bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radioactive Pollution at the Oil Fields of the Apsheron Peninsula, Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan
Authors: Djahanguiri F. , Reimer G. M. , Holub R. , Aliev C. S. , Zolotovitskaya T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in the oil fields of the Apsheron* Peninsula (AP), Azerbaijan is widespread. NORM is a major source of environmental contamination of soils, surface and ground waters in Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea. Geological formations at AP are composed of clays, sandstone, and limestone with radioactivity background within 6 μR/hr. At the tectonically disturbed zones of AP, radioactivity increases to 15-20 μR/hr. At some oil fields in South-Western area of AP and around iodine plants the level of radioactivity varies from 600 to 5,000 μR/hr. The origin of NORM in oil fields of AP is related to drilling, production, and processing operations. Other sources of contamination are oil well equipment where separation of contaminated water from oil and its subsequent reinjection into the oil field.
There are no environmental regulations in Azerbaijan related to NORM. The state committee for Nature Protection is responsible for environmental protection of Azerbaijan but it is hoped that this paper will bring attention to the environmental community that pollution at AP and around the Caspian Sea is close to national disaster. In some oil fields, soil contamination is so extensive and elevated that it needs to be disposed of as low-level radioactive waste.
The Azerbaijan government must have international assistance to clean-up its own environment. Azerbaijan needs financial support of international organizations and multinational oil companies, and involvement of industrialized nations for collecting field data and its interpretation for improving the environment at the Caspian Sea and its surroundings. Furthermore, experience gained from study of NORM in this region would be useful for researchers throughout the world. There is a very limited information about NORM and its health effects in literature.
Coiled Tubing Operations From a Floating Vessel
Authors: Engel S.P. , Monroe C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For many years, coiled tubing has been successfully operated from floating facilities. With recent advances relating to the understanding of plastic fatigue of coil, there are evolving concerns associated with the fatigue of a continually moving reel.
This paper quantifies reel motion with respect to the relative position of the reel, heave amplitude and period and the effect of running rates. A fatigue computer model is used to assess the operating limits and time to failure in a hypothetical case and a heave animation simulator is used to optimise rig-up configurations. Real and potential operating solutions are offered and a definition of maximum operating heave is addressed.
Coiled Tubing Deployed ESPs Utilizing Internally Installed Power Cable - A Project Update
Authors: Cooper R. , Head P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Whilst previous papers1,2 have considered the background to, and details of, the development of a coiled tubing deployed ESP system, this paper considers field experience from the system to date. The system has been used to deploy ESPs in two locations; the first onshore, United Kingdom and the second offshore in the Middle East3. The second case is of particular interest as the four well minimum facility development was completed using a coiled tubing unit on a derrick-less platform. Several intervention operations have since been performed, also using a coiled tubing unit. Since the industry has been reluctant to use ESPs in remote locations such as subsea wells or minimum facility developments, due to questions of completion reliability, this represents an ideal test scenario; the system was originally conceived to enable rigless ESP completions. Whilst the system has been generally acclaimed as successful, various technique aspects of the system are discussed with particular emphasis on design improvements that will enhance future performance.
Large Coiled Tubing Fatigue Life
Authors: Avakov Vladimir A. , Martin John 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As a result of full-scale and accelerated fatigue tests, a new data on coiled tubing (CT) fatigue life is now available. For a full-scale field test, operators set up an operational coiled tubing unit and induce stress/strain conditions identical to field conditions by moving pressurized CT from the reel to the well and back to the reel. Accelerated tests are performed with a laboratory bending machine that applies stress/strain cycles to the pressurized specimen. These cycles are similar to actual stress/strain cycles applied to CT over the reel or over the tubing guide. In this case, the specimen is 6 to 7 ft long. It is fixed at one end and simulates a cantilever with an alternating load at the other end.
Fatigue tests are performed on 1.25 to 3.50-in. OD CT sizes having the following minimum yield strengths: 70,000 psi (70k tubing)80,000 psi (80k tubing)100,000 psi (100k tubing)
An existing CT fatigue life model is refined to account for the tested CT sizes and materials. Main features of the model are described.
Full-Scale, Low-Cycle Fatigue Tests with 2-in. Coiled Tubing and an Automatic Coiled Tubing Inspection and Monitoring System
Authors: Koper Mark G.M. , Tan Sefer , Rosen Patrik 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Coiled tubing (CT) is increasingly becoming a viable and preferred alternative to joined pipe in a wide range of oil and gas well operations. Consequently, along with being suitable for use in more applications, CT must maintain its integrity under increased operational conditions of pressure, load, and depth. These operational conditions require extensive safety measures during all phases of a Ct project.
This paper presents the objectives, physical setup, procedures, and successful results of full-scale, low-cycle fatigue tests. Researchers tested two different grades of 2-in. CT to refine the CT fatigue-life prediction model and string management system. In addition, a powerful, automatic CT inspection and monitoring system with multiaxial outer diameter and wall-thickness measuring capabilities was tested and validated.
During the tests, the following models and systems have improved and validated:–tubing fatigue models–string management systems–real-time CT inspection and monitoring systems
In CT operations, these models and systems have to be continually improved and validated to better establish the safety margin and prolong the optimal working life of CT strings. This paper demonstrates how these models and systems can be successfully improved and validated.
Titanium as an Alternative to Conventional Coiled Tubing: A North Sea Case Study
Authors: Christie Mike , Gavin Bill 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper investigates the feasibility of using Titanium coiled tubing as an alternative to conventional steel coiled tubing for established operations in the North Sea. The criteria set is that both should be capable of performing the same work scope.
Within the North Sea many mature fields are serviced from platforms whose structures are being downrated in-so-far as deck load bearing and crane lifting capability is concerned. This imposes severe limitations as to the length or weight of steel coiled tubing that can be lifted onto and manoeuvered on board some platforms. Titanium alloys, being lighter than steel, give a potential solution to this problem in that they have a lower density and greater yield strength allowing thinner wall thickness to be used.
A direct comparison has been made between Titanium coiled tubing and steel coiled tubing in order to ascertain whether well entry capability is similar. While Titanium undoubtedly offers many benefits to those of steel coiled tubing there remains some uncertainty over Titanium’s horizontal reach capability due to its’ lower Young’s Modulus. Three wells (Example A, B & C) have been used to evaluate the ability of coil made with these two materials. These wells were part of a campaign of work carried out in 1996. The steel coiled tubing data and tubing force analysis predictions are thus real data, only the Titanium coiled tubing values are simulated. The coiled tubing prediction model was validated with steel coiled tubing during the job and therefore the model is the common link between the known and hypothetical values.
Casing Exit Techniques Using Coiled Tubing: Worldwide Case Histories
Authors: Pitman Malcolm , Rafferty Robin , Ferguson Andy 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
One of the operations that is essential for a successful and cost effective coiled tubing sidetrack is the casing exit. Currently, two coiled tubing casing exit methods exist dependent on completion configuration; through non-restricted monobore completions and "thru-tubing" casing exits.
The monobore completion or liner is exited by setting a packer and orientated whipstock then running a traditional starting mill and window mill.
The thru-tubing whipstock, which typically is run through a 4-1/2" completion and set in 7" casing / liner, utilizes a hinged mechanism which cams into place in the casing. A new generation of mills is used to cut the window.
This paper will discuss specific equipment, procedures and applications employed in a number of case history wells located in Alaska and in the North Sea.
Five years of Injection of Hydroxyethylcellulose: An Ecological Pure Product for enhanced Oil Recovery in the Field of Romashkino.
Authors: Loppinet A. , Iakovlev S. , Glénat Ph 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Petroleum Institute of Tatarstan has developed a special method of enhanced recovery based on the injection of ethers of cellulose mixture in order to increase the recovery of oil in water invaded hydrocarbon fields. This method creates a high viscous fringe in the formation. The purpose of this paper is to present the method, the results we got during our five years operation and the special and unique injection units which were invented to automatically perform the injection of this ecolologically pure hydroxyethylcellulose in a dispersed manner.
Our area of operation is the ROMASHKINO field, situated in the Republic of Tatarstan, of the Federation of Russia. More than 3 500 tons of HEC were injected in more than 180 injection wells. The additional oil production already produced reached 1 000 000 tons and is still continuing. A goal of our efficiency of almost 400 t/t which was initially calculated has already been reached and overcome in some areas.
In order to reach this result, TATOLPETRO, created some specialised trailer mounted injection units. Four trailers (pumping injection - cellulose mixing and control - power generation and utilities - bulk powder) easily moved from an injection well to another, in a very harsh environment, form the system. Its main feature is to be able to optimise the flowrate of the injection when arriving on a well and then to automatically find out the proper maximum possible dosing rate allowed by the state of the formation as well as the safety of the well structure itself. An other original feature is the low viscosity Vortex mixing chamber which disperses the cellulose in the water flow in order that the mixture reaches the formation before its comlete hydratation.
Analysis of Abnormally Pressured Gas Reservoirs with Partial Water Influx
Authors: Bass D.M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Gas reservoir performance data were generated numerically to study the magnitude of three energy sources in abnormal pressured reservoirs. It was found that pressured reservoirs. It was found that peripherial water influx and formation peripherial water influx and formation expansion made the greatest long-term energy contribution. Based on the generated data, a technique is presented for determination of gas-in-place. Attempts were made to apply the technique to conventional field data with inconsistent success.

Introduction
The petroleum industry has become indoctrinated into evaluating all gas reservoirs based on the P/Z - Gp Plot. This indoctrination has been so complete that gas reservoirs that deviates from a straight line indicates water-influx or gas-efflux. During the entire period of indoctrination, it has been known that very restrictive assumptions were made in order to justify the P/Z - Gp straight line relationship. These assumptions are:
- No loss or gain of energy from outside forces;
- The connate water does not expand;
- The pore space does not contract;
- The gas is always single phase in the reservoir; and
- The pressure used in the equation represents the volumetric average reservoir pressure.
In many field examples these limitations placed little restriction on the accuracy of the P/Z - Gp plot. With the advent of low permeability, high condensate, high rock compressibilities, or limited water influx the P/Z - G curve began to yield apparently correct, but unfortunately erroneous answers in the early life of a gas reservoir. This divergence from the norm has resulted in considerable re-evaluation of existing techniques of gas reservoir analysis. This re-evaluation has been most noticeable in the area of abnormal pressured gas reservoirs.
Minerology of Montmorillonite Under Elevated Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Rieke Herman H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Proper interpretation of the occurrence of clay mineral assemblages in Tertiary argillaceous sediments, containing abnormally high pressure zones, depends on understanding their diagenetic history. Of particular interest to petroleum engineers and geologists is the observed diagenetic conversion of montmorillonite to mixed-layered clay mineral forms under conditions of deep sediment burial at low geothermal temperatures (less than 500 deg.F). The origin of these clay mineral transformations may be related to the existence of the overpressured zones.
A series of pilot temperature-pressure laboratory experiments were employed to investigate the proposed transformation of montmorillonite to an inter-stratified layer arrangement of illite and montmorillonite. Samples of natural and pure sprayed-dried sodium montmorillonite (Wyoming bentonite) were saturated with distilled and substitute sea water, and treated with various chemical solutions before being run at pressures from 1,000 to 200,000 psig, under pH conditions from 0.5 to 13, and at autoclave temperatures up to 380 deg. F. The clay samples were exposed to these environmental conditions in both closed and open chemical systems from 7 to 21 days. The modification of the sodium montmorillonite structure to an illitic form did not take place under the above stated conditions. Apparently, time is an important factor in this conversion process and will have to be taken into consideration in future experiments. Evidence for non-conversion is based on X-ray powder diffraction studies, infrared absorption scans, and chemical analysis of the samples before and after each run. Results of these experiments are discussed and compared with data from previously reported field data and previously reported field data and temperature-pressure laboratory investigations on clays naturally occurring in sediments.
From Cost Reduction Towards Value Creation
Authors: Bakshi Ash 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Introduction
There is a natural tendency to accord events in which we play a direct part with a greater and more widespread significance than they sometimes warrant. Nevertheless, in this paper it is asserted that the industry restructuring which has taken place in the North Sea over the last few years is as significant as any change the oil industry has ever witnessed. As a result, a level of competitiveness has been attained which should enable the UK oil and gas industry to lead the world in terms of wealth creation in the future.
In his paper to the CRTNE conference held earlier this year in Aberdeen, Heinz Rothermund, managing director of Shell UK Exploration and Production said, "The 1986 oil price crash, disruptive as it was at the time, was one of the best things that could ever have happened to us."
That the sustained fall in the oil price occurred around the same time as we began to view the North Sea as a mature province, laid the foundations for a fundamental reassessment of the way we went about our business. In essence, it was determined that the rate of development in the North Sea could not be maintained unless the industry as a whole adopted a single-minded focus on applying the competitive economic principles necessary to maximise the net present value of each hydrocarbon asset. One of the key notions was that the industry players - oil companies and service providers - were interdependent and needed to do far more in the way of sharing information, skills and resources.
Joint Industry Development of the Downhole Oil Water Separation System-Field Case Study - An Update
Authors: Schrenkel Peter J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper is a description of a system which separates the produced oil and water in a high WOR (Water Oil Ratio) well, injects the produced water, and pumps the oil to the surface. The unique feature of this system is that the production, separation, and injection are all accomplished downhole, in one wellbore.
The benefits to the operator include decreased lifting and disposal costs and improved product margins and reserve recovery. Conceptual application and design, and actual field trial histories are discussed. This paper is an update of the paper presented at the SPE 1996 ESP Roundtable in Houston1.

Introduction
A primary reason for the abandonment of crude oil producing wells is the large volume of water which is produced in conjunction with oil. Water production increases power, disposal, maintenance, chemical, capital and many other costs associated with producing oil. Additionally, high water saturation near the wellbore may adversely affect the flow of crude oil into the wellbore through relative permeability effects. The net effect of this water production is decreased producing margin and fewer recoverable reserves.
C-FER (Centre for Engineering Research Inc.) and New Paradigm Engineering conceived the idea of running a Hydrocyclone separator in series with a downhole pumping system to accomplish oil production, oil/water separation, and injection of the produced water in one wellbore. C-FER was granted a patent on this technology and there are other patents pending by both REDA and C-FER.
In 1992, C-FER approached Vortoil Separation Systems and REDA, seeking their involvement in the development and field testing of Electric Submergible Pump (ESP) Separation Systems through a joint industry development project.
Thirteen units have been installed to date.

Benefits of Downhole Separation
The general benefits of downhole separation include decreased lifting and disposal costs and improved product margins and reserve recovery. Specific potential benefits of downhole separation include:Decreased power costsDecreased maintenance costsDecreased chemical costsDecreased environmental hazard
Developing a New Discovery as a Very Large Underground Gas Storage Reservoir
Authors: Damm M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Dutch gas market, comprising some 80 mrd nm3 (2.8 Tscf) of annual production, is structured based on a government policy promoting small field developments. These are given priority over the giant Groningen gas field, which serves as a swing producer to supply the difference between market demand and production from other Dutch fields and inputs. To fulfil this role, the Groningen field has to provide a capacity of some 450 mln nm3/d (16,000 MMscf/d).
Owing to field depletion the Groningen capacity is declining, resulting in additional capacity measures being required. Due to changes in the gas market, which lead to increased depletion of the Groningen field, capacity shortages were brought forward, resulting in three underground gas storage reservoirs having to be developed within severe time constraints. The time frame available to bring the first of these on-stream did not allow for the filling up of a depleted reservoir, and a new discovery therefore had to be used.
The most suitable undepleted field, the Grijpskerk field, had a number of very significant uncertainties, including: Complex overburden; evidence of compartmentalisation; diagenetic impairment; and the need to lean-up the indigenous gas within the first few years of operation by re-cycling. Managing these uncertainties required the use of a number of novel techniques, including pre-stack depth migration, nuclear magnetic resonance logging, as well as very flexible development planning.
Six new wells have been drilled, combining appraisal and development objectives, while adjusting the subsurface picture during the campaign. The plant was successfully brought on-stream January 1, 1997, with 8 wells capable of delivering in excess of 8 mln nm3/d (280 MMscf/d) each. It will eventually have a capacity of 80 mln nm3/d (2,800 MMscf/d) and the reservoir can handle an annual working volume in excess of 2 mrd nm3 (70,000 MMscf).
On The World Energy Requirements And The Need For An International Energy Policy
Authors: Sapre A.R. , Schoeppel R.J. , Sadiq S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This up-to-date study of the supply and demand of world energy resources is based on an analysis of the regional and global changes in the pattern of energy production and its consumption during the last two decades.
Since World War II, nations of the world have aspired to achieve the common goal of a higher and higher standard of living. This desire for higher affluence coupled with a population explosion have more than doubled population explosion have more than doubled the rate of energy consumption during that period. Technological growth and its spread period. Technological growth and its spread around the world has also contributed to this demand for energy. Changes in the patterns of availability and relative prices of energy resources have affected patterns of interfuel substitution and continue to affect the demand for oil and gas. During the last few years environmental concern has become a major issue further affecting the consumption patterns of energy resources.
Projections of the world energy requirements in years 1980 and 2000 are based on implicit correlations of one or more influencing factors such as population, GNP, personal income, technological innovations, and interfuel substitution.
Regional supplies of energy resources are viewed in relation to their demand and their future influence on the world energy situation. The importance of disparities in petroleum source-markets are shown to be of petroleum source-markets are shown to be of utmost importance in formulating national energy policies.
Finally, a "system" approach to global demand and supply of energy resources is suggested with a proposal for an International energy policy.