bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Evaluation of Diets for Crustacean Aquaculture
Authors: Bordner Clark E. , D'Abramo Louis R. , Conklin Douglas E. , Baum Nancy A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEffective purified and unrefined diets have been developed and evaluated for use in studying the nutrition of lobsters (Homarus sp.). A 4‐month growth experiment showed that the purified diets yielded weight increases nearly 80% of that achieved on a live food diet, with concomitant high survival rates. Lower‐cost unrefined diets supported growth over half of that observed on live food diets. Supplementation of a purified diet with an astaxanthin concentrate derived from crayfish waste enhanced growth significantly, and all the diets tested promoted growth and survival with only 0.2% dietary cholesterol.Growth and survival are the most useful criteria for evaluating crustacean diets, but other factors such as proximate analyses of feeds, physical characteristics such as pellet leaching rates, and measurable physiological effects can provide important supplemental information. Our analysis of some of these factors suggests that pellet integrity and resistance to leaching may not be directly related either to growth, or to levels of binder in the diets.
Polyculture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Notemigonus crysoleucas
Authors: Perry W. Guthrie , Tarver Johnnie 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA polyculture study was conducted in southwest Louisiana comparing production of Malaysian prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, in monoculture and polyculture with Golden shiners, Notemigonus crysoleucas.This test revealed stocking of shiners at 24.7/m2 with prawns at 4.4/m2 resulted in increased total pond production over monoculture of prawns at 4.4/m2 with equal prawn yields in both systems and little increase in labor. Feeding rates were based on prawn biomass. Food conversion ratios ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 in polyculture and 0.9 to 1.1 in monoculture when total production was considered. Prawn production averaged 640 kg/ha in polyculture and 629 kg/ha in monoculture. Mean size of prawns was 19 g in polyculture and 20 g in monoculture. The polyculture of shiners with prawns added an average of 307 kg/ha of the bait fish to pond production.Shiners did not compete seriously with prawns when stocked at these rates. This practice could result in added revenues to producers culturing these species together.
Larval Lobster (Homarus americanusMilne Edwards) Development with Great Salt Lake, Utah and Reference I Strains ofArtemiaNauplii
Authors: Mackenzie Brian R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLobster larvae were reared on a diet of unfedArtemianauplii from either Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA (harvested in late 1981), or from theArtemiaReference Center, Ghent, Belgium. The two strains produced equivalent survival, development, and growth rates in the experimental animals. Success at metamorphosis for lobsters fed each strain was high despite observations in the literature that other larvae which experience a pronounced metamorphosis could show high mortalities when fed UtahArtemia. The results indicate that either temporal variability in nutritional value of UtahArtemiacan alter growth patterns of predaceous lanae or that larval lobsters have appropriate metabolic mechanisms to overcome dietary deficiencies previously associated with UtahArtemia.
Effects of Stocking Size and Density of Tilapia on Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Polyculture
Authors: Rouse David B. , El Naggar G. O. , Mulla M. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStudies were conducted to determine the effect of stocking size and density of prawns in polyculture.In one experiment, postlarval prawns (av. wt. 0.02 g) were stocked in six 0.02 ha earthen ponds at 35,00O/ha. Two ponds were stocked with tilapia fry (av. wt. 0.14 g) and two were stocked with tilapia fingerlings (av. wt. 30.1 g), each at 10,000/ha. Two control ponds had no tilapia. Tilipia stocking size had no effect on prawn growth. Mean weight of prawns after 70 days of culture ranged from a low of 4.5 g when cultured with tilapia fingerlings to a high of 6.6 when cultured in monoculture. Prawn survival was adversely affected by tilapia fry. Average prawn survival in tilapia fry ponds was 65% compared to 75% and 91%, respectively, in tilapia fingerling and monoculture ponds.In a second experiment, postlarval prawns were stocked in nine 0.02 ha earthen ponds at 40,000/ ha. Six ponds were stocked with 30 g tilapia fingerlings, three at 5,000/ha and three at 15,000/ha. Three control ponds received prawns only. After 100 days of culture, prawn weight ranged from an average of 15.9 g in monoculture ponds to 11.5 g in polyculture ponds. Survival was highest (93.8%) in low density polyculture ponds. Survival was lowest (85.6%) in prawn monoculture ponds. Tilapia reproduction had a negative impact on shrimp production.
Oxygen Consumption and Ammonia Excretion of the American Eel Anguilla rostrata Fed Diets with Varying Protein Energy Ratios and Protein Levels
Authors: Lee Gallagher Margie , Matthews Anne Marie 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of protein/energy ratio and protein level on utilization of protein and energy as indicated by oxygen consumption and ammonia production was investigated. When protein/energy ratio of the diet was optimum, there was no significant increase in ammonia production, indicating no increase in catabolism of protein for energy as protein levels increased. However, when the protein/ energy level was below optimum, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in ammonia production as protein increased, indicating increased catabolism of protein for energy. However, there was no significant increase in oxygen consumption rate.
Economics of Tray Culture of the Mother‐of‐pearl Shell Pinctada margaritifera in the Red Sea, Sudan
Authors: Rahma Ismail Haj , Newkirk. Gary F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn economic analysis of tray cultured oysters in Dongonab Bay, Red Sea was conducted based on production costs collected by the Red Sea Fisheries Research Centre. The analysis showed that oflbottom oyster farming was economically attractive at a price around 1.5 Sudanese pounds (US $0.75) per kilogram of shell and discount rates of 40% or less.
Biochemical Composition of Pond Biota, Shrimp Ingesta, and Relative Growth of Penaeus vannamei in Earthen Ponds
Authors: Hunter Brian , Pruder Gary , Wyban James 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIndigenous pond biota contribute to the nutrition of shrimp grown in semi‐intensive and extensive earthen ponds. Penaeus vannomei ingesta was used to assess the nutritional contribution of pond biota and applied feed in model 225 m2 nominally managed earthen ponds. Biochemical analyses were also performed on representative pond biota and pond environment samples. Average dry matter shrimp ingesta composition (N= 64) was: available carbohydrate, 4.2%± 1.8%; lipid, 4.8%± 2.3%; available protein, 9.6%± l.0%; carbon, 9.6%± 1.0%; nitrogen, 5.9%± 2.9%. Ingesta carbon decreased from 27.0%± 3.9% on week 2 to 16.3%± 3.3% on week 8, and nitrogen content decreased from 9.5%± 4.3% to 3.6%± 0.8% during the same interval. The decrease of ingesta C:N ratio from weeks 2 to 8 may indicate changing nutritional requirements of the shrimp. Ingesta essential amino acids varied by less than 10% from short‐neck clam protein. Except for several samples which were low in arginine, pond biota and environment samples contained amino acid profiles which were close to short‐neck clam. Essential fatty acid composition of shrimp ingesta was highly variable. Ingesta 22:6 fatty acid was present in populations of shrimp from ponds experiencing the highest weekly growth rates. Ingesta 22:6 fatty acid was not present in measurable amounts in shrimp experiencing the lowest growth. The unsaturated fatty acids 20:5 and 22:6 were absent from some pond biota and environment samples and abundant in others. The applied diet contained no measurable 20:5 or 22:6. The management implications of shrimp ingesta biochemical analyses are that diets may be fed which nutritionally complement pond biota consumed by the shrimp.
Pre‐Flood Evaluation of Seven Grasses (Graminae L.) as Planted Forage for Crawfish1
Authors: Brunson Martin W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeven potential alternatives to rice (Oryza sativa) as planted forage for pond production of crawfish in southwest Louisiana were evaluated. Browntop (Panicum ramosum L.), Japanese [Echinochloa crusgulli var. frumentacea (Roxb.) Wight], proso (Panicum miliaceum L.), and pearl [Pennisetum typhoides (Burn.) Stapf & C.E. Hubb] millets were compared with volunteer weeds (primarily Cyperus spp.), grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] and a sorghum sudangrass hybrid [S. bicolor (L.) Moench]. Early maturation and rapid senescence and decomposition characterized all except the two sorghums and pearl millet. The sorghum sudangrass was superior in biomass production and exhibited slow senescence. Grain sorghum and pearl millet also exhibited characteristics which might be desirable for use in some crawfish production ponds.
Gas Bubble Trauma in the Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana
Authors: Colt John , Orwicz Kris , Brooks Dale L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAdult bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, were exposed to water supersaturated with atmospheric air. Exposure to a differential pressure (δP) of 250 mm Hg [total gas pressure (TGP) = 132.9% of atmospheric pressure] resulted in a 40% mortality within one day owing to the accumulation of gas in the vascular system. Exposure to a AP of 128 mm Hg (TGP = 116.8%) for four days had no effect on bullfrog mortality, but produced subcutaneous gas bubbles in the webbing and on body surfaces, followed by hyperemia (tissue engorged with blood through blood vessel dilation), and petechial (small subcutaneous hemorrhage spot) and ecchymotic (large subcutaneous hemorrhage spot) hemorrhaging. Owing to accumulation of gas under the skin, these frogs typically floated and were unable to remain submerged. These clinical signs are similar to those commonly reported for “redleg” disease syndrome in bullfrogs. When held at a δP of 67 mm Hg (TGP = 108.8%) for 27 days, no clinical signs of gas bubble trauma were observed.
Preliminary Studies on Stocking Density and Production of Hamoor Epinephelus tauvina in PVC‐Lined Raceways
Authors: Abdullah Mohammed Saif , Wuan Thong Onn , Kawahara Shogo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe results of two stocking density trials on the nursery and grow‐out stages of Epinephelus tauvina (Family: Serranidae), in PVC‐lined raceways are presented.At the nursery stage, fry of 17.1 g initial mean weight showed no significant differences in growth rate, survival rate and condition factor when stocked at densities of 200 and 400 fish/m3 over a period of 52 days. Fish grew to mean weights of 61.7 and 63.7 g, giving growth rates of 0.86 and 0.90 g/fish/day and final biomasses of 12.1 and 2S.2 kg/m3 for densities of 200 and 400 fish/m3, respectively. Survival rates were excellent for both treatments at 98percnt; or greater. Food conversion efficiency was slightly improved at the higher density.At the grow‐out stage, E. tauvina of mean weights ranging from 150‐170 g cultured for a period of 215 days grew better at a density of 5 fish/m3 than at densities of 20 and 60 fish/m3 (final size: 770, 560 and 450 g with growth rates of 2.8, 1.8 and 1.4 g/fish/day, respectively). Survival rates were higher at the two lower densities. Overall, total biomass increased with stocking density (3.9, 11.1 and 23.4 kg/m3, for 5, 20 and 60 fish/m3, respectively). These results indicate that hamoor has potential to be successfully cultured in raceways.
Studies on the Maturation and Spawning of Milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal in a Photoperiod‐Controlled Room
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Sheng , Tamaru Clyde S. , Weber G. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractProgress in propagation of milkfish has been impeded by the shortage of mature broodstock. This study was a first step toward revealing the environmental cues for the maturation of milkfish. Experiments were carried out during 1978‐1985 in an indoor tank (5.2 × 4.8 × 13 m) under photoperiod control and in an outdoor tank (63 × 5.4 × 13 m). In two controlled, long‐photoperiod regime experiments, 86 and 83% of the fish matured, the highest percentages yet reported. In these experiments, milkfish matured one month earlier than the normal spawning season, two months after the fish were exposed to the long daylight regime. Only 21% of the fish under a natural photoperiod regime in the outdoor tank matured. Results of the current study suggest that a change and increase in photoperiod are necessary for the onset of maturation.
Regulatory Status of Therapeutants for Penaeid Shrimp Culture in the United States
Authors: Williams Rodney R. , Lightner Donald V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe lack of approved drugs and chemicals needed to manage disease and pests in culture systems is the major constraint facing the penaeid shrimp culture industry in the United States. The industry needs the timely approval of the therapeutants for disease control for cost effectiveness and public safety. The approval process for the needed chemotherapeutants (drugs, parasiticides, disinfectants, and water quality agents) is administered by the US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the US. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Both FDA and EPA have procedures for registration of compounds for minor use whereby needed approvals may be obtained at far less cost than is typical for uses in major agricultural industries.Aquatrine® is the only compound with specific approval for use in shrimp culture. Three others—formalin, oxytetracycline, and trifluralin—have entered the approval process. Because of human safety concerns, replacements are needed for malachite green, chloramphenicol, and the nitrofurans. Candidates for replacing these compounds include trifluralin, oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid, the potentiated sulfonamides, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline. A need exists for an environmentally safe and effective agent to treat fusarium disease.The U.S. Department of Agriculture Interregional Research Project Number 4 (IR‐4), in conjunction with FDA, has begun addressing the problems of the aquaculture industry. Thus, the penaeid shrimp industry has an excellent opportunity to obtain the approvals of chemotherapeutants that are needed for continued growth toward a full potential in this country.
Using Experimental Microcosms in Shrimp Research: The Growth‐Enhancing Effect of Shrimp Pond Water
Authors: Leber Kenneth M. , Pruder Gary D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAfter preliminary six week experiments showed that shrimp pond effluent from an intensive culture growout pond had the capacity to nearly double shrimp growth in laboratory tanks, an 18 day experiment was designed to determine if similar results occurred in the presence of high quality feeds. The results presented here corroborate the hypothesis that autochthonous factors in shrimp pond water stimulate shrimp growth. These results revealed that performance of currently available shrimp feeds is greatly improved in the presence of pond effluent, regardless of feed quality. Increased feed performance did not appear to be an artifact of supplemental feed availability in pond effluent. The implications from these experiments are that, even in intensive culture systems (above 40 shrimp per m2), in‐situ sources of nutrition play an important role in shrimp growth.
Intensification of Shrimp Culture in Earthen Ponds in South Carolina: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Sandier Paul A. , Hopiuns J. Stephen , Stokes Alvin D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExperiments on the intensive cultivation of Pacific white shrimp, Penueus vunnumei, in ponds in South Carolina were begun in 1985 at the Waddell Mariculture Center. A preliminary study involved two 0.1 ha ponds stocked at an average of 43 postlarvae/m2, with management practices based on those used in Taiwan for intensive pond culture of Penueus monodon. Harvest yields averaged 6,757 kg/ha for one crop, demonstrating the technical feasibility of such intensive culture of P. vannumei. In 1986, 2.5 ha of ponds at the Waddell Center (six ponds totaling 2.0 ha at 40 postlarvae/m2 and two totaling 0.5 ha at 60/m2) yielded a total of 13,606 kg (5,442 ke/hn). These results were obtained even though aeration and water exchange rates were substanthlly reduced and South Carolina experienced its worst heat wave and drought. This served as a pilot‐sde, proof‐ofconcept test. Tank studies in 1985 and 1986 showed little effect of stocking density on shrimp growth rate at densities of 20–100 animals/m2. This was confirmed in ponds in 1987 when no differences in growth rates were observed at densities of 20–100 postlarvae/m2. Harvest biomass increased directly with stocking density in all trials, reaching a maximum of 12,680 kg/ha/crop at 100 shrimp/m2 in 1987.Initial attempts to intensify production in the nascent South Carolina shrimp farming industry occurred in 1986, when approximately 32 ha of private ponds were stocked at densities of 10–32 postlarvae/m2. Farm harvests increased with stocking density, with maximum yield of 3,656 kg/ ha/crop. This trend toward intensification in the private sector is continuing, and in 1987 maximum harvests from private ponds were 5,050 kg/ha from a 0.3 ha pond and 4,625 kg/ha from a 1.5 ha pond. Prospects for further implementation of intensive culture in the private sector appear excellent, with yields of ≥ 10,000 kg/ha/crop expected from private farms within the next few years.
Joint Action of Ammonia and Nitrite on Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon Postlarvae
Authors: Chen Jiann‐Chu , Chin Tzong‐Shean 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTiger prawn Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL6) were exposed to a mixture of ammonia and nitrite by the static renewal method. When the toxicity ratio of the ammonia‐nitrite mixture was 1:1, the 48 h, 72 h and 96 h LC50 values were 2.20, 1.43 and 0.84 toxicity units which were equivalent to 12.66 mg/L ammonia‐N (0.60 mg/L NH3‐N) plus 14.91 mg/L nitrite‐N, 8.23 mg/L ammonia‐N (0.39 mg/L NH3‐N) plus 9.69 mg/L nitrite‐N, and 4.83 mg/L ammonia‐N (0.23 mg/ L NH3‐N) plus 5.69 mg/L nitrite‐N. When the toxicity ratio of the ammonia‐nitrite mixture was 51, the 48 h, 72 h and 96 h LC50 values were 2.50, 1.56 and 0.85 toxicity units which were equivalent to 23.98 mg/L ammonia‐N (1.13 mg/L NH3‐N) plus 5.65 mg/L nitrite‐N; 14.96 mg/L ammonia‐N (0.71 mg/L NH3‐N) plus 3.52 mg/L nitrite‐N, and 8.15 mg/L ammonia‐N (0.39 mg/ L NH, N) plus 1.92 mg/L nitrite‐N. A mixture of ammonia and nitrite exerted greater toxicity than high concentrations of either ammonia or nitrite alone. The combined effect of ammonia and nitrite on P. monodon postlarvae was antagonistic for 48 and 72 hours exposure, but synergistic after 96 hours exposure.
Evaluation of Hach Fish Farmer's Water Quality Test Kits for Saline Water
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Daniels Harry V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHach Company Fish Farmer's Water Quality Test Kits (Models FF‐2 and FF‐1A) were compared with Standard Methods of analysis by determining dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, total ammonia‐nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen in waters of 0, 17, and 30 ppt salinity. Results indicate that the kits generally are reliable for making routine water analyses of saline waters for practical aquacultural applications.
pH Dependent Growth of Chlorella in a Continuous Culture System 1
Authors: James Charles M. , Al‐Khars Abdul Mohsen , Chorbani Parwiz 
Published: April 2007

AbstractProduction and growth of a local strain of marine Chlorella sp. was investigated under different pH levels ranging from pH 6.0–8.5 using 200 L capacity algal tubes. The results show that a pH of 6.5 will be most conducive for producing this species in a continuous culture system. The highest production was 136 g/m3/d with a mean of 117 ± 11 g/m3/d at pH 6.5 compared with other pH levels tested. The total fatty acid content was elevated at low pH levels and ω 3 PUFA increased as the pH was lowered from 8.5 to 6.5. The investigations show that algal productivity is considerably higher in the continuous culture system than in any of the other culture systems available.
Induced Maturation and Spawning of the Chinese Catfish Clarias fuscus
Authors: Young Michael J. A. , Fast Arlo W. , Olin Paul G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChinese catfish (Clarias fuscus) were successfully spawned in Hawaii using human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at dosage rates of two and four international units (IU) per gram body weight. Fish not injected with HCG did not produce viable eggs. Successful spawns with HCG occurred between May and October. Hatch rates of up to 80% were obtained during June, July, and August for those fish given either a 2 or 4 IU per gram body weight injection of HCG. Fish spawned in either May or October yielded significantly higher hatch rates when injected with 4 rather than 2 IU per gram body weight. Fish held at elevated temperatures (28 to 30 C) prior to the normal spawning season developed significantly larger oocyte diameters, 60 days earlier than fish held under ambient temperature conditions (21.5 to 24 C). Photoperiod manipulation at ambient temperature conditions was associated with earlier oocyte maturation, but photoperiod effects were much less important than temperature.
Oxidation Requirements of a Formulated Micropulverized Feed1
Authors: Chieng Chyi , Garcia Albert , Brune David 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA commercial micropulverized 50% crude protein diet for penaeid culture was studied for biochemical oxygen demand and to assess its effect upon water quality in the hatchery and raceway environment. The feed was separated into 13 sizes ranging from 250 μm to 2 mm in diameter. The first order reaction rate constant (k) increased with decreasing particle size. The micropulverized feed was highly biologically reactive and the rate constant (k) varied from 0.1 to 0.24 day‐1, depending on the particle size. The ultimate BOD was 660 mg/g. The goal of this research was to predict the impact of this feed in relation to varying particle size upon the oxygen and ammonia dynamics of the water. This information will enable shrimp hatchery managers to more effectively assess the water quality impact and water replacement schemes when using artificial micropulverized feeds.
Growth and Survival of Larval Red Sea Bream Pagrus major and Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus Fed Microbound Diets
Authors: Kanazawa Akio , Koshio Shunsuke , Teshima Shin‐Ichi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo establish the practical use of microbound diets (MBD) for larval fish in mass seedling production, rearing experiments of larval red sea bream, Pagrus major, and Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaeeus, were conducted. A mixture of various protein sources was used, and dietary amino acid patterns were approximated to those of larval whole body protein. Two thousand red sea bream larvae and 1,000 Japanese flounder larvae, all 10 days old, were placed in 100 liter tanks with running sea water under ambient water temperature, which ranged from 18 to 20C. The particle size of MBD was 125 μm at the beginning of the experiment and adjusted as fish size increased thereafter. Employing MBD together with a small amount of live food could sustain the growth and survival of larval red sea bream and Japanese flounder. Thus, data from the present study indicates that substitution of artificial feeds for live foods is possible for larval fish production, although improvements in MBD diets may be necessary before they are adequate for large scale seedling production.