bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organophosphate resistance in olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, populations in Greece and Cyprus
Authors: Skouras Panagiotis J , Margaritopoulos John T , Seraphides Nicos A , Ioannides Ioannis M , Kakani Evi G , Mathiopoulos Kostas D , Tsitsipis John A 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most important pest of olives in countries around the Mediterranean basin. Its control has been based mostly on bait sprays with organophosphate insecticides (usually dimethoate or fenthion) for about 40 years. In the present study, the resistance status of olive fruit fly populations to dimethoate was examined in Greece and Cyprus over 2 years. Thirty‐one populations from various regions of Greece, nine from Cyprus and one laboratory susceptible strain, which served as a control, were assayed by topical application of dimethoate. Considerable variation in the resistance levels to dimethoate was recorded in the populations of B. oleae, with resistance ratios ranging from 6.3 to 64.4 (ED50 values 12.5–128.7 ng dimethoate per insect). The highest resistance ratios were found in populations from Crete, and the lowest in those from Cyprus. This variation could be attributed to different selection pressures from insecticidal applications among populations from the various regions. Migration of resistant genotypes, either autonomous or via commerce, may also be involved. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhancement of the biological activity of nucleopolyhedrovirus through disruption of the peritrophic matrix of insect larvae by chlorfluazuron
Authors: Guo Hui‐Fang , Fang Ji‐Chao , Liu Bao‐Sheng , Wang Jie‐Ping , Zhong Wan‐Fang , Wan Fang‐Hao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe enhancement of Spodoptera litura (F.) nucleopolyhedrovirus (SlNPV) activity using the chitin synthesis inhibitor chlorfluazuron was investigated. When tested against fifth‐instar S. litura larvae, chlorfluazuron produced synergistic effects at doses of 0.05 and 0.025 µg per insect, and additive effects at doses of 0.1 and 0.2 µg. Furthermore, the time required for SlNPV to kill larvae was significantly reduced by chlorfluazuron at all doses tested. The activity and killing speed of Autographa californica (Spey) nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) against third‐instar Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae were similarly improved by chlorfluazuron at a dose of 0.05 µg per larva. Furthermore, the growth of S. exigua was significantly retarded by chlorfluazuron. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) showed that the peritrophic matrices (PMs) of S. litura exposed to chlorfluazuron alone, or the combination treatment, were markedly disrupted. Obvious ruptures on the outer surfaces of the PM were observed, which potentially facilitated the passage of virions through the matrix. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of Duplex steel Uranus 76N during deformation and heat treatment
Authors: Lecomte‐Beckers J. , Moureaux P. , Carton M. , Habraken A.‐M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuplex Uranus 76N is characterized by metallography, thermal and mechanical analysis. The investigation shows that the microstructure of such a Duplex strongly depends on the cooling conditions determining the quantity of austenite formed in the ferrite matrix. Numerical simulations of 76N behavior during the rolling process and service life require the knowledge of the recrystallization state during rolling steps at high temperature, thermal parameters such as dilatation, density, specific heat, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and mechanical constitutive laws. These material parameters are determined and presented in this study. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of heavy metal oxide glasses before and after g‐irradiation
Authors: Sharma G. , Thind K. S. , Monika  , Singh H. , Manupriya  , Gerward L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of gamma irradiation has been probed by transmission measurements before and after γ‐irradiation on lead borate and bismuth borate glasses of varying composition by exposing with 60Co radioisotope of absorbed dose 2.5 kGy. The induced absorption coefficient, effect of irradiation on optical band gap, width of tail and cut off wavelength are discussed by taking into account the possible dependence of radiation hardness on composition and defects produced in a glass matrix. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultrasonic properties of Cu45Zr(45–x)HfxAg10 glassy alloys
Authors: Fukuhara Mikio , Jia Fei , Zhang Wei , Inoue Akihisa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing ultrasonics, the acoustic characteristics of Cu45Zr(45–x)Hfx Ag10 (x = 0–25) glassy alloys were examined in terms of complex elasticity. The values of bulk modulus (K), Lamè parameter (λ), Young's (E) and shear (G) moduli of Cu45Zr(45–x)Hfx Ag10 glassy alloys are found to have a unique order for metallic materials, except for polymers. The large Poisson ratio (∼0.421) and the lower G /K ratio (∼0.167) at 25 at% Hf indicate rubbery characteristics that readily undergo uniaxial volume‐preserving deformation but resist three‐dimensional nonvolume‐preserving deformation. The complex dynamic viscosity shows that visco‐elasticity of the glassy alloys is dominated by shear motion. The large peaks in K and λ, and small ones in E and G at 5 at% Hf, and one large peak in the shear attenuation coefficient at 2.5 at% Hf, may indicate atomic morphological change by electron‐transverse phonon coupling. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal structure of CuFeInSe3 from X‐ray powder diffraction data
Authors: Mora Asiloé J. , Delgado Gerzon E. , Grima‐Gallardo Pedro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe crystal structure of the adamantane compound CuFeInSe3, belonging to the system (CuInSe2)1–x (FeSe)x with x = 0.5, was analyzed using X‐ray powder diffraction data. Several model structures were derived from the structure of the selenium rich phase CuInSe2.3 by permuting the cations in the available Wyckoff positions. The refinement of the best model by the Rietveld method in the tetragonal space group P$ \bar 4 $2c (Nº 112), Z = 1, with unit cell parameters a = 5.7762(2) Å, c = 11.5982(7) Å and V = 386.97(3) Å3 led to Rp = 8.0%, Rwp = 9.6%, Rexp = 6.2% and χ2 = 1.7 for 134 independent reflections. The model that best fitted the diffraction data has the following atomic distribution: Cu in Wyckoff site 2f; Fe in Wyckoff site 2d; In in Wyckoff site 2b and 1/3Cu, 1/3Fe, 1/3In in Wyckoff site 2f; Se in Wyckoff site 8n. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
XPS characterization of nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes
Authors: Morant C. , Andrey J. , Prieto P. , Mendiola D. , Sanz J. M. , Elizalde E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDue to a most unfortunate mistake, Fig. 3 was wrongly printed in the original article. This Erratum is intended to present the proper Fig. 3. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
250 µm long anodic TiO2 nanotubes with hexagonal self‐ordering
Authors: Albu Sergiu P. , Ghicov Andrei , Macak Jan M. , Schmuki Patrik 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this work we show that the growth of more than 250 µm thick self‐organized TiO2 nanotube layers is possible, using an electrochemical approach in organic electrolytes. The tubes can grow as a hexagonal close packed pore array. Crucial parameters that decide on the dimensions are the fluoride ion concentration, the voltage and the anodization time. Self‐organized tube formation is restricted to a critical parameter range. Highest aspect ratio tubes can be achieved under a set of very optimized conditions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)magnified image
An improved analytical method for the determination of urea nitrogen isotopomers in biological samples utilizing continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Marini Juan C. , Attene‐Ramos Matias Sebastian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOver the past few years numerous dual inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) applications have been adapted to continuous flow systems which allow the automation of sample admission and a higher throughput. The isotopomer analysis of urea nitrogen by IRMS requires the offline conversion of urea into nitrogen gas before analysis. The oxidation of urea with LiOBr results in the monomolecular degradation of urea, which preserves the identity of the parent urea molecule, and has to be conducted under vacuum to prevent contamination with atmospheric nitrogen. We have developed an offline system of urea degradation utilizing disposable Exetainers, in which atmospheric nitrogen is displaced by helium. Recovery of urea nitrogen was linear within the range of the standards tested (0 to 420 µg nitrogen) and standard curves for 15N15N‐urea standards showed high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.9998). A small portion of urea degrades in a non‐monomolecular fashion and has been shown to depend on the concentration of urea in the sample. Long‐term storage of prepared samples showed a decline in 15N15N enrichment, suggesting air contamination. However, samples were stable for 24 h, which allows for the analysis of large sample batches. Interest in urea metabolism, particularly in ruminant species, has increased recently due to the environmental implications of urea and nitrogen excretion by farm animals. This novel analytical method will allow for accurate measurements and the rapid throughput needed in order to support these field studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feedback stabilization of bifurcations in multivariable nonlinear systems—Part II: Hopf bifurcations
Authors: Wang Yong , M. Murray Richard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper we derive necessary and sufficient conditions of stabilizability for multi‐input nonlinear systems possessing a Hopf bifurcation with the critical mode being linearly uncontrollable, under the non‐degeneracy assumption that stability can be determined by the third order term in the normal form of the dynamics on the centre manifold. Stabilizability is defined as the existence of a sufficiently smooth state feedback such that the Hopf bifurcation of the closed‐loop system is supercritical, which is equivalent to local asymptotic stability of the system at the bifurcation point. We prove that under the non‐degeneracy conditions, stabilizability is equivalent to the existence of solutions to a third order algebraic inequality of the feedback gains. Explicit conditions for the existence of solutions to the algebraic inequality are derived, and the stabilizing feedback laws are constructed. Part of the sufficient conditions are equivalent to the rank conditions of an augmented matrix which is a generalization of the Popov–Belevitch–Hautus (PBH) rank test of controllability for linear time invariant (LTI) systems. We also apply our theory to feedback control of rotating stall in axial compression systems using bleed valve as actuators. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of alloying elements and etching treatment on the passivating films formed on aluminium alloys
Authors: Feliu S. , Bartolomé M. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper studies the characteristics of aluminium oxide layers present on the surface of commercial aluminium specimens after thermomechanical processing and after subsequent etching in an alkaline solution, highlighting the main differences observed. An attempt is made to establish possible relationships between alloying elements and the characteristics of these layers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic force microscopy imaging of ZnO nanodots deposited on quartz by sparking off different tip shapes
Authors: Kumpika T. , Thongsuwan W. , Singjai P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe have demonstrated a simple method for depositing ZnO nanodots on quartz substrates by sparking off different tip shapes at voltages of 2, 4 and 6 kV in air at atmospheric pressure. A comparison was made among the three tip shapes: the sharp tip, the conical tip and the dull tip. The surface morphology was then observed by atomic force microscopy. The mean height of the randomly distributed dots of approximately 8 nm was successfully deposited from the sharp tip at 6 kV. Characterizations by UV–vis spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy have confirmed the presence of ZnO and the quality improvement by annealing treatments. Moreover, a nucleation mechanism of the nanodot formation is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the first nucleation steps of thin films by XPS inelastic peak shape analysis
Authors: Mansilla C. , Gracia F. , Martin‐Concepción A. I. , Espinós J. P. , Holgado J. P. , Yubero F. , González‐Elipe A. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe initial steps in the formation of thin films have been investigated by analysis of the peak shape (both inelastic background and elastic contributions) of X‐ray photoelectron spectra. Surface coverage and averaged height of the deposited particles have been estimated for several overlayers (nanometre range) after successive deposition cycles. This study has permitted the assessment of the type of nucleation and growth mechanisms of the films. The experiments have been carried out in situ in the preparation chamber of an XPS spectrometer. To check the performance of the method, several materials (i.e. cerium oxide, vanadium oxide and cadmium sulfide) have been deposited on different substrates using a variety of preparation procedures (i.e. thermal evaporation, ion beam assisted deposition and plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition). It is shown that the first deposited nuclei of the films are usually formed by three‐dimensional particles whose heights and degree of surface coverage depend on the chemical characteristics of the growing thin film and substrate materials, as well as the deposition procedure. It is concluded that XPS peak shape analysis can be satisfactorily used as a general method to characterize morphologically the first nanometric moieties that nucleate a thin film. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerosol damage to a microchannel plate analysed by X‐ray photoelectron spectromicroscopy
Authors: Walton John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLocalised corrosion on a microchannel plate has been studied using X‐ray photoelectron spectromicroscopy. Curve fitting to the spectra at each pixel in the image data set reveals the presence of sodium and carbonate species at the corrosion sites, which optical microscopy suggests originated as droplets. It is proposed that aerosol contamination of the alkali enriched microchannel plate during removal of particulate material using a stream of compressed gas was responsible for the initiation of corrosion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate measurement of sputtered depth for ion sputtering rates and yields: the mesh replica method
Authors: Seah M. P. , Geller J. , Suzuki M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFor the accurate measurements of crater depths, ion sputtering rates and ion sputtering yields in studies of sputter‐depth profiling using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) or X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a proposed mesh replica method has been evaluated. In this method, during ion sputtering, grids of between 50 and 400 mesh (per inch) are placed on the sample to retain unsputtered regions of the original surface to be used as reference. This enables a more accurate measurement of the depth to be made using a stylus profilometer close to the analytical region. The closer‐pitch meshes were thought to offer the prospect of measurements of higher accuracy. Calculations show that sputter deposits from the mesh sides may limit the mesh numbers used to 100 or those of a wider pitch for both stationary and rotated samples. A correlation with published data for stationary samples and new data for rotated samples confirms the calculations. In practice, it is difficult, without a special holder, to have intimate contact between the grid and sample. Such a holder is described. Further calculations concerning the shadowed profiles at the grid bar regions show that the grids may lift off the sample surface by 4–16 µm. This leads to non‐vertical crater walls in each mesh aperture. This effect, however, does not change the above conclusion on the mesh sizes to be used. In this range, the spurious appearance of Auger electrons emitted from the grid material is calculated to be less than 1%. This conclusion applies to the meshes evaluated here, which range in thickness from 13 to 29 µm. Thinner meshes may lead to the applicability of proportionately closer meshed grids in sputter‐profiling applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The contribution of Martin P. Seah of the National Physical Laboratory is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland.
Nanoscience of single polymer chains revealed by nanofishing
Authors: Nakajima Ken , Nishi Toshio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe invention of atomic force microscopy (AFM) enabled us to study the statistical properties of single polymer chains by a method called “nanofishing,” which stretches a single polymer chain adsorbed on a substrate with its one end by picking it at the other end. A force‐extension curve obtained for a single polystyrene chain in a Θ solvent (cyclohexane) shows good agreement with a worm‐like chain model and, therefore, gives microscopic information about entropic elasticity. Furthermore, the nanofishing technique can be used for dynamic viscoelastic measurement of single polymer chains. An AFM cantilever is mechanically oscillated at its resonant frequency during the stretching process. This technique enables the estimation of quantitative and simultaneous elongation‐dependent changes of stiffness and viscosity of a single chain with the use of a phenomenological model. In this study, the effect of solvent on viscosity in low extension regions reveals that the viscosity is attributed to monomer‐solvent friction. Thus, static and dynamic nanofishing techniques are shown to give powerful experimental proofs for several basic questions in polymer physics. The techniques are expected to reveal hidden properties of polymer chains or polymer solutions by any types of macroscopic measurements in the future. © 2006 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 6: 249–258; 2006: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20092
The lipid components of white potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum)
Authors: Lepage Marius 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFour Canadian varieties of potatoes were examined for their lipid composition. Lipids, extracted with chloroformmethanol, were shown by TLC and column chromatography to consist of 16.5% neutral lipids, 45.5% phospholipids and 38.1% glycolipids. Among the phospholipids and glycolipids, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl inositol, the galactolipids and the sterol glucosides were the major lipids. The predominant fatty acids were palmitic (19.5%), linoleic (44.8%) and linolenic (30.4%, in Kennebec). Analyses of the fatty acids of stored potatoes showed a marked decrease in linoleic acid and an increase in linolenic acid, in the Irish Cobbler and Sebago potatoes. β‐sitosterol comprised 85.0% of total sterols. Nearly half of the carotenoids was lutein (xanthophyll), the others being α‐carotene, β‐carotene, an unidentified pigment and lutein epoxide.
Effects of hydrogen peroxide on lipoproteins and associated lipids
Authors: Clark Dale A. , Foulds Emmett L. , Wilson Fredrick H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipoproteins isolated from human or chimpanzee serum were treated with H2O2 and allowed to stand varying lengths of time before quantitative analysis in the ultracentrifuge. Marked instability of ultracentrifugal boundaries (convection) occurred during the first 24 hr, but diminished thereafter. Simultaneously, the quantity of lipoprotein decreased. The instability of boundaries in H2O2‐treated samples was presumed to reflect loss of lipid‐protein affinity and breakdown of lipoproteins under the force of ultracentrifugation. Analysis of extracted lipids showed that H2O2 caused little loss of phospholipid, significant loss of triglyceride, and apparent loss of cholesteryl ester. The latter loss, however, was accompanied by appearance of esterified cholesterol in the free cholesterol eluent. Apparently H2O2 converted some cholesteryl esters to a more polar form which was eluted later from the column, with the free cholesterol fraction. Gas chromatographic analysis of the fractions eluted from the column showed that selective degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids was most marked with cholesteryl esters, somewhat less with triglycerides, and negligible with phospholipids. It was postulated that the loss of lipid‐protein affinity caused by H2O2 in vitro may reflect a similar process in vivo, i.e., that one process contributing to development of atherosclerosis can be oxidation of lipoprotein, with loss of lipid‐protein affinity and accumulation of lipid products in (or on) cells of the vascular system.
Variation with chain length in acute toxicity of alkylhydroxamic acids to salmon (Salmo salar) fry
Authors: Addison R. F. , Côté R. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe acute toxicity of saturatedn‐alkylhydroxamic acids to salmon (Salmo salar) fry was determined. Within the seriesn‐C6H13CONHOH ton‐C10H21CONHOH, acute toxicity (indicated by death) increased with chain length. Shorter and longer chain compounds were not toxic under similar conditions. Factors governing the variation in toxicity with chain length and possible mechanisms of action are discussed.
Influence of medium‐chain triglycerides on lipid metabolism in the rat
Authors: Leveille Gilbert A. , Pardini Ronald S. , Tillotson Jerry Ann 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipid metabolism was studied in rats fed diets containing corn oil, coconut oil, or medium‐chain triglyceride (MCT), a glyceride mixture containing fatty acids of 8 and 10 carbons in length. The ingestion of MCT‐supplemented, cholesterolfree diets depressed plasma and liver total lipids and cholesterol as compared with corn oil‐supplemented diets. In rats fed cholesterol‐containing diets, plasma cholesterol levels were not influenced by dietary MCT, but liver cholesterol levels were significantly lower than in animals fed corn oil. In vitro cholesterol synthesis from acetate‐1‐14C was lower in liver slices of rats that consumed MCT than in similar preparations from corn oil‐fed rats. Studies of fatty acid carboxyl labeling from acetate‐1‐14C and the conversion of palmitate‐1‐14C to C18 acids by liver slices showed that chain‐lengthening activity is greater in the liver tissue of rats fed MCT than in the liver of animals fed corn oil. The hepatic fatty acid desaturation mechanisms, evaluated by measuring the conversion of stearate‐2‐14C to oleate, was also enhanced by feeding MCT.Adipose tissue of rats fed MCT converts acetate‐1‐14C to fatty acids at a much faster rate than does tissue from animals fed corn oil. Evidence is presented to show that the enhanced incorporation of acetate into fatty acids by the adipose tissue of rats fed MCT represents de novo synthesis of fatty acids and not chain‐lengthening activity. Data are also presented on the fatty acid composition of plasma, liver, and adipose tissue lipids of rats fed the different fats under study.