bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salty, bitter, sweet and sour survive unscathed
Authors: Booth David A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTypes of sensory receptor can only be identified by multidimensional discrimination of a familiar version of a sensed object from variants that disconfound putative types. By that criterion, there is as yet no evidence against just the four classic types of gustatory receptor, for sodium salts, alkaloids, sugars, and proton donors.
Criteria for basic tastes and other sensory primaries
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPrimary, or basic, colors have been discussed for centuries. Over time, three criteria have emerged on their behalf: (a) their physical mixture yielding all other spectral colors, (b) the physiological attunement of receptors or pathways to particular wavelengths, and (c) the etymological history of the color term. These criteria can be applied usefully to taste to clarify issues.
The labeled line / basic taste versus across-fiber pattern debate: A red herring?
Authors: Fox Edward Alan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWhy has the labeled line versus across-fiber pattern debate of taste coding not been resolved? Erickson suggests that the basic tastes concept has no rational definition to test. Similarly, however, taste neuron types, which are fundamental to the across-fiber pattern concept, have not been formally defined, leaving this concept with no rational definition to test. Consequently, the two concepts are largely indistinguishable.
And what about basic odors?
Authors: Roessner Veit , Rothenberger Aribert , Duchamp-Viret Patricia 
Published: April 2008

AbstractErickson's article links the concept of four “basic” tastes to color perception as a sensory modality with similar problems of categorization. Such problems are also present for odors and olfaction. Olfaction is the sensory modality with the closest physical relationship to taste, and the sense organs of both permanently interact. We discuss the origins and influences of core ideas of the science of smell to add to the discussion of unresolved categorization problems in taste from another, closely related point of view.
The pervasive core idea in taste is inadequate and misleading
Authors: Erickson Robert P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe target article described the ubiquitous and often undefined idea of “basic tastes” as the basis for sensory coding in taste, and its attendant problems. The commentaries cover the full range of reaction to this argument, from full support, to qualification of the level of analysis to which “basic tastes” apply and the nature of empirical support, to full denial of either the characterization of the literature or that such characterization reveals any problem. Many commentators, and I, go on to propose other types and sources for taste analysis, which I relate to the “across-fiber pattern model.”
Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE): A Valuable Prognostic Factor of Central Nervous System Dysfunction Following Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Konstantinou E.A. , Venetsanou K. , Mitsos A.P. , Mamoura K.V. , Theodosopoulou E.E. , Fotis T. , Baltopoulos G. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTPurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate neuron specific enolase (NSE) as prognostic factor for CNS disorders developed in relation to cardiac surgery.Patients and methodsA cohort of 92 patients were divided into two groups; the experimental group consisted of patients undergoing open-heart bypass surgery (50 patients) and the control group consisting of 42 patients undergoing general surgery procedures. The blood levels of NSE were measured in both groups before and 24 h after the operation and have been related to the incidence of the postoperative brain damage as well as to the duration of the extracorporeal circulation (ECC).ResultsThe analysis of our results showed that the changes of blood NSE levels, before and immediately after ECC in open-heart surgery have been related to the incidence of postoperative brain dysfunction according to a specific mathematical equation. This incidence was raised also in relation to the age of the patient and the duration of ECC. On the contrary, NSE seems to have no prognostic value in general surgery.ConclusionNSE can be used in cardiac surgery as a simple and reliable prognostic factor to predict postoperative brain dysfunction.
Erratum: Molecular and biogeochemical evidence for ammonia oxidation by marine Crenarchaeota in the Gulf of California
Authors: Beman J Michael , Popp Brian N , Francis Christopher A 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Correction to: The ISME Journal (2008) 2, 429–441. Owing to a publishing error, Figure 2 in the above paper was reproduced incorrectly when published online and in this issue. The correct Figure 2 is shown below.
1st INCF Workshop on Neuroanatomical Nomenclature and Taxonomy
Authors: Bota Mihail , Swanson Larry 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe goal of this workshop was to agree on a general strategy for developing a systematic, useful, and scientifically appropriate framework for neuroanatomical nomenclature. The workshop focused on general principles that will serve as a basis for future decisions on implementation strategies. The report discusses the problems arising from the use of different parcellation schemes and use of different terminologies and highlights the need of a universal vocabulary for describing the structural organization of the nervous system. Workshop participants encourage the creation of an International Coordinating Committee for Neuroanatomical Nomenclature and propose short- and long-term goals for such a committee.
1st INCF Workshop on NeuroImaging Database Integration
Authors: Forsberg Lars , Roland Per 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe goal of this meeting was to map existing neuroimaging databases, particularly databases containing primary data, and to identify mechanisms that could facilitate integrated use of such databases, including possible fusion of databases. The report provides an overview of existing neuroimaging databases that were discussed during the workshop and examines the feasibility of database federations. The report includes several recommendations for future developments.
MATCHING FUNCTION FOR THE JAPANESE LABOUR MARKET: RANDOM OR STOCK–FLOW?
Authors: Sasaki Masaru 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper estimates outflow equations for the unemployed and job vacancies under random and stock–flow matching using Japanese data. We find that for the outflow of the unemployed, the stock–flow matching model fits better than the random matching model at the quarterly frequency, but not at the monthly frequency. In contrast, the outflow of vacancies is affected by the stock of the unemployed as well as its inflow at both monthly and quarterly frequencies. In addition, we calculate the exit rates of the unemployed and job vacancies to show the relationship between the exit rates and the durations of unemployment and job vacancies.
Applicability of ASTER imagery in mapping land use /cover as a basis for biodiversity studies in drylands of northern Ethiopia
Authors: Aynekulu Ermias , Kassawmar Tibebu , Tamene Luelseged 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe evaluated the applicability of the Visible and Near Infrared bands (15 m spatial resolution) of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery in mapping land use/cover in the drylands of northern Ethiopia. Ground Control Points were collected from the field using Geographic Positioning System in which half of them were used for classification and the remaining for accuracy assessment. The image was classified into four dominant land use/cover types that represent the major habitats of the study site. Image classification was done using pixel‐based supervised classification with the Maximum Likelihood Classification algorithm. The accuracy of classification was evaluated using error matrix and Kappa statistics. Finally, we found an overall classification accuracy of 80% and this implies that ASTER imagery can be used as a good source of data in mapping biodiversity at habitat scale in data scarce drylands of northern Ethiopia.
Tree species composition and local use in agricultural landscapes of west Usambaras Tanzania
Authors: Munishi P. K. T. , Philipina F. , Temu R. P. C. , Pima N. E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpecies richness and diversity in agricultural landscapes are important characteristics of agro‐ecosystems that determine their potential for biodiversity conservation. This study assessed species composition, richness, diversity and local use of on‐farm trees in predominantly agricultural landscape in the Usambaras, north‐eastern Tanzania. Assessments were carried out in 90 randomly selected individual farmlands. We identified 47 tree species belonging to 23 families and used by local people for various purposes. The most dominant species were Albizia gummifera (Gmel) C. A. Sm. (mkenge), Parinari excelsa Sabine ssp holstii (Engl.) R. Grah. (muula), Newtonia buchananii (Bak.) Gilb. and Bout (mkufi), Syzygium guineense (Willd) D.C. (mshihwi), Ficus capensis L. (mvumo) and Casearia engleri (Gilg) (mkokoko). These species are indigenous and were retained from existing ones during farm clearing. The species diversity (by the Simpson’s and Shannon–Wiener diversity indices of 0.07 and 2.8 respectively) is comparable with that of adjacent natural forests. There are apparently high on‐farm tree species richness and diversity, the conservation of which can contribute to ex‐situ biodiversity conservation. On‐farm tree management should be encouraged, especially where there is population pressure on the existing natural forests. Research to enhance sustainability of the farming system is important for biodiversity management on farmlands.
Factors influencing the occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in the Central Rift Valley Region of Kenya
Authors: Mwaniki S. W. , Nderitu J. H. , Olubayo F. , Kimenju J. W. , Nguyen Khuong 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA survey for entomopathogenic nematodes in the central Rift valley region of Kenya was conducted at altitudes between 1800 and 3000 m above sea level and from croplands and noncropland habitats. The sampling depth was 0–30 cm. GPS (global positioning system) was used to measure site positions. One hundred and twelve soil samples were collected and entomopathogenic nematodes trapped throughGalleria mellonella. Entomopathogenic nematode presence was demonstrated byG. mellonellamortality and viable ones bulked through the same host.Nematode recoveries from two consecutive extractions were 30% per extraction and 52% for cumulative extractions. Recoveries from agro ecological zones ranged between 18% and 71%. Recovery frequency was higher from disturbed cropland habitats than the stable noncrop habitats.Steinernemaspecies were more frequent thanHeterorhabditis (9 : 1). Nematode occurrence clustered at 2–3% carbon and pH 5.3–6.3 with no specific pattern demonstrated from soil types. Nematode species of the two genera from high altitudes lost their culturing ability within 1 month of isolation.There was a tendency for recovering both nematode genera at the shores of water bodies. This is the first report ofSteinernema yirgalemenseandS. weiseriin Kenya and ofS. kariiin the central Rift valley region. TheHeterorhabditisspecies has not been confirmed yet. This has widened the genetic base of entomopathogenic nematodes from Kenya. The entomopathogenic nematodes are available for developement as biological control agents of athropod pests.
Identifying suitable conservation targets: can GIS‐based modelling serve to link coarse‐scale complementarity to local selection of conservation sites?
Authors: Tushabe Herbert , Fjeldså Jon 
Published: April 2008

AbstractComplementarity analysis based on overlaying large numbers of species distribution maps is increasingly being employed by conservationists to determine conservation priorities. This method is used because of its efficiency in representing selected species in a minimal number of areas, thus maximizing the number of conserved species in relation to area. As such analyses are mostly based on coarse spatial scales, it is essential to test the efficiency and accuracy of these methods, and to develop supplementary analyses that allow us to translate the result into identification of conservation sites of a manageable size. Here we test the effectiveness of a coarse‐scale (continent‐wide) analysis using a more detailed (nation‐wide) logical inductive model based on point records. We find that, although there are differences in the effectiveness at these scales, most of the areas identified by the fine‐scale data are nested within those identified by the coarse approach. We also find that areas identified as important for birds fit well within the current national focal areas for conservation in Uganda.
Determination of changes occurred in the microflora of cig kofte (raw meat balls) at different storage temperatures
Authors: Ardic Mustafa , Durmaz Hisamettin 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different storage temperatures on the microbiological characteristics and pH values of cig kofte during storage. Storage temperature affected significantly total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), coliforms, yeasts and moulds, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Staphylococcus aureus counts of cig kofte which had lower counts in refrigerator storage than in room storage following sixth hour for TAMB (P < 0.001), coliform (P < 0.01, P < 0.001), S. aureus (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) and LAB (P < 0.001) and at the end of storage for yeasts and moulds (P < 0.001). Listeria and Salmonella spp. could not be detected at both refrigerator temperature and room temperature storage. In order to minimise the contamination level of cig kofte, use of best microbial quality minced meat and ingredients as well as good personnel hygiene is required and preserved. In addition, Cig kofte should be kept in refrigerator when leftovers remain for additional meals.
Antioxidant potential of rice bran extracts and its effects on stabilisation of cookies under ambient storage
Authors: Bhanger Muhammad Iqbal , Iqbal Shahid , Anwar Farooq , Imran Muhammad , Akhtar Mubeena , Zia‐ul‐Haq Muhammad 
Published: April 2008

SummaryMethanolic extracts of rice bran (MRB) were found to be the richest in phenolics than all the other extraction media, i.e. water, 80% methanol, 70% ethanol, diethyl ether. Thermal stability of MRB was determined by evaluating antioxidant activity of heated extracts in linoleic acid system. Cookies were prepared in sunflower oil premixed with MRB at different concentrations, i.e. 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm, and with butylated hydroxytoluene and α‐tocopherol at 200 ppm. Oxidative stability of cookies was measured by storing under ambient conditions for an year with periodical analysis after every 2 months. Fatty acid composition was determined by gas–liquid chromatography. A regular decrease in unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and increase in saturated fatty acids was observed with the increase in storage period; all the stabilised samples showed appreciably less decrease in USFA than that of control sample. Induction period ranged from 14.73 to 31.22 h while control exhibited 7.5 h. Peroxide value, iodine value and free fatty acids were chosen as the parameters for quality evaluation of cookies. Results suggest rice bran to be a potential source of antioxidants for stabilisation of cookies.
Influence of processing and storage on the antioxidant activity of apple derivatives
Authors: Sacchetti Giampiero , Cocci Emiliano , Pinnavaia GianGaetano , Mastrocola Dino , Rosa Marco Dalla 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe antioxidant activity of seven apple varieties was determined on fresh fruits and processed products (dried fruits and purees) and during storage. The antioxidant activity of apples correlated with the total phenol concentration but not with ascorbic acid concentration. Apple derivatives showed a lower antioxidant activity than the counterparts of the fresh fruits and the occurrence of browning phenomena during processing resulted in lower antioxidant activity. Dried fruits showed higher antioxidant activity per gram of dried matter than fruit purees probably because of the lower total thermal effect of processing. The antioxidant activity of all products increased within the first month of storage, and then declined. The extent of early increase was related to the polyphenol content of the fruit. Packaging conditions further influenced the antioxidant activity increase during storage possibly by affecting the oxygen availability.
Nutritional quality of storage proteins during germination of Indian bean (Dolichos lablab. var. lignosus) seeds
Authors: Ramakrishna Vadde , Jhansi Rani Pochana , Ramakrishna Rao Pillatla 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe dry Indian bean seed composed of starch is the major component (33%) and protein accounted for 25% of dry weight. The ability of germination to increase the nutritional quality of storage proteins was studied by germinating the Indian bean seeds for 0, 8, 16, 24 and 32 h and evaluated the nutritional quality through an in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), protein efficiency ratio (PER), apparent and true digestibility. The IVPD of raw Indian bean seeds by pepsin alone was 60.12% and the digestibility by pepsin and trypsin together improved to 64.24%. The in vitro digestibility by both processes increased appreciably with germination and marked increase was noticed in the early stage of germination. The PER values followed the same pattern as the value of weight gain of rats fed with diets containing raw and germinated Indian bean. The lowest PER values were observed with raw bean diet. However, the value increased in rats fed with diets of Indian bean germinated for different intervals of time, reaching comparable PER values with the group maintained on casein diet. The true and apparent nitrogen digestibility of raw bean low being only 82 and 72%, respectively observed with casein diet. Diets with germinated bean protein showed a marked increase in both parameters, although the values were still less than that displayed by the casein fed rats. Germination is a simple biochemical enrichment tool and significantly improves palatability, digestibility and the nutritive utilisation of proteins in Indian bean seeds.
Regulation of mycothiol metabolism by σR and the thiol redox sensor anti‐sigma factor RsrA
Authors: Newton Gerald L. , Fahey Robert C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryMycothiol (MSH) is the major thiol in Actinobacteria and plays a role analogous to that of glutathione. The biosynthetic pathway has been established in mycobacteria and is initiated by the glycosyltransferase MshA. A key mycothiol‐dependent detoxification pathway utilizes the amidase (Mca) to cleave mycothiol S‐conjugates to produce GlcN‐Ins and a mercapturic acid excreted from the cell. How expression of mycothiol genes is regulated in mycobacteria has been unclear so the report in this issue by Park and Roe showing that in Streptomyces coelicolor the redox controlled anti‐sigma factor RsrA that binds the regulator σR controls key elements of mycothiol metabolism is a major advance. Conditions that deplete thiols are shown to induce directly expression of sigR, rsrA, mshA and mca, as well as the thioredoxin reductase–thioredoxin system, generating an autoregulatory cycle that persists until the thiol‐depleting condition is alleviated. Evidence for indirect induction of mshB–D to support mycothiol biosynthesis is also presented. It was shown in vitro that mycothiol, like reduced thioredoxin and dithiothreitol, can reduce oxidized RsrA to activate its binding to σR. These studies establish for the first time how mycothiol metabolism is regulated to cope with stress from thiol reactive toxins.
Sweet to the extreme: protein glycosylation in Archaea
Authors: Yurist‐Doutsch Sophie , Chaban Bonnie , VanDyke David J. , Jarrell Ken F. , Eichler Jerry 
Published: April 2008

SummaryPost‐translational modifications account for much of the biological diversity generated at the proteome level. Of these, glycosylation is the most prevalent. Long thought to be unique to Eukarya, it is now clear that both Bacteria and Archaea are also capable of N‐glycosylation, namely the covalent linkage of oligosaccharides to select target asparagine residues. However, while the eukaryal and bacterial N‐glycosylation pathways are relatively well defined, little is known of the parallel process in Archaea. Of late, however, major advances have been made in describing the process of archaeal N‐glycosylation. Such efforts have shown, as is often the case in archaeal biology, that protein N‐glycosylation in Archaea combines particular aspects of the eukaryal and bacterial pathways along with traits unique to this life form. For instance, while the oligosaccharides of archaeal glycoproteins include nucleotide‐activated sugars formed by bacterial pathways, the lipid carrier on which such oligosaccharides are assembled is the same as used in eukaryal N‐glycosylation. By contrast, transfer of assembled oligosaccharides to their protein targets shows Archaea‐specific properties. Finally, addressing N‐glycosylation from an archaeal perspective is providing new general insight into this event, as exemplified by the solution of the first crystal structure of an oligosaccharide transferase from an archaeal source.
Stochastic assembly of chemoreceptor clusters in Escherichia coli
Authors: Thiem Sebastian , Sourjik Victor 
Published: April 2008

SummaryChemoreceptors and cytoplasmic chemotaxis proteins in Escherichia coli form clusters that play a key role in signal processing. These clusters localize at cell poles and at specific positions along the cell body which correspond to future division sites, but the details of cluster formation and the mechanism of cluster distribution remain unclear. Here, we used fluorescence microscopy to investigate how the numbers and sizes of receptor clusters depend on the expression level of chemotaxis proteins and on the cell length. We show that the average cluster number saturates at high levels of protein expression at approximately 3.7 clusters per cell, well below the number of available positioning sites. Correspondingly, distances between clusters in filamentous cells saturate at an average of 1 μm but, even at saturating expression levels, individual cluster numbers and distances show a broad distribution around the mean. Our data imply a stochastic mode of cluster assembly, where a defined average interval between clusters along the cell body arises from competition between nucleation of new clusters and growth of existing clusters. Upon subsequent anchorage to defined lateral sites, clusters grow with rates that inversely depend on their size, and become polar upon several rounds of cell division.