bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topology and patch‐clamp analysis of the sodium channel in relationship to the anti‐lipid a antibody in campylobacteriosis
Authors: Usuki Seigo , Nakatani Yoshihiko , Taguchi Kyoji , Fujita Tetsuhiro , Tanabe Shinya , Ustunomiya Iku , Gu Yihua , Cawthraw Shaun A. , Newell Diane G. , Pajaniappan Mohanasundari , Thompson Stuart A. , Ariga Toshio , Yu Robert K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAn infecting strain VLA2/18 of Campylobacter jejuni was obtained from an individual with campylobacteriosis and used to prepare chicken sera by experimental infection to investigate the role of serum anti‐ganglioside antibodies in Guillain‐Barré syndrome. Both sera of the patient and chicken contained anti‐ganglioside antibodies and anti‐Lipid A (anti‐Kdo2‐Lipid A) antibodies directed against the lipid A portion of the bacterial lipooligosaccharide. The anti‐Kdo2‐Lipid A activities inhibited voltage‐gated Na (Nav) channel of NSC‐34 cells in culture. We hypothesized that anti‐Kdo2‐Lipid A antibody acts on the functional inhibition of Nav1.4. To test this possibility, a rabbit peptide antibody (anti‐Nav1.4 pAb) against a 19‐mer peptide (KELKDNHILNHVGLTDGPR) on the α subunit of Nav1.4 was produced. Anti‐Nav1.4 pAb was cross‐reactive to Kdo2‐Lipid A. Anti‐Kdo2‐lipid A antibody activity in the chicken serum was tested for the Na+ current inhibition in NSC‐34 cells in combination with μ‐Conotoxin and tetrodotoxin. Contrary to our expectations, the anti‐Kdo2‐Lipid A antibody activity was extended to Nav channels other than Nav1.4. By overlapping structural analysis, it was found that there might be multiple peptide epitopes containing certain dipeptides showing a structural similarity with v‐Lipid A. Thus, our study suggests the possibility that there are multiple epitopic peptides on the extracellular domains of Nav1.1 to 1.9, and some of them may represent target sites for anti‐Kdo2‐Lipid A antibody, to induce neurophysiological changes in GBS by disrupting the normal function of the Nav channels. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning, expression, and functional analysis of rhesus monkey trace amine‐associated receptor 6: Evidence for lack of monoaminergic association
Authors: Xie Zhihua , Vallender Eric J. , Yu Naichen , Kirstein Shelli L. , Yang Hong , Bahn Mary E. , Westmoreland Susan V. , Miller Gregory M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSeveral recent studies report an association between trace amine‐associated receptor 6 (TAAR6) and susceptibility to schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in humans. However, endogenous TAAR6 agonists and the receptor signaling profile and brain distribution remain unclear. Here, we clone TAAR6 from the rhesus monkey and use transfected cells to investigate whether this receptor interacts with brain monoamines and a psychostimulant drug to trigger cAMP signaling or extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, while investigating its expression profile in the rhesus monkey brain. Unlike TAAR1, rhesus monkey TAAR6 did not alter cAMP levels in response to 10 μM of monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, β‐phenylethylamine (β‐PEA), octopamine, tryptamine, and tyramine) or methamphetamine in stably transfected cells in vitro. Real‐time cell electronic sensing analysis indicated that the receptor did not alter cell impedance or change the effect of forskolin on cell impedance at exposure to 20 μM of each monoamine, suggesting a lack of either Gs or Gi‐linked signaling. Whereas κ opioid receptor activation led to ERK phosphorylation at exposure to 1 μM U69593, rhesus monkey TAAR6 had no such effect at exposure to 10 μM of monoamines or methamphetamine. Membrane and cell surface localization of TAAR6 was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, biotinylation, and Western blot testing with a TAAR6 antibody in the transfected cells. Real‐time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction amplification showed that TAAR6 mRNA was undetectable in selected rhesus monkey brain regions. Together, the data reveal that TAAR6 is unresponsive to brain monoamines and is not expressed in rhesus monkey brain monoaminergic nuclei, suggesting TAAR6 lacks direct association with brain monoaminergic neuronal function. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histamine‐induced Ca2+ entry in human astrocytoma U373 MG cells: Evidence for involvement of store‐operated channels
Authors: Barajas Margarita , Andrade Arturo , Hernandez‐Hernandez Oscar , Felix Ricardo , Arias‐Montaño Jose‐Antonio 
Published: July 2008

AbstractGlial and glia‐derived cells express a variety of receptors for neurotransmitters and hormones, the majority of which evoke both Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane. We investigated the links between histamine H1 receptor activation, Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and Ca2+ influx in human astrocytoma U373 MG cells. Histamine, through a H1 receptor‐mediated effect, evoked an increase in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) that occurred in two phases: an initial, transient, increase owing to Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular pools, and a second, sustained increase dependent on both Ca2+ influx and continuous receptor occupancy. The characteristics of histamine‐induced increases in [Ca2+]i were similar to the capacitative entry evoked by emptying of the Ca2+ stores with thapsigargine, and different from that observed when Ca2+ influx was activated with OAG (1‐oleoyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycerol), a diacylglycerol (DAG) analog. OAG application or increased endogenous DAG, resulting from DAG kinase inhibition, reduced the histamine‐induced response. Furthermore, activation of the DAG target, protein kinase C (PKC), by TPA (12‐O‐tetradecanoyl 4β‐phorbol 13α‐acetate) resulted in inhibition of the histamine‐induced Ca2+ response, an action prevented by PKC inhibitors. By using reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis, mRNAs for transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) 1, 4, and 6 as well as for STIM1 (stromal‐interacting molecule) and Orai1 were found to be expressed in the U373 MG cells, and confocal microscopy using specific antibodies revealed the presence of the corresponding proteins. Therefore, TRPCs may be candidate proteins forming store‐operated channels in the U373 MG cell line. Further, our results confirm the involvement of PKC in the regulation of H1 receptor‐induced responses and point out to the existence of a feedback mechanism acting via PKC to limit the increase in [Ca2+]i. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute brain cytokine responses after global birth hypoxia in the rat
Authors: Ashdown Helen , Joita Silvia , Luheshi Giamal N. , Boksa Patricia 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe main cause of hypoxic/ischemic brain damage in term human neonates is intrauterine asphyxia, in which the whole body is subjected to hypoxia. Inflammatory cytokines are thought to play an important role in modulating hypoxic/ischemic damage in immature brain. Evidence for this from animal models is based mainly on studies that used a model of carotid artery ligation with hypoxia in postnatal rats. However, little is known about the role of cytokines in brain injury after whole‐body hypoxia at the time of birth. This study used a well‐established rat model of global birth hypoxia to assess mRNA and protein expression of three key proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α, (TNF‐α) in the brain, liver, and kidney of neonates. We observed decreased IL‐1β and TNF‐α protein, and decreased IL‐6 mRNA in brains of neonates in the 2 hr after birth hypoxia but increased IL‐6 and IL‐1β in liver compared with vaginally born controls. Increasing the severity of the insult by increasing the period of anoxic exposure further decreased brain IL‐1β, whereas delivering anoxia under hypothermic conditions, known to be neuroprotective, attenuated the decrease in brain IL‐1β. These data suggest that decreased brain levels of inflammatory cytokines may modulate central nervous system responses to global birth hypoxia in rats. Our findings of decreased brain cytokine expression after global birth hypoxia contrast with reports of increased brain cytokines after carotid artery ligation with hypoxia in postnatal rats; possible reasons for these differences are discussed. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defective insulin signaling pathway and increased glycogen synthase kinase‐3 activity in the brain of diabetic mice: Parallels with Alzheimer's disease and correction by insulin
Authors: Jolivalt C.G. , Lee C.A. , Beiswenger K.K. , Smith J.L. , Orlov M. , Torrance M.A. , Masliah E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe have evaluated the effect of peripheral insulin deficiency on brain insulin pathway activity in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes, the parallels with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the effect of treatment with insulin. Nine weeks of insulin‐deficient diabetes significantly impaired the learning capacity of mice, significantly reduced insulin‐degrading enzyme protein expression, and significantly reduced phosphorylation of the insulin‐receptor and AKT. Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK3) was also significantly decreased, indicating increased GSK3 activity. This evidence of reduced insulin signaling was associated with a concomitant increase in tau phosphorylation and amyloid β protein levels. Changes in phosphorylation levels of insulin receptor, GSK3, and tau were not observed in the brain of db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes, after a similar duration (8 weeks) of diabetes. Treatment with insulin from onset of diabetes partially restored the phosphorylation of insulin receptor and of GSK3, partially reduced the level of phosphorylated tau in the brain, and partially improved learning ability in insulin‐deficient diabetic mice. Our data indicate that mice with systemic insulin deficiency display evidence of reduced insulin signaling pathway activity in the brain that is associated with biochemical and behavioral features of AD and that it can be corrected by insulin treatment. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quality of fresh‐cut tomatoes as affected by salt content in irrigation water and post‐processing ultraviolet‐C treatment
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Jin , Fonseca Jorge M , Kubota Chieri , Kroggel Mark , Choi Ju‐Hee 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: There is little information available concerning the effect of sanitizing agents, including ultraviolet (UV‐C) light, on nutritional composition of fresh‐cut produce. In this study, the influence of UV‐C light irradiation (3.2–19.2 kJ m−2) on the nutritional quality of fresh‐cut tomato cv. Durinta grown under either low (2.4/2.8 dS m−1) or high (4.9/7.7 dS m−1) electrical conductivity (EC) of the hydroponic nutrient influx/efflux solution was investigated.RESULTS: When grown under low EC UV‐C light treatment reduced development of microbial population of fresh‐cut tomato, increased phenolic content and delayed degradation of vitamin C after 7 days of storage at 4–6 °C. UV‐C light irradiation had no significant effect on appearance, color or lycopene content of fresh‐cut tomato. In recently harvested intact tomatoes, the lycopene and vitamin C contents were 30% higher in tomatoes irrigated with high EC, whereas the phenolic content was unaffected by the salt treatment. After fresh‐cut processing, phenolic and vitamin C contents of fresh cuts produced from tomatoes treated with high EC decreased by > 10%. This decline was initially accelerated in tomato treated with UV‐C light irradiation.CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed that fresh‐cut tomatoes are affected dissimilarly by UV‐C treatments, depending on the degree of salt stress undergone by plants before harvest. We determined the impact of a sanitizing procedure on nutritional composition, an effect often overlooked but with great significance to ensure overall quality of fresh produce. Our findings revealed the need for more nutritional studies addressing the effect of multiple stress factors from pre‐harvest to post‐processing stages. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Chlorophyll degradation and resulting catabolite formation in stored Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.)
Authors: Dissanayake Prasajith K , Yamauchi Naoki , Shigyo Masayoshi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Loss of green colour is the main factor in quality deterioration of stored Japanese bunching onion (JBO, Allium fistulosum L.) leaves. Elucidation of chlorophyll (Chl) degradation has not been performed to date. In the present study, Chl catabolism and Chl‐degrading enzyme activities in stored JBO leaves were investigated.RESULTS: Green leaves of JBO stored at 25 °C turned yellow within 3 days, whereas no changes occurred at 4 °C. Pheophytin (Phy) a, chlorophyllide (Chlide) a, pheophorbide (Pheide) a and C132‐hydroxychlorophyll (OHChl) a were the main catabolites of Chl a and diminished at 25 °C concomitant with leaf yellowing, whereas no significant reductions were observed at 4 °C. The activities of Chl‐degrading peroxidase and Mg‐dechelation increased significantly at 25 °C but not at 4 °C.CONCLUSION: Chl degradation was accelerated and catabolite levels (mainly Phy a, Chlide a, Pheide a and OHChl a) were diminished in JBO leaves stored at 25 °C, suggesting that the catabolites are rapidly converted into their following forms. Activities of Mg‐dechelation and Chl‐degrading peroxidase were significantly enhanced during storage at 25 °C, indicating that these two enzymes have major roles in Chl degradation in stored JBO leaves. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro gas production profiles and fermentation end‐products in processed peas, lupins and faba beans
Authors: Azarfar Arash , Tamminga Seerp , Pellikaan WF , van der Poel Antonius FB 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: An experiment was carried out to establish whether using a pre‐compacting device (expander) changes the contribution of dry matter (DM) and degradative behaviour of peas, lupins and faba beans over the different fractions (non‐washable fraction, NWF; insoluble washable fraction, ISWF; soluble washable fraction, SWF). Samples of the entire concentrate ingredients (WHO ingredients) and their different fractions (NWF, ISWF and SWF) were subjected to three processes (Retsch milling, R; expander treatment, E; expander‐pelleting, EP) and their fermentation characteristics were evaluated using an in vitro gas production technique.RESULTS: In peas and faba beans, both the E and EP processes increased the size of the NWF (P < 0.05) and decreased the size of the SWF compared with the R process. The maximum fractional rate of gas production in the first phase of fermentation was higher in the E and EP samples than in the R samples (P < 0.05). In lupins and faba beans the E and EP processes shifted the pattern of fermentation towards a more glucogenic fermentation, as represented by a lower non‐glucogenic to glucogenic ratio (NGR). Ammonia production (NH3‐N) in the E and EP samples was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in the R samples.CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the E and EP processes provide a certain level of protection against ruminal breakdown to dietary protein and shift the pattern of fermentation towards a more glucogenic fermentation. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Composition and radical‐scavenging activity of Thymus glabrescens Willd. (Lamiaceae) essential oil
Authors: Maksimović Zoran , Stojanović Danilo , Šoštarić Ivan , Dajić Zora , Ristić Mihailo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Knowledge about the chemical and therapeutic properties of Thymus glabrescens Willd. (Lamiaceae) is scarce and inconsistent. Therefore the main objectives of this study were to determine the yield and chemical composition of essential oils from wild‐growing T. glabrescens populations, to assess their radical scavenging activity and to correlate the results with published data in order to deduce which components are responsible for the activity.RESULTS: The plant material yielded between 4.0 and 8.0 mL kg−1 of essential oil. All samples contained considerable but variable concentrations of thymol (22.3–55.1%), depending on the source. Radical‐scavenging activities of the oils were estimated by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) assay against butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and thymol as positive controls. The observed activities (IC50 values ranged from 94 to 230 µg mL−1) were strongly influenced by thymol concentration, as verified by rapid screening for DPPH radical‐scavenging activity on thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates and regression analysis.CONCLUSION: These results represent the first report on the free radical‐scavenging activity of T. glabrescens essential oil and one of the first comprehensive reports on its composition. Thymus glabrescens could be used in the food industry for seasoning purposes or for preserving processed foods from oxidative degradation. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Fertilization in vitro with spermatozoa from different mice increased variation in the developmental potential of embryos compared to artificial parthenogenetic activation
Authors: Miao De‐Qiang , Liang Bo , Wang Jun‐Zuo , Wang Hui‐Li , Cui Wei , Liu Yong , Tan Jing‐He 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAlthough successful embryo development is dependent upon genetic and epigenetic contributions from both the male and female, the male potential to adversely affect embryo development has been scarcely studied. It is unclear whether the sperm variation among different males would affect the outcome of oocyte evaluation by embryo development following fertilization. In the present study, variation in the developmental potential of mouse embryos was first compared between in vitro fertilization with epididymal spermatozoa from different males and Sr2+ parthenogenetic activation using oocytes of different qualities, and then the effect of male on fertilization and embryo development was examined using randomly chosen oocytes and spermatozoa from cauda epididymidis, vas deferens or electro‐ejaculates. Rates of fertilization and blastocyst formation were significantly higher with spermatozoa from cauda epididymidis or vas deferens than with ejaculated spermatozoa. Rates of embryonic development differed significantly between different males, but not between different ejaculates of the same male. Analysis of standard errors of means and coefficients of variance indicated that as long as multiple males were involved, the variation in oocyte fertilization/activation and blastocyst formation was always higher after fertilization than after Sr2+ parthenogenetic activation whether spermatozoa were collected from epididymidis, vas deferens or ejaculates and regardless of oocyte qualities. It is concluded that (1) epididymal mouse spermatozoa fertilize more oocytes than ejaculated spermatozoa under identical experimental conditions; (2) like farm animals, the mice also show a remarkable male effect on the developmental potential of in vitro produced embryos although they are supposed to be less genetically diverse; (3) parthenogenetic activation is recommended for assessment of oocyte quality to exclude the effect of male. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 239–245, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of annexins in tumour development and progression
Authors: Mussunoor S , Murray GI 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe annexins are a super‐family of closely related calcium and membrane‐binding proteins. They have a diverse range of cellular functions that include vesicle trafficking, cell division, apoptosis, calcium signalling and growth regulation. Many studies have shown the annexins to be among the genes whose expression are consistently differentially altered in neoplasia. Some annexins show increased expression in specific types of tumours, while others show loss of expression. Mechanistic studies relating the changes in annexin expression to tumour cell function, particularly tumour invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis and drug resistance, are now also emerging. Changes in the expression of individual annexins are associated with particular types of tumour and hence the annexins may also be useful biomarkers in the clinic. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppression of putative tumour suppressor gene GLTSCR2 expression in human glioblastomas
Authors: Kim Y‐J , Cho Y‐E , Kim Y‐W , Kim J‐Y , Lee S , Park J‐H 
Published: July 2008

AbstractGlioma tumour‐suppressor candidate region gene 2 (GLTSCR2/PICT‐1) is localized within the well‐known 1.4 Mb tumour‐suppressive region of chromosome 19q, which is frequently altered in various human tumours, including diffuse gliomas. Aside from its chromosomal localization, several lines of evidence, including PTEN‐phosphorylating and cell‐killing activities, suggests that GLTSCR2 participates in the suppression of tumour growth and development. However, little is known about the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of GLTSCR2 as a tumour suppressor gene. We investigated the pathological significance of GLTSCR2 expression in association with the development and progression of glioblastomas, the most common malignant brain tumour. We used real‐time PCR and western blot analysis to examine the expression levels of GLTSCR2 mRNA and protein in glioblastomas, normal brain tissue and in non‐glial tumour tissue of different origin, and found that GLTSCR2 expression is down‐regulated in glioblastomas. In addition, direct sequencing analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization clearly demonstrates the presence of genetic alterations, such as a nonsense mutation and deletion, in the GLTSCR2 gene in glioblastomas. Finally, our immunohistochemical study demonstrates that GLTSCR2 is sequentially down‐regulated according to the histological malignant progression of the astrocytic glial tumour. Taken together, our results suggest that GLTSCR2 is involved in astrocytic glioma progression. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.