bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A prospective observational study of ICU patient position and frequency of turning
Authors: Goldhill D. R. , Badacsonyi A. , Goldhill A. A. , Waldmann C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryPositioning and turning critically ill patients may be beneficial but there are little data on current practice. We prospectively recorded patient position every hour over two separate days in 40 British intensive care units and analysed 393 sets of observation. Five patients were prone at any time and 3.8% (day 1) and 5% (day 2) were on rotating beds. Patients were on their back for 46.1% of observations, turned left for 28.4% and right for 25.5%, and head up for 97.4%. A turn was defined as a change between on back, turned left or turned right. The average time (SD) between turns was 4.85 (3.3) h. There was no significant association between the average time between turns and age, weight, height, gender, respiratory diagnosis, intubated and ventilated, sedation score, day of week or nurse:patient ratio. There was a significant difference between hospitals in the frequency with which patients were turned.
Determinants of hospital costs associated with traumatic brain injury in England and Wales*
Authors: Morris S. , Ridley S. , Lecky F. E. , Munro V. , Christensen M. C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryUsing data from the Trauma Audit Research Network, we investigated the costs of acute care in patients ≥ 18 years of age hospitalised for traumatic brain injury between January 2000 and December 2005 in England and Wales. Traumatic brain injury patients were defined and stratified using the Abbreviated Injury Scale. A total of 6484 traumatic brain injury patients were identified; 22.3% had an Abbreviated Injury Scale score of three, 38.0% of four and 39.7% of five. Median age (IQR) was 42 years (28–59) and 76.7% were men. Primary cause of injury was motor vehicle collisions (42.4%) followed by falls (38.0%). In total 23.7% of the patients died before discharge. Hospitalisation costs averaged £15 462 (SD £16 844). Costs varied significantly by age, Glasgow Coma Score, Injury Severity Score, coexisting injuries of the thorax, spine and lower limb, hospital mortality, availability of neurosurgical services, and specialty of attendants seen in the Accident and Emergency department.
Lightwand guided intubation in paediatric patients with a known difficult airway: a report of four cases
Authors: Xue F. S. , Yang Q. Y. , Liao X. , He N. , Liu H. P. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe anaesthetic management of children with craniofacial abnormalities often presents unique challenges because soft tissue and bony abnormities can affect the airway and influence airway management. We report four paediatric patients with predicted difficult airways due to craniofacial abnormalities. They all had a laryngeal view of Cormack–Lehane grade IV and were impossible to intubate using direct laryngoscopy. Fibreoptic intubation was also repeatedly attempted but was not successful. All the tracheal intubations were completed using a lightwand on the first attempt in less than 30 s. We consider that lightwand guided intubation technique may be a useful alternative approach to fibreoptic intubation technique in managing the difficult paediatric airway.
Assignment of 115 genes from HSA9 and HSA14 to SSC1q by RH mapping to generate a dense human–pig comparative map
Authors: Yasue H. , Kitajima M. , Tamada Y. , Rezaeian A. H. , Hiraiwa H. , Hayashi T. , Shimogiri T. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryA large number of significant QTL for economically important traits including average daily gain have been located on SSC1q, which, as shown by chromosome painting, corresponds to four human chromosomes (HSA9, 14, 15 and 18). To provide a comprehensive comparative map for efficient selection of candidate genes, 81 and 34 genes localized on HSA9 and HSA14 respectively were mapped to SSC1q using a porcine 7000‐rad radiation hybrid panel (IMpRH). This study, together with the cytogenetic map (http://www2.toulouse.inra.fr/lgc/pig/cyto/genmar/htm/1GM.HTM), demonstrates that SSC1q2.1‐q2.13 corresponds to the region ranging from 44.6 to 63.2 Mb on HSA14q21.1‐q23.1, the region from 86.5 to 86.8 Mb on HSA15q24‐q25, the region from 0.9 to 27.2 Mb on HSA9p24.3‐p21, the region from 35.1 to 38.0 Mb on HSA9p13, the region from 70.3 to 79.3 Mb on HSA9q13‐q21 and the region from 96.4 to 140.0 Mb on HSA9q22.3‐q34. The conserved synteny between HSA9 and SSC1q is interrupted by at least six sites, and the synteny between HSA14 and SSC1q is interrupted by at least one site.
Association between SCN1A polymorphism and carbamazepine‐resistant epilepsy
Authors: Abe Tomohide , Seo Takayuki , Ishitsu Takateru , Nakagawa Takehiro , Hori Masaharu , Nakagawa Kazuko 
Published: April 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The SCN1A gene encodes the α subunit of the neuronal voltage‐gated sodium channel, which is a target for carbamazepine and other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).• Recent studies have demonstrated that a common polymorphism of SCN1A IVS5‐91 G > A was associated with carbamazepine and phenytoin use in daily practice.• However, it has not been determined whether the polymorphism affects carbamazepine or other AED responsiveness. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study demonstrated a significant association between the SCN1A IVS5‐91 AA genotype and carbamazepine‐resistant epilepsy, while the AA genotype did not affect carbamazepine use.AIMSTo establish whether the SCN1A IVS5‐91 G > A polymorphism of the SCN1A gene, which encodes the neuronal sodium channel α subunit, affects responsivenss to the antiepileptic drugs (AEDS) carbamazepine and/or phenytoin.METHODS SCN1A IVS5‐91 G > A polymorphism was genotyped in 228 Japanese epileptic patients treated with AEDs. The association between AED responsiveness and the polymorphism was estimated by logistic regression analysis, adjusting for clinical factors affecting the outcome of AED therapy.RESULTSThe frequency of the AA genotype was significantly higher in carbamazepine‐resistant patients (odds ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1, 7.1) and was insignificantly higher in AED‐resistant patients.CONCLUSIONSThis is the first report demonstrating an association between the SCN1A polymorphism and carbamazepine‐resistant epilepsy.
Retraction: Fatty acid synthase is a novel therapeutic target in multiple myeloma
Authors: Okawa Yutaka , Hideshima Teru , Ikeda Hiroshi , Raje Noopur , Vallet Sonia , Kiziltepe Tanyel , Yasui Hiroshi , Enatsu Sotaro , Pozzi Samantha , Breitkreutz Iris , Cirstea Diana , Santo Loredana , Richardson Paul , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: April 2008

Okawa, Y., Hideshima, T., Ikeda, H., Raje, N., Vallet, S., Kiziltepe,T., Yasui, H., Enatsu, S., Pozzi, S., Breitkreutz, I., Cirstea, D., Santo, L.,Richardson, P. & Anderson, K.C. (2008) Fatty acid synthase is a novel therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. British Journal of Haematology, 141, 659–671.The above article, published in the online issue, 141·5 on 7 May 2008 in Blackwell Synergy (http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Journal Editor‐in‐Chief and Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Finbarr Cotter Editor‐in‐Chief British Journal of Haematology SummaryThis study investigated the biological significance of the inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in multiple myeloma (MM) using the small molecule inhibitor Cerulenin. Cerulenin triggered growth inhibition in both MM cell lines and MM patient cells, and overcame the survival and growth advantages conferred by interleukin‐6, insulin‐like growth factor‐1, and bone marrow stromal cells. It induced apoptosis in MM cell lines with only modest activation of caspase ‐8, ‐9, ‐3 and PARP; moreover, the pan‐caspase inhibitor Z‐VAD‐FMK did not inhibit Cerulenin‐induced apoptosis and cell death. In addition, treatment of MM cells with Cerulenin primarily up‐regulated apoptosis‐inducing factor/endonuclease G, mediators of caspase‐independent apoptosis. Importantly, Cerulenin induced endoplasmic reticulum stress response via up‐regulation of the Grp78/IRE1α/JNK pathway. Although the C‐Jun‐NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600215 blocked Cerulenin‐induced cytotoxicity, it did not inhibit apoptosis and caspase cleavage. Furthermore, Cerulenin showed synergistic cytotoxic effects with various agents including Bortezomib, Melphalan and Doxorubicin. Our results therefore indicate that inhibition of FAS by Cerulenin primarily triggered caspase‐independent apoptosis and JNK‐dependent cytotoxicity in MM cells. This report demonstrated that inhibition of FAS has anti‐tumour activity against MM cells, suggesting that it represents a novel therapeutic target in MM.
Aberrant adrenal sensitivity to vasopressin in adrenal tumours associated with subclinical or overt autonomous hypercortisolism: is this explained by an overexpression of vasopressin receptors?
Authors: Joubert Michael , Louiset Estelle , Rego Jean‐Luc Do , Contesse Vincent , Kong Ling Chun , Benhaim Annie , Mittre Hervé , Lefebvre Hervé , Reznik Yves ,   for the REHOS Study Group
Published: April 2008

SummaryObjective  Abnormal responsiveness to arginine vasopressin (AVP) was previously observed in cortisol‐producing adrenocortical tumours but the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of AVP on cortisol secretion from adrenocortical tumours compared to normal human adrenal gland.Design  A multicentre study based on pharmacological, molecular and immunohistochemical experiments performed in adenomatous and normal adrenal tissues.Patients  Twenty patients with adrenocortical adenomas and subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCCS) or Cushing's syndrome (CS) were compared to six control normal subjects.Measurements  In vivo and in vitro cortisol response to vasopressin, vasopressin receptor subtype mRNA measurement by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), immunohistochemical localization of AVP and its V1a receptor in tumour and normal adrenal tissues.Results  Terlipressin in vivo enhanced cortisol plasma levels in 17/20 SCCS and 3/6 CS but in none of the control subjects. In vitro cortisol response to AVP was observed in nine tumours studied, with enhanced efficacy and/or potency of AVP in three SCCS tumours compared to normal tissues. AVP receptor subtype mRNA levels were similar in SCCS, CS cells and normal adrenal cells. Some SCCS tumour steroidogenic cells showed AVP and V1a receptor immunoreactivity.Conclusions  SCCS and CS adrenocortical tumours often exhibit in vivo and in vitro hyper‐responsiveness to AVP, which is not related to vasopressin receptor overexpression, but may be explained by more efficient coupling pathways or by the indirect action of AVP through an autocrine/paracrine mechanism.
Vitamin D metabolites and skeletal consequences in primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Moosgaard B. , Christensen S. E. , Vestergaard P. , Heickendorff L. , Christiansen P. , Mosekilde L. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryBackground  Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) mainly at sites rich in cortical bone. However, successful parathyroidectomy causes an increase in BMD especially at sites rich in trabecular bone. Plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels are typically reduced and plasma 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] slightly increased in PHPT. These variations in vitamin D metabolites may influence variations in BMD and fracture risk.Aim  To investigate relations between preoperative vitamin D metabolites and skeletal consequences in patients with untreated PHPT and to appraise the influence of preoperative vitamin D metabolites on postoperative changes in BMD.Design  Cross‐sectional and cohort study.Materials  Two hundred and forty‐six consecutive Caucasian PHPT patients aged 19–91 years. (median 63, 87% females).Results  BMD was reduced at the femoral neck (P < 0·001) and forearm (P < 0·001), but normal at the lumbar spine (P = 0·11). Levels of biochemical bone markers were associated with high plasma PTH, high plasma 1,25(OH)2D and low plasma levels of 25OHD. Moreover, low plasma 25OHD was associated with low levels of BMD at the femoral neck (rp = 0·23), the forearm (rp = 0·19) and the whole body (rp = 0·30), whereas plasma 1,25(OH)2D was inversely associated with BMD at all regional sites and the whole body. Plasma PTH only showed an inverse association with BMD at the forearm (rp = –0·21). No association was observed between biochemical variables and prevalent spinal fractures, all peripheral fractures or osteoporotic peripheral fractures. The annual increase in spinal BMD after surgery was positively associated with preoperative plasma PTH (rp = 0·40), whereas the annual increase in whole body BMD was inversely associated with plasma 25OHD (rp = –0·32). No change in BMD at the femoral neck and forearm was observed 1 year after surgery.Conclusion  Low vitamin D status and high plasma 1,25(OH)2D are associated with increased bone turnover and decreased BMD in patients with PHPT.
Origin and genetic diversity of Western European populations of the potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) inferred from mitochondrial sequences and microsatellite loci
Authors: PLANTARD O. , PICARD D. , VALETTE S. , SCURRAH M. , GRENIER E. , MUGNIÉRY D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNative to South America, the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida is one of the principal pests of Andean potato crops and is also an important global pest following its introduction to Europe, Africa, North America, Asia and Oceania. Building on earlier work showing a clear south to north phylogeographic pattern in Peruvian populations, we have been able to identify the origin of Western European populations with high accuracy. They are all derived from a single restricted area in the extreme south of Peru, located between the north shore of the Lake Titicaca and Cusco. Only four cytochrome b haplotypes are found in Western Europe, one of them being also found in some populations of this area of southern Peru. The allelic richness at seven microsatellite loci observed in the Western European populations, although only one‐third of that observed in this part of southern Peru, is comparable to the allelic richness observed in the northern region of Peru. This result could be explained by the fact that most of the genetic variability observed at the scale of a field or even of a region is already observed at the scale of a single plant within a field. Thus, even introduction via a single infected potato plant could result in the relatively high genetic variability observed in Western Europe. This finding has important consequences for the control of this pest and the development of quarantine measures.
Factors affecting the reproductive success of dominant male meerkats
Authors: SPONG GÖRAN F. , HODGE SARAH J. , YOUNG ANDREW J. , CLUTTON‐BROCK TIM H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIdentifying traits that affect the reproductive success of individuals is fundamental for our understanding of evolutionary processes. In cooperative breeders, a dominant male typically restricts mating access to the dominant female for extended periods, resulting in pronounced variation in reproductive success among males. This may result in strong selection for traits that increase the likelihood of dominance acquisition, dominance retention and reproductive rates while dominant. However, despite considerable research on reproductive skew, few studies have explored the factors that influence these three processes among males in cooperative species. Here we use genetic, behavioural and demographic data to investigate the factors affecting reproductive success in dominant male meerkats (Suricata suricatta). Our data show that dominant males sire the majority of all offspring surviving to 1 year. A male's likelihood of becoming dominant is strongly influenced by age, but not by weight. Tenure length and reproductive rate, both important components of dominant male reproductive success, are largely affected by group size and composition, rather than individual traits. Dominant males in large groups have longer tenures, but after this effect is controlled, male tenure length also correlates negatively to the number of adult females in the group. Male reproductive rate also declines as the number of intra‐ and extra‐group competitors increases. As the time spent in the dominant position and reproductive rate while dominant explain > 80% of the total variance in reproductive success, group composition thus has major implications for male reproductive success.
Population genetics and phylogeography of freshwater mussels in North America, Elliptio dilatata and Actinonaias ligamentina (Bivalvia: Unionidae)
Authors: ELDERKIN CURT L. , CHRISTIAN ALAN D. , METCALFE‐SMITH JANICE L. , BERG DAVID J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExtrinsic and intrinsic forces combined shape the population structure of every species differently. Freshwater mussels are obligate parasites to a host fish during a juvenile stage (glochidia). Elliptio dilatata (ED) and Actinonaias ligamentina (AL) are co‐occurring freshwater mussel taxa with similar North American distribution and share some potential host fish. Using mitochondrial DNA, we determined the genotypes of 190 + individuals from collection sites in at least two tributaries in the Lake Erie and Ohio River watersheds, along with the Ouachita and Strawberry rivers in the southeast. Both species had followed a stepping‐stone model of dispersal, with greater pairwise genetic structure among collection sites of ED. Also, phylogeographical analysis for ED found significant geographical structuring of haplotype diversity. Overall, within‐population variation increased significantly from north to south, with low genetic diversity in the Strawberry River. We calculated significant among‐population structure for both species (ED: ΦST = 0.62, P < 0.001; AL: ΦST = 0.16, P < 0.001). Genetic analysis identified the Ouachita River as an area of significant reproductive isolation for both species. Results for AL indicated dispersal into northern areas from two genetically distinct glacial refugia, where results for ED indicated dispersal followed by low gene flow in northern areas. The conservation strategies for mussels that co‐occur in the same ‘bed’ could be species specific. Species such as ED have management units on the population scale, where AL has a more homogeneous genetic structure across its range.
Airway inflammation in employees involved in cultivating Japanese mushrooms (bunashimeji)
Authors: TSUSHIMA Kenji , YASUO Masanori , TANABE Tsuyoshi , YOSHIKAWA Sumiko , YAMAZAKI Yoshitaka , KUBO Keishi 
Published: April 2008

Background and objective:  Chronic inhalation of spores may cause respiratory symptoms such as productive cough and sputum. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical pathophysiology of airway inflammation caused by bunashimeji spores and to investigate whether the spores have direct toxic inflammatory effects.Methods:  Sensitized employees with respiratory symptoms and a stimulation index (SI) > 200%, and non‐sensitized employees with a SI < 200% were enrolled. They underwent sputum induction and chest high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT). The in vitro effect of bunashimeji spore solutions on normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell cultures was investigated using the air–liquid interface method. Bunashimeji spore solution was added at 104 or 106 spores per 20 μL/well. The interleukin (IL)‐8 and epithelial neutrophil‐activating peptide‐78 (ENA‐78) concentrations in the medium and IL‐8 mRNA expression of NHBE cells were assessed after each stimulation.Results:  Sensitized employees were divided into 14 with normal HRCT and 9 with abnormal HRCT. Fifteen of the sensitized group and five of the non‐sensitized group had a productive cough and sputum. The neutrophil counts in induced sputum were significantly higher in subjects with abnormal HRCT than in those with normal HRCT. IL‐8 and ENA‐78 concentrations following stimulation with 104 and 106 spores were significantly increased compared with PBS only on day 9. IL‐8 mRNA expression due to spore stimulation was significantly increased compared with control. IL‐8 mRNA expression with 106 spore stimulation was significantly increased on days 6 and 12 compared with 104 spores.Conclusion:  The inhalation of spores directly produces toxic inflammatory effects in the airways, independent of the degree of sensitization.
Enhanced cell death in hippocampus and emergence of cognitive impairments following a localized mini‐stroke in hippocampus if preceded by a previous episode of acute stress
Authors: McDonald Robert J. , Craig Laura A. , Hong Nancy S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis series of experiments represents a test of a theory concerning the etiology of age‐related cognitive decline, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The theory suggests that multiple combinations of cofactors produce variants of these disorders. Two factors that have been linked to the etiology of AD, that are of interest to our laboratories, are stress and vascular strokes. The current experiments tested the cofactors theory by evaluating the neuronal and functional effects of localized subthreshold strokes in the hippocampus of different groups of rats. One group experienced episodes of stress prior to stroke induction while the other did not. The results showed that a low dose of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) injected into the hippocampus of groups of rats that had previously experienced stressful episodes showed enhanced hippocampal cell death and neurodegeneration that did not occur in the rats that did not experience stress prior to stroke induction. The results also showed that the stressed rats given subthreshold ET‐1 injections into the hippocampus showed hippocampal‐based learning and memory deficits that were not present in the non‐stressed group given the same injections. This pattern of results suggests that individuals that are under stress are more vulnerable to insults to the hippocampus that have little effect on an individual that is not stressed. This vulnerability might be due to the actions of stress hormones, like the glucocorticoids, that have been previously shown to endanger hippocampal neurons.
Changes in Fos expression in the accessory olfactory bulb of sexually experienced male rats after exposure to female urinary pheromones
Authors: Honda Noriko , Sakamoto Harumi , Inamura Kouhei , Kashiwayanagi Makoto 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe studied Fos‐immunoreactive (Fos‐ir) structures in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of rats after the vomeronasal organ was exposed to urine. Exposure of the vomeronasal organ of male Wistar rats to oestrous and dioestrous female Wistar urine led to the appearance of many Fos‐ir cells in the rostral region of the periglomerular cell (PGC) layer, but induced few Fos‐ir cells in the caudal region. These results suggest that the regionalization of Fos‐ir cells after exposure to female urine is remarkable in the PGC layer of the AOB. Sexually experienced male rats have been shown to prefer oestrous to dioestrous female urine, while sexually inexperienced males do not exhibit these preferences. In the present study, we compared the expression of Fos‐ir cells in the AOB of sexually experienced and sexually inexperienced male rats following exposure to oestrous and dioestrous urine. In the localized region (lateral and rostral sectors) of the PGC layer, many more Fos‐ir cells were expressed in the sexually experienced rats than in the inexperienced rats. These results suggest that sexual experience in males enhances the transmission of reproductively salient information concerning potential oestrous status to a specific PGC region of the AOB.