bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence, proportion, and vertical distribution of red heartwood in paper birch
Authors: Giroud Guillaume , Cloutier Alain , Alteyrac Jérôme 
Published: June 2008

Normal paper birch ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.) wood has a clear and uniform color. However, some paper birch trees contain reddish-brown-, discolored wood known as red heartwood. Its occurrence, proportion, and vertical distribution were investigated. One hundred and fifty trees were randomly sampled from three stands located at the Montmorency Forest, 75 km north of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. A subsample of 18 trees showing occurrence of red heartwood at stump height were felled, and 5 cm thick disks were cut at every 0.5 m of height. Red heartwood volume, proportion, and vertical distribution were determined from the disks. Trees with larger diameter at breast height and lower tree height had a higher probability of red heartwood occurrence. Red heartwood starts occurring in 40-year-old trees on average in the stands studied. The volume of red heartwood was positively correlated with tree age, and the proportion of red heartwood was positively related to tree age, and negatively related to the amount of sunlight on the live crown. Red heartwood proportion was 13.3% of the tree merchantable volume, mostly located under the live crown.
Adjustment of the age–height relationship for uneven-aged black spruce stands
Authors: Ouzennou Hakim , Pothier David , Raulier Frédéric 
Published: June 2008

Site index (SI) is commonly used in natural stands, even when their diameter distribution deviates from that of the monospecific, even-aged, fully stocked stands used to develop basic age–height relationships. Since deviations from basic age–height trajectories can be reflected in deviations of stand diameter distribution from a bell shape, we incorporated different diameter diversity indices into an age–height equation to help improve height predictions and determine which index is best related to stand dominant height. This procedure was performed using black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands from a large network of permanent sample plots established across the province of Quebec, Canada. The age–height model that minimized the Akaike’s information criterion used the Shannon evenness index (ESh) as an equation modifier accounting for the diameter diversity variable. The model showed that for stands established on relatively poor sites (SI = 9), no substantial differences in dominant height were found between two contrasting ESh values. For SI = 15, however, the larger ESh value increased the dominant height by as much as 1 m at 80 years. These results suggest that introduction of ESh into an age–height model can improve calculation of site index, particularly in regions characterized by the presence of numerous uneven-aged stands.
Robust flight performance of bumble bees with artificially induced wing wear
Authors: Haas C. A. , Cartar R. V. 
Published: June 2008

We lack a mechanism that links wing wear with mortality in foraging social insects. This study tests the hypothesis that wing wear strongly degrades foraging flight performance, thereby providing a biomechanical explanation for the wing wear – mortality relationship. We examine the effect of simulated wing wear — wing area reduction and asymmetry — on the flight behaviour of bumble bee ( Bombus flavifrons Cresson, 1863) workers moving between vertically oriented flowers spaced 30 cm apart and arranged in a two-dimensional horizontal grid. Flight behaviour was measured in three dimensions as total flying distance, mean velocity, variability of velocity, maximum acceleration, maximum deceleration, percentage of time spent accelerating, and displacement from a straight line path between flowers. Loss of wing area had surprisingly little effect on flight behaviour. Viewed multivariately, bees with low asymmetry and low loss of mean area, or with high asymmetry and high loss of mean area, differed from the other three treatment groups. When bees were burdened with both high asymmetry and high loss of wing area, their between-flower flight path was less direct. Overall, flight behaviour of bumble bees was highly resilient to major changes in wing area and asymmetry in this simple foraging environment. The wing wear-associated causes of increased mortality remain elusive.
Sex-specific differences in diving behaviour of two sympatric Alcini species: thick-billed murres and razorbills
Authors: Paredes Rosana , Jones Ian L. , Boness Daryl J. , Tremblay Yann , Renner Martin 
Published: June 2008

At the Gannet Islands, Labrador, sympatric thick-billed murres ( Uria lomvia (L., 1758)) and razorbills ( Alca torda L., 1758) are slightly sexually dimorphic and have similar intersexual differences in parental roles; females are the main meal providers and males are mostly involved in brooding and chick defence at the breeding site and at sea. The question is whether differences in parental roles influence the foraging behaviour patterns of males and females. Murre females foraged during twilight periods and dived shallower than males. In razorbills, although sex differences were not as clear, females also tended to dive shallower (<10 m) and more often at twilight. Males of both species foraged during daylight hours and tended to dive deeper than females. Females of both species had shorter dive bouts (i.e., duration of a series of dives) even though the number of bouts and dives per day were equal between sexes. In both species, female dives were mostly shallower W-shaped dives, likely for capturing crustaceans at twilight. In contrast, males performed mostly deeper U-shaped dives for capturing mid-water species (e.g., capelin, Mallotus villosus (Müller, 1776)). Altogether, our results show that the two sympatric auks had relatively similar intersexual segregation in feeding time, depth, and prey. Sex differences in nest attendance, driven by differences in parental roles, seem to explain these findings.
Central-place foraging in nursing, arthropod-gleaning bats
Authors: Daniel Shai , Korine Carmi , Pinshow Berry 
Published: June 2008

Central-place (CP) foraging theory predicts a positive correlation between the time a breeding CP forager spends in a patch and the distance of the patch to the CP. We found that nursing female Hemprich’s long-eared bats ( Otonycteris hemprichii Peters, 1859; Vespertilionidae) that forage around a lake in the Negev roost in only two areas: one 0.5–2 km (near) and one 9 km (far) from the foraging area. If these bats are CP foragers, then the strategies of the two groups should differ. We predicted that females roosting farther away would have longer but fewer foraging bouts. Using radiotelemetry, we measured the activity of six females from the near site and three from the far site. Without exception, females from the far site made a single, prolonged foraging bout each night, while females roosting nearby made several shorter bouts. Among the females from the near site, daily foraging time, mean daily foraging bout length, and first daily foraging bout length were all significantly and positively correlated with distance between the roost and the foraging site. Our data support the prediction that female O. hemprichii are CP foragers. We suggest that the females trade off using a safe roost site, distant from a choice foraging area, and lower nursing frequency against using a risky roost site close to the foraging area and greater nursing frequency.
Beyond mtDNA: nuclear gene flow suggests taxonomic oversplitting in the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus)
Authors: Lausen C. L. , Delisle I. , Barclay R. M.R. , Strobeck C. 
Published: June 2008

In southern Alberta and north-central Montana, there is substantial mtDNA sequence divergence between two groups of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus (LeConte, 1831), previously thought to be subspecies ( Myotis lucifugus lucifugus and Myotis lucifugus carissima ) but recently hypothesized to be species. We tested this hypothesis using population genetic techniques. Using nuclear microsatellite markers (10 loci), we found a lack of differentiation between these two groups of bats (ascribed based on mitochondrial hypervariable region II sequence), suggesting interbreeding was sympatric. Our findings add to the recent discovery that M. l. lucifugus haplotypes are found throughout the range previously thought to be only M. l. carissima, suggesting widespread sympatry and extensively mixed gene pools, thus refuting the cryptic species hypothesis. Clinal morphology and individual variation demonstrated the impossibility to differentiate groups based on original subspecies definitions. The lack of geographic and morphological boundaries, in addition to the likelihood that the interbreeding observed in this study is occurring across western North America, suggests that no line can be drawn between these two groups. We thus suggest that the carissima subspecies designation be dropped. This study highlights the importance of investigating nuclear gene flow in widely sympatric animals suspected of being cryptic genetic species, and has important implications for applications of the DNA Barcoding Project.
Feeding ecology of the Great Basin Rattlesnake (Crotalus lutosus, Viperidae)
Authors: Glaudas Xavier , Jezkova Tereza , Rodríguez-Robles Javier A. 
Published: June 2008

Documenting variation in organismal traits is essential to understanding the ecology of natural populations. We relied on stomach contents of preserved specimens and literature records to assess ontogenetic, intersexual, temporal, and geographic variations in the feeding ecology of the North American Great Basin Rattlesnake ( Crotalus lutosus Klauber, 1930). Snakes preyed mainly on rodents, occasionally on lizards, and less frequently on birds; squamate eggs and frogs were rarely eaten. There was a positive relationship between predator and prey size. The best predictors of this relationship were prey diameter as a function of snake body length and head size, underscoring the importance of prey diameter for gape-limited predators such as snakes. Crotalus lutosus displayed ontogenetic, sexual, and seasonal variations in diet. Smaller rattlesnakes fed predominantly on lizards, whereas larger individuals mostly fed on mammals. Females fed on lizards more often than males. The proportion of mammals in the diet was highest during the summer, a temporal variation that may be related to behavioral shifts in the diel activity and prey selectivity of C. lutosus, and (or) to differential abundance of rodents between seasons. Great Basin Rattlesnakes also displayed geographic variation in feeding habits, with snakes from the Great Basin Desert eating a higher proportion of lizards than serpents from the more northern Columbia Plateau.
History of RIGS in Wales: an example of successful cooperation for geoconservation
Authors: Burek Cynthia V. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The history of RIGS in Wales is an example of a rise, fall and rise again of a voluntary sector organization operating within the field of geoconservation. The Welsh RIGS movement began as small individual groups, which then gave rise to a national organization with specific needs and problems. As RIGS started in Wales before devolution in 1999, it was regarded as a regional grouping but after devolution it was well placed to take the national Welsh agenda of geoconservation forward. This paper explores the development of this co-operation through national conferences, the development of the Association of Welsh RIGS Groups and looks at the unique position that Wales holds within the field of geoconservation. Finally, the achievements of this approach are highlighted.
A vision of ‘deep time’: the ‘Geological Illustrations’ of Crystal Palace Park, London
Authors: Doyle Peter 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Crystal Palace Park in the London Borough of Bromley is a masterpiece of park design by the visionary Sir Joseph Paxton. Created to house the iron and glass ‘Crystal Palace’ (the temporary structure built for the 1851 Great Exhibition in Hyde Park), the park was developed on a series of themed terraces, with the palace itself at the top of Sydenham Hill. The terraces were linked by a grand central walkway, and massive fountains played in gigantic fountain bowls. Today, the palace is gone, destroyed by fire in 1936; the fountains are quiet and their bowls occupied by the stadia of the National Sports Centre; and the central walk is interrupted by intrusive twentieth century concrete architecture. But one jewel of the original remains. In the SE corner lies a remnant of Paxton's original English landscape garden, a fragment populated with ‘antediluvian monsters’ and geological cliffs. This remnant is arguably the world's first attempt at recreating, in a systematic, scientific and ordered way, the geology of the United Kingdom, and its survival and subsequent restoration in 2001 is a remarkable testimony to its constructors and originators.
This paper examines the background and achievement of this first accurate recreation of geology in a public park, a Victorian monument to the relevance of promoting awareness of the science as a foundation to effective geoconservation.
Geological site designation under the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention
Authors: Boylan Patrick J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The World Heritage Convention, 1972, which aims to promote and support the conservation of the world's cultural and natural heritage, can be considered one of the world's most successful international treaties as it has been adopted by 184 states. However, for very many states it is primarily a way in which places that they consider to be their most important heritage sites and monuments can gain additional international recognition through inscription on the World Heritage List. Though geological interest is one of the major criteria for inscription on the World Heritage List, in practice relatively few sites have been inscribed wholly or partly because of their geological or geomorphological importance, (just 72 out of the current 851 World Heritage sites). Further, the present list of geological inscriptions is very uneven and unrepresentative of geological periods and Earth processes, and localities of key significance in the history of geology are almost absent. One weakness is that, although there is some professional geological advice through the World Conservation Union (one of the two official advisory bodies to the World Heritage Committee) there is no mechanism through which international geological science or history of geology organizations can contribute to the development of world heritage policies and the evaluation of nominations to the World Heritage List. However, the greatest problem is that most countries are not evaluating and nominating their national geological heritage. The geological community needs to become much more active in promoting geological conservation and nominations to the World Heritage Committee at the national level.
Towards a history of geotourism: definitions, antecedents and the future
Authors: Hose Thomas A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Geotourism is a relatively new form of tourism with considerable growth potential. Initially researched and defined within the UK, it is a growing field of international academic study. The term passed into general usage in the early 1990s, although its antecedents date back to the seventeenth century. Its resource base includes geosites, museum, library and archive collections and artistic outputs. It has significant social history and industrial archaeology underpinnings. Relatively recently defined, and benefiting from a new appreciation of its historical roots and various outcomes, the concept is already undergoing redefinition and refinement. However, because of an inadequately developed historical perspective and theoretical framework, the rationale for its provision and the societal significance of its resource base is not always fully appreciated by existing and potential stakeholders. This account presents geotourism's historical and theoretical development, especially in Britain from which examples are drawn, and explores its likely future.
The role of the voluntary sector in the evolving geoconservation movement
Authors: Burek Cynthia V. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

The role of the voluntary sector in geoconservation has a long history. However, its involvement in biodiversity conservation is even longer. A contrast is made between the biodiversity and geodiversity voluntary sectors through time. With the start of the movement arguably by the National Trust in the late nineteenth century, the baton (or hammer) has been taken up by geological societies locally and nationally, by individuals and more recently by the RIGS initiative. The word voluntary in no way diminishes the work undertaken and achieved by these people. It can be argued that without them geoconservation would not exist. This paper explores their contribution using case studies: National Trust and UKRIGS as national organizations, the RIGS movement as a local initiative, the Chester Society of Natural Science as ‘local’ interest and the work of individuals through time. The latest Local Geodiversity Action Plans (LGAPs) development as a recent historical phenomenon is explored and the importance of
local
as context for geoconservation illustrated.
The Geologists' Association and geoconservation: history and achievements
Authors: Green C. P. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The vulnerability of the geological record and of the natural environment in general was recognized in the nineteenth century. The Geologists' Association (GA) contributed to the national debate after the First World War and was active in consultations leading to the development of conservation policy and legislation in the 1940s. The geological issues attracted less attention in the 1950s and 1960s, but in the years that followed the GA became increasingly involved in conservation initiatives. The Fieldwork Code was published, the Curry Fund established and the GA became active in supplying the geological input to a wide variety of environmental conservation campaigns.
Umbanda - Eine Brasilianische Religion
Authors: Figge Horst H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIm zweiten Drittel dieses Jahrhunderts entstand in Brasilien die Umbanda, eine neue Religion, die inzwischen insbesondere in den Groß-städten über eine Millionen zählende Anhängerschaft verfügt. Sie kann als animistisch-mediunistisch charakterisiert und als Konsolidierung des brasilianischen Volkskatholizismus in den vakant gewordenen Formen ehemals afro-brasilianischer Sekten verstanden werden.
Exilsgemeinde Und Jerusalem in Ez Viii-Xi Eine Literarische Untersuchung
Authors: Horst Friedrich 
Published: June 2008

AbstractEz viii-xi ist ein literarisches Gefüge, das von einem eröffnenden und schliessenden Rahmen (viii 1-3b α und xi 24-25) umspannt wird und mehrere Einzelstücke in sich enthält. Die meisten dieser Einzelstücke heben sich gut erkennbar von einander ab. Man tut gut, sie zunächst von einander gelöst und ohne Rücksicht auf ihre jetzige Unterbringung zu betrachten und nach ihrem Aufbau und ihrer Abzielung zu bestimmen. Dabei bewegt man sich, wie mir scheint, am sichersten vorwärts, wenn man den Anfang mit xi und hier mit dem Stück xi 14-21 macht.
The Susa Tablets, the Bible and the Aramaic Papyri
Authors: Rabinowitz Jacob J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe Susa Tablets 1) reveal a number of remarkable parallels to the Bible and to the Aramaic papyri. I do not profess to know what precisely the significance of these parallels is. The primary task, however, is to recognize them. In the process some new interpretations will emerge and, perhaps, some widely held notions will have to be modified.
The Gibeonites, the Nethinim and the Sons of Solomon's Servants
Authors: Haran Menahem 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe aim of this article is to assemble the main features of the history of a Canaanite community whose fate was bound up with that of Israel. This community first emerges during the wars of Canaan, and disappears in the obscure period after Nehemiah. Its life-span thus virtually coincides with the history of Biblical Israel. During this long period the nature of the community in question underwent profound changes; nevertheless, it can be shown that its history forms a continuous whole which throws light on some social processes at work in Israel during the Biblical period 1). In this history, the following three main turning-points can be distinguished: Joshua's wars, the reign of Solomon, and the Return from Exile. Each of these turning-points marks a social and juridical change in the status of the community, as will be shown in the following pages.
The Literary Form and Liturgical Background of Psalm Lxxxix
Authors: Ward James M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPs. lxxxix is in many ways the most interesting and important of the royal psalms. Taken as a whole it is a lamentation (vss. 39-52) over the frustration of God's promises to the Davidic dynasty (vss. 20-38), which were made possible by his cosmic sovereignty (6-15). The first part of the psalm recalls the hymns of Yahweh's enthronement (xlvii, xciii, xcv-c), the second, the oracle of Nathan (2 Sam. vii; Ps. cxxxii), and the third, the individual lamentations of the Psalter. This complexity of form and content has led most commentators to divide the psalm into two or three originally separate poems, and to interpret their significance more or less independently of each other. It is the aim of the present study to demonstrate the formal integrity of the psalm as it appears in the Psalter, and to discover, if possible, its original liturgical setting.
PRIESTS AND LEVITES IN DEUTERONOMY an examination of Dr. G. E. WRIGHT'S theory
Authors: Emerton J.A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn a paper which was published in this journal several years ago I), Professor G. E. WRIGHT challenged the usual interpretation of passages in Deuteronomy referring to priests and Levites. He tells the reader that he began by accepting the usual view but that a careful study of the evidence led him to explain these passages in a different way. A theory advanced by so eminent a scholar is certainly worthy of serious consideration, especially since he believes that its implications are many and important. He does not himself state or discuss these implications, because he thinks that the correctness of his thesis must first be tested by others. The present paper offers such a testing of Dr. WRIGHT's interesting and stimulating theory.
Le Tresor De La Maison De Yahweh Des Origines a L'Exil
Authors: Delcor M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTous les temples de l'Antiquité avaient leur trésor contenant souvent des richesses fabuleuses qui ont attiré plus d'un conquérant avideI). La maison de Yahweh à Jérusalem avait aussi le sien et récemment le fameux rouleau de cuivre découvert dans une grotte de Qumrân (3QI5) a attiré l'attention sur les richesses qui y étaient entreposées et qui auraient été cachées un peu partout en Palestine 2). L'imagination populaire a beaucoup brodé sur ce sujet et un écrit tardif intitulé "les vases sacrés", dont on a retrouvé récemment un doublet sur une plaque de marbre de Beyrouth destinée à une synagogue du Liban ou de Syrie, détaille les trésors du Temple qui auraient été cachés ici et là lors de la destruction de Jérusalem par les Babyloniens3). Nous nous proposons uniquement ici d'étudier tout ce qu'on peut connaître du trésor sacré de Jérusalem des origines jusqu'à l'exil, époque sur laquelle nous avons le plus de renseignements par la Bible. Nous ferons cette étude avec le souci de confronter les données bibliques avec l'apport de l'archéologie orientale dans son sens le plus large. Elle voudrait être uniquement une contribution à la connaissance d'une institution importante de l'ancien Israël qui a été jusqu'ici peu étudiée.