bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Routes and Formation Mechanisms of Spherical Boron Nitride Nanoparticles
Authors: Tang Chengchun , Bando Yoshio , Huang Yang , Zhi Chunyi , Golberg Dmitri 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA new concept is proposed to explain the formation of spherical boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reaction of trimethoxyborane (B(OMe)3) with ammonia. The intermediate phases formed during the CVD under different reaction conditions are analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and spectroscopy techniques. The transition mechanism from an intermediate B(OMe)3–xH3–xN (x < 2) phase having single BN bonds to the BN nanoparticles is elucidated. This particularly emphasizes the CVD temperature effect governing the conversion of the NH···OB hydrogen bonds in (OMe)3B · NH3 into the NB bonds in B(OMe)3–xH3–xN. The spherical morphology strongly depends on the remnant impurity oxygen formed upon Me2O group elimination in the intermediate. Two types of spherical BN nanoparticles primarily attractive for immediate commercialization (with C and H impurities at a level less than 1 wt %) are synthesized by the adjustment of experimental parameters: high oxygen‐containing (∼6.3 wt %) BN spheres with a diameter of ∼90 nm and a specific surface area of 26.8 m2 g−1; and low oxygen‐containing (<1 wt %) BN spheres with a diameter of ∼30 nm and a surface area of 52.7 m2 g−1. Finally, the regarded synthetic techniques are fully optimized in the present work.
Familial myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy: A report of eight African American families
Authors: Jain Maneesh , Ascensao Joao , Schechter Geraldine P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPrevious descriptions of familial myeloma have been mainly of Caucasian families. We report here eight African American families with familial multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy identified over a 30 year period. Six patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and two with monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) reported a family history of MM or had family members with MGUS found on screening. A pedigree compiled for each family included a history of other cancers. In the eight families, 21 of 58 first degree relatives had a plasma cell dyscrasia including 12 MM, eight MGUS, and one amyloidosis patient(s). The age of the MM patients ranged from 50 to 78 years (median 61 years). Four families had two members with MM, including one mother–son and three sibling pairs. Two MM families each had two additional first degree relatives with MGUS, with three generations involved in one family. Anticipation was suggested in two families with parent–child pairs with monoclonal gammopathy. The eight pedigrees had 66 members, 21 of whom had a diagnosis of cancer, including non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin disease, or a clonal myeloproliferative disorder other than MM. Although the mode of genetic transmission and anticipation cannot be confirmed due to the small sample size, the increased number of MM and MGUS family members suggests underlying genetic susceptibility factors for plasma cell dyscrasias and possibly for other cancers in these families. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavior of 10 patients with FG syndrome (Opitz–Kaveggia syndrome) and the p.R961W mutation in the MED12 gene
Authors: Graham John M. , Visootsak Jeannie , Dykens Elisabeth , Huddleston Lillie , Clark Robin D. , Jones Kenneth L. , Moeschler John B. , Opitz John M. , Morford Jackie , Simensen Richard , Rogers R. Curtis , Schwartz Charles E. , Friez Michael J. , Stevenson Roger E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOpitz and Kaveggia [Opitz and Kaveggia (1974); Z Kinderheilk 117:1–18] reported on a family of five affected males with distinctive facial appearance, mental retardation, macrocephaly, imperforate anus and hypotonia. Risheg et al. [Risheg et al. (2007); Nat Genet 39:451–453] identified an identical mutation (p.R961W) in MED12 in six families with Opitz–Kaveggia syndrome, including a surviving affected man from the family reported in 1974. The previously defined behavior phenotype of hyperactivity, affability, and excessive talkativeness is very frequent in young boys with this mutation, along with socially oriented, attention‐seeking behaviors. We present case studies of two older males with FG syndrome and the p.R961W mutation to illustrate how their behavior changes with age. We also characterize the behavior of eight additional individuals with FG syndrome and this recurrent mutation in MED12 using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales 2nd edition, the Reiss Profile of Fundamental Goals and Motivation Sensitivities, and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. Males with this MED12 mutation had deficits in communication skills compared to their socialization and daily living skills. In addition, they were at increased risk for maladaptive behavior, with a propensity towards aggression, anxiety, and inattention. Based on the behavior phenotype in 10 males with this recurrent MED12 mutation, we offer specific recommendations and interventional strategies. Our findings reinforce the importance of testing for the p.R961W MED12 mutation in males who are suspected of having developmental and behavioral problems with a clinical phenotype that is consistent with FG syndrome. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improving the antibacterial activity of cotton fabrics finished with triclosan by the use of 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid and citric acid
Authors: Orhan Mehmet , Kut Dilek , Gunesoglu Cem 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFor producing antibacterial textiles, the conventional finishing processes have high productivity and low processing costs, but textiles finished in these ways exhibit low durability against laundering. Therefore, cotton fabrics were bleached with hydrogen peroxide, finished with triclosan, and then treated with polycarboxylic acids such as 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and citric acid (CA) as crosslinking agents to provide durable antibacterial properties. The surface of fibers treated with BTCA had a greater crosslinked area, and the surfaces of fabrics treated with CA were exposed to greater amounts of deformation due to the mechanical and chemical influences after 50 launderings. The bleaching and finishing treatments did not dramatically affect the breaking strength. However, the polycarboxylic acid treatment (both BTCA and CA) alone showed reductions in the breaking strength when the acid concentration was increased. The polycarboxylic acids were fairly effective against both bacteria, even at lower concentrations, when they were applied to stand‐alone cotton fabrics, whereas the antibacterial activity decreased somewhat after the use of polycarboxylic acid and triclosan in the same recipes. Adding polycarboxylic acids to the antibacterial finishing recipes enhanced the durability after 50 launderings, and the durability of the recipes containing BTCA was much higher than that of the recipes containing CA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable interpenetrating polymer networks based on gelatin and divinyl ester synthesized from poly(caprolactone diol)
Authors: Mohamed Raja , Choudhary Veena , Koul Veena 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article describes the synthesis and characterization of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) from hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers using emulsification technique. Tween 20 (0.001 wt % of gelatin) was employed as emulsifier for the preparation of semi and full IPNs. Gelatin (G), a hydrophilic component was crosslinked by glutaraldehyde (Glu) and divinyl ester (DVE), a hydrophobic component was polymerized/crosslinked using 3 mol % of AIBN as an initiator. Structural characterization was done using FTIR (doublet at 1620 and 1636 cm−1) and NMR (signals in the range of δ = 5–7 ppm), which confirmed the formation of DVE. Several samples were prepared by varying the ratio of gelatin : DVE (w/w) and the Glu concentration. The swelling characteristics (as a function of varying pH maintained using buffers) and degradation behavior (in phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4) of hydrogels was studied to investigate the effect of composition and crosslinker concentration. Percent water uptake decreased from 496 to 181 at pH 7.4 and pH 6.5 in IPNs as the concentration of DVE increased from 0.3 g to 0.7 g per g of gelatin. Semi‐IPNs, where DVE was not polymerized, demonstrated higher swelling at pH 7.4 in contrast to pH 6.5 irrespective of Glu concentration. Gelatin hydrogels degraded within 180 h and IPNs degraded within 290 h whereas DVE did not degrade till the study period of 20 days. The formation of IPN was confirmed by thermal characterization (DSC, TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Observation of cross‐sectional microstructure of disrupted honeycomb of Gx into closely packed fiber‐like structure upon interpenetration by SEM clearly suggests the formation of IPN. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Study on the properties of the electrospun silk fibroin/gelatin blend nanofibers for scaffolds
Authors: Yin‐Guibo  , Zhang‐Youzhu  , Bao‐Weiwei  , Wu‐Jialin  , De‐bing Shi , Zhi‐hui Dong , Wei‐guo Fu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSilk fibroin (SF)/gelatin blend nanofibers membranes as scaffolds were fabricated successfully via electrospinning with different composition ratios in formic acid. The formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the conformational transition of SF provided scaffolds with excellent mechanical properties. FTIR and DTA analysis showed the SF/gelatin nanofibers had more β‐sheet structures than the pure SF nanofibers. The former's breaking tenacity increased from 0.95 up to 1.60 MPa, strain at break was 7.6%, average fiber diameter was 89.2 nm, porosity was 87%, and pore diameter was 142 nm. MTT, H&E stain, and SEM results showed that the adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of human umbilic vein endothelium cells (HUVECs) and mouse fibroblasts on the SF/gelatin nanofibers scaffolds were definitely better than that on the SF nanofibers scaffolds. The scaffolds could replace the natural ECM proteins, support long‐term cell growth, form three‐dimensional networks of the nanofibrous structure, and grow in the direction of fiber orientation. Our results prove that the addition of gelatin improved the mechanical and biological properties of the pure SF nanofibers, these SF/gelatin blend nanofiber membranes are desirable for the scaffolds and may be a good candidate for blood vessel engineering scaffolds. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of chemical structure and shear force on the morphology and properties of jet printed black micropatterns using imide epoxy binders
Authors: Chang Chi‐Jung , Wu Meng‐Wei , Wu Chia‐Ming 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEpoxy and epoxy acrylates with phthalimide groups on the main chain or pendent side chain were synthesized and used as binders for solvent‐free UV‐curable inks. Effects of chemical structures on the solubilities of binders in monomers, together with the influences of shear force and ink compositions on the morphology and nanoindentation properties of the microstripes were studied. PIK1 inks containing BAPSBD epoxy with phthalimide groups on the main chain showed shear‐thinning behaviors and pigment aggregation problems. Variations of the shear stress at different positions of the dispenser led to PIK1 microstripes with rough central regions and smoother edges. AMPDP acrylate with pendent phthalimide side chain afforded not only good solubility in monomers but also good thermal and mechanical properties after curing. Stripes prepared by the PIK2 ink containing AMPDP exhibited straight edge and smooth surface. Considering the solubility and compatibility in inks, together with properties of cured stripe, binders with pendent phthalimide groups are better candidate as UV‐curable ink compositions than those with main chain phthalimide groups. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of polyamides from substituted fluorene and diamides in the presence of a copper(I) catalyst
Authors: Ghaemy Mousa , Barghamadi Mohammad 
Published: October 2008

Abstract2,7‐Dibromo‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene was synthesized by a two‐step reaction from fluorene and n‐octylboromide. This was reacted with benzamide for the preparation of a model compound and with terephthalamide, isophthalamide, and adipamide for the preparation of polyamides in the presence of a mixture of 10 mol % CuI and 20 mol % N,N′‐dimethylethylenediamine as a catalyst and K2CO3 as a base. The monomer and the model compound were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis. The prepared polyamides were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and solubility and viscosity measurements. The obtained polyamides possessed excellent solubility in common organic solvents, and they exhibited inherent viscosities in the range of 0.93–1.19 dL/g. According to the differential scanning calorimetry analysis, the glass‐transition temperatures of the polyamides were in the range of 84–154°C. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that a 2% weight loss of the polyamides occurred in the temperature range of 218–253°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Styrene and butyl methacrylate copolymers and their application in leather finishing
Authors: Mohamed O. A. , Moustafa A. B. , Mehawed M. A. , El‐Sayed N. H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHomopolymers and copolymers of styrene and butyl methacrylate were synthesized with different ratios by an emulsion polymerization technique with K2S2O8/NaHSO3 as the redox initiation system and sodium dodecyl sulfate as the emulsifier at 60°C for 3 h. The effects of different monomer ratios on the kinetics of emulsion polymerization and polymer viscosity were studied. These copolymers were applied to leather surfaces with a hand coater to a thickness of 18 μm. The effects of the coatings on the leather surfaces were evaluated through the measurement of physical and mechanical properties of coated and uncoated leather. IR spectra showed new bands characteristic of styrene and butyl methacrylate, which disappeared in the spectrum of uncoated leather. The physical and mechanical results showed that the water absorption content decreased with increasing styrene content, and the water vapor permeability of the coated leather was less than that of the uncoated leather; however, it was still in the acceptable range. The results indicated improvements in the tensile strength and elongation (%) for the coated leather with increases in the butyl methacrylate content. Thermogravimetric analysis showed characteristic improvements in the thermal stability of leather after the coating; its optimum stability was reached when the leather was coated with poly(styrene:butyl methacrylate) (1 : 1). Finally, scanning electron microscopy showed the full grain surface of the leather. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Fabrication and properties of core‐shell structure P(LLA‐CL) nanofibers by coaxial electrospinning
Authors: Xiaoqiang Li , Yan Su , Rui Chen , Chuanglong He , Hongsheng Wang , Xiumei Mo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this article, core‐shell structure nanofibers were fabricated by coaxial electrospinning with biodegradable copolymer Poly(L‐Lactic‐ε‐Caprolactone) [P(LLA‐CL) 50 : 50] as shell and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as core. Morphology and microstructure of the nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were investigated by stress‐strain tests. In vitro degradation rates of the nanofibrous membranes were determined by measuring their weight loss when immersed in phosphate‐buffered saline (pH 7.4) for a maximum of 14 days. Release behavior of BSA was measured by an ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, and the results demonstrated that BSA could release from P(LLA‐CL) nanofibers in a steady manner. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Biodegradation of oxo‐biodegradable polyethylene
Authors: Reddy M. M. , Deighton M. , Gupta Rahul K. , Bhattacharya S. N. , Parthasarathy R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBiodegradation of polyethylene and oxo‐biodegradable polyethylene films was studied in this work. Abiotic oxidation, which is the first stage of oxo‐biodegradation, was carried out for a period corresponding to 4 years of thermo‐oxidation at composting temperatures. The oxidation was followed by biodegradation, which was achieved by inoculating the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa on polyethylene film in mineral medium and monitoring its degradation. The changes in the molecular weight of polyethylene and the concentration of oxidation products were monitored by size exclusion chromatography and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. It has been found that the initial abiotic oxidation helps to reduce the molecular weight of oxo‐biodegradable polyethylene and form easily biodegradable product fractions. In the microbial degradation stage, P. aeruginosa is found to form biofilm on polymer film indicating its growth. Molecular weight distribution data for biodegraded oxo‐biodegradable polyethylene have shown that P. aeruginosa is able to utilize the low‐molecular weight fractions produced during oxidation. However, it is not able to perturb the whole of the polymer volume as indicated by the narrowing of the polymer molecular weight distribution curve toward higher molecular fractions. The decrease in the carbonyl index, which indicates the concentration of carbonyl compounds, with time also indicates the progress of biodegradation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
New manganese catalyzed regiocontrolled synthesis of poly(2,5‐dialkyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)s
Authors: Lin Kun‐Yu , Su Chia‐Teh , Wang Ling‐Jiun , Huang Cheng‐Liang , Liang Mong 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA new catalyst system is developed for regiocontrolled synthesis of poly(2,5‐dialkyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)s by oxidative coupling polymerization of 2,5‐dialkylphenol. The treatment of the α‐benzoin oxime with manganese chloride in methanol under basic condition led to the formation of manganese benziloxime complex in which α‐benzoin oxime was converted to benziloxime and coordinated to manganese as bidentate ligands. The polymerizations were conducted in toluene using manganese benziloxime complex and dibutylamine in a continuous flow of oxygen, and the structures, properties of the catalyst, and polymers were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The catalyst showed high regioselectivity and reasonably good yields to afford the poly(2,5‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)s with 1,4‐C‐O linkage structure which possessed melting point higher than the poly(p‐phenylene sulfide) or type II liquid crystalline polymer. The regioselectivity was enhanced when employing molecular sieves‐supported manganese catalyst system at 90°C and the crystallinity of poly(2,5‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)s was estimated by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) and DSC. The crystallinity was calculated about 23.7% and a heat‐reversible melting and crystallization behavior occurred at 327.8 and 306.8°C, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of die design on die drool phenomenon for metallocene based LLDPE: Theoretical and experimental investigation
Authors: Chaloupková Kateřina , Zatloukal Martin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe effect of die design on the die drool phenomenon was investigated for metallocene based LLDPE. It has been found that die exit opening and the flared die design can significantly reduce the die drool phenomenon. Moreover, theoretical research has revealed that die drool onset can be explained by the negative/nonmonotonic pressure profile generated inside the die and/or at the die exit region. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and modification of aromatic polyesters with chloroacetyl 3,5‐dibromo‐p‐hydroxybenzoic acid
Authors: Ozden Sedat , Charayev A. M. , Bazheva R. C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAromatic copolyesters based on diphenylolpropane and 3,5‐dibromo‐p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (p‐HBA) were synthesized by an acceptor‐catalyzed polycondensation method. During the synthesis, equimolar mixtures of chloranhydrides of isophthalic and terephthalic acids were used. The effects of p‐HBA on the tensile and thermal properties of the polyesters were investigated. The breaking stress and modulus of elasticity increased with the amount of p‐HBA up to 10% in molar mass. A further increase in p‐HBA caused deterioration of the tensile properties. The elongation at break decreased at low p‐HBA contents (<5%). The addition of p‐HBA increased the molecular packing and the limiting oxygen index and improved the thermal behavior of the synthesized polyesters. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Electrodeposition of poly(4‐methyl carbazole‐3‐carboxylic acid) on steel surfaces and corrosion protection of steel
Authors: Düdükcü Meltem , Udum Yasemin Arslan , Ergün Yavuz , Köleli Fatih 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe electropolymerization of 4‐methyl carbazole‐3‐carboxylic acid was successfully performed on a stainless steel (316L) surface with lithium perchlorate/acetonitrile as the supporting electrolyte. The corrosion resistance of the new coating, poly(4‐methyl carbazole‐3‐carboxylic acid) (PCz), was investigated. To this end, potentiodynamic polarization curves, open circuit potentials, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to evaluate the capacity of the PCz coating to protect the steel surface. The corrosion tests indicated that PCz exhibited effective anodic protection in a corrosive test solution. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Using of leather fibers as an additive in elastomeric compounds: Its effect on curing behavior and physico‐mechanical properties
Authors: Shabani I. , Arani Azam Jalali , Dakhel H. Ramezani , Iranmehr Gh. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this study, leather fibers have been used as an additive in several elastomeric compounds based on nitryl butadiene rubber (NBR), chloroprene rubber (CR), ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM), and chlorinated isobutylene‐isoprene rubber (CIIR). The effects of employing fibers upon vulcanization characteristics, physico‐mechanical and thermal properties of the compounds were studied. Measuring of vulcanization characteristics of the compounds exhibited that leather fibers has no considerable effect on initial viscosity, processability, and curing time of the compounds but increases cross‐link density. Evaluation of mechanical properties of the vulcanized compounds showed that using leather fibers leads to increase in tensile strength of NBR‐based compound due to compatibility between NBR and leather fibers. Also hardness of all compounds increased drastically by employing leather fibers. The obtained results showed incorporation of leather fibers had no considerable effect on resilience, density, and thermal stability of compounds but enhanced liquid resistance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009