bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cenozoic deformation in Sumatra: oblique subduction and the development of the Sumatran Fault System
Authors: McCarthy A. J. , Elders C. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Sumatra is situated at a long-lived active continental margin. At the present day, subduction beneath the margin is strongly oblique, leading to subduction of Indian Oceanic crust at the Sunda Trench and right-lateral strike-slip along the onshore Sumatran Fault System (SFS). A pre-Tertiary history of accretion against the margin was followed by Palaeogene basin formation throughout Sumatra. A strong mid-Miocene inversion event is recorded in the onshore part of the forearc basin in southern Sumatra. The mid-Miocene also marked the inception of seafloor spreading in the Andaman Sea and the probable inception of major strike-slip movement along the SFS, possibly following clockwise rotation of Sumatra towards it present NW-SE trend. The SFS exhibits a wide variety of geometries and deformational styles and is characterised by an extremely complex deformation history including polyphase reactivation of fault surfaces and contemporaneous strike-slip and orthogonal compression or extension. A new estimate of approximately 150 km offset of Mesozoic units across the SFS in central Sumatra is proposed. Several basins have formed along the SFS during the Quaternary. Some of these are not readily explained in terms of classic models of strike-slip basin formation and it is proposed that thermally induced uplift along the axis of the volcanic arc of the Barisan mountains was of primary importance in their formation.
New observations on the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Tertiary Kutai Basin, East Kalimantan
Authors: Moss Steve J. , Chambers John , Cloke Ian , Satria Dharma , Ali Jason R. , Baker Simon , Milsom John , Carter Andy 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Kutai Basin, Kalimantan, is one of several large Tertiary basins which opened during the mid- to late Eocene in Borneo. Extensional tectonics are responsible for basin formation, and not crustal flexure as has been suggested previously. Extensional faulting did, however, occur within a general foreland setting located to the south of the late Cretaceous/Palaeogene Central Kalimantan fold belt. The basin post-dates late Cretaceous/early Tertiary orogenic activity which affected the Central Kalimantan foldbelt and formed several upper Cretaceous granites. The Palaeogene stratigraphy of the basin includes basal conglomerates, shallow marine clastics and minor clastics and thick sequences of bathyal marine shales. Neogene stratigraphy is dominated by deltaic clastics and carbonate platforms. Several phases of Tertiary igneous activity are seen intruded into and interbedded with Tertiary sediments of the Kutai Basin. Three suites are recognized and have been variously interpreted as the products of melting of an orogenic root, extensional driven melting and/or subduction related melting. We review Tertiary sedimentation in the basin and propose a new model which relates the formation of the Kutai Basin to the opening of Celebes Sea and collapse of an uplifted Late Cretaceous/Palaeogene orogenic belt.
The role of structural geology in reservoir characterization
Authors: Cosgrove J. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In this brief review of the role of structural geology in reservoir characterization a comparison is made between the original role of structural geology, which focused on the three-dimensional geometry and spatial organization of structures and which involved a statistical treatment of the spatial arrangement of structures such as faults and folds and on static analyses, and the more recent trend in structural geology which is concerned with the dynamics of structure formation and the associated interplay of stress and fluid migration.
Experimental fault sealing: shear band permeability dependency on cataclastic fault gouge characteristics
Authors: Crawford B. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An experimental rock mechanics facility was used to assess the finite permeability of shear bands artificially induced in cylindrical core plugs of high porosity sandstone under triaxially compressive stress states of varying magnitude. A method of estimating shear band permeability from axial transient pulse-decay measurements is presented, based on certain assumptions including a linear thickness decrease with resolved normal stress across the fault. Computed permeability reductions range from 2.5 to 3.5 orders of magnitude, with cataclastic sealing exhibiting an order of magnitude increase with increasing normal stress and angular shear strain imposed on the gouge zone. A laser particle sizing technique was applied to the experimentally generated fault gouge samples to appraise any differences in their distributions down to 0.1 μm particle size. By defining the peak (relative fineness) and width of distribution (closeness of grading) of each, the Rosin-Rammler exponential function was able to quantify ‘cataclastic intensity’ via a ‘coefficient of variation’ statistical parameter. An empirical relation demonstrated between fault seal and degree of cataclasis is rationalized through consideration of the Kozeny-Carman relation, which analyses permeability in terms of its constituent parameters of tortuosity, porosity and surface area.
Physical character and fluid-flow properties of sandstone-derived fault zones
Authors: Gibson Richard G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Evaluation of hydrocarbon entrapment and production patterns in faulted sandstone reservoirs requires understanding of the nature and fluid-flow properties of sandstone-derived fault zones. This study documents the interrelationships between sandstone composition, deformation mechanisms, fault-zone character, and fluid-flow properties (permeability and capillary properties) using a global sandstone dataset.
Quartz-rich sandstones deform by cataclasis (most commonly), diffusive mass transfer, or a combination of these processes to form deformation bands. The fluid-flow properties of these zones depend on deformation mechanism(s). Faulting of mineralogically immature sandstones results in the formation of clay-matrix gouge zones by a combination of processes, including cataclasis, intergranular sliding in clay-rich materials, and diffusive mass transfer. Clay-matrix gouge zones generally have lower permeabilities and higher capillary displacement pressures than deformation bands.
Most deformation bands have capillary properties sufficient to maintain hydrocarbon column-height differences of less than 75m across them, whereas clay-matrix gouge zones can potentially seal hydrocarbon columns with heights of several hundred metres. Both low-permeability deformation bands and clay-matrix gouge zones are likely to influence production patterns, although the magnitude of these effects will depend on the spatial distribution and abundance of faults and the permeabilities of the fault zones and undeformed sandstone.
Fracture distribution in faulted basement blocks: Gulf of Suez, Egypt
Authors: Younes Amgad I. , Engelder Terry , Bosworth William 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Fractures in basement rocks of Gebel El Zeit and Esh El Mallaha fault blocks, Egypt, occur in three nearly orthogonal sets: a SE-dipping, cross-rift set that parallels ENE faults and dykes; a SW-dipping set sub-parallel to bedding in overlying clastic rocks; and a NE-dipping, rift-parallel set that parallels the rift-border faults. Restoration to prerift orientations puts these sets into vertical, horizontal and vertical attitudes respectively. All fracture sets are present throughout the fault blocks, except for the horizontal set which is absent on the NE side of Gebel El Zeit and in the Nubia Sandstone. Fracture density increases near the top of basement where sheet fracturing is common, near faults, and in and around dykes. The distribution of similar fracture sets is recorded from sub-surface Formation Micro Scanner and Formation Micro Imager logs in the basement of the Ashrafi Oil-field, southern Gulf of Suez. The similarity of the fracture pattern between Gebel El Zeit and the Ashrafi Field suggests that surface fault blocks can be adequate analogues to the sub-surface blocks.
The intersection of sheet and fault-parallel fractures localizes the maximum fracture density at the edges and near the top of the fault blocks. Block faulting and subsequent depth of erosion govern the distribution of fractures within the blocks. Block rotation during rifting relocated the maximum fracture density at an upper corner or structural crest, whereas block faulting without rotation maintained the maximum fracture density at block edges. In both styles, erosion of an exhumed block removed rocks of high fracture density by eroding the crest in the first case, and by stripping off the sheet fractures in the second. The first style is an analogue for half-graben reservoirs, e.g. the southern Gulf of Suez, while the second style is an analogue for full-graben reservoirs, e.g. the Mekong Basin, southern Vietnam.
Fault and fracture characteristics of a major fault zone in the northern North Sea: analysis of 3D seismic and oriented cores in the Brage Field (Block 31/4)
Authors: Aarland R. K. , Skjerven J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Based on three-dimensional (3D) seismic and core data, an analysis of fault geometry and fracture distribution related to a normal fault in the Brage Field, northern North Sea, has been achieved. The fault has a vertical throw of 200–300 m, and exhibits a steep ramp-flat-ramp geometry. Most of the deformation related to this fault is concentrated within a narrow zone in the hangingwall. Both extensional and compressional antithetic structures have been identified. The most intensive fracturing is associated with areas of change in the fault plane orientation. Correspondingly, these areas represent locations where questions regarding sealing capacity arise. The complexity of the fault zone caused difficulties in an exact pick of the fault plane. Oriented cores from one of the production wells in the area include a continuous 120 m long interval across the fault zone itself. Detailed measurements of fracture and bedding orientations were carried out using an automated goniometer as well as manual measuring techniques. Biostratigraphic data show that two faults can be identified within the narrow fault zone, with the main displacement recorded across the upper one. Fracture orientations and fracture distribution pattern versus core depth indicate, however, that the deformation is associated with the lower fault. Based on the core material which exhibits an asymmetrical distribution of deformation in relation to the fault zone, an exact determination of the depth of the fault plane has been possible. It is concluded that the lower interval is the initial main fault. The largest slip has, however, been taken up across the upper interval, representing a hangingwall splay fault.
Protection of groundwater quality in the UK: present controls and future issues
Authors: Harris R. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Groundwater pollution and its prevention are discussed in the context of the currently perceived issues in the UK and Europe and the future challenges, particularly in addressing historical pollution within the existing regulatory framework. Contamination from industrial processes and facilities is considered to be the most serious point source but its significance has not been appreciated because of the preoccupation with landfills. The influences of legislation, education and policy are reviewed and the growing impact of liability issues discussed. Progress in the development and implementation of the Environment Agency’s Groundwater Protection Policy is described. Developments in the use of groundwater modelling and risk assessment techniques are considered in the light of the growing need to examine the cost-effectiveness of remedial treatment of historical pollution.
Foreseeability of environmental hazards: the implications of the Cambridge Water Company case
Authors: Paul Ashley R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The House of Lords decision, in the case of
Cambridge Water Company
v.
Eastern Counties Leather and Others
, introduced the concept of foreseeability as one test of civil liability for environmental pollution. In this paper the main criteria for foreseeability of pollution hazards are considered, including:

•
recognition of the acute and chronic toxicity of a potential pollutant;

•
availability of suitable detection and analysis methods;

•
understanding of migration and transport mechanisms in the environment.

Examples of the application of foreseeability criteria are discussed, such as chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents (as in the Cambridge Water Company case), methyl tertiary butyl ether and mine drainage waters.
Sewage sludge disposal to agriculture and other options in the UK
Authors: Andrews R. J. , Lloyd J. W. , Lerner D. N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Due to the forthcoming European Union ban on sewage sludge disposal at sea and associated environmental legislation which has increased the amount of sewage sludge produced annually in the UK, there is a need for consolidation and expansion of existing sludge disposal outlets and assessment of the suitability of alternative and innovative disposal options. This paper reviews the main elements of sludge disposal in the UK in relation to their environmental sensitivity, sustainability and general security. Much of the additional sludge produced by changes in waste water treatment is likely to be accommodated by an increase in disposal by incineration and application to agricultural land. The effect of sludge application to land has, therefore, come under increasing examination, primarily due to potentially detrimental long-term effects on soil fertility and on nitrate leaching to groundwater. The implications and causes of nitrate leaching are discussed in relationship to sludge types and recommendations made for minimizing potentially adverse impacts to sensitive groundwater.
Investigation of contamination at a public supply borehole in Hertfordshire, UK
Authors: Davey I. , Moxon I. , Hybert D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
For several years a public supply borehole in Hertfordshire has suffered intermittent low level contamination by ammoniacal nitrogen. The situation worsened in about 1990 when the concentration began to rise steadily. Concentrations of other ions, including chloride, had also risen over a number of years. The site has limited treatment capacity and, because of the ammoniacal nitrogen contamination, it became necessary to take the source out of supply. Investigation of the problem began in 1994, concentrating on the potential contaminant sources nearby which were a pig slurry lagoon, a landfill and a river, which carries a loading of sewage effluent. Monitoring indicated the slurry lagoon to be the most likely cause of contamination to the public supply. The lagoon was emptied in 1995 which revealed that no liner existed and that there was apparent continuity with groundwater. Subsequent monitoring reinforced the evidence for a connection between the slurry lagoon and the public supply. However, contaminants were also found in association with the landfill and the river and contributions from these cannot be ruled out.
Pollution resulting from the abandonment and subsequent flooding of Wheal Jane Mine in Cornwall, UK
Authors: Bowen G. G. , Dussek C. , Hamilton R. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The closure of Wheal Jane Mine in Cornwall and the withdrawal of dewatering pumps resulted in the flooding of mine workings extending over a large area. The mine drainage was historically very acidic and high in metals. In order to predict the impact of the mine discharge, the National Rivers Authority commissioned a programme of investigations and monitoring. This paper describes the monitoring and assessment work undertaken at Wheal Jane during mine flooding in order to predict the discharge, location, time, quantity and quality, and the potential impact on groundwater sources used for potable supply. It also describes the subsequent mine water discharge and actual monitored levels of flow and water quality.

Investigations and monitoring of the flooding mine system included a detailed mining survey, the recording of water levels at suitable shafts, the collection and analysis of mine water samples and water quality depth profile surveys in a number of shafts. Surveys and monitoring of groundwater sources were also undertaken. Measurement of water levels and the mining survey allowed accurate prediction of the location and time of discharge. An estimate of the mine water discharge of between 5000 m
3
day
−1
and 20 000 m
3
day
−1
was prepared from catchment water balance calculations. This compares with the seasonally fluctuating, actual discharge of between 5000 m
3
day
−1
and 40 000 m
3
day
−1
. Mine water quality samples and water quality depth profiles taken from different shafts across the mine system identified large variations; in general, becoming more acidic with higher concentrations of metals with depth. Following flooding, the initial discharge quality was within the range predicted, with a pH of 2.8 and total metals of approximately 5000 mg l
−1
, notably consisting of iron, zinc and cadmium. Surveys identified a number of groundwater wells and boreholes close to the mine system which required regular monitoring. None were identified to have been affected during the mine flooding or following discharge.
Migration of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE and chlorinated solvents in a karstified limestone aquifer, Stamford, UK
Authors: Banks David 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Two incidents of hydrocarbon contamination to the Lincolnshire Limestone in east Stamford, UK, have been investigated. No evidence of LNAPL contamination of groundwater was observed, suggesting that the spills may largely have been retained in the unsaturated zone. Some groundwater contamination by dissolved hydrocarbons occurred, apparently especially at times of high recharge. Rapid flow paths were proven to nearby springs in the River Welland (with groundwater flow velocities of up to 240 m day
−1
), and dissolved hydrocarbon and MTBE contamination appears to have been flushed rapidly from these systems. MTBE contamination at Tallington Pumping Station (5 km east of the site) is not clearly linked to these incidents. Of potentially more concern was the discovery of dissolved chlorinated solvent contamination in the groundwater at the spill sites, possibly related to a landfilled quarry and/or a nearby engineering works. No direct evidence of DNAPL was observed. A conceptual model of solvent distribution suggests independent sources of TCE, PCE and TCA.
Remediation of hydrocarbon leakage from a service station at Wansford, Cambridgeshire, UK
Authors: Clark R. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Two service stations have been built at the location of the present Nene Service Station on the A47 Trunk Road at Wansford, Cambridgeshire, UK; one replacing the other. Both have been affected by ground movements resulting from the reactivation of a periglacial landslip. During the investigation of these ground movements, hydrocarbon contamination was found in the flood plain gravels adjacent to the River Nene, which is downslope of the present service station. The paper describes the investigation work undertaken, with emphasis on soil vapour monitoring to map the contaminant plume. Remedial measures carried out included pump-and-treat of contaminated groundwater from a recovery pit, together with removal of LNAPL phase petroleum by means of absorbent pads.
Groundwater remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons at an electronics manufacturing facility in northeastern USA
Authors: Muldoon D. G. , Connolly P. J. , Makovitch A. W. , Holden J. M. W. , Tunstall-Pedoe N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An extensive investigation was undertaken to determine the degree and extent of contamination of three groundwater production wells by chlorinated solvents, and to design a full-scale remediation programme. Four major potential contaminant sources were identified. Hydrogeological investigations included drilling and multi-level groundwater sampling of 21 wells at 11 locations, monitoring of road-salt chloride as a groundwater flow tracer, and a seven-day pumping test to confirm the conceptual hydrogeological model. Immediate remedial measures were recommended to minimize further groundwater contamination. Camp Dresser & McKee’s three-dimensional models DYNFLOW and DYNTRACK were used to develop a contaminant transport model which was used extensively in a feasibility study for long-term remediation. The implemented remedial programme included installation of a pump-and-treat system involving two extraction wells and surface treatment of the water in an air stripper. Operational and performance data for the remedial system are given for the first three years of operation. In this time progress towards treatment standards has been slow. However, treated water has been used in the manufacturing plant and the system has acted as a hydraulic control, preventing the dissolved contaminant plume reaching one of the original abstraction wells which supplies water to the plant.
Groundwater pollution by chlorinated solvents: the landmark Cambridge Water Company case
Authors: Misstear B. D. R. , Ashley R. P. , Lawrence A. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The case of
Cambridge Water Company
v
Eastern Counties Leather plc and
v
Hutchings and Harding Ltd
is believed to be the first case this century in which common law principles have been applied to groundwater pollution in England. The case concerned the pollution of a public water supply borehole at Sawston, Cambridgeshire, by the chlorinated solvent tetrachloroethene, and the attempts by the water company to recover damages from the alleged polluters. Following discovery of the pollution in 1983 and subsequent investigations, the case was heard in the High Court in 1991, the Court of Appeal in 1992, and was finally decided by the House of Lords in 1993. This paper sets out the background and chronology of the case, reviews the investigations into the nature and extent of groundwater pollution, and then considers the legal arguments and findings of the courts and the House of Lords. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the technical implications of this case, especially in relation to the collection of hydrogeological evidence.
Groundwater monitoring to assess the influence of injection of liquid radioactive waste on the Tomsk public groundwater supply, Western Siberia, Russia
Authors: Lgotin V. , Makushin Y. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper considers the potential impact of the deep injection of liquid radioactive waste (LRW) on the continued operation of the Tomsk public groundwater supply. The close proximity of the LRW injection polygons to the wellfield creates a geoenvironmental conflict, due to the possibility of migration of radionuclides and other toxic components of LRW from the Cretaceous aquifer system used for LRW injection to the Palaeogene aquifer complex used for water supply. Although a significant argillaceous aquitard and a non-utilized buffer aquifer horizon lie between the aquifer systems, there are indications that such inter-aquifer migration may take place, either due to sandy windows in the aquitard or to inadequately sealed well annuli. A major groundwater monitoring network, based on the co-operative use of automated information systems and GIS technologies, has been established. In order to simulate contaminant migration scenarios, the use of variably scaled numerical hydrogeomigrational models is recommended. These would allow prognostic estimations and form a basis for administrative decision-making to minimize damage to the geological environment.