bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
"Lā Yajūz an Yakūn Fī Al-Ālam Li-Llāhi Qiblatayn": Judaeo-Islamic Polemics Concerning the Qibla (625-1010)
Authors: Shtober Shimon 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe existence of the protracted, recurring dispute between Muslims and Jews over the qibla is well-documented in various medieval Arabic sources. According to Muslim traditionalists, this dispute apparently first arose at the very beginning of Islam, and continued in its various stages from the seventh to tenth centuries C.E. Whether or not the dispute was more a figment of the imagination of those who wrote about it than a true event, I regard it as part of the struggle of the young emerging Muslim community for self-identity and superiority over the other established community i.e. the Jews, first in the Hijāz and later on in the eastern provinces of the Caliphate. In this paper I attempt to reconstruct the sequence and contents of the polemical encounters that took place over the Godly chosen gibla, whether the Muslim or the Jewish one. Qur¸ān commentaries on the one hand and biblical commentaries on the other were the source materials that were used to reconstruct these medieval encounters.
Muslim Traditions Against Secular Prostration and Inter-Religious Polemic
Authors: Tottoli Roberto 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMuslim tradition forbids the prostration before men (secular prostration). The utterances of the Prophet Muhammad highlight this prohibition, contrasting it to the customs in use among Christians and Jews in the regions surrounding the peninsula. This precept is not stated in the Qur¸ān where, instead, the cases of the prostration of Joseph before his father and of Adam before the angels arc mentioned. After the advent of Islam, Christian and Jewish authors tried to give response to Muslim polemical attitudes. John of Damascus and Abū Qurra above all rejected the Muslim accusations, relying upon biblical references, drawing a distinction between prostration to God and prostration before men. The same direction is taken by the Jewish Qirqisānī in a long passage in his Kitāb al-anwār.
o kYpioΣ EbaΣIΛEyΣEn aΠo tOy ΞY ΛOy
Authors: Derrett J. Duncan M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Lord's reign is acclaimed because of the tree. Which tree? The Tree of the Cross which the Messiah bore on his shoulder at the time when (i) his reign of peace commenced, and (ii) the wood of the yoke and the staff of the oppressors were taken, to their joy, from the shoulders of the people (Is 8:24-9:6). This tree is also the Tree of Life, whose fruit we were intended to eat, of which Adam and his descendants were unworthy (Gen 3:22-24). Because of the Tree and its fruit (1 Chr 16:32) God has made the Messiah king (Is 9:6) upon his Ascension, and all nature rejoices (Is 9:2; Ps 95:11). Indeed nature rejoiced in this tree's now edible fruit. This Christian midrash on both the Old and the New Testaments pre-existed Barnabas and Justin, and is alluded to by each independently.
Naturerkenntnis gibt den Glauben frei- Abbruch einer Mauer
Authors: Jordan Pascual 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDie nachfolgenden Texte sind ein Vorabdruck aus dem Buche "Der Naturwissenschaftler vor der religiösen Frage", welches vom Verfasser unter Förderung durch einen Forschungsauftrag der Klopstock-Stiftung zur Zeit bearbeitet wird. Teil I und II gehören zum Kapitel "Naturerkenntnis als Glaubensanfechtung" ; Teil III gehört zum Kapitel "Die Physik im 20..Jahr-hundert". - Das Buch soll im Herbst 1963 erscheinen. (Verlag O. Stalling, Oldenburg.)
Post-Critical Belief a New Approach To the Religious Attitude Problem1
Authors: Hutsebaut Dirk 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAfter a short view on the story of religious attitude measurement and indicating some problems with this kind of questions and items, a new model of religious attittude measurement is proposed, based on theoretical views of Ricoeur. Three dimensions are proposed: orthodoxy, external critique and historical relativism. Correlations with other measures of religious attitude and with measures of certainty, etnocentricity, anomia and personal orientation are presented.
The Prompt Release of Vessels and Crews before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: A Preparatory Report
Authors: Lagoni Rainer 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Convention provides in Article 292 special proceedings for the prompt release of vessels and crews before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. As Article 292 is compulsory between the States Parties to the Convention, it can only be excluded by agreement. The new obligations and proceedings will balance the interests of the detaining state against that of the flag state in avoiding an excessive detention of vessels flying its flag. In an application for the release of a detained vessel, the flag state has to allege "that the detaining state has not complied with the provisions of this Convention for the prompt release of the vessel or its crew upon the posting of a reasonable bond or financial security". Only states may be parties to the prompt release proceedings. Each party shall be represented before the Tribunal by an agent. It is exclusively within the discretion of the flag state whom it will authorize to act as its agent. The flag state may define preconditions for a submission of an application for release on its behalf and remains in control of the release proceedings, because it is free to instruct the agent to abstain from the submission or to withdraw it. Like in any other proceedings before an international court or tribunal, the parties may have the assistance of counsel or advocates. The Tribunal shall determine the release as well as the nature, terms and amount of a reasonable bond or other financial security. In cases of lack of seaworthiness, where the question of bonding or other financial security is of no relevance, it may decide merely on the naked release.
The Turbot War of 1995: Lessons for the Law of the Sea
Authors: von Gustedt Alejandro Alvarez , Joyner Christopher C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCanada's seizure of the Spanish fishing vessel Estai in March 1995 touched off severe political tensions between Canada and the European Community. Known as the "Turbot War", the dispute arose over quota levels agreed to by the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization for turbot stocks in fishing grounds straddling the high seas beyond Canada's proclaimed 200-mile national fishery zone. While underscoring tensions between coastal states and foreign fishing nations, this dispute became a diplomatic catalyst for the promulgation in August 1995 of a special UN Convention on the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Stocks. The "Turbot War" thus highlighted the utility of regional fishery organizations in monitoring and enforcing international fishing regulations and strengthened the international regulatory framework for managing straddling stocks under the 1982 LOS Convention.
The Law and Politics of the Maritime Boundary Delimitations of the Russian Federation: Part 1
Authors: Oude Elferink Alex G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe maritime zones of Russian Federation overlap with those of 12 neighbouring states. The practice of the Russian Federation concerning the delimitation of the boundaries of these zones provides an interesting opportunity to analyse the role of international law in the policy of a state in this respect, especially because bilateral negotiations of the Russian Federation have raised complex issues of law and fact. The analysis suggests that international law may influence the policy of a state regarding the delimitation of its maritime zones in different, albeit limited, ways. The role of international law in bilateral negotiations supports the conclusions the case law has reached on the significance of bilateral delimitation treaties for the formation of customary international law. This first part of the article provides an outline of the contents of maritime delimitation law, and analyses general aspects of the Russian Federation's practice concerning the boundaries of its maritime zones and the delimitations with Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Japan, Lithuania, North Korea, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Turkey and Ukraine.
The Baltic Sea: The Legal Regime and Instruments for Co-operation
Authors: Jenisch Uwe K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Baltic Sea Region presents unique challenges for the 14 states of the catchment area. Although characterized by a great diversity of history, languages and culture there is a strong feeling of common heritage. The region is of increasing importance for the European Union. At the same time this regional sea is subject to intensive exploitation and ecological strain. Apart from man, nature and geography also add to the critical ecological situation. The legal regime is comparatively well developed. All states except Denmark have extended their territorial seas to 12 n.m. but in many narrow waters states left "high seas corridors" free in the interest of shipping lines of communication. The Danish straits represent an example of straits governed by long-standing international conventions. The elaborate system of continental shelf zones and exclusive economic zones has divided up the Baltic Sea among the nine riparian states. With a few exceptions in the Central and Eastern Baltic, mostly due to the needs of the three newly independent Baltic Republics, all maritime boundaries are settled. The regional conventions: Helsinki-Convention of 1974 on Environmental Protection, Baltic Fishing Convention of 1973 are gaining momentum or are being expanded in their scope of application. The "new" Helsinki-Convention of 1992 effectively covers all major sources of pollution. However, the fishing convention must be seen in a critical light with the constant problem of overfishing being unresolved although the institutionalization of co-operation in the fishing sector has been achieved. Together with existing legal instruments there is a network of some 15 fora at different levels of governments, regions, communities and NGOs contributing towards sustainable development.
Medical Malpractice in England and Wales - A Postcard from the Edge
Authors: Jones Michael A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIt has long been claimed that the risk of litigation influences the way some health care professionals approach their work, in the form of 'defensive practices' adopted by individuals. As medical malpractice litigation continues to escalate, the cost of claims is now beginning to have an impact upon the NHS in terms of the handling of claims and the development of more comprehensive risk management policies. It is extremely difficult to assess whether malpractice litigation is bad for health care, by inducing wasteful and potentially risky defensive medicine, or good for health care by deterring substandard provision. The attitude of the English courts is generally supportive of the medical profession and the National Health Service, who are seen as being hard-pressed by a phenomenon that could easily spiral out of control. This is reflected in an extremely cautious approach to finding medical professionals liable for negligence. But, despite the judicial hesitance, claims rates are continuing to rise.
Leibniz On Form and Matter
Authors: Garber Daniel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper discusses the Aristotelian notions of matter and form as they are treated in the philosophy of Leibniz. The discussion is divided into three parts, corresponding to three periods in Leibniz's development. In the earliest period, as exemplified in a 1669 letter to his former mentor Jakob Thomasius, Leibniz argues that matter and form can be given straightforward interpretations in terms of size and shape, basic categories in the new mechanical philosophy. In Leibniz's middle years, on the other hand, as exemplified in the Discourse on Metaphysics and the correspondence with Arnauld, Leibniz seems to hold a more orthodox Aristotelian view of matter and form as the constituents of the corporeal substances that ground the reality of the physical world. In Leibniz's latest years, as discussed in the letters with Des Bosses, matter and form enter once again in connection with the vinculum substantiale, the substantial bond that is supposed to bind monads together to form corporeal substances.
Subterranean Fire. Changing Theories of the Earth During the Renaissance
Authors: Vermij Rienk 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAristotle described the earth as a cold and dry body and paid no attention to the phenomenon of terrestrial heat. Renaissance physicians, by contrast, when seeking to understand the origin of hot springs in the context of their balneological studies, came to defend a theory of subterranean fires. This tradition, which started in Italy, became widely known through the works of Georgius Agricola. But although it had implications for the explanation of further natural phenomena, it remained almost exclusively confined to medical circles. As far as physics as an academic discipline was concerned, the ideas concerning subterranean fire were hardly taken note of. Only with the collapse of Aristotelian philosophy in the seventeenth century could these by then "old innovations" obtain a wider significance.
Medical Writing in Transition: Between Ars and Vulgus
Authors: Demaitre Luke 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe form and content of vernacular medicine, particularly in translations from Latin writings, differ both from scholastic learning and from popular lore. As a Middle High German version of Bernard de Gordon's Lilium medicine shows, the translator aimed for broader intelligibility than teachers, by elucidating terms and simplifying theories. Nevertheless, he also evinced a bookish superiority to lay people by his concern with precision and disdain for illiteracy. At the same time, a greater closeness to a popular level was reflected in the admiration for masters and in the esthetic importance of emotions.
About God, Demons, and Miracles: the Jesuit Discourse On the Supernatural in Late Ming China
Authors:   Qiong Zhang
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper proposes an alternative to the conventional paradigm of "cultural accommodation" as a key to the understanding of the Jesuit scheme of conversion in late Ming China. It challenges one of the corollaries of that paradigm, which holds that because of the paramount rationalist sensibilities of the Confucian élite, the Jesuit missionaries refrained from speaking about the mysteries and supernatural truths of Christianity. In this paper, it is instead argued that the Jesuits, rather than trying to cultivate a rational spirit in China, were primarily engaged in fashioning a new religious cult(ure) which centered upon the supreme efficacy of the Christian faith in exorcising demons and performing miracles and was of central importance to the religious conquest of territories formerly held by their indigenous rivals. It is further shown that it is this preoccupation at the same time motivated and delimited the Jesuits' campaign against Chinese religions and the introduction of Western science and learning and resulted in the application of double standards and in ambiguities and contradictions in their scientific writings.
The Doctrine of Place in a Commentary On the Physics Attributed To Antonius Andreae
Authors: Kua Rafal , Gensler Marek , Podkonski Robert , Gogacz Adam 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Quaestiones in libros Physicorum contained in the Cambridge Ms Gonville & Caius 368 (590) is an interesting piece of early Scotist philosophy of nature. The doctrine of place, contained in three questions on the fourth book of Aristotle's Physics, is based mostly on the solutions given by Duns Scotus. The question on bilocation offers a combined summary of the opinions given in Scotus' Ordinatio and Reportata parisiensia or of a text that combines the two, for example the Abbreviatio Operis oxoniensis Scoti attributed to Antonius Andreae. In his question about the nature of place, our anonymous author presents a more original assemblage of Scotist views, adding arguments from Scotus' Quodlibel XI and from Francis of Marchia. The latter thinker appears to be the most important source for the question concerning the place of the ultimate sphere. In all questions, the author argues against the views of Peter Auriol, his main opponent throughout the commentary.
African Traditional Religions in Christian Mission and Christian Scholarship: Re-Opening a Debate That Never Started
Authors: Tinyiko Sam Maluleke  
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this essay I wish to argue that denial, outright dismissal, distortion and dismissive containment have been and continue to be aptly descriptive of the manner in which Christian mission and Christian scholarship have related to and dealt with African Traditional Religions (ATRs). This, I want to further suggest, has been as true of the South African situation as it has been true of the rest of the continent. Although most prevalent during the earliest periods of contact between Christianity and ATRs, the attitude which I am characterising as outright dismissal is by no means totally extinct today. This article seeks to re-open the question of the place ofATRs in the world of religions with particular reference to their relation to Christianity. This will be done by reference to three important 'voices': Okot p'Bitek, African theology and South African Black Theology.
Moral Developments in the Netherlands 1970-1995. a Critical Note To the Secularisation Thesis
Authors: Vellenga Sipgo J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHow have ideas about the intimate men/women relationship developed among Roman Catholics, Protestants and non-church members in the Netherlands since the late sixties? This question has been answered in this article on the grounds of data from several surveys of the Dutch Social Cultural Planning Office (SCP). The investigation was placed in the theoretical framework of the privatisation thesis. It shows that in the last decades the discrepancy in opinion among the three categories has remained rather constant, especially concerning alternative relations and sexuality. Multiple regression shows that the differences in opinion concerning these subjects among the Dutch population have to be ascribed to the factor of churchgoing rather than to social factors. The results primarily confirm the privatisation thesis and make one question the secularisation thesis.
'Truth' Is a Double-Edged (S)Word: On Truth and the Destruction or Restoration of Relationships'
Authors: Van Heerden Willie 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article intends to explore the complex relationship between truth and reconciliation. Reconciliation is described as one of four typical responses to injury, the others being revenge, denial, and cheap forgiveness. With regard to the restoration of human relationships, truth is utilised in a twofold sense: to expose wrongs, and to establish a sacred space for reconciliation. Truth can also provide grounds for revenge and efforts to destroy relationships. Absoluteness, in its exclusivistic and inclusivistic forms, provides a framework within which truth can cause damage to human relationships. Examples of all these 'faces' of truth are found in the Old Testament, especially in the context of human relationships. Our views on reconciliation and truth, and the relationship between the two, will inevitably colour our views on the work of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Committee, and our hopes - or lack of them - for reconciliation in a post-TRC South Africa.
'Will It Happen Again?' Reflections On Reconciliation and Structural Contraception1
Authors: Snyman Gerrie F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe essay deals with the inability of churches and individuals to take the indispensable next step of radically recasting their reading practices of the Bible in a post-apartheid society. Failure to remodel the premises and practices of Bible interpretation results in a sense of betrayal. Although the theological justification for apartheid might be confessed as a sin, the reading practices of the Bible that allowed for a theological justification never changed. However, a confession regarding apartheid entails a critique of the values embedded in the stories of the Old Testament in particular. Once this is recognised, it will be easier to argue a case for a better dispensation for women in those churches in which they are excluded from church offices. The essay discusses the recent female uproar in the Gereformeerde Kerke of South Africa against gender discrimination in their structures of power. The essay also responds to the crisis of faith generated in the laity by some of the confessions. It is argued that the laity had no means of recognising the falseness of the previous ideologically inspired apartheid readings of the Bible, because the leadership of the churches never provided them with the tools of responsible criticism. The reading practices of the past acted as a protective sheath for the theological justification of apartheid. For the confessions of the churches to become meaningful at all, and not tainted by smacks of political opportunism, a call is made for a more critical approach to the values embedded in the Bible stories.
The Global Monsoon Variability Simulated by CMIP3 Coupled Climate Models*
Authors: Kim Hyung-Jin , Wang Bin , Ding Qinghua 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The global monsoon climate variability during the second half of the twentieth century simulated by 21 coupled global climate models (CGCMs) that participated in the World Climate Research Programme’s Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) is evaluated. Emphasis was placed on climatology, multidecadal trend, and the response of the global monsoon precipitation to volcanic aerosols. The impact of the atmospheric model’s horizontal resolution on the group ensemble mean (GEM; obtained from the three resolution groups) simulations of global monsoon climate is also examined.
The CMIP3 CGCMs’ multimodel ensemble simulates a reasonably realistic climatology of the global monsoon precipitation and circulation. The GEMs are also able to capture the gross features of the global monsoon precipitation and westerly domains. However, the spreading among the rainfall GEMs is large, particularly at the windward side of narrow mountains (e.g., the western coast of India, the Philippines, Mexico, and the steep slope of the Tibetan Plateau). Main common biases in modeling rainfall climatology include a northeastward shift of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in the tropical North Pacific and a southward migration of the North Atlantic ITCZ during boreal winter.
The trend in the Northern Hemisphere land monsoon index (NHMI) detected in the CMIP3 models is generally consistent with the observations, albeit with much weaker magnitude. The significant decreasing NHMI trend during 1951–85 and 1951–99 occurs mainly in the models with volcanic aerosols (VOL models). This volcanic signal is detectable by comparison of the forced and free runs. It is estimated that from about one-quarter to one-third of the drying trend in the Northern Hemisphere land monsoon precipitation over the latter half of the twentieth century was likely due to the effects of the external volcanic forcings. On the other hand, the significant increasing trend in the global ocean monsoon index (GOMI) during 1980–99 appears chiefly in those models that are free of volcanic aerosols (No-VOL models). The exclusion of the volcanic aerosols is significant in simulating the positive GOMI trend against the internal variability of each model. These results suggest the climatic importance of the volcanic forcings in the global monsoon precipitation variability.