bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of long‐term tetracycline therapy on human periodontal disease
Authors: Lindhe J. , Liljenberg B. , Adielsson B. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present investigation was performed to study the effect of long‐term, low dosage tetracycline therapy on advanced periodontal disease in humans. 14 volunteers participated in the trial. Each of the participants had at least 4 pairs of diseased sites around contralateral premolars and incisors with deep pockets and advanced bone loss. The trial extended over a 50‐week period and was designed as a double‐blind split‐mouth study. A Baseline examination included assessments of oral hygiene, gingival conditions, probing depth, attachment level and analysis of the composition of the subgingival microbiota in samples obtained from 8 selected diseased sites. All participants received oral hygiene instruction. In each patient 2 quadrants of the mouth, chosen at random, were treated by scaling and root planing. The 2 remaining quadrants were left unsealed. Following the Baseline examination the patients were randomly distributed into 2 groups of 7 members each. In one of the groups the patients received tetracyline on a daily basis during a 50‐week period. The participants of the control group received placebo. Reexaminations were performed 2, 10, 20, 30 and 50 weeks after the Baseline examination.The findings demonstrated that in patients with advanced periodontal disease long‐term tetracycline therapy in the absence of scaling resulted in the establishment of a subgingival microbiota almost devoid of motile bacteria and in markedly reduced signs of gingivitis, probing depth and attachment loss. In fact, the alterations observed as a result of tetracycline administration to patients with excellent self‐performed plaque control were similar to those obtained by conventional scaling and root planing in the control group.
Repair of periodontal tissues In vivo and in vitro
Authors: Lindskog Sven , Blomlöf Leif , Hammarström Lars 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Repair of experimental cavities in dental roots and of periodontal wounds was studied in vivo and in vitro. Incisors from monkeys were extracted and experimental cavities were made in the roots. The teeth were either replanted immediately or cultured for 1–12 weeks in tissue culture medium. After 8 weeks the tissue reaction around the replanted teeth was evaluated on demineralized histological sections and undecalcified freeze‐sections incubated for histochemical demonstration of certain enzymes. The cultured teeth were evaluated on decalcified histological sections.In the experimental cavities of the replanted teeth reparative cementum was found. It was frequently separated from the denuded dentin while a firm attachment was always established to the intermediate cementum and dental cementum at the periphery of the cavities. The reparative cementum was also firmly attached to some small areas on the exposed dentin surface where resorption had taken place. The activity of alkaline and acid phosphatase was lower in the connective tissue in the experimental cavities than in the surrounding PDM, suggesting an incomplete regeneration of the periodontal membrane in these areas. A loose connective tissue devoid of demonstrable collagen fibers was found in the cavities in vitroThe reparative cementum did not fill the experimental cavities in the replanted teeth. The alveolar bone extended into the experimental cavities and made the width of the PDM normal also in the experimental cavities. Epithelial and endothelial cells were numerous in the connective tissue separating the reparative cementum from the alveolar bone in the experimental cavities, It is possible that they contribute to the integrity of the PDM and prevent resorption of the dental root.
Role of attached gingiva for maintenance of periodontal health
Authors: Wennström Jan , Lindhe Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The present study was undertaken to analyze the role of attached gingiva for the maintenance of periodontal health in sites with normal and reduced height of the supporting apparatus. Furthermore, the effect of excision and grafting of gingiva on some parameters describing dimensions and location of the periodontal tissues was evaluated. 7 beagle dogs were used. A baseline examination comprised assessments of dental plaque, gingival conditions, attachment level, position of the gingival margin and width of the keratinized and the attached gingiva. In the right side of the jaws (experimental side) a 6month period of periodontal tissue breakdown was followed by surgical excision of the entire zone of the gingiva. After another 4‐month period of healing with daily plaque control, a gingival graft was inserted in one quadrant of the experimental side to regain a zone of attached gingiva while the other quadrant of the experimental side was left ungrafted. In the left side of the jaws (control side), the teeth were subjected to daily meticulous plaque control during the entire study. In one of the control quadrants the entire zone of the keratinized and attached gingiva was excised at a time point corresponding to the grafing procedure in the experimental side, while the gingiva in the remaining control jaw quadrant was left unoperated. Clinical examinations of all control and experimental tooth units were repeated at certain time intervals during the course of the study. The final examination was carried out 4 months after grafting.The results of the experiment showed that in sites exposed to careful plaque control measures gingival health could be established and maintained without sign of recession of the gingival margin or loss of attachment, independent of (1) presence or absence of attached gingiva, (2) width of keratinized gingiva or (3) height of the supporting attachment apparatus. Following surgical excision of the entire gingiva, all buccal sites regained a zone of keratinized gingiva. but most sites were lacking attached gingiva. Furthermore, grafting of gingival tissue significantly increased the width of the keratinized and the attached gingiva but had no obvious effect on the position of the gingival margin or the level of the attachment.
New attachment formation as the result of controlled tissue regeneration
Authors: Gottlow Jan , Nyman Sture , Karring Thorkild , Lindhe Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present study was designed to examine whether new attachment forms on root surfaces previously exposed to plaque by preventing the oral epithelium and the gingival connective tissue from participating in the process of healing following treatment.4 roots in each of 3 monkeys were used as test units while the roots of contralateral teeth served as controls. A surgical procedure was first used to expose the coronal half of the buccal root surfaces. Plaque was allowed to accumulate on the exposed surfaces for a period of 6 months. Subsequently, soft tissue flaps were raised and the root surfaces were carefully scaled and planed. The crowns of the test and control teeth were resected and the mucosal Haps were repositioned and sutured in such a way that the roots were properly covered. Immediately prior to suturing, membranes (Millipore® filter or Gore‐tex® membrane) were placed over the denuded root surfaces of the test teeth in order to prevent granulation tissue from the soft tissue flaps from reaching the roots during healing. The monkeys were sacrificed 3 months later. The jaws were removed and histological sections of test and control roots including their periodontal tissues were produced.New cementum with inserting collagen fibers was observed on the previously exposed surfaces of both test and control roots. However, the test surfaces exhibited considerably more new attachment than the control surfaces, indicating that the placement of the membrane favoured repopulation of the wound area adjacent to the roots by cells originating from the periodontal ligament.
Role of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte in periodontal health and disease
Authors: Miller Danette R. , Lamster Ira B. , Chasens Abram I. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This review presents evidence for lysosomal enzymes being at least partly responsible for the tissue destruction seen in periodontal disease. However, many other inflammatory and immunologic mechanisms have been identified that can contribute to tissue destruction (Nisengard 1977).The relationship of PMN to the periodontal tissues is equivalent to the proverbial double‐edged sword. The localized tissue destruction that may be due to the extracellular release of PMN enzymes in individuals with normal cell function must be weighed against the role of PMN in containment of gingival bacteria and their products. The consequences of qualitative and/or quantitative abnormalities of neutrophils are far more undesirable for the periodontium. It therefore seems logical to propose that the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the gingival tissues is primarily a defensive one.The presence of neutrophils in the gingival crevice has been shown to reflect the inflammatory condition of the tissues. Due to their availability it may prove beneficial to use gingival crevicular PMN activity as a reliable clinical index of disease activity. The development of appropriate tests to measure PMN may eventually lead to better diagnostic criteria, including the definition of active versus inactive disease.
Connective tissue reattachment as related to presence or absence of alveolar bone
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Nyman Sturu , Karring Thorkild 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present study was designed to examine if alveolar bone, located adjacent to a root surface deprived of its periodontal ligament and cementum layer, can stimulate the reformation of a connective tissue attachment. The maxillary and mandibular incisors in 3 monkeys were extracted. Immediately after tooth extraction, the buccal root surfaces of the incisors from the left side of the jaws were planed by means of curettes to a level corresponding to half the root length. All teeth were then reimplanted into their original sockets. However, before tooth reimplantation, the buccal alveolar bone plate was removed in 2 of the monkeys to a level corresponding to half the depth of the sockets. The animals were sacrificed 6 months after the reimplantation procedure. The jaws were removed and histological sections of the experimental teeth and adjacent periodontal tissues were produced. The sections were analyzed in the microscope and subjected to histometric measurements.The results demonstrated that, irrespective of the presence or absence of alveolar bone, a fibrous reattachment failed to form on that part of the reimplanted teeth which had been deprived of their periodontal ligament. This indicates that alveolar bone located adjacent to a root surface may have limited influence on the biological conditions which determine whether periodontal healing results in connective tissue reattachment or new attachment.
The pulpal response to citric acid in cats
Authors: Ryan P. C. , Newcomb G. M. , Seymour G. J. , Powell R. N. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Citric acid conditioning of dentine has been proposed as an efficacious treatment for promoting re‐attachment after periodontal surgery. This study investigated the pulpal reactions to periodontal surgery combined with citric acid (pH 1) demineralization of exposed dentine for 3 min. 9 cats were used as the experimental animals, with each cat providing 1 negative and 1 positive control and 2 experimental canine teeth. Evaluation was over 3 observation periods, with 3 cats in each period being sacrificed at 4, 21 and 83 days.Positive control teeth, which underwent periodontal surgery combining the removal of approximately 3 mm2 of labial bone and vigorous root planning of the exposed root surfaces, displayed mild to moderate pulpal reactions during the short‐ and intermediate‐term periods and only mild to no reactions in the long‐term period. The addition of citric acid demineralization, however, resulted in 5 experimental teeth (28%) becoming abscessed or totally necrotic in the intermediate‐ and long‐term periods. At 21 days, the frequency of adverse pulpal responses to surgery and citric acid conditioning was significantly (p<0.05) greater than to surgery alone. Although 4 experimental teeth were relatively uninflamed at the long‐term period of observation, all showed irritational dentine formation. Penetration of exposed dentinal tubules by plaque bacteria was observed only in the citric acid treated teeth.
Reproducibility of pocket depth and attachment level measurements when using a flexible splint
Authors: Isidor Flamming , Karring Thorkild , Attström Rolf 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Pocket depth, attachment level and bone level assessments were carried out using flexible splints to produce readily identifiable reference points and to standardize the probing spot and the direction of probe insertion. The pocket depth and attachment level measurements were carried out twice at intervals of 3 weeks, both before and 3 months after periodontal treatment. The level of alveolar bone was measured by transgingival probing (“sounding”) and again following elevation of a mucoperiosteal flap. The measurements were made with a periodontal probe to the nearest higher millimeter. Complete agreement was found between the first and second measurements of pocket depths and attachment level for approximately 60% of the examined surfaces, both before and after periodontal treatment. A deviation of 1 mm or less was found for approximately 95% of the surfaces, and the difference between the first and second measurement never exceeded 3 mm. When transgingival probing measurements were compared to the measurements of the periodontal bone level assessed after elevation of a mucoperiosteal flap, complete agreement was found for 60% of the surfaces, and a deviation of 1 mm or less was found for 90% of the surfaces. No discrepancy exceeding 3 mm was observed.The results of this study indicate that readily identifiable reference points can be produced by flexible splints in assessments of pocket depth, attachment level and bone level alterations in studies on the effect of periodontal treatment.
An investigation into the response of subjects to a plaque control programme as influenced by friends and relatives
Authors: Lim C. S. , Waite I. M. , Craft M. , Dickinson J. , Croucher R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present study was to assess the response of patients to a course of instruction in plaque control as influenced by friends and relatives. The subjects in the study were 41 patients who had been referred to a dental hospital for treatment.There was a major reduction in plaque and gingivitis levels in the subjects at both the 10th and 14th weeks of the study. There was a greater proportional reduction in gingivitis levels in those subjects who had a higher number of reported discussions with their friends. The effect of discussions with members of the family was less clear. Lower values for gingivitis levels at 10 weeks were associated with a higher number of discussions with parents. However the levels of gingivitis tended to be adversely affected by discussions between the subjects and their spouses.The importance of recognising the influence of family and friendship networks needs to be understood when preventive programmes are designed, especially where high levels of self‐care are sought as outcomes.Further work is in progress on a group of office workers being treated in a dental practice environment. This will allow the type of advice being obtained from the various contacts to be investigated in more detail.
Use of dental floss by Finnish students
Authors: Murtomaa Heikki , Turtola Lauki , Rytöumaa Inkeri 
Published: December 2005

Abstract In order to elucidate dental care behavior related to interdental cleaning, a group of first‐year students were invited to a free dental examination. 186 of the students invited (76%) were examined clinically and roentgenologically. The mean DMFS‐index of the students was 22.6 (± 12.6). They were also asked about their use of dental floss. 35% of the students reported using dental floss, but only 2% reported daily usage. 45% of the students had been taught how to use dental floss, and 83% of these had been taught by dental personnel. Teaching had no effect on the reported frequency of use.There were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of dental plaque and gingivitis between those who used dental floss and those who did not. The subjects were unable to use dental floss on 1 out of every 3 filled proximal surfaces of the first molars. No correlation could be found between dental caries experience and the reported use of dental floss.
Relation between wound healing after surgery and susceptibility to periodontal disease
Authors: Abbas F. , van der Velden U. , Hart A. A. M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract.In the present investigation wound healing was studied clinically in 8 younger (mean age 33.5 years) and 8 older patients (mean age 48 years), who were surgically treated for the same amount of severe periodontitis. This implies that the patients in the younger age group represented individuals with a higher degree of susceptibility to periodontal disease than the patients in the older age group. After surgery all patients were subjected to a carefully controlled oral hygiene program. Patients were recalled weekly until 8 weeks post surgery and again after 15 weeks for a final examination. At every recall session oral hygiene measurements were carried out and the bleeding tendency of the pockets was determined after probing with a standardized pressure. Bleeding on the basis of mechanical trauma after probing was considered to be a clinical parameter for wound healing in a plaque free environment.Results indicate that the oral hygiene program resulted in equally low plaque scores in both age groups. However, in a period from 5–15 weeks after surgery younger patients showed significantly more bleeding pockets than older patients. Furthermore it was found in both groups that the more loss of attachment there was, the slower the rate of wound healing.It was concluded that the time span for wound healing is longer in patients who are more susceptible to periodontal disease, than in those who are less susceptible.
Effect of periodic tooth displacement on healing of experimental furcation defects in dogs
Authors: Klinge Björn , Nilveus Rolf , Egelberg Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study compared the healing response, following reconstructive surgery, between teeth subjected to periodic displacement and teeth which were splinted during the postoperative healing period.Through‐and‐through furcation defects were created in the mandibular second, third, and fourth premolars of 6 beagle dogs. Bone was surgically removed from the furcation and around each root to 3 different levels: 3, 6, and 9 mm. Reconstructive surgery included demineralization of the root surface and coronally positioned flaps. During the postoperative healing period, the premolars on one side were subjected to periodic mesiodistal displacement by orthodontic elastics attached to splints. Corresponding teeth on the contralateral side were splinted to serve as non–mobile controls.The results demonstrated that reattachment occurred in 12 of 14 displaced teeth and in 14 of 16 splinted teeth. There was no difference in the amount of interradicular bone fill or frequency of ankylosis between displaced and splinted teeth.Our findings indicate that the healing response was not affected by tooth displacement in this dog furcation model.
Candidal carriage and plaque distribution before, during and after removable orthodontic appliance therapy
Authors: Arendorf T. , Addy M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Candidal counts at 6 mucosal sites in 33 subjects were estimated by imprint culture before, during and after removable orthodontic appliance therapy. Additionally, dental plaque scores and salivary pH were measured at each stage.Whole mouth and site prevalence of candida rose significantly during therapy before falling to levels approximating initial values. A similar pattern was seen for candidal counts for the whole mouth and at individual mucosal sites, although post‐treatment densities were usually lower than originally seen. The number of sites colonised by Candida and salivary pH also increased significantly during treatment and fell significantly afterwards.Only the upper palatal plaque scores rose during therapy and most other dental sites showed a gradual decrease in value during the course of the study. This could be attributed to regular monitoring of the patient's oral hygiene procedures.This investigation demonstrated a direct relationship between the presence of an acrylic appliance, candida and low salivary pH levels. Furthermore, removable appliance therapy had a positive, though transient influence upon the prevalence and density of oral candidal carriage, suggesting that the appliance may initiate the carrier state.
Efficacy of Listerine antiseptic in inhibiting the development of plaque and gingivitis
Authors: Gordon J. M. , Lamster I. B. , Seiger M. C. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A 9‐month double‐blind controlled clinical study was conducted on adult subjects using either Listerine antiseptic, its vehicle control, or a water control in order to determine the efficacy of the antiseptic mouth rinse in inhibiting the development of plaque and gingivitis. Following screening examinations for minimal entry levels of plaque and gingivitis, all subjects received a complete prophylaxis. Subjects then continued their usual oral hygiene habits for a 3‐week normalization period and were examined for soft tissue abnormalities and baseline measurements of plaque, gingivitis, and tooth stain. 2 additional prophylaxes were then performed, followed by a second baseline gingival examination. Zero plaque was re‐established by rubber cup polishing and twice daily rinsing was begun. Soft tissue, plaque, gingivitis, and extrinsic tooth stain were evaluated after 1, 3. 6 and 9 months of rinsing with the randomly assigned mouthrinses.Results demonstrated that Listerine antiseptic significantly reduced the development of plaque at 1,3.6 and 9 months and the development of gingivitis at 9 months, as compared to its vehicle control or water control.