bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polychromatic flow cytometry: A rapid method for the reduction and analysis of complex multiparameter data
Authors: Petrausch Ulf , Haley Daniel , Miller William , Floyd Kevin , Urba Walter J. , Walker Edwin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground:Recent advances in flow cytometry have resulted in the development of reliable techniques for performing polychromatic (5–17 color) flow cytometry analysis. However, the data reduction and analysis involved in the resolution of hundreds of possible cellular subphenotypes identified, using a single polychromatic flow cytometry staining panel, presents a major obstacle to the successful application of this technology.Methods:To generate two distinct collections of T cell populations with differentially expressed surface markers, cryopreserved lymph node cells from 5 melanoma patients vaccinated with the modified gp100209‐2M melanoma peptide were stimulated with cognate peptide and cultured in either IL‐21 + low‐dose IL‐2 or IL‐15 + low‐dose IL‐2. In vitro stimulated (IVS) cells were interrogated using 8‐color flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using Winlist Hyperlog™ and FCOM™ software, and 32 T cell subsets were resolved for each culture condition. Hierarchical clustering analysis was applied to the relative percentages of each subphenotype for both IVS conditions to determine if unique cell surface marker expression signatures were produced for each IVS culture.Results:Sequential data analysis using Hyperlog™ and FCOM™ demonstrated that lymphocytes cultured in IL‐21 + IL‐2 had a distinctively different set of subphenotype signatures compared to cells grown in IL‐15 + IL‐2 for all 5 patients. Importantly, subsequent cluster analysis of all 32 subphenotype frequencies in each IVS test condition for all 5 patients reproducibly demonstrated that cellular subphenotypes produced after IL‐21 + IL‐2 IVS partitioned separately from subphenotypes produced by IL‐15 + IL‐2 IVS.Conclusions:The integrated sequential use of Hyperlog™ and FCOM™ software with cluster analysis algorithms for the reduction and analysis of polychromatic flow cytometry data produces an effective, rapid technique for the assessment of complex patterns of subphenotype expression between and within multiple test samples. This approach to data analysis may enhance the use of polychromatic flow cytometry for both research and clinical applications. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
FoxN3 is required for craniofacial and eye development of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Schuff Maximilian , Rössner Antje , Wacker Stephan A. , Donow Cornelia , Gessert Susanne , Knöchel Walter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA functional knockdown of FoxN3, a member of subclass N of fork head/winged helix transcription factors in Xenopus laevis, leads to an abnormal formation of the jaw cartilage, absence or malformation of distinct cranial nerves, and reduced size of the eye. While the eye phenotype is due to an increased rate of apoptosis, the cellular basis of the jaw phenotype is more complex. The upper and lower jaw cartilages are derivatives of a subset of cranial neural crest cells, which migrate into the first pharyngeal arch. Histological analysis of FoxN3‐depleted embryos reveals severe deformation and false positioning of infrarostral, Meckel's, and palatoquadrate cartilages, structural elements derived from the first pharyngeal arch, and of the ceratohyale, which derives from the second pharyngeal arch. The derivatives of the third and fourth pharyngeal arches are less affected. FoxN3 is not required for early neural crest migration. Defects in jaw formation rather arise by failure of differentiation than by positional effects of crest migration. By GST‐pulldown analysis, we have identified two different members of histone deacetylase complexes (HDAC), xSin3 and xRPD3, as putative interaction partners of FoxN3, suggesting that FoxN3 regulates craniofacial and eye development by recruiting HDAC. Developmental Dynamics 236:226–239, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of mental health problems and negative caregiving experiences in carers of adolescents with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Winn Suzanne , Perkins Sarah , Walwyn Rebecca , Schmidt Ulrike , Eisler Ivan , Treasure Janet , Berelowitz Mark , Dodge Liz , Frost Susie , Jenkins Mari , Johnson‐Sabine Eric , Keville Saskia , Murphy Rebecca , Robinson Paul , Yi Irene 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjective:This exploratory study focuses on the mental health (MH) and caregiving experience of carers of adolescents with Bulimia Nervosa (BN)/Eating Disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), aiming to determine: levels of MH problems in carers and if a negative experience of caregiving predicts carer MH status and which factors predict a negative experience of caregiving.Method:Hundred and twelve carers and 68 adolescents with BN/EDNOS completed self‐report measures (General Health Questionnaire, Experience of Caregiving Inventory, Level of Expressed Emotion, Self‐report Family Inventory, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems).Results:Over half of the carers reported some MH problems and a minority (5.4%) were experiencing considerable difficulties. A negative experience of caregiving predicted carer MH status. Higher weekly contact hours and patient ratings of expressed emotion (EE) predicted a negative experience of caregiving.Conclusions:Interventions focusing on reducing EE and contact hours could prove beneficial for both patient and caregiver outcomes. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Cobalt and Nickel Oxide Architectures in Metal Carboxylate Frameworks: From Coordination Polymers to 3D Inorganic Skeletons
Authors: Guillou Nathalie , Livage Carine , Férey Gérard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis microreview is devoted to the synthesis and properties of nickel and cobalt polycarboxylates, which are classified in terms of the geometries of the organic moieties. It is divided into three main sections — dicarboxylates, tricarboxylates and tetra‐ and hexacarboxylates — and discusses the extreme diversity of these architectures. Numerous topologies can be obtained, ranging from coordination polymers to 3D inorganic skeletons. This microreview begins with the widely studied cobalt succinate system, for which, to date, seven compounds have been reported. Then, examples from malonate to pimelate illustrate the influence of the length of the organic ligand, whereas examples from fumarate to diphenate illustrate the effects of rigidity and complexity. In the same way, examples from trimesate to mellitate show the effects of “multiconnecting” organic partners. These latter seem to disadvantage metal oxide condensation, since the two 3D inorganic frameworks contain linear dicarboxylate ions. On the other hand, 3D nickel oxide skeletons seem to be easier to synthesise than cobalt ones. Moreover, under similar hydrothermal conditions, using cobalt and nickel generally leads to different architectures.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of New Enantiopure Fluorinated Phenylcyclopropanecarboxylates – Potential Chiral Dopants for Liquid‐Crystal Compositions
Authors: Hruschka Svenja , Fröhlich Roland , Kirsch Peer , Haufe Günter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe reaction of α‐fluorostyrene (1a) with methyl phenyldiazoacetate in the presence of Rh2(OAc)4 gave a 64:36 mixture of diastereomeric monofluorinated cyclopropanes 5a and 6a. When using chiral RhII catalysts Rh2(TBSP)4 (7) and Rh2(DOSP)4 (8), the products were obtained enantioselectively in up to >99 % ee for both (1R,2R)‐5a and (1R,2S)‐6a. The fluorocyclopropane derivatives are of interest as dopants to induce chirality in liquid‐crystal mixtures. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A boy primed Sue: feature‐based processing and person construal
Authors: Macrae C. Neil , Martin Douglas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEveryday social interaction is often dominated by categorical thinking, with generic group‐based knowledge structures guiding people's dealings with others. Noting the important influence that category‐cueing facial features exert during the initial stages of person construal, the current work explored the effects of hair cues on the process and temporal dynamics of sex categorization. Using a standard priming paradigm to index the products of person construal (i.e., categorical and stereotype‐ based knowledge), the results of three experiments revealed that: (i) hair cues alone are sufficient to trigger category and stereotype activation; and (ii) during the early stages of person perception, these cues have the capacity to reverse conventional priming effects and generate errors of categorical assignment (e.g., female faces prime male knowledge). These findings are considered in the context of contemporary accounts of person construal. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring chemical heat production rates of biofuels by isothermal calorimetry for hazardous evaluation modelling
Authors: Wadsö Lars 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBiofuels are commonly stored in large stacks that may heat up and self‐ignite from microbiological and chemical heat production. This paper shows how isothermal (heat conduction) calorimetry can be used to measure heat production rates of biofuels at relatively low temperatures close to where self‐heating starts to become a problem. Measurements can be made to assess how the reaction rate is a function of such factors as temperature, extent of reaction, oxygen pressure, water content and the presence of catalytic compounds. In the present paper, measurements on pellets made of wood and bark are presented together with an analysis of how the reaction rate of the bark pellets depends on the oxygen pressure. It is also shown that 1% iron or copper ions increased the reaction rate of wood pellets by a factor of three. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the influence of scanner background noise on auditory processing. II. An fMRI study comparing auditory processing in the absence and presence of recorded scanner noise using a sparse design
Authors: Gaab Nadine , Gabrieli John D.E. , Glover Gary H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral studies reported decreased signal intensities within auditory areas for experimental designs employing continuous scanner background noise (SBN) in comparison to designs with less or no SBN. This study examined the source for this SBN‐induced masking effect of the blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) response by directly comparing two experimental sessions with the same auditory stimulation, which was presented either with or without recorded scanner background noise (RecSBN). Ten subjects listened to a series of four one‐syllable words and had to decide whether two of the words were identical. The words were either presented with a silent background or with added RecSBN. This was then contrasted with either silence or RecSBN. A sparse temporal sampling method was used in both sessions, which enabled us to directly assess the influence of RecSBN without varying scanning parameters, acquisition quantities, or auditory stimulations. Our results suggest that previously reported SBN‐induced masking of the BOLD response in experimental designs with SBN might be caused by an interaction between increased baseline levels and nonlinearity effects within auditory cortices. Adding SBN to an experimental condition does not enhance signal intensities to the same degree that SBN does when presented with a silent background, and therefore contrasting an experimental and baseline condition that both have SBN may lead to signal decreases. In addition, our study shows this effect is greatest in Heschl's gyrus, but can also be observed in higher‐order auditory areas. Hum Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gas–liquid interfacial area and mass transfer coefficient in a co‐current down flow contacting column
Authors: Dursun Gülbeyi , Akosman Cevdet 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe gas–liquid interfacial area and mass transfer coefficient for absorption of oxygen from air into water, aqueous glycerol solutions up to 1.5% (w/w) and fermentation medium containing glucose up to a 3% concentration were determined in a co‐current down flow contacting column (CDCC; 0.05 m i.d. and 0.8 m length). Experimental studies were conducted using various nozzle diameters at different gas and re‐circulation liquid rates. Specific interfacial area (a) is determined from the fractional gas hold‐up (εG) and the average bubble diameter (db). Once the interfacial area is determined, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) is then used to evaluate the film mass transfer coefficient in the CDCC. The effects of operating conditions and liquid properties on the specific interfacial area were investigated. The values of interfacial area in air–aqueous glycerol solutions and fermentation media were found to be lower than those in the air–water system. As far as experimental conditions were concerned, the values of interfacial area obtained from this study were found to be considerably higher than those of the literature values of conventional bubble columns. The penetration theory is used to interpret the film mass transfer coefficient and results match the experimental kL data reasonably well. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of dissolved compounds in submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactors (SAMBRs)
Authors: Aquino Sérgio F , Hu Alan Y , Akram Aurangzeb , Stuckey David C 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactors (SAMBRs) with essentially 100% cell recycle (150 days retention time, SRT), one with powdered activated carbon addition (PAC 1.7 g L−1) and one without, were continuously fed a low‐strength feed (450 mg COD L−1) in order to investigate membrane fouling and to characterize the foulants. The SAMBR which did not receive PAC experienced more fouling, and the molecular weight (MW) distribution showed that there was a greater amount of high‐MW compounds in this reactor when compared with the reactor with PAC. Size exclusion chromatography showed that although extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) seemed to contribute to the soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) inside the reactor, it was mainly rejected by the membrane. High‐MW protein and carbohydrate material originating mainly from cell lysis and EPS seemed to be the main organics that contributed to the internal fouling of the membrane. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
On the characterisation of wax deposition in an oscillatory baffled device
Authors: Ismail Lukman , Westacott Robin E , Ni Xiong‐Wei 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDeposition from viscous fluids in industrial processes is a major nuisance during production of many useful materials ranging from oil to foodstuffs. In a cold‐wall scenario rapid deposition of gel‐like material causes restriction, processing delays and potentially reduction in product quality. One well‐known example of this phenomenon is paraffin wax deposition, which is one of the greatest challenges in the petroleum industry, where the main implication is the blockage of oil. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of applying oscillation on wax deposition, with the main focuses on the effects of oscillation frequencies and amplitudes, as well as the volume of the wax‐oil mixture. Wax deposit formation was measured gravimetrically. The results indicate that baffles and oscillation reduce wax deposition; increasing both oscillation frequency and amplitude result in a decrease in wax deposition; and the degree of reduction is greater with changing oscillation amplitude than with frequency. It was also found that deposition on the column wall rather than the baffles was the main contribution to the total wax deposit. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of tritium‐labeled Silybin—a protectant for common liver diseases
Authors: Lee D. Y. W. , Zhang X. , Ji X. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSilymarin, the seed extract of milk thistle plant, Silybum marianum, has been used traditionally for the treatment of liver diseases and bile duct infection. Silybin 1 is the main bioactive components of silymarin, consisting a pair of diastereomers: Silybin A and Silybin B. In this article, we report the preparation of tritium‐labeled Silybin, which was accomplished by protection of Silybin as tritylated compound 2 and followed by oxidation of the primary alcohol to its corresponding aldehyde 3. Subsequent reduction with NaB[3H]4 and deprotection of the trityl group provided the tritium‐labeled Silybin 4. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan impairs fracture healing: An experimental study in rats
Authors: Reikerås Olav , Wang Jacob E. , Foster Simon J. , Utvåg Stein E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStahylococcus aureus is the common organism causing musculoskeletal infectons. Stahylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (SaPG) has been identified to increase the acute inflammatory response to wounding, increase reparative granulation tissue, and improve healing. The healing of bone fractures is a balanced process of granulation tissue that is calcified to obtain increasing stability. By increasing reparative collagen accumulation, however, SaPG may induce a shift towards immature fibrous callus production. Therefore, it was our hypothesis that SaPG would impair bone healing after fracture. In three groups, each of nine rats, a middiaphyseal osteotomy/fracture of the femoral bone was performed and then nailed. In one group of animals, SaPG was applied locally at the fracture site, and in another group SaPG was applied intraperitoneally (systemically). Control littermate received saline. The animals were sacrificed after 6 weeks, and the mechanical characteristics of the healing osteotomies were evaluated. We found that application of SaPG locally induced a hypertrophic and immature callus as evaluated by callus production, by bone mineral content and density, and by bending moment and rigidity. In the rats given SaPG intraperitoneally, bone healing went uneventful compared to the control rats. Collectively, these data show that SaPG induces an alteration in the normal bone healing response towards a less calcified callus production. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:262–266, 2007
Pathogenesis of medulloblastoma and current treatment outlook
Authors: Jozwiak Jaroslaw , Grajkowska Wieslawa , Wlodarski Pawel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMedulloblastoma is the most common malignant tumor of the cerebellum in children, with a tendency to metastasize via CSF pathway. Survival rate varies depending on several factors, but is rather favorable, with radiotherapy as the treatment of choice. Irradiation of the craniospinal axis results, however, in severe neuropsychological and psychosocial impairments pertaining to memory, attention, motor functioning, language, and visuospatial abilities. Precise mechanisms underlying the formation of medulloblastoma are still unclear, but implication of at least three signaling molecules is postulated: insulin‐like growth factor‐I, WNT, and Sonic hedgehog. Thanks to increasing knowledge on the cellular mechanisms contributing to tumor formation, it is possible to propose new therapies that could replace radiotherapy or allow decreasing irradiation doses. The current review presents recent developments in medulloblastoma pathophysiology research and proposed inhibitors that could constitute good candidates for further pharmacological research. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 6, 869–890, 2007
Effect of in ovo immobilization on development of chick hind‐limb articular cartilage: An evaluation using micro‐MRI measurement of delayed gadolinium uptake
Authors: Sawamura Chigusa , Takahashi Masaya , McCarthy Kathryn J. , Shen Zhenxin , Fukai Naomi , Rodriguez Edward K. , Snyder Brian D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo examine the effect of immobilization on the development of articular cartilage, we assessed glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in the chick articular surface by delayed gadolinium‐enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC). Chick embryos were paralyzed by decamethonium bromide (DMB) from day 10 to either day 13 or day 16. The GAG content of the chick knee was compared with that of nonparalyzed chick embryos. Histologic analysis was unable to quantify GAG content; however, dGEMRIC demonstrated that GAG content was higher in the femoral condyles of the nonparalyzed embryos on day 13, and on day 16 the GAG content was lower in both the femoral condyles and the tibial plateaus of the nonparalyzed embryos. These results suggest that paralysis delays embryonic hind‐limb development. Osteoblastic activity at the cartilage canal, as demonstrated by staining for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), was present only in the nonparalyzed chick embryos on day 16. The GAG content of the cartilage decreased when the cartilage canals began to form on day 16. The effect of immobilization on hind‐limb development was indicated by the differences in the GAG content of the cartilage anlage measured by dGEMRIC in the developing knee joint of paralyzed and nonparalyzed embryonic chicks. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI relaxation fluctuations in acute reperfused hemorrhagic infarction
Authors: Foltz W.D. , Yang Y. , Graham J.J. , Detsky J.S. , Wright G.A. , Dick A.J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMRI evaluations of intramyocardial hemorrhage in acute infarction have relied on T2 and T shortening only. We propose a more comprehensive evaluation of hemorrhagic infarction based on the concept that fluctuations in T2 and T1 relaxation in acute reperfused infarction will reflect transient edema and hemoglobin oxidative denaturation to uncompartmentalized methemoglobin. Anteroapical infarction was created via percutaneous balloon in young swine (22–25 kg, N = 12). T2, T1, diastolic wall thickness (DWT), and the Gd‐DTPA partition coefficient (λ) were measured on days 0, 2, and 7. DWT was elevated at 1 hr postreperfusion (128% ± 53%, P = 0.0001), and alleviated on days 2 and 7 (48% ± 10%, P = 0.008; 53% ± 24%, P = 0.003). T2 and T1 elevations were coincident with early edema (ΔT2 = 55% ± 24%, P < 0.0001; ΔT1 = 27% ± 18%, P < 0.04). T2 and T1 were nearly normal on day 2 (ΔT2 = 8% ± 8%, P = 0.27; ΔT1 = 0% ± 1%, P = 0.65). On day 7, T2 increased while T1 decreased (ΔT2 = 27% ± 16%, P = 0.005; ΔT1 = −14% ± 10%, P = 0.02). λ was elevated by >150% at all time points (P ≤ 0.002). Histology verified hemorrhagic injury. T1 and T2 fluctuations are consistent with transient edema, as well as hemoglobin oxidative denaturation to decompartmentalized methemoglobin. This methodological development may broaden our understanding of hemorrhagic microvascular injury and improve its detection in clinical populations. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved echo volumar imaging (EVI) for functional MRI
Authors: van der Zwaag Wietske , Francis Susan , Bowtell Richard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEcho volumar imaging (EVI) is a 3D modification of echo‐planar imaging (EPI) that allows data from an entire volume to be acquired following a single RF excitation. EVI provides a high rate of volumar data acquisition, which is advantageous for functional MRI (fMRI). However, few studies to date have applied EVI to fMRI, since because of gradient hardware limitations EVI generally has to be used with long sampling times, resulting in high sensitivity to susceptibility‐induced distortions. In this study we modified the EVI sequence to improve its suitability for fMRI. The sampling time is reduced by the use of a high gradient‐switching frequency, a small number of echoes, and outer volume suppression (OVS); rewind gradients ameliorate Nyquist ghosting; and phase correction via a calibration scan reduces ghosting and distortion. It is shown that the modified EVI sequence allows fMRI data to be acquired with a temporal resolution of 167 ms. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.