bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
18Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in the Prediction of Relapse in Patients With High-Risk, Clinical Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors: Preliminary Report of MRC Trial TE22—The NCRI Testis Tumour Clinical Study Group
Authors: Huddart Robert A. , O'Doherty Michael J. , Padhani Anwar , Rustin Gordon J.S. , Mead Graham M. , Joffe Johnathan K. , Vasey Paul , Harland Stephen J. , Logue John , Daugaard Gedske , Hain Sharon F. , Kirk Sarah J. , MacKewn Jane E. , Stenning Sally P. 
Published: July 2007

Purpose There are several management options for patients with clinical stage I (CS1) nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT); this study examined whether an 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18FDG PET) scan could identify patients without occult metastatic disease for whom surveillance is an attractive option. Methods High-risk (lymphovascular invasion positive) patients with CS1 NSGCT underwent 18FDG PET scanning within 8 weeks of orchidectomy or marker normalization. PET-positive patients went off study; PET-negative patients were observed on a surveillance program. The primary outcome measure was the 2-year relapse-free rate (RFR) in patients with a negative PET scan (the negative predictive value). Assuming an RFR of 90% to exclude an RFR less than 80% with approximately 90% power, 100 PET-negative patients were required; 135 scanned patients were anticipated. Results Patients were registered between May 2002 and January 2005, when the trial was stopped by the independent data monitoring committee due to an unacceptably high relapse rate in the PET-negative patients. Of 116 registered patients, 111 underwent PET scans, and 88 (79%) were PET-negative (61% of preorchidectomy marker–negative patients v 88% of marker-positive patients; P = .002); 87 proceeded to surveillance, and one requested adjuvant chemotherapy. With a median follow-up of 12 months, 33 of 87 patients on surveillance relapsed (1-year RFR, 63%; 90% CI, 54% to 72%). Conclusion Though PET identified some patients with disease not detected by computed tomography scan, the relapse rate among PET negative patients remains high. The results show that 18FDG PET scanning is not sufficiently sensitive to identify patients at low risk of relapse in this setting.
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of the Oral Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor Lonafarnib Administered Twice Daily to Pediatric Patients With Advanced Central Nervous System Tumors Using a Modified Continuous Reassessment Method: A Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium Study
Authors: Kieran Mark W. , Packer Roger J. , Onar Arzu , Blaney Susan M. , Phillips Peter , Pollack Ian F. , Geyer J. Russell , Gururangan Sri , Banerjee Anu , Goldman Stewart , Turner Christopher D. , Belasco Jean B. , Broniscer Alberto , Zhu Yali , Frank Emily , Kirschmeier Paul , Statkevich Paul , Yver Antoine , Boyett James M. , Kun Larry E. 
Published: July 2007

Purpose A dose-escalation phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib ( SCH66336 ) was conducted in children with recurrent or progressive CNS tumors. Primary objectives were to estimate the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and to describe the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and pharmacokinetics of lonafarnib. Farnesylation inhibition of HDJ-2 in peripheral blood was also measured. Patients and Methods Lonafarnib was administered orally twice daily at dose levels of 70, 90, 115, 150, and 200 mg/m2/dose bid. A modified continual reassessment method (CRM) was used to estimate the MTD based on actual dosages of lonafarnib administered and toxicities observed during the initial 4 weeks of treatment. Results Fifty-three children with progressive or recurrent brain tumors were enrolled, with a median age of 12.2 years (range, 3.9 to 19.5 years). Dose-limiting pneumonitis or myelosuppression was observed in three of three patients at the 200 mg/m2/dose level. A relatively constant DLT rate at the 70, 90, and 115 mg/m2/dose levels resulted in a recommended phase II dose of 115 mg/m2/dose. Significant diarrhea did not occur with prophylactic loperamide. Both radiographic response (one anaplastic astrocytoma) and stable disease (one medulloblastoma, two high-grade and four low-grade gliomas, one ependymoma, and one sarcoma) were noted, and seven patients remained on treatment for 1 year or longer. Conclusion Although the estimated MTD by the CRM model was 98.5 mg/m2/dose, because of the relatively constant observed DLT rate at the lower four dose levels, the recommended phase II dose of lonafarnib is 115 mg/m2/dose administered twice daily by mouth with concurrent loperamide.
Phase III Trial of Two Investigational Schedules of Ifosfamide Compared With Standard-Dose Doxorubicin in Advanced or Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcoma: A European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group Study
Authors: Lorigan Paul , Verweij Jaap , Papai Zsuzsa , Rodenhuis Sjoerd , Le Cesne Axel , Leahy Michael G. , Radford John A. , Van Glabbeke Martine M. , Kirkpatrick Anne , Hogendoorn Pancras C.W. , Blay Jean-Yves 
Published: July 2007

Purpose Single-agent doxorubicin remains the standard treatment for advanced soft tissue sarcomas. Combining doxorubicin with standard-dose ifosfamide has not been shown to improve survival and is associated with a significantly increased toxicity; it is not known whether higher dose single-agent ifosfamide is superior to doxorubicin. Patients and Methods This randomized prospective multicenter phase III trial was designed to compare progression-free survival of patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma receiving either regimen of standard doxorubicin 75 mg/m2 every 21 days, ifosfamide 9 g/m2 over 3 days continuous infusion, or ifosfamide 3 g/m2 per day in 3 hours over 3 days. The primary end point was progression-free survival. Secondary end points included overall survival, response rate, and toxicity. Results The study included 326 patients. Grade 4 leukopenia, neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, and encephalopathy were more frequent in the ifosfamide arms. Progression-free survival, overall survival, and response rates were not significantly different between the three arms. An independent data monitoring committee reviewed the interim data and recommended early closure of the trial for futility (ie, no significant difference would be shown). Conclusion Single-agent doxorubicin remains the treatment of choice for patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma.
A Pilot Study of [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Scans During and After Radiation-Based Therapy in Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Kong Feng-Ming Spring , Frey Kirk A. , Quint Leslie E. , Haken Randall K. Ten , Hayman James A. , Kessler Marc , Chetty Indrin J. , Normolle Daniel , Eisbruch Avraham , Lawrence Theodore S. 
Published: July 2007

Purpose To study whether changes of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) during treatment correlate with post-treatment responses in tumor and normal lung in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and Methods Patients with stage I to III NSCLC requiring a definitive dose of fractionated radiation therapy (RT) were eligible. FDG-PET/computed tomography scans were acquired before, during, and after RT. Tumor and lung metabolic responses were assessed qualitatively by physicians and quantitatively by normalized peak FDG activity (the ratio of the maximum FDG activity divided by the mean of the aortic arch background). Results The study reached the goal of recruiting 15 patients between February 2004 and August 2005. Of these, 11 patients had partial metabolic response, two patients had complete metabolic response, and two patients had stable disease at approximately 45 Gy during RT. The mean peak tumor FDG activity was 5.2 (95% CI, 4.0 to 6.4), 2.5 (95% CI, 2.0 to 3.0), and 1.7 (95% CI, 1.3 to 2.0) on pre-, during, and post-RT scans, respectively. None of the patients had appreciable changes in the lung during RT. The peak FDG activity of the lung was 0.47 (95% CI, 0.36 to 0.59), 0.52 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.64), and 1.29 (95% CI, 0.82 to 1.76), on pre-, during-, and post-RT scans, respectively. The qualitative response during RT correlated with the overall response post-RT (P = .03); the peak tumor FDG activity during RT correlated with those 3 months post-RT (R2 = 0.7; P < .001). Conclusion This pilot study suggests a significant correlation in tumor metabolic response and no association in lung FDG activity between during RT scans and 3 months post-RT scans in patients with NSCLC. Additional study with a large number of patients is needed to validate these findings.
Prostaglandin E2 Increases Transforming Growth Factor-β Type III Receptor Expression through CCAAT Enhancer-Binding Protein δ in Osteoblasts
Authors: McCarthy Thomas L. , Pham Tony H. , Knoll Bianca I. , Centrella Michael 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVariations in individual TGF-β receptors (TβRs) may modify TGF-β activity and significantly alter its effects on connective tissue growth or repair. Differences in the amount of TβR type III (TβRIII) relative to signal transducing TβRI occur on bone cells during differentiation or in response to other growth regulators. Here we investigated prostaglandin (PG) E2, a potent effector during trauma, inflammation, or mechanical load, on TβR expression in primary osteoblast-enriched cultures. PGE2 rapidly increased TβRIII mRNA and protein expression and enhanced TβRIII gene promoter activity through a discrete region within 0.4 kb of the transcription start site. PGE2 alters osteoblast function through multiple signal-inducing pathways. In this regard, protein kinase A (PKA) activators, PGE1 and forskolin, also enhanced gene expression through the TβRIII gene promoter, whereas protein kinase C activators, PGF2α and phorbol myristate acetate, did not. The stimulatory effect of PGE2 on TβRIII promoter activity was suppressed by a dominant negative PKA-regulatory subunit, but not by dominant negative protein kinase C. PGE2 specifically increased nuclear factor CCAAT enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ) binding to a half-binding site upstream of the basal TβRIII promoter region, and promoter activity was sensitive to C/EBPδ overexpression and to dominant-negative C/EBPδ competition. In parallel with their effect on TβRIII expression, activators of PKA decreased TGF-β-induced activity. In summary, high levels of PGE2 that occur with inflammation or trauma may, through PKA-activated C/EBPδ, preferentially increase TβRIII expression and in this way delay TGF-β-dependent activation of osteoblasts during the early stabilization phase of bone repair.
Type 2 diabetes in children in the Netherlands: the need for diagnostic protocols
Authors: Rotteveel Joost , Belksma Eline J , Renders Carry M , Hirasing Remy A , Delemarre-Van de Waal Henriette A 
Published: July 2007

Objective: The worldwide trend towards obesity in childhood is also observed in the Netherlands and one of the consequences may be type 2 diabetes. In this study, we assessed the number of children with type 2 diabetes, diagnosed by paediatricians, in the Netherlands.
Methods: In 2003 and 2004 the Dutch Paediatric Surveillance Unit, a nationwide paediatric register, was used to assess new cases of diabetes mellitus. Data on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were collected by means of a questionnaire. A second questionnaire was sent to the reporting paediatrician if the diagnosis was inconclusive or if the diagnosis was type 1 diabetes in combination with overweight or obesity, according to international criteria.
Results: During the 24 months of registration, the paediatricians reported 1142 new cases of diabetes, 943 of which were eligible for analysis. Initially, 14 patients (1.5%) were reported with type 2 diabetes. Only seven of these patients were classified as type 2 diabetes according to the ADA criteria, as information on C-peptides or antibodies was often missing. Based on clinical characteristics, the other seven patients were very likely to have type 2 diabetes. After the second questionnaire, six more patients met the ADA criteria and two were very likely to have type 2 diabetes. Most of the patients were female (95%), 14% were of Turkish and 18% of Moroccan origin.
Conclusion: This study shows a discrepancy between the number of patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed by paediatricians in daily practice and diagnosed according to the ADA criteria. Moreover, a considerable amount of reported patients were misclassified. Finally, 2.4% patients were classified as (very likely) type 2 diabetes. The development of programmes and protocols for prevention, diagnosis and classification applicable in daily practice is warranted.
Growth modes of 2-Ga microfossils
Authors: Bennett Steven , Boal David , Ruotsalainen Hanna 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBy digitally imaging colonies with more than a hundred cells, the distributions of cell size and shape are determined for four examples of 2-Ga microfossils: bacillus-shaped Eosynechococcus moorei and three dyads or diplococci (Sphaerophycus parvum and two forms of Eoentophysalis belcherensis). By assuming that each colony obeys steady-state growth, the measured distributions can be inverted to infer the time evolution of the individual cell shape. The time evolution can also be predicted analytically from rate-based models of cell growth, permitting the data to distinguish among different postulates for the physical principles governing growth. The cell cycles are found to be best described by the exponential growth of cell volume, although linear volume growth is not ruled out. However, the measured dyad cycles are inconsistent with several growth models based on surface area or the behavior of the septum at the division plane. Where they have been measured, modern bacilli obey exponential growth whereas eukaryotics obey linear growth, which implies that these 2-Ga microfossils are likely prokaryotic.
Environmental determinants of marine benthic biodiversity dynamics through Triassic-Jurassic time
Authors: Kiessling Wolfgang , Aberhan Martin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEcology is thought to be of crucial importance in determining taxonomic turnover at geological time scales, yet general links between ecology and biodiversity dynamics are still poorly explored in deep time. Here we analyze the relationships between the environmental affinities of Triassic–Jurassic marine benthic genera and their biodiversity dynamics, using a large, taxonomically vetted data set of Triassic–Jurassic taxonomic occurrences.On the basis of binomial probabilities of proportional occurrence counts, we identify environmental affinities of genera for (1) carbonate versus siliciclastic substrates, (2) onshore versus offshore depositional environments, (3) reefs versus level-bottom communities, and (4) tropical versus non-tropical latitudinal zones. Genera with affinities for carbonates, onshore environments, and reefs have higher turnover rates than genera with affinities for siliciclastic, offshore, and level-bottom settings. Differences in faunal turnover are largely due to differences in origination rates. Whereas previous studies have highlighted the direct influence of physical and biological factors in exploring environmental controls on evolutionary rates, our analyses show that the patterns can largely be explained by the partitioning of higher taxa with different evolutionary tempos among environments. The relatively slowly evolving bivalves are concentrated in siliciclastic rocks and in level-bottom communities. Furthermore, separate analyses on bivalves did not produce significant differences in turnover rates between environmental settings. The relationship between biodiversity dynamics and environments in our data set is thus governed by the partitioning of higher taxa within environmental categories and not directly due to greater chances of origination in particular settings. As this partitioning probably has ecological reasons rather than being a simple sampling artifact, we propose an indirect environmental control on evolutionary rates.Affinities for latitudinal zones are not linked to systematically different turnover rates, possibly because of paleoclimatic fluctuations and latitudinal migrations of taxa. However, the strong extinction spike of tropical genera in the Rhaetian calls for an important paleoclimatic component in the end-Triassic mass extinction.
Mass Transfer
Authors: Chisti Yusuf 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Mass transport phenomena influence all kinds of processes, often controlling the rate, the yield, the product spectrum, and product recovery. This article details the mass transfer considerations in production and processing of chemicals. Fundamentals of mass transfer are discussed for gas–liquid, liquid–liquid and solid–liquid systems. Methods for measurement of the overall gas–liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient are noted. Mass transport behavior is discussed for various kinds of reactors: laboratory shake flasks, vortex aerated devices, stirred tanks, bubble columns, airlift reactors, fluidized beds, packed beds, and other systems. Prediction and estimation of the various mass transfer coefficients are emphasized. Mass transfer within particles is treated as being relevant to adsorption, ion exchange, chromatographic separations, and heterogeneous catalysis. Mass transport in membrane processing is outlined.
Sol–Gel Technology
Authors: Pierre A. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMany recent technical developments require materials fabricated by sol–gel technology. This article presents a short review of this huge field, with special accent on the various steps involved in the sol–gel processing technique and the applications of gels. The main definitions and historically scientific roots of sol–gel science are first briefly summarized. Then the specificity of the chemical process involved in the synthesis of a sol and a gel are examined with respect to the various classes of materials: silica, oxides other than silica, complex oxides, ceramics other than oxides and organic–inorganic hybrids. Drying a wet gel is a very critical step. The problems and techniques used to solve this are summarized, in particular the use of chemical additives and supercritical drying. Transformation of dry gels to dense ceramics by thermal treatment is briefly examined. Then the next major part of the article focuses on the interesting properties and applications of sol–gel derived materials, including dry aerogels, ceramic powders, fibers, coatings or monoliths, technical ceramics and materials for bioinorganic and medicinal applications. The last part gives a short account of the tremendous economical development, which the sol–gel technology presently experiences.
Wood
Authors: Kretschmann David , Winandy Jerry , Clausen Carol , Wiemann Mike , Bergman Richard , Rowell Roger , Zerbe John , Beecher James , White Robert , McKeever David , Howard James 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWood touches lives in many ways, from the paper we use to chemicals, eg, acetic acid and methanol. Wood is an amazing resource and is renewable as well. This article covers many characteristics of wood and its products. Wood is either hardwood or softwood (angiosperm or gymnosperm) and is made of firmly bonded cells. The anatomical structure affects all characteristics. Wood is made of lignin and carbohydrates, along with minor amounts of other organic chemicals and minerals. Wood is highly hygroscopic. The adsorption and desorption of moisture causes wood to swell and shrink, respectively. Wood has unique physical properties, eg, strength and stiffness, that are related to its density. Wood is subject to deterioration, caused by temperature, time, moisture, and/or organisms. Wood can be fire retardant treated to reduce the surface burning characteristics and the heat release rate. Organisms eg, fungi, bacteria, insects, and marine borers can attack wood. Various strategies control these attacks, including chemical treatment and preservatives, optimum conditions, and physical barriers. Wood is used to produce lumber, manufactured and composite products, pulp and paper, charcoal, chemical compounds, fuel, and much more. These products support many industries that together contribute greatly to the world economy.
Fish and Shellfish Products
Authors: Pigott George M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

It is known that humans have used rather advanced techniques for obtaining and processing seafood throughout history. It was not until the 19th Century that fish from the Great Lakes were frozen by using a combination of salt and ice. This led to the growth of commercial processes for freezing fish as a method of preservation. Today quality control must be practiced from harvest to the table. This article gives detailed information on the U.S. fishery landings. Static, towed or dragged, and encircling gear involved in the harvesting are discussed as are the fishing vessels themselves. Maintaining quality of the fish on board the vessel until the fish can be processed is detailed. Fish can be processed on the vessel and then go through various treatments such‐as heating, freezing, and then storage. U.S. Fishery product exports exceeded $4 × 10
9
in 2006. Aquaculture provides nearly 50% of the annual fisheries production. Proper packaging of the product is necessary to maintain quality and safety. Concerns regarding mercury in fish and seafood are addressed. The National Shellfish Sanitation Program is designed to prevent harvesting of shellfish in polluted waters. Foodborne diseases and refrigeration have been studied and the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Principles (HACCP) approach is used.
Dendritic cell neoplasms: An overview
Authors: Kairouz Sebastien , Hashash Jana , Kabbara Wadih , Mchayleh Wassim , Tabbara Imad A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDendritic cell neoplasms are rare tumors that are being recognized with increasing frequency. They were previously classified as lymphomas, sarcomas, or histiocytic neoplasms. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies dendritic cell neoplasms into five groups: Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, Langerhans' cell sarcoma, Interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor, Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor, and Dendritic cell sarcoma, not specified otherwise (Jaffe, World Health Organization classification of tumors 2001; 273–289). Recently, Pileri et al. provided a comprehensive immunohistochemical classification of histiocytic and dendritic cell tumors (Pileri et al., Histopathology 2002;59:161–167). In this article, a concise overview regarding the pathological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of follicular dendritic, interdigitating dendritic, and Langerhans' cell tumors is presented. Am. J. Hematol. 82:924–928, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The 1040C/T polymorphism influencing thermal stability and activity of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor is associated with risk for oral cancer
Authors: Vairaktaris Eleftherios , Yapijakis Christos , Nkenke Emeka , Vassiliou Stavros , Vylliotis Antonis , Nixon Alexander Michael , Derka Spyridoula , Ragos Vasilis , Spyridonidou Sofia , Tsigris Christos , Neukam Friedrich W. , Patsouris Efstratios 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNo studies thus far have investigated the contribution of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) to oral oncogenesis. We studied the activity‐related 1040C/T polymorphism in 150 patients with oral cancer and 138 healthy controls matched by age, gender, and ethnicity. The increased‐activity T allele frequency was significantly reduced in patients compared with controls (28.7% vs. 37.0%, P < 0.05). T/T homozygotes had about half the probability of developing oral cancer (O.R. 0.39, 95%C.I. 0.13–1.14), while no significant difference was observed in C/T heterozygotes. The observed prophylactic effect of increased TAFI activity might result from reduction of plasmin and inhibition of extracellular matrix dissolution. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.