bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2. WRITING POLITICS BACK INTO HISTORY1
Authors: CHEKURI CHRISTOPHER 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the writing of history and historiography in early modern south India as discussed in the book Textures of Time. The book argues that a historical and historiographical awareness was prevalent in south India prior to the arrival of a European field of knowledge under colonial rule. However, this essay maintains that the book unwittingly reproduces some of the very same Eurocentric formulations of the writing of history and modernity that it seeks to refute. A liberal conception of modernity is at the core of how society, history, and politics have been imagined in this book. These attributes of modernity, such as history as a set of causal relations, as presentation of facts, as a realm of the real cannot escape their prior formulation in Europe. The liberal social order also underpins the relationship between writing and the world. In Textures, early historians merely represent reality; they are not authors whose practices are constitutive of politics and identity. The conception of modernity overlooks the constitutive role colonial empires played in the very creation not only of the West and non‐West, but also in conceptions of the real, the modern, the universal, and the historical.
Analysis of the role of fluids in causing fractures in the Spraberry Trend, Midland Basin
Authors: MCPHERSON B. J. , BOUTT D. F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Spraberry Formation in west‐central Texas is a highly fractured formation with both extension and shear fractures. At least two sets of natural fractures exist in two reservoir intervals. We have considered two possible origins for the fracturing: (i) high fluid pressure plus tectonic stress and (ii) tectonic stress at near‐hydrostatic fluid pressure. Reconstruction of geologic, thermal and hydrodynamic histories suggests that high fluid pressures probably did not occur during the basin’s history. To explore the second hypothesis, we developed and applied a calibrated, discrete‐element model of Spraberry strata to investigate whether weak Laramide compressional forces could cause fractures in the absence of high fluid pressures. Simulation results suggest that a mild compressional episode of geologically short duration may indeed have induced conjugate shear fractures.
Genetic Variation in the Paraoxonase‐3 (PON3) Gene is Associated with Serum PON1 Activity
Authors: Sanghera Dharambir K. , Manzi Susan , Minster Ryan L. , Shaw Penny , Kao Amy , Bontempo Franklin , Kamboh M. Ilyas 
Published: September 2007

SummaryLow serum paraoxonase1 (PON1) activity determined by paraoxon substrate is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) risk. In this investigation, we have examined the role of genetic variation in the PON3 gene in relation to PON1 activity and SLE risk in a biracial sample comprising 377 SLE patients and 482 controls from US whites and blacks. We genotyped six PON3 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) and examined their associations with PON1 activity, SLE risk, antiphopholipid autoantibodies (APA), lupus nephritis, carotid vascular disease, and inflammation. With the exception of PON1 activity, no other significant associations were found with PON3 SNPs. Multiple regression analysis including all six PON3 tagSNPs and PON1/Q192R and L55M SNPs revealed significant association of PON1 activity with 4 SNPs: PON3/A10340C (p < 0.0001), PON3/A2115T (p = 0.002), PON1/L55M (p < 0.0001) and PON1/Q192R (p < 0.0001). These four SNPs explained 2%, 1%, 8% and 19% of the variation in PON1 activity, respectively. In summary, our new data indicate that genetic variation in the PON3 gene influences serum PON1 activity independently of the known effect of PON1 genetic variation. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the association of the PON3 gene variants with PON1 activity.
phylochipanalyser — a program for analysing hierarchical probe sets
Authors: METFIES KATJA , BORSUTZKI PHILIPP , GESCHER CHRISTINE , MEDLIN LINDA K. , FRICKENHAUS STEPHAN 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe recent introduction of phylochips that contain molecular probes facilitates environmental microbial identification in a single experiment without previous cultivation. A set of probes recognizing species at different taxonomic levels is denoted as a hierarchical set. Application of hierarchical probe sets on a DNA microarray allows the assessment of biodiversity with different resolutions. It significantly increases the robustness of the results retrieved from phylochip experiments because of the possible consistency checks of hybridization across different taxonomic levels. Here, we present a computer program, phylo‐chipanalyser, for the hierarchy editing and the evaluation of phylochip data generated from hierarchical probe sets.
combi.pl: a computer program to combine data sets with inconsistent microsatellite marker allele size information
Authors: TÄUBERT HELGE , BRADLEY DANIEL G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCombining two data sets with allele information from overlapping microsatellite markers is often desirable, particularly in population genetic studies where a substantial body of published data exists. When genotyping is performed in different laboratories, allele size calling may not be presumed to be consistent. Our approach solves this problem by assigning allele sizes across studies using maximum‐likelihood theory. Using data overlaps in samples and markers, allele shifts between two studies are calculated for each overlapping marker and a single file containing allele frequencies of consistent alleles is produced. The program (combi.pl) is written in PERL and available at http://data40.uni‐tz.gwdg.de/~htaeube.
Resource Allocation Auctions within Firms
Authors: BAIMAN STANLEY , FISCHER PAUL , RAJAN MADHAV V. , SAOUMA RICHARD 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThere is growing interest in the use of markets within firms. Proponents have noted that markets are a simple and efficient mechanism for allocating resources in economies in which information is dispersed. In contrast to the use of markets in the broader economy, the efficiency of an internal market is determined in large part by the endogenous contractual incentives provided to the participating, privately informed agents. In this paper, we study the optimal design of managerial incentives when resources are allocated by an internal auction market, as well as the efficiency of the resulting resource allocations. We show that the internal auction market can achieve first‐best resource allocations and decisions, but only at an excessive cost in compensation payments. We then identify conditions under which the internal auction market and associated optimal incentive contracts achieve the benchmark second‐best outcome as determined using a direct revelation mechanism. The advantage of the auction is that it is easier to implement than the direct revelation mechanism. When the internal auction mechanism is unable to achieve second‐best, we characterize the factors that determine the magnitude of the shortfall. Overall, our results speak to the robust performance of relatively simple market mechanisms and associated incentive systems in resolving resource allocation problems within firms.
Scales of equilibrium and disequilibrium during cleavage formation in chlorite and biotite‐grade phyllites, SE Vermont
Authors: MCWILLIAMS C. K. , WINTSCH R. P. , KUNK M. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDetailed electron microprobe analyses of phyllosilicates in crenulated phyllites from south‐eastern Vermont show that grain‐scale zoning is common, and sympathetic zoning in adjacent minerals is nearly universal. We interpret this to reflect a pressure‐solution mechanism for cleavage development, where precipitation from a very small fluid reservoir fractionated that fluid. Multiple analyses along single muscovite, biotite and chlorite grains (30–200 μm in length) show zoning patterns indicating Tschermakitic substitutions in muscovite and both Tschermakitic and di/trioctahedral substitutions in biotite and chlorite. Using cross‐cutting relationships and mineral chemistry it is shown that these patterns persist in cleavages produced at metamorphic conditions of chlorite‐grade, chlorite‐grade overprinted by biotite‐grade and biotite‐grade. Zoning patterns are comparable in all three settings, requiring a similar cleavage‐forming mechanism independent of metamorphic grade. Moreover, the use of40Ar/39Ar geochronology demonstrates this is true regardless of age. Furthermore, samples with chlorite‐grade cleavages overprinted by biotite porphyroblasts suggest the closure temperatures for the diffusion of Al, Si, Mg and Fe ions are greater than the temperature of the biotite isograd (>∼400 °C). Parallel and smoothly fanning tie lines produced by coexisting muscovite–chlorite, and muscovite–biotite pairs on compositional diagrams demonstrate effectively instantaneous chemical equilibrium and probably indicate simultaneous crystallization.These results do not support theories suggesting cleavages form in fluid‐dominated systems. If crenulation cleavages formed in systems in which the chemical potentials of all major components are fixed by an external reservoir, then the compositions of individual grains defining these cleavages would be uniform. On the contrary, the fine‐scale chemical zoning observed probably reflects a grain‐scale process consistent with a pressure‐solution mechanism in which the aqueous activities of major components are defined by local dissolution and precipitation. Thus the role of fluids was probably limited to one of catalysing pressure‐solution and fluids apparently did not drive cleavage development.
CARDIOVASCULAR AND SURVIVAL PARADOXES IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS: A Story Half Untold: Adiposity, Adipokines and Outcomes in Dialysis Population
Authors: Kwan Bonnie C. H. , Beddhu Srinivasan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn contrast to the associations of high body mass index (BMI) with increased mortality in the general population, high BMI is associated with better survival in dialysis patients. Nonetheless, high BMI/adiposity in chronic kidney disease (CKD)/dialysis patients is associated with insulin resistance, inflammation, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and coronary calcification as described in the general population. These apparently perplexing associations might be explained if (1) adiposity has dual competing effects on survival; a protective nutritional effect and a deleterious metabolic effect resulting in insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension and inflammation and (2) the level of kidney function modifies the relative importance of these effects. In this paradigm, the deleterious metabolic effects of obesity outweigh its protective nutritional effects in the non‐CKD population, the deleterious metabolic effects of obesity are neutralized by its protective nutritional effects in the moderate CKD population and the deleterious metabolic effects of obesity are outweighed by its protective nutritional effects in stage V CKD on dialysis. In other words, the over‐all effects of obesity on survival vary according to the level of kidney function and there is an interaction of body size and presence or absence of CKD on survival even though the metabolic effects of adiposity are not modified by the level of kidney function. Therefore, we propose that despite an association of adiposity with better survival, there is no reverse epidemiology of the associations traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors and disease with adiposity in dialysis patients.
CARDIOVASCULAR AND SURVIVAL PARADOXES IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS: What Is So Bad about Reverse Epidemiology Anyway?
Authors: Kalantar‐Zadeh Kamyar 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe term “reverse epidemiology” is used to indicate that such surrogates of cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome as obesity, hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are paradoxically associated with greater survival in individuals with chronic disease states and wasting, including dialysis patients, in whom the short‐term survival is the issue at hand. It is being debated whether the crossing curves of the obesity‐mortality association in dialysis patients vs. the general population reflect the residual confounding that needs to be controlled away statistically, or whether they have biological plausibility in sharp contradistinction to the currently dominating Framingham paradigm. In the rush to define the crossing curves as statistical artifact and to dismiss the term “reverse epidemiology” as a misnomer, we may miss the opportunity to gain information housed in those crossing lines and may miss the bigger picture, i.e., how to improve longevity in dialysis patients. Even though some of the survival paradoxes in dialysis patients appear to fulfill the Hill’s criteria of causation, there are still two major drawbacks: (1) convincing pathophysiologic pathways to link dialysis patient survival to obesity, fat accumulation, higher serum lipoprotein levels or slightly higher than normal blood pressure values are yet to be verified in animal and other scientifically sound models; and (2) randomized controlled trials need to show that nutritional interventions resulting in weight gain can lead to greater survival in dialysis patients. Studying the survival paradoxes may lead to a paradigm shift by establishing targets beyond the Framingham guidelines for populations with chronic disease states.
Limited effectiveness of donor deferral registries for transfusion‐transmitted disease markers
Authors: Cable Ritchard , Musavi Fatemeh , Notari Edward , Zou Shimian ,   ARCNET Research Group
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND: Donor deferral registries (DDRs) detect repeat donations by previously deferred donors and prevent their release. The utility of DDRs has not been objectively demonstrated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 10.2 million first‐time donors to the American Red Cross from 1995 through 2002 were reviewed to identify donors deferred by screening tests for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; 0.19% of donors), hepatitis C virus (HCV; 0.55%), and hepatitis B virus (HBV; 0.13%). All repeat‐reactive (RR) donors were deferred despite confirmatory testing. Donors were notified and counseled about their test results and deferral. Their subsequent donation behavior was assessed.RESULTS: A total of 414 HIV‐deferred donors (2.1%), 471 HCV‐deferred donors (0.8%, p < 0.001 vs. HIV and HBV), and 222 HBV‐deferred donors (1.6%, p < 0.01 vs. HIV) returned to donate despite their deferred status. For all three tests, confirmed‐positive donors were less likely to return. Of donors originally confirmed positive, only 7 returning donors were negative by screening (thus the repeat donation interdicted from distribution by the DDR): 0 HIV RR donors, 2 of 36,092 HCV RR donors, and 5 of 8,404 HBV RR donors. Review of the laboratory results for the HCV donors and one HBV donor was consistent with originally false‐positive confirmation tests. The four other HBV confirmed‐positive donors were anti‐hepatitis B core antigen–positive on their subsequent donation, which was discarded despite the DDR.CONCLUSION: Of 10.2 million donors, the DDR did not prevent the release of any potentially dangerous blood component due to inappropriate return of donors deferred for HIV, HCV, and HBV tests. The effectiveness of DDRs should be evaluated for other deferrals.
Pacemaker Lead Prolapse through the Pulmonary Valve in Children
Authors: BERUL CHARLES I. , VILLAFANE JUAN , ATKINS DIANNE L. , CECCHIN FRANK , KIRSH JOEL A. , JOHNS JAMES A. , KANTER RONALD J. , KARPAWICH PETER P. 
Published: September 2007

Background:

Transvenous pacemaker leads in children are often placed with redundant lead length to allow for anticipated patient growth. This excess lead may rarely prolapse into the pulmonary artery and potentially interfere with valve function. We sought to determine the response to lead repositioning on pulmonary valve insufficiency.
Methods:

Retrospective reviews of demographics, lead type, implant duration, and radiography and echocardiography.
Results:

A total of 11 pediatric patients were identified with lead prolapse through the pulmonary valve, of which nine patients underwent procedures to retract and reposition the lead (age at implant 9 ± 4 years, age at revision 13 ± 4 years). The implant duration prior to revision was 4 ± 3 years. Two leads required radiofrequency extraction sheaths for removal, two pulled back using a snare, while five leads were simply retracted and repositioned. Tricuspid regurgitation was none/trivial (three), mild (four), or moderate (two) and only two improved with repositioning or replacement. Pulmonary regurgitation preoperatively was mild (three), mild‐moderate (two), or moderate (four) compared with trivial (three), mild (four), and moderate (two) after revision. Patients with longer‐term implanted leads had less improvement in pulmonary insufficiency. Two patients had mild pulmonary stenosis from lead‐related obstruction.
Conclusions:

Prolapse of transvenous pacing leads into the pulmonary artery can occur when excess slack is left for growth. Leads can often be repositioned, but may require extraction and replacement, particularly if chronically implanted and adherent to valve apparatus. Lead revision does not always resolve pulmonary insufficiency, potentially leaving permanent valve damage.
Impact of Integration of Multislice Computed Tomography Imaging into Three‐Dimensional Electroanatomic Mapping on Clinical Outcomes, Safety, and Efficacy Using Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: MARTINEK MARTIN , NESSER HANS‐JOACHIM , AICHINGER JOSEF , BOEHM GERNOT , PURERFELLNER HELMUT 
Published: September 2007

Background:

Circumferential radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) around the orifices of the pulmonary veins (PV) is a curative catheter‐based therapy of paroxysmal, persistent, and permanent atrial fibrillation (AF). Integration of multislice computed tomography into three‐dimensional electroanatomic mapping to guide catheter ablation has been shown to be accurate and feasible. This study investigated whether the use of such sophisticated imaging technology translates into better clinical outcomes, procedural efficacy, and safety in comparison with a control group treated with conventional three‐dimensional electroanatomic mapping.
Methods:

A total of 100 consecutive patients (85 male, mean age 55 ± 9 years) with multi‐drug‐resistant AF underwent RFCA. In this study we used a wide area circumferential approach with confirmed PV isolation (requiring additional ablations at the ostial level) and further lines as needed.
Results:

Comparison of outcome data between the conventional electroanatomic mapping (Carto XP, Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) and the image integration technology (Carto MERGE, Biosense Webster) resulted in a significant improvement in procedural success for the image integration group (85.1% vs 67.9%; P = 0.018). No single case of significant PV stenosis occurred in the Carto MERGE group versus three significant stenoses in the conventional group (P = 0.098). Both procedure and fluoroscopy times remained unchanged.
Conclusion:

Multislice computed tomography image integration into electroanatomic mapping significantly improves the success of wide area circumferential ablation with confirmed isolation of the PV and additional lines. In addition, the safety of radiofrequency ablation with regard to the occurrence of PV stenosis is increased in comparison with a control group using conventional electroanatomic mapping alone. Procedural efficacy remains unchanged.
Catheter‐Induced Mechanical Trauma to Fast and Slow Pathways during Radiofrequency Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia: Incidence, Predictors, and Clinical Implications
Authors: TOPILSKI IAN , ROGOWSKI ORI , GLICK AHARON , VISKIN SAMI , ELDAR MICHAEL , BELHASSEN BERNARD 
Published: September 2007

Background:

Data on the incidence and significance of catheter‐induced trauma to fast and slow pathways are scarce.
Objectives:

To evaluate the incidence, predictors, and clinical implications of inadvertent catheter‐induced mechanical trauma to fast and slow pathways during radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT).
Methods:

A total of 901 consecutive patients (aged 9–92 years old) with inducible sustained AVNRT underwent RFA of the slow pathway. All procedures were closely monitored for appearance of catheter‐induced mechanical block of fast or slow pathways.
Results:

Catheter‐induced mechanical trauma to fast and/or slow pathways was observed in 121 (13.4%) patients: 86 (71%) patients had trauma of the fast pathway, three (2.4%) had trauma of the slow pathway, and 32 (26.4%) had trauma of both pathways. Mechanical trauma lasted <1 minute in 87 (72%) patients, 1–30 minutes in 23 (19%) and >30 minutes in 11 (9%). A significantly increased procedure discontinuation rate was observed in patients with mechanical trauma as compared to those with no trauma (P < 0.0001). Young patient age (<35) was a strong predictor for the occurrence of mechanical trauma to AV nodal pathways. No significant difference between the trauma and non‐trauma groups was found in respect to the number of catheters used during the procedure, the incidence of AV block, and the need for permanent pacemaker implantation.
Conclusions:

Mechanical trauma to fast and slow pathways during ablation of AVNRT is more common than previously recognized, occurring especially in patients aged <35 years.
Predictors of All‐Cause Mortality for Patients with Chronic Chagas' Heart Disease Receiving Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy
Authors: CARDINALLI‐NETO AUGUSTO , BESTETTI REINALDO B. , CORDEIRO JOSÉ A. , RODRIGUES VANESSA C. 
Published: September 2007

Background: Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICD) have sporadically been used in the treatment of either Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) or Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) in Chagas' disease patients. This study aimed at determining predictors of all‐cause mortality for Chagas' disease patients receiving ICD therapy. Methods and Results: Ninety consecutive patients were entered the study. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 47 ± 13%. Twenty‐five (28%) patients had no left ventricular systolic dysfunction. After device implantation, all patients were given amiodarone (mean daily dose = 331, 1 ± 153,3 mg), whereas a B‐Blocking agent was given to 37 (40%) out of 90 patients. Results: A total of 4,274 arrhythmias were observed on stored electrogram in 64 (71%) out of 90 patients during the study period; SVT was observed in 45 out of 64 (70%) patients, and VF in 19 (30%) out of 64 patients. Twenty‐six (29%) out of 90 patients had no arrhythmia. Fifty‐eight (64%) out of 90 patients received appropriate shock, whereas Antitachycardia Pacing was delivered to 58 (64%) out of 90 patients. There were 31 (34%) deaths during the study period. Five patients were lost to follow up. Sudden cardiac death affected 2 (7%) out of 26 patients, whereas pump failure death was detected in the remaining 24 (93%) patients. Number of shocks per patient per 30 days was the only independent predictor of mortality. Conclusion: Number of shocks per patient per 30 days predicts outcome in Chagas' disease patients treated with ICD.