bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TENMILE CREEK: A STUDY OF STREAM RELOCATION1
Authors: Babcock William H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: After input from various interested agencies, three miles of creek were relocated to facilitate the construction of Interstate 70 through Tenmile Canyon west of Denver. The 0.5.million dollar project was designed to provide fish habitat of equal value to that present before construction or, if possible, to improve this habitat.Construction techniques were designed to minimize damage to flora and fauna. After the channels were excavated, rock and log fish habitat structures were constructed.Two years after construction, a 4 percent chance flood occurred at the project area which made almost 75 percent of the habitat structures ineffective. Pool‐riffle ratios and quantity and quality of spawning areas remained essentially unchanged throughout the period. Population estimates indicated an increase in the number of fish in the postconstruction period compared to preconstruction numbers. Fish biomass estimates for the project area were comparable for the two periods. Aquatic invertebrate populations were unchanged as indicated by comparison of three pre‐ and postconstruction indices.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE MECHANISMS CONTROLLING GROUNDWATER GRADIENTS IN HYPER‐ARID REGIONAL SEDIMENTARY BASINS1
Authors: Lloyd John W. , Miles John C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Although evidence of modern recharge in the North African and Arabian sedimentary basin aquifers exists, it is difficult to determine the volume of recharge. Also, from the evidence of regional groundwater gradients, the flow within the aquifers seems to be appreciably greater than one would intuitively expect. A hypotehtical model embodying the characteristics of the aquifers has been used to investigate the likely significance of various possible flow mechanisms. It is shown that while dewatering in the unconfined area can possibly contribute to flows for a considerable period of time, the maintenance of water levels in the unconfined zone must be the result of modern recharge. It is also shown that recharge depths of less than 10 mm per annum are sufficient given suitable aquifer parameters. Results for various combinations of aquifer parameters and configurations are given, including layered aquifers and the effects of restricted oufflows. Comparisons are made using a “bench mark” example.The work indicates that there is little point in carrying out conventional hydrological balance studies in hyper‐arid areas and that, instead, more emphasis should be placed upon good groundwater hydrographic data and modeling.
AN ANTIDEGRADATION POLICY FOR PRESERVING SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN FLORIDA1
Authors: Swihart Thomas , Walton O. Eugene , Pennington Marina Gonzalez 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: As part of its overall system for protecting aquatic systems from unnecessary degradation, the State of Florida provides special protection for water bodies of unusual importance. Such water bodies are designated as “Outstanding Florida Waters” (OFW5). New discharges to OFWs are possible only if certain stringent criteria are met. A new point source direct discharge to an OFW is usually not allowed if it would cause any lowering of ambient water quality. A new indirect discharge (upstream from an OFW boundary) may be allowed only if it would not significantly degrade the OFW.To date, the advantages of the OFW system have clearly outweighed the disadvantages, and OFW designations are helping to protect Florida's most valuable waters from additional degradation. Florida's system could be a useful model for other jurisdictions wanting to provide special protection to special water bodies.
CHANNEL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT BY THERMODILUTION1
Authors: Wittier Rodney J. , Abt Steven R. , Sanders Thomas G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of applying thermodilution technology to discharge measurements in small open channels. A series of tests were performed in which the time‐temperature dilution curves were recorded and analyzed. The independent variables included the channel discharge, the injectate drop height, the volume of tracer, and the mixing distance. Flows ranged from 0.67 cfs to 2.45 cfs with Froude numbers less than 0.30.The results indicated that the thermodilution technique is a feasible method for discharge measurement. It was determined that a heat content, 1°, of 40°C provides a design criteria in which the mixing distance was related to the flow depth and discharge in a rectangular channel. An empirical expression was derived to determine the approximate mixing distance as a function of the flow depth.
EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION ON WATER QUALITY OF A SHALLOW UNCONFINED AQUIFER1
Authors: Close M. E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The ground water quality of a shallow unconfined aquifer was monitored before and after implementation of a border strip irrigation scheme, by taking monthly samples from an array of 13 shallow wells. Two 30 m deep wells were sampled to obtain vertical concentration profiles. Marked vertical, temporal, and spatial variabilities were recorded. The monthly data were analyzed for step and linear trends using nonparametric tests that were adjusted for the effects of serial correlation. Average nitrate concentrations increased in the preirrigation period and decreased after irrigation began. This was attributed to wetter years in 1978–1979 than in 1976–1977 which increased leaching, and to disturbance of the topsoil during land contouring before irrigation, followed by excessive drainage after irrigation. Few significant trends were recorded for other determinants, possibly because of shorter data records.Nitrate, sulphate, and potassium concentrations decreased with depth, whereas sodium, calcium, bicarbonate, and chloride concentrations increased. These trends allowed an estimation to be made of the depth of ground water affected by percolating drainage. This depth increased during the irrigation season and after periods of winter recharge. Furthermore, an overall increase in the depth of drainage‐affected ground water occurred with time, which paralleled the development of the irrigation scheme.
EXAMPLES OF LANDFILL‐GENERATED PLUMES IN LOW‐RELIEF AREAS, SOUTHEAST FLORIDA1
Authors: Russell Gary M. , Stewart Mark , Higer Aaron L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Areas of low topographic relief have low water‐table gradients and make the direction of movement of contaminants from land fills in the ground water difficult to predict from regional gradients alone. The landfill, nearby free‐flowing ditches or canals, variations in hydraulic conductivity, and the influence of nearby pumping wells can all affect the direction of flow. In low‐gradient areas the concepts of “upgradient” and “downgradient” are less useful in planning the location of monitoring wells than in areas of higher relief. Low‐relief areas also may be affected by the discharge of mineralized water from deeper aquifers, naturally or through irrigation, which can mask geochemical surveys intended to detect landfill leachate.Examples of effects of low topographic relief are noted in southeast Florida where water‐table gradients are 7×10−‐4 to 5×10−‐4 feet per foot. Water‐table mounding beneath the landfill and the drainage effects of nearby ditches and well have created multiple leachate plumes in Stuart where one plume migrated in a direction opposite to the apparent regional gradient. In Coral Springs analysis suggests a bifurcating plume migrating along two narrow zones. In Fort Pierce it was difficult to detect leachate because of mineralized irrigation water and fertilizer runoff from an adjacent citrus grove.
MONITORING AND CONTROL OF CENTER PIVOT SYSTEMS WITH MICROCOMPUTERS1
Authors: Homan Donald M. , Skold Melvin D. , Heermann Dale F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA computerized water‐energy‐management system (WEMS) can be used by center pivot operators to reduce pumping fuel costs and monitoring expenses. Irrigation costs are lowered primarily because the system used climatic data and plant growth models to derive water schedules that considerably lowers the use of water compared with conventional irrigation practices. A capital budget analysis of a hypothetical, but representative farm growing corn, shows that cost savings are from three sources: 61 percent from pumping less water, 28 percent from labor savings, and 11 percent from savings on truck fuel, maintenance, and oiL The analysis illustrates that only a 4 percent water savings from irrigation scheduling over a 10‐year period is required for the investment to be profitable for many central High Plains’ irrigators. The water savings required are relatively small compared with the potentials shown by irrigation scheduling research. WEMS is cost effective and can extend the life of the ground water source.
OPTICAL HETEROGENEITY IN GREEN BAY1
Authors: Effler Steven W. , Auer Martin T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDifferences in light penetration and light attenuating components and processes are documented along 112 km of the major (NE/SW) axis of Green Bay (Lake Michigan) during a three‐day cruise (May 25–27, 1982). Measurements included diffuse attenuation of downwelling irradiance (kd), Secchi disk transparency (SD), phytoplankton pigments (chlorophyll a and phaeophytin), turbidity (Tn), and dissolved color (absorbance). The relative importance of absorption and scattering to attenuation was calculated from paired measurements of kd and SD. Absorption and scattering coefficients were calculated; value estimates were supported by a strong linear relationship between the scattering coefficient (b) and Tn (b = 0.99 *Tn; r2= 097, n = 12). Light attenuation characteristics, including the extent of light penetration and the magnitudes and relative importance of absorption, scattering and individual attenuating components, were found to be heterogenous in space. This heterogeneity is due to the characteristics and positions of entry of fluvial discharges to the bay as they influence levels of dissolved color (Gelbstoff), phytoplankton standing crop, and inorganic particulates. Identification of key processes regulating light penetration and their potential for response to pollution control measures can aid in the development of a water quality management plan for Green Bay.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT PATTERNS IN THE DAMMAM AQUIFER1
Authors: Al‐Layla Rashid , Yazicigil Hasan , de Jong Remy 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During the past two decades, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has witnessed rapid development in its agricultural and urban areas, which has resulted in greater reliance being placed on its ground water aquifers. The intensive development, particularly along the coastline and in the absence of adequate replenishment sources, has led to major deterioration in the quality and quantity of ground water resources.A numerical model of the Dammam aquifer in the Eastern Province is developed and used to predict the extent of the saline intrusion in the aquifer. The types of stresses effecting the solute transport were identified and remedial measures were suggested. (KEY TERMS: numerical modeling; Saudi Arabia; aquifer; modeling/statistics.)
DRY STREAM REACHES IN CARBONATE TERRANES: SURFACE INDICATORS OF GROUND‐WATER RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Brahana J. V. , Hollyday E. F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The method of identifying dry stream reaches in carbonate terrane as surface indicators of potential ground‐water reservoirs offers a valuable exploration technique that is more rapid and less expensive than traditional exploration methods involving random test drilling. In areas where dry stream reaches occur, subsurface drainage successfully competes with surface drainage, and sheet‐like dissolution openings have developed parallel to bedding creating the ground‐water reservoir. The occurrence and hydraulic characteristics of such reservoirs are highly variable, as attested to by the wide range of well yields.Union Hollow in south‐central Tennessee is the setting for a case study that illustrates the application of the dry stream reach technique. In this technique, dry stream reach identification is based on two types of readily acquired information: (1) remotely sensed black and white infrared aerial photography; and (2) surface reconnaissance of stream channel characteristics. Test drilling in Union Hollow subsequent to identification of the dry reach proved that a localized ground‐water reservoir was present.
PREDICTIVE CAPABILITIES OF BATCH‐EXTRACT EXPERIMENTS USING WATER FROM A COAL MINE1
Authors: Naftz David L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The ability of batch‐extraction experiments to predict postmining ground water quality was evaluated. As a basis for evaluation, mineralogical and water quality data were used to identify the geochemical reactions that controlled the major‐ion chemistry in batch‐extraction experiments. The experiments used water and spoil material collected from a surface‐coal mine in the Powder River basin of northeast Wyoming. The batch‐extraction experiments consisted of a 2:1 solid:liquid ratio of ground water and spoil material (by weight). The chemical composition of the resulting batch‐extracts was determined after a contact time of 24 hours. Thermodynamically‐favorable reactions included calcite precipitation, gypsum dissolution, and formation of kaolinite as a result of orthoclase feldspar hydrolysis. Three reaction models were consistent with the therinodynanuc and mineralogic data.In general, the extracts had smaller major‐ion concentrations than did the water samples collected from the spoil aquifer. Correction ratios were calculated from these experiments and could be used in combination with additional batch‐extractions at existing or future lease areas to predict the quality of the ground water after mining.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY PLANNING AND MANAGING OF WATER REUSE1
Authors: Mohorjy Abdullah M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper examines a rapidly expanding area of water supplies, specifically water reclamation and reuse, and provides a comprehensive planning methodology for developing and evaluating water reuse alternatives. The methodology uses five phases: goal setting, identification of reuse opportunities, development and evaluation of planning alternatives, assessment of water reuse linkages, and making decisions and recommendations. A tool called “input‐output modeling” is used in the third phase to present numerical data and choices. The methodology seeks to integrate the hydrologic and socio‐economic aspects of water resources planning in the area of study.Water reuse may satisfy some of the increasing demands for water in the world, but water quality, economics, public attitudes, and legal and institutional constraints may impose limits on the extent to which it can be employed. The challenge in planning systems is to maximize the utilization of water reuse in the fact of these constraints. The importance of multidisciplinary collaboration cannot be overemphasized.This paper assesses the potential for water reclamation and reuse in developing countries by considering the relationships among the pertinent technical, social, economic, and environmental parameters. Generally, the planning process for water reuse has focused on specific technological processes, but in order to ensure the efficient transfer of waste water reuse technology into the society, the methodology seeks to provide a conceptual model which integrates the hydrologic and socioeconomic aspects of water resources planning and water reuse within the study area. (KEY WORDS: water reuse; water reclamation; planning; methodology; model; reuse technology; socio‐hydrologic systems; socioeconomic systems.)
HUMAN STABILITY IN A HIGH FLOOD HAZARD ZONE1
Authors: Abt S.R. , Wittier R.J. , Taylor A. , Love D.J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The delineation of high flood hazard zones within a flood plain is usually independent of the hydraulic parameters that constitute a life threatening situation. In order to define human instability in high hazard areas, a study was conducted to identify when an adult human could not stand or maneuver in a simulated flood flow. An analysis was performed on a rigid body monolith resulting in a toppling hazard envelope curve (velocity vs. depth). A 120 lb monolith was then constructed and tested to relate the actual flow velocity and depth at toppling to theory. A series of human subjects (90–201 Ibs) were placed in a recirculating flume and tested to determine the velocity and depth of flow that caused their instability.The test results determined that the product number, which is the product of the velocity and depth at toppling of the monolith, closely compared to the theoretical envelope curve. The monolith results represent the lower limit of human stability. Also, the product number appeared to be a predictor of human instability in flood flow. A relationship was developed to estimate the product number at which a human subject becomes unstable as a function of the height and weight of the subject.
MONITORING STRATEGIES TO DETERMINE COMPLIANCE WITH WATER QUALITY OBJIECTIVES1
Authors: Valiela Diana , Whitfield Paul H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Two sampling strategies designed to test for compliance with water quality objectives are examined. For objectives based on long‐term mean requirements, fixed frequency sampling at frequent intervals is most advantageous regardless of the underlying distribution of the data. For objectives that are based on maximum allowable concentrations, effective sampling strategies increase the likelihood of detecting noncompliance.If data are highly autocorrelated or sharply seasonal in distribution, an exceedance‐driven sampling strategy is more effective and efficient for detecting violations than fixed frequency sampling. However, data generated by exceedance‐driven sampling provide biased estimates of mean and standard deviation.
A STORM WATER MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR URBAN AREAS IN KUWAIT1
Authors: Zaghioul Nabil A. , Al‐Shurbaji Abdel‐Rahman M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A comprehensive study was conducted to implement the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) for urban areas in Kuwait. The updated version of the model designed to run on an IBM Personal Computer and compatibles (PCSWMM3.2C) was utilized. The study revealed that urban runoff simulation in arid areas by the SWMM model is a powerful and efficient tool in designing drainage systems and as such, a viable replacement of the commonly used rational method. It was found that only the streets and paved areas that are hydraulically connected to the drainage system contribute to runoff. Fine and coarse discretization approaches were used in the study. The difference between the hydrographs simulated by the two approaches were relatively small. The performance of the existing drainage system and the accuracy of the design method used were tested using a 25‐year storm. The result of the simulation revealed that the storm sewers were oversized by factors ranging from 1.2 to 3.6.The SWMM model was used to estimate the storm water runoff volume collected from all urbanized areas in Kuwait City. The annual expected harvested runoff water was found to be significant; however, the quality of runoff water needs to be assessed before a decision is made on its reuse.
MULTIYEAR DROUGHT SIMULATION1
Authors: Wijayaratne Lankeswara H. , Golub Eugene 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Previous studies on multiyear droughts have often been limited to the analysis of historic annual flow series. A major disadvantage in this approach can be described as the unavailability of long historic flow records needed to obtain a significant number of drought events for the analysis. To overcome this difficulty, the present study proposes to use synthetically generated annual flow series. A methodology is presented to model annual flows based on an analysis of the harmonic and stochastic properties of the observed flows. Once the model is determined, it can be utilized to generate a flow series of desired length so as to include many hydrologic cycles within the process.The key parameter for a successful drought study is the truncation level used to distinguish low flows from high flows. In this paper, a concept of selecting the truncation level is also presented. The drought simulation procedure is illustrated by a case study of the Pequest watershed in New Jersey.For the above watershed, multiyear droughts were derived from both historic and generated flow series. Three important drought parameters, namely, the duration, severity, and magnitude, were determined for each drought event, and their probability distributions were studied. It was found that gamma and log normal probaility functions produce the best fit for the duration and severity, respectively. The derived probability curves from generated flows can be reliably used to predict the longest drought duration and the largest drought severity within a given return period.
A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE PALMER HYDROLOGIC DROUGHT INDEX1
Authors: Guttman Nathaniel B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The sensitivity of the Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index to departures from average temperature and precipitation conditions is examined. A time series of zero index values was calculated and then one monthly temperature or precipitation value was perturbed. The resulting time series shows the effects on the index of one anomalous value. Independent series were calculated for temperature anomalies of plus and minus 1, 3, 5, and 10F and for precipitation anomalies of 25, 50, 75, 125, 150, and 200 percent of normal for each calendar month for Colorado, Indiana, Nevada, New York, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Washington, and Wisconsin.Analysis of the time series showed that the period of time required for the index to reflect actual rather than artificial initial conditions could be more than four years. It was also found that the effects of temperature anomalies are insignificant compared to the effects of precipitation anomalies. In some cases, one anomalous precipitation value could result in established wet or dry spells that last for up to two years. Although not examined in detail, the time series suggest that distributions of index values may be asymmetrical and possibly bimodal.
SENSITWITY OF IRRIGATION DEMAND IN A HUMID‐TEMPERATE REGION TO HYPOTHETICAL CLIMATIC CHANGE1
Authors: McCabe Gregory J. , Wolock David M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An irrigation model based on a modified Thornthwaite water balance was used to simulate the effects of various hypothetical climatic changes on annual irrigation demand in a humidtemperate climate. The climatic‐change scenarios consisted of combinations of changes in temperature, precipitation, and stomatal resistance of plants to transpiration. The objectives were to (1) examine the effects of long‐term changes in these components of climatic change on annual irrigation demand, and (2) identify which of these factors would cause the largest changes in annual irrigation demand.Hypothetical climatic changes that only included increases in temperature and changes in precipitation resulted in increased annual irrigation demand, even with a 20 percent increase in precipitation. The model results showed that, for the ranges of changes in temperature and precipitation used in this study, changes in irrigation demand were more sensitive to changes in temperature than to changes in precipitation. Model results also indicated that increased stomatal resistance to transpiration counteracted the effects of increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation on irrigation demand. Changes in irrigation demand were even more sensitive to changes in stomatal resistance than to changes in temperature. A large amount of uncertainty is associated with predictions of future climatic conditions; however, uncertainty associated with natural climatic variability may be larger and may mask the effects of climatic change on irrigation demand.