bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring and management in the Antarctic – making the link between science and policy
Authors: Reid Keith 
Published: May 2007

AbstractManagement of human impacts in the Antarctic requires an effective system of monitoring to provide information about the process being managed and the effectiveness of management actions. Human impacts arise as a result of processes that originate in the region (endogenous) and those that originate outside the region (exogenous). A number of monitoring programmes have been established in both terrestrial and marine systems to measure impacts that arise as a result of endogenous process such as fishing, tourism and research. However, most of this monitoring is surveillance monitoring, which is not linked to a specific management objective, and does not produce quantitative metrics that can be assessed and compared to agreed targets. However, defining such target levels for the Antarctic, where the aim is to minimise human impacts, is a complex process. Although potential analogues for target setting exist in other parts of the world these are generally insufficiently precautionary to be applied in the Antarctic. The challenge for scientists and policymakers working in the Antarctic is to provide quantitative measures, with agreed trigger levels, and to develop appropriate monitoring schemes to manage human impacts in the future.
Ecological responses of Antarctic krill to environmental variability: can we predict the future?
Authors: Quetin Langdon B. , Ross Robin M. , Fritsen Christian H. , Vernet Maria 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAntarctic krill are a key species in the Southern Ocean ecosystem, and their life cycle appears to be correlated with, and by implication dependent upon, seasonal sea ice dynamics. Moving from correlations with environmental parameters to an understanding of the mechanisms that lead to these correlations may allow predictions of the consequences of climate change on the distribution of favourable habitat for Antarctic krill. During winter cruises in 2001 and 2002 in the region west of the Antarctic Peninsula, one of the most rapidly warming regions on the planet, ice camps were established for periods of 3–9 days. Timing of sea ice advance, chlorophyll a concentrations in ice cores, and growth rates and pigment content of larval krill all differed significantly between winters. Growth rates and pigment content of larval krill from the same ice floe were correlated, suggesting that growth rates in winter are a function of the biomass of the sea ice microbial community. Apossible mechanism underlying the correlation between recruitment success and timing of ice advance is proposed. In conjunction with other postulated habitat requirements, this proposed mechanism allows for speculation about future changes in the geographic location of favourable habitat for Antarctic krill.
Iron supplementation compliance among pregnant women in Bicol,
Philippines
Authors: Lutsey Pamela L , Dawe David , Villate Ellen , Valencia Shiela , Lopez Ofelia 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo quantify factors influencing iron supplementation compliance and
haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations among pregnant women participating in an
iron supplementation programme under routine field conditions.DesignCross-sectional interviews and Hb measurements.SettingsAlbay and Sorsogon provinces, Bicol, Philippines.SubjectsThree hundred and forty-six pregnant women receiving iron supplements via the
Philippine iron supplementation programme.ResultsWomen had a mean Hb concentration of 10.75 ± 1.43 g
dl−1, and 56.4% were anaemic (Hb < 11.0
g dl−1). On average, the first prenatal visit occurred
at nearly 4 months (3.80 ± 1.56). The ratio of visits to number
of months pregnant was 0.51 ± 0.24. Self-reported consumption of
pills received was 85% (0.85 ± 0.23), although pill counts
suggested that consumption was 70% (0.70 ± 0.35). Using multiple
regression, an earlier first prenatal visit and greater self-reported
compliance were positively associated with Hb concentrations. Additionally,
perceived health benefits from taking the supplements and higher health
programme knowledge were positively associated with pill consumption, while
experiencing side-effects and disliking the taste of the supplements were
associated with lower pill consumption. A greater number of living children
was negatively associated with the frequency of prenatal visits. The number
of children was also directly negatively associated with Hb
concentrations.ConclusionsCompliance was positively related to Hb concentrations. Several factors
associated with greater compliance were identified, including marital
status, number of children, health programme knowledge, side-effects,
perceived health benefits, and dislike of taste. Some of these factors may
serve as avenues for interventions to increase compliance, and ultimately Hb
concentrations.
Development of a resource for parents with advanced cancer: What do
parents want?
Authors: TURNER JANE , CLAVARINO ALEXANDRA , YATES PATSY , HARGRAVES MARYANNE , CONNORS VERONICA , HAUSMANN SUE 
Published: May 2007

Objective: Parents coping with a diagnosis of advanced cancer
experience distress and guilt about the impact of the disease on their
children but report that there are few resources specific to advanced
disease to guide and support them in discussions with their children.
Although some resources have been developed to assist parents with
advanced cancer, it appears that these are not widely disseminated.Methods: To determine the need for a brief resource that
could be given to parents at the point of diagnosis of advanced cancer,
including its content, in-depth interviews were conducted with eight women
with advanced breast cancer.Results: Women confirmed that they had received minimal
assistance from health professionals in discussing the diagnosis with
their children, and even when professional counselors were accessed they
were not always attuned to the specific needs of parents with advanced
cancer. Women felt frustrated that information they did access focused on
early disease and lacked the details women felt they needed in coping with
advanced cancer. Women felt that there was a need for a brief resource
that reassured parents about the impact of the cancer on their children,
including practical strategies to help them cope and examples of the ways
other parents had responded to difficult questions such as about parental
death. A draft resource was developed, critically reviewed by the
participants, and their comments incorporated into a final version.Significance of results: This article expands on the themes
highlighted by women as important to assist parents with advanced cancer,
including the final resource that was developed.
𝐶*-isomorphisms, Jordan isomorphisms, and numerical range preserving maps
Authors: Gau Hwa-Long , Li Chi-Kwong 
Published: May 2007

Let

V

=
B
(
H
)

\mathbf V = B(H)

or

S
(
H
)

S(H)

, where

B
(
H
)

B(H)

is the algebra of a bounded linear operator acting on the Hilbert space

H
H

, and

S
(
H
)

S(H)

is the set of self-adjoint operators in

B
(
H
)

B(H)

. Denote the numerical range of

A
∈
B
(
H
)

A \in B(H)

by

W
(
A
)
=
{

(
A
x
,
x
)
:
x
∈
H
,
(
x
,
x
)
=
1

}

W(A) = \{\, (Ax,x): x \in H, (x,x) = 1\,\}

. It is shown that a surjective map

ϕ
:

V

→

V

\phi : \mathbf V \rightarrow \mathbf V

satisfies
\[

W
(
A
B
+
B
A
)
=
W
(
ϕ
(
A
)
ϕ
(
B
)
+
ϕ
(
B
)
ϕ
(
A
)
)

for all

A

,

B
∈

V

W(AB+BA) = W(\phi (A)\phi (B)+\phi (B)\phi (A)) \qquad \text {for all $A$, $B \in \mathbf {V}$}

\]
if and only if there is a unitary operator

U
∈
B
(
H
)

U \in B(H)

such that

ϕ
\phi

has the form
\[

X
↦
±

U
∗

X
U

o
r

X
↦
±

U
∗

X
t

U
,

X \mapsto \pm U^*XU \quad \mathrm {or} \quad X \mapsto \pm U^*X^tU,

\]
where

X
t

X^t

is the transpose of

X
X

with respect to a fixed orthonormal basis. In other words, the map

ϕ
\phi

or

−
ϕ

-\phi

is a

C
∗

C^*

-isomorphism on

B
(
H
)

B(H)

and a Jordan isomorphism on

S
(
H
)

S(H)

. Moreover, if

H
H

has finite dimension, then the surjective assumption on

ϕ
\phi

can be removed.
Discovering gene expression patterns in time course microarray experiments by ANOVA–SCA
Authors: Nueda María José , Conesa Ana , Westerhuis Johan A. , Hoefsloot Huub C. J. , Smilde Age K. , Talón Manuel , Ferrer Alberto 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMotivation: Designed microarray experiments are used to investigate the effects that controlled experimental factors have on gene expression and learn about the transcriptional responses associated with external variables. In these datasets, signals of interest coexist with varying sources of unwanted noise in a framework of (co)relation among the measured variables and with the different levels of the studied factors. Discovering experimentally relevant transcriptional changes require methodologies that take all these elements into account.Results: In this work, we develop the application of the Analysis of variance–simultaneous component analysis (ANOVA–SCA) Smilde et al. Bioinformatics, (2005) to the analysis of multiple series time course microarray data as an example of multifactorial gene expression profiling experiments. We denoted this implementation as ASCA-genes. We show how the combination of ANOVA-modeling and a dimension reduction technique is effective in extracting targeted signals from data by-passing structural noise. The methodology is valuable for identifying main and secondary responses associated with the experimental factors and spotting relevant experimental conditions. We additionally propose a novel approach for gene selection in the context of the relation of individual transcriptional patterns to global gene expression signals. We demonstrate the methodology on both real and synthetic datasets.Availability: ASCA-genes has been implemented in the statistical language R and is available at http://www.ivia.es/centrodegenomica/bioinformatics.htm.Contact: mj.nueda@ua.es and aconesa@cipf.esSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Adverse Patient Occurrences in Otorhinolaryngology: Results of a Systematic Registry in a Tertiary Referral Hospital
Authors: Hoffmans Ruth , Stokroos Robert J. , Rikers Mircea , Kingma Herman , Kremer Bernd 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: To identify patient groups at risk for Adverse Patient Occurrences (APOs) to improve the quality of care.Study Design: This study was conducted using retrospective analysis.Methods: APOs have been systematically registered from 1997 to 2006 in all patients (6,932) admitted to the otorhinolaryngology–head and neck surgery department of the University Hospital Maastricht, the Netherlands. Several characteristics such as length of stay, age, gender, season, and diagnosis were related to the incidence and type of APOs.Results: Increasing age and length of stay are related to an increasing incidence of APOs. Children are found to be at high risk too and outpatient treatment (<24 h) is a risk factor for APOs. Of all APOs, 67% were organizational and 33% medical. The three diagnosis‐related groups (DRGs), in which APOs occurred most, were the inner ear/cerebellopontine angle (CPA), esophagus, and head and neck oncology group. No seasonal influences on APO occurrences existed.Conclusions: Male and female patients >60 or <10 years old are at the highest risk for APOs. Their risk increases with their length of stay and is high when admitted less than 24 hours. When patients are among the three most prevalent DRGs, their risk is even higher.
Long‐Term Efficacy of Sublingual Immunotherapy in Patients With Perennial Rhinitis
Authors: Tahamiler Rauf , Saritzali Gkioukxel , Canakcioglu Salih 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: Sublingual immunotherapy has a documented clinical efficacy, but only a few long‐term studies have been performed in people with perennial rhinitis.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long‐term efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy.Methods: One hundred thirty‐seven patients with allergies to house dust mites were treated with sublingual house dust‐mite‐specific immunotherapy for 2 or 3 years and were also observed for 3 years after discontinuation of the treatment. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group A (67 patients) received active treatment for 2 years and then 1 year for placebo, and group B (70 patients) received active treatment for 3 years. The success of the treatment was evaluated with the symptom score, skin prick test results, and the nasal allergen challenge score.Results: According to our study results, we found a greater improvement in the 3 years of sublingual immunotherapy compared with the 2 years of sublingual immunotherapy when we looked at the comparative results of the total 6 years.Conclusion: We suggest 3 years of sublingual immunotherapy for patients with perennial allergic rhinitis who require immunotherapy and do not accept the subcutaneous route of allergen administration.
Lifetimes and time scales in atmospheric chemistry
Authors: Prather Michael J 
Published: May 2007

Atmospheric composition is controlled by the emission, photochemistry and transport of many trace gases. Understanding the time scale as well as the chemical and spatial patterns of perturbations to trace gases is needed to evaluate possible environmental damage (e.g. stratospheric ozone depletion or climate change) caused by anthropogenic emissions. This paper reviews lessons learned from treating global atmospheric chemistry as a linearized system and analysing it in terms of eigenvalues.
The results give insight into how emissions of one trace species cause perturbations to another and how transport and chemistry can alter the time scale of the overall perturbation. Further, the eigenvectors describe the fundamental chemical modes, or patterns, of the atmosphere's chemical response to perturbations.
The effect of temperature and thermal acclimation on the sustainable performance of swimming scup
Authors: Rome Lawrence C 
Published: May 2007

There is a significant reduction in overall maximum power output of muscle at low temperatures due to reduced steady-state (i.e. maximum activation) power-generating capabilities of muscle. However, during cyclical locomotion, a further reduction in power is due to the interplay between non-steady-state contractile properties of muscle (i.e. rates of activation and relaxation) and the stimulation and the length-change pattern muscle undergoesin vivo. In particular, even though the relaxation rate of scup red muscle is slowed greatly at cold temperatures (10°C), warm-acclimated scup swim with the same stimulus duty cycles at cold as they do at warm temperature, not affording slow-relaxing muscle any additional time to relax. Hence, at 10°C, red muscle generates extremely low or negative work in most parts of the body, at all but the slowest swimming speeds.Do scup shorten their stimulation duration and increase muscle relaxation rate during cold acclimation? At 10°C, electromyography (EMG) duty cycles were 18% shorter in cold-acclimated scup than in warm-acclimated scup. But contrary to the expectations, the red muscle did not have a faster relaxation rate, rather, cold-acclimated muscle had an approximately 50% faster activation rate. By driving cold- and warm-acclimated muscle through cold- and warm-acclimated conditions, we found a very large increase in red muscle power during swimming at 10°C. As expected, reducing stimulation duration markedly increased power output. However, the increased rate of activation alone produced an even greater effect. Hence, to fully understand thermal acclimation, it is necessary to examine the whole system under realistic physiological conditions.
The impact of strategic funding by the tobacco industry of medical expert witnesses appearing for the defence in the Aho Finnish product liability case
Authors: Hiilamo Heikki T. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To identify and evaluate tobacco industry strategies to recruit medical expert witnesses.Methods  A systematic search was made of internal tobacco industry documents available on the Internet and at British American Tobacco Guildford Depository. Litigation by a plaintiff with laryngeal cancer against the tobacco industry in Finland was used as a case study of tobacco industry strategies to manipulate science and its use and deployment in defending a product liability claim.Results  Thirty‐three of 45 medical expert witnesses for the defence received research funding before or after testifying. One strategy was to employ those scientists as witnesses with whom the industry had worked since the 1960s. The older witnesses testified to the existence of a controversy which they had, in fact, helped to create. Those appearing in Helsinki District court apparently downplayed the importance of their involvement with the industry. Another strategy was the use of research funding to establish contacts with new potential witnesses, to strengthen existing contacts or to pay back helpful experts.Conclusions  The tobacco industry funded the majority of expert witnesses appearing for it, beyond simple recompense for the time involved. This may have unconsciously influenced the testimony given by the witnesses. This funding should be considered in court, but links between experts and the industry were often downplayed or, in some cases, the financial ties were being forged at the time and were not revealed. It would be helpful to establish norms to guide courts to understand the influences exerted by the tobacco industry in the preparation of cases requiring expert evidence.
Implicit learning, executive function and hedonic activity in chronic polydrug abusers, currently abstinent polydrug abusers and controls
Authors: Stevens Andreas , Peschk Ines , Schwarz Jürgen 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAims  The study seeks to evaluate impairments of implicit learning and executive function in chronic polydrug abusers. It was hypothesized that implicit learning and executive function correlate with anhedonia.Design  A cross‐sectional group comparison.Settings  Department of Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, Germany.Participants  A total of 25 male polydrug abusers with opiate dependence, n = 26 polydrug abusers abstinent for more than 3 months and n = 26 non‐drug‐using healthy males.Setting  Abstinent polydrug abusers were recruited from a community treatment centre, current polydrug abusers from local drug counselling services and controls through advertisements.Measurements  A psychological battery assessing implicit learning (serial reaction‐time task), various executive functions (latent inhibition, delayed matching‐to‐sample, Trail Making Test, acquisition and modification of conditioned responses, figural reasoning) and verbal logic memory was administered. Hedonic thoughts and activities as well as depressive symptoms were assessed through questionnaires.Findings  In chronic polydrug abusers, there were moderate impairments of implicit learning, of acquisition, reversal and extinction of conditioned responses, of latent inhibition as well as anhedonia, while working memory was spared. In the abstinent group, cognitive performance was normal except for latent inhibition and more anhedonia and depression than in controls.Conclusions  The findings suggest that current polydrug abusers suffer from impairment of many cognitive functions and from anhedonia. During abstinence, there is near normal cognitive function but still anhedonia. Anhedonia was correlated with implicit learning but not with executive function.
Acute effects of a guided relaxation routine (body scan) on tobacco withdrawal symptoms and cravings in abstinent smokers
Authors: Cropley Mark , Ussher Michael , Charitou Elli 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the acute effects of a guided relaxation routine (body scan) on desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal symptoms in overnight abstinent smokers.Design  Experimental.Participants  Thirty individuals reporting to smoke 10 or more cigarettes daily for at least 3 years.Intervention  Participants were assigned randomly to complete a 10‐minute body scan (experimental group n = 15) or listen to a natural history passage for 10 minutes (control group n = 15).Measurement  Ratings of strength of desire to smoke and smoking withdrawal symptoms were assessed at baseline, immediately after the interventions, and 5, 10 and 15 minutes post‐intervention.Findings  There was a significant group × time interaction for strength of desire to smoke. The mean desire to smoke rating was significantly lower in the body scan group relative to the control group immediately after the intervention, and 5 minutes post‐intervention. The body scan group also reported lower ratings of irritability, tension and restlessness, relative to the controls.Conclusion  A brief body scan intervention reduces strength of desire to smoke and some tobacco withdrawal symptoms in temporarily abstaining smokers. The body scan may be beneficial as a technique for managing cigarette cravings and withdrawal.
Factors associated with pathological gambling at 10‐year follow‐up in a national sample of middle‐aged men
Authors: Scherrer Jeffrey F. , Slutske Wendy S. , Xian Hong , Waterman Brian , Shah Kamini R. , Volberg Rachel , Eisen Seth A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTBackground  The present analyses will expand on previous reports by considering the impact of eight psychiatric disorders and genetic vulnerability to problem (P) and pathological gambling gambling (PG).Methods  Diagnoses of DSM‐III‐R life‐time P and PG were derived in 1992 and past‐year P and PG in 2002 from 1675 individual twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Logistic regression was used to predict past‐year P and PG as a function of socio‐demographics and life‐time co‐occurring psychiatric disorders including gambling problems measured in 1992. Co‐twin analyses accounted for familial contributions to past‐year gambling problems.Results  High school or greater educational attainment was associated with less likelihood of current P and PG. With the exception of alcohol dependence and generalized anxiety/panic, all disorders studied remained associated significantly with an increase risk of past‐year P and PG after adjusting for 1992 gambling symptoms. Past‐year P and PG was associated significantly with the number of pathological gambling symptoms reported in 1992. After controlling for genetic and family environmental factors, one or more 1992 symptoms were associated with 2002 symptoms.Conclusions  Education and substance dependence, mood and antisocial personality disorders were associated with current gambling. A history of PG symptoms is the strongest predictor of past‐year problem gambling.