bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Formations, Modo de Vida, and Conflict in Archaeology
Authors: Ensor Bradley E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe focus of archaeological investigation is shifting from generalizations about societies for comparative theory-building to the internal dynamics of societies. The generalizations made in processual archaeology have been attacked for ignoring conflict and the modo de vida: the concrete rhythms of daily life. As a result, the increased attention to internal dynamics is beginning to paint complex pictures of social relationships. A structural marxist approach that was associated with functionalism is reappraised and argued to be suitable for understanding the complexities of individual's daily lives and power relations. Rather than viewing social formations as systems comprised of multiple modes of production that influence one another, individuals are argued to have crossed between modes. The sets of social relations comprise the totality of people's daily experiences. Furthermore, within each mode of production are different recognizable variations that produce dynamic sets of relations. An application to the U.S. Southwest illustrates this social formations approach to modo de vida and conflict.
Sex, Gender, and Status: Human Images from the Classic Mimbres
Authors: Munson Marit K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrehistoric imagery is a valuable source of information on relations between people of different social identities. Analysis of a large sample of human figures depicted on Classic period Mimbres ceramics illustrates facets of that society's gender system, including the traits individuals used to indicate their gender and the possible presence of third or fourth genders. The imagery indicates that hunting large game and participating in ceremonies were considered men's activities. Men also are portrayed in a wide range of activities and in active postures. This suggests that men had the potential for achieving high status through their activities. Images of women are more static and show fewer activities than men. Women are associated with activities that are low in prestige cross-culturally: child care and carrying burdens. At the same time, women are depicted more often with valuables, such as jewelry, and constitute the majority of people handling parrots, which were used in ritual. This, combined with other evidence, suggests that some women may have achieved relatively high status through their membership in certain families, their association with ritually important parrots, and their possession of esoteric knowledge.
A Note on Certain Mochica (Early Chimu) Textiles
Authors: O'Nealé Lila M. 
Published: April 2006

Dr. Max Uhle's excavations at Moche in 1899 for the University of California yielded a collection of pottery and associated non-ceramic objects that remains the touchstone for Early-period finds from the Northern Peruvian coast.Moche pottery has been published by Kroeber.The Mochica were imaginative as well as skilled craftsmen, and their ceramics is proof of an ability to express ideas and to handle tools with precision.
Re Archaeological Tools and Jobs
Authors: Steward Julian H. 
Published: April 2006

Dr. McKern's recent remarks on “Taxonomy and the Direct Historical Approach” serve, though no doubt unintentionally, as a red herring to my plea for the importance of the direct historical approach. Since much attention has been devoted recently to the matter of research tools in anthropology and the social sciences, I should like to comment briefly on what seems to me increasing confusion of tools, methods, approaches, and theories in archaeology. For I do not conceive the direct historical approach to be a tool. And I am not wholly clear how the taxonomic method is a tool adapted to further a historical objective.There are two general levels or types of procedure in archaeology: collecting and interpreting data. Much is said about the permanent solidity of sacred fact and the ephemeral nature of theory. But facts are totally without significance and may even be said not to exist without reference to theory.
Line Drawings from Unsatisfactory Photographs
Authors: Ives Ronald L. 
Published: April 2006

Conventional methods of making line drawings from photographs not suitable for reproduction consist, in general, of inking in desired features on a large print of the photograph, usually blue, and then bleaching out the photographic image. This procedure, which gives good results in skilled hands, produces a line image consisting only of the applied ink lines, which are usually somewhat degraded because the paper fibers are displaced (“exploded“) by the chemical action of the bleaching solution. This same chemical action makes difficult additional ink work after bleaching.High-contrast films developed during the last decade make possible several simplifications of this procedure. When the ink work on a blueprint is satisfactory (as determined by viewing through a deep blue filter), the print, as is, may be sent to the engraver, with instructions to “drop out the blue,” which he does by using a high contrast “color blind” emulsion, such as Kodalith.
Hopewell-Copena Sites near Nashville
Authors: Jennings Jesse D. 
Published: April 2006

A. J. Waring, Jr. has reported certain Hopewellian elements in northern Georgia. His comments reminded me of a site, previously unreported, in the vicinity of Franklin, Tennessee.I report from my field notes a site discovered two miles west of Franklin, atop Reid Hill, a knob 140 feet high: “Built on the flat top of the hill, the conical mound measures 18 feet high by 80 feet in diameter. The mound is built of stones and earth. (These stones are large and numerous. It is essentially a stone mound.) A deep trench had been cut into the east side of the mound but no sherds, flint, or other material were visible.” Its situation, on a high hill in the flat Harpeth Valley, is similar to that of the many stone mounds reported from Georgia. No central depression was observed, but it may have been destroyed by the trench. I was unable to learn who dug into the mound so do not know whether artifacts were recovered.
The Geographical Distribution of Aboriginal Pottery in Canada
Authors: Wintemberg W. J. 
Published: April 2006

Practically all of the aboriginal inhabitants of Canada, including the Eskimo, made and used pottery. The only people who do not seem to have used it are the Indians of the coast and interior of British Columbia; in fact, according to Wissler, “practically the whole Pacific belt … is without pottery.“As can be seen from the map (Fig. 7), pottery is fairly well distributed over the southern part of Canada, but even here our knowledge of its occurrence is far from complete, owing to the lack of archaeological exploration. There are vast areas elsewhere in Canada from which no pottery has been reported, including southern Ungava, northern Ontario, northern Manitoba, northern and western Alberta, and the Northwest Territories.
Additional Data on Crania from the Warren Mounds, Utah
Authors: Blair William C. 
Published: April 2006

Since publication of the manuscript “Crania of the Warren Mounds and their Possible Significance to Northern Periphery Archaeology,” it has become necessary to call to the reader's attention important data overlooked in the original report by both Mr. Enger and myself.As was stated in the general summary of the Warren crania, “The Warren crania have the following characteristics: cephalic index, brachycephalic; height-length index, chamaecephalic fo orthocephalic; height-breadth index, tapeinocephalic; facial index, mesene; high orbits; a fairly well-developed occipital region; and no occipital deformation.” It is this last descriptive statement which, in view of recent studies, is in need of elaboration.
Burial Traits of the Headwaters Lakes Aspect in Manitoba
Authors: Vickers Chris 
Published: April 2006

Lloyd A. Wilford, in an excellent paper on the Headwaters Lakes aspect, points out that two of its important traits are primary burials, “often in a sitting position,” and “small mortuary vessels … .” Wilford's work in Minnesota has provided certain clues as to the source of the mounds in Manitoba, the traits above mentioned being among the most important.Archaeological work in Manitoba has been exceedingly sketchy and often extremely careless. Very little if any effort has been made to correlate the various cultural horizons with known aspects south of the international boundary. Documentation is scant and unsatisfactory. Many of the mounds have been badly disturbed without regard for their scientific and historic value; and valuable material has been lost without hope of recovery. Nevertheless, examination of the early documentation, plus the work of the writer during the past few years, indicates a northwesterly movement of some of the important traits of Wilford's various Minnesota aspects.
Crania from the Warren Mounds and their Possible Significance to Northern Periphery Archaeology
Authors: Enger Walter D. , Blair William 
Published: April 2006

Archaeological investigation in the Northern Periphery, in its present status, has revealed and formulated many perplexing problems. Not the least of these is the problem of the ethnic prehistory of its Puebloid peoples.Apparently, because of the striking resemblances between the Northern Periphery cultures -and the San Juan Puebloan cultures, Judd, in his expeditions of 1915-1920, tacitly assumed Northern Periphery peoples to be Puebloan in physical characteristics. The crania found by him in the southern part of this area exhibit both occipital deformation and normality. This phenomenon was interpreted by Judd as the most significant observation to be made. He felt that it indicated the use of the Puebloan cradleboard when the trait was either in an incipient form or in a period of decline.1 Equally plausible, of course, is the possibility of two distinct periods, a pre-cradleboard period and a period after the introduction of the cradleboard.
A Preliminary Report on Coastal Tamaulipas, Mexico
Authors: MacNeish Richard S. 
Published: April 2006

This article represents a preliminary statement of the results of the archaeological survey of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, coastal Tamaulipas north of the Soto la Marina River and the adjacent portion of Texas, which was conducted from November, 1945 through June, 1946 under the auspices of the University of Chicago. Since a long interval of time will probably elapse between the analysis of the archaeological materials and the final publication, it seems advisable to put this summary into print.Basic to the purpose of the survey and to the problems with which it was concerned was the assumption that there were cultural relations between the people of the Southeast and the more complex cultures of Mexico.
Shells from Maya Excavations in British Honduras
Authors: Richards Horace G. , Boekelman H. J. 
Published: April 2006

Two small collections of shells obtained from Maya ruins in British Honduras have recently come to hand, and it has been thought worth while to record the species found, both from a conchological and archaeological viewpoint. When shells are found in archaeological sites, their classification and correlation of original habitats often permit interesting deductions to be made concerning trade routes or relations.The first set was collected by Dr. Thomas Gann from a crystal burial mound near Rio Hok Skum. The locality is near Corozal in the northern part of British Honduras and about thirty miles from the boundary of Quintana Roo, Mexico.
The Petroglyphs of Southeastern Alaska
Authors: Keithahn E. L. 
Published: April 2006

The Tlingit Indians occupy all of Southeastern Alaska from Dixon's Entrance to Cape St. Elias except the southern half of Prince of Wales Island, which is Haida, and Annette Island, which is a Tsimshian reservation. Formerly all of this region was Tlingit.Throughout this entire district and extending into the southern half of the Northwest Coast culture area, petroglyphs abound. These inscriptions in their simpler forms have much in common with those of widely separated regions of the earth. There are simple cups, rings, spirals, concentric circles, etc. But the typical petroglyphs of this area are as original as the well-known decorative art of the Northwest Coast and apparently closely affiliated with it in both form and meaning.It is the goal of this article to present tangible evidence that these petroglyphs originated from (a) natural effects and (b) depressions worn in rock in the process of tool-making.
A Barbed Bone Projectile Point from Utah
Authors: Gillin John 
Published: April 2006

In view of the fact that barbed bone “projectile” points are extremely rare in the Southwestern archaeological area and because such artifacts have a generally northern and arctic distribution in North America, the present specimen from Utah is offered in the hope that other material of a similar nature from the Southwest may be published and that, perhaps, someone may be attracted to the elucidation of the problems implied. The present writer is unaware of other published specimens of bone projectile points from this area, although, of course, bone artifacts of several other types are fairly numerous.The present specimen was recovered in the summer of 1937 by the Peabody Museum-University of Utah joint expedition, of which the writer was field director. The point was found at a site, near Ephraim, Utah, locally known as Witch's Knoll.
A Pottery Vessel from Kodiak Island, Alaska
Authors: de Laguna Frederica 
Published: April 2006

In February, 1938, the Washington State Museum at the University of Washington, Seattle, acquired on loan a remarkable pottery vessel from Kodiak Island, southwestern Alaska. It is with the kind permission of the Director, Dr. Erna Gunther, that I publish the following pictures and description (Plates 19-20).The pot is owned by Mr. James Spears of Seattle, and was found by local Eskimo on or near Three Saints Bay, on the southeastern shore of the island. It had apparently fallen out of a dirt bank in a recent landslide. Mr. Spears did not notice any trace of shells or other midden material in the bank, nor any indication of old house sites in the vicinity. No other objects were found with the pot.
A Burial Cache from the Spokane Region
Authors: Caldwell Warren , Conn Richard 
Published: April 2006

Burial practices are currently of considerable interest in terms of the developing patterns of Plateau culture sequences. Material documentation of prehistoric and historic burial procedure is now extensive though admittedly controversial in sequential interpretation. Suggestions as to covert behavioral responses accompanying the disposition of physical remains and attendant paraphernalia are much less satisfactory.The authors recently had called to their attention a cache of aboriginal artifacts which suggested a funeral practice, perhaps widespread in the Plateau, but occurring supplementary to the archaeo-ethnically recognized forms of burial.
Reply to MacNeish
Authors: Taylor Walter W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a rejoinder to Taylor's review of his Tamaulipas monograph, MacNeish restated his method of analysis and reviewed the system he used to establish his phase sequence. Taylor claims that MacNeish has defended his position by introducing new data and by presenting a point of view not expressed in the original monograph. Taylor insists that MacNeish's reply only confirms his original criticism that the Tamaulipas sequence is built on the premise that one excavation unit equals one phase.
Archaeological Investigations in Ellsworth and Rice Counties, Kansas
Authors: Smith Carlyle S. 
Published: April 2006

Archaeological investigations were carried on by the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, from June 19 to August 20, 1948, in the Kanopolis Reservoir area on the Smoky Hill River in Ellsworth County and also along the Little Arkansas River in Rice County, Kansas. The River Basin Surveys of the Smithsonian Institution had undertaken the preliminary reconnaissance and had found more than twenty sites in the area of the Reservoir. William O. Leuty of Ellsworth was helpful in guiding the field parties of both institutions to most of the sites; also he gathered surface collections which were turned over to us.The Kanopolis Reservoir is situated in the highly dissected terrain which marks the Plains border along the 98th meridian of longitude in central Kansas. The Smoky Hill River meanders eastward, fed by many tributary streams and canyons. Outcrops of Dakota sandstone are common on the bluffs bordering the valley and trees are limited to the edges of the streams.
Archaeology of Cotua Island, Amazonas Territory, Venezuela
Authors: Ceuxent José M. 
Published: April 2006

Cotua Island is situated among the Yavariven Rapids of the Orinoco River northwest of the island of María Auxiliadora in Latitude 5°35'N and Longitude 67°35'W (Fig. 4). It measures some 2000 meters long and 500 meters wide.About four years ago, when the waters of the Orinoco were unusually high, they completely covered the island. Nevertheless, a Creole is now living there, as the fertility of the soil is great enough to overcome his fear that the river will again rise over the island. Directly west of his house, the water has eroded pebbles and Indian potsherds from the ground (Fig. 4, 4). To the southeast, on Maria Auxiliadora Island, there are petroglyphs (Fig. 4, 1), and in addition both islands bear workshops, where the Indians appear to have ground stone artifacts on outcrops of rock (Fig. 4, 2, 3, 5).
Archaeological Sites on Opposite Shores of the Gulf of California
Authors: Schenck W. Egbert , Gifford E. W. 
Published: April 2006

In 1946 Gifford published a brief account entitled “Archaeology in the Punta Penasco Region, Sonora” (American Antiquity, Vol. 11, pp. 215-21). Subsequently we both spent considerable time examining sites in the region, upon which we purpose to publish once we have a Carbon 14 date for the prepottery horizon.In January, 1951, we examined sites in the vicinity of San Felipe, Northern Territory, Baja California, across the Gulf from Punta Peñasco. There we found numerous sites similar in type to those of Sonora. They were situated on dunes and terraces of the desert coast. All were marked by the presence of shells and potsherds. The former were largely of .the species found in Sonora, the latter of undecorated “Yuman” type, both of Mountain and Desert styles as described by A. E. Treganza in his paper entitled “An Archaeological Reconnaissance of Northeastern Baja California and Southeastern California” (American Antiquity, Vol. 8, p. 158, 1942).
About Slate Figurines
Authors: Keithahn E. L. 
Published: April 2006

In American Antiquity (Vol. 17, No. 3), Heizer reports “Incised Slate Figurines from Kodiak Island, Alaska.“ This Comment was concerned With a number of unusual incised slate fragments portraying human faces. Doctor Heizer was of the opinion that they were quite late, having come from the upper levels of stratified sites or from known recent sites.Comparing the features of these stylized portraits with Plate 17 “A Man of Kodiak” from Billings, London 1802 (reproduced here as Fig. 28 a with Heizer's Fig. 28, b), one cannot doubt that they are recent. The elements besides the stylized faces are easily recognized as beaded ear and chin ornaments, and the typical squared collar of the Koniag of 150 years ago.
A Note on Some Large Pits in Certain Sites Near Dallas, Texas
Authors: Stephenson Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

During August and September, 1948, the writer made an archaeological survey of the Lavon Reservoir area in Collin County, Texas. This was a project of the River Basin Surveys program of archaeological salvage, undertaken by the Smithsonian Institution, with the cooperation of the Corps of Engineers and the National Park Service. This reservoir is being built on the East Fork of the Trinity River near Wylie, Texas and approximately 25 miles northeast of Dallas.Twenty-five sites were located in or near the proposed reservoir area during the course of this survey. Nineteen of these appear to be small, temporary campsites, some producing a few potsherds; others are apparently non-pottery sites. However, six of the sites appear to be permanent village locations occupied by relatively large groups of pottery-using people over a long period of time. The material from these sites is in the process of laboratory analysis at the present time and a statement of the cultural affiliations involved cannot yet be made.
Early Man in the Maya Area
Authors: Coe, II William R. 
Published: April 2006

The Maya area has yielded little in the way of Early Man, although certain discoveries, like that at Santa Isabel Iztapan (Aveleyra and Maldonado 1953), have unquestionably established hunters of now extinct fauna in the Valley of Mexico. In Guatemala only a peculiarly cut sloth bone suggests human co-existence with Upper Pleistocene fauna (Shook 1951: 93, 96). But, apart from these, one can only note two other finds, both made some years ago, one at Concepcion, Campeche, Mexico, the other in the Peten, Guatemala. These latter ‘discoveries have been treated in a few important studies as containing either sure or probable remnants of a fundamental, early Mesoamerican horizon. I strongly feel that before these particular finds achieve widespread acceptance, in print or otherwise, as except tionally ancient, they should be re-examined especially from the comparative standpoint.The Concepción artifacts and those from the Peten were, for the most part, percussion-flaked flint implements, bifaced, usually with one end rounded, the other relatively pointed, and with unretouched edges, not unlike the Acheulian hand ax of Europe.
The Beginnings of Teotihuacán
Authors: Millon René 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe problem of the age of the pyramids of the Sun and Moon at Teotihuacán is considered in the light of evidence from an extensive and hitherto unreported Tzacualli or Teotihuacán I occupation to the northwest of the Pyramid of the Moon. Material from a small excavation in this new zone is commented upon briefly. Previous analyses of the age of the pyramids are discussed in the context of the new evidence, the conclusion being that the Pyramid of the Sun and probably also the Pyramid of the Moon were built in the earliest phase of the occupation of Teotihuacán rather than later as commonly assumed. The relationships of the Tzacualli phase to other sites in the Valley of Mexico are discussed and it is concluded that the pyramids were probably built in about the last century before Christ or earlier. Since the building of these enormous pyramids implies a relatively complex level of social integration, this new level must have come into being some several hundred years or more before the building of the pyramids unless a large-scale migration was involved. For this it is contended there is no good evidence. Linné's new chronological placement of Tlamimilolpa before Xolalpan rather than after is discussed. Comments are made on the significance of this reversal of chronology for the growth of the city and for the expansion of its “influence” to other parts of Mesoamerica.
The Oldest Sites of Northeast Siberia
Authors: Chard Chester S. 
Published: April 2006

The following survey is intended to cover that portion of Asia lying nearest to the New World and hence presumably most closely related thereto historically and culturally — that is, the lower Lena basin and the region lying east of it, forming the northeastern extension of the continent. For the sake of precision we will set as limits the 110th meridian on the west and latitude 62°, roughly that of Yakutsk, on the south.As in comparable regions of our own continent, vast portions of this area still remain archaeologically unknown. However, significant work has been done in recent years which merits the attention of Americanists, in particular that by A. P. Okladnikov along the Lena River.