bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Impact Evaluation of Feeds Prepared from Food Residues Using Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Ogino Akifumi , Hirooka Hiroyuki , Ikeguchi Atsuo , Tanaka Yasuo , Waki Miyoko , Yokoyama Hiroshi , Kawashima Tomoyuki 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThere is increasing concern about feeds prepared from food residues (FFR) from an environmental viewpoint; however, various forms of energy are consumed in the production of FFR. Environmental impacts of three scenarios were therefore investigated and compared using life cycle assessment (LCA): production of liquid FFR by sterilization with heat (LQ), production of dehydrated FFR by dehydration (DH), and disposal of food residues by incineration (IC). The functional unit was defined as 1 kg dry matter of produced feed standardized to a fixed energy content. The system boundaries included collection of food residues and production of feed from food residues. In IC, food residues are incinerated as waste, and thus the impacts of production and transportation of commercial concentrate feeds equivalent to the FFR in the other scenarios are included in the analysis. Our results suggested that the average amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from LQ, DH, and IC were 268, 1073, and 1066 g of CO2 equivalent, respectively. The amount of GHG emissions from LQ was remarkably small, indicating that LQ was effective for reducing the environmental impact of animal production. Although the average amount of GHG emissions from DH was nearly equal to that from IC, a large variation of GHG emissions was observed among the DH units. The energy consumption of the three scenarios followed a pattern similar to that of GHG emissions. The water consumption of the FFR‐producing units was remarkably smaller than that of IC due to the large volumes of water consumed in forage crop production.
Prediction of Radionuclide Aging in Soils from the Chernobyl and Mediterranean Areas
Authors: Roig M. , Vidal M. , Rauret G. , Rigol A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aging of soil‐pollutant interaction, which may lead to an increase in pollutant fixation, is the main driving force in the natural attenuation of contaminated soils. Here a test was evaluated to predict the aging of radiostrontium and radiocesium in soils from the Chernobyl and Mediterranean areas. After contamination, soils were maintained at various temperatures for up to 12 mo, with or without drying–wetting (DW) cycles. Changes in the quantity of radionuclide reversibly sorbed over time were monitored using an extraction test (1 mol L−1 NH4Cl; 10 mL g−1; 16 h). The fixed fraction could not be predicted from soil properties controlling the sorption step. Aging was not as relevant for Sr as for Cs. The time elapsed since contamination was the main factor responsible for the slight (up to 1.3‐fold) decreases in Sr extraction yields. The additional effect of DW cycles was negligible. Instead, all factors accelerated Cs aging due to the enhancement of Cs trapping by clay interlayer collapse, with up to 20‐fold increases in Cs fixation. The DW cycles also caused secondary effects on the Cs‐specific sorption pool, which were beneficial or detrimental depending on the soil type. Extraction yields from laboratory aged samples agreed with those from field samples taken a few years after the Chernobyl accident. These results confirm the prediction capacity of the laboratory test and its usefulness in risk assessment exercises and in the design of intervention actions, particularly because neither fixation nor aging were related to the soil properties, such as clay content.
Agri‐environmental Thresholds using Mehlich III Soil Phosphorus Saturation Index for Vegetables in Histosols
Authors: Guérin Julie , Parent Léon‐Étienne , Abdelhafid Rahima 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe P concentration in Norton Creek which drains cultivated Histosols in Quebec showed median concentration exceeding up to 14 times the environmental guideline of 0.03 mg total P L−1 The aim of this study was to develop environmental and agronomic thresholds using soil tests to provide a tool for P management in Histosols. Soil samples were collected from Histosols across Quebec (82) and in fertilizer trials (66) to calibrate soil test methods against the degree of P saturation (DPSOX) using the acid‐oxalate method and setting αm = 0.4, and the water‐extractable P (PW) (Sissingh, 1971). The field trials on crop response to added P were conducted with carrots (8), potatoes (11), onions (10), Chinese cabbage (7), celery (10), and lettuce (20). Relative yields were computed as yield in control without P divided by highest yield with added P. The Mehlich III (M‐III) P extraction was more closely related (r2 = 0.73) to DPSOX than the Bray 1 method (r2 = 0.62) and the Florida extraction method (r2 = 0.53). The [P/(Al+γFe)]M‐III ratio as index of P saturation (IPSM‐III) was the most closely related to DPSOX (r2 = 0.88) setting γ = 5. The critical [P/(Al+5Fe)]M‐III ratio of 0.05 at DPSOX = 0.25 and PW = 9.7 mg P L−1 was validated by an independent study from North Carolina. The soil group (low‐ vs. high‐IPSM‐III soils) significantly influenced crop response to added P. Critical agronomic IPSM‐III values were found between 0.10 and 0.15. Those environmental and agronomic benchmarks are instrumental for managing the P in vegetable‐grown Histosols.
Removal of Perchlorate from Contaminated Waters Using Surfactant‐Modified Zeolite
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Avudzega David M. , Bowman Robert S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe investigated the potential of using surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammonium)‐modified zeolite (SMZ) as an inexpensive sorbent for removing perchlorate (ClO4−) from contaminated waters in the presence of competing anions. In batch systems, the presence of 10 mM OH− (i.e., pH 12), CO32−, Cl−, or SO42− had little effect on the sorption of ClO4− by SMZ, indicating that the sorption of ClO4− by SMZ was very selective. The presence of 10 mM NO3−, however, reduced the sorption of ClO4− at low initial concentrations. The maximum sorption capacity for ClO4− by the SMZ remained relatively constant (40–47 mmol kg−1), in the absence or presence of the competing ions. In flow‐through systems, ClO4− broke through the SMZ columns much later than other anions present in an artificial ground water. The affinity of the anions for SMZ followed the sequence of ClO4− > > NO3− > SO42− > Cl− Perchlorate loading under dynamic flow‐through conditions was 34 mmol kg−1, somewhat less than the maximum loading of 40 to 47 mmol kg−1 determined by the batch method. Less than 1% of previously sorbed ClO4− was leached out by ultra‐pure water, by extraction fluid #1 of the standard toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), or by a solution of 0.28 M Na2CO3/0.5 M NaOH. About 40% of the previously sorbed ClO4− was leached out from SMZ by a 0.5 M NO3− solution. The exchange of ClO4− with NO3− corroborated results of the batch tests where NO3− was shown to compete with ClO4− sorption.
Spatial Analysis of a Large Magnitude Erosion Event Following a Sierran Wildfire
Authors: Carroll Erin M. , Miller Wally W. , Johnson Dale W. , Saito Laurel , Qualls Robert G. , Walker Roger F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHigh intensity wildfire due to long‐term fire suppression and heavy fuels buildup can render watersheds highly susceptible to wind and water erosion. The 2002 “Gondola” wildfire, located just southeast of Lake Tahoe, NV‐CA, was followed 2 wk later by a severe hail and rainfall event that deposited 7.6 to 15.2 mm of precipitation over a 3 to 5 h time period. This resulted in a substantive upland ash and sediment flow with subsequent down‐gradient riparian zone deposition. Point measurements and ESRI ArcView were applied to spatially assess source area contributions and the extent of ash and sediment flow deposition in the riparian zone. A deposition mass of 380 Mg of ash and sediment over 0.82 ha and pre‐wildfire surface bulk density measurements were used in conjunction with two source area assessments to generate an estimation of 10.1 mm as the average depth of surface material eroded from the upland source area. Compared to previous measurements of erosion during rainfall simulation studies, the erosion of 1800 to 6700 g m−2 mm−1 determined from this study was as much as four orders of magnitude larger. Wildfire, followed by the single event documented in this investigation, enhanced soil water repellency and contributed 17 to 67% of the reported 15 to 60 mm ky−1 of non‐glacial, baseline erosion rates occurring in mountainous, granitic terrain sites in the Sierra Nevada. High fuel loads now common to the Lake Tahoe Basin increase the risk that similar erosion events will become more commonplace, potentially contributing to the accelerated degradation of Lake Tahoe's water clarity.
Comparison of Phosphorus Forms in Wet and Dried Animal Manures by Solution Phosphorus‐31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Authors: He Zhongqi , Cade‐Menun Barbara J. , Toor Gurpal S. , Fortuna Ann‐Marie , Honeycutt C. Wayne , Sims J. Thomas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBoth enzymatic hydrolysis and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been used to characterize P compounds in animal manures. In this study, we comparatively investigated P forms in 0.25 M NaOH/0.05 M EDTA extracts of dairy and poultry manures by the two methods. For the dairy manure, enzymatic hydrolysis revealed that the majority of extracted P was inorganic P (56%), with 10% phytate‐like P, 9% simple monoester P, 6% polynucleotide‐like P, and 18% non‐hydrolyzable P. Similar results were obtained by NMR spectroscopy, which showed that inorganic P was the major P fraction (64–73%), followed by 6% phytic acid, 14 to 22% other monoesters, and 7% phosphodiesters. In the poultry manure, enzymatic hydrolysis showed that inorganic P was the largest fraction (71%), followed by 15% phytate‐like P and 1% other monoesters, and 3% polynucleotide‐like P. NMR spectroscopy revealed that orthophosphate was 51 to 63% of extracted P, phytic acid 24 to 33%, other phosphomonoesters 6 to 12%, and phospholipids and DNA 2% each. Drying process increased orthophosphate (8.4% of total P) in dairy manure, but decreased orthophosphate (13.3% of total P) in poultry manure, suggesting that drying treatment caused the hydrolysis of some organic P to orthophosphate in dairy manure, but less recovery of orthophosphate in poultry manure. Comparison of these data indicates that the distribution patterns of major P forms in animal manure determined by the two methods were similar. Researchers can utilize the method that best fits their specific research goals or use both methods to obtain a full spectrum of manure P characterization.
High Glucose Impairs Early and Late Endothelial Progenitor Cells by Modifying Nitric Oxide–Related but Not Oxidative Stress–Mediated Mechanisms
Authors: Chen Yung-Hsiang , Lin Shing-Jong , Lin Feng-Yen , Wu Tao-Cheng , Tsao Chen-Rong , Huang Po-Hsun , Liu Po-Len , Chen Yuh-Lien , Chen Jaw-Wen 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE—Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are impaired in diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the direct effects of high glucose on EPCs.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Mononuclear cells isolated from healthy subjects were incubated with glucose/mannitol or drugs for EPC study. After 4 days of culture, attached early EPCs appeared. The monolayer late EPCs with cobblestone shape appeared at 2–4 weeks. Various immunofluroscence stainings were used to characterize the early and late EPCs. Senescence assay and the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were determined. Migration and tube formation assay were done to evaluate the capacity for vasculogenesis in late EPCs.
RESULTS—Chronic incubation with high glucose but not mannitol (osmotic control) dose-dependently reduced the number and proliferation of early and late EPCs, respectively. High glucose enhanced EPC senescence and impaired the migration and tube formation of late EPCs. High glucose also decreased eNOS, FoxO1, and Akt phosphorylation and bioavailable nitric oxide (NO) in both EPCs. The effects of high glucose could be ameliorated by coincubation with NO donor sodium nitroprusside or p38 mitogen–activated protein kinase inhibitor and deteriorated by eNOS inhibitor or PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase) inhibitor. Antioxidants including vitamin C, N-acetylcysteine–and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated superoxide dismutase, and PEG-catalase had no effects, whereas pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, diphenyleneiodonium, apocynin, and rotenone even deteriorated the downregulation of both EPCs.
CONCLUSIONS—High glucose impaired the proliferation and function of early and late EPCs. NO donor but not antioxidants reversed the impairments, suggesting the role of NO-related rather than oxidative stress–mediated mechanisms in hyperglycemia-caused EPC downregulation.
Implantation Site–Dependent Dysfunction of Transplanted Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Lau Joey , Mattsson Göran , Carlsson Carina , Nyqvist Daniel , Köhler Martin , Berggren Per-Olof , Jansson Leif , Carlsson Per-Ola 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE—Clinical islet transplantations are performed through infusion of islets via the portal vein into the liver. This study aimed at characterizing the influence of the implantation microenvironment on islet graft metabolism and function.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Islets were transplanted into their normal environment, i.e., the pancreas, or intraportally into the liver of mice. One month posttransplantation, the transplanted islets were retrieved and investigated for changes in function and gene expression.
RESULTS—Insulin content, glucose-stimulated insulin release, (pro)insulin biosynthesis, and glucose oxidation rate were markedly decreased in islets retrieved from the liver, both when compared with islets transplanted into the pancreas and endogenous islets. Islets transplanted into the pancreas showed normal insulin content, (pro)insulin biosynthesis, and glucose oxidation rate but increased basal insulin secretion and impaired glucose stimulation index. Gene expression data for retrieved islets showed downregulation of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene-1, GLUT-2, glucokinase, mitochondrial glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate carboxylase, preferentially in intraportally transplanted islets.
CONCLUSIONS—Islets transplanted into their normal microenvironment, i.e., the pancreas, display gene expression changes when compared with endogenous islets but only moderate changes in metabolic functions. In contrast, site-specific properties of the liver markedly impaired the metabolic functions of intraportally transplanted islets.
Global Assessment of Regulation of Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 by Insulin In Vivo in Human Muscle
Authors: Yi Zhengping , Langlais Paul , De Filippis Elena A. , Luo Moulun , Flynn Charles R. , Schroeder Stefanie , Weintraub Susan T. , Mapes Rebekka , Mandarino Lawrence J. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE—Research has focused on insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 as a locus for insulin resistance. Tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 initiates insulin signaling, whereas serine/threonine phosphorylation alters the ability of IRS-1 to transduce the insulin signal. Of 1,242 amino acids in IRS-1, 242 are serine/threonine. Serine/threonine phosphorylation of IRS-1 is affected by many factors, including insulin. The purpose of this study was to perform global assessment of phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues in IRS-1 in vivo in humans.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this study, we describe our use of capillary high-performance liquid chromotography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to identify/quantify site-specific phosphorylation of IRS-1 in human vastus lateralis muscle obtained by needle biopsy basally and after insulin infusion in four healthy volunteers.
RESULTS—Twenty-two serine/threonine phosphorylation sites were identified; 15 were quantified. Three sites had not been previously identified (Thr495, Ser527, and S1005). Insulin increased the phosphorylation of Ser312, Ser616, Ser636, Ser892, Ser1101, and Ser1223 (2.6 ± 0.4, 2.9 ± 0.8, 2.1 ± 0.3, 1.6 ± 0.1, 1.3 ± 0.1, and 1.3 ± 0.1–fold, respectively, compared with basal; P &lt; 0.05); phosphorylation of Ser348, Thr446, Thr495, and Ser1005 decreased (0.4 ± 0.1, 0.2 ± 0.1, 0.1 ± 0.1, and 0.3 ± 0.2–fold, respectively; P &lt; 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS—These results provide an assessment of IRS-1 phosphorylation in vivo and show that insulin has profound effects on IRS-1 serine/threonine phosphorylation in healthy humans.
Reduction in Microalbuminuria as an Integrated Indicator for Renal and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Araki Shin-ichi , Haneda Masakazu , Koya Daisuke , Hidaka Hideki , Sugimoto Toshiro , Isono Motohide , Isshiki Keiji , Chin-Kanasaki Masami , Uzu Takashi , Kashiwagi Atsunori 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE—Microalbuminuria in diabetic patients is a predictor for diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical impact of reducing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients in an observational follow-up study.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We enrolled 216 type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria during an initial 2-year evaluation period and observed them for the next 8 years. Remission and a 50% reduction of microalbuminuria were defined as a shift to normoalbuminuria and a reduction &lt;50% from the initial level of microalbuminuria. The association between reducing microalbuminuria and first occurrence of a renal or cardiovascular event and annual decline rate of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was evaluated.
RESULTS—Twelve events occurred in 93 patients who attained a 50% reduction of microalbuminuria during the follow-up versus 35 events in 123 patients without a 50% reduction. The cumulative incidence rate of events was significantly lower in patients with a 50% reduction. A pooled logistic regression analysis revealed that the adjusted risk for events in subjects after a 50% reduction was 0.41 (95% CI 0.15–0.96). In addition, the annual decline rate of eGFR in patients with a 50% reduction was significantly slower than in those without such a reduction. The same results were also found in the analysis regarding whether remission occurred.
CONCLUSIONS—The present study provides clinical evidence implying that a reduction of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients is an integrated indicator for renal and cardiovascular risk reduction.
GAD Autoantibody Affinity and Epitope Specificity Identify Distinct Immunization Profiles in Children at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Mayr Anja , Schlosser Michael , Grober Natalie , Kenk Heidrun , Ziegler Anette G. , Bonifacio Ezio , Achenbach Peter 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE—Autoantibodies to insulin and GAD are features of preclinical type 1 diabetes in children. For insulin autoantibodies, the antibody affinity and epitope specificity predict which children progress to diabetes. We asked whether autoantibodies to GAD (GADAs) are heterogeneous in affinity and epitope recognition and whether diabetes-related GADA are restricted to high-affinity responses.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—GADA affinity was measured by competitive binding experiments with [125I]-labeled and -unlabeled recombinant human GAD65 in the first GADA-positive sample from 95 children with a type 1 diabetes family history who were prospectively followed from birth and in follow-up samples from 65 of these children.
RESULTS—At first GADA appearance, affinity ranged from 107 to 1010 l/mol. Affinity was higher in multiple islet autoantibody-positive children (P &lt; 0.0001) and in HLA DR3–positive children (P = 0.006). GADA affinities were &gt;109 l/mol in 52 of 53 multiple autoantibody-positive children. In contrast, children who were single GADA positive often had lower affinity GADA and/or GADA with specificities that were restricted to minor NH2-terminal GAD65 epitopes. At follow-up, affinity increased from low to high in 3 of 65 children. All 24 children who developed diabetes had high-affinity GADAs before diabetes onset.
CONCLUSIONS—Children develop discrete, heterogeneous antibody responses to GAD that could arise from distinct immunization events, only some of which are diabetes relevant. Subtyping the GADA responses using affinity measurement will improve type 1 diabetes risk assessment.
Transient Upregulation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Dendritic Cells by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Downregulates Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Ueno Aito , Cho Suzanne , Cheng Lu , Wang Jianxiong , Hou Sheng , Nakano Hiroko , Santamaria Pere , Yang Yang 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE—Pregnancy induces a state of immunological tolerance that aims at suppressing immune responses against the fetus and has been linked to temporal remission of preexisting autoimmune disorders. To understand the mechanisms of this reversible immune regulation, we investigated the role of a key pregnancy hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), in immune tolerance against autoimmune type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We injected hCG into cytokine gene–deficient NOD mice and evaluated the effects of hCG administration on T-cells and dendritic cells (DCs).
RESULTS—We show that administration of hCG to NOD mice inhibits both the activation of diabetogenic CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, in vitro and in vivo, and the progression of type 1 diabetes by upregulating the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in DCs. IDO upregulation is transient and declined shortly after hCG withdrawal. DC depletion restores the diabetetogenic activity of splenic T-cells from hCG-treated mice, and inhibition of IDO activity by 1-methyl-tryptophan abrogates the hCG-induced T-cell suppression and resistance to type 1 diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS—We propose that hCG-induced upregulation of IDO in DCs plays a major role in pregnancy-associated resistance to autoimmunity.
Adipogenesis in Obesity Requires Close Interplay Between Differentiating Adipocytes, Stromal Cells, and Blood Vessels
Authors: Nishimura Satoshi , Manabe Ichiro , Nagasaki Mika , Hosoya Yumiko , Yamashita Hiroshi , Fujita Hideo , Ohsugi Mitsuru , Tobe Kazuyuki , Kadowaki Takashi , Nagai Ryozo , Sugiura Seiryo 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE—The expansion of adipose tissue mass seen in obesity involves both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of adipocytes. However, little is known about how adipocytes, adipocyte precursors, blood vessels, and stromal cells interact with one another to achieve adipogenesis.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We have developed a confocal microscopy-based method of three-dimensional visualization of intact living adipose tissue that enabled us to simultaneously evaluate angiogenesis and adipogenesis in db/db mice.
RESULTS—We found that adipocyte differentiation takes place within cell clusters (which we designated adipogenic/angiogenic cell clusters) that contain multiple cell types, including endothelial cells and stromal cells that express CD34 and CD68 and bind lectin. There were close spatial and temporal interrelationships between blood vessel formation and adipogenesis, and the sprouting of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature was coupled to adipocyte differentiation. CD34+ CD68+ lectin-binding cells could clearly be distinguished from CD34− CD68+ macrophages, which were scattered in the stroma and did not bind lectin. Adipogenic/angiogenic cell clusters can morphologically and immunohistochemically be distinguished from crown-like structures frequently seen in the late stages of adipose tissue obesity. Administration of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies inhibited not only angiogenesis but also the formation of adipogenic/angiogenic cell clusters, indicating that the coupling of adipogenesis and angiogenesis is essential for differentiation of adipocytes in obesity and that VEGF is a key mediator of that process.
CONCLUSIONS—Living tissue imaging techniques provide novel evidence of the dynamic interactions between differentiating adipocytes, stromal cells, and angiogenesis in living obese adipose tissue.