bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular diagnosis in dermatopathology: What makes sense, and what doesn’t
Authors: Braun‐Falco Markus , Schempp Werner , Weyers Wolfgang 
Published: December 2008

Abstract:  Molecular techniques have provided us with a wealth of information about biological events in healthy individual, and improved tremendously our understanding about the pathogenesis of a huge variety of cutaneous diseases. Those methods have originally been invented to support basic scientific investigations on a molecular level and are translated increasingly into sophisticated diagnostic tools changing the classic paradigm of diagnostic pathology; among them are immunohistochemistry (IHC), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), G‐banding, loss of heterozygosity, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), chromogen in situ hybridization (CISH), comparative genomic hybridization on chromosomes and microarray technology. Some of them such as IHC and PCR have already been standardized to a level that allows its utility in daily routine diagnostics for several dermatological diseases. For others like array‐based technologies, their optimal indications await to be fully determined. These ancillary methods have the great potential to contribute important new information to challenging cases, and will help to improve diagnostic accuracy particularly in cases in which conventional histopathology is ambiguous. Thus, they will broaden our armamentarium for diagnostic pathology.Herein, some key techniques will be reviewed and their applicability towards the diagnosis of dermatological diseases critically discussed.
Shear Bond Strength of A Sealant to Contaminated‐Enamel Surface: Influence of Erbium : Yttrium–Aluminum–Garnet Laser Pretreatment
Authors: LEPRI TAÍSA PENAZZO , SOUZA‐GABRIEL ALINE EVANGELISTA , ATOUI JULIANA ABDALLAH , PALMA‐DIBB REGINA GUENKA , PÉCORA JESUS DJALMA , MILORI CORONA SILMARA APARECIDA 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  Salivary contamination is one of the factors that can disturb the sealing process and interfere in the longevity of pit and fissure sealants. Erbium : yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Er : YAG) laser could influence the bond strength of enamel and increase the acid resistance.Purpose:  To evaluate the influence of Er : YAG laser on the shear bond strength of a sealant to a salivary contaminated enamel surface.Methods:  Twenty‐four third molars had the roots sectioned 2 mm coronal to the cementoenamel junction. The crowns were mesiodistally sectioned providing 48 halves that were embedded in polyester resin. Enamel was flattened and a 2‐mm diameter bonding area was demarcated. Specimens were randomly assigned to two groups according to the superficial pretreatment—37% phosphoric acid (A) and Er : YAG laser (80 mJ/2 Hz) + phosphoric acid (L), which were subdivided into two groups (N = 12), without salivary contamination (C) and with salivary contamination (SC). To contaminate the specimens, 0.25 mL of human fresh saliva was applied for 20 seconds and then dried. Fluroshield sealant was applied in all specimens. After storage, shear bond strength of samples were tested in a universal testing machine.Results:  Means in MPa were: AC—14.61 (±2.52); ASC—6.66 (±2.34); LC—11.91 (±1.34); and LSC—2.22 (±0.66). Statistical analysis revealed that surfaces without salivary contamination and with acid treatment had the highest mean (p < 0.05). The group with salivary contamination treated by Er : YAG laser followed by phosphoric acid application presented the lowest bond values (p < 0.05).Conclusions:  The phosphoric acid etching under dry condition yielded better bonding performance. Er : YAG laser was not able to increase the effectiveness of conventional acid etching of enamel in the bond of sealants in both dry and wet conditions.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEUnder the conditions of this study, the conventional etching protocol (phosphoric acid without salivary contamination) is still preferable to laser‐conditioning enamel surface prior to sealant application.
How much Oil is Really There? Making Correct Statistics Bring Reality to Global Planning
Authors: Pike Richard 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The oil and gas industry annually reports global proven reserves, which investment, energy and environmental analysts incorporate into future strategies. But a major statistical error has been made, reports Richard Pike. True “proven reserves” may be twice the commonly accepted figure. It is essential that this is addressed to avert climate catastrophe by the middle of the century and to compel us to a sustainable low carbon economy.
A comparative analysis of the products of GROEL‐1 gene fromChlamydia trachomatisserovar D and the HSP60 var1 transcript fromHomo sapienssuggests a possible autoimmune response
Authors: Campanella C. , Marino Gammazza A. , Mularoni L. , Cappello F. , Zummo G. , Di Felice V. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryChlamydia trachomatisserovar D produces large quantities of HSP60‐1 during infections, which accumulate inside the host cell inducing autoimmunity. We compare the aminoacid sequences of the human HSP60 with the bacterial counterpart to better elucidate how CTHSP60 may simulate HSP60 from human origin during infection and may induce an autoimmune response. As a result of the comparison we suggest several possible epitopes of the CTHSP60, which may induce autoimmunity.
Molecular mechanisms of insect adaptation to plant defense: Lessons learned from a Bruchid beetle
Authors: Zhu‐Salzman Keyan , Zeng Ren Sen 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPlants can accumulate, constitutively and/or after induction, a wide variety of defense compounds in their tissues that confer resistance to herbivorous insects. The naturally occurring plant resistance gene pool can serve as an arsenal in pest management via transgenic approaches. As insect‐plant interaction research rapidly advances, it has gradually become clear that the effects of plant defense compounds are determined not only by their toxicity toward target sites, but also by how insects respond to the challenge. Insect digestive tracts are not passive targets of plant defense, but often can adapt to dietary challenge and successfully deal with various plant toxins and anti‐metabolites. This adaptive response has posed an obstacle to biotechnology‐based pest control approaches, which underscores the importance of understanding insect adaptive mechanisms. Molecular studies on the impact of protease inhibitors on insect digestion have contributed significantly to our understanding of insect adaptation to plant defense. This review will focus on exposing how the insect responds to protease inhibitors by both qualitative and quantitative remodeling of their digestive proteases using the cowpea bruchid–soybean cysteine protease inhibitor N system.
An active piggyBac‐like element in Macdunnoughia crassisigna
Authors: Wu Min , Sun Zhi‐Chan , Hu Chun‐Lin , Zhang Gu‐Feng , Han Zhao‐Jun 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this paper, a highly conserved piggyBac‐like sequence, designated as McrPLE was cloned from a lepidopteran insect, Macdunnoughia crassisigna. It is 2 472 bp long in full length with a single open reading frame and encodes a 595 amino acid transposase. It shares identical terminal and sub‐terminal repeats with T. ni IFP2 and is flanked by the typical TTAA target‐site duplications. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that McrPLE had greater than 99.5% identity and appeared to be the closest one in phylogeny to IFP2 among the PLEs so far found in various species. Plasmid‐based excision and transposition assay proved it was mobile in cell culture. Otherwise, McrPLE element and all other highly conserved IFP2 sequences reported previously were found to share three common nucleotide substitutions. This suggests that the original IFP2 may be a related variant of a predecessor element that became widespread. The existence of nearly identical piggyBac sequence in reproductively isolated species was thought also a strong indication of horizontal transmission, which raises important considerations for the stability and practical use of piggyBac transformation vectors.
Computational identification and evolutional analysis of Piwi subfamily in 11 Drosophila species
Authors: Zhou Xue , Xu Ya‐Long , Cheng Luo‐Gen , Li Fei 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe complete genome sequences of 11 Drosophila species provide an opportunity to investigate the gene family evolution in closely related species. Drosophila Piwi subfamily, including three members, piwi, Aub and Ago3, has attracted increasing attention as it participates in the biogenesis of piRNA. Here, we identified 33 Piwi homologs from the genome of 11 Drosophila species. The full‐length cDNA sequences of piwi and Aub genes were obtained by using New GENSCAN Web Server. The Ago3 homologs were difficult regarding full‐length information because they had long introns. The genomic structure of Piwi subfamily genes are highly conserved among diverse Drosophila species. Insect piwi and Aub genes have long first introns. The average length of the first intron is 1 284 bp for piwi and 840 bp for Aub, which is much larger than those of other introns (93 bp for Piwi and 54 bp for Aub). However, this phenomenon is not observed in mammalian piwi genes. We also found that there were abundant repeat sequences in both exons and introns of insect Ago3 genes. Due to recent insertions of long terminal repeat elements in four Drosophila species, part of the third introns exhibit higher conservation than adjacent exons and other introns. An evolutional tree created by Minimum Evolution method indicates that mammalian piwi genes are more closely related to the insect Ago3 Piwi subfamily.
Daily number of bee louse (Braula coeca) in honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica and A. m. syriaca) colonies maintained under semi‐arid conditions
Authors: Zaitoun Shahera , Al‐Ghzawi Abd Al‐Majeed 
Published: December 2008

AbstractExperimental work was conducted at two apiaries located in Irbid district and in Shuna North, Jordan, during the years 2004–2006. The aims of these investigations were to estimate the seasonal changes in the infestation rates of the bee louse (Braula sp.) and to develop an easy and rapid method of estimating the infestation rate on workers with bee Braula. Two major honey bee subspecies are reared in Jordan; Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera syriaca were used in this study. The results showed that the infestation rate began to increase rapidly in May, reaching the season's maximum rate of 16.2%, 15.8% and 17.4% for A. m. carnica and 22.6%, 23.9% and 22.9% for A. m. syriaca in December of 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The maximum adult numbers of bees were found in April and June, whereas the minimum for the year was in January in both honey bee subspecies colonies during the study period. The actual population of the bee louse could be estimated by counting the daily dropped lice and multiplying by a factor of 158. This factor is valid for the experimental colonies of both subspecies kept for 3 years under semi‐arid Mediterranean conditions.
The Interaction of Amino Nitrogen and Carbohydrates
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The reaction between glucose and the usually occurring amino acids and some peptides has been studied at pH 7.4.
Only with cysteine an approach to a complete reaction was obtained.
A cysteine‐sugar compound with thiazol structure has been isolated.
The reaction between amino acids and glucose is accelerated in the presence of phosphate.

The author wishes to express his gratitude to Professor K. Linderström‐Lang for extending the facilities of the Carlsberg Laboratory and for his untiring interest in the work. This has been supported by a grant from the Therese and Johan Anderssons Minne Foundation.
On the Peptidase Activity in the Cattle Muscle
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Cattle diaphragm muscle contains di‐peptidases and aminopolypeptidases, splitting alanyl‐peptides especially. Valyl‐glycine and glyeyl‐aminobenzoic acid are not hydrolized in experiments of short durability. The digestion of alanyl‐peptides is partially inhibited by cyanide.The author wishes to express his gratitude to Professor K. Linderström‐Lang for extending the facilities of the Carlsberg Laboratory, and for his untiring interest in the work and valuable criticism of the manuscript.The work was supported by a grant from the Therese and Johan Andersson's Minne Foundation.
On the Influence of Atropine on some Ncotine‐like Actions of Acetylcholine
Authors: ABDON N.‐O. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Dale'S original definition of the different actions of ac. ch. stated that muscarinelike actions are those which are abolished by atropine, while the nicotinelike actions are not antagonized. Later experiments show that both kinds of actions are antagonized by atropine, even if several exceptions from this rule are described There is, however, a quantitative difference between muscarinelike and nicotinelike actions with regard to the atropine antagonism. As a rule, muscarinelike actions are inhibited by smaller concentrations, while nicotinelike actions require higher concentrations of atropine. This quantitative difference is by some authors looked upon as a criterion of a fundamental distinction between the two kinds of action. The nicotinelike actions require, however, not only larger amounts of atropine, but also large amounts of ac. ch. It seems possible that those properties of an organ which make large amounts of ac. ch. necessary also make it necessary to use large amounts of atropine before the antagonism can be demonstrated. It is shown in the present paper that there is a constant ratio between the amounts of atropine which are necessary to provoke a certain effect on various organs of frog and the amount of atropine which is necessary for diminishing this effect to a certain degree. Thus, the quantitative differences between the two kinds of action with regard to the atropine antagonism do not seem to constitute any real distinction.
Striped muscles of frog must be exposed to atropine during 50 to 60 minutes, before the atropine exerts its full antagonistic power.
Is has been shown previously that atropine antagonizes the effect of ac. ch. on striped muscles, when these are suspended in a bath, while the effect of intraarterially injected ac. ch. is not abolished. In the latter case too small amounts of atropine seem to have been used. In the present paper is shown that atropine prevents the “quick contractions” of skeletal muscles of frog or rabbit, provoked by intraarterial injections of ac. ch.
Those amounts of atropine which abolish the “quick contractions” do not have any influence on the excitability of the muscles through their nerves. If, however, the muscles are suspended in very strong concentrations of atropine they lose at first their indirect excitability and then also their direct excitability. Several reasons—inter alia the effect of d and l‐hyoscyamine—show that this so‐called curare‐action” of atropine is not of the same nature as the ac. ch.‐antagonizing effects of atropine. Thus, while the effects of added ac. ch. is abolished, atropine exerts no action on the indirect excitability which can be explained as an antagonizing of ac. ch. It is emphasized that the theory of humoral transmission at present offers no acceptable explanation of this discrepancy.
über den Einfluss lokaler physikalischer und chemiseher Hautreize auf die periphere Blutverteilung
Authors: von REIS GÖSTA , SJÖSTRAND FRITIOF 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.Die periphere Blutmenge in der Leber und Nierenrinde sowie die Anzahl offener Kapillaren pro mm2 Querschnitt des M.masseter wurde an Meerschweinchen nach lokaler thermischer Hautreizung in Pernoctonnarkose bestimmt. Früher veröffentlichte Bestimmungen der peripheren Blutverteilung in der Leber und Merenrinde nach Einwirkung von lokaler Hautreizung mit Senföl und Ultraviolettstrahlung wurden durch Bestimmungen der Anzahl offener Kapillaren pro mm2 Masseterquerschnitt ergänzt.

Lokale Bestrahlung mit einer Wärmelampe brachte keinen nachweisbaren Effekt auf die periphere Blutverteilung in der Leber und Nierenrinde mit sich, ausser im Zusammenhang mit dem Eintreten von Hyperthermie (1—2° C), wo sich eine Steigerung der peripheren Blutmenge in der Nierenrinde mit 130 % der entsprechenden Kontrolltierwerte nachweisen liess. Ausserdem lag ein infolge von Streuung der Werte nicht sicherer Einfluss auf die Leber vor, während kein Effekt auf die peripheren Blutgefässe im M.masseter festgestellt werden konnte.
Lokale Wärmereizung mittels Kontaktwärme (ohne Steigerung der Rektaltemperature) hatte keine sichere Beeinflussung der peripheren Blutgefässe in der Leber und Nierenrinde zur Folge.
Bei lokalen Kältereizen stieg die periphere Blutmenge in der Leber mit 150 % des entsprechenden Kontrolltierwerts, während sich ein Einfluss auf die Nierenrinde nicht beobachten liess. Die Anzahl offener Kapillaren im M. masseter nahm um 29 % zu.
Lokale Kältereizung von denervierter Haut brachte keinen sicheren Einfluss auf periphere Blutgefässe in der Leber, Nierenrinde und im M.masseter mit sich, woraus gefolgert wird, dass der Effekt auf die Leber und Muskulatur bei Kältereizung der Haut durch die Hautnerven vermittelt wird.
Die Anzahl offener Kapillaren im M.masseter stieg bei:

lokaler Hautreizung mit Senföl um 13 %, und
lokaler Bestrahlung mit ultraviolettem Licht um 14 %.

Diese Effekte blieben aus, wenn die Hautreizung mit Senföl oder Ultraviolettstrahlung auf Haut appliziert wurde, welche ihrer segmentalen Innervation beraubt worden war.
Tension Changes during Tetanus in Mammalian and Avian Muscle
Authors: EULER U. S. von , SWANK ROY L. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Indirect maximal tetanic stimulation of the tibialis muscle of the cat and the pigeon at frequencies of about 45 p. sec. frequently lead to a gradual increase in tension of the muscle to a considerable extent.This secondary rise in tension is accompanied by a diminution of the action potentials. When a series of short tetanic stimulations are applied to the nerve the maximal tension of each tetanus shows, after a short depression, a gradual increase up to a maximum followed by a fall.In the soleus muscle of the cat this phenomenon is much less obvious at frequencies of 15–40 p.s. and there are only slight changes in action potentials at these stimulating frequencies.The phenomenon described here appears to be closely related to the post‐tetanic potentiation of a single muscle twitch.
Evidence for two Phases in the Regeneration of Yisual Purple
Authors: ZEWI M. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The concentration of visual purple has been determined photoelectrically during dark adaptation of previously light adapted frogs at 22.4 and 8°.At the higher temperature pilocarpine slightly enhances, and atropine definitely suppresses the rate of regeneration of visual purple in live frogs. At the lower temperature neither substance has any effect on the regenerative processes.The results are interpreted as further evidence in favour of the dual nature of visual purple regeneration. Only the process sensitive to temperature is in this particular instance sensitive to the drugs.Some results with regeneration in excised eyes under the influence of pilocarpine and atropine are also reported.
Electrothyreogram, Blood Iodine and Thyroid Iodine during Stimulation of the Sympathetic
Authors: HELIN B. , ZILLIACÜS H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Electrothyreograms elicited in decerebrate cats by faradic stimulation of the sympathetic or by injection of adrenaline have been recorded with the aid of a string galvanometer and a directly‐coupled balanced push‐pull amplifier. The aim of this work has been to correlate blood iodine, thyroid iodine and electrothyreograms, and, if possible, to obtain evidence for sympathetic control of the thyroid gland.Blood iodine has been determined by a modified Leipert method, described in detail in a previous commrnication (Helin, Zilliacus, Unonius, 1939).Blood iodine was found to be increased after stimulation of the sympathetic as well as after injection of adrenaline. In the former case the increase averaged 36.9%, in the latter case 47.1%. Controls with uustimulated animals showed that decerebration and operation around the thyroid did not as such influence the iodine concentration of the blood.The increase in blood iodine after stimulation was found to be accompanied by a decrease of thyroid iodine amounting to about 85.4%.Stimulation bringing about these changes in the iodine concentration of the gland and the blood is always accompanied by an electrothyreogram which accordingly is regarded as an index of secretory activity in the gland.
Studies on the Muscular Physiology of the Genital Tract
Authors: GENELL SUNE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In vivo‐investigations of the tonus conditions of the cervical muscles have shown that the tonus is highest in the oestrous phase, lowest in the dioestrous phase and after castration. In substitute experiments it has been shown that the increase of tonus in oestrus is elicited by oestrin. Surviving preparations of circular muscle from the cervix have been studied in different sexual phases. In the oestrous phase the spontaneous activity is of quicker rhythm and greater duration than in the dioestrous. After castration the spontaneous activity tends to cease.Pitocin is without effect on the cervical muscles.Adrenaline causes inhibition and depression of tonus in the cervical muscles.The cervical musculature, in respect of spontaneous activity and tonus, behaves inversely to the rest of the uterine musculature, and in contrast to this is refractory to pitocin but like this is negatively adrenotropic.
Rotation of Activity and Spontaneous Rhythms in the Retina
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.“Spikes”, recorded from the retina with micro‐electrodes and a condenser‐coupled amplifier, are elicited by stimulation with intermittent light.Single units of activity as well as a greater number of active elements responding to intermittent light, show a very marked rotation of activity, the individual elements pausing and reentering into activity at irregular intervals.Spontaneous activity in the retina can with respect to an interposed stimulus be divided into two categories, (i) discharges which can be temporarily or completely inhibited by illumination or even temporarily inhibited by cessation of illumination, and (ii) discharges which continue independently of whether the eye is illuminated or not.Spontaneous rhythms can be activated and facilitated by rhythmic stimulation.The experiments thus give further support to the view that waves of excitation passing through the retina are surrounded by spreading patterns of inhibitory and excitatory influences. With stimuli well above the threshold, these probably are the mam causes of the rotation of activity.From the sensory point of view rotation of activity may be regarded as one of the means whereby the effects of adaptation are counteracted, and it also emphasizes the fundamental truth behind “pattern” theories of visual processes.The experiments have been carried out with the support of a grant from The Rockefeller Foundation to this laboratory.
The Effect of the 1.2‐Dihydroxy butyric Acids on Insulin Hypoglycemia.
Authors: HOFF‐JØRGENSEN E. , PETERSEN. W. POSBORG 
Published: December 2008

Summary.By experiments on mice it is shown that d‐ and 1‐erythro‐ and d‐threo‐1.2‐dihydroxybutyrie acid are effective in preventing death from insulin hypoglycemia. This supports the hypothesis that these acids may yield glucose in the metabolism, 1‐threo‐1.2‐dihydroxybutyric acid on the contrary is without effect.The neutral solutions of the dihydroxydutyric acids are absorbed much more readily than the free acids.The statistical treatment of the experimental results may indicate that an antidote against insulin neutralizes approximately the same quantity of insulin whatever insulin dose is applied.We are indebted to Mr. O. Strange‐Petersen, who has called our attention to the method of BLISS and FISHER, and given valuable advice on the statistical treatment.