bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Scale of Microtension Test for Polymers
Authors: Groves DJ , Sang RD , Scott JT , Scrutton IN , Millie RP , Wigley DA , Hendra PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Microtension tests on polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate are reported for grip separations typically around 10 mm and as little as 4 mm. A waist geometry of uniform radius is used and particular attention to grips and jaw facings is necessary. The results show these microtension specimens to behave in accordance with predictable sources of stress concentration, giving yield and draw processes free from grip influence. There is a small though significant decrease of around 2% when the mean values of yield or draw stress from the microtest are compared with conventional test data, although the testing errors are similar. The mean value of break strength is unaffected whether the microtest or conventional test is used, but the scatter about it is larger with the microtest. For many purposes the differences are small, and the material sample needed is considerably reduced.
Correlation of Data from Standard and Precracked Charpy Specimens with Fracture Toughness Data for HY-130, A517-F, and HY-80 Steel
Authors: Sovak JF 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFracture toughness data were obtained for three constructional alloy steels having yield strengths of 958, 752, and 552 MPa (139, 109, and 80 ksi) (HY-130, A517(F) [Unified Numbering System UNS K11576], and HY-80, respectively) by testing conventional Charpy V-notch (CVN), fatigue-precracked Charpy, and plane-strain fracture toughness KIc specimens. The data were used to evaluate proposed correlations between KIc data and data obtained with Charpy-type specimens and to develop additional correlations. Of the five correlations examined, a method based on standard CVN results that incorporated a temperature shift to relate impact to static data gave slightly better estimates of KIc values in the transition temperature region than the others. However, the best results over the widest temperature range were obtained from a correlation method based on a J integral estimation that predicts KIc values from the results of slow-bend tests of fatigue-precracked Charpy-type specimens.
Techniques for Fatigue Testing and Extrapolation of Fatigue Life for Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Manjoine MJ , Landerman EI 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
ASTM has recommended practices for fatigue testing to obtain representative data and to allow comparison of data from different sources. This paper describes testing techniques that follow the guidelines of ASTM but that are modified to study the response of specific materials and to allow an extrapolation of the data to design service lives. The particular material illustrated is a cold-worked type 316 stainless steel (Unified Numbering System [UNS] S31600) in room temperature air. This and other austenitic alloys are characterized by having a relatively stable inelastic strain for a high percentage of life even up to lives beyond 108 cycles.
The testing program included (a) low-cycle tests under fully reversed total-strain control and (b) high-cycle tests under fully reversed stress control. The latter tests were performed in a stress sequence of the staircase method. The test specimen and testing frequency for each type of test were designed to maximize the ability to measure strain and stress and to minimize any instabilities of strain or temperature.
For the high-cycle fatigue tests in room temperature air, the specimen temperature rises as a function of the cyclic work rate. The temperature history was measured and the inelastic strains were estimated from a finite-element heat conduction analysis. Failure was characterized by a continuous increase in temperature but run-out (nonfailure) exhibited an initial rise and a decrease to a stable temperature which was a function of the stress range.
The data for inelastic and elastic strains and their histories were analyzed and relationships were formulated for extrapolation. From the staircase method of testing, the fatigue strength was statistically determined at 106 cycles and 3.2 × 108 cycles, an interval of 2.5 decades. An extrapolation was made for an equal interval to 1011 cycles. It is proposed that the techniques developed in this paper can be used to generate fatigue data for design of structures using austenitic stainless steels.
Application of Ultrasonic Stress Measurements to Problems in the Electricity Supply Industry
Authors: Williams HD , Armstrong D , Robins RH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The potential advantages of an ultrasonic method of stress measurement stem from the speed with which individual determinations can be made, the ability to determine stresses throughout the bulk of a component, and the nondestructive nature of the test. These advantages may be paramount where large numbers of components are involved, where stress contour mapping is required, where quality control is to be exercised over fabrication or structural erection, or where remote measurement is required in hostile environments or inaccessible locations.
The basis of the ultrasonic method is reviewed in terms of the interaction between acoustic wave motion and stress, materials proper ties, and the principle of superposition. Methods of analysis are considered and an assessment made of the practical limitations of the technique.
The application of the technique to problems on pipes, bolts, and electrical rotors is discussed and consideration is given to the work required to provide a rigorous basis for each application.
An Analytical Approach to Reference Samples for Ultrasonic Residual Stress Measurement
Authors: Hsu NN , Proctor TM , Blessing GV 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
While residual stress measurements using ultrasonic techniques have been under development for some time, practical applications are still limited. One of the difficulties is the lack of suitable reference samples for instrument calibration. This paper specifically addresses the question of how to produce a known stress-state reference sample, and ultrasonically determine its zero stress state. The approach was to design and construct a sample possessing residual stresses that can be deduced from established theory. A shrink-fit ring-plug assembly was fabricated from carefully screened aluminum bar stock, forming a disk suitable for both longitudinal and shear wave calibration. Here we report results using longitudinal waves.
Tentative Test Procedure For Determining the Plane Strain JI-R Curve
Authors: Albrecht P , Andrews WR , Gudas JP , Joyce JA , Loss FJ , McCabe DE , Schmidt DW , VanDerSluys WA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A tentative test procedure for the determination of the plane strain-crack growth resistance JI-R curve for metallic materials is presented. This procedure was prepared by a Working Group of ASTM Committee E24.08.03. It was evaluated with a round robin test program on HY130 steel, conducted in 1980 to 1981. The results of the testing program were reported in a companion paper, and the experiences were incorporated in this procedure. The procedure is written for the elastic compliance method of developing the plane strain JI-R curve. Recommended specimens are the pin-loaded compact and the three-point bend specimens. Details regarding apparatus, specimen preparation, test system calibration, testing, calculation of J and crack extension, and data qualification are specified.
Evaluation of the Tentative JI-R Curve Testing Procedure by Round Robin Tests of HY130 Steel
Authors: Gudas JP , Davis DA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A round robin test program of the tentative test procedure for the determination of the plane strain J-integral crack growth resistance curve was conducted under the auspices of ASTM Committee Section E24.08.03. This test program used HY130 steel and involved 19 participating laboratories in seven countries. Tests were carried out with both 25.4 mm (1-in.) thick compact specimens and three-point bend bar specimens.
The results showed that the tentative procedure is an adequate document to guide JI-R curve testing. The range of scatter in crack length and crack extension measurements was well within prescribed limits. Analysis of compact specimen test data showed that various classifications of test data based upon agreement of crack length prediction and measurement did not significantly change the mean JI-R curves, and the range of scatter. The tentative procedure is seen to result in accurate JI-R curves when testing this specimen geometry. Results of three-point bend tests displayed more scatter than seen with compact specimens. Mean JI-R curves of selected bend bar specimens did not coincide with data from compact specimens. Specific experimental and analytical requirements to enhance the tentative JI-R curve procedure were identified.
Goodness-of-Fit of the Ramberg-Osgood Analytic Stress-Strain Curve to Tensile Test Data
Authors: Papirno R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
One form of the Ramberg-Osgood analytic approximation of the stress-strain curve, which uses the 0.2% offset yield stress as one of the three parameters, has recently been approved for inclusion in Military Standardization Handbook-5. Using the root-mean-square error as a criterion, the fit of this formulation to data from 2357 tension tests of various materials was found to be excellent. In 90% of the tests, the root-mean-square error in stress was less than 1% of the yield stress and in half the tests the error was less than 0.4% of the yield stress.
Experimental Determination of Lüders Band Parameters from Load-Elongation Data
Authors: Correia MT , Fortes MA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Methods for measuring the various parameters of a Lüders band (particularly the width and average strain rate) are developed that use exclusively the load-crosshead displacement curves in tension. Experimental values obtained with these methods agree very well with those determined using extensometers. This allows the identification, in the tensile curve, of the points corresponding to the main events in Lüders band deformation leading to the Type A Portevin-Le Chatelier effect.
Erosion Response of a Turbine Alloy and Its Oxide Scale
Authors: Wenglarz RA , Tabakoff W 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Erosion response versus angle of particle incidence has been determined for U710 turbine alloy (Unifited Numbering System [UNS] C71000) and a spinel oxide scale developed over 9200 h on the U710 alloy first stage rotor of a large utility turbine operating with natural gas. The approximately 10:1 pressure ratio and 871°C (1600°F) baseload inlet temperature for this machine are suitable for operation with future coal-fired pressurized fluid bed combustor (PFBC) power plants. Erosion test conditions were representative of the environment in the first rotor of the large utility turbine expanding PFB combustion gases after three stages of cyclone cleaning. The test gas velocities of about 457 m/s (1500 ft/s) and test specimen surface temperature of 766°C (1410°F) approached the maximum values in the first rotor and the particles used for the erosion tests were third cyclone fines collected at a PFBC pilot plant.
Concept and Test Method for a Unified Characterization of the Geometric Irregularity of Aggregate Particles
Authors: Ishai I , Tons E 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The paper describes a concept by which the geometric irregularity (shape, angularity, and surface texture) of aggregate particles is unified and expressed quantitatively by basic and volumetric characteristics that are related to the physical properties of individual particles as well as to the packing behavior of particles in bulk. A test method, the pouring test, was developed for bulk measurements of these characteristics by a fast, simple, and practical procedure. Tests were made on 22 types of aggregate with six sizes of each. It was found that the new geometric parameters can reflect and explain the discernible irregularity of a wide range of aggregate types and sizes. The parameters were highly correlated with the packing specific gravity, asphalt requirement of the particles, optimum asphalt content, and maximum stability of graded bituminous mixtures. The parameters successfully provided physical explanations to marginal and unexpected behavior of unconventional aggregates, while conventional test indexes failed to provide an appropriate explanation.
Correlation Between Leaking Glass/Metal Seals and Wire Defects in Dry Reed Contacts
Authors: Pinnel MR , Bennett JE , Bader FE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Considerable variability in the quality of the surface finish on Remendur (equiatomic iron/cobalt with 2.5 to 3.0% vanadium) wire has been experienced and has seemed to have some relationship with the ability to consistently produce gas-tight, glass-to-metal seals. This paper reports on an attempt to develop a significant and quantitative correlation between relevant surface defects and the tendency to produce leaking seals by using optical cross-sectioning and SEM techniques. Results indicate a significant correlation does exist between surface defects observed in cross section and numbers of leaking seals. However, other factors which contribute to leaking tendency, as well as the limits of resolution of an optical cross-sectioning technique, prevent a quantitative analysis of the data sufficient to predict percentages of leaking seals to tenths of one percent. The approach does have application in detecting wire which is likely to produce greater than 1 to 2% leaking seals from that which is subject only to the vagaries of the sealing machines. Observation of the wire surface with a scanning electron microscope is strictly qualitative and appears to be more difficult to correlate with the tendency to produce leaking seals than cross-sectional evaluation.
Bibliography on Clean Glass
Authors: Adams PB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A bibliography on glass cleaning has been prepared by a Task Group of Subcommittee C14.03 on Chemical Properties under Committee C-14 on Glass and Glass Products. The bibliography consists of 120 references, accessed by tables on “Specific Contaminants,” “Specific Evaluation Technique,” “Specific Cleaning Methods,” “Specific Products or Processes,” and “Miscellaneous Information.” It is intended to be used as a starting point for designing a rational cleaning procedure.
Thermal Fatigue Testing System for Structural Materials
Authors: Stocker PJ , Morris WL , Robertson WM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A materials testing system has been developed for isothermal and differential thermal fatigue testing of metal specimens. A closed-loop thermal cycle is provided by an induction heater and a gas-liquid cooling manifold. Mechanical control of the specimen, as a direct function of temperature, is provided by a closed-loop electrohydraulic system capable of operating in load, stroke, or strain control. A mechanical diametral extensometer was developed to work with soft materials. A unique specimen design and its related hardware make possible the investigation of materials of widely varying properties, including copper alloys and alloy steels.
Nondestructive/Destructive Test Correlations and Fracture Mechanics Analysis
Authors: Tu LKL , Seth BB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In view of the recent developments in finite element stress analysis and materials processing and testing, the reliability of fracture mechanics analysis on service life prediction is critically dependent on the estimation of the flaws by nondestructive test (NDT) methods. This paper discusses the correlation between NDT indications and actual sizes of natural flaws determined by destructively examining flaws and shows the importance of this uncertainty on component life predictions. A section of a low-alloy steel forging was ultrasonically inspected, saw-cut into cubes containing flaws, and examined by C-scan and X-ray. Successive metallographic polishing was performed to reconstruct the shape, size, and location of the flaws. The flaws were identified by using electron microprobe energy spectrum analysis. The flaw sizes predicted by ultrasonic inspection were underestimated by up to 6.6 times the actual flaw area. It was demonstrated that underestimation of the sizes of natural flaws by NDT should be properly corrected to make realistic cyclic life predictions.
A Comparison of Methods for Determining the Shear Properties of Glass/Resin Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Loveless HS , Ellis JH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes and compares three methods of test for determining the interfacial adhesive strength of the glass/resin bond in reinforced plastic (RP) unidirectional composites. Measurement of the shear properties of these materials is of fundamental importance to the fiberglass manufacturer developing optimum sizing systems for the surface treatment of glass fibers used as plastics reinforcements. A new test, developed explicitly for the shear strength determination of pultruded cylindrical composites, is described and data obtained thereby are compared with similar results obtained by torsional and short-beam methods. Unlike this new notched-rod test, both the latter tests may occasionally give tensile rather than shear failures, thus rendering their usefulness questionable, since the shear strength of the composite has not been measured under such circumstances.
Contrary to earlier work of other researchers, the current experiments suggest that the shear strength of the RP composite may exceed that of the resin matrix when the bond at the glass/resin interface has been optimized.
Application of an Optical Heterodyne Interferometer to the Inspection of Surfaces
Authors: Lavan MJ , Van Damme GE , Cadwallender WK , DeYoung TF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The application of a high accuracy, wide bandwidth optical heterodyne interferometer to the inspection of surfaces is described and sample data are given. The data format should make the system particularly suitable for automatic inspection systems.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Strength Degradation in Glass-Reinforced Plastics as a Result of Environmental Effects
Authors: Meron M , Bar-Cohen Y , Ishai O 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Destructive and nondestructive tests were conducted on glass-reinforced plastic specimens after degradation by immersion in hot water for various periods. Ultrasonic attenuation was found to correlate well with normalized residual strength data obtained from destructive tests.
Standards for In-Vitro and In-Vivo Comparison and Qualification of Bioabsorbable Polymers
Authors: Wade CWR , Hegyeli AF , Kulkarni RK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The bioabsorbable polymers poly(DL-lactic acid), poly-(isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate), and poly(methyl 2-cyanoacrylate) have been evaluated comparatively in organ and cell cultures in vitro and in rat muscle tissues in vivo. Effects of the polymers on cell ultra-structure in organ cultures, on cell surface characteristics, and cell population doubling times in cell cultures have been correlated with hemorrhage, fibrosis, and necrosis. This correlation has been used to establish three cytotoxicity points (highly, moderately, and minimally toxic) for characterization or prediction of the in vivo behavior of absorbable polymers. As a result of these findings, and because these polymers are readily available, easily characterized, and have long shelf lives, they can be used as reference standards for testing and qualification of bioabsorbable materials.
Evaluation of Filter/Separators and Centrifuges for Effects on Properties of Steam Turbine Lubricating Oils
Authors: Taylor JW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of using filter/separators in a bypass water-removal system for steam turbine lubricating oils. Twelve steam turbine oils were investigated in reduced-scale, 0.946 litre/min (0.25 gal/min), 500-h filter/separator experiments for effectiveness of water removal, effects of oil additives on performance of the filter/separator, and detrimental effects of filter/separators on oil properties. When effects on additives in the oil were indicated, restoration of the additives by adding up to 10% new oil was tried. Parallel investigations in a laboratory model continuous centrifuge were also conducted for comparison with the results obtained in the filter/separator investigations.
Satisfactory water removal effectiveness in filter/separators was demonstrated. Interactions of water-oil additives was encountered in varying degrees in eight of the twleve oils evaluated. Four of these oils were considered unsuitable for use unless reformulated. Since similar effects on oil additives may be encountered in either filter/separators or centrifuges, it is indicated that each oil should be evaluated for water-oil additive interactions to establish their suitability for use with water removal devices.
A Servo-Controlled Hydraulic Hot-Torsion Machine for Hot Working Studies
Authors: Fulop S , Cadien KC , Luton MJ , McQueen HJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A closed loop servo-controlled hydraulic hot-torsion testing machine is described that is capable of applying a maximum of 100 revolutions of twist at velocities up to 15 revolutions/s with a maximum torque of 110 N·m. When a test specimen measuring 25 by 6 mm is used, these factors correspond to a maximum surface strain of 80, a shear strain rate of 12 s−1, and a shear stress of 1800 MPa. The motor displacement is programmed with the aid of a digital function generator and either torque or rotary displacement may be used for feedback control. The test pieces are held between a hydraulic motor and a fixed torque cell by superalloy loading members mounted in self-aligning chucks. They are heated by a radiant furnace and are enclosed in a transparent quartz tube that is flushed with argon during testing. By flooding the tube with water at the completion of a test, the specimen may be quenched to permit the study of the microstructures developed during hot deformation as well as the effect of various holding times on the deformation structures.
The capability of the machine is illustrated by results obtained on specimens of Waspaloy® tested at temperatures between 20 and 1093°C at strain rates in the range 0.03 to 7 s−1. The flow curves generated during these tests and the relationship between stress, strain rate, and temperature are discussed.
Three-Point Bending at Large Deflections
Authors: Theocaris PS , Paipetis SA , Paolinelis S 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA complete investigation of three-point bending at large deflections was attempted with the view of applying it as a test method for the determination of the effective modulus of elasticity of materials. A general solution of the problem was attempted by considering friction forces at the supports, axial forces along the beams tested at large deflections, and the effect of finite depth. The solution was carried out for homogeneous, perfectly elastic materials with equal tensile and compressive moduli under the assumption that plane sections remain plane at large deflections and that no appreciable effect of shear or stress concentrations at the position of load application exists. The effect of roller supports of finite radius was also considered. The results obtained by the present theory provide sufficient data for the design of a bending test under any given conditions or accuracy required.