bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Definition of unique traits of human CD4−CD8−αβ T cells
Authors: MURISON J G , QUARATINO S , KAHAN M , VERHOEF A , LONDEI M 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYWe have studied the nature of human CD4−CD8− (double negative) αβ T cells to determine whether they possess unique characteristics which could further differentiate them from conventional CD4+ or CD8+ (single positive) T cells. We observed that double negative TCR αβ+ T cells differ from single positive T cells in the following respects: (i) their T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is different, as revealed by the analysis of 47 clones derived from three individuals and by analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) prior to in vitro manipulation; (ii) their in vivo CD3:TCR expression is lower before in vitro manipulation and expansion; (iii) their direct proliferative response to IL-3, which is not mediated by secondary release of other T cell growth factors. These characteristics have also been recently ascribed to murine double negative αβ T cells, which develop extrathymically and are considered to be a distinct T cell lineage. Our data suggest that, like their murine counterparts, human double negative αβ T cells may represent a distinct T cell lineage which might develop extrathymically.
Interaction of IL-1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in human T cells activated by murine antigens
Authors: PANZER S , MADDEN M , MATSUKI K 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYWe used a mixed leucocyte culture between human T cells and irradiated murine splenocytes which allowed us to distinguish between cytokine production from the responder and stimulator cells by the use of species-specific assays for mRNA up-regulation. Using this model of T cell activation by antigen, we studied the effects of human antigen-presenting cell-derived cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α on the activation of human T cell subsets. We show in this system that exogenously added IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α induces IL-2 receptor (R) up-regulation and IL-2 production, and proliferation by both CD4+ and CD8 + cells. The addition of IL-1β induces IL-6 mRNA, and anti-IL-1 antibodies or an IL-1R antagonist protein completely suppresses IL-6 and TNF-α supported proliferation. Similarily, addition of IL-6 or TNF-α induces up-regulation of IL-1β mRNA. However, anti-IL-6 and anti-IL-6R antibodies only partially block proliferation supported by IL-1β. These findings suggest that IL-6 and TNF-α will induce IL-2R up-regulation/IL-2 secretion via the induction of IL-β production.
Clinical immunology: guidelines for its organization, training and certification; relationsips with allergology and other medical disiplines—a WHO/IUIS/IAACI report
Authors: LAMBERT P H , METZGER H , MIYAMOTO T 
Published: October 2008

FOREWORD
This report was prepared during a meeting jointly organized in Geneva, 20-22 January 1992, by the World Health Organization (Microbiology and Immunology Support Services, WHO), the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS), and the International Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (IAACI). It is the result of extensive discussions among an international group of individuals interested in promoting the judicious use of immunology in clinical practice. It is the synthesis of their own perspectives as well as the ideas of many others whom they consulted. The report has been approved as an official document by the three international organizations who supported its formulation, but it is not meant to be the ‘last word’ on the subject with which it deals. With extraordinary speed, new knowledge is developing about the immune system, and about the immunopathological basis for an ever-growing number of diseases; there is a rapidly increasing availability of new reagents that may be useful for diagnosis, for monitoring disease activity, and for testing as therapeutic agents in clinical trials. Therefore, it would be presumptuous to think that ‘clinical immunology’, ‘allergology’ and the many other related fields can be finally defined, or that the training appropriate for their practice can be finalized. Therefore, this report should be viewed as a substantive, thoughtful basis both for considering actions now, as well as for a continuing dialogue. WHO, the IUIS and IAACI hope that it will be useful to the medical community, and we welcome comments that can be considered.
Acceleratedin vitrodifferentiation of blood monocytes into dendritic cells in human sepsis
Authors: Faivre V , Lukaszewicz A-C , Alves A , Charron D , Payen D , Haziot A 
Published: October 2008

SummarySepsis-induced immune depression is characterized by infection susceptibility and monocyte early deactivation. Because monocytes are precursors for dendritic cells (DC), alterations in their differentiation into DC may contribute to defective immune responses in septic patients. We therefore investigated the ability of monocytes to differentiate into functional DC in vitro in patients undergoing surgery for peritonitis. Monocytes from 20 patients collected immediately after surgery (D0), at week 1 and at weeks 3–4 and from 11 control donors were differentiated into immature DC. We determined the phenotype of monocytes and derived DC, and analysed the ability of DC to respond to microbial products and to elicit T cell responses in a mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR). We show that, although monocytes from septic patients were deactivated with decreased responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan and low human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR) expression, they expressed the co-stimulatory molecule CD80, CD40 and CCR7. Monocytes collected from patients at D0 and week 1 differentiated faster into DC with early loss of CD14 expression. Expression of HLA-DR increased dramatically in culture to reach control levels, as did responses of DC to LPS and peptidoglycan. However, although patient and control immature DC had similar abilities to induce T cell proliferation in MLR, maturation of DC derived from patients did not increase T cell responses. These results show that circulating monocytes from septic patients express markers of activation and/or differentiation despite functional deactivation, and differentiate rapidly into phenotypically normal DC. These DC fail, however, to increase their T cell activation abilities upon maturation.
Effect and mechanism of lipopolysaccharide on allergen-induced interleukin-5 and eotaxins production by whole blood cultures of atopic asthmatics
Authors: Min J-W , Park S-M , Rhim T Y , Park S-W , Jang A-S , Uh S-T , Park C-S , Chung I Y 
Published: October 2008

SummaryInterleukin (IL)-5 and eotaxin families regulate the development of eosinophilic inflammation of asthma in a co-operative manner. The exposure to airborne lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces varying degrees of airflow obstruction and neutrophilic airway inflammation. Production of IL-5 and eotaxin subfamily chemokines was analysed in response to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen (D.p.) according to the presence of specific IgE to D.p., and investigated the mechanism underlying their LPS-mediated regulation of these cytokines in response to the specific allergen. Peripheral blood cells (PBCs) from asthmatics with (group 1) or without (group 2) specific IgE to D.p. and from non-asthmatics with (group 3) or without (group 4) were stimulated with D.p. or LPS. For LPS-mediated inhibition of IL-5 and eotaxin-2 production, LPS-induced cytokines were added to the D.p.-stimulated PBCs. IL-5 and eotaxin-2, but not eotaxin-1 and 3, were significantly increased by D.p.-stimulated-PBCs from group 1, while only eotaxin-2 was elevated in group 3. Eotaxin-2 production was found in monocytes and correlated with the level of specific IgE to D.p. LPS treatment resulted in the decrease in eotaxin-2 and IL-5 production by the D.p.-stimulated PBCs. LPS-induced IL-10 completely inhibited D.p.-stimulated production of eotaxin-2 and IL-5. The differential responses of the eotaxin family to specific antigens suggest that the predominant role of eotaxin-2 and LPS may attenuate eosinophilic inflammation by inhibiting IL-5 and eotaxin-2 synthesis through IL-10 production.
Effect of interleukin-4 on vascular endothelial growth factor production in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts
Authors: Hong K-H , Cho M-L , Min S-Y , Shin Y-J , Yoo S-A , Choi J-J , Kim W-U , Song S-W , Cho C-S 
Published: October 2008

SummaryInterleukin (IL)-4 has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour activity. Because aberrant angiogenesis is a significant pathogenic component of tumour growth and chronic inflammation, we investigated the effect of IL-4 on the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by synovial fibroblasts derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were prepared from synovial tissues of RA and incubated with different concentrations of IL-4 in the presence or absence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. VEGF level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and semiquantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of FLS with IL-4 alone caused a dose-dependent increase in VEGF levels. In contrast, IL-4 exhibited the inhibitory effect on VEGF production when FLS were stimulated with TGF-β. Combined treatment of IL-4 and IL-10 inhibited TGF-β-induced VEGF production in an additive fashion. TGF-β increased the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA, which was inhibited significantly by the treatment of IL-4. NS-398, a COX-2 inhibitor, inhibited TGF-β-induced VEGF production in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, exogenous addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) restored IL-4 inhibition on TGF-β induced VEGF production. Collectively, our results suggest that IL-4 have an anti-angiogenic effect, especially in the inflammatory milieu of RA by inhibiting the VEGF production in synovial fibroblasts.
Translational Mini-Review Series on Vaccines: The Edward Jenner Museum and the history of vaccination
Authors: Morgan A J , Parker S 
Published: October 2008

Summary
Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination must rank as one of the most important medical advances of all time and is a prominent example of the power of rational enquiry being brought to bear during the Age of Enlightenment in 18th century Europe. In the modern era many millions of lives are saved each year by vaccines that work essentially on the same principles that were established by Edward Jenner more than 200 years ago. His country home in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, is where he carried out his work and where he spent most of his life. The building is now a museum in which the life and times of Jenner are commemorated including not only the discovery of smallpox vaccination but also his other important scientific contributions to natural history and medicine. The trustees of the Edward Jenner museum are committed to promoting the museum as a real and “virtual” educational centre that is both entertaining and informative.
Translational Mini-Review Series on Vaccines:&#x2028;Dendritic cell-based vaccines in renal cancer
Authors: Ranieri E , Gigante M , Storkus W J , Gesualdo L 
Published: October 2008

Summary
Renal cancer is a relatively uncommon solid tumor, accounting for about 3% of all adult malignancies, however this rate incidence is rising. The most common histological renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtype is clear cell carcinoma that makes up approximately 70–80% of all renal neoplasms and appears to be the only histological subtype that is responsive to immunotherapeutic approaches with any consistency. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that immune-mediated mechanisms play important roles in limiting tumor growth and that dendritic cells (DC), the most potent APC in the body, and T cells are the dominant effector cells that regulate tumor progression in situ. In this context, the development of clinically effective DC-based vaccines is a major focus for active specific immunotherapy in renal cancer.
In the current review we have not focused on the results of recently published RCC clinical trials, as several excellent reviews have already performed this function. Instead, we turned our attention to how the perception and practical application of DC-based vaccinations are evolving.
Onchocerca volvulus-specific antibody and cytokine responses in onchocerciasis patients after 16 years of repeated ivermectin therapy
Authors: Mai C S , Hamm D M , Banla M , Agossou A , Schulz-Key H , Heuschkel C , Soboslay P T 
Published: October 2008

Summary
The recommended control option against onchocerciasis is repeated ivermectin treatment, which will need to be implemented for decades, and it remains unknown how repeated ivermectin therapy might affect immunity against Onchocerca volvulus in the long term. O. volvulus-specific antibody reactivity and cellular cytokine production were investigated in onchocerciasis patients receiving ivermectin (150 µg/kg) annually for 16 years. In treated patients, the T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine interleukin (IL)-5 and T regulatory IL-10 in response to O. volvulus antigen (OvAg) and bacteria-derived Streptolysin O (SL-O) diminished to levels found in infection-free endemic controls; also, cellular release of Th1-type interferon (IFN)-γ at 16 years post initial ivermectin treatment (p.i.t.) approached control levels. In ivermectin-treated onchocerciasis patients, IL-5 production in responses to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) decreased, but IL-10 in response PHA increased, and neither attained the cytokine production levels of endemic controls. At 16 years p.i.t., O. volvulus-specific IgG1 and IgG4 subclass reactivity still persisted at higher levels in onchocerciasis patients than in O. volvulus exposed but microfilariae-free endemic controls. In addition, cytokine responses remained depressed in onchocerciasis patients infected concurrently with Mansonella perstans and Necator americanus or Entamoeba histolytica/dispar. Thus, long-term ivermectin therapy of onchocerciasis may not suffice to re-establish fully a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune responsiveness in O. volvulus microfilariae-negative individuals. Such deficient reconstitution of immune competence may be due to an as yet continuing and uncontrolled reinfection with O. volvulus, but parasite co-infections can also bias and may prevent the development of such immunity.
Diminished forkhead box P3/CD25 double-positive T regulatory cells are associated with the increased nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL+) T cells in bone resorption lesion of periodontal disease
Authors: Ernst C W O , Lee J E , Nakanishi T , Karimbux N Y , Rezende T M B , Stashenko P , Seki M , Taubman M A , Kawai T 
Published: October 2008

Summary
Periodontal disease involves multi-bacterial infections accompanied by inflammatory bone resorption lesions. The abundant T and B lymphocyte infiltrates are the major sources of the osteoclast differentiation factor, receptor activator for nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) which, in turn, contributes to the development of bone resorption in periodontal disease. In the present study, we found that the concentrations of RANKL and regulatory T cell (Treg)-associated cytokine, interleukin (IL)-10, in the periodontal tissue homogenates were correlated negatively, whereas RANKL and proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, showed positive correlation. Also, according to the fluorescent-immunohistochemistry, the frequency of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)/CD25 double-positive cells was diminished strikingly in the bone resorption lesion of periodontal disease compared to healthy gingival tissue, while CD25 or FoxP3 single positive cells were still observed in lesions where abundant RANKL+ lymphocytes were present. Very importantly, few or no expressions of FoxP3 by the RANKL+ lymphocytes were observed in the diseased periodontal tissues. Finally, IL-10 suppressed both soluble RANKL (sRANKL) and membrane RANKL (mRANKL) expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) activated in vitro in a bacterial antigen-specific manner. Taken together, these results suggested that FoxP3/CD25 double-positive Treg cells may play a role in the down-regulation of RANKL expression by activated lymphocytes in periodontal diseased tissues. This leads to the conclusion that the phenomenon of diminished CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells appears to be associated with the increased RANKL+ T cells in the bone resorption lesion of periodontal disease.
Peripheral CD4 loss of regulatory T cells is associated with persistent viraemia in chronic HIV infection
Authors: Baker C A R , Clark R , Ventura F , Jones N G , Guzman D , Bangsberg D R , Cao H 
Published: October 2008

Summary
Chronic HIV infection is associated with T cell abnormalities and altered effector function. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are CD4+ T cells that play a critical role in regulating the immune system. The impact of regulatory T cells on HIV infection and disease progression may be highly significant. We hypothesize that chronic antigenic stimulation from a persistent, high viraemic state may promote a population of Treg that contributes to HIV-associated immune dysfunction. We evaluated the pattern of Treg in chronically infected, HIV-positive individuals over a course of 6 months. Treg are depleted at a distinct rate from that of absolute CD4 cells and loss of Treg is slower in the presence of viral suppression. In vitro depletion of CD25+ CD4+ cells resulted in increased Gag-specific CD4 and CD8 responses. A significant correlation between ex vivo measurement of Treg and Gag-specific CD4 T cell responses was observed (r = −0·41, P = 0·018) with a trend observed with Gag-specific CD8 T cell responses (P = 0·07). The impact of HIV infection on the Treg population directly complicates the measured effect of Treg on the immune dysfunction although our data support the important role of Treg on modulating the effector T cell response in chronic infection.
Mucosal reactivity to cow's milk protein in coeliac disease
Authors: Kristjánsson G , Venge P , Hällgren R 
Published: October 2008

SummaryPatients with coeliac disease (CD) on a gluten-free diet may still have gastrointestinal symptoms. On clinical grounds cow's milk (CM) protein sensitivity may be suspected. Here, using rectal protein challenge, we investigated the local inflammatory reaction to gluten and CM protein in adult patients with CD in remission. Rectal challenges with wheat gluten and dried CM powder were performed in 20 patients with CD and 15 healthy controls. Fifteen hours after challenge the mucosal reaction was recorded by the mucosal patch technique with measurements of local release of neutrophil and eosinophil granule constituents; myeloperoxidase (MPO) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). We measured the mucosal production of nitric oxide (NO) simultaneously. Six of the patients who reacted to CM were also challenged with α-lactalbumin and casein. In 18 of 20 patients gluten challenge induced neutrophil activation defined as increased MPO release and increased NO synthesis. Ten of these 20 patients showed a similarly strong inflammatory reaction to CM challenge. Six of the CM sensitive patients were challenged with specific CM proteins: casein and α-lactalbumin. Casein, in contrast to α-lactalbumin, induced an inflammatory response similar to that produced by CM. A mucosal inflammatory response similar to that elicited by gluten was produced by CM protein in about 50% of the patients with coeliac disease. Casein, in particular, seems to be involved in this reaction.
Differing effects of clarithromycin and azithromycin on cytokine production by murine dendritic cells
Authors: Sugiyama K , Shirai R , Mukae H , Ishimoto H , Nagata T , Sakamoto N , Ishii H , Nakayama S , Yanagihara K , Mizuta Y , Kohno S 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe macrolide antibiotics are now well known to have anti-inflammatory effects. Because dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate immune responses, we examined the in vitro effects of clarithromycin (CAM), azithromycin (AZM) and midecamycin (MDM) on the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and production of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-12p40, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α] of murine bone marrow-derived DCs by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. A 15-membered macrolide, AZM, and a 14-membered macrolide, CAM, significantly enhanced the intensity of a co-stimulatory molecule, CD80, on DCs but not CD86 and CD40. AZM significantly increased the production of IL-10 and CAM significantly inhibited the production of IL-6 by DCs. However, a 16-membered macrolide, MDM, did not have any significant effect on these surface markers and cytokine productions. Moreover, AZM increased IL-10 and CAM decreased IL-2 productions significantly, when naive T cells derived from spleen were co-cultured with DCs treated in advance with LPS and these macrolides. These findings suggest that 14-membered and 15-membered, but not 16-membered macrolides play as anti-inflammatory agents, at least in part, through modulating the functions of DCs. However, each macrolide affects them in different ways.
Immunological response to cytomegalovirus in congenitally infected neonates
Authors: Hassan J , Dooley S , Hall W 
Published: October 2008

SummaryCytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection worldwide and occurs as a result of transplacental transmission of the virus. The human neonate is highly susceptible to infection due to a combination of immaturity of the immune system and antigenic inexperience. This study uses the in vivo model of congenital CMV to examine both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in vertically infected neonates and their mothers. Ten pairs of matched neonates and their mothers were evaluated for specific IgM responses to three immunodominant CMV antigens: pp38 (pUL80a), pp52 (pUL44) and pp150 (pUL32). In contrast to conventional enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing for CMV-specific IgM, which found five of the mothers and four of the neonates to be positive, Western immunoblotting showed all 10 adults and nine newborns to be positive. Eight mothers and nine newborns had serological evidence of primary infection. All neonates showed a response to pp38, an assembly protein, nine responded to the pp52 immediate early antigen but only four had reactivity to the pp150 tegument associated protein. Of the mothers, eight had pp38 reactivity, 10 showed a response to the pp52 antigen and seven to the pp150 antigen. T cell-mediated immunity was assessed by measuring cytokines using a multiplex microarray assay. Levels of interferon (IFN)-γ were high in both groups [mean ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.): neonates = 657 ± 238 pg/ml, mothers = 1072 ± 677 pg/ml, pNS]; however, neonates had significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-8 (316 ± 136 pg/ml versus 48 ± 28 pg/ml, P &lt; 0·005). Similar levels of IL-2, IL-7, IL-10 and IL-12 were measured in both groups, but levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were either absent or low. In response to CMV, neonates and adults mount a predominant T helper 1 (Th1) response, as evidenced by the presence of IL-2, IL-8, IL-12 and IFN-γ with concomitant lack of IL-4. These findings suggest that the neonate, when presented with infection in utero, is capable of mounting an individual response; however, the lower IFN-γ and higher IL-8 levels suggest reduced immune responsiveness when compared to their adult counterparts.