bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acidified Chloroquine Treatment for the Removal of Class I HLA Antigens
Authors: Srivastav Alok , Pearson Helen , Bryant Jennifer , Favaloro Emmanuel , Coulits Nelly , Jindra Jan , Wylie Brenton 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWith the aim of reducing the damage to platelets while effectively removing class I HLA antigens from their surfaces, we developed a new method using acidified chloroquine diphosphate. Platelets were treated with a 0.2 M solution of chloroquine diphosphate (pH 4.0). More than 90% of the platelets remained viable after treatment. While a marked reduction in reactions of acidified chloroquine‐treated platelets with multispecific HLA antisera was noted in comparison with phosphate‐buffered‐saline‐(PBS)‐treated platelets, reactions with platelet‐specific antibodies were preserved. This was demonstrated by immunofluorescence tests and solid‐phase and monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigen assays. Aggregation responses, though reduced in comparison with PBS‐treated platelets, were still preserved after acidified chloroquine treatment. Ultrastructural analysis did not show any significant difference from PBS‐treated platelets. We conclude that treatment of platelets with acidified chloroquine diphosphate is a simple and effective method for removing class I HLA antigens from their surfaces with minimal damage to their structure and function.
Plasma‐Depleted Platelet Concentrates Prepared with a New Washing Solution
Authors: Shimizu Tetsuo , Shibata Kouji , Kora Shin‐ichi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn certain clinical situations, complete removal of the plasma proteins from the platelet concentrates (PCs) is necessary by washing prior to transfusion. A simple electrolyte solution with a pH of 6.5 was developed for washing PCs. The platelet‐rich plasma collected with acid‐citrate‐dextrose solution by apheresis in a 0.6‐liter polyolefin bag was centrifuged. After removal of the supernatant plasma from pelleted platelet buttons, 200 ml of a washing solution consisting of 90 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 3 mM MgCl2, 17 mM NaH2PO4, 8 mM Na2HPO4, 23 mM Na acetate, 17 mM Na3 citrate, 23.5 mM glucose, 2 mM adenine, 0.1% dextran, and 28.8 mM maltose (pH 6.5) was added to the pelleted platelet button. Steam sterilization of the solution was carried out under nitrogen to avoid caramelization of glucose. After resuspension of the pelleted platelet button with a washing solution and a second centrifugation, Seto additive solution (Seto sol, pH 7.4) was introduced into the bag to resuspend the platelet buttons for storage for 3 days at 22 °C. All of these procedures were completed within 3 h using a sterile docking device. In washed PCs, 99.1% of the plasma was removed and platelet recovery was 96%. The washed PCs were compared for 3 days with plasma‐poor PCs consisting of 11% plasma and 89% Seto solution. There were no significant differences in percent hypotonic shock response, aggregation, energy metabolism, and morphology of platelets between the two groups during 3 days, except for significant swelling of 3‐day‐old platelets in washed PCs. We conclude that washing PCs with a newly developed medium and resuspension by Seto sol (pH 7.4) had minimum detrimenal effects on further storage for 3 days. It is indicated that the procedure described here is relatively simple and can be finished within 3 h after the collection of platelets, and since plasma removal was sufficiently high, a new plasma‐depleted PC product may be a valuable therapeutic tool for hemostasis therapy with reduced side effects from plasma proteins.
Blood Donations Indeterminate in HIV‐1 Western Blot Analysed by IgM Immunoblot and Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Hopf H. Knüver , Heinze H. , Lambrecht B. , Mohr H. , Beyer J. , Schmitt H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe presence of IgM antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV‐1) was investigated in blood donor sera which were indeterminate in anti‐HIV‐1 IgG Western blot testing. In 7 of 173 instances out of approximately 1,000,000 blood donation sera with an isolated anti‐p24 IgG produced an anti‐gp41‐45 IgM immunoblot reaction. Applying polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to 29 indeterminate samples out of approximately 125,000 blood donations it was found that 2 of them were IgM‐positive and also contained HIV‐1‐specific DNA sequences. Eleven months later 1 of these 2 donors was retested and found IgM and PCR negative.
Multicenter Evaluation of Methods for Counting Residual White Cells in Leukocyte‐Depleted Red Blood Cells
Authors: Rebulla Paolo , Dzik Walter H. ,   For the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Working Party of the International Society of Blood Transfusion
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwo wet workshops were conducted involving 20 laboratories to determine optimum methods for counting residual white blood cells (WBC) in leukocyte‐depleted red blood cells (RBC). In both studies, calibration samples containing known concentrations of WBC were prepared by diluting 1‐day‐old EDTA blood in RBC virtually free of WBC. Study No. 1 was aimed at determining the lower limit of detection and at examining advantages and disadvantages of two methods based on flow cytometry (FC) and on the Nageotte chamber (NC), respectively. This study showed that the lower detection limits for FC and NC were 0.1 and 1WBC/μl, respectively. Methods based on FC showed less variability at 0.1–1 WBC/μl but were equal in performance to counting procedures based on the NC above 1WBC/μl. We then designed study No. 2 to evaluate three different protocols using the NC. In protocol 1, samples were diluted 1:10 with Plaxan and with Türk's solution; in protocol 2 a mixture of Türk's solution and Zap‐oglobin, a reagent used in manual hemoglobin determinations, was used to dilute the samples 1:5; and protocol 3 involved initial 1:10 dilution of a 1‐ml sample with Plaxan followed by WBC concentration into the original 1‐ml volume by centrifugation. In each participating laboratory, two technologists independently processed the samples and read the results with an NC. Plaxan and Türk's solution gave comparable results. Interobserver variability was not critical to the results. All three NC methods were valid for counting at concentrations of 1 WBC/μl. Protocol 3 showed the greatest precision, allowing the measurement of WBC at concentrations of 0.1–1/μl (30,000–300,000 WBC in a 300‐ml RBC unit) with a coefficient of variation of approximately 50% or less. Based on these results the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Working Party considers all three NC protocols adequate for the routine evaluation of current leukocyte removal filters, i.e. at levels ≥1 WBC/μl. The evaluation of new and more effective filters and validation of filter performance may require techniques with a greater precision at counts below 1 WBC/μl, such as protocol 3. For the latter purposes FC is also applicable. Because the counting techniques were not validated using stored blood, these conclusions only apply to samples obtained from blood stored for 1 day.
Detection of HIV‐1 DNA in Leukocytes Using a Commercially Available Assay
Authors: Zaaijer H. L. , Cuypers H.T.M. , Reesink H.W. , ten Veen J. H. , Schoon‐Visser S. C. E. , Lelie P. N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRecently, an assay for detection of proviral HIV‐1 DNA in leukocytes became commercially available. This assay (Amplicor HIV‐1 test, Roche Diagnostic Systems) multiplies HIV‐1 DNA up to a detectable level, using the polymerase chain reaction. We studied performance of this assay on 74 samples from HIV‐1‐infected patients and on 41 samples from healthy blood donors. Twice a negative control sample appeared to be erroneously reactive. However, sensitivity and specificity on the patient and donor samples both were 100%. To avoid false‐positive results, we advise to repeat initially reactive samples if no other data confirm HIV‐infection.
Bedside Transfusion Errors
Authors: Baele P.L. , De Bruyere M. , Deneys V. , Dupont E. , Flament J. , Lambermont M. , Latinne D. , Steensens L. , van Camp B. , Waterloos H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe true incidence of bedside transfusion errors, i.e. those happening when blood products have left the blood bank, is underestimated because published figures rely on reporting of clinically relevant events or on indirect methods. The SAnGUIS project assessing blood practice in a prospective and randomized fashion for 6 elective surgical procedures gave the opportunity to trace all transfused units and to identify steps at risk during blood delivery in surgery. We considered transfusion of a wrong unit as a major error and poor execution or documentation as a recording error.Over 15 months, 808 patients out of 1,448 were transfused with 3,485 units. A total of 165 errors were found after blood products had left the blood banks. Seven were misidentifications (0.74% of patients, 0.2% of units). Eight other major errors occurred in 4 (0.5%) patients. Major errors occurred during nonemergency situations, in wards or intensive care units. The remaining (‘recording’) 150 errors consisted of misrecordings (61), mislabellings (6), or failures to document transfusions in the medical records (83).All errors were uneventful except one misidentification which induced a transient, yet unreported, reaction.The ‘descending’ inquiry method used for this study showed that most errors pass unnoticed and are therefore not reported. Measurement of error rates may constitute an important quality indicator.Retrospective information of this survey to the concerned staff people provided an impetus to take adequate measures to reduce these bedside errors.
Evaluation of Third‐Generation Screening and Confirmatory Assays for HCV Antibodies
Authors: Uyttendaele S. , Claeys H. , Mertens W. , Verhaert H. , Vermylen C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA third‐generation (gen.) screening and immunoblot assay (Ortho EIA‐3.0; Chiron RIBA‐3 prototype), using antigens derived from the capsid and different nonstructural regions (NS3, NS4 and NS5) of the hepatitis C virus viral genome, were evaluated in comparison with the corresponding second‐gen. assays (Ortho EIA‐2.0; revised Ortho EIA‐2.5; Chiron RIBA‐2). In 203 depository sera of blood donors, positive in EIA‐2.0, specificity of the screening assays was improved as shown by an increase in positive predictive value for viral carrier state from 0.23 (EIA‐2.0) to 0.37 (EIA‐2.5) and 0.52 (EIA‐3.0). Comparing the confirmation patterns on RIBA‐2 and RIBA‐3, this amelioration was mainly due to the specific elimination of false‐positive c22‐3 and c100‐3 reactions. Antibody response to the newly added NS5 antigen was not as prevalent as to the other antigens and had only a minor influence in sample allocation. In contrast, screening of 1,560 volunteer blood donors and 47 hemodialysis patients revealed 3 additional positive sera, only reacting with the NS5 antigen. However none of these isolated NS5 reactions could be confirmed on synthetic peptides [INNO‐LIA: NS5(p)] and none was PCR positive. A documented seroconversion, detected earlier with EIA‐3.0, was related to a better immunological response to the NS3 antigen and not to the additional NS5. From this pilot study third‐gen. assays appeared extremely useful in the reevaluation of HCV‐seropositive depository sera. However the additional value of the NS5 antigen in blood donor screening is still hypothetical and remains to be established in larger screening studies.
Presence of Anti‐Yta Antibody in a Yt(a+) Patient
Authors: Mazzi Gustavo , Raineri Antonino , Santarossa Liliana , De Roia Dina , Orazi Bianca Maria 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSince 1956 when Cartwright (Yt) was recognized as a new erythrocyte antigenic system, numerous studies about anti‐Yta and anti‐Ytb antibodies have been published. A number of these studies described the laboratory techniques utilized in antibody identification, while others investigated the clinical importance of anti‐Yta, giving variable results. However, most authors agreed upon the homogeneity of expression in this antigenic system. In our study we have described a case regarding 1 Yt(a+) patient with anti‐Yta antibody. Family studies indicated inheritance of a variant/variant expression of the Yta antigen from the father.
Adsorption of Anaphylatoxins and Platelet‐Specific Proteins by Filtration of Platelet Concentrates with a Polyester Leukocyte Reduction Filter
Authors: Shimizu T. , Uchigiri C. , Mizuno S. , Kamiya T. , Kokubo Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnaphylatoxins generated during storage of platelet concentrates (PCs) may potentially have side effects on platelet transfusion. We evaluated the anaphylatoxin‐scavenging abilities of white blood cell reduction filters. Among the commercially available filters for PCs, one made with polyester fiber (PL50) dramatically adsorbed C3a and C4a anaphylatoxins to the respective mean level of 1,721–208 ng/ml and 1,240–141 ng/ml in 3‐day‐old PCs. C3a and C4a were measured as the native and des Arg form of each complement by radioimmunoassay. C3a and C4a anaphylatoxins in the supernatant plasma fraction from 3‐day‐old PC again decreased from 1,136 to 114 ng/ml and from 1,086 to 65 ng/ml, respectively. The filter also adsorbed 85% of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and 31% of β‐thromboglobulin (β‐TG), which had been released from platelets into the plasma during storage. The plasma levels of adhesive proteins such as fibronectin, fibrinogen, and von Willebrand factor, and plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity did not decrease after filtration. Another polyester filter (PL5A), on the other hand, significantly increased C3a and C4a levels with filtration. In addition, there was no PF4 adsorption ability during the filtration. The filters for red cells (RC50, BPF4, and R500A) had no anaphylatoxin adsorption capabilities. The observed specific adsorption of anaphylatoxins might be attributed to the electrostatic force between the positively charged anaphylatoxins with high p1 and the possibly negatively charged filter membranes. Since PF4 and β‐TG have positively charged moieties in the C‐terminal position, the same adsorption mechanism might operate. We have obtained a useful scavenging filter for the evaluation of side effects of anaphylatoxins on patients who received old PCs.
Relative Importance of Immune and Non‐Immune Causes of Platelet Refractoriness
Authors: Doughty H. A. , Murphy M. F. , Metcalfe P. , Rohatiner A. Z. S. , Lister T. A. , Waters A. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this prospective study, 26 consecutive patients being treated for haematological malignancies receiving standard (i.e. non‐leucocyte‐depleted) blood components were observed for the development of refractoriness to platelet transfusions. One hundred and sixteen of the 266 (44%) platelet transfusions failed to produce a satisfactory response. In 102/116 (88%), the poor response was in the presence of non‐immune factors known to be associated with platelet refractoriness. Non‐immune factors were present alone in 78/116 (67%), and in combination with immune factors in a further 24/116 (21%). Immune factors (HLA and platelet‐specific antibodies) were present during 29/116 (25%) of unsuccessful platelet transfusions. Statistical analysis confirmed that platelet refractoriness was significantly associated with the presence of nonimmune factors. The non‐immune factors associated with refractoriness were often multiple, most frequently a combination of fever, infection and antibiotic therapy. This study provides evidence that immune mechanisms were not the predominant cause of platelet refractoriness in the patient population studied. It also suggests that measures for the prevention of HLA alloimmunisation, such as leucocyte depletion, may have a limited impact in reducing the incidence of refractoriness to platelet transfusions.
Application of the MAIEA Assay to the Kell Blood Group System
Authors: Petty A. C. , Daniels G. L. , Tippett P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe monoclonal antibody‐specific immobilisation of erythrocyte antigens (MAIEA) test has been employed to investigate the Kell system using five monoclonal antibodies which recognise high frequency epitopes on the 93,000‐molecular weight Kell glycoprotein: BRIC 18, BRIC 68, BRIC 107, BRIC 203 and 6–22. BRIC 107, which has anti‐k‐like (KEL2) specificity, identifies a distinct epitope, whilst competitive binding assays suggested that BRIC 203 (anti‐Kpbc), BRIC 18, BRIC 68 and 6–22 (anti K14) comprise an overlapping set of epitopes. The MAIEA assay has been very successful in confirming the assignment of most of the Kell and para‐Kell antigens to the Kell protein. Due to the competitive nature of the assay and the fact that the monoclonal antibodies bind to different regions, the results also suggest the relative positions of some of the Kell antigens on the Kell protein; these appear to be located in at least five spatially distinct regions.
Inactivation and Elimination of Viruses during Preparation of Human Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Authors: Uemura Yahiro , Yang Y.H. Joy , Heldebrant Charles M. , Takechi Kazuo , Yokoyama Kazumasa 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe report here the results of our evaluation of virus inactivation during the manufacturing steps of two intravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) preparations. Virus inactivation and/or removal by processing steps, such as ethanol fractionation and polyethylene glycol precipitation, and deliberate virucidal steps, such as solvent/detergent treatment and pasteurization, were tested on a variety of human pathogenic and experimental model viruses, including human immunodeficiency, Hepatitis C, Mumps, Vaccinia, Chikungunya, Vesicular Stomatitis, Sindbis, and ECHO viruses. All viruses were successfully inactivated and/or eliminated by the processing steps studied. In some cases, however, multiple steps were required. We conclude that the incorporation of steps deliberately designed to inactivate or remove viruses during the production of IGIV provides an extra measure of viral safety.
Studies in Red Blood Cell Preservation: 9. The Role of Glutamine in Red Cell Preservation
Authors: Dumaswala U.J. , Rugg N. , Greenwalt T.J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that an additive solution containing ammonium chloride (NH4+) and phosphate (Pi) in addition to adenine, glucose and mannitol would support red blood cell (RBC) in vitro characteristics and in vivo 24‐hour viability after storage for 9 weeks. The purpose of the present study was to determine if NH4+generated by the action of glutaminase on glutamine could be substituted for added NH4+salts. Packed RBCs were stored with equal volumes of adenine, glucose, mannitol, and citrate containing additive solutions with 10 mM glutamine (EAS 31) or with 10 mM glutamine and either 10 (EAS 36) or 20 mM (EAS 37) Pi. One aliquot was stored with Adsol®. The mean ATP levels of the RBCs stored in the glutamine plus phosphate EASs were 132 (10 mM Pi) and 144% (20 mM Pi) of the initial levels at 28 days, and at 84 days remained at 48 and 56%, respectively. The ATP levels of the RBC stored in Adsol were 105 and 25% at 28 and 84 days of storage, respectively. Percentage hemolysis and vesiculation was significantly lower (p<0.01) for RBCs stored in glutamine and glutamine plus phosphate as compared to RBCs stored in Adsol. The levels of NH4+were 22 to 34% higher in the EASs than in Adsol at the end of 84 days of storage, suggesting that glutamine is broken down by glutaminase to generate NH4+. The mean corpuscular volumes (MCVs) of RBCs in EASs 36 and 37 were substantially higher than in Adsol throughout the course of storage (p<0.01). However, the MCVs in the additive containing glutamine and no Pi were higher only for 42 days.
Preparation and Properties of a Therapeutic Inter‐Alpha‐Trypsin Inhibitor Concentrate from Human Plasma
Authors: Michalski Catherine , Piva Frank , Balduyck Malika , Mizon Charlotte , Burnouf Thierry , Huart Jean‐Jacques , Mizon Jacques 
Published: March 2009

AbstractInter‐α‐trypsin inhibitor (ITI) is a serine protease inhibitor found in human plasma. Its antiprotease activity is due to bikunin which is effective in various types of experimental shock and pancreatitis. Therefore ITI, which releases bikunin by proteolytic cleavage, could be of therapeutic interest. A method for the large‐scale isolation of ITI from human plasma is described. ITI was purified from the prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) by diethylaminoethyl‐Sepharose fast‐flow chromatography followed by a chromatographic step on immobilized heparin designed to remove C4, factor X and protein C. With this procedure, which was performed under mild conditions, a homogeneous preparation of native ITI was obtained, as demonstrated by electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses. ITI maintained its biological activity, as exhibited by its specific antitryptic activity of 420+65 IU/g. In order to decrease or eliminate the risk of transmission of viral disease due to lipid‐enveloped viruses, the process incorporated a solvent‐detergent treatment. Animal studies on the final product revealed no adverse side‐effects in terms of toxicity, thrombogenicity or hypotension. This preparation appears suitable for therapeutic evaluation in animal experimental models.
Adverse Reactions to Platelet Transfusions Are Reduced by Use of Platelet Concentrates Derived from Buffy Coat
Authors: Oksanen K. , Ebeling F. , Kekomäki R. , Elonen E. , Sahlstedt L. , Volin L. , Myllylä G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe closely observed 86 transfusions to multitransfused hematologic patients with leukocyte‐depleted platelet concentrates (PCs) prepared from buffy coats (BC PCs), filtered either prior to storage (BC1) or after 3–4 days' storage (BC3). The patients were first given, randomly, either BC1 or BC3, and were thereafter used as their own controls by giving them the two BC types alternately. The results were compared with an earlier study on standard platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) PCs (46 transfusions to 23 patients) and leukocyte‐depleted PRP PCs (23 transfusions to 12 patients). There was no difference in adverse reactions between BC1 and BC3 PCs, but BC PCs caused significantly fewer and milder adverse reactions than PRP PCs. Febrile reactions (FTR) occurred in 4.6%, urticarial skin reactions in 21%, and pulmonary reactions in 0% of BC PC transfusions (17, 29 and 0% of patients). The mean corrected increments (CI) at 16–18 h were higher after BC1 PCs than BC3 PCs (10.3 vs. 8.0, p = 0.046). We conclude that adverse reactions are reduced by use of BC PCs. Prestorage leukocyte depletion may improve platelet increments.
Identification and Removal of Polymer‐ and Aggregate‐Forming Proteins in Human Plasma Albumin Preparations
Authors: Jensen Lisbeth Bjerring , Dam Jørgen , Teisner Børge 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe presence of the glycoproteins haptoglobin and hemopexin in human plasma albumin (HPA) solutions were demonstrated to be responsible for the formation of polymers and aggregates during heat treatment for 10 h at 60°C. Apart from haptoglobin and hemopexin three other contaminating proteins were identified as transferrin, Gc‐globulin and β2‐glycoprotein. During heat treatment the antigenicity of haptoglobin and hemopexin changed markedly and more than 90% of the antigens appeared as aggregates in the void volume during the following size chromatography. Without loss of albumin haptoglobin and hemopexin were removed from the HPA preparation by lectin (concanavalin A) affinity chromatography. The haptoglobin‐ and hemopexin‐depleted HPA preparation did not form aggregates or polymers during heat treatment.