bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Firm, market, and regulatory factors influencing innovation and commercialization in Canada's functional food and nutraceutical sector
Authors: Herath Deepananda , Cranfield John , Henson Spencer , Sparling David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFactors influencing the development and commercialization of functional food and nutraceutical (FFN) products are explored. Count data models are developed to relate firm, market, and regulatory covariates to the number of FFN product lines firms have under development, on the market, and in total. Canadian firm‐level innovation data were taken from Statistics Canada (2003) Functional Food and Nutraceutical Survey. Firms involved in product development/scale‐up had more product lines in total and on the market. Firms with a strong and positive perception of the impact of regulatory reform related to generic health claims and harmonization of Canadian regulations with U.S. regulations had fewer product lines in total and on the market. Firms with more positive perceptions of the business impact of structure and function health claims had more product lines on the market. One implication of the study is the importance of developing policies and reforming regulations which better enable use of generic health claims on FFN products. Further, policies which better enable or foster development/scale‐up of product lines would increase the Canadian FFN sector's ability to develop new products. [EconLit: O130, L500, Q180]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serum ferritin concentrations and body iron stores in a multicenter, multiethnic primary‐care population
Authors: Gordeuk Victor R. , Reboussin David M. , McLaren Christine E. , Barton James C. , Acton Ronald T. , McLaren Gordon D. , Harris Emily L. , Reiss Jacob A. , Adams Paul C. , Speechley Mark , Phatak Pradyumna D. , Sholinsky Phyliss , Eckfeldt John H. , Chen Wen‐Pin , Passmore Leah , Dawkins Fitzroy W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHow often elevated serum ferritin in primary‐care patients reflects increased iron stores (normally 0.8 g in men, 0.4 g in women) is not known. The Hereditary Hemochromatosis and Iron Overload Screening (HEIRS) study screened 101,168 primary‐care participants (44% Caucasians, 27% African‐Americans, 14% Asians/Pacific Islanders, 13% Hispanics, 2% others). Follow‐up clinical evaluation was performed in 302 of 333 HFE C282Y homozygotes regardless of iron measures and 1,375 of 1,920 nonhomozygotes with serum ferritin >300 μg/L (men), >200 μg/L (women) and transferrin saturation >50% (men), >45% (women). Quantitative phlebotomy was conducted in 122 of 175 C282Y homozygotes and 122 of 1,102 nonhomozygotes with non‐transfusional serum ferritin elevation at evaluation. The estimated prevalence in the Caucasian population of C282Y homozygotes with serum ferritin >900 μg/L at evaluation was 20 per 10,000 men and 4 per 10,000 women; this constellation was predictive of iron stores >4 g in men and >2 g in women. The estimated prevalence per 10,000 of non‐C282Y homozygotes with serum ferritin >900 μg/L at evaluation was 7 among Caucasians, 13 among Hispanics, 20 among African Americans, and 38 among Asians and Pacific Islanders, and this constellation was predictive of iron stores >2 g but <4 g. In conclusion, serum ferritin >900 μg/L after initial elevations of both serum ferritin and transferrin saturation is predictive of mildly increased iron stores in multiple ethnic populations regardless of HFE genotype. Serum ferritin >900 μg/L in male C282Y homozygotes is predictive of moderately increased iron stores. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Back to med‐arb: Survey indicates process concerns are decreasing
Authors: Phillips Gerald F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGerald F. Phillips, of Los Angeles, polled dozens of leading arbitrators and mediators in an attempt to gauge the profession's current comfort level with med‐arb. In this month's cover story at right–Part I of II–he analyzes how providers view the occasional use of the mediator for an arbitration to finalize agreement terms.
Cycloisomerization of 1,n‐Enynes: Challenging Metal‐Catalyzed Rearrangements and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Michelet Véronique , Toullec Patrick Y. , Genêt Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMetal‐catalyzed cycloisomerization reactions of 1,n‐enynes have appeared as conceptually and chemically highly attractive processes as they contribute to the highly demanded search for atom economy and allow the discovery of new reactions. Since the pioneering studies with palladium by the research group of Barry Trost in the mid‐1980s, several other metals have been identified as excellent catalysts for the rearrangement of enyne skeletons. Moreover, the behavior of 1,n‐enynes may be influenced by other functional groups such as alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, alkenes, or alkynes, thus enhancing the molecular complexity of the synthesized products. Apart from the intrinsic rearrangements of 1,n‐enynes, several tandem reactions incorporating intramolecular trapping agents or intermolecular partners have been discovered. This Review aims to highlight the main contributions in this field of catalysis and to propose and comment on the mechanistic insights of the recent discoveries.
Soluble rigid poly(imide‐siloxane)s: Synthesis, characterization, and structure‐property relations
Authors: Srividhya M. , Reddy B. S. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThree different poly(imide‐siloxane)s (PIS) containing rigid imide groups were synthesized by the reaction of amine end‐capped imides to the siloxane backbone. These highly soluble amine terminated imides were synthesized by reacting fluorinated anhydride and three different amines (DDBP, DDM, DBP). The imides were grafted to the siloxane backbone by the epoxy group cleavage. All the polymers were obtained in quantitative yields with the inherent viscosities ranging from 0.32 to 0.45 dL/g. The polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, and their thermal properties were studied. The DSC results showed two distinct glass transition temperatures demonstrating the existence of phase separation between the hard imide and soft siloxane groups. Polymeric membranes were prepared employing the coupling reaction between PIS and the polydimethylsiloxane matrix by varying the amount of incorporation of PIS. The membranes showed a high tensile strength of 82 MPa. The contribution of polar and dispersion component towards the total surface energy was studied by the contact angle measurements, and a reduction in surface tension of 15 mN/m was achieved with the fluorine containing PIS membrane. The study of the surface morphology was studied which confirmed the existence of phase separation in these systems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Thermal properties and flame retardancy of polycarbonate/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite
Authors: Dong Quan‐Xiao , Chen Qian‐Jin , Yang Wei , Zheng Yi‐Lei , Liu Xin , Li Yuan‐Li , Yang Ming‐Bo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe thermal degradation of polycarbonate (PC) and polycarbonate/hydroxyapatite (PC/HAP) composite was investigated by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the decomposition activation energy was calculated by Kissinger method. It was found that the first step decomposition activation energy (Ea1) was higher than that of pure PC while the second step decomposition (Ea2) decreased a little. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PC/HAP composite with 0.5 wt % HAP reached 34. The carbon char of PC and PC/HAP composite after combustion was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and flourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and similar morphology, components, and the same functional groups were found in the char residues. Based on these results, it can be concluded that a low content of HAP in PC matrix can significantly improve the thermal properties and flame retardancy of the composite. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Surface nanostructures and dynamic contact angles of functionalized poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers
Authors: Wei Qufu , Tao Dan , Du Zhaofang , Cai Yibing , Wu Ning , Chen Lei 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn approach (a combination of techniques) to studying poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers metal‐coated by the sputtering of copper is reported. The effects of copper coatings on the surface morphology, surface chemistry, and surface energy were investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis, and dynamic contact angle measurements. Functional nanostructures formed by sputter coating on the fiber surface were revealed with AFM. The introduction of copper onto the fiber surface was also detected by EDX analysis. The fibers functionalized by the sputter coating resulted in changes in the surface energy measured with the advancing and receding contact angles. Both the advancing and receding contact angles were reduced after sputter coating by copper, but the contact angle hysteresis was significantly increased as the coating was applied. The surface resistivity measurements revealed that sputter coating by copper considerably improved the surface conductivity of the PET fibers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Elementary determination of the superficial amount of OH on poly(vinyl alcohol) film by titration and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Ma Kai , Xi Cai Shao , Ping Dang Ying 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe hydroxyl group (OH) is the exclusive functional group of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and there must be abundant hydroxyl groups on its surface. This study determined the superficial hydroxyl group amount of PVA (degree of polymerization = 1700 ± 50, degree of alcoholysis ⩾ 99.0%) by a chemical method (titration) and an instrumental method [X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)]. The results showed the following: (1) the order of magnitude of its superficial hydroxyl group amount was about 3.8 × 10−5 mol/cm2 by the acylation method with a single functional group reagent (acetic anhydride); (2) the hydroxyl group amount outcome by the esterification method with a bifunctional group reagent (toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate) was much lower than that by the acylation method (ca. 7.74 × 10−7 mol/cm2); and (3) the relative content of oxygen on the PVA surface given by XPS surface analysis was 22% of the total, which was lower than that of the theoretical amount (36%). On the basis of the results, it was shown that the number of available or free hydroxyl groups was less than theoretical amounts. Although there was a difference among the outcomes, it could be useful for providing a quantitative reference when the hydroxyl group on a solid PVA surface is used for surface modification; moreover, the outcomes and differences also offer us knowledge of the surface modification efficiency. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of accelerated aging on the structure and properties of monolayer and multilayer packaging films
Authors: Tarantili P. A. , Kiose V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of accelerated aging on the structure and properties of single, metalized, and multilayer films used in food packaging was studied through the exposure of specimens of those films to repeated aging cycles in a weather meter under the combined action of ultraviolet, humidity, and heat. The aged specimens were tested for their mechanical properties and water vapor transmission characteristics, and the results were compared to those obtained from the original specimens. The property changes introduced into the films by aging were further explored by attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry in an attempt to correlate the changes in the properties with structural characteristics. The results showed that the films made of polypropylene (PP) underwent severe chain scission upon irradiation and lost mechanical properties but still retained their impermeability to water vapor. The metallic coating could not prevent PP from degrading, as it seemed to oxidize under the aging conditions. Therefore, the metalized film showed the same mechanical response as PP, but its water impermeability dropped dramatically. Polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films showed modest decreases in their mechanical properties, which could be attributed to crosslinking reactions taking place with PE and to the increased ultraviolet stability of PET, respectively. On the other hand, the multilayer films presented a decrease in their mechanical properties according to those of their weak component, which would be expected for a composite structure. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence of the use of recycled polyols obtained by glycolysis on the preparation and physical properties of flexible polyurethane
Authors: Molero C. , de Lucas A. , Romero F. , Rodríguez J. F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPolyurethanes (PUs) represent one of the most important groups of plastics, and so the increasing quantity of wastes makes their recycling an urgent task. The general purpose of PU chemical recycling is to recover constituent polyol, a valuable raw material. Among the suitable processes, glycolysis in two phases allows better quality products. The objective of this work is the evaluation of the option to apply the recovered polyols to obtain PU with identical characteristics to the starting raw material, and so several foaming tests were carried out according to the evaluation method employed in free expansion foaming of conventional flexible slabstock foams. To achieve this objective, a formulation recipe for flexible foams was selected, in which the raw polyol was totally or partially replaced for recovered polyol. The foaming formulations were modified because of the different amount of active hydrogens in the recovered polyols and the virgin polyol. Amounts up to 50% could be applied without relevant changes in rising profiles and the physical properties of the foams. The foams were characterized, and according to its appropriate characteristics they can be employed in the same applications where a commercial one made with raw polyol is used. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Identification of olfactory stimuli as reinforcers in individuals with autism: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Wilder David A. , Schadler John , Higbee Thomas S. , Haymes Linda K. , Bajagic Verdrana , Register Martisa 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPreference for six olfactory stimuli was assessed via paired preference assessments with three adults with autism. Using a combination multielement and reversal design, a reinforcer assessment was then conducted to determine the extent to which three (high preference, medium preference, and low preference) of the six olfactory stimuli evaluated in the preference assessment functioned as reinforcers for responding in the context of a sorting task. Relative to baseline, all of the participants exhibited increased responding for access to their high preference olfactory stimulus. The utility of olfactory stimuli as components of behavior intervention plans is discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Violent’ deaths of children in England and Wales and the major developed countries 1974–2002: possible evidence of improving child protection?
Authors: Pritchard Colin , Sharples Ann 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChild protection services are criticised for failing to prevent abuse but demonstrating successful prevention is impossible as it is trying to prove a ‘negative’. The alternative is to examine ‘failures’, i.e. the ‘violent’ deaths of children (0–14 years) to indicate whether matters are improving or deteriorating. This paper uses the latest World Health Organisation data to compare children's ‘violent’ deaths in England and Wales with those in other major developed countries.To account for possible ‘hidden’ under‐reported abuse deaths, undetermined, i.e. ‘other external causes of death’ (OECD) and fatal accidents and adverse events (AAE), deaths are also analysed along with homicides, to compare all ‘violence‐related’ deaths between 1974–76 and 2000–02.England and Wales infant (<1 year) homicide rates were annually 57 per million but fell to 17 per million, a 74% fall. Infant AAE deaths fell in every country with England and Wales falling from 341 per million to 71 per million, a 76% reduction. Both these results were significantly better than those of eight other major developed countries, although England and Wales infant OECD at 26 per million, were high compared to the major developed countries.In the 1970s, combined ‘violent’ deaths of all children (0–14 years) (homicide, OECD and AAE) in England and Wales were 203 per million, they are now 61 per million, a 70% decline with only Italy having lower rates. The worst rates were in the USA which had the highest combined ‘violent’ death rate. These overall results in the major reductions of ‘violence‐related’ deaths in England and Wales can be a boost to the morale of front‐line staff and provide the public with an indication of the progress being made. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational Modification of Ligand‐Binding Preference of Avidin by Circular Permutation and Mutagenesis
Authors: Määttä Juha A. E. , Airenne Tomi T. , Nordlund Henri R. , Jänis Janne , Paldanius Tiina A. , Vainiotalo Pirjo , Johnson Mark S. , Kulomaa Markku S. , Hytönen Vesa P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChicken avidin is a key component used in a wide variety of biotechnological applications. Here we present a circularly permuted avidin (cpAvd4→3) that lacks the loop between β‐strands 3 and 4. Importantly, the deletion of the loop has a positive effect on the binding of 4′‐hydroxyazobenzene‐2‐carboxylic acid (HABA) to avidin. To increase the HABA affinity of cpAvd4→3 even further, we mutated asparagine 118 on the bottom of the ligand‐binding pocket to methionine, which simultaneously caused a significant drop in biotin‐binding affinity. The X‐ray structure of cpAvd4→ 3(N118M) allows an understanding of the effect of mutation to biotin‐binding, whereas isothermal titration calorimetry revealed that the relative binding affinity of biotin and HABA had changed by over one billion‐fold between wild‐type avidin and cpAvd4→3(N118M). To demonstrate the versatility of the cpAvd4→3 construct, we have shown that it is possible to link cpAvd4→3 and cpAvd5→4 to form the dual‐chain avidin called dcAvd2. These novel avidins might serve as a basis for the further development of self‐organising nanoscale avidin building blocks.
Silica Biomineralisation in Diatoms: The Model Organism Thalassiosira pseudonana
Authors: Sumper Manfred , Brunner Eike 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAfter complete genome sequencing, the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana has become an attractive model organism for silica biomineralisation studies. Recent progress, especially with respect to intracellular silicic acid processing, as well as to the natures of the biomolecules involved in diatom cell wall formation, is described. On the one hand, considerable progress has been made with respect to silicon uptake by special proteins (SITs) from the surrounding water, as well as to the storage and processing of silicon before cell division. On the other hand, the discovery and characterisation of remarkable biomolecules such as silaffins, polyamines and—quite recently—of silacidins in the siliceous cell walls of diatoms strongly impacts the growing field of biomimetic materials synthesis.
Parallel SFC/MS‐MUX screening to assess enantiomeric purity
Authors: Laskar Derek B. , Zeng Lu , Xu Rongda , Kassel Daniel B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEnantiomeric excess (ee) was evaluated for two internally synthesized compound libraries using a high‐throughput automated, intelligent four‐channel parallel supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry system equipped with a multiplexed ion source interface (SFC/MS‐MUX). The two libraries contained compounds spanning a wide range of enantiomeric ratios with structurally diverse chemical scaffolds and stereogenic centers. The system analyzed each sample simultaneously against four chiral columns using up to six organic modifiers. Enhancements to our previously published parallel supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry system were implemented to address the challenges associated with automated trace enantiomer identification and quantitation. A reversal of enantiomer elution order was observed for several samples across multiple CSPs and modifiers. The relationship between elution order and % ee accuracy is presented for compounds exhibiting high, middle and low % ee values. Despite incidences in which the minor enantiomer eluted prior to the major enantiomer with less than baseline resolution, the overall % ee was in agreement with separations in which full baseline resolution was achieved. The methods presented here demonstrate the value and utility of high‐throughput ee determinations to support drug discovery and development programs. Chirality, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A stopping criterion for the conjugate gradient algorithm in the framework of anisotropic adaptive finite elements
Authors: Picasso M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe propose a simple stopping criterion for the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm in the framework of anisotropic, adaptive finite elements for elliptic problems. The goal of the adaptive algorithm is to find a triangulation such that the estimated relative error is close to a given toleranceTOL. We propose to stop the CG algorithm whenever the residual vector has Euclidian norm less than a small fraction of the estimated error. This stopping criterion is based ona posteriorierror estimates between the true solutionuand the computed solutionu(the superscriptnstands for the CG iteration number, the subscripthfor the typical mesh size) and on heuristics to relate the error betweenuhanduto the residual vector.Numerical experiments with anisotropic adaptive meshes show that the total number of CG iterations can be divided by 10 without significant discrepancy in the computed results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A General Process for the Fabrication of Air‐Stable Metallic Particles (Cd, Zn and Al) by the Decomposition of Alkyl–Metal Compounds
Authors: Gedanken Aharon , Luvchik Eran 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe thermolysis of alkyl–metal compounds under autogenic pressure, with the three metals Cd, Zn, and Al as examples, suggest that this might become a general method for preparing a composite where the metal is the core and carbon the shell. The air‐stability of these composites is also demonstrated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Salts with the Triborate Anion [B3O3F2(OH)2]–: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Finze Maik , Reiss Guido J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractReactions of [3‐NC‐B11F10]2– with aqueous bases resulted in a cluster degradation. From the reaction mixtures, salts of the [B3O3F2(OH)2]– anion (1) with [Ph4P]+ or [Ph3MeP]+ as countercations were isolated. Both salts were investitgated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In the solid state the triborate anions form infinite hydrogen‐bonded chains. In the [Ph4P]+ salt the anions and the chains are coplanar, whereas in the [Ph3MeP]+ salt the planes of the anions are twisted against each other. The bonding parameters of the anion are compared to values of the related [B3O3(OH)4]– anion (2) and to values derived from density functional calculations. In addition, the triborate anion 1 was characterized by 11B and 19F NMR spectroscopy as well as by MALDI mass spectrometry. The experimental chemical shifts are compared to calculated values (DFT‐GIAO).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)