bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow‐cytometric analysis of reactive oxygen species in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with thyroid dysfunction
Authors: Sarkar Mita , Varshney Rajeev , Chopra Madhu , Sekhri Tarun , Adhikari Jawahar S. , Dwarakanath Bilikere S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackground:Thyroid hormones are major regulators of energy metabolism and increased levels of the hormones (hyperthyroidism) results in an increase in the metabolic rate. Thyroid dysfunction causing alteration in hormone secretion leads to perturbations in the metabolic status. The hypermetabolic state may cause increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress in these patients. This study was carried out to verify our proposition by measuring the ROS in the terminally differentiated cells like the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the patients.Methods:Flow‐cytometric analysis of the ROS was carried out using 2′,7′ dichlorofluorescein diacetate in the isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the subjects.Results:ROS generation was found to be 3‐folds higher in hyperthyroids as compared with euthyroids and hypothyroids and this was not found to be gender specific.Conclusions:Hyperthyroidism results in ROS generation in patients, which can be detected flow cytometrically in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Hence, this could complement the other thyroid function tests facilitating the diagnosis and design of appropriate therapy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guidelines for improving the reproducibility of quantitative multiparameter immunofluorescence measurements by laser scanning cytometry on fixed cell suspensions from human solid tumors
Authors: Shackney Stanley , Emlet David R. , Pollice Agnese , Smith Charles , Brown Kathryn , Kociban Deborah 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackground:Laser scanning Cytometry (LSC) is a versatile technology that makes it possible to perform multiple measurements on individual cells and correlate them cell by cell with other cellular features. It would be highly desirable to be able to perform reproducible, quantitative, correlated cell‐based immunofluorescence studies on individual cells from human solid tumors. However, such studies can be challenging because of the presence of large numbers of cell aggregates and other confounding factors. Techniques have been developed to deal with cell aggregates in data sets collected by LSC. Experience has also been gained in addressing other key technical and methodological issues that can affect the reproducibility of such cell‐based immunofluorescence measurements.Methods and results:We describe practical aspects of cell sample collection, cell fixation and staining, protocols for performing multiparameter immunofluorescence measurements by LSC, use of controls and reference samples, and approaches to data analysis that we have found useful in improving the accuracy and reproducibility of LSC data obtained in human tumor samples. We provide examples of the potential advantages of LSC in examining quantitative aspects of cell‐based analysis. Improvements in the quality of cell‐based multiparameter immunofluorescence measurements make it possible to extract useful information from relatively small numbers of cells. This, in turn, permits the performance of multiple multicolor panels on each tumor sample. With links among the different panels that are provided by overlapping measurements, it is possible to develop increasingly more extensive profiles of intracellular expression of multiple proteins in clinical samples of human solid tumors. Examples of such linked panels of measurements are provided.Conclusions:Advances in methodology can improve cell‐based multiparameter immunofluorescence measurements on cell suspensions from human solid tumors by LSC for use in prognostic and predictive clinical applications. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin of the ultimobranchial body cyst: T/ebp/Nkx2.1 expression is required for development and fusion of the ultimobranchial body to the thyroid
Authors: Kusakabe Takashi , Hoshi Nobuo , Kimura Shioko 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe ultimobranchial body (UBB) is an outpocketing of the fourth pharyngeal pouch that fuses with the thyroid diverticulum, giving rise to calcitonin‐producing C‐cells. In this study, we demonstrate that the UBB is composed of two types of cells: one expressing T/ebp/Nkx2.1 and the other expressing p63. The former cell type, accounting for a majority of the UBB, requires T/ebp/Nkx2.1 for their survival. In contrast, the p63‐positive cells, even in the absence of T/ebp/Nkx2.1 expression, can proliferate and give rise to a vesicular structure that is lined by a monolayer of p63‐negative cells, surrounded by a cluster and/or single layer of p63‐positive cells, displaying the basal/stem cell phenotype. T/ebp/Nkx2.1 haploinsufficiency causes abnormal fusion of the UBB with the thyroid diverticulum, which stays as a cluster of C‐cells around the vesicular structure, similar to the one observed in mice null for T/ebp/Nkx2.1 expression. These results demonstrate that T/ebp/Nkx2.1 plays a role in the survival of UBB cells, their dissemination into the thyroid diverticulum, and the formation of UBB‐derived vesicular structure. Developmental Dynamics 235:1300–1309, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erk1/2 signaling is required for Tgf‐β2–induced suture closure
Authors: Opperman Lynne A. , Fernandez Claudia R. , So Sarah , Rawlins Joseph T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTransforming growth factors β (Tgf‐βs) act by means of Smad signaling pathways and may also interact with the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway. The hypothesis was tested that Erk1/2 signaling is required for Tgf‐β2–induced suture closure, by culturing embryonic mouse calvariae in the presence of Tgf‐β2 with or without Erk1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (PD). Suture widths were measured daily, and microdissected sutures and bones were homogenized and protein analyzed by Western blots. Tgf‐β2 induced narrowing of the sutures after 72 hr, an effect inhibited by treatment with PD. Erk1/2 and Egf but not Smad2/3 protein expression was up‐regulated by Tgf‐β2 calvarial tissues at 72 hr. PD inhibited endogenous and Tgf‐β2–stimulated Erk1/2 protein as well as Tgf‐β2–stimulated Egf, but increased Smad2/3 protein expression. In tissues harvested 0, 15, and 30 min after exposure to Tgf‐β2, Erk1/2 phosphorylation was up‐regulated after 15 min, an effect abrogated by the simultaneous addition of PD. In summary, Tgf‐β2 stimulated Erk1/2 phosphorylation and induced Egf and Erk1/2 expression, associated with suture closure after 72 hr. Blocking Erk1/2 activity with PD inhibited these effects but increased Smad2/3 expression. We postulate that Tgf‐β2 regulates suture closure directly by means of phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and indirectly by up‐regulating Erk1/2, a substrate for Fgf receptor signaling required for Fgf induction of premature suture obliteration. Developmental Dynamics 235:1292–1299, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electronic structures of 3d‐metal mononitrides
Authors: Wu Zhijian 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBond distances, vibrational frequencies, electron affinities, ionization potentials, and dissociation energies of the title molecules in neutral, positively, and negatively charged ions were studied by use of density functional methods B3LYP, BLYP, BHLYP, BPW91, and B3PW91. The calculated results are compared with experiments and previous theoretical studies. It was found that the calculated properties are highly dependent on the functionals employed, in particular for the dissociation energy and vibrational frequency. For neutral species, pure density functional methods BLYP and BPW91 have relatively good performance in reproducing the experimental bond distance and vibrational frequency. For cations, hybrid exchange functional methods B3LYP and B3PW91 are good in predicting the dissociation energy. For both neutral and charged species, BHLYP tends to give smaller dissociation energy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 267–276, 2006
Cranial neural crest cell migration in cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus (Aves: Psittaciformes)
Authors: Tokita Masayoshi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractParrots have developed unique jaw muscles in their evolutionary history. The M. pseudomasseter, which completely covers the lateral side of the jugal bar, is regarded as a jaw muscle unique to parrots. In a previous study, I presented a hypothesis on the relevance of modifications in the regulation of cranial neural crest cell (NCC) development to the generation of this novel jaw muscle based on histological analyses (Tokita [2004] J Morphol 259:69–81). In the present study, I investigated distribution and migration patterns of cranial neural crest cells (NCCs) through parrot embryogenesis with immunohistochemical techniques to further understand the role of cranial NCCs in the evolution of the M. pseudomasseter, and to provide new information on the relative plasticity in cranial NCC migration at early stages of avian development. The basic nature of cranial NCC development was mostly conserved between chick and parrot. In both, cranial NCCs migrated from the dorsal tip of the neural tube in a ventral direction. Three major populations were identified in their cranial NCCs. Migration pathways of these cells were almost identical between chick and parrot. The principal difference was seen in the relative timing of cranial NCC migration. In the parrot, cranial NCC migration into the first pharyngeal arch was more advanced than in the chick at early stages of development. Such a temporal shift in cranial NCC migration might influence architectural patterning of parrot jaw muscles that generates new muscle like M. pseudomasseter. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scaling of body frontal area and body width in birds
Authors: Nudds R.L. , Rayner J.M.V. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBy analyzing a homogenous dataset we show, in contradiction to a previous study, that the scaling of body frontal area (Sb) with body mass (mb) does not differ between passerine and nonpasserine birds. It is likely that comparison of data collected from live passerines with data collected from frozen nonpasserines had led to the incorrect conclusion that the scaling of Sb varied between the taxa. We suggest that body dimensions collected from frozen specimens, or specimens stored in alcohol, are not applicable to live birds, and that both the current equations presented in the literature for predicting Sb from mb may lead to inaccurate estimates. Using data from preserved specimens, we found that Sb scales isometrically with mb (Sb ∝ mb0.66), and therefore we found no evidence for larger birds being more streamlined than smaller birds. Sb scales with negative allometry against wingspan (b), however, and b scales with positive allometry against mb, so larger birds have smaller Sb relative to b. In addition, it appears that dorsoventral flattening of the body is a general characteristic of bird's bodies but that it is more pronounced in larger birds, suggesting perhaps a function in terms of increased lift during forward flight. It appears that bird's bodies obey the surface‐to‐area geometric scaling law, but bird body shape may vary in relation to aerodynamic function. We suggest that a large‐scale study, simultaneously measuring Sb and mb in live passerines and nonpasserines, is required to improve the predictive power of Sb upon mb scaling equations, which play a key role in the estimation of mechanical power consumption in flight in birds. Furthermore, the relations between bird body shape and axial skeleton dimensions, with reference to aerodynamic adaptation, warrant further investigation. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Causes of mechanically induced collagen damage in articular cartilage
Authors: Wilson Wouter , van Burken Christine , van Donkelaar Corrinus , Buma Pieter , van Rietbergen Bert , Huiskes Rik 
Published: December 2005

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease, associated with articular cartilage degeneration and eventually joint destruction. The phases of the disease have been described in detail, and mechanical factors play an important role in the initiation of OA, but many questions remain about its etiology. Swelling of cartilage, one of the earliest signs of damage, is proportional to the amount of collagen damage. This strongly suggests that damage to the collagen network is an early event in cartilage degeneration. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanical cause of early collagen damage in articular cartilage after mechanical overloading. Both the shear strain along the fibrils and the maximum fibril strains were evaluated as possible candidates for causing collagen damage. This evaluation was done by comparing the locations of maximum shear and tensile strains with the locations of initial collagen damage after mechanical overloading in bovine explants as found using antibodies directed against denatured type II collagen (Col2‐3/4M). Collagen damage could be initiated by excessive shear strains along the collagen fibrils, and by excessive fibrils strains. The locations of collagen damage after mechanical overloading were highly dependent on the cartilage thickness, with thinner cartilage being more susceptible to damage than thicker samples. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Variation in the content of glucosinolates, hydroxycinnamic acids, carotenoids, total antioxidant capacity and low‐molecular‐weight carbohydrates in Brassica vegetables
Authors: Nilsson Jessica , Olsson Kerstin , Engqvist Gabriele , Ekvall Jimmy , Olsson Marie , Nyman Margareta , Åkesson Björn 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBioactive compounds were investigated in genotypes (cauliflower 10, white cabbage 10, curly kale 1) and plant parts of the three crops. The content of most of the major glucosinolates glucobrassicin, sinigrin and glucoiberin differed significantly between cultivars. Samples harvested in 2000 had higher amounts of several glucosinolates than samples from 1999. Within cauliflower the buds of the floret had 1.5 to 2.5‐fold higher concentration of glucobrassicin and 4‐methoxyglucobrassicin than the stalk. In white cabbage several glucosinolates had their highest content in the outer leaves (up to 2‐fold higher). Upper leaves of curly kale contained 5‐fold more of total glucosinolates than lower leaves. Chlorogenic acid was the dominating hydroxycinnamate in curly kale, which also contained at least ten times more of carotenoids (mainly lutein) than white cabbage. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assayed with the FRAP method was 0.76 (0.06) µmol/g fw (mean (SD)) in water‐soluble and 0.32 (0.04) in water‐insoluble extracts of cauliflower which was 62–68% higher than in white cabbage. Curly kale contained 6.4 and 6.1 µmol/g fw TAC in water‐soluble and water‐insoluble extracts. TAC did not differ between plant parts. Progoitrin and 4‐hydroxyglucobrassicin were correlated to water‐soluble TAC in white cabbage, probably reflecting a variation in other compounds. Cauliflower contained less glucose, fructose and sorbitol but more sucrose than white cabbage. Curly kale had lower contents of glucose (∼2 times), fructose (∼4–5 times) and sucrose (20 and 36 times, respectively) than cauliflower and white cabbage, while inositol was only found in curly kale. Storage of white cabbage reduced the amount of sorbitol and sucrose. The study shows that cultivar, plant part and storage affect the content of bioactive compounds in Brassica vegetables. The variation between years, as in cauliflower, is due to environmental factors. Since the cultivar ranking order was rather stable for several components the data could provide a basis for the selection of cultivars optimised for valuable health components for fresh market consumption. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of rosemary and green tea extracts on frozen surimi gels fortified with omega‐3 fatty acids
Authors: Pérez‐Mateos Miriam , Lanier Tyre C , Boyd Leon C 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTwo different sources of omega‐3 fatty acids (fish oil concentrate and menhaden oil) with or without the addition of natural antioxidants (rosemary and green tea) were incorporated into surimi gels at equivalent levels and examined for changes in sensory and physical properties and resistance to oxidation during 9 months of frozen storage. Gels with menhaden oil showed higher acceptance than gels with fish oil concentrate, which displayed a fishy taste that was partially masked by natural antioxidants. Formation of volatile compounds was similar in all samples. Upon heating to form the gel, there was a ca 20–25% decrease in the relative polyene index of the control containing no rosemary or green tea extract. Formulations with menhaden oil containing green tea and rosemary were more stable immediately after cooking; however, a slight pro‐oxidant effect occurred during storage. Omega‐3 fortified gels were whiter than gels with no added oil. Rosemary and green tea extracts increased yellowness (b*) and redness (a*), respectively. Strength increased in all formulations during frozen storage. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Lycopene content and colour of ripening tomatoes as affected by environmental conditions
Authors: Brandt Sára , Pék Zoltán , Barna Éva , Lugasi Andrea , Helyes Lajos 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTomatoes may have a great impact in the prevention of some types of cancer. This protective effect has been attributed to lycopene. The biosynthesis of lycopene is affected by environmental conditions. If the temperature of the fruits exceeds 30 °C, the synthesis of lycopene is inhibited. Strong direct radiation on fruits (∼2990 µmol m−2 s−1 for 1.5–4 h) is harmful. In 2002, we investigated the effect of temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on lycopene content. Fruit samples were harvested three times during the growing phase. The average lycopene content of harvested fruits, picked on 18 June 2002, reached 64.9 mg kg−1 of fresh tomato. The fruits gathered on 25 June 2002 contained on average only 35.5 mg of lycopene per kilogram. The average lycopene content from the third harvest (on 9 July 2002) was 68.9 mg kg−1. The values of PAR varied between 150 and 415 µmol m−2 s−1, so they did not exceed the critical value. The average temperature preceding the second harvest was the highest (28–32 °C) and the maximum temperature ranged between 40 and 43 °C. This prolonged, extremely high temperature may have caused the low lycopene level in the second harvest. The lycopene content of six ripeness stages, from green to deep red stage, was measured in 2002 and 2003. The accumulation of lycopene accelerates from the pink stage and there is a high correlation (R2 = 0.92) between lycopene content and colour values (a*/b*). The higher the ratio of a*/b*, the higher was the lycopene content. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
An overview on the development of a bio‐artificial pancreas as a treatment of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Silva Ana Isabel , de Matos António Norton , Brons I. Gabrielle , Mateus Marília 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis paper presents the concept and most of the research undertaken all over the world for the development of a bio‐artificial pancreas (BAP) device over the last 30 years. The devices studied, meant to mimic the insulin secretion of the natural organ, were diverse and have been reviewed. Allogeneic or xenogeneic cells or cell clusters have been separated from the host's immune system by synthetic biocompatible semipermeable membranes to prevent the need, of the host, for immune‐suppressing regimens. The biocompatible polymer used as a barrier and its intrinsic characteristics, the cell immobilization or suspension media, the existence or not of co‐immobilized molecules or cells, the number of devices used and the implantation site, were addressed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev
Velocity‐selective RF pulses in MRI
Authors: de Rochefort Ludovic , Maître Xavier , Bittoun Jacques , Durand Emmanuel 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA family of velocity‐selective pulses consisting of a series of RF hard pulses followed by bipolar gradients was designed. The succession of required pulses was deduced using a k‐space approach within a small tip‐angle approximation. Fourier transform of the desired velocity excitation determined the flip‐angle series, and the corresponding position in the generalized k‐space identified the bipolar‐gradient first moments. Spins from any velocity class can be selected. To illustrate this approach we designed and experimentally tested a velocity‐slice selection that is analogous to standard spatial‐slice selection but involves excitation of spins moving at a chosen velocity (velocity‐slice center) and within a given interval (velocity‐slice thickness). The assumed approximation does not limit the design to small angles, because velocity selection still holds for angles up to 90°. Velocity slices were experimentally selected, centered on velocities ranging from −1 m s−1 to 1 m s−1 with a velocity‐slice thickness of 0.4 m s−1. The experimental velocity‐slice profile was assessed and the flow was quantified. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An EOQ model with multiple suppliers and random capacity
Authors: Erdem Asli Sencer , Fadilog̃lu Mehmet Murat , Özekici Süleyman 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe consider an EOQ model with multiple suppliers that have random capacities, which leads to uncertain yield in orders. A given order is fully received from a supplier if the order quantity is less than the supplier's capacity; otherwise, the quantity received is equal to the available capacity. The optimal order quantities for the suppliers can be obtained as the unique solution of an implicit set of equations in which the expected unsatisfied order is the same for each supplier. Further characterizations and properties are obtained for the uniform and exponential capacity cases with discussions on the issues related to diversification among suppliers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Distributed delay constrained multicast routing algorithm with efficient fault recovery
Authors: Ural Hasan , Zhu Keqin 
Published: December 2005

AbstractExisting distributed delay constrained multicast routing algorithms construct a multicast tree in a sequential fashion and need to be restarted when failures occur during the multicast tree construction phase or during an on‐going multicast session. This article proposes an efficient distributed delay constrained multicast routing algorithm that constructs a multicast tree in a concurrent fashion by taking advantage of the concurrency in the underlying distributed computation. The proposed algorithm has a message complexity of O(mn) and time complexity of O(n) in the worst case, wheremis the number of destinations andnis the number of nodes in the network. It constructs multicast trees with the same tree costs as the ones constructed by well‐known algorithms such as DKPP and DSHP while utilizing 409 to 1734 times fewer messages and 56 to 364 times less time than these algorithms under comparable success rate ratios. The proposed algorithm has been augmented with a fault recovery mechanism that efficiently constructs a multicast tree when failures occur during the tree construction phase and recovers from any failure in the multicast tree during an on‐going multicast session without interrupting the running traffic on the unaffected portion of the tree. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 47(1), 37–51 2006