bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease in Older People: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: McNeill Ann Marie , Katz Ronit , Girman Cynthia J. , Rosamond Wayne D. , Wagenknecht Lynne E. , Barzilay Joshua I. , Tracy Russell P. , Savage Peter J. , Jackson Sharon A. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prospective association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older people and to evaluate the effect of lowering the threshold for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) on the prevalence of IFG and MetS and the risk of CVD.DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.SETTING: Four field centers in U.S. communities.PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand five hundred eighty‐five subjects in the Cardiovascular Health Study free of diabetes mellitus and CVD at baseline (mean age 72, 62% female, 14% black).MEASUREMENTS: Baseline measures of MetS components and adjudicated incident CVD events. MetS (2001) was defined first using the original criteria from the Third Adult Treatment Panel Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (≥3 of the following: large waist circumference (women >88 cm, men >102 cm), elevated triglycerides (≥1.70 mmol/L), low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (men <1.04 mmol/L, women <1.30 mmol/L), elevated fasting glucose (6.1–6.9 mmol/L), and high blood pressure (≥130/85 mmHg or self‐reported use of medications for hypertension). Subjects were also classified according to the revised definition of the MetS (2005) that applies the lower threshold for fasting glucose (5.6–6.9 mmol/L).RESULTS: During follow‐up (median 11 years), 818 coronary heart disease (CHD), 401 stroke, and 554 congestive heart failure (CHF) events occurred. Age‐ and race‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD, stroke, and CHF were 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.07–1.57), 0.94 (95% CI=0.73–1.21), and 1.40 (95% CI=1.12–1.76) for women and 1.35 (95% CI=1.10–1.66), 1.51 (95% CI=1.08–2.12), and 1.47 (95% CI=1.14–1.90) for men, respectively. Overall, women and men with MetS (2005) were 20% to 30% more likely to experience any CVD event than subjects without MetS (2005). Using the lower cut‐point for IFG resulted in a near tripling in IFG prevalence (16% to 46%) and an additional 9% classified with MetS (2005) but HRs similar to those estimated from the original MetS (2001) criteria. High blood pressure was the component most strongly associated with incident CHD.CONCLUSION: Results from this study of an elderly, population‐based cohort provide support for earlier investigations in primarily middle‐aged populations that link the presence of MetS with the development of CVD and further underscore the importance of recognizing and treating its individual components, particularly high blood pressure.
Over‐the‐Counter Drug Use by Medicare Beneficiaries in Nursing Homes: Implications for Practice and Policy
Authors: Simoni‐Wastila Linda , Stuart Bruce C. , Shaffer Thomas 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVES: To examine over‐the‐counter (OTC) medication use by Medicare beneficiaries in nursing homes and to assess evidence of substitution of OTC medications for prescription (Rx) medications by residents with no Rx coverage and Medicaid.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional multivariable analysis.SETTING: Medicare beneficiaries included in the nationally representative Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey in 2001.PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred eighty‐nine Medicare beneficiaries with 1 or more months in a nursing home.MEASUREMENTS: Proportions of residents using Rx and OTC medications per resident‐month and counts of drugs used within selected therapeutic classes.RESULTS: Study subjects were high users of Rx (98%) and OTC (94%) drugs. The average resident was administered 8.8 unique medications per month (5.9 Rx and 2.9 OTC medications). Twelve therapeutic classes accounted for 93.9% of OTC medication use by residents, but Rx use was also high in some of these same classes. For example, 70.3% of all subjects used nonopioid OTC analgesics, and 19.0% used nonopioid Rx analgesics, and 13.8% used OTC antacids/antiulcer agents, whereas 35.8% used Rx products in this class. The highest overlap was in the category of cough and cold medications, of which 19.3% used OTCs and 20.1% used Rx drugs. Multivariate regression analyses applied to users of drugs in each these three therapeutic classes found no evidence that Rx coverage influenced the choice of OTC versus Rx‐only medications.CONCLUSION: OTCs represent an important component of the therapeutic regimens of nursing home residents, but utilization rates are insensitive to drug coverage. That may change with the implementation of the Medicare Part D drug benefit.
Cricothyroid Muscle Function and Vocal Fold Stability in Exercising Horses
Authors: HOLCOMBE SUSAN J. , RODRIGUEZ KATIE , LANE JENNIFER , CARON JOHN P. 
Published: August 2006

Objectives—To determine (1) if the cricothyroid muscle had respiratory‐related electromyographic (EMG) activity that increased with respiratory effort and (2) if bilateral cricothyroid myotomy resulted in vocal fold instability and collapse in exercising horses.Study Design—Experimental.Animals—Seven (3 EMG; 4 cricothyroid myotomy) Standardbred horses.Methods—Three horses exercised on a treadmill at speeds corresponding to the speed that produced maximum heart rate (HRmax), 75% of maximum heart rate (HR75%max), and 50% of maximum heart rate (HR50%max) for 60 seconds at each speed while EMG activity of the cricothyroid muscle and nasopharyngeal pressures were measured. Another 4 normal horses were exercised on the treadmill at HRmaxand HR75%maxfor 60 seconds at each speed before and after bilateral cricothyroid myotomy. Upper airway pressures were measured and videoendoscopic examinations were performed and videotaped at each speed.Results—Peak phasic EMG activity of the cricothyroid muscle was coincident with inspiration and increased with treadmill speed. Bilateral cricothyroid myotomy resulted in vocal fold collapse in all horses. Mean peak inspiratory pressures were significantly more negative compared with control values at both HRmaxand HR75%max.Conclusions—Cricothyroid muscle dysfunction may be implicated in vocal fold collapse and likely causes inspiratory airway obstruction in exercising horses.Clinical Relevance—Conditions compromising cricothyroid muscle function or motor innervation could result in vocal fold collapse.
In Vitro Study of the Ilial Anatomic Landmarks for Safe Implant Insertion in the First Sacral Vertebra of the Intact Canine Sacroiliac Joint
Authors: JOSEPH ROTEM , MILGRAM JOSHUA , ZHAN KLAUS , SHAHAR RON 
Published: August 2006

Objective— To define landmarks on the canine ilial wing for accurate, consistent insertion of implants into the 1st sacral (S1) vertebral body when the sacroiliac joint is intact.Study Design— Anatomic study.Animals— Intact, cadaveric canine pelves and sacra (n=25).Methods— Median sections (5 specimens) were drilled from the center of S1 in a lateral direction, exiting on the ilial wing. Landmarks on the ilial wing and shaft used to define this exit point were then used to locate this point on both wings of 20 articulated specimens, positioned and rigidly held so that the dorsal plane of the pelvis was aligned with a plumb line and the median plane of the pelvis was horizontal. A 2 mm hole was drilled from the marked point, parallel to the plumb line, until it exited the contralateral ilial wing. Distance of drill hole position from the geometric center (GC) of S1 was located on median and paramedian plane images derived from plane, computed tomographic (CT) scans.Results— The entire drill hole was located within S1 in 18 specimens. Mean deviation of the hole from GC (ratio of the distance of GC from the closest S1 body border) in median section was 0.40±0.29 (craniocaudal direction) and 0.29±0.23 (dorsoventral).Conclusions— Use of ilial wing landmarks and drilling perpendicular to the median plane will improve accuracy for insertion of implants into S1 when the sacroiliac joint is intact.Clinical Relevance— Ilial wing landmarks should be used to improve accuracy of implant insertion into S1.
Effect of Positive End‐Expiratory Pressure on Oxygen Delivery During 1‐Lung Ventilation for Thoracoscopy in Normal Dogs
Authors: KUDNIG SIMON T. , MONNET ERIC , RIQUELME MIRIAM , GAYNOR JAMES S. , CORLISS DENISE , SALMAN MOWAFAK D. 
Published: August 2006

Objective— To evaluate the effect of positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) on oxygen delivery (DO2) with 1‐lung ventilation during thoracoscopy in normal anesthetized dogs.Study Design— Prospective, controlled experimental study.Animals— Eight, adult, intact Walker Hound dogs weighing 25.6–29.2 kg.Methods— Anesthetized dogs had 1‐lung ventilation during an open‐chest condition. A Swan–Ganz catheter was used to measure pulmonary hemodynamic variables and to obtain mixed venous blood samples for blood gas analysis. A dorsal pedal catheter was used for measurement of systemic arterial pressure and to obtain arterial blood samples for blood gas analysis. Oxygen delivery was calculated and used to assess the effect of 0, 2.5, and 5 cm H2O PEEP during 1‐lung ventilation on cardiopulmonary function. Each dog was its own control at 0 cm H2O PEEP. A randomized block ANOVA for repeated measures was used to evaluate the effect of the treatment on hemodynamic and pulmonary variables.Results— Use of 5 cm H2O PEEP induced a significant augmentation in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). Shunt fraction (Qs/Qt), physiologic dead space (VD/VT), and the alveolar–arterial oxygen difference (PA−aO2) decreased significantly after 5 cm H2O PEEP, compared with 1‐lung ventilation without PEEP. Use of 2.5 cm H2O PEEP had no significant effect on cardiopulmonary variables. Use of PEEP had no significant effect on arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), DO2, and hemodynamic variables in normal dogs.Conclusions— PEEP had no effect on DO2 in normal dogs undergoing open‐chest 1‐lung ventilation because it had no adverse effect on hemodynamic variables.Clinical Relevance— PEEP in normal dogs during open‐chest 1‐lung ventilation for thoracoscopy is not detrimental to cardiac output and can be recommended in clinical patients.
Evaluation of the Effect of Two Dose Rates of Cyclosporine on the Severity of Perianal Fistulae Lesions and Associated Clinical Signs in Dogs
Authors: HOUSE ARTHUR K. , GUITIAN JAVIER , GREGORY SUSAN P. , HARDIE ROBERT J. 
Published: August 2006

Objective—To investigate the effect of cyclosporine (2 or 5 mg/kg every 24 hours) on perianal fistulae (PAF) lesions.Study Design—Blinded randomized, prospective trial.Animals—Dogs (n=20) with perianal fistulae.Methods—Dogs were randomly assigned to administration of either 2 mg/kg (n=10) or 5 mg/kg (n=10) of cyclosporine orally every 24 hours for 8 weeks. Lesion surface area was measured, lesion severity was graded using a visual analog scale, and the presence and severity of clinical signs recorded every 2 weeks.Results—Lesion variables were significantly reduced in both groups after 8 weeks and owners also reported a reduction in clinical sign severity. The 5 mg/kg dose rate significantly accelerated lesion resolution compared with 2 mg/kg. In the 2 mg/kg group, 20% of dogs had complete resolution of clinical signs and 10% had resolution of lesions. In the 5 mg/kg group, 40% of dogs had complete resolution of clinical signs and 60% had resolution of lesions.Conclusions—A dose rate of 5 mg/kg every 24 hours was more effective at reducing the surface area and severity of PAF lesions than 2 mg/kg every 24 hours but less effective at resolving PAF lesions than previous studies using dose rates ≥5 mg/kg every 12 hours.Clinical Relevance—Cyclosporine at 5 mg/kg every 24 hours may be useful for the palliation of PAF lesions.
Mechanical Comparison of Two Knots and Two Crimp Systems for Securing Nylon Line Used for Extra‐Articular Stabilization of the Canine Stifle
Authors: VIANNA MARIA L. , ROE SIMON C. 
Published: August 2006

Objective—To compare mechanical properties of knotted and crimped nylon loops.Study Design—In vitro mechanical evaluation.Sample Population—Loops of 27 kg‐test nylon leader. Single strand—clamped square knot compared with 2 crimp systems. Two strand—self‐locking knot compared with 2 crimped loops.Methods—(a) Single pull to failure (n=10) at 500 mm/min. Initial loop tension (N), peak load (N), peak elongation (mm), stiffness of the linear portion of the curve (N/mm), and failure mode were recorded. (b) Incremental cyclic loading to failure (n=5)—each loop was cycled 5 times to 100 N at a loading rate of 200 mm/min. Cycling was repeated, with the load increased by 50 N after each set. Elongation (mm), tension remaining (N), and after permanent deformation was present, elongation at 10 N (mm) were measured.Results—Initial tension and stiffness were greater for crimped loops when compared with knotted loops. There were no differences between crimped loops. The self‐locking knot elongated more, and was less stiff, when compared with 2 crimped loops. With incremental loading, knotted loops elongated more than crimped loops. The tension remaining in the loop fell below 10 N more quickly for knotted loops compared with crimped loops.Conclusion—Crimped loops are stiffer, and resist both static and cyclic load more effectively before becoming permanently elongated, when compared with knotted loops.Clinical Relevance—Stifle stability will be maintained more effectively by crimped nylon loops when compared with knotted loops.
The Prevalence of Laryngeal Disease in a Large Population of Competition Draft Horses
Authors: BRAKENHOFF JEFFREY E. , HOLCOMBE SUSAN J. , HAUPTMAN JOE G. , SMITH HOLLY K. , NICKELS FRANK A. , CARON JOHN P. 
Published: August 2006

Objectives—(1) To determine the effect of age, height, weight, breed, sex, and specific use on the prevalence of idiopathic left laryngeal hemiplegia (ILH) in a population of draft performance horses; (2) to determine the association between tracheal mucus and laryngeal dysfunction, and the prevalence of exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in a population of draft performance horses.Study Design—Cross‐sectional.Animals—Draft horses competing at the 2005 Michigan Great Lakes Draft Horse Show.Methods—Endoscopic examinations were performed on horses competing at the 2005 Michigan Great Lakes Draft Horse Show. Signalment, height, and weight were obtained from the owners and trainers.Results—Belgian, Percheron, and Clydesdale horses (n=183) were studied. Prevalence of ILH was 35%. Horse height was significantly associated with the risk of ILH in Belgian and Percheron horses but not Clydesdales. There was a significantly different prevalence of ILH among the breeds such that 42% Belgians, 31% Percherons, and 17% Clydesdales were affected. Laryngeal disease was a risk factor for increased tracheal mucus. None of the horses had acute evidence of EIPH.Conclusions—The prevalence of ILH in draft horses has increased or is higher in competition horses compared with previously studied groups. Tracheal and/or pulmonary inflammation may be more common in draft horses with ILH based on our findings that horses with ILH have more tracheal mucus than horses with normal laryngeal function.Clinical Relevance—Selection pressure for large, taller, longer‐necked horses may be responsible for a seemingly increased incidence of ILH in competitive draft horses.
Household Finance
Authors: CAMPBELL JOHN Y. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe study of household finance is challenging because household behavior is difficult to measure, and households face constraints not captured by textbook models. Evidence on participation, diversification, and mortgage refinancing suggests that many households invest effectively, but a minority make significant mistakes. This minority appears to be poorer and less well educated than the majority of more successful investors. There is some evidence that households understand their own limitations and avoid financial strategies for which they feel unqualified. Some financial products involve a cross‐subsidy from naive to sophisticated households, and this can inhibit welfare‐improving financial innovation.
Market Reactions to Tangible and Intangible Information
Authors: DANIEL KENT , TITMAN SHERIDAN 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe book‐to‐market effect is often interpreted as evidence of high expected returns on stocks of “distressed” firms with poor past performance. We dispute this interpretation. We find that while a stock's future return is unrelated to the firm's past accounting‐based performance, it is strongly negatively related to the “intangible” return, the component of its past return that is orthogonal to the firm's past performance. Indeed, the book‐to‐market ratio forecasts returns because it is a good proxy for the intangible return. Also, a composite equity issuance measure, which is related to intangible returns, independently forecasts returns.
How Persistent Is the Impact of Market Timing on Capital Structure?
Authors: ALTI AYDOĞAN 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the capital structure implications of market timing. I isolate timing attempts in a single major financing event, the initial public offering, by identifying market timers as firms that go public in hot issue markets. I find that hot‐market IPO firms issue substantially more equity, and lower their leverage ratios by more, than cold‐market firms do. However, immediately after going public, hot‐market firms increase their leverage ratios by issuing more debt and less equity relative to cold‐market firms. At the end of the second year following the IPO, the impact of market timing on leverage completely vanishes.
Can Managers Successfully Time the Maturity Structure of Their Debt Issues?
Authors: BUTLER ALEXANDER W. , GRULLON GUSTAVO , WESTON JAMES P. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a rational explanation for the apparent ability of managers to successfully time the maturity of their debt issues. We show that a structural break in excess bond returns during the early 1980s generates a spurious correlation between the fraction of long‐term debt in total debt issues and future excess bond returns. Contrary to Baker, Taliaferro, and Wurgler (2006), we show that the presence of structural breaks can lead to nonsense regressions, whether or not there is any small sample bias. Tests using firm‐level data further confirm that managers are unable to time the debt market successfully.
CEOs' Outside Employment Opportunities and the Lack of Relative Performance Evaluation in Compensation Contracts
Authors: RAJGOPAL SHIVARAM , SHEVLIN TERRY , ZAMORA VALENTINA 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough agency theory suggests that firms should index executive compensation to remove market‐wide effects (i.e., RPE), there is little evidence to support this theory. Oyer (2004, Journal of Finance 59, 1619–1649) posits that an absence of RPE is optimal if the CEO's reservation wages from outside employment opportunities vary with the economy's fortunes. We directly test and find support for Oyer's (2004) theory. We argue that the CEO's outside opportunities depend on his talent, as proxied by the CEO's financial press visibility and his firm's industry‐adjusted ROA. Our results are robust to alternate explanations such as managerial skimming, oligopoly, and asymmetric benchmarking.
Information Control, Career Concerns, and Corporate Governance
Authors: SONG FENGHUA , THAKOR ANJAN V. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTWe examine corporate governance effectiveness when the CEO generates project ideas and the board of directors screens these ideas for approval. However, the precision of the board's screening information is controlled by the CEO. Moreover, both the CEO and the board have career concerns that interact. The board's career concerns cause it to distort its investment recommendation procyclically, whereas the CEO's career concerns cause her to sometimes reduce the precision of the board's information. Moreover, the CEO sometimes prefers a less able board, and this happens only during economic upturns, suggesting that corporate governance will be weaker during economic upturns.
Do Banks Affect the Level and Composition of Industrial Volatility?
Authors: LARRAIN BORJA 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTIn theory, better access to bank credit can reduce or increase output volatility depending on whether firms are more financially constrained during contractions or expansions. This paper finds that the volatility of industrial output is lower in countries with more bank credit. Most of the reduction in volatility is idiosyncratic, which follows from the ability of banks to pool and diversify shocks. Systematic volatility is reduced less strongly. Volatility dampening is achieved via countercyclical borrowing: At the firm level, short‐term borrowing is less (or more negatively) correlated with sales and inventories in countries with high levels of bank credit.
Corporate Financial Policy and the Value of Cash
Authors: FAULKENDER MICHAEL , WANG RONG 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTWe examine the cross‐sectional variation in the marginal value of corporate cash holdings that arises from differences in corporate financial policy. We begin by providing semi‐quantitative predictions for the value of an extra dollar of cash depending upon the likely use of that dollar, and derive a set of intuitive hypotheses to test empirically. By examining the variation in excess stock returns over the fiscal year, we find that the marginal value of cash declines with larger cash holdings, higher leverage, better access to capital markets, and as firms choose greater cash distribution via dividends rather than repurchases.
Does Corporate Headquarters Location Matter for Stock Returns?
Authors: PIRINSKY CHRISTO , WANG QINGHAI 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTWe document strong comovement in the stock returns of firms headquartered in the same geographic area. Moreover, stocks of companies that change their headquarters location experience a decrease in their comovement with stocks from the old location and an increase in their comovement with stocks from the new location. The local comovement of stock returns is not explained by economic fundamentals and is stronger for smaller firms with more individual investors and in regions with less financially sophisticated residents. We argue that price formation in equity markets has a significant geographic component linked to the trading patterns of local residents.
The Disposition Effect and Underreaction to News
Authors: FRAZZINI ANDREA 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper tests whether the “disposition effect,” that is the tendency of investors to ride losses and realize gains, induces “underreaction” to news, leading to return predictability. I use data on mutual fund holdings to construct a new measure of reference purchasing prices for individual stocks, and I show that post‐announcement price drift is most severe whenever capital gains and the news event have the same sign. The magnitude of the drift depends on the capital gains (losses) experienced by the stock holders on the event date. An event‐driven strategy based on this effect yields monthly alphas of over 200 basis points.