bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of mutualist populations that are demographically open
Authors: THOMPSON ANDREW R. , NISBET ROGER M. , SCHMITT RUSSELL J. 
Published: September 2006

Summary

Few theoretical studies have examined the impact of immigration and emigration on mutualist population dynamics, but a recent empirical study (A.R. Thompson Oecologia, 143, 61–69) on mutualistic fish and shrimp showed that immigration can prevent population collapse, and that intraspecific competition for a mutualistic partner can curb population expansion. To understand in a theoretical context the implications of these results, and to assess their generality, we present a two‐species model that accounts explicitly for immigration and emigration, as well as distinguishing the impacts of mutualism on birth rates, death rates and habitat acquisition.
The model confirms that immigration can stabilize mutualistic populations, and predicts that high immigration, along with enhanced reproduction and/or reduced mortality through mutualism, can cause population sizes to increase until habitat availability curbs further expansion.
We explore in detail the effects of different forms of habitat limitation on mutualistic populations. Habitat availability commonly limits the density of both populations if mutualists acquire shelter independently. If a mutualist depends on a partner for habitat, densities of that mutualist are capped by the amount of space provided by that partner. The density of the shelter‐provider is limited by the environment.
If a mutualism solely augments reproduction, and most locally produced individuals leave the focal patch, then the mutualism will have a minimal effect on local dynamics. If the mutualism operates by reducing rates of death or enhancing habitat availability, and there is at least some immigration, then mutualism will affect local dynamics. This finding may be particularly relevant in marine systems, where there is high variability (among species and locations) in the extent to which progeny disperse from natal locations.
Overall, our results demonstrate that the consequences of immigration and emigration for the dynamics of mutualists depend strongly on which demographic rate is influenced by mutualism.
By relating our model to a variety of terrestrial and aquatic systems, we provide a general framework to guide future empirical studies of the dynamics of mutualistic populations.
Cowpox virus infection in natural field vole Microtus agrestis populations: delayed density dependence and individual risk
Authors: BURTHE SARAH , TELFER SANDRA , LAMBIN XAVIER , BENNETT MALCOLM , CARSLAKE DAVID , SMITH ANDREW , BEGON MICHAEL 
Published: September 2006

Summary

Little is known about the dynamics of pathogen (microparasite) infection in wildlife populations, and less still about sources of variation in the risk of infection. Here we present the first detailed analysis of such variation.
Cowpox virus is an endemic sublethal pathogen circulating in populations of wild rodents. Cowpox prevalence was monitored longitudinally for 2 years, in populations of field voles exhibiting multiannual cycles of density in Kielder Forest, UK.
The probability that available susceptible animals seroconverted in a given trap session was significantly positively related to host density with a 3‐month time lag.
Males were significantly more likely to seroconvert than females.
Despite most infection being found in young animals (because transmission rates were generally high) mature individuals were more likely to seroconvert than immature ones, suggesting that behavioural or physiological changes associated with maturity contribute to variation in infection risk.
Hence, these analyses confirm that there is a delayed numerical response of cowpox infection to vole density, supporting the hypothesis that endemic pathogens may play some part in shaping vole cycles.
Epidemiology of intensive care unit (ICU)‐acquired infections in a 14‐month prospective cohort study in a single mixed Scandinavian university hospital ICU
Authors: Ylipalosaari P , Ala‐Kokko T. I. , Laurila J , Ohtonen P , Syrjälä H 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Our aim was to evaluate the epidemiology of intensive care unit (ICU)‐acquired infections in a prospective cohort study.Methods:  Patients with longer than a 48‐h stay in an adult mixed medical–surgical ICU in a tertiary level teaching hospital were included. The incidence (per cent) and incidence density (per 1000 patient days) of ICU‐acquired infections and the device‐associated infection rates per 1000 device days were analysed prospectively in a 14‐month study.Results:  Eighty (23.9%) of 335 patients, whose ICU stay was longer than 48 h, acquired a total of 107 infections (1.3 per patient) during their ICU stay, with an infection rate of 48 per 1000 patient days. The most common infections were ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) [33.8% (18.8 per 1000 respiratory days)], other lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) (20%) and sinusitis (13.8%). The rate of central catheter‐related (CRI) or primary bloodstream infections was 6.3% (2.2 per 1000 central venous catheter days), and the rate of urinary tract infections was 1.3% (0.5 per 1000 urinary catheter days). The first ICU infection was observed in 58.8% (47/80) of cases within 6 days after admission. The median time from admission to the diagnosis of an ICU‐acquired infection was 4 days (25th–75th percentiles, 4.0–6.0) for VAP, 6.0 days (4.5–7.0) for LRTIs and 9.5 days (6.5–13.0) for CRIs.Conclusions:  The rates of urinary tract infections and bloodstream infections were lower than reported previously, differentiating our results from the classic pattern of ICU‐acquired infections, with the exception of the predominance of VAP.
Breakthrough pain in opioid‐treated chronic non‐malignant pain patients referred to a multidisciplinary pain centre: a preliminary study
Authors: Højsted J. , Nielsen P. R. , Eriksen J. , Hansen O. B. , Sjøgren Per 
Published: September 2006

Background: Breakthrough pain (BTP) has not formerly been discussed as such in chronic non‐malignant pain patients referred to pain centres and clinics. The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence, characteristics and mechanisms of BTP in opioid‐treated chronic non‐malignant pain patients referred to a pain centre and to assess the short‐term effects of pain treatment.Methods: Patients were assessed at referral (T0) and after a treatment period of 3 months (T3) using the visual analogue scale (VAS) of the brief pain inventory (BPI) within somatic nociceptive, neuropathic and/or visceral pain conditions, the mini mental state examination (MMSE) and the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). The main treatment intervention from T0to T3was to convert short‐acting oral opioids to long‐acting oral opioids and to discontinue on demand and parenteral use of opioids.Results: Thirty‐three patients were assessed at T0and 27 at T3. The prevalence of BTP declined significantly from T0(90%) to T3(70.4%). Worst, least, average and current pain intensities as well as duration of BTP were significantly reduced from T0to T3.The majority of BTPs were exacerbation of background pain assumed to be of the same pain mechanisms. High average pain intensity (BPI) was significantly associated with high scores for both anxiety and depression (HADS).Conclusion: BTP in chronic non‐malignant pain patients seems to be surprisingly frequent and severe. Stabilizing the opioid regimen seems to reduce pain intensity in general as well as the intensity and duration of BTP. Average pain intensity was associated with anxiety and depression.
ROLE OF HYPOTHALAMIC α2‐ADRENOCEPTOR ACTIVITY IN FRUCTOSE‐INDUCED HYPERTENSION
Authors: Mayer Marcos A , Höcht Christian , Opezzo Javier AW , Peredo Horacio A , Navacchia Daniel , Taira Carlos A , Fernández Belisario E , Puyó Ana M 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARY

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine on blood pressure and heart rate (HR) regulation, as well as on adrenergic and serotoninergic neurotransmission, in fructose hypertensive (F) rats.
The anterior hypothalamic area of control (C) and F rats was perfused with Ringer's solution containing 10 and 100 µg/mL yohimbine through a microdialysis concentric probe. The effects of yohimbine on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR, as well as on hypothalamic dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid (5‐HIAA) levels, were measured according to perfusion time.
Although intrahypothalamic perfusion of yohimbine increased blood pressure in C rats (ΔMAP 9 ± 1 and 11 ± 2 mmHg for 10 and 100 µg/mL yohimbine, respectively; P < 0.05 vs Ringer's perfusion), the α‐adrenoceptor antagonist did not modify MAP in F. Intrahypothalamic yohimbine had no effect on HR at either concentration tested. Intrahypothalamic perfusion of 10 and 100 µg/mL yohimbine increased DOPAC levels in C rats (135 ± 6 and 130 ± 5% of basal levels, respectively; both n = 6; P < 0.05 vs Ringer's perfusion), but not in F animals (115 ± 6 and 102 ± 6% of basal levels, respectively; both n = 6). In both C and F rats, yohimbine administration induced an increase in 5‐HIAA dialysate levels.
The results of the present study support the notion that α2‐adrenoceptor tone of the anterior hypothalamus of normotensive rats, which contributes to normal blood pressure regulation, is not involved in the control of HR in either normotensive C or hypertensive F rats. The absence of changes in MAP after yohimbine perfusion in F rats suggests that the α2‐adrenoceptor tone could be decreased in this group of rats and that this may be responsible for the maintenance of hypertension in this model. Intrahypothalamic perfusion of yohimbine increased DOPAC in the dialysate only in C rats, suggesting changes in presynaptic α2‐adrenoceptor activity in fructose‐overloaded rats. Conversely, increased 5‐HIAA levels did not differ between C and F groups.
CURCUMIN, THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA), AMELIORATES DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY IN RATS
Authors: Sharma Sameer , Kulkarni Shrinivas K , Chopra Kanwaljit 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARY

Chronic hyperglycaemia in diabetes leads to the overproduction of free radicals and evidence is increasing that these contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy. Among the spices, turmeric (Curcuma longa) is used as a flavouring and colouring agent in the indian diet every day and is known to possess anti‐oxidant properties. The present study was designed to examine the effect of curcumin, a yellow pigment of turmeric, on renal function and oxidative stress in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats.
Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) in rats. Four weeks after STZ injection, rats were divided into four groups, namely control rats, diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with curcumin (15 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) for 2 weeks. Renal function was assessed by creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and urea clearance and urine albumin excretion. Oxidative stress was measured by renal malonaldehyde, reduced glutathione and the anti‐oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase.
Streptozotocin‐injected rats showed significant increases in blood glucose, polyuria and a decrease in bodyweight compared with age‐matched control rats. After 6 weeks, diabetic rats also exhibited renal dysfunction, as evidenced by reduced creatinine and urea clearance and proteinuria, along with a marked increase in oxidative stress, as determined by lipid peroxidation and activities of key anti‐oxidant enzymes. Chronic treatment with curcumin significantly attenuated both renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in diabetic rats.
These results provide confirmatory evidence of oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy and point towards the possible anti‐oxidative mechanism being responsible for the nephroprotective action of curcumin.
RENAL PARENCHYMAL OXYGENATION AND HYPOXIA ADAPTATION IN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
Authors: Rosenberger Christian , Rosen Seymour , Heyman Samuel N 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARY

The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI), formally termed acute tubular necrosis, is complex and, phenotypically, may range from functional dysregulation without overt morphological features to literal tubular destruction.
Hypoxia results from imbalanced oxygen supply and consumption. Increasing evidence supports the view that regional renal hypoxia occurs in AKI irrespective of the underlying condition, even under circumstances basically believed to reflect ‘direct’ tubulotoxicity. However, at present, it is remains unclear whether hypoxia per se or, rather, re‐oxygenation (possibly through reactive oxygen species) causes AKI.
Data regarding renal hypoxia in the clinical situation of AKI are lacking and our current concepts regarding renal oxygenation during acute renal failure are presumptive and largely derived from experimental studies.
There is robust experimental evidence that AKI is often associated with altered intrarenal microcirculation and oxygenation. Furthermore, renal parenchymal oxygen deprivation seems to participate in the pathogenesis of experimental AKI, induced by exogenous nephrotoxins (such as contrast media, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or amphotericin), sepsis, pigment and obstructive nephropathies.
Sub‐lethal cellular hypoxia engenders adaptational responses through hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIF). Forthcoming technologies to modulate the HIF system form a novel potential therapeutic approach for AKI.
RENAL OXYGEN DELIVERY: MATCHING DELIVERY TO METABOLIC DEMAND
Authors: O’Connor Paul M 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARY

The kidneys are second only to the heart in terms of O2 consumption; however, relative to other organs, the kidneys receive a very high blood flow and oxygen extraction in the healthy kidney is low. Despite low arterial–venous O2 extraction, the kidneys are particularly susceptible to hypoxic injury and much interest surrounds the role of renal hypoxia in the development and progression of both acute and chronic renal disease.
Numerous regulatory mechanisms have been identified that act to maintain renal parenchymal oxygenation within homeostatic limits in the in vivo kidney. However, the processes by which many of these mechanisms act to modulate renal oxygenation and the factors that influence these processes remain poorly understood.
A number of such mechanisms specific to the kidney are reviewed herein, including the relationship between renal blood flow and O2 consumption, pre‐ and post‐glomerular arterial–venous O2 shunting, tubulovascular cross‐talk, the differential control of regional kidney blood flow and the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.
The roles of these mechanisms in the control of renal oxygenation, as well as how dysfunction of these mechanisms may lead to renal hypoxia, are discussed.
Turn Over Control to the Semantics!
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2006

Abstract. Historically, control in generative grammar has fallen within the province of syntactic theory. One primary reason for this is that Mainstream Generative Grammar (MGG) has imposed a strong uniformity criterion on analyses as a measure of their explanatory adequacy. One aspect of this uniformity criterion, which we call Interface Uniformity, holds that the syntax‐semantics interface is maximally simple, in that meaning maps transparently into syntactic structure, and that it is maximally uniform, so that the same meaning always maps into the same syntactic structure. It follows from Interface Uniformity that a nonfinite VP has a syntactic subject that is assigned its externalθ‐role.We argue that this view is most sustainable if one does not take into account the full richness and complexity of control phenomena, but treats control strictly in terms of complementation. When a fuller range of phenomena is taken into account, it appears that it is preferable to ‘‘turn over control’’ to the semantics, which is better equipped to capture the facts. We outline how to formulate the syntax‐semantics interface so as to get the semantic facts to line up properly with the syntactic facts. This analysis of the interface extends naturally to raising.
Expanding the Scope of Control and Raising
Authors: Polinsky Maria , Potsdam Eric 
Published: September 2006

Abstract.This paper presents unusual patterns in raising and control and offers a syntactic account which would validate such patterns. On the empirical side, we present evidence for backward control (data from several languages), backward raising (in Adyghe), copy control (Zapotec, Assamese, Tongan) and copy raising (data from a number of languages). All the unusual cases of raising and control seem to involve an A‐movement chain in which the lower, not the higher copy is pronounced, or both copies are spelled out. We also review some constructions which, while superficially resembling backward or copy structure, do not provide any evidence for a movement chain. On the theoretical side, assuming that the more unusual patterns are an empirical reality, linguistic theory should be capable of analyzing them. We present mechanisms from the current Minimalist Program which we believe allow the attested variation.
SETTING FREE THE MOTHER BIRD: ON READING A STRANGE TEXT
Authors: MUERS RACHEL 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDeuteronomy 22:6–7 has been used in recent theological discussions of environmental ethics. Earlier traditions of interpretation (Jewish and Christian) suggest the further possibility of reading it as a text about how to read texts and about the nature and function of law. This article examines, and offers a contemporary Christian reappropriation of, these traditions of interpretation. The focus is on how the confrontation with the vulnerable other as a locus of divine revelation interrupts and transforms relations of use and exploitation. It is argued that in a Christian reading of the bird's‐nest precept Christ “does what the precept does”.
INTRODUCING MICHAEL WYSCHOGROD
Authors: BERGER DAVID 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMichael Wyschogrod is an Orthodox Jewish theologian with an exceptional profile. While committed to rabbinic Judaism, he goes back to the Bible for direct inspiration and authority. His independence and originality are also evident in his unique emphasis on the corporeal election of Israel, his advocacy of theological dialogue, and his sympathetic confrontation with Christian thinkers while maintaining an uncompromising commitment to the integrity of Jewish theology.
THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MICHAEL WYSCHOGROD
Authors: SOULEN R. KENDALL 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMichael Wyschogrod is the most important Jewish thinker in the Modern Orthodox tradition since Joseph Soloveitchik. The key to Wyschogrod's significance consists in the point where he differs from Soloveitchik most dramatically. Whereas Soloveitchik held that “the religious or theological logos should not be employed as the medium of communication between two [different] faith communities”, Wyschogrod regards such communication as a Jewish imperative. The essay explores Wyschogrod's use of “the theological logos as the medium of communication” with reference to his understanding of the relation of faith and reason as illustrated by the story of Franz Redner, a Holocaust survivor.
Preserved skin structure of a recently found fifteenth‐century mummy in Daejeon, Korea
Authors: Chang Byung Soo , Uhm Chang Sub , Park Chang Hyun , Kim Han Kyeom , Lee Gui Young , Cho Han Hee , Kim Myeung Ju , Chung Yoon Hee , Song Kang Won , Lim Do Sun , Shin Dong Hoon 
Published: September 2006

AbstractRecently published reports on Korea's medieval mummies have been regarded as an invaluable source for studies into the physical characteristics of medieval Koreans. However, even though the mummified tissues have been investigated histologically on various previous occasions, there are many unanswered questions relating to their tissue preservation. The aim of this study was to obtain new data on the ultramicroscopic characteristics of the mummified skin of a fifteenth‐century mummy found recently in Daejeon – one of the oldest ever found in Korea. Electron microscopy revealed that much of the epidermis had decayed; what remained of the dermis was filled with collagen fibres and melanin granules or invading bacterial spores present within the mummified epidermis. Considering the histological characteristics shared by naturally formed mummies in different parts of the world, we concluded that the ultramicroscopic patterns of the Daejeon mummy were more comparable with those naturally formed mummies than with artificially formed ones. This is the first full description of the morphological characteristics of the skin collected from this recently found medieval mummy from Daejeon, South Korea.
Abundance and diversity of ground‐dwelling arthropods of pest management importance in commercial Bt and non‐Bt cotton fields
Authors: Torres J.B. , Ruberson J.R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe modified population dynamics of pests targeted by the Cry1Ac toxin in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic cotton (Bt cotton) and possible reduced insecticide use in these transgenic varieties may exert a variety of effects on ground‐dwelling predator communities. A survey of ground‐dwelling arthropods was carried out weekly each of 3 years (during the cropping season) in commercial Bt and non‐Bt cotton fields. Sixty‐five taxa of ground‐dwelling arthropods (carabids, cicindelines, staphylinids, dermapterans, heteropterans and araneids) of importance for cotton pest management were recorded in the survey. Species abundance and dynamics across seasons were evaluated with univariate analysis of variance for higher taxa or multivariate principal response curve analysis for the whole community of 65 taxa. Diversity and richness indices and cumulative species curves also were calculated. The analyses demonstrated no differences in the ground‐dwelling arthropod communities between cotton types. One araneid species, Pardosa pauxilla, comprised ∼80% of all araneids, Labidura riparia comprised ∼96% of all dermapterans, Megacephala carolina comprised ∼97% of cicindelines and four carabid species (Selenophorus palliatus, Apristus latens, Harpalus gravis and Anisodactylus merula) comprised ∼80% of carabid species. M. carolina outnumbered all other collected species in each of the 3 years. When only predatory carabid species were considered, A. merula, Calosoma sayi, Harpalus pennsylvanicus and Stenolophus ochropezus were predominant and numbers trapped were similar between cotton types. The abundance of dermapterans, staphylinids, araneids and heteropterans varied among sample dates and across seasons but did not differ between cotton types. The frequent capture of M. carolina, S. palliatus and P. pauxilla in all fields and seasons in both cottons suggests that these species may be important for monitoring further changes in local communities as result of agricultural practices.
The Discovery of Electron Diffraction by Davisson and Germer
Authors: Calbick C. J. 
Published: September 2006

The Davisson-Germer experiments in low-voltage electron diffraction established the wave nature of the electron and confirmed the de Broglie theory upon which wave mechanics is based. For this discovery, Davisson, jointly with G. P. Thomson who at the same time discovered electron diffraction using much higher-voltage electrons, was awarded the Nobel Prize.
The discovery that an index of refraction that varied in voltage must be assigned to the bombarding electrons confirmed the Fermi theory of electrons in metals. The anomalies observed in the index led to the initial development of the dynamical theory of electron diffraction.
The occurrence of diffraction beams due to ordered adsorption of gas atoms on the crystal surface is now leading to a new understanding of the physics of surfaces.