bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compact current modeling of short‐channel multiple gate MOSFETs
Authors: Kolberg S. , Børli H. , Fjeldly T. A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe present a 2D physics based compact model of the double gate (DG) and the gate‐all‐around (GAA) MOSFET, with emphasis on short‐channel devices of nano‐scale dimensions. The compact model is based on a preprocessing routine based on a self‐consistent framework for electrostatics modeling. For sub‐threshold conditions, we assume that the device body is dominated by the solution of the 2D Laplace electrostatics. This assumption is based on the fact that the field strength at the gates emerging from the mobile charge carriers and the doping are much weaker than the fields related to the capacitive coupling between the contacts and the gates. Therefore, we neglect the body charge term in Poisson's equation, converting it to a Laplace equation. Near threshold, the influence of the electronic charge on the electrostatics is taken into account in the framework model in a precise, self‐consistent manner by combining suitable model expressions with the 2D Poisson's equation in the device body. To this end, we consider the self‐consistent potential distributions along the two symmetry axis. Suitable modeling expressions are applied, whose parameters are determined from the boundary conditions and by enforcing self‐consistency using Poisson's equation. The framework and the compact model give excellent results when compared with numerical simulations. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐pressure high‐temperature synthesis of Rh2O3‐II‐type In2O3 polymorph
Authors: Gurlo Aleksander , Dzivenko Dmytro , Kroll Peter , Riedel Ralf 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe metastability of the bixbyite‐ and corundum‐type In2O3 polymorphs up to 33 GPa (at room temperature) is shown. While compressed (in diamond anvil cells) and laser‐heated, both polymorphs undergo a phase transition to the Rh2O3‐II‐type structure (space group Pbcn, No. 60). The direct transition from bixbyite to Rh2O3‐II structure has not yet been observed for any other oxide.magnified image(© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antibacterial Activities of Carbapenem Derivatives and Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship for Drug Design
Authors: Liu Jian , Zhou Lu , Zuo Zhili 
Published: September 2008

Abstractβ‐Lactams, a class of antibiotics including penicillins, cephems, monobactams, and carbapenems, is widely used. In this work, the Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) models have been built by Partial Least Squares (PLS), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Genetic Algorithm optimized ANN (GA‐ANN) to study the antibacterial activities of carbapenem derivatives. Of the three methods, GA‐ANN is potentially useful in predicting QSAR properties of chemical agents. Furthermore, some novel penem derivatives are designed using classical bioisosterism strategy, and the antibacterial activities are predicted by the built GA‐ANN model without any chemical or biological experiments. In conclusion, the niapenems and thiapenems show good antibiotic activities.
Mass spectrometric investigation of the sequence selectivity for adduction of heterocyclic aromatic amines on single‐strand oligonucleotides
Authors: Jamin Emilien L. , Arquier Delphine , Tulliez Jacques , Debrauwer Laurent 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHeterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) generated during the cooking of meats are known to be genotoxic substances able to form covalent bonds with DNA bases after metabolic activation. This work aimed at the investigation of the influence of the local environment of nucleobases along the nucleotidic sequence on its modification induced by two different HAAs, namely 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2‐amino‐3‐methylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoline (IQ), in order to identify possible sequences more susceptible to modification. A systematic study of the neighbouring base effect on the adduction was emphasized. Thus, PhIP and IQ adducts have been synthesized with various T‐rich model single‐strand oligonucleotides displaying different flanking bases (A, G, C or T) at the 3′ or the 5′ side of the targeted guanine, which allowed a comparison of the flanking base effects on adduction. Modified oligonucleotides were then analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The localization of the modifications induced by PhIP or IQ along the oligonucleotide sequence was achieved by tandem mass spectrometry, and modification yields of the various model sequences were compared. Results indicate a favouring sequence context effect on the G‐C8‐IQ adduct formation with the sequence 5′GGG3′. Although higher than IQ, modification yields observed with PhIP showed a less obvious effect of the neighbouring base on the G‐C8‐PhIP adduct formation, with a preferential sequence 5′GGA/G/T3′. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeted borate complex formation as followed with electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry: monomolecular model system and polyborate formation
Authors: Gaspar Andras , Harir Mourad , Lucio Marianna , Hertkorn Norbert , Schmitt‐Kopplin Philippe 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR‐MS) was applied to identify boric acid(B°)/borate(B−) complexes in a monomolecular model system, composed of aqueous caffeic acid and boric acid/borate solutions in various concentration ratios at pH 9.2. Using negative mode electrospray ionization as a ‘soft’ ionization technique, clusters of polyborate were detected beside the well‐known BL°, BL− and BL complexes. An algorithm for the detection of boron complexes, based on their accurate mass and isotope patterns, is proposed which enabled the assignment of elemental compositions/structural formulae of boron/ligand complexes. We present experimental evidence of self‐oligomerization of up to six borate units with caffeic acid, resulting in stable covalently bound polyborate‐polyol complexes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the procholinergic effects of neuropsychotherapeutic compounds
Authors: Tzavara Eleni T. , Wade Mark R. , Davis Richard J. , El Khoury Marie‐Anne , Nomikos George G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe investigated the participation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) in mediating increases in cortical acetylcholine (ACh) efflux elicited by established or putative neuropsychotherapeutic compounds, using in vivo microdialysis in rats. The norepinephrine transporter inhibitor atomoxetine, the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A, the dopamine D1 receptor agonist dihydrexidine, and the atypical antipsychotic clozapine increased cortical ACh (by about 2–3 fold), whereas the mGluR5 antagonist 2‐methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl)‐pyridine (MPEP) by itself had no effect. The stimulatory effects of atomoxetine, SR141716A and dihydrexidine on cortical ACh were abolished by pretreatment with MPEP. MPEP also attenuated the stimulatory effect of clozapine on ACh efflux. Thus, mGluR5 activation appears to be involved in the procholinergic effects of compounds that exhibit therapeutic properties or potential in neuropsychiatry. Synapse 62:940–943, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increase in matrix metalloproteinase‐9 levels in the rat medial prefrontal cortex after cocaine reinstatement of conditioned place preference
Authors: Brown Travis E. , Forquer Melissa R. , Harding Joseph W. , Wright John W. , Sorg Barbara A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRecently we have shown that inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity suppresses the reinstatement of cocaine‐primed conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. Here we explored whether cocaine‐primed reinstatement was associated with increased activity of the gelatinases, MMP‐2 or MMP‐9, in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or dorsal hippocampus. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent training for cocaine‐CPP followed by extinction sessions and either saline‐ or cocaine‐priming injections. Cocaine‐induced reinstatement produced significant increases in mPFC MMP‐9 activity at 1, 3 and 24 hr after injection compared with saline controls. No changes in MMP‐9 occurred in the hippocampus or in MMP‐2 activity in either brain region. Also, no changes in mPFC MMP‐9 activity were observed 1 hr after reinstatement in animals given no extinction sessions but equivalent time off in the home cage. Finally, MMP‐3 protein levels were not different in either brain region at any of the three time points assessed. These results suggest that an elevation in MMP‐9 activity in the mPFC may contribute to synaptic remodeling important for the reactivation of a cocaine memory, or alternatively, for the modification of a competing extinction memory during reinstatement. Synapse 62:886–889, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms underlying the honokiol inhibition of evoked glutamate release from glutamatergic nerve terminals of the rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Sy Hiu‐Ngar , Wu Shey‐Lin , Wang Wang‐Fu , Wang Su‐Jane 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe effect of honokiol, an active component of Magnolia officinalis, on glutamate release from isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) was examined. Honokiol potently inhibited 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP)‐evoked glutamate release in a concentration‐dependent manner, and this effect resulted from a reduction of vesicular exocytosis and not from an inhibition of Ca2+‐independent efflux via glutamate transporter. The inhibitory action of honokiol was not due to decreasing synaptosomal excitability or directly interfering with the release process at some point subsequent to Ca2+ influx, because honokiol did not alter the 4‐AP‐evoked depolarization of the synaptosomal plasma membrane potential or Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin‐induced glutamate release. Rather, examination of the effect of honokiol on cytosolic [Ca2+] revealed that the diminution of glutamate release could be attributed to a reduction in voltage‐dependent Ca2+ influx. Consistent with this, the honokiol‐mediated inhibition of 4‐AP‐evoked glutamate release was completely prevented in synaptosomes pretreated with a wide‐spectrum blocker of N‐, P‐, and Q‐type Ca2+ channels, ω‐conotoxin MVIIC. In addition, honokiol modulation of 4‐AP‐evoked glutamate release appeared to involve a protein kinase C (PKC) signaling cascade, in so far as pretreatment of synaptosomes with the PKC inhibitors Ro318220 or GF109203X all effectively occluded the inhibitory effect of honokiol. Furthermore, honokiol attenuated 4‐AP‐induced phosphorylation of PKC. Together, these results suggest that honokiol effects a decrease in PKC activation, which subsequently attenuates the Ca2+ entry through voltage‐dependent N‐ and P/Q‐type Ca2+ channels to cause a decrease in evoked glutamate exocytosis. These actions of honokiol may contribute to its neuroprotective effect in excitotoxic injury. Synapse 62:890–901, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of bacteriostats in soap and household cleansing agents
Authors: Vinson Leonard J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn recent years there has been increasing use of antibacterial agents employed in toilet bars to provide deodorant and degerming activity. The common desirable properties of these agents are antibacterial activity at low concentrations, skin substantivity, acceptable color and odor, compatibility with the vehicle, and low irritation and sensitization potential.Bacteriostats used for such pruposes are principally bisphenolies, halogenated salicylanilides, and halogenated carbanilides. Methods for assessing their effectiveness and safety are discussed. The polybrominated salicylanilides represent a versatile group of bacteriostats which enjoys increasing acceptability in toilet bars and also provides benefits in such household products as liquid detergents, granulated detergents, hard‐surface disinfectant cleansers, and aerosol disinfectant sprays.
In vitro evaluation of the tissue substantivity of selected antibacterial agents
Authors: McNamara T. F. , Steinbach M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSelected compounds and selected synergistic combinations have been evaluated for activity againstS. aureus and for tissue substantivity. No direct correlation could be found between antibacterial activity and tissue substantivity. It was also apparent that the mode of action by which a compound or mixtures of compounds inhibit the growth of organisms is not directly related to the mechanism of tissue substantivity. Preliminary data indicate that no simple explanation of tissue substantivity can be made on the basis of chemical structure. Until more is known about the mechanism of tissue substantivity, each compound will have to be evaluated separately.
Methods for determining the distribution of bacteria in the skin
Authors: Updegraff David M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFive methods used to study bacteria in the skin are reviewed: swabbing, scrubbing, or scraping; biopsy; impression plate; adhesive stripping; and air‐sampling for bacteria‐shedders.Scraping and swabbing methods give only a rough idea of the numbers and kinds of bacteria on a given area of skin. More recent adaptations of these techniques have introduced the use of soaps or surfactants to disperse the bacteria, followed by quantitative plate counts on serial dilutions. Biopsy methods are little used because they give only qualitative results and are traumatic to the experimental subject. Impression plates give low counts in most cases and enumerate only those bacteria which are lying on the surface layer of thestratum corneum. Adhesive stripping methods are the only ones which give a precise determination of the distribution of colonies of bacteria with regard to both area and depth in thestratum corneum. Counts run much higher than impression plates.
Micellar properties of polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether in anhydrous and hydrous cyclohexane
Authors: Sharma R. K. , Cowie J. M. G. , Sirianni A. F. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA polyoxyethylated nonylphenol ether containing an average of about 10 moles ethylene oxide per mole of hydrophobe was examined in hydrous and in anhydrous cyclohexane by light‐scattering at 45C and by vapor‐pressure measurements with the dry solvent at 39.1C. Stability was assessed by carrying out turbidity measurements over a period of two weeks. The aggregation number was found to increase with added water. The difference between weight and number average molecular weight was very small in dry cyclohexane.
Polymerization of dehydrated castor acids using an acid earth catalyst
Authors: Silverstone G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe atmospheric pressure polymerization of a commercial dehydrated castor oil fatty acid mixture, by using as catalyst the acid clay Filtrol 13, has been studied under different conditions of temperature, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in the starting material. At 180C or above, extremely rapid polymerization of the conjugated fatty acids occurred (50% complete in about 4 min at 66% concentration). This was accompanied bytrans isomerization and some hydrogen transfer to form oleic (oriso‐oleic) acids. The ratio of dimer/polymer in the product was approximately 2 to 2.5 and was only slightly affected by variation in the reaction conditions.
Nonvolatilealpha‐branched‐chain fatty esters
Authors: Ault W. C. , Eisner A. , Bilyk A. , Dooley C. J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNonvolatilealpha‐branched carboxylic acids and esters have been prepared by a free radical reaction. Various esters of the reaction products of hexadecanoic and octadecanoic acids with the terminal olefins, octene, decene, and dodecene have been synthesized. Fractional crystallization from acetone is a useful method for preparing these compounds in a highly purified state. Mass spectra confirm that branching is found exclusively at thealpha‐ or 2‐position.
Tidal effects on the organic carbon mineralization rate under aerobic conditions in sediments of an intertidal estuary
Authors: Sasaki Akiko , Hagimori Yu , Nakatsubo Takayuki , Hoshika Akira 
Published: September 2008

AbstractLaboratory experiments and field measurements were conducted to examine the effect of tide on the organic carbon mineralization rate in sediments under aerobic conditions of an intertidal estuary. Core samples of surface sediments were collected from an intertidal estuary of the Kurose River, Hiroshima, Japan. To mimic low and high tide in the intertidal estuary, organic carbon mineralization rates in the samples were measured in the laboratory under both air‐exposed and submerged conditions. Mineralization rates under air‐exposed conditions were two to five times higher than those under submerged conditions. Field measurements of the rate of CO2 emission from the sediment surface revealed a rapid increase in the rate as the sea level fell during ebb tide. The estimated amount of daily organic carbon mineralization assuming a constantly submerged condition was 30% less than that estimated when considering the semi‐diurnal fluctuation in sea level. These results indicate that tide has a marked impact on the organic carbon mineralization rate in sediments under aerobic conditions on an intertidal estuary, and tidal effects need to be considered when the amount of mineralized organic carbon is estimated.
Use of combined conventional and real-time PCR to determine the epidemiology of feline haemoplasma infections in northern Italy
Authors: Gentilini Fabio , Novacco Marilisa , Turba Maria E. , Willi Barbara , Bacci Maria L. , Hofmann-Lehmann Regina 
Published: September 2008

Although knowledge of feline haemotropic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) has dramatically improved in recent years, some issues still remain to be elucidated. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the prevalence of feline haemoplasma infections in blood samples collected from cats in northern Italy. A convenience-sample of 307 cats (40 anaemic; 258 non-anaemic; nine with unknown haematocrit [HCT]) was investigated using polymerase chain reaction assays. Furthermore, the date of blood collection, signalment and clinicopathological data were retrospectively evaluated to assess predictors and risk factors for infection. Haemoplasma infections were highly prevalent in the sample investigated with an overall prevalence of 18.9% (95% confidence interval: 14.5–23.3%). The prevalence for the three feline haemoplasmas was 17.3% for ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ ( CMhm), 5.9% for Mycoplasma haemofelis ( Mhf) and 1.3% for ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’ ( CMt). Feline immunodeficiency virus-positive status represented a risk factor for infection with an odds ratio of 4.19 ( P=0.02). Moreover, a higher prevalence was observed in summer (odds ratio 1.78; P=0.04) which may be consistent with arthropod-borne disease transmission. Cats infected with Mhf showed significantly lower HCT ( P=0.03), haemoglobin values ( P=0.02) and red blood cell counts ( P=0.04), lower mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration ( P<0.01) and higher white blood cell counts ( P<0.01) when compared with non-infected cats.
AN ALGORITHM FOR FINDING ALL ZEROS OF VECTOR FUNCTIONS
Authors: ALOLYAN IBRAHEEM 
Published: September 2008

AbstractComputing a zero of a continuous function is an old and extensively researched problem in numerical computation. In this paper, we present an efficient subdivision algorithm for finding all real roots of a function in multiple variables. This algorithm is based on a simple computationally verifiable necessity test for the existence of a root in any compact set. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that the algorithm is very efficient and reliable. Convergence is shown and numerical examples are presented.
Age distribution of cinder cones within the Bandas del Sur Formation, southern Tenerife, Canary Islands
Authors: KRÖCHERT JÖRG , BUCHNER ELMAR 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe Quaternary Bandas del Sur Formation in the south of Tenerife comprises a complex sequence of pyroclastic rocks and lavas. In contrast to the NW- and NE-Rift zone on Tenerife, the S-Rift zone comprises a number of characteristics with respect to the morphological features, eruption cyclicity and the geochemistry of the volcanic deposits. Various flank eruptions of the Las Cañadas volcano associated with basaltic lavas and the formation of cinder cones within the Bandas del Sur are important volcanic units for understanding the explosive volcanic cycles during the Pleistocene on Tenerife. A number of palaeomagnetic studies, as well as major and trace element geochemistry and two radio-isotope dates (K–Ar), have been carried out on prominent cinder cones, in order to discover their stratigraphic position. Combining our results with previous K–Ar data, the cones and lavas can be subdivided into three stratigraphic units. The first unit contains cinder cones with reverse magnetization and Y/Nb ratios between 0.37 and 0.41. Cinder cones which belong to the second unit show normal magnetization and Y/Nb ratios of < 0.35. The third unit comprises cinder cones with normal magnetization and Y/Nb ratios of about 0.47. The first two units were constructed between c. 0.948–0.779 Ma and 0.323–0.300 Ma. These units define volcanic cycles ending in violent Plinian eruptions. The third and youngest unit possibly marks the beginning of a further volcanic cycle that started c. 0.095 Ma ago.
Cold-hardiness of olive (Olea europaeaL.) cultivars in cold-acclimated and non-acclimated stages: seasonal alteration of antioxidative enzymes and dehydrin-like proteins
Authors: CANSEV A. , GULEN H. , ERIS A. 
Published: September 2008

SUMMARYSeasonal patterns of antioxidative enzymes and proteins and their relations to cold-hardiness of nine olive (Olea europaeaL.) cultivars (Ascolona, Domat, Gemlik, Hojoblanca, Lecquest, Manzanilla, Meski, Samanli and Uslu) are documented in the current study. Fully expanded, uniformly sized leaves from 2-year-old shoots of the cultivars were collected from 20-year-old trees in cold-acclimated (CA, in January) and non-acclimated (NA, in July) stages. Leaf samples were exposed to low temperature at 4, −5, −10 and −20°C for 12 h to determine their cold-hardiness (LT50; assessed by electrolyte leakage). Cold-acclimation produced an increase in freezing tolerance of all cultivars (by lowering LT50). Domat and Lecquest were found to have the highest cold-hardiness among the nine cultivars investigated. Ascolona, Gemlik, Hojoblanca had moderate cold-hardiness, while Samanli, Meski, Uslu and Manzanilla were more sensitive. Activities of catalase (CAT: EC 1·11·1·6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX: EC 1·11·1·11) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase significantly varied depending on the cold-acclimation stage and the cold-hardiness level of the cultivars. Activities of the three antioxidative enzymes and total soluble proteins (TSP) were higher in the CA stage than in the NA stage. Although no accumulation of major polypeptides, except a 23 kDa protein, was detected either in CA samples or NA samples by SDS-PAGE, anti-dehydrin immunoblots revealed that the 43 and 23 kDa polypeptides were detectable during cold-acclimation of olive cultivars. Accumulation of both 43 and 23 kDa dehydrin was significantly higher in the CA stage than in the NA stage in all cultivars. Accumulation of 43 kDa dehydrin was correlated with cold-hardiness of the cultivars, while 23 kDa dehydrin was considered as cultivar-dependent since its accumulation was not parallel to LT50values of the cultivars. Indeed, the tissues of cvs Domat, Lecquest, Ascolona, Hojoblanca and Gemlik were found to enhance the structural stability of cellular membranes in the CA stage by increasing both the activity of such enzymes as CAT, APX and NADPH oxidase to activate the antioxidative systems and the expression of 43 kDa dehydrins.