bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fulfilment Theology of Jean Daniélou, Karl Rahner and Jacques Dupuis
Authors: Sparks Adam 
Published: September 2008

AbstractProminent in much Theology of Religions is the concept of fulfilment (the extension of the fulfilment of the Old Covenant by Christ, to the fulfilment of other religions by Christ). The three Catholic theologians who are the subject of this article – Jean Daniélou, Karl Rahner and Jacques Dupuis – rely heavily on the fulfilment concept in their understanding of the relationship between other religions and Christianity. However, each uses the concept differently. This article outlines and then compares the use of the fulfilment concept in the theology of these three prominent theologians, and in doing so develops a fulfilment typology.
Mechanism of Paroxetine‐Induced Cell Death in Renal Tubular Cells
Authors: Chen Wei‐Chuan , Huang Chorng‐Chih , Huang Chun‐Jen , Chien Jau‐Min , Lin Ko‐Long , Lu Yih‐Chau , Chen I‐Shu , Liu Shiuh‐Inn , Hsu Shu‐Shong , Chang Hong‐Tai , Chou Chiang‐Ting , Jan Chung‐Ren 
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  Paroxetine belongs to the family of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Much research has been performed on the in vitro effect of paroxetine; however, the effect of paroxetine on Madin‐Darby canine kidney renal tubular cells is unknown. The present study was aimed at exploring how paroxetine affects viability and to examine the underlying mechanisms. Paroxetine (15–200 µM) was shown to reduce cell viability via inducing apoptosis in a concentration‐dependent manner. Paroxetine‐induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis were not changed by the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 and the c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125, but was potentiated by the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase inhibitor PD98059; inhibited by GF 109203X, a protein kinase C inhibitor; and potentiated by phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate, a protein kinase C activator. Paroxetine induced [Ca2+]i rises; however, pre‐treatment with 1,2‐bis(o‐aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid tetra(acetoxymethyl)ester, a Ca2+ chelator, to prevent 20 µM paroxetine‐induced [Ca2+]i rises did not protect cells from death. H‐89 (a protein kinase A inhibitor) and U73122 (a phospholipase C inhibitor) failed to alter paroxetine‐induced cell death. The results suggest that in Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells, paroxetine caused protein kinase C‐dependent, Ca2+‐independent apoptosis which was potentiated by inhibition of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathway.
How Processing Digital Elevation Models Can Affect Simulated Water Budgets
Authors: Kuniansky Eve L. , Lowery Mark A. , Campbell Bruce G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFor regional models, the shallow water table surface is often used as a source/sink boundary condition, as model grid scale precludes simulation of the water table aquifer. This approach is appropriate when the water table surface is relatively stationary. Since water table surface maps are not readily available, the elevation of the water table used in model cells is estimated via a two‐step process. First, a regression equation is developed using existing land and water table elevations from wells in the area. This equation is then used to predict the water table surface for each model cell using land surface elevation available from digital elevation models (DEM). Two methods of processing DEM for estimating the land surface for each cell are commonly used (value nearest the cell centroid or mean value in the cell). This article demonstrates how these two methods of DEM processing can affect the simulated water budget. For the example presented, approximately 20% more total flow through the aquifer system is simulated if the centroid value rather than the mean value is used. This is due to the one‐third greater average ground water gradients associated with the centroid value than the mean value. The results will vary depending on the particular model area topography and cell size. The use of the mean DEM value in each model cell will result in a more conservative water budget and is more appropriate because the model cell water table value should be representative of the entire cell area, not the centroid of the model cell.
UV and pigmentation: molecular mechanisms and social controversies
Authors: Tran Thanh‐Nga T. , Schulman Joshua , Fisher David E. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryUltraviolet radiation (UVR) is an essential risk factor for the development of premalignant skin lesions as well as of melanoma and non‐melanoma skin cancer. UVR exerts many effects on the skin, including tanning, carcinogenesis, immunomodulation, and production of vitamin D. Vitamin D (vit D) is important in the maintenance of healthy bones as well as other purported beneficial effects, amongst which is the potential for reducing risk of malignancy—though oral supplementation is fully capable of maintaining systemic levels. The known medical harm from UV exposure relates primarily to cancer of the skin—the most common organ in man to be affected by cancer. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about the ultraviolet (UV) response in regards to inflammation, immunosuppression, carcinogenesis and the tanning response. We also discuss vit D and UV, as well as public health implications of tanning behavior and commercial interests related to the promotion of UV exposure. As the most ubiquitous human carcinogen, UVR exposure represents both a challenge and enormous opportunity in the realm of skin cancer prevention.
Are tanning beds “safe”? Human studies of melanoma
Authors: Berwick Marianne 
Published: September 2008

SummaryControversy continues over the carcinogenic properties of tanning beds. The tanning industry “sells” tanning beds as a safe alternative to UV exposure for both tanning as well as vitamin D biosynthesis. But, how safe are tanning beds? Epidemiologic data – incomplete and unsatisfactory – suggests that tanning beds are not safer than solar ultraviolet radiation and that they may have independent effects from solar exposure that increase risk for melanoma.
Subfunctionality of Hydride Transferases of the Old Yellow Enzyme Family of Flavoproteins of
Pseudomonas putida
Authors: van Dillewijn Pieter , Wittich Rolf-Michael , Caballero Antonio , Ramos Juan-Luis 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

To investigate potential complementary activities of multiple enzymes belonging to the same family within a single microorganism, we chose a set of Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) homologs of
Pseudomonas putida
. The physiological function of these enzymes is not well established; however, an activity associated with OYE family members from different microorganisms is their ability to reduce nitroaromatic compounds. Using an in silico approach, we identified six OYE homologs in
P. putida
KT2440. Each gene was subcloned into an expression vector, and each corresponding gene product was purified to homogeneity prior to in vitro analysis for its catalytic activity against 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). One of the enzymes, called XenD, lacked in vitro activity, whereas the other five enzymes demonstrated type I hydride transferase activity and reduced the nitro groups of TNT to hydroxylaminodinitrotoluene derivatives. XenB has the additional ability to reduce the aromatic ring of TNT to produce Meisenheimer complexes, defined as type II hydride transferase activity. The condensations of the primary products of type I and type II hydride transferases react with each other to yield diarylamines and nitrite; the latter can be further reduced to ammonium and serves as a nitrogen source for microorganisms in vivo.
Type II Hydride Transferases from Different Microorganisms Yield Nitrite and Diarylamines from Polynitroaromatic Compounds
Authors: van Dillewijn Pieter , Wittich Rolf-Michael , Caballero Antonio , Ramos Juan-Luis 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

Homogenous preparations of XenB of
Pseudomonas putida
, pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase of
Enterobacter cloacae
, and
N
-ethylmaleimide reductase of
Escherichia coli
, all type II hydride transferases of the Old Yellow Enzyme family of flavoproteins, are shown to reduce the polynitroaromatic compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The reduction of this compound yields hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes and Meisenheimer dihydride complexes, which, upon condensation, yield stoichiometric amounts of nitrite and diarylamines, implying that type II hydride transferases are responsible for TNT denitration, a process with important environmental implications for TNT remediation.
Darkling Beetles (
Alphitobius diaperinus
) and Their Larvae as Potential Vectors for the Transfer of
Campylobacter jejuni
and
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Paratyphi B Variant Java between Successive Broiler Flocks
Authors: Hazeleger Wilma C. , Bolder Nico M. , Beumer Rijkelt R. , Jacobs-Reitsma Wilma F. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

Broiler flocks often become infected with
Campylobacter
and
Salmonella
, and the exact contamination routes are still not fully understood. Insects like darkling beetles and their larvae may play a role in transfer of the pathogens between consecutive cycles. In this study, several groups of beetles and their larvae were artificially contaminated with a mixture of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Paratyphi B Variant Java and three
C. jejuni
strains and kept for different time intervals before they were fed to individually housed chicks. Most inoculated insects were positive for
Salmonella
and
Campylobacter
just before they were fed to the chicks. However,
Campylobacter
could not be isolated from insects that were kept for 1 week before they were used to mimic an empty week between rearing cycles. All broilers fed insects that were inoculated with pathogens on the day of feeding showed colonization with
Campylobacter
and
Salmonella
at levels of 50 to 100%. Transfer of both pathogens by groups of insects that were kept for 1 week before feeding to the chicks was also observed, but at lower levels. Naturally contaminated insects that were collected at a commercial broiler farm colonized broilers at low levels as well. In conclusion, the fact that
Salmonella
and
Campylobacter
can be transmitted via beetles and their larvae to flocks in successive rearing cycles indicates that there should be intensive control programs for exclusion of these insects from broiler houses.
Joint Immobilization of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Green Microalgae in Alginate Beads as an Experimental Model for Studying Plant-Bacterium Interactions
Authors: de-Bashan Luz E. , Bashan Yoav 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

A simple, quantitative experimental model, offering a convenient and basic approach to studies of plant-bacterium interactions, is proposed. This involves immobilizing a unicellular, freshwater microalga, a
Chlorella
species, serving as the plant, with a plant growth-promoting bacterium, an
Azospirillum
species, in small alginate beads to allow close interaction and to avoid external interference from bacterial contaminants.
Gene Transcription in
Lactarius quietus
-
Quercus petraea
Ectomycorrhizas from a Forest Soil
Authors: Courty P. E. , Poletto M. , Duchaussoy F. , Buée M. , Garbaye J. , Martin F. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

Extracting fungal mRNA from ectomycorrhizas (ECMs) and forest soil samples for monitoring in situ metabolic activities is a significant challenge when studying the role of ECMs in biogeochemical cycles. A robust, simple, rapid, and effective method was developed for extracting RNA from rhizospheric soil and ECMs by adapting previous grinding and lysis methods. The quality and yield of the extracted RNA were sufficient to be used for reverse transcription. RNA extracted from ECMs of
Lactarius quietus
in a 100-year-old oak stand was used to construct a cDNA library and sequence expressed sequence tags. The transcripts of many genes involved in primary metabolism and in the degradation of organic matter were found. The transcription levels of four targeted fungal genes (glutamine synthase, a general amino acid transporter, a tyrosinase, and
N
-acetylhexosaminidase) were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR in ECMs and in the ectomycorrhizospheric soil (the soil surrounding the ECMs containing the extraradical mycelium) in forest samples. On average, levels of gene expression for the
L. quietus
ECM root tips were similar to those for the extraradical mycelium, although gene expression varied up to 10-fold among the samples. This study demonstrates that gene expression from ECMs and soil can be analyzed. These results provide new perspectives for investigating the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the functioning of forest ecosystems.
Unique Substrate Spectrum and PCR Application of
Nanoarchaeum equitans
Family B DNA Polymerase
Authors: Choi Jeong Jin , Song Jae-Geun , Nam Ki Hoon , Lee Jong Il , Bae Heejin , Kim Gun A. , Sun Younguk , Kwon Suk-Tae 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

The known archaeal family B DNA polymerases are unable to participate in the PCR in the presence of uracil. Here, we report on a novel archaeal family B DNA polymerase from
Nanoarchaeum equitans
that can successfully utilize deaminated bases such as uracil and hypoxanthine and on its application to PCR.
N. equitans
family B DNA polymerase (
Neq
DNA polymerase) produced λ DNA fragments up to 10 kb with an approximately 2.2-fold-lower error rate (5.53 × 10
−6
) than
Taq
DNA polymerase (11.98 × 10
−6
). Uniquely,
Neq
DNA polymerase also amplified λ DNA fragments using dUTP (in place of dTTP) or dITP (partially replaced with dGTP). To increase PCR efficiency,
Taq
and
Neq
DNA polymerases were mixed in different ratios; a ratio of 10:1 efficiently facilitated long PCR (20 kb). In the presence of dUTP, the PCR efficiency of the enzyme mixture was two- to threefold higher than that of either
Taq
and
Neq
DNA polymerase alone. These results suggest that
Neq
DNA polymerase and
Neq
plus DNA polymerase (a mixture of
Taq
and
Neq
DNA polymerases) are useful in DNA amplification and PCR-based applications, particularly in clinical diagnoses using uracil-DNA glycosylase.
Reconstitution of Iron Oxidase from Sulfur-Grown
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
Authors: Taha Taher M. , Kanao Tadayoshi , Takeuchi Fumiaki , Sugio Tsuyoshi 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

The iron oxidation system from sulfur-grown
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
ATCC 23270 cells was reconstituted in vitro. Purified rusticyanin, cytochrome
c
, and
aa
3
-type cytochrome oxidase were essential for reconstitution. The iron-oxidizing activity of the reconstituted system was 3.3-fold higher than that of the cell extract from which these components were purified.
Soil Formate Regulates the Fungal Nitrous Oxide Emission Pathway
Authors: Ma W. K. , Farrell R. E. , Siciliano S. D. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

Fungal activity is a major driver in the global nitrogen cycle, and mounting evidence suggests that fungal denitrification activity contributes significantly to soil emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N
2
O). The metabolic pathway and oxygen requirement for fungal denitrification are different from those for bacterial denitrification. We hypothesized that the soil N
2
O emission from fungi is formate and O
2
dependent and that land use and landforms could influence the proportion of N
2
O coming from fungi. Using substrate-induced respiration inhibition under anaerobic and aerobic conditions in combination with
15
N gas analysis, we found that formate and hypoxia (versus anaerobiosis) were essential for the fungal reduction of
15
N-labeled nitrate to
15
N
2
O. As much as 65% of soil-emitted N
2
O was attributable to fungi; however, this was found only in soils from water-accumulating landforms. From these results, we hypothesize that plant root exudates could affect N
2
O production from fungi via the proposed formate-dependent pathway.
Metagenomic Screening for Bleomycin Resistance Genes
Authors: Mori Toshio , Mizuta Shiori , Suenaga Hikaru , Miyazaki Kentaro 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
A metagenomic library of activated sludge was screened for bleomycin resistance genes. Two genes were identified that differed greatly from each other, from the genes of bleomycin-producing actinomycetes, and from those of clinical isolates. Therefore, the nonclinical environment is a rich reservoir of new resistance elements, and metagenomics can be used to sample the resistome rapidly.
Multilocus Sequence Analysis for Assessment of the Biogeography and Evolutionary Genetics of FourBradyrhizobiumSpecies That Nodulate Soybeans on the Asiatic Continent
Authors: Vinuesa Pablo , Rojas-Jiménez Keilor , Contreras-Moreira Bruno , Mahna Suresh K. , Prasad Braj Nandan , Moe Hla , Selvaraju Suresh Babu , Thierfelder Heidemarie , Werner Dietrich 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTA highly supported maximum-likelihood species phylogeny for the genusBradyrhizobiumwas inferred from a supermatrix obtained from the concatenation of partialatpD,recA,glnII, andrpoBsequences corresponding to 33 reference strains and 76 bradyrhizobia isolated from the nodules ofGlycine max(soybean) trap plants inoculated with soil samples from Myanmar, India, Nepal, and Vietnam. The power of the multigene approach using multiple strains per species was evaluated in terms of overall tree resolution and phylogenetic congruence, representing a practical and portable option for bacterial molecular systematics. Potential pitfalls of the approach are highlighted. Seventy-five of the isolates could be classified asB. japonicumtype Ia (USDA110/USDA122-like),B. liaoningense,B. yuanmingense, orB. elkanii, whereas one represented a novelBradyrhizobiumlineage. Most NepaleseB. japonicumIa isolates belong to a highly epidemic clone closely related to strain USDA110. Significant phylogenetic evidence against the monophyly of the ofB. japonicumI and Ia lineages was found. Analysis of their DNA polymorphisms revealed high population distances, significant genetic differentiation, and contrasting population genetic structures, suggesting that the strains in the Ia lineage are misclassified asB. japonicum. The DNA polymorphism patterns of all species conformed to the expectations of the neutral mutation and population equilibrium models and, excluding theB. japonicumIa lineage, were consistent with intermediate recombination levels. All species displayed epidemic clones and had broad geographic and environmental distribution ranges, as revealed by mapping climate types and geographic origins of the isolates on the species tree.
Rapid Determination ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 Lineage Types and Molecular Subtypes by Using Comparative Genomic Fingerprinting
Authors: Laing Chad , Pegg Crystal , Yawney Davis , Ziebell Kim , Steele Marina , Johnson Roger , Thomas James E. , Taboada Eduardo N. , Zhang Yongxiang , Gannon Victor P. J. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTIn this study, variably absent or present (VAP) regions discovered through comparative genomics experiments were targeted for the development of a rapid, PCR-based method to subtype and fingerprintEscherichia coliO157:H7. Forty-four VAP loci were analyzed for discriminatory power among 79E. coliO157:H7 strains of 13 phage types (PT). Twenty-three loci were found to maximize resolution among strains, generating 54 separate fingerprints, each of which contained strains of unique PT. Strains from the three previously identified majorE. coliO157:H7 lineages, LSPA6-LI, LSPA6-LI/II, and LSPA6-LII, formed distinct branches on a dendrogram obtained by hierarchical clustering of comparative genomic fingerprinting (CGF) data. By contrast, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing generated 52 XbaI digestion profiles that were not unique to PT and did not cluster according to O157:H7 lineage. Our analysis identified a subpopulation comprised of 25 strains from a closed herd of cattle, all of which were of PT87 and formed a cluster distinct from all otherE. coliO157:H7 strains examined. CGF found five related but unique fingerprints among the highly clonal herd strains, with two dominant subtypes characterized by a shift from the presence of locus fprn33 to its absence. CGF had equal resolution to PFGE typing but with greater specificity, generating fingerprints that were unique among phenotypically relatedE. coliO157:H7 lineages and PT. As a comparative genomics typing method that is amenable for use in high-throughput platforms, CGF may be a valuable tool in outbreak investigations and strain characterization.
inlAPremature Stop Codons Are Common amongListeria monocytogenesIsolates from Foods and Yield Virulence-Attenuated Strains That Confer Protection against Fully Virulent Strains
Authors: Nightingale K. K. , Ivy R. A. , Ho A. J. , Fortes E. D. , Njaa B. L. , Peters R. M. , Wiedmann M. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTPrevious studies showed that a considerable proportion ofListeria monocytogenesisolates obtained from foods carry a premature stop codon (PMSC) mutation ininlAthat leads to production of a truncated and secreted InlA. To further elucidate the role these mutations play in virulence ofL. monocytogenes, we created isogenic mutants, including (i) natural isolates where aninlAPMSC was reverted to a wild-typeinlAallele (without a PMSC) and (ii) natural isolates where a PMSC mutation was introduced into a wild-typeinlAallele; isogenic mutant sets were constructed to represent two distinctinlAPMSC mutations. Phenotypical and transcriptional analysis data showed thatinlAPMSC mutations do not have a polar effect on the downstreaminlB. Isogenic and natural strains carrying aninlAPMSC showed significantly reduced invasion efficiencies in Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines as well as reduced virulence in oral guinea pig infections. Guinea pigs were also orally infected with a natural strain carrying the most commoninlAPMSC mutation (vaccinated group), followed by challenge with a fully virulentL. monocytogenesstrain 15 days postvaccination to probe potentially immunizing effects of exposure toL. monocytogeneswithinlAPMSC mutations. Vaccinated guinea pigs showed reduced bacterial loads in internal organs and improved weight gain postchallenge, indicating reduced severity of infections in guinea pigs exposed to natural strains withinlAPMSC mutations. Our data support that (i)inlAPMSC mutations are causally associated with attenuated virulence in mammalian hosts and (ii) naturally occurring virulence-attenuatedL. monocytogenesstrains commonly found in food confer protective immunity.
Dynamic Localization of MreB in
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
and in the Ectopic Host Bacterium
Escherichia coli
Authors: Chiu Shen-Wen , Chen Shau-Yan , Wong Hin-chung 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

MreB, a homolog of eukaryotic actin, participates in morphogenesis, cell division, cell polarity, and chromosome segregation in prokaryotes. In this study, a yellow fluorescent protein conjugate (YFP-MreB
Vp
) was generated to investigate the behavior of MreB in merodiploid strain SC9 of the enteropathogen
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
. Under normal growth conditions, YFP-MreB
Vp
formed helical filaments with a pitch of 0.64 ± 0.09 μm in about 85% of exponential-phase cells, and different clusters, relaxed coils, and ring configurations were observed in a small proportion of the cells. Overexpression of YFP-MreB
Vp
substantially altered the structure of the MreB cytoskeleton and resulted in swollen and pleomorphic cells. Disturbing the activities of penicillin-binding proteins or adding magnesium suppressed the morphological distortions. These results indicate that mislocalization of cell wall-synthesizing machinery was responsible for morphological abnormality. By expressing YFP-MreB
Vp
in the ectopic host bacterium
Escherichia coli
, shrinkage, fragmentation, and annealing of MreB
Vp
filaments were directly observed. This work revealed the dynamic pattern of the localization of YFP-MreB
Vp
in
V. parahaemolyticus
and its relationship to cell morphogenesis, and the YFP-MreB
Vp
-
E. coli
system may be used to investigate the dynamic spatial structures of the MreB cytoskeleton in vivo.