bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breastfeeding and Hospitalization for Diarrheal and Respiratory Infection in the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Quigley Maria A. , Kelly Yvonne J. , Sacker Amanda 
Published: April 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of breastfeeding on hospitalization for diarrheal and lower respiratory tract infections in the first 8 months after birth in contemporary United Kingdom.
METHODS. The study was a population-based survey (sweep 1 of the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study). Data on infant feeding, infant health, and a range of confounding factors were available for 15890 healthy, singleton, term infants who were born in 2000–2002. The main outcome measures were parental report of hospitalization for diarrhea and lower respiratory tract infection in the first 8 months after birth.
RESULTS. Seventy percent of infants were breastfed (ever), 34% received breast milk for at least 4 months, and 1.2% were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 months. By 8 months of age, 12% of infants had been hospitalized (1.1% for diarrhea and 3.2% for lower respiratory tract infection). Data analyzed by month of age, with adjustment for confounders, show that exclusive breastfeeding, compared with not breastfeeding, protects against hospitalization for diarrhea and lower respiratory tract infection. The effect of partial breastfeeding is weaker. Population-attributable fractions suggest that an estimated 53% of diarrhea hospitalizations could have been prevented each month by exclusive breastfeeding and 31% by partial breastfeeding. Similarly, 27% of lower respiratory tract infection hospitalizations could have been prevented each month by exclusive breastfeeding and 25% by partial breastfeeding. The protective effect of breastfeeding for these outcomes wears off soon after breastfeeding cessation.
CONCLUSIONS. Breastfeeding, particularly when exclusive and prolonged, protects against severe morbidity in contemporary United Kingdom. A population-level increase in exclusive, prolonged breastfeeding would be of considerable potential benefit for public health.
Inflammatory Markers and Mediators in Tracheal Fluid of Premature Infants Treated With Inhaled Nitric Oxide
Authors: Truog William E. , Ballard Philip L. , Norberg Michael , Golombek Sergio , Savani Rashmin C. , Merrill Jeffrey D. , Parton Lance A. , Cnaan Avital , Luan Xianqun , Ballard Roberta A. ,   the Nitric Oxide (to Prevent) Chronic Lung Disease Study Investigators
Published: April 2007

OBJECTIVE. We compared serial measurements of inflammatory mediators and markers in infants treated with inhaled nitric oxide or placebo to assess the effects of inhaled nitric oxide therapy on lung inflammation during bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We investigated relationships between respiratory severity scores and airway concentrations of inflammatory markers/mediators.METHODS. As part of the Nitric Oxide (to Prevent) Chronic Lung Disease trial, a subset of 99 infants (52 placebo-treated infants and 47 inhaled nitric oxide-treated infants; well matched at baseline) had tracheal aspirate fluid collected at baseline, at 2 to 4 days, and then weekly while still intubated during study gas treatment (minimum of 24 days). Fluid was assessed for interleukin-1β, interleukin-8, transforming growth factor-β, N-acetylglucosaminidase, 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α, and hyaluronan. Results were normalized to total protein and secretory component of immunoglobulin A.RESULTS. At baseline, there was substantial variability of each measured substance and no correlation between tracheal aspirate fluid levels of any substance and respiratory severity scores. Inhaled nitric oxide administration did not result in any time-matched significant change for any of the analytes, compared with the placebo-treated group. There was no correlation between any of the measured markers/mediators and respiratory severity scores throughout the 24 days of study gas administration. In the posthoc analysis of data for inhaled nitric oxide-treated infants, there was a difference at baseline in 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α levels for infants who did (n = 21) and did not (n = 26) develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia at postmenstrual age of 36 weeks.CONCLUSIONS. Inhaled nitric oxide, as administered in this study, seemed to be safe. Its use was not associated with any increase in airway inflammatory substances.
Outcome at 2 Years of Age of Infants From the DART Study: A Multicenter, International, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Low-Dose Dexamethasonef
Authors: Doyle Lex W. , Davis Peter G. , Morley Colin J. , McPhee Andy , Carlin John B. ,   and the DART Study Investigators
Published: April 2007

OBJECTIVE. Low-dose dexamethasone facilitates extubation in chronically ventilator-dependent infants with no obvious short-term complications. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term effects of low-dose dexamethasone.
METHODS. Very preterm (&lt;28 weeks' gestation) or extremely low birth weight (birth weight &lt;1000 g) infants who were ventilator dependent after the first week of life for whom clinicians considered corticosteroids were indicated were eligible. After informed consent, infants were randomly assigned to masked dexamethasone (0.89 mg/kg over 10 days) or saline placebo. Survivors were assessed at 2 years' corrected age by staff blinded to treatment group allocation to determine neurosensory outcome, growth, and health.
RESULTS. The trial was abandoned well short of its target sample size because of recruitment difficulties. Seventy infants were recruited from 11 centers, 35 in each group: 59 survived to 2 years of age, and 58 (98%) were assessed at follow-up, but data for cerebral palsy were available for only 56 survivors. There was little evidence for a difference in the major end point, the rate of the combined outcome of death, or major disability at 2 years of age (dexamethasone group: 46%; controls: 43%). Rates of mortality before follow-up (11% vs 20%), major disability (41% vs 31%), cerebral palsy (14% vs 22%), or of the combined outcomes of death or cerebral palsy (23% vs 37%) were not substantially different between the groups. There were no obvious effects of low-dose dexamethasone on growth or readmissions to hospital after discharge.
CONCLUSIONS. Although this trial was not able to provide definitive evidence on the long-term effects of low-dose dexamethasone after the first week of life in chronically ventilator-dependent infants, our data indicate no strong association with long-term morbidity.
Cost-effectiveness and Potential Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination in the United States
Authors: Widdowson Marc-Alain , Meltzer Martin I. , Zhang Xinzhi , Bresee Joseph S. , Parashar Umesh D. , Glass Roger I. 
Published: April 2007

OBJECTIVE. In February 2006, a safe, efficacious, orally administered pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine was licensed and recommended for routine immunization of all children in the United States. We assessed the health and economic impacts of a national rotavirus immunization program in the United States.METHODS. Monte Carlo cost-effectiveness analyses, from health care and societal perspectives, of vaccination of a hypothetical US birth cohort of 4010000 children monitored from birth to 59 months of age were performed. We compared the disease and economic burden of rotavirus infection in an unvaccinated cohort of children with one vaccinated at 2, 4, and 6 months with pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine.RESULTS. A routine rotavirus immunization program would prevent 13 deaths, 44000 hospitalizations, 137000 emergency department visits, 256000 office visits, and 1100000 episodes requiring only home care for children &lt;5 years of age in the United States. Assuming costs of administration of $10, the break-even price per dose of vaccine was $42 from the societal perspective and $12 from the health care perspective. From the societal perspective, at the manufacturer's price of $62.50 per dose, vaccination would cost $138 per case averted, $3024 per serious case averted, and $197190 per life-year saved, at a total cost of $515 million to the health care system and $216 million to society. Key variables influencing the results were parental workdays lost, costs of hospitalization, emergency department visits, and child care.CONCLUSIONS. Despite a higher burden of serious rotavirus disease than estimated previously, routine rotavirus vaccination would unlikely be cost-saving in the United States at present. Nonetheless, rotavirus vaccination may still be considered a cost-effective intervention.
Increasing Antiretroviral Drug Access for Children With HIV Infection
Authors:   Committee on Pediatric AIDS, Section on International Child Health
Published: April 2007

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed April 2010, April 2016, and October 2021.
Although there have been great gains in the prevention of pediatric HIV infection and provision of antiretroviral therapy for children with HIV infection in resource-rich countries, many barriers remain to scaling up HIV prevention and treatment for children in resource-limited areas of the world. Appropriate testing technologies need to be made more widely available to identify HIV infection in infants. Training of practitioners in the skills required to care for children with HIV infection is required to increase the number of children receiving antiretroviral therapy. Lack of availability of appropriate antiretroviral drug formulations that are easily usable and inexpensive is a major impediment to optimal care for children with HIV. The time and energy spent trying to develop liquid antiretroviral formulations might be better used in the manufacture of smaller pill sizes or crushable tablets, which are easier to dispense, transport, store, and administer to children.
A New Low‐Cost Instream Antenna System for Tracking Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT)‐Tagged Fish in Small Streams
Authors: Bond Morgan H. , Hanson Chad V. , Baertsch Robert , Hayes Sean A. , MacFarlane R. Bruce 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe present a new, low‐cost, low‐power, half/full‐duplex passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag interrogation antenna for use in detecting fish movements in small streams. New technology by Allflex‐USA allowed us to develop a reading system with an antenna 279.4 cm wide × 60.9 cm high that reads both common tag types used in fisheries today for about US$1,000. An instream antenna of this size and price makes high‐resolution tracking of fish movement in small streams feasible where cost and tag‐type restrictions were prohibitive. For evaluation, we placed the antenna upstream of a small estuary on the central California coast to observe the diel movements of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss between the estuary and upstream habitats in both spring and fall months.
Correlation Between Atherosclerosis and Periodontal Putative Pathogenic Bacterial Infections in Coronary and Internal Mammary Arteries
Authors: Pucar Ana , Milasin Jelena , Lekovic Vojislav , Vukadinovic Miroslav , Ristic Miljko , Putnik Svetozar , Kenney E. Barrie 
Published: April 2007

Background: Chronic infections, such as periodontitis, have been associated with an increased risk for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. The aim of this study was to investigate biopsy samples of coronary and internal mammary arteries for the presence of putative pathogenic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythensis), Chlamydia pneumoniae, and human cytomegalovirus (CMV).Methods: Patients with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease were included in the study. Fifteen coronary arteries with atherosclerosis and 15 internal mammary arteries without clinically assessable atherosclerotic degeneration were investigated. Both groups of specimens were obtained during coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. In all cases, the coronary and mammary artery specimens were taken from the same patient. The detection of periodontal pathogens, C. pneumoniae, and CMV was done by polymerase chain reaction analysis.Results: Bacterial DNA was found in nine of 15 (60%) coronary artery biopsy samples: P. gingivalis in eight (53.33%), A. actinomycetemcomitans in four (26.67%), P. intermedia in five (33.33%), and T. forsythensis in two (13.33%) samples; CMV was detected in 10 (66.67%) samples, and C. pneumoniae was detected in five (33.33%) samples. Some of the samples contained more than one type of bacteria. Periodontal pathogens were not detected in internal mammary artery biopsies, whereas CMV was present in seven (46.67%) samples and C. pneumoniae was present in six (40%) samples.Conclusion: The absence of putative pathogenic bacteria in internal mammary arteries, which are known to be affected rarely by atherosclerotic changes, and their presence in a high percentage of atherosclerotic coronary arteries support the concept that periodontal organisms are associated with the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
Demographic, Clinical, and Microbial Aspects of Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis in Colombia: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Lafaurie Gloria Inés , Contreras Adolfo , Barón Alexandra , Botero Javier , Mayorga‐Fayad Isabel , Jaramillo Adriana , Giraldo Astrid , González Ferney , Mantilla Sergio , Botero Alejandro , Archila Luz Helena , Díaz Antonio , Chacón Tatiana , Castillo Diana Marcela , Betancourt Marisol , Del Rosario Aya Maria , Arce Roger 
Published: April 2007

Background: The microbial profile of periodontal disease varies among different human populations. This study evaluated the demographic, clinical, and microbiologic aspects of periodontitis in a multigeographic sample in Colombia.Methods: Three hundred twenty‐five patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 158 patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP), and 137 healthy‐gingivitis controls from five regions of the country were studied. Clinical, microbial, and sociodemographic data were collected. Microbiologic identification was performed using polymerase chain reaction 16S rRNA gene on pooled subgingival samples, and the presence of Gram‐negative enteric rods was evaluated by culture. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted.Results: Porphyromonas gingivalis occurred in 71.5% of individuals with periodontitis, Tannerella forsythensis occurred in 58.5%, Campylobacter rectus occurred in 57.5%, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans occurred in 23.6%, and enteric rods occurred in 34.5%. P. gingivalis was more common in CP and AgP than controls. A. actinomycetemcomitans was increased in AgP compared to controls and patients with CP. T. forsythensis, C. rectus, and Eikenella corrodens had a low presence in the West Pacific and Central regions, and enteric rods were increased in the Central region (P <0.05). Other sociodemographic factors were not associated with these microorganisms.Conclusions: Geographic regions do not influence the microbiota, but the microbiota may vary by geographic region. P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, and C. rectus are the most prevalent periodontophatic microorganisms in Colombia. A. actinomycetemcomitans was more common in AgP, and a large percentage of the population studied had enteric rods in the subgingival plaque.
Optimizing the Esthetic Potential of Implant Restorations Through the Use of Immediate Implants With Immediate Provisionals
Authors: Harvey Brien V. 
Published: April 2007

Background: Few things in clinical periodontics are more challenging or potentially more rewarding than gaining an ideal result with implant‐supported crowns in the esthetic zone.Methods: This article describes a novel approach to maintaining soft tissue health and support following immediate implant placement and immediate insertion of minimally functional single‐unit screw‐retained fixed provisionals.Results: Excellent tissue health, soft tissue profiles, and maintenance of septal bone height are documented with clinical photographs and 1‐year follow‐up radiographs.Conclusion: In addition to maximizing the chances for an optimal esthetic result, this technique also allows precise adjustment and stability of occlusal relationships for provisionals in the perioperative period.
Influence of Periodontal Therapy on the Regulation of Soluble Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression in Aggressive Periodontitis Patients
Authors: Pischon Nicole , Hägewald Stefan , Kunze Melanie , Heng Nora , Christan Claudia , Kleber Bernd‐Michael , Müller Christian , Bernimoulin Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2007

Background: Inflammatory periodontal disease is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulating cell adhesion molecules (CAM) (intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 [ICAM‐1], vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 [VCAM‐1], and E‐selectin) have been suggested as potential candidate markers of endothelial dysfunction, which contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The regulation of CAM in subjects with severe periodontitis and the influence of periodontal intervention on systemic CAM levels are not clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether intensive periodontal therapy reduces serum levels of CAM in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis.Methods: Blood samples were collected at six treatment time points from 21 patients with previously untreated generalized aggressive periodontitis (mean age: 34.6 ± 4.3 years). Patients received subgingival scaling and root planing and antibiotic therapy and were monitored over a 6‐month recall period. Serum levels of soluble ICAM‐1 (sICAM‐1), VCAM‐1 (sVCAM‐1), and E‐selectin (sE‐selectin) were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: sE‐selectin plasma levels decreased significantly (P <0.01) during periodontal therapy. Mean plasma levels were 6‐.95 ng/ml before treatment and 44.71 ng/ml 6 months after antibiotic therapy. sICAM‐1 and sVCAM‐2 serum levels were unaffected by therapeutic intervention.Conclusions: Periodontal therapy reduces plasma sE‐selectin levels. Whether this leads to a reduction in risk of future cardiovascular events in patients with aggressive periodontal disease warrants further studies.
Clinical Evaluation of the Use of Locally Delivered Chlorhexidine in Periodontal Maintenance Therapy
Authors: Rodrigues Ivana Ferreira Gomes , Machion Luciana , Casati Marcio Zafalon , Nociti Francisco Humberto , de Toledo Sergio , Sallum Antonio Wilson , Sallum Enilson Antonio 
Published: April 2007

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate clinically the effectiveness of a chlorhexidine gluconate chip in sites still showing signs of disease during periodontal maintenance therapy.Methods: Forty‐two maintenance non‐smoking patients (previously treated with non‐surgical scaling and root planing [SRP]), presenting at least one probing depth (PD) of 5 to 8 mm, and bleeding on probing (BOP) at single‐rooted teeth were assigned randomly to two groups: treated with a chlorhexidine gluconate chip (CHIP group) and treated with SRP (SRP group). Patients were assessed for plaque index, gingival index, BOP, PD, clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival recession at baseline, 6 weeks, and 3 and 6 months.Results: Both treatments resulted in improvements in all parameters evaluated. After 6 months, a reduction in PD of 2.64 ± 0.02 mm and 2.12 ± 0.02 mm was observed for CHIP and SRP groups, respectively (P >0.05). The observed gain in CAL was 2.19 ± 0.87 mm and 2.07 ± 1.53 mm for CHIP and SRP groups, respectively (P >0.05). In deep pockets, PD reduction was 3.60 ± 0.70 mm for CHIP group and 2.83 ± 0.62 mm for SRP group (P = 0.01).Conclusions: Both treatments were equally effective in periodontal health reestablishment in inflamed single‐root sites of maintenance patients. However, for deep pockets, the chlorhexidine gluconate chip was more effective than SRP in reducing PD.
Cementum Crack Formation by Repeated Loading In Vitro
Authors: Noma Noriyoshi , Kakigawa Hiroshi , Kozono Yoshio , Yokota Makoto 
Published: April 2007

Background: In this study, the hypothesis was adopted that fatigue destruction may develop on the cementum of the root surface because of the repeated occlusal stresses loaded on the tooth as in the case of prolonged occlusal trauma. The purpose of this study is to clarify whether cemental fatigue destruction occurs when repeated stresses are loaded on the occlusal surface of a tooth.Methods: The teeth used were five human mandible premolars from individuals 14 to 22 years of age. The teeth were freshly extracted in orthodontic treatment. They were free of decay and fillings, and their roots were straight. One half of the root was embedded in cold curing acrylic resin, and a compressive load of 5.0 kgf was repeatedly applied along the tooth axis in water 1 million times with a speed of one time per second. Changes in the tooth surface were observed by taking photographs with a stereoscopic microscope and a digital camera after every 100,000 loadings. Cracks were dyed with 2% methylene blue solution, and crack areas were measured using gray‐scaled and binary‐processed photographs. Data were analyzed using image analysis software.Results: It was confirmed that cracks significantly developed on the buccal, mesial, and distal surfaces but not on the lingual surface; crack areas showed a tendency to significantly increase after 500,000 loadings; extension of the crack from the cemento‐enamel junction to the root apex increased with time, and the average extension was 0.67 ± 0.12 mm after 1 million loadings.Conclusion: This study revealed that cementum cracks developed in the cervix by repeated loadings and extended toward the root apex with time, suggesting that repeated stresses by occlusion or strong stresses such as by bruxism may trigger the development of site‐specific attachment loss, which is one of the potential factors inducing periodontal diseases.
Osmotic Pressure and Vasculature of Gingiva in Experimental Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sakallıoğlu Elif Eser , Ayas Bülent , Sakallıoğlu Umur , Yavuz Ümit , Açıkgöz Gökhan , Fıratlı Erhan 
Published: April 2007

Background: Alterations in tissue osmotic pressure (OP) and vasculature are considered to be the inevitable aspects of an inflammatory process that subsequently alter the fluid dynamics of the tissues involved. The aim of this study was to reveal a profile of OP and vascular changes in periodontally healthy gingival tissues and analyze the relationship between them in diabetes mellitus (DM) to evaluate the possible effects of DM on the fluid dynamics of the periodontium.Methods: Experimental DM was created by intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection in 10 periodontally healthy rats. These rats were used as the test group, and 10 systemically and periodontally healthy rats served as the control group. Gingival tissue samples obtained from the groups were used for the test procedures. OP was measured in the supernatants of these samples by a semimicrodigital osmometer. Vasculature was assessed as the alterations in vascularization (vessel number [VN]) and vasodilatation (vessel diameter [VD]) by histomorphometric means.Results: There was a gross increase in the OP level of the test group (172.7 ± 59.7 mOsm/kg) compared to the control group (11.4 ± 4.2 mOsm/kg; P <0.001). VN was found to be significantly larger in the test group (12.7 ± 2.8) than in the control group (6.8 ± 1.1; P <0.001). VD was found to be smaller in the test group (10.1 ± 2.8 μm) than in the control group (15.5 ± 2.4 μm), and this difference was statistically significant (P <0.001). A positive correlation between OP and VN (r = 0.77; P <0.001) and a negative correlation between OP and VD (r = 0.1; P >0.05) were observed in the test group.Conclusion: Our results reveal that the fluid dynamics of periodontal soft tissues may be affected by the diabetic conditions in this diabetic model because of the increased OP and VN during the pathogenesis of the disease.