bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of discretionary laboratory requesting of serum protein electrophoresis
Authors: Hughes Marie , Davidson D Fraser , McColl Mark 
Published: September 2006

Background: Discretionary laboratory requesting of serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) is widespread throughout the UK despite limited evidence to support clinical usefulness. We aimed to examine the clinical usefulness of discretionary SPE requesting on serum samples with globulins > 45 g/L by documenting the number of discretionary tests performed and the number of paraproteins identified in an audit period, by determining if such findings led to further investigation/specialty referral, and by identifying the final diagnosis and subsequent management of these patients. Methods: A retrospective one-year audit from July 2002 to June 2003 was carried out using information from biochemistry databases and review of medical records. Results: Of 1332 discretionary SPEs performed in one year, 72 paraproteins were identified (5.4%). Further clinical information could be obtained in 66 cases. Appropriate follow-up occurred in 84% of cases. The most common diagnosis was monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (56%). Eighteen percent of patients with an identified paraprotein were diagnosed with B-cell malignancies that warranted treatment. A further 6% progressed to requiring treatment during follow-up. Conclusion: Using screening criteria of serum globulins > 45 g/L, one in 20 discretionary laboratory requests resulted in a clinically relevant finding. These results suggest such requesting is worthwhile and should aid future debate on the appropriateness of this practice.
The management of cancer of the nasal sinuses
Authors: Myerson Mervin C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCancer of the paranasal sinuses is not frequently encountered in otolaryngological practice. These tumors constitute less than 1 per cent of the cases seen at the Brooklyn Cancer Institute. During 1937, there were five malignant tumors of the sinuses among 737 admissions. Most of these cases are seen when the disease is far advanced and therefore present special problems. Fear, ignorance and the unfortunate circumstance of the absence of symptoms are factors in the late appearance of these patients for treatment. Fortunately, in many cases, a late diagnosis does not mean a hopeless prognosis. These neoplasms are usually out of sight and are frequently painless. When pain occurs it may be referred to the alveolar process, suggesting a dental condition, or it may be referred to the cheek, suggesting an antrum suppuration. Irrigation of the antrum may be negative or may reveal the presence of pus. When blood or sanguineous material are returned with the irrigation, the diagnosis is fairly certain. If a malignancy of the antrum is suspected because of the symptoms or because of the Roentgen findings, the interior of the sinus should be examined by means of an exploratory opening.
Chronic frontal sinusitis. A new endonasal surgical approach
Authors: Stone Frederick E. , Berger M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe multiplicity of surgical procedures for the attempted relief of persistent frontal sinusitis in itself suggests their inadequacy. Every rhinologist is almost constantly haunted by the spectre of unrelieved patients who have left the operating table with adequate surgical endonasal ostia only to return six months later with bony or fibrous stenosis and recurrent symptoms. Further surgery serves only to create new additions to the already impressive group of surgical nihilists among the general medical advisers, as well as the discouraged laity. This seems to be the only too frequent experience after the extensive external operation, as well as the various ingenious intranasal manipulations. The only outstanding exception to this situation appears to be the obliterating collapse operation, which, unfortunately, is so deforming in the large sinus usually present in serious frontal disease that both patient and surgeon rightfully hesitate until everything else possible has been tried.
Primary carcinoma of the external auditory canal and meatus. Review of the literature and report of a case
Authors: Risch Otto C. , Lisa James R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMalignant disease originating in the external auditory canal and meatus is one of the most uncommon lesions seen in otolaryngological practice. Many of the textbooks do not even mention the condition, although Politzer1has accurately described it. Even in the larger clinics it is seldom seen. Robinson2states that among 212,000 cases at the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, New York between 1904 and 1924, only 19 cases were seen of carcinoma of the external ear and canal. Story3reports that no case was seen in the largest aural hospital in Ireland in 17 years. Fraser4says that only three cases of malignancy of the external auditory canal were seen by him in private practice among 646 patients between 1906 to 1929, inclusive. In the Department of Otology, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh,5of 6,605 cases of disease of the external ear and meatus, 13 were malignant. Connal6mentions four carcinomas and two sarcomas among 15,000 cases in the General Ear Hospital, of Glasgow. Pritchard7stated that he had not seen a dozen cases of epithelioma beginning in the skin of the meatus in over 25 years' practice. McBride8had seen only three cases in 20 years at the Edinburgh Infirmary and in private practice. Bezold9found only four among 20,000 as cases. Broders10reports by far the highest incidence, 14.28 per cent of involvement of the external auditory canal among 63 cases of carcinoma of the ear. The experience of West11alikewise is unusual. In two years, seven cases were seen by him in St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, six at least presenting good evidence of origin in the meatus. Bonner12aclaimed that they were fairly common and often overlooked. He had seen five or six in a period of a few years.
Efficacy and Safety of Rosuvastatin Every Other Day Compared with Once Daily in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Wongwiwatthananukit Supakit , Sansanayudh Nakarin , Dhummauppakorn Rawadee , Kitiyadisai Chutiporn 
Published: September 2006

Background: Although most patients with hypercholesterolemia require life-long therapy with statins, these drugs are underused due to high costs. Every-other-day therapy could be one strategy to resolve this problem. Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin 10 mg administered every other day versus once daily. Methods: An 8 week, randomized, open-label, parallel trial was conducted at the outpatient department of Phramongkutklao Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. Eighty patients with primary hypercholesterolemia were equally randomized to receive rosuvastatin 10 mg once daily or every other day; 76 patients completed the study. Laboratory data were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study. Results: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were reduced by 48% and 39% in the once-daily and every-other-day groups, respectively (p = 0.011). The percentage of patients who achieved LDL-C goals according to National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines was not significantly different between the once-daily (85%) and every-other-day (70%) groups (p = 0.180). In addition, both regimens were well tolerated, with no patient developing an elevation of more than 3 times baseline levels of aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase or 10 times that of creatine kinase. As expected, the monthly cost per percent LDL-C reduction of the once-daily ($0.72) regimen was about 38% higher than that of the every-other-day ($0.44) regimen. Conclusions: Every-other-day dosing of rosuvastatin may be an alternative regimen for cost savings, without a major decrease in therapeutic benefit or increase in adverse events, in patients with hypercholesterolemia. The number of patients achieving their LDL-C goal using the every-other-day regimen is comparable with the number using the once-daily regimen, especially in the low-risk patient category.
Renin—Angiotensin System Mediators and Raynaud's Phenomenon
Authors: Wood Heidi M , Ernst Michael E 
Published: September 2006

Objective: To review the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP). Data Sources: Biomedical literature was accessed through July 2006 via PubMed, the Iowa Drug Information System (OS), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Plus. PubMed database terms included Raynaud's disease, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers [pharmacological action]; IDIS terms included hypotensive agents-ace inhib 24080200, raynaud's syndrome 443.0, and hypotensive agents-angioten II 24080400; and CINAHL Plus terms included Raynaud's disease, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, losartan, and irbesartan. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All clinical trials published in English that reported both subjective and objective outcomes of efficacy were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Several small, short-term studies have evaluated captopril, enalapril, and losartan in the treatment of RP. The studies of ACE inhibitors have found conflicting results in their ability to improve digit blood flow and reduce both frequency and severity of RP attacks. Two studies have focused on the use of losartan for RP treatment, with both finding a statistically significant reduction in attacks and one showing improvement in symptoms of RP in comparison with the commonly utilized calcium-channel blocker, nifedipine. Most of the studies were short term (≤2 wk) and included a limited number of patients (CONCLUSIONS: ACE inhibitors and ARBs may provide some minor benefits in the relief of RP, although no definite evidence exists to suggest that they are superior to traditionally used treatments such as calcium-channel blockers. Larger, randomized controlled trials of longer duration are needed to compare the effectiveness of ACE inhibitors and ARBs with conventional treatment.
Relief of Acute Pain in Chronic Idiopathic Gastroparesis with Intravenous Phentolamine
Authors: Phillips William J , Tollefson Brian , Johnson Alisa , Abell Thomas , Lerant Anna 
Published: September 2006

Objective: To report a case in which complete relief of pain associated with gastroparesis, with promotion of gastric emptying, was achieved with administration of phentolamine. Case Summary: A 37-year-old opiate-tolerant female with a history of recurrent abdominal pain, gastroparesis, cyclic vomiting syndrome, and migraine headaches was admitted to the emergency department (ED) with severe acute abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The patient had been previously implanted with a permanent gastric electrical stimulator and she was adherent to her prokinetic, antiemetic, analgesic, and migraine prophylactic medications. Pain relief was achieved rapidly and completely in the ED with sympatholysis by administration of intravenous phentolamine 0.5 mg/kg over 60 minutes, with continuous cardiac monitoring. At a 2 month follow-up visit, the patient reported chronic pain relief, and a decrease in opiate doses was maintained by oral administration of clonidine 0.1 mg twice daily. Discussion: Gastroparesis represents a difficult treatment challenge because management of gastric dysmotility and the accompanying severe abdominal pain is often mutually exacerbating and ineffective. Sympatholysis by intravenous phentolamine provided profound and immediate relief of acute gastroparesis-related abdominal pain in our patient. The mechanism of phentolamine is believed to be receptor blockade at ά-adrenergic receptors and, therefore, inhibition of the peripheral sensitizing effects of circulating norepinephrine. Although action at a peripheral nerve level is presumed, modulation of ά-adrenoreceptors receptors is also possible at the dorsal root ganglion or at other central nervous system sites. Conclusions: The dramatic relief of acute pain in gastroparesis by phentolamine observed in this case would warrant investigation of a larger, controlled case series. Patients who respond to intravenous sympatholysis may likewise be candidates for longer term sympathetic modulation with oral sympatholytics.
Advancing conjugated polymers into nanometer-scale devices
Authors: Hu Wenping , Nakashima Hiroshi , Wang Erjing , Furukawa Kazuaki , Li Hongxiang , Luo Yi , Shuai Zhigang , Kashimura Yoshiaki , Liu Yunqi , Torimitsu Keiichi 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
In this article, we review the possibility of combining conjugated polymers with nanometer-scale devices (nanodevices), in order to introduce the properties associated with conjugated polymers into such nanodevices. This approach envisages combining the highly topical disciplines of polymer electronics and nanoelectronics to engender a new subdirection of polymer nanoelectronics, which can serve as a tool to probe the behavior of polymer molecules at the nanometer/molecular level, and contribute to clarifying transport mechanisms in conjugated polymers. In this study, we exemplify this combination, using a family of linear and conjugated polymers, poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene)s (PPEs) with thiolacetate-functionalized end groups.
Materials of cellulose derivatives and fiber-reinforced cellulose-polypropylene composites: Characterization and application
Authors: Zugenmaier Peter 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Cellulose is a biodegradable polymer produced sustainably in large quantities by nature. It has been used by mankind for centuries because of its favorable properties, but suffers disadvantages such as the high cost of production and limited processibility. For example, it cannot be melted and is only soluble in less common solvents. The latter limitation can be overcome through appropriate derivatization of cellulose, which increases the solubility range and may generate thermoplastic materials. This paper will review three new developments leading to enhanced utilization of cellulosics.
Firstly, an overview is given of the progress in the formulation of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic cellulose composites to facilitate extrusion processing. Cellulose-polypropylene composites show enhanced properties in comparison with neat polypropylene, and offer scope for replacing composites containing glass fibers, owing to resultant advantages in weight, recyclability, and ease of disposal. Progress is also reported in improving the predictability of essential physical quantities and melt flow in cellulose esters. Finally, an account is given of the successful development of microcrystalline cellulose (CFM) derivatives, synthesized in a heterogeneous manner, as chiral recognition agents in liquid chromatography. The structural features of these materials are decisive for their use. A model is proposed for the morphology of the cellulosic fibrils.
Synthesis of fine chemicals by the conjugate addition of nitroalkanes to electrophilic alkenes
Authors: Ballini R. , Barboni L. , Bosica G. , Fiorini D. , Palmieri A. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Several aliphatic nitro compounds have been employed as stabilized carbanions in the conjugate addition to a variety of electron-poor alkenes (Michael reaction). Depending on the nature of the alkene, new carbon-carbon single or double bonds can be generated. However, all the Michael adducts can be efficiently utilized as key building blocks for the synthesis of a huge array of fine chemicals, including homo- and heterocyclic structures.
Graphical representation of stereochemical configuration (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)
Authors: Brecher Jonathan 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Stereochemical configuration is determined by the relationship of atoms in three-dimensional space, yet remains most commonly represented in two-dimensional media such as printed publications or computer screens. Recommendations are provided for the display of three-dimensional stereochemical information in two-dimensional diagrams in ways that avoid ambiguity and are likely to be understood correctly by all viewers. Examples are provided for all types of stereochemical configuration, with explanation of which styles are preferred and which should be avoided. Principal recommendations include:

Know your audience: Diagrams that have a wide audience should be drawn as simply as possible.

Avoid ambiguous drawing styles.

Avoid the use of perspective diagrams and class-specific drawing styles (Fischer projections, Haworth projections, etc.) when structures are to be interpreted by computers.

Use solid wedges to indicate bonds that project above the plane of the paper and hashed wedges to indicate bonds that project below the plane of the paper; in both cases, the bonds must be oriented with the narrow end at the stereogenic center.

Avoid connecting stereogenic centers with a stereobond.
Comprehensive Wave Propagation Model to Improve TDR Interpretations for Geotechnical Applications
Authors: Lin C-P , Tang S-H 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is becoming an important monitoring technique for various geotechnical problems. Better data interpretation and new developments rely on the ability to accurately model the TDR waveform, especially when long cables are used. This study developed an efficient, complete, and general-purpose TDR model that accounts for all wave phenomena including multiple reflection, dielectric dispersion, and cable resistance all together. Inverse analysis based on the TDR wave propagation model is proposed to calibrate the TDR system parameters and determine the TDR parameter that changes with the physical parameter to be monitored. Calibration of TDR cable and data interpretations for various geotechnical applications were demonstrated with laboratory experiments. The excellent match between the simulated and measured waveforms validates the TDR wave propagation model. The results show that the proposed numerical procedure is a relatively simple, efficient and high-resolution tool for probe design, parametric studies, data interpretation, and inverse analyses. This study should provide a sound theoretical foundation for further TDR developments in geotechnical monitoring.
Assessment of Depressive Symptoms in Japanese School Children and Adolescents Using the Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale
Authors: Denda Kenzo , Kako Yuki , Kitagawa Nobuki , Koyama Tsukasa 
Published: September 2006

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents in the general Japanese population using a depression self-rating scale and determine whether this prevalence varies according to age, gender, or region. Method: The Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale for children (DSRS) was used to examine the extent to which depressive tendencies were present among 2,453 elementary and middle-school children (6 to 15 years old) in two cities in Japan. Results: The mean DSRS score was high at 8.75 + 5.66. A significant increase in score was observed with increasing age. There were no significant differences between regions. Using a DSRS cutoff score of 15 points as a risk of depression, the scores of 14.9% of the subjects exceeded the cutoff. Conclusions: As determined using the DSRS, a high proportion of Japanese children and adolescents have depressive tendencies.
Compliance and Coping Potential of Cancer Patients Treated in Liaison-Consultation Psychiatry
Authors: Grube Michael 
Published: September 2006

Objective: To investigate the impact of psychiatric illness, aggression, and other covarying variables on the compliance and coping potential of cancer patients treated in liaison-consultation psychiatry. Methods: The study involves 270 cancer patients who were admitted to the oncology ward for diagnosis and treatment. Each patient took part in a psychiatric consultation. We used the Transplant Evaluation Rating Scale (TERS), which provides a system for differentially recording the patient's compliance and coping potential (total score for the TERS items 3–10). Following standardization using the basic psychooncological documentation (PO-BADO), the demographic variables were recorded. We also identified the internal processes which each patient used to deal with the disease using criteria established by Kübler-Ross as well as the phases of cancer experience according to Fawzy. Results: Twenty-three variables were checked for their relationship to the coping and compliance potential. For 13 of these, the Mann-Whitney U-test or Spearmann-Rank correlation calculated exceeded the required Bonferroni-adjusted significance level. The calculation of an ordinal regression model containing these significant single variables showed that the following variables are associated with a lower compliance and coping potential according to their estimate (Beta-value): aggression as the dominant form of dealing internally with cancer (Kübler-Ross), pre-existing DSM IV Axis 1 psychiatric disorders, carcinoma-induced psychiatric disorders, necessity of treatment with neuroleptics and male gender. Acceptance as the dominant form of dealing internally with cancer (Kübler-Ross) is strongly associated with a higher compliance and coping potential. Conclusion: The results show that the compliance and coping potential of oncological in-patients can be comprehensively described by the Transplant Evaluation Rating Scale. The instruments of measurement used in the study are also useful for describing risk factors associated with low levels of compliance and coping potential.
Role of Dissociation in “False Drug Allergy”
Authors: Rodriguez-Cano Teresa , Beato-Fernandez Luis , Galindo-Bonilla Pedro 
Published: September 2006

Objective:The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of dissociation on the “false allergy” phenomenon.Method:Fifty-five individuals (11 males and 44 females) who consecutively presented for the study of their suspected drug allergy were assessed.Results:After the challenge test, false allergy was found in 39.3% and placebo positive response in 12.5% of the patients. Seven patients (12.5%) scored above the cut-off point of 20 on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), and 5 out of this group (71.4%) fit in the “false allergy” group. Pathological scores on the DES were associated with the diagnosis of “false allergy” (OR = 9.583, 95% CI = 1.002, 91.621). The effect of age, gender, and other psychopathological variables was controlled.Conclusions:High levels of dissociation might predispose to false drug allergy, which could complicate pharmacological treatment and therefore increase the patient's complaints and demands for medical attention.