bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micro In Utero Electroporation for Efficient Gene Targeting in Mouse Embryos
Authors: Shimogori Tomomi 
Published: July 2006

INTRODUCTIONA mixture of DNA and tracking dye is microinjected into a precisely targeted area of the developing mouse embryo. A pulse generator is used to pass current into the tissue using needle electrodes placed on either side of the injection. Fiberoptic light is used to visualize the procedure. This method can be readily adapted for use on most parts of the embryo. It can be used with many different types of genes, as well as for simultaneously delivering multiple genes.
PEI Nanoparticles for Targeted Gene Delivery
Authors: Alexis Frank , Zeng Jieming , Shu Wang 
Published: July 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes the preparation of polyethylenimine (PEI)/DNA nanoparticles for targeted gene delivery. This delivery strategy improves the efficiency of gene transfer by enhancing the entry of gene vectors into the desired cells and reducing uptake by nontarget cells. We describe here methods for the conjugation of targeting peptides to PEIs, formation of DNA complexes using the conjugated PEIs or nonconjugated PEIs together with targeting peptides, and cell transfection using these complexes. The conjugation step involves the use of the succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC), a heterobifunctional cross-linker, to form a stable bond between PEI and peptides containing thiol groups.
Identification of Genes with Potential Roles in Apple Fruit Development and Biochemistry through Large-Scale Statistical Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags
Authors: Park Sunchung , Sugimoto Nobuko , Larson Matthew D. , Beaudry Randy , van Nocker Steven 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAdvanced studies of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) development, physiology, and biochemistry have been hampered by the lack of appropriate genomics tools. One exception is the recent acquisition of extensive expressed sequence tag (EST) data. The entire available EST dataset for apple resulted from the efforts of at least 20 contributors and was derived from more than 70 cDNA libraries representing diverse transcriptional profiles from a variety of organs, fruit parts, developmental stages, biotic and abiotic stresses, and from at least nine cultivars. We analyzed apple EST sequences available in public databanks using statistical algorithms to identify those apple genes that are likely to be highly expressed in fruit, expressed uniquely or preferentially in fruit, and/or temporally or spatially regulated during fruit growth and development. We applied these results to the analysis of biochemical pathways involved in biosynthesis of precursors for volatile esters and identified a subset of apple genes that may participate in generating flavor and aroma components found in mature fruit.
The hairless guinea‐pig as a model for treatment of acute irritation in humans
Authors: Andersen F. , Hedegaard K. , Fullerton A. , Petersen T. K. , Bindslev‐Jensen C. , Andersen K. E. 
Published: July 2006

Background: The effect of six skin care formulations on experimentally induced acute irritation was studied in hairless guinea‐pigs (HLGP) and in human volunteers (HV). The formulations were a basic cream, a carbomer cream and four modifications of the carbomer cream, containing either 10% isopropyl palmitate (IPP cream), 10% glycerol (glycerol cream), 19.5% canola oil (canola oil cream) or 0.5% (−)‐α‐bisabolol (bisabolol cream).Methods: Acute irritation was induced by occlusive tests with 1% sodium lauryl sulfate aq. in both HLGP and HV, and in HV also by using nonanoic acid in n‐propanol (NON) 20%. The irritant reactions were treated twice daily with the formulations from the time of removal of the patches. Evaluation of skin irritation and efficacy of treatments was performed daily for 4 days using clinical scoring, evaporimetry (transepidermal water loss), hydration measurement and colorimetry.Results: The glycerol cream was the only product showing effects potentially better than no treatment in HV.Conclusion: The HLGP was too sensitive an animal model as a predictor for effect in humans. There was no difference in efficacy of the formulations against the two different irritants in HV.
Adults who grew up in care: constructing the self and accessing care files
Authors: Horrocks Christine , Goddard Jim 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPast research on care leavers has, understandably, tended to focus on those who are in their mid‐ to late‐teens or early 20s. This reflects the profound impact of central and local government policy on those young people. It also reflects their prominence in contemporary analyses of most of the indicators of social exclusion among young people in the UK – unemployment, homelessness and lack of educational qualifications among them. However, some issues affecting adults who grew up in care apply across the life course. One such issue is the access that former care adults have to their child care files. Indeed, as we shall see, this issue has particular importance for many older adults (in their 30s and upwards). Policy and practice in this field has changed significantly during the past 20 years and there is a growing awareness of the needs of former care adults in this area. Access to such files can be a significant element in the process of seeking to address identity concerns centring around family and childhood experiences. This paper explores some of these identity concerns and analyses how access to care files both reflects such concerns and attempts to address them.
Initial cultivation of a temperate‐region soil immediately accelerates aggregate turnover and CO2and N2O fluxes
Authors: STUART GRANDY A. , PHILIP ROBERTSON G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe immediate effects of tillage on protected soil C and N pools and on trace gas emissions from soils at precultivation levels of native C remain largely unknown. We measured the response to cultivation of CO2and N2O emissions and associated environmental factors in a previously uncultivated U.S. Midwest Alfisol with C concentrations that were indistinguishable from those in adjacent late successional forests on the same soil type (3.2%). Within 2 days of initial cultivation in 2002, tillage significantly (P=0.001,n=4) increased CO2fluxes from 91 to 196 mg CO2‐C m−2 h−1and within the first 30 days higher fluxes because of cultivation were responsible for losses of 85 g CO2‐C m−2. Additional daily C losses were sustained during a second and third year of cultivation of the same plots at rates of 1.9 and 1.0 g C m−2 day−1, respectively. Associated with the CO2responses were increased soil temperature, substantially reduced soil aggregate size (mean weight diameter decreased 35% within 60 days), and a reduction in the proportion of intraaggregate, physically protected light fraction organic matter. Nitrous oxide fluxes in cultivated plots increased 7.7‐fold in 2002, 3.1‐fold in 2003, and 6.7‐fold in 2004 and were associated with increased soil NO3−concentrations, which approached 15 μg N g−1. Decreased plant N uptake immediately after tillage, plus increased mineralization rates and fivefold greater nitrifier enzyme activity, likely contributed to increased NO3−concentrations. Our results demonstrate that initial cultivation of a soil at precultivation levels of native soil C immediately destabilizes physical and microbial processes related to C and N retention in soils and accelerates trace gas fluxes. Policies designed to promote long‐term C sequestration may thus need to protect soils from even occasional cultivation in order to preserve sequestered C.
The Narrowing Male‐Female Unemployment Differential
Authors: SEEBORG MICHAEL , DeBOER LARRY 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTHistorically, the female unemployment rate in the U.S. has been higher than the male rate, but recently this unemployment rate differential has narrowed. This study looks at the reasons behind this phenomenon, and finds that relative declines in male‐dominated industries such as durable manufacturing and construction increase the male unemployment rate relative to the female rate. If male‐dominated industries continue to decline, the female unemployment rate is likely to fall below the male rate in the near future and remain lower in both recessions and expansions. The results reported here also indicate that increases in the female labor force participation rate are associated with relatively lower female unemployment rates after the mid‐l970s, contrasting with the positive relationship in the 1950s and 1960s.
Labor Environment and the Location of Electrical Machinery Employment in the US. South
Authors: JOHNSON MERRILL L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the location of electrical machinery manufacturing in South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama (with special attention given to the first three states), and the degree to which this industry is associated with labor environments attractive to firms in the late stage of the product cycle. Labor‐environment variables were selected from published sources and then collapsed into principal components. County‐level component scores were then correlated with selected electrical machinery employment variables. The analysis suggests that, with the possible exception of electronic components manufacturing, there has been no widespread locational response by electrical machinery manufacturing in these states to labor environments attractive to firms in the late stage of the product cycle.
Regional Development Within National Industrial Policies: An Analysis of the British Coal Industry
Authors: COUTO RICHARD A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThree variations in regional policy distinguish the conduct of the nationalized British coal industry—social industry, state industry, and state commerce. Each variation takes a distinct approach to natural and human resource development in chronically depressed regions such as the peripheral coal fields in Britain or the Appalachian coal fields in the United States. Central to the variation are recognition of the factor of decline that E. F. Schumacher analyzed in the 1950s and the mitigation of social welfare consequences of shifts in production and investment. Schumacher's analysis raised policy issues of social welfare, resource development, and energy. These emerged again in the British coalminers'strike of 1984–85. Broad issues like these are likely to surface in regions where employment is concentrated in a declining industry facing new and severe competition.
Dynamics of Adjustment and the Social Division of Labor in the Tsubame Cutlery Industry
Authors: PATCHELL JERRY , HAYTER ROGER 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the Tsubame cutlery industry as an example of one of Japan's community‐based industries (CBI's). CBI's are localized, closely inter‐linked concentrations of small businesses which manufacture and export a distinctive product on the basis of a social division of labor. To demonstrate the dynamic nature of the social division of labor in CBI's we outline the origins and evolution of the cutlery industry in Tsubame and then we analyze in more detail how the industry has adjusted to deteriorating cost conditions since 1970, especially during the late 1980s. The discussion is based on published studies and on field work which investigated the strategies and operations of entrepreneurs as summarized in terms of employment, subcontracting and product trends. We find that the Tsubame cutlery industry has successfully adapted its social division of labor to changing circumstances and that it appears to be in another transition stage at the present time.
An Alternative to Aggregated Base Tables in Input‐Output Table Regionalization
Authors: JACKSON RANDALL W. , COMER JONATHAN C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAnalysts faced with the challenge of constructing a regional input‐output table from partial or nonsurvey‐based data typically adapt a national input‐output table to reflect the regional economic structure. Detailed benchmark input‐output tables with more than 500 industry sectors are compiled for years at five‐year intervals, but are many years out of date by the time they are released. Annual updates are compiled for intervening years, but detail only 85 industry sectors. Analysts therefore must choose between the currency of the data and its detail in the national table that serves as the reference. This paper presents a table disaggregation and adjustment (TDA) method for combining the information from the detailed benchmark tables with the more current but aggregated data. Empirical tests demonstrate that the TDA method generates base data that analytically outperform the aggregated annual update data.
Interindustry Employment Requirements in Nonmetropolitan Communities
Authors: MULLIGAN GORDON F. , VIAS ALEXANDER C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTInterindustry employment requirements are examined in nonmetropolitan communities ranging in population size between 1,000 and 15,000. A ten‐sector economic base model is first used to estimate the demand for nonbasic employment in five different functional types of communities. A new and improved method for community impact assessment is then outlined. Here a distance‐weighting procedure is applied to the various type‐specific estimates of nonbasic employment so that a composite employment requirements matrix can be calculated for any study community. Finally, postimpact interindustry requirements are decomposed into two effects: preimpact employment requirements plus nonbasic employment shifts reflecting structural change. All estimates and findings are based on the Arizona Community Data Set.
Secessionist Automobility: Racism, Anti‐Urbanism, and the Politics of Automobility in Atlanta, Georgia
Authors: HENDERSON JASON 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAutomobility — the centering of society and everyday life around automobiles and their spaces — is one of the most contentious aspects of contemporary urban growth debates at the local, national, and global scale. The politics of automobility is a spatial struggle over how the city should be organized and for whom. Yet there is little research on how this struggle is unfolding, and how that politics is shaping urban space. Part of this stems from the essentialization of automobility in policy and academic discourses on cities. Moving beyond essentialization, this article will explore how contentious political struggles reveal nuanced and diverse discourses and ideologies surrounding automobility and space. Focusing on what I call ‘secessionist automobility’— using an automobile as an instrument of spatial secession — I examine Atlanta, Georgia’s contentious automobility debate. Secessionist automobility is bound with the blunt politics of race‐based secession from urban space, but also more subtle forms of spatial secession rooted in anti‐urban ideologies. Implications for local, national, and global contestation of automobility will be provided.
Business at the margins? Business interests in edge urban politics
Authors: PHELPS N.A. , PARSONS N. , BALLAS D. , DOWLING A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe issue of the organization, role and influence of business interests in urban politics at the edge of major cities is one that is overdue for investigation. This article provides an initial and empirically oriented investigation of the organization, role and influence of business interests in edge urban politics in Europe. We present findings from five members of a European network of self‐styled ‘edge cities’. Following the now extensive debate in academic literature regarding the applicability of US concepts such as growth machines and urban regimes to the European setting, we draw attention to a diversity of business involvement in urban politics at the edge of Europe’s capital cities. This diversity does include instances that, despite the very different ‘macro‐necessities’ structuring edge urban politics in Europe, approximate to these concepts. Moreover, the diversity apparent in edge urban business politics raises several important questions for future research on urban governance. Namely, the complex connection between the local dependence of business and the organization of its interests; the ‘jumping of scales’ by locally dependent edge urban actors, and the sometimes neglected articulation of business interests with party political organization.
Multiplex genotyping of novel microsatellites from silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) and cross‐amplification in other pomfret species
Authors: YANG WEN TONG , LI JIAN , YUE* GEN HUA 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEleven polymorphic microsatellites were isolated from an important foodfish species, silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus). The loci showed different variation patterns in 24 unrelated P. argenteus individuals, with a mean number of alleles of 11.5 and a mean expected heterozygosity of 0.85. Eight of the 11 loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. All and six of the 11 markers amplified specific and polymorphic products in Chinese pomfret (Pampus sinesis) and dark pomfret (Pamus cinereus), respectively. These markers should be useful for population genetic analysis and biodiversity studies of P. argenteus and other pomfret species.
Characterization of new microsatellite markers in mung bean, Vigna radiata (L.)
Authors: GWAG JAE‐GYUN , CHUNG JONG‐WOOK , CHUNG HUN‐KI , LEE JEONG‐HEUI , MA KYUNG‐HO , DIXIT ANUPAM , PARK YONG‐JIN , CHO EUN‐GI , KIM TAE‐SAN , LEE SUK‐HA 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe present work reports the isolation and characterization of new polymorphic microsatellites in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Of 93 designed primer pairs, seven were found to amplify polymorphic microsatellite loci, which were then characterized using 34 mung bean accessions. The number of alleles ranged from two to five alleles per locus with an average of three alleles. Observed and expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0 to 0.088 and from 0.275 to 0.683, respectively. All seven loci showed significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, whereas only one pairwise combination (GBssr‐MB77 and GBssr‐MB91) exhibited significant departure from linkage disequilibrium. These newly developed markers are currently being utilized for diversity assessment within the mung bean germplasm collection of the Korean Gene Bank.
Significance of Abnormal Q Waves in the Electrocardiograms of Adults Less than 40 Years Old
Authors: MacAlpin Rex N. 
Published: July 2006

Background: Abnormal Q waves (AQW) in the electrocardiogram are commonly ascribed to underlying myocardial infarction (MI). As an imperfectly specific sign of MI, the usefulness of AQW in identifying MI depends on its incidence in the population studied. Methods: Eighty‐two subjects under 40 years of age with AQW were compared with 82 subjects from the same institution aged ≥40 years with similar AQW to determine the presence or absence of cardiac disease or MI. Results: Cardiac disease was present in 90.2% and 92.7% of the younger and older subjects, respectively, whereas MI was present in only 15.9% of younger subjects and in 68.3% of older subjects. Etiologies of cardiac disease differed between younger and older subjects. Some types of AQW were more useful than others in ruling MI in or out. Conclusions: AQW were a strong indicator of organic heart disease in both adult age groups, but their utility to indicate MI was age‐dependent. In the population studied, MI was present in only a small minority of subjects under 40 years of age with AQW, but was usually present in older subjects with similar AQW.
The Chemistry of Saline Watersa
Authors: Krieger R. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSaline waters range in amount of dissolved solids from 1,000 parts per million (ppm) to several times that of sea water. Although a large number of elements are found in saline water, usually the salinity is due to high concentrations of sodium, calcium, or magnesium in combination with chloride, sulfate, or bicarbonate. At the higher salinities, the chances increase that the water will be of the sodium chloride type. Occasionally, water will be found with a very different composition. Warm waters and highly saline waters may change in composition and salinity on exposure to air, cooling, or reduction in pressure.Saline ground waters are frequently mixtures of very saline water with fresh water. If the composition of the original saline and fresh waters are known, the proportion of each in the mixture can be calculated.
The Drill‐Stem Test: The Petroleum Industry's Deep‐Well Pumping Testa
Authors: Bredehoeft J. D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDrill‐stem tests provide the petroleum industry information on three critical properties of subsurface formations —pressure head, permeability, and water chemistry –that the ground‐water hydrologist also seeks in making pumping tests of water wells. As it is increasingly necessary to study the hydraulic and geochemical properties of deep‐lying rocks in order to understand the behavior of ground water, data on drill‐stem tests made by the petroleum industry become an important source of information which otherwise is unobtainable because of the high cost. Data from these tests made by methods currently in use are highly useful in water studies. An obvious conclusion is that both petroleum engineering and ground‐water hydrology stand to profit substantially from an increase in the interchange of ideas and techniques.
Estimating Distances to Hydrologic Boundaries from Discharging Well Dataa
Authors: Strausberg S. I. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEstimates can be made of the distances to hydrologic boundaries by using water‐level measurements from pumping wells and by assuming in each case the possible range of the coefficient of storage. Interpretation of pumping test data from Well 6 (J‐13) at the Nevada Test Site implies that a fault 1200 feet from the well acts as the closest of the impermeable boundaries. In a case where no boundary has been felt the areal extent or volume of rocks affecting the drawdown pattern of a well can be estimated by assuming that a hypothetical boundary is just about to be felt at the time pumping stopped.
Conceptual Models for Carbonate Aquifers
Authors: White William B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe very diverse types of ground‐water behavior in carbonate terrains can be classified by relating the flow type to a particular hydrogeologie environment each exhibiting a characteristic cave morphology. The ground water may move by diffuse flow, by retarded flow, or by free flow. Diffuse flow occurs in less soluble rocks such as extremely shaley limestones or crystalline dolomites. Integrated conduits are rare. Caves tend to be small, irregular, and often little more chan solutionally widened joints. Retarded flows occur in artesian environments and in situations where unfavorable stratigraphy forces ground water to be confined to relatively thin beds. Network cave patterns are characteristic since hydrodynamic forces are damped by the external controls. Solution occurs along many available joints. Free flowing aquifers are those in which solution has developed a subsurface drainage system logically regarded as an underground extension of surface streams. These streams may have fully developed surface tributaries as well as recharge from sinkholes and general infiltration. Characteristic cave patterns are those of integrated conduit systems which are often truncated into linear, angulate, and branchwork caves. Free Flow aquifers may be further sub‐divided into Open aquifers lying beneath karst plains and Capped aquifers in which significant parts of the drainage net lie beneath an insoluble cap rock. Other geologic factors such as structure, detailed lithology, relief, and locations of major streams, control the details of cave morphology and orientation of the drainage network.