bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preferential induction of cell‐mediated immunity by chemically modified sheep erythrocytes
Authors: Parish C. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSheep red blood cells (SRBC) almost exclusively induce humoral antibodies when injected in saline into adult rats. Chemical modification of SRBC by either periodate oxidation or acetoacetylation resulted in preparations which provoked lower antibody responses than did normal SRBC, but induced much higher levels of delayed‐type hypersensitivity. Furthermore, SRBC which had been both periodate oxidized and acetoacetylated induced even higher delayed responses, but were unable to stimulate detectable antibody formation. Thus, by two simple chemical treatments, SRBC have been converted from an antigen which predominantly induces humoral antibodies tc an antigen which exclusively provokes cell‐mediated immunity.The chemically modified SRBC had some notable immunological properties. (I) Antigenically, they were still strongly agglutinated by anti‐SRBC antiserum. (II) They very effectively induced delayed‐type hypersensitivity when injected either in saline or Freund's complete adjuvant. (III) They lost their immunogenicity when lysed just prior to injection. (IV) They induced delayed‐type hypersensitivity which cross‐reacted with goose, rabbit and horse red blood cells, a result consistent with the notion that antigens cross‐react more broadly at the cell‐mediated immune level than at the antibody level. (V) Comparatively high levels of both humoral and cell‐mediated immunity were achieved when a mixture of periodate oxidized SRBC and acetoacetylated SRBC was injected. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Versuche zur Beeinflussung des immunologischen Gedächtnisses
Authors: Göing H. , Kaiser P , Kaiser P. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe elimination of primed antibody‐forming cells and memory cells was examined in Sprague‐Dawley rats after the application of cyclophosphamide. Doses of cyclophosphamide, which completely eliminate virgin sheep red blood cell‐(SRBC)‐specific competent cells, still permit the survival of a fraction of primed cells.In animals devoid of primed cells it is possible to establish SRBC‐specific tolerance upon cyclophosphamide treatment. When SRBC‐primed rats are treated with the drug and subsequently exposed to the antigen, the surviving primed cells are stimulated to proliferation and antibody production, whereas tolerance appears to be induced in the competent cells, which regenerate from the stem cell compartment.
Differences in the constitution of antibody combining site in different mice strains
Authors: Weinstein Y. , Givol D. , Strausbauch P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnti‐2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibodies from nine different inbred mice strains were affinity labeled with four bromoacetyl derivatives of DNP haptens. Strain related differences in the number of combining sites labeled, as well as in the relative amount of labeled tyrosine and lysine were observed. Differences in the relative ratio of residues labeled did not change much with size of reagent and may be related to subpopulations of antibodies differing in the constitution of their combining sites.
Low zone tolerance: a possible defect in the switch from IgM to IgG production
Authors: Weber G. , Kölsch E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpecific antibody production during tolerogenic treatment with bacteriophage fd precedes the manifestation of low zone tolerance. The antibodies produced are sensitive to treatment with dithiothreitol, thus, most likely IgM antibodies. Upon challenge, this initial immune response is not amplified. Repeated injections of subimmunogenic doses of antigen affect the classes of antibodies produced upon challenge in different ways. IgG production is already suppressed with doses which are without influence on the production of IgM. It is suggested that low zone tolerance affects the switch from IgM to IgG.
Studies on immunological paralysis. VIII. Pneumococcal polysaccharide tolerance and immunity differences between the Biozzi high and low responder lines of mice
Authors: Howard J. G. , Christie G. H. , Courtenay B. M. , Biozzi G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMice genetically selected for high and low responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes showed corresponding amplification and depression of the IgM response to the thymus‐independent antigen type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII). “Treadmill” neutralization was more pronounced in the low responder line. 14C‐labeled SIII was both cleared from and subsequently released into the circulation more rapidly. The high responder line was unusually resistant to the induction of paralysis. The interpretation that this is due to increase in initial antibody synthesis rather than to an inherent high tolerance threshold of B lymphocytes has been supported experimentally. Large doses of SIII were effectively sequestered or eliminated in the “high” line, which was capable of responding strongly to rechallenge within 2 months.
Antigenic competition in vitro between heterologous erythrocytes
Authors: Sjöberg O. , Britton S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe phenomenon of antigenic competition between different heterologous red cells has been studied in vitro using the Mishell‐Dutton technique of cultivating mouse spleen cells. If spleen cells from animals heavily pre‐immunized in vivo against one antigen are cultured together with this antigen and a second antigen, the antibody response against the second antigen is depressed. The number of antigen sensitive cells was found to be normal during antigenic competition. Competition is transferrable from one population of lymphoid cells to another. Thus, heavily preimmunized cells cultivated in the presence of normal cells suppressed the antibody response of the latter. However, no soluble mediator of this suppression could be recovered from media of cultures displaying antigenic competition or from the serum of animals the spleens of which showed antigenic competition in vitro. A thymus‐independent antigen could not give rise to antigenic competition, but the response to such an antigen was subjected to competition. The finding suggests that intensive specific stimulation of lymphoid cells under thymic influence causes expression of antigenic competition. The phenomenon could either be due to a production of inhibitory factors active over a short distance, only, or to a direct inhibitory cell‐to‐cell interaction between antigen‐activated cells and precursor cells for antibody production.
Specific cytotoxicity of a mouse thymocyte population sensitized in vitro against H‐2 alloantigens
Authors: Lohmann‐Matthes Marie‐Luise , Fischer H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractC57BL cortisone‐resistant thymocytes were sensitized in vitro against DBA/2 alloantigens and tested for specific cytotoxicity against 51Cr‐labeled DBA/2 mastocytoma cells as targets. T cell sensitization, differentiation, uropod formation and specific cytotoxicity developed in a system of pure T lymphocytes and allogeneic antigenic fibroblasts without any apparent helper mechanism by other cell types or mediators.
Enzymatic actions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes on specific membrane receptors of autologous cells
Authors: Arend P. , Malchow H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPolymorphonuclear leukocytes cause rapid destruction of the blood‐group Nhu‐receptor on autologous erythrocytes, without the Mhu‐receptor activity and the Vicia graminea‐receptor activity being simultaneously destroyed. In addition, independently of the original receptor mosaic they create H‐specific structures. These particular modifications of specific glycoproteins and the appearance of new receptors sites are considered to be of significance in autologous cell‐to‐cell interaction.
Cell‐mediated vs humoral response in the cross‐reaction between hen egg‐white lysozyme and bovine α‐lactalbumin
Authors: Maron E. , Webb Cynthia , Teitelbaum Dvora , Arnon Ruth 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmunological cross‐reaction between hen egg‐white lysozyme and bovine α‐lactalbumin has been observed in cell‐mediated immune response using both in vitro systems of thymidine incorporation into sensitized lymphocytes, and delayed hypersensitivity studies in guinea pigs in vivo. In contrast, antisera raised in guinea pigs toward these two proteins show only a slight degree of cross‐reactivity, and with rabbit antisera the complete lack of such humoral cross‐reaction is confirmed.
Independence of HL‐A antigens and immunoglobulin determinants on the surface of human lymphoid cells
Authors: Preud'homme J. L. , Neauport‐Sautes Catherine , Piat Sylvaine , Silvestre Danielle , Kourilsky F. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMembrane‐bound HL‐A antigens and μ‐chain determinants were studied on normal and leukemic lymphocytes and on a tissue culture cell line derived from a Burkitt's tumor, using membrane immunofluorescence on living cells. A redistribution of both antigens at the cell surface occurred when cells labeled in the cold by conjugated antisera were incubated at 37 °C. Double labeling experiments showed that HL‐A antigens, either of the first or the second sublocus, were unaffected by the redistribution of IgM determinants and vice versa. This result strongly suggests molecular independence of these two systems. When redistribution was induced with a mixture of conjugated sera to HL‐A and Ig, the caps showing each of the two specificities were located at the same pole of the cells.
Idiotypic identity of antibodies to streptococcal carbohydrate in inbred mice
Authors: Eichmann K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study antibodies to the streptococcal carbohydrate of inbred strains of mice were investigated for the occurrence of shared idiotypes. Strain A/J produced high serum levels of antibodies with limited heterogeneity‐ to Group A streptococcal carbohydrate. A homogeneous antibody from one A/J mouse was obtained by cloning the hyper immune spleen cells into irradiated recipient mice. Idiotypic antisera to this antibody were made in A/J mice and in guinea pigs. These idiotypic antisera cross‐reacted with antibodies to Group A carbohydrate from all A/J mice, but not with that of two other strains. The idiotypes of 4 out of 5 A/J antibodies were indistinguishable. The selective expression or exclusion of idiotypes in different inbred strains raises the question whether v‐genes are inherited as allelic sets that can segregate.
Lipopolysaccharide can substitute for helper cells in the antibody response in vitro
Authors: Sjöberg O. , Anderson J. , Möller G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli on the primary and the secondary antibody response against sheep red blood cells (SRC) by spleen cells in vitro was studied. LPS, which is a non‐specific mitogen for B cells, often caused an increased antibody response. Stimulation was obtained on day 4 of the culture if the spleen cells gave a low response to SRC without LPS, whereas no stimulation was obtained if the antibody response was high. However, kinetic studies showed that cultures treated with LPS always exhibited increased numbers of plaque‐forming cells (PFC) to SRC if the response was studied earlier than the 4th day.LPS could substitute for certain cell types otherwise necessary for the immune response. Thus, LPS reconstituted the immune response of spleen cells depleted of adherent cells as well as of thymus‐derived lymphocytes. It was also possible to enhance the immune response of spleen cells from nude mice by addition of LPS.The results suggest that LPS increases the immune response by direct stimulation of bone marrow‐derived precursor cells for antibody production. LPS makes these cells competent to differentiate and proliferate in the absence of helper cells, such as adherent cells and thymus‐derived cells. This implies that cooperation with helper cells is not an obligatory event in the antibody response, but can be substituted by other means of stimulating the precursor cells.
Recall of antibody synthesis to the primary antigen following successive immunization with heterologous albumins. A two‐cell theory of the original antigenic sin
Authors: Ivanyi J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChickens primed with human serum albumin (HSA) and challenged with duck serum albumin (DSA) will recall antibody synthesis specific for the first antigen. There was a direct relationship between the antigen dose requirements for priming and challenge. Equal avidity of anti‐HSA antibodies following challenge with HSA or DSA was found. Immunization with HSA did not enhance the response to challenge with DSA. Challenge with DSA of chickens tolerant to the priming antigen (HSA) was followed by a marginal and transient “termination” of tolerance. Tolerance to the challenging antigen (DSA) did not interfere with the recall of anti‐HSA antibody synthesis in HSA‐primed chickens. Several structurally unrelated antigens did not manifest the recall effect. In view of the lack of serological cross‐reactivity between DSA and HSA, the mandatory role in the “recall phenomenon” is ascribed to T lymphocytes which react with a common epitope of both albumins.
Cytotoxic effect of anti‐Θ and anti‐mouse specific B lymphocyte antigen (MBLA) antisera on helper cells and antibody‐forming cell precursors in the immune response of mice to the 4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitro‐phenacetyl (NNP) hapten
Authors: Niederhuber J. , Möller Erna , Mäkelä O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnti‐Θ antibodies, but not anti‐MBLA antibodies, were cytotoxic to helper cells in the adoptive immune response of mice to the hapten, NNP. On the other hand, antibody‐forming cell precursors were resistant to anti‐Θ antibodies, but sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of anti‐MBLA antibodies. This suggests that the use of these reagents allows the purification of viable T and B lymphocytes from peripheral lymphoid organs of mice.
Specific adsorption of cytotoxic thymus‐processed lymphocytes (T cells) on glutaraldehyde‐fixed fibroblast monolayers
Authors: Golstein P. , Svedmyr E. A. J. , Blomgren H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMouse thymus‐processed lymphocytes (T cells) sensitized against histo‐compatibility antigens can be specifically adsorbed on, and eluted from, fibroblast monolayers bearing these antigens. Not only normal, but also glutaraldehyde‐fixed fibroblast monolayers can be used for specific adsorption. This shows that glutaraldehyde‐fixed histocompatibility antigens can be recognized by specific receptors on T cells.
Antibody‐mediated target cell lysis by non‐immune cells. Characterization of the antibody and effector cell populations
Authors: Gelfand E. W. , Resch K. , Prester Marlot 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCells from normal rabbit thymus, lymph node and spleen demonstrated in vitro cytolytic activity when incubated with antibody‐coated target cells. High dilutions of antibody were effective, and the degree of lysis was dependent on the lymphocyte‐target cell ratio. In the spleen, two populations of effector cells were defined – one population consisted of phagocytic cells which were responsible for the onset of initial rapid lysis. A second population of cells, lymphocytes, were responsible for lysis, which proceeded at a slower, but continuous rate. Purified lymph node and thymus cells contained only the latter population. Both effector cell populations required the presence of an intact Fc piece on the target cell‐bound antibody molecule for lysis to proceed. Antibody‐mediated lymphocyte cytotoxicity appeared to be specific and required cell‐to‐cell contact.
Thymus specific antigen on electrophoretically separated rat lymphocytes. Tracing of the differentiation pathway of bone marrow‐derived thymocytes by use of a surface marker
Authors: Zeiller K. , Dolan L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRat lymphocytes from different lymphoid organs were separated by means of free‐flow electrophoresis and the separated cells subdivided into classes of high (H lymphocytes) and low (L lymphocytes) electrophoretic mobility.A rabbit antiserum against thymocytcs of low electrophoretic mobility was prepared and its cytotoxic activity tested with H and L lymphocytes from spleen, lymph node, thoracic duct lymph, bone marrow and thymus. The cytotoxic activity was bound to the IgC immunoglobulins of the antiserum. An agglutination reaction could be observed with all L lymphocytes, but not with H lymphocytes, and was not further investigated. Cytotoxicity was obtained with bone marrow L lymphocytes and H and L thymocytes, but not with lymphocytes of other sources. It was suggested that this antigen resembled the rat “thymus specific” antigen. The finding that this antigen appeared on L lymphocytes of bone marrow and thymus and diminished on thymus H lymphocytes with be treated by following the differentiation of bone marrow derived thymocytes.
Isoelectric focusing spectra of antibodies which activate mutant β‐galactosidases
Authors: Kohler G. , Melchers F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAntibodies raised against wild type β‐galactosidase of Escherichiu coli activate certain inactive mutant β‐galactosidases to enzymic activity. We have developed a technique to detect 7 S activating antibody after isoelectric focusing in thin layers of polyacrylamide gels. Enzymic activity bound to antibodies is detected using the histochemical substrate 5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indoxyl‐β‐D‐galacto‐pyranoside. When split, this substrate produces insoluble, blue‐green indigo stain at the sites of enzymic reaction.With this technique antisera raised in five rabbits against the wild type enzyme have been analyzed for their capacity to activate inactive mutant enzyme. Each rabbit produces a characteristic spectrum of activating antibodies when tested with a given mutant enzyme, which is different from that produced by another rabbit. A restricted population of antibodies, e.g. the product of one to five clones of antibody‐forming cells activate a mutant enzyme.The spectrum of activating antibodies obtained with a mutant enzyme can be correlated to the position of the mutation in the gene for β‐galactosidase which gives rise to this inactive enzyme. Three genetically different groups of mutant enzymes are activated by three distinct populations of antibodies within the serum of one rabbit. Mutation at a fourth site within the gene yields a mutant enzyme which is activated by one of the three populations of specific antibodies. This indicates that one antibody, in binding to one antigenic site, can restore the activity of two mutant enzymes altered at two different sites within the polypeptide chain of the enzyme.
Inhibition of secondary anti‐hapten responses with the hapten conjugated to type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide
Authors: Mitchell G. F. , Humphrey J. H. , Williamson A. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn injection of 2, 4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP)‐lysine conjugated to type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide (DNP‐lysine‐SIII) markedly reduced the secondary IgG anti‐DNP antibody response of irradiated mice injected with primed cells and the homologous dinitrophenylatcd foreign protein used for priming. Serum antibody titers against the foreign protein, hemocyanin, were not affected and the injection of DNP‐lysine‐SIII could be delayed until the 3rd day, but not the 4th day, after injection of the primed cells and homologous antigen. In mice in which anti‐DNP antibody production was reduced by DNP‐lysine‐SIII, antibody isoelectric spectral analysis of residual antibody suggested that clones of antibody‐producing cells were eliminated entirely or escaped unaltered. Purified SIII is a persisting antigen which readily induces macroglobulin responses in mice and does not seem to stimulate T cells. The results suggest that antigenic determinants on such antigens gain access to B cells and suppress IgC antibody production.
Lymphocyte stimulation and interferon induction by 7 S anti‐human lymphocyte globulins and their uni‐ and divalent fragments
Authors: Falcoff Rebeca , Orio R. , Iscaki S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhen stimulated with specific anti‐lymphocyte 7 S horse or sheep immunoglobulins, cultured human lymphocytes synthetized interferon.The fragments obtained by enzymatic cleavage of these globulins have been assayed as inducers. Only the agglutinating bivalent F(ab′)2 fragment showed the same activity as the whole molecule, increasing the uptake of [3H]uridine and inducing interferon synthesis. This fact suggests that the Fc is not ecessary for lymphocyte stimulation. The univalent non‐agglutinating Fab and Fab' lost their interferon‐inducing capacity, although they retained their cell‐bindingproperty.It is concluded that cell‐to‐cell contact is necess ary to lymphocyte stimulation and interferon induction.
Identification and genetic control of two rabbit IgM allotypic specifications
Authors: Gilman‐Sachs Alice , Dray S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo allotypes of rabbit IgM immunoglobulins have been identified with antisera obtained by cross immunization of rabbits with cold agglutinins. These two allotypic specificities, n81 and n82 allotypes segregate as if controlled by allelic genes; in addition, the n locus is closely linked to the a locus which controls the variable part of the heavy chain.
Distribution of immunoglobulin on the surface of mouse lymphoid cells as determined by immunoferritin electron microscopy, Antibody‐induced, temperature‐dependent redistribution and its implications for membrane structure
Authors: De Petris S. , Raff M. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ultrastructural distribution of membrane‐bound immunoglobulin (Ig) on mouse spleen lymphocytes has been studied by labeling the surface Ig with anti‐mouse Ig antibody conjugated to ferritin (FT). The distribution is temperature‐dependent. At 0 °C – 4 °C FT appears distributed in small clusters over the entire surface, whereas at 20 °C – 22 °C, in the great majority of the labeled cells, it is concentrated over one pole. This pole corresponds to that part of the cell which contains the Golgi complex and most of the cellular organelles, and which forms the uropod in moving lymphocytes. This polar redistribution is accompanied by endocytosis of part of the labeled membrane.The redistribution of label occurring at room temperature indicates that labeled and unlabeled components of the plasma membrane can segregate from each other and suggests that plasma membrane is fluid at room temperature. The diffuse distribution found at 0 °C – 4 °C is probably close (although not identical) to the distribution in vivo before labeling, while the polar distribution at higher temperature is probably induced by the cross‐linking of the surface Ig molecules by the antibody‐FT conjugate and by a metabolically‐dependent flow of the aggregates towards the “tail” of the lymphocyte. The mechanism involved is considered to be the same mechanism responsible for membrane flow during cell movement. A detailed model of the structure and rheological properties of the lymphocyte membrane is proposed, which can explain the present results and those of others concerning the behavior of surface components of lymphocytes and other cells.