bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncooled microbolometer detector: recent developments at ULIS
Authors: Tissot J. , Trouilleau C. , Fieque B. , Crastes A. , Legras O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUncooled infrared focal plane arrays are being developed for a wide range of thermal imaging applications. Fire-fighting, predictive maintenance, process control and thermography are a few of the industrial applications which could take benefit from uncooled infrared detector. Therefore, to answer these markets, a 35-μm pixel-pitch uncooled IR detector technology has been developed enabling high performance 160×120 and 384×288 arrays production. Besides a wide-band version from uncooled 320×240/45 μm array has been also developed in order to address process control and more precisely industrial furnaces control. The ULIS amorphous silicon technology is well adapted to manufacture low cost detector in mass production. After some brief microbolometer technological background, we present the characterization of 35 μm pixel-pitch detector as well as the wide-band 320×240 infrared focal plane arrays with a pixel pitch of 45 μm.
Narrow spectral band monolithic lead-chalcogenide-on-Si mid-IR photodetectors
Authors: Zogg H. , Arnold M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNarrow spectral band infrared detectors are required for multispectral infrared imaging. Wavelength selectivity can be obtained by placing passive line filters in front of the detectors, or, the preferred choice, by making the detectors themselves wavelength selective. We review the first photovoltaic resonant cavity enhanced detectors (RCED) for the mid-IR range. The lead-chalcogenide (PbEuSe) photodetector is placed as a very thin layer inside an optical cavity. At least one side is terminated with an epitaxial Brugg mirror (consisting of quarter wavelength PbEuSe/BaF2 pairs), while the second mirror may be a metal. Linewidths are as narrow as 37 nm at a peak wavelength of 4400 nm, and peak quantum efficiencies up to above 50% are obtained.
Interfaces as design tools for short-period InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices for mid-infrared detectors
Authors: Szmulowicz F. , Haugan H. , Brown G. , Mahalingam K. , Ullrich B. , Munshi S.R. , Grazulis L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effect of interface anisotropy on the electronic structure of InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices is exploited in the design of thin-layer superlattices for mid-IR detection threshold. The design is based on a theoretical envelope function model that incorporates the change of anion and cation species across InAs/GaSb interfaces, in particular, across the preferred InSb interface. The model predicts that a given threshold can be reached for a range of superlattice periods with InAs and GaSb layers as thin as a few monolayers. Although the oscillator strengths are predicted to be larger for thinner period superlattices, the absorption coefficients are comparable because of the compensating effect of larger band widths. However, larger intervalence band separations for thinner-period samples should lead to longer minority electron Auger lifetimes and higher operating temperatures in p-type SLs. In addition, the hole masses for thinner-period samples are on the order the free-electron mass rather than being effectively infinite for the wider period samples. Therefore, holes should also contribute to photoresponse. A number of superlattices with periods ranging from 50.6 to 21.2 Å for the 4 μm detection threshold were grown by molecular beam epitaxy based on the model design. Low temperature photoluminescence and photoresponse spectra confirmed that the superlattice band gaps remained constant at 330 meV although the period changed by the factor of 2.5. Overall, the present study points to the importance of interfaces as a tool in the design and growth of thin superlattices for mid-IR detectors for room temperature operation.
4×288 readouts and FPAs properties
Authors: Sizov F. , Reva V. , Golenkov A. , Vasiliev V. , Suslyakov A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAnalysis of four types 4×288 designed and manufactured readouts is presented. All the readouts have the direct injection input circuit with the circuits incorporated that allows testing procedure of readouts without the photodiodes attached to readout circuits. TDI registers have three delay elements between neighbouring inputs. Some characteristics of 4×288 FPAs with mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) arrays are presented too. Analysis have shown that in spite of different constructions of four readout types, different numbers of outputs and external service, rather similar parameters of FPAs have been obtained. Detectivity values measured for all 4×288 FPAs at operation temperature T ≈ 78 K with skimming mode included and background temperature Tb ≈295 K were in the range D*λ ≅ (1.2−1.7)×1011 cmHz1/2/W.
Competitive technologies of third generation infrared photon detectors
Authors: Rogalski A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHitherto, two families of multielement infrared (IR) detectors are used for principal military and civilian infrared applications; one is used for scanning systems (first generation) and the other is used for staring systems (second generation). Third generation systems are being developed nowadays. In the common understanding, third generation IR systems provide enhanced capabilities like larger number of pixels, higher frame rates, better thermal resolution as well as multicolour functionality and other on-chip functions.In the paper, issues associated with the development and exploitation of materials used in fabrication of third generation infrared photon detectors are discussed. In this class of detectors two main competitors, HgCdTe photodiodes and quantum well IR photoconductors (QWIPs) are considered. The performance figures of merit of state-of-the-art HgCdTe and QWIP focal plane arrays (FPAs) are similar because the main limitations come from the readout circuits. However, the metallurgical issues of the epitaxial layers such as uniformity and number of defected elements are the serious problems in the case of long wavelength infrared (LWIR) and very LWIR (VLWIR) HgCdTe FPAs. It is predicted that superlattice based InAs/GaInSb system grown on GaSb substrate seems to be an attractive to HgCdTe with good spatial uniformity and an ability to span cutoff wavelength from 3 to 25 μm.
High resolution staring arrays answering compact MW and LW applications
Authors: Pistone F. , Tribolet P. , Vuillermet M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper overviews the electro-optical and thermal performances of different types of infrared detectors manufactured by Sofradir. The detector’s fabrication processes and detector’s performance are shortly described. New staring arrays are more compact and offer system solutions required by infrared market. Special attention is directed to some reliability advantages of new dewar design. Finally, the development trends for highest resolution infrared detector are discussed.
Low-frequency noises as a tool for UV detector characterisation
Authors: Ćwirko R. , Bielecki Z. , Ćwirko J. , Dobrzański L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) semiconductor detectors are mainly made of materials with wide energy gap, i.e., of AlGaN, GaP, SiC, and diamond. The article describes methodology of measurements of characteristics of low-frequency noises of UV detectors and presents the developed measuring system. Basing on analysis of noise characteristics of detectors, an optimal working point of detector can be determined. The results of measurements of noise characteristics of UV detectors made of AlGaN are shown. The measurements have been carried out in wide range of temperatures for several values of a detector supply voltage.
Memory fragments as components of autobiographical knowledge
Authors: Bruce Darryl , Phillips‐Grant Kimberly , Wilcox‐O'Hearn L. Amber , Robinson John A. , Francis Lori 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAdults described and dated two kinds of personal remembrances: a fragment—a memory moment that is largely bereft of context—and an episodic, personal event memory—a narrative that consists of a number of related events. In Experiment 1 subjects reported memories from when they were 0–8 years of age and in Experiment 2, from when they were 0–16 years of age. Fragments were judged to be older than event memories, especially in Experiment 2 where the estimated ages of most fragments were from 0 to 8 years and of most episodic memories, from 8 to 16 years. Ratings of various features of the two kinds of memories also differed. We conclude that isolated memory moments possess validity and that although they are most likely to arise when the autobiographical memory system is not fully developed, they can also originate during a time when it is. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Memory demands on facial composite identification
Authors: Oswald Karl M. , Coleman Marjorie L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFace composites created with FACES 3.0 composite software were used to identify target photographs under varying conditions of memory load. Composites created while viewing a mugshot were presented concurrently with a five‐photograph lineup of actual criminal suspects, immediately preceding the lineup, or with a filled delay between composite and lineup. Compared to a baseline using the mock witness technique, results demonstrated above‐chance identification of target photographs from their composites in all four experiments. Identification was highest with concurrent composite‐lineup presentation and lower under immediate, 30‐second‐delayed, and 4‐minute‐delayed conditions, with no significant identification differences across the three memory conditions. Confidence ratings in target selection only weakly predicted identification accuracy at best. These findings extend the limited research on computerized facial composite systems while addressing composite software use, efficacy, guidelines and limitations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The examination assessment of technical competence in vascular surgery
Authors: Pandey V A , Wolfe J H N , Liapis C D , Bergqvist D 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
The European Board of Surgery Qualification in Vascular Surgery is a pan-European examination for vascular surgeons who have attained a national certificate of completion of specialist training. A 2-year study was conducted before the introduction of a technical skills assessment in the examination.

Methods
The study included 30 surgeons: 22 candidates and eight examiners. They were tested on dissection (on a synthetic saphenofemoral junction model), anastomosis (on to anterior tibial artery of a synthetic leg model) and dexterity (a knot-tying simulator with electromagnetic motion analysis). Validated rating scales were used by two independent examiners. Composite knot-tying scores were calculated for the computerized station. The stations were weighted 35, 45 and 20 per cent, respectively.

Results
Examiners performed better than candidates in the dissection (P &lt; 0·001), anastomosis (P = 0·002) and dexterity (P = 0·005) stations. Participants performed consistently in the examination (dissection versus anastomosis: r = 0·79, P &lt; 0·001; dexterity versus total operative score: r = −0·73, P &lt; 0·001). Interobserver reliability was high (α = 0·91). No correlation was seen between a candidate's technical skill and oral examination performance or logbook-accredited scores.

Conclusion
Current surgical examinations do not address technical competence. This model appears to be a valid assessment of technical skills in an examination setting. The standards are set at a level appropriate for a specialist vascular surgeon.
Short-term results of a randomized clinical trial comparing Lichtenstein open repair with totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair
Authors: Eklund A , Rudberg C , Smedberg S , Enander L K , Leijonmarck C E , Österberg J , Montgomery A 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
Laparoscopic herniorrhaphy has emerged as a recognized operative method for inguinal hernia repair. This study compared the short-term results of two tension-free methods of repair: totally extraperitoneal (TEP) laparoscopic patch repair and the open Lichtenstein mesh technique.

Methods
A total of 1513 men from 11 hospitals who presented with a primary unilateral inguinal hernia were randomized to one of the two methods. Operating time, short-term complications, reoperations, postoperative pain, consumption of analgesics, sick leave and time to resumption of normal physical activities were recorded.

Results
Some 1371 of the 1513 men underwent surgery, 665 in the TEP group and 706 in the Lichtenstein group. The median duration of operation was 55 min for both procedures and 91·0 per cent of the patients in both groups were discharged on the day of operation. Patients in the TEP group experienced less postoperative pain (P &lt; 0·001), consumed fewer analgesics (P &lt; 0·001), had a shorter period of sick leave (7 versus 12 days; P &lt; 0·001) and a shorter time to resumption of normal physical activity (20 versus 31 days; P &lt; 0·001).

Conclusion
The TEP technique took no longer to perform, and was associated with less postoperative pain, a shorter period of sick leave and a faster recovery, compared with open Lichtenstein hernia repair.
Real‐time locomotion control by sensing gloves
Authors: Komura Taku , Lam Wai‐Chun 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSensing gloves are often used as an input device for virtual 3D games. We propose a new method to control characters such as humans or animals in real‐time by using sensing gloves. Based on existing motion data of the body, a new method to map the hand motion of the user to the locomotion of 3D characters in real‐time is proposed. The method was applied to control locomotion of characters such as humans or dogs. Various motions such as trotting, running, hopping, and turning could be produced. As the computational cost needed for our method is low, the response of the system is short enough to satisfy the real‐time requirements that are essential to be used for games. Using our method, users can directly control their characters intuitively and precisely than previous controlling devices such as mouse, keyboards or joysticks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Procedural rhythmic character animation: an interactive Chinese lion dance
Authors: Li Tsai‐Yen , Chen Je‐Ren 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe creation of a stylistic animation through the use of high‐level controls has always been a design goal for computer animation software. In this paper, we propose a procedural animation system, called rhythmic character animation playacting (RhyCAP), which allows a designer to interactively direct animated characters by adjusting rhythmic parameters such as tempo, exaggeration, and timing. The motions thus generated reflect the intention of the director and also adapt to environmental obstacle constraints. We use a sequence of martial‐art steps in the performance of a Chinese lion dance to illustrate the effectiveness of the system. The animation is generated by composition of common motion elements, concisely represented in an action graph. We have implemented an animation control program that allows Chinese lion dance to be choreographed interactively. This authoring tool also serves as a useful means for preserving this part of world cultural heritage. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemoprevention: Drug pricing and mortality
Authors: Melnikow Joy , Kuenneth Christina , Helms L. Jay , Barnato Amber , Kuppermann Miriam , Birch Stephen , Nuovo James 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Tamoxifen is a prototypic cancer chemopreventive agent, yet clinical trials have not evaluated its effect on mortality or the impact of drug pricing on its cost‐effectiveness.METHODS.A state‐transition Markov model for a hypothetical cohort of women age 50 years was used to evaluate the effects of tamoxifen on mortality and tamoxifen price on cost‐effectiveness. Incidence and mortality rates for breast and endometrial cancers were derived from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results statistics, and noncancer outcomes were obtained from published studies. Relative risks of outcomes were derived from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P‐1 trial. Costs were based on Medicare reimbursements.RESULTS.Projected overall mortality for women at 1.67% 5‐year breast cancer risk showed little difference with or without tamoxifen, resulting in a cost‐effectiveness ratio of $1,335,690 per life‐year saved as a result of tamoxifen use. Adjusting for the differential impact of estrogen receptor‐negative cancers, tamoxifen increased mortality for women with a uterus until the 5‐year breast cancer risk reached ≥2.1%. Assigning the Canadian price for tamoxifen dramatically reduced the incremental cost (to $123,780 per life‐year saved). At that price, the use of tamoxifen was less costly and more effective for women with 5‐year breast cancer risks >4%.CONCLUSIONS.Tamoxifen may increase mortality in women at the lower end of the “high‐risk” range for breast cancer. If prices in the U.S. approximated Canadian prices, then tamoxifen use for breast cancer risk reduction in women with a 5‐year risk >3% could be a reasonable strategy to reduce the incidence of breast cancer. Because they are used by many unaffected individuals, the price of chemopreventive agents has a major influence on their cost‐effectiveness. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Characterization of a mouse strain expressing Cre recombinase from the 3′ untranslated region of the dopamine transporter locus
Authors: Bäckman Cristina M. , Malik Nasir , Zhang YaJun , Shan Lufei , Grinberg Alex , Hoffer Barry J. , Westphal Heiner , Tomac Andreas C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDopamine (DA) neurotransmission has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. The dopamine transporter (DAT) is highly expressed in dopaminergic neurons of the ventral mesencephalon and regulates neurotransmission by transporting DA back into the presynaptic terminals. To mediate restricted DNA recombination events into DA neurons using the Cre/loxP technology, we have generated a knockin mouse expressing Cre recombinase under the transcriptional control of the endogenous DAT promoter. To minimize interference with DAT function by preservation of both DAT alleles, Cre recombinase expression was driven from the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of the endogenous DAT gene by means of an internal ribosomal entry sequence. Crossing this murine line with a LacZ reporter showed colocalization of DAT immunocytochemistry and β‐galactosidase staining in all regions analyzed. This knockin mouse can be used for generating tissue specific knockouts in mice carrying genes flanked by loxP sites, and will facilitate the analysis of gene function in dopaminergic neurons. genesis 44:383–390, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of Hydroxylamine and O‐Methylhydroxylamine Complexes of Manganese and Rhenium
Authors: Albertin Gabriele , Antoniutti Stefano , Bravo Jorge , Castro Jesús , García‐Fontán Soledad , Marín Ma Carmen , Noè Marco 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHydroxylamine and O‐methylhydroxylamine complexes [M(NH2OH)(CO)nP5–n]BPh4 and [M(NH2OCH3)(CO)nP5–n]BPh4 [M = Mn, Re; n = 1, 2, 3; P = P(OEt)3, PPh(OEt)2, PPh2OEt] were prepared by allowing hydrides MH(CO)nP5–n to react first with triflic acid and then with an excess of hydroxylamine. Bidentate phosphane and phosphite can also be used to prepare both NH2OH and NH2OCH3 complexes of manganese and rhenium of the [M(NH2OR)(CO)2(P–P)‐{P(OEt)3}]BPh4 and [M(NH2OR)(CO)3(P–P)]BPh4 [R = H, CH3; P–P = Ph2POCH2CH2OPPh2, Ph2PO(CH2)3OPPh2, Ph2PN(CH3)CH2CH2N(CH3)PPh2] types with the use of MH(CO)2(P–P){P(OEt)3} and MH(CO)3(P–P) as precursors. The complexes were characterized spectroscopically and by theX‐ray crystal‐structure determination of [Re(NH2OCH3)(CO)2{PPh(OEt)2}3]BPh4 and [Re(NH2OCH3)(CO)3{Ph2PO(CH2)3OPPh2}]BPh4. Oxidation of the hydroxylamine complexes with Pb(OAc)4 was studied at –40 °C and led to an unstable compound tentatively characterized as a nitroxyl [M]–N(H)=O derivative.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The Two‐Step Spin Conversion in a Supramolecular Triple Helicate Dinuclear Iron(II) Complex Studied by Mössbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Garcia Yann , Grunert C. Matthias , Reiman Sergey , van Campenhoudt Olivier , Gütlich Philipp 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe triple helicate dinuclear iron(II) complex, [Fe2(L)3](ClO4)4·2H2O (1), previously reported by Tuna et al. (Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 5737), was prepared and characterised by detailed SQUID and 57Fe Mössbauer measurements. Compound 1 exhibits a thermochromic two‐step spin conversion at TSC(1) ca. 240 K and TSC(2) ca. 120 K, but does not switch its spin state further below 20 K as proven by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The sharp variation of the susceptibility below 20 K is due to zero‐field splitting of the remaining iron(II) high‐spin species. Applied field 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy experiments at 4.2 K indicate that the gradual thermal spin conversion from [HS–HS] pairs to [LS–LS] pairs is complete for one half of the FeII active sites. The presence of a step tracked in the spin‐conversion curve and through the variation of the Mössbauer parameters of an uncoupled iron(II) site call for the occurrence of an [LS–HS] intermediate spin state in the plateau region.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
SN2 Displacement by Bromide Ions in Dichloromethane – The Role of Reverse Micelles
Authors: Brinchi Lucia , Germani Raimondo , Savelli Gianfranco , Spreti Nicoletta 
Published: July 2006

AbstractReverse micellar systems are of interest as reaction media because they are powerful models for biological compartmentalization, enzymatic catalysis and separation of biomolecules. Solutions of ionic surfactants in apolar solvents may contain reverse micelles, but they may also contain ion pairs, or small clusters, with waters of hydration. We studied the bimolecular reaction in CH2Cl2 solutions of cationic tetraalkylammonium bromide salts (onium salts), such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), cetyltripropylammonium bromide (CTPABr) and tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide (TBABr). Methylnaphthalene‐2‐sulfonate (β‐MeONs), its 6‐sulfonate derivative (β‐MeONsS–) as the 2,6‐lutidinium salt and methyl‐5‐N,N,N,trimethylammonium naphthalene‐1‐sulfonate (α‐MeONsNT+) as the trifluoromethanesulfonate salt react with Br– in CH2Cl2. First‐order rate constants, kobs, increase linearly and similarly for the three substrates with increasing concentrations of the onium salts. Reactions are faster with TBABr than they are with CTPABr and CTABr, and the reactivity of the three substrates is in the order: α‐MeONsNT+ >> β‐MeONsS– > β‐MeONs. The reactions are inhibited by the addition of H2O, but CTABr tolerates H2O in large excess. At [H2O]/[CTABr] = w0 ≈ 6, “water‐pool” reverse micelles form, and kobs for all three substrates is then independent of w0. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)