bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Francis of Marchia and William of Ockham: Fragments from a Dialogue
Authors: Lambertini Roberto 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIt is well known that Francis of Marchia and William of Ockham joined Michael of Cesena's rebellion against the pope, together escaping from Avignon and signing documents supporting Cesena's defence of Franciscan poverty. The relationship between the works of the two thinkers, on the other hand, is the subject of ongoing investigation. After discussing Francis' rejection in his Commentary on the Sentences of Ockham's theory of quantity, this paper shows how Francis' Improbatio became a source for Ockham's Opus Nonaginta Dierum. Building on Offler's ground-breaking critical edition of the latter work, it is argued that Ockham made extensive use of Francis' Improbatio, even though on several points he felt it necessary to reformulate the arguments of his confrère or even to substantially modify his positions. The two Franciscan theologians differed deeply both in their basic philosophical commitments and in their methodological attitude. These differences emerged even when they were—so to speak—fighting on the same front.
Utrum inhaerentia sit de essentia accidentis. Francis of Marchia and the Debate on the Nature of Accidents
Authors: Amerini Fabrizio 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper attempts to provide a general reconstruction of Francis of Marchia's doctrine of accidental being. The paper is divided into two parts. (1) In the first part, I begin by reconstructing the debate on the nature of accidents held before Marchia, showing that such a debate is characterised by a progressive shift concerning the way to understand accidents. While the first Aristotelian interpreters regard accidents especially as inhering modes of being of substances, the majority of theologians and philosophers in the second half of the thirteenth century regard accidents as absolute beings. For them, the problem is no longer to explain if and, if so, how accidents can be distinct from substances, but how accidents and substances can make some one thing. Metaphysically, their primary focus is on explaining what the ontological status of inherence is. Although it is especially the consideration of the Eucharistic case that induces this change, I point out that many philosophers and theologians find in Aristotle's texts the philosophical support for taking this step. (2) In the second part, I focus more closely on Marchia's doctrine, arguing that Marchia's position is a slightly revised version of Scotus's. Unlike Aquinas and Bonaventure, Marchia explains Aristotle's metaphysics of accidents by way of the metaphysics of the Eucharist and not vice versa. So, in order to explain the philosophical consistency of this miraculous case, Marchia maintains that one does not need to modify the notion of inherence by distinguishing actual from potential inherence and including the latter in the accident's essence; rather it is necessary to take the case of the Eucharist seriously and, on this basis, to remove inherence totally from an accident's essence. In conclusion, the Eucharist shows that accidents are absolute beings to which actual inherence pertains contingently, potential inherence necessarily. But like Scotus's, Marchia's doctrine faces some difficulties that remain unresolved.
Francis of Marchia's Virtus derelicta and the Context of Its Development
Authors: Schabel Chris 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article offers the first critical edition of the most important version of Francis of Marchia's famous question 1 of his commentary on Book IV of the Sentences, in which the Franciscan theologian puts forth his virtus derelicta theory of projectile motion. The introduction attempts to place Marchia's theory in its proper context. The theory might seem to us an obvious improvement on Aristotle, but rather than an immediate and complete break with tradition that all scholastics quickly adopted, Marchia's virtus derelicta was more a stage in a gradual process that had begun many decades before and did not find universal acceptance among his first successors. Moreover, Marchia himself did not take the theory to what might seem the obvious conclusion that Jean Buridan would draw, because Marchia employed the virtus derelicta to explain more phenomena than just projectile motion.
Francis of Marchia on the Heavens
Authors: Thakkar Mark 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFrancis of Marchia (c. 1290-1344) is said to have challenged Aristotelian orthodoxy by uniting the celestial and terrestrial realms in a way that has important implications for the practice of natural philosophy. But this over-looks Marchia's vital distinction between bare potentiality, which is actualizable only by God, and natural potency, which is the concern of the natural philosopher. If due attention is paid to this distinction and to its implications, Marchia's position no longer seems to be revolutionary.
How Is Strength of the Will Possible? Concerning Francis of Marchia and the Act of the Will
Authors: Robiglio Andrea 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFrancis of Marchia dealt at length in several different contexts with the nature of the will and willing. Here I examine just one of those discussions: the possibility for the will to go against reason's final judgment, a topic related to weakness of will and the source of sin. Marchia is clearly of a voluntaristic bent, holding that the will can indeed act against the determination of reason. After examining Marchia's argumentation for his position, I explore some of the background to Marchia's view in a distinctively later medieval understanding of the human mind as a system of internal acts and dispositions, with the possibility that several of them belong to the same faculty simultaneously. This increasingly complex conceptualisation of the mind mirrors a new, more complex conceptualization of the "Self".
Francis of Marchia, Virtus derelicta, and Modifications of the Basic Principles of Aristotelian Physics
Authors: Zanin Fabio 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis article takes as its point of departure the conviction that late medieval science should be studied in its own right, and not merely to determine whether it presaged developments in early modern science. Case in point: Francis of Marchia's theory of virtus derelicta, the theory that the motion of a projectile through the air is due to a force left behind by the original motive force. Certainly, Marchia's view is not a forerunner of inertia. Nevertheless, it is argued that virtus derelicta breaks with two important Aristotelian principles of motion: "everything that has a beginning must necessarily also have an end" and "form is always indivisible." Thus, virtus derelicta is neither an Aristotelian solution to the problem of projectile motion nor a development on the road to early modern science; it belongs to a new (but subsequently undeveloped) understanding of motion.
Levels of intrinsic coagulation factors and the risk of myocardial infarction among men: opposite and synergistic effects of factors XI and XII
Authors: Doggen Carine J. M. , Rosendaal Frits R. , Meijers Joost C. M. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The role of the intrinsic coagulation system on the risk of myocardial infarction is unclear. In the Study of Myocardial Infarctions Leiden (SMILE) that included 560 men younger than age 70 with a first myocardial infarction and 646 control subjects, we investigated the risk of myocardial infarction for levels of factor XI (factor XIc) and factor XII (factor XIIc). Furthermore, the risks for factor VIII activity (factor VIIIc) and factor IX activity (factor IXc) were assessed. Factor XIc was 113.0% in patients compared with 109.8% in control subjects (difference, 3.2%; 95% CI, 1.1%-5.4%). The risk of myocardial infarction adjusted for age for men in the highest quintile compared with those in the lowest quintile was 1.8-fold increased (ORadj, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7). In contrast, factor XIIc among patients with myocardial infarction was lower than in control subjects, respectively, 93.0% and 98.6% (difference, 5.6%; 95% CI, 3.3%-7.9%). The odds ratio of myocardial infarction for men in the highest quintile versus those in the lowest quintile was 0.4 (ORadj, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.5). The highest risk was found among men with both high factor XIc and low factor XIIc (analyses in tertiles: ORadj, 6.4; 95% CI, 2.2-18.0). Factor VIIIc increased the risk of myocardial infarction although not dose dependently. Factor IXc increased the risk; odds ratio of myocardial infarction for men in the highest quintile versus those in the lowest quintile was 3.2 (ORadj, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.0-5.1). Thus, factors XIc and XIIc have opposite and synergistic effects on the risk of myocardial infarction in men; factor VIIIc and factor IXc increase the risk.
Primal-Dual Algorithms for Deterministic Inventory Problems
Authors: Levi Retsef , Roundy Robin O. , Shmoys David B. 
Published: August 2006

We consider several classical models in deterministic inventory theory: the single-item lot-sizing problem, the joint replenishment problem, and the multistage assembly problem. These inventory models have been studied extensively, and play a fundamental role in broader planning issues, such as the management of supply chains. For each of these problems, we wish to balance the cost of maintaining surplus inventory for future demand against the cost of replenishing inventory more frequently. For example, in the joint replenishment problem, demand for several commodities is specified over a discrete finite planning horizon, the cost of maintaining inventory is linear in the number of units held, but the cost incurred for ordering a commodity is independent of the size of the order; furthermore, there is an additional fixed cost incurred each time a nonempty subset of commodities is ordered. The goal is to find a policy that satisfies all demands on time and minimizes the overall holding and ordering cost. We shall give a novel primal-dual framework for designing algorithms for these models that significantly improve known results in several ways: the performance guarantees for the quality of the solutions improve on or match previously known results; the performance guarantees hold under much more general assumptions about the structure of the costs, and the algorithms and their analysis are significantly simpler than previous known results. Finally, our primal-dual framework departs from the structure of previously studied primal-dual approximation algorithms in significant ways, and we believe that our approach may find applications in other settings. More specifically, we provide 2-approximation algorithms for the joint replenishment problem and for the assembly problem, and solve the single-item lot-sizing problem to optimality. The results for the joint replenishment and the lot-sizing problems also hold for their generalizations with back orders allowed. As a byproduct of our work, we prove known and new upper bounds on the integrality gap of some linear-programming (LP) relaxations of the abovementioned problems.
Evolutionary Stability for Large Populations and Backward Induction
Authors: Gorodeisky Ziv 
Published: August 2006

It has been shown (Hart 2002) that the backward induction (or subgame-perfect) equilibrium of a perfect information game is the unique stable outcome for dynamic models consisting of selection and mutation, when the mutation rate is low and the populations are large, under the assumption that the expected number of mutations per generation is bounded away from zero. Here it is shown that one can dispense with this last condition. In particular, it follows that the backward induction equilibrium is evolutionarily stable for large populations.
Simulated Annealing for Convex Optimization
Authors: Kalai Adam Tauman , Vempala Santosh 
Published: August 2006

We apply the method known as simulated annealing to the following problem in convex optimization: Minimize a linear function over an arbitrary convex set, where the convex set is specified only by a membership oracle. Using distributions from the Boltzmann-Gibbs family leads to an algorithm that needs only O*(√n) phases for instances in ℝn. This gives an optimization algorithm that makes O*(n4.5) calls to the membership oracle, in the worst case, compared to the previous best guarantee of O*(n5). The benefits of using annealing here are surprising because such problems have no local minima that are not also global minima. Hence, we conclude that one of the advantages of simulated annealing, in addition to avoiding poor local minima, is that in these problems it converges faster to the minima that it finds. We also give a proof that under certain general conditions, the Boltzmann-Gibbs distributions are optimal for annealing on these convex problems.
Quantification by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Mycophenolic Acid and Its Phenol and Acyl Glucuronide Metabolites
Authors: Brandhorst Gunnar , Streit Frank , Goetze Sandra , Oellerich Michael , Armstrong Victor William 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Background: We developed and validated a rapid and reliable liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure for the quantification of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and its phenol glucuronide (MPAG) and acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG) metabolites.
Methods: We performed protein precipitation on all samples (calibrators, quality controls, and patient samples) and then subjected them to online solid-phase extraction followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography for 4.0 min. The carboxybutoxy ether of MPA (MPAC) was used as the internal calibrator. The separated compounds (MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG, and MPAC) were detected by electrospray ionization-coupled MS/MS. We compared LC-MS/MS results with results for the same samples obtained with a validated HPLC procedure with an ultraviolet detector.
Results: Comparison with the validated HPLC-ultraviolet procedure demonstrated good agreement. The Passing–Bablok regression was y = 0.968x − 0.058 for MPA, y = 1.08x − 1.697 for MPAG, and y = 0.952x + 0.076 for AcMPAG. Assay imprecision showed a CV &lt;10% at 3 concentrations for each compound. The lower limit of quantification was 0.1 mg/L for MPA, 1.0 mg/L for MPAG, and 0.05 mg/L for AcMPAG. The mean analytical recovery was 90%–110%. The assay was linear from 0.1 to 50 mg/L for MPA (r = 0.9987), from 1 to 500 mg/L for MPAG (r = 0.9999), and from 0.05 to 10 mg/L for AcMPAG (r = 0.9988). Quantification of the compounds was not affected by in-source fragmentation or ion suppression.
Conclusion: The LC-MS/MS assay described here is valid and reliable for the quantification of total MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG in serum.
Evaluating Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Moisture Vapor Suppression Coatings on Concrete
Authors: King MB , Kanare H 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMoisture vapor suppression coatings are used on millions of square feet of concrete floor slabs to remediate distress of moisture-sensitive floor coverings. We evaluated the suitability of ASTM E 96 and ASTM D 1653 for assessing performance of these coatings. ASTM E 96 can take several months, whereas free films can be evaluated using D 1653 in one to two weeks. Both methods were in close agreement for 100 % solids epoxy coatings but differ considerably for water-based coatings. Several types of coatings became severely distorted during D 1653 testing and could not provide useful results, including cementitious and polymer latexes and urethanes. Repeatability for coated and uncoated concrete specimens using ASTM E 96 was comparable to published precision data for other materials. The authors recommend that water vapor transmission testing of concrete and coated concrete specimens be included in the scope of ASTM E 96.
Geometry and Data Reduction Recommendations for a Standardized End Notched Flexure Test for Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Davidson BD , Sun X 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Recommendations are made for choosing a test geometry and data reduction method for a standardized end-notched flexure test for unidirectional fibrous laminated polymeric composites with glass or graphite reinforcements. To this end, the accuracies of a variety of commonly used data reduction methods are evaluated over a range of geometries. This is done using a combination of numerical and experimental approaches. It is determined that the compliance calibration method of data reduction, with an associated expression for compliance, C, of the form C=A+ma3, provides the best combination of accuracy and usability of all those data reduction methods considered. Here, A and m are curve fitting parameters and a is the crack length, and the expression for compliance is obtained prior to the fracture test by a series of compliance tests at different crack lengths to a load approximately equal to 50 % of that required for fracture. When this approach is used along with the associated recommendations for slenderness ratio of the specimen and roller diameters of the fixture, it is shown that the toughness that is extracted from the test will be within 3 % of its true value for materials with coefficients of friction, μ, along the interface containing a preimplanted insert of 0.0≤μ≤0.5. All materials for which experimental data are available show μ to be within this range. As such, this compliance calibration method is recommended as the sole data reduction method for the standardized test.
Replacement of the Final Time of Setting Maximum with an Initial Time of Setting Maximum as measured with the Gillmore Needles in ASTM C 91, C 1328, and C 1329
Authors: Conway JT 
Published: August 2006

AbstractASTM Subcommittee C01.11 on Masonry Cement, established a task group on methods of test which determined whether the final time of setting maximum limit could be replaced with an initial time of setting maximum limit. A review was conducted of 52 Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory proficiency samples (spanning 26 years) and data from the Portland Cement Association Masonry Cement Survey. Findings indicate a very reliable and simple linear relationship exists between masonry cement initial and final Gillmore time of setting. Data is presented which resulted in a specification change to ASTM C 91, ASTM C 1328, and ASTM C 1329 in 2005.
Statistical Correlations Between Seismic Wave Velocities and SPT Blow Counts and the Relative Density of Soils
Authors: Ulugergerli EU , Uyanik O 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The relation between seismic P and S-wave velocities, standard penetration test blow counts (SPT-N) and relative density are the subject of our research. We focused especially on variations of SPT-N versus seismic velocities and relative density versus seismic velocities. Contrary to the traditional approach, the scattered nature of the graphs led us to define the empirical relations as upper and lower bounds instead of single average curves. The values, calculated from the upper and lower limits, have large ranges and, therefore, span whole observable values of the site and geological unit. The wideness of the range between the upper and lower limit recommends that if a geotechnical parameter is required for the assessment of the soil condition; direct gathering from the field or core sample must be employed for a realistic evaluation.
Accelerated Diffusion Test on the Intact Rock Mass
Authors: Hanumantha Rao B , Dalinaidu A , Singh DN 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Contaminant transport through intact rock mass is predominantly diffusive and its modeling using the conventional laboratory tests is extremely time consuming. In addition, maintaining constant ambient conditions over a long duration is difficult and practically impossible. This necessitates modification of the conventional laboratory diffusion experiments so that the diffusion of ions through the intact rock mass is accelerated. To achieve this, researchers have employed an electric field across the samples of concrete and clays. However, the influence of the applied electric field on diffusion characteristics of the intact rock mass has not been studied in detail. With this in view, diffusion tests were conducted on the samples of chalk and sandstone by applying electric fields of different strength. Details of the testing methodology are presented in this paper. Efforts were also made to study the influence of the applied electric field on diffusion characteristics of these rocks.
Petrophysical Measurements From Drill Cuttings: An Added Value for the Reservoir Characterization Process
Authors: Egermann P. , Doerler N. , Fleury M. , Behot J. , Deflandre F. , Lenormand R. 
Published: August 2006

Summary
Permeability and porosity are necessary for reservoir characterization, and cuttings can provide quick information using dedicated measurement techniques. In this paper, we present the first applications of these techniques on real reservoir characterization cases and the comparisons with logs and core data.
The method of permeability measurement from cuttings is based on a pressure pulse applied to a cell filled initially with cuttings saturated with viscous fluid in the presence of trapped gas. The permeability is derived from the transient response of the oil invasion into the cuttings by using a numerical approximation of a mathematical model. The porosity of dry drill cuttings is measured using the routine helium technique. These methods were tested and validated by using various samples of crushed rock of known permeability and porosity. Both measurement techniques are fast, require light conditioning, are applicable over a large range of permeability, and need only 1 mL of sieved rock to be carried out.
In this paper, we present a field application of an integrated drill cuttings measurement program [permeability, porosity, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) T2 distribution] on a carbonate reservoir. Various drilling conditions [including water-based mud (WBM) and oil-based mud (OBM)] and lithologies have been investigated to develop the different techniques that are presented in the paper. The question of whether measurements on cuttings are representative of the native reservoir is of primary importance and was checked by comparing the consistency of the porosity measurements obtained from cuttings with other data (cores or logs). The overall results demonstrate the added value of k and ϕ measurements from cuttings in addition to the data that are commonly collected.
The Effect of Cementation on the Mechanical Properties of Sandstones
Authors: Al-Tahini A. M. , Sondergeld C. H. , Rai C. S. 
Published: August 2006

Summary
The variability in mechanical properties measured on sands from the Jauf and Unayzah formations of Saudi Arabia is observed to be dependent upon cementation. Understanding the role of cementation in controlling the mechanical properties can improve the design of hydraulic-fracture treatments and, hence, improve reservoir performance.
Strength measurements from triaxial-testing data and examination of core in thin sections were used to relate the detailed microstructure and cementation to the variation of mechanical properties. Strength and elastic moduli were determined for 65 samples cored from five different wells. Forty-seven samples were analyzed in thin sections and point counted to determine and quantify cementation. Cements in these two formations have variable composition and habits; both affect the mechanical properties and strength. It is not sufficient to know that cements exist; it is also necessary to know where the cement occurs.
Pure quartz overgrowths play a major role in increasing strength, while clay coatings play a minor role. Simple linear correlations were found relating cement concentrations to strength.