bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophage‐mediated cytotoxicity against allogeneic target cells in vitro
Authors: Lohmann‐Matthes Marie‐Luise , Schipper H. , Fisher H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA system is described in which monolayers of sensitized peritoneal macrophages destroy allogeneic target cells in vitro. The cytotoxic effect is measured by 51Cr release from labeled mastocytoma target cells. Different methods were applied to rule out any lymphocyte contamination. Stainings at different stages of the reaction excluded phagocytosis of target cells.At a ratio of 20 macrophages to 1 target cell destruction is complete after 24 h.Macrophages reacted to multiple challenges by repeated lysis of the target cells.Macrophages treated with trypsin lost their cytotoxicity but regained cytotoxic capacity 48 h after treatment. By labeling the sensitized macrophages with 51Cr it was shown that they keep full viability during the cytotoxic action.
The role of T cells and adjuvant in the immune response of mice to foreign erythrocytes
Authors: Dresser D. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe splenic response of CBA mice, deprived of thymus‐derived cells (T cells), to the injection of different doses of sheep erythrocytes, has been compared to that obtained in control mice which possess T cells. The effect of pertussis injected with the antigen was measured in both groups of mice in terms of the number of plaque‐forming cells (PFC) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) of the five main immunoglobulin classes of mice. The following conclusions have been reached:

Increasing the antigen concentration does not overcome the depression in the immune response resulting from an absence of T cells; consequently this evidence is incompatible with the role of T cells being solely one of concentration of antigen to B cells.
As the antigen dose is increased, the direct effect of adjuvant on B cells is also increased, whereas it is argued that an inverse relationship exists for the effect of adjuvant on T cells in the antigen dose range used here.
The lower the concentration of antigen, the greater is the dependence of the adjuvant effect of pertussis on the presence of T cells. This is far apparent for γM‐PFC than for non‐γM‐PFC.
A significant proportion of γM‐PFC are produced from precursor cells, which do not appear to require T cells for their differentiation into antibodyforming cells.
It is possible that adjuvant and T cells stimulate B cells in a similar way. Previously published evidence, which was thought to support the antigen‐concentration hypothesis of T cell action, may have been an artefact due to the direct action of adjuvant (or adjuvant‐like properties of the antigen preparation itself) on B cells binding antigen.
An effect consisting of an impaired γGl response is described in fetal liver reconstituted and one‐year old normal mice. The effect is independent of irradiation received during reconstitution and may be due to a partial deficiency of T cells in old age.
Effect of non‐ionic polymers on radioallergoimmunosorbent reactions
Authors: Ceska M. , Varga J. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of polyethylene glycol on the solid phase radioimmunoassay procedure for the estimation of reagins was studied. The enhanced uptake of specific anti‐IgE antibodies to either sorbent‐allergen‐IgE‐ or sorbent‐antiallergen‐allergen‐IgE‐complex in the presence of polyethylene glycol was observed.
Modification of antibodies. I. The effect of the new modifying agent, dodecylsuccinic anhydride, on properties of IgG immunoglobulins
Authors: Starościk Krystyna , Lisowski J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new reagent, dodecylsuccinic anhydride, was introduced for modification of proteins, The modification can be carried out under very mild conditions at room temperature, pH 8.4.As models, ovine anti‐Staphylococcal IgG1 immunoglobulins and rabbit antitrinitrophenyl (TNP) IgG2 immunoglobulins were used. Depending on the molar ratio of the reagent to the total content of free amino groups, various degrees of substitution could be achieved. The modified preparations had a stronger tendency for aggregation and had more unfolded structure than the unmodified immunoglobulins. The resistance to proteolytic enzymes was lower and more proteolytic fragments were obtained after modification. The modification did not change the activity of rabbit anti‐TNP immunoglobulins and, in the case of ovine anti‐Staphylococcal immunoglobulins, the activity was even higher. The results showed that dodecylsuccinic anhydride could be useful for studies of the role of hydrophobic bonds, and for the relationship between structure and activity of proteins.
Lymphocyte reactivity in vitro. VI. Specificity of target cell destruction following in vitro sensitization in mixed leukocyte cultures
Authors: Solliday Susan , Bach F. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman peripheral blood lymphocytes were “sensitized” in vitro in one‐way mixed leukocyte cultures to one of three lymphoblastoid cell lines or t o normal allogeneic peripheral blood leukocytes. The sensitized cells were tested for their ability to destroy 51 Cr‐labeled lymphoblastoid target cells which were either isogeneic or allogeneic with the sensitizing cells. The results obtained show that cells sensitized to one cell line or to cells of one individual are subsequently more cytotoxic to target cells from that same individual than to other allogeneic target cells, establishing specificity of destruction in this system. In some combinations significant cytotoxicity is seen when the sensitizing cells and the target cells are allogeneic. It is not clear whether in this system this represents a non‐specific component of destruction or whether this is due to antigenic sharing or cross‐reactivity.
Chemistry and biology of the anaphylatoxin related serum peptide system. I. Purification, crystallization and properties of classical anaphylatoxin from rat serum
Authors: Wissler J. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractClassical anaphylatoxin, which causes histamine liberation and lethal anaphylatoxin shock in the guinea pig, was purified from dextran‐treated rat serum leading to a 5000‐fold increase in specific activity. It was crystallized in a molecular homogenous state. Rat anaphylatoxin consists of one peptide unit with a molecular weight of 9500, as determined by gel chromatography.First, evidence is presented that the anaphylatoxin‐forming contact reaction of normal, fresh serum with hydrophilic, insoluble substances of high molecular weight, e.g. dextran, yeast or antigen‐antibody complexes, does not lead to a stable anaphylatoxin molecule exclusively, but to a group of peptides of similar physicochemical behavior. Only one of these peptides displays anaphylatoxin activity. The lack of significant chemotactic activity for neutrophil leucocytes is characteristic for this crystallized classical anaphylatoxin. This indicates that anaphylatoxin and chemotactic activities are two different biological principles.
Induction of T cell tolerance in agammaglobulinemic chickens
Authors: Rouse B. T. , Warner N. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmunological tolerance to histocompatibility antigens as assessed by skin grafts and graft‐versus‐host reactions, was induced in hormonally bursectomized chickens that could not form antibody responses or even synthesize immunoglobulins. This demonstrates that the induction of allograft tolerance does not require the essential participation of a suppressive humoral antibody.
Requirement for adherent cells in the primary and secondary immune response in vitro
Authors: Sjöberg Olof , Andersson Jan , Möller Göran 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTreatment of spleen cells with iron powder, followed by removal of the iron with a magnet, was found to be a simple and reliable method for obtaining a pópulation of non‐adherent cells, which does not give an antibody response against heterologous red cells in vitro.It was possible to reconstitute the antibody response to 40 ‐ 90% of that obtained with untreated cells by addition of irradiated or non‐irradiated adherent spleen cells. The secondary response was also depressed by treatment with iron and it could be completely reconstituted with adherent cells from normal mice.Removal of adherent cells also caused a depression of spontaneous cell proliferation, which could be reconstituted by addition of adherent cells. Comparative kinetic studies on cell proliferation and antibody response indicated that the adherent cells are necessary for a normal cell proliferation and that they do not act by breaking down the antigen. This conclusion was further supported by the finding that an immune response against a soluble sheep red cell antigen was also dependent on adherent cells.
Cellular heterogeneity in the thymus. II. Distribution patterns of different lymphocyte populations in chickens
Authors: Droege W. , Maichow D. , Strominger J. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLymphocyte preparations from chicken blood, spleen, bursa, as well as fractionated thymus cell preparations, were labeled in vitro with 51Cr and reinjected into various groups of recipients. The relative distribution patterns of labeled cells in numerous recipient organs remained practically unchanged after different time intervals, but were significantly different for the various cell preparations.The distribution patterns provided additional evidence for the existence of different lymphocyte subpopulations in the thymus of young chickens, one of which is bursa‐dependent. Thymus cell preparations fractionated by differential centrifugation showed significant differences in their accumulation in the spleen and liver. The analogous lymphocyte preparations from neonatally bursectomized birds showed no such differences. Cells from 6‐month old donors gave results similar to those obtained with cells from young bursectomized birds, suggesting that the bursa‐dependent subpopulation in the thymus disappears after involution of the bursa.An unexpected finding was the rather large accumulation of blood lymphocytes in the thymus of the recipients. This observation stands in contrast to the concept of a blood‐thymus barrier.
Glomerular basement membrane‐reactive antibodies in anti‐lymphocyte sera: in vitro and in vivo characteristics
Authors: Feltkamp‐Vroom Thea M. , Balner H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwenty‐four anti‐human lymphocyte globulin preparations were examined for the presence of glomerular basement membrane‐reactive antibodies by means of one in vivo method and two in vitro tests. This seemed of importance, as it has been shown that these antibodies fix along the glomerular basement membrane and may thus cause glomerulonephritis. The anti‐lymphocyte globulins were prepared by immunizing horses with human lymphoid cells from thymus, thoracic duct, lymphoid cell cultures, blood, tonsil and a mixture of lymphoid tissues. Contamination with glomerular basement membrane‐reactive antibodies occurred only when lymphoid cells from thymus, tonsil or from a mixture of lymphoid tissues were used for immunization. It seems to depend on the care with which the isolation of lymphoid cells is performed, whether glomerular basement membrane‐reactive antibodies will occur. The glomerular basement membrane‐reactive antibodies are directed against common antigenic determinants shared by basement membrane, collagen and reticulin. A horse anti‐human thymocyte globulin preparation, containing glomerular basement membrane‐reactive antibodies in low titer (1:320), was tested in vivo in monkeys and chimpanzees during prolonged treatment (6 weeks). This did not lead to a glomerulonephritis caused by a linear fixation of GBM‐reactive antibodies along the glomerular basement membrane. Only slight‐to‐moderate signs of immune complex nephritis were seen in some of these primates immediately after the 6 weeks treatment, which appeared to be completely reversible in the monkeys within a period of 4 weeks.
The role of a carrier‐determinant and T cells in the induction of liver‐specific autoantibodies in the mouse
Authors: Iverson G. M. , Lindenmann J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immune response of inbred mice to a water‐soluble liver extract (F‐antigen) from certain allogenic strains of inbred mice is shown to be thymus‐dependent. Mice do not produce any detectable anti‐liver antibody (anti‐F) if they are first rendered tolerant to the histocompatibility antigens carried by the F‐antigen donor. On the other hand, tolerant mice do produce anti‐F if injected with F‐antigen from a donor with a different set of histocompatibility antigens to which they have been rendered tolerant. Breeding experiments show that H‐2 histocompatibility antigens segregate independently of their ability to respond to a given F‐antigen.An analogy is drawn between this system and the well‐defined hapten‐protein carrier system. The results are discussed in terms of T and B cells in the immune response to F‐antigen in particular, and self‐tolerance in general.
HL‐A antiqens on man‐mouse hybrid cells
Authors: Kano K. , Knowles Barbara B. , Koprowski H. , Milgrom F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCultures of hybrid cells produced by fusion of human peripheral leukocytes with murine cell cultures were studied by means of mixed agglutination tests. All three hybrids studied contain human species‐specific antigens. HL‐A antigens corresponding to the phenotype of the leukocyte donor were demonstrated in two hybrids. With one of these hybrids, cloning experiments were performed. Five of six clones contained HL‐A antigen controlled by one haplotype. In the remaining clone, which did not have human species‐specific antigens, no HL‐A antigens were detected. The third hybrid contained human alloantigens, but none of the HL‐A antigens detected on the donor leukocytes.
Cell interactions in the immune response in vitro. I. Metabolic activities of T cells in a collaborative antibody response
Authors: Feldmann Marc , Basten A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCell collaboration between thymus‐derived (T) and non‐thymus‐derived (B) lymphocytes in induction of the response to SRC was investigated in an in vitro test system. Different populations of T cells were found to vary in helper activity depending on their degree of differentiation following exposure to antigen. Activated thymus cells obtained from the spleen of irradiated mice injected with syngeneic thymocytes and SRC proved the most effective, followed by primed T cells and then unprimed T cells. The interaction between T cells and B cells as measured here was specific for both classes of lymphocytes.The mechanism of T cell action in the collaborative response was analyzed by treating these populations of T cells with agents which became firmly cell bound and could selectively inhibit different aspects of cell metabolism. Mitomycin C was chosen as an inhibitor of DNA synthesis and cell division, actzinomycin D to interfere with RNA synthesis, and antimycin A to block protein synthesis. To exclude significant leakage of inhibitor from T cells to B cells, cultures were stimulated with DNP‐POL, which immunizes B cells directly, as well as with SRC. The development of a normal anti‐DNP response in all cases was confirmation of the integrity of B cell function.Mitomycin treatment (40 μg/ml) of normal T cells or T cells from mice primed to SRC at least four weeks previously markedly reduced helper activity. In contrast, activated T cells which had recently divided in response to antigen and were enriched for specific antigen reactive cells were resistant to mitomycin; thus effective collaboration with B cells could take place in the absence of further differentiation and division by T cells. All T cell populations, whether normal, primed or activated, were sensitive to treatment with actinomycin D at a concentration of 0.1 μg/ml, or 10−5 M antimycin A. Taken together, these experiments suggest that T cells divide and differentiate over a period of approximately 48 h in vitro. During this time antibody production by B cells is initiated by a process requiring active RNA and protein synthesis in T cells.
Activation of B lymphocytes by locally concentrated concanavalin A
Authors: Andersson J. , Edelman G. M. , Möller G. , Sjöberg O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractB lymphocytes are not stimulated by soluble concanavalin A (Con A). However, Con A cross‐linked at the bottom of tissue culture petri dishes could activate DNA synthesis in B cells. Addition of free Con A to such cultures inhibited the proliferative response to insoluble Con A. T lymphocytes were not activated by locally concentrated Con A, although they responded to soluble Con A. In the presence of both soluble and cross‐linked Con A there was a shift in the dose response curve to soluble Con A, the magnitude of which varied with the concentration of cross‐linked Con A.
Helper activity of histocompatibility antigens on cell‐mediated immunity
Authors: Di Marco A. T. , Franceschi C. , Prodi G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAttempts have been made to provoke a cell‐mediated response toward nonimmunogenic antigens by the provision of additional histoincompatibilities on the same cell.An immunological response has been obtained in a skin grafting system, the male‐to‐female combination in Lewis (L) inbred rats in which non‐reaction has always been observed, by sensitizing L female hosts with (F344 x Lewis)F1 male skin grafts. A premature break of the tolerance induced in L rats to F344 antigens was also obtained by sensitizing tolerant recipients with (F344 x Bf)F1 homograft.This hybrid's helper effect, which also occurs when the provision of weak histoincompatibilities is tested, requires the involved antigens to be present on the same cell, and the recipients to be capable of reacting against helping antigens.
The binding of human lgG subclasses to human monocytes
Authors: Hay F. C. , Torrigiani G. , Roitt I. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe direct binding of human IgG subclasses to human monocytes has been measured by autoradiography using radiolabeled myeloma proteins. Only IgGl and IgG3 were found to bind strongly to the monocyte surface. This binding could be inhibited both by fresh human serum and by soluble immune complexes.
The Zipp assay: A method for enumerating cells producing anti‐phage antibody
Authors: Tao T.‐W. , Dresser D. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA cellular assay enumerating cells producing antibodies against Φ × 174 is described. Antibody‐forming cells are represented by zones of inhibited phage plaques (Zipp) in a background of confluent phage plaques. The number of Zipp‐forming cells (ZFC) is proportional to the number of immune lymphoid cells used, and the ZFC count bears a relationship to the humoral antibody level analogous to that seen with PFC and serum hemolysin titers. Primary and secondary responses in terms of the development of ZFC and of humoral antibody levels to Φ × 174 in CBA/JAX mice and in sheep are reported.
Recognition of conjugated and native peptide determinants. I. Conformational and sequential specificities of rabbit antibodies versus tobacco mosaic virus
Authors: Anderer F. A. , Ströbel G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe presence of antibodies with sequential specificity versus C‐terminal peptides of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) protein in antisera obtained by immunization with intact TMV particles was established. The ratio of sequential antibodies to antibodies with conformational specificity was in the range of 10−4 ‐ 10−5. Sequential antibodies were found to belong predominantly to the 19 S immunoglobulin class. When immunization was performed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant, the ratio of antibody titers changed in favor of sequence specific antibodies and the class distribution of antibodies with sequential specificity was altered in favor of 7 S antibodies.
Stimulation of anti‐hapten response by heterologous protein devoid of hapten
Authors: Bustin M. , Tarrab Rebecca , Straus‐bauch P. H. , Sulica A. , Sela M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRabbits were immunized with dinitrophenylated proteins. Injections with heterologous proteins were given 11 to 25 days after the primary injection. Spleen cell suspensions from the immunized animals were exposed to either (a) the original antigen, (b) the carrier protein of the original antigen (c) the heterologous protein used for the second injection, and (d) the heterologous protein after it was dinitrophenylated. In all the experiments a significant increase in the anti‐dinitrophenyl response was obtained, whereas no such response was obtained with proteins (or their dinitrophenylated derivatives) to which the animals were not previously exposed. The results suggest that the anti‐hapten response can be significantly augmented by immunization with heterologous hapten‐devoid proteins.
Studies on the immune response of the Numigall, a hybrid of domestic cock and guinea hen
Authors: Oriol R. , Rochas Suzanne , Barbier Yolaine , Mouton Denise , Stiffel Claude , Biozzi G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmunization of the Numigall with sheep red blood cells or dinitrophenylated, bovine γ‐globulin induced an immune response, similar to that of both parental species in terms of circulating antibodies and rosette‐forming cells.The main class of normal 7 S immunoglobulins of the three avian species was found to be identical with regard to electrophoretic migration, gel filtration and amount of 125I fixed by both heavy and light chains. The results are compatible with a four chain molecule consisting of two heavy (68 000 daltons) and two light (20 000 daltons) chains.The avian molecules migrated faster in electrophoresis and came out earlier in gel filtration than human IgG. The molecular weight difference was mainly due to the heavy chains.A rabbit anti‐human IgG serum demonstrated antigenic cross‐reactions with the main class of avian 7 S immunoglobulins at the level of their separated heavy and light chains.The cross‐reactions were mainly located in the Fab fragment and very little cross‐reactivity could be attributed to the Fc region of the molecule.
The separation of sub‐populations of T and B lymphocytes
Authors: Shortman K. , Cerottini J.‐C. , Brunner K. T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLymphocytes from mouse spleen and mouse thymus were separated on the basis of buoyant density in continuous gradients of albumin. Density fractions were examined for their content of subclasses of lymphocytes, determined by the presence of specific cell surface antigens. Density distribution profiles were determined for each lymphocyte subclass. The following findings emerged:

A minor subpopulation of thymus cells, characterized by a relatively high level of H‐2 antigen and a low level of Θ antigen on the cell surface, and a relative resistance to corticosteroids, was markedly enriched in the light density regions of the gradient.
The B cell and T cell populations of spleen, determined by a cytotoxic assay with anti‐Θ antiserum, showed substantial density overlap, although limited regions enriched for either B cells or T cells were obtained.
There were substantial differences between mouse strains in the density characteristics of the individual lymphocyte classes.
Each antigenic type of lymphocyte showed pronounced density heterogeneity, with discrete peaks in the distribution profiles.
The density distribution of T cells in the spleen and in the thymus were similar.
The data could be explained by two separate but similar differentiation pathways for the two antigenic types of T cells. One pathway (“High H‐2 ‐ Low Θ”) commences in the thymus, but maturation to a typical dense, small lymphocyte is usually completed after emmigration to the periphery. A second pathway (“Low H‐2 ‐ High Θ”) involves similar differentiation stages, but is restricted to the thymus.