bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solution–201 to improve resuscitation parameters and prevent secondary brain injury in a swine model of traumatic brain injury and hemorrhage
Authors: Rosenthal Guy , Morabito Diane , Cohen Mitchell , Roeytenberg Annina , Derugin Nikita , Panter S. Scott , Knudson M. Margaret , Manley Geoffrey 
Published: February 2008

Object
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often occurs as part of a multisystem trauma that may lead to hemorrhagic shock. Effective resuscitation and restoration of oxygen delivery to the brain is important in patients with TBI because hypotension and hypoxia are associated with poor outcome in head injury. We studied the effects of hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying (HBOC)–201 solution compared with lactated Ringer (LR) solution in a large animal model of brain injury and hemorrhage, in a blinded prospective randomized study.

Methods
Swine underwent brain impact injury and hemorrhage to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mm Hg. Twenty swine were randomized to undergo resuscitation with HBOC-201 (6 ml/kg) or LR solution (12 ml/kg) and were observed for an average of 6.5 ± 0.5 hours following resuscitation. At the end of the observation period, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed. Histological studies of swine brains were performed using Fluoro-Jade B, a marker of early neuronal degeneration.

Results
Swine resuscitated with HBOC-201 had higher MAP, higher cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), improved base deficit, and higher brain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO2) than animals resuscitated with LR solution. No significant difference in total injury volume on T2-weighted MR imaging was observed between animals resuscitated with HBOC-201 solution (1155 ± 374 mm3) or LR solution (1246 ± 279 mm3; p = 0.55). On the side of impact injury, no significant difference in the mean number of Fluoro-Jade B–positive cells/hpf was seen between HBOC-201 solution (61.5 ± 14.7) and LR solution (48.9 ± 17.7; p = 0.13). Surprisingly, on the side opposite impact injury, a significant increase in Fluoro-Jade B–positive cells/hpf was seen in animals resuscitated with LR solution (42.8 ± 28.3) compared with those resuscitated with HBOC-201 solution (5.6 ± 8.1; p < 0.05), implying greater neuronal injury in LR-treated swine.

Conclusions
The improved MAP, CPP, and PbtO2 observed with HBOC-201 solution in comparison with LR solution indicates that HBOC-201 solution may be a preferable agent for small-volume resuscitation in brain-injured patients with hemorrhage. The use of HBOC-201 solution appears to decrease cellular degeneration in the brain area not directly impacted by the primary injury. Hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying–201 solution may act by improving cerebral blood flow or increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, mitigating a second insult to the injured brain.
Inside Front Cover: Mobility and Dynamics of Charge Carriers in Rubrene Single Crystals Studied by Flash‐Photolysis Microwave Conductivity and Optical Spectroscopy (Adv. Mater. 5/2008)
Authors: Saeki A. , Seki S. , Takenobu T. , Iwasa Y. , Tagawa S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractElectrodeless photoconductivity measurements of a rubrene single crystal are performed by microwave conductivity and transient optical spectroscopy, demonstrating anisotropy and ambipolarity. From these comprehensive studies, Akinori Saeki, Seiichi Tagawa, and co‐workers discuss on p. 920 the optoelectronic properties of rubrene single crystal in terms of charge recombination of holes and electrons, exciton–exciton annihilation, quantum efficiency of charge carrier generation, triplet contribution, and the extinction coefficients of ionic species accessed by pulse radiolysis.
Explaining the enhanced performance of pulsed bioreactors by mechanistic modeling
Authors: Franco Amaya , García Carlos , Carrasco Eugenio F. , Roca Enrique 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this work, steady‐state mass balance based models were applied to two UASB reactors and three UAF for a better understanding of the role of pulsation on the efficacy improvement. Models were defined taking into account the hydraulic behavior of each digester and the limiting mechanism of the overall process kinetics (mass transfer or biochemical reaction rate). The application of the model allows to identify that mass transfer was the controlling step in all the reactors, except for the nonpulsed UASB, where methanogenic activity controlled the reactor performance in the last operation steady states. Mass transfer coefficients were higher for pulsed reactors and, in general, a good agreement between those estimated by an empirical correlation and from the model was obtained. Damköhler number values supported that the external mass transfer resistance was not negligible with respect to the process kinetic and in addition, in most cases, it controls the overall process in the reactors. The relative importance of external and internal mass transfer rate was calculated through the Biot number. The values of this dimensionless module indicated that external transport was the main contributor to overall mass transfer resistance. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Dynamics of particles suspended in a yield stress fluid flowing in a pipe
Authors: Merkak Othmane , Jossic Laurent , Magnin Albert 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis study seeks to understand the basic mechanisms governing the dynamics of a solid particle in a Poiseuille flow field of a viscoplastic fluid. An experimental set‐up to create flows with a prescribed flow rate and enable the particles to be visualized in three dimensions was designed and validated. The absence of slip at the interfaces between flows and particles was characterized. The Reynolds numbers are low, gravity effects negligible and plastic effects significant. The ratio of pipe diameter to particle diameter is 8. The dynamics of a particle in a velocity field depends strongly on its position in the sheared wall zone or in the moving rigid zone. The effect of rigid and sheared zones on particle behavior was examined. Changes in particle translation and rotation velocities were quantified. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Übertragung und Amplifikation von Informationen und Eigenschaften in nanostrukturierten Flüssigkristallen
Authors: Goodby John W. , Saez Isabel M. , Cowling Stephen J. , Görtz Verena , Draper Michael , Hall Alan W. , Sia Susan , Cosquer Guirac , Lee Seung‐Eun , Raynes E. Peter 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren hat sich das Design der chemischen Strukturen flüssigkristalliner Materialien stark und in vielen Fällen sogar radikal verändert. Seit Reinitzers Tagen wurden Flüssigkristalle entweder als stab‐ oder als scheibenförmig klassifiziert; Kombinationen davon führten zu phasmidischen Flüssigkristallen. Die Entdeckung, dass Materialien mit gebogenen Molekülstrukturen eine völlig neue Familie von Mesophasen bilden, hat den Fokus auf Substanzen mit einer großen Variationsbreite an Molekültopologien gerichtet: von Pyramiden zu Kreuzen und dendritischen Molekülen. Die Molekülstrukuren supermolekularer Materialien können durch Konformationsänderungen verformt werden können, was zu einer Stabilisierung der Mesophase führen kann, und Substanzen, die selbst nicht mesogen sind, können mesogene supramolekulare Komplexe bilden. Die Bildung von Mesophasen ist ein Prozess der Selbstorganisation, der bei supramolekularen Systemen auf zwei Ebenen stattfindet.
In der englischen Fassung wird der Begriff “self‐assembly” (ins Deutsche ungefähr übersetzbar mit “Assoziation”) für den Aufbau supramolekularer Strukturen durch intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen verschiedener Art, z. B. Wasserstoffbrücken, verwendet. Der Begriff “self‐organization” (Selbstorganisation) dagegen bezieht sich in der englischen Fassung ausschließlich auf die unspezifischen Wechselwirkungen, die mit der Bildung von flüssigkristallinen Phasen aus mesogenen Einheiten (molekular, supramolekular oder supermolekular) verknüpft sind. In der deutschen Fassung wird der Begriff “Selbstorganisation” jedoch zur Beschreibung beider Prozesse verwendet.
In diesem Aufsatz wird gezeigt, dass 1) verformbare Molekülstrukturen und ‐topologien supermolekularer und selbstorganisierter supramolekularer Systeme, 2) Erkennungsprozesse an Grenzflächen von Superstrukturen und 3) die Übertragung und Amplifikation dieser Strukturen zur Bildung ungewöhnlicher Mesophasen führen können, die mit der konventionellen Kontinuumstheorie nicht ausreichend beschrieben werden können.
Radiation induced graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers and their binary mixture onto rayon fibre
Authors: Rattan Sunita , Maitra Jaya , Misra B. N. , Kaur Inderjeet 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEthyl acrylate (EA), Vinyl imidazole (VI), and their binary mixture have been copolymerized onto rayon in aqueous medium by mutual method using γ‐radiation. The graft yield has been determined as a function of different reaction parameters such as total dose, concentration of vinyl monomers, and amount of water. Effect of surfactant (1‐octane sulfonic acid, sodium salt) has been studied on the percentage of grafting of EA, VI, and (EA + VI). A plausible mechanism has been suggested to explain the observed behavior of the surfactant on grafting. Water retention and moisture regain of the grafted film was determined at appropriate relative humidity. The graft copolymers have been characterized by IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopic methods. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Surface functionalization with phosphazenes. V. Surface modification of plasma‐treated polyamide 6 with fluorinated alcohols and azobenzene derivatives through chlorinated phosphazene intermediates
Authors: De Jaeger Roger , Mazzah Ahmed , Gengembre Leon , Frere Martine , Jama Charafeddine , Milani Roberto , Bertani Roberta , Gleria Mario 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this article, we describe the synthesis and characterization of surface‐modified polyamide‐6, using polydichlorophosphazene and hexachlorocyclophosphazene as coupling agents. The solid surface of this polymer was modified first by the introduction of polar functions (CO, OH, OR, COOH, COOR, etc.) with a cold plasma technique, then by the treatment of the alcoholic groups on the surface with (NPCl2)n and (NPCl2)3 to graft these substrates through the formation of strong covalent POC bonds, and eventually by the substitution of the residual chlorines on the polyamide‐6 surface with different types of fluorinated alcohols (2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol and heptadecafluorononanol) and with 4‐hydroxyazobenzene. Contact‐angle measurements, together with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy techniques, support the occurrence of these surface‐functionalization reactions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto konjac glucomannan via inverse emulsion polymerization and its thickening properties
Authors: Tian Dating , Xie Hong‐Quan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto konjac glucomannan (KGM) was studied with inverse emulsion polymerization to obtain an effective thickener. The effects of the initiator concentration, emulsifier concentration, comonomer concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the graft copolymerization were investigated. The results showed that the polymerization system retained good stability, and the graft efficiency of the graft copolymerization was almost 95% under optimum conditions. Moreover, both the water solubility and thickening properties of the KGM were improved evidently by grafting with polyacrylamide. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Chemical modification of polystyrene by low‐energy (<100 eV) electron irradiation studied by mass spectrometry
Authors: Massey S. , Cloutier P. , Bazin M. , Sanche L. , Roy D. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDip‐coated thin films of polystyrene were chemically modified (degraded) by low‐energy electron irradiation (0–100 eV). The resulting degradation was studied by mass spectrometry with variable electron energy. In the negative‐ion mode, H− was observed and was associated with two phenomena. The resonant structure at 9.1 ± 0.4 eV was associated with dissociative electron attachment. The energy of the resonance peak agreed with the results obtained for organic molecules. At a higher energy, a monotonic rise of the emission yield was observed and was associated with nonresonant dipolar dissociation. More mass fragments were observed in the positive‐ion mode. The predominant ion was H+ at 100 eV of electron irradiation, and alkyl ions were detected at higher masses. Emission thresholds were measured for the most predominant positive ions. The shape of the emission curve showed that there was no resonant process in the formation of these ions. The energy threshold was measured at about 20 eV, and this meant that the carbon structure of the polymer broke with a recombination of the degradation products with hydrogen atoms before the emission occurred. Below 19 eV, there was only hydrogen loss; this implied that the possible degradation mechanisms did not break the general carbon structure of the material, leading to crosslinking. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of photopatternable epoxy hybrid materials for the fabrication of thick and thermally stable microstructures with a high aspect ratio
Authors: Jung Kyung Ho , Bae Byeong‐Soo 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPhotosensitive cycloaliphatic‐epoxy oligosiloxane was synthesized using a nonhydrolytic sol–gel reaction for the fabrication of thick and thermally stable microstructures with high aspect ratios. Its formation was confirmed by 29Si and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, small‐angle neutron scattering, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Photocuring of cycloaliphatic‐epoxy oligosiloxane resin resulted in a thermally stable epoxy hybrid material (epoxy hybrimer). Micropatterns with a high aspect ratio (>5), an excellent sidewall shape, and low shrinkage were fabricated directly from these materials using a simple photolithographic process. The fabricated micropattern sustained temperatures of up to 250°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Five‐year followup of a cognitive–behavioral intervention for patients with recently‐diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis: Effects on health care utilization
Authors: Sharpe L. , Allard S. , Sensky T. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) administered early in the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has long‐term effects on health care use.MethodsWe reviewed the files of 47 of the original 53 patients with early RA who volunteered for a randomized controlled trial comparing CBT with no psychological intervention. Occasions of service provision associated with RA were documented and health care use was compared between groups.ResultsThe CBT group used fewer health care resources than the control group in the 5 years following intervention. Significant differences were observed for the number of inpatient nights, physiotherapy referrals, injections, and for total health care use. There was a trend that closely approached significance toward fewer episodes of surgery and orthopedic referrals in the CBT group.ConclusionThese results suggest that CBT administered early in the course of RA can reduce health care use for the first 5 years after treatment. This is a stringent test of the efficacy of a brief psychological intervention, and supports the fact that brief psychological treatments can have long‐term effects.
Responsiveness of six outcome assessment instruments in total shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Angst Felix , Goldhahn Jörg , Drerup Susann , Aeschlimann André , Schwyzer Hans‐Kaspar , Simmen Beat R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the responsiveness (sensitivity to change) of 6 shoulder outcome instruments.MethodsIn a prospective cohort study of 153 total shoulder arthroplasties, outcome was measured by the Short Form 36 (SF‐36); Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire (DASH); Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI); American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons questionnaire for the shoulder (ASES); and the Constant (Murley) Score (CS). Responsiveness was mainly quantified by effect sizes before and 6 months after operation. Sensitivity analysis of the effects by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was performed to determine the instruments' ability to classify effects into global health change assessment categories.ResultsEffect sizes of the self‐assessment total scores were 0.71, 1.19, 2.10, and 2.13 for the SF‐36, DASH, SPADI, and ASES, respectively. The clinical ASES and the CS had effect sizes of 1.87 and 2.23, respectively. The SPADI (effect size 2.12) and the CS (effect size 2.72) were most responsive for pain. For functioning, the patient ASES (effect size 2.10), the CS (effect size 1.82), and the clinical ASES (effect size 1.85) were almost equal. The SF‐36 bodily pain scale and most scores of the condition‐specific instruments showed a significant area under the ROC of up to 0.77.ConclusionThe SPADI and/or the CS are the most suitable for short, responsive, shoulder‐specific assessment. The more expensive patient ASES can be used for most responsive shoulder‐function assessment. For a comprehensive measurement of health and quality of life, the DASH and/or the SF‐36 should be added to the set.
Effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy on rheumatoid arthritis: The women's health initiative randomized controlled trials
Authors: Walitt Brian , Pettinger Mary , Weinstein Arthur , Katz James , Torner James , Wasko Mary Chester , Howard Barbara V. ,   Women's Health Initiative Investigators
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo study the effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT) on the incidence and severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsThe Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trials evaluated the effects of unopposed estrogen (E‐alone) and estrogen plus progestin (E+P) compared with placebo on a diverse set of health outcomes over 7.1 and 5.6 years, respectively. RA cases were identified using historical and medication data. The hazard of developing RA was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Disease symptom severity was estimated using the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) and self‐reported joint pain scores at baseline and after 1 year. Mean changes in severity were compared using linear regression models.ResultsOf the 27,347 participants, 63 prevalent cases and 105 incident cases of RA were identified. A nonsignificant reduction in the risk of developing RA (hazard ratio 0.74; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.51, 1.10) was noted with PHT use. PHT use led to improved SF‐36 scores in unadjusted analyses (percent change 12.5%; 95% CI −24.45, −0.57) but not after adjustment for relevant covariates (P = 0.33). Nonsignificant improvements in joint pain scores were seen with PHT use (odds ratio [OR] 4.10; 95% CI 0.83, 20.20). PHT did not improve swelling (OR 1.27; 95% CI 0.08, 19.63) or prevent new joint pains (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.11, 4.68) in RA participants.ConclusionThere were no statistically significant differences in the risk of developing RA or the severity of RA between the PHT and placebo groups.
Coaching patients with early rheumatoid arthritis to healthy physical activity: A multicenter, randomized, controlled study
Authors: Brodin Nina , Eurenius Eva , Jensen Irene , Nisell Ralph , Opava Christina H. ,   Para Study Group
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of a 1‐year coaching program for healthy physical activity on perceived health status, body function, and activity limitation in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis.MethodsA total of 228 patients (169 women, 59 men, mean age 55 years, mean time since diagnosis 21 months) were randomized to 2 groups after assessments with the EuroQol visual analog scale (VAS), Grippit, Timed‐Stands Test, Escola Paulista de Medicina Range of Motion scale, walking in a figure‐of‐8, a visual analog scale for pain, the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index, a self‐reported physical activity questionnaire, and the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints. All patients were regularly seen by rheumatologists and underwent rehabilitation as prescribed. Those in the intervention group were further individually coached by a physical therapist to reach or maintain healthy physical activity (≥30 minutes, moderately intensive activity, most days of the week).ResultsThe retention rates after 1 year were 82% in the intervention group and 85% in the control group. The percentages of individuals in the intervention and control groups fulfilling the requirements for healthy physical activity were similar before (47% versus 51%;P> 0.05) and after (54% versus 44%;P> 0.05) the intervention. Analyses of outcome variables indicated improvements in the intervention group over the control group in the EuroQol VAS (P= 0.025) and muscle strength (Timed‐Stands Test;P= 0.000) (Grippit;P= 0.003), but not in any other variables assessed.ConclusionA 1‐year coaching program for healthy physical activity resulted in improved perceived health status and muscle strength, but the mechanisms remain unclear, as self‐reported physical activity at healthy level did not change.
Glycerol fermentation by (open) mixed cultures: A chemostat study
Authors: Temudo Margarida F. , Poldermans Rolf , Kleerebezem Robbert , van Loosdrecht Mark C.M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractGlycerol is an important byproduct of bioethanol and biodiesel production processes. This study aims to evaluate its potential application in mixed culture fermentation processes to produce bulk chemicals. Two chemostat reactors were operated in parallel, one fed with glycerol and the other with glucose. Both reactors operated at a pH of 8 and a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1. Glycerol was mainly converted into ethanol and formate. When operated under substrate limiting conditions, 60% of the substrate carbon was converted into ethanol and formate in a 1:1 ratio. This product spectrum showed sensitivity to the substrate concentration, which partly shifted towards 1,3‐propanediol and acetate in a 2:1 ratio at increasing substrate concentrations. Glucose fermentation mainly generated acetate, ethanol and butyrate. At higher substrate concentrations, acetate and ethanol were the dominant products. Co‐fermentations of glucose–glycerol were performed with both mixed cultures, previously cultivated on glucose and on glycerol. The product spectrum of the two experiments was very similar: the main products were ethanol and butyrate (38% and 34% of the COD converted, respectively). The product spectrum obtained for glucose and glycerol fermentation could be explained based on the general metabolic pathways found for fermentative microorganisms and on the metabolic constraints: maximization of the ATP production rate and balancing the reducing equivalents involved. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 1088–1098. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.