bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic approach to the wild oat problem
Authors: Hughes Robert G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA five‐year study in consecutive cereal cropping under commercial conditions has indicated that a dense population of wild oat, Avena fatua, can be reduced to a practical roguing level by annual efficient use of the currently available herbicides, barban or tri‐allate, over a four‐year period. Alternative year application of these herbicides was also studied. Problems arising during the conduct of a National Wild Oat Advisory Programme are also spotlighted.
Structure‐activity relationships in fungitoxicants related to triforine and chloraniformethan. I. Synthesis and fungitoxicity to Erysiphe graminis on barley
Authors: Brown David , Woodcock David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeventy analogues of chloraniformethan and triforine were prepared and tested for activity against barley powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis. Structural variations, including replacement of the trichloromethyl, formamido, 3,4‐dichloroanilino or piperazin‐1,4‐diyl groups, yielded information concerning the structural characteristics required for activity in leaf‐spray or root‐drench tests, and it appears that the XCHNHCO grouping (where X=substituted nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur) is a prerequisite for activity.
Persistence and degradation of chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, disulfoton, phorate and pirimiphos‐ethyl following spring and late‐summer soil application
Authors: Suett David L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGranular formulations of chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, disulfoton, phorate and pirimiphos‐ethyl were broadcast at 2 kg a.i./ha and incorporated to 100 mm into a sandy‐loam soil either in May or in September 1971. The relative persistence of their residues, including insecticidally active oxidation products, after both application dates was disulfoton > chlorfenvinphos > phorate > pirimiphos‐ethyl > chlormephos. When applied in September all the insecticides persisted for longer than when applied in May. Degradation was slower during the winter while the mean soil temperature at 100 mm depth remained below 6 to 7°C. Rising soil temperature in the following spring rapidly increased the rates of degradation of chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos and pirimiphos‐ethyl residues but not of disulfoton‐ and phorate‐derived residues, predominantly the parent sulphones, which had been leached deeper. Ten months after the September application, half the total residues derived from disulfoton and phorate were found below the initial incorporation depth, whereas the other insecticides showed relatively little downward movement. It was concluded that late summer/early autumn applications for carrot fly control would leave appreciable residues of some insecticides in the soil at the beginning of the next growing season which may contribute to the terminal residues in crops. These would be minimised if moderately persistent compounds were used or if doses of persistent ones were substantially reduced.
A study of 1,2‐dibromoethane residues in wheat and milled products
Authors: Sidhu Jiwan S. , Muthu M. , Bains Gurcharan S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for determining residues of 1,2‐dibromoethane (EDB) in milled wheat products. The residues are first extracted with benzene, then recovered azeotropically for reaction with alkali and subsequent determination of liberated bromide ion by a Volhard titration. Freshly milled flours from wheat fumigated with 65.0 and 325 mg EDB/litre at 37°C were found to contain 10.6 to 39.4 mg EDB/kg and the bran contained from 51.4 to 153 mg EDB/kg.
Persistence of benfluralin in soil and its uptake by carrots
Authors: Businelli Mario , Tafuri Francesco , Scarponi Luciano , Marucchini Cesare 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalytical methods are described for the determination of residues of benfluralin in soil and carrots. All plots treated with 1.3 or 1.9 kg benfluralin/ha produced average carrot yields significantly higher than untreated plots. Degradation of benfluralin in soil was very slow during the winter. As the temperature rose, the rate of benfluralin decline was accelerated; 324 days after incorporation, benfluralin residues were reduced to about 11 and 14% of the applied dose. The average total residues of benfluralin found in whole carrots were 210 ± 18 and 240 ± 47 ng/g following doses of 1.3 and 1.9 kg a.i./ha respectively. The peel of carrots contained 92% of the total residue, and there seemed to be little translocation of the compound through the plant tissues.
An improved method for the analysis of trifenmorph in water
Authors: Beynon Kenneth I. , Wright A. Neill 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe colorimetric method for the analysis of the molluscicide trifenmorph (N‐tritylmorpholine) in water has been extended to allow analysis of trifenmorph alone under field conditions. A simple chromatographic stage has been used to reject the hydrolysis product triphenylmethanol. The modified procedure has been useful in the field during recent applications of trifenmorph.
Spray deposit cover and fungicide distribution obtained on intensive apple trees by overhead mobile spraying methods
Authors: Cooke Barry K. , Herrington Pamela J. , Jones Kenneth G. , Morgan Norman G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpray deposit assessments were made on the leaf surfaces in the top, middle and base zones of intensively grown apple trees sprayed by the conventional largevolume automatic method applying 2250 litres/ha and by fast overhead methods with nozzle booms applying 1125 litres/ha and with mist‐blowing equipment applying 562 litres/ha. Qualitative assessment of spray cover, using a 0.05% suspension of Saturn Yellow fluorescent tracer showed that whereas the conventional method gave heavy cover on upper and lower surfaces in all zones, the two overhead methods gave heavier cover on the upper surfaces than on the lower and that an appreciable proportion of the lower surfaces especially in the base zone on trees sprayed by the overhead mist‐blower had no fluorescent deposit. Quantitative assessments of copper spray deposits by colorimetric estimations separately on upper and lower surfaces agreed in general with the fluorescent tracer indications, especially the much greater deposits on the upper surfaces on the trees sprayed from overhead. Monitoring of captan spray deposits before and after each successive fungicide application through the season showed that in the three zones the residual and cumulative deposits from the conventional automatic applications were heavier and more uniform than those from the overhead methods which gave lighter deposits on the middle and base zones. In the intervals during which rain fell, most of the captan deposit levels from all methods of spraying were reduced by >70%, whereas during a rainless interval the reduction was 0–45%. The reduction of captan deposit levels during the rainy intervals was significantly greater on the trees sprayed from overhead than on the conventionally sprayed ones. There was a correlation between the percentage loss of captan and the rainfall in the intervals.
Effects of some fungicides on Rhizobium trifolii and its symbiotic relationship with white clover
Authors: Fisher David J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA comparison has been made of the effects of some protective and systemic fungicides, and an eradicant fungicide, on the growth, metabolic activity and nitrogen‐fixing capacity of Rhizobium trifolii. Effects on the bacterium grown in vitro with a combined nitrogen source were not necessarily reflected in the nitrogen‐fixing capacity of excised nodulated roots of white clover. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation was affected by thiram, oxycarboxin and “Ethylan CP”, but was unchanged by benomyl, captan, carbendazim, carboxin, dodine, dimethirimol, ethirimol, tridemorph, triforine or thiophanate‐methyl. None of the fungicides tested altered the leghaemoglobin content of the root nodules.
Photodegradation of atrazine, atraton and ametryne in aqueous solution with acetone as a photosensitiser
Authors: Burkhard Niklaus , Guth Johann A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of acetone as a photosensitiser on the rate of photodegradation of atrazine, atraton and ametryne in diluted aqueous solutions increased degradation 3‐ to 11‐fold. The mechanism of the sensitised photoreaction was studied. The photochemical stability increased in the order methylthio‐<chloro‐.<methoxy‐l,3,5‐triazines. Sensitised photolysis of atrazine, ametryne and atraton yielded the analogous two de‐N‐alkyl‐ and the de‐NN′‐dialkyl‐ products as well as the corresponding hydroxy‐triazines; irradiation of ametryne also resulted in the formation of de(methylthio)‐1,3,5‐triazines. With the exception of de(methylthio)triazine formation, sensitised photodecomposition of these triazine herbicides yields no other breakdown products than those obtained by enzymatic and chemical reactions.
Pesticide resistance in glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum west
Authors: Wardlow Leslie R. , Ludlam Anthony B. , Bradley Lynne F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA survey in SE England showed that seven out of 17 populations of glasshouse whitefly were resistant to DDT. Resistance to malathion occurred in 15 populations and to resmethrin in eight. Mecarbam and methiocarb gave good kills in screening tests but some insect growth regulators gave variable results. The synthetic pyrethroid permethrin was slightly more effective against a population of whitefly resistant to both DDT and malathion than against a susceptible population. Parthenogenetic females from a population susceptible to DDT and malathion produced almost entirely male progeny. An unsuccessful attempt was made to lower the resistance level of a DDT/malathion resistant strain by introducing these males to resistant females.
Adsorption of glyphosate by soils
Authors: Hance Raymond J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe adsorption of glyphosate in a slurry system by 9 soils was correlated with an arbitrary single point inorganic phosphate sorption index which gave a measure of unoccupied phosphate sorption capacity, but not with total phosphate sorption capacity at pH 2.6, the level of iron and aluminium soluble in Tamm's acid oxalate or with clay content, organic matter content or pH. It is concluded that inorganic phosphate excludes glyphosate from sorption sites. The extent of adsorption was higher than, though of the same order as, that of diuron though the two are not related. From consideration of the results of previous experiments with plants grown in culture solution it is suggested that the low phytotoxicity of glyphosate applied to the soil is not due simply to high adsorption. Rather it is the result of a combination of moderate adsorption and the low intrinsic activity of this compound when made available to the root system.
A review of the selectivity of fungicides in agriculture and horticulture
Authors: Byrde Robert J. W. , Richmond Donald V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProtectant fungicides rely for their selectivity on physical barriers (e.g. the leaf cuticle) between their deposits and the protoplasts of the host plant. Systemic fungicides, by contrast, come into direct contact with host cells and need to be more selective. Nevertheless, important side‐effects can occur, involving higher plants, animals and other microorganisms; examples of these are cited. Sometimes mycelium and spores of the target fungus show differing susceptibility; also, activity of a fungicide in vitro does not always reflect its effectiveness in vivo. An extreme form of selectivity is the undesirable emergence of insensitive strains from an otherwise sensitive fungal species.
Use of linear free energy related and other parameters in the study of fungicidal selectivity
Authors: Verloop Arie , Tipker Jacobus 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe modulation of fungicidal activity in a congeneric series of compounds is dependent on several processes taking place in the biological object which may be influenced by the different hydrophobic, electronic and steric properties of the members of the series. These possible influences can be studied in a quantitative way with multiple regression analysis using substituent constants for the properties mentioned. The comparative study of the resulting regression equations for the activity on different fungi or on a fungus and another biological subject may contribute to an understanding of fungicidal selectivity. This is illustrated in studies on the fungitoxicity of isophthalonitriles, 2‐chlorobenzonitriles, arylsulphonyl‐ and arylsulphinyl‐alkylthio‐cyanates, acetylenic sulphones, methyl benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamates and phosphorus compounds derived from 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole. In these studies new steric parameters were used, which have been introduced recently.
Control of wild rice in rice
Authors: Parker Christopher , Dean Martyn L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe four main wild rice species are: Oryza rufipogon Griff, embracing a wide range of “red rice” types closely related to O. sativa L.; O. longistaminata Chev. & Roehr, a rhizomatous perennial; O. barthii Chev. the annual wild rice of West Africa; and O. punctata Kotschy ex Steud, a small seeded annual. The distribution and importance of these species are discussed in relation to the different systems of rice growing. Annual wild rice problems are favoured by dry sowing followed by flooding. For cultural control, soil puddling and direct sowing into water are recommended. In a series of pot experiments with O. punctata and rice, 18 herbicides were shown to be at least partially selective, including: alachlor, butachlor, S‐4‐chlorobenzyl diethyldithiocarbamate (B‐3015), 4‐(2,6‐dichlorobenzyloxymethyl)‐4‐ethyl‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan (WL 29226), 3‐(α α‐dimethylbenzyl)‐1‐methyl‐1‐phenylurea (K 1441), isoproturon, metamitron, molinate and perfluidone. B‐3015 was the most selective of these but the selectivity of alachlor and molinate could be greatly increased and became comparable to B‐3015 when the crop seed was dressed with the protectant 1,8‐naphthalic anhydride (NA). Other herbicides for which NA provided a protective effect were: butachlor, metolachlor (CGA 24705), epronaz, ethofumesate, perfluidone and 4,4,4‐trichloro‐2‐phenylbut‐1‐ene (Dowco 221).
Control of the bindweeds Convolvulus arvensis and Calystegia sepium in fruit crops
Authors: Davison John G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConvolvulus arvensis is the most important species of bindweed in Britain. Established plants spread by means of lateral roots: establishment from seed and fragments of the underground growth is not important. The hormone weedkillers like 2,4‐D and MCPA give good control in the year of treatment. With the correct dose and timing there is also good control in the year after treatment. Adding paraquat to 2,4‐D reduces the effect in the year after treatment. Repeated annual treatment with high doses of chlorthiamid that prevent shoot growth for the entire season are no more effective against the underground growth than the standard dose of 2,4‐D. Calystegia sepium spreads rapidly by rhizomes and stolons. It is more susceptible than C. arvensis to MCPB.
Movement of phorate and metabolites from treated leaflets to aphid colonies on broad bean plants
Authors: Foerster Luis A. , Galley D. John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAphid colonies were established on one second‐node leaflet of young broad bean plants and sublethal treatments of 14C‐labelled phorate were applied to the adjacent leaflets. After 3 days, the amounts of toxic and non‐toxic 14C‐labelled compounds in the aphids, their honeydew and the untreated foliage were determined. There were no significant differences between the amounts in leaves at the same level on the plant when infested and aphid‐free plants were compared, but the aphids and their honey‐dew contained two and 23 times as much of the toxic and non‐toxic 14C‐compounds, respectively, found in the host leaflets. Following translocation to aphids on leaves above or below treated leaflets, the aphid colonies again contained more labelled compounds than the host‐plant leaves. The movement of non‐toxic compounds into the roots was reduced when the aphid colonies were situated on foliage between the site of treatment and the roots. More of the toxic and the non‐toxic fractions were translocated downwards from the third to the second leaf than in the reverse direction.
Herbicidal and pesticidal properties of some 1,5‐benzodiazepines, 1,3,5‐benzotriazepines and 3,1,5‐benzothiadiazepines
Authors: Clifford David P. , Jackson David , Edwards Roy V. , Jeffrey Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeries of 1,5‐benzodiazepines, 1,3,5‐benzotriazepines and 3,1,5‐benzothiadiazepines were prepared and tested for pesticidal and herbicidal activity. No one compound showed a general effect but individual compounds exhibited specific activities.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds X 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl 2,2‐dimethyicyclopropanecarboxylates with ethylenic substituents at position 3 on the cyclopropane ring
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Needham Paul H. , Pulman David A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe insecticidal activities against houseflies (Musca domestica L.) and mustard beetles (Phaedon cochleariae Fab.) of the chrysanthemate bioresmethrin, and of 31 related 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl 2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylates with alkenyl, alkadienyl or alkoxycarbonylalkenyl substituents at position 3 of the cyclopropane ring are compared to determine the relative influence of the isobutenyl sidechain (as in chrysanthemates) and of the other side chains. Several substituents, in particular (E)‐ or (Z)‐butadienyl or ‐pentadienyl, give considerably greater activity than isobutenyl but alkoxycarbonyl compounds are less potent.
Determination and confirmation of methomyl residues in soil and water
Authors: Fung Kenneth K. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGas chromatographic methods for the determination of methomyl residues in soil and water utilising the flame photometric detector are described. Complete extraction of methomyl residues in soil and water was obtained and the analytica.1 results were reproducible. Recovery of 90–96 % of methomyl residues was possible based on 50 g of soil and 1 litre of water. The identity of methomyl residues determined was confirmed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry.
Metabolism of benomyl in carrot, strawberry and apple
Authors: Rouchaud Jean P. , Lhoest Georges J. , Mercier Michel J. , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolism of benomyl was studied in carrots treated with high rates of benomyl, and in strawberries and apples treated at normal rates. The same metabolites were observed in both cases though, at normal rates, their concentrations were low but significant. Detected by means of gas‐liquid chromatography they were: carbendazim, 2‐aminobenzimidazole (2‐AB), benzimidazole, 2‐aminobenzonitrile, o‐phenylene‐diamine and the conjugates of carbendazim and 2‐AB. o‐Phenylenediamine has not hitherto been reported as a metabolite of benomyl. Two unidentified compounds were also observed by gas‐liquid chromatography; their mass spectra were obtained by means of combined gas‐liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
Metabolism of 2‐aminobenzimidazole and benzimidazole in melon plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean P. , Decallonne Jacques R. , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMelon plants grown in a liquid nutrient solution were separately treated either with benomyl, 2‐aminobenzimidazole (2‐AB), or benzimidazole (BZ), and after 60 days each compound had decomposed into significant concentrations of metabolites, those from 2‐AB and BZ corresponding to the metabolites from benomyl. This supported the following postulated metabolic pathway for benomyl in melon plants: benomyl → carbendazim → 2‐AB→BZInvolvement of the other identified metabolites of benomyl (2‐aminobenzonitrile, o‐phenylenediamine, aniline, and the conjugates of carbendazim and 2‐AB) cannot be proposed unequivocally. In the extracts from plants treated with 2‐AB or BZ, new and unidentified metabolites have also been observed using gas‐liquid chromatography (g.l.c.).
Metabolism of the fungicide triforine in barley plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean P. , Decallonne Jacques R. , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolic fate of [3H]‐triforine in barley plants has been studied. 15 and 30 days after treatment, unchanged triforine amounted to 57.5 and 43.2% respectively, and of three soluble metabolites detected, piperazine (0.3 and 4.0%) and N‐[2, 2,2‐trichloro‐1‐(piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl] formamide (12.9 and 8.4%), the latter for the first time as a metabolite in plants, were identified using t.1.c. with four solvent systems. The solid residue contained 23.1 and 38.2% of bound label after 15 and 30 days respectively.
Movement and rate of decomposition of ethoprophos in soil columns under field conditions
Authors: Smelt Johan H. , Leistra Minze , Voerman Simon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rates of degradation and downward movement of ethoprophos (O‐ethyl SS‐dipropyl phosphorodithioate) were measured under field conditions in four soils in aluminium columns (40 cm long). A 10% granular formulation was incorporated in the top 10 cm at a rate of 10.0–10.5 kg a.i./ha. Under outdoor conditions during spring and summer, loss of ethoprophos approximated to first order kinetics; the half‐life was about 87 days in a humic sand and a peaty sand, with pH values of 4.5 and 4.6, respectively. In a sandy loam and a loam soil with pH values of 7.2 and 7.3, respectively, the half‐life ranged between 14 and 28 days. Under experimental conditions with fallow soils and 35.3 cm rainfall, the downward movement of substantial concentrations of ethoprophos by leaching and diffusion was restricted to a few centimetres.
The search for new insecticides for tsetse fly control
Authors: Hadaway Alan B. , Barlow Fred , Turner Christopher R. , Flower Leonard S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTests to evaluate candidate insecticides and formulations for tsetse control are described, and some data are presented to indicate that some new synthetic pyrethroids (e.g. permethrin and NRDC 161) are effective for a long period at such extremely low doses that they could have a pronounced influence on future tsetse control operations.
Further development of bendiocarb for the control of disease vectors with particular reference to the housefly, Musca domestica L.
Authors: Lemon Roger W. , Bromilow Clive R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBendiocarb is recommended for the control of a wide range of arthropod pests associated with buildings. They include ants, bed bugs, carpet beetles, cockroaches, fleas and silverfish. The compound is currently being developed for the control of adult Musca domestica L. Preliminary tests in the laboratory gave promising results and subsequently a series of field experiments were conducted in the Middle East. These involved treatment of farm buildings, a slaughterhouse and parts of an urban area in which domestic refuse was the source of the fly problem. The trials demonstrated that bendiocarb spray (2.4 g a.i. + 10 g sucrose/litre) will effectively control adult flies for a period of 7–14 days in hot, arid climatic conditions.