bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Diagnosis in New South Wales Compared to England and Wales
Authors: Parker Gordon 
Published: August 2008

SummaryComparative studies of first admission rates to psychiatric hospitals have revealed significant differences in the rates of diagnoses of functional psychoses between the United Kingdom and the United States of America.The present study examined the diagnoses of indigenous patients born between 1921 and 1955 and first admitted to hospitals in New South Wales, Australia, and England and Wales. Admission rates for mania were in striking agreement. The rate in New South Wales for schizophrenia was slighdy higher and for psychotic depression considerably less than in England and Wales.A similar trend in diagnostic dissonance would appear to exist between England and Wales and New South Wales as between England and Wales and the United States for schizophrenia and psychotic depression, but this is considerably less in degree.
The Spouses of Attempted Suicides: A Personality Study
Authors: Bhagat M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe 16 PF was administered to 30 female attempted suicides and their spouses, to 20 male attempted suicides and their spouses and to 50 control men and their spouses. Both the female and male attempted suicides show personality disturbance, but there are also sex differences. The female attempted suicides and their spouses appear to share similar personality characteristics, but the spouses of male attempted suicides appear quite dissimilar from their husbands. The effect of the personality of the spouses is briefly discussed in the context of marital relationships of attempted suicides.
A Comparative Study of Attentional Strategies of Schizophrenic and Highly Creative Normal Subjects
Authors: Dykes Margaret , McGhie Andrew 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFrequent references have been made to the similarities between highly creative and psychotic thinking. This study attempts to test the hypothesis that one explanation for such a correspondence lies in the fact that individuals in both these populations habitually employ common attentional strategies which cause them to sample an unusually wide range of available environmental stimuli.A group of highly creative adults and a group of equally intelligent but low creative adults were compared with a group of acute non-paranoid schizophrenic adults on three tests designed to assess attentional and other cognitive styles.The results offer support to the view that both highly creative and schizophrenic individuals habitually sample a wider range of available environmental input than do less creative individuals. In the case of the schizophrenic this involuntary widening of attention tends to have a deleterious effect on performance, while, in contrast, the highly creative individual is more able to successfully process the greater input without this incurring a performance deficit.
The Daily Rhythm of Plasma Tryptophan and Tyrosine in Depression
Authors: Niskanen Pekka , Huttunen Matti , Tamminen Tapani , Jääskeläinen Juha 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe study dealt with the level of and diurnal alterations in the concentration of tryptophan, free tryptophan and tyrosine in the blood plasma of 20 inhibited depression patients and 10 healthy controls.The results suggested that there was no distinct relationship between either the total plasma tryptophan or plasma tyrosine level and depression. On the other hand, the free plasma tryptophan level was, at all the times of day at which measurements were made, either significantly or almost significantly higher in the patients than in the controls. It was further found that the results of measurement were related to the patients’ clinical improvement, as measured by the Hamilton test, in such a way that after four weeks of treatment the free plasma tryptophan level in ‘poorly improved’ patients continued to be significantly higher in comparison with the controls, whereas the values for the ‘well improved’ patient group did not differ greatly from the corresponding values for the control group any longer.It may be hypothesized that the rise in the free plasma tryptophan in depressive patients might represent an effort made by the peripheral body to compensate for the slowed-up serotonin metabolism of the brain, whereby the tryptophan mobilized from the periphery would serve as a sort of ‘endogenous antidepressant’ provided by the organism itself.
The Outcome of Adolescent School Phobia
Authors: Berg Ian , Butler Alan , Hall Gabrielle 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA hundred-and-twenty-five school phobic youngsters had been treated in a psychiatric in-patient unit for young adolescents of secondary school age over a seven-year period; a hundred of them were reviewed on average three years after discharge. About a third of cases were found to have improved little; they had persistent severe symptoms of emotional disturbance and continuing social impairment. Another third had improved appreciably and were affected by neurotic symptoms rather than social impairment. The remaining third had improved substantially or completely. School attendance difficulties had remained in about half of all cases. Subsequent difficulties in going to work were less pronounced. The best predictor of outcome was clinical state on discharge. High intelligence also emerged as a significant predictor of poor outcome. Five girls and a boy had already developed severe and persistent agoraphobic difficulties when reviewed. It was found that severe school phobia in early adolescence resembled adult affective disorders in some clinical features and in outcome.
The Homeless Person and the Psychiatric Services: An Edinburgh Survey
Authors: Priest Robert G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA representative sample (R.S.) of 79 subjects living in Edinburgh common lodging houses was compared with a clinical series (O.S.) of 44 patients from the same type of residence. C.S. patients were more likely to be out of work, to be under 55 years of age, and to have been married at some time. They had spent much shorter times in lodging houses, in Edinburgh and at their current address. Alcoholism was rather more often diagnosed in the C.S., and personality disorder much more often. Schizophrenia tended to be found more in the R.S. The O.S. obtained higher Personal Illness and ‘Character Disorder’ scores. It is concluded that those subjects presenting to the psychiatric services are a highly selected group quite unrepresentative of homeless single persons in general.
Depression in Patients with Parkinsonism
Authors: Robins Ashley H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty-five patients with parkinsonism were carefully matched for age and sex with 45 chronically disabled control patients with a significantly more severe grade of physical handicap. Depression was measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale, and it was found that the parkinsonian group was very significantly more depressed than the control group (p < 0.0001). Depression scores in both groups were unaffected by the patient's sex or by the severity of the disability. Analysis of the individual ratings of the Hamilton Scale showed that parkinsonian patients had significantly higher scores on items relating to suicide, work and interests, retardation, psychic anxiety, general somatic symptoms, and loss of insight. It was concluded that patients with parkinsonism suffer a degree of depression which cannot be solely a reaction to the stress of physical disability. This finding is discussed with reference to the monoamine hypothesis of depressive illness.
The use of Autocorrelation Analysis in the Longitudinal Study of Mood Patterns in Depressed Patients
Authors: Huba G. J. , Lawlor W. G. , Stallone F. , Fieve R. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe statistical method of autocorrelation, commonly used in econometrics and engineering, was applied to the daily mood scores of ten depressive hospital in-patients. The analyses made possible the quantification of two aspects of the longitudinal course of individual patients' psychopathology, the degree of day-to-day stability and the degree of periodicity in mood. Quantification of the degree of day-to-day mood stability yielded wide variations between patients and suggested that patients might be usefully categorized in terms of this characteristic. Mood stability during periods of severe depression was found to be less pronounced than during periods of relatively moderate depression. Furthermore, the existence of ‘mini-cycles', cyclical fluctuations in mood of one to two weeks' duration occurring during the course of depressive episodes, was demonstrated in three cases.
The Leeds Scales for the Self-Assessment of Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Snaith R. P. , Bridge G. W. K. , Hamilton Max 
Published: August 2008

SummarySelf-rating scales are finding an increasing use in psychiatric work. Not only are they widely used in research, but they provide the clinician with a score indicating the patient's psychiatric state at any one time, and these scores if repeated throughout the duration of treatment may be considered to provide a continuing measure of the severity of the illness, as does a temperature chart in a febrile illness. Most scales could be improved by item analysis, and in this study the Wakefield Self-Assessment of Depression Inventory, with added items, was subjected to statistical analysis. It was found that valid scales could be constructed for the measurement of anxiety and of depression in general psychiatric disorder, as well as scales for the measurement of the severity of endogenous (primary) depression and of anxiety states. In addition, the derivation of a ‘diagnostic’ score was confirmed in a cross-validation study and may be found of use both in research and in clinical practice.
A Biochemical Study of Short-Cycle Manic-Depressive Psychosis in Mental Defectives
Authors: Naylor Graham J. , Reid Andrew H. , Dick David A. T. , Dick Elizabeth G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFour mentally defective patients who were suffering from short-cycle manic-depressive psychosis were each studied under metabolic ward conditions for about six months. Weekly estimations of erythrocyte Na-K ATPase activity, ouabain sensitive potassium influx, sodium concentration, whole blood cell ATP concentration and blood haematocrit were made. The findings in each patient differed, but the erythrocyte Na-K ATPase activity, sodium and ATP concentration appeared to show cyclic changes related to, though out of phase with, the clinical state.
Impotence: Prognosis (A Controlled Study)
Authors: Ansari J. M. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySixty-five patients primarily referred for erectile impotence were investigated and treated in a psychiatric out-patient department. Information was obtained from patients and wherever possible from their partners. Subjects were treated either with chemotherapy or with a modified form of Masters and Johnson's technique. A controlled group were not given any specific treatment. Results indicated that neither chemotherapy or behaviour modification (modified Masters and Johnson's technique) were in any way superior to no treatment. The prognosis was related to the clinical features of the subjects rather than to the form of treatment. Subjects in whom impotence was caused by a specific psychological or physical trauma showed a much better prognosis than those who had an insidious decline in sexual potency without any discernible psychological or physical factors. The decline in these latter subjects with a very poor prognosis was possibly due to inherent physiological factors.
The Expectation of Outcome from Maintenance Therapy in Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Johnson D. A. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe results from a prospective follow-up study of a group of schizophrenic patients suggest that a significant proportion (41 per cent) are likely to relapse during a two-year period despite the prescription of long-acting injectable neuroleptic drugs. Some will relapse because of a failure of the regime, but others (32–37 per cent) because the pharmacological protection of these drugs would appear to be less effective in certain patients. Even with the major advantages of the long-acting injectable neuroleptics over oral medication, the schizophrenic patient population remains a group with a high incidence of psychiatric and social morbidity which continues to require the full resources of both the hospital and community services.
Plasma Tryptophan Concentration in Depressive Illness and Mania
Authors: Peet M. , Moody J. P. , Worrall E. P. , Walker P. , Naylor G. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTotal and free plasma tryptophan levels were measured in depressive and manic patients before and after recovery. No change was found in total or free plasma tryptophan concentration on recovery from depressive illness. Free plasma tryptophan levels were higher in recovered manics than in active manics, and a group of four manic patients tested before and after recovery showed a significant increase in free plasma tryptophan concentration on recovery.
The Personality and Mental Health of Flat Dwellers
Authors: Moore N. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe proportion of persons with neurotic personalities in flats was not significantly greater than that in houses. Extraversion was not correlated with psychiatric illness or with the tendency to consult a doctor. Flat dwelling, but not house dwelling, was sufficient stress for neurotic personalities to cause, among them, an increase in clinical psychiatric illness. The resulting increase in the overall level of psychiatric illness of all flat dwellers was too small to be significantly greater than that of all house dwellers.
Temporal Stability of Symptom Patterns in Depression
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Prusoff B. A. , Tanner J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTemporal stability of symptom patterns was examined in 33 depressives studied initially at the height of illness and again some months later in a relapse following earlier recovery. Relapse symptoms were significantly less severe at the time of rating, and initial and relapse severity were not significantly related. Nevertheless there were significant correlations between initial and relapse scores on two factors orthogonal to severity. One of these reflected symptom patterns important to the endogenous-neurotic distinction, the other a contrast between depression and anxiety. These findings indicate some consistency in symptom patterns in successive episodes of depression, and thereby support the value of clinical classifications depending on symptom patterns.
A Controlled Trial of Phenothiazine Withdrawal in Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Andrews P. , Hall J. N. , Snaith R. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPhenothiazine drugs were withdrawn from 17 chronic schizophrenic in-patients, with a control group of 14 patients remaining on active medication. The trial was conducted under double blind conditions over a period of 42 weeks with weekly assessment of the patients by ward nurses. Of the placebo group 35 per cent relapsed, relapse being related to the level of previous active medication.
A Comparison Between the Hamilton Rating Scale and the Beck Inventory in the Measurement of Depression
Authors: Bailey J. , Coppen Alec 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCorrelations were made between ratings on the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression and the Inventory for measuring depression devised by Beck. Satisfactory and significant correlations were observed in only two-thirds of the patients, and often very divergent results were found in the remaining third.
A Twin Study of Human Red Blood Cell Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase
Authors: Grunhaus Leon , Ebstein Richard , Belmaker Robert H. , Sandler S. Gerald , Jonas Wulff 
Published: August 2008

SummarySignificant sibling-sibling and within-family correlations of human red blood cell catechol-o-methyl transferase activity have suggested a high degree of genetic control over levels of activity of this catecholamine-related enzyme. However, family studies do not disentangle genetic from environmental similarities as causative of within-family correlations. We therefore undertook a human twin study using the monozygotic-dizygotic comparison method. Twelve pairs of monozygotic twins had an intraclass correlation of .90 in red blood cell catechol-o-methyl transferase activity, and seven pairs of dizygotic twins had an intraclass correlation of .37. Heritability of the enzyme activity was estimated by different methods as between 68–100 per cent.
Attempted Suicide Among Asian Immigrants in Birmingham
Authors: Burke Aggrey W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis retrospective study describes the epidemiology of attempted suicide among Asian (Bangladesh, India and Pakistan) immigrants in Birmingham during the period 1969–1972.The hypothesis of no difference in the distribution of attempted suicide among native and immigrant groups was not upheld. The immigrant group was under-represented among all the admissions to Birmingham's hospitals. It is estimated that the crude adjusted rates for attempted suicide among the male and female Asian immigrants aged 15–64 years are 57 and 126 per 100,000 population per annum respectively. These are lower than the rates found among natives in Britain, but the female immigrant rate is higher than that found in India.Asian patients who attempt suicide in India and Birmingham are younger than 45 years of age, rarely abuse drugs and alcohol, and make repeated attempts infrequently. In Birmingham, however, immigrants and native patients swallow similar, mostly psychotropic, tablets and not insecticides as in India. It is noteworthy that an interpersonal dispute precedes attempted suicide more frequently among immigrant patients than among native ones in either area.
Attempted Suicide Among the Irish-Born Population in Birmingham
Authors: Burke Aggrey W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe epidemiology of attempted suicide among Irish immigrants in Birmingham is described from data concerning 352 (138 male, 214 female) hospital admissions made during the period 1969 to 1972.Admissions from the Irish Republic and from Northern Ireland were similarly distributed, but were both grossly over-represented. The average annual rate of admission (222 male, 362 female) was probably higher than the rates in Dublin, Belfast and Edinburgh. The female patient rate (286) was greater than that of Edinburgh, but the male rate (143) was not. Fewer Irish than British admissions gave a history of previous attempted suicide or repeated this attempt. Indices of stress among immigrants were, however, greater. The importance of sociocultural factors is discussed.
The Reasons People Give for Taking Overdoses
Authors: Bancroft J. H. J. , Skrimshire A. M. , Simkin S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study investigates the reasons people give for taking overdoses of drugs. A representative sample of 128 subjects were interviewed immediately after their recovery from an overdose. During the interview they were given alternative reasons for taking overdoses and asked to choose any that applied to them. Spontaneous comments about suicidal intent were also recorded. Of the subjects, 44 per cent indicated that they had wanted to die. On the basis of their choices 33 per cent were ‘seeking help’, 42 per cent ‘escaping from the situation’, 52 per cent ‘obtaining relief from a terrible state of mind’ and 19 per cent ‘trying to influence someone’. The association between these various reasons and other expected effects or feelings associated with the act were examined by means of multidimensional scaling analysis. In addition, the characteristics of those expressing suicidal intent and other reasons were studied, together with such consequences as toxic effects and psychiatric after-care. The possibility is discussed that a large proportion of those indicating suicidal intent do so either to gain social acceptability for their act or to influence helping agencies.
How Common is Anorexia Nervosa? A Prevalence Study
Authors: Crisp A. H. , Palmer R. L. , Kalucy R. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDuring 1972–74 nine populations of schoolgirls were surveyed in respect of the occurrence of anorexia nervosa. As well as the current school year, previous years (going back variously 3–6 years) were also carefully studied within seven of the schools. Anorexia nervosa was only identified as present or having been present if the diagnosis was unequivocal: for instance, seemingly evident and severe cases which could not be traced were excluded. The condition in severe form was found to be relatively common in the independent sector of education, probably implying a social class factor. In all such schools, the prevalence was one severe case in approximately every 200 girls. In those aged 16 and over it amounted to one severe case in about every 100 girls. Overall, these schools encountered one ‘new’ severe case in every 250 pupils aged 16 years and over. The condition is likely to be even more common than this study allows because of the stringent limits set here on inclusion of cases and the age-band studied. It is concluded that severe anorexia nervosa is a common condition and is probably getting more common.
Anorexia Nervosa After the Menopause
Authors: Kellett John , Trimble Michael , Thorley Anthony 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA patient is described who developed the classical syndrome of anorexia nervosa at the age of 52. Her illness occurred in relation to the marriages of her daughters and showed an extreme preoccupation with her body shape and a determination to slim by diet, purging and vomiting, and the hiding of food to the extent of rendering herself too weak to cope with the demands of her life.It is suggested that anorexia nervosa, though predominantly a disease of onset in adolescence, may present at any age and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of anorexia in patients over the age of 50.
Anxiety and Depression After Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Cadie M. , Nye F. J. , Storey Peter 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty-six patients who had had infectious mononucleosis (IM) were followed up a year later and assessed by the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire and by interview or (in five cases) by postal questionnaire. The results support the view that IM leads to depression in a considerable number of cases, but in this series only women were so affected.
The Relationships Between Obsessional Personality, Obsessions in Depression, and Symptoms of Depression
Authors: Vaughan M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe relationships between obsessional personality, obsessions in depression, and symptoms of depression were investigated by means of a retrospective study of case notes and item sheets. One hundred and sixty-eight cases of depression, aged 20 to 29 years, were rated for obsessional personality as defined by Ingram (1961). The presence of previous obsessions, of obsessions in depression and of eight symptoms of depression was assessed from the item sheets.Obsessional personality was found to be significantly associated only with a decreased frequency of objective apathy, although it seemed to act to reduce the anxiety experienced by those with obsessions in depression. Obsessions in depression were associated with rapid changes of mood, anxiety, agitation and overactivity and with a relative absence of retardation.