bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uptake, distribution and metabolic fate of 3H‐triforine in plants. II. Long‐term experiments
Authors: Fuchs Adriaan , De Vries Frits W. , Aalbers André M. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUptake of 3H‐triforine by tomato and barley seedlings from soil with a high organic matter content was much less efficient than from aqueous suspensions, even though the period of exposure was much longer—at least 1 week (“long‐term treatment”) vs 1 day (“short‐term treatment”). After transplanting to fresh soil, part of the label in the roots was lost probably by desorption. Distribution of label in tomato shoots was as irregular as after short‐term treatment; label was virtually confined to the leaves which expanded before about 14 days after cessation of the treatment. In shoots of barley seedlings which were pretreated in an aqueous suspension of 3H‐triforine for 1 day before being subjected to a long‐term soil treatment, almost all radioactivity present could be ascribed to uptake during the pretreatment phase. The distribution pattern strongly resembled that obtained after short‐term treatment, hardly any label being found in leaves which unfolded after the pretreatment phase. Rates of conversion of 3H‐triforine in barley shoots depended to some extent on whether or not seedlings were transplanted to fresh soil after 1 week.
Degradation of the insecticide SD 8280, 2‐chloro‐1‐(2, 4‐dichlorophenyl)vinyl dimethyl phosphate, in soils
Authors: Roberts Terry R. , Stoydin George 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe degradation of the insecticide SD 8280 [2‐chloro‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)vinyl dimethyl phosphate] in soil has been examined under laboratory conditions using two soils from rice‐growing areas in Japan and one UK soil. In all soils SD 8280 underwent degradation to 1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)ethanol, 2,4‐dichlorobenzoic acid, 2‐chloro‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)vinyl methyl hydrogen phosphate and 2′,4′‐dichloro‐acetophenone. These degradation products were present in the soils as free (extractable) compounds and as bound forms and soil binding occurred most extensively with 2,4‐dichlorobenzoic acid. Polar products were also formed and these appeared to be in part the result of complexing of degradation products with the soil organic matter. The effect on the degradation of the insecticide of varying the moisture content of one soil was also examined. In soil incubated at 11, 17, 30 and 62% moisture the recovery of SD 8280 after 60 days was 71.0, 12.3, 9.0 and 11.3%, respectively. Although the rate of degradation varied, the same degradation products were detected in all samples.
Influence of artificial rainfall and washing on the benomyl and thiophanate‐methyl residue content in lettuce
Authors: Dejonckheere Willy , Steurbaut Walter , Kips René H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments have been carried out to investigate the influence of artificial rainfall, applied during the growing season of lettuce in a glasshouse, and washing of the sample prior to analysis on the residue content of the crop treated with the systemic fungicides benomyl and thiophanate‐methyl. The results show that if artificial rainfall is applied, treatment with a threefold dose of thiophanate‐methyl, compared to benomyl, results in about the same residue content at harvest time. Applying artificial rainfall during the growing season leads to a residue level on the average 54.7% lower for benomyl and 60.2% for thiophanate‐methyl compared to no sprinkling. If the sample is thoroughly rinsed with water prior to analysis the figures obtained are 34.6% with and 39.3% without artificial rainfall for benomyl and 56.9 and 71.3% respectively for thiophanate‐methyl. The combined effect of both treatments is a residue content of 70.4 % less for benomyl and 88.8 % for thiophanate‐methyl.
A new extraction method for benomyl residues in soil and its application in movement and persistence studies
Authors: Austin Douglas J. , Briggs Geoffrey G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple and rapid method for extracting benomyl residues from soils was compared with previous methods. Soil was extracted by shaking for 2 h at room temperature with (1:1) acetone/M aqueous ammonium chloride followed by clean‐up by solvent partition and ultraviolet absorption estimation of carbendazim. Recoveries were comparable to those obtained by refluxing with methanolic hydrochloric acid for 4 h, hitherto the most efficient method reported, and were much greater than those obtained by extraction with ethyl acetate or chloroform. The new method gave more tractable extracts than those obtained by refluxing with methanolic hydrochloric acid, which form troublesome metal hydroxide precipitates during clean‐up. In field experiments with 2‐[14C]‐benomyl and 2‐[14C]‐carbendazim, no radioactivity was found more than 25 mm from the soil surface during 10 months after surface application of 1 kg/ha. Carbendazim residues in soils from three field experiments indicated that its persistence is very sensitive to soil pH. The time for 50% loss of initial dose ranged from 26 months at pH 5.5 to less than 3 months at pH 7.2. Biological effectiveness in a crop may therefore depend markedly on differences in soil pH.
2‐arylalkanoates, a new group of synthetic pyrethroid esters not containing cyclopropanecarboxylates
Authors: Ohno Nobuo , Fujimoto Keimei , Okuno Yoshitoshi , Mizutani Toshio , Hirano Masachika , Itaya Nobushige , Honda Toshiko , Yoshioka Hirosuke 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough structure modifications of natural pyrethrin constituents have disclosed a variety of potent synthetic analogues, all known examples are cyclopropanecarboxylate esters, a grouping that appeared to be essential for insecticidal activity. Some new substituted 2‐phenylalkanoates, whose biological activities are of a similar nature and potency to those of conventional pyrethroids, are now reported. 5‐Benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl and 3‐phenoxybenzyl 3‐methyl‐2‐phenylbutyrates and their analogues are potent insecticides. Activity is increased on the introduction of appropriate groups into the 3 and/or 4‐positions of the aryl ring and the (S)‐2‐phenylalkanoates are far more active than their (R)‐enantiomorphs. Structure/activity relationships are compared with those for conventional pyrethroids. Some of the new series compare favourably with typical insecticides in tests against Musca domestica, Spodoptera litura and Plutella xylostella.
RU‐15525, a new pyrethroid with a very strong knockdown effect
Authors: Lhoste Jean , Rauch François. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract(E)‐5‐Benzyl‐3‐ furylmethyl (1‐R),3‐S)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐(2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐2‐oxothien‐3‐ylidenemethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate or RU‐15525 is a new pyrethroid. The action of this compound was tested on Musca domestica and Aedes aegypti and a very strong knockdown effect was observed in comparison with the knockdown effect of allethrin, bioallethrin and (S)‐bioallethrin.
Independent and joint biological activity of isomeric forms of synthetic pyrethroids
Authors: Wickham John C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVarious isomeric mixtures of pyrethroids were examined in topical application tests against houseflies, Musca domestica. On the basis of the activities of the separate isomers of 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (±)‐cis,trans‐chrysanthemate, it was shown that when combined in pairs to give the (±)‐trans or (±)‐cis or (+)‐cis,trans mixtures the observed mortalities did not differ from those expected by simple additive action calculated by the harmonic mean. In contrast the (±)‐cis,trans mixture showed considerable antagonism with a mortality only 60% of that expected. Similar evaluations using the separate and combined isomers of bioallethrin [(R,S)‐3‐allyl‐2‐methyl‐4‐oxocyclopent‐2‐enyl (allethronyl) ( + )‐trans‐[(1R,3R)‐chrysanthemate] and the corresponding (+)‐cis‐(1R,3S)‐chrysanthemate indicate antagonism calculated to be correlated with the content of the (R)‐isomer of the alcoholic moiety. Hence the activity of the most active isomer of the “allethrin” series, (S)‐3‐allyl‐2‐methyl‐4‐oxocyclopent‐2‐enyl ( + )‐trans‐(1R,3R)‐chrysanthemate, (S)‐bioallethrin, is not fully realised unless it is present in pure form and a substantial part of the value of bioresmethrin (5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl ( + )‐trans‐chrysanthemate] as a killing agent is lost when the racemic form is used. In racemic mixtures there is mutual antagonism between pairs of isomers so that considerable masking of activity occurs.
Herbicides and grassland improvement
Authors: Haggar Roger J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUnder normal systems of grassland management, most sown swards become invaded by weed grasses. This ingress is usually associated with a depletion in the size and number of the sown species. Selective herbicides can be used to combat this grass invasion and the results of two experiments are presented to show how low‐dose dalapon in mid‐July can be used for this purpose. When the sown grasses are too severely depleted, some method of introducing seed is required. A new one‐pass technique is now being developed for establishing grass and clover seed into existing swards. After sowing, ways of increasing the clover content are being studied, based on the use of grass‐suppressing herbicides in late winter. In one experiment several‐fold increases in clover growth were recorded 5 months after applying carbetamide (2.8 kg/ha) and propyzamide (0.8 kg/ha).
Residual fumigant effect of 1,2‐dibromoethane (EDB) in fumigations against queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni (froggatt), infestations in mangoes
Authors: Swaine Gordon , Corcoran Robert J. , Davey Marguerite A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA residual fumigant effect is demonstrated for fruit held 1 to 3 days within its cardboard carton after fumigation with 1,2‐dibromoethane (EDB). This residual fumigant effect reduces significantly the dosage required for a specified level of control when compared with that required for fruit removed from the carton immediately after airing when fumigation is completed. The effect is due to the slow release of gas sorbed during fumigation and to the slow dispersion of this gas from the carton.
Conversion and leaching of aldicarb in soil columns
Authors: Leistra Minze , Smelt Johan H. , Lexmond Theo M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAldicarb was applied to soil columns in the laboratory which were leached by artificial rainfall. Concentrations of aldicarb, its sulphoxide and its sulphone in the effluent were measured by gas‐liquid chromatography. The measured results were analysed in some detail using a computation model. Aldicarb and its oxidation products were very mobile in soil, a fact which could be well described after introducing very low sorption coefficients in the computation model. Aldicarb itself was converted at a high rate following first order kinetics (half‐life about 2 days). The best approximations obtained for the rate constant of sulphoxide conversion in two soils were about 0.03 and 0.06/day respectively (half‐lives 23 and 12 days). Only a rather wide range of possible values could be obtained for the rate at which sulphone was decomposed.
Entry of pesticides into the plant symplast as measured by their loss from an ambient solution
Authors: Peterson Carol A. , Edgington Lloyd V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method was developed to determine the extent of penetration of substances into the plant symplast. The known apoplastic dye trisodium 3‐hydroxy‐5,8,10‐pyrenetri‐sulphonate (PTS) and various systemic pesticides were studied using potato tuber tissue. The dye penetrated only 5% of the volume of living tissue while those pesticides which display an apoplastic pattern of transport in plants penetrated the entire tissue volume. The pesticides diffused freely out of the tissue when it was transferred to fresh medium. It is proposed that the term euapoplastic be used to describe chemicals that behave like the dye, and that the term pseudoapoplastic be used to describe chemicals that behave like atrazine, carbendazim, carboxin and diuron. 2,4‐D, which displays a symplastic transport pattern in the plant, was concentrated by the tissue and did not diffuse out freely. It appears that the property which allows a pesticide to be transported in the symplast is not its ability to penetrate the plasmalemma but rather its ability to be retained by the symplast after entry.
A simple method for the analysis of picloram and 2,4‐D or 2,4,5‐T in mixtures and commercial formulations
Authors: Hargreaves Phillip A. , Rapkins Sonia H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the analysis of mixtures of picloram with 2,4‐D or 2,4,5‐T in commercial formulations. The method involves the esterification of the acids in sealed tubes at 105°C using boron trifiuoride‐methanol reagent, followed by extraction, and then estimation by gas chromatography using flame ionisation detection.
Dosage values obtained following pre‐plant fumigation for perennials. 1.1,3‐dichloropropene nematicides in eleven field situations
Authors: McKenry M. V. , Thomason I. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe movement of 1,3‐dichloropropene nematicides in 11 different field situations was monitored. The eventual dosages of 1,2‐dichloropropane and 1,3‐dichloropropene achieved at various positions in the soil profile are reported. Soil moisture, temperature, texture and profile differences are indicated for each experiment. The influence of soil profile modification, surface sealing techniques and various methods and rates of application are reported.
Phorate residues in aphid colonies on broad bean plants in relation to the site of application
Authors: Galley D. John , Foerster Luis A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAphis fabae colonies were established on both leaflets of the second leaf of young broad bean plants. Doses of phorate sublethal to the aphids were applied to the roots or to the third leaf. The aphids, their honeydew and the foliage on which they were feeding were analysed and the quantities of toxic and non‐toxic radiolabel determined at intervals. Toxic metabolites were found in the aphids and the leaves but whereas the aphid colonies in all experiments contained approximately similar amounts of the toxic metabolites, the residues in the leaves on which they were feeding differed considerably. The leaves contained more than 100 times as much of these metabolites following the root treatment than after the foliar treatment. These results are discussed in relation to the aphids' feeding site and the probable transport routes of the toxicants.
Excretion and residues of the herbicides benzoylprop‐ethyl flamprop‐isopropyl and flamprop‐methyl in cows, pigs and hens
Authors: Crayford John V. , Harthoorn Paul A. , Hutson David H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo wild oat herbicides, benzoylprop‐ethyl and flamprop‐methyl were administered to lactating cows at low dose levels (0.3–3.0 mg/kg in total diet) and the excretion of total metabolites in milk, urine and faeces was measured. Total residues in tissues were also determined. Similarly a third and related herbicide flamprop‐isopropyl was fed to cows, pigs and hens (at 0.5 mg/kg in total diet) and the residues were determined in excreta and tissues, including eggs. The amounts of the compounds fed were equivalent to approximately 10–300 times the total residue found in cereal treated in the field. Residues in milk in most cases were well below 0.001 mg/kg; in muscle samples <0.003 mg/kg; and in eggs, 0.0008 mg/kg, decreasing by 50% in approximately 3 days to 0.0001 mg/kg 4 days after the termination of treatment. Elimination of the herbicides from the animals was rapid in every case and this, together with the low residue levels, was attributed to very efficient metabolic de‐esterification to the parent carboxylic acid metabolites (benzoylprop and flamprop). These metabolites possess physical properties ideally suited for excretion via the kidneys and bile into urine and faeces and, conversely, unsuited for transport into milk and eggs.
The metabolism and residues of [14C]Endrin in lactating cows and laying hens
Authors: Baldwin Michael K. , Crayford John V. , Hutson David H. , Street Deborah L. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract[14C]Endrin was fed to two lactating cows in a portion of their diet for 21 days. The intake was equivalent to approximately 0.1 mg of endrin per kg of total diet. Excretion of radioactivity in milk, urine and faeces reached equilibrium with intake between 4 and 9 days after starting treatment. Milk residues reached 0.003–0.006 mg/kg, were composed of unchanged endrin and were located in the fat. Muscle residues reached 0.001–0.002 mg/kg. Residues in the fat reached a maximum of 0.1 mg/kg and were due to unchanged endrin. [14C]Endrin was administered in corn oil to six laying hens for 21 weeks. The intake was equivalent to approximately 0.13 mg/kg of total diet. Ingestion and excretion were almost in balance at 16–20 weeks. Egg residues reached 0.11–0.18 mg/kg, were composed of unchanged endrin and were located in the yolk. Tissue residues were 0.01 mg/kg in breast, 0.1 mg/kg in leg, 0.17 mg/kg in kidney, 0.47 mg/kg in liver and 1.0 mg/kg in fat. The residues were accounted for as unchanged endrin except in liver and kidney in which part was probably due to polar metabolites in the process of excretion. The results show that endrin is much more rapidly metabolised in cows than in hens. The pathways of metabolism were fundamentally the same in both species, the major product being anti‐12‐hydroxyendrin, which was found un‐conjugated in cow urine and faeces and as the O‐sulphate conjugate in hen excreta. The only observed difference in primary metabolism was some syfl‐12‐hydroxyendrin and 12‐ketoendrin in cows. This pathway was not detected in hens.
A gas‐liquid chromatographic method for determining imazalil residues in citrus fruit
Authors: Greenberg Rachel , Resnick Chaim 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn electron capture gas‐liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of the fungicide imazalil,a 1‐(β‐allyloxy‐2, 4‐dichlorophenethyl)imidazole, in citrus fruit. Recoveries were 80–95% from citrus fruit fortified at 0.50–2.0 mg/kg, with a limit of detection of 0.01 mg/kg.
Degradation and adsorption of carbendazim and 2‐aminobenzimidazole in soil
Authors: Helweg Arne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIncreasing adsorption of [14C]‐labelled carbendazim in soil took place within a few weeks of incubation and was greatest in soil with a high organic matter content. Carbendazim was slowly decomposed in soil, mainly by soil microorganisms. After 250 days of incubation in two unsterilised soils, 13 and 5% respectively of added [14C]‐carbendazim was recovered compared with 70 and 50% respectively from sterile soils; 4–8% of added carbendazim was recovered as 2‐aminobenzimidazole (2‐AB) from both unsterilised and sterile soil. After 270 days' incubation, 33 and 9% of 14C was recovered as 14CO2 from soil supplied with [14C]‐carbendazim (20 and 100 mg/kg) respectively. Degradation started more rapidly when carbendazim was added to soil preincubated with the fungicide but the degradation rate was very low in all cases, indicating that the compound is a poor microbial energy source and that the degradation is a co‐metabolic process. 2‐AB was found as a degradation product although it appeared to be unstable in soil, decomposing rapidly after a lag period of about 3 weeks; small amounts remained in the soil for several months, however, presumably adsorbed on soil particles.
Formation of nitrite in plants treated with herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis
Authors: Fedtke Carl 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAvena sativa and Sinapis alba plants were sprayed with selected herbicides and time was allowed for the herbicides to penetrate into the plants. The plants were then illuminated in a nitrogen atmosphere for 60 min. Nitrite (up to 600 nmol/g fresh weight) was found in plants treated with herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis; these plants died a few hours later. Nitrite (up to 408 nmol/g fresh weight) was found in plants treated with herbicides that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, but here the highest values were obtained after incubation in air. No nitrite was found in control plants incubated in nitrogen or in plants treated with photosynthesis‐inhibiting herbicides and incubated in air. Experiments with plants either grown on different nitrogen sources or adapted to different light intensities rule out the possibility that the damage observed in the plants could be caused by nitrite. Possible reasons for the herbicidally induced damage are discussed.
Determination of individual esters of 2, 4‐D and 2, 4, 5‐T in commercial crops
Authors: Munro Henry E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of the individual esters of 2, 4‐D and 2, 4, 5‐T in tomato plants and other commercial crops is described. Several suitable esters can be determined at one time. Separation is by steam distillation into a hexane trap followed by clean‐up on a column of “Florisil”. Using a sample of plant material (100 g), 1 μg of each of the esters in the mixture can be determined with recoveries of 72–96% for 2, 4‐D esters and 66–84% for 2, 4, 5‐T esters.
Degradation of the pyrethroid cypermethrin NRDC 149 (±)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (±)‐cis,trans‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate and the respective cis‐(NRDC 160) and trans‐ (NRDC 159) isomers in soils
Authors: Roberts Terry R. , Standen Mervyn E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe degradation of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin and the geometric isomers NRDC 160 (cis‐) and NRDC 159 (trans‐) in three soils has been studied under laboratory conditions. Samples of the insecticides labelled separately with 14C in the cyclopropyl and benzyl rings were used. The rate of degradation was most rapid on sandy clay and sandy loam soils, 50% of the NRDC 160 and NRDC 159 applied to both soils being decomposed in 4 weeks and 2 weeks respectively. The major degradative route in all soils was hydrolysis of the ester linkage leading to the formation of 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid and 3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid; soil treated with the cis‐isomer (NRDC 160) was found to contain both cis‐ and trans‐isomer forms of the cyclopropanecarboxylic acid. Further degradation of these carboxylic acids was evident since 14CO2 was released from cyclopropyl‐ and benzyllabelled cypermethrin in amounts equivalent to 24 and 38% of the applied radioactivity over a 22 week period. A minor degradative route was ring‐hydroxylation of the insecticide to give an α‐cyano‐3‐(4‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzyl ester followed by hydrolysis of the ester bond. Under waterlogged conditions the rate of hydrolysis of cypermethrin on sandy loam soil was slower than under aerobic conditions and 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid accumulated in the anaerobic soil.
Design of Trials for Evaluating Insecticides against Some Insect Pests of Vegetables
Authors: Thompson Alwyn R. , Wheatley Geoffrey A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEvaluation trials should provide a maximum of information with minimal effort. Conventional trials designed as randomised block layouts are simple but not very precise and they do not readily permit dose/response relationships to be explored. Semi‐systematic designs, especially in conjunction with log‐dose treatments, can largely overcome these problems. The types of information needed and factors influencing the design of machinery to apply granular insecticides to small plots are discussed. Different experiment designs were tested and standardised designs were developed for evaluating insecticides against cabbage root fly and carrot fly. Examples of results for insecticide efficiency against carrot fly and cabbage root fly and effectiveness in terms of cauliflower yield are given and side‐effects involving phytotoxicity and non‐selectivity are discussed.