bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of iodine value of palm oil based on triglyceride composition
Authors: Haryati T. , Che Man Y. B. , Ghazali H. M. , Asbi B. A. , Buana L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe triglyceride (TG) composition of palm oil is normally determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC chromatograms indicated a good separation of most of the TG components in the oil. The TG can be classified based on either the TG groups, i.e., triunsaturated, monosaturated, disaturated, or trisaturated, or the number of double bonds, i.e., zero, one, two, three, or four double bonds. The more unsaturated the fatty acid, the greater the iodine value (IV). Therefore, it is hypothesized that the IV of an oil can be determined based upon the TG composition of the oil. Based on the TG groups, stepwise regression analysis showed that the areas of the disaturated, trisaturated, and triunsaturated TG peaks could predict the IV with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.990. The regression based on the number of double bonds yielded a good regression equation with R2=0.992. The important variables were the peak area of the fatty acids that contained zero, one, two, and three double bonds. This study concludes that the TG composition can be used to predict the IV of palm oil. The best prediction model is obtained by using the number of double bonds in the TG as the independent variable.
Determination of Cis‐ and Trans‐18:1 fatty acid isomers in hydrogenated vegetable oils by high‐resolution carbon nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Miyake Yuko , Yokomizo Kazuhisa 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCarbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) methods for determining the composition of cis‐/trans‐ and positional isomers in hydrogenated vegetable oils were developed to reduce analytical time. By selecting appropriate olefinic carbon peaks and by measuring individual peak areas subsequent to the identification of isomeric peaks on the NMR spectrum, compositional results of the isomers coincided well with those obtained by conventional gas chromatography (GC). Therefore, it is highly beneficial to choose the 13C NMR method when analysis time is limited. Though the proposed 13C NMR method is promising, further development is needed. For the time being, combination with the traditional GC method is still encouraged for precise compositional analysis of cis‐/trans‐ and positional isomers.
Effects of tocopherols, ascorbyl palmitate, and lecithin on autoxidation of fish oil
Authors: Hamilton R. J. , Kalu C. , McNeill G. P. , Padley F. B. , Pierce J. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe effects of α‐, γ/δ, and δ‐tocopherol concentrates (0.2–2.0%) alone and in combination with ascorbyl palmitate (0.1%) and lecithin (0.5%) on oxidative stability and flavor of fish oil were studied. Stability was assessed on oil stored in air at 20°C by peroxide value (PV) and off‐flavor formation. Polymer content, para‐anisidine value, and conjugation were used to characterize selected samples. When used alone, the protective effect of the tocopherols, as measured by PV, was δ≫γ/δ≫α, especially at the 2% concentration. Binary systems of ascorbyl palmitate‐lecithin and lecithin‐γ/δ or‐δ‐tocopherol were strongly synergistic in delaying peroxidation. The ternary blends provided the greatest protection against autoxidation. Refined fish oil with 2% δ‐tocopherol, 0.1% ascorbyl palmitate, and 0.5% lecithin showed no significant peroxidation at 20°C over a period of 6 mon. The original antioxidant effect noted for the ternary systems in delaying peroxidation was not reflected in improved flavor stability. Off‐flavors developed within 3 wk, making the oils unsuitable for use at high concentrations in ambient products that are unprotected from air.
Polymorphism and solidification kinetics of the binary system POS‐SOS
Authors: Rousset Ph. , Rappaz M. , Minner E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAs a first approach to modeling the crystallization behavior of cocoa butter, the binary system of its two major components, 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐3‐stearoyl‐s n‐glycerol (POS) and 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐s n‐glycerol (SOS), was studied. Differential scanning calorimetry, coupled with polarized light microscopy, was used to determine the phase diagrams of the various polymorphic forms (the most metastable sub‐α and α, intermediate δ and β′, and stable β). Associated theoretical phase diagrams were also built. The presence of a solid solution for β and the ideal behavior of α were confirmed. Kinetics of isothermal solidification as a function of temperature were studied for three compositions of the POS‐SOS system. Results were displayed as time‐temperature‐transformation (TTT) diagrams and crystal morphology maps. Dependence of the crystallization kinetics on composition of the binary system was interpreted in terms of nucleation and growth mechanisms. The asymmetry of the POS molecule induces a slower growth rate of the mixture when the concentration of this triacylglycerol is increased. Solidification kinetics during continuous cooling were studied at various cooling rates for the system POS‐SOS 25:75. Experimental results were compared with numerical predictions of a solidification model based upon TTT data and an additivity principle. The calculated and measured volume fractions of the different phases formed and times of onset and finish of the solidification were in good agreement.
Genetik intermediärer Phänotypen
Authors: Kronenberg F. , Heid I.M. 
Published: August 2007

Zusammenfassung
Die Entstehung komplexer Erkrankungen wie koronare Herzkrankheit oder Diabetes mellitus wird durch zahlreiche Gene beeinflusst, von welchen jedes einzelne einen oft eher geringen Beitrag liefert. Der Nachweis, dass bestimmte genetische Varianten mit komplexen Erkrankungen assoziiert sind, ist oft schwer zu führen und bedarf großer, gut charakterisierter Patienten- und Kontrollgruppen. Alternativ und Erfolg versprechend ist die Untersuchung so genannter intermediärer Phänotypen. Dabei handelt es sich um Parameter, die mit der Entstehung der Erkrankung in Zusammenhang stehen, genetisch determiniert sind und einen Teilaspekt unter mehreren im Entstehungsmechanismus der Erkrankung repräsentieren. Dadurch kommt es zu einer Schärfung des Phänotyps und zu einer Reduktion der genetischen Heterogenität. Durch Untersuchung der Genetik solcher intermediärer Phänotypen statt der Genetik der Erkrankung an sich kann dieser Teilaspekt aufgeklärt werden. Besonders geeignet als intermediäre Phänotypen sind quantitative, gut messbare biochemische Parameter, wodurch im Gegensatz zu qualitativen Parametern eine deutlich verbesserte statistische Power erreicht werden kann.
Formation of a pronival rampart on sub-Antarctic Marion Island
Authors: Hedding David W. , Sumner Paul D. , Holness Stephen D. , Meiklejohn K. Ian 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe formation of a pronival (protalus) rampart on sub-Antarctic Marion Island is investigated. Morphological attributes show debris at the angle of repose on the rampart's proximal slope and at a lower angle on the distal slope. Relative-age dating, based on the percentage moss cover and weathering rind thickness of the clastic component, indicates accumulation mainly on the proximal slope and rampart crest, implying upslope (retrogressive) accumulation. This contrasts with a previously published model for pronival ramparts, which proposes rampart growth by addition of material to the distal slope. Development of the Marion Island rampart is suggested to result from the control exerted by a relatively low-angled surface and a shrinking snowbed. A small debris step formed on the proximal slope appears to be a response to decreased snowfalls due to changing climate over the last c. 50 years. Growth rate of the rampart is considered to be variable during the Holocene in response to changes in climate and debris supply.
First evidence of a “Barrovian”-type metamorphic regime in the Ross orogen of the Byrd Glacier area, central Transantarctic Mountains
Authors: Talarico F.M. , Stump E. , Gootee B.F. , Foland K.A. , Palmeri R. , Van Schmus W.R. , Brand P.K. , Ricci C.A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe Selborne Group comprises two metamorphic rock units, the muscovite±dolomite bearing Madison Marble and the biotite-muscovite±quartz-calcite Contortion Schist, which contains thick lenses of variably deformed metabasalts and metaconglomerates. Petrological and structural data indicate a polyphase metamorphic evolution including: i) an early stage of upper greenschist regional metamorphism (P = ~0.15–0.3 GPa; T = ~380–450°C), ii) prograde metamorphism during D1up to amphibolite facies peak conditions (P = 0.58–0.8 GPa, T = ~560–645°C), iii) syn-D2unloading-cooling retrograde metamorphism, iv) a post-D2contact metamorphic overprint at variable T between 450 and 550°C and ~0.2 GPa connected to the emplacement of granitic plutons and felsic dyke swarms. Geochronological data constrain the polyphase syn-D1/D2evolution between ~ 510 and 492 Ma. A similar metamorphic path, including a medium P stage but at lower T conditions, is documented in greenschist facies metabasalts within the Byrd Group in the Mount Dick area. The metamorphic pattern and close lithostratigraphic matching between Selborne Group and Byrd Group sharply contrast with the high-grade Horney Formation that is exposed north of the Byrd Glacier and corroborate the hypothesis that the Byrd Glacier discontinuity marks a first-order crustal tectonic boundary crossing the Ross orogen.
A calculus of open modules: call-by-need strategy and confluence
Authors: FAGORZI SONIA , ZUCCA ELENA 
Published: August 2007

We present a simple module calculus where selection and execution of a component is possible onopenmodules, that is, modules that still need to import some external definitions. Hence, it provides a kernel model for a computational paradigm in which standard execution (that is, execution of a single computation described by a fragment of code) can be interleaved with operations at the meta-level, which can manipulate in various ways the context in which this computation takes place. Formally, this is achieved by introducingconfigurationsas basic terms. These are, roughly speaking, pairs consisting of an (open, mutually recursive) collection of named components and a term representing a program running in the context of these components. Configurations can be manipulated by classical module/fragment operators, hence reduction steps can be either execution steps of the program or steps that perform module operations (calledreconfigurationsteps).Since configurations combine the features of lambda abstractions (first-class functions), records, environments with mutually recursive definitions and modules, the calculus extends and integrates both traditional module calculi and recursive lambda calculi. We state confluence of the calculus, and propose different ways to prevent errors arising from the lack of some required component, either by a purely static type system or by a combination of static and run-time checks. Moreover, we define a call-by-need strategy that performs module simplificationonly when needed and only once, leading to a generalisation of call-by-need lambda calculi that includes module features. We prove the soundness and completeness of this strategy using an approach based on information content, which also allows us to preserve confluence, even when local substitution rules are added to the calculus.
Tolerance of submergence in rice: gene studies using differential display technique
Authors: Yong-Hua Chen , Sen Zhao , Qin-Quan Yan , Yang-Sheng Li , Xing-Rong Wu , Guo-Ying Xiao 
Published: August 2007

AbstractGene expression profiles between submergence rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) varieties, tolerant FR13A and sensitive IR39595-503-2-1-2, under submergence stress were identified using differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR). A total of 1428 bands were amplified with 40 pairs of primers, of which 102 were significantly different between the two lines. The differential display ratio was 7.1%. Among 42 differential display bands derived from the submergence tolerant variety, the expression of seven fragments was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. The analysis of their sequences indicated that four of them showed high homology with genes related to a water stress response: genes encoding ATP-binding protein, isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase and terminal acetyltransferase, respectively. The remaining three fragments were novel cDNA fragments.
Cloning and expression analysis of porcine small adipocyte factor 1 (SMAF1) gene
Authors: Hong-Wen Yang , Rong Zheng , Feng-E Li , Si-Wen Jiang 
Published: August 2007

AbstractcDNA of the porcine small adipocyte factor 1 (SMAF1) gene was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with degenerate primers designed according to the conserved sequences between human and mouse genes. The cDNA (GenBank accession No. DQ191892) containing a complete encoding region was 256 bp in length, sharing 86 and 78% identity with that of human and mouse, respectively. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence between porcine SMAF1 and the human, mouse, cattle and rat protein showed that the amino acid similarity was 81, 67, 84 and 70%, respectively. The results of semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that the porcine gene was expressed abundantly in adipose tissue, and at a significantly lower level in lean-type pigs (Large White pigs) than in lard-type pigs (Meishan pigs) at the age of 4 months (P<0.05). The results suggest that the porcine SMAF1 gene may have similar functions as in other species, that is, it may regulate adipogenesis and/or adipocyte function.
Influence of maize Lc regulatory gene on flower colour of transgenic tobacco and petunia
Authors: Chi-Chun Yang , Jing-Juan Yu , Qian Zhao , Deng-Yun Zhu , Guang-Ming Ao 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe Lc regulatory gene affects the formation of anthocyanin in plants. XY355 promoter, a petal-specific promoter, was obtained from the genome of rape (Brassica napus) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A plant expression vector, pXY60, was constructed, which contained the maize Lc regulatory gene under the control of the XY355 promoter. The vector was introduced into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and petunia (Petunia hybrida) by an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated method. The flower colour of some transgenic tobacco plants was changed from light red to deep red and that of some transgenic petunia plants had changed from white to light purple.
Hydrogen is the central free intermediate during lignocellulose degradation by termite gut symbionts
Authors: Pester Michael , Brune Andreas 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The key role of free hydrogen in the digestion of lignocellulose by wood-feeding lower termites and their symbiotic gut microbiota has been conceptually outlined in the past decades but remains to be quantitatively analyzed in situ. Using Reticulitermes santonensis, Zootermopsis nevadensis and Cryptotermes secundus, we determined metabolite fluxes involved in hydrogen turnover and the resulting distribution of H2 in the microliter-sized gut. High-resolution hydrogen microsensor profiles revealed pronounced differences in hydrogen accumulation among the species (from &lt;1 kPa to the saturation level). However, flux measurements indicated that the hydrogen pool was rapidly turned over in all termites, irrespective of the degree of accumulation. Microinjection of radiotracers into intact guts confirmed that reductive acetogenesis from CO2 dominated hydrogen consumption, whereas methanogenesis played only a minor role. Only negligible amounts of H2 were lost by emission, documenting an overall equilibrium between hydrogen production and consumption within the gut. Mathematical modeling revealed that production dominates in the gut lumen and consumption in the gut periphery for R. santonensis and Z. nevadensis, explaining the large accumulation of H2 in these termites, whereas the moderate hydrogen accumulation in C. secundus indicated a more balanced radial distribution of the two processes. Daily hydrogen turnover rates were 9–33 m3 H2 per m3 hindgut volume, corresponding to 22–26% of the respiratory activity of the termites. This makes H2 the central free intermediate during lignocellulose degradation and the termite gut—with its high rates of reductive acetogenesis—the smallest and most efficient natural bioreactor currently known.
Comparison of Automated Strategies for Surveillance of Nosocomial Bacteremia
Authors: Bellini Cristina , Petignat Christiane , Francioli Patrick , Wenger Aline , Bille Jacques , Klopotov Adriana , Vallet Yannick , Patthey René , Zanetti Giorgio 
Published: August 2007

Objective.Surveillance of nosocomial bloodstream infection (BSI) is recommended, but time-consuming. We explored strategies for automated surveillance.Methods.Cohort study. We prospectively processed microbiological and administrative patient data with computerized algorithms to identify contaminated blood cultures, community-acquired BSI, and hospital-acquired BSI and used algorithms to classify the latter on the basis of whether it was a catheter-associated infection. We compared the automatic classification with an assessment (71% prospective) of clinical data.Setting.An 850-bed university hospital.Participants.All adult patients admitted to general surgery, internal medicine, a medical intensive care unit, or a surgical intensive care unit over 3 years.Results.The results of the automated surveillance were 95% concordant with those of classical surveillance based on the assessment of clinical data in distinguishing contamination, community-acquired BSI, and hospital-acquired BSI in a random sample of 100 cases of bacteremia. The two methods were 74% concordant in classifying 351 consecutive episodes of nosocomial BSI with respect to whether the BSI was catheter-associated. Prolonged episodes of BSI, mostly fungemia, that were counted multiple times and incorrect classification of BSI clinically imputable to catheter infection accounted for 81% of the misclassifications in automated surveillance. By counting episodes of fungemia only once per hospital stay and by considering all cases of coagulase-negative staphylococcal BSI to be catheter-related, we improved concordance with clinical assessment to 82%. With these adjustments, automated surveillance for detection of catheter-related BSI had a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 93%; for detection of other types of nosocomial BSI, the sensitivity was 98% and the specificity was 69%.Conclusion.Automated strategies are convenient alternatives to manual surveillance of nosocomial BSI.
Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection Complicating Laminectomy
Authors: Friedman N. Deborah , Sexton Daniel J. , Connelly Sarah M. , Kaye Keith S. 
Published: August 2007

Objective.To examine risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) following spinal surgery and to analyze the associations between a surgeon's years of operating experience and surgical specialty and patients' SSI risk.Design.Case-control study.Setting.A tertiary care facility and a community hospital in Durham, North Carolina.Patients.Each case patient who developed an SSI complicating laminectomy was matched with 2 noninfected control patients by hospital, year of surgery, and National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System risk index score.Results.Forty-one case patients with SSI complicating laminectomy and 82 matched control patients were analyzed. Nonwhite race, diabetes and an elevated body mass index (BMI) were more common among case patients than among control patients. Subjects with a BMI greater than 35 were more likely to undergo a prolonged procedure, compared with case patients who had a BMI of 35 or less. The SSI rate for patients operated on by neurosurgeons was 28%, compared with 43% for patients operated on by orthopedic surgeons (odds ratio [OR], 0.5;P= .12). The number of years of operating experience were not associated with SSI risk. Multivariate analysis revealed diabetes (OR, 4.2 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.1-16.3];P= .04), BMI greater than 35 (OR, 7.1 [95% CI, 1.8-28.3];P= .005), and laminectomy at a level other than cervical (OR, 6.7 [95% CI, 1.4-33.3];P= .02) as independent risk factors for SSI following laminectomy.Conclusion.Diabetes, obesity, and laminectomy at a level other than cervical are independent risk factors for SSI following laminectomy. Preoperative weight loss and tight perioperative control of blood glucose levels may reduce the risk of SSI in laminectomy patients.
Risk of Bioaerosol Contamination With Aspergillus Species Before and After Cleaning in Rooms Filtered With High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters That House Patients With Hematologic Malignancy
Authors: Lee Linda D. , Berkheiser Matthew , Jiang Ying , Hackett Brenda , Hachem Ray Y. , Chemaly Roy F. , Raad Issam I. 
Published: August 2007

Objective.To examine the impact of cleaning and directional airflow on environmental contamination with Aspergillus species in hospital rooms filtered with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters that house patients with hematologic malignancy.Design.Detailed environmental assessment.Setting.A 475-bed tertiary cancer center in the southern United States.Methods.From April to October 2004, 1,258 surface samples and 627 bioaerosol samples were obtained from 74 HEPA-filtered rooms (in addition, 88 outdoor bioaerosol samples were obtained). Samples were collected from rooms cleaned within 1 hour after patient discharge and from rooms before cleaning. Positive and negative airflows were evaluated using air-current tubes at entrances to patient rooms.Results.Of 1,258 surface samples, 3.3% were positive for Aspergillus species. Univariate analysis showed no relationship between cleaning status and occurrence of Aspergillus species. Of 627 bioaerosol samples, 7.3% were positive for Aspergillus species. Multiple logistic analysis revealed independently significant associations with detection of Aspergillus species. Cleaned rooms positive for Aspergillus species had a higher geometric mean density of colonies than that of rooms sampled before cleaning (18.9 vs 5.5 colony-forming units [cfu] per cubic meter; P = .0047). Rooms with positive airflow had a detection rate for bioaerosol samples equivalent to that of rooms with negative airflow (7.3% vs 7.8%; P = .8). There was no significant difference in the density of Aspergillus species between rooms with negative airflow and rooms with positive airflow (12.5 vs 8.4 cfu/m3; P = .33).Conclusions.Concentration of bioaerosol contamination with Aspergillus species was increased in rooms sampled 1 hour after cleaning compared with rooms sampled before cleaning, suggesting a possible correlation between reentrained bioaerosols (ie, those suspended by activity in the room) after cleaning and the risk of nosocomial invasive aspergillosis.