bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysing non‐doctrinal socialization: re‐assessing the role of cognition to account for social cohesion in the Religious Society of Friends1
Authors: Plüss Caroline 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo incorporate newcomers into membership, a group employs socialization strategies to transform the characteristics of the newcomers, so that it can admit them with the confidence that their behaviour will not endanger group unity. Analyses of socialization emphasize that novices' interiorization of an institutional definition of group behaviour is a necessary condition to ensure successful socialization. The contemporary Religious Society of Friends in Britain, however, is a non‐doctrinal religious movement that avoids defining the content of its beliefs and practices. To analyse the socializing interaction between members and newcomers in this movement in Britain, and among co‐religionists in the USA, this inquiry applies a model of socialization that does not include assumptions about the role played by cognition in socialization (Long and Hadden 1983). My results show that: (a) the diffuseness in Friends' collective explanations of institutional conduct supports novices' identification with institutional practice, and (b) experimental and affective components in socialization motivate novices to imitate institutional behaviour despite the fact that Friends have no authoritative explanations of such behaviour. The data suggest that socialization and social cohesion are not necessarily as strongly cognitive‐oriented phenomena as they were previously thought to be. This finding has important implications for thinking about social cohesion in postmodern society.
BRAZILIAN PUBLIC POLICIES FOR REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: FAMILY PLANNING, ABORTION AND PRENATAL CARE
Authors: GUILHEM DIRCE , AZEVEDO ANAMARIA FERREIRA 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis study is an ethical reflection on the formulation and application of public policies regarding reproductive health in Brazil. The Integral Assistance Program for Women's Health (PAISM) can be considered advanced for a country in development. Universal access for family planning is foreseen in the Brazilian legislation, but the services do not offer contraceptive methods for the population in a regular and consistent manner. Abortion is restricted by law to two cases: risk to the woman's life and rape. This reality favors the practice of unsafe abortion, which is the third largest cause of maternal death in Brazil. Legal abortion is regulated by the State and the procedure is performed in public health centers. However, there is resistance on the part of professionals to attend these women. Prenatal care is a priority strategy for promoting the quality of life of these women and of future generations. Nonetheless, it is still difficult for these women to access the prenatal care services and to have the required number of consultations. Moreover, managers and health professionals need to be made aware of the importance of implementing the actions indicated by the public policies in the area of sexual and reproductive health, favoring respect for autonomy in a context of personal freedom.
Application of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and treatment tracing of hepatocellular carcinoma‐associated arteriovenous fistulas
Authors: Li Ying Ying , Duan Yun You , Yan Guo Zhen , Lv Fa Qin , Cao Wei , Cao Tie Sheng , Yuan Li Jun 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective: Hepatic arteriovenous fistula (HAVF) can be caused by trauma, hepatic biopsy, bile duct radiology, etc. Small intrahepatic HAVF can be found in lesions of carcinoma and hepatocirrhosis. Accurate detection of HAVF was magnitude in the process to take appropriate treatment in clinic. The aim of this article is to evaluate the imaging diagnostic value on HAVF and to study the imaging character of HAVF in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to evaluate the role of ultrasonographic and radiological techniques in the diagnosis and management of developmental intrahepatic shunts so as to assess the imaging diagnostic evaluation in a follow‐up study.Methods: Seventy‐eight patients diagnosed with HCC were enrolled in this study, and retrospective analysis of ultrasonographic and radiological data was carried out on all 78 patients, and 25 patients suspected of having HAVF were selected. The results from ultrasonography were compared with that from digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as a gold standard. The portal and hepatic veins, hepatic arteries and vessels around and inside the tumour patients were detected and the haemodynamic indices were recorded with ultrasonography. Ten patients with HAVF were followed up after the therapy of arterial embolization and the reversal effect of the therapy was observed. Associations of HAVF with clinical and ultrasonographic features were evaluated by stepwise logistic regression analysis.Results: Twenty‐five of 78 HAVF patients were detected by ultrasonography and other imaging methods. Ultrasonographic parameters made excellent predictions for the patients with HAVF; sensitivity (SE) 83.3%, specificity (SP) 90.7%, positive predictive value (pPV, 80.0%), negative predictive value (nPV) 92.5% and accuracy 88.5%. Among the 25 HAVF patients, 16 were central hepatic artery–portal vein fistulae, seven were peri‐hepatic artery–portal vein fistulae and two were hepatic artery–vein shunts. Characteristic ultrasonographic methods of hepatic artery–portal vein fistulae were as follows: 10 patients with hepatic artery–portal vein fistula were followed up after embolization. Compared with that of preembolization, seven cases returned to normal and in three patients abnormalities were still detected.Conclusion: Ultrasonographic evaluation of HAVF is easy to perform, reproducible and, when present, gives a high degree of certainty for the diagnosis of HAVF. Ultrasonography is a valuable method for the diagnoses HAVF; it can offer imaging evidence after the treatment of hepatic cell cancer. HAVF in patients with HCC can be detected by ultrasonographic methods, which are characterized by changes of hepatic arteries and veins involved in fistulas. These can be used for diagnosing HAVF and evaluating its arterial embolization effect in patients with HCC.
Patency of stents covered with polytetrafluoroethylene in patients treated by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: long‐term results of a randomized multicentre study
Authors: Bureau Christophe , Pagan Juan Carlos Garcia , Layrargues Gilles Pomier , Metivier Sophie , Bellot Pablo , Perreault Pierre , Otal Philippe , Abraldes Juan‐G , Peron Jean Marie , Rousseau Hervé , Bosch Jaume , Vinel Jean Pierre 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn 80% dysfunction rate at 2 years limits the use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) in the treatment of complications of portal hypertension. The use of covered stents could improve shunt patency; however, long‐term effect and safety remain unknown. Eighty patients randomized to be treated by TIPS either with a covered stent (Group 1) or an uncovered prosthesis (Group 2) were followed‐up for 2 years. Doppler US was performed every 3 months. Angiography and portosystemic pressure gradient measurement were performed every 6 months or whenever dysfunction was suspected. Actuarial rates of primary patency in Groups 1 and 2 were 76% and 36% respectively (P=0.001). Clinical relapse occurred in four patients (10%) in Group 1 and 12 (29%) in Group 2 (P<0.05). Actuarial rates of being free of encephalopathy were 67% in Group 1 and 51% in Group 2 (P<0.05). Probability of survival was 58% and 45% at 2 years, respectively, in Groups 1 and 2 (NS). The mean Child–Pugh score improved only in Group 1 (from 8.1±1.6 to 7±2.2 at 2 years –P<0.05). We also compared the Doppler‐US parameters between patent and dysfunctioning shunts. In patent shunts, the mean velocity within the portal vein was significantly higher but the performance of Doppler‐US was not accurate enough to predict shunt dysfunction. In conclusion, the improvement in TIPS patency by using covered prostheses is maintained over time with a decreased risk of encephalopathy, while the risk of death was not increased.
Expression and activity of the cytochrome P450 2E1 in patients with nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis
Authors: Chtioui Haithem , Semela David , Ledermann Monika , Zimmermann Arthur , Dufour Jean‐François 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground/Aims: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) have a different prognosis and should be dealt with differently. The pathogenesis of NASH implicates the overexpression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). We investigated whether the noninvasive determination of CYP2E1 activity could replace a liver biopsy in order to differentiate NASH from NAFL.Method: Forty patients referred for suspicion of NASH underwent liver biopsy. In these patients, CYP2E1 activity was determined noninvasively by the 6‐hydroxychlorzoxazone/chlorzoxazone (CHZ) ratio (CHZ test). Expression of CYP2E1 on liver slides was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and immunostaining for smooth muscle actin was used to assess the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC).Results: Thirty patients with NASH were compared with 10 subjects with NAFL. No statistically significant difference could be identified for the clinical and biochemical parameters between the two groups. In the histology, steatosis was more important in NASH than in NAFL (P<0.0001). There was no difference either in the activity (CHZ test) or in the expression of CYP2E1 (immunohistochemistry) between patients with NASH and patients with NAFL. The degree of HSC activation was also comparable between the two groups. A positive and significant correlation was found between the activity of CYP2E1 and body mass index (P<0.001) as well as with the degree of steatosis (P=0.008).Conclusion: For patients suspected to have NASH, noninvasive tests including the determination of the CYP2E1 activity are unable to distinguish them from patients with steatosis.
Efficacy of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination in treating lamivudine‐resistant HBV reactivation following hepatitis B surface antigen seroconversion
Authors: Gérolami René , Borentain Patrick , Colson Philippe , Norguet Emmanuelle , Gérolami André , Tamalet Catherine 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground: HBsAg vaccination might help to control HBV replication following nucleos(t)ide analog therapy. We tested HBsAg vaccine in a patient who developed lamivudine resistance.Patient and Results: An HBeAg negative HBV chronically‐infected patient developed HBsAg seroconversion after 3 years of treatment by lamivudine. However, the control of HBV replication was transient and HBV DNA could be detected in the serum one year after lamivudine was stopped. Concurrently, the anti‐HBs antibodies (HBsAb) titre had decreased from more than 100 IU/L to 23 IU/L. Due to the presence of rtM204V resistance mutation, lamivudine was not reintroduced and the patient was treated by HBsAg vaccination. After three injections, HBV DNA was no more detectable and the HBsAb titre reached more than 200 IU/L.Conclusion: This observation suggests that a regular follow up of patients presenting HBsAg seroconversion following lamivudine therapy is necessary. In these patients, a low titre of HBsAb may not prevent from lamivudine‐resistant HBV reactivation. Evaluation of HBsAg vaccination to maintain HBsAb at a high titre in these patients deserves further studies.
Direction of wording and responses to items in oral health‐related quality of life questionnaires for children and their parents
Authors: Locker David , Jokovic Aleksandra , Allison Paul 
Published: July 2007

Abstract –  Objectives:  In order to minimize acquiescence response set bias, it is often recommended that questionnaires measuring attitudes, behaviours or health states contain items worded positively and negatively. It has also been suggested that when measuring health status this approach means that both the negative and positive dimensions of health can be assessed. This study aimed at assessing the performance of negatively and positively worded items in questionnaires to measure child and parent perceptions of child oral health‐related quality of life.Methods:  Both the child and parent questionnaire included four pairs of items, one negatively worded and one positively worded, that assessed eating, appearance, oral self‐care and self‐confidence. The response format was a five‐point Likert frequency scale with a ‘Don't know’ option. Prior to analysis, the positive items were reverse coded. The relative performance of the two sets of items was assessed by means of comparisons of the proportions with ‘Don't know’ responses or missing values, mean item scores and proportions with the two highest frequency codes. Kappa statistics and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess the agreement between the negative and reverse‐coded positive items and scores and the agreement between child and parent pairs. Factor analysis was used to determine if the two sets of items were measuring the same underlying construct.Results:  The study was completed by 91 Canadian children and 100 parents (91 child–parent pairs) recruited from clinics treating paediatric, orthodontic and oro‐facial conditions. The positively worded items elicited substantially more ‘Don't know’ responses or missing values than the negatively worded items and failed to discriminate between groups. In addition, mean item scores and proportions with the highest frequency codes were substantially larger for reverse‐coded positive than negative items. Agreement between pairs of items was slight. Child–parent agreement was substantial for a scale constructed from the negative items but only moderate for the positive items. Factor analysis revealed that the two sets of items loaded onto different factors.Conclusions:  The performance of the positively worded items was unsatisfactory and their use in oral health‐related quality of life indexes, either to reduce response set or assess positive oral health, is at best questionable.
Root surface and coronal caries in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hintao J. , Teanpaisan R. , Chongsuvivatwong V. , Dahlen G. , Rattarasarn C. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract –  Objectives:  To determine the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) on coronal and root surface caries and to investigate some factors suspected of being related to or interacting with DM, that may be associated with coronal and root surface caries.Methods:  A stratified cross‐sectional study was conducted in 105 type 2 diabetic patients and 103 non‐diabetic subjects of the same age and gender. Coronal and root surface caries, exposed root surfaces, periodontal status, stimulated salivary functions, oral hygiene status, oral health behaviors, and counts of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were measured.Results:  Type 2 diabetic patients compared with non‐diabetic subjects had a higher prevalence of root surface caries (40.0% versus 18.5%; P = 0.001), a higher number of decayed/filled root surfaces (1.2 ± 0.2 versus 0.5 ± 0.1; P < 0.01) and a higher percentage of generalized periodontitis (98.1% versus 87.4%; P < 0.01); but the prevalence and decayed/filled surface of coronal caries was not significantly different (83.8% versus 72.8% and 8.0 ± 9.4 versus 6.3 ± 7.5 respectively). The factors associated with root surface caries included type 2 DM, a low saliva buffer capacity, more missing teeth, and existing coronal caries; whereas wearing removable dentures, more missing teeth, a high number of lactobacilli, and a low saliva buffer capacity were associated with coronal caries.Conclusion:  Type 2 DM is a significant risk factor for root surface, but not for coronal caries. Periodontal disease should be treated early in type 2 diabetic subjects to reduce the risk of subsequent root surface caries.
Does Medicaid improve utilization of medical and dental services and health outcomes for Medicaid‐eligible children in the United States?
Authors: Fisher Monica A. , Mascarenhas Ana K. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract –  Background:  Data are lacking to support the contention that Medicaid services improve utilization of healthcare services and result in better health.Objective:  To compare sociodemographic, utilization of healthcare services and health status characteristics among Medicaid‐eligible children.Methods:  The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey included 2821 children 2–16 years of age eligible for Medicaid. The main outcome measures are annual physician visit, annual dentist visit, general health status, oral health status, asthma (second most common childhood disease), dental caries (most common childhood disease), asthma treatment needs, and dental treatment needs. We quantified the association of these outcome measures with Medicaid insurance status and sociodemographic status using multiple logistic regression modeling, taking into account the complex survey design and sample weights.Results:  Among Medicaid‐eligible children, 27% were uninsured. Among uninsured Medicaid‐eligible children, 62% had an annual physician visit, 32% had an annual dentist visit, 10% needed asthma treatment, and 57% needed dental treatment. Among insured Medicaid‐eligible children, 81% had an annual physician visit, 39% had an annual dentist visit, 13% needed asthma treatment, and 42% needed dental treatment. After simultaneously taking into account other characteristics, uninsured Medicaid‐eligible children were more likely to not have an annual physician visit (ORNoMDvisit = 2.21; 1.26–3.90), and to need dental treatment (ORDentalNeed = 1.57; 1.13–2.18).Conclusions:  This USA population‐based study found disparities exist within Medicaid's services between utilization of dental and medical services. Medicaid insurance improved utilization of medical services, but did not improve the utilization of dental services. This suggests that Medicaid insurance does not improve access to dental services for poor children.
Dental hygiene procedure in a patient with Giardia lamblia infection
Authors: Santacroce L , Bottalico L , Mangini F 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  Introduction:  Giardiasis, or Giardia lamblia infection, is the most common parasitosis of the human digestive tract. It is highly contagious and mostly occurs in warm climates. Children are especially susceptible to infection.Microbiological Features:  The infection can sporadically occur anywhere and waterborne outbreaks have been reported in some countries. Hence, the prevention of giardiasis depends on proper sanitation. Once ingested through contaminated water, Giardia cysts adhere to the intestinal surface. The parasite feeds on the mucous secretions of the intestine and may produce severe infections which can interfere with nutrient absorption. Symptoms in affected individuals usually include diarrhoea, dehydration, stomach cramps, gas, and weight loss.Diagnosis:  Diagnosis is based on the detection of cysts in fecal samples. Treatment includes the use of metronidazole and other drugs that are effective in clearing the infection within a few days.Case report:  We report the recent case of a patient with Giardiasis who received dental hygiene procedures and discuss the interventions required in consideration of the patient’s concomitant heart condition.
A vicious cycle in the oral health status of schoolchildren in a primary school in rural Cambodia
Authors: Shidara Emiko Koito , McGlothlin James D. , Kobayashi Seigo 
Published: July 2007

Abstract  Objective:  To investigate the oral health status and the risk factors contributing to dental caries and gum disease of schoolchildren in Cambodia.Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in a primary school in the Puok District, Siem Reap Province of Cambodia. An oral examination and self‐reported questionnaire were used to evaluate oral health status of schoolchildren, ranging in age from 6–16. Of the 512 children that were enrolled in first through sixth grade at the primary school, 332 children (62.8%) participated.Results:  Of the schoolchildren that were involved in this study, the prevalence of dental caries in permanent dentition was 53.5% and gum disease was present in 46.2%. Among the participants 80% had plaque, 68.6% suffered from tooth pain and only 44.2% of the schoolchildren owned their own toothbrush. There was an association between the schoolchildren that suffered from tooth pain and those that had dental caries (P < 0.03). Plaque was related to dental caries in permanent dentition (P < 0.003), calculus (P < 0.0001) and gum disease (P < 0.0001) and was linked to the schoolchildren who did not own a toothbrush (P < 0.03) and who suffered from tooth pain (P < 0.03).Conclusion:  The following sequence of events may result in a vicious cycle in the oral healthcare of schoolchildren in rural Cambodia: the lack of a personal toothbrush leads to plaque buildup, which may increase the incidence of dental caries, which has been linked to tooth pain and gum disease. Ultimately, this poor oral healthcare impacts an individual’s quality of life and can lead to more serious health issues later in life.
Surgical management of a recurrent spinal meningioma in a cat
Authors: Sumner JP , Simpson DJ 
Published: July 2007

A 13‐year‐old male neutered Persian crossbred cat was evaluated for hindlimb paresis, ataxia and urinary incontinence that had been progressing over the previous 3 months. Neurologically, the cat had thoracolumbar spinal cord deficits and a myelogram detected the presence of a mass compressing the thoracic spinal cord. A hemilaminectomy was performed to excise the soft tissue mass, subsequently identified histologically as a psammomatous meningioma. The cat regained ambulatory function and continence following surgery until a recurrence of paresis and ataxia 36 months later. A second myelogram suggested local recurrence of the tumour, which was confirmed by histological examination of the tumour after its removal at a second laminectomy. The cat again regained normal neurological function, until a further recurrence 16 months after the second surgery. The meningioma was surgically debulked a third time and the cat regained ambulation and continence postoperatively.This case demonstrates the successful use of repeated surgical resection in the management of a recurrent spinal meningioma in a cat. The cat was ambulatory and continent at a follow‐up examination 63 months after the initial presentation.