bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability of current U.S. modeling of atmospheric plumes questioned
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The deficiencies of atmospheric modeling used to determine the dispersion of chemical, radiological, or biological plumes came under fire during a 2 June hearing in the U.S. House of Representatives. Several members of Congress said that current modeling efforts provide inadequate information to assess plumes that could result from a terrorist incident, warfare, or some other cause.Much of the hearing, held by the House Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats, and International Relations, focused on two reports released that day: one by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS), and the other by the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO).
EarthScoping the inner workings of magmatic systems
Authors: Hamburger Michael , McNutt Stephen , Dzurisin Daniel , Fink Jonathan , Hill David P. , Meertens Charles , Newhall Chris , Owen Susan , Power John 
Published: October 2006

In the shadow of one of the world's great volcanic systems, an intensive 3‐day workshop was undertaken to work toward developing a scientific plan for the magmatic systems component of the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) EarthScope Initiative. This NSF‐sponsored workshop was designed to provide direction to the EarthScope planning committee and the NSF in developing scientific, technical, deployment, and management decisions related to the magmatic systems component of EarthScope. The meeting featured a mixture of oral and poster scientific sessions, breakout group and plenary discussions, and a field trip to examine one of the targets of the EarthScope magmatic science research plan: Mount St. Helens.The 60 participants represented a broad cross‐section of the volcanology community including geologists, geophysicists, geodesists, penologists, and geochemists. Details on the meeting plan can be viewed at http://www. unavco.net/earthscope.asp.
An educational partnership in the ocean sciences: Benefits and lessons learned
Authors: Matsumoto George I. , Kochevar R. E. 
Published: October 2006

For the past 15 years, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) and the Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) have been involved in a collaborative relationship that could serve as a prototype for other institutions interested in maximizing their potential for science education based on current research programs. This article describes this relationship collaboration and its operational functioning.Despite their similar names, the two institutions have separate missions, staffs, budgets, boards of directors, and facilities. MBA is a non‐profit aquarium with ∼400 paid staff members and another 800 volunteers, whose mission is to inspire conservation of the world's oceans. MBARI is a non‐profit research organization with ∼200 staff members and a mission “to achieve and maintain a position as a world center for advanced research and education in ocean science and technology, and to do so through the development of better instruments, systems, and methods for scientific research in the deep waters of the ocean.”
Improved spatial resolution of ocean surface topography from the T/P‐Jason‐1 altimeter mission
Authors: Fu Lee‐Lueng , Stammer Detlef , Leben Robert R. , Chelton Dudley B. 
Published: October 2006

On 7 December 2001, the French/U.S. altimetric satellite Jason‐1 was launched as a follow‐on to the TOPEX/Poseidon Mission (hereafter referred to as T/P). The two satellites are now flying in tandem with a track separation half that of the T/P mission, offering a much improved sampling capability for the study of ocean circulation and tides.Since 1992, T/P has been measuring the surface topography of the global oceans along a 10‐day repeat orbit, establishing a decade‐long data record that has been used in a wide range of oceanographic and geophysical studies [Fu and Cazenave, 2001]. The primary objective of Jason‐1 is to continue the data record of TIP, by carrying the same instrument payload and measuring sea surface height along the ground track pattern established by T/P, with a measurement performance at least as good as that of T/P [Ménard et al., 2000].
ILEAPS:A new program to study land/atmosphere interactions in the second phase of IGBP
Authors: Andreae Meinrat O. , Kabat Pavel , Arneth Almut 
Published: October 2006

Recent progress in global change research has shown clearly that the Earth's environment is a complex system, defined through intricately linked processes, feedbacks, and teleconnections. This integral perspective renders obsolete the conventional scientific approach of investigating disjunct causal relationships, and demands a new, integrated way of conducting environmental Earth research.For example, the glacial record of synchronous fluctuations in climate and atmospheric CO2 and CH4 begs the question of cause and effect: Are fluctuations in the biotic greenhouse gases driving the climatic variability or are externally forced climate variations responsible for changes that result in varying emissions of these gases? Current consensus suggests that there is no simple “either/or” answer to this question, but that the biota and their geophysical and geochemical environments have co‐evolved, resulting in a multitude of complex feedbacks.
Earth processes in wake of Gujarat earthquake reviewed from space
Authors: Singh Ramesh P. , Ouzounov Dimitar 
Published: October 2006

Two years after a devastating earthquake in Gujarat, India, scientists from many disciplines met at an international workshop to share the latest knowledge about Earth system processes related to this natural disaster. The meeting particularly focused on the use of spaceborne technology to study the effects of lithosphere‐atmosphere‐ionosphere interaction prior to and following the earthquake. More than 80 of the participants were affiliated with research and academic institutions in India, and several scientists from the United States, Germany Russia, and China also participated.Soon after the earthquake on 26 January 2001, Indian scientists established a Global Positioning System (GPS) network to monitor crustal motion around the earthquake's epicenter in cooperation with scientists from Japan, Germany, and the United States. Observations made by routine GPS measurements in the past have shown that the Bhuj area has significantly shifted anti‐clockwise. The leveling observations made by the Survey of India show that the Santal Pur Bhuj Block was uplifted up to 60 cm, while Bhuj, Bhachau, and Mundra subsided ∼60 cm. The need to establish a dense network of level lines and gravity stations in Kachchh was stressed at the meeting.
Groundwater Science
Authors: McKenna Sean A. 
Published: October 2006

A good introductory groundwater textbook must strike a delicate balance in presenting the basics of the physical, chemical, geological, mathematical, and engineering aspects of the groundwater field without being too lengthy or overly detailed. Charles Fitts states that his motivation for writing Groundwater Science was to be able to “…teach concepts and quantitative analyses with a clear, lean, but thorough book.” He has succeeded in striking this balance of having just the right amount of information, and has met his goals of producing a concise book that can be used to teach the concepts and analyses necessary for the study of groundwater.Overall, Groundwater Science would serve well as the text for an introductory groundwater course at the college senior or first‐year graduate level. The author and the publisher have made excellent use of two‐color, gray and blue‐scale images throughout the book. The graphics are crisp and explanatory. Data sets needed to work some of the problems in the book are available as text files from its Web site (http://www.academicpress.com/groundwater). I found these files to be complete and easy to understand. The references are up to date and point the reader to additional information across a wide range of groundwater issues, and also provide a number of examples to illustrate different points made in the book.
EPA issues guidelines for agency consideration of outside data
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has issued new guidelines to ensure that the quality of scientific information it uses that is generated from outside of the agency meets the same standards as research conducted by the agency itself.The intent of the guidelines is to enhance transparency about EPAs quality expectations for information from sources outside the agency, and to raise awareness about quality considerations, so that scientists can better understand how the agency evaluates and weights such information.
Astronomers zero in on solar system analog
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Scientists searching for extra‐solar planets have discovered the closest known analog to our own Solar System.A planet with a mass about twice that of Jupiter is in a near‐circular orbit of the star HD70642,a team of astronomers from Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States announced on 3 July at a conference in Paris on extra‐solar planets.
Agricultural sequestration called useful stop‐gap mitigation measure for reducing atmospheric carbon
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Increasing the agricultural sequestration of carbon is an important stop‐gap measure for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide, even though the agricultural sector is not the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, scientists and other experts told a U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works subcommittee.The 8 July hearing was held to examine the potential for such sequestration. Agricultural soils can sequester carbon, but can also release it to the atmosphere; for example, through poor land management practices.
[Comment on “Should Memphis build for California's earthquakes?”] from A.D. Frankel
Authors: Frankel Arthur D. 
Published: October 2006

Seth Stein et al. [2003] argue that the city of Memphis, Tennessee should not adopt the seismic design provisions of the new International Building Code (IBC), which are based on the national seismic hazard maps produced by the US.Geological Survey [Frankel et al., 1996; Frankel et al., 2000]. They contend that the USGS national seismic hazard maps overestimate the earthquake hazard from the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) in the central United States.As project chief for the USGS national seismic hazard maps, I think that constructive criticism is always useful. However, Stein et al. [2003] do not present any valid scientific reason why they think the ground motion values in the USGS maps are too high. They also ignore important scientific research that has been conducted over the past 20 years on earthquakes and ground motions in intra‐plate areas, research that is included in the USGS maps. They do not mention the extensive consensus process among scientific experts involved in developing the USGS hazard maps, as well as the elaborate consensus and vetting process among engineers in the decisions made in constructing the IBC design maps from the hazard maps. They also present a cost‐benefit analysis to argue against adopting the IBC. I contend that their cost‐benefit analysis is unrealistic.
Solar Activity and Earth's Climate
Authors: Tinsley Brian 
Published: October 2006

This is an exciting time for those pursuing the physical explanations of the widely reported correlations between magnetic activity in the outer layers of the Sun and changes in weather and climate on planet Earth.R. Benestad's book makes a persuasive case for the reality of one or more physical links, in the context of thorough discussions of applicable statistical tests. His book is a valuable update of the 1978 book by J. Herman and R. Goldberg, Sun, Weather and Climate, and reviews the extensive literature on this subject up to the beginning of 2001. More recent work adds to the solidity of the statistical associations. The state of research in this field can be compared with that of “continental drift” half a century ago; evidence from sea floor spreading could not be ignored, and the field was data‐rich and theory‐poor.
Ocean acoustics research figures in debate about protecting marine mammals
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A recent U.S. Senate committee hearing about the re‐authorization of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 focused on one word; harassment.Concern about whether anthropogenically produced underwater noise actually harasses or even may be involved in the deaths of some marine mammals has become a heated issue which has led to recent lawsuits and court rulings to halt or restrict some scientific research and U.S. naval operations. (See Eos, 29 April 2003).At a 16 July hearing, Sen. Olympia Snowe (R‐Maine), chair of the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Oceans, Fisheries, and Coast Guard, said a balance needs to be found between research needs and military readiness on one hand, and protection of marine mammals on the other hand.
In search of long‐term trends in ocean color
Authors: Antoine David , Morel André , Gentili Bernard , Gordon Howard R. , Banzon Viva F. , Evans Robert H. , Brown James W. , Walsh Susan , Baringer Warner , Li Angel 
Published: October 2006

There is an ongoing debate regarding the role of phytoplankton within the ocean carbon cycle, and the role of biology in possibly capturing part of the excess CO2 produced by human activities.Without entering this debate, this article takes a few simple facts as granted; e.g., that the transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere toward the ocean interior mediated by photosynthesis (the so‐called “biological pump”) is active, so that any evolution of its strength or structure could impact the CO2 exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere.
Working toward improved small‐scale sea ice‐ocean modeling in the Arctic seas
Authors: Wang Jia , Kwok Ron , Saucier Francois J. , Hutchings Jennifer , Ikeda Moto , Hibler William , Haapala Jari , Coon Max D. , Meier H. E. Markus , Eicken Hajo , Tanaka Nori , Prentki Dick , Johnson Walter 
Published: October 2006

Until recently the main motivation in sea ice modeling has been toward the development of large‐scale models for climate studies. These models describe sea ice as a plastic material, with a smooth yield surface and ice strength dependent on a thickness distribution that is based on statistical representations of sea ice deformation through ridging. With tuning, they are found to reproduce ice extent and concentration in the Arctic and Antarctic, though velocity fields are overly smooth and many details, such as polynyas and leads, are not captured.There is increasing interest in regional ice modeling. In the near‐shore Beaufort and Chukchi seas, there is considerable interest from the oil industry in the formation and breakup of landfast ice, the propagation of oil spills, and prediction of sea ice conditions. The importance of resolving eddies in the ocean and modeling small‐scale (sub‐10‐km) sea ice processes is becoming apparent, as we begin to understand the non‐linear effect of small‐scale processes on the large‐scale motion. Recently, there have been advances in the direction of small‐scale process research and regional ice‐ocean model development. The most pertinent of these are outlined in this article.
Geodesy: The Challenge of the Third Millennium
Authors: Bendick Rebecca 
Published: October 2006

Like many of my colleagues in the burgeoning field of geodesy I primarily apply geodetic techniques toward illuminating tectonic and geophysical problems. In doing so, I must confess that I often take the underlying methods of measurement and analysis for granted, assuming that surface velocity and surface strain observations are the fundamental data of our science.Geodesy: The Challenge of the Third Millenniumreminds me that the science of geodesy encompasses a much wider range of endeavor upon which recent innovations depend greatly. It reminds me, too, that the derived geodetic products I use are the result of a long sequence of scientific discovery and innovation in fields as disparate as statistics, electronics, mathematics, and basic physics. This discovery continues today in the work of the authors who contributed to this volume.
Chapman Conference on Time Scales of Geomagnetic Field
Authors: Geissman John , Channell Jim 
Published: October 2006

An AGU Chapman Conference, “Time scales of the Geomagnetic Field,” was held recently on the 70th birthday of Neil D. Opdyke, professor at the University of Florida, as a tribute to his outstanding contributions to the Earth sciences over more than 4 decades. Seventy‐five participants, a quarter of whom came from outside North America, registered for the meeting and took part in the scientific sessions.The meeting was organized into three topics, each of which occupied a day of lectures and posters.
New voting procedures for 2004–2006 elections
Authors: Filmer Paul 
Published: October 2006

Your feedback from the first electronic election triggered improvements in the ballot and in election services. AGU Headquarters, with oversight by the Tellers Committee, will streamline election procedures and make the whole process more user‐friendly In November and December 2003, you will be able to cast your votes for the officers of your choice from among the 58 candidates by going to a secure Web site or by requesting a paper ballot.In early November, all AGU members will receive an e‐mail message that contains instructions for voting. The URL for the ballot site will be published in Eos and voting booths will be available at the Fall Meeting in December. To log into the site, you will only need your membership number. Paper ballots will be available through the AGU Service Center.
New Mexico votes for strong science education standards
Authors: Folger Peter 
Published: October 2006

On 28 August, the New Mexico State School Board voted unanimously to adopt science education standards which keep biological evolution as a centerpiece of scientific knowledge. The school board voted 13‐0 for the standards, which were strongly endorsed by scientific and educational organizations. This defeated efforts by intelligent design creationists to insert alternate language downplaying the treatment of evolution in the curriculum.Scientists in New Mexico helped develop the standards and stayed active in defending them against the creationists. Numerous scientific organizations, including AGU, signed letters in support of the standards, and urged the school board members to cast a skeptical eye on a recent poll conducted by creationists purporting to show New Mexico scientists' support for intelligent design.
Program fosters advances in shallow‐water acoustics in southeastern Asia
Authors: Ramp S. R. , Lynch J. F. , Dahl P. H. , Chiu C.‐S. , Simmen J. A. 
Published: October 2006

Two impressive field programs were recently completed in the South and East China Seas as part of the Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment (ASIAEX). Under the direction of the U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR), scientists from several countries joined together to collect unique and high‐quality acoustical, oceanographic, and geophysical data at the same place and time, enabling underwater acoustic fluctuations to be understood and modeled at the space and time scales of interest. A comprehensive field effort such as this one is required to decipher the cause and effect between environmental and acoustic variability which exist on a wide range of time and space scales.Groundwork for the two largest experiments of ASIAEX was laid with preliminary survey and studies of spring in 2000. In 2000 in the East China Sea (ECS), a 21‐day cruise on the R/V Revelle allowed extensive geophysical surveys of the upper sea floor using chirp sonars and a low‐frequency air gun, as well as allowing some sampling of the physical oceanography. In the same year in the South China Sea (SCS), a SeaSoar survey aboard the R/V Ocean Researcher 1 delineated the major meso‐scale features of the northeastern SCS, while a limited moored array obtained a first look at the dramatic non‐linear internal waves. These pilot field studies proved indispensable when designing the two main field programs that were executed in spring 2001.
Farthest, Faintest detection of a comet
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Astronomers searching for small Trans‐Neptunian Objects announced on 1 September that they have captured the most distant observation ever made of a comet, and also the faintest comet observation.The object happens to be Halley's Comet, which scientists at the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Paranal, Chile, have detected at a heliocentric distance of 28.06 AU.
Identifying future directions for subsurface hydrocarbon migration research
Authors: Leifer I. , Clark J. F. , Luyendyk B. , Valentine D. 
Published: October 2006

Subsurface hydrocarbon migration is important for understanding the input and impacts of natural hydrocarbon seepage on the environment. Great uncertainties remain in most aspects of hydrocarbon migration, including some basic mechanisms of this four‐phase flow of tar, oil, water, and gas through the complex fracture‐network geometry particularly since the phases span a wide range of properties. Academic, government, and industry representatives recently attended a workshop to identify the areas of greatest need for future research in shallow hydrocarbon migration.Novel approaches such as studying temporal and spatial seepage variations and analogous geofluid systems (e.g., geysers and trickle beds) allow deductions of subsurface processes and structures that remain largely unclear. Unique complexities exist in hydrocarbon migration due to its multiphase flow and complex geometry, including in‐situ biological weathering. Furthermore, many aspects of the role of hydrocarbons (positive and negative) in the environment are poorly understood, including how they enter the food chain (respiration, consumption, etc.) and “percolate” to higher trophic levels. But understanding these ecological impacts requires knowledge of the emissions' temporal and spatial variability and trajectories.
Unique data repository facilitates ocean color satellite validation
Authors: Werdell P. Jeremy , Bailey Sean , Fargion Giulietta , Pietras Christophe , Knobelspiesse Kirk , Feldman Gene , McClain Charles 
Published: October 2006

The oceans play a critical role in the Earth's climate, but unfortunately the extent of this role is only partially understood. One major obstacle is the difficulty associated with making high‐quality globally distributed observations, a feat that is nearly impossible using only ships and other ocean‐based platforms. The data collected by satellite‐borne ocean color instruments, however, provide environmental scientists a synoptic look at the productivity and variability of the Earth's oceans and atmosphere, respectively on high‐resolution temporal and spatial scales.Three such instruments, the Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor (SeaWiFS) onboard ORBIMAGE's OrbView‐2 satellite, and two Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) onboard the National Aeronautic and Space Administration's (NASA) Terra and Aqua satellites, have been in continuous operation since September 1997, February 2000, and June 2002, respectively. To facilitate the assembly of a suitably accurate data set for climate research, members of the NASA Sensor Inter‐comparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) Project and SeaWiFS Project Offices devote significant attention to the calibration and validation of these and other ocean color instruments. This article briefly presents results from the SIMBIOS and SeaWiFS Project Office's (SSPO) satellite ocean color validation activities and describes the SeaWiFS Bio‐optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS),a state‐of‐the‐art system for archiving, cataloging, and distributing the in situ data used in these activities.