bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choix dans l'alternative et recherche de covariation
Authors: Mullet Etienne 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Choice between two alternatives and the search for covariations.
The « mobile basis heuristic » is an information processing model which has been proposed (Mullet, 1985) to account for the behavior of experts working in a familiar situation of choice between two alternatives. The heuristic appears as a possible illustration of a flexible strategy, a strategy which achieves a compromise between the limited processing capa-cities of the experts, their concern with reliability and justifiability (in relation to others and in relation oneself) and the necessity to make a decision in most of the cases. One implication of the use of such a strategy is tested : the sensitivity of the experts to the local covariations between the attributes describing the alternatives. The covariations between attributes were systematicaly manipulated ; in some cases, attributes a and b were in perfect covariation, in other cases, attributes b and c or attributes a and c... If the experts process information in a purely disjunctive or lexicogra-phical way or in a purely conjunctive way, there are no reasons why they would be sensitive to the manipulation of the covariations. If the experts process information in a way that is at the same time conjunctive and disjunctive, as postulated in the movitig basis heuristics, they may be sensitive to such an effect. A significant covariation effect is observed. This effect illustrates the fact that the strategy used by the experts depends not only on the importance they give to the different attributes but also on what is observed in each particular case. There is an interaction between some of the experts charac-teristics (importance given to the attributes) and some of the characteristics of each data structure corresponding to each comparison (local covariation between attributes). This is exactly what the mobile basis heuristic predicted.
Key words : choice basis, strategy, process information.
Le phénomène de la préférence pour une nourriture gratuite (ou contrafreeloading)
Authors: Cuq Christian , Gallo Alain 
Published: November 2007

Summary : The contrafreeloading phenomenon.
The contrafreeloading phenomenon corresponds to the following experimental situation : animals having been exposed to a certain conditioning, of operant behaviour for instance, go on pressing the lever as they have been trained to respond, even when a cup full of pellets of food has been placed in their box. The theoretical interest of this kind of study is that it apparently calls in question the validity of the law of least effort. An analysis of the experiments which have been conducted since the discovery of the phenomenon demonstrates the complexity of the variables which determine the behaviour of animals in such situations.
Key words : contrafreeloading, law of least effort, operant conditioning.
Spécialisation hémisphérique et double traitement des dessins en mémoire
Authors: Lieury Alain , Le Nouveau Nancy 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Alors que la spécialisation hémisphérique est établie pour la mémoire des mots, il y a incertitude en ce qui concerne le traitement imagé. L'expérience présentée ici a pour objet de mettre en évidence une éventuelle spécialisation dans une tâche de double traitement en imposant la mémorisation de couples de dessins ou de mots présentés de telle sorte que chaque item d'un couple apparaisse dans un hémichamp visuel différent, pour être traité dans un hémisphère différent. En rappel comme en reconnaissance, les résultats indiquent une très grande différence hémisphérique dans le traitement des mots mais pas de différence pour les dessins. Cette asymétrie dans le traitement des dessins et des mots fournit une nouvelle hypothèse explicative de la supériorité des dessins sur les mots dans des tâches de mémoire. En effet, si l'on considère le résultat du point de vue de la performance en situation de double traitement cognitif, on constate que le rappel et la reconnaissance globale des dessins est nettement supérieure au rappel et à la reconnaissance des mots du fait du fonctionnement équivalent des deux hémisphères pour les dessins.
Mots clés : spécialisation hémisphérique, traitement imagé, mémoire.
Réponses verbales et motrices à des mots et à des dessins
Authors: Fraisse Paul , Rao Shobini 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Verbal and motor response times to words and pictures.
The fact that it takes longer to name a picture than to read a word is now a standard resuit in experimental psychology. This study compared the pattern of picture versus word processing with verbal responses and motor responses to simple geometric figures and the equivalent words at various stimulus presentation times. The pattern of effects with motor responses was the opposite of that with verbal responses, motor reaction times being longer to the words than to the figures at all presentation times. We conclude that when a motor response is required to a word, the subject must translate a phonetic code into a semanticfspatial code in order to match the word with the corresponding response key. The figure stimuli are automatically given a semantic code and do not therefore require a supplementary processing stage to give a motor response. However, if a verbal response is required, the semantic code attributed to the figure stimuli must be translated into a phonetic code thus entailing a supplementary processing stage compared to the word stimuli which are automatically attributed a phonetic code.
Key words : picture-word perception, motor response.
Etude de la production de métaphores chez des enfants de 3 à 7 ans
Authors: Fourment Marie-Claude , Emmenecker Nelly , Pantz Valérie 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
L'étude de la production de métaphores, chez de jeunes enfants âgés de 3 à 7 ans, dans une situation de jeu libre, montre qu'elles représentent un pourcentage d'environ 4 % pour tous les groupes, par rapport à l'ensemble des productions.
Sur le plan qualitatif, nous avons étudié :
— le lien entre topique et véhicule : il se fait sur la base de l'action pour les plus jeunes (3;5 ans), puis des caractéristiques perceptives des objets (5 à 7 ans);
— la forme syntaxique : elle est majoritairement du type : « c'est un (le) N2 », avec ellipse de NI ;
— les métaphorisations explicites : dans ce cas, l'apparition de la métaphore est marquée par l'utilisation du conditionnel : « ce serait » (à partir de 5 ans) et chez les plus grands (7 ans), également par : « on dirait ».
L'évolution avec l'âge se situe donc plus au plan qualitatif que quantitatif.
Mots clés : production, métaphore, enfant.
Conflit visuo-tactilo-kinesthésique et activité sensorimotrice manuelle
Authors: Hatwell Yvette , Cazals Catherine 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Un conflit visuo-tactilo-kinesthésique a été présenté à des sujets de 6-8 ans au cours (expérience I) ou après (expérience II) la réalisation réussie d'une tâche sensorimotrice manuelle impliquant une évaluation tactile correcte de la propriété conflictuelle (la taille de l'objet). Ces études cherchaient à savoir si le fait que le toucher a un rôle important dans le contrôle moteur des mouvements de saisie et manipulation, modifie les relations habituelles de dominance qu'entretiennent la vision et le toucher. Les résultats montrent que les sujets soumis au conflit donnent généralement des réponses de compromis, ce qui atteste de la persistance du biais introduit par les données visuelles discordantes. Dans l'expérience III, la résistance du toucher au conflit est mesurée après une prise de connaissance des stimuli par une activité sensorimotrice d'encastrement, après une exploration perceptive manuelle libre et après une exploration perceptive limitée à l'index d'une main. Sans conflit, la première condition donne les meilleures performances, et la troisième les moins bonnes. Mais dès que des données visuelles discordantes sont introduites, les trois groupes manifestent les mêmes comportements de compromis. Ces observations sont discutées en fonction des relations pouvant exister entre les mécanismes impliqués dans le contrôle tactile de la motricité manuelle et ceux qui règlent l'unité visuo-tactile à un niveau perceptif de type déclaratif.
Mots clés : perception tactile, conflit perceptif, contrôle sensoriel du mouvement.
Les rythmicités de l'efficience cognitive
Authors: Leconte Pierre 
Published: November 2007

Summary : the rhythms of cognitive efficiency.
This paper reviews data showing that the performance in different tasks presents periodic variations. The periodicity of these performance rhythms can be long (infradian rhythms) or short (ultradian rhythms), the best known being the one of about 24 hours (circadian rhythms). On the other hand, it is shown that the large inter-individual variability in cognitive efficiency rhythms can be partially explained by typologie factors (intro-version-extraversion, morningness-eveningness, dependence-independance of the field).
Key words : psychological rhythms, cognitive efficiency, typology.
Développement du lexique des couleurs chez l'enfant
Authors: Gérard Christophe , Bilinski Katia , Dugas Michel 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Development of the lexicon of colors in early children.
We discuss here the development of the color ternis in the light of recent psycholinguistic and neuropsychological data. This synthesis allows us to distinguish between the different stages of this development : categorization, conceptualization/acquisition of specific color-terms, designation, naming and then, more complex possibilities such as verbal association. The study of normative data in this field enables us to emphasize the methodological problems encountered in research concerning this development. We also show that conceptualization and color-term development follow a well established pattern : the four basai colors appear before the focal colors which precede the peripheral colors. Furthemore this lexical category seems to be distinguishable from the others by an important and durable dissociation of comprehension!production during its development and later on, by its selective impairment in aphasie pathologies. These characteristics clearly back up the theory according to which verbal semantic systems would be structured into categorically organized lexical systems. Finally, by searching for the invariances that are significant in this development, we were able to point out that color knowledge would allow a better understanding of the nature of the cognitive and linguistic impairment implicated in some developmental disorders.
Key words : development of the lexicon, colors.
Modes d'apprentissage implicite et explicite dans une tâche de contrôle dynamique : influence des traits de surface du système et d'une information donnée dans la consigne
Authors: Luc Françoise , Marescaux Pierre-Jean , Karnas Guy 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Implicit and explicit learning modes in a dynamic control task : the role of instruction and context.
Dissociations between control task performances and verbalizable knowledge have been observed in several experiments. To account for these results, Berry & Broadbent (1988) hypothesized the existence of two learning modes. The first, called « selective mode », would be based on explicit hypotheses while the second would be based on the unselective observation of contingencies between variables. In this paper, we present experimental results about the influence on learning of information provided in the instructions. Other results concern the role of context in which the system is presented. We argue that the existence of a « pure » implicit learning mode — which would occur without any reference to hypotheses — seems unlikely. We also suggest a distinction between general and specific knowledge.
Key words : learning, control task, verbalization, knowledge.
Utilisation du conditionnement discriminatif en pharmacologie comportementale
Authors: Gewiss Muriel , Heidbreder Christian , De Witte Philippe 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
La pharmacologie comportementale dont l'objectif principal est d'étudier les effets des drogues sur le comportement, fait du paradigme de la discrimination un outil de recherche fondamental très complexe dont les conditions expérimentales sont aiséments comparables. D'une manière générale, des animaux placés dans une cage opérante à deux leviers apprennent à discriminer une drogue d'une solution saline. Chaque type d'injection nécessite de la part du sujet l'appui d'un levier déterminé. Une relation s'instaure progressivement entre les stimuli pharmacologiques et les réponses comportementales. Les tests de généralisation permettent de déterminer la variation possible de la réponse discriminative, face à la présentation de nouveaux stimuli.
Mots clés : pharmacologie comportementale, discrimination, drogues.
Elaboration et contexte de production
Authors: Charles André , Tardieu Hubert 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Elaboration and production context.
Three experiments test the possibility that the superiority of generation, compared to reading, is due to the elaboration of generated target words, i.e. to the activation of semantic features. In experiments 1 and 2, two recall cues (category and semantic) related or not related to presentation context and two tasks (generation and reading) are compared. The results show that, in the production task, any cue related to the context is more effective ; in the reading task, no difference is observed between the two types of cues. In experiment 3, the results show that semantic cues are effective in any context, but that category cues are more effective in the category context than in the semantic context. Overall, these results support the position that production enhances elaboration, thus facilitating target-cue organization.
Key words : generation effect, context, elaboration.
Formuler un apport informationnel dans une communication référentielle : une étude auprès d'enfants de sept et neuf ans
Authors: Vion Monique , Colas Annie , Sauvaire Valérie 
Published: November 2007

Summary : How do children « package » a content in referential communication.
Monolingual French-speaking children (7 and 9 year — olds boys and girls) were asked to describe reversible events for peers.
Addressees had some information about one of the two characters involved in each event, but this information was either restricted to the knowledge of this character's identity or extended to the semantic role (agent vs patient) of this character.
The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the effect of this variation of the amount of shared information on the speakers description of the event.
When the information available for addressees was restricted to the agent's identity, or when it included the semantic role of a character, then speakers generally produced one sentence descriptions. When the information available for addressees was limited to the knowledge of a patient's identity, various discursive strategies appeared, depending on the speakers narrative competence.
The discussion focussed on the way speakers conveyed information under communicational and language abilities constraints.
Key words : language acquisition, referential communication, givenj new contrast.
Dissociation des difficultés dans la tâche de sélection de Wason
Authors: George Christian 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Dissociation of difficulties in the Wason selection task.
It is assumed that the Wason selection task is difficult to solve because it cumulates at least three difficulties. The first one concerns the information that is judged just sufficient to evaluate the conditional rule when both faces of cards are known. The second difficulty concerns the early choice, before any feedback, of the cards needed in order to obtain information that is sufficient to evaluate the rule, whatever the truth of this rule. The last difficulty concerns the identification of specific cards among the cards displayed, given that only one side is visible and that a sought-after property may be on the hidden side of one or several cards. Three experiments with students as subjects were conducted in order to disentangle these difficulties. In the first experiment cards were presented one by one with both faces indicated. Half of the subjects considered that the conditional rule is falsified by the first card to occur with p & not-q (or not-p & q), or that this rule is confirmed only when they have seen all the cards without finding any counter-examples. In the second experiment subjects had the opportunity to specify the cards needed without selecting them among cards displayed with a hidden face. About one third of the subjects mode correct choices. In the last experiment subjects where asked to select the card(s) that might thave a p on the hidden side. Only a quarter of them gave the correct answer.
Key-words : reasoning, conditional, hypothesis testing.
Du behaviorisme au cognitivisme
Authors: Legrand Michel 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Après avoir situé le cadre épistémologique — non empiriste — de son propos, après avoir mis au jour quelques-uns des processus auxquels obéiraient les déplacements de « paradigmes » dans l'histoire de la psychologie expérimentale, l'auteur reconstruit la logique historique qui aurait conduit de la dominance d'un paradigme behavioriste à celle d'un paradigme cognitif.
Dans cette optique — et tout en périodisant le développement de la psychologie cognitive, de 1955 à nos jours —, l'auteur évoque et discute les points suivants : la crise du behaviorisme intervenue aux Etats-Unis dans les années 50, l'existence de précurseurs de la psychologie cognitive, l'impact crucial du développement — hors psychologie — des sciences cognitives et la place prise par les « médiateurs », le rôle des expériences, la signification de la psychologie cognitive en tant que « progrès » scientifique, le rapport avec les évolutions du champ thérapeutique.
Mots clés : empirisme, paradigme, histoire de la psychologie expérimentale, behaviorisme, psychologie cognitive.
La mémoire de travail : structure, fonctionnement, capacité
Authors: Ehrlich Marie-France , Delafoy Max 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Working memory : structure, function and capacity.
Investigations of the processes underlying complex cognitive tasks all assume the intervention of a working memory. This is considered to be a system responsible for both temporary storage and information processing. The purpose of this paper is to survey the studies published during the last fifteen years, focusing on experiments dealing with working memory in reading and comprehension. In the first part, the data which allow us to distinguish working memory from short-term memory are presented ; the second part is focused on Baddeley's model and the third one deals with the question of the capacity of working memory, particularly with the Daneman's approach.
Working memory is not an unequivocal conceptual entity. In conclusion, we attempt to describe the evolution which can be seen in the studies published in recent years. Working memory tends to be considered not as an unified, general purpose system, but as composed of several specialized systems, each of them being implied in specific tasks. In this view, it is clear that the investigation of working memory must be narrowly tied to the study of the processes underlying particular cognitive activities.
Key-words : working memory, reading, text comprehension.
Automatisme et contrôle dans la production écrite : les erreurs d'accord sujet verbe chez l'enfant et l'adulte
Authors: Fayol Michel , Got Constance 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Automatic and controlled writing : Errors in subject-verb agreement in children and adults.
This experiment aims at explaining and experimentally simulating some subject-verb agreement mistakes. These mistakes are observed in highly-educated adults. Adults and 10 years-old children were asked to recall some sentences such as « NI de N2 V » when 1) NI and N2 are either same or different in number and when 2) the sentences are followed or not by a series of words to be recalled. For made adults, mistakes are when NI and N2 are different in number, but only when the recall of words adds an extra cognitive load. For made children, mistakes are when the verb has to agree with the plural, but mainly when the recall adds an extra cognitive load. These results are interpreted within a simple theoretical conception opposing automatic processes and controlled processes. Moreover a written transcription parallely done to a retrieval-planification activity is assumed.
Key-words : written production, working memory, subject-verb agreement, spelling development.
Apprentissage temporel chez des enfants âgés de 4 1/2 et 6 ans : rôle d'une horloge externe
Authors: Droit Sylvie , Pouthas Viviane , Jacquet Anne Yvonne 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Temporal learning in 4 1/2 and 6-year-old children : Role of an external clock.
The present study investigates the role of an external temporal stimulus during training with DRL schedule. The stimulus consisted of a horizontal array of small bulbs lit in succession from left to right during the delay. Illumination of the last bulb corresponded to the end of delay. Two groups of 4 1/2 and two groups of 6-year-old children were administered four sessions in DRL 10 s. The external temporal stimulus was present on the first two sessions for the two experimental groups and never presented for the two control groups. Minimal instructions were given. The presence of the external clock significantly increased the efficiency of children's performance at both ages as compared to the control group. Suppressing this external information lowered the 4 1/2 year-olds' performance : at the end of training (session 4), they failed to space their responses in time. In contrast, the 6 year-olds exposed to 2 external stimulus sessions acquired more precise temporal regulation during DRL training than control subjects. Children's verbalisations indicated that the external dock played a functional role in 4 1/2 year-olds which did not differ from that of a discriminative stimuli (signal to respond), whereas in 6 year-olds, it played the role of a timer.
Key-words : Temporal regulation, Representation of time, External clock, Children, Ontogenesis.
Évolution différentielle des éléments d'une représentation sociale : les apports de l'analyse de similitude
Authors: Aissani Youssef , Bonardi Christine 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Differential evolution of the peripheral elements and central nucleus of a social representation.
The transformation of social representations has recently take place in a new theoretical framework where representations are characterized by two types of elements composing a cognitive structure : peripheral schemes and a central nucleus.
Starting with the assumption that representations are stabilized by a central nucleus, and given that cognitive phenomena are supposedly governed by an « economical principle », the model predicts that all changes in representational structure affect peripheral elements rather than the central nucleus. The present investigation tests this prediction. After describing the internal structure of a representation of one university given by students (after displaying peripheral and central elements), one year later, the authors analyse changes affecting social representations.
Key-words : social representation, central nucleus and peripheral elements, similitude analysis, social representation transformation.