bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malaria in urban and rural Kinshasa: the entomological input
Authors: COENE J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Mosquitoes were collected on human bait over a 16‐month period (September 1988 to December 1989) in an urban and a rural area of Kinshasa, Zaïre. P.falciparum malaria sporozoite rates were determined by ELISA.In the urban area Culex quinquefasciatus accounts for 96% of the 121 bites/ person/night (b/p/n). The only anopheline is Anopheles gambiae, sensu stricto, with an average of 5.1 b/p/n and a sporozoite rate of 1.86%. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) averages 0.08 infective b/p/n. Malaria transmission is almost interrupted at the end of the dry season.In the rural area mosquito nuisance is small (20b/p/n), almost entirely due to six species of Anopheles including four vectors of malaria: An.gambiae (13.3 b/p/n), An.funestus (2.4b/p/n), An.nili (0.4b/p/n) and An.brunnipes (0.7b/p/n) with mean sporozoite rates of 7.85%, 6.60%, 6.63% and 0.53% respectively. An.paludis (0.4b/p/n) and An.hancocki (0.2b/p/n) were not found infective. Malaria transmission is intense and perennial: the overall EIR varies monthly between 0.60 and 3.29 infective b/p/n. The specific contributions of An.gambiae, An.funestus and An.nili average 1.07, 0.14 and 0.03 infective b/p/n respectively.Malaria transmission peaks during the rainy season in both study areas. The daily mean survival rates for An.gambiae were 0.91 and 0.78 in the rural and urban area, respectively. All An.gambiae examined belonged to the forest cytotype (Coluzzi et al., 1979). Through its effect on the sporozoite rate, the higher vector survival rate in the rural environment appears to be the major determinant of the greater malaria transmission rate in the rural area as compared to urban Kinshasa.
Analysis of mosquito bloodmeals by DNA profiling
Authors: GOKOOL SUZANNE , CURTIS C. F. , SMITH DEBORAH F. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Human specific genetic markers have been used to profile the human DNA found within a mosquito bloodmeal. In this technique, variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) sequences are employed to prime amplification of human DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the radiolabeled products are analysed by high resolution denaturing gel electrophoresis. Matching of DNA profiles allows identification of the individual human host.Bloodmeals of 125 female Anopheles gambiae Giles mosquitoes, caught dead or alive in verandah‐trap huts wherein two people had slept overnight protected by intact insecticide‐impregnated bednets, were analysed: thirty‐five out of thirty‐nine profiles generated were identical to those of the sleepers under the nets. Thus the blood‐fed mosquitoes found after impregnated nets have been used cannot, in most cases, be explained away by entry of already fed mosquitoes into the huts.
Vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in north‐central Venezuela
Authors: FELICIANGELI M. DORA , RODRIGUEZ NORIS , BRAVO ARTURO , ARIAS FREDDY , GUZMAN BERNARDO 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. An entomological survey was undertaken from January 1991 to February 1992 in El Ingenio, Miranda State, Venezuela, an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis: prevalence of 10.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants.A total of 4863 female sandflies (Phlebotominae) of fourteen species were collected in Shannon traps, then dissected and examined for leishmanial infections. Lutzomyia ovallesi (85.4%) and Lu. gomezl (11.2%) were the predominant anthropophilic species of sandfly. Fifty‐one (1.19%) Lu. ovallesi and two(0.47%) Lu. gomezi had natural infection with Leishmania promastigotes. Identification of the parasites was done by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA hybridization. Two isolates from Lu. gomezi and forty‐nine from Lu. ovallesi were typed as Leishmania braziliensis and three of the latter reacted with Le. mexicana also. This is the first report of Lu. gomezi with parasites typed as Le. braziliensis.We concluded that Lu. ovallesi is the primary vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the north‐central area of Venezuela and Lu. gomezi should be regarded as an additional vector.
Size variation and reproductive success in the mosquito Aedes cantans
Authors: RENSHAW M. , SERVICE M. W. , BIRLEY M. H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. A link between density‐dependent larval competition and adult size of the mosquito Aedes cantans was demonstrated in northern England. Ponds containing high larval densities produced smaller larvae which, in turn, resulted in smaller adults at emergence.In both 1989 and 1990, parous mosquitoes caught at human bait were larger than nulliparous ones, suggesting that larger mosquitoes are more successful at host location and egg‐laying and also that they may be longer lived.Larger mosquitoes produced larger egg clutches than smaller females: however, there was no difference in the size of eggs laid by large and small females.
Sugars in the alimentary canal of Lutzomyia youngi (Diptera: Phlebotominae)
Authors: AÑEZ N. , LUGO A. , LOAIZA A. , NIEVES E. , OROZCO J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis of 159 specimens (144 females and 15 males) of Lutzomyia youngi collected in Shannon traps in a coffee plantation in the Andean region of western Venezuela, where leishmaniasis is endemic, revealed the presence of fructose, sucrose, glucose and maltose in the gut and crop of the wild sandflies.The identification of the sugars was confirmed by comparing retention times with those observed for standard sugars and those obtained from sandflies experimentally fed on known sugar solutions.Although the sandflies in nature may ingest each of the four sugars, the results suggest that it is more probable there is an invertase enzyme (glycosidase?) in the gut or crop of the sandfly which hydrolyses ingested disaccharides (e.g. sucrose) to the constituent monosaccharides (i.e. fructose and glucose).Ecological and altitudinal distributions of sandfly species may be related to the availability of specific sugar sources, with epidemiological implications. Identification of the preferred sugar could make breeding easier and would facilitate further research on Leishmania–wector relationships.
Midgut lectin activity and sugar specificity in teneral and fed tsetse
Authors: WELBURN SUSAN C. , MAUDLIN IAN , MOLYNEUX DAVID H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. . Midgut infection rates of Trypanosoma congolense in Glossina palpalis palpalis and of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Glossina pallidipes are potentiated by the addition of D+ glucosamine to the infective feed, but not to the levels of super‐infection reported for G. m. morsitans. G. p. palpalis and G.pallidipes are shown to possess two trypanocidal molecules: a glucosyl lectin which can be inhibited by D+ glucosamine and a galactosyl molecule inhibited by D+ galactose. Addition of both D+ glucosamine and D+ galactose to the teneral infective feed promotes super‐infection of the midguts of G.p.palpalis. The glucosyl lectin is specific for rabbit erythrocytes and is present in guts of fed G.m.morsitans and G.p.palpalis, titres of lectin activity do not increase substantially after the second bloodmeal. The galactosyl specific molecule does not show any erythrocyte specificity, although haemolytic activity is observed only in G.p.palpalis and not in G.m.morsitans. The presence of two trypanocidal molecules in some species of tsetse may account for the innate refractoriness of these flies to trypanosome infection.As D+ glucosamine also inhibits the killing of procyclic trypanosomes taken as an infective feed, it is suggested that the midgut lectin is normally responsible for the agglutination of trypanosomes in the fly midgut by binding to the pro‐cyclic surface coat, prior to establishment in the ecto‐peritrophic space.
Comparative study of mouthparts of four species of Culicoides from Tibet
Authors: McKEEVER STURGIS , HAGAN DANIEL V. , WANG XUYONG 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Mouthparts of four species of Culicoides from Tibet were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Photomicrographs were made of the mandible, labrum, hypopharynx, lacinia, and the sensory pit of the third palpal segment for each of the four species. Values for eighteen characters of five structures are presented graphically.Mean values for ten of the eighteen characters evaluated were significantly greater for C.circumscriptus and C.mamaensis than for C.maculatus and C.tibetensis. Photomicrographs revealed specific differences in camber and pitch of the fifth mandibular tooth, in size and location of the subapical labral sensillae, in size of the teeth of the hypopharynx, and in size and depth of the palpal sensory pit and number of sensillae per pit.
Host choice of anopheline mosquitoes in a malaria endemic area of western Venezuela
Authors: RUBIO‐PALIS YASMIN , CURTIS CHRISTOPHER F. , GONZALES CLEMENCIA , WIRTZ ROBERT A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Bloodmeals of exophilic anopheline mosquitoes collected resting on vegetation in a malaria endemic area in western Venezuela were identified by ELISA. Using a TMB peroxidase substrate in the ELISA, human bloodmeals were readily identified up to 40 h after ingestion in all laboratory‐fed mosquitoes tested. Assay sensitivity declined to 75% identifiable 44 h post‐feeding.The Human Blood Index and the Feeding Index of each species differed between the three villages studied. An.triannulatus was generally more anthropophilic than An.nuneztovari and An.oswaldoi. These contrasting results emphasize the difficulties of interpreting host choice data.
Structure and function of the cibarial armature in Simuliidae
Authors: REID G. D. F. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Cibarial armature morphology in adult female blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) is described using scanning electron microscopy. Three distinct types of armature are recognized, comprising those with teeth, e.g. Simulium ochraceum, S. ornatum, S. veracruzanum and S. vorax; those with spicules, e.g. Austrosimulium bancrofti, S.damnosum, S.exiguum, S.metallicum and S.neavei; and those lacking these projections, e.g. Prosimulium rufipes and S.lineatum.Whereas the armature is poorly developed in vectors of human onchocerciasis such as S. damnosum, S. exiguum, S. metallicum and S. neavei, the well‐developed armature in S. ochraceum, S. veracruzanum and S. vorax does not prevent these species becoming infected with Onchocerca spp. (Nematoda: Onchocercidae). Hence the armature is not primarily a mechanism to counteract microfilaria superinfection.Since cibarial armatures are more developed in the haematophagous females than in the males of certain Families of flies, e.g. Ceratopogonidae, Culicidae, Phlebotominae and Simuliidae in the sub‐order Nematocera, evidently the armature has evolved in response to the blood‐feeding habit. As the suction of imbibed blood by the cibarial pump may require a valve mechanism to prevent back‐flow, it is suggested that the armature is primarily for this purpose. Secondarily, the cibarial armature presents a damaging barrier against ingested microfilariae.
Analysis of stage‐specific and shared antigens derived from Rhipicephalus sanguineus by electrophoresis and Western blotting
Authors: HERNÁNDEZ R. MARTÍN , HOYO C. CUELLAR DEL , GARCIA A. S. OLMEDA , RODRÍGUEZ RODRÍGUEZ 
Published: March 2008

Abstracte carried out an SDS‐PAGE analysis of antigens of Rhipicephalus sanguineus using extracts of eggs (EE), larvae (LE), nymphs (NE), male salivary glands (MSGE), male midguts (MME), female salivary glands (FSGE) and female midguts (FME). Under non‐reducing conditions a common band of about 205 kDa was observed. EE, LE and NE extracts showed groups of bands between 150 and 75 kDa. A protein pattern was observed in FSGE extract with a group of bands between 75 and 50 kDa and four bands between 15 and 6.5 kDa. In this case an apparently exclusive band of molecular weight about 25 kDa was observed. Under reducing conditions similarities between LE and NE extracts increased, separating from the EE pattern. On the other hand, we have determined the presence of stage‐specific and common antigens on EE, LE, NE, MSGE, MME, FSGE and FME extracts of R.sanguineus by means of immunoblots using polyclonal sera of rabbits infested with larvae, nymphs or adults of this tick. EE extract was only recognized by the anti‐larva sera. Higher reactivity was observed when the extracts were tested with anti‐adult sera. In these experiments a very prominent band of molecular weight about 45 kDa was detected. This band was not observed under reducing conditions. Higher reactivity with anti‐adult sera was observed against FSGE extract.
A comparison of Glossina morsitans centralis originating from Tanzania and Zambia, with respect to vectorial competence for pathogenic Trypanosoma species, genetic variation and inter‐colony fertility
Authors: MOLOO S. K. , GOODING R. H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstractwo laboratory strains of Glossina morsitans centralis originating from different fly‐belts (one from Singida, in Tanzania, and the other from Mumbwa, in Zambia) were compared with respect to vectorial competence for pathogenic Trypanosoma species, genetic variation and inter‐colony fertility. The vectorial competence of G.m.centralis of Tanzanian origin for Trypanosoma vivax and T.congolense is similar to, whereas for T.brucei brucei it is lower than the colony of Zambian origin. Nevertheless, these two laboratory strains of G.m.centralis showed levels of susceptibility to the three pathogenic Trypanosoma species which were much greater than previously observed in laboratory colonies of other Glossina species. Electrophoresis of fifteen enzymes revealed that the two colonies differ significantly in allele frequencies at only three loci that are relatively close together on one of the autosomes. Hybridization experiments revealed that G.m.centralis from the two fly‐belts are consubspecific.
Comparison of carbon dioxide, octenol and a host‐odour as mosquito attractants in the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany
Authors: BECKER N. , ZGOMBA M. , PETRIC D. , LUDWIG M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstractield studies were conducted in the Upper Rhine Valley to determine the responses of mosquitoes to CDC traps baited with either CO2, octenol, light or paired combinations of these. Among eight mosquito species caught, the attractant effect on trap catches was studied in the four most abundant: Aedes vexans, Ae.rossicus, Ae.cinereus and Culex pipiens.Traps baited only with light or octenol caught few mosquitoes, whereas many were caught by traps baited with CO2 alone or in combination with either of the other candidate attractants. CO2 baited traps, with or without light, caught the most Aedes. The combination of CO2 and octenol attracted most Cx pipiens, but this apparent synergy was not significant.Using a caged hamster compared to CO2 as bait in a CDC light‐trap with only intermittent fan suction, the hamster attracted less mosquitoes than CO2 emitted at a rate of 225 g/h on days 1 and 2, whereas on days 3 and 4 the smell from the hamster's cage became significantly more attractive than this rate of CO2 for all species of mosquitoes.
Differential lipid reserves influence host‐seeking behaviour in the mosquitoes Aedes cantans and Aedes punctor
Authors: RENSHAW M. , SILVER J. B. , SERVICE M. W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstractipid reserves of bait‐caught female Ae.cantans and Ae.punctor mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were significantly higher than in teneral females. Female Ae.cantans given access to 10% w/v sucrose solution post‐emergence showed an ability to synthesize lipid and, after 192 h, they were willing to take a bloodmeal from a human volunteer. At this point, mean lipid reserves were not significantly different from mean lipid reserves of bait‐caught females. Prior to 192 h, females would not take a bloodmeal and lipid reserves were significantly lower than in bait‐caught females. Female Ae.punctor given access to 10% w/v sucrose solution post‐emergence also showed an ability to synthesize lipid. Females of this species were willing to feed from a human host after only 48 h, at which point lipid content was not significantly different from that in bait‐caught females. The level of lipid reserves in females coming to bait differs significantly between species: Ae.cantans has lipid reserves approximately double those of Ae.punctor. In addition, Ae.punctor is able to synthesize lipid to a level comparable with that found in bait‐caught females after only 24 h, whilst it takes 192 h for Ae.cantans females to synthesize the amount of lipid found in host‐seeking females, when allowed free access to sugar. Physiological differences in lipid synthesis and the level of lipid reserves required may therefore explain the differences observed between the species in the time taken to initiate host seeking.
Faeces feeding by adult Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae): impact on reproduction
Authors: STOFFOLANO JOHN G. , LI MEI‐FANG , SUTTON JAMES A. , YIN CHIH‐MING 
Published: March 2008

Abstractresh beef liver, sugar, and five different types of faeces were evaluated as supportive diets for egg development in the blowfly Phormia regina. Females on a sugar diet were unable to develop follicles beyond stage 3, whereas liver proved to be the best diet for complete egg maturation. Some faecal diets were unable to support egg maturation when fed upon for a short period of time; however, longer periods of feeding produced complete egg maturation. The necessity to feed for longer periods of time in order to produce eggs on most of these diets was attributed to their low protein content. Males, in a shorter period of time than females, obtained enough protein from faeces to activate the neuroendocrine system involved in mating.
Effect of host packed cell volume on the bloodmeal size of male tsetse flies, Glossina pallidipes
Authors: BAYLIS MATTHEW , MBWABI ALBERT L. 
Published: March 2008

Abstractaematin contents of engorged, male tsetse flies, Glossina pallidipes Austen, were compared with the packed cell volumes of oxen on which they had fed. Haematin contents icnreased with packed cell volume up to packed cell volumes of approximately 30%. Haematin contents appeared to level off or decline with further increase in packed cell volume. These results support a model of blood‐feeding in tsetse flies in which the rate of blood consumption decreases as packed cell volume increases, because of increase in blood viscosity, and tsetse are unable to compensate for the decrease in consumption rate by feeding for a longer time. After allowing for the effects of packed cell volume, bloodmeal sizes of tsetse increased with ox body temperature.
Brindley's gland exocrine products of Triatoma infestans
Authors: LOPEZ LEOPOLDO CRUZ , MORGAN E. DAVID , ONDARZA RAUL N. 
Published: March 2008

Abstractolatile exocrine products of the metathoracic Brindley's glands in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) were obtained by dissection and by sampling the air passed over agitated live adults. Isobutyric acid was the main component in the glands, together with isobutyl, isoamyl and amyl alcohols, 2‐phenylethanol and other carboxylic acids and esters. Isobutyric acid, isobutyl, isoamyl and amyl alcohols and esters were also found to be emitted into the air, apparently for defence. No volatile products were detected in the metasternal glands.
Evaluation of non‐conventional treatments for control of the biting louse (Bovicola ovis) on sheep
Authors: HEATH A. C. G. , LAMPKIN N. , JOWETT J. H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstractvariety of non‐conventional treatments was applied to biting louse (Bovicola ovis) infested sheep in order to evaluate ways in which farmers could control the louse infestations and still maintain Organic Production Standards.In one trial, louse scores of sheep shorn but kept dry or wetted by water alone or with water plus detergent were compared with unshorn sheep treated similarly. Shearing alone accounted for a 35.7–66.3% reduction in mean louse scores. Wetting alone either with water or with water and added detergent accounted for a 26.9–35.3% reduction in mean louse scores. The combined effects on mean louse scores of shearing and wetting, as opposed to shearing alone, were statistically significant on two of the three farms at 32–35 days post‐treatment. The effects persisted for the duration of the trial (between 48 and 52 days), at which point shearing and wetting with detergent provided 95.3–99.6% control of lice. In a second trial, a range of insecticidal substances considered acceptable by Organic Production Standards, azadirachtin (neem), pyrethrum, soap, was applied to louse‐infested sheep and their efficacy compared with that of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin. The sheep treated with azadirachtin and pyrethrum had significantly fewer lice than either the control or soap treated sheep over the 48 days of the trial. Neither azadirachtin nor pyrethrum were significantly less effective than cypermethrin. Control (reduction in louse score) of 85.0–100% was achieved over the period of the trial.It is concluded that most of the non‐conventional treatments evaluated had a useful and cost‐effective role to play in reducing louse numbers on sheep for at least 40–50 days. The lack of persistence compared with that obtained with conventional insecticides was the only apparent drawback.
Movement of Anopheles gambiae s.l. malaria vectors between villages in The Gambia
Authors: THOMSON MADELEINE C. , CONNOR STEPHEN J. , QUIÑONES MARTHA L. , JAWARA MUSA , TODD JAMES , GREENWOOD BRIAN M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstractovement of mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae complex (mixed wild populations of An.arabiensis, An.gambiae and An.melas) between three neighbouring rural villages in The Gambia was investigated by mark‐release‐recapture. A total of 12,872 mosquitoes were collected in bednets, marked with a magenta fluorescent powder and released over a 15‐day period in one of the villages. A further 15,507 mosquitoes were collected in exit traps, marked with a yellow powder and released over the same period. Mosquitoes were captured daily in all three villages using pyrethrum spray catches, as well as bednet and exit trap catches. The catching period extended for 6 days after the last day of release.Of the mosquitoes released, 372 (1.3%) were recaptured 2–21 days later. Of these recaptures, 272 were caught in the release village, and 98 were caught in other villages situated 1–1.4 km away. The ‘movement index’ between villages was calculated as 17.2% (12.2–22.4% confidence limits) for mosquitoes released after feeding and 20.1% (14.7–25.3%) for those released unfed.These results suggest that movement of mosquitoes between neighbouring villages in The Gambia seriously affects the entomological evaluation of pyrethroid‐impregnated bednet programmes in areas where treated and untreated villages are interspersed.