bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Gases of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome Treated with Haloperidol
Authors: Perera H. V. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome occurring in Sri Lanka are reported. Both patients had the characteristics of the syndrome as described by Fernando (1967): (1) Childhood onset (below 16 years of age); (2) Multiple motor tics; (3) Unprovoked vocal utterances which may progress to coprolalia. Both responded to haloperidol, withdrawal of medication being followed by relapse, and reintroduction by remission.The literature on the aetiology of the condition has been reviewed. The weight of evidence favours an organic cause, although psychological precipitation cannot be ruled out.
The Usefulness of the Semantic Differential with ‘Mild Grade’ Mental Defectives
Authors: Dow M. G. T. , Ledwith F. , Fraser W. I. , Bhagat M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAlthough the semantic differential has been quite widely used with mental defectives, its usefulness (in its traditional form) with such a population has not been conclusively demonstrated.The semantic differential was developed and shown to be valid as an index of representational mediation processes. However, there is also evidence of a mediational deficiency among retardates which, therefore, ought to be reflected in retardates' responses to the semantic differential. Thus, the present study was designed to test two hypotheses: (a) that mild grade retardates, in comparison with subjects of average intelligence, would show less discrimination in the use of the semantic differential, and (b) that such discriminative deficiencies would in turn predispose toward a polarized response bias among the retarded.The results, which supported both hypotheses, are discussed in terms of their implications for the usefulness of an unmodified semantic differential with the mentally subnormal.
The Assessment of Social Breakdown in Newly-Admitted Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Clemmey W. R. L. , Kennard D. , Mandelbrote B. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper presents a study of patients' social and domestic functioning preceding admission to a psychiatric hospital. A method is described for the quantitative assessment of ‘social breakdown’ in the areas of work, domestic performance and social group activity, based on reports from the patient and from another household member. Complementary changes in the domestic tasks carried out by other family members are also investigated. The sample consisted of 28 women and 17 men. Their usual level of functioning and their degree of breakdown are related to psychiatric diagnosis on admission, to the patient's position within the family and to the social class of the household. Discrepancies between reports are also investigated in relation to these variables.
A Fifteen-Year Review of Female Admissions to Carstairs State Hospital
Authors: Brooks Patrick W. , Mitchell Geoffrey 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA survey was made of all female admissions to the State Hospital, Carstairs, between the time of the first female admissions in 1959, and 31 December 1973. There were 66 female admissions, constituting 7·1 per cent of the total admissions over the same period. The females fall into two separate sub-groups. The first consists of persistently violent patients transferred from other hospitals, suffering from mental subnormality or personality disorder; they have a poorer prognosis than the second group, who are sent from Courts or prison because of single serious acts of violence often directed at a member of the family, and who suffer from a personality disorder or from schizophrenia. Some features of the two groups are compared and contrasted. There may be an increase in the proportion of patients in the first group being admitted to the State Hospital, and some implications of this trend are discussed.
Mood and Whole Blood Adenosine Triphosphate
Authors: Jenner F. A. , Vlissides Dimitrios N. , Kenyon Patricia , Chard N. , Grant L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe claim of Hansen (1969) and Hansen and Dimitrakoudi (1974) that whole blood adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels correlate with depressed affect was examined. The findings from 84 patients failed to confirm any relationship between mood and whole blood ATP. One patient showing the highest correlation (r = 0·85; p < 0.001) between the ATP levels and mood in the original report was re-examined; no relationship was now found (r = −0·25; p > 0·1).
Academic Psychiatrists
Authors: Brook Peter 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe training experiences of 35 academic psychiatrists first appointed in the years 1966–72, obtained by a postal questionnaire, are reported and compared with those of N.H.S. consultant psychiatrists appointed in the same period. The academic group reported less satisfactory training in a number of important areas, including psychogeriatrics and work in the community. Academics also differ from consultants in their fathers' socio-economic status and educational background.
Infantile Autism in Twins
Authors: McQuaid Paul E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA pair of MZ male twins concordant for early infantile autism (E.I.A.) is presented. A distinction is drawn between E.I.A. and infantile psychosis (I.P.) with associated mental retardation as a guide to prognosis and the necessity to provide suitable social training and education. The relevance of aetiology is discussed, and the importance of abnormal ante-natal history and delivery status, even in cases with strong genetic predisposition, is noted.
Sterilization: A Review of 98 Sterilized Women
Authors: Enoch M. David , Jones Keith 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe details of 98 women sterilized over a three-year period are presented. They show that female sterilization is a safe procedure which has a satisfactory result in many cases and confers many secondary benefits. However, some regret is common and is associated with a high incidence of psychiatric and marital morbidity, and this is shown to be related to pre-operative factors. A method of pre-operative assessment is outlined which should minimize the risk of a poor outcome following female sterilization.
Some Personality Characteristics of Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Smart D. E. , Beumont P. J. V. , George G. C. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-two female patients with anorexia nervosa were assessed by means of objective personality testing. The EPI, Leyton Obsessional Inventory, Cattell's 16 PF and Raven's Matrices were used for this purpose. The personality profile that emerged was of a highly neurotic and introverted person with moderately severe obsessional features and average intelligence.
School Phobia in the Children of Agoraphobic Women
Authors: Berg Ian 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAs part of a survey of agoraphobic women in the general population, it was found that school phobia occurred in their children to a greater extent than would be expected. The average incidence in children aged 11 to 15 was 14 per cent. The women with school phobic children had had school phobia themselves to an undue extent.
Serum Creatine Phosphokinase in Acute Psychosis
Authors: Soni Som D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty-four patients suffering from a variety of psychotic states were graded by their degree of psychomotor activity. Serum creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) levels were found to be related to the degree of psychomotor activity, irrespective of the diagnostic category. Retarded and withdrawn patients had normal serum CPK, but on their return to normal psychomotor activity the CPK levels tended to rise transiently. It appears that unphysiological motor activity has a more direct relationship to the rise of serum CPK than motor activity per se.
Hostility in Drug Dependent Individuals: Its Relation to Specific Drugs, and Oral or Intravenous Use
Authors: Gossop Michael R. , Roy Alec 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAlthough a number of studies have suggested that hostility and drug dependence may be related, there are few systematic studies of this issue. Using the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire, the present study compares several drug-dependent groups of patients. Results showed that the intravenous in-patient group was more hostile on several variables than their out-patient counterparts, and also more hostile than an oral in-patient group. Barbiturate abusers were found to have high levels of hostility; amphetamine abusers were the least hostile group, and narcotic dependent patients were intermediate between the two. Correlations between scales of the HDHQ, were all positive, and most were both high and statistically significant, suggesting that hostility represents a relatively generalized trait in drug-dependent subjects. The results are discussed both in terms of patient selection factors—the differential pressures on different types of patients, and in terms of direct drug effects. It is suggested that the hostility of drug-dependent patients may represent an important problem of personal functioning and may require special attention in treatment programmes.
Late Effects of Early Dependency Need Deprivation: The Meal Ticket Syndrome
Authors: Farn William E. , Sussex James N. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA psychiatric condition disabling to persons in the fifth and sixth decades is described. Approximately 51 per cent of nearly 1,000 Social Security Disability applicants sampled presented a wide variety of somatic and psychological complaints, but no severe psychiatric disorder. This group is characterized by inability to continue gainful employment. Commencement of full-time employment before age 16 years (59 per cent) and level of education were the only significant differences between this group and psychotic applicants; another 33 per cent began full-time work before age 20 years. 88.5 per cent of the families of these persons remained intact until after they began work. Apparently, being thrust into the responsibilities of adulthood earlier than their peers contributed to the early disability.
Where Do Psychiatrists Come From?
Authors: Brook Peter 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe medical schools of origin of 531 psychiatrists who had qualified in the U.K. in the period 1961–1970 were ascertained. Psychiatrists were for the purpose of the study operationally defined as those who had taken the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Membership examinations since its inception. There were large discrepancies, as much as five-fold, between different medical schools, and no ready explanation is forthcoming. There were also discrepancies in the proportion of women graduates opting for psychiatry.
Towards Rational Therapy with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Authors: Tyrer Peter 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA rational approach to the use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) is outlined. Patients suitable for treatment cannot be classified adequately using conventional diagnostic labels. They include those with primary symptoms of hypochondriasis, agoraphobia and social phobias, irritability, somatic anxiety and anergia; those with primary depressed mood, guilt, ideas of reference and personality disorders seldom respond. There is great variation in the interval between the first administration of these drugs and clinical response, and this may account for the inconsistencies in published trials. The type of drug and its dose may affect rate of response, as may biochemical factors, including acetylator and monoamine oxidase status. To obtain maximum benefit, a course of therapy with MAOIs should last for several months.
Deliberate Self-Harm: A Follow-Up Study of 279 Patients
Authors: Morgan H. Gethin , Barton Jacqueline , Pottle Susan , Pocock Helen , Burns-Cox Christopher J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo-hundred-and-seventy-nine patients (103 men, 176 women) were followed-up 1–2 years after an act of non-fatal deliberate self-harm. Of 155 patients offered a psychiatric out-patient appointment at the time, only 68 completed the treatment. A further act of deliberate self-harm was committed by 26 men and 41 women within twelve months. The factors most highly associated with repetition were previous psychiatric treatment, a previous act of deliberate self-harm, and a criminal record. These factors held good for a separate series of patients. Significantly more repeaters received prolonged psychiatric care after the initial episode of deliberate self-harm. The implications of these findings for the clinical management of such patients are discussed.
Childhood Separation Experiences and Psycho-Social Status in Primiparous Women: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Wolkind S. N. , Kruk S. J. , Chaves L. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a group of British-born primiparous women, admission of a separation experience from parents in childhood was found to be associated with unmarried status, teenage pregnancy, having had psychiatric treatment, housing problems and a high score on a ‘Malaise’ inventory. Within the separated group the unmarried and teenage status were associated only with separations occurring in the context of a disrupted childhood, but were not related to the age of the separations. The Malaise score, however, was raised both for disrupted separations and for those occurring below the age of 5. It is noted that the factors associated with the separation in the mothers are those which have been found to be more common in the mothers of children with behaviour disorders.
Multivariate Analysis: Data Reduction and Treatment Evaluation
Authors: Wilson Allan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a recent article, Everitt (1975) discussed several problems with multivariate techniques. However, two useful applications of multivariate techniques were not covered. The present paper describes the use of factor analysis to reduce a large array of outcome variables to a statistically manageable number, and multivariate analysis of variance to determine the relative effectiveness of several treatment regimes where a single outcome variable cannot be specified. It is concluded that the advantages of a multivariate approach outweigh the disadvantages, provided the researcher is careful in interpreting and reporting his results.
The Medical Model of the Disease Concept
Authors: Taylor F. Kräupl 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAccording to the medical model of the disease concept, a class of patients is homogeneous only when it is characterized by manifestations which have their ultimate intra-organismic origin in a particular kind of physiopathological cause. Most patient classes are still heterogeneous because we are still ignorant of that cause.The medical model can be applied to the subdivision of all classes of patients, including classes of non-organic psychiatric patients. However, the successful application of the medical model depends on the acquisition of knowledge of relevant physiopathological facts. It is argued that the dimensional model of evaluating psychological abnormalities is not likely to help in acquiring that knowledge.
Hypochondriacal States
Authors: Kenyon F. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA brief historical introduction traces the evolution of the concept of hypochondriasis. It is suggested that the term should now be used only as a descriptive adjective when there is a morbid preoccupation with health or body. Social and cultural factors are outlined, as well as problems of measurement. The psychopathology, as formulated by Freud and others, is also described. Clinical aspects are discussed under the headings of general symptoms, pain, smell, bodily appearance, sexual, gastro-intestinal, cardio-respiratory, eyes, and ears, nose and throat. Psychiatric syndromes mentioned are: hypochondria as a possible primary state, personality disorders, phobic-anxiety state, neurasthenia, obsessional neurosis, hysteria, depression, paranoid psychosis and organic. In general, hypochondriacal symptoms seem to make the prognosis rather worse. Treatment is to be aimed at the primary condition, which is most commonly depression, anxiety state or conversion reaction.
The Season of Birth of Siblings of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Hare E. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe season of birth of the siblings of psychiatric patients was studied to test the hypothesis that an unusual seasonal pattern of maternal conception is the cause of the excess of births in the early months of the year which has been found in national studies of psychotic patients. Information on the month of birth of the siblings was obtained from interviews with psychiatric in-patients born in Britain. The quarterly distribution of births of 670 mentally well siblings of psychotic patients (schizophrenia and manic-depression) was significantly different from that of 1,513 siblings of other psychiatric patients and also from that of all births in England and Wales. The results lend qualified support to the hypothesis, but they were not clear-cut and there was some evidence that the information on birth dates was biased.
Towards a Family Approach in a Psychiatric Day Hospital
Authors: Bennett Douglas , Fox Catherine , Jowell Tessa , Skynner A. C. Robin 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a day hospital all staff members must be able to make rapid decisions, even when they cannot refer to their seniors. It is difficult to develop this capability in a teaching day hospital where the staff and student groups are constantly changing. It has, however, been facilitated by regular staff discussions with a visiting psychotherapist. In these staff groups, the study of role attributions and dynamics characteristic of families has diminished the interference caused by ‘family’ type dynamics in daily professional interaction. The paper describes the effect of such discussion in stimulating the adoption of a treatment approach which takes the family situation into account. This family approach is distinguished from family therapy, and its advantages are discussed.
An Evaluation of Psychiatric After-Care in a Developing Country (Fiji)
Authors: Price John , Karim Isaac 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effectiveness of a community mental health programme in a developing country (Fiji) is examined. The programme was remarkable in that very little expertise was available in the community for it to be carried through. The results indicate that one category of hospital in-patient will subsequently derive significant benefit, namely the patient diagnosed as having schizophrenia who has been in a mental hospital more than once.Evidence from this study confirmed observations made by others that benign acute psychotic episodes are not infrequent in this sort of setting.
Polygenic Inheritance of Epilepsy and Febrile Convulsions: Analysis based on a Computational Model
Authors: Tsuboi Takayuki 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo series of patients with epilepsy and with febrile convulsions were analysed on Slater's computational model for evidence on the mode of inheritance. The study demonstrated that in both series a polygenic inheritance may be more likely than an autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance.
Socio-Cultural Determinants of Attempted Suicide Among West Indians in Birmingham: Ethnic Origin and Immigrant Status
Authors: Burke Aggrey W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe author studied the significance of ethnic origin and immigrant status in attempted suicide. Epidemiological data (1969–72) indicated that self-poisoning among West Indian immigrants in Birmingham was less prevalent than among natives there but more prevalent than in the West Indies. The association of recent pregnancy with attempted suicide among young immigrant patients was noteworthy.Attempted suicide among immigrants was often relatively benign; few abused alcohol or drugs or made repeated attempts. The markedly lower male rate of attempted suicide, and its rarity in older persons, confirms previous findings.
On the Psychopathology of Transitivism and Appersonation
Authors: Freeman Thomas 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWhile the phenomena described under the terms transitivism and appersonation are well known, they have not been studied in detail either from the descriptive or from the psychopathological standpoints. Here only a brief reference is made to the descriptive data. An account of the psychopathological hypotheses on which an explanation of the phenomena is based is followed by a discussion of the relevance of the clinical manifestations for a theory of psychosis.
Schneider-Oriented versus Conrad-Oriented Psychiatric Diagnosis in the same German Clinic
Authors: Koehler Karl , Guth Wolfgang 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe Chair of the University Nervenklinik in Homburg/Saar was held by Klaus Conrad from 1949-58 and by H.-H, Meyer, a former pupil and colleague of Kurt Schneider, from 1962-72. As the catchment area and admission policy of the clinic remained substantially unchanged throughout, comparison of the relative proportions of all admissions allocated to different diagnostic categories in 1949-58 and 1962-72 can be used to elucidate the similarities and differences between Conrad's and Schneider's diagnostic criteria. The results of this comparison indicate that Schneider's concept of schizophrenia was broader than Conrad's, and his concept of manic-depressive depx-ession more restricted. More detailed comparisons are complicated by differences in nomenclature and in the varieties of functional mental illness recognized in the two periods. However, it seems that Conrad's concept of mania was wider only when the atypical schizophrenia-like psychoses diagnosed during the Conrad era were added to the Conrad-oriented cases of mania; when this was not done, the Schneiderian concept of mania was broader.
Assessing Inter-Rater Reliability for Rating Scales: Resolving some Basic Issues
Authors: Cicchetti Domenic V. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper extends the recent work of Hall (1974) by presenting the minimal sample sizes and the specific linear agreement weights required for assessing the reliability of rating scales commonly used in neuropsychiatric and other clinico-medicai settings. The weights are shown to vary as a function of (a) whether or not the rating scale contains a point of ‘absence’, and (b) the number of ordinal points on the scale.
Is a Homosexual Orientation Irreversible?
Authors: McConaghy N. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn four studies homosexual patients were randomly allocated to receive either different forms of aversive therapy; or aversive therapy or a positive conditioning procedure. Before and after therapy the patients' sexual orientation was determined by measuring their penile volume responses to moving pictures of nude men and women.The aversive therapies produced reduction in homosexual feelings and behaviour. In the fourth study the reduction was significantly greater following the aversive compared with the positive conditioning procedure. No significant change in measured sexual orientation occurred in the patients who received aversive therapy compared with those who received positive conditioning. The measured sexual orientation of the homosexual patients after treatment differed significantly from that of heterosexual patients who received aversive therapy for sexual anomalies.