bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Carbon Dioxide Insufflation Combined With Changes in Body Position on Blood Gas and Acid‐Base Status in Anesthetized Llamas(Llama glama)
Authors: LIN HUI‐CHU , BAIRD AUBREY N. , PUGH DAVID G. , ANDERSON DAVID E. , GAUGHAN EARL M. 
Published: March 2008

Objective—To study the combined effects of intra‐abdominal CO2insufflation with changes in body position during laparoscopy in xylazine‐ketamine‐halothane anesthetized llamas.Study Design—Prospective, controlled study.Animals—Nine castrated, male llamas weighing 114 ± 23 kg, 3 to 13 years old.Methods—Three llamas (preliminary study [PS] group) were used to study the effect of right lateral, dorsal, and left lateral recumbency on gas exchange and acid‐base status. The other six (experimental study [ES] group) were used to study the combined effects of changes in body position and CO2insufflation to an intraabdominal pressure of 10 to 12 mm Hg. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and indirect arterial blood pressures (systolic [SAP], mean [MAP], and diastolic [DAP]) were recorded every 5 minutes during anesthesia. Arterial blood gases (PaO2and PaCO2) and acid‐base status (pHa and HCO3) were measured immediately after induction of anesthesia and before each change of position.Results—In the PS group, significant decreases in SAP, MAP and PaCO2and increases in PaO2and pHa were observed when the llamas were turned from right lateral to dorsal recumbency. Values for HCO‐3were lower than the postinduction values, but they remained unaffected by the changes in position. In the ES group, values for MAP were significantly lower when the llamas were placed in dorsal and left lateral recumbency than those observed during right lateral recumbency. Arterial O2tension during right lateral recumbency was lower but returned to preinsufflation values when the llamas were placed in the dorsal position. All llamas recovered uneventfully within 30 minutes after termination of anesthesia.Conclusions—Insufflation of CO2and changing body position induce minor and transient changes in cardiovascular and respiratory function.Clinical Relevance—Laparoscopy with mild intra‐abdominal CO2insufflation (10 to 12 mm Hg) can be used safely in spontaneously breathing llamas anesthetized with xylazine, ketamine, and halothane.
Identification of heat shock protein 70 genes HSPA2, HSPA5 and HSPA8 from the Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica
Authors: IWAMOTO Shigehisa , SATO Shinya , HOSOMICHI Kazuyoshi , TAWEETUNGTRAGOON Autthaporn , SHIINA Takashi , MATSUBAYASHI Hisashi , HARA Hiromi , YOSHIDA Yutaka , HANZAWA Kei 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTWe have identified three members of the heat shock protein (HSP) 70 family from the Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica. The coding regions of the genes, CjHSPA2, CjHSPA5 and CjHSPA8, exhibit more than 96% similarity to related genes in the chicken, GgHSP70, GgHSPA5 and GgHSC70. The putative proteins encoded by the quail genes contain motifs considered essential for HSP70 family members. In addition, the predicted proteins are more similar to HSPA2, HSPA5, and HSPA8 proteins from vertebrates than they are to other members of the HSP70 family. As is true for orthologs from chicken and mammals, the quail genomic loci consist of a single exon (CjHSPA2) or eight exons (CjHSPA5 and CjHSPA8). The promoter regions of the genes also contain conserved motifs and are similar in structure to promoter regions of related genes in other species. Furthermore, gene order in the regions surrounding the quail HSP70 has been preserved, providing evidence that the genomic regions are orthologous to HSP70‐containing regions in the chicken genome. One of the quail HSP70‐related genes, CjHSPA2, exhibited a robust response to heat shock treatment and transcription of CjHSPA8 mRNA was weakly induced by heat treatment. Taken together, the data suggest that CjHSPA2, CjHSPA5 and CjHSPA8 encode orthologs of HSPA2, HSPA5 and HSPA8 with the notable difference that CjHSPA2 and CjHSPA8 are heat shock‐inducible genes, whereas HSPA2 and HSPA8 are constitutively expressed in a heat shock‐independent manner.
Autonomy and negatively informed consent
Authors: Kihlbom U 
Published: March 2008

The requirement of informed consent (IC) to medical treatments is almost invariably justified with appeal to patient autonomy. Indeed, it is common to assume that there is a conceptual link between the principle of respect for autonomy and the requirement of IC, as in the influential work of Beauchamp and Childress.In this paper I will argue that the possible relation between the norm of respecting (or promoting) patient autonomy and IC is much weaker than conventionally conceived. One consequence of this is that it is possible toexerciseyour autonomy without having the amount of and the kind of information that are assumed in the standard requirement of IC to medical treatments. In particular, I will argue that with a plausible conception of patient autonomy, the respect for and the promotion of patient autonomy are in certain circumstances better protected by giving patients the right to give theirnegatively informedconsent to medical treatments.
The use of cellular automaton approach in forest planning
Authors: Heinonen Tero , Pukkala Timo 
Published: March 2008

This study presents an optimization method based on cellular automaton (CA) for solving spatial forest planning problems. The CA maximizes stand-level and neighbourhood objectives locally, i.e., separately for different stands or raster cells. Global objectives are dealt with by adding a global part to the objective function and gradually increasing its weight until the global targets are met to a required degree. The method was tested in an area that consisted of 2500 (50 × 50) hexagons 1 ha in size. The CA was used with both parallel and sequential state-updating rules. The method was compared with linear programming (LP) in four nonspatial forest planning problems where net present value (NPV) was maximized subject to harvest constraints. The CA solutions were within 99.6% of the LP solutions in three problems and 97.9% in the fourth problem. The CA was compared with simulated annealing (SA) in three spatial problems where a multiobjective utility function was maximized subject to periodical harvest and ending volume constraints. The nonspatial goal was the NPV and the spatial goals were old forest and cutting area aggregation as well as dispersion of regeneration cuttings. The CA produced higher objective function values than SA in all problems. Especially, the spatial objective variables were better in the CA solutions, whereas differences in NPV were small. There were no major differences in the performance of the parallel and sequential cell state-updating modes of the CA.
Carbon storage in a chronosequence of red spruce (Picea rubens) forests in central Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Taylor Anthony R. , Wang Jian R. , Chen Han Y.H. 
Published: March 2008

Red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) forests are an ecologically and economically important forest type in eastern Canada. We quantified the carbon (C) stocks of natural red spruce dominated stands in central Nova Scotia. Twenty-four stands over a 140 year chronosequence were sampled. Within each stand, major C pools including above- and below-ground tree biomass, shrub and herb vegetation, dead organic matter, and upper (0–10 cm) mineral soil were measured. A nonlinear four-parameter logistic function was fitted to the total site C stock data to describe the change in total ecosystem C storage over time. Total site C storage increased throughout stand development in a general sigmoidal pattern, increasing from 94.4 Mg C·ha–1in the youngest age-class to a maximum of 247.0 Mg C·ha–1in the 81- to 100-year-old age-class, then decreasing in the oldest age-classes. Carbon pools of live vegetation, standing dead trees, and downed woody debris displayed recognizable changes in C storage throughout stand development, conforming to some of the fundamental ideas on forest stand dynamics. Overall, above- and below-ground tree biomass had the greatest influence on total site C storage dynamics. These results are likely to be integrated into further forest management plans and generalized in other contexts to evaluate carbon stocks at the regional scale.
Effects of timber harvest on carbon pools in Ozark forests
Authors: Li Qinglin , Chen Jiquan , Moorhead Daryl L. , DeForest Jared L. , Jensen Randy , Henderson Rachel 
Published: March 2008

We quantified and compared carbon (C) pools at a Missouri Ozark experimental forest 8 years after different harvest treatments. Total C pools were 182, 170, and 130 Mg C·ha–1for the control (no-harvest management; NHM), single-tree, uneven-age management (UAM), and clearcut even-age management (EAM) stands, respectively. Harvesting reduced the live tree C pool by 31% in the UAM, 93% in EAM stands, and increased the coarse woody debris (CWD) C pool by 50% in UAM and 176% for EAM, compared with NHM stands. UAM significantly (p = 0.02) increased the mineral soil C pool by 14%, whereas EAM had no effect. More interestingly, the distribution of C among various components (i.e., live, dead wood, CWD, litter, and soil) ranged from 0.7% to 29% on NHM stands and from 0.1% to 43% on EAM stands. Soil nitrogen (N) (%) was significantly correlated with soil C (%) in the UAM stands, whereas soil temperature was negatively related to live tree C. Soil N (%) and canopy cover were significantly correlated with live tree and soil C (%) pools at EAM stands. Our results revealed that the largest C pool in these forests was living trees. The soil and CWD C pool sizes suggest the importance of dynamics of decaying harvest debris, which influences N retention.
Spatial model of site index based on γ-ray spectrometry and a digital elevation model for two Pinus species in Tuan Toolara State Forest, Queensland, Australia
Authors: Wang Qing , Preda Micaela , Cox Malcolm , Bubb Ken 
Published: March 2008

Site index prediction models are an important aid for forest management and planning activities. This paper introduces a multiple regression model for spatially mapping and comparing site indices for two Pinus species ( Pinus elliottii Engelm. and Queensland hybrid, a P. elliottii × Pinus caribaea Morelet hybrid) based on independent variables derived from two major sources: γ-ray spectrometry (potassium (K), thorium (Th), and uranium (U)) and a digital elevation model (elevation, slope, curvature, hillshade, flow accumulation, and distance to streams). In addition, interpolated rainfall was tested. Species were coded as a dichotomous dummy variable; interaction effects between species and the γ-ray spectrometric and geomorphologic variables were considered. The model explained up to 60% of the variance of site index and the standard error of estimate was 1.9 m. Uranium, elevation, distance to streams, thorium, and flow accumulation significantly correlate to the spatial variation of the site index of both species, and hillshade, curvature, elevation and slope accounted for the extra variability of one species over the other. The predicted site indices varied between 20.0 and 27.3 m for P. elliottii, and between 23.1 and 33.1 m for Queensland hybrid; the advantage of Queensland hybrid over P. elliottii ranged from 1.8 to 6.8 m, with the mean at 4.0 m. This compartment-based prediction and comparison study provides not only an overview of forest productivity of the whole plantation area studied but also a management tool at compartment scale.
Fire and substrate interact to control the northern range limit of black spruce (Picea mariana) in Alaska
Authors: Lloyd Andrea H. , Fastie Christopher L. , Eisen Hilary 
Published: March 2008

Black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) is a common treeline species in eastern Canada but rare at treeline in Alaska. We investigated fire and substrate effects on black spruce populations at six sites along a 74 km transect in the Brooks Range, Alaska. Our southern sites, on a surface deglaciated >50 000 years ago, had significantly more acidic soils, more black spruce, and higher seed viability than our northern sites, which were deglaciated approximately 13 000 years ago. Despite similar fire history at five of our six sites, postfire recruitment dynamics varied with surface age. Sexual reproduction was vigorous in both postfire and nonfire years in populations on the older surface. On the younger surface, vigorous sexual reproduction was restricted to postfire decades and clonal reproduction by branch layering predominated in nonfire years. At the northernmost site, which was unburned, black spruce reproduced almost exclusively by layering. The species’ northern range limit thus reflects an interaction between fire and substrate: on recently deglaciated surfaces, sexual reproduction is restricted to postfire years. This substrate-induced dependence on fire may restrict the range of black spruce to sites that burn sufficiently often to allow occasional sexual reproduction.
Modeling stability and resilience after slashburning across a sub-boreal to subalpine forest gradient in British Columbia
Authors: Hamilton Evelyn H. , Haeussler Sybille 
Published: March 2008

Stability and resilience of conifer-dominated vegetation communities following clear-cutting and slashburning in central British Columbia, were modeled across gradients of resource availability, fire return interval (FRI), and fire severity. We hypothesized that high resource availability and long fire-free intervals would enhance stability, whereas high resource availability and short fire-free intervals would confer resilience. Fire weather indices and pre- and post-burn fuel loads were recorded and vegetation regrowth monitored for 5–11 years at 12 sites. Stepwise regression was used to model rates of revegetation, increases in vascular species richness, and pre- and post-burn similarity of species composition as a function of the environmental variables. Predicted stability for four sub-boreal to subalpine vegetation communities with contrasting resource availability and FRI corresponded closely to our hypotheses. Rates of revegetation were more strongly correlated with resource availability, whereas composition-based response variables were more strongly correlated with the FRI. Based on revegetation rates, all ecosystems were predicted to have equal resilience. However, based on vegetation composition, mesic sub-boreal ecosystems were predicted to be more resilient than mesic subalpine ecosystems because the degree of change in species composition was less sensitive to increasing burn severity. More slashburned sites with a broader range of burn severities are needed to verify these preliminary models.
Structure and regeneration dynamics of three subtropical midmontane moist evergreen broad-leaved forests in southwestern China, with special reference to bamboo in the forest understories
Authors: Tang Cindy Q. , Li Tianxing , Zhu Xiaohong 
Published: March 2008

Two midmontane moist evergreen broad-leaved forests on the Ailao Mountains, Yunnan, and one on Mount Emei, Sichuan, southwestern China were studied to characterize the forest structure and dynamics as manifested in size, age, canopy gaps, regeneration modes, and the survival of seedlings. The most dominant canopy trees were species of Lithocarpus and Castanopsis of Fagaceae along with species of Machilus of Lauraceae and of Schima of Theaceae. The vertical structures of the forests were multilayered. All the canopy species had multimodal-shaped size and age distributions. In each forest of the study sites, the mean size of a canopy gap, caused mainly by the death of canopy trees, was smaller than 65 m2. No surviving seedlings of Fagaceae species were found in understories having bamboo with a coverage greater than 25% in any quadrat of the three forests. The poor seedling bank in the study forests is apparently due to the presence of bamboo in the understory. The tree regeneration may be synchronously related to the bamboo flowering event (interval approximately 55–60 years).
Height development of shade-tolerant conifer saplings in multiaged Acadian forest standsPublication 2954 of the Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.
Authors: Moores Andrew R. , Seymour Robert S. , Kenefic Laura S. 
Published: March 2008

Understory growth dynamics of northern conifer species were studied in four stands managed under multiaged silvicultural systems in eastern Maine. Height growth of Picea rubens Sarg., Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., and Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. saplings between 0.5 and 6.0 m in height was related to the proportion open sky (POS), using sapling height as a covariate. Height growth of T. canadensis equaled A. balsamea and exceeded P. rubens under very low light levels (POS < 0.1) but is much less responsive to both increasing POS and taller heights, reaching 50% of its maximum height growth at a POS of only 0.09. Abies balsamea outgrew P. rubens under similar dark conditions; at higher light levels (POS > 0.10), both species grew similarly. Evidently, no feasible overstory manipulation of light alone can promote more rapid height development of P. rubens saplings over A. balsamea. A nonlinear light-prediction model using stand basal area is linked with height-growth prediction equations to quantify sapling development from 0.5 to 6 m. Depending on overstory density, P. rubens requires a height advantage of 0.14–0.33 m over a 0.5 m tall A. balsamea to reach a height of 6 m over the same time period.
Estimation of coarse root biomass and nutrient content for sugar maple, jack pine, and black spruce using stem diameter at breast height
Authors: Ouimet Rock , Camiré Claude , Brazeau Marcel , Moore Jean-David 
Published: March 2008

Estimates of belowground biomass and mineralomass are fundamental to understanding carbon and element cycling in forest ecosystems. At two sites, we measured coarse root (diameter ≥2 mm) biomass by diameter class and their mineralomass for sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.), black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), and jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees to relate them to stem diameter at breast height (DBH). All regressions describing coarse root biomass and nutrient content as a function of stem DBH were highly significant (r2 ≥ 0.89, P < 0.001). Root mineral element (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) concentrations varied with tree species and root diameter class. Sugar maple roots had higher N, P, and S concentrations than the other two tree species. Black spruce had higher root Ca concentrations. Element concentrations increased consistently with the reduction of root diameter for the three studied species. We also found that the horizontal root extent of sugar maple was related to tree DBH. In conjunction with other studies, the relationship suggests that this tree species could tolerate a 10%–20% root loss but not losses ≥28%–34%; otherwise, sugar maple health and vigour would be compromised in the short term.
Assessing innovativeness in the North American softwood sawmilling industry using three methods
Authors: Knowles Chris , Hansen Eric , Shook Steven R. 
Published: March 2008

Using a mail questionnaire targeted at 500 softwood sawmills in the United States and Canada, firm innovativeness was assessed using three methods: (1) current technology, (2) self-evaluation, and (3) a new scale — the propensity to create and adopt scale. The results of these three methods were then compared to assess the performance of each method. Additionally, the relationship between firm innovativeness and financial performance was examined. Based on responses from 85 sawmills (19% adjusted response rate), the results show that both the self-evaluated and the propensity to create and adopt measures differentiate between mills with high and low levels of innovativeness. The composite of the propensity to create and adopt scale shows higher reliability (Chronbach’s α = 0.97) than the self-evaluated scale (Chronbach’s α = 0.68). Significant relationships between sawmill performance and each of the three measures of innovativeness were seen, with the propensity to create and adopt scale generally having the strongest positive relationships. Current technology was significantly related to sales growth, but not gross profit.
Short-term changes in Pinus strobus sapling height/diameter ratios following partial release: testing the acclimative stem-form development hypothesis
Authors: Zenner Eric K. 
Published: March 2008

Following release, mature trees can acclimatively shift aboveground growth allocation from height to diameter at breast height (DBH) growth to adjust their stem form (reducing height/diameter ratio (HDR)) to better withstand increased wind stress. The purpose of this study was to determine if, over a 6-year period, 7- to 12-year-old eastern white pines ( Pinus strobus L.) also responded to different levels of partial release with (i) stem-form adjustments (reduced HDR) through growth-allocation shifts from height to DBH growth and (ii) lower HDR values (shorter heights) than for unreleased trees of the same DBH (“acclimative stem-form development hypothesis”). Over the 6-year postrelease period, juvenile white pine seedlings exhibited unsynchronized height and DBH growth response patterns that depended on their prerelease height growth. Height growth of faster growing white pines was temporarily reduced. Concurrently, DBH growth was enhanced with increasing release intensity. HDR reductions followed a fairly narrow and predictable trajectory, but HDR values of released trees were not lower than those of unreleased trees of the same DBH after 6 years. Juvenile white pine seedlings appear to maintain a balance among aboveground tree parts to enhance future tree stability, which may be an adaptive trait for moderately shade-tolerant species.
Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein–Overexpressing Teniposide-Resistant Human Lymphomas Undergo Apoptosis by a Tubulin-Binding Agent
Authors: Aneja Ritu , Liu Min , Yates Clayton , Gao Jinmin , Dong Xin , Zhou Binfei , Vangapandu Surya N. , Zhou Jun , Joshi Harish C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Several DNA- and microtubule-binding agents are used to manage hematologic malignancies in the clinic. However, drug resistance has been a challenge, perhaps due to a few surviving cancer stem cells. Toxicity is another major impediment to successful chemotherapy, leading to an impoverished quality of life. Here, we show that a semisynthetic nontoxic tubulin-binding agent, 9-bromonoscapine (EM011), effectively inhibits growth and regresses multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)-overexpressing teniposide-resistant T-cell lymphoma xenografts and prolongs longevity. As expected, teniposide treatment failed to regress teniposide-resistant xenografts, rather, treated mice suffered tremendous body weight loss. Mechanistically, EM011 displays significant antiproliferative activity, perturbs cell cycle progression by arresting mitosis, and induces apoptosis in teniposide-resistant lymphoblastoid T cells both in vitro and in vivo. EM011-induced apoptosis has a mitochondrially-mediated component, which was attenuated by pretreatment with cyclosporin A. We also observed alterations of apoptosis-regulatory molecules such as inactivation of Bcl2, translocation of BAX to the mitochondrial membrane, cytochrome c release, and activation of downstream apoptotic signaling. EM011 caused DNA degradation as evident by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP-biotin end labeling staining of the increased concentration of 3′-DNA ends. Furthermore, the apoptotic induction was caspase dependent as shown by cleavage of the caspase substrate, poly(ADP)ribose polymerase. In addition, EM011 treatment caused a suppression of natural survival pathways such as the phosphatidylinositol-3′-kinase/Akt signaling. These preclinical findings suggest that EM011 is an excellent candidate for clinical evaluation. [Cancer Res 2008;68(5):1495–503]