bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors
Authors: Cyrus Tillmann , Caruthers Shelton D. , Wickline Samuel A. , Lanza Gregory M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Targeting MechanismsPassive versus Active TargetingSuperparamagnetic NanoparticlesLigand‐directed Targeting of Iron OxidesCell Tracking of Iron OxidesParamagnetic NanoparticlesPerfluorocarbon NanoparticlesLiposomesFullerenesNanotubesDendrimersQuantum DotsPolymer NanoparticlesConclusion
LHRHConjugated Magnetic Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancers
Authors: Leuschner Carola 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCancerConventional Approaches to Cancer/Metastases DetectionCurrent Chemotherapeutic Approaches and their Disadvantages in Cancer TreatmentsMultidrug ResistanceDrug Delivery to TumorsNanoparticles as Vehicles for Drug Delivery and DiagnosisTargeting Tumor CellsPassive TargetingActive TargetingDetection of Tumors and Metastases using NanoparticlesNanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance ImagingTargeted Delivery of Nanoparticles to Increase Cellular Uptake for HigherMRIResolutionLHRHand its ReceptorsThe Ligand Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone –LHRHAnalogs ofLHRHReceptors forLHRHFunction–Signal Transduction PathwaysLHRHReceptor‐mediated UptakeLHRHReceptor Type IILHRH‐bound Magnetic NanoparticlesSynthesis and CharacterizationTreatment using HyperthermiaTreatment using Lytic PeptidesDestruction of Metastases throughLHRH‐SPION‐HecateDetection of Tumors and MetastasesTargeted Delivery ofSPIONContrast Agents forMRIIn VitroStudies on Receptor‐targetedLHRH‐SPIONUptakeIn VivoStudies on Receptor‐targetedLHRH‐SPIONUptakeFuture OutlookAcknowledgments
Nanotubes, Nanowires, Nanocantilevers and Nanorods in Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis
Authors: Shiba Kiyotaka 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nanotubes, Nanowires and Nanorods

Carbon Nanotubes

Noncarbon Nanotubes

Single‐wall Carbon Nanohorns

Nanorods and Nanowires

Self‐assembled Nanotubes

Cancer Diagnosis

Carbon Nanotube‐based Detection System

Non‐carbon Nanotube‐based Detection Systems

Microcantilevers

Nano‐tag made of Nanorods

Cancer Treatment

Carriers for Drug Delivery Systems

Imaging Agents

Conclusions
Multifunctional Nanotubes and Nanowires for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Lee Sang Bok , Son Sang Jun 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Advanced Technologies in Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

MRI
and Therapeutic Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Biomedical Diagnostic Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Cancer Cell Death

Carbon Nanotubes for Detection of Cancer Cell

Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Delivery

Nanotubes and Nanowires Composed of Artificial Peptides

Peptide Nanotubes

Peptide‐Amphiphile Nanofibers

Template‐synthesized Nanotubes and Nanorods

Differential Functionalization of Nanotube

Selective Extraction of Drug Molecules

Silica Nanotube Carrier for
DNA
Transfection

DNA
Nanotubes

Nanobarcodes for Multiplexing Diagnosis

Magnetic Nanotubes

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nanotubes

Magnetic Field‐assisted Chemical Separation and Biointeraction

Drug Uptake and Controlled Release

Conclusion
Carbon Nanotube‐based Sensor
Authors: Ye Jian‐Shan , Sheu Fwu‐Shan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Overview

Introduction of Carbon Nanotubes

Growth of Carbon Nanotubes

Methods to Prepare
CNTs
‐based Sensors and Biosensors

Individual
MWCNTs
as Nanoelectrodes

Randomly Distributed
CNT
Electrodes

Well‐aligned Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrodes

Screen‐printing Carbon Nanotubes

Self‐assembly of Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Nanotube‐packaged Microelectrodes

Application of
CNTs
‐based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

Electrochemical and Electrocatalytical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

CNTs
‐based Electrochemical Biosensors

Functionalization of
CNTs

Biological Functionalization of
CNTs

Self‐assembly of Surfactant and Lipid Molecules at
CNTs

Electrochemical Functionalization of
CNTs

Electrochemical Application of Functionalized
CNTs

Application of Lipid–
CNT
Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Sensors

Achieving direct Electron Transfer to Redox Proteins by Functional
CNTs

Biomolecule‐functionalized
CNTs
for Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

Conclusions and Future Prospects

Acknowledgments
Coordinated Biosensors: Integrated Systems for Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomarkers
Authors: Yeh Joanne I. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areOverviewIntroductionElements of a NanobiosensorBiomolecular ComponentsNanoparticlesNanoelectrodesCoordinated BiosensorsBiomolecular Conduits: Signal Transducing MediatorsNADHPeroxidase: the Biocatalytic ElementUndecagold Nanoparticle: Role in Alignment and Directing Electron FlowIntegrated SignalsConclusionAcknowledgments
Pico/Nanoliter Chamber Array Chips for Single‐cell,DNAand Protein Analyses
Authors: Yamamura Shohei , Sathuluri Ramachandra Rao , Tamiya Eiichi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMultiplexed Polymerase Chain Reaction from A Single CopyDNAusing Nanoliter‐volume Microchamber ArrayPCRMicrochamber Array Chip SystemMicrochamber Array Chip FabricationSample Loading with a Nanoliter DispenserMultiplexed Detection of Different TargetDNAon a Single ChipOn‐chip Quantification of AmplifiedDNAOn‐chip Cell‐free Protein Synthesis using A Picoliter Chamber ArrayCell‐free Protein Synthesis Chip FabricationCell‐free Protein Synthesis using a Microchamber ArrayHigh‐throughput Single‐cell Analysis System using Pico‐liter MicroarraySingle‐cell Microarray Chip FabricationPico‐liter Microarray for Single‐cell StudiesSingle‐cell Microarray System for Analysis of Antigen‐specific Single B‐cellsConclusionsAcknowledgments
Polymeric Nanofibers in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Saw Seow Hoon , Wang Karen , Yong Thomas , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areOverviewIntroductionHistory of Tissue Engineering and NanofibersClassification of NanofibersSynthetic PolymersBiopolymersCopolymersComposite PolymersNanofiber FabricationDrawingTemplate SynthesisPhase SeparationSelf‐assemblyElectrospinningDegradation and Absorption Kinetics of Nanofiber Scaffolds Compared with Conventional ScaffoldsAdvantages and Disadvantages of Nanofiber Scaffolds Compared with Other Conventional ScaffoldsBiocompatibility of Nano‐structured Tissue Engineered ImplantsApplications of Polymeric Nanofibers in Tissue EngineeringOphthalmologyLiverNerveSkinBone and CartilageHeart and Vascular GraftsStem CellsInnovations in Nanofiber ScaffoldsConclusion
Electrospinning Technology for Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Li Wan‐Ju , Shanti Rabie M. , Tuan Rocky S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionNanofibrous ScaffoldsFabrication Methods for Nanofibrous ScaffoldsPhase SeparationSelf‐assemblyElectrospinningThe Electrospinning ProcessHistorySetupMechanism and Working ParametersProperties of Electrospun Nanofibrous ScaffoldsArchitecturePorosityMechanical PropertiesCurrent Development of Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tissue EngineeringEvidence Supporting the Use of Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tissue EngineeringNanofibrous Scaffolds Enhance Adsorption of Cell Adhesion MoleculesNanofibrous Scaffolds Induce Favorable Cell–ECMInteractionNanofibrous Scaffolds Maintain Cell PhenotypeNanofibrous Scaffolds Support Differentiation of Stem CellsNanofibrous Scaffolds Promotein vivo‐like 3DMatrix Adhesion and Activate Cell Signaling PathwayBiomaterials Electrospun into Nanofibrous ScaffoldsNatural Polymeric Nanofibrous ScaffoldsSynthetic Polymeric Nanofibrous ScaffoldsComposite Polymeric Nanofibrous ScaffoldsNanofibrous Scaffolds Coated with Bioactive MoleculesEngineered Tissues using Electrospun Nanofibrous ScaffoldsSkinBlood VesselCartilageBoneMuscleLigamentNerveCurrent Challenges and Future DirectionsConclusion
Nanophase Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Murugan Ramalingam , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction: Problems with Current TherapiesTissue Engineering: A Potential SolutionStem Cells: The EssentialsNanobiomaterials: A New Generation Scaffolding MaterialCharacteristics of ScaffoldTypes of Scaffolding MaterialsCeramic NanobiomaterialsPolymeric NanobiomaterialsNanofibrous Scaffold Processing: Current ScenariosSelf‐assemblyPhase SeparationElectrospinning – A New ApproachExperimental SystemSpinning MechanismElectrospun Nanofibrous ScaffoldsCell–Matrix (Scaffold) InteractionsCell–Ceramic Scaffold InteractionsCell–Polymer Scaffold InteractionsConcluding RemarksAcknowledgments
Orthopedic Tissue Engineering using Nanomaterials
Authors: Sato Michiko , Webster Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article arePrefaceIntroduction: Problems with Current ImplantsA Potential Solution: NanotechnologyCurrent Research Efforts to Improve Implant Performance Targeted at the NanoscaleCeramic NanomaterialsMetal NanomaterialsPolymeric NanomaterialsComposite NanomaterialsIn VivoCompared withIn VitroStudiesConsiderations and Future DirectionsAcknowledgments
Nanotechnologies for Targeted Delivery of Drugs
Authors: Brož Pavel , Hunziker Patrick 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionBasic and Special PharmacologyOutlineBasic PharmacologyAbsorptionBioavailabilityDistributionEliminationSpecial PharmacologySkin EpitheliumMucosal Epithelium of the Respiratory TractMucosal Epithelium of the Gastrointestinal TractMononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)Endothelial BarrierCell MembraneStrategies for Targeted Delivery – Observed in NatureOutlineBacteriaHost InvasionImmune System EvasionVirusesImmune System EvasionHost Cell InvasionViral Vectors for Therapeutic ApplicationsPrionsStrategies for Targeted Delivery – Designed by ManOutlineNoninvasive Delivery SystemsOral Delivery SystemsTransdermal Delivery SystemsTransmucosal Delivery SystemsInvasive Delivery SystemsTargeted Delivery to the BrainMacrophage TargetingOther TargetsConclusion and Outlook
NANOEGG®Technology for Drug Delivery
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoko , Igarashi Rie 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionNew Nanoparticles with a Core–Shell Structure: TheNANOEGGSystemPhysicochemical Properties and Action ofATRANANOEGGPreparation and CharacterizationImproved Lability ofATRAin theNANOEGGSystemNANOEGGfor Dermatological AspectsImproved Irritation ofATRAin theNANOEGGSystemPharmacological Effects of theNANOEGGSystemExpression ofmRNAHeparin‐binding Epidermal Growth Factor‐like Growth Factor (HB‐EGF) on Mouse SkinProliferation and Differentiation of KeratinocytesProduction of Hyaluronic Acid (HA) in the Epidermal LayerHyperpigmentation and Fine Wrinkle Improvements byNANOEGGTreatment on Animal SkinClinical Trials of Fine Wrinkles and Brown Spots on the Human FaceWhy doesNANOEGGShow the High Performance on the Improvement of Brown Spot and Wrinkles?NANOEGGfor Other IndicationsNANOEGGfor Other DrugsConclusion
Solid Lipid and Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
Authors: Pedraz José Luis , Orive Gorka , Igartua Manoli , Gascón Alicia R. , Hernández Rosa M. , Solinis Maria Angeles , Esquisabel Amaia 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionSLNsIntroductionCompositionProduction ProcessesPreparation TechniquesScaling‐up, Sterilization and DryingDrug Incorporation, Loading, Incorporation Efficiency, Nanoparticle Recovery and Drug ReleaseDrug IncorporationDrug LoadingDetermination of Nanoparticle Recovery and Drug Incorporation EfficiencyDrug ReleaseRelated Structures and StabilityAnalytical Characterization ofSLNsParticle SizeThe ζ PotentialCrystallinity and Polymorphism and Colloidal StructuresApplicationsGene TherapyPeptide and Protein DeliveryLow‐soluble DrugsTopical and Transdermal AdministrationCosmetic Applications forSLNsPolymeric NanoparticlesIntroductionNanoparticle Preparation MethodsNanoparticles Prepared byIn SituPolymerization of MonomersNanoparticles Prepared from Preformed PolymersCharacterization of Polymeric NanoparticlesPharmaceutical Applications of NanoparticlesProtein DeliveryProtein Delivery by Mucosal RoutesVaccine Adjuvants
Thermoplastic silicone elastomer lubricant in extrusion of polypropylene wood flour composites
Authors: Hristov Velichko , Vlachopoulos John 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA possibility of using a thermoplastic silicone elastomer (TPSE) for reduction of surface defects in the extrusion of wood‐filled metallocene polypropylene (mPP) has been investigated in this work. A capillary rheometer and a single‐screw extruder have been utilized to study the effect of the additive on the extrudate distortions. Maleated syndiotactic metallocene polypropylene was also used as an adhesion promoter in mPP/wood flour composites. At loadings of 50 wt% wood flour in the mPP, the extrudates come out of the die with significant tearing and surface roughness. The surface rupture mechanism is similar to that of sharkskin in neat polymers; however, the defect is much more exaggerated in the case of wood fiber‐filled composites. It was found that TPSE at low concentrations (1 wt%) was able to reduce or even completely eliminate extrudate surface tearing. Increasing the extrusion speed yielded better results. Addition of a coupling agent also provides improvement in the extrudate appearance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 26:100–108, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20090
Oxygen delignification kinetics: CSTR and batch reactor comparison
Authors: Ji Yun , Wheeler M. Clayton , van Heiningen Adriaan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn the past, oxygen delignification studies were mostly performed in batch reactors, whereby the caustic and dissolved oxygen concentrations are changing during the reaction. Also the lignin content and cellulose degradation of the pulp are only established at the end of an experiment when the sample is removed from the reactor. To overcome these deficiencies, a differential reactor system (called Berty reactor) has been adopted. In this continuous stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR), the dissolved oxygen concentration and the alkali concentration in the feed are kept constant, and the rate of lignin removal is determined from the dissolved lignin concentration in the outflow stream measured by UV–vis spectroscopy. The delignification rate is found to be first‐order in HexA‐free residual lignin content. The delignification rate reaction order in [NaOH] and oxygen pressure are 0.412 ± 0.060 and 0.305 ± 0.260 respectively. The activation energy is 54.5 ± 6.8 kJ/mol. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Optimal design of simulated moving‐bed processes under flow rate uncertainty
Authors: Mota José P. B. , Araújo João M. M. , Rodrigues Rui. C. R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA general procedure for robust design of simulated moving‐bed (SMB) processes under flow rate uncertainty is presented. The best solution is chosen only among candidate solutions that are robust feasible, that is, remain feasible for all flow rate perturbations from the uncertainty set. This gives rise to a robust approach to optimal SMB design in which the nominal problem is replaced by a worst case problem. Computational tractability is ensured by formulating the robust problem with only the vertices of the uncertainty region that most adversely affect the raffinate and extract purities. The nominal optimization problem and its robust counterpart are formulated with a single‐column analog model, and a full‐discretization approach for steady periodic dynamics. The resulting nonlinear programming problems are solved by an efficient interior‐point solver. The procedure is successfully employed to find robust operating conditions for the linear separation of two nucleosides by standard SMB, asynchronous port switching (Varicol), and cyclic flow rate modulation (PowerFeed). Our results show that PowerFeed is the most efficient operating scheme for the separation under study, although Varicol also clearly outperforms the standard SMB process. However, it is also shown that Varicol productivity is the least affected when the process is rendered robust, whereas that of PowerFeed is the most penalized. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Population analysis of the alpha hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP) gene identifies sequence variants that alter expression and function
Authors: dos Santos Camila O. , Zhou Suiping , Secolin Rodrigo , Wang Xiaomei , Cunha Anderson F. , Higgs Douglas R. , Kwiatkowski Janet L. , Thein Swee Lay , Gallagher Patrick G. , Costa Fernando F. , Weiss Mitchell J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstractα‐Hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP) is a potential modifier of β‐thalassemia by virtue of its ability to detoxify excess free α‐globin. However, examination of patients with β‐thalassemia from a few geographic regions failed to identify obvious AHSP mutations. We extended these studies by analyzing AHSP gene sequences in 366 anonymous individuals from five different areas of the world. We detected numerous polymorphisms comprising 18 different haplotypes and two rare missense mutations. Two sequence variations produce functional effects in laboratory assays. First, a rare missense mutation in a Brazilian/Mediterranean cohort converts asparagine to isoleucine at position 75 of AHSP protein and impairs its ability to inhibit reactive oxygen species production by α‐hemoglobin. Second, a high‐frequency polymorphism in intron 1 of the AHSP gene (12391 G>A) alters an Oct‐1 transcription factor binding site previously shown to be important for optimal gene expression. The 12391A polymorphism impairs Oct‐1 binding and inhibits the ability of AHSP regulatory sequences to activate expression of a linked luciferase reporter. Although structural mutations predicted to alter AHSP protein function or ablate its activity are rare, the 12391 G>A SNP is common and represents a potential mechanism through which genetically determined variations in AHSP expression could influence β‐thalassemia. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia purpura with concurrent intravenous immunoglobulin and platelet transfusion: A retrospective review of 40 patients
Authors: Spahr Joseph E. , Rodgers George M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe performed a retrospective review of patients with immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) treated with prolonged infusions of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) (1 g/kg by continuous infusion over 24 hr) and concurrent platelets (1 pheresis unit every 8 hr), to determine the response rate of this therapy. Patient inclusion criteria included clinically significant thrombocytopenia, with either active bleeding, need for anticoagulation, or a needed surgical procedure. The average pretreatment platelet count was 10,000/μl, which increased to 55,000/μl after 24 hr and 69,000/μl after 48 hr. After 24 hr, 62.7% of patients had a platelet count > 50,000/μl. Bleeding was controlled initially in all patients, and those requiring a procedure experienced no bleeding complications. Over half of the patients (52.5%) required additional treatments for recurrent or refractory ITP. Six of the 21 patients requiring retreatment (29%) received IVIg and platelets again in a similar fashion, with similar results. No side effects of the combined treatment were noted. There is limited literature on the optimal dose and schedule for administration of IVIg and platelets. Our approach for administration of IVIg and platelets concurrently was associated with minimal side effects, resolution of bleeding, ability to safely undergo procedures, and rapid restoration of adequate platelet counts. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CAG regimen enables relapsed or refractory T‐cell acute lymphocytic leukemia patients to achieve complete remission: A report of six cases
Authors: Xue Sheng‐Li , Wu De‐Pei , Sun Ai‐Ning , Tang Xiao‐Wen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPatients with either relapsed or refractory T‐cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (T‐ALL) are candidates for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). Achieving complete remission (CR) in these patients is difficult but crucial for the success of allo‐HSCT. In this study, we examined 6 relapsed or refractory T‐ALL patients. In the patient group, 4 were male and 2 were female, with ages ranging from 15 to 57 years (median = 29 years). All 6 patients presented with the nonmature T‐ALL phenotype. Cytogenetically, only one had an i(7q) anomaly, whereas the remaining 5 cases had normal karyotypes. One of these patients had the MLL/AF9 fusion transcript, as shown by molecular study. After initial remission‐induction therapy, two patients achieved CR, one showed a partial remission, and all relapsed soon. The other 3 cases failed the therapy. The CAG regimen (cytosine arabinoside 10 mg/m2 subcutaneously every 12 hr, day 1–14; aclarubicin 5–7 mg/m2 intravenously daily, day 1–8; and concurrent use of G‐CSF 200 μg/m2/day subcutaneously) was devised originally for the treatment of relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia. After CAG therapy, all the T‐ALL patients in our study achieved CR, indicating that the CAG regimen is beneficial to the treatment of relapsed or refractory T‐ALL. The efficacy of CR‐induction in T‐ALL patients and the adverse effects of the CAG regimen need to be further studied. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypersplenism induced by splenic vein ligation
Authors: Garibaldi Brian , King Karen E. , Jaffe Julie M. , Moliterno Alison R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWarm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare clinical entity. It is usually caused by an IgG autoantibody directed against the red blood cell membrane that causes extravascular hemolysis predominantly in the spleen. As a result, disease states or procedures that result in hypersplenism would be expected to increase red cell destruction in patients with an underlying warm AIHA. We present the case of a patient with a previously undiagnosed warm AIHA, who developed worsening hemolysis after undergoing splenic vein ligation during a pancreaticoduodenectomy to remove a neuroendocrine tumor. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of registered nurses from British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Dimich‐Ward Helen , Lorenzi Maria , Teschke Kay , J. Spinelli John , Ratner Pamela A. , Le Nhu D. , Chow Yat , Shu Danhong , Gallagher Richard P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundA retrospective cohort study of provincial registered nurses (RNs) from British Columbia, Canada was undertaken to determine risks of mortality and cancer incidence; in particular for breast cancer and leukemia.MethodsCohort records of RNs from 1974 to 2000 were linked to Canadian death and cancer registries. Analyses included standardized mortality (SMR) and incidence ratios (SIR) as well as relative risks for internal comparisons.ResultsThere were 58,125 RNs in the cohort (96.7% females). The SMR for all causes of mortality for female RNs was low, at 0.61 (95% CI, 0.58–0.64). The only elevated SIR for female RNs was for malignant melanoma (1.27; 95% CI, 1.10–1.46). Ever working in a hospital, medical surgical specialties or maternal/pediatrics showed some elevated cancer risks.ConclusionsLow SMRs for the female RN cohort suggest healthful lifestyles and a healthy worker effect. Length of employment as a nurse, in hospitals and in specific fields was associated with some increased risks of cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:892–900, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.