bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color inhibition of phenolic antioxidants in Ziegler‐Natta polyethylene. I. In‐situ polymer studies
Authors: Allen Norman S. , Liauw Christopher M. , Reyes Aitor , Edge Michele , Johnson Brian , Keck‐Antoine Klaus 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAlthough the level of transition‐metal catalyst residues in polyethylene (PE) has been drastically reduced over the years, they can still give rise to discoloration, particularly when associated with other additives such as antioxidants. This first of this series of papers screens a variety of candidate color suppressants featuring a range of functional groups, including alcohols, amine/sulfur compounds, and acid‐containing species. These candidate color suppressants were melt‐blended into a Ziegler‐Natta linear low‐density PE in combination with 2,2′‐isobutylidenebis(4,6‐dimethylphenol) (a highly discoloring hindered bisphenol antioxidant) and zinc stearate antacid. Yellowness index measurements made after multiple extruder passes indicated that dipentaerythritol (DPE) and triisopropylamine (TIPA) gave good color inhibition and, in some cases, outperformed established phosphites. The DPE and TIPA were found (via melt flow rate measurement) not to affect melt stability, and hydroperoxide determination revealed that DPE had no peroxide decomposition activity. The latter results indicate that the color‐suppression mechanism of DPE and TIPA is different from that associated with phosphites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Recent developments in biopolymers
Authors: Flaris Vicki , Singh Gurpreet 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSociety has been reaping the benefits of industrial polymers for a long time. Polymers have entered every market in a very influential manner, from the packaging industry to the construction business. The very properties that made polymers commercially viable are posing great environmental problems for our future generations. Also, the starting material for most of the commercial polymers is crude oil. Thus, environmental issues coupled with decreasing crude oil reserves have forced the polymer industry to find new sources. These problems having been taken into consideration, biopolymers have emerged as a promising field. This paper takes into consideration the sources of renewable materials, such as starch, lignocellulosic biomass, vegetable oils, proteins, etc.; the synthesis of polymers such as polylactic acid and monomers such as furfural, ethane, propanediol, etc., from renewable materials; and the recent developments in this field. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
New measurements and observations on aged NaI detectors
Authors: Tartari A. , Di Domenico G. , Bonifazzi C. , Baraldi C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe dead layer near the front surface of aged or damaged NaI detectors produces both an energy dependent diminution in counting efficiency and a characteristic iodine K x‐ray peak, which interferes with the registered radiation spectra. In this paper, the exploitation of this peak as an internal reference to assess the dead layer thickness and the relative loss of detector quality is proved by means of a comparison between experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. Investigations with different NaI‐based equipments and photon transport simulations are carried out in order to assess the detector degradation in terms of peak interference, efficiency and resolution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of Upper Extremity Vascular Injury: Outcome Related to the Mangled Extremity Severity Score
Authors: Prichayudh Supparerk , Verananvattna Aumpavan , Sriussadaporn Suvit , Sriussadaporn Sukanya , Kritayakirana Kritaya , Pak‐art Rattaplee , Capin Allan , Pereira Bruno , Tsunoyama Taichiro , Pena Diego 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) is an objective criterion for amputation prediction after lower extremity injury as well as for amputation prediction after upper extremity injury. A MESS of ≥7 has been utilized as a cutoff point for amputation prediction. In this study, we examined the result of upper extremity vascular injurty (UEVI) management in terms of the amputation rate as related to the MESS.MethodsDuring January 2002 to July 2007, we reviewed patients with UEVIs at our institution. Data collections included demographic data, mechanism of injuries, injury severity score (ISS), ischemic time, MESS, pathology of UEVI, operative management, and amputation rate. Decisions to amputate the injured limbs at our institution were made individually by clinically assessing limb viability (i.e., color and capillary refill of skin; color, consistency, and contractility of muscles) regardless of the MESS. The outcome was analyzed in terms of the amputation rate related to the MESS.ResultsThere were 52 patients with UEVIs in this study: 25 (48%) suffered blunt injuries and 27 (52%) suffered penetrating injuries. The age ranged from 15 to 59 years (mean 28.7 years). The mean ischemia time was 10.07 h. The mean ISS was 17.52. There were 12 patients (23%) with subclavian artery injuries, 3 patients (5.76%) with axillary artery injuries, 18 patients (34.61%) with brachial artery injuries, and 19 patients (36.54%) with radial artery and/or ulnar artery injuries. Primary repairs were performed in 45 patients (86.54%), with ligations in 3 patients (5.77%). An endovascular stent‐graft was used in one patient (1.92%). Primary amputations were performed in three patients (5.77%). Secondary amputations (amputation after primary operation) were done in 4 of 49 patients (secondary amputation rate 8.16%). All amputation patients suffered blunt injuries and had a MESS of ≥7 (range 7–11). The overall amputation rate in this study was 13.46% (7/52 patients). Multivariate analysis revealed that the only factor significantly associated with amputation was the MESS. There were no amputations in 33 patients who had a MESS of <7. We could avoid amputation in 12 of 19 patients who had a MESS ≥7. There were no mortalities among 52 UEVI patients.ConclusionsMESS, an outcome score used to grade the severity of extremity injuries, correlates well with the risk of amputation. Nevertheless, a MESS of ≥7 does not always mandate amputation. On the other hand, the MESS is a better predictor for patients who do not require amputation when the score is <7. The decisions to amputate in patients should be made individually based on clinical signs and an intraoperative finding of irreversible limb ischemia.
Cervical degenerative changes in idiopathic scoliosis patients who underwent long fusion to the sacrum as adults: incidence, severity, and evolution
Authors: Ofiram Elisha , Garvey Timothy A. , Schwender James D. , Wroblewski Jill M. , Winter Robert B. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
To date, there have been no published studies of the degenerative changes in the cervical spine in adult idiopathic scoliosis patients with thoracic and lumbar curves severe enough to require major reconstructive surgery.

Materials and methods
The primary study group was 48 adult patients who had previously undergone a fusion from T10 or higher to the sacrum as an adult for idiopathic scoliosis. These were compared to 38 adults with unfused idiopathic scoliosis of 30°–50° and to 42 symptomatic adults presenting with cervical pain. Cervical degeneration was assessed using a new cervical degenerative index (CDI).

Results
The amount of degenerative change seen in the cervical spine in the long-fusion group was significantly higher at baseline (just prior to the fusion) than the two control populations and became much higher at a mean follow-up of 8.5 years.

Conclusions
This unique subgroup of patients, those having fusion from the thoracic spine to the sacrum as adults for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, had a high incidence and severity of degenerative changes in their cervical spine. Due to the presence of advanced cervical degenerative changes prior to the fusion, it is not possible to blame the fusion as the main cause for these findings. These changes are either related to the thoracic and lumbar deformities or are more likely due to this subgroup having a higher natural propensity for degenerative changes.
Decreased perinatal mortality among women with diet‐controlled gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Karmon Anatte , Levy Amalia , Holcberg Gershon , Wiznitzer Arnon , Mazor Moshe , Sheiner Eyal 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo examine pregnancy outcomes associated with diet‐controlled gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM A1).MethodsA retrospective cohort study compared pregnancy characteristics of women with and without GDM A1 at a center where GDM A1 patients are routinely induced at 40 weeks.ResultsHigher rates of complications such as shoulder dystocia, congenital malformation, and macrosomia were observed in GDM A1 patients. A lower incidence of perinatal mortality was present in GDM A1 women compared with women without GDM A1. This association lost its significance when controlled for maternal age, ethnicity, induction, cesarean delivery, and birth weight in a multivariate model. Although the stillbirth rate before 40 weeks of gestation was identical among all participants, after 40 weeks it was significantly higher in women without GDM A1.ConclusionInduction of women with GDM A1 at 40 weeks may play a role in lowering perinatal mortality to below that of the general population.
The curve exclusion theorem for elliptic and K3 fibrations birational to Fano 3-fold hypersurfaces
Authors: Ryder Daniel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe theorem referred to in the title is a technical result that is needed for the classification of elliptic and K3 fibrations birational to Fano 3-fold hypersurfaces in weighted projective space. We present a complete proof of the curve exclusion theorem, which first appeared in the author's PhD thesis and has since been relied upon in solutions to many cases of the fibration classification problem. We give examples of these solutions and discuss them briefly.
Endotrivial modules for the symmetric and alternating groups
Authors: Carlson Jon F. , Mazza Nadia , Nakano Daniel K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper we determine the group of endotrivial modules for certain symmetric and alternating groups in characteristic p. If p = 2, then the group is generated by the class of Ωn(k) except in a few low degrees. If p > 2, then the group is only determined for degrees less than p2. In these cases we show that there are several Young modules which are endotrivial.
Hecke C*-algebras and semi-direct products
Authors: Kaliszewski S. , Landstad Magnus B. , Quigg John 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe analyse Hecke pairs (G,H) and the associated Hecke algebra $\mathcal{H}$ when G is a semi-direct product N ⋊ Q and H = M ⋊ R for subgroups M ⊂ N and R ⊂ Q with M normal in N. Our main result shows that, when (G,H) coincides with its Schlichting completion and R is normal in Q, the closure of $\mathcal{H}$ in C*(G) is Morita–Rieffel equivalent to a crossed product I⋊βQ/R, where I is a certain ideal in the fixed-point algebra C*(N)R. Several concrete examples are given illustrating and applying our techniques, including some involving subgroups of GL(2,K) acting on K2, where K = ℚ or K = ℤ[p−1]. In particular we look at the ax + b group of a quadratic extension of K.
Infinitely many arbitrarily small solutions for singular elliptic problems with critical Sobolev–Hardy exponents
Authors: He Xiaoming , Zou Wenming 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLet Ω ⊂ ℝN be a bounded domain such that 0 ∈ Ω, N ≥ 3, 2*(s) = 2(N − s)/(N − 2), 0 ≤ s < 2, $0\leq\mu\lt\bar{\mu}=\frac{14}(N-2)^{2}$. We obtain the existence of infinitely many solutions for the singular critical problem $\smash{-\Delta u-\mu(u/|x|^2)=(|u|^{2^*(s)-2/|x|^s)u+\lambda f(x,u)$ with Dirichlet boundary condition for suitable positive number λ.
On commuting elements and embeddings of graph groups and monoids
Authors: Kambites Mark 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe study commutation properties of subsets of right-angled Artin groups and trace monoids. We show that if Γ is any graph not containing a four-cycle without chords, then the group G(Γ) does not contain four elements whose commutation graph is a four-cycle; a consequence is that G(Γ) does not have a subgroup isomorphic to a direct product of non-abelian groups. We also obtain corresponding and more general results in the monoid case.
Holomorphic mappings between compact Riemann surfaces
Authors: Ito Manabu , Yamamoto Hiroshi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThere are only finitely many non-constant holomorphic mappings between two fixed compact Riemann surfaces of genus greater than 1. This result goes under the name of the de Franchis theorem. Having seen that the set of such holomorphic mappings is finite, we naturally want to obtain a bound on its cardinality. It has been known for some time that there exist various bounds depending only on the genera of the surfaces. Here we obtain ‘better’ bounds of the above type, using arguments based on the rigidity of holomorphic mappings and the hyperbolic geometry of surfaces.
Existence results for nonlinear periodic boundary-value problems
Authors: Graef John R. , Kong Lingju 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe study a class of second-order nonlinear differential equations on a finite interval with periodic boundary conditions. The nonlinearity in the equations can take negative values and may be unbounded from below. Criteria are established for the existence of non-trivial solutions, positive solutions and negative solutions of the problems under consideration. Applications of our results to related eigenvalue problems are also discussed. Examples are included to illustrate some of the results. Our analysis relies mainly on topological degree theory.
Adapting Standards of Care Under Extreme Conditions
Authors: Gebbie Kristine M. , Peterson Cheryl A. , Subbarao Italo , White Kathleen M. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThe filing of criminal charges against a group of clinicians in New Orleans for failure to meet expected standards of care following the hurricanes of 2005 made the growing concern among health professionals about care provided during extreme emergencies or disasters all too real. Questions about what may lead to censure, penalties from licensing boards, or lawsuits have come from nurses, physicians, and many other licensed health professionals. A panel convened by the American Nurses Association that included representatives of medical, public health, hospital, and government agencies considered the ethical, professional, and practical aspects of meeting standards of care in such circumstances. Clinicians are reminded that in emergencies, it is only the circumstances that change (perhaps radically); neither the individual’s professional competency nor the basic professional standard of care is different. In making prioritized decisions under such circumstances, the individual’s ethical framework is utilitarian, and there are 3 areas for action, even when some routine tasks are set aside: maintain worker and patient safety; maintain airway, breathing, and circulation; and establish or maintain infection control. Policy recommendations such as state legislation for the adoption of comprehensive immunity for volunteer health care workers, and the establishment of a medical review panel as arbitration board are also suggested. The resulting white paper summarizes the issues and provides guidance to individual professionals, institutions in which they work, and emergency planners. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3:111–116)
Chromosome Conformation Capture
Authors: Cope Nathan F. , Fraser Peter 
Published: February 2009

INTRODUCTIONChromosome conformation capture (3C) is a technique used to detect the spatial organization of chromosomal DNA in fixed cells. DNA sequences in spatial proximity in the nucleus or engaged in physical interactions (such as those between genes and regulatory elements) can be assessed quantitatively to provide a measure that potentially reflects their frequency of association and/or their proximity. 3C can be used to study long-range interactions between DNA sequences on the same chromosome (intrachromosomal) or between different chromosomes (interchromosomal). Briefly, chromatin fragments in proximity are fixed with formaldehyde, followed by digestion with restriction enzymes, nuclear lysis, dilution of the cross-linked complexes, and intramolecular ligation. The cross-links are subsequently removed and the DNA is purified. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is then used to amplify DNA fragments containing novel ligation junctions using primers specific for a pair of DNA sequences under investigation. Here we describe a detailed 3C protocol and experimental controls that can be applied to investigate the nuclear juxtaposition of any two genomic regions, in cis or trans.
DNA Extraction from Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue
Authors: Tang Weining , David Freedom B. , Wilson Malania M. , Barwick Benjamin G. , Leyland-Jones Brian R. , Bouzyk Mark M. 
Published: February 2009

IntroductionFormalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue is one of the most widely practiced methods for clinical sample preservation and archiving. It is estimated that, worldwide, over a billion tissue samples, most of them FFPE, are being stored in numerous hospitals, tissue banks, and research laboratories. These archived samples could potentially provide a wealth of information in retrospective molecular studies of diseased tissues. While standard for histopathology and microscopic investigation (e.g., hematoxylin and eosin [H&E] staining, immunohistochemistry [IHC], and tissue microarray [TMA]), FFPE samples pose a major challenge for molecular pathologists, because nucleic acids are heavily modified and trapped by extensive protein-nucleic acid and protein-protein cross linking. Historically, FFPE samples were not considered to be a viable source for molecular analyses. Recently, however, it has been discovered that with appropriate protease digestion, it is possible to release microgram amounts of DNA and RNA from FFPE samples. The purified nucleic acids, although highly fragmented, are suitable for a variety of downstream genomic and gene expression analyses, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), microarray, array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), microRNA, and methylation profiling. Several commercial kits are currently available for FFPE extraction. The protocol reported here is adapted from the Ambion RecoverAll Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit, but includes several modifications. Although our protocol focuses on DNA isolation, the RecoverAll Kit can also be utilized to recover RNA, including microRNA.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing as a Tool for Delivery of dsRNA into Plants: Figure 1.
Authors: Padmanabhan Meenu , Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P. 
Published: February 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe inherent RNA silencing mechanism in plants has been effectively manipulated as a tool for the targeted down-regulation of genes. Numerous methods have been employed to initiate this homology-based RNA degradation process, but all rely on the activity of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) corresponding to the gene of interest. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has gained acceptance as the tool of choice for transient induction of silencing. It involves creation of engineered viruses carrying sequences corresponding to the host gene to be silenced. Infection leads to synthesis of viral dsRNA, an intermediate step in viral replication. This activates the anti-viral RNA silencing pathway, resulting in down-regulation of the host gene transcript. While several VIGS vectors have been developed, the Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) provides the most robust results in terms of efficiency, ease of application, and absence of disease symptoms. Engineered TRV vectors carrying host-derived segments are transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which is then introduced into the plant. This protocol outlines a simple procedure for introducing the TRV-based binary vectors pTRV1 and pTRV2 into solanaceous plants such as Nicotiana benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicon (tomato), as well as Arabidopsis.
Somatic Hybridization in the Moss Physcomitrella patens Using PEG-Induced Protoplast Fusion
Authors: Cove David J. , Perroud Pierre-François , Charron Audra J. , McDaniel Stuart F. , Khandelwal Abha , Quatrano Ralph S. 
Published: February 2009

INTRODUCTIONAs an alternative to sexual crossing, protoplasts from two strains of moss (Physcomitrella patens) can be hybridized using polyethylene glycol (PEG). Although the efficiency is low, it requires no sophisticated apparatus. Hybrids are readily obtained using complementary auxotrophic mutants or strains with transgenic antibiotic resistance markers. It is now routine to obtain hybrids using transgenic strains that are hygromycin- or G418-resistant by selecting hybrids on medium containing both antibiotics.
Chemical and UV Mutagenesis of Spores and Protonemal Tissue from the Moss Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Cove David J. , Perroud Pierre-François , Charron Audra J. , McDaniel Stuart F. , Khandelwal Abha , Quatrano Ralph S. 
Published: February 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes how to mutagenize spores and protonemal tissue from moss (Physcomitrella patens) using chemicals or ultraviolet (UV) light. Spores are mutagenized using the alkylating agents N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and protonemal tissue is mutagenized with NTG and UV light. Compared to alkylating agents, UV is less effective as a mutagen, but it may be advantageous because it is less hazardous and may not lead to clustered lesions.
Transformation of the Moss Physcomitrella patens Using Direct DNA Uptake by Protoplasts
Authors: Cove David J. , Perroud Pierre-François , Charron Audra J. , McDaniel Stuart F. , Khandelwal Abha , Quatrano Ralph S. 
Published: February 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes how to transform moss (Physcomitrella patens) protoplasts using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated DNA uptake. The transformation rates for direct uptake by protoplasts of DNA with and without genomic sequence (a targeting construct) are typically 10−5 and 10−3, respectively. (These are the frequencies of stable transformants among regenerants surviving the transformation procedure.)
Transformation of Moss Physcomitrella patens Gametophytes Using a Biolistic Projectile Delivery System
Authors: Cove David J. , Perroud Pierre-François , Charron Audra J. , McDaniel Stuart F. , Khandelwal Abha , Quatrano Ralph S. 
Published: February 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis method makes use of biolistic bombardment to propel gold particles coated with DNA into protonemal tissue of the moss Physcomitrella patens. It is especially suitable for transient gene expression studies, but it can be used to obtain stable transformants.