bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The nucleotide receptor P2RX7 mediates ATP-induced CREB activation in human and murine monocytic cells
Authors: Gavala Monica L , Pfeiffer Zachary A , Bertics Paul J 
Published: July 2008

AbstractNucleotide receptors serve as sensors of extracellular ATP and are important for immune function. The nucleotide receptor P2RX7 is a cell-surface, ligand-gated cation channel that has been implicated in many diseases, including arthritis, granuloma formation, sepsis, and tuberculosis. These disorders are often exacerbated by excessive mediator release from activated macrophages in the inflammatory microenvironment. Although P2RX7 activation can modulate monocyte/macrophage-induced inflammatory events, the relevant molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Previous studies suggest that MAPK cascades and transcriptional control via CREB-linked pathways regulate the inflammatory capacity of monocytic cells. As P2RX7 promotes MAPK activation and inflammatory mediator production, we examined the involvement MAPK-induced CREB activation in P2RX7 action. Our data reveal that stimulation of multiple monocytic cell lines with P2RX7 agonists induces rapid CREB phosphorylation. In addition, we observed a lack of nucleotide-induced CREB phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 cells expressing nonfunctional P2RX7 and a gain of nucleotide-induced CREB phosphorylation in human embryonic kidney-293 cells that heterologously express human P2RX7. Furthermore, our results indicate that P2RX7 agonist-induced CREB phosphorylation is partly mediated via Ca2+ fluxes and the MEK/ERK system. Mechanistic analyses revealed that macrophage stimulation with a P2RX7 agonist induces CREB/CREB-binding protein complex formation, which is necessary for CREB transcriptional activation. Also, we demonstrate that P2RX7 activation induces a known CREB-dependent gene (c-fos) and that dominant-negative CREB constructs attenuate this response. These studies support the idea that P2RX7 stimulation can directly regulate protein expression that is not dependent on costimulation with other immune modulators such as LPS.
LiveLactobacillus rhamnosusandStreptococcus pyogenesdifferentially regulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene expression in human primary macrophages
Authors: Miettinen Minja , Veckman Ville , Latvala Sinikka , Sareneva Timo , Matikainen Sampsa , Julkunen Ilkka 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMacrophages are phagocytes that recognize bacteria and subsequently activate appropriate innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are essential in identifying conserved bacterial structures and in initiating and mediating innate immune responses. In this work, we have characterized TLR gene expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages in response to stimulation with two live Gram-positive bacteria, a human commensal and probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), and an important human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. LGG and S. pyogenes enhanced TLR2 expression in macrophages. LGG and S. pyogenes also required TLR2 for NF-κB activation. Only pathogenic S. pyogenes was able to up-regulate TLR3 and TLR7 gene expression. This up-regulation was dependent on IFN-α/β, as neutralizing anti-IFN-α/β antibodies reduced S. pyogenes-induced TLR3 and TLR7 mRNA expression. Our results show that despite similarities, TLR responses of macrophages differ for a Gram-positive probiotic and a pathogen. Our data suggest that macrophages can discriminate between probiotic and pathogenic bacteria by IFN-mediated TLR gene regulation.
Role of KRAS and EGFR As Biomarkers of Response to Erlotinib in National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study BR.21
Authors: Zhu Chang-Qi , da Cunha Santos Gilda , Ding Keyue , Sakurada Akira , Cutz Jean-Claude , Liu Ni , Zhang Tong , Marrano Paula , Whitehead Marlo , Squire Jeremy A. , Kamel-Reid Suzanne , Seymour Lesley , Shepherd Frances A. , Tsao Ming-Sound 
Published: July 2008

Purpose To evaluate the effect of KRAS and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genotype on the response to erlotinib treatment in the BR.21, placebo-controlled trial. Patients and Methods We analyzed 206 tumors for KRAS mutation, 204 tumors for EGFR mutation, and 159 tumors for EGFR gene copy by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). We reanalyzed EGFR deletion/mutation using two highly sensitive techniques that detect abnormalities in samples with 5% to 10% tumor cellularity. KRAS mutation was analyzed by direct sequencing. Results Thirty patients (15%) had KRAS mutations, 34 (17%) had EGFR exon 19 deletion or exon 21 L858R mutations, and 61 (38%) had high EGFR gene copy (FISH positive). Response rates were 10% for wild-type and 5% for mutant KRAS (P = .69), 7% for wild-type and 27% for mutant EGFR (P = .03), and 5% for EGFR FISH-negative and 21% for FISH-positive patients (P = .02). Significant survival benefit from erlotinib therapy was observed for patients with wild-type KRAS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69, P = .03) and EGFR FISH positivity (HR = 0.43, P = .004) but not for patients with mutant KRAS (HR = 1.67, P = .31), wild-type EGFR (HR = 0.74, P = .09), mutant EGFR (HR = 0.55, P = .12), and EGFR FISH negativity (HR = 0.80, P = .35). In multivariate analysis, only EGFR FISH-positive status was prognostic for poorer survival (P = .025) and predictive of differential survival benefit from erlotinib (P = .005). Conclusion EGFR mutations and high copy number are predictive of response to erlotinib. EGFR FISH is the strongest prognostic marker and a significant predictive marker of differential survival benefit from erlotinib.
Tumor Metabolism and Blood Flow Changes by Positron Emission Tomography: Relation to Survival in Patients Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Dunnwald Lisa K. , Gralow Julie R. , Ellis Georgiana K. , Livingston Robert B. , Linden Hannah M. , Specht Jennifer M. , Doot Robert K. , Lawton Thomas J. , Barlow William E. , Kurland Brenda F. , Schubert Erin K. , Mankoff David A. 
Published: July 2008

Purpose Patients with locally advanced breast carcinoma (LABC) receive preoperative chemotherapy to provide early systemic treatment and assess in vivo tumor response. Serial positron emission tomography (PET) has been shown to predict pathologic response in this setting. We evaluated serial quantitative PET tumor blood flow (BF) and metabolism as in vivo measurements to predict patient outcome. Patients and Methods Fifty-three women with primary LABC underwent dynamic [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and [15O]water PET scans before and at midpoint of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The FDG metabolic rate (MRFDG) and transport (FDG K1) parameters were calculated; BF was estimated from the [15O]water study. Associations between BF, MRFDG, FDG K1, and standardized uptake value and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results Patients with persistent or elevated BF and FDG K1 from baseline to midtherapy had higher recurrence and mortality risks than patients with reductions. In multivariable analyses, BF and FDG K1 changes remained independent prognosticators of DFS and OS. For example, in the association between BF and mortality, a patient with a 5% increase in tumor BF had a 67% higher mortality risk compared with a patient with a 5% decrease in tumor BF (hazard ratio = 1.67; 95% CI, 1.24 to 2.24; P < .001). Conclusion LABC patients with limited or no decline in BF and FDG K1 experienced higher recurrence and mortality risks that were greater than the effects of clinical tumor characteristics. Tumor perfusion changes over the course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy measured directly by [15O]water or indirectly by dynamic FDG predict DFS and OS.
Comparison of numerical and ultrasonic techniques for quantifying interference fit pressures
Authors: Lewis R , Yoxall A , Marshall M B 
Published: July 2008

Press fits are commonly used in manufactured assemblies, components, and machines. For example railway wheels are press or shrink fitted onto axles. Railway axles occasionally fail by fatigue resulting from the alternating rotating bending loading. The site of the fatigue crack initiation is commonly at the location of the press fit. Therefore, a good understanding is needed of the press-fit region, particularly where stress-raising effects are caused by, for example, large changes in geometry. Analytical techniques are unable to predict stresses in these areas. In this work, an ultrasonic technique was used to measure the contact stresses in a real shaft—sleeve contact. The results were compared with finite-element models of the same components. The results from the two techniques compared well both in the centre of the fit and around the edges where the stresses were raised. Both showed good correlation with the analytical Lamé solution away from the edges. The two techniques could therefore be combined in a design tool to help remove problems with edge effects that could lead to mechanical failures.
Michail Šolochovs Realismus
Authors: Beitz Willi 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Mikhail Sholokhov's realism must be seen not only, as usual, in the classic tradition (especially that of Lev Tolstoy), but also in its connection to art and philosophy of modern age. The analysis of the novel The Quiet Don indicates not only certain elements of impressionism, but also a certain affinity to Nietzschean philosophy – especially in the daring life of Grigory Melekhov, the main hero, with extreme situations handled in Dionysian spirit. Based on a moral sensibility of high degree and on a sharpened perception the author puts out central questions of human being and humanity in the Age of Extremes (Hobsbawm).
Studien zu den Namen der Melisse im Bulgarischen, im Vergleich mit anderen slawischen Sprachen
Authors: Theißen Ulrich 
Published: July 2008

Summary
The botanical name of Lemon Balm (Melissa) and most names for this old medicinal plant in Slavonic languages refer to beekeeping, bees and the production of honey: in antiquity and Middle Ages Lemon Balm was used as attractant and for healing insect bites. Soon the curative properties on heart and nervous system were also discovered. The names for Melissa in Bulgarian and in other Slavonic langues, if not derived from this botanical term, refer to the citrus flavour of the leaves, to the queen bee, the beehive and the beehive maker, to honey and the attracting of bees. But these popular names are also used for other labiates.
Zum Stand der in Moskau erscheinenden beiden altrussischen Wörterbücher
Authors: Eckert Rainer 
Published: July 2008

Summary
The article deals with the history and the current situation of the edition of the Old Russian historical dictionaries. In the last years since prof. V. B. Krys'ko took on the editorship of both dictionaries a lot of measures had been undertaken to improve and to accelerate the editorial work. As additions to the dictionaries are mentioned two phraseological units from the 15 th century sokolom vorony imatь and kudy socha chodila i toporъ, i kosa, i ženь are mentioned.
Ditransitive Verben – ein Problemfall im Bulgarischen?1
Authors: Junghanns Uwe , Lenertová Denisa 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Slavic languages show differences in the syntactic realization of arguments of ditransitive verbs as, e.g., give. While Czech and Russian use dative indirect objects (IOs) which precede the direct object (DO), IOs of ditransitives in Bulgarian are marked by a preposition-like element na and follow the DO. Within a framework assuming that Argument Structure is a component part of verbal lexical entries (cf. Bierwisch 1996, a.o.) and syntactic structure of the VP is projected from the lexicon depending on the argument hierarchy, the question arises what is the basic linearization of arguments of ditransitives in Russian, Czech, and Bulgarian. We will argue that the two structures attested in the languages under investigation do not correspond to what has become known as Dative Alternation in English and that there is no need for specific semantic representations for Bulgarian ditransitives. In the relevant cases, the hierarchy of argument variables is changed through application of a semantic template. This accounts for the unmarked DO > IO order in Bulgarian.
Evidenz für syntaktische Nullen aus dem Burgenlandkroatischen, Polnischen, Russischen und Slovenischen: Merkmalsausstattung, Merkmalshierarchien und morphologische Defaults
Authors: Szucsich Luka 
Published: July 2008

Summary
In the present paper, I investigate different types of impersonal sentences in Slavic languages focusing on impersonal sentences with accusative internal arguments (objects). These constructions pose various questions concerning selectional properties of the categories involved in the syntactic derivation of the respective sentences and concerning the licensing of morphological markers, esp. of the accusative of internal arguments and of the dative of quasi-subjects with certain types of reflexive impersonals. I will discuss these issues in the first two sections following the introduction claiming that at least the main (verbal) predicates of impersonals sentences with accusative internal arguments also select a semantically bleached, phonetically null external argument. The arguments for this analysis involve both theoretical and empirical considerations. In section 4, I will briefly turn to the impersonal morphological markers of verbal and nominal predicates. I will propose a default mechanism for the impersonal variant relying on feature hierarchies and markedness rejecting an agreement analysis with the phonetically null external argument.
„Lexical Bootstrapping” Hypothese und bilingualer Erstspracherwerb (Am Beispiel einer Longitudinalstudie eines russisch-deutschsprachigen Kindes)1
Authors: Dieser Elena 
Published: July 2008

Summary
The present study tests the lexical bootstrapping hypothesis using the first language acquisition data of a bilingual Russian-German-speaking child. Emphasis was placed on (1) the early development of infinitives and (2) the acquisition of the first person (1.P.) (I-concept), especially within the construction “personal prounoun (1.P. Sg.) + verb (1.P.Sg.)”. In both of these cases, an asymmetrical process was documented for German and Russian.
The phenomena described indicate that the process of language learning includes a lexeme-specific phase (e.g. a chunk-phase). These constructions are transferable to similar types of cases within the same language only after enough lexeme-specific forms have been learned. At the beginning of language acquisition, what is learned in one language can not automatically be applied in the grammatical constructions of the other language.
Die Rede Präsident Putins auf der Münchner Sicherheitskonferenz 2007
Authors: Radünzel Claudia 
Published: July 2008

Summary
The present article is a contribution to the linguistic analysis of Russian political texts, based on the speech delivered by President Vladimir Putin at the 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy in February 2007. The study demonstrates various characteristic features of this text, e. g. a strongly speaker-oriented formulation style. Special attention is given to Putin's debate about political forces like the United States and the NATO, using selected examples like the discussion about an antiballistic missile defence system in Europe or the NATO eastward enlargement.
„Ich kannte euch nicht – Juden”: Der jüdische Aufstand und die Figur des Barchob in Cyprian Norwids epischer Dichtung „Quidam” (1857/1863)1
Authors: Fieguth Rolf 
Published: July 2008

Summary
The action of Quidam is set in Hadrian's Rome. Public and private hysteria rises due to the Jewish war 132-135 p. Chr., but also to a conflict between Hadrian's religion policy and its Greek, Jewish and Christian opponents. The Jewish uprising is confronted to Greek non opposition and to the Christian way of opposition by public faith witnesses. It is raised to the role of a ‘motor’ in a ruined epic machine, and hints to modern Polish (or other nations') uprisings. Barchob (Bar-Kokhba?) is shown as a Roman Jew's disciple, secret admirer of Christian courage, friend of Alexander, the poem's main person; as a messianic fighter in Judea; and finally as an advocate of interreligious solidarity. “Quidam” is a “przypowieść”, a “para-novel” with a ruined narrative time structure, and a “parable” which answers strangely to Chateaubriand's demand for Christianity epics, forming an allegory also of modern civilisation, police state, public opinion, modern conflictual cultural and religious pluralism, modern individualism, scepticism and altruism.
„Eine Arbeitsnorm für sich, eine für Pavka!” Sozialdisziplinierung im Stalinismus mittels Literatur und Literaturkritik sowie antidisziplinäre Lektüren
Authors: Uffelmann Dirk 
Published: July 2008

Summary
The article is devoted to the reception of Nikolai Ostrovskii's sots-realist novel How the Steel Was Tempered. It confronts the official intention of social control with anti-disciplinary mechanisms of reception (Certeau). Focussing on the secularized model of Christ-like self-humiliation (Phil 2,7) as represented by the protagonist Pavka Korchagin, the author attempts to show that in the actual reception of Ostrovskii's novel the seemingly dysfunctional Christological features of the prototypical sots-realist hero allowed the Soviet readers to identify themselves more with Pavka's particular faults and defects than with the ideology of sacrifice for the sake of a collective group which remains difficult to grasp. The tension between the officially orchestrated glorification of Korchagin as a monolithic hero and the anthropology of weakness inherent in the anti-disciplinary reception repeats the Christological paradox of inferiority and glory.
Human chorionic gonadotropin measurements in parathyroid carcinoma
Authors: Rubin Mishaela R , Bilezikian John P , Birken Steven , Silverberg Shonni J 
Published: July 2008

ObjectivePreoperatively, it is difficult to differentiate between parathyroid cancer (PtCa) and severe primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) due to a benign tumor. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a tumor marker in trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic cancers and hyperglycosylated hCG is increased in hCG-secreting malignancies. We investigated whether hCG can distinguish PtCa cancer from benign disease and add prognostic information.DesignObservational study.MethodsMeasurement of urinary hCG (total and malignant isoforms) and serum malignant hCG in 8 subjects with PtCa and in 18 subjects with PHPT (measurement of urine in ten and serum in eight).ResultsTotal urinary hCG was normal in the benign PHPT control subjects (range: 0–17 fmol/mg Cr; nl<50). In the PtCa subjects, three had normal total urinary hCG levels and survived complication free for at least 2 years; three had persistently elevated total urinary hCG levels (range: 217–1986 fmol/mg Cr) and sustained hip fracture (n=3) and died (n=2) within 3 and 6 months respectively; two had a rise in total urinary hCG and had hip fracture (n=1) and died (n=2) within 4 and 10 months respectively. Elevated urinary hCG was of the malignant hyperglycosylated isoform. Serum malignant hyperglycosylated hCG values in all of the cancer patients exceeded the maximal serum malignant hCG level of the PHPT subjects with benign disease (3.77 pmol/l).ConclusionhCG, especially its hyperglycosylated isoform, might add diagnostic and prognostic information in PtCa. Further studies would help to elucidate the role of hCG as a potential tumor marker in this disease.
Low dose cabergoline for hyperprolactinaemia is not associated with clinically significant valvular heart disease
Authors: Wakil Ammar , Rigby Alan S , Clark Andrew L , Kallvikbacka-Bennett Anna , Atkin Stephen L 
Published: July 2008

ObjectiveRecent trials suggest that using ergot-derived dopamine agonists such as cabergoline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is associated with an increased risk of valvular heart disease. However, the dose of cabergoline used to treat hyperprolactinaemia is considerably less than that used in Parkinson's disease.Design and methodsA cross-sectional comparative assessment. Forty-four patients treated with cabergoline for hyperprolactinaemia underwent transthoracic echocardiography and were compared with 566 sequential subjects complaining of palpitations, taken from a contemporary echocardiography database.ResultsThe mean cumulative dose of cabergoline in the cases was 311 mg. There was no significant, severe or moderate, right- or left-sided valvular regurgitation in either group. Left heart: in the mitral and aortic valves, the rate of mild and trivial valvular regurgitation was not different between the two groups. Right heart: mild tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation on colour Doppler alone was increased significantly in the cabergoline group, odds ratios of 3.1 and 7.8 respectively (95% confidence interval 1.0–9.6 and 0.8–78.4, P=0.04 and P<0.0001 respectively).ConclusionCabergoline at doses sufficient to suppress hyperprolactinaemia for a period of 3–4 years is not associated with an increased risk of clinically significant valvular regurgitation.
Dual bronchial carcinoids and Cushing's syndrome with a paradoxical response to dexamethasone and a false positive outcome of inferior petrosal sinus sampling
Authors: Burman Pia , Lethagen ÅsaLinda , Ivancev Krasnodar , Johansson Leif , Sundin Anders 
Published: July 2008

ContextEstablishing the cause of Cushing's syndrome (CS) can be a considerable challenge, in particular in ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome, and often requires a combination of biochemical tests and imaging procedures.SubjectA 27-year-old man presented with signs of CS. P-ACTH levels were three times above the upper limit of normal (ULN) and free urinary cortisol around 2000 nmol/24 h. The work-up showed remarkable results.ResultsA 2-day low-dose dexamethasone suppression test demonstrated paradoxical increases in cortisol. Sampling from the bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) showed a central to peripheral ACTH ratio of 4.7 after corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation, i.e. indicated pituitary disease, but magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary was normal. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the lungs showed two oval-shaped masses, 1.3×1.8 and 1.3×2 cm, in the middle lobe. Both were positive at somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, compatible with tumors or inflammatory lesions. Subsequently, 11C-5-hydroxytryptophan-PET showed distinct uptake in the tumors but not elsewhere. Two carcinoids situated 3 cm apart, both staining for ACTH, were removed at surgery.ConclusionThis unique case with dual bronchial carcinoids inducing hypercortisolism illustrates the problems with identifying the source of ACTH in CS. Possibly, an abnormal regulation of ACTH production in response to dexamethasone, or steroid-induced tumor necrosis, explains the paradoxical outcome at dexamethasone suppression, and the false positive result at BIPSS reflects an unusual sensitivity of the pituitary corticotrophs to CRH in this patient. The work-up illustrates the great value of 11C-5-hydroxytryptophan-PET as a diagnostic procedure when other investigations have produced ambiguous results.