bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Antigenic Analysis of the BclA Glycoprotein Oligosaccharide from the Bacillus anthracis Exosporium
Authors: Mehta Alok S. , Saile Elke , Zhong Wei , Buskas Therese , Carlson Russell , Kannenberg Elmar , Reed Yvonne , Quinn Conrad P. , Boons Geert‐Jan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe glycoprotein BclA is an important constituent of the exosporium of Bacillus anthracis spores. This glycoprotein is substituted with an oligosaccharide composed of a β‐L‐rhamnoside substituted with the previously unknown terminal saccharide, 2‐O‐methyl‐4‐(3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutanamido)‐4,6‐dideoxy‐D‐glucopyranose, also referred to as anthrose. Anthrose has not been found in spores of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, making it a potential species‐specific marker for B. anthracis. In order to study the antigenicity of anthrose, efficient syntheses of an anthrose‐containing trisaccharide and a series of structurally related analogues were developed. The analogues lacked either the methyl ether at C‐2 or contained modified C‐4 amino functionalities of anthrose. The synthetic compounds were equipped with an aminopropyl spacer to facilitate conjugation to the carrier proteins mariculture Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (mcKLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Serum antibodies of rabbits immunized with live or irradiated spores of B. anthracis Sterne 34F2 were able to recognize the synthetic trisaccharide–mcKLH conjugate. The specificity of the interaction was confirmed by competitive inhibition with the free‐ and BSA‐conjugated trisaccharides. Inhibition using the trisaccharide analogues demonstrated that the isovaleric acid moiety of anthrose is an important structural motif for antibody recognition. These data demonstrate that 1) anthrose is a specific antigenic determinant of the B. anthracis Sterne spore; 2) this antigen is presented to the immune system of rabbits receiving the anthrax live‐spore vaccine; 3) synthetic analogues of the oligosaccharide retain the antigenic structure; and 4) the antigenic region is localized to specific terminal groups of the oligosaccharide. Collectively these data provide an important proof‐of‐concept step in the synthesis and development of spore‐specific reagents for detection and targeting of non‐protein structures in B. anthracis.
Modified CMOS boot‐strapped inductor
Authors: Scandurra G. , Ciofi C. , Neri B. , Zito D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe boot‐strapped inductor technique has been shown to be a very effective solution to obtain high Q integrated inductors in bipolar technologies. In this paper, starting from a detailed analysis of this technique when applied to a CMOS technology, we propose a new topology that simplifies the design of active inductors even at frequencies quite close to the transition frequency of the active device. As an example, the design and the performances of an active inductor circuit based on a 0.35 µm CMOS technology is also discussed. The device operates at 2.4 GHz of central frequency, presents at its terminals an equivalent inductance of 6 nH and a Q value as high as 400 at the central frequency, with a bias current of less than 1 mA for a voltage supply of 3.3 V. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speed‐up and performance evaluation of piecewise‐linear DC analysis
Authors: Roos Janne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe good convergence properties of piecewise‐linear (PWL) DC analysis have been thoroughly discussed in many papers. This paper, in turn, concentrates on the speed of PWL DC analysis, where the boundary crossing of linear regions plays a crucial role. Fast methods are presented for performing the following boundary‐crossing computations: LU‐decomposition update, matrix‐equation solution, boundary‐crossing direction, and damping‐factor determination. Special attention is given to those PWL DC analysis methods that perform PWL modelling of the non‐linear components on the fly; an adaptive method is proposed for controlling the accuracy of PWL modelling and speeding up simulation. The computational efficiency of the accelerated PWL DC analysis is discussed and compared with that of conventional, Newton–Raphson iteration‐based, DC analysis. Finally, the performance evaluation is completed with realistic simulation examples: it is demonstrated that the speed of the accelerated PWL DC analysis is comparable with that of the conventional DC analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards Polymer Diagnostic Agents ― Copolymers of N‐(2‐Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide and Bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐4‐vinylbenzylamine: Synthesis, Characterisation and Re(CO)3‐Labelling
Authors: Kunz Peter C. , Brückmann Nadine E. , Spingler Bernhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDiagnosis of early stage angiogenic tumours is fundamental for cancer therapy. In this study we present the synthesis and characterisation of functionalised HPMA‐copolymers with optimal molecular weights that meet the demands of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Rhenium tricarbonyl complexes of the tripodal ligands bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)benzylamine (1a) and bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐4‐vinylbenzylamine (1b) were prepared and characterised by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X‐ray diffraction. Ligand 1b was copolymerised with N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA), and the resulting copolymer was treated with (nBu4N)2[Re(CO)3Br3] to yield a Re(CO)3‐labelled copolymer.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Formation of a Dative Bond Between Pt0 and MoII in Linear Pt0–MoII–MoII–Pt0 Complexes, MoII2Pt02(pyphos)4(PR3)2, and Unique 1,4‐Oxidative Addition Reaction of Diaryl Disulfides Giving MoII2PtI2(pyphos)4(SAr)2 (pyphos = 6‐Diphenylphosphanyl‐2‐pyridonato)
Authors: Mashima Kazushi , Shimoyama Yuuji , Kusumi Yoshitaka , Fukumoto Atsushi , Yamagata Tsuneaki , Ohashi Masato 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Pt0···MoII dative bond of linear tetrametal Pt0–MoII–MoII–Pt0 complexes, Mo2Pt2(pyphos)4(L)2 [4a: L = PPh3; 4b: L = PMe3; 4c: L = PMe2Ph; 4d: L = PMePh2; 4e: L = P(OMe)3], was characterized by means of spectroscopic analysis and X‐ray crystallographic studies. Complex 4a reacted with diaryl disulfides to give dithiolate PtI complexes, Mo2Pt2(SAr)2(pyphos)4 [5a: Ar = C6H4Me‐4; 5b: C6H4OMe‐4; 5c: C6H3Me2‐2,6; 5d: C6H5], which are unique 1,4‐oxidative addition products.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Polyazaacenes – On the Way to Stable, Fluorescent and Redox‐Active Derivatives
Authors: Stöckner Frances , Beckert Rainer , Gleich Dieter , Birckner Eckhard , Günther Wolfgang , Görls Helmar , Vaughan Gavin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new synthetic method for the preparation of polyazaacenes is described starting from two different nucleophilic building blocks. Disubstituted oxalic amidines 1 can be cyclized under mild conditions with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanopyrazine (3) to yield 5,6‐dihydropyrazino[2,3‐b]pyrazines 4a–c. By employing higher temperatures and 2 equiv. of 3, octaazanaphthacene 6 can be isolated. Similarly, pyrazino[2,3‐b]pyrazines 2 and bielectrophile 3 yielded novel dodecaazahexacenes 8 in addition to semicyclized derivative 9. When tetraazafulvalene 10d was heated in the presence of an amine in xylene in the presence of oxygen, octaazahexacene 13 was isolated as the main product. Instead of pyrazino[2,3‐b]pyrazines 2, this highly fluorescent polyazaacene was formed from a cascade reaction which involves a dyotropic rearrangement, an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction and a multistep redox reaction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Direct C–C Coupling of Ferrocenyllithium and Azaheterocycles by Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen – Synthesis of Mono‐ and 1,1′‐Diazinylferrocenes
Authors: Chupakhin Oleg N. , Utepova Irina A. , Kovalev Igor S. , Rusinov Vladimir L. , Starikova Zoya A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA versatile synthetic protocol was proposed for the direct C–C coupling of a ferrocene fragment with various azaheterocycles in the absence of metal catalysts on the basis of nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen. Monosubstituted and disubstituted heteroannular azinyl derivatives of ferrocene were prepared in good yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Exploring the evaluation of net charge, hydrodynamic size and shape of peptides through experimental electrophoretic mobilities obtained from CZE
Authors: Piaggio Maria V. , Peirotti Marta B. , Deiber Julio A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis work explores the validity of simple CZE models to analyze the electrophoretic mobilities of 102 peptides reported in literature. These models are based mainly on fundamental physicochemical theories providing analytical expressions amenable to relatively simple numerical analysis. Thus, the Linderstrøm–Lang capillary electrophoresis model (LLCEM) and its perturbed version (PLLCEM), proposed and applied previously to the CZE of globular proteins, are adapted and used here for peptides. Also the effects of pK‐shifts on net charge, hydration and hydrodynamic size and shape of peptides are analyzed and discussed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that these parameters are physically coupled, and thus a variation in the net charge may produce an appreciable change in the hydrodynamic size of peptides. Within the framework of CZE, peptides may be assumed as having a hydrodynamic volume associated with either spherical or spheroidal particles. The effects on peptide net charge and hydrodynamic size, of electrostatic interaction between a pair of charged groups in the chain and electrical permitivitty around the peptide domain are studied. The predictions of the PLLCEM and LLCEM are in good agreement with results reported previously in the literature. Several limitations concerning these models and some needs for further research are also described.
Combining stir bar sorptive extraction and MEKC for the determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental and biological matrices
Authors: do Rosário Pedro M. Á. , Nogueira José M. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this work, stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid desorption was combined with MEKC and diode‐array detection (SBSE‐LD‐MEKC‐DAD) for the determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aqueous medium, using biphenyl, fluorene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene as model compounds. MEKC‐DAD conditions and parameters affecting SBSE‐LD efficiency are fully discussed. Assays performed on aqueous samples spiked at trace levels, yielded recoveries ranging from 55.5 ± 6.1% (pyrene) to 70.7 ± 7.1% (anthracene), under optimized experimental conditions. The methodology proved to be nearly described by the octanol‐water partition coefficients (KPDMS/W≈︁KO/W). The analytical performance showed good precision (<12.0%), suitable detection limits (2–11 µg/L) and convenient linear dynamic ranges (r2>0.99) from 5 to 25 µg/L for anthracene and 25 to 125 µg/L for the remaining compounds. The application of the proposed methodology to environmental water, sediments and fish bile matrices demonstrated good selectivity and accuracy. SBSE‐LD combined with MEKC‐DAD was shown to be an easy, reliable and robustness methodology, as well as a good analytical alternative to monitor environmental priority pollutants.
Recent progress in polar stationary phases for CEC
Authors: Ou Junjie , Dong Jing , Dong Xiaoli , Yu Zhiyuan , Ye Mingliang , Zou Hanfa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis review summarizes most of the recent developments in the preparation and application of polar stationary phases for CEC covering the literature published since the year 2004. These polar stationary phases have been adopted for separation of analytes by the modes of packing column CEC, open‐tubular CEC (o‐CEC) and monolithic column CEC. Currently, development of o‐CEC using biomolecules, such as protein and DNA, as the immobilized ligands is highlighted partly due to the simplicity of preparation. Furthermore, monolithic columns have been extended quickly, particularly inorganic materials‐based monoliths, such as silica, zirconia, hafnium, etc., as an alternative to packed columns have been developed quickly.
Determination of trace cationic impurities in butylmethylimidazolium‐based ionic liquids: From transient to comprehensive single‐capillary counterflow isotachophoresis‐zone electrophoresis
Authors: Urbánek Marek , Varenne Anne , Gebauer Petr , Křivánková Ludmila , Gareil Pierre 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDetermination of impurities in ionic liquids (ILs) remains a difficult task. In this work, the hyphenation of isotachophoretic (ITP) preconcentration to zone electrophoresis (ZE) has been explored for the trace analysis of the cationic impurities Na+, Li+, and methylimidazolium (MI+) in butylmethylimidazolium (BMI+)‐based ILs. Simultaneous detection of UV‐transparent and UV‐absorbing impurities was ensured by a BGE composed of creatinine‐acetate buffer. To induce ITP, three different strategies were evaluated: (i) Sample self‐stacking ensured by the addition of ammonium acetate (NH4Ac) to 25–50‐fold diluted IL solution (transient ITP). (ii) Complete ITP‐ZE separation performed in a single capillary: ITP was realized in discontinuous electrolytes comprising an 80 mM NH4Ac, 40 mM acetic acid, 30 mM α‐CD, pH 5.05, leading electrolyte (LE) and a 10 mM creatinine, 10 mM acetic acid, pH 4.9, terminating electrolyte (TE). To create the ZE stage, the ITP stack of analytes was moved back toward the capillary inlet by pressure and simultaneously the capillary was filled with the BGE. This protocol made it possible to accommodate a 2.5‐times diluted IL sample. (iii) Complete counterflow ITP‐ZE with continuous electrokinetic sample supply: the ITP stage was performed in a capillary filled with a 150 mM NH4Ac, 75 mM acetic acid, 30 mM α‐CD, pH 5.0 LE, with 40‐times diluted IL at the capillary inlet. BMI+ from IL acts as the terminating ion. The LODs reached in this latter case were at the 10 and 1 ppb levels for MI+ and Li+ in diluted IL matrix, respectively.
Mass distribution, polydispersity and focusing properties of carrier ampholytes for IEF II: pH 4–6 intervals
Authors: Simó Carolina , Mendieta Martha Elena , Antonioli Paolo , Sebastiano Roberto , Citterio Attilio , Cifuentes Alejandro , Peltre Gabriel , Righetti Pier Giorgio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFor studying theMrdistribution and number of species in narrow‐range (2 pH‐unit wide, in the nominal pI4–6 interval) carrier ampholytes from four commercial sources (Bio‐Lyte, Servalyt, Ampholine and Pharmalyte), a 2‐D technique was adopted consisting of a focusing step in a liquid phase (Rotofor, yielding 20 fractions) followed by orthogonal CE in both, acidic and basic buffers. As a final step, every other fraction was analyzed by CE‐MS. The findings: Ampholine contains 80 differentMrcompounds, in theMrinterval 203 to 893 Da, for a total of 325 isoforms. Bio‐Lyte consists of 66 differentMrspecies, in theMrrange 388 to 835 Da, for a total of 436 isoforms. Servalyt is made of 199 differentMrcompounds, in theMrinterval 204 to 907 Da, for a total of 1302 isoforms. Pharmalyte pH 4–6.5, comprises 217 amphoteres, in theMrrange 150 to 1179 Da, for a total of 812 isoforms. Pharmalyte appears to be the best brand, with the vast majority of species focusing sharply at their pIposition and <5% “poor” species, distributed along the entire pH gradient, denoting an extremely shallow pH/mobility curve across the pIvalue.
Recent progress in capillary ITP
Authors: Gebauer Petr , Malá Zdena , Boček Petr 
Published: November 2006

AbstractITP has been attracting constant attention for many years due to its principal capability to concentrate trace analytes by several orders of magnitude. In the current capillary format, it is able to concentrate trace analytes diluted to several microliters of an original sample into concentrated zones having volumes in the range of picoliters. Due to this reason, ITP holds an important position in many current multistage and multidimensional separation schemes. This article links up previous reviews on the topic and summarizes the progress of analytical capillary ITP since 2002. Almost 100 papers are reviewed that include methodological novelties, instrumental aspects, and analytical applications. Papers using ITP and/or isotachophoretic principles as part of multistage and/or multidimensional separation schemes are also included.
Contemporary sample stacking in CE: A sophisticated tool based on simple principles
Authors: Malá Zdena , Křivánková Ludmila , Gebauer Petr , Boček Petr 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSample stacking is a general term for methods in CE which are used for on‐line concentration of diluted analytes. During the stacking process, analytes present at low concentrations in a long injected sample zone are concentrated into a short zone (stack). The stacked analytes are then separated and individual zones are detected. Thus stacking provides better separation efficiency and detection sensitivity. Many papers have been published on stacking till now, various procedures have been described, and, many names have been proposed for stacking procedures utilizing the same principles. This contribution brings an easy and unified view on stacking, describes the basic principles utilized, makes a list of recognized operational principles and brings an overview of principal current procedures. Further, it surveys selected recent practical applications ordered according to their operational principles and includes the terms, nicknames, and acronyms used for these actual stacking procedures. This contribution may help both newcomers and experts in the field of CE to orient themselves in the already quite complex topic of sample stacking.
Advances in chiral separation using capillary electromigration techniques
Authors: Gübitz Gerald , Schmid Martin G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis review gives an overview of recent develoments in CZE, EKC, and CEC covering the literature since the year 2004. Since there appeared a special issue on applications, this review focuses on the progress in electromigration techniques and new methodological developments. New techniques, new chiral selectors as well as new chiral stationary phases for CEC are discussed.
Recent progress in the use of ionic polymers as pseudostationary phases for EKC
Authors: Palmer Christopher P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis review concerns the introduction, characterization, and application of polymeric pseudostationary phases (PSPs) for EKC since 2004. Achiral and chiral polymers and separations are reviewed, as is the application of polymeric PSPs for the combination of EKC with mass spectrometric detection.
Recent advances in the development and application of microemulsion EKC
Authors: McEvoy Eamon , Marsh Alex , Altria Kevin , Donegan Sheila , Power Joe 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMicroemulsion EKC (MEEKC) is an electrodriven separation technique. Separations are typically achieved using oil‐in‐water microemulsions, which are composed of nanometre‐sized oil droplets suspended in an aqueous buffer. The droplets are stabilised by a surfactant and a cosurfactant. The novel use of water‐in‐oil microemulsions has also been investigated. This review summarises the advances in the development of MEEKC separations and also the different areas of application including determination of log P values, pharmaceutical applications, chiral analysis, natural products and bioanalytical separations and the use of new methods such as multiplexed MEEKC and high speed MEEKC. Recent applications (2004–2006) are tabulated for each area with microemulsion composition details.
Three cases illustrating the potential of dental treatment as a precipitant for weight loss leading to anorexia nervosa
Authors: Jaffa Tony 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveThis is the first published report to illustrate the potential for dental treatment to precipitate weight loss leading to anorexia nervosa.MethodDocumentation of history and clinical findings on three adolescents referred to a specialist eating disorder service are presented.ResultsThese cases illustrate that dental treatment may be precipitants of weight loss leading to anorexia nervosa.ConclusionThere is a need for increased awareness of this area amongst parents of children and adolescents vulnerable to eating disorders and also their dentists. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Eating problems and personality traits. An Italian pilot study among 992 high school students
Authors: Abbate‐Daga Giovanni , Gramaglia Carla , Malfi Giuseppe , Pierò Andrea , Fassino Secondo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of eating problems and to investigate personality traits associated with disturbed eating behaviours among Italian high school students.MethodCross‐sectional study involving 992 students from six high schools in Turin, Italy. Students completed the Eating Attitudes Test‐40 (EAT‐40), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ); their weight and height were measured.Results5.5% of the whole sample and 7.4% of girls scored above the EAT‐40 cutoff value. A higher Body Mass Index (BMI) correlates with higher EAT scores. Low scores on Self‐Directedness and Reward Dependence together with high Persistence emerged in subjects with eating problems.DiscussionDieting and higher BMI are confirmed as correlates of eating problems. Personality traits measured with the TCI emerge for the first time as correlates of eating problems. Longitudinal studies should clear whether these are risk factors or not. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Thought suppression in obese and non‐obese restrained eaters: piece of cake or forbidden fruit?
Authors: Soetens Barbara , Braet Caroline , Moens Ellen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveThis article examines thought suppression tendencies in restrained eaters. Furthermore, the dynamics between failing thought suppression and thought control strategies are explored.MethodsOne hundred and five overweight and normal‐weight boys and girls (12–18 years) participated in a cross‐sectional questionnaire‐based study. A distinction was made between disinhibited restrained eaters (high restraint/high disinhibition), inhibited restrained eaters (high restraint/low disinhibition) and unrestrained eaters (low restraint) in both weight‐groups. The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) was used to select the different groups of (un)restrained eaters. The White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) was employed to measure thought suppression and intrusions. The Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) was used to measure thought control strategies (distraction, punishment, reappraisal, worry, social control).ResultsThe disinhibited restrainers obtained meaningfully higher scores on WBSI‐total, WBSI‐thought suppression and WBSI‐intrusion than the inhibited restrainers and unrestrained eaters in both weight groups. Those who scored high on WBSI‐total, obtained significantly higher scores on the TCQ subscales distraction, worry and punishment, than those who scored low on WBSI‐total.DiscussionThe findings suggest that disinhibited restrainers, irrespective of their weight status, report a high tendency to suppress thoughts. Given Wegner's theoretical account, this may be associated with preoccupations and self‐control difficulties. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.