respondents were asked their perceptions of the extent to which features of Deming quality management had been implemented. In the second part of the survey, respondents indicated their perceptions of the degree of interdepartmental cooperation. Results indicate that respondents perceived positive improvements in interdepartmental cooperation after implementation of the Deming approach.
Participation and evaluative outcomes in management training
Authors: Thoms Peg , Klein Howard J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study examines the effects of increasing trainee participation during a management development program. The value of trainee participation is frequently advocated in the literature and can be supported from both adult learning and social‐cognitive theories. Despite the widespread belief that participation is beneficial, surprisingly little empirical evidence exists to support this proposition. Sixty‐four managers were assigned to either participation or control groups. Participation was manipulated by encouraging quality verbal participation in discussions through the use of self‐monitoring. Despite increased levels of participation in the participation condition, no differences were observed between the participation and control groups with respect to reactions to the program, learning, or application of program material back on the job. The actual level of trainee participation did correlate significantly with reactions to the program. The practical and future research implications of these findings are discussed.
A review of cross‐cultural research on human resource development
Authors: Hansen Carol D. , Brooks Ann K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOrganizations increasingly operate within a global context. Likewise, human resource developers are challenged to examine the transferability of their efforts. Our analysis focuses on emerging testimony that marks and sustains the cultural sensitivity of our work. Empirical study between 1982 and 1992 was reviewed. Furthermore, we acknowledge the systemic importance of our craft by selectively reporting research in management and organizational behavior that affects cross‐national differences in the purpose and scope of HRD.
Invited reaction: The little‐known impact of U.S. training programs on the Japanese quality movement
Authors: Roberts Harry V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis reaction couples the preceding article with a previous article written by Robinson and Schroeder (1993) on the same topic on a little‐known piece of training history. Although management programs of U.S. origin in Japan have had an impact on Japanese manufacturing for more than forty years, it was not until the 1980s that U.S. businesses and education began paying attention to them. Robinson and Stern should be recognized for unearthing and meticulously researching this information, which had nearly been lost.
Problems associated with implementation of an effective upward appraisal feedback process: An experimental field study
Authors: Antonioni David 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study is intended to help HRD determine what factors may be critical for an effective upward appraisal process. An effective process is one that ensures improvement in managers'supervisory behaviors as a result of upward appraisals. This study specifically investigated the extent to which managers improved their supervisory behaviors as a result of receiving written upward appraisal reports (feedback) and reviewing them with their immediate supervisors. In order to investigate the different parts of the feedback process, ninety‐six managers were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: (1) a written upward appraisal report (feedback) and a performance review, (2) a written upward appraisal report (feedback) only, (3) a performance review only, or (4) a control group. The results do not support the hypothesis that managers who receive feedback with or without a performance review improve their supervisory behaviors more than managers who do not receive feedback. The implementation of the upward appraisal system is targeted as problematic and discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for the design of an effective upward appraisal process.
Dropouts' perceptions of deterrents to course completion in an on‐site GED program
Authors: Vann Barry 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study examined perceptions of deterrents to completion of an on‐site high school completion program among dropouts, with particular focus on their status as dropouts and isolates and on their gender. Thirty‐seven food processing workers who had dropped out of the program participated in the study. Quantitative methods were used in the analyses. By examining Likert‐type responses from a questionnaire designed for the study, it was found that for the entire sample of dropouts, time constraints was the highest‐rated factor (M = 2.20) F(4, 180) = 3.44, p <.01. Comparisons of responses from clique members and isolates showed that clique members were more affected by time constraints (M = 2.70) than their isolated counterparts were (M = 1.99) t(35) = 2.457, p < .02. Between‐group comparisons were made with respect to gender because males had a higher dropout rate than females. Males rated the low personal priority factor (M = 2.20) higher than females (M = 1.23), t(37) = −4.22, p <.01. The article concludes with suggestions on ways to lessen the deterrents.
West African industry and the debt crisis
Authors: Moseley K. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFocused on six West African countries, this paper examines the specific ways in which the foreign exchange and debt crises of the past decade have been linked to the structure and performance of the manufacturing sectors. Informed by the correlation between commercial disruption and Third‐World industrialization in the past, it suggests that the current crisis, too, may stimulate industrial development – at least in some cases, and in the longer run. Tendencies to deindustrialization still prevail in some of the weaker economies of the region. In others, however, and particularly Nigeria, local sourcing and exports may be major avenues of structural change as well as growth.
Economies of scale and small firms in developing countries: Theoretical and empirical issues
Authors: Elleithy Amr 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe main objective of this paper is to examine the existence of economies of scale in small firms in the context of developing countries. The results are based on a survey of 52 carpentry firms at Anloga, Kumasi, Ghana. Parameters considered for the analysis are: product and labour specialization, division of labour, and mechanization and capacity utilization of power‐driven machines. These parameters were examined in the light of recent trends in the Ghanaian economy in the late 1980s. Despite the limitations of the study, due to the relatively small sample size and the difficulties of obtaining reliable information from small firms, it provides insight into the achievement of economies of scale in the small finns sector. Many firms are specialized and their skilled workers carry out specific tasks. The capacity utilization of machines is relatively high. Moreover, it was found that the average ratio of production costs to value of output is lower in the larger firms of the sector. The findings provide some evidence in support of the viability of the sector in developing countries. Assistance in marketing, technology and management are proposed to improve further the firm's performance. This assistance will not be effective unless provided within a framework of unbiased and supportive macroeconomic policies.
The use of migrant remittances in development: Lessons from the asian experience
Authors: Athukorala Premachandra 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper attempts to shed light on the nature and effectiveness of various approaches adopted by the governments of Asian labour‐exporting countries in order to enhance the developmental impact of migrant‐worker remittances. Fragmentary evidence from various country studies on policies designed to attract remittances into the formal banking sector, as well as to monitor the expenditure of counterpart funds, is synthesized and analysed in comparative perspective. The findings cast doubt on the viability and effectiveness of ‘migrant‐specific’ policy initiatives and point to the need for an economy‐wide approach encompassing appropriate exchange‐rate and financial‐sector policies.