bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process generating the ditribution pattern of eggs of the common cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe process generating the negative binomial in the distribution pattern of eggs of the common cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora, was investigated by releasing the female adults in a net house where cabbages were planted.The distribution of butterflies visited and laid an egg or more per plant followed thePoisson series under the uniform light condition, while that of eggs laid per visit conformed to the logarithmic distribution. From these results, it may be concluded that the negative binomial arises from compounding of thePoisson and the logarithmic distribution. The observed frequency of eggs found per plant fitted to the negative binomial with parameter thus computed theoretically.The change in the degree of aggregation with the increase of the parental density was considered in connection with the above results.
The competition among Drosophila larvae in different growth stages
Authors: Mishima Jiro 
Published: November 2006

Summary
The experiment was conducted in order to examine the influence of the difference in the growth stage of the competitors on the intraspecific competition. Drosophila melanogaster, “wild” and its mutant “ebony” were used as materials.
The earlier developed or older larvae have considerable advantage, such as the increase of the body weight of flies, and of the total weight of flies from one vial, and high constant emerging percentage, while the younger competitors received the opposite influence in addition to the increase of the larval‐pupal duration.
The grand total yields (the yield of “wild” plus that of “ebony”) from one vial were almost constant even the difference in the growth stage between competitors is changed.
A note on the relationship between outbreaks of the oriental tussock moth, Euproctis flava and weather conditions
Authors: Miyashita Kazuyoshi 
Published: November 2006

SummaryA relationship between outbreaks of the oriental tussock moth, Euproctis flava, in Akita Prefecture and weather conditions have been analyzed in the present paper. The results obtained are summarized as follows:Outbreaks were, in most cases, observed at intervals of 7–9 years, and the population fluctuation was considered to be regular, when small rises of population density were taken into consideration. The condition of low temperature and decreased percentage of sunny hours in spring and summer has a great influence upon the occurrence of outbreaks, and a big outbreak seems to come when a peak of the intrinsic population fluctuation occurs just simultaneously with such a weather condition.
Real‐time X‐ray powder diffraction investigations on cocoa butter. I. temperature‐dependent crystallization behavior
Authors: van Malssen Kees , Peschar René , Schenk Henk 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe crystallization behavior of cocoa butter has been investigated by means of real‐time X‐ray powder diffraction. Two procedures have been followed: cooling from 60°C at a constant rate until maximum solidification has taken place; and cooling from 60°C in 2 min to a constant solidification temperature. It appears that all polymorphic forms of cocoa butter, with the exception of the β form, can be formed from liquid. The solidification temperature appears to be the most important crystallization parameter.
Confirmatory mass‐spectral data for cyclic fatty acid monomers
Authors: Mossoba M. M. , Yurawecz P. M. , Roach J. A. G. , McDonald R. E. , Perkins E. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) are degradation products found in heat‐abused edible oils. This study confirms previously published data and reports the structural elucidation of hydrogenated and deuterated monocyclic and bicyclic CFAM prepared from the corresponding unsaturated species that were previously isolated from heated flaxseed (linseed) oil. CFAM structures were determined as 2‐alkyl‐4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives by using gas chromatography‐electron ionization mass spectrometry. The observed retention times for the deuterated CFAM were about 0.1 min shorter than those of the corresponding hydrogenated species. For two minor six‐membered ring CFAM components, an increase in the mass of the unsaturated ring by eight mass units upon deuteration indicated the addition of four deuterium atoms to two double bonds in that ring. These data unequivocally confirmed the identity of cyclohexadienyl CFAM species in the original CFAM mixture that was isolated from heated linseed oil. The observed electron ionization mass spectrometic data for minor hydrogenated and deuterated CFAM species, which correspond to the last two eluting monounsaturated species, were consistent with CFAM having bicyclic (fused 5‐ and 6‐membered rings) structures. The location of the ring along the fatty acid chain was also confirmed for all saturated CFAM mixture components. The presence of a pair of deuterium atoms on two adjacent carbon atoms further confirmed the previously determined double‐bond position along the fatty acid chain of the corresponding parent (unsaturated) compound.
Ethanol vapor deactivation of gossypol in cottonseed meal
Authors: Hron R. J. , Wan P. J. , Kuk M. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMost cottonseed cultivars contain gossypol, a polyphenolic antinutritional compound. “Free” gossypol is a physiologically active form of gossypol, which is toxic to young‐ and nonruminant animals. To utilize solvent‐extracted cottonseed meal as a general feed, gossypol must be either removed or deactivated to a minimum level specified for each class of animal. Normally, deactivation is carried out prior to oil extraction; however, the desired level of deactivation is not always attained. A new supplemental method of deactivation has been found by using either ethanol or isopropanol vapors on solventextracted meal. In a bench‐top set‐up, ethanol vapor reduced free gossypol from 0.115 to 0.053%, and a further reduction to 0.026% has been observed with the addition of ferrous sulfate. The supplemental deactivation method can, in most cases, reduce free gossypol to significantly safer levels for feeding, thus increasing utility, and possibly demand, for cottonseed meal as a general animal feed protein source.
Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tetrahydrobiopterin in patients with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
Authors: Zurflüh M. R. , Fiori L. , Fiege B. , Ozen I. , Demirkol M. , Gärtner K. H. , Thöny B. , Giovannini M. , Blau N. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe oral loading test with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is used to discriminate between variants of hyperphenylalaninaemia and to detect BH4‐responsive patients. The outcome of the loading test depends on the genotype, dosage of BH4, and BH4 pharmacokinetics. A total of 71 patients with hyperphenylalaninaemia (mild to classic) were challenged with BH4 (20 mg/kg) according to different protocols (1 × 20 mg or 2 × 20 mg) and blood BH4 concentrations were measured in dried blood spots at different time points (T0, T2, T4, T8, T12, T24, T32 and T48 h). Maximal BH4 concentrations (median 22.69 nmol/g Hb) were measured 4 h after BH4 administration in 63 out of 71 patients. Eight patients presented with maximal BH4 concentrations ∼44% higher at 8 h than at 4 h. After 24 h, BH4 blood concentrations dropped to 11% of maximal values. This profile was similar using different protocols. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for BH4 in blood: tmax = 4 h, AUC (T0−32) = 370 nmol × h/g Hb, and t1/2 for absorption (1.1 h), distribution (2.5 h), and elimination (46.0 h) phases. Maximal BH4 blood concentrations were not significantly lower in non‐responders and there was no correlation between blood concentrations and responsiveness. Of mild PKU patients, 97% responded to BH4 administration, while one was found to be a non‐responder. Only 10/19 patients (53%) with Phe concentrations of 600–1200 μmol/L responded to BH4 administration, and of the patients with the severe classical phenotype (blood Phe > 1200 μmol/L) only 4 out of 17 patient responded. An additional 36 patients with mild hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) who underwent the combined loading test with Phe+BH4 were all responders. Slow responders and non‐responders were found in all groups of HPA.
Pheophytin a, a low molecular weight compound found in the marine brown alga Sargassum fulvellum, promotes the differentiation of PC12 cells
Authors: Ina Atsutoshi , Hayashi Ken‐Ichiro , Nozaki Hiroshi , Kamei Yuto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe identified and characterized a neurodifferentiation compound from the marine brown alga Sargassum fulvellum collected from the Japanese coastline. Several instrumental analyses revealed the compound to be pheophytin a. Pheophytin a did not itself promote neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. However, when PC12 cells were treated with a low concentration of pheophytin a (3.9 μg/ml) in the presence of a low level of nerve growth factor (10 ng/ml), the compound produced neurite outgrowth similar to that produced by a high level of nerve growth factor (50 ng/ml). Pheophytin a also enhanced signal transduction in the mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway, which is also induced by nerve growth factor. The effect of pheophytin a on neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells was completely blocked by U0126, a representative mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor.These results suggest that pheophytin a enhances the neurodifferentiation of PC12 cells in the presence of a low level of nerve growth factor and that this effect is mediated by activation of a mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
New service development competence in retail banking: Construct development and measurement validation
Authors: Menor Larry J. , Roth Aleda V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNew service development (NSD) has emerged as an important area of research in service operations management. However, NSD empirical investigations have been hindered by the lack of psychometrically sound measurement items and scales. This paper reports a two‐stage approach for the development and validation of new multi‐item measurement scales reflecting a multidimensional construct called NSD competence. NSD competence reflects an organization's expertise in deploying resources and routines, usually in combination, to achieve a desired new service outcome. This competence is operationalized as a multidimensional construct reflected by five complementary dimensions: NSD process focus, market acuity, NSD strategy, NSD culture, and information technology experience. In the first stage of measure development, we analyse judgment‐based, nominal‐scaled data collected through an iterative item‐sorting process to assess the tentative reliability and validity of the proposed measurement items. Our results demonstrate that a reduced set of measurement items have reasonable psychometric properties and, therefore, are useful inputs for multi‐item measurement scale development. In the second stage of measurement development, we conduct a confirmatory factor analysis of the five NSD competence dimensions using survey data collected from a sample of retail bank key informants and confirm the unidimensionality, reliability, and validity of the proposed five multi‐item scales. The NSD competence scales developed in this research may be used to advance scholarly understanding and theory in NSD. Further, these NSD scales may provide a useful diagnostic and benchmarking tool for managers seeking to assess and/or improve their firm's service innovation expertise.
Numerical modelling of water-wave evolution based on the Zakharov equation
Authors: ANNENKOV SERGEI YU. , SHRIRA VICTOR I. 
Published: November 2006

We develop a new approach to numerical modelling of water-wave evolution based
on the Zakharov integrodifferential equation and outline its areas of application.The Zakharov equation is known to follow from the exact equations of potential
water waves by the symmetry-preserving truncation at a certain order in wave
steepness. This equation, being formulated in terms of nonlinear normal variables, has
long been recognized as an indispensable tool for theoretical analysis of surface wave
dynamics. However, its potential as the basis for the numerical modelling of wave
evolution has not been adequately explored. We partly fill this gap by presenting
a new algorithm for the numerical simulation of the evolution of surface waves,
based on the Hamiltonian form of the Zakharov equation taking account of quintet
interactions. Time integration is performed either by a symplectic scheme, devised as
a canonical transformation of a given order on a timestep, or by the conventional
Runge–Kutta algorithm. In the latter case, non-conservative effects, small enough to
preserve the Hamiltonian structure of the equation to the required order, can be
taken into account. The bulky coefficients of the equation are computed only once,
by a preprocessing routine, and stored in a convenient way in order to make the
subsequent operations vectorized.The advantages of the present method over conventional numerical models are
most apparent when the triplet interactions are not important. Then, due to the
removal of non-resonant interactions by means of a canonical transformation, there
are incomparably fewer interactions to consider and the integration can be carried out
on the slow time scale (O(ε2), where ε is a small parameter characterizing wave slope),
leading to a substantial gain in computational efficiency. For instance, a simulation of
the long-term evolution of 103 normal modes requires only moderate computational
resources; a corresponding simulation in physical space would involve millions of
degrees of freedom and much smaller integration timestep.A number of examples aimed at problems of independent physical interest, where
the use of other existing methods would have been difficult or impossible, illustrates
various aspects of the implementation of the approach. The specific problems include
establishing the range of validity of the deterministic description of water wave
evolution, the emergence of sporadic horseshoe patterns on the water surface, and the
study of the coupled evolution of a steep wave and low-intensity broad-band noise.
On award to Crichton
Authors: Singer S. Fred 
Published: November 2006

It is somewhat unusual for a scientific society to criticize the actions of another learned or professional society [Brigham‐Grette et al., 2006]. So when the Council of the American Quaternary Association (AMQUA) takes issue with the American Association of Petroleum Geologists over its 2006 Journalism Award to writer and climate skeptic Michael Crichton, citing a recently issued government scientific report [Karl et al., 2006],one must take notice.The AMQUA council members demonstrate that they have not read (or understood) the cited Karl et al. U.S. Climate Change Science Program report. It is true that the report's summary (and press release) claim ‘clear evidence’ for anthropogenic global warming, but the report itself clearly contradicts this. Specifically Figure 5.4G, which compares key observations with the calculations of major greenhouse models, shows a considerable disparity. There are other differences between observed and calculated ‘fingerprints’ of temperature trends [Singer, 2006], further demonstrated by more detailed comparisons [Douglass et al., 2004].
ArabidopsisFAMA Controls the Final Proliferation/Differentiation Switch during Stomatal Development
Authors: Ohashi-Ito Kyoko , Bergmann Dominique C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCoordination between cell proliferation and differentiation is essential to create organized and functional tissues. Arabidopsis thaliana stomata are created through a stereotyped series of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions whose frequency and orientation are informed by cell–cell interactions. Receptor-like proteins and a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase were previously identified as negative regulators of stomatal development; here, we present the characterization of a bona fide positive regulator. FAMA is a putative basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor whose activity is required to promote differentiation of stomatal guard cells and to halt proliferative divisions in their immediate precursors. Ectopic FAMA expression is also sufficient to confer stomatal character. Physical and genetic interaction studies combined with functional characterization of FAMA domains suggest that stomatal development relies on regulatory complexes distinct from those used to specify other plant epidermal cells. FAMA behavior provides insights into the control of differentiation in cells produced through the activity of self-renewing populations.
Binding of mitochondrial leader sequences to Tom20 assessed using a bacterial two‐hybrid system shows that hydrophobic interactions are essential and that some mutated leaders that do not bind Tom20 can still be imported
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Abhijit , Yang Chun‐song , Weiner Henry 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrevious studies pointed to the importance of leucine residues in the binding of mitochondrial leader sequences to Tom20, an outer membrane protein translocator that initially binds the leader during import. A bacteria two‐hybrid assay was here employed to determine if this could be an alternative way to investigate the binding of leader to the receptor. Leucine to alanine and arginine to glutamine mutations were made in the leader sequence from rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (pALDH). The leucine residues in the C‐terminal of pALDH leader were found to be essential for TOM20 binding. The hydrophobic residues of another mitochondrial leader F1β‐ATPase that were important for Tom20 binding were found at the C‐terminus of the leader. In contrast, it was the leucines in the N‐terminus of the leader of ornithine transcarbamylase that were essential for binding. Modeling the peptides to the structure of Tom20 showed that the hydrophobic residues from the three proteins could all fit into the hydrophobic binding pocket. The mutants of pALDH that did not bind to Tom20 were still imported in vivo in transformed HeLa cells or in vitro into isolated mitochondria. In contrast, the mutant from pOTC was imported less well (∼50%) while the mutant from F1β‐ATPase was not imported to any measurable extent. Binding to Tom20 might not be a prerequisite for import; however, it also is possible that import can occur even if binding to a receptor component is poor, so long as the leader binds tightly to another component of the translocator.
Value of eosinophil cationic protein and tryptase levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for predicting lung function impairment in anaesthetised, asthmatic children*
Authors: Von Ungern‐Sternberg B. S. , Sly P. D. , Loh R. K. S. , Isidoro A. , Habre W. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryBronchial hyperactivity, a key feature of active asthma in children, is a risk factor for respiratory adverse events in the peri‐operative period. The presence of activated eosinophils in the lungs and mast cell degranulation can contribute to bronchial hyperreactivity. Eosinophil cationic protein is released by activated eosinophils and tryptase reflects mast cell degranulation. This study focused on the relationship of respiratory mechanics, eosinophil cationic protein and tryptase levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in asthmatic and healthy children under general anaesthesia. We measured eosinophil cationic protein and tryptase levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 21 asthmatic and 21 healthy children following induction of general anaesthesia. Respiratory system resistance and dynamic compliance were measured during mechanical ventilation. Eosinophil cationic protein was more common in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatics (12/21) than from controls (4/21, p = 0.01) and was present at higher levels (p = 0.002). Tryptase was also more common in the asthmatics (8/21vs1/21, p = 0.01). Respiratory resistance was significantly higher in asthmatic children with detectable eosinophil cationic protein levels than in those with undetectable eosinophil cationic protein levels (p = 0.019). Furthermore, 50% of the asthmatics with detectable eosinophil cationic protein exhibited bronchospasm after sampling their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These findings suggested that high levels of eosinophil cationic protein in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are associated with irritable airways, presumably secondary to airway inflammation, and this might be a useful marker for respiratory adverse events in the peri‐operative period.
PGK deficiency
Authors: Beutler Ernest 
Published: November 2006

SummaryPhosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) deficiency is one of the relatively uncommon causes of hereditary non‐spherocytic haemolytic anaemia (HNSHA). The gene encoding the erythrocyte enzyme PGK1, is X‐linked. Mutations of this gene may cause chronic haemolysis with or without mental retardation and they may cause myopathies, often with episodes of myoglobinuria, or a combination of these clinical manifestations. Twenty‐six families have been described and in 20 of these the mutations are known. The reason for different clinical manifestations of mutations of the same gene remains unknown.
Capture and generation of adenovirus specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy
Authors: Chatziandreou Ilenia , Gilmour Kimberly C. , McNicol Anne‐Marie , Costabile Maurizio , Sinclair Joanna , Cubitt David , Campbell John D. M. , Kinnon Christine , Qasim Waseem , Bobby Gaspar H. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryAdenoviral infections represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Current anti‐viral agents are virostatic and it is evident that elimination of adenovirus (ADV) infection is only achieved by recovery of cellular immunity. Using an interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) secretion and capture assay to isolate ADV‐specific T cells, followed by a 2 week expansion and restimulation protocol, we generated ADV T cells that may be used for cellular immunotherapy. In contrast to virus‐specific T cells for cytomegalovirus or Epstein‐Barr virus, the ADV response was dominated by CD4+ T cells and the majority of captured cells exhibited an effector/memory immunophenotype. Highly specific antigen responses were demonstrated by intracellular IFN‐γ expression and cytotoxicity assays when the expanded cells underwent restimulation with ADV‐pulsed target cells. Although T cells were initially generated in response to ADV species C, the expanded populations also showed strong activity against ADV species B, suggesting cross‐reactivity across ADV species; a finding that has important clinical consequences in the paediatric setting, where the majority of infections are caused by ADV type B and C. The protocols can be readily translated to generate ADV‐specific T cells suitable for clinical use and offer an effective immunotherapeutic strategy to control ADV infection.
Treatment of hereditary angioneurotic oedema (HANE) with tibolone
Authors: Ott H. W. , Mattle V. , Hadziomerovic D. , Licht P. , Döinghaus K. , Rubbert A. , Manger K. , Manger B. , Kalden J. , Wildt L. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryObjective  Eight women, aged 25–58 years, with hereditary angioneurotic oedema (HANE) were treated with tibolone, a synthetic steroid exhibiting oestrogenic, androgenic and progestational activity.Design  Pilot study.Results  Tibolone at a dose of 2·5–7·5 mg/day significantly reduced the number and severity of attacks and the number of ampoules of C1‐esterase inhibitor (C1‐INH) needed for symptomatic therapy. The efficacy of tibolone was comparable to that of danazol, while the androgenic side‐effects were considerably reduced.Conclusions  Tibolone may represent an alternative to danazol administration for the prophylaxis of HANE in women.