bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of a Music Appreciation Course on Students' Verbally Expressed Preferences for Composers
Authors: Price Harry E. 
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a course in music appreciation on I attitudes of college nonmusic majors (N = 187) regarding favorite composers, as verbally expressed in the absence of music stimuli. Students participating in a 10-week music appreciation course were tested for knowledge of course content and surveyed for ranked listings of their 10 favorite composers before and after the course. These data were analyzed for precourse to postcourse changes and their interrelationships, as well as their relationships to music training, textbook content, and recording purchases. The primary focus of the music appreciation course was the music and composers of the formal tradition as reflected by the textbook content. After completing the course, students had a significantly greater tendency (p < .01) to include composers of this tradition on ranked listings of their 10 favorite composers. There was a significant (p < .05) but moderate relationship between textbook content and both frequency of mention and rank sums of composers of the formal tradition. The inclusion of more composers of the formal tradition on the ranked listings had no significant relationship (p > .05) to cognitive gains, musical training, or recording purchases. The increased inclusion of composers of the formal tradition may have been a result of familiarity with and not necessarily greater liking of their music. Weaknesses of the investigation are discussed, along with recommendations for future research.
Efficacy of a Self-Help Program in Music for Disadvantaged Preschools
Authors: Young William T. 
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a prestructured music program, designed especially for disadvantaged children, when this program was implemented by personnel already involved in the operation of Headstart and similar preschools. The study included 12 Headstart teaching centers in Texas and Louisiana with a total enrollment of 277 kindergarten age children from disadvantaged environments. A culture-free music ability test was administered individually to each child in all 12 centers in September and again in May at the end of the teaching year. Comparisons of pretest-posttest improvement revealed significant gains for the experimental group but not for the control group. The results suggested that the teachers' musical knowledge had less effect on the children' s improvement than teacher traits such as determination, industry, and willingness to take the initiative. The final conclusion of the study was that the typical Headstart teacher, with a minumum of assistance, is capable of producing significant improvement in the musical abilities of preschool disadvantaged children.
Effect of Magnitude of Conductor Behavior on Students in Selected Mixed Choruses
Authors: Yarbrough Cornelia 
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of magnitude of conductor behavior on performance, attentiveness, and attitude of students in mixed choruses. Four mixed choruses (one university and three high schools) were rehearsed under three conditions: (1) with regular conductor, (2) with high magnitude conductor, and (3) with low magnitude conductor. Magnitude was defined a priori by the experimenter and subsequently observed using the Music Conductor Observation Form developed for this study. In addition the effect of magnitude was measured by (1) judges' ratings of audiotaped musical performances, (2) behavioral observation of student attentiveness, and (3) self-report of student attitude. Although results indicated no significant differences in musical performance, attentiveness, or attitude ratings among baseline and the two experimental conditions, high and low magnitude, three of the groups received their lowest ratings under the low magnitude condition, off-task percentage was lower during the high magnitude condition, and data demonstrated student preference for the high magnitude conductor.
The Influence of Textural and Timbral Factors on the Ability of Music Majors to Detect Performance Errors
Authors: Byo James L. 
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of textural and timbral factors on graduate and undergraduate music majors' ability to detect performance errors. Specifically, subjects' discrimination of pitch and rhythm errors in music excerpts that were counterbalanced for error type, textural placement of errors (soprano, alto, tenor, and bass voices), and timbre (single and multiple) was examined. In the development of a stimulus audiotape for error detection, the Yamaha SY77 digital synthesizer was used to record and perform two contrasting, six-measure music excerpts selected from the wind band literature. The original excerpts were edited to include purposeful errors resulting in a stimulus of 20 total excerpts, 16 of which included performance errors. Subjects (N - 60) listened to the recorded excerpts and attempted to identify pitch and rhythm errors by circling appropriate places in the scores. Results of a four-factor analysis of variance with repeated measures on correct responses indicated significant main effects of error type (subjects were more discerning of rhythm errors) and timbre (subjects were more discerning of errors in the single-timbre condition) and no effects regarding voice placement and degree status. There was a significant three-way interaction among the variables of error type, textural placement, and timbre. Additionally, descriptive comparisons were made concerning incorrect responses.
Consistency in Piano Performance Evaluation
Authors: Wapnick Joel , Flowers Patricia , Alegant Marci , Jasinskas Lily 
Published: June 2006

Eighty pianists each listened to 21 trials of solo piano music. Trials consisted of two different performances of the same excerpt, and the same music was played on all trials for any given subject. Over the 21 trials, seven different interpretations were presented in all possible pair-wise combinations. Forty subjects listened to a slow excerpt from Liszt's Totentanz, and the other forty listened to a fast excerpt from the same piece. The subjects' task was to select which of the two performances on each trial, if either, they preferred. Subjects were assigned randomly to one of four conditions: preference only, preference plus use of the musical score, preference plus use of rating scales, and preference plus use of both the musical score and rating scales ( n = 10 per treatment per excerpt). Results indicated that the use of the musical score and of rating scales both separately and in combination with each other did not improve consistency as compared to their nonuse. Subjects who responded to rating scales, however, were more consistent when they did not also use the musical score than when they did use it. Subjects were less consistent for the slow excerpt than they were for the fast excerpt, and consistency was unaffected by their piano experience. Presentation order within trials (first versus second excerpt) did not affect ratings; however, ratings on Trials 12-21 were slightly and significantly higher than ratings on Trials 1-10. Also, preference for a performance was not affected by preference for the performance immediately preceding it.
The Relationship Between Observers' Recorded Teacher Behavior and Evaluation of Music Instruction
Authors: Duke Robert A. , Blackmail Mary Dave 
Published: June 2006

Using four teaching evaluation variables selected from the Texas Teacher Appraisal System Teacher Orientation Manual (Texas Education Agency, 1986), 100 music education majors and 100 nonmusic, education majors evaluated a 12-minute videotaped segment of a fifth-grade music class. Each subject was assigned one of four different tasks to be performed during the observation period. Ratings given by nonmusic majors were significantly higher than were ratings given by music majors for the variables Reinforces Correct Responses, Gives Corrective Academic Feedback, and Reinforces Appropriate Behavior. There was no significant difference in evaluation ratings among the four observation task conditions. Only among observers who were directed both to record teacher feedback during the observation and to calculate the total numbers of teacher approvals and disapprovals was there any significant relationship between the teacher behavior recorded and subjects' evaluation ratings. The correlations between teacher behavior and evaluation ratings in this condition, although statistically significant, were relatively low.
Molecular screening for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in Bulgaria
Authors: Kadiyska Tanya , Goranova Teodora , Dineva Ganka , Nedin Dimitar , Alexandrova Alexandrina , Gegova Antonina , Kaneva Radka , Damyanov Damyan , Kremensky Ivo , Mitev Vanio 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is an autosomal dominant disease, caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch-repair genes (MMR). These mutations lead to microsatellite instability (MSI). It has been found that the MSI is not confined to the setting of hereditary disease and may be seen in approximately 12-17% of the sporadic CRCs. In 1998 a National Registry for CRC was instituted in Queen Giovanna Hospital, Sofia. A total of 150 patients have been selected for MSI analysis and 25 tumors showed to be unstable, 14 with loss of heterozygosity (LOH). These tumors were further analyzed for MLH1 promoter hypermethylation and a significant association between this epigenetic change and MSI/LOH sporadic cases. We proposed this method as a step that follows the analysis for MSI and prior to the screening for MMR mutations. The mutation screening detected four known and two novel mutations, one unpublished and four known intronic polymorphisms in both hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes. The use of IHC analysis has been found effective in the investigation of some unclear molecular variations.
We developed an efficient diagnostic strategy for HNPCC testing and the mutation status of 80% MSI HNPCC cases could be detected.
A clinical comparison of the Laryngeal Tube™ and the Laryngeal Mask™ in spontaneously breathing anesthetized patients
Authors: Albert Johanna , Kindlund Leif , Nilvér Barbro , Gożdzik Waldemar 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Abstract: Background: The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) can be used in general anaesthesia without neuromuscular block. The laryngeal tube (LT) is a new airway device with similar airway features as LMA. LT is provided with a distal cuff to prevent regurgitation. In this study we compared the LMA and LT concerning patient and user aspects.
Methods: Sixty patients with ASA (American Society of Anestesiologists) score 1–2 scheduled for minor surgery were randomized to be ventilated either through LMA or LT. After insertion, the number of insertion attempts, and “positioning” and “airway-assessment” was evaluated. The patients reported on “sore throat” after 30 and 60 minutes and the day after anaesthesia.
Results: Gender and mean age were equal in both groups. The first insertion attempt was successful in 25 of 28 patients randomised to LMA and in 23 of 27 patients randomised to LT. LMA was evaluated to be easier in “positioning” whereas no difference in “sore throat” was reported.
Conclusion: We found no difference between the LMA and the LT in terms user and patient friendliness and safety.
Abnormal ECG patterns during the acute phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients without previous heart disease
Authors: Atanassova Penka , Tokmakova Maria , Djurkova Albena , Naydenov Vulcho , Chalakova Nedka , Dimitrov Borislav 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occurs primarily during early to mid-adulthood; approximately 30% of individuals with SAH die within 2 weeks, and mortality is 30% to 45%. SAH happens suddenly, without patients being aware of previous heart abnormalities. Here, we performed a pilot single cohort (historical) study to examine the hypothesis that early abnormal electrocardiographic (ECG) changes may reveal unknown but “silent” heart pathologies in SAH patients without previous heart disease (PHD). Data were collected retrospectively on 56 consecutive patients during the acute phase of SAH (29 men, 27 women; mean age 49.0 ± 6.2 years) with different degrees of neurologic deficit (Hunt-Hess scale assessment) in a 2-year period single-cohort study. Repolarization abnormalities were most frequent (p<0.05) and were independent of a history of PHD, although it corresponded to a higher risk for such abnormalities (odds ratio OR=3.21; CI95%=1.01–10.22). ECG changes in patients without PHD were similar to those in PHD patients, confirming the hypothesis that SAH is associated with previously “silent” heart pathology. The increased frequency of ECG changes in PHD patients and their high incidence in no-PHD patients suggested a neurogenic form of myocardial dysfunction following SAH. Notably, repolarization changes were more frequent in patients with less severe deficit (p<0.05), whereas rhythm and conductive abnormalities were more frequent in patients with more severe neurologic deficit.
Simultaneous Determination of Palladium, Platinum and Rhodium by On‐Line Column Enrichment and HPLC with 5‐(2,4‐Dihydroxyphenylazo)‐Rhodanine as Pre‐Column Derivatization Reagent
Authors: Li Zhigang , Li Xuemei , Hu Qiufen , Yin Jiayuan , Chzn Jing , Yang Guangyu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this paper, a new method for the simultaneous determination of palladium, platinum and rhodium ions was developed using a rapid column high performance liquid chromatography equipped with on‐line enrichment technique. The palladium, platinum and rhodium ions were pre‐column derivatized with DHAR to form colored chelates. The Pb‐DHAR, Pt‐DHAR and Rh‐DHAR chelates could be absorbed onto the front of the enrichment column when they were injected into the injector and sent to the enrichment column [ZORBAX Stable Bound, 4.6×10 mm, 1.8 μm] with a 0.05 mol L‐1of phosphoric acid solution as mobile phase. After enrichment, and by switching the six ports switching valve, the retained chelates were back‐flushed by mobile phase and traveling towards the analytical column. The separation of these chelates on the analytical column [ZORBAX Stable Bound, 4.6×50 mm, 1.8 μm] was satisfactory with 54% acetonitrile (containing 0.05 mol L‐1of phosphoric acid and 0.1% of tritonX‐100) as mobile phase. Palladium, platinum and rhodium were separated completely within 2 min. By on‐line enrichment technique, the enrichment factor of 100 was achieved, and the detection limits (S/N=3) of palladium, platinum and rhodium reaches 1.4 ng L‐1, 1.6 ng L‐1and 2.0 ng L‐1, respectively. This method was applied to the determination of palladium, platinum and rhodium in water, urine and soil samples with good results.
Co‐synthesis of H2 and ZnO by in‐situ Zn aerosol formation and hydrolysis
Authors: Ernst Frank O. , Tricoli Antonio , Pratsinis Sotiris E. , Steinfeld Aldo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSimultaneous synthesis of H2 and ZnO nanoparticles is investigated by steam‐hydrolysis of Zn vapor in a hot‐wall aerosol flow reactor with separated evaporation, cooling, and reaction zones. Superheated Zn vapor was carried by Ar into a tubular, quartz reactor where it was mixed and quenched by a superheated, equimolar H2O/Ar stream, resulting in Zn/ZnO nanoparticles and H2. The Zn(g) vapor was generated by electric heating of a Zn crucible whose weight was continuously monitored and compared to H2 production rate. The reactor was operated at 1 bar and 573–1273 K: above and below the Zn saturation vapor pressure suppressing and allowing, respectively, Zn aerosol formation by condensation taking place in parallel with the omnipresent ZnO formation by gas phase or surface hydrolysis of Zn. The process yielded up to 90% H2 conversion and nanoparticles with Zn and ZnO mean crystallite sizes of 100 and 40 nm, respectively, containing up to 80 wt % ZnO. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Probarbus jullieni and Probarbus labeamajor: the management and conservation of two of the largest fish species in the Mekong River in southern Laos
Authors: Baird Ian G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Probarbus jullieni and Probarbus labeamajor are two of the largest carps in the Mekong River Basin, each reaching a maximum weight of about 70 kg. P. jullieni is listed in Appendix 1 of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species, and both are listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the first as ‘endangered’ and the second as ‘data deficient’.
Six years of quantitative monitoring of a large‐meshed gill net fishery for Probarbus just below the Khone Falls in Khong district, Champasak province, in southern Laos shows that 78% of the overall catch is comprised of Probarbus, with P. jullieni making up 65% of landings.
Over the 6‐year period catches of Probarbus declined significantly. However, catch‐per‐unit effort statistics do not indicate that the fishery is in decline, although fishers are convinced that real stock reductions are a large part of the reason for catch declines and decreases in fishing effort.
A number of ecological and social factors are affecting the number and quality of gill nets in use, the length of fishing seasons, and gill net efficiency, making it difficult to compare catch‐per‐unit effort between years.
There has been a shift from using large‐meshed gill nets for catching Probarbus to targeting smaller species using gill nets with smaller mesh‐sizes. This is an example of the ‘fishing down’ of a Mekong fish community, in which large long‐lived species are the first to be affected by heavy fishing pressure.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notes on coastal lagoon typology in the light of the EU Water Framework Directive: Italy as a case study
Authors: Tagliapietra Davide , Ghirardini Annamaria Volpi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires that Member States differentiate the transitional water bodies into types.
WFD assigns coastal lagoons to two different water categories, ‘transitional waters’ and ‘coastal waters’ on the basis of freshwater influence.
The main physical factors that contribute to the genesis and characterization of coastal lagoons are coastal typology, tidal range and climate.
Italian lagoons are presented as an example of how these physical factors can be used in coastal lagoon characterization and typology. On this basis, a clear distinction of Italian lagoons into two main groups is possible: Northern Adriatic and Mediterranean.
Large lagoons can be profitably subdivided into a hierarchical system of sub‐basins facilitating both the comparison of parts of the same lagoon and the comparison between different lagoons.
The basins are consistent water bodies that can be used as managerial units for environmental conservation, species protection and wise use of resources.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternatives to taxonomic‐based approaches to assess changes in transitional water communities
Authors: Mouillot D. , Spatharis S. , Reizopoulou S. , Laugier T. , Sabetta L. , Basset A. , Do Chi T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Transitional waters, described as critical transition zones because of their position at terrestrial, freshwater and marine interfaces, provide essential goods and services to the biosphere including human populations. These ecotones face increasing human influence mainly due to population density increase in coastal areas.
Transitional water bodies have, to date, received little attention in the development of ecological status indicators; this is a critical deficiency when trying to meet the Water Framework Directive objective of all significant water bodies achieving good ecological status by the year 2015.
In order to assess changes in transitional water communities many taxonomic‐based indicators have already been proposed but there are a number of concerns for their use such as taxonomic classification difficulties, their unsuitability for multi‐site comparisons and their inconsistent relationships with disturbance or stress.
Alternative methods based on body size, abundance distribution among functional groups, functional diversity and productivity descriptors are proposed. These methods offer the opportunity to compare sites with different taxonomic compositions and allow derivation of indicators related to ecological status of communities under scrutiny.
Finally, the suitability of these taxonomic‐free descriptors to provide relevant information for each of the four main biotic compartments in coastal lagoons is discussed. The use of biomass distribution among functional groups for fish, benthos and macrophyte and to use body‐size distribution for benthos and plankton is proposed.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of cetirizine in the guinea pig: role of protein binding
Authors: Gupta Anubha , Hammarlund‐Udenaes Margareta , Chatelain Pierre , Massingham Roy , Jonsson E. Niclas 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPurpose. To characterize the pharmacokinetics of cetirizine enantiomers in the guinea pig including protein binding in both the guinea pig and human plasma.Methods. Plasma concentrations of cetirizine enantiomers in the guinea pig were determined using a LC‐MS/MS method after a short i.v. infusion (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg) of racemic cetirizine. Protein binding was determined using an in vitro equilibrium dialysis technique. A pharmacokinetic model was developed using NONMEM and the differences in pharmacokinetic parameters of levocetirizine and dextrocetirizine were estimated.Results. The plasma concentration time data of both the enantiomers were best described by a three‐compartment pharmacokinetics model. The clearance (CL) of levocetirizine and dextrocetirizine was 1.2 and 2.7 ml/min, respectively, and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was 457 ml and 996 ml, respectively. The fraction unbound (fu) in guinea pig plasma for levocetirizine and dextrocetirizine was 7–10% and 16–21% while in human plasma, it was 8% and 12%, respectively. The factor describing the difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of the cetirizine enantiomers was estimated to be 2.26.Conclusions. Cetirizine pharmacokinetics is stereoselective in the guinea pig. For levocetirizine, fu, CL and Vss were half those of dextrocetirizine, indicating that protein binding is an important factor affecting the pharmacokinetics of cetirizine. The effect of protein binding on the pharmacokinetics of the cetirizine enantiomers could be extrapolated to humans. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.