bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANAGRAM PROBLEM-SOLVING AND LEARNING IN ANTERIOR PREFRONTAL CORTEX
Authors: NIOKA SHOKO , TRACY JOSEPH I. , RAINES SHANE , BUNCE SCOTT , CHANCE BRITTON 
Published: November 2008

We utilized Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to closely investigate the activation change in anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC) during verbal anagram problem-solving and learning. We used a parametric design of anagram-solving with three difficulty levels and evaluated anagram skill with two sets of subjects and protocols. The first protocol was a one-time evaluation of untrained subjects (n = 10) and the second protocol evaluated subjects over 6 weeks of training (n = 6). The untrained subjects in the first protocol demonstrated blood oxygenation corresponding to neuronal activation in the aPFC in response to medium and hard difficulty levels of the stimuli, while the easy anagram task deoxygenated the aPFC bilaterally, corresponding to deactivation. Higher performers have more aPFC activation than lower performers in the medium difficulty level anagram-solving task. Six weeks of training in the second protocol showed that training reduced oxygenation in aPFC. In particular, subjects with lower baseline skill in anagram production showed a larger reduction in oxygenation where true performance gains occurred (medium difficulty) and smaller reduction where the performance gains were limited (hard anagrams).Association of the aPFC activation with the difficulty of the complex task suggests that aPFC is a part of a circuit for execution of task performance. In addition, more use of aPFC by untrained high performers suggests that the role of the aPFC is to increase efficiency of a problem-solving task. Thus, the NIR spectroscopy showed that the aPFC is a key structure in the circuit implementing the development of anagram skill.
A Medication Error Prevention Survey: five years of results
Authors: Cusano Frances L , Chambers Carole R , Summach D. Lee 
Published: November 2008

Background. The Alberta Cancer Board is composed of 19 cancer centers in Alberta, Canada. In 1996, the Alberta Cancer Board's Medication Error Prevention Committee developed a medication error prevention survey based on the medication error prevention policies. Since 1996, this survey has been sent annually to the pharmacy departments of the 19 cancer centers. Each year, the results are presented to the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee of the Alberta Cancer Board. Objectives. The purpose of the paper was to present and analyze five years of medication error prevention survey results, thus summarizing adherence to the Alberta Cancer Board's medication error prevention policies. Methods. Medication error prevention survey results from 2003 to 2007 were collected. For each of the five years, a medication error prevention survey was faxed to the pharmacy department at each of the 19 cancer centers of the Alberta Cancer Board. Results of the survey were tabulated by the pharmacist responsible for quality assurance. Results. Analysis of the five years of medication error prevention survey results revealed that over 90% of the medication error prevention policies were followed within the 19 Alberta Cancer Board sites. Adherence to the policies was 490% in the tertiary sites and associate clinics. Adherence was also >90% in the community cancer centers. Conclusions. Results from the survey indicated that the medication error prevention policies are practiced within the Alberta Cancer Board. Potential areas of improvement have been identified and will be addressed by the Medication Error Prevention Team. J Oncol Pharm Practice (2009) 15: 87—93.
Elevated infection parameters and infection symptoms predict an acute coronary event
Authors: Pesonen Erkki , Andsberg Eva , Grubb Anders , Rautelin Hilpi , Meri Seppo , Persson Kenneth , Puolakkainen Mirja , Sarna Seppo , Öhlin Hans 
Published: November 2008

Background: The etiology and significance of flu-like symptoms often appearing before myocardial infarction should be clarified. Methods: In a case-control study of 323 matched controls and a random sample of 110 out of 351 cases the presence of infection symptoms during the preceding four weeks before admission were asked and blood samples taken. Results: Enterovirus (EV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Chlamydia pneumoniae IgA titers were significantly higher in cases than in controls ( p<0.001, 0.008 and 0.046, respectively). Flu-like symptoms appeared significantly more often in patients than in controls the most common one being fatigue ( p<0.001). In controls with fatigue, EV and HSV titers showed a trend to be higher (1.50 vs 1.45 and 4.29 vs 3.73) than in controls without fatigue but only HSV titers were statistically significantly higher (3.47 vs 3.96, p = 0.02). Even CRP and amyloid A concentrations (3.49 vs 2.08, p<0.0001 and 5.70 vs 3.77 mg/l, p = 0.003, respectively) as well as C4 (0.40 vs 0.44, p = 0.02) were higher in controls with fatigue. Conclusions: Odds ratios for a coronary event in a logistic regression model were 4.79 for fatigue and 2.72 for EV antibody levels in their fourth quartile. A linear-by-linear association test showed increasing number of single symptoms with higher EV titer quartiles ( p = 0.004).
Intergenic DNA sequences from the human X chromosome reveal high rates of global gene flow
Authors: Cox Murray P , Woerner August E , Wall Jeffrey D , Hammer Michael F 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
Despite intensive efforts devoted to collecting human polymorphism data, little is known about the role of gene flow in the ancestry of human populations. This is partly because most analyses have applied one of two simple models of population structure, the island model or the splitting model, which make unrealistic biological assumptions.

Results
Here, we analyze 98-kb of DNA sequence from 20 independently evolving intergenic regions on the X chromosome in a sample of 90 humans from six globally diverse populations. We employ an isolation-with-migration (IM) model, which assumes that populations split and subsequently exchange migrants, to independently estimate effective population sizes and migration rates. While the maximum effective size of modern humans is estimated at ~10,000, individual populations vary substantially in size, with African populations tending to be larger (2,300–9,000) than non-African populations (300–3,300). We estimate mean rates of bidirectional gene flow at 4.8 × 10-4/generation. Bidirectional migration rates are ~5-fold higher among non-African populations (1.5 × 10-3) than among African populations (2.7 × 10-4). Interestingly, because effective sizes and migration rates are inversely related in African and non-African populations, population migration rates are similar within Africa and Eurasia (e.g., global mean Nm = 2.4).

Conclusion
We conclude that gene flow has played an important role in structuring global human populations and that migration rates should be incorporated as critical parameters in models of human demography.
The Market: Catalyst for Rationality and Filter of Irrationality
Authors: List John A. , Millimet Daniel L 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Assumptions of individual rationality and preference stability provide the foundation for a convenient and tractable modeling approach. While both of these assumptions have come under scrutiny in distinct literatures, the two lines of research remain disjointed. This study begins by explicitly linking the two literatures while providing insights into whether market experience mitigates one specific form of individual rationalityconsistent preferences. Using field experimental data gathered from more than 800 experimental subjects, we find evidence that the market is a catalyst for this type of rationality. The study then focuses on aggregate market outcomes by examining empirically whether individual rationality of this sort is a prerequisite for market efficiency. Using a complementary field experiment, we gathered data from more than 380 subjects of age 6-18 in multi-lateral bargaining markets at a shopping mall. We find that our chosen market institution is a filter of irrationality: even when markets are populated solely by irrational buyers, aggregate market outcomes converge to the intersection of the supply and demand functions.
Asymmetrically Functionalized, Four‐Armed, Poly(ethylene glycol) Compounds for Construction of Chemically Functionalizable Non‐Biofouling Surfaces
Authors: Chi Young Shik , Lee Bong Soo , Kil Munjae , Jung Hyuk‐jun , Oh Eugene , Choi Insung S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAsymmetrically functionalized, four‐armed, Tween 20 derivatives that formed stable monomolecular films on solid substrates were designed and synthesized. Thiol‐modified Tween 20 was used for forming self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold, and maleimide‐modified Tween 20 was introduced onto SiO2 surfaces with SAMs of (3‐mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane through Michael addition. These structurally modified Tween 20 compounds gave the original characteristics of Tween 20, non‐biofouling (from ethylene glycol groups) and functionalizable (from OH groups) properties, to each substrate. The non‐biofouling properties of the Tween 20‐coated gold and SiO2 surfaces were investigated by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and ellipsometry, and these surfaces showed strong resistance against nonspecific adsorption of proteins. In addition, the biospecific binding of streptavidin was achieved after coupling of (+)‐biotinyl‐3,6,9‐trioxaundecanediamine onto the non‐biofouling surfaces through amide‐bond formation.
Quality control of inkjet technology for DNA microarray fabrication
Authors: Pierik Anke , Dijksman Frits , Raaijmakers Adrie , Wismans Ton , Stapert Henk 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA robust manufacturing process is essential to make high‐quality DNA microarrays, especially for use in diagnostic tests. We investigated different failure modes of the inkjet printing process used to manufacture low‐density microarrays. A single nozzle inkjet spotter was provided with two optical imaging systems, monitoring in real time the flight path of every droplet. If a droplet emission failure is detected, the printing process is automatically stopped. We analyzed over 1.3 million droplets. This information was used to investigate the performance of the inkjet system and to obtain detailed insight into the frequency and causes of jetting failures. Of all the substrates investigated, 96.2% were produced without any system or jetting failures. In 1.6% of the substrates, droplet emission failed and was correctly identified. Appropriate measures could then be taken to get the process back on track. In 2.2%, the imaging systems failed while droplet emission occurred correctly. In 0.1% of the substrates, droplet emission failure that was not timely detected occurred. Thus, the overall yield of the microarray manufacturing process was 99.9%, which is highly acceptable for prototyping.
Aerodynamically assisted jetting and threading for processing concentrated suspensions containing advanced structural, functional and biological materials
Authors: Arumuganathar Sumathy , Suter Nicolai , Walzel Peter , Jayasinghe Suwan N. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn recent years material sciences have been interpreted right across the physical and the life sciences. Essentially this discipline broadly addresses the materials, processing, and/or fabrication right up to the structure. The materials and structures areas can range from the micro‐ to the nanometre scale and, in a materials sense, span from the structural, functional to the most complex, namely biological (living cells). It is generally recognised that the processing or fabrication is fundamental in bridging the materials with their structures. In a global perspective, processing has not only contributed to the materials sciences but its very nature has bridged the physical with the life sciences. In this review we discuss one such swiftly emerging fabrication approach having a plethora of applications spanning the physical and life sciences.
High‐throughput protein production – Lessons from scaling up from 10 to 288 recombinant proteins per week
Authors: Tegel Hanna , Steen Johanna , Konrad Anna , Nikdin Hero , Pettersson Katarina , Stenvall Maria , Tourle Samuel , Wrethagen Ulla , Xu LanLan , Yderland Louise , Uhlén Mathias , Hober Sophia , Ottosson Jenny 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe demand for high‐throughput recombinant protein production has markedly increased with the increased activity in the field of proteomics. Within the Human Protein Atlas project recombinantly produced human protein fragments are used for antibody production. Here we describe how the protein expression and purification protocol has been optimized in the project to allow for handling of nearly 300 different proteins per week. The number of manual handling steps has been significantly reduced (from 18 to 9) and the protein purification has been completely automated.
Alternatives for the intermediate recovery of plasmid DNA: Performance, economic viability and environmental impact
Authors: Freitas Sindelia , Canário Sónia , Santos José A. L. , Prazeres Duarte M. F. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractRobust cGMP manufacturing is required to produce high‐quality plasmid DNA (pDNA). Three established techniques, isopropanol and ammonium sulfate (AS) precipitation (PP), tangential flow filtration (TFF) and aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) with PEG600/AS, were tested as alternatives to recover pDNA from alkaline lysates. Yield and purity data were used to evaluate the economic and environmental impact of each option. Although pDNA yields =90% were always obtained, ATPS delivered the highest HPLC purity (59%), followed by PP (48%) and TFF (18%). However, the ability of ATPS to concentrate pDNA was very poor when compared with PP or TFF. Processes were also implemented by coupling TFF with ATPS or AS‐PP. Process simulations indicate that all options require large amounts of water (100–200 tons/kg pDNA) and that the ATPS process uses large amounts of mass separating agents (65 tons/kg pDNA). Estimates indicate that operating costs of the ATPS process are 2.5‐fold larger when compared with the PP and TFF processes. The most significant contributions to the costs in the PP, TFF and ATPS processes came from operators (59%), consumables (75%) and raw materials (84%), respectively. The ATPS process presented the highest environmental impact, whereas the impact of the TFF process was negligible.
Limitation of immunoaffinity column for the removal of abundant proteins from plasma in quantitative plasma proteomics
Authors: Ichibangase Tomoko , Moriya Kyoji , Koike Kazuhiko , Imai Kazuhiro 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn plasma proteomics, before a proteome analysis, it is essential to prepare protein samples without high‐abundance proteins, including albumin, via specific preparation techniques, such as immunoaffinity capture. However, our preliminary experiments suggested that functional changes with use alter the ability of the immunoaffinity column. Thus, in this study, to evaluate the changes of the removal ability of abundant proteins from plasma by the immunoaffinity column, plasma proteome analysis was performed for the long‐term test for the reproducibility of the affinity column using the fluorogenic derivatization–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method combined with an IgY column. The specific adsorption for albumin decreased with an increase in the number of the column usage before its expiration date. Moreover, it was demonstrated that hydrophobic high molecular weight compounds in plasma adsorbed onto the column materials surface contributed to the functional changes from specific immunoaffinity adsorption into hydrophobic interaction. These results suggested that, in quantitative plasma proteomics studies, it is important to keep in mind the risk of not only the nonselective loss but also the changes in the adsorption ability of the immunoafinity column. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiresidue analysis of 47 pesticides in cooked wheat flour and polished rice by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Lee Sung Jung , Park Hyeong Jin , Kim Wooseong , Jin Jong Sung , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Shim Jae‐Han , Shin Sung Chul 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLiquid chromatography in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry was used to directly quantify of 47 pesticide residues from cooked wheat flour and polished rice, which are the most widely consumed cereals in the Republic of Korea. The sample clean‐up was carried out according to the method established by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. The mobile phase for liquid chromatograpy separation consisted of water and 5 mm methanolic ammonium formate. Tandem mass spectroscopy experiments were performed in electrospray ionization positive mode and the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The matrix effects estimated for the 47 pesticides had a mean value of 99% and ranged from 45 to 147%. High recoveries (70–140%) and relative standard deviations (≤20%) were achieved for most of the pesticides tested. The method used in this study allowed for rapid quantification and identification of low levels of pesticides in cooked wheat flour and polished rice samples. Of the screened pesticide residues, only tricyclazole and fenobucarb were found in polished rice samples. However, no samples contained residues above the MRL established by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empathic deficits and alexithymia in trauma‐related impulsive aggression
Authors: Teten Andra L. , Miller Lisa A. , Bailey Sara D. , Dunn Nancy Jo , Kent Thomas A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractOur long term interest is to develop a developmental model of impulsive aggression based on a confluence of social, psychological and biological features. This approach incorporates neurobiological research, which has identified language processing deficits as a unique characteristic of impulsive aggressors and extends it to include emotional deficits. As an initial test of this hypothesis, we examined whether empathy and alexithymia were associated with impulsive aggression. Regressions were performed to explore the associations among impaired empathy, alexithymia, impulsive aggression, verbal and physical general aggression. Among impulsive aggressive veterans (n = 38) recruited from a VA trauma clinic, alexithymia predicted impulsive aggression and empathic deficits predicted verbal aggression. Neither emotional awareness deficit predicted general physical aggression in this middle‐aged sample. Results suggested that empathic deficits were associated with general verbal aggression, but alexithymia was uniquely associated with impulsive aggression. Consideration of alexithymia in impulsive aggression has implications for its etiology, prevention and treatment. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting impulsivity in suicide: Implications for civil liability of third parties
Authors: Smith April R. , Witte Tracy K. , Teale Nadia E. , King Sarah L. , Bender Ted W. , Joiner Thomas E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPrevious research and popular conceptualizations of suicide have posited that many suicides are the result of impulsive, “on a whim” decisions. However, recent research demonstrates that most suicides are not attempted impulsively, and in fact involve a plan. Legally, suicide has historically been considered to be a superseding intervening cause of death that exonerates other parties from liability, but currently there are two general exceptions to this view. Specifically, another party may be found responsible for a suicide if that party either caused the suicide or failed in its duty to prevent the suicide from occurring. Both of these exceptions assume that the resulting suicide was foreseeable. Given that recent research has indicated that most suicides are planned, and thereby foreseeable to a certain extent under many circumstances, this article discusses issues of foreseeability as they pertain to litigation involving third party liability for the suicide of university students, prison inmates, and mental health patients. The authors contend that the surest way for universities, prison staff, and mental health practitioners to avoid being held liable for a suicide is to appropriately assess for suicidal intent. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inducible reprogramming of human T cells into Treg cells by a conditionally active form of FOXP3
Authors: Allan Sarah E. , Song‐Zhao George X. , Abraham Thomas , McMurchy Alicia N. , Levings Megan K. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractFOXP3 is required for the development of Treg and its expression is often used as a surrogate marker of functional suppression. However, it is now known that activated human T effector cells can also express FOXP3 without acquiring regulatory activity. To more closely examine the requirements for FOXP3 to reprogram human T cells into Treg, we developed a conditionally active form of FOXP3 and show here that full acquisition of Treg phenotype and function is strictly dependent on the amount of active FOXP3 a T cell expresses. In addition, the phenotypic and functional alterations induced by FOXP3 are only fully manifested following prolonged induction of protein activity. Induction of FOXP3 activity does not upregulate EBI3 or p35 mRNA, providing evidence that secretion of IL‐35 does not substantially contribute to the suppressive mechanism of human Treg. These data represent the first formal evidence that FOXP3 acts as a quantitative regulator rather than a simple molecular switch for Treg.
Elie Metchnikoff: Father of natural immunity
Authors: Gordon Siamon 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe celebrate the centenary of the Nobel award to Elie Metchnikoff in 2008, shared with Paul Ehrlich, as respective pioneers of cellular and humoral immunology. Metchnikoff is rightly famous for his recognition of the biological significance of leukocyte recruitment and phagocytosis of microbes in host defence against infection, inflammation and immunity. As a comparative zoologist he utilised a broad range of model organisms for microscopic studies in vivo and in vitro. His work prefigures much of contemporary research in innate immunity. In this brief review, I cover some details of his Europe‐wide life in Russia (mainly Odessa) and at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. He had a complex personality, yet his creative genius, imagination and insights justify the title of “Father of natural immunity”.
DC activated via dectin‐1 convert Treg into IL‐17 producers
Authors: Osorio Fabiola , LeibundGut‐Landmann Salomé , Lochner Matthias , Lahl Katharina , Sparwasser Tim , Eberl Gérard , Reis e Sousa Caetano 
Published: November 2008

AbstractTh cells producing IL‐17 play a pro‐inflammatory role at mucosal surfaces. Treg at the same sites dampen inflammation and prevent immunopathology. Th cells producing IL‐17 (Th17) and Treg are thought to be distinct populations defined by expression of the transcription factors ROR‐γt and Foxp3, respectively. Here, we show that mouse CD25+Foxp3+ Treg can be converted into a hybrid T‐cell population characterized by the expression of Foxp3 and ROR‐γt and the production of IL‐17. Conversion was observed upon coculture with DC selectively activated via dectin‐1, a C‐type lectin receptor involved in fungal recognition, and depended on IL‐23 produced by DC. Within the Foxp3+ population, only Foxp3+ROR‐γt+ T cells but not Foxp3+ROR‐γt‐–T cells become Foxp3+IL‐17+ T cells. These results indicate that some Foxp3+ T cells can produce IL‐17 while retaining Foxp3 expression and suggest that Treg could play an unexpected pro‐inflammatory role in some settings.