bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE METABOLISM OF STEROID HORMONES IN SEMEN
Authors: SEAMARK R. F. , WHITE I. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Testosterone is converted reversibly to androstenedione by the spermatozoa of certain mammals, such as the boar and stallion. The oxidation of testosterone to androstenedione occurs not only in the presence of fully active spermatozoa but also of sperm cells which have been deprived of their normal motility, and fructolytic as well as respiratory activity, by such treatment as cold-shock or deep-freezing. However, heating or treatment with certain inhibitors (e.g. cyanide and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) renders the spermatozoa incapable of performing the testosterone ⇌ androstenedione reaction. The enzyme system required for that reaction has been obtained in the form of a cell-free extract from disintegrated boar spermatozoa. There is some evidence that it involves both NAD+ and NADP+.
Oestradiol-17β is converted reversibly to oestrone. The reaction oestradiol → oestrone has been demonstrated in bull, boar and stallion semen, and the reverse reaction in boar and stallion semen.
Progesterone is also metabolized in semen. The product may be 20β-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one.
PHOSPHATASES OF RAT THYROID AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLANDS DURING VARIOUS PHASES OF SECRETORY ACTIVITY. A CYTOCHEMICAL STUDY
Authors: SOBEL H. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The cytochemical localization and changes of various phosphatase activities were studied in rat thyroid and anterior pituitary glands in various phases of secretory activity. The procedures used, made possible light microscopic study of the Golgi apparatus, plasma membranes and sinusoids, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, nuclei and nucleoli; reactive sites many of which up to the present were in the realm of ultrastructure and could only be visualized with very specialized techniques or the electron microscope. The enzymatic make up and changes, and changes in size, shape and distribution of these structures were also studied in the conditions described.
2. Nucleoside phosphatase techniques visualized sinusoids, but this staining did not vary with secretory activity. The alkaline phosphatase procedure did not stain sinusoids of the anterior pituitary. However, the sinusoidal staining of the thyroid with this technique paralleled secretory activity.
3. Thiamine pyrophosphatase, inosine diphosphatase and guanosine triphosphatase staining visualized the Golgi lamellae in the two glands and this staining paralleled secretory activity. The adenosine monophosphatase technique stained occasional Golgi lamellae.
4. The adenosine monophosphatase procedure stained the plasma membranes of the less active cells of the anterior pituitary and granular cytoplasmic particles (lysosomes) of more active pituitary and thyroid cells. This granular cytoplasmic staining was abolished by sodium fluoride and d-tartaric acid as was acid phosphatase staining.
5. The inosine diphosphatase and guanosine triphosphatase techniques also revealed some diffuse cytoplasmic and cell membrane staining which was thought to represent staining of endoplasmic reticulum.
6. The adenosine diphosphatase procedure invariably stained nuclei and nucleoli.
STEROIDS IN THE OVARIAN LYMPH AND BLOOD OF CONSCIOUS EWES
Authors: LINDNER H. R. , SASS M. B. , MORRIS B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ovarian lymph was collected from seven conscious ewes over periods of 3–8 days. Rates of lymph flow from ovaries containing an active corpus luteum were 1·5–8·6 ml./hr./ovary and were much higher, per unit weight of tissue, than from any other organ studied in the sheep. Progesterone was isolated in crystalline state from this lymph. The concentration of progesterone (μg./100 ml.) in lymph collected from one ewe during the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle was 71–205; during the 3rd month of pregnancy the concentration was 55–163, and 3 weeks before lambing it was 25. Thus the corpus luteum was fully active even when no longer considered essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. No more than one-tenth of the progesterone output appears to be carried from the ovary by the lymphatic route: the output in the ovarian lymph (mg./24 hr.) was 0·1–0·3 in the dioestrous ewe and 0·02–0·5 in the pregnant ewes; that into the ovarian blood was 1·4–1·9 in two conscious ewes on the 3rd day after oestrus, and 3·2–8·1 in three anaesthetized ewes on day 10 of the cycle. Lumbar lymph collected during the 4th and 5th month of pregnancy contained low concentrations of progesterone, suggesting that the concentration of progesterone in the tissue fluid of the uterus was also low.
20α-Hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one was present in the ovarian lymph during the 3rd month of pregnancy, but its concentration (0·6–1·6 μg./100 ml.) barely exceeded that in peripheral plasma (0·3–0·7 μg./100 ml.).
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone, a putative precursor of oestrogens, was identified as a secretory product of sheep's ovaries which contain a corpus luteum. During the 3rd month of pregnancy its concentration in ovarian lymph (μg./100 ml.) was 1·1–6·3, whereas the concentration in peripheral plasma was less than 0·5. The concentration of oestrogens in ovarian lymph was low: mid-luteal samples contained 30 mμg. oestradiol-17β/100 ml. and 13 mμg. oestrone/100 ml.; samples of lymph from pregnant ewes contained 3–7 mμg. oestradiol-17β/100 ml. and < 3–5 mμg. oestrone/100 ml. Androst-4-ene-3:17-dione and testosterone were not detected (< 0·5 μg./100 ml.) in ovarian lymph or blood.
In six oestrous ewes secretion rates into the ovarian blood were < 1·2–17·9 μg. oestradiol-17β/24 hr. and < 1·2–4·8 μg. oestrone/24 hr., the lower rates were observed after ovulation had taken place. The output of progesterone and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one was < 0·08 mg./24 hr. during oestrus. The volume of lymph flowing from the ovary during oestrus was small (approx. 0·2 ml./hr.) and did not permit chemical determination of steroids.
THE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE GLAND ABLATION AND OF CORTICOSTEROID SUBSTITUTION ON THE RATE OF WATER TURNOVER IN THE ADRENALECTOMIZED RAT
Authors: FOY J. M. , SCHNIEDEN H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Using a radioactive isotope technique, water turnover (biological half-life of tritium, T½) has been determined in a number of endocrine deficient states in rats. Water turnover was decreased after adrenalectomy but restored to normal in animals kept on 0·9% NaCl solution. A number of glucocorticoid hormones (cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone) were also able to restore water turnover to normal in adrenalectomized rats.
Water turnover was also decreased in rats which had been thyroidectomized 3–5 days previously, but in chronically thyroidectomized animals or those in which hypothyroidism had been produced by propylthiouracil treatment, no significant change in water turnover could be detected. Propylthiouracil-treated animals kept on 0·5% NaCl solution had an increased water turnover. Water turnover was increased in hypophysectomized animals.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANT MARE SERUM GONADOTROPHIN AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN ON RAT OVARIAN ASCORBIC ACID AND CHOLESTEROL
Authors: MUKERJI S. , BELL E. T. , LORAINE J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of the administration of 50 i.u. pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG), followed 72 hr. later by 25 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), on ovarian weight, ascorbic acid and cholesterol has been investigated in rats of the Wistar strain bred in a closed colony.
In the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion (OAAD) test for luteinizing hormone (LH) the bioassay is generally carried out from 5 to 9 days after the administration of HCG. The present investigation has shown that at this time ovarian ascorbic acid levels in untreated animals are in the same range as in rats pretreated with PMSG and HCG.
The reasons for conducting the ovarian cholesterol depletion (OCD) test for LH on the 11th day after treatment with HCG are discussed. It is concluded that in the strain of animal used assays conducted before this time are likely to be unsatisfactory.
It is postulated that the main function of the pretreatment procedure in both assay methods is to produce a large amount of highly reactive ovarian tissue which is readily responsive to the administration of LH.
PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THYROXINE-BINDING BY PROTEINS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANGES IN THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN CAPACITY AND THE DAILY UTILIZATION RATE OF THYROXINE IN THE NEWBORN PIG
Authors: ŚLEBODZIŃSKI A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) Experiments were performed on three litters of pigs (four animals in each litter) between birth and the 8th day (inclusive) of life.
(2) The relation between the variation in thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) capacity and the rate of thyroxine utilization has been taken as an indication of the ability of thyroxine production to maintain a fairly constant percentage of saturation of the TBG.
(3) Dynamic changes in the interaction between the thyroid hormone and the plasma protein binding sites are shown. Changes in the binding capacity of TBG were negatively correlated with uptake of [131I]triiodothyronine by erythrocytes (r = −0·64; P < 0·01) and positively correlated with the protein-bound iodine (PBI) value (r = +0·92; P < 0·01).
(4) The value for saturation of the plasma TBG capacity was relatively stable and amounted to 67·38 ± 5·47%.
(5) The total quantity of thyroxine which has to match the variability of the protein binding site capacity was calculated to be only 13·72% of the daily production of the hormone in 8-day-old pigs.
(6) The physiological implication is discussed of changes in TBG capacity resulting in an increase of the bound-thyroxine pool in relation to the daily utilization rate of the hormone.
CORPUS LUTEUM CONTROL IN HYSTERECTOMIZED GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: DEANESLY R. , PERRY J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Interruption of the prolonged luteal phase in hysterectomized guinea-pigs, followed by vaginal opening, can be caused by substances affecting the hypothalamus and hypophysis, which check gonadotrophin output. In the present experiments, both progesterone and reserpine were effective and caused regression of the corpora lutea. It may be concluded that in the guinea-pig, as in the sow and the sheep, the corpora lutea of hysterectomy do not function independently of the hypophysis.
The uterine factor associated with normal cyclic corpora lutea regression, which is lacking after hysterectomy, presumably acts on the hypophysis rather than directly on the corpora lutea.
THE PREPARATION OF BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN AND THE ESTIMATION OF ITS MAXIMUM CAPACITY TO BIND OXYTOCIN AND ARGININE VASOPRESSIN
Authors: GINSBURG M. , IRELAND M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The preparation is described of a hormone-binding protein fraction from bovine neurohypophyses (neurophysin). The fraction obtained by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose contained two components which were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75; the property of binding oxytocin and arginine vasopressin was possessed by only one component of which the molecular weight was 25,000 approximately. The capacities of this protein to bind oxytocin and arginine vasopressin (each hormone in the absence of the other) were studied by a film dialysis method. The maximum binding capacities were 125 units of oxytocin/mg. protein and 62 units of arginine vasopressin/mg. protein, which are equivalent to seven molecules of oxytocin and four molecules of arginine vasopressin/molecule of protein (taken to the nearest whole numbers).
THE EFFECT OF 1-α-METHYLALLYLTHIOCARBAMOYL-2-METHYLTHIOCARBAMOYL HYDRAZINE (ICI 33828) ON LACTATION IN THE RAT
Authors: BENSON G. K. , ZAGNI P. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The administration of 1-α-methylallylthiocarbamoyl-2-methylthiocarbamoyl hydrazine (ICI 33828) to lactating rats in doses ranging from 5 to 40 mg. daily resulted in a marked inhibition of litter growth. When oxytocin (1 i.u. twice daily) was administered in addition to ICI 33828 (5 mg. or 20 mg. daily) the depression in litter growth rate was largely overcome. Histological studies indicated that the mammary glands of the treated mothers were secreting, but that the pups were unable to obtain the available milk without exogenous oxytocin. It is suggested that ICI 33828 acts on the hypothalamus by blocking the release of oxytocin and possibly enhancing the release of prolactin.
THE DETERMINATION OF 17-OXOSTEROID SULPHATES IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: DE NEVE L. , VERMEULEN A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An accurate, precise and specific method for the determination of plasma 17-oxosteroid sulphates has been developed. It involves extraction of the steroid sulphates, solvolysis, purification by solvent partition and thin-layer chromatography and determination by a modified Zimmermann reaction.
In both sexes plasma 17-oxosteroid levels were found to be low before puberty, to reach their highest level between the ages of 20 and 30 and to decrease rapidly after the age of 35. Maximal levels in females were only about 70% of those in males; after the age of 35 the plasma levels were similar in both sexes. The proportions of the individual 17-oxosteroids (dehydroepiandrosterone, androsterone and aetiocholanolone) were not influenced by sex; in ten obese patients of both sexes the percentage contribution of dehydroepiandrosterone was significantly decreased.
THE EFFECT OF PREPUBERAL TREATMENT WITH RESERPINE ON PUBERTY, PITUITARY LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND THE OESTROUS CYCLE OF THE RAT
Authors: CARRARO A. , CORBIN A. , FRASCHINI F. , MARTINI L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The long-term effects of a single s.c. injection of 50 μg. reserpine given on the 4th day of life were studied in female rats. Vaginal opening was probably delayed (P < 0·05) by the treatment. In addition those rats which had received reserpine in the neonatal period exhibited prolonged periods of dioestrus and only occasionally intermittent vaginal cornification. At 30 and 60 days of age pituitary LH concentration and content were significantly lower in reserpine-treated animals than in controls of the same age.
ANTI-OVULATORY POTENCY OF VARIOUS STEROIDS, DETERMINED BY SINGLE INJECTION INTO FEMALE HAMSTERS
Authors: GREENWALD G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Hamsters injected at metoestrus (day 1) and killed at day 2 of the next oestrous cycle were used to determine the ovulation-inhibiting potency of various steroids. Oestradiol and testosterone prevented ovulation by inducing atresia in the developing follicles which would have normally ovulated. Esterification of oestradiol markedly increased its anti-ovulatory activity. The progestational steroids usually acted on the final phases of follicular maturation rather than affecting earlier phases of growth. The most potent pure gestagen tested was 6,7α-dimethyl-6-dehydroprogesterone which was five times as active as progesterone or norethindrone in preventing ovulation of ripe follicles. Ethynodiol diacetate also blocked ovulation of mature follicles, but with increased doses atresia became the primary mechanism responsible for inhibiting ovulation. The latter effect is probably due to inherent oestrogenicity of the compound.
The advantages of this method as a screening procedure for anti-ovulatory activity are discussed.
THE METABOLISM OF [4-14C]CORTISOL IN PATIENTS WITH COLLAGEN DISEASES
Authors: GRAY C. H. , SHAW D. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The major metabolic pathways of cortisol have been studied in detail after injection of a tracer dose of [4-14C]cortisol in two patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in one with disseminated lupus erythematosus. Results are also presented from preliminary experiments in two other patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
The rates of cortisol secretion by the adrenals of all the patients studied were within the normal range and the kinetics of cortisol metabolism were also normal. No abnormalities were found in either the proportions of cortisol, cortisone and 6β-hydroxycortisol in the urinary fraction containing the unconjugated steroids or in that of tetrahydrocortisol, allo-tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, cortols, cortolones, 11β-hydroxyaetiocholanolone, 11β-hydroxyandrosterone and 11-oxoaetiocholanolone in the fraction released by hydrolysis of the urinary steroid conjugates.
The excretion of 6β-hydroxycortisol in a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis was not significantly greater than that in a similar group of normal subjects in whom the upper limit of the range was higher than values previously reported.
THE METABOLISM OF [4-14C]CORTISOL IN PATIENTS WITH SARCOIDOSIS
Authors: GRAY C. H. , SHAW D. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The major metabolic pathways of cortisol in a patient with sarcoidosis have been studied after intravenous injection of a tracer dose of [4-14C]cortisol. Results from some preliminary experiments in four other patients are also presented. The effects of large doses of cortisol on its metabolism were also studied.
In all the patients studied the adrenal secretion rate of cortisol was in the low normal range. The rate of disappearance of radioactivity from the plasma fractions containing the unconjugated steroids was normal before cortisol therapy but slower than normal during therapy. During therapy there was a significant decrease in the total urinary radioactivity.
In the one patient in whom detailed studies were made, an unusually large proportion of the urinary metabolites was in the unconjugated fraction in which the amount of 6β-hydroxycortisol was greater than normal. Apart from an increased ratio of 11β-hydroxy- to their corresponding 11-oxo-metabolites there was no essential difference in the pattern of excretion of the metabolites in this patient during therapy. In this patient only 65% of the injected radioactivity was excreted in urine after 48 hr., whereas the other patients excreted a normal percentage of the injected radioactivity during this period.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF 11β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE
Authors: BAILLIE A. H. , FERGUSON M. M. , CALMAN K. C. , HART D. McK. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase can be demonstrated histochemically by incubating tissues with nitro blue tetrazolium (2,2′-di-p-nitrophenyl-5,5′-diphenyl-3,3′-(3,3′-dimethoxy-4,4′-diphenylene) ditetrazolium chloride), NAD or NADP and an appropriate steroid. Suitable steroid substrates are: (1) 11β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (11β-hydroxyandrostenedione), (2) 3,11β-dihydroxyoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one (11β-hydroxyoestrone), (3) 3α,11β-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, (4) 3α,11β-dihydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one and (5) 11β-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione(11β-hydroxyprogesterone).
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was found in the Leydig cells of six human testes from subjects ranging in age from 12 to 57 yr. with all five substrates.
The Leydig cells of the mouse testis contain demonstrable 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and the volume of reactive tissue increases regularly between birth and the end of the 10th week of postnatal life; this growth curve is sigmoid in form. An extremely weak histochemical reaction with human placenta obtained at term was observed, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione being the only substrate utilized to any extent. A specimen of hydatid mole, however, showed intense 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity with all substrates surveyed. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was also found in the ova, granulosa, theca interna, interstitial tissue and corpora lutea of the mouse ovary.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY ON BLOOD PYRUVATE IN CATS INJECTED WITH GLUCOSE AND INSULIN
Authors: HOCKADAY T. D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Injection of glucose (290 mg./kg.) with insulin (0·5 unit/kg.) into conscious adrenalectomized cats was followed by an increase in venous pyruvate concentration which was not seen in intact cats given the same doses of glucose and insulin. When normal cats received 1·5 units insulin/kg. with the glucose there was again no sustained change in blood pyruvate concentration during the first 30 min. after injection. In these animals the decrease of blood glucose was the same as in the adrenalectomized cats, and greater than in intact cats injected with 0·5 unit insulin/kg.
After glucose and insulin had been given to acutely eviscerated cats the blood pyruvate level rose in previously adrenalectomized animals and fell in previously intact animals. These results provide some support for an extrahepatic action of glucocorticoid hormones.
THE SWELLING OF FROG BLADDER CELLS PRODUCED BY OXYTOCIN
Authors: NATOCHIN J. V. , JANÁČEK K. , RYBOVÁ R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
(1) Synthetic oxytocin (100 m-u./ml.) produces swelling of the isolated frog urinary bladder even in the absence of an osmotic gradient across the bladder.
(2) Calculations show that the change in intracellular space does not necessarily differ significantly from that in the presence of an osmotic gradient since the inulin space is markedly affected by the osmotic water flow.
(3) Part of the cellular potassium is exchanged for sodium during the swelling produced by oxytocin.
(4) A possible mechanism and the significance of the swelling is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS ON GROWTH: MECHANISM OF THE POTENTIATING EFFECT ON CORTICOSTEROIDS
Authors: ZOR U. , DIKSTEIN S. , SULMAN F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The monoamine oxidase inhibitor mebanazine (Actomol) was found to reduce the growth of cartilage, and the normal increase in body weight and pituitary weight in growing male rats. The inhibitory effect of mebanazine on cartilage growth is only partially overcome by concomitant injection of growth hormone. The inhibitory effect on growth is much greater when mebanazine is injected together with hydrocortisone; it exceeds by far the sum of the effects of mebanazine or hydrocortisone alone (augmentative synergism).
Mebanazine also inhibits cartilage growth in normal rats receiving metyrapone (Metopirone—which inhibits corticosteroid production) and in adrenalectomized animals receiving hydrocortisone. Mebanazine stimulates involution of the thymus and depletion of ascorbic acid from the adrenal glands of rats. This shows that mebanazine releases adrenocorticotrophic hormone in normal rats and in rats receiving high doses of hydrocortisone.
Our results thus suggest that the inhibitory effect of mebanazine on growth is twofold: it potentiates a corticosteroid which itself is a growth inhibitor and in addition blocks the release of growth hormone from the pituitary by a specific mechanism inherent in the action of mebanazine as an enzyme blocker.
STUDIES ON ARTIFICIAL CRYPTORCHIDISM: COMPENSATORY CHANGES IN THE SCROTAL TESTES OF UNILATERALLY CRYPTORCHID RATS
Authors: CLEGG E. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experimental unilateral cryptorchidism in the rat is accompanied by compensatory changes in the scrotal testis. These changes include hypertrophy of germ cells unaccompanied by hyperplasia, and hyperplasia and hypertrophy of Leydig cells.
It is postulated that these changes are due to increased secretion of both follicle-stimulating hormone and interstitial cell-stimulating hormone by the adenohypophysis; this opinion is borne out to some extent by the histological changes in this organ, in which the presence of increased numbers of peripheral and central castration cells indicates increased secretion of gonadotrophins.
PROLACTIN ASSAY BY THE DECIDUAL REACTION IN THE MOUSE
Authors: KOVAČIĆ NADA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The potency of preparations of ovine prolactin NIH-P-S5, NIH-P-S6 and Panlitar Armour S10209 and bovine prolactin NIH-P-B1 was estimated by the luteotrophic assay in normal adult mice. The method is based on the decidual response in a damaged uterine horn. The results were compared with those obtained by the workers using the pigeon crop gland method and found to be closely similar.