bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation of inhibited oxidation parameters in the range of phase transition
Authors: Kalinina I. G. , Gumargalieva K. Z. , Shlyapnikov Yu. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractParameters of inhibited oxidation of isotactic propylene containing antioxidant 2,2′‐methylene‐bis(4‐methyl‐6‐tert‐butylphenol) has been studied in the temperature range 140–210°C. Unlike polyethylene, the dependencies of inhibited oxidation parameters: of critical antioxidant concentration and of rate constant of antioxidant consumption change with temperature do not obey Arrhenius law both below and above the melting temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 312–314, 2006
Technological evaluation of reactive cyclodextrin in cotton printing with reactive and natural dyes
Authors: Hebeish A. A. , Ragheb A. A. , Nassar S. H. , Allam E. E. , El Thalouth J. I. Abd 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe chemical modification of cotton fabric with reactive cyclodextrin (R‐CD) at different concentrations was carried out to enhance the printability of cotton fabric. The extent of the modification reaction was expressed as %N. Reactive and natural dyes were used to print cotton fabric before and after modification. Printing pastes were applied immediately after preparation or after 24 h of storage. Printing fixation was performed through either steaming or thermal treatment. The effect of the incorporation of R‐CD in the printing paste of unmodified cotton was also studied. The results reveal that the extent of the modification reaction increased with increasing R‐CD concentration and so did the color strength (K/S) of the printed sample regardless of the dye used. The results also revealed that K/S of the R‐CD modified cottons were higher than that of the corresponding unmodified samples regardless of the method of fixation or the time elapsed before printing. On the other hand, the incorporation of R‐CD in the printing pastes of reactive dyes, namely, Cibacron Brown 6R‐P or Remazol Brilliant Red GG, had adverse effects, most probability due to the (a) increasing viscosity of the paste and/or (b) interaction of the reactive dye with R‐CD hydroxyls. The opposite held true when a natural dye was used. Further, the incorporation of R‐CD in the printing pastes had no effect on the rheological type of the pastes or the on overall fastness properties of the prints. Nevertheless, such an incorporation of R‐CD was accompanied by a remarkable increase in the magnitude of the apparent viscosity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 338–347, 2006
Studies on synthesis, characterization, and metal adsorption of mimosa and valonia tannin resins
Authors: Özacar Mahmut , Soykan Cengiz , Şengi̇l İ. Ayhan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA few thermosetting wood adhesive tannin resin system from formaldehyde reaction with both condensed and hydrolysable tannin has been developed. Polymerization of formaldehyde with mimosa tannin and valonia tannin was carried out at optimal conditions obtained from literature to establish the adhesive resin formulation. Formed reaction products were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The possible adsorption mechanisms for the adsorption of various metal ions onto tannin‐formaldehyde resins were proposed. Also, thermal analysis were studied and discussed by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 786–797, 2006
PH‐dependent swelling behavior and network parametes of ionic poly(N‐t‐butylacrylamide‐co‐acrylamide) hydrogels
Authors: Turan Eylem , Demirel Gökhan , Zengin Meltem , Şimsek Dilek , Çaykara Tuncer 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIonic poly(N‐t‐butylacrylamide‐co‐acrylamide) [P(TBA‐co‐AAm)] hydrogels were synthesized by the free‐radical crosslinking copolymerization of N‐t‐butylacrylamide and acrylamide monomers in fixed amounts and the maleic acid (MA) comonomer in methanol in different amounts with N,N‐methylene bis(acrylamide) as the crosslinker, ammonium persulfate as the initiator, and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylenediamine as the activator. The swelling behavior of these hydrogels was analyzed in buffer solutions at various pHs. The polymer–solvent interaction parameter (χ) and the average molecular weight between crosslinks of the ionic P(TBA‐co‐AAm) hydrogels were calculated from swelling studies in buffer solutions at various pHs and were related to the MA content. The results indicated that the swelling behavior of the ionic P(TBA‐co‐AAm) hydrogels at different pHs agreed with the modified Flory–Rehner equation based on the affine network model and the ideal Donnan theory. The enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) changes appearing in the χ parameter for the hydrogels were also determined with the modified Flory–Rehner equation. The negative values for ΔH and ΔS indicated that the hydrogels had a negative temperature‐sensitive property in water, that is, swelling at a lower temperature and shrinking at a higher temperature. The experimental swelling data of the hydrogels at different temperatures agreed with the modified Flory–Rehner approach based on the affine network model, which ensured that the sensitive dependence of the χ parameter on both the temperature and polymer concentration was taken into account. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1624–1630, 2006
Effects of spinning and drawing conditions on the crimp contraction of side‐by‐side poly(trimethylene terephthalate) bicomponent fibers
Authors: Oh Tae Hwan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe crimp properties in the melt‐spinning and drawing processes of side‐by‐side bicomponent fibers with poly(trimethylene terephthalate)s (PTTs) of different viscosities were studied. Two PTTs of different intrinsic viscosities (1.02 and 0.92) were selected to make latent crimp yarn. The spinning and drawing conditions were changed to investigate the relation between the process conditions and crimp contraction. An orthogonal array was used to rule out the weak variables. The draw ratio, heat‐set temperature, and portion of high‐viscosity PTT were selected as variables having an effect on the crimp contraction. An analysis of the effects of the spinning and drawing conditions on the crimp contraction showed that the draw ratio was the most critical variable. Increasing the draw ratio caused a difference in the shrinkage between the two parts of PTT and caused the self‐crimping of the bicomponent fibers. Although changing the heat‐set temperature and the portion of high‐viscosity PTT did not produce a dimensional change, the crimp contraction varied with those variables. As the heat‐set temperature and the high‐viscosity portion increased, the crimp contraction increased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1322–1327, 2006
Effect of the anionic‐group/cationic‐group ratio on the swelling behavior and controlled release of agrochemicals of the amphoteric, superabsorbent polymer poly(acrylic acid‐co‐diallyldimethylammonium chloride)
Authors: Xu Shimei , Wu Ronglan , Huang Xiaojuan , Cao Liqin , Wang Jide 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA series of amphoteric, superabsorbent polymers [poly(acrylic acid‐co‐diallyldimethylammonium chloride)] with different molar ratios of anionic groups to cationic groups were prepared by solution polymerization to investigate their swelling behaviors and the controlled release of agrochemicals. Various factors, including the solution pH, the concentrations of different salt solutions, and the temperature, were studied. The dynamic parameters of hydrogels at different temperatures suggested that diffusion was Fickian at lower temperatures, whereas non‐Fickian diffusion prevailed at higher temperatures. A copolymer hydrogel with a low anionic‐group/cationic‐group ratio showed a higher swelling capacity in water and higher salt tolerance. Also, the anionic‐group/cationic‐group ratio was not the dominant factor in determining the water retention. A poly(acrylic acid‐co‐diallyldimethylammonium chloride) hydrogel could control the release of agrochemicals effectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 986–991, 2006
Structure and properties of polypropylene/low‐density polyethylene blends grafted with itaconic acid in the course of reactive extrusion
Authors: Krivoguz Y. M. , Pesetskii S. S. , Jurkowski B. , Tomczyk T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study was concerned with the structural features and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) blends, which after compounding were modified by the free‐radical grafting of itaconic acid (IA) to produce [PP/LDPE]‐g‐IA in the course of reactive extrusion. To analyze the structural features of the [PP/LDPE]‐g‐IA systems, differential scanning calorimetry and relaxation spectrometry techniques were used. The data were indicative of the incompatibility of PP and LDPE in the [PP/LDPE]‐g‐IA systems on the level of crystalline phases; however, favorable interactions were observed within the amorphous phases of the polymers. Because of these interactions, the crystallization temperature of PP increased by 5–11°C, and that of LDPE increased by 1.3–2.7°C. The rapprochement of their glass‐transition temperatures was observed. The single β‐relaxation peak for the [PP/LDPE]‐g‐IA systems showed that compatibility on the level of structural units was responsible for β relaxation in the homopolymers used. Variations in the ratios of the polymers in the [PP/LDPE]‐g‐IA systems led to both nonadditive and complex changes in the viscoelastic properties as well as mechanical characteristics for the composites. Additions of up to 5 wt % PP strengthened the [PP/LDPE]‐g‐IA blended systems between the glass‐transition temperatures of LDPE and PP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1746–1754, 2006
Surface functionalization of Si3N4 nanoparticles by graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and styrene
Authors: Luo Ying , Rong Min Zhi , Zhang Ming Qiu , Friedrich Klaus 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTo improve dispersibility and interfacial interaction of nano‐Si3N4 particles in epoxy‐based composites, graft of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and styrene (St)/GMA onto the nanoparticles' surface was carried out in terms of emulsion polymerization method. The grafting polymers proved to be chemically attached to the nanoparticles via the double bonds introduced during the coupling agent pretreatment. The factors affecting the graft parameters, such as monomer concentration, initiator consumption, reaction time, etc., were investigated. It was shown that higher concentrations of monomer and initiator are favorable for the graft polymerization. When St/GMA was employed as the grafting monomer, the nanoparticles were found to play the role of polymerization loci. The grafted nanoparticles exhibit greatly improved dispersibility in cured epoxy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 992–999, 2006
Lipase‐catalyzed modification of konjac glucomannan
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Gang , Zong Min‐Hua , Li Guang‐Ji 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRegioselective acylation of konjac glucomannan (KGM) with vinyl acetate in a solvent‐free system was successfully performed using Novozym 435 as a biocatalyst. The degree of substitution (DS) of the modified KGM was used to evaluate the extent of acylation. The influence of various factors, such as water activity (aw), reaction temperature, shaking rate, enzyme dosage, and the molecular weight of KGM, on the reaction was examined. The water activity of the reaction system played a key role in the acylation of KGM. The optimum water activity, reaction temperature, shaking rate, and enzyme dosage were 0.84, 50°C, 200 rpm and 400 U/mL, respectively. It has also been found that the DS of modified KGM sample decreases with increase in KGM molecular weight. Additionally, the acylation of KGM was shown to be regioselective, with acylation occurring at the C6OH. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1335–1340, 2006
A study on the moisture sorption characteristics in woven sisal fabric reinforced natural rubber biocomposites
Authors: Jacob Maya , Varughese K. T. , Thomas Sabu 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTextile biocomposites were prepared by reinforcing natural rubber with woven sisal fabric. Sisal fabric was subjected to various chemical modifications like mercerization, silanization, and thermal treatment. The moisture uptake of the textile composites was found to depend upon fiber content as well as architecture. The mechanism of diffusion in the composites was found to be fickian in nature. The effect of chemical modification of sisal fabric on moisture uptake was also analyzed. Mercerization was seen to increase the water uptake in the composites while thermally treated fabric reinforced composites exhibited lower water uptake. The influence of temperature on water sorption of the biocomposites is also analyzed. The thermodynamic parameters of the sorption process were also evaluated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 416–423, 2006
Effect of molecular weight on dielectric properties of polyvinyl alcohol films
Authors: Joshi Girish , Pawde S. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractImpedance analysis is the best technique to reveal the microstructural details of the polymeric material. The dielectric polarization not only depends on physical and chemical properties, but also on the degree of polymerization (DP) of the polymeric material. In the present study, to understand the polarizing mechanism, two different molecular weights of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films were used for impedance analysis. Dielectric polarization of PVA film measured at normal temperature and pressure (NTP) condition by using LCR‐4282A Impedance analyzer, within the frequency range 20 Hz to 1 MHz. The importance of investigation is to know the simultaneous application of DC bias potential from 0 to 40 V with AC signal for measurement of over all electrical parameters. The result shows higher magnitude of dielectric constant for low‐molecular weight (LMW) of PVA film in comparison to higher molecular weight (HMW), which is based on Maxwell‐Wagner (M–W) theory. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1014–1016, 2006
Synthesis of tellurium containing syndiotactic polymethyl methacrylate using diphenyl ditelluride as a novel initiator
Authors: Tripathi Anjali , Srivastava Anil K. , Khandelwal Bishan L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of syndiotactic polymethyl methacrylate containing tellurium by using diphenyl ditelluride in the dioxan at (60 ± 0.1)°C for 2 h has been carried out. The presence of tellurium in the polymer has been confirmed qualitatively as well as by induced coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP‐MS). The electron spin resonance spectrum shows the presence of TėPh, and value of gyromagnetic constant g has been calculated as 2.2203. The Tg of the polymer, measured by DSC, is 105°C. The syndiotactic nature has been confirmed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy and DSC. The system follows ideal kinetics with activation energy 66 kJ mol−1. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1017–1022, 2006
Wood plastic composites by melt impregnation: Polymer retention and hardness
Authors: Zhang Yaolin , Zhang S. Y. , Chui Ying Hei , Wan Hui , Bousmina Mosto 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWood plastic composites were prepared through impregnation of solid wood with polyethylene. The effects of impregnation parameters on polymer retention and hardness were investigated. A screening strategy of 16‐run resolution IV design for seven factors at two levels was adopted. The seven factors were: ratio of maleated polyethylene in formulations, ratio of polyethylenes with different molecular weights, four process factors (vacuum, pressure, time, and temperature), and wood species (red maple and aspen). Polymer retention (PR) and Brinell hardness (HB) were investigated and discussed on the basis of the impregnation parameters. The present work showed that process parameters (pressure and temperature), polymer impregnants (different molecular weight polyethylenes), and wood species contributed significantly to PR and HB. Increasing pressure and temperature resulted in a higher PR and HB, whereas increasing the molecular weight of polyethylene and switching wood species from aspen to red maple gave a lower PR and HB. This study was aimed at understanding how impregnation parameters affect the final properties of wood plastic composites and developing an optimal fabrication process for wood plastic composites.
© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1672–1680, 2006
Preparation of porous poly(lactic acid)/Sio2 hybrid microspheres
Authors: Wang Hualin , Fang Mingshan , Shi Tiejun , Zhai Linfeng , Tang Chao 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWith 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as coupling agent, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/SiO2 hybrid material was prepared to produce poly(lactic acid)/SiO2 hybrid microspheres (PLAHs) with porous structure bythe oil‐in‐water, single‐emulsion solvent evaporation method. Field scanning electron microscopy results show that the PLAHs were porous microspheres about 20 μm in diameter. The holes in the PLAHs opened outside and were not complicated. A nitrogen adsorption–desorption experiment showed that the nitrogen adsorbed in the holes was easily desorbed, and the specific surface area of the PLAHs was calculated to be 6.87 m2/g according to the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller equation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results show that PLA was amidated with APTES successfully and formed a kind of organic–inorganic hybrid material by hydrolysis and con‐condensation with tetraethoxysilane. Moreover, the molecular structure of the hybrid material was confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry results show that the melting point ofthe PLAHs was higher than that of PLA by about 11.2°C. These PLAHs may be used in the controlled release of drugs by the embedding of the drugs in the holes of the PLAHs, and the drug loading amount can be controlled by the size and number of holes in the PLAHs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 679–683, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane urea based on fluorine‐containing bisphenoxydiamine
Authors: Qin Xiu‐Min , Fang Fang , Yang Xiao‐Hui , Wang Xin‐Ling , Zheng Zhen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA fluorine‐containing bisphenoxydiamine, 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane (BAPF6P), was synthesized and characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), NMR, and elemental analysis. The obtained BAPF6P was used as a chain extender to prepare polyurethane urea (PUU), whose morphology and properties were measured through FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, tensile measurements, and atomic force microscopy. The results show that the PUU elastomers based on BAPF6P exhibited good mechanical properties and thermal stability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1863–1869, 2006
Synthesis, structure, and properties of new methacrylic derivatives of naphthalene‐2,3‐diol
Authors: Gawdzik Barbara , Podkościelna Beata , Bartnicki Andrzej 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of a new monomer, 2,3‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxypropoxy)naphthalene, and its copolymerization with divinylbenzene is presented. This monomer was obtained from naphthalene‐2,3‐diol in a two‐step synthesis. Copolymers in the form of porous microspheres were prepared by a suspension‐emulsion polymerization method. As pore‐forming diluents, toluene, 1‐decanol, benzyl alcohol, and their mixtures were used. In studies of their porous structure, two methods were used: the adsorption of nitrogen at low temperatures, which provided information about the porous structure of the material in a dry state, and inverse exclusion chromatography, which provided information about the porous structure of the polymer swollen by a good solvent. The obtained results suggest that the porous structures for the dry and swollen polymers were different. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1886–1895, 2006
Effect of geometry and surface properties of silicates on nanostructuration of suspension in precursors of an epoxy/amine network
Authors: Boukerrou Amar , Duchet Jannick , Fellahi Said , Sautereau Henry 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSeveral lamellar silicates (Montmorillonite, Hectorite, Mica) showing different host structures and aspect ratios were modified with octadecylammonium ions by a cationic exchange process. The resulting organoclays were characterized using thermal gravimetric analysis and X‐ray diffraction, which allowed us to estimate the amount of surfactants within the organoclays and their organization in the interlamellar spacing. Some local pseudo‐organizations were found and checked by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The interactions of organophilic silicates were evaluated, without any shear, with the precursors of a rubbery epoxy/amine network. These silicate/monomers interactions were monitored via the measurements of the interlamellar swelling, the surface energies and the physical gel formation. The organoclays used form gels in the monomers above the percolation threshold if no shear is applied and present a gel/sol transition at a critical shear stress. Gel strength determined from storage modulus and viscosity values determined at high shear rates reveal different organizations of clay in the monomers depending on the silicate aspect ratio and silicate/monomers interactions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1380–1390, 2006
Abrasion phenomena in twill tencel fabric
Authors: Abdullah Iram , Blackburn Richard S. , Russell Stephen J. , Taylor Jim 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe abrasion characteristics of Tencel fabrics were evaluated by Martindale abrasion and laundering, and the breakdown mechanism of fibers was surveyed by scanning electron microscopy. The fabric was subjected to pad‐dry‐cure treatment with two different types of modified dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea resins (Reaktant DH and Reaktant FC). Although the degree of dry abrasion varied with different resins, the damage exhibited by individual fibers differed little from untreated to resin‐treated; the major mechanism of abrasion was through friction, and the mechanism of fiber failure was multiple splitting and transverse cracking. In untreated Tencel, the characteristic feature of wet abrasion was massive fibrillation, and in crosslinked fabrics, the wet abrasion mechanism was through fiber slippage and slicing action, although in the Reaktant FC‐treated fabric, the wet abrasion mechanism was more through slicing than through fiber splitting. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1391–1398, 2006
Synthesis and crystallization behavior of segmented copolyesters/silica composites
Authors: Zhao Yun Hui , Li Li‐Li , Yuan Xu‐Bo , Sheng Jing 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSilica were introduced to segmented copolyester system (poly(butylene terephthalate)‐poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐isophthalate‐co‐sebacate) (PBT‐PETIS)) by in situ polymerization. Investigations on melting behavior and crystalline structure were undertaken, and the dispersion situation of silica in segmented copolyester composites was detected. A diverse crystallization characteristic has been found when the modified Avrami analytical method was applied to investigate nonisothermal crystallization behavior of the composites. Crystallization rate was restricted rather than be promoted by increasing loading of silica. The values of Avrami exponent ranged from 2.25 to 2.45, presenting a mechanism of three‐dimensional spherulitic growth with heterogeneous nucleation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1052–1058, 2006