bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ontogeny of Greeting, Grooming, and Sexual Motor Patterns in Captive Baboons (Superspecies Papio Cynocephalus)
Authors: Anthoney Terence R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDuring the summers of 1964 and 1965, a group of approximately 85 baboons (superspecies Papio cynocephalus) was observed at close range on an island of artificial rock-work in the Chicago Zoological Park (Brookfield). The group was unusual in that it contained no adult males. Data were collected on the ontogenetic relationships of several motor patterns used in greeting, grooming, and sexual behaviors. i. Lip-smacking, a motor pattern common to all baboons on the island, probably consists of rapidly repeated sucking movements. In the newborn the lip-smacking pattern is associated with nursing and soon becomes associated with sexual arousal as well. As the infant grows older, his responses to lip-smacking adult females guide his learning of mature greeting and sexual behaviors. Several objects are associated with lip-smacking; all are pink like the female nipple, and some also resemble it in shape. These objects- the nipples and sexual skin of the female, the penis of the male, and the face and perineum of the black infant (0-6 mo. old) - are attractive to other baboons and probably contribute to group cohesion. 2. The embrace and mounting use essentially the same motor patterns. Both are derived from the grasping reflex of the infant. Which appears in a given situation depends primarily on the posture of the recipient. 3. Grooming first acquires significance for the infant when he becomes weaned from the breast. Although he may not nurse, his mother usually tolerates his attempts to groom her. Thus, whenever he is frightened or otherwise needs security, the weaned infant comes to groom instead of seeking his mother's breast. Although the usual grooming patterns are only abstracted remnants of the patterns originally displayed by the infant as he nursed and was weaned, some less common grooming patterns- saliva-licking, oral-grooming, plucking, and hair-pulling - retain more detail and thus show more clearly their infantile derivation.
Innate Visual Form Preferences in the Pecking Behavior of Young Chicks
Authors: Goodwin Elizabeth Bird , Hess Eckhard H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. Young chicks from the age of 1 to 91/2 days were tested daily for unrewarded two-dimensional form preferences in pecking behavior. 2. Forms having a 049 square inch area were found to be preferred, from high to low, as follows: serrated circle, oval, circle, hexagon, star, pentagon, square, rectangle, and diamond. 3. Chicks that were shown the same forms in a smaller size, .012 square inches in area, preferred them in the same order except that star shifted to last place. The smaller forms elicited a higher level of pecking behavior than did the large ones. 4. There were found increases in pecking behavior as a function of age up to the age of 5 days, after which there was a plateau. Up to (but not including) and after the age of 6-61/2 days the order of preferences for the forms was the same. 5. The disruption of the preference hierarchy at the age of 6-61/2 days is discussed in relation to the food imprinting that HESS (1962, 1964) has demonstrated to occur in chicks.
Innate Visual Form Preferences in the Imprinting Behavior of Hatchling Chicks
Authors: Goodwin Elizabeth Bird , Hess Eckhard H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
1. Dark-reared socially naive hatchling chicks 13 to 16 hours old were exposed to one of ten two-dimensional forms in an imprinting procedure. Two different imprinting procedures were used. 2. The relative effectiveness of the ten forms, from high to low, in eliciting affiliative behavior was as follows: square, pentagon, oval, diamond, triangle, serrated circle, star, rectangle, circle, and hexagon. 3. These preferences were compared with the pecking preferences found for the same shapes that have been previously reported by GOODWIN & HESS (190). 4. A comparison of affiliative and pecking behavior was made.
The Organisation, Control and Development of Parental Feeding in the Oystercatcher (Haematopus Ostralegus)
Authors: Norton-Griffiths M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI. The transport and presentation of food to the young Oystercatcher is described. The parents will present food to the young either on their own initiative or in response to the approach of the young. 2. The auditory and tactile interactions between the hatching eggs and the incubating parents are described. As hatching proceeds both the parents and young become more responsive to each other, and both show marked selective responsiveness. These pre-hatch interactions lead to the transition from incubation behaviour to brooding behaviour and to the onset of parental feeding. It is suggested that the young may learn to respond to the call of the parent before hatching. 3. Both non-breeding and breeding birds show the same cyclical pattern of total feeding activities and it is suggested that self-feeding and parental feeding are part of the same motivational system. Once the food has been presented to the young, the subsequent behaviour of the parent is dependent upon the speed with which the young seizes and eats the food. If the young reacts within a certain time (the Waiting-Time Threshold) then the parent will present more food, and will continue to do so for as long as the young reacts within the threshold time. In this way feeding trains are initiated and maintained. The feeding train is broken off once the young fails to react within the threshold time. As the young grows older the parent plays an increasingly minor part in the initiation of feeding trains, the role of the young becoming more important. This leads to the eventual breakdown of parental feeding which is closely correlated in time with how long it takes the young to learn to feed itself. A model of the motivation and control of parental feeding is described. 4. It is suggested that parental feeding evolved in the Oystercatcher subsequent to the evolution of a specialised feeding behaviour which very small young were unable to
Changes in Aggressive Interaction in Adjacently Territorial Convict Cichlids (Cichlasoma Nigrofasciatum): a Study of Habituation
Authors: Peeke Harman V.S. , Herz Michael J. , Gallagher James E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Pairs of male Convict Cichlids (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) were isolated from each other and then exposed in adjoining territories under one of two exposure conditions, either daily 20 minute exposure for 38-44 days or a massed continuous exposure for 24 or 28 hours. The incidence of biting and the duration of chin display for each fish was recorded. The duration of the chin display described a near uniform pattern of attenuation for both exposure conditions. The waning of the biting response was evident but it was more variable than the chin display. It was concluded that these behaviors both tend to habituate with repeated or constant exposure to the same stimulus source and that prolonged exposure facilitates the habituation of aggressiveness between territorial neighbors, thus promoting peace in a particular ecological niche.
Role Des Photorecepteurs Dans Les Reactions De Vol Du Criquet Pelerin Schistocerca Gregaria (Forsk.)
Authors: Michel Raoul 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDes Schistocerca gregaria mâles élevés en groupes denses sont testés sur des manèges individuels animés par leurs seuls battements d'aile et isolés dans des enceintes. Les criquets sont soumis à des séquences alternativement lumineuses ou obscures (lumière naturelle ou artificielle). Les passages d'une séquence à l'autre sont progressifs (3 minutes environ). Chez Schistocerca, les ocelles au contraire des yeux n'interviennent pas dans l'induction à l'activité de vol ou sa cessation dans les situations alternativement d'obscurité ou d'éclairement étudiées ici. La vitesse moyenne de vol ne dépend pas plus des photorécepteurs mis en jeu que de l'éclairement. Dans certaines conditions, le tégument céphalique est suffisamment perméable à la lumière pour intervenir dans l'activité de vol quand les photorécepteurs sont occlus. Les criquets réagiraient différemment à l'occlusion des photorécepteurs selon qu'ils se déplacent en marchant ou en volant.
Analyse Factorielle Du Comportement Agonistique Chez Tilapia Macrochir (Boulenger 1912)
Authors: Balthazart J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCet article analyse les possibilités d'utilisation de l'analyse factorielle des corrélations en tant que méthode d'étude de la causalité en éthologie. Il fait suite à deux autres articles consacrés au même problème, l'un analysant d'un point de vue théorique, l'autre présentant une critique de la méthode de calcul des corrélations couramment utilisée (WIEPKEMA, 1961; BURTON, 1970; BAERENDS & DRENT, 1970). On présente ici deux grands types de calcul des corrélations entre patrons-moteurs: 1) à partir des fréquences d'apparition par unité de temps fixe et par observation ensuite; 2) à partir des durées d'apparition par unité de temps fixe et par observation. Ces procédures de calcul sont testées au niveau expérimental en analysant le comportement agonistique d'une population d'environ 20 Tilapia macrochir. L'étude des corrélations entre fréquences par combat fournit un modèle en accord avec les résultats de l'analyse éthologique classique (2 facteurs indépendants représentant des tendances à l'attaque et à la fuite permettent de rendre compte des inter-corrélations entre patrons-moteurs). La méthode, en plus, permet de fournir un modèle quantifié du comportement agonistique de Tilapia macrochir. Après ces résultats encourageants, l'analyse des durées effectuée par la même méthode, fournit un modèle sensiblement différent ce qui soulève de nombreuses questions. Les conclusions ne peuvent, dès lors, être que partiellement positives. L'analyse factorielle ne peut actuellement servir qu'à confirmer des résultats obtenus par l'analyse éthologique classique. Elle permet cependant, en plus, de proposer un modèle quantifié du comportement. Le mode de calcul de la matrice de corrélation de départ marque cependant une limite à la méthode et l'empêche actuellement de devenir un outil exploratoire.
The Response of Incubating Laughing Gulls (Larus Atricilla L.) To Calls of Hatching Chicks
Authors: Impekoven Monica 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObservations on Laughing Gulls suggest that calls emanating from pipping eggs are responsible for several behavioural changes typical for the transition from incubation to parental behaviour. In order to study the role of vocalisations unconfounded by tactile stimuli provided by pipping eggs, calls recorded from a hatching chick were played to incubating birds from underneath the nest-cup and their effects were observed. Incubating gulls responded to such calls by an increase in the frequency of the following behaviour patterns: looking down, rising-resettling, shifting the eggs, quivering while sitting and calling. Qualitatively new, parental behaviour patterns were not quantitatively recorded, but were seldom observed in response to the calls. In contrast to earlier experiments with tactile stimuli, nest-material manipulations and the proportion of incomplete settling movements were not significantly affected by these auditory stimuli. An inverse relationship was found between the strength of responsiveness to chick-calls and the number of nest-building movements performed during the experiment. Tests carried out at different stages of the incubation period revealed that the responsiveness to chick-vocalisations increases as a function of progressing incubation. A preliminary experiment was performed to test for the selectivity of the response. Incubating birds responded more strongly to the calls played to them at normal speed than at half the speed (which changes the calls' pitch, frequency modulation and temporal characteristics).
Experimental Demonstration of Selective Predation On Gasterosteus Aculeatus
Authors: Moodie G.E.E. , McPhail J.D. , Hagen D.W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Three groups of independently conducted tests demonstrate selective predation on sticklebacks having various plate numbers. Differential survival of sticklebacks in some tests was clearly due to behavioural differences. Since fish from two populations were used, however, we are unable to say whether this indicates differential predation upon plate classes, or differences between populations, or both. Fish with seven plates seemed to be at a selective advantage only under winter conditions in the laboratory, and these results conflict with those from the field where sevens are at an advantage during the summer. This may result from behavioural changes associated with breeding during the summer. Results of test conducted under winter conditions are in accord with selective predation observed in three natural populations. Given the different feeding behaviour of the predators it seems likely that the traits contributing to survival are geneeral ones that function in a variety of physical and biotic environments.
A Comparative Ethological Study of Strombid Gastropods
Authors: Berg Carl J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe behavior of ten species of strombid gastropods (Strombus and Lambis spp.) was studied in the Marshall, Hawaiian and Line Islands. Measurements were made in both the laboratory and the field of the MAP's comprising feeding, locomotion, righting of overturned shells, and escape from predators, which reflect significant ecological and morphological determinents of behavior in the Strombacea. All species feed by grazing with the proboscis under the protection of the shell. All Strombids use the MAP Leap during locomotion. The rate of locomotion varies as a hyperbolic function of length; increasing with greater size in the genus Strombus and decreasing in the genus Lambis. Larger animals travel a greater distance with each leap but make fewer leaps/minute. Species of Strombus right their overturned shells by a Kick at the substratum with the operculum, but species of Lambis use the MAP Pull and turn the animal over with the operculum wedged under the shell. Only one attempt is needed in the species of Lambis, but more are used by the faster moving species of Strombus. Intention movements are performed during righting. Species of both genera escape from molluscivorous cones using the MAP's Tentacle Wave, Flip and Run. In the species of Strombus, Flip causes a backward movement of the shell off the substratum, but in species of Lambis the shell restricts the movements and the animal merely turns to one side. Escape locomotion is much faster than normal locomotion, due to the greater distances travelled with each flip by the smaller species of Strombus and the greater number of leaps/minute made by all species. The flip escape response appears particularly adapted for escape from dart-shooting predators. A review of the literature on strombid behavior shows that the behavior of all species within the Strombacea is remarkably similar even though there is great disparity in shell shapes. Because of similarities in soft body parts and behavior, the Xenophoridae should be retained within the Strombacea. It is suggested that the species within the Strombacea evolved in parallel from a common aporrhaid-like stock and the behavior has diverged less than shell form and is therefore a more conservative character in the group's phylogeny than is shell shape. The behavior of a snail can be greatly modified by its shell. Differences in behavior between Strombus and Lambis are attributed to restrictions imposed by the shell and not differences in body movements. Behavior must be adapted to the shell shape and both, of course, reflect the animal's ecological setting.
Mating Speed and Courtship Behaviour of Inbred Strains of Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Connolly Kevin , Burnet Barrie , Kearney Marie , Eastwood Lynn 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Three inbred wildtype strains of Drosophila melanogaster, Amherst, Novosibirsk and Pacific differ in mating speed. An analysis of courtship behaviour reveals significant differences between genotypes in the latency and duration of courtship, attributable to differences in sexual response thresholds between males and levels of receptivity between females. There are significant interstrain differences in the proportions of time spent in, and bout lengths of, the principal elements of courtship behaviour of males with virgin females. Virgin females differ from fertilised females in their repertoire of courtship rejection responses and there are significant strain differences in the rates of rejection response. However, rate of rejection was not found to be a good indicator of the female's receptivity. Extrusion forms the characteristic rejection movement of fertilised females and has consequences which are genotype dependent, serving to inhibit further courtship by the male in some strains and to avoid copulation in others. Preening appears to serve as a displacement activity in males which are persistently rejected by females.
Ultraschall-Laute Nestjunger Mäuse
Authors: Zippelius Hanna-Maria 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNestjunge Feld-, Haus-, Rötel- und Gelbhalsmäuse senden bei Abkühlung, so vor allem wenn sie aus dem Nest geraten sind, wie auch in anderen Gefahrensituationen im Ultraschallbereich liegende Laute aus, durch die das säugende Weibchen alarmiert und zum rufenden Jungen hingeleitet wird. Die Ultraschallimpulse sind für jede Art nach Frequenz, Lautdauer und Gestalt gut zu charakterisieren. Junge Zwergmäuse senden im Gegensatz zu den bisher untersuchten Mäusearten als "Laute des Verlassenseins" im Hörbereich des Menschen liegende Laute aus. Die Ultraschallaute der jungen Mäuse dienen der Auffindung eines aus dem Nest geratenen Jungen durch die Mutter. Die Einzellaute werden zu unterschiedlich langen Rufserien zusammengefasst, hierdurch wird dem Weibchen die Ortung erleichtert. Die Bereitschaft Notrufe auszusenden, nimmt mit zunehmender Selbständigkeit der Jungen ab. Säugende Weibchen sprechen nicht nur auf die Notrufe der eigenen, sondern auch auf die Rufe artfremder Nestlinge an, die sich vor allem hinsichtlich der Frequenz voneinander unterscheiden. Die schnelle, rhythmisch festgelegte Folge der Einzelsignale scheint das entscheidende auslösende Signal für das Bergungsverhalten der Weibchen zu sein, während die Ton-höhe der Laute ohne Bedeutung zu sein scheint.
Studies On the Behaviour of Cyprinodont Fish. Ii the Evolution of Aggressive Behaviour in Old World Rivulins
Authors: Ewing A.W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aggressive behaviour of eighteen species of Old World rivulins is described. The phylogenetic relationship of these species is known and thus the evolution of the behaviour patterns can be elucidated. Comparisons of behaviour were made using transition matrices and the changes in behaviour that occurred during the course of aggressive encounters. It is possible to construct an archetypal pattern of aggressive behaviour from which all existing patterns can be derived. The following types of behavioural change have occurred during evolution. a. Changes in the importance and thus the frequency of occurrence of individual elements of the behaviour. In some species certain of the elements have become eliminated from the repertoire. However the order in which the individual components of aggression reach maximum frequency during the course of encounters is essentially the same in all the species. b. The acquisition of novel transitions between elements often in the form of higher order interactions involving more than two elements. c. Changes in the form and orientation of the elements. Differences between closely related species are mainly in minor variations in frequency of elements and transitions between them; more distantly related species differ more fundamentally and thus the differences in behaviour are in accordance with the taxonomic status of the species.
The Use of the Rump Patch in the Fallow Deer (D. Dama)
Authors: Alvarez Fernando , Braza Francisco , Norzagaray Alberto 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The rump patch of the Fallow Deer shows different visual patterns according to the activities performed by the animals. While in calm conditions the black tail sways over the white anal field; if in alarm, the tail hangs still, dividing the white field into two parts ; in higher stress the tail tends to be raised to a horizontal position, leaving the white anal field unbroken and outlined by the two lateral black stripes; if danger is impeding the tail gets erect, showing the white underside, now seen as an extension of the white anal field, or may even go up and down, the white brush of the tail appearing and disappearing On the basis of our results on the use of the rump patch and on the frequency of defecation (high in conditions of stress) and considering that the posture of the tail during defecation is one of the most frequently observed in alarm, we hypothesize that when defecation turned to function as a communicative signal of danger, a new selective force came into play, increasing the amplitude of the movements and originating the visual pattern of the rump patch that makes them more evident.
A Description and Experimental Analysis of a Stereotyped Cheliped Flexion Behaviour in Hermit Crabs
Authors: Field Laurence H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpontaneous cheliped flexion behaviour of hermit crabs was studied using a large aquarium with a gravel substrate. The effects of chemical, visual and tactile stimuli, as well as intervals between flexions were determined using a smaller tank, which facilitated experimentation. The behaviour consists of bringing the tip of the cheliped to the mouth by flexing the four most distal joints, opening the dactyl, wiping the claw with the third maxillipeds and re-extending. Single flexions are used in feeding to pick-up substrate particles covered with diatoms. The rate of activity increases in the presence of glycine (10-3M) or fish juice. Trains of flexions comprise a cleaning behaviour which is elicited by fouling of the claw with food or petroleum jelly, or by strong concentrations of chemicals (10-1M glycine or sea water of pH<1.5 or >9.5). In addition, cleaning flexion behaviour was elicited by a variety of disturbance stimuli, including sudden shadow, reflections from a mirror, vibration, "simulated attack" by a plastic rod, handling, and fighting with conspecific hermit crabs. The implications of this response as a displacement behaviour are discussed. The mean interval between cleaning flexions does not change significantly as glycine concentration is increased from 10-4M to 10-2M, but the mean rate of flexion increases sevenfold and mean adaptation time increases threefold. The mean inter-flexion intervals for the chelipeds of individual animals are not significantly different, but the small cheliped undergoes an average of 1.61 times more flexions than the large one.