bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved enzymic method for the determination of native and modified starch
Authors: Karkalas John 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn improved method for the determination of starch by sequential hydrolysis with thermostable bacterial α‐amylase and fungal amyloglucosidase is described. Glucose was determined colorimetrically by a glucose oxidase‐peroxidase‐chromogen system at pH 7. Native normal and waxy starches, and distarch phosphate, gave quantitative yields of glucose with a high degree of precision (coefficient of variation less than 1%). Acetylated distarch phosphate, high‐amylose starch and retrograded amylose were initially treated with 1M NaOH for 30 min, then neutralised and analysed successfully as normal starch. Oxidised starch did not give a quantitative yield of glucose because of the presence of dicarboxylic groups in the polymer. For samples containing normal and waxy starch the analysis was carried out in about 4 h. The method was applied to a range of starch‐containing foodstuffs and the results are reported.
Influence of neutral detergent fibre and protein in Bengal Gram (Cicer arietinum) on the utilisation of proteins by albino rats
Authors: Radha V. , Geervani P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe influence of neutral detergent fibre from Bengal gram on the utilisation of protein in albino rats was studied. Four market samples of Bengal gram and Bengal gram Annegeri variety harvested at three different stages of maturity were used for the study. The legumes were first analysed for proximate principles and then used as the source of nitrogen and fibre in the rat diets. Their proximate composition was similar to the values reported in literature. The content of neutral detergent fibre increased with increasing crude fibre. Growth of weanling rats was assessed on the basis of protein efficiency ratio (PER). Digestibility coefficient (DC), biological value (BV), total nitrogen retention (TNR) and net protein utilisation (NPU) were determined. PER, NPU, DC and nitrogen retention decreased with increase in fibre content in the diet. PER of Bengal gram sample with 14% neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was significantly different from the PER of all other samples. Biological value, however, was not affected by the fibre content.
A comparison of the non‐starch carbohydrates in cereal grains
Authors: Henry Robert J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe carbohydrates soluble in 80% ethanol and in water at 100°C were extracted from two varieties of wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice and malt. The highest concentrations of sugars soluble in 80% ethanol were found in malt and rye with the lowest in rice. Barley contained the most raffinose and rye contained the most fructan. Rye had the highest levels of water‐soluble and total pentosans and barley the highest levels of water‐soluble and total (1→3), (1→4)‐β‐glucans. The total arabinose:xylose ratio varied from 1.2 in wheat and triticale to 0.3 in oats. All were very low in uronic acids.
A chemical study of Balanites aegyptiaca L. (Lalob) fruits grown in Sudan
Authors: Nour Abdel‐Azim A. M. , Ahmed Abdel‐Halim R. , Abdel‐Gayoum Abdel‐Gayoum A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo samples of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits were collected from two different regions in Sudan. The edible mesocarp contained 1.2–1.5% protein and 35–37% total sugars of which 81.3–91.1% is present as reducing sugars. The kernels contained 45.0–46.1% oil. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were the main fatty acids. The ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids was 10:26 in both samples. The protein was found to be low in aromatic amino acids.
Spectral evaluation of total phenolic components in Vitis vinifera: Grapes and wines
Authors: Somers T. Chris , Ziemelis Guntis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhereas high levels of flavonoid extractives are responsible for the characteristic λDmax at about 280 nm in the ultra‐violet spectra of red wines, there is wide variability in the spectral features of natural white wines, in which the phenolic content is often minimal. For the latter, λDmax may occur anywhere within the range 265–285nm, with relatively strong absorbance at 320 nm arising from the presence of hydroxycinnamate esters. Massive fining of many white wines and juices with polyvinylpyrrolidone (10% w/v) has shown residual non‐phenolic u.v. absorbing constituents to be sufficiently uniform to enable direct spectral measurement of total hydroxycinnamates in white juices, white wines and rosés as (E320‐1.4) absorbance units. For white grape juices and white wines, total hydroxycinnamates are directly quantitated as mg litre−1 ‘caffeic acid equivalents’ and total flavonoid extractives may also be estimated. Total phenolic components of red wines are accounted as (E280‐4) absorbance units. The spectral interpretations enable comparative estimation of flavonoid extractives in all natural wine types.
The effect of food stuffs commonly consumed in egypt on iron absorption and utilisation
Authors: El‐Shobaki Fawzi , Saleh Nadia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe absorption and utilisation of iron in rats fed stewed beans, lentils, fenugreek and wheat bread were measured and compared with that of rats fed on casein. The results showed that 59Fe absorption and utilisation were better on the casein diet. Fenugreek promoted absorption and utilisation of iron relative to other food commodities. Stewed beans inhibited both absorption and utilisation of iron. Lentils, in spite of retarding iron absorption, assisted the utilisation. Amino acids and phytate phosphorus content of these ingredients are thought to play a part.
Identification of the species of origin of fresh, cooked and canned meat and meat products using antisera to thermostable muscle antigens by ouchterlony's double diffusion test
Authors: Kang'ethe Erastus K. , Gathuma Joseph M. , Lindqvist Kaare J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAntisera to thermostable muscle antigens (TMA) from 14 species of bovidae were raised in goats and/or sheep. To achieve species specificity the antisera were absorbed with serum from the other species. While the absorbed antisera to TMA of buffalo, impala, eland, waterbuck, wildebeest and oryx were rendered specific, the antiserum to cattle TMA cross‐reacted with buffalo fresh meat antigens (FMA) and cooked meat antigens (CMA) but not with buffalo thermostable muscle antigens. Fresh and cooked muscle antigens from these two species could be differentiated by the antiserum to buffalo TMA. A similar approach was used to differentiate the FMA, CMA, and TMA of kongoni, topi and wildebeest. Antiserum to cattle TMA proved useful in detecting the presence of beef meat in meat products that had undergone commercial sterilisation.
The effect of plant development and environment on formononetin concentration in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)
Authors: McMurray Cecil H. , Laidlaw A. Scott , McElroy Mary 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFormononetin concentration in red clover herbage, determined by high performance liquid chromatography, was assessed in field, greenhouse and growth cabinet experiments. Formononetin content decreased in Hungaropoly swards from 5.6 mg g−1 DM when harvested in early May to 3.5 mg g−1 DM when harvested in mid‐June. In the regrowth the sward with the shortest regrowth period had the highest concentration content (6.8 mg g−1). In a pot experiment from vegetative through to the ‘dying inflorescence’ stage, formononetin concentration declined by 57% due to both a reduction in the concentration in stems more than in leaves and an increase in the proportion of stems in the dry matter. A temperature regime of 23/15°C (day/night) advanced flower appearance and adversely affected growth rate compared with 17/13°C. The lower temperature regime resulted in a higher formononetin content in expanded leaves (28% increase, mean of two harvests) and expanding leaves (17% increase). Incubation with β‐glucosidase increased the amount of formononetin extracted in the stems. Phosphate fertiliser reduced the concentration of formononetin, 96 kg P ha−1 reducing formononetin content by 32%, relative to red clover grown in soil with a low P content. The results are discussed in the context of the grazing management of red clover swards.
Correlation of theaflavins content and valuations of kenyan black teas
Authors: Owuor Philip O. , Reeves Stuart G. , Wanyoko John K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCorrelation between theaflavins content and tasters' valuations of Kenyan black teas generally give positive but statistically non‐significant correlation coefficients. In 105 correlations using 12 samples each, only eight analyses gave statistically significant (P⩽0.05) correlations. Theaflavins contributed positively towards valuations but Kenyan black plain teas have high and possibly above optimum theaflavins content. Consequently other factors appear to play major roles in tea pricing, for example the generally higher prices realised by Kenyan black plain teas compared to Malawi black plain teas can only be partly attributed to the higher theaflavins content of the Kenyan teas.
The oxidative stability of lard at −20°C: Evidence for a synergistic prooxidant effect of copper and curing salts
Authors: Coxon David T. , Peers Kenneth E. , Griffiths Nerys M. , Chan Henry W.‐S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn connection with an interest in the problem of rancidity development in cold‐stored cured meat products (particularly bacon), the effect of certain trace components and permitted food additives on the oxidative stability of model systems containing lard was examined. Lard, to which additions of various single additives or combination of additives had been made, was stored for periods of up to 16 weeks at −20°C. Samples were removed during this time to assess the extent of their oxidation by chemical analysis (peroxide value determination) and sensory evaluation (odour). The additives studied included water, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and copper (as palmitate, acetate and sulphate). It was observed that there was progressive oxidative deterioration of the lard with noticeable rancidity developing after 8 to 16 weeks' storage at −20°C when water, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and copper were present in combination.
Redistribution of minerals in apple fruit during storage: Effects of storage temperature, varietal differences and orchard management
Authors: Perring Michael A. , Pearson Keith 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTransverse calcium redistribution from the cores to the outer zones of the fruit was interrupted for a short period when calcium was imported by the cores of both Cox and Spartan apples, especially at 3.5°C. Bitter pit lesions developed in mid and outer cortical tissues of Cox fruit stored at 3.5°C 2 to 4 weeks after calcium concentrations in these zones were reduced. Redistribution of magnesium from the outer zones to the cores of Spartan apples occurred during storage at 3.5°C but was inhibited at 0°C. Redistribution of magnesium in Cox's Orange Pippin apples was mainly from inner cortex to the core and outer zones at 3.5°C and from central to outer zones at 0°C, but immediately low temperature breakdown become evident at 0°C, magnesium was transferred from the peel and core to the affected zones. The redistribution of phosphorus to the cores, which occurred in Spartan apples (resistant to low temperature breakdown) stored at either 3.5°C or 0°C was barely evident in Cox fruit (susceptible to low temperature breakdown) stored at 3.5°C and did not occur at 0°C. Irrigated grass compared with overall herbicide soil management increased the proportion of calcium in the core zones of both Cox and Spartan apples and the proportion of magnesium in the core zone of Spartan apples at harvest. Irrigated grass management also increased the rate of calcium redistribution in Cox and Spartan fruit during storage and altered magnesium redistribution in Spartan apples stored at 0°C.
Incidence of bitter pit in relation to the calcium content of apples: Calcium distribution in the fruit
Authors: Perring Michael A. , Pearson Keith 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe distribution of calcium at harvest, its subsequent redistribution within the fruit during storage in air at 2.8°C and bitter pit development in samples of Cox's Orange Pippin apples picked at intervals during September and October were investigated. The distribution of calcium in the fruit changed on the tree and during storage. The percentages of pitted apples, assessed in January, were poorly related to calcium concentrations in the whole fruit or in any fruit zone at harvest. Redistribution of calcium from the mid and outer cortical tissues to the core zone was followed, at longer intervals over successive picks, by the appearance of bitter pit lesions. The earliest‐picked sample was less affected by bitter pit than samples picked later in September. The least bitter pit occurred in samples picked in October, after the climacteric rise in respiration, and these fruits were apparently less subject to fluctuations in calcium concentrations during storage.
Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom in peat
Authors: Manu‐Tawiah Wireko , Martin Antonio M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) was cultivated in a peat moss based substrate. Acid‐hydrolysed peat and non‐hydrolysed peat were used in the preparation of the spawn and in the further stage of growing the mushroom fruiting bodies. For comparison, P. ostreatus was also cultivated on paper. Three harvests of mushrooms were obtained in 45 days. The highest total yield gave 10% conversion of peat substrate into mushroom biomass. The mushrooms had 36% crude protein content and all the essential amino acids were present.
Effect of drought and irrigation on the fate of nitrogen applied to cut permanent grass swards in lysimeters: Nitrogen balance sheet and the effect of sward destruction and ploughing on nitrogen mineralisation
Authors: Webster Colin P. , Dowdell Rodney J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFuor years after 15N labelled fertiliser nitrogen (as Ca(NO3)2 and equivalent to 400 kg N ha−1) was applied to permanent grass swards growing in lysimeter monoliths, approximately one‐quarter remained immobilised in soil organic matter. In the intervening years similar but non‐labelled applications were made. Although differing rainfall regimes applied during the experiment had significantly affected nitrogen uptake by plants and nitrate loss in drainage, they caused no significant effect on the tracer nitrogen remaining in the soil, the ranges were 85–97 kg N ha−1 and 79–94 kg N ha−1 respectively for the 135 cm deep clay and silt loam soil monoliths. Labelled nitrogen unaccounted for in crop, drainage or soil was presumed to have been denitrified. These losses averaged 62 and 49 kg N ha−1 on the clay and silt loam soils respectively; again the differing rainfall regimes caused no significant differences. The ratio between estimates of labelled nitrogen denitrified and of annual nitroux oxide loss was approximately 9:1 for both soils. The conversion from permanent grass to winter wheat in autumn 1981, involving killing and then burying the sward, resulted in no pronounced increase in net mineralisation of labelled nitrogen. However, the balance between crop uptake and the quantity leached did change. Labelled nitrogen assimilated was less for the wheat (growing without addition of fertiliser nitrogen) than for the grass in its last year, and the quantity leached was considerably greater than under grass swards that were supplied with an average rainfall distribution. Following the first wheat harvest total nitrogen leached averaged 51 and 44 kg N ha−1 on the clay and silt loam soils respectively. Rates of nitrous oxide emissions during the autumn following sward destruction were greater than in earlier years, but this enhanced loss was of short duration. The crop clearly benefited from the succession of nitrogen applications made to grass, as grain yield and total nitrogen uptake exceeded 7 t ha−1 and 120 kg N ha−1 respectively on both soils. These quantities exceed the national averages for winter wheat and are also considerably greater than for crops from lysimeters which received no nitrogen fertiliser throughout the experiment.
Total nitrogen and purine alkaloids in the tea plant throughout the year
Authors: Suzuki Takeo , Waller George R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNotable seasonal changes of the levels of purine alkaloids, caffeine and theobromine, in the stem and leaves of the new shoot of tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze cv. Yabukita) were observed, suggesting metabolism and/or translocation of the alkaloids. The alkaloids decreased significantly in August and in October and November while total nitrogen increased appreciably in November and December. The results indicate that the alkaloids have no role in the storage of nitrogen during the winter months.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay of 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol applied to rice
Authors: Kemp Heather A. , Mills E. N. Clare , Morgan Michael R. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol has been set up with an antiserum preparation raised against a bovine serum albumin—3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol hemiglutarate conjugate. The assay is an indirect, double antibody immunoassay performed on microtitration plates, and is sensitive (with a limit of detection of 1 pg per well) and specific. The assay has been validated for application to rice with a sensitivity of 1 ng g−1. Sample extraction is a simple solubilisation procedure. The immunoassay described has a number of advantages over conventional methods of analysis.
Zinc, copper and nickel concentrations in ryegrass grown on sewage sludge‐contaminated soils of different pH
Authors: Sanders J. Roger , McGrath Stephen P. , Adams Trevor McM. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSewage sludges containing high concentrations of zinc, copper and nickel were added separately to samples of two soils, a silty clay loam and a sandy loam, on which pH levels between 4.5 and 7.5 had been established; there were also treatments with sludge of low metal content or no‐sludge. Soil‐sludge mixtures were either continuously cropped with ryegrass or kept uncropped in pots in the glasshouse for 6 months. Zinc and nickel concentrations in 0.1 μM calcium chloride extracts of soils from the cropped pots and in solutions displaced from the fallow pots decreased with increasing pH over the range tested, but copper concentrations remained steady above pH 5.5; individual metal concentrations in ryegrass tops followed the same pattern with pH as those in extracted solutions. Squared correlation coefficients (R7) between shoot metal concentrations and concentrations of metals in EDTA, DPTA or calcium chloride extracts or displaced solutions, when taken over all soil, pH and sludge treatments, were >0.60 (P<0.001). Ryegrass yield reductions occurred on soils contaminated with each of the three metal sludges when soil pH was 5.5 or below.
Traffic‐induced compaction in maize, cowpea and soya bean production on a tropical alfisol after ploughing and no‐tillage: Soil physical properties
Authors: Kayambo Benedict , Lal Rattan , Mrema Geofrey C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn experiment was conducted over three consecutive seasons during 1982 and 1983 with the objective of evaluating the effects of traffic‐induced compaction on soil physical properties of an Alfisol for no‐till and ploughed systems. Main treatments of the split plot design consisted of disc ploughing to a depth of 200 mm followed by harrowing compared with no‐seedbed preparation. Compaction treatments of none, two and four passes of a 2‐tonne roller were the sub‐plots. The roller was 60 cm in diameter, 180 cm long, with a contact area of 0.1729 m2 and was pulled by a 33.6 kW tractor. Compaction treatments were applied 2 to 3 days before seeding. Four passes increased the penetrometer resistance of the soil surface, and bulk density; and as a result there were significant reductions in total porosity, saturated hydralic conductivity, infiltration rate and the amount of water released between 0.1 and 100 kPa suctions. Two passes of the roller had small and non‐significant effects on soil properties. The effects of vehicular traffic in terms of increasing soil compaction became progressively severe with repeated compaction in subsequent seasons. Compaction affected soil properties in the 0–100 mm depth layer only, and was more evident following ploughing than following no‐tillage systems.
Soyasapogenols—separation, analysis and interconversions
Authors: Price Keith R. , Fenwick G. Roger , Jurzysta Marian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe hydrolysis products of soyasaponins in legumes and of pure standards have been examined using t.l.c., g.c. and g.c.‐m.s. Interrelationships between eight soyasapogenols, produced under conditions of aqueous or non‐aqueous acid hydrolysis have been established. The significance of the work to the analysis of soyasaponins is discussed.
The effects of defaunation on the metabolism of lactic acid in the rumen
Authors: Newbold Charles J. , Chamberlain David G. , Williams Alan G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo experiments examined the effects of defaunation on the ruminal metabolism of lactate. Three rumen‐cannulated sheep given a diet of molassed sugar beet pulp and barley (80:20) were used to study the effects of defaunation (with manoxol‐OT) on the metabolism of lactic acid produced endogenously from rumen fermentation. Defaunation increased mean ruminal concentrations of lactate from 3.4 mmol litre−1 to 8.9 mmol litre−1 but other rumen measurements remained virtually unchanged: pH, 6.3 and 6.3; molar proportions of acetic acid, 645 and 645 mmol mol−1; propionic acid, 189 and 197 mmol mol−1 and butyric acid 142 and 115 mmol mol−1 for the faunated and defaunated states respectively. In a second experiment, two groups each of four rumen‐cannulated sheep were used to study the effect of defaunation on the ruminal metabolism of added Na‐D, L lactate. One group of four was defaunated using a rumen‐washing technique whilst the other group of four remained faunated. The animals were given a diet of rolled barley and hay (60:40) and were given a series of intraruminal doses of Na‐D, L lactate from 0 to 100 g day−1, increasing by 20 g day−1 every third day. Disappearance of added lactate was much more rapid in faunated animals: at the 100 g day−1 dose rate, L‐lactate concentrations had fallen from a peak of 6 g litre−1 to >1 g litre−1 after 3 h whereas in defaunated sheep the peak of 6.5 g litre−1 was reduced to >1 g litre−1 only after 7 h. In faunated animals lactate addition caused an increase in the ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) from 147 to 217 mmol litre−1 between the zero and 100 g day−1 dose rates, accompanied by an increase in the molar proportion of propionic acid from 190 to 320 mmol mol−1. However, in defaunated animals there was only a small increase in total VFA concentrations from 94 to 106 mmol ml−1 with no change in the molar proportion of propionic acid and a small increase in butryric acid from 140 to 180 mmol mol−1.
Production of safflower protein isolates: Composition, yield and protein quality
Authors: ‐López Octavio Paredes , Ordorica‐Falomir César 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe use of laboratory‐ and commercially‐prepared safflower meal for the production of protein isolates is described. The isolates were obtained by micellisation and isoelectric precipitation techniques, the latter being the most efficient procedure. Previous treatments received by the meal, for example heating, influenced the protein recovery. In general, isolates produced by micellisation were more soluble than samples obtained by isoelectric precipitation. The colour of the protein isolates depended on the isolation technique and type of safflower meal utilised. All isolates had a similar amino acid composition and levels of in‐vitro protein digestibility.