bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity and hypertension among Chinese adults
Authors: Tian Jing-Yan , Cheng Qi , Song Xiao-Min , Li Guo , Jiang Guo-Xin , Gu Yan-Yun , Luo Min 
Published: September 2006

Objective: To investigate the association between birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity and hypertension among Chinese adults.
Research methods and procedures: Nine hundred and seventy-three individuals from a population-based cross-sectional survey for the prevalence of type 2 diabetes conducted in Shanghai in 2002 were enrolled and followed up to 2004 with yearly examination. Birth weight was classified into four categories: <2500, 2500–2999, 3000–3499 and ≥3500 g.
Results: In this study, there were 373 males and 600 females, with a mean age of 46.2±9.9 years. Fasting plasma glucose was higher in subjects with the lowest birth weight (<2500 g) compared with those with the highest birth weight. Waist circumference and systolic blood pressure showed U-shaped relationships with birth weight. Birth weight was found to be an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity and hypertension. For type 2 diabetes, the crude odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 3.17 (1.48–6.78) in the lowest birth weight category when compared with that in the highest birth weight category (≥3500 g) and the ratio increased to 3.97 (1.71–9.22) after adjustment for related variables. The highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes (34.5%) was observed among those with the lowest birth weight and abdominal obesity.
Conclusions: Birth weight is inversely associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Subjects with the lowest or the highest birth weight were associated with a high risk of developing abdominal obesity and hypertension. Low birth weight coupled with abdominal obesity is a strong predictor of type 2 diabetes.
Endocrine dysfunction in patients operated on for non-pituitary intracranial tumors
Authors: Schneider H J , Rovere S , Corneli G , Croce C G , Gasco V , Rudà R , Grottoli S , Stalla G K , Soffietti R , Ghigo E , Aimaretti G 
Published: September 2006

Objective: Hypopituitarism frequently follows pituitary neurosurgery (NS) and/or irradiation. However, the frequency of hypothalamic–pituitary dysfunction after NS of non-pituitary intracranial tumors is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of endocrine alterations in patients operated on for intracranial tumors.
Design: This is a retrospective study.
Methods: We studied 68 consecutive adult patients (28 female, 40 male, age 45.0 ± 1.8 years; body mass index (BMI): 26.5 ± 0.6) with intracranial tumors who underwent NS only (n = 17) or in combination with radiotherapy (RT) and/or chemotherapy (CT) (n = 51). In all subjects, basal endocrine parameters and the GH response to GHRH + arginine test (using BMI-dependent cut offs) were evaluated.
Results: In 20.6% of the patients, peripheral endocrinopathy related to CT and/or RT was present. Hypopituitarism was found in 38.2% of the patients. Total pituitary hormone, multiple pituitary hormone, and isolated pituitary hormone deficits were present in 16.2, 5.8, and 16.2% respectively. The most common pituitary deficits were, in decreasing order: LH/FSH 29.4%, GH 27.9%, ACTH 19.1%, TSH 17.7%, and diabetes insipidus 4.4%. Hyperprolactinemia was present in 13.2%. The prevalence of hypopituitarism was higher in patients who underwent NS only and with tumors located closely to the sella turcica, but a substantial proportion of patients with tumors not directly neighboring the sella also showed hypopituitarism.
Conclusions: Hypopituitarism frequently occurs after NS for intracranial tumors. Also, exposure of these patients to CT and/or RT is frequently associated with peripheral endocrinopathies. Thus, endocrine evaluation and follow-up of patients treated for intracranial tumors should be performed on a regular basis.
Global phase behaviors of trifluoromethane in ionic liquid [bmim][PF6]
Authors: Yokozeki A. , Shiflett Mark B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn a recent article, Shariati et al. have reported that the global phase behavior of trifluoromethane and room‐temperature ionic liquid [bmim][PF6] mixtures belongs to the type III fluid according to the classification of van Konynenburg and Scott. However, their assessment on the fluid classification was based on their very limited experimental data without any thermodynamic modeling. On the other hand, we have recently reported experimental solubility behaviors of trifluoromethane and [bmim][PF6] mixtures, together with those for other hydrofluorocarbon + ionic liquid mixtures and stated that the phase behavior of these mixtures belongs to the type V fluid mixture based on our equation‐of‐state model predictions. In order to confirm our predictions, important vapor‐liquid‐liquid equilibrium data have been obtained experimentally, and we show that the present mixture is definitely not the type III fluid but belongs to type V. Also, we demonstrate that our EOS model based on our vapor‐liquid equilibrium (VLE) data alone has correctly predicted the global phase behavior of the present binary system, as well as unusually large negative excess molar volumes. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Größere Möglichkeiten für die NMR‐Spektroskopie durch Mikrospulenprobenköpfe
Authors: Schroeder Frank C. , Gronquist Matthew 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDie Kapillar‐NMR(CapNMR)‐Spektroskopie erhöht die Mengenempfindlichkeit der NMR‐spektroskopischen Analyse und ermöglicht ihre Kombination mit anderen Analysetechniken. CapNMR‐Spektroskopie bietet nicht nur eine höhere Empfindlichkeit, sondern liefert für niedermolekulare Verbindungen in vielen Fällen auch Spektren besserer Qualität als herkömmliche Verfahren. Dieser Kurzaufsatz beschreibt den aktuellen Stand der CapNMR‐Technologie sowie ihrer Anwendungen zur Charakterisierung von niedermolekularen Verbindungen und Proteinen bei begrenzten Probenmengen, das schnelle Screening von Bibliotheken aus niedermolekularen Verbindungen oder Proteinen sowie die Kombination von CapNMR‐Spektroskopie mit anderen Analysemethoden.
Efficient palladium–ferrocenylphosphine catalytic systems for allylic amination of monoterpene derivatives
Authors: Nguyen Duc Hanh , Urrutigoïty Martine , Fihri Aziz , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille , Meunier Philippe , Kalck Philippe 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFerrocenylphosphines added to [Pd(µ‐Cl)(η3‐C3H5)]2 dimeric precursor produce efficient catalysts to effect the allylic amination of terpenic allylacetates. Particularly convenient are tetrakis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene and 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, which allow the amination of allylacetates with good to excellent selectivity, and have turnover numbers as high as 80 000, for instance, for the formation of allylaniline. Herein, we report on reactions that selectively transform geranylacetate, nerylacetate, linalylacetate and perillylacetate into the corresponding allylic amines. These preparative methods give facile access to various products of great potential industrial interest. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new synthetic route to cyclophosphadithiatriazenes: synthesis and X‐ray structural characterization of the first spirocycle containing thiadiazaphosphetidine and phosphadithiatriazene heterocycles
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Janarthanan , Varghese Babu , Doddi Adinarayana , Sudheendra Rao M. N. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe phosphetidine 2,4‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐3‐chloro‐1λ6‐thia‐2,4‐diaza‐3‐phosphetidine‐1,1‐dioxide, O2S (tBuN)2PCl, reacts with tetrasulfur tetranitride, S4N4, in benzene under reflux to afford the novel 4,6‐spirocycle in moderate yield. The deep‐blue crystals of the spirocycle are airstable and high melting in nature. The spiro phosphorus atom subtends a four‐membered PVSVIN2 ring which is saturated, and a six‐membered PVS$^{\rm IV}_{2}$N3 ring which is unsaturated. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure of this first example of the spirocycle reveals a planar PSN2 ring and a puckered PS2N3 ring and the molecule is symmetric in nature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extraneuronal roles of cyclin‐dependent kinase 5
Authors: Rosales Jesusa L. , Lee Ki‐Young 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is recognized as an essential molecule in the brain, where it regulates several neuronal activities, including cytoskeletal remodeling and synaptic transmission. While activity of Cdk5 has primarily been associated with neurons, there are now substantial data indicating that the kinase's activity and function are more general. An increasing body of evidence has established Cdk5 kinase activity, the presence of the Cdk5 activators, p35 and p39, and Cdk5 functions in non‐neuronal cells, including myocytes, pancreatic β‐cells, monocytic and neutrophilic leucocytes, glial cells and germ cells. In this review, we present the diverse roles of Cdk5 in several extraneuronal paradigms. The unique properties of each of the different cell types appear to involve distinct means of Cdk5 regulation and function. The potential mechanisms through which Cdk5 regulates extraneuronal cell activities such as exocytosis, gene transcription, wound healing and senescence are discussed. BioEssays 28: 1023–1034, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Non‐adaptive evolution of genome complexity
Authors: Yi Soojin V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractGenome complexity is correlated with biological complexity. A recent paper by Michael Lynch proposes that evolution of complex genomic architecture was driven primarily by non‐adaptive stochastic forces, rather than by adaptive evolution.1 A general negative relationship between selection efficiency and genome complexity provides a strong support for this hypothesis. The broad capacity of this theory is both its appeal and source for criticism. BioEssays 28: 979–982, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Of bears, frogs, meat, mice and men: complexity of factors affecting skeletal muscle mass and fat
Authors: Shavlakadze Thea , Grounds Miranda 
Published: September 2006

AbstractExtreme loss of skeletal muscle mass (atrophy) occurs in human muscles that are not used. In striking contrast, skeletal muscles do not rapidly waste away in hibernating mammals such as bears, or aestivating frogs, subjected to many months of inactivity and starvation. What factors regulate skeletal muscle mass and what mechanisms protect against muscle atrophy in some species? Severe atrophy also occurs with ageing and there is much clinical interest in reducing such loss of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia). In the meat industry, a key aim is optimizing the control of skeletal muscle growth and meat quality. The impaired response of muscle to insulin resulting in diabetes, that is a consequence of the metabolic impact of increasing obesity and fat deposition in humans, is also of increasing clinical concern. Intensive research in these fields, combined with mouse models, is reviewed with respect to the molecular control of muscle growth (myogenesis) and atrophy/hypertrophy and fat deposition (adipogenesis) in skeletal muscle, with a focus on IGF‐1/insulin signaling. BioEssays 28: 994–1009, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Photoremovable Protecting Groups for Carboxylic Acids with High Photolytic Efficiencies at Near‐UV Irradiation. Application to the Photocontrolled Release of L‐Glutamate
Authors: Specht Alexandre , Thomann Jean‐Sébastien , Alarcon Karine , Wittayanan Weerawut , Ogden David , Furuta Toshiaki , Kurakawa Yuji , Goeldner Maurice 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe report here the syntheses and the photolytic properties of 3‐(4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐butyl (DMNPB) esters as new photoremovable groups for carboxylic acids, and their use for the caging of L‐glutamate. A high‐yielding synthesis of the DMNPB esters led to a 4:1 threo/erythro diastereomeric mixture, which could be separated by HPLC. While these esters were stable in neutral buffer, photolysis at 364 nm induced a ≥95 % release of the carboxylic acid, with a 0.26 quantum yield for L‐glutamate formation. L‐Glutamate release was also possible by two‐photon photolysis with an action cross section of 0.17 GM at 720 nm. Laser photolysis at 350 nm generated a transient species at around 410 nm, attributed to a quinonoid aci‐nitro intermediate that decayed in the submillisecond time range (t1/2=0.53 ms) for the faster γ‐L‐glutamyl threo‐esters. Given the absorbance of these esters (λmax=350 nm; ε=4500), the threo DMNPB esters represent new caging groups that can be efficiently photolyzed at near‐UV wavelengths. An efficient and rapid photolytic release of L‐glutamate has been demonstrated on hippocampal neurons in primary culture.
Hierarchical Mechanochemical Switches in Angiostatin
Authors: Grandi Fabio , Sandal Massimo , Guarguaglini Giovanni , Capriotti Emidio , Casadio Rita , Samorì Bruno 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe wish to propose a novel mechanism by which the triggering of a biochemical signal can be controlled by the hierarchical coupling between a protein redox equilibrium and an external mechanical force. We have characterized this mechanochemical mechanism in angiostatin, and we have evidence that it can switch the access to partially unfolded structures of this protein. We have identified a metastable intermediate that is specifically accessible under thioredoxin‐rich reducing conditions, like those met by angiostatin on the surface of a tumor cell. The structure of the same intermediate accounts for the unexplained antiangiogenic activity of angiostatin. These findings demonstrate a new link between redox biology and mechanically regulated processes.
Three‐Phase Interlines Electrochemically Driven into Insulator Compounds: A Penetration Model and Its Verification by Electroreduction of Solid AgCl
Authors: Xiao Wei , Jin Xianbo , Deng Yuan , Wang Dihua , Chen George Z. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA dynamic three‐phase interline model has been developed for the reduction of a solid insulating metal compound to the metal in a suitable electrolyte, focusing on the electrochemically driven penetration of the process (or the three‐phase interlines) into the insulator. Consideration is given to the effects of electrochemical, concentration and ohmic polarizations in the reduction‐generated porous metal layer on top of the solid compound. Under potentiostatic conditions, reduction in the depth direction (penetration) becomes progressively slower as a result of the rising ohmic and concentration polarizations, whilst the electrochemical polarization exerts a declining effect. The quantitative equations established here also provide simple methods for the determination of some kinetic parameters of the reduction process, including ρ (total resistivity) and DR (diffusion coefficient). The model has been experimentally verified by electrochemical reduction of solid AgCl with two novel metal|AgCl cylinder electrodes in aqueous solutions.
meso–meso‐Linked Corrole Dimers with Modified Cores: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties
Authors: Sankar Jeyaraman , Rath Harapriya , Prabhuraja Viswanathan , Gokulnath Sabapathi , Chandrashekar Tavarekere K. , Purohit Chandra Shekhar , Verma Sandeep 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of the first examples of core‐modified corrole dimers linked through the meso positions are described. The dimers are obtained by a simple AgI‐ or FeIII‐catalyzed coupling reaction in near‐quantitative yields. The corroles obtained are metalated with metal ions, such as CuII and NiII. The electronic‐absorption spectral studies reveal weak electronic interaction between the two subunits and the exciton coupling observed for the free‐base corrole dimer (1717 cm−1) is lower than that for the corresponding protonated derivative (4081 cm−1). The solution‐state structure derived from 1H and two‐dimensional NMR spectral studies reveals a noncoplanar arrangement of two corrole units. Geometry optimization at the B3LYP‐631G level also confirms the noncoplanar arrangement of corroles with a dihedral angle of 64.8° between two corrole planes. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetic characterization studies on the paramagnetic copper‐metalated dimer indicate that both copper ions behave as independent spins without any noticeable interaction. Results of fluorescence studies reveal a bathochromic shift of about 60 nm upon dimerization. The first hyperpolarizability (β) measured by using the hyper Rayleigh scattering (HRS) method reveals doubling of the β values on progressing from monomer to dimer, attributed to enhanced π conjugation. The use of copper dimers in the photocleavage of DNA is also explored. It is shown that the bimetallic copper dimer selectively cleaves the nucleic acids without affecting the proteins, suggesting a possible application of the copper complex in the removal of nucleic acid contaminants from protein extracts through a simple photolytic pathway.
Mechanism of the Copper‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Sonagashira Reactions: Multiple Role of Amines
Authors: Tougerti Asma , Negri Serge , Jutand Anny 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAmines used as bases in copper‐free, palladium‐catalyzed Sonogashira reactions play a multiple role. The oxidative addition of iodobenzene with [Pd0(PPh3)4] is faster when performed in the presence of amines (piperidine>morpholine). Amines also substitute one ligand L in trans‐[PdI(Ph)(L)2] (L=PPh3, AsPh3) formed in the oxidative addition. This reversible reaction, which gives [PdI(Ph)L(R2NH)], is favored in the order AsPh3>PPh3 and piperidine>morpholine. Two mechanisms are proposed for Sonogashira reactions, depending on the ligand and the amine. When L=PPh3, its substitution by the amine in trans‐[PdI(Ph)(PPh3)2] is less favored than that of the alkyne. A mechanism involving prior coordination of the alkyne is suggested, followed by deprotonation of the ligated alkyne by the amine. When L=AsPh3, its substitution in trans‐[PdI(Ph)(AsPh3)2] by the piperidine is easier than that by the alkyne, leading to a different mechanism: substitution of AsPh3 by the amine is followed by substitution of the second AsPh3 by the alkyne to generate [PdI(Ph)(amine)(alkyne)]. Deprotonation of the ligated alkyne by an external amine leads to the coupling product. This explains why the catalytic reactions are less efficient with AsPh3 than with PPh3 as ligand.
Microreactors as Tools for Synthetic Chemists—The Chemists' Round‐Bottomed Flask of the 21st Century?
Authors: Geyer Karolin , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Seeberger Peter H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWill microreactors replace the round‐bottomed flask to perform chemical reactions in the near future? Recent developments in the construction of microstructured reaction devices and their wide‐ranging applications in many different areas of chemistry suggest that they can have a significant impact on the way chemists conduct their experiments. Miniaturizing reactions offers many advantages for the synthetic organic chemist: high‐throughput scanning of reaction conditions, precise control of reaction variables, the use of small quantities of reagents, increased safety parameters, and ready scale‐up of synthetic procedures. A wide range of single‐ and multiphase reactions have now been performed in microfluidic‐based devices. Certainly, microreactors cannot be applied to all chemistries yet and microfluidic systems also have disadvantages. Limited reaction‐time range, high sensitivity to precipitating products, and new physical, chemical, and analytical challenges have to be overcome. This concept article presents an overview of microfluidic devices available for chemical synthesis and evaluates the potential of microreactor technology in organic synthesis.
Capillary physiology of human medulloblastoma
Authors: Warnke Peter C. , Kopitzki Klaus , Timmer Jens , Ostertag Christoph B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDAdvances in the treatment of medulloblastoma have largely been attributed to the introduction of chemotherapy, although Phase III trials have shown advantages for chemotherapy only in subgroups. Because the efficacy of chemotherapy depends on tumor vascularization, the vascular physiology of human medulloblastomas was evaluated.METHODSSeven patients with histologically proven medulloblastomas underwent measurements of capillary permeability and vascular plasma volume using contrast‐enhanced dynamic computer tomography. Regional blood flow was measured in 5 patients using xenon computed tomography (CT).RESULTSThe capillary permeability‐surface product for water‐soluble compounds ranged from 1.7 ± 5.5 to 17.6 ± 12.3 μL/g/min with a mean of 10.5 ± 6.3 μL/g/min. The vascular plasma volume ranged from 0.02 ± 0.021 to 0.045 ± 0.049 mL/g with a mean of 0.03 ± 0.01 mL/g. The efflux rate ranged from 0.012 ± 0.007 to 0.065 ± 0.064 1/min with a mean of 0.039 ± 0.020 1/min. Regional tumoral blood flow showed a mean of 19.86 ± 6.8 mL/100g/min as compared with normal cerebellum with 45.4 ± 12.03 mL/100g/min (P < .005).CONCLUSIONSThe current study demonstrated a low capillary permeability and blood flow in medulloblastomas that could explain the limited response rates of partially resected tumors even after aggressive high‐dose chemotherapy, as recently reported. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Ovarian small cell carcinoma of the hypercalcemic type in children and adolescents
Authors: Distelmaier Felix , Calaminus Gabriele , Harms Dieter , Sträter Ronald , Kordes Uwe , Fleischhack Gudrun , Göbel Ulrich , Schneider Dominik T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Ovarian small cell carcinoma of the hypercalcemic type is a rare neoplasm that is associated with a poor prognosis. The objective of the current study was to investigate the clinicopathologic features of this tumor and to develop preliminary diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines.METHODS.Between 1994 and 2005, 11 girls (ages 9–22 years) who were registered on the German Maligne Keimzelltumoren studies and the Kiel Pediatric Tumor Registry were analyzed. Prior to histopathologic review, 8 patients had been misdiagnosed with either germ cell tumor or juvenile granulosa cell tumor.RESULTS.According to the International Federation of Gynecologic Oncology, 4 patients had Stage IA disease, 3 patients had Stage IC disease, and 4 patients had Stage III disease. After resection, 4 patients were followed without additional therapy, and all 4 patients developed recurrent disease after 3 to 11 months. Seven patients received adjuvant chemotherapy during first‐line treatment. One patient with Stage III disease received additional regional deep hyperthermia. During first‐line treatment, high‐dose chemotherapy was received by 4 patients who achieved a complete response (CR) after conventional chemotherapy. All 4 of those patients remained in CR for 7 to 73 months, whereas the other 3 patients developed recurrent disease. Salvage treatment after recurrence or tumor progression consisted of surgery and chemotherapy. One patient received high‐dose chemotherapy in 2nd CR and remained in 2nd CR. In total, 5 patients remained alive with no evidence of disease.CONCLUSIONS.Patients with ovarian small cell carcinoma of the hypercalcemic type require multiagent chemotherapy during first‐line treatment. High‐dose chemotherapy may be used to consolidate the therapeutic success. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.