bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehension Windows Strategy: A Comprehension Strategy and Prop for Reading and Writing Informational Text
Authors: Bass Mary Lee , Gee Woo Deborah 
Published: March 2008

Comprehension Windows Strategy (CWS) is an informational text strategy that enhances comprehension during the processes of reading and writing and includes an easy to create instructional prop. CWS provides a structure for assisting students in the essential processes of understanding and organizing information; it is a means for improved comprehension.CWS addresses multiple learner outcomes, specifically it (a) facilitates building a content knowledge base, (b) organizes facts, (c) motivates students to become active readers and writers, (d) supports critical thinking, and (e) introduces proper documentation and use of citations. In addition, this strategy can be used in small groups for collaborative practice or used during independent practice. CWS also fosters the natural integration of language Arts and literacy with other content area curriculum standards.
Prevention of Docetaxel- or Paclitaxel-Associated Taste Alterations in Cancer Patients with Oral Glutamine: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study
Authors: Strasser Florian , Demmer Ruth , Böhme Christel , Schmitz Shu-Fang Hsu , Thuerlimann Beat , Cerny Thomas , Gillessen Silke 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the frequency, clinical presentation, and patient burden of taste alterations and peripheral neuropathy in patients receiving taxane-based chemotherapy.Identify the risk factors for developing peripheral neuropathy and taste alterations associated with taxanes.Administer glutamine treatment in the supportive care of peripheral neuropathy and taste alterations and evaluate emerging new agents.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Taste alteration (dysgeusia), an underrecognized toxicity associated with taxane-based chemotherapy (TaxCh), lacks standard treatment. We investigated prevention of dysgeusia with oral glutamine in patients undergoing first-time TaxCh.
Adult patients were randomized to receive either 30 g/day glutamine or placebo (maltodextrin) from day 1 of TaxCh. Dysgeusia was measured daily with a visual analogue scale (VAS). On each chemotherapy cycle, objective (sour, sweet, salty, bitter) and subjective (four-category scale) taste and toxicity (National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, v.3) were assessed. Stomatitis and zinc deficiency were treated. For primary outcomes, repeated dysgeusia scores were analyzed with a linear mixed model. Repeated data on each objective or subjective taste item were analyzed with a generalized estimating equation.
Of 52 patients randomized, 41 completed treatment (median study duration, 74 days). At baseline, the glutamine (n = 21) and placebo (n = 20) groups were comparable for age (64 years), gender (32% men), tumor types, chemotherapy (docetaxel, 44%; paclitaxel, 56%), schedule (weekly, 78%; 3-weekly, 22%), treatment intention (15% adjuvant), dysgeusia (VAS, 11/100), and taste recognition (88%). Twenty-four patients had peripheral neuropathy grades 1–2; none had grade 3. Glutamine and placebo were not different for maximal dysgeusia and increase from baseline, with an insignificant linear time effect. Separate subgroup analyses for patients with baseline dysgeusia ≤11 or &gt;11 did not alter the results. Objective or subjective taste tests were not different, neither were adverse events.
Compared with placebo, oral glutamine did not prevent or decrease subjective taste disturbances or altered taste perception associated with TaxCh. The role of glutamine in supportive care of taxane-associated dysgeusia seems limited.
The Clinical Approach Towards Chondrosarcoma
Authors: Gelderblom Hans , Hogendoorn Pancras C.W. , Dijkstra Sander D. , van Rijswijk Carla S. , Krol Augustinus D. , Taminiau Antonie H.M. , Bovée Judith V.M.G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Classify the chondrosarcoma subtypes.Engage in the diagnostic process of chondrosarcoma.Evaluate the treatment options for chondrosarcoma.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
This review provides an overview of the histopathology, classification, diagnostic procedures, and therapy of skeletal chondrosarcoma. Chondrosarcomas that arise de novo are primary chondrosarcomas, whereas chondrosarcomas developing superimposed on pre-existing benign cartilage neoplasms such as enchondromas or osteochondromas are referred to as secondary chondrosarcomas. Conventional chondrosarcomas can be categorized according to their location in bone into central, peripheral, and juxtacortical chondrosarcomas. Histological grading is related to prognosis; however, it is also subject to interobserver variability. Rare subtypes of chondrosarcoma, including dedifferentiated, mesenchymal, and clear cell chondrosarcoma, are discussed as well. Magnetic resonance imaging is necessary to delineate the extent of the intraosseous and soft tissue involvement preoperatively. Computed tomography is especially recommended in the pelvis and other flat bones where it may be difficult to discern the pattern of bone destruction and the presence of matrix mineralization. Wide, en-bloc excision is the preferred surgical treatment in intermediate- and high-grade chondrosarcoma. In low-grade chondrosarcoma confined to the bone, extensive intralesional curettage followed by local adjuvant treatment and filling the cavity with bone graft has promising long-term clinical results and satisfactory local control. Chondrosarcomas are relatively radiotherapy resistant; therefore, doses &gt;60 Gy are needed in attempts to achieve local control after incomplete resection. Irradiation with protons or other charged particles seems beneficial in this curative situation. Chemotherapy is only possibly effective in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, and is of uncertain value in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Potential new systemic treatment targets are being discussed.
Convective Heat Transfer for Laminar, Steady-State Flow of Bingham and Power Law Fluids Between Vertical, Parallel Plates
Authors: Bayazitoglu Yildiz , Paslay Paul R. , Cernocky Paul 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This paper explains how to model the convective heat transfer of Bingham and Power Law fluids across parallel plates. The analysis enables specification of the fluid properties necessary in order for Bingham or Power Law fluids to prevent or reduce convection and thus minimize Wellbore heat transfer. The paper gives the analytical, convective heat transfer flow solution for the Bingham material and Power Law fluids and uses this to determine example Nusselt numbers. The analysis is similar to the analysis by Batchelor for linear viscous fluids.
Applications are the reduction of heat transfer to minimize trapped annular pressures or to reduce heat loss from production fluids containing hydrates
The most important conclusion is that the influence of gel strength on convective heat transfer rate in oil industry applications is quite strong. Another conclusion is that the temperature differential required to initiate flow can be appreciable in practical applications, and this means the study indicates only a small gel strength should be sufficient to prevent convection. The gel strength does not need to be so large as to interfere with pumping. Another conclusion is a formulation for the way in which Power Law parameters influence convective heat transfer of the fluid, and hence identification of the parameters which need to be measured in order to characterize the convection of the fluid.
How Integrated Field Studies Help Asset Teams Make Optimal Field Development Decisions
Authors: Saputelli L. , Lujan L. , Garibaldi L. , Smyth J. , Ungredda A. , Rodriguez J. , Cullick A. S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Developing an exploitation plan for an oil field has always been challenging. This paper presents different approaches and addresses the important question of how to allocate asset resources to maximize profit.
This study presents the analysis of integrated field case studies. Because of their complexities, integrated studies can offer valuable insights. Based on a field’s heterogeneity and complexity, it can be relevant to divide it into different investment units. Individual studies can be generated, and based on their results, different exploitation strategies can be visualized. The strategies are based on economic criteria, such as net present value and the efficient use of resources.
Capital investment efficiency is the key indicator that should direct resource allocation. Although there is no fixed method to find optimal decisions in a capital project, the FEL (front-end-loading) methodology measures and increases the level of project definition, thereby increasing the probability of project success at any stage of the life of the oil field. Traditionally, economic resources have been the principal metrics for analysis. However, the term resources encompasses many potential inputs to the system, e.g. drilling, facilities, enhanced recovery, and allocations.
In complex oil fields with many independent reservoirs, it has been found that each reservoir has its own characteristics. That leaves room to experiment on new combinations for development, such as infill drilling, injection in the most favorable reservoirs or new potentional drilling locations. In many cases, it was found that the oil price had the greatest impact on projects, because their profit margin is lower than the rest of field. Small reservoirs or reservoirs that require marginal investment show the highest efficiency in investment, which means that investment efficiency is inversely related to the total amount of investment. This finding indicates that focusing solely on investment efficiency can mislead the optimal decision.
Pulsed Neutron Logging through Multiple Casings
Authors: Desport O. , Crowe J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The success of a production enhancement program relied on the use of cased hole logs to determine gas/oil contacts and oil/water contacts in several key reservoirs. There was a major obstacle to success: the clastic reservoirs were drilled with 12-1/4 inch wellbore, and completed with two centralized casings (9-5/8 inch and 7 inch) and a single tubing string.
Pulsed neutron (sigma and carbon/oxygen) is not characterized for such a completion; however, no other technique could possibly identify contacts through the multiple casing/tubing. Rather than waiting for the tubing to be pulled out, the decision was taken to run the pulsed neutron from a barge prior to a rig moving onto the location as an attempt to detect critical gas/oil, and hopefully oil/water contacts in several key reservoirs.
This paper discusses the logging sequence and the various challenges encountered, both in terms of measurement and interpretation (data statistics, depth of investigation, sigma computation, carbon/oxygen interpretation in uncharacterized environment). The planning of the logging operations clearly showed that detection of the formation through the tubing and dual centralized casing would be extremely difficult, a risk that was accepted. The results show that a signal from the formation was acquired and the contacts were identified with confidence and made possible an optimization of the perforating intervals. A possible reason for the success of the logging is that the information indicating that both casings were both centralized may be incorrect.
Casing Fatigue Life Prediction Using Local Stress Concept: Theoretical and Experimental Results
Authors: Teodoriu C. , Ulmanu V. , Badicioiu M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Local stress/strain concept analysis using material properties for low-cycle fatigue can accurately predict fatigue life of casing strings exposed to variable loads. Standard approaches that assume only static loads ignore the variations in temperature and pressure that affect loads on casing strings during steam injection or in geothermal wells and lead to inaccurate estimates of fatigue life. Full-scale experimental results show that our method properly accounts for these variations, reducing time and cost in fatigue life prediction. Our method can be extended to any type of fatigue in which large deformations occur.
Reservoir Pressure Management Using Waterflooding: A Case Study
Authors: Phade Anish , Gupta Yash 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
As a rule, the reservoir pressure depletion occurs with a continuous production over a period of time. This leads to high Gas-Oil Ratio and low production rates. Thus it is important to manage the pressure of reservoir and stabilize it. For this, certain IOR techniques are employed; waterflooding being one of them. This paper discusses waterflooding as a solution for a pressure management program. This work represents results of the strategic IOR program in a mature field showing importance and influence of each decision made during project implementations.
The reservoir into consideration is a sandstone reservoir which was producing under a solution gas drive & a very weak aquifer for about 5 years. During the course of production, reservoir pressure decreased substantially and went below the bubble point pressure. Waterflooding was considered as the most suitable remedy to restore the reservoir pressure and well productivity, considering all the parameters. Various waterflooding plans were designed on the basis of areal & vertical sweep efficiencies and reservoir voidage compensation using material balance. The fractional flow, saturation profiles, mobility ratio and frontal advance equations were kept in mind while proposing these plans.
By implementation of the most appropriate plan, the reservoir pressure was maintained 150 psi above the bubble point pressure resulting in daily production rate of about 13000 bopd with water injection rate of about 15000 bpd. The estimated oil recovery is about 52 % and breakthrough is expected to occur about 7 years after the start of waterflood. The results were not only a total reversion but also an increasing production profile that was declining over the years.
Long-Term Evaluation of Low-Density Cement, Based on Hollow Glass Microspheres, Aids in Providing Effective Zonal Isolation in HP/HT Wells: Laboratory Studies and Field Applications
Authors: Al-Yami A. S. , Nasr-El-Din H. A. , Al-Arfaj M. K. , Al-Saleh S. H. , Al-Humaidi A. S. , Al-Shuker N. A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Cementing a string in one stage is a challenging task, especially in the presence of weak formations. Cement slurry losses during placement is highly possible if the equivalent circulating density (ECD) exceeds 11 lb/gal during placement. A conventional method to overcome this challenge is to use multi-stage cementing by setting the stage tool above the loss circulation zone. However, field data indicate that the tool can fail, thus causing serious delay and economic loss. A second method for zonal isolation is to use low density cement.
In this study, we considered cementing the intermediate and production casings in HP/HT BJD formation (dolomite) in a single stage using low density cement that was based on hollow microspheres at 9.35 lb/gal. The objective of this work was to compare hollow microspheres cements to bentonite cements, which are used in multistage cementing. The tests included shrinkage, compressive strength, porosity, gas, and brine permeability. There are potential hole problems that were faced while drilling for the casing point in BJD. These problems included water flow, which might contain H2S. This problem will require good cement durability to provide zonal isolation.
The total vertical depth (TVD) of the casing point in BJD was ± 10,000 ft and the mud density was ± 9.09 lb/gal. Testing conditions were temperature of 260°F, crushing pressure of 5,000 psi, and a confining pressure of 3,000 psi. No work was done before to investigate hollow microspheres cements at these conditions. The testing was performed in Saudi Aramco facilities to improve current cementing practices in oil and gas fields.
Data generated during three months supported the use of the hollow microspheres to cement casings at the conditions tested. The compressive strength did not change significantly with an average of 1,400 psi; neither shrinkage nor liquid permeability did change during the testing period.
This paper will discuss case histories that include job design, execution, and evaluation of the low density cement system. Field treatments were conducted without encountering any operational problems. The treatments were successful, which confirmed lab data.
Oil-Microbe Detection Tool Using Nano Optical Fibers
Authors: Jahagirdar Shruti Ravindra 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Most reservoirs at some point in their life are candidates for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Successive to microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) when reservoir is put on waterflooding, water cut greater than 80% is observed after sometime. Then either a second round of MEOR is planned or the well is abandoned. Another round of MEOR takes at least six months, is expensive and complicated than waterflooding. The proposed tool will assist in detecting the bypassed oil after a cycle of MEOR and help make the best choice of recovery method to be used next, namely MEOR or waterflooding.
The tool will work on the principle of Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (RRS). Since the microbes used in MEOR are exactly known, their response to RRS on the surface can be tested and the same response from inside the reservoir can be noted. In this way the microbes can be detected downhole by the Resonance Raman spectra which they exhibit. The microorganism detection is based on identification and excitation of chemotaxonomic markers present in them. Since microbes only survive on the oil-water interface wherever microbes will be detected, it is clear that oil is still present in that region. This depth will be sensed using depth sensor. Water being Raman inactive, at whatever depth thief zones of water are formed no spectrum will be observed and these zones can be detected and plugged thus deviating water to oil-bearing zones. The tool will be lowered downhole by optical fibers which can also transmit the reflected light to a computer on the surface to view the spectra. The nano optical fibers will penetrate the formation and carry the laser light in porous rock matrix and receive the reflected light.
The tool can also identify different microorganisms present in reservoir. This helps in knowing the reservoir parameters like temperature, pressure, salinity etc, since every type of microbe has a particular environment in which it can survive. When waterflooding is done after any other thermal or chemical recovery process the tool can track oil instead of microbes directly by sensing H-C, H=C etc. bonds present in oil.
A New Diagnostic Analysis Method for Waterflood Performance
Authors: Yang Zhengming 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT
Despite the widespread application of reservoir simulation to study waterflood reservoirs, petroleum engineers still need simple predictive tools to forecast production decline,estimate ultimate oil recovery, and diagnose the production performance from the historical field data.
Based on the Buckley-Leverett equation and the assumption of a semi-log relationship between relative permeability ratio and water saturation(kro/km=Ae−BSW, where Aand Bare constants),a consistent analytical solution can be derived as qoD(1−qoD)=(EVB)1tD, where qoD is the oil fractional flow,tD is the fraction of cumulative liquid production to total formation volume PV, and EV is the volumetric sweep efficiency. Two equivalent linear plots can be developed: a log-log plot and a reciprocal time plot. The log-log plot has a slope of -1 and intercept of EV/B. The reciprocal time plot has a slope of EV/B and an intercept value of 0.
Both plots can be applied for the diagnostic analysis of waterflood reservoirs.
Model and field case studies show the benefits of this technique as a production decline analysis tool in forecasting the waterflood production decline and the ultimate oil recovery. This method can also be applied as a diagnostic tool to evaluate various aspects of waterflood performance. Examples include assessing waterflood maturity, calculating volumetric sweep efficiency, distinguishing the normal waterflood breakthrough from the premature water breakthrough through hydraulic fractures, and examining the consequences of operational changes. The appropriate use of this analytical method will help to optimize the field waterflood operation.
Use of Transient Data to Calculate Absolute Permeability and Average Fluid Saturations
Authors: Kamal Medhat M. , Pan Yan 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
A new well testing analysis method is presented. The method allows for calculating the absolute permeability of the formation in the area influenced by the test and the average saturations in this area. The method applies to two-phase flow in the reservoir (oil and water or oil and gas). Future expansion to three-phase flow is possible. Current analysis methods yield only the effective permeability for the dominant flowing phase and the "total mobility" of all phases. The new method uses the surface flow rates and fluid properties of the flowing phases and the same relative permeability relations used in characterizing the reservoir and predicting its future performance. The method has been verified by comparing the results from analyzing several synthetic tests that were produced by a numerical simulator with the input values. Use of the method with field data is also described.
The new method could be applied wherever values of absolute permeability or fluids saturations are used in predicting well and reservoir performance. Probably the major impact would be in reservoir simulation studies where the need to transform well testing permeability to simulator input values is eliminated and an additional parameter (fluids saturations) becomes available to help history match the reservoir performance. This work will also help in predicting well flow rates and where absolute permeability changes with time (e.g., from compaction).
Results showed that the values of absolute permeability in water-oil cases could be reproduced within 3% of the correct values and within 5% of the correct values in gas-oil cases. Errors in calculating the fluid saturations were even less. One of the main advantages of this method is that the relative permeability curves used in calculating the results and later on in using the results are the same ensuring consistent process.
The impact of this study will be to expand the use of the information already contained in transient data and surface flow rates of all phases. The results will provide engineers with additional parameters to improve and speed up the prediction of well and reservoir performances in just about all studies.