bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of tumor necrosis factor α polymorphism, but not the shared epitope, with increased radiographic progression in a seropositive rheumatoid arthritis inception cohort
Authors: Khanna Dinesh , Wu Hui , Park Grace , Gersuk Vivian , Gold Richard H. , Nepom Gerald T. , Wong Weng Kee , Sharp John T. , Reed Elaine F. , Paulus Harold E. , Tsao Betty P. ,   Western Consortium of Practicing Rheumatologists
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFA) –308 guanine‐to‐adenosine polymorphism and/or the shared epitope (SE) is associated with radiographic damage in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsThe cohort consisted of 189 patients with early seropositive RA (median 5.6 months since symptom onset) who had active disease, no previous disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug treatment, and ≥2 sets of scored radiographs of the hands/wrists and forefeet. TNFA –308 polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction pyrosequencing. The SE was defined as presence of any 1 of the following HLA–DRB1 alleles: *0101, *0102, *0401, *0404, *0405, *0408, *0410, *1001, *1402, or *1406. Radiographic progression was assessed by the total Sharp score.ResultsUsing a weighted least‐squares regression analysis, patients with the –308 TNFA AA plus AG genotypes (n = 49) had significantly higher rates of progression in erosion scores (median 0.84 versus 0.48 units/year), joint space narrowing (JSN) scores (0.42 versus 0.04), and total Sharp scores (1.70 versus 0.61) compared with patients with the TNFA GG genotype (n = 140). Presence of the SE (n = 137) was associated with significantly lower progression rates (per year) for total Sharp scores (median 0.9 versus 1.25 units/year) and JSN scores (0.04 versus 0.41), but not for erosion scores (0.50 versus 0.61) compared with patients without the SE (n = 52). In a least‐squares multiple linear regression model, the presence of the AA plus AG genotypes was associated with a significantly higher progression rate after adjusting for the presence of the SE, interaction between the SE and the AA plus AG genotypes, baseline log C‐reactive protein level, Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index, total Sharp score, swollen joint count, and presence of osteophytes (osteoarthritis). There was a strong linkage disequilibrium between DRB1*0301 and TNFA polymorphism (D′ = 0.84, r2 = 0.45, P < 0.001).ConclusionThis study showed an association between the TNFA –308 polymorphism and progression of radiographic damage in patients with early seropositive RA. This association appeared to be independent of the SE, but might be dependent on other genetic variants in linkage disequilibrium with the –308 TNFA A allele and DRB1*0301. Further studies should be conducted to validate these results in both longitudinal observational cohorts and randomized clinical trials.
Antimuscarinic antibodies in primary Sjögren's syndrome reversibly inhibit the mechanism of fluid secretion by human submandibular salivary acinar cells
Authors: Dawson L. J. , Stanbury J. , Venn N. , Hasdimir B. , Rogers S. N. , Smith P. M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectiveSjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune condition affecting salivary glands, for which a clearly defined pathogenic autoantibody has yet to be identified. Autoantibodies that bind to the muscarinic M3 receptors (M3R), which regulate fluid secretion in salivary glands, have been proposed in this context. However, there are no previous data that directly show antisecretory activity. This study was undertaken to investigate and characterize the antisecretory activity of anti‐M3R.MethodsMicrofluorimetric Ca2+ imaging and patch clamp electrophysiologic techniques were used to measure the secretagogue‐evoked increase in [Ca2+]i and consequent activation of Ca2+‐dependent ion channels in individual mouse and human submandibular acinar cells. Together, these techniques form a sensitive bioassay that was used to determine whether IgG isolated from patients with primary SS and from control subjects has antisecretory activity.ResultsIgG (2 mg/ml) from patients with primary SS reduced the carbachol‐evoked increase in [Ca2+]i in both mouse and human acinar cells by ∼50%. IgG from control subjects had no effect on the Ca2+ signal. Furthermore, the inhibitory action of primary SS patient IgG on the Ca2+ signal was acutely reversible. We repeated our observations using rabbit serum containing antibodies raised against the second extracellular loop of M3R and found an identical pattern of acutely reversible inhibition. Anti‐M3R–positive serum had no effect on Ca2+‐dependent ion channel activation evoked by the direct intracellular infusion of inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate.ConclusionThese observations show for the first time that IgG from patients with primary SS contains autoantibodies capable of damaging saliva production and contributing to xerostomia. The unusual but not unprecedented acute reversibility of the effects of anti‐M3 autoantibodies is the subject of further research.
Intraarticular induction of interleukin‐1β expression in the adult mouse, with resultant temporomandibular joint pathologic changes, dysfunction, and pain
Authors: Lai Yu‐Ching , Shaftel Solomon S. , Miller Jen‐nie H. , Tallents Ross H. , Chang Yoon , Pinkert Carl A. , Olschowka John A. , Dickerson Ian M. , Puzas J. Edward , O'Banion M. Kerry , Kyrkanides Stephanos 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effects of intraarticular induction of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) expression in adult mice.MethodsWe used somatic mosaic analysis in a novel transgenic mouse with an inducible IL‐1β transcription unit. Transgene activation was induced by Cre recombinase in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of adult transgenic mice (conditional knockin model). The effects of intraarticular IL‐1β induction were subsequently evaluated at the cellular, histopathologic, and behavioral levels.ResultsWe developed transgenic mice capable of germline transmission of a dormant transcription unit consisting of the mature form of human IL‐1β as well as the reporter gene β‐galactosidase driven by the rat procollagen 1A1 promoter. Transgene activation by a feline immunodeficiency virus Cre vector resulted in histopathologic changes, including articular surface fibrillations, cartilage remodeling, and chondrocyte cloning. We also demonstrated up‐regulation of genes implicated in arthritis (cyclooxygenase 2, IL‐6, matrix metalloproteinase 9). There was a lack of inflammatory cells in these joints. Behavioral changes, including increased orofacial grooming and decreased resistance to mouth opening, were used as measures of nociception and joint dysfunction, respectively. The significant increase in expression of the pain‐related neurotransmitter calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) in the sensory ganglia as well as the auxiliary protein CGRP receptor component protein of the calcitonin‐like receptor in the brainstem further substantiated the induction of pain.ConclusionInduction of IL‐1β expression in the TMJs of adult mice led to pathologic development, dysfunction, and related pain in the joints. The somatic mosaic model presented herein may prove useful in the preclinical evaluation of existing and new treatments for the management of joint pathologic changes and pain, such as in osteoarthritis.
Neural tube defects and maternal biomarkers of folate, homocysteine, and glutathione metabolism
Authors: Zhao Weizhi , Mosley Bridget S. , Cleves Mario A. , Melnyk Stepan , James S. Jill , Hobbs Charlotte A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlterations in maternal folate and homocysteine metabolism are associated with neural tube defects (NTDs). The role played by specific micronutrients and metabolites in the causal pathway leading to NTDs is not fully understood.METHODSWe conducted a case‐control study to investigate the association between NTDs and maternal alterations in plasma micronutrients and metabolites in two metabolic pathways: methionine remethylation and glutathione transsulfuration. Biomarkers were measured in a population‐based sample of women who had NTD‐affected pregnancies (n = 43) and a control group of women who had a pregnancy unaffected by a birth defect (n = 160). We compared plasma concentrations of folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, methionine, S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM), s‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), adenosine, homocysteine, cysteine, and reduced and oxidized glutathione between cases and controls after adjusting for lifestyle and sociodemographic factors.RESULTSWomen with NTD‐affected pregnancies had significantly higher plasma concentrations of SAH (29.12 vs. 23.13 nmol/liter, P = .0011), adenosine (0.323 vs. 0.255 μmol/liter; P = .0269), homocysteine (9.40 vs. 7.56 μmol/liter; P < .001), and oxidized glutathione (0.379 vs. 0.262 μmol/liter; P = .0001), but lower plasma SAM concentrations (78.99 vs. 83.16 nmol/liter; P = .0172) than controls. This metabolic profile is consistent with reduced methylation capacity and increased oxidative stress in women with affected pregnancies.CONCLUSIONSIncreased maternal oxidative stress and decreased methylation capacity may contribute to the occurrence of NTDs. Further analysis of relevant genetic and environmental factors is required to define the basis for these observed alterations. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
22q11.2 deletion mosaicism in patients with conotruncal heart defects
Authors: Jianrong Li , Yinglong Liu , Xiaodong Lv , Cuntao Yu , Bin Cui , Bo Wei 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDSome patients with conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) have a chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, but we do not know whether patients with CTDs who are missing the peripheral blood‐cell chromosome 22q11.2 deletion are also missing the 22q11.2 deletion in myocardial cells, and whether patients with the 22q11.2 deletion can show a different 22q11.2 deletion in peripheral blood cells and myocardial cells due to a postzygotic mutation during the embryonic period.METHODSA total of 32 Chinese pediatric nonsyndromic CTD patients (21 with tetralogy of fallot [TOF], 9 with double outlet right ventricle [DORV], 1 with pulmonary artery atresia with ventricular septal defect [PAA/VSD], and 1 with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries [CCTGA]), 12 females and 20 males ranging in age from 5 months to 7 years, were included in our study. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to find the chromosome 22q11.2 deletion in peripheral blood cells and compared genotypes of 15 short tandem repeat (STR) markers within 22q11.2 between peripheral blood cells and myocardial cells to search for genetic mosaicism of the chromosome 22q11.2 deletion.RESULTSThree patients, 2 with TOF and 1 with DORV, were determined to have the peripheral blood cell chromosome 22q11.2 deletion. There was no STR genotypic difference observed between peripheral blood cells and myocardial cells in patients with or without the chromosome 22q11.2 deletion.CONCLUSIONSGenetic mosaicism may not play a major role in the etiology of isolated CTDs. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extremely high prevalence of neural tube defects in a 4‐county area in Shanxi Province, China
Authors: Li Zhiwen , Ren Aiguo , Zhang Le , Ye Rongwei , Li Song , Zheng Junchi , Hong Shixin , Wang Taimei , Li Zhu 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the past, northern China's Shanxi Province has reported the highest incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the world. However, little is known about the epidemiology of NTDs in this area in recent years.METHODSData were collected from a population‐based birth defects surveillance system in 4 counties that captures information on all live births, stillbirths of at least 20 weeks' gestation, and pregnancy terminations at any gestational age resulting from prenatal diagnosis of a birth defect. We also surveyed mothers of NTD case patients to determine their use of folic acid before and during early pregnancy.RESULTSDuring 2003, 160 NTD cases were identified among 11,534 births (NTD birth prevalence = 138.7/10,000 births). The rates of anencephaly, spina bifida and encephalocele were 65.9, 58.1, and 14.7 per 10,000, respectively, and a female predominance was observed among anencephaly cases (male‐to‐female relative risk [RR], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30–0.79), but not among spina bifida (RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.55–1.45) and encephalocele (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.40–2.69) cases. The percentages of pregnancy termination following prenatal diagnosis of anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele were 50%, 41.8%, and 35.3%, respectively. NTD birth prevalence tended to be higher among mothers aged <20 or ≥30 years (P= .06) and was markedly associated with lower levels of maternal education (P< .001). Among 143 NTD mothers, only 6 (4.2%) used folic acid supplements during the periconceptional period.CONCLUSIONSThe NTD birth prevalence rate in the study area is among the highest worldwide. Folic acid deficiency may be one important risk factor. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drug–excipient interactions in ketoprofen: A vibrational spectroscopy study
Authors: de Carvalho L. A. E. Batista , Marques M. Paula M. , Tomkinson John 
Published: March 2006

AbstractKetoprofen (3‐benzoyl‐α‐methylbenzeneacetic acid) is a widely used nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), always administered in the form of drug–excipient physical mixtures (PMs). The occurrence of possible interactions between ketoprofen and two commonly used excipients—lactose (LAC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)—was evaluated, through vibrational spectroscopy techniques [both Raman and Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS)]. Spectral evidence of drug:excipient close contacts, which were enhanced by aging, was verified for the (1:1) (w:w) (ketoprofen:PVP) and (ketoprofen:LAC) PMs, both by Raman and INS. These interactions were found to involve mainly the central carbonyl and the terminal methyl‐carboxylic moieties of the ketoprofen molecule, this being reflected in particular vibrational modes, such as the methyl torsion, the out‐of‐plane COH bending, and the inter‐ring CO stretching. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 420–424, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Homicide and schizophrenia: maybe treatment does have a preventive effect
Authors: Erb Martin , Hodgins Sheilagh , Freese Roland , Müller‐Isberner Rüdiger , Jöckel Dieter 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundPersons with schizophrenia have been found to be at increased risk for homicide as compared with the general population. The increased risk may be associated with the implementation of the policy of deinstitutionalization.MethodPersons with schizophrenia who had committed or attempted homicide in the German state of Hessen from 1992 to 1996 and in the Federal Republic of Germany from 1955 to 1964 were compared.ResultsSchizophrenia increased the risk of homicide 16.6 times (95% CI11.2–24.5) in the recent cohort and 12.7 times (95% CI 11.2–14.3) in the older cohort. These odds ratios are not statistically different. The lack of appropriate services for chronic high‐risk patients and the non‐use of mental health services by first episode, acutely psychotic patients were associated with homicide.ConclusionThere has been no increase in the risk of homicide among persons with schizophrenia since the implementation of the policy of deinstitutionalization. The examination of the recent period suggests that the provision of specialized long‐term care to persons with schizophrenia who are at high risk for violent behaviour and the use of mental health services by acutely psychotic persons may reduce the risk of homicide. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Casenote assessment of psychopathy in a high security hospital
Authors: Reiss David , Leese Morven , Meux Clive , Grubin Don 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionThere is now a large amount of data demonstrating the internal reliability and construct validity of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (PCL/PCL‐R) when used in the assessment of psychopathy in male forensic populations. It has well‐established psychometric properties when scored following a review of collateral information and a subsequent interview. However, its internal reliability and factor structure, when casenote information alone has been used, have not been examined outside North America.MethodA sample of 89 patients from a British high security hospital, with the legal classification of psychopathic disorder, was scored retrospectively on the PCL‐R from their medical files only. The psychometric properties of the PCL‐R were analysed.ResultsThe PCL‐R ratings showed a high level of internal reliability. The factor structure was very similar to that found in Hare's North American sample of forensic psychiatric patients.DiscussionThe findings support the application of the PCL‐R, when scored using existing file data alone, to a British high security hospital population. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The use of trial leave for restricted special hospital patients
Authors: Mohan Damian , Jamieson Elizabeth , Taylor Pamela J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionFor England and Wales, Section 17 of the Mental Health Act 1983 allows for compulsorily detained patients to have trial leave (TL) between hospitals or from hospital to community to allow a period of testing readiness for a change in residency and/or legal status. The aim of this study was to document the use of TL for the largest sub‐group of such patients within two discharge cohorts from one high security hospital and to test for correlates.MethodData were collected from the special hospitals' case register for two Broadmoor Hospital discharge cohorts, 1984 and 1990–94, of offender patients with hospital orders under Home Office restrictions on discharge (Section 37/41).ResultsIn 1984, only two of the 29 people leaving special hospital did so under trial leave arrangements, but by 1990 to 1994, 71% of restricted hospital order departures were under trial leave (92/130), a significant change in practice. Focusing on only the later cohort, women were disproportionately more likely to leave in this way. Trial leave was used more for patients with an index offence of homicide, similarly for violent offences but less so for sex offences. Nature of disorder did not have any bearing on the use of trial leave. Use of trial leave did not significantly shorten length of stay within the special hospital.ConclusionTrial leave has become the most usual route out of special hospital, and is the departure route used almost exclusively for women patients, yet there appears to be no obvious advantage for the patient in shortening length of stay in high security. However, there is no way of knowing how long patients would have stayed had the option of trial leave not been available to them. Furthermore, no advantage for the public was found in the preferential use of TL for discharges to the community. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A typology of adolescent delinquency: sex differences and implications for treatment
Authors: Aalsma Matthew C. , Lapsley Daniel K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThis paper presents a test of Moffitt's theory (1990, 1993a) regarding offending trajectories as it applies to a population of adolescent offenders. This study is novel since few studies have empirically explored Moffitt's theory (1990, 1993a) with adolescent populations.MethodData were collected retrospectively on 174 adolescents (101 males and 73 females), aged 13 to 18. Three groups of offenders were identified based on a two‐step cluster analysis: well adjusted, internalizing and externalizing groups.ResultsConsistent with Moffitt's theory, a sub‐sample of offenders (externalizing group) engaged in more problem behaviours than the other offending groups. Additionally, female offenders in the internalizing group evidenced more psychopathology than males in this offending group as well as females in the other offending groups. Offending rates, in terms of offending frequency and variety of criminal offences, were not distinguished between the groups.ConclusionsThese results provide evidence for Moffitt's theory (1990, 1993) regarding trajectories in adolescent offending. This study also provides support for the theory developed by Silverthorn and Frick (1999) regarding female offending. This was particularly evident in the rates of psychopathology evidenced by a sub‐sample of adolescent females in the internalizing group. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Interpersonal problem‐solving skills training: a comparison of R&R and ETS
Authors: Blud Linda , Travers Rosie 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundIn 1996, HM Prison Service introduced a system for accrediting offending behaviour programmes. The two accredited programmes which have been most widely delivered have been the two cognitive skills programmes: Reasoning & Rehabilitation (R&R) and Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS). Both have been shown to reduce reoffending. The similarities and differences between the two programmes are discussed. As problem‐solving skills are a particular area where the two programmes take a different approach, data for this specific aspect are examined to explore the differential effects of the programmes.MethodData from the Problem Solving Inventory (Clark, 2000) are presented on over 8000 participants. Comparisons are made between participants in R&R (n = 1910) and ETS (n = 6636).ResultsSignificant differences were observed on all aspects of problem solving, and effect sizes were moderate. While small but significant differences were observed, what is perhaps more noteworthy is that the impact of the two programmes is similar.ConclusionThe authors conclude that the quality of the implementation of a programme may be as important a factor in programme effectiveness as details of programme content. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Implementation of the Problem Solving Skills Training programme in a medium secure unit
Authors: Fleck Deborah , Thompson Claire L. , Narroway Lee 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThis paper describes the implementation of Problem Solving Skills Training (PSST; McGuire, 1996), a structured, cognitive‐behavioural treatment programme, with mentally disordered offenders in a medium secure unit. PSST was chosen as the most appropriate cognitive‐behavioural groupwork programme to deliver in the secure unit based on a needs assessment. PSST also employs methods that not only teach offenders social problem‐solving skills, but also applies these skills to offence situations and offence‐related cognitions, attitudes and behaviours.DiscussionImplementation issues are discussed and suggestions are made for how to overcome these problems when implementing future programmes. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.