bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transition layer for the heterogeneous Allen–Cahn equation
Authors: Malchiodi Andrea , Wei Juncheng , Mahmoudi Fethi 
Published: February 2008

We consider the equationɛ^{2}\mathrm{\Delta }u = \left(u−a(x)\right)\left(u^{2}−1\right)\:\text{in }\Omega ,\:\frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu } = 0\:\text{on }\partial \Omega ,\tag{1}whereΩis a smooth and bounded domain in\mathbb{R}^{n},νthe outer unit normal to∂Ω, andaa smooth function satisfying−1 < a(x) < 1in\overline \Omega. We setK,\Omega _{ + }and\Omega _{−}to be respectively the zero-level set ofa,\{a > 0\}and\{a < 0\}. Assuming\mathrm{∇}a \neq 0onKanda \neq 0on∂Ω, we show that there exists a sequenceɛ_{j}\rightarrow 0such that Eq. (1) has a solutionu_{ɛ_{j}}which converges uniformly to±1on the compact sets of\Omega _{ \pm }asj\rightarrow + \infty. This result settles in general dimension a conjecture posed in [P. Fife, M.W. Greenlee, Interior transition layers of elliptic boundary value problem with a small parameter, Russian Math. Surveys 29 (4) (1974) 103–131], proved in [M. del Pino, M. Kowalczyk, J. Wei, Resonance and interior layers in an inhomogeneous phase transition model, SIAM J. Math. Anal. 38 (5) (2007) 1542–1564] only forn = 2.
Torts in Private International Law: A New Statutory Framework
Authors: Morse C. G. J. 
Published: February 2008

Part III of The Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995 entered into force on 1 May 19961. As from that date2, the choice of law rules for tort developed in the common law will be abolished, in respect of most causes of action in tort3, and will be replaced by statutory rules of a radically different character4. The new choice of law rules essentially provide that, as a general rule, the law applicable to a tort is the law of the country5 in which the events constituting the tort in question occur6. This general rule may be subject to displacement where, in the light of a comparison between the significance of the factors connecting the tort with the country whose law is applicable under the general rule, and the significance of the factors connecting the tort with another country, it appears substantially more appropriate for the applicable law to be the law of that other country7. The express abolition of the common law rules is (with one significant exception)8 effected by section 10 of the Act. That section provides:
the rules of the common law, in so far as they—(a) require actionability under both the law of the forum and the law of another country for the purpose of determining whether a tort or delict is actionable; or(b) allow (as an exception from the rules falling within paragraph (a) above) for the law of a single country to be applied for the purpose of determining the issues, or any of the issues, arising in the case in question,are hereby abolished so far as they apply to any claim in tort or delict which is not excluded from the operation of this Part by section 13 below.
The Interpretation of “Treaties in Force” in Article 35(2) of the Statute of the ICJ
Authors: Yee Sienho 
Published: February 2008

Every member State of the United Nations is a party to the Statute (the Statute) of the International Court of Justice (the Court or ICJ).1 In addition, a non-member State may also become a party to the Statute.2 The Court is open to the States parties to the Statute.3 As to those States that are not parties to the Statute, Article 35(2) of the Statute provides:The conditions under which the Court shall be open to other states shall, subject to the special provisions contained in treaties in force, be laid down by the Security Council, but in no case shall such conditions place the parties in a position of inequality before the Court.
The 1996 Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion and Non Liquet in International Law
Authors: Aznar-Gomez Mariano J. 
Published: February 2008

Following extensive debate by the great theoreticians of public international law earlier in this century,1 it might seem that the completeness of the international legal order is now a banal issue, which should be remembered only as an academic dispute.2It might have been so had the International Court of Justice not intervened, perhaps unintentionally, in its advisory opinion of 8 July 1996 concerning the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons3 In her dissenting opinion, Judge Rosalyn Higgins argues that “the Court effectively pronounces a non liquet on the key issue on the grounds of uncertainty in the present state of law, and of facts”.4 In her view, the Court thus interrupted a line of case law which, in theory, had endorsed the idea of the completeness of international law and which, in practice, made it unthinkable that an international judge or arbitrator should actually pronounce a non liquet.5
The Legality Of Nato'S Action In The Former Republic Of Yugoslavia (Fry) Under International Law
Authors: Chinkin Christine 
Published: February 2008

The use of force has been prohibited in international relations since at least the United Nations Charter, 1945. Article 2 (4) of the Charter states:All members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the United Nations.
International Law And The Nato Intervention In Kosovo
Authors: Greenwood Christopher 
Published: February 2008

This memorandum is submitted in response to a request from the Foreign Affairs Committee in connection with its hearings on the NATO intervention in Kosovo in March 1999. The memorandum addresses the following issues of international law:(1) Was the resort to force by NATO consistent with international law? and(2) Were the means employed by NATO, once the decision to use force had been taken, consistent with international law?
RESPECT FOR PRIVATE AND FAMILY LIFE UNDER ARTICLE 8 ECHR IN IMMIGRATION CASES: A HUMAN RIGHT TO REGULARIZE ILLEGAL STAY?
Authors: Thym Daniel 
Published: February 2008

AbstractApplying the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to immigration cases has always been a balancing exercise between the effective protection of human rights and the Contracting States' autonomy to regulate migration flows. In its recent case law, the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg (ECtHR) has considerably extended the protective scope of Article 8 ECHR by granting autonomous human rights protection to the long-term resident status independent of the existence of family bonds under the heading of ‘private life’. This has important repercussions for the status of legal and illegal immigrants across Europe, since the new case law widens the reach of human rights law to the legal conditions for leave to remain, effectively granting several applicants a human right to regularize their illegal stay. The contribution analyses the new case law and develops general criteria guiding the application of the ECHR to national immigration laws and the new EU harmonization measures adopted in recent years.
A Metaphysics of Ordinary Things and Why We Need It
Authors: Baker Lynne Rudder 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMainstream metaphysicians today take little ontological interest in the world as we interact with it. They interpret the variety of things in the world as variety only of concepts applied to things that are basically of the same sort—e.g., sums of particles or temporal parts of particles. I challenge this approach by formulating and defending for a contrasting line of thought. Using what I call ‘the Constitution View,’ I argue that ordinary things (like screwdrivers and walnuts) are as ontologically significant as particles. I further argue for why we need recourse to such ordinary things in our basic ontology.
Adjectival ša syntagms and adjectives in Old Babylonian
Authors: Cohen Eran 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper describes attribution in Old Babylonian. The principles drawn upon are the traditional view of Akkadian syntax, modern Semitic syntax, and the principles of European structuralism. Bringing all these together, while exemplifying and proving previous unexplained statements by using Old Babylonian material, renders the whole issue tangible for every linguistically-oriented reader. ša syntagms are described, each component separately, as a pronominal construct nucleus with an attribute; this attribute is either a nominal or a clause. ša syntagms, being appositive to a referent substantive (when occurring), are in the same paradigm with adjectives, which are shown to have the same components as ša syntagms: a pronominal nucleus, an attribute and the attributive link between them.
Three languages on one leaf: on IOL Toch 81 with special regard to the Turkic part
Authors: Maue Dieter 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this article I edit and comment on the Hoernle manuscript IOL Toch 81 (H 149.292) with fragmentary texts in three languages, Sanskrit (6 lines) TocharianB (1 line) and Turkic (15 lines). The primary interest is in the Turkic text, which probably forms part of an upāsaka's vow. Its orthography, morphology and lexis, perceptibly different from standard Uighur, show features which point to high antiquity and perhaps to non-Uighur provenance. Some Buddhist terms seem to be deliberately designed on a Manichaean foil. Thus the Turkic part of the manuscript may date back to the second half of the ninth century, or, if non-Uighur, to an even earlier period.
Fear no more: emotions and world politics
Authors: BLEIKER ROLAND , HUTCHISON EMMA 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAlthough emotions play a significant role in world politics they have so far received surprisingly little attention by International Relations scholars. Numerous authors have emphasised this shortcoming for several years now, but strangely there are still only very few systematic inquiries into emotions and even fewer related discussions on method. The article explains this gap by the fact that much of International Relations scholarship is conducted in the social sciences. Such inquiries can assess emotions up to a certain point, as illustrated by empirical studies on psychology and foreign policy and constructivist engagements with identity and community. But conventional social science methods cannot understand all aspects of phenomena as ephemeral as those of emotions. Doing so would involve conceptualising the influence of emotions even when and where it is not immediately apparent. The ensuing challenges are daunting, but at least some of them could be met by supplementing social scientific methods with modes of inquiry emanating from the humanities. By drawing on feminist and other interpretive approaches we advance three propositions that would facilitate such cross-disciplinary inquiries. (1) The need to accept that research can be insightful and valid even if it engages unobservable phenomena, and even if the results of such inquiries can neither be measured nor validated empirically; (2) The importance of examining processes of representation, such as visual depictions of emotions and the manner in which they shape political perceptions and dynamics; (3) A willingness to consider alternative forms of insight, most notably those stemming from aesthetics sources, which, we argue, are particularly suited to capturing emotions. Taken together, these propositions highlight the need for a sustained global communication across different fields of knowledge.
Stratigraphical and geographical distribution of Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) Crinoidea from Scotland
Authors: Kammer Thomas W. , Ausich William I. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTA total of 47 genera, in 80 species, of Mississippian, or Lower Carboniferous, crinoids are evaluated from 61 localities in Scotland based on a modern update of the literature, study of museum collections, and new field work. Among the 80 species, 76 are considered valid, with eight requiring new combinations of genus and species names. In addition, one species is considered anomen dubium, and three can only be assigned at the generic level. Asbian faunas have a moderate generic richness of 13. Brigantian faunas have the highest generic richness at 40. Arnsbergian faunas have the lowest generic richness at three. There are no Mississippian crinoid faunas in Scotland older than Asbian. The dominant Brigantian crinoid faunas occur in limestones and shales in the shallow shelf marine intervals of Yoredale-style cyclothems. The Asbian faunas occur in shallower, nearshore mudstones and limestones of Yoredale-style cyclothems. The late Viséan (Brigantian) fauna is more similar in overall taxonomic composition to the global record for the Serpukhovian rather than the Viséan. This reflects the establishment of the Late Palaeozoic Crinoid Macroevolutionary Fauna, dominated by advanced cladid crinoids, by the end of the Viséan in Scotland.
The Silurian pelagic myodocope ostracod Richteria migrans
Authors: Perrier Vincent , Vannier Jean , Siveter David J. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTA study of type and newly collected material of the Silurian ostracodRichteria migrans(Barrande, 1872) demonstrates that it had wide distribution, occurring in at least the Czech Republic, France, Sardinia, Wales, central Asia and probably Poland.R. migranshas biostratigraphic value, as an indicator for the mid to late part of the Ludlow Series. It was almost certainly pelagic, living predominantly in probable shelf topographic lows to marginal/off-shelf environments, characteristically with cephalopod-graptolite-bivalve-dominant associates. It had at least five to six growth stages, exhibits polymorphic variation, and its morphology provides evidence to endorse the notion that ‘entomozoaceans’ are myodocopes.
Cathodic oxygen reduction catalyzed by bacteria in microbial fuel cells
Authors: Rabaey Korneel , Read Suzanne T , Clauwaert Peter , Freguia Stefano , Bond Philip L , Blackall Linda L , Keller Jurg 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have the potential to combine wastewater treatment efficiency with energetic efficiency. One of the major impediments to MFC implementation is the operation of the cathode compartment, as it employs environmentally unfriendly catalysts such as platinum. As recently shown, bacteria can facilitate sustainable and cost-effective cathode catalysis for nitrate and also oxygen. Here we describe a carbon cathode open to the air, on which attached bacteria catalyzed oxygen reduction. The bacteria present were able to reduce oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor using electrons provided by the solid-phase cathode. Current densities of up to 2.2 A m−2 cathode projected surface were obtained (0.303±0.017 W m−2, 15 W m−3 total reactor volume). The cathodic microbial community was dominated by Sphingobacterium, Acinetobacter and Acidovorax sp., according to 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis. Isolates of Sphingobacterium sp. and Acinetobacter sp. were obtained using H2/O2 mixtures. Some of the pure culture isolates obtained from the cathode showed an increase in the power output of up to three-fold compared to a non-inoculated control, that is, from 0.015±0.001 to 0.049±0.025 W m−2 cathode projected surface. The strong decrease in activation losses indicates that bacteria function as true catalysts for oxygen reduction. Owing to the high overpotential for non-catalyzed reduction, oxygen is only to a limited extent competitive toward the electron donor, that is, the cathode. Further research to refine the operational parameters and increase the current density by modifying the electrode surface and elucidating the bacterial metabolism is warranted.
A salinity and sulfate manipulation of hypersaline microbial mats reveals stasis in the cyanobacterial community structure
Authors: Green Stefan J , Blackford Cameron , Bucki Patricia , Jahnke Linda L , Prufert-Bebout Lee 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The cyanobacterial community structure and composition of hypersaline mats were characterized in an experiment in which native salinity and sulfate levels were modified. Over the course of approximately 1 year, microbial mats collected from Guerrero Negro (Baja, California Sur, Mexico) were equilibrated to lowered salinity (to 35 p.p.t.) and lowered sulfate (below 1 mm) conditions. The structure and composition of the cyanobacterial community in the top 5 mm of these mats were examined using a multifaceted cultivation-independent molecular approach. Overall, the relative abundance of cyanobacteria—roughly 20% of the total bacterial community, as assayed with a PCR-based methodology—was not significantly affected by these manipulations. Furthermore, the mat cyanobacterial community was only modestly influenced by the dramatic changes in sulfate and salinity, and the dominant cyanobacteria were unaffected. Community composition analyses confirmed the dominant presence of the cosmopolitan cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes, but also revealed the dominance of another Oscillatorian cyanobacterial group, also detected in other hypersaline microbial mats. Cyanobacterial populations increasing in relative abundance under the modified salinity and sulfate conditions were found to be most closely related to other hypersaline microbial mat organisms, suggesting that the development of these mats under native conditions precludes the development of organisms better suited to the less restrictive experimental conditions. These results also indicate that within a significant range of salinity and sulfate concentrations, the cyanobacterial community is remarkably stable.
PMA induces stabilization of oncostatin M mRNA in human lymphoma U937 cells
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sumita , Sengupta Tapas K. , Spicer Eleanor K. 
Published: February 2008

OSM (oncostatin M) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the IL (interleukin) 6 family that modulates the growth of some cancer cell lines. We have found that PMA treatment of human U937 lymphoma cells increased the steady-state levels of OSM mRNA. Furthermore, the half-life of OSM mRNA was increased from 2.3 to 6.2 h. Measurement of mRNA/hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA) ratios in PMA-treated cells suggests further that the increase in OSM mRNA is due to enhanced mRNA stability. Consistent with this, synthetic OSM mRNA transcripts decayed faster in extracts of untreated U937 cells than in extracts of PMA-treated cells. The 3′-untranslated region of OSM mRNA contains a putative ARE (AU-rich element) that may play a role in mRNA stabilization. Addition of the OSM ARE motif to the 3′-end of β-globin mRNA increased its decay rate in vitro. Decay assays with β-globin–AREOSM and β-globin transcripts indicate that PMA induces mRNA stabilization in an ARE-dependent manner. PMA also induces at least five OSM ARE-binding proteins. Supershift assays indicated that HuR is present in PMA-induced OSM mRNA–protein complexes. PMA treatment appears to induce translocation of HuR from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. RNA-decay assays indicated that HuR stabilizes OSM RNA in vitro. Additionally, immunodepletion of HuR from U937 cell extracts led to more rapid decay of OSM transcripts. Collectively, these findings suggest that the ARE plays a role in PMA-induced stabilization of OSM mRNA and that this process involves multiple ARE-binding proteins, including HuR.
Detecting hierarchical structure in molecular characteristics of disease using transitive approximations of directed graphs
Authors: Jacob Juby , Jentsch Marcel , Kostka Dennis , Bentink Stefan , Spang Rainer 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Motivation: Molecular diagnostics aims at classifying diseases into clinically relevant sub-entities based on molecular characteristics. Typically, the entities are split into subgroups, which might contain several variants yielding a hierarchical model of the disease. Recent years have introduced a plethora of new molecular screening technologies to molecular diagnostics. As a result molecular profiles of patients became complex and the classification task more difficult.
Results: We present a novel tool for detecting hierarchical structure in binary datasets. We aim for identifying molecular characteristics, which are stochastically implying other characteristics. The final hierarchical structure is encoded in a directed transitive graph where nodes represent molecular characteristics and a directed edge from a node A to a node B denotes that almost all cases with characteristic B also display characteristic A. Naturally, these graphs need to be transitive. In the core of our modeling approach lies the problem of calculating good transitive approximations of given directed but not necessarily transitive graphs. By good transitive approximation we understand transitive graphs, which differ from the reference graph in only a small number of edges. It is known that the problem of finding optimal transitive approximation is NP-complete. Here we develop an efficient heuristic for generating good transitive approximations. We evaluate the computational efficiency of the algorithm in simulations, and demonstrate its use in the context of a large genome-wide study on mature aggressive lymphomas.
Availability: The software used in our analysis is freely available from http://compdiag.uni-regensburg.de/software/transApproxs.shtml
Contact: Juby.Jacob@klinik.uni-regensburg.de, Rainer.Spang@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Quantitative analysis of robustness and fragility in biological networks based on feedback dynamics
Authors: Kwon Yung-Keun , Cho Kwang-Hyun 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Motivation: It has been widely reported that biological networks are robust against perturbations such as mutations. On the contrary, it has also been known that biological networks are often fragile against unexpected mutations. There is a growing interest in these intriguing observations and the underlying design principle that causes such robust but fragile characteristics of biological networks. For relatively small networks, a feedback loop has been considered as an important motif for realizing the robustness. It is still, however, not clear how a number of coupled feedback loops actually affect the robustness of large complex biological networks. In particular, the relationship between fragility and feedback loops has not yet been investigated till now.
Results: Through extensive computational experiments, we found that networks with a larger number of positive feedback loops and a smaller number of negative feedback loops are likely to be more robust against perturbations. Moreover, we found that the nodes of a robust network subject to perturbations are mostly involved with a smaller number of feedback loops compared with the other nodes not usually subject to perturbations. This topological characteristic eventually makes the robust network fragile against unexpected mutations at the nodes not previously exposed to perturbations.
Contact: ckh@kaist.ac.kr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.