bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Patients Using Drugs Metabolized by Cytochrome P450 2D6 in Different Populations: a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Mulder Hans , Heerdink Eibert R , lersel Elsje E van , Wilmink Frederik W , Egberts Antoine CG 
Published: March 2007

Background: Despito a large number of studies investigating the potential clinical relevance of CYP2D6 genotyping in preventing treatment failure (eg, insufficient efficacy and/or unacceptable adverse effects), the prevalence of patients using drugs metabolized by that isoenzyme is relatively unknown. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of patients in different populations using drugs metabolized by CYP2D6. Methods: In this cross-sectional study. 6 different patient populations were investigated: general, general hospital, geriatric, psychogoriatric, psychiatric, and mentally retarded. From every population, 150 adults using at least one drug were randomly selected. Primary outcome was the prevalence of patients using at least one drug metabolized by CYP2D6. The prevalence of patients using at least one CYP2D6 substrate in different populations was compared with the general population using χ2 statistics. Data were expressed as a relative risk with a 95% confidence interval. Results: Patients from the general hospital (RR 1.81; 95% CI 1.26 to 2.62), geriatric patients (RR 2.16; 95% CI 1.26 to 2.62), psychogeriatric patients (RR 2.31; 95% CI 1.63 to 3.27), and psychiatric patients (RR 2.44; 95% CI 1.73 to 3.44) were treated more frequently with at least one drug metabolized by CYP2D6 compared with patients in the general population. Approximately 50% of psychiatric (52%), psychogeriatric (49%), and geriatric (46%) patients used at least one drug metabolized by CYP2D6. In total, 416 drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 were prescribed, with 257 (62%) of these classified as an antidepressant (Anatomical and Therapeutic Chemical [ATC] category N06A) or antipsychotic (ATC N05A). Conclusions: Several patient populations (eg, psychiatric, psychogeriatric, geriatric) have a high prevalence of patients treated with at least one drug metabolized by CYP2D6. This study does not provide evidence regarding the clinical evidence of CYP2D6 genotyping, but shows that, if CYP2D6 genotyping is relevant for patient care, the highest probability of cost-effectiveness will, most likely, be in specific populations.
Low-Dose Ketamine in Addition to Propofol for Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in the Emergency Department
Authors: Loh Gabriel , Dalen Dawn 
Published: March 2007

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-dose intravenous ketamine in addition to intravenous propofol for procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department (ED). Data Sources: Articles were identified using PubMed (1949'February 2007), MEDLINE (1966'February 2007), EMBASE (1980'February 2007), BioMed Central (to February 2007), the Cochrane Library (to February 2007), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Google Scholar (until February 2007). Reference citations from retrieved publications were also reviewed. Search terms included ketamine, propofol, ketamine–propofol, ketofol, combination, sedation, procedural sedation, conscious sedation, and emergency department. Study Selection And Data Extraction: All articles on prospective procedural sedation that were published or translated into English and that compared combination ketamine–propofol with an appropriate comparator group were included. Clinically relevant safety endpoints included the frequency of significant hemodynamic and respiratory compromise warranting medical intervention, nausea, vomiting, and emergence reactions. Time until hospital discharge criteria were met and patient satisfaction scores were efficacy endpoints of interest. Data Synthesis: Of the 11 trials included in this review, most had small sample sizes and were conducted in non-ED settings. The ketamine-propofol combination demonstrated no additional efficacy over propofol in terms of time to discharge. Although fewer patients given the ketamine-propofol combination experienced significant hemodynamic and respiratory compromise, need for active interventions, including fluid or vasopressor administration, supplemental oxygen, or assisted ventilation did not differ between groups. Patients who received higher doses of adjuvant ketamine reported an increased incidence of nausea, vomiting, and emergence reactions following the procedure. Few studies reported patient satisfaction scores postprocedure, and effect of ketamine-propofol on time-to-discharge criteria met was inconclusive. Conclusions: At this time, insufficient clinica) evidence exists to recommend the routine use of low-dose ketamine with propofol for procedural sedation in the ED setting.
Electrocardiographic and Hemodynamic Effects of Coenzyme Q10 in Healthy Individuals: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Shah Sachin A , Sander Stephen , Cios Deborah , Lipeika Jenny , Kluger Jeffrey , White C Michael 
Published: March 2007

Background: Coenzyme Q10 (C0Q10) is an endogenous cofactor required for mitochondrial energy production and touted to treat heart failure and prevent statin-induced myopathy. In guinea pig ventricular myocytes, C0Q10 prolongs action potential duration, an effect that might prolong the QTc interval in humans. Additionally, C0Q10 reduced blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Objective: To determine the electrocardiographic (ECG) and hemodynamic impact of C0Q10 in healthy individuals. Methods: Healthy volunteers (N = 26; 62% male, age 24 ± 3 y) were randomized to receive a single dose of C0Q10 50 mg and matching placebo in a crossover fashion with a 7 day washout period between treatments. Twelve-lead ECGs, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and other hemodynamic parameters (cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance index) were evaluated immediately before (baseline) and 1, 3, 5, and 8 hours after ingestion of the study drug. ECG parameters (P wave and QRS complex duration; PR, QT, QTc, and RR intervals) were measured in lead II by one blinded investigator. For each time point, duplicate blood pressure levels were taken manually and then averaged. Hemodynamic parameters were measured using bioelectrical impedance cardiography. Results: C0Q10 had no effect on any of the evaluated ECG parameters. The maximum postdosing systolic blood pressure showed a statistically significant increase with C0Q10 (117 ± 10 vs 119 ± 10 mm Hg; p = 0.037), an effect driven by increases in cardiac index (3.09 vs 2.95 L/min/m2; p = 0.017). However, blood pressure elevation was most evident at the 5 hour timepoint (116 ± 10 vs 113 ± 11 mm Hg; p = 0.049) and was only transient. There were no differences between groups for maximum postdosing diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions: One dose of CoQ10 does not have any effect on ECG variables and exhibits only mild and transient effect on systolic blood pressure in young, healthy people.
Retisert: Is the New Advance in Treatment of Uveitis a Good One?
Authors: Mohammad Dina A , Sweet Burgunda V , Elner Susan G 
Published: March 2007

Objective: To review the use of corticosteroids for the treatment of uveitis, with a focus on the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of a newer delivery device, Retisert. Data Sources: A PubMed/MEDLINE search from 1950 through February 2007 was conducted, and manufacturer-provided data were reviewed. Study Selection And Data Extraction: Animal studies and Phase II and III clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of Retisert for the treatment of uveitis were considered. The data were extracted from Pub Med/MEDLINE using the search terms fluocinolone acetonide, corticosteroids, intravitreal implant, uveitis, ocular steroids, and Retisert. Data Synthesis: The findings of the clinical studies showed, with use of Retisert, a reduction in the recurrence of uveitis, improvement in visual acuity, and a decreased need for adjunctive therapy with corticosteroids and immunosuppressant agents, There are currently no studies directly comparing Retisert with other treatment options. The most commonly reported adverse events (ADEs) in clinical trials included cataracts, increased intraocular pressure, post-procedural complications associated with implant insertion, and ocular pain. Other ocular ADEs included decreased visual acuity, glaucoma, blurred vision, an abnormal sensation in the eye, eye irritation, and a change in tearing. These ADEs are similar to those seen with chronic corticosteroid therapy delivered by other ocular routes. Conclusions: Retisert implants have been shown to deliver sufficient drug for a longer period of time compared with the traditional steroid delivery methods. Promising efficacy results show a significant reduction in recurrence rate and improvement in visual acuity for approximately 3 years after implant. However, the drug carries the risks associated with the implant procedure and with chronic exposure of the eye to steroids. Until more data on the long-term safety are known, Retisert should be reserved for patients who are no longer tolerant of or responsive to more traditional treatment modalities.
The Role of the Pharmacist—Prayer and Spirituality in Healing
Authors: Rosenbaum Cathy Creger 
Published: March 2007

Are you a “spiritual” pharmacist? I define being spiritual as having an ongoing relationship with God regardless of whether one is physically healthy, “stressed out,” or sick; I encourage pharmacists to pray for, and with, their patients when opportunities present themselves and patients are receptive. Spiritual healing can be as dramatic as physical and emotional healing. Holistic healing encompassing all 3 components is important for lasting, abundant wellness for professionals and patients alike. Spiritual practice, including a reliance on prayer in the healing process, demonstrates pharmacists' gratitude for the gifts and humility received through their relationships with patients. Imagine office-based and hospital employees, from accounting, to housekeeping, to pharmacy, to nurses and physicians, praying daily. Many patients and their healthcare providers believe that faith-based prayers to God are important instruments for healing, and spiritual pharmacists may wish to consider integrating prayer into their professional practice.
Solifenacin for Overactive Bladder with Incontinence: Symptom Bother and Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes
Authors: Garely Alan D , Lucente Vincent , Vapnek Jonathan , Smith Neila 
Published: March 2007

Background: Approximately one-third of patients with overactive bladder (OAB) experience incontinence, a bothersome symptom with a clear negative effect on quality of life. Objective: To assess OAB patients' perceptions of improvements in symptom bother and quality of life after taking solifenacin under conditions reflecting day-today practice. Methods: VOLT (the VESIcare Open-Label Trial) was a prospective, open-label study in patients with OAB (defined as urgency, urge urinary incontinence, daytime frequency, or nocturia for ≥3 mo) who were treated with flexibly dosed, once-daily solifenacin for 12 weeks. This study included subjects enrolled in VOLT who, at baseline, had urge incontinence and reported incontinence as their most bothersome symptom. All patients were started on solifenacin 5 mg/day; at week 4, the dosage could be increased to 10 mg/day and at week 8 could be maintained or decreased back to 5 mg/day. Efficacy was assessed by 3 independent patient-reported outcomes: the Patient Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC) scale, a visual analog scale (VAS) for assessing individual symptoms, and the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-q). Results: Of the 2205 patients in the VOLT full analysis set, 1586 (71.9%) had urge incontinence at baseline, of which 582 (36.7%) reported incontinence as their most bothersome symptom. In this cohort, mean PPBC score at baseline was 4.6 (indicating moderate-to-severe problems) and at endpoint had decreased significantly to 2.9 (very minor to some minor problems; p < 0.001). At endpoint, 80.4% of patients achieved improvement in their PPBC score. These patients reported significant improvements from baseline in urinary urgency, urge incontinence, frequency, and nocturia on the VAS (p < 0.001) and all OAB-q domains (symptom severity, coping, concern, sleep, social, health-related quality of life) at endpoint (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients reporting urge incontinence as their most bothersome OAB symptom can be expected to demonstrate significant improvements in multiple patient-related outcomes following treatment with flexibly dosed solifenacin.
New Serum Creatinine Assay Standardization: Implications for Drug Dosing
Authors: Wade William E , Spruill William J 
Published: March 2007

Objective: To describe the development of new serum creatinine assay standards and discuss their implications for various drug dosing scenarios. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1990–August 2006) was performed to identify literature on newly developed serum creatinine assay standards and the impact those standards will have on drug dosing. Study Selection And Data Extraction: Data on the development of new creatinine assay procedures and the effect that these new values will have on drug dosing were extracted from identified references. Data Synthesis: The National Kidney Foundation's current practice guidelines recommend standardization of serum creatinine assay calibration to increase assay accuracy. This will result in a lower than the current range of values being considered normal, as well as lower value patient values. These lower creatinine values will result in higher calculated glomerular filtration rates and creatinine clearance (Clcr) estimates, resulting in the difficulty of clinicians applying these values to current manufacturers' recommended drug dose modification tables in patients with declining renal function. Newer creatinine values may be as much as 5–20% lower than older assay values. Conclusions: Worldwide implementation of new serum creatinine calibration standards will produce more accurate serum creatinine values. These values may be slightly lower than those obtained with older methods. This, in turn, may cause slightly higher Clcr estimates that may no longer match drug manufacturers' data for dosage adjustment in renal insufficiency, given that manufacturers' dosing tables were based on older creatinine values. If this is deemed clinically significant in a specific patient, increasing the creatinine value obtained with new assay techniques by 5–20% may give the clinician a value that more closely approximates that used by the drug manufacturer in developing these tables. This revised value can then be used for dosage adjustments.
What is a language? Documentation for diverse and evolving audiences
Authors: Mithun Marianne 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Earlier in the history of our discipline, it was sometimes assumed that the primary audience for linguistic documentation would be other linguists. Now, as more and more languages are endangered, documentation is becoming increasingly valued by the communities in which the languages are or were spoken. It can be useful for linguists and community members to consider together the kinds of documentation that will meet not only current needs but also those of future generations. Here we will focus on some ways in which evolving community concerns might affect documentation.
Field linguistics meets biology: how to obtain scientific designations for plant and animal names
Authors: Fleck David W. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper proposes methodology and provides practical tips for associating plant and animal names of little-known languages with scientific designations, especially for the purpose of producing accurate dictionary entries. The focus is on how a linguist can accomplish this task with or without the assistance of biologists, while avoiding the unsound practice of relying solely on vernacular names in the contact language. The points presented here are illustrated with examples from Matses, a language in the Panoan family spoken by an indigenous society living in western Amazonia, with whom the author has conducted extensive zoological, ethnobiological and linguistic field research.
Upstream Swimming Performance of Adult White Sturgeon: Effects of Partial Baffles and a Ramp
Authors: Webber Jason D. , Chun Stephanie N. , MacColl Teresa R. , Mirise Leslie T. , Kawabata Ayako , Anderson Emily K. , Cheong Tae Sung , Kavvas Lev , McRotondo Maureen Gee , Hochgraf Karen L. , Churchwell Roger , Cech Joseph J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe upstream passage of sturgeon (family Acipenseridae) past barriers such as dams has become a concern of fisheries managers in California. Knowledge about the swimming abilities of adult sturgeon species, particularly with relationship to fish ladders, is limited. Wild adult white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus (n = 25; total length, 135–198 cm) captured in the San Francisco Estuary and Yolo Bypass toe drain were swum in a variable‐speed aluminum flume (24.4 m long × 2.1 m wide × 1.4 m deep) to evaluate swimming behavior around simulated fish‐ladder‐type partial baffles. Four baffle types (one horizontal ramp and three different vertical slot designs) set in two configurations were tested at three velocity regimes (velocity range around baffles, 0.28–2.52 m/s). In general, faster velocities (0.76–1.07 m/s) cued fish to swim upstream sooner (≤100 s). Among the baffle types, the percentage of successful passage was variable, and no statistically significant pattern was detected. The tail‐beat frequency of fish significantly increased in the high‐velocity (to 2.52 m/s) regions of the flume adjacent to the energy‐dissipating baffles, where sturgeon were able to pass by swimming in bursts, followed by a resting and recovery period in slower water. Successful white sturgeon passage structures should incorporate rapid‐velocity (e.g., 0.84–2.52‐m/s) sections between somewhat slower (e.g., 0.51–0.68‐m/s) sections for rest and recovery.
Stock Identification of Atlantic Cod in U.S. Waters Using Microsatellite and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism DNA Analyses
Authors: Wirgin Isaac , Kovach Adrienne I. , Maceda Lorraine , Roy Nirmal K. , Waldman John , Berlinsky David L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractManagement of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in U.S. waters is based on a two‐stock model composed of stocks from (1) the Gulf of Maine (GOM) and (2) Georges Bank (GB) and areas south; however, evidence suggests a more fine‐scale structuring. We used microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses to investigate the stock structure of Atlantic cod in U.S. waters. In year 1, we analyzed microsatellite loci in larvae from GB, age‐0 juveniles from multiple locations in the GOM, and adults of unknown maturity from GB, Jeffreys Ledge, and the Great South Channel (GSC). In year 2, Atlantic cod collected from spawning aggregations in Ipswich Bay in the spring and at GB, Stellwagen Bank, Chatham, and Ipswich Bay in the winter, along with adults of unknown maturity from Long Island, New York, were surveyed at a modified battery of microsatellites and three SNPs. In year 1, we saw no significant differences in allelic frequencies between our composite sample of adult and juvenile cod from the GOM and that from GB nor between the collections from the GSC and any other site. However, a composite sample of juveniles from Massachusetts Bay was significantly different from the GB collection and juveniles from Maine. In year 2, we found highly significant differences in allelic frequencies between Atlantic cod collections from the GOM and GB. The spring collection from Ipswich Bay was highly distinct from the collection from GB and all other sites, including the winter‐spawning Ipswich Bay collection. The Long Island sample was genetically distinct from the GB and the spring collections from Ipswich Bay, but not from other collections. Our study indicates that there is genetic heterogeneity of stocks in U.S. waters, but its structure is complex and to better understand it many more spatially and temporally separated samples must be characterized.
Detection of gas pockets in pressurised wastewater mains using dynamic system response analysis
Authors: Lubbers C. , Clemens F. 
Published: March 2007

In the Netherlands, wastewater is mostly collected in combined sewer system and transported to a WWTP through pressure mains. These pressure mains form an element of the system that did not receive much attention lately with respect to monitoring of performance and maintenance. For that reason, their state of functioning is often not known. Failure of operation is only noticed when during storm conditions the capacity of the system drops, resulting in undesirable discharge to the surface water. A recently made inventory showed that about half of the pressure mains show increased pressure loss for no obvious reason. Reduction of the systems nominal capacity can result from many causes, like increased wall roughness, scaling and the occurrence of free gas in the pipeline. The occurrence of gas-pockets may be caused by degassing of dissolved gas, but also by air entrapment at the pump inlet or at air valves. A research project is started that will be carried out from 2003 to 2005. This project focuses on three goals:
the description of the gas-water transport phenomena in wastewater pressure mains, a method to detect and diagnose gas problems, and to overcome future problems by either applying remedial measures or by developing improved design methods for wastewater pressure systems.
This paper describes the layout of the experimental set-up to detect and diagnose gas problems and the first results of the experiments are presented and discussed. The results are used to validate a model (Wanda) developed by Delft Hydraulics that describes the phenomena involved in surges in air/water transport.
Effect of Neck Exercise on Sitting Posture in Patients With Chronic Neck Pain
Authors: Falla Deborah , Jull Gwendolen , Russell Trevor , Vicenzino Bill , Hodges Paul 
Published: March 2007

Background and PurposePoor sitting posture has been implicated in the development and perpetuation of neck pain symptoms. This study had 2 purposes: (1) to compare change in cervical and thoracic posture during a distracting task between subjects with chronic neck pain and control subjects and (2) to compare the effects of 2 different neck exercise regimens on the ability of people with neck pain to maintain an upright cervical and thoracic posture during this task.SubjectsFifty-eight subjects with chronic, nonsevere neck pain and 10 control subjects participated in the study.MethodChange in cervical and thoracic posture from an upright posture was measured every 2 minutes during a 10-minute computer task. Following baseline measurements, the subjects with neck pain were randomized into one of two 6-week exercise intervention groups: a group that received training of the craniocervical flexor muscles or a group that received endurance-strength training of the cervical flexor muscles. The primary outcomes following intervention were changes in the angle of cervical and thoracic posture during the computer task.ResultsSubjects with neck pain demonstrated a change in cervical angle across the duration of the task (mean=4.4°; 95% confidence interval [CI]=3.3–5.4), consistent with a more forward head posture. No significant difference was observed for the change in cervical angle across the duration of the task for the control group subjects (mean=2.2°; 95% CI=1.0–3.4). Following intervention, the craniocervical flexor training group demonstrated a significant reduction in the change of cervical angle across the duration of the computer task.Discussion and ConclusionThis study showed that people with chronic neck pain demonstrate a reduced ability to maintain an upright posture when distracted. Following intervention with an exercise program targeted at training the craniocervical flexor muscles, subjects with neck pain demonstrated an improved ability to maintain a neutral cervical posture during prolonged sitting.