bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTERACTIVE PROGRAMS AND WEAKLY FINAL COALGEBRAS IN DEPENDENT TYPE THEORY
Authors: Hancock Peter , Setzer Anton 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers the representation of interactive programs in dependent type theory and bases it on the monadic I/O used in Haskell. Two versions are described: in the first the interface with the real world is fixed, while in the second the potential interactions may depend on the history of previous interactions. It also looks at client and server programs, which run on opposite sides of an interface. The type of interactive program is defined as a weakly final coalgebra for a general form of polynomial functor. The chapter gives formation/introduction/elimination/equality rules for these coalgebras. The relationship of the corresponding rules with guarded induction is studied by showing that the introduction rules are a slightly restricted form of guarded induction. However, the form in which they represent guarded induction is not by means of recursive equations but by using an elimination operator in a crucial way.
APPROXIMATIONS TO THE NUMERICAL RANGE OF AN ELEMENT OF A BANACH ALGEBRA
Authors: Bridges Douglas , Havea Robin 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The theory of Banach algebras presents a fine interplay between the topological and the algebraic, and as such is a good challenge for the constructive mathematician. In constructive mathematics, since the Hahn-Banach theorem does not produce norm-preserving extensions of linear functionals, the numerical range of an element of a Banach algebra has to be described using approximations. Nevertheless, these approximations suffice to produce constructive proofs of theorems such as that of Allan Sinclair on the spectral range of a Hermitian element. This chapter indicates once more that exact solutions whose existence can merely be guaranteed by classical logic are often unnecessary to prove a statement of a concrete character even when they occur in most classical proofs.
THE CONSTRUCTIVE UNIQUENESS OF THE LOCALLY CONVEX TOPOLOGY ON ℝN
Authors: Bridges Douglas , Vîtă Luminita 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter proves constructively that every n-dimensional real locally convex space is homeomorphic to ℝn. Although essentially nonconstructive theorems of real analysis are used in the customary proofs of the uniqueness of the topology on the real Euclidean space of a fixed dimension, this chapter succeeds in avoiding any fragment of the law of excluded middle, at least when the given topology is locally convex. The proof uses barely more than elementary geometric reasoning combined with approximation techniques typical of constructive analysis, but contains an algorithm for computing the desired homeomorphism. This algorithm could, in principle, be extracted and implemented by any of the several systems designed for such a purpose.
Late twentieth-century patterns and trends in Amazon tree turnover
Authors: Phillips Oliver L. , Baker Timothy R. , Arroyo Luzmila , Higuchi Niro , Killeen Timothy , Laurance William F. , Lewis Simon L. , Lloyd Jon , Malhi Yadvinder , Monteagudo Abel , Neill David A. , Vargas Percy Nuñez , Silva J. Natalino N. , Martinez Rodolfo Vásquez , Alexiades Miguel , Almeida Samuel , Brown Sandra , Chave Jerome , Comiskey James A. , Czimczik Claudia I. , Di Fiore Anthony , Erwin Terry , Kuebler Caroline , Laurance Susan G. , Nascimento Henrique E. M. , Olivier Jean , Palacios Walter , Patiño Sandra , Pitman Nigel , Quesada Carlos A. , Saldias Mario , Lezama Armando Torres , Vinceti Barbara 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPrevious work found that tree turnover, biomass, and large liana densities increased in mature tropical forests in the late 20th century, indicating a concerted shift in forest ecological processes. However, the findings have proved controversial. Here, regional-scale patterns of tree turnover are characterized, using improved datasets available for Amazonia that span the last twenty-five years. The main findings include: trees at least 10 cm in diameter recruit and die twice as fast on the richer soils of western Amazonia compared to trees on the poorer soils of eastern Amazonia; turnover rates have increased throughout Amazonia over the last two decades; mortality and recruitment rates have tended to increase in every region and environmental zone; recruitment rates consistently exceed mortality rates; and increases in recruitment and mortality rates are greatest in western Amazonia. These patterns and trends are not caused by obvious artefacts in the data or the analyses, and cannot be directly driven by a mortality driver such as increased drought because the biomass in these forests has simultaneously increased. Apparently, therefore, widespread environmental changes are stimulating the growth and productivity of Amazon forests.
THE TOPOLOGICAL VERTEX
Authors: Mariño Marcos 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explains the cut-and-paste approach to toric Calabi-Yau manifolds developed previously with the large-N duality relating Chern-Simons theory and topological strings, to find a building block for topological string amplitudes on those geometries. This building block is an open string amplitude called the topological vertex. In order to understand topological vertex it is necessary to discuss one aspect of open string amplitudes: the framing ambiguity. Three gluing rules for the topological vertex are discussed: for a change of orientation in one edge, for the propagator, and for the matching of framings in the gluing. Some examples of computation of topological string amplitudes by using the topological vertex are presented.
PRELIMINARIES AND BASIC ESTIMATES
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides preliminary material on parabolic equations needed to develop the main theories of the book. It begins with a review of useful properties of quasilinear parabolic equations. Section 3.2 is devoted to non-degenerate versions of the generalized PME that will be used in approximating the degenerate cases. Section 3.3 focuses on properties that are formally satisfied by the PME; they will be justified in later chapters and used in the constructions of the different theories. Finally, Section 3.4 reviews the properties of the most popular alternative formulations of the PME.
THE DIRICHLET PROBLEM III. STRONG SOLUTIONS
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of how regular the solutions constructed in previous chapters actually are. Section 8.1 considers the question of further regularity of the time derivative ut. Both in the case u = 0 and in the signed case, it is proved that ut is a locally integrable function. This allows the introduction in Section 8.2 of the more stringent concept of solution called strong solutions, i.e., weak solutions such that both ut and ΔΦ(u) are locally integrable functions. Strong solutions have nice calculus properties. Some of those properties are examined in detail. The concepts of super- and subsolutions are also discussed.
FULL ANALYSIS OF SELF-SIMILARITY
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the class of solutions of the PME that are invariant under the scaling group in the variables (x, t, u), and take therefore the so-called self-similar form. After a detailed analysis of the application of the scaling group to the PME, it is shown that the self-similar solutions can be classified into tree different types: forward, backward, and exponential self-similarity. Section 16.4 introduces the technique of phase-plane analysis that allows for a rather complete description of these solutions for all parameters (under the restriction of radial symmetry in several dimensions) to be obtained. An alternative phase plane is introduced in Section 16.5 which clarifies the behaviour at infinity of the previous plane. The tools are completed in Section 16.6 with the study of sign-change trajectories through inversion. Oscillating signed solutions are studied in Section 16.7 and two special solutions are constructed that are important in the existence and uniqueness theory of signed solutions. The special features of self-similar solutions of Type II are examined in Section 16.8. Finally two short sections contain supplementary material.
ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOUR I. THE CAUCHY PROBLEM
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with a study of the behaviour of solutions of the PME for large times. The cornerstone of the presentation is the interplay between asymptotic behaviour and self-similarity. It is also shown that large time behaviour gives rise to the formation of patterns. Section 18.2 contains a proof of the asymptotic theorem for non-negative solutions using the so-called four step method, based on rescaling and compactness. The convergence of supports and interfaces for compactly supported data occupies Section 18.3. Section 18.4 examines the so-called continuous scaling and the associated Fokker-Planck equations. Section 18.6 introduces another functional, the entropy. Section 18.7 delves in to the peculiarities of asymptotic behaviour in one space dimension; this allows us to establish optimal convergence rates. Section 18.8 contains a proof of asymptotic convergence for signed solutions, and the extension to cover integrable forcing terms. Section 18.9 gives an introduction to the special properties of the large time behaviour of the FDE.
THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES
Authors: Hinshelwood C. N. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses thermodynamic principles. Topics covered include the laws of thermodynamics, the second law of thermodynamics, the principle of Caratheodory, a comparison of various methods of the formulation of the second law, applications of the second law, free energy and related functions, entropy and volume, systems of several phases or components, entropy of gas mixtures, and forces and ordered structures.
MODULAR IWASAWA THEORY
Authors: Hida Haruzo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter proves the torsion of the anticyclotomic Iwasawa module of a (p-ordinary) CM field, and presents an explicit formula of the L-invariant of the CM field, which is a natural generalization of the formula by Ferrero-Greenberg and Gross-Koblitz from the 1970s for imaginary quadratic fields. These results are proven through the comparison theorem (the ‘R=T’ theorem) between the Iwasawa-theoretic version of the universal deformation ring and the universal nearly p-ordinary Hecke algebra over the (infinite) cyclotomic Iwasawa tower. These combined results enable us to compute the adjoint L-invariant of a CM theta family in terms of the U(p)-eigenvalue of the theta family.
1 Shareholder Value as Context for Investor Engagement
Authors: Martin Roderick , Casson Peter D. , Nisar Tahir M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractShareholder value provides the rationale, incentive, and justification for investor engagement. The chapter outlines the basic concepts of shareholder value, its preconditions, and the reasons for its growth since the 1980s, especially in the UK and the USA. Shareholder value developed out of responses to the economic crises of the 1970s, facilitated by the dominance of liberal economics and the absence of counter definitions of corporate transformation by organized labour.
The New French System
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter charts the way in which French revolutionaries reorganized the criminal law, courts, and punishment; how the Napoleonic Code consolidated the changes but also took a step back towards more repressive practices; and how many in rural society sought to use the new legislation in ways that best suited them. It explains further how French ideas informed criminal justice reform elsewhere. This was the case in territories incorporated into the French empire as well as among allies (specifically Bavaria, where a new Code was introduced) and enemies (specifically Britain, where debates about criminal law reform, prison, and punishment continued throughout the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period).
Crime and Police in Revolution and War
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars fostered banditry and smuggling across Europe and the fears of beggars, vagrants, and the idle persisted. In France the police institutions were revised and reformed; the maréchaussée became the Gendarmerie nationale. As with the legal changes of the Revolution and Napoleon, the new police institutions spread across Europe. The political upheavals of the period led to some emphasis on political policing (haute police) and, contrary to the traditional perception of British police history, this was much the same in Britain as in France. In 1829, the Metropolitan Police were established for London and this institution — with its civilian dress and the decision that its men should patrol without weaponry — provided a significant departure for Britain and a model which liberal politicians elsewhere in Europe would seek to emulate.
Protection, Punishment, and Reformation
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins by outlining a typology of the police institutions that developed across 19th-century Europe: state civilian (e.g., the Metropolitan Police); state military (e.g., gendarmeries); and municipal. It stresses, however, that for many, especially in rural areas, turning to the police was still not the automatic response for the victims of many offences: infrajudicial practices and appeals to sorcery continued. At the same time, there were activities, such as poaching, defined by the state as crimes, but not seen as such by local communities. From developments in policing, the chapter switches to an investigation of the changing ideas of punishment and the international exchange of ideas about prison regimes. The discussion picks up on the debates over the separate and silent systems of prison discipline, and on the creation of institutions for juveniles.
7 The Oligaithidai and their Victories (Pindar, Olympian 13; SLG 339, 340)
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses Pindar's thirteenth Olympian. The ode celebrates a double Olympic victory (stadion and pentathlon) won in 464 by a member of the Corinthian family of the Oligaithidai, Xenophon, son of Thessalos. The family had won enormous numbers of victories throughout the Greek world, and at the end of the ode (98-113) Pindar gives a summary catalogue: three at Olympia, six at Pytho, sixty at the Isthmos, sixty at Nemea, and others at a long list of venues from Marathon to Sicily. But this final catalogue is only the second in the ode: towards the beginning (29-46) Pindar has already listed (what are included in the totals of the final catalogue) the victories of Xenophon himself, of his father, and of other named persons who are evidently Xenophon's closer relatives.
15 Seven Against Thebes: the Final Scene
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In Dionysiaca: Nine Studies...presented to Sir Denys Page (Cambridge 1978), R. D. Dawe considers on pp. 87-103 ‘the end of Seven Against Thebes yet again’. He presents what he considers to be ‘enough concrete linguistic and metrical fact to convince all but the most obdurate that the end of the play which we possess is not the end that Aeschylus wrote for it’. Unfortunately, a good deal of what Dawe offers as linguistic and metrical fact turns out to be linguistic and metrical fiction. This chapter comments on the final scene of the play, from the entry of the herald (1005) to the end. The goal is not to defend the ascription of these parts of the play to Aeschylus, but to defend the writer's knowledge of his native language.
18 Lyric-and-iambic Duets in Euripides
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines those scenes in the plays of Euripides which consist of a duet or dialogue conducted partly in excited lyric metres (predominantly dochmiac) and partly in iambic trimeters similar to the spoken iambics of dialogue. First, it classifies certain ‘licences’ — that is, divergences, real or apparent, from the strict distinction of complete iambic trimeters on the one hand and lyric metres on the other — and maintains that these licences do not constitute exceptions to the general distinction. Second, it examines, scene by scene, the surviving exceptions to the distinction, and attempts to show that each of them either has a motive or is to be removed by the correction of a false ascription in the manuscripts or the current texts.
19 Review of Turyn on the Manuscripts of Euripides
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a review of The Byzantine Manuscript Tradition of the Tragedies of Euripides by Alexander Turyn. Turyn has provided an immensely valuable repository of fact: we have now for the first time a catalogue of every surviving manuscript of Euripides, described with commendable accuracy, and with enough readings cited to give us at least an indication of its character. However, his views on the relationship of the manuscripts are often not merely wrong but perversely wrong: they are inquinated by a desire to find simplicity in a tradition that is at all stages tangled and confused, to explain in terms of a tidy Lachmannian stemma facts which cry aloud that they are due to contamination.
1 Down among the Documents: Criticism and Papyrus Letters
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines papyrus letters, with emphasis on private letters and their relationship with literature. The role of critical analysis in understanding the link between papyrus private letters and literature are discussed by citing the Greek document The Oxyrhynchus Papyri 2190, a letter from a student to his father dating from around AD 100. The document clearly has a pragmatic function, which must be related to its form; and, as with oratory, any persuasive shaping of the text would scarcely be separable from the text itself. Two approaches can be envisaged from the letter with respect to critical analysis. First, then, the category of literature could be conceived in institutional terms: one might try distinguishing, say, between writing essentially for one reader and writing for readers or listeners beyond one's immediate circle. The second approach, which should be added, would look beyond an institutional division.
2 ‘…when who should walk into the room but…’: Epistoliterarity in Cicero, Ad Qfr. 3.1
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the three-book collection of (Marcus) Cicero's Letters to (Quintus) Cicero that dramatizes the years of their writer's tempora (‘crisis’) between the fall-out from his consulate, through his banishment, return, and shift of alignment from unease with Pompey to investment in Caesar (60-54 BCE). Besides Marcus' own spell out in the cold, they are occasioned by three periods of Qfr.'s absence from Italy, as praetorian proconsul of Asia, and as legate to Pompey in Sardinia, and as legate to Caesar in Gaul. Their epistoliterarity spans the whole range from formal broadside through mimetic bulletin to keeping channels open. A text and translation follow the chapter and conclusion, and a bibliographical note is appended.
7 Confidence, Inuidia, and Pliny's Epistolary Curriculum
Authors: Morello Ruth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines in detail Pliny's ‘inclusive’ persona, and particularly the ways in which his correspondence fosters a community of addressees and develops a didactic project in literary friendship and literary criticism. The letter presents another lesson in how to operate in literary society, taught by a man who seems unsure of himself in literary production, but confident that he does at least know how the social sides of literary activity should function. Pliny's own iudicium is insufficient: he needs to see, hear, and act on the responses of his friends, and the recitation is part of the process of literary production. When friends fail in their duty to encourage and to provide frank substantive criticism, disapproval can degenerate into inuidia, the resentment (potentially resulting in malicious action) of another's success or material benefit, or the generalized ill-feeling incurred by inappropriate behaviour. It is a prominent motif in Cicero's letters, and is observed in Pliny's ‘episto-literary’ project.
5 Results
Authors: Terras Melissa M. , Robertson Dr Paul 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the application of the GRAVA system to analyze various sets of test data to determine its effectiveness in producing the correct ‘reading’ of a text. Images of various sections of ink and stylus tablet fed into the system provided encouraging results, and indicated the asymptotic nature of the system’s convergence on a solution. Although a complete stand alone system has not yet been developed, these results demonstrate a proof of concept: that MDL can be used to compare and contrast semantically different information, and propagate realistic interpretations of image data within a reasonable time frame. This technique could form the basis of a future stand-alone system to read further examples of the Vindolanda texts. Suggestions regarding future work which could improve the success of the system are presented.
6 Conclusion
Authors: Terras Melissa M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis research has demonstrated that an MDL architecture such as the GRAVA system can be appropriated to generate possible solutions to interpretation problems, which span different semantic levels and incorporate different types of data. In doing so, a system has been constructed which has an emergent behaviour similar to that of human experts and generates possible, reasonable interpretations of texts to aid the experts in their task. Much can be done to improve the system described in this book, and to incorporate other types of information into the architecture to improve its functionality. There is scope for further research in almost every facet. Considerations of future work presented in this chapter focuses on two main areas: other possible approaches to knowledge elicitation to enable further understanding of how experts read ancient documents, and the enhancement and development of the MDL-based GRAVA system to increase its accuracy, and eventually deliver an application to the papyrologists. This chapter also highlights the overall contribution the research has made to its many constituent fields. An evaluation of the research is presented: the cognitive visual architecture developed being a testament to the value of interdisciplinary research.
A Common‐Sense Kant?
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter builds on the contrast between Hume and Kant by showing how the Critical philosophy can be understood as an ally of Reid's critique of empiricism and the whole tradition of the ‘way of ideas’. The general ‘anti-Cartesian’ and realist approach of Reid's common-sense philosophy has gained many distinguished adherents, but most analytic philosophers have continued to assume that this approach is the very opposite of Kant's. By building on extensive research by Manfred Kuehn on the role of common-sense philosophy in 18th-century Germany, it is argued that there has been a deep misunderstanding concerning passages that have been repeatedly taken to prove that Kant's philosophy completely opposes Reid's. Moreover, it is argued that common sense plays a crucial role in the first stage of Kant's system (in his theoretical and practical philosophy as well as his aesthetics), and that historical research has established that this fact was clearly recognized by a significant circle of early Kantians who worked in Jena right before the full development of German Idealism.