bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disparities in pediatric anaphylaxis triggers and management across Asia
Authors: Leung Agnes Sze Yin , Tham Elizabeth Huiwen , Pacharn Punchama , Xing Yuhan , Trinh Hoang Kim Tu , Lee Sooyoung , Ahn Kangmo , Chatchatee Pantipa , Sato Sakura , Ebisawa Motohiro , Lee Bee Wah , Wong Gary Wing Kin ,   the Asia‐Pacific Research Network for Anaphylaxis (APRA)
Published: March 2024

AbstractBackgroundThe epidemiology and management of anaphylaxis are not well‐reported in Asia.MethodsA regional pediatric anaphylaxis registry was established by the Asia‐Pacific Research Network for Anaphylaxis (APRA), using standardized protocols for prospective data collection, to evaluate the triggers and management of anaphylaxis in the Asia‐Pacific region. Pediatric patients below 18 years presenting with anaphylaxis across four Asian countries/cities (Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong (HK), and Qingdao) were included. Allergen triggers, symptoms, anaphylaxis severity, and management were compared.ResultsBetween 2019 and 2022, 721 anaphylaxis episodes in 689 patients from 16 centers were identified. The mean age at anaphylaxis presentation was 7.0 years (SD = 5.2) and 60% were male. Food was the most common trigger (62%), particularly eggs and cow's milk in children aged 3 years and below. In school‐age children, nut anaphylaxis was most common in HK and Singapore, but was rare in the other countries, and wheat was the top allergen in Bangkok. Shellfish anaphylaxis was most common in children aged 7–17. Adrenaline was administered in 60% of cases, with 9% given adrenaline before hospital arrival. Adrenaline devices were prescribed in up to 82% of cases in Thailand but none in Qingdao.ConclusionsThe APRA identified food as the main trigger of anaphylaxis in children, but causative allergens differed even across Asian countries. Fewer than two‐thirds of cases received adrenaline treatment, pre‐hospital adrenaline usage was low, and adrenaline device prescription remained suboptimal. The registry recognizes an unmet need to strengthen anaphylaxis care and research in Asia‐Pacific.
Why restrict medical effective altruism?
Authors: Quigley Travis 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn a challenge trial, research subjects are purposefully exposed to some pathogen in a controlled setting, in order to test the efficacy of a vaccine or other experimental treatment. This is an example of medical effective altruism (MEA), where individuals volunteer to risk harms for the public good. Many bioethicists rejected challenge trials in the context of Covid‐19 vaccine research on ethical grounds. After considering various grounds of this objection, I conclude that the crucial question is how much harm research subjects can permissibly risk. But we lack a satisfying way of making this judgment that does not appeal simply to the intuitions of doctors or bioethicists. I consider one recent and structurally plausible approach to critically evaluating the harm question. Alex London defends a social consistency test for research risks: we should compare the risks undertaken by research subjects to relevantly similar risks which are accepted in other spheres of society. I argue there is no good reason not to consider volunteer military service as a relevant social comparison. This implies there is essentially no cap on acceptable risks on the social consistency rationale. In short, if soldiers can be heroes, why can't research volunteers?
Treatment of refractory/relapsed Diamond–Blackfan anaemia with eltrombopag
Authors: Duncan Brynn B. , Lotter Jennifer L. , Superata Jeanine , Barranta Ma Evette , Machado Tania , Darden Ivana , Venugopal Sanjay , Wu Colin O. , Abkowitz Janis L. , Dunbar Cynthia E. , Young David J. 
Published: March 2024

SummaryDiamond–Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is a rare, inherited bone marrow failure syndrome with a ribosomal defect causing slowed globin chain production with normal haem synthesis, causing an overabundance of reactive iron/haem and erythroid‐specific cellular toxicity. Eltrombopag, a non‐peptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist, is a potent intracellular iron chelator and induced a robust durable response in an RPS19‐mutated DBA patient on another trial. We hypothesized eltrombopag would improve RBC production in DBA patients. We conducted a single‐centre, single‐arm pilot study (NCT04269889) assessing safety and erythroid response of 6 months of daily, fixed‐dose eltrombopag for DBA patients. Fifteen transfusion‐dependent (every 3–5 weeks) patients (median age 18 [range 2–56]) were treated. One responder had sustained haemoglobin improvement and >50% reduction in RBC transfusion frequency. Of note, 7/15 (41%) patients required dose reductions or sustained discontinuation of eltrombopag due to asymptomatic thrombocytosis. Despite the low response rate, eltrombopag has now improved erythropoiesis in several patients with DBA with a favourable safety profile. Dosing restrictions due to thrombocytosis may cause insufficient iron chelation to decrease haem production and improve anaemia in most patients. Future work will focus on erythropoiesis dynamics in patients and use of haem synthesis inhibitors without an impact on other haematopoietic lineages.
Beyond the bias! Sex distribution in paediatric growth hormone deficiency reexamined
Authors: Henry Rohan K. , Mamilly Leena , Chaudhari Monika , Klamer Brett G. , Nikahd Melica , Pyle‐Eilola Amy L. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractObjectivesVarious biases pertaining to stature account for a male sex predominance in growth hormone deficiency (GHD) cases diagnosed by endocrinology clinics. This manuscript will assess the sex distribution when biases are minimised.MethodsRetrospective chart review was conducted on patients diagnosed with GHD between 3 and 16 years of age. The sex distribution of cases was ascertained according to: (1) peak GH (pGH) by groups; based on growth hormone provocative testing, (2) pituitary gland imaging results, and (3) isolated GHD (IGHD) versus multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD). The relative frequency of each sex was compared according to these subgroups with significance evaluated at α = .05 level.ResultsOf the 5880 clinic referrals for short stature, there were 3709 boys (63%) and 2171 girls (37%). Of these, 20% of boys (n = 745) and 15.3% of girls (n = 332) underwent provocative testing for GHD. Of those tested, 39.2% of boys (n = 292) and 32.2% of girls (n = 107) were diagnosed with GHD, all p < .001. There was a male predominance in GHD cases based on pGH or GHD severity. Though not significant, girls were more likely than boys to have MPHD (p = .056), even across pGH groups (p = .06). Both boys and girls had a similar distribution of imaging abnormalities.ConclusionStratifying by sex, we found similar percentages of pituitary imaging abnormalities (including tumours) and the number of pituitary hormone deficiencies in boys and girls as the cause of GHD. For these classifications, we did not find the historically reported male sex predominance.
Consumer characteristics and preferences for mobulid gill plates in China
Authors: Zhou Xuehong , Yang Ami , Miao Zhen , Zhang Wei , Wang Qiang , MacMillan Douglas C. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMobulid species are endangered globally, and the market trade for gill plates is believed to be a major threat. Successful conservation and the sustainable use of mobulids therefore require an objective understanding of consumer characteristics and preferences for gill plates. Previous studies focused on qualitative descriptions, and reliable quantitative analyses are currently lacking. We used a latent class choice experiment method and a semistructured questionnaire to provide important new quantitative information about gill plate consumer characteristics and the heterogeneous nature of demand for gill plates. From May to July 2019, we conducted a field study in Guangzhou, the primary consumption hub for mobulid gill plates in mainland China. Utilizing a simple random sampling method, we engaged in face‐to‐face interviews with 428 consumers of gill plates in the major trading markets in Guangzhou. Our results showed that 59.8% of consumers of gill plates were over 40 years old, 62.6% were female, 80.7% had annual household incomes of <200,000 yuan, and 84.5% recognized the medical and health value of gill plates and purchased them. About seventy‐two percent of consumers preferred to purchase imported and less expensive gill plates from unprotected species, but they had a strong preference for large gill plates from protected species, such as Mobula birostris. This contradiction arose from consumers’ lack of knowledge of mobulids and their conservation status. We found, for example, female consumers over 40 years old had the least understanding of conservation status of mobulid species and the link between size of gill plates and rarity of mobulids. This suggests there may be opportunities to promote mobulid conservation through education and marketing targeted at this demographic. Consumers who had a positive preference for gill plates from protected species (regardless of price) (10%) may be harder to influence. Overall, we believe education alone is not enough and that the conservation of mobulids would benefit from an integrated approach that involves conservation education and strengthened trade regulations, such as the introduction of traceability systems and a stiffer legal framework for consumption of protected species.
Hydrogel dressings for diabetic foot ulcer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhao Hongjiao , Wu You , Xie Yuchen , Li Yanfei , Chen Chen , Li Chanjuan , Yang Fangzheng , Zhang Deteng , Wang Yaqin , Yuan Junhua 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAimTo investigate the differences in utility between conventional dressings and hydrogel dressings for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU).MethodsThe PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang databases were systematically searched up to 21 January 2023. Fixed/random‐effect models were used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the effect size analysis, with heterogeneity determined by I2 statistics. Subgroup analyses of different classes of hydrogel were also conducted.ResultsA total of 15 randomized controlled trials with 872 patients were eligible for the present analysis. Compared with conventional dressings, hydrogel dressings significantly improved the healing rate (OR 4.09, 95% CI 2.83 to 5.91), shortened the healing time (MD −11.38, 95% CI −13.11 to −9.66), enhanced granulation formation (MD −3.60, 95% CI −4.21 to −3.00) and epithelial formation (MD −2.82, 95% CI −3.19 to −2.46), and reduced the incidence of bacterial infection (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.18).ConclusionThe meta‐analysis showed that hydrogel dressings are more effective in treating DFU compared with conventional dressings.
The growth contribution of colonial Indian railways in comparative perspective
Authors: Bogart Dan , Chaudhary Latika , Herranz‐Loncán Alfonso 
Published: March 2024

AbstractRailways were an important driver of global economic growth in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Whilst their role is well documented in industrial economies, we know less about their macro‐economic impact in developing countries. In this paper, we first estimate the aggregate growth impact of Indian railways, one of the largest networks in the world in the early twentieth century. Then, we compare their impact in India to four emerging Latin American economies (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Uruguay) and the Cape colony. Using growth accounting techniques common to the cross‐country estimates, we argue that the aggregate growth impact of Indian railways was significant, increasing Indian gross domestic product (GDP) per capita by 13.5 per cent by 1912. We also find that the growth impact of Indian railways was similar to Brazil and Mexico, but smaller than Argentina and the Cape. Compared with the latter, India had a smaller size of railway freight revenues in the economy and lower wages to fares leading to lower passenger time savings. Railways were the most important infrastructure driver of economic growth in India during the first era of globalization from 1860 to 1912, but they contributed less than in richer and more dynamic developing economies.
Evaluating the quality of soil legacy data used as input of digital soil mapping models
Authors: Lagacherie Philippe , Arregui Maider , Fages David 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMost of the Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) products now available across the globe have been developed from the deposits of punctual soil observations inherited from several decades of soil survey activity. By using these legacy data as inputs for calibrating our DSM models, we implicitly make the assumption that these legacy soil data are accurate and therefore do not affect significantly our DSM products. However, this assumption has never been tested. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the accuracies of soil property measurements retrieved from legacy soil profiles, to analyse the different sources of error that may affect these measurements and to examine their impacts on the soil property predictions delivered by DSM models. The study was focused on a control sampling within the coastal plain of Languedoc (Southern France) at 129 locations where legacy measured soil profiles were collected between 1955 and 1992. At each location, four topsoil (0–20 cm) samples were collected at increasing distances (0, 5, 25 and 100 m) to characterize the local variabilities of the soil properties. Six soil properties—Clay, Silt, Sand, Soil Organic Carbon, Calcium Carbonate contents and Cation Exchange Capacity—were determined for each sample using certified soil laboratory methods. The results revealed that legacy soil property values had large overall errors and large biases. Biases likely induced by differences in soil analysis protocols could be corrected by linear functions calibrated onto the reference data obtained from the control sampling. The contributions of the errors propagated from the manual geo‐referencing errors (mean = 31 m) represented on average 52% of the errors after analytical bias corrections. These errors exhibited large variations from one property to another due to differences in the short‐range spatial variations (0–100 m) of these soil properties. A DSM exercise conducted on our control sampling revealed that the errors of legacy soil data were propagated to the soil property predictions provided by the DSM models. However, this propagation could be largely mitigated by applying the above‐evoked corrections. This study highlights the need to better control the quality of the legacy soil data used in DSM and to account for this source of uncertainty in the DSM models.
Culture as response
Authors: Schnegg Michael 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTo explain cultural diversity, many theories refer to the social construction of reality. In this telling, we frame the world to make it meaningful. In my analysis of what people in Namibia and Germany know about “SARS‐Cov‐2” and “climate change,” I propose an anti‐constructivist alternative. Drawing on the work of the phenomenologist Bernhard Waldenfels, I argue that experience comes first and exceeds language and the conceptual and symbolic orders we use to describe it. Waldenfels refers to this excess as “the alien” (das Fremde). This alienness calls us and demands a response. Only by responding, do we make the world meaningful. Since the alien is the excess to a particular order it becomes important to explore how orders are applied in situations. To explain this, I draw on recent developments in “4E” cognition that describe the mind‐world relation as fourfold intertwined: embedded, embodied, extended, and enacted. Combining Waldenfels’ responsive phenomenology and “4E” cognition thus allows it to be shown how knowledge emerges as an enactive response to the demands situations create. I conclude by showing how this opens up new possibilities for addressing the plurality and situatedness of knowledge in anthropology.
Conservation Mitonuclear Replacement: Facilitated mitochondrial adaptation for a changing world
Authors: Iverson Erik N. K. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMost species will not be able to migrate fast enough to cope with climate change, nor evolve quickly enough with current levels of genetic variation. Exacerbating the problem are anthropogenic influences on adaptive potential, including the prevention of gene flow through habitat fragmentation and the erosion of genetic diversity in small, bottlenecked populations. Facilitated adaptation, or assisted evolution, offers a way to augment adaptive genetic variation via artificial selection, induced hybridization, or genetic engineering. One key source of genetic variation, particularly for climatic adaptation, are the core metabolic genes encoded by the mitochondrial genome. These genes influence environmental tolerance to heat, drought, and hypoxia, but must interact intimately and co‐evolve with a suite of important nuclear genes. These coadapted mitonuclear genes form some of the important reproductive barriers between species. Mitochondrial genomes can and do introgress between species in an adaptive manner, and they may co‐introgress with nuclear genes important for maintaining mitonuclear compatibility. Managers should consider the relevance of mitonuclear genetic variability in conservation decision‐making, including as a tool for facilitating adaptation. I propose a novel technique dubbed Conservation Mitonuclear Replacement (CmNR), which entails replacing the core metabolic machinery of a threatened species—the mitochondrial genome and key nuclear loci—with those from a closely related species or a divergent population, which may be better‐adapted to climatic changes or carry a lower genetic load. The most feasible route to CmNR is to combine CRISPR‐based nuclear genetic editing with mitochondrial replacement and assisted reproductive technologies. This method preserves much of an organism's phenotype and could allow populations to persist in the wild when no other suitable conservation options exist. The technique could be particularly important on mountaintops, where rising temperatures threaten an alarming number of species with almost certain extinction in the next century.
Resistance of fatigue crack propagation induced by large α colony in a Ti‐Al‐V‐Mo‐Zr alloy
Authors: Liu Yikui , Peng Shuxian , Wang Bin , Luo Wei , Fu Mingzhu , Feng Weizhong , Zhang Pinghui , Zhang Kai , Feng Chun , Liu Huiqun 
Published: March 2024

AbstractFor Ti alloys used in oil drilling pipe, the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance is one of the key properties for petroleum industrial applications. In this work, the fatigue crack propagation behaviors of bimodal, equiaxed, lamellar, and Widmanstatten microstructures have been systematically investigated and characterized by SEM and EBSD. The results show that the Widmanstatten microstructure containing α colonies has higher yield strength (877 MPa), moderate elongation (9.3%), and better FCP resistance compared to other specimens. During the process of crack propagation, the large α colonies can effectively deflect the cracks and induce secondary cracks, which significantly impedes the main crack propagation. Additionally,
tensile twinning can occasionally occur within the large α colony along the crack, improving the plasticity of the crack tip and resulting in a decrease in fatigue crack propagation rate (FCPR).
Using evidence‐based co‐design to develop a hybrid delivered exercise intervention that aims to increase confidence to exercise in people with haemophilia
Authors: Taylor Stephanie , Barker Karen , Stephensen David , Williamson Esther 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIntroductionDue to advances in treatments, people with haemophilia (PWH) are living longer. They are not as active as the general population due to joint damage and lack confidence to be active due to concerns about further bleeds and pain. There is a need to facilitate healthy aging through promotion of physical activity (PA) and exercise. Changing patient beliefs and increasing physical literacy and confidence to move are thought to be key to helping PWH become more active.AimThis paper describes the development of an exercise and behaviour change intervention to improve confidence to exercise in PWH.MethodsThe 4‐stage Medical Research Council framework for complex intervention development was used.ResultsStakeholders included 17 PWH and 7 physiotherapists working in haemophilia. Seven online focus group meetings were held. The final intervention is a hybrid 12‐week physiotherapist led progressive exercise programme. Classes are 45 min including Pilates, High intensity interval training and balance elements, together with discussion sessions focusing on PA recommendations, the types and benefits of different exercise styles and the effects of PA, together with the effects of aging for PWH. The COM‐B model of behaviour change was used to develop the intervention.ConclusionCo‐design helps to produce an intervention that understands the stakeholders needs. Through this process the intervention developed to incorporate not only increasing PA but also confidence to exercise. The use of behaviour change theory identified the behaviour techniques included in the intervention and aims to increase physical literacy in this population.
AN ‘AMATEUR OF GENIUS’: C.S. LEWIS ON THE RISKS OF PROFESSIONAL THEOLOGY
Authors: Perez Jahdiel 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACTAbstract: Six decades after his death, there is still no scholarly consensus regarding whether C.S. Lewis should be considered an important theologian of the twentieth century. This paper investigates where the belief that Lewis was not a theological writer worth taking seriously originated. Then it evaluates two approaches that have been introduced in recent scholarship, by P.H. Brazier and Alister McGrath, that seek to affirm Lewis as a modern theologian of distinction. The final and central part of this paper nuances McGrath's argument by surveying seven reasons Lewis had for not doing theology the way academics did – reasons that have often been overlooked in the relevant literature. I argue that Lewis's decision to remain ‘outside the inner ring’ of academic theologians was based on a set of risks he perceived were involved in doing theology professionally. In so doing, I suggest that Lewis's writings about religious topics deserve to be taken seriously by professional theologians and other readers. Besides Lewis scholarship in particular, this discussion matters for Christian theology in general because it explores what it means to be a theologian in an era of professionalisation and the conditions under which religious writers like Lewis can become theologians, both of which cast light on how we understand the nature of theology.