bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INDUCTION OF CANINE OVARIAN TUMOURS BY DIETHYLSTILBOESTROL AND PROGESTERONE
Authors: Jabara Anne G 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYInjection of stilboestrol, either alone or in conjunction with progesterone, into 13 bitches was in all cases followed after between 3 and 14 months by the development of ovarian tumours. One of these was a dysplasia and 12 were definite neoplasms as shown by invasion and development (in 9 cases) of metastases. Administration of progesterone in addition to stilboestrol did not influence the macroscopic or microscopic appearances of the neoplasms nor their behaviour. The neoplasms developed independently of the breed and age of the dogs. The average latent period was reduced considerably by injection of larger oestrogen doses.Hormonal withdrawal from five dogs bearing ovarian neoplasms was followed, between 10½ and 14½ months later, by regression of the tumours and fibrosis and calcification of the secondary growths.The high tumour yield and their hormone dependence indicates a specific activity of the injected material, either the stilboestrol itself or a metabolite.
THE CIRCULATION IN FOREARM SKIN AND MUSCLE DURING ADRENALINE INFUSIONS
Authors: Skinner SL , Whelan RF 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe effect of intravenous and intra‐arterial adrenaline Infusions on the circulation in skin and muscle of the human forearm has been followed by the technique of superficial and deep venous blood oximetry. Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography.The initial transient increase in forearm blood flow seen on both intravenous and intra‐arterial infusion of adrenaline was associated with an abrupt increase in deep blood oxygen saturation indicating an increase in muscle blood flow and the subsequent sustained increase in forearm blood flow during intravenous infusion was also accompanied by an increased muscle blood oxygen saturation. Similar increases were seen during intra‐arterial infusion of 0·05 and 0·1 μg./min., a dose of 0·2 μg./min. intra‐arterially also increased the muscle blood flow although the total forearm flow was reduced, while larger doses (0·5 μg./min.) caused a fall in both muscle flow and total forearm flow.The “after‐dilatation”, only seen following intra‐arterial infusions, was more marked with the larger doses and is attributed to the wearing off of a transient constrictor effect on the muscle vessels. Superficial blood oxygen saturation was reduced by most doses of adrenaline indicating a decrease in skin blood flow. The findings indicate that the dilator action of adrenaline on muscle vessels has a longer duration than the constrictor action.
CYTOCHEMICAL VARIATIONS IN THE GRANULES OF RAT MAST CELLS, AND THEIR RELATION TO MAST CELL MATURATION
Authors: Radden BG 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA maturation process in the mast cells of the rat has been described. It involves an increase in cell size and granule content, accompanied by a progressive sulphation of the granules.A specific stain previously described was found to stain only mature mast cell granules, i.e., those containing the more highly sulphated forms of heparin. The immature mast cell granules, i.e. those containing heparin monosulphate, were not stained by the specific stain but were stained by aqueous methylene blue.
CHANGES IN WATER, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE DUCK'S EGG DURING INCUBATION
Authors: Van Deth JHMG 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the different parts of the incubated duck's egg were determined by flame spectrophotometry. From the weights of the various parts the total amounts of these ions and their distribution in the egg were calculated. It is argued that the subgerminal fluid is formed by active resorption of water and dissolved substances from the eggwhite by the living blastoderm and not by digestion of the yolk. Differences between fertilized and unfertilized eggs are given. During incubation the concentration of Na+ in blood, amniotic and allantoic fluids decreases while that of K+ increases.There are quite large variations in Na+ and K+ concentrations in the blood, plasma and erythrocytes of ducklings, even in successive determinations in the same animal. The blood of ducklings during the first nine months of life has a higher Na+ and a lower K+ level than the blood during the later stages of the embryonic life.Data for the daily growth of the embryo and for the amounts of amniotic and allantoic fluids are given.
THE METABOLISM OF ISONIAZID AND PYRIDINE ALDEHYDES BY MYCOBACTERIA
Authors: Youatt Jean 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY3‐ and 4‐pyridine aldehydes were metabolised by Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG with the production of the corresponding acids and alcohols. The breakdown of isoniazid and the pyridine aldehydes was also observed in cell‐free extracts and some purification of the enzymes involved was achieved. It is suggested that there are two enzyme systems which metabolise isoniazid of which one may involve the intermediate formation of 4‐pyridine aldehyde.
THE INFLUENCE OF COPPER ON THE UPTAKE OF HYDRAZIDES
Authors: Youatt Jean 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYCopper stimulates the uptake of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid) and nicotinic acid hydrazide by Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG. The inhibition of isonicotinic acid hydrazide uptake by nicotinic and benzoic acid hydrazides is reversed by copper. Other metals are ineffective. Copper also enhances the effects of hydrazides in bacteriostatic tests.
A COMPARISON OF THE PHAGOCYTIC AND BACTERICIDAL ABILITY OF GUINEA PIG ALVEOLAR AND MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Pavillard ERJ , Rowley D 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA comparison has been made of the phagocytic and bactericidal abilities of macrophages washed out from guinea pig lung and mouse peritoneum. Cells from both sources were shown to be phagocytic but lung macrophages possessed relatively little bactericidal power. A new quantitative technique for measuring these aspects of cell function is described. Studies designed to assess respiration rate and acid phosphatase levels showed both to be highest in lung macrophages. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN MOUSE LYMPHOMA TISSUE
Authors: Metcalf D , Sparrow N , Wyllie R 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYAlkaline phosphatase (AP) levels were low (2 K.A. units/gm.) in normal AKR thymuses and the enzyme activity was not localised in the lymphoid cells. AP levels were slightly elevated in preleukaemic AKR thymuses. In AKR thymic lymphomata, AP levels were usually elevated, but the levels in individual mice were highly variable (0·3–88·5 K.A, units/gm.). When present, AP activity was localised in the lymphoma cells. Liver AP levels became elevated in leukaemic mice only after infiltration of the liver by lymphoma cells.
TOLERANCE AS SHOWN BY THE SIMONSEN REACTION ON THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE
Authors: Hilgard H , Burnet Deborah , Burnet FM 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYBy prenatal administration of embryonic spleen cells, chickens can be rendered tolerant in the sense that their circulating leucocytes are incapable of producing focal lesions on the chorioallantoic membranes of embryos of genotypes corresponding to those of the cell donors.In most of the experiments reported the extent of tolerance diminished rapidly as the birds grew older but in some of the pure line chickens persisting tolerance suggests that on occasion the effect may last indefinitely. The significance of antigenic specificity in the Simonsen reaction is briefly discussed.
THE EFFECT OF ANTIOXIDANTS ON POISONING BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Gallagher CH 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe prior administration of the antioxidants α‐tocopherol acetate, sodium selenite or NN1‐diphenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (DPPD) afforded protection to rats given lethal doses of carbon tetrachloride.Under the experimental conditions DPPD appeared to be the most effective of the three antioxidants tested. A single dose of 100 mg. DPPD injected intraperitoneally at the same time as CCl4 was administered by stomach tube proved more effective than one dose of 95 international units of vitamin E given simultaneously with CCl4, or than a dose of 95 I.U. given simultaneously and another five hours later. Sodium selenite was less effective than the other two antioxidants.When antioxidants were given, pyridine nucleotide concentrations in the liver were maintained despite the subsequent administration of CCl4., but in their absence concentrations of both oxidized and reduced pyridine nucleotides in the liver fell by more than 50 p.c. The loss of reduced pyridine nucleotides was completely prevented by DPPD, the only antioxidant studied in this regard, and the loss of oxidized pyridine nueleotides was largely prevented by DPPD or α‐tocopherol acetate and to a lesser degree by sodium selenite.Three doses of 100 mg. DPPD at 48, 24 and 0 hours before rats were given 4 ml. CCl4/kg. prevented necrosis of liver cells and diminished the fatty change appreciably. A single dose of 100 mg. DPPD injected intraperitoneally 48 hours before 4 ml. CCl4/kg. also largely prevented hepatic necrosis and decreased the fatty change.
A NEW SPECIES OF BORRELIA (B. QUEENSLANDICA) FROM RATTUS VILLOSISSIMUS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Carley JG , Pope JH 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYBorrelia queenslandica, n. sp., was isolated from Rattux villosissimus Waite in northwestern Queensland. It produced a relapsing type of infection, sensitive to antibiotics, in laboratory rats and mice. Immunity developed after primary infection in mice. Guinea‐pigs and young chickens resisted infection but the organism could be maintained in embryonnted eggs. A human volunteer inoculated with 75–100 million B. queenslandica did not become infected.
IRON ABSORPTION FROM THE GASTRO‐INTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Cantrill Shirley , Walsh RJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYExperiments have been performed with rats to investigate the effectiveness of the “mucosal block” theory in preventing absorption of excessive amounts of iron. Animals were given an iron solution in lieu of drinking water for four days and tracer doses of Fe59 were administered at various intervals after cessation of iron feeding. Absorption of Fe59 was measured by radioassay of the blood and organs of the animals. A comparison of the assays on iron‐fed and control animals shows that there was some reduction of iron absorption in the iron‐fed animals, especially during the first 24 hours, but that the preliminary iron feeding did not effectively prevent absorption at any time. The iron content of the mucosal cell does not appear to be the major factor determining the amount of iron in the rat.In further experiments rats were injected with phenylhydrazine and Fe59 was administered while the haemoglobin value was normal but the rate of erythropoiesis raised (shown by an increase in reticulocytes). Under these conditions absorption of iron was considerably higher than in the untreated control animals. These results suggest that the rate of erythropoiesis may be an important factor in the regulation of iron absorption.
A PHAGOCYTOSIS‐PROMOTING SUBSTANCE PRESENT IN EOSINOPHILS
Authors: Bosworth Nola , Archer GT 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA method is described for the isolation of eosinophils from the peritoneal cavity of the rat. Eosinophil granules were obtained from the isolated eosinophils. Lysis of eosinophil granules was found to be associated with the release from the granule of protein and peroxidase. The material released from eosinophil granules attached to foreign particles and the coated particles were readily ingested by mononuclear phagocytes.
ON THE QUESTION OF THE SPECIFICITY OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Authors: Auzins Ieva , Rowley D 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYMacrophages obtained from mice 24 hours after injection of lipopolysaccharide extracted from E. coli 2206 have been shown to be more phagocytic and bactericidal for opsonized E. coli 2206 than are macrophages obtained from normal mice. This increased cellular resistance has been shown to be non‐specific since the bactericidal activity of these macrophages is also greater than that of normal cells against Sal. typhimurium C5.A correlation has been shown between this increased cellular resistance and the increased metabolic activity of these cells. Changes in metabolic activities of the macrophages have been measured in terms of the enzyme acid phosphatase.
SOME TISSUE CHANGES IN THE DOG FOLLOWING STILBOESTROL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Jabara Anne G 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYDogs (18 female, 4 male) receiving subcutaneous depot injections of diethylstilboestrol at intervals of 4–6 weeks developed alopecia after 11 months. All areas except the head and distal parts of the legs were affected and the denuded skin became dry, scaly and excoriated. Microscopic changes were observed in all elements of the skin and the hair follicles were atrophic. The hair grew again 3–7 months after injections were stopped, and at necropsy 11–14½ months later the skin was histologically normal.Other findings included testicular atrophy, a high incidence of inguinal hernia, and endometrial hyperplasia which progressed to a cystic stage and eventually to pyometra. When injections were stopped the endometrium regenerated after an interval the duration of which was independent of the duration of treatment or of total dose administered, but may have been related to the time taken to deplete the residual depot.Treated dogs also showed an increase of pituitary acidophils and a reduction in basophils and chromophobes; these changes were reversed on hormone withdrawal.Generalized or focal atrophy of the pancreas occurred in four of the longer surviving dogs; this was regarded as a toxic effect of stilboestrol.
PULMONARY DAMAGE DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE OXYGEN BREATHING IN RATS
Authors: Jamieson Dana , van den Brenk HAS 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe Evans Blue dye technique has been used to determine the increase in capillary permeability in lungs of rats subjected to pure oxygen under pressure at 60 p.s.i. gauge (OHP). Considerable leakage of plasma during exposure to OHP was found. Haemoglobin in lung tissue also increased markedly during OHP treatment. Blood removed from the left ventricle showed an increase in the haematocrit value, red blood cell count and haemoglobin concentration after OHP. Of the amounts of fluids entering the lungs a total of 56 p.c. was attributable to plasma of which 18 p.c. represented a gain in blood volume. The remaining gain in weight of 44 p.c. was due to a protein‐free fluid. The sequence and relative amounts of fluids entering the lung are discussed.
THE LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIA TO KILLING BY MACROPHAGES OR ACIDIC CONDITIONS
Authors: Looke Ene , Rowley D 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSeveral species of bacteria have been tested for their sensitivity to the bactericidal action of both acidic conditions and mouse peritoneal macrophages, to see if there was any correlation between these two. It was found, on the contrary, that one of the most acid resistant strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus was as susceptible to killing by macrophages as a strain of V. cholerae which was acutely acid sensitive.
METHODS IN IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF VIRUSES
Authors: Webster RG , Laver WG , de St.Groth S Fazekas 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYMethods for labelling antibody with iodine (131I) or sulphur (35S) are described. Starting with the cheapest radioactive compounds, the proposed techniques are simple enough to allow preparation of labelled antibody in any biological laboratory. The final product is serologically unaltered and thus suited to the study of immunologie interactions in dilute systems or in micro‐quantities.
THE REVERSIBILITY OF ANOXIC SWELLING OF LIVER SLICES
Authors: Goodey RJ , Singh BN 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe water content of rat‐liver slices increased from 70·0 p.c. to 75·6 p.c. when they were incubated in oxygen and to 79·3 p.c. when they were incubated in nitrogen. When slices which had become swollen during incubation in nitrogen were re‐incubated in small volumes of oxygenated media the slices lost water until they contained as much as slices incubated from the outset in oxygen.The density of a small volume of medium in which swollen slices had been re‐incubated in oxygen was less than that of a similar volume in which swollen slices had been re‐incubated in nitrogen (without losing water). The differences in density were not completely explained.
OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF A THIOXANTHINE UPON THE HEART OF THE INTACT ANIMAL
Authors: Maxwell GM , Elliott RB , Kneebone GM 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY3‐Isobutyl‐1‐methyl‐6‐thioxanthine (M & B 5924), when given intravenously in a dose of 1·0 mg./Kg. to anaesthetized, but otherwise intact dogs, gave statistically significant increases in respiratory rate, respiratory volume, oxygen consumption, carbon‐dioxide production and pulse rate. Femoral and pulmonary arterial pressures decreased, as did the calculated total peripheral resistance.Coronary blood flow and cardiac metabolic rates for oxygen and carbon dioxide increased. Cardiac efficiency and coronary vascular resistance decreased.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF NORMAL RAT AORTA
Authors: Ham Kathryn N 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYNormal rat aorta has been examined under the electron microscope. Elastic laminae of the media are relatively smooth on the surfaces adjacent to endothelium or adventitia but highly branched and irregular on the surfaces adjoining muscle cells. In suitably stained preparations, the vesicular character of elastin may be seen. The smooth muscle cells of aortic media differ from those in other organs in their cytoplasmic constituents and in their relations to one another. They attach to neighbouring elastic laminae by morphologically characteristic devices but have no such attachment to adjoining muscle cells. The connective tissue spaces among cells contain many collagen fibrils and fragments of elastin. The endothelium rests on a narrow connective tissue space containing fine fibrils and has no basement membrane. Otherwise it resembles endothelium in smaller vessels. The adventitia is composed chiefly of large collagen fibres interspersed with a few capillaries and fibroblasts.
IRON ABSORPTION FROM THE INTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Cantrill Shirley , Walsh RJ , Brading Ilse , George EP 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYGroups of rats were injected with “Imferon” and with red cells to increase the storage iron. After seven weeks a tracer dose of iron‐59 was given to each animal and three weeks later the percentage of the dose in the blood, liver and spleen was determined by radioassay. Compared with control animals, decreased absorption of iron‐59 was found in the rats loaded with “Imferon” and with red cells. This suggests that the size of the iron stores is an important factor regulating iron absorption. Some of the unrecovered red cell iron was in tissues other than those assayed, but a large amount was probably lost from the body during the experimental period. These considerations also applied to the “Imferon” injected animals, but in addition some of the “Imferon” was still present in the mesenteric lymph tissues.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF RAT AORTA IN EXPERIMENTAL LATHYRISM
Authors: Ham Kathryn N 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYElectron microscopic study of lathyrous aorta has confirmed and extended earlier reports of increased collagen and intercellular substance in the aortic wall. This substance appears to coat elastic laminae and to project between the cells. The anatomical relations of muscle cells and elastic fibre are disrupted and changes in collagen fibrils characteristic of lathyrism are commonly seen. Changes described in the muscle cells are interpreted as being consistent with a high level of secretory activity in the early stages, but later they more resemble a degenerative change.
DECREASE OF HAEM A CONTENT IN THE HEART MUSCLE OF COPPER‐DEFICIENT SWINE
Authors: Lemberg R , Newton N , Clarke L 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYTwo samples of heart muscle from copper‐deficient pigs and a control sample from a normal pig were analysed for haem a and protohaem content firstly by spectrophotometric determination of the mixture of the two haemochromes and secondly by separation of the two free porphyrins by fractional extraction from ether by hydrochloric acid.The haem a content was found greatly decreased in copper‐deficiency. The low haem a content could be due either to a rôle of copper in haem a synthesis (as distinct from the synthesis of the whole enzyme) or to a rôle of copper in the biosynthesis of the holoenzyme at an early stage. It appears possible to ascribe the loss of activity of cytochrome oxidase in copper‐deficiency entirely to this factor and this loss therefore cannot prove that copper is necessary for cytochrome oxidase activity, although it does not exclude this possibility.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL ROLE OF DIFFERENT LYMPHOID ORGANS IN THE CHICKEN
Authors: Warner NL , Szenberg A , Burnet FM 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe development of lymphoid tissue in the bursa of Fabricius in the chicken has been prevented by the injection in ovo of testosterone propionate. A small proportion of the hatched chickens were also shown to have a complete atrophy of the thymic cortex.The immunological responses of these hormonally‐treated chickens have been studied using several types of antigenic challenge.In birds deprived of all bursal lymphoid tissue, but still possessing a normal thymus, no circulating antibody was detected after challenge with five classical antigens. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to tuberculin or vaccinia virus were nearly completely inhibited. However, the rejection time of random skin homografts, and the production of lesions on the CAM by the blood cells of these birds were completely normal.In birds showing a complete atrophy of the thymic cortex as well as of bursal lymphoid tissue, the rejection of skin homografts was also prevented, although the production of CAM lesions by blood cells was still normal.It was concluded that in the chicken there are two and possibly three primary levels of lympbocytopoiesis, each controlling populations of cells concerned with different types of immunological response.
ORNITHOSIS IN FERAL PIGEONS
Authors: Cook Ian 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSerological evidence of ornithosis was found in 56 p.c. of 57 feral pigeons (Columba livia) trapped at Ipswich, Queensland.Virus strains isolated in mice from four of eleven pools of pigeon organs were identified as members of the psittacosis‐lymphogranuloma group by complement‐fixation tests and are considered to be strains of ornithosis virus. Inclusion bodies could not be demonstrated in mice following intraperitoneal injection of the virus, but were readily demonstrated following its intracerebral inoculdation.Pigeons at Ipswich provide a reservoir of ornithosis virus and a potential source of human infection.
METHODS FOR THE SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE IODINE‐CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Wellby Maurice L 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA method of extracting and identifying the individual iodine‐containing amino acids in plasma is described. It makes use of an anion exchange resin (Dowex 1) for the extraction of the iodinated compounds, paper chromatography for their separation and the application of the ceric sulphate‐arsenious acid reaction for their detection on the chromatogram. The method makes possible the chemical detection of 0·5 μg./100 ml. of diiodotyrosine (DIT) and 0·5 μg./100 ml. of thyroxine (T4) in 6 ml. of plasma. No evidence of decomposition of T4 or T3, either radioactively labelled or not, was found during the procedure. The behaviour of related iodine‐containing amino acids and other compounds such as chloride and thiouracil derivatives were also investigated.