bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Care Labels: Will More Information Help Consumers?
Authors: Hatch Kathryn L. , Lane Sue E. 
Published: March 2007

Are care labels that give alternative and affirmative information more informative to con sumers than care labels that give only minimal care instructions? Does the consumers' previous experience in caring for fabrics influence their interpretation of care labels? This study shows that many consumers make the correct assumptions about the use of unstated laundry pro cedures when given only brief instructions on a care label. Many consumers, however, are very cautious when directions are lacking on labels. The consumers in the study either excluded the use of the unstated laundry procedure or they tended to use the least vigorous method of care available to them. There was some evidence that previous experience influenced the inter pretation of the brief labels.A bout one hundred fifty women completed a questionnaire in which they were presented with a label that gave minimal care instructions and also with a label that gave the same minimal instructions but also stated additional directions. Actual fabrics were presented with each care label. Respondents indicated the possible use of 17 different laundry procedures for each care label and fabrac. Chi‐square analysis was used to analyze the data.
Perceived Fashion Risk and Self‐Esteem of Males and Females
Authors: Winakor Geitel , Canton Bernetta , Wolins Leroy 
Published: March 2007

An instrument was developed to examine a person's perception of fashion risk in clothing, relative to his or her self‐esteem. Fashion risk is the uncertainty a consumer perceives when making a choice involving a fashion good, in addition to the uncertainty perceived when a good is not subject to fashion. Items were written or adapted to represent self‐esteem, self‐ esteem related to clothing, perceived fashion risk, and economic, social, psychological, and performance risks related to clothing. Approximately 400 university students, half males and half females, responded to the instrument. Response patterns of males and females differed; therefore data were factor analyzed separately for each sex.Eleven factors were derived for females, eight for males. Factor content was similar, but fac tor structure was different. For females, factors representing fashion interest formed one cluster and factors representing self‐esteem and social approval a separate cluster, the two clusters being completely uncorrelated. For males, factors did not cluster. Fashion risk seems to be a part of other types of risk rather than a distinct type of risk. Also, perception of fashion risk seems not to be linearly related to self‐esteem.
The Self‐Cleaning Oven: A Source of Inside Air Contamination
Authors: Annis Patty J. , La Cicero Janet Hecht 
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study addressed the question of whether significant amounts of con taminating aerosol pass through the smoke eliminator of the self‐cleaning oven in terms of the impact on normal residential air quality. Data were collected by sampling the emissions of three ovens operating through their design self‐cleaning cycles after being soiled in accordance with an accepted industry standard.The stain/haze potential of the emissions of two of the three ovens would cause significant increases in the normal level of light‐scattering aerosol in a 1360‐ft.3 room. One range would have created a haze level found objectionable by previous researchers. Reduction of the soil level by one‐half resulted in a lesser reduction in light‐scattering aerosol for one range, but a far greater reduction for the other two ranges. The first few self‐cleaning cycles may produce extremely large quantities of smoke, due to the burning off of insulation oils and binders.
Responsiveness to Internal Cues to Hunger among Young Children
Authors: Parham Ellen Speiden , Nelson Patricia Tanner 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of children to sense and to respond to internal hunger cues and to determine the role certain demographic, physiologic, and environment factors played in their responses. The eating behavior of ninety‐nine children in seven day‐care centers was observed on two occasions. The children consumed morning snacks of low or high caloric density (internal cue variable), followed by standardized lunches at noon. Each child participated twice, serving as his own control. Weights of food consumed at snacks and lunches were determined. A child was considered responsive to internal cues if he modified his lunch consumption to compensate for snack calorie intake; 42 percent failed to meet this criterion.Lunch calorie consumption was significantly affected by the order of treatments and by day‐care centers, but not by age, sex, weightlheight ratio, social status, race, or number of siblings. The immediate environment was concluded to have a greater effect on eating be havior than internal cues. Children tended to eat more at lunch on the first day of the experiment, regardless of the type of snack, apparently responding to a Hawthorne effect created by the novelty of the situation. This effect is itself interpreted as an external stimulus to eat. Children exhibiting insensitivity to their internal cues and overresponsiveness to their external cues were considered at risk of developing food habits contributing to problems of control of energy balance.
Factors Underlying Consumer Difficulties with the Homebuying Process
Authors: White Betty Jo , Barclay Nancy A. 
Published: March 2007

Data from a study identifying consumer difficulties with the homebuying process were analyzed. The instrument listing 66 potential difficulties was mailed to a random sample of 250 homebuyers to indicate those encountered during search, purchase, and first year of occupancy. They were also asked to identify the two problems considered most important and their perceived causes. The response rate was 80.4 percent. Of the 201 households who responded, 153 were eligible buyers. The mean total number of difficulties reported by the sample was 7.16.Problems most frequently reported were higher utility costs, foregone activities, mechani cal system problems, necessary repairs or adjustments, delayed closings, and overlapping payments. Frequency distribution comparisons between sample subgroups showed sim ilarities on the most frequent difficulties, but variation in both content and rank order for the most important problems. Mean comparison tests revealed significant differences in total number of difficulties on the variables purchaser experience, income level, and age of struc ture.The 30 items reported most frequently by respondents were factor analyzed to identify underlying constructs. Upon extraction and rotation, 27 variables loaded upon four factors which were named: surprise difficulties, new‐construction problems, financiallpersonal con sequences, and chain transaction constraints. Implications for further research and consumer education are drawn from the findings.
Family Clothing Consumption: Comparison of Two Methods for Collecting Data
Authors: Saltford Nancy C. , Roy Linda A. 
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the differences between two methods of collecting clothing consumption data: diary and recall. A sample in which there was a high proportion of low‐ and middle‐income families was drawn from school census data in Ithaca, New York. The study was limited to families with elementary school children.Forty‐three families kept diaries of all clothing purchases for a period of one month. Another 50 families were visited at the end of the same month and asked to recall purchases made over the preceding month.By collecting clothing consumption data exclusive of other consumer expenditures, differ ences between the recall and diary methods of data collection, found in earlier research, have been minimized. In this study there were no differences between either the demographic characteristics of the diary or recall samples, or in quantity and expenditure data collected. Costs for time and transportation for the researchers were higher with the diary than the recall method since two visits to each household were required.This study indicates that the recall method can successfully be used to gather family clothing consumption data.
Tactical ingenuity: new techniques for surviving corporate crises
Authors: Lukaszewski James E. 
Published: March 2007

Business organizations are perceived to handle crises badly, and that is often true. Although corporations in crisis are in a stronger position than anyone else to shape the outcome, impact and ultimate perception of events, their actions do not achieve improvement in perception. Instead, businesses seem to allow themselves to be overwhelmed by surprise. Yet crises, while differing in nature, scope and effect, share common elements and patterns. By developing strate gies and process, corporate managers can counteract the effect of surprise. This article focuses on the threat to organizational credibility and reputa tion, internally and externally, during crises and proposes that, while corpora tions are often co-creators of their own crises, the predictability of both the conditions created by a crisis and the responses to it allow the tactically savvy corporation to take control, manage its exposure and limit the damage to its reputation and credibility. The article presents goals, structures and strategies managers can use, no matter what the crisis. Patterns of crisis and organizational response are de scribed. It suggests a multi-dimensional thinking process both to explain how successful crisis management strategies are created and to help managers de velop and use tactical ingenuity during crisis incidents. The observations, com ments and ideas are based on the author's practical, day-to-day field experience as a "hands-on" crisis consultant and manager.
A Comparison of Gas and Electric Radiant Panels for Measuring the Flammability of Loose-Fill Cellulose Insulation
Authors: Siddiqui Sarfraz A. , Hollier Ray L. , Damant Gordon H. , Needles Howard L. 
Published: March 2007

Currently, there are two principal types of radiant panel apparatus available for fire related testing of cellulose insulation. One of these is the Flooring Radiant Panel (gas-fired radiant panel). It is an expensive piece of equipment and re quires high operational and maintenance costs The second type of radiant panel available is the Veri-Flux "100" (electric radiant panel), which is also known as the small scale radiant panel. It is currently being used as a quality control instrument in the cellulose insulation industry. Previously, there has been very little data published comparing the relative per formance of the two instruments. This paper analyzes the performance of 53 samples of insulation when tested by these instruments The analysis attempts to establish whether or not a direct comparison between the two instruments is viable. The results of this study will be useful to the ASTM task group, which is presently in vestigating the replacement of the larger gas-fired panel with the electric, small scale panel.
Prediction of Long-Term Density of Cellulose Fibre Insulation in Horizontal Spaces of New Residential Houses
Authors: Zaborniak Randy 
Published: March 2007

Owing to the variability of loose-fill materials and installation param eters, both density and the structure of these materials may vary from place to place in the same attic space as well as from house to house. These variations may affect the settlement of the materials Previous studies on the settlement of cellulose fibre in sulations (CFI), most performed in the laboratories, did not include the effects of variability in the installation techmques This paper, reporting results of the field study, analyses both the material settlement and the effect of variation in installed density on the CFI settlement. A method for predicting long-term density of CFI is postulated as the conclusion of this field study.
Water Management in Exterior Wall Claddings
Authors: Brown William , Adams Peter , Tonyan Timothy , Ullett James 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents results of laboratory testing on the performance of wall claddings using direct-applied (DEFS) and exterior insulation finish systems (EIFS) that incorporate water management features into their design and construc tion. The work presented in this paper is a continuation of earlier work conducted by the Institute for Research in Construction (IRC) of the National Research Council, Canada (NRCC) and the United States Gypsum Company (USG) evaluating the water penetration and moisture performance of barrier EIFS clad walls (Brown et al., 1997). Direct-applied exterior finish systems (DEFS) are exterior wall claddings that use a water durable substrate, typically cement board, mechanically fastened to the wall framing over a sheathing membrane. A cementitious basecoat and textured acrylic synthetic stucco finish is then applied directly over the substrate. Insulation for the DEFS system is in the stud cavity. EIFS systems use a layer of foam insulation applied over the wall substrate, with basecoat and finish applied over the foam. The performance of three water managed wall cladding designs in protecting wood framed construction from water intrusion by wind-driven rain is described. Three different drainage systems were evaluated. Performance measures evaluated in cluded cladding airtightness, pressure equalization potential, and water drainage under wind-driven rain conditions. In each of the three systems, partial pressure equalization was observed, and any water that did breach the exterior skin was stopped at the sheathing membrane and directed down and out of the wall through the flashing and weep openings.
Luke 17.11-19 and the Criteria for Authenticity Revisited
Authors: Porter Stanley 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMy 2000 monograph on the criteria for authenticity in historical-Jesus research analyzed the major criteria that have been used in such discussion. I also developed three new Greek-language based criteria, and, using these criteria, examined a number of important passages in the Gospels where it is useful to discuss their authenticity in Greek. The critical results have proved significant, with many scholars accepting that I have shown the likelihood of Jesus speaking Greek, even if they do not agree that I have convincingly proven every example where he did so. In that discussion, I did not treat Lk. 17.11-19, the episode of the cleansing of the ten lepers, in which one, a Samaritan, speaks to Jesus. In this paper, I apply the criterion of Greek language and its context to the episode and show that the persons involved and their backgrounds indicate that Greek may well have been the—or at least a—language in which they could and/or would have communicated.
On the Life and Death of Joseph of Arimathea
Authors: Lyons William 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecent studies have raised significant questions about where the historical Joseph of Arimathea ends and the Joseph of legend begins. Here it is argued that the Markan Joseph was a devout Jew who buried Jesus for reasons of either personal piety or communal duty. He was subsequently either 'defended' as a sympathizer (Luke), explicitly 'converted' (Matthew, John), or suppressed by 'harmonizing' commentators. Both Crossan's argument that Mark created his Joseph ex nihilo to solve the problem of the loss of Jesus' body, and Brown's argument that the pious Joseph must have subsequently become a believer, are considered and rejected. It is suggested that Mark found Joseph's name in earlier tradition and retained it because it suited a specific motif, the appearance of exemplary characters who provide a critical contrast to the Markan disciples. The historical Joseph almost certainly lived and died a pious Jew.
The Nazi Quest for an Aryan Jesus
Authors: Head Peter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper introduces perhaps the most neglected era in the history of the Quest for the historical Jesus. The era is National Socialist Germany and the particular Quest involves the attempt to prove Jesus was not Jewish but rather Aryan. Despite sev eral recent attempts to associate the contemporary Jesus Seminar with such ap proaches, the whole period is largely ignored in the standard works on the history of New Testament scholarship. This paper introduces and describes the most impor tant of the attempts to prove that Jesus was Aryan, that of Walter Grundmann. Important aspects of the general ideological background, as well as the influence of his teacher, Gerhard Kittel are discussed, with a more detailed treatment of the arguments in his Jesus der Galiläer und das Judentum (1940).
Evangelicals and the Quest for the Historical Jesus
Authors: Lamerson Samuel 
Published: March 2007

This article deals with historical Jesus studies done by evangelical scholars. The works are divided up into three broad categories: textbooks, construc tive studies and apologetic works. The article asks whether or not one can find good historical scholarship being done in the evangelical community. The results are, as might be expected, mixed. While there is some very good work being done by evangelical Jesus scholars such as N.T. Wright, Scot McKnight and Greg Boyd, there is a fair amount of shoddy scholarship com ing from this camp as well. The article points out both strengths and weak nesses in Jesus research being done by modem evangelicals and ends with suggestions for evangelical Jesus scholars. Anyone writing so small a book about so great a man must leave something out. G.K. Chesterton
Doing Theology from the Perspective of the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians
Authors: Mombo Esther 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper introduces the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians, popularly known as ‘the Circle’ begun in 1989, and the issues they raise for theological discussion. The Circle sets out to recreate and retrieve women's stories so that they become an integral part of the story of the Church and of Africa as a whole. The Circle and its methodology is set within the ecumenical and multi-faith context of its membership. The range of studies undertaken by its members is reviewed here. These come under four general headings: Biblical and Cultural Hermeneutics; Religion in Pluralistic Cultures; Theological and Ministerial Formation for Women; and Women in Religion, which focuses on the stories of women and religion in Africa.
Hooker the Theologian
Authors: Williams Rowan 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTFor Hooker's opponents, sacraments could only be human actions designed to further the homogeneity of that community of uniform spiritual achievement which is the holy congregation. Hooker, on the other hand, affirms the possibility of uneven, confused faith, even the confused ecclesial loyalties of the ‘church papist’, as something acceptable within the reformed congregation. This is entirely of a piece with the defence of a liturgy that is more than verbal instruction. Hooker traces these two issues to a Christology which is centred upon divine gift and ontological transformation, and a consequent sacramental theology which affirms the hiddenness but effectiveness of divine presence and work in the forms of our ritual action.
The ARCIC Dialogue and the Perception of Authority
Authors: Tanner Mary 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTFor more than twenty years the subject of authority has been in the forefront of discussions in the Anglican Communion and in ecumenical conversations. Authority in the Church was treated by the first Anglican Roman Catholic Commission. Both Communions recognized convergence in the Commission's reports but asked for further work. The most recent report, The Gift of Authority, is still being studied. It contains sharp challenges to both churches about their own exercise of authority. It is one thing to agree ideal statements about authority. It is quite another to move into visible unity with another church whose exercise of authority appears at odds with the ideal. If the two Communions can respond to these challenges then the suspicions that each has of the other will be alleviated and the move to visible unity made more possible. This article examines the content of the ARCIC reports and the challenges put to both Communions, arguing that there is much at stake in this conversation both for the internal life of the two Communions as well as for a life of communion in the future.
New Ways of Seeing: Theological Issues in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Pato Luke , Trisk Janet 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTTheology in the time of apartheid in South Africa involved clear choices—either one supported the regime or one challenged it, as did the Kairos theologians. Since democratic elections in 1994, the choices are less clear and the issues more complex. The authors are South African theologians attempting to consider some of the challenges to doing theology in South Africa today. They argue that fundamental to this enterprise is the willingness to search for a new vision.
Series on Church and State Church and State in the Legal Tradition of Australia
Authors: Young Peter 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between church and state in Australia has been examined on many occasions, though principally by historians and theologians. This article examines how the legislature and courts of Australia have handled problems where there has been a conflict at the interface between secular and religious interests. The article deals with constitutional issues, conflict in education, in town planning and taxation as well as considering what we really mean by ‘church’ and ‘state’ in this context and how problems might manifest themselves in the twenty-first century.
New Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymers for Multilayer Flexible Packaging Applications
Authors: Halle Richard W. 
Published: March 2007

Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate (E-MA) copolymers have been used for many years to improve the interlayer adhesion of tie layers in multilayered flexible packag ing. A key property of E-MAs in this application is their excellent adhesion to many different types of polymer substrates. The E-MA blends with low density polyethyl ene (LDPE) commonly used in industry today sometimes exhibit marginal bond strengths and can also cause processing difficulties. The first of a new series of E-MA resins has performed significantly better than the equivalent E-MA/LDPE blend in initial extrusion coating and laminating pilot tests. Nearly a 50% improvement in adhesion to OPP film was obtained and similar results were observed for other substrates. The new E-MA resin also demonstrated good extrusion coating processing making it an attractive option for the flexible packaging manufacturer.
Attitudes towards premarital screening for hepatitis B virus infection in Iran
Authors: Adibi Peyman , Hedayati Saeid , Mohseni Masood 
Published: March 2007

Objective: To evaluate the attitudes of the young adult population towards premarital screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Methods: Premarital counselling for reproductive health and testing for thalassaemia is required for couples wishing to be married in Iran. We added an information session about hepatitis B to the routine counselling programme, and then evaluated the attitudes of the enrolled population towards premarital screening for hepatitis B, through a self-administered questionnaire. Results: From a total of 1342 participants, 1316 individuals returned the questionnaires (response rate: 98.1%). In total, 73.2% of participants were in agreement with HBV screening. Male sex and higher level of education were associated with more positive attitudes towards HBV testing. Conclusion: Conducting a universal premarital HBV screening programme would be highly acceptable in Iran.