bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful interferon treatment in a patient chronically infected with hepatitis B virus carrying unusual S‐ (and P‐) mutants in the presence of anti‐HBs antibodies
Authors: Frider Bernardo , Alessio Analía , Pozzati Marcia , Cuestas María L. , Mathet Verónica L. , Oubiña José R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) immune escape mutants with point mutations within the S gene may arise during the natural course of HBV infection, due to a positive selection pressure exerted by the host immune response. Mutations within the immunodominant B and T cell epitopes of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) allow the resulting S‐mutants to propagate even in the presence of neutralizing anti‐HBs antibodies and the HBV‐specific T‐cell immune response.Aim: To study the antiviral effect of Pegylated‐interferon (Peg‐IFN) in a patient with chronic hepatitis B carrying unusual S‐(and P‐) mutants in the presence of anti‐HBs antibodies.Patients, Methods and Results: We report on a 43‐year‐old male chronically infected with a genotype A HBV strain, with cocirculation of both HBsAg and anti‐HBs antibodies, who received treatment with 120 μg of Peg‐IFN for 24 weeks. HBeAg seroconversion and clearance of both HBV DNA by polymerase chain reaction and HBsAg were successfully achieved. Improved histology was observed in a biopsy performed 44 weeks after Peg‐IFN therapy was completed. It seems plausible that the ascribed genotype A could have contributed to the effective response to Peg‐IFN, even though the treatment was provided only throughout a 24‐week period.Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the successful result obtained by using Peg‐IFN as a treatment for a chronically HBV‐infected patient carrying HBsAg immune escape mutants.
The role of psychological factors in the fatigue of primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Blackburn Peter , Freeston Mark , Baker Christine R. , Jones David E. J. , Newton Julia L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFatigue impairs the quality of life of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) patients. In this study, we explored the psychological factors and coping strategies in fatigued PBC patients. Patients participated in a semi‐structured interview examining thoughts regarding the impact of fatigue and coping strategies. All completed the disease‐specific quality‐of‐life tool, PBC‐40, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) (degree of habitual worry) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (current anxiety and depression). PBC patients were allocated into high (>38, n=10) and low‐fatigue (<38, n=14) groups. No differences were seen between high‐fatigue and low‐fatigue groups regarding age, marital status, employment status, PBC stage, years with diagnosis and years experiencing fatigue. High‐fatigue participants were significantly more anxious (P=0.008), more depressed (P<0.001), and more likely to worry (<0.05). High‐fatigue participants had more frequent thoughts about the impact of fatigue (P<0.005) and lower self‐efficacy scores (P<0.001). In conclusion, PBC patients can experience profound distress associated with fatigue. PBC patients with high levels of fatigue seem to be more vulnerable to emotional distress, more likely to perceive that their quality of life has been negatively affected and are less confident to engage in everyday activities compared with those with low levels of fatigue.
Expression of bile acid synthesis and detoxification enzymes and the alternative bile acid efflux pump MRP4 in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Zollner Gernot , Wagner Martin , Fickert Peter , Silbert Dagmar , Gumhold Judith , Zatloukal Kurt , Denk Helmut , Trauner Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: Bile acid synthesis, transport and metabolism are markedly altered in experimental cholestasis. Whether such coordinated regulation exists in human cholestatic diseases is unclear. We therefore investigated expression of genes for bile acid synthesis, detoxification and alternative basolateral export and regulatory nuclear factors in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).Material/Methods: Hepatic CYP7A1, CYP27A1, CYP8B1 (bile acid synthesis), CYP3A4 (hydroxylation), SULT2A1 (sulphation), UGT2B4/2B7 (glucuronidation), MRP4 (basolateral export), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), retinoid X receptor (RXR), short heterodimer partner (SHP), hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) and HNF4α expression was determined in 11 patients with late‐stage PBC and this was compared with non‐cholestatic controls.Results: CYP7A1 mRNA was repressed in PBC to 10–20% of controls, while CYP27 and CYP8B1 mRNA remained unchanged. SULT2A1, UGT2B4/2B7 and CYP3A4 mRNA levels were unaltered or only mildly reduced in PBC. MRP4 protein levels were induced three‐fold in PBC, whereas mRNA levels remained unchanged. Expression levels of FXR, RXR, SHP, PXR, CAR, HNF1α and HNF4α were moderately reduced in PBC without reaching statistical significance.Summary/Conclusions: Repression of bile acid synthesis and induction of basolateral bile acid export may represent adaptive mechanisms to limit bile acid burden in chronic cholestasis. As these changes do not sufficiently counteract cholestatic liver damage, future therapeutic strategies should aim at stimulation of bile acid detoxification pathways.
Geochronology and geological evolution of metamorphic rocks in the Field Islands area, East Antarctica
Authors: BLACK LANCE P. , JAMES PATRICK R. , HARLEY SIMON L. 
Published: May 2007

Detailed geochronological, structural and petrological studies reveal that the geological evolution of the Field Islands area, East Antarctica, was substantially similar to that of the adjacent Archaean Napier Complex, though with notable differences in late and post Archaean times. These differences reflect the area's proximity to the Proterozoic Rayner Complex and consequent vulnerability to tectonic process involved in the formation of the latter. Distinctive structural features of the Field Islands are (1) consistent development of a discordant, pervasive S3 axial‐plane foliation; (2) re‐orientation of S3 axial planes to approximate to the subsequent E‐W tectonic trend of the nearby Rayner Complex; (3) selective retrogression by a post‐D3 static thermal overprint; and (4) relatively common development of retrogressive, E‐W‐trending, mylonitic shear zones.Peak metamorphic conditions in excess of 800°C at 900 ± 100 M Pa (9 kbar) were attained at one locality following, but probably close to the time of D2 folding. D3 took place in late Archaean times when metamorphic temperatures were about 650°C and pressures were about 600 MPa (6 kbar). Later, temperatures of 600 ± 50°C and pressures of 700 MPa (7kbar) were attained in an amphibolite‐facies event, presumably associated with the widespread granulite to amphibolite‐facies metamorphism and intense deformation involved in the formation of the Rayner Complex at about 1100 Ma. The area was subsequently subjected to near‐isothermal uplift.Rb‐Sr isotopic data indicate that the pervasive D3 fabric developed at about 2400–2500 Ma, and this age can be further refined to 2456+8‐5 Ma by concordant zircon analyses from a syn‐D3 pegmatite. All zircons were affected by only minor (<7–10%) Pb loss and/or new zircon growth during the Rayner event at about 1100Ma. Thus the 450–850 μg/gU concentrations of these zircons were too low to cause sufficient lattice damage over the 1350 Ma (from 2450 Ma) for excessive Pb to be lost during the 1100 Ma event. The emplacement of pegmatite at 522 ± 10 Ma substantially changed the Rb‐Sr systematics of the only analysed rock that developed a penetrative fabric during the 1100 Ma event. Monazite in this pegmatite contains an inherited Pb component, which probably resides in small opaque inclusions.A good correlation is found between Rb‐Sr total‐rock ages and rock fabric. U‐Pb zircon intercepts with concordia also mostly correspond to known events. However, in one example a near perfect alignment of zircon analyses, probably developed by mixing of unrelated components, produced concordia intercepts that appear to have no direct geochronological significance.
Oxygen and hydrogen isotope study of minerals from metapelitic rocks, staurolite to sillimanite zones, Mica Creek, British Columbia
Authors: BOWMAN J. R. , GHENT E. D. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses have been made of coexisting quartz, ilmenite, muscovite, and biotite from Late Precambrian metapelitic rocks, staurolite‐kyanite to K‐feldspar‐muscovite‐sillimanite zones, from Mica Creek, British Columbia. The δ18O and †D values of these minerals are generally uniform and do not decrease significantly with increasing metamorphic grade. This implies that there has not been significant infiltration of deep crustal, possibly magmatic, fluids into the metapelites that has been suggested for other high‐grade metamorphic terranes. The uniformity of oxygen isotope compositions of the Mica Creek metapelite rocks may reflect isotopic uniformity in the sedimentary protolith rather than widespread exchange with an isotopically homogeneous metamorphic pore fluid.Temperature estimates based upon 18O exchange thermometry for samples below the sillimanite zone are in reasonable agreement with the results of garnet‐biotite Fe–Mg exchange thermometry. In the higher grade rocks, the oxygen isotope and garnet‐biotite thermometry yield results which disagree by about 100°C. The highest temperatures recorded by oxygen isotope thermometry, 595°C, are at least 60°C below the minimum temperatures required by phase equilibria. These discrepancies appear to result from pervasive equilibrium retrograde exchange of oxygen isotopes between coexisting minerals. In addition, there are problems with calibration of garnet‐biotite thermometry at higher temperatures. Retrograde oxygen isotope exchange may be a general characteristic of high‐grade metamorphic rocks and oxygen isotope thermometry may not usually record peak metamorphic temperatures if they significantly exceed 600°C.
Local and regional differences in the chemical potential of water in amphibolite facies pelitic schists
Authors: DICKENSON M.P. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Mineral assemblages in different samples of amphibolite facies pelitic schists collected from two separate outcrops in the Moosilauke area, NH, record differences in the chemical potential of water during metamorphism. Mineralogical, petrological, and field relations indicate that mineral assemblages at both outcrops equilibrated at 520°C and 3.5–4.0 kbar. Thermodynamic analysis of the mineral assemblages demonstrates that maximum chemical potential differences at each outcrop were of the order of 150 calories, over distances of 10–20 m.The differences in the chemical potential of water recorded in both bed‐to‐bed and outcrop‐to‐outcrop relations are consistent with the following conclusions: (1) mineral assemblages on a specific outcrop did not equilibrate with an external reservoir of fluid of fixed composition, (2) the relatively small magnitude of the chemical potential differences suggests little or no infiltration of externally derived fluid, (3) these differences on the outcrop scale are probably related to initial compositional variations and the buffer capacity of the mineral assemblage, and (4) the different values of the chemical potential of water exhibited by the various mineral assemblages permits an understanding of the effects of variable μH2O for amphibolite facies pelitic schists.
Microstructural controls and the role of graphite in matrix/ porphyroblast exchange during synkinematic andalusite growth in a granitoid aureole
Authors: RUBENACH M.J. , BELL T.H. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In the contact metamorphic aureole of the Tinaroo Batholith (north Queensland, Australia), mylonitic rocks were metamorphosed during a regional folding/crenulation event (D2) synchronous with the emplacement of muscovite‐bearing granitoids. Prismatic and skeletal andalusite porphyoblasts grew in carbonaceous schists, mainly from the dissolution of staurolite. Muscovite, quartz and biotite played a dual role in this reaction, acting in a catalytic capacity as well as reactants or products. Staurolite was replaced by coarse‐grained muscovite ± biotite, whereas andalusite locally replaced quartz ± muscovite ± biotite, with diffusion of H, Al, Si, Mg, Fe and K ionic species linking sites of dissolution and growth.Graphite contributed to the reaction mechanism in a number of ways. Accumulations of graphite in front of advancing andalusite crystal faces led to skeletal growth and the formation of chiastolite structure, where incremental growth occurred on adjacent {110} faces, with subsequent filling in and inclusion of graphite along the diagonal zones. The presence of graphite in some layers in the schist matrix prevented recrystallization of strained muscovite grains. The muscovite grains in these layers, in contrast to adjacent thin non‐graphitic layers, were preferentially replaced by quartz. This resulted in muscovite‐depletion haloes in graphitic layers around andalusite porphyroblasts. Somewhat arcuate zones of graphite, concentrated during dissolution of quartz along a crenulation cleavage, occur on some andalusite faces. Reactivation of the mylonitic foliation during the formation of D2 crenulations led to a preferential dissolution of quartz in zones of progressive shearing localized near andalusite porphyroblasts and hence the accumulation of graphite.Lack of deflection of the pre‐existing mylonitic foliation and anastomosing of the axial planes of D2 crenulations around andalusite porphyroblasts demonstrate not only the timing of growth, but also that growing porphyroblasts do not push aside existing foliations.
Metamorphic and structural evolution of the Early Proterozoic Puolankajärvi Formation, Finland – II. The pressure–temperature–deformation–composition path
Authors: TUISKU P. , LAAJOKI K. 
Published: May 2007

The paragenetic relationships between sillimanite, andalusite, kyanite, chlorite, cordierite, biotite, garnet and staurolite in the Early Proterozoic Puolankajärvi Formation (PjF), together with mineral compositions, are used to construct a partial petrogenetic grid for metapelites with significant Mn content (MnO = 0.1–0.5%) by adding a six‐phase invariant point over the garnet‐absent invariant point for Mn‐free AMF‐phases.The grid and textural relations of the PjF are used to construct part of the P–T–deformation path for the PjF. Relatively short deformation pulses and associated flow of oxidizing fluid along shear zones were responsible for the paragenetic and compositional changes during cooling and decompression at 600–500°C and 6.0–2.5 kbar. Oxidation led to decreased Fe2+ and further stressed the importance of Mn (increased Mn/divalent cations).A tectonothermal evolution of the Kainuu Schist Belt is presented which includes crustal thinning and steepening of a previously established thermal gradient. This was followed by thrusting and folding of the isotherms into a thermal antiform on the western side of the belt.
The P‐T‐d development at the basement‐cover boundary in the north‐eastern Tauern Window (Eastern Alps): Alpine continental collision
Authors: KRUHL J. H. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
At the basement‐cover boundary of the north‐eastern Tauern Window (Eastern Alps), the following Alpine P‐T‐d development has been reconstructed on the basis of macro‐ and micro‐structures as well as preferred crystallographic orientations, mineral parageneses and compositions.During increasing P‐T conditions in the greenschist facies a first period of deformation produced imbrication of the basement gneisses and cover sediments, and then monoclinal folds up to the kilometre scale. Tectonic transport was continuously top‐to‐the‐ENE. A second period of deformation began at about peak P‐T conditions of 9 kbar and c. 540–560°C in the south, and about 7–9 kbar and 490–500° C in the north; this continued locally to lower temperature. During the second period, transport was continuously top‐to‐the‐SE. Crystallographic orientations of white mica and plagioclase give particularly useful information on the kinematic framework. In addition, data on the ductile behaviour of dolomite and plagioclase can be inferred. At c. 7–9 kbar, dolomite recrystallization starts at 450–480° C, and the beginning of plagioclase recrystallization coincides with the oligoclase boundary.In general, the Alpine geodynamic history of the basement‐cover boundary may be related to continental collision processes between a northerly plate (European or Briançonnais) and a southerly (Adriatic) one. The first deformation period possibly reflects subduction of the gneiss‐sediment boundary toward the WSW, to a depth of 31–32 km. The second period may be a result of obduction toward the NW, followed by late‐stage uplift. Most of the basement domes of the eastern Tauern Window appear as a result of the final stage of the first deformation, formed prior to the peak of metamorphism, possibly partly influenced by the final collision between the northern and the southern continents.
Exhumation of high‐pressure metamorphic rocks during crustal extension in the D'Entrecasteaux region, Papua New Guinea
Authors: HILL E. J. , BALDWIN S. L. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The D'Entrecasteaux Islands of eastern Papua New Guinea consist of a number of active metamorphic core complexes formed under an extensional tectonic setting related to sea‐floor spreading in the west Woodlark Basin. The complexes are defined by mountainous domes (>2500 m high) of fault‐bounded, high‐grade metamorphic rocks (including eclogite facies) intruded by 2–4‐Ma granodiorite plutons. Garnet–clinopyroxene exchange thermometers indicate that the temperature of equilibration of the eclogites was 730–900° C. The jadeite component of omphacite indicates minimum pressure of 21 kbar, suggesting depths of >70 km.The metamorphic rocks have undergone widespread retrogression to amphibolite facies. Retrogression of the metamorphic basement is associated with shearing and formation of the metamorphic core complexes. P–T conditions in the early stages of shear zone activity, determined using the garnet–biotite exchange thermometer and the GASP and GRIPS barometers, were 570–730° C and 7–11 kbar. A second phase of re‐equilibration at much lower pressures appears to be related to the widespread intrusion of granodiorite plutons. One re‐equilibrated gneiss indicated maximum temperature of 730° C at estimated pressures of approximately 4 kbar. This late, high‐temperature metamorphism is also indicated by reactions involving the production of hercynite and corundum in aluminous gneisses and formation of sillimanite at the expense of kyanite.Two major episodes of granodiorite intrusion occurred during uplift and exhumation of the core complexes. Both closely coincide spatially with high‐temperature metamorphic rocks, the onset of deformation in extensional shear zones and subsequent uplift of the metamorphic basement. These observations indicate a fundamental link between uplift and granodiorite intrusion during continental extension and the formation of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands metamorphic core complexes.
Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska
Authors: ROESKE S. M. , DUSEL‐BACON C. , ALEINIKOFF J. N. , SNEE L. W. , LANPHERE M. A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The Ruby terrane is an elongate fragment of continental crustal rocks that is structurally overlain by thrust slices of oceanic crust. Our results from the Kokrines Hills, in the south‐central part of the Ruby terrane, demonstrate that the low‐angle schistose fabric formed under high‐P/low‐T conditions, at peak conditions of 10.8‐13.2 kbar and 425‐550° C, consistent with the rare occurrence of glaucophane. White mica 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages from these blueschists indicate that the metamorphism occurred prior to 144 ± 1 Ma. The blueschist facies assemblages are partially replaced by greenschist facies assemblages in the eastern Kokrines Hills. In contrast, in the central and western Kokrines Hills, upper amphibolite to lower granulite facies metamorphism associated with extensive late Early Cretaceous plutonism has completely overprinted any evidence of an earlier high‐P/T metamorphic history. Deformation accompanying the plutonism produced recumbent isoclinal folds in the plutonic rocks and pelitic gneisses of the wallrock; decompression reactions in the pelitic gneisses suggest that the deformation occurred during exhumation. Thermochronological data bracket the time of intrusion and cooling below 500° C between 118 ± 3 and 109 ± 1 Ma.Our data from the schists of the Ruby terrane support the general assumption of many authors that the Ruby terrane was subducted beneath an oceanic island arc. This tectonic history is similar to that described for other large continental crustal blocks in northern and central Alaska, in the Brooks Range, Seward Peninsula and Yukon‐Tanana Upland. The current orientation of the Ruby terrane at an oblique angle to these other crustal blocks and to the Cordilleran trend is due to post‐collisional tectonic processes that have greatly modified the original continental margin.
High‐pressure‐low‐temperature metamorphism of granitic orthogneiss in the Brooks Range, northern Alaska
Authors: PATRICK B. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Granitic orthogneiss is widespread throughout the metamorphic core of the Brooks Range in both the ductilely deformed blueschist/greenschist facies Schist Belt and the lower grade Central Belt (= Skajit allochthon) to the north. Orthogneiss occurs as large metaplutonic massifs and in small bodies enclosed within metasedimentary rocks. Crystallization ages for the granitic protoliths range from Proterozoic through Devonian (U‐Pb zircon); the K‐Ar system was reset during Cretaceous metamorphism. Mineral assemblages of the orthogneisses reflect nearly complete re‐equilibration during Jurassic‐Cretaceous collisional orogenesis in northern Alaska. The most common metamorphic paragenesis in orthogneiss is: Qtz + Kfs + Ab + Phe + Bt ± Ep, Ttn, Rt, Ap, Chl, Cal.Constituent minerals from 16 Brooks Range orthogneiss samples were analysed with the electron microprobe. Phengite from the Schist Belt samples is highly enriched in Al‐celadonite, with Si values up to 3.50 per formula unit (on an 11‐oxygen basis). Central Belt samples contain phengite with lower Si content (±3.38 p.f.u.). In nearly all samples, Si content of phengite varies considerably, reflecting partial re‐equilibration to lower pressure and/or higher temperature conditions. Metamorphic conditions were estimated using the Phe‐Bt‐Kfs‐Qtz barometer and the two‐feldspar solvus thermometer. The results indicate that the Schist belt underwent high‐pressure/low‐temperature metamorphism (generally 9‐12 kbar at 375‐430° C), consistent with the widespread development of glaucophane + epidote/clinozoisite and lawsonite pseudomorphs in other rock types. The Central Belt also experienced a relatively high P‐T metamorphism, with most samples yielding pressure estimates in the range 5‐8 kbar (at 325‐415° C). These results confirm the existence of two metamorphic belts in the core of the Brooks Range that differ in metamorphic conditions by up to 5 kbar. The range in Si content in phengite from Schist Belt samples is consistent with isothermal decompression of up to 5 kbar.