bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stamen development in the Ericaceae. I. Anther wall, microsporogenesis, inversion, and appendages
Authors: Hermann Paula M. , Palser Barbara F. 
Published: April 2006

Development of the introrse, tetrasporangiate, and normally dorsifixed and poricidal stamens has been studied at the gross morphological and cellular level in ten species of Ericaceae. Microsporogenesis, followed in four species, is normal, with cytokinesis simultaneous, forming tetrahedral tetrads. The tricolp(or)ate pollen is shed as permanent tetrads with each segment two‐celled except in Enkianthus in which pollen grains are three‐celled monads. Anther‐wall development is similar in all four species initially, but no regular pattern of wall development could be recognized thereafter. The tapetum, of parietal origin, is binucleate, glandular, and mainly uniseriate. Viscin threads occur with the tetrads in the three rhododendroid species. A well‐developed endothecium appears only in Enkianthus.Soon after stamen initiation, anthers of nine species invert at the eventual filament–anther junction to become introrse; in Enkianthus inversion occurs close to anthesis. Microsporogenesis starts during early inversion; greater cell elongation on the abaxial side of the young anther completes inversion by the late sporogenous‐tissue stage. In Erica and, to a lesser extent Calluna, inversion results from greater abaxial than adaxial increase in cell number and length just above the filament‐anther junction. The single vascular strand reflects the degree of inversion. Stamens of six species are appendaged; three have only awns, two only spurs, while one has both. Appendages arise from residual meristems after inversion is completed (or almost so) in all except Enkianthus. Awns develop at what will be the apex at maturity of each anther half. Their length and orientation vary among species. Only in Vaccinium do the awns become hollow (tubules). Spurs, varying in length, shape, and size, arise on the abaxial side from the filament, connective, or thecae.
Sexual Transcendence in Tsvetaeva's Poems to Pasternak
Authors: Dinega Alyssa W. 
Published: April 2006

Mutuality, do not create impediments for the Castalian stream! Unity in distance: a more intense reality, lying beyond what the eye can see.In both Marina Tsvetaeva's poetry and her life, sexuality plays an intensely ambiguous role; she vacillates between the belief that the body is merely a “wall” hiding the soul, and the contradictory belief that sexual intimacy is the necessary vehicle to spiritual transcendence. Tsvetaeva's personal sexual adventurousness is by now a well-known fact of her biography; yet this fact is not simply a result of the poet's rebellious nature but is, rather, evidence of a profound philosophical inquiry into the very nature of sex and sexuality that she sustained throughout the course of her life and her writing. Sex is the idiom in which she writes transcendence of her own limiting subjectivity, via an exit into the radical alterity represented by the figure of the beloved.
Aesticampianus' Commentary on the De Grammatica of Martianus Capella
Authors: Lutz Cora E. 
Published: April 2006

George Saintsbury, on the occasion of the seventy-fifth birthday of the eminent scholar Dr. Frederick J. Furnivall, wrote a poem to pay tribute to his friend's achievements in philology. It begins:Partes meae sunt quatuor—Dame Grammar saith, saith she,In Martian of the Goatlings (full quaintly writeth he!)Litterae, Litteratura, Litteratus, Litterate!
Bruegel's The Triumph of Death Reconsidered
Authors: Thon Peter 
Published: April 2006

'In all his works more is always implied than is depicted.'—Abraham Ortelius, ‘Epitaph’ for Pieter BruegelIf, in a sense, all artists comment on their times, only a few do so deliberately. Pieter Bruegel the Elder is the first great example of the latter type, the artist as social observer and critic. His detailed scenes of everyday life, his illustrations of proverbs and moral lessons in contemporary settings are all well known. Recently, however, art historians have become increasingly aware of less obvious social and political overtones in Bruegel's work. Paintings from the last ten years of his life, ranging from the tiny Chained Monkeys to vast scenes like The Suicide of Saul, The Conversion of Saint Paul, and The Massacre of the Innocents, have all been interpreted as veiled but pointed commentaries on conditions and events in the Netherlands during the mid-sixteenth century. The facts of history, it appears, may be highly pertinent to Bruegel's art.
Mutianus Rufus and Natural Religion: A Test Case
Authors: Baumann Fred E. 
Published: April 2006

The relationship between classical philosophy and Christian piety in the thought of Renaissance humanists poses certain questions that are answered periodically but which perennially recur. In part, this may be because these questions arise out of issues that go beyond the historian's craft to the most fundamental choices facing the human understanding. In part too, the enormous complexity of humanist expression makes interpretation difficult and allows the currents of historical sensibility to manifest themselves in analysis.In the text that follows, I will seek to give examples which indicate to me that the currently general understanding of humanist piety may have led to incorrect conclusions about the stature and clarity of thought of one figure in particular, the German humanist Mutianus Rufus. It seems to me unarguable that the greater appreciation of the difficult, ambiguous, and often idiosyncratic character of humanistic writings is a genuine triumph of modern historical scholarship.
Testaments: A Note on Three Unknown Indices in the Florentine Archives
Authors: Rosenthal Elaine G. 
Published: April 2006

The final disposition of one's worldly possessions is the prelude to the ultimate act in the life cycle. It offers a rare view into the mind of the testator as well as insights into his social and cultural milieu. For historians of art and students of social, economic, or political history, the form and content of testaments can often supply important data for research. However, all scholars who have sought specific wills know the difficulties encountered in their search.In the Florentine archives all notarized acts survive in two basic collections: the Notarile antecosimiano and the Archivio Diplomatico. The former consists of volumes of notarial protocols as written and recorded by individual notaries, while the latter consists of rolls of pergamena. The inventories for both collections are cross-referenced. The Notarile inventories are numbers 38 through 40, with an Appendice (No. 41).
Graven Images: Protestant Emblem Books in England
Authors: Diehl Huston 
Published: April 2006

‘“they adorned their Citie with all manor of sumptuous and costely buyldings, with all kinds of curious and cunning works, as Theaters, Triumphal Arkes, Pyramedes, Columnes, Spires, and a great number of graven images … All which sumptuousnesse and superfluitie hathe oftentymes … been to their great hinderaunce and damage.”“I have broughte in here twentie sights or vysions, caused them to be graven, to the ende al men may see that with their eyes, whiche I go aboute to expresse by writing”Jan Van der Noot, A Theatre for Voluptuous Worldlings
The Collapse of the Religious Hieroglyph: Typology and Natural Language in Herbert and Bacon
Authors: Cooper Andrew M. 
Published: April 2006

Because rationalism and logocentrism have no eternal political essences, … they can be put to different political uses in different historical contexts. This is not to say that epistemological claims (or literary styles, or any other symbolic structures) are ideology-free and impervious to ideological analysis, only that the relation between the epistemological claim or other symbolic structure and the interests it serves is a contextual one that can change as the historical context changes.Oscar Kenshur, “(Avoidable) Snares and Avoidable Muddles”
Courtiers and Christians: The First Japanese Emissaries to Europe*
Authors: Brown Judith C. 
Published: April 2006

On 10 August 1584 Four Japanese emissaries arrived in Lisbon. Strictly speaking, they were not the first Japanese to arrive in Europe, but they were the first official delegates sent by Japanese feudal lords. And they were the first to return to Japan after a European sojourn.’ Some historians have argued that “no Japanese emissaries, before or since, aroused comparable interest or enthusiasm” among Europeans.Much has been written about this visit, both in the sixteenth century and closer to our own, but while there is no doubt about the warmth of the welcome, judgments about its meaning and importance have differed sharply. In the late nineteenth century, Guglielmo Berchet reluctantly concluded that despite European enthusiasm and the triumph of the travelers over enormous obstacles during the journey, the embassy was of no consequence because by the time it returned to Japan in 1587, it encountered a hardening of attitudes against Europeans.
Milton on Machiavelli: Representations of the State inParadise Lost
Authors: Riebling Barbara 
Published: April 2006

In the prologue to Christopher Marlowe'sThe Jew of Malta, Machiavelli appears on stage to announce his arrival in England after a sojourn through the Continent:Albeit the world thinkeMachevillis dead,Yet was his soule but flowne beyond theAlpes,And now theGuizeis dead, is come from FranceTo view this Land and frolicke with his friends. (Prologue, 1-4)The impact of Machiavelli on sixteenth-century Europe was profound, and as this passage implies, his reception in England was complicated by an involved process of transmission. Reactions to his works mixed with demonic portrayals of him that had percolated through European political communities.
As in Ovid, So in Renaissance Art
Authors: Barolsky Paul 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis essay is a prolegomenon to the general study of Ovid's relations to Renaissance art and art theory. As is well known, theMetamorphosesdetermined the subjects of numerous works of art during the Renaissance. What is not sufficiently appreciated, however, is the extent to which the ancient poet's sense of "metamorphosis" as a figure ofpoesis, making or "poetry," helped shape Renaissance notions of poetic transformation in the visual arts. The emergent taste for thenon finitoin the Renaissance, most notably in the work of Michelangelo, had important roots in Ovidean aesthetics.
Writing Cultural History in Early Modern Europe: Christophe Milieu and his Project
Authors: Kelley Donald R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChristophe Milieu's De Scribenda Vniversitatis rervm historia libri qvinqve (Basel, 1551) interprets the "universe of things" (universitas return) within an evolutionary and historical framework consisting of five connected and progressive "grades" (gradus) of existence accessible to human understanding: nature (natura), the world of God's creation and man's animal aspect; prudence (prudentia), including the arts of survival; government (principatus), the stage of civil society and political history; wisdom (sapientia), equivalent to civilization and including the higher sciences and philosophy; and literature (litetatura), in which knowledge of the preceding phases of "progress" (progressio) is expressed in writing. Milieu's "narrative" constitutes a pioneering and comprehensive history of western culture.
International Trade and Protection of the Environment: The Continuing Search for Reconciliation
Authors: Schoenbaum Thomas J. 
Published: April 2006

Before 1991, the relationship between the protection of the environment and international trade was an arcane specialty that attracted little attention. In 1971 the GATT Council established a Working Group on Environmental Measures and International Trade. This group did not even meet for over twenty years.Everything changed with the decision in the Tuna/Dolphin I case, in which a GATT dispute resolution panel declared a United States embargo on tuna caught by fishing methods causing high dolphin mortality to be illegal. The Tuna/Dolphin I decision produced an explosion of rhetoric in both learned journals and the popular press. It was also a very interesting clash of very different “cultures,” trade specialists versus environmentalists. At die outset, neither group knew much about the other. Now, however, the legal and political issues have been identified and ventilated, mutual understanding has increased, and the process has begun to reconcile two values that are absolutely essential to the well-being of mankind: protection of the environment and international free trade.
Confiscation of property in Czechoslovakia in 1945—exclusion of German jurisdiction—Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and the Occupation—nationality in international law—neutrality of Liechtenstein in World War II
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Fassbender Bardo 
Published: April 2006

Prince of Liechtenstein v. Federal Supreme Court. Case 2 BvR 1981/97. 36 Archiv des Volkerrechts 198 (1998).German Federal Constitutional Court (3d Chamber, 2d Senate), January 28, 1998.On January 28, 1998, a chamber of the German Constitutional Court decided that the Court would not deal with a constitutional complaint brought before it by Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein, Head of State of die Principality of Liechtenstein. In effect, the chamber thus upheld the decisions made by the civil courts rejecting the Prince's attempt to recover a family painting confiscated by Czechoslovakia and currently on loan to a German museum.
Form and Function in Italian Renaissance Popular Books
Authors: Grendler Paul F. 
Published: April 2006

Form and Function are Closely connected in books. The physical appearance of books indicates purpose and intended readership. A combination of size, type, and page layout offers visible signals informing the reader of the content before he begins to read a book. Books that look differentaredifferent. They have different subject matters, purposes, and readerships.Anyone browsing in a bookstore in the late twentieth century knows this. Today an illustration on the cover provides the most obvious clue concerning the subject matter and purpose of a book. When the cover shows a handsome man with a scowl on his face and a gun in his hand along with a beautiful young woman in distress—and possibly some degree of undress—we know that the book is a “thriller.” When the cover shows a spaceship, we know that the book is science fiction.
Margaret Cavendish and the Romance of Contract*
Authors: Kahn Victoria 
Published: April 2006

All things by war are in a Chaos hurl'dBut love alone first made,And still preserves the world.— Alexander BromeI have heard [William Cavendish] say several times, that his love to his gracious master King Charles the Second was above the love he bore to his wife, children, and all his posterity, nay, to his own life: and when, since his return into England, I answered him that I observed his gracious master did not love him so well as he loved him; he replied, that he cared not whether his Majesty loved him again or not; for he was resolved to love him.— The Life of William, Duke of Newcastle
Cover Picture: White Electroluminescence from a Single‐Polymer System with Simultaneous Two‐Color Emission: Polyfluorene as the Blue Host and a 2,1,3‐Benzothiadiazole Derivative as the Orange Dopant (Adv. Funct. Mater. 7/2006)
Authors: Liu J. , Zhou Q. G. , Cheng Y. X. , Geng Y. H. , Wang L. X. , Ma D. G. , Jing X. B. , Wang F. S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNew single‐polymer electroluminescent systems containing two individual emission species—polyfluorenes as a blue host and 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole derivative units as an orange dopant on the main chain—have been designed and synthesized by Wang and co‐workers on p. 957. The resulting single polymers are found to have highly efficient white electroluminescence with simultaneous blue and orange emission from the corresponding emitting species. A single‐layer device has been fabricated that has performance characteristics roughly comparable to those of organic white‐light‐emitting diodes with multilayer device structures.New single‐polymer electroluminescent systems containing two individual emission species—polyfluorenes as a blue host and 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole derivative units as an orange dopant on the main chain—have been designed and synthesized. The resulting single polymers are found to have highly efficient white electroluminescence with simultaneous blue (λmax = 421 nm/445 nm) and orange emission (λmax = 564 nm) from the corresponding emitting species. The influence of the photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies of both the blue and orange species on the electroluminescence (EL) efficiencies of white polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) based on the single‐polymer systems has been investigated. The introduction of the highly efficient 4,7‐bis(4‐(N‐phenyl‐N‐(4‐methylphenyl)amino)phenyl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole unit to the main chain of polyfluorene provides significant improvement in EL efficiency. For a single‐layer device fabricated in air (indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonic acid/polymer/Ca/Al), pure‐white electroluminescence with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.35,0.32), maximum brightness of 12 300 cd m–2, luminance efficiency of 7.30 cd A–1, and power efficiency of 3.34 lm W–1 can be obtained. This device is approximately two times more efficient than that utilizing a single polyfluorene containing 1,8‐naphthalimide moieties, and shows remarkable improvement over the corresponding blend systems in terms of efficiency and color stability. Thermal treatment of the single‐layer device before cathode deposition leads to the further improvement of the device performance, with CIE coordinates of (0.35,0.34), turn‐on voltage of 3.5 V, luminance efficiency of 8.99 cd A–1, power efficiency of 5.75 lm W–1, external quantum efficiency of 3.8 %, and maximum brightness of 12 680 cd m–2. This performance is roughly comparable to that of white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with multilayer device structures and complicated fabrication processes.
Synthesis of bulk MgB2 superconductors by pulsed electric current
Authors: Locci A. M. , Orrù R. , Cao G. , Sanna S. , Congiu F. , Concas G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA preparation method to simultaneously synthesize and consolidate bulk MgB2 superconductors from Mg and B commercial elemental powders by means of the spark plasma sintering technique is reported. The influence of process parameters on sintering process dynamics as well as product characteristics, determined by transport and magnetic measurements, is investigated. The superconducting properties of the obtained samples, and particularly the critical current density, are comparable or better than those corresponding to other MgB2 preparation techniques. Thus, the superconductive properties of the bulk MgB2 materials synthesized in this work are suitable for selected applications, such as magnetic levitation, magnetic screening, and fault current limiters. It should be finally noted that the proposed method represents a particularly rapid preparation route as compared to other techniques. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Hysteresis and its model prediction of electrorheological fluids
Authors: Kim Young Dae , Kee Daniel De 
Published: April 2006

AbstractElectrorheological (ER) fluids are suspensions of polarizable particles dispersed in insulating liquids. They exhibit a rapid and reversible transition from a liquid‐like to a solid‐like state upon the application of an electric field. The observed shear stress–shear rate hysteresis makes the precise control of the ER mechanical devices very difficult. Hysteresis behavior of TiO2 ER fluids were observed by varying particle concentration, electric field strength, maximum shear rate, and the time of the hysteresis loop. In the absence of an electric field, the stress level of the up curve exceeds that of the down curve. The presence of an electric field reverses this trend. The extent of hysteresis becomes more significant with increasing electric field strength, particle concentration, and maximum shear rate. Hysteresis behavior of TiO2 ER fluids seems to arise mainly due to the change of the particle structure during shearing. To describe the complex rheological behavior of ER fluids, a kinetic theory is presented. Model predictions show qualitative agreement with the experimental hysteresis data. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
School fitness tests as predictors of adult health‐related fitness
Authors: Mikkelsson Lasse , Kaprio Jaakko , Kautiainen Hannu , Kujala Urho , Mikkelsson Marja , Nupponen Heimo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRelationships between adolescent physical fitness and adult health‐related fitness were investigated. Forty‐five subjects (20 males, 25 females) participated in physical fitness tests in 1976 and again in 2001. The adolescent physical fitness tests were distance running (2,000 m for boys or 1,500 m for girls), 50 m run, pull‐ups (boys) or flexed arm hangs (girls), shuttle run, a 30‐sec sit‐up test, standing broad jump, hand grip‐test, and sit‐and‐reach test. The adult health‐related physical fitness index (APFI), stratified by sex, was formed by summing the z‐scores of a bicycle ergometer test, sit‐up test, hand‐grip test, and sit‐and‐reach test. Height‐ and weight‐adjusted correlations between adolescence and adulthood for exactly similar tests for men and women were, respectively, 0.74 (95% CI, 0.44–0.89) and 0.53 (95% CI, 0.17–0.76) in sit‐and‐reach tests, 0.41 (95% CI, −0.04 to 0.72) and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.20–0.78) in sit‐up tests, and 0.53 (95% CI, 0.11–0.44) and 0.44 (95% CI, 0.05–0.71) in hand‐grip tests. When all adolescent tests were put in regression analysis together with BMI in 2001, the significant explanatory factors for APFI were distance running ability and the sit‐and‐reach test for men and sit‐up test, flexed arm hang, and BMI in 2001 for women. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:342–349, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High prevalence and phenotype–genotype correlations of limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I in Denmark
Authors: Sveen Marie‐Louise , Schwartz Marianne , Vissing John 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectivesThe prevalence of limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2I (LGMD2I) in northern Europe is unknown. We investigated this and the genotype–phenotype relation in LGMD2I.MethodsProspective clinical and molecular screening of 118 Danish patients registered with LGMD was performed to divide patients into LGMD subtypes.ResultsOne hundred three patients fulfilled the clinical criteria for LGMD2. Thirty‐eight had LGMD2I (27 homozygous, 11 compound heterozygous for 826C>A), 23 had sarcoglycanopathy, 2 dysferlinopathy, 12 calpainopathy, and 4 Becker muscular dystrophy. The 24 patients with no molecular diagnosis did not harbor fukutin‐related protein gene (FKRP) mutations. A clear clinical delineation was found between patients homozygous and compound heterozygous for the 826C>A mutation. Homozygous patients had later debut, milder clinical progression, and less muscle weakness compared with compound heterozygous patients, who were all wheelchair bound by their mid‐20s. Impaired cardiac pump function was found in both groups.InterpretationThis study reports a different distribution of LGMD subtypes in Denmark than seen in other geographic regions, with a threefold to fourfold higher prevalence of LGMD2I than elsewhere. The findings support a clear clinical delineation between patients homozygous and compound heterozygous for the 826C>A mutation in FKRP. The findings suggest that, in the studied region, screening for the 826C>A mutation will identify all persons with LGMD2I. Ann Neurol 2006;59:808–815