bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Alternative to API 14E Erosional Velocity Limits for Sand Laden Fluids
Authors: Salama Mamdouh M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The current practice for eliminating erosional problems in piping systems is to limit the flow velocity (Ve) to that established by the recommended practice API RP 14E based on an empirical constant(C-factor) and the fluid mixture density (Pm) as follows:(available in full paper)
The API criterion is specified for clean service (non-corrosive and sand-free) and it is noted that the C-factor should be reduced if sand or corrosive conditions are present. The validity of the equation has been challenged on the basis that the API RP 14E limits on the C-factor can be very conservative for clean service and is not applicable for conditions when corrosion or sand are present. Extensive effort has been devoted to develop an alterative approach for establishing erosional velocity limits for sand laden fluids. Unfortunately, none of these proposals have been adopted as a standard practice because of their complexity, This paper will review the results of these studies and proposes an alterativeequation that is as simple as the API 14 E equation. This alterative Equation has the following form:(available in full paper)
The value of the S-factor depends on the pipe geometry, i.e. bend, tee, contraction, expansion, etc. Using the units for mixture flow velocity (Ve). in m/s, fluid mixture density (All) in kg/m3, pipe diameter (D) In rum and sand production (W) in kg/day, the value of the S-factor is 0.05 for pipe bends. The accuracy of the proposedequation for predicting erosion in pipe bends for fluids containing sand is demonstrated by a comparison with several multi-phase flow loop tests that cover a broad range of liquid-gas ratios and sand concentrations.

Introduction
Erosion is defined as the removal of material from a solid surface by the repeated application of mechanical forces. These forces are induced by solid particles, liquid droplets, or cavitations. Liquid impingement erosion occurs when liquid drops or liquid jet repeatedly impact the solid surface. Erosion may be attributed toremoval of the metal, the inhibited film, and/or protective corrosion scales. In order to avoid erosion damage, the current oil industry practice f()f sizing process piping, flow lines, pipelines, and tubing is to limit the now velocity to the maximum erosional velocity ascalculated by the following API RP 14 E equation (API, 1981, 1991)(available in full paper)
The Original API criterion is specified for clean service (noncorrosive and sand-free), and it is noted that the C-factor should bereduced if sand or corrosive conditions are present. However no guidelines are provided for these reductions. It has been argued by several investigators that the API RP 14E relation is extremely conservative under these conditions and this led to the changes in the 1991 edition. However, the recent changes imply that a C-factor of 100 is acceptable for corrosive systems and a C-factor of 150 to 200 is acceptable for inhibited systems.
Solar Cells with Enhanced Photocurrent Efficiencies Using Oligoaniline‐Crosslinked Au/CdS Nanoparticles Arrays on Electrodes
Authors: Yildiz Huseyin Bekir , Tel‐Vered Ran , Willner Itamar 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDifferent configurations of CdS nanoparticles (NPs) are linked to Au electrodes by electropolymerization of thioaniline‐functionalized CdS NPs onto thioaniline‐functionalized Au‐electrodes. In one configuration, thioaniline‐functionalized CdS NPs are electropolymerized in the presence of thioanline‐modified Au NPs to yield an oligoaniline‐crosslinked CdS/Au NPs array. The NP‐functionalized electrode generates a photocurrent with a quantum yield that corresponds to ca. 9%. The photocurrent intensities are controlled by the potential applied on the electrode, and the redox‐state of the oligoaniline bridge. In the oxidized quinoide state of the oligoaniline units, the bridges act as electron acceptors that trap the conduction‐band electrons that are transported to the electrode and lead to high quantum yield photocurrents. The reduced π‐donor oligoaniline bridges act as π‐donor sites that associate N,N′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium, MV2+, by donor/acceptor interactions, Ka = 5270 M−1. The associated MV2+ acts as an effective trap of the conduction‐band electrons, and in the presence of triethanolamine (TEOA) as an electron donor, high photocurrent values are measured (ca. 12% quantum yield). The electropolymerization of thioaniline‐functionalized Au NPs and thioaniline‐modified CdS NPs in the presence of MV2+ yields a MV2+‐imprinted NP array. The imprinted array exhibits enhanced affinities toward the association of MV2+ to the oligoaniline π‐donor sites, Ka = 2.29 × 104 M−1. This results in the effective trapping of the conduction‐band electrons and an enhanced quantum yield of the photocurrent, ca. 34%. The sacrificial electron donor, TEOA, was substituted with the reversible donor I3−. A solar cell consisting of the imprinted CdS/Au NPs array, with MV2+ and I3−, was constructed. The cell generated a photocurrent with a quantum yield of 4.7%.
The influence of natural variations in maternal care on play fighting in the rat
Authors: Parent Carine I. , Meaney Michael J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNaturally occurring variations in maternal care in the rat influence the sensitivity of offspring to stress in adulthood. The offspring of mothers that show lower levels of pup licking/grooming (i.e., low‐LG mothers) demonstrate enhanced responses to stress and increased anxiety compared to those of high‐LG mothers. Low‐LG offspring are also more sensitive to the influence of environmental enrichment than high‐LG offspring. This study examined play fighting in the juvenile offspring of high‐LG and low‐LG dams in a multiple‐play partners housing environment. Male offspring from low‐LG dams demonstrated a significantly higher frequency of pouncing, pinning and aggressive social grooming than did high‐LG males and high‐LG and low‐LG females. Consistent with earlier reports, male pups engaged in more play fighting than did females and maternal care was associated with differences in play fighting but only in males. Lower levels of stimulation in the form of LG from the dam during perinatal development may thus increase sensitivity for the stimulating effects of play behavior in periadolescence, in part explaining the increased solicitation of play fighting through increased pouncing in the male offspring of the low‐LG mothers. These findings identify a possible influence of variations in maternal care on play fighting and suggest that maternal care in the perinatal period influence social interactions during periadolescence. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 767–776, 2008
Simvastatin impairs humoral and cell‐mediated immunity in mice by inhibiting lymphocyte homing, T‐cell activation and antigen cross‐presentation
Authors: Ulivieri Cristina , Fanigliulo Daniela , Benati Daniela , Laghi Pasini Franco , Baldari Cosima T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractStatins block the activity of HMG‐CoA reductase, which catalyses the production of mevalonate, an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis, which is also a precursor of isoprenoids. In addition to lowering circulating cholesterol, these drugs display anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities in vitro; however, their effects on the development of adaptive immune responses in vivo, as well as the underlying mechanisms, are as yet largely unknown. Here we investigated the outcome of simvastatin treatment on a number of processes, which together orchestrate adaptive immunity to specific antigen. Simvastatin treatment resulted in a marked reduction of T and B cells in spleen, lymph nodes and peripheral blood in mice. This effect could be ascribed principally to an impairment of lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid organs. In addition, simvastatin was found to strongly inhibit T‐cell responses to the MHCI restricted hen ovalbumin peptide antigen SIINFEKL and to impair ovalbumin uptake and cross‐presentation by MHCI. Simvastatin also suppressed antibody responses to immunization with ovalbumin and delayed‐type hypersensitivity to allergens. These activities could be largely accounted for by the simvastatin‐dependent inhibition of HMG‐CoA reductase. The data provide novel mechanistic insight into the activities of simvastatin in the highly complex context of the immune response.
Polyfunctional HCV‐specific T‐cell responses are associated with effective control of HCV replication
Authors: Ciuffreda Donatella , Comte Denis , Cavassini Matthias , Giostra Emiliano , Bühler Leo , Perruchoud Monika , Heim Markus H. , Battegay Manuel , Genné Daniel , Mulhaupt Beat , Malinverni Raffaele , Oneta Carl , Bernasconi Enos , Monnat Martine , Cerny Andreas , Chuard Christian , Borovicka Jan , Mentha Gilles , Pascual Manuel , Gonvers Jean‐Jacques , Pantaleo Giuseppe , Dutoit Valérie 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHCV infection has a severe course of disease in HIV/HCV co‐infection and in liver transplant recipients. However, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we evaluated functional profiles of HCV‐specific T‐cell responses in 86 HCV mono‐infected patients, 48 HIV/HCV co‐infected patients and 42 liver transplant recipients. IFN‐γ and IL‐2 production and ability of CD4 and CD8 T cells to proliferate were assessed after stimulation with HCV‐derived peptides. We observed that HCV‐specific T‐cell responses were polyfunctional in HCV mono‐infected patients, with presence of proliferating single IL‐2‐, dual IL‐2/IFN‐γ and single IFN‐γ‐producing CD4+ and dual IL‐2/IFN‐γ and single IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ cells. In contrast, HCV‐specific T‐cell responses had an effector profile in HIV/HCV co‐infected individuals and liver transplant recipients with absence of single IL‐2‐producing HCV‐specific CD4+ and dual IL‐2/IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells. In addition, HCV‐specific proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was severely impaired in HIV/HCV co‐infected patients and liver transplant recipients. Importantly, “only effector” T‐cell responses were associated with significantly higher HCV viral load and more severe liver fibrosis scores. Therefore, the present results suggest that immune‐based mechanisms may contribute to explain the accelerated course of HCV infection in conditions of HIV‐1 co‐infection and liver transplantation.
Mouse CD146/MCAM is a marker of natural killer cell maturation
Authors: Despoix Nicolas , Walzer Thierry , Jouve Nathalie , Blot‐Chabaud Marcel , Bardin Nathalie , Paul Pascale , Lyonnet Luc , Vivier Eric , Dignat‐George Francoise , Vély Frédéric 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCD146/melanoma cell adhesion molecule is an adhesion molecule expressed by endothelial cells and by a small fraction of activated T and B lymphocytes in humans. In order to analyze the pattern of CD146 expression in mouse leukocytes at steady‐state conditions, we generated a set of novel rat anti‐mouse CD146 monoclonal antibodies. CD146 expression was undetectable on monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells or B cells, but was expressed on about 30% of neutrophils and 60% of NK cells. Within murine lymphocytes, CD146 was defined as a novel NK‐specific surface molecule. An increased percentage of CD146+ cells was found in the most mature CD27−CD11b+ NK cell subpopulation, which also displays higher expression of Ly49C/I, Ly49D and KLRG1 and lower expression of NKG2A/C/E molecules. CD146+ NK cells were found to be less cytotoxic and produce less IFN‐γ than CD146− NK cells upon stimulation with target cells or activating antibodies. These findings define CD146 as a marker of mouse NK cell maturation that may be used as an alternative to the combined use of CD27 and CD11b staining to detect final stages of NK cell maturation.
Induction, function and regulation of IL‐17‐producing T cells
Authors: Mills Kingston H. G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRecent reports have provided convincing evidence that IL‐17‐producing T cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of organ‐specific autoimmune diseases, a function previously attributed exclusively to IFN‐γ‐secreting Th1 cells. Furthermore, it appears that IL‐17‐producing T cells can also function with Th1 cells to mediate protective immunity to pathogens. Although much of the focus has been on IL‐17‐secreting CD4+ T cells, termed Th17 cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells and NKT cells are also capable of secreting IL‐17. The differentiation of Th17 cells from naïve T cells appears to involve signals from TGF‐β, IL‐6, IL‐21, IL‐1β and IL‐23. Furthermore, IL‐1α or IL‐1β in synergy with IL‐23 can promote IL‐17 secretion from memory T cells. The induction or function of Th17 cells is regulated by cytokines secreted by the other major subtypes of T cells, including IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐10 and at high concentrations, TGF‐β. The main function of IL‐17‐secreting T cells is to mediate inflammation, by stimulating production of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6, and inflammatory chemokines that promote the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages.
Stopping the traffic: A route to arthritis therapy
Authors: Hallett Maurice B. , Williams Anwen S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe trafficking of immune cells to inflamed joints is the hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis. It has been known for years that neutrophils are abundant in the rheumatoid joints and have the potential to inflict tissue damage by the secretion of oxidants and proteases; however, the crucial role of neutrophil trafficking to the joints has only been demonstrated in recent years using transgenic mice and animal models of the disease. This finding opens the door to potential therapies based on inhibition of neutrophil trafficking. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a study reports the use of antisense RNA to knock down the expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2α in mice. This has a major effect on neutrophil trafficking into inflamed joints and reverses the inflammatory swelling and tissue damage in the animal model used. This puts cytosolic phospholipase A2α, alongside its product leukotriene B4, on the list of potential targets for reducing cell trafficking to the joint in chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
SSCP markers provide a useful alternative to microsatellites in genotyping and estimating genetic diversity in populations and germplasm collections of plant specialty crops
Authors: Kuhn David N. , Motamayor Juan Carlos , Meerow Alan W. , Borrone James W. , Schnell Raymond J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFor well‐studied plant species with whole genome sequence or extensive EST data, SNP markers are the logical choice for both genotyping and whole genome association studies. However, SNP markers may not address the needs of researchers working on specialty crops with limited available genomic information. Microsatellite markers have been frequently employed due to their robustness, but marker development can be difficult and may result in few polymorphic markers. SSCP markers, such as microsatellites, are PCR‐based and scored by electrophoretic mobility but, because they are based on SNPs rather than length differences, occur more frequently and are easier to develop than microsatellites. We have examined how well correlated the estimation of genetic diversity and genetic distance are in a population or germplasm collection when measured by 13 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers or 20 SSCP markers. We observed a significant correlation in pairwise genetic distances of 82 individuals in an international cacao germplasm collection (Mantel test Rxy=0.59, p<0.0001 for 10 000 permutations). Both sets of markers could distinguish each individual in the population. These data provide strong support for the use of SSCP markers in the genotyping of plant species where development of microsatellites would be difficult or expensive.
Chiral separation with gradient elution isotachophoresis for future in situ extraterrestrial analysis
Authors: Danger Grégoire , Ross David 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe first results of chiral separations with the gradient elution isotachophoresis method are presented. As previously described, citrate is used in the run buffer as the leading ion and borate in the sample buffer as the terminating ion. Modulation of parameters such as electrolyte pH, pressure scan rate, chiral selector concentration, combinations of CD or the percentage of ampholytes provides an easy optimization of the separations. To perform fluorescent detection 5‐carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester and two fluorogenic‐labeling agents, fluorescamine (Fluram) and 3‐(4‐carboxybenzoyl)quinoline‐2‐carboxaldehyde, are used to label amino acids. With the 5‐carboxyfluorescein amino acids, chiral separations are easily obtained using a neutral CD ((2‐hydroxypropyl)‐β‐CD) at a low concentration (2 mmol/L). With Fluram amino acids, the situation is more complicated due to the formation of diastereoisomers and due to weak interactions with the different CDs used. The use of the 3‐(4‐carboxybenzoyl)quinoline‐2‐carboxaldehyde‐labeling agent solves the problems observed with the Fluram agent while retaining the fluorogenic properties. These first results demonstrate the simplicity and the feasibility of gradient elution isotachophoresis for chiral separations.
Methacrylate‐based monolithic column with mixed‐mode hydrophilic interaction/strong cation‐exchange stationary phase for capillary liquid chromatography and pressure‐assisted CEC
Authors: Lin Jian , Huang Guihua , Lin Xucong , Xie Zenghong 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA novel porous polymethacrylate‐based monolithic column by in situ copolymerization of 3‐sulfopropyl methacrylate (SPMA) and pentaerythritol triacrylate in a binary porogenic solvent consisting of cyclohexanol/ethylene glycol was prepared. The monolith possessed in their structures bonded sulfonate groups and hydroxyl groups and was evaluated as a hydrophilic interaction and strong cation‐exchange stationary phases in capillary liquid chromatography (cLC) and pressure‐assisted CEC using small polar neutral and charged solutes. While the SPMA was introduced as multifunctional monomer, the pentaerythritol triacrylate was used to replace ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross‐linker with much more hydrophilicity due to a hydroxyl sub‐layer. The different characterization of monolithic stationary phases were specially designed and easily prepared by altering the amount of SPMA in the polymerization solution as well as the composition of the porogenic solvent for cLC and pressure‐assisted CEC. The resulting monolith showed the different trends about the effect of the permeabilities on efficiency in the pressure‐assisted CEC and cLC modes. A typical hydrophilic interaction chromatography mechanism was observed at higher organic solvent content (ACN%>70%) for polar neutral analytes. For polar charged analytes, both hydrophilic interaction and electrostatic interaction contributed to their retention. Therefore, for charged analytes, selectivity can be readily manipulated by changing the composition of the mobile phase (e.g., pH, ionic strength and organic modifier). With the optimized monolithic column, high plate counts reaching greater than 170 000 plates/m for pressure‐assisted CEC and 105 000 plates/m for cLC were easily obtained, respectively.
In‐capillary preconcentration of pirimicarb and carbendazim with a monolithic polymeric sorbent prior to separation by CZE
Authors: Rodríguez‐Gonzalo Encarnación , Domínguez‐Álvarez Javier , Ruano‐Miguel Luis , Carabias‐Martínez Rita 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCZE was assayed for the separation of carbamate pesticides susceptible to protonation (Pirimicarb, Carbendazim). Different electrophoretic media with high organic contents were explored, adequate separation and resolution being achieved when a BGE based on ACN with acetic acid in the presence of SDS as an ionic additive was used. With a view to increasing the sensitivity of the method, an in‐capillary SPE step prior to the electrophoretic separation was developed. We employed a monolithic polymer formed in situ within the capillary as a medium for analyte retention. The synthesized monolithic bed exhibited high porosity and allowed samples to be loaded at flow rates of about 65 μL/min by applying a pressure of 12 bar. A 5‐cm length of monolithic sorbent was used to preconcentrate the target analytes from aqueous samples. The analytes retained were eluted from the polymeric phase directly in the separation capillary with the same electrophoretic medium used for their further separation by CZE. For a 15‐min preconcentration time, the in‐line SPE–CZE approach proposed here permitted the determination of these pesticides in drinking water at a concentration level of 0.1 μg/L, as demanded by current EU legislation.
Principles for different modes of multiple‐injection CZE
Authors: Amini Ahmad , Lodén Henrik , Pettersson Curt , Arvidsson Torbjörn 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper introduces four different modes of multiple‐injection CZE (MICZE). The validity of these MICZE models was evaluated by the experimental data. Prior to the application of MICZE, the electrophoretic conditions are developed in the single‐injection mode by adjusting different experimental parameters such as pH, type and concentration of buffer additives and temperature. Based on the migration time difference (Δtmig) between the analyte and the internal standard or injection marker, one or more MICZE modes can be employed. The injection marker is added to the sample to compensate for injection‐volume fluctuations. The inter‐plug distance is regulated by applying an electrical field over the capillary for a short period of time between each injection. After the final injection, the separation is completed by electrophoresis for a time period corresponding to that in the single‐injection mode.
New visions of dental tissue research: Tooth development, chemistry, and structure
Authors: Smith Tanya M. , Tafforeau Paul 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTeeth are one of the best preserved and most commonly recovered elements in primate fossil assemblages. Taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic hypotheses often rely on dental characters, despite considerable evidence of homoplasy in tooth form and large variation in tooth size within and among primates.1,2 Recent studies have led to new areas of research centered on incremental tooth development, chemical composition, and internal structure. Due to rapid technological developments in imaging and elemental sampling, these new approaches have the potential to increase our understanding of developmental biology, including not only changes in the pace of growth and reproduction, but also our assessments of diets, migration patterns, environments, and taxonomy. The integration of these temporal, chemical, and structural approaches heralds a bright future for the role of dental tissue research in evolutionary anthropology. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.