bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New York: The Great Anomaly
Authors: Mollenkopf John 
Published: April 2006

Rufus Browning, Dale Marshall, and David Tabb present some straightforward and convincing theses in their admirable work Protest Is Not Enough. Urban policy responsiveness to minority interests, they argue, depends not so much on the direct impact of protest as on the advent of a dominant liberal coalition in which blacks and Hispanics have some role. Where such coalitions have not succeeded, racial exclusion and policy resistance tend to hold sway. Where blacks or Hispanics have played a leading role in bringing such a coalition to power, or in Browning, Marshall and Tabb's terms where political incorporation has been greatest, then policy results favor minority interests. Political incorporation depends on protest and electoral mobilization among blacks and Hispanics combined with favorable white attitudes toward minority interests. The size of the minority community and its leadership capacity in turn explain minority political mobilization.By these propositions, New York City should be characterized by substantial black and Hispanic political incorporation and the resulting targeting of policy outputs on minority interests. In the 1980 Census, New York's population was 23.9% black and 19.9% Hispanic; these numbers may have been substantially undercounted. In any case, two-thirds of a decade later New York is clearly a majority minority city. Black political participation dates from Adam Clayton Powell and Benjamin Davis' election to the city council in 1941 and 1943. The first Puerto Rican assemblyman was elected on the Republican and American Labor Party lines in 1938. Subsequently, both groups have had a long and sophisticated history of political participation. From the 1960s onward, a new generation of leadership led both groups to assert their political demands more strongly. The Lindsay administration afforded a national model of how a new liberal coalition could experiment with new forms of political incorporation. Voting in state and national elections would suggest the city is on the liberal end of the urban political spectrum. In short, by Western lights New York should be a model of strong minority incorporation and the consequent targeting of city policies toward minority interests. The problem, however, is that New York City has not incorporated minorities and, depending on what indicators are chosen, has not produced policies that are especially aimed toward minorities.
Boston: The Unfinished Agenda
Authors: Travis Toni-Michelle C. 
Published: April 2006

In January 1986 Bruce Boiling, a member of the Boston City Council, became the first black president in the council's 166-year history. Boiling's presidency marks the culmination of the slow, but steadily growing empowerment of blacks in Boston politics. While blacks have always been present in Boston politics they have more often been observers, rather than participants as the Yankees and the Irish have dominated the political stage. In order to understand the role of blacks in Boston it is necessary to have some background knowledge of how Yankee paternalism retarded black political development and how Irish displacement of the Yankees resulted in the exclusion of blacks from Democratic party politics.Historical AntecedentsBoston politics has its roots in the historical relationships among the Yankees, the Irish, and the blacks. Under Yankee domination colonial and pre-Civil War blacks experienced racial harmony in an atmosphere where they could enjoy civil and political rights. Wealthy Yankee traders viewed free blacks paternalistically, as a low income class of people (Lupo, 1977, p. 124). Since Yankees were members of the political and cultural elite they did not perceive blacks as an economic threat to their position. Consequently, blacks could freely operate businesses, buy property, and run for office (Horton, 1979).As slavery became an increasingly important issue in the 1850s free blacks and Yankee abolitionists formed integrated organizations to end slavery. Abolitionist organizations provided an opportunity for free blacks to learn organizational and political skills. Yet, blacks often found that their efforts to become leaders were thwarted by white patrons who expected blacks to work only as obedient followers. A notable case among many was the conflict between white abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass, a former slave, over the crucial issue of the future role of blacks in electoral politics (Quarles, 1969). Frederick Douglass broke with Garrison who felt that blacks should not be encouraged to vote in a political system where the Constitution protected the rights of slaveholders (Horton, 1979, p. 86). Douglass adamantly advocated electoral participation and pulled some black abolitionists from Garrison's ranks. Douglass felt that participation in the electoral process was a necessary step in the political development of blacks. To affirm his convictions Douglass ran on the Liberal ticket for an office in New York state.
Explaining the Burger Court's Support for Civil Liberties
Authors: Baum Lawrence 
Published: April 2006

For eighteen years, Supreme Court watchers have been waiting for the other shoe to drop. Under Chief Justice Earl Warren in the 1960s, the Court expanded legal protections for civil liberties far more than it had in any previous period. After Richard Nixon was elected president in 1968, many observers expected that his appointments would move the Court away from its commitment to civil liberties. When Nixon was able to appoint four new justices in his first three years in office, that expectation was strengthened. Since that time, each presidential election victory and each Supreme Court appointment by a conservative Republican has led to new hopes and fears that the Cout would abandon its strong support for civil liberties.To a degree, these expectations already have been realized. Without doubt, the Supreme Court under Warren Burger was less supportive of civil liberties than it had been under Earl Warren. But it did not take the clear conservative position that many Court watchers had anticipated. Reflecting their surprise, a 1983 book about the Burger Court was subtitled, “The Counter-Revolution That Wasn't” (Blasi, 1983).
A Lawyer's Defense of a Wine Merchant against a Carpenter's Deposition: A Story about Friendship and Betrayal
Authors: Aricò Santo L. 
Published: April 2006

In 1770, Antoine-Louis Séguier, theavocat général(king's advocate) of the Parlement of Paris, defended Jean-Baptiste Dubarle, a Parisian wine merchant, against charges of theft, seduction, kidnapping, and adultery initiated by a carpenter, Eustache Chefdeville. For all of the offenses, Chefdeville demanded monetary reparation.The case, summarized in amémoire, connects the history of family law in France under theancien régimeto the skillful use of lawyerly forensics. But it also relates to literary portrayals of social scapegraces who betray the esteemed values of friendship and gratitude: in fact, this member of Paris'smenu peupleemerges from the pages of the case abstract as a dissembling traitor. Séguier's legal brief, viewed as a work of fiction, projects Chefdeville as an ungrateful betrayer who feigns comradery. In Séguier's telling, this disfigured pariah, albeit socially inferior, takes his place next to the deceptive worldlings described in many eighteenth-century novels. Like them, he violates the sacred laws of sincerity, turning himself into a moral pervert. Séguier'smémoireis rich precisely because it demonstrates how a skilled lawyer attempting to win his case adopts the form of a story characterized by all the literary qualities of the day—love, friendship, avarice, and betrayal. It illustrates a classic legal approach and also reads like a novel from beginning to end.
Kinetics and thermal properties of epoxy resin cured with Ni(II)‐tris‐(O‐pheneylendiamine) bromide
Authors: Omrani Abdollah , Rostami Abbas Ali , Ghaemy Mousa 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDiglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) is cured with a nickel complex of O‐phenylendiamine (OPD) as a ligand. The structure of the synthesized curing agent is confirmed through IR and elemental analysis. The curing kinetics of DGEBA/Ni(OPD)3Br2 system is studied by the dynamic DSC and isothermal FTIR techniques. In all cases, we have observed at least two exothermic peaks during DSC traces up to 350°C. Dynamic activation energies are calculated by using the two isoconversional, Kissinger and Ozawa, methods applied to peak maximum. A two‐parameter (m, n) autocatalytic model (Sestak–Berggren equation) is found to be the most adequate model to describe the cure kinetics of the observed thermal events. Isothermal kinetic parameters are estimated using the Horie model. The onset decomposition temperature and char yield (at 700°C) of the crosslinked material were 290°C and 27%, respectively. The activation energy of the solid‐state thermal degradation process is evaluated by Ozawa approach, resulting in 95–138 kJ/mol on a range of 2–20% decomposition conversion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1257–1265, 2006
On the thermodynamics of nonlinear constitutive relations in gasdynamics
Authors: Woods L. C. 
Published: April 2006

The thermodynamics of irreversible processes is normally limited to processes that can be adequately described by linear constitutive relations, like those of Fourier and Newton in a simple gas. In this paper we use thermodynamic arguments to derive the (nonlinear) Burnett equations for a monatomic gas, thus avoiding the complicated kinetic theory by which the equations were discovered and which somewhat obscures the origin of the various terms in the equations. Expressions are given for the entropy, its flux and its production rate correct to second-order in Knudsen number. The theory involves five phenomenological parameters, and as there are eleven coefficients in the second-order terms of Burnett's equations, we are able to deduce several necessary constraints between these coefficients. Compact forms for the equations are found that clarify their physical significance. The general method we have developed is applicable to media other than simple gases.In a final section we use our theory of Burnett's equations to draw some general conclusions concerning the second law of thermodynamics. It is shown that the Clausius-Duhem inequality holds only for the linear theory of constitutive relations; and that axiomatic generalizations of the inequality to nonlinear processes – common in continuum mechanics–fail because the vital distinction between reversible and irreversible processes is not made.
MHD flow in a rectangular duct with pairs of conducting and non-conducting walls in the presence of a non-uniform magnetic field
Authors: Holroyd Richard J. 
Published: April 2006

A theoretical and experimental study has been carried out on the flow of a liquid metal along a straight rectangular duct, whose pairs of opposite walls are highly conducting and insulating, situated in a planar non-uniform magnetic field parallel to the conducting walls. Magnitudes of the flux density and mean velocity are taken to be such that the Hartmann numberMand interaction parameterNhave very large values and the magnetic Reynolds number is extremely small.The theory qualitatively predicts the integral features of the flow, namely the distributions along the duct of the potential difference between the conducting walls and the pressure. The experimental results indicate that the velocity profile is severely distorted by regions of non-uniform magnetic field with fluid moving towards the conducting walls; even though these walls are very good conductors the flow behaves more like that in a non-conducting duct than that predicted for a duct with perfectly conducting side walls.
Outbreak of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–ProducingKlebsiella Pneumoniaein a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Linked to Artificial Nails
Authors: Gupta Archana , Della-Latta Phyllis , Todd Betsy , San Gabriel Pablo , Haas Janet , Wu Fann , Rubenstein David , Saiman Lisa 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground:From April to June 2001, an outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producingKlebsiella pneumoniaeinfections was investigated in our neonatal intensive care unit.Methods:Cultures of the gastrointestinal tracts of patients, the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs), and the environment were performed to detect potential reservoirs for ESBL-producingK. pneumoniae. Strains ofK. pneumoniaewere typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis usingXbal. Acase–control study was performed to determine risk factors for acquisition of the outbreak clone (clone A); cases were infants infected or colonized with clone A and controls (3 per case) were infants with negative surveillance cultures.Results:During the study period, 19 case-infants, of whom 13 were detected by surveillance cultures, harbored clone A. The overall attack rate for the outbreak strain was 45%; 9 of 19 infants presented with invasive disease (n = 6) or developed invasive disease (n = 3) after colonization was detected. Clone A was found on the hands of 2 HCWs, 1 of whom wore artificial nails, and on the designated stethoscope of a case-infant. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that length of stay per day (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.02 to 1.09) and exposure to the HCW wearing artificial fingernails (OR, 7.87; CI95, 1.75 to 35.36) were associated with infection or colonization with clone A.Conclusion:Short, well-groomed, natural nails should be mandatory for HCWs with direct patient contact.
Costs and Outcomes Among Hemodialysis-Dependent Patients With Methicillin-Resistant or Methicillin-SusceptibleStaphylococcus aureusBacteremia
Authors: Reed Shelby D. , Friedman Joëlle Y. , Engemann John J. , Griffiths Robert I. , Anstrom Kevin J. , Kaye Keith S. , Stryjewski Martin E. , Szczech Lynda A. , Reller L. Barth , Corey G. Ralph , Schulman Kevin A. , Fowler Vance G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:Comorbid conditions have complicated previous analyses of the consequences of methicillin resistance for costs and outcomes ofStaphylococcus aureusbacteremia. We compared costs and outcomes of methicillin resistance in patients withS. aureusbacteremia and a single chronic condition.Design, Setting, and Patients:We conducted a prospective cohort study of hemodialysis-dependent patients with end-stage renal disease andS. aureusbacteremia hospitalized between July 1996 and August 2001. We used propensity scores to reduce bias when comparing patients with methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA)S. aureusbacteremia. Outcome measures were resource use, direct medical costs, and clinical outcomes at 12 weeks after initial hospitalization.Results:Fifty-four patients (37.8%) had MRSA and 89 patients (62.2%) had MSSA. Compared with patients with MSSA bacteremia, patients with MRSA bacteremia were more likely to have acquired the infection while hospitalized for another condition (27.8% vs 12.4%;P= .02). To attribute all inpatient costs toS. aureusbacteremia, we limited the analysis to 105 patients admitted for suspectedS. aureusbacteremia from a community setting. Adjusted costs were higher for MRSA bacteremia for the initial hospitalization ($21,251 vs $13,978;P= .012) and after 12 weeks ($25,518 vs $17,354;P= .015). At 12 weeks, patients with MRSA bacteremia were more likely to die (adjusted odds ratio, 5.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 18.7) than were patients with MSSA bacteremia.Conclusions:Community-dwelling, hemodialysis-dependent patients hospitalized with MRSA bacteremia face a higher mortality risk, longer hospital stays, and higher inpatient costs than do patients with MSSA bacteremia.
Chlamydiales in Guinea‐pigs and Their Zoonotic Potential
Authors: Lutz‐Wohlgroth L. , Becker A. , Brugnera E. , Huat Z. L. , Zimmermann D. , Grimm F. , Haessig M. , Greub G. , Kaps S. , Spiess B. , Pospischil A. , Vaughan L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe aim was to detect and characterize chlamydial infections in guinea‐pigs (GP) with ocular disease, study their pathogenicity and zoonotic potential and to test for the presence of Acanthamoebae spp. in GP eyes and to investigate whether they could act as vectors for Chlamydia‐like organisms. Overall 126 GP, of which 77 were symptomatic, were screened by clinical examination, cytology, gross pathology, histology, immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacteriology. A new Chlamydiaceae‐specific intergenic spacer rRNA gene PCR, designed to amplify this segment linking the 16S and 23S regions, was performed. DNA samples were also received from one owner including samples of his cat and rabbit. Guinea‐pigs: 48 of 75 symptomatic, but only 11 of 48 asymptomatic GP were positive by PCR for Chlamydophila caviae guinea‐pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) (P < 0.0001). Eighteen of 75 or 15/48, respectively, were positive for DNA from Chlamydia‐like organisms. Acanthamoebae‐DNA could be found in two GP, of which one was symptomatic. Owner, cat and rabbit: Samples of all three species were positive by PCR for C. caviae GPIC and the owner's one‐day disposable contact lenses showed a positive PCR result for the Chlamydia‐like organism Parachlamydia acanthamoebae. No Acanthamoebae‐DNA could be detected. This study is the first to describe Chlamydia‐like organisms in GP and to detect C. caviae GPIC in human, cat and rabbit. Therefore, C. caviae GPIC could pose a zoonotic potential. We believe that the finding of C. caviae GPIC in species other than GP is probably not unique.
Standard Deviation for Small Samples
Authors: Joarder Anwar H. , Latif Raja M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNeater representations for variance are given for small sample sizes, especially for 3 and 4. With these representations, variance can be calculated without a calculator if sample sizes are small and observations are integers, and an upper bound for the standard deviation is immediate. Accessible proofs of lower and upper bounds are presented for a broad spectrum of readers.
Mixed Langerhans cell and interstitial/dermal dendritic cell subsets emanating from monocytes in Th2-mediated inflammatory conditions respond differently to proinflammatory stimuli
Authors: Bechetoille Nicolas , André Valérie , Valladeau Jenny , Perrier Eric , Dezutter-Dambuyant Colette 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The skin harbors two dendritic cell (DC) subsets, Langerhans cells (LC) and interstitial/dermal DC (IDDC), which traffic to lymph nodes after inflammation and ultraviolet stress. To demonstrate that monocytes may act as DC precursors for skin DC in postinflammatory recolonization, we generated LC and IDDC from monocytes by using cytokines related to the T helper cell type 2 environment [granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor/transforming growth factor-β/interleukin-13/tumor necrosis factor α (GM-CSF/TGF-β/IL-13/TNF-α)]. In this study, skin DC [LC as Langerin/CD207+ cells and IDDC as DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing nonintegrin (SIGN)/CD209+ cells] displayed desynchronized programs along their differentiation, activation/maturation processes in response to stimuli characteristics of a proinflammatory context. First, we demonstrate that monocytes are able to diverge simultaneously along two distinct pathways toward Langerin+-LC-type DC and DC-SIGN+-IDDC. Second, as TGF-β is known to antagonize the TNF-α-induced maturation process of DC, we showed that IDDC did not mature and acquired a low CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) receptor expression even when stimulated with prolonged incubation with TNF-α. It is striking that the LC subset is able to express a high level of CCR7 expression and the maturation marker DC-lysosome-associated membrane protein (DC-LAMP). Third, mixed LC and IDDC subsets secrete IL-10 and IL-12 when stimulated by CD40 ligand and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but not after prolonged incubation with TNF-α. In contrast, LPS was a better activator of IL-10 secretion than the CD40 ligand for GM-CSF/IL-4-generated DC and for GM-CSF/TGF-β/IL-13-generated LC and IDDC populations. To summarize, the phenotypic/migratory maturation status of LC may be more easily enhanced by stimuli mimicking a proinflammatory situation, and IDDC are more resistant. Moreover, our culture system provided a means of studying cross-talk between two skin DC outside of their respective skin compartment.
Ab initio MO Calculations of Model Molecules for Ribozyme Reaction Including an Mg2+ Ion
Authors: Mizukami Yoshihiro , Nakatsuji Hiroshi , Hada Masahiko , Sasaki Muneo , Sugimoto Naoki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations are performed for the model molecule of ribozyme. For the models of initial and transition states of splicing reaction, stable binding sites of the Mg2+ ion are investigated. The energetics of the reaction and the effect of hydration on the Mg2+ ion are discussed.
Calculation of the Rotational Strength of β,γ-Unsaturated Ketones Based on a Non-empirical Molecular Orbital Method
Authors: Mizutani Tadashi , Nakashima Ruka 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The values of rotational strength for β,γ-unsaturated ketones arising from the coupling between n-π* and π-π* transitions were calculated based on a non-empirical molecular orbital method and the results were compared with the experimentally observed values.
Strong Radical Character of the Catecholate Ligand of Catecholato(pyridine)iron Complexes Involved in the Catecholdioxygenase-model Reaction
Authors: Funabiki Takuzo , Kojima Hiroyuki , Kaneko Masatoshi , Inoue Takahiro , Yoshioka Toshihiko , Tanaka Tsunehiro , Yoshida Satohiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Five-coordinated catecholato(pyridine)iron complexes were isolated from the THF solution of the iron complex used for the catecholdioxygenase model reaction. Formation and structure of species with a catecholate ligand having a strong radical character in the pyridine solution were shown spectroscopically, especially by the large down-field shift of the methyl resonance of 4-methylcatecholate complex in 2H NMR and by the large band at &gt;1000 nm in electronic spectra. Effect of Et4NCl on the spectra indicated that the complexes are in equilibrium with the the chloride-pyridine ligand exchange.
Catalytic Ability of Octopus-Type Calixarene in the Formation of Esters from Alkyl Halides and Alkali Metal Carboxylates
Authors: Nomura Eisaku , Taniguchi Hisaji , Kawaguchi Kouichi , Otsuji Yoshio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
5,11,17,23,29,35-Hexa-p-tert-butyl-37,38,39,40,41,42-hexakis(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxy)calix[6]arene efficiently catatalyzes the reaction of alkyl halides with alkali metal carboxylates to produce esters.
Selective Removal of Sugars from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption on Precipitated Iron(III) Hydroxide
Authors: Yokoi Hirpshi , Tsutsui Takayuki , Mori Yasuyoshi , Mitani Tsuyoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The removal of various mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly-saccharides from aqueous solutions by adsorptive binding to precipitated iron(III) hydroxide was very selective in respect of their stereo-chemistry and chain length.
Ligand Exchange of Cu(II)-Polyaminopolycarboxylate with Penicillamine. Evaluation of the Stability of Metal Complexes in Dynamic Aspects
Authors: Hanaki Akira , Sago Hiromitsu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Stopped-flow kinetic studies have been done on the ligand-exchange of Cu(II) complexes of polyaminopolycarboxylate (EDMA, EDDA, EDDP, EDTA and EDTPO) with penicillamine to yield Cu(II)-bis(penicillamine). The reaction consists of two steps and the transient which is a ternary complex has been characterized. A fairly good correlation existed between the stability constants of the mother complexes and the rate constants of ligand-exchange.