bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Money and Health Messages as Incentives for Smoking Low Tar/Nicotine Cigarettes: Changes in Consumption and Exhaled Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Jaffe Jerome H. , Kanzler Maureen , Friedman Larry , Kaplan Thelma 
Published: January 2006

SummaryCigarette brands advertised as ‘low’ tar are increasing sales yearly; undoubtedly because smokers hope they are less hazardous than ‘high’ tar/nicotine cigarettes. However, it is questionable how much switchers to ‘low’ tar/nicotine brands actually reduce their exposure to toxic components in smoke. A switching project examined the cigarette purchases over fifteen weeks of 121 paid volunteers in four experimental and one control group (separately within sex). Experimental groups received differing combinations of money and/or health message incentives to encourage switching to brands with lower tar/nicotine delivery. Subjects in all but one experimental group significantly decreased tar/nicotine exposure; controls did not. Money incentives produced the greatest decrease. The effect of health messages was unclear. Switchers' exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) remained higher than would be expected from the theoretically lower CO delivery of their brands. Small increases in number of cigarettes smoked per day did not account adequately for the persistently high exhaled CO.
Tension Reduction and the Effects of Prolonged Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Stockwell Tim , Hodgson Ray , Rankin Howard 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt has been argued that the phenomenon of alcoholics experiencing mood deterioration during a heavy drinking bout discredits the Tension Reduction Hypothesis of alcohol consumption [6]. An experiment is described which sought to illustrate two ways in which this phenomenon and the hypothesis are compatible. Nine male alcoholics consumed 6gm of alcohol per kg bodyweight in 16 equal doses over two days. Ratings of mood and related physiological indices were used. In the long‐term the physiological measures were elevated on the second drinking day and yet individual doses of alcohol lowered these throughout. Severely alcohol dependent subjects showed corresponding effects for subjective ratings ie long‐term mood deterioration with short‐term improvement. All subjects expected continuing to drink to be reinforcing relative to stopping. Thus alcohol may retain tension‐reducing properties, and alcoholics may expect these, even if affective state was worsened overall during a drinking bout.
The Shetland Islands: Longitudinal Changes in Alcohol Consumption in a Changing Environment
Authors: Caetano Raul , Suzman Richard M. , Rosen David H. , Voorhees‐Rosen Deborah J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis research reports longitudinal changes in drinking practices which occurred in two communities in the Shetland Islands since the development of the oil industry in the Islands began. The‘target’community was directly affected by the oil development; the‘comparison’community was located in a protected zone where no oil development could take place. Increases in mean alcohol consumption were twice as large in the target area as in the comparison area. In both communities, increases were largely concentrated among those less than 30 years old. Frequency rather than quantity was the component of drinking which increased. Beer is the beverage whose consumption increased most. The association between the rapid social change occurring in Shetland and the above results is analyzed. The implications for developing governmental responses to health problems and formulating alcohol control policies is also discussed.
The Treatment of Cigarette Dependence
Authors: Jarvis Martin 
Published: January 2006

SummaryWhile intensive trials of purely psychological techniques in smoking cessation continue to give disappointing results, there is now good evidence that a clinically relevant specific treatment effect is obtained with appropriate use of nicotine chewing gum. The gum is in no way a panacea and should be seen as a treatment aid rather than as a complete treatment in itself. General practitioners are seen as having the major contribution to make towards smoking reduction, and their undoubted potential as motivators could be enhanced by the use of temporary nicotine substitution in dependent smokers.
Drug Abuser Deaths
Authors: Spear H. B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA study of deaths coming to the notice of the Home Office from 1978 to 1980 of persons previously notified as addicts, or where controlled drugs appear to play a major role, shows a significant rise in the latter group. This, and the increasing involvement of opioids in these deaths, are consistent with other evidence of an increase in black market supplies from a variety of sources.
Caffeine: A Survey of Some of the Known and Suspected Deleterious Effects of Habitual Use
Authors: James Jack E. , Stirling Keryn P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe potential untoward consequences of habitual caffeine use are considered in terms of two broad classes of deleterious effects: (a) the symptom constellation known as‘caffeinism', and (b) a number of disease states in which caffeine may be an etiological factor. In addition, a brief overview is provided of recent attempts to assist heavy users to reduce caffeine intake to moderate and presumably safer levels.
Management Problems in a Small Hostel with a Controlled Drinking Programme
Authors: Gilligan Toni , Norris Hugh , Yates Fred. E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe report describes some difficulties encountered in the management of a hostel for problem drinkers, which offered a controlled drinking programme. Compared with a similar hostel with an abstinence programme, there were more incidents of illicit drinking and consequent disruption. A number of reasons for this are discussed, in particular the difficulty of defining illicit drinking in the controlled drinking programme. The dual function of drinking limits in alcoholism treatment programmes, as both treatment aim and rule, is considered. It is concluded that the problems arose from a clash between the rule functions of the hostel and the drinking aim, not from the controlled drinking aim in itself. Suggestions for other ways of managing a controlled drinking programme are offered.
Increasing Alcohol Consumption Correlated with Hospital Admission Rates
Authors: Poikolainen Kari 
Published: January 2006

SummaryCorrelations between per caput alcohol consumption and male hospital admission rates for alcoholism, alcohol psychosis, alcohol poisoning, liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis were studied in 11 Finnish provinces in 1969‐1975. Since data for successive years are not independent, mean values were analysed both between years and between provinces. Between years, significant positive correlations were found between alcohol consumption and each of the diseases studied. Between provinces, similar correlations were observed for all diseases except alcohol poisoning. Increasing per caput alcohol consumption seems to be followed by rising hospital admission rates due to alcohol‐related diseases.
A Review of the Problem‐Prevention Approach to Drinking Problems and an Alternative Programme which makes use of Natural Preventive Resources within the Community
Authors: Yates Fred , Hebblethwaite David 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThere is now emerging a long overdue recognition that preventive work in the area of drink‐related problems has its own special responsibilities and is not simply adjunctive to the treatment of individuals with identified drinking difficulties. Upholders of this position [10, 11, 13, 14] believe that preventive work should address clearly formulated concrete problems outside treatment and design specific strategies to deal with them. Although we agree that previous preventive schemes have been misconceived, we feel that an alternative movement should do more than submit an agenda of specific social problems to prevention workers. In this article we express some doubts we have about the prevention of drinking problems as an exclusively pragmatic undertaking and develop a more general theme based on the investigation of existing community responses to drinking problems.
Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy: Baseline Data from a Scottish Prospective Study
Authors: Plant Moira L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results are reported from the first of four phases of a prospective study on the association between alcohol consumption during pregnancy and fetal harm. These data revealed a generally low level of alcohol consumption amongst the 1, 008 respondents. Self–reported alcohol consumption was slightly, but significantly, positively correlated with previous obstetric problems. Evidence from other studies indicates that between 1.8 per cent and 4.8 per cent of the study group may run an enhanced risk of producing damaged babies.
Effect of Nicotine Replacement on the Cigarette Withdrawal Syndrome
Authors: West R. J. , Jarvis M. J. , Russell M. A. H. , Carruthers M. E. , Feyerabend C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe effect of nicotine replacement on the cigarette withdrawal syndrome was investigated in 48 smokers, who were randomly allocated to chew either 2 mg or.5 mg nicotine gum over 24 hours of cigarette abstinence. Characteristic withdrawal symptoms were observed on the low dose (.5 mg) gum: i.e. increased irritability, depression, restlessness, dizziness and hunger, and decreased ability to concentrate, sociability and composure when in company. In addition there was a drop in heart rate and urinary adrenaline excretion. The 2 mg gum alleviated problems of irritability, depression, and difficulties related to social interaction but not hunger or ability to concentrate. It also reduced the drop in heart rate from 14.9 to 9.7 bpm. The results support the view that nicotine deprivation per se plays a significant role in certain withdrawal effects.
Management of Solvent Misuse: A Glasgow Community Approach
Authors: Sourindhrin I. , Baird J. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe broad spectrum approach to the management of solvent abuse adopted at a clinic held at a police station in the East End of Glasgow, in collaboration with members of the community involvement branch of the police, is described. The results reported in this study concern 300 children below the age of 16years, who attended the clinic between October 1978 and December 1980. The facets of the study which are of central interest are: the role of the police, the apparent resolution of the activity, the lack of physical damage, the very low incidence of associated psychiatric disorder, and the increased incidence of solvent use by children of single parent families and in those families where the father is unemployed and in only a minority of cases is there a mixed disturbance of conduct and emotions for which psychiatric intervention is warranted.
The Moderating Influence: A Review of. Trade‐Sponsored Alcohol Education Programmes
Authors: Grant Marcus 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reviews the aims, target audience and content of alcohol education programmes sponsored by trade associations from the beverage alcohol industry. The predominance of programmes promoting the concept of moderation directed towards young people emerges as the most striking single trend. Whilst the relative scarcity of objective evaluations of the effectiveness of alcohol education is lamentable, the author points to the possibility of establishing useful dialogue between health educators and the beverage alcohol industry over the issue of the limits of moderate consumption.
A Multivariate Analysis of Psychological, Clinical and CT Scanning Measures in Detoxified Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Acker W. , Ron M. A. , Lishman W. A. , Shaw G. K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPsychological, clinical, and CT scanning measures of 100 detoxified male alcoholics and 30 controls are reported. There were statistically significant group differences in psychological and CT scanning measures. However, individual differences in premorbid intelligence accounted for more of the variance in psychological performance than did clinical data (drinking history) or CT scanning measures. The clinical relevance of these findings is discussed.
A Week and a Day
Authors: Older Jules 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn an experiment conducted as part of Alcohol Alert Week, 30 employees of the New Zealand Department of Health were asked to abstain from alcohol for 8 days. Twelve abstained completely and two drank an only one occasion. Both abstainers and non‐abstainers learned something about their own, and New Zealand, attitudes to alcohol during the course of the experiment.
Alcohol Policy in a Crisis Situation
Authors: Wald Ignacy , Moskalewicz Jacek 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe impact of the 1980 political crisis on Polish drinking is described. Alcohol prices began to rise, temporary prohibition was introduced and the military government felt it necessary to take a number of active steps to deal with excessive drinking. Long queues began to appear at liquor shops, and in late 1981 liquor rationing was introduced. All that forces combined to produce a dramatic fall in consumption. In July 1982 alcohol rationing began to be lifted. Together these events provide an interesting example of a ‘natural experiment’, illustrating the effects of multiple and acute social measures and social change on population drinking.
Tobacco Smoking Addiction: A Challenge to the National Health Service
Authors: Webster Charles 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPioneer researches concerning the connection between the smoking addiction and lung cancer provided the National Health Service with its first major test in the field of preventive medicine. It is instructive to examine how this problem was handled in the period 1950 to 1962. The NHS legislation of 1946 envisaged that the new service would take on art active preventive role and that it would respond flexibly to new demands. At the heart of the new central administration was an elaborate professional advisory machinery designed precisely for the purpose of ensuring prompt response to new needs.The connection between smoking and lung cancer became a live issue in the immediate post‐war period through the researches of Kennaway sponsored by the British Empire Research Campaign. This work was carried to a striking conclusion in the epidemiological context by Doll and Hill in 1950. Subsequent investigations strongly supported their conclusions.Within the Ministry of Health smoking and lung cancer was the prerogative of the Cancer Standing Advisory Committee, for which this problem was an uncongenial side issue. Positive action was precluded by strong objections within the Cancer SAC to‘cancer education'. A vociferous minority within the advisory structure campaigned to generate a more positive attitude, but once formed there was great reluctance to modify, let alone reverse, medical policy decisions. Eventually the unresponsive Cancer SAC was by‐passed. The more prestigious and broadly based Medical SAC and the Central Health Services Council gradually awoke to the importance of this issue. Crucial to keeping this issue alive was the increasing publicity in the press which resulted in persistent parliamentary questioning.Complete conversion was rendered more difficult by virtue of lack of sympathy of Ministers and officials within the Ministry of Health. MRC generally supported the work of Doll and Hill, but a strongly positive and independent line would have prejudiced relations with the Ministry of Health. A distinct change in the official attitude awaited the 1962 report of the Royal College of Physicians, after which further procrastination seemed inadmissible. But even then, after 12years of inactivity, the National Health Service was not mobilized to make smoking and health a major issue on its agenda.
The Impact of Alcohol on Health in the General Population: A Review with Particular Reference to Experience in Malmo
Authors: Kristenson Hans , Hood Bertil 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMore than 30,000 individuals have been investigated in the continuous screening and intervention study in Malmo. The impact of alcohol on health has been evaluated by comparing alcohol intake as established at the initial interview with results of screening investigations, clinical records, social register data and mortality analysis. In addition, large subsamples of individuals with different levels of serum GOT (gamma‐glutamyl‐transferase) have been followed up. GGT has proved to be a useful and simple tool in identifying and treating heavy drinkers and monitoring their outcome. It also appears to be a strong risk factor for short term mortality in the male population.In the intervention study, counselling and repeated feedback of GGT results in a group of middle‐aged heavy drinkers resulted in a significant reduction in sick absence, hospitalization and mortality, compared with that in a control group over a period of 60 months. As the intervention program seems to be effective in preventing alcoholism on an individual basis, there is need for more manpower and more intervention attempts within general medicine to reduce the enormous impact of alcohol on health.
A Week and a Day
Authors: Older Jules 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn an experiment conducted as part of Alcohol Alert Week, 30 employees of the New Zealand Department of Health were asked to abstain from alcohol for 8 day3. Twelve abstained completely and two drank on only one occasion. Both abstainers and non‐abstainers learned something about their own, and New Zealand, attitudes to alcohol during the course of the experiment.
Gender and Smoking: Do Women Really Find it Harder to Give Up?
Authors: Jarvis Martin 
Published: January 2006

SummaryData are cited from national surveys of smoking in Great Britain and the United States which challenge the widely held belief that women find it harder to give up smoking than men. Men have higher cigarette cessation rates than women, but when smoking and ex‐smoking prevalences are adjusted to take account of switching to cigars, which in ex‐cigarette smokers appears to be an equally hazardous and addictive form of tobacco use, the sex difference in cessation is almost eliminated. In Great Britain in 1982 the cigarette cessation rates of 44 per cent in men and 32 per cent in women became 37 and 32 per cent respectively after adjustment for secondary cigar smoking, and there was no difference in adjusted cessation between men and women below the age of 50 (26 per cent in each case). Similarly in the U.S. in 1975 the male excess of 9 percentage points in cigarette cessation reduced to 3 per cent after adjustment. Allowance for secondary pipe smoking, tobacco chewing and snuff taking would probably reduce this difference still further. It is concluded that there is at present little evidence of a sex difference in ease of smoking cessation in the general population and it is recommended that future discussions of this issue should take into account forms of tobacco use other than cigarettes.
The Impact of a New Alcohol Sensitizing Agent (Nitrefazole) on Craving in Severely Dependent Alcoholics*†
Authors: Stockwell Tim , Sutherland Gay , Edwards Griffith 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn experiment was performed to discover whether 800 mgm nitrefazole (an alcohol sensitizing agent) would block or reduce the‘priming effecf of alcohol on craving in severely dependent drinkers [12, 13].Subjects were tested 3 days (n =8) and 6 days (n =8) after nitrefazole or placebo in balanced order. Subjective and physiological parameters were monitored beforehand after consumption of 0.25 gm/kg alcohol and also after a “speed of drinking test” of craving [17]. Significant effects occurred for tests at 3 days, but not 6 days after nitrefazole. On 3 day tests, subjects experienced lowered diastolic blood pressure, increased pulse rate and hand tremor, as well as increased drinking speed of test drinks for nitrefazole compared with placebo.It is concluded that at 3 and 6 days after ingestion of nitrefazole, desire for alcohol is still increased when a severely dependent drinker breaks his abstinence. The possibility that nitrefazole enhances such priming effects after 3 days is discussed.
Plasma Nicotine Concentrations from Repeated Doses of Nasal Nicotine Solution
Authors: West Robert J. , Jarvis Martin J. , Russell Michael A. H. , Feyerabend Colin 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA nasal nicotine solution (NNS) has been proposed as a potential cessation aid for cigarette smokers [1], the principle being similar to that underlying use of nicotine chewing gum, i.e. nicotine replacement following cessation to ease withdrawal symptoms. We conducted a study to determine the plasma nicotine concentrations resulting from eight, hourly administrations of 2 mg NNS. The peak plasma nicotine concentrations rose to an average of 16.3 ng/ml, which is higher than is normally obtained from 2 mg nicotine chewing gum. There was considerable variability in levels obtained from the NNS, with one subject obtaining levels similar to those found in heavy cigarette smokers. The initial doses produced noticeable light headedness in four of the five subjects. Nasal nicotine solution could provide more effective nicotine replacement than nicotine gum.
International Review Series: Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 3. Nordic Countries
Authors: Bniun Kettil , Rosenqvist Pia 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper describes the development of alcohol research in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Different organizational structures have developed. In Finland and Norway, separate research institutes carry the main research responsibility. Sweden, with its several university chairs for alcohol research, has chosen an internationally unique organizational solution. The orientation, content, and recent trends in social alcohol research are dealt with on the basis of data from the 1970s and recent research reports; the main differences between the countries are discussed. Existing Nordic cooperation is also described.
The Genetic and Cultural Transmission of Alcohol Use, Alcoholism, Cigarette Smoking and Coffee Drinking: A Review and an Example using a Log Linear Cultural Transmission Model
Authors: Curling H. M. D. , Grant S. , Dangl J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe simplifying assumptions made by geneticists in the study of behaviour have been reviewed and their relation to the genetics of substance use and abuse have been specified. The most notable problems are the validity of genetic estimates for substance use based on twin data when within twin pair competition or mutual effects have been shown to be present and the fact that broad secular changes in alcohol consumption render heritability values valid only for certain populations at specific points in time. Behaviour genetic methods can however provide information about different sources of environmental variation and tend to show that the family is of little importance, especially for personality traits as well for some aspects of substance use. A simple model to investigate familial and cultural transmission is suggested for traits such as substance use that do not appear, on a priori grounds, to have a strong genetic predisposition.