bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IGF-1 and Leptin Associate With Fetal HDL Cholesterol at Birth
Authors: Nelson Scott M. , Freeman Dilys J. , Sattar Naveed , Johnstone Frank D. , Lindsay Robert S. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE— Offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes (OT1DM) demonstrate increased fat deposition, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia in utero. We examined the influence of maternal diabetes on cord lipids at birth and relationship to body composition, cord insulin, leptin, and other hormonal measures.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We performed an observational study measuring fetal, HDL, and LDL cholesterol; triglycerides; and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) in a total of 139 OT1DM and 48 control subjects at birth and assessed cross-sectional relationships with birth weight, fetal insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and IGF-1.
RESULTS— Concentrations of total cholesterol (male OT1DM [mean ± SD] 1.49 ± 0.45 mmol/l and male control subjects 1.74 ± 0.33 mmol/l; P &lt; 0.001), HDL cholesterol (0.53 ± 0.21 and 0.74 ± 0.19 mmol/l, respectively; P &lt; 0.001), and NEFA (median 0.17 [interquartile range 2.30−2.95] and 0.21 [0.18–0.36], respectively; P &lt; 0.001) were significantly lower in male OT1DM, with no significant differences in female subjects. Differences in male subjects were independent of mode of delivery. Cord lipids were unrelated to birth weight in OT1DM and did not show consistent relationships with fetal insulin. Unexpectedly, IGF-1 was a strong correlate of HDL cholesterol in control subjects (r = 0.40, P = 0.002) and OT1DM (r = 0.32, P &lt; 0.001) but a negative correlate of triglycerides in control subjects (r = −0.48, P &lt; 0.001) and OT1DM (r = −0.21, P = 0.004), with these relationships present in both sexes. In OT1DM, leptin was also independently correlated (negatively, P &lt; 0.001) with HDL cholesterol in male and female subjects.
CONCLUSIONS— Maternal diabetes is associated with significant alterations in lipid levels in male fetuses. IGF-1, leptin, and male sex rather than insulin may be the major determinants of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides in utero.
Orexins Control Intestinal Glucose Transport by Distinct Neuronal, Endocrine, and Direct Epithelial Pathways
Authors: Ducroc Robert , Voisin Thierry , El Firar Aadil , Laburthe Marc 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—Orexins are neuropeptides involved in energy homeostasis. We investigated the effect of orexin A (OxA) and orexin B (OxB) on intestinal glucose transport in the rat.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS AND RESULTS—Injection of orexins led to a decrease in the blood glucose level in oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). Effects of orexins on glucose entry were analyzed in Ussing chambers using the Na+-dependent increase in short-circuit current (Isc) to quantify jejunal glucose transport. The rapid and marked increase in Isc induced by luminal glucose was inhibited by 10 nmol/l OxA or OxB (53 and 59%, respectively). Response curves to OxA and OxB were not significantly different with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations at 0.9 and 0.4 nmol/l, respectively. On the one hand, OxA-induced inhibition of Isc was reduced by the neuronal blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) and by a cholecystokinin (CCK) 2R antagonist, indicating involvement of neuronal and endocrine CCK-releasing cells. The OX1R antagonist SB334867 had no effect on OxA-induced inhibition, which is likely to occur via a neuronal and/or endocrine OX2R. On the other hand, SB334867 induced a significant right shift of the concentration-effect curve for OxB. This OxB-preferring OX1R pathway was not sensitive to TTX or to CCKR antagonists, suggesting that OxB may act directly on enterocytic OX1R. These distinct effects of OxA and OxB are consistent with the expression of OX1R and OX2R mRNA in the epithelial and nonepithelial tissues, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS—Our data delineate a new function for orexins as inhibitors of intestinal glucose absorption and provide a new basis for orexin-induced short-term control of energy homeostasis.
The Contribution of Splanchnic Fat to VLDL Triglyceride Is Greater in Insulin-Resistant Than Insulin-Sensitive Men and Women
Authors: Hodson Leanne , Bickerton Alex S.T. , McQuaid Siobhán E. , Roberts Rachel , Karpe Fredrik , Frayn Keith N. , Fielding Barbara A. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—We aimed to determine differences in the postprandial contributions of different fatty acid sources to VLDL triglycerides (TGs) in healthy men and women with varying degrees of insulin resistance.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Insulin-resistant (n = 11) and insulin-sensitive (n = 11) men and women (n = 6) were given an intravenous infusion of [2H2]palmitic acid to investigate systemic nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) incorporation into VLDL TGs. Participants were also fed a mixed meal containing [U-13C]palmitic acid to investigate the contribution of dietary fatty acids to VLDL TG production. Blood samples were taken over the following 6 h. Separation of VLDL was performed by density gradient ultracentrifugation and immunoaffinity techniques specific to apolipoprotein B-100.
RESULTS—Insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive men had similar postprandial chylomicron and chylomicron remnant TG concentrations, but insulin-resistant men had higher postprandial VLDL TG concentrations (median [range]; area under the curve 485 μmol/l [123–992] vs. 287 μmol/l [162–510]; P &lt; 0.05). At 360 min, most of the difference in VLDL TGs was accounted for by an additional contribution from splanchnic fat (means ± SE; 331 ± 76 μmol/l vs. 89 ± 25 μmol/l; P &lt; 0.01). The contribution of fatty acids from endogenous systemic NEFAs was similar across the groups, as were dietary fatty acids. There was no difference in the VLDL TG concentration or the contribution of different fatty acid sources between insulin-sensitive men and women.
CONCLUSIONS—In the postprandial period, the only sources of fatty acids for VLDL TG production to differ in the insulin-resistant compared with the insulin-sensitive men are those derived from splanchnic sources.
Evidence of Increased Inflammation and Microcirculatory Abnormalities in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Their Role in Microvascular Complications
Authors: Devaraj Sridevi , Cheung Anthony T. , Jialal Ishwarlal , Griffen Steven C. , Nguyen Danh , Glaser Nicole , Aoki Thomas 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—Type 1 diabetes is associated with increased microvascular complications and inflammation. The monocyte-macrophage is a pivotal cell in atherogenesis. There are scanty data on noninvasive measures of microvascular abnormalities and inflammation in type 1 diabetic subjects with microvascular complications. Thus, we examined systemic and cellular biomarkers of inflammation in type 1 diabetic patients with microvascular complications (T1DM-MV patients) and type 1 diabetic patients without microvascular complications (T1DM patients) compared with matched control subjects and determined the microcirculatory abnormalities in the T1DM and T1DM-MV patients using computer-assisted intravital microscopy (CAIM).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Fasting blood, 24-h urine, and CAIM measurements were obtained from the T1DM and T1DM-MV patients and matched control subjects. C-reactive protein, E-selectin, nitrotyrosine, monocyte superoxide, and cytokines were elevated in the T1DM and T1DM-MV patients compared with control subjects (P &lt; 0.01).
RESULTS—Severity index, as assessed by CAIM, was significantly increased in the T1DM and T1DM-MV patients compared with the control subjects (P &lt; 0.001). There was a significant increase in C-reactive protein, nitrotyrosine, vascular cell adhesion molecule and monocyte superoxide anion release, and interleukin-1 release in T1DM-MV compared with T1DM patients (P &lt; 0.05). T1DM-MV patients had significantly increased CAIM severity index and microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio compared with T1DM patients (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, pp38MAPK, pp65, and pERK activity were significantly increased in monocytes from the T1DM and T1DM-MV patients compared with those from the controls subjects, and pp38MAPK and pp65 activity were significantly increased in the T1DM-MV compared with the T1DM patients (P &lt; 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS—T1DM-MV patients have increased inflammation compared with T1DM patients. CAIM provides an effective biomarker of microvascular complications, since it is significantly elevated in T1DM-MV compared with T1DM patients and can be monitored following therapies targeted at improving inflammation and/or microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes.
Gross Motor Development of Children With Hurler Syndrome After Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
Authors: Dusing Stacey C , Thorpe Deborah E , Poe Michele D , Rosenberg Angela E , Mercer Vicki S , Escolar Maria L 
Published: September 2007

Background and PurposeLittle is known about the gross motor development of children with Hurler syndrome who have undergone umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT). The purpose of this study was to provide a description of gross motor development in children with Hurler syndrome after UCBT.Subjects and MethodLongitudinal changes in gross motor abilities were documented on the gross motor subtests of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, second edition (PDMS-2) for 21 children with Hurler syndrome. Each child was assessed between 1 and 6 times after UCBT. The participants had a mean age (±SD) of 32.2±16.0 months at the time of the first assessment. The mean time (±SD) between UCBT and the first assessment was 16.2±16.5 months.ResultsThe participants had marked gross motor delays, with a mean gross motor quotient 2 standard deviations below the mean for children who were developing typically. The rate of development differed between the subtests of the PDMS-2. The participants gained abilities at the slowest rate on the stationary subtest and at the fastest rate on the locomotor subtest.Discussion and ConclusionThe participants had varying degrees of delay in different gross motor domains. While gaining new gross motor abilities over time, these children continued to have delays up to 48 months after UCBT. Physical therapists treating children with Hurler syndrome after UCBT should use assessment tools that will capture these differences and should individualize treatment plans accordingly. Additional research is needed to document the efficacy of physical therapy intervention with this population.
A two‐degree‐of‐freedom time‐optimal solution for hard disk drive servo problems
Authors: Hu Shaohua , Gao Zhiqiang 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the hard disk drive (HDD) servo problems. A novel discrete time‐optimal control solution is proposed in a two‐degree‐of‐freedom (2DOF) structure, employing both the feedback and feedforward controllers. The time‐optimal feedback controller, derived from a simple, double integral plant model, shows remarkable robustness and disturbance rejection in the presence of resonant modes, measurement noises and position and torque disturbances. It eliminates the needs for two separate controllers for track‐seeking and track‐following operations. The proposed feedforward controller in this 2DOF structure proves to be quite beneficial in reducing the seek time. It also allows the feedback controller to be tuned more aggressively, which helps to improve the quality of track following. The proposed control scheme offers a novel basic control structure for HDD servo, upon which numerous further improvements can be made. It is successfully tested in simulation on an industrial 13.0‐kTPI HDD. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Threshold of Rationalism
Authors: Peckham Andrew , Rattray Charles , Schmiedeknecht Torsten 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNo longer a leading architectural trend, Rationalism has fallen out of fashion. At best ‘marginalised’, even its tenets appear questionable. Guest‐editors Andrew Peckham, Charles Rattray and Torsten Schmiedeknecht describe what motivated them to uncover and reassess the Rationalist sensibility among current European practices. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Employment of Reason
Authors: Rattray Charles 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRationalism in the Netherlands is characterised by pragmatism. As Charles Rattray explains it is a practical bent that was driven in the 20th century by the exigencies of building cheaply and quickly a large amount of social housing on a relatively small amount of land. It is a strand that has been underscored by a belief in reason across time and a confidence in an analytical approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selected French Projects
Authors: Abram Joseph 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFrench architecture is on the brink of change. If Rationalist tendencies achieve critical mass, they could prove the catalyst for a dynamic and significant cultural moment. Joseph Abram describes some of the buildings that display the full ‘spectrum of possibilities’ of the reasoned approach in France, from the urban poetics of Patrick Berger to the typological and technological pragmatism of Jacques Ferrier. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pedro and Inês Bridge, Coimbra, Portugal
Authors: Melvin Jeremy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractJeremy Melvin describes how Cecil Balmond of Arup and Antonio Adao da Fonseca have created ‘the first bridge that does not meet in the middle’ for Portugal's oldest university town. The bridge's dislocated apex provides not only a focus for a formal investigation into dynamic symmetry, but also a layered narrative that makes sense of its historical setting. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brigitta Zics: Working on Interactive Potential
Authors: Croci Valentina 
Published: September 2007

AbstractValentina Croci kicks off a new series on interactive technologies with an investigation of the integrated, interdisciplinary research of the new media artist Brigitta Zics. Zics' projects throw light on how conventional architecture might learn from the interactive, placing a greater understanding on the sensory and the user's perceptual experience of a particular space. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Part 1: Some Basic Premises for Green Design
Authors: Yeang Ken 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSustainable or green design is notoriously ill‐defined. As a comparatively young discipline it is up for grabs and up for interpretation. In a new three‐part series, Ken Yeang, who has been designing green architecture for more than three decades, provides some much‐needed parameters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AuPt Alloy Nanoparticles for CO‐Tolerant Hydrogen Activation: Architectural Effects in Au‐Pt Bimetallic Nanocatalysts
Authors: Zhou S. , Jackson G. S. , Eichhorn B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractColloidal suspensions of AuPt alloy nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by using a rapid butyllithium reduction of Au3+ and Pt4+ precursors in oleylamine. The resulting 2.5 nm (av) particles were characterized by TEM with EDX, XRD, XPS and UV‐vis spectroscopy. With less butyllithium, nanowires are formed from fused NPs and grow to 100 nm in length. The activities of three different AuPt NP architectures (alloy, contact aggregate and monometallic NPs) were evaluated for catalytic hydrogen oxidation in CO‐contaminated fuel streams (1.0 % Pt loadings in Al2O3 supports). The alloy catalyst showed superior H2 and CO oxidation activity, was unaffected by iron promoters and appears to operate by a different mechanism. The heteroaggregate showed a marked improvement in activity with iron promoters and is more selective for CO oxidation.
The Effects of Some Operational Parameters in Photodegradation of Benzylamine and Aniline and Their Kinetics in Aqueous Suspension of TiO2 and Pt–Loaded TiO2
Authors: Montazerozohori Morteza , Habibi Mohammad Hossein , Joohari Shiva , Khodadostan Vida 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPhotocatalytic degradation of benzylamine and aniline on TiO2, Pt‐modified TiO2, ZnO and ZnS in aqueous solution has been investigated. The degradation of the compounds follows a pseudo‐first‐order kinetics according to Langmuir‐Hinshelwood model. The degradation process of benzylamine and aniline was evaluated by ninhydrin spectrophotometric method using UV‐visible spectrophotometer in λmax= 538 and 525 nm, respectively. The results showed the order of Pt/TiO2> TiO2> ZnO> ZnS for photocatalytic activity. In addition increasing of the Pt‐loading was found to enhance the degradation rate of the compounds up to the optimal amount of 5wt. % onto the surface of TiO2 so that the rates of degradation were increased about two times. Rate constants for photodegradation of benzylamine and aniline were found to be 1.4×10‐3 min‐1 and 0.7×10‐3 min‐1 for TiO2 as photocatalyst, while 2.7×10‐3 min‐1 and 1.7×10‐3min‐1 for (5 wt.%) Pt/TiO2 as photocatalyst. Running the reactions in various pH (5‐11), indicated that the pH= 8 and 10 or Higher are the optimum pH for photocatalytic degradation of benzylamine and aniline respectively. The effects of some other parameters such as amount of photocatalyst, flux of oxygen and irradiation time were evaluated. Furthermore, the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood rate constant kr and adsorption constant KA for the titled compounds are reported.
Kinetics of bimolecular radical decay in different polymeric matrices
Authors: Medvedevskikh Y. G. , Kytsya A. R. , Holdak O. S. , Khovanets G. I. , Bazylyak L. I. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractUsing electron spin resonance spectroscopy, we have studied the kinetics of the bimolecular decay of methacrylic macroradicals in networked and unnetworked polymeric matrices. We have determined that macroradical decay in the entire range of temperatures (20–70°C) is definitely ordered to a second‐order kinetic reaction equation. We have estimated the activation parameters of the process. Using Smolukhovsky's and Einstein's equations and the fractal dependence of the conformation radius of the macroradical on its polymerization degree, we have obtained an equation for the constant of bimolecular radical decay under diffusion conditions. This equation is in good agreement with all the experimental data and possesses a commonness permitting its use in the analysis of bimolecular chain termination in different reaction zones via polymerization processes until high conversions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Study of cure kinetics of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of benzil bisthiosemicarbazone
Authors: Ghaemy Mousa , Behmadi Hossein , Barghamadi Mohammad 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe curing reaction kinetics of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)‐based epoxy and inorganic complexes curing agents based on Ni(II) and Cu(II) chelates with benzil bisthiosemicarbazone LH6 as a ligand was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The curing reaction with the ligand and the complexes was characterized by high cure onset and peak maximum temperatures. The kinetics of the curing reaction was evaluated using three kinetic models; Kissinger, Ozawa‐Flynn‐Wall, and Málek. For the NiLH4 and CuLH4 the average values of Ea were calculated to be 82.3 and 116 kJ/mol, respectively. For both complexes, their activation energies at 40 and 30 phr are equal. The values of activation energy (Ea), and initial and maximum temperatures of the exothermic curing peak (Ti and Tp) of the ligand are smaller than those of the complexes, and the values of these parameters of the DGEBA/NiLH4 system are lower than those of DGEBA/CuLH4 system. These results indicate the order of reactivity of LH6 ≫ NiLH4 ≫ CuLH4 toward epoxy resin. The effect of hardener concentration, heating rate, and type of metal ion on the cure kinetic parameters and the shape of DSC thermograms were investigated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl chitosan containing functional ultraviolet absorber substituent
Authors: Yu Shujuan , Du Jie , Zheng Yubin , Yan Li 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA series of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) with 2.4‐dihydoxybenzophenone (UV‐0) substituent were synthesized by the Mannich reaction of CMC hydrochloride and UV‐0 in the solvent of methanol and water. The different molar degree of substitution (MS) was achieved by changing the UV‐0 content. The effects of MS on ultraviolet absorbability, crystallinity, moisture‐absorption and ‐retention property, and photostability were investigated respectively. The obtained products were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), X‐ray diffraction, and UV spectrophotometer. It was found that the grafted products were water‐soluble, and the increased MS values could enhance the moisture‐retention property and photostability, while decreased the crystallinity and moisture‐absorption property. The ultraviolet absorption peaks became stronger by introducing UV‐0 into the CMC backbones. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Probe dependency of polymer‐plasticizer and polymer‐polymer interaction parameters in inverse gas chromatography
Authors: Huang Jan‐Chan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractInverse gas chromatography has been widely used to determine the Flory–Huggins parameter, χ, between a plasticizer and a polymer, or between two polymers. Many studies showed that interaction parameters may be probe dependent. In a recent study it was proposed that, when a specific interaction occurred between two polymers, the probes had less interaction with the polymers, leading to a lower solubility parameter for polymer blends than the volume average of the components. An equation was derived to relate the probe dependency to the deviation of solubility parameter of polymer mixtures. Here this approach is applied to plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and a copolymer, and to poly(vinylidene fluoride)–poly(ethyl methacrylate) blends. For a PVC and epoxidized oil system the relative deviation of specific retention volume showed two trends, with saturated hydrocarbons as one group, and polar and aromatic probes as another group. For the poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(ethyl methacrylate) system the plot of retention volume deviation versus solubility parameter of probes also showed separate trends for n‐alkanes, esters, and alcohols. But the plot of ϕ2ϕ3RT(χ23/V2) versus solubility parameter had better linearity for the systems studied. The slope of this plot was used as an indicator for miscibility. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Blended hybrids based on silsesquioxane–OH and epoxy resins
Authors: Lu Tingli , Liang Guozheng , Peng Yaoli , Chen Tao 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBlended hybrids based on silsesquioxane cyclohexyl trisilanol [STOH; i.e., (c‐C6H11)7Si7O9(OH)3] and epoxy resin 4,5‐epoxyhexyl‐1,2‐dimethyl acid diglycidyl ester (TDE‐85) were prepared with good compatibility of STOH up to 5 wt % with TDE‐85. The blended hybrid resins, with various STOH additions, were cured by 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone, and the curing reactions were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry. The incorporation of STOH increased the curing reaction of TDE‐85 for three active hydrogens existing in the STOH molecule. The storage moduli and glass‐transition temperatures of the cured hybrid resins were studied with dynamic mechanical analysis. The cured hybrids had higher storage moduli than the pure epoxy resins at lower temperatures and increased slightly even when the temperature was above the glass‐transition temperature. Two peaks appearing in tan δ curves indicated the block copolymer structure and two different glass‐transition temperatures of the cured hybrid resins. The thermal stability and flame retardancy of the cured hybrid resins were investigated with thermogravimetric analysis and limited oxygen index values, respectively. The results showed that introducing silsesquioxane–OH units into epoxy resins could improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the resins. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007