bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pollution Control in the Oil Industry - From Spindletop to Santa Barbara
Authors: Langley William D. , Dunsavage Peter M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Much of the modern character of the oil industry was established at Spindletop in the early days of the twentieth century. The industry has been a leader in technological developments since that time. But recent widely publicized incidents and the public's proper publicized incidents and the public's proper concern with cumulative contaminants in the environment have placed the industry in a defensive position. This paper presents an objective view of the industry's role in pollution control in a historical perspective and looks to its present and future efforts to preserve and improve the human environment coincident with technological progress.

Introduction
"A new engineering, a new chemistry, an awakened public opinion, and a more enlightened spirit in the industries of the country, are bringing on a new era in the control of industrial waste pollution." Editorial, Engineering News-Record, 1929 (1)
"…these activities of the various elements of industry point to the fact that industry in general is now in a much better position, but best of all is on the road to a position where the pollution controversy may cease to exist." W. B. Hart, 1946 (2)
"The same thing that characterizes mass initiative in general is true of industry; when anything goes wrong the remedy is long delayed." Amos L. Beatty, 1932 (3)
The news out of Beaumont the morning of January 10, 1901, was unprecedented in the United States. "Phenomenal" and "Incredible" were rather mild adjectives to apply to the "Solid Stream of Petroleum" rising out of the earth two hundred feet into the air at a rate later to be estimated as high as 100,000 barrels per day. For nine days the well flowed undiminished while frantic efforts were made to bring it under control. Beaumont became the scene of frenzied activity as people arrived from throughout the country to people arrived from throughout the country to profit from the dream of Patillo Higgins and the profit from the dream of Patillo Higgins and the persistence of Captain Anthony Lucas. While persistence of Captain Anthony Lucas. While few men had shared Higgins' obsession that oil would be found under Spindletop Hill, there were those who came forward with explanations after the event.
Automatic Casing Swabs: A Production System That Can Add Years of Productive Life to Wells
Authors: Cramer John W. , Wood Daniel D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper will describe the operating theory, hardware, safe operating principles, and trouble shooting of Automatic Casing Swab(ACS) tools. Ananalysis of conversions will show that ACS are a viable production tool that can be used as an initial production method or be used to add years of productive life to wells.
A brief history and the operating principles of the ACS will familiarize the reader with the complex interactions of the various well components that can affect the successful operation of ACS tools. Examples of pressure transducers mounted in an operating ACS will offer some insight into the very dynamicnature of how an ACS tool operates.
The paper will share the knowledge and experience gained through 5 years ofchoosing wells to be converted to ACS. The paper will draw on one company's experience of installing and operating over 100 ACS in Ohio, New York, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania.
A criterion will be developed that assists the operator choose the wells that have the highest potential of benefiting from ACS technology. Some of the factors considered in developing this criterion are well history, decline curve analysis, gas to fluid ratios, and pressure analysis.
A discussion of the relative strengths and weakness’ of the various components of the ACS will be offered. This will allow the operator to recognize some of the critical factors, such as pipe roughness, that cannot bepractically measured but must be considered when selecting potential conversion candidates.
The paper will review the economic impact of the 100+ ACS well conversions. The costs associated with installation and conversion, changes in operating expenses, and differing production rates are considered in the overall economic analysis of the converted wells. The analysis will show that the ACS offers an alternative method of production that can be appropriate as an initial production method as well as a tool that can potentially add years of productive life to a well.
Dewatering of Coalbed Methane Wells with Hydraulic Gas Pump
Authors: Amani M. , Juvkam-Wold H. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The coalbed methane industry has become an important source of natural gas production. Proper dewatering of coalbed methane (CBM) wells is the key to efficient gas production from these reservoirs. This paper presents the Hydraulic Gas Pump as a new alternative dewatering system for CBM wells.
The Hydraulic Gas Pump (HGP) concept offers several operational advantages for CBM wells. Gas interference does not affect its operation. It resists solids damage by eliminating the lift mechanism and reducing the number of moving parts. The HGP has a flexible production rate and is suitable for all production phases of CBM wells. It can also be designed as a wireline retrievable system. We conclude that the Hydraulic Gas Pump is a suitable dewatering system for coalbed methane wells.
Performing In-situ Stress Tests With Water in Underpressured, Low Stress Zones
Authors: Fairchild Nelson R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With the increased use of 3-D fracture simulators, the need for accurate and affordable formation stress tests has arose. One of the main factors in keeping the test cost down is conducting the stress test with water. In most formations the stress gradient is high enough (i.e. &gt; 0.433 psi/ft) that water can be used, but there are many formations (Berea, Weir, Devonian Shale) that have stress gradients lower than 0.433 psi/ft. When this situation occurs the hydrostatic pressure of the water can fracture the formation and the well goes on vacuum. This leads to problems establishing constant injection rates and pressures that are usually obtained before monitoring pressure falloff1. In the past, formations with low stress gradients used nitrogen for the test fluid, thus keeping the hydrostatic pressure below frac gradient. This method works but is extremely cost prohibited.
This paper explains the problems that can occur when testing low stress gradient formations, and procedures that can be used to gain accurate formation stress profiles using water and a downhole shutoff tool with equalizing ports.
A Systematic Experimental Study of Acid Fracture Conductivity
Authors: Beg Mirza S. , Kunak A. Oguz , Gong Ming , Zhu Ding , Hill A. Daniel 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The fracture conductivity created in the acid fracturing process is critical to the success of this stimulation method but is difcult to predict. We have conducted a series of experiments in which core samples were acidized in a cell that allows for linear flow through a vertical fracture with fluid loss through the cores. The fracture conductivity created was then measured as a function of closure stress. We find that increased acid contact time sometimes results in lower fracture conductivity, fluid loss can increase fracture conductivity, and the Nierode-Kruk correlation accurately predicts the effccts of rock embedment strength and closure stress on acid fracture conductivity. We also observed that high fracture conductivity is created when the acid forms a deep channcl in the fracture.
Chemical Removal of Formation Damage From Paraffin Deposition Part I – Solubility and Dissolution Rate
Authors: Fan Yong , Llave F. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the results of experiments conducted to evaluate the solubility and dissolution rate of paraffin in selected chemical solvents. The causes of formation damage from paraffin deposition and the methods used to control or mitigate the damage are discussed. A thermodynamic model using regular solution theory was developed to predict phase equilibrium of solvents and paraffin precipitation. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the model prediction and laboratory results when the solvent compositions are known. The kinetic approach to the dissolution rate suggests the use of pseudo-first order reaction form between the paraffin and the solvent.
Formation Damage in Horizontal Wells Caused by Polymer Mud
Authors: Krilov Z. , Wojtanowicz A. K. , Tomic M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the results of formation damage study on first horizontal well drilled and completed in Croatia. The specific problem of formation damage caused by polymer mud was evaluated in the laboratory, investigating the rock-fluid compatibility and methods for restoring the reservoir permeability around the wellbore. The source of damage was identified as a vey tough mud filtrate cake as well as the reduction of permeability inside the pore space due to mud filtrate invasion. The two stages well stimulating procedure for damage removal, consisting of soaking and injecting oxidizer, then acid, in two steps, tested in the laboratory, showed promising results.
Quantifying Acid Placement: The Key to Understanding Damage Removal in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Jones A. T. , Davies D. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The placement of acid over the entire wellbore interval can be the key to successful stimulation treatments in wells with long (often horizontal) completion intervals. This paper discusses computer simulations performed to determine how fluids are distributed in the wellbore during bullheaded and circulated acidizing treatments. One of the novel aspects of these simulations is the inclusion of wellbore effects arising from the transient flow of acid and diverter along the wellbore. The results give an insight into a possible cause of some of the poor stimulation performances observed in the field when typical volumes of low-viscosity acids were injected without diversion or selective-placement techniques. Such situations can result in the acid coming into contact with only a small fraction of the treatment interval. The simulations also show how viscosifying the acid could have improved the stimulation performance.
This paper outlines the basic concepts of the simulations and some of the general trends observed from the results. In particular, the inclusion of transient wellbore flow calls for the modification of recently published guidelines for various diversion techniques.
Prefracturing Pump-in Testing for High-Permeability Formations
Authors: Chapman B. J. , Vitthal S. , Hill L. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Several types of prefracture injection tests, such as step-rate tests and minifracs, are commonly performed for optimizing frac-pack treatments. Originally, the industry developed most of these tests to diagnose the fracturi ng behavior of low-permeability, hard-rock formations. The analysis of these tests1 with bottomhole gauge data is reported in this paper. In addition, the execution and analysis of some of these tests have been modified in recognition of the differences between higher-permeability formations as compared to conventional low-permeability, harder-strength formations.
A matrix injection-falloff test (MlFOT) is proposed that can be used to estimate the approximate permeability and skin value of the formation before the frac-pack. This test can also help users determine fluid-loss behavior and identify possible reservoir limitations under certain circumstances. Step-rate/step-down tests are commonly used as a means of determining fracture extension pressure (FEP) and closure stress as well as identifying any near-wellbore restrictions or multiple fractures. Properly analyzed minifracs measure fluid-loss behavior of the fracturing fluid and also can be used to identify special problems, such as perforation friction, tortuosity, and multiple fractures. These parameters are then used to determine fluid volumes, pump rates, and proppant addition schedules for the actual treatment. Bottomhole gauge data from several wells indicate that near-wellbore tortuosity or perforation restrictions are not a major concern for Gulf of Mexico formations. However, there is some evidence of multiple fracture propagation.
Application of Risk Analysis to Screen Exploration and Development Prospects
Authors: Sharp W.R. , Kidd R.D. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
The exploration for, and development of oil and gas reserves is one of the major risk ventures undertaken by industry. This characteristic has been recognized, and industry has been willing to accept the risk involved in order to satisfy our nation's needs for energy resources. The existence of this risk is not unique to the oil and gas industry, but its nature is quite interesting and has, therefore, been the subject of much serious study.
To clarify what we mean by risk and risk analysis, let's look at the definitions. Risk is defined as a possibility of loss; analysis is possibility of loss; analysis is defined as an examination of a complex; therefore, used jointly they would refer to the examination of a complex possibility of loss. Those involved possibility of loss. Those involved in the search for accumulations of hydrocarbons recognize that this search does involve a very complex, and quite possibly loss of time, effort, and investment.
Having recognized the risk and defined risk analysis, the next question is how to apply risk analysis to exploration and development prospects. Prior to discussing this Prior to discussing this application, it is appropriate to examine the need for risk analysis.
The proper management of any company, regardless of size, involves the establishment of, and reaching for, several goals. These goals which include profit, survival, liquidity, and leadership, must be considered in making capital investment decisions. This is true of all companies but is perhaps amplified in the management of smaller firms where less capital is available for investment.
How to Stimulate Deep Hunton and Morrow Horizons in the Anadarko Basin
Authors: Ernst E.A. , Hurst R.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The deep horizons of the Anadarko Basin pose many problems in the drilling, completion pose many problems in the drilling, completion and production of wells. This paper deals with the problems and solutions for stimulation and production maintenance. production maintenance. The weaker, less efficient organic acids were commonly used to stimulate the Hunton zone because of corrosion problems at the bottom-hole temperatures. This problem has recently been overcome by using calculated cool down fluid volumes prior to injection of acid solutions into the well. New friction reducers have been developed to reduce friction pressures during treatment and this in turn allows higher injection rates and minimizes tubing exposure to acid solutions.
The fracturing treatments, in the Morrow zone, have also been limited because of elevated temperatures adversely affecting the treating fluids. The cool down approach has been used here also in order to realize greater fluid viscosities and to provide more efficient prop transport. A new fluid system has recently prop transport. A new fluid system has recently been used in the lower Morrow where rates were limited and adequate viscosity was essential.
The production of these wells has created problems because of corrosion and scale problems because of corrosion and scale build-up that severely restricts well capabilities. Many attempts have been made to adequately control corrosion. A recently completed well was squeezed with a corrosion and scale inhibitor. This paper also deals with the latest procedures that have been used to clean up procedures that have been used to clean up scale that has created wellbore restriction and loss of production.
The Hunton and Morrow intervals are productive throughout the Texas Panhandle and in productive throughout the Texas Panhandle and in Western Oklahoma, but the most recent and extensive activity has been in Hemphill County, Texas. The main areas of concern for this paper are the Buffalo Wallow and Washita Creek paper are the Buffalo Wallow and Washita Creek gas fields.
Deep Well Tubular Design Considerations
Authors: Odum Marvin E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The tubular program of the ultra-deep well represents a major portion of the initial well costs, relates directly to probability of economically reaching projected depths and plays a continuous role in determining profitability during the well's productive life. productive life. This paper reviews, in general terms, tubular safety factor considerations, compatibility of tubular material and end finish with well environments, and hole and pipe size combinations.

Introduction
The ultra-deep well is defined as one which is 18,000 to 28,000 feet deep. Drilling and completion technology for each well varies according to projected depth and anticipated downhole environment, such as high pressures, sour gas, clearance problems, etc. A particular set of conditions dictates tubular design considerations, and similar conditions found in like wells of various fields and basins; therefore, there can be a deign relationship between ultradeep wells of two different fields (Buffalo Wallow and Washita) or two different basins (Delaware and Anadarko). For this reason, a general review of leading tubular designs for areas of ultra-deep drilling should be informative.
Utilization of Density Logs to Delineate Desaturated Zones and Estimate Porosity in Cased Holes
Authors: Bishop J.M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Density and neutron logs have been used in combination to both define and discriminate between desaturated and low porosity zones in cased holes at Coalinga and Mount Poso fields. Preliminary results further indicate that Preliminary results further indicate that cased hole density log readings can be used to estimate open-hole density log readings when favorable casing - cement - hole size condition exist. This technique should have utility in evaluating old wells where porosity control is presently not available and in providing the presently not available and in providing the option to run the formation density log after casing is set when well conditions preclude running the log in the open hole.

Introduction
Many shallow oil fields in the San Joaquin Valley of California are plagued with extensive reservoir liquid desaturation caused by gravity drainage and/or reservoir cementation. Since both conditions have a profound effect on the planning and ultimate success of supplemental planning and ultimate success of supplemental recovery projects, a considerable amount of engineering effort has been expended to determine the location and degree of reservoir desaturation and cementation.
Knowledge concerning the location and extent A desaturated and cemented zones is generally available on only the relatively few wells which have been recently drilled and logged with both resistivity and porosity devices. This unfortunate state of affairs has occurred because: 1. Many wells were drilled before the advent of wireline logging, 2. Many logged wells have only a resistivity record, which alone cannot be used to discriminate between desaturated and cemented zones, and 3. Much of the desaturation occurred after the drilling of the majority of the wells.
Many fields have been, or are nearly, fully developed; thus information concerning desaturation and cementation must be derived from the existing cased holes. Cased-hole gamma ray-neutron logs can be successfully used to define sands and shales and to locate porous, liquid-filled zones. However, the neutron log cannot, in general, discriminate between liquid-filled zones of decreasing porosity and porous zones that are desaturated to varying degrees. The problem of discriminating between such zones is problem of discriminating between such zones is solved in the open hole by running a neutron log with either the sonic or density log and crossplotting the apparent log porosities. No such technique has been previously available in cased holes.
The density log was developed and has been utilized strictly as an open-hole logging device.
The Effect of Temperature on Water - Oil Imbibition Relative Permeability
Authors: Ehrlich Robert 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Silica or limestone porous materials in contact with pure hydrocarbon liquids are strongly hydrophilic. When naturally occurring surface active materials are present in the liquid, they are adsorbed at the solid surface, rendering it less hydrophilic. If the concentration of such material is sufficient, the oil-water-matrix contact angle can be significantly greater than zero. The effect of increasing temperature in such a system will usually be to shift the adsorption equilibrium causing desorption of surface active material and a decrease in contact angle.
A simple geometrical model of a porous medium is used to approximate the effect of variation in wettability, as characterized by the oil-water-matrix contact angle, on imbibition relative permeability. Based on this model and other considerations, we conclude that the following trends will occur in a series of isothermal water floods with temperature increasing;
oil-water-matrix contact angle decreases to zero; residual oil saturation decreases; the ratio krw/kro at a fixed water saturation can increase for materials with a low residual oil saturation such as unconsolidated sands; the ratio krw/kro at a fixed water saturation decreases for materials with a high residual oil saturation such as consolidated sands.
Experimental observations of these conclusions are reported in the literature.
A method is presented for the correction of imbibition relative permeability curves to compensate for changes in temperature, based on the model developed.
Case Histories Of Carbonated Waterfloods In Dewey-Bartlesville Field
Authors: Hickok C.W. , Ramsay H.J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Commercial carbonated waterfloods (Orcofloods) are being carried out in Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas. Three of these unique floods were initiated in the Dewey-Bartlesville Field, Washington County, Northeast Oklahoma.
The carbonated floods are surrounded by conventional waterfloods in the same reservoir, thus making possible a direct comparison of ultimate oil recovery, water injectivity, and flood life. Increased oil recovery, increased water injectivity, and shorter flood life are economically benefits obtained from the carbonated floods.
Two of these carbonated waterfloods (initiated in 1958) are now almost depleted, thus enabling predictions of ultimate oil recovery. And for comparison, conventional waterfloods (initiated in 1953) which are immediately South and West of the carbonated floods, have progressed to the point where ultimate oil recovery also can be estimated.