bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The caking of granular fertilizers: An investigation on a laboratory scale
Authors: Whynes A. L. , Dee T. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPreliminary consideration suggested a technique for studying the caking of granular fertilizers on a laboratory scale similar to that used in soil mechanics. An apparatus and technique were devised, and details of these are given. Time of storage of the fertilizer is found to be an important factor, and caking is rapid in the first few days. Preliminary investigations on the effect of chemical composition showed setting to be more serious when ammonium sulphate (I), superphosphate (2) and muriate of potash (3) were all present than when only (I) and (2), or (2) and (3) were included. Free acid content seemed to have little effect nor had light ammoniation of the superphosphate. Moisture content is related to caking, which has been reduced to negligible amounts by drying down to less than I% free moisture. Caking increases with the temperature, and this indicates the desirability of cooling. The correlation between the test developed and the results obtained on the large scale is discussed, and is shown to be sufficiently good for the test to be of considerable value.
Soil fumigation. VI.—the distribution of ethylene dibromide round an injection point
Authors: Call F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution of ethylene dibromide vapour round an injection point has been measured experimentally in a number of soils. It is concluded that diffusion is the most important factor controlling distribution. The concentration–time products (C.T.) have been calculated at various distances from the injection point and an LD50 range has been derived from the C.T.–distance curves. These LD50 ranges were found to have a linear relationship with the soil porosity for all soils at two temperatures. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Fumigation of agricultural products. XV.—germination and growth of cereals fumigated with methyl bromide
Authors: Lubatti O. F. , Blackith R. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDifferent varieties of cereals have been fumigated, at each of four moisture contents, with one of two doses of methyl bromide. The germination of the seeds was assessed immediately after the treatment and again after six months' storage at 20°. The damage done by the fumigant was distinguished from that associated with storage at high moisture contents by drying a part of each treated batch of seeds after fumigation and before storage.Barley was the cereal most resistant to fumigation, rye, maize, oats and wheat all being appreciably more susceptible. Rye was the most, and maize the least, resistant cereal in terms of survival after damp storage, but damp rye is severely affected by methyl bromide. Where different varieties of the same cereal species have been tested no important differences have been found.
The proximate analysis of wheat flour carbohydrates. III.—the estimation of the hemicellulose fraction
Authors: Fraser J. R. , Holmes D. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe composition of the hemicellulose fractions of wholemeal and flours of about 70% extraction in terms of anhydro‐arabinose, xylose and uronic acid units has been investigated. It has been shown that the hemicelluloses, on distillation with hydrochloric acid, behave in the same manner as an equimolecular mixture of arabinose and xylose. Xylose is a suitable standard for the distillation process, and the ‘xylose equivalent’ of a wheat fraction multiplied by 0.97 is a quantitative measure of the hemicellulose present, provided this is not less than 1.8%.
The action of ‘early‐season’ sprays of chlorbenside against fruit tree red spider mite
Authors: Cranham J. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn account is given of the action of chlorbenside when applied just before, or during, the hatching of the winter eggs of fruit tree red spider mite. The results obtained show that the persistent larvicidal effects of spray residues on the foliage were more important to the action of the chemical than the direct kill of winter eggs.The growth of the foliage during the hatching period of the mites was assessed on different varieties of apple. This was a factor which affected the efficiency of application by ‘thinning out’ spray deposits, but if application were made later than the time by which adult mites had developed, usually at ‘petal fall’, mite damage to the foliage resulted.There was evidence that the increase in leaf area during this period was more marked on Worcester than on Cox but there was no evidence that this reduced the efficiency of preblossom application on Worcester as compared to Cox.
The effect of in‐package desiccation on the storage properties of compressed and uncompressed dehydrated cabbage
Authors: Gooding E. G. B. , Duckworth R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of in‐package desiccation on compressed and uncompressed dehydrated cabbage stored at 37° have been compared. The rate and extent of water loss from, compressed cabbage was rather less than from uncompressed material, but the rate of deterioration of uncompressed and compressed material appeared to be generally similar. Desiccation reduced the rate of deterioration in flavour, texture and ascorbic acid content, as well as in colour. For a three‐ to four‐fold increase in storage life, the sacrifice of space to desiccant is about 5% in the case of uncompressed dehydrated cabbage, and about 20% for compressed material.
Through‐circulation drying of vegetable materials. I.—brewers' spent grain
Authors: Mitchell T. J. , Potts C. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBrewers' spent grain has been dried by through circulation of hot air in single layers and in beds up to 8 in. in depth.The effect of air temperature (100–220° F) and velocity (6.63–22‐2 lb. of dry air/sq. ft./min.) on the drying rates of single layers has been studied. It has been found that the drying rate is proportional to the total moisture ratio of the layer, and that both temperature and velocity have a marked effect on the proportionality constant.A method of predicting drying times in deep beds, based on the results of the single‐layer tests, is proposed and discussed. The accuracy of this method has been checked against actual drying times in deep beds and found to be within +‐11.5%.The resistance of deep beds to the passage of air has been investigated briefly.
The water‐soluble carbohydrates of grasses. IV. The effect of different levels of fertilizer treatment
Authors: Waite R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEstablished plots of four perennial grass species, rye‐grass (two strains), meadow fescue, timothy and cocksfoot were dressed with a balanced fertilizer at the rate of 0, 2 and 4 cwt./ acre at the start of the growing season and after each cut at the height of 8–10 in. The soluble carbohydrate (free hexoses, sucrose and fructosan) and the crude protein contents of the grass at each cut were determined and estimates of the yield of dry matter recorded.Increasing the amount of fertilizer led to (a, an increase in the weight of dry matter per acre and the number of cuts taken, (b, an increase in the protein content and the average weight of protein per acre at each cut and (c) a decrease in the content of soluble carbohydrates, particularly the fructosan fraction. The average weight of soluble carbohydrates produced per acre at each cut was least at the highest rate of fertilizer application. The stimulating effect of fertilizer appeared therefore to result in the utilization of sugars for leafy growth at the expense of carbohydrate storage in the form of fructosan.
Studies on the ‘fermentation’ of ceylon tea. XI—relations between the polyphenol oxidase activity and pectin‐methylesterase activity
Authors: Lamb J. , Ramaswamy M. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBy initially withholding the oxygen supply to fermenting leaf, thus allowing the process of formation of pectic acid by pectin‐methylesterase actions to proceed unhindered, it has been possible to demonstrate a reduction of oxygen uptake when the oxygen supply is restored. Addition of pectin to tea leaf both reduces oxygen uptake during fermentation and yields tea reported by tea tasters as under‐fermented. It is concluded that there is strong presumptive evidence that the rate of fermentation of Ceylon tea is in some degree regulated by the pectic substances and enzymes which occur in the leaf.
The consistency of starch‐milk puddings. II.—Influence of cooking and cooling conditions etc. and type of starch
Authors: Rutgers R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe consistency of starch‐milk puddings is discussed with reference to the cooking temperatures of the puddings, composition of the cooking liquid, cooling conditions after cooking, temperature of storage, and sterilization. The effects of the concentration of maize starch and the use of starches other than maize are also examined.
Some observations on the serum response of chicks to oral dosage with aureomycin
Authors: Harry E. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen chicks are fed a ration containing a high level of chlortetracycline, bacteriostatic concentrations of the antibiotic are found in the serum within a few hours. Minimum serum response for 4–5‐week‐old chicks is obtained with 100 p.p.m. of the antibiotic in the feed. Great variations occur in the serum response of chicks to the antibiotic and some of the factors involved are discussed.
Chemical investigation of the leaves of Anona senegalensis., II.—Carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, amino‐acids, sterols
Authors: Mackie Alexander , Ghatge Nana 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe chemical investigation of the leaves of Anona senegalensis, which has alleged anthelmintic properties, has been continued using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Carbohydrates were found both in free and combined states, but no trisaccharide was present. The glycoside, quercitrin (3‐L‐rhamnosyl quercetin), and the aglycone, quercetin (5: 7: 3′: 4′‐tetrahydroxyflavonol), were detected. A small amount of protein was obtained, which yielded several amino‐acids on hydrolysis. A few free amino‐acids were also present.Palmitone and β‐sitosterol, together with other sterol‐like substances, were obtained from the unsaponifiable matter from the soft leaf wax.
Through‐circulation drying of vegetable materials. III.—carrots
Authors: Mitchell T. J. , Potts C. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe drying of carrots has been investigated in single‐layer tests. The effect of particle size (slices, cubes and strips), temperature (110–160°F), humidity (up to 45% R.H.) and air velocity (8–15.5 Ib./sq. ft./min.) on the drying rates of single layers has been studied. The drying rate is proportional to the total moisture content of the layer. Calculated times of drying of deep beds, based on single‐layer experimental results, are within ±10% of the actual times.
Creaming and other tests in the assessment of bakery fats
Authors: Ottaway F. J. H. , Cookson M. A. , Cornford S. J. , Coppock J. B. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAttempts have been made to correlate certain properties of fats with their behaviour in cake‐ and biscuit‐baking. Penetrometer, dilatometer and creaming tests have been examined. The first two are only of limited value, but creaming can be correlated with cake volume for a type of cake whose texture depends on volume of included air, but not with the volume of biscuits in which air is included to a much more limited extent.
The chromatographic separation and estimation of certain pasture lipoids. II.—Tocopherol
Authors: Worker N. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the extraction and chromatographic separation of tocopherol from pasture. Extraction is carried out using acetone in the cold, and separation is effected by means of double chromatography on magnesia and alumina. Estimation is colorimetric. The method is simple and quantitative and is suitable as a routine procedure.The technical assistance of Miss Fay Frecklington is also acknowledged.
A detailed summative analysis of the crude fibre and nitrogen‐free extractives fractions of roughages. I.—Proposed scheme of analysis
Authors: Gaillard Blanche D. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is proposed for a detailed summative analysis of roughages, in which the determinations of crude fibre and of nitrogen‐free extractives are replaced by determinations of the sugars of which the soluble and structural carbohydrates are composed, of pure cellulose and of lignin.
Studies on the north sea cod. I.—Muscle cell dimensions
Authors: Love R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA technique is described for the separation of intact cod muscle fibres in a form suitable for width measurements.Average fibre widths from different parts of the fillet were found to follow the same pattern as the fibre lengths (myotome widths), being greatest at about 12 myotomes from the point of severance of the head, and decreasing both anteriorly and posteriorly. Fibre lengths and widths from one myotome were proportional to the body length of the intact fish.The total number of fibres was deduced to be constant for the species, body growth being the result of growth of existing fibres. The findings are discussed in relation to chemical analysis of fish muscle.
Studies on the north sea cod. II.—deoxyribose nucleic acid in the musculature
Authors: Love R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDeoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) was determined in the flesh of cod of different sizes, in different parts of the fillets, and in myotomes and myocomma tissue. Much more DNA was found in myocommata than in myotomes, owing to the higher density of nuclei in the former.The pattern of DNA concentration in different parts of the fillet was in inverse relationship to the fibre sizes. This was explainable in terms of the number of fibres contained in unit volume.In fish of increasing size, the DNA was not, in inverse proportion to the increase in fibre size, although it did decrease somewhat. This was considered to be the result of DNA synthesis in the larger cod.In fish of constant size, observed over a period of two years, the DNA concentration stayed roughly constant over most of the year, but showed increases during certain summer months. A proven explanation was not possible, but the increase was thought to be connected with growth.
The phenolic substances of manufactured tea. III.—ultra‐violet and visible absorption spectra
Authors: Roberts E. A. H. , Williams D. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe absorption spectra of thearubigin fractions are all very similar and differ appreciably from those of the theaflavins. Theaflavin and theaflavin gallate have similar absorption spectra, which also resemble that of purpurogallin. Substances A, B and C have absorption bands at 275 mμ. The spectrum of Q differs from that of purpurogallincarboxylic acid. The identification of P as a 5:7:3′:4′:5′‐pentahydroxyflavylium salt is suggested. Substance 1C absorbs similarly to gallic acid, and the presumed p‐coumarylquinic acids to p‐coumaric acid.
Analysis of the carbohydrates of Cladostephus SP
Authors: Fanshawe R. S. , Percival Elizabeth 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCladostephus verticillatus, a brown seaweed belonging to the genus Cladostephaceae, was collected from Nobska Point, La Jolla, California, during 1955 and air‐dried. Alcoholic, aqueous, and sodium carbonate extracts have been analysed. The major carbohydrates are alginic acid, laminarin, fucoidin and mannitol. Quantitative estimations of the fucoidin and laminarin content (2% and 20% of dried weed, respectively) of Cladostephus spongiosus collected near Plymouth have also been carried out.
Sulphur in soils. III.—A study of the readily soluble sulphate content and of the total sulphur content of soil
Authors: Little R. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResults are given of a survey of the readily soluble sulphate content and of the total sulphur content of soils of various categories. These results have been correlated with the results of ‘routine’ analytical determinations. The close relationship found to exist between pC and readily soluble sulphate stresses the importance of the sulphate ion in the physico‐chemical equilibrium of soil. Published results of other workers are reviewed, and comparisons drawn with the results obtained in the present survey. A deficiency of sulphur is considered unlikely in plants growing on the soils included in the present survey, although in a few cases the readily soluble sulphate content may be approaching a deficiency level.
The determination of the γ‐isomer of benzene hexachloride in sheep dips and similar formulations
Authors: Abbott D. C. , Johnson E. I. , Polhill R. D. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBenzene hexachloride may be separated from mixtures with most other substances by treatment with fuming sulphuric acid on a kieselguhr column. A method employing this device for the determination of γ‐isomer in complex formulations and a method of making the nitromethane‐silica partition chromatographic column from readily available materials are described.
Soil nitrogen. II.—Changes in levels of inorganic nitrogen in a clay‐loam soil caused by fertilizer additions, by leaching and uptake by grass
Authors: Cunningham R. K. , Cooke G. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConcentrations of nitrate‐ and ammonium‐N in both the surface (0–9 in.) and the subsoil (9–18 in.) of a heavy clay‐loam were determined at intervals both on uncropped soil and under rye‐grass. On uncropped land, high levels of nitrate were maintained through wet periods which caused percolation through 20 in. of bare soil. Only persistent and heavy rainfall in late summer reduced surface‐soil nitrate to low levels. Ammonium‐N provided by ammonium sulphate or by decomposition of urea was converted to nitrate quite slowly and the soil contained equal amounts of ammonium‐ and nitrate‐N in July. No ammonium‐N was transported into the subsoil. Little total mineral nitrogen was lost from the topsoil of uncropped land during June and July, but during August and September nitrate concentrations in the subsoil increased rapidly. Total inorganic nitrogen in the top 18 in. of soil remained roughly constant until the end of July, after which there was a loss of nitrogen from the profile as a whole. On unmanured plots, fluctuations in ammonium‐N levels were much smaller than corresponding changes in nitrate.Under grass, soil nitrate levels fell quickly in warm wet weather when growth was rapid. In the same period, on plots receiving ammonium sulphate or urea, grass removed ammonium‐N quickly and there was no increase in soil nitrate. When a first cut of grass was taken in July, four‐fifths of the total supply of nitrate‐ or ammonium‐N present in the soil at the beginning of the experiment had been removed. While the second crop was growing there was little nitrate (or ammonium‐N) in the surface soil, but the harvested grass ‘recovered’ as much of the applied nitrogen as the first crop. It is suggested that nitrogen used in growth by the second crop was either taken up earlier and stored in the plant, or that it was taken from the subsoil.
The control of spoilage of uneviscerated poultry carcasses by treatment with antibiotics before slaughter
Authors: Shrimpton D. H. , Barnes Ella M. , Miller W. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGreening, an early sign of spoilage in stored uneviscerated poultry carcasses, is a result of the metabolism of the gut flora. An attempt has been made to delay this spoilage by altering or suppressing the intestinal spoilage flora by feeding antibiotics before slaughter.Supplements to the feed of broilers throughout life with procaine penicillin, alone or with chlortetrachyline, were ineffective.Supplements to the drinking water for periods up to 24 hours immediately before death gave significant extensions of storage life of the uneviscerated carcasses. The antibiotics used, in order of effectiveness, were: oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, tetracycline and bacitracin plus neomycin.The main groups of organisms found in the caeca and duodena after death were the coliforms, faecal streptococci, lactobacilli and clostridia. Multiplication in both caeca and duodena was retarded in the carcasses from birds treated with tetracycline compounds. It was not possible, however, to explain differences in the effectiveness of these antibiotics either in terms of the numbers of these groups of bacteria or in the metabolic activity of the contents of the caeca and duodena. The dangers of selective inhibition of organisms of faecal origin without refrigeration are discussed.
The microbiological determination of pantothenic acid in wheaten flour
Authors: Clegg K. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation of the pantothenic acid content of a range of wholemeal and lower extraction wheaten flours has been made. The vitamin was liberated by enzymic hydrolysis with intestinal phosphatase and Dowex‐treated click liver enzyme; some comparisons were made with extracts prepared by treatment with takadiastase and papain, which showed that approximately 50% more pantothenic acid was liberated by the treatment with intestinal phosphatase and chick liver enzyme.The pantothenic acid content was determined microbiologically with L. casei as the test organism. The values for pantothenic acid were higher for whole Manitoba wheats than for the English wheats tested; the pantothenic acid content decreased with lower extraction rates and the 70% extraction flours retained approximately 50% of the vitamin present in the wholemeals.
A provisional assessment of malathion for stored‐product insect control
Authors: Parkin E. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMalathion has properties which make it generally suitable for use for stored products, but the non‐persistent disagreeable odour evident during mixing and application is a disadvantage. Its stability to heat, moisture, and alkalinity needs more detailed assessment. It has low mammalian toxicity and outstanding toxicity to Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Tribolium castaneum, beetles which are often not easily controlled under practical conditions by other insecticides suitable for use in food stores. It also shows promise of value for the control of several other species of stored‐product insects, but Ptinus tectus beetles have been found to be resistant to it.
Studies on egg shells. VIII.—The determination of membrane‐, pore‐ and matrix‐protein—a reassessment
Authors: Tyler C. , Simkiss K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe first paper in this series suggested methods for determining membrane‐, pore‐ and matrix‐protein in egg shells. Further studies by means of histochemical methods and by the etching of plastic‐embedded specimens have shown that the method for membrane protein is sound. On the other hand, although the true shell contains nitrogen fractions, one of which is soluble in 10% sodium hydroxide and the other not, the allocation of the names ‘pore’ and ‘matrix’ protein respectively to these fractions is wrong. The alkali treatment removes the mammillary cores, the cuticle and part of the matrix of the spongy layer. Further, the organic matter of the shell contains acid mucopolysaccharide as well as protein. It is, therefore, recommended that the terms ‘pore’ and ‘matrix’ protein should be replaced respectively by the terms ‘soluble’ and ‘insoluble’ nitrogen fraction.
Trace constituents of hydrogenated ox perinephric fat
Authors: Hansen R. P. , Shorland F. B. , Cooke N. June 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTrace amounts of the following saturatednormal(both odd‐ and even‐numbered) and branched‐chain fatty acids have been isolated and identified in hydrogenated ox perinephric fat:n‐decanoic,n, dodecanoic,n‐pentadecanoic, 13‐methyltetradecanoic (+)−12‐methyl‐tetradecanoic,n‐nonadecanoic,n‐eicosanoic,n‐heneicosanoic,n‐docosanoic,n‐tricosanoic,n‐tetracosanoic, andn‐hexacosanoic acids. In addition,n‐undecanoic andn‐tridecanoic acids were identified. Myristic, palmitic and stearic acids present in more than trace amounts were also conclusively identified.