bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Phase Separation Behaviour on Toughness of Compression Moulded SBS Star Block Copolymer/Polystyrene Blends
Authors: Buschnakowski M. , Adhikari R. , Ilisch S. , Seydewitz V. , Godehardt R. , Lebek W. , Michler G. H. , Knoll K. , Schade C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe influence of homopolymer molecular weight and compression moulding on morphology formation and deformation behaviour of binary blends of polystyrene‐polybutadiene based star block copolymer and polystyrene (PS) homopolymer was investigated. The samples used were a polystyrene‐(polystyrene‐co‐polybutadiene)‐polystyrene (S‐S/B‐S) star block copolymer and anionically prepared polystyrene (aPS). The techniques used were transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and uniaxial tensile testing. A wide range of segregation behaviour was observed depending on the ratio of the length of aPS chains relative to that of corresponding outer blocks of the block copolymer. For the first time, the formation of macrophase‐separated ‘droplet‐like’ morphology has been reported, which endows the block copolymer/polystyrene blends with higher toughness. The mechanical properties of blends are discussed in the light of micromechanical processes of deformation. The micromechanical mechanisms and their dependence with inter domain distance are similar to the mechanisms found in rubber network toughened systems.
Did welfare reform influence the fertility of young teens?
Authors: Lopoo Leonard M. , DeLeire Thomas 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDuring the 1990s, states made several reforms to their welfare programs designed to reduce teenage fertility among minors. Among the most prominent of these changes, states started requiring teenage mothers younger than 18 to live with a parent or legal guardian and enroll in high school in order to receive welfare benefits. Using natality data from the National Center for Health Statistics, we compare the trend in fertility rates for young women aged 15 to 17 to the trend for a control group of 18‐year‐olds. Our estimates imply that the annual percent decline in fertility rates following implementation of these minor parent provisions was 0.7 percentage points larger for young teens than for teens aged 18, a difference of over 22 percent. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Is full better than half? Examining the longitudinal effects of full‐day kindergarten attendance
Authors: Cannon Jill S. , Jacknowitz Alison , Painter Gary 
Published: March 2006

AbstractKindergarten policy varies widely both across and within states. Over the past decade, a number of states have instituted a full‐day kindergarten requirement and others are considering it as a way to increase educational achievement. Many parents also support full‐day kindergarten as a source of child care. This paper uses the Early Child Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999 to evaluate the efficacy of this policy. In ordinary least squares, probit, county fixed effects, and instrumental variables models, we find that there are initial benefits for students and the mothers of students who attend full‐day kindergarten, but that these differences largely evaporate by third grade. Contrary to claims by some advocates, attending full‐day kindergarten is found to have no additional benefit for students in families with income below the poverty threshold. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Attracting private investment to contaminated properties: The value of public interventions
Authors: Wernstedt Kris , Meyer Peter B. , Alberini Anna 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe employ a mail survey of private developers that uses conjoint choice experiments and Likert‐scaled attitudinal questions to examine preferences for policy instruments and incentives intended to encourage brownfield cleanup and redevelopment. Our analysis suggests that developers judge public hearing requirements at brownfield redevelopments unattractive, but that they place a relatively high value on liability relief—from both cleanup costs and claims by third parties. Reimbursement of environmental assessment costs is not particularly attractive. We also find considerable heterogeneity among developers in the value they place on these incentives, depending on their experience with contaminated sites. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Public management reform and organizational performance: An empirical assessment of the U.K. Labour government's public service improvement strategy
Authors: Walker Richard M. , Boyne George A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe present the first empirical assessment of the U.K. Labour government's program of public management reform. This reform program is based on rational planning, devolution and delegation, flexibility and incentives, and enhanced choice. Measures of these variables are tested against external and internal indicators of organizational performance. The setting for the study is upper tier English local governments, and data are drawn from a multiple informant survey of 117 authorities. The statistical results indicate that planning, organizational flexibility, and user choice are associated with higher performance. Conclusions are drawn for the theory and practice of public management reform. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
The efficacy and effect of racial profiling: A mathematical simulation approach
Authors: Glaser Jack 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRacial profiling—the use of race, ethnicity, or national origin by law enforcement officials to make judgments of criminal suspicion—is assessed in terms of its effect on targeted populations and on law enforcement efficiency. A mathematical simulation, comparing multiple profiling and non‐profiling scenarios, is employed. This analysis indicates that racial profiling exacerbates incarceration disparities between groups whether or not the groups differ in criminality rates, and that the long‐term effects of profiling in terms of criminal captures depend on the calibration of profiling rates to criminality rates. The highest long‐term criminal capture rates appear to occur when stop rate ratios match, or are slightly below, criminality rate ratios between groups. When the possibility of a deterrent effect is modeled, profiling appears to yield fewer criminal captures and have little or no crime reduction effect, and may even increase overall crime rates. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Treatment of metastatic sialoblastoma with chemotherapy and surgery
Authors: Scott Julius X. , Krishnan Suren , Bourne Anthony J. , Williams Michael P. , Agzarian Marc , Revesz Tamas 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTumors of the salivary gland are very uncommon in children. Sialoblastoma is a rare, aggressive, blastomatous, and potentially malignant congenital tumor. Distant metastases are rare. We present a case of sialoblastoma with lung metastases that developed in a 4‐year‐old girl adjacent to a congenital nevus in the left cheek. The tumor was inoperable at diagnosis but the largest of the pulmonary metastases was removed surgically. The patient responded well to chemotherapy and underwent surgical excision of the primary tumor, followed by three more courses of chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:134–137. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple brain abscesses in a child with autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Authors: Bay Ali , Yilmaz Nebi , Nalbantoglu Ozlem , Yilmaz Cahide , Etlik Omer , Faik Oner Ahmet 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA 14‐year‐old female with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) developed an acute hemolytic crisis with acute renal failure under conventional treatment with corticosteroids. Because of the life‐threatening situation, we decided to start pulse dose methylprednisolone and also hemodialysis with a femoral catheter placement was performed. Fifteen days after initiating of dialysis subfebrile fever was developed, followed within 2 days with a left hemiparesis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple intracerebral abscesses. The clinical picture worsened and the patient died before scheduled surgery for the abscesses. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:1034–1036. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful management of bleeding with recombinant factor VIIa (NovoSeven®) in a patient with Burkitt lymphoma and thrombosis of the left femoral and left common iliac veins
Authors: Čulić Srđana , Kuljis Dubravka , Armanda Višnja , Jankovic Stipan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe present the case of an 18‐year‐old female with Burkitt lymphoma involving the intra‐abdominal and inguinal lymph nodes. The tumor had invaded the left femoral and common iliac veins causing secondary thrombosis and vessel occlusion. Chemotherapy and anticoagulant treatment resulted in mild thrombocytopenia and a prolonged prothrombin time, respectively, which exacerbated postoperative bleeding following surgical removal of a deep inguinal necrosis. After 6 days, bleeding combined with epistaxis was considered to be life threatening and anticoagulant reversal with recombinant factor VIIa was successfully performed. The patient has since achieved complete remission and subsequent antithrombotic therapy has resolved the vascular occlusion. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:332–335. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The clinical value of follow‐up examinations in childhood T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Huang L. , Lequin M. , Pieters R. , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink M.M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the value of follow‐up investigations of T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) and T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (T‐NHL), including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, bone marrow (BM) aspiration, peripheral blood (PB) count, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and chest X‐rays in patients with an initial mediastinal enlargement.ProcedureWe reviewed clinical records of all T‐ALL patients from 1987 to 2002 and all T‐NHL patients from 1977 to 2002, seen at a single institution.ResultsOf 48 T‐ALL patients, 15 suffered from a relapse, 6 (40%) were asymptomatic at the time of relapse. T‐ALL (13/30) with mediastinal enlargement at first diagnosis relapsed versus 2/16 of those without mediastinal enlargement. However, at relapse, only one patient had a mediastinal mass, which in addition was symptomatic. Of 39 T‐NHL patients, 6 patients relapsed. Forty percent of relapsed T‐ALL and 17% of relapsed T‐NHL were asymptomatic. The seven asymptomatic relapses were detected by CSF (n = 4), BM (n = 2) or blood count (n = 1) examinations. All T‐ALL and T‐NHL patients with a mediastinal relapse were symptomatic.ConclusionsThis study suggests that routine CSF examinations during treatment can detect relapses of T‐ALL and T‐NHL before onset of symptoms, which might be of clinical value. Relapses are rarely detected by BM or blood examinations and whether this translates in a clinical benefit is unlikely. Routine chest X‐rays are not useful. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The anuric preterm newborn infant with a normal renal ultrasound: a diagnostic and ethical challenge
Authors: Waisman Dan , Kessel Irena , Ish‐Shalom Nathan , Maroun Lisa , Riskin‐Mashiah Shlomit , Falik‐Zaccai Tzipora , Weintraub Zalman , Albersheim Susan , Rotschild Avi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDiagnosis and treatment of an anuric premature infant with severe respiratory compromise and a normal renal ultrasound (US), is a difficult task that requires a multidisciplinary approach. A 29‐week gestation premature male infant, born after 5 weeks of worsening oligohydramnios, was ventilated for respiratory distress and remained anuric. Intensive clinical investigations and pediatric nephrology consultation that predicted very poor prognosis were followed by progressive renal failure, electrolyte imbalance, respiratory failure, ventricular arrhythmia, and finally cardiac arrest and death on day 5. In view of the predicted poor outcome, and after discussion with the parents, a decision was made not to start peritoneal dialysis (PD), and to offer only palliative therapy, with comfort care alone. Pre and postnatal diagnosis lead, in this case, to an ethical challenge that focuses on the question of futility. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does prenatal screening influence anxiety levels of pregnant women? A longitudinal randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kleinveld Johanna H. , Timmermans Danielle R. M. , de Smit Denhard J. , J. Adér Herman , van der Wal Gerrit , ten Kate Leo P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectivesQuestions addressed are: (1) Does offering prenatal screening increase anxiety? (2) Does receiving a negative screening result make women less anxious and does a positive screening result make women more anxious? (3) What are the long‐term consequences on anxiety of offering screening and receiving a screening result?MethodsWomen were offered prenatal screening or no screening in a randomised controlled trial. State anxiety (STAI) and child‐related anxiety (PRAQ‐R) were measured. Questionnaires were filled in before prenatal screening was offered (T1), after the offer (T2), after the test result (T3), and in the third trimester of pregnancy (T4).ResultsChild‐related anxiety levels were higher in women who chose to be screened compared to women who declined screening. Offering prenatal screening did not lead to increased anxiety levels. General anxiety increased in positively screened women, but decreased later in pregnancy. Women who were negatively screened or declined screening scored lower than the control group.ConclusionFor most women, offering prenatal screening and receiving the test result do not adversely affect anxiety. Giving pregnant women a choice to have prenatal screening done seems to have a small favourable effect on general feelings of anxiety. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐line monitoring of UV photopolymerization with a quartz crystal resonator
Authors: Choi Hee Seok , Kim Young Han , Shin Shun Myung 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn in‐line monitoring device using a quartz crystal resonator for thin film polymerization was proposed, and its performance has been evaluated by implementing in the UV polymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate with a photoinitiator of 1‐chloroanthraquinone. Because the variation of resonant resistance of the resonator is proportional to the square root of viscosity change that is closely related to the polymerization degree, the resistance can be used as a measure of the polymerization degree. The resistance measurements were compared with the outcome of instrumental analyses of polymerization degree using an FTIR spectrometer and a gel permeation chromatograph. The experimental results showed that the resistance measurements were consistent with the experimental outcome of the instrumental analyses, and this indicates the effectiveness of the proposed device. Owing to the simplicity and availability of the resonator system, its wide utilization in the monitoring of a variety of film polymerization processes, including photoresistor application, is expected. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2428–2439, 2006
Latent reactive polymers containing isocyanate moiety that show extreme stability under aerobic atmosphere
Authors: Kamimura Yasushi , Haba Osamu , Endo Takeshi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article deals with the latent reactive polymers having isocyanate moiety obtained from the radical copolymerization of 2‐propenyl isocyanate (2PI) with styrene, 2PI with methyl methacrylate (MMA), and 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl isocyanate (MOI) with styrene. The radical copolymerization was carried out in benzene (5.00 M by total monomer) in the presence of AIBN (3.00 mol % of total monomer) at 60 °C for 24 h. The isocyanate moiety in each copolymer was stable at room temperature for more than 6 months under aerobic atmosphere, because no change of the infrared absorption based on isocyanate group of the resulting copolymer at around 2250 cm−1 was observed. Isocyanate moiety of obtained copolymer (poly(2PI‐co‐St)) reacted with excess diamines or diols at 80 °C in THF solution to afford the crosslinked polymer quantitatively. These results could demonstrate that isocyanate moiety in the copolymers showed thermal and reactive latency. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2448–2453, 2006
Functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes with poly(N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) by RAFT polymerization
Authors: Hong Chun‐Yan , You Ye‐Zi , Pan Cai‐Yuan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this study, we grafted water‐soluble biocompatible polymer, poly(N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA), onto the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents, dithioesters, were successfully immobilized onto the surface of MWNTs first, PHPMA chains were then subsequently grafted onto MWNTs via RAFT polymerization by using dithioesters immobilized on MWNTs as RAFT agent. FTIR, XPS, 1H NMR, Raman and TGA were used to characterize the resulting products and to determine the content of water‐soluble PHPMA chains in the product. The MWNTs grafted with PHPMA chains have good solubility in distilled water, PBS buffer, and methanol. TEM images of the samples provide direct evidence for the formation of a nanostructure that MWNTs coated with polymer layer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2419–2427, 2006
New reaction for the preparation of liquid rubber
Authors: Dubkov K. A. , Semikolenov S. V. , Babushkin D. E. , Echevskaya L. G. , Matsko M. A. , Ivanov D. P. , Zakharov V. A. , Parmon V. N. , Panov G. I. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe article reports on the noncatalytic transformation of a polybutadiene (number‐average molecular weight = 128,000) into a functionalized liquid rubber via the carboxidation of the polymer CC bonds by nitrous oxide. The reaction was conducted in a benzene solution at 160–230 °C and a pressure of 3–6 MPa. The carboxidation mechanism was determined. The main route (95%) of the reaction proceeded without cleavage of CC bonds and led to the formation of ketone groups in the polymer backbone. A minor route (5%) of the reaction proceeded with the cleavage of CC bonds, yielding two smaller fragments containing aldehyde and vinyl end groups. The availability of the cleavage route could lead to a dramatic decrease in the molecular weight, which, depending on the carboxidation degree, could be 1–2 orders of magnitude less than that of the initial material. Thus, the carboxidation of more than 15% of the polybutadiene CC bonds transformed it into a CO‐functionalized liquid rubber with a narrow molecular weight distribution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2510–2520, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of novel red‐emitting alternating copolymers based on fluorene and diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives
Authors: Cao Derong , Liu Qilin , Zeng Wenjing , Han Shaohu , Peng Junbiao , Liu Shouping 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTwo novel alternating copolymers, poly{9,9‐dihexylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl‐alt‐2,5‐dioctyl‐3,6‐bis(4‐phenyl)pyrrolo[3,4‐c] pyrrole‐1,4‐dione} (P1) and poly{9,9‐dihexylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl‐alt‐2,5‐dioctyl‐3,6‐bis(3‐phenyl)pyrrolo[3,4‐c] pyrrole‐1,4‐dione} (P2), derived from 9,9‐dihexylfluorene and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), have been successfully synthesized through palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki polycondensation in good yields. P1 and P2 possess moderate molecular weights and polydispersities, well‐defined structures, and excellent thermal properties with an onset decomposition temperature around 400 °C. Both P1 and P2 in thin films exhibit red photoluminescence from DPP species exclusively, with peaks at 609 and 616 nm, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry studies show that P1 and P2 have low‐lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels at −3.65 eV and reversible reduction processes, so these polymers may constitute another kind of red‐emitting polymer with high electron affinity. Preliminary electroluminescent results of devices with an indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/polymer/Ba/Al configuration reveal that P1 may be a promising candidate for red emitters with a maximum brightness of 153 cd/m2 and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 0.13%, whereas the performance of P2 is relatively poor. These differences might originate from different conjugation lengths in their main chain. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2395–2405, 2006
Short‐time stretch relaxation of entangled polymer solutions investigated using full Rouse model predictions
Authors: Wen Yu H. , Hua Chi C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe conduct a systematical investigation into the short‐time stretch relaxation behavior (i.e., shorter than the Rouse time but sufficiently longer than the glassy time) of entangled polymer liquid in single‐step strain flows, on the basis of theory/data comparisons for a broad series of type‐A entangled polymer solutions. First, within existing normal‐mode formulations, the Rouse model predictions on a full‐chain stretch relaxation in single‐step strain flows are derived for a popular 1‐D model proposed within the Doi–Edwards tube model, as well as for the original 3‐D model for nonentangled systems. In addition, an existing formula for the aforementioned 1‐D model that, however, rested upon a consistent‐averaging or the so‐called uniform‐chain‐stretch approximation is simultaneously examined. Subsequently, the previously derived formulas on chain stretch relaxation are directly incorporated into a reliable mean‐field tube model that utilizes the linear relaxation spectrum and the Rouse time constant consistently determined from linear viscoelastic data. It is found that the predictions of the 1‐D model differ substantially from that of the original 3‐D model at short times. Theory/data comparisons further indicate that the 1‐D model without approximations seems able to describe fairly well the nonlinear relaxation data under investigation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1199–1211, 2006
GC–MS characterization of oligomers in polyadipates used as plasticizers for PVC in food contact
Authors: Biedermann Maurus , Grob Koni 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFourteen commercial polyadipates and a polysebacate were analysed for their components of a molecular mass below 1000 Da, primarily with the aim of generating the background data for measuring the migration of this type of polymeric additives from plasticized PVC (e.g. cling films and gaskets of lids) into foods or food simulants. Since the composition of the material <1000 Da varies between the polyadipates, the main components must be identified to enable a correct quantification. Polyadipates differ in the diol used as linker, their termination (acid or alcohol) and in the end‐capping (free alcohols, acetylation, acylation with fatty acids, esterification with octanol/decanol). Gas chromatography (GC) provides good separation, but the material remaining in the column up to high temperatures decomposes and forms a hump in the rear part of the chromatogram. Examples of mass spectra are shown, the most indicative fragments pointed out and spectra of 159 components listed. The polyadipates and the sebacate are characterized by their structure, the main components <1000 Da and the fraction of material <1000 Da. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die Stahlverbundkonstruktion der Bügelbauten des Berliner Hauptbahnhofs
Authors: Naujoks Bernd , Nicolay Thorsten , Gugeler Jochen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPünktlich zur Fußballweltmeisterschaft wird der neue Berliner Hauptbahnhof eröffnet. Ein markantes Zeichen setzen die zwei bügelförmigen Hochhäuser, die mit dem dazwischen hängenden Glasdach die Lücke in der Mitte des Ost‐West‐Glasdaches schließen. Berichtet wird über das Tragwerk und die Montage der Stahlverbundkonstruktion dieser Bügelbauten.