bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution in the composition of human skin surface lipids during their accumulation on scalp and hair
Authors: BORE PIERRE , GOETZ NOEL , GATAUD PAULE , TOURENQ LUCIENNE 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisQualitative examination of human surface lipids collected using a surfactant solution shows that there are no significant differences between individuals when the samples are collected after one day, starting from clean hair and scalp. On the contrary, samples collected after 4 days reveal discrepancies within the population, related to the oily hair symptom.An evolution in the composition of the recovered mixture occurs during the 1–4 days accumulation period, which mainly results in an increased unsaturation of the total (free + glycerides) fatty acids fraction isolated after saponification.A two‐step mechanism is proposed to account for the observed evolution: in a first step, free fatty acids are cleaved from glycerides by the well known enzymatic hydrolysis. Analytical determinations show that this process is structure dependant, the straight chain saturated acids being more readily hydrolyzable than the unsaturated and branched chain species. In a second step, free fatty acids are immobilized on the keratinic fibers, by a process which involves the formation of Ca salts.This evolution results in a decreased viscosity of the skin surface lipids and in an increase of the low temperature melting fraction of the mixture. Its extent is more or less pronounced, depending upon the individuals. Subjects who exhibit extensive evolution are affected by the oily hair symptom. Evolution de la composition des lipides superficiels humains durant leur accumulation sur le scalp et les cheveux
Evaluation du pouvoir sensibilisant chez le cobaye de differents echantillons d'alcools de lanoline
Authors: GUILLOT J.P. , MARTINI M.C. , GIAUFFRET J.Y. , GONNET J.F. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisEn complément d'un article publié en 1980 (1) les auteurs présentent les résultats obtenus avec 6 échantillons d'alcools de lanoline. Les substances testées étaient des produits du commerce en provenance de différents fournisseurs. L'évaluation du pouvoir sensibilisant par applications topiques chez le cobaye a été conduite selon une métode inspirée de celle de Magnusson et Kligman.Les résultats des examens macroscopiques et histologiques, obtenus dans les conditions expérimentales adoptées sur les 6 échantillons d'alcools de lanoline étudiés, n'ont mis en évidence aucune réaction pathologique significative traduisant une allergie cutanée: ils confirment donc ceux obtenus précédemment. Evaluation of sensitizing potential on guinea‐pig with six samples of lanolin alcohols.
Physiological background to skin ageing
Authors: EBLING F. J. G. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisAgeing and ultimate death, when survival offers no reproductive advantages to the species, are essential to the evolutionary process. Yet the prolongation of youth has always been a human dream. The prevention of ageing in visible areas of skin is desirable not for physiological but for social reasons; the skin proclaims our sexuality and asserts our social image. Has the aspiration any hope of success?Ageing of the skin involves changes in the dermis, epidermis, pigment cells, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and sense organs. Some of these changes appear intrinsic to the organs concerned; some are dependent on hormonal and other systemic mechanisms; some involve environmental factors such as radiation. If changes of the first type appear to be inevitable, those of the second may be modifiable, and those of the third may, to some extent, be preventable. L'histoire physiologique du vieillissement de la peau
Effects of avocado and soya bean lipidic non‐saponifiables on the components of skin connective tissue after topical application in the hairless rat: biophysical and biomechanical determination
Authors: LAMAUD E. , HUC A. , WEPIERRE J. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe non‐saponifiable lipidic fractions of avocado and soya bean applied percutaneously to hairless rats for 15 days had been shown to produce biochemical modifications of dermal connective tissue components: increases of soluble collagen and of the ratio soluble collagen/insoluble collagen.In this present study, we tried to show whether these biochemical modifications could be confirmed by biophysical analytical methods and could affect the biochemical properties of the skin.The experiments were carried out on three groups of rats treated by application to the dorsal skin, either with 0.9% NaCl (control), or sweet almond oil (vehicle), or with a mixture of 2/3 soya bean and 1/3 avocado in solution at 5% of sweet almond oil (treated group). After 15 days treatment, the rats were killed and the skin of the treated area dissected.X‐ray diffraction diagrams were recorded by varying the position of previously dried samples in controlled conditions. Results indicated that the vehicle decreased the orientation degree of collagen fibres, acting on their reticulation. The addition of the non‐saponifiable fraction did not significantly add to the vehicle effect.The study of thermostability of the cutaneous collagen by differential scanning calorimetry showed that non‐saponifiables increased the slope of the rise of temperature of denaturation. The quantity of heat absorbed during the denaturation (enthalpy variation) reached around 0.04 J mg−1 of collagen in the control groups and did not exceed 0.03 J mg−1 of collagen in the treated ones. Taken in conjunction with previous work it is probable that the non‐saponifiables increase the proportion of soluble collagen.The elasticity of whole skin, determined by a static method using an Instron exten‐siometer was significantly modified by treatment with non‐saponifiables. They produced a decrease of the elasticity module. These results correspond to a decrease of collagen reticulation degree. L'action des insaponifiables d'avocat et de soja sur le tissu conjonctif par application topique sur le rat. Determination biophysique et biomecanique
Henné. Absorption de la lawsone par le cheveu
Authors: FORESTIER J. P. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisUne étude préalable par chromatographie sur couche mince des extraits de cheveux traités à la lawsone (No. CAS 83.72.7) ou au henné (feuille de Lawsonia inermis) confirme que la lawsone est bien le seul colorant du henné’.Nous avons mis au point une méthode originale de ‘gravimétric dynamique’qui nous a permis de déterminer l'absorption de la lawsone par le cheveu traité au henné.Après un retard à l'origine, l'accroissement de masse est linéaire en fonction de la racine carrée du temps indiquant un processus de diffusion, la courbe s'incurve ensuite vers la saturation. Une étude en fonction de la température confirme le phénomène de diffusion.La lawsone diffuse plus rapidement dans le cheveu traité au henné que traitéà la lawsone seule. De même l'extraction de la lawsone fixée dans le cheveu est plus rapide quand il a été traité par la lawsone au lieu du henné.La lawsone diffuse plus vite et en plus grande quantité dans les cheveux châtain et décoloré que dans le cheveu noir.Dans une compétition entre le henné et des tanins: à la surface du cheveu les tanins l'emportent, á l'intérieur la lawsone l'emporte.La lawsone fixée aux kératines semble ètre un bon écran solaire. Henna. Sorption of lawsone by hair
Influence du processus d'homogénéisation sur la stabilité des émulsions
Authors: SAUNAL H. , LAGET J. P. , ALVARADO D. E. A. , DELONCA ET H. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisTrois processus de fabrication utilisant respectivement un mélangeur doux à hélice, un homogénéisateur à filière et un homogénéisateur à valve ont été utilisés pour la fabrication d'émulsions à base de trois phases huileuses et de quinze couples émulsifiants permettant d'obtenir différentes valeurs HLB. Les homogénéisateurs permettent d'obtenir des émulsions plus stables que le mélangeur à hélice mais le phénomène inverse est observéà plusieurs reprises. Dans ce cas plusieurs interprétations sont proposées: l'énergie mécanique apportée sous forme d'énergie libre, modifie l'équilibre de l'interaction huile couple émulsifiant; l'homogénéisation augmente considérablement l'aire de contact à un point tel que le film interfacial est déficient en tensio actifs et ne peut plus remplir son rôle; l'émulsif n'est plus en excès dans la phase externe et ne joue plus un rôle viscosifiant comme c'est le cas dans les émulsions non homogénéisées. D'une façon générale, les caractéristiques physiques des émulsions, reflètent la quantité d'énergie déployée lors de la fabrication. Elles sont d'autant plus fines et plus fluides que la pression d'homogénéisation est élevée. Mais ces caractères ne sont pas toujours systématiquement reliés à une plus grande stabilité, et peuvent évoluer au cours de la conservation. Influence of homogenization on emulsion stability SummaryThree manufacturing procedures using a slow propeller mixer, a labyrinth and a valve homogenizer were used for the preparation of emulsions.Three oil phases and fifteen pairs of emulsifiers were used giving a range of HLB values.These homogenizers gave more stable emulsions than the propeller mixer in the majority of cases although several times the reverse was the case.To interpret these reversals several mechanisms are suggested: the mechanical engergy applied to the system modifies the equilibrium of the interaction oil/emulsifier; homogenization gives a considerable increase in the contact to the point where the interfacial film is deficient in surface agents and is unable to stablilise completely the system or the emulsifier is no longer in sufficient concentration in the aqueous phase to play its role in viscosity modification which appears to be the case in non homogenized emulsions.
Use of an electromagnetic technique to determine sodicity in saline‐sodic soils
Authors: Amezketa E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSoil sodicity is an increasing problem in arid‐land irrigated soils that decreases soil permeability and crop production and increases soil erosion. The first step towards the control of sodic soils is the accurate diagnosis of the severity and spatial extent of the problem. Rapid identification and large‐scale mapping of sodium‐affected land will help to improve sodicity management. We evaluated the effectiveness of electromagnetic induction (EM) measurements in identifying, characterizing and mapping the spatial variability of sodicity in five saline‐sodic agricultural fields in Navarre (Spain). Each field was sampled at three 30‐cm soil depth increments at 10–30 sites for a total of 267 soil samples. The number of Geonics‐EM38 measurements in each field varied between 161 and 558, for a total of 1258 ECa (apparent electrical conductivity) readings. Multiple linear regression models established for each field predicted the average profile ECe (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract) and SAR (sodium adsorption ratio of the saturation extract) from ECa. Despite the lack of a direct causal relationship between ECa and SAR, EM measurements can be satisfactorily used for characterizing the spatial distribution of soil sodicity if ECe and SAR are significantly auto‐correlated. These results provide ancillary support for using EM measurements to indirectly characterize the spatial distribution of saline‐sodic soils. More research is needed to elucidate the usefulness of EM measurements in identifying soil sodicity in a wider range of salt and/or sodium‐affected soils.
Lower Cardiac Output Is Associated with Greater White Matter Hyperintensities in Older Adults with Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Jefferson Angela L. , Tate David F. , Poppas Athena , Brickman Adam M. , Paul Robert H. , Gunstad John , Cohen Ronald A. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVES: To preliminarily examine the association between cardiac output, a measure of systemic blood flow, and structural brain magnetic resonance imaging indices of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs).DESIGN: Cross‐sectional.SETTING: University medical setting.PARTICIPANTS: Thirty‐six older adults without dementia with prevalent cardiovascular disease (aged 56–85).MEASUREMENTS: Cardiac output, WMHs.RESULTS: Partial correlations, adjusting for age and history of hypertension, yielded an inverse relationship between WMHs adjacent to subcortical nuclei and cardiac output (correlation coefficient=−0.48, P=.03); as cardiac output decreased, WMHs increased significantly. No significant associations were found between cardiac output and total WMHs or periventricular WMHs.CONCLUSION: These preliminary data suggest that systemic blood flow, measured according to cardiac output, is inversely associated with WMHs adjacent to the subcortical nuclei. Cerebrovascular degeneration and the chronicity of hypoperfusion may exacerbate the susceptibility of white matter integrity to alterations in blood flow in older adults.
Georg Brandes between Politics and the Political1
Authors: Houe Poul 
Published: May 2007

While conventional politics played a part in Georg Brandes's critical practice that has received ample scholarly attention, his appropriation of the political as an ontological concern with ‘‘the very way society is instituted’’ (to cite Chantal Mouffe) has gone quite unheeded in studies of his writings. Yet I consider this dimension to be indispensable for Brandes's ability to articulate his most antagonistic leanings within democratic forms of discourse. Thus he reconciled an acceptance of concensus with the need for dissent. My essay interrogates three areas that were strongly on Brandes's mind during successive phases of his mature life: the Danish constitutional struggle of the 1880s, the so‐called Dreyfus affair around 1900, and later the repression of minorities, foreign lands, and anti‐war movements in Europe. In each area he makes an uncompromising stand within the boundary of civil, intellectual discourse. Such antagonism channeled into democratic expresssion is what Mouffe calls agonism, and as Brandes expresses antagonism at its most agonizing, I argue that he displays the political in a nutshell for a post‐political era to behold.
Brain Death — Too Flawed to Endure, Too Ingrained to Abandon
Authors: Truog Robert D. 
Published: May 2007

The concept of brain death was recently described as being “at once well settled and persistently unresolved.” Every day, in the United States and around the world, physicians diagnose patients as brain dead, and then proceed to transplant organs from these patients into others in need. Yet as well settled as this practice has become, brain death continues to be the focus of controversy, with two journals in bioethics dedicating major sections to the topic within the last two years.By way of background, the Uniform Determination of Death Act states that “[a]n individual who has sustained either: (1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions, or (2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem, is dead. A determination of death must be made in accordance with accepted medical standards.” In other words, death can be defined by either cardiorespiratory or neurological criteria, with “brain death” representing the loss of all brain function. This standard, or closely related variants, has become the accepted approach throughout the United States and in many parts of the world.
Disability Income Insurance: The Private Market and the Impact of Genetic Testing
Authors: Christianson David J. 
Published: May 2007

This article discusses the disability insurance industry in order to provide context regarding the potential impact of genetic testing on disability insurance. It describes disability income insurance, exploring both the protection it offers and its main contract provisions. It goes on to describe the private insurance market and the differences between group and individual insurance, and concludes with implications of genetic testing with respect to the private disability insurance market. The individual disability income insurance market is theoretically of great interest as a matter of public policy since there is potential for unfair discrimination through genetic testing although this remains very unlikely as a matter of practice, however.It is more likely that a person will become disabled than die before age 65. The loss of income during a disability can be quite devastating. In contrast to the high risk and high impact of disability are the realities of the disability market.
Decentralized Stabilization of Neural Network Linearly Interconnected Systems via T-S Fuzzy Control
Authors: Hsiao Feng-Hsiag , Liang Yew-Wen , Xu Sheng-Dong , Lee Gwo-Chuan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe stabilization problem is considered in this study for a neural-network (NN) linearly interconnected system that consists of a number of NN models. First, a linear difference inclusion (LDI) state-space representation is established for the dynamics of each NN model. Then, based on the LDI state-space representation, a stability criterion in terms of Lyapunov’s direct method is derived to guarantee the asymptotic stability of closed-loop NN linearly interconnected systems. Subsequently, according to this criterion and the decentralized control scheme, a set of Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy controllers is synthesized to stabilize the NN linearly interconnected system. Finally, a numerical example with simulations is given to demonstrate the concepts discussed throughout this paper.
Development of Experimental Genetic Tools for
Campylobacter fetus
Authors: Kienesberger Sabine , Gorkiewicz Gregor , Joainig Martina M. , Scheicher Sylvia R. , Leitner Eva , Zechner Ellen L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Molecular analysis of the virulence mechanisms of the emerging pathogen
Campylobacter fetus
has been hampered by the lack of genetic tools. We report the development and functional analysis of
Escherichia coli
-
Campylobacter
shuttle vectors that are appropriate for
C. fetus
. Some vectors were constructed based on the known
Campylobacter coli
plasmid pIP1455 replicon, which confers a wide host range in
Campylobacter
spp. Versatility in directing gene expression was achieved by introducing a strong
C. fetus
promoter. The constructions carry features necessary and sufficient to detect the expression of phenotypic markers, including molecular reporter genes in both subspecies of
C. fetus
, while retaining function in
C. jejuni
. The capacity to express several gene products from different vectors in a single host can be advantageous but requires distinct plasmid replicons. To this end, replication features derived from a cryptic plasmid of
C. fetus
subsp.
venerealis
strain 4111/108, designated pCFV108, were adapted for a compatible series of constructions. The substitution of the
C. coli
replication elements reduced vector size while apparently limiting the host range to
C. fetus
. The complementation of a ciprofloxacin-resistant mutant phenotype via vector-driven
gyrA
expression was verified. Cocultivation demonstrated that shuttle vectors based on the pCFV108 replicon were compatible with pIP1455 replication functions, and the stable maintenance of two plasmids in a
C. fetus
subsp.
venerealis
host over several months was observed. The application of both vector types will facilitate the investigation of the genetics and cellular interactions of the emerging pathogen
C. fetus
.
Physiological and Molecular Responses of
Lactuca sativa
to Colonization by
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Dublin
Authors: Klerks M. M. , van Gent-Pelzer M. , Franz E. , Zijlstra C. , van Bruggen A. H. C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the physiological and molecular interactions between the human-pathogenic organism
Salmonella enterica
serovar Dublin and the commercially available mini Roman lettuce cv. Tamburo. The association of
S. enterica
serovar Dublin with lettuce plants was first determined, which indicated the presence of significant populations outside and inside the plants. The latter was evidenced from significant residual concentrations after highly efficient surface disinfection (99.81%) and fluorescence microscopy of
S. enterica
serovar Dublin in cross sections of lettuce at the root-shoot transition region. The plant biomass was reduced significantly compared to that of noncolonized plants upon colonization with
S. enterica
serovar Dublin. In addition to the physiological response, transcriptome analysis by cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis also provided clear differential gene expression profiles between noncolonized and colonized lettuce plants. From these, generally and differentially expressed genes were selected and identified by sequence analysis, followed by reverse transcription-PCR displaying the specific gene expression profiles in time. Functional grouping of the expressed genes indicated a correlation between colonization of the plants and an increase in expressed pathogenicity-related genes. This study indicates that lettuce plants respond to the presence of
S. enterica
serovar Dublin at physiological and molecular levels, as shown by the reduction in growth and the concurrent expression of pathogenicity-related genes. In addition, it was confirmed that
Salmonella
spp. can colonize the interior of lettuce plants, thus potentially imposing a human health risk when processed and consumed.
RNA Interference Mutant Induction In Vivo Demonstrates the Essential Nature of Trypanosome Flagellar Function during Mammalian Infection
Authors: Griffiths Samantha , Portman Neil , Taylor Philip R. , Gordon Siamon , Ginger Michael L. , Gull Keith 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
We demonstrate that trypanosomes compromised in flagellar function are rapidly cleared from infected mice. Analysis of the PFR2 bloodstream RNA interference mutant revealed that defective cell motility occurred prior to cytokinesis failure. This validation provides a paradigm for the flagellum as a target for future assays and interventions against this human pathogen.
Development of a Highly Efficient Gene Targeting System Induced by Transient Repression of
YKU80
Expression in
Candida glabrata
Authors: Ueno Keigo , Uno Jun , Nakayama Hironobu , Sasamoto Kaname , Mikami Yuzuru , Chibana Hiroji 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

In the pathogenic yeast
Candida glabrata
, gene targeting to generate knockouts and “knockins” is a potentially powerful method for the analysis of gene function. Its importance increased after the
C. glabrata
genome sequence project, but progress in the field is hampered by inefficient mechanisms for gene targeting. With the use of 40-bp homologous flanking DNA, no gene targeting was identified. To address this issue,
YKU80
was disrupted, leading to an increase in targeting efficiency of 5.1% using 40-bp flanking homologous DNA. To harness the beneficial effects of
YKU80
inactivation on gene targeting frequency without incurring any negative effects, such as synthetic sickness or lethality, we developed a new system whereby the expression of
YKU80
was restored following a transient knockdown of expression during transformation. Strains used for this new system carried a
SAT1
flipper in the
YKU80
promoter region, which was used to repress expression during transformation but was spontaneously excised from the locus after the transformation. By using this strain, DNA damage induced by methyl methane sulfonate, H
2
O
2
, UV irradiation, and hydroxyurea before and during gene targeting was evaluated and the mutation rate of
URA3
was determined. No significant effects of the
SAT1
flipper on these processes have been identified. After the
SAT1
flipper is excised, a 34-bp FLP recombination target sequence is left in the promoter region. However, the levels of mRNA transcription were restored and no difference in the survival ratio in vivo compared to that with the
YKU80
wild-type strain was identified.