bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neo-Entrepreneurship as an Adaptation Model of Reindeer Herding in Finland
Authors: Heikkinen Hannu 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Reindeer herding is an old and impressively adapted livelihood supporting a unique cultural continuity of both Sámi and Finnish populations in northern Finland. Through centuries both have adapted to the changing social, cultural and ecological circumstances. This article focuses on reindeer herders as active conformists who try to adapt personally and communally to changing environments. The main focus is on the adaptation models of full-time reindeer herders and especially on the rather new cultural trait that is called neo-entrepreneurship in this article as distinct from traditional reindeer husbandry as economic behaviour. The current discourse in Finland concerning reindeer herding has focused on resolving conflicts between herding and the other land use forms, such as forestry, tourism, nature conservation, hydropower and infrastructure development (Raitio 2001; Heikkinen 2003; Jokinen 2005). This article focuses instead on reindeer herders as active conformists who try to adapt personally and communally to changing economic, cultural and ecological environments.
Confined and Sustainable? A Critique of Recent Pastoral Policy for Reindeer Herding in Finnmark, Northern Norway
Authors: Marin Andrei F. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Recently, an increasing number of development plans and strategies for pastoral communities have failed to ensure the sought sustainability, especially in ecosystems characterised by fluctuating environmental conditions. Many of these strategies are centred on a policy of confining, controlling and settling the nomadic herders. This article illustrates some of the principles and pitfalls of this approach with the case of semi-nomadic reindeer herding in Northern Norway. It juxtaposes the management views advocated by the herders with those expressed and implied by the recent state policies for reindeer herding. The focus is placed on the changes in land tenure and resource access. On the one hand, the state policy is founded on the assumptions of the tragedy-of-the-commons theory and argues for a formalised individual tenure regime as the only arrangement able to prevent/redress the alleged environmental degradation. On the other hand, the herders argue for a complex, and at times paradoxical, tenure and management regime, one that ensures both tenure security and flexibility, an adaptation of customary principles to the present situation. Our conclusion supports increasing evidence from elsewhere that gaps between the policy prescriptions and the pastoral management strategies have often resulted in negative social and environmental consequences. We argue for the need to include the experience and expectations of the herders in the design of legitimate and enduring co-management regimes as the only sustainable alternative.
Conversations with Ole K. Sara, Retired Head of the Reindeer Administration in Norway
Authors: Paine Robert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In these conversations of March 2001 and 2002, Ole K. Sara, the first Saami to head the national administration of Norwegian Saami reindeer pastoralism, reflects - candidly - on how crucial issues were handled: resolved or avoided? If resolved, to whose end? A crucial point here is how Sara was aware of how he had responsibilities to two constituencies simultaneously: government and pastoralists.
Further evidence for the validity of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm
Authors: Giancola Peter R. , Parrott Dominic J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of a modified version of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP) as a measure of direct physical aggression. Hypotheses were generated from recent theory pertinent to the categorization and measurement of aggressive behavior as well as widely supported effects of alcohol intoxication and gender on aggression. Participants were 328 (163 men and 165 women) healthy social drinkers between 21 and 35 years of age who completed self‐report personality inventories designed to assess one's propensity toward direct physical aggression, verbal aggression, trait anger, and hostility. Following the consumption of either an alcohol or a placebo beverage, participants were tested on the TAP, in which mild electric shocks were received from, and administered to, a fictitious opponent during a competitive task. Direct physical aggression was operationalized as the shock intensities (i.e., first trial shock intensity, mean shock intensity, proportion of highest shock) administered to the fictitious opponent. Although all self‐report measures were significantly associated with the three TAP indices, the associations involving physical aggression were strongest. In addition, self‐report measures of physical aggression consistently predicted higher levels of aggression on the TAP indices in men, compared with women, and in intoxicated, relative to sober, participants. Taken as a whole, this pattern of findings provides further evidence for the validity of the TAP as a measure of direct physical aggression for men and women. Aggr. Behav. 34:214–229, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organic Bioelectronics
Authors: Berggren M. , Richter‐Dahlfors A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDuring the last two decades, organic electroactive materials have been explored as the working material in a vast array of electronic devices, promising low‐cost, flexible, and easily manufactured systems. The same materials also possess features that make them unique in bioelectronics applications, where electronic signals are translated into biosignals and vice versa. Here we review, in the broadest sense, the field of organic bioelectronics, describing the electronic properties and mechanisms of the organic electronic materials that are utilized in specific biological experiments.
Simultaneous fault diagnosis in chemical plants using a multilabel approach
Authors: Yélamos Ignacio , Graells Moisès , Puigjaner Luis , Escudero Gerard 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOne of the main limitations of current plant supervisory control systems is the reliability and the correct management of simultaneous faults, which is crucial for supporting the plant operators' decision making. In this work, a MultiLabel approach that makes use of support vector machines as the learning algorithm is employed to arrange a novel fault diagnosis system (FDS). The FDS is trained to address a difficult control case study from industry widely studied in the literature, the Tennessee Eastman process. Successful results have been obtained when diagnosing up to four simultaneous faults. These results are very promising since they have been obtained by just using simple training sets consisting of single faults, thus proving a very high learning capacity. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Association of the SLC1A1 glutamate transporter gene and obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Stewart S. Evelyn , Fagerness Jesen A. , Platko Jill , Smoller Jordan W. , Scharf Jeremiah M. , Illmann Cornelia , Jenike Eric , Chabane Nadia , Leboyer Marion , Delorme Richard , Jenike Michael A. , Pauls David L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractContext: Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a debilitating illness with putative glutamatergic abnormalities. Two separate proximal haplotypes in the glutamate transporter gene, SLC1A1, were recently reported to be associated with OCD among males, but replication is required. Objectives: This study examines SLC1A1 as a candidate gene for OCD and explores gender influences. It was hypothesized that a significant association between SLC1A1 and OCD would be replicated in an independent sample of males but not females. Design: Family‐based association candidate gene study. Setting: Participants were recruited from tertiary care OCD specialty clinics. Participants: OCD probands and their first degree relatives. Main outcomes measures: Association of OCD with genotypes of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and related haplotypes. Results: Association between OCD and the three‐marker haplotype rs12682807/ rs2072657/ rs301430, with overtransmission of A/T/T, was observed in both genders combined (global P = 0.0015) and in males (global P = 0.0031). Single‐marker associations with OCD in the region (rs3780412 and rs2228622) demonstrated modest significance (permuted P = 0.045). Conclusions: This study identifies a significant association between the SLC1A1 glutamate transporter gene and OCD in a haplotype overlapping with that recently reported. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autism‐related routines and rituals associated with a mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier SLC25A12 polymorphism
Authors: Silverman Jeremy M. , Buxbaum Joseph D. , Ramoz Nicolas , Schmeidler James , Reichenberg Abraham , Hollander Eric , Angelo Gary , Smith Christopher J. , Kryzak Lauren A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEvidence for a genetic association between autism and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs2056202 and rs2292813, in the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier (SLC25A12) gene led us to ask whether any of the four previously identified familial traits in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) varied by these SNPs. In 355 ASD cases from 170 sibships we examined levels of the four traits in these SNPs using ANCOVA models. The primary models selected unrelated affected cases and used age and sex as covariates. An ancillary set of models used all affected siblings and included “sibship” as a random effects independent variable. We found significantly lower levels of routines and rituals associated with the presence of the less frequent A allele in rs2056206. No other significant differences were observed. The rs2056202 polymorphism may be associated with levels of routines and rituals in autism and related disorders. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consistency of hand preference across low‐level and high‐level tasks in Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: Lilak Alayna L. , Phillips Kimberley A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNumerous studies investigating behavioral lateralization in capuchins have been published. Although some research groups have reported a population‐level hand preference, other researchers have argued that capuchins do not show hand preference at the population level. As task complexity influences the expression of handedness in other primate species, the purpose of this study was to collect hand preference data across a variety of high‐ and low‐level tasks to evaluate how task complexity influences the expression of hand preference in capuchins. We tested eleven captive brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) to determine if they show consistent hand preferences across multiple high‐ and low‐level tasks. Capuchins were expected to display high intertask consistency across the high‐level tasks but not the low‐level tasks. Although most individuals showed significant hand preferences for each task, only two of the high‐level tasks that involved similar hand motions were significantly positively correlated, indicating consistency of hand preference across these tasks only. None of the tasks elicited a group‐level hand preference. High‐level tasks elicited a greater strength of hand preference than did low‐level tasks. No sex differences were found for the direction or strength of hand preference for any task. These results contribute to the growing database of primate laterality and provide additional evidence that capuchins do not display group‐level hand preferences. Am. J. Primatol. 70:254–260, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping functional connectivity in patients with brain lesions
Authors: Guggisberg Adrian G. , Honma Susanne M. , Findlay Anne M. , Dalal Sarang S. , Kirsch Heidi E. , Berger Mitchel S. , Nagarajan Srikantan S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe spatial distribution of functional connectivity between brain areas and the disturbance introduced by focal brain lesions are poorly understood. Based on the rationale that damaged brain tissue is disconnected from the physiological interactions among healthy areas, this study aimed to map the functionality of brain areas according to their connectivity with other areas.MethodsMagnetoencephalography recordings of spontaneous cortical activity during resting state were obtained from 15 consecutive patients with focal brain lesions and from 14 healthy control subjects. Neural activity in the brain was estimated using an adaptive spatial filtering technique. The mean imaginary coherence between brain voxels was then calculated as an index of functional connectivity.ResultsImaginary coherence was greatest in the alpha frequency range corresponding to the human cortical idling rhythm. In healthy subjects, functionally critical brain areas such as the somatosensory and language cortices had the highest alpha coherence. When compared with healthy control subjects, all lesion patients had diffuse or scattered brain areas with decreased alpha coherence. Patients with lesion‐induced neurological deficits displayed decreased connectivity estimates in the corresponding brain area compared with intact contralateral regions. In tumor patients without preoperative neurological deficits, brain areas showing decreased coherence could be surgically resected without the occurrence of postoperative deficits.InterpretationResting state coherence measured with magnetoencephalography is capable of mapping the functional connectivity of the brain, and can therefore offer valuable information for use in planning resective surgeries in patients with brain lesions, as well as investigations into structural‐functional relationships in healthy subjects. Ann Neurol 2007
Moisture curing kinetics of isocyanate ended urethane quasi‐prepolymers monitored by IR spectroscopy and DSC
Authors: Daniel‐da‐Silva Ana Luísa , Bordado João Carlos Moura , Martín‐Martínez José Miguel 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe study of the kinetics of the curing of isocyanate quasi‐prepolymers with water was performed by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The influence of the free isocyanate content, polyol functionality, and of the addition of an amine catalyst (2,2′‐dimorpholinediethylether) in the reaction kinetics and morphology of the final poly(urethane urea) was analyzed. A second‐order autocatalyzed model was successfully applied to reproduce the curing process under isothermal curing conditions, until gelation occurred. A kinetic model‐free approach was used to find the dependence of the effective activation energy (Ea) with the extent of cure, when the reaction was performed under nonisothermal conditions. The dependence of Ea with the reaction progress was different depending on the initial composition of the quasi‐prepolymer, which reveals the complexity of the curing process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
New type of phenolic resin—The curing reaction of bisphenol A based benzoxazine with bisoxazoline and the properties of the cured resin. III. The cure reactivity of benzoxazine with a latent curing agent
Authors: Kimura Hajime , Matsumoto Akihiro , Ohtsuka Keiko 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe curing reaction of a bisphenol A based benzoxazine [2,2‐bis(3,4‐dihydro‐3‐phenyl‐1,3‐benzoxazine) propane (Ba)] and bisoxazoline with a latent curing agent and the properties of the cured resins were investigated. With a latent curing agent, the ring‐opening reaction of the benzoxazine ring occurred more rapidly, and then the phenolic hydroxyl group generated by the ring‐opening reaction of the benzoxazine ring also reacted with the oxazoline ring more rapidly. The cure time of molten resins from Ba and bisoxazoline with a latent curing agent was reduced, and the cure temperature was lowered, in comparison with those of resins from Ba and bisoxazoline without a latent curing agent. The melt viscosity of molten resins from Ba and bisoxazoline with a latent curing agent was kept around 50 Pa s at 80°C even after 30 min, and molten resins from Ba and bisoxazoline with a latent curing agent showed good thermal stability below 80°C. However, above 170°C, the curing reaction of Ba with bisoxazoline with a latent curing agent proceeded rapidly. Cured resins from Ba and bisoxazoline with a latent curing agent showed good heat resistance, flame resistance, mechanical properties, and electrical insulation in comparison with cured resins from Ba and bisoxazoline without a latent curing agent. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of melt‐processable polyimides derived from 1,4‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)benzene
Authors: Zuo H. J. , Chen J. S. , Yang H. X. , Hu A. J. , Fan L. , Yang S. Y. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA series of molecular‐weight‐controlled imide resins end‐capped with phenylethynyl groups were prepared through the polycondensation of a mixture of 1,4‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)benzene and 1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene with 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride in the presence of 4‐phenylethynylphthalic anhydride as an end‐capping agent. The effects of the resin chemical structures and molecular weights on their melt processability and thermal properties were systematically investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that the molecular‐weight‐controlled imide resins exhibited not only meltability and melt stability but also low melt viscosity and high fluidability at temperatures lower than 280°C. The molecular‐weight‐controlled imide resins could be thermally cured at 371°C to yield thermoset polyimides by polymer chain extension and crosslinking. The neat thermoset polyimides showed excellent thermal stability, with an initial thermal decomposition temperature of more than 500°C and high glass‐transition temperatures greater than 290°C, and good mechanical properties, with flexural strengths in the range of 140.1–163.6 MPa, flexural moduli of 3.0–3.6 GPa, tensile strengths of 60.7–93.8 MPa, and elongations at break as high as 14.7%. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Morphology and mechanical properties of styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene triblock copolymer/high‐density polyethylene composites
Authors: Yu Xiju , Zheng Zhen , Lu Jiaming , Wang Xinling 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe morphology and mechanical properties of a styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene triblock copolymer (SEBS) incorporated with high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) particles were investigated. The impact strength and tensile strength of the SEBS matrix obviously increased after the incorporation of the HDPE particles. The microstructure of the SEBS/HDPE blends was observed with scanning electron microscopy and polar optical microscopy, which illustrated that the SEBS/HDPE blends were phase‐separation systems. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was also employed to characterize the interaction between SEBS and HDPE. The relationship between the morphology and mechanical properties of the SEBS/HDPE blends was discussed, and the toughening mechanism of rigid organic particles was employed to explain the improvement in the mechanical properties of the SEBS/HDPE blends. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of the molecular structure of ethene–propene and styrene–butadiene copolymers on their compatibilization efficiency in low‐density polyethylene/polystyrene blends
Authors: Starý Zdeněk , Fortelný Ivan , Kruliš Zdeněk , Šlouf Miroslav 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe effect of the molecular structure of styrene–butadiene (SB) block copolymers and ethene–propene (EPM) random copolymers on the morphology and tensile impact strength of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/polystyrene (PS) (75/25) blends has been studied. The molecular characteristics of SB block copolymers markedly influence their distribution in LDPE/PS blends. In all cases, an SB copolymer is present not only at the interface but also in the bulk phases; this depends on its molecular structure. In blends compatibilized with diblock copolymers, compartmentalized PS particles can also be observed. The highest toughness values have been achieved for blends compatibilized with triblock SB copolymers. A study of the compatibilization efficiency of SB copolymers with the same number of blocks has shown that copolymers with shorter PS blocks are more efficient. A comparison of the obtained results with previous results indicates that the compatibilization efficiency of a copolymer strongly depends both on the blend composition and on the properties of the components. The compatibilization efficiency of an EPM/SB mixture is markedly affected by the rheological properties of the copolymers. The addition of an EPM/SB mixture containing EPM with a higher viscosity leads to a higher improvement or at least the same improvement in the tensile impact strength of a compatibilized blend as the same amount of neat SB. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence of nonionic polymers on the rheological and electrical properties of Egyptian bentonite
Authors: Mostafa Bassem A. , Assaad Faiz F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe rheological properties of Egyptian bentonite suspensions in the presence of nonionic polymers were investigated. Two different types of nonionic polymers were studied: poly(ethylene glycol) (molecular weight = 6000 g/mol) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (molecular weight = 40,000 g/mol). The rheological properties (plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, and yield point) of concentrated clay suspensions (6–8% w/w) at different temperatures after 24 h were determined. As the nonionic polymer concentrations increased, the rheological properties of the bentonite suspensions showed a slight increase, especially at an 8% clay content. The electrical properties (electrophoretic mobility and ζ potential) of Egyptian bentonite in the presence of different nonionic polymers were measured with a ζ meter. The results showed that the ζ potential of this bentonite was higher with 200 mg/L poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) than with 1000 mg/L poly(ethylene glycol). Potential energy profiles for bentonite suspensions for these nonionic polymers were constructed to show that the net energy barrier for bentonite suspensions followed repulsion or attraction between particles. These profiles showed that the potential energy profile of a bentonite suspension with 200 mg/L poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) produced a high repulsion potential energy between clay surfaces; that is, the suspension stability improved. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Monitoring of cure‐induced strain of an epoxy resin by fiber Bragg grating sensor
Authors: Harsch Margit , Karger‐Kocsis József , Herzog Florian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this study, we present a method to detect cure‐induced strain in an epoxy resin (EP) with a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor. By embedding the optical fiber into the EP resin the characteristics during isothermal cure (gel point, vitrification) could be precisely detected due to changes in the fiber strain. In a follow up dynamic temperature scan the coefficient of thermal expansion and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the fully cured EP were determined by the FBG sensor technique. All results obtained by the fiber optical method showed a very good agreement with those deduced by independent techniques, viz. rheological measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermomechanical analysis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008