bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE UPTAKE OF LOCALLY APPLIED [6:7-3H] OESTRONE BY THE VAGINA OF THE OVARIECTOMIZED MOUSE
Authors: MARTIN L. , BAGGETT B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Locally applied [6:7-3H]oestrone was rapidly taken up by the vagina. The hormone content of the tissue reached a peak 1 min. after application, and thereafter dropped rapidly to a level of 20–30% of the administered dose at 27 min., and more slowly to a level of 6% at 16 hr. The hormone content of the lumen decreased rapidly to near zero at the end of 27 min.
Simultaneous application of dimethylstilboestrol (DMS) had little effect on tissue levels at 1 min., but significantly reduced the fraction retained for longer periods. Progesterone was without effect.
It is suggested that, after its rapid passage into the vagina, a small proportion of the hormone is bound at the site of action, where it is retained for some hours. Any unbound hormone is lost to the general circulation within 30 min. The results are discussed in relation to the mode of action of oestrogens and anti-oestrogens.
INFLUENCE OF CASTRATION AND SEX HORMONE ADMINISTRATION ON THE SENSITIVITY OF RAT ADIPOSE TISSUE TO INSULIN
Authors: MARQUES M. , MUNDT C. , CORRÊA P. RIET 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin from normal, castrated, castrated and testosterone-treated or castrated and oestradiol-treated rats of both sexes has been studied, using the manometric method for measuring fatty tissue activity in vitro. Castration in males decreased the volume of CO2 produced by epididymal fat when insulin was added in vitro. Administration of testosterone to castrated males restored normal sensitivity, and oestradiol increased the sensitivity to insulin above normal values. Neither castration nor testosterone administration to spayed females produced statistically significant changes.
FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ADRENAL CORTICOSTEROIDS: OBSERVATIONS ON INTERFERING FLUOROGENS IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: DALY J. R. , SPENCER-PEET J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Simple fluorimetric methods for the determination of corticosteroids are not sufficiently specific to allow the accurate estimation of low concentrations in plasma.
It has been noted previously and is confirmed here, that the measured fluorescence is not proportional to the volume of plasma used, but includes a component which is relatively independent of the plasma volume extracted. This gives rise to a positive intercept on the fluorescence axis when fluorescence intensity is plotted against volume.
The suggestion that the determination of plasma corticosteroids can be made specific by subtracting the value of this intercept from the measured fluorescence intensity of the plasma sample has been examined. In the light of experimental data and certain theoretical considerations presented here, this suggestion is rejected.
It is concluded that the inaccuracy due to interfering fluorogens can be reduced by taking fluorimeter readings within 5 min. of extraction into the fluorescence reagent, but that even then specificity is not complete.
THE UPTAKE OF LOCALLY APPLIED [6:7-3H]OESTRADIOL-17β BY THE VAGINA OF THE OVARIECTOMIZED MOUSE
Authors: MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Locally applied [6:7-3H]oestradiol was taken up rapidly by the vagina, at a rate similar to that of oestrone. Levels of radioactivity in the tissue reached their highest value 1–3 min. after application, and thereafter dropped slowly to reach 20% of the injected dose at 12 hr. This is in contrast to the behaviour of oestrone, the tissue levels of which fell rapidly over the first ½ hr. It is suggested that this difference accounts for the relative biological activity of the two hormones in the vagina, and results from varying affinities for receptor sites associated with the initiation of vaginal growth. Evidence is presented that oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol have a common site of action. Dimethylstilboestrol (DMS) converted the retention pattern of oestradiol to one resembling that of oestrone, and it is suggested that this involves blocking of receptor sites. The results are discussed in relation to the mode of action of oestrogens.
STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE SEMEN OF DOGFISH (SQUALUS ACANTHIAS)
Authors: SIMPSON T. H. , WRIGHT R. S. , RENFREW JOYCE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
11-Deoxycorticosterone, previously reported in the semen of Squalus acanthias, is shown to be a protein-bound constituent of the seminal plasma. Results of incubation experiments with [14C]labelled steroid substrates show that the semen contains the enzymes necessary for the conversion of cholesterol to 11-deoxycorticosterone via pregnenolone and progesterone.
THE OCCURRENCE OF INSULIN IN THE PANCREAS OF FOETUSES OF SOME RODENTS
Authors: GRILLO T. A. I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A study has been made of the occurrence of insulin in the pancreas of the foetuses of some rodents.
The histological methods used confirm the findings of earlier investigators that definite β-granulation appears in the rat foetus on the 17th–18th day of gestation and in the rabbit just before or after birth. Insulin in the foetal rat was demonstrated by the fluorescent antibody method from the 14th day onwards.
Bioassays of extracts of pancreas of foetuses from normal animals revealed the presence of insulin or an insulin-like substance in the 14-day rat foetus, in the 18- to 19-day rabbit foetus, in the 16-day mouse foetus and in the 11-day hamster foetus.
These findings suggest that insulin was present in the foetuses of these rodents before mature β-granulation could be detected microscopically.
BOUND AND FREE CORTICOSTEROID IN THE PLASMA OF TWO SUBSPECIES OF DEER MICE (PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS) AFTER EXPOSURE TO A LOW AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Authors: ELEFTHERIOU B. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Paper and thin-layer chromatography were used to identify corticosterone as the only glucocorticosteroid in two subspecies of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii and P. m. gracilis). Free and bound corticosterone levels in plasma were determined fluorimetrically in both subspecies after exposure to cold (2 ± 0·5°) for 15 days. Initially, there was a significant rise in free and bound corticosterone in the plasma after cold exposure with return to the levels before cold exposure within 3 days in P. m. bairdii and 10 days in P. m. gracilis.
The differential response to cold by P. m. gracilis is discussed in terms of a possible shift in pituitary adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and decreased adrenal output. In general it is concluded that subspecies bairdii possesses a more sensitive pituitary-adrenal system than gracilis, and that the former has also greater ability to acclimatization to cold than the latter.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS IN THE SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS OF THE DOG AND RAT
Authors: SLOPER J. C. , BATESON RACHEL G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial systems of the dog and rat have been investigated with the electron microscope. The best preparations were obtained from anaesthetized animals cooled to about 7°.
Neuronal cell bodies in the supraoptic nuclei of the dog were characterized both by their size, by their occasional proximity to the capillary basement membranes, and by their content of electron-dense, membrane-bound inclusions measuring between 750 and 3000 å in diameter. Similar inclusions, measuring between 800 and 2400 å in diameter, characterized nerve terminals in the infundibular process. These inclusions are the same size as those found to be associated with high antidiuretic activity in samples taken from the posterior pituitary and from the hypothalamus of the dog, and could therefore be the vehicles of antidiuretic hormone. It has been calculated that in the dog these inclusions, if they contain antidiuretic hormone, are numerous enough in the neuronal cell body for the latter to constitute the only site of hormone synthesis.
Similar secretory neurones were found in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat. They were more difficult to identify than in the dog, for they contained fewer inclusions of the size which filled nerve terminals in the infundibular process.
THE INFLUENCE OF HUMAN SERUM ON THE ACTIVITY OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN MALE RANA RIDIBUNDA
Authors: INSLER V. , LUNENFELD B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of human serum as vehicle in the bioassay of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) has been investigated in male Rana ridibunda. It was shown that undiluted serum may depress or increase the activity of HCG, while diluted serum may have no influence on the activity. The influence of the serum depends on the time lapse between the administration of the hormone and the measurement of its effect in the test animal, as well as on the dilution of the serum.
In the light of the results presented, it is suggested that when serum HCG is assayed in male R. ridibunda, the standard preparation of HCG should be dissolved in serum and the frogs should be examined for spermiation 5 and 12 hr. after the injection. If, however, the standard preparation is dissolved in saline, only diluted serum should be used in the test.
RESTORATION OF LACTATION IN RATS WITH HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS WHICH INHIBIT LACTATION
Authors: AVERILL R. L. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Rats bearing bilateral thermal lesions placed lateral to the paraventricular nuclei were unable to lactate. Replacement therapy with prolactin alone induced partial lactation after subsequent pregnancies, provided the hormone was given for 4–8 days before or after parturition. Once established, these induced lactations persisted despite cessation of hormone injections.
3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE IN THE ADRENAL GLAND AND PLACENTA
Authors: BAILLIE A. H. , CAMERON E. H. D. , GRIFFITHS K. , HART D. McK. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was studied histochemically in human, monkey, and rat adrenal glands and in human placentae. Tissue sections were incubated separately with each of the following substrates: (1) 3β-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (pregnenolone); (2) sodium 3β-sulphoxypregn-5-en-20-one (pregnenolonesulphate); (3) 3β-acetoxypregn-5-en-20 one (pregnenoloneacetate); (4) 3β,16α-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (16α-hydroxypregnenolone); (5) 3β,17α-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (17α-hydroxypregnenolone); (6) ammonium 3β-sulphoxy-17α-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (17α-hydroxypregnenolone ammonium sulphate); (7) 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA); (8) 3β-sulphoxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA sulphate); (9) 3β-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA acetate); (10) androst-5-ene-3β, 17β-diol (androstenediol).
The histochemical results obtained with pregnenolone and DHA as substrates resemble those described by other workers. Using pregnenolone sulphate and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone sulphate, a strong histochemical reaction with diformazan deposition was found in the zona fasciculata of the adrenals of all species and in the placental syntrophoblast. With DHA sulphate an extremely weak histochemical reaction was obtained with the adrenal zona fasciculata, monoformazan only being deposited. The syntrophoblast, however, showed intense 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity when incubated with DHA sulphate. These results accord with recent findings regarding the secretion and metabolism of 3β-sulphoxysteroids.
A strong histochemical reaction was also obtained in both adrenal and placental tissues using 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, 16α-hydroxypregnenolone, androstenediol, pregnenolone acetate, and DHA acetate. These steroids have not previously been described as substrates for the histochemical demonstration of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the adrenal or placenta.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE SPECIFICITY OF THE FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ADRENAL CORTICOSTEROIDS IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: SPENCER-PEET J. , DALY J. R. , SMITH VIVIEN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Extracts of human plasma in ethanolic sulphuric acid contain two groups of fluorogens. The fluorescence of one of these increases linearly with time, while the other gives a constant fluorescence between 8 and 20 min. after extraction into the acid mixture. Measurement of the rate of increase in fluorescence of the plasma extracts permits the proportion of the total fluorescence due to the stable component to be calculated.
The component with constant fluorescence probably consists entirely of cortisol and corticosterone. This finding has been used to improve the specificity of a simple method for the determination of adrenal corticosteroids in human plasma. This improved method is described and assessed, and a range of normal values is reported.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: YOUNG B. A. , FOSTER C. L. , CAMERON E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis of the rabbit is described preliminary to reporting changes after experimental procedures. Fixation by perfusing with gluteraldehyde enabled selected regions of the gland to be removed with accuracy. Separate descriptions of the pars distalis proper, zona tuberalis, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia are therefore included.
In the pars distalis proper four types of granular cell were recognized although their function cannot be accurately determined. For convenience, therefore, they have been designated 1, 2, 3 and 4. In addition a fifth type of cell (type 5) is described which is also present in the other areas. This cell, as well as having possible phagocytic functions, appears to be concerned in the formation of a perivascular channel.
Two types of cell are recognized in the zona tuberalis, which are similar in appearance to the 3 and 4 cells of the pars distalis, although not necessarily identical in function.
The characteristic cells of the pars tuberalis are rich in cytoplasmic RNA and contain large numbers of intracellular fibrils. It is suggested that the ribosomes are concerned in the synthesis of a sedentary protein which may take the form of the microfibrils.
The pars intermedia contains a predominant cell type with large granules of varying density. The relationship of these granules to the specific hormone is discussed.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE OVARIAN ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION TEST FOR LUTEINIZING HORMONE
Authors: BELL E. T. , LORAINE J. A. , MUKERJI S. , VISUTAKUL PACHARA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A modification of the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion (OAAD) method for luteinizing hormone (LH) is described in which the standard and test materials are administered by the intraperitoneal rather than by the intravenous route.
The potency of NIH-LH when administered i.p. and i.v. was the same and the slopes of the log dose-response curves for the two routes of administration were very similar.
Studies on the effect of seasonal factors on the OAAD method showed that both the slopes of the log dose-response curves and the absolute levels of ascorbic acid varied from one assay to another. The necessity for using a standard preparation in all assays of LH activity by the OAAD method is emphasized.
THE URINARY EXCRETION OF GONADOTROPHINS BY SHEEP: THE EFFECT OF GONADECTOMY ON THE EXCRETION BY MALE AND FEMALE SHEEP
Authors: SYMINGTON R. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of gonadectomy on the urinary excretion of gonadotrophins were studied in male and female sheep.
(1) The most striking effect in both sexes of bilateral gonadectomy was a rapid and marked increase in the excretion of FSH.
(2) The results of unilateral gonadectomy were inconclusive.
(3) With one exception, the absolute and relative changes in the rates of excretion of FSH were greater in male than in female sheep.
THE ANTIDIURETIC EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS AND INTRACAROTID INFUSION OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE IN HYDRATED RATS
Authors: THORN N. A. , SMITH M. W. , SKADHAUGE E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Calcium chloride was infused intravenously as a slightly hypotonic solution into hydrated rats anaesthetized with ethanol and Inactin. Doses of 12–24 mg. Ca2+/kg. caused a transitory antidiuretic effect during which time antidiuretic material was excreted in the urine. Intracarotid infusion of calcium chloride towards the head produced a more pronounced effect than intravenous infusion of the same amount. The same doses of calcium chloride failed to have an antidiuretic effect in rats with diabetes insipidus.
These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of Douglas & Poisner that calcium ions play an essential role in the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland.
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE AND PROLACTIN PREPARATIONS ON THE CONTROL BY INTERSTITIAL CELL-STIMULATING HORMONE OF UPTAKE OF 65Zn BY THE RAT DORSOLATERAL PROSTATE
Authors: GUNN S. A. , GOULD THELMA C. , ANDERSON W. A. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Five pituitary hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone and prolactin, were tested for their capacity to alter the control by interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) of the uptake of 65Zn by the dorsolateral prostate gland of the mature hypophysectomized Sprague-Dawley rat. Only prolactin and growth hormone produced significant augmentation of the response to ICSH. Contamination with growth hormone was apparently not responsible for the augmentation of ICSH activity brought about by the NIH-prolactin preparation used. NIH-prolactin and a highly purified preparation provided by Dr C. H. Li were shown to be equally effective in their capacity to augment the 65Zn-uptake response produced by ICSH. Augmentation was detectable with total doses of prolactin as low as 10–30 μg. (0·21–0·63 i.u.). Prolactin caused an augmentation of testosterone activity on uptake of 65Zn in the hypophysectomized and castrated rat, indicating an effect of prolactin on the prostate that is not mediated by the testis. NIH-growth hormone was not as effective as the prolactin preparations in enhancing ICSH activity, but in sufficient doses produced a significant increase in the 65Zn-uptake response to ICSH. These studies showed also that the uptake of 65Zn of the dorsolateral prostate was a more sensitive and more consistent parameter than glandular weight for the detection of augmentation of ICSH response by growth hormone or prolactin preparations.
THE POTENTIATING ACTION OF MAGNESIUM AND MANGANESE ON THE OXYTOCIC EFFECT OF SOME OXYTOCIN ANALOGUES
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Analogues of oxytocin contract the rat uterus in vitro more strongly in the presence of 0·5 mm-Mg2+ than in the absence of the ion. This effect can be referred to an increased 'affinity' of the hormone for its receptors. Neither Ca2+ (1 mm), Sr2+ (0·5 mm) nor lower concentrations of Mg2+ (0·1 mm) have this effect. Manganese mm) was more effective than Mg2+ (0·5 mm); the former potentiated the action of 3-valine oxytocin 9·9 times; that of 8-arginine oxytocin 3·3 times and that of 8-isoleucine oxytocin 1·3 times while 0·5 mm-Mg2+ potentiated the same analogues 5·7, 1·9 and 1·1 times, respectively. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of action of oxytocin.
OESTROGEN AND THE DECIDUAL CELL REACTION OF IMPLANTATION IN MICE
Authors: FINN C. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Two non-traumatic methods for the induction of deciduomata were tested in the pseudopregnant mouse. The intra-uterine injection of arachis oil was found to be very effective, but the intraperitoneal injection of pyrathiazine was completely ineffective.
Oil and trauma were then compared as decidual stimuli in ovariectomized pseudopregnant mice maintained on exogenous progesterone. When ovariectomy was performed on the afternoon of day 4 of pseudopregnancy both stimuli were effective. When the ovaries were removed on the afternoon of day 3, trauma was still effective but oil no longer induced deciduomata. However, oil retained its effectiveness if 0·025 μg. of oestradiol was injected subcutaneously about 7 hr. before the injection of the oil. It is suggested that the hormonal requirements for decidual cell-induction by oil are similar to those for implantation and that oestrogen is necessary to permit the initial reaction between the oil (or the blastocyst) and the surface of the epithelial cells. Traumatic induction does not require oestrogen because it does not simulate this reaction.
SIMPLE PREPARATIONS OF 5β-PREGNANE-3α,17α,20α-TRIOL AND 5β-PREGNANE-3α,11β,17α,20α-TETROL
Authors: THORNTON C. B. , ROGERS SYLVIA , KLYNE W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
5β-Pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol and 5β-pregnane-3α,11β,17α,20α-tetrol (commonly called 'pregnanetriol' and 'pregnanetetrol') have been prepared by reduction with lithium aluminium hydride of the corresponding 20-ketone and 11,20-diketone, respectively, and separation of the products by partition chromatography on a Celite column. In the latter case, the four isomeric tetrols were separated completely using a partition column treated with boric acid. The behaviour on paper chromatograms of the triols and tetrols is discussed.
THE ESTIMATION OF POLAR STEROIDS IN LIQUOR AMNII
Authors: LAMBERT M. , PENNINGTON G. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
6β-Hydroxycortisol (Compound 1), 6β,17α,20β,21-tetrahydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11-dione (Compound 3), and 6β,11β,17α,20β,21-pentahydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one (Compound 4) were determined in liquor amnii obtained from women in the third trimester of pregnancy. The analytical method involved paper chromatography, followed by visual estimation of the fluorescence induced by treatment with sodium hydroxide.
In normal pregnancy the following average values (μg./100 ml. liquor amnii) were found: Compound 1, 4·3; Compound 3, 3·1; Compound 4, 0·8. Statistically significant deviations from normal values were observed in pregnancies associated with Rhesus incompatibility, diabetes mellitus, anencephaly and idiopathic hydramnios.
Explanations for these differences have been examined.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN ON THE NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM OF THE RAT ADRENAL GLAND
Authors: IMRIE R. C. , RAMAIAH T. R. , ANTONI F. , HUTCHISON W. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Treatment of female rats with adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) increased the RNA content of the adrenal glands progressively during a period of 3 days, the DNA content increased only after prolonged administration. By contrast, ACTH caused a decrease in the uptake of [32P]orthophosphate into the total RNA of the gland and into most of the RNA fractions of the subcellular components.
A method of analysis for RNA and DNA based on the Schmidt-Thannhauser procedure has been evolved which eliminates extraction of nucleic acid by lipid solvents.
THE SYNCHRONY OF OESTRUS IN MICE: RELATIVE ROLES OF THE MALE AND FEMALE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: MARSDEN H. M. , BRONSON F. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects were evaluated of exposing female C57BL/6J mice to different male and female environments before pairing on attainment of oestrus after pairing. In Expt. I, grouped female mice were exposed for 2 days to male urine of the same strain, a different strain (CBA/J), a different species (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii), or to female urine of the same strain. Male urine of the same strain accelerated attainment of oestrus; exposure to male urine of a different species did not. Results on the significance of strain specificity were inconclusive. In Expt. II, grouped females were isolated in clean cages for 2 days before pairing, with and without exposure to male urine. A high degree of synchrony was obtained on the first night after pairing in both groups (about 60% of all females which mated in 4 days). Apparently, synchrony of oestrus in grouped females is as much, or more, a result of a release from the oestrus-suppressing effects of crowding (in all-female groups) as of stimulation by the odour of the male (male urine). Synchrony after pairing was also found in two albino strains of mice (SWR/J and SJL/J) which had been reared together in small groups.