bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conviction Politics and Dynamic Conservatism: Mrs. Thatcher's Managerial Revolution
Authors: Metcalfe Les 
Published: March 2007

The main change in British government in the 1980s was that there was no change of government or, more importantly, of prime minis ter. Improving public management was an integral part of Margaret Thatcher's brand of conviction politics. Political continuity provided the conditions for overcoming the dynamic conservatism of public administra tion and implementing irreversible changes. This managerial revolution has redefined the boundaries and relationships between the public and private sectors as well as transforming the public sector itself through the introduction of business models and methods of management. This paper examines these developments and assesses future prospects by distinguishing four overlapping phases of reform. (1) The Rayner scruti nies of departmental operations. (2) "Lasting Reforms" of departmental systems and structures. (3) The Next Steps programme for the creation of agencies. (4) Structural reorganizations of major public services such as health, education and local government finance. The main thesis is that the reform process is being compromised by its own early successes. The convictions which underpin the reform process have led to the repeated use of management models and methods of managing change which are inappropriate to achieve increasingly ambitious reform objectives.
Effects of nicotine, oxotremorine and 9-amino 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroacridine (tacrine) on matching and non matching to position in rats: no evidence for mnemonic enhancement
Authors: Sahgal A. , Keith A.B. , Lloyd S. 
Published: March 2007

Groups of rats were trained on one of two variants of an operant memory task which allows strength of memory (accuracy), bias and response rates to be measured directly. In matching to position (MTP), one of two retractable response levers appeared at random as the sample. A response caused the lever to retract and this was followed by a delay (0-64 s) interval, during which the rat had to approach, and respond at, the magazine tray. Both levers were then presented and the rat had to respond to the lever which had most recently appeared as the sample, for food reward. A second group of rats learned non-matching to position (NMTP). In this task, rats had to respond to the lever which had not appeared as the sample. The subjects were then divided into subgroups and injected, peripherally and prior to test, with one of three cholinergic drugs. These were nicotine (NIC: 0-0.3 mg/kg), oxotremorine (OXO: 0-0.3 mg/kg) and 9-amino 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (tacrine, THA: 0-3.0 mg/kg). NIC had a delay-independent disruptive effect on accuracy, but only in the non-matching version, and it did not affect rate of responding. OXO and THA had no effect on accuracy, but adversely affected response latencies and rates. The results suggest that these drugs do not affect memory mechanisms; instead, and at the doses used, certain types of bias may be induced (NIC) and general responsiveness altered (OXO and THA).
Identifying genes determining trait differences in behavior and drug response: a comment on 'Quantitative trait loci and psychopharmacology'
Authors: Goldman David , Filling-Katz Michele R. 
Published: March 2007

In Plomin, McClearn and Gora-Maslak's target article (see also Science 248: 183-188, 1990), reverse genetic approaches are emphasized for locating genes determining behavioral and pharmacogenetic traits. Furthermore, prospects for such an undertaking are presented pessimistically in that behavioral traits are asserted to be polygenic (due to the simultaneous action of variant alleles at multiple loci) and are conceptualized as being determined in large part by unshared environmental factors. We disagree with Plomin et al. in three major areas and argue the following: (1) Forward genetic approaches involving candidate locus analysis and detailed analysis of the phenotype are of primary importance for isolating genes for behavioral traits, as for other genetic traits. (2) Virtually all physiologic processes and metabolic pathways involve sets of genes, resulting in genetic heterogeneity (multiple genetic origins for a trait). However, polygenicity is approximately as unusual for behavioral traits as for other traits. (3) Heritability analyses underestimate the extent to which behavioral traits are amenable to genetic analysis and have been misinterpreted to overestimate the importance of environmental factors.
Semantics and Neurology: Neuronal Man and Linguistics
Authors: Mounin Georges 
Published: March 2007

Jean-Pierre Changeux's Neuronal Man attempts to define mental activity, that is thought, with respect to the neurophysiology of the brain.*Since antiquity, the historical account of these problems has undergone the examination of classical notions: what is a mental image, a concept, a representation? Changeux, who accepts these traditional points of departure, as well as the notion of signification, aims to clarify the physical, neurophysiological counterparts of these notions, in order to arrive at less simplistic terms: image de memoire “memory image,” later - objet mental “mental object,” and still later - objet de mémoire “memory object.” Behind these terms lies transition to neurophysiology, with the notion of engram, and finally with the notion of trace, a notion which is precise but very general, since the substantive reality of these traces, their anatomy and physiology in the brain has yet to be determined.
A Quick Language Screening Test for Young Children: The Token Test
Authors: Cole Kevin N. , Fewell Rebecca R. 
Published: March 2007

The usefulness of a modified version of the Token Test as a quick language screening test is demon strated by comparison of Token Test Scores with Preschool Language Scale (PLS) Scores. Subjects were 90 children ages 31 months to 103 months with a mean age of 66.4 months. High correlations were found between the Token Test and the PLS overall Language Age raw scores (r = .78, p < .01), between the Token Test and PLS Auditory Comprehension raw score (r = .74, p < .01) and between the Token Test and the PLS Verbal Ability raw score (r = .76, p < .01). The Token Test also demonstrated strong agreement with the PLS in identifying children as either normal or language delayed. These findings indicate that the modified version of the Token Test is a quick, sensitive, and reliable predictor of both receptive and expressive language abilities.
Infant Feeding Comparisons: A Hazard to Infant Health?
Authors: Auerbach Kathleen G. , Renfrew Mary J. , Minchin Maureen 
Published: March 2007

Most investigators accept that infant feeding practices influence infant health in developing countries; however, it is widely believed that in developed countries, no difference in health is found between feeding groups when good hygiene is practiced. We question this conclusion, which may simply reflect poor research whose fundamental flaw is the lack of clear distinctions between feeding categories. Using forty-three research studies published in a variety of professional journals from 1934 through 1990, we review the feeding group definitions used and the findings derived. We then comment on the relationship between the feeding group comparisons and conclusions drawn from the findings. We conclude that disarray plagues most discussions of the relationship between infant feeding groups and other variables, such as maternal feeding choice and infant morbidity and mortality. As a result, nearly all findings deriving from such studies deserve serious challenge. We recommend insistence upon careful and consistent infant feeding categories in order to reduce the frequency with which methodologically flawed studies are published and subsequently influence clinical practice.
Does Breastfeeding Protect Against Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?
Authors: Bernshaw Nicole J. 
Published: March 2007

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), the leading cause of infant death from one to six months in the developed world, strikes approximately two infants per 1000 live births in the U.S. The characteristics of the infants who die suddenly and unexpectedly are non-specific; none are universal except for the age distribution.' Therefore, an infant is recognized to have died from SIDS only after thorough examination fails to demonstrate any other cause for the death. It is the purpose of this paper to review the most popular hypotheses of the causes of SIDS and try to explain through published scientific findings how breastfed infants appear to be protected from this condition. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain SIDS. Some deficiencies/problems are related to the infant, such as a defect in sleep and/or breathing control, severe infant botulism, infections, reactions to immunizations, hypersensitivity to cow's milk, "maternal deprivation syndrome." Other causes are attributed to maternal circumstances, such as lower socioeconomic status, prenatal health, smoking, and the winter season. Additional suggestions of potential causes of SIDS include baby's thiamine deficiency, and hormonal and/or biochemical imbalance. The occurrence of most of these circumstances can be associated with a lack of breastfeeding. Because SIDS occurs much less frequently in breastfed infants, it is speculated that breastfeeding protects infants against SIDS. However, scientific literature lacks uniformity in the definitions of breastfeeding (whether partial and exclusive)1. This specification is necessary to select control infants to elucidate the well documented substantial lower rate of incidence of SIDS in breastfed babies.
Opportunities for Psychotherapy in the Management of Dementia
Authors: Miller Mark D. 
Published: March 2007

Demented patients are not usually thought of as candidates for psychotherapy due to their impaired memory, general intel lectual decline, and waning ability to use insight. Families often accede to this view by perceiving their dementing relatives as unable to handle emotion-laden issues. This paper will illustrate with clinical examples that many dementing patients can benefit from psychotherapy. Practical suggestions will be outlined for integrating a psychotherapeutic approach into the management of dementia patients and their caregiving family members. The format of this paper will begin with suggested techniques for the initial interview, followed by separate con sideration of psychotherapy issues in dementing patients and in caregiving family members. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:21-17).
Concurrent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Psychogeriatric Patients
Authors: Rosen J. , Fields R.B. , Hand A.M. , Falsettie G. , Van Kammen D.P. 
Published: March 2007

Despite the fact that there are over 11 million World War II veterans in the United States, recent research on combat-related trauma has focused primarily on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans. Several studies have found that the majority of Vietnam veterans who meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 3 (DSM-III) criteria for PTSD have an additional major psychiatric diagnosis. This study explores the presence of the diagnosis of PTSD in an inpatient sample of 42 World War II veterans with an admission diagnosis other than PTSD. Following a structured diagnostic interview, a second examiner, blind to the patients' combat history, interviewed the subjects to obtain information regarding the past and current impact of the "most stressful experience" of their lives. Subjects were instructed not to reveal the nature of the stressor until completion of the study. Fifty-four percent of the combat-exposed veterans (14 of 26) spontaneously listed combat as the most significant stressor in their life. Furthermore, 54% of the combat-exposed veterans met DSM-III criteria for past PTSD and 27% met criteria for current PTSD in addition to another axis I diagnosis. These preliminary findings underscore the need for clinicians to assess the long-term effects of combat trauma in psychogeriatric patients. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:65-69).
'Don't Know' Responses in Elderly Demented and Depressed Patients
Authors: O'Boyle Michael , Amadeo Marco 
Published: March 2007

The suggestion that patients having depression with reversible dementia make more "don't know" responses to cognitive questions than do demented patients was tested. Inpatients were administered the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) on admission and shortly before discharge. Errors and "don't know" responses were recorded. Groups were defined as (1) demented (n = 20; diagnosis of dementia, entrance and exit MMSE < 24) and (2) depressed with reversible dementia (DRD, n = 11; diagnosis of major depression, entrance MMSE < 24, exit MMSE > 24, ΔMMSE > 3). Groups differed significantly on MMSE scores and errors, with demented patients scoring lower and making more errors than the DRD group. Groups did not differ significantly in "don't know" responses. Comparisons between groups on sections of the MMSE showed that demented patients scored significantly lower and made more errors than DRD patients only on the orientation section of the MMSE. The results suggest that DRD patients do not make more "don't know" responses than demented patients; however, demented patients make more errors on orientation questions. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:83-86).
The Holy Spirit as Transforming Power Within a Society: Pneumatological Spirituality and Its Political/Social Relevance for Western Europe
Authors: Wenk Matthias 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBoth British and American Black Pentecostals as well as Latin American ones have begun to to develop a social ethic based on a pneumatological perspective. Their liberating and empowering experience of the Spirit has provided them with new categories and options to institute social change. By contrast, Western European Pentecostals have been predominantly silent in this regard. This article argues that a pneumatological spirituality has socio-political relevance also for Western European Pentecostals. Both the experience of the Spirit, as reflected in Luke—Acts and 1 Cor. 12-14, as well as the history of Pentecostalism, underline this thesis. However, in order to recover this social/political dimension of their Spirit-experience, Western European Pentecostals need to recover the community and social dimension of the kingdom of God over against a Western individualistic, internalized and spiritualized definition thereof.
The Spirit, the Scripture(S), and the Gospel of Mark: Pneumatology and Hermeneutics in Narrative Perspective
Authors: Powery Emerson 
Published: March 2007

AbstractScholarship has generally conceived that the Spirit's function within the second Gospel is to equip Jesus' followers in order to undertake spiritual assignments and to speak the (prophetic) words of the Spirit. But, the func tion of the Spirit in relationship to Scripture in the Gospel of Mark offers further insight. Markan narrative rhetoric suggests that only Spirit-em powered interpreters, like Jesus, are capable of adequately providing necessary selection, revision, and meaning to the Hebrew/Greek Scriptures. Both the Spirit's infusion of Jesus in the prologue and the role of the Spirit in David's scriptural speech are evidence for this conclusion.
Advice To Pentecostal Philosophers
Authors: Smith James 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper, James K.A. Smith offers a program for the development of a distinctly Pentecostal/Charismatic philosophy, following the lead of Alvin Plantinga's seminal manifesto, 'Advice for Christian Philosophers'. The paper explains why philosophy is a vital area of inquiry for Pentecostal scholars, defends a robust notion of a distinctly Pentecostal philosophy rooted in a Pentecostal/Charismatic worldview, and lays out a program for further research in the field.
Tradition and the Novum of the Spirit: A Review of Clark Pinnock's Flame of Love
Authors: Macchia Frank 
Published: March 2007

AbstractI invite us to view Spirit as the bond of love in the triune relationality, as the ecstasy of sheer life overflowing into a significant creation and new creation, as the power of incarnation and atonement, as the power of new community and union with God, and as the power drawing the whole world into the truth of Jesus. 1
Convergence and Divergence of Ethical Values across Nations: A Framework for Managerial Action
Authors: Chatterjee Samir Ranjan , Tata Ratan 
Published: March 2007

The paper presents a comprehensive survey and critique of literature on human values and ethics in business across diverse cultures. According to the author, the key issue in this discourse is not about whose values and morality, but about what values and morality. The author argues for a holistic paradigm in this discourse, grounded in deep philosophy and drawing upon the spiritual values of humanism. The consumerist, market economy Western models of ethics cannot be the only answer to values issues surfacing in the wake of increasing economic globalization. The most exciting thing about international business is that it offers the opportunity to discover the human values that resonate through all cultures.1 What is more ethical—considering all nations as if they were same or accepting different standards of behaviour in different contexts?
The Significance of the Olympic Phenomenon. A Preliminary Attempt at Systematic and Semiotic Analysis
Authors: Bouet Michel A. 
Published: March 2007

The Olympic phenomenon seems to be connected with a proliferation of symbols and signs, of which the circle and Torch are the best known aspects. It would therefore be the proper thing to apply to the study of the sociological significance of the Olympic Games a method of analysis, inspired by the new semi otic sciences. In the course of this analysis eight interdependent semiotic systems have been discovered. First we embark on their description, after which their properties are being studied and their mutual relations, and finally an attempt is made to interpret the ultimate object of their functioning regarding the significance to which they make their contribution.
Limitations of Amateurism As a Nleaningful Concept in Sport
Authors: Vanderzwaag Harold J. 
Published: March 2007

Are there amateurs in sport? Yes there are, but the number is not nearly as great as many promoters of sport would lead us to believe. The primary reason for this is that most of organized sport leads the participant in the other directions. In addition, sport seems to be conducive to increased efforts toward organization. There are certain prime considerations which more or less characterize contemporary sport, with its organizational flavor. These are: competition, records, equipment and facilities, training, the coach, and spectators. The latter may provide the real key in understanding the limitations of amateurism because it appears that the first five are outgrowths of the spectator appeal in sport. The importance of recognizing these limitations is to be found in the wave of publicity which is designed to dupe the public in believing that the realm of amateur sport is much larger than really is the case. Why are certain sport promoters interested in such deception? Amateurism has traditionally been associated with that which is good and pure. It appears that only two courses of action await those who would still en cleavor to change the current situation. The first is to remove those conditions which characterize modern sport. That option is far from being a realistic one because there has been so much momentum in the other direction; at this point, it is virtually like trying to ''roll back Niagara Falls." The second is to work toward the elimination of the extensive hypocrisy which seems to be part of everyday existence in much of organized sport.
The Acceptance of Nigerian Women in Sport
Authors: Adedeji John A. 
Published: March 2007

The four periods: idealization, emancipation, socialization and participation seem to be applicable to the emancipation of women in the field of sports in various socie ties in the world. Although it could be said that through empirical and scientific research more and more women are now participating in sports, there are many women in developing countries who are yet to get their liberation to mix with their colleagues. The author was able to discover through his investigation that about 80% of Nigerian women are still at the idealization period of their development in sports. They are confined by culture to be gentle, shy, fragile and subordinate to the male sex. Sport is still considered the prerogative of the male. Besides, women's teams were coached by men who used the same training and the same programme as they did for men. The concept of unisex which has led men and women to wear long and short pants has sparked off ill feelings among the traditionalists and the élite. The attitude to dampen women's effort to participate in sports has been generated out of fear or the economic loss which men may likely suffer once women are accepted into sports. The schools that exposed women to sports were mostly government owned in stitutions for women and some few mission owned colleges and high schools. It was not until 1950 that Mrs. Irene Fatayi-Williams, a British woman married to a Nigerian, organized sports for women. The investigation carried out in the community of the University of Ife, Ile-Ife Nigeria revealed that while more women were in support of women's liberation they were not of the opinion that equality between men and women could be measured and demonstrated through sports.
Changes in Sport Habits and their Significance for the Forecasting of Future Forms of Physical Culture
Authors: Schulke Hans Jürgen 
Published: March 2007

The prinoipal aim of the modern sport movement is the implementation of the motto "sport for all". But it is true that in most of the countries one is still far from the implementation of this goal. The report published here wants to contribute to the discussion on the solution of the discrepancy between aspi rations and the reality of "sport for all". One may assume that more people would practice sport more regularly, provided the supply of sport possibilities would be more in accordance with general cultural development. Therefore out about the specific course of sport activity. A cross-section and analysis of the practicing of sport reveal quite distinctly tendencies for team sport involving games of two opposing teams as well as various kinds of open air sport involving equipment. Research on changes in sport habits takes place within the various types of sport. In this manner it is possible on the one hand to take into account the social and historical nature of sport activity, and on the other hand to find out about the specific course of sport activity. A cross-section and analysis of the practicing of sport reveal quite distinctly tendencies for team sport involving games of two opposing teams as well as various kinds of open air sport involving equipment. In general changes in sport habits point to a tendency of replacing physical energy absorbing moments when practicing sport by greater requirements as regards the mental regulation of sport activity. Individual sport practiced above all in the past, such as swimming, track-and-field events and gymnastics laid special stress on strength, prowess and endurance. However, open air sport and complex team games retain canrstantly changing situations, due to which the need arises for differentiated noticeable achievements and complex intellectual planning processes. Approached from a cultural and theoretical perspective this development makes one assume, that due to the increasingly more complicated kinds of sport the mobility potential of one's own body can be experienced in an enlarged manner and exclusively in sport, during the performance of many-sided sport activities which enable the individual to "enjoy" his own body. Practicing sport people experience and perceive which kind of development of their bodily skills, and actually of their personality is possible already today or in the forseeable future.