bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of bushmeat hunting and perceptions of disease risk among central African communities
Authors: LeBreton M. , Prosser A.T. , Tamoufe U. , Sateren W. , Mpoudi‐Ngole E. , Diffo J. L. D. , Burke D. S. , Wolfe N. D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere is a great need to determine the factors that influence the hunting, butchering and eating of bushmeat to better manage the important social, public health and conservation consequences of these activities. In particular, the hunting and butchering of wild animals can lead to the transmission of diseases that have potentially serious consequences for exposed people and their communities. Comprehension of these risks may lead to decreased levels of these activities. To investigate these issues, 3971 questionnaires were completed to examine the determinants of the hunting, butchering and eating of wild animals and perceptions of disease risk in 17 rural central African villages. A high proportion of individuals reported perceiving a risk of disease infection with bushmeat contact. Individuals who perceived risk were significantly less likely to butcher wild animals than those who perceived no risk. However, perception of risk was not associated with hunting and eating bushmeat (activities that, compared with butchering, involve less contact with raw blood and body fluids). This suggests that some individuals may act on perceived risk to avoid higher risk activity. These findings reinforce the notion that conservation programs in rural villages in central Africa should include health‐risk education. This has the potential to reduce the levels of use of wild animals, particularly of certain endangered species (e.g. many non‐human primates) that pose a particular risk to human health. However, as the use of wild game is likely to continue, people should be encouraged to undertake hunting and butchering more safely for their own and their community's health.
Changes in the Use of Postacute Care during the Initial Medicare Payment Reforms
Authors: Lin Wen‐Chieh , Kane Robert L. , Mehr David R. , Madsen Richard W. , Petroski Gregory F. 
Published: April 2006

Objective. To examine changes in postacute care (PAC) use during the initial Medicare payment reforms enacted by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997.Data Sources. We used claims data from the 5 percent Medicare beneficiary sample in 1996, 1998, and 2000. Linked data from the Denominator file, Provider of Service file, and Area Resource File provided additional patient, hospital, and market‐area characteristics.Study Design. Six disease groups with high PAC use were selected for analysis. We used multinomial logit regression to examine how PAC use differed by year of service, controlling for patient, hospital, and market‐area characteristics.Principal Findings. There were major changes in PAC use, and a portion of services shifted to settings where reimbursement remained cost‐based. During the first reform, the home health agency interim payment system, home health use decreased consistently across disease groups. This decrease was accompanied by increased use in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Following the implementation of the prospective payment system for SNFs, the use of inpatient rehabilitation facilities increased.Conclusions. The shift in usage among settings occurred in two stages that corresponded to the timing of payment reforms for home health agencies and SNFs. Evidence strongly suggests the substitutability between PAC settings. Financial incentives, in addition to clinical needs and individual preferences, play a major role in PAC use.
The Role of the Persistent Na+ Current During Cardiac Ischemia and Hypoxia
Authors: SAINT DAVID A 
Published: April 2006

Introduction: Inadequate or zero cardiac perfusion, if prolonged beyond about 10 minutes, can result in irreversible cell damage. Paradoxically, much of this damage occurs when perfusion is restored, and this appears to be linked to an uncontrolled rise in intracellular calcium. This article reviews the causes of this rise in calcium. Methods and results: Data that have arisen from a variety of techniques to measure intracellular ion concentrations in cardiac cells are reviewed. Fluorescence measurements in intact hearts and isolated cells show that the rise in [Ca2+]i is preceded by a rise in [Na+]i, a finding that has led to the coupled exchanger theory, which postulates that the high activity of the Na–H exchanger, as a result of intracellular acidification, increases [Na+]i and that this slows or reverses the Na–Ca exchanger. However, the [Na+]i appears to come from several sources: the Na–H exchanger, the Na–HCO3 symporter, and the persistent Na+ current, INa(p). The latter appears to be important because blockers of Na–H exchange (e.g., Cariporide) have been shown to be only partially protective against reperfusion damage, whereas TTX and other Na+ channel blockers offer equal or better protection. Patch clamp experiments in isolated cells have shown that INa(p) is increased by hypoxia, although the mechanisms are not known. Conclusion: Blockers of INa(p) may provide an alternative strategy for preventing reperfusion damage in myocardium, either alone or in combination with Na–H exchange blockers.
A homozygous Fas ligand gene mutation in a patient causes a new type of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
Authors: Del-Rey Manuel , Ruiz-Contreras Jesus , Bosque Alberto , Calleja Sara , Gomez-Rial Jose , Roldan Ernesto , Morales Pablo , Serrano Antonio , Anel Alberto , Paz-Artal Estela , Allende Luis M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAutoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is characterized by lymphoproliferation and autoimmune clinical manifestations and is generally caused by defective Fas-mediated apoptosis. This report describes the first homozygous FASL gene mutation in a woman with clinical and immunologic features of ALPS. T-cell blasts from the patient did not induce FasL-mediated apoptosis on Fas-transfected murine L1210 or on Jurkat cells, and activation-induced cell death was impaired. Furthermore, Fas-dependent cytotoxicity was drastically reduced in COS cells transfected with the mutant FasL. In addition, FasL expression on T-cell blasts from the patient was similar to that observed in a healthy control, despite its bearing the high-producer genotype –844C/C in the FASL promoter. Sequencing of the patient's FASL gene revealed a new mutation in exon 4 (A247E). The location of A247E in the FasL extracellular domain and the conservation of the protein sequence of that region recorded in 8 species different from humans support the essential role of FasL COOH terminal domain in Fas/FasL binding. These findings provide evidence that inherited nonlethal FASL abnormalities cause an uncommon apoptosis defect producing lymphoproliferative disease, and they highlight the need for a review of the current ALPS classification to include a new ALPS type Ic subgroup.
(Re)visiting Délie: Maurice Scève and Marian Poetry*
Authors: Defaux Gérard 
Published: April 2006

Si iracunda, aut avaritia, aut carnis illecebra naviculam concusserit mentis, respice ad Mariam.— Bernard, In laudibus Virginis MatrisFactat animam Vulcanus, vestes aptat Pallas, fucat Venus, & cesto cingit, ornant cteterte Den, docet pessimos mores Mercurius. Et quia omni genere rerum a Diis donata esset, Pandoram appellat.— Jean Olivier, PandoraCelle qui est la Vertu, et la Grace …Monstre, qu'en soy elle a plus, que de femme.— Délie, D354 and 284This study proposes a new reading of Delie and tries to shed a new light on the poet himself. Sceve appears here not only as the humanist we all know, but as a Christian poet, a poet as much interested in biblical and other religious sources as in Classical and Italian ones. In his canzoniere, Scève follows very closely, and even sometimes imitates, a corpus of fixed-form poems — rondeaux parfaits, ballades, and chants royaux — written by poets of the two previous generations for poetic contests known as Puys. And he constantly expresses his love and describes his idol in terms, images, and symbols directly borrowed from Marian poetry. To the Christian cult of the Virgin Mary corresponds for the Lover the pagan cult of Délie.
The International Congresses and Conferences of the Last Century as Forces Working Toward the Solidarity of the World
Authors: Baldwin Simeon E. 
Published: April 2006

The pre-Tridentine œcumenical councils of the Roman Catholic church were, as Dr. Francis Wharton has well remarked, international congresses, working toward the establishment of a uniform law for the civilized world. It was a law confined to one set of subjects; but among them were those having to do with the family relation, and which were therefore of the first importance to human society. Each nation of Christendom was represented in these gatherings by its sovereign or political delegates, as well as by its bishops, and it was for each nation, acting through its political departments, to ratify or reject such rules or laws in these respects as the council might propose.The representation of political sovereignty in the Council of Trent was slight, and in the only œcumenical council since called by Eome — that of the Vatican — it was wholly wanting; Bavaria being the only power (though all European cabinets were consulted) which intimated a willingness to send an official delegate.
The Extent and Limitations of the Treaty-Making Power Under the Constitution
Authors: Anderson Chandler P. 
Published: April 2006

The power to make treaties with other nations is an inherent attribute of the sovereign power of an independent nation.Where the treaty-making power is exercised by the sovereign power of a nation, the right to treat with other nations rests wholly in sovereignty and extends to every question pertaining to international relations.Where, however, the treaty-making power is not exercised by the sovereign power of the nation as a whole, but has been delegated to a branch of the government by which it is exercised in a representative capacity, the treaty-making power there, although it arises from sovereignty, rests in grant, and can be exercised only to the extent of and in accordance with the terms fixed by the grant.So in the United States, where the people, as the sovereign power, have delegated through the medium of their State conventions or State legislatures the treaty-making power to a designated section of the Federal Government under the Constitution, such power rests in grant and is to be measured and exercised under the terms of such grant.
International Law as Applied by England During the War
Authors: Bentwich Norman 
Published: April 2006

One of the immediate consequences of the outbreak of war, according to the Anglo-American law, is that all the commercial relations between subjects of the belligerent countries come to an end. Fresh dealings cannot be entertained, and existing dealings cannot be continued, between persons divided by the line of war, save with the licence of the sovereign power. It is stated in several of the old English books that such trading is a misdemeanor, and even that it amounts to a felony, but there is no reported instance of a conviction by a criminal court. In numerous cases, however, contracts concerned with such trade were declared null, and goods seized when so engaged were confiscated as prize to the Crown. The broad principle was laid down clearly during the Napoleonic wars by Lord Stowell in the case of The Hoop, where a cargo had been captured on a neutral ship on the ground that it was being brought to England from the enemy country by British subjects. There had been some divergence of practice between the prize courts and the common law courts on the question of the absolute illegality of commercial intercourse with the enemy during war, and Stowell then stated the rule which was derived from the Dutch jurist Bynkershoek and which was conceived to be a rule of the law of nations:
In my opinion there exists such a general rule in the maritime jurisprudence of this country, by which all trading with the public enemy, unless with the permission of the sovereign, is interdicted. It is not a principle peculiar to the maritime law of this country; it is laid down by Bynkershoek as an universal principle of law.—“Ex natura belli commercia inter hostes cessare non est dubitandum. Quamvis nulla specialis sit commerciorum prohibitio, ipso tamen jure belli commercia esse vetita, ipsae indictiones bellorum satis declarant, etc.” He proceeds to observe, that the interests of trade, and the necessity of obtaining certain commodities have sometimes so far overpowered this rule, that different species of traffic have been permitted, “prout e re sua subditorumque suorum esse censent principes.” But it is in all cases the act and permission of the sovereign. Wherever that is permitted, it is a suspension of the state of war quoad hoc. * * * It appears from these passages to be the law of Holland; Valin states it to be the law of France * * * and it may, I think, without rashness be affirmed to have been a general principle of law in most of the countries of Europe. (1 C. Rob. p. 199.)
The Share of the President of the United States in a Declaration of War
Authors: Baldwin Simeon E. 
Published: April 2006

A Subject of warm debate in the convention which framed the Constitution of the United States was where the power of making or declaring war should be vested.The committee of detail reported in favor of giving Congress power “to make war.” Pinkney opposed this on the floor, preferring to bestow it on the Senate. That this was also the view of Hamilton appears in the draft of a constitution which he gave to Madison, towards the close of the convention. In the debate on the report, Pinkney urged that it “would be singular for one authority to make war, and another, peace.” Butler, who followed him, thought the President was the proper depositary. It was then moved to make the clause read “to declare war,” instead of “to make war.” Gerry said that he had “never expected to hear in a republic a motion to empower the executive alone to declare war.” Mason thought that neither the executive nor the Senate could safely be intrusted with the power of war; and finally the word declare was substituted for make by the large majority of States.
Change of Sovereignty and Concessions
Authors: Sayre Francis B. 
Published: April 2006

The principle of international law as announced by Chief Justice Marshall in the famous Percheman Case and supported by a long list of American decisions is that no confiscation of private property in land results from a mere change of sovereignty. Will this principle be sufficient and adequate to protect private property rights in concessions and contracts? In other words, since contracts no less than land may constitute valuable and irreplaceable private property, should any distinction be made, in the application of the Percheman principle, between land and contracts?Where the parties to the contracts are private persons or corporations there seems to be no essential distinction between property in the form of land and property in the form of contracts. In either case the change of sovereignty must, of itself, effect no forfeiture; where, for instance, territory passes out of the sovereignty of State X and under the sovereignty of State Y, just as State Y must not allow the change of sovereignty to affect the ownership of land held by a private individual, A, within the ceded territory, so State Y must not allow it to affect the ownership of contract rights, held by A against some private obligor or debtor, B.
The Hellenic Crisis from the Point of View of Constitutional and International Law
Authors: Ion Theodore P. 
Published: April 2006

We now come to the last part of what one might call the Greek tragedy, which was played in Hellas during the first three years of this world war with such marvelous success under Teutonic guidance. The events of June, 1916, laid bare the whole plot, unmasked the royal actors at Athens, and compelled France and England, the protecting Powers of Greece, at last to take drastic measures.The surrender of the “key” to Eastern Macedonia (the Roupel fortress) by Constantine to the Germano-Bulgarian forces was rightly considered by the guardians of Greece as a hostile act directed against them, demanding the adoption of appropriate measures for the security of their armies on the Balkan front. Their first measure to this end was the substitution of Allied authorities for those of Greece in the city of Salonika. The second was the refusal by Great Britain to supply coal to Greek ships. The three Entente Powers had previously warned the Greek Government that if it allowed the armies of their enemies to advance freely into Greek territory, such action would lead to serious consequences. Therefore, the Royal Government of Greece, fearing lest the Allies institute repressive measures of a more drastic character, informed the Entente Governments that the further advance of the Bulgarian troops into Greek territory would be prevented.
The Hellenic Crisis from the Point of View of Constitutional and International Law
Authors: Ion Theodore P. 
Published: April 2006

Having examined the question of the casus foederìs of the Treaty of Alliance between Greece and Serbia, we shall now inquire whether the use of Greek territory by the Entente Powers for the purpose of carrying on military and naval operations against their enemies and the other forcible measures resorted to against Greece were justified either by reason of rights resulting from treaties, or on account of unneutral acts or omissions of the Government of Constantine.Before discussing the points at issue, it will be necessary to summarize seriatim the facts connected with each.It should be remembered that from the very beginning of the present war the Entente Powers have utilized the territorial waters of some islands in the Ægean Sea which were either under the military occupation of Greece or form part of her territory, and which the Allies subsequently occupied in order to further their military enterprises against Turkey. Thus, during the autumn of the year 1914, shortly after the entrance (November 5th) of the latter Power into the war as an ally of Germany and Austria, the fleets of the Entente Powers utilized the harbors and territory of some of the islands in the vicinity of the Straits of the Dardanelles as bases for their naval and, subsequently, military operations. The islands thus used for the prosecution of the war were Tenedos, Imbros, and Lemnos, and particularly the latter, on account of its convenient and safe harbor.
United States–Sweden Arbitration
Authors: O’Neill Anna A. 
Published: April 2006

Under a special agreement signed December 17, 1930, the United States agreed to arbitrate (pursuant to the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes signed at The Hague, October 18, 1907) with the Government of Sweden the questions:First, Whether the Government of the United States of America detained the Swedish motorship Kronprins Gustaf Adolf between June 23, 1917, and July 12, 1918, and the Swedish motorship Pacific between July 1, 1917, and July 19, 1918, in contravention of the Swedish-American treaties of April 3, 1783 and July 4, 1827.
Limits of the Jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International Justice
Authors: Kellogg Frank B. 
Published: April 2006

While I agree with the action taken by the Court and consider that, in view of the unsatisfactory and contradictory provisions of the special agreement by which the parties have submitted this case to the Court, it is perhaps the only course by which the Court could, under its Statute, aid the parties in arriving at a wholly satisfactory solution of their dispute, nevertheless, in view of certain language used in the order, which might be the source of doubt as to the limits of the jurisdiction of this Court and might serve as a basis of argument that it is within the competence of this Court, with the consent of the parties, to take jurisdiction of and decide purely political questions upon considerations of expediency without regard to the legal rights of the parties, I feel it incumbent upon me to make the following observations:In my opinion the question of the competence of this Court which has been raised by the present case and a direct decision of which the Court has avoided, for the moment at least, by the making of the present order, is, from the point of view of the future of this Court and the development of the judicial settlement of international disputes, by far the most important question which has ever been brought before the Permanent Court of International Justice. I feel, therefore, that I would be derelict in my duty if I allowed the question to be passed over in silence or left any doubt as to my opinion in regard thereto.
Municipal Property under Belligerent Occupation
Authors: Franklin William M. 
Published: April 2006

One of the most interesting and perplexing of the Hague Regulations of the Rules of Land Warfare of 1907 is Article 56 of Section III.., In the prevailing English version the article in question reads as follows:The property of municipalities, that of institutions dedicated to religion, charity and education, the arts and sciences, even when State property, shall be treated as private property. All seizure or destruction of, or wilful damage to, institutions of this character, historic monuments, works of art and science, is forbidden, and should be made the subject of legal proceedings
The Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice
Authors: Hostie Jan 
Published: April 2006

Opinions differ widely as to the part which an international court of justice should play in world organization. Individuals and governments for whomIndividuals and governments for whom the pursuit of certain national or international aims which are not susceptible of immediate achievement transcends the need for law and order will be inclined to conceive the role of such a court as more restricted, more subordinate, than those who believe that, in the long run, the interests of the mightiest and most dynamic nations and the most ambitious ideals of social betterment on a world-wide scale will best be served by first securing such measure of orderly world government as is today within our reach.
Conditions of Admission of a State to Membership in the United Nations
Authors: Liang Yuen-Li 
Published: April 2006

The International Court of Justice, on May 28, 1948, gave an advisory-opinion concerning the conditions of admission of a state to membership in the United Nations. By nine votes to six it held:
that a Member of the United Nations which is called upon, in virtue of Article 4 of the Charter, to pronounce itself by its vote, either in the Security Council or in the General Assembly, on the admission of a State to membership in the United Nations, is not juridically entitled to make its consent to the admission dependent on conditions not expressly provided by paragraph 1 of the said Article;and that, in particular, a Member of the Organization cannot, while it recognizes the conditions set forth in that provision to be fulfilled by the State concerned, subject its affirmative vote to the additional condition that other States be admitted to membership in the United Nations together with that State.