bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceived and actual value of Student‐led Objective Structured Clinical Examinations
Authors: Stretton Brandon , Montagu Adam , Kunnel Aline , Louise Jenni , Behrendt Nathan , Kovoor Joshua , Bacchi Stephen , Thomas Josephine , Davies Ellen 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIntroductionStudent‐led Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) provide formative learning opportunities prior to Faculty‐led OSCEs. It is important to undertake quality assurance measurements of peer‐led assessments because, if they are found to be unreliable and invalid, they may have detrimental impacts. The objectives of this study were to explore and evaluate Student‐led OSCEs hosted by fifth‐year medical students.MethodsStudent‐led OSCE results were analysed to examine reliability (Cronbach's alpha). The relationship between Student‐led and Faculty‐led OSCEs was evaluated using linear regression. Qualitative data were acquired by survey and semi‐structured interviews and were analysed using an inductive content analysis approach.ResultsIn total, 85 (94%) of 91 eligible students consented to study participation. Student‐led OSCEs had a low‐moderate reliability [Cronbach alpha = 0.47 (primary care) and 0.61 (human reproduction/paediatrics) (HRH)]. A statistically significant, positive relationship between Student‐led and Faculty‐led OSCE results was observed. Faculty‐led OSCE grades increased by 0.49 (95% CI: 0.18, 0.80) to 1.09 (95% CI: 0.67, 1.52), for each percentage increase in Student‐led OSCE result. Student‐led OSCE participants highly valued the authentic peer‐assessed experience. Reported benefits included a reduction of perceived stress and anxiety prior to Faculty‐led OSCEs, recognition of learning gaps, contribution to overall clinical competency and facilitation of collaboration between peers.DiscussionStudent‐led OSCEs are moderately reliable and can predict Faculty‐led OSCE performance. This form of near‐peer assessment encourages the metacognitive process of reflective practice and can be effectively implemented to direct further study. Faculties should collaborate with their student bodies to facilitate Student‐led OSCEs and offer assistance to improve the quality, and benefits, of these endeavours.
Atypical pneumonia testing in transplant recipients
Authors: Feller Fionna , Trubin Paul , Malinis Maricar , Vogel Joshua S. , Merwede Jacob , Peaper David R. , Azar Marwan M. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of atypical pneumonia among immunocompromised patients is not well characterized. Establishing a diagnosis of atypical pneumonia is challenging as positive tests must be carefully interpreted. We aimed to assess the test positivity rate and incidence of atypical pneumonia in transplant recipients.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Yale New Haven Health System in Connecticut. Adults with solid organ transplant, hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), or chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell, who underwent testing for atypical pathogens of pneumonia (Legionella pneumophilia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Bordetella pertussis) between January 2016 and August 2022 were included. Positive results were adjudicated in a clinical context using pre‐defined criteria. A cost analysis of diagnostic testing was performed.ResultsNote that, 1021 unique tests for atypical pathogens of pneumonia were performed among 481 transplant recipients. The testing positivity rate was 0.7% (n = 7). After clinical adjudication, there were three cases of proven Legionella and one case of possible Mycoplasma infection. All cases of legionellosis were in transplant recipients within 1‐year post‐transplantation with recently augmented immunosuppression and lymphopenia. The possible case of Mycoplasma infection was in an HSCT recipient with augmented immunosuppression. The cost of all tests ordered was $50,797.73.ConclusionThe positivity rate of tests for atypical pneumonia was very low in this transplant cohort. An algorithmic approach that targets testing for those with compatible host, clinical, radiographic, and epidemiologic factors, and provides guidance on test selection and test interpretation, may improve the diagnostic yield and lead to substantial cost savings.
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Biogeography, speciation and niche evolution of doraditos (Aves: Pseudocolopteryx)
Authors: Jordan Emilio A. , Areta Juan I. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractEcological and geographical factors shape the current distribution of species. Analysing their interplay in a phylogenetic framework is key to understand the historical processes that have shaped the evolution of a group. Here, we modelled the ecological niches and geographic distributions of the five species of doraditos (Pseudocolopteryx spp.) to study their biogeographic histories, niche evolution and speciation process in a phylogenetic framework. Our potential distribution models uncovered novel range‐wide distributional patterns and seasonal movements in the doraditos, where four species are migratory with distinct breeding and non‐breeding distributions, and one (P. sclateri) exhibits a complex spatiotemporal distribution indicating nomadism. Ecological niche pairwise comparisons showed that none of the doraditos have equivalent niches and that niche differences are due to species‐specific habitat preferences. Phylogenetically weighted geographical and ecological analyses showed patterns of allopatric speciation and niche lability in the evolution of doraditos. The divergence of P. sclateri seems tied to its tropical‐to‐temperate wetland specialization. The montane P. acutipennis expanded to human‐modified lowlands following speciation, highlighting the need to control for post‐speciational changes in ecological niche comparisons as done here. In turn, P. dinelliana, P. citreola and P. flaviventris showed essentially allopatric breeding distributions, as a product of environmentally mediated divergence during their speciation processes. The distribution and migration data of the recently diverged cryptic sister species P. citreola and P. flaviventris are consistent with two possible speciation scenarios: peripatric speciation and migration dosing speciation.
Helicobacter pylori cheV1
mutants recover semisolid agar migration due to loss of a previously uncharacterized Type IV filament membrane alignment complex homolog
Authors: Sagoo Jashwin , Abedrabbo Samar , Liu Xiaolin , Ottemann Karen M. 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT

The bacterial chemotaxis system is a well-understood signaling pathway that promotes bacterial success. Chemotaxis systems comprise chemoreceptors and the CheA kinase, linked by CheW or CheV scaffold proteins. Scaffold proteins provide connections between chemoreceptors and CheA and also between chemoreceptors to create macromolecular arrays. Chemotaxis is required for host colonization by many microbes, including the stomach pathogen
Helicobacter pylori
. This bacterium builds chemoreceptor–CheA contacts with two distinct scaffold proteins, CheW and CheV1.
H. pylori cheW
or
cheV1
deletion mutants both lose chemoreceptor array formation, but show differing semisolid agar chemotaxis assay behaviors: ∆
cheW
mutants exhibit total migration failure, whereas ∆
cheV1::cat
mutants display a 50% reduction. On investigating these varied responses, we found that both mutants initially struggle with migration. However, over time, ∆
cheV1::cat
mutants develop a stable, enhanced migration capability, termed “migration-able” (Mig
+
). Whole-genome sequencing analysis of four distinct ∆
cheV1::cat
Mig
+
strains identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs
)
in
hpg27_252 (hp0273
) that were predicted to truncate the encoded protein. Computational analysis of the
hpg27_252
-encoded protein revealed it encoded a hypothetical protein that was a remote homolog of the PilO Type IV filament membrane alignment complex protein. Although
H. pylori
lacks Type IV filaments, our analysis showed it retains an operon of genes for homologs of PilO, PilN, and PilM. Deleting
hpg27_252
in the ∆
cheV1::cat
or wild type strain resulted in enhanced migration in semisolid agar. Our study thus reveals that while
cheV1
mutants initially have significant migration defects, they can recover the migration ability through genetic suppressors, highlighting a complex regulatory mechanism in bacterial migration.

IMPORTANCE

Chemotactic motility, present in over half of bacteria, depends on chemotaxis signaling systems comprising receptors, kinases, and scaffold proteins. In
Helicobacter pylori
, a stomach pathogen, chemotaxis is crucial for colonization, with CheV1 and CheW as key scaffold proteins. While both scaffolds are essential for building chemoreceptor complexes, their roles vary in other assays. Our research reexamines
cheV1
mutants’ behavior in semisolid agar, a standard chemotaxis test. Initially,
cheV1
mutants exhibited defects similar to those of
cheW
mutants, but they evolved genetic suppressors that enhanced migration. These suppressors involve mutations in a previously uncharacterized gene, unknown in motility behavior. Our findings highlight the significant chemotaxis defects in
cheV1
mutants and identify new elements influencing bacterial motility.
Fifteen-minute consultation: Management of mammalian bites in children—from local wound care to prophylactic antibiotics
Authors: Schneider Anais Lucile , Ritter Schenk Céline , Zimmermann Petra 
Published: March 2024

Animal and human bites are a common reason for emergency consultation, especially in children. The most common complication of bite wounds is local infection. Systemic infections are much rarer. The key in reducing the risk of infection after a mammalian bite is local wound management with either primary or delayed closure. The benefit of administering prophylactic antibiotics is controversial.In this review, we provide a summary of the current evidence for the management of mammalian bites in children, including recommendations for appropriate investigations, wound management, administration of prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotics and the prevention of systemic infections.
Do the associations of daily steps with mortality and incident cardiovascular disease differ by sedentary time levels? A device-based cohort study
Authors: Ahmadi Matthew N , Rezende Leandro F M , Ferrari Gerson , Del Pozo Cruz Borja , Lee I-Min , Stamatakis Emmanuel 
Published: March 2024

ObjectivesThis study aims to examine the associations of daily step count with all-cause mortality and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) by sedentary time levels and to determine if the minimal and optimal number of daily steps is modified by high sedentary time.MethodsUsing data from the UK Biobank, this was a prospective dose–response analysis of total daily steps across low (<10.5 hours/day) and high (≥10.5 hours/day) sedentary time (as defined by the inflection point of the adjusted absolute risk of sedentary time with the two outcomes). Mortality and incident CVD was ascertained through 31 October 2021.ResultsAmong 72 174 participants (age=61.1±7.8 years), 1633 deaths and 6190 CVD events occurred over 6.9 (±0.8) years of follow-up. Compared with the referent 2200 steps/day (5th percentile), the optimal dose (nadir of the curve) for all-cause mortality ranged between 9000 and 10 500 steps/day for high (HR (95% CI)=0.61 (0.51 to 0.73)) and low (0.69 (0.52 to 0.92)) sedentary time. For incident CVD, there was a subtle gradient of association by sedentary time level with the lowest risk observed at approximately 9700 steps/day for high (0.79 (0.72 to 0.86)) and low (0.71 (0.61 to 0.83)) sedentary time. The minimal dose (steps/day associated with 50% of the optimal dose) of daily steps was between 4000 and 4500 steps/day across sedentary time groups for all-cause mortality and incident CVD.ConclusionsAny amount of daily steps above the referent 2200 steps/day was associated with lower mortality and incident CVD risk, for low and high sedentary time. Accruing 9000–10 500 steps/day was associated with the lowest mortality risk independent of sedentary time. For a roughly equivalent number of steps/day, the risk of incident CVD was lower for low sedentary time compared with high sedentary time.
Efficacy of migraine prophylaxis treatments for treatment-naïve patients and those with prior treatment failure: a protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Numthavaj Pawin , Anothaisintawee Thunyarat , Attia John , McKay Gareth , Thakkinstian Ammarin 
Published: March 2024

IntroductionMigraine headache is a significant health problem affecting patients’ psychological well-being and quality of life. Several network meta-analyses (NMAs) have compared the efficacy of migraine prophylaxis medications. However, some have focused exclusively on oral medications, while others were limited to injectable medications. Moreover, none of these NMAs conducted a stratified analysis between treatment-naïve patients and those with prior treatment failure. Therefore, this systematic review and NMA will compare the efficacy among all treatments for migraine prophylaxis, stratified by the treatment status of patients (ie, treatment-naïve and previous treatment failure).Methods and analysisRandomised-controlled trials that included patients with chronic or episodic migraine, assessed the efficacy of oral or injectable treatments for migraine prophylaxis and measured the outcomes as monthly migraine day, monthly headache day, migraine-related disability, health-related quality of life or adverse drug events will be eligible for inclusion in this review. Relevant studies will be searched from Medline, Scopus, the US National Institutes of Health Register, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO-ICTRP) databases since inception through 15 August 2023. Risk of bias assessment will be performed using a revised tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomised trials. Two-stage NMA will be applied to compare relative treatment effects among all treatments of migraine prophylaxis. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve will be applied to estimate and rank the probability to be the best treatment. Consistency assumption will be assessed using a design-by-treatment interaction model. Publication bias will be assessed by comparison-adjusted funnel plot. All analyses will be stratified according to patients’ status (ie, treatment-naïve and prior treatment failure).Ethics and disseminationThis study is a systematic review protocol collecting data from published literature and does not require approval from an institutional review board. Results from this systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020171843.
Modifiable prognostic factors of high societal costs among people on sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders: findings from an occupational cohort study
Authors: Killingmo Rikke Munk , Tveter Anne Therese , Pripp Are Hugo , Tingulstad Alexander , Maas Esther , Rysstad Tarjei , Grotle Margreth 
Published: March 2024

ObjectivesThe objective was to identify modifiable prognostic factors of high societal costs among people on sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders, and to identify modifiable prognostic factors of high costs related to separately healthcare utilisation and productivity loss.DesignA prospective cohort study with a 1-year follow-up.Participants and settingA total of 549 participants (aged 18–67 years) on sick leave (≥ 4 weeks) due to musculoskeletal disorders in Norway were included.Outcome measures and methodThe primary outcome was societal costs aggregated for 1 year of follow-up and dichotomised as high or low, defined by the top 25th percentile. Secondary outcomes were high costs related to separately healthcare utilisation and productivity loss aggregated for 1 year of follow-up. Healthcare utilisation was collected from public records and included primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare use. Productivity loss was collected from public records and included absenteeism, work assessment allowance and disability pension. Nine modifiable prognostic factors were selected based on previous literature. Univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify associations (crude and adjusted for selected covariates) between each modifiable prognostic factor and having high costs.ResultsAdjusted for selected covariates, six modifiable prognostic factors associated with high societal costs were identified: pain severity, disability, self-perceived health, sleep quality, return to work expectation and long-lasting disorder expectation. Depressive symptoms, work satisfaction and health literacy showed no prognostic value. More or less similar results were observed when high costs were related to separately healthcare utilisation and productivity loss.ConclusionFactors identified in this study are potential target areas for interventions which could reduce high societal costs among people on sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders. However, future research aimed at replicating these findings is warranted.Trial registration numberNCT04196634, 12 December 2019.
Towards a possible solution to the Hubble tension with Horndeski gravity
Authors: Tiwari Yashi , Ghosh Basundhara , Jain Rajeev Kumar 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe Hubble tension refers to the discrepancy in the value of the Hubble constant $$H_0$$

H
0

inferred from the cosmic microwave background observations, assuming the concordance $$\Lambda $$
Λ
CDM model of the Universe, and that from the distance ladder and other direct measurements. In order to alleviate this tension, we construct a plausible dark energy scenario, within the framework of Horndeski gravity which is one of the most general scalar–tensor theories yielding second-order equations. In our set-up, we include the self-interactions and nonminimal coupling of the dynamical dark energy scalar field which enable very interesting dynamics leading to a phantom behaviour at low redshifts along with negative dark energy densities at high redshifts. These two features together make this model a promising scenario to alleviate the Hubble tension for appropriate choices of the model parameters. Towards a consistent model building, we show that this set-up is also free from both the gradient and ghost instabilities. Finally, we confront the predictions of the model with low redshift observations from Pantheon, SH0ES, cosmic chronometers and BAO, to obtain best fit constraints on model parameters.
An analytical approximation of the evolution of the primordial curvature perturbation in the ultraslow-roll inflation: an extended study
Authors: Zhao Ji-Xiang , Li Nan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractCosmic inflation can enter an ultraslow-roll (USR) stage, if there is a plateau on the inflaton potential. During this stage, the primordial curvature perturbation $${{\mathscr {R}}}_k$$

R
k

and its power spectrum $${{\mathscr {P}}}_{{\mathscr {R}}}$$

P
R

can be remarkably enhanced on small scales. In this work, an analytical approximation is provided to systematically study the evolution of $${{\mathscr {R}}}_k$$

R
k

in the USR inflation. We first discuss the asymptotic solutions of the moduli and arguments of $${{\mathscr {R}}}_k$$

R
k

and its time derivative $${{\mathscr {R}}}_{k,N}$$

R

k
,
N

on the sub- and super-horizon scales separately and find that all these solutions have simple exponential forms. Then, $${{\mathscr {R}}}_k$$

R
k

on five typical scales are investigated in order. Our analytical approximation predicts that $${{\mathscr {R}}}_k$$

R
k

first revolves around the origin in the complex plane, but if it crosses the horizon around the start of the USR stage, there appears a subsequent linear evolution towards or away from the origin. This behavior naturally explains the shape of $${{\mathscr {P}}}_{{\mathscr {R}}}$$

P
R

from the sharp dip to the peak and matches the numerical results perfectly. Moreover, the minimum of $${{\mathscr {P}}}_{{\mathscr {R}}}$$

P
R

is exactly proved to be nonvanishing. Our analytical approximation will help the model building in primordial black hole and gravitational wave physics.
Doubly reflected BSDEs driven by RCLL martingales under stochastic Lipschitz coefficient
Authors: Elmansouri Badr , El Otmani Mohamed 
Published: March 2024

In this paper, we study a backward stochastic differential equation driven by a Right Continuous with Left Limits (RCLL) martingale with two completely separated RCLL barriers. When the coefficient is stochastically Lipschitz, we demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of a square-integrable adapted solution using the penalization method. Additionally, we provide a fair price for a game contingent claim between two traders with additional exogenous knowledge of the same stock price in a public financial market driven by an Azéma’s martingale. We also determine a saddle point for the game when the obstacles are left upper semi-continuous along stopping times.
Mesozoic rifting in SW Gondwana and break-up of the Southern South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Lovecchio Juan Pablo , Abdelmalak Mansour M. , Planke Sverre , Silio Ofelia , Rohais Sébastien , Arismendi Sebastián , Vera Emilio Rojas , Kulhanek Denise K. , Bolatti Néstor , Ramos Victor A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The opening of the South Atlantic Ocean in the Early Cretaceous was only the final stage of the complex rifting process of SW Gondwana. In this contribution, we reassess the chronology of Mesozoic basin formation in southern South America and Africa and integrate it in the long-term rifting and break-up history of SW Gondwana. During the Triassic, after the Gondwanides orogeny, plate-scale instabilities produced intracontinental rifting in Africa, and retro-arc extension on the SW-margin of Gondwana. This process was followed and accentuated by the impingement of the Karoo plume in the Early Jurassic, which triggered rifting in East Africa and ultimately produced the break-up of Eastern from Western Gondwana in the Middle Jurassic.

Retro-arc extension continued to affect the palaeo-Pacific margin, with emplacement of the Chon Aike magmatic province in the Patagonian retro-arc during the Early–Middle Jurassic. By the Late Jurassic, retro-arc rifting reached a point of oceanic crust accretion, with the establishment of the Rocas Verdes back-arc basin in southern Patagonia, together with the formation of the Weddell Sea further south, between the South American plate and Antarctica. The core of the Late Paleozoic Gondwanides orogen, between southern South America and Africa, was subjected to oblique rifting at this time and produced the Outeniqua and Rawson/Valdés basins. This area was the
locus
of extension and oceanization in the Early Cretaceous associated with a rotation of the stress field from NE–SW to east–west extension.

The formation of the South Atlantic Ocean resulted from lithospheric extension and was accompanied by extensive intrusive magmatism and extrusive flood basalts identified as seaward dipping reflectors, which were emplaced diachronically from south to north, along different segments along both conjugate margins. These volcanic rocks form the South Atlantic Large Igneous Province. The chronology of the South Atlantic opening and the magmatic sources and processes associated with the formation of seaward dipping reflectors remain interpretative as they have only been studied on seismic data but are still undrilled; hence, scientific drilling will be key to unravel many of these unknowns.