bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The expression of fractalkine in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Watanabe M. , Shimoya K. , Zhang Q. , Temma‐Asano K. , Kimura T. , Murata Y. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the study was to evaluate the presence of fractalkine in the endometrium of the uterus and the change of fractalkine protein levels during menstrual cycle.MethodsTwelve samples of endometrium of the uterus were obtained from gynecological patients who underwent total hysterectomy. Western blotting, RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed.ResultsFractalkine protein was detected in the endometrium of the uterus. Positive staining was confirmed in the epithelial cells and grandular cells in the endometrium. Expression levels of fractalkine protein and mRNA in the endometrium during secretory phase were significantly higher than those during proliferative phase. Immunohistochemical analysis using an anti‐CX3CR1 antibody demonstrated positive staining in the glandular cells of the endometrium of the uterus.ConclusionFractalkine was expressed in the endometrium and its production was up‐regulated during secretory phase.
Effects of Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) expressed in tomato leaves on larvae of the tomato moth Lacanobia oleracea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the effect of GNA on the development of the endoparasitoid Meteorus gyrator (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Wakefield M.E. , Bell H.A. , Fitches E.C. , Edwards J.P. , Gatehouse A.M.R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe effect of ingestion of transgenic tomato leaves expressing the plant lectin Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) on development of larvae of Lacanobia oleracea (Linnaeus) was studied under laboratory conditions. When L. oleracea larvae were fed on tomato line 14.1H, expressing approximately 2.0% GNA, significant increases in the mean larval weight and in the amount of food consumed were found. This resulted in an overall reduction in the mean development time to the pupal stage of approximately 7 days. A significant increase in the percentage survival to the adult moth was also recorded when newly hatched larvae were reared on transgenic tomato leaves (72%) compared to larvae reared on untransformed leaves (40%). The effects of ingestion of GNA by L. oleracea larvae, via artificial diet or the leaves of transgenic tomato or potato plants, on the subsequent development of its solitary endoparasitoid Meteorus gyrator (Thunberg) was also studied. No significant effects on the life cycle parameters of M. gyrator developing in L. oleracea fed on GNA-containing diets were observed. Experiments with transgenic potato plants indicated that the stadium of the host larvae at parasitism had a greater influence on M. gyrator development than the presence of GNA. Potential GNA-binding glycoproteins were detected in the gut and body tissues of larval M. gyrator. Despite detection in host tissues, GNA could not be detected in adult M. gyrator and therefore it is likely that at the time of pupation M. gyrator are able to void the GNA in the meconial pellet.
The effect of bait design on bait consumption in termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Evans T.A. , Gleeson P.V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe efficacy of baiting as a pest control method relies on the bait appealing to the pest species. In the case of wood-eating termites, bait stations should be designed to encourage termite presence and to maximize their consumption of bait matrix in order to expedite control in minimal time. A field experiment examined the effect of bait size (one large bait or four small baits of equivalent total size, with commensurate inspection and replacement schedules), compaction (tightly rolled or loosely folded) and composition (paper only or paper plus wood) on termite presence and on untreated bait paper removal rates over four months. All three factors were significant, with bait size the most important factor, followed by compaction and then composition. The least effective baits were small, compacted (rolled) paper-only baits with monthly inspections; these had the highest abandonment rate (70%) and had the least paper removed (mean of 24 g). The most effective baits were large, folded paper-plus-wood baits with inspections at two months; these had the lowest abandonment rate (20%) and had the highest paper removal (mean of 112 g). The more than four-fold difference between these baits types demonstrates that bait efficacy can be altered considerably merely by changing bait design without adding new ingredients to the bait matrix.
Molecular methods for assessing insect parasitism
Authors: Greenstone M.H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDetermining insect parasitism rates is problematic due to the small size and lack of useful distinguishing morphological characters of many parasitoid taxa. To solve this problem, entomologists have employed one of four general methods to detect parasitoid protein or nucleic acid markers: serological assay; random amplified polymorphic DNA–polymerase chain reaction “RAPD-PCR” allozyme electrophoresis; or specific PCR. Serological methods, especially with monoclonal antibodies, are unrivalled for specificity, enabling discrimination at the stage as well as species level. However, they have not found favour with many workers, possibly due to complexity and expense. RAPD–PCR has been widely used, but can only be recommended for restricted applications because of its poor reproducibility. Allozyme electrophoresis provides reproducible detection and discrimination of closely related species. Specific-PCR is highly specific and reproducible, and also has the shortest latency for detection, usually 24 h or less after parasitization. The substantial existing literature on allozyme electrophoresis and specific PCR is used to support recommendations on what are apt to be fruitful enzyme systems or genomic regions for detecting and discriminating parasitoids in untried parasitoid–host assemblages.
Midgut proteases of the cardamom shoot and capsule borer Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and their interaction with aprotinin
Authors: Josephrajkumar A. , Chakrabarty R. , Thomas G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractProtease inhibitors cause mortality in a range of insects, and transgenic plants expressing protease inhibitors have been protected against pest attack, particularly internal feeders that are not amenable to control by conventional means. A study of luminal proteases in Conogethes punctiferalis Guenée was performed to identify potential targets for proteinaceous biopesticides, such as protease inhibitors. The midgut protease profile of the gut lumen from C. punctiferalis was studied to determine the conditions for optimal protein hydrolysis. Optimum conditions for peptidase activity were found to be in 50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 10 containing 20 mm CaCl2; incubation for 30 min at 40°C. Four synthetic substrates, i.e. benzoyl-arg-p-nitroanilide, benzoyl-tyr-p-nitroanilide, succinyl-ala-ala-pro-leu-p-nitroanilide (SAAPLpNA) and leu-p-nitroanilide were hydrolysed by C. punctiferalis gut proteases in Tris-HCl buffer pH 10. Trypsin and elastase-like chymotrypsin were the prominent digestive proteases, and age-related modulation of midgut proteases existed for trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase-like chymotrypsin and leucine aminopeptidase. Serine protease inhibitors such as aprotinin, soybean trypsin inhibitor and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride inhibited peptidase activity. Some metal ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Pb2+ and Co2+ enhanced BApNA-ase activity whereas others like Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+ and Hg2+ were inhibitory at 6 mm concentration. Trypsin and elastase-like chymotrypsin were significantly inhibited by 94% and 29%, respectively, by aprotinin (150 nm) under in vitro conditions. A possible incorporation of protease inhibitors into transgenic plants is discussed.
An historical review of the fish and fisheries investigations of the Freshwater Biological Association, mainly at the Windermere Laboratory
Authors: Bagenal T. B. 
Published: January 2006

This paper is a review of most of the research work on fish that has been carried out by the Freshwater Biological Association, and includes not only what has been done at Windermere, but also some past work carried out elsewhere. However, current work at the River Laboratory, which is now a separate establishment, has been excluded.The history of the Association i s traced from its formation in 1929 and its first laboratory at Wray Castle, to its present quarters at the Ferry House. Thc pre‐war work of Allen on trout, perch and salmon is described and an account is given of the war time research and fishery for eels and perch, and of how this has led to the experimental removal of perch and pike from Windermere on a large scale. The physiological research, and work on trout fry, on char and other species, as well as many subsidiary investigations, are mentioned. As far as possible brief summaries of the main results are given for most of the 99 papers mentioiicd.
Notes on the biology of the schelly Coregonus lavaretus (L.) in Haweswater and Ullswater
Authors: Bagenal T. B. 
Published: January 2006

Some aspects of the biology of the schelly Coregonus lavaretus (L.) were investigated by examining 188 that had passed down an aqueduct from Haweswater and 437 that were caught in gill nets set in Ullswater.In both lakes the main breeding season is from mid January to mid February, and in Ullswater spawning takes place in shallow water [less than 7.6 m (25 feet)] on a sandy bottom with stones and weed, at the entrance to a bay. The males in Haweswater first spawn when 3 years old and in Ullswater when 2; and the females first spawn in Haweswater when 4 years old, and in Ullswater when 3.Scales were kept from every fish and were found suitable for age determination. Some Haweswater schelly live for 9 years, but from Ullswater the oldest was 8. The rate of growth of male Haweswater schelly was very well described by the equation:
image

(where lt(=the length at time t) but the curve had to be transposed a further year to describe adequately the Ullswater male schelly growth. It is clear that the rates of growth are similar in the two lakes after the first year, during which it is much faster in Ullswater.A study of the length‐weight relation showed that the weight is proportional to the length cubed, and no difference in condition was found between males and females.The schelly egg was found to be slightly sticky, spherical and 2.98 mm in diameter. Some fertilized eggs were kept at various constant temperatures. At 4°C and 6°C the death rate was low, but was higher at 8°C and total mortality occured at 10°C. This low upper lethal temperature probably restricts the spawning season to mid‐winter and also limits the species' geographical range, as has also been suggested for the char Salvelitms alpinus (L.) whose eggs have similar temperature requirements.Some eggs were reared to adults, and these provided corroboration of the validity of the scales for age determination. Two other points mentioned in this paper were the occasional winter strandings of schelly, and the incidence of a supernumerary pelvic fin.
The influence of exposure to low temperature on Tilapia mossambica Peters (Cichlidae).
Authors: Allanson B. R. , Bok A. , Van Wyk N. I. 
Published: January 2006

In the cichlid teleost Tilapia mossambica secondary chill coma following exposure to 11° C in freshwater is associated with decreases in plasma osmolarity, sodium and chloride ion concentrations. Fish exposed in seawater diluted to give a NaCl concentration of 5%0 show no signs of coma nor are there decreases in osmolarity or sodium and chloride ion concentrations.It is suggested that the restrictions of T. mossambica to estuaries at the southern end of its distribution in southern Africa relates to the maintenance of near normal sodium and chloride ion concentrations at low temperatures during winter.
Temperature tolerance and thyroid activity of the white perch Roccus (=Morone) americanus
Authors: Mc erlean Andrew J. , Brinkley H. J. 
Published: January 2006

The seasonaliy of temperature tolerance using thiourea‐treated, normal and thyroxine treated white perch was determined after laboratory acclimation and LD50 values calculated by normit analysis. Treatment effects, reflected in slight shifts in LD50 values were evident. However, these did not fit a consistent pattern of thyroidal involvement in temperature tolerance.When specimens of known thyroidal functional state were used in tolerance tests, results, similar to the seasonal tolerance tests, were obtained. Thus, although the white perch has a functioning thyroid capable of forming radiohormone and this capability was experimentally varied in these tests, no tolerance shifts were noted.Data obtained in tolerance testing were statistically adjusted to partition out variation due to differences in acclimation temperatures (season) and to test for treatment (thyroidal functional state) effects. Treatment difference was not significant while that due to season was significant (P<0.01). Thyroidal functional state was thus unrelated to tolerance.
Hydrocephalus and red‐disease in pike fry Esox lucius L.
Authors: Bootsma R. 
Published: January 2006

Two diseases of pike fry have been investigated, both causing serious losses in Dutch pike culture. In one of these diseases the lump developing on the head of the fry was associated with an internal hydrocephalus.The other one, ‘red disease’ after the haemorrhagic areas in the trunk, may be identical with red‐sore disease of pike.The etiologies of both diseases are unknown.
A simple electronic smolt counter
Authors: Weiss D. M. 
Published: January 2006

The development of methods for the automatic counting of migratory fish has become a matter of some importance in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, owing to the increasing concern over the lack of accurate information about fish stocks. An instrument capable of counting fish accurately and reliably in a variety of conditions remains a goal towards which progress is being made only slowly, despite strenuous efforts by a number of organizations.The fish counters available at present are expensive to buy and sufficiently complex to be difficult to build by the majority of workers in fisheries management, but there are, however, circumstances where fish may be counted by relatively simple means and an example of this is given below.It was found that salmon smolts swimming down a channel or tube could be reliably detected using a simple electronic circuit which was sensitive both to changes in resistance across 2 electrodes set in the water flow, and to the rate of change of resistance. These changes were amplified sufficiently to produce deflections on a recording meter so that subsequent examination of the chart gave both a count of the smolts and also the time of passage.Details of the circuit, which can be built at low cost and with only elementary equipment, are discussed briefly and some of the results are given.
The influence of water salinity and stage in life history on ion concentration of fish blood serum
Authors: Natochin Yu. V. , Lavrova E. A. 
Published: January 2006

(1) The Na, K, Ca, Mg concentration of blood serum have been studied in nearly 60 fish species from various waterbodies (the Neva, Lake Dal'nee, the Volga, Lake Baikal, the White Sea, the Black Sea, the Barents Sea etc.). In fishes (Cyprinidae, Percidae, Siluridae etc.) from fresh water (Lake Dal'nee, the Baikal, the Neva) with low 0.18–0.24 mEq/1 Na concentration Na content in blood serum was lower than in closely related species from fresh water (the Volga, Lyutoga River) with larger Na concentration–nearly 0.5–1 mEq 1. Blood serum of marine teleosts Na concentration (156–210 mEq/1) was higher than in migrating and freshwater species (90–174) mEq/1) and it did not depend on seawater salinity: Barents Sea–465, White Sea–255, Black Sea–227 mEq/1.(2) Rather a considerable specific variation of ion concentration was found in blood serum of fishes from different families living in the same water body (Lake Baikal: Cyprinidae 90–95 mEq/1, Percidae 114 mEq/1, Salmonidae 126–129 mEq/1 etc.; the Volga: Siluridae 139 mEq/1, Percidae 142–150 mEq/1, Clupeidae 174 mEq/1).(3) No relation has been detected between K, Ca and Mg concentrations in blood serum of fishes and the concentrations of these ions in the environment.(4) Na concentration in the blood serum of sockeye salmon juveniles (101 mEq/1) migrating seaward was less than in adult fishes (132 mEq/1) returning to the lake to spawn. Na concentration in the blood of non‐migrating salmonids (Oncorhynchus nerka adult residual 104 mEq/1, Salvelinus alpinus juvenile 140 mEq/1, adult residual 141 mEq/1) changed insig‐ nificantly during life history. Notable hypopotassemia was observed in spawning time in Salmonidae.(5) The comparison of blood serum ion concentration in males and females of fishes from different taxonomic groups (Acipenseridae, Salmonidae, Cyprinidae) showed no significant variation.
The eels of Lake Kariba: distribution, taxonomic status, age, growth and density
Authors: Balon Eugene K. 
Published: January 2006

It had been predicted that eels would disappear from Lake Kariba because juveniles would be unable to surmount the dam which was closed in 1958. This prediction has been proved wrong. In 1970–71 an abundant population of eels was discovered in the lake, mostly at depths from 25–40 m. The eels have intermingled characters of both the mottled Anguilla nebulosa labiata and the plain‐colored A. mossambica. A clear separation of these two taxa was impossible and therefore conspeciflc status of these two species is suspected; the name A. n. labiata is retained for the population.The age structure of the eel cohorts suggests that juveniles surmount the dam in their second year of life and then spend approximately 7 years in streams of the lake drainage. The fastest maturing individuals which are in best condition then emigrate to the ocean, whereas the slower maturing eels remain in the lake longer. The oldest eel in the samples was 18 years old.The catch per unit of effort for hoopnets was 2.35 kg in the upper part of the lake and 0.41 kg for the lower part of the lake. The density at Namazambwe was assessed at 46 eels per 1 ha. The unexploited eel population of Lake Kariba could form a valuable resource.
Blood and liver enzymes in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.) with emphasis on their diagnostic use: Study of CCl4 toxicity and a case of Aeromonas infection
Authors: Racicot J. G. , Gaudet M. , Leray C. 
Published: January 2006

The effect of one intraperitoneal injection of 1.33 ml of CCl4 per kg of fish was studied. Two experimental series were performed and studied for 10 days (with diluent) and 24 h (pure CCl4) periods. LDH, GOT, GPT, GR, GDH, CPK, G‐6‐Pase, and AlkPase were studied. The activity of all enzymes in blood increased: LDH (four times the control), GOT (two times), GPT (three times); they reached a maximal activity 12 h after injection of diluted CCl4. The levels of some enzymes were also examined in the liver. With pure CCl4, maximal enzyme activity in blood occurred earlier (6 h). A 6 to 10 times increase was observed for GOT, GPT, LDH, GR, and GDH. Histopathological observations were correlated with these enzymes studies.An Aeromonas disease characterized by the destruction of the dermis, the exposure of the muscle, and by the presence of numerous petechiae in the liver enabled us to examine the relationships between naturally induced tissue damage and enzyme levels in blood. The levels of seven blood enzymes were determined and the most significant modifications were observed for LDH and CPK. which increased their concentration from 3 to 7 times respectively. A pyruvate saturation test demonstrated that LDH was probably from liver as it was observed after CCl4 poisoning. The contribution of such biochemical studies in fish research is evaluated.
The reproductive biology of Scleropages formosus (Müller & Schlegel) (Osteoglossomorpha, Osteoglossidae) in Malaya, and the morphology of its pituitary gland
Authors: Scott D. B. C. , Fuller J. D. 
Published: January 2006

This is a study of the reproductive biology and morphology of the pituitary gland of the osteoglossid fish Scleropages formosus (Müller & Schlegel). The fish spawn in the Tasek Bera waterways of Pahang, Malaysia during the rainy season beginning in August. Young fish are incubated in the mouth of the male parent until free‐swimming. Males mature in their 2+ year, when 30–45 cm in length. In mature specimens the testis is small, and little sperm is produced. Some females mature in their 2+ year, although at that time, most have only reached the stage of secondary oocyte production. The chorion and follicular granulosa of secondary oocytes are deeply invaginated into the cytoplasm. All fish spawn in their 3+ year, when 45–60 cm in length. The single ripe ovary contains 20–30 ova, each 1.9 cm in diameter. No fish of 4+ years were caught, which may be the result of mortality or emigration, or due to extraneous causes such as selectivity in the fishing techniques used.The pituitary gland accords with the generalized teleost pattern and embryonic development. There is no saccus vasculosus. Adrenocorticotropic cells predominate in the proadenohypophysis, and somatotropic and luteotropic cells occur here. The mesoadenohypophysis contains gonadotropic and somatotropic cells; the former grow large in ripe specimens, so that the mesoadenohypophysis becomes much enlarged. The metaadenohypophysis contains relatively few cells, much neurohypophyseal ramification, and is deeply penetrated by the third ventricle of the brain.
The host specificity of Lepeophtheirus pectoralis (Müller, 1776) (Copepoda: Caligidae)
Authors: Boxshall G. A. 
Published: January 2006

The host specificity of Lepeophtheirus pectoralis (Müller) was examined experimentally by exposing different fish species to infection by artificially reared copepodid larvae. Copepodids which were hatched from eggs of adults parasitic on plaice (platessae copepodids) preferred plaice to all other fishes tested, whereas copepodids which were hatched from eggs of adults parasitic on flounder (flesi copepodids) preferred flounder to all other fish species. These behavioural differences suggest that two strains of L. pectoralis exist, one (platessae) adapted to plaice as its host and the other (flesi) to flounder. Comparison of an experimentally derived order of host preference with a table of occurrence obtained from the literature, suggests that a third strain of L. pectoralis, adapted to dab as its host, might also occur.The process of infection by L. pectoralis copepodids is also described. It comprises a host location phase, during which the copepodid enters the habitat of its flatfish hosts and locates a host individual, and an attachment phase. The host location phase appears to be governed by changes in the activity of the copepodid and by its positively rheotactic response to water currents produced by the host. The attachment phase is probably based on the response of the copepodid to chemical factors produced by the host.
Cost of egg production in the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)
Authors: Wootton R. J. , Evans G. W. 
Published: January 2006

In the interval between successive spawnings, female sticklebacks consumed approximately their own wet weight of Tubifex. On average, for 100 cal of food consumed, 26 cal of eggs, 3 cal of somatic growth and 11 cal of faeces were produced. In the absence of somatic growth, the efficiency of egg production was estimated as nearly 30%, and it was predicted that in the absence of egg production, the efficiency of somatic growth would range from 20% for a fish of 0.8 g wet weight to 3% for 2 g fish.The weight of eggs produced at a spawning was a function of the weight of the female but not of the amount of food consumed. If food consumption was not sufficient to cover the cost of egg production, the fish lost weight. Total production (the summation of egg production and somatic growth) was a function of the amount of food consumed.