bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Science in the Renaissance: A Survey
Authors: Hellman C. Doris 
Published: April 2006

Bearing in mind that science is a product of its environment and at the same time an important modifier of that environment, I shall try to draw an over-all picture of science in the Renaissance. This summary barely scratches the surface of the wealth of material for this exuberant era. The mathematical and physical sciences are emphasized and a number of really important men are consciously omitted.It would be foolish to plunge into our topic without defining, at least in broad outline, what is meant here by the term Renaissance. Certainly, there is a difference between ancient and modern science.
The Mixed Blessings of Graduate School
Authors: Pitney John J. 
Published: April 2006

Many political scientists wonder why so few people in our discipline play key roles in presidential campaigns. After all, we have much to offer. In graduate school, we learn about statistics, policy analysis, voting behavior, and other topics with practical applications. During my own political experience—with the New York Legislature, the U.S. Congress, the Bush campaigns and other political organizations—I have often used my formal training in political science.The problem is that graduate school supplies only part of what political activists need. And in some ways, it can actually be a handicap.
Supplementary Syllables in Anglo-Irish Folk Singing
Authors: Shields Hugh 
Published: April 2006

Frequent use of supplementary syllables distinguishes the singing from the speech of many Irish folk singers. These syllables are formed in the meaningful text by recourse to various procedures which have their basis in the spoken language; but the lengthening of speech in song greatly enlarges their scope. It is true that the extra syllables are weakly stressed ones; nevertheless, their number can be so great that their presence becomes quite obtrusive. They obtruded forcefully on the ear of an Anglo-Irish poet of the nineteenth century, William Allingham, as he listened to a fair-day ballad-seller singing a long Anglo-Irish song; and he took the opportunity to amuse his Victorian public by printing one of its stanzas in mock phonetic spelling:
This pay-air discoo-ooeyoor-cèrced with sich foo-oocy-oorce o’ ray-ayizin,Ther may-aynin they ay-apee-ayx-esprayss'd so-hoo-o-o clearrrr,That fau-hor to lae—ssen too-oo ther caw-aw-he-on-vairsay-ay-ashin,My ehe-ee-in-clinay-aheeay-ashin was for too-oo-hoo-hoodraw-aw-haw-ee-aw-a-neerrrrr.after which he gave the orthographical text as follows:
This pair discoursed with such force of raysoning,Their meaning they expressed so clear,That for to listen to their conversation,My inclination was for to draw near
Antileishmanial and Antibacterial Activity of a New Pyrazole Derivative Designated 4‐[2‐(1‐(Ethylamino)‐2‐methyl‐ propyl)phenyl]‐3‐(4‐methyphenyl)‐1‐phenylpyrazole
Authors: Dardari Zainaba , Lemrani Meryem , Sebban Abdelfatah , Bahloul Abdelmejid , Hassar Mohammed , Kitane Said , Berrada Mohammed , Boudouma Mohammed 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHere, we report for the first time the synthesis and the antileishmanial activity of a new pyrazole derivative, namely 4‐[2‐(1‐(ethylamino)‐2‐methylpropyl)phenyl]‐3‐(4‐methyphenyl)‐1‐phenylpyrazole). Micromolar concentrations of this compound were found to inhibit the in vitro multiplication of Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major, and Leishmania infantum, three species causing different forms of leishmaniasis. Furthermore, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for the compound are only slightly higher than those of amphotericin B, one of the most active antileishmanial agents used as a satisfactory substitute in cases not responding to pentostam. The IC50 values after 48 h for L. tropica, L. major, and L. infantum promastigote growth were 0.48 μg/mL, 0.63 μg/mL and 0.40 μg/mL, respectively for the compound, while they were 0.23 μg/mL, 0.29 μg/mL and 0.24 μg/mL, respectively for amphotericin B. We also tested this compound for its antibacterial activity against several bacteria. The strongest antibacterial activity was observed against Entrococcus feacalis and Staphylococcus aureus with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 60 μg/mL.
Investigation of the Early Multiplication Processes of the Glow Discharge Formation in Neon Filled Diode at 1.33 mbar Pressure
Authors: Mitić S. D. , Maluckov Č. A. , Radović M. K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe results of the investigation of the glow discharge time and space development in the neon‐filled diode at 1.33 mbar are presented. The glow is of the diffusion type with saturation current value of 0.2 mA. The temporal development of the light intensity, emitted perpendicularly on the diode axis from many different parts of the diode, is registered. Using this temporal development, the spatial development of the emitted light is examined. Electrically registered (by the oscilloscope) the total current through the diode reaches the saturation for 1.5 ms, which corresponds to the classical presumption of the formative time delay. The prebreakdown current is registered measuring the emitted light from diode gap. The investigation of light shows the increase of excitation in the gap at least 3 ms before any significant current has been registered (I < 1 µA). The negative glow appears in the diode gap near the anode and in the next a few milliseconds covers the cathode indicating the presence of the multiplication processes in the diode. The stationary regime in the diode is established for about 10 ms. Using this detection method, three stages of the discharge formation can be easily distinguished. These results indicate that the prebreakdown processes in the diode gap can be associated with the first stage of the breakdown formation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antioxidant activity of tea extracts in lipids and correlation with polyphenol content
Authors: Gramza Anna , Khokhar Santosh , Yoko Shihikura , Gliszczynska‐Swiglo Anna , Hes Marzanna , Korczak Jozef 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present study examined the antioxidative activity of water and ethanol extracts of green and black tea leaves against the oxidation of heated sunflower oil and lard. Oxidation was conducted at 110 °C in the Rancimat test. Total polyphenols and catechin contents in tea extracts were measured. The research showed that the total polyphenol content in green and black tea leaves was 205.2 and 148.7 mg/g, respectively. In tea leaves extracts, it ranged between 245.9 mg/g and 837.7 mg/g and depended on the extraction solvent and the kind of tea used (p <0.001). The highest polyphenol content was observed in samples extracted with 95% ethanol, lower contents were found with the use of water. Results showed that the highest antioxidant activity, measured as an induction period, with 1000 ppm green tea ethanol extract, was comparable to á‐tocopherol activity in sunflower oil. In lard, the longest induction period was measured with 500 and 1000 ppm of green tea ethanol extract. Other tea extract concentrations were significantly less active. Statistical analysis of the tea extract antioxidant activity in lipids in the Rancimat test showed an essential influence of the catechin contents. Further statistical analysis also showed an influence of (−)‐epicatechin gallate (ECG), (−)‐epicatechin (EC), and (+)‐catechin (C) contents in the tea extracts on the antioxidant activity in lipids. It was stated that the antioxidant activity was higher in tea extracts containing high levels of ECG, EC, and C.
Interaction Between Polymer Chains Covalently Fixed to Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kitano Hiromi , Tachimoto Kazutaka , Gemmei‐Ide Makoto , Tsubaki Noritatsu 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: A single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT), which had been oxidized with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid to afford polar groups at its ends, was incubated with an azo‐type macroinitiator carrying dextran (DEX), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPy) chains at 70 °C. Similarly, the oxidized SWNT was incubated with 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile and acrylic acid (HAA) or N‐vinylpyrrolidone at 70 °C. Due to the large radical trapping ability of SWNT, the polymer chains corresponding to the cloven macroinitiator (PEG, DEX or PVPy) and the propagating polymer chains (poly(acrylic acid) (HPAA) or PVPy) were covalently fixed to the surface of the SWNTs. The hydrophilic polymer‐modified SWNTs could be stably dispersed in water. Furthermore, the SWNTs modified with PEG and DEX sedimented in the presence of free DEX and PEG, respectively, whereas there was no precipitation of the PEG‐ and DEX‐modified SWNTs in the presence of the same kind of free polymer. This seemed to be related to the phase separation phenomena in water soluble DEX and PEG systems induced by the repulsive interaction between PEG and DEX molecules. However, the mixture of two kinds of polymer‐modified SWNTs (PEG‐SWNT and DEX‐SWNT) did not show noticeable phase separation, probably due to steric hindrance for the efficient repulsive polymer‐polymer interaction by fixation to the gigantic SWNTs. Furthermore, upon mixing the dispersions of HPAA‐SWNT and PEG‐SWNT or PVPy‐SWNT, the turbidity of the dispersions gradually increased, while no increase in turbidity of the dispersion mixture was observed in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, indicating hydrogen bonding between the HPAA and PEG or PVPy chains on the surface of the SWNTs. The modification methods examined in this work would be promising to give various functions to SWNT.Susceptible processes of radical trap on SWNT surface.imageSusceptible processes of radical trap on SWNT surface.
Self‐Assembled Nanofibrillar Aggregates with Amphiphilic and Lipophilic Molecules
Authors: Sagawa Takashi , Chowdhury Saleh , Takafuji Makoto , Ihara Hirotaka 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: This article gives a review on self‐assembled nanofibrillar aggregates such as helical, twisted ribbon‐like and tubular forms, those are produced in aqueous bilayer membrane and organogel systems. Two common features necessary for the chemical structure that yields special morphology are a chiral carbon atom and moieties feasible for intermolecular interactions although there are some exceptions. In aqueous systems, a hydrophobic effect is also an essential driving force for molecular aggregates in aqueous solution systems but almost disappear in organic media. More positive intermolecular interactions play an important role in molecular aggregation in organic media. Hydrogen bonding interaction is especially effective and many organogelators are classified into this category. Some lipophilic peptides have been investigated not only as organogelators but also with respect to their self‐assembling behaviors. This latter property gives them distinct advantages compared with conventional gel systems because the gels include highly‐ordered structures supramolecular functions like aqueous lipid membranes through molecular orientation. This article also introduces applicability of the organogel system.
ZnO nanorod synthesis from Zn‐based II–VI semiconductors
Authors: Choy W. C. H. , Guo C. F. , Pang K. H. , Leung Y. P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we report the synthesis of ZnO nanorods on in‐situ grown ZnSe grains by using the simple chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method and elementary sources of Zn and Se. To our best knowledge, there is no report of growing other Zn‐based nanostructures on in‐situ synthesized ZnSe. The ZnO–ZnSe system has the advantage of carrier transfer between the two binary II–VI semiconductors with different energy levels for device applications [1], which cannot be achieved in the single‐compound semiconductor nanostructures. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Micromanipulation of organic nanofibers for blue light emitting microstructures
Authors: Kjelstrup‐Hansen J. , Bøggild P. , Hvam J. , Majcher A. , Rubahn H.‐G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractControlled movement of blue light emitting organic nanofibers on dedicated substrates by micron‐scaled translators and by atomic force microscopy tips is demonstrated. Successive movement of several nanofibers allows the generation of highly polarized, light emitting letters and artificial patterns with aniso‐ tropic emission characteristics. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modulatory effects of several herbal extracts on avian peripheral blood cell immune responses
Authors: Dorhoi A. , Dobrean V. , Zăhan M. , Virag P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStandardized ethanol extracts of Allium sativum (garlic), Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Plantago major (plantain) and Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn) were assessed for their effects on cellular immunity in laying hens. Birds (n = 25) had blood samples taken and both specific and non‐specific immune cell responsiveness were evaluated by a leukocyte proliferation assay, carbon clearance test and SRBC phagocytosis in monocyte‐derived macrophage cultures. Licorice and sea buckthorn (50 µg/mL) clearly enhanced the macrophage membrane function (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Dual effects on circulating phagocytes were revealed for plantain and sea buckthorn, while garlic at 200 µg/mL impaired the phagocytic capacity of blood cells. None of the tested extracts showed mitogenic properties, but high concentrations of sea buckthorn (400 µg/mL) inhibited leukocyte proliferation. Small concentrations (20 µg/mL) of licorice proved the co‐mitogenic potential for both T and B avian lymphocytes (p < 0.05). Certain extracts definitely enhanced the fowl innate and/or specific cell immunity and may therefore improve host resistance in poultry. Considering the chicken as an important non‐mammalian model that also serves as an available laboratory approach for some human diseases, herbs exerting immunomodulatory properties may find relevant clinical applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of a combination of extract from several plants on Cell‐mediated and humoral immunity of patients with advanced ovarian cancer
Authors: Kormosh N. , Laktionov K. , Antoshechkina M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe influence of a plant preparation AdMax (Nulab Inc., Clearwater, FL, USA) on immunity in ovarian cancer patients was studied. The preparation is a combination of dried ethanol/water extracts from roots of Leuzea carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, Eleutherococcus senticosus and fruits of Schizandra chinensis. Twenty eight patients with stage III–IV epithelial ovarian cancer were treated once with 75 mg/m2 cisplatin and 600 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide. Peripheral blood was collected 4 weeks after the chemotherapy. Subclasses of T, B and NK lymphocytes were tested for in the blood samples: CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD11B, CD16, CD20, CD25, CD38, CD45RA, CD50, CD71 and CD95. Immunoglobulin G, A and M concentrations were also determined. Changes were observed in the following T cell subclasses: CD3, CD4, CD5 and CD8. In patients who took AdMax (270 mg a day) for 4 weeks following the chemotherapy, the mean numbers of the four T cell subclasses were increased in comparison with the mean numbers of the T cell subclasses in patients who did not take AdMax. In patients who took AdMax, the mean amounts of IgG and IgM were also increased. The obtained results suggest that the combination of extracts from adaptogenic plants may boost the suppressed immunity in ovarian cancer patients who are subject to chemotherapy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adults' Judgments of Fictional Story Quality
Authors: Schneider Phyllis , Winship Stephanie 
Published: April 2006

Narratives are commonly used for research and clinical purposes, but the ecological validity of our analyses needs verification. Do our macrostructural and microstructural narrative analysis methods give us an accurate picture of what would generally be considered "story quality"?
We addressed this question by using 39 untrained adult judges who were presented with sets of brief stories, each set constructed to vary on a single story aspect (story grammar elements, story grammar structural pattern, referring expressions, or connectives). Judges ranked the stories in each set from best to worst. Results indicate that judges were generally sensitive to story features commonly used in narrative analyses, including characters' thoughts and feelings, goal-directedness, adequacy of referent introductions, and connectedness of clauses. However, they failed to make distinctions between stories that differed in types of connectives or referring expressions and had mixed reactions to description in stories.
Methods for Characterizing Participants' Nonmainstream Dialect Use in Child Language Research
Authors: Oetting Janna B. , McDonald Janet L. 
Published: April 2006

Three different approaches to the characterization of research participants' nonmainstream dialect use can be found in the literature. They include listener judgment ratings, type-based counts of nonmainstream pattern use, and tokenbased counts. In this paper, we examined these three approaches, as well as shortcuts to these methods, using language samples from 93 children previously described in J. Oetting and J. McDonald (2001). Nonmainstream dialects represented in the samples included rural Louisiana versions of Southern White English (SWE) and Southern African American English (SAAE).
Depending on the method and shortcut used, correct dialect classifications (SWE or SAAE) were made for 88% to 97% of the participants; however, regression algorithms had to be applied to the type- and token-based results to achieve these outcomes. For characterizing the rate at which the participants produced the nonmainstream patterns, the token-based methods were found to be superior to the others, but estimates from all approaches were moderately to highly correlated with each other. When type- and/or token-based methods were used to characterize participants' dialect type and rate, the number of patterns included in the analyses could be substantially reduced without significantly affecting the validity of the outcomes. These findings have important implications for future child language studies that are done within the context of dialect diversity.
Overcoming Barriers to Establishing an Inpatient Vaccination Program for Pneumococcus Using Standing Orders
Authors: Middleton Donald B. , Fox Dwight E. , Nowalk Mary Patricia , Skledar Susan J. , Sokos Denise R. , Zimmerman Richard K. , Ervin Kelly A. , Lin Chyongchiou J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectives:To identify and classify barriers to establishing a standing orders program (SOP) for adult pneumococcal vaccination in acute care inpatient facilities and to provide recommendations for overcoming these roadblocks. Vaccination rates in hospitals with SOPs are generally higher than those in hospitals that require individual physician orders. The array of solutions drawn from our experience in different hospital settings should permit many types of facilities to anticipate and overcome barriers, allowing a smoother transition from initiation to successful implementation of an inpatient pneumococcal vaccination SOP.Design:Descriptive study of barriers and solutions encountered during implementation of a pneumococcal vaccination SOP in three hospitals of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System (UPMC) and in the scientific literature.Setting:As of 2004, two UPMC tertiary-care hospitals and one UPMC community hospital had incorporated SOPs into existing physician order-driven programs for inpatient vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.Results:Barriers were identified at each step of implementation and categorized as patient related, provider related, or institutional. Based on a process of continual review and revision of our programs in response to encountered barriers, steps were taken to overcome these impediments.Conclusions:A strong commitment by key individuals in the facility's administration including a physician champion; ongoing, persistent efforts to educate and train staff; and close monitoring of the vaccination rate were essential for successful implementation of a SOP for pneumococcal vaccination of eligible inpatients. Legal statutes and evaluations of external hospital-rating associations regarding the effectiveness of the vaccination program were major motivating factors in its success.
Addiction: a journal and its Invisible College*
Authors: Edwards Griffith 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTProvenance  This paper derives from a lecture given before the Society for the Study of Addiction in November 2004, on the author's retirement from the position of Editor‐in‐Chief of Addiction, one of the Society's journals.Aim  To identify the live processes which have influenced the journal's evolution since its foundation in 1884.Conclusions  Over the 120‐year period a strong, continuing historical thread has been the fluctuating success of the journal's engagement with its ‘Invisible College’, the community which it seeks to serve. It is argued that the journal's future success will depend on its capacity to explore and nurture further this two‐way relationship. Addiction is a journal with an active and clearly articulated, multiple vision of it purpose, and this vision is outlined. It dares to try to influence its future with the authority so to do rooted in its ability to reflect the aspirations and concerns of its readers. It is ‘a journal of the second kind’.
The economic impact of a smoke‐free bylaw on restaurant and bar sales in Ottawa, Canada
Authors: Luk Rita , Ferrence Roberta , Gmel Gerhard 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAims  On 1 August 2001, the City of Ottawa (Canada's Capital) implemented a smoke‐free bylaw that completely prohibited smoking in work‐places and public places, including restaurants and bars, with no exemption for separately ventilated smoking rooms. This paper evaluates the effects of this bylaw on restaurant and bar sales.Data and measures  We used retail sales tax data from March 1998 to June 2002 to construct two outcome measures: the ratio of licensed restaurant and bar sales to total retail sales and the ratio of unlicensed restaurant sales to total retail sales. Restaurant and bar sales were subtracted from total retail sales in the denominator of these measures.Design and analysis  We employed an interrupted time‐series design. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) intervention analysis was used to test for three possible impacts that the bylaw might have on the sales of restaurants and bars. We repeated the analysis using regression with autoregressive moving average (ARMA) errors method to triangulate our results.Findings  Outcome measures showed declining trends at baseline before the bylaw went into effect. Results from ARIMA intervention and regression analyses did not support the hypotheses that the smoke‐free bylaw had an impact that resulted in (1) abrupt permanent, (2) gradual permanent or (3) abrupt temporary changes in restaurant and bar sales.Conclusions  While a large body of research has found no significant adverse impact of smoke‐free legislation on restaurant and bar sales in the United States, Australia and elsewhere, our study confirms these results in a northern region with a bilingual population, which has important implications for impending policy in Europe and other areas.