bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agreement in Breast Cancer Classification between Microarray and Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR from Fresh-Frozen and Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues
Authors: Mullins Michael , Perreard Laurent , Quackenbush John F , Gauthier Nicholas , Bayer Steven , Ellis Matthew , Parker Joel , Perou Charles M , Szabo Aniko , Bernard Philip S 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Background: Microarray studies have identified different molecular subtypes of breast cancer with prognostic significance. To transition these classifications into the clinical laboratory, we have developed a real-time quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR assay to diagnose the biological subtypes of breast cancer from fresh-frozen (FF) and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues.
Methods: We used microarray data from 124 breast samples as a training set for classifying tumors into 4 previously defined molecular subtypes: Luminal, HER2+/ER−, basal-like, and normal-like. We used the training set data in 2 different centroid-based algorithms to predict sample class on 35 breast tumors (test set) procured as FF and FFPE tissues (70 samples). We classified samples on the basis of large and minimized gene sets. We used the minimized gene set in a real-time qRT-PCR assay to predict sample subtype from the FF and FFPE tissues. We evaluated primer set performance between procurement methods by use of several measures of agreement.
Results: The centroid-based algorithms were in complete agreement in classification from FFPE tissues by use of qRT-PCR and the minimized “intrinsic” gene set (40 classifiers). There was 94% (33 of 35) concordance between the diagnostic algorithms when comparing subtype classification from FF tissue by use of microarray (large and minimized gene set) and qRT-PCR data. We found that the ratio of the diagonal SD to the dynamic range was the best method for assessing agreement on a gene-by-gene basis.
Conclusions: Centroid-based algorithms are robust classifiers for breast cancer subtype assignment across platforms and procurement conditions.
Zwischen Silbengelenk- und Quantitätsmarkierung – der Doppelkonsonantenbuchstabe im Deutschen / Between ambisyllabic and quantity marking – the double consonant letter in German
Authors: Augst Gerhard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe layman transcribes his dialect-texts in accordance with the conventions of the spelling. The article argues that he follows these inherent rules, partly unconsciously. Therefore his dialect-writing can prove the rules of two identical letters after a stressed vowel. In the german linguistics there is a discussion, if the rules are better founded by syllabic or quantitative regularities. The empiric result is that the layman's writing is better to be explained by the quantitative hypothesis. It is argued that there is a change of rules during the last centuries: in the 16th and 17th century the rules were syllabicly based; by the influence of the morphemic principle there came a turn to a quantitative basis in the 18th century (evidently by the graphemic integration of loanwords). It may be possible that the rules turn back to the syllabic basis in the 21th century because of the increasing stock of english loanwords like english “job -jobbing” to german “Job -jobben”.
Interdisziplinäres Forschungskolloquium Protestbewegungen / Interdisciplinary research colloquium on protest movements
Authors: Klimke Martin , Scharloth Joachim 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Protestbewegung der 1960er und 1970er Jahre werden nicht mehr allein in Erinnerungsliteratur und Feuilletons aufgearbeitet, sondern sind im vergangenen Jahrzehnt auch zum Gegenstand der historischen Wissenschaften geworden. Dies zeigt sich an der gewachsenen Zahl von Neuerscheinungen und Tagungen zum Thema. Dabei ist bemerkenswert, dass die Geschichtsschreibung von ehemaligen Aktivisten und Betroffenen immer mehr auf Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler übergeht, die keine Zeitzeugen waren. Von diesem Generationenwechsel ist ein neuer Blick auf diese sozialen Bewegungen zu erwarten. So arbeiten gegenwärtig zahlreiche Nachwuchswissenschaftlerinnen und –wissenschaftler aus Linguistik, Geschichtswissenschaft, Politologie, Soziologie und Literaturwissenschaft an Forschungsprojekten, die bislang vernachlässigte Aspekte der 1960er Jahre in den Blick nehmen. Das „Interdisziplinäre Forschungskolloquium Protestbewegungen“ bietet Nachwuchswissenschaftlerinnen und –wissenschaftlern ein Forum, in dem sie neue Zugänge zur Historisierung und wissenschaftlichen Behandlung der Studentenbewegung diskutieren können.
Plurizentrismus des Deutschen – programmatisch und kodifiziert, Zu: Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen, Ulrich Ammon u.a., Berlin/New-York 2004
Authors: Farø Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract0. EinleitungNur selten erscheinen Wörterbücher, die sowohl Werkzeuge als auch Manifeste sein wollen. Im Regelfall sind sie nur Werkzeuge und manchmal nicht einmal das. Für die germanistische Linguistik ist 2004 ein Wörterbuch erschienen, das zu den wichtigsten des Jahrzehnts, ja vielleicht des Jahrhunderts gehört, und das in der Tat sowohl Werkzeug als auch Programm ist: das
Konstruktionen in der Interaktion, Workshop 7./8. Oktober 2004 in Münster / Construction in interaction, workshop in Münster, 7-8 October 2004
Authors: Bücker Jörg , Dertenkötter Sandra 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVom 6. bis zum 8. Oktober 2004 fand an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster ein Workshop zum Thema „Konstruktionen in der Interaktion“ statt, der von Susanne Günthner und Wolfgang Imo vom Germanistischen Institut veranstaltet wurde. Sie konnten dazu ca. dreißig LinguistInnen aus ganz Deutschland begrüßen. Das Programm umfasste elf Beiträge, die sich mit Form, Funktion und Bedeutung verschiedener grammatischer „Konstruktionen“ auseinander setzten. Die Vorträge knüpften an Erkenntnisse aus den Bereichen „Syntax “, „Construction Grammar “, „interaktionale Linguistik“ sowie „Gesprächs-“ und „Konversationsanalyse“ an.
Grenzen des Strafrechts – Grundlagen und Herausforderungen des neuen strafrechtlichen Forschungsprogramms am Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht –
Authors: Sieber Ulrich 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

I. Einführung

Der Direktorenwechsel am Freiburger Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht Ende 2003 war Anlass für die Konzeption eines langfristig angelegten Forschungsprogramms der strafrechtlichen Abteilung des Instituts. Dieses – bereits auf der Amtswechselfeier im März 2004 in Form einer Antrittsvorlesung vorgestellte – Programm soll die zukünftigen Arbeiten auf die zentralen Zukunftsprobleme des Strafrechts konzentrieren, Synergieeffekte zwischen den einzelnen Forschungsprojekten erzielen und neue Lösungsansätze im Rahmen einer umfassenden Theoriebildung entwickeln.
Das rumänische Gesetz zur Bekämpfung des Rechtsextremismus: Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit durch Rezeption des deutschen Staatsschutzstrafrechts?
Authors: Roth Alexander 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

I. Hintergrund und Struktur der Regelung

Verschiedene Erscheinungsformen von Rechtsextremismus in Rumänien haben in den Jahren seit 1989 sowohl im Lande als auch bei ausländischen Beobachtern nicht nur Besorgnis ausgelöst, sondern immer wieder auch Kritik an den sich ablösenden Regierungen, die sich bei der Bekämpfung derartiger Tendenzen nicht auffällig hervortaten, provoziert.
Long‐Term Population Dynamics of the Endangered Snake River Sockeye Salmon: Evidence of Past Influences on Stock Decline and Impediments to Recovery
Authors: Selbie Daniel T. , Lewis Bert A. , Smol John P. , Finney Bruce P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDeclines in populations of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. have been most pronounced in the southern extent of their range, and numerous anthropogenic stressors and natural drivers have been identified as potential causes. Using a paleolimnological approach, we have reconstructed the natural variability in the population dynamics of endangered Snake River sockeye salmon O. nerka over approximately the past 1,370 years. The rearing habitat ecology of their main production system, Redfish Lake, Idaho was also assessed over the past 500 years. Siliceous algal remains (diatoms and chrysophytes), stable nitrogen isotope δ15N, cladoceran zooplankton subfossils, and other proxy indicators archived in dated lake sediment cores were employed in this analysis. The inferred natural salmon production was much higher than that recorded in fisheries escapement data. Unprecedented declines in Snake River sockeye salmon production and changes in rearing system ecology were inferred over the past 150 years. The early, negative influences of the Columbia River commercial salmon harvest (in the 1860s) and sustained interruption of migration access (1910‐1934) from hydroelectric damming were evident. Enhanced zooplanktivory, associated with nonnative stocking and possible expansion of kokanee (lacustrine sockeye salmon) beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, appear to have altered the forage base for juvenile sockeye salmon, probably contributing to further declines. Lake nutrient enrichment since the 1950s was inferred, which changed nursery lake nutrient and trophic dynamics. This study highlights both site‐specific and regional influences on declines in past Snake River sockeye salmon population abundance and changes in rearing system ecology for these fish over the past 150 years. Such a long‐term ecological perspective is important to the continued conservation and management of this endangered species and has broader applications for other sockeye salmon runs at risk throughout their range.
Dental Arch Width Stability after Quadhelix and Edgewise Treatment in Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Li Weiran , Lin Jiuxiang 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the transverse stability of the dental arch in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients after orthodontic treatment with quadhelix and edgewise appliances.
Materials and Methods: Twenty repaired complete UCLP patients with posterior crossbites were chosen as the study subjects. All had ceased retention at least 15 months previously. Measurements were carried out directly on the pretreatment, posttreatment, and postretention study models using a three-dimensional dental cast analyzer. The interdental widths were measured for the canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molars, basal bone, and the alveolar arch. Two-way analysis of variance and Fisher's LSD was performed in comparing the difference between intervals.
Results: Lower inter-first-premolar width and upper arch widths of each region increased significantly (P &lt; .05) after orthodontic treatment. The expansion was greater in the anterior than the posterior region in the upper arch, and the greatest increase was in the upper first premolar region. The upper arch width decreased after retention, with the decrease of the arch width in the upper canine (1.3 ± 0.8 mm) and first premolar (1.5 ± 0.8 mm) regions being statistically significant. The increased upper arch width in each region and the lower inter-first-premolar width maintained significant expansion after retention.
Conclusions: The widths of the dental arch increased significantly after expansion with a quadhelix followed by preadjusted edgewise treatment. Relapse occurred, especially in the upper canine and first premolar region, but most of the treatment effect on the upper arch remained after retention.
Time went by so slowly: Overestimation of event duration by males and females
Authors: Loftus Elizabeth F. , Schooler Jonathan W. , Boone Stanley M. , Kline Donald 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn three experiments, 469 subjects watched a short videotape of a bank robbery and later estimated the duration of the tape. Subjects invariably overestimated the durations. Accuracy of time estimation was unrelated to amount of free recall (Experiment 1) or accuracy of memory (Experiment 2). Females overestimated to a greater degree than males (Experiments 2 and 3). A more stressful version of the event produced greater overestimates than a less stressful version (Experiment 3). The relationship between induced arousal and time estimation appears to be different for men and women.
Remembering experienced and reported events
Authors: Larsen Steen F. , Plunkett Kim 
Published: May 2007

AbstractReported events are distinguished from personally experienced (autobiographical) events by being known from reports provided from some person or agency—for example, news reports. Memory for reported events has usually been ignored theoretically, or classified as ‘semantic’, though it is clearly concerned with specific, dated episodes. We discuss a number of differences between the information available to specify experienced and reported events, and the possible implications of such differences for remembering the events. A study of retrieval of the two types of events, prompted by cue words, showed that reported events take much longer time to retrieve but are dated as being equally old as experienced events. Effects of using emotion words as cues were similar for the two event types. These results suggest that reported events are forgotten (or become inaccessible) at the same rate as experienced events, but that memories are organized in such a way that reported events often have to be accessed indirectly through memories of associated autobiographical events.
Improving retrieval
Authors: Herrmann Douglas J. , Buschke Herman , Gall Melanie B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present research investigated whether ability for retrieval might be improved by practice at retrieval. Retrieval practice trials, each of 10 min duration, required subjects to attempt to recall as many examples as possible of a designated category. Two kinds of practice were investigated. Subjects given general practice attempted to recall a different category on each successive practice trial. Subjects given specific practice attempted to recall the same category on each successive practice trial. General practice had a negligible effect on recall, even when subjects practised daily for over a month. In contrast, specific practice substantially improved recall, facilitating retrieval of 50 to 100 per cent of all the example subjects known for a category.
Pictorial experience as a factor in the recognition of incomplete pictures
Authors: Bentley A. M. , Deregowski J. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe study investigated the effects of distinctive feature emphasis and familiarity with pictorial materials on the recognition of incomplete pictures of common objects in three cultural groups. Contrary to a familiarity hypothesis Kxoe Bushman pre‐school children were superior to both Zulu and white English‐speaking Sth African pre‐school children in recognizing fragmented pictures. Cultural differences were interpreted in terms of response strategies mediated by ecological and social variables. Children in each cultural group made effective use of distinctive features to aid recognition of fragmented pictures. The implications of these findings for the development of teaching materials were examined.
Memory for traumatic events
Authors: Christianson Sven‐åke , Loftus Elizabeth F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis research compares memory for traumatic events with memory for non‐traumatic versions of the same event. In Experiment 1, subjects watched an event depicted in slides while focusing and rehearsing the central detail of each slide. They were tested after a short or a longer retention interval (20 min or 2 weeks). Subjects who watched the traumatic version were better able to recall the central details that they had rehearsed, but were less well able to recognize the specific slides that they saw. Better recall for the traumatic group did not occur because the words used to describe the recalled details were inherently more memorable, as shown in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, subjects watched either a traumatic or non‐traumatic version of a filmed event and about 6 months later they were asked to remember the essence of the film. Subjects who saw the traumatic version were better able to recall the essence of the film. A similar finding was obtained with a group of subjects from Experiment 1 who were also contacted about 6 months after their initial participation. These results suggest that some information (the essence, the theme) of a traumatic event might be relatively well retained in memory, while memory is impaired for many of the specific, and especially peripheral, details.
Testing the limits of the phonetic mnemonic system
Authors: Patton Gary W. R. , Lantzy Patrick D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree experiments tested the efficacy of the phonetic mnemonic system under varying conditions of application. The first study attempted unsuccessfully to replicate and extend the work of Morris and Greer (1984), who had shown training in the phonetic mnemonic method to facilitate memorization of a serial list of two‐digit numbers. In the present study, subjects trained in the phonetic mnemonic method failed to learn lists of two‐, four‐, and six‐digit numbers better than control subjects. The second experiment partially replicated the first, the differences being that training in the phonetic mnemonic method was strengthened, and time allotted for number recall was extended. Under these circumstances the phonetic mnemonic group recalled the two‐, four‐, and six‐digit numbers significantly better than the control groups, a finding conforming with Morris and Greer's (1984) results. The third experiment partially replicated the second, everything being the same except that, in this case, subjects constructed their own key words representing each number, instead of these words being supplied by the experimenter. Under these conditions, subjects trained in the phonetic mnemonic method recalled significantly fewer numbers than control subjects.
Preliminary findings concerning the effects of specialized teaching on dyslexic children
Authors: Thomson Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSome of the recent cognitive research on phonemic awareness and phonological skills in short‐term memory of dyslexic children is related to the development of specific teaching programmes aimed at circumventing theoretical ‘deficits’. Data on a 2‐year follow‐up of the reading attainments of dyslexic children are presented, along with data on reading and spelling of non‐words, multi‐syllable words and words learned under visual inspection versus simultaneous oral spelling conditions. Dyslexia is viewed as a developmental phenomenon, with children's performance changing over time.
Effects of inference awareness training on poor reading comprehension
Authors: Yuill Nicola , Oakhill Jane 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevious studies show that 7–8‐year‐old poor comprehenders differ from good comprehenders, matched in age and decoding skill, primarily in their failure to make high‐level inferences, despite adequate text recall. The impact of inference awareness training on reading comprehension in two such groups was compared with the effects of two other treatments. Inference‐trained children were instructed over 4 weeks in making inferences from text and generating questions. Other groups were trained either in rapid decoding or in standard comprehension exercises. Less skilled comprehenders given inference training improved significantly more than those given decoding practice, and slightly, but not significantly, more than those given comprehension exercises. Skilled comprehenders showed little improvement regardless of treatment condition. The results are discussed in relation to possible sources of comprehension failure, and implications for remediation.
Applying cognitive theory to the testing and teaching of intelligence
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article describes how cognitive theory can be applied to the testing and teaching of intelligence. The article is divided into three main parts. The first part describes how the study of intelligence, traditionally an area that has been viewed as under the purview of differential psychology, has come squarely into the purview of cognitive psychology. The second part describes how the testing and teaching of intelligence, which in the past have been largely atheoretical, have been transformed into theoretically based enterprises guided by the theories of cognitive psychology. The last part describes a particular theory of intelligence, the triarchic theory, and how it has been applied to the problems of testing and teaching intelligence. It is concluded that cognitive psychology has given the study of intelligence a ‘new lease on life’, and that the testing and teaching of intelligence can and should be viewed as a primary focus of application for the principles of cognitive psychology.
The Tichborne Claimant: Person identification following very long intervals
Authors: Ellis Hadyn D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn account is given of the nineteenth‐century case of the Tichborne Claimant, in which someone purporting to be Sir Roger Tichborne, a missing heir, arrived in England from Australia 13 years after Sir Roger had been assumed drowned at sea. Many people, including Lady Tichborne, Sir Roger's mother, positively identified him. Others insisted that he was an impostor. A civil court and a criminal trial each found against The Claimant for various reasons, but the question of The Claimant's true identity remains open to this day. The case of the Tichborne Claimant is used to illustrate issues in identification that are of contemporary interest. The particular matter of how faces change over time is briefly discussed.
The effectiveness of different types of pragmatic implications found in commercials to mislead subjects
Authors: Searleman Alan , Carter Helen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStatements concerning the truthfulness of claims made in 16 tape‐recorded commercials about fictitious products were judged by 40 college students. In half of the commercials a claim was directly asserted while in the other half the claims were pragmatically implied. Pragmatic implications are statements that lead a person to believe something that is neither explicitly stated nor necessarily implied. As expected based upon previous research, subjects often responded to implied claims as if they had been directly asserted (particularly by subjects in the short delay group). In addition, differences were found in the effectiveness of four different types of pragmatic implications for misleading subjects.
Tactual picture recognition in congenitally blind and sighted children
Authors: Pathak K. , Pring L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree experiments were carried out to investigate tactual processing of two‐dimensional raised line drawings by blind and blindfolded sighted children. The results showed an unexpected but consistent pattern indicating that the introduction of ‘meaning’ facilitated the performance of the blindfolded sighted children but caused a relative decline in the performance of the congenitally blind. A general lack of evidence distinguishing between recognition of objects that had or had not been directly experienced through touch suggested that the internal spatial representations of objects depended not only on perceptual information but also on knowledge derived from other sources.