bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
This isnotdéjà vu all over again: male guppy colour in a new experimental introduction
Authors: KARIM N. , GORDON S. P. , SCHWARTZ A. K. , HENDRY A. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe use an experimental introduction in nature to examine factors that influence parallel evolution. In 1996, 200 high‐predation guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from the Yarra River were introduced into the Damier River, which previously lacked guppies. Eight years later, we quantified the colour of wild‐caught guppies (‘phenotypic’ divergence) and lab‐reared guppies (‘genetic’ divergence) from low‐ and high‐predation environments in both rivers. Phenotypic and genetic divergence between predation environmentswithinthe Yarra was evident for black and for orange. Phenotypic divergencewithinthe Damier was parallel to the Yarra for black but not for orange. Genetic divergence was absent between predation environmentswithinthe Damier, but was evident when comparing both Damier populations to their Yarra ancestors. The evolution of male colour thus depends on factors other than the simple contrast between ‘high’ and ‘low’ predation. We suggest that the parallel evolution of male signalling traits may sometimes first require the parallel evolution of female preferences.
Pleiotropy and GAL pathway degeneration in yeast
Authors: MACLEAN R. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTraits that do not contribute to fitness are expected to be lost during the course of evolution, either as a result of selection or drift. The Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism (GAL) is an extensively studied metabolic pathway that degenerated on at least three independent occasions during the evolutionary diversification of yeasts, suggesting that the pathway is costly to maintain in environments that lack galactose. Here I test this hypothesis by competing GAL pathway deletion mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae against an isogenic strain with an intact GAL pathway under conditions where expression of the pathway is normally induced, repressed, or uninduced. These experiments do not support the hypothesis that pleiotropy drives GAL pathway degeneration, because mutations that knock out individual GAL genes do not tend to increase fitness in the absence of galactose. At a molecular level, this result can be explained by the fact that yeast uses inexpensive regulatory proteins to tightly regulate the expression of structural genes that are costly to express. I argue that these results have general relevance for our understanding of the fitness consequences of gene disruption in yeast.
The Shoulder Height Estimation in Dogs based on the Internal Dimension of Cranial Cavity using Mathematical Formula
Authors: Chrószcz A. , Janeczek M. , Onar V. , Staniorowski P. , Pospieszny N. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe investigations were carried out on 91 dogs of various breeds. Using the mathematical formula Hestmd = 1.016 ×D − 31.2 (Hestmd, estimated value of the shoulder height; D, internal dimension of the cranial cavity Ethmoideum‐Basion) the shoulder height was calculated. Evaluated results were compared with the shoulder height values measured by authors and coming from papers. The results proved the high accuracy of the implemented mathematical formula.
Pineal Gland Post‐natal Growth in Rat Revisited
Authors: Ferreira‐Medeiros M. , Mandarim‐de‐Lacerda C. A. , Correa‐Gillieron E. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryWe studied the pineal gland (PG) growth separating two critical moments of the rat post‐natal development: the lactation and post‐weaning periods. We studied 30 Wistar rats in the post‐natal day – PN day 6, 10, 21, 45, 60 and 90 using light microscopy and quantitative methods (allometry and stereology). We estimated the PG volume (using the Cavalieri's principle) and the number of pineal gland cell nuclei (PGCN, using the disector method). We analysed the correlation of the PG volume (y) versus brain weight (x) in the different age groups (the bivariate study used log‐transformed data and the allometric model log y = log a + b log x). The PG growth gradually decelerated in older rats than in younger rats. The major increment of the PG growth was observed between PN day 6 and PN day 10, while the minor increment was observed after weaning between PN day 45 and PN day 60. After 60 days of age differences were no more observed. The relative growth of the PG was allometrically positive in all age groups, and growth curves separated the lactation from the after weaning periods. The number of PGCN of rat continuously increased during post‐natal life and differences between the lactation and after weaning periods were significant. It is possible that the supporting cells, fibres and new synapses are responsible for that PG late post‐natal increase.
Morphology of Thyroid Follicular Cells of Methimazole‐treated Rats
Authors: Tsujio M. , Watahiki Y. , Yoshioka K. , Mutoh K. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThyroids of rats treated with methimazole (MMI) were analysed histologically, immunohistochemically and electron microscopically. Thyroids of MMI‐treated rats displayed greater hypertrophy and were heavier than those of control rats. Thyroids of MMI‐treated rats were composed of variant or small follicles and contained more columnar cells than those of control rats. Strong staining of thyroid granules by azocarmine G was evident in the apical regions of follicular cells from MMI‐treated rats. Anti‐thyroglobulin positivity was detected in the apical regions of follicular epithelial cells, especially those of MMI‐treated rats. After application of a post‐embedding method to detect thyroglobulin, colloidal gold particles were often observed in apical vesicles of MMI‐treated rats. Our study suggests that apical vesicles may serve as markers of hyperthyroidism. When the functional state of the thyroid gland is known from histological analysis, use of the Azan stain could provide useful additional information.
Curly Top of Cultivated Plants and Weeds and Report of a Unique Curtovirus from Iran
Authors: Heydarnejad J. , Hosseini Abhari E. , Bolok Yazdi H. R. , Massumi H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe incidence of curly top disease on cultivated plants and weeds was investigated in Kerman Province (southeastern Iran) from October 2003 to November 2004. A total of 1186 samples were collected in fields of sugar beet and other crops as well as within commercial plastic houses. Curtovirus infection of four field crops, three vegetables and 11 weeds was verified by indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a polyclonal antibody. An undescribed curtovirus, tentatively designated Iranian beet curly top virus (IBCTV), was isolated from three symptomatic beet samples collected randomly in widely separated regions of south‐eastern, southern and central Iran and used for molecular studies. A 672 bp segment of the coat protein (CP) gene of each isolate was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The results showed that the three isolates shared 98.5–98.7% nucleotide homology with each other but only 72.1–76.5% with other members of the genus Curtovirus. IBCTV was also detected by PCR using specific primers in other samples of sugar beet, tomato, spinach, turnip and several weed species collected in different parts of Iran. These results indicated that IBCTV is the dominant curtovirus in Iran.
Biological Control of Phytophthora Root Rot of Pepper Using Trichoderma harzianum and Streptomyces rochei in Combination
Authors: Ezziyyani M. , Requena M. E. , Egea‐Gilabert C. , Candela M. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA combination of two compatible micro‐organisms, Trichoderma harzianum and Streptomyces rochei, both antagonistic to the pathogen Phytophthora capsici, was used to control root rot in pepper. The population of the pathogen in soil was reduced by 75% as a result. Vegetative growth of the mycelium of P. capsici was inhibited in vitro on the second day after P. capsici and T. harzianum were placed on the opposite sides of the same Petri plate. Trichoderma harzianum was capable of not only arresting the spread of the pathogen from a distance, but also after invading the whole surface of the pathogen colony, sporulating over it. Scanning electron microscopy showed the hyphae of P. capsici surrounded by those of T. harzianum, their subsequent disintegration, and the eventual suppression of the pathogen's growth. Streptomyces rochei produced a zone of inhibition, from which was obtained a compound with antioomycete property secreted by the bacteria. When purified by high‐pressure liquid chromatography, this compound was identified as 1‐propanone, 1‐(4‐chlorophenyl), which seems to be one of the principal compounds involved in the antagonism. A formulation was prepared that maintained the compound's capacity to inhibit growth of the pathogen for up to 2 years when stored at room temperature in the laboratory on a mixture of plantation soil and vermiculite. The two antagonists, added as a compound formulation, were effective at pH from 3.5 to 5.6 at 23–30°C. The optimal dose of the antagonists in the compound formulation was 3.5 × 108 spores/ml of T. harzianum and 1.0 × 109 FCU/ml of S. rochei. This is the first report of a compound biocontrol formulation of these two antagonists with a potential to control root rot caused by P. capsici.
Baseline Sensitivity of Australian Phoma ligulicola Isolates from Pyrethrum to Azoxystrobin and Difenoconazole
Authors: Jones S. , Pethybridge S. , Hay F. , Groom T. , Wilson C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRay blight caused by Phoma ligulicola is an important disease of pyrethrum in Australia, and successful management relies upon the fungicides, azoxystrobin and difenoconazole. Azoxystrobin and difenoconazole were introduced into pyrethrum production in 2001. The sensitivity of P. ligulicola isolates collected in 2003 to azoxystrobin (n = 56) and difenoconazole (n = 61) was tested. Testing for sensitivity to azoxystrobin and difenoconazole used a conidial germination and mycelial growth assay respectively. For each fungicide, the effective dose required to reduce mycelial growth or conidial germination by 50% (EC50) was determined by probit analysis. The EC50 values ranged from 0.007 to 0.193 μg/ml for azoxystrobin and 0.04 to 13.8 μg/ml for difenoconazole. No evidence was found for cross‐resistance between azoxystrobin and difenoconazole in this baseline population. This information serves as important baseline data for tracking future changes in sensitivities of P. ligulicola to these fungicides.
The Effect of Groundnut rosette assistor virus on the Agronomic Performance of Four Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes
Authors: Naidu R. A. , Kimmins F. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of Groundnut rosette assistor virus (GRAV), in the absence of the other two agents (Groundnut rosette virus and its satellite RNA) of the groundnut rosette disease virus complex, was evaluated on the agronomic performance of four groundnut (=peanut) genotypes (CG‐7, ICGV‐SM‐90704, JL‐24 and ICG‐12991) with different botanical characteristics. All genotypes infected with GRAV showed mild yellowing/chlorosis of leaves and the symptoms persisted throughout their growth period. ELISA absorbance values indicated lower amounts of GRAV antigen in ICGV‐SM‐90704 than in the other genotypes. The reduction in leaf area due to GRAV infection varied between 15.5% and 21.7%, whereas the plant height was decreased between 11.3% and 13.4% among the four genotypes. GRAV infection caused 28.4%, 16.9%, 21.7% and 25.5% reduction in the dry weight of haulms in CG‐7, ICGV‐SM‐90704, JL‐24 and ICG‐12991 respectively. Plants infected with GRAV showed greater reduction in seed weight in CG‐7 (52.2%), followed by JL‐24 (46.1%), ICG‐12991 (40.7%) and ICGV‐SM‐90704 (25.7%). These results provide evidence for the first time that GRAV infection, without GRV and sat RNA, affect plant growth and contribute to yield losses in groundnut.
A TaqMan PCR Method for Routine Diagnosis of the Quarantine Fungus Guignardia citricarpa on Citrus Fruit
Authors: Van Gent‐Pelzer M. P. E. , Van Brouwershaven I. R. , Kox L. F. F. , Bonants P. J. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWith respect to disease risk for the quarantine fungus Guignardia citricarpa on citrus fruit an accurate diagnosis for routine analysis is required. Also, when inspections have to be performed on imported citrus fruits, a fast detection method is urgently needed. A fast automated DNA extraction method based on magnetic beads combined with a real‐time PCR assay was optimized to improve and advance the routine diagnosis of citrus black spot disease. Real‐time PCR was used for detection of the pathogen G. citricarpa in planta. A specific primer/TaqMan probe combination that discriminates between G. citricarpa and the harmless citrus endophyte Guignardia mangiferae, was designed based on the internal transcribed spacer region of the multi‐copy rDNA gene. Co‐amplification of target DNA along with an internal competitor DNA fragment made the diagnostic assay more reliable to check for false negatives. The real‐time PCR was specific, since no cross reaction was observed with a series of citrus pathogens and related species. The diagnostic assay was performed on lesions dissected from imported diseased oranges. Comparison between the conventional PCR and the real‐time PCR methods showed that the TaqMan method was more sensitive.
FT‐IR Spectroscopy and Artificial Neural Network Identification of Fusarium Species
Authors: Nie M. , Zhang W. Q. , Xiao M. , Luo J. L. , Bao K. , Chen J. K. , Li B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA rapid spectroscopic approach for whole‐organism fingerprinting of Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy was used to analyse 16 isolates from five closely related species of Fusarium: F. graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. nivale, F. semitectum and F. oxysporum. Principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to study the clusters in the data. On visual inspection of the clusters from both methods, the spectra were not differentiated into five separate clusters corresponding to species and these unsupervised methods failed to identify these fungal strains. When the data were trained by back propagation algorithm of artificial neural networks (ANNs) with principal components scores of spectra used as input modes, the strains were accurately predicted and recognized. The results in this study show that FT‐IR spectroscopy in combination with principal component artificial neural networks (PC‐ANNs) is well suited for identifying Fusarium spp. It would be advantageous to establish a comprehensive database of taxonomically well‐defined Fusarium species to aid the identification of unknown strains.
Detection and Characterization of Phytoplasmas Infecting Ornamental and Weed Plants in Iran
Authors: Babaie G. , Khatabi B. , Bayat H. , Rastgou M. , Hosseini A. , Salekdeh G. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDuring field surveys in 2004, ornamental and weed plants showing symptoms resembling those caused by phytoplasmas were observed in Mahallat (central Iran). These plants were examined for phytoplasma infections by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using universal phytoplasma primers directed to ribosomal DNA (rDNA). All affected plants gave positive results. The detected phytoplasmas were characterized and differentiated through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence analysis of PCR‐amplified rDNA. The phytoplasmas detected in diseased Asclepias curassavica and Celosia argentea were identified as members of clover proliferation phytoplasma group (16SrVI group) whereas those from the remaining plants examined proved to be members of aster yellow phytoplasma group (16SrI group) (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’). In particular, following digestion with AluI, HaeIII and HhaI endonucleases, the phytoplasma detected in Limonium sinuatum showed restriction profiles identical to subgroup 16SrI‐C; phytoplasmas from Gomphocarpus physocarpus, Tanatacetum partenium, Lactuca serriola, Tagetes patula and Coreopsis lanceolata had the same restriction profiles as subgroup 16SrI‐B whereas Catharanthus roseus‐ and Rudbeckia hirta‐infecting phytoplasmas showed restriction patterns of subgroup 16SrI‐A. This is the first report on the occurrence of phytoplasma diseases of ornamental plants in Iran.
Automation of DNA marker analysis for molecular breeding in crops: practical experience of a plant breeding company
Authors: Dayteg C. , Tuvesson S. , Merker A. , Jahoor A. , Kolodinska‐Brantestam A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn modern plant breeding, DNA marker analyses are of increasing importance and, as the methods become more widely adopted, the capacity for high‐throughput analyses at low cost is crucial for its practical use. Automation of the analysis processes is a way to meet these requirements. In order to achieve this, while keeping adequate flexibility in the analysis processes, Svalöf Weibull AB (SW) has developed a fully automated polymerase chain reaction system. It has been evaluated on barley and canola lines and is capable of analysing up to 2200 samples per day at a cost of 0,24 € per analysis for marker‐assisted selection and quality control of genetically modified organisms. A detailed description of this system is given, and improvements to the throughput and applications are discussed.
Quality assessment of rapeseed accessions by means of near‐infrared spectroscopy on combine harvesters
Authors: Montes J. M. , Paul C. , Melchinger A. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOptimization of data collection processes in plant breeding programmes is of the highest importance for plant breeders. In rapeseed‐breeding, data collection and selection must be carried out in a very restricted period of time because of the short time span between harvesting and sowing. Near‐infrared spectroscopy on combine harvesters (NOCH) improves the data collection processes in breeding programmes of grain crops such as maize, and it may also improve the data collection processes in breeding programmes of rapeseed. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of NOCH for the determination of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), oil and glucosinolate (GSL) contents in rapeseed. A plot combine harvester equipped with a near‐infrared diode‐array spectrometer was used. Reference values for DM content were determined by the oven method. Reference values for the quality traits were established by laboratory near‐infrared spectroscopy. NOCH showed a high potential for the determination of DM, CP, oil, and GSL contents. Use of NOCH in breeding may increase the efficiency of data collection processes and might dramatically accelerate the development of rapeseed cultivars.
Sources of seedling and adult plant resistance to Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici in European wheats
Authors: Hovmøller M. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOne‐hundred‐and‐forty‐one wheat cultivars were tested at the seedling stage using up to 16 yellow rust isolates of diverse origin. Sixty‐five resistance spectra were observed, including 20 spectra defined by differential cultivars with specific genes for resistance to Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. Yr1, Yr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr9, Yr15, Yr17, Yr25, Yr32, and several additional sources of resistance were recognized. The resistance spectra were often conferred by Yr‐genes and resistance factors with an unresolved genetic basis. All cultivars carried resistance and 27 had resistance for which no fully compatible isolate was detected. Yr15 was detected in four cultivars, a resistance from wild Emmer not previously reported in commercial wheat. There was no indication of Yr5, Yr7, Yr8, Yr10 and Yr24 in any cultivar. Most cultivars were also investigated in field nurseries using up to nine isolates of Danish origin. Fifty‐six cultivars displayed high or very high levels of resistance to any isolate in the field, and 18 of these showed full compatibility at the seedling stage to at least one isolate, i.e. revealing components of adult plant resistance.
Development of co‐dominant amplified polymorphic sequence markers for resistance of sunflower to downy mildew race 730
Authors: Panković D. , Radovanović N. , Jocić S. , Satovic Z. , ŠKorić D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe inheritance of the reaction of sunflower to downy mildew was investigated using resistant and susceptible near isogenic lines (NILs) and their F3 families. Resistance to race 730 was evaluated using the whole seedling inoculation technique. Seventy‐three F3 families were inoculated, among which 54 families were resistant and 19 susceptible, fitting a 3 : 1 segregation ratio. F3 families were also studied using several PCR markers. Ten markers at the Pl6 locus, specific for the resistant line, also segregated in F3 families with a 3 : 1 ratio. The same segregation ratio occurred for microsatellite haplotypes that resembled the resistant parent, and were amplified with ORS 166 and ORS 1043. The only common fragment that was observed between resistant and susceptible parental lines was one of the TIR‐NBS‐LRR resistance gene analogue markers, having a restriction site. Two co‐dominant cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers were obtained. The mapping data indicate that several dominant markers and two CAPS markers, developed here, completely co‐segregate with the Pl6 gene conferring resistance to race 730. CAPS markers will facilitate efficient marker‐assisted selection for sunflower resistance to downy mildew race 730.
Surgical outcomes of partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: A joint study by the Japanese Society of Renal Cancer
Authors: Senga Yutaka , Ozono Seiichiro , Nakazawa Hayakazu , Nagamori Satoshi , Marumo Ken , Horie Shigeo , Onishi Tetsuro , Miyao Noriomi , Nakao Masahiro , Igarashi Tatsuo , Tsushima Tomoyasu , Hasegawa Michihiko , Murai Masaru ,   the Japanese Society of Renal Cancer (JSRC)
Published: May 2007

Objective:  A joint study was undertaken by the Japanese Society of Renal Cancer to investigate the present status of partial nephrectomy in Japan and to speculate about what may be the indications for partial nephrectomy in patients with renal cell carcinoma.Methods:  Data were tabulated for 469 patients from participating medical institutions and various clinical factors were investigated with regard to disease progression (local recurrence and distant metastasis).Results:  Disease progression was observed in 21 patients (4.5%). No significant relation to disease progression was observed for sex, laterality, tumor histology, grade and tumor size. Although patients with solitary tumors displayed excellent prognosis irrespective of tumor diameter, patients with multiple tumors displayed a high likelihood of disease progression. Patients older than 77 years old and patients with imperative indication were found to have a poorer prognosis.Conclusion:  In patients with solitary tumors, partial nephrectomy can be actively performed, even if the patient displays elective indications and the tumor is >4 cm in diameter. In patients displaying multiple tumors with imperative indications, the decision whether to perform partial nephrectomy should be made by the patients and their physicians after considering the impact on curability and the quality of life.
Low‐cycle fatigue properties of eutectic solders at high temperatures
Authors: KARIYA YOSHIHARU , SUGA TADATOMO 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper details the deformation mechanism and low‐cycle fatigue life of eutectic solder alloys at high temperature (around 0.8Tm). Grain boundary sliding generally nucleates a wedge‐type cavity that reduces the low‐cycle fatigue life of metals. In this study, grain boundary sliding has promoted intergranular failure contributing to the reduction in fatigue life of Sn–Ag–Cu alloy. However, grain boundary sliding has exerted no deleterious effects on fatigue resistance of eutectic Pb–Sn and Bi–Sn alloys. The phase boundary sliding with very fine microstructure induces exceptional ductility in these alloys leading to superior low‐cycle fatigue endurance for theses eutectic Pb–Sn and Bi–Sn alloys.