bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Elusive AD 1826 Tsunami, South Westland, New Zealand
Authors: Wells James R. Gofr Andrew , Chagué‐Goff Catherine , Nichol Scott L. , Devoy Robert J.N. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTIn AD 1826 sealers reported earthquake and tsunami activity in Fiordland, although, contemporary or near‐contemporary accounts of tsunami inundation at the time are elusive. A detailed analysis of recent sediments from Okarito Lagoon builds on contextual evidence provided by earlier research concerning past tsunami inundation. Sedimentological, geochemical, micropalaeontological and geochronological data are used to determine palaeoenvironments before, during and after what was most probably tsunami inundation in AD 1826. The most compelling chronological control is provided fry a young cohort of trees growing on a raised shoreline bench stranded fry a drop in the lagoon water level following tsunami inundation.
‘Limited Employment Areas’: Striating the Spaces of Unemployment in New Zealand
Authors: Henry Matthew 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the recent policy announced by the Minister of Social Development that identifies a series of ‘Limited Employment Areas’ within which access to the unemployment benefit would be restricted. Drawing on Deleuze's ideas of striation and modulation the paper explores the intersection of governance, space, and risk that seems to be combined in the policy. The paper concludes by reflecting on the deployment of risk based on ontological claims about the spatiality of unemployment. In seeking to shape the decisions of benefit seekers, there seems to be an emerging mosaic of welfare provision as a direct consequence of governmental intent, rather than as a failure of governmental ability.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Child‐Adolescent Teasing Scale
Authors: Vessey Judith A. , Horowitz June A. , Carlson Karen L. , Duffy Mary 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  This article presents the psychometric evaluation of the Child‐Adolescent Teasing Scale (CATS), an instrument to be used as a screening measure with middle school students.Methods:  A 70‐item scale was initially derived from qualitative data obtained from focus groups comprised of middle school students. A diverse sample of participants (N = 764) then completed the CATS and the Piers‐Harris Children’s Self‐Concept Scale (PHCSCS); their mothers completed the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) and a demographic information form. A psychometric sample (N = 666) without missing data was used for subsequent analyses.Results:  Principal components analysis resulted in a 32‐item, 4‐factor solution: Personality & Behavior Teasing (14 items), Family & Environment Teasing (7 items), School‐Related Teasing (9 items), and Teasing About My Body (2 items). The standardized Cronbach’s alpha for the final version was .94 and ranged from .83 to .90 for the subscales. The CATS’s content validity, initially ascertained a priori by experts, was re‐reviewed upon the instrument’s refinement and supported. One‐tailed t tests of mean differences between low‐ and high‐scoring CATS groups on the PSC (t=−3.41, p < .03) and the PHCSCS (t=−11.39, p < .001) and supported the CATS’s criterion‐related validity.Conclusions:  The 4‐factor, 32‐item CATS is psychometrically defensible and has demonstrated potential as a screening measure to identify students who are at risk from distressing teasing.
‘Naturalism’ and ‘Skepticism’ in Hume'sTreatise of Human Nature
Authors: Greenberg Sean 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHume begins theTreatise of Human Natureby announcing the goal of developing a science of man; by the end of Book 1 of theTreatise, the science of man seems to founder in doubt. Underlying the tension between Hume's constructive ambition – his ‘naturalism’– and his doubts about that ambition – his ‘skepticism’– is the question of whether Hume is justified in continuing his philosophical project. In this paper, I explain how this question emerges in the final section of Book 1 of theTreatise, the ‘Conclusion of this Book’, then examine Janet Broughton's and Don Garrett's answers to it, and conclude by sketching a different approach to this question.
Evaluation of
Toxoplasma gondii
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM Assays Incorporating the New Vidia Analyzer System
Authors: Calderaro Adriana , Piccolo Giovanna , Peruzzi Simona , Gorrini Chiara , Chezzi Carlo , Dettori Giuseppe 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

The new Vidia system is a fully automated system based on chemiluminescence and antigen bound to magnetic microparticles, which allows a fast measurement of
Toxoplasma gondii
-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM levels. The analytical performances of the Vidia Toxo IgG and IgM assays were compared with those of the automated Vidas, AxSYM, and Liaison Toxo IgG and IgM assays. The comparative evaluation was performed utilizing 204 frozen sera belonging to 166 subjects and 201 fresh sera collected from 198 subjects. For the Vidia Toxo IgG system, the sensitivities were 100% in both the retrospective and prospective studies, and specificities were 98.39% in the retrospective study and 100% in the prospective study, respectively. The sensitivities of the other three Toxo IgG assays were 100%, and the specificities ranged from 96.77% to 100%. For the Vidia Toxo IgM assay, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% in both the retrospective and prospective studies. The overall sensitivities and specificities of the other three Toxo IgM assays ranged from 80% to 100% and from 99.44% to 100%, respectively. In our study, the Vidia system revealed excellent sensitivity (100% for both IgG and IgM assays) and good specificity (99.25% for IgG and 100% for IgM assays).
Presymptomatic Prediction of Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Lukaszewski R. A. , Yates A. M. , Jackson M. C. , Swingler K. , Scherer J. M. , Simpson A. J. , Sadler P. , McQuillan P. , Titball R. W. , Brooks T. J. G. , Pearce M. J. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
Postoperative or posttraumatic sepsis remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in hospital populations, especially in populations in intensive care units (ICUs). Central to the successful control of sepsis-associated infections is the ability to rapidly diagnose and treat disease. The ability to identify sepsis patients before they show any symptoms would have major benefits for the health care of ICU patients. For this study, 92 ICU patients who had undergone procedures that increased the risk of developing sepsis were recruited upon admission. Blood samples were taken daily until either a clinical diagnosis of sepsis was made or until the patient was discharged from the ICU. In addition to standard clinical and laboratory parameter testing, the levels of expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, FasL, and CCL2 mRNA were also measured by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. The results of the analysis of the data using a nonlinear technique (neural network analysis) demonstrated discernible differences prior to the onset of overt sepsis. Neural networks using cytokine and chemokine data were able to correctly predict patient outcomes in an average of 83.09% of patient cases between 4 and 1 days before clinical diagnosis with high sensitivity and selectivity (91.43% and 80.20%, respectively). The neural network also had a predictive accuracy of 94.55% when data from 22 healthy volunteers was analyzed in conjunction with the ICU patient data. Our observations from this pilot study indicate that it may be possible to predict the onset of sepsis in a mixed patient population by using a panel of just seven biomarkers.
MDCK-SIAT1 Cells Show Improved Isolation Rates for Recent Human Influenza Viruses Compared to Conventional MDCK Cells
Authors: Oh Ding Yuan , Barr Ian G. , Mosse Jenny A. , Laurie Karen L. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
The ability to isolate and propagate influenza virus is an essential tool for the yearly surveillance of circulating virus strains and to ensure accurate clinical diagnosis for appropriate treatment. The suitability of MDCK-SIAT1 cells, engineered to express increased levels of α-2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, as an alternative to conventional MDCK cells for isolation of circulating influenza virus was assessed. A greater number of influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B viruses from stored human clinical specimens collected between 2005 and 2007 were isolated following inoculation in MDCK-SIAT1 cells than in MDCK cells. In addition, a higher titer of virus was recovered following culture in MDCK-SIAT1 cells. All A(H1N1) viruses recovered from MDCK-SIAT1 cells were able to agglutinate both turkey and guinea pig red blood cells (RBC), while half of the A(H3N2) viruses recovered after passage in MDCK-SIAT1 cells lost the ability to agglutinate turkey RBC. Importantly, the HA-1 domain of the hemagglutinin gene was genetically stable after passaging in MDCK-SIAT1 cells, a feature not always seen following MDCK cell or embryonated chicken egg passage of human influenza virus. These data indicate that the MDCK-SIAT1 cell line is superior to conventional MDCK cells for isolation of human influenza virus from clinical specimens and may be used routinely for the isolation and propagation of current human influenza viruses for surveillance, diagnostic, and research purposes.
A Role for E1B-AP5 in ATR Signaling Pathways during Adenovirus Infection
Authors: Blackford Andrew N. , Bruton Rachel K. , Dirlik Orkide , Stewart Grant S. , Taylor A. Malcolm R. , Dobner Thomas , Grand Roger J. A. , Turnell Andrew S. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

E1B-55K-associated protein 5 (E1B-AP5) is a cellular, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein that is targeted by adenovirus (Ad) E1B-55K during infection. The function of E1B-AP5 during infection, however, remains largely unknown. Given the role of E1B-55K targets in the DNA damage response, we examined whether E1B-AP5 function was integral to these pathways. Here, we show a novel role for E1B-AP5 as a key regulator of ATR signaling pathways activated during Ad infection. E1B-AP5 is recruited to viral replication centers during infection, where it colocalizes with ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP) and the ATR substrate replication protein A 32 (RPA32). Indeed, E1B-AP5 associates with ATRIP and RPA complex component RPA70 in both uninfected and Ad-infected cells. Additionally, glutathione
S
-transferase pull-downs show that E1B-AP5 associates with RPA components RPA70 and RPA32 directly in vitro. E1B-AP5 is required for the ATR-dependent phosphorylation of RPA32 during infection and contributes to the Ad-induced phosphorylation of Smc1 and H2AX. In this regard, it is interesting that Ad5 and Ad12 differentially promote the phosphorylation of RPA32, Rad9, and Smc1 during infection such that Ad12 promotes a significant phosphorylation of RPA32 and Rad9, whereas Ad5 only weakly promotes RPA32 phosphorylation and does not induce Rad9 phosphorylation. These data suggest that Ad5 and Ad12 have evolved different strategies to regulate DNA damage signaling pathways during infection in order to promote viral replication. Taken together, our results define a role for E1B-AP5 in ATR signaling pathways activated during infection. This might have broader implications for the regulation of ATR activity during cellular DNA replication or in response to DNA damage.
An Extremely Diverse CD4 Response to Vaccinia Virus in Humans Is Revealed by Proteome-Wide T-Cell Profiling
Authors: Jing Lichen , Davies D. Huw , Chong Tiana M. , Chun Sookhee , McClurkan Christopher L. , Huang Jay , Story Brian T. , Molina Douglas M. , Hirst Siddiqua , Felgner Philip L. , Koelle David M. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
CD4 T cells are required for the maintenance and recall of antiviral CD8 T cells and for antibody responses. Little is known concerning the overall architecture of the CD4 response to complex microbial pathogens. In a whole-proteome approach, 180 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) in the vaccinia virus genome were expressed and tested using responder cells from 20 blood samples from 11 vaccinees. Validation assays established the sensitivity and specificity of the system. Overall, CD4 responses were detected for 122 ORFs (68%). A mean of 39 ORFs were recognized per person (range, 13 to 63). The most frequently recognized ORFS were present in virions, including A3L and A10L (core proteins), WR148 (a fragmented homolog of an orthopoxvirus protein that forms inclusions in cells), H3L (a membrane protein), D13L (a membrane scaffold protein), and L4R (a nucleic acid binding protein). Serum immunoglobulin G profiling by proteome microarray detected responses to 45 (25%) of the ORFs and confirmed recent studies showing a diverse response directed to membrane and nonmembrane antigens. Our results provide the first empirical whole-proteome data set regarding the global CD4 response to full-length proteins in a complex virus and are consistent with the theory that abundant structural proteins are immunodominant.
Reverse Transcriptase- and RNA Packaging Signal-Dependent Incorporation of APOBEC3G into Hepatitis B Virus Nucleocapsids
Authors: Nguyen David H. , Hu Jianming 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
APOBEC3G (A3G) is a cytidine deaminase that can inhibit a wide range of retroviruses, including the para-retrovirus hepatitis B virus (HBV). The antiviral function of A3G depends on its incorporation into assembling viral particles. However, it remains enigmatic how A3G is specifically packaged into a variety of unrelated viruses. By adopting a native agarose gel electrophoresis assay that can specifically measure the levels of A3G incorporation into HBV nucleocapsids, we found that A3G is specifically packaged into replication-competent HBV nucleocapsids in a fashion that is dependent on both the viral reverse transcriptase (RT) and viral RNA packaging signal, ε. In contrast, A3G is not incorporated into empty capsids formed in the absence of RT or ε. We demonstrated that the packaged A3G was protected from protease digestion by the nucleocapsids, thus confirming its interior localization. We also showed that A3G could bind RT specifically in an RNA-independent manner, which may be responsible for mediating the specific incorporation of A3G into replication-competent nucleocapsids. Finally, we provide evidence that the N-terminal domain of A3G is required for packaging into HBV nucleocapsids.
Extreme Dependence of gH and gL Expression on ORF57 and Association with Highly Unusual Codon Usage in Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus
Authors: Bilello John P. , Morgan Jennifer S. , Desrosiers Ronald C. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
Standard vectors for high-level expression elicited undetectable levels of the gH and gL glycoproteins of rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV) following transient-transfection assays under a variety of conditions. These same vectors and conditions yielded high levels of RRV gB expression. Unlike other genes of RRV, both the gH and gL genes were noted to have a highly aberrant, suboptimal codon usage. High levels of RRV gH and gL expression were achieved by two alternative means: codon optimization or coexpression of RRV ORF57. The failure of gH and gL to be expressed in the absence of ORF57 and in the absence of codon optimization could not be explained by the failure of RNA to egress from the nucleus. Rather, the defect in gH and gL expression appeared to be cytoplasmic in nature. It is not clear at the present time whether the aberrant codon usage for gH and gL of RRV is an intentional regulatory strategy used by the virus or whether it is driven by some external force, such as intrinsic immunity. In any event, our results indicate that the need of ORF57 for gH and gL expression can be circumvented by codon optimization, that RRV ORF57 acts principally to allow translation of gH and gL RNA in the cytoplasm, and that this activity of ORF57 is related in some way to the aberrant codon usage of the gH and gL RNAs.
Aberrant Lymphocyte Activation Precedes Delayed Virus-Specific T-Cell Response after both Primary Infection and Secondary Exposure to Hepadnavirus in the Woodchuck Model of Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: Gujar Shashi A. , Jenkins Adam K. , Guy Clifford S. , Wang Jinguo , Michalak Tomasz I. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe contribution of virus-specific T lymphocytes to the outcome of acute hepadnaviral hepatitis is well recognized, but a reason behind the consistent postponement of this response remains unknown. Also, the characteristics of T-cell reactivity following reexposure to hepadnavirus are not thoroughly recognized. To investigate these issues, healthy woodchucks (Marmota monax) were infected with liver-pathogenic doses of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and investigated unchallenged or after challenge with the same virus. As expected, the WHV-specific T-cell response appeared late, 6 to 7 weeks postinfection, remained high during acute disease, and then declined but remained detectable long after the resolution of hepatitis. Interestingly, almost immediately after infection, lymphocytes acquired a heightened capacity to proliferate in response to mitogenic (nonspecific) stimuli. This reactivity subsided before the WHV-specific T-cell response appeared, and its decline coincided with the cells' augmented susceptibility to activation-induced death. The analysis of cytokine expression profiles confirmed early in vivo activation of immune cells and revealed their impairment of transcription of tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon. Strikingly, reexposure of the immune animals to WHV swiftly induced hyperresponsiveness to nonspecific stimuli, followed again by the delayed virus-specific response. Our data show that both primary and secondary exposures to hepadnavirus induce aberrant activation of lymphocytes preceding the virus-specific T-cell response. They suggest that this activation and the augmented death of the cells activated, accompanied by a defective expression of cytokines pivotal for effective T-cell priming, postpone the adaptive T-cell response. These impairments likely hamper the initial recognition and clearance of hepadnavirus, permitting its dissemination in the early phase of infection.
A Five-Amino-Acid Deletion of the Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Capsid Protein Attenuates Replication in Mammalian Systems but Not in Mosquito Cells
Authors: Aguilar Patricia V. , Leung Lawrence W. , Wang Eryu , Weaver Scott C. , Basler Christopher F. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a human and veterinary pathogen that causes sporadic cases of fatal neurological disease. We previously demonstrated that the capsid protein of EEEV is a potent inhibitor of host cell gene expression and that this function maps to the amino terminus of the protein. We now identify amino acids 55 to 75, within the N terminus of the capsid, as critical for the inhibition of host cell gene expression. An analysis of stable EEEV replicons expressing mutant capsid proteins corroborated these mapping data. When deletions of 5 to 20 amino acids within this region of the capsid were introduced into infectious EEEV, the mutants exhibited delayed replication in Vero cells. However, the replication of the 5-amino-acid deletion mutant in C710 mosquito cells was not affected, suggesting that virus replication and assembly were affected in a cell-specific manner. Both 5- and 20-amino-acid deletion mutant viruses exhibited increased sensitivity to interferon (IFN) in cell culture and impaired replication and complete attenuation in mice. In summary, we have identified a region within the capsid protein of EEEV that contributes to the inhibition of host gene expression and to the protection of EEEV from the antiviral effects of IFNs. This region is also critical for EEEV pathogenesis.
Blocking Antibody Access to Neutralizing Domains on Glycoproteins Involved in Entry as a Novel Mechanism of Immune Evasion by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Glycoproteins C and E
Authors: Hook Lauren M. , Huang Jialing , Jiang Ming , Hodinka Richard , Friedman Harvey M. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein C (gC) blocks complement activation, and glycoprotein E (gE) interferes with IgG Fc-mediated activities. While evaluating gC- and gE-mediated immune evasion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-HSV-1-coinfected subjects, we noted that antibody alone was more effective at neutralizing a strain with mutations in gC and gE (gC/gE) than a wild-type (WT) virus. This result was unexpected since gC and gE are postulated to interfere with complement-mediated neutralization. We used pooled human immunoglobulin G (IgG) from HIV-negative donors to confirm the results and evaluated mechanisms of the enhanced antibody neutralization. We demonstrated that differences in antibody neutralization cannot be attributed to the concentrations of HSV-1 glycoproteins on the two viruses or to the absence of an IgG Fc receptor on the gC/gE mutant virus or to enhanced neutralization of the mutant virus by antibodies that target only gB, gD, or gH/gL, which are the glycoproteins involved in virus entry. Since sera from HIV-infected subjects and pooled human IgG contain antibodies against multiple glycoproteins, we determined whether differences in neutralization become apparent when antibodies to gB, gD, or gH/gL are used in combination. Neutralization of the gC/gE mutant was greatly increased compared that of WT virus when any two of the antibodies against gB, gD, or gH/gL were used in combination. These results suggest that gC and gE on WT virus provide a shield against neutralizing antibodies that interfere with gB-gD, gB-gH/gL, or gD-gH/gL interactions and that one function of virus neutralization is to prevent interactions between these glycoproteins.
Characterization of the New World Monkey Homologues of Human Poliovirus Receptor CD155
Authors: Khan Shaukat , Peng Xiaozhong , Yin Jiang , Zhang Ping , Wimmer Eckard 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
In contrast to Old World monkeys, most New World monkeys (NWMs) are not susceptible to poliovirus (PV), regardless of the route of infection. We have investigated the molecular basis of restricted PV pathogenesis of NWMs with two kidney cell lines of NWMs, TMX (tamarin) and NZP-60 (marmoset), and characterized their PV receptor homologues. TMX cells were susceptible to infection by PV1 (Mahoney) and PV3 (Leon) but not by PV2 (Lansing). Binding studies to TMX cells indicated that the formation of PV/receptor complexes increased when measured first at 4°C and then at 25°C, whereas PV2 did not significantly bind to TMX cells at either temperature. On the other hand, NZP-60 cells were not susceptible to infection by any of the PV serotypes. However, a low amount of PV1 bound to NZP-60 cells at 4°C, but there was no increase of binding at 25°C. In contrast, both NWM cell lines supported genome replication and virion formation when transfected with viral RNAs of either serotype, an observation indicating that infection was blocked in receptor-virus interaction. To overcome the receptor block, we substituted 3 amino acids in the marmoset receptor (nCD155), H80Q, N85S, and P87S, found in the human PV receptor, hCD155. Cells expressing the mutant receptor (L-nCD155mt) were now susceptible to infection with PV1, which correlated with an increase in PV1-bound receptor complexes from 4°C to 25°C. L-nCD155mt cells were, however, still resistant to PV2 and PV3. These data show that an increase in the formation of PV/receptor complexes, when measured at 4°C and at 25°C, correlates with and is an indicator of successful infection at 37°C, suggesting that the complex formed at 25°C may be an intermediate in PV uptake.