bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SELECTION OF CLAYS FOR SAGGERS OF PREDETERMINED RESISTANCE TO THERMAL SHOCK AND PREDICTION OF SAGGER LIFE IN SERVICE*
Authors: Heindl R. A. , Mong L. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA series of twelve sagger bodies having a wide range in properties was prepared from fourteen different clays and grog made, in most instances, from the same clays. Experimental saggers heated to different temperatures were tested for resistance to thermal shock and the values compared with predetermined values assigned to each of the bodies. A chart was prepared which shows the relation between modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, linear thermal expansion, and resistance of saggers to thermal shock.
THE ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR OF GLASS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Guyer E. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTNew instruments and equipment are described for the measurement of the electrical conductivity of glass at room temperatures. The accuracy of the method is discussed and certain precautions are specified for this type of measurement. A short review is given of the results of measurements with such equipment on a series of glasses. In partirular, experiments are described on the effect of (1) chilling, (2) prolonged heat treatment which produces an actual separation of phases, (3) mechanical strains, and (4) superposed radio‐frequency currents on the conductivity of the glass at room temperature. In conclusion, it is pointed out that the results of these measurements indicate that the electrical behavior of glass at room temperature is of importance.
ELIMINATION OF BLISTERING OF ENAMELED‐IRON NUMBER PLATES *
Authors: Scott W. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn the manufacture of enameled‐iron number plates for dials on pay‐station telephones, blisters, formed in the enamel during the low‐temperature firing of the printed characters and background, resulted in an average process loss of 14%. Proposed remedies tried without success were (1) the use of different enamels and enameling irons, (2) firing the characters at other temperatures than the standard temperature of 1310°F, and (3) special treatment of the iron surface before enameling, such as deep steelblasting, heating at 1310°F prior to enameling, or copper plating. The blistering was finally eliminated by increasing the length of the heating‐up period in the character firing operation.
GRAPHITE AS A REFRACTORY*
Authors: Stone Richard H 
Published: June 2006

ARSTRACT(1) Some properties of graphite are discussed and industrial applications as a refractory are enumerated. (2) Previous work on graphite, particularly during the World War on graphite crucibles, is reviewed. That work was directed toward finding substitutes for imported graphites and clays. Since peace‐time conditions were restored the manufacturers have returned to foreign sources of raw materials and some reasons for this tendency are advanced (3) Analyses of several foreign and domestic graphites are tabulated (4) Reports are given on experiments on the thermal conductivity of clay‐graphite bodies.; with the effect of varying percentages of graphite on the conductivity.
CONSTITUTION AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF SILICA COKEOVEN BRICK AFTER SERVICE*
Authors: Austin J. B. , Pierce R. H. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwo silica brick which were in service in a coke oven for over ten years have been examined under the petrographic microscope. At the fluc sidc the brick were almost completely converted to cristobalite, next comes a relatively thick layer which is mainly tridymite, and finally near the coke side quartz is found in addition. Measurements on small specimens taken from one of the brick show that the several layers have very different expansions. It is concluded that in cooling a battery of ovens great care should be taken to cool slowly through the temperature range 200 to 300°C.
THE EFFECT OF MECHANICAL PRESSURE ON THE IMBIBITIONAL AND DRYING PROPERTIES OF SOME CERAMIC CLAYS, II*
Authors: Westman A. E. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe apparatus and technique used in a study of the permeable‐pressing characteristics of ceramic clays, described in a previous paper with the same title, were used in making a detailed study of the effect of molding pressure on the properties of permeablepressed disks of Florida and Delaware kaolins, The effect of initially high preswres on the properties of disks made at low pressures was investigated, and the rate of water removal was studied. The permeable‐pressing characteristics of mixtures of clays and nonplastics were investigated at high and low pressures and the firing properties of permeable‐pressed clay disks made in the previous investigation were determined. Further work with larger disks is in progress.
RAPID FIRING OF SEMIPORCELAIN*
Authors: Robson J. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSome of the factors limiting the firing cycle of semiporcelain ware are listed. Satisfactory seven‐inch bisque, eight high, was obtained with a complete firing cycle of 15½ hours. Satisfactory glost was obtained with a complete firing cycle of 8½ hours.
POTASH–SODA–LIME FELDSPAR EUTECTIC STUDY*
Authors: Martz Joseph A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn investigation was made of the fusion behavior of the potash feldspar, soda feldspar, and soda‐lime feldspar system, all materials being of commercial grade. The potash feldspar had a pyrometric cone equivalent of cone 9½, the soda feldspar, cone 6½, and the soda‐lime feldspar deformed at cone 11½. Mixtures varying according to the triaxial diagram were made in the form of pyrometric cones. These were fired in groups along with standard Orton cones.The 30% commercial potash feldspar‐70% commercial soda feldspar mixture reached 6 o'clock deformation when standard Orton cone 6 showed 2 o'clock deformation.The mixture of 62½% commercial potash feldspar with 37½% soda‐lime feldspar reached 6 o'clock deformation when cone 7 showed 1 o'clock deformation, the deformation of the cone 9½ potash feldspar being reduced 3 cones by the addition of the proper percentage of the cone 11½ soda‐lime feldspar.There was an increase in deformation temperatures (no indication of eutectic) in the plagioclase series, soda feldspar to soda‐lime feldspar.The mixture of 30% commercial potash feldspar, 60% commercial soda feldspar, 10% soda‐lime feldspar showed 6 o'clock deformation when cone 6 showed 1 o'clock deformation, this being the lowest temperature at which any member of the system showed 6 o'clock deformation.
EFFECT OF ZINC OXIDE ON SHEET‐IRON COVER‐ENAMEL PROPERTIES*
Authors: Fetterolf L. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of ZnO on sheet‐iron cover‐enamel properties was studied by evaluation of the properties of a typical sheet‐iron cover enamel in which ZnO was used as single‐ and double‐partial replacements for the various ingredients. The fluxing action of ZnO was found to be pronounced and it was markedly effective in decreasing frit solubility in the mill liquor. Improvement in gloss resulted from its use without any adverse effect on enamel extensibility and resistance to thermal shock.
X‐RAY INVESTIGATION OF THE OPACIFYING COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN SHEET‐IRON COVER ENAMELS*
Authors: Andrews Andrew I. , Breen J. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBy the use of X‐ray methods, sheet‐iron cover‐enamel frits and fired enamels were investigated. The results obtained show that tin oxide exists as tin dioxide in the enamel, antimony as antimony pentoxide, fluorspar as calcium fluoride, and cryolite as sodium fluoride. Zirconium oxide does not exist as the crystalline zirconium oxide even when present as a mill addition. Variations in the compositions of the ordinary sheet‐iron cover enamels do not affect the identity of the crystals.
THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF SHEET‐IRON GROUND‐COAT ENAMELS*
Authors: Andrews Andrew I. , Smith Robert K. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe thermal expansions of sheet‐iron ground‐coat enamels were determined by use of the interferometer. The results showed that the calculated expansions based on the factors of Mayer and Havas were close to the actual expansions. It was also shown that variations of borax, feldspar, and quartz resulted in a fairly uniform change in the expansion. It was possible to interpolate between values for these constituents. The softening of the enamels in the interferometer test proved to be a characteristic change depending on the fusibility of the enamel. These data showed promise as a test for fusibility.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SODA IN GLASSES*
Authors: Scholes S. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA direct determination of alkali is often avoided in glass analysis because of the tedious nature of the method and the estimation by difference is not justifiable because of accumulating errors. The method proposed consists in HF‐H2SO4 decomposition, removal of MgO and R2O3 by lime, conversion of sulfate to carbonates by Ba(OH)2 and CO2, boiling to precipitate CaCO3 and BaCO3, and titration of Na2CO3.
COLOR CHANGES IN FLINT GLASS*
Authors: Lyle A. K. , Sharp Donald E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDecolorizcd glasses vary in their approach to neutral color depending upon their and custom of manufacture. Iron, the chief coloring agent in colorless glass, produces several colors. The iron color is first controlled and then neutralized with complementary color or colors furnished by a variety of oxides. The final tint may be neutral or not, depending upon the method of examination, and varies with changing conditions.Thc decolorizing materials are subject to change after the glass is made. These changes are caused by heat and light radiations. Much research on color change is incomplete. The glass composition should be accurately known and the color should represented by spectral transmissions.
THE ACTION OF WASTE‐WOOD ASH ON REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Skinner Kenneth G. , Field Norman L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA description is given of several industrial waste‐wood furnaces with auxiliary oil‐firing equipment to show the types of installations and the slagged areas. In the tests, wood ash from industrial furnaces was blown onto panels of various refractories which had bccn heated in an oil flame. Chemical analyses and properties of the brick tested, the waste‐wood ash, the slags from industrial furnaces, and the test furnace are given. All of the refractories suffered in this high lime‐alkali slag, but silicon carbide gave the best resistance. The tests indicated that the absorption of the fireclay and diaspore types of brick was more important in their resistance than the alumina‐silica ratio. Petrographic studies of the slag‐brick interface showed the presence of mullite in all of the fireclay, kaolin, and diaspre brick.
WATER MOVEMENT IN STIFF‐MUD WARE AND ITS RELATION TO DRYING*
Authors: Lovejoy Ellis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTStiff‐mud test bars were dried from one surface, and the rate of water loss was determined by frequent weighings. The plotted curves indicate an end point in the water movement with a loss of around 60% of the total water. This loss was checked by soluble salts in the clay and alkalinity tests at intervals.
A PECULIARITY OF SHEET‐IRON ACID RESISTING COVER COAT ENAMELS*
Authors: Ebright H. E. , Hansen J. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt has been demonstrated that the small bare spots evident in the first coat of acid‐resisting enamel applied directly upon the ground coat are not necessarily the result of a process fishscaling in the ground coat during the firing operation, but are more often the result of reboiling of the ground‐coat enamel and lack of film strength in the yet unfused layer of acid‐resisting enamel. Reboiling, or other mechanical movements of the ground coat, may promote defects in acid‐resisting enamels which would not be visible in those of the nonacid‐resisting type, particularly when these enamels are applied directly upon the ground coat. The electrolytes used with acid‐resisting enamels are directly connected with the popping condition noted. A choice of the proper kinds and amounts of electrolytes for “setting‐up” the enamel can, in some cases, eliminate or minimize this trouble. The use of a nonacid‐resisting enamel, properly set up as an intermediate layer between the ground coat and the finish coat of acid‐resisting enamel, will also prevent troubles of this kind. The tendency for this peculiar defect to occur depends also upon the type of enameling base metal used and its tendency to reboil.
A SUMMARY OF THE OBSERVATIONS AND FACTS CONCERNING THE PHENOMENON OF REBOILING*
Authors: Lord James Osborn 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe recent observations and generally accepted facts concerning the phenomenon of reboiling of enamels on sheet metals are listed concisely. Six photomicrographs are presented to show the outstanding characteristics of the enamels obtained by some of the treatments described in the paper. With no attempt at a final explanation, a series of the most obvious deductions to be drawn from the observations of the first portion of the paper is made. In conclusion, some of the various theories that have been expressed to explain reboiling are mentioned and discussed.
EFFECT OF ORGANIC GRINDING MEDIA ON WATER‐SOLUBLE SILICA FRITS*
Authors: Barlett Helen Blair , Schwartzwalder Karl 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe tendency of fine particles of a slightly water‐soluble silicate to agglomerate, thus preventing effective determination of grain‐size distribution in the dried material, may be overcome by using organic liquids as the grinding media. An explanation is offered for the action of various liquids.
MINERALOGY OF TYPICAL NORTH CAROLINA CLAYS AND SHALES*
Authors: Pabianic W. L. , Stolte N. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA microscopic examination was made on those clays and shales of North Carolina which gave most promise of future development in the structural day products industry. The more common minerals were determined rather than the rare ones which did not occur in sufficient quantity to affect the quality of the clay. The work showed clay substance to be the most abundant material present, followed by quartz, red and yellow iron oxides, muscovite through sericite to hydromica, and epidote, with smaller amounts of rutile, biotite, titanite, tourmaline, and zircon. Diatoms were found in two cases and kaolinite in one.
SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH ZIRCON AND ZIRCONIA REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Comstock George F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis is a record of the results of five years' research on refractory uses for a chemically purified grade of zircon and electrically fmed zirconia of high purity. The products investigated included semi‐permanent foundry molds, refractory brick and cements, ladle nozzles, and crucibles. Electric firing and a small oil‐fired tunnel kiln are described. Sintered zircon grog was found superior to electrically fused grog. Zircon brick made with 50% grog, using 20% milled zircon for the permanent bond and fired at 1600°C for an hour, showed no firing shrinkage, very slight volume change, and high compressive strength at 1600°C. They were extremely resistant to spalling but did not resist basic slags or metallic oxides very well a t high temperature. Zircon‐bonded magnesite brick were more refractory than ordinary magnesite, more resistant to spalling, and had about the same slag resistance magnesite. Zirconia was more refractory than zircon and had better slag resistance. Lime‐bonded zirconia crucibles of good spalling resistance were made, but the cost was higher than that of zircon. The effects of various binders are discussed.
TENSILE TESTS OF GLASSES*
Authors: Schwalbe W. L. , Badger A. E. , Silverman W. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA machine was designed to place tensile loads on glass fibers having diameters from 0.6 to 0.8 millimeter (0.024 to 0.032 inch). The results of tests on twelve glasses of known chemical compositions are given. The fractured surfaces exhibited characteristic smooth and rippled areas which were measured and correlated with the breaking loads. In order to compare the various glasses, it is convenient to use that value of the load per unit area which exists in a fiber whose fractured surface shows a smooth area that is 1% of the section. For the twelve glasses tested, these values ranged from 23.0 to 33.0 kg. per mm.2 (32,500 to 47,000 1b. per sq. in.) when the load on the fiber was increased at the rate of 1 pound per minute.
EFFECT OF GLASS COLOR ON SETTING RATES IN MANUFACTURE OF GLASS BOTTLES *
Authors: Burch O. G. , Babcock C. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt has been observed in the manufacture of bottles of the same size and shape from various colored glasses, such as emerald green and amber and the so‐called flint bottle glass, that higher machine speeds are usually obtained in the case of the colored glasses. A laboratory test has been devised to measure the cooling rates of several colored and colorless glasses throughout their respective working ranges, which gives results paralleling the speeds obtained in actual bottle manufacture.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PRODUCTION OF FUSED MULLITE FOR REFRACTORIES *
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe principles of the process of fusing ceramic materials for abrasives and refractories are now rather generally known. The benefits to be derived from the additions of fused materials to a refractory are likely to be (1) an increase of chemical resistance owing to the greater density and lower permeability, (2) an increase of load‐bearing value of the product, and (3) a control of the kind and number of crystalline materials present in the grain as well as the proportion of glass contained. The term “flux” is not necessarily correctly used in connection with such fused materials, because it often applies only to a constituent which changes the proportions of the crystalline phases and does not affect the refractoriness or glass content.
NATURE OF THE GLASS PHASE IN HEATED CLAY MATERIALS: II*
Authors: Shelton George R. , Meyer William W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe glass phase in the bodies studied was more sensitive to variations in heat treatment than were the physical properties. Increased rates of heating caused less glass and mullite formation, less quartz corrosion, more pores and blebs, and increased heterogeneity of the glassy matrix. Microstructure and physical properties indicated an optimum heating rate between 50° and 90° per hour. Soaking increased the amount of glass, more so after slow than after rapid heating. Soaking after rapid heating did not reduce the number of blebs. Soaking too long and at too high temperatures made blebs more numerous. A minimum soaking time of one hour seemed desirable. The optimum heating rate and minimum soaking time governed the shortest heating schedule productive of the best microstructure and physical properties.
SOME PYROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PYROPHYLLITE *
Authors: Parmelee C. W. , Barrett L. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTwo samples of pyrophyllite from North Carolina were heated at temperatures from 400° to 1400°C. Studies of weight loss, volume change, and other heat effects were made. X‐ray examinations were made of the unheated and heated samples to determine the minerals present.Pyrophyllite lost its water of constitution between 400° and 700°C without any heat effect or breakdown of the crystal lattice. There was, however, an increased separation of the alumino‐silicate layers reflected in a permanent linear expansion. Between 1000° and 1100°C, the dehydrated pyrophyllite decomposed, one of the products being mullite.In the presence of small quantities of vanadic and tungstic oxides, mullite and cristo‐balite were noticed at a lower temperature; boric oxide had no effect.
THE STRUCTURE OF SILICA GLASS BY X‐RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES *
Authors: Warren B. E. , Biscce J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThree definite conclusions can be drawn from the X‐ray diffraction studies of vitreous silica. (1) The tetrahedral scheme of coordination, in which each silicon is tetrahedral surrounded by four oxygens and each oxygen shared between two silicons, is given directly by the Fourier analysis. (2) The liquid‐like continuity in the structure of glassy silica with no indication of discrete particles is given by the absence of small‐angle scattering. (3) If the diffraction pattern is explained by assuming small cristo‐balite crystals in the glass, calculations are made from the peak breadth that the particles can not be greater than about 8A. The random‐network theory of the structure of glass is in agreement with these experimental facts.
A STUDY OF AN ALUMINA‐SILICA CHECKER BRICK FROM THE REGENERATOR OF A GLASS TANK *
Authors: Thompsoni C. L. , Rexford E. P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAt the end of a campaign, alumina‐silica checker brick in glass‐tank regenerators occasionally are found to have undergone partial destruction as a result of the separation of an altered surface layer of the brick from the less affected core. In an investigation of such an occurrence, it was found that the outer layer had largely been converted to nephelite by reaction of soda vapors and dust from the glass batch with mullite and corundum in the brick. Thermal expansion determinations showed that the rate of reversible thermal expansion in the altered layer was almost twice as great as that of the unaltered brick. It is concluded that the separation or slabbing of the altered layer was due in part to this difference in thermal expansion and in part to a permanent expansion of the slabbed layer which occurred apparently when portions of the brick substance were converted to nephelite.
AN INVESTIGATION OF POWER REDUCTION AND MOISTURE CONTROL IN WASTE‐HEAT DRYING *
Authors: McKinley J. M. , Robinson R. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe conditions existing in a firebrick drier of the usual continuous waste‐heat type were analyzed and a description of the drier equipment and the results obtained are given. Observations were made on the amount of air flowing through the drier and the pressures and power required for air flow, and the relative humidity of the air entering and leaving the drier is given Calculations to determine the amount of air at a predetermined temperature required for heating the ware are made, and methods of procedure to reduce power and to control humidity are detailed. An account of the data collected after the changes were put into effect illustrates the possibility of lowering power costs, controlling humidity, and increasing the speed of drying as well as reducing the loss in ware.
KARCITE, A NEW CERAMIC MATERIAL FOR LABORATORY EQUIPMENT*
Authors: Phelps Stuart M. , Marbaker Edward E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA program of research and development is described that has resulted in the formulation and commercial production of a ceramic body, which, when impregnated with bitumens and heat‐treated, becomes impervious because of the deposition of carbon, in the form of coke, in its pores. This material possesses properties particularly adapting it to use in the manufacture of sinks, drain pipe and fittings, and other forms of laboratory and chemical plant equipment. The properties of the new material are given, and its application in other fields is considered.
SURFACE PROPERTIES OF FUSED SALTS AND GLASSES: II, CONTACT ANGLE AND WORK OF ADHESION ON GOLD AND PLÁTINUM IN VARIOUS ATMOSPHERES
Authors: Ellefson Bennett S. , Taylor Nelson W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAt 1000°C, drops of sodium silicate (42% Na2O) resting on a gold surface showed the same contact angle in vacuo, nitrogen, or oxygen, but on a platinum surface they spread to a thin layer in the presence of oxygen. Lithium metaborate and an enamel cover‐coat frit behaved like the sodium silicate in forming drops on platinum in vacuo and thin films when oxygen was present. The absolute work of adhesion was determined in several cases. This quantity is greater for the metal surfaces than for a surface of electrode graphite. The rate of spreading was shown to depend inversely on the viscosity of the liquid. Photographs are presented to illustrate these observations. Some applications are noted.