bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and pharmacokinetics of nimodipine-loaded liposomes
Authors: Wang Zhixuan , Deng Yingjie , Zhang Xiaopeng , Wang Ting , Wu Fenglan 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
In order to improve the water solubility of nimodipine and prolong the time of the drug in the circulation, nimodipine-loaded liposomes with a small size and high entrapment efficiency were prepared by a method that was easy to scale up (the modified ethanol injection method). The nimodipine liposome dispersions were characterized with respect to particle size distribution, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. Liposomal nimodipine and nimodipine solution were intravenously administered to mice as a single dose of 4 mg kg−1. The pharmacokinetic parameters of nimodipine changed significantly when encapsulated in liposomes. The clearance of nimodipine encapsulated in liposomes was reduced and the elimination half-life was prolonged. The ratios of the area under the curve values of nimodipine liposomes to nimodipine solution were 1.78 and 1.90 in plasma and cerebral tissue, respectively. The drug concentration in cerebral tissue and in plasma showed a good linear correlation, which showed that liposomes could efficiently deliver nimodipine into brain tissue. These findings suggest that intravenous administration of liposomal nimodipine produces higher and more stable plasma and cerebral drug concentrations compared with nimodipine solution. In conclusion, liposomal nimodipine is a promising alternative to the solution preparation.
Ionic Liquid-type Crown Ether as a Novel Medium for a Liquid/Liquid Extraction of Radioactive Metal Ion 85Sr2+
Authors: Park Sang Hyun , Demberelnyamba Dorjnamjin , Jang Seung Ho , Byun Myung Woo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
1,13-Dichloro-4,7,10-trioxatridecane (2-[2-(1-chloro-2-ethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl chloride) (3a) was synthesized by a chlorination of 1,13-dihydroxy-4,7,10-trioxatridecane (triethylene glycol). And it was treated with imidazole and sodium ethoxide to give the 1N,1N′-tris(oxoethylene)-diimidazole (3b), which was then converted to ionic liquid-type crown ether (ILCE) 3 with a reaction with 1,9-dichloro-3,6-trioxaoctane (2a). Further, the anion of ILCE was exchanged by an anion-exchange method. Ultimately, we developed a very efficient synthetic pathway for ILCEs 1–4 which have various physical and chemical characteristics by a modification of the polyethylene glycol chain length and anions. 85Sr2+ was successfully extracted into the [(3,2)OEtIm][Cl] (3) phase, but it was not extracted into the [(2,2)OEtIm][Cl] (1), [(3,3)OEtIm][Cl] (2), and [(4,3)OEtIm][Cl] (4) phases.
Fabrication of Hollow Sb2O3 Microspheres by PEG Coil Template
Authors: Li Binjie , Zhao Yanbao , Xu Xiangmin , Zhang Chunli , Wu Zhishen , Zhang Zhijun 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
PEG coils have been exploited as chemical template to fabricate hollow Sb2O3 microspheres in water–ethanol solution at room temperature. The obtained hollow Sb2O3 microspheres were in the range of about 50–200 nm in diameter, and the shell were in the range of obout 10–20 nm in thickness. In the method, the formation of a certain sized hydrating PEG coil is crucial step, which is related with the process orders.
Preparation of Chiral Polydiacetylene Film from Achiral Monomers Using Circularly Polarized Light
Authors: Manaka Takaaki , Kon Hideki , Ohshima Yuki , Zou Gang , Iwamoto Mitsumasa 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Formation of chiral polydiacetylene (PDA) film using circularly polarized light (CPL) was demonstrated for the first time. Commercially available achiral derivative of diacetylene was used to prepare the vacuum evaporated monomer film and it was polymerized using ultra-violet CPL. Chiral source was only CPL, and the irradiation of left- and right-CPL definitely yielded opposite chiral polymer.
Crystallized Protein-imprinted Polymer Chips
Authors: Matsunaga Takateru , Takeuchi Toshifumi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Protein-imprinted polymer thin films were prepared by using a crystallized protein as a template in aqueous solution. Motifs of surface of crystallized lysozyme can be imprinted and the resulting imprinted polymer thin films showed specific binding behaviors for the template protein.
Synthesis and Characterization of CeO2–ZrO2–Bi2O3 Solid Solutions for Environment-friendly Yellow Pigments
Authors: Masui Toshiyuki , Furukawa Shinya , Imanaka Nobuhito 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
CeO2–ZrO2–Bi2O3 solid solutions have been synthesized by a citrate complex route. The resulting colored materials have been characterized as potential environment-friendly pigments. The yellow hue of the pigment was significantly enhanced by the introduction of zirconium and bismuth into the CeO2 lattice, which produces intrinsic strain and a hybrid orbital of Bi6s and O2p, respectively. The yellow pigments obtained have been found to be effective alternatives to the conventional toxic colored materials.
Layer-by-Layer Molecular Organization of Polypyridine Ruthenium(II) Complexes on Glass Plates
Authors: Kanaizuka Katsuhiko , Kato Shinji , Moriyama Hiroshi , Pac Chongjin 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
We have developed a methodology for the two-dimensional multilayer formation of polypyridine ruthenium complexes on solid surfaces under mild conditions. The alternate multilayers of the ruthenium complex and Zr were fabricated on pretreated glass plates using interlayer phosphonate–Zr linkages. The RuLn molecules in the films are electronically independent, with neither interchromophoric interactions nor electronic perturbations of the ZrIV centers in the ground state.
Synthesis of New Bulky Isocyanide Ligands and Their Use for Rh-catalyzed Hydrosilylation
Authors: Ito Hajime , Kato Takayuki , Sawamura Masaya 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Bulky isocyanide ligands having meta-terphenyl backbone were developed. Their usefulness as a supporting ligand in catalysis was illustrated by the application to the rhodium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of cyclohexanone. The combined effect of the high ligand affinity to the rhodium atom and the ligand bulkiness to facilitate the formation of a catalytically active, monoligated isocyanide–rhodium species was proposed.
Effect of EDTA and Phosphate on Particle Size during Precipitation of Nanosized BaSO4 Particles
Authors: Zhao Yan-hong , Liu Jin-rong 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Barium sulfate particles with average size of 16 nm and 203 nm were successfully synthesized by precipitation method at 25 °C. The characterization of BaSO4 particles were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the selected reaction conditions played an important role in controlling the size of particles. The difference in morphology of BaSO4 particles mainly depends on the different additives during the precipitation process.
Occurrence of the Spin-crossover Phenomenon of Assembled Complexes, Fe(NCX)2(bpa)2 (X = S, BH3; bpa = 1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethane) by Enclathrating Organic Guest Molecule
Authors: Morita Takaki , Nakashima Satoru , Yamada Koji , Inoue Katsuya 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Two assembled complexes, Fe(NCX)2(bpa)2 (X = S, BH3; bpa = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane), enclathrating biphenyl or 1,4-dichlorobenzene have been synthesized, whose skeletons are 1D chain, and are revealed to show spin-crossover phenomenon. Transition temperature changes depending on anion and guest molecules.
Smart PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles for the Cytoplasmic Delivery of siRNA to Induce Enhanced Gene Silencing
Authors: Oishi Motoi , Nakaogami Junpei , Ishii Takehiko , Nagasaki Yukio 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
A novel cytoplasmic delivery system of siRNA was developed by complexation between poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) copolymer (PEG–PAMA) and gold nanoparticles (GNPs), followed by the immobilization of siRNA bearing a thiol group (SH-siRNA). The PEGylated GNPs containing SH-siRNA showed a significant RNAi activity in HuH-7 cells.
Oxidation of Thiols to Disulfides Using Silica Chloride as a Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Sathe Manisha , Ghorpade Ramarao , Kaushik Mahabir Parshad 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Silica chloride is used as a selective and effective heterogeneous catalyst for the rapid conversion of thiols to disulfides with quantitative yields in a very short period of time.
Thioglycolic Acid-assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of CuInS2 with Controllable Microstructures
Authors: Gou Xinglong , Peng Shengjie , Zhang Li , Shi Yunhui , Chen Jun , Shen Panwen 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
A facile solvothermal approach assisted by thioglycolic acid (TGA) was developed to control the morphologies and microstructures of CuInS2. Furthermore, the band gap of the CuInS2 microspheres was tunable in the range of 1.50–1.76 eV, depending on the synthetic conditions.
Water Splitting into H2 and O2 over Ba5Nb4O15 Photocatalysts with Layered Perovskite Structure Prepared by Polymerizable Complex Method
Authors: Miseki Yugo , Kato Hideki , Kudo Akihiko 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Photophysical and photocatalytic properties of Ba5Nb4O15 with four-layered perovskite structure were investigated. The band gap of Ba5Nb4O15 was 3.9 eV. A broad emission band of green photoluminescence was observed at 77 K. NiO/Ba5Nb4O15 pretreated by H2 reduction followed by O2 oxidation showed a high activity for water splitting under UV light irradiation.
Porous Chiral Metal Organic Carboxylate Frameworks with a Double-interwoven SrSi2 Topology: M3(TTCA)2·6DMF·7H2O (TTCA = triphenylenetricarboxylate; M = Zn2+, Cd2+)
Authors: Choi Jae Yong , Kim Jeo , Furukawa Hiroyasu , Chae Hee K 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
We have succeeded in assembling a new trigonal aryne ligand, triphenylene-2,6,10-tricarboxylic acid (H3TTCA) with metal ions to give M3(TTCA)2·6DMF·7H2O (M = Zn2+ and Cd2+) (DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide), which networks show non-interpenetrated porous metal carboxylate frameworks and belong to a novel doubly-interwoven SrSi2 topology.
An ensemble Kalman filter for short‐term forecasting of tropospheric ozone concentrations
Authors: Eben K. , Juruş P. , Resler J. , Belda M. , Pelikán E. , Krüger B. C. , Keder J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAn air‐quality forecasting system based on the pair ‘NWP model MM5–chemistry transport model CAMx’ is proposed. A version of the ensemble Kalman Filter has been developed. The model‐error covariance matrix is parametrized with the help of a covariance function and represented by an ensemble formed as a random selection from leading eigenvectors. The performance of the system is tested on the case of an ozone episode in June 2001. As a source of observations, the AirBase database has been used. Starting the forecast from analysed concentration fields improves the quality of forecast of the next day's ozone concentration maxima. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
An overview of the variational assimilation in the ALADIN/France numerical weather‐prediction system
Authors: Fischer Claude , Montmerle Thibaut , Berre Loïk , Auger Ludovic , ŞTEFĂNESCU Simona Ecaterina 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe present an overview of the 3D‐Var data assimilation in the framework of the ALADIN/France model. The purpose of this system is to provide improved precipitation forecasts at mesoscale and in the short range, up to 18 hours. The goal of the paper is threefold. Firstly, we present initial considerations for the design of the 3D‐Var system. Secondly, we discuss in more detail the specification of the background‐error covariance matrix, by comparing three different error simulation techniques, namely two variants of the NMC method and an ensemble‐based approach. The formal, diagnostic and impact studies have led to the selection of the ensemblebased covariances for the ALADIN/France assimilation. Thirdly, scores of quantitative precipitation forecasts are shown in order to illustrate the robustness and the preliminary meteorological performance of the ALADIN/France assimilation suite. The results indicate that the tested configuration improves some aspects of the precipitation forecast, while being neutral for others, when compared with the spin‐up model.We conclude the paper by providing a more explicit insight into the future evolution of limited‐area variational analysis towards convective‐scale data assimilation. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Overview of global data assimilation developments in numerical weather‐prediction centres
Authors: Rabier Florence 
Published: August 2006

AbstractRecent data assimilation developments which have taken place at numerical weather‐prediction centres are briefly discussed, from the perspectives of both the importance of data and algorithmic developments. The increase in quality and quantity of satellite data is seen to play a major role in the improvement of forecast performance, particularly in the southern hemisphere. Further optimization of the use of observations is possible through the proper evaluation of data impact and the optimization of the amount of data to be assimilated. The generalized advent of four‐dimensional variational assimilation is presented, and trends in the specification of error statistics are described. Finally, a more interactive forecasting system including an adaptive component is a new challenge to bring additional improvement to the forecasting of high‐impact weather. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Some challenges of middle atmosphere data assimilation
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Shepherd T. G. , ROCHON Y. , REN S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe assimilation of measurements from the stratosphere and mesosphere is becoming increasingly common as the lids of weather prediction and climate models rise into the mesosphere and thermosphere. However, the dynamics of the middle atmosphere pose specific challenges to the assimilation of measurements from this region. Forecast‐error variances can be very large in the mesosphere and this can render assimilation schemes very sensitive to the details of the specification of forecast error correlations. An example is shown where observations in the stratosphere are able to produce increments in the mesosphere. Such sensitivity of the assimilation scheme to misspecification of covariances can also amplify any existing biases in measurements or forecasts. Since both models and measurements of the middle atmosphere are known to have biases, the separation of these sources of bias remains a issue. Finally, well‐known deficiencies of assimilation schemes, such as the production of imbalanced states or the assumption of zero bias, are proposed explanations for the inaccurate transport resulting from assimilated winds. The inability of assimilated winds to accurately transport constituents in the middle atmosphere remains a fundamental issue limiting the use of assimilated products for applications involving longer time‐scales. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
JRA‐25: Japanese 25‐year re‐analysis project—progress and status
Authors: Onogi Kazutoshi , Koide Hiroshi , Sakamoto Masami , Kobayashi Shinya , Tsutsui Junichi , Hatsushika Hiroaki , Matsumoto Takanori , Yamazaki Nobuo , Kamahori Hirotaka , Takahashi Kiyotoshi , Kato Koji , Oyama Ryo , Ose Tomoaki , Kadokura Shinji , Wada Koji 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe progress and status of a new atmospheric re‐analysis, JRA‐25 the Japanese 25‐year Re‐analysis which covers the 26 years from 1979 to 2004, are introduced. Observational data include some newly produced for JRA‐25 and advantages and drawbacks of performance are briefly described. JRA‐25 has many advantages such as its handling of precipitation amounts, tropical cyclone analysis, and the extent of low‐level cloud along western continents that are among the best compared to other re‐analyses. The snow analysis is also good and stable. JRA‐25 outputs analysis products every 6 hours. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Adaptive thinning of atmospheric observations in data assimilation with vector quantization and filtering methods
Authors: Ochotta T. , Gebhardt C. , Saupe D. , Wergen W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn data assimilation for numerical weather prediction, measurements of various observation systems are combined with background data to define initial states for the forecasts. Current and future observation systems, in particular satellite instruments, produce large numbers of measurements with high spatial and temporal density. Such datasets significantly increase the computational costs of the assimilation and, moreover, can violate the assumption of spatially independent observation errors. To ameliorate these problems, we propose two greedy thinning algorithms, which reduce the number of assimilated observations while retaining the essential information content of the data. In the first method, the number of points in the output set is increased iteratively. We use a clustering method with a distance metric that combines spatial distance with difference in observation values. In a second scheme, we iteratively estimate the redundancy of the current observation set and remove the most redundant data points. We evaluate the proposed methods with respect to a geometric error measure and compare them with a uniform sampling scheme. We obtain good representations of the original data with thinnings retaining only a small portion of observations. We also evaluate our thinnings of ATOVS satellite data using the assimilation system of the Deutscher Wetterdienst. Impact of the thinning on the analysed fields and on the subsequent forecasts is discussed. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Adsorption in Slit Pores and Pore-Size Distribution: A Molecular Layer Structure
Authors: Ustinov E.A. , Do D.D. 
Published: August 2006

Anew approach is developed to analyze the thermodynamic properties of a sub-critical fluid adsorbed in a slit pore of activated carbon. The approach is based on a representation that an adsorbed fluid forms an ordered structure close to a smoothed solid surface. This ordered structure is modelled as a collection of parallel molecular layers. Such a structure allows us to express the Helmholtz free energy of a molecular layer as the sum of the intrinsic Helmholtz free energy specific to that layer and the potential energy of interaction of that layer with all other layers and the solid surface. The intrinsic Helmholtz free energy of a molecular layer is a function (at given temperature) of its two-dimensional density and it can be readily obtained from bulk-phase properties, while the interlayer potential energy interaction is determined by using the 10–4 Lennard-Jones potential. The positions of all layers close to the graphite surface or in a slit pore are considered to correspond to the minimum of the potential energy of the system. This model has led to accurate predictions of nitrogen and argon adsorption on carbon black at their normal boiling points. In the case of adsorption in slit pores, local isotherms are determined from the minimization of the grand potential. The model provides a reasonable description of the 0–1 monolayer transition, phase transition and packing effect. The adsorption of nitrogen at 77.35 K and argon at 87.29 K on activated carbons is analyzed to illustrate the potential of this theory, and the derived pore-size distribution is compared favourably with that obtained by the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The model is less time-consuming than methods such as the DFT and Monte-Carlo simulation, and most importantly it can be readily extended to the adsorption of mixtures and capillary condensation phenomena.
Adsorption Characteristics of Fumaric Acid onto Weakly Basic Hypercrosslinked Polystyrene Ion-Exchangers
Authors: Xu Chao , Long Chao , Li Aimin , Liu Fuqiang , Yang Weiben , Zhang Quanxing 
Published: August 2006

A new weakly basic ion-exchanger (called XC-11), with a hypercrosslinked macroporous polystyrene matrix and a high specific surface area, was synthesized. When traditional weakly basic ion-exchange resins were employed in adsorption experiments, it was found that their sphericity after attrition decreased drastically when they were used ten times cyclically to adsorb and desorb fumaric acid from actual manufacturing effluent. This indicated that a traditional weakly basic exchange resin could not be applied in practice for the recovery of fumaric acid from industrial wastewater. However, the mechanical strengths of the self-synthesized new weakly basic ion-exchanger XC-11 and the hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent NDA-150 remained virtually unchanged under the same conditions, indicating their feasibility for practical applications. Thus, the adsorption of fumaric acid from aqueous solutions onto XC-11 and the commercially available hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent (NDA-150) taken as a reference was investigated from both a dynamic and thermodynamic standpoint. Favourable adsorption behaviour towards fumaric acid was observed with both adsorbents, the equilibrium adsorption data obtained being very well fitted by the Freundlich model. The corresponding Freundlich constants, KF, and free energy changes, ΔG, indicated that the adsorption capacity of XC-11 towards fumaric acid was greater than that of NDA-150. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were applied to describe the kinetic data, with the pseudo-second-order model providing a perfect fit. It was also found that the adsorption of fumaric acid onto XC-11 proceeded faster than the corresponding process onto NDA-150.
Calorimetric Determination of the Enthalpies of Formation of Hydrotalcite-Like Solids and Their Use in the Geochemical Modeling of Metals in Natural Waters
Authors: Allada Rama kumar , Peltier Edward , Navrotsky Alexandra , Casey William H. , Johnson C. Annette , Berbeco Hillary Thompson , Sparks Donald L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractInterest in hydrotalcite-like compounds has grown due to their role in controlling the mobility of aqueous metals in the environment as well as their use as catalysts, catalyst precursors and specialty chemicals. Although these materials have been studied in a number of contexts, little is known of their thermodynamic properties. High-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry was used to measure the standard enthalpy of formation for compounds M(II)1−xAlx(OH)2(CO3)x/2·mH2O (0.2 < x < 0.4, M(II) = Mg, Co, Ni and Zn). The enthalpy of formation of these compounds from the relevant single cation phases was also determined. The formation of HTLCs results in a 5–20 kJ/mol enthalpy stabilization from the single cation hydroxides and carbonates and water. The data are correlated to two variables: the ratio of divalent to trivalent cation in the solid (M(II)/Al) and the identity of the divalent cation. It was observed that the M(II)/Al ratio exerts a minor influence on the enthalpy of formation from single-cation phases, while greater differences in stabilization resulted from changes in the chemical nature of the divalent cation. However, the data do not support any statistically significant correlation between the composition of HTLCs and their heats of formation. Equilibrium geochemical calculations based upon the thermodynamic data illustrate the effect of HTLCs on the speciation of metals in natural waters. These calculations show that, in many cases, HTLCs form even in waters that are undersaturated with respect to the individual divalent metal hydroxides and carbonates. Phase diagrams and stability diagrams involving Ni-bearing HTLCs and the single-cation components are presented. The Ni(II) concentration as a function of pH as well as the stability diagram for the equilibrium among minerals in the CaO-NiO-Al2O3-SiO2-CO2-H2O system at 298 K are plotted.