bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the full‐length genome of a subgenotype IIIB hepatitis A Virus isolate: Primers for broadly reactive PCR and genotypic analysis
Authors: Endo Kazunori , Inoue Jun , Takahashi Masaharu , Mitsui Takehiro , Masuko Kazuo , Akahane Yoshihiro , Okamoto Hiroaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmong six known subgenotypes (IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, and IIIB) of human hepatitis A virus (HAV), the complete genomic sequence has not been determined for IIIB. In this study, the full‐length genomic sequence of a IIIB HAV isolate (HA‐JNG06‐90F) recovered from a Japanese patient who contracted sporadic hepatitis A in 1990, was determined. The HA‐JNG06‐90F genome, which comprised 7462 nt excluding the poly(A) tail, was related most closely to NOR‐21 of subgenotype IIIA with an identity of 89.1%, and was only 82.6–83.4% similar to human HAV isolates of genotypes I and II over the entire genome. Comparison of full‐length genomic sequences of 20 reported isolates and HA‐JNG06‐90F generated optimal results for separation of different levels: the nucleotide identities were 80.7–86.6% at the genotype level, 89.1–91.9% at the subgenotype level, and 94.6–99.7% at the isolate level. Similar ranges of nucleotide identity were observed when comparing partial nucleotide sequences of the VP1‐2B (481 nt; primer sequences at both ends excluded) and 3C/3D (590 nt) regions, which were amplifiable by PCR with primers designed from well‐conserved areas of the HAV genome. All 66 samples with IgM‐class HAV antibodies tested positive for HAV RNA by both VP1‐2B (481 nt)‐PCR and 3C/3D (590 nt)‐PCR: subgenotype assignment was concordant in all samples tested (IA [n = 61], IB [n = 1], IIIA [n = 2] and IIIB [n = 2]). These results suggest that two broadly reactive PCRs using primers derived from the VP1‐2B and 3C/3D regions, respectively, may be applicable to universal detection and phylogenetic analysis of various HAV strains. J. Med. Virol. 79:8–17, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The prevalence of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 genomes in the blood of UK blood donors
Authors: Nam Leong Hoe , Tuke Philip W. , Tedder Richard S. , Khanom Aysha Begum , Eglin Roger P. , Atkinson Claire E. , Ward Katherine N. , Griffiths Paul D. , Clark Duncan A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA lesser‐recognized form of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) persistence is integration of the viral genome in a host chromosome and high viral copy numbers in blood or sera are characteristic of this phenomenon. A cross‐sectional study was performed to determine the frequency of high HHV‐6 viral loads in whole blood (>6 log10 copies/ml) in a population of blood donors in London, UK. Blood samples from 500 anonymized blood donors were collected from one donation center, DNA extracted, and quantitative realtime PCR used to measure viral load. Four samples (0.8%) were found to have high viral copy numbers of HHV‐6 (median 6.7 log10 copies/ml; range 6.5– 6.9 log10 copies/ml). Cellular DNA was also quantitated using qRT‐PCR for beta‐globin. By comparing these two results, we calculated that there were between two and five copies of HHV‐6 present per cell in these four donors. The median viral load detected in plasma from the four individuals was 3.8 log10 copies/ml (range 3.5–4.0 log10 copies/ml). All samples were HHV‐6 variant B. In addition, a retrospective analysis of all diagnostic blood samples performed for HHV‐6 in our center showed a prevalence of 2.9% of high viral loads characteristic of integration. In conclusion, high viral copy numbers of HHV‐6, representing a population of viral integration, is detected in 0.8% of UK blood donors. The presence of high HHV‐6 viral loads in healthy normal individuals reiterates the need to consider the confounding effect of HHV‐6 viral integration in any laboratory diagnosis of HHV‐6 infection. J. Med. Virol. 79:45–51, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of p53 in neurotoxicity induced by the endoplasmic reticulum stress agent tunicamycin in organotypic slice cultures of rat spinal cord
Authors: Tashiro Jun , Kikuchi Seiji , Shinpo Kazuyoshi , Kishimoto Riichiro , Tsuji Sachiko , Sasaki Hidenao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is important for maintaining the quality of cellular proteins. Various stimuli can disrupt ER homeostasis and cause the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins, i.e., a state of ER stress. Recently, ER stress has been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases, but its involvement in the spinal cord diseases has not been fully discussed. We conducted this study using tunicamycin (Tm) as an ER stress inducer for rat spinal cord in organotypic slice culture, a system that we have recently established. Tm was shown to induce ER stress by increased expression of GRP78. The viability rate of spinal cord neurons decreased in a dose‐dependent manner with Tm treatment, and dorsal horn interneurons were more vulnerable to Tm‐induced neurotoxicity. A p53 inhibitor significantly increased the viability of dorsal horn interneurons, and immunofluorescence studies showed nuclear accumulation of p53 in the dorsal horns of Tm‐treated spinal cord slices. These findings suggest that p53 plays an important role in the killing of dorsal horn interneurons by Tm. In contrast, motor neurons were not protected by the p53 inhibitor, suggesting that the role of p53 may vary between different cell types. This difference might be a clue to the mechanism of the stress‐response pathway and might also contribute to the potential application of p53 inhibitors for the treatment of spinal cord diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen regulates trkB immunolabeling in spinal motoneurons
Authors: Osborne M.C. , Verhovshek T. , Sengelaub D.R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNeurotrophic factors and steroid hormones have been shown to have neuroprotective/neurotherapeutic effects, and it has been shown previously that brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and testosterone have a combinatorial effect in the maintenance of motoneurons. Given that gonadal hormones regulate the BDNF receptor, tyrosine receptor kinase B (trkB), we hypothesized that such a regulatory effect could mediate the interactive effects of BDNF and testosterone. Using immunohistochemical methods, we examined the frequency of cells immunolabeled for trkB receptors in two populations of spinal motoneurons, the hormone‐sensitive, sexually dimorphic motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) and the nondimorphic motoneurons innervating the muscles of the quadriceps. In both the highly androgen‐sensitive SNB motoneurons and the more typical somatic motoneurons innervating the quadriceps, the frequency of motoneurons intensely immunolabeled for trkB receptors was regulated by the presence of testosterone. Castrated animals deprived of testosterone showed a reduced frequency of intensely labeled motoneurons compared with intact animals or castrated animals given testosterone replacement. This finding suggests that the combinatorial effect of BDNF and testosterone in the maintenance of motoneurons could occur at least in part through an androgen‐mediated expression of the BDNF receptor. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anaplastic thyroid cancer and primary thyroid lymphoma: A review of these rare thyroid malignancies
Authors: Green Lawrence D. , Mack Lloyd , Pasieka Janice L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundTo review the current literature on the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and thyroid lymphoma (TL).ResultsBoth anaplastic carcinoma (ATC) and TL represent rare forms of thyroid cancer. ATC behaves in a highly aggressive manner, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Multimodality therapy consisting of both radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy is essential in obtaining local/regional control. Although ATC has been relatively chemo resistant, newer agents such like taxotere show promise. The role of surgery in the treatment of ATC continues to evolve, presently it should be reserved for patients who have shown an initial response to multimodality therapy and in patients in whom a complete macroscopic resection can be achieved with minimal morbidity. The successful treatment of TL currently lies in accurately diagnosing the histological subtype. Both large B‐cell and mixed lymphomas are best treated with multimodality therapy consisting of CHOP combined with hyper‐fractioned RT. MALT lymphomas with there more indolent course may be amenable to single modality RT or total thyroidectomy if diagnosed at an early stage IE.DiscussionAlthough both ATC and TL are rare, it is important for surgeons to be aware of the need for multimodality therapy when treating these patients and to understand the limited role surgery plays in diagnosis and treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:725–736. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inherited aspects of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Moore Francis D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe presence of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid in multiple generations of one kindred is a statistical impossibility as an occurrence of chance. However, traditional and molecular genetic analyses to date have failed to support the notion of a single gene mutation or identify one, in distinct contrast to medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Findings to date, outside of distinct multicancer syndromes, suggest the interplay of inherited susceptibility and other factors, such as environmental exposures. It is possible that the main identifiable genetic risk factors at this time are the presence of multinodular goiter or Hashimoto's thyroiditis within the family. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:719–724. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of thyroid cancer based on risk groups
Authors: Shaha Ashok 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe understanding of the prognostic factors and risk groups is crucial in the management of well differentiated thyroid cancer. The important prognostic factors are age, grade of tumor, extrathyroidal extension, size of tumor, and distant metastases. Based on these prognostic factors, patients can be divided into low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk groups. The treatment decisions should be based on risk group analysis. Extent of thyroidectomy and adjuvant therapy can be based on the risk group analysis. The histopathologic studies are very important to distinguish well differentiated from the tall cell, insular, and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:683–691. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective surgery and adjuvant therapy based on risk classifications of well‐differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Cross S. , Wei J.P. , Kim S. , Brams D.M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe prognosis of well‐differentiated thyroid cancer has been stratified into low‐ and high‐risk groups. These risk groups can be used to predict prognosis and to guide treatment.MethodsRetrospective study of 962 patients with well‐differentiated thyroid cancer treated from 1940 to 1998. Stratification into low‐ and high‐risk groups based on age, metastases, extent, and size (AMES). Effects on survival of surgery, lymph node dissection, and radiation therapy were examined.ResultsSeven hundred twenty‐eight cases were papillary and 234 were follicular carcinoma. Seven hundred‐fifty cases were low risk and 207 high risk. Twenty‐year survival was 97.4% in the low‐risk patients and 54.0% in high‐risk patients (P < 0.001); it was 63.2% in the younger high‐risk group and 41.0% in the older high‐risk group (P < 0.001). Older high‐risk patients had a survival advantage with bilateral thyroidectomy. Extent of surgery did not change survival in either the younger high‐risk group or the low‐risk group. Lymph node dissection and radioactive iodine ablation did not have an impact on survival.DiscussionWell‐differentiated thyroid cancer in low‐risk patients has a favorable outcome regardless of treatment. Low‐risk patients can be safely treated with unilateral thyroidectomy alone. Risk stratification with a modification of the AMES criteria can be used to guide treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:678–682. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Red Emitting Diphenylpyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐Based Polymers Prepared by Stille and Heck Coupling
Authors: Zhu Yu , Heim Ingo , Tieke Bernd 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: Six new soluble conjugated polymers are described, which were prepared by Stille and Heck polycondensation reactions. They alternately consist of dialkylated 1,4‐diketo‐3,6‐diphenyl‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole (DPP) units and divinylbenzene or thiophene‐based units. The polymers were prepared from 1,4‐diketo‐2,5‐dialkyl‐3,6‐di(4‐bromophenyl)‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole with alkyl being hexyl (1a), methyl (1b), and 2‐ethylhexyl (1c) and 2,5‐bis(tributylstannyl)thiophene (2), 5,5′‐bis(tributylstannyl)bithiophene (3), 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (4) and divinylbenzene (5). The new polymers exhibit brilliant red purple color and strong photoluminescence in common organic solvents. The DPP‐phenylenevinylene copolymers exhibit molecular weights up to 41 000 Da, and the poly(DPP‐thienylene)s up to 12 200 Da. In chloroform, the poly(DPP‐thienylene)s exhibit absorption and photoluminescence maxima up to 560 and 624 nm, respectively, the corresponding maxima of the poly(DPP‐phenylenevinylene)s are at 529 and 640 nm, respectively. Quantum yields of fluorescence up to 36% were determined. Cyclic voltammetric studies indicate quasi‐reversible oxidation (p‐doping) of the poly(DPP‐thienylene)s and irreversible reduction (n‐doping) of all polymers.Molecular structure of polymers.magnified imageMolecular structure of polymers.
Thermal Behavior of Ring‐Band versus Maltese‐Cross Spherulites: Case of Monomorphic Poly(ethylene adipate)
Authors: Woo Eamor M. , Wu Pi Ling , Wu Ming Chien , Yan Kai Cheng 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: Two types of spherulites, extinction‐ring and Maltese‐cross, in poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA) were identified, isolated, and separately characterized using DSC and polarized‐light optical microscopy (POM). Ring‐band spherulites in PEA occurred only in a very narrow temperature range roughly between 25 and 30 °C, while Maltese‐cross spherulites at 35 °C and above or at 20 °C and below. Thermal behavior of ring‐spherulites is interpreted, analyzed, and compared to that of Maltese‐cross spherulites. The thermal behavior, like the morphology, was found to be significantly different between these two types of spherulites. Among the three multiple melting peaks in PEA, the highest P3 is proven to be related to melting of lamellae in the ring‐band spherulites; P1 and P2, whose relative extent of overlapping is dependent on the temperature of crystallization, are related to melting of lamellae in the regular ringless spherulites. This study has provided urgent and timely evidence for one major step further in the interpretation of relationships between the thermal behavior, melting, and extinction‐ring versus Maltese‐cross spherulites in semi‐crystalline polymers.DSC curves (10 °C · min−1, scanned from where the trace begins) for: (a) ring‐spherulites in PEA crystallized at 30 °C for 90 min, (b) sample‐(a) heated to 50 °C for 1 min, and (c) sample‐(a) heated to 50 °C, then quenched to 20 °C.magnified imageDSC curves (10 °C · min−1, scanned from where the trace begins) for: (a) ring‐spherulites in PEA crystallized at 30 °C for 90 min, (b) sample‐(a) heated to 50 °C for 1 min, and (c) sample‐(a) heated to 50 °C, then quenched to 20 °C.
The Use of Solution Viscosity to Characterize Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Dispersions
Authors: Grady Brian P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: A recent report by Agarwal and coworkers (I. Cotiuga, F. Picchioni, U. S. Agarwal, D. Wouters, J. Loos, P. J. Lemstra, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2006, 27, 1073) has shown that solution viscosity measured in a capillary rheometer can be used to monitor the dispersion quality of SWNTs. They used solution viscosity to determine the optimal sonication time. Their method is compared and contrasted here with other methods used to monitor dispersion quality, and it is argued that it has some advantages over other methods. Specifically, the method of Agarwal and coworkers is quick to apply, and gives a reliable single‐parameter measure of the relative quality of a SWNT dispersion.Change in solution viscosity with sonication time and the corresponding nature of the dispersed carbon nanotubes.magnified imageChange in solution viscosity with sonication time and the corresponding nature of the dispersed carbon nanotubes.
Thermo‐Reversible Hydrogels Based on Poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide)‐block‐poly(acrylic acid)‐block‐poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) Double Hydrophilic Triblock Copolymer
Authors: Angelopoulos Sotirios A. , Tsitsilianis Constantinos 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: A novel double hydrophilic poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide)‐poly(acrylic acid)‐poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) (PDEAAm‐PAA‐PDEAAm) triblock copolymer was synthesized by sequential anionic polymerization and modification of the poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) middle block by selective hydrolysis and neutralization to its ionic functions. Due to the pH‐sensitivity of the PAA central block and the thermo‐sensitivity of the PDEAAm end‐blocks, it exhibits responsive behavior in aqueous media. At low temperatures and high pH, it is molecularly dissolved while at temperatures above the LCST of the PDEAAm end‐blocks, a sol–gel transition was observed which should be ascribed to the formation of a three‐dimensional transient network comprising PDEAAm hydrophobic physical crosslinks interconnected by PAA negatively charged elastic chains. The sol–gel transition and the rheological properties of the physical gel are strongly influenced by the presence of salt.Temperature induced sol–gel transition in PDEAAm‐PAA‐PDEAAm aqueous solutions.magnified imageTemperature induced sol–gel transition in PDEAAm‐PAA‐PDEAAm aqueous solutions.
Characteristics of PVdF‐HFP/TiO2 Composite Electrolytes Prepared by a Phase Inversion Technique Using Dimethyl Acetamide Solvent and Water Non‐Solvent
Authors: Kim Kwang Man , Kim Jin‐Chul , Ryu Kwang Sun 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: Highly porous poly[(vinylidene fluoride)‐co‐hexafluoropropylene] (PVdF‐HFP)/TiO2 membranes were prepared by a phase inversion technique, using dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) as a solvent and water as a non‐solvent. Their physical and electrochemical properties were then characterized in terms of thermal and crystalline behavior, as well as ionic conductivity after absorbing an electrolyte solution of 1 M LiPF6 dissolved in an equal weight mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). For comparison, cast films and their electrolytes were also made by a conventional casting method without using the water non‐solvent. In contrast to the case of using N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent, the PVdF‐HFP/TiO2 composite electrolytes, obtained using DMAc, exhibited superior properties of electrochemical stability and interfacial resistance with a lithium electrode but had lower ionic conductivities. It was also demonstrated that the phase inversion membrane was more effective than the cast film as the polymer electrolyte of a lithium rechargeable battery. As a result, a phase inversion membrane with 50 wt.‐% TiO2 was demonstrated to be the optimal choice for application in a lithium rechargeable battery.Time evolutions of interfacial resistance between polymer electrolyte and lithium electrodes.magnified imageTime evolutions of interfacial resistance between polymer electrolyte and lithium electrodes.
Photochemically Cross‐linked Poly(aryl ether ketone) Rings
Authors: Teasdale Ian , Harper Elizabeth C. , Coppo Paolo , Wilson Brian , Turner Michael L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: Macrocyclic phenyl ether ketones were prepared via pseudo high dilution condensation. Irradiation of these rings with UV light in a solution containing isopropyl alcohol as hydrogen donor resulted in a photo‐induced reduction of benzophenone to benzopinacol and the formation linked macrocycles. These rings can be heated to undergo ring‐opening polymerization and produce a polymer network or they can be added to a polycondensation reaction to prepare poly(ether ether ketones) with variable degrees of cross‐linking.Photochemical cross‐linking of PEK rings and ring opening polymerization (n: 2–6). (a) hν, iPrOH, DCM; (b) CsF, 260 °C (polymer 3); (c) 4,4′–difluorobenzophenone, hydroquinone, diphenylsulphone, K2CO3, 260 °C (2% polymer 4; 6% polymer 5).magnified imagePhotochemical cross‐linking of PEK rings and ring opening polymerization (n: 2–6). (a) hν, iPrOH, DCM; (b) CsF, 260 °C (polymer 3); (c) 4,4′–difluorobenzophenone, hydroquinone, diphenylsulphone, K2CO3, 260 °C (2% polymer 4; 6% polymer 5).
Multiple system atrophy in a patient with the spinocerebellar ataxia 3 gene mutation
Authors: Nirenberg Melissa J. , Libien Jenny , Vonsattel Jean‐Paul , Fahn Stanley 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe cerebellar variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA‐C) has overlapping clinical features with the hereditary spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), but can usually be distinguished on a clinical basis. We describe a patient who developed a sporadic, late‐onset, rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder consistent with MSA‐C. Genetic testing, however, showed an abnormal expansion of one allele of the spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3) gene. The clinical impression of MSA‐C was confirmed by identification of numerous α‐synuclein–containing glial cytoplasmic inclusions on autopsy. These findings suggest that abnormal expansion of the SCA3 gene may be a risk factor for the development of MSA‐C. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Fatigue in Parkinson's disease: A review
Authors: Friedman Joseph H. , Brown Richard G. , Comella Cynthia , Garber Carol E. , Krupp Lauren B. , Lou Jau‐Shin , Marsh Laura , Nail Lillian , Shulman Lisa , Taylor C. Barr 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFatigue is a common problem in Parkinson's disease (PD), often the most troubling of all symptoms. It is poorly understood, generally under‐recognized, and has no known treatment. This article reviews what is known about the symptom, putting it into the context of fatigue in other disorders, and outlines a program for developing better understanding and therapy. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Evidence‐based analysis of physical therapy in Parkinson's disease with recommendations for practice and research
Authors: Keus Samyra H.J. , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Hendriks Erik J.M. , Bredero‐Cohen Alexandra B. , Munneke Marten ,   on behalf of the Practice Recommendations Development Group
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhysical therapy is often prescribed in Parkinson's disease. To facilitate the uniformity and efficacy of this intervention, we analyzed current evidence and developed practice recommendations. We carried out an evidence‐based literature review. The results were supplemented with clinical expertise and patient values and translated into practice recommendations, developed according to international standards for guideline development. A systematic literature search yielded 6 systematic reviews and 23 randomized controlled trials of moderate methodological quality with sufficient data. Six specific core areas for physical therapy were identified: transfers, posture, reaching and grasping, balance, gait, and physical capacity. We extracted four specific treatment recommendations that were based on evidence from more than two controlled trials: cueing strategies to improve gait; cognitive movement strategies to improve transfers; exercises to improve balance; and training of joint mobility and muscle power to improve physical capacity. These practice recommendations provide a basis for current physical therapy in Parkinson's disease in everyday clinical practice, as well as for future research in this field. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society