bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models of Melanoma Metastasis: Using a Transient siRNA‐Based Protein Inhibition Strategy in Mice to Validate the Functional Relevance of Pharmacological Agents
Authors: Sharma Arati , Robertson Gavin P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWhile a pharmacological agent may inhibit the activity of a protein in cultured cells by triggering a particular biological process, it may function differently in intact animals. Thus, an assay is needed to rapidly assess whether a drug candidate displays the same mechanism of action in vivo as in vitro. The experimental approach described in this unit utilizes synthetic siRNA in a transient animal assay to define the action of a drug candidate when inhibiting the activity of a particular gene. Commercially available synthetic siRNA is introduced into cancer cells by nucleofection to reduce protein expression. Cells are then introduced into animals and the mechanism responsible for tumor inhibition assessed. The action of a compound identified in vitro is then compared to that noted in vivo following siRNA‐mediated inhibition to determine whether it reduces tumor development in the same manner in both systems. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 38:14.6.1‐14.6.15. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of Altritol Nucleoside Phosphoramidites for Oligonucleotide Synthesis
Authors: Abramov Mikhail , Herdewijn Piet 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis unit describes in detail the optimized preparations of altritol nucleoside phosphoramidite building blocks for oligonucleotide synthesis (aA, aG, aC, aU). D‐Altritol nucleosides with adenine and uracil bases are obtained by nucleophilic opening of the epoxide ring of 1,5:2,3‐dianhydro‐4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐D‐allitol using the 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene salts of the above‐mentioned salts, while phase transfer catalysis (18‐crown‐6, K2CO3) is optimal for alkylation of 2‐amino‐6‐chloropurine. The cytosine nucleoside is synthesized starting from the uracil congener. The 3′‐hydroxyl function of hexitol sugar is protected with the benzoyl group. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 30:1.18.1‐1.18.21. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Basic Techniques in Mammalian Cell Tissue Culture
Authors: Phelan Mary C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCultured mammalian cells are used extensively in cell biology studies. It requires a number of special skills in order to be able to preserve the structure, function, behavior, and biology of the cells in culture. This unit describes the basic skills required to maintain and preserve cell cultures: maintaining aseptic technique, preparing media with the appropriate characteristics, passaging, freezing and storage, recovering frozen stocks, and counting viable cells.Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 36:1.1.1‐1.1.18. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hematoendothelial Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Vodyanik Maxim A. , Slukvin Igor I. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHuman embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represent a unique population of cells capable of self‐renewal and differentiation into all types of somatic cells, including hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Since the pattern of hematopoietic and endothelial development observed in the embryo can be reproduced using ESCs differentiated in culture, hESCs can be used as a model for studies of specification and diversification of hematoendothelial progenitors. In addition, hESCs can be seen as a scalable source of hematopoietic and endothelial cells for in vitro studies. This unit describes a method for efficient differentiation of hESCs into hematopoietic progenitors and endothelial cells through coculture with mouse OP9 bone marrow stromal cells, as well as an approach for their analysis and isolation. Support protocols are provided for culture of mouse embryonic fibroblasts, evaluation of hematopoietic and endothelial differentiation by flow cytometry and colony‐forming assay, removal of OP9 cells, and propagation of hESC‐derived endothelial cells. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 36:23.6.1‐23.6.28. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Vivo Imaging Using Quantum Dot–Conjugated Probes
Authors: S. Lidke Diane , Nagy Peter , J. Arndt‐Jovin Donna 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis unit describes the use of quantum dots (QDs) for live‐cell imaging and the use of QDs in flow cytometry for quantitative analysis of ligand binding constants and receptor density. Conventional fluorophores and visible fluorescent protein (VFP) constructs have allowed visualization of many cellular processes. However, organic and biomolecular fluorophores have limitations in their applications, due to their small Stokes' shift and tendency to photobleach during prolonged imaging. QDs have many advantages over conventional fluorophores, including high brightness and photostability, which make them an exceptional tool for live‐cell imaging. There are a large variety of commercially available QDs with different surface reactivities and characteristics. The authors have limited the laboratory protocols presented here to the use of streptavidin‐coupled QDs because this gives almost universal applicability to any cell surface receptor by coupling the ligand or antibody that recognizes the receptor to biotin and visualizing the complex by use of QDs. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 36:25.1.1‐25.1.18. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using ProSight PTM and Related Tools for Targeted Protein Identification and Characterization with High Mass Accuracy Tandem MS Data
Authors: D. LeDuc Richard , L. Kelleher Neil 
Published: October 2007

AbstractProSight PTM v2.0, neuroProSight, and the Sequence Gazer allow the identification and characterization of proteins from high mass accuracy tandem mass spectrometric data of intact proteins and large peptides. Input data consists of one or more neutral precursor ion masses and a set of neutral b/y or c/z. fragment ions masses. This data is compared against “shotgun annotated” proteome databases or known protein sequences. With these tools it is possible to not only identify unknown proteins, but to determine the location of post‐translational modifications (PTM) with 100% sequence coverage. Collectively, the tools create a search environment that allows five different search modes, including absolute mass and sequence tag searching, which are conveniently employed via a graphical user interface. Data management and chemical noise reduction tools are also available. These tools provide a complete environment for the identification and characterization of proteins from high resolution tandem mass spectrometry of intact proteins and large peptides. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 19:13.6.1‐13.6.28. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cover Picture: Novel Structure of AAO Film Fabricated by Constant Current Anodization (Adv. Mater. 19/2007)
Authors: Zhao S. , Chan K. , Yelon A. , Veres T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAnodized aluminum oxide (AAO) films with a six‐membered ring structure are reported by Shiyong Zhao, Teodor Veres, and co‐workers on p. 3004. The films, with a controlled pore diameter, are prepared by constant current anodization at a high current density. While structurally ordered arrays of nanodots have been fabricated by using this AAO template, the high pore density of this AAO structure may promote its use in many applications, for example in the preparation of mosaic nanowire arrays or photonic devices.
Spontaneous thermocapillary drops interaction: The effect of a surface reaction
Authors: Bialik‐Rosenfeld L. , Lavrenteva O. M. , Nir A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe spontaneous motion of small drops suspended in an immiscible viscous fluid, when an exothermal reaction occurs on their interfaces, has been studied. The heat of reaction results in an elevation of temperature on the drops' interfaces and in the external fluid. The concentration and temperature in the gap region become different from those in the outer regions. The inhomogeneous distribution of concentration and temperature induces surface tension variations, Marangoni type flow and migration of the fluid particles relative to each other. Cases studied concern two drops interaction due to thermocapillary forces induced by temperature field, the addition of a gravity field and the mutual effect of thermocapillary forces induced simultaneously by temperature and concentration. Results are presented for a variety of the governing parameters of the system. Stationary flow patterns with immobile drops configurations are predicted, which appear to be unstable for small perturbations. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Kidney failure in Townes–Brocks syndrome: An under recognized phenomenon?
Authors: Reardon William , Casserly Liam F. , Birkenhäger Ralf , Kohlhase Jürgen 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThough uncommon, kidney malformations are described in several cases of Townes–Brocks syndrome. By contrast, kidney failure has been reported as the presenting feature of Townes–Brocks syndrome on only one occasion. While theSALL1gene, mutations of which result in the Townes–Brocks phenotype, is expressed in the developing kidney, the absence of other corroborative reports of kidney failure presenting in affected individuals suggests that the solitary observation of kidney failure is as likely due to chance as to causal association. In now reporting a further instance of this association, we review the literature, demonstrating that several other instances of kidney failure are in fact known, despite an incomplete dataset. These findings suggest that kidney failure may be a constituent element of the natural history of Townes–Brocks syndrome and raise the possible benefits of longitudinal survey for progressive kidney impairment in patients with this syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel missense mutation in the paired domain of human PAX9 causes oligodontia
Authors: Zhao Jilin , Hu Qingang , Chen Yangxi , Luo Songjiao , Bao Lang , Xu Yue 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPAX9 and MSX1 are transcription factors that play essential roles in craniofacial and limb development. In humans, mutations in both genes are associated with nonsyndromic and syndromic oligodontia, respectively. We screened one family with nonsyndromic oligodontia for mutations in PAX9 and MSX1. Single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous C139T transition in PAX9 in the affected members of the family. There were no mutations detected in the entire coding sequence of MSX1. The C139T mutation, predicted to result in the substitution of an arginine by a tryptophan (R47W) in the N‐terminal subdomain, affected conserved residues in the PAX9 paired domain. To elucidate the pathogenic mechanism producing oligodontia phenotype caused by this mutation, we analyzed the binding of wild‐type and mutant PAX9 paired domain protein to double‐stranded DNA targets. The R47W mutation dramatically reduced DNA binding suggesting that the mutant protein with consequent haploinsufficiency results in a clinical phenotype. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of fractional free volume and Tg on gas separation through membranes made with different glassy polymers
Authors: Recio Roberto , Lozano Ángel E. , Prádanos Pedro , Marcos Ángel , Tejerina Fernando , Hernández Antonio 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe aim of this work is to study how the characteristics of the polymer used to manufacture gas separation membranes influence its permeability and selectivity. It has been shown that the gas diffusivity decreases with the kinetic diameter of the gas except for CO2, probably due to its high condensability. While solubility increases with the gas condensation temperature and clearly with the glass transition temperature of the polymer for each gas. The permeabilities of CO2, CH4, O2, N2 increase for increasing glass transition temperatures. Nevertheless only the selectivity of CO2 versus the other gases increases significantly when polymers with high glass transition are used. The Robeson limit in a selectivity‐versus‐permeability plot is approached for CO2/CH4 when Tg increases. This distance to the Robeson limit, for this pair of gases, results to decrease for increasing Tg. For the case of the O2/N2 selectivity remains approximately constant with an appreciable increase in permeability for polymers with increasing Tg. Permeability increases due to the corresponding increase in fractional free volume, FFV, that appears for increasing glass transition temperatures, Tg. This correlation of FFV with Tg has been confirmed by obtaining FFV by different methods. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Characterization of chitosan/caseinate films
Authors: Pereda Mariana , Aranguren Mirta I. , Marcovich Norma E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFilms made from sodium caseinate and/or chitosan, using glycerol as plasticizer, were prepared by casting from aqueous solutions. Films cryo‐fractured surfaces were examined by SEM. FTIR spectra of the chitosan/caseinate films showed an increase in the intensity of the amide band, corresponding to the strong interactions developed by the polyelectrolytic complexation of both components. Addition of 28 wt% of glycerol to caseinate films, conditioned at 50% relative humidity (RH), reduced the modulus from 2908 to 250.9 MPa, while the ultimate elongation increased from 4 to 63.2%. Increment to 80% RH further reduced the modulus down to 52.8 MPa. Similar results were found for the glycerol plasticization of chitosan films. The complex films showed a moderate improvement of the tensile strength (19.6 MPa) and an increase of the impact strength (35.6 GPa) with respect to those corresponding of chitosan films (17 MPa and 26.6 GPa, respectively). These properties were markedly improved with respect to those of caseinate (6.2 MPa and 13.4 GPa, respectively). The interactions developed between the cationic polymer chitosan, and the Na‐caseinate carboxyl groups, lead to polyelectrolyte complexation in forming the film, which is proposed as the reason for improvement with respect to caseinate or chitosan films. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and crystalline analysis of high‐grade bamboo dissolving pulp for cellulose acetate
Authors: He Jianxin , Cui Shizhong , Wang Shan‐yuan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHigh grade bamboo dissolving pulp for cellulose acetate (named as acetate bamboo pulp) was prepared from bamboo Cizhu (Dendrocalamus affinnis) by oxygen‐alkali pulping, xylanase and DMD (an intermediate product of the reaction of oxone with acetone) delignification treatments, and H2O2 bleaching. Its properties and structures were investigated by different analytical techniques, and compared with those of high grade hardwood dissolving pulp for cellulose acetate (named as acetate wood pulp), viscose bamboo pulp, and bamboo fiber for textile. Most of its properties are comparable with those of acetate wood pulp except ash contents and DCM (dichloromethane) extractive that are slightly high. Crystallinities and crystalline allomorphs of acetate bamboo pulp and the three samples were determined by FTIR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy, and the results obtained by the three methods were coincident. Bamboo cellulose crystalline allomorphs are classified as Iβ‐dominant type, and a higher lateral order index and a larger crystallite size for acetate bamboo pulp were found in spite of its crystallinity similar to acetate wood pulp. Different intermolecular hydrogen bond patterns are likely be responsible for the predominant crystalline fibrils in acetate bamboo pulp. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Design, synthesis, and metal binding of novelPseudo‐oligopeptides containing two phosphinic acid groups
Authors: Ye Yunpeng , Liu Min , Kao Jeff L.‐F. , Marshall Garland R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPhosphinic compounds have potential as amide‐bond mimetics in the development of novel peptidomimetics, enzyme inhibitors, and metal‐binding ligands. Novelpseudo‐oligopeptides with two phosphinic acid groups embedded in the peptide backbone serving as amide‐bond surrogates, Ψ[P(O,OH)CH2], were targeted. A series of linear and cyclicpseudo‐oligopeptides with two phosphinic acid groups arrayed at different positions in the peptide sequence were designed, including AcPhe{(R,S)AlaΨ[P(O,OH)CH2]Gly}2NH2(P2), AcNH(R,S)AlaΨ[P(O,OH)CH2]GlyPhe(R,S)AlaΨ[P(O,OH)CH2]GlyNH2(P3), AcNH(R,S)AlaΨ[P(O,OH)CH2]GlyPhePhe(R,S) AlaΨ[P(O,OH)CH2]GlyNH2(P4), cyclo{NH(R,S)AlaΨ[P(O,OH)CH2]GlyPhe}2(P5), and cyclo[NH(R,S)AlaΨ[P(O,OH)CH2]GlyPhePhe]2(P6). They were synthesized via conventional Fmoc chemistry on solid support utilizing Fmoc‐protected phosphinic acid‐containingpseudo‐dipeptide fragment, i.e. Fmoc(R,S)AlaΨ[P(O,OCH3)CH2]GlyOH. Thepseudo‐peptides containing two phosphinic acid groups exhibited the highest binding affinity and selectivity for Fe(III) among the 10‐metal ions screened by ESI‐MS analysis––Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III), Al(III), Ga(III), and Gd(III). P4 and P6 with 11‐atom linkages between the two phosphinic acids preferred intramolecular metal binding to form 1:1 ligand/metal complexes. As revealed by competition experiments, P4 showed the highest relative binding affinity among the six compounds tested. Noteworthy, P4 also showed higher relative binding affinity than similar dihydroxamate‐containingpseudo‐peptides reported previously. The novel structural prototype and facile synthesis along with selective and potent Fe(III) binding strongly suggest thatpseudo‐peptides containing the two or more phosphinic groups as amide‐bond surrogates deserve further exploration in medicinal chemistry. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 72–85, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Domestic violence: a priority in child protection in New South Wales, Australia?
Authors: Irwin Jude , Waugh Fran 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOver the last several years there has been increasing awareness of the connection between domestic violence and child abuse, yet only minimal attention has been paid to the implications of this for child protection practice. This article begins to address this gap. Drawing on research undertaken in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, it examines child protection practice in relation to children and young people who have been exposed to domestic violence. The research involved analysis of the responses of the statutory child protection authority in NSW (the Department of Community Services or DoCS) to abuse allegations involving domestic violence. The data are drawn from observation and analysis of the initial responses to referrals to DoCS and the ‘tracking’ of a sample of these referrals over an 18 month period. From the data obtained, it is evident that domestic violence referrals are treated less seriously than other referrals, with more being confirmed as abuse but fewer resulting in follow up or intervention. The implications of this for child protection practice are teased out. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supramolecular Helical Columns from the Self‐Assembly of Chiral Rods
Authors: Ryu Ja‐Hyoung , Tang Lijun , Lee Eunji , Kim Ho‐Joong , Lee Myongsoo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractChiral‐bridged rod molecules (CBRs) that consisted of bis(penta‐p‐phenylene) conjugated to an opened or closed chiral bridging group as a rigid segment and oligoether dendrons as flexible segments were synthesized and characterized. In the bulk state, both molecules self‐assemble into a hexagonal columnar structure, as confirmed by X‐ray scatterings and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. Interestingly, these structures display opposite Cotton effects in the chromophore of the aromatic unit in spite of the same chirality (R,R) of the chiral bridging groups. The molecules were observed to self‐assemble into cylindrical micellar aggregates in aqueous solution, as confirmed by light scattering and TEM investigations, and exhibit intense signals in the circular dichroism (CD) spectra, which are indicative of one‐handed helical conformations. The CD spectra of each molecule showed opposite signals to each other, which were similar to those in the bulk. Notably, when the opened CBR was added to a solution of closed CBRs up to a certain concentration, the CD signal of the closed CBR was amplified. This implies that both molecules co‐assemble into a one‐handed helical structure because the opened chiral bridge is conformationally flexible, which is inverted to co‐assemble with the closed CBR. These results demonstrate that small structural modifications of the chiral moiety can transfer the chiral information to a supramolecular assembly in the opposite way.
Efficient and Convenient Heterogeneous Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Deuteration at the Benzylic Position
Authors: Kurita Takanori , Hattori Kazuyuki , Seki Saori , Mizumoto Takuto , Aoki Fumiyo , Yamada Yuki , Ikawa Kanoko , Maegawa Tomohiro , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe Pd/C‐catalyzed efficient and regioselective hydrogen–deuterium (H‐D) exchange reaction on the benzylic site proceeded in D2O in the presence of a small amount of H2 gas. The use of the Pd/C–ethylenediamine complex [Pd/C(en)] as a catalyst instead of Pd/C led to the efficient deuterium incorporation into the benzylic site of O‐benzyl protective groups without hydrogenolysis. These H‐D exchange reactions provide a post synthetic and D2‐gas‐free deuterium‐labeling method on a wide variety of benzylic sites using D2O as the deuterium source and heterogeneous Pd/C or Pd/C(en) as a reusable heterogeneous palladium catalyst under mild and neutral conditions.
Combining Computational and Biochemical Studies for a Rationale on the Anti‐Aromatase Activity of Natural Polyphenols
Authors: Neves Marco A. C. , Dinis Teresa C. P. , Colombo Giorgio , Sá e Melo M. Luisa 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAromatase, an enzyme of the cytochrome P450 family, is a very important pharmacological target, particularly for the treatment of breast cancer. The anti‐aromatase activity of a set of natural polyphenolic compounds was evaluated in vitro. Strong aromatase inhibitors including flavones, flavanones, resveratrol, and oleuropein, with activities comparable to that of the reference anti‐aromatase drug aminoglutethimide, were identified. Through the application of molecular modeling techniques based on grid‐independent descriptors and molecular interaction fields, the major physicochemical features associated with inhibitory activity were disclosed, and a putative virtual active site of aromatase was proposed. Docking of the inhibitors into a 3D homology model structure of the enzyme defined a common binding mode for the small molecules under investigation. The good correlation between computational and biological results provides the first rationalization of the anti‐aromatase activity of polyphenolic compounds. Moreover, the information generated in this approach should be further exploited for the design of new aromatase inhibitors.