bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro susceptibility of Escherichia coli of swine origin to carbadox and other antimicrobials
Authors: Das Naba K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Swine fecal Escherichia coli isolates were tested with the Microtiter broth dilution method for susceptibility to carbadox and 11 other antimicrobials. Of the 138 strains, 136 were resistant to sulfadiazine, 120 to tetracycline, 95 to streptomycin, and 63 to carbadox. Resistance to the remaining antimicrobials also was noted in various degrees, with the exception of amikacin, to which all strains were susceptible. Carbadox-resistant strains also were resistant to other antimicrobials. The multiple resistance pattern was most common to sulfadiazine and tetracycline or a combination of sulfadiazine, tetracycline, and streptomycin.
Anatomic, physiologic, and pharmacologic properties of the feline bulbospongiosus muscle
Authors: Bowen J. M. , Hughes Betsy J. , Bradley W. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Histologic examination was used to determine the anatomic organization of the feline bulbospongiosus muscle (bsm). Bilaterally symmetrical cranial, middle, and caudal muscle fiber groups were identified. The caudal group was the largest of the 3 groups. Mean cross-sectional diameter of nonfixed bsm fibers was 79 µm. Muscle spindles were not observed in serial histologic sections. The innervation of the bsm was provided by the deep perineal nerve. Contractile properties of the bsm were determined in vitro, using direct muscle stimulation. Mean time-to-peak tension values were 71.4 ms and 62.7 ms at 30 C and 37 C, respectively, and were longer than that for the feline periurethral striated muscle and external anal sphincter muscle, but slightly shorter than that for the slow-twitch soleus muscle. Stimulation frequency at peak tetanic tension was 40 Hz, twitch-to-tetanus ratio was 0.30, and stimulus interval at peak tension for double response was 44 ms.
Electrophysiologic properties examined were resting potentials and miniature end-plate potentials (mepp). Mean resting potential was 68 mV. The mepp had low mean amplitude (0.57 mV), fast mean rise time (0.99 ms), and low maximal frequency (0.06 Hz). Only focally recordable mepp were observed. Pharmacologic properties were investigated by alternating direct and indirect stimulation. The latter was accomplished by electric field stimulation of intramuscular nerve fibers. A high sensitivity of the bsm to d-tubocurarine blockade was present. The results of this study support classification of the bsm as a slow-twitch muscle.
Elimination of plasmidic resistance to ampicillin and of enterotoxinogenicity in certain enteric gram-negative bacteria after incubation with high concentrations of amprolium
Authors: Ozanne Gérard , Mathieu Léo G. , Martin Denis 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
We have observed that treatment with high concentrations of a thiamine analog (amprolium) can lead to the elimination of the plasmidic resistance to ampicillin and the production of enterotoxin in wild Escherichia coli strains and in E coli and Salmonella typhimurium strains which had received the pKM101 plasmid through bacterial conjugation. By computer analysis, we also have determined that there is a highly significant (P < 0.01) synergism between ampicillin and amprolium which reduces considerably the growth of certain enteric bacterial strains which have a plasmidic resistance to ampicillin and which were not markedly affected by amprolium alone, in our experimental conditions. Our data indicate that the rate of loss of the plasmid pKM101 after treatment of R+ bacterial strains with amprolium can be increased.
Morphologic features, structure, and adherence to bovine turbinate cells of three Haemophilus somnus variants
Authors: Ward Gilbert E. , Nivard Jeanne R. , Maheswaran Samuel K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three colony variants (translucent, small opaque, and large opaque) of Haemophilus somnus recovered during infection studies of chicken embryos were examined using electron microscopy. Ruthenium red-strained H somnus preparations revealed no capsule in any variants. Pili were not seen on phosphotungstate-negative stained preparations.
The translucent variant was thin-walled and had an irregular, pleomorphic rod shape. The small opaque variant had a thicker cell wall and an even rod shape. The large opaque variant had the thickest, most rigid wall of the 3, with uniform rod morphologic features. When each of the 3 variants was allowed to contact bovine epithelial turbinate cells, the translucent and small opaque were significantly (P < 0.01) more adherent than was the large opaque variant.
Comparative pathologic features and development of Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Trematoda) infections in the mute swan and domestic chicken and chicken chorioallantois
Authors: Huffman Jane E. , Fried Bernard , Roscoe Douglas E. , Cali Ann 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The natural infection of Sphaeridiotrema globulus in the mute swan and the experimental infection in the chicken resulted in an ulcerative hemorrhagic enteritis. Swans and chickens died from the resultant blood loss. Culturing of the parasite on the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken egg resulted in hemorrhage and a cellular response of the chorioallantois to the trematode. Experimental infections in the domestic chicken and chicken embryo can be of use for the study of ulcerative hemorrhagic enteritis produced by the trematode, pathologic features, identification of the metacercaria to the adult, and developmental aspects of the parasite.
Effect of ammonia on the quantitative clearance of Escherichia coli from lungs, air sacs, and livers of turkeys aerosol vaccinated against Escherichia coli
Authors: Nagaraja K. V. , Emery D. A. , Jordan K. A. , Sivanandan V. , Newman J. A. , Pomeroy B. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Turkeys were given an aerosol vaccine to determine their ability to clear a virulent inhaled pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli, while they were being maintained in the presence of atmospheric NH3. Turkeys were exposed to 2 concentrations of NH3 (10 and 40 μl/L of air). More E coli was found in lungs, air sacs, and livers of turkeys exposed to NH3. Turkeys not exposed to NH3 had better clearance of E coli. Vaccination against E coli improved the rate of clearance of E coli in birds not exposed to NH3.
Effect of age on susceptibility of pigs to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pneumonia
Authors: Piffer Itamar A. , Ross Richard F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of age on susceptibility of pigs to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was compared in 2 experiments. In experiment A, pigs 3, 6, and 12 weeks of age were contact-exposed to pigs with established M hyopneumoniae infection for 27 days and then evaluated for pneumonia at necropsy done at 42 days after exposure began. In experiment B, pigs 3 and 11 to 12 weeks of age were contact-exposed for 20 days and then placed in separate, isolated hog houses until necropsy was done at 49 days after exposure began. Evaluations at necropsies revealed that no differences existed between age groups concerning occurrence or severity of pneumonia. Likewise, immunofluorescence and culture evaluations of lung tissue revealed that no significant differences existed among age groups concerning detection of M hyopneumoniae or time of seroconversion to the organism. Under conditions of this study, no differences were detected in susceptibility of pigs between 3 and 12 weeks of age.
Characterization of two serotypes of adenovirus isolated from sheep in the central United States
Authors: Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Cutlip Randall C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two serotypes of adenovirus were isolated from lambs assembled at a ram testing station. The isolates were identified as adenoviruses on the basis of their morphologic and physicochemical characteristics. One isolate (RTS-42) was neutralized by antiserum to ovine adenovirus serotype 5, whereas the other strain (RTS-151) was not neutralized by the antisera to ovine adenovirus serotypes 1 through 5 or bovine adenovirus 1 through 8.
In vivo and in vitro reactivation of latent pseudorabies virus in pigs born to vaccinated sows
Authors: van Oirschot J. T. , Gielkens A. L. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Latency of pseudorabies virus (prv) was established in 8 of 9 pigs born to 2 vaccinated sows. Pigs had high, low, or no maternal antibody titers at the time of the initial inoculation. At postinoculation months 3 to 4, latent prv could be reactivated in vivo by the administration of large doses of corticosteroids. In most pigs, the stress-simulating treatment resulted in recrudescence of virus shedding after lag periods of 4 to 11 days.
In 3 pigs, virus shedding was without clinical signs of disease, whereas clinical signs that developed in 4 pigs appeared to be due to the corticosteroid treatment, rather than to the reactivation of prv. Pigs with a log10 neutralizing antibody titer of ≤ 2.55 at the onset of corticosteroid treatment had a booster response. Reactivated prv spread to sentinel pigs housed with the inoculated pigs.
Reactivation of prv was also demonstrated in vitro. Explant cultures of trigeminal ganglia from pigs killed between postinoculation months 4 to 5 produced infectious virus.
Restriction endonuclease analysis indicated that the reactivated prv was indistinguishable from virus isolated shortly after the primary infection. Seemingly, pigs with maternal antibodies can become latently infected and therefore may be regarded as potential sources of dissemination of prv.
Vertical migration of infective larvae of equine strongyles in sandy clay loam
Authors: Houston R. S. , Fincher G. T. , Craig T. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The migration of infective strongyle larvae through sandy clay loam soil was determined by evaluating the burial of horse dung as a method of reducing parasitism in horses. Equine feces containing 325 strongyle eggs/g of feces were buried at depths of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 20.0, and 30.0 cm below the pasture surface in sandy clay loam soil. Herbage samples were taken periodically from above the buried feces and were analyzed to determine the maximum vertical migration of infective larvae. The greatest distance of migration was 20 cm which occurred 31 days after the feces were buried. However, the number of larvae reaching the herbage from this depth represented only 0.0004% of the eggs initially buried.
Laser therapy in the horse: Histopathologic response
Authors: Kaneps A. J. , Hultgren B. D. , Riebold T. W. , Shires G. M. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Surgical incisions were made in the skin and superficial digital flexor tendons in horses. A low intensity laser therapy device was used to treat the limbs. After laser therapy was completed, skin and superficial digital flexor tendons from incised laser-irradiated, incised-control, and nonincised-control limbs were compared microscopically. Qualitative differences between laser irradiated and nonirradiated tissues were not found. The laser therapy device used in this study may be of insufficient power to affect wound healing.
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: Enhancement of Moraxella bovis pili immunogenicity with diphtheriatetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine
Authors: Pugh G. W. , Kopecky Κ. E. , McDonald T. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to determine whether diphtheria-tetanus-toxoids and pertussis vaccine (dpt) would enhance the immunogenicity of homologous Moraxella bovis pili fractions. Thirty-six calves were divided into 4 groups (I, II, ΙII, and IV) of 9 calves each. Calves in group I were not vaccinated and served as controls. Calves in group II were vaccinated with pili fractions only. Calves in group III were vaccinated with dpt only. Calves in group IV were vaccinated with dpt and pili. Vaccination consisted of 2 inoculations, 21 days apart. Fourteen days after the last vaccinal inoculation was done, the eyes of all calves were exposed to a hemolytic homologous strain of M bovis.
The percentage of eyes with disease was significantly less in calves given dpt and pili (P < 0.001) and calves given pili only (P < 0.05) than in calves given dpt only or nonvaccinated calves. The lesions were less severe in calves vaccinated with pili only than in calves not vaccinated with pili. Serologic results also showed a positive relationship between the development of serum antibodies against pili and immunity. The results indicate that dpt enhanced the immune response and if used as an adjuvant, might be useful in the development of a vaccine against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.
Acid-base balance and selected hematologic, electrolytic, and blood chemical variables in calves nursing cows: One week through fifteen weeks
Authors: Reece William O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Definition was given to acid-base balance, erythrocyte variables, serum iron, and several plasma variables in nursing calves, beginning at 1 week of age to 15 weeks of age. Of all the variables measured (once a week), arterial blood pH was the only one for which there was a significant difference due to sex of the calves (female calves had blood slightly more acidic than did male calves). Significant differences due to time were noted for the erythrocyte variables and for plasma potassium and chloride ion and serum iron concentrations. There were no significant changes from week to week for the acid-base balance variables. A significant sex × time interaction was noted for serum iron concentration–after week 6, the concentration of iron in female calves was higher than it was in male calves.
Response of cattle upon reexposure to Anaplasma marginale after elimination of chronic carrier infections
Authors: Magonigle R. A. , Newby T. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sixteen cattle serotest-negative for anaplasmosis with either no previous exposure (2 animals) or cleared 8 months earlier of their carrier state by chemotherapy (14 animals) were each exposed to Anaplasma marginale. Anaplasma serotest titers were determined by complement-fixation and rapid card agglutination tests conducted during a 63-day trial period. Serologic reactions indicated that all cattle (both groups) were converted to seropositive by the 21st day after exposure. Fluctuations in pcv were seen in the 2 groups between days 21 and 35. However, parasitemia levels were detectable only in the 2 previously unexposed control cattle.
Three splenectomized calves, given 10 ml of blood from 3 of the former carrier cattle 14 days after the latter were reexposed, developed severe clinical and hematologic signs of anaplasmosis and seroconverted from negative to positive on both serologic tests. The need to acquire a better understanding of immunity in anaplasmosis is discussed.
Clinical and immunologic responses of pigs to African swine fever virus isolated from the Western Hemisphere
Authors: Hamdy F. M. , Dardiri A. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pigs in the United States were exposed to African swine fever (asf) virus isolated from pigs in Brazil and the Dominican Republic. The former were examined for clinical response, lesions, viremia, and antibody response. Sequential blood samples were tested for the presence of asf virus by the hemadsorption test (in swine buffy coat cell culture) and for antibody to asf virus by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The incubation period was 3 to 5 days; inoculated pigs had fever for 8 to 16 days (mean 12.5 days) and viremia at 3 to 35 days after inoculation and few died. Inoculated pigs developed antibodies at 7 days after inoculation which were detectable until the termination of the experiment (10th month).
Reinoculation of some of the surviving pigs with the homologous isolate at approximately 6 months after exposure did not induce clinical response, viremia, nor anamnestic antibody response. In contrast, challenge exposures of convalescent pigs with the Lisbon-60 viral strain approximately 5 weeks after exposure to the Brazilian strain produced death, in spite of an anamnestic antibody response.
Comparative efficacy of sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole in feed for control of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in swine
Authors: Kobland J. D. , Gale G. O. , Maddock H. M. , Garces T. R. , Simkins K. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seventy-two conventionally raised pigs were challenge exposed intranasally when approximately 3.5 weeks old with yolk-grown Bordetella bronchiseptica. Twenty-four pigs acted as noninfected, nonmedicated controls. Feed containing sulfamethazine or sulfathiazole (110 mg/kg of feed) was initiated in 2 groups of 24 infected pigs each 3 days after challenge exposure and was fed continuously for 56 days. Twenty-four infected pigs were given nonmedicated feed.
Challenge exposure with the B bronchiseptica resulted in nasal bordetellosis characterized by isolations of the test organism from nasal cavities of infected control pigs at > 90% frequency through 28 days and from at least 50% of the pigs through 56 days. Moderate turbinate atrophy developed with a 48% increase in mean turbinate space in infected control pigs at necropsy. Performance was not affected by the infection which was confined to the nasal cavity.
The B bronchiseptica isolation rate decreased faster (P < 0.01) in the sulfamethazine group than in the sulfathiazole group. By day 42, sulfamethazine-medicated pigs were negative for B bronchiseptica in nasal swab samples; whereas 8% to 17% of sulfathiazole-medicated pigs were positive from days 42 to 56. Turbinate spacing measurements averaged 11% less in the sulfamethazine group than in the sulfathiazole group.
Assessment of smooth muscle function in Sesbania drummondii toxicosis in Gallus domesticus
Authors: Venugopalan C. S. , Flory W. , Tucker T. A. , Hebert C. D. , Strain G. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An in vitro assessment based on tissue responsiveness to 2 agonists—histamine and carbachol—was made on smooth muscle activity in chickens experimentally poisoned with sesbania. Crude extracts of Sesbania drummondii were prepared and 2 dosage levels, 0.25% and 0.5% of body weight, were used. The birds were dosed orally with the extract for 3 consecutive days, and on the 4th day segments of ileum and lung were collected from each bird. The isometric contractions of each tissue, produced by the addition of histamine or carbachol in graded concentrations, were recorded. The cumulative concentration-effect curves for the tissues to the agonists were constructed and compared with respective control curves.
The results indicated the responsiveness of the tissues in the treated groups was significantly decreased, compared with that of tissues in the controls. Responses of both intestinal and parenchymal strips in the chickens given the higher dosage (0.5%) were decreased significantly, whereas in those given the smaller dosage (0.25%), only parenchyma had a significant response. This indicates that the activity of smooth muscles in general was depressed by sesbania. The effect was more evident in the lung than in the intestine. Therefore, an active principle in the extract which affects smooth muscle, rather than causing direct irritation, may exist.
This assessment of smooth muscle activity is sensitive and was effective in detecting changes in tissues from sesbania-treated birds which had not shown any clinical signs. The results also support the possibility that smooth muscle involvement could be a primary cause of toxicity in sesbania poisoning.
Determination of phagocytosis of 32P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus by bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Authors: Dulin Anne M. , Paape Max J. , Weinland Bernard T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A procedure for the measurement of phagocytosis by bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) of 32P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus was modified so that a larger number of samples could be compared in a single run, and smaller volumes of sample, pmn, and 32P-labeled S aureus could be used. Results were highly reproducible, with a coefficient of variation between duplicate determinations of ≤ 2%. Lysostaphin was prepared from the supernatant of S staphylolyticus and was compared with a commercially available preparation. Effects of lysostaphin on pmn and influence of incubation media on release of 32P from 32P-labeled S aureus by lysostaphin were examined.
Motility of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure in ponies: Effects of six drugs
Authors: Adams Stephen B. , Lamar Carlton H. , Masty Jerome 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bipolar stainless steel electrodes were surgically implanted in 4 ponies to record myoelectrical and mechanical activity of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure. After determining normal activity, the effects of neostigmine, xylazine, flunixin meglumine, dipyrone, panthenol, and atropine sulfate were determined. Flunixin meglumine, dipyrone, and panthenol had no effect on the motility of the jejunum or pelvic flexure. Xylazine and atropine sulfate decreased motility of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure, with atropine sulfate having a greater effect and lasting longer. Neostigmine stimulated propulsive motility in the pelvic flexure only.
Electrical stimulation on skin wound healing in the horse: Preliminary studies
Authors: Steckel R. R. , Page Ε. H. , Geddes L. A. , Van Vleet J. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of low-level direct-current stimulation on skin wound healing in the horse was assessed. Self-sustaining electrical circuits with electrodes were implanted subcutaneously in or near the wound. Stimulation by direct current (10 or 20 μA) was used to determine the effect on equine skin healing.
The efficacy of electrotherapy was evaluated by sequentially comparing the clinical appearance of the wound and measuring the size of the granulating wound bed. The histologic appearance of the healing stimulated wounds was compared with that in nonstimulated control wounds created on 9 horses. Seemingly, electrical stimulation had no discernible effect on experimentally created skin wounds. Clinical observation and histologic examination of the wounds indicated that severe tissue reaction from the implanted electrodes and concurrent local infection produced local detrimental effects to wound healing.
Benzimidazole resistance of equine strongyles: Critical tests of several classes of compounds against population B strongyles from 1977 to 1981
Authors: Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C. , Lyons Ε. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
From 1977 to 1981, critical tests were conducted on 10 horses naturally infected with population B strongyles. Drugs tested were: oxibendazole (obz), 10 mg/kg of body weight (n = 1); albendazole, 10 mg/kg (n = 1); a mixture of thiabendazole (tbz), 44 mg/kg and trichlorfon, 40 mg/kg (n = 1); a mixture of tbz at 44 mg/kg with piperazine (ppz) at 55 mg of base/kg (n = 1); febantel (fbt), 6 mg/kg (n = 3), 12 mg/kg (n = 1), or 24 mg/kg (n = 1); and pyrantel (prt) pamoate, 6.6 mg of base/kg (n = 1).
Large strongyles, Strongylus vulgaris (9 horses) and S edentatus (5 horses), were effectively removed (100%) by each compound and mixture. Five species of small strongyles (Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum coronatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus goldi, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus), previously singled out in this population as resistant to 5 benzimidazoles (tbz, mebendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole, and oxfendazole), but not obz, were efficaciously removed by obz, albendazole, the mixture of tbz plus ppz, fbt (24 mg/kg), or prt. These 5 small strongyle species were resistant to fbt (6 mg/kg) in 3 foals and Cylicostephanus minutus was also resistant in 2 of 3 foals to fbt (6 mg/kg). Doubling the dose of fbt to 12 mg/kg increased the average removal of the 5 basic species plus Cylicostephanus minutus to 88%. The mixture of tbz and trichlorfon was relatively ineffective against 3 species (C catinatum, C coronatum, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus), but unexpectedly efficacious (86% to 99%) for 2 species (Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cylicostephanus goldi). Consistently effective removal of immature small strongyles was recorded only for the mixture of tbz with ppz, fbt (24 mg/kg), or prt.