bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracellular perception of multiple novel core effectors from the broad host-range pear anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola in the nonhost Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Han Mengqing , Wang Chunhao , Zhu Wenhui , Pan Yuemin , Huang Lili , Nie Jiajun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola is emerging as a devastating pathogenic fungus causing anthracnose in a wide range of horticultural crops, particularly fruits. Exploitation of nonhost resistance (NHR) represents a robust strategy for plant disease management. Perception of core effectors from phytopathogens frequently leads to hypersensitive cell death and resistance in nonhost plants; however, such core effectors in C. fructicola and their signaling components in non-hosts remain elusive. Here, we found a virulent C. fructicola strain isolated from pear exhibits non-adaptation in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Perception of secreted molecules from C. fructicola appears to be a dominant factor in NHR, and four novel core effectors—CfCE4, CfCE25, CfCE61, and CfCE66—detected by N. benthamiana were, accordingly, identified. These core effectors exhibit cell death-inducing activity in N. benthamiana and accumulate in the apoplast. With a series of CRISPR/Cas9-edited mutants or gene-silenced plants, we found the coreceptor BAK1 and helper NLRs including ADR1, NRG1, and NRCs mediate perceptions of these core effectors in N. benthamiana. Concurrently, multiple N. benthamiana genes encoding cell surface immune receptors and intracellular immune receptors were greatly induced by C. fructicola. This work represents the first characterization of the repertoire of C. fructicola core effectors responsible for NHR. Significantly, the novel core effectors and their signaling components unveiled in this study offered insights into a continuum of layered immunity during NHR and will be helpful for anthracnose disease management in diverse horticultural crops.
Chromosome-level genome assemblies of Musa ornata and Musa velutina provide insights into pericarp dehiscence and anthocyanin biosynthesis in banana
Authors: Xiao Tian-Wen , Liu Xin , Fu Ning , Liu Tong-Jian , Wang Zheng-Feng , Ge Xue-Jun , Huang Hui-Run 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Musa ornata and Musa velutina are members of the Musaceae family and are indigenous to the South and Southeast Asia. They are very popular in the horticultural market, but the lack of genomic sequencing data and genetic studies has hampered efforts to improve their ornamental value. In this study, we generated the first chromosome-level genome assemblies for both species by utilizing Oxford Nanopore long reads and Hi-C reads. The genomes of M. ornata and M. velutina were assembled into 11 pseudochromosomes with genome sizes of 427.85 Mb and 478.10 Mb, respectively. Repetitive sequences comprised 46.70% and 50.91% of the total genomes for M. ornata and M. velutina, respectively. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses indicated that upregulated genes in the mature pericarps of M. velutina were mainly associated with the saccharide metabolic processes, particularly at the cell wall and extracellular region. Furthermore, we identified polygalacturonase (PG) genes that exhibited higher expression level in mature pericarps of M. velutina compared to other tissues, potentially being accountable for pericarp dehiscence. This study also identified genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Taken together, the chromosomal-level genome assemblies of M. ornata and M. velutina provide valuable insights into the mechanism of pericarp dehiscence and anthocyanin biosynthesis in banana, which will significantly contribute to future genetic and molecular breeding efforts.
Short-term power grid load forecasting based on variable weight combination hybrid model
Authors: Lin Tingting , Fan Sen , Zhang XinYing 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The power grid load exhibits non-linearity and volatility, posing challenges to power grid dispatching. To enhance the precision of power grid load forecasting, a variable weight combination forecasting model is suggested to address the issue of inadequate forecasting efficacy of individual algorithms. Considering the impact of various environmental factors on power grid load, a load influence feature dataset is formulated. Initially, support vector machines, genetic algorithm-optimized back propagation (BP) neural networks and radial basis neural networks are employed to forecast individual loads. Subsequently, a variance–covariance weight dynamic distribution method is utilized to merge the prediction results of the three individual algorithms, thereby establishing a short-term power grid load prediction model with variable weight combination. Taking a regional power grid as an example, the simulation results show that the prediction accuracy of the variable weight combination model is higher than that of the single algorithm. Taking the evaluation index MAPE as an example, compared with the three single algorithms, the prediction accuracy is improved by 42.31%, 48.56% and 65.33%. The practice proves that the proposed variable weight combination forecasting model greatly improves the accuracy of power network load forecasting.
Design of A Highly Sensitive, Low-cost Underwater Force Plate to Record Substrate Reaction Forces
Authors: Gamel K M , Pinti S , Astley H C 
Published: March 2024

Synopsis
The study of underwater walking presents major challenges because the small forces applied during underwater walking are difficult to measure due to the lack of a sufficiently sensitive force plate that functions underwater. Understanding the force interaction between the underwater walker and the substrate may lead to better understanding of the evolution, ecology, and biomechanics of underwater walking. The shift from aquatic to terrestrial life was a crucial transition in animal evolution where, underwater walking preceded the invasion of land and combines mechanics from terrestrial locomotion (substrate reaction forces) and aquatic swimming (buoyancy and drag). In this work, we describe our design of a low-cost underwater force plate made using 3D printed multi axis load cells equipped with commercial strain gauges amplified with a custom circuit board, and custom code to gather force data. The use of 3D printed sensors allows customization of the material and thickness of the shear beam load cell to accommodate the loads for a wide range of study species. We show that our design can detect loads as small as 1 mN (filtered) with minimal noise and present sample live animal trials of several species. The 3D multiaxial load cells, circuit design, and custom code are open-source and available online.
Technical Understanding from Interactive Machine Learning Experience: a Study Through a Public Event for Science Museum Visitors
Authors: Kawabe Wataru , Nakao Yuri , Shitara Akihisa , Sugano Yusuke 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWhile AI technology is becoming increasingly prevalent in our daily lives, the comprehension of machine learning (ML) among non-experts remains limited. Interactive machine learning (IML) has the potential to serve as a tool for end users, but many existing IML systems are designed for users with a certain level of expertise. Consequently, it remains unclear whether IML experiences can enhance the comprehension of ordinary users. In this study, we conducted a public event using an IML system to assess whether participants could gain technical comprehension through hands-on IML experiences. We implemented an interactive sound classification system featuring visualization of internal feature representation and invited visitors at a science museum to freely interact with it. By analyzing user behavior and questionnaire responses, we discuss the potential and limitations of IML systems as a tool for promoting technical comprehension among non-experts.
Quality, availability and suitability of antimicrobial stewardship guidance: a multinational qualitative study
Authors: Linde-Ozola Zane , Classen Annika Y , Giske Christian G , Göpel Siri , Eliakim-Raz Noa , Semret Makeda , Simonsen Gunnar Skov , Vehreschild Jörg Janne , Jørgensen Silje Bakken , Kessel Johanna , Kleppe Lars Kåre Selland , Oma Dorthea Hagen , Vehreschild Maria J G T , Vilde Aija , Dumpis Uga ,   PILGRIM study group, Aldins Pauls , Zvirbulis Viesturs , Kjellander Christian , Asfeldt Anne Mette , Wåhlin Hannes , Akselsen Per Espen , Kaya Merve , Fein Lucas J , Biehl Lena M , Dietz Thilo , Albus Kerstin , Schulze Nick , Farowski Fedja , Conzelmann Nadine , Eisenbeis Simone , Leibovici Leonard , Samuel Maayan Huberman , Langusa Elina , Urbena Jelena , Jardin Barbara Ann , Mbuyi Lylie , Karlsson Frida , Myrbakk Toni , Hansen Marte Tangeraas , Torkehagen Tina Fure , Sætre Silje Severine , Jarodd Anita Helene , Oftedal Sissel Frostad , Dalheim Anne , Ebeling Franziska , Angelstein Nina , Proske Susanna , Sauer Gabriel , Blumberg Christian , Rüb Alina , Butzer Sarina , Quante Markus , Christopeit Maximilian , Wagner Silvia , Daitch Vered , Yaron Yulia Maler , Babich Tanya 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes are established across the world to treat infections efficiently, prioritize patient safety, and reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. One of the core elements of AMS programmes is guidance to support and direct physicians in making efficient, safe and optimal decisions when prescribing antibiotics. To optimize and tailor AMS, we need a better understanding of prescribing physicians’ experience with AMS guidance.

Objectives
To explore the prescribing physicians’ user experience, needs and targeted improvements of AMS guidance in hospital settings.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 prescribing physicians/AMS guidance users from hospital settings in Canada, Germany, Israel, Latvia, Norway and Sweden as a part of the international PILGRIM trial. A socioecological model was applied as an overarching conceptual framework for the study.

Results
Research participants were seeking more AMS guidance than is currently available to them. The most important aspects and targets for improvement of AMS guidance were: (i) quality of guidelines; (ii) availability of infectious diseases specialists; and (iii) suitability of AMS guidance to department context.

Conclusions
Achieving prudent antibiotic use not only depends on individual and collective levels of commitment to follow AMS guidance but also on the quality, availability and suitability of the guidance itself. More substantial commitment from stakeholders is needed to allocate the required resources for delivering high-quality, available and relevant AMS guidance to make sure that the prescribers’ AMS needs are met.
Thripidae pest species community identification and population genetic diversity analyses of 2 dominant thrips in cotton fields of China
Authors: Gao Yue , Luo Junyu , Wang Li , Zhu Xiangzhen , Zhang Kaixin , Li Dongyang , Niu Lin , Gao Xueke , Ji Jichao , Hua Hongxia , Cui Jinjie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Thrips are devastating pests for various crops, and they can rasp tender leaves, terminal buds, and flowers, which specifically causing huge economic losses to cotton production. However, there is very little knowledge about the species composition of thrips in mainland China, as well as the genetic structure of the thrips populations, particularly in the cotton-producing regions. In this study, thrips were collected from 40 geographical locations at 8 different provinces which representing majority cotton-producing belts in China, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequence was used to identify species composition and evaluate the genetic diversity of collected thrips individuals. Based on experimental results proven that overall, 10 and 8 species of thrips were identified in seedling and flowering stage respectively, which is corresponding dominant species are Thrip tabaci (Lindeman) and Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom). Genetically, 24 haplotypes were identified in 310 T. tabaci individuals from 10 locations, and 263 haplotypes were detected in 1,861 F. intonsa individuals from 40 locations. Hap1 (T. tabaci) is the most widely distributed haplotype among all the T. tabaci samples. Likewise, Hap 2 is the most widely distributed and abundant haplotype among all samples of F. intonsa. The genetic differentiation degrees of T. tabaci between SXYC population and other 9 populations were high, but its gene flow in these 10 regions was relatively low, which might be due to geographical barriers. The Mantel tests showed no correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance of the 2 thrip species. Demographic analysis results showed that both T. tabaci and F. intonsa experienced population expansion in China. Taken together, this study identifies the species composition of thrips in major cotton-producing regions at different growth periods and evaluates effects of geomorphology on the geographical distribution of haplotypes of dominant thrips T. tabaci and F. intonsa.
Performance of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in responses to different amplitudes of alternating temperatures across permissive warm temperature regimes
Authors: Zhong Tingfang , Gong Liwen , Pan Yingru , Li Junwei , Lu Aiying , Liu Liming , Wu Haiyan , Zhao Zihua , Wang Leyun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Climate change involves changes in the pattern of temperature fluctuations and the frequency and magnitude of thermal extremes. It is essential to investigate how insects respond to increased temperature variations, especially for species that usually experience diel temperature variations extending to thermal performance limits. To explicitly elucidate the effects of sizes of amplitudes of temperature variations, we used daily alternating temperatures with an equivalent mean of 28 °C to investigate the impact of different fluctuation amplitudes (± 0 °C,  ± 2 °C,  ± 4 °C, and  ± 6 °C) across permissive temperature regimes on the performance of Spodoptera lituraFabricius, a highly destructive polyphagous pest of crops and vegetables in tropical and temperate climates. Amplitudes of temperature fluctuations significantly affected developmental durations, adult life spans, pupal weights, fecundity, and fertility of S. litura. The survival rates from the egg stage to the adult eclosion did not differ significantly across different temperature treatments. The developmental durations of individual life cycles significantly increased with larger amplitudes in 3 fluctuating temperature treatments. The pupal weight was significantly lower and the adult life span was significantly shorter in the ± 6 °C treatment in all treatments. Fecundity and fertility were significantly reduced in the ± 6 °C treatment, making the continuation of generations nearly impossible. The results should provide critical information for understanding the ecology of this widespread pest under diel, seasonal, and global climate changes.
Labor Unions and the Electoral Consequences of Trade Liberalization
Authors: Ogeda Pedro , Ornelas Emanuel , Soares Rodrigo R 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We show that the Brazilian trade liberalization in the early 1990s led to a permanent relative decline in the vote share of left-wing presidential candidates in the regions more affected by the tariff cuts. This happened even though the shock, implemented by a right-wing party, induced a contraction in manufacturing and formal employment in the more affected regions, and despite the left’s identification with protectionist policies. To rationalize this response, we consider a new institutional channel for the political effects of trade shocks: the weakening of labor unions. We provide support for this mechanism in two steps. First, we show that union presence—proxied by the number of workers directly employed by unions, by union density, and by the number of union establishments—declined in regions that became more exposed to foreign competition. Second, we show that the negative effect of tariff reductions on the votes for the left was driven exclusively by political parties with historical links to unions. Furthermore, the impact of the trade liberalization on the vote share of these parties was significant only in regions that had unions operating before the reform. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that tariff cuts reduced the vote share of the left partly through the weakening of labor unions. This institutional channel is fundamentally different from the individual-level responses, motivated by economic or identity concerns, that have been considered in the literature.
Toward best practices for trade-security measures
Authors: Cohen Harlan Grant 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The global economy is increasingly being weaponized. Citing security concerns from traditional defence to economic competitiveness, health emergency, and climate crisis, states are turning to sanctions, tariffs, export controls, investment screening, and subsidies. But while economic statecraft is becoming common, rules remain scarce. Questions about notice, duration, proportionality, harm minimization, compensation, retaliation, and/or rebalancing lack clear answers and seem almost theoretical. Once, we might have hoped the World Trade Organization (WTO) would play a role in developing such rules. But in the absence of an Appellate Body and in the face of state rejections of review, WTO’s deliberative processes have ground to a halt.
This essay argues for a new approach, focused less on adjudicating security disputes than on developing best practices for invoking and using trade security measures. It explains why a new approach is necessary, detailing both how the WTO’s deliberative engine broke down and why dispute settlement is ill-suited to develop guidance now needed. It suggests where and how best practices might be developed, before considering an agenda for such a best practice process. In the end, the hope is a process that can develop expectations—expectations that might make a world of economic statecraft a bit less dangerous.
Inbreeding effects on different lineages of Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Woldemelak Wondimagegn Atilaw 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Inbreeding can have detrimental effects on reproductive fitness, but the extent of lineage-specific variation in these effects remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of brother and sister inbreeding on reproductive fitness in 2 lineages (L1 and T) of T. tabaci. Inbred females from both lineages exhibited a significant reduction in longevity compared with the control group. The L1 lineage experienced a 27% and 43% decrease in longevity in the F2 and F3 generations, respectively, while the T lineage showed a similar trend with a 30% and 44% decrease. The T lineage consistently displayed slightly longer lifespans than the L1 lineage across all generations. Brother and sister inbreeding also led to a decrease in fecundity rates in both lineages. In the F3 generation, the number of eggs laid decreased by 59% compared with the F2 generation. The T lineage consistently exhibited slightly lower fecundity rates compared with the L1 lineage. Egg hatchability rates declined with subsequent inbreeding, with the F3 generation showing lower rates compared with the F2 generation. However, the T lineage did not exhibit a significant difference in inbreeding depression for egg hatchability rates, while the L1 lineage demonstrated a noticeable decrease. Deformities observed in male L1 lineage resulting from inbreeding were consistent with disruptions in normal developmental processes, affecting various body parts such as legs, antennae, and wings. Continued inbreeding increased susceptibility to inbreeding depression in terms of longevity, fecundity, and egg hatchability.
Persons and their Brains: Life, Death, and Lessened Humanity
Authors: Maples Caitlin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe authors of the articles in this issue of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy address a wide variety of topics, from definitions of disease to bioenhancement. Each author, however, draws out the importance of careful use of language. Over the years, philosophers of medicine and bioethicists have debated questions such as what qualifies something as a disease, whether disease language is evaluative, whether the term “person” encompasses more than just human beings, and what language ought to be used to best convey complex information to patients. Among a great deal of disagreement on these topics, one thing emerges distinctly: that clarity and careful attention to language is paramount in medicine. The articles in this issue contribute to that conversation, presenting complex arguments and illustrative examples of why it is so important to use clear and well-defined terms in medicine, and of the reality-altering power that our language carries.
Intercostal artery aneurysm presenting as a spontaneous hemothorax in a patient with neurofibromatosis
Authors: Panesar Harsimran , Pelz Geoffrey , Mansour Daniel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Beyond the commonly known clinical presentation of neurofibromatosis, vascular pathologies are increasingly becoming a known complication. We present a case of a 41-year-old adult with neurofibromatosis type 1 who came with a right-sided spontaneous hemothorax due to a ruptured 13-mm fusiform aneurysm of the right posterior T9 intercostal artery. Patient underwent a transcatheter angiographic embolization with subsequent video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for a retained hemothorax. Patient was discharged home on Hospital Day 5, and follow-up imaging demonstrated a complete resolution of the hemothorax. This presented case contributes to literature by demonstrating intra-arterial embolization as a viable option to obtain hemostasis in fragile vessels. However, this may not always result in hemostasis, and VATS should be considered to achieve and ensure complete hemostasis.
Adenomatoid tumor of the adrenal gland: unexpected guest
Authors: Al-Maghrabi Haneen , Al-Maghrabi Jaudah 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Adenomatoid tumor (AT) is a benign growth that originates from mesothelial cells. Typically, it encompasses the uterus, fallopian tubes, and paratesticular area. One-third of all AT is in paratesticular area, and it accounts for 60% of all benign paratesticular tumors. ATs have been seldom reported as a case report in adrenal gland, liver, pleura, and mediastinal cavity. To date, English literature has only documented 46 instances of adrenal AT. We present the occurrence of a new clinically unexpected case of adrenal AT in a 37-year-old male patient. Computed tomography (CT scan) incidentally revealed the presence of a tumor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of primary adrenal gland AT reported in Saudi Arabia and the 47th instance worldwide in the English-based published literature. It is crucial to thoroughly investigate these tumors, utilizing techniques such as histopathological analysis and immunohistochemical staining to correctly diagnose AT.