bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aircraft Computers
Authors: Satterthwaite Charles P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The aircraft industry and the computer industry are relative newcomers in two centuries of technical innovation. It is only natural that these powerful industries have merged to provide continuous improvements in capabilities and services for aircraft customers. Landau defines an aircraft as any structure or machine designed to travel through the air. He then defines a computer as a person who computes or a device used for computing. From these definitions, an aircraft computer is a device used on (or in association with) any air‐traveling machine or structures used to make computations. Computers can be found in every aspect of the aircraft industry. On the aircraft, there are computers for flight control and display, computers monitoring and regulating flight functions, computers recording and processing flight activities, computers providing passenger entertainment, and computers providing communication and navigation. Equally important are the ground‐based computers at airports, maintenance depots, and air traffic control stations that provide services for all aspects of flight.
Database Languages
Authors: Wang George (Taehyung) , Sheu Phillip C‐Y , Kitazawa Atsushi , Yamaguchi Hiroshi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A database management system (DBMS) consists of a collection of databases and a set of programs that enable users to create and maintain the data in the databases. The DBMS must provide an appropriate database language for each category of users such as database administrators (DBAs), database programmers, and end users. In general, a database management system provides two different types of languages: a data definition language (DDL) to specify database schema and a data manipulation language (DML) to retrieve, insert, delete, and modify data.
Dataflow Computers: Their History and Future
Authors: Hurson Ali R. , Kavi Krishna M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe dataflow model of computation offers an attractive alternative to control‐flow in extracting parallelism from programs. The execution of a dataflow instruction is based on the availability of its operand(s); hence, the synchronization of parallel activities is implicit in the dataflow model. Instructions in dataflow model do not impose any constraints on sequencing except for the data dependencies in the program.The elegant representation of concurrency in dataflow computation led to considerable interest in dataflow modes over the past three decades. These efforts have led to successively more elaborate architechtural implementations of the model. However, studies form past projects have revealed a number of inefficiencies in dataflow computing. Recent advances that may address these deficiencies have generated a renewed interest in dataflow. In this article we will survey the various issues and developments in dataflow computing.
Dimensionality Reduction
Authors: Dash Manoranjan , Liu Huan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDimensionality reduction studies methods that effectively reduce data dimensionality for efficient data processing tasks such as pattern recognition, machine learning, text retrieval, and data mining. We introduce the field of dimensionality reduction by dividing it into two parts: feature extraction and feature selection. Feature extraction creates new features resulting from the combination of the original features; and feature selection produces a subset of the original features. Both attempt to reduce the dimensionality of a dataset to facilitate efficient data processing tasks. We introduce key concepts of feature extraction and feature selection, describe some basic methods, and illustrate their applications with some practical cases. Extensive research into dimensionality reduction has being carried out for many decades. Even today its demand is further increasing due to important high‐dimensional applications such as gene expression data, text categorization, and document indexing.
Distributed and Collaborative Development
Authors: Shim Hyong‐Sop , Prakash Atul , Lee Jang Ho 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article discusses key design concepts and research issues in CSCW, especially those relevant to providing awareness support for distributed software development, and provides a survey of CSCW systems and tools in this area. Common collaboration practices in open‐source development efforts we described and contrasted with those supported by specialized CSCW systems.
Instruction Sets
Authors: Gokhale Maya B. , Schlesinger Judith D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Instruction sets began very simply and then became more complex as hardware gained complexity. By the 1980s, instruction sets had become sufficiently complex that a movement began to return to simpler instruction sets, albeit not the simplicity of the early machines. Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) architectures were introduced, in contrast to the complex instruction set computers (CISC) that were then in vogue. Another instruction set style, very long instruction word (VLIW), was also introduced in the 1980s as a means of increasing the parallelism within an instruction. Characteristics of each of these styles appear in modern instruction sets.

In addition to these
general‐purpose
ISAs, special‐purpose architectures, such as vector and parallel machines, and digital signal processors (DSPs), require ISAs that capture their unique capabilities.
Intelligent Agent
Authors: Zhang Chengqi , Zhang Zili 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article provides an insight for general readers on what intelligent agent is in the context of computer science and engineering. It describes the major developments that have led up to the current great interest in intelligent agents and then presents a brief discussion of the principal scientific and engineering issues in the field, which include the architecture of intelligent agents, communication languages for intelligent agents, and the methodologies and development tools for building intelligent agents. The typical applications and technological challenges for research and development over the next decade are also summarized.
Knowledge Acquisition
Authors: Kamel Magdi N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Knowledge acquisition is the process by which problem‐solving expertise is obtained from some knowledge source, usually a domain expert. This knowledge can then be implemented into an expert system program that can provide expert assistance to nonexperts when and where a human expert is not available. Traditionally knowledge acquisition is accomplished through a series of long and intensive interviews between a knowledge engineer, who is a computer specialist, and a domain expert, who has superior knowledge in the domain of interest. The difficulty, time, and cost of manual knowledge acquisition, however, have stimulated research in developing machine learning approaches that autonomously acquire knowledge from data sources without the assistance of humans.
This article presents an in‐depth overview of knowledge acquisition by discussing the fundamental concepts of knowledge, types of knowledge, the process of knowledge acquisition, and knowledge acquisition methods. The article presents a classification that divides knowledge acquisition methods into three categories: manual methods, combined manual and automated methods, and automated methods. Manual methods discussed include interviews, task‐based methods, and expert self‐elicitation. Combined manual and automated methods discussed include expert‐driven and knowledge engineer‐driven approaches. Automated methods presented include learning by induction, neural networks, genetic algorithms, and analogical and case‐based reasoning. The article also addresses knowledge presentation and discusses eight of the most common representation methods: logic, production rules, frames, semantic networks, objects‐attributes‐value triplets, scripts, decision tables, and decision trees. The article concludes with a discussion of validation and verification of acquired knowledge.
Knowledge‐Based Computation
Authors: Leake David , Reichherzer Thomas 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe knowledge‐based computation approach to artificial intelligence develops and studies intelligent systems that exploit explicitly represented knowledge. The approach addresses questions such as how knowledge should be represented in computational systems, what knowledge must be captured for a particular task and task domain, how knowledge should be organized, and how knowledge should be applied. This article introduces theoretical foundations for knowledge‐based computation, presents knowledge representation principles, and samples major approaches, trends, and opportunities for knowledge‐based computing.
Middleware for Distributed Systems
Authors: Schantz Richard E. , Schmidt Douglas C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Improvements in hardware and networking technologies over the past decades have yielded dramatic increases in computer and communication capabilities. Despite these advances, the effort and cost required to develop, validate, port, and enhance software for distributed systems remained remarkably high. Much of the complexity and cost of building these systems can be alleviated by the use of highly flexible, efficient, dependable, and secure
middleware
, which is infrastructure software that resides between the applications and the underlying operating systems, networks, and hardware, specifically intended to provide a more appropriate platform for building and operating distributed systems. Middleware's primary roles are to (1) functionally bridge the gap between application programs and the lower‐level hardware and software infrastructure to coordinate how parts of applications are connected and how they interoperate and (2) provide reusable services that can be composed, configured, and deployed to create distributed systems rapidly and robustly by integrating components that may be developed by multiple technology suppliers.
Multicast Protocols and Algorithms
Authors: Polyzos George C. , Xylomenos George 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Multicast refers to the transmission of data from one sender to an arbitrary set of receivers, a service useful for applications such as group conferencing, media distribution, and update of replicated databases. From an application viewpoint, the importance of multicast is that it allows adressing a set of receivers via a common identifier. From a network viewpoint, the importance of multicast is that when the transmission paths between the sender and the receivers share some links, multicast can conserve resources by only sending the data once over each such link. The most important issues raised by multicast are routing data to multiple destinations with minimal delay and/or duplication, handling feedback from possibly numerous receivers in a scalable manner, and providing appropriate quality of service for data delivery to each receiver.
Neural Controllers
Authors: Garg Devendra P. , Kumar Manish 
Published: December 2007

AbstractConventional control techiques such as DIP control, robust control, and optimal control have traditionally been used to control linear and nonlinear systems. These techniques are based on the model of the system, and their performance is largely dependent on the accuracy of the model. Modern control systems are charactgerized by their increassing complexity, nonlinearity, intelligence, enhanced ability to adapt and learn, and roubstness to uncertainty. Often, the dynamics of these systems are time‐delayed, ill‐defined, extremely nonlinear, and very complex, which makes it difficult to obtain an accurate analytical model of the system. This reality added to the uncertainties present in the environment and measurement devices, makes it particularly challenging to employ conventional techniques to control such systems. The ability of neural networks to handle nonlinear and ill‐defined problems, perform in the presence of noise and uncertainty, learn and adapt to changes in system parameters, and approximate functions and identify nonlinear systems have made them a popular choice for controlling such complex systems. Extensive research has been carried out over the last two decades for using neural networks to control nonlinear systems, and several neural network architectures have been proposed. This progress has led to a widespread application of neutral controllers in several of fields, such as the aerospace, communications, automated manufacturing, robotics, medical diagnosis systems, electric power systems, and process industries.
Software Aging and Rejuvenation
Authors: Trivedi Kishor S. , Vaidyanathan Kalyanaraman 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSeveral recent studies have established that most system outages are due to software faults. Given the ever‐increasing complexity of software and the well‐developed techniques and analysis for hardware reliability, this trend is not likely to change in the near future. In this article, we discuss the phenomenon of software aging and a preventive maintenance technique to deal with this problem called software rejuvenation. Stochastic models to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive maintenance in operational software systems and to determine optimal times to perform rejuvenation for different scenarios are described. We also present measurement‐based methodologies to detect software aging and estimate its effect on various system resources. These models are intended to help develop software rejuvenation policies. An automated online measurement‐based approach has been used in the software rejuvenation agent implemented in a major commercial server.
Video Conferencing and
IP
Telephony
Authors: Feng Wu‐chi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes the areas of video conferencing and voice over IP telephony applications. The chapter is broken into three main components: digital media basics, managing interactive multimedia applications over networks, and multimedia networking issues for video conferencing and voice over IP. The digital media basics component will cover basic multimedia compression and streaming technologies. The managing interactive applications section will describe H.323 and SIP, two of the primary protocols deployed to enable video conferencing and voice over IP. Finally, we will describe some techniques that have been deployed to help in the adaptation of digital media to the available network resources on the Internet.
Autonomy‐Oriented Computing (
AOC
)
Authors: Liu Jiming , Jin Xiaolong , Tsui Kwok Ching 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

This article describes a new programming paradigm called
autonomy‐oriented computing
(AOC), which describes the construct of synthetic autonomy in locally interacting entities, and use the aggregated effects of entity interactions to generate desired global solutions or systems dynamics. The fundamental working mechanism of
self‐organization
that underlies the AOC paradigm offers the advantages of natural formulation as well as scalable performance to characterize complex systems or to computationally hard problems that are distributed and large scale in nature.
Decision Support Systems: Foundations and Variations
Authors: Holsapple Clyde W. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNow in their fourth decade, decision support systems have progressed to the point of being so diverse in nature and so widespread in everyday use that they are often taken for granted, not even being recognized for what they are. Yet, they have major positive impacts on both individuals and organizations. This article provides a foundation for understanding decision support systems. We examine why they exist, how they differ from other classes of software systems (e.g., management information systems), their basic architecture, and variations in their implementations and features. With this foundation, we can more fully grasp today's decision support options and be in a position to better appreciate the ever advancing frontier of decision support system research.
Radiosity
Authors: Xu Ruifeng , Pattanaik Sumanta N. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRadiosity is an object‐space rendering method that simulates light transport by solving a linear system that describes the light propagation between patches on scene surface. It uses form factor to represent the fraction of light flux that leaves some patch and reaches another patch. The relationship between light sources, form factors, and radiosity distribution on patches is formulated as the radiosity equation, which can be solved using numerical methods. Classic radiosity methods are limited to diffuse surfaces illuminated by diffuse light sources, which have been extended in many ways for higher efficiency and realism.
Rendering
Authors: Reinhard Erik , Khan Erum , Akyüz Ahmet Oğuz 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn the real world, light sources emit photons that normally travel in straight lines until they interact with a surface or volume. When a photon encounters a surface, it may either be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. Some of these photons may hit the retina of an observer where they are converted into a signal that is then processed by the brain, thus forming an image. Similarly, photons may be caught by the sensor of a camera. In either case, the image is a 2‐D representation of the environment.The formation of an image as a result of photons interacting with a 3‐D environment may be simulated on the computer. The environment is then replaced by a 3‐D geometric model and the interaction of light with this model is simulated with one of a large number of algorithms. This simulation of light behavior is called rendering.
Computational Number Theory
Authors: Patterson Wayne 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This article provides an introduction to number theory from a computational perspective, including topics such as divisibility, multiplicative functions, congruence, residues, prime numbers, diophantine equations, and elliptic curves. Additionally, applications of this very pure branch of mathematics to contemporary computer security problems are presented in some detail, including discussion of the Data Encryption Standard, public key cryptosystems and the Rivest–Shamir–Adelman cryptosystem, digital signatures, Elliptic Curve public key cryptosystems, and the Advanced Encryption Standard (Rijndael).
Optical Communication
Authors: Wang Bin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractOptical communication is a form of telecommunication that uses light as the transmission medium. An optical communication system consists of a transmitter or a light source that encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel or a waveguide that carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver that reproduces the message from the received optical signal. The development of modern optical communication is indebted to technological breakthroughs and improvements realized in a several areas: light source, materials and manufacturing of low‐loss lightwave guides components and devices essential for effective optical transmission and communication, as well as sophisticated electronics and signal processing techniques.Optical communication has played a key role in increasing the bandwidth of telecommunications networks, especially in the last two decades as the Internet has penetrated our daily lives. The evolution of optical communication and networking has gone through several generations.This article describes and briefly evaluates the basic components of optical communication and networking, the two main types of optical communication bases on the medium or optical waveguide that optical signals traverse:Fiber optical communication andfree space optical communication, as well as optical networking technologies and their applications.
Embedded Software
Authors: Linn John 
Published: December 2007

AbstractEmbedded software is commonplace. It is a defining constituent of the many products we use daily. More and more, products depend on electronics and software to implement the many new functions we demand. As a result, the complexity of embedded software is exploding.Development of complex embedded software is a nonrecurring cost that must be amortized across sales of all products that use the software. Because of the high cost of developing software containing millions of lines of code, software reuse, in all its forms, is the only practical way to minimize this cost to the consumer.The embedded software developer faces many special challenges. Among these challenges are quick time‐to‐market with hardware/software codesign, high‐quality designs with high reliability, special design‐for‐test features enabling high test coverage, scalable modular designs incorporating many different CPUs and instruction sets, software architectures and computational models that address real‐time applications, designs that support energy‐efficient use of the underlying electronics, user‐centric interfaces, and protection from the risks of computer hacking, terrorism, theft, and litigation.
Crowd Simulation
Authors: Thalmann Daniel 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFor many years, it was a challenge to produce realistic virtual crowds for special effects in movies. Now, there is a new challenge: the production of real‐time autonomous virtual crowds. Real‐time crowds are necessary for games, virtual reality (VR) systems for training and simulation and crowds in augmented reality applications. Autonomy is the only way to create believable crowds reacting to events in real time. This article will present state‐of‐the‐art techniques and methods. It will detail how rendering, animation, navigation, and behavior should be improved to allow for real‐time better, more realistic, and less costly crowd simulations.
Surface Modeling
Authors: Hui K. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Surface is a fundamental element in describing the shape of an object. The classic method for specifying a surface is to use a set of orthogonal planar projection curves to describe the surface. With the advance of computer graphics and computer‐aided design technologies, the wire frame model has evolved and is now capable of describing three‐dimensional (3‐D) objects with lines and curves in 3‐D space. However, the wireframe model is ambiguous and does not provide a complete 3‐D description of a surface. Surface modeling serves the purpose of providing the missing surface information in a wire frame model. Various types of surfaces are available for surface modeling. Different techniques are required for manipulating different types of surfaces. The description given here covers the basic formulations of those popular surface types and their construction techniques.