bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social determinants of aggression in a sample of Chinese primary school children
Authors: Ekblad S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT— The aim of the present study was to relate children's aggression levels to social determinants of interest (i. e., child‐rearing measures, day‐care attendance, peer group influence, and TV‐watching) in a sample of Chinese children in the People's Republic of China. A sample of 290 primary school students (155 boys and 135 girls, mean age 10.3) in grade four in Beijing were investigated using the Multi‐Faceted Aggression Inventory. The children's parents were asked about child‐rearing measures and day‐care experience for the child. Teachers rated the children's aggression, school achievement level, and membership in the Young Pioneers.Despite acknowledged limitations, the findings in this study gave evidence that according to a person‐environment interaction perspective, the Chinese children's individual differences in aggression were influenced by the restricted environment. As aggressive behaviour is undesired and suppressed in the Chinese culture in and outside the home, the Chinese children seemed to show lower levels and less variation of aggression behaviour than children in permissive environments (e. g., Sweden). However, when analysing sex differeces in aggression environmental influences alone might not explain the differences.
Epidemiology of suicide in a Swedish county (Västerbotten) 1961–1980
Authors: Jacobsson L. , Renberg E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAs the initial part of the development of a suicide prevention program in a county in northern Sweden, an epidemiologic study on all suicides in the Västerbotten county 1961–1980 was performed. The study confirms other studies which differentiate between an urban‐alienated pattern and a rural‐traditional. There is a considerable increase in the suicide rate during the 1970's in the county alongside the development of a marked difference between different socio‐economic regions. The highest suicide rates are now found in the most sparsely populated mountainous areas in the western part and in the most rapidly expanding urban area.
Psychosocial outcome in schizophrenia and psychotherapeutic orientation
Authors: Salokangas R. K. R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose was to compare the psychosocial outcome in two groups of schizophrenic patients who were treated by different methods but were in other respects unselected, and to consider factors predictive of the outcome. The first sample, consisting of a total of 100 patients, had received hospital and outpatient care, here called traditional; only 12 of them had received sustained psychotherapy. Of the second sample, comprising 75 patients, 66 were treated in a psychotherapeutic community and 25 also received sustained psychotherapy. All patients were interviewed by the author on an average of 8 years after the first hospitalization. The patients treated in the psychotherapeutic community had remained longer under hospital care, particularly at first, and at the end of follow‐up their functional capacity was lower, but they were more satisfied with the treatment received compared with the patients treated traditionally. The samples did not differ in terms of clinical status. The severity of the schizophrenic disorder, including diagnostic category, and a tendency toward grandiose thinking emerged as the most important factors predictive of psychosocial outcome. Premorbid psychosocial development and social support were also relevant to the outcome. After taking the predictor variables into account, extensive hospital care was still associated with a poor outcome. This may in part explain why, despite the greater amount of psychotherapy provided, the functional capacity of the patients who received psychotherapeutic community treatment had poorer outcome than those treated traditionally.
Unexpected death in patients suffering from eating disorders
Authors: Rajs J. , Rajs E. , Lundman T. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTMedico‐legal investigation into causes of unexpected death of five persons who suffered from eating disorders did not give distinct pathoanatomical explanations. The analysis disclosed a number of risk factors whose interplay may have resulted in a circulatory catastrophy. These factors were of organisational and ideological character: simultaneous treatment at different departments, lack of contact with psychiatrists, or unclear criteria for admission to hospital; or somatic: circulatory and electrocardiographic S‐T and T wave abnormalities, hypopotassemia and hypoglycemia, as well as anergy of the emaciated patient which may have led to symptoms of bronchopneumonia being overlooked. Morphological investigation revealed heart atrophy as well as recent lesions such as haemorrhages, fragmentation and contraction bands of the myofibres. In two extremely emaciated patients there was a disproportion between the size of the mitral valves and the atrophic ventricular wall, an appearance similar to “floppy valves”. In one instance an erroneously inserted gastric tube contributed to vomiting, hypopotassemia and sudden death.
Values and priorities assigned to different kinds of research
Authors: Boulougouris John , Calltorp Johan , Cohen Jerome , Dencker Sven J. , Dow Ronald , Greist John , Harnois Gaston , May Philip R. A. , Sainsbury Peter , Scott Alex , Serafetinides E.A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA constrained allocation method was used to ascertain the values and priorities assigned to ten different types of research by a group of 275 raters. Basic RESOURCES came first in their priorities, followed in order by PHYSICAL HEALTH, MENTAL HEALTH, WORK and EDUCATION. Taken together, PHYSICAL and MENTAL HEALTH dominated the order. Differences of oponion were substantial: For each type of research, there were many who would assign it no funding at all, yet others would assign it a very high amount.The results are consistent with those reported from a previous study, indicating that the constrained alocation method has considerable potential for studying judgements of research values and priorities.
Benzodiazepine hypnotic metabolism: drug interactions and clinical implications
Authors: Abernethy D. R. , Greenblatt D. J. , Shader R. I. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTBenzodiazepines are the drugs of choice when initiating hypnotic therapy. Though the mechanism of benzodiazepine action in the central nervous system is similar for all drugs in this class, differences in absorption and pathway of elimination are associated with differences in observed clinical effect. After single‐dose administration, onset of hypnotic effect is most closely related to rate of drug absorption and duration of effect is more closely associated with extent of drug distribution. Relative affinity of the individual benzodiazepine for the specific central nervous system binding site may also determine duration of action. During multiple‐dose chronic therapy, route of metabolic biotransformation and elimination half‐life assume more importance. An increased incidence of adverse drug effects due to high doses of accumulating benzodiazepines may be seen in the elderly and patients with central nervous system deficits or chronic liver disease. Benzodiazepine metabolic biotransformation and clearance is broken into three groups. Group 1—oxidative biotransformation; Group 2—high clearance drugs; Group 3—drug conjugation. Groups 1 and 2 are implicated in a number of drug‐disease and drug‐drug interactions. Group 3 drugs have little change in patients with liver disease or when administered with inhibitors of drug biotransformation. Clinical implications of these metabolic interactions are variable, but inhibition of Group 1 and 2 benzodiazepine clearance has been associated with increased sedation and psychomotor impairment.
Philosophy of science and DSM‐III: Philosophical, idea‐historical and sociological perspective on diagnoses
Authors: Malt Ulrik Fr. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe validity of a classification system is primarily a question of philosophical premise. DSM‐II is from this point of view a theoretical classification system based on hypotheses currently considered reliable and interesting and which ‐ as presupposed ‐ could not be rejected by empirical methods. The relevance or validity of this empirical approach depends on the aim of the DSM‐III. An empirical approach may facilitate communication but can only have limited success as a help for planning treatment of psychiatric disorders where motives and meaning are important factors.The choice of hypotheses and the empirically derived concepts used to construct the classification system neglects other important ways of comprehension. Although aspects of rational philosophy may be found in the DSM‐III system too, important ways of comprehension like the metaphysical approach is lacking. It is showed how this fact reflects a philosophical trend in the Western world following the Renaissance. By considering the Myth of Faust it is demonstrated how a metaphysical comprehension of life would lead to a different understanding of states of mind currently assumed to be a reflection of individual psychopathology according to empirical or rational comprehension. Thus in the end the validity of a classification system depends on the basic philosophical assumptions chosen. A choice which may be determined more by irrational and cultural forces than conscious contemplation.The content of DSM‐III or ICD is also influenced by professional interests; the needs of the society and international political factors. It is concluded that a philosophical, idea‐historical, sociological and political consciousness is necessary to secure a critical but constructive attitude towards any classification system or theory. Whatever the basic point of view may be the provision of a classification system will always exclude important dimensions of man and life. Progress in psychiatry can only occur when this fact is conscious.
The DSM‐III classification of the functional psychoses and the Norwegian tradition
Authors: Dahl Alv A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship of the DSM‐III categories to the national diagnostic usage of ICD is of importance for communication between psychiatrists.Here the theoretical relationship between the DSM‐III categories and the Norwegian use of ICD‐8 within the area of functional psychoses is discussed. An empirical investigation of these theoretical assumptions has been done on a hospital material diagnosed independently in the two classificatory systems. The empirical investigation gives support to the concordance of DSM‐III schizophreniform, Schizoaffective, and bipolar disorder and the Norwegian ICD‐8 Counterparts. The concordance is less for schizophrenic disorders and major depressoin. It is also found that the norwegian diagnoses of reactive psychoses spread over may DSM‐III diagnoses. In particular more of the reactive psychoses than predicted fall within the schizophrenic spectrum of DSM‐III.
Parameters affecting the course and results of delirium tremens treatment
Authors: Feuerlein W. , Reiser E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe histories of 778 patients were analysed in respect of the course, type of treatment and lethality of delirium tremens. The lethality was highest in patients in the higher age range, those who were overweight and in spirit drinkers. The lowest mortality was in the patients treated with chlormethiazole (other drugs used included haloperidol and phenothiazines).
Chlormethiazole in the management of postcraniotomy seizures
Authors: Gurusinghe N. T. , Symon L. , Jewkes L. S. D. , Bromley L. , Brodrick P. , Gluckman P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTEpilepsy is an important problem in the period immediately following intracranial surgery. Rapid control of seizures is important to prevent damage to cerebral neuronal function. A method of managing epilepsy using intravenous chlormethiazole is reported. This regimen has proved to be safe and rapidly effective in the control of post‐operative seizures.
Post psychotic depression: The Fulbourn cohort
Authors: Berrios G.E. , Bulbena A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT— A comparison is reported, based on a 10 year follow‐up, between an index sample of 29 subjects suffering from schizophrenia and post psychotic depression and a control sample of 41 subjects suffering from schizophrenia alone, all having had their first admission to the same hospital in 1974.The index subjects were significantly older on onset of schizophrenia and exhibited more auditory hallucinations. Follow‐up patients with post psychotic depression were admitted more often, but their admissions were shorter. No difference was found between the two groups in the frequency of family history of affective disorder, in the duration of treatment with depot neuroleptics or in the dose level of the depot injection received immediately prior to readmission.
Reliability and validity of the Newcastle Scales in relation to ICD‐9‐classification
Authors: Maier W. , Philipp M. , Buller R. , Schiegel S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe assessment of endogenous depression by means of the Newcastle Scales (1965, 1971) has been validated by their correlation with biological findings in many previous studies. However, reliability and cross validation studies are lacking for these scales. We found the reliability of the Newcastle Scales to be sufficient or at least moderate in a sample of 70 inpatients with major depression. In order to cross validate both scales, the clinical classification according to ICD‐9 and the assessment of the Newcastle Scales have been performed independently in a sample of 112 inpatients with Major Depressive Disorder (RDC). The rate of agreement between clinical diagnosis and classification according to the Newcastle Scales of endogenous depression is only fair. However, a modification of the diagnostic algorithm applied to the items of the Newcastle Scales I (1965) improves the rate of agreement considerably. The Newcastle Scale I turned out to represent a heterogenous concept without sufficient transferability. Modifications of both scales are proposed.
Altered relationships between metabolic rates of glucose in brain regions of schizophrenic patients
Authors: Wiesel F. A. , Wik G. , Sjögren I. , Blomqvist G. , Greitz T. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTRegional brain glucose metabolism was studied with positron emission tomography (PET) in healthy volunteers (n= 9) and schizophrenic patients (n= 15). The patients were in an acute phase of the disease and drug free. Cerebral metabolic rate with 11C‐glucose as the tracer (CMRgl) was determined in both cortical and subcortical structures. In the healthy volunteers significant correlations were found between metabolic rates of some regions, but no relationships were found between CMRgl of limbic cortical areas and that of neocortical or subcortical structures. In the patients, high and significant positive correlations were found between metabolic rates in the neocortical areas, the limbic cortical areas and the subcortical areas. The results indicate differences in the neuronal interplay between regions of healthy and schizophrenic subjects. It is proposed that neuronal systems guiding the specificity and diversity in neuronal functions between different brain regions, are abnormal in schizophrenic patients. Such a disturbance may be the basis for the diversity of psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenics.
Maternal age and transition to motherhood: Prenatal and perinatal assessments
Authors: Welles‐Nyström B. L. , de Château P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this short‐term longitudinal study was to document the contents and consequences of the timing of first birth to two groups of Swedish mothers in respect to biomedical, behavioral, psychological and social variables. Fifty‐one primiparous women participated in the study during pregnancy through the first 4 months postpartum. Women were assigned to group dependent upon age: those 20–29 years of age in Group 1; and those 30–39 years of age in Group 2. Methods included standard ethnographic procedures, semi‐structured open‐ended interviews and pre‐coded questionnaires. Infant assessments included the Brazelton examination and the Neonatal Preception Inventory. Results indicated group specific maternal behavioral patterns. Group 2 mothers were more anxious during pregnancy and more likely to regard certain asspects of their transition to motherhood as problematic (e.g. breastfeeding). Additional findings included biomedical variance between groups of infants: the Group 2 infants weighed less and were less healthy than the infants born to younger mothers. Results are discussed in respect to medical precedents and psychological impact as well as the cultural patterning of motherhood.
Acute confusional states in the elderly: A radiological evaluation
Authors: Koponen H. , Hurri L. , Stenbäck U. , Riekkinen P. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTComputered tomography of the head was carried out on 35 patients who received a hospital diagnosis of delirium according to the DSM‐III, and 25 controls without cognitive disturbance. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean age of the groups or in the cortical atrophy score as measured by the mean width of the four largest sulci in the three uppermost tomographic cuts. Instead, the delirious patients differed from the controls in the frontal horn and cella media indices, in the width of the third ventricle and Sylvian fissure at insula on the left side. There was also a significant excess of low attenuation, brain infarct‐type areas in the delirious patients. The study confirms the marked predisposing role of the structural brain diseases (primary degenerative and multi‐infarct type dementias, Parkinsonism) in the development of acute delirium in elderly patients.
Recent developments in the treatment of panic disorder
Authors: Sheehan David V , Soto Sonia 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐The focus of this paper is the treatment of panic disorder with alprazolam. Drug treatments alone are sometimes not sufficient by themselves, to adequately control all of the symptoms or components of this disorder. In the typical case we can identify four targets of treatment: The first target is the biological core of the condition, that is characterized by the unexpected, unprovoked attacks of anxiety. This responds best to medication. The second target is the phobic avoidance behaviour. It appears to be a conditioned or learned complication of the biological core, and appears to follow the laws of learning theory. Unlearning treatments, like behaviour therapy (notably in vivo exposure) are usually necessary to make a full impact against the phobic avoidance behaviour. Thirdly, there is no drug that reverses the psycho‐social problems these patients have. Not all of them have such problems, but those that do may need psychotherapy to deal with their conflicts and stresses. Finally, the evidence in several chronic studies, suggest that this is a chronic relapsing disorder in the majority of cases. It is not enough to treat these patients acutely. They must be followed chronically and monitored carefully over many years, if they are to be protected against relapse.
Tardive dyskinesia
Authors: Gerlach J. , Casey D.E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT— Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a syndrome of involuntary movements that develops in predisposed individuals during neuroleptic drug treatment, with an average prevalence of 15%. Neuroleptic (antidopaminergic) drugs are the predominant etiological factor. Although no simple correlation can be established, both dosage and treatment duration seem to be of importance for the development of dyskinesia. It is still uncertain whether some neuroleptics carry a higher risk than others, but it appears that the atypical neuroleptic clozapine, which causes no or minimal dystonia, parkinsonism, or akathisia, also carries no or minimal risk of TD.The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying TD are unclear. The traditional dopamine hypersensitivity theory is no longer viable, whereby new hypotheses have been advanced: TD can be due to the blockade of a subset of striatal dopamine receptors, while parkinsonism is due to the blockade of another such subset, and/or can be due to a reduced GABA turnover in a subgroup of neurons connecting striatum with globus pallidus and substantia nigra.TD is best prevented by a course of neuroleptic medication involving as little antidopamine effect as possible, including minimal doses and shortest possible length of treatment. The main TD treatment principle consists of a gradual dose reduction, possibly over years. It should be added, however, that more recent investigations indicate that traditional antidopaminergic treatment in moderate doses may be safely continued over a long period without an increased risk of TD progression.
The Rutter Parent Scale A2 and Teacher Scale B2 in Chinese II. Clinical validity among Chinese children
Authors: Wong C. K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis is the second of two papers about the Rutter Scales A2 and B2 among Chinese children in Hong Kong. A consecutive series of patients (n= 124) suffering from emotional and conduct disorders is compared with two control groups. Similarities and differences were found when compared with Rutter's original work. In particular, not all the items could differentiate between patients and controls. But with total scores constructed according to local standards the combined sensitivity of both Scales was highly satisfactory (96% for boys and 93% for girls). No combined specificity was available owing to the design of the study, but the respective value for individual Scales was satisfactory (using optimal cut‐off points the lowest specificity was 74% for Scale A2 in boys). Their discriminative power for conduct and emotional disorders was good except in the case of A2 with emotionally disordered girls where only 13% of the cases were correctly identified. Again except A2 in girls the compositions of the anti‐social and neurotic subscores of both Scales among Chinese children were similar to that for English children. It appears that these two simple Scales do have important potentials among Chinese children.
Locus of control, life events and treatment outcome in alcohol dependent patients
Authors: Canton G. , Giannini L. , Magni G. , Bertinaria A. , Cibin M. , Gallimberti L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWe investigated the relationship of locus of control and life events to outcome of treatment at 6 months in 67 patients with alcohol dependence. Outcome was less favourable in patients with pre‐treatment scores indicating external locus of control than in those with internal locus of control. Furthermore, patients with relapse in the follow‐up period experienced more independent life events with moderate to severe objective negative impact than those with more favourable outcome. These results suggest that locus of control may be of clinical use in formulating treatment and prognosis, and that the occurrence of life events may influence outcome. The results are discussed in relation to strategies for treatment and prevention of relapse.