bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Youth smoking prevention and tobacco industry revenue
Authors: Healton C , Farrelly M C , Weitzenkamp D , Lindsey D , Haviland M L 
Published: March 2006

Objectives:Epidemiological surveys make it clear that youth smoking contributes to both current and future tobacco industry revenue: over 80% of adult smokers reportedly began smoking before age 18. This paper estimates annual and lifetime revenue from youth smoking, and highlights the association between declines in youth smoking and declines in tobacco industry revenue.Main outcome measures:This paper reports the amount of tobacco industry revenue generated by youth smoking at two points in time (1997 and 2002), and describes the distribution of youth generated tobacco income among the major tobacco companies. The authors project the amount of tobacco industry revenue that will be generated by members of two cohorts (the high school senior classes of 1997 and 2002) over the course of their lifetimes.Results:In 1997, youth consumed 890 million cigarette packs, generating $737 million in annual industry revenue. By 2002, consumption dropped to 541 million packs and revenue increased to nearly $1.2 billion. Fifty eight per cent of youth generated revenue goes to Philip Morris USA, 18% to Lorillard, and 12% to RJ Reynolds. The authors project that, over the course of their lives, the 1997 high school senior class will smoke 12.4 billion packs of cigarettes, generating $27.3 billion in revenue. The 2002 high school senior class is projected to smoke 10.4 billion packs, generating $22.9 billion in revenue over the course of their lives.Conclusions:Cigarette price increases from 1997 to 2002 have resulted in greater revenue for the tobacco industry, despite declines in youth smoking prevalence. However, in the absence of further cigarette price increases, declines in youth smoking are projected to lead ultimately to a loss of approximately $4 billion in future tobacco industry revenue from a single high school cohort.
German tobacco industry’s successful efforts to maintain scientific and political respectability to prevent regulation of secondhand smoke
Authors: Bornhäuser A , McCarthy J , Glantz S A 
Published: March 2006

Objective:To examine the tactics the tobacco industry in Germany used to avoid regulation of secondhand smoke exposure and to maintain the acceptance of public smoking.Methods:Systematic search of tobacco industry documents available on the internet between June 2003 and August 2004.Results:In West Germany, policymakers were, as early as the mid 1970s, well aware of the fact that secondhand smoke endangers non-smokers. One might have assumed that Germany, an international leader in environmental protection, would have led in protecting her citizens against secondhand smoke pollution. The tobacco manufacturers in Germany, however, represented by the national manufacturing organisation “Verband” (Verband der Cigarettenindustrie), contained and neutralised the early debate about the danger of secondhand smoke. This success was achieved by carefully planned collaboration with selected scientists, health professionals and policymakers, along with a sophisticated public relations programme.Conclusions:The strategies of the tobacco industry have been largely successful in inhibiting the regulation of secondhand smoke in Germany. Policymakers, health professionals, the media and the general public should be aware of this industry involvement and should take appropriate steps to close the gap between what is known and what is done about the health effects of secondhand smoke.
Non-smokers seeking help for smokers: a preliminary study
Authors: Zhu S-H , Nguyen Q B , Cummins S , Wong S , Wightman V 
Published: March 2006

Objectives:To examine the phenomenon of non-smokers spontaneously taking action to seek help for smokers; to provide profiles of non-smoking helpers by language and ethnic groups.Setting:A large, statewide tobacco quitline (California Smokers’ Helpline) in operation since 1992 in California, providing free cessation services in English, Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Korean, and Vietnamese.Subjects:Callers between August 1992 and September 2005 who identified themselves as either white, black, Hispanic, American Indian, or Asian (n  =  349 110). A subset of these were “proxies”: callers seeking help for someone else. For more detailed analysis, n  =  2143 non-smoking proxies calling from October 2004 through September 2005.Main outcome measures:Proportions of proxies among all callers in each of seven language/ethnic groups; demographics of proxies; and proxies’ relationships to smokers on whose behalf they called.Results:Over 22 000 non-smoking proxies called. Proportions differed dramatically across language/ethnic groups, from mean (±95% confidence interval) 2.7 (0.3)% among English-speaking American Indians through 9.3 (0.3)% among English-speaking Hispanics to 35.3 (0.7)% among Asian-speaking Asians. Beyond the differences in proportion, however, remarkable similarities emerged across all groups. Proxies were primarily women (79.2 (1.7)%), living in the same household as the smokers (65.0 (2.1)%), and having either explicit or implicit understandings with the smokers that calling on their behalf was acceptable (90.0 (1.3)%).Conclusions:The willingness of non-smokers to seek help for smokers holds promise for tobacco cessation and may help address ethnic and language disparities. Non-smoking women in smokers’ households may be the first group to target.
Tobacco industry use of judicial seminars to influence rulings in products liability litigation
Authors: Friedman L C 
Published: March 2006

Objectives:This paper examines the tobacco industry’s efforts to influence litigation by sponsoring judicial seminars.Methods:Thousands of internal tobacco documents were examined, including memos, reports, presentations, and newsletters. Connections to outside organisations were corroborated by examining tobacco industry financial records, budgets, and letters pledging funds. Facts about outside organisations were triangulated through examining their websites and publicly-filed financial records, and verifying facts through their representatives’ statements in newspaper and law review articles.Results:There are direct financial ties between the tobacco industry and groups that organise judicial seminars in an effort to influence jurisprudence, and judges who attend these seminars may be breaching judicial ethics either by not inquiring about the source of funding or by ignoring funding by potential litigants.Conclusions:The tobacco industry’s attempts to clandestinely influence judges’ decisions in cases to which they are a party endangers the integrity of the judiciary.
Cost of tobacco-related diseases, including passive smoking, in Hong Kong
Authors: McGhee S M , Ho L M , Lapsley H M , Chau J , Cheung W L , Ho S Y , Pow M , Lam T H , Hedley A J 
Published: March 2006

Background:Costs of tobacco-related disease can be useful evidence to support tobacco control. In Hong Kong we now have locally derived data on the risks of smoking, including passive smoking.Aim:To estimate the health-related costs of tobacco from both active and passive smoking.Methods:Using local data, we estimated active and passive smoking-attributable mortality, hospital admissions, outpatient, emergency and general practitioner visits for adults and children, use of nursing homes and domestic help, time lost from work due to illness and premature mortality in the productive years. Morbidity risk data were used where possible but otherwise estimates based on mortality risks were used. Utilisation was valued at unit costs or from survey data. Work time lost was valued at the median wage and an additional costing included a value of US$1.3 million for a life lost.Results:In the Hong Kong population of 6.5 million in 1998, the annual value of direct medical costs, long term care and productivity loss was US$532 million for active smoking and US$156 million for passive smoking; passive smoking accounted for 23% of the total costs. Adding the value of attributable lives lost brought the annual cost to US$9.4 billion.Conclusion:The health costs of tobacco use are high and represent a net loss to society. Passive smoking increases these costs by at least a quarter. This quantification of the costs of tobacco provides strong motivation for legislative action on smoke-free areas in the Asia Pacific Region and elsewhere.
Changes in smoking prevalence in Russia, 1996–2004
Authors: Bobak M , Gilmore A , McKee M , Rose R , Marmot M 
Published: March 2006

Objectives:In Russia, smoking prevalence has historically been high in men and relatively low in women. Female smoking prevalence is predicted to rise but assessment of changes has been limited by the lack of comparable data. Changes in the prevalence of smoking in Russia between 1996 and 2004, and whether theses changes differed by sociodemographic groups, were investigated.Design:Repeated national interview surveys in 1996 (731 men and 868 women) and 2004 (727 men and 864 women) aged 18 years or more.Main outcome measure:Prevalence of current smoking.Results:The age standardised prevalence of smoking in 1996 and 2004 was 61% and 63%, respectively in men and 15% and 16%, respectively in women (both p values > 0.4). In men, the prevalence of smoking seemed to decline in those with university education (from 51% to 40%, p  =  0.085). Among women, smoking appeared to increase in those with university education (from 10% to 17%, p  =  0.071) and low levels of self-reported material deprivation (from 11% to 18%, p  =  0.053). There was a pronounced increase in prevalence among women living in villages (from 8% to 14%, p  =  0.049); the strong urban/rural gradient seen in 1996 became considerably weaker by 2004.Conclusions:Overall smoking prevalence in both men and women in Russia remained stable between 1996 and 2004 but, given the sample size, a moderate increase in female smoking cannot be ruled out. In men, smoking increased among the least educated and declined in the most educated. In women the opposite appeared to occur, in addition to an increase in smoking in rural areas. More long term monitoring of smoking patterns in Russia, especially among women, using sufficiently large surveys, is required.
Smoking and erectile dysfunction: findings from a representative sample of Australian men: Table 1
Authors: Millett C , Wen L M , Rissel C , Smith A , Richters J , Grulich A , de Visser R 
Published: March 2006

Objectives:To examine whether there is an association between smoking and erectile dysfunction in a representative sample of Australian men.Design:Secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data from the Australian Study of Health and Relationships.Participants:8367 Australian men aged 16–59 years.Main outcome measures:Erectile dysfunction was identified in men who reported having had trouble keeping an erection when they wanted to, a problem which persisted for at least one month over the previous year. Variables examined in multivariate logistic regression analyses included age, education, presence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and current alcohol and tobacco consumption.Results:Almost one in 10 of the respondents (9.1%) reported erectile dysfunction that lasted for at least one month over the previous year. More than a quarter (27.2%) of respondents were current smokers, with 20.9% smoking ⩽ 20 cigarettes per day, and 6.3% smoking > 20 cigarettes per day. Compared with non-smokers, the adjusted odds ratios for erectile dysfunction were 1.24 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.52, p  =  0.04) for those smoking ⩽ 20 cigarettes per day and 1.39 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.83, p  =  0.02) for those smoking > 20 cigarettes per day, after adjusting for other confounding factors. Older age, low level of education, and taking medications for cardiovascular disease were also independently and positively associated with erectile dysfunction. In contrast, moderate alcohol consumption (1–4 drinks per day) significantly reduced the likelihood of having erectile dysfunction.Conclusions:Erectile dysfunction is a significant health concern affecting around one in 10 Australian men aged 16–59 years. Current smoking is significantly associated with erectile dysfunction in Australian males. This association was strengthened as the number of cigarettes smoked increased. Health promotion programmes could use the link between smoking and erectile dysfunction to help reduce smoking levels among men.
A Marian Pilgrimage: Reflections and Questions about ARCIC's: Mary: Grace and Hope in Christ
Authors: Harris Harriet , Harris Alana 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article considers the recently released bilateral statement of the Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC) on the role of Mary in the Church. As female commentators from the two communions, we explore the theology and methodology of the document, concentrating on the images it promotes of Mary and particular areas of contention for us, as feminist theologians. We contend that the Commission has not sufficiently acknowledged the problems that Mariology has, and can create, for women; nor the potential consequences of a re-reception of Marian devotion within our churches. However, we conclude by welcoming the call to pilgrimage contained in the Statement – to journey with and through Mary to a deepened faith and understanding of her son.
In vivo CD40 ligation can induce T cell-independent antitumor effects that involve macrophages
Authors: Lum Hillary D , Buhtoiarov Ilia N , Schmidt Brian E , Berke Gideon , Paulnock Donna M , Sondel Paul M , Rakhmilevich Alexander L 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
We have previously demonstrated T cell-independent antitumor and antimetastatic effects of CD40 ligation that involved natural killer (NK) cells. As CD40 molecules are expressed on the surface of macrophages (Mφ), we hypothesized that Mφ may also serve as antitumor effector cells when activated by CD40 ligation. Progression of subcutaneous NXS2 murine neuroblastomas was delayed significantly by agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibody (anti-CD40 mAb) therapy in immunocompetent A/J mice, as well as in T and B cell-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Although NK cells can be activated by anti-CD40 mAb, anti-CD40 mAb treatment also induced a significant antitumor effect in SCID/beige mice in the absence of T and NK effector cells, even when noncytolytic NK cells and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) were depleted. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with anti-CD40 mAb resulted in enhanced expression of cytokines and cell surface activation markers, as well as Mφ-mediated tumor inhibition in A/J mice, C57BL/6 mice, and SCID/beige mice, as measured in vitro. A role for Mφ was shown by reduction in the antitumor effect of anti-CD40 mAb when Mφ functions were inhibited in vivo by silica. In addition, activation of peritoneal Mφ by anti-CD40 mAb resulted in survival benefits in mice bearing intraperitoneal tumors. Taken together, our results show that anti-CD40 mAb immunotherapy of mice can inhibit tumor growth in the absence of T cells, NK cells, and PMN through the involvement of activated Mφ.
Wnt signaling regulates transendothelial migration of monocytes
Authors: Tickenbrock Lara , Schwäble Joachim , Strey Anke , Sargin Bülent , Hehn Sina , Baas Marion , Choudhary Chunaram , Gerke Volker , Berdel Wolfgang E , Müller-Tidow Carsten , Serve Hubert 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The Wnt-signaling pathway plays a critical role in directing cell fate during embryogenesis. Several lines of evidence also suggest a role in inflammatory processes. Here, we analyzed whether Wnt signaling plays a role in leukocyte inflammatory responses. Monocytes from healthy donors expressed different Frizzled receptors, which are ligands for the Wnt molecules. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by LiCl or Wnt3a increased β-catenin protein levels in monocytes but not in granulocytes. It is interesting that the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling via Wnt3a in monocytes resulted in a decrease in migration through an endothelial layer (human dermal microvascular endothelial cell-1). Further experiments revealed that the decrease in transendothelial migration was associated with specific monocyte adherence to endothelial cells after Wnt exposure. The specificity was verified by a lack of Wnt3a-induced adhesion to fibronectin, laminin, or collagen compared with endothelial interaction. Analysis of the distribution of β-catenin revealed a Wnt3a-induced increase of β-catenin in the cytoplasm. Wnt3a exposure did not result in any activation of the classical Wnt-target gene c-myc or a Wnt-target gene involved in cell adhesion (Connexin43). Our study implicates for the first time a role of canonical Wnt signaling in inflammatory processes in monocytes.
RGS1 and RGS13 mRNA silencing in a human B lymphoma line enhances responsiveness to chemoattractants and impairs desensitization
Authors: Han Jang-Il , Huang Ning-Na , Kim Dong-Uk , Kehrl John H 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemokines bind receptors that are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. Chemokine receptors transduce intracellular signals by activating heterotrimeric G-proteins. Acting to limit and modulate heterotrimeric G-protein signaling is a family of proteins, termed regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS). Two of these proteins, RGS1 and RGS13, are well-expressed in germinal center B cells and many Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines. Reducing RGS13 and to a lesser extent RGS1 expression in a Burkitt’s lymphoma cell line enhances responsiveness to two chemokines, CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and CXCL13, and reducing both mRNAs augments the responses more dramatically. The double knock-down (KD) cells respond better to restimulation with CXCL12 or CXCL13 after a primary stimulation with CXCL12 than do the control cells. The double-KD cells also exhibit a greater propensity to polarize and to develop multiple small lamellipodia. These results indicate that RGS1 and RGS13 act together to regulate chemokine receptor signaling in human germinal center B lymphocytes and provide evidence that they contribute significantly to the rapid desensitization of the signaling pathway.
New Method for Preparation of Poly(phenylene-vinylene) Film
Authors: Iwatsuki Shouji , Kubo Masataka , Kumeuchi Toshiyuki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Poly(phenylene-chloroethylene) film was prepared by the vapor deposition polymerization of 1,9-dichloro[2.2]paracyclophane and was converted into fully extended π-conjugated poly (phenylene-vinylene) by thermal dehydrochlorination at 300 °C under nitrogen for 1 h.
Cu(II) Complexes of Glutathione. Coordination Mode, Spectroscopic Properties, and Lability
Authors: Hanaki Akira , Yokoi Hiroshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Cu(II)-peptides were shown to coordinate to glutathione yielding transient ternary complexes as studied by both absorption and ESR spectrometries. Measurements were done by stopped-flow techniques. The ternary complexes in which glutathione functioned as a monodentate thiol ligand were stabilized significantly by ligation of an imidazole nitrogen to the metal ion.
Unusual Effects of Acetate Ion on Photosensitized Oxygenation of Naphthalene Derivatives via Electron Transfer
Authors: Yamashita Toshiaki , Tsurusako Taiji , Yasuda Masahide , Shima Kensuke 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The oxygenation of 2-methylnaphthalene photosensitized by 9,10-dicyanoanthracene in an O2-saturated acetonitrile gave phthalic acid and 4-methylphthalic acid in the presence of Et4NOAc or KOAc/18-crown-6, but different products in the presence of Et4NBF4 and KClO4 and without a salt. The photosensitized ring oxygenation also occurred with naphthalene and 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene.
Aerobic Oxygenation of Olefinic Compounds into the Corresponding α-Hydroxy Ketones Using the Catalyst System of OsO4 and Ni(II) Complex
Authors: Takai Toshihiro , Yamada Tohru , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In the presence of the catalyst system of OsO4 and bis(3-methyl-2,4-pentanedionato)nickel(II), various olefinic compounds are directly converted into the corresponding α-hydroxy ketones in good yields with molecular oxygen and an aldehyde.
Detection and Quantification of CO Gas Based on the Dynamic Response of a Ceramic Sensor
Authors: Nakata Satoshi , Kaneda Yoshiaki , Nakamura Hiroko , Yoshikawa Kenichi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A novel method of gas-sensing is proposed based on the information of nonlinear, dynamic response of a ceramic gas sensor. A sinusoidal voltage is applied to a heater equipped with a SnO2 gas sensor and the resulting output resistance is analyzed by the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). It was found that the intensities of the higher harmonics exhibit characteristic changes with respect to different kind of gas.
Alkylation of Aromatic Heterocycles with Oxalic Acid Monoalkyl Esters in the Presence of Trivalent Iodine Compounds
Authors: Togo Hideo , Aoki Masahiko , Yokoyama Masataka 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Aromatic heterocycles containing nitrogen atoms were easily alkylated with the half esters of oxalic acid, which were prepared from alcohols, in the presence of [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene via radical decarboxylative pathways. This is the first method for the alkylation of aromatic heterocycles with alcohols via the formation of half esters of oxalic acid.
X-Ray Crystal Structure of p-lsopropyldihomooxacalix[4]arene-o-Xylene (1:1) Complex
Authors: Suzuki Kenji , Armah Anthony E , Fujii Satoshi , Tomita Ken-ichi , Asfari Zouhair , Vicens Jacques 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The Crystal Structure of p-lsopropyldihomooxacalix[4]arene-o-Xylene Complexcomplex was determined by X-ray diffraction method. This oxacalixarene adopts a cone conformation involving o-xylene as a guest molecule.
Formation of Phenoxy Radical by Binuclear Iron(III) Complex and Hydrogen Peroxide System
Authors: Nishida Yuzo , Akamatsu Tetsuya , Nasu Miyuki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
We have found that several peroxide adducts of binuclear iron(III) compounds react with phenols to yield a phenoxy radical, and concluded that the formation of the radical may be attributed to hydrogen atom abstraction by the peroxide adduct with electrophi1ic nature.
Automatic Doping of Polyaniline with Organic Electron Acceptors
Authors: Ohsawa Toshiyuki , Nishihara Hiroshi , Aramaki Kunitsugu , Yoshino Katsumi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Complexes of polyaniline (PANI) with various organic π-electron acceptors such as benzoquinones were prepared by the automatic doping method. Relation of their electrical, electrochemical and spectroscopic properties to the strength in electron affinity of the acceptors were revealed.
Regiochemistry of Boron Trifluoride Mediated Hydrolysis of Glycidyl Benzoates
Authors: Yoshitake Makoto , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Makoto , Kohmoto Shigeo , Yamada Kazutoshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Hydrolysis of glycidyl benzoates in the presence of BF3·OEt2 in CH2Cl2 affords regioisomeric triol mono benzoates, their ratios remarkably change depending on the temperature particularly in the reaction of 3,3-dimethylglycidyl benzoate.
Spin State and Rotational Orientation of Iron Porphyrin Complexes with Hindered 2-Methylbenzimidazole as Axial Ligands
Authors: Nakamura Mikio , Nakamura Nobuo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Sterically very hindered 2-methylbenzimidazole can bind high spin meso-tetraarylporphinatoiron(III) chloride to form a bis-ligated complex if the meso-aryl groups carry alkyl groups at 2,6-positions. The spin state and ligand orientation of this complex are discussed based on the NMR and EPR spectra.
New Reduction Catalysis of Metalloporphyrins. Catalytic Reduction of Nitrobenzene to Aniline with Tetraphenylporphyrinato-iron(III) Chloride–NaBH4 System
Authors: Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Mitarai Shinji , Ohkubo Katsutoshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The (TPP)FeCl–NaBH4 system performs remarkably efficient catalytic reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline. (TPP)Co and (TPP)MnCl also catalyze the reduction of p-chloronitrobenzene to p-chloroaniline, while their catalytic activities are much lower than that of (TPP)FeCl.