bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison between mivacurium and suxamethonium in children
Authors: MANGAT P. S. , EVANS D. E. N. , HARMER M. , LUNN J. N. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe neuromuscular effects of mivacurium were compared with those of suxamethonium in 69 children (aged 2–12 years), during nitrous oxide, oxygen and halothane anaesthesia in a randomised open study. Neuromuscular block was monitored by measuring the acceleration of the thumb caused by contraction of the adductor pollicis muscle after supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist using an Accelograph. End‐tidal carbon dioxide was maintained at about 4 kPa in both groups. The mean times (95% confidence intervals) for T1: T0 ratio to decrease to 75%, 50%, 25% and 5% of control values were 50 (42–59), 62 (52–74), 83 (68–100) and 93 (46–108) s respectively for mivacurium and 18 (15–22), 26 (22–30), 32 (28–37) and 43 (38–49) s respectively for suxamethonium. The times for T1: T0 ratio to recover to 25%, 50% and 70% of control values were 615 (542–698), 769 (687–859) and 901 (820–993) s respectively for mivacurium and 196 (179–214), 216 (201–234) and 242 (216–259) s respectively for suxamethonium. The range of maximum block was similar for both drugs. The average time to reach maximum block was 143 s for mivacurium and 56 s for suxamethonium. Intubating conditions were similar in the two groups.
Comparison of intubation following propofol and alfentanil with intubation following thiopentone and suxamethonium
Authors: BECK G. N. , MASTERSON G. R. , RICHARDS J. , BUNTING P. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe have compared a rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia using propofol 2 mg.kg−1 and alfentanil 50 μg.kg−1, with a standard technique using thiopentone 5 mg.kg−1 and suxamethonium 1 mg.kg−1. The incidence of complications, and the quality of conditions for intubation, were similar in both groups. The patients receiving propofol and alfentanil showed a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate following induction (p < 0.01), whereas the group receiving thiopentone and suxamethonium showed a significant increase in blood pressure and heart rate following induction (p < 0.01). The use of propofol and alfentanil provided a satisfactory alternative to thiopentone and suxamethonium for a rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia.
Addition of droperidol to patient‐controlled analgesia: effect on nausea and vomiting
Authors: WILLIAMS O. A. , CLARKE F. L. , HARRIS R. W. , SMITH P. , PEACOCK J. E. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA double‐blind trial of the effect of droperidol on the incidence of nausea and vomiting in patients using patient‐controlled analgesia was carried out in 60 healthy women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. After a standard anaesthetic including droperidol 2.5 mg as a prophylactic antiemetic, patients were randomly allocated to receive postoperative patient‐controlled analgesia with either morphine alone (2mg.ml−1) or morphine (2mg.ml−1) with droperidol (0.2 mg.ml−1) added to the syringe. Verbal scores and visual analogue scores for nausea, vomiting, pain and sedation were made at 4, 12 and 24 h postoperatively, and any requirement for intramuscular prochlorperazine noted. There was no difference between the groups at any time in the amount of morphine consumed or in pain scores. At 12 h, patients receiving droperidol experienced significantly less nausea, and over the first 24 h, 31% required prochlorperazine compared with 59.3% of patients not receiving droperidol. The number of patients with sedation at 24 h was significantly greater in the droperidol group. We conclude that the addition of droperidol to morphine both reduces nausea and the need for further antiemetic treatment.
Rhabdomyolysis following life‐threatening acute asthma attack
Authors: VISETTI E. , COSTA P. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe authors report a life‐threatening, acute asthmatic attack in a young man, which was followed by rhabdomyolysis and acute myoglobinuria. A discussion of the possible role of the pharmacological treatment of asthma in initiating muscle damage is included, based on a review of the current literature.
Epidural catheters
Authors: DAVIES R. , VAUGHAN R. S. , RICHARDS J. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe forces required to break and to remove catheters from epidural spaces were investigated. Provided the patient's back is fully flexed and a slow steady pull is applied to the epidural catheter, the extraction forces required at both thoracic and lumbar levels are well below the minimum force required to break the same catheters.
Assessing the extraction and quantification of amorphous silica in soils of forest and grassland ecosystems
Authors: Saccone L. , Conley D. J. , Koning E. , Sauer D. , Sommer M. , Kaczorek D. , Blecker S. W. , Kelly E. F. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryMany studies have highlighted the importance of the Amorphous Silica (ASi) pool to the overall mass balance in the biogeosphere. In order to advance our knowledge of measurements and quantification of this pool, it is necessary to compare the ability of different extractants to dissolve ASi in soils and to test methods developed in the aquatic sciences to soils systems. The methods used in this work included three acid extraction techniques (0.2 m NH4‐oxalate, 0.1 m NH4‐citrate and 0.5 m NH4‐acetate) and two alkaline extraction techniques (0.094 m Na2CO3 and 0.5 m NaOH), which are more commonly used for the measurement of ASi in aquatic sediments. Our results indicate that the amount of Si extracted from phytolith samples with the acid methods was two orders of magnitude less than the amount of extracted by alkaline extractions. When applied to natural soil samples, these extractions show that the acid techniques are only able to extract loosely‐bound components such as adsorbed Si and Si bound in amorphous matrices with Al and Fe. While Na2CO3 or NaOH extracted the same amount of ASi in Podzols, Na2CO3 was able to extract only part of the ASi extracted with NaOH in Chernozems. Pre‐treatment of the samples with 0.1 m HCl before the Na2CO3 extraction did not increase amounts of ASi extracted. The present work suggests that alkaline methods used commonly for ASi on aquatic sediment samples can be used on a wide variety of soils.
Analysing the preferential transport of lead in a vegetated roadside soil using lysimeter experiments and a dual‐porosity model
Authors: Roulier S. , Robinson B. , Kuster E. , Schulin R. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryLead (Pb) from the traffic accumulates in roadside soils, which are usually vegetated to control erosion. Plants release soluble organic substances that bind Pb. Root macropores also create preferential pathways through which water can flow. Both these processes may enhance Pb mobility. We used large lysimeters to investigate the transport of Pb in a contaminated (445 mg Pb kg−1) soil under vegetation (Phacelia tanacetifolia). Despite the high soil pH (7.2), Pb leached into the drainage water during the 5‐month experiment. The fast response of the system to intense rainfall events indicated the presence of preferential flow. By comparing Pb concentrations in filtered and unfiltered leachates, we found that Pb was leaching primarily on suspended material. An increase in Pb concentration in the leachate at the end of the experiment indicated the remobilization of Pb, possibly by decaying vegetation. We parameterized the dual‐porosity MACRO model using the experimental results. The simple parameterization of MACRO used to simulate the Pb concentrations in the drainage water produced an overall model efficiency of 0.81: MACRO simulated the Pb concentrations well, but it failed to predict the observed increase of Pb in the leachate at the end of the experiment. The model gave the best prediction of Pb concentrations with a small partition coefficient (kd= 150 cm3 g−1). Long‐term simulations of Pb mobility showed that for our specific conditions preferential flow was the main process determining the fate of Pb.
Genetic transduction in freshwater ecosystems
Authors: OGUNSEITAN OLADELE A. 
Published: August 2007

Summary1. Lateral genetic exchange is a profound consequence of the co‐existence of viruses (bacteriophages) and bacteria in freshwater ecosystems. Transduction is distinct from other mechanisms of genetic exchange because it is driven by potentially lethal agents external to the donor and recipient cells. Therefore, transduction is reputed to be a major driving force behind the diversity in natural populations and communities of bacteria.2. Both generalized transduction (where every segment of the donor's genome has equal chance of being transferred to a recipient cell) and specialized transduction (where certain donor gene sequences are transferred at higher frequencies than others based on their proximity to the integration site of the transducing bacteriophage genome) have been demonstrated for various freshwater bacteria. However, these genetic exchange events occur at frequencies that vary widely, from 10−2 to 10−10 transductants per recipient, depending on the influence of various physical, chemical and biotic environmental factors on the outcome of phage–host encounters. Methodological constraints limit the interpretation of results from early studies of transduction in freshwaters because those studies introduced exogenous organisms in microcosms and excluded, to different extents, naturally occurring environmental conditions and their variability.3. To assist the design and extrapolation of empirical observations, mathematical models including application of Group Theory are useful to estimate boundaries of the impact of transduction in generating and maintaining microbial diversity in freshwater. These theoretical excursions generate hypotheses and questions that can only be answered through refinement of current empirical estimates of transduction frequency, polarity of gene mobilization, bacteriophage host ranges, and the influence of gradients in environmental parameters that characterize freshwater ecosystems.
Histological evaluation of MTA as a root‐end filling material
Authors: Bernabé P. F. E. , Gomes‐Filho J. E. , Rocha W. C. , Nery M. J. , Otoboni‐Filho J. A. , Dezan‐Júnior E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAim  To assess the histological response associated with grey mineral trioxide aggregate (GMTA) and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) as root‐end filling materials in teeth where the root canals were not filled and the coronal access cavities were not restored.Methodology  Periapical lesions were developed in 24 premolar teeth in three dogs. The root canals were prepared and half of them were dried, filled and the coronal access restored (closed). The remaining teeth were not root filled and no coronal restoration was placed (open). Apical root‐end resections were performed 3 mm from the apex, and root‐end cavities were prepared with ultrasonic tips. These were randomly filled with either ZOE or GMTA in the same number of specimens using MAPSYSTEM device. After 180 days the animals were killed and blocks of tissues removed and processed for histological examination. Periradicular tissue reaction was evaluated, including severity of inflammation and cementum formation. Statistical analysis was performed using anova analysis and Tukey's test.Results  A significant difference was found between the levels of inflammation in the periradicular tissues of the GMTA/closed group, compared with the ZOE/open and ZOE/closed groups (P < 0.05) but not between GMTA/closed and GMTA/open groups. Cementum formation was not found over any ZOE specimens but over MTA in all specimens. No microorganisms were found in the interface between the material and the dentinal walls.Conclusions  GMTA was associated with less periapical inflammation and tissue response when used as a root‐end filling material, even when no root filling or coronal restoration was present.
The sealing ability of GuttaFlow™ in oval‐shaped canals: an ex vivo study using a polymicrobial leakage model
Authors: De‐Deus G. , Brandão M. C. , Fidel R. A. S. , Fidel S. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAim  To compare systematically the sealing ability provided by four endodontic cements: AH Plus, Pulp Canal Sealer EWT, RoekoSeal and GuttaFlow.Methodology  A sample of 100 human mandibular incisors with oval‐shaped canals was selected from an initial sampling of two hundred teeth. The root canals in 80 teeth were prepared and filled by the same operator using the cold lateral compaction technique with one of the following four cements (n = 20): G1: AH Plus; G2: Pulp Canal Sealer EWT; G3: RoekoSeal and G4: GuttaFlow. Ten teeth with intact crowns served as negative controls and 10 teeth that were not root filled served as positive controls. All teeth were mounted in a two chamber apparatus and then exposed to human saliva. The number of days over a 9‐weeks‐period was recorded for the appearance of turbidity in the BHI broth. A Log‐rank test was used to analyse the leakage data.Results  Overall, 30% of the samples of the AH Plus group (G1) and 35% of the Pulp Canal Sealer EWT group (G2) were fully contaminated after 9 weeks, whereas 15% of RoekoSeal (G3) and GuttaFlow (G4) groups were fully contaminated. There was a significant difference between (G1/G2) and (G3/G4) (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between G1 and G2 or between G3 and G4 (P > 0.05).Conclusion  The silicone‐based sealers revealed the best results throughout the experimental period. Leakage patterns of AH plus and Pulp Canal Sealer were statistically similar.
The use of bispectral index monitoring in education – a tool to improve nurse‐anaesthetists practice
Authors: Vedtofte Jakob I. , Rasmussen Lars S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTitle.  The use of bispectral index monitoring in education – a tool to improve nurse‐anaesthetists practice Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to investigate whether monitoring depth of anaesthesia by bispectral index would reduce recovery time and consumption of anaesthetic drugs in anaesthetics performed by student nurse‐anaesthetists.Background.  It is difficult to assess the depth of anaesthesia clinically. Studies have shown that experienced anaesthetists can titrate anaesthetics more accurately when using bispectral index monitors. It is not known if student nurse‐anaesthetists can benefit from their use in a similar way.Method.  A multicentre study involving four hospitals was carried out during a 13‐month period in 2003 and 2004. In total 25 nurses participated, each contributing with two procedures: one with monitoring and one without. The nurses had at least 10 months of experience in conducting anaesthesia and all had a theoretical introduction and a test session to become familiar with the equipment. The sequence was randomized and the observer was blinded to whether a monitor was used. Fifty patients were anaesthetized with propofol and fentanyl. Recovery time, consumption of anaesthetic drugs, and patient satisfaction were measured in both groups.Results.  Recovery time was 11 minutes in the monitor group (range: 2–53 minutes) and 15 minutes in the control group, (range: 3–60 minutes). P = 0·26. There were no statistically significant differences in consumption of anaesthetic drugs or patient satisfaction in the two groups.Conclusion.  It was not possible to demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in recovery time or consumption of anaesthetic drugs when using bispectral index monitoring during training of student nurse‐anaesthetists.
Preserving dignity in caring for older adults: a concept analysis
Authors: Anderberg Patrice , Lepp Margret , Berglund Anna‐Lena , Segesten Kerstin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTitle.  Preserving dignity in caring for older adults: a concept analysis Aim. This paper is a report of a concept analysis of the meaning of preserving dignity.Background. Preserving dignity, especially when caring for older adults, is essential when giving nursing care. There is a lack of clarity about what kinds of caring activities lead to preserved dignity.Method. Data were collected using several databases (CINAHL, Age Info, Libris, Medline, Pub Med, Psyc INFO and Blackwell Synergy) covering the years 1990–2005. The keywords used were ‘dignity’, ‘human dignity’, ‘preserving dignity’, ‘elderly’, ‘aged’, combined with ‘patients/persons’, ‘caring relation’ and ‘nursing’. The analysis covered 53 articles, dissertations, reports and textbooks.Findings. Dignity may be defined as a concept that relates to basic humanity. Dignity consists of inherent and external dimensions, which are common for all humans and at the same time are unique for each person, relating to social and cultural aspects. The attributes of preserving dignity are individualized care, control restored, respect, advocacy and sensitive listening. Antecedents are professional knowledge, responsibility, reflection and non‐hierarchical organization. The consequences are strengthening life spirit, an inner sense of freedom, self‐respect and successful coping.Conclusion. Preserving an older adult’s dignity is complex. By using the attributes in, for example, nursing documentation, the action and value of preserving dignity could be made visible as a professional nursing activity.
Smoking cessation interventions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the role of the family: a systematic literature review
Authors: Luker Karen A. , Chalmers Karen I. , Caress Ann‐Louise , Salmon Margaret P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTitle.  Smoking cessation interventions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the role of the family: a systematic literature review Aim.  This paper is a report of a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of family‐focused smoking cessation interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and to determine what data on families are documented in studies of smoking cessation interventions.Background.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major public health problem and cigarette smoking is the most important factor contributing to its development and progression. However, smoking cessation rates are low and relapse is common. The role of families in smoking cessation efforts has received little attention.Methods.  All studies were included in the review that (i) addressed an evaluation of a psycho‐social/educational smoking cessation intervention for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, (ii) addressed some information on the family (i.e. living arrangements, marital status, smoking history of family members, support for quitting) and/or included the family as part of the intervention and (iii) were published between 1990 and 2006. Electronic data sources, existing systematic reviews of smoking cessation interventions and the grey literature were reviewed.Results.  Seven studies were included. Six studies (11 papers) included data on marital status, smoking status of household members, support for quitting smoking and related variables. In two of the studies, the variable on the family was used to analyse smoking cessation outcomes. One additional study met the inclusion criterion of an evaluation of a smoking cessation intervention, which also included a family focus in the intervention.Conclusion.  No conclusions about the effectiveness of a family‐focused smoking cessation intervention could be drawn from this review. Further research is needed to determine if a more family‐focused intervention, in conjunction with pharmacological and counselling approaches, would lead to improved smoking cessation outcomes.
A concept analysis of renal supportive care: the changing world of nephrology
Authors: Noble Helen , Kelly Daniel , Rawlings‐Anderson Karen , Meyer Julienne 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTitle. A concept analysis of renal supportive care: the changing world of nephrologyAim. This paper is a report of a concept analysis of renal supportive care.Background. Approximately 1·5 million people worldwide are kept alive by renal dialysis. As services are required to support patients who decide not to start or to withdraw from dialysis, the term renal supportive care is emerging. Being similar to the terms palliative care, end‐of‐life care, terminal care and conservative management, there is a need for conceptual clarity.Method. Rodgers’ evolutionary method was used as the organizing framework for this concept analysis. Data were collected from a review of CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO, British Nursing Index, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences and ASSIA (1806–2006) using, ‘renal’ and ‘supportive care’ as keywords. All articles with an abstract were considered. The World Wide Web was also searched in English utilizing the phrase ‘renal supportive care’.Results. Five attributes of renal supportive care were identified: available from diagnosis to death with an emphasis on honesty regarding prognosis and impact of disease; interdisciplinary approach to care; restorative care; family and carer support and effective, lucid communication to ensure informed choice and clear lines of decision‐making.Conclusion. Renal supportive care is a dynamic and emerging concept relevant, but not limited to, the end phase of life. It suggests a central philosophy underpinning renal service development that allows patients, carers and the multidisciplinary team time to work together to realize complex goals. It has relevance for the renal community and is likely to be integrated increasingly into everyday nephrology practice.
Phase variable type III restriction‐modification systems of host‐adapted bacterial pathogens
Authors: Fox Kate L. , Srikhanta Yogitha N. , Jennings Michael P. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryPhase variation, the high‐frequency on/off switching of gene expression, is a common feature of host‐adapted bacterial pathogens. Restriction‐modification (R‐M) systems, which are ubiquitous among bacteria, are classically assigned the role of cellular defence against invasion of foreign DNA. These enzymes are not obvious candidates for phase variable expression, a characteristic usually associated with surface‐expressed molecules subject to host immune selection. Despite this, numerous type III R‐M systems in bacterial pathogens contain repetitive DNA motifs that suggest the potential for phase variation. Several roles have been proposed for phase variable R‐M systems based on DNA restriction function. However, there is now evidence in several important human pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, that these systems are ‘phasevarions’ (phasevariable regulons) controlling expression of multiple genes via a novel epigenetic mechanism.
CWH43 is required for the introduction of ceramides into GPI anchors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ghugtyal Vikram , Vionnet Christine , Roubaty Carole , Conzelmann Andreas 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAfter glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) are added to GPI proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fatty acid in sn‐2 of the diacylglycerol moiety can be replaced by a C26:0 fatty acid by a deacylation–reacylation cycle catalysed by Per1p and Gup1p. Furthermore the diacylglycerol moiety of the yeast GPI anchor can also be replaced by ceramides. CWH43 of yeast is homologous to PGAP2, a gene that recently was implicated in a similar deacylation reacylation cycle of GPI proteins in mammalian cells, where PGAP2 is required for the reacylation of monoradylglycerol‐type GPI anchors. Here we show that mutants lacking CWH43 are unable to synthesize ceramide‐containing GPI anchors, while the replacement of C18 by C26 fatty acids on the primary diacylglycerol anchor by Per1p and Gup1p is still intact. CWH43 contains the COG3568 metal hydrolase motif, which is found in many eukaryotic and prokaryotic enzymes. The conserved His 802 residue of this motif was identified as being essential for ceramide remodelling. Ceramide remodelling is not required for the normal integration of GPI proteins into the cell wall. All remodelling reactions are dependent on prior removal of the inositol‐linked fatty acid by Bst1p.