bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of terrestrial pollutants on insect parasitoids
Authors: Butler Casey D. , Beckage Nancy E. , Trumble John T. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Parasitoids are important organisms in the regulation of insect herbivores in natural, urban, and agricultural ecosystems. The impact of pollutants acting on parasitoids has not been extensively reviewed. This prompted us to propose a falsifiable null hypothesis (pollutants have no effects on parasitoids) and two alternative hypotheses (pollution negatively or positively affects parasitoids) to assess in the available literature the effects of pollutants acting on parasitoids. We found 26 studies examining 39 biological systems that met our criteria for inclusion. Of these studies, 18 of the 39 biological systems (46.2%) supported the null hypothesis while 18 (46.2%) supported the first alternative hypothesis in which pollutants exhibited negative effects on parasitoids. Only a small percentage of the studies (7.6%, 3 of 39) supported the second alternative hypothesis suggesting that pollutants had positive effects on parasitoids. We provide a synthesis of the available data by pollution type, summarize trends for different pollutants, and suggest future areas of research.
Spatial and temporal patterns of periphyton chlorophyll a related to pulp and paper mill discharges in four us receiving streams
Authors: Flinders Camille A , Minshall G Wayne , Hall Timothy J , Rodgers John H 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Nutrients in pulp and paper mill effluent (PPME) have been implicated in increased periphyton chlorophyll a (chl a) downstream of discharges. These findings are largely based on short-term studies conducted in artificial stream channels or mesocosms and often in oligotrophic systems, and it is unclear if long-term chl a patterns in higher-nutrient systems would show similar response. We conducted a long-term study of 4 receiving waters (Codorus Creek, Pennsylvania; the Leaf River, Mississippi; and the McKenzie and Willamette rivers, Oregon) in which periphyton samples and associated data on water quality (nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, pH, color, and conductivity) and 2 physical habitat variables (depth and current velocity) were collected over an 8-y period from multiple sites upstream and downstream of PPME discharges. Study streams represented different ecoregions, warm- and coldwater systems, gradients of in-stream effluent concentration (&lt;1–33%), and mill process types. General Linear Models examining the main and interaction effects of site, season, and year on periphyton chl a for each of the 4 streams showed periphyton chl a downstream of the PPME discharge in Codorus Creek and the McKenzie River was greater at some, but not all upstream sites, suggesting these differences may be due to factors other than PPME. Mean periphyton chl a ranged from &lt;1 to 285 mg/m2 across streams, with relatively consistent site patterns across seasons and years. Overall, chl a in the spring and summer was greater than in the fall in Codorus Creek and on sand substrates in the Leaf River, with overall differences across years seen on rare occasions in the Leaf and Willamette rivers. Regression models examining environmental-chl a relationships explained 45.4% and 30.2% of variation in periphyton chl a in the McKenzie River and Codorus Creek, respectively, and &lt;10% in the Leaf and Willamette rivers. Physical variables (stream depth and current velocity) were the most important model variables in the McKenzie River, while total nitrogen and color were of greatest importance in Codorus Creek. The findings of this study demonstrate the inherent variability of chl a standing crops, highlight the complexity of lotic periphyton communities, and reiterate the importance of long-term, multiseason studies in elucidating spatial and temporal patterns.
Vanadium pentoxide application for the synthesis of NaVO3 in the presence of oxygen
Authors: Białowicz Katarzyna , Trypuć Mieczysław , Mazurek Krzysztof , Kiełkowska Urszula 
Published: January 2009

Vanadium pentoxide application for the synthesis of NaVO3 in the presence of oxygen
Investigation was carried out on the optimal conditions of the synthesis of NaVO3 and Cl2 from NaCl and V2O5 in the presence of the atmospheric oxygen. The influence of the excess of NaCl relative to V2O5 was investigated. Also the effect of the quartz sand introduced into the reaction mixture on the yield of the NaVO3 synthesis was determined. The obtained product of synthesis was isolated from the post-reaction mixture.
Plotting of the solubility isotherm for the NH4NO3 + NaVO3 + H2O system
Authors: Trypuć Mieczysław , Drużyński Sebastian , Mazurek Krzysztof 
Published: January 2009

Plotting of the solubility isotherm for the NH4NO3 + NaVO3 + H2O system
The equilibrium research was performed for the NH4NO3 + NaVO3 + NH4VO3 + NaNO3 + H2O system at 293 and 303 K. The location of the P1 and P2 triple points was determined on the equilibrium plots with the planar projection according to Jänecke method. The maximum yield of the conversion of ammonium nitrate(V) to ammonium vanadate(V) was calculated at P1 points. The results constitute the basis to design further equilibrium experiments aimed to precisely determine the lines separating the areas of the co-crystallization of salts in the investigated system on the equilibrium plots in the oblique projection on a plane according to Jänecke method.
Evaluation of waters environment hazard by pulp-mill liquors
Authors: Lewkiewicz-Małysa Aleksandra , Konopka Elżbieta 
Published: January 2009

Evaluation of waters environment hazard by pulp-mill liquors
Pulp-mill waste is very noxious for the primary wood production. The problems of its manageability are correlated with its volume and a considerable degree of pollutions, mainly the organic ones, coming from wood processing. The other main components of waste material are aggressive reagents liberating the cellulose fibers, during washing, classification and the benediction processes. The results of environmental studies covering the superficial water of the pulp-mill impact were presented. The production process factors were assessed owing to the waste concentration and distribution in the water race.
Principles of municipal waste management in Poland and selected regions of Europe
Authors: Kulczycka Joanna , Kowalski Zygmunt 
Published: January 2009

Principles of municipal waste management in Poland and selected regions of Europe
High level of production and consumption in member-countries of the European Union is connected with generating a considerable amount of waste. In individual EU member-countries various methods aiming at decreasing the amount of generated waste are implemented. The current situation in Poland, and the best practical solutions introduced in some European regions have been presented in the paper. These solutions were put in place, mainly to fulfill the EU or country's regulations. The priority of municipal waste management measures is to prevent and minimize its generation. Decisions on preventing waste generation should be made as early as at the stage of product designing and manufacturing. The basic principle of proper municipal waste management is to create a system of regional solutions, which includes all the elements of waste management and relates them to the local conditions.
Assesment of the usability of Mg(OH)2 obtained from the solution after sphalerite leaching for the winning of polyetylene composition
Authors: Pielichowska Kinga , Żelazny Sylwester 
Published: January 2009

Assesment of the usability of Mg(OH)2 obtained from the solution after sphalerite leaching for the winning of polyetylene composition
In this work obtaining of magnesium hydroxide from the solutions obtained during magnesium removal from zinc concentrates is presented. The received product was used for the winning of composites from polyethylene (PE) using extrusion and injection methods. The obtained composites were tested in terms of thermal stability (TG, DTG) as well as combustibility (LOI and thermovision camera). The preliminary results indicate the beneficial effect of the decrease of PE quality by magnesium hydroxide obtained by means of solution purification and precipitation of Mg(OH)2 by means of soda lye.
Investigations of hydrogen bonding in the poly(urethane-urea)-based membrane materials by using FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Wolińska-Grabczyk Aleksandra , Kaczmarczyk Bożena , Jankowski Andrzej 
Published: January 2009

Investigations of hydrogen bonding in the poly(urethane-urea)-based membrane materials by using FTIR spectroscopy
FTIR analysis was used to study the hydrogen bonding in 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane-based segmented poly(urethane-urea)s varying in the length of the poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO)-based soft segments. Experiments were designed to follow the IR absorption of both the NH and carbonyl regions as a function of temperature in order to directly investigate the extent and strength of the hydrogen bonds, and thereby to gain some information about the possible alteration of the initial phase-segregated morphology as a result of the applied thermal treatment.
Nuclear-medical irradiation during pregnancy
Authors: Nekolla E.A. , Noßke D. , Griebel J. , Brix G. , Minkov V. 
Published: January 2009

Summary
Aim: To estimate and evaluate the risks for the offspring due to the administration of radiopharmaceuticals to women during the first pregnancy weeks after conception (weeks p.c.). Methods: The in-utero exposition of the embryo due to diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures, for which diagnostic reference levels (DRL) are specified, as well as due to radio iodine therapy (RIT) was determined. To this end, it is assumed that the activity of the diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals administered to the mother corresponds with the DRL and amounts to 600 MBq or 4 GBq 131I for RIT of benign or malignant thyroid disease, respectively. Based on these data, the radiation risk for the offspring was assessed and compared with the spontaneous risks (R0). Results: The dose for the offspring does not exceed 7.8 mSv for the diagnostic procedures considered, resulting in an excess risk for the offspring of less than 0.12% (R0 ~ 25%) to die from cancer during life, of less than 0.07% (R0 ~ 0.2%) to develop cancer up to the age of 15 years, and of less than 0.16% (R0 ~ 2%) for hereditary effects. RIT during the first 8 weeks p.c. results in doses for the offspring of about 100–460 mSv, resulting in an excess risk for malformations of the child of 3.4%–22% (R0 ~6%). Conclusions: The risk of stochastic radiation effects for the offspring due to a diagnostic nuclear medicine procedure of the mother during the first 8 weeks p.c. is – compared with the spontaneous risks – very small; deterministic effects are unlikely. In contrast, deterministic effects for the offspring may occur following RIT. In order to decide on a possibly indicated abortion after RIT, an individual risk assessment is mandatory.
Radiation safety considerations for the bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Hoekstra A. , de Klerk J. M. H. , van Rijk P. P. , Zonnenberg B. A. , Lam M. G. E. H. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe radiation exposure to bystanders from 89SrCl2, 186Re-HEDP and 153Sm-EDTMP, is generally thought to be caused by “bremsstrahlung” and gamma-radiation, with negligible contribution from beta-radiation. The latter assumption may be erroneous. The aim of this prospective study was the investigation of radiation safety after treatment with these radiopharmaceuticals. The radiation field around treated patients was characterized and the magnitude estimated. Patients, methods: 33 patients (30 prostate carcinoma, 3 breast carcinoma) were treated with 150 MBq 89SrCl2 (9 patients), 1295 MBq 186Re-HEDP (12 patients) or 37 MBq/kg 153Sm-EDTMP (12 patients). External exposure rates at 30 cm from the patient were measured at times 0 to 72 h post-injection. To evaluate the respective contribution of Bremsstrahlung, beta- and gamma-radiation, a calibrated survey meter was used, equipped with a shutter. For each patient, the measured exposure rate-versus-time data were fit to a curve and the curve integrated (area under the curve) to estimate the total exposure. Results: For 29/33 patients the total ambient equivalent doses (mean ± 1 standard deviation [SD]) based on the integral of the fitted curve were 2.1 ± 1.2 mSv for 89SrCl2, 3.3 ± 0.6 mSv for 186Re-HEDP and 2.8 ± 0.6 mSv for 153Sm-EDTMP. Beta-radiation contributes significantly to these doses ( >99% for 89SrCl2, 87% for 186Re-HEDP and 27% for 153Sm-EDTMP). The effective doses (at 30 cm) are < 0.1 mSv for 89SrCl2, 0.3 mSv for 186Re-HEDP and 1.6 mSv for 153Sm-EDTMP. Conclusion: Patients treated with 89SrCl2, 186Re-HEDP or 153Sm-EDTMP emit a spectrum of radiation, including non-negligible beta-radiation. With specific instructions effective doses to bystanders are acceptable.
Cognitive profile of disorders associated with dysregulation of the RAS/MAPK signaling cascade
Authors: Cesarini Laura , Alfieri Paolo , Pantaleoni Francesca , Vasta Isabella , Cerutti Marta , Petrangeli Valentina , Mariotti Paolo , Leoni Chiara , Ricci Daniela , Vicari Stefano , Selicorni Angelo , Tartaglia Marco , Mercuri Eugenio , Zampino Giuseppe 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMutations in genes coding for transducers participating in the RAS/MAPK pathway have been identified as the molecular cause underlying a group of clinically related developmental disorders with cognitive deficits of variable severity. To determine the spectrum of cognitive defects associated with dysregulation of this signal cascade, we studied the profile of cognitive abilities in patients with mutations affecting the PTPN11, SOS1, HRAS, KRAS, BRAF, RAF1, and MEK1 genes and phenotype–genotype correlations. Our findings support the observation that heterogeneity in cognitive abilities can be at least partially ascribed to the individual affected genes and type of mutation involved. While mutations affecting transducers upstream of RAS were less frequently associated with mental retardation, mutations in downstream components of the pathway were generally associated with a more severe cognitive impairment. Among patients with a heterozygous PTPN11 mutation, the T468M substitution was associated with a mean IQ significantly higher compared to that of individuals carrying the N308D change. Our study provides insights on the range of cognitive abilities in patients with gene mutations causing dysregulation of RAS signaling suggesting that the presence and severity of cognitive involvement can be predicted in part by the gene involved. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rett syndrome and long‐term disorder profile
Authors: Smeets Eric E.J. , Chenault Mickey , Curfs Leopold M.G. , Schrander‐Stumpel Connie T.R.M. , Frijns Jean‐Pierre 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn a cohort of 103 females clinically diagnosed with Rett syndrome (RTT), 91 had a detectable MECP2 mutation. Emphasis on details of natural history facilitated grouping of females with the same MECP2 mutation and the development of so‐called disorder profiles. Some examples of disorder profiles of different recurrent MECP2 mutations are discussed. RTT females with the frequently recurrent R133C and R306C missense mutations and those with intragenic deletions in the C‐terminus of MECP2 deserve more attention in larger studies as their development is different and milder in the long term. RTT females with the T158M missense mutation are often atypical with mainly behavioral characteristics in infancy and childhood but become classic RTT in adolescence after a slower, protracted course. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
15q overgrowth syndrome: A newly recognized phenotype associated with overgrowth, learning difficulties, characteristic facial appearance, renal anomalies and increased dosage of distal chromosome 15q
Authors: Tatton‐Brown Katrina , Pilz Daniela T. , Örstavik Karen Helene , Patton Michael , Barber John C.K. , Collinson Morag N. , Maloney Vivienne K. , Huang Shuwen , Crolla John A. , Marks Karen , Ormerod Eli , Thompson Peter , Nawaz Zafar , Lese‐Martin Christa , Tomkins Susan , Waits Paula , Rahman Nazneen , McEntagart Meriel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTrisomy and tetrasomy of distal chromosome 15q have rarely been reported. Although most of the described patients have some learning difficulties and are overgrown, the phenotype associated with distal trisomy/tetrasomy 15q is uncertain due to the small numbers of reported cases and the common co‐occurrence of additional chromosome deletions in many patients with trisomy 15q. We present five individuals with overgrowth, learning difficulties and increased dosage of distal 15q. Partial trisomy 15q was identified in four of these cases. Two were generated through recombination of a parental pericentric inversion and two were generated through malsegregation of a maternal balanced 14;15 reciprocal translocation. In all four cases the trisomy can be considered “pure” as the 14p and 15p monosomies will exert no phenotypic effect. Partial tetrasomy 15q, as the result of an analphoid supernumerary chromosome derived from an inverted duplication of distal 15q, was identified in the fifth patient. In addition to the overgrowth and learning difficulties, all five had a characteristic facial appearance and three had renal anomalies. The gestalt consists of a long, thin face with a prominent chin and nose. Renal anomalies included renal agenesis, horseshoe kidney, and hydronephrosis. We provide further support for a distinct “15q overgrowth syndrome” caused by either trisomy or tetrasomy resulting in increased dosage of distal 15q. In addition we propose that renal anomalies and a distinctive facial appearance be considered major features of this condition. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatic mosaicism in a patient with Lynch syndrome
Authors: Pastrello Chiara , Fornasarig Mara , Pin Elisa , Berto Eleonora , Pivetta Barbara , Viel Alessandra 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGenetic mosaicism is the presence of genetically different cell populations within an individual and can be associated with a milder disease phenotype. We describe a somatic mosaicism in a Lynch syndrome patient with a MLH1 gene mutation (c.1050delA). Since she was the sister of a heterozygous proposita, the mosaicism appeared to be caused by reversion of an inherited mutation and not a de novo mutation. In order to better understand her cancer risk, we tested different tissues to quantify the amount of mutated allele in several districts. The mosaicism was analyzed using DNA sequencing, primer extension, and dHPLC. The MLH1 mutation was present in somatic cells representative of the three embryonic layers and its percentage was ≥80% in both blood and tissues. Since this patient had a relevant quota of mutated cells, a significantly milder phenotype is not expected. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silaphenylmercuric Triflate Catalyzed Reactions: Synthesis of a Solid‐Supported Mercuric Salt Catalyst
Authors: Yamamoto Hirofumi , Sasaki Ikuo , Hirai Yuki , Namba Kosuke , Imagawa Hiroshi , Nishizawa Mugio 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAlles im Fluss: Ein Verfahren wurde entwickelt, mit dem das erste trägerfixierte Quecksilbersalz – Silaphenylquecksilbertriflat – hergestellt werden konnte. Dieses Salz zeigt eine bemerkenswerte katalytische Aktivität in einer Indolsynthese, in Tandemcarbocyclisierungen sowie in Furanoin‐ und Arylincyclisierungen. Ein effizienter Strömungsreaktor für die Indolsynthese und die Arylincyclisierung wird vorgestellt (siehe Bild).magnified image
Silaphenylmercuric Triflate Catalyzed Reactions: Synthesis of a Solid‐Supported Mercuric Salt Catalyst
Authors: Yamamoto Hirofumi , Sasaki Ikuo , Hirai Yuki , Namba Kosuke , Imagawa Hiroshi , Nishizawa Mugio 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLet it flow, let it flow: A procedure to generate the first solid‐supported mercuric salt, silaphenylmercuric triflate, is described. Silaphenylmercuric triflate showed remarkable catalytic activity for an indole synthesis, furanoyne cyclization, arylyne cyclization, and tandem carbocyclizations. An efficient flow reaction system for indole synthesis and arylyne cyclization is also described (see figure).magnified image
Critical Enhancements of MRI Contrast and Hyperthermic Effects by Dopant‐Controlled Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Jang Jung‐tak , Nah Hyunsoo , Lee Jae‐Hyun , Moon Seung Ho , Kim Min Gyu , Cheon Jinwoo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDoped up: The incorporation of Zn2+ dopants in tetrahedral sites leads to the successful magnetism tuning of spinel metal ferrite nanoparticles (see picture). (Zn0.4Mn0.6)Fe2O4 nanoparticles exhibit the highest magnetization value among the metal ferrite nanoparticles. Such high magnetism results in the largest MRI contrast effects (r2=860 mm−1 s−1) reported to date and also huge hyperthermic effects.magnified image
Synthesis of Unprecedented Scaffold Diversity
Authors: Galloway Warren R. J. D. , Diáz‐Gavilán Mónica , Isidro‐Llobet Albert , Spring David R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBuilding a better library: The synthesis of a library of natural‐product‐like small molecules with unprecedented scaffold diversity has been reported (see scheme; Ns=nosylate). The library represents a significant advancement in the capability of synthetic chemists to generate structurally diverse and complex small molecules in a rapid manner.magnified image
One pill makes you boy, one pill makes you girl
Authors: Ehrensaft Diane 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPsychoanalysis has been confronted with the conundrum of integrating the use of psychotropic medications with the talking cure, with understandable concern about the substitution of a pill for working through. This paper addresses a unique situation in which the “pill” constitutes hormone‐blocking drugs or cross‐sex hormones to treat transgender youth. Clinical material of a 16‐year‐old transgender female is presented and followed by a review of several aspects of transgender hormone treatments. Winnicott's construct of the True and False Self is then used to argue that the True Gender Self of transgender youth is not the gender assigned to them at birth but the gender they experience themselves to be. The paper concludes by suggesting that if hormone blockers and cross‐sex hormone therapies facilitate the strengthening of a youth's authentic gender self, the administration of those drugs is in the best interests of the transgender youth's healthy development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and in‐vitro Antimycobacterial Evaluation of 1‐(Cyclopropyl/2,4‐difluorophenyl/tert‐butyl)‐1,4‐dihydro‐ 8‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐4‐oxo‐7‐(substituted secondary amino)quinoline‐3‐carboxylic acids
Authors: Senthilkumar Palaniappan , Dinakaran Murugesan , Chandraseakaran Yogesh , Yogeeswari Perumal , Sriram Dharmarajan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFifty one newer 1‐(cyclopropyl/2,4‐difluorophenyl/tert‐butyl)‐1,4‐dihydro‐8‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐4‐oxo‐7‐(substituted secondary amino)quinoline‐3‐carboxylic acids were synthesized from 1,3‐dichloro‐2‐methylbenzene and evaluated for in‐vitro antimycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (MTB), multi‐drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR‐TB), and Mycobacterium smegmatis (MC2). Among the synthesized compounds, 1‐cyclopropyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐7‐(3,4‐dihydro‐6,7‐dimethoxyisoquinolin‐2(1H)‐yl)‐8‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐4‐oxoquinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid 9p was found to be the most active compound in vitro with a MIC value of 0.39 μM against MTB. Against MDR‐TB, compound 7‐(2‐carboxy‐5,6‐dihydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazin‐7(8H)‐yl)‐1‐cyclopropyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐8‐methyl‐6‐nitro‐4‐oxoquinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid 9n was found to be the most active with a MIC value of 0.09 μM.