bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'aide militaire soviétique au Tiers Monde
Authors: Efrat Moshe 
Published: November 2007

Soviet Military Aid to the Third World, by Moshe Efrat
The price of Soviet arms is much higher than is generally believed in the West. Soviet pricing policy is different of the two main categories of military equipment. The price list quoted for the arms themselves is very favourable, whilst the prices for complementary Systems are usually much doser to international market prices. It follows therefore that foreign military expenditure is either much greater, or goods purchased by the Third World fewer, than has commonly been thought. The actual cost of conventional armaments supplied by the Soviet Union could be more than double the amount normally estima-ted by Western observers.
L'économie mondiale après le krach
Authors: Jacquet Pierre 
Published: November 2007

The World Economy in the Wake of the October Krach, by Pierre Jacquet
Economists find it easier to interpret the past than to predict the future. Few of them had dare to predict the financial crisis of October 1987 ; many now dwell on the reasons for the crisis. It is surprising that one does not draw yet the lessons, not from the krach itself but from this inability to predict upcoming events. Economie policies should be formulated to take into account this fundamental uncer-tainty. This article attempts to demonstrate the difficulties to predict the conséquences of the krach ; it then looks at the rôle of governments and at the policies suggested to improve the présent situation ; it finally describes the difficulties in implementing the proposed remedies, including the coordination of economie policies, which although it is called for by everyone is far from being realized and maybe prove illusory.
Histoire d'une négociation
Authors: Paolini Jérôme 
Published: November 2007

History of a Négociation, by Jérôme Paolini
Front the first deployments of soviet SS-20's in 1975-1976 and the NATO dual track decision of 1979 to the signature of the Washington Treaty on december 8, 1987, an entire chapter of post-war European security has unfolded in this « euromissile decade ». The article presents a detailed analysis of five intense years of Soviet-American négociations on intermediate nuclear forces as well as the political context and military stakes that played a leading rôle in their final outcome. The historical retrospect suggests an irresistable convergence of various factors, sometimes mastered, often uncontroled, that would ultimately lead to the complete elimination of INF.
Libération sans liberté ou les raisons d'un fourvoiement
Authors: Abraham W. Emmanuel 
Published: November 2007

Liberation Without Liberty or What Went Wrong, by W. Emmanuel Abraham
The liberation of the African continent from colonial rule is now almost complete ; but the task of gaining freedom for her suffering masses has hardly begun. In Africa, we have liberation without freedom, sovereignty without sovereign peoples. The problems of Africa will not be solved without social justice and personal liberty.
Les dilemmes américains au Moyen-Orient
Authors: Stein Kenneth W. 
Published: November 2007

US Dilemmas Toward the Middle East, by Kenneth W. Stein
The United States used the uprising in the West Bank and Gaza as a means to activate the Arab-lsrael negotiating process. Israelis and the PLO alike were taken by surprise by the initiative and resilience of Palestinians in the territories. Just as the Shultz initiative was stymied by the internai political immobility within Israel and the Palestinian community, so was American diplomacy caught in a time trap of an Administration coming to an end. Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, overcome with euphoria during the early months of the Intifadah were faced with the reality of translating their street successes into long-term political gains. Could the PLO deliver or would they have to look to Jordan for assistance in the negotiating process?
Les forces aériennes et le désarmement en Europe : trente ans de négociations. 1958-1988
Authors: Debouzy Olivier 
Published: November 2007

Air Forces and the Disarmament in Europe : Thirty Years of Negotiations 1958-1988, by Olivier Debouzy
This article examines how the question of the limitation of air forces has been dealt with in arms control talks during the last thirty years. The study surveys negotiations from the 1958 Conférence on the prevention of surprise-attack to MBFR (1973-1988), SALT (1969-1979), CDE (1984-1986) and INF (1980-1987). During these thirty years, the Soviets have consistently put the emphasis on the denuclearization of Western Europe. But the limitation of air forces did not assume in the past the same priority as today. Can useful lessons be drawn from the survey of thirty years of negotiations ? Are these lessons relevant in the context of CFE ? The study of past negotiations allows the forecasting of what could be the stakes of CFE talks as far as air forces are concerned.
La crise du Golfe et l'avenir du Moyen-Orient
Authors: Parsons Anthony 
Published: November 2007

The Gulf Crisis and the Future of Middle East, by Sir Anthony Parsons
After the invasion and then the annexation of Kuwait, the question is how and when Saddam Hussein will be forced to disgorge Kuwait. The most likely option is that a military action is taken at the initiative of the United States of America, with backing from the Arab coalition on the ground and also of as many as possible of the other states who are participating in the multinational force. If the military action works, the Iraqi forces are driven out of Kuwait, the conquest is out of question and there is a deterrent force in Kuwait, the negotiations will be able to start and a mandatory arms embargo will be able to be imposed on Iraq. There will be no alternative to tackling two issues simultaneously, namely Arab-Israeli peace and regional arms control and disarmament.
L'ONU et les institutions internationales après la guerre du Golfe
Authors: Colin Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2007

The Impact of the Gulf War on the United Nations and Other International Institutions, by Jean-Pierre Colin
Reform of the United Nations has been on the agenda for a long time. The problems are essentially political, not technical. A revision of the UN Charter is unlikely. But a change in UN jurisprudence is nevertheless under way. Maintaining peace will remain the principal priority but a global approach to world crises is necessary with better coordination at the heart of the UN system. The UN's own financial resources should strengthen as its legitimacy grows. The Secretary General can be a genuine leader invested with wide political responsibilities.
La Bundeswehr en transition
Authors: Van Orden Geoffrey 
Published: November 2007

The Bundeswehr in Transition, by Geoffrey Van Orden
The development of the German Armed Forces over the next few years will again give an indication of the direction of German security and foreign policy. For the moment, there is sensitivity to infringement of the new-found German sovereignty and creation of a distinctly national command structure in spite of defence rhetoric which emphasises multipast, from psychological and political and Treaty constraints, the problems of absorbing eléments of the former East German Armed Forces, and the need to reassure erstwhile opponents and current allies. The new structure can only be regarded as transitional until Germany defines its role in world affairs and enables its Army to achieve the « normality » of being able to contribute to both national security and integration, and Germany's international prestige.
Une ancienne république autonome de la Russie : le Tatarstan
Authors: Meyer Maxime 
Published: November 2007

Tatarstan : a Paradigm for the Old Autonomous Regions of Russia, by Maxime Meyer
This article deals with Russia's relations with its former autonomous régions, which now aspire to independence. Tatarstan, the most powerful, with the strongest tendencies in this direction, is used here as an example to demonstrate the problems. The author analyses the political situation and the forces at work in this republic.
Le pacifisme constitutionnel nippon à l'épreuve de la guerre du Golfe
Authors: Seizelet Eric 
Published: November 2007

The Gulf War has put Japan's Constitutional Pacifism to the Test, by Eric Seizelet
The difficulties which have been encountered since Autumn 1990 concerning Japanese participation in UN peacekeeping operations have provoked wide controversy over the modification of the Japanese constitution to respond to changes in the international order. Although the Gulf War brought the question very much into the open, it was in fact a problem of long standing and had figured in many debates during the eighties on Japan's « international contribution ». The possibility of sending military forces abroad is a highly charged and divisive issue for both political and public opinion. These differences of opinion have put heavy constraints on achieving passage of the new act, and demonstrate clearly the weakness of Japanese machinery for political décision making when faced with situations of crisis.
Albanie : les débuts du post-communisme
Authors: Schreiber Thomas 
Published: November 2007

The Beginning of a Post-Communist Era in Albania, by Thomas Schreiber
The parliamentary elections held on 22nd March 1992 effectively ended 45 years of communist party rule. Two weeks later, Ramiz Alia, the chosen successor of Enver Hodja, founder of the Stalinist regime, resigned his post as Président in favour of Sali Berisha, leader of the democratie opposition. For several years, Ramiz Alia had sought normal relations with the outside world without relinquishing his monopoly on power. By 1990, popular discontent forced him to institute several reforms, but these came too late to avoid the rise of a strong opposition force. The early post communist era is fraught with difficulty. The new leadership has to reestablish order and rebuild the economy if anarchy is to be avoided, and if Albania is not to pose yet another threat to the already fragile stability of the Balkans.
Le facteur nucléaire après la guerre froide
Authors: Touraine Marisol 
Published: November 2007

The Nuclear Factor in the Aftermath of the Cold War, by Marisol Touraine
In future, nuclear powers are not likely to face crises over territorial issues. Nuclear dissuasion during the Cold War period was founded on two princi-ples : protection of national territory and guaranteeing the US commitment to défend Western Europe. The validity of this logic is now strongly in question. The major danger now lies in nuclear prolifération, which does not so much pose a direct threat, but involves creation of nuclear « sanctuaries » to dissuade military intervention by Western powers. Two scenarios are possible : a banalisation of nuclear arms or their progressive marginalisation. In order to avoid the former, the present nuclear powers should be willing to reduce the role of nuclear arms in their arsenals and stratégies. This involves abandonment of the principle of massive retaliation and acceptance of the doctrine of « no first use ».
Les enjeux de la libéralisation mondiale de l'agriculture
Authors: Henry de Frahan Bruno 
Published: November 2007

What is at Stake in the Agricultural Trade Liberalization ?, by Bruno Henry de Frahan
After briefly reviewing the role of protectionist agricultural policies in the recent agricultural trade crisis and the economie effects expected from agricultural trade liberalization, the paper examines the major economie stakes of agricultural trade liberalization with particular attention to the European Community and France. These stakes are assessed at different levels : the agriculture sector, the balance of trade and payments, economie growth and income distribution. In addition, the stakes are differentiated for protectionist and free-trade countries, on the one hand, and for industrialized and develo- ping countries, on the other hand. The last section of the paper outlines a possible conclusion to the multilateral trade negotiations to limit the impact of an agricultural trade crisis.
Pax economica ? L'économie de la paix au Moyen-Orient
Authors: Gaymard Hervé 
Published: November 2007

Pax Economica ? Economie Aspects of the Peace Settlement in the Middle East, by Hervé Gaymard
The spectacular nature of the treaty of 13 September 1993 hetween Israel and the PLO, and the importance of its political and sociological dimensions, must not mask the overwhelming significance of the underlying forces, particularly économie, that paved the way for progress towards peace. By reexamining the economie and financial context of recent events (the Intifaddah of 1987, the rupture of relations hetween Jordan and West Bank in 1988, Soviet Jewish émigration to Israel, the Gulf War, the « affair » over American financial guarantees to Israel, and Israel's Labour victory in 1992), this article hopes to shed greater light on the peace process unaerway today. First written in autumn 1992 in an effort to contemplate potential negotiation strategies of Israël, the PLO and Jordan, this piece bas now been updated with a postcript that takes into account the most recent available information.
La Russie : une hégémonie eurasienne ?
Authors: Simon Gerhard 
Published: November 2007

Russia : a Eurasian Hegemony ?, by Gerhard Simon
The collapse of the Soviet Union and Communist ideology has plunged Russia into a political and national identity crisis. Politically speaking, it must be noted that the end of Communism has not succeeded in convincing the majority of Russian voters of the need for rapid western-style democratization. On the contrary, a large part of the political class believe that the westernization of the political system would imply the abandon of Russian specificity and thus the loss of national identity. This, they believe, can only be maintained through present-day Russia keeping total faith with its centuries-old past, that of the Russian and Soviet empires. This explains why communists, ultranationalists and even many democrats seek to reestablish Russian hegemony over and beyond the territory of the ex-Soviet Union. Such a quest risks hindering the democratization of the Russian state and the consolidation of the nation.
L'Ostpolitik de Weimar à Berlin
Authors: Vernet Daniel 
Published: November 2007

L''Ostpolitik de Willy Brandt et de ses successeurs sociaux-démocrates comme chrétiens-démocrates à la chancellerie a consisté à prendre acte du statu quo avec le camp socialiste pour tenter d'augmenter la marge de manœuvre diplomatique de Bonn, de même que la politique d'intégration occidentale de Konrad Adenauer avait eu pour but de rendre à la République fédérale d'Allemagne une crédibilité internationale. Cette attitude se distingue radicalement des politiques menées sous la République de Weimar dont les dirigeants n'ont jamais réussi à choisir entre une réforme négociée de l'ordre d'après-guerre qui passait par son acceptation préalable, et une subversion conflictuelle de l'Europe de Versailles. Replacée au centre de l'Europe par la disparition du Mur, l'Allemagne réunifiée saura-t-elle persister dans son être occidental ?
Ostpolitik from Weimar to Berlin, by Daniel Vernet
L'Union européenne : de Maastricht à Karlsruhe et au-delà
Authors: Reeh Klaus 
Published: November 2007

The European Union : From Maastricht to Karlsruhe and Beyond, by Klaus Reeh
About a year ago, the Federal Constitutional Court finally paved the way for the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. Ever since the Court's judgement fell into oblivion. Yet it deserves better, because it clarifies ambiguities, imposes constraints, affirmes good Community practices, reinforces the protection of civil rights, enlarging them as far as democracy is concernea, and, most significantly, it protects the role of parliaments in the democratie evolution of the European Union. Moreover, the Court sketches a strategy to manage the most difficult problem of the Union which is balancing the need for the Union to become more democratie with the will of Member States to maintain their national sovereignty. For this purpose, the Court proposes constitutional openness accompaniea by political experiments (including a single currency), but retaining only those with good results. If this « strategy of the judges » was to be followed, the European Union might well be able to overcome its current crisis.
La coopération franco-allemande face aux nouveaux défis
Authors: Scharping Rudolf 
Published: November 2007

Franco-German Cooperation Faced with New Challenges, by Rudolf Scharping
The development of Western Europe and, on a larger scale, peace in Europe dépend upon the Franco-German partnership, the reconciliation of the two countries who have been rivals up until the middle of this century, their integration into the Community as a whole and the cooperation between the two. Nevertheless, events in Eastern Europe since 1989 require a more daring Franco-German approach to the new European, or even global situation marked by the inevitable rapprochement between the two halves of our continent and the increasingly urgent problems faced by the southern hemisphere of our planet.
Histoire et avenir des mouvements de populations
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2007

History and Future of Population Movements, by Jean-Claude Chesnais
International migrations have played an important role in the history of peoples. The emigration to the New Worlds was in large part due to the demographie pressure within the European continent from the eighteenth century onwards. Up until the thirties a « Europeanisation » of the planet took place. From this time onwards, migratory movements have tended to reverse and Europe, as well as East Asian countries with low birth rates have in turn become territories of immigration. This article takes a historical perspective and shows that this migratory transition is going to spread to a growing number of countries. The classical prospective calculations concerning the future of international migrations are presented and discussed.
Immigration et développement économique en Asie de l'Est
Authors: Lin Lean Lim 
Published: November 2007

Immigration and Economie Development in East Asia, by Lin Lean Lim
No firm conclusion can be made as to whether the overall impact of immigration is positive or negative for the East Asian countries. Much will depend on the perspective adopted — economie or social, short-term or long-term, from the point of view of employers or workers. The implications of importing labour will also have to be weighed against other alternatives for dealing with labour shortage situations. Such alternatives have to be considered in a context in which the national interests of independent countries are juxtaposed against the realities of growing international interdependence. A much more rigorous research agenda is called for.
Du bon usage de Clinton pour l'Europe
Authors: Brenner Michael 
Published: November 2007

A European User's Guide to Clinton's America, by Michael Brenner
Modifying the terms of the United States'engagement in Europe in ways that continue to exploit its unique assets, yet are congruent with new conditions, is essential to establishing a stable continental order. The initiative for redressing the fragile imbalance in the Atlantic partnership must corne from the West Europeans. That requires: a discouragement of residual US paternalism: a demonstrated readiness to share more fully the duties of protecting collective interests in Europe and elsewhere: a sensitivity to the growing domestic constraints on American foreign policy: and accepting the self-interested need to compensate for the omissions and indiscipline of Washington policy-making as the country struggles with the quandries of a declining superpower.
La politique américaine et la crise yougoslave
Authors: Larrabee F. Stephen ,   Institut d'études de sécurité de l'UEO
Published: November 2007

US policy and the Yugoslav Crisis, by F. Stephen Larrabee
This essay examines US policy toward the crisis in the former Yugoslavia and its implications for Transatlantic relations. The crisis has reinforced a growing scepticism in the United States ahout the role of the United Nations and peacekeeping. This scepticism has hecome even more pronounced since the November Congressional élections in which the Republican party gained control of the Senate and the House of Representatives for the first time in 30 years. The new Republican-dominated Congress is likely to he more unilateralist and sceptical about foreign commitments than the previous one. This will make it much more difficult for the Clinton Administration to forge a bipartisan consensus not just on Bosnia but on many other international issues as well. The crisis has also created serious cracks in the Western Alliance. Despite efforts by the Clinton Administration to paper over these differences, it is clear that the US and its allies do not share the same strategie assessment regarding Bosnia. This pertains to a number of other critical issues related to European security as well, especially the enlargement of NATO. The danger is that the differences over Bosnia could spill over into the debate about NATO expansion and complicate the effort to enlarge NATO.
La Russie et la sécurité européenne
Authors: Baranovsky Vladimir 
Published: November 2007

Russia and European Security, by Vladimir Baranovsky
As viewed from Moscow, the security landscape in Europe bas fundamentally cbanged during the last three years. But security considerations per se have only been of secondary importance in the evolution of Russia's foreign policy from its initial post-imperial romanticism towards a clear-cut assertiveness in protecting Russian « national interests ». Rather, this evolution has been determined both by domestic factors and by Moscow's feverish search for restored self-confidence in the international arena. Consolidating the post-Soviet geopolitical space as the zone of Russia's « vital interests » and ensuring a recognized « great power » status to Russia are by far the most important elements in Moscow's thinking about the European architecture. Ironicalty, both elements undermine its efforts to establish a pan-European model with Russia's full-fledged participation. These efforts are also increasingly undermined by Moscow's poor record in economie reforms, uncertainties with respect to democratie developments within the country and uncivilized methods of dealing with internal conflicts (as was dramatically demonstrated in Chechnya). Internationally, after a spectacular failure in preventing the « westernization » of its former Warsaw Pact allies, Moscow faces a painful dilemma in choosing between confrontational and cooperative patterns in its relations with the rest of Europe.
Pologne : la peur du vide
Authors: Wohlfeld Monika 
Published: November 2007

Poland: the Fear of the Void, by Monika Wohlfeld
Poles favour the existence of a European security identity with a strong Nortb Atlantic component, which ultimately should include Central Europe but not the destabilised and increasingly assertive Russia. Polish leaders fear the intensifying tensions pertaining to institutional development within the Euro-Atlantic cornmunity, which could make Central European countries pawns in a political debate. The delays in the creation of a coherent Western response to Central Europeans' security needs cause feelings of insecurity and unrequited affection, and may strengthen political forces which oppose the Western direction of security and defense policies.