bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of gaps for lossy dielectric sheet measurement by coaxial electrode
Authors: Nishikata Atsuhiro , Shimizu Yasutaka 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor efficient measurement of the material parameters of a lossy sheet material used for absorption and shielding of electromagnetic waves, a nondestructive measurement method of a complex relative permittivity ϵr by a coaxial electrode has been proposed. In this method, a flanged opening of a coaxial cable is placed on the surface of a conductor‐backed sheet. From the measured reflection coefficient, the value of ϵr is obtained. In reality, however, contacts at both sides of the sheet are not perfect.In this paper, an analysis is carried out in which air gaps are assumed on both sides of the sample and the effect on the complex permittivity measurement is studied. First, the variation of the reflection coefficient vs. the gaps on the sample surfaces and the complex relative permittivity are obtained experimentally so that the effect of the gap is studied.Next, an estimation error of ϵr is derived when the uncertainty of the gap and the reflection coefficient is considered as the cause of the error. It is demonstrated that the accuracy of the present method can be better than that in the conventional transmission line method depending on the conditions. Also described is the effect of reducing the error in the case where gaps are placed at the contact planes so that the measurement is made noncontacting.
Numerical analysis of three‐dimensional scattering problems by the yasuura method
Authors: Ikuno Hiroyoshi , Nishimoto Masahiko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThree‐dimensional electromagnetic wave scattering problems are solved by the perfectly conducting smooth object using the Yasuura method. First, the Yasuura method and its computer‐oriented algorithm are described. Second, the convergence and accuracy of solution for scattering from bodies of revolution are checked numerically. Numerical results for prolate spheroid indicate that the Yasuura method is accurate and efficient. As a numerical example, the radar cross section of a nonconvex scatterer is calculated. The numerical result shows that the radar cross section of the nonconvex object is significantly different from that of the sphere as indicated in the two‐dimensional problem.
Effect of polarization coupling on the detection sensitivity of a fiber‐optic passive ring‐resonator gyro
Authors: Takahashi Masanobu , Tai Shuichi , Kyuma Kazuo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of polarization coupling which occurs in the coupler comprising the ring resonator for a fiber‐optic ring‐resonator gyro was studied. First, it is confirmed theoretically and experimentally that the resonant waveform in the ring resonator changes significantly by the polarization coupling. It is shown that the incline angle between the principal axes of two optical fibers causing the polarization coupling can be measured indirectly by observation of the resonant waveform.Next, three factors causing the drift are identified in the case of a fiber‐optic gyro using a ring resonator with polarization coupling. The magnitude of the drift for each factor is found quantitatively. As a result, it is found that the drift of about 10−7 ‐ 10−5 rad/s is generated in a typical case. Methods for reducing these drifts are presented. Finally, a rotation sensitivity of 1 × 10−5 rad/s with a time constant of 10 s is obtained in an improved fiber‐optic gyro.
Characteristics of t‐rod‐type dielectric‐loaded helix as used in broadband traveling wave tubes
Authors: Onodera Toshio , Ieki Hiroshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe phase velocity of a T‐rod‐type dielectric loaded helix is determined by the developed helix method. Further, the phase velocity and coupling impedance are measured and circuit characteristics of the loaded helix are clarified.
Light‐pulse modulated photo‐IC with auto DC photocurrent correction circuit under exposure light
Authors: Kyomasu Mikio , Terada Yukitaka 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBy making use of the matching characteristics of a rising‐sun type dual photodiode, an optically modulated photo‐IC with an improved external light illumination allowance was developed. In this photo‐IC, the frequency response of the preamplifier of one of the photodiodes is kept low. Only the dc component of the incident photo‐current is current‐voltage transformed and its output is applied by the current feedback to the preamplifier of another photodiode so that the external photocurrent is compensated automatically.In this method, the size ratio of the two photodiodes is compensated by the ratio of the gain resistance and the feedback resistance of the preamplifier. Hence, by the amount of the diode size ratio, the saturation characteristic of the preamplifier has a margin. The external light illumination allowance is improved by the corresponding amount. The minimum receiving sensitivity of the fabricated optically modulated photo‐IC was as small as 50 1x and its external light illumination allowance was as high as 20,000 1x. This circuit technique can be applied to various circuit systems which must be operated under bright environment described in the foregoing. Hence, its application to a system operated from outside a room is expected.
Analysis of anisotropic dielectric gratings using differential method
Authors: Yamakita Jiro , Matsumoto Keiji , Mori Shizuo , Rokushima Katsu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn analysis algorithm is presented for the scattered field from a surface relief‐type anisotropic dielectric grating with an arbitrary permittivity tensor. The method based on the differential equation known widely as an analysis for isotropic dielectric gratings is extended here to the case where a dielectric grating contains an anisotropic medium.Further, an algorithm is proposed which avoids, by means of reorthogonalization of the initial value vectors, the difficulty in numerical treatment encountered by the differential method when the groove in the grating is deep and the number of expansion terms is large. By means of numerical examples, it is shown that stable numerical solutions can be obtained regardless of the depth of the grating grooves or the size of the expansion terms.
Yasuura method for solving two‐dimensional scattering problems. (II) method of numerical analysis
Authors: Okuno Yoichi , Ikuno Hiroyoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe describe the discretized forms of the Yasuura methods (the mode‐matching method with a smoothing procedure, the mode‐matching method with a singular‐smoothing procedure) for the numerical solution of scattering by cylindrical obstacles. All the forms are stated in a canonical form of the least‐squares problem in a J‐dimensional vector space, where J is the number of sampling points. We show numerically that the choice J = 2M, where M is the number of modal functions, is sufficient and that no rank reductions due to a deficiency of the sampling points occur. A recommended way to solve the discretized problem is to employ the QR decomposition. Some numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the Yasuura method.
Parity noise elimination of computer‐generated double‐phase hologram
Authors: Ishida Kouichi , Yoshikawa Manabu , Kayano Hiroshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the computer‐generated double‐phase hologram, parity noise appears in the image. It is desirable to form the computer‐generated hologram with fewer subcells as fabrication is easier. With a view to eliminating the parity noise of the computer‐generated double‐phase hologram, this paper presents a method in which the information canceling the parity term itself is provided at the center of the cell of the hologram so that a better image is obtained. By means of the theory, computer simulation and optical experiments, the method is proven useful.
The effect of performance appraisal purpose training on rating errors and accuracy
Authors: O'Donnell Judith M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIf a performance appraisal assesses whether an employee will be compensated, retained, terminated, promoted, demoted, or transferred, can it be accurate or precise? A case study of fifty‐four managers addressed this important question by training the raters to conduct specific‐purpose appraisals (for example, appraisals regarding compensation only or an employee's development only). Judith O'Donnell's article offers insights into both the successes and frustrations of these managers. The recommendations for future research are especially pertinent for HRD professionals.
Tacit beliefs of human resource developers: Producing unintended consequences
Authors: Watkins Karen E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe tacit beliefs of human resource developers about their own learning and training practices are examined using Argyris's theory‐of‐action perspective and mapping technique. The potentially dysfunctional, unintended consequences of these beliefs are identified and compared using interviews with fifty‐seven human resource developers at a government agency, a high technology corporation, and a research hospital. Similar beliefs among participants were found in the study. This article describes the subjects' belief that training is magical or political, defines these terms according to Argyris's and Freire's terminology, and discusses the findings from the interviews. Human resource developers should explore the nature and validity of the beliefs that guide their practice.
Invited reaction: Effective employee involvement programs
Authors: Orsburn Jack D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTeam‐based employee involvement programs (EIPs) come in all sizes and shapes. The three general categories include: Level 1, in which management diagnoses and decides, with limited input from employees; Level 2, in which—within limited assigned times—employees diagnose and recommend; and Level 3, in which decision making is done on a daily basis by those closest to the action. Equating these levels causes a misinterpretation of the true effectiveness of EIPs.
Work force literacy: Problems and solutions
Authors: Workinger Ronald K. , Ruch Kenneth E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article concentrates on the question of who holds responsibility to rectify work force literacy problems. It considers ways training and development professionals can address the issue and calls for a mul‐tiorganization consortium to deal with the problem. Major background issues such as the size and scope of the literacy problem, the impact of illiteracy on business, the issue of needs assessment, and practical models are discussed. In addition, the solutions government agencies, community‐based organizations, nonprofit service organizations, educational groups, individual corporations, and unions might provide are considered.
Self‐assessment and rater‐assessment as a dimension of management development
Authors: Nowack Kenneth M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn light of mixed findings in the literature regarding the congruence between self‐assessment and those provided by others, this study investigated differences between the self‐ratings of managers and others (supervisors, subordinates, peers) using an instrument assessing twenty specific management skills areas derived from job analysis procedures. Data on 335 managers working in several large organizations (health care, aerospace, utility) who recently received feedback were used to compare self‐other ratings along each management practice skill area. The results indicated that the amount of agreement between managers and the others describing them was moderately low, with correlation coefficients ranging from .122 to .295 (p < .05). Paired t‐tests revealed that managers consistently reported practicing specific skills more frequently than others who rated them across the majority of skill areas. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Predicting organizational orientation toward teams
Authors: Russ‐Eft Darlene 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis empirical examination of factors predicting team orientation within organizations used interviews, focus groups, and pencil‐and‐paper questionnaires to gather data in ten organizations. An examination of questionnaire data from 81 managers and 364 associates indicates that five factors provide the best prediction of high team orientation for an organization: relationships within organization‐wide management, innovation on the job, control of work by the immediate manager or supervisor, group cohesiveness, and open group process within the work group.
Underinvestment in employer training: A mandate to spend?
Authors: Bishop John H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractU.S. employers and their workers underinvest in employer training. Underinvestment occurs because training generates externalities, because the tax system is biased against training investments, because turnover is high, and because most workers lack access to loans and are unable to finance general training. School‐based occupational training ameliorates the underinvestment problem somewhat, but it is not a complete answer to the problem. During the election campaign, President Clinton proposed to stimulate training by requiring employers to spend some minimum percentage of their wage bill on training or else to pay a special tax. France has had such a mandate since 1972, so the design of a U.S. training mandate is likely to benefit from a careful examination of the French program. The French have demonstrated that a training mandate is administratively and politically feasible, but their mandate is not optimally designed for U.S. implementation. The article concludes with some recommendations about structuring a U.S. mandate to spend on training.
Intercepting managers' attributional bias through feedback‐skills training
Authors: Wiswell Albert K. , Lawrence Harriet V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe nature of the judgments managers make about problem employees can greatly affect the strategies chosen to address them. An experimental treatment with sixty‐five managers in a large municipal government tested the effects of feedback‐skills training on the tendency to make causal attributions about the behavior of their poorest performers. Managers wrote critical incidents about their least effective subordinate (LES) as a pretest and a post‐test. Training included role‐playing practice in the key feedback skills of specificity, empathy, and inquiry in preparation for holding an actual feedback session in the work setting with the LES. Critical incidents were blind‐rated using scales for dispositional attribution, situational attribution, specificity, empathy, and inquiry. Analysis of covariance showed statistically significant increases among the treatment group in the use of feedback skills and a decrease in the tendency to attribute subordinates' problem behaviors to dispositional factors.
Linking staffing and training practices with business strategy: A theoretical perspective
Authors: Raghuram Sumita 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere is a growing recognition that in order to remain competitive in a constantly changing environment, firms should make human resources a significant part of their long‐range business strategy plans (Burack, 1992; Dyer, 1984; Tichy, Fombrun, and Devanna, 1984; Sandy, 1990). The staffing and training practices that a firm adopts are critical in ensuring that skills match business requirements. This article examines the nature of these practices and proposes that appropriate linkages between a firm's staffing and training practices and its business strategy will lead to higher firm performance. Four kinds of staffing and training practices are examined: (1) skill source used, (2) functional emphasis on skills, (3) emphasis on breadth of skills, and (4) quality emphasis.
Literacy patterns of production workers in small manufacturing companies in the Oklahoma city metroplex
Authors: Green Gary , Sloan Bobby R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this research was to describe patterns of literacy found in the workplace of small manufacturing companies in the Oklahoma City area. Sixty‐five representative workers were selected from eight small manufacturing companies in the Oklahoma City area, and the Screening Battery of the Adult Basic Learning Examination (ABLE) was administered. A questionnaire requesting age, gender, education, work experience, and job requirements was also applied. Grade‐level equivalents of ABLE scores were calculated, and descriptive and correlational statistics were generated.The sample group had an average age of 31.7 years, an educational level of 11.5 years, and an average income of $14,604 per year. The grade equivalents of the ABLE scores were 7.6 for reading comprehension and 8.9 for problem solving. The sample produced 21.5 percent as illiterate, 17.7 percent as functionally literate, and 60.7 percent as literate.
Green conditionality and food security: Winners and losers from the greening of aid
Authors: Davies Susanna 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the consequences of the greening of aid – specifically the conditions which can be imposed on aid flows to render them more environmentally acceptable – for food and livelihood security policies. Differing time preferences and goals of food security and environmental policies can lead to conflict. ‘Environment‐first’ approaches have characterized many environmental aid policies, where as food security goals have tended to stress economic not environmental sustainability. In order to reduce conflict between the pursuit of these two sets of obectives, a more ‘people‐first’ approach is required. Examples of green conditionality are discussed and policy options to minimize some of its adverse consequences considered. The paper draws on examples from Sahelian Africa, but raises tentative arguments and possible scenarios, rather than tested results, seeking to provoke further discussion.
The International Monetary Fund and the dilemmas of adjustment in Eastern Europe: Lessons from the 1980s and prospects for the 1990s
Authors: Henderson Anne 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe IMF influenced the adjustment processes of several Eastern European nations in the 1980s through its efforts to promote market‐oriented stabilization and reform. Each country's state structure, policy‐making process, and state/ society relationships shaped its responses to IMF demands. Romania's centralist political system generated the most intense and successful resistance to the IMF's policies. Yugoslavia's polycentric political system, by contrast, weakened elite capacity to resist IMF demands while simultaneously impeding the implementation of IMF policies at the subnational level. Finally, Hungary's political system allowed the IMF to ally with elite supporters to promote its policies; yet also provided opportunities for lower‐level actors to obstruct their implementation. Prospects for collaboration with the IMF have been enhanced by recent changes in Eastern European state structures and policy‐making processes, which have encouraged freer political debate and more market‐oriented development strategies. Yet impediments to collaboration remain, as political decentralization has heightened the capacity of lower‐level actors to obstruct standby implementation.
The IMF and Paris club debt rescheduling: A conflicting role?
Authors: Brown Richard P. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe IMF has become increasingly involved in mediating debt rescheduling agreements between debtor countries and official creditors through its role in the Paris Club. This has coincided with increased ‘slippage’ and breakdown of IMF conditionality agreements, and a worsening ‘arrears problem’. After tracing the IMF's role in Paris Club rescheduling procedures, and drawing on recent experience in Egypt and Sudan, this paper argues that the IMF's role in existing debt rescheduling procedures undermines its capacity to perform its policy role, and exposes it to default, particularly by most heavily indebted ‘official borrowers’ of Sub‐Saharan Africa.
The dynamics of rural and agricultural mechanization: The role of different actors in technical and institutional change
Authors: Ashford Tony , Biggs Stephen D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper attempts to develop a framework to clarify some of the processes which take place in rural technological change. It moves beyond an acceptable description of dynamic interaction, towards a model based on states of dynamic disequilibrium, where analysis needs to focus on the forces which move the economy and give rise to changes in resource use and social welfare. An attempt has been made to model a part of what goes on inside the ‘black box’ of technical and institutional innovation: especially the way in which different private, government and non‐government organizations interact over time, and how their aims and objectives are reflected through the dynamics of the mechanization process. Some lessons for practitioners involved in technological change are proposed, which may act as guidelines for policy analysis and implementation.
Linking paradigms and practice: Key issues in the appraisal, monitoring and evaluation of British NGO Projects
Authors: Howes Mick 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe increasing scale of British NGO activities over the past decade, and the growing importance of funding from donor agencies, have meant that far more attention is now paid to questions of appraisal, monitoring and evaluation than was formerly the case; but there is considerable uncertainty as to how best these functions might be discharged. Starting from a review of the dominant paradigms which have shaped NGO practice, this paper seeks to establish which procedures are likely to be appropriate under different circumstances, and to identify key areas to methodology where further attention will be required during the 1990s.
Small production‐based projects and multi‐lateral agencies
Authors: Lochhead Alison 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article is a comment on the relationship between the larger agencies and those involved in small development projects, both project coordinators and project participants. Although this submission is based on a particular project, it is my experience that the issues involved are common to many such projects, and thus I have approached this appraisal by generalizing a number of points. The questions and issues involved are complex and legion, and there is no attempt in this to cover all, but to highlight a select few with emphasis on those issues which are common to numerous small development projects.
The impact of east‐west interaction on north‐south interaction
Authors: Murshed S. Mansoob 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of the North's (West's) interaction with the transitional economies of the former Eastern bloc. An analytical approach is adopted in the context of a three‐region macroeconomic model. The North is characterized as a fix‐price type economy where quantities clear markets. The South is a classical (Walrasian) flex‐price economy. The East is represented as a supply‐constrained macro economy, but one where recent reforms have made prices (more) flexible and market clearing. The model examines the effects of aid and debt relief by the North to the East (not the South) on all three regions. Aid is found to benefit both the North and the East but not necessarily the South. Debt relief to the East could benefit the North but is likely to disadvantage the South.