bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A partial sequence for nitric oxide synthase from a goldfish (Carassius auratus) macrophage cell line
Authors: LAING KJ , GRABOWSKI PS , BELOSEVIC M , SECOMBES CJ 
Published: June 2007

SummaryExpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA was detected in a recently developed goldfish macrophage cell line by RT‐PCR. using degenerate primers designed against conserved nucleotide motifs within the different mammalian isoforms of NOS. Increased expression of iNOS poststimulation with LPS was found, and suggests that it is a functional enzyme in goldfish macrophages. supporting the view that iNOS regulation is pretranslational. The nucleotide sequence translated in one reading frame with no stop codons to produce a partial peptide containing 164 amino acids, with highest homology (85%) to a recently identified rainbow trout iNOS sequence. The peptide translation also gave an insight into the conservation of binding motifs, since two cofactor binding sites were present in the amplified PCR product (FMN and calmodulin). In addition, a 42 aa motif present in the region just upstream of the FMN binding motif of mammalian endothelial and neuronal NOS isoforms was absent in the translation, in agreement with every published sequence for iNOS. Finally, the translation was used to construct an unrooted phylogenetic tree.
Interaction of monocytoid cells with the mucosal addressin MAdCAM‐1 via the integrins VLA‐4 and LPAM‐1
Authors: YANG YI , HARRISON JANE EB , PRINT CRISTIN G , LEHNERT KLAUS , SAMMAR MAREI , LAZAROVITS ANDREW , KRISSANSEN GEOFFREY W 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe differentiation of myeloid cells into macrophages and granulocytes is accompanied by marked changes in adhesive phenotype. Here we seek to understand the regulation of expression and functionality of the VLA‐4 (α4βl). LPAM‐I (α4β7) and HML‐I (αEβ7) integrins on monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes, given that these integrins including LFA‐I (αLβ2) mediate the entry, retention and signalling events of pathogenic leucocytes within chronically inflamed tissues. Phorbol ester‐induced monocytic differentiation of the promyelocyte cell line HL60 led to increases in the steady‐state levels of β2 and β7 mRNA transcripts, requiring a period of 10 and 24 h. respectively, of de novo protein synthesis. There was a parallel de now expression of LPAM‐1 on the cell surface, despite the fact that a4 mRNA transcripts were rapidly down regulated. At 72 h. HML‐1 was not coexpressed with LPAM‐1 on HL60 cells, although it was weakly expressed on peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages after a prolonged period of in vitro culture. Retinoic acidinduced granulocytic differentiation of HL60 cells led to the appearance of low levels of LPAM‐1 at the cell surface. LPAM‐1 was not found expressed on peripheral blood neutrophils, raising the possibility that it is transiently expressed during granulocyte differentiation. In accord with the above findings, differentiated monocytes and HL60 cells bound to recombinant MAdCAM‐1 in an α4‐ and β7‐integrin‐dependent fashion, whereas a population of undifferentiated HL60 cells and Mn ++‐activated monocytes bound in an α4‐integrindependent β7‐integrin‐independent manner via VLA‐4 expressed abundantly at all stages of differentiation. Four h after attachment, some of these VLA‐4+ LPAM‐1‐ HL60 cells could be seen to start spreading. These findings suggest that MAdCAM‐l can bind to VLA‐4 when LPAM‐1 is absent, and thus has the potential to recruit both VLA‐4‐bearing monocytes and VLA‐4+ LPAM‐1+ macrophages into chronically inflamed tissues.
Memory alloreactive cytotoxic T cells do not require costimulation for activation in vitro
Authors: FLYNN KIRSTEN , MÜLLBACHER ARNO 
Published: June 2007

SummaryWe have studied the costimulation requirements for the generation of cytotoxic T (Tc) cells in an in vitro recall response to alloantigens. Firstly, we demonstrate that recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding class I MHC can stimulate primary in vivo responses and prime for secondary in vitro responses specific for the immunizing alloantigen. The secondary in vitro response comprises both naive and memory components that are distinguishable kinetically. Naive alloreactive Tc cell precursors are dependent upon the presence of CD80 on the in vitro stimulating population for activation and generation of effector function, as described previously.1 However, Tc cells from animals primed in vivo with vaccinia virus (VV) encoding allo‐MHC do not require CD28‐CD80 interactions to respond to the alloantigen presented in vitro. This finding provides further evidence that memory Tc cells have less stringent activation requirements in vitro than naive cells. From limiting dilution analysis of the relative contribution of naive and memory Tc cell precursors in ‘primary’ responses, to MHC class I alloantigen, memory alloreactive Tc cell1 precursors, possibly primed by cross‐reactive environmental antigens, contribute approximately one‐fifth of the precursors. Memory responses exhibit similar precursor frequencies as primary responses. Thus, we conclude that memory is largely a result of qualitative rather than quantitative changes in Te cell precursors.
Tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α): The good, the bad and potentially very effective
Authors: BARBARA JEFFREY AJ , VAN OSTADE XAVEER , LOPEZ ANGEL F 
Published: June 2007

SummaryWhen the tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) gene was cloned the protein became available for use in clinical trials as an antineoplastic agent. However, side effects have severely limited its application in cancer treatment. Studies on the species specificity of TNF have indicated that the p75 TNF receptor (TNFR75) may play an important role in the generation of these side effects in humans. Using human TNF mutants with selective receptor‐binding properties it has been demonstrated in neutrophils and endothelium that TNFR75 is involved in the mediation of the proinflammatory activity of TNF by facilitating the p55 TNF receptor (TNFR55). However, only TNFR55 appears to be involved in mediating TNF cytotoxicity. Therefore the potential exists for the successful reintroduction of TNF‐α, in the form of TNFR55‐selective mutants, into the clinical arena with the promise of reduced side effects.
Peptide binding function and the paradox of HLA disease associations
Authors: HUGHES AUSTIN L , YEAGER MEREDITH , CARRINGTON MARY 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMany studies have found associations between HLA loci and susceptibility or resistance to both infectious and autoimmune diseases, but often subsequent studies fail to find the same association. Such inconsistencies are not surprising if we consider what is known of the population biology and evolution of HLA genes, especially the consequences of natural selection favouring heterozygosity in the peptide binding regions (PBR) of HLA molecules. Because of past recombination events and/or convergent evolution, alleles that are not closely related in overall sequence may come to resemble each other in the PBR. Because peptide binding is likely to be important for the role of HLA molecules in both infectious and autoimmune disease, a strategy of searching for HLA disease associations that groups alleles in functional categories based on PBR motifs may prove more successful than conventional strategies. Likewise, in developing approaches for molecular typing, it may be advisable to develop methods that group alleles on the basis of shared PBR motifs rather than simply on the basis of shared primer sites in less functionally important regions.
Immune deviation: A historical perspective*
Authors: PARISH CHRISTOPHER R 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn this paper I have reviewed my early studies, between 1966 and 1976, on the phenomenon of immune deviation. Initially summarized are experiments with different forms of the flagellin antigen from Salmonella adelaide which established the inverse relationship between delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) and antibody formation. Based on the flagellin studies, many of the key factors which determine whether an antigen will induce either DTH or antibody formation were delineated. These factors are just as relevant today as they were 25 years ago. Subsequent analyses at the cellular level demonstrated that different T cell subsets mediate DTH and T cell help and maintain immune deviation by suppressor mechanisms. A number of fundamental questions raised by this early work remain unanswered and are discussed. These include the nature of the primary signalling events which initiate immune deviation, the role of B cells in the deviating process and the mechanism by which CD8+ T cells suppress antibody production.
An in vivo mammary infusion model for tissue migration of leucocytes during inflammation
Authors: GREENHALGH CHRIS J , JACOBS HELEN J , MEEUSEN ELS NT 
Published: June 2007

Summary.Infusion of LPS or nematode larvae into the mammary glands of sheep induces recruitment of neutrophils or eosinophils respectively. While neutrophil recruitment required only a single infusion of LPS, repeated infusions of parasite larvae were required to induce significant eosinophil migration into the lumen of the glands. Eosinophil recruitment was accompanied by a distinct population of lymphocytes consisting mainly of activated (MHC class II and CD25+) T cells. L‐selectin was expressed at reduced levels on both neutrophils and eosinophils collected from the mammary gland compared with cells present in the blood of the same sheep. In addition, VLA‐4 and β1‐integrin were down‐regulated or negative in mammary eosinophils compared with strong expression in the blood while neutrophils were negative for these markers in both mammary washes and blood. Eosinophils in blood and mammary glands were negative for MHC class II, CD25 and CD4. Mast cells and lymphocyte aggregates were present in the tissue of glands chronically stimulated with parasite larvae while eosinophils were only present if the gland had been recently stimulated.These studies show that detailed in vivo analysis of leucocyte migration can be easily performed in the sheep mammary infusion model which allows non‐invasive and repeated sampling of inflammatory cells before and after tissue migration.
Molecular basis of immune evasion strategies by adenoviruses
Authors: HAYDER HIKMAT , MÜLLBACHER ARNO 
Published: June 2007

Summary.Human adenoviruses have provided valuable insights into virus‐host interactions at the clinical and experimental levels. In addition to the medical importance of adenoviruses in acute infections and the ability of the virus to persist in the host, adenovirus‐based recombinants are being developed as potential vaccine vectors. It is now clear that adenoviruses employ various strategies to modulate the innate and the adaptive host immune defences. Adenovirus genome‐coded products that interact with the immune response of the host have been identified, and to a large extent the molecular mechanisms of their functions have been revealed. Such knowledge will no doubt influence our approach to the areas of viral pathogenesis, vaccine development and immune modulation for disease management.
Mechanisms of interference with the MHC class I‐restricted pathway of antigen presentation by herpesviruses
Authors: HILL ANN B 
Published: June 2007

Summary.Herpesviruses are an ancient, ubiquitous family of DNA viruses, most of which share a lifestyle of latently or persistently infecting a young host, and spreading to infect a new host a generation later. Most herpesviruses interfere with antigen presentation via the MHC class I‐restricted pathway of antigen presentation, suggesting that impairment of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response is necessary for the maintenance of this lifestyle. The diverse molecular mechanisms that have so far been discovered employed by Epstein‐Barr virus, herpes simplex viruses, and human and murine cytomegaloviruses are described in this review.
M‐T2: A poxvirus TNF receptor homologue with dual activities
Authors: SEDGER LISA , McFADDEN GRANT 
Published: June 2007

Summary.Poxviruses are experts at manipulating and evading the host's immune response. They have acquired a number of open reading frames which specifically confer direct anti‐immune properties, either by mimicking cytokine receptors and growth factors or by disarming cytokine regulatory cascades. The Myxoma T2 protein (M‐T2), a TNF receptor homologue is secreted from virus infected cells and can bind TNF‐α with high affinity, and thereby inhibit TNF‐α‐mediated cytotoxicity. M‐T2 also acts to inhibit virus‐induced lymphocyte apoptosis by an as yet undefined mechanism. As such, T2 constitutes a significant virulence factor for poxviruses, influencing the outcome of infection, both in vitro and in vivo.
Antigenic variation and immune evasion in Plasmodium falciparum malaria
Authors: REEDER JOHN C , BROWN GRAHAM V 
Published: June 2007

Summary. Plasmodium falciparum malaria is responsible for 2 million deaths each year. Even in endemic regions, immunity to malaria builds slowly and is rarely complete. Strategies such as antigenic variation and antigenic diversity are critical to a parasite's ability to evade the host immune response and infect previously exposed individuals. In this short review, the phenomenon of antigenic variation is discussed in relation to immune evasion and its impact on parasite pathogenesis. Recent advances in the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of antigenic variation are examined and questions posed for future research.
Inhibition of T cell mitogenesis by a novel anti‐CD45R monoclonal antibody
Authors: ROBSON SIMON C , SIEGEL JONATHAN B , KIRSCH RALPH E 
Published: June 2007

SummaryCD45 consists of a major family of membrane glycoproteins which have protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and regulate early activation events, progression and maturation signals in leucocytes. Various isoforms of CD45 (Mr 180–240 kDa) regulate sets of intermolecular associations between different surface receptors, and appear to be differentially expressed on B and T cells (namely CD45RA, B or CD45RO). We describe a novel IgG2a mAb directed against restricted and unique CD45R modified epitopes expressed preferentially on peripheral blood T cells. This anti‐CD45R antibody (l(2)4c) at concentrations of 50 and 200 ng/mL inhibited mitogenic T cell lectin and anti‐CD3‐stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and blocked associated IL‐2 secretion in vitro. Phorbol ester‐stimulated mitogenesis was unaltered suggesting that the inhibition occurs independent of protein kinase C‐mediated pathways. Western blotting and immuno‐precipitation of purified cell lysates reveals that I(2)4c preferentially binds the higher Mr, bands of CD45 expressed on T cells. Following T cell activation in vitro, the 190 kDa band became more predominant and an additional 130 kDa protein, possibly a proteolytic fragment was recognized. I(2)4c may inhibit T cell mitogenesis by direct effects on CD45R alone or by preventing interaction with other membrane‐associated proteins and hence adhesive interactions with monocytes. Such interactions may however inhibit the initiation of signal transduction and., as a consequence, alter cellular activation by mitogenic lectins and anti‐CD3 in vitro.
Defence against the immune barrage: Helminth survival strategies
Authors: RIFFKIN MICHAEL , SEOW HENG‐FONG , JACKSON DAVID , BROWN LORENA , WOOD PAUL 
Published: June 2007

Summary.Parasites have generated a range of countermeasures against the host immune system which allows their survival long enough for reproduction to occur. Parasite subsistence is enhanced by evasion of the immune response utilizing mechanisms such as antigenic variation of exposed immunogenic proteins, shedding of surface proteins which are the target of an immune response, and protease production to neutralise specific anti‐parasite immune components. Recent advances in the fields of immunology and parasitology have highlighted a range of mechanisms by which the parasite actively modulates the immune response to allow survival. Parasite factors can directly suppress the function of certain subsets of immune cells as well as stimulating other cell populations which have suppressive activity. Strategies such as the skewing of the type 1‐type 2 cytokine profile to that of a less appropriate response, and the mimicry of host immune regulatory proteins are becoming more widely acknowledged as means by which helminths enhance their survival. An illustration of the extent by which parasites can exploit host immune components is emphasized by the use of host cytokines as parasite growth factors. This review will examine some of the strategies developed by helminths which enables them not only to survive in the host, but also to prosper.
Fluctuating population dynamics promotes the evolution of phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Pineda-Krch Mario , Svanbäck Richard , Doebeli Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn increasing number of studies are showing evidence in support of sympatric speciation. One basic question remains, however. When a population has undergone a branching in its phenotype, is this due to an evolutionary branching in the underlying genotype or due to phenotypic plasticity modifying a single genotype? Thus, phenotypic plasticity has come to be viewed as a trait subject to selection, just like any other phenotypic character1,2. Here we present a model addressing the conditions under which a predator phenotype experiencing selection for two alternative optimal phenotypes gives rise to genetically based phenotypic branching or to phenotypic plasticity, allowing the corresponding genotype to give rise to two alternative, well-adapted phenotypes.
Freshwater fishes of Patagonia in the 21st Century after a hundred years of human settlement, species introductions, and environmental change
Authors: Pascual Miguel A. , Cussac Víctor , Dyer Brian , Soto Doris , Vigliano Pablo , Ortubay Silvia , Macchi Patricio 
Published: June 2007

We review the status of the freshwater fish fauna of Patagonia, an assemblage with 26 native species, comprising fishes of Gondwanan origin, marine dispersants, and oceanic elements of local origin. Several processes, old and new, have shaped the landscape of Patagonia and its fauna: a Gondwanan heritage, the Andes uplifting, Pleistocene ice, volcanic activity, introduction of exotic fishes, mostly Salmonids, and climate change. While there is a significant tradition of taxonomic work on native fish species, research on life history, trophic relationships, and community structure has started to emerge only in the last 15 years. Most studies were conducted in oligotrophic lakes of the Andes; while fauna of streams remains poorly observed. While documentation of impacts by salmonids is scarce, there is some compelling evidence indicating that freshwater communities have been significantly shaped by exotic fish. Impacts by exotic species appear to be dependent on temperature on the east side of the Andes, and land use and watershed perturbation on the west side.In general, freshwater habitat conditions and how they affect fishes are poorly studied. In lakes, habitat complexity and its specialized use by native fishes may have ameliorated the impact by introduced salmonids. Although impacts on rivers abound, led by dam construction, the relationship between stream habitat integrity and native species health is still poorly understood. The future of freshwater resources will largely depend on how able we are to inform managers, the general public and colleagues about their value and the costs of not taking action. But current research capacity is insufficient to deal with most demands because of limitations in people, resources and baseline information. To support our claims, we need to promote regional assessments of freshwater resources and of major threats to their integrity, the building blocks of a regional agenda for their sustainable use.
Use of Resistant Peanut Cultivars and Reduced Fungicide Inputs for Disease Management in Strip-Tillage and Conventional Tillage Systems
Authors: Monfort W. S. , Culbreath A. K. , Stevenson K. L. , Brenneman T. B. , Perry C. D. 
Published: June 2007

Field experiments were conducted in 2000 and 2001 to determine the effects of the number of fungicide applications and resistant cultivars on early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) grown in strip-tillage versus conventional tillage. Split-plot experiments with four replications of cultivars and fungicide treatments were conducted in commercial fields using strip-tillage and conventional-tillage practices in Worth Co., GA. Main treatments consisted of cultivars Georgia Green and Florida MDR-98 in both years with the addition of C-99R in 2001. Sub-plot treatments were two fungicide treatments: (i) azoxystrobin (AZO) 0.33 kg/ha (sprays 3 and 5) and chlorothalonil (CHL) 1.26 kg/ha (all other sprays), applied at 14-day intervals; and (ii) AZO 0.33 kg/ha (sprays 2 and 4) and CHL 1.26 kg/ha (all other sprays), applied at 21- to 28-day intervals. Leaf spot ratings were 2.3 and 4.4 for Georgia Green and 1.9 and 3.3 for Florida MDR-98 (LSD = 0.4) for treatments 1 and 2, respectively, in conventional-tillage plots, and 2.1 and 2.9 for Georgia Green and 2.3 and 1.7 for Florida MDR (LSD = 0.2) in strip-tillage plots, respectively, in 2001. Lower levels of leaf spot severity in large strip-tilled plots of resistant cultivars were similar to results observed in small plot experiments. Leaf spot control in reduced fungicide regimes in strip-till was comparable to leaf spot control in the standard 14-day fungicide regimes. Thus, strip-tillage may reduce fungicide requirements for leaf spot control on Georgia Green, and should allow for even better leaf spot control when combined with resistant cultivars such as Florida MDR-98 or C-99R. Utilization of precision agriculture technologies aided in visualizing and explaining some of treatment differences for leaf spot, stem rot, tomato spotted wilt, and yield in 2000 and 2001. Accepted for publication 23 February 2007. Published 14 June 2007.
Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy: The New Gold Standard Surgical Treatment for Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Eskicorapci Saadettin Yilmaz , Teber Dogu , Schulze Michael , Ates Mutlu , Stock Christian , Rassweiler Jens J. 
Published: June 2007

We will try to demonstrate that laparoscopic radical nephrectomy could be the new gold standard treatment for renal cell carcinoma with the aid of the current reports exploring the advantages and disadvantages of laparoscopic radical nephrectom overopen surgery.Reported perioperative outcomes like operating time, blood loss, postoperative analgesia requirement, and length of hospital stay and duration of convalescence had been found to be in favor of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy. Some technical issues like approach of laparoscopic technique (Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy), removal of dissected specimen and need for lymph node dissection had been also discussed in detail in this review. Besides, oncological safety of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy had been explored. The overall five-year disease free survival rates of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in recent series were found to be over 90%. All of the series including the present one at least confirmed the oncological efficacy of LRN as compared with open surgical approach.The contemporary review of the literature documents clearly demonstrated the perioperative benefits of laparoscopy compared to the open approach. Nevertheless, the development, however, more safe and reliable technique in laparoscopy is necessary for tumor extraction. Recent studies confirmed the long-term similar cancer control results of laparoscopic radical nephrectomy with open surgery. Despite some technical modifications by the different groups, it can be stated that laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is the new gold standard treatment modality for patients with localized renal cell carcinoma.