bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of particle size and active ingredient content on residual activity of chlorpyrifos wettable powder formulations against codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.)
Authors: Macquillan Michael J. , Shipp Erik 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a laboratory experiment Cydia pomonella (L.) eggs, two days from eclosion, were placed on apples which had been sprayed five weeks previously with chlorpyrifos (125 mg/litre) from five formulations. Four were wettable powders (250 g a.i./kg) with particles ca 4, 5, 9 and 10 μm in diameter and one (500 g a.i./kg) with particles 2 μm in diameter. The treated apples were aged in direct sunlight. The percentage of apples without deep entries by first instar larvae one week after positioning of eggs, was greater the greater the ratio of active ingredient content of a formulation to total wettable powder particle surface area.
The role of ethylene in the response of plants to stress
Authors: Hall Michael A. , Kapuya Juma A. , Sivakumaran Seenivasagam , John Allan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWork is described showing that marked changes in endogenous ethylene levels in plants occur in response to the imposition of water stress. The means whereby these changed levels are brought about is discussed in relation to findings on the movement of ethylene within and out of the plant, the involvement of other endogenous growth regulators and the effects of plant age. The role of ethylene in mediating changes in the patterns of plant growth and development in response to water stress is assessed.
Further evaluation of permethrin for biting‐fly control
Authors: Blackman Gerald G. , Hodson Michael J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLaboratory tests in a fly chamber and field trials in the UK and Australia have shown that permethrin, (3‐phenoxybenzyl (1R,1S)‐cis,trans‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2, 2‐dime‐thylcyclopropanecarboxylate) containing 25: 75 cis: trans isomers, applied as water emulsions to cattle and horses will control biting flies. Satisfactory protection against the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) and excellent control against the horn fly, Haematobia (Lyperosia) irritans (L.) was achieved on cattle. Good control was obtained on horses against the stable fly and the sand fly Culicoides spp. These early results are encouraging and toxicity and residue data suggest that permethrin would be a safe insecticide to use on livestock for the control of biting flies of veterinary importance.
Cost‐benefit analysis and investment appraisal in relation to pest control measures
Authors: Bradbury Frank R. , Loasby Brian J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA distinction is drawn between cost‐benefit analysis and investment appraisal. Both are methods for evaluating projects, with cost‐benefit analysis looking at proposals from the angle of the larger community in contrast to investment appraisal which looks at them from the individual, or firm, point of view. The time value of money is examined and also the treatment by cost‐benefit analysis of social values and other elements outside the purview of investment appraisal, the so‐called externalities or spillovers. Cost‐benefit analysis of pest control measures is shown to depend heavily on analysis of the complexities and interactions of the biological/biochemical systems involved. This leads to the conclusion that the main thrust of cost‐benefit studies in the pesticide field is to improve our understanding of pest problems and thereby to improve the efficiency of pest control measures, to the benefit of both the industry and the public.
A laboratory device for producing single drops in uniform sizes of 150–450 μm diameter
Authors: Merritt Colin R. , Drinkwater John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA device is described which can produce single drops of liquids in uniform sizes. Drop size can be adjusted, and with an aqueous solution of a non‐ionic surfactant (“Agral”; 1 ml/litre) sizes 160–490 μm diam. were produced. Suitable techniques of calibration are given. The device is a useful research tool for study of the effects of form of deposit on herbicide performance.
A collaborative study of residues on wheat of chlorpyrifos‐methyl, fenitrothion, malathion, methacrifos and pirimiphos‐methyl. 1. Method development
Authors: Desmarchelier James , Bengston Mervyn , Connell Meville , Minett William , Moore Barry , Phillips Mervyn , Snelson John , Sticka Rex , Tucker Kenneth 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe accuracy and reproducibility of analytical methods for the assay of five organophosphorus grain protectants have been investigated by a coordinated test programme. Results were assessed using data from field applications of chlorpyrifos‐methyl, fenitrothion, malathion, methacrifos and pirimofos‐methyl at commercial silos in New South Wales and Queensland. A satisfactory analytical procedure is recommended following an extended series of tests.
Rapid evaluation of phosphine permeability through various flexible films and coated fabrics
Authors: Kashi Kattera P. , Muthu Mysore , Majumder Suvendu K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhosphine permeability through forty‐one different flexible films and coated fabrics including polyethylene, cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, rubber and cellulose was tested using a sensitive indicator strip. It diffused through all of them; the rate of diffusion, however, varied among them. Four, namely 0.53 mm thick high molecular weight polyethylene, 0.07 mm thick wax paper laminated with polyethylene, 0.23 mm thick unsupported polyvinyl chloride and 0.44 mm thick polyvinyl chloride treated cloth coated with aluminium paint on the cloth side, were the least permeable. Proper screening of commercially available polymer films before their use for fumigation is emphasised. The discussion of the results attempts to rank the films or laminates on the basis of their relative permeability of phosphine. The physicochemical principles of permeability and rapid evaluation method for assessing the performance of flexible film barriers are also discussed.
Fenbendazole. II. Biological properties and activity
Authors: Düwel Dieter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFenbendazole has a broad spectrum of activity against immature and adult helminths of the intestinal tract and lungs at an oral dose of 5–7.5 mg/kg. This compound has a wide margin of safety in domestic animals without teratogenic side effects. Data are given on metabolism, mode of action and excretion.
Degradation of the pyrethroid insecticide WL 41706, (±)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, in soils
Authors: Roberts Terry R. , Standen Mervyn E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe degradation of the insecticide WL 41706, (±)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, (I), in two soils from Spain and one from the UK has been studied in the laboratory. Samples of (I) labelled separately with 14C in the benzyl ring (uniform labelling) and at C(1) of the cyclopropyl ring were used. The insecticide underwent degradation by hydrolysis at the cyano group to form the amide and carboxylic acid analogues. However, the major degradative route was hydrolysis at the ester linkage leading initially to the formation of 3‐phenoxy‐benzoic acid and 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid. When a sandy clay soil was treated with [benzyl−14C]‐WL 41706 under balance conditions, 14CO2 was evolved at a steady rate and 16 % of the applied radiolabel was detected as 14CO2 over a 26 week period. The rate of degradation of I was most rapid on a moist sandy clay (loss of 50 % initial quantity in 4 weeks) but it was considerably slower on dry sandy clay and moist clay soils (> 16 weeks). Under flooded, anaerobic conditions the rate of hydrolysis of the insecticide was slower than under aerobic conditions and the 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid and 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid were found to accumulate over the 24 weeks of the experiment.
Actions of isothiocyanates on the central nervous system of Periplaneta americana
Authors: Sattelle David B. , Callec Jean‐Jacques 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple sucrose‐gap method for determining the effects of neurotoxicants on the insect central nervous system is used to investigate the mode of action of various isothiocyanates which are known potent inhibitors of insect choline acetyltransferase. The application of 2‐isothiocyanatoethyltrimethylammonium iodide to desheathed sixth abdominal ganglia of Periplaneta americana produces rapid effects on synaptic transmission at the cercal‐nerve, giant‐fibre synapses. Monitoring effects on the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and changes of resistance and potential of the postsynaptic membrane indicate that this compound acts primarily on the postsynaptic membrane. Similar actions are noted for other isothiocyanates investigated.
A note on the persistence of phosfolan on cotton leaves and glass surfaces under field conditions
Authors: Belal Mohammed H. , Fahmy Hosni S. M. , Abdallah Mounir D. , Awad Toson M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study of phosfolan deposited from sprays indicated that most of it is degraded within a week in the presence of light and air. It disappears more rapidly on cotton leaves than on glass because much of it migrates into the leaf interior within 7 h of application. Degradation within the leaf proceeds more slowly than on the leaf surface or on glass.
Assessing the efficiencies of low and high volume methods of applying pesticides to tobacco
Authors: Cole James S. , Zvenyika Zvenyika 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLow volume carbendazim sprays (25–100 litre/ha) applied with a knapsack mistblower fitted with twin nozzles or a mesh diffuser were compared with high volume sprays (760 litre/ha) from three pairs of ‘Spraying Systems’ Y6 nozzles on the vertical boom of a knapsack pressure sprayer. The carbendazim concentration and total amount deposited were measured by thin‐layer chromatography and bioassay. The twin nozzles, which directed two spray streams 50° apart, deposited most fungicide on the plants using 100 litre/ha, and in two experiments 76 and 80% of theoretical amounts applied per plant were detected in or on the leaves. At 25 litre/ha, the distribution was less uniform and the deposit efficiency was 74%. The mesh diffuser at 100 litre/ha was less efficient; where the spray was directed between and parallel to the rows of tobacco the deposits were 26 and 42% of the total carbendazim applied, whereas directing the spray at an angle of about 45° towards the rows of tobacco increased the deposit to 57%. Sprays applied at a pressure of 410 kPa (4.1 bar) from Y6 nozzles deposited only 16% of the active ingredient onto the leaves. Better control of powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum was obtained with dinocap using the mesh diffuser than with either the Y6 nozzles or with dusts from a motorised duster.
Metabolism of [2,5‐14c]piperazine in barley plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Decallonne Jacques R. , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe shoots of barley plants root‐treated with [2,5‐14C]piperazine were analysed 30 days after treatment. Methanol extraction left a solid residue which contained 31.9% of 14C (all percentages refer to the total of 14C incorporated into the shoots); further extraction with acidified methanol and dimethyl sulphoxide dissolved respectively 3.2% and 5.8% of 14C. The initial methanol extract contained radioactive piperazine (16.8%), iminodiacetic acid (8.6%), glycine (15.4%), oxalic acid (7.2%), and un‐identified compounds (20.1%). In barley, piperazine is the product of the most advanced metabolism so far identified of the fungicide triforine, 1,4‐bis(2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐formamidoethyl)piperazine; the results obtained here show that piperazine is certainly not the end‐product of the metabolism of triforine in barley.
Inhibition of biological hydrolysis of parathion in rice straw‐amended flooded soil and its reversal by nitrogen compounds and aerobic conditions
Authors: Rajaram K. P. , Rao Y. R. , Sethunathan N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of nitrogen compounds and moisture regimes on the inhibition of the biological hydrolysis of parathion in rice straw‐amended soil under flooded conditions was studied. Single applications of rice straw, potassium nitrate or ammonium sulphate to the flooded soil, inoculated with parathion‐hydrolysing enrichment culture, inhibited the hydrolysis of the insecticide; the inhibition was reversed, however, in combined applications of rice straw with potassium nitrate or with ammonium sulphate. Aqueous extracts of rice straw‐amended soils incubated under flooded undisturbed conditions as well as at 100% moisture inhibited the hydrolysis. The inhibitory factor was not formed in rice straw‐amended flooded soils incubated at 50 and 75% moisture levels.
Conversion rates of aldicarb and its oxidation products in soils. III. Aldicarb
Authors: Smelt Johan H. , Leistra Minze , Houx Norbert W. H. , Dekker Abraham 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAldicarb was incubated in seven soils at 15°C and its loss was well described by first‐order kinetics. Rate constants varied between 0.078 day−1 in a peaty sand to 0.35 day−1 in a clay loam. The concentration‐time relationships for aldicarb, its sulphoxide and its sulphone were approximated by a computation model which was used to analyse the importance of the various consecutive and simultaneous reactions. It was computed that 91 to 100% of the aldicarb would be oxidised to its sulphoxide.
Residues of diuron and phytotoxic degradation products in aquatic situations. II. Diuron in irrigation water
Authors: Bowmer Kathleen H. , Adeney John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen diuron is used as a soil‐residual herbicide in irrigation canals, water quality is protected in standard practice by ‘flushing’–the diversion of the first discharge of water to the drainage system before irrigation is resumed. In three canals treated with diuron at about 40–45 kg ha−1, flushing for 4 h was relatively inefficient, removing 15% or less of the residual diuron in the sediment. In one other canal approximately 40% was removed during flushing. Cumulative loss of diuron was proportional to the square root of the time of water discharge. The effect of the time interval between treatment and flushing was investigated in trials on soils of typically heavy texture. When flushing closely followed treatment about 6 kg diuron ha−1 was removed but in three trials, for a range of times from treatment of 5–15 weeks, losses were similar and about 2.5 kg ha−1, suggesting that a restriction of longer than 5 weeks is unlikely to reduce contamination. In a contrasting soil of sandier texture greater movement of diuron away from the sediment surface probably contributed to a five‐fold reduction of diuron extracted in flushing. These data were used to calculate the effects of flushing time on both the concentrations of diuron in water discharged to drains for subsequent re‐use and the concentrations in the irrigation water, to aid assessment of hazard to crops. Flushing times required for residues in water to reach 0.1 μg ml−1, calculated by extrapolation, were in the order of days so that it may be necessary to restrict the use of diuron to farms which can retain the discharge water within their own boundaries, or to areas where dilution in receiving waters can be shown to be adequate.
Controlled release of pheromones
Authors: Campion Derek G. , Lester Ralph , Nesbitt Brenda F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInsect pheromones, in particular sex pheromones, are becoming increasingly important in pest management. As they are both expensive to synthesise and biologically very active, efficient means of controlled release are essential if they are to be used effectively and economically in the field. Pheromone‐baited traps can be used for monitoring insect pest populations and for this purpose a long‐lasting attractant source with release rate closely simulating that of the insect is required. A second approach involves permeation of the atmosphere with attractant or inhibitory components of sex pheromones in order to disrupt communication between the sexes and thus reduce mating and diminish subsequent larval infestations. For this method to be effective is necessary to maintain the pheromone concentration in treatment areas at a suitably high level for several weeks. The two approaches have led to the development of different kinds of dispensing systems. To provide an attractant source in traps, pheromones have been incorporated into solid polymers, notably polythene and rubber, whilst for communication disruption, microencapsulation and ‘hollow fibre’ techniques have been developed. Recent advances are reviewed and future prospects discussed.
The symbiotes of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) in strains resistant and susceptible to demeton‐S‐methyl
Authors: Ball Brenda V. , Bailey Leslie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe lengths of individual symbiotes and the numbers of these per unit area in ultrathin sections of the mycetomes did not differ significantly between strains of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) that were resistant or susceptible to demeton‐S‐methyl in Britain. This is contrary to observations made in Germany on the symbiotes of similar aphids resistant or susceptible to parathion.
A gas‐chromatographic method for the determination of dichlorvos in air
Authors: Bryant Richard J. , Minett William 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA sensitive, specific and convenient method for the determination of dichlorvos in air is described. The method involves the use of glass tubes containing potassium nitrate for trapping dichlorvos vapour from the air and flame‐photometric gas chromatography for the determination of dichlorvos. The recovery of dichlorvos is 80% and the coefficient of variation for the method is 10%. The method gives results which compare favourably with those obtained by the Drechsel bottle procedure. In addition, the method requires only low sample volumes and can be applied to determine levels of dichlorvos in confined spaces. The sampling flow rate is not critical but storage of the sampling tubes below room temperature prior to analysis is necessary.
A comparison of the efficiency of sprays of two drop‐size ranges in an apple orchard
Authors: Allen John G. , Butt Denis J. , Dicker Gerald H. L. , Hunter Laurence D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA two‐season trial of a mist blower‐sprayer with improved air‐flow characteristics was made to assess the relative efficiency of 120 and 180 μm mass median diameter (MMD) drop‐size sprays for the control of apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and fruit tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch) in a hedgerow‐type apple orchard. The principal pesticide was binapacryl, applied at two rates for each drop‐size. Under typical commercial conditions the smaller drop‐size approximately halved the incidence of apple mildew found when the conventional 180 μm MMD drop‐size spray was used; there was no conclusive advantage against red spider mite. Unexpectedly large variations occurred in the deposits from the weekly applications and were related to the humidity during spraying.
Hydrolysis of the wild oat herbicides flamprop‐methyl, flamprop‐ethyl, flamprop‐isopropyl and benzoylprop‐ethyl
Authors: Grayson B. Terence , Stokes Sylvia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractKinetic measurements of the hydrolysis rates of flamprop‐methyl, flamprop‐ethyl,a flamprop‐isopropyl and benzoylprop‐ethyl have been carried out and the hydrolysis products analysed. The similarity of the data to that obtained from the hydrolysis of alkyl acetates show that these esters are hydrolysed by bimolecular acyl bond fission in both acidic and basic media. No buffer or salt effects on the rates were observed. The hydroxyl ion rates were approximately 10000 times faster than the protoncatalysed rates, so that optimum stability is found in solutions of pH 4. Equations are given to calculate hydrolysis rates when the pH exceeds 4 at ambient temperatures.
Permeation of organic molecules of widely differing solubilities and of water through isolated cuticles of orange leaves
Authors: Davis David G. , Mullins Jeanette S. , Stolzenberg Gary E. , Booth Gordon D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWater penetrated through isolated leaf cuticles of dwarf orange (Citrus mitis Blanco, ‚Calamondin’︁) as undissociated molecules because both [18O] water (1H218O) and HTO (1H3H16O) permeated at the same rate. HTO penetrated to 3 to 21% of the theoretical equilibrium value (TEV) in an unstirred system within 10 days for astomatous cuticles and 50 to 60% of TEV for stomatous cuticles. The permeability coefficient (k) of HTO through astomatous cuticles at 25°C was 6.8 × 10−7 cm s−1. Two highly water‐soluble 14C‐labelled compounds, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and 1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ylamine [aminotriazole (BSI) or amitrole (ISO)], and two nearly water‐insoluble 14C‐labelled compounds, 1‐naphthyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl) and 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline (dicloran), were compared to HTO as a reference standard in permeation studies. All four organic molecules permeated without decomposing. The relative k values for TCA, aminotriazole, carbaryl, HTO and dicloran were 0.32, 0.47, 0.71, 1.0, and 1.5 respectively. Although this suggested that the permeation of organic molecules may be inversely related to water solubility, this could not be established with certainty due to large variations in the data. The k values were obtained for 12 other organic compounds through a variety of biological and model membranes or were calculated from the literature. Any relationships between k and various molecular characteristics were unclear because a wide variety of cuticle sources and experimental design was used by different investigators working in this area. The calculation of k is considered essential in all permeability studies so that comparisons can be made between laboratories.
Uptake of the systemic fungicide triadimefon by clover and its effect on symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Authors: Fisher David J. , Pickard John A. , McKenzie Carol M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractClover is frequently grown in rotation with cereals in order to increase soil nitrogen. The systemic fungicide triadimefon, widely used against cereal pathogens, is readily taken up from soil by clover and degraded to a single major metabolite. Plant weight and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium trijolii are affected only by concentrations of triadimefon in soil that are much in excess of those likely to be encountered in practice. Triadimefon residues are thus unlikely to affect nitrogen fixation by clover under field conditions.
O‐ethyl O‐isopropyl O‐(5‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl) phosphorothioate, a new experimental insecticide and acaricide
Authors: Konec̆ýa Václav , Varkonda Štefan , Kovac̆ic̆ová Jana , Bátora Vojtech , Vargová Mária 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe insecticidal and acaricidal action, anti‐cholinesterase activity and toxicity to rats of a new experimental pesticide, O‐ethyl O‐isopropyl O‐(5‐methoxy‐1‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐1H‐pyridazin‐4‐yl) phosphorothioate (I), and those of some by‐products found in the technical material, are described. High insecticidal and acaricidal effectiveness of I was found in laboratory and field trials. The activity as a soil insecticide in field trials was equal to, or greater than, that of other chemicals used at present.
Morphogenetic effects of diflubenzuron, an inhibitor of chitin deposition, on the coconut black‐headed caterpillar (Nephantis serinopa myer)
Authors: Sundaramurthy V. T. , Santhanakrishnan K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFeeding the last instar larvae of Nephantis serinopa, the coconut black‐headed caterpillar, on coconut leaves that had been dipped in diflubenzuron suspensions (0.2‐4.0 g litre−1) and dried, inhibited the moulting process and caused morphogenetic deformities of their pupae. The inhibition of moulting ranged from 27.5 to 75% The maximum effect was produced by suspensions of 4.0 g litre−1 when only 5% of the larvae survived to become adults against 97.5% of untreated larvae.