bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Sulfur-Extended Asphalt Usage
Authors: McBee WC , Sullivan TA , Saylak D 
Published: March 2009

Interest in the use of sulfur in highway pavement construction has been stimulated by unpredictable increases in cost and by uncertainty as to the future availability of asphalt cement as a result of the current “energy squeeze”. As a consequence, bid prices for asphalt cement, which have almost tripled over the past three years, are expected to rise even more.
Recent studies and experimental field tests have shown that sulfur can, under certain circumstances, replace as much as 35 volume percent of the asphalt cement used in asphaltic concrete mixes. The unique properties of sulfur, both alone and when blended with asphalt, have also shown potential for use in recycling old bituminous pavements.
This paper attempts to put into perspective the state of the art in design, preparation, placement, and performance evaluation of sulfur-extended asphalt (SEA) pavement mixtures. Various methods of binder preparation are discussed and, where possible, compared on the basis of their physical and engineering properties. The status of three domestic experimental field trials utilizing these methods is reviewed. The potential use of SEA binder to recycle old bituminous pavements is also presented.
Theoretical in-service performance predictions of SEA pavement materials are compared with conventional asphalt cement on the basis of their rutting potential, resistance to cracking, slope variance, and serviceability index. Finally, recommendations for future work are discussed.
Incinerator Residues as Aggregates in Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Mixes
Authors: Ciesielski SK 
Published: March 2009

The object of this work was to investigate the use of incinerator residue as an aggregate replacement material in a bituminous concrete wearing course.
Five types of incinerator residue were investigated in the laboratory in the production of asphaltic concrete specimens. The residues ranged from a poorly burned material to a well-burned material. Some experimentation was performed using a 100 percent substitution; however, this did not produce acceptable asphalt concrete. The reported work used a 50 percent substitution rate with conventional Pennsylvania limestone. All mixes were designed to conform to the Pennsylvania ID-2 wearing course gradation and were laboratory tested using the Marshall method of mix design. Satisfactory laboratory mixes were identified for the well-burned incinerator residue. After completion of the laboratory research and design, three experimental pavements were designed, constructed, and monitored.
A Statistical Analysis of Absorptive Laser Damage in Dielectric Thin Films
Authors: Budgor AB , Luria-Budgor KF 
Published: March 2009

The Weibull distribution arises as an example of the theory of extreme events. It is commonly used to fit statistical data arising in the failure analysis of electrical components and in DC breakdown of materials.
This distribution is employed to analyze time-to-damage and intensity-to-damage statistics obtained when irradiating thin film coated samples of SiO2, ZrO2, and Al2O3, with tightly focused laser beams. The data used is furnished by Milam. The fit to the data is excellent; we often obtain least squared correlation coefficients greater than 0.9.
It is found almost universally that statistical models of breakdown, such as the lucky electron theory, oversimplify the damage process by neglecting nonlinear interactions and anisotropies induced by impurities. Thus, the fundamental intensity I relation on pulse length tp often deviates from the classical tp-½ dependence resulting from 2-photon absorption without diffusion, or from linear absorption with diffusion, to dependencies as high as tp-0.22 for the former to tp0.44 for the latter. This fact, coupled with the experimental nonobservability of higher than 2-photon absorption seems to imply that the avalanche mechanism is the most likely initiator of the plasma requisite for lattice meltdown.
Statistical confidence bands for material survivability as a function of laser intensity and pulse length can be constructed; this lends high practical utility to the Weibull distribution as an engineering diagnostic tool.
Measurement of Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater
Authors: Van Hall CE 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on the Measurement of Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater was presented in Denver, Colo., 19-20 June 1978. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee D19 on Water. C. E. Van Hall, Dow Chemical Co., presided as symposium chairman; the symposium committee members were: B. F. Afghan, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, J. R. Hall, Hydroscience Associates, Inc., R. J. Joyce, Dohrmann-Envirotech, J. J. Lichtenberg, Environmental Protection Agency, J. P. Mieure, Monsanto Chemical Co., F. T. Weiss, Shell Development Co., and R. E. White, International Joint Commission. Van Hall also served as editor of this publication.
Processing and Testing of Reaction Injection Molding Urethanes
Authors: Ashe WA , Dunleavy RA 
Published: March 2009

Description
This book is devoted to the new and expanding technology of reaction injection molding. Specific papers included in this book describe the current and future markets for RIM products. Technology areas examined include: research and development in RIM equipment design, RIM processing parameters, and RIM product characterization and evaluation, to provide elucidation of the relationships between chemical structure and engineering and thermal product properties.
Florfenicol Residues in Three Species of Fish after 10-Day Oral Dosing in Feed
Authors: Kosoff R. E. , Chen C-Y. , Wooster G. A. , Getchell R. G. , Bowser P. R. , Clifford A. , Craig J. L. , Lim P. , Wetzlich S. E. , Craigmill A. L. , Tell L. A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, walleye Sander vitreus, and hybrid striped bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) were medicated with florfenicol (AQUAFLOR type A medicated article; Schering-Plough Animal Health, Summit, New Jersey) via a medicated ration of 10 mg florfenicol·kg fish body weight−1·d−1 for 10 d to compare the elimination kinetics of the test article. This study was part of a larger effort in support of a species grouping concept that could contribute to the regulatory approval process for therapeutic compounds for cultured fishes. The trials in this study were conducted at the ideal water temperature for each species and at the temperature 5°C lower than the ideal. The test temperatures were 30°C and 25°C for Nile tilapia, 25°C and 20°C for both walleyes and hybrid striped bass. In all cases, the elimination kinetics of florfenicol were more rapid at higher temperatures. The time to reach the tolerance of 1 μg/g in muscle–skin, as set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and salmonids, ranged from 6.1 to 4.1 d for Nile tilapia, from 12.6 to 9.7 d for walleyes, and from 2.6 to 0.7 d for hybrid striped bass at temperatures between 20°C and 30°C.
Florfenicol Residues in Nile Tilapia after 10-d Oral Dosing in Feed: Effect of Fish Size
Authors: Bowser P. R. , Kosoff R. E. , Chen C-Y. , Wooster G. A. , Getchell R. G. , Craig J. L. , Lim P. , Wetzlich S. E. , Craigmill A. L. , Tell L. A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were medicated with florfenicol (AQUAFLOR type A medicated article; Schering-Plough Animal Health, Summit, New Jersey) via a medicated ration at 15 mg florfenicol·kg fish body weight−1·d−1 for 10 d to compare the elimination kinetics of the test article in different size fish held at 25°C. The groups of fish used in the study had mean weights of approximately 100, 250, and 500 g. In each trial, the fish were provided the medicated ration and 15 fish were processed at each of seven time points postfeeding for determination of the florfenicol concentration in serum and the florfenicol residue in the edible portion (composite muscle and skin). There was a trend toward shorter half-lives of elimination in the smaller fish. The elimination times in muscle–skin (times to reach the established tolerance concentration for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and salmonids of 1.0 μg florfenicol residue/g) and half-lives were 9.2 and 1.2 d (100 g), 8.6 and 1.7 d (250 g), and 12.7 and 2.2 d (500 g), respectively.
Summer Movements of Juvenile Coho Salmon under Variable Stream Flow Conditions
Authors: Lonzarich David George , Franckowiak Ryan Patrick , Allen Matthew David 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe describe the distribution of juvenile (age‐0) coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and the effects of summer flooding on their movements in a small Lake Superior tributary. We documented large fluctuations in fish abundance over a 60‐d survey period by conducting repeated snorkeling surveys within 16 reaches and 82 individual habitat units in a 2‐km segment of the Onion River, Wisconsin. Fish densities in reaches were more stable than those within individual habitat units. Moreover, temporal trends in fish abundance were correlated strongly with the physical features of reaches but not with those of individual habitat units. In focusing on fine‐scale changes in fish distribution, we uncovered three general patterns of movement within this stream. The first was associated with flood events, which caused the downstream displacement of large numbers of fish (up to 80% loss from individual pools). The second was the upstream recolonization of fish into depleted pools during the intervening periods of low flow, and the third was small‐scale movement within reaches. Three separate floods did not cause a decline in average pool densities over the study; however, there was a strong shift away from glide habitats and a concentration of fish in the middle reaches of the stream by the study's conclusion. Movement of the type and magnitude described here has clear implications for the association of fish with physical habitat conditions. We also speculate that such movement may have effects on social hierarchies and the relative fitness of individual coho salmon.
Water Velocity, Turbulence, and Migration Rate of Subyearling Fall Chinook Salmon in the Free‐Flowing and Impounded Snake River
Authors: Tiffan Kenneth F. , Kock Tobias J. , Haskell Craig A. , Connor William P. , Steinhorst R. Kirk 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe studied the migratory behavior of subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in free‐flowing and impounded reaches of the Snake River to evaluate the hypothesis that velocity and turbulence are the primary causal mechanisms of downstream migration. The hypothesis states that impoundment reduces velocity and turbulence and alters the migratory behavior of juvenile Chinook salmon as a result of their reduced perception of these cues. At a constant flow (m3/s), both velocity (km/d) and turbulence (the SD of velocity) decreased from riverine to impounded habitat as cross‐sectional areas increased. We found evidence for the hypothesis that subyearling Chinook salmon perceive velocity and turbulence cues and respond to these cues by varying their behavior. The percentage of the subyearlings that moved faster than the average current speed decreased as fish made the transition from riverine reaches with high velocities and turbulence to upper reservoir reaches with low velocities and turbulence but increased to riverine levels again as the fish moved further down in the reservoir, where velocity and turbulence remained low. The migration rate (km/d) decreased in accordance with longitudinal reductions in velocity and turbulence, as predicted by the hypothesis. The variation in migration rate was better explained by a repeated‐measures regression model containing velocity (Akaike's information criterion = 1,769.0) than a model containing flow (2,232.6). We conclude that subyearling fall Chinook salmon respond to changes in water velocity and turbulence, which work together to affect the migration rate.
Exploring the Persistence of Stream‐Dwelling Trout Populations under Alternative Real‐World Turbidity Regimes with an Individual‐Based Model
Authors: Harvey Bret C. , Railsback Steven F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe explored the effects of elevated turbidity on stream‐resident populations of coastal cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii using a spatially explicit individual‐based model. Turbidity regimes were contrasted by means of 15‐year simulations in a third‐order stream in northwestern California. The alternative regimes were based on multiple‐year, continuous monitoring in two streams. Turbidity affected model fish by reducing both their risk of predation and their reactive distance to drifting prey. It did not affect their ability to locate nondrifting food, such as invertebrates on the stream bottom. Under a calibration scenario that assumed trout predominantly consume drifting prey, the less‐turbid real‐world regime produced relatively stable abundance across years (similar to field observations) whereas the more‐turbid regime (under otherwise identical physical conditions) resulted in extinction within the 15‐year simulation period. Additional simulations revealed sensitivity to the relative amounts of prey available via drift versus search feeding and showed that seasonal variation in food availability or strong positive relationships between streamflow and food concentration would not prevent extinction in the high‐turbidity regime under a drift‐feeding‐based food calibration. Extinction of predominantly drift‐feeding trout populations in our simulations contrasts with field observations of salmonid populations that have persisted in moderately turbid regimes. The results highlight the need for better understanding of patterns in the availability of food under turbid conditions and the capability of stream salmonids to use nonvisual cues in feeding.
Implications of Beaver Castor canadensis and Trout Introductions on Native Fish in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile
Authors: Moorman Michelle C. , Eggleston David B. , Anderson Christopher B. , Mansilla Andres , Szejner Paul 
Published: March 2009

AbstractInvasive species threaten global biodiversity, but multiple invasions make predicting the impacts difficult because of potential synergistic effects. We examined the impact of introduced beaver Castor canadensis, brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss on native stream fishes in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile. The combined effects of introduced species on the structure of the native freshwater fish community were quantified by electrofishing 28 stream reaches within four riparian habitat types (forest, grassland, shrubland, and beaver‐affected habitat) in 23 watersheds and by measuring related habitat variables (water velocity, substrate type, depth, and the percentage of pools). Three native stream fish species (puye Galaxias maculatus [also known as inanga], Aplochiton taeniatus, and A. zebra) were found along with brook trout and rainbow trout, but puye was the only native species that was common and widespread. The reaches affected by beaver impoundments had significantly higher puye densities than all other reaches in this study. These results are comparable to those reported for other streams in southern Chile. The presence of trout reduced the abundance of puye, but only in beaver‐affected areas; all three natural riparian habitat types had uniformly low puye abundance and were unaffected by the presence or absence of trout. The data suggest that one invasive species, the beaver, enhanced puye habitat and thereby increased the abundance of that species, which, in turn, helped moderate the negative impacts of invasive trout.
Age Validation of Freshwater Drum using Bomb Radiocarbon
Authors: Davis‐Foust Shannon L. , Bruch Ronald M. , Campana Steven E. , Olynyk Robert P. , Janssen John 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe ages of freshwater drumAplodinotus grunnienshave typically been estimated by counting the growth increments on their scales or otoliths, but the accuracy of these estimates has not been validated. We used accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) bomb radiocarbon dating to validate age estimates from sagittal otoliths of freshwater drum from the Lake Winnebago system, Wisconsin. The freshwater drum Δ14C chronology from the AMS assay closely reflects the timing and shape of other bomb radiocarbon chronologies, thus validating the accuracy of otolith growth increments to at least age 52 ± 2 years. The progression of a strong 1983 year‐class, which was detected every year sampled over the course of the study (1986, 2003‐2007), and indices of year‐class abundance calculated from trawling assessments on Lake Winnebago (1986‐2007) corroborated otolith ages. Age estimate comparisons between scales, anal spines, dorsal spines, and otoliths showed scales and spines to be completely unreliable as aging structures after age 2. Freshwater drum live to very old ages relative to most other Great Lakes fishes; our oldest specimen based on an otolith age estimate was 58 years old.
Lake Sturgeon Age Validation using Bomb Radiocarbon and Known‐Age Fish
Authors: Bruch Ronald M. , Campana Steven E. , Davis‐Foust Shannon L. , Hansen Michael J. , Janssen John 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPectoral fin spines have been the accepted structure for estimating the age of various sturgeon species for nearly 100 years, though other structures have also been used (otoliths, pectoral girdle, scutes, and caudal fulcra). Accuracy of age estimates using any of these structures has not been validated, so we report the first use of bomb radiocarbon (14C) assays to assess the validity of ages estimated using growth increments on pectoral fin spine and otolith frontal cross sections from lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens; we also assessed age estimates from pectoral fin spines of known‐age lake sturgeon. Growth increments on pectoral fin spine cross sections underestimated true age of fish older than 14 years and error increased with age, whereas otoliths accurately estimated true age up to at least 52 years. Increment formation on pectoral fin spine and otolith cross sections from juvenile lake sturgeon (ages 2‐11) was similar, although pectoral spines were clearer and easier to interpret. A power function (true age = [estimated age]1.054796, where estimated age was determined from pectoral spines; r2 = 0.98) provides a means for correcting existing age estimates obtained from lake sturgeon pectoral fin spines.
Application of a stable isotope technique to determine the simultaneous uptake of cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc by the water fleaDaphnia Magnafrom water and the green algaePseudokirchneriella Subcapitata
Authors: Komjarova Irina , Blust Ronny 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAccumulation and toxicological effects of water and dietary metals in aquatic organisms can potentially be very different. Therefore, it is important to know the relative contribution of these different sources to metal exposure, availability, and accumulation. In the present study, a stable isotope technique was applied to investigate the uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn by the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the water flea Daphnia magna during simultaneous exposure to the five metals at environmentally realistic concentrations from separate water and dietary routes. Green algae take up Cu faster compared to Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and the distribution of metals between the external and internal compartments is dependent on metal and population growth stage. The metal accumulation reached a steady state within 24 to 48 h for all metals. Metal uptake rate constants from water were highest for Cu and lowest for Ni. Metal assimilation efficiencies from the food source varied with metal, ranging from approximately 80% in the case of Cd to near 0% in the case of Ni. Because the data for the different metals were obtained on the same multimetal-exposed organisms, the results are directly comparable among the metals. For all five metals studied, water appeared to be the most important route of uptake by D. magna.
Effects of dietary N-acetylcysteine on the oxidative stress induced in tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) exposed to a microcystin-producing cyanobacterial water bloom
Authors: Puerto María , Prieto Ana I. , Pichardo Silvia , Moreno Isabel , Jos Ángeles , Moyano Rosario , Cameán Ana M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Fish can be exposed to toxic cyanobacterial cells in natural waters and fish farms and suffer from oxidative damage. The present study investigates the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutathione (GSH) precursor, on the oxidative stress induced by Microcystis cyanobacterial cells containing microcystins (MCs) in tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Variation in lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, carbonyl group content, reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH: GSSG), and catalase (Enzyme Commission [EC] 1.11.1.6), superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.8.1.7), glutathione peroxidase (GPx; EC 1.11.1.9), and glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) activities in liver and kidney of tilapia exposed to a single oral dose of 120 μg MC-LR (with leucine [L] and arginine [R])/fish and killed in 24 h were investigated in the absence and presence of 20.0, 44.0, and 96.8 mg NAC/fish/d. Results showed a protective role of NAC, depending on the dose and the biomarker considered. The increase in LPO (1.9-and 1.4-fold in liver and kidney, respectively) and the decreased protein content and GSH:GSSG in the liver induced by MCs were recovered mainly by the lower doses of NAC employed. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased (range, 1.4-to 1.7-fold) by MCs also were ameliorated by NAC, although the highest level used induced significant alteration of some enzymatic activities, such as SOD, GPx, and GR. Thus, NAC can be considered to be a useful chemoprotectant that reduces hepatic and renal oxidative stress in the prophylaxis and treatment of MC-related intoxications in fish when careful attention is given to its application dose because of its own pro-oxidant activity, as shown in the present study at 96.8 mg NAC/ fish/d.
Audiological Findings in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Pillion Joseph P. , Shapiro Jay 
Published: March 2009

Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited bone and connective tissue disorder associated with the lifelong occurrence of frequent fractures following even mild trauma. Hearing loss is frequently reported in patients with OI. Purpose: This investigation is
a retrospective study of measurements of tympanometry, acoustic reflexes, and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in a sample of patients with OI grouped according to age. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the type of OI, age, and audiological findings in
a sample of individuals with OI. Research Design: The study examined the correlation between audiometric measures, hearing loss of all types, and type of OI. Study Sample: Forty-one patients with OI were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups for analysis:
one group less than 20 years of age (n = 21) and the other group aged 20 and over (n = 20). Results: Hearing loss of all etiologies was observed in 62% of ears. Sensorineural or mixed hearing loss was observed in 41% and conductive hearing loss in 21% of ears.
Results indicate that the younger patients with OI were subject to a greater risk of middle ear dysfunction associated with otitis media than is typical for children of comparable age. Tympanometric abnormalities associated with ossicular dysfunction were more often found in the older age
group of patients. Hearing loss of all types was more prevalent in the older group of patients (88%) than in the younger patient group (38%). Conclusions: Hearing loss was not uncommon regardless of age. Therefore, close audiological monitoring of patients with OI is recommended across
the age spectrum.