Defining, Measuring, and Calculating the Properties of Fiber Rope Deepwater Mooring Lines
Authors: Flory John F. , Banfield Stephen  P. , Petruska David J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper explains and defines the synthetic fiber rope stretch and stiffness change-in-length properties which are important for deepwater platform mooring system design. It introduces the concept of accumulated elastic stretch, which causes temporary stretching and stiffening of the rope during tension cycling. It proposes how these properties can be determined by rope testing and by computer modeling. It proposes how the change-in-length properties should be used in mooring system design and analysis.

Background
The offshore industry and the fiber rope manufacturers have now had some experience in using fiber ropes in deepwater platform moorings. Petrobras pioneered this in the mid 1990s. In the late 1990s several class societies 1 2 3 and then API 4 published guidelines for fiber rope deepwater moorings. Tension Technology International with others also published fiber rope design guidelines.5 Those guidelines were based on what was then perceived to be the best design methods and the best test methods for the rope properties needed to carry out those methods. Since those guides were published, several fiber rope mooring systems - Mad Dog 6 7 and Red Hawk - have been designed for the Gulf of Mexico. A number of large fiber ropes have been tested and analyzed for use in those and other projects. Also, findings are now available from several significant fiber rope research programs which were conducted while and after those guides were written.

Introduction
The unique stretch and stiffness characteristics of synthetic fiber ropes are important in the design and analysis of deepwater platform mooring systems. Mooring system designers are experienced in designing with wire rope and chain catenary mooring lines. The stiffness characteristics of wire rope and chain are essentially linear. These components do not experience permanent stretch until high tension. With these components, the principal mooring system restoring force is produced by the catenary effect.
As mooring water depths increase, there are incentives for using fiber ropes, as discussed in other papers. But with fiber rope, the principal mooring system restoring force is produced by the tension vs. stretch (stiffness) characteristics of the rope instead of by the catenary effect. Mooring system designers are still trying to understand the unique stretch and stiffness characteristics of fiber ropes and to incorporate them into traditional mooring design procedures. The stretch and stiffness characteristics of typical synthetic fiber ropes are time dependent and non-linear. Fiber ropes experience both elastic and permanent stretch. Conflicting and confusing terminologies are sometimes used. Some important rope properties have only recently been adequately understood and explained. Here the term stretch refers to any change in rope length hich is produced by tension. Stiffness is the relationship between stretch and applied tension. Other terminology is introduced in the text and summarized in Nomenclature at the end of this paper.