bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of starch granule size distribution in potato tubers by modulation of plastid division
Authors: de Pater Sylvia , Caspers Martien , Kottenhagen Marijke , Meima Henk , Ter Stege Renaldo , de Vetten Nick 
Published: October 2005

SummaryStarch granule size is an important parameter for starch applications in industry. Starch granules are formed in amyloplasts, which are, like chloroplasts, derived from proplastids. Division processes and associated machinery are likely to be similar for all plastids. Essential roles for FtsZ proteins in plastid division in land plants have been revealed. FtsZ forms the so‐called Z ring which, together with inner and outer plastid division rings, brings about constriction of the plastid. It has been shown that modulation of the expression level of FtsZ may result in altered chloroplast size and number. To test whether FtsZ is also involved in amyloplast division and whether this, in turn, may affect the starch granule size in crop plants, FtsZ protein levels were either reduced or increased in potato. As shown previously in other plant species, decreased StFtsZ1 protein levels in leaves resulted in a decrease in the number of chloroplasts in guard cells. More interestingly, plants with increased StFtsZ1 protein levels in tubers resulted in less, but larger, starch granules. This suggests that the stoichiometry between StFtsZ1 and other components of the plastid division machinery is important for its function. Starch from these tubers also had altered pasting properties and phosphate content. The importance of our results for the starch industry is discussed.
Consistency of data in six phase III clinical studies of a two‐compound product containing calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate ointment for the treatment of psoriasis
Authors: Kragballe K , Van De Kerkhof PCM 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackground  Calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate are both proven products in the topical treatment of psoriasis. The efficacy and tolerability of a new ointment containing these two compounds has been assessed in six phase III clinical studies.Objective  To compare the results obtained in the clinical studies of the new calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate ointment.Methods  A total of 6050 patients with psoriasis took part in the six randomized, double‐blind studies. The two‐compound product was compared with each of the active constituents, either in the new ointment vehicle or in the marketed formulation.Results  After 4 weeks of treatment the mean reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) ranged from 65 to 74% with the two‐compound product applied once or twice daily, from 46 to 59% with calcipotriol alone and from 57 to 63% with betamethasone dipropionate alone. The tolerability profile of the two‐compound product was similar to betamethasone dipropionate monotherapy and better than calcipotriol alone.Conclusion  The new two‐compound product containing calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate was found to consistently provide rapid, highly effective treatment of psoriasis vulgaris.
Localized Kaposi's sarcoma in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Avalos‐Peralta P , Herrera A , Ríos‐Martín JJ , Pérez‐Bernal AM , Moreno‐Ramírez D , Camacho F 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe report the case of a patient with a 13‐year history of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) treated with immunosuppressive agents, prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil who had developed lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) on a sole plaque of PV that had been previously treated with intralesional injections of steroids. The lesions were surgically removed and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated human herpesvirus‐8 (HHV‐8) DNA. There were neither recurrences nor later dissemination of KS following gradual decrease of the immunosuppressive therapy. We suggest that the treatment with intralesional steroids may have influenced the local reactivation of a latent infection of the virus, determining the appearance of this localized KS.
Familial eruptive dermatofibromas in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Yazici AC , Baz K , Ikizoglu G , Koca A , Kokturk A , Apa DD 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMultiple eruptive dermatofibromas (MEDF) are rare and their aetiology is unknown. More than half of the patients with MEDF have underlying diseases, and more than 80% of the underlying diseases are immune mediated. Familial cases suggesting a genetic cause have also been reported. We report a case of familial eruptive dermatofibromas associated with atopic dermatitis, possibly caused by both hereditary factors and compromised immunity.
Can Improvisation be Taught?
Authors: Peters Gary 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe aim of this article is to reconsider the (age old) problem of relating theory to practice in art education by placing it within the largely ignored context of improvisation. In so doing it is hoped that some of the well‐known ‘difficulties’ art practitioners have when confronted with the (usually mandatory) history and theory components of their programmes of study might be better understood and, perhaps, managed rather differently.
An Experimental Study in an Architectural Design Studio: the Search for Three‐Dimensional Form and Aesthetics through Clay
Authors: Yamacli Rusen , Ozen Aysegul , Tokman Leyla Yekdane 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn architectural design education, the main objective is to help students, especially first‐year students, improve their design ideas, creativity, perception of three dimensions and ways of expressing them. Thus, as an embedded concept in architecture, art has been emphasized here as a design method. In other words, the necessary help to enable students to think more freely has been provided by ceramic art. The concept dealt with in this article is an interdisciplinary approach to space design as an experimental method in design education. Just as fine art students are inspired from the principles of architecture, clay, as basic material to fine art students, makes a creative material and design tool for architecture students. A workshop was organised in the design courses by the first author, the instructor, for the first‐ and third‐year architecture students. The second author, a ceramics artist and lecturer, has participated in the workshop as a visiting instructor and contributed with her own studies related to space, house, building and materials.
Identifying the Core in the Subject of Fine Art
Authors: Corner Frances 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper explores the basis and main characteristics of fine art as a subject discipline and looks at how these elements combine to create a distinctive and in many ways unique learning environment. Taking the premise that fine art as a subject discipline is concerned with encouraging the development of individual artistic practice and enabling the student to articulate and define the social and cultural context that they are working within, this paper considers how fine art students come to develop alternative ways of thinking, seeing and conceptualising. Referring to the Art and Design Subject Benchmark statements the paper argues that in a fine art education, a set pf principles, core characteristics, skills and abilities are combined to create a unique learning environment that gives its graduates a set of abilities that are particularly relevant to our complex society.
Fluid evolution and thermal structure in the rapidly exhuming gneiss complex of Namche Barwa–Gyala Peri, eastern Himalayan syntaxis
Authors: CRAW D. , KOONS P. O. , ZEITLER P. K. , KIDD W. S. F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHigh‐grade gneisses (amphibolite–granulite facies) of the Namche Barwa and Gyala Peri massifs, in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, have been unroofed from metamorphic depths in the late Tertiary–Recent. Rapid exhumation (2–5 mm year−1) has resulted in a pronounced shallow conductive thermal anomaly beneath the massifs and the intervening Tsangpo gorge. The position of the 300 °C isotherm has been estimated from fluid inclusions using CO2–H2O immiscibility phase equilibria to be between 2.5 and 6.2 km depth below surface. Hence, the near‐surface average thermal gradient exceeds 50 °C km−1beneath valleys, although the thermal gradient is relatively lower beneath the high mountains. The original metamorphic fluid in the gneisses was >90% CO2. This fluid was displaced by incursion of brines from overlying marine sedimentary rocks that have since been largely removed by erosion. Brines can exceed 60 wt% dissolved salts, and include Ca, Na, K and Fe chlorides. These brines were remobilized during the earliest stages of uplift at >500 °C. During exhumation, incursion of abundant topography‐driven surface waters resulted in widespread fracture‐controlled hydrothermal activity and brine dilution down to the brittle–ductile transition. Boiling water was particularly common at shallow levels (<2.5 km) beneath the Yarlung Tsangpo valley, and numerous hot springs occur at the surface in this valley. Dry steam is not a major feature of the hydrothermal system in the eastern syntaxis (in contrast to the western syntaxis at Nanga Parbat), but some dry steam fluids may have developed locally.
A Likelihood Ratio Approach to Family‐based Association Studies with Covariates
Authors: Baksh M. F. , Balding D. J. , Vyse T. J. , Whittaker J. C. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryWe introduce a procedure for association based analysis of nuclear families that allows for dichotomous and more general measurements of phenotype and inclusion of covariate information. Standard generalized linear models are used to relate phenotype and its predictors. Our test procedure, based on the likelihood ratio, unifies the estimation of all parameters through the likelihood itself and yields maximum likelihood estimates of the genetic relative risk and interaction parameters. Our method has advantages in modelling the covariate and gene‐covariate interaction terms over recently proposed conditional score tests that include covariate information via a two‐stage modelling approach. We apply our method in a study of human systemic lupus erythematosus and the C‐reactive protein that includes sex as a covariate.
Study of the PVRL1 Gene in Italian Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip Patients with or without Cleft Palate
Authors: Scapoli L. , Palmieri A. , Martinelli M. , Vaccari C. , Marchesini J. , Pezzetti F. , Baciliero U. , Padula E. , Carinci P. , Carinci F. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryNonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a complex genetic trait and little is known about its aetiology. Recent investigations on rare clefting syndromes provided interesting clues about genes involved in face development. The PVRL1 gene encodes nectin1, a cell‐to‐cell adhesion molecule. Mutations in its sequence have been shown to cause the rare autosomal recessive syndrome CL/P‐ectodermal dysplasia syndrome (CLPED1), while heterozygosity for the mutation W185X seemed to increase the risk of non syndromic CL/P in a population from northern Venezuela. In the present study, we screened 143 Italian CL/P patients for mutations in PVRL1. Three rare sequence variants in exon 3 that create amino‐acid changes were detected in a total of 7 patients. Two of these mutations were not found in a panel of 292 unaffected controls, while the third was found in two controls. This study describes new mutations that may represent genetic risk factors for CL/P. Even though a study to look at the effects of the mutations on nectin1 function was not feasible, supporting evidence was reported, thus confirming the involvement of PVRL1 in the aetiology of non‐syndromic CL/P malformation.
Consumer Inertia
Authors: Greenfield Harry I. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract  This note seeks to explore one of the factors affecting a consumer who is faced with a price increase. We are also interested in the consumer as a supplier of labor services who is faced with an increase in offered wages. In both cases we postulate a less than instantaneous response to market change, which phenomenon we term an inertial interval. Note is taken of previous work by Armen A. Alchian relating time and elasticity. The present emphasis on consumer inertia is said not to be inconsistent with Alchian's view.The factors affecting consumer (and producer) inertia are referred to in general terms as habit and sensitivity to peer pressure, thus opening the discussion to psychosocial investigation of the behavior in question.
Acute retrobulbar optic neuropathy due to rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm
Authors: Claes Catherine , Milea Dan , Bodaghi Bahram , Tran Thi Ha Chau , LeHoang Phuc , Blanc Raphael 
Published: October 2005

Abstract.Purpose:  The vast majority of ruptured aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery typically present with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Isolated visual complaints are very uncommon in this setting. We present an unusual case of a patient with an acute retrobulbar optic neuropathy, secondary to a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Design:  Observational case report. Methods:  A 29‐year‐old woman was assessed for an acute, isolated unilateral optic neuropathy of unknown origin. Although an initial encephalic MRI was believed to be normal, an underlying ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm was eventually diagnosed when the patient became stuporous because of intracranial bleeding. Conclusions:  Occurrence of an acute retrobulbar optic neuropathy may be the initial isolated sign related to a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm, prompting an appropriate neuroradiological assessment.
The influence of donor age and cause of death on corneal endothelial cell density
Authors: Krohn Jørgen , Høvding Gunnar 
Published: October 2005

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the joint effects of donor age and cause of death on the endothelial cell density of fresh human corneas. Methods:  The corneal endothelial cell density of 946 eyes from 946 donors was analysed. The donors were divided into three age groups: group 1 comprised those aged 50 years and less; group 2 those aged 51–75 years, and group 3 those aged over 75 years. They were also grouped according to the cause of death: group A included those who had died of cancer; group B those who had died of acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism or intracerebral haemorrhage, and group C those who had died as a result of other diseases. Results:  There was a statistically significant negative correlation between donor age and mean corneal endothelial cell density, which was 2868 ± 309 cells/mm2 in group 1, 2716 ± 335 cells/mm2 in group 2, and 2670 ± 368 cells/mm2 in group 3. Among the various causes of death, the mean endothelial cell density was 2677 ± 343 cells/mm2 in group A, 2741 ± 367 cells/mm2 in group B, and 2713 ± 337 cells/mm2 in group C. The endothelial cell density was significantly lower in group A than in group B (p = 0.02). When the donors in the oldest age group (group 3) were analysed according to the various causes of death, the difference between group A (2603 ± 342 cells/mm2) and group B (2729 ± 338 cells/mm2) was even more significant (p = 0.0067). Conclusion:  Longlasting, severe diseases like cancer, leading to cachexia and catabolism, reduce the number of endothelial cells to a greater degree than diseases that cause a more rapid death. This negative effect of cancer on endothelial cell density is aggravated by the general decline in endothelial cell density with advancing age.
Secularizing Interreligious Law in Egypt
Authors: Berger Maurits 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAmong the fifteen recognized Muslim, Christian and Jewish communities in contemporary Egypt, nine religious family laws are applicable. There is no civil or secular marriage: the creed of the individual Egyptian determines which family law is applicable. The question as to which law applies when the spouses are of different religions is answered by the so-called interreligious rules that determine which law prevails. According to Egyptian legal doctrine, these interreligious rules are based on Islamic law and, in particular, the prevailing opinion of Hanafi legal doctrine. In this article it will be shown that the legal reforms of 1955 have created substantial changes, not of, but within the framework of Egyptian interreligious law. These developments illustrate how Egyptian law formally adheres to the legacy of Islamic law, but allows for new albeit unobtrusive interpretations of Islamic law that are of a secular rather than religious nature.
The IMPROVE-1 Storm of 1–2 February 2001. Part I: Development of a Forward-Tilted Cold Front and a Warm Occlusion
Authors: Locatelli John D. , Stoelinga Mark T. , Garvert Matthew F. , Hobbs Peter V. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Analysis of observations and the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) are used to study the development of a forward-tilted cold front off the coast of Washington State. The vertical velocity associated with the cold front produced a wide cold-frontal rainband. In the early stage of development the midtropospheric baroclinic zone (or upper cold front) moved forward with time over the warm sector to produce a structure similar to a split front. The movement of the upper cold front was due to horizontal transport and frontogenetical propagation. The frontogenetical propagation was produced by a combination of tilting and diabatic frontogenesis, which resulted in a negative/positive couplet of frontogenesis straddling the baroclinic zone.
The lower-tropospheric cold front eventually caught up with the warm front to form a classical warm occlusion. In the initial occluding process the converging frontal zones tilted into a warm-type occlusion configuration due to the presence of a background vertical shear of the horizontal wind component perpendicular to the occluded front. Consequently, as the storm moved over the observing network, the occluded front had the structure of a warm occlusion (tilted forward) in the lower levels. Above the occlusion, the cold front was also tilted forward because it retained its split-front-like structure. Thus, the development of the split front and the warm occlusion were separate processes that occurred in sequence.
Although the MM5 captured the basic forward tilt with time of the cold front, some key aspects of the midtropospheric frontal structure were not well simulated. Because diabatic heating was an important contributor to the maintenance and movement of the upper cold front, it is hypothesized that discrepancies in diabatic heating associated with deficiencies in the model’s explicit microphysical scheme may be responsible for deficiencies in reproducing the structure of the upper cold front.
The 13–14 December 2001 IMPROVE-2 Event. Part I: Synoptic and Mesoscale Evolution and Comparison with a Mesoscale Model Simulation
Authors: Garvert Matthew F. , Colle Brian A. , Mass Clifford F. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This paper describes the large-scale synoptic and mesoscale features of a major precipitation event that affected the second Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-2) study area on 13–14 December 2001. The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) was used to simulate both the synoptic and mesoscale features of the storm. Extensive model verification was performed utilizing the wealth of observational assets available during the experiment, including in situ aircraft measurements, radiosondes, radar data, and surface observations.
The 13–14 December 2001 storm system was characterized by strong low-level cross-barrier flow, heavy precipitation, and the passage of an intense baroclinic zone. The model realistically simulated the three-dimensional thermodynamic and kinematic fields, the forward-tilted vertical structure of the baroclinic zone, and the associated major precipitation band. Deficiencies in the model simulations included an attenuated low-level jet accompanying the middle-level baroclinic zone and the lack of precipitation associated with the surface front; NOAA P-3 aircraft in situ data indicated that the model required 1.33-km grid spacing to capture realistically the complex mesoscale forcing related to terrain features. Despite the relatively skillful portrayal of mesoscale and synoptic structures, the model overpredicted precipitation in localized areas on the windward slopes and over a broad area to the lee of the Oregon Cascades.
Mesoscale Variability and Drizzle in Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus
Authors: Comstock Kimberly K. , Bretherton Christopher S. , Yuter Sandra E. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Observations from the East Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC) 2001 field campaign are well suited for exploring the relationships among the diurnal cycle, mesoscale (10–100 km) structure, and precipitation in the stratocumulus region in the southeast Pacific. Meteorological time series and observations from a scanning C-band radar, vertically pointing cloud radar, and ceilometer, as well as satellite data, are used to show that drizzle is associated with increased variability in cloud and boundary layer properties compared to nondrizzling periods. The stratocumulus-topped boundary layer is typically well mixed at night, transitioning to less well mixed in the afternoon, with drizzle most frequently occurring in the early morning. Coherent patches of drizzle, or “cells,” can have large areas with radar reflectivities of greater than 5 dBZ of up to about 100 km2. Individual cells have long lifetimes, up to 2 h, and appear to be replenished by moisture in the boundary layer.
A Method to Improve Prediction of Atmospheric Flow Transitions
Authors: Roebber P. J. , Tsonis A. A. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Ensemble prediction has become an indispensable tool in weather forecasting. One of the issues in ensemble prediction is that, regardless of the method, the prediction error does not map well to the underlying physics (i.e., error estimates do not project strongly onto physical structures). This paper is driven by the hypothesis that prediction error includes a deterministic component, which can be isolated and then removed, and that removing the error would enable researchers and forecasters to better map the error to the physics and improve prediction of atmospheric transitions. Here, preliminary experimental evidence is provided that supports this hypothesis. This evidence is provided from results obtained from two low-order but highly chaotic systems, one of which incorporates atmospheric flow transitions. Using neural networks to probe the deterministic component of forecast error, it is shown that the error recovery relates to the underlying type of flow and that it can be used to better forecast transitions in the atmospheric flow using ensemble data. A discussion of methods to extend these ideas to more realistic forecast settings is provided.