bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visually Perceived Attributes of the Appearance of Materials and ASTM Progress Toward Their Measurement
Authors: Hunter RS 
Published: March 2009

To analyze appearance attributes optically, one first separates the chromatic attributes from the geometric ones. The chromatic, or color, attributes may be represented in a variety of forms which start with the purely physical spectrophotometric curves. By incorporating the sensory processes of the human observer, one converts spectrophotometric data to colorimetric specification by use of the CIE Standard Observer and Coordinate System. To obtain analyses which relate closely to the observer's sensory impressions, one can convert CIE specifications to one of several opponent-colors (L,a,b-type) analyses or to hue, value, and chroma of the Munsell-type analyses. These sensory-related color specification systems can be used to locate points representing colors in three-dimensional coordinate systems. Geometric attributes are those related to the geometric manners in which objects and materials distribute light and are known by terms such as gloss, turbidity, texture, and the like. Measurement methods for many of the various geometric attributes have been developed.
Total instrumental analyses of the physical correlates of appearance are so complex that measurement is not feasible and is never attempted. There do exist, however, a large number of practical, useful methods for instrumentally measuring specific attributes of the appearance of materials. Many of these have been standardized in print by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), which now has the largest published collection of appearance analyses in existence. Although ASTM has accomplished much in promoting measurements of appearance attributes, there exist important requirements for test procedures not yet prepared. The technical state of the art has recently progressed so that ASTM should now be able to meet these unsatisfied requirements.
Connotative Meaning of Visual Properties of Surfaces
Authors: Burnham CA , Grimm CT 
Published: March 2009

The goals of the research efforts described in this paper were (1) to establish a rational technique for the selection of the visual properties of architectural surfaces and (2) to determine the psychophysical relationships between objective measurements of surfaces and their psychological meaning. Respondents rated samples of architectural surfaces (brick surfaces varying in size, texture, and color) and design concepts (home, prison, etc.) on a series of bipolar adjective scales selected to measure the meaning of the object on the three commonly identified dimensions of connotative meaning-the evaluative, potency, and activity dimensions (the semantic differential technique). The validity and reliability of this application of the semantic differential were assessed and found to be satisfactory.
Since each rated object receives a score on each of the three dimensions and can be localized as a point in three-dimensional semantic space, one can obtain quantitative differences between the connotative meaning of diverse objects. A rational technique for the selection of the visual properties of architectural surfaces would involve selecting surfaces whose meaning matched the meaning of the design concept.
Psychophysical relationships were obtained between the meaning of the visual properties of the surfaces on each of the dimensions of connotative meaning and physical measurements of the surfaces. Several of these relationships indicated an association between the physical and psychological aspects of the surfaces. Hence, it is probable that surfaces could be manufactured which would permit one to obtain a close match between the meaning of the surfaces and the meaning of design concepts.
The results of these preliminary studies indicate that further research on the connotative meaning of visual properties of surfaces is warranted.
Irradiation Strengthening and Fracture Embrittlement of A533-B Pressure Vessel Steel Plate and Submerged-Arc Weld
Authors: Williams JA , Hunter CW 
Published: March 2009

Plate and weld material of ASTM A533 Grade B, Class 1 steel furnished by the Heavy Section Steel Technology Program was characterized for irradiation strengthening and fracture embrittlement. Plane strain fracture toughness, K Ic, in the longitudinal orientation was determined ftom specimens irradiated at 540 F (282 C) to neutron fluence levels of 2 and 8 × 1019 n/cm2 (E &gt; 1 MeV); longitudinal tension specimens were irradiated at 510 F (265 C) at 2, 4, 6, and 8 × 1019 n/cm2 (E &gt; 1 MeV). Yield strength was more sensitive to irradiation strengthening than the ultimate strength, and the yield strength increase (Δσys, ksi) as a function of fluence (Ф) and temperature (T, deg. F) may be described by:
Δσys = 22 [1- exp (-Φ/5 × 1018)] + Φ/1019(4.3−0.0038T)
Irradiation levels of 2 and 8 × 1019 produced shifts of 185 F (103 C) and 275 F (153 C) in the 50-ksi√in KIc fracture toughness transition of A533 plate; the measured shifts agree closely with those predicted, 153 F (85 C) and 282 F (157 C), from a proposed correlation of shift in transition and change in yield strength. Fracture toughness KIc and tensile properties of plate material were independent of the orientation. The fracture toughness of ASTM A533-B submerged-arc weldment metal irradiated at 540 F (282 C) to a fluence of 3 × 1019 n/cm2 (E &gt; 1 MeV) exhibited a marked sensitivity for irradiation embrittlement; the indicated shift of the 50-ksi√in KIc fracture toughness transition level was approximately 390 F. The yield and ultimate tensile strengths of ASTM A533-B sub-arc weld were determined for 510 F (265 C) irradiations to fluences of 0.5 × 1019 n/cm2 and 4.0 to 4.6 × 1019 n/cm2 (E &gt; 1 MeV). Irradiation strengthening of weld yield properties is slightly greater than the longitudinal base properties.
Void Formation in Type 1.4988 Stabilized Stainless Steel
Authors: Ehrlich K , Packan NH 
Published: March 2009

A 16Cr-13Ni columbium-stabilized stainless steel (Type 1.4988) was irradiated as fuel pin cladding in the Dounreay fast reactor (DFR) and Mol BR 2 reactors and also in the Harwell Variable Energy cyclotron (VEC) up to 4.0 × 1022 n/cm2(E &gt; 0.1 MeV) or 3 × 1017 C2+ ions/cm2. The irradiation temperatures ranged from 300 to 650 C (572 to 1202 F). The material investigated was in an essentially solution-treated condition.
Postirradiation measurements included immersion density determinations, diametral change measurements, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations.
Void formation was observed in the temperature range 350 to 600 C (662 to 1112 F). Swelling in Type 1.4988 was found to be lower than that reported previously for Types 304 and 316 unstabilized steel, especially at higher temperatures. Void concentration values at lower temperatures were comparable to those cited for 304 and 316 steels; however, they too decreased more strongly with increasing irradiation temperature. The stabilizing elements may have affected this behavior by a partial suppression of intragranular precipitates that were frequently associated with voids.
Effects of Irradiation on the Tensile and Structural Properties of FV548 Stainless Steel
Authors: Watkin JS , Shepherd JP , Standring J 
Published: March 2009

The tensile properties of the columbium-stabilized austenitic steel FV548 have been investigated after irradiation in a thermal reactor up to fluences of 4 · 1020 n/cm2 (thermal) and in a fast reactor up to fluences of 2.7 · 1022 n/cm2 (total).
The parameters that have been studied include the effects of irradiation temperature, covering the temperature range 550 to 750 C (1022 to 1382 F); the effects of solute level produced by increasing the solution heat-treatment temperature from 950 to 1300 C (1742 to 2372 F); and the effects of pre- and postirradiation aging. Testing has been carried out over the strain-rate range 5 · 10−4 to 5 · 10−6 per second and at temperatures between 550 and 750 C (1022 and 1382 F). The microstructures obtained during irradiation have also been investigated and the results correlated with the tensile properties. Suggested mechanisms for the effects observed are discussed.
Graphite Fiber Tensile Property Evaluation
Authors: McMahon PE 
Published: March 2009

Existing techniques for the evaluation of single graphite fiber tensile properties are reviewed. Several problems associated with these techniques are identified and evaluated. Alternate procedures are demonstrated which significantly reduce the uncertainty introduced in denier measurement and operator selectivity.
In a separate approach to improved tensile property evaluation, dry bundle tension test procedures and analysis techniques are developed and demonstrated. With this approach average fiber tensile properties for the entire bundle can be generated by coupling the bundle breaking energy with the modulus determined by electrical resistivity. Moreover, analysis of the bundle stress-strain curve enables one to generate cumulative strength distribution data for the fibers involved. Both the average and cumulative data agree very well with results obtained via extensive single fil evaluation.
Sunlight, and the Microbial Susceptibility of Thermoplastics
Authors: Cooney JD , Colin G , Wiles DM 
Published: March 2009

The chemical effects of near ultraviolet light (equivalent to that in terrestrial sunlight) on polypropylene and on poly(ethylene terephthalate) are described in some detail with particular emphasis on identification of the important primary bond-breaking reactions. It is shown that the critical processes are a Norrish Type I, a Norrish Type II, and polymer hydroperoxide formation and photolysis in the case of both these thermoplastics. The degradative changes result in the buildup of polar groups and polymer end groups primarily on or near the surfaces of irradiated films.
Surface growing fungus tests do not indicate microbial susceptibility for films of commercial-grade polypropylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), or several other common thermoplastics. Even after extensive photodegradation, which might be expected to enhance biodegradability, these materials do not appear to support significant surface growth.
High-Strain Fatigue Properties of Cast ½Cr-Mo-V Steels
Authors: Elder WJ , Marriott JB , Murphy MC 
Published: March 2009

Reverse-bend and push-pull tests at 550 C on small specimens of ½ Cr-Mo-V cast blocks have been used to obtain data relevant to crack formation in steam turbine components. A dwell period at peak tensile strain reduced the endurance, but increases in the length of the dwell did not reduce the endurance proportionately because the peak stress relaxed rapidly.
Neither forging, aging, nor differences in the normalizing cooling rates significantly affected the endurance of the ½Cr-Mo-V steels tested, but oil quenching to produce fully bainitic structures altered the slope of the strain/endurance relationship. The data obtained from tests in air appeared to give conservative life predictions for components in service in steam.
High-Cycle Fatigue Properties of a Dispersion Strengthened Nickel-Base Superalloy
Authors: Weber JH , Bomford MJ 
Published: March 2009

IN-853 is a nickel-base alloy which combines precipitation hardening at low and intermediate temperatures (≲ 1400 F) and dispersion strengthening by Y2O3 at elevated temperatures (≳ 1400 F) with good oxidation resistance.
Rotating beam fatigue tests were conducted in air on IN-853 at room temperature, 1000, 1400, and 1750 F, and on a conventional superalloy with a composition close to that of the IN-853 matrix at room temperature, 1000 and 1400 F. Axial fatigue tests were also conducted on IN-853 at room temperature and 1400 F for minimum stress/maximum stress ratios of +0.1 and -1.0.
At testing temperatures up to 1400 F the 107 cycle fatigue strength of IN-853 was higher than that of the conventional superalloy. At 1750 F the fatigue strength of IN-853 was greater than the ultimate tensile strength measured in a standard (low strain rate) tension test at this temperature.
The modes of crack propagation and fracture have been determined using optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of γ́ precipitate, Y2O3 dispersoid, carbides, and grain boundaries on the fatigue damage and failure are presented.
Review of Thermal Ratchetting
Authors: Burgreen D 
Published: March 2009

The subject of structural ratchetting, or cyclic strain accumulation has been developed primarily during the past 20 years. The major contributions to the literature in this area are reviewed, with particular attention to thermal ratchetting.
An attempt is made to classify the various types of strain accumulations that can be experienced by structures when they are subjected to cyclic loading. Under isothermal cyclic loading, ratchetting mechanisms may be classified as: (a) isothermal coaxial cyclic strain accumulation, (b) isothermal conjugate cyclic strain accumulation, and (c) complex isothermal cyclic strain accumulation. Cumulative stress relaxation growth, sometimes considered to be a form of ratchetting, is time dependent and therefore not properly a form of structural ratchetting.
Most investigations in structural ratchetting have been concerned with simple thermal ratchetting produced by cyclic temperature applications, in the presence of a sustained load or in materials exhibiting different yield points in tension and compression. Studies are reviewed which take into account: (a) changes in material properties, (b) strain hardening, and (c) biaxial stresses. Stress relaxation is studied by some investigators, but this cannot be considered to be bonafide thermal ratchetting, as the strain accumulation is time dependent.
Overall progress in thermal ratchetting analysis is reviewed, and areas that require investigation are suggested. A failure criterion is proposed for structures undergoing cyclic strain accumulation.
A Realistic Model for the Deformation Behavior of High-Temperature Materials
Authors: Milled AK 
Published: March 2009

A materials model (constitutive equation) is developed for the purpose of obtaining greater realism in high-tempera lure fatigue analysis. Creep, relaxation, strain hardening, Bauschinger effect, cyclic shakedown, rate effects, and response to more complex loadings are some of the phenomena which this model simulates. Test data from thermal-mechanical fatigue tests verify its predictions quantitatively.
The model's form is an equation for the rate of nonelastic strain as a function of current stress, current temperature, and strain history. Its use in the design of turbine blades and vanes and other high-temperature structures is discussed. A multidimensional form is presented for application to finite element programs.
Parametric Study to Establish Design Curves and to Evaluate Design Rules for Ratchetting
Authors: Branca TR , McLean JL 
Published: March 2009

With inelastic analyses requiring a substantially greater expenditure of effort over elastic analyses, there is strong incentive to establish an elastic design criterion for ratchetting that is not excessively conservative and consequently restrictive.
To establish design curves for ratchetting, the Ansys computer program was used to develop elastic-plastic-creep solutions for several cases of a long, sodium-filled pipe. The pipe was subjected to a fluid temperature history which consists of a rapid down-transient followed by an isothermal rise to operating temperature, and a 500 h holdtime at that temperature. The parameters of the analytical solutions covered the range of interest for sodium-cooled nuclear systems. The only material considered was Type 304 stainless steel.
Design curves were developed for ratchet strain as a function of elastic primary and secondary stress intensities and temperature. The diagrams presented here are of similar format to those given by Bree.
The results of this study indicate that the existing design rules of FRA-152 Revision 3 and of the Liquid Metals Engineering Center (LMEC) supplement to the ASME Code Case 1331-5 for loading cycles with long holdtimes are very restrictive, with one exception. That exception is Rule A.2.1.2(4) of the LMEC rules. When compared to the results of the study, the rule is consistently and reasonably conservative for all loadings and temperatures studied.
In this study it was also desired to correlate the ratchetting results of the straight pipe to the analytical ratchetting results for more complex geometries. However, the correlation was not completed in time for this report.
Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Packaging Materials
Authors: Giacin JR , Gilbert SG 
Published: March 2009

Polychlorinated biphenyls have been used extensively in industrial applications and are marketed in the United States under the trade name Aroclor.
The recent FDA findings, which reported the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in foodstuffs, have required the development of analytical procedures for monitoring PCB contamination in food packaging materials.
An analytical procedure is presented for detecting trace quantities of PCB's present in printing inks and resins which are used in the printing of food packaging materials. This procedure employs an electron capture gas chromatograph and is capable of detecting PCB's at a level below 0.3 ppm.
Analysis of the Test Methods for High Modulus Fibers and Composites
Authors: Whitney JM 
Published: March 2009

Description
The papers in the symposium on Analysis of the Test Methods for High Modulus Fibers and Composites were presented at a meeting held in San Antonio, Tex., 12-13 April 1972. The symposium was sponsored by The American Society for Testing and Materials through its Committee D30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Composites. J. M. Whitney, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, presided as symposium chairman. Carl Zweben, Materials Science Corporation, and R. J. Diefendorf, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, presided as symposium vice-chairmen for Composites and Fibers, respectively.
Direct-Current Magnetic Hysteresigraphs
Authors: Gordon DI 
Published: March 2009

Description
Recognizing the present need for up-to-date and reliable information on instrumentation for continuous recording of magnetic properties, the ASTM Committee A-6 on Magnetic Properties appointed a Task Group on Hysteresigraphs (TG-80). The primary mission of TG-8 was to publish as soon as possible a readable monograph summarizing the state of the art of magnetic hysteresigraphs. The present monograph on Direct-Current Magnetic Hysteresigraphs is the result of this effort.
Design and Installation of the Santa Ynez Unit Pipelines
Authors: Appleby R.J.T. , Kiltau D.K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Santa Ynez Unit Expansion project offshore Santa Barbara, California, includes the installation of two new platforms in water depths exceeding 1000ft. The pipelines connecting the new structures, Harmony in 1200 ft andHeritage in 1070 ft, to the existing Hondo platform in 850 ft and to theonshore facilities required the resolution of such technical challenges as:installation of 20" pipelines in water depths of 1260 ftinstallation of a new riser on platform Harmony in 1200 ft water depthmitigation of a 20" diameter pipeline span of a subsea canyon in 1230 ftwater depth.diverless connection of three 20" pipelines to risers
The SYU pipelines were successfully installed in early 1992. This paperprovides the technical approaches and results obtained during the design andinstallation of these pipelines.

Description of Santa Ynez Unit Expansion Project
Oil production from the Santa Ynez Unit started in 1981 from the Hondoplatform in 850 ft water depth. Oil is pumped to the "OS&T"(Offshore Storage and Treatment) facility, a converted tanker moored in 485 ftwater depth, for export using shuttle tankers. The SYU Expansion projectprovides for the addition of two platforms and a production treating facilityin Las Flores Canyon, near Santa Barbara, California.
Oil emulsion from the three platforms is commingled on Harmony and pumped toshore through a 20" ANSI 600# pipeline system. After separation andtreatment water from the emulsion is pumped back to Harmony for disposal. Produced gas from the Harmony platform is planned to be pumped to Hondo fortransmission to shore through an existing 12" pipeline. The field layout isshown in Figure 1, and pipeline data is provided in Table 1.
Pipeline Shore Approach Tunnel at Kalsto: The Damage and the Repair
Authors: Berge Bent , Waagaard Knut , Harneshaug Karsten 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Gas from the North Sea is processed at Karsw, Western Norway, before it isexported to the European Continent. The pipelines are placed in a 600 metresconcrete tunnel, consisting of 5 bridge elements, at the shore approach.
Cracks developed in the foundations and the elements shortly afterinstallation, and they appeared to be caused by environmental loads.
To carry out a permanent repair, substantial engineering work to modify thedesign was necessary.
The repair was carried out in 1991 and 1992, and included the following underwater work:Repair of cracks in the concrete.Installation of new lateral support bearings and reinforcing the foundationsfor lateral forces.Installation of new flexible vertical bearings. These bearings weighed up to4.5 tonnes, and required jacking up 500 mm elements weighing up to 5000tonnes.
Gas transportation in the pipelines was never reduced due to the repair.
This paper describes the cause of the damages, the repair design and thecomplex underwater operations required to carry out the repair.

Introduction
The shore approach at Kalsw is part of the Statpipe Transport System and isshown as Figure 1. This pipeline system transports rich gas from Statfjord, Gullfaks and Veslefrikk fields in the North Sea to the Karsw Gas Terminal inWestern Norway for processing. Dry gas is thereafter exported to the EuropeanContinent.
The Norwegian coastline is very rugged, and the bottom is most often rockywith large topographical variations. At Kalsw the problem of having unevenbottom was solved by taking the pipelines ashore in a 600 m long bridge tunnel. Figure 2 shows the tunnel approach with the bottom profile.
Signal‐On Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors Based on CdS–Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite for the Sensitive Detection of Choline and Acetylcholine
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Fei , Zhou Yi , Xu Jing‐Juan , Chen Hong‐Yuan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis work describes for the first time signal‐on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) enzyme biosensors based on cadmium sulfide nanocrystals (CdS NCs) formed in situ on the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The MWCNT–CdS can react with H2O2 to generate strong and stable ECL emission in neutral solution. Compared with pure CdS NCs, the MWCNT–CdS can enhance the ECL intensity by 5.3‐fold and move the onset ECL potential more positively for about 400 mV, which reduces H2O2 decomposition at the electrode surface and increases detection sensitivity of H2O2. Furthermore, the ECL intensity is less influenced by the presence of oxygen in solution. Benefiting from these properties, signal‐on enzyme‐based biosensors are fabricated by cross‐linking choline oxidase and/or acetylcholine esterase with glutaraldehyde on MWCNT–CdS modified electrodes for detection of choline and acetylcholine. The resulting ECL biosensors show wide linear ranges from 1.7 to 332 µM and 3.3 to 216 µM with lower detection limit of 0.8 and 1.7 µM for choline and acetylcholine, respectively. The common interferents such as ascorbic acid and uric acid in electrochemical enzyme‐based biosensors do not interfere with the ECL detection of choline and acetylcholine. Furthermore, both ECL biosensors possess satisfying reproducibility and acceptable stability.