bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Orford J. E. , Gollow I. , Brennan B. , Hallam L. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Fine needle biopsy (FNB) in children has been slow to gain acceptance compared with the use of the technique in adults where it is regarded as standard clinical practice in screening significant lymphadenopathy and suspicious masses. We report our early experience with FNB in the paediatric population. Methods: Fifty‐two biopsies were performed between June 1991 and June 1993. The age of the children ranged from 6 months to 14 years (median 2 years, mean 5 years). Results: A definite diagnosis on cytology alone was obtained in 67%. The pathologist was certain of malignant or nonmalignant potential in 79% (67% benign and 12% malignant) and unsure in 21% (17% benign and 4% malignant). There were no false positive or false negative diagnoses of malignancy. Surgical excision or biopsy was performed in 33%. Fine needle biopsy assisted in planning surgery in 12%. Surgery was necessary for a definite diagnosis in 21% and FNB assisted 42% of the patients to avoid surgery altogether. Conclusions: Fine needle biopsy is simple, minimally invasive and useful in the evaluation of children with suspicious lymph nodes and masses.
METAL‐ON‐METAL ARTICULATION IN TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY: PRELIMINARY RESULTS IN 57 CASES
Authors: Randle Raymond , Gordiev Katherine 
Published: January 2008

Background: Aseptic loosening of hip prostheses may lead to implant failure and necessitate revision surgery. Metal‐on‐metal hip articulation has characteristics that may minimize prosthesis loosening when compared with other forms of hip articulation. The purpose of the present prospective study was to identify early problems that may contraindicate the use of the ‘prosthesis femorale modulaire’ (PFM) metal‐on‐metal prosthesis. Methods: The preliminary results of 57 metal‐on‐metal total hip arthroplasties performed by one surgeon (RR) from 1994 to 1996 in Lismore, New South Wales, are presented here. Data were obtained using patient questionnaires, physical examination and by examination of radiographs. Results: A total of 87.6% of patients had an excellent or good outcome, according to the Harris rating system, at the latest review. The two patients with poor results had obvious alternative causes for their continuing symptoms. There was no radiological evidence of bone or prosthesis failure during the period of follow‐up. Conclusions: The preliminary results are comparable with those of other authors who have examined the early results of metal‐on‐metal total hip arthroplasty.
THE SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF OSSEOUS CRANIAL BASE TUMOURS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Holmes Anthony D. , Klug Geoffrey L. , Breidahl Alan F. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Osseous cranial base tumours in children present as a diverse collection of both benign and malignant pathologies. Concerns raised by the difficulty in accurate diagnosis and local recurrence of benign lesions and by the long‐term sequelae of radiotherapy for malignant cranial tumours (marked local growth disturbances, pituitary dysfunction, visual disturbances, late new tumour induction) prompted an evaluation of surgical resection of cranial base tumours in children, with specific regard to safety, efficacy and aesthetic result. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of 10 consecutive children presenting with tumours either arising from or eroding into bone of the cranial base who were managed by surgical resection in a 10‐year period from 1986 to 1996. The patients demonstrated a great variation in both presentation and pathology. All underwent surgical resection of tumour with reconstruction where indicated. Results: There were no postoperative complications or mortality. All patients remained clinically free of disease at follow‐up, which ranged from 17 months to 9 years (mean 6 years and 4 months). Conclusion: The aggressive surgical resection and craniofacial reconstruction of cranial base tumours in the paediatric population offers a safe and efficacious mode of treatment that obviates problems of diagnosis and local recurrence for benign lesions and of the long‐term sequelae of radiotherapy for malignant lesions.
THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF BREAST CANCER SCREENING IN HONG KONG
Authors: Lau Y. , Lau P. Y. , Chan C. M. , Yip A. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer and cause of death in women from Hong Kong. The Well Women Clinic at Kwong Wah Hospital offers breast cancer screening (physical examination and mammography) for women over 40 years of age. Methods: Results of screening over a 2‐year period revealed an overall malignancy detection rate of 2.6 per 1000 screens with a strong selection bias for symptomatic women. Results: Screening only slightly increased the proportion of stage I cancers detected; of the malignancies detected, a significant percentage were in situ cancers with doubtful effects on breast cancer mortality. Teamwork and communication were useful in keeping a low referral rate to the surgical clinic of 6.1%, as well as a low biopsy rate for mammographic abnormalities. Conclusions: A re‐evaluation of the real risk of breast cancer in young women together with the lack of proven value from screening has suggested a need for reconsideration of offering screening to women 40 years and over in Hong Kong.
MANAGEMENT OF COLONIC LIPOMAS
Authors: Chung Y. F. A. , Ho Y‐H. , Nyam D. C. N. K. , Leong A. F. P. K. , Seow‐Choen F. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Little is known of colonic lipomas, especially in an Asian population, and their management is controversial. Methods: A computerized colonoscopy database was analysed and patients with colonic lipomas were reviewed. Results: There were 16 colonic lipomas (incidence of 0.15%) in a series of 10 658 consecutive colonoscopies. There were seven men and nine women, with a mean age of 61.8 years (range: 28–80 years). The size of the lipomas ranged from 1.5 to 6 cm; all those larger than 3.5 cm were symptomatic (P= 0.05). The most common symptom was mild bleeding per rectum. Right‐sided lipomas were palpable while left‐sided lipomas presented with obstructive symptoms. Colonoscopic removal by hot biopsy or snare polypectomy was possible where the lipomas were 2.5 cm and pedunculated. Surgery was performed in six patients (four open, two laparoscopic) for symptoms and to exclude malignancy. There was no morbidity or mortality. Conclusions: Small or pedunculated lipomas may be safely removed colonoscopically and the diagnosis confirmed histologically. Larger lipomas require surgical resection for relief of symptoms or to exclude malignancy.
New Economic Indicators for Australia, 1949‐84
Authors: Boehm Ernst. A. , Moore Geoffrey H. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis article attempts to identify and describe the main characteristics of Australia'a business cycles during the period 1949 to 7984 with the aid of leading, coincident, and lagging indicators, using the methodology of the International Economic lndicator project at the Center for lnternational Business Cycle Research, Columbia University, New York.The methodology to identify Australia's classical cycle and growth cycle chronologies is discussed. Reviews are made of the lead‐lag patterns of, first, both chronologies in relation to the specific cycles of the individual coincident indicators, and second, the growth chronology in relation to the leading and lagging indicators.Australia's growth cycle chronology is compared with the chronology of other countries, notably of United States, United Kingdom, and Japan. The general uses of an indicator analysis are reviewed. An appendix compares the reference cycle chronologies previously available for Australia and the indicators used to obtain them.
What Does Privatisation Achieve?—A Comment on Quiggin
Authors: Domberger Simon 
Published: January 2008

AbstractJohn Quiggin's ‘Does Privatisation Pay?’ is critically assessed in this short article. The following issues are specifically addressed: un‐derpricing, sovereign risk, the equity premium, fiscal illusion, welfare considerations, and the efficiency of private and public enterprises. The article concludes that privatisation need not be a poor economic bargain for the community and that it ought to be considered on a case‐by‐case basis.
ON THE EVOLUTION OF BONY FISHES DURING THE TRIASSIC PERIOD
Authors: BROUGH JAMES 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe Palaeoniscidae was the dominant group of bony fishes during Carboniferous and Permian times. This large and varied group of fishes has usually been called the “family Palaeoniscidae”, but it appears to consist of several independent lines.The Holostei were evolved from the Palaeoniscidae before the beginning of the Triassic, Acentrophorns, the earliest member, appearing in the upper Permian.About the close of the Palaeozoic era the Palaeoniscidae gave rise to several independent families which become modified to a greater or less extent toward the holostean grade of structure.These groups are referred to as the sub‐holostean families. The parallel modifications they display include the reduction of the scaly lobe of the tail, reduction of the fin rays, loss of the cosmine layer of the scales, and the swinging forward of the suspensorium. The modifications proceeded much further in some groups than in others.It is shown that although these Triassic families did not give rise to the Holostei, they provide a perfect Sci of intermediate forms between the palaeoniscid and the holostean condition.One of the sub‐holostean families, the Catopteridae, is analysed and its evolving characters separated into those which are parallel (also undergone by other groups) and those which are characteristic of the family.Reasons are Sci out for supposing the Catopteridae to have been derived from the Dicellopygae group of the Palaeoniscidae.
THE CONCEPT OF NERVE‐MUSCLE SPECIFICITY
Authors: STRAUS WILLIAM L. 
Published: January 2008

Summary(1) The concept of nerve‐muscle specificity postulates the existence of an inherent, specific attraction between given striated muscle fibres and given nerve fibres or neurons. (2) The chief theories of nerve‐muscle specificity, those of Furbringer and Cunningham, are considered. Furbringer's theory–that there is an unvarying, specific relationship between particular macroscopic, peripheral nerve branches and particular muscles–is founded upon a false embryological concept and is completely negated by both comparative and experimental data. Cunningham's theory–that there is a constant relationship between given neurons and given muscles but which recognizes variability in pathways adopted by axons and hence in macroscopic innervation –has some comparative anatomical support but is denied by the findings of experimental embryology. The theory that muscular nerve supply is inconstant, and that there may be secondary innervation, especially in phylogeny, is more in accordance with known facts. (3) Existing knowledge of the development of nerve‐muscle relationships–the outgrowth of nerve fibres, the formation of peripheral nerve patterns, and the establishment of terminal connexions–is reviewed. Although a number of important questions remain to be answered, there is nothing to indicate the existence of anything approaching a true nerve‐muscle specificity. (4) It is concluded that present evidence is against the concept of nerve‐muscle specificity. Thus resemblances in muscular nerve supply must merely reflect general similarity in development. Because of this, innervation is of great aid in homo‐logizing the muscles of animals belonging to one vertebrate class, but not in homologizing the muscles of animals of different classes. It is shown that urodeles so differ from other tetrapod vertebrates respecting nerve‐muscle relationships that they form a group unto themselves.
THE EFFECTS OF CLONIDINE ON ELECTRICALLY‐INDUCED CONTRACTIONS OF RAT DETRUSOR STRIPS IN VITRO
Authors: SANTICIOLI P. , MAGGI C. A. , MELI A. 
Published: January 2008

Clonidine (10–9–3 times 10–6M) produced a concentration dependent inhibition of field stimulation‐induced contractions of rat detrusor muscle strip at 0.1 and 1 Hz which were completely abolished by tet‐rodotoxin (5 times 10–7M) but were unaffected by hexamethonium (10–5M).
Pretreatment with yohimbine (10–8–10–7M) did not modify the amplitude of contractions but produced a rightward parallel shift of clonidine's cumulative response curve without a depression of the maximal response. The corresponding pA2 value for yohimbine was 8.44 ± 0.1.
Atropine (3 times 10–6M) produced a partial inhibition of contractions at both frequencies. In the presence of atropine the cumulative response curve of clonidine was significantly reduced at 1 but not at 0.1 Hz.
Indomethacin (5 times 10–5M) and theophylline (2 times 10–4M) produced a partial inhibition of amplitude of contractions at both frequencies without any interference with the effect of a supramaximal concentration of clonidine.
Prazosin (10–6M), propranolol (10–6M), chlorpheniramine (10–6M), ranitidine (10–6M), haloperidol (10–7M), pizotifen (10–6M), naloxone (10–6M), quinidine (10–6M), strychnine (10–5M) or picrotoxin (10–5M) neither affected the amplitude of contractions at either frequency nor antagonized clonidine effects.
The contractile response of non stimulated strips to acetylcholine (10–5M), carbachol (3 times 10–6M) and ATP (10–3M) were not significantly influenced by pretreatment with clonidine (3 times 10–6M).7 These results suggest that stimulation of prejunctional α2‐adrenoreceptors located on postganglionic nerve endings might reduce the output of excitatory neurotransmitter(s) in rat urinary bladder.
ATTENUATION BY CAPTOPRIL OF PRESSOR RESPONSES TO SYMPATHETIC STIMULI: EFFECTS OF PROCEDURES REDUCING ACTIVITY OF THE RENIN‐ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
Authors: BOURA A. L. A. , RECHTMAN M. P. , WALTERS W. A. W. 
Published: January 2008

Low doses (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) of the converting enzyme inhibitor captopril given intravenously to pithed rats were followed by long lasting falls in systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures. Concomit‐antly pressor responses were reduced to either electrical stimulation of the thoraco‐lumbar sympathetic outflow or intravenous injection of the ganglion stimulant McNeil‐A‐343. Positive chronotropic responses of the heart to cardiac nerve stimulation were unchanged after relatively large doses of the drug (3.0 mg/kg).
The reductions in arterial blood pressure and pressor responses to McNeil‐A‐343 caused by captopril persisted following β‐adrenoreceptor blockade, renal sympathectomy or unilateral nephrectomy, but did not occur after acute bilateral nephrectomy nor during sodium and water retention due to unilateral nephrectomy plus subacute administration of desoxycorticosterone and saline.
Pressor responses to noradrenaline were reduced after 1.0 mg/kg captopril i.v. whereas those to methoxamine or vasopressin were unaltered after 5.0 mg/kg.
It is concluded that in the rat, after elimination of sympathetic tone by pithing, the level of the arterial blood pressure and the magnitude of pressor responses to peripheral sympathetic nerve activation depend on the basal activity of the renin‐angiotensin system. This maintains sufficient angiotensin II production to ensure retention of some tone in resistance vessels together with presynaptic augmentation of noradrenaline output at a sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. The latter effects are abolished after converting enzyme inhibition with captopril, consequent to reduced tissue levels of angiotensin II and perhaps potentiation of the actions of bradykinin.
EVIDENCE AGAINST PURINERGIC NERVE FIBRES IN THE HYPOGASTRIC NERVES OF THE CAT
Authors: THEOBALD R. J. 
Published: January 2008

Hypogastric nerve stimulation (HGS) produced a transient contraction of the cat urinary bladder and inhibition of pelvic nerve evoked bladder contractions.
Pretreatment by guanethidine (GUA) antagonized HGS inhibition of pelvic nerve evoked bladder contractions, but had no effect on the HGS‐induced transient contractions.
GUA pretreatment had no effect on ATP or APPCP‐induced contractions of the urinary bladder.
Pretreatment by 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) antagonized both the transient contraction and the inhibition of pelvic nerve evoked bladder contractions induced by HGS.
6‐OHDA pretreatment had no effect on ATP or APPCP‐induced contractions of the urinary bladder.
Heterogeneity of vascular muscarinic receptors
Authors: Eglen R. M. , Whiting R. L. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryMuscarinic receptors mediate diverse effects on the vasculature. Recently, a consensus has been arrived at with regard to muscarinic receptor classification (Levine and Birdsall, 1989). As a result, it may now be possible to clarify the role of each subtype in the responses of vascular tissues to muscarinic agonists. It is apparent that vascular muscarinic receptors form a heterogeneous population. M1 receptors contract canine venous tissue, whilst M3 receptors contract porcine and bovine coronary arteries. M3 receptors also mediate EDRF‐dependent relaxant responses in the majority of tissues studied to date. M2 receptors elicit relaxations by a decrease in sympathetic outflow in canine femoral vein, rabbit ear artery and rat portal vein. These conclusions are primarily derived from functional estimations of equilibrium dissociation constants, since comparable radioligand binding data are both scarce and contradictory. It is concluded that all three major subtypes of receptors are present in the vasculature. However, the limited selectivity of the available antagonists, the lack of extensive use of such compounds and the unavailability of selective agonists clearly indicate the need for more definitive studies to be undertaken.
A Rare Form of Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: BERGYAN W. , MORALES O. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYUnusual case of congenital heart disease consisting of a total atresia of the mitral ostium combined with a small interauricular septal defect, a very large interventricular septal defect, a strnosis of the isthmus of aorta, and a patent ductus arteriosus.
The Effect of Methylscopolamine‐nitrate (Scopyle) on the Stomach in Hypertrophic Stenosis of the Pylorus
Authors: HEIKEL PER‐ERIK 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA short account of the roentgenologically noticeable effect of methylscopolamine‐nitrate (scopyle) on the stomach in 17 cases of hypertrophic stenosis of the pylorus in infancy. The peristalsis of the stomach was weakened in 13 cases, no effect being noticeable with regards to the opening time of the stenosis or its width. In 11 of the cases the quantity of contrast which passed the stenosis over a 1½ hour period was less than at the control examination. Comparison with an investigation of the use of pilocarpine hydrochloride seems to show that pilocarpine brings about a more evident improvement of the evacuation of the stomach during the same length of time.RésuméUn court compte rendu de la radiologic ?un effet notable de la méthylscopolamine‐nitrate (scopyle) sur ľestomac, dans 17 cas de sténose hypertrophique du pylore des nourrissons. Les mouvements péristaltiques de ľestomac étaient affaiblis dans 13 cas mais on ne pouvait constater aucun effet au sujet du moment ni de ľampleur de ľouverture de la sténose. Dans 11 cas la quantity de contraste qui passe par la sténose en 1 h ½ de temps était moindre que lors de ľexamen de contrôle. Un examen comparatif dans lequel on s'est servi de pilocarpine hydrochloride semble montrer que la pilocarpine facilite plus manifestement ľevacuation de ľestomac dans le meme espace de temps.ZusammenfassungEin kurzer Bericht über den merkbaren Effekt von Methyl‐scopolamin‐nitrat (Scopyl) auf den Magen in 17 Fällen von hyper‐trophischer Pylorusstenose bei Kindern. Die Peristaltik des Magens wurde herabgesetzt in 13 Fällen, in Bezug auf die Öff‐nungszeit der Stenose und deren Weite konnte kein Effekt be‐obachtet werden. In 11 Fällen war die Kontrastmenge, welche die Stenose im Laufe von 1½ Stunden passierte, geringer als bei der Kontrolluntersuchung. Eine Vergleichsuntersuchung mit An‐wendung von Pilocarpin‐hydrochlorid scheint zu zeigen, dass Pilocarpin eine deutlichere Verbesserung der Entleerung des Magens während der gleichen Zeit bewirkt.ResumenUn breve informe sobre el notable efecto roentgenológico del nitrato metilescopolamina (escopilo) sobre el estómago en 17 casos de estenosis hipertrófica del píloro durante la infancia. La peristalsis del estómago se debilityó en 13 casos; no se notó ningún efecto en cuanto al tiempo de abertura de la estenosis o de su anchura. En once de los casos la cantidad de contraste que pasó por la estenosis durante un período de 1.1/2 horas fué menor que durante el examen de control. Una comparación con un estudio del uso de pilocarpina clorhidrato parece demostrar que la pilo‐carpina ocasiona, en el mismo espacio de tiempo, un mejoramiento más evidente de la evacuatión del estómago.
Exanthema Subitum and Febrile Convulsions
Authors: MÖLLER KJELL L. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryOut of 448 cases of febrile convulsions admitted to the Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, during 1945–1954, at least 7.6% (34 cases) occurred in connection with exanthema subitum.Among the children with febrile convulsions who were 12 months old or younger, exanthema subitum was the cause of fever in 16.2%.The 34 cases of exanthema subitum had a median age of 12.5 months, the remaining 414 children with convulsions had a median of 20.8 months.Exanthema subitum is supposed to cause convulsions not only because of fever, but because of a specific cerebral effect.Persisting cerebral lesions may occur, resulting in new attacks of convulsion later on.Sur 448 cas de convulsions fébriles admis à l'hopital de Gothembourg au cours des années 1945 à 1954, 7,6% d'entr'eux au moins présentaient une association avec un exanthème subit. Cet exanthème était la cause de l'hyperpyrexie dans 16,2% des cas, chez les enfants d'un âge égal ou supérieur à 12 mois. L'âge moyen des enfants présentant de l'exanthème subit était de 12,5 mois, et celui des autres de 20,8 mois. L'exanthème subit semble être la cause des convulsions; non, par la fièvre qui s'y associe, mais en raison d'une atteinte cérébrale spécifique. Des lésions cérébrales peuvent d'ailleurs persister, provoquant de nouveaux accés convulsifs, ultérieurement.
Steroid Therapy in Some Types of Post‐infectious Encephalomyelitis
Authors: ÖBERG GÖSTA 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe neurological complications of the contagious exanthemata may be very severe and dangerous. Residual symptoms are not uncommon. Even transitory anoxemia can cause cerebral lesions. Treatment by tracheotomy and respirator is somtimes life‐saving. There is much evidence in support of the opinion that neurological signs following measles, chicken pox, and rubella are of anaphylactic origin. Attempts at steroid therapy may be justified. Treatment should be applied only for a few days, and then only during a stage of the illness when good antibody production can be counted on. The clinical course in three cases successfully treated with cortisone and in two cases treated with prednisone without improvement are described. Until we know more about this therapy it should be reserved for severe cases with signs of cerebral oedema or cranial nerve paralysis.
Myocardial Changes Following Oxygen Inhalation An Experimental Study on Rabbits
Authors: BERFENSTAM R. , ZETTERGREN L. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA variety of myocardial changes, predominantly in the left ventricle, were observed in 38 of 46 rabbits which were exposed to 70 to 80 per cent oxygen until they died. In the majority of animals the changes took the form of vacuolar degeneration, altered stainability of the muscular tissue and interstitial edema. In addition, the animals exhibited major structural changes leading to myolysis and development of myocarditis‐like foci. It is the authors' contention that the changes in question are secondary to such pulmonary lesions as are caused by oxygen inhalation and, hence, that at least partially they are caused by hypoxia.