bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Technique to Propagate Primary Human Preadipocytes without Loss of Differentiation Capacity
Authors: Skurk Thomas , Ecklebe Silke , Hauner Hans 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The study of human preadipocytes is hampered by the limited availability of adipose tissue and low yield of cell preparation. Proliferation of preadipocytes using common protocols, including fetal bovine serum (FBS), results in a markedly reduced differentiation capacity. Therefore, we were interested in developing an improved culture system that allows the proliferation of human preadipocytes without loss of differentiation capacity.Research Methods and Procedures: Adipose tissue samples were taken from subjects undergoing elective abdominal surgery. Cells were seeded at various densities and cultured using different formulations of proliferation media including factors such as fibroblast growth factor‐2 (basic fibroblast growth factor), epidermal growth factor, insulin, and FBS either alone or in combination. Cells were counted and induced to differentiate after confluence. After complete differentiation, cells were harvested, and glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity was measured. Cells were subcultured for up to five passages.Results: The proliferation medium with 4 growth factors (PM4), consisting of 2.5% FBS, 10 ng/mL epidermal growth factor, 1 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor, and 8.7 µM insulin, resulted in lower doubling times at all seeding densities tested (0.05 × 104 to 1.5 × 104) compared with medium supplemented with 10% FBS. In contrast to cells in FBS medium, cells grown with PM4 medium retained full differentiation rate (glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity, 493 ± 215 vs. 41 ± 17 mU/mg, p < 0.01). Differentiation capacity was fully retained at least for up to three passages in PM4 medium.Discussion: The use of PM4 medium results in substantial proliferation of human preadipocytes with preserved differentiation capacity. This novel technique represents a valuable tool for the study of human adipose tissue development and function starting from small samples.
Anatomical Patterning of Visceral Adipose Tissue: Race, Sex, and Age Variation
Authors: Demerath Ellen W. , Sun Shumei S. , Rogers Nikki , Lee Miryoung , Reed Derek , Choh Audrey C. , Couch William , Czerwinski Stefan A. , Chumlea W. Cameron , Siervogel Roger M. , Towne Bradford 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: We tested sex, race, and age differences in the patterning of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue.Research Methods and Procedures: Contiguous 1‐cm‐thick magnetic resonance (MR) images of the abdomen were collected from 820 African‐American and white adults. Repeated‐measures ANOVA was used to examine the effects of image location, sex, race, and age (≥50 vs. <50 years) on adipose tissue areas. Maximum VAT area was identified for each subject from the raw data.Results: Compared to women, men had greater total VAT volume (p < 0.0001), and their maximum VAT area occurred higher in the abdomen (p < 0.0001). Among white men, maximim VAT area most frequently occurred 5 to 10 cm above L4‐L5, whereas in the other groups, maximim VAT area most frequently occurred 1 to 4 cm above L4‐L5 (p < 0.0001). African‐American men had greater total VAT volume than African‐American women (p < 0.01), but this sex difference was only significant using single images cranial to L4‐L5 + 2 cm. Age‐related increases in VAT tended to be greatest 5 to 10 cm above L4‐L5 in men and near L4‐L5 in women.Discussion: A single MR image 5 to 10 cm above L4‐L5 may allow more accurate conclusions than the L4‐L5 image regarding group differences in visceral adiposity.
Quantitative Trait Loci for Regional Adiposity in Mouse Lines Divergently Selected for Food Intake
Authors: Rance Kellie A. , Hambly Catherine , Dalgleish Gillian , Fustin Jean‐Michel , Bünger Lutz , Speakman John R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is thought to result from an interaction between genotype and environment. Excessive adiposity is associated with a number of important comorbidities; however, the risk of obesity‐related disease varies with the distribution of fat throughout the body. The aim of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with regional fat depots in mouse lines divergently selected for food intake corrected for body mass.Research Methods and Procedures: Using an F2 intercross design (n = 457), the dry mass of regional white (subcutaneous, gonadal, retroperitoneal, and mesenteric) adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots were analyzed to map QTLs.Results: The total variance explained by the mapped QTL varied between 12% and 39% for BAT and gonadal fat depots, respectively. Using the genome‐wide significance threshold, nine QTLs were associated with multiple fat depots. Chromosomes 4 and 19 were associated with WAT and BAT and chromosome 9 with WAT depots. Significant sex × QTL interactions were identified for gonadal fat on chromosomes 9, 16, and 19. The pattern of QTLs identified for the regional deposits showed the most similarity between retroperitoneal and gonadal fat, whereas BAT showed the least similarity to the WAT depots. Analysis of total fat mass explained in excess of 40% of total variance.Discussion: There was limited concordance between the QTLs mapped in our study and those reported previously. This is likely to reflect the unique nature of the mouse lines used. Results provide an insight into the genetic basis of regional fat distribution.
Replacing Sweetened Caloric Beverages with Drinking Water Is Associated with Lower Energy Intake
Authors: Stookey Jodi D. , Constant Florence , Gardner Christopher D. , Popkin Barry M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Reduced intake of sweetened caloric beverages (SCBs) is recommended to lower total energy intake. Replacing SCBs with non‐caloric diet beverages does not automatically lower energy intake, however. Compensatory increases in other food or beverages reportedly negate benefits of diet beverages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate drinking water as an alternative to SCBs.Research Methods and Procedures: Secondary analysis of data from the Stanford A TO Z intervention evaluated change in beverage pattern and total energy intake in 118 overweight women (25 to 50 years) who regularly consumed SCBs (>12 ounces/d) at baseline. At baseline and 2, 6, and 12 months, mean daily beverage intake (SCBs, drinking water, non‐caloric diet beverages, and nutritious caloric beverages), food composition (macronutrient, water, and fiber content), and total energy intake were estimated using three 24‐hour diet recalls. Beverage intake was expressed in relative terms (percentage of beverages).Results: In fixed effects models that controlled for total beverage intake, non‐caloric and nutritious caloric beverage intake (percentage of beverages), food composition, and energy expenditure [metabolic equivalent (MET)], replacing SCBs with drinking water was associated with significant decreases in total energy intake that were sustained over time. The caloric deficit attributable to replacing SCBs with water was not negated by compensatory increases in other food or beverages. Replacing all SCBs with drinking water was associated with a predicted mean decrease in total energy of 200 kcal/d over 12 months.Discussion: The results suggest that replacing SCBs with drinking water can help lower total energy intake in overweight consumers of SCBs motivated to diet.
Improved Insulin Sensitivity and Adiponectin Level after Exercise Training in Obese Korean Youth
Authors: Kim Eun Sung , Im Jee‐Aee , Kim Kyoung Chul , Park Ji Hye , Suh Sang‐Hoon , Kang Eun Seok , Kim So Hun , Jekal Yoonsuk , Lee Chul Won , Yoon Yong‐Jin , Lee Hyun Chul , Jeon Justin Y. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to investigate the association among adiposity, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers [high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), interleukin (IL)‐6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α] and adiponectin and to study the effects of exercise training on adiposity, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers among obese male Korean adolescents.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐six obese and 14 lean age‐matched male adolescents were studied. We divided the obese subjects into two groups: obese exercise group (N = 14) and obese control group (N = 12). The obese exercise group underwent 6 weeks of jump rope exercise training (40 min/d, 5 d/wk). Adiposity, insulin resistance, lipid profile, hs‐CRP, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and adiponectin were measured before and after the completion of exercise training.Results: The current study demonstrated higher insulin resistance, total cholesterol, LDL‐C levels, triglyceride, and inflammatory markers and lower adiponectin and HDL‐C in obese Korean male adolescents. Six weeks of increased physical activity improved body composition, insulin sensitivity, and adiponectin levels in obese Korean male adolescents without changes in TNF‐α, IL‐6, and hs‐CRP.Discussion: Obese Korean male adolescents showed reduced adiponectin levels and increased inflammatory cytokines. Six weeks of jump rope exercise improved triglyceride and insulin sensitivity and increased adiponectin levels.
Evaluation of Low‐Intensity Physical Activity by Triaxial Accelerometry
Authors: Midorikawa Taishi , Tanaka Shigeho , Kaneko Kayoko , Koizumi Kayo , Ishikawa‐Takata Kazuko , Futami Jun , Tabata Izumi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To develop regression‐based equations that estimate physical activity ratios [energy expenditure (EE) per minute/sleeping metabolic rate] for low‐to‐moderate intensity activities using total acceleration obtained by triaxial accelerometry.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐one Japanese adults were fitted with a triaxial accelerometer while also in a whole‐body human calorimeter for 22.5 hours. The protocol time was composed of sleep (8 hours), four structured activity periods totaling 4 hours (sitting, standing, housework, and walking on a treadmill at speeds of 71 and 95 m/min, 2 × 30 minutes for each activity), and residual time (10.5 hours). Acceleration data (milligausse) from the different periods and their relationship to physical activity ratio obtained from the human calorimeter allowed for the development of EE equations for each activity. The EE equations were validated on the residual times, and the percentage difference for the prediction errors was calculated as (predicted value − measured value)/measured value × 100.Results: Using data from triaxial accelerations and the ratio of horizontal to vertical accelerations, there was relatively high accuracy in identifying the four different periods of activity. The predicted EE (882 ± 150 kcal/10.5 hours) was strongly correlated with the actual EE measured by human calorimetry (846 ± 146 kcal/10.5 hours, r = 0.94 p < 0.01), although the predicted EE was slightly higher than the measured EE.Discussion: Triaxial accelerometry, when total, vertical, and horizontal accelerations are utilized, can effectively evaluate different types of activities and estimate EE for low‐intensity physical activities associated with modern lifestyles.
Using Telehealth to Increase Participation in Weight Maintenance Programs
Authors: Haugen Heather A. , Tran Zung V. , Wyatt Holly R. , Barry Mary J. , Hill James O. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare weight regain, satisfaction, and convenience among three weight maintenance programs: telehealth, traditional classes, and no program.Research Methods and Procedures: This quasi‐experimental study compared weight change, satisfaction, and convenience among three program types. The telehealth participants interacted with a registered dietitian (RD) through the web and e‐mail, traditional program participants attended a traditional classroom program, and no program participants received no interaction. Eighty‐seven subjects (14 men and 73 women) were enrolled in the study: 31 traditional, 31 telehealth, and 25 no program participants. Eligibility included participation in a community‐based weight loss program (Colorado Weigh) and minimum 7% weight loss before enrollment.Results: Subject characteristics at baseline were as follows: age, 50 ± 9.3 (standard deviation) years; height, 1.68 ± 0.09 m; weight, 80.5 ± 18.4 kg, with no significant differences between groups. Over 6 months, the traditional group lost 0.5 ± 4.3 kg, the telehealth group lost 0.6 ± 2.5 kg, and the no program group gained 1.7 ± 3.0 kg. Weight change among all three groups was significant (p = 0.02); no program participants gained significantly more weight than the telehealth and traditional groups. There were no differences in overall satisfaction between the telehealth and traditional groups (p = 0.43), but individuals in the telehealth group rated their program as more convenient compared with the traditional group (p = 0.0001).Discussion: These results show the usefulness of telehealth programs in long‐term weight loss maintenance. They may be a useful alternative for those who successfully lose weight in a structured behavioral program but do not choose to participate in a formal behavioral weight loss maintenance program.
Assessment of Obesity Stigmatization in Children and Adolescents: Modernizing a Standard Measure
Authors: Latner Janet D. , Simmonds Murray , Rosewall Juliet K. , Stunkard Albert J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Stigmatization of overweight children is highly prevalent. However, the measurement of stigma has varied widely across studies. An up‐to‐date version of a commonly used measure of weight‐related stigma is needed.Research Methods and Procedures: Poser 5 (DAZ software) was used to develop 12 modernized figures, using three‐dimensional models rendered as high‐resolution images. They depicted one overweight, one non‐overweight, and four disabled children of each sex. Children recruited from public and private schools (N = 261; mean age, 11.3 years; median BMI z‐score = 0.33; 77.0% white, 11.5% Asian, and 7.7% Maori) ranked these figures in order of liking. Participants also ranked traditionally used line drawings depicting comparable images. Participants rated each new figure on measures of liking and stereotypical attributes on 100‐mm visual analog scales (VASs).Results: Rankings of liking of the new figures were highly correlated with rankings of corresponding old figures, especially for overweight figures [boys: ρ (77) = 0.72, p < 0.001; girls: ρ (153) = 0.68, p < 0.001]. Rankings of overweight and other figures were also highly correlated with VAS assessment of liking and with a composite, internally consistent VAS measure of liking and stereotypical attributes. Only negative stereotypes about the intelligence of overweight boys and girls contributed significantly to the variance in liking.Discussion: An updated and modernized tool for assessing children's weight stigma was developed and its construct validity supported. The present findings suggest that stereotypes about low intelligence may contribute to weight stigma among children. More research is needed on the causes and components of weight stigma so that it can be effectively reduced.
Failure to Meet Weight Loss Expectations Does Not Impact Maintenance in Successful Weight Losers
Authors: Gorin Amy A. , Pinto Angela Marinilli , Tate Deborah F. , Raynor Hollie A. , Fava Joseph L. , Wing Rena R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective was to examine whether having a weight loss experience that lives up to one's expectations is related to maintenance in a group of successful weight losers participating in the STOP Regain trial.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants (N = 314, 81% women, mean age, 51.3 ± 10.1 years; BMI = 28.6 ± 4.8 kg/m2) who lost ≥10% of their body weight within the past 2 years were randomly assigned to a maintenance program delivered either face‐to‐face or via the Internet or to a control group and assessed at 0, 6, 12, and 18 months.Results: At study entry, participants had lost 19% of their body weight, yet 86% of participants were currently trying to lose more weight. Further losses of 13% of body weight were needed to reach self‐selected ideal weights, with heavier participants wanting to lose more (p < 0.001). The weight loss‐related benefits participants achieved did not live up to their expectations (p ≤ 0.01). However, neither satisfaction with current weight, nor amount of further weight loss desired, nor discrepancies between actual and expected benefits predicted regain after adjusting for treatment group, gender, baseline weight, and percent weight loss before entry.Discussion: Even among very successful weight losers, expectations were not met and substantial further weight losses were desired; however, these factors were not related to subsequent weight maintenance outcomes.
Predictive Value of Weight‐for‐Age to Identify Overweight Children
Authors: Stettler Nicolas , Zomorrodi Arezoo , Posner Jill C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective was to assess the predictive value of weight‐for‐age to identify overweight children and adolescents in the unusual research or public health situations where height is not available to calculate BMI.Research Methods and Procedures: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2004 were used to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of selected weight‐for‐age cut‐off points to identify overweight children and adolescents (as defined by BMI ≥95th percentile). Positive and negative predictive values are dependent on prevalence and are reported here for this study population only.Results: The 50th and 75th weight‐for‐age percentiles had good sensitivity (100% and 99.6%, respectively), but poor positive predictive value (23.7% and 37.0%, respectively), while the 95th and 97th percentiles had reasonable positive predictive value (80.3% and 91.5%, respectively), but limited sensitivity (82.0% and 66.7%, respectively) to identify overweight subjects. The properties of weight‐for‐age percentiles to identify overweight subjects differed between sex, age, and race/ethnicity but remain within a relatively narrow range.Discussion: No single weight‐for‐age cut‐off point was found to identify overweight children and adolescents with acceptable values for all properties and, therefore, cannot be used in the clinical setting. Furthermore, the positive predictive values reported here may be lower in populations with a lower prevalence of obesity. However, in unusual research or public health situations where height is not available, such as existing databases, weight‐for‐age percentiles may be useful to target limited resources to groups more likely to include overweight children and adolescents than the general population.
Trends in Obesity and Associations with Education and Urban or Rural Residence in Thailand
Authors: Aekplakorn Wichai , Hogan Margaret C. , Chongsuvivatwong Virasakdi , Tatsanavivat Pyatat , Chariyalertsak Suwat , Boonthum Angsana , Tiptaradol Siriwat , Lim Stephen S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To measure trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the relationship with urban or rural residence and education in Thailand.Research Methods and Procedures: Data were from two nationally representative surveys of 38,323 individuals ≥18 years old (19,156 were 18 to 59 years old) in 2004 and 3375 individuals 18 to 59 years old in 1997. Overweight and obesity were defined using the World Health Organization's Asian criteria.Results: Among those ≥18 years old in 2004, 17.8% of men (95% confidence interval, 16.6% to 19.0%) were overweight, 18.4% (17.3% to 19.5%) had Class I obesity, 4.8% (4.1% to 5.5%) had Class II obesity, and 15.9% (14.6% to 17.1%) had abdominal obesity. In women, 18.2% (17.1% to 19.2%) were overweight, 26.1% (24.9% to 27.3%) had Class I obesity, 9.3% (8.6% to 10.0%) had Class II obesity, and 37.3% (35.3% to 39.2%) had abdominal obesity. In those 18 to 59 years old, the prevalence of Class I obesity in men and all four categories in women significantly increased between 1997 and 2004. There was an inverse relationship in women but a positive relationship in men between education and the odds of being overweight or obese. In 2004, there were significantly lower odds of being overweight or obese in rural compared with urban men but similar odds between urban and rural women.Discussion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Thailand is high and increasing. Although the transition of overweight and obesity to those of lower socioeconomic status is not complete, it is well on the way.
The Medical Cost of Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clusters in the United States
Authors: Sullivan Patrick W. , Ghushchyan Vahram , Wyatt Holly R. , Hill James O. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and overweight/obesity often cluster together. The prevalence of these cardiometabolic risk factor clusters (CMRFCs) is increasing significantly for all sociodemographic groups, but little is known about their economic impact.Research Methods and Procedures: The nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey was used (2000 and 2002). The current study estimated the national cost of CMRFCs independent of the cost of cardiovascular disease in the U.S., as well as the cost for all major payers and the marginal cost per individual using a Heckman selection model with Smearing retransformation. CMRFCs included BMI ≥ 25 and two of the following three: diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and/or hypertension. All amounts are expressed in 2005 $U.S.Results: National medical expenditures attributable to CMRFCs in the U.S. totaled $80 billion, of which $27 billion was spent on prescription drugs. Private insurance paid the largest amount of the national bill ($28 billion), followed by Medicare ($11 billion), Medicaid ($6 billion), and the Veterans Administration ($4 billion), whereas individuals paid $28 billion out‐of‐pocket. For each individual with CMRFCs, $5477 in medical expenditures was attributable to CMRFCs, of which $1832 was for prescription drugs. On average, individuals with CMRFCs spent $1668 out‐of‐pocket, of which $830 was for prescription drugs.Discussion: The results of this study show that CMRFCs result in significant medical cost in the U.S. independent of the cost of cardiovascular disease. Individuals, private insurers, Medicare, Medicaid, the Veterans Administration, and other payers all share this burden.