bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributive Computer Networking: Making It Work on a Regional Basis
Authors: Cornew Ronald W. , Morse Philip M. 
Published: October 2006

After 4 years of operation the NERComP network is now a self-supporting success. Some of the reasons for its success are that (i) the network started small and built up utilization; (ii) the members, through monthly trustee meetings, practiced "participatory management" from the outset; (iii) unlike some networks, NERComP appealed to individual academic and research users who were terminal-oriented and who controlled their own budgets; (iv) the compactness of the New England region made it an ideal laboratory for testing networking concepts; and (v) a dedicated staff was willing to work hard in the face of considerable uncertainty. While the major problems were "political, organizational and economic" we have found that they can be solved if the network meets real needs.
We have also found that it is difficult to proceed beyond a certain point without investing responsibility and authority in the networking organization. Conversely, there is a need to distribute some responsibilities such as marketing and user services back to the member institutions. By adopting a modest starting point and achieving limited goals the necessary trust and working relationships between institutions can be built. In our case the necessary planning has been facilitated by recognizing three distinct network functions: governance, user services, and technical operations. Separating out the three essential networking tasks and dealing with each individually through advisory committees, each with its own staff coordinator, has overcome a distracting tendency to address all issues at once. It has also provided an element of feedback between the end user and the supplier not usually present in networking activity.
The success of NERComP demonstrates that a distributive-type network can work. Our experiences in New England—which, because of its numerous colleges and universities free from domination by any single institution, is a microcosm for academic computing in the United States—indicate that such networks are best structured in a hierarchical form. This suggests that national networking should be based in part on the more than 30 existing state and regional networks.
With the groundwork now laid, we expect to see links among existing regional networks to complement development efforts now occurring at the national level. With Greenberger and others, we believe that one or more networking organizations devoted to the management issues discussed in this article will be required to facilitate resource sharing on a national scale. Because of their experience with these problems and their ability to provide service in many areas of the country through existing facilities, regional networks have a major role to play.
Asbestiform Chain Silicates: New Minerals and Structural Groups
Authors: Veblen David R. , Buseck Peter R. , Burnham Charles W. 
Published: October 2006

The discovery and characterization of structurally ordered and disordered phases that are intermediate between amphiboles and micas have shown that the biopyriboles are a much more complex family of minerals than has previously been recognized. In addition to single-chain, double-chain, and sheet structures, there are also minerals with triple chains and with alternating double and triple chains. Many crystals exhibit disorder in the sequence of double and triple chains, and isolated chains that are wider than triple are common. This structural disorder helps to explain why asbestiform amphiboles are fibrous.
The new phases have now been found in several localities, and it is possible that similar phenomena in other minerals could also have been overlooked. In particular, there is no reason to suppose that analogous substances and structures with both single and double chains do not occur between the pyroxenes and the amphiboles. Since the pyroxenes are used extensively by geologists to assess rock histories and formation temperatures and pressures, it is essential that the extent of this type of disorder be evaluated. It is possible that what appears to be only an interesting mineralogical problem may prove to be a petrological nightmare.
The Distrust of Nuclear Power
Authors: Hohenemser Christoph , Kasperson Roger , Kates Robert 
Published: October 2006

Society seems content to strike a more moderate or uncertain balance with other technologies than with nuclear power. This attitude is traced to the social history of nuclear power, the genuine uncertainty and complexity of safety issues, underestimation of the regulatory task, and the rancorous nature of the debate. Nuclear power is not just another problem of technology, of environment, or of health. It is unique in our time. To be more demanding of nuclear safety may be to apply a double standard, but not necessarily an irrational one.
Our best course appears to be to keep the nuclear option open, work toward the rapid resolution of problems such as waste disposal, but postpone recycling and the breeder reactor. Time is needed to resolve immediate problems such as transport and disposal of nuclear wastes; to come to terms with trans-scientific issues such as plutonium toxicity, sabotage, and weapons proliferation; and to evaluate long-term energy alternatives.
Pathways of Medical Progress
Authors: Wiggers Carl J. 
Published: October 2006

During the three decades that have passed, medical science has ascended to a high plateau of achievement. The climb has involved several pathways; among them: (1) the physiological approach toward disease as experiments which nature performs on organisms, (2) the more intelligent interpretation of the functional reactions of the body in disease in accordance with latest discoveries in physiology, (3) the supplementation of observable phenomena through use of laboratory instruments, (4) the assumption of active investigation both on patients and experimental animals by clinicians themselves, (5) the shuttling of problems between clinical and experimental laboratories and (6) correlated research in clinical and physiological departments.
As we look down from the heights we have reached, we have reason to be pleased with our progress; but when we look ahead we become aware that there are still high mountain ranges to be climbed. We realize that their ascent can not be accomplished by employing merely the methods, equipment and strategy that have proved successful so far; we must improve the application of principles that are old and well established, and evolve others that are new. Above all, we from laboratories and clinics must join hands to help each other climb; and through correlated teamwork overcome the great obstacles that jealous nature places in our way.
I have ventured to suggest a few directions which such mutual help may take. They include (1) means by which new fundamental discoveries can be utilized more quickly by clinicians and practitioners of medicine; (2) plans by which younger clinical investigators can be given approximately the same opportunity for training in research technique as their colleagues entering experimental sciences; (3) pleas that the shuttling of problems between hospitals and laboratories of fundamental science may continue in order that the ultimate significance of clinical results may be better understood and that the applicability of fundamental discoveries to nature's experiments may be tested; (4) judicious combination of talents of laboratory and clinical workers, whenever this leads to greater economy of effort and does not infringe upon the primary duties of each participant to his calling.
The spirit of correlation which is involved in all these plans of advance is a silent force which grows not only through mutual interest in each other's problems but also through frank respectful criticism of each other's trends. With such a spirit of correlated effort science marches on.
The Autonomic Basis of Emotion
Authors: Gellhorn E. , Cortell R. , Feldman J. 
Published: October 2006

(1) It is shown that hypothalamic stimulation in cats, with faradic currents eliciting the syndrome of sham rage, produces after the elimination of the sympathetico-adrenal system a hypoglycemia when the vagi are intact. After bilateral vagotomy the stimulation results in a slight and delayed rise in blood sugar.
(2) If in cats in which, due to a sectioning of the spinal cord at the sixth cervical segment, the effect of central discharges on the sympathetico-adrenal system is eliminated, a rage response is elicited by a barking dog it produces a fall in blood sugar. The sectioning of the vagi below the diaphragm abolishes this reaction.
From these experiments it is concluded that the normal emotional process as well as the sham rage reaction is characterized by a simultaneous discharge over the vago-insulin and sympathetico-adrenal system. The latter predominates in the normal animal and masks the effects on the former.
The Problems of Aging and of Vascular Diseases
Authors: Simms Henry S. 
Published: October 2006

The increase in death rate with increasing age over that at the age of ten accounts for over a million deaths each year in the United States. To what extent these deaths are due to the aging process remains to be determined, but the progressive loss of resistance to nearly all diseases appears to play a large role even in youth and middle life. Since loss of resistance to disease, as well as loss of ability, seems to result from an underlying aging process we may look upon aging as constituting our greatest medical problem.
Second in importance to the aging problem is that of the vascular and renal diseases, since these are involved in nearly 50 per cent. of the deaths after the age of ten (in addition to the effect of aging).
Until more is known about aging and vascular diseases we are not justified in predicting what can or can not be done about them. A new experimental method in which healthy animals of different ages are killed by a known measurable cause offers possibilities for determining the nature of the aging process.
Our two outstanding medical problems are being neglected largely because of the lack of funds to support both the long-term research and the raising of old animals needed for adequate investigation in this field. New endowments as well as changes in the policies of existing foundations are urgently needed.
Age determination by magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in adolescent male football players
Authors: Dvorak Jiri , George John , Junge Astrid , Hodler Juerg 
Published: October 2006

Background:In football there are established age-related tournaments for males and females to guarantee equal chances within the game for all the different age groups. To prevent participation in the incorrect age group, and owing to the fact that in some Asian and African countries registration at birth is not compulsory, other methods of age determination need to be available. Standard radiographs of the left wrist have been used for assessment of skeletal age for many years. This is, however, not ethical in the sporting environment.Aim:To study the possible use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which has no radiation risk, in estimating the age of healthy adolescent football players.Methods:The examination protocol was applied in four countries using, their respective MRI equipment using a 1-T or 1.5-T magnet and a wrist coil. 496 healthy male adolescent football players between the ages of 14 and 19 years from Switzerland, Malaysia, Algeria and Argentina were selected for the study. The degree of fusion of the left distal radial physis was determined by three independent raters by a newly developed grading system which can be used in future MRI epiphysial fusion grading studies.Results:The inter-rater reliability for grading was high (r = 0.91 and 0.92); all correlations were highly significant (p<0.001). The average age increased with a higher grading of fusion, and the correlation between age and grade of fusion was highly significant (r = 0.69, p<0.001). Only one player (0.8%) in the 16-year-old age group was graded as completely fused.Conclusion:MRI of the wrist offers an alternative as a non-invasive method of age determination in 14–19-year-old male adolescents. The grading system presented here clearly identifies the skeletal maturity by complete fusion in all MRI slices, which eliminates any risk associated with standard radiographic rating as determined by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Comparative proteomic analysis of high cell density cultivations with two recombinant Bacillus megaterium strains for the production of a heterologous dextransucrase
Authors: Wang Wei , Hollmann Rajan , Deckwer Wolf-Dieter 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
High cell density cultivations were performed under identical conditions for two Bacillus megaterium strains (MS941 and WH320), both carrying a heterologous dextransucrase (dsrS) gene under the control of the xylA promoter. At characteristic points of the cultivations (end of batch, initial feeding, before and after induction) the proteome was analyzed based on two dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometric protein identification using the protein database "bmegMEC.v2" recently made available.
High expression but no secretion of DsrS was found for the chemical mutant WH320 whereas for MS 941, a defined protease deficient mutant of the same parent strain (DSM319), not even expression of DsrS could be detected. The proteomic analysis resulted in the identification of proteins involved in different cellular pathways such as in central carbon and overflow metabolism, in protein synthesis, protein secretion and degradation, in cell wall metabolism, in cell division and sporulation, in membrane transport and in stress responses.
The two strains exhibited considerable variations in expression levels of specific proteins during the different phases of the cultivation process, whereas induction of DsrS production had, in general, little effect. The largely differing behaviour of the two strains with regard to DsrS expression can be attributed, at least in part, to changes observed in the proteome which predominantly concern biosynthetic enzymes and proteins belonging to the membrane translocation system, which were strongly down-regulated at high cell densities in MS941 compared with WH320. At the same time a cell envelope-associated quality control protease and two peptidoglycan-binding proteins related to cell wall turnover were strongly expressed in MS941 but not found in WH320. However, to further explain the very different physiological responses of the two strains to the same cultivation conditions, it is necessary to identify the mutated genes in WH320 in addition to the known lacZ.
In view of the results of this proteomic study it seems that at high cell density conditions and hence low growth rates MS941, in contrast to WH320, does not maintain a vegetative growth which is essential for the expression of the foreign dsrS gene by using the xylA promoter. It is conceivable that applications of a promoter which is highly active under nutrient-limited cultivation conditions is necessary, at least for MS941, for the overexpression of recombinant genes in such B. megaterium fed-batch cultivation process. However to obtain a heterologous protein in secreted and properly folded form stills remains a big challenge.
Otitis media in children: A prospective study of aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology
Authors: Brook Itzhak 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTympanocentesis with aerobic and anaerobic cultivation of middle ear fluid was performed through one or both tympanic membranes of 186 children with acute otitis media. Aerobic bacteria alone, predominantly pneumococcus and Hemophilus influenzae, were isolated from 118 (63.4%) patients; and anaerobic organisms alone, most commonly Peptococcus, from 24 (12.9%). Twenty‐six (14%) yielded mixtures of aerobes and anaerobes, and several had multiple aerobic or anaerobic agents. No bacterial growth was noted in 18 (9.7%) patients. The isolation of anaerobic bacteria alone, supported in some patients by Gram‐stain observations of middle ear fluid, suggests that these bacteria, especially Peptococcus, may occasionally play a direct role in acute otitis media.
Publication Review
Authors: Popovic Vesna , Franz Jill , Popov Lubomir 
Published: October 2006

Issues in Postgraduate Supervision, Teaching and Management A series of consultative guides produced by the Society for Research into Higher Education Postgraduate Issues Network: <list list-type="order"> <list-item>
1. Supervising International Research Students
by Eunice Okorocha</list-item> <list-item>
2. Handling Common Dilemmas in Supervision by Pat Cryer</list-item> <list-item>
3. Developing Postgraduates' Key Skills edited by Pat Cryer</list-item> </list>

Issues in Postgraduate Supervision,
Teaching and Management A series of consultative guides produced by the Society for Research into Higher Education Postgraduate Issues Network: <list list-type="order"> <list-item>
6. Setting up Peer Mentoring with Postgraduate Research Students by Emma Coe and Carole
Keeling</list-item> </list>

Issues in Postgraduate Supervision, Teaching and Management A series of consultative guides produced by the Society for Research into Higher Education Postgraduate Issues Network: <list list-type="order"> <list-item>
7. Delivering
Core Training for Postgraduate Research Students over the Web by Sue Clegg and Margaret Alexander</list-item> </list>
Book Reviews
Authors: Clark Norman , Madichie Nnamdi 
Published: October 2006

Boru Douthwaite, Enabling Innovation: A Practical Guide to Understanding and Fostering Technological Change, Zed Books, 2002, xiv + 238 pp., notes, references, index, ISBN 1-85649-972-3 (paperback) 15.95, 1-85649-971-5 (hardback) 45.95
John Peterson and Margaret Sharp, Technology
Policy in the European Union, London: Macmillan Press, 1998, xviii + 260 pp., ISBN 0-333-65643-1 (paperback) 16.50
Performance analysis of prioritized parallel transmission MAC protocol in all‐IP wireless WAN
Authors: Jiang Zaihan , Zhou Mengchu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrioritized parallel transmission MAC (PPTM) protocol is proposed for all‐IP wireless wide area network (WAN). In this paper, we analyse its performance and compare it with modified channel load sensing protocol (MCLSP). We model PPTM as a non‐preemptive priority queueing system and obtain a close form of transmission time delay for each priority class, throughput of the scheme, and number of packets in the queue in the Poisson arrival case. We find that PPTM achieves less transmission time delay than MCLSP does for high priority data. Hence, the overall performance of the system using PPTM is significantly improved. We verify the conclusions with simulation via a simplified all‐IP wireless WAN. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of connexin expression during mouse Schwann cell development identifies Connexin29 as a novel marker for the transition of neural crest to precursor cells
Authors: Li Jing , Habbes Hans‐Werner , Eiberger Jürgen , Willecke Klaus , Dermietzel Rolf , Meier Carola 
Published: October 2006

AbstractConnexins are transmembrane proteins forming gap junction channels for direct intercellular and, for example in myelinating glia cells, intracellular communication. In mature myelin‐forming Schwann cells, expression of multiple connexins, i.e. connexin (Cx) 43, Cx29, Cx32, and Cx46 (after nerve injury) has been detected. However, little is known about connexin protein expression during Schwann cell development. Here we use histochemical methods on wildtype and Cx29lacZ transgenic mice to investigate the developmental expression of connexins in the Schwann cell lineage. Our data demonstrate that in the mouse Cx43, Cx29, and Cx32 protein expression is activated in a developmental sequence that is clearly correlated with major developmental steps in the lineage. Only Cx43 was expressed from neural crest cells onwards. Cx29 protein expression was absent from neural crest cells but appeared as neural crest cells generated precursors (embryonic day 12) both in vivo and in vitro. This identifies Cx29 as a novel marker for cells of the defined Schwann cell lineage. The only exception to this were dorsal roots, where the expression of Cx29 was delayed four days relative to ventral roots and spinal nerves. Expression of Cx32 commenced postnatally, coinciding with the onset of myelination. Thus, the coordinated expression of connexin proteins in cells of the embryonic and postnatal Schwann cell lineage might point to a potential role in peripheral nerve development and maturation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retained products of conception mimicking a large endometrial AVM: Complete resolution following spontaneous abortion
Authors: Jain Kiran , Fogata Maria 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe report an unusual appearance of retained products of conception that mimicked an arteriovenous malformation. A 38‐year‐old woman presented with persistent scant vaginal bleeding and declining levels of serum beta‐HCG after therapeutic abortion. Sonographic examination revealed a highly vascular lobulated mass, which on spectral Doppler examination showed low resistance and high peak systolic velocity suggestive of arteriovenous shunting. The patient spontaneously passed tissue per vagina, after which the endometrial vascular mass completely disappeared, indicating that the sonographic abnormality was the retained products of conception. The pathologic basis for such a finding is discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2006
Synthesis of 1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐cyano‐5‐(4‐[11C]methoxyphenyl)‐N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide ([11C]JHU75528) and 1‐(2‐bromophenyl)‐4‐cyano‐5‐(4‐[11C]methoxyphenyl)‐N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide ([11C]JHU75575) as potential radioligands for PET imaging of cerebral cannabinoid receptor
Authors: Fan Hong , Ravert Hayden T. , Holt Daniel P. , Dannals Robert F. , Horti Andrew G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo novel ligands for cerebral cannabinoid receptor (CB1), 1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐cyano‐5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide (JHU75528) and 1‐(2‐bromophenyl)‐4‐cyano‐5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide (JHU75575) have been synthesized. Both JHU75528 and JHU75575 display a combination of higher binding affinity and lower lipophilicity than those of Rimonabant (SR141716), a high affinity CB1 selective antagonist, and AM281, the only available ligand for emission tomography imaging of CB1 in human subjects. Radiolabeled [11C]JHU75528 and [11C]JHU75575 were prepared by reaction of [11C]methyl iodide with nor‐methyl precursors. The average radiochemical yield, specific radioactivity, and radiochemical purity of [11C]JHU75528 were 16%, 235 GBq/µmol (6360 mCi/µmol), and 99%, respectively; those of [11C]JHU75575 were 8%, 196 GBq/µmol (5308 mCi/µmol), and 99%, respectively. Both ligands hold promise as PET radioligands for imaging CB1 receptor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.