bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MODIFICATION OF THE OESTROUS CYCLE OF THE MOUSE BY EXTERNAL STIMULI ASSOCIATED WITH THE MALE
Authors: WHITTEN W. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. It has been demonstrated in three strains of mice, one heterozygous and two inbred, that the oestrous cycle, as determined by vaginal smears, was shorter in the presence of a male than when males were absent.
2. When female mice were removed from males during metoestrus the duration of the ensuing cycle was the same as that observed in the absence of males. This indicates that the effect of stimuli received during one cycle was not carried over to the next.
3. The cycle was shortened when a male was present for the 48 hr following the start of metoestrus. When the period of exposure was reduced or postponed for 24 hr after metoestrus the shortening observed was not significant.
4. When a male was placed in a basket within the female's cage pseudopregnancy was not observed, but the incidence of abnormal cycles was reduced.
5. The duration of pseudopregnancy was not altered by the presence of a male.
THE PRODUCTION OF EXOPHTHALMOS BY ANDROGENS IN TWO SPECIES OF TELEOST FISH
Authors: MATTY A. J. , MENZEL D. , BARDACH J. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Exophthalmos was produced by the androgens methyl testosterone and testosterone phenylacetate, but not by oestradiol dipropionate, in two species of teleost fish, Sparisoma squalidum and Scarus croicensis. Marked exophthalmos was produced by l-thyroxine and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in the above two species and also in Bathystoma aurolineatum. The thyroidal origin of exophthalmia in fish is discussed.
HUMAN URINARY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: BROWN P. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Urinary gonadotrophins were assayed in terms of the reference substance HMG20A by methods believed to measure follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) directly and interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) indirectly.
In normal girls aged 10–11 and 14–15 years urinary FSH was equivalent to 26 and 14 mg HMG20A/1. Gonadotrophin from the older girls was qualitatively similar to HMG20A, but that from the younger girls contained relatively little ICSH. Relative deficiency of ICSH also occurred in some older girls with delayed puberty. Young girls with precocious isosexual development resembled older girls of the 14- to 15-year group by excreting gonadotrophins qualitatively like HMG20A but in smaller amounts.
In normal boys the maximum urinary FSH was only 8·8 mg/l., p: and there was no evidence of relatively low concentrations of ICSH before normal pubertynor when it was abnormally delayed.
The physiological and statistical significance of the demonstrated qualitative differences in urinary gonadotrophins is discussed.
CAPACITATION OF RABBIT SPERMATOZOA
Authors: NOYES R. W. , WALTON A. , ADAMS C. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The capacity of rabbit spermatozoa to penetrate the zona pellucida of the ovum has been reported to depend upon pre-conditioning within the reproductive tract of the oestrous female. The present experiments show that spermatozoa can be capacitated in the uteri and uterine tubes of rabbits ovariectomized 1 month previously, in the isolated colon or bladder of male and female host rabbits, and in the anterior chamber of the eye and glandula vesicularis of male hosts. Spermatozoa were partially capacitated when they were confined within the excised uterine horns of a rabbit, and when they were suspended with strips of endometrium in saline solution at room temperature. Capacitation was not obtained when spermatozoa were confined in a cellophane dialysis bag within the intact uterus of an oestrous host, in the excised uterus of a sheep, or when they were suspended in saline with red blood cells or with dead spermatozoa.
THE INSULIN ACTIVITY OF PROTEIN FRACTIONS OF NORMAL HUMAN SERUM
Authors: RANDLE P. J. , TAYLOR K. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Protein fractions of normal human serum have been prepared by zone electrophoresis and their effect on the uptake of glucose by isolated rat diaphragm investigated. The uptake of glucose by isolated diaphragm is increased by the slower moving portion of the albumin peak, but not by the more rapidly moving part; from this it is concluded that serum albumin itself does not stimulate glucose uptake. Some stimulation of glucose uptake was also found with the β- and γ-globulin fractions. Since added ox insulin (131I-labelled or unlabelled) appears to migrate in the region of the slower moving portion of the albumin fraction it is suggested that the stimulating effect of this portion of the albumin fraction is due to circulating insulin. The stimulating effect of serum albumin prepared by fractional precipitation also appears to be due to insulin.
THE EFFECT OF PROLACTIN ON URINARY GONADOTROPHIN ASSAYS
Authors: LORAINE J. A. , DICZFALUSY E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The influence of prolactin on the assay of human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) has been studied. Various bioassay methods were used and the experiments were conducted in two independent laboratories.
In hypophysectomized immature male rats the response of the ventral lobe of the prostate to HMG was not affected by simultaneous administration of prolactin. It was concluded that, in the case of urinary extracts, prolactin did not interfere with the specificity of this test for interstitial cell stimulating hormone activity.
Valid assays of HMG by the rat uterus and mouse uterus tests could be obtained in the presence of relatively large quantities of prolactin.
When HCG was assayed by the rat uterus test and by tests depending on the enlargement of the accessory reproductive organs in male rats, simultaneous administration of prolactin did not affect the results obtained.
In immature male rats prolactin did not prevent the regression of the accessory organs which occurs after castration.
ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION WITH SUDDEN ONSET OF HIRSUTISM
Authors: BUSH I. E. , MAHESH V. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The investigation of a young girl who suddenly developed hirsutism is described.
2. Mild hirsuties of the legs had been noticed for 2 years, but a sudden increase in rate of growth of hair and the appearance of hair on her abdomen and around her nipples had occurred 4 months before examination.
3. The onset of hirsutism coincided with the onset of difficulties in a love affair.
4. The patient's excretion of steroids was investigated both before treatment and during treatment with oral cortisone and/or prednisone, and intramuscular corticotrophin (ACTH). The first series of tests were carried out while the patient was living her normal life, the second in hospital. The patient had a pattern of steroid excretion characteristic of many cases of idiopathic hirsutism and similar to that found in congenital pseudohermaphrodites with adrenal hyperplasia, although quantitatively different from the latter type of case. The excretion of C19-11-deoxy-17-ketosteroids (17-KS) was moderately raised, that of C19-11-oxy-17-KS greatly, and that of C21 metabolites of cortisol slightly raised. The excretion of 11 β-hydroxyandrosterone was greatly raised and the ratio 11 β-hydroxyandrosterone/11 β-hydroxy- and 11-ketoaetiocholanolone greatly increased, so that it lay outside the normal range for women. No suppression of adrenocortical secretion was achieved with cortisone while the patient was living normally, but was achieved with prednisone when she was in hospital. Unlike cases of congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia, the patient showed a rapid and considerable increase in the excretion of cortisol and its normal C21 metabolites when ACTH was given.
5. A 24 hr urine sample from the patient's twin sister showed the same abnormality of the C19-11-oxy-17-KS in their 5α/5β ratio (above), but the excretion rates of all 17-KS were about one-half of those found in the patient. The twin suffered from mild acne vulgaris only.
6. The estimated content of cortisol and 11 β-hydroxyandrostenedione in a sample of adrenal venous blood agreed reasonably well with the ratio of these substances calculated from the urinary estimations of their metabolites by a treatment similar to that of Dorfman [1954b]. It is concluded that over a certain range of excretion rates, Dorfman's type of treatment is valuable in inferring adrenocortical secretion rates, although more work is needed to establish the errors of such methods.
7. The clinical and biochemical findings are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that hirsutism in this patient was due to an increase in adrenocortical secretion rate caused by emotional tension, coupled with a slight inherited abnormality in the ratio cortisol/androgens in her adrenocortical secretion. It is suggested that idiopathic hirsutism may commonly arise by this or similar mechanisms, the abnormal cortisol/androgen ratio giving no clinical signs until some factor causes an increase in adrenocortical secretion rate.
THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROXINE AND 3:5:3′-TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN LARVAL AND ADULT TOADS
Authors: SHELLABARGER CLAIRE J. , BROWN JUDITH R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A study has been made of the compounds synthesized by and present in the thyroid gland of larval and adult Xenopus laevis using radioactive iodine and chromatography.
2. Tadpoles undergoing active metamorphosis produced thyroxine and trace amounts of 3:5:3′-triiodothyronine. Less thyroxine and no triiodothyronine was detected in tadpoles approaching the end of metamorphosis, and neither compound was detected in tadpoles in early stages of metamorphosis. Adult toads produced thyroxine and trace amounts of triiodothyronine. The presence of monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine was a constant finding.
3. It is suggested that the synthesis of thyroid hormones in amphibia is similar to that in other vertebrates.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OVARIAN HORMONES AND UTERINE INFECTION
Authors: BROOME A. W. J. , LAMMING G. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Bacterial cultures contained within semi-permeable membrane sacs placed in the uterus of cows or in one uterine horn of rabbits developed normally, and the rate of bacterial growth was not influenced by the ovarian activity of the test animal. Similar cultures placed directly into the control uterine horn of rabbits were eliminated in oestrous animals. This showed that bacteria grow satisfactorily in the uterine fluids of both oestrous and dioestrous animals provided they are isolated from the uterine endometrium.
The ovarian status of the animal did not influence the growth of bacteria in washings obtained from the uteri of both cows and rabbits when tested in vitro. No differences could be detected in the rate of growth of bacteria in extracts of uteri from oestrous and pseudopregnant rabbits. Injections of pilocarpine to increase the rate of flow of uterine secretions failed to influence the susceptibility of pseudopregnant rabbits to uterine infection.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF PREGNANEDIOL IN LIQUOR AMNII, BILE AND FAECES
Authors: KLOPPER A. I. , MACNAUGHTON M. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pregnanediol (5β-pregnane-3α:20α-diol) was isolated from liquor amnii and from faeces and identified by the ultraviolet spectrum of its solution in sulphuric acid. The steroid isolated from bile after injection of progesterone was identified by melting points and the quantitative relationship between injected progesterone and the biliary excretion of pregnanediol was determined.
SEX STEROIDS IN THE LUNGFISH (PROTOPTERUS ANNECTENS OWEN)
Authors: DEAN F. DOROTHY , JONES I. CHESTER 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ovaries of the lungfish (Protopterus annectens Owen) were examined for sex steroids.
Extracts produced a positive response in the mouse uterine weight test. Processing by paper chromatographic methods indicated the presence of oestriol, oestrone, a trace of oestradiol-17β and progesterone, but not enough material was available for their definitive chemical demonstration. The possible significance of these results is discussed.
SOME EFFECTS OF SULPHYDRYL COMPOUNDS ON KETO-ACID METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: KENNEDY G. C. , HILL LISA E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A raised blood concentration of α-keto-acids was observed in rats during the early stages of alloxan diabetes, and at a later stage after the injection of cortisone. Dimercaprol (B.A.L.) increased the keto-acid level both in normal and in diabetic rats, and its action was synergistic with that of cortisone. Insulin raised the keto-acid level only in early diabetes or in established diabetes after cortisone treatment.
The combination of B.A.L. and cortisone raised the blood sugar as well as the blood ketoacids in intact rats. After the adrenals were removed the hyperglycaemic action of the combined treatment disappeared, but the effect on keto-acid level persisted.
Glutathione had a similar action on carbohydrate metabolism to B.A.L., but in equivalent doses was much less toxic. Lipoic acid reduced the blood level of keto-acids and opposed the action of B.A.L.
The possible site of action of these substances is discussed.
CORPORA LUTEA IN SENILE VIRGIN LABORATORY RATS
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The maximum size of the corpora lutea in senile virgin rats exceeds that of the corpora lutea of ovulation of young animals, and corresponds to that usually associated with pseudopregnancy or mid-pregnancy. The larger size of these corpora lutea is due to enlargement of the individual luteal cells and not to an increase in their number.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF OOCYTES IN YOUNG AND OLD NULLIPAROUS LABORATORY RATS
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. , SHELTON MARGARET 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The population of oocytes in the ovaries of the rat decreases slowly and continuously throughout middle and old age. The proportion of oocytes diagnosed as 'atretic' declines as the total number of oocytes diminishes.
Reproductive capacity declines before the 'stock' of oocytes is exhausted.
URINARY OESTROGENS OF ADRENAL ORIGIN IN WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER
Authors: BROWN J. B. , FALCONER C. W. A. , STRONG J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effect of the administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) before and after adrenalectomy on the excretion of oestrone, oestradiol-17β and oestriol in the urine has been studied in twelve patients with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer.
2. When the adrenals were intact the intravenous infusion of ACTH for 48 hr produced a three- to ninefold increase in the output of urinary oestrogens. Adrenalectomy completely abolished this response.
3. Adrenalectomy reduced the excretion of oestrogens.
4. There was no apparent correlation between the response of the disease to adrenalectomy and the output of urinary oestrogens.
5. These findings are discussed with particular regard to the limitations of the assay method employed.
THE CAPACITY OF PLASMA FOR BINDING VASOPRESSIN IN PREGNANT AND NONPREGNANT HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: HIPSLEY E. H. , McKELLAR J. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Plasma samples from pregnant women were found to have the capacity to bind vasopressin and prevent its destruction by the enzymic activity which develops in human plasma during pregnancy. The existence of this vasopressin-binding capacity offers an explanation for the control of diuresis during human pregnancy. This capacity was revealed by boiling and it may be associated with a protein.
THYROID PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE OF A TELEOST FISH (SCARUS GUACAMAIA)
Authors: MATTY A. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The protein-bound iodine (PBI) content of the thyroid of a teleost fish has been estimated and has been shown to vary with age and sex. The total thyroidal PBI/g body weight increases with age. The relationship between plasma PBI and thyroid PBI has been investigated and is discussed.
PITUITARY-ADRENAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE RETARDATION OF MAMMARY GLAND INVOLUTION BY OXYTOCIN
Authors: BENSON G. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
After adrenalectomy and removal of the pups from rats on the 4th day of lactation, administration of oxytocin for 9 days had little or no effect in inhibiting mammary gland involution. However, simultaneous treatment with 9α-fluorocortisol (FC) resulted in a significant maintenance of mammary gland tissue. Prolactin had an appreciable effect in retarding mammary involution, in the absence of the adrenals, but this effect was not enhanced by concomitant administration of FC, which, given alone, had only a slight effect in adrenalectomized animals. Prolactin and growth hormone (GH) together had a marked synergistic effect.
In intact rats only comparatively slight effects on maintenance of the mammary gland were observed following treatment for 9 days with either FC or adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), and ACTH failed to enhance the action of prolactin and GH.
The apparent failure of oxytocin to induce release of prolactin in adrenalectomized rats cannot be explained solely on a metabolic or nutritional basis. It is suggested that either the release of stored prolactin is inhibited in the absence of the adrenals, or that the production of prolactin is adversely affected.
IN VITRO EFFECT OF PARATHYROID GLAND EXTRACT UPON THE ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION OF REDUCED COENZYME II (TPNH)
Authors: REICHERT L. E. , L'HEUREUX M. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPNH) incubated with parathyroid gland extract (Injection Parathyroid, Lilly & Co.) for 6hr at pH 7·4 and at room temperature exhibits a reduction in u.v. absorption at 340 mμ. No correlation could be shown to exist between this decrease in absorbing capacity of TPNH at 340 mμ and the calcium-mobilizing activity of the extract.
Dialysis of the active extract against distilled water or treatment with ethanol-diethyl ether or with formaldehyde resulted in a marked reduction or virtual elimination of biological activity, and in a marked reduction in the ability of the treated preparation to affect the absorbing capacity of TPNH at 340 mμ. Inactivation of the calcium-mobilizing principle of the extract by pepsin resulted in a preparation which retained its ability to affect the u.v. absorption of TPNH. Dialysis of the pepsin-inactivated extract against distilled water or treatment with ethanol-diethyl ether decreased this spectrophotometric effect.
THE USE OF 2-3-5-TRIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUM CHLORIDE IN THE BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF OESTROGENS
Authors: MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The reduction of 2-3-5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride in the vaginal epithelium of the mouse is shown to form a suitable basis for a highly sensitive assay of oestrogens. The method is as sensitive and precise as those utilizing mitosis and epithelial thickness, with the added advantage of extreme simplicity.
ALLOXAN DIABETES AND IN VITRO PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN RAT LIVER MICROSOMES AND MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: KORNER A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Mitochondria and microsomes isolated from livers of alloxan-diabetic rats incorporate less radioactive amino acid into their proteins in vitro than the corresponding subcellular particles prepared from livers of normal rats.
2. Most of the decrease in incorporation of amino acids shown by the microsome system prepared from alloxan-diabetic rats is caused by alterations in the ability of the microsomes to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains, but some depressing effect on the ability of the soluble fraction of the liver cells to prepare acids for incorporation is also found in alloxan-diabetic rats.
3. Treatment of alloxan-diabetic rats with insulin restored towards normal the depressed ability of both mitochondria and microsomes to incorporate amino acids into protein in vitro.
4. Treatment of alloxan-diabetic rats with small doses of growth hormone increased the incorporation of amino acids into protein by mitochondria and microsomes in vitro, but treatment of the rats with larger doses of growth hormone resulted in further depression of the in vitro incorporating ability of both subcellular particles.
INDUCTION OF OVULATION IN MICE WITH PLACENTAL GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: LAMOND D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ovulation response was measured, by the recovery of tubal ova, in mature dioestrous albino mice after single injections of gonadotrophin, using three preparations of pregnant mares' serum (PMS) and three of human chorionic material (HCG). The dose-response lines were parallel over a limited part of the range, and similar joint action of PMS and HCG was demonstrated within these limits. Higher doses of HCG inhibited ovulation, whereas higher doses of PMS induced superovulation.
The double injection technique (priming followed by ovulating injections) was examined in experiments of factorial design in immature normal and immature hypophysectomized mice. Both PMS and HCG may be used as priming or ovulatory substances in normal mice, though the equivalent doses are different for the two functions. The optimal time interval between priming and ovulatory injections, the effect of time from weaning and the response of two additional strains of mice were also examined.
THE EFFECTS OF OESTROGENS AND ANTI-OESTROGENS ON EARLY PREGNANCY IN MICE
Authors: MARTIN L. , EMMENS C. W. , COX R. I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The capacity of various oestrogens and anti-oestrogens to inhibit early pregnancy in the mouse has been compared. Both classes of compound are effective, but there remains some doubt as to the mode of action of the latter, since they are also oestrogenic (or pro-oestrogenic) in high doses. However, differences exist between the relative potency of dimethylstilboestrol (DMS, the most potent anti-oestrogen tested) and oestradiol as anti-fertility agents, and their relative potency as oestrogens. Differences also exist between their capacities to interrupt pregnancy in single doses. It is therefore concluded that DMS, at least, probably acts by virtue of its anti-oestrogenic activity.
ESTIMATION OF 'PROGESTIN' BY THE HOOKER-FORBES METHOD
Authors: FLUX D. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A dose-response line for the Hooker-Forbes test using progesterone dissolved in arachis oil and CHI mice was determined and the results were compared with those of Iselstöger & Ploberger [1955] who used a modified technique and mice of a different strain. Over a limited range of concentrations of progesterone the response was linear or close to linear. The method is likely to be most useful for detecting 'progestin' and for estimating progestational activity approximately in terms of progesterone. For the latter purpose comparison of the median effective doses would be better than a comparison of doses causing positive responses in all or almost all mice tested. However, it seems that, because of the steep dose-response line with CHI mice, use of the latter method would probably give estimates of reasonable accuracy if sufficient mice were used at each dose level.