bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Korean War and tourism: legacy of the war on the development of the tourism industry in South Korea
Authors: Lee Young‐Sook 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAlthough the development of tourism has been dominantly viewed and conceptualised in relation to the economic development of a region or a nation, some studies have argued that tourism fosters world peace. This argument, however, is not without some doubt for at the opposite end of the spectrum is that tourism might have a possible relationship with ‘war’; the focus of this paper. This study, using qualitative research methods, traces the causes of the Korean War and its subsequent impacts upon the development of the tourism industry in South Korea. Findings indicate that the war had a significant impact upon the notion of tourism as a ‘good’ industry for society, which would bring benefits in the post‐conflict era. Further, it created some ideas in society that purely consumptive travel is ‘unpatriotic’ and people should think about the interests of the nation when they travel. This paper concludes with a suggestion that future research should look into the ways in which tourism and tourists have developed where ‘accumulation of capitalism’ and changes in legislative moves, such as ‘paid holidays’ were not the initiating elements for a country's tourism development. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Getting them to forgive and forget: cognitive based marketing responses to terrorist acts
Authors: Taylor Peter A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe context for the article is crisis management and the recognition of the essential role of the mass media in the strategically constructive diffusion of information. The paper introduces the relationship in the media between perception and reality specifically as it relates to the tourism industry. Building on this context, the elaborate likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion is creatively applied to strategies for attitude intervention and manipulation to affect market recovery from acts of terrorism. Additionally the model is applied to non‐affected but competitive destinations as an opportunistic strategy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
War and ecotourism in the National Parks of Colombia: some reflections on the public risk and adventure
Authors: Ospina Guillermo Andrés 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRecent years have attested to the intensification of armed conflicts around the world. Although conflict and tourism—two of the most lucrative contemporary enterprises—seem incompatible concepts, a new relationship between risk and adventure is emerging. This paper attempts an approach to the incidence of armed conflict on ecotourism in Colombia considering its endemic sociopolitical variables. The situation of risk to potential tourism diffused by the mass media is founded on images of bombs, shootings, combats, massacres, drugs and kidnapping, making Colombia a dangerous country included in the black‐list of global tourism. Although ecotourism is considered one of the main strategies of the state environmental institutions for generating revenues in the National Parks, and their populations, the reality is that these areas have been transformed into places of armed direct confrontation for legal and illegal groups. Different strategies have been adapted by institutional agencies around ecotourism in National Parks, contesting problems generated by conflict. How is the challenge of ecotourism assumed in an attractive scenario for the leisure market and nature contemplation, but affected by war, like the National Parks? A clear position doesn't exist. The environmental authorities opt to close entry to visitors, and officials deny access permits to these areas; while on the other hand, politics of social participation are profiled in the conservation that looks to link the local populations of the Parks like the sustenance of conservation. Nevertheless, ecotourism is today a high‐risk adventure involving armed actors, illicit crops, traffic areas and refuge; but it is also one of the most interesting fields in the construction of peace that remains still unexplored, considering the cultural and ecological potential of the country beyond exclusively economic concepts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of metabolic syndrome risk factors with selected markers of oxidative status and microinflammation in healthy omnivores and vegetarians
Authors: Šebeková Katarína , Boor Peter , Valachovičová Martina , Blažíček Pavol , Parrák Vojtech , Babinská Katarína , Heidland August , Krajčovičová‐Kudláčková Marica 
Published: August 2006

AbstractConditions predisposing to metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. We studied, in vegetarians (n = 90) and omnivores (n = 46), the impact of the dietary regimen on the occurrence of MetS risk factors (RFs: BMI, blood pressure, glucose metabolism and lipid profile) in relation to oxidative status (advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), malondialdehyde, ferric reducing ability of plasma, vitamins A, E, C, β‐carotene and superoxide dismutase activity) and microinflammation (C‐reactive protein, leukocytes and neopterin). The proportion of subjects without/positive for one or two MetS RFs was comparable between the groups. From the components of MetS only immunoreactive insulin levels differed significantly (95% CI: omnivores: 5.0–7.1 μU/mL, vegetarians: 4.5–5.4, p = 0.03). Omnivores had lower AOPP (omnivores: 0.29–0.36 μmol/g albumin, vegetarians: 0.36–0.52, p = 0.01) and β‐carotene levels than vegetarians, they consumed more calories, proteins, fat and saturated fatty acids, and less fibres, β‐carotene and vitamin C. Multiple regression analysis revealed vitamin E and AOPP levels as the most important independent determinants of MetS RFs. The vegetarian diet seems to exert beneficial effects on MetS RFs associated microinflammation. Whether the vegetarian diet may counteract the deleterious effects of elevated AOPPs and AGEs, remains to be elucidated.
Study on fluorescence of Maillard reaction compounds in breakfast cereals
Authors: Delgado‐Andrade Cristina , Rufián‐Henares José A. , Morales Francisco J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDuring the advanced stage of the Maillard reaction (MR) in food processing and cooking, Amadori rearrangement products undergo dehydration and fission and fluorescent substances are formed. Free and total (free + linked to the protein backbone) fluorescence (FIC) due to Maillard compounds in 60 commercial breakfast cereals was evaluated. Pronase was used for efficient release of linked fluorescent Maillard compounds from the protein backbone. Results were correlated with some heat‐induced markers of the extent of the MR or sugar caramelisation during cereal processing, such as hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, glucosilisomaltol and furosine. The effect of sample composition (dietary‐fibre added, protein, etc.) on levels of FIC, expressed as fluorescence intensity (FI) per milligram of sample, is discussed. FIC is significantly correlated to the protein content of the sample and fluorescent Maillard compounds are mainly linked to the protein backbone. The ratio of total‐FIC to free‐FIC was 10.4‐fold for corn‐based, wheat‐based and multicereal‐based breakfast cereals but significantly higher in rice‐based samples. Addition of dietary fibre or honey increased the FIC values. Data support the usefulness of FIC measurement as an unspecific heat‐induced marker in breakfast cereals.
Computer vision based analysis of potato chips – A tool for rapid detection of acrylamide level
Authors: Gökmen Vural , Senyuva Hamide Z. , Dülek Berkan , Çetin Enis 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this study, analysis of digital color images of fried potato chips were combined with parallel LC‐MS based analysis of acrylamide in order to develop a rapid tool for the estimation of acrylamide during processing. Pixels of the fried potato image were classified into three sets based on their Euclidian distances to the representative mean values of typical bright yellow, yellowish brown, and dark brown regions using a semiautomatic segmentation algorithm. The featuring parameter extracted from the segmented image was NA2 value which was defined as the number of pixels in Set‐2 divided by the total number of pixels of the entire fried potato image. Using training images of potato chips, it was shown that there was a strong linear correlation (r = 0.989) between acrylamide level and NA2 value. Images of a number of test samples were analyzed to predict their acrylamide level by means of this correlation data. The results confirmed that computer vision system described here provided explicit and meaningful description from the viewpoint of inspection and evaluation purpose for potato chips. Assuming a provisional threshold limit of 1000 ng/g for acrylamide, test samples could be successfully inspected with only one failure out of 60 potato chips.
Analysis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfual in coffee, dried fruits and urine
Authors: Murkovic Michael , Pichler Nicole 
Published: August 2006

Abstract5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural has become a substance of interest since recent results showed a possible carcinogenic potential in consequence of a metabolic activation by sulfotransferases. 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural is formed either by acid catalysed degradation of reducing sugars or via the Maillard reaction. This work provides an overview of foods potentially containing high amounts of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. It comprises dried fruits with a high sugar content that were exposed to heat for a long time. The concentration ranges from very low in, e. g. figs (1 mg/kg) to plums that contained up to 2200 mg/kg. Several types of roasted coffee were analysed that contained from 300 to 2900 mg/kg of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. In a small human study with seven healthy volunteers the urine excretion of unmetabolised 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural was investigated. After uptake of 20 g of plum jam containing 24 mg of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, 163 μg (mean) were excreted within 6 h, an equivalent of 0.75% of the ingested 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural.
Dose‐dependent utilisation of casein‐linked lysinoalanine, N(epsilon)‐fructoselysine and N(epsilon)‐carboxymethyllysine in rats
Authors: Somoza Veronika , Wenzel Elisabeth , Weiß Carola , Clawin‐Rädecker Ingrid , Grübel Nadine , Erbersdobler Helmut F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDuring the heat treatment of protein‐containing foods, the amino acid lysine is most prone to undergo chemical reactions in the course of amino acid cross‐linking or Maillard reactions. Among the reaction products formed, lysinoalanine (LAL), N(epsilon)‐fructoselysine (FL) and N(epsilon)‐carboxymethyllysine (CML) are those which serve as sensitive markers for the heat treatment applied. From a nutritional perspective, these compounds are ingested with the diet in considerable amounts but information about their metabolic transit and putative in vivo effects is scarce. In the present study, casein‐linked LAL, FL and CML were administered to rats in two different doses for 10 days. Quantitation of LAL, FL and CML in plasma, tissue and faeces samples revealed that the kidneys are the predominant sites of accumulation and excretion. The maximum percent of dietary LAL, FL and CML excreted in the urine was 5.6, 5.2 and 29%, whereas the respective recoveries in the kidneys were 0.02, 26 and 1.4%. The plasma and tissue analyses revealed that the endogenous load of either compound is increased by its dietary intake. But the dose‐dependent utilisation of dietary protein‐linked LAL, FL and CML in rats has been demonstrated for the first time to vary substantially from each other.
Adapted BDF algorithms applied to parabolic problems
Authors: Vigo‐Aguiar J. , Martín‐Vaquero J. , Wade B. A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this article we study the application of the adaptive BDF type formulas to parabolic problems that appear in Vigo‐Aguiar et al. J Comput Appl Math 175(i1) (2004), 183–194. We discuss the properties of zero and absolute stability of high order methods. Theoretical and computational error analysis show good behavior of the new higher order methods applied to parabolic problems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 23: 350–365, 2007
Activation of STAT3 in thymic epithelial tumours correlates with tumour type and clinical behaviour
Authors: Chang K‐C , Wu M‐H , Jones D , Chen F‐F , Tseng Y‐L 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe STAT3 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 3) signalling pathway plays a pivotal role in oncogenesis and appears essential for postnatal maintenance of thymic architecture and thymocyte survival. The association of STAT3 activation with thymic epithelial tumours (TETs) and myasthenia gravis (MG) has not been elucidated. In this study, 118 cases of TET and 25 non‐neoplastic thymic tissue samples were evaluated for STAT3 and phospho‐STAT3 (pSTAT3) expression immunohistochemically. In addition, 44 normal thymuses of different ages were included for comparison. It was found that STAT3 activation in thymic epithelial cells (TECs), as evidenced by pSTAT3 expression and/or nuclear STAT3, was present in the majority of non‐neoplastic thymuses (88%, 22/25), including those from young children, but not in fetal thymus. In thymoma (n = 73), activated STAT3 was noted at a significantly higher frequency in the cases of lymphocyte‐rich thymoma (ie types AB, B1, and B2, 46%, 23/50) in comparison with lymphocyte‐depleted thymoma (types A and B3, 1/23) (p = 0.009). Thymoma with activated STAT3 tended to present at an earlier stage, show complete resectability and less aggressive behaviour, and have a higher correlation with MG than the STAT3‐negative/inactive group (p < 0.05). In contrast, thymic carcinoma with activated STAT3 (14/45, 31%) had significantly higher rates of unresectability, vascular invasion, and regional lymph node metastasis (p < 0.05). These data provide the first evidence that constitutive STAT3 activation is seen in both benign and neoplastic thymic tissue and is associated with the persistence of thymic tissue and the presence of MG. It is likely to be induced by different factors in thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Awareness and attitude toward prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with no access to legal termination of pregnancy
Authors: Gadow E. , Petracchi F. , Igarzabal L. , Gadow A. , Quadrelli R. , Krupitzki H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze variables affecting couples' decision making about prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis in patients with no access to legal termination of pregnancy (TOP).MethodsPatients undergoing invasive prenatal diagnosis were anonymously surveyed after counseling and before the procedure. The questionnaire enquired about sociodemographic features, medical history, knowledge of and attitudes toward genetic testing and TOP.ResultsTwo genetic units distributed 372 questionnaires. Mean maternal age was 36 ± 4 years. Access to prenatal genetic counseling was mainly patient's own initiative, or ‘self‐referral’. Most self‐referred patients (87%) considered that ‘receiving accurate information’ was the main issue. Eighty‐one per cent of all couples knew that TOP because of fetal anomalies was not legal. In case of a serious anomaly, 68.2% of patients would contemplate TOP, in spite of the risk of being exposed to an unsafe abortion.ConclusionsIn many countries, prenatal genetic testing is offered, but TOP is not available. In the present study, although most of the couples who decided to undergo prenatal genetic testing were aware of this, they still chose to perform prenatal diagnosis. The main reason given was to obtain reliable information about fetal condition. Finally, if a fetal chromosomal abnormality were detected, most of them would consider TOP. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal detection and characterization of a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 22 with apparently normal phenotype
Authors: Lin Chyi‐Chyang , Hsieh Yao‐Yuan , Wang Chung‐Hsing , Li Yueh‐Chun , Hsieh Lie‐Jiau , Lee Chien‐Chung , Tsai Chang‐Hai , Tsai Fuu‐Jen 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo present prenatal findings and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 22 with apparently normal phenotype.Case and MethodsAn amniocentesis was performed at 15 weeks' gestation and a small marker chromosome in the female fetus of a twin pregnancy was noted. A second amniocentesis was performed at 18 weeks; G‐banding analysis on amniotic cells confirmed the small marker chromosome found in the female fetus. Both parents and the male twin fetus had normal karyotypes. Spectral karyotyping (SKY), Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses with chromosomal specific whole chromosome painting probe (WCP 22) and alphoid satellite DNA probe (D22Z4) were used to identify the origin of the sSMC. The make‐up of the sSMC was characterized by further FISH studies with chromosome region specific probes. The twin babies were delivered normally at 35 weeks' gestation. The female neonate with sSMC did not show any dysmorphic features, except for a type II atrial septum defect (ASD) at birth. She was found to be developing and growing normally at her 2‐year follow‐up.ResultsConventional G‐banding study confirmed the presence of a sSMC with bi‐satellites. SKY and FISH with D22Z4 probes showed that the marker originated from chromosome 22. FISH studies using 4 locus‐specific DNA probes in the 22q11.2 region (N25 probe to detect the D22S75 locus within the velocardiofacial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome (VCFS/DGS) critical region, a clone to detect the Bid locus just distal to the cat eye syndrome (CES) critical region and two clones 77H2 and 109L3 to detect the proximal end of the CES critical region, (CECR2 and CECR7), did not reveal any hybridization signal with the marker chromosome. The karyotype of the fetus was 47,XX,+ mar. ish der(22) (SKY+,D22Z42 + ,CECR7−,CECR2−, BID−,D22S75−).ConclusionThe supernumerary marker chromosome in this case was a de novo inv dup(22)(q11.2) and contained a duplicated proximal long arm region < 400 kb from the centromere; it did not appear to affect the phenotype of the child. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal Diagnosis of congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia (CDG‐Ia) by cordocentesis and transferrin isoelectric focussing of serum of a 27‐week fetus with non‐immune hydrops
Authors: Edwards Matthew , McKenzie Fiona , O'Callaghan Stephen , Somerset David , Woodford Phillip , Spilsbury Jillian , Fietz Michael , Fletcher Janice 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBlood was obtained by cordocentesis from a fetus with non‐immune hydrops demonstrated by ultrasound scanning at 27 weeks' gestation. Abnormalities of serum transferrin isoelectric focussing (IEF) were identified, characteristic of a congenital disorder of glycosylation type I (CDG‐Ia). A diagnosis of CDG‐Ia was confirmed by enzyme analysis of cultured amniocytes. This is the first report of CDG‐Ia diagnosed by serum analysis in a fetus. Previous reports have warned that diagnostic abnormalities do not appear in serum until several weeks after birth. The sensitivity of cordocentesis transferrin IEF is unknown but is less than 100% effective because cases have been diagnosed postnatally after normal prenatal or neonatal studies. Enzyme analysis or mutation analysis is required for diagnosis of congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDGs) regardless of whether a diagnostic transferrin pattern is identified prenatally. The analysis of a small sample of serum, from cordocentesis, performed to check for fetal anemia, simplified the investigation, diagnosis, and genetic counselling of a case of non‐immune hydrops detected at 27 weeks' gestation. This might be a useful test for other cases in these circumstances, as fetal blood is usually collected to check for anemia. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer‐tethered ligand–receptor interactions between surfaces
Authors: Martin Jeremy I. , Zhang Cheng‐Zhong , Wang Zhen‐Gang 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe study the interaction between two parallel surfaces having a polymer‐tethered ligand on one and a random distribution of receptors on the other. We examine the interplay between the specific ligand–receptor binding and the conformation degrees of freedom of the polymer tether, and address the difference between the cases of mobile (annealed) and immobile (quenched) receptors. The annealed case is solved exactly and the quenched case is treated by both Monte Carlo direct sampling and an analytical density expansion. The combination of the entropic repulsion due to chain confinement at small surface separations, and the attraction due to ligand–receptor binding which can take place at significant chain stretching, results in a minimum in the interaction free energy. For the same set of parameters, stronger binding is obtained for the annealed case than for the quenched case, reflecting the ability of the mobile receptors to migrate into the region of the ligand. In the quenched case, binding is limited by the availability of receptors within the reach of the ligand; for a given receptor density and binding energy, there exists an optimal chain length that yields the lowest minimum in the interaction free energy for the quenched case. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2621–2637, 2006
Theory of chemical bonds in metalloenzymes V: Hybrid‐DFT studies of the inorganic [8Fe–7S] core
Authors: Shoji M. , Koizumi K. , Kitagawa Y. , Yamanaka S. , Okumura M. , Yamaguchi K. , Ohki Y. , Sunada Y. , Honda M. , Tatsumi K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe electronic and spin structures of the [8Fe–7S] inorganic model complex (1) have been investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) UB3LYP and UBLYP methods. The experimental geometry of 1 was used to calculate the sets of exchange interactions (J values) between Fe‐spin centers within spin Hamiltonian models. The experimental temperature‐dependent paramagnetism is well reproduced on the basis of the calculated J values. The calculated low‐lying energy levels are also consistent with those of the experiments. This indicates that the ground spin state of 1 is singlet (S = 0) for the weak antiferromagnetic coupling between two [4Fe–3S] cubane units, which take the Fe(III)Fe(II)3 formal charge and S = 7/2 spin states. The first‐order density matrix of the most stable broken‐symmetry (BS) solution has been diagonalized to elucidate the natural molecular orbitals (MOs) and their occupation number of 1, which are hardly obtained by the symmetry‐adapted (SA) CASSCF approach. Several chemical indices such as the effective bond orders before and after spin projection are also calculated by using the occupation numbers to provide the SA MO picture of labile chemical bonds of 1. It is found that the BS MO calculation followed by spin‐projected SA analysis is an effective and practical alternative to the CASSCF MO approach for the multinuclear transition metal clusters. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006