bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Economic Cycle in Imperial China? Revisiting Robert Hartwell on Iron and Coal
Authors: Wright Tim 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRobert Hartwell's article published in 1967 in this journal has had an extensive influence in both Chinese and global history. The present article reviews the reception and use made of Hartwell's arguments by secondary sources over the last forty years. It focuses on three aspects: the Song economic revolution; Hartwell's quantitative estimate for iron production; and Hartwell's proposition that coal and iron production and consumption peaked in the Song dynasty, at least on a per capita basis. It argues that a consistent set of estimates are needed for coal and iron development over the last thousand years of imperial Chinese history. En 1967 Robert Hartwell publia un article dans ce journal qui a fortement influencé l'historiographie chinoise et mondiale. Cette contribution passe en revue l'acceptation et l'utilisation des arguments de Hartwell qu'on trouve dans les sources secondaires parues depuis quarante ans. Elle traite surtout de trois aspects de sa thèse, la révolution économique sous les Song; l'estimation quantitative de la production de fer, et la proposition qui veut que la production et la consommation du charbon et du fer par tête furent maximales sous la dynastie Song. La contribution témoigne de la nécessité de disposer d'une série cohérente d'estimations traitant du développement du charbon et du fer durant le dernier millénium de l'histoire de la Chine impériale.
Royal Land in Ptolemaic Egypt: A Demographic Model
Authors: Monson Andrew 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRecent studies in Ptolemaic agrarian history have emphasized the regional differences between the Fayyum and the Nile Valley, where private land was more extensive. This article proposes a demographic model that regards communal rights on royal land in the Fayyum as an adaptation to risk and links privatization with population pressure. These correlations and their reflection in Demotic and Greek land survey data raise doubts about the common view that patterns of tenure on royal land in the Fayyum can be attributed to more intensive state control over this region. De récents travaux relatifs à l'histoire agraire de l'Egypte Lagide ont mis en évidence les différences régionales entre le Fayoum et la vallée du Nil, où la terre privée était prédominante. Cet article propose un modèle démographique qui considère les droits communaux sur la terre royale dans le Fayoum comme une stratégie d'adaptation aux risques et lie la privatisation de la terre avec la pression démographique. Ces corrélations, attestées dans les documents cadastraux, remettent en question le consensus selon lequel l'organisation de la culture de la terre royale dans le Fayoum était soumise à un contrôle étatique plus strict.
Victorinus of Pettau as the Author of the Canon Muratori
Authors: Armstrong Jonathan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe present author contends that the Muratorian Fragment can be attributed directly to the third-century bishop Victorinus of Pettau. The argument outlined in this article is bipartite. First, Victorinus documents more parallels to the Fragment than any other ancient author. Second, several of the otherwise inexplicable oddities of the Fragment are rendered intelligible by a Victorinan theory of authorship.
Italian versus Eastern Valentinianism?
Authors: Kalvesmaki Joel 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThree ancient texts seem to attest to a division between eastern and western Valentinians. Closer analysis of these three texts suggests that such a conclusion would be too hasty. The first text, the title to one of Clement of Alexandria's works, is either unreliable or so specific that it calls into doubt the division. Hippolytus's testimony, the second text, is so laden with problems that it reliably attests to merely the existence of the Eastern Teaching, and possibly to its distinctive doctrinal position concerning the body of Jesus. The third text, by Tertullian, is vague and seems not to refer to an eastern-western division. In sum, the three texts have so many problems that any future efforts to develop a taxonomy of Valentinianism should not begin with this alleged geographical division.
Communications and Press Relations in Urban Government
Authors: Taras Ray 
Published: December 2007

The relationship between local authorities, the press and the public has long been a subject of interest and concern. A survey concluded by NALGO in 1957 showed that eighty-one per cent of respondents followed council affairs by reading newspaper reports of council meetings. More recently, studies by Dr Dilys Hill and by Anthony Barker and Michael Rush have stressed the importance of the local press as a medium of information for both the public and for Members of Parliament, whilst Ian Jackson has shown the degree to which press content reflects the assumed values of the communities served by local newspapers. Official concern was manifested in the reports of the Committee on the Management of Local Government (the Maud Committee) and the Committee on Public Participation in Planning (the Skeffington Committee).
This is a study of the relationships between four urban local authorities and their local press, and is centred upon the effects of opening meetings of council committees to the representatives of the press. The research aimed at discovering whether improved press communication resulted from open committee meetings, in terms of the quantity of information transmitted to the public by way of their local newspapers.
Interaktives Vergleichen und Zusammenführungen von Ontologien (Interactive Ontology-Mapping and Merging)
Authors: El Jerroudi Zoulfa , Ziegler Jürgen 
Published: December 2007

Zusammenfassung
In dieser Arbeit werden semi-automatische Verfahren vorgestellt, die den Domänenexperten beim interaktiven Vergleichen und Zusammenführen von Ontologien unterstützen sollen. Das Ziel beim Vergleichen von zwei Ontologien besteht darin, eine Abbildung zwischen der Quell- und Zielontologie zu finden, die dem Nutzerverständnis einer semantischen Entsprechung am nächsten kommt. Für die Initialisierung des Vergleichsprozesses startet der iMERGING-Editor mit der linguistischen Ähnlichkeit von zwei Konzepten, danach werden die strukturellen Eigenschaften der Ontologie berücksichtigt und im dritten Schritt wird die Ähnlichkeit aufgrund zusätzlich vorhandener Informationen wie die Verknüpfung mit Dokumenten untersucht. Nutzereingaben, wie das Ablehnen oder Ändern eines Mappings, werden im Vergleichsprozess interaktiv berücksichtigt, so dass Domänenwissen des Nutzers mit einbezogen werden kann, um semantische Entsprechungen zwischen zwei Elementen der Wissensstruktur zu finden.
Intelligenter Reifen mit energieautarker Mikroelektronik (Intelligent Tire Using Energy-autarkic Microelectronics)
Authors: Haas Thomas 
Published: December 2007

Ein Reifendruck-Kontrollsystem überwacht den Reifendruck eines Fahrzeugreifens unter Einbeziehung der Temperatur, um vor Druckschwankungen zu warnen, welche das Fahrverhalten beeinflussen.
Aktuelle Kontrollsysteme bestehen aus batterieversorgten Radelektroniken, die im Reifeninneren befestigt sind. Um die Lebensdauer des Systems zu erhöhen, muss eine autarke Energieversorgung für die Radelektronik integriert werden.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Weiterentwicklung vom herkömmlichen Reifendruck-Kontrollsystem zum System Intelligenter Reifen dargestellt und auf die autarke Energieversorgung eingegangen. Betonung wird dabei auf den Vergleich von felgenbasierter zu reifenbasierter Energiewandlung gelegt.
Comparison of Classifiers Applied to Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Data
Authors: Adler W. , Peters A. , Lausen B. 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Objectives:
Comparison of classification methods using data of one clinical study. The tuning of hyperparameters is assessed as part of the methods by nested-loop cross-validation.

Methods:
We assess the ability of 18 statistical and machine learning classifiers to detect glaucoma. The training data set is one case-control study consisting of confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy measurement values from 98 glaucoma patients and 98 healthy controls. We compare bootstrap estimates of the classification error by the Wilcoxon signed rank test and box-plots of a bootstrap distribution of the estimate.

Results:
The comparison of out-of-bag bootstrap estimators of classification errors is assessed by Spearman’s rank correlation, Wilcoxon signed rank tests and box-plots of a bootstrap distribution of the estimate. The classification methods random forests 15.4%, support vector machines 15.9%, bundling 16.3% to 17.8%, and penalized discriminant analysis 16.8% show the best results.

Conclusions:
Using nested-loop cross-validation we account for the tuning of hyperparameters and demonstrate the assessment of different classifiers. We recommend a block design of the bootstrap simulation to allow a statistical assessment of the bootstrap estimates of the misclassification error. The results depend on the data of the clinical study and the given size of the bootstrap sample.
Decomposition of Biomedical Signals in Spatial and Time-frequency Modes
Authors: Haueisen J. , Arendt-Nielsen L. , CN Chen A. , Zanow F. , Gratkowski M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Objectives:
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new method for spatial-time-frequency analysis of multichannel biomedical data. We exemplify the method for data recorded with a 31-channel Philips biomagnetometer.

Methods:
The method creates approximations and decompositions of spatiotemporal signal distributions using elements (atoms) chosen from a very large and redundant set (dictionary). The method is based on the Matching Pursuit algorithm, but it uses atoms that are distributed both in time and space (instead of only time-distributed atoms in standard Matching Pursuit). The time-frequency distribution of signal components is described by Gabor atoms and their spatial distribution is modeled by spatial modes. The spatial modes are created with the help of Bessel functions. Two versions of the method, differing in the definition of spatial properties of the atoms, are presented.

Results:
The technique was validated on simulated data and real magnetic field data. It was used for removal of powerline noise from multichannel magnetoencephalography data, extraction of high-frequency somatosensory evoked fields and for separation of partially overlapping T- and U-waves in magnetocardiography.

Conclusions:
The method allows for parameterization of multichannel data in the time-frequency as well as in the spatial domains. It thus can be used for signal preserving filtering simultaneously in time, frequency, and space. Applications are e.g. the elimination of artifact components, extraction of components with biological meaning, and data exploration.
Anomaly Detection Using Temporal Data Mining in a Smart Home Environment
Authors: Jakkula V. , Cook D. J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary

Objectives:
To many people, home is a sanctuary. With the maturing of smart home technologies, many people with cognitive and physical disabilities can lead independent lives in their own homes for extended periods of time. In this paper, we investigate the design of machine learning algorithms that support this goal. We hypothesize that machine learning algorithms can be designed to automatically learn models of resident behavior in a smart home, and that the results can be used to perform automated health monitoring and to detect anomalies.

Methods:
Specifically, our algorithms draw upon the temporal nature of sensor data collected in a smart home to build a model of expected activities and to detect unexpected, and possibly health-critical, events in the home.

Results:
We validate our algorithms using synthetic data and real activity data collected from volunteers in an automated smart environment.

Conclusions:
The results from our experiments support our hypothesis that a model can be learned from observed smart home data and used to report anomalies, as they occur, in a smart home.
Commissioning and clinical implementation of an independent dose calculation system for scanned proton beams
Authors: Dreindl Ralf , Bolsa‐Ferruz Marta , Fayos‐Sola Rosa , Padilla Cabal Fatima , Scheuchenpflug Lukas , Elia Alessio , Amico Antonio , Carlino Antonio , Stock Markus , Grevillot Loïc 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPurposeExperimental patient‐specific QA (PSQA) is a time and resource‐intensive process, with a poor sensitivity in detecting errors. Radiation therapy facilities aim to substitute it by means of independent dose calculation (IDC) in combination with a comprehensive beam delivery QA program. This paper reports on the commissioning of the IDC software tool myQA iON (IBA Dosimetry) for proton therapy and its clinical implementation at the MedAustron Ion Therapy Center.MethodsThe IDC commissioning work included the validation of the beam model, the implementation and validation of clinical CT protocols, and the evaluation of patient treatment data. Dose difference maps, gamma index distributions, and pass rates (GPR) have been reviewed. The performance of the IDC tool has been assessed and clinical workflows, simulation settings, and GPR tolerances have been defined.ResultsBeam model validation showed agreement of ranges within ± 0.2 mm, Bragg‐Peak widths within ± 0.1 mm, and spot sizes at various air gaps within ± 5% compared to physical measurements. Simulated dose in 2D reference fields deviated by ‐0.3% ± 0.5%, while 3D dose distributions differed by 1.8% on average to measurements. Validation of the CT calibration resulted in systematic differences of 2.0% between IDC and experimental data for tissue like samples. GPRs of 99.4 ± 0.6% were found for head, head and neck, and pediatric CT protocols on a 2%/2 mm gamma criterion. GPRs for the adult abdomen protocol were at 98.9% on average with 3%/3 mm. Root causes of GPR outliers, for example, implants were identified and evaluated.ConclusionIDC has been successfully commissioned and integrated into the MedAustron clinical workflow for protons in 2021. IDC has been stepwise and safely substituting experimental PSQA since February 2021. The initial reduction of proton experimental PSQA was about 25% and reached up to 90% after 1 year.
Energetics and Kinetics of Membrane Permeation of Photoresists for Bioprinting
Authors: Diedrich Lucas , Brosz Matthias , Abele Tobias , Urbanek Niklas , Steinke Salome , Gräter Frauke , Göpfrich Kerstin , Aponte‐Santamaría Camilo 
Published: March 2024

Abstract3D bioprinting is a promising technology which typically uses bioinks to pattern cells and their scaffolds. The selection of cytocompatible inks is critical for the printing success. In laser‐based 3D bioprinting, photoresist molecules are used as bioinks. However, the interaction of photoresists with lipid membranes and their permeation into the cell remains poorly understood. Here, molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro assays address this issue, retrieving partition coefficients, free energies, and permeabilities for twelve commonly used photoresists in model lipid bilayers. Crossing the hydrophobic center of the membrane constitutes the rate limiting step during permeation. In addition, three photoresists feature a preferential localization site at the acyl chain head group interface. Photoresist permeabilities range over ten orders of magnitude, with some molecules being membrane‐permeable on bioprinting timescales. Moreover, permeation correlates well with the oil–water partition coefficients and is severely hampered by the lipid ordering imposed by the lipid saturation. Overall, the mechanism of interaction of photoresists with model lipid bilayers is provided here, helping to classify them according to their residence in the membrane and permeation through it. This is useful information which will help guide the selection of cytocompatible photoresists for 3D bioprinting.
Amorphous Tungsten Oxide Nanodots for Chromatic Applications
Authors: Liu Pengcheng , Wang Bin , Wang Chengchao , Ma Lanxin , Zhang Wu , Hopmann Eric , Liu Linhua , Elezzabi Abdulhakem Y. , Li Haizeng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAmorphous tungsten oxide (WO3) is widely exploited in the fields of photochromism and electrochromism. Despite its widespread use, the tractable synthesis of amorphous WO3 nanodots is still on the drawing board, even though the WO3 nanodots possess superior chromatic performance owing to their large surface‐to‐volume ratio. Therefore, a new efficient strategy to synthesize amorphous WO3 nanodots, which exhibit both excellent electrochromic and photochromic properties, is reported. For the first time, the ligand effects of the amorphous WO3 nanodots on chromatic applications are elucidated. The presence of the ligand on amorphous WO3 nanodots inhibits the electrochromic color switching, while promoting photochromic performance. As a proof of concept, zinc‐WO3 electrochromic devices, WO3‐polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) transparent hydrogels, and PVA/WO3 textiles are prepared for diverse rapid‐switching chromatic applications. These results present a new strategy for the synthesis of widely used amorphous WO3 nanodots and open new opportunities for the development of WO3‐based chromatic applications.
A Multifunctional Bio‐Based Polyester Material Integrated with High Mechanical Performance, Gas Barrier Performance, and Chemically Closed‐Loop
Authors: Li Xing‐Liang , Wu Rui‐Zhi , Fu Teng , Li Zheng‐Ming , Li Yao , Wang Xiu‐Li , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe development of multifunctional bio‐based materials with closed‐loop chemically recyclable plastics can be a paramount response to the worldwide plastic waste predicament. However, the trade‐off dilemma between the high performance and easy recycling performance of these materials still encounters huge challenges. In this contribution, inspired by the significant contribution of the hydrogen bonding networks to enhanced mechanical and gas barrier performance as well as the cosolvents to enhance recycling performance, a novel polyester material (PBHyF) synthesized by bio‐based monomers that integrate high‐performance and efficient chemical closed‐loop is presented. PBHyF show ultra‐high mechanical properties (83.2 MPa, 233.9%) and barrier properties (CO2 0.0157 barrer, O2 0.0071 barrer, H2O 5.518E‐15 g·cm/cm2·s·Pa) that are greater than bio‐based materials and most engineering plastics of previous work. More significantly, PBHyF also exhibits multifunctionality with excellent ultraviolet shielding properties, solvent‐resistant properties, and easy recycling performance. The initial monomers of PBHyF can be obtained in exceptional yields (>90.0%) and purity (>99.0%) under mild conditions by a simple energy‐efficient rapid chemical‐solvolysis strategy, even with polyolefin blend plastics. Further possesses similar high‐performance repolymerized polyester comparable to the polyester before recycling. Hence, these state‐of‐art high‐performance and easy‐recycling bio‐based materials provide a new approach for a green, sustainable material economy.
Enhancing Stability and Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells via 5‐Ammonium Acid Additive
Authors: Meng Fanwen , Song Bo , Dai Tingting , Li Xiaomeng , Yin Yan , Lou Zhidong , Teng Feng , Hu Yufeng , Qin Liang , Hou Yanbing 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe quality of perovskite films plays a fundamental role in determining the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). It is widely recognized that achieving high crystalline quality and minimizing defect density in perovskite films are essential. In this study, the utilization of the multifunctional additive 5‐ammonium acid (5‐AVA) to improve the morphology of perovskite films is proposed. The ‐NH2 and ‐COOH groups in 5‐AVA enable effective coordination with Pb ions and organic ions in perovskite, resulting in the suppression of defect formation and the reduction of non‐radiative recombination losses. Furthermore, the addition of 5‐AVA facilitates a more favorable energy level alignment, thereby enhancing the transfer of carriers between the perovskite layer and transport layers. Consequently, this process contributes to the improvement of the open circuit voltage (VOC) in PSCs. Attributing to the addition of 5‐AVA, the optimized PSCs achieve significantly enhanced performance with a maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.74% and excellent long‐term stability. This work presents a straightforward and effective approach to enhance the performance and long‐term stability of PSCs.
A Heteronuclear W/Cu/S Clusters‐Based Donor–Acceptor Polymer for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yao Xiaoqiang , Fang Zihan , Ren Huarong , Mu Xijiao , Xiao Guo‐Bin , Zou Xiaoxin , Cao Jing 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDesigning the donor–acceptor polymers‐based modifiers with good charge mobility and abundant surface functional groups to bind on perovskite material is highly demanded to boost interfacial charge extraction and transport while yet realized. Here, two [WS4Cu4Br]+and [WS4Cu5Br2]+cluster units are bridged by triphenylamine ligands to yield an unprecedented a heteronuclear W/Cu/S clusters‐based donor–acceptor polymer. Due to the effect of Rydberg orbital components in different clusters mainly contributed by Cu ions, Cu‐rich units have negative potential, whereas Cu‐deficient groups display positive potential. This facilitates the formation of a circuit network with ligands acting as “wires” to realize efficient charge transport. Mobility tests reveal that the hole mobility of polymer film is 3.81 × 10−5cm2V−1s−1. Such a polymer can efficiently extract and transport the holes from perovskite film, and thus improving the cell performance and stability. This work opens the opportunities for designing donor–acceptor polymers based on heteronuclear W/Cu/S clusters.
The Role of Side Chains and Hydration on Mixed Charge Transport in n‐Type Polymer Films
Authors: Surgailis Jokūbas , Flagg Lucas Q. , Richter Lee J. , Druet Victor , Griggs Sophie , Wu Xiaocui , Moro Stefania , Ohayon David , Kousseff Christina J. , Marks Adam , Maria Iuliana P. , Chen Hu , Moser Maximilian , Costantini Giovanni , McCulloch Iain , Inal Sahika 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIntroducing ethylene glycol (EG) side chains to a conjugated polymer backbone is a well‐established synthetic strategy for designing organic mixed ion‐electron conductors (OMIECs). However, the impact that film swelling has on mixed conduction properties has yet to be scoped, particularly for electron‐transporting (n‐type) OMIECs. Here, the authors investigate the effect of the length of branched EG chains on mixed charge transport of n‐type OMIECs based on a naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐tetracarboxylic‐diimide‐bithiophene backbone. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are used to establish the similarities between the common‐backbone films in dry conditions. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM‐D) and in situ GIWAXS measurements reveal stark changes in film swelling properties and microstructure during electrochemical doping, depending on the side chain length. It is found that even in the loss of the crystallite content upon contact with the aqueous electrolyte, the films can effectively transport charges and that it is rather the high water content that harms the electronic interconnectivity within the OMIEC films. These results highlight the importance of controlling water uptake in the films to impede charge transport in n‐type electrochemical devices.