bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genetic Testing in Hispanic Patients: Mutation Prevalence and Evaluation of the BRCAPRO Risk Assessment Model
Authors: Vogel Kristen J. , Atchley Deann P. , Erlichman Julie , Broglio Kristine R. , Ready Kaylene J. , Valero Vicente , Amos Christopher I. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Lu Karen H. , Arun Banu 
Published: October 2007

Purpose The BRCAPRO model, used to predict a family's likelihood of carrying a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, was designed using mutation frequencies of white and Ashkenazi Jewish populations, and may not be applicable to other populations. BRCAPRO was recently validated in African Americans, although has yet to be examined in Hispanics. This retrospective study reports the mutation frequency and spectrum of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a Hispanic population and evaluates the BRCAPRO model in Hispanics. Patients and Methods A descriptive analysis of mutation frequency and spectrum was performed for Hispanic patients who underwent BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic testing at a single institution. For comparative analysis of the BRCAPRO risk model, Hispanic patients who underwent comprehensive analysis were compared with white controls using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC). Results Fourteen Hispanic individuals who underwent comprehensive analysis were identified to carry a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (17.9%; 95% CI, 10.2% to 28.3%) and seven individuals had a variant of uncertain significance (9.0%; 95% CI, 12.0% to 30.8%). A total of eight different mutations and three variants were observed within the entire Hispanic population. When evaluating the performance of the BRCAPRO model, the AUROC for Hispanics was 0.774 (95% CI, 0.63 to 0.90), compared with the AUROC of 0.770 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.89) for whites. Conclusion Deleterious BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations occur at considerable frequency within the Hispanic population, many of which have been identified previously in other ethnic populations. The BRCAPRO model appears to perform equally well in Hispanics as in whites.
Ortho-selective Cross Coupling of Dibromophenols and Dibromoanilines with Grignard Reagents in the Presence of Palladium Catalysts Bearing Hydroxylated Oligoarene-type Phosphine
Authors: Ishikawa Shunpei , Manabe Kei 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
p-Terphenylphosphines with a hydroxy group were used as ligands for palladium in the catalytic cross coupling of dibromophenols and dibromoanilines with Grignard reagents. High ortho-selectivity that cannot be achieved with other phosphine ligands was observed.
Currency Devaluation and Rank: The Yoruba and Akan Experiences
Authors: Adebayo Akanmu G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:Jane Guyer has clearly demonstrated in Marginal Gains (2004) that the ranking of people historically was linked to quantitative scales of money. Guyer's study focuses on the Igbo and Ibibio, two societies in which ranking was by achievement rather than ascription. How do ranking and money interface in other African societies with strong monarchical or centralized social systems? What impact does currency instability have on rank in such societies? This paper examines these questions. Focusing on the Yoruba of Nigeria and the Akan of Ghana, it evaluates the degree to which ranking has been affected by currency devaluation and economic instability since the mid-1980s.
When People Cross Thresholds
Authors: Barber Karin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper makes a very preliminary and provisional attempt to relate the discussion in Jane Guyer'sMarginal Gains(2004) of disjunction, thresholds, and multiple scales of value characteristic of economies in the Atlantic zone with the disjunction, profusion, and fragmentation characteristic of artistic genres of the region, especially praise poetry. It suggests that their underlying common property is an intense focus on the making and unmaking of persons. In a region where social and political self-realization is open-ended and depends upon acquiring people, and where people are transactable, transitions between multiple conditions of personhood can take place, but some thresholds cannot be crossed. One of the key ethnographic examples inMarginal Gains—the Niger Delta—is revisited to suggest possible lines of further inquiry into this aspect of the originality of cultural production in the zone of the Atlantic trade.
Marginal Gains, Market Values, and History
Authors: Berry Sara 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:Inspired by Jane Guyer's insights inMarginal Gains(2004) into the distinctive logics and performative repertoires that animate economic life in Africa, this article offers a few reflections on the implications of African economic dynamics for conceptual debates about economic and social meanings of value. In particular, it is suggested that market values may be understood not simply as momentary quantitative indicators or measurements of opportunity costs, but as social processes in which people continually assess present circumstances and options in terms of their understandings of the past. Since history may always be read in more than one way, there is always an element of ambiguity in market values. Rather than a chronicle of exceptional responses to global forces and common human needs, African economic history may be read as an opportunity to reflect on how people and events come together in economically enabling or destructive ways in particular times and places, and what is historically specific about Africans' gains and losses from economic interactions with one another and with other parts of the world.
Formalities of Poverty: Thinking about Social Assistance in Neoliberal South Africa
Authors: Ferguson James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:In Marginal Gains (2004), Jane Guyer traces the logic of African socioeconomic practices that have long confounded attempts by modern states to impose what she terms “formalization.” Nowhere is the tension between pragmatically “informal” economic life and putatively “formal” state structures more evident than in the domain of poverty interventions, which typically aim to bring state institutional power to bear precisely on those who are most excluded from the “formal sector.” This article offers a preliminary analysis of some new rationalities of poverty alleviation observable in recent South African political and policy discourse. I will argue that new sorts of programmatic thinking about poverty represent a new development within (and not simply against) neoliberalism, and that they seek, by abandoning the regulatory and normalizing functions usually associated with social assistance, to bring the formal and the informal into a new sort of relation.
Regional Shifts—Marginal Gains and Ethnic Stereotypes
Authors: Geschiere Peter 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:This article addresses the question as to how Jane Guyer's seminal explorations of special traits of West African economies in Marginal Gains (2004) can help us understand variations within the region. This question acquires some urgency—for instance in the Cameroonian context, but elsewhere also—since the dimensions she emphasizes (reciprocity, gain, rank) play a crucial role in quite vicious ethnic stereotypes that increasingly dominate people's perceptions of economic developments. The challenge may be, therefore, to determine how an analysis in terms of disjunctures as an asset for marginal gains can steer clear of the ethnic stereotypes through which people themselves perceive discontinuities in everyday life. Starting from the historical example of the wild-rubber boom in southern Cameroon under German rule (1890–1913) and its chaotic effects at the local level, the article considers how Arjun Appadurai's notion of “tournaments of value” might help us understand such variations.
Africa Has Never Been “Traditional”: So Can We Make a General Case? A Response to the Articles
Authors: Guyer Jane I. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:Marginal Gains (2204) has been described as a surprising and bold book. Since the articles in this collection, which take one or other of its arguments as points of departure, share certain similar qualities, they can be treated as a collective effort initiating new debate with non-African economic research and thinking. This article reviews the argument of the book, highlights the concept and phenomenon of ordinal ranking in both the book and the articles, and then uses the findings to begin an appreciative critique of the ideas of Michel Callon. Although Callon's approach intersects with that of Marginal Gains in many ways, the scalar ranking of people, and the use of rank to exclude and divert, finds more prominence in the book's approach, which also has more relevance for Europe than economists seem to have acknowledged so far. The article ends with a new instance of ordinal ranking, from Cameroon.
Incalculable Payments: Money, Scale, and the South African Offshore Grey Money Amnesty
Authors: Maurer Bill 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:This article seeks to refine conceptually the social study of finance and thus to extend the argument of Jane Guyer'sMarginal Gains(2004). Using the case of the South African “grey money” amnesty, this article argues that social studies of finance have failed to pay adequate attention to social payments, as opposed to market exchanges, in their pronouncements about the extension of the calculative rationality and universal commensuration that are supposedly intrinsic to modern money. The amnesty, which allowed forgiveness for offshore tax evasion in return for a one-time payment, reconfigured “tax minimizers” as law-abiding and rational economic actors hedging against risk. Most took the opportunity; they were granted amnesty to repatriate their funds, which generated a significant boost in revenue for the South African state, with social and symbolic implications. This article reflects on what purchase is gained on the amnesty and the social study of finance generally by considering the amnesty as a series of payments, rather than cross-boundary financial transactions between individuals, trusts, and states.
Life Begins at Fifty: African Studies Enters Its Age of Awareness
Authors: Miller Joseph C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:The impending fiftieth anniversary of the African Studies Association offers the occasion for a historian to reflect on the maturation of the field as a historical process. The essay employs metaphors from human development to highlight the inevitably incremental, always partial, steps by which people—including professional Africanists—accomplish significant change. For African studies these steps have moved from an initial social-science orientation and reliance on the abstractions of the high modernity of the mid-twentieth century to more experiential ways of understanding that have opened the door to new epistemologically African sensibilities. Africanists based in the United States are already moving beyond the limits of the external and objectifying tendencies inherent in “studying” anything and instead are listening to and learning from their full partners and collaborators in and from Africa.
The Efficacy of the Economy
Authors: Roitman Janet 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:This article engages with Jane Guyer's assessment (in Marginal Gains, 2004) of contemporary forms of capitalism from outside the bounds of two opposing logics: the universalization of capitalist arrangements versus the specificity of local forms of economic arrangement. Guyer's rejection of a priori definitions of economic categories leads to fertile analysis of measures and mediations as poly-semic modes of valuation. The author asks: what is the theory that would account for or accommodate this polysemy? Corollary questions of epistemology arise regarding distinctions between local conventions and formal procedures and about the criteria that establish such distinctions. Conceding that we attest to the efficacy of economic concepts through practice, the author questions whether these concepts are institutionalized through “experience.” Such concepts (e.g., equivalence) are not merely “economic” in nature; their genealogies disclose the extent to which their efficacy derives from their placement in many domains of life, as artifacts of a general epistemology.
Households and the Social Organization of Consumption in Southern Ghana
Authors: Udry Christopher , Woo Hyungi 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:This article replicates Guyer's finding in Marginal Gains (2004) of a social gradient in expenditure patterns of Ghanaian households using more flexible statistical techniques than those used in the book. We show that similar gradients are found in Cote d'lvoire and in Kagera, Tanzania, suggesting that Guyer's finding in Ghana is a manifestation of a more general phenomenon. In addition, we examine patterns of measurement error in household expenditure data from Ghana. This reveals a worrying possibility that survey reports of expenditure may reflect respondents' beliefs about what expenditures should be, as well as actual expenditures within the household.
The Telling Challenge of Africa's Economies
Authors: Verran Helen 
Published: September 2007

Abstract:This contribution to the special issue ofASRon Jane Guyer'sMarginal Gains(2004) takes up two recent, and radically different, constructivist contributions to the field of economic sociology—those of Phillip Mirowski and Michel Callon. The article makes use ofMarginal Gainsto interrogate both these analytics, asking if they can meet the challenge posed by the diversity and multiplicity of African popular economic practice.
2007 CLAH Luncheon Address: History and the Goddess Fortune: The Case of Santiago de Liniers
Authors: Socolow Susan Migden 
Published: September 2007

“As ill-luck would have it”“As good luck would have it”First let me welcome y'all to Atlanta.Let me begin by telling you what I'm not going to do. There is no subaltern theory, gender theory, queer theory nor any discussion of race, class and gender (RCG) in my talk. Nothing will be constructed, deconstructed, structured, conceptualized or historicized. I will not speak of hegemony or hegemonic processes, “weapons of the weak” or contested terrains, discursive mechanisms or hidden discourses and I will not unpack concepts, tease out or discover embedded meanings or interrogate silences. Lastly, in this talk there are no subalterns and no one is contesting, negotiating, empowering or empowered.
Evaluation of the Rheological Properties and Master Curve Development for Bituminous Binders Used in Roofing
Authors: Rowe Geoffrey M. , Baumgardner Gaylon L. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
As dynamic shear rheology (DSR) testing of asphalt binders is becoming the primary mode to evaluate asphalt binders worldwide, an understanding of the rheological performance of asphalt binders has become increasingly important. Such understanding of the basic principles of rheology is essential for those developing and applying specifications, as well as developers and producers of new and enhanced roofing binders. This paper discusses the determination of the complex shear (stiffness) modulus (G∗) and phase angle (δ) of bituminous binders over a range of temperatures and frequencies when tested in harmonic sinusoidal oscillatory shear mode using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) with parallel plate test geometry where both plates are controlled at the same temperature. Rheological measurements and master curves for six different binders used in the manufacture of industrial roofing materials are presented. The data presented are results of testing of unaged and oven-aged binders to include a standard air blown binder, a catalytically air blown binder, and various modified bitumen binders.
Clinical Evaluation of the Combination of Anorganic Bovine‐Derived Hydroxyapatite Matrix/Cell‐Binding Peptide (P‐15) in Particulate and Hydrogel Form as a Bone Replacement Graft Material in Human Periodontal Osseous Defects: 6‐Month Reentry Controlled Clinical Study
Authors: Matos Sérgio M. , Guerra Fernando A. , Krauser Jack , Marques Francisco , Ermida Jorge M. , Sanz Mariano 
Published: October 2007

Background: This prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial study compared the clinical outcomes of the biomaterial anorganic bovine‐derived hydroxyapatite matrix/cell‐binding peptide (ABM/P‐15) as a biocompatible hydrogel carrier consisting of carboxymethylcellulose and glycerol or in particulate form when used as a bone replacement graft in the treatment of human periodontal infrabony defects.Methods: Nineteen patients with advanced chronic periodontitis were recruited. All patients had at least two non‐adjacent intrabony osseous defects ≥3 mm after completion of cause‐related periodontal therapy. The surgical procedures included access flaps for root instrumentation and filling the defect with ABM/P‐15 in hydrogel or particulate form. Reentry access flap surgery was performed at 6 months. Changes in soft and hard tissue outcome measurements between baseline and 6 months were evaluated in all defects.Results: At 6 months, no significant differences between ABM/P‐15 hydrogel and ABM/P‐15 particulate were demonstrated for the amount of defect fill (3.10 ± 0.85 mm [75.0%] versus 3.09 ± 1.11 mm [73.7%], respectively) or defect resolution (85.8% versus 81.9%). Changes in soft tissue clinical outcomes did not show significant differences between the treatments.Conclusion: This trial failed to demonstrate superiority of the novel ABM/P‐15 hydrogel therapeutic modality over the standard ABM/P‐15 particulate graft in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.
Sinus Floor Augmentation With Simultaneous Implant Placement in the Severely Atrophic Maxilla: Technical Problems and Complications
Authors: Mardinger Ofer , Nissan Joseph , Chaushu Gavriel 
Published: October 2007

Background: A one‐stage surgical technique has been adopted that allows simultaneous implant placement in as little as 1 to 2 mm of residual bone. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe results and complications in sinus augmentation of severely atrophic edentulous maxillae in patients with 1 to 3 mm residual bone height and compare them to a group of patients treated following the standard protocol with residual bone height >4 mm.Methods: The study consisted of a study group (N = 25) and a control group (N = 30). All patients were consecutive admissions treated for one‐stage sinus augmentation by one surgeon during the years 2001 to 2005. Patients' medical files were reviewed mainly regarding operative technical problems and complications.Results: Included in the study were 60 sinuses and 164 simultaneous implants placed in grafted maxillary sinuses. Eight implants failed, seven of which were in the study group; three were in heavy smokers with residual bone of 1 to 3 mm. The success rate was 92% for the study group and 98.7% for the control group. A borderline statistically significant difference was found in the success rates between the groups using the Fisher exact test (P = 0.069).Conclusion: Sinus augmentation with simultaneous implant placement can be used to treat the atrophic maxilla in patients with 1 to 3 mm of vertical residual bone height when careful case planning and surgical techniques are used.
Frontal Polymerization Synthesis of Monolithic Macroporous Polymers
Authors: Yan Q. Z. , Lu G. D. , Zhang W. F. , Ma X. H. , Ge C. C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA frontal polymerization method is used to produce highly porous polymer monoliths. The method is an approach to polymer synthesis that exploits the heat produced by the reaction itself. This heat triggers polymerization of neighboring monomer molecules, leading to a self‐sustaining hot front, which propagates along the reacting vessel. Dissolved or microencapsulated foaming agents are decomposed only at the fronts, synchronizing the polymerization and the foaming. The ultimate pore structures appear to depend on the polymerization‐front velocity and temperature. The resultant materials are porous, exhibiting tunable pore volume and a multimodal pore size distribution. No organic solvents or high‐pressure equipment are used in the process, and no solvent residues are left in the resulting materials. Specifically, this route allows for the synthesis of large‐scale samples with the additional advantages of high velocity, low energy cost, and the avoidance of multiple process steps. Substitution of hydrophilic acrylamide, N‐isopropylacrylamide, with hydrophobic styrene and methyl methacrylate also leads to porous monolithic materials, suggesting that frontal polymerization represents a powerful and facile method for an exothermic polymerization reaction and the creation of porous polymers.
Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Interfaces with Dissimilar Thermo‐responsive Behavior for Controlling Ion Permeation and Immobilization
Authors: Zhou J. , Liu J. , Wang G. , Lu X. , Wen Z. , Li J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractStimuli‐responsive polymer interfaces with tethered poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) chains and its cross‐linked porous hydrogel as sensitive phases were fabricated by cycling an electronic potential in aqueous solution. Surface morphological analysis and electrochemical measurements revealed that, owing to their different novel structures, the PNIPAm chain‐modified interface showed ON/OFF switch behavior, whereas the PNIPAm gel‐modified interface exhibited a ‘breathing in' process. The results suggest that the interfacial physicochemical properties, which are greatly affected by the graft conformations and topologies of PNIPAm on the substrates, could be effectively modulated by easily varying the synthesis conditions and are investigated by simple electrochemical methods. The results also demonstrate that the ON/OFF switch behavior of the PNIPAm chain‐modified interface has potential applications in controlled ion/molecule permeation, and the ‘breathing in' mechanism of the gel‐modified interface might be applied to immobilize ions or nanoparticles. These thermo‐sensitive interfaces might be used to design adaptive/responsive biocompatible surfaces in a variety of areas.
Growth of Magnetic Yard‐Glass Shaped Boron Nitride Nanotubes with Periodic Iron Nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Z.‐G. , Zou J. , Li F. , Liu G. , Tang D.‐M. , Li D. , Liu C. , Ma X. , Cheng H.‐M. , Lu G. Q. , Zhang Z. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNovel yard‐glass shaped boron nitride nanotubes (YG‐BNNTs) periodically filled with Fe nanoparticles were synthesized by a catalytic reaction process of ammonia with boron precursors at 1300 °C. Such novel structures were extensively characterized using X‐ray diffraction and advanced electron microscopy. The Fe‐filled boron nitride nanotubes show excellent ferromagnetic properties at room temperature with superior chemical stability. A growth model is proposed for the formation of such novel BN nanostructures.