bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wood, Preservation
Authors: Pommer Ernst‐Heinrich , Jaetsch Thomas 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Wood Preservatives

2.1.

Creosotes and Tar‐Oil‐Containing Products

2.2.

Waterborne Wood Preservatives

2.2.1.

CCA and Variations

2.2.2.

Copper‐Based (Chromium‐ and Arsenic‐Free) Wood Preservatives

2.2.3.

Boron Compounds

2.2.4.

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quats)

2.2.5.

Phenol Derivatives

2.3.

Solventborne Wood Preservatives

2.3.1.

Pentachlorophenol

2.3.2.

Tributyltin Compounds

2.3.3.

Metal Naphthenates

2.3.4.

Oxine Copper

2.4.

Organic Active Substances for Wood Preservatives

2.4.1.

Fungicides

2.4.1.1.

Triazole Derivatives

2.4.1.2.

Polychlorinated Aromatic Compounds

2.4.1.3.

Isothiazolones

2.4.1.4.

Phenylsulfamides

2.4.1.5.

Iodine Containing Compounds

2.4.1.6.

Thiocyanates

2.4.2.

Insecticides

2.4.2.1.

Synthetic Pyrethroids

2.4.2.2.

Neonicitonoids

2.4.2.3.

Insect Growth Regulators (IGR)

2.4.2.4.

Phosphate Esters

2.5.

Wood Preservatives for Special Applications

2.6.

Flame Retardants

3.

Uses of Wood Preservatives

4.

Methods for Testing Wood Preservatives

5.

Approval of Wood Preservatives

6.

Analysis

7.

Processes for Applying Wood Preservatives

7.1.

Overview

7.2.

Processes Using High or Low Pressure

7.2.1.

Pressure Process

7.2.2.

Low‐Pressure Processes

7.2.2.1.

Low‐Pressure Processes for Dry Wood

7.2.2.2.

Low‐Pressure Process for Green Wood (Sap Replacement Process)

7.3.

Pressure‐Free Processes

7.3.1.

Long‐Term Processes

7.3.2.

Short‐Term Processes

7.4.

Preservation of Wood‐Based Materials

7.4.1.

Treatment with Preservatives during Production

7.4.2.

Treatment with Preservatives after Production

7.5.

Special Processes

8.

Environmental Aspects

8.1.

Health Aspects

8.2.

Soil, Water, and Air

8.3.

Disposal of Treated Wood
Epothilones
Authors: Buchmann Bernd , Klar Ulrich 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction and History

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Syntheses

3.1.

Synthesis of Epothilones A and C According to
Schinzer

3.2.

Synthesis of Epothilones A and C According to
Danishefsky

3.3.

Synthesis of Epothilones B and D According to
Nicolaou

3.4.

Synthesis of Epothilone D According to
Danishefsky

4.

Occurrence and Biosynthesis

5.

Pharmacological Effects and Uses

Epothilones represent a novel class of anticancer drugs which inhibit the cell cycle by interfering with microtubules. Their chemical and pharmacological properties as well as several synthetic approaches to some of the natural compounds are described.
First results from clinical trials with natural epothilones as well as novel derivatives are promising indicating that epothilones have the potential to become a cornerstone in future cancer therapy.
Schema‐driven source misattribution errors: remembering the expected from a witnessed event
Authors: Kleider Heather M. , Pezdek Kathy , Goldinger Stephen D. , Kirk Alice 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWhen recollection is difficult, people may use schematic processing to enhance memory. Two experiments showed that a delay between witnessing and recalling a visual sequence increases schematic processing, resulting in stereotypic memory errors. Participants watched a slide show of a man and a woman performing stereotype‐consistent and stereotype‐inconsistent actions, followed by an immediate or delayed memory test. Over a two‐day delay, stereotype‐inconsistent actions were increasingly misremembered as having been performed by the stereotype‐consistent actor (Experiment 1). All the source errors increased, regardless of stereotype consistency, when the wrong actor was suggested. When we merely suggested that ‘someone’ performed an action (Experiment 2), only stereotype‐consistent source errors were increased. Although visual scenes are typically well remembered, these results suggest that when memory fades, reliance on schemata increases, leading to increased stereotypic memory errors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Biosensing Applications
Authors: Slowing I. I. , Trewyn B. G. , Giri S. , Lin V. S.‐Y. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRecent advancements in morphology control and surface functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have enhanced the biocompatibility of these materials with high surface areas and pore volumes. Several recent reports have demonstrated that the MSNs can be efficiently internalized by animal and plant cells. The functionalization of MSNs with organic moieties or other nanostructures brings controlled release and molecular recognition capabilities to these mesoporous materials for drug/gene delivery and sensing applications, respectively. Herein, we review recent research progress on the design of functional MSN materials with various mechanisms of controlled release, along with the ability to achieve zero release in the absence of stimuli, and the introduction of new characteristics to enable the use of nonselective molecules as screens for the construction of highly selective sensor systems.
Encapsulation of Water‐Immiscible Solvents in Polyglutamate/ Polyelectrolyte Nanocontainers
Authors: Teng X. , Shchukin D. G. , Möhwald H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA novel approach for encapsulation of hydrophobic materials into a hydrophilic multifunctional shell is presented, based on combining an ultrasonic technique and a layer‐by‐layer protocol. Polyglutamate/polyethyleneimine (PEI)/polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyglutamate/PEI/PAA/silver nanocontainers loaded with a hydrophobic dye, 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphin, dissolved in toluene, are fabricated. Uniform, stable, and monodisperse polyglutamate/PEI/PAA nanocontainers of about 600 nm are obtained. The hydrophobic core of the nanocontainers might contain a huge variety of water‐insoluble drugs and the outer polyelectrolyte shell may provide controlled permeability and desired multifunctionality. Confocal fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy are employed for the characterization of the resulting nanocontainers. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant, the amount of nanocontainers, their monodispersity, and stability can be increased dramatically.
Assembly and Photoinduced Organization of Mono‐ and Oligopeptide Molecules Containing an Azobenzene Moiety
Authors: Matsuzawa Y. , Ueki K. , Yoshida M. , Tamaoki N. , Nakamura T. , Sakai H. , Abe M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAssembled systems consisting of an azobenzene moiety as the photofunctional component and valyl units as the network backbone are investigated. The molecular ordering of these assemblies is examined by spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The number of valyl units greatly influences the molecular order in the organized systems. Only N‐(L‐valyl‐L‐valyl‐L‐valyl)azobenzene‐4‐carboxamide (3) forms a complete β‐sheet structure in this artificial assembly. Upon photoirradiation, the azobenzene moieties isomerize completely, revealing the reversibility in the structural organization through the flexibility of the β‐sheet network in this system.
Ischemic heart disease mortality among miners and other potentially silica‐exposed workers
Authors: Weiner Jan , Barlow Lotti , Sjögren Bengt 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundSome previous studies have observed an increased mortality regarding ischemic heart disease (IHD) among miners and industrial sand workers. The purpose was to study the occurrence of IHD mortality among silica‐exposed workers.MethodsMale miners, well borers, dressing plant workers, and other mine and stone workers were identified in the Swedish National Census of 1970. The total cohort (n = 11,896) was followed from 1970 until December 31, 1995 and linked to the Cause of Death Register. The referent group comprised all gainfully employed men identified in the same census. The Standardized Mortality Ratio was calculated as the ratio between observed and expected numbers of deaths.ResultAn increased risk due to IHD mortality was observed among miners, well borers, dressing plant workers, and other mine and stone workers.ConclusionThese results indicate a possible relation between silica‐dust exposure and IHD. The increased risk of IHD mortality is unlikely explained by smoking habits. Shift work might explain some of the increased risk. A low‐grade inflammation in the lungs as a result of dust exposure is discussed as a possible cause. However, the key message is that better dose estimates and better confounding control is needed to study the possible relation between silica‐dust exposure and IHD. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:403–408, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is the medical community ready for worker notification?
Authors: Rest Kathleen M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlthough the potential for early detection of disease has been of central importance in the evolution of worker notification policy and practice, it is not the only positive outcome of medical intervention. The provider‐patient encounter also creates an important opportunity for patient‐centered risk communication that may result in workplace modifications as well as lifestyle changes to reduce the likelihood of subsequent illness and injury—both work and nonwork related. At the same time, it may signal the beginning of a series of social, legal, and political actions that may have positive or negative consequences for notified workers.This article identifies several important roles for members of the medical community relating to worker and community notification programs and explores the readiness of health care professionals in assuming these roles. It is suggested that health care providers lack both the training and sociopolitical sensitivity needed for meaningful participation in the notification process. This article addresses possible short‐term and long‐term approaches to enhancing the readiness of health care providers and suggests that effective intervention with notified workers requires a willingness to step beyond the confines of the medical model. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Worker notification: Viewpoint of the employer
Authors: Race Dennis M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPrior to notifying workers of risk exposure, employers should first consider and weigh the psychological, physiological, and social costs as well as the potential negative impact on labor‐management relations, community resources, and the costs of false negatives and false positives. Only if the contributions of notification override and outweigh the composite costs should employers feel compelled to notify workers. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cultural and linguistic factors in worker notification to blue collar and no‐collar African‐Americans
Authors: Smith Ernie A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis presentation offers historical and sociolinguistic perspectives regarding the origins of the language used by African‐Americans. U.S. descendants of slaves of West and Niger Congo African origin should not be thought of as native speakers of English. To the extent that they have lived in de jure or de facto social isolation from Euro‐American English‐speaking persons, they have retained a West and Niger Congo African thought process or substratum in the phonology and morphosyntax of their speech. Their mother tongue has been described by several African‐American linguists, psychologists, and ethnologists as Ebonics. In a sense, Ebonics refers to the paralinguistic verbal and non‐verbal sounds, cues, and gestures that are systematically used in the process of communication by many African‐Americans.As one consequence of historical social isolation, African‐Americans invariably score poorly on nationally standardized scales of “Standard American” English competence. Therefore, worker notification intended for African‐Americans, especially among the blue‐ and no‐collar levels, that does not contain an Afro‐centric perspective will likely not prove successful. The linguistic factors, which can severely impede or tremendously enhance the effectiveness of worker notification to these groups, are therefore vital and should not be ignored. Worker notification targeted for limited English‐speaking or unlettered populations should include the development of materials and presentations in the language or primary medium best understood by the audience. Based upon research findings on the psycholinguistics of learning modal preference, the development of notification materials that target a learning channel that is audio oral or aural‐oral is promoted. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reading, readability, and legibility research: Implications for notification letters
Authors: Zimmerman Donald E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article defines communication science and then briefly describes three research areas relevant to worker notifications: (1) receiving of notification messages, (2) reading and understanding of notification messages, and (3) influences or effects of notification messages on workers. Next, the article focuses on the reading and legibility research relevant to worker notifications and then provides 16 guidelines for drafting worker notifications. Finally, the article suggests evaluating draft notifications by using one or more of the following: skilled editorial reviews, readability scoring, Cloze techniques, signal stopping techniques, in‐depth personal interviews, focus groups, and usability testing. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Content of worker notification
Authors: Averill Elizabeth , Henry Carol J. , Rubenstein Harriet , Sattler Barbara , Tirey Sandra L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article summarizes discussions held during the workshop on the issue of the content of worker notification messages and related topics. The workshop itself involved a number of sessions where participants formed small groups. This article represents a distillation of the summary reports by the rapporteurs from each group. It is not intended as a complete review of this issue. Rather, it presents some of the concerns that arose during freewheeling discussions, with the idea that the points raised may help others to think about some of the issues involved. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perspective on the content of worker notifications
Authors: Acquavella John F. , Collins James J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe concept of worker notification has evolved over the years to a prevailing view that workers should be notified of all epidemiologic studies that make use of their medical information. To adequately communicate health information to workers, epidemiologists must consider the intended audience along with its need for risk information that is scientifically valid and clearly outlines areas of uncertainty. This goal is facilitated by full disclosure to workers of information pertinent to the planning, conduct, and interpretation of research efforts. Subjectivity in choosing unanticipated research findings for inclusion in worker notifications may permit bias toward a personal viewpoint, but this can be minimized by prestudy agreement on appropriate criteria for selecting which research findings to communicate. Epidemiologic theory and principles of causal inference should guide the development of appropriate criteria. The timeliness of worker communications has received limited attention, and workers have often been the “last to know” about important studies. This may influence workers' receptivity to the risk message. Sponsoring organizations should ensure that an acceptable communications plan is included in research protocols and that the plan accords priority to notifying workers about study results. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Content of notification: Exposure to the pesticide chlordimeform
Authors: Stone John A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA notification about exposure requires a detailed search of records and interviews with personnel to properly identify potentially exposed groups. Next, these potentially exposed groups must be examined to determine which groups had the potential for highest exposures. The notification should address three key questions: Why am I receiving this notification? What problems are associated with exposure to the chemical? What am I supposed to do? Consideration should be given to notifying lesser‐exposed groups, as to why they are not considered to be at increased risk. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Channels and vehicles of communication: The asbestos awareness campaign
Authors: Freimuth Vicki S. , van Nevel J. Paul 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn April 1978, the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare launched a multimedia campaign to inform doctors, workers, and others about the increased risks of asbestos exposure. Unlike most worker notification efforts, this one had no lists of workers or even of workplaces but faced the challenge of locating people who had worked in the shipbuilding industries more than 30 years earlier.Multiple mass media channels were used, but since most messages were distributed as public service announcements, gatekeepers were critical to the success of the campaign. Some campaign messages were aired, but mostly at hours other than prime time, and the coverage focused more on the controversial, fast‐breaking events rather than on estimates of risk or on behaviors to reduce risk.The campaign was effective in increasing the number of people who believed they were at risk, but was less successful with older Americans than with manual laborers. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social aspects of high‐risk notification among chromium‐exposed workers
Authors: Needleman Carolyn 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study, based on 169 telephone interviews, explores how a sample of chromium‐exposed workers responded to notification of their cohort's elevated risk of lung cancer. It is important to recognize that notified workers do not react as isolated individuals. Their responses are social, actively constructed through interaction with others, unfolding over time within a context of relationships and shared symbols that mediate the risk information. This report illustrates some of the ways that socially‐based beliefs and interaction with the social environment can influence worker response, and suggests a more sociologically sophisticated concept of notification to fit the realities of workers' lives. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comprehensibility of material safety data sheets
Authors: Kolp Paul , Sattler Barbara , Blayney Michael , Sherwood Timothy 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Hazard Communication Standard, commonly known as the Worker Right to Know law, requires that a chemical information sheet, known as a material safety data sheet (MSDS), be produced for all hazardous chemicals. This study examines the comprehensibility of a sample of MSDSs to a group of about 100 unionized workers in manufacturing industries located in the state of Maryland. Workers were given several MSDSs and performed the equivalent of an open‐book test answering questions regarding health and safety information that was provided on the MSDS. On average, the information on the MSDSs was found to be about one‐third incomprehensible. This result raises concerns regarding policies and practices for hazard communication. There is a clear indication that MSDSs need to be improved if workers must rely on them for health and safety information. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asbestos screening and education programs for building and construction trades unions
Authors: Tillett Sandra , Sullivan Patricia 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWorker notification involves informing current and past employees of their risk of disease. It also involves suggesting ways to reduce their risks. The asbestos screening and education programs designed for the building and construction trades unions were a national multisite effort that focused on improving the health of eligible union members and retirees at high risk of developing asbestos‐related disease. The asbestos screening and education programs were made available to “high‐risk,” asbestos‐exposed local union members through the efforts of a number of international unions, including the International Union of Elevator Constructors and the Laborers' International Union of North America—both affiliates of the Building and Construction Trades Department, AFL‐CIO. Consultation and program assistance in developing and implementing these programs were provided by the Occupational Health Foundation, a labor‐sponsored, nonprofit organization with a multidisciplinary safety and health staff. Program components included identification of “high‐risk” individuals, notification of risk, education, medical screening, legal referral, and various support services. Community‐based physicians and/or physician‐staffed mobile testing units provided services on a contractual basis according to a standardized medical protocol. Between 1988 and 1991, 2, 136 union members and retirees from 89 local unions affiliated with the Elevator Constructors or the Laborers were screened in 59 regional programs. A general description and historical perspective are offered concerning program implementation, integration into existing union infrastructures. Emphasis is placed on the role of the unions in advancing members' interests when dealing with the health and socioeconomic implications of asbestos‐related disease. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Importance of evaluating the context within which notification occurs
Authors: Houts Peter S. , McDougall Vernon 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWorkers' response to notification about health effects from exposure to toxic materials is determined not just by the content of the message but also by the “context” within which notification occurs, that is, the workers' prenotification knowledge, attitudes, and experiences concerning environmental health risks in general as well as the health problem that is the subject of the notification. In many cases, workers already have a high level of awareness of environmental health issues and are also aware that their work environments could be bad for their health, before receiving official notification of a particular health risk. This is one reason why worker notification programs often have limited impacts on the workers' health behaviors. To understand this process, researchers should assess workers' baseline attitudes and behaviors and study how they affect response to notification. Persons conducting notification programs should evaluate workers' prenotification attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors, and use this information in planning notification efforts. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating the clarity of research reports written for research subjects
Authors: Lash Andrea A. , Kumekawa Eugene S. , Becker Charles E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIt is not simple to report research results to the people who participated in the research as subjects of study. Few evaluations have examined subjects' understanding of written research findings. In two recent studies of solvent exposure, subjects received brief summaries of the research. Before they were sent, the summaries were evaluated by research, health, and communication specialists as well as by representatives of the target audience. For one of the studies, interviews were conducted with subjects before and after they received the reports. Although the subjects said they understood the summary, their answers to questions about its content indicated otherwise. The results suggest that researchers not rely on subjects' self‐assessments of their understanding but instead design methods to test subjects' knowledge directly. Those tests would be most valuable if applied in formative evaluations, when the opportunity exists to improve the research summaries. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.