bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nematodes of the order Dorylaimida from Andalucía Oriental, Spain. The genus Enchodelus Thorne, 1939. 3. Description of two new and one known species with rounded tail and medium-sized odontostyle
Authors: Guerrero Pablo , Liébanas Gracia , Peña-Santiago Reyes 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Two new and one known species belonging to the genus Enchodelus from the
southeast of the Iberian Peninsula are described and illustrated. Enchodelus
ameliae sp. n. is a medium-sized nematode (1.37-1.55 mm) with lip region
offset by constriction, odontostyle 30-32 μm long, female reproductive
system amphidelphic with tripartite uterus, vulva almost equatorial (V =
47-50), spicules 49-60 μm long, 11-14 spaced ventromedian supplements and
short rounded conoid tail. Enchodelus longispiculus sp. n. is characterised
by its medium-sized body (1.32-1.87 mm), lip region offset by shallow
depression, odontostyle 27-31 μm long, female reproductive system
amphidelphic with tripartite uterus, vulva pre-equatorial (V = 41-48),
spicules 63-72 μm long, 8-14 spaced ventromedian supplements and short
rounded conoid tail. Enchodelus hopedoroides is redescribed on the basis of
Andalusian material and observations on the Swiss holotype. These three
species share some features, such as medium-sized odontostyle (ca 30 μm
long), tripartite uterus and short, rounded, tail. They are compared in
detail with other similar species, namely E. altherri, E. analatus, E.
arcticus, E. georgiensis, E. hopedorus and E. ponorensis. A key to their
identification is provided.
Identification and validation of genetic markers associated with Meloidogyne incognita race 2 resistance in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr
Authors: Fourie Hendrika , Mienie Charlotte M.S. , Mc Donald Alex H. , De Waele Dirk 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Host-plant resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 2 is a useful and
cost-effective tool for optimising soybean yield as well as profitability.
Locally no nematicide is currently registered on soybean and most crops used
in soybean-based rotations are also susceptible to M. incognita race 2. The
identification of molecular markers and subsequent application of
marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a quick and effective way to expedite a
nematode resistance breeding programme. The soybean cultivars LS5995
(resistant) and Prima2000 (susceptible) were therefore used as parents in
crosses to obtain a segregating F2 mapping population for the identification
of genetic markers linked to the resistance trait in LS5995. Inoculation
with ca 10 000 M. incognita race 2 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) was
performed 16 days after plant emergence. Subsequently, the F2 population was
screened with a number of SSR evenly distributed throughout the genome. A
major QTL was identified on linkage group (LG) M between the markers Satt201
and Satt590 accounting for 62.4% of gall index values, while a QTL
explaining 80% of the variation in eggs and J2 per root system in the
segregating F2 population is situated between Satt567 and Satt201. A minor
QTL accounting for 37.1% of the variation in gall index values was
identified between the markers Satt500 and Satt358 on LG-O and corresponds
to a QTL for M. incognita race 3 resistance described in other publications.
Presence of the abovementioned markers was confirmed in the progeny of a
successive F6 population, as well as in a number of exotic and local soybean
genotypes. Meloidogyne incognita race 2 MAS could, therefore, be used in a
breeding programme using markers Satt201, Satt358, Satt487 and Satt590,
which were identified and validated in this study.
Molecular variability of Schistonchus caprifici (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) from Ficus carica in Turkey
Authors: Gulcu Baris , Hazir Selçuk , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Ye Weimin , Kanzaki Natsumi , Mergen Hatice , Keskin Nevin , Thomas W. Kelley 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
An extensive biogeographical survey was conducted from 2004 through part of
2007 of nematodes associated with the edible fig, Ficus carica, in seven
different regions of Turkey. Figs (syconia) were collected, dissected and
harvested for nematodes from 308 apparently wild or naturalised F. carica
trees along roadsides and trails. Nematode specimens were examined
morphologically and molecular analyses of sequences of the D2/D3 expansion
segments of the large subunit (LSU) rDNA and partial mitochondrial DNA COI
(mtCOI) were done. Of the 308 fig trees, 150 (49%) were positive for what
was morphologically confirmed to be Schistonchus caprifici. Figs on one tree
in Kahramanmaras city, South East Turkey, were found to contain S. caprifici
and dauer juveniles of what appears to be a diplogastrid nematode. Molecular
analyses produced congruent trees for both sequenced loci supporting the
hypothesis that S. caprifici from different locations in Turkey are part of
a well supported clade with some inherent variability. No geographic
patterns were observed for either locus suggesting that the sequences
generated represent inherent intraspecific variation for S. caprifici and
that human activities related to the culture of the edible fig have allowed
for mixing of any previously allopatric lineages.
Laboratory studies on the biocontrol potential of the predatory nematode Koerneria sudhausi (Nematoda: Diplogastridae)
Authors: Bar-Eyal Meira , Sharon Edna , Spiegel Yitzhak , Oka Yuji 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The predatory nematode Koerneria sudhausi reproduced on bacteria that
developed spontaneously on a nutrient medium in Petri dishes. The nematode
population had a female/male ratio of 2.9 : 1, but female nematodes could
reproduce asexually on the bacteria. Each female produced about 60 progeny
at 25°C in 9 days without mating. The generation time (egg to egg) at the
same temperature was 8 days. Koerneria sudhausi reproduced at 17°C at the
same rate as at 25°C, if the bacteria were available as a food source. When
the nematode was introduced to a monoxenic culture of Meloidogyne javanica
on tomato roots on agar, the nematode fed on second-stage juveniles and
eggs. The nematodes introduced to M. javanica-inoculated soil before
transplanting tomato seedlings reduced the root galling index in pot
experiments. The results suggested that this predatory nematode, K.
sudhausi, may serve as a candidate for a biological control agent against
root-knot nematodes, because the nematode can be easily cultured on bacteria
and achieve a high reproduction rate.
Comparison of nematode community similarities assessed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and by morphological identification
Authors: Okada Hiroaki , Oba Hirosuke 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMolecular biology techniques for nematode community analysis that are high throughput and operable by non-experts are in high demand for soil biological assessments. In the development of such techniques, the closeness of the analytical results to those obtained by conventional methods is of key importance. In this context, we compared similarity relationships of nematode community structures between polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and individual-based morphological identification (CONV) using 12 nematode samples recovered from crop field soils in four localities in Japan. First, we determined whether the primer set chosen to amplify the 18s rRNA genes of nematode taxa was suitable for DGGE by comparing community structures of four selected samples between clone libraries (CLs) and those revealed by CONV. We considered the primer set to be suitable because we found significant correlations in the structures between CLs and CONV in three of the four samples examined. Then we determined the community structure of 12 samples by both DGGE and CONV, and calculated distance matrices to examine if analytical results were similar between the two methods. The correlations in matrices were 0.400-0.603, depending on the types of distance measures, and were always significant between the two methods. In comparing dendrograms drawn based on the matrices, DGGE and CONV were actually similar to some extent in that samples from a single locality tended to group together, although some localities were split in DGGE. We also conducted DGGE with four additional selected samples to confirm that the band pattern (i.e., number, position and relative intensity) was consistent in each sample across subsamples and gels. Given these results, we expect DGGE to become a useful and efficient tool for nematode community analysis, especially for non-experts, but our method of evaluation has limitations and more tests are needed.
Morphological and molecular analysis of six aphelenchoidoids from Australian conifers and their relationship to Bursaphelenchus (Fuchs, 1937)
Authors: Zhao Zengqi , Ye Weimin , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Li Dongmei , Thomas W. Kelley , Davies Kerrie A. , Riley Ian T. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Six isolates of Australian Aphelenchoidoidea, viz., Laimaphelenchus preissii
from native coniferous Callitris preissii trees, L. australis from the
common pine plantation trees of Pinus radiata and P. pinaster and L.
heidelbergi and two morphospecies of Aphelenchoides (H1 and K1) and
Cryptaphelenchus sp. (K2) from diseased P. radiata trees, were studied using
light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses of
nearly full length sequences of SSU, D2/D3 expansion segments of LSU rDNA
and a fragment of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Bayesian phylogenetic
analyses of SSU, LSU and COI of the six nematode species revealed that none
of these Australian aphelenchoidoids was inferred to be closely related to
Bursaphelenchus. The selected isolates of Aphelenchoides and Laimaphelenchus
used in this study were paraphyletic in all molecular analyses.
Cryptaphelenchus sp. (K2) was inferred to be sister to Seinura with SSU
sequences.
Variation in host status of Brassica spp. for isolates of the Columbia root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, and potential mechanisms
Authors: van der Beek J.G. (Hans) , Mugniéry Didier 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Interaction of the Columbia root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, with
Brassica spp. was studied in pot and in Petri dish experiments for 11
nematode isolates and three F1 hybrids of cauliflower, broccoli and
rapeseed. In the pot experiment, the host status of the different Brassica
hybrids varied greatly (average of 4-45 egg-masses). The isolate-by-cultivar
interaction effect was significant but depended only on three exceptions to
the generally equal patterns for all isolates. In the Petri dish experiment,
this large variation in aggressiveness was confirmed. Cauliflower, as a host
for M. chitwoodi, is less favourable than rapeseed, and rapeseed is less
favourable than broccoli. Several mechanisms are involved in the
host-parasite interaction: limitation in penetration, in juvenile
development, and in female-male ratio, each one acting with a high level of
specificity to the isolates tested. No hypersensitive reaction was observed.
In view of this quantitative resistance reaction, the species M. chitwoodi
expresses an extremely large variability in terms of aggressiveness.
Two Rabbinic Inclinations? Rethinking a Scholarly Dogma
Authors: Rosen-Zvi Ishay 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe scholarly consensus on the Rabbinic concept of the yetzer (inclination) takes for granted the existence of two yetzarim, good and evil, in every person. Some have noticed the marginality of the good yetzer in rabbinic discourse, as well as the fact that most sources discuss only one yetzer, but ascribed it to the inherent imbalance of power between the two yetzarim. In this paper I wish to rethink this scholarly consensus, while taking the single-yetzer model, which appears in almost all rabbinic sources, seriously. A systematic analysis of all rabbinic references to the yetzer, which attempts to distinguish as much as possible between sources, both chronologically (early or late), and geographically (Palestinian or Babylonian), yields a picture markedly different from the common view, and helps locate the (rather marginal) place of the two yetzarim in context of the rabbinic corpus in its entirety.
NK cell–activating receptors require PKC-θ for sustained signaling, transcriptional activation, and IFN-γ secretion
Authors: Tassi Ilaria , Cella Marina , Presti Rachel , Colucci Angela , Gilfillan Susan , Littman Dan R. , Colonna Marco 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cell sense virally infected cells and tumor cells through multiple cell surface receptors. Many NK cell–activating receptors signal through immunoreceptor tyrosine–based activation motif (ITAM)–containing adapters, which trigger both cytotoxicy and secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Within the ITAM pathway, distinct signaling intermediates are variably involved in cytotoxicity and/or IFN-γ secretion. In this study, we have evaluated the role of protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ) in NK-cell secretion of lytic mediators and IFN-γ. We found that engagement of NK-cell receptors that signal through ITAMs results in prompt activation of PKC-θ. Analyses of NK cells from PKC-θ–deficient mice indicated that PKC-θ is absolutely required for ITAM-mediated IFN-γ secretion, whereas it has no marked influence on the release of cytolytic mediators. Moreover, we found that PKC-θ deficiency preferentially impairs sustained extracellular-regulated kinase signaling as well as activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and the transcription factors AP-1 and NFAT but does not affect activation of NF-κB. These results indicate that NK cell–activating receptors require PKC-θ to generate sustained intracellular signals that reach the nucleus and promote transcriptional activation, ultimately inducing IFN-γ production.
Mechanisms and pathologic significances in increase in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble IL-6 receptor after administration of an anti–IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and Castleman disease
Authors: Nishimoto Norihiro , Terao Kimio , Mima Toru , Nakahara Hideko , Takagi Nobuhiro , Kakehi Takahiro 
Published: September 2008

AbstractInterleukin-6 (IL-6) plays pathologic roles in immune-inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Castleman disease. By inhibiting IL-6 receptors (IL-6Rs), tocilizumab (a humanized anti–IL-6R antibody) ameliorates the symptoms of these diseases and normalizes acute-phase proteins, including C-reactive protein (CRP). We found that tocilizumab treatment increased serum levels of IL-6 and soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R). To investigate the pathologic significance of these increases, we analyzed the kinetics of serum IL-6 and sIL-6R and the proportion of sIL-6R saturated with tocilizumab after tocilizumab administration in patients with RA and Castleman disease and then compared the results with the CRP values. Serum IL-6 and sIL-6R markedly increased after tocilizumab administration in both RA and Castleman disease. As long as free tocilizumab was detectable, sIL-6R was saturated with tocilizumab and IL-6 signaling was completely inhibited. We concluded that it is likely that sIL-6R increased because its elimination half-life was prolonged by the formation of tocilizumab/sIL-6R immune complex, and that free serum IL-6 increased because IL-6R–mediated consumption of IL-6 was inhibited by the unavailability of tocilizumab-free IL-6R. We also concluded that the increased level of free IL-6 during tocilizumab treatment closely reflects the actual endogenous IL-6 production and true disease activity.
CD4+ T lymphocytes mediate in vivo clearance of plasmid DNA vaccine antigen expression and potentiate CD8+ T-cell immune responses
Authors: Geiben-Lynn Ralf , Greenland John R. , Frimpong-Boateng Kwesi , van Rooijen Nico , Hovav Avi-Hai , Letvin Norman L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThere is evidence that the limited immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines is the result, at least in part, of the rapid clearance of vaccine antigen expression by antigen-specific immune responses. However, the cell types responsible for the clearance of plasmid DNA vaccine antigens are not known. Here we demonstrate that macrophages, NK cells, and CD8+ T cells did not significantly contribute to the DNA antigen clearance but CD4+ T cells played the crucial role in attenuating plasmid DNA vaccine antigen expression. Adoptive transfer experiments demonstrate that CD4+ T cells facilitated DNA vaccine antigen clearance in a Fas/FasL-dependent manner. Furthermore, we show that depletion of CD4+ T cells prevented the clearance of vaccine antigen and the appearance of a CD8+ T-cell immune response. Inoculation of major histocompatibility complex class II KO mice with the plasmid DNA led to persistent antigen expression and abolition of a CD8+ T-cell immune response. Importantly, the prolongation of antigen expression by disrupting the CD4+ T-cell Fas/FasL myocytes signaling led to a 3- to 5-fold increase of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. These data demonstrate a dominant role of CD4+ T cell–mediated cytotoxicity in plasmid DNA vaccine antigen clearance.
Evaluating score distributions in the revised Dutch version of the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire
Authors: Ouwerkerk Jessika W , van Pelt Philomine A , Takken Tim , Helders Paul JM , Net Janjaap van der 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Objectives
Evaluating the original, and the revised version of the Dutch Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ). To explore the effect of different score calculation methods and eight more challenging items as proposed by Lam et al. (2004) on the score distribution in a population of patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA).

Methods
Two convenience samples of 59 and 31 children with JIA were studied. Box-and-whisker plots and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) one-sample test of normality were used, to explore the score distributions.

Results
The results of this study confirm a ceiling effect when using the original CHAQ-30 with either score calculation method. The original CHAQ with the added eight more challenging items and the "mean" score calculation method, as well as the revised CHAQ showed less ceiling effect.

Conclusion
The original CHAQ-38 with the "mean" score calculation method as well as the revised CHAQ are a possible alternative for future studies. However, there is a need for further prospective studies to improve the CHAQ and to support our findings.
Expression of CD74 is increased in neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Bryan Kathryn J , Zhu Xiongwei , Harris Peggy L , Perry George , Castellani Rudy J , Smith Mark A , Casadesus Gemma 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by progressive memory loss. Pathological markers of AD include neurofibrillary tangles, accumulation of amyloid-β plaques, neuronal loss, and inflammation. The exact events that lead to the neuronal dysfunction and loss are not completely understood. However, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α, are increased in AD, along with gene expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). MHC class II molecules are found in microglia of the brain, while MIF is found in both microglia and neurons of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cortex. MIF is not only a lymphocyte mediator but also a pituitary factor with endocrine properties and can mediate phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 MAP kinases pathway. In this study, we looked at CD74, an integral membrane protein that acts as both a chaperone for MHC class II molecules as well as a receptor binding site for MIF. CD74 was recently found to be increased in microglia in AD cases compared to age-matched controls, but has not been reported in neurons. In our analysis, immunohistochemistry revealed a significant increase in CD74 primarily in neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid-β plaques, and microglia. This is the first finding to our knowledge that CD74 is increased in neurons of AD cases compared to age-matched control cases.
Expression and regulation of neurotrophins in the nondegenerate and degenerate human intervertebral disc
Authors: Purmessur Devina , Freemont Anthony J , Hoyland Judith A 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Introduction
The neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been identified in the human intervertebral disc (IVD) and have been implicated in the mechanisms associated with nerve ingrowth and nociception in degeneration of the IVD. The aim of the current study was to investigate an association between neurotrophin expression in the IVD and the severity of disc degeneration, including the effect of disc-related proinflammatory cytokines on neurotrophin and neuropeptide expression in cells derived from the human IVD.

Methods
Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine the expression of NGF, BDNF and their high-affinity receptors Trk-A and Trk-B in human IVD samples, divided into three categories: non-degenerate, moderate degeneration and severe degeneration. In order to study the effect of disc-related cytokines on neurotrophin/neuropeptide gene expression, nucleus pulposus cells derived from non-degenerate and degenerate IVD samples were seeded in alginate and were stimulated with either IL-1β or TNFα for 48 hours. RNA was extracted, cDNA was synthesised and quantitative real-time PCR was performed to examine the expression of NGF, BDNF and substance P.

Results
Immunohistochemistry showed expression of NGF and BDNF in the native chondrocyte-like cells in all regions of the IVD and in all grades of degeneration. Interestingly only BDNF significantly increased with the severity of degeneration (P < 0.05). Similar expression was observed for Trk-A and Trk-B, although no association with disease severity was demonstrated. In cultured human nucleus pulposus cells, stimulation with IL-1β led to significant increases in NGF and BDNF gene expression (P < 0.05). Treatment with TNFα was associated with an upregulation of substance P expression only.

Conclusion
Our findings show that both the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells of the IVD express the neurotrophins NGF and BDNF, factors that may influence and enhance innervation and pain in the degenerate IVD. Expression of Trk-A and Trk-B by cells of the nondegenerate and degenerate IVD suggests an autocrine role for neurotrophins in regulation of disc cell biology. Furthermore, modulation of neurotrophin expression by IL-1β and modulation of substance P expression by TNFα, coupled with their increased expression in the degenerate IVD, highlights novel roles for these cytokines in regulating nerve ingrowth in the degenerate IVD and associated back pain.