bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced interpretation of magnetic survey data from archaeological sites using artificial neural networks
Authors: Bescoby David. J. , Cawley Gavin C. , Chroston P. Neil 
Published: September 2006

The use of magnetic surveys for archaeological prospecting is a well-established and versatile technique, and a wide range of data processing routines are often applied to further enhance acquired data or derive source parameters. Of particular interest in this respect is the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict source parameters such as the burial depths of detected features of interest. Within this study, ANNs based upon a multilayer perceptron architecture are used to perform the nonlinear mapping between buried wall features detected within the magnetic data and their corresponding burial depth for surveys in the ancient city of Butrint in southern Albania, achieving a greater level of information from the survey data. Suitable network training examples and test data were generated using forward models based upon ground-truth observations. The training procedure adopts a supervised learning routine that is optimized using a conjugate gradient method, while the learning algorithm also prunes network elements to prevent overregularization by reducing model complexity. Data processing was further enhanced by introducing rotational invariance using Zernike moments and by utilizing the combined output of a number, or committee, of networks. When applied to a section of survey data from Butrint, the ANN routine successfully predicted the burial depth of a number of detected wall features, with an rms error on the order of [Formula: see text], and provided a coherent map of the buried building foundations. The neural network approach offered advantages in terms of efficiency and flexibility over more conventional data-inversion techniques within the context of the study, giving fast solutions for large, complex data sets while having high noise tolerance.
Electrical and petrophysical modeling of Ferron Sandstone data
Authors: Szerbiak Robert B. , McMechan George A. , Forster Craig , Snelgrove Stephen H. 
Published: September 2006

As part of the 3D characterization of a fluvial reservoir analog site in the Ferron Sandstone in east-central Utah, new lab measurements of porosity, permeability, water content, and complex dielectric permittivity are collected and analyzed. Petrographic analysis of thin sections extracted from the same samples produced data on bulk, macro- and microporosity, lithology, and cementation. Thus, we have an unusually comprehensive data base for analysis. Debye models of complex dielectric permittivities are fitted using three frequency-dependent Debye relaxation mechanisms. Most ambient and dry samples are dominated by low-frequency relaxation mechanisms. The average dielectric constant and electrical conductivity at the typical ground-penetrating radar (GPR) frequency of [Formula: see text] are directly related to volumetric water content and are 3.86 and [Formula: see text] for oven-dried samples, 4.50 and [Formula: see text] for ambient saturated sam-ples, and 15.42 and [Formula: see text] for fully saturated samples. Electrical conductivity is poorly estimated from the oven-dried samples (for all clay content) because ion mobility is significantly reduced; thus, the dry conductivity is less useful for estimating petrophysical variations. Multivariate regressions with the petrophysical parameters estimate the electrical properties at [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with average correlation coefficients of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. Empirically derived predictions of dielectric constant as a function of water content will always provide better fits to the observed values than either generic models (such as the CRIM model) or fits to other data sets (such as the Topp formula, which was derived for soils). The Topp model consistently underestimates the dielectric constant, while the CRIM model generally overestimates it, at both 75 and [Formula: see text]. The overall regression procedures can be applied to data from other sites and potentially used as the basis of inversion of petrophysical properties from measurements of electric and dielectric properties.
Decomposition of electromagnetic fields into upgoing and downgoing components
Authors: Amundsen Lasse , Løseth Lars , Mittet Rune , Ellingsrud Svein , Ursin Bjørn 
Published: September 2006

This paper gives a unified treatment of electromagnetic (EM) field decomposition into upgoing and downgoing components for conductive and nonconductive media, where the electromagnetic data are measured on a plane in which the electric permittivity, magnetic permeability, and electrical conductivity are known constants with respect to space and time. Above and below the plane of measurement, the medium can be arbitrarily inhomogeneous and anisotropic.In particular, the proposed decomposition theory applies to marine EM, low-frequency data acquired for hydrocarbon mapping where the upgoing components of the recorded field guided and refracted from the reservoir, that are of interest for the interpretation. The direct-source field, the refracted airwave induced by the source, the reflected field from the sea surface, and mostmagnetotelluric noise traveling downward just below the seabed are field components that are considered to be noise in electromagnetic measurements.The viability and validity of the decomposition method is demonstrated using modeled and real marine EM data, also termed seabed logging (SBL) data. The synthetic data are simulated in a model that is fairly representative of the geologic area where the real SBL were collected. The results from the synthetic data study therefore are used to assist in the interpretation of the real data from an area with [Formula: see text] water depth above a known gas province offshore Norway. The effect of the airwave is seen clearly in measured data. After field decomposition just below the seabed, the upgoing component of the recorded electric field has almost linear phase, indicating that most of the effect of the airwave component has been removed.
Multicomponent wave separation using HOSVD/unimodal-ICA subspace method
Authors: Vrabie Valeriu D. , Le Bihan Nicolas , Mars Jérôme I. 
Published: September 2006

Multicomponent sensor arrays now are commonly used in seismic acquisition to record polarized waves. In this article, we use a three-mode model (polarization mode, distance mode, and temporal mode) to take into account the specific structure of signals that are recorded with these arrays, providing a data-structure-preserving processing. With the suggested model, we propose a multilinear decomposition named higher-order singular value decomposition and unimodal independent component analysis (HOSVD/unimodal ICA) to split the recorded three-mode data into two orthogonal subspaces: the signal and noise subspaces. This decomposition allows the separation and identification of polarized waves with infinite apparent horizontal propagation velocity. The HOSVD leads to a definition of a subspace method that is the counterpart of the well-known subspace method for matrices that is driven by singular value decomposition (SVD), a classic tool in monocomponent array processing. The proposed three-mode subspace decomposition provides a multicomponent wave-separation algorithm. To enhance the separation result, when the signal-to-noise ratio is low or when orthogonality constraints are not well adapted to the recorded waves, a unimodal-ICA step is included on the temporal mode. Doing this replaces the classic orthogonality constraints between estimated waves with independence constraints that might allow better recovery of recorded seismic waves. A simulation on realistic two-component (2C) geophysical data shows qualitative and quantitative improvements for the wavefield-separation results. The relative-mean-square errors between the original and estimated signal subspaces are, respectively, 52% for SVD applied on each component separately, 27.4% for HOSVD-based technique applied to the whole three-mode dataset, and 7.3% for HOSVD/unimodal-ICA technique. The efficiency of the three-mode subspace decompositions also is shown on real three-component (3C) geophysical data. These results emphasize the potential of the HOSVD/unimodal-ICA subspace method for multicomponent seismic-wave separation.
Type I Pleuropulmonary Blastoma: A Report From the International Pleuropulmonary Blastoma Registry
Authors: Priest John R. , Hill D. Ashley , Williams Gretchen M. , Moertel Christopher L. , Messinger Yoav , Finkelstein Marsha J. , Dehner Louis P. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose Type I pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare, cystic lung neoplasm in infants characterized by subtle malignant changes and a good prognosis. Recurrences after type I PPB are usually advanced type II or type III neoplasms with a poor prognosis. This article describes the first collection of type I PPB cases, analyzes outcome based on treatments of surgery or surgery plus chemotherapy, and presents type I PPB management recommendations. Patients and Methods Type I PPB cases from the International PPB Registry and literature were evaluated using standard statistical methods for outcomes based on age at diagnosis, sex, thoracic side, surgical extent, length of follow-up, constitutional/familial disease, pre-existing lung cysts, intrathoracic findings, and treatments (surgery or surgery and chemotherapy). Results Thirty-eight type I PPB cases were identified: Registry (n = 30) and literature (n = 8). Twenty children had surgery alone; eight (40%) experienced recurrence; and four died. Eighteen children had surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy; one experienced recurrence and died. All recurrences were type II or III PPB. Recurrence-free survival was higher in the surgery + chemotherapy group (P = .01); overall survival did not differ (P = .18). The improved recurrence-free survival was found only in males. Four of nine children with recurrence survived. Conclusion Adjuvant chemotherapy appears to benefit type I PPB patients. Benefit limited to males requires broader substantiation. Salvage after types II and III recurrence is poor (four of nine; 44%). A rigorous surveillance schedule after type I PPB diagnosis might detect early recurrence and be an acceptable alternative to adjuvant chemotherapy.
Patients' Decision-Making Process Regarding Participation in Phase I Oncology Research
Authors: Agrawal Manish , Grady Christine , Fairclough Diane L. , Meropol Neal J. , Maynard Kim , Emanuel Ezekiel J. 
Published: September 2006

PurposeThis study assesses the decision-making process of patients enrolling in phase I oncology studies.Patients and MethodsParticipants were eligible if they had consented to participate in a phase I cancer study at one of five cancer centers, understood English, and were older than 18 years. Trained interviewers conducted structured in-person interviews.ResultsOf the 163 participants, 88% were white, 96% had health insurance, and 51% were college graduates or post graduates. Overall, 81% were aware of hospice, but only 6% had seriously considered hospice for themselves; 84% were aware of palliative care and 10% seriously considered it for themselves; and 7% considered getting no treatment at all. Overall, 75% reported moderate or a lot of pressure to participate in the phase I study because their cancer was growing, whereas 7% reported such pressure from the study investigators and 9% felt such pressure from their families. For 63% of patients, the most important information for decision making was that the phase I drug killed cancer cells; only 12% reported that the adverse effects of the drug(s) was the most useful information. More than 90% of patients said they would still participate in the study even if the experimental drug caused serious adverse effects, including a 10% chance of dying.ConclusionPatients are aware of many alternatives to phase I studies, but do not seriously consider them. Very few experience pressure from family or researchers to participate in research. Their main goal is to fight their cancer, and almost no adverse effect, including death, would dissuade them from enrolling.
Sentinel and Nonsentinel Node Status in Stage IB and II Melanoma Patients: Two-Step Prognostic Indicators of Survival
Authors: Cascinelli Natale , Bombardieri Emilio , Bufalino Rosaria , Camerini Tiziana , Carbone Antonino , Clemente Claudio , Lenisa Leonardo , Mascheroni Luigi , Maurichi Andrea , Pennacchioli Elisabetta , Patuzzo Roberto , Santinami Mario , Tragni Gabrina 
Published: September 2006

Purpose To evaluate the prognostic significance of sentinel node biopsy in the management of stage IB and II melanoma patients, and to evaluate the status of nonsentinel nodes as a “second step key factor” to assess the prognosis of these patients. Patients and Methods We conducted an analysis of data collected in a prospective database. Results From February 1994 to June 2005, 1,108 consecutive patients with stage IB and II melanoma were submitted to sentinel node biopsy; 176 patients (15.9%) had occult node metastases. The frequency of positive nodes increased with increasing Breslow's thickness. The largest diameter of metastatic foci and their localization within the lymph node were associated with the risk of nonsentinel node metastases only. The 5-year survival of patients with positive sentinel nodes was 81.4% in patients with one positive node and 39.6% in patients with two positive nodes (P = .056). Multivariate analysis indicated that status of sentinel nodes is a key factor and that sex and Breslow's thickness maintain statistically significant relevance. Ulceration, which was associated with survival when considered as single factor (P < .001) had no impact on survival in the multivariate analysis (P = .10). To evaluate the relevance of metastases to nonsentinel nodes, we identified four groups of patients. Conclusion Evaluation of the sentinel node is a useful procedure to identify patients to be submitted for complete lymph node dissection. The procedure makes it possible to assess the best prognosis of patients.
Randomized Phase III Study of Exatecan and Gemcitabine Compared With Gemcitabine Alone in Untreated Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Abou-Alfa Ghassan K. , Letourneau Richard , Harker Graydon , Modiano Manuel , Hurwitz Herbert , Tchekmedyian Nerses Simon , Feit Kevie , Ackerman Judie , De Jager Robert L. , Eckhardt S. Gail , O'Reilly Eileen M. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose Exatecan mesylate is a hexacyclic, water-soluble, topoisomerase-1 inhibitor. Exatecan has single-agent and combination activity with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer. A multicenter, randomized, phase III trial comparing exatecan plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine alone in advanced pancreatic cancer was conducted. Patients and Methods Eligibility criteria included Karnofsky performance status ≥ 60%, locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and no prior chemotherapy. Radiation alone for locally advanced disease was permitted. Patients were randomly assigned on a 1:1 basis. For the exatecan plus gemcitabine arm, exatecan 2.0 mg/m2 and gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 were administered on days 1 and 8, every 3 weeks. Gemcitabine alone was dosed at 1,000 mg/m2 up to 7 weeks in the first cycle, then once a week for the first 3 weeks of a 4-week cycle. Tumor assessment was performed every 6 weeks. The primary end point was overall survival. An intent-to-treat analysis was used. Results From August 2001 to January 2003, 349 patients were randomly assigned, 175 to exatecan plus gemcitabine and 174 to gemcitabine alone. Twenty-four patients (6.9%) were not treated. The median survival time was 6.7 months for exatecan plus gemcitabine and 6.2 months for gemcitabine alone (P = .52). One complete response (CR; < 1%) and 11 partial responses (PRs; 6.3%) were observed in the exatecan plus gemcitabine treatment group, and one CR (< 1%) and eight PRs (4.6%) were observed in the gemcitabine-alone group. Grade 3 and 4 toxicities were higher for the exatecan plus gemcitabine arm versus the gemcitabine alone arm; neutropenia (30% v 15%) and thrombocytopenia (15% v 4%). Conclusion Exatecan plus gemcitabine was not superior to gemcitabine alone with respect to overall survival in the first-line treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.
Longitudinal Study of the Relationship Between Chemoradiation Therapy for Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Patient Symptoms
Authors: Wang Xin Shelley , Fairclough Diane L. , Liao Zhongxing , Komaki Ritsuko , Chang Joe Y. , Mobley Gary M. , Cleeland Charles S. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose Cancer patients undergoing aggressive therapy suffer from multiple nonspecific treatment-related symptoms. The goal of this prospective study was to establish a profile of the development of different symptoms over the time of therapy and to examine symptom-related functional interference in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CXRT). Patients and Methods Patients with locally advanced unresectable (stage II-IIIB) NSCLC were recruited for the study (N = 64). The M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI) was used to measure multiple symptoms before and weekly for 12 weeks after the start of CXRT. Mixed-effect growth curve models were used to estimate symptom development during CXRT. Results Approximately 63% of patients suffered from moderate to severe levels of multiple symptoms by the end of CXRT. Symptom clusters with four development patterns appeared over the time of CXRT. With some variation between patients, all symptoms had a significant impact on the level of interference (all P < .001). Fatigue, distress, and sadness were the single strongest predictors of total symptom interference (each R2 ≥ 0.49). Physical symptoms had greater impact on interference with function when they were moderate to severe, whereas affective symptoms had the largest effect on interference when they were mild to moderate. Conclusion Longitudinal analysis identified symptom clusters that have different development patterns in NSCLC patients receiving CXRT, providing a base for more accurate symptom management and suggesting the need for further study to identify potential mechanisms that might lead to better symptom control or prevention.
Oil film measurment in polytetrafluoroethylene-faced thurst pad bearings for hydrogenerator applications
Authors: Dwyer-Joyce R. S. , Harper P , Pritchard J , Drinkwater B. W. 
Published: September 2006

There is a growing trend in the replacement of the babbit facing in thrust pad bearings with a composite polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface layer. The PTFE-faced bearings have been shown to allow a greater specific pressure, reduce thermal crowning, and, in some cases, negate the need for an oil-lift (jacking) system. These designs of bearing require new methods for the measurement of oil film thickness both to assist in their development and for plant condition monitoring. In this work, an ultrasonic method of oil film measurement is evaluated for this purpose. An ultrasonic transducer is mounted on the back face of the thrust pad. Pulses are generated and transmitted through the pad material, bonding interlayer, and PTFE surface layer. The proportion of the wave that reflects back from the oil film layer is determined. This is then related to the oil film thickness using a series of calibration experiments and a spring stiffness model. In practice, the reflected signal is difficult to distinguish, in the time domain, from other internal reflections from the pad. Signals are compared with reflections when no oil film is present and processing is carried out in the frequency domain. Experiments have been performed on a full size PTFE-faced thrust pad destined for a hydroelectric power station turbine. The instrumented pad was installed in a test facility and subjected to a range of loading conditions both with and without oil lift. Although there were some problems with the robustness of the experimental procedure, oil films were successfully measured and used to study the effect of the oil-lift system on film formation.
A New Chemical Oscillator with a Macrocyclic Copper(II) Complex as Catalyst and Lactic Acid as the Substrate
Authors: Hu Gang , Zhang Zude 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The oscillatory features of a new type Belousov–Zhabotinskii oscillator with a macrocyclic copper(II) complex [CuL](ClO4)2 as catalyst and lactic acid as the substrate have been reported. This complex contains the ligand 5,7,12,14-tetraethyl-7,14-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11-diene. A tentative mechanism based on FKN has been suggested.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Magnesium Borate Hydroxide Nanowhiskers
Authors: Zhu Wancheng , Xiang Lan , He Taobo , Zhu Shenlin 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Magnesium borate hydroxide (MgBO2(OH)) nanowhiskers with a diameter of 20–50 nm and a length of 0.5–3 μm were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal route, using MgCl2·6H2O, H3BO3, and NaOH as the reactants. Mg7B4O13·7H2O with poor crystallinity was formed after coprecipitation of the reactant solutions at room temperature, the hydrothermal treatment of the slurry at 240 °C for 18 h led to the formation of uniform MgBO2(OH) nanowhiskers with high crystallinity and preferential growth direction along the (200) plane.
Grafting Organic and Biomolecules on H-Terminated Porous Silicon from a Diazirine
Authors: Wei Shuai , Wang Jing , Guo Dong-Jie , Chen Ya-Qing , Xiao Shou-Jun 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
A diazirine compound, 1,4-(1-azi-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzoic acid, was used as a stable carbene precursor to react with Si–H terminated porous silicon (PSi) under microwave irradiation. After formation of a molecular monolayer, the end carboxyl group was converted to an amine-reactive crosslinker species, NHS ester, and finally to a Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) monolayer on PSi.
UV–Ozone Treatments Improved Carbon Black Surface for Direct Electron-transfer Reactions with Bilirubin Oxidase under Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Tominaga Masato , Otani Mai , Kishikawa Mari , Taniguchi Isao 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Direct electron-transfer reactions of bilirubin oxidase (BOD) adsorbed onto carbon black (CB) were observed. Heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants (k°) between BOD and CB were evaluated by analyzing steady-state catalytic voltammograms using a rotating electrode system. By the use of CB treated with UV–ozone, improvements in k° values were observed.
Novel Hydrophobic Brønsted Acidic Ionic-liquids as Efficient and Reusable Catalysts for Organic Reactions in Water
Authors: Gu Yanlong , Ogawa Chikako , Kobayashi Shu 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Novel hydrophobic Brønsted acidic ionic liquids (HBAIL) were prepared and utilized as acid catalysts in organic reactions in water. HBAILs were demonstrated, for the first time, to be effective catalysts for Prins cyclization of styrene derivatives in water with a formaldehyde water solution. Many styrene derivatives could be successfully converted to the corresponding 1,3-dioxanes. Other dehydration reactions also proceeded well using HBAILs in water. After reactions, HBAILs could be easily recovered and reused without significant loss of activity.