bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii in the unstable environment of a cotton growing area
Authors: Brévault T. , Carletto J. , Linderme D. , Vanlerberghe‐Masutti F. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract1 Spatial and temporal habitat heterogeneity represented by annual crops is a major factor influencing population dynamics of phytophagous insect pests such as the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover. We studied the effects of instability of the cotton agroecosystem resulting from the temporary availability of the plant resource and the repeated use of insecticides on the genetic variability of the cotton aphids.2 Samples of A. gossypii were collected in cotton plots, treated or not with insecticides and from vegetable crops (Malvaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae) within the cotton growing area of northern Cameroon. The genetic structure of the samples was assessed using eight microsatellite markers. Insecticide resistance was estimated through the detection of two mutations in the ace‐1 gene that are associated with insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to carbamate and organophosphate insecticides.3 The results obtained show that both host plants and insecticides act in genetic structuring of A. gossypii. Ninety‐three percent of aphids collected on cotton were characterized by the same microsatellite multilocus genotype, Burk1, which also displays the insecticide resistant alleles.4 During the dry season, the cotton crop season after, the genotype Burk1 was principally found on two other malvaceous cultivated plants, rosella and okra, acting as suitable reservoir plants. The ability of the cotton aphid to move among asynchronous suitable habitats in response to changes in resource availability enables the pest to exploit unstable cropping systems. An understanding of the cotton aphid life system may aid to improve strategies for integrated resistance management.
New methods for the detection of insecticide resistant Myzus persicae in the U.K. suction trap network
Authors: Anstead James A. , Williamson Martin S. , Denholm Ian 
Published: June 2008

Abstract1 Myzus persicae is a highly polyphagous pest of U.K. agriculture. It presents particular control difficulties because it has developed resistance to several insecticide classes.2 For almost 20 years, M. persicae collected in the U.K. suction trap network have been analysed for insecticide resistance and the data disseminated to growers via a resistance bulletin. These data are generated by the biochemical analysis of individuals for two major resistance phenotypes: (i) elevated carboxylesterase and (ii) modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE).3 The development of new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based technologies using fluorescently labelled probes has allowed other resistance mechanisms, such as knockdown resistance to pyrethroids (kdr/super‐kdr), to be detected and has greatly increased the speed and accuracy of resistance monitoring. Unfortunately, these newer PCR‐based assays are incompatible with the older biochemical assays.4 The present study describes the development and testing of new compatible methods for detecting elevated carboxylesterases and MACE for use on M. persicae caught in the field or suction traps.5 These new tests have significant advantages over present methodologies by allowing individual aphids to be tested for three resistance mechanisms quickly and accurately on a single platform.
Longitudinal screening of serum lipids in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes in a UK clinic population
Authors: Edge J. A. , James T. , Shine B. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAims  To determine the prevalence of abnormal lipid levels in a large group of children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes and to examine the changes longitudinally. In addition, to study the relationships of any lipid abnormalities to glycaemic control, age and duration of diabetes.Methods  Non‐fasting blood samples were taken annually from all the patients in the Oxford Children's diabetes clinic and total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) measured over a period of 8 years. Low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and non‐HDL were calculated from these values and compared. Tests performed less than 4 months after diagnosis were excluded.Results  A total of 229 children had complete data from more than 1 year and 798 sets of data were examined. TC was lower in males and increased with duration of diabetes and with increasing HbA1c. HDL cholesterol fell with increasing age, but independently increased with duration, and was not related to HbA1c. LDL cholesterol and non‐HDL cholesterol were highly correlated (r = 0.9). Both were lower in males and increased with duration of diabetes. Non‐HDL cholesterol increased with HbA1c. A total of 23.7% had HDL cholesterol < 1.1 mmol/l and 22.5% had TC > 5.2 mmol/l. Thirty‐eight per cent had LDL cholesterol > 2.6 mmol/l and 10.8% > 3.4 mmol/l, the thresholds for lifestyle and drug intervention respectively.Conclusions  Abnormalities in plasma lipid levels are common in this age group and the prevalence increases with poor glycaemic control and with duration of diabetes. Around 10% of adolescents would fit criteria for lipid‐lowering medication in adults, but further study is needed to examine the risks and benefits in this age group.
Variability of lipids in patients with Type 2 diabetes taking statin treatment: implications for target setting
Authors: Sathyapalan T. , Atkin S. L. , Kilpatrick E. S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAims  To determine the biological variability of lipids in patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who are on statin treatment and then to assess any implications for current lipid targets.Methods  A cross‐over study of biological variation of lipids in 26 patients with T2DM taking either simvastatin 40 mg or atorvastatin 10 mg. After 3 months on one statin, fasting lipids were measured on 10 occasions over a 5‐week period. Following 3 months on the other statin, 10 further samples were taken over 5 weeks. The main outcome measures were biological variability of total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides.Results  The coefficient of variation (CV) of TC, LDL, HDL and triglycerides on simvastatin was 8.17, 13.11, 7.95 and 12.06%, respectively, whereas the CV on atorvastatin was 6.92, 10.30, 5.13 and 19.71%, respectively, with no statistically significant differences between statins. Treating to sustain a target TC < 5.0 mmol/l or LDL < 3.0 mmol/l means needing to maintain a mean TC of 4.3–4.4 mmol/l or LDL of 2.4–2.5 mmol/l. Treating to consistently achieve an LDL < 2.0 mmol/l means aiming for a mean of only 1.5–1.6 mmol/l.Conclusion  In patients with T2DM taking either simvastatin or atorvastatin, the mean TC and LDL concentrations needed to consistently remain below a target are much lower than the target value itself. This means that guideline target limits extrapolated from the mean values of patients participating in clinical studies may overestimate the lipid reductions required.
Glycaemic control and diabetes care utilization in young adults with Type 1 diabetes1
Authors: Sparud‐Lundin C. , Öhrn I. , Danielson E. , Forsander G. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectives  To explore how glycaemic control in young adults is related to diabetes care utilization during the transition to adult diabetes care and if these variables differ between males and females.Methods  This is a retrospective, longitudinal design following patients’ records from age 18–24 years. Adolescents (n = 104) connected to one paediatric outpatient clinic and referred to six different adult clinics were included. Data were collected regarding gender, age at diagnosis and transfer, yearly glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and body mass index, severe hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis, retinopathy and diabetes care utilization.Results  HbA1c decreased over time in females (P = 0.004) but not in males. Less than 10% had HbA1c in the recommended range during the study period. The decrease in severe hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis was not significant. The prevalence of background retinopathy increased from 5 to 29% during the study period (P < 0.001). Mean transfer age was 19.8 years. The youths visited the paediatric clinic more often than the adult clinic (P < 0.001) and females visited adult care more often than males (P = 0.04). There was a steady decrease in the number of visits/year over time (P < 0. 001). Poor glycaemic control was associated with more visits for both males and females (P = 0.005) in adult care.Conclusions  As there was no gender difference in the relation between HbA1c and the number of visits in adult diabetes care, the higher frequency of visits in adult care for females cannot be solely explained by their glycaemic control. Gender differences regarding diabetes care utilization should be further explored.
A comparison of diabetes clinics with different emphasis on routine care, complications assessment and shared care
Authors: Cheung N. W. , Yue D. K. , Kotowicz M. A. , Jones P. A. , Flack J. R. ,   on behalf of the Australian National Association of Diabetes Centres (a collaboration of the Australian Diabetes Society,   Australian Diabetes Educators Association)
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective  To compare clinical outcomes of patients attending diabetes clinics with different models of care.Methods   Diabetes centres which participated in the Australian National Diabetes Information Audit and Benchmarking (ANDIAB) data collection were invited to nominate whether they provided (i) routine diabetes care only (model A), (ii) routine care and structured annual complications screening (model B) or (iii) annual review and complications screening in a system of shared care with general practitioners (model C). De‐identified case data were extracted from ANDIAB and outcomes according to the three clinic models were compared.Results  Data on 3052 patients from 18 diabetes centres were analysed. Centres which practised annual complications screening (models B and C) had higher rates of nephropathy and lipid screening and a higher rate of attainment of recommended blood pressure and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) targets. The implementation of appropriate treatment for patients who had not attained the targets was similar for all three clinic models.Conclusions  In our study, clinic models which incorporate a system of structured complications screening were more likely to have met screening guidelines. Patients in a shared‐care model were at least as likely to have met management targets as those attending diabetes clinics for their routine care. Therefore, a system of shared care by general practitioners supported by annual review at a diabetes clinic may be an acceptable model which improves the capacity to manage large numbers of people with diabetes, without loss of quality of care.
Prevalence and projections of diabetes and pre‐diabetes in adults in Sri Lanka—Sri Lanka Diabetes, Cardiovascular Study (SLDCS)
Authors: Katulanda P. , Constantine G. R. , Mahesh J. G. , Sheriff R. , Seneviratne R. D. A. , Wijeratne S. , Wijesuriya M. , McCarthy M. I. , Adler A. I. , Matthews D. R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAims  To determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and pre‐diabetes (impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance) in adults in Sri Lanka. Projections for the year 2030 and factors associated with diabetes and pre‐diabetes are also presented.Methods  This cross‐sectional study was conducted between 2005 and 2006. A nationally representative sample of 5000 adults aged ≥ 18 years was selected by a multi‐stage random cluster sampling technique. Fasting plasma glucose was tested in all participants and a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test was performed in non‐diabetic subjects. Prevalence was estimated for those > 20 years of age.Results  Response rate was 91% (n = 4532), males 40%, age 46.1 ± 15.1 years (mean ± standard deviation). The age–sex standardized prevalence (95% confidence interval) of diabetes for Sri Lankans aged ≥ 20 years was 10.3% (9.4–11.2%) [males 9.8% (8.4–11.2%), females 10.9% (9.7–12.1%), P = 0.129). Thirty‐six per cent (31.9–40.1%) of all diabetic subjects were previously undiagnosed. Diabetes prevalence was higher in the urban population compared with rural [16.4% (13.8–19.0%) vs. 8.7% (7.8–9.6%); P < 0.001]. The prevalence of overall, urban and rural pre‐diabetes was 11.5% (10.5–12.5%), 13.6% (11.2–16.0%) and 11.0% (10.0–12.0%), respectively. Overall, 21.8% (20.5–23.1%) had some form of dysglycaemia. The projected diabetes prevalence for the year 2030 is 13.9%. Those with diabetes and pre‐diabetes compared with normal glucose tolerance were older, physically inactive, frequently lived in urban areas and had a family history of diabetes. They had higher body mass index, waist circumference, waist–hip ratio, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. Insulin was prescribed to 4.4% (2.7–6.1%) of all diabetic subjects.Conclusions  One in five adults in Sri Lanka has either diabetes or pre‐diabetes and one‐third of those with diabetes are undiagnosed.
Plasma triglycerides and LDL cholesterol are related in a parabolic fashion in the general population and patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: long‐term follow‐up results from the Hoorn study
Authors: Brouwers M. C. G. J. , Dekker J. M. , Van Greevenbroek M. M. J. , Van Der Kallen C. J. H. , Heine R. J. , De Bruin T. W. A. , Stehouwer C. D. A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAims  Low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels are often fairly normal in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We anticipated that a parabolic relation between plasma triglycerides and LDL‐C, as previously demonstrated in familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCHL), might account for this phenomenon.Methods  Our hypothesis was tested in 1343 subjects derived from the general population who were studied on two occasions 6 years apart (the Hoorn study). Three groups were constructed depending on plasma triglycerides: group A (individuals with both measurements below 1.5 mmol/l), group B (one measurement below and one above 1.5 mmol/l) and group C (both measurements above 1.5 mmol/l). Diabetes status was ascertained by an oral glucose tolerance test.Results  In a mixed linear model, a significant, positive relation between triglycerides and LDL‐C was observed for males in group A (βa = 0.5, P < 0.001) and group B (βb = 0.2, P < 0.001), whereas a significant negative relation was found for males in group C (βc = −0.2, P = 0.003). The regression slopes did not differ between diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects. Similar results were obtained for women, with the exception that the relation was not significantly negative in group C (βc = −0.1, P = 0.4).Conclusion  Plasma triglcyerides and LDL‐C are related in a parabolic fashion, not only in FCHL, but also in the general population and Type 2 DM. These findings aid our interpretation of typical dyslipidaemia and the effects of treatment that are frequently observed in hypertriglyceridaemic states.
Childhood body mass index (BMI), breastfeeding and risk of Type 1 diabetes: findings from a longitudinal national birth cohort
Authors: Viner R. M. , Hindmarsh P. C. , Taylor B. , Cole T. J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAims  To perform a longitudinal analysis of the association between childhood body mass index (BMI) and later risk of Type 1 diabetes, controlling for socio‐economic status, birthweight, height in early and late childhood, breastfeeding history and pubertal status.Methods  Analysis of the 1970 British Birth Cohort, followed up at age 5, 10 and 30 years (n = 11 261). Data were available on birthweight, breastfeeding; height, weight, pubertal status, socio‐economic status at age 10 years; self‐report data on history of diabetes (type, age at onset) at age 30 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine relations of childhood growth, socio‐economic status and breastfeeding history to the incidence of Type 1 diabetes between 10 and 30 years of age.Results  Sixty‐one subjects (0.5%) reported Type 1 diabetes at 30 years of age; 47 (77%) reported onset ≥ age 10 years. Higher BMI z‐score at 10 years predicted higher risk of subsequent Type 1 diabetes (hazard ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 2.8, P = 0.01) when adjusted for birthweight, pubertal status, breastfeeding history and socio‐economic status. Repeating the model for childhood obesity, the hazard ratio was 3.1 (1.0, 9.3; P = 0.05). Birthweight, breastfeeding, height growth and pubertal timing were not associated with incidence of Type 1 diabetes.Conclusions  Higher BMI in childhood independently increased the risk of later Type 1 diabetes, supporting suggestions that obesity may provide a link between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. This supports observations of a rise in Type 1 diabetes prevalence. Reduction in childhood obesity may reduce the incidence of Type 1 as well as Type 2 diabetes.
Point‐of‐care testing as a tool for screening for diabetes and pre‐diabetes
Authors: Rush E. , Crook N. , Simmons D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAim  To determine the utility of finger‐prick point‐of‐care testing (POCT) of blood glucose for the detection of dysglycaemia.Methods  A fasting POCT and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with laboratory assays were performed as part of the baseline screening for 5309 participants enrolled in the Te Wai o Rona Diabetes Prevention Strategy. Participants were aged 46 ± 19 years with no self‐reported diabetes. Dysglycaemia, including diabetes, was defined using World Health Organization criteria. Agreement between the two fasting plasma glucose measurements and their screening properties (with sensitivity and specificity for cut points) were compared using receiver operator characteristic analysis.Results  A total of 3225 participants had both capillary and venous fasting blood sampled within 30 min and then underwent OGTT. New diabetes was found in 161 participants (5.0%) and pre‐diabetes in 414 [impaired glucose tolerance 299 (9.3%), impaired fasting glucose 115 (3.6%)]. The mean difference in capillary and venous measures was 0.02 mmol/l (95% confidence interval −0.04 to +0.01; limits of agreement –1.37 to 1.33 mmol/l). Capillary POCT was a poorer predictor of dysglycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance and new diabetes (area under curve 0.76 and 0.71) than venous laboratory analysis (area under curve 0.87 and 0.81 respectively). Optimal screening criteria were best at a venous glucose of 5.4 mmol/l; 77% sensitivity/specificity.Conclusions  POCT significantly underestimated the true blood glucose at diagnostic levels for diabetes. POCT cannot be recommended as a means of screening for or diagnosing diabetes or pre‐diabetes.
The personal cost of diabetic foot disease in the developing world—a study from Pakistan
Authors: Ali S. M. , Fareed A. , Humail S. M. , Basit A. , Ahmedani M. Y. , Fawwad A. , Miyan Z. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAims  The aim of the present study was to estimate the direct cost of treatment of diabetic foot ulcer at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan in order to assess the extent of the economic burden which it imposes.Methods  Out of 383 patients seen at Foot clinic of Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE), records of 214 patients were analyzed while 169 patients left against medical advice (LAMA). The UT system was used to classify ulcer types. Information was retrieved on resource consumption (physician services, chiropody, investigations, medicines, hospital care and surgical procedures). Interventions were summed and multiplied by the unit price of each resource, using charges levied at BIDE in the year 2005, in order to calculate the total cost of treatment.Results  64% were male, with mean age 52.7 ± 10.2 years. Mean duration of diabetes was 16.2 ± 6.6 years. Majority (62.1%) were Grade 2 ulcer. The estimated direct cost of management increased from 2700 ± 250 rupees (£21 ± 2) for a UT grade 1, stage B ulcer to 37 415 ± 24 125 rupees (£288 ± 186) for UT grade 2, stage D and 49 058 ± 30 144 rupees (£378 ± 232) for UT grade 3, stage D ulcers, respectively. The mean direct cost of major amputation (transtibial or transfemoral) was 46 182 ± 30 742 (£356 ± 237) whilst the cost of a minor amputation was 50 494 ± 30 488 rupees (£389 ± 235).Conclusions  This retrospective study, despite having limitations, is important for a developing world country with limited data on health economics. Further larger scale prospective studies are needed to address this issue in more detail.
NICE guidance on diabetes in pregnancy: management of diabetes and its complications from preconception to the postnatal period. NICE clinical guideline 63. London, March 2008
Authors: Walker J. D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe care of pregnant women with disorders of glucose metabolism is a satisfying part of diabetes care but outcomes remain less than ideal. The evidence base to improve care has grown over subsequent decades and clinicians will welcome up‐to‐date NICE guidance on this topic. This review looks at the guidance from the perspective of a secondary care diabetes team.
A longitudinal study of affective and anxiety disorders, depressive affect and diabetes distress in adults with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Fisher L. , Skaff M. M. , Mullan J. T. , Arean P. , Glasgow R. , Masharani U. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAims  To report the prevalence and correlates of affective and anxiety disorders, depressive affect and diabetes distress over time.Methods  In a non‐interventional study, 506 patients with Type 2 diabetes were assessed three times over 18 months (9‐month intervals) for: major depressive disorder (MDD), general anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PANIC), dysthymia (DYS) (Composite International Diagnostic Interview); depressive affect [Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression (CES‐D)]; Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS); HbA1c; and demographic data.Results  Diabetic patients displayed high rates of affective and anxiety disorders over time, relative to community adults: 60% higher for MDD, 123% for GAD, 85% for PANIC, 7% for DYS. The prevalence of depressive affect and distress was 60–737% higher than of affective and anxiety disorders. The prevalence of individual patients with an affective and anxiety disorder over 18 months was double the rate assessed at any single wave. The increase for CES‐D and DDS was about 60%. Persistence of CES‐D and DDS disorders over time was significantly greater than persistence of affective and anxiety disorders, which tended to be episodic. Younger age, female gender and high comorbidities were related to persistence of all conditions over time. HbA1c was positively related to CES‐D and DDS, but not to affective and anxiety disorders over time.Conclusions  The high prevalence of comorbid disorders and the persistence of depressive affect and diabetes distress over time highlight the need for both repeated mental health and diabetes distress screening at each patient contact, not just periodically, particularly for younger adults, women and those with complications/comorbidities.