bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON INFRAGENERIC NAMES IN PHYTOLACCA (PHYTOLACCACEAE)
Authors: Rogers George K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe illegitimate names subg. “Pircunia,” its sect. “Pircunia,” and sect. “Pircuniopsis” in another non‐typical subgenus of the genus Phytolacca are changed to subg. Pircuniastrum, sect. Pircuniastrum, and sect. Pseudolacca. A lectotype is supplied for Moquin‐Tandon's illegitimate generic name “Pircunia.”
An examination of the holotype of × Dupontopoa dezhnevii Prob. (Poaceae)
Authors: Darbyshire Stephen J. , Cayouette Jacques 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDarbyshire, S. J. & Cayouette. J.: An examination of the holotype of × Dupontopoa dezhnevii Prob. (Poaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 737‐743. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The type specimen of ×Dupontopoa dezhnevii Prob, was examined. It is composed of 3 discordant elements, none of which would seem to be a hybrid resulting from the proposed parentage. The name is lectotypified on an element identified as Poa eminens. Taxonomic and nomenclatural implications of the observations are discussed. The synonymy for P. eminens is given.
Clarification of synonymy for the common moth‐vine Araujia sericifera (Asclepiadaceae)
Authors: Forster Paul I. , Bruyns Peter V. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryForster, P. I. & Bruyns, P. V.: Clarification of synonymy for the common moth‐vine Araujia sericifera (Asclepiadaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 746‐749. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The synonymy of the South American climber Araujia sericifera Brot., which is widely naturalized in temperate and subtropical regions, is clarified. Plants of this species have been commonly referred to as A. sericofera (an incorrect orthographic variant) or as A. hortorum Fourn. Lectotypes are designated for A. sericifera Brot., A. hortorum Fourn. and Physianthus albens C. Martius.
Culton versus taxon: conceptual issues in cultivated plant systematics
Authors: Hetterscheid W. L. A. , Brandenburg W. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHetterscheid, W. L. A. & Brandenburg, W. A.: Culton versus taxon: conceptual issues in cultivated plant systematics. – Taxon 44: 161‐175. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The systematics of cultivated plants need to be divorced from a number of confusing ties with the systematics of plants found in nature. These ties have been developed in time because systematic groups of cultivated plants have often been looked upon as proper taxa and treated accordingly in classifications and nomenclature. It is shown that cultivated plants and their special purpose taxonomy are part of a different context (human society) than the context of taxonomy of plants in nature (evolution). A general concept of systematic groups of cultivated plants, termed “culton”, is here proposed to end this confusion. The most important ranks of culta, viz. the cultivar and the cultivar group, are discussed and their definitions purified from imprecise elements. It is shown that the culton/taxon confusion has led to systematic/taxonomic misnomers and a far too complicated nomenclature for cultivated plants.
Electrophoretic studies of seed proteins in relation to chromosomal criteria and the relationships of some taxa of Trifolium
Authors: Badr A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBadr, A.: Electrophoretic studies of seed proteins in relation to chromosomal criteria and the relationships of some taxa of Trifolium. – Taxon 44: 183‐191. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Electrophoretic seed protein patterns of 30 samples belonging to 20 species and four sections of Trifolium, treated by numerical analysis, as well as karyotype data for the same samples, are discussed in the light of current sectional and subsectional delimitation. The grouping of taxa in T. sect. Mistyllus and sect. Vesicaria, both with a basic chromosome number of x = 8, agree with their previous sectional delimitation based on morphological characters, and with chromosomal features such as karyotype symmetry. In T. sect. Trifolium five samples representing four species (three with x = 7) were grouped together, whereas T. rubens (x = 8) of the same section was found most similar to some species of T. sect. Lotoidea. In the latter section, the grouping of a number of species was anomalous as exemplified by the low levels of similarity between species of T. subsect. Platystylium, among which T. tembense showed closer affinity to the species in T. sect. Mistyllus. T. sect. Lotoidea appears as a heterogeneous group in which species relationship requires reconsideration.
Is inclusion of an uncited plate along with text definite expression of typification?
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , van Wyk A. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySmith, G. F. & Wyk, A. E. van: Is inclusion of an uncited plate along with text definite expression of typification? – Taxon 44: 217‐220. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.It is shown that the word “included” as used in the Code (Art. 9 Note 1) should not be taken to only mean “cited in the protologue”. Such a restrictive interpretation might lead to the undesirable and destabilizing retypification of names where perfectly unambiguous but uncited plates exist, either unpublished or published prior to or together with the protologue. If such a plate is the only element used by the author of the validating description or diagnosis, it is the holotype, whether cited as such or not. If other elements (specimens) exist upon which the original description was based, the illustration is usually precluded from designation as the lectotype and a specimen is to be preferred, but if no specimen has survived, the illustration is the obligate lectotype.
Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 38
Authors: Brummitt R. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBrummitt, R. K.: Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 38. – Taxon 42: 687–697. 1993. ‐ISSN 0040‐0262.Recommendations are made on 26 published proposals to conserve and/or reject names and three unpublished requests for decisions on homonymy (confusability of similarly spelled names).
New measurements of distribution of homoplasy and reliability of parsimonious cladograms
Authors: Sang Tao 
Published: April 2006

SummarySang, T.: New measurements of distribution of homoplasy and reliability of parsimonious cladograms. – Taxon 44: 77‐82. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Levels of homoplasy, measured by consistency index (CI) or retention index (RI), have been commonly used as indicators of reliability of parsimonious cladograms. Less attention has been paid to distribution of homoplasy which, however, may be another important parameter for estimating the reliability of cladograms. Average unit character consistency (AUCC), measuring distribution of homoplasy among the characters on parsimonious cladograms, is defined as the average of total unit character consistencies. When cladograms with the same CI are compared, the one with the largest AUCC also has the most asymmetric distribution of homoplasy, i.e., it is compatible with the largest portion of the characters, and homoplasy is concentrated in the smallest portion of cladistically unreliable or fast evolved characters of this cladogram. Homoplasy distribution index (HDI) is defined as the difference between the AUCC and CI, and can be used to compare distribution of homoplasy among cladograms with similar levels of homoplasy. A new measurement of the reliability of parsimonious cladograms, homoplasy distribution ratio (HDR), is defined as the ratio of the HDI to the homoplasy index (HI).
Lectotypification of Achillea cretica (Compositae, Anthemideae)
Authors: Valant‐Vetschera Karin 
Published: April 2006

SummaryValant‐Vetschera, K.: Lectotypification of Achillea cretica (Compositae, Anthemideae). – Taxon 44: 91‐96. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A specimen from the Burser Herbarium is selected as the lectotype of Achillea ereticai L. on the basis of literature and herbarium studies. As historical background, treatments of this species in pre‐Linnaean literature and herbaria are briefly discussed.
Disciplining botany: a taxonomic problem
Authors: Smocovitis V. B. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySmocovitis, V. B.: Disciplining botany: a taxonomic problem. — Taxon 41: 459‐470. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.This article offers historical and philosophical perspectives on the debate generated by the proposed name change of the Botanical Society of America. Historical and philosophical examination of the lives of disciplines like botany reveal a process of ordering and systematization analogous to botanical practices. The taxonomist of knowledge like the taxonomist of plants constructs categories or groupings which are provisional constructs of the disciplined “eye” of the taxonomist. The emergence of botany — a category or “branch” of knowledge — has been disciplined as such a category, and along with it has come the contentious issue of proper accurate naming of the practice. The “growth” of botany — especially in America — is examined through a re‐examination of representations of the “trees of knowledge”.
Genomically preserved plants and their nomenclature
Authors: Werth Charles R. , Lellinger David B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWerth, C. R. & Lellinger, D. B.: Genomically preserved plants and their nomenclature. — Taxon 41: 513–521. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.Species that hybridize to form allopolyploids may become extinct, yet may be discovered and characterized through the continued existence and expression of their genomes in their allopolyploid descendants. For purposes of nomenclature, these genomically preserved plants (GPPs) form a third category of plants, along with recent plants and fossils, with which they share certain kinds of characters. GPPs are essential to understanding the phylogeny of some species complexes and can be included as OTUs in phenetic and phylogenetic analyses. A means to provide for the naming, description, and typification of taxa of genomically preserved plants needs to be included in the International code of botanical nomenclature.
Tasmanites, the correct name for Pachysphaera (Prasinophyceae, Pterospermataceae)
Authors: Boalch Gerald T. , Guy‐Ohlson Dorothy 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBoalch, G. T. & Guy‐Ohlson, D.: Tasmanites, the correct name for Pachysphaera (Prasinophyceae, Pterospermataceae). — Taxon 41: 529–531. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.Results from current comparative morphological studies of both the phycoma and motile stages of fossil and modern Prasinophyceae indicate generic identity between the fossil Tasmanites E. Newton and the modern Pachysphaera Ostenfeld. According to Article 58 of the International code of botanical nomenclature, names of fossil taxa yield priority to names of non‐fossil taxa, but with algae excepted. Thus Tasmanites is the correct name for the taxon currently known as Pachysphaera.
Nyssa‐like fossil pollen: A case for stabilizing nomenclature
Authors: Eyde Richard H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEyde, R. H.: Nyssa‐like fossil pollen: A case for stabilizing nomenclature. ‐ Taxon 40: 75–88. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.A review of the literature on Nyssa‐like pollen in the fossil record reveals an unsurpassed nomenclatural snarl. There are repeated difficulties in determining whether names were validly published or not, let alone deciding on the correct name for a given taxon. Something is needed to clean up the past and avoid such snarls in the future.
Further comments on an ophioglossoid archetype for the angiosperm carpel: Ovular paedomorphosis
Authors: Kato Masahiro 
Published: April 2006

SummaryKato, M.: Further comments on an ophioglossoid archetype for the angiosperm carpel: Ovular paedomorphosis. ‐Taxon40: 189–194. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Kato's recent hypothesis on the origin of the angiosperm carpel, suggesting an ophioglossoid fertile leaf as an archetype for the carpel, is evaluated in the context of heterochrony, which is argued to have been a major factor in the origin of angiosperms. Anatropy of angiosperm ovules, the most primitive type, is interpreted as derived by paedomorphosis from hyponastic curvature of ophioglossoid sporophore primordia and also leaf primordia, concomitant with paedomorphic changes at various levels of floral organization.
Chromosome numbers in Ludwigia sect. Oligospermum and sect. Oocarpon (Onagraceae)
Authors: Zardini Elsa M. , Peng Ching‐I , Hoch Peter C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryZardini E. M., Peng, C.‐I & Hoch, P. C.: Chromosome numbers in Ludwigia sect Oligospermum and sect. Oocarpon (Onagraceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 221–230. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Chromosome numbers are reported from all nine species (12 taxa) of Ludwigia sect. Oligospermum and sect. Oocarpon, including three not reported previously: L. hookeri (2n = 32), L. peduncularis (2n = 32), both of L. sect. Oligospermum, and L. torulosa (2n = 16) of the monotypic L. sect. Oocarpon. An earlier count of n = 8 for L. hookeri was based on a mis‐identified specimen of L. peploides. Counts are also reported for three naturally occurring hybrids. Chromosome counts from a total of 141 strains are included, with full voucher information for each. New data are compared with all previous reports for the species of these sections.
CENTROSPERMAE REVISITED, PART I
Authors: Rodman James E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn preparation for continued phenetic and cladistic studies of taxonomic relationships of Centrospermae, 16 families are recognized in the order, and putative autapomorphies are designated for each where known, in order to support their monophyletic status. Polyphyly in Phytolaccaceae s.l. and paraphyly in Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Portulacaceae are discussed. Pollen and floral characters used in an early study are revised and recoded. Recent molecular data bearing on centrosperm phylogeny are summarized.
Interpretation and typification of Cactus opuntia L., Opuntia vulgaris Mill., and O. humifusa (Rafin.) Rafin. (Cactaceae)
Authors: Leuenberger Beat Ernst 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLeuenberger, B. E.: Interpretation and typification of Cactus opuntia L., Opuntia vulgaris Mill., and O. humifusa (Rafin.) Rafin. (Cactaceae). — Taxon 42: 419–429. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.The taxonomic history of the controversial names Cactus opuntia and Opuntia vulgaris is discussed, the original elements associated with them are analysed, and the changing interpretation of the names by previous authors is reviewed. The consequences of the possible choices of a lectotype for nomenclatural stability are considered. Lectotypification of Cactus opuntia with material mentioned by previous authors would perpetuate the confusion surrounding this name and the homotypic Opuntia vulgaris based on it, as the latter name has been widely applied to two different species (O. humifusa and O. monacantha). Lectotypification of Cactus opuntia with another element involved, as here proposed, permits to sink the controversial names in the synonymy of Opuntia ficus‐indica, thereby avoiding the necessity of proposals to formally reject them. The correct names for the two species formerly known as “O. vulgaris” are O. humifusa, and O. monacantha. A neotype is designated for O. humifusa.
Conspecific status of Cardioteucris cordifolia (Labiatae) and Caryopteris siccanea (Verbenaceae)
Authors: Cantino Philip D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCantino, P. D.: Conspecific status of Cardioteucris cordifolia (Labiatae) and Caryopteris siccanea (Verbenaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 441–443. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Cardioteucris cordifolia C. Y. Wu and Caryopteris siccanea W. W. Smith, described in the Labiatae and Verbenaceae, respectively, represent the same species, best retained in Caryopteris rather than segregated as a monotypic genus Cardioteucris, and assigned to the Verbenaceae pending further clarification of family boundaries in the Lamiales.
Uses and misuses of floras
Authors: Funk V. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFunk, V. A.: Uses and misuses of floras. – Taxon 42: 761‐772. 1993. –ISSN 0040‐0262.Questions involving the history and evolution of groups of taxa, such as those on biogeography and speciation, are among the most commonly asked in systematics. Usually the data necessary to answer these types of questions are believed to be available only from studies of individual monophyletic groups. However, some information on biogeography and speciation can be obtained from floristic studies under certain criteria, e.g., the use of natural areas, uniform descriptions, and detailed distribution information. If these criteria are not met, detailed questions about evolution are not appropriate. However, even when evolutionary questions can not be addressed directly, it is possible to use information contained in floras, such as the numbers of species in different groups or areas, to provide interesting comparative information on species richness and areas of endemism. However, numbers alone tell us little about the value of the area in terms of biological diversity or its history and they should not be used as the sole statistic in determining the “importance” of an area.
On the status of Randia armata (Sw.) DC. (Rubiaceae: Gardenieae)
Authors: Taylor Charlotte M. , Lorence David H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTaylor, C. M. & Lorence, D. H.: On the status of Randia armata (Sw.) DC. (Rubiaceae: Gardenieae). – Taxon 42: 865‐867.1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Recently Randia annata has been wrongly treated as an illegitimate name but is the correct designation for the spiny, larger‐flowered Randia species that has been called Randia nitida (Kunth) DC.
Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 39
Authors: Brummitt R. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBrummitt, R. K.: Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 39. – Taxon 42: 873‐879. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.This report deals with twenty proposals/requests: 12 to conserve (7 recommended), 4 to amend current entries (all recommended), 2 to reject (none recommended), and 2 requests for homonymy decisions (both not homonyms).
Shamovella obscura: the correct name for Tubiphytes obscurus (Fossil)
Authors: Riding Robert 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRiding, R.: Shamovella obscura: the correct name for Tubiphytes obscurus (Fossil). ‐ Taxon 42: 71‐73. 1993. ISSN 0040‐0262.An earlier generic name, Shamovella, hitherto thought invalid, is found to be validly published. A needed new combination, Shamovella obscura, is made.
Familial orthography: Aloeaceae vs. Aloaceae
Authors: Smith Gideon F. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySmith, G. F.: Familial orthography: Aloeaceae vs. Aloaceae. ‐ Taxon 42: 87‐90. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The name Aloe is a first declension feminine noun with the genitive singular formed by adding a terminal ‐s, hence Aloes. Since the generic name Aloe is of classical origin, the family name derived therefrom is formed by replacing the genitive singular inflection ‐es with the termination ‐aceae, hence Aloaceae. A number of correctable suprageneric names based on Aloe are discussed.
NUMERICAL TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE BEGONIACEAE USING THE MANTEL TEST ON LEAF MICROCHARACTERS
Authors: Cuerrier Alain , Brouillet Luc , Barabé Denis 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFifty‐six leaf microcharacters were studied in 132 OTUs of the Begoniaceae (Begonia, Hillebrandia). Their taxonomic distribution was compared to the existing classification (sections of Begonia), to leaf venation types, and to continental origin using the Mantel and the Smouse‐Long‐Sokal tests. Sections originating from the same continent appear to be more closely related on this basis than sections from different continents. Pinnate venation is hypothesized to be homoplasic.
Plant DNA isolation: a method to efficiently remove polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and RNA
Authors: Jobes David V. , Hurley David L. , Thien Leonard B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJobes, D. V., Hurley, D. L. & Thien, L. B.: Plant DNA isolation: a method to efficiently remove polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and RNA. – Taxon 44: 379‐386. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The isolation of DNA from plants has been described by numerous authors, each contributing a different method to overcome the problems that arise when extracting DNA. There are at least three main contaminants associated with plant DNA that can cause considerable difficulties when conducting restriction enzyme analyses and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) experiments: polyphenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and RNA. The procedure described below alleviates the time and expense of CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) and caesium chloride methods by utilizing PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) to bind the polyphenolic compounds, a high molar concentration of sodium chloride to inhibit co‐precipitation of the polysaccharides and DNA, and an improved method for removing RNA by selective precipitation with lithium chloride. Isolated DNA was easily digested with restriction enzymes and amplified by the PCR from widely different plant species.
Notes on the tribes Eremothamneae, Gundelieae, and Moquinieae, with comparisons of their pollen
Authors: Robinson Harold 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRobinson, H.: Notes on the tribes Eremothamneae, Gundelieae, and Moquinieae, with comparisons of their pollen. – Taxon 43: 33‐44. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The new tribe Moquinieae is established, and scanning electron micrographs of pollen are presented of Hoplophyllum of the Eremothamneae, Gundelia of the Gundelieae, and Pseudostifftia of the Moquinieae.
Subfamily names in an 1832 preprint of an article on botany for the seventh edition of the Encyclopaedia britannica
Authors: Reveal James L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryReveal, J. L.: Subfamily names in an 1832 preprint of an article on botany for the seventh edition of the Encyclopaedia britannica. – Taxon 44: 589‐596. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.An article on botany, written by George A. W. Arnott and ultimately published in the seventh edition of the Encyclopaedia britannica in 1842, first appeared as a preprint a decade earlier, being effectively published on 9 Mar 1832. Arnott validly published numerous subfamily names, many of which are presently attributed to later authors.
A re‐examination of Sanango racemosum. 3. Chemotaxonomy
Authors: Jensen Søren Rosendal 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJensen, S. R.: A re‐examination of Sanango racemosum. 3. Chemotaxonomy. – Taxon 43: 619‐623. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A chemical investigation of Sanango racemosum for the systematically useful iridoids and verbascosides has been performed. No iridoids could be detected, but verbascosides were shown to be present by high performance liquid chromatography and by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the crude aqueous extract. Reversed phase chromatography provided two pure verbascosides, calceolarioside C and conandroside, as well as a new caffeic acid derivative which has been named sanangoside. The presence of verbascosides in Sanango, combined with the lack of iridoid glycosides, suggests affinity with the family Gesneriaceae. A closer chemical relationship with the Loganiaceae (Gentianales) is improbable.
Reinstatement of the genus Macledium Cass. (Asteraceae, Mutisieae): morphological and phylogenetic arguments
Authors: Ortiz Santiago 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOrtiz, S.: Reinstatement of the genus Macledium Cass. (Asteraceae, Mutisieae): morphological and phylogenetic arguments. ‐ Taxon 50: 733–744. 2001. ‐ISSN 0040‐0262.Studies of the genus Dicoma Cass. (Asteraceae, tribe Mutisieae) indicate that this taxon as currently defined is paraphyletic, and in fact comprises three groups showing marked morphological and anatomical differences. One of these groups is differentiated from Dicoma s.str. by a large number of characters relating to morphology and anatomy of phyllaries, corolla, anthers, style, cypsela, and testa. It is proposed that these species should be considered as a separate genus, for which the name Macledium Cass. has nomenclatural priority. A brief nomenclatural synopsis is presented, including synonyms and nomenclatural types for each taxon in this genus of 20 species.