bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microspectrophotometric characterization of aromatic constituents in cell walls of hard and soft wheats
Authors: Akin Danny E 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCell walls of epidermis, hypodermis, nucellar epidermis, aleurone, and endosperm in hard and soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L) kernels were evaluated for aromatic constituents using ultraviolet (UV) absorption microspectrophotometry. Wheat varieties sampled were soft red winter Caldwell, hard red winter varieties Tam 200 and Karl, and hard red spring varieties Len and Yecora rojo. Spectra of cell walls of epidermis and hypodermis (beeswing cells) suggested larger amounts and a greater degree of polymerization of aromatic constituents in these walls compared to those of other cell types. Results also suggested the presence of ester‐linked ferulic acid. Nucellar epidermal walls also had polymerized aromatics and ferulic acid, but amounts appeared to be much less than in the walls of the beeswing cells. UV spectra of aleurone walls suggested that the predominant aromatic was ester‐linked ferulic acid; anticlinal walls had substantially more aromatic constituents than outer or inner periclinal walls. Endosperm walls lacked any indication of aromatics by this method. Grain hardness did not appear to be related to cell wall aromatics. UV absorption microspectrophotometry indicated significant variations in wall aromatics of different cell types of wheat grains.
Characterisation of bound flavour components in kiwifruit
Authors: Young Harry , Paterson Vivienne J 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlycosidically bound volatiles in kiwifruit have been studied. The compounds were isolated from kiwifruit juice by absorption onto a column of Amberlite XAD‐2 followed by washing with pentane and elution with methanol. Volatiles were released by enzymic hydrolysis with β‐glucosidase. Major components found and identified by GC‐MS were E‐hex‐2‐enal and benzaldehyde. Compounds not previously identified in kiwifruit include octan‐3‐ol, camphor, 4‐methylbenzaldehyde, 2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, neral, geranial, methyl 2‐hydroxybenzoate, nerol, geraniol and 2‐phenylethanol.
The effects of antioxidants on changes in oils during heating and deep frying
Authors: Gordon Michael H , Kourkimskå Lenka 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of antioxidants on the stability of rapeseed oil during heating at 80°C and during deep‐fat frying of potato chips (French fries) was assessed by measurement of the formation of polymers and increase in peroxide value, supported by determination of the increase in mass during heating and changes in tocopherols during frying. The Rancimat was also used to assess the stability of the oil containing antioxidants at 100°C The order of antioxidant activity during heating was: TBHQ > lecithin > ascorbyl palmitate > rosemary extract > BHT, BHA and D‐δ‐tocopherol. Minor deviations from this order of activity were observed depending on the method of assessment used, with the main difference being the low stability of the oil samples containing lecithin or ascorbyl palmitate in the Rancimat test. Ascorbyl palmitate gave a lower rate of increase of mass and peroxide value, but gave a similar rate of dimer formation compared to the rosemary extract. The rosemary extract and ascorbyl palmitate both retarded formation of dimers during deep‐fat frying and retarded losses of natural tocopherols in the oil. The stability of oil used for deep‐fat frying fell as the tocopherols were consumed and this was reflected in an increase in hydroperoxides generated in oil samples after frying. Oil extracted from the chips was similar to the bulk oil in polymer content.
Comparative characterisation of dioxane‐soluble lignins released by ball milling and by sheep digestion from forage grasses
Authors: Kondo Tsuneo , Watanabe Takashi , Ohshita Tomoko , Kyuma Tadashi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFaecal soluble lignin (FSL), extracted from the faeces of sheep that received orchardgrass and timothy, were compared with 90% dioxane‐soluble lignins released by ball milling (MHL) and by subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis (EHL) from the same grasses. FSL contained much less carbohydrate and esterified p‐coumaric and ferulic acids than MHL and EHL. Although no considerable differences were found in the yields of vanillin and syringaldehyde produced by nitrobenzene oxidation, the molar ratio of syringaldehyde to vanillin was higher for FSL than for MHL and EHL. Such differences in chemical properties among the lignin preparations were confirmed by 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. FSL had a lower molecular size compared with MHL and EHL. Results indicated that syringyl‐rich lignin fragments with less phenolic acid esters, probably depolymerisation products of the grass lignins, were released by digestion in sheep from the forage grasses.
Effect of condensed tannin in cottonseed hulls on endogenous ileal amino acid loss in the growing rat
Authors: Yu Feng , Moughan P J , Barry T N 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of condensed tannin (CT) in cottonseed hulls (CSH) on endogenous ileal amino acid flow in the growing rat was evaluated. CSH contain around 900 g kg−1 fibre and 52 g kg−1 total CT. Twenty‐four rats were allocated to four semi‐synthetic diets, which contained enzymically hydrolysed casein (EHC) as the sole source of dietary nitrogen and chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Two of the diets contained no CSH while the remaining two contained 50 g kg−1 CSH. At each level of hull inclusion (0 and 50 g kg−1), polyethylene glycol (PEG: MW 3500) was added (6 g kg−1) to one of the diets. The effect of CT was assessed by determining endogenous ileal amino acid loss in the presence or absence of PEG, which binds and inactivates CT. The rats were given their respective experimental diets ad libitum for 14 days. Samples of digesta were collected at slaughter from the terminal 15 cm of ileum. The digesta samples were centrifuged and the supernate ultrafiltered. The precipitate plus retentate (MW > 10000) fraction affords an estimate of endogenous loss. Inclusion of CSH in the EHC based diet increased ileal flow of total nitrogen (1387 versus 1623 μgg−1 dry matter intake; P ≤ 0.05), increased ileal flow of total amino acids (23%; P ≤ 0.01), and significantly increased ileal flow of several individual amino acids. There was no significant effect of PEG and no PEG × diet interaction; showing that the CSH effects could not be explained by action of CT. The presence of hulls in commercial cottonseed meal would appear to contribute to the reported low apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients for cottonseed meal by increasing endogenous ileal amino acid flow, but this effect is not due to the CT component of the hulls.
Effect of liming on calcium and magnesium concentrations in herbage
Authors: Riggs Katherine S , Syers J Keith , Rimmer David L , Sumner M E 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of adding calcitic and dolomitic limestone on the Ca and Mg concentration of perennial ryegrass grown in two acid UK soils were investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Additions of calcitic limestone and subsequent cropping caused decreases in exchangeable Mg of some soils to values considered to be deficient for many agricultural crops (<50 mg Mg kg‐1). However, such decreases in the predicted availability of Mg did not lead to Mg‐deficient herbage (<2.00 g Mg kg‐1) or reduced yields in most cases. In one of the soils, additions of dolomitic limestone increased soil exchangeable Mg to concentrations adequate for plant growth at the higher application rates and resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher herbage Mg concentrations (2.05‐3.55 g Mg kg‐1) than were obtained with calcitic limestone (1.63‐2.93 g Mg kg‐1). Thus, the use of dolomitic limestone is more likely to provide adequate Mg concentrations for grazing animals than is calcitic limestone. No significant correlations were obtained between either exchangeable Mg or Ca : Mg ratios in the soil and Mg concentrations in the herbage following calcitic limestone treatments. This suggests that plants may be able to take up soil Mg which is not readily exchangeable and, therefore, soil exchangeable Mg may be a poor measure of the plant availability of Mg.
Relationships between bulb dry matter content, soluble solids concentration and non‐structural carbohydrate composition in the onion (Allium cepa)
Authors: Sinclair Phillip J , Blakeney Anthony B , Barlow E W R 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRelationships between bulb dry matter content (DM), soluble solids concentration (SS) and non‐structural carbohydrate composition were evaluated in 49 onion (Allium cepa L) varieties ranging in mean DM from 74 to 215g kg‐1. The purpose of the study was to determine whether changes in total (free and combined) fructose concentration explain differences between varieties in DM and SS, and whether SS and DM are negatively correlated with reducing sugar concentration. There was a strong linear relationship between bulb SS and DM. Total fructose concentration was strongly related to SS and DM, either as a curvilinear relationship with SS, or with varying linear coefficients among fresh market (SS < 140g kg‐1) varieties and dehydrating (SS > 140g kg‐1) varieties. There was evidence of differences between dehydrating varieties possibly associated with the earliness or lateness of bulb maturation. Reducing sugar concentration tended to decrease with increasing SS, but correlations between reducing sugar concentration and SS or DM were smaller within the table or dehydrating variety groups than over all varieties. The poorness of those correlations was not explained by differences in maturity group, bulb diameter or number of fleshy leaf bases per bulb within either group. In several respects, fresh market and dehydrating varieties behaved differently, though this may simply reflect the relative scarcity of samples with SS between 120 and 150g kg‐1. The results imply increasing polymerisation of sugars into fructans with increasing SS. They support the hypothesis that the general trend in non‐structural carbohydrate composition of the bulb limits the rise in osmotic potential with increasing SS and therefore reduces the concentration and osmotic gradients to the bulb, but they also indicate further differences between varieties, particularly among dehydrating varieties.
Effect of bound condensed tannin from cottonseed upon in situ protein solubility and dry matter digestion in the rumen
Authors: Yu Feng , Barry T N , McNabb W C , Moughan P J , Wilson G F 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of adding cottonseed hulls upon the solubility of protein in unheated solvent extracted cottonseed kernels was studied using both in vitro incubation in mineral buffer and the in situ polyester bag technique. The latter technique was also used to study effects on rumen dry matter (DM) digestion. Effects attributable to condensed tannin (CT) were assessed by making measurements in the presence and absence of polyethlyene glycol (PEG; mol wt 3500), which binds and inactivates CT. Cottonseed hulls contained 51 g CT kg−1 DM, with 56 and 20% of the total CT being bound to protein and fibre, respectively; no CT was detected in kernel. Hulls and extracted kernel contained 33 and 509 g protein kg−1 DM, and 887 and 289 g fibre kg‐1 DM. In the absence of hulls, 42% of the total nitrogen (N) in cottonseed kernel was soluble in mineral buffer in vitro, whilst potential in situ N solubility and predicted rumen N solubility (corrected for rumen outflow rate) were 99 and 86%, respectively. Addition of hulls linearly reduced both in vitro N solubility and potential in situ N solubility, with 100% hulls addition reducing potential N solubility and predicted rumen N solubility to 94 and 79%, respectively. PEG addition had no effect upon the protein solubility of kernels, but increased N solubility in mixtures of hulls and kernels in vitro but not in situ. Two milligrams PEG mg−1 total CT was shown to reverse the effect of CT in reducing in vitro protein solubility. Potential in situ DM digestion and predicted rumen DM digestion (corrected for rumen outflow) were substantially lower for cottonseed hulls (41 and 33%) than for kernels (99 and 88%). Increasing the addition of hulls to kernels lowered the rumen DM digestion of mixtures in a quadratic manner, with increasing rate of hulls causing progressively smaller depressions. Addition of PEG had no effect upon the digestion of kernel DM, but increased potential DM digestibility and predicted rumen DM digestion of hulls to 47 and 40%, respectively, and also produced an increase in mixtures of hulls and kernels. It was concluded that the high protein solubility of unheated solvent extracted cottonseed kernels can be linearly reduced by the addition of cottonseed hulls, with the magnitude of the reduction being small, and that the presence of bound CT in hulls substantially depressed fibre digestion by rumen microorganisms. It is doubtful that CT plays a significant role in the reduction of rumen protein solubility produced by cottonseed hulls.
Die Schmelzpunkte von Fettgemischen
Authors: Lexow Thor 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIm Jahre 1933 erschien eine norwegische Arbeit: „Die Schmelzpunkte von Fettgemischen sowie Konsistenzbestimmungen bei Fett und Margarine”︁ von Dr. Thor Lexow. Im Auftrag der DGF und mit Genehmigung des Verfassers hat nunmehr Dipl.‐Ing. Lars Erlandsen, Oslo, diese Arbeit einer eingehenden Bearbeitung unterzogen: Veraltetes und Überflüssiges wurde weggeschnitten, die Ergebnisse mehr tabellarisch zusammengezogen und schließlich das Ganze ins Deutsche übersetzt. — Die Arbeit wird in Form zweier Aufsätze in „Fette und Seifen”︁ erscheinen. In einem Nachtrag wird dann der Bearbeiter die Arbeit von margarinetechnischen Gesichtspunkten aus einer eingehenden Kritik unterziehen sowie durch eigene Versuche und durch Hinweise auf neueres Schrifttum auf diesem Gebiete ergänzen.
Qualitätsanalytik im Dienste der Ölpflanzenzüchtung
Authors: Marquard R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBei Qualitätsuntersuchungen im Rahmen der Pflanzenzüchtung hat es sich bewährt, Screening‐Verfahren für die Massenauslese und quantitative Analysenmethoden zu kombinieren. An die Methoden muß, neben ausreichender Empfindlichkeit und Präzision, die Forderung nach hohem Analysendurchsatz, einfacher und sicherer Handhabung sowie kostengünstiger Durchführung gestellt werden. Zur Bestimmung von Fett‐ und Proteingehalten haben in jüngerer Zeit NMR‐ und NIR‐Methoden stark an Bedeutung gewonnen; gleichfalls kann die Pyrolyse‐Gaschromatographie mit gutem Erfolg zur Proteinbestimmug eingesetzt werden. Weniger erfolgreich waren bisher Versuche, die Analyse der Rohfaser zu vereinfachen. In der Fettsäureanalytik stehen bei Screening‐Verfahren die Papierchromatographie und bei quantitativen Untersuchungen die Gaschromatographie im Vordergrund. Durch die Verwendung geeigneter Probengeber konnte eine weitgehende Automatisierung erreicht und die Nachweisempfindlichkeit erhöht werden. Einige Probleme bestehen derzeit noch bei der Glucosinolatanalytik. Screening‐Verfahren basieren in der Regel auf Farbreaktionen des intakten GSL‐Moleküls und Palladium oder auf dem Nachweis der durch Myrosinaseeinwirkung freigesetzten Glucose. Für quantitative Bestimmungen wurden bisher überwiegend gaschromatographische Methoden eingesetzt. Durch die züchterische Reduktion des Gesamt‐GSL‐Gehaltes und der dadurch bedingten relativen Zunahme vergleichsweise instabiler Indol‐GSLe gewinnt die HPLC für wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Für praktische Belange können photometrische Methoden sowie die Röntgenfluoreszensanalyse für die Bestimmung des Gesamt‐GSL‐Gehaltes eingesetzt werden.
Modification of Mango Kernel (Mangifera indica) Fat by Monoester‐Polyester Interchange Reaction
Authors: Bhattacharyya D. K. , Banerjee K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMango kernel fat containing 32–37% palmitic acid and 24–26% lauric acid can be prepared by monoester ‐ polyester reaction with methyl esters of the corresponding fatty acids. The physical and chemical properties of interesterified products are found to be quite different from original mango fat. The modified mango fats may be used as plastic fats for confectionery, bakery and other edible uses.
Hochdruckextraktion mit Kohlendioxid – Ein schonendes Verfahren zur Gewinnung hochwertiger fetter Öle
Authors: Quirin K.‐W. , Gerard D. , Kraus J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDie wichtigsten Methoden zur Ölgewinnung sind das mechanische Auspressen und die Extraktion mit Hexan als Lösungsmittel. Diesen Methoden wird die Hochdruckextraktion mit CO2 gegenübergestellt, und die Vor‐ und Nachteile dieser Verfahrensweisen werden angesprochen. Eine Bewertung der Fakten führt zu dem Schluß, daß die Hochdruckextraktion in speziellen Bereichen auf dem fetten Ölsektor durchaus von Interesse sein kann. Als Beispiele werden die Extraktion von Maiskeimen, Leinsamen, Nachtkerzensamen und Jojobafrüchten beschrieben. Neben experimentellen Daten zur Hochdruckextraktion wird jeweils eine kurze Charakterisierung der erhaltenen Produkte gegeben.
Lipids as Release Agent Components in the Food Industry
Authors: Pfeiffer H. F. , Wüst R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTechnical oils and emulsions are of outstanding importance in many different ways in the processing of food: as pan release agents, lubricants for bread cutting machines or separating oils for dried fruit and candy. Since these oils are not intended to become integrated part of the food recipes, even mineral and silicon oils have been used. Nowadays, however, it is becoming increasingly understood that technical oils should have an edible quality, too. Fat and fatty acid chemistry has various products to meet this demand as well as the necessary technical requirements: good releasing properties, high oxidation and polymerization stability, low evaporation losses and viscosity values which can be adopted, however, to any possible need.
Polyole auf Basis fettchemischer Rohstoffe
Authors: Gruber B. , Höfer R. , Kluth H. , Meffert A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDurch säurekatalysierte Umsetzung von epoxidierten Fettstoffen mit ein‐und mehrwertigen Alkoholen sind in einfacher Verfahrensweise Etheralkohole (Polyole) zugänglich, die für eine Reihe von Anwendungsgebieten wie z.B. Polyurethan‐Schäume, ‐Dispersionen, ‐Gießharze von Interesse sind. Am Beispiel von epoxidierten Triglyceriden und epoxidiertem Oleylalkohol wird aufgezeigt, wie durch entsprechende Variation der Reaktionsführung bzw. der Alkoholkomponenten Polyole mit breit variabler Hydroxylzahl aufgebaut werden können. Zwei ausgewählte Anwendungsgebiete werden näher erläutert.
Über Anwendungen moderner Datenkommunikationstechniken im analytischen Laboratorium
Authors: Kroll S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDer Einsatz mikroprozessorgesteuerter Geräte in der instrumentellen Routineanalytik ermöglichte es, diese über genormte Schnittstellen an externe Rechner anzukoppeln. Hierdurch konnte eine Steuerung und Überwachung zahlreicher, der internen Kontrolle des Mikroprozessors unterliegender Gerätefunktionen durch den Rechner realisiert werden. Die sich hierbei ergebenden Möglichkeiten reichten von der externen Steuerung komplexer analytischer Abläufe bis hin zur Aufbereitung und Verarbeitung analytischer Rohdaten. Der anhaltende Preisverfall der Personalcomputer und deren zunehmende „Homogenisierung”︁ durch das Standardbetriebssystem MS‐DOS in der Version 2 und höher einerseits und die rapiden Fortschritte in vielen Bereichen der Datenkommunikation andererseits machen die Vernetzung mikrocomputergesteuerter Arbeitsplätze im analytischen Laboratorium zu kompletten Labornetzwerken zunehmend attraktiver. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird nach einer einführenden, allgemeinen Begriffsbestimmung von Rechner‐Netzwerken und deren Einteilung auf Grund ihrer maximalen Übertragungsgeschwindigkeiten und Übertragungsentfernungen eine Übersicht über wesentliche Hardwareaspekte und Datentransfer‐Techniken lokaler Netzwerke mit File Server Architektur und Personalcomputern als Netzwerkrechnern gegeben. Auf eine sich anschließende Beschreibung der Software‐Struktur für Personalcomputer und lokale Netzwerke folgt die Beschreibung eines modernen Labornetzwerks einschließlich des Umfangs der erzielbaren Automation und deren Konsequenzen.
Gemeinschaftsarbeiten der DGF, 99. Mitteilung Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten und verwandten Stoffen, 76. Mitt.: Analyse von Fettrohstoffen X
Authors: Arens M. , Kroll Edith 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNachstehend wird – wie im letzten Heft von „Fett Wissenschaft Technologie – Fat Science Technology”︁ angekündigt – eine Methode zur schnellen Bestimmung von Öl und Wasser in Schroten vorgestellt. Diese und die vorige Methode sollen in den „Deutschen Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten und verwandten Stoffen”︁1 veröffentlicht werden. Kritische Anmerkungen zu den Entwürfen nehmen die Berichterstatter gern entgegen.
Schnellmethode zur Isolierung der Sterine aus Fetten und Ölen
Authors: Homberg Elfriede 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDie Isolierung der Sterine aus Fetten und Ölen erfolgt meist über die sehr zeitaufwendige Lösungsmittelextraktion des Unverseifbaren aus der Seifenlösung. Durch ein neu entwickeltes Verfahren, bei dem aus der verseiften Probe Seifen und polare Bestandteile der Fette über Aluminiumoxidsäulen abgetrennt werden, läßt sich der Zeitaufwand auf ca. 1 Stunde reduzieren. Der Einsatz von 250 mg Fett genügt für eine anschließende gaschromatographische Sterinuntersuchung.
A Method for Determination of Interesterification Activity of Biocatalysts
Authors: Graille J. , Muderhwa J. , Pina M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe study of 1–3 regioselective interesterification of melted fats catalysed by lipases, worked as various catalytic preparations, involves a special assay for activity determination allowing trustworthy and significative comparisons between the different biocatalysts. The reference system is the mixture methyl stearate and coconut oil. It has been shown that hydrolytic activity determined as usual, is completely independent from the interesterification activity expressed in micromole of lauric acid incorporated in the methyl stearate per minute and per gramme of biocatalyst. Water activity (aw) also plays an important role in the course of the reaction; aw must be maintained under 0.5.
Calendula and Coriandrum – New Potential Oilcrops for Industrial Uses
Authors: zu Beerentrup Hanna Meier , Röbbelen G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a two years' field test Calendula officinalis and Coriandrum sativum were shown to be promising candidates for new crops for industrial oil productions. In Calendula seed oil the main fatty acid is calendic acid containing three conjugated double bonds. The mean oil content is 19.4%, and 62.8% of all fatty acids are calendic acid. Seed yield potential of C. officinalis proved to be excellent, but seed shedding is a major problem. Within the species a wide variation was established for genetic differences in, e.g. date of flowering, flower heads per plant, ray and disk flowers and different achene types. For sowing and harvest common farm machinery can be used. In Coriandrum sativum the main fatty acid is petroselinic acid, an isomer of the oleic acid. The agronomic potential of C. sativum appeared to be very good and no special breeding efforts are necessary to initiate first productions. The oil content was 17.1%, and 82% of all fatty acids consisted of oleic and petroselinic acid. In a 2 ha field trial with C. sativum the seed yield was as high as 25 dt/ha. Further breeding work should be directed to increase the oil content of the fruit and to possibly improve disease resistance.