bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NOTES ON CONE 10 SAGGER BODIES WITH TALC AS A COMPONENT*
Authors: THIEMECKE H. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of introducing talc in amounts not exceeding 25% on some of the properties of a sagger body was investigated. The results obtained show improved working properties of the body in the plastic state, increased dry and fired mechanical strength, decreased absorption, lower thermal expansion, increased heat‐shock resistance, decreased total shrinkage, decreased sag tendency, smoother fired surface, and darkening of fired color. Talc in amounts greater than 15% shows no appreciable increased benefits, indicating this content to be the practical limit for a commercial cone 10 sagger composition.
THE EFFECT OF GLAZE COMPOSITION UPON THE COLORS PRODUCED BY SODIUM URANATE*
Authors: KAUTZ KARL 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTA study was made of the effect of glaze composition upon the colors produced by sodium uranate at cones 6 to 7 in which hundreds of trials were made. Typical compositions of glazes are given which react with sodium uranate to produce green, yellow, ivory, orange, and red colors. Notes on the effect the different glaze constituents have upon the color are also given.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF GLAZED BRICK BY THE DRY‐PRESS PROCESS*
Authors: RUECKEL W. C. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTBrick were made by the dry‐press process from two fire clays with varying grain size, moisture content, and forming pressure. The effect of de‐airing the mold box prior to compression was also studied. Glazed brick made in this investigation were compared with stiff‐mud glazed brick and the properties of the former were found to equal those of the stiff‐mud glazed brick when the forming variables were closely controlled.
APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF THE LOWEST FUSING MIXTURE OF BARIUM OXIDE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, AND SILICA*
Authors: TURNER CECIL H. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTVarying mixtures of BaO, MgO, and SiO2 were made into cones and fired to determine the temperature at which they would fuse. The direction of falling temperature as determined by their relative fusion temperatures converged to an area whose center represented a mixture, the composition of which was approximately 46.0% by weight of BaO, 8.0% by weight of MgO, and 46.0% by weight of SiO2. The first signs of fusion occurred in this mixture at standard pyrometric cone 1 (3 o'clock).
A STUDY OF THE MINERALOGICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO LITHIA‐ZIRCONIA BODIES*
Authors: BARLETT HELEN BLAIR , THOMAS R. R. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTTwo bodies differing in composition by a small percentage only of Li2O were found to show marked differences in physical properties, particularly in thermal expansion Petrographic examinations were made of the electric‐furnace products used as the nonplastics and of the fired porcelain to determine what structural or mineralogical differences might be responsible for these variations. The properties of a feldspar body, tested under similar conditions, are given for comparative purposes.
METHODS OF DETERMINING THE CONSTITUTION OF GLASSES*
Authors: PRESTON ERIC , TURNER W. E. S. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTMethods of determining the constitution of glasses are discussed rather than the presentation of data on glass constitution. The equilibrium diagram method involves the destruction of the glassy condition but indicates the compounds which may be formed. The meaning of the change in state at a temperature some 40° below its softening point is still obscure. Light‐absorption studies indicate solvation. Data on five different physical properties are interpreted in the light of equilibrium diagram data as follows: (1) specific volume, (2) thermal expansion, (3) refractive index, (4) electrical resistance, and (5) vapor tension and volatilization, the first three of which are not decisive. Electrical resistance data indicate presence of Na2O.2SiO2. Volatilization data indicate presence of Na2O.2SiO2 and K2O.4SiO2.
THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES OCCURRING IN THE MELTING AND COOLING OF GLASS
Authors: LITTLETON J. T. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe thermal treatment of glass is followed from the melting and refining stage downward through the annealing zone. The fusion of the batch constituents is shown to be completed in a short time and the greater portion of the time required to obtain glass of good quality is used in freeing the glass from gas bubbles and in improving the homogeneity. It is postulated that melting is similar to a diffusion process, the constituents being mixed by diffusion aided by convection currents. A review of the evidence for silicate compounds in glasses shows that only electrical conductivity data indicate the existence of such compounds. Dissolved gases probably assist fining by diffusing into the bubbles and increasing their size. This offers one explanation of the action of fining agents. Devitrification is shown to be avoidable by a knowledge of the devitrification emperature and staying above this temperature during melting and fining. Any subsequent cooling through the devitrification zone should be rapid. The earlier annealing equations are based on the experimental observation that rate of release of stress in glass is proportional to the square of the stress. This fact is difficult to explain on a physical basis when it is assumed that viscosity is constant with temperature. However, data are cited which show that viscosity changes with time and when the instantaneous values of viscosity are used it is shown that the rate of release of stress is proportional to the stress divided by the viscosity. The constant of proportionality has the dimensions of the shear modulus of glass and is equal to one‐fourth the value of the shear modulus in glass at room temperature.
THE MEASUREMENT OF REACTION RATES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES*
Authors: CEESTERS J. H. , PARMELEE C. W. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTCylindrical test pieces, rammed under a pressure of 10,000 pounds per square inch, were heated to temperatures varying between 1300°C and 1500°C. The rate of inversion of quartz to cristobalite and the rate of spinel formation in mixtures of electrically fused magnesia and alumina were determined from the slope of the expansion curve at constant temperature. The amount of cristobalite or spinel formed was calculated from the density determinations before and after firing. The products were identified by X‐ray and microscopic investigation.Unfired silica brick showed almost complete inversion to cristobalite after two hours at 15OO°C, the corresponding vertical expansion being about 6%. The addition of 2% CaO to unfired quartzite was found to increase the rate of inversion to cristobalite quite appreciably. A further addition of 1.5% Na2O + 1.5% Fe2O8 so increased the rate of inversion at 1400° that after two hours only cristobalite appeared to be present.A mixture of electrically fused magnesia (0.15 to 0.06 millimeter grain size) and alumina (3.59 to 0.15 millimeter grain size) was found to contain about 25% spinel after two hours at 1500°C. The addition of 2% B2O3 increased the amount of spinel formed under similar conditions to 75%. Test pieces made solely from magnesia and alumina of one grain size (0.06 millimeter) showed complete conversion to spinel after only ten minutes at 1450° C. The sensitivity of this method of studying reaction rates is such that an expansion of one scale division is equivalent to the formation of 0.1% of spinel.
APPLICATION OF STOKES' LAW IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY OF GLASS*
Authors: HUNTER R. G. 
Published: October 2006

Stokes' law, with a modified form of Ladenburg's wall‐correction factor, has been applied to determine the viscosity of glass from the velocity of a freely falling platinum sphere. The apparatus is described in full, a special feature being the radio equipment used to measure the velocity of the falling sphere.Reproducibility of results is excellent and good agreement has been obtained using spheres of different diameters, vindicating the use of the revised wall‐correction factor. Results on a few typical glasses are discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON SPALLING*
Authors: PRESTON F. W. , WHITE H. E. 
Published: October 2006

If a sphere of clay at room temperature be immersed suddenly in a red hot furnace, spalls fly off its surface. These spalls are more or less circular disks, of somewhat definite thickness. They do not form instantly, but a finite time elapses between immersion and spalling. This time interval also is consistent and definite.The hotter the furnace, the shorter the time interval and the thinner the spall.According to the experiments, the thickness of the spall is proportional to the square root of the time interval; it is also inversely proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature. The first relation implies, apparently, that the controlling factor in the clay is the thermal diffusivity; the second relation implies that the connection between the clay and the furnace is radiant heat. Both implications seem entirely sensible.The addition of an inert material of relatively high diffusivity accentuates the rôle that this factor plays in the resistance to spalling of clayware. These experiments were carried out by adding Sic flour in increasing amounts to the clay batch.The views of the Refractories Division are sought before extending the work to geological problems.
A FURTHER PROGRESS REPORT ON THE STUDY OF GASES IN ENAMELING IRON*
Authors: LUCIAN A. N. , KAUT KARL 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTSpectrographic analyses were made of the gases evolved when enameling iron, ground‐coat enamel, and iron enameled in ground coat were heated in vacuo at various temperatures. Below 1200°F the gases from enameling iron contained hydrogen, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Between 1200°F and 1600°F. the gases from enameling iron contained carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. The gases from dried ground‐coat enamel slip at temperatures not exceeding 1600 F consisted principally of water vapor. The gases from ground‐coat enameled iron (reboiling gases) contained hydrogen, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.
BLISTERING AND CRAWLING OF GLAZES CAUSED BY UNDERSLIPS*
Authors: SCHURECHT H. G. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTBlistering of glazes during spraying and crawling during firing may be caused by the use of improper underslips. Blistering may be reduced by increasing the amount of clay in the underslip and reducing the more nonplastic ingredients. Crawling may be prevented by reducing the shrinkage and increasing the dry strength of the underslips.
THE INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITION OF THE FELDSPAR CONSTITUENT ON THE PROPERTIES OF A PORCELAIN BODY*
Authors: CHILCOTE JOSEPH H. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTAn investigation is presented covering industrial application of potash soda, lime‐soda feldspars as represented by commercial microcline, albite, and andesine, respectively, and various mixtures of these feldspars were chosen on the basis of a study of the potash, soda, lime‐soda feldspar system. These feldspars and mixtures were incorporated in a typical porcelain body and were prepared and formed according to normal practice for a plastic body.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF AIR CONTENT IN PLASTIC CLAY OR POROUS BODIES*
Authors: LAPP G. W. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTAn instrument mentioned in a previous paper1 is more fully described with operating notes on it use. The voids in clay or porous material are eliminated by compression in a bomb having an operating piston with leak‐proof packing. Air content is compressed into solution in the liquid present. By this means minute quantities of air or other data can be determined in a few minutes by direct reading. The test is made without change in state and is free from the errors of disintegration‐by‐heating methods.
CORRELATION OF VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS WITH FLOW OF GLASS*
Authors: RICHARDSON H. K. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe following paper describes the transformation from the rule‐of‐thumb state to a scientifically controlled process of the filling of the glass insulation into the brass shells for incandescent lamp bases. It is divided into three parts: (a) the development of the platinum alloy dies or orifices, (b) determination of the flow of glass through the platinum dies or orifices, and (c) automatic control of glass‐stream temperature by means of radiation pyrometers.For three decades or more this process has been in operation. Wonderful strides have taken place in the development of the machinery needed until at present the medium screw base (No. 102) for general home lighting is filled with glass and the glass is shaped at the rate of 220 per minute. Actually 12,000 bases are processed per hour by this machine, which is known as a glass base machine.In brief, the process consists of indexing a brass shell and eyelet held in a proper holder under a flowing stream of glass, cutting the stream, pressing the glass into shape, cleaning the glass from the eyelet holes, and blowing the hot base off into an annealer for cooling.Control of the glass stream lagged woefully behind the development of the machines and represented a strictly rule‐of‐thumb handling. The crux of the difficulty was the constantly varying size of the orifice through which the glass is delivered to the glass base machine. A porcelain die was used for this purpose and quickly enlarged due to erosion.The development of a platinum alloy‐lined refractory die solved the problem of the varying size of the orifice. While this development was being carried on, the field of automatic control for the oil‐fired tank was kept continually in mind and various promising installations were experimented with. Thus when the unvarying orifice was developed, the whole process of control was immediately available.The present status of this work as here described does not represent a perfect solution but only the present situation which is subject to further improvement.
QUANTITATIVE MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF THE QUARTZ CONTENT OF COMMERCIAL GROUND FELDSPARS*
Authors: THOMPSON C. L. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe literature on quantitative microscopic analyses is briefly reviewed. A variation in technique applied to fused feldspar samples is described. The results are compared with values obtained by calculation from the chemical compositions of the samples. The reproducibility of the results is demonstrated.
THE DURABILITY OF TABLEWARE DECORATIONS*
Authors: KOENIG C. J. , WATTS A. S. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT(1) A survey is given of European research on over‐glaze decorated tableware tested with various solutions, which are indicated as simulating practical service. (2) A study has been made of some typical European and American tableware with overglaze decorations tested in commercial dishwashing solutions and also in various other solutions which may be encountered in service. Results indicate that acids are harmful on cobalt blues in practically all cases. Alkalis are harmful to practically all decorations, apparently through the destruction of the flux used in preparing the colors. Some commercial cleaning solutions are much more destructive than others.
NOTES ON CASTING SLIP*
Authors: SCHRAMM EDWARD , HALL F. P. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTCasting behavior depends on the properties of the mold, the slip, and the casting formed. The water retention of the casting is of especial significance, and experiments reveal how this depends on the nature and condition of the slip. Tannic and gallic acids as deflocculents are more effective when used in the form of sodium salts. These organic agents serve as protective colloids to reduce attack on molds.
NOTES ON SOME EFFECTS OF THE VARIETY OF FLINT USED ON THE PROPERTIES OF A HOTEL CHINA BODY*
Authors: THOMPSON C. L. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTPebble, sand, rock, and tripoli flint were used in a hotel china composition. The variety of flint was found to have little effect on the water absorption of the body fired to cone 10, on its linear thermal expansion to 300°C, or on its impact strength. The pebble‐flint body crazed most easily in a water‐dip test, while the sand‐flint body was most resistant to crazing. The body containing rock flint was superior in translucency, the sand flint next, the tripoli flint third, while the pebble‐flint body was practically opaque.
ELECTRICAL LUBRICATION OF STIFF‐MUD DIES*
Authors: EVERHART J. O. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe history of the lubrication of dies and of electro‐lubrication is presented, and plant and laboratory tests are given in detail. The electrolytes used, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and ferric sulfate, are discussed. Electrical lubrication of dies is recommended with certain precautions cited in its adaptation.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE TUNNEL KILN*
Authors: RICHARDSON W. D. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTReasons are given as to why the tunnel kiln seems to be the best type of kiln for structural clay products. The downdraft tunnel kiln is the most efficient and most practical form of kiln for most clay products.The improvements made in the Richardson downdraft tunnel kiln are described. Recent improvements in the flat suspened arch are described and illustrated and improvements in car frame, car platform, and baffle are given.A new tunnel kiln, the Richardson muffle‐car, double‐track tunnel kiln, is also described and illustrated. This kiln is thought to be well adapted for floor and wall tile and some pottery, saving in handling and breakage of saggers.
EFFECT OF DELAY IN ENAMELING PICKLED SHEET IRON*
Authors: PORST E. G. , WOLFRAM H. G. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of delay in enameling pickled sheet iron is shown as promoting copperheads in the ground coat. This is especially true of the old type of viscous single‐glass ground coat. The modern two‐glass ground coat was not affected by the pickling procedure.
STRESSES IN WIRE GLASS ARISING FROM THE WIRE*
Authors: PRESTON FRANK W. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the polariscopic appearance of certain types of wire glass having the wire set eccentrically in the thickness. The glass, being wholly in compression, appears at first sight to be out of equilibrium, but when the stress in the wire is taken account of, the distribution is seen to be normal.
ELECTRICAL LUBRICATION OF HAND‐MOLDED REFRACTORY SHAPES*
Authors: EVERHART J. OTIS 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTIt is possible to release hand‐molded shapes from metal molds by use of direct current without the use of oil, sand, or grog on the interior of the mold. A discussion of the principles involved is presented with observations made while conducting practical tests in an Ohio refractories plant.
A STUDY OF WHITE GROUND COATS*
Authors: TETRICK JAMES D. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTStrong and uniform adherence in white ground‐coat enamels can be promoted through special preparation of the enameling stock either through a plating operation or by deep etching the surface. The results obtained depend upon uniformity of the preparation of the base metal and the composition of the ground‐coat enamels used.It is necessary to compound the white ground‐coat enamel with considerable amounts of the accessory opacifiers in order to build up satisfactory opacity. Additions of opacifiers to the mill are also necessary. Fluidity of the enamel is important and should be high to decrease reboiling and to produce a smooth finish coat on etched stock. Addition of antimony trioxide to the raw batch of the enamel promotes adherence but develops reboiling.
NOTES ON CONE 10 RAW CRYSTAL GLAZE*
Authors: THIEMECKE H. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTA typical composition of a cone 10 raw glaze that possesses pronounced devitrification characteristics of commercial possibilities is given. The percentage limits of the components of the glaze, the rates of cooling and heating up, as well as the temperature range in which crystals are producible were determined. The effects of adding various types and amounts of colorants on the color and the color intensities of the crystals and the glass matrix are discussed. Optical data indicate the crystals to be members of the pyroxene group.
AN APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF REFRACTORIES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Finck J. L. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTAn‘apparatus is described for measuring the thermal conductivity of refractories at temperatures up to about 2000°F. The theory and method of test are discussed in detail and results are given on a light refractory insulating brick and also on a silica fire brick and dense clay fire brick.
INSULATING REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Hepburn W. M. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTInsulating materials of various types are discussed and their installation in air heaters, carbottom, walking‐beam bright annealing, standard, bell‐type, and wire patenting furnaces, and glass leers is described. Data on the savings involved in the use of insulating refractories are given. The characteristics of the materials are uniformity of product, shrinkage and spalling properties, physical strength, insulating value, and thermal capacity.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME INSULATING BRICK*
Authors: Rueckel Walter C. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTAn investigation of eleven types of insulating brick was made. Physical properties determined included bulk density, porosity, transverse and crushing strength, pyrometric cone equivalent, volume shrinkage at 2300°F, 2500°F, and 2700°F, load deformation at elevated temperatures, and resistance to spalling. A study of the relation between permeability and pressure differential through the various insulating brick is included in the report.Suggestions for classifying the various types of insulating brick into groups and a critical discussion of formulas for permeability are also given.
EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN THE ALUMINA‐SILICA RATIO IN FUSED REFRACTORY MATERIALS UPON RESISTANCE TO METAL OXIDES*
Authors: Mcmullen Charles , Turner A. A. , Easter G. J. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTSolid pieces of electrically fused material, varying in composition from 630%, alumina 37%, silica to 100% alumina, of the ordinary abrasive grade were heated in contact with cast iron and brass which were allowed to oxidize and attack the refractory. The least attack was found in the case of the iron with 80% alumina 20% silica, and in the case of the brass with straight alumina, although the 80% alumina 20% silica was not greatly inferior.Bonds were developed for the materials thus selected and confirmatory tests were made on crucible fusions. Arc and powdered‐coal furnaces lined with the bonded materials have proved successful.
THE USE OF FINELY MILLED ENAMEL SLIPS*
Authors: Porter F. R. , Holscher H. H. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTIn general, cover‐coat slips for sheet iron are milled to give a residue of from 4 to 9% on a 200‐mesh sieve. The opinion was formed that finer milling results in tearing because of results secured on the box‐type rather than the continuous furnace. However, cover‐coat slips milled from 12 to 0.2% on a 325‐mesh sieve are now in use in production on continuous furnaces with no increase in tearing over coarse grinding and with the following advantages: (1) higher opacity, (2) less wear on spray guns, (3) smoother finishes, (4) preferred by sprayers, (5) better suspension, and (6) lower firing temperatures.
THE SYSTEM R2O‐B2O3, II
Authors: Cole S. S. , Scholes S. R. , Amberg C. R. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe melting points and the optical and mineralogical properties of potassium metaborate, sodium metaborate, and hydrated sodium metaborate are reported. The hydrated sodium metaborate was produced by a wet method from sodium hydroxide and boric acid as well as by hydration of the fusion product. The sodium and potassium metaborates were formed by dry fusion of Na2CO3 or K2CO3 and H3BO3 and by dehydration of the hydrated form. The anhydrous metaborates formed hexagonal crystals and the hydrated salt is monoclinic. X‐ray diffraction data for Na2O.B2O3 are reported and the unit cell is calculated as ao= 6.85 Å, co= 10.95 Å, c/a = 1.60.