bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of fluorides by Finnish adolescents
Authors: HONKALA EINO , NYYSSÖNEN VILJO , RIMPELÄ ARJA 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –According to the recommendations of the National Board of Health in Finland fluoride tablets should be used daily from the age of 6 months to 15 yr in fluoride deficient areas. Topical fluorides are recommended in addition to systemic fluorides. The aim of this study was to analyze the use of fluoride tablets and topical fluorides by Finnish adolescents. Teenagers (n= 4705) representing Finnish youth aged 12, 14, 16 and 18 yr were sent mail questionnaires in February 1981. The response rate was 88%. The proportion of daily fluoride tablet users was 12% among 12‐yr‐old girls, 3% among 14‐yr‐old girls and among boys 10% and 4%, respectively. Fluoride rinses at home were used daily by only 1%. During the most recent school term, 34% had several times, and 8% once, participated in classroom fluoride rinsing. In the same period 14% had used fluoride gel several times, and 10% once. Thus despite dental health education, fluoride tablets and rinses are used very rarely at home by Finnish teenagers. The recommendations of the National Board of Health are far removed from the behavior of adolescents. Use of fluoride tablets and topical fluorides do not seem to be a practical alternative to drinking‐water fluoridation, because of the low level of compliance.
Stimulated salivary flow rate, pH and lactobacillus and yeast concentrations in medicated persons
Authors: PARVINEN TUIJA , PARVINEN ILMO , LARMAS MARKKU 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –Flow rate, pH and lactobacillus and yeast counts of paraffin‐stimulated whole saliva were analyzed in an adult population of 463 medicated persons. Of the very large number of drugs only a few groups were found to decrease salivation to such an extent that they can be considered to cause dental harm. Persons using neuroleptics, tricyclic antidepressants or antihypertensives were nevertheless found to produce stimulated saliva at rates significantly lower than unmedicated persons. Age had no influence on the flow rate, but postmenopausal age seems to predispose medicated women to a decrease in salivary flow. Higher microbial counts were found in the medicated men.
Infraocclusion of primary molars: a histologic study
Authors: KUROL JÜRI , MAGNUSSON BENGT C. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –In order to analyze the occurrence and character of ankylosis in primary molars in infraocclusion, 102 primary molars, 62 in infraocclusion and 40 in normal position, in children aged 3–17yr, were studied histologically. Ankylosis was demonstrable in most of the infraoccluded teeth while ankylosis was not found in teeth with normal positions. The ankylosis was always located at the inner root surface. Progression of the resorption of the root with age was seen in both group of teeth. In teeth of younger children, in contrast to teeth of older children, the ankylosis was never found in the cervical portion of the roots. In the mandible, a thicker buccal marginal bone crest could be found in infraoccluded teeth than in teeth in normal position. Bone biopsies revealed no pathologic changes. Pulps ol infraoccluded teeth more often demonstrated degenerative changes like fibrosis and calcifications. It is suggested that ankylosis is a local phenomenon, most likely due to developmental disturbances of the periodontium, and that ankylosis in infraoccluded primary molars is not a static condition but part of an ongoing process during root resorption.
Crystallography of supragingival and subgingival human dental calculus
Authors: SUNDBERG MARGARETA , FRISKOPP JOHAN 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –Selected area electron diffraction of sections and individual crystal fragments of human dental calculus has demonstrated that octacalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatitc and whitlockite form the inorganic part of both supragingival and subgingival denial calculus. However, the major constituents in supragingival calculus arc platelet‐shaped crystals of octacalcium phosphate and needle‐shaped crystals of hydroxyapatite, while bulk crystals of whitlockite is the predominant component in subgingival calculus. The subgingival samples seemed to be better crystallized than the supragingival ones. The results obtained by the electron optical and X‐ray powder investigations are in good agreement.
Visualization of human predentin and hypomineralized areas of dentin by silver methenamine staining
Authors: SÖGAARD‐PEDERSEN BO 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –The light microscopic structure of human teeth was studied following silver methenamine staining, with and without previous oxidation in periodic acid. Predentin, hypomineralized dentin and carious dentin stained intensely, whereas highly mineralized dentin and calcospherites at the predentin‐dentin junction did not show any reactivity when observed in the light microscope, even following demineralization in strong acid or in EDTA. The reactive sites of the pulp were confined to nuclei, nuclcoli and a few thin fibers. This distribution of reactive sites is different from the distribution which is seen following von Kossa's silver stain, and from the distribution seen following silver stain methods for reticular fibers.
In vivo measurement of bone mineral content of mandibles by dual‐photon absorptiometry
Authors: VON WOWERN NINA 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –The purpose of this study was 1) to reveal the short‐ and long‐term precision of non‐invasive in vivo measurements of bone mineral content (BMC) in larger and smaller parts of mandibles and in forearm bones by a new two‐dimensional dual‐photon attenuation system GT45; 2) to develop normal reference values and ranges for mandibular BMC in individuals between 20‐40 yr of age without known systemic diseases and with normal oral state, (n= 56, F:M = 1:1), and 3) to relate mandibular BMC with forearm bone BMC, sex and age, by comparing BMC values of a well‐defined normal old test group (n= 24, F:M = 1:1, 70‐81 yr of age) with the normal reference values. The analyses indicated: 1) the in vivo short‐ and long‐term precision of the methods is high. 2) BMC of mandibles and forearm bones is significantly related to sex and age (P<0.01, and in mandibles of young females/males: P= 0.02). 3) BMC in mandibles and forearm bones is significantly correlated in both age groups (P<0.01) with relatively weak coefficients of correlation. GT45 may be used to follow BMC changes in mandibles in groups or single individuals after surgical treatment and to evaluate sex and age dependent BMC changes in mandibles and forearm bones.
SEM study of surface characteristics and marginal adaptation of anterior resin restorations after 3–4 years
Authors: VAN DIJKEN JAN W. V. , HORSTEDT PER , MEURMAN JUKKA H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –SEM replica technique was. used to study surface characteristics and marginal adaptation of278 anterior resin fillings. 3‐4 yr old. The fillings showed degradation of surfaces and margins with eroded areas and exposed macro‐ and microfiller particles. Cohesive failures were seen as chip fractures and marginal fractures parallel to the cavity margins. Microfiller resin fillings showed less rough surface characteristics than the conventional and hybrid composite resins in spite of a higher frequency of fillings with surface degradation. The microfiller resin fillings activated by visible light, in particular, showed relatively smooth surface characteristics with less surface degradation and less porosity. About 50% of the conventional and hybrid composite fillings showed marginal defects. The two chemically cured microfiller resin fillings showed marginal defects in 66% or 88%, whereas for the visible light cured microfiller resin fillings defects were observed in 44%.
Immunoblotting demonstration of antibodies to the organic matrix of developing bovine enamel
Authors: MOE DENNIS , KIRKEBY SVEND , SALLING ELISABETH 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –Antiserum was raised against an acetic acid extract of partly mineralized bovine enamel. By use of immunoblotting it was shown that rabbit antibodies react with both high and low molecular weight proteins. Most but not all of the enamel proteins isolated by different extraction solutions were antigenic identical. The blotting time was found to be important when immunoblotting of enamel proteins is carried out.
Effects of 1% chlorhexidine gel treatment on sympathetic adrenergic nerves in human buccal mucosa
Authors: LUTHMAN JOHAN , HENSCHEN ANDREAS , LÖHÖNEN HELÉNE 
Published: October 2007

Abstract –The effect of treatment with a commercially available 1 % chlorhexidine gel (Hibitane Dental) in custom trays for 14 days (10 min daily) on the sympathetic adrenergic nerves in biopsies from human buccal mucosa was investigated. Chemical assay of endogenous noradrenaline concentration and immunocytochemical demonstration of tyrosine hydroxylase served as markers for structural and functional integrity of the adrenergic nerves. The mean concentration of noradrenaline in chlorhexidine treated tissues did not differ from the mean concentration in control. No morphologic or fluorescence intensity differences of the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity were found in the chlorhexidine treated tissues when compared to controls. These findings indicate that a relatively intense treatment with a commercially available 1% chlorhexidine gel does not affect the adrenergic innervation of human buccal mucosa.
Rifampin Inhibits Prostaglandin E2Production and Arachidonic Acid Release in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells
Authors: Yuhas Yael , Azoulay-Alfaguter Inbar , Berent Eva , Ashkenazi Shai 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTRifampin, a potent antimicrobial agent, is a major drug in the treatment of tuberculosis. There is evidence that rifampin also serves as an immunomodulator. Based on findings that arachidonic acid and its metabolites are involved in the pathogeneses ofMycobacterium tuberculosisinfections, we investigated whether rifampin affects prostaglandin E2(PGE2) production in human alveolar epithelial cells stimulated with interleukin-1β. Rifampin caused a dose-dependent inhibition of PGE2production. At doses of 100, 50, and 25 μg/ml, it inhibited PGE2production by 75%, 59%, and 45%, respectively (P< 0.001). Regarding the mechanism involved, rifampin caused a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of arachidonic acid release from the alveolar cells. At doses of 100, 50, 25, and 10 μg/ml, it significantly inhibited the release of arachidonic acid by 93%, 64%, 58%, and 35%, respectively (P< 0.001). Rifampin did not affect the phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A2or the expression of cyclooxygenase-2. The inhibition of PGE2, and presumably other arachidonic acid products, probably contributes to the efficacy of rifampin in the treatment of tuberculosis and may explain some of its adverse effects.
Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase-Dependent, MyD88-Independent Induction of CC-Type Chemokines Characterizes the Macrophage Response toToxoplasma gondiiStrains with High Virulence
Authors: Lee Chiang W. , Sukhumavasi Woraporn , Denkers Eric Y. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTChemokines play an important role in inflammation and infection due to their ability to recruit cells of innate and adaptive immunity. Here we examined mouse macrophage chemokine responses during intracellular infections with high- and low-virulenceToxoplasma gondiistrains. The high-virulence type I strain RH induced a large panel of CC-type chemokines, whereas responses elicited by strains PTG (type II) and M7741 (type III) were much weaker. Strikingly, theT. gondii-induced chemokine response occurred independently of signaling through the Toll-like receptor adaptor MyD88. Instead, production of chemokines during infection was heavily dependent upon phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling pathways. Because infection with type I strains such as RH results in an uncontrolled proinflammatory cytokine response, we hypothesize that this virulence phenotype is a consequence of early strong induction of chemokines by type I, but not type II or III,Toxoplasmastrains.
Hybrid Cell Vaccination ResolvesLeishmania donovaniInfection by Eliciting a Strong CD8+Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Response with Concomitant Suppression of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) but Not IL-4 or IL-13
Authors: Basu Rajatava , Bhaumik Suniti , Haldar Arun Kumar , Naskar Kshudiram , De Tripti , Dana Syamal Kumar , Walden Peter , Roy Syamal 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTThere is an acute dearth of therapeutic interventions against visceral leishmaniasis that is required to restore an established defective cell-mediated immune response. Hence, formulation of effective immunotherapy requires the use of dominant antigen(s) targeted to elicit a specific antiparasitic cellular immune response. We implemented hybrid cell vaccination therapy inLeishmania donovani-infected BALB/c mice by electrofusing dominantLeishmaniaantigen kinetoplastid membrane protein 11 (KMP-11)-transfected bone marrow-derived macrophages from BALB/c mice with allogeneic bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from C57BL/6 mice. Hybrid cell vaccine (HCV) cleared the splenic and hepatic parasite burden, eliciting KMP-11-specific major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Moreover, splenic lymphocytes of HCV-treated mice not only showed the enhancement of gamma interferon but also marked an elevated expression of the Th2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 at both transcriptional and translational levels. On the other hand, IL-10 production from splenic T cells was markedly suppressed as a result of HCV therapy. CD8+T-cell depletion completely abrogated HCV-mediated immunity and the anti-KMP-11 CTL response. Interestingly, CD8+T-cell depletion completely abrogated HCV-induced immunity, resulting in a marked increase of IL-10 but not of IL-4 and IL-13. The present study reports the first implementation of HCV immunotherapy in an infectious disease model, establishing strong antigen-specific CTL generation as a correlate of HCV-mediated antileishmanial immunity that is reversed by in vivo CD8+T-cell depletion of HCV-treated mice. Our findings might be extended to drug-nonresponsive visceral leishmaniasis patients, as well as against multiple infectious diseases with pathogen-specific immunodominant antigens.
Immunoepidemiology ofWuchereria bancroftiInfection: Parasite Transmission Intensity, Filaria-Specific Antibodies, and Host Immunity in Two East African Communities
Authors: Jaoko Walter G. , Michael Edwin , Meyrowitsch Dan W. , Estambale Benson B. A. , Malecela Mwele N. , Simonsen Paul E. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTWe compared the age profiles of infection and specific antibody intensities in two communities with different transmission levels in East Africa to examine the contribution of humoral responses to human immunity to the vector-borne helminthWuchereria bancrofti. The worm intensities were higher and exhibited a nonlinear age pattern in a high-transmission community, Masaika, in contrast to the low but linearly increasing age infection profile observed for a low-transmission community, Kingwede. The mean levels of specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2, IgG4, and IgE were also higher in Masaika, but intriguingly, the IgG3 response was higher in Kingwede. The age-antibody patterns differed in the two communities but in a manner apparently contrary to a role in acquired immunity when the data were assessed using simple correlation methods. By contrast, multivariate analyses showed that the antibody response to infection may be classified into three types and that two of these types, a IgG3-type response and a response measuring a trade-off in host production of IgG4 and IgG3 versus production of IgG1, IgG2, and IgE, had a negative effect onWuchereriacirculating antigen levels in a manner that supported a role for these responses in the generation of acquired immunity to infection. Mathematical modeling supported the conclusions drawn from empirical data analyses that variations in both transmission and worm intensity can explain community differences in the age profiles and impacts of these antibody response types. This study showed that parasite-specific antibody responses may be associated with the generation of acquired immunity to human filarial infection but in a form which is dependent on worm transmission intensity and interactions between immune components.
Dynamics of the Immune Reaction to Pancreatic Cancer from Inception to Invasion
Authors: Clark Carolyn E. , Hingorani Sunil R. , Mick Rosemarie , Combs Chelsea , Tuveson David A. , Vonderheide Robert H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe dynamics of cancer immunosurveillance remain incompletely understood, hampering efforts to develop immunotherapy of cancer. We evaluated the evolving in vivo immune response to a spontaneous tumor in a genetically defined mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma from the inception of preinvasive disease to invasive cancer. We observed a prominent leukocytic infiltration even around the lowest grade preinvasive lesions, but immunosuppressive cells, including tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and regulatory T cells (Treg), dominated the early response and persisted through invasive cancer. Effector T cells, however, were scarce in preinvasive lesions, found in only a subset of advanced cancers, and showed no evidence of activation. The lack of tumor-infiltrating effector T cells strongly correlated with the presence of intratumoral MDSC with a near mutual exclusion. In vitro, we found that MDSC suppressed T-cell proliferation. Overall, our results show that suppressive cells of the host immune system appear early during pancreatic tumorigenesis, preceding and outweighing antitumor cellular immunity, and likely contribute to disease progression. Thus, in contrast to the hypothesis that an early “elimination phase” of cancer immunosurveillance is eventually overwhelmed by a growing invasive tumor, our findings suggest that productive tumor immunity may be undermined from the start. Efforts to test potent inhibitors of MDSC, tumor-associated macrophages, and Treg, particularly early in the disease represent important next steps for developing novel immunotherapy of cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(19):9518–27]
Cancer Stem Cells in Radiation Resistance
Authors: Rich Jeremy N. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Highly tumorigenic subpopulations of several solid cancers share characteristics with somatic stem cells. We showed recently that cancer stem cells, or tumor-initiating cells, derived from human glioblastoma surgical specimens and xenografts display resistance to radiation due to increased activation of the DNA damage checkpoint. We additionally showed that these same tumor subpopulations promote tumor angiogenesis through increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. These studies and subsequent reports from other researchers support critical roles for cancer stem cells in determining tumor response to therapy. Hypoxia and stem cell maintenance pathways may provide therapeutic targets to sensitize cancer stem cells to cytotoxic therapies to improve cancer patient treatments. [Cancer Res 2007;67(19):8980–4]
Triptolide Induces Pancreatic Cancer Cell Death via Inhibition of Heat Shock Protein 70
Authors: Phillips Phoebe A. , Dudeja Vikas , McCarroll Joshua A. , Borja-Cacho Daniel , Dawra Rajinder K. , Grizzle William E. , Vickers Selwyn M. , Saluja Ashok K. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is highly resistant to current chemotherapy agents. We therefore examined the effects of triptolide (a diterpenoid triepoxide) on pancreatic cancer growth and local-regional tumor spread using an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. We have recently shown that an increased level of HSP70 in pancreatic cancer cells confers resistance to apoptosis and that inhibiting HSP70 induces apoptosis in these cells. In addition, triptolide was recently identified as part of a small molecule screen, as a regulator of the human heat shock response. Therefore, our aims were to examine the effects of triptolide on (a) pancreatic cancer cells by assessing viability and apoptosis, (b) pancreatic cancer growth and local invasion in vivo, and (c) HSP70 levels in pancreatic cancer cells. Incubation of PANC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells with triptolide (50–200 nmol/L) significantly reduced cell viability, but had no effect on the viability of normal pancreatic ductal cells. Triptolide induced apoptosis (assessed by Annexin V, caspase-3, and terminal nucleotidyl transferase–mediated nick end labeling) and decreased HSP70 mRNA and protein levels in both cell lines. Triptolide (0.2 mg/kg/d for 60 days) administered in vivo decreased pancreatic cancer growth and significantly decreased local-regional tumor spread. The control group of mice had extensive local invasion into adjacent organs, including the spleen, liver, kidney, and small intestine. Triptolide causes pancreatic cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo by induction of apoptosis and its mechanism of action is mediated via the inhibition of HSP70. Triptolide is a potential therapeutic agent that can be used to prevent the progression and metastases of pancreatic cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(19):9407–16]
Genetic Heterogeneity among Fanconi Anemia Heterozygotes and Risk of Cancer
Authors: Berwick Marianne , Satagopan Jaya M. , Ben-Porat Leah , Carlson Ann , Mah Katherine , Henry Rashida , Diotti Raffaella , Milton Kelly , Pujara Kanan , Landers Tom , Dev Batish Sat , Morales José , Schindler Detlev , Hanenberg Helmut , Hromas Robert , Levran Orna , Auerbach Arleen D. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by a greatly increased risk of cancer among those diagnosed with the syndrome. The question as to whether FA heterozygotes are at increased risk for cancer is of great importance to those at risk for being a carrier. To address this question, we formed a cohort of grandparents of probands identified through the International Fanconi Anemia Registry. We obtained informed consent, a short questionnaire, and either blood or buccal swab DNA. After diagnosis of the proband was confirmed and complementation studies or DNA sequencing on the proband were completed, mutation analyses of the putative carriers and noncarriers was carried out. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated to compare the observed cancer incidence of the grandparents and other relatives with the expected rates of cancer, using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries and the Connecticut Cancer registry. In the 944 study subjects who participated (784 grandparents and 160 other relatives), there was no suggestion of an increase in overall cancer incidence. On the other hand, a significantly higher rate of breast cancer than expected was observed among carrier grandmothers [SIR, 1.7; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1–2.7]. Among the grandmothers, those who were carriers of FANCC mutations were found to be at highest risk (SIR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1–5.2). Overall, there was no increased risk for cancer among FA heterozygotes in this study of Fanconi relatives, although there is some evidence that FANCC mutations are possibly breast cancer susceptibility alleles. [Cancer Res 2007;67(19):9591–6]