bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and validity of the CCNCS: a dependency workload measurement system
Authors: Brady Anne‐Marie , Byrne Gobnait , Horan Paul , Macgregor Catriona , Begley Cecily 
Published: April 2008

Aim.  To refine, test and evaluate the Community Client Need Classification System (CCNCS).Background.  Workload assessment in community nursing is complicated by the range of services that may be delivered in one patient interaction. The CCNCS is a workload measurement system designed to capture the direct and indirect elements of community nursing work and is suitable for use with all care groups in the community.Design.  Survey.Method.  Forty‐four community nurses implemented the CCNCS with all clients in their caseload for four weeks. Community nursing in the Irish Republic is known as public health nursing. The Public Health Nurses (PHNs) recorded the total time in minutes that was spent on each client each week. The satisfaction with and experiences of PHNs using the CCNCS during the study period was also recorded.Results.  Participants endorsed the utility of the CCNCS for use in community nursing. Inter‐rater and intra‐rater reliability results were positive with high level of agreement between raters in relation to scoring community clients. The amount of time the PHNs spent with clients correlated with ascending level of client need.Conclusions.  The CCNCS affords insight into the complex nature of community nursing. It discriminates between levels of need and has potential to provide a standardised assessment of need in all community‐nursing clients. Adequate resources are required to conduct further testing of the reliability and predictive validity of this system.Relevance to clinical practice.  The CCNCS can provide objective evidence of community nursing workload and thus facilitate workforce planning.
Against all odds: a retrospective case‐controlled study of women who experienced extraordinary breastfeeding problems
Authors: Hegney Desley , Fallon Tony , O’Brien Maxine L 
Published: April 2008

Aims.  The study investigated factors empowering women to continue breastfeeding despite experiencing extraordinary difficulties. The study documented the experiences and characteristics of women who continued to breastfeed (continuing cohort) and those who weaned (non‐continuing cohort) despite extraordinary difficulties.Design.  Retrospective case control.Methods.  The study was undertaken in south‐east Queensland, Australia in 2004. Forty women (20 in each cohort) were recruited over six months. Both quantitative (breastfeeding knowledge questionnaire) and qualitative (semi‐structured interviews) data were collected. This paper describes the qualitative data.Results.  Women from both cohorts expressed idealistic expectations about breastfeeding and experienced psychological distress due to their breastfeeding problems. Those who continued breastfeeding used coping strategies and exhibited personal qualities that assisted them to overcome the difficulties experienced. Women who continued to breastfeed were more likely to report relying on a health professional they could trust for support. This latter cohort were also more likely to report having peers with which they shared their experiences. Non‐continuing women expressed feelings of guilt and inadequacy following weaning and were more likely to feel isolated.Conclusions.  This study has highlighted the methods women use to deal with breastfeeding problems. It has also revealed modificable factors that can improve breastfeeding duration.Relevance to clinical practice.  The findings indicate that clinicians should:

Provide information which accurately reflects the breastfeeding experience;
Ensure systems are in place so that effective postnatal support for breastfeeding difficulties is available;
Consider screening to ascertain levels of psychological distress, sadness and disillusionment among breastfeeding women;
Design educational interventions with elements of cognitive skills, problem‐solving and self‐efficacy training to equip women with the skills to overcome any experienced difficulties.
Compliance of children with moderate to severe intellectual disability to treadmill walking: a pilot study
Authors: Vashdi E. , Hutzler Y. , Roth D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground  Individuals with Intellectual Disability (ID) exhibit reduced levels of compliance to exercise, including treadmill walking. The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of several training conditions on compliance to participation in treadmill walking of children with moderate to severe ID.Method  Criteria for compliance were the averaged number of times participants attempted to discontinue walking during two 5‐min exercise sessions of treadmill walking at an intensity of 65–75% of predicted maximal HR. Fifteen children aged 5–11 with moderate to severe ID participated in the study. Training conditions were (a) close supervisor's position, (b) distant supervisor's position, (c) positive reinforcement, and (d) paired modeling.Results  General linear mixed model statistics revealed significant differences in favor of the paired modeling and positive reinforcement compared to the other conditions. Leaning forward was the most frequent type of participants’ attempt to stop exercising.Conclusions  Paired modeling and positive reinforcement should be considered within treadmill training programs for children with moderate to severe ID.
A survey of people with intellectual disabilities living in residential aged care facilities in Victoria
Authors: Bigby C. , Webber R. , Bowers B. , McKenzie‐Green B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground  Australia's national ageing policy recognises that people ageing with intellectual disability (ID) require particular attention, yet there is no policy framework concerning this population. This study describes the distribution and characteristics of people with ID in residential aged care in Victoria, provides insights into the pathways they take into aged care, and gives some indications of how facilities adapt to their needs.Method  A postal survey was sent to 826 residential aged care facilities in Victoria, seeking information from directors about their residents with ID. Facilities that responded were fairly representative of all facilities in Victoria.Findings  Residents with ID were younger, had entered at an earlier age and remained longer than other residents. Their reported dependency profile was similar to the general aged care population, although the incidence of dementia was lower. Primary areas of concern identified by providers were: inability to fit into the resident community, lack of participation in activities and lack of meaningful relationships.Conclusion  This study provides a first glimpse into how older people with ID find their way into aged care and how others view their experiences once there. It suggests that further investigation is required into the accuracy of assessment undertaken prior to entry to more clearly understand whether residents with ID are inappropriately placed in residential aged as a result of a shortage of disability accommodation and inadequate resources to support aging in place for those in such accommodation.
Pharmacokinetics of nine sulphonamides in goats
Authors: GOGH HENK VAN 
Published: April 2008

Pharmacokinetics of nine sulphonamides was investigated in healthy goats. From the plasma disappearance curves after intravenous bolus injection clearance rates, plasma half‐lives and distribution volumes were calculated. Plasma‐protein binding was measured in vitro and in vivo. The highest‐bound sulphonamides showed the highest concentration dependence of protein binding.Plasma disappearance curves were in accordance with the one‐, two‐ or three‐compartment pharmacokinetic models. Disposition of sulphadimidine after 100 or 200 mg/kg and of sulphisomidine after 200 mg/kg showed limited enzyme capacity characteristics. Disposition of sulphadimidine, sulphisomidine and sulphadimethoxine was dose‐dependent. Goats could also be divided in fast and slow sulphadimidine eliminators. Correlation was found only between clearance and half‐life. Dosage regimens were calculated for seven sulphonamides.
Pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol in calves during the first weeks of life
Authors: REICHE R. , MÜLLING M. , FREY H.‐H. 
Published: April 2008

The pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol, either administered as the monosuccinate ester or as a veterinary formulation, were studied in calves from the first day of life to the age of 10–12 weeks and compared with the results obtained in adult cattle.(1) After intravenous injection of 0.15 mmol/kg chloramphenicol monosuccinate, the plasma elimination half life of intact ester fell from a value of 33 min on the first day of life to 15 min at the age of 10–12 weeks (value in cows = 14 min). Free chloramphenicol reached maximal plasma concentrations after 2–3 h on the first day of life, but in less than 15 min in cows. The elimination half‐life fell from about 15 h on day 1 to 4.8 h at the age of 10–12 weeks (4.2 h in cows). The bioavailability of the ester was more than 90% on Day 1, but declined to 50–60% from Day 7 on account of rapid renal excretion: 21–28% of the total dose was excreted as intact ester in a 2 h period following injection in calves aged 10–12 weeks.(2) The veterinary formulation of chloramphenicol proved toxic when administered intravenously at a dose of 0.15 mmol/kg, and even a dose of 0.093 mmol/kg was less well tolerated than 0.15 mmol/kg of the monosuccinate ester.(3) The pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol fitted an open two‐compartment model, the half‐life of the elimination phase corresponded well to the values determined in the experiments with the monosuccinate ester.(4) The intramuscular injection of 0.15 mmol/kg of the ester or 0.093 mmol/kg of chloramphenicol provided ‘therapeutic’ plasma concentrations (≥ 5 μg/ml) within 15–30 min and for about 24 h in calves aged 7 days.(5) Chloramphenicol crossed the placenta when given to cows shortly before a Caesarian section, but equilibrium was not reached within 50–100 min.(6) The binding of chloramphenicol to serum proteins was dependent both on total protein and drug concentrations. It rose from less than 30% on day 1 to about 40% in adult cattle.(7) Recommendations for a dosage regime for chloramphenicol in calves are made on the basis of the pharmacokinetic data.
Some physiological and biochemical effects of intravenous fluid administration during halothane anaesthesia in the dog
Authors: ROSE R. J. , CARTER R. J. , ILKIW JAN E. 
Published: April 2008

Six dogs with previously implanted arterial, central venous, pulmonary arterial and left atrial catheters received halothane anaesthesia, and halothane anaesthesia plus administration of a balanced electrolyte solution given over one hour, in a cross‐over experiment. Parameters measured included temperature, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), arterial and mixed venous blood‐gases and acid‐base parameters, mean arterial pressure (AP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), mean left atrial pressure (LAP), mean central venous pressure (CVP), packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein (TPP), plasma sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations, and urinary sodium and potassium concentrations.During halothane anaesthesia there were significant decreases in AP, PCV, TPP, f, and significant increases in arterial and mixed venous oxygen, and glucose concentrations, when compared with conscious control values. When intravenous fluid was administered during anaesthesia, there were significant decreases in temperature, AP, PCV and TPP, with significant increases in PAP, CVP and f, when compared with values during anaesthesia alone. After one hour recovery period from anaesthesia, dogs receiving intravenous fluids had significantly decreased PaO2 values and significantly increased pH when compared with anaesthesia alone. There was an average urinary excretion of 7 mmol of sodium and 5 mmol of potassium during anaesthesia, and 36 mmol of sodium and 8 mmol potassium during fluid administration.
A study of fluctuations in Escherichia coli sensitivity patterns from pigs fed a halquinol supplemented diet
Authors: COSGROVE R. F. , FORSTER T. C. , JONES G. T. , PICKLES R. W. 
Published: April 2008

Escherichia coli isolated from pigs fed on a medicated diet containing 120 p.p.m. halquinol did not develop any resistance to this addition over a 6‐week period.Sensitivity patterns of the E. coli isolates to eight antimicrobial substances, although fluctuating slightly during the test period (but no more than a control group), did not significantly alter. However, the patterns did change significantly when for 17 days after the completion of the halquinol trial the pigs were fed a normal commercial ration medicated with a commonly used feed additive containing chlortetracycline hydrochloride, procaine penicillin and sulphadimidine.
Cardiopulmonary effects of clenbuterol in the horse
Authors: SHAPLAND JAMES E. , GARNER HAROLD E. , HATFIELD DAN G. 
Published: April 2008

Clenbuterol, a bronchospasmolytic agent (β2 agonist) was studied in terms of its hemodynamic and airflow response in eight, healthy horses. Four animals were instrumented to record intrapleural pressure and air flow, these were used to compute pulmonary resistance, peak flow rates, and tidal volumes. Four animals were instrumented to record pulmonary arterial pressure, carotid arterial pressure, cardiac output, and arterial gas tensions. After control values were recorded, clenbuterol (0.8 μg/kg) was intravenously administered to each horse in each experiment group.Following clenbuterol administration, non‐elastic resistance of the lung or pulmonary resistance significantly decreased, 33.6% reduction at 10 min post‐clenbuterol. Pulmonary resistance remained lowered during the entire procedure and showed no tendency of returning toward control values by 3 h post‐clenbuterol. Within 30 sec following clenbuterol injection carotid arterial pressure decreased (mean pressure decrease 28.2%). Accompanying the change in arterial pressure, the heart rate drastically increased, 99.0%. Both changes were transient and returned to control ranges within 2 min.Clenbuterol appears to be effective in reducing non‐elastic resistance of the lung, however intravenous administration to an animal with pre‐existing cardiovascular or cardiopulmonary disease should be avoided.
Plasma levels of valproic acid and its metabolites during continued treatment in dogs
Authors: LÖSCHER W. 
Published: April 2008

Dogs were treated with the anti‐epileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) for 2 weeks in order to determine whedier therapeutic plasma levels could be maintained. VPA (as the sodium salt) was administered in a dosage of 170–180 mg/kg/day divided into three equal doses in the form of enteric‐coated tablets. Due to the rapid elimination of this drug in dogs, therapeutic plasma levels were reached only intermittently. However, the concentrations maintained may be sufficient for anti‐epileptic therapy in dogs because the lower plasma protein binding of VPA in this species gives rise to higher central concentrations compared with man. Furthermore, some VPA metabolites previously shown to exert anticonvulsant activity (2‐en‐VPA and 3‐keto‐VPA) were found in relatively high concentrations in dog plasma.We would recommend the dosages used in this study as a basis for assessment of VPA in the treatment of canine epilepsy.
Autonomic and non‐autonomic control of cardiovascular function in stress‐sensitive pigs
Authors: GREGORY N. G. , WOTTON S. B. 
Published: April 2008

The T‐wave characteristics, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and blood pressure were examined in acidosis‐prone Pietrain and acidosis‐resistant Gloucester Old Spot pigs, before and after autonomic blockade with propranolol, atropine and phentolamine. Assessments were made at normal arterial blood pH and pCO2, and at either the same age or live weight in the two breeds. T‐wave amplitude was influenced by α‐adrenergic activity in the absence of β‐adrenergic and parasympathetic receptor activation.The initial cardiac output was 25% greater in the Pietrains, and 75% of this breed difference was due to autonomic factors. Myocardial chronotropic responsiveness to noradrenaline was similar in the two breeds. Initial blood pressure was greater in the Gloucester Old Spots because of a non‐autonomic factor, and vasopressor responsiveness to noradrenaline was greater in the Gloucester Old Spots.Although acidosis‐prone pigs may be afforded some degree of protection from a sympathetic crisis by having a low vasopressor responsiveness to adrenoreceptor stimulation, enhanced catecholamine output is the likely cause of their stress‐induced myocardial lesions. A high catecholamine output may also account for the reduced body fatness in this type of pig.
Effects of tryptamine antagonists on the anaphylactic contractions of the bovine pulmonary smooth muscles
Authors: OGUNBIYI P.O. , EYRE P. 
Published: April 2008

Calves were sensitized with horse plasma (H.P.), 0.2 ml/kg, i.v., and H.P. (0.2 ml/ kg) in Freund's complete adjuvant, s.c. The latter injection was repeated 1 week later and the animals were killed 10 days after the second injection. Spirally cut strips of pulmonary artery and vein and the trachealis muscle from the sensitized calves contracted to 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and specific antigen (horse plasma). Antigen‐induced contractions of the pulmonary smooth muscles were significantly blocked (P<0.05) by the 5‐HT antagonists, methysergide and ketanserin. The trachea, however, appeared less sensitive to the antagonists than the pulmonary vessels.The results suggest that 5‐HT participates in the pulmonary anaphylactic reactions of cattle and that ketanserin may be useful in suppressing bovine pulmonary hypersensitivities.
Furazolidone concentrations in plasma, milk and some tissues of Nubian goats
Authors: MUSTAFA A. I. , ALI B. H. , HASSAN T. , SATTI A. M. 
Published: April 2008

Mustafa, A.I., Ali, B.H., Hassan, T. & Satti, A.M. Furazolidone concentrations in plasma, milk and some tissues of Nubian goats. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 8, 190–193.The concentrations of furazolidone (FZ) in plasma and milk were measured in goats treated orally with the drug at a dose of 10mg kg‐1 daily for 5 days. The maximum plasma concentrations obtained were 1.57 δ 0.52 μg ml‐1 (n = 5) 8 h after the first dose, and 2.13 δ 0.11 μg ml‐1 (n = 4) 6 h after the fifth dose. The maximum milk concentration was 0.88 δ 0.32 μg ml‐1 (n = 4) 8h following the administration of a single dose. Using a colorimetric method, FZ was not detectable in goats' liver or muscle after the recommended therapeutic dose (10 mgkg‐1, 5 days). However, using an HPLC method, the drug was detected 24 h after the treatment in the gluteal muscle and liver at concentrations of 0.2G δ 0.01 μg g‐1 (n = 5) and 0.10 δ 0.02μg g_1 (n = 5), respectively. The drug concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0.05‐0.01) at 3, 5 and 7 days after treatment, and no measurable concentrations were found after 10 days. A. I. MustafaC, Department of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan.
Cardiovascular and allied actions of xylazine and atropine in the unanaesthetized goat
Authors: KOKKONEN U.‐M. , ERIKSSON L. 
Published: April 2008

Kokkonen, U.‐M. & Eriksson, L. Cardiovascular and allied actions of xylazine and atropine in the unanaesthetized goat. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 10, 11–16.The cardiovascular effects of xylazine and atropine, separately and in combination, were studied in goats. Methylatropine was used to distinguish between the central and peripheral effects of atropine. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded, and the sedative effect and changes in respiration and salivation noted. Intravenous infusion of xylazine (2.4–80.0 μg/kg) decreased mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in a dose‐dependent manner. Single intravenous injections of both atropine sulphate (0.1 mg/kg) and methylatropine bromide (0.05 mg/kg) increased blood pressure and heart rate. After methylatropine, tachycardia lasted twice as long as after atropine. Following atropin‐ization, a potentiated rise in mean arterial blood pressure was present during the infusion of xylazine (80 μg/kg). Xylazine‐induced bradycardia was reversed by both atropine and methylatropine. The action of atropine is presumed to be primarily peripheral because of the similar effects with methylatropine. Xylazine‐induced sedation was dose dependent. At the highest dose the goats were unable to stand for 30–60 min, respiration became irregular with periods of apnoea, and saliva started to drip a few minutes after infusion without increased salivation. Atropine had no visible effect on the sedation, pattern of respiration or saliva dripping effect of xylazine.
Sedative action of the α2‐agonist medetomidine in cats
Authors: STENBERG D. , SALVEN P. , MIETTINEN M. V.J. 
Published: April 2008

Stenberg, D., Salven, P. & Miettinen, M.V.J. Sedative action of the α2‐agonist medetomidine in cats. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 10, 319–323.Medetomidine, a novel α2‐agonist drug intended for small animal sedation, was injected intramuscularly at dose rates of 0.02, 0.06 and 0.18 mg/kg. Xylazine (3.0 mg/kg) and saline were used for comparison. The five treatments were tested in a Latin square design in five cats. Treatments differed significantly in three‐way analysis of variance, medetomidine inducing an increase in drowsiness with a corresponding decrease in both aroused waking and sleep determined by polygraphical criteria. The duration of effect was dose‐dependent. The effect of 0.18 mg/kg medetomidine was comparable to 3.0 mg/kg of xylazine. The drugs also induced bradycardia.
Pharmacokinetics of single doses of cefoxitin given by the intravenous and intramuscular routes to unweaned calves
Authors: SOBACK S. 
Published: April 2008

Soback, S. Pharmacokinetics of single doses of cefoxitin given by the intravenous and intramuscular routes to unweaned calves. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 11, 155–162.Cefoxitin pharmacokinetics and bioavailability were studied in unweaned calves. The antibiotic was administered to nine calves intravenously (i.v.), to seven calves intramuscularly (i.m.) at 20 mg/kg and to eight calves i.m. at 20 mg/kg together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg. Serum concentration versus time data were analysed using statistical moment theory (SMT). The i.v. data were also fitted by a linear, open two‐compartment model.The elimination half‐life (t½) was 66.9 ± 6.9 min (mean ± SD) after i.v. and 81.0 ± 10.9 min after i.m. administration. The t1/2 increased to 125.5 ± 15.6 min by the co‐administration of probenecid. The total body clearance (ClT) was 4.88 ± 1.71 ml/min/kg and the volume of distribution (Vss) 0.3187 ± 0.0950 1/kg. The mean residence time (MRT) was 68.2 ± 12.3 min after i.v. and 118.6 ± 16.8 min after i.m. injection and increased to 211.5 ± 16.8 min by the coadministration of probenecid. The mean absorption time (MAT) was 50.6 min and the estimated bioavailability (F) of cefoxitin after i.m. administration was 73.8%. The cefoxitin protein binding ranged from 55.0 to 42.0% at concentrations from 2 to 50 μg/ml.The MIC90 values for cefoxitin were 6.25 μg/ml for E. coli and Salmonella group B isolates, 3.13 μg/ml for Salmonella group C and D and Pasteurella multocida.There were no statistically significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated by SMT or compartmental analysis. SMT provided an additional independent parameter, the MRT, for characterization of drug disposition kinetics.