bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regioselectivity in the Multi‐Component Synthesis of Indolizinoquinoline‐5,12‐dione Derivatives
Authors: Defant Andrea , Guella Graziano , Mancini Ines 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe one‐pot cyclisation to form the indolizinoquinoline‐5,12‐dione ring system has been investigated starting from 6,7‐dichloroquinoline‐5,8‐dione by reaction with pyridine and ethyl acetoacetate. Both the N,N‐syn and the N,N‐anti products have been fully characterised by mass spectrometry and NMR analysis, and the regioselectivity of their formation is discussed in terms of solvent polarity and/or the nature of the metal ion. We demonstrate here that, among a wide series of polar and apolar solvents, tert‐butyl alcohol is the best choice to enhance the yield of the N,N‐syn regioisomer, while the N,N‐anti regioisomer can be obtained with a very high selectivity when the reaction is carried out with scandium triflate. In the presence of metal chelation, semi‐empirical ZINDO calculations offer an appropriate tool to explain the regioselectivity observed when different metal ions are used. The study of the regioselectivity is also supported by the data for the corresponding two‐step reactions with reversed addition of the nucleophilic reagents, and it has been extended to the cases involving 4‐methylpyridine and 6,7‐dichloroisoquinoline‐5,8‐dione as reagents. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Experimental study of rill bank collapse
Authors: Stefanovic Jovan R. , Bryan Rorke B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRill bank collapse is an important component in the adjustment of channel morphology to changes in discharge and sediment flux. Sediment inputs from bank collapse cause abrupt changes in flow resistance, flow patterns and downstream sediment concentrations. Generally, bank retreat involves gradual lateral erosion, caused by flow shear stress, and sudden bank collapse, triggered by complex interactions between channel flow and bank and soil water conditions. Collapse occurs when bank height exceeds the critical height where gravitational forces overcome soil shear strength. An experimental study examined conditions for collapse in eroding rill channels. Experiments with and without a deep water table were carried out on a meandering rill channel in a loamy sand and sandy loam in a laboratory flume under simulated rainfall and controlled runon. Different discharges were used to initiate knickpoint and rill incision. Soil water dynamics were monitored using microstandpipes, tensiometers and time domain reflectometer probes (TDR probes). Bank collapse occurred with newly developed or rising pre‐existing water tables near rill banks, associated with knickpoint migration. Knickpoint scour increased effective bank height, caused positive pore water pressure in the bank toe and reduced negative pore pressures in the unsaturated zone to near zero. Matric tension in unsaturated parts of the bank and a surface seal on the ‘interrill’ zone behind the bank enhanced stability, while increased effective bank height and positive pore water pressure at the bank toe caused instability. With soil water contents >35 per cent (sandy loam) and >23 per cent (loamy sand), critical bank heights were 0·11–0·12 m and 0·06–0·07 m, respectively. Bank toe undercutting at the outside of the rill bends also triggered instability. Bank displacement was quite different on the two soils. On the loamy sand, the failed block slid to the channel bed, revealing only the upper half of the failure plane, while on the sandy loam the failed block toppled forwards, exposing the failure plane for the complete bank height. This study has shown that it is possible to predict location, frequency and magnitude of the rill bank collapse, providing a basis for incorporation into predictive models for hillslope soil loss or rill network development. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discussion of landslide self‐organized criticality and the initiation of debris flow
Authors: Chien‐Yuan Chen , Fan‐Chieh Yu , Sheng‐Chi Lin , Kei‐Wai Cheung 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe study contains descriptions of landslides and debris flows in a small upland catchment in Taiwan between 1986 and 2004. This catchment, the Chushui Creek, is situated near the epicentre of the 1999 M7·6 Chi‐Chi earthquake. This is an area with high background erosion rate. The Chi‐Chi earthquake caused a sharp increase in the rate of mass wasting in the epicentral area, and the data presented in this study illustrates the geomorphic change associated with the earthquake. The measurements of the geometry of the trunk stream of the Chushui catchment also show its change due to the impact of a strong typhoon in 1996. Two channel reaches that were affected by separate debris flows during this event were identified. Each reach has three sections: scour, transfer and deposition. Cross profiles of these sections show a systematic change from V‐shaped bedrock channel in the scour areas to flat‐floored channel in the transfer and deposition areas. Debris flows also occurred on other occasions in this channel, and their frequency has increased since the 1999 earthquake. In addition, this study contains precise geographic and statistical descriptions of the landslides triggered by three typhoons and an earthquake that affected the catchment since 1996. The total landslide area is measured for different time intervals, and a marked increase in landslide incidence is found after the 1999 earthquake. Frequency–area plots of the 126 landslides in the catchment indicate a power‐law scaling with an exponent of about ‐1·5 of these quantities, as has been observed in other studies. We propose that a link exists between landslide frequency–area distributions and initialization of debris flow in the catchment. It may be classified as a self‐organized criticality process with a critical frequency–area distribution for the landslide population. In this case, the landslide frequency–area distribution is useful in quantifying the severity of the trigger and the contribution of landslides to debris flow. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disaggregate evidence on the persistence of consumer price inflation
Authors: Clark Todd E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper uses disaggregate inflation data spanning all of consumption to examine: (i) the persistence of disaggregate inflation relative to aggregate inflation; (ii) the distribution of persistence across consumption sectors; and (iii) whether persistence has changed. Assuming mean inflation to be unchanged, disaggregate persistence inflation is consistently below aggregate persistence. Taking into account an early 1990s shift in mean inflation identified by break tests yields much lower estimates of both aggregate and disaggregate persistence for 1984–2002. But with the mean break, average disaggregate persistence is actually as great as aggregate inflation persistence. A factor model provides a natural framework for interpreting the relationship between aggregate and disaggregate persistence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimates of semiparametric equivalence scales
Authors: Stengos Thanasis , Sun Yiguo , Wang Dianqin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWithin the semiparametric framework introduced by Pendakur (1999) we introduce a new loss function to estimate equivalence scales. This loss function uses all available information from the total expenditures of both the reference and nonreference households and as such it produces more reliable estimates. Using Canadian family expenditure data for 1996 we apply this loss function to obtain equivalence scale estimates for a variety of expenditure share categories such as food, fuel and clothing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crossed polydactyly type I caused by a point mutation in the GLI3 gene in a large Chinese pedigree
Authors: Cheng Baowen , Dong Yongli , He Li , Tang Wenru , Yu Haijing , Lu Jing , Xu Lin , Zheng Bingrong , Li Kaiyuan , Xiao Chunjie 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPolydactyly is one of the most common forms of congenital malformation in humans, and is displayed by 119 disorders. Crossed polydactyly (CP) is defined as the coexistence of preaxial and postaxial polydactyly with a difference in the axes of polydactyly between the hands and feet. In an effort to map the gene responsible for CP, we studied a seven‐generation Chinese family of 56 individuals, 28 of whom were affected. A thorough search with highly informative polymorphic markers showed no recombination among the affected members with the markers on chromosome 7p15‐q11.23, but no linkage with chromosomes 2q31, 7q36, 13q, and 19p. Mutation analysis showed a substitution mutation of 1927C → T in exon 12 of the GLI3 gene, which is predicted to pretruncate the GLI3 protein. This mutation has variable phenotypes of polydactyly, indicating that other genetic factors also contribute to the diversity of polydactyly phenotypes. Our results increase the phenotypic spectrum caused by GLI3 mutations and are important for the analysis and understanding of the etiology of these limb malformations. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 20:133–138, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
22q11 microdeletion studies in the heart tissue of an abortus involving a familial form of congenital heart disease
Authors: Patel Z.M. , Gawde H.M. , Khatkhatay M.I. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMicrodeletion of chromosome 22 is responsible for DiGeorge syndrome, Velo Cardio Facial syndrome, and conotruncal defects. Here, we report on a case of microdeletion 22q11.2 in the heart tissue of a miscarried fetus in a family whose two children had died due to complex congenital heart disease. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in the couple revealed that the mother was mosaic for microdeletion of chromosome 22q11.2 in 10% of her peripheral lymphocytes. Prenatal diagnosis was offered to her in her third pregnancy. On routine ultrasonography at 10 weeks, the overall view of the heart was normal. However, before any further tests could be performed, she miscarried at 16 weeks. FISH studies on the heart tissue of the abortus revealed 22q11.2 microdeletion with two different cell lines. This suggests the importance of performing FISH studies when there is a history of congenital heart disease, even though ultrasonography shows a normal view of the heart. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 20:160–163, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A serological follow‐up of toxocariasis patients after chemotherapy based on the detection of IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Elefant Guita Rubinsky , Shimizu Sumie Hoshino , Arroyo Sanchez Maria Carmen , Jacob Cristina Miuki Abe , Ferreira Antonio Walter 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA serological follow‐up study was carried out on 27 children (1–12 years old) with visceral and/or ocular toxocariasis, after treatment with thiabendazole. A total of 159 serum samples were collected in a period ranging from 22–116 months. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (IgG, IgA, and IgE ELISA) were standardized, using excretory–secretory antigens obtained from the second‐stage larvae of aToxocara canisculture. The sensitivity found for the IgG, IgA, and IgE ELISA, as determined in visceral toxocariasis patients, was 100%, 47.8%, and 78.3%, respectively. Approximately 84% of the patients presented single or multiple parasitosis, as diagnosed by stool examination, yet such variables did not appear to affect the anti‐Toxocaraimmune response. Titers of specific IgE antibody showed a significant decrease during the first year after treatment, followed by a decrease in the IgA titers in the second year, and in the IgG titers from the fourth year onwards. Sera from all patients presented high avidity IgG antibodies, indicating that they were in the chronic phase of the disease. Moreover, 1 year after treatment, the level of leukocytes, eosinophils, and anti‐A isohemagglutinin in patients decreased significantly. The present data suggest that IgE antibodies plus eosinophil counts are helpful parameters for patient follow‐up after chemotherapy. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 20:164–172, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bilaterally symmetrical rhopalial nervous system of the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora
Authors: Skogh C. , Garm A. , Nilsson D.‐E. , Ekström P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCubomedusae, or box jellyfish, have the most elaborate visual system of all cnidarians. They have 24 eyes of four morphological types, distributed on four sensory structures called rhopalia. Box jellyfish also display complex, probably visually guided behaviors such as obstacle avoidance and fast directional swimming. Here we describe the strikingly complex and partially bilaterally symmetrical nervous system found in each rhopalium of the box jellyfish, Tripedalia cystophora, and present the rhopalial neuroanatomy in an atlas‐like series of drawings. Discrete populations of neurons and commissures connecting the left and the right side along with two populations of nonneuronal cells were visualized using several different histochemical staining techniques and electron microscopy. The number of rhopalial nerve cells and their overall arrangement indicates that visual processing and integration at least partly happen within the rhopalia. The larger of the two nonneuronal cell populations comprises ∼2,000 likely undifferentiated cells and may support a rapid cell turnover in the rhopalial nervous system. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New developments of brain imaging for Parkinson's disease and related disorders
Authors: Piccini Paola , Brooks David J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders are subcortical degenerations targeting the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and basal ganglia. Traditionally, MRI has been used to detect structural and positron emission tomography and single emission computed tomography functional neurochemical and metabolic changes associated with these disorders. Recently, advances in diffusion‐weighted MRI, ultrasonography, and radiotracer‐based imaging have yielded greater sensitivity for revealing structural change and allowed detection of changes in brain dopamine levels after levodopa and during behavioral tasks. This review focuses on these recent advances in neuroimaging technology and their use for the diagnosis and assessment of PD and other parkinsonian disorders. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Translation of nondopaminergic treatments for levodopa‐induced dyskinesia from MPTP‐lesioned nonhuman primates to phase IIa clinical studies: Keys to success and roads to failure
Authors: Fox Susan H. , Lang Anthony E. , Brotchie Jonathan M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStudies in MPTP‐lesioned nonhuman primates have demonstrated the potential of nondopaminergic drugs in reducing the problems of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia (LID). Here we review the process of translating findings from the monkey to man. Agents targeting glutamate, adensosine, noradrenaline, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, cannabinoid, and opioid transmitter systems have been assessed for antidyskinetic potential in human studies. Eleven nondopaminergic drugs with antidyskinetic efficacy in the MPTP primate have been advanced to proof‐of‐concept phase IIa trials in PD patients (amantadine, istradefylline, idazoxan, fipamezole, sarizotan, quetiapine, clozapine, nabilone, rimonabant, naloxone, and naltrexone). For all six nondopaminergic transmitter systems reviewed, the MPTP‐lesioned primate correctly predicted phase II efficacy of at least one drug. Of the 11 specific molecules tested in both monkeys and humans, 8 showed clear antidyskinetic properties in both human and monkey. In the instances where the primate studies did not, or did not consistently, predict the outcome of the human studies, the discrepancy may reflect limitations in the validity of the model or limitations in the design of either the clinical or the preclinical studies. We find that the major determinant of success in predicting efficacy is to ensure that primate studies are conducted in a statistically rigorous way and incorporate designs and outcome measures with clinical applicability. On the other hand, phase IIa trials should strive to replicate the preclinical study, especially in terms of protocol, drug dose equivalence, and outcome measure, so as to test the same hypothesis. Failure to meet these criteria carries the risk of false negative conclusions in phase IIa trials. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Predictive value of transcranial sonography in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Prestel Jürgen , Schweitzer Katherine J. , Hofer Anne , Gasser Thomas , Berg Daniela 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTranscanial sonography (TCS) is increasingly applied in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD), but investigator bias may influence the results of examination. Blinding the sonographer to the clinical diagnosis of 42 PD patients and 35 controls, we obtained a positive predictive value of 85.7% and a negative predictive value of 82.9% in the diagnosis of PD solely by interpreting the results of TCS, indicating that TCS is a valuable additional tool in the diagnosis of PD. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Structural analysis of complex saponins of Balanites aegyptiaca by 800 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Stærk Dan , Chapagain Bishnu P. , Lindin Therese , Wiesman Zeev , Jaroszewski Jerzy W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe main saponin (1) present in the mesocarp of Balanites aegyptiaca fruit is a mixture of 22R and 22S epimers of 26‐(O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐3‐β‐[4‐O‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐2‐O‐(α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy]‐22,26‐dihydroxyfurost‐5‐ene. This structure differs from a previously reported saponin isolated from this source by the site of attachment of the rhamnosyl residue, and presumably represents a structural revision of the latter. The main saponin (2) present in the kernel is a xylopyranosyl derivative of 1. The use of high‐field NMR enabled the practically complete assignment of 1H and 13C chemical shifts of these complex saponins, existing as a mixture of C‐22 epimers. Moreover, the work represents a new approach to structural elucidation of saponins: direct preparative‐scale HPLC‐RID of crude extracts followed by high‐field NMR investigations supported by ESI‐MSn. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conjugated polymers containing phenothiazine moieties in the main chain
Authors: Liu Yingliang , Li Jianghui , Cao Huayu , Qu Bo , Chen Zhijian , Gong Qihuang , Xu Shengang , Cao Shaokui 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSeveral conjugated polymers containing phenothiazine moieties in the main chain were synthesized by Knovenagel or Wittig condensations. The polymers were identified and characterized by 1H‐NMR, IR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV‐vis and fluorescent (FL) spectra. Results indicated that the m‐polymer, which was prepared from the polycondensation of N‐octyl‐3,7‐diformylphenothiazine with m‐phenylene diacetonitrile, is the most thermally stable one in all the polymers synthesized. While, the p‐polymer, which was prepared from the polycondensation of N‐octyl‐3,7‐diformylphenothiazine with p‐phenylene diacetonitrile, is the most thermally instable one. The introduction of a cyano group made the absorption and emissive maxima red‐shift from 429 and 537 nm for the Ph‐polymer to 465 and 597 nm for the p‐polymer respectively. The quinoid structure formation allows the p‐polymer to have a lower band gap than any other polymers. Emissive spectra of all these polymers in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution have a narrow half‐peak width. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study design options in evaluating gene‐environment interactions: Practical considerations for a planned case‐control study of pediatric leukemia
Authors: Goodman Michael , Dana Flanders W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackgroundWe compare methodological approaches for evaluating gene–environment interaction using a planned study of pediatric leukemia as a practical example. We considered three design options: a full case‐control study (Option I), a case‐only study (Option II), and a partial case‐control study (Option III), in which information on controls is limited to environmental exposure only.ProcedureFor each design option we determined its ability to measure the main effects of environmental factor E and genetic factor G, and the interaction between E and G. Using the leukemia study example, we calculated sample sizes required to detect and odds ratio (OR) of 2.0 for E alone, an OR of 10 for G alone and an interaction G × E of 3.ResultsOption I allows measuring both main effects and interaction, but requires a total sample size of 1,500 cases and 1,500 controls. Option II allows measuring only interaction, but requires just 121 cases. Option III allows calculating the main effect of E, and interaction, but not the main effect of G, and requires a total of 156 cases and 133 controls.ConclusionsIn this case, the partial case‐control study (Option III) appears to be more efficient with respect to its ability to answer the research questions for the amount of resources required. The design options considered in this example are not limited to observational epidemiology and may be applicable in studies of pharmacogenomics, survivorship, and other areas of pediatric ALL research. Pediatr Blood Cancer. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome for young children newly diagnosed with ependymoma, treated with intensive induction chemotherapy followed by myeloablative chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue
Authors: Zacharoulis Stergios , Levy Adam , Chi Susan N. , Gardner Sharon , Rosenblum Marc , Miller Douglas C. , Dunkel Ira , Diez Blanca , Sposto Richard , Ji Lingyun , Asgharzadeh Shahab , Hukin Juliette , Belasco Jean , Dubowy Ronald , Kellie Stewart , Termuhlen Amanda , Finlay Jonathan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground:The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of an intensive chemotherapy induction regimen followed by myeloablative chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell rescue (AHSCR) in children with newly diagnosed ependymoma.Patients and Methods:Twenty‐nine children less than 10 years of age at diagnosis of ependymoma were enrolled on the “Head Start” studies. Twenty‐four patients with localized disease received an induction regimen including five cycles of chemotherapy (cisplatin, vincristine, etoposide cyclophosphamide, and high dose methotrexate for patients with metastatic disease). Following induction, individuals without evidence of disease proceeded to marrow‐ablative chemotherapy (thiotepa, carboplatin, and etoposide) with AHSCR.Results:The estimated 5‐year event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) from diagnosis were 12% (±6%) and 38% (±10%), respectively. The toxic mortality amongst this group of 29 patients was 10.3%. Younger age (less than 18 months at diagnosis) was the only statistically significant prognostic factor. The estimated 5‐year OS rate for the five patients with metastatic disease at presentation was 80% (±18%). Overall, radiation‐free survival at 5 years from diagnosis was 8% (±5%).Conclusions:The use of an intensive induction chemotherapy regimen including myeloablative chemotherapy followed by AHSCR in newly diagnosed young children with ependymoma is not superior to other previously reported chemotherapeutic strategies. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:34–40. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.