bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distances of supernova remnants Kes 69 and G21.5–0.9 from Hi and 13CO spectra
Authors: Tian W. W. , Leahy D. A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
We obtain new H i and 13CO images around supernova remnants Kes 69 and G21.5–0.9. By comparing H i spectra with 13CO emission spectra, we significantly revise the kinematic distance for Kes 69 to ∼5.5 kpc, which was 11.2 kpc, and refine the kinematic distance for G21.5–0.9 to ∼4.8 kpc. For Kes 69, the highest velocity of absorption is ∼86 km s−1 and a prominent H i emission feature at ∼112 km s−1 has no respective absorption. These new results suggest that Kes 69 is associated with a newly detected extended 1720-MHz OH maser at velocity of ∼85 km s−1 that originates from within the bright southern radio shell of Kes 69. For G21.5–0.9, the highest velocity of absorption is ∼67 km s−1. The H i absorption spectra of the nearby bright source PMN J1832−1035 and Kes 69 show a common absorption feature at velocity of ∼69 km s−1, which is not seen for G21.5–0.9. The resulting velocity of ∼68 km s−1 gives the best distance estimate of ∼4.8 kpc for G21.5–0.9 and associated young pulsar J1833−1034.
Cell volume regulation: physiology and pathophysiology
Authors: Lambert I. H. , Hoffmann E. K. , Pedersen S. F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCell volume perturbation initiates a wide array of intracellular signalling cascades, leading to protective and adaptive events and, in most cases, activation of volume‐regulatory osmolyte transport, water loss, and hence restoration of cell volume and cellular function. Cell volume is challenged not only under physiological conditions, e.g. following accumulation of nutrients, during epithelial absorption/secretion processes, following hormonal/autocrine stimulation, and during induction of apoptosis, but also under pathophysiological conditions, e.g. hypoxia, ischaemia and hyponatremia/hypernatremia. On the other hand, it has recently become clear that an increase or reduction in cell volume can also serve as a specific signal in the regulation of physiological processes such as transepithelial transport, cell migration, proliferation and death. Although the mechanisms by which cell volume perturbations are sensed are still far from clear, significant progress has been made with respect to the nature of the sensors, transducers and effectors that convert a change in cell volume into a physiological response. In the present review, we summarize recent major developments in the field, and emphasize the relationship between cell volume regulation and organism physiology/pathophysiology.
Ultrastructural differences and histochemical characteristics in swimming muscles between wild and reared Atlantic salmon
Authors: Anttila K. , Mänttäri S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAim:  The swimming capacity of wild and reared fish differs. Whether the differences are associated with metabolic, contractile or structural variation in swimming musculature is unknown. In the present study, some aspects of contractile machinery in swimming muscles of wild and reared salmon are compared.Methods:  Several morphological parameters and key enzyme activities were measured using electron microscopy and histochemical methods.Results:  The density and size of the mitochondria was significantly higher in the muscle samples from wild fish when compared with the reared ones. Similar variability was also seen in the density of triads. Conversely, the size and density of lipid droplets was significantly lower in the red muscle of wild vs. reared salmon. The densities of two excitation contraction coupling components, dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptor, were considerably higher in swimming muscles of wild salmon than in reared fish. A similar difference was observed in the activities of aerobic enzymes. Moreover, oxygen consumption followed the same pattern, being significantly higher in the samples of wild salmon. Phosphorylase activity was, on the other hand, significantly lower in the muscles of wild fish.Conclusions:  There are significant differences in morphology, Ca2+‐regulating capacity and enzyme activities in swimming muscles between wild and reared salmon. These results provide evidence that the prerequisites for efficient contraction of the swimming muscles are better met in wild than in reared salmon. Importantly, the results also suggest that the observed variation is a major contributing factor to the difference in the swimming capacity between wild and hatchery‐reared salmon.
Congenital elbow luxation in the dog
Authors: Bingel Sarah A. , Riser Wayne H. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTAnatomical and pathological descriptions of five congenital elbow luxations and subluxations in three dogs were based on palpation, radiographs, gross dissection and in one dog, surgical correction. The primary defect in all five joints was hypoplasia, or aplasia, of the medial collateral ligament. The osseous deformities consisted of outward rotation of the proximal ulna, hypoplasia, or aplasia, of the coronoid process, anconeal process and radial notch and a shallow trochlear notch. The proximal ulna was rotated approximately 40–45°. The olecranon was deviated laterally and dorso‐cranially. The syndrome was compared with the deformities of congenital luxation of the radial head in children. An embryonic pathogenesis for congenital elbow luxations in dogs was hypothesized.
An introduction to the housing and treatment of snakes
Authors: Jackson Oliphant F. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTInformation is given on the housing of snakes and some other reptiles. A short description of some anatomical and physiological factors introduces a description of a number of disease conditions frequently seen in snake patients. The aim of the paper is to introduce veterinary surgeons to their reptilian patients in the hope that it will assist them in diagnosis and treatment.
Treatment of perineal hernia in the dog—a reassessment
Authors: Harvey Colin E. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe results of treatment of fifty‐four dogs seen at the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Hospital with perineal hernia were analysed. Conservative treatment was not satisfactory for dogs which strained to defaecate. Perineal herniorrhaphy was followed by recurrence of the hernia in 37% of the dogs; continued straining to defaecate, urinary problems and rectal prolapse were other post‐herniorrhaphy sequelae. Anal splitting was performed in eight dogs; soiling of the anal area and occasional incontinence were reported in some dogs.
The usefulness of palpation of joint laxity in puppies as a predictor of hip dysplasia in a guide dog breeding programme
Authors: Wright P. J. , Mason T. A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe relationship between puppy hip laxity at 6–8 weeks and radiographic hip dysplasia at 12–18 months was investigated. Two methods of hip laxity assessment were studied and compared. A significant positive relationship was found. Using simple statistical and decision theory principles an approach to the application of these results to a selection programme for guide dogs was discussed and performed. The economic value of early examination for hip dysplasia was demonstrated for the situation studied.
A gelatine prosthetic aid for intestinal anastomosis
Authors: Sognen E. , Birkeland R. , Sohlberg S. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTA method is described for the establishment of end‐to‐end anastomoses after intestinal resection. The use of gelatine tubes as a suture base enables the edges of the intestinal incisions to be fixed in relation to each other, at the same time facilitating suturing.The action of intestinal proteolytic enzymes causes the gelatine tubes to disintegrate after suturing.Barium sulphate (BaSO4) was added in order to determine the disintegration time of the gelatine tube and to follow its transport away from the operation site. This addition of barium sulphate proved to influence the disintegration time of the gelatine tube. An optimum disintegration time may therefore be achieved by varying the barium sulphate concentration as well as the ratio of gelatine to water.
An investigation into some causes of canine diarrhoea in Ibadan
Authors: Oduye O. O. , Olayemi M. F. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTBetween October 1975 and March 1976, fourteen dogs of the 308 examined in the small animal clinic of the University of Ibadan were diarrhoeic while eight dogs from two experimental groups housed within the university and kept at a distance of about 1.5 km from the small animal clinic also had diarrhoea. The most common condition associated with diarrhoea in dogs in Ibadan was intestinal parasitism caused mainly by Ancylostoma caninum (six cases) Isospora canis (five cases) and Dipylidium caninum (one case). The other causes of diarrhoea were canine distemper, bacterial enteritis, canine babesiosis, traumatic gastroenteritis and eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
The Scope and the Subtleties of the Contextualism–Literalism–Relativism Debate
Authors: Stojanovic Isidora 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn recent years, a number of new trends have seen light at the intersection of semantics and philosophy of language. They are meant to address puzzles raised by the context‐sensitivity of a variety of natural language constructions, such as knowledge ascriptions, belief reports, epistemic modals, indicative conditionals, quantifier phrases, gradable adjectives, temporal constructions, vague predicates, moral predicates, predicates of personal taste. A diversity of labels have consequently emerged, such as ‘contextualism’, ‘indexicalism’, ‘invariantism’, ‘literalism’, ‘minimalism’, and ‘relativism’, variously qualified. The goal of this essay is to pinpoint the issues that lie at the heart of the recent debates, clarify what is at stake, and provide a snapshot of the current theoretical landscape.
Reformulating the Determiner Phrase Analysis
Authors: Bernstein Judy B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDeveloped in the 1980s, the Determiner Phrase (DP) analysis stimulated a lot of interest in the internal structure of nominal phrases and in the study of correspondences between nominal and clausal structure. Research across a range of languages has uncovered correspondences in areas such as agreement morphology, syntactic movement, and argument structure, some of which are reviewed here. Nominal phrases and clauses also match up in terms of their semantic function: both can serve as predicates or arguments. The issue of exactly what distinguishes a nominal argument from a nominal predicate has received a lot of attention, leading in particular to proposals about the underlying role of the definite article (and determiner elements in general). This article reviews some of these issues and proposals and suggests a reformulation that appeals to the feature ‘person’, a feature found in both the nominal and clausal domains.
Monte Carlo Model of Stricture Formation in Photodynamic Therapy of Normal Pig Esophagus
Authors: Jones Linda R. , Preyer Norris W. , Wolfsen Herbert C. , Reynolds Daryl M. , Davis Monica A. , Wallace Michael B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is FDA‐approved for use in patients with Barrett’s esophagus using porfimer sodium (2 mg per kg) and a recommended light dose of 130 J cm−1 for high grade dysplasia. Despite uniform drug and light doses, the clinical outcome of PDT is variable. A significant number of PDT cases result in esophageal strictures, a side effect related to excessive energy absorption. The purpose of this project was to model esophageal stricture formation with a Monte Carlo simulation. An original multilayer Monte Carlo computer simulation was developed for esophageal PDT. Optical absorption and scattering coefficients were derived for mucosal and muscle layers of normal porcine esophagus. Porfimer sodium was added to each layer by increasing the absorption coefficient by the appropriate amount. A threshold‐absorbed light dose was assumed to be required for stricture formation and ablation. The simulation predicted irreversible damage to the mucosa with a 160 J cm−1 light dose and damage to the muscle layer with an additional 160 J cm−1 light dose for a tissue porfimer sodium content of 3.5 mg kg−1. The simulation accurately modeled photodynamic stricture formation in normal pig in vivo esophageal tissue. This preliminary work suggests that the absorbed light threshold for stricture formation may be between 2 and 4 J per gram of tissue.
Fluorescence Detection of the Ornamental Fish Cardinal Tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi)
Authors: Brinn Richard P. , Marcon Jaydione , Tavares‐Dias Marcos , Brinn Ira M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe fluorescence spectra of the tropical fish, Cardinal Tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi), originating in the Amazon region of Brazil, were determined. These spectra were then treated using factor analysis, generating two contributing spectra and separating out the noise. Time‐resolved fluorescence results indicated that the fluorescent system in the epidermis undergoes excited state reaction. Excited state proton transfer is suggested as being present. Both intentionally stressed and nonstressed individuals were used and some small differences were noted in the contributions of the two calculated contributing spectra to the experimental spectra, presumably as a function of stress. The results are compared with those obtained by the standard determination of cortisol level using the whole body extraction method and it is suggested that the method could be tested as an improved, nondestructive way to determine stress in this species, which is a necessary step in the development of “best management practices” of methods for storage and transport of the fish.
Hydrogen Peroxide‐mediated Inactivation of Two Chloroplastic Peroxidases, Ascorbate Peroxidase and 2‐Cys Peroxiredoxin†
Authors: Kitajima Sakihito 
Published: October 2008

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS), such as the superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, are generated by the photosystems because photoexcited electrons are often generated in excess of requirements for CO2 fixation and used for reducing molecular oxygen, even under normal environmental conditions. Moreover, ROS generation is increased in chloroplasts if plants are subjected to stresses, such as drought, high salinity and chilling. Chloroplast‐localized isoforms of ascorbate peroxidase and possibly peroxiredoxins assume the principal role of scavenging hydrogen peroxide. However, in vitro studies revealed that both types of peroxidases are easily damaged by hydrogen peroxide and lose their catalytic activities. This is one contributing factor for cellular damage that occurs under severe oxidative stress. In this review, I describe mechanisms of hydrogen peroxide‐mediated inactivation of these two enzymes and discuss a reason why they became susceptible to damage by hydrogen peroxide.
Photoprotection in Cyanobacteria: Regulation of Light Harvesting†
Authors: Bailey Shaun , Grossman Arthur 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTo cope with a rapidly fluctuating light environment, vascular plants and algae have evolved a photoprotective mechanism that serves to downregulate the transfer of excitation energy in the light‐harvesting complexes to the photosynthetic reaction centers. This process dissipates excess excitation energy in the chlorophyll pigment bed by a nonradiative pathway. Since this pathway competes with and therefore quenches chlorophyll fluoresence in a nonphotochemical manner, it has been termed Non‐photochemical Quenching (NPQ). For many years, cyanobacteria were not considered capable of performing NPQ as a photoprotective mechanism. Instead, the redistribution of the phycobilisome (PBS) light‐harvesting antenna between reaction centers by a process called state transitions was considered the major means of regulating the utilization of harvested light energy. Recently, it was demonstrated that cyanobacteria are able to use NPQ as one component of their photoprotective strategies. Cyanobacteria exhibit significant NPQ during nutrient‐replete growth, but it becomes a more prominent means of managing absorbed excitation energy when the cells experience iron starvation. Rapid progress in understanding the molecular mechanism of cyanobacterial NPQ has revealed a process that is very distinct from the functionally analogous process in plants and algae. Cyanobacterial NPQ involves the absorption of blue light by a carotenoid binding protein, termed the Orange Carotenoid Protein, and most likely involves quenching in the PBS core. In this study, we summarize work leading to the discovery of NPQ in cyanobacteria and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms associated with this important photoprotective process.
Patterns of Persistent DNA Damage Associated with Sun Exposure and the Glutathione S‐transferase M1 Genotype in Melanoma Patients
Authors: Steinberg Mark L. , Hubbard Karen , Utti Charles , Clas Brian , Hwang Bor‐Jang , Hill Helene Z. , Orlow Irene 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSolar radiation can lead to changes affecting DNA metabolism resulting in loss of DNA integrity. Skin specimens obtained from melanoma patients treated at the Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center were used to study patterns of DNA fragmentation using the comet assay and levels of deletions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) using real‐time PCR. Skin specimens were classified according to the glutathione S‐transferase M1 (GSTM1) genotype (either wild type [WT] or null) and patient sunburn history. GSTM1 null individuals with a sunburn history showed increased levels of both DNA fragmentation by comet assays and mtDNA deletions relative to GSTM1 WT patients with little or no sunburn history. Microarray analyses identified a number of genes whose expression was upregulated ≥5‐fold in cells from GSTM1‐null patients or from those reporting histories of sunburn. These genes encoded small molecule transporters, various growth factor/chemokine receptors, transcription factors and tumor suppressors. Of 17 genes directly involved in DNA repair, three DNA ligases were highly upregulated while the RAD23 UV excision repair gene and the Growth Arrest and DNA Damage gene (GADD45) were downregulated. These findings support the idea that exposure to solar radiation early in life may induce long‐term cellular changes that lead to persistent DNA damage and altered patterns of gene expression.
The Occurrence of the psbS Gene Product in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and in Other Photosynthetic Organisms and Its Correlation with Energy Quenching†
Authors: Bonente Giulia , Passarini Francesca , Cazzaniga Stefano , Mancone Carmine , Buia Maria Cristina , Tripodi Marco , Bassi Roberto , Caffarri Stefano 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTo avoid photodamage, photosynthetic organisms have developed mechanisms to evade or dissipate excess energy. Lumen overacidification caused by light‐induced electron transport triggers quenching of excited chlorophylls and dissipation of excess energy into heat. In higher plants participation of the PsbS protein as the sensor of low lumenal pH was clearly demonstrated. Although light‐dependent energy quenching is a property of all photosynthetic organisms, large differences in amplitude and kinetics can be observed thus raising the question whether a single common mechanism is in action. We performed a detailed study of PsbS expression/accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and investigated its accumulation in other algae and plants. We showed that PsbS cannot be detected in Chlamydomonas under a wide range of growth conditions. Overexpression of the endogenous psbs gene showed that the corresponding protein could not be addressed to the thylakoid membranes. Survey of different unicellular green algae showed no accumulation of anti‐PsbS reactive proteins differently from multicellular species. Nevertheless, some unicellular species exhibit high energy quenching activity, suggesting that a PsbS‐independent mechanism is activated. By correlating growth habitat and PsbS accumulation in different species, we suggest that during the evolution the light environment has been a determinant factor for the conservation/loss of the PsbS function.
Asthma management and asthma control in São Paulo, Brazil and Uppsala, Sweden: a questionnaire‐based comparison
Authors: Skorup Paul , Rizzo Luiz Vicente , Machado‐Boman Lavinia , Janson Christer 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackground and Aims:  The Global Initiative Against Asthma (GINA) was developed to meet the global challenge of asthma. GINA has been adopted in most countries and comparison of asthma management in different parts of the world may be of help when assessing the global dissemination of the guideline. The overall goals in GINA include that asthma patients should be free of symptoms, acute asthma attacks and activity limitations. The aim of the present study was to compare asthma management and asthma control in São Paulo, Brazil and Uppsala, Sweden.Materials and Methods:  Information was collected from asthmatics in São Paulo and Uppsala with a questionnaire. The questionnaire dealt with the following issues: symptoms, smoking, self‐management, hospital visits, effect on school/work and medication.Results:  The São Paulo patients were more likely to have uncontrolled asthma (36% vs 13%, P < 0.001), having made emergency room visits (57% vs 29%, P < 0.001) and having lost days at school or work because of their asthma (46% vs 28%, P = 0.03) than the asthmatics from Uppsala. There were no difference in the use of inhaled corticosteroids, but the Brazilian patients were more likely to be using theophylline (18% vs 1%, P = 0.001) and less likely to be using long‐acting beta‐2 agonists (18% vs 37%, P < 0.001).Conclusion:  We conclude that the level of asthma control was lower among the patients from São Paulo than Uppsala. Few of the patients in either city reached the goals set up by GINA. Improved asthma management may therefore lead to health–economic benefits in both locations.Please cite this paper as: Skorup P, Rizzo LV, Machado‐Boman L and Janson C. Asthma management and asthma control in São Paulo, Brazil and Uppsala, Sweden: a questionnaire‐based comparison. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2009; 3: 22–28.
Repeated peribulbar injections of triamcinolone acetonide: a successful and safe treatment for moderate to severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy
Authors: Bordaberry Marcela , Marques Daniela L. , Pereira‐Lima Julio C. , Marcon Italo M. , Schmid Helena 
Published: October 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of peribulbar triamcinolone injections to treat inflammatory signs of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) in patients with moderate to severe GO and associated optic neuropathy (ON).Methods:  Twenty‐one patients with active GO [clinical activity score (CAS) ≥ 4] and systemic thyroid disease under control were enrolled in this prospective pilot study. Peribulbar triamcinolone acetonide was injected in each orbit (42 eyes), in four doses of 20 mg at 2‐week intervals. Ophthalmological examination including CAS evaluation, visual field, computerized tomography (CT) scan and digital photography were performed before and after treatment.Results:  Twenty‐one patients (11 with moderate disease, 10 with ON) were enrolled in this study and followed for at least 14 months. Initial mean CAS was 6.38 ± 1.49, which dropped to 1.8 ± 1.12 after 6 months of treatment (P = 0.01; mean difference of 4.57 ± 1.56; range 1–8 score points). ON was diagnosed in 10 patients. Of these, 66% improved with peribulbar triamcinolone exclusively. A transitory increase in intraocular pressure in two patients was controlled with topic medication.Conclusion:  Peribulbar triamcinolone injections reduce the inflammatory signs of moderate GO, as measured by the CAS, and could also be used as an alternative treatment for ON. Randomized clinical trials are needed to compare the results of triamcinolone peribulbar injections to those of other treatment modalities.