bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bemessung der Bügel, Querkraftzulagen und Schrägstäbe nach DIN 1045‐1 und nach EC2
Authors: Friedrich Richard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDer Beitrag behandelt die Querkraftbemessung von Bauteilen aus normalfestem Normalbeton C20/25 bis C50/60 und Betonstahl BSt 500. Die grafischen Hilfsmittel erleichtern die Ermittlung der notwendigen Bügel und Querkraftzulagen (ohne Umschließung der Längsbewehrung) sowie der Schrägstäbe unter 45°, in beliebiger Kombination. Desgleichen kann die Tragfähigkeit der Druckstreben überprüft und das Versatzmaß der Zugkraftlinie bestimmt werden.
Three steps in the thermal unfolding of F‐actin: An experimental evidence
Authors: Gicquaud Claude R. , Heppell Benoit 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe development of differential scanning calorimetry has resulted in an increased interest in studies of the unfolding process in proteins with the aim of identifying domains and interactions with ligands or other proteins. Several of these studies were done with actin and showed that the thermal unfolding of F‐actin occurs in at least three steps; this was interpreted as the denaturation of independent domains. In the present work, we have followed the thermal unfolding of F‐actin using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), CD spectroscopy, and probe fluorescence. We found that the three steps revealed through DSC are not the denaturation of independent domains. These three steps are a change in the environment of cys 374 at 49.5°C; a modification at the nucleotide‐binding site at 55°C; and the unfolding of the peptide chain at 64°C. Previous interpretations of the thermograms of F‐actin were thus erroneous. Since DSC is now widely used to study proteins, our experimental approach and conclusions may also be relevant in denaturation studies of proteins in general. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83:374–380, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Li+ Ion Attachment to Chloromethyl and Chlorofluoromethyl Peroxyl Radicals: Structures and Properties of CHnCl3−nO2‐Li+ and CFnCl3−nO2‐Li+ (n=0–3) Complexes
Authors: Cheng Shuang , Li Hai‐Yang , Liu Ying 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe structures and stabilities of these still experimentally unknown CHnCl3−nO2‐Li+ and CFnCl3−nO2‐Li+ ions have been theoretically investigated by ab initio molecular orbital theory and density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with the 6‐311G(d,p), 6‐311+G(d,p), 6‐311+G(2d,p) and 6‐311+G(2df,2p) basis sets. The optimized geometries, chemical bonding and NBO analysis indicate that these complexes of CHnCl3−nO2‐Li+ and CFnCl3−nO2‐ Li+ exist as ion‐dipole molecules. The calculated affinity energies of these species exceed 41.9 kJ/mol, which are large enough to suggest the possibility that these title complexes could be detected as stable species in gas phase by Li+ ion attachment mass spectrometry.
Thalidomide therapy in adult patients with myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Moreno‐Aspitia Alvaro , Colon‐Otero Gerardo , Hoering Antje , Tefferi Ayalew , Niedringhaus Robert D. , Vukov Allen , Li Chin‐Yang , Menke David M. , Geyer Susan M. , Alberts Steven R. ,   For the North Central Cancer Treatment Group
Published: July 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Thalidomide has shown promise for the treatment of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. The current prospective multicenter study examined the efficacy and toxicity of thalidomide in adult patients with myelodysplastic syndrome.METHODS.Using the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), patients were stratified into 2 groups: favorable (IPSS score, 0–1.0) or unfavorable (IPSS score, 1.5–3.5). Seventy‐two patients (42 of whom were favorable and 30 of whom were unfavorable) received a starting dose of oral thalidomide of 200 mg daily. The dose was increased by 50 mg per week to a targeted maximum daily dose of 1000 mg.RESULTS.According to the International Working Group response criteria for myelodysplastic syndrome, 1 patient in the unfavorable group achieved a partial remission with a complete cytogenetic response. Overall, 2 patients (5%) in the favorable group and 4 patients (14%) in the unfavorable group experienced either a hematologic improvement or a partial response. The most frequent Grade 3 or 4 (grading was based on the National Cancer Institute's Common Toxicity Criteria [version 2.0]) nonhematologic adverse events were fatigue (24%), infection (19%), neuropathy (13%), dyspnea (8%), and constipation (7%).CONCLUSIONS.Thalidomide alone, at the schedule and dose levels used in the current study, is not a safe and viable therapeutic option for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Limited efficacy and increased toxicity were observed in the current Phase II trial. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Differences in survival among patients with urachal and nonurachal adenocarcinomas of the bladder
Authors: Wright Jonathan L. , Porter Michael P. , Li Christopher I. , Lange Paul H. , Lin Daniel W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrimary adenocarcinomas of the bladder and urachus are rare malignancies, and knowledge of the patient demographics, pathologic characteristics, and survival associated with these tumors is poor. The current study compares disease‐specific characteristics and survival associated with urachal and nonurachal primary bladder adenocarcinomas.METHODSIncident cases of urachal and nonurachal primary adenocarcinomas of the bladder were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Demographic and pathologic characteristics at the time of diagnosis were compared. Risks of mortality among urachal and nonurachal primary adenocarcinomas of the bladder were compared using multivariate Cox regression.RESULTSA total of 151 urachal and 1374 nonurachal adenocarcinomas of the bladder patients were identified. Compared to those with nonurachal tumors, patients with urachal adenocarcinoma were more likely to be younger (median age, 56 vs. 69 years, P < .0001) and female (45% vs. 36%, P = .02). Urachal lesions were less likely to be high grade (35% vs. 66%, P<.001), but more likely to involve distant metastases (30% vs. 15%, P < .001). Partial cystectomy was more common in urachal tumors (66% vs. 16%, P < .001). In multivariate analysis, subjects with urachal tumors had a lower risk of all cause (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38–0.83) and disease‐specific (HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.35–0.98) mortality compared with patients with nonurachal tumors.CONCLUSIONSUrachal adenocarcinomas represent 10% of all primary adenocarcinomas of the bladder. Overall and disease‐specific mortality risks are improved in patients with urachal lesions, even after controlling for numerous patient and tumor characteristics. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Urachal carcinoma: Clinicopathologic features and long‐term outcomes of an aggressive malignancy
Authors: Ashley Richard A. , Inman Brant A. , Sebo Thomas J. , Leibovich Bradley C. , Blute Michael L. , Kwon Eugene D. , Zincke Horst 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Urachal carcinoma (UrC) is a rare malignancy, and patients with this disease have a poor prognosis. In this article, the authors report 50 years of experience with this tumor at the Mayo Clinic.METHODS.A urachal mass was described in 130 patients, and 66 of those masses were malignant. The authors identified multivariate predictors of malignancy in clinically diagnosed urachal masses and predictors of UrC‐specific survival. This report presents a novel 4‐category staging system for UrC along with the treatment history of this tumor and the results of salvage therapy.RESULTS.Twenty women and 46 men were identified with UrC. The strongest predictors of malignancy in a urachal mass were hematuria and age older than 55 years. The 5‐year cancer‐specific survival rate was 49%. The new Mayo staging system was less complicated than the Sheldon system, although both systems predicted cancer‐specific mortality equally well. Positive surgical margins (hazard ratio [HR], 4.7), high tumor grade (HR, 3.6), positive local lymph nodes (HR, 5.1), metastases at diagnosis (HR, 3.3), advanced tumor stage (HR, 4.8), failure to perform umbilectomy (HR, 3.0), and primary radiation therapy (HR, 2.9) were all univariately associated with death (P < .05). Only grade and margins were significant in the multivariate analysis. No survival benefit was noted for lymphadenectomy or adjuvant therapy. Salvage surgery resulted in a long‐term cure for 50% of patients who had local recurrences. No effective treatment was identified for patients with metastatic UrC.CONCLUSIONS.Early and complete extended partial cystectomy, including umbilectomy, is critical to the survival of patients with UrC. The authors recommend using the Mayo staging system in future studies because of its simplicity. The current results indicated that the most important predictors of prognosis were tumor grade and surgical margin status. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Ruthenium Films Deposited by Liquid‐Delivery MOCVD Using Bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium with Toluene as the Solvent
Authors: Hur'yeva T. , Lisker M. , Burte E. P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPure ruthenium thin films are prepared by liquid‐delivery metal‐organic (MO)CVD using bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium (Ru(EtCp)2) with toluene as the solvent. The deposition of Ru thin films is carried out on various substrates at temperatures in the range 330–460 °C via the oxygen‐assisted pyrolysis of Ru(EtCp)2. Ru in a single phase can be obtained under all growth conditions. The reaction kinetics, film composition, film morphology, mechanical properties, and electrical properties of deposited Ru films were investigated. The films obtained have a low resistivity value of 20 μΩ cm, low stress values of about 70 MPa, and a preferred crystalline orientation (002), offering potential application in storage‐capacitor electrodes.
Thin, Continuous, and Conformal Copper Films by Reduction of Atomic Layer Deposited Copper Nitride
Authors: Li Z. , Gordon R. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThin and continuous copper films serve as seed layers for electrodeposition of interconnects in microelectronic devices. Gaps in the continuity of these Cu films must be avoided, because they can generate voids that later lead to failure of the devices. It is difficult to sputter completely continuous copper‐seed layers into the increasingly narrow trenches and holes in modern interconnects. Here we report a method for producing thin, completely continuous, and highly conductive copper films conformally inside very narrow holes with aspect ratios of over 40:1. The first step in our process is atomic layer deposition (ALD) of copper(I) nitride, Cu3N, by the alternating reactions of copper(I) N,N′‐di‐sec‐butylacetamidinate vapor and ammonia on surfaces heated to approximately 160 °C. At this temperature, Cu3N is thermally stable, but is readily reduced to copper metal by exposure to molecular hydrogen gas (H2). Copper layers as thin as 0.8 nm (about 3 monolayers) are electrically continuous and show the electrical resistivity predicted by a grain‐boundary‐scattering model for continuous films of that thickness. 3 nm thick copper films on 2 nm of ruthenium have a sheet resistance of less than 50 Ω/□, a value low enough to serve as seed layers for advanced electroplating techniques.
Lymphopenia‐driven CD8+ T cells are resistant to antigen‐induced tolerance in NOD.scid mice
Authors: Long Brian , Wong Carmen P. , Wang Yaming , Tisch Roland 
Published: July 2006

AbstractT cells undergoing lymphopenia‐driven proliferation acquire effector and memory properties that can be pathogenic. Indeed, generalized lymphopenia is associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes. The current study was carried out to determine how CD8+ T cells undergoing acute lymphopenic expansion respond to antigen under tolerizing conditions in vivo. Adoptive transfer of diabetes by TCR‐transgenic CD8+ T cells was enhanced following treatment of NOD. scid recipients with a high dose of soluble peptide. Furthermore, whereas TCR‐transgenic CD8+ T cells underwent clonal deletion and failed to differentiate into CTL in peptide‐treated lymphoreplete recipient mice, TCR‐transgenic CD8+ T cells in a lymphopenic environment were resistant to clonal deletion, and CTL differentiation was enhanced by a high dose of soluble peptide. Moreover, peptide treatment had distinct effects on expression of the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐XL in TCR‐transgenic CD8+ T cells under lymphopenic versus lymphoreplete conditions. These results demonstrate that CD8+ T cells undergoing lymphopenia‐driven expansion in NOD. scid recipients are resistant to antigen‐induced tolerance, and readily differentiate into CTL upon stimulation with a high dose of soluble peptide.
Role of human papillomavirus in the etiology of head and neck cancer
Authors: Tran Nham , Rose Barbara R. , O'Brien Christopher J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHead and neck cancer is the world's sixth most common cancer, but despite advances in treatment, there has been no significant decline in the mortality rate. In recent years, there has been mounting epidemiologic and experimental evidence of a role for human papillomavirus (HPV) as the etiologic agent of a subset of head and neck cancers. The association is strongest for oropharyngeal cancers, especially those of the tonsil. HPV 16 is invariably the predominant type. HPV‐positive cancers have been shown to be biologically distinct, clustering among nonsmokers and light drinkers, and have been associated with a favorable prognosis. This review examines the current findings of HPV in head and neck cancers and discusses implications for developing new treatments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Role of birthweight in the etiology of breast cancer
Authors: Michels Karin B. , Xue Fei 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBreast cancer may originate in utero. We reviewed the available evidence on the association between birthweight and the risk of breast cancer. To date, 26 research papers addressing this issue have been published. The majority of studies identified a positive link between birthweight and premenopausal, but not postmenopausal, breast cancer. The relative risk estimate for breast cancer comparing women with high birthweight to women with low birthweight combining all studies including both pre‐ and postmenopausal breast cancer was 1.23 (95% confidence interval 1.13–1.34). The mechanisms underlying this association likely include elevated levels of growth factors that may increase the number of susceptible stem cells in the mammary gland or initiate tumors through DNA mutations. Loss of imprinting (LOI) of growth hormone genes relevant for intrauterine growth, such as insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF2), leads to abnormally high levels of these hormones evidenced by high birthweight. LOI of IGF2 has also been found in mammary tumor tissue. The role of environmental factors that stimulate such epigenetic regulation of gene expression remains to be elucidated. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutations in DNA polymerase η are not detected in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
Authors: Glick Eitan , White Lisa M. , Elliott Nathan A. , Berg Daniel , Kiviat Nancy B. , Loeb Lawrence A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe major etiological agent in skin cancer is exposure to UV‐irradiation and the concomitant DNA damage. UV‐induced DNA lesions, such as thymine dimers, block DNA synthesis by the major DNA polymerases and inhibit the progression of DNA replication. Bypass of thymine dimers and related lesions is dependent on the translesion polymerase DNA polymerase η (Polη). In the inherited disorder, xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV), inactivation of Polη results in extreme sensitivity to UV light and a marked increase in the incidence of skin cancer. Here, we tested the hypothesis that somatic mutations and/or polymorphisms in the POLH gene that encodes Polη are associated with the induction of UV‐dependent skin cancers. We sequenced the exonic regions of the Polη open reading frame in DNA from 17 paired samples of squamous cell skin carcinoma and adjacent histologically normal tissue. We analyzed approximately 120,000 nucleotides and detected no mutations in POLH in the tumors. However, we identified 6 different single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, 3 of them previously undocumented, which were present in both the tumor and paired normal tissue. We conclude that neither mutations nor polymorphisms in the coding regions of POLH are required for the generation of human skin squamous cell carcinoma. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro characterization of a calcium sulfate/PLLA composite for use as a bone graft material
Authors: Mamidwar Sachin S. , Arena Christopher , Kelly Shawn , Alexander Harold , Ricci John 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA study was conducted to characterize the dissolution, morphology, and chemical composition of a calcium sulfate/poly (L‐lactic acid) (CS/PLLA) composite material before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). Twelve groups of experimental samples were prepared by coating CS pellets 1, 2, 3, or 4 times with one of three concentrations of a PLLA solution and wrapping them in mesh; CS pellets for use as controls were similarly prepared but not coated. The PLLA coating added from 1 to 22% to the weight of experimental pellets; scanning electron microscopy revealed that the coating thickness ranged from 2 to 50 μm depending on the concentration of the coating solution and the number of coatings. All samples were immersed in SBF for up to 97 days. After immersion, the experimental coatings thinned out, small cracks and holes formed in the coating, and the coating became roughened. Mean dissolution rates for each of the 12 CS/PLLA groups were significantly lower than those of uncoated CS pellets; among CS/PLLA groups, dissolution rates varied according to concentration of the coating solution and number of coatings. The half‐life of pure CS pellets was 19 days whereas the half‐life of CS/PLLA composite pellets ranged from 30 to 70 days. X‐ray microprobe analysis of experimental pellets after immersion in SBF revealed that mineralization occurred in the CS portion of these pellets as well as on the coating; most of the mineral was calcium phosphate, most of which was on the coating. Further studies will be required to confirm this composite's promise as a clinically effective osteoconductive material. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Proton affinities of maingroup‐element hydrides and noble gases: Trends across the periodic table, structural effects, and DFT validation
Authors: Swart Marcel , Rösler Ernst , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe have carried out an extensive exploration of the gas‐phase basicity of archetypal neutral bases across the periodic system using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of the density functional theory (DFT) at BP86/QZ4P//BP86/TZ2P. First, we validate DFT as a reliable tool for computing proton affinities and related thermochemical quantities: BP86/QZ4P//BP86/TZ2P is shown to yield a mean absolute deviation of 2.0 kcal/mol for the proton affinity at 298 K with respect to experiment, and 1.2 kcal/mol with high‐level ab initio benchmark data. The main purpose of this work is to provide the proton affinities (and corresponding entropies) at 298 K of the neutral bases constituted by all maingroup‐element hydrides of groups 15–17 and the noble gases, that is, group 18, and periods 1–6. We have also studied the effect of step‐wise methylation of the protophilic center of the second‐ and third‐period bases. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 1486–1493, 2006
Diffusion tensor imaging in evaluation of human skeletal muscle injury
Authors: Zaraiskaya Tatiana , Kumbhare Dinesh , Noseworthy Michael D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPurposeTo explore the capability and reliability of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) in the evaluation of human skeletal muscle injury.Materials and MethodsDTI of four patients with gastrocnemius and soleus muscles injuries was compared to eight healthy controls. Imaging was performed using a GE 3.0T short‐bore scanner. A diffusion‐weighted 2D spin echo echo‐planar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence optimized for skeletal muscle was used. From a series of axially acquired diffusion tensor images the diffusion tensor eigenparameters (eigenvalues and eigenvectors), fractional anisotropy (FA), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were calculated and compared for injured and healthy calf muscles. Two dimensional (2D) projection maps of the principal eigenvectors were plotted to visualize the healthy and pathologic muscle fiber architectures.ResultsClear differences in FA and ADC were observed in injured skeletal muscle, compared to healthy controls. Mean control FA was 0.23 ± 0.02 for medial and lateral gastrocnemius (mg and lg) muscles, and 0.20 ± 0.02 for soleus (sol) muscles. In all patients FA values were reduced compared to controls, to as low as 0.08 ± 0.02. The ADC in controls ranged from 1.41 to 1.31 × 10–9 m2/second, while in patients this was consistently higher. The 2D projection maps revealed muscle fiber disorder in injured calves, while in healthy controls the 2D projection maps show a well organized (ordered) fiber structure.ConclusionDTI is a suitable method to assess human calf muscle injury. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HPLC separation of amino acid enantiomers and small peptides on macrocyclic antibiotic‐based chiral stationary phases: A review
Authors: Ilisz István , Berkecz Róbert , Péter Antal 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe search for new and effective chiral selectors capable of separating a wide variety of enantiomeric compounds is an ongoing process. In the past decade, macrocyclic antibiotics have proved to be an exceptionally useful class of chiral selectors for the separation of enantiomers of biological and pharmacological importance by means of HPLC, TLC and electrophoresis. More chiral analytes have been resolved through the use of glycopeptides than with all the other macrocyclic antibiotics combined (ansamycins, thiostrepton, aminoglycosides, etc.). The glycopeptides avoparcin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and vancomycin have been extensively used as chiral selectors in the form of chiral bonded phases in HPLC, and HPLC stationary phases based on these glycopeptides have been commercialized. Teicoplanin, vancomycin, their analogs and ristocetin A seem to be the most useful glycopeptide HPLC bonded phases for the enantioseparation of proteins and unusal native and derivatized amino acids. In fact, the macrocyclic glycopeptides are to some extent complementary to one another: where partial enantioresolution is obtained with one glycopeptide, there is a high probability that baseline or better separation can be obtained with another. This review sets out to characterize the physicochemical properties of these antibiotics and their application in the enantioseparations of amino acids. The mechanism of separation, the sequence of elution of the stereoisomers and the relation to the absolute configuration are also discussed.