bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moderate Alcohol Intake in Humans Attenuates Monocyte Inflammatory Responses: Inhibition of Nuclear Regulatory Factor Kappa B and Induction of Interleukin 10
Authors: Mandrekar Pranoti , Catalano Donna , White Bernadette , Szabo Gyongyi 
Published: July 2006

Background: In contrast to the deleterious effects of chronic excessive alcohol consumption on the liver and cardiovascular system, modest alcohol intake, such as 1 to 2 drinks per day, has benefits on cardiovascular mortality. Little is known about the length of time or the amounts of alcohol consumed that may cause alterations in inflammatory cells such as monocytes that are crucial to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Here, we determine in vivo effects of acute alcohol consumption on inflammatory cytokine production and nuclear regulatory factor κB (NF‐κB) binding in human monocytes.Methods: Human blood monocytes were isolated by plastic adherence before and after acute alcohol consumption (2 ml vodka/kg body weight). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐ and superantigen‐induced tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α), interleukin (IL)‐1β, and IL‐10 production were then determined in monocytes by ELISA. Nuclear regulatory factor‐κB activity of monocytes before and after alcohol consumption was estimated by electromobility shift assay and promoter‐driven reporter activity. IκBα was determined by Western blotting in the cytoplasmic extracts.Results: Eighteen hours after moderate alcohol consumption, we found a significant reduction in monocyte production of inflammatory mediators, TNF‐α and IL‐1β, in response to LPS or staphylococcal enterotoxin B stimulation. Acute alcohol consumption inhibited LPS‐induced DNA binding of the p65/p50 NF‐κB in monocytes that regulates the expression of both the TNF‐α and the IL‐1β genes. Consistent with this, acute alcohol treatment (25 mM) significantly reduced LPS‐induced activation of an NF‐κB‐driven reporter gene suggesting inhibition of this proinflammatory signaling pathway. Further, LPS‐induced IκBα degradation was not affected by acute alcohol consumption indicating an IκBα‐independent mechanism, as observed earlier in the in vitro acute alcohol studies. In contrast, monocyte production of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine, IL‐10, was augmented by acute alcohol intake.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that acute alcohol consumption has dual anti‐inflammatory effects that involve augmentation of IL‐10 and attenuation of monocyte inflammatory responses involving inhibition of NF‐κB. These mechanisms may contribute to the beneficial effects of moderate alcohol use on atherosclerosis.
Analysis of Metallothionein Brain Gene Expression in Relation to Ethanol Preference in Mice Using Cosegregation and Gene Knockouts
Authors: Loney Kimberly D. , Uddin Raihan K. , Singh Shiva M. 
Published: July 2006

Background: Metallothioneins (MTs) are ubiquitously expressed intracellular proteins that bind heavy metals and are involved in cytoprotection against several types of stress agents including chemicals, hormones, and oxidants. We have previously reported 1 isoform, MT‐II, as a possible candidate gene for ethanol (EtOH) preference (EP) determination in mice.Methods: Semiquantitative RT‐PCR was used to determine brain mRNA levels of MT‐I and MT‐III in 4 inbred mouse strains with variable EP. Following this, cosegregation of MT‐II brain expression with EP was analyzed in F2 mice from 2 intercrosses (C57BL/6J × BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J × DBA/2J). Studies on MT‐I/MT‐II knockout (KO) mice were also undertaken to further explore this relationship.Results: Our results suggest that MT‐I is responsive to EtOH, with no evidence of basal‐level differences between strains. Conversely, MT‐III shows no EtOH response, yet indicates a possible strain‐specific feature with C57BL/6J having the lowest levels of brain MT‐III. Metallothionein‐II expression cosegregates with EP in F2 mice from a C57BL/6J (preferring) and DBA/2J (avoiding) intercross. Although F2 mice from a cross with C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ (avoiding) strains follow a similar pattern, the results are not statistically significant. Metallothionein‐I/MT‐II knockout (MT‐KO) mice appear to have smaller litter sizes as well as higher weight compared with controls (129S1/SvImJ) and also show a slight increase in EP.Conclusions: Metallothionein‐II remains the primary candidate of the mouse MT gene family for involvement in EP. Its effect on EP appears to be dependent on the genetic background. Such conclusions are based on results from C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, DBA/2J, and 129 inbred mouse strains. Evidence also points to shared neural pathways involved in weight gain and obesity. The complex interactions between MT‐II, EP, and weight gain/obesity remain to be studied.
Dispersion of the Corrected QT and JT Interval in the Electrocardiogram of Alcoholic Patients
Authors: C̆orović Naima , Duraković Zijad , Mis̆igoj‐Duraković Marjeta 
Published: July 2006

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the corrected QT interval (QTc), its dispersion (QTcd), and the QT interval index (QTcI) and to compare it with the corrected JT interval (JTc), its dispersion (JTcd), and the JT interval index (JTcI) in long‐term alcoholic users, by investigating the ventricular activation until the completion of repolarization.Methods: The study of ECGs was performed on a selected group of 49 male white alcoholic patients, mean age 53.51±4.78 years. The control group was pair‐matched. The analysis of ECGs was performed according to the Minnesota Code, and Bazett's formula gave the values of the corrected QT interval and JT interval.Results: The results of the descriptive statistics in the group of alcoholics showed a range of the QTcd of 12.0 to 103.0 milliseconds, mean 44.2±18.6 milliseconds, compared with 5.0 to 68.0 milliseconds, mean 23.8±11.1 milliseconds, in the control group (p<0.0001). The range of JTcd in the alcoholic patients was 11.0 to 88.0 milliseconds, mean 43.0±18.3 milliseconds, compared with 5.0 to 66.0 milliseconds, mean 22.8±12.1 milliseconds, in the control group (p<0.0001). The QTc from 422.0 to 480.0 milliseconds was obtained in 69.4% of the alcoholic patients and 32.6% of the controls. The QTc over 480.0 milliseconds was found in 24.5% of the alcoholic patients, but was not recorded among the controls at all (p<0.0001). The QTcd over 50.0 milliseconds was registered in 34.7% of the alcoholic patients, while in the controls a QTcd above 50 milliseconds was found in 2.0% (p<0.0001). The mean values of QT were markedly higher in the alcoholic patients (p<0.01) than in the controls. The same was the case with the values of QTd, QTI, QTcd, and QTcI (p<0.0001). Also, the mean values of JTd, JTI, JTc, JTcd, and JTcI were significantly higher in the alcoholic patients than in the controls (p<0.0001). The mean value of JT, although higher in the alcoholic patients, did not significantly differ between the examined groups (p=0.1002). The odds ratio estimated for prolonged QTc and for enlarged QTcd in the alcoholics versus the controls was 31.625 and 25.500 (p<0.0001), respectively.Conclusions: Persons who consume various alcoholic beverages excessively and for a long time have significantly higher dispersions of the QTc and JTc, intervals and they have a significantly higher estimation of relative risk for the prolonged QTc interval and higher QTc dispersion than the control group, i.e., higher risk of arrhythmias.
Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure During Adolescence Blocks Ethanol‐Induced Inhibition of Spontaneously Active Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons
Authors: Tokunaga Sayaka , Silvers Janelle M. , Matthews Douglas B. 
Published: July 2006

Background: Binge alcohol drinking among adolescents has been a serious public health problem. A model of binge alcohol, chronic intermittent ethanol exposure (CIEE), during adolescence significantly attenuates ethanol‐induced spatial memory deficits in rats. However, the attenuation was absent following a 12‐day ethanol‐free period. Since spatial memory is hippocampal dependent, a reduction in ethanol‐induced spatial memory impairments may be due to a reduction in the ability of ethanol to inhibit the firing rate of single hippocampal pyramidal neurons following CIEE.Methods: Beginning on postnatal day 30 (P30), male adolescent Sprague‐Dawley rats (Harlan) were administered 5.0 g/kg ethanol (n=10, CIEE‐treated group) or an equivolume saline (n=10, CISE‐treated group) every 48 hours for 20 days. Single hippocampal pyramidal neurons from 5 CIEE‐treated rats and 5 CISE‐treated rats were recorded on the day following completion of the chronic intermittent exposure procedure (animals now P50). Additionally, neurons from 5 CIEE‐treated rats and 5 CISE‐treated rats were recorded 12 days after the completion of the chronic intermittent exposure procedure (animals now P62).Results: Ethanol exposure during adolescence completely blocked ethanol‐induced inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in rats that were CIEE exposed. However, the effect of CIEE on hippocampal neurophysiology was time dependent. Specifically, neurons recorded from CIEE‐treated rats after a 12‐day ethanol‐free period had similar maximal inhibition as neurons from CISE‐treated animals, although the time to reach inhibition was significantly greater in neurons from CIEE‐treated rats.Conclusion: Chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence produces a reduction, or tolerance, to ethanol‐induced inhibition of hippocampal pyramidal neural activity. Although the tolerance was greatly reversed after a 12‐day ethanol‐free period, neurons from CIEE animals inhibited slower than neurons from CISE animals. Since the hippocampus is known to be involved not only in spatial memory, but also in many other types of memory formation, the altered hippocampal functions because of CIEE during adolescence should be taken as a serious warning for society.
Short‐ and Long‐Term Outcome and Factors Predicting Survival After Surgical Tube Cystostomy for Treatment of Obstructive Urolithiasis in Small Ruminants
Authors: EWOLDT JENNIFER M. , ANDERSON DAVID E. , MIESNER MATT D. , SAVILLE WILLIAM J. 
Published: July 2006

Objective—To evaluate outcome of small ruminants after tube cystostomy without urethral flushing.Study Design—Retrospective clinical study.Animals—Small ruminants (n=63; 50 goats, 13 sheep).Methods—Medical records (January 1996–October 2003) for all small ruminants undergoing tube cystostomy were analyzed. Signalment, laboratory data, intraoperative findings, urolith type, and postoperative outcome were compared. Long‐term follow‐up was obtained at 6 and ≥12 months postoperatively.Results—Most animals were castrated males. Pygmy goats were overrepresented. Mean time to normal urination after tube cystostomy was 11 days, and mean hospitalization was 14 days. Seventy‐six percent of animals were successfully treated with tube cystostomy (90% of those discharged from hospital). Short‐ and long‐term survival was good for those animals with follow‐up data. Reobstruction occurred in <20% of animals at 6 and 12 months. Goats, castrated males, and animals with normal serum potassium, no fluid in the abdomen, or no urethral process amputation were more likely to survive. Stone type, bladder appearance, and age at castration were not associated with outcome.Conclusion—Surgical tube cystostomy without urethral flushing is an effective technique for resolution of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants.Clinical Relevance—Goats, small ruminants with an intact urethral process, absence of abdominal fluid, and serum potassium concentration <5.2 mEq/L at admission were all associated with survival after tube cystostomy. Castrated males may also be more likely to survive. These factors should be considered in management of small ruminants with urolithiasis.
A Clinical Evaluation of a Headless, Titanium, Variable‐Pitched, Tapered, Compression Screw for Repair of Nondisplaced Lateral Condylar Fractures in Thoroughbred Racehorses
Authors: GALUPPO LARRY D. , SIMPSON EDWIN L. , GREENMAN SYLVIA L. , DOWD JOSEPH P. , FERRARO GREGORY L. , MEAGHER DENNIS M. 
Published: July 2006

Objective— To report clinical evaluation of headless compression screws for repair of metacarpal/metatarsal (MC/MT3) condylar fractures in horses.Study Design— Retrospective case study.Sample Population— Racing Thoroughbreds (n=16) with nondisplaced lateral condylar fractures of MC/MT 3.Methods— Medical records (1999–2004) of horses with nondisplaced longitudinal fractures of the lateral condyle of MC/MT3 were reviewed. Pre‐operative variables retrieved were: patient age, gender, limb involvement, injury occurrence, fracture length, and width, evidence of palmar comminution and degenerative joint disease, number of pre‐injury starts, and pre‐injury earnings. Post‐operative variables retrieved were: surgical complications, surgical time, number of race starts, and post‐operative earnings.Results— MC3 (n=11) and MT3 (5) nondisplaced longitudinal fractures of the lateral condyle were repaired with Acutrak® Equine (AE) screws. Left front limb fractures were most common (8) followed by left hind (5) and right front (3). Nine fractures occurred during training and 7 during racing; 4 fractures had palmar comminution. No surgical complications occurred. Of 15 horses that returned to training, 11 (73%) raced 306±67 days after injury and had greater mean (±SD) post‐injury earnings/start ($5290.00±$8124.00) than pre‐injury ($4971.00±$2842.00). Screw removal was not required in any horse.Conclusion— The AE screw is a viable option for repair of nondisplaced lateral condylar MC/MT3 fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses.Clinical Relevance— Adequate stability of nondisplaced lateral condylar fractures can be achieved with a headless tapered compression screw while avoiding impingement on the collateral ligaments and joint capsule of the fetlock joint.
Laparoscopic Obliteration of the Nephrosplenic Space Using Polypropylene Mesh in Five Horses
Authors: EPSTEIN KIRA L. , PARENTE ERIC J. 
Published: July 2006

Objective—To report a laparoscopic technique for insertion of polypropylene mesh in the nephrosplenic space in horses and evaluate outcome.Study Design—Descriptive experimental study.Animals—Five healthy mature horses.Methods—One laparoscope and 2 instrument portals were made on the left side of the horse. The nephrosplenic space was measured and appropriately sized polypropylene mesh was inserted and attached to the dorsolateral splenic capsule and perirenal fascia using helical titanium coils. All horses had repeat laparoscopy 4 weeks later and were necropsied at intervals 4–14 weeks after mesh placement.Results—Mean time for laparoscopic mesh placement was 104 minutes. None of the horses had signs of colic and at 4 weeks all mesh implants were covered by fibrous tissue. One horse had a descending colon mesenteric adhesion to the mesh. At necropsy, the fibrous tissue covering the mesh had adhered to itself and pulled the splenic capsule and perirenal fascia into close apposition. Each mesh implant was firmly adhered to the spleen, nephrosplenic ligament, and perirenal fascia.Conclusions—Laparoscopic mesh placement was easily performed, well tolerated, and provided excellent fibrous obliteration of the nephrosplenic space. The single important complication observed was a mesenteric adhesion of the descending colon to the mesh in 1 horse.Clinical Relevance—Laparoscopic placement of polypropylene mesh leads to obliteration of the nephrosplenic space within 4 weeks and should prevent entrapment of viscera in the nephrosplenic space.
Induction of a Barrier Membrane to Facilitate Reconstruction of Massive Segmental Diaphyseal Bone Defects: An Ovine Model
Authors: VIATEAU VÉRONIQUE , GUILLEMIN GENEVIÈVE , CALANDO YOLANDE , LOGEART DELPHINE , OUDINA KARIM , SEDEL LAURENT , HANNOUCHE DIDIER , BOUSSON VALÉRIE , PETITE HERVÉ 
Published: July 2006

Objectives—To report an ovine model that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of bone substitutes for repair of segmental diaphyseal bone defects.Study Design—Experimental study.Animals—Eleven 2‐year‐old Pré‐Alpes Sheep.Methods—Mid‐diaphyseal metatarsal bone defects (25 mm long) were stabilized by a dynamic compression plate over a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement spacer, and by external coaptation. The PMMA spacer was removed at 6 weeks by incising the encapsulating membrane. The defect remained unfilled (Group 1; n=5) or was filled with morselized autologous corticocancellous graft (Group 2; n=6), the membrane sutured closed, and external coaptation applied for 6 months, when healing was evaluated.Results—Radiographic, computed tomographic, and histologic examinations at 6 months after the 2nd surgery revealed non‐union in ungrafted defects whereas grafted defects showed bone healing. The induced membrane had blood vessels, CBFA1+ cells, and very few macrophages entrapped in a collagenous tissue positive for type I collagen.Conclusion—This ovine metatarsal defect model resulted in a critical‐size defect (non‐union) that healed when grafted. The PMMA‐induced membrane constrained the graft, was well vascularized, and may have osteogenic properties.Clinical Relevance—This model may be useful to evaluate new strategies in bone tissue engineering because the PMMA‐induced membrane may help confine bone morphogenetic proteins, skeletal stem cells, or other agents to the defect cavity where they could be useful to enhance bone formation.
Change in Tibial Plateau Angle After Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy in Dogs
Authors: MOELLER E. MICHAEL , CROSS ALAN R. , RAPOFF ANDREW J. 
Published: July 2006

Objective— To determine the change in tibial plateau angle (TPA) during healing after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) performed for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency in dogs and to examine factors that may be associated with the change.Study Design— Retrospective study.Study Population— One hundred and forty‐nine canine stifles after TPLO procedure.Methods— Records of dogs that had TPLO were reviewed. Patient age, weight, sex, breed, pre‐ and postoperative TPA, recheck TPA, time to recheck, type of implant used, and radiographic evidence of healing were analyzed.Results— Mean time to recheck evaluation was 46 days (range, 28–65 days). Mean difference between immediate postoperative and recheck TPA measurements was 1.5° (range, −3 to 9°). Recheck TPA was a significantly greater (numerically higher) than immediate postoperative TPA (P<.0001). There was no significant effect of patient weight, type of plate used, or healing status of the osteotomy at the time of recheck. No correlation between pre‐ or postoperative TPA angles and change in TPA angle was detected.Conclusions— TPA changes during osteotomy healing after TPLO, but factors influencing this change were not identified.Clinical Relevance— TPA may increase during healing after TPLO despite apparently adequate osteotomy fixation. The clinical relevance of this increase is unknown but is likely minimal.
Intraoperative Use of Ultrasonography During Continuous Dorsal Laminectomy in Two Dogs with Caudal Cervical Vertebral Instability and Malformation (“Wobbler Syndrome”)
Authors: NANAI BEATRIX , LYMAN RONALD , BICHSEL PIERRE 
Published: July 2006

Objective— To describe an intraoperative ultrasound imaging technique during dorsal laminectomy in 2 dogs with caudal cervical vertebral instability and malformation (CCVIM, “Wobbler syndrome”).Study Design— Clinical case report.Sample Population— Two dogs with CCVIM.Results— On neurologic examination there was tetraparesis with upper motor neuron signs in the thoracic limbs and lower motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs in dog 1, and hyperreflexia of the rear limbs, normoreflexia of the right front limb, and hyporeflexia of the left front limb of dog 2. Both dogs had signs of marked cervical pain and radiographic signs of cervical spinal cord compression. Intraoperative ultrasonography of the spinal cord revealed protruding intervertebral disc at C5–6 (dog 1) and C6–7 (dog 2), and the parallel borders of the spinal cord and central canal after decompression. Continuous dorsal laminectomy (CDL) resulted in improvement over 16 months (dog 1) and 20 months (dog 2).Conclusions— Intraoperative ultrasonographic imaging of the cervical spinal cord after CDL was helpful in determining adequate decompression (postlaminectomy) of the spinal cord in relation to the ventral and lateral compressive component(s) and to image the protruding intervertebral disc.Clinical Relevance— Intraoperative ultrasonography can be used to provide valuable information on the spinal cord and surrounding soft tissues for the neurosurgeon.
Mechanical Evaluation of Two Crimp Clamp Systems for Extracapsular Stabilization of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament‐Deficient Canine Stifle
Authors: MOORES ANDREW P. , BECK ALISON L. , JESPERS KARIN J. M. , HALFACREE ZOË , WILSON ALAN M. 
Published: July 2006

Objective— To compare the mechanical properties and interoperator variabilities of 2 crimp clamp systems for extracapsular, fabello‐tibial, nylon loop stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament‐deficient stifle in dogs.Study Design— In vitro mechanical testing.Methods— Three operators with different grip strengths each secured 20 standardized nylon loops using stainless‐steel crimp clamps: 10 using a Veterinary Instrumentation system (45 kg [100 lb] test nylon leader line, 12 mm crimp clamps) and 10 using a Securos system (36 kg [80 lb] test nylon leader line, 36 kg [80 lb] crimp clamps). Loops were tensile loaded to failure in a materials testing machine.Results— Mean ultimate load and mean stiffness were significantly higher for the Securos (336.9 N, 60.6 N/mm) than for the Veterinary Instrumentation system (113.8 N, 37.0 N/mm). For both systems, ultimate load was subject to interoperator variability.Conclusions— The Securos loops were significantly stronger and stiffer than the Veterinary Instrumentation loops for all operators, but significant differences between operators for ultimate load existed for both systems.Clinical Relevance— Securos fabello‐tibial sutures will withstand greater loads than Veterinary Instrumentation sutures and this is particularly true for sutures created by surgeons with reduced grip strength. It may be necessary to use more than 1 Veterinary Instrumentation suture to match the ultimate load and stiffness of a Securos suture.
Effect of Medial Meniscal Release on Tibial Translation After Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy
Authors: POZZI ANTONIO , KOWALESKI MICHAEL P. , APELT DETLEF , MEADOWS CHEYNEY , ANDREWS CHAD M. , JOHNSON KENNETH A. 
Published: July 2006

Objective—To evaluate the biomechanical effects of medial meniscal release (MMR) and medial, caudal pole hemimeniscectomy (MCH) on joint stability in the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)‐deficient canine stifle before and after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).Study Design—Experimental study.Animals—Thirty‐one dogs.Methods—In experiment 1, 16 pairs of normal hindlimbs randomly assigned to an intact or transected CCL group were studied to determine the magnitude of tibial translation after MMR and MCH under 20% body weight load using radiographic imaging of radio‐opaque markers. In experiment 2, 15 pairs of CCL‐deficient hindlimbs were randomly assigned to a TPLO or sham TPLO group. The remainder of the experiment was performed as described for experiment 1. The effect of CCL transection, MMR, MCH and TPLO were analyzed using 2‐way repeated measures ANOVA;P<.05 was considered significant.Results—We found a greater effect of MMR on tibial translation in transected CCL stifles than in intact stifles (P=.0016). We found no further effect of MCH after MMR (P>.05). We found a greater effect of MMR in sham TPLO than TPLO stifles (P=.0013) but no further effect of MCH after MMR (P>.05).Conclusions—By resisting tibial translation the medial meniscus might be at greater risk of tearing in CCL‐deficient stifles. TPLO may spare the medial meniscus by neutralizing the tibial thrust and eliminating the wedge effect of the medial meniscus.Clinical Relevance—MMR may not be indicated in the CCL‐deficient stifle stabilized by TPLO.