bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitalité et revitalisation des langues : une place pour chacune d’elles
Authors: Yamamoto Akira Y. , Brenzinger Matthias , Villalón María E. 
Published: September 2008

RésuméDe nombreuses langues sont en train de disparaître à jamais et, avec elles, des trésors du savoir humain. Les langues se perdent lorsqu’on cesse de les utiliser. Dans cet article, nous examinons quelques‐unes des raisons complexes qui peuvent conduire les locuteurs à abandonner la langue de leurs ancêtres en faveur d’une langue dominante. Nous évoquons aussi les moyens de stopper ou d’inverser cette tendance, laquelle s’explique, entre autres facteurs, par des changements dans les identités. De notre point de vue, l’acquisition d’une langue dite « mondiale » ne signifie pas forcément la perte de sa propre langue.
Class and ethnic differences in Canadians' attitudes to native people's rights and immigration
Authors: FILSON GLEN 
Published: September 2008

A l'aide de données tirées d'entrevues traitant des attitudes envers l'immigration et des droits des aborigènes dans le cadre de l'étude sur la qualité de la vie (1977), cette note essaye d'expliquer certains aspects de la dialectique de la classe sociale et de l'ethnicité au Canada. On constate ensuite la mesure dans laquelle ces attitudes diffèrent, selon la classe et l'ethnicité, dans la direction de l'éducation. Les résultats, tels que l'opposition considérable de la classe ouvriére à l'immigration et le sérieux antagonisme ethnique à l'intérieur de certain groupes ethniques de même que de certaines classes, sont dévoilés à travers des réalités telles que la division du marché du travail du point de vue ethnique, le rôle des entremetteurs ethniques et la promotion de la conscience ethnique pour étouffer la conscience de classe.Employing interview data regarding attitudes to immigration and native people's rights from the Quality of Life Survey (1977), I attempt to illuminate aspects of the dialectic of social class and ethnicity in Canada. The proportion of variance in these attitudes explicable by class and ethnicity, controlling for education, are then ascertained. Findings such as the substantial working class opposition to immigration and serious ethnic antagonism within some ethnic groups and classes are understood in the light of such things as the ethnically split labour market, the functions of ethnic antagonism within some ethnic groups and classes are understood in the light of such things as the ethnically split labour market, the functions of ethnic middlemen and the promotion of ethnic consciousness to drown class consciousness.
Laminar Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow in Noncircular Ducts and Microchannels
Authors: Muzychka Y. S. , Edge J. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Non-Newtonian fluid flow in noncircular ducts and microchannels is examined. A simple model is proposed for power law fluids based on the Rabinowitsch–Mooney formulation. By means of a new characteristic length scale, the square root of the cross-sectional area, it is shown that dimensionless wall shear stress can be made a weak function of duct shape. The proposed model is based on the solution for the rectangular duct and has an accuracy of ±10% or better. The current model eliminates the need for tabulated data or equations for several common shapes found in handbooks, namely, circular tube, elliptic tube, parallel channel, rectangular duct, isosceles triangular duct, circular annulus, and polygonal ducts.
Prospective Study of Fecal Colonization by Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing
Escherichia coli
in Neutropenic Patients with Cancer
Authors: Calatayud L. , Arnan M. , Liñares J. , Dominguez M. A. , Gudiol C. , Carratalà J. , Batlle M. , Ribera J. M. , Gudiol F. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

Fecal colonization by extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing
Escherichia coli
in 912 stool samples collected from 154 neutropenic patients with cancer, hospitalized at two teaching institutions, was prospectively studied. Forty-nine (31.8%) patients were colonized, 22 of them at hospital admission. Most strains were clonally unrelated and carried a CTX-M-9 group enzyme.
Rationale for Reading Fluconazole MICs at 24 Hours Rather than 48 Hours When Testing
Candida
spp. by the CLSI M27-A2 Standard Method
Authors: Ostrosky-Zeichner Luis , Rex John H. , Pfaller Michael A. , Diekema Daniel J. , Alexander Barbara D. , Andes David , Brown Steven D. , Chaturvedi Vishnu , Ghannoum Mahmoud A. , Knapp Cindy C. , Sheehan Daniel J. , Walsh Thomas J. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

We investigated if CLSI M27-A2
Candida
species breakpoints for fluconazole MIC are valid when read at 24 h. Analysis of a data set showed good correlation between 48- and 24-h MICs, as well as similar outcomes and pharmacodynamic efficacy parameters, except for isolates in the susceptible dose-dependent category, such as
Candida glabrata
.
In Vitro and In Vivo Validation of
ligA
and
tarI
as Essential Targets in
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Streker Karin , Schäfer Tina , Freiberg Christoph , Brötz-Oesterhelt Heike , Hacker Jörg , Labischinski Harald , Ohlsen Knut 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

A conditional expression system has been developed using the isopropyl-β-
d
-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)-inducible P
spac
promoter to validate essential genes of
Staphylococcus aureus
in vivo. The system has been applied to prove the essentiality of
ligA
and to evaluate the function of
tarI
, which was found to be essential in vitro but not in vivo.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Fluconazole in Young Infants
Authors: Wade K. C. , Wu D. , Kaufman D. A. , Ward R. M. , Benjamin D. K. , Sullivan J. E. , Ramey N. , Jayaraman B. , Hoppu K. , Adamson P. C. , Gastonguay M. R. , Barrett J. S. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

Fluconazole is being increasingly used to prevent and treat invasive candidiasis in neonates, yet dosing is largely empirical due to the lack of adequate pharmacokinetic (PK) data. We performed a multicenter population PK study of fluconazole in 23- to 40-week-gestation infants less than 120 days of age. We developed a population PK model using nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NONMEM) with the NONMEM algorithm. Covariate effects were predefined and evaluated based on estimation precision and clinical significance. We studied fluconazole PK in 55 infants who at enrollment had a median (range) weight of 1.02 (0.440 to 7.125) kg, a gestational age at birth (BGA) of 26 (23 to 40) weeks, and a postnatal age (PNA) of 2.3 (0.14 to 12.6) weeks. The final data set contained 357 samples; 217/357 (61%) were collected prospectively at prespecified time intervals, and 140/357 (39%) were scavenged from discarded clinical specimens. Fluconazole population PK was best described by a one-compartment model with covariates normalized to median values. The population mean clearance (CL) can be derived for this population by the equation CL (liter/h) equals 0.015 · (weight/1)
0.75
· (BGA/26)
1.739
· (PNA/2)
0.237
· serum creatinine (SCRT)
−4.896
(when SCRT is >1.0 mg/dl), and using a volume of distribution (
V
) (liter) of 1.024 · (weight/1). The relative standard error around the fixed effects point estimates ranged from 3 to 24%. CL doubles between birth and 28 days of age from 0.008 to 0.016 and from 0.010 to 0.022 liter/kg/h for typical 24- and 32-week-gestation infants, respectively. This population PK model of fluconazole discriminated the impact of BGA, PNA, and creatinine on drug CL. Our data suggest that dosing in young infants will require adjustment for BGA and PNA to achieve targeted systemic drug exposures.
Genetic Heterogeneity in
pbp
Genes among Clinically Isolated Group B Streptococci with Reduced Penicillin Susceptibility
Authors: Nagano Noriyuki , Nagano Yukiko , Kimura Kouji , Tamai Kiyoko , Yanagisawa Hideji , Arakawa Yoshichika 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

The recent emergence of group B streptococcal isolates exhibiting increased penicillin MICs at the Funabashi Municipal Medical Center and other hospitals in Japan prompted a comparative analysis of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) from those strains with the PBPs from penicillin-susceptible strains comprising four neonatal invasive strains isolated from 1976 to 1988 and two recent isolates. The PBP sequences of the penicillin-susceptible strains were highly conserved, irrespective of their isolation date. Of six strains with reduced susceptibility to penicillin (penicillin MICs, 0.25 to 0.5 μg/ml), strains R1, R2, R5, and R6 shared a unique set of five amino acid substitutions, including V405A adjacent to the
402
SSN
404
motif in PBP 2X and one in PBP 2B. The remaining two strains, R3 and R4, shared several substitutions, including Q557E adjacent to the
552
KSG
554
motif in PBP 2X, in addition to the substitutions in PBP 2B, which are commonly found among penicillin-insusceptible strains. Strains R7 and R8, which had a penicillin MIC of 1 μg/ml, shared a unique set of eight amino acid substitutions (two in PBP 2X; two in PBP 2B, including G613R adjacent to the
614
KTG
616
motif; three in PBP 1A; and one in PBP 2A), and the Q557E substitution in PBP 2X was common to R3 and R4. The binding of Bocillin FL was reduced or not detected in some PBPs, including PBP 2X of penicillin-insusceptible strains, but no significant reduction in the level of
pbp2x
transcription was found in such strains. The results of phylogenetic comparative analyses imply the absence of epidemic penicillin-insusceptible strains, and several genetic lineages of penicillin-insusceptible strains have been independently emerging through the accumulation of mutations in their
pbp
genes, especially in
pbp2x
.
Inhibition of
Bacillus anthracis
Spore Outgrowth by Nisin
Authors: Gut Ian M. , Prouty Angela M. , Ballard Jimmy D. , van der Donk Wilfred A. , Blanke Steven R. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

The lantibiotic nisin has previously been reported to inhibit the outgrowth of spores from several
Bacillus
species. However, the mode of action of nisin responsible for outgrowth inhibition is poorly understood. By using
B. anthracis
Sterne 7702 as a model, nisin acted against spores with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) and an IC
90
of 0.57 μM and 0.90 μM, respectively. Viable
B. anthracis
organisms were not recoverable from cultures containing concentrations of nisin greater than the IC
90
. These studies demonstrated that spores lose heat resistance and become hydrated in the presence of nisin, thereby ruling out a possible mechanism of inhibition in which nisin acts to block germination initiation. Rather, germination initiation is requisite for the action of nisin. This study also revealed that nisin rapidly and irreversibly inhibits growth by preventing the establishment of oxidative metabolism and the membrane potential in germinating spores. On the other hand, nisin had no detectable effects on the typical changes associated with the dissolution of the outer spore structures (e.g., the spore coats, cortex, and exosporium). Thus, the action of nisin results in the uncoupling of two critical sequences of events necessary for the outgrowth of spores: the establishment of metabolism and the shedding of the external spore structures.
First Countrywide Survey of Acquired Metallo-β-Lactamases in Gram-Negative Pathogens in Italy
Authors: Rossolini Gian Maria , Luzzaro Francesco , Migliavacca Roberta , Mugnaioli Claudia , Pini Beatrice , De Luca Filomena , Perilli Mariagrazia , Pollini Simona , Spalla Melissa , Amicosante Gianfranco , Toniolo Antonio , Pagani Laura 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) can confer resistance to most β-lactams, including carbapenems. Their emergence in gram-negative pathogens is a matter of major concern. Italy was the first European country to report the presence of acquired MBLs in gram-negative pathogens and is one of the countries where MBL producers have been detected repeatedly. Here, we present the results of the first Italian nationwide survey of acquired MBLs in gram-negative pathogens. Of 14,812 consecutive nonreplicate clinical isolates (12,245
Enterobacteriaceae
isolates and 2,567 gram-negative nonfermenters) screened for reduced carbapenem susceptibility during a 4-month period (September to December 2004), 30 isolates (28
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolates, 1
Pseudomonas putida
isolate, and 1
Enterobacter cloacae
isolate) carried acquired MBL determinants. MBL producers were detected in 10 of 12 cities, with a predominance of VIM-type enzymes over IMP-type enzymes (4:1). Although having an overall low prevalence (1.3%) and significant geographical differences, MBL-producing
P. aeruginosa
strains appeared to be widespread in Italy, with a notable diversity of clones, enzymes, and integrons carrying MBL gene cassettes.
Gain-of-Function Mutations in the Transcription Factor
MRR1
Are Responsible for Overexpression of the
MDR1
Efflux Pump in Fluconazole-Resistant
Candida dubliniensis
Strains
Authors: Schubert Sabrina , Rogers P. David , Morschhäuser Joachim 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

Candida dubliniensis
, a yeast that is closely related to
Candida albicans
, can rapidly develop resistance to the commonly used antifungal agent fluconazole in vitro and in vivo during antimycotic therapy. Fluconazole resistance in
C. dubliniensis
is usually caused by constitutive overexpression of the
MDR1
gene, which encodes a multidrug efflux pump of the major facilitator superfamily. The zinc cluster transcription factor Mrr1p has recently been shown to control
MDR1
expression in
C. albicans
in response to inducing stimuli, and gain-of-function mutations in the
MRR1
gene result in constitutive upregulation of the
MDR1
efflux pump. We identified a gene with a high degree of similarity to
C. albicans MRR1
(Ca
MRR1
) in the
C. dubliniensis
genome sequence. When
C. dubliniensis MRR1
(Cd
MRR1
) was expressed in
C. albicans mrr1
Δ mutants, it restored benomyl-inducible
MDR1
expression, demonstrating that Cd
MRR1
is the ortholog of Ca
MRR1
. To investigate whether
MDR1
overexpression in
C. dubliniensis
is caused by mutations in
MRR1
, we sequenced the
MRR1
alleles from a fluconazole-resistant, clinical
C. dubliniensis
isolate and a matched, fluconazole-susceptible isolate from the same patient as well as those from four in vitro-generated, fluconazole-resistant
C. dubliniensis
strains derived from two different
C. dubliniensis
isolates. We found that all five resistant strains contained single nucleotide substitutions or small in-frame deletions that resulted in amino acid changes in Mrr1p. Expression of these mutated alleles in
C. albicans
resulted in the constitutive activation of the
MDR1
promoter and multidrug resistance. Therefore, mutations in
MRR1
are the major cause of
MDR1
upregulation in both
C. albicans
and
C. dubliniensis
, demonstrating that the transcription factor Mrr1p plays a central role in the development of drug resistance in these human fungal pathogens.
High Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes
qnr
and
aac(6′)-Ib-cr
in Clinical Isolates of
Enterobacteriaceae
from Nine Teaching Hospitals in China
Authors: Yang Hong , Chen Hongbin , Yang Qiwen , Chen Minjun , Wang Hui 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

Quinolone resistance is an emerging problem in China. To investigate the prevalence of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes
qnr
and
aac(6′)-Ib-cr
, a total of 265 clinical isolates of
Escherichia coli
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae
,
Citrobacter freundii
, and
Enterobacter cloacae
with ciprofloxacin MICs of ≥0.25 μg/ml were screened at nine teaching hospitals in China. The
qnrA
,
qnrB
,
qnrS
, and
aac(6′)-Ib
genes were detected by PCR. The
aac(6′)-Ib-cr
gene was further identified by digestion with BtsCI and/or direct sequencing. The
qnr
gene was present in significantly smaller numbers of isolates with cefotaxime MICs of <2 μg/ml than isolates with higher MICs (≥2.0 μg/ml) (20.6% and 42.1%, respectively;
P
< 0.05).
aac(6′)-Ib-cr
was present in 17.0% of the isolates tested, and 7.9% of the isolates carried both the
qnr
and the
aac(6′)-Ib-cr
genes. Among the isolates with cefotaxime MICs of ≥2.0 μg/ml,
qnr
and
aac(6
′
)-Ib-cr
were present in 65.7% and 8.6% of
E. cloacae
isolates, respectively; 65.5% and 21.8% of
K. pneumoniae
isolates, respectively; 63.3% and 26.7% of
C. freundii
isolates, respectively; and 6.5% and 16.9% of
E. coli
isolates, respectively. The 20 transconjugants showed 16- to 128-fold increases in ciprofloxacin MICs, 14 showed 16- to 2,000-fold increases in cefotaxime MICs, and 5 showed 8- to 32-fold increases in cefoxitin MICs relative to those of the recipient due to the cotransmission of
bla
CTX-M-14
,
bla
CTX-M-3
,
bla
DHA-1
,
bla
SHV-2
, and
bla
SHV-12
with the
qnr
and
aac(6
′
)-Ib-cr
genes. Southern hybridization analysis showed that these genes were located on large plasmids of different sizes (53 to 193 kb). These findings indicate the high prevalence of
qnr
and
aac(6′)-Ib-cr
in members of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
and the widespread dissemination of multidrug resistance in China.
Mechanisms of T-Lymphocyte Accumulation during Experimental Pleural Infection Induced byMycobacterium bovisBCG
Authors: Souza Mariana C. , Penido Carmen , Costa Maria F. S. , Henriques Maria Graças 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTTuberculous pleurisy is a frequent extrapulmonary manifestation characterized by accumulation of fluid and inflammatory cells in the pleural space. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of T-lymphocyte accumulation in the pleural space by using a murine model of pleurisy induced byMycobacterium bovisBCG. Intrathoracic (i.t.) injection of BCG (4.5 × 105bacteria/cavity) induced accumulation of T lymphocytes in the pleural cavities of C57BL/6 mice. We observed the presence of CFU in pleural washes conducted 1, 2, 3, 7, and 15 days after pleurisy induction. Pretreatment with fucoidan inhibited T-lymphocyte accumulation at 1 day, but not at 15 days, after BCG-induced pleurisy. Accordingly, adoptive transfer of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled blood mononuclear cells to infected mice showed that T lymphocytes migrated into the pleural cavity 1 day (but not 15 days) after BCG injection. Cell-free pleural wash fluids recovered from mice 1 day after BCG i.t. stimulation (day 1 BCG-PW), but not day 7 or day 15 BCG-PW, induced in vitro T-cell transmigration, which was dependent on L-, P-, and E-selectins. In contrast, day 7 BCG-PW (but not day 1 BCG-PW) induced in vitro T-lymphocyte proliferation via interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Accordingly, in vivo IL-2 or IFN-γ neutralization abolished T-lymphocyte accumulation 7 days after pleurisy induction. Our results demonstrate that pleural infection induced by BCG leads to T-lymphocyte accumulation in two waves. The acute phase depends on selectin-mediated migration, while the second wave of T-lymphocyte accumulation seems to depend on a local proliferation induced by cytokines produced in situ.
Interleukin-4-Promoted T Helper 2 Responses EnhanceNippostrongylus brasiliensis-Induced Pulmonary Pathology
Authors: Mearns Helen , Horsnell William G. C. , Hoving J. Claire , Dewals Benjamin , Cutler Antony J. , Kirstein Frank , Myburgh Elmarie , Arendse Berenice , Brombacher Frank 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe role of CD4+T-cell interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) expression in T helper 2 (TH2) immune responses has not been defined. To examine this role, we infected CD4+T-cell IL-4Rα knockout (KO) mice with the parasitic nematodeNippostrongylus brasiliensis, which induces strong host TH2 responses. AlthoughN. brasiliensisexpulsion was not affected in CD4+T-cell IL-4Rα KO mice, the associated lung pathology was reduced. Infected CD4+T-cell IL-4Rα KO mice showed abrogation of airway mucus production. Furthermore, CD4+T-cell IL-4Rα KO mouse lungs contained reduced numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils. Restimulation of pulmonary region-associated T-cell populations showed that TH2 cytokine responses were disrupted. Secretion of IL-4, but not secretion of IL-13 or IL-5, from mediastinal lymph node CD4+T cells was reduced in infected CD4+T-cell IL-4Rα KO mice. Restimulation of tissue-derived CD4+T cells resulted in equivalent levels of IL-4 and IL-13 on day 7 postinfection (p.i.) in control and CD4+T-cell IL-4Rα KO mice. By day 10 p.i. the TH2 cytokine levels had significantly declined in CD4+T-cell IL-4Rα KO mice. Restimulation withN. brasiliensisantigen of total lung cell populations and populations with CD4+T cells depleted showed that CD4+T cells were a key TH2 cytokine source. These data demonstrated that CD4+T-cell IL-4 responsiveness facilitates eosinophil and lymphocyte recruitment, lymphocyte localization, and TH2 cytokine production in the allergic pathology associated withN. brasiliensisinfections.
Low Prevalence of Antibodies to Preerythrocytic but Not Blood-StagePlasmodium falciparumAntigens in an Area of Unstable Malaria Transmission Compared to Prevalence in an Area of Stable Malaria Transmission
Authors: Noland Gregory S. , Hendel-Paterson Brett , Min Xinan M. , Moormann Ann M. , Vulule John M. , Narum David L. , Lanar David E. , Kazura James W. , John Chandy C. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTIn areas where levels of transmission ofPlasmodium falciparumare high and stable, the age-related acquisition of high-level immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to preerythrocytic circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and liver-stage antigen 1 (LSA-1) has been associated with protection from clinical malaria. In contrast, age-related protection from malaria develops slowly or not at all in residents of epidemic-prone areas with unstable low levels of malaria transmission. We hypothesized that this suboptimal clinical and parasitological immunity may in part be due to reduced antibodies to CSP or LSA-1 and/or vaccine candidate blood-stage antigens. Frequencies and levels of IgG antibodies to CSP, LSA-1, thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP), apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1), erythrocyte binding antigen 175 (EBA-175), and merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) were compared in 243 Kenyans living in a highland area of unstable transmission and 210 residents of a nearby lowland area of stable transmission. Levels of antibodies to CSP, LSA-1, TRAP, and AMA-1 in the oldest age group (>40 years) in the unstable transmission area were lower than or similar to those of children 2 to 6 years old in the stable transmission area. Only 3.3% of individuals in the unstable transmission area had high levels of IgG (>2 arbitrary units) to both CSP and LSA-1, compared to 43.3% of individuals in the stable transmission area. In contrast, antibody levels to and frequencies of MSP-1 and EBA-175 were similar in adults in areas of stable and unstable malaria transmission. Suboptimal immunity to malaria in areas of unstable malaria transmission may relate in part to infrequent high-level antibodies to preerythrocytic antigens and AMA-1.