bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography for Rapid Disposition of Low‐risk Emergency Department Patients with Chest Pain Syndromes
Authors: Hollander Judd E. , Litt Harold I. , Chase Maureen , Brown Aaron M. , Kim Woojin , Baxt William G. 
Published: February 2007

BackgroundPatients with recent normal cardiac catheterization are at low risk for complications of ischemic chest pain. Computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography has high correlation with cardiac catheterization for detection of coronary stenosis. Therefore, the investigators' emergency department (ED) incorporated CT coronary angiography into the evaluation of low‐risk patients with chest pain.ObjectivesTo report on the 30‐day cardiovascular event rates of the first 54 patients evaluated by this strategy.MethodsLow‐risk chest pain patients (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] score of 2 or less) without acute ischemia on an electrocardiogram had CT coronary angiography performed in the ED. If the CT coronary angiography was negative, the patient was discharged home. The main outcomes were death and myocardial infarction within 30 days of ED discharge, as determined by telephone follow up and record review. Data are presented as percentage frequency of occurrence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsOf the 54 patients evaluated, after CT coronary angiography, 46 patients (85%) were immediately released from the ED, and none had cardiovascular complications within 30 days. Eight patients were admitted after CT coronary angiography: one had >70% stenosis, five patients had 50%–69% stenosis, and two had 0–49% stenosis. Three patients had further noninvasive testing; one had reversible ischemia, and catheterization confirmed the results of CT coronary angiography. All patients were followed for 30 days, and none (0; 95% CI = 0 to 6.6%) had an adverse event during index hospitalization or at 30‐day follow up.ConclusionsWhen used in the clinical setting for the evaluation of ED patients with low‐risk chest pain, CT coronary angiography may safely allow rapid discharge of patients with negative studies. Further study to conclusively determine the safety and cost effectiveness of this approach is warranted.
Sexual dimorphism of extensor carpi radialis muscle size, isometric force, relaxation rate and stamina during the breeding season of the frogRana temporariaLinnaeus 1758
Authors: Navas Carlos A. , James Rob S. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYMating success of individual male frogs within explosive breeding species can depend on their ability to compete for a mate and to hold onto that mate during amplexus. Such importance of amplexus has resulted in the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the morphology and contractile characteristics of the anuran forelimb muscles used during amplexus. The aims of our study were to use an explosive breeding frog (Rana temporaria) during the breeding season to compare extensor carpi radialis (ECR) muscle length, mass, isometric activation times, relaxation times, absolute force, relative force (stress)and fatigue between male and female frogs. We found that ECR muscle mass and length were greater (tenfold and 1.4-fold, respectively), absolute tetanic muscle force and relative tetanic force (stress) were greater (16-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively) and relaxation times were slower in males than in females. Male ECR muscles incompletely relaxed during fatigue tests and showed less fatigue than female muscles. These sex differences are likely to be beneficial to the male frogs in allowing them to produce relatively high absolute muscle forces for prolonged periods of time to hold onto their mate during amplexus.
Acquiring, retaining and integrating memories of the outbound distance in the Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti
Authors: Narendra Ajay , Cheng Ken , Wehner Rüdiger 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARY
Estimation of distance travelled (odometry) forms a vital part of navigation for solitarily foraging ants. In this study we investigated the properties of odometric memory in the Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti. Ants were trained to travel in linear channels to a feeder placed at 6 m or 12 m from the nest. We determined if the ability to estimate distances accurately increased with experience. We also determined the delay at which the odometric memory started to decay at both these distances. Ants with six trials of experience did not get better at estimating distances and the odometric memory decayed after a 24 h delay. We then determined if ants integrated their latest odometric memory with their previous memories. We did this by training two groups of ants for five trials, one group to 6 m and another to 12 m, and then halving or doubling the outbound distance on their sixth trip, respectively. The ant's estimate was noted when the ants were released either immediately or after a 24 h delay. Ants always estimated their last outbound distance when released immediately. However, they switched to route-based navigation rather than estimating distances after a 24 h delay (at which time their odometric memory would have decayed).
Domestic dogs and human health: An overview
Authors: Wells Deborah L. 
Published: February 2007

Purpose. The domestic dog is one of the most commonly owned, and widely utilized, animals in today's society. This paper provides an overview of research that has explored the relationship between the domestic dog and human well‐being.Methods. The article initially concentrates on the value of dogs for physical health in humans, exploring the evidence that this species can prevent us from becoming ill, facilitate our recovery from ill‐health, and even serve as an early warning system for certain types of underlying ailment including cancer, oncoming seizures and hypoglycaemia. The paper then examines the relationship between dogs and psychological health in humans, exploring the ability of this species to aid the disabled and serve as a therapist to those in institutional settings such as hospitals, residential homes and prisons. Weaknesses in the existing research in this area are highlighted throughout the article.Conclusion. Taken together, the studies reviewed suggest that dogs can have prophylactic and therapeutic value for people.
Physical and psychological sequelae of critical illness
Authors: Sukantarat Kannika , Greer Steven , Brett Stephen , Williamson Robin 
Published: February 2007

Objectives. To measure levels of anxiety, depression and post‐traumatic stress among survivors of a critical illness and to relate these symptoms to general health parameters.Design. A prospective study of patients who had spent a minimum 3 days (median 9 days) in a general intensive care unit (ICU). Of these patients, 51 were interviewed 3 months after discharge and 45 of them were reviewed at 9 months.Methods. General health was assessed by a physical symptom score, the EuroQol ‘thermometer’ and the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) questionnaire. Physical and mental component summary measures (PCS, MCS) were calculated from the SF‐36 data. Psychological health was assessed using both the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Impact of Events Scale.Results. At both 3 and 9 months after ICU discharge 24% of patients qualified as a ‘case’ of anxiety, while similar figures were seen for intrusion (24 and 20%). The incidence of depression (35 and 47%) and avoidance (36 and 38%) was higher on each occasion. Four of the eight SF‐36 domains improved with time, as did PCS (from 29.0 to 35.4), but there was no significant difference in physical symptom score, EuroQol value or MCS. Strong correlations were seen between the physical and psychological parameters at each time point.Conclusion. A substantial proportion of patients who survive a critical illness show evidence of anxiety and depression up to 9 months later, and most of them also have symptoms indicative of post‐traumatic stress. Delayed physical recovery may contribute to this psychological morbidity. ICU follow‐up clinics should be able to detect patients suitable for psychological intervention.
Predicting stress in pre‐registration nursing students
Authors: Pryjmachuk Steven , Richards David A. 
Published: February 2007

Objectives. To determine which variables from a pool of potential predictors predict General Health Questionnaire ‘caseness’ in pre‐registration nursing students.Design. Cross‐sectional survey, utilizing self‐report measures of sources of stress, stress (psychological distress) and coping, together with pertinent demographic measures such as sex, ethnicity, educational programme and nursing specialty being pursued, and age, social class and highest qualifications on entry to the programme.Methods. Questionnaire packs were distributed to all pre‐registration nursing students (N = 1,362) in a large English university. Completed packs were coded, entered into statistical software and subjected to a series of logistic regression analyses.Results. Of the questionnaire packs 1,005 (74%) were returned, of which up to 973 were available for the regression analyses undertaken. Four logistic regression models were considered and, on the principle of parsimony, a single model was chosen for discussion. This model suggested that the key predictors of caseness in the population studied were self‐report of pressure, whether or not respondents had children (specifically, whether these children were pre‐school or school‐age), scores on a ‘personal problems’ scale and the type of coping employed. The overall caseness rate among the population was around one‐third.Conclusion. Since self‐report and personal, rather than academic, concerns predict stress, personal teachers need to play a key role in supporting students through ‘active listening’, especially when students self‐report high levels of stress and where personal/social problems are evident. The work‐life balance of students, especially those with child‐care responsibilities, should be a central tenet in curriculum design in nurse education (and, indeed, the education of other professional and occupational groups). There may be some benefit in offering stress management (coping skills) training to nursing students and, indeed, students of other disciplines.
Natural products with taxol-like anti-tumor activity: Synthetic approaches to eleutherobin and dictyostatin
Authors: Gennari Cesare , Castoldi Damiano , Sharon Ofer 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Eleutherobin and dictyostatin are antimitotic compounds which exert their cytotoxic activity by a taxol-like mode of action, i.e., hypernucleating tubulin assembly and interfering with the dynamic instability of the cytoskeleton during mitosis. A formal total synthesis of eleutherobin was accomplished by accessing a key intermediate reported by Danishefsky and coworkers in their 1998 synthesis of the natural product. The key step of our strategy, used for obtaining the [8.4.0] fused bicyclic ring system, is a ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction of a densely functionalized diene under forcing conditions, using Grubbs' second-generation catalyst. Synthetic approaches to dictyostatin are also described, and in particular the preparation of the C15-C23 fragment of the macrolide, containing 5 of its 11 stereocenters.
Functional phosphorus-based π-conjugated systems: Structural diversity without multistep synthesis
Authors: Hissler Muriel , Lescop Christophe , Réau Régis 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The synthesis and properties of linear π-conjugated systems incorporating phosphole rings are described. Their supramolecular organization in the solid state can be controlled either by chemical modifications or coordination to transition metals of the phosphorus atom. Furthermore, chemical transformations of the phosphole ring allow organizing these P-chromophores in 3D assemblies exhibiting σ-π conjugation or in organometallic ferrocene-like derivatives. Phosphole-pyridine-containing π-conjugated chromophores act as P,N-chelates toward transition-metal ions, giving rise to mono- and di-nuclear complexes. The specific properties of these complexes make them valuable materials for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and interesting building blocks for the tailoring of π-conjugated systems.
Effects of α-Tocopherol and Mixed Tocopherol Supplementation on Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Wu Jason HY , Ward Natalie C , Indrawan Adeline P , Almeida Coral-Ann , Hodgson Jonathan M , Proudfoot Julie M , Puddey Ian B , Croft Kevin D 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Background: Vitamin E isomers may protect against atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of supplementation with either α-tocopherol (αT) or mixed tocopherols rich in γ-tocopherol (γT) on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 55 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive (500 mg/day) (a) αT, (b) mixed tocopherols, or (c) placebo for 6 weeks. Cellular tocopherols, plasma and urine F2-isoprostanes, erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities, plasma inflammatory markers, and ex vivo assessment of eicosanoid synthesis were analyzed pre- and postsupplementation.
Results: Neutrophil αT and γT increased (both P &lt;0.001) with mixed tocopherol supplementation, whereas αT (P &lt;0.001) increased and γT decreased (P &lt;0.005) after αT supplementation. Both αT and mixed tocopherol supplementation resulted in reduced plasma F2-isoprostanes (P &lt;0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively) but did not affect 24-h urinary F2-isoprostanes or erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities. Neither αT nor mixed tocopherol supplementation affected plasma C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-α, or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Stimulated neutrophil leukotriene B4 production decreased significantly in the mixed tocopherol group (P = 0.02) but not in the αT group (P = 0.15).
Conclusions: The ability of tocopherols to reduce systemic oxidative stress suggests potential benefits of vitamin E supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes. In populations with well-controlled type 2 diabetes, supplementation with either αT or mixed tocopherols rich in γT is unlikely to confer further benefits in reducing inflammation.
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Gender Differences in Childhood Mental Health Problems: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study
Authors: Sayal Kapil , Heron Jon , Golding Jean , Emond Alan 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVES. High levels of alcohol use during pregnancy can lead to adverse physical and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. It remains uncertain whether there is a safe level of drinking during pregnancy. In this study we investigate whether very low levels of alcohol consumption (&lt;1 drink per week) are independently associated with childhood mental health problems (assessed at 3 time points between ages 4 and 8 years) and whether these effects are moderated by gender. We expected that only higher levels of alcohol consumption would be associated with later mental health problems and that any associations might be more readily detectable in boys.
METHODS. This prospective, population-based study used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. We investigated the relationship between self-reports of the amount and frequency of alcohol use in the first trimester and the presence of clinically significant mental health (behavioral and emotional) problems at 47 and 81 months (parental report: n = 9086 and 8046, respectively) and at 93 to 108 months (teacher report: n = 5648).
RESULTS. After controlling for a range of prenatal and postnatal factors, the consumption of &lt;1 drink per week during the first trimester was independently associated with clinically significant mental health problems in girls at 47 months. This gender-specific association persisted at 81 months and was confirmed by later teacher ratings.
CONCLUSIONS. Very low levels of alcohol consumption during early pregnancy may have a negative and persistent effect on mental health outcomes. Given the lack of a clear dose-response relationship and unexpected gender effects, these findings should be considered preliminary and need additional investigation.
The Impact of Placement Stability on Behavioral Well-being for Children in Foster Care
Authors: Rubin David M. , O'Reilly Amanda L.R. , Luan Xianqun , Localio A. Russell 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. The problems children have upon entering foster care can potentially explain prior research findings that frequent placement changes are associated with poor outcomes. This study sought to disentangle this cascading relationship in order to identify the independent impact of placement stability on behavioral outcomes downstream.DESIGN/METHODS. Placement stability over the first 18 months in out-of-home care for 729 children from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being was categorized as early stability (stable placement within 45 days), late stability (stable placement beyond 45 days), or unstable (never achieving stability). Propensity scores predicting placement instability based on baseline attributes were divided into risk categories and added to a logistic regression model to examine the independent association between placement stability and behavioral well-being using the Child Behavior Checklist and temperament scores from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth.RESULTS. Half (52%) of the children achieved early stability, 19% achieved later stability, and 28% remained unstable. Early stabilizers were more likely to be young, have normal baseline behavior, have no prior history with child welfare, and have birth parents without mental health problems. After accounting for baseline attributes, stability remained an important predictor of well-being at 18 months. Unstable children were more likely to have behavior problems than children who achieved early stability across every level of risk for instability. Among low-risk children, the probability of behavioral problems among early stabilizers was 22%, compared to 36% among unstable children, showing a 63% increase in behavior problems due to instability alone.CONCLUSIONS. Children in foster care experience placement instability unrelated to their baseline problems, and this instability has a significant impact on their behavioral well-being. This finding would support the development of interventions that promote placement stability as a means to improve outcomes among youth entering care.
Children's Mental Health and Family Functioning in Rhode Island
Authors: Kim Hyun (Hanna) K. , Viner-Brown Samara I. , Garcia Jorge 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVES. Our objectives were to (a) estimate the prevalence of children's mental health problems, (b) assess family functioning, and (c) investigate the relationship between children's mental health and family functioning in Rhode Island.
METHODS. From the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health, Rhode Island data for children 6 to 17 years of age were used for the analyses (N = 1326). Two aspects of family functioning measures, parental stress and parental involvement, were constructed and were examined by children's mental health problems, as well as other child and family characteristics (child's age, gender, race/ethnicity, special needs, parent's education, income, employment, family structure, number of children, and mother's general and mental health). Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression were used to investigate the relationship.
RESULTS. Among Rhode Island children, nearly 1 (19.0%) in 5 had mental health problems, 1 (15.6%) in 6 lived with a highly stressed parent, and one third (32.7%) had parents with low involvement. Bivariate analyses showed that high parental stress and low parental involvement were higher among parents of children with mental health problems than parents of children without those problems (33.2% vs 11.0% and 41.0% vs 30.3%, respectively). In multivariate logistic regression, parents of children with mental health problems had nearly 4 times the odds of high stress compared with parents of children without those problems. When children's mental health problems were severe, the odds of high parental stress were elevated. However, children's mental health was not associated with parental involvement.
CONCLUSIONS. Children's mental health was strongly associated with parental stress, but it was not associated with parental involvement. The findings indicate that when examining the mental health issues of children, parental mental health and stress must be considered.
Factors Associated With Not Having a Personal Health Care Provider for Children in Florida
Authors: Zeni Mary Beth , Sappenfield William , Thompson Dan , Chen Hailin 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. National recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners promote that all children obtain quality primary care through a consistent medical provider who can better assess, diagnose, and monitor a child's health. The purpose of this article was to identify characteristics of children in Florida without a personal health care provider.METHODS. Florida data (N = 2116) from the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health were analyzed by using bivariate and multivariate methods. The dependent, or outcome, variable was a personal health care provider, defined in the National Survey of Children's Health as a personal doctor or nurse.RESULTS. In Florida, 20.1% of children (0–17 years of age) do not have a personal health care provider compared with 16.7% in the United States. Children at greatest risk are those without health insurance. Other significant risk factors include family poverty up to 100% of federal poverty level, poverty level 100% to 199%, poverty level unknown, poverty level 200% to 399%, children aged 5 to 12 years, children aged 13 to 17 years, and Hispanic ethnicity. All the factors in the Florida model were also significant in the national model.CONCLUSIONS. Lack of a personal health care provider is driven by larger community issues of health insurance, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity, including race, on a national level. To achieve the goal of a personal health care provider for children, a multifaceted approach needs to be considered. Knowing which children are without a personal health care provider provides valuable information for state policy-makers, program planners, and evaluators.