bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinct chemokinetic and chemotactic responses in neutrophil granulocytes
Authors: Keller H. U. , Wissler J. H. , Hess M. W. , Cottier H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvidence has been presented to show that chemokinesis and chemotaxis of human neutrophil granulocytes can be controlled by distinct cellular mechanisms and by different chemicals. Materials such as human serum albumin or fibrinogen had chemokinetic but no chemotactic properties. Highly purified preparations of serum‐derived peptides containing classical anaphylatoxin had detectable chemotactic activity only. Chemokinetic as well as chemotactic substances were required for the expression of chemotaxis in the form of efficient directional locomotion. The roles of chemokinesis and chemotaxis in the regulation of directional locomotion have been analyzed.Further experiments showed that the chemotactic response conforms to the law of Weber‐Fechner. The number of cells which had accumulated in response to a chemotactic stimulus was proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of the chemical substance. Readaptation from high to low chemotactic stimulus intensities occurred only to a limited extent.
Role of IgD in the immune response and tolerance II. Precursor analysis of murine B cells separated on the basis of surface IgD or treated with an anti‐δ serum
Authors: Scott D. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrecursor analysis of the function of murine B cells with surface IgD has been accomplished using an alloantiserum directed against a δ allotype and cellular affinity chromatography. Spleen cells from 3‐week‐old C57BL.Ige mice were treated with a TNP‐labeled anti‐δ allotype serum, washed and passed through an anti‐TNP affinity column. The cells passing such a column were depleted of IgD‐bearing lymphocytes by immunofluorescence and also showed a greatly reduced ability to develop into specific antibody‐forming cell clones vs. the fluorescein (FL) hapten in a limiting dilution microculture system in vitro. In contrast, the IgD‐bearing cells eluted from such columns were slightly enriched in precursor activity compared to the original population. Moreover, brief treatment with anti‐δ serum alone produced a partial reduction in the precursor frequency vs. FL with C57BL.Ige spleen cells (which bear the appropriate δ allotype) but not C57BL/6 spleen cells (which are negative for this δ allotype). This effect varied with the age of the spleen donor, but was most dramatic with splenocytes from 2 to 3‐week‐old mice. This contrasts with the effect of anti‐pi pretreatment, which only inhibited neonatal precursors. The results are interpreted in terms of the maturation of murine B cells and the function of IgD and IgM receptors in triggering an immune response.
Effects of retinoic acid on the immune system: Stimulation of T killer cell induction
Authors: Dennert G. , Lotan R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRetinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A derivative with anti‐tumor activity, was assayed for its effects on the immune system in mice. High doses of this compound (1000 μg/mouse/day) have toxic effects and cause depletion of the peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus) while leaving the bone marrow cells unaffected. Both the in vivo and in vitro induction of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) to allogeneic tumor cells is stimulated at least tenfold by low doses (25–300 μg/mouse/day) of RA while high doses suppress CMC induction. RA is shown to be a specific adjuvant for the induction of cytotoxic thymus‐derived lymphocytes (T cells) and not a general T cell mitogen or adjuvant. It does not enhance the proliferative response in the mixed lymphocyte culture nor does it stimulate lymphocyte proliferation in response to the mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. The induction of cooperating T cells and the delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction are also not stimulated by RA. In contrast to the reported stimulatory effects of retinyl palmitate and retinyl acetate, RA does not stimulate the humoral response to erythrocytes. The strong adjuvant effects that RA has on the induction of CMC at low doses may be responsible for its anti‐tumor activity.
Sequential interaction of macrophages, initiator T lymphocytes and recruited T lymphocytes in a cell‐mediated immune response to soluble antigen
Authors: Steinman L. , Tzehoval Esther , Cohen I. R. , Segal Shraga , Glickman Eva 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have investigated the sequential interaction of macrophages, initiator T lymphocytes (ITL) and recruited T lymphocytes (RTL) in the development of a T cell‐mediated response to soluble antigens. Macrophages were pulsed with soluble antigens and used to sensitize ITL in vitro. The ITL were irradiated to prevent their proliferation and then injected into the footpads of syngeneic mice. Sensitized ITL were found to recruit immunospecific RTL in the draining lymph nodes, as determined by a thymidine uptake assay of the lymph node cells in vitro. The richest source of lymphocytes with ITL activity was the thymus, and progressively less activity was detectable among spleen or lymph node lymphocytes. The magnitude of the subsequent RTL response could be modified by genetic differences between the ITL and the antigen‐pulsed macrophages that were used to sensitize them. Thus, ITL conveyed an immunogenic signal to RTL whose magnitude reflected the genotype of the macrophages, but whose specificity was directed by determinants of the soluble antigen.
Initiator and recruited T lymphocytes are distinct subclasses of T lymphocytes
Authors: Cohen I. R. , Livnat S. , Waksal S. D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn previous studies we found that the generation of a cell‐mediated immune reaction required interaction between sensitized initiator T lymphocytes (ITL) and syngeneic recruited T lymphocytes (RTL). ITL were sensitized in vitro against allogeneic mouse fibroblasts and injected into a footpad of syngeneic recipient mice. ITL were observed to migrate from the connective tissues of the footpad to the draining popliteal lymph node (PLN). Sensitized ITL recruited RTL from the blood circulation into the PLN. This recruitment led to the generation of immunospecific effector and memory lymphocytes.In the present study we investigated the cellular characteristics of ITL and RTL. We found that both ITL and RTL were positive for Thy‐1 antigen, and were absent from B mice. However, ITL and RTL differed in their response to various treatments. ITL were sensitive to adult thymectomy and resistant to antithymocyte serum (ATS). RTL were resistant to adult thymectomy and sensitive to ATS. Sensitized ITL were adherent to nylon wool or histamine‐rabbit serum albumin‐Sepharose, while RTL were not retained on such columns.ITL and RTL also differed in their relative distributions in various lymphoid organs and migratory pathways. The thymus demonstrated ITL but not RTL activity. In contrast, lymph node lymphocytes were a rich source of RTL, but had no detectable ITL activity. Both ITL and RTL could be demonstrated in the spleen. Thus, ITL and RTL functions are mediated by distinct subclasses of T lymphocytes which reside in particular compartments of the immune system.
Genetic and functional characterization of an antiserum to the lipid A‐specific triggering receptor on murine B lymphocytes
Authors: Coutinho A. , Forni Luciana , Watanabe T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe inheritance of responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and of a marker recognized in LPS‐reactive cells by a heterologous antiserum, was studied in crosses between C3H/HeJ (nonresponder) and C3H/Tif (high responder) mice. F1 hybrid mice show codominant expression of these traits: (a) LPS‐reactive cells are only half as frequent in the hybrids as in the high responder parent; (b) the serologically defined marker is expressed in half as many cells in the hybrids as in the high responder parent. In backcross generations, both LPS responsiveness and this serological marker segregated into high, intermediate, and nonresponders.LPS or free lipid A, but not two other B cell mitogens (lipoprotein, and purified protein derivative of tuberculin), compete with the antiserum for binding to the B cell surface membrane, and are capable of completely inhibiting such binding without interfering with the binding of anti‐Ig antibodies or complexes to Fc receptors. The addition of an IgG fraction of the antiserum to B cell cultures results in exponential growth of the cells and in maturation to antibody secretion. This mitogenic activity is dose‐dependent and absorbable on spleen cells from LPS high responder mice.Taken together, these observations suggest that this antiserum contains antibodies to the lipid A‐specific triggering receptor on B lymphocytes.
Specificity of helper T cells for different antigens
Authors: Kindred Berenice , Corley R. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBALB/c nude mice have been injected with 106 congenic thymus cells, a number which allows some, but not all mice to respond to any particular T‐dependent antigen. These mice have been tested for their ability to respond to three bacteriophages, T4, T7 and ΦX, sheep and horse erythrocytes, and alloantigens of C3H and C57BL/6 mice. The number of mice able to respond to each of these antigens was of the same order of magnitude. Sheep and horse erythrocytes showed cross‐reactivitty at the T cell level, i.e. the responses to these two antigens were not independent. The same was observed for C3H and C57BL/6. Otherwise, the responses were independent showing that the antigens are recognize by different populations of specific helper T cells.
Cell membrane‐mediated cytolysis by membranes from noncytolytic cells
Authors: Kahn‐Perles Brigitte , Golstein P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCytolysis was obtained with plasma membrane fractions prepared not only from cytolytic T cells, but also from nonimmune lymphoid cells and, moreover, from cell lines of nonlymphoid origin displaying no lytic ability. Furthermore, no relationship exists between the genetic specificity of T cell‐mediated cytolysis and the activity of membrane preparations. If anything, it appears that certain cell types may be unusually sensitive to membrane‐mediated cytolysis. Our observations argue against a mechanistic relationship between T cell‐mediated and membrane‐mediated cytolysis.
Role of adherent cells in immune responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A
Authors: Arala‐Chaves M. P. , Hope L. , Korn J. H. , Fudenberg H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe roles of adherent and nonadherent T cells in the responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) were studied. [3H]thymidine uptake by mononuclear cells from human thymus and peripheral blood was used to measure the relative influence of monocytes and B cells on the responses to these mitogens. The response to Con A was dependent on two populations of T cells, one adherent to cotton or nylon and the other nonadherent. The first population appeared to potentiate the latter. In contrast, the response to PHA was dependent only on the nonadherent T cell subpopulation. The responses to PHA and to Con A were both dependent on monocytes to approximately the same extent, but the response to Con A, unlike the response to PHA, was also slightly dependent on B cells.
Modification and fate of J chain in myeloma cells in the presence and absence of polymeric immunoglobulin secretion
Authors: Mosmann T. R. , Gravel Y. , Williamson A. R. , Baumal R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProcessing of J chain in various mouse myeloma cell lines was examined by incorporation of radioactive cystine, followed by analysis of proteins by immune precipitation and gel electrophoresis. J chain was synthesized by all myeloma‐derived cell lines examined, but not by nonmyeloma cell lines, even of B lymphocyte lineage. Secretion of J chain occurred only from cells secreting IgA or IgM. The J chain synthesized in other myeloma cell lines, was altered to a form that did not migrate at the rate of J chain during electrophoresis and was not recognized by the anti‐J chain antiserum. This alteration, probably due to degradation, occurred at a similar rate to the secretion of J chain by cell lines producing IgA or IgM. Some degradation of J chain may also occur in cell lines secreting J chain.Although the J chains from several cell lines were indistinguishable by gel electrophoresis when first synthesized, secreted J chains from three cell lines all showed slight differences in mobility both from one another and from intracellular J chain. The change in mobility occurred at or near the time of secretion of immunoglobulin, and was consistent with the addition of different amounts of carbohydrate to J chain in the three different myelomas.
Correlations between the genetic control of natural and oxazolone‐induced antibody production
Authors: Andó I. , Erdei J. , Mäkelä O. , Fachet J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNonimmune sera of inbred and H‐2‐congenic mouse strains contain natural antibodies of the IgM type reacting with 4‐(ethoxymethylene)‐2‐phenyl‐oxazolin‐5‐one (oxazolone). The genetic regulation of the level of natural and induced antibodies to oxazolone was compared. High natural antibody‐producing ability was inherited recessively, while high oxazolone‐induced IgM antibody formation was dominant in F1 animals. Studies on nude mice demonstrated that T cells do not affect the natural antibody level, but were required for induced antibody production. Breeding studies and linkage analysis revealed multigenic control and a significant role of allotype‐linked genes in both cases. Furthermore, the influence of H‐2‐linked genes on induced primary IgM antibody production was demonstrated.
Antigen‐induced proliferation assay for mouse T lymphocytes. Response to a monovalent antigen
Authors: Alkan Ş. Ş. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis report describes an antigen‐specific proliferative assay which makes use of lymph node cells obtained from mice injected subcutaneously at the base of the tail one week previously. When lymphocytes from only the draining lymph nodes of mice immunized with a variety of different antigens, were stimulated in flat‐bottomed microculture plates with the immunizing antigen, a substantial degree of proliferation was observed, measured as incorporation of [3H]thymidine. Monovalent immunogen p‐azobenzenearsonate‐L‐tyrosine, (ABA‐Tyr, 500 daltons) which induces T cell responses in guinea pigs without antibody production, was studied in detail. In a typical experiment, ABA‐Tyr gave ∼ 17000 cpm while control cultures without antigen showed ∼ 1600 cpm. The response is antigen‐specific and seems to be mediated by T cells, since (a) it can be abolished by pretreatment of these cells with anti‐Thy‐1.2 serum and complement, (b) cells from nu/nu mice primed with ABA‐Tyr do not show any antigen‐induced proliferation, in contrast to the response observed in nu/+ and BALB/c controls, and (c) purified T cells require macrophages to proliferate, but neither macrophages nor B cells appear to divide in culture. Thus, this rapid and easy technique should prove useful for the in vitro study of murine T lymphocytes.
Subpopulations of mouse T lymphocytes. II. Suppression of graft‐vs.‐host reactions by naturally proliferating splenic T cells
Authors: Moorhead J. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immunological role of a naturally proliferating subpopulation of splenic T cells was investigated using the graft‐vs.‐host (GvH) reaction in the mouse. Normal parental spleen cells, purified splenic T cells or lymph node cells were pulse‐treated for one hour in vitro with tritiated thymidine of high specific activity ([3H]dThd, “thymidine suicide”). The treatment specifically and selectively kills proliferating cells which are actively synthesizing DNA, i.e. cells in S phase. Following treatment, the cells were transferred to F1 recipients and the GvH reaction measured by the splenomegaly assay. The results showed that the GvH effector cells in the donor spleen and lymph node are nonproliferating T cells. Furthermore, donor spleen cells treated with [3H]‐dThd consistently had enhanced GvH reactivity when compared to the controls, while the phytohemagglutinin response of these same treated cell suspensions was significantly inhibited. When purified splenic T cells were used, treatment with [3H]dThd also caused an increase in the GvH reaction, showing that a T cell population was being affected by the cycleactive agent. These results indicated that some naturally proliferating T cells have suppressor functions, and their specific inactivation allows nonproliferating effector T cells to mount a more vigorous GvH reaction.
Regulation of the immune response. I. Regulatory cell equilibrium in the “virgin” state
Authors: Kelsoe G. , Cerny J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpleen cells from pairs of inbred mice (age‐ and sex‐matched) were challenged in vitro with a T‐independent antigen. The specific plaque‐forming cell(PFC) response in cultures containing cells from both donors was not intermediate to the responses of independently cultured donor spleen cells. Instead, a pattern of significant suppression (67 % of pairs tested) or enhancement (22 % of pairs tested) was observed. The suppression or enhancement was antigen‐specific and did not represent a general phenomenon within the mixed cultures. A suppressive outcome in mixed cell cultures seems to be associated with cells from the donor with the higher individual PFC response. The converse is true for enhancement.The nonadditive nature of the PFC response in mixed cultures and the frequency of suppression to enhancement (3:1) imply that (a) specific, ongoing immunoregulation occurs even in the naive individual, and (b) this regulation is characterized by regular cycles of specific suppression and enhancement.
Murine heavy chain disease
Authors: Morrison Sherie L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing cultured mouse myeloma cells, it has been possible to derive cells which are now synthesizing products similar to human heavy chain disease proteins. An initial mutant was isolated which synthesized a heavy chain with an internal deletion and a normal light chain. In a subsequent step, a variant was identified in which the synthesis of the heavy chain with the deletion persisted in the absence of light chain synthesis. These experiments also demonstrate that in the MPC‐11‐derived cultured cell line, the continued synthesis of heavy chain does not require the synthesis of light chain.
Genetic control of allogeneic interactions in the guinea pig. I. Evidence from mixed leukocyte culture and normal lymphocyte transfer reactions
Authors: Geczy Carolyn L. , Geczy A. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe role of gene products of the B region of the guinea pig major hist ocompatibility complex (MHC) in the production of mixed leukocyte culture mitogenic factor (MLC‐MF) has been investigated. Lymphoid cells of partially inbred and outbred guinea pigs which bear the serologically defined B.2 alloantigen, respond poorly or not at all in the guinea pig MLC. Since MLC culture supernatants from B.2+ cells do not stimulate B.2− third party lymphoid cells, it is possible that either B.2+ lymphoid cells do not elaborate MLC‐MF or they produce a suppressor factor. Genetic studies have demonstrated that genes closely linked to or identical with the gene(s) coding for the B.2 alloantigen, regulate “MLC unresponsiveness”. By contrast to their unresponsiveness in the MLC, B.2+ lymphoid cells produce migration inhibition factor at least as well as cells bearing the B.1 and B.3 specificities, and they respond in vitro to antigens which are under the control of specific immune response genes.The genetic restrictions for responsiveness in the MLC are supported by in vivo studies which strongly suggest that the degree of interaction between allogeneic lymphoid cells (normal lymphocyte transfer, immune lymphocyte transfer and direct reactions) are also under the control of genes which map in or near the B region of the guinea pig MHC. Preliminary evidence suggests that the B.2+ donor cells rather than B.2+ host cells are responsible for initiating the unresponsiveness associated with the normal lymphocyte transfer reaction. These studies should provide a basis for the reproducible production of MLC‐MF and a system for the study of some molecular aspects of allogeneic interactions in vitro and in vivo.
Antibody against rabbit immunoglobulin VH and L chain allotype determinants in heterologous anti‐lg antisera
Authors: Jensenius J. C. , Mole L. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHeterologous anti‐rabbit IgG antisera have been examined by radioimmunoassay for the occurrence of anti‐VH antibody. Most of the sera contained antibody specific for VH allotype determinants (Aa1). The antisera contained as much or more anti‐al antibody as estimated in conventional alloantisera. It has further been shown that the anti‐L chain antibody in all these sera was specific for L chain allotype determinants. Antibody against H chain‐dependent L chain conformational determinants or cross‐reacting determinants in CHlγ and CHlα could not be demonstrated.
Antibodies to ganglioside GM1 induce mitogenic stimulation and cap formation in rat thymocytes
Authors: Sela B.‐A. , Raz A. , Geiger B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAntibodies towards the ganglioside GM1[galactosyl‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyl‐(N‐acetylneuraminyl)‐galactosylglucosyl ceramide] stimulated DNA synthesis in rat thymocytes. No mitogenic stimulation was observed with the monomeric Fab fragment of anti‐GM1, suggesting that cross‐linking of the gangliosides or associated components was required for activation by these antibodies.Incubation of thymocytes with anti‐GM1 and fluorescein‐labeled anti‐rabbit IgG at 0°C resulted in uniform ring‐like or patchy staining that developed into a pronounced cap upon elevation of temperature. The cap had a characteristic uropod form, enriched with intracellular organelles. Sodium azide and cytochalasin B completely inhibited cap formation, while colchicine was without effect.These results imply a possible direct or indirect association between surface gangliosides and submembraneous cytoskeletal assemblies that control modulation of these surface components and may transmit stimuli to the interior of the cell.
Fc IgM receptors on human lymphoblastoid B cell lines
Authors: Pichler W. J. , Broder S. , Muul Linda , Magrath I. , Waldmann T. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFive human lymphoblastoid cell lines have been investigated for their ability to secrete immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) and for the presence of different cell surface markers, with special emphasis on the Fc IgM receptor, using a rosette technique with IgM‐coated bovine red blood cells (EA‐IgM).Four cell lines (Hu, 8432, SB, PA3) were characterized as having as cell origin due to the presence of surface immunoglobulins, complement receptors, mouse red blood cell rosette formation, low avidity Fc IgG receptors and absence of sheep red blood cell rosette formation. Two of these B cell lines (Hu and PA3) secreted IgM, two cell lines (8432 and SB) secreted IgG, while the human T cell line Molt 4 did not secrete Ig.All four B cell lines exhibited Fc IgM receptors (17–35%) while the T cell line Molt 4 had no detectable Fc IgM receptor. The receptor was specific for IgM. Neither aggregated IgG, soluble IgG immune complexes nor EDTA could abrogate the rosette formation, IgM immune complexes, pure human IgM, as well as normal human serum had an inhibitory effect on EA‐IgM rosette formation. The receptor was trypsin‐sensitive and required protein synthesis for expression.There was no correlation between the expression of Fc IgM receptors and secretion of any given Ig class, indicating that B cells may express Fc IgM receptors independently of their commitment to produce IgM or IgG.