bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insect vectors of human pathogens in a warming world
Authors: González-Rete Berenice , Jiménez-Cortés Jesús Guillermo , Cabrera-Bravo Margarita , Salazar-Schettino Paz María , Flores-Villegas Any Laura , de Fuentes-Vicente José Antonio , Córdoba-Aguilar Alex 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
How do insect vectors (i.e., mosquitoes, blackflies, phlebotomines, tsetse flies, kissing bugs, lice and fleas) and their parasites which affect humanity respond to climate change? This chapter answers this question by reviewing the literature. Researchers have mainly used high temperatures as a proxy of climate change to understand such responses. These responses can be summarized as physiological (heat shock proteins, immunity), ecological (thermal thresholds, reproduction, geographical distribution) and evolutionary (life history, parasite-induced alterations, genetic variation, microbiota). Although many of these responses are species- and parasite-strain specific, it can be concluded that some vectors and parasites show positive adaptive responses to moderate increases in temperature. This represents a serious threat to humanity although more research is needed where fundamental aspects of climate change (e.g., humidity) and the interaction between hosts and vectors are included.
Hong Kong
Authors: Chen Julie , Chan Linda , Chin Weng 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter on medical student wellbeing in Hong Kong examines the extent of psychological distress and the mental health status of medical students in Hong Kong. It reviews the prevalence of stress, burnout, depression, and anxiety as well as protective characteristics like grit and resilience. It also discusses help-seeking behaviours among medical students and the barriers and facilitators to seeking psychological support in comparison with other settings. Finally, it shares a case example of a multilevel approach to promoting wellness in the medical school environment that addresses the needs of students in the local context that may also be useful elsewhere.
New Zealand
Authors: Moir Fiona , Usher Kristy , Wilson Hamish 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The high-pressure learning environment of medical training creates considerable stressors for students. In Aotearoa New Zealand and internationally, curricular, and institutional initiatives have only been partially successful in reducing distress and burnout, as the transition from layperson to doctor involves significant challenges within socialization into medical culture. Burnout may arise from ‘moral distress’, the inability to act in accord with personal values. Moral distress is a useful lens for exploring students’ early observations and initial experiences of medical values, customs, and social traditions in the clinical workplace. Moral distress can be addressed through meaningful connection with others, including contributions to patient care and carefully structured reflective practice. Well-facilitated small group work can offer valuable opportunities for students to share clinical stories, feel respected and validated, and develop emotional intelligence. Meaningful connections with peers, patients, and staff can increase students’ capacity for empathy and compassion, heighten their sense of belonging to the profession and reduce rates of imposter syndrome and burnout. However, institutional and historical barriers must be addressed if reflective practice is to be funded, timetabled, and normalized within medical culture.
Paraguay
Authors: Torales Julio , González Israel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Mental health problems remain highly stigmatized in Paraguay, not only in the general population, but also (and even more so) within the medical community. Medical students are told that they must be ‘mentally tough’ if they want to succeed in the medical field. Likewise, many medical students choose to delay or avoid seeking mental health help because they have a justifiable fear of being perceived and treated differently by peers and faculty. In this chapter, we present background information on the mental health situation of medical students in Paraguay, as well as research and interventions conducted in this area.
Portugal
Authors: Almeida Telma 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In Portugal, medical students report high levels of burnout and mental ill health, higher than other students. Financial and interpersonal stressors are identified as key difficulties throughout medical school. The purpose of this chapter is to address the present background information on the mental health of medical students in Portugal, is to approach policies and reported interventions regarding student wellbeing, as well as the recent research in this area. Portuguese medical students tend not to seek help from the support services available to them mainly because of the stigma and the lack of robust interventions that are effective in identifying mental disease and promoting mental health. It is crucial to address this subject in future studies and mental health campaigns, to promote student wellbeing and provide students with the coping tools to deal with stress throughout their training and professional life in order to safeguard the future generation of doctors.
How Can Universities and Health Systems Look After Medical Students?
Authors: Kemp Evie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In How Can Universities and Health Systems Look After Medical Students? the author draws upon her expertise in occupational medicine to present a practical framework to help organizations approach the topic of wellbeing in medical education. This chapter outlines a three-level model to assess and prevent risks to health in the workplace, utilizing primary, secondary, and tertiary preventative interventions, with the aim of reducing stress and improving resilience. This includes performing medical school stress risk assessments, appointing a director of health and wellbeing, delivering a health and wellbeing module for students using an occupational and lifestyle medicine approach, and providing access to confidential support services. Medical schools have a responsibility to proactively work to overcome the barriers preventing students from seeking help, including the stigma of mental health challenges, and should promote a culture where it is both normal and appropriate for students and faculty members to access support.
How Can Medical Students Look After Themselves?
Authors: Collini Anna , Elton Caroline 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
‘How can medical students look after themselves’ outlines how medical students can improve their own wellbeing, whilst acknowledging the significant challenges they face due to systemic and cultural influences. This chapter considers what we mean by wellbeing, and the need to look beyond the traditional view of wellbeing as an absence of mental distress. Four different domains are discussed—mental, physical, social, and integrated wellbeing. Ways to enhance wellbeing are considered, these include creating spaces for the sharing of difficult experiences, mindfulness, practising gratitude, exercise, healthy eating, good sleep hygiene, and connecting with others. Potential sources of support are highlighted, including university support services, psychological support, peer support, and social networks. The factors that contribute to student reluctance to ask for help and use the services available to them are also discussed.
Aiming for Fulfilment
Authors: Gengoux Grace W. , Martin Yamilka Alsina , Zalpuri Isheeta 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Aiming for Fulfilment describes several foundational considerations related to enhancing professional fulfilment for medical students, including common motivations for pursuing a career in medicine, existing structures which can encourage medical students to make early, meaningful contributions to their field, and the role that resilience and self-valuation play in preventing physician burnout. We review the importance of professional fulfilment for physicians in the short-term as well as in the long-term and some of the specific challenges and opportunities during the initial training years of medical school. The role of professional networks in providing mentorship and sponsorship for trainees is also discussed. Finally, the chapter provides a brief overview of some of the individual-focused as well as system-focused interventions which have been proposed or piloted for promoting the wellbeing and professional fulfilment of medical students.
The Woman, the Man, the Text
Authors: Rehman Sofia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers an introduction to Aisha, focusing particularly on three key instructive moments in her life: her age at marriage to Muhammad, the slander against her, and the Battle of the Camel in which she led an army against the new caliph, Ali. These are important as they grant us an understanding of Aisha as a person cleansed of the sanitized versions of her character presented as the ideal Muslim women from a patriarchal lens. It also introduces the Mamluk scholar Badr al-Din al-Zarkashi and his text al-Ijaba, offering a biography of the author and insight into the uniqueness of the text in its time and the aspirations al-Zarkashi had for it.
Thinking Translation
Authors: Rehman Sofia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a translation methodology for the translation of the ḥadīth tradition. It expounds on the author’s experience of not being to locate a methodology for ḥadīth translation, even though ḥadīth have been translated into English for decades, if not centuries. This required effort in developing a methodology that was clearly definable and that could be replicated by other translators in the future. It also explains which part of the original text of al-Ijaba has been translated and offers a justification for this selection. The justification is that those selections cover the full range of themes covered in the original text and many of the untranslated texts are, in fact, repetitions of those which are included within the selected portion.
Aisha the Compassionate
Authors: Rehman Sofia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a translation and analysis of the only outlier in al-Ijaba as it is the only statement in which Aisha is responding to a female companion, Fatima bint Qays, and is also not a refutation of Fatima’s statement but a restricting of its legal implications. Fatima experienced a divorce in which the Prophet made certain exceptions in her case regarding provision of abode and financial support during her waiting-period. She argued for it to be taken as a normative practice while Aisha disagreed. It is a wonderful example of Aisha’s ethic of care and is used to argue for an ethic of care to be exercised as illustrated in this example and others previously already discussed in the scrutiny of ḥadīth and in the resultant legal formulations.
The Shape and Structure of Entrepreneurial and Innovative Places
Authors: Borchhardt Geoffrey , Sorenson Olav 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Interactions primarily occur between those living and working in close proximity to one another. This chapter explores some consequences of that fact for places. It offers three principal propositions: (1) compact buildings, neighbourhoods, and cities, and denser places, should promote higher rates of entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth because they reduce the costs of interaction; (2) more integrated places should also promote entrepreneurship and innovation, because the average person in those places interacts with a more diverse set of others; (3) as people in a place become more segregated or unevenly distributed they increasingly diverge, as a function of the place where they live and work, in their propensities to innovate and to found firms.
The Deep Historical Roots of Industrial Culture and Regional Entrepreneurship
Authors: Fritsch Michael , Greve Maria , Wyrwich Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We describe and compare the development trajectories of two German regions, South Saxony and Mecklenburg, with a special focus on entrepreneurship and innovation. South Saxony has a long history of self-employment and knowledge generation that results in a persistent culture of innovative entrepreneurship. Mecklenburg has a tradition in large-scale agriculture. The population density in the region is rather low. The knowledge infrastructure and entrepreneurial activity in the manufacturing sector is much less developed than in South Saxony. Differences between entrepreneurial ecosystems in the two regions are especially related to the level of knowledge production and its link to new business formation in innovative and knowledge-intensive industries. Contrasting the two regions reveals the long-term impact that history can have on entrepreneurship and innovation.
Indispensable Fictions?
Authors: Harrison Richard T. , Rocha Augusto 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Biological analogies and images are not altogether novel in entrepreneurship and can be powerful vehicles for carrying and communicating meaning. Nowhere is this seen more clearly or extensively than in the ‘entrepreneurial ecosystem’ metaphor, used increasingly over the past fifteen years to refer to regional (and other) agglomerations of economic activity. However, it is being argued that research to date fails to explore to the fullest potential the application of the ecosystem metaphor. In this chapter we examine these claims within the context of a wider discussion of the epistemic power of metaphor as the creation of meaning by seeing one thing in terms of, or as if it were, another, recognizing that in seeking to explain the unfamiliar we inevitably resort to the familiar and everyday, as new concepts do not come to us ‘ready-made’. We argue that much of the entrepreneurial ecosystems literature is characterized by a naive descriptive empiricism and that the concept itself is more a chaotic conception than a rational abstraction. We distinguish among a number of categories of metaphor and conclude that much of the extant literature is characterized by pedagogical and constrictive metaphors, the superficiality of which will constrain the development of the field. We conclude with a discussion of the multidimensionality of the ecosystem concept itself and the different ways this can be used as meaning, model, and metaphor, and discuss the implications for future research on entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Conclusions
Authors: Rathgeb Philip 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The final chapter summarizes the five main analytical lessons derived from the previous empirical chapters and reflects on their political implications and avenues of future research. My five concluding theses are as follows: (1) Sociocultural values shape the socio-economic policies of the radical right. (2) Working-class support does not turn the radical right against inequality. (3) The radical right’s nativism promotes variations of welfare chauvinism, economic nationalism, and trade protectionism in response to globalization. (4) The radical right’s authoritarianism undermines the social investment welfare state through variations of familialism and insider protection in response to liberal value change. (5) The radical right uses the welfare state to facilitate democratic backsliding.
Conclusion
Authors: Ladkin Sam 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The conclusion describes the dynamics of O’Hara’s mannerist style, its sustaining tension and attitudes, even its spuriousness. The conclusion recognizes O’Hara’s life-affirming stylistic faultiness, its lack of consistency, including as a form of resistance to the dutiful machinery of composition and close reading in New Criticism. The conclusion reinforces the influence and compatibility of dance as well as painting for O’Hara’s poetry, both Fred Astaire’s ‘outlaw style’ and George Balanchine’s mid-century modernist Mannerism. O’Hara’s period is aligned with the ‘deviance studies’ of 1950s ethnography and sociology, focalized through Erving Goffman, and projected forwards into the more utopian queer theory of the latter part of the century.
Introduction
Authors: Schierbaum Sonja , Walschots Michael , Walsh John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This is an introductory chapter to the volume Christian Wolff’s German Ethics: New Essays. The chapter begins by situating the German Ethics within the history of ethics and suggests that Wolff has been unjustly neglected in this discussion. It then outlines Wolff’s life and key works, while highlighting the attention he gave to practical philosophy throughout his life. The chapter sketches the influence and impact of Wolff’s philosophy, focusing on his early German works and his ethics. This is followed by an outline of the structure and content of the German Ethics. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of the volume’s sixteen chapters.
Wolff’s Modern Stoicism
Authors: Buchenau Stefanie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims to reconstruct the original historical context and roots of Wolff’s German Ethics by paying attention to how we might situate Wolff in a modern Stoic tradition. The chapter also seeks to locate the place of the German Ethics within Wolff’s project of a universal practical philosophy. It argues that Wolff’s ethics embraces a variety of philosophical ambitions, similar to earlier Stoic ethics. While still offering an individual ethics (1) teaching how to lead a good life and attain true freedom, such ethics is part of (2) a broader political and (3) cosmopolitical project. The chapter concludes by briefly addressing some difficulties facing Wolff’s approach, as well as by emphasizing its originality and relation to Kant.
Cross-Party Politics in Britain, 1945-2019
Authors: Wager Alan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
British politics has long been conceived of as fundamentally a majoritarian, two-party game with single party government the received norm. Yet—from the immediate post-war period through to the drama of Brexit—parties and politicians in the UK have mooted the idea of coalitions and inter-party agreements for mutual benefit. Cross-Party Politics in Britain, 1945–2019 takes a historical-comparative look at seven such cases from the last eighty years. By retracing tales of failure as well as examples of successful cross-party co-operation, this book examines moments overlooked by historians of contemporary Britain, and most are examined through the lens of political science for the first time. Piecing together internal papers and memos from the archives as well as interviews with many of the key players, two questions are explored. Even when from the outside it appears rational to do so, why are politicians so often swimming against the tide when trying to co-operate with their competitors? And, despite the challenges imposed by the Westminster Model, what is it that motivates those that try? The answers to these questions put recent developments in British politics into historical perspective, provide new cases of inter-party co-operation for comparative scholars of inter-party relations, as well as giving clues as to what might happen when the idea of co-operation rears its head once again as the next UK general election approaches.
The Formation of the SDP and the Alliance, 1979–1981
Authors: Wager Alan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The alliance between the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the Liberals, formed in 1981, is a case of a pre-electoral coalition successfully created between two distinct political parties. It followed a splintering from the Labour Party by social democrats—led by former Labour frontbenchers David Owen, Shirley Williams, and Bill Rodgers, and joined by Roy Jenkins, recently returned from a spell as president of the European Commission. Yet, as the SDP was being built, it was far from certain such a comprehensive agreement with the Liberal Party would be supported—and this disagreement over the relationship with the Liberals was the central tension at the heart of the project to ‘break the mould’ of British politics.
The Cross-Party Politics of Brexit, June 2017–December 2019
Authors: Wager Alan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Between 2015 and 2019 the UK experienced one referendum, two elections, and three prime ministers. The Conservative Party retained power throughout, in no small part due to its ability to draw on the parliamentary backing of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) after the 2017 general election and the electoral support of an agreement with the Brexit Party in December 2019. Throughout 2019, as the Brexit debate came to a head, members of parliament (MPs) across all political parties—but particularly those opposed to Brexit—came together through sustained, informal forms of cross-party co-operation. The prospect of this translating into a ‘Government of National Unity’ that would ultimately be needed to resist Boris Johnson’s harder form of Brexit, or even to reverse the result entirely, was always unlikely. However, the idea that these opposition MPs were intent on frustrating Brexit was central to Johnson’s anti-parliament appeal in the general election that followed.
Regulatory Objectives
Authors: Jastrzębski Jacek 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss financial stability as a regulatory objective of a European capital markets codification. It presents the definition of financial stability, discusses the question of the universality of financial stability as a regulatory objective, and examines the relevance of financial stability as one of the regulatory objectives of securities law and its interplay with other regulatory objectives. The question is whether the regulatory objectives—financial stability, investor protection, market efficiency—are aligned and synergetic, so that there is no need to address any question that may arise in connection with a conflict or whether such conflicts may arise and should be anticipated and addressed by lawmakers. The conclusion is that, while there may be no conflict in an abstract approach, such conflicts may arise in concrete real-life settings and must be resolved by regulators and supervisors. In the later parts of this chapter, the process of normativization of the concept of financial stability in European financial regulations and the Short Selling Regulation as a financial market regulation that prioritizes financial stability over other regulatory objectives are presented.
Sustainability and ESG Aspects
Authors: Spießhofer Birgit 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The codification of the European Capital Markets Code (ECMC) must deal with sustainability and ESG (Environment, Social, Governance). It should take into consideration the following recommendations: (1) The ECMC should reference but not include the issues regulated in the NFRD/CSRD, the SRD II, the Draft CSDD Directive, and the Taxonomy Regulation. (2) The ECMC should refrain from a general ‘definition’ of sustainability/ESG but include a description. It should follow a context specific conceptual approach. Insofar as investments and the fostering of exogenous sustainability is concerned it should make clear that it follows a holistic and balanced ESG conception. (3) The General Part of the ECMC should describe sustainability and ESG as key concepts and stipulate sustainability/ESG as a separate goal that must be taken into consideration in the creation and implementation of Capital Markets policies. The ECMC should mention that capital markets shall foster and support the realization of sustainability goals. (4) The Special Parts of the ECMC should deal with the specific issues and questions concerning the adequacy of instruments and level and intensity of regulation. It may be advisable to favour guiding principles, frameworks, ‘breathing’ and ‘smart’ regulation for the ECMC to be permeable for the dynamic international, as well as scientific and political developments. Detailed European hard law is not necessarily the best way to foster European and international sustainable development.