bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solid‐phase microextraction method for carbon isotopic analysis of volatile carboxylic acids in human plasma by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Ferchaud‐Roucher Véronique , Albert Corinne , Champ Martine , Krempf Michel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new analytical method is described for the determination of the physiological concentration and low‐level enrichment of 13C‐short‐chain volatile organic acids (SCVAs) (e.g. 13C‐acetate and 13C‐butyrate) in human plasma. This two‐step method involves solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) without any organic solvents or derivatizing agents. Two SCVA extraction methods were compared using a carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber: headspace sampling (HS) and liquid sampling (LS) SPME. The influences of extraction temperature and time were tested to optimize the adsorption of SCVAs onto the fiber. The comparison of the peak area responses of the acids in the two adsorption methods showed better sensitivity in the human physiological concentration range in the LS mode than in the HS mode.The accuracy of isotopic enrichment measurement was determined using plasma spiked with 13C‐acetate and 13C‐butyrate solution from 0 to 1 mol percent excess (MPE). The linearity and repeatability (RSD < 5%) were measured in LS mode. Plasma SCVA concentrations were also determined relative to 3‐methylvalerate (internal standard). Linearity and repeatability were observed from 0 to 400 µM for acetate, from 0 to 20 µM for propionate, and from 0 to 10 µM for butyrate. This method was also used to determine plasma acetate production obtained from lactulose (an undigestible disaccharide) fermentation in one healthy volunteer over 3 h. The acetate concentration increased twofold, 2 h after oral lactulose intake. These results are in agreement with the data obtained by GC/MS in healthy volunteers and obese adults following a lactulose intake by using higher amounts of labelled tracers.SPME coupled with GC/C/IRMS can be used to analyze 13C‐SCVAs at low enrichment (<0.5 MPE) within the physiological concentration measured in human plasma. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neues Ingenieurstudium fü Getreideverarbeitung an der Staatlichen Ingenieurschule fü Maschinenwesen Lemgo
Authors: Schriftleitung Die 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDie Arbeitsgemeinschaft Getreideforschung e. V., Detmold, bittet uns, den folgenden Artikel zu veröffentlichen. Diesem Wunsche entsprechen wir gerne im Hinblick darauf, daß durch die Neu‐Einrichtung dieses Studienganges eine immer fühlbarer werdende Lücke in der Ausbildung von Spezial‐Ingenieuren auch für die Stärke‐Industrie geschlossen werden kann. Zahlreiche Anfragen aus dem In‐ und Ausland nach einer geeigneten Ausbildungsstätte haben nicht zuletzt zu den nachstehend dargelegten Plänen geführt. Sie bieten nun die Möglichkeit, zwischen dem Akademiker und den unteren Angestellten liegende Führungskr¨︁fte auszubilden. Hervorzuheben ist, daß im Rahmen einer Vereinbarung zwischen der Ingenieurschule Lemgo und der nahe gelegenen Bundesforschungsanstalt Detmold ein Teil der Ausbildung in Detmold erfolgen wird.Die bevorstehende Stärke‐ Tagung bietet den Fachkreisen, vermutlich Gelegenheit zur Erörterung der folgenden, Ausführungen.
Yeast Derlin Dfm1 interacts with Cdc48 and functions in ER homeostasis
Authors: Sato Brian K. , Hampton Randolph Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecent studies have identified Derlin‐1, a protein that associates with the AAA‐ATPase p97 and is implicated in late steps in ER‐associated protein degradation (ERAD). Derlin‐1 has two Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologues, Der1p and Dfm1p. While Der1p has been studied extensively, little is known about Dfm1p. Accordingly, we investigated the role of Dfm1p in ERAD, ER homeostasis and interactions with the yeast p97 homologue Cdc48p. Dfm1p was not involved in the degradation of a number of Der1‐dependent or ‐independent ERAD substrates, neither was it redundant with either Der1p or Sec61p in ERAD. However, Dfm1p had a role in ER homeostasis, since Dfm1p loss or overexpression could stimulate the unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, Dfm1p interacted both genetically and physically with Cdc48p, the yeast p97 homologue, and this interaction required an eight amino acid sequence found in the C‐terminus of Dfm1p that we have termed the SHP box. Our genetic studies are consistent with the lack of a role for Dfm1p in ERAD, but indicate it participates in ER‐related Cdc48p actions distinct from retrotranslocation. Finally, sequence analysis indicated that the UPR‐related and Cdc48p interaction functions of Dfm1p could be separated, implying this protein probably has numerous actions in the cell. Thus, the interaction between Derlins and p97 is conserved between yeast and mammals, although its function in ERAD is not. Furthermore, Dfm1p interacts with Cdc48p through its SHP boxes, and so defines a new motif for interaction with this widely‐employed AAA‐ATPase. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of translation initiation by the yeast eIF4E binding proteins is required for the pseudohyphal response
Authors: Ibrahimo Salma , Holmes Leah E. A. , Ashe Mark P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E is responsible for the recognition of the mRNA cap structure and, as such, plays a key role in the selection of mRNAs for translation. The interaction of eIF4E with the ‘multi‐adaptor’ eIF4G (and thus recruitment of ribosomes to mRNA) can be regulated via competitive binding of 4E‐binding proteins (4E‐BPs). 4E‐BPs have broad functions in cell growth, proliferation and development. We have found that disruption of the genes for either of the yeast 4E‐BPs (Eap1p or Caf20p) leads to an inhibition of pseudohyphal growth in the resulting diploid yeast strain following nitrogen limitation. Specific 4E‐binding domain mutations destroy the capacity of each 4E‐BP gene to complement the non‐pseudohyphal phenotype, suggesting that a translational function for the 4E‐BPs is important for pseudohyphal growth. In addition, neither of the 4E‐BP deletion strains is deficient in global or stress‐regulated protein synthesis. However, our evidence reveals that the two 4E‐BPs are functionally distinct with regard to pseudohyphal growth. Therefore, this work supports a model where the yeast 4E‐BPs are acting on specific mRNAs to facilitate a defined proliferative response to environmental stress in yeast. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes of Lichtenstein Hernioplasty for Primary and Recurrent Inguinal Hernia
Authors: Beltrán Marcelo A. , Cruces Karina S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntroductionThe Lichtenstein hernioplasty for the repair of primary inguinal hernia in male patients is well established and constitutes the current gold standard. However a gold standard technique for the repair of recurrent inguinal hernia has not been established. The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of Lichtenstein hernioplasty for the repair of primary inguinal hernia and recurrent inguinal hernia, applying for that purpose the Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement Instrument (QQMI).MethodsWe studied 75 recurrent inguinal hernia patients and 287 primary inguinal hernia patients with a follow‐up period ranging from 60 to 107 months.ResultsThe final QQMI score demonstrated that most patients in both groups reached scores between 8 and 11 points, with a significant difference in the maximum score (11 points) favoring primary hernia patients.ConclusionsAll evaluated parameters showed better outcomes in primary hernia patients. Applying the QQMI, we have demonstrated that the outcomes of Lichtenstein hernioplasty are not similar between primary and recurrent inguinal hernia; there is a tendency toward better outcomes for primary inguinal hernia patients, although the Lichtenstein hernioplasty stands as a safe option for repair of recurrent inguinal hernias.
INTER-RELATIONSHIPS OF INCOME, CHRONIC ENERGY DEFICIENCY, MORBIDITY AND HOSPITALIZATION AMONG ADULT MALE SLUM DWELLERS OF MIDNAPORE, WEST BENGAL, INDIA
Authors: BOSE KAUSHIK , BISAI SAMIRAN , DAS PRIYANKA , DIKSHIT SWAPAN , PRADHAN SAMPA 
Published: November 2006

SummaryA cross-sectional study of 212 adult (>18 years) male slum dwellers (mean age=34·6±14·4 years) of Midnapore town, West Bengal, India, was undertaken to study the inter-relationships of chronic energy deficiency (CED), monthly family income (MFI), self-reported morbidity and hospitalization due to severe illness. The mean height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of the subjects were 160·0 cm, 50·8 kg and 19·9 kg/m2, respectively. The overall frequencies of CED (BMI<18·5 kg/m2), morbidity and hospitalization were 38·2%, 34·4% and 13·7%, respectively. Based on the WHO classification, the prevalence of CED among this population was high (20–39%), indicating a serious situation. Overall, MFI was significantly (p<0·01) positively correlated with BMI (r=0·21). Linear regression analyses showed that MFI had a significant impact (t=3·08; p<0·002) on BMI. Overall, MFI explained 3·9% variation in BMI. Subjects belonging to the lowest family income group (FIG I) had the lowest mean BMI (19·1 kg/m2) and the highest rate of CED (46·3%) and morbidity (36·6%). Those in the highest family income group (FIG III) had the largest mean BMI (20·8 kg/m2) and lowest rate of CED (30·2%) and morbidity (30·2%). The highest rate (18·9%) of hospitalization was found in this group. There were significant family income group differences in mean BMI (F=3·134, p<0·05). The frequency of morbidity (24·6%) and hospitalization (11·9%) was lowest among normal BMI individuals. Morbidity was significantly higher (χ2=11·92, p=0·0026) among CED (48·2%) subjects compared with normal BMI individuals (OR=2·85; CI=1·49–5·46). Similarly, compared with normal BMI subjects, morbidity was higher (38·5%; OR=1·92; 95% CI=0·50–7·18) among overweight subjects. Hospitalization was more common among CED subjects (16·1%; OR=1·42; CI=0·58–3·45) compared with normal BMI subjects. Similarly, the frequency of hospitalization was more among overweight individuals (15·4%; OR=1·35; 95% CI=0·0–7·59). In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the frequency of CED among this population is high, indicating a serious situation. Moreover there exists strong inter-relationships between BMI, CED, MFI and morbidity.
SONGS TO SHAPE A GERMAN NATION: HILLER’S COMIC OPERAS AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE
Authors: JOUBERT ESTELLE 
Published: November 2006

In this article I assert that our modern understanding of the singspiel as a genre has been shaped not by eighteenth-century principles but rather by nineteenth-century notions of ‘romantic’ German opera. In contrast to a later through-composed ideal, Johann Adam Hiller’s comic operas, often viewed as the prototype of the German comic genre, were designed precisely in order that the songs might easily be detached from the spoken dialogue, disseminated outside of the public opera house and sung by audiences in various other contexts. The express purpose of these songs, as articulated by librettist Christian Felix Weisse, was to promote communal singing in social circles across Germany. The genre was thus designed for circulation within what Habermas describes as the public sphere: a conceptual space between the State and the private home in which texts, ideas and musical works were circulated and debated.Composed in what was called the German Volkston (in the manner of the Volk), Hiller’s melodies are recorded as being sung and played throughout the streets and parks of major German cities and became so popular that they became known as folksongs. This idea of the Volk as a collective entity and of the Volkston, however, was rooted in a deeper sense of the public as nation. Inspired by Le devin du village and J. J. Rousseau’s writings on politics, language and the fine arts, Weisse and Hiller’s operas employ the pastoral mode, in which idealized peasants sing in the manner of a folksong. The idyllic simplicity of these early German-language comic operas appealed to a diversified German audience by affirming their roots, the public use of their language and their morally upright character as a nation. Thus comic opera as a genre was circulated within the public sphere with the intention of transcending the boundaries of social class to unite the German nation in song.
Negative regulation of leucocyte functions by CD33-related siglecs
Authors: Avril T. , Attrill H. , Zhang J. , Raper A. , Crocker P.R. 
Published: November 2006

The siglecs (sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins) are a family of transmembrane receptors expressed in the haemopoietic, immune and nervous systems. The CD33-related siglecs are a distinct subset mostly expressed in the innate immune system where they can function as inhibitory receptors by suppressing the signalling mediated by receptors coupled with ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs). CD33-related siglecs contain ITIMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs) that recruit and activate SHP-1 [SH2 (Src homology 2) domain-containing phosphatase-1] and SHP-2. In addition, the ITIMs of CD33-related siglecs can suppress siglec-dependent adhesion of sialylated ligands and mediate endocytosis. Siglec-H is a recently characterized murine CD33-related endocytic receptor that lacks intrinsic tyrosine-based signalling motifs and is expressed selectively on PDCs (plasmacytoid dendritic cells). Siglec-H depends on DAP12 (DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa) for surface expression and cross-linking with anti-siglec-H antibodies can selectively inhibit interferon-α production by PDCs following TLR9 (Toll-like receptor 9) ligation. Thus CD33-related siglecs are able to mediate diverse inhibitory functions of leucocytes in the innate immune system via both ITIM-dependent and -independent pathways.
Perspectives on the RNA polymerase II core promoter
Authors: Juven-Gershon T. , Hsu J.-Y. , Kadonaga J.T. 
Published: November 2006

The RNA polymerase II core promoter is a critical yet often overlooked component in the transcription process. The core promoter is defined as the stretch of DNA, which encompasses the RNA start site and is typically approx. 40–50 nt in length, that directs the initiation of gene transcription. In the past, it has been generally presumed that core promoters are general in function and that transcription initiation occurs via a common shared mechanism. Recent studies have revealed, however, that there is considerable diversity in core promoter structure and function. There are a number of DNA elements that contribute to core promoter activity, and the specific properties of a given core promoter are dictated by the presence or absence of these core promoter motifs. The known core promoter elements include the TATA box, Inr (initiator), BREu {BRE [TFIIB (transcription factor for RNA polymerase IIB) recognition element] upstream of the TATA box} and BREd (BRE downstream of the TATA box), MTE (motif ten element), DCE (downstream core element) and DPE (downstream core promoter element). In this paper, we will provide some perspectives on current and future issues that pertain to the RNA polymerase II core promoter.
P450ome of the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium: structure, evolution and regulation of expression of genomic P450 clusters
Authors: Yadav J.S. , Doddapaneni H. , Subramanian V. 
Published: November 2006

The model white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium has the extraordinary ability to degrade (to CO2) lignin and detoxify a variety of chemical pollutants. Whole genome sequencing of this fungus has revealed the presence of the largest P450ome in fungi comprising approx. 150 P450 genes, most of which have unknown function. On the basis of our genome-wide structural and evolutionary analysis, these P450 genes could be classified into 12 families and 23 subfamilies and under 11 fungal P450 clans. The analysis further revealed an extensive gene clustering with a total of 16 P450 clusters constituted of up to 11 members per cluster. In particular, evidence and role of gene duplications and horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of these P450 clusters have been discussed using two of the P450 families [CYP63 and CYP505 (where CYP is cytochrome P450)] as examples. In addition, the observed differential transcriptional induction of the clustered members of the CYP63 gene family, in response to different xenobiotic chemicals and carbon sources, indicated functional divergence within the P450 clusters, of this basidiomycete fungus.
The involvement of cytochrome P450 system in the fate of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in European eel [Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)]
Authors: Torre C. Della , Corsi I. , Alcaro L. , Amato E. , Focardi S. 
Published: November 2006

TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) was the most common nitro aromatic explosive available in World War II ammunitions. The presence of ordnance dumped at sea might represent a great concern for marine species living close to dumping sites and the toxicological properties of the chemicals released into the marine environments need to be evaluated. The aim of the present study is to investigate the involvement of CYP (cytochrome P450) system in the metabolism of TNT in marine organisms by using the European eel [Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)] as model species. In vivo exposure to sublethal concentration of TNT (0.5, 1 and 2.5 mg/l) leads to a significant decrease in the phase I CYP1A catalytic activities such as EROD (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-de-ethylase) and MROD (7-methoxyresorufin-O-de-ethylase). On the opposite, a significant increase in NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity as well as phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity is observed. An inhibition at enzyme level is hypothesized for both CYP1A enzymes, also confirmed by a similar decrease observed after in vitro exposure. An active role of NADPH cytochrome c reductase and phase II enzymes in the TNT metabolism may also be hypothesized.
Oxidative metabolic profiling of xenobiotics by human P450s expressed in tobacco cell suspension cultures
Authors: Schmidt B. , Joussen N. , Bode M. , Schuphan I. 
Published: November 2006

Elucidation of metabolic pathways of xenobiotics (pesticides, pharmaceuticals and industrial pollutants) in human, animals and plants and chemical identification of corresponding metabolites are required for comprehensive (eco-) toxicological evaluation of the compounds prior to their usage. The most important metabolic products are oxidized metabolites, and most of these are formed by catalytic activity of P450s (cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases). In human, 11 P450 isoenzymes exhibiting broad and overlapping substrate specificities are responsible for approx. 90% of drug metabolism. As support for inevitable metabolism studies with intact organisms under relevant conditions, tobacco cell cultures were transformed separately with cDNA sequences of human P450 isoenzymes CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. The resulting P450-transgenic cell suspensions were used for metabolism studies with pesticides, industrial pollutants, a secondary plant metabolite and human sex hormones. A summary of basic results is provided; these are discussed regarding application of the method for screening of the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics and the large-scale production of metabolites.
Acidotoxicity in brain ischaemia
Authors: Simon R. , Xiong Z. 
Published: November 2006

Intracellular calcium toxicity remains the central feature in the pathophysiology of ischaemic cell death in brain. Glutamate-gated channels have been thought to be the major sites of ischaemia-induced toxic calcium entry, but the failure of glutamate antagonists in clinical trials has suggested that glutamate-independent mechanisms of calcium entry during ischaemia must exist and may prove central to ischaemic injury. We have shown that ASICs (acid-sensing ion channels) in brain are glutamate-independent vehicles of calcium flux and transport calcium in greater measure in the setting of the two major neurochemical components of ischaemia: acidosis and substrate depletion. Pharmacological blockade of ASICs markedly attenuates stroke injury with a robust therapeutic time window of 5 h following stroke onset. Here, we describe this new mechanism of calcium toxicity in brain ischaemia and offer a potential new therapy for stroke.
TRP Channels, CCE, and the Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle
Authors: REMILLARD CARMELLE V. , YUAN JASON X.‐J. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTTransient receptor potential (TRP) genes represent a novel class of genes that are generally believed to encode for nonselective cation channels. A subfamily of TRP channels, canonical TRP (TRPC), which are highly permeable to Ca2+ (and Na+), co‐assembles with each other to form functional store‐ and receptor‐operated Ca2+ channels. TRPC mRNA and protein have been identified in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells. The currents generated by Ca2+ influx through store‐ and receptor‐operated Ca2+ channels have also been extensively characterized in these cells. More recently, the attention has shifted to identify the TRP subunits that underlie the function of native channels in the pulmonary vasculature, with the understanding that TRP channels assemble as either homo‐or heterotetramers in vivo. This work in progress has yielded exciting information regarding the involvement of TRP channels in the control of smooth muscle contraction, and cell proliferation and migration. In this review, the authors focus on describing the function and transcriptional regulation of TRP proteins, and the store‐ and receptor‐operated Ca2+ channels for which they are responsible, in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). They also identify some key TRP proteins whose role in the pulmonary vasculature has been established, as well as some more novel subunits whose role, although intriguing, can only be inferred from other vascular studies. Finally, they describe the involvement of TRP channels in regulating pulmonary vasoconstriction, PASMC proliferation, and pulmonary endothelial barrier function.