bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling and simulation of bioremediation of contaminated soil
Authors: Wu J. C. , Fan L. T. , Erickson L. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA mathematical model has been developed for in situ biodegradation of contaminants in a soil bed. The model equations comprise three convection‐dispersion partial differential equations and one ordinary differential equation. Dimensional analysis of the model equations has been performed, and solution of these equations has been conducted by the newly‐developed three‐point backward finite difference method. The effects of insufficient oxygen supply, growth of biomass and resistance to contaminant migration on the rate of biodegradation have been examined by numerically simulating the dynamic behavior of in situ biodegradation processes. The results of numerical simulation indicate that the rate of biodegradation of contaminants in soil may be constrained not only by insufficient oxygen supply, but also by resistance to contaminant migration within the pore network. The effect of recycling the unreacted contaminants from the bottom of the bed to the top has been examined through simulation, showing that biodegradation takes place mainly in the upper part of the bed.
Design considerations and metals disposition in fluidized‐bed incineration of refinery wastes
Authors: Corry Robert G. , Rasmussen George P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDisposal of refinery biotreatment sludges through land application is being strictly controlled and, in many cases, eliminated by regulatory constraint. An alternative to land application of sludges is incineration. This paper discusses fluidized‐bed incineration pilot studies conducted on refinery sludges obtained from two different refineries. Destruction of hazardous organic constituents, as well as the fate of inorganic metals, is discussed. Metal emissions are examined and the impact of the new EPA metals emissions limits is investigated. Installation of a waste heat recuperator to preheat combustion air is explored as an alternative to a high‐pressure sludge dewatering process.
Fluidized bed combustion of aluminum smelting waste
Authors: Tabery R. S. , Dangtran K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPilot tests by Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) have successfully destroyed Spent Potliner (SPL), a hazardous waste by‐product from aluminum smelters. Well known technical challenges such as ash agglomeration, ash leachate control, and off‐gas emission control have been studied and overcome by additives and by special combustion chamber design. Economic evaluation of a 20,000 tons per year (9 megawatt) facility indicates that disposal costs are competitive with land‐based disposal. A 0.5 MW Fluidized Bed Combustor of this design is under construction by Turnpoint Engineering Corporation.
Technical, economic, and regulatory evaluation of tray dryer solvent emission control alternatives
Authors: Li Ramon , Karell Marc 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPublic awareness and government agency attention have focused on emissions of organic compounds as a principal cause of the increased levels of ozone and smog in the ambient air across the nation. Evaporation of solvents from tray dryers, used in many applications in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and surface coating industries, potentially contributes significantly to the problem. Selecting and designing control equipment to comply with toughening solvent emission regulations is complicated by the needs to dilute the solvent concentration (for safety reasons) and by the emission profile which shows high initial emission rates declining over the drying cycle. There is no single control technology that will automatically satisfy all regulatory, economic and technical requirements. This article presents a comparison of several common control technologies applied to tray dryer solvent emissions based upon technical and economic considerations.
Performance models for NOx absorbers/strippers
Authors: Counce Robert M. , Crawford Douglas B. , Lucero Andrew J. , Sickles Joseph E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe focus of this paper is to present a review of recent developments in the modeling of NOx absorbers and strippers. The fundamental concepts of design and process simulation for this specialized area of mass transfer are developed. This review and conceptual analysis is intended to provide simple design/simulation equations and to present the usefulnessand limitations of these equations. This activity is useful because of the interrelationships between mass transfer and the complexity of the NOxHNOxH2O chemical system.
An overview of solvent extraction treatment technologies
Authors: Hall Dorothy W. , Sandrin Joseph A. , McBride Rhonda E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the course of evaluating potential technologies for treatment of contaminated soils at a regulated site in the upper Midwest, solvent extraction technology was reviewd and appeared to be a viable alternative to incineration and land disposal. Because of stringent federal and state land disposal rules, liability issues, and rising disposal costs, technologies that will treat and detoxify hazardous wastes effectively are preferred over other less aggressive technologies. Industry is actively seeking and evaluating options, and the regulatory community is encouraging development and application of new treatment technologies as alternatives to land disposal. To advance this effort, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program to promote the development of innovative technologies and to demonstrate such technologies at Superfund sites. Solvent extration technology is being evaluated in the SITE program. This paper was prepared because of the lack of a compiled source of existing information on the alternative use of solvent extraction technology for treating soils contaminated with hazardous substances in a manner other than incineration.
Startup and opertion of an anaerobic biological activated carbon (AnBAC) process for treatment of a high strengh multicomponent inhibitory wastewater
Authors: Goeddertz John G. , Weber A. Scott , Ying Wei–chi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA joint study has been conducted by investigators at the State University of New York at Buffalo and Occidental Chemical Corporation to examine the feasibility of the anaerobic biologica activated carbon (AnBAC) process for treatment of a high strengh multicomponent inhibitory wastewater. The three principal components of the study waste are phenol, formaldehyde, and methanol. Bench–scale studies were conducted over a two‐year period using 2.54 cm and 5.08 cm ID AnBAC columns. Based on the results of the bench–scale studies, organic contaminant removal of greater than 90 percent was achived at loading rates of 0.06 g COD/g GAC/day.Subsequently, the results from the bench–scale studies were used to design a pilot–scale AnBAC system which has been operating successfully for approximately ten months at Occidental Chemical Corporation's Durez Division plant in North Tonawanda, New York.The purpose of this paper is to present performance data from both the bench– and pilot–scale systems and identify startup procedures found necessary for successful initiation of AnBAC column operation. Based on the data collected, the AnBAC process is capable of providing excellent treatment performance of the high strength waste. Proper balancing between the applied organic loading rate and the process removal capacity was found to be crucial in maintaining a healthy biomass during column startup due to the inhibitory nature of the wastewater.
Overview of industrial source control for nitrogen oxides
Authors: Rhoads T. W. , Marks J. R. , Siebert P. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractContemporary debate over major clean air issues has kept the control of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the forefront of public interest. While amendments to the Clean Air Act, new rules, programs, and policies emerge in response to concern for acid deposition, ozone non–attainment, global warming, and public health and welfare, it is anticipated that NOx control technology will be applied to a greater degree. However, existing regulations, policy and market forces are already forcing technologicaladvances. This article presents a summary of the current regulatory situation and looks ahead at the Clean Air act reauthorization. The article also presents an overview of stationary source control for NOx emissions.
Groundwater treatment with zero air emissions
Authors: Cheuvront David A. , Giggy Christopher L. , Loven Carl G. , Swett Geoffrey H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAir emissions from the treatment of volatile organic compound (VOC)–contaminated groundwater are a growing problem in the United States. Historically, air stripping has been used to remove VOCs from contaminated groundwater. Air stripping technology is a cross media treatment technique, i.e., it solves a groundwater problem by transferring contamination to the atmosphere.In response to the air pollution problem created by air stripping, the public, air quality regulatory agencies, the federal government and private industry are exerting pressures to eliminate and/or reduce air emissions from the clean–up of contaminated groundwater. These forces make it desirable to consider alternative and innovative technologies for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with VOCs.
Biodegradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in an immobilized bed reactor
Authors: Miller Gary P. , Portier Ralph J. , Hoover Darryl G. , Friday David D. , Sicard Jerry L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA 75 liter immobilized microbe biological reactor with a bed retention time of 20.5 hours was used in a continuous flow mode to remediate contaminated groundwater containing ethylene dichloride (EDC), tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene, with EDC being the predominant contaminant. The reactor was initially seeded with Xanthobacter autotrophicus, a demonstrated halogenated aliphatic substrate utilizer. The reactor was operated for forty‐two days. Material balance determinations for primary volatile aliphatics of concern indicated an average of 90.2% mineralization of EDC, 81.7% of the trichlorethylene (TCE) and 64.0% of the tetrachlorethylene (TeCE). In addition to Xanthobacter autotrophicus, four indigenous bacterial species from the groundwater had successfully acclimated to the reactor bed.
Innovative management of an Aerated/Facultative Lagoon suspended—growth biological treatment system for high strength industrial waste stabilization
Authors: Muirhead Timothy J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCoors Bio Technology Products Company, in Johnstown, CO is a subsidiary company of Adolph Coors Brewery Company in Golden, CO. Coors BioTech is a corn wet–milling industrial plant which processes shelled corn and converts it into several basic economical products: high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), corn oils, starch, sugars, and various agricultural by–products (Figure 1). The corn wet–milling operation and HFCS refining process generates a continual discharge of numerous process wastes. This wastewater is characterized as being a high strength, soluble, biodegradable waste, highly variable in composition. Coors BioTech treats their own industrial waste on site at their wastewater treatment plant using the activated sludge process. The objective of this paper is to provide a more complete understanding of the necessity for innovative management of the Aerated/Facultative Lagoon in the Coors BioTech waste treatment process, and suggest the applications of such lagoons in secondary biological treatment systems for high strength industrial waste stabilization [1–5].
Supercritical fluid extraction of aromatic contaminants from a sandy loam soil
Authors: Andrews Arthur T. , Ahlert Robert C. , Kosson David S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNear‐critical fluids and liquefied gases can achieve high efficiencies in the extraction of organic contaminants from soil. Adsorptive behavior of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) onto sandy loam‐type soil has been characterized. Data for the solubility of phenanthrene, anthracene, triphenylene, and perylene in SC CO2 demonstrates a strong relationship between solubility and the carbon number and angularity of the ring structure. Soil adsorption isotherms for these compounds are non‐linear, and have been described using Freundlich and BET adsorption models. The slope of the adsorption isotherms has been correlated with PAH solubility on log‐log coordinates. Addition of polar modifiers, e.g., water or methanol, dramatically reduces the PAH adsorption levels, indicating the importance of polar adsorption sites on soil surfaces.
Electrosorption: A case study on removal of dilute organics from water
Authors: Eisinger Ronald S. , Keller George E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractElectrosorption, or potential‐swing adsorption, appears well‐suited for recovery of dilute organic compounds from ionically conductive solutions.The feasibility of using electrosorption in an industrially difficult separation, removal of ethyleneamines from a brine stream, is assessed here. The assessment included lab‐scale measurements using the model compound ethylenediamine, paper design of a commercial‐scale process, and economic evaluation. Separation is achieved by periodically swinging the electrochemical potential on an adsorbent to achieve cycles of adsorption and desorption. Adsorption of ethylenediamine on activated carbon increased threefold following a change in potential of 1 volt.Adsorption increased at more negative potential, suggesting an acid/base‐type effect at the carbon surface. The key to scale‐up is use of relatively thin adsorbent beds to minimize time required to swing the potential. A design featuring stacked, 2‐cm‐thick layers of adsorbent separated by ion exchange membranes is proposed. The estimated cost of an electrosorption‐based process to reduce ethyleneamines concentration from 220 ppm to less than 60 ppm would be severalfold the value of recovered ethyleneamines.However, when employed for environmental reasons, cleanup by electrosorption would be economically attractive relative to alternate separation techniques.
The use of pervaporation for the removal of organic contaminants from water
Authors: Lipski Chris , Cǒté Pierre 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPervaporation is an emerging polymeric membrane‐based process for the removal of organic compounds from water. A resistance‐in‐series model was formulated and validated using silicone rubber hollow fibers for the treatment of water containing trichloroethylene (TCE). This process model was coupled with a costing model to assist in the design of pervaporation systems. The model was used to predict performance, capital cost and operation cost of pervaporation for water treatment applications and to optimize design variables such as membrane thickness and the module hydrodynamics. Process characteristics and economics of pervaporation were compared to air stripping and activated carbon adsorption.
Treatment of organic‐contaminated wastewater streams by pervaporation
Authors: Wijmans J. G. , Kaschemekat J. , Davidson J. E. , Baker R. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe removal and recovery of organic contaminants from aqueous streams by pervaporation membrane systems is a viable and economical treatment for many waste streams. Specific opportunities for the technology are identified in this paper. Laboratory and pilot system data are used to develop system designs and to calculate the cost of treating specific streams.
Toxic trace pollutants from incineration
Authors: Siebert Paul C. , Alston Denise R. , Jones Kay H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractToxic Trace Pollutant emission factors have been developed using a database of over 500 references, including 50 emission test reports for municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. Procedures have been developed and computerized to calculate emission factors from the best available data for dioxin/furan toxic equivalents, carcinogenic PAHs, and other trace organics and metals. Statistical analyses have been performed on standardized test results to assess the relationship of emissions and various incineration and air pollution control equipment design and operating parameters. Although the data is much more limited for hazardous waste and medical waste incineration, the available data have been summarized.
Integrated model for predicting the fate of organics in wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Govind Rakesh , Lai Lei , Dobbs Richard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn integrated Fate Model has been developed for predicting the fate of organics in a wastewater treatment plant. The Fate Model has been validated using experimental data from a pilot‐scale facility. The biodegradation kinetic constants for some compounds in the Fate Model were estimated using the group contribution approach. The Fate Model has been compared with other existing models in the literature. Potential applications of the Fate Model include assessment of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from a wastewater treatment plant, evaluate pretreatment requirements prior to discharge to the sewer system, predict concentrations of toxic compounds on sludges, and provide a general framework for estimating the removal of toxic compounds during activated sludge treatment.
Application of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology for NOx reduction from refinery combustion sources
Authors: Cobb David , Glatch Lisa , Ruud John , Snyder Scott 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSelective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) has been applied as a NOx abatement technique for stationary sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in Japan since the early 1970s. To date, there are over 100 SCR installations operating in Japan.During the 1980s, a number of SCR systems have been installed in the United States, primarily in California. Among these applications are fired heater, boiler, and gas turbine/heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) installation. These installations provide a basis to assess the state‐of‐the‐art for applying SCR to comply with refinery NOx emission limitations.
Feasibility, modeling and economics of sequestering power plant CO2 emissions in the deep ocean
Authors: Herzog H. , Golomb D. , Zemba S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe capture and disposal of carbon dioxide from the flue gas of fossil‐fueled power plants is technically feasible, albeit it requires a significant fraction of the energy content of the fossil fuel and additional equipment with large capital expenditures. The five processes investigated for capturing CO2 from the flue gas of coal‐fired power plants are (a) combustion of coal in an atmosphere of oxygen and recycled flue gas; (b) scrubbing the flue gas with a recyclable solvent (monoethanolamine); (c) cryogenic CO2 fractionation of the flue gas; (d) separation of CO2 by selective membrane diffusion; and (e) scrubbing of the flue gas with seawater. The captured CO2 is envisioned to be liquefied at 150 atm, piped to the deep ocean, and released through a diffuser. Model calculations show that with appropriate release conditions the formed CO2 drops can be completely dissolved in seawater. The process that requires least incremental energy is air separation/flue gas recycling. In this process about 30% of the total energy content of the coal is consumed, and the thermal efficiency of a power plant is reduced from 35% to about 25%. Excluding pipeline and deep water disposal costs, we estimate that electricity production costs will increase by about 80%.
The formation of inorganic particles during suspension heating of simulated wastes
Authors: Mulholland James A. , Sarofim Adel F. , Yue Guangxi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMeasurements of metal partitioning between the fine condensation aerosol and the larger particles produced during rapid heating of aqueous and organic solutions containing metal additives with widely varying volatilities were made in a laboratory‐scale furnace operated over a range of temperatures (900 to 1500 K). A stream of monodisperse droplets (nominal diameter of 36 μm) was injected into an isothermal, laminar drop‐tube reactor, quickly developing into a stream of droplets with heterogeneous size distribution due to droplet collision and coalescence. Aqueous solutions containing nitrates of cadmium, lead and nickel gave rise to particles with trimodal size distributions. Partitoning of the larger particles between a residual mode (particle aerodynamic diameter, Dp,aero > 7 μm) and an intermediate mode (1 μm > Dp,aero > 7 μm) is suggestive of particle porosity variation. In addition, ultrafine particles, with submicron aerodynamic diameter, were formed, both by the anticipated vaporization pathway and by an unexpected explosive fragmentation mechanism. The higher volatility of the chloride than the oxide was evidenced by an enhanced inorganic aerosol formation during the high temperature treatment of a nickel chloride solution. The oxidative burning of organometallic solutions of nickel and lead produced only particles of submicron aerodynamic size.
Alternative waste minimization analyses for the printed circuit board industry: Examples for small and large manufacturers
Authors: Chang Li‐Yang , McCoy Benjamin J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe objective of the present waste minimization study for printed circuit (PC) board manufacture is to evaluate solid/liquid separation technologies, engineering data, waste recycling processes, and cost economics to assess the feasibility of achieving significant reduction in the usage of water, the generation of wastewater, and hazardous waste. Two examples, for small and large manufacturers, demonstrate that an integrated waste minimization scheme can minimize waste by in‐process recycling, resource recovery, process modification, and automation. Economic analyses of these two examples shown that the integrated waste minimization scheme is more profitable that of the conventional sludge or the “zero sludge” schemes.
The evaluation of supplemental oxygen burner firing in a countercurrent rotary kiln
Authors: Acharya Prakash , Novak Rudy G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDetailed tests were conducted to evaluate the process impact of treating contaminated soils by concurrently firing the Linde® Oxygen Combustion System (OCS) with the main kiln air‐natural gas burner. The evaluation was carried out at the Lousiana Army Ammunition Plant (LAAP) on explosives‐contaminated soil in International Technology's (IT) countercurrent kiln Hybrid Thermal Treatment System (HTTS®).Cocurrent and countercurrent kiln firing positions (relative to soil flow) were utilized for the OCS at stoichiometric and substoichiometric oxygen ratios. The relative firing rates of the OCS and main burner were varied at a combined heat release of approximately 8.8 × 106W. A reference run was conducted to define process performance for the main kiln air‐natural gas burner alone. The feed soil contained 18 to 22 ppm nitroexplosives at an average moisture content of 17.5 percent (dry weight basis). A constant ash discharge temperature of approximately 480° C was maintained during the basic tests.The average heat transferred to the soil feed for the reference case was 49 × 103W/m2 of kiln surface and for the OCS tests up to 55 × 103W/m2 was transferred. The average heat release for the reference run and the OCS tests was 160 × 103W/m3 and 187 × 103W/m3 respectively.Capacity increases of up to 20 percent were achieved by firing the OCS in a countercurrent mode at a substoichiometric oxygen ratio of 56 percent, resulting in an operating cost reduction of about 12 percent. Higher oxygen stoichiometric ratios did not produce proportionally increased throughput.