bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The TRENDS Project: development of a methodology to reliably monitor the obesity epidemic in childhood
Authors: Binnie Karena 
Published: October 2006

.

Rudolf M.C.J.,
Levine R.,
Feltbower R.,
Connor A. &
Robinson M.
(
2006
)

,
91
,
309
–
311
.
Aims  The government has set a target to halt the rise in childhood obesity in those aged under 11 years by 2010, but no system is in place to ascertain if this has been achieved. We aimed to develop a simple and reproducible methodology to monitor trends in childhood obesity.Methods  A purposive sample of 10 primary schools and three secondary schools was selected. Children were measured with parental ‘opt out’ consent in reception class, year 4 and year 8 (aged 5, 9 and 13 years old respectively). Measurements were compared with those obtained locally in 1996–2001. Calculations were then performed to ascertain the sample size required to confidently identify a halt in the rise in obesity using three growth measures.Results  A total of 999 children were measured with ascertainment of 95% in primary and 85% in secondary schools. The proportion of overweight and obese children aged 9 and 13 years old had increased since 1996–2001, although only 9‐year‐olds showed a significant rise. A general trend of an increase in obesity was observed with increasing age. Calculations showed that 1900–2400 children per age group are needed to detect a halt in the rise in obesity based on mean body mass index (BMI) standard deviation scores (SDS) by 2010 with 90% power, whereas 4200–10 500 children are needed for other measures.Conclusion  We have developed a simple, cost‐effective methodology for accurately measuring the epidemic and recommend the use of mean BMI SDS for demonstrating if a halt has been achieved.
Walking, cycling and transport safety: an analysis of child road deaths
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: October 2006

.

Sonkin B.,
Edwards P.,
Roberts I. &
Green J.
(
2006
)

,
99
,
402
–
405
.
Objective  To examine trends in road death rates for child pedestrians, cyclists and car occupants.Design  Analysis of road traffic injury death rates per 100 000 children and death rates per 10 million passenger miles travelled.Setting  England and Wales between 1985 and 2003.Participants  Children aged 0–14 years old.Interventions  None.Main outcome measures  Death rates per 100 000 children and per 10 million child passenger miles for pedestrians, cyclists and car occupants.Results  Death rates per head of population have declined for child pedestrians, cyclists and car occupants but pedestrian death rates remain higher (0.55 deaths/100 000 children; 95% CI 0.42–0.72 deaths) than those for car occupants (0.34 deaths; 95% CI 0.23–0.48 deaths) and cyclists (0.16 deaths; 95% CI 0.09–0.27 deaths). Since 1985, the average distance children travelled as a car occupant has increased by 70%; the average distance walked has declined by 19%; and the average distance cycled has declined by 58%. Taking into account distance travelled, there are about 50 times more child cyclist deaths (0.55 deaths/10 million passenger miles; 0.32–0.89) and nearly 30 times more child pedestrian deaths (0.27 deaths; 0.20–0.35) than there are deaths to child car occupants (0.01 deaths; 0.007–0.014). In 2003, children from families without access to a vehicle walked twice the distance walked by children in families with access to two or more vehicles.Conclusions  More needs to be carried out to reduce the traffic injury death rates for child pedestrians and cyclists. This might encourage more walking and cycling and also has the potential to reduce social class gradients in injury mortality.
Whole genome analysis of the marine Bacteroidetes‘Gramella forsetii’ reveals adaptations to degradation of polymeric organic matter
Authors: Bauer Margarete , Kube Michael , Teeling Hanno , Richter Michael , Lombardot Thierry , Allers Elke , Würdemann Chris A. , Quast Christian , Kuhl Heiner , Knaust Florian , Woebken Dagmar , Bischof Kerstin , Mussmann Marc , Choudhuri Jomuna V. , Meyer Folker , Reinhardt Richard , Amann Rudolf I. , Glöckner Frank Oliver 
Published: October 2006

SummaryMembers of the Bacteroidetes, formerly known as the Cytophaga‐Flavobacteria‐Bacteroides (CFB) phylum, are among the major taxa of marine heterotrophic bacterioplankton frequently found on macroscopic organic matter particles (marine snow). In addition, they have been shown to also represent a significant part of free‐living microbial assemblages in nutrient‐rich microenvironments. Their abundance and distribution pattern in combination with enzymatic activity studies has led to the notion that organisms of this group are specialists for degradation of high molecular weight compounds in both the dissolved and particulate fraction of the marine organic matter pool, implying a major role of Bacteroidetes in the marine carbon cycle. Despite their ecological importance, comprehensive molecular data on organisms of this group have been scarce so far. Here we report on the first whole genome analysis of a marine Bacteroidetes representative, ‘Gramella forsetii’ KT0803. Functional analysis of the predicted proteome disclosed several traits which in joint consideration suggest a clear adaptation of this marine Bacteroidetes representative to the degradation of high molecular weight organic matter, such as a substantial suite of genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes, a predicted preference for polymeric carbon sources and a distinct capability for surface adhesion.
Weight gain and insulin requirement in type 2 diabetic patients during the first year after initiating insulin therapy dependent on baseline BMI
Authors: Biesenbach G. , Raml A. , Alsaraji N. 
Published: October 2006

Aim:  The aim of this study was to determine differences, if any, in weight gain and increased insulin requirements in insulin‐treated type 2 diabetic patients with a normal and an elevated body mass index (BMI).Methods:  A total of 192 patients with newly insulinized type 2 diabetes were included in the study. The patients were divided into three groups: those with BMI <26 (n = 102), BMI 26–30 (n = 50) and those with BMI >30 (n = 40). At the beginning of insulin therapy and 12 months later, we compared HbA1c, BMI and required insulin doses in each group and evaluated weight gain and the increase in insulin requirement during the observation period. Moreover, we investigated the influence of additional metformin therapy on weight gain and insulin requirement.Results:  Body weight increased in the group with normal BMI from 68.8 ± 9.2 to 70.8 ± 9.4 kg (+2.9%) and in the other groups from 79.0 ± 9.3 to 81.2 ± 8.4 (+2.8%) and from 96.2 ± 11.2 to 99.1 ± 16.5 kg (+3.0%) respectively. The differences between the groups were not significant. The insulin requirement increased by 22% in the normal‐weighted group and by 23% in both groups with overweight. The reduction in mean HbA1c was similar in the three groups (22, 18 and 22%). Under additional metformin therapy, the increment of insulin requirement of all patients (n = 40) was significantly lower (11 vs. 26%, p < 0.01), and there was no significant difference between the groups with different BMIs. During the same period, the gain in body weight and the decrease of HbA1c were not significantly different in the patients with and without metformin independent on the BMI.Conclusions:  The risk for weight gain and increase in insulin requirement is similar in insulin‐treated type 2 diabetic patients with normal and elevated BMI. Additional metformin therapy reduces insulin requirement in patients with and without overweight.
Multiple mealtime administration of biphasic insulin aspart 30 versus traditional basal‐bolus human insulin treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Chen J. ‐W. , Lauritzen T. , Bojesen A. , Christiansen J. S. 
Published: October 2006

Aim:  The aim of this study was to compare the effect of multiple mealtime injections of biphasic insulin aspart 30 (30% fast‐acting insulin aspart in the formulation, BIAsp30) to traditional basal‐bolus human insulin regimen (HI) on glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes.Methods:  Twenty‐three patients (eight women and 15 men) aged 44.8 (20.6–62.5) years (median and range) with a diabetes duration of 19.5 (1.6–44.6) years completed the study. All eligible patients were randomly assigned to BIAsp30 thrice daily supplied with bedtime NPH insulin when necessary, or basal‐bolus HI for 12 weeks and then switched to the alternative regimen for another 12 weeks. The insulin dose adjustments were made by patients on the basis of advice from a diabetes nurse. At end of each treatment period, the patients attended two profile days, 1 week apart for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assessments. HbA1C was measured at baseline and at the end of each treatment period. A seven‐point self‐monitored blood glucose (SMBG) was obtained twice weekly.Results:  In comparison with HI, multiple mealtime injections of BIAsp30 resulted in a significant reduction in HbA1C[HI vs. BIAsp30 (%, geometric mean and range): 8.6 (7.4–11.4) vs. 8.3 (6.7–9.8), p = 0.013]. During treatment with BIAsp30, nighttime glycaemic control was significantly improved. Day‐to‐day variation in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics and the rate of hypoglycaemia were not increased with BIAsp30 compared with HI.Conclusions:  In type 1 diabetics, multiple mealtime administration of BIAsp30 compared with traditional basal‐bolus human insulin treatment significantly improves long‐term glycaemic control without increasing the risk of hypoglycaemia. Despite a higher proportion of intermediate‐acting insulin, thrice‐daily injections with BIAsp30 do not increase the day‐to‐day variations in insulin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Rural Movements in Europe: Scandinavia and the Accession States
Authors: Halhead Vanessa 
Published: October 2006

Abstract This paper explores the national rural/village movements now established in some 16 European countries, with special focus on those in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. The aim of the paper is to raise awareness by providing information on the significance of rural social movements, rather than to attempt a detailed analysis. Starting in the 1970s in some Scandinavian and Western European countries, as a local community response to rural decline, the village movements have built into major national forces, and have recently expanded into the EU accession states in Central and Eastern Europe. They were established to address issues of rural decline, agricultural change, migration, centralization and EU accession. They are now also organizing themselves at EU level, to provide a voice for rural communities in Europe. This is a notable example of a structured approach to mobilizing rural communities to become stronger agents of local development and to participate in rural policy‐making at local, regional, national and EU levels. The paper draws on information gained in a recently completed initial investigation of the national village movements in Estonia, Finland, Slovakia and Denmark, together with information from Sweden. The information is based on that gathered from a wide range of interviews and the minimal documentation available from the movements themselves. The experiences of the movements in enabling local structural development, capacity‐building, empowerment and action are documented, as is their work to develop strategic planning and advocacy. The paper identifies the motivating forces, structural and process models, activities and outcomes of the different movements. It takes account of the effects of differing national contexts, and identifies some key elements of experience and learning.
Vagus Nerve Prolonged Stimulation in Cats: Effects on Epileptogenesis (Amygdala Electrical Kindling): Behavioral and Electrographic Changes
Authors: Fernández‐Guardiola A. , Martínez A. , Valdés‐Cruz A. , Magdaleno‐Madrigal V. M. , Martínez D. , Fernández‐Mas R. 
Published: October 2006

Summary: Purpose: To analyze the effect of prolonged (daily) electrical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on daily amygdaloid kindling (AK) in freely moving cats. Methods: Fifteen adult male cats were implanted in both temporal lobe amygdalae, both lateral geniculate bodies, and prefrontal cortices. A bipolar hook (5‐mm separation) stainless steel electrode also was implanted in the unsectioned left vagus nerve. AK only was performed on five of the cats as a control. The remaining 10 cats were recorded under the following experimental conditions: VNS (1.2–2.0 mA, 0.5‐ms pulses, 30 Hz) for 1 min along with AK (1‐s train, 1‐ms pulses, 60 Hz, 300–600 μA), followed by VNS alone for 1 min, four times between 11:00 a.m. and 2 p.m. At different times, VNS was arrested, and AK was continued until stage VI kindling was reached. Results: The behavioral changes evoked by VNS were as follows: left miosis, blinking, licking, abdominal contractions, swallowing, and eventually yawning, meowing, upward gaze, and short head movements. Compulsive eating also was present with a variable latency. Outstanding polygraphic changes consisted of augmentation of eye movements and visual evoked potentials while the animal was awake and quiet, with immobility and upward gaze. An increase of the pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) wave density in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep also was noticeable. AK was completed (to stage VI) in the control animals without a vagus nerve implantation in 23.4 ± 3.7 trials. In animals with VNS, the AK was significantly delayed, remaining for a long time in the behavioral stages I‐III and showing a reduction of afterdischarge duration and frequency. Stage VI was never reached despite 50 AK trials, except when the vagus nerve electrodes were accidentally broken or vagal stimulation was intentionally arrested. Under these circumstances, 24.4 ± 8.16 AK trials alone were necessary to reach stage VI of kindling. Conclusions: Our results indicate that left, electrical VNS interferes with AK epileptogenesis. This anticonvulsant effect could be related to the increase of REM sleep.
A Particular Type of Epilepsy in Children with Congenital Hemiparesis Associated with Unilateral Polymicrogyria
Authors: Caraballo Roberto , Cersósimo Ricardo , Fejerman Natalio 
Published: October 2006

Summary: Purpose: Polymicrogyria (PMG) is often associated with symptomatic focal epilepsy and neurologic dysfunction. We investigated the clinical and laboratory features of a group of children with congenital hemiparesis, unilateral poly‐microgyria on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and a peculiar epileptic syndrome. Methods: Twelve patients (seven girls and five boys) with a mean age of 7.8 years (range, 5–13 years) were studied. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, computed tomography (CT) and MRI scanning, and neuropsychological assessment at initial examination. Patients were followed up from 1 to 7 years (mean, 4.5 years). Results: Partial motor seizures with secondary generalization with onset between age 1 and 6 years (mean age, 2 years) were recorded in all patients. The course of epilepsy was similar in all patients with development of atypical absences, negative myoclonus, and gait difficulties. EEG recording demonstrated continuous spike‐wave or bilateral abnormality throughout. Frequent relapses of the atonic and myoclonic seizures were seen in seven patients. However, during follow‐up, seven patients were seizure free, and the others have not developed this particular seizure pattern. A single case underwent cortical resection 23 months ago and has had no seizures since then. Mental retardation was mild in nine and moderate in three patients. Conclusions: Children with unilateral polymicrogyria may develop a syndrome of negative myoclonus seizures that appears to be age specific and responsive to antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment. Despite limited follow‐up time, a good outcome was observed in most cases.
Learning and Memory Impairment in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Relation to the Presence, Type, and Location of Brain Lesion
Authors: Giovagnoli Anna R. , Avanzini Giuliano 
Published: October 2006

Summary: Purpose: To study the influence of epileptogenic lesions on learning and memory alterations in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods: We studied 131 patients (55 with left and 39 with right lesional TLE; 22 with left and 15 with right cryptogenic TLE) and 36 healthy subjects. We compared these groups by using a battery of tests to assess verbal and visual learning, delayed recall, and recall after the imposition of interfering activity. Results: Compared with the controls and patients with right TLE, the patients with left TLE were significantly impaired on all verbal tests. On visual tests, patients with right TLE were impaired compared with controls but not more so than patients with left TLE. Separate multivariate analyses of variance (MA‐NOVAs) of patients' verbal and visual test scores, taking the TLE side and morphologic features of the temporal lobes (i.e., normal, hippocampal sclerosis, low‐grade glioma, or cavernous angioma) as independent factors, did not show any significant effect of these features. Separate comparisons of verbal and visual test scores of patients with lesional TLE, taking the side and location (mesial or lateral) of the epileptogenic lesion as independent factors, did not show any significant effect of location. Conclusions: Our findings show that some learning and memory abilities are impaired in patients with TLE irrespective of the presence of overt damage. This supports the theory that focal epileptic discharges, rather than the lesions themselves, affect these functions. The pathologic characteristics and intratemporal location of an associated lesion do not seem to play an important role in determining learning and memory impairment when clinical and treatment‐related factors are taken into account.
A Comparison of Magnetoencephalography, MRI, and V‐EEG in Patients Evaluated for Epilepsy Surgery
Authors: Wheless J. W. , Willmore L. J. , Breier J. I. , Kataki M. , Smith J. R. , King D. W. , Meador K. J. , Park Y. D. , Loring D. W. , Clifton G. L. , Baumgartner J. , Thomas A. B. , Constantinou J. E. C. , Papanicolaou A. C. 
Published: October 2006

Summary: Purpose: To determine the efficacy and relative contribution of several diagnostic methods [ictal and interictal scalp and intracranial EEG, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG)] in identifying the epileptogenic zone for resection. Methods: This was a prospective study using a masked comparison‐to‐criterion standard. Fifty‐eight consecutive patients with refractory partial epilepsy from two university comprehensive epilepsy programs were studied. Patients who were evaluated for and underwent epilepsy surgery were recruited. The main outcome measure was the efficacy of each diagnostic method to identify the resected epileptogenic zone, when referenced to surgical outcome. Results: MEG (52%) was second only to ictal intracranial V‐EEG in predicting the epileptogenic zone for the entire group of patients who had an excellent surgical outcome (seizure free or rare seizure). In a subanalysis, for patients who had temporal lobe surgery, this same relation was seen (MEG, 57%, ictal intracranial V‐EEG, 62%). With extratemporal resection, ictal (81%) and interictal (75%) intracranial EEG were superior to MEG (44%) in predicting the surgery site in those patients with an excellent outcome. Finally, for all patients who had a good surgical outcome, MEG (52%) was better than ictal (33%) or interictal (45%) scalp VEEG in predicting the site of surgery. Conclusions: These results indicate that MEG is a very promising diagnostic method and raise the possibility that it may obviate the need for invasive EEG in some cases or reduce the length of scalp EEG evaluation in others.
Epileptic Seizures Induced by Animated Cartoon, “Pocket Monster”
Authors: Takada Hiroyuki , Aso Kosaburo , Watanabe Kazuyoshi , Okumura Akihisa , Negoro Tamiko , Ishikawa Tatsuya 
Published: October 2006

Summary: Purpose: A large number of children had fits while watching the animated cartoon television (TV) program “Pocket Monster.” To elucidate the seizures associated with the TV program, we administered a questionnaire survey in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Methods: The questionnaires were sent to 75 hospitals located in and around Aichi prefecture. The presence of epileptic seizures and the types of seizures were determined by three pediatric neurologists. Results: Sixty‐one hospitals responded to the questionnaire survey. Among 95 patients living in Aichi prefecture for whom enough information on seizure manifestations and EEG was available, ≤93 patients were considered to have epileptic seizures while watching the TV program. Most seizures occurred at a scene in which red and blue frames alternated at 12 Hz. Sixty‐nine (74%) patients had no history of epilepsy. Thirty‐nine patients had generalized seizures, and 49 patients had partial seizures. Partial seizures occurred more frequently in the younger age group than did generalized seizures. The EEG revealed a photoparoxysmal response (PPR) in 43% of patients. PPR was present not only in patients with a history of epilepsy (54%) but also in those with no history of epilepsy (38%). Conclusions: Almost all seizures induced by the TV program “Pocket Monster” were epileptic, and partial seizures were induced more frequently than generalized seizures. The incidence of this “Pocket Monster”‐induced seizures was roughly estimated as ≥1 in 4,923 individuals aged 6–18 years.
A Case of Startle Epilepsy and SSMA Seizures Documented with Subdural Recordings
Authors: Serles Wolfgang , Leutmezer Fritz , Pataraia Ekaterina , Olbrich Achim , Gröppel Gudrun , Czech Thomas , Baumgartner Christoph 
Published: October 2006

Summary: Purpose: To study the mechanisms of startle‐induced supplementary sensorimotor area (SSMA) seizures. Methods: We present a patient investigated with indwelling subdural grid electrodes covering both the SSMA and the dorsolateral frontal lobe. Results: We found a simultaneous seizure onset in the right dorsolateral premotor cortex and the right SSMA. High‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a small subcortical lesion adjacent to the right SSMA. The patient became seizure free after resection of the lesion and the ictalonset zone. Conclusions: We conclude that an extended region of abnormally excitable tissue within the frontal lobe could facilitate the generation of startle‐induced seizures. We speculate that a widespread epileptogenic zone could help to explain why some patients with SSMA or dorsolateral frontal lobe seizures are more likely to have startle‐induced seizures.