bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divergence vs. ambivalence: effects of personal relevance on minority influence
Authors: Mucchi‐Faina Angelica , Cicoletti Giancarla 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAccording to the literature on social influence, a minority source can induce two main cognitive processes: validation and divergence. The aim of the present study was to determine if the two processes are jointly or alternatively activated. We hypothesized that the process stimulated by the minority source would be different according to the personal relevance of the issue for the participants. Specifically, we predicted that a minority would induce more validation (i.e. ambivalent thoughts about the issue) in the low relevance condition rather than in the high relevance condition. On the other hand, the minority would produce more divergence (i.e. alternative proposals) in the high relevance condition rather than in the low relevance condition. Two experiments in which the participants were exposed to a counter‐attitudinal message of a minority or a majority supported these predictions. Moreover, in Study 1 evidence has also been found that a minority source fosters more pertinent (but not more original) proposals in the high relevance condition rather than in the low relevance condition, whereas in Study 2 ambivalence (other than divergence) appeared to be correlated with, but not a significant mediator of, indirect influence. The implications of these findings for minority influence theory are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ego depletion and aggressive behavior: Is the inhibition of aggression a limited resource?
Authors: Stucke Tanja S. , Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIf self‐regulation is a limited resource, the capacity to inhibit aggressive behavior should be lower among people who have already exercised self‐regulation. In Experiment 1, participants who had to resist the urge to eat tempting food later reacted more aggressively to an insult than other participants who were allowed to eat as much as they wanted. In Experiments 2 and 3, some participants had to self‐regulate by making themselves concentrate on a boring film and stifling their physical and facial movements, and afterward they, too, responded more aggressively than controls. Experiment 3 also showed that the results were not due to differential moods and that one act of self‐regulation (unrelated to aggression) was sufficient to enhance subsequent aggressive responses toward the experimenter. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ideal selves and self‐esteem in people with independent or interdependent self‐construal
Authors: Hannover Bettina , Birkner Norbert , Pöhlmann Claudia 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNot living up to one's ideal self has been shown to coincide with decreased self‐esteem. In the present paper, this notion is applied to the differentiation between people with independent versus interdependent self‐construal. We suggest that the ideal self of independents differs in two respects from the one of interdependents: with respect to its contents (autonomous versus social self‐knowledge) and with respect to the degree of context‐dependency of the encoded knowledge (context‐independent versus context‐dependent self‐knowledge). In three studies, via a priming we either manipulated contents or degree of context‐dependency of what participants considered themselves to actually be like. On both explicit and implicit measures, participants with independent construal indicated higher self‐esteem after priming of autonomous and context‐independent knowledge than after priming of social and context‐dependent knowledge. The opposite pattern was observed in participants with interdependent construal. Results suggest that independent and interdependent construals mirror different ideals which are applied as a comparison standard when evaluating the self. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Saving Bulgaria's Jews: an analysis of social identity and the mobilisation of social solidarity
Authors: Reicher Stephen , Cassidy Clare , Wolpert Ingrid , Hopkins Nick , Levine Mark 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates the arguments used in public documents to mobilise Bulgarians against the deportation of Jews in World War II. We focus on the key documents relating to the first wave of mobilisation in 1940–1941 as provided by Todorov in The Fragility of Goodness (2001). We demonstrate that these documents are based on three types of argument. The first, category inclusion, treats the Jews as part of a common ingroup rather than as constituting a separate outgroup. The second, category norms, proposes that help for those under attack is a core aspect of ingroup identity. The third, category interest, suggests that the ingroup will be harmed if Jews are persecuted. In each case, the predominant category on which arguments are based is national identity (i.e. ‘we Bulgarians …’). This analysis is used to validate and extend a social identity of model of helping. The theoretical and practical implications of such an approach are considered in the discussion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An application of escape theory to binge eating
Authors: Blackburn Sonja , Johnston Lucy , Blampied Neville , Popp Danielle , Kallen Rachel 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe application of Escape Theory (Heatherton & Baumeister, 1991) to binge eating was studied in a non‐clinical sample of 129 women. Structural equation modelling (SEM) showed a good fit between the Escape Model and the data. Perfectionism strongly predicted aversive self‐awareness which, in turn, predicted negative affect. Negative affect predicted levels of avoidant coping which strongly predicted levels of binge eating. Implications for understanding and treating binge eating are considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Patients differ—a plea for individually tailored service allocation
Authors: Kordy Hans , Haug Severin , Percevic Robert 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe main objective of this commentary is to stimulate a debate on service allocation and the implications for clinical practice and research. Although efficacious treatments for patients with ED have been developed over the past decades, nonetheless many patients do not benefit substantially during treatment and many fail to maintain treatment gains after termination. Specific stepped care strategies have been suggested to improve this situation. These include secondary level treatments for those who do not respond to primary treatment and maintenance treatments for those who do respond. Usually, the primary as well as the secondary treatment are standardized and thus, follow an implicit service allocation strategy that is independent of the individual patient. This scenario is similar to the general situation in psychotherapy service provision. We therefore look to the psychotherapy service provision literature for guidance and propose an alternative strategy that aims for a better match between individual patient's needs and treatment duration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The relationship between education and health behavior: some empirical evidence
Authors: Cowell Alexander J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlthough researchers agree that more educated people typically engage in healthier behaviors, they have not uncovered the reason why. This paper considers several explanations, including future opportunity costs. Future opportunity costs represent any utility‐improving future outcome that is affected by currently engaging in health‐related behavior. This paper also examines whether there are degree effects in the health behaviors of binge drinking and smoking. Results suggest that future opportunity costs may affect smoking, although other interpretations cannot be ruled out. The results also find degree effects with regard to binge drinking. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is there a link between adult neurogenesis and learning?
Authors: Leuner Benedetta , Gould Elizabeth , Shors Tracey J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDuring the past several years, evidence has accumulated suggesting a relationship between newly born cells in the hippocampus and various types of learning and memory. However, most of the evidence is correlational and some of it does not agree. This review discusses both sides of this issue, considering the effects of learning on the production of new neurons in the dentate gyrus and the question of whether newly born cells participate in learning and memory. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alcohol and adult neurogenesis: Roles in neurodegeneration and recovery in chronic alcoholism
Authors: Nixon Kimberly 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe concept of “structural plasticity” has emerged as a potential mechanism in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases such as drug abuse, depression, and dementia. Chronic alcoholism is a progressive neurodegenerative disease while the person continues to abuse alcohol, though clinical and imaging studies show that some recovery may occur with abstinence. The neural plasticity observed in chronic alcoholism coupled with conflicting reports on alcohol‐induced hippocampal neuropathology make this disease ripe for reconsideration in terms of the phenomenon of adult neurogenesis. This review describes opposing neurogenic processes that occur with alcohol intoxication and abstinence following alcohol dependence and how these opposing events relate to neurodegeneration and recovery from chronic alcoholism. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collectivism as a moderator of responses to organizational justice: implications for leader‐member exchange and ingratiation
Authors: Erdogan Berrin , Liden Robert C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPrevious research indicates that employee justice perceptions are positively related to leader‐member exchange (LMX). We examined collectivism as a moderator of this relationship. We hypothesized that because maintaining harmonious relationships is important for collectivists, and because protecting their individual identities is not a priority, there is a weaker relationship between interactional and distributive justice perceptions and LMX for individuals high in collectivism. Instead of engaging in behaviors that would lower the quality of their LMX relationships, collectivists are more likely to use soft influence tactics, specifically ingratiation, as a response to perceived unfairness. Thus, we expected a stronger relationship between justice perceptions and ingratiation for those high in collectivism. In a sample of textile‐manufacturing employees in Istanbul, Turkey, we found that interactional justice had a weaker positive relationship with LMX for individuals high in collectivism. In addition, distributive justice had a nonsignificant relationship with LMX for those high in collectivism, whereas there was a positive relationship for those low in collectivism. Finally, for collectivists there was a negative relationship between interactional justice perceptions and frequency of ingratiation, suggesting that collectivists may use more subtle mechanisms when responding to interactional unfairness. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The psychological contract and the transition from full to part‐time police work
Authors: Dick Penny 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe cognitive‐perceptual conceptualisation of the psychological contract has dominated research in this field. In this paper, it is argued that locating the psychological contract at the level of the individual‐organisational relationship can offer rich insights into psychological contract dynamics. Using qualitative interview data from a research study exploring how managers and part‐timers deal with the transition from full to part‐time police work in the UK, it is argued that a multi‐perspective conceptualisation of the sources of the psychological contract is critical for understanding processes that lead to non‐mutuality of understandings. Specifically, it is argued that the institutional and organisational context, embedded in the actions of third parties and in management practices, can undermine the extent to which the manager and the employee can reach agreement about mutual obligations. The theoretical and policy implications of this position are developed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An extension of Lee and Mitchell's unfolding model of voluntary turnover
Authors: Donnelly David P. , Quirin Jeffrey J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLee and Mitchell (1994) proposed a decision process‐based voluntary turnover model, which identifies the psychological processes involved in the decision to quit a job. The current study tests and extends the Lee and Mitchell's (1994) unfolding model of voluntary turnover using a sample of voluntary ‘quitters’ and ‘stayers’. Survey and interview results from 84 practicing accountants suggest that the Lee and Mitchell's (1994) model does an excellent job of capturing employee decision process‐data in an accounting environment. Additional extension hypotheses pertaining to economic consequences and gender differences are also proposed and subsequently supported. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Rheological Properties of Poly(5‐n‐hexylnorbornene)
Authors: Müller Kerstin , Kreiling Stefan , Dehnicke Kurt , Allgaier Jürgen , Richter Dieter , Fetters Lewis J. , Jung Youngsuk , Yoon Do Y. , Greiner Andreas 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSummary:Poly(5‐n‐hexylnorbornene) (PHNB) was obtained in high molecular weight and high yields by vinyl‐type polymerization of 5‐n‐hexyl‐2‐norbornene (endo/exo = 77/23) with [NiBr(NPMe3)]4/B(C6F5)3as catalyst precursor. The combination of size exclusion chromatography with on‐line light scattering and intrinsic viscosity measurements allowed the Mark‐Houwink expressions to be evaluated in tetrahydrofuran. The unperturbed chain dimensions for poly(5‐n‐hexylnorbornene) were estimated via the extrapolation procedure of Burchard‐Stockmayer‐Fixman. This evaluation of the unperturbed chain dimension in turn permits the calculation of the entanglement molecular weight and the plateau modulus via the packing length model. This allows the determination of rheological properties for these materials where conventional rheology measurements are difficult, or impossible.[η]‐Mdata for PHNB in THF at 35 °C.magnified image[η]‐Mdata for PHNB in THF at 35 °C.
Depth profile and line‐edge roughness of partially O‐1‐ethoxyethylated low molecular weight amorphous polyphenol and poly(p‐hydroxystyrene) base resists for electron‐beam lithography
Authors: Hirayama Taku , Shiono Daiju , Onodera Junichi , Yamaguchi Atsuko , Fukuda Hiroshi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe line‐edge roughness (LER) of the chemically amplified positive‐tone electron‐beam (EB) resist based on low molecular weight polyphenol, partially O‐1‐ethoxyethylated 4,4′‐methylenebis [2‐[di(2‐methyl‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐cyclohexylphenyl)]methyl]phenol (3M6C‐MBSA‐EE), and poly(p‐hydroxystyrene) (PHS‐EE) as reference were compared. Phenol groups of these materials were partially protected by 1‐ethoxyethyl (EE) groups to control the dissolution rate for an aqueous alkaline developer. In order to confirm the film homogeneity, the film depth profiles by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectometry (TOS‐SIMS) measurement were investigated. From these results, the films of 3M6C‐MBSA‐EE and PHS‐EE base resist showed relatively flat depth profiles for species originating from the resist components and were suggested to be homogeneous. For the LER analysis aspect, the LER values estimated by using the Fourier amplitude spectra were 5.1 and 7.4 nm for 3M6C‐MBSA‐EE and PHS‐EE base resist, respectively. The former resist also represented the suppressed amplitude A(f) value of the Fourier amplitude spectra in the lower frequency region below 10 µm−1. 3M6C‐MBSA‐EE with suppressed polydispersity and dissolution rate distribution would be a hopeful material to control the LER. Also, it was confirmed that the formulation‐modified resist with 3M6C‐MBSA‐EE showed the lower LER value and remarkably depressed A(f) value than the high‐resolution EB resist which was formulated with p‐hydroxystyrene and acrylate derivative copolymer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ArF excimer laser resists based on fluoroalcohol
Authors: Ito H. , Truong H. D. , Allen R. D. , Li W. , Varanasi P. R. , Chen K.‐J. , Khojasteh M. , Huang W.‐S. , Burns S. D. , Pfeiffer D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews IBM's 193 nm resist development efforts, placing an emphasis on the systems employing fluoroalcohol as an acidic group. Polymethacrylates were initially selected as a platform for their good transparency at 193 nm and then the emphasis on dry etch resistance prompted the work on all‐norbornene systems. Carboxylic acid was employed in these resist systems as an acid group, which resulted in significant swelling during aqueous base development. Replacement of the carboxylic acid with fluoroalcohol has produced second generation 193 nm resist systems, the good dissolution behavior of which is offered by the fluoroalcohol group. The fluoroalcohol‐based 193 nm resists in this study include cycloolefin‐SO2, all‐norbornene, trifluoromethylacrylate‐norbornene (and vinyl ether), methacrylate, and silsesquioxane systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The thermal degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites with montmorillonite, layered double hydroxides and carbon nanotubes
Authors: Costache Marius C. , Wang Dongyan , Heidecker Matthew J. , Manias E. , Wilkie Charles A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe thermal degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) and its nanocomposite has been studied to determine if the presence of clays (anionic and cationic) or carbon nanotubes has an effect on the degradation pathway. Nanocomposite formation has been established by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, thermal degradation has been investigated by cone calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the products of degradation have been studied with TGA/FT‐IR and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). There are no marked differences in the degradation products of the polymer and its nanocomposites, but the degradation of the nanocomposite occurs at higher temperatures. The most likely explanation is that poly(methyl methacrylate) degrades by only a single route, so the clay cannot promote one pathway at the expense of another. This observation bears important implications for the barrier mechanism, which is currently used to explain the reduction in the peak heat release rate of nanocomposites. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of health status and health‐related quality of life in a cohort of Italian children following treatment for a primary brain tumor
Authors: Cardarelli Chiara , Cereda Cinzia , Masiero Lucia , Viscardi Elisabetta , Faggin Roberto , Laverda AnnaMaria , Bisogno Gianni , Perilongo Giorgio 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackgroundThis study is a pilot experience aiming to investigate the compliance of an institutional cohort of Italian children treated for a malignant disease and their families in completing the health utilities index2, (HUI2) and the effectiveness of this measured in terms of their health status (HS) and health‐related quality of life (HRQL). It specifically, it aimed to compare the HS and the HRQL, as expressed by the HUI2 global utility score, in cohorts of patients who had brain tumors, extra‐cerebral solid tumors, or leukemia/lymphoma.ProcedureFifty survivors of brain tumors, between 8 and 30 years at the time of the assessment (“self”) and/or their parents (“proxy”), attending the Pediatric Oncology Out Patient clinic of Padua, Italy, completed the HUI2 questionnaire. Eighty‐nine children with acute leukemia/lymphoma and 74 with extra‐cerebral solid tumors and/or their parents were also assessed.ResultsThe mean “self” and “proxy” HUI2 global utility scores in the brain tumor patients were 0.87 and 0.84, respectively, while in the cohorts of children with other solid tumors and leukemia/lymphoma, there were 0.94, 0.91, 0.96, and 0.92, respectively. The differences between the HUI2 global utility scores in the “self” and “proxy” assessment within each cohort of children were not statistically significant. In decreasing order of frequency, the attributes affected most commonly were: “emotion,” “pain,” “sensation,” and “cognition” both by “self” and “proxy” assessment.ConclusionsIn this Italian population of childhood cancer survivors the HUI2 questionnaire proved to be a user‐friendly tool, which provided information regarding HS and HRQL. A larger cohort of cancer children is needed to confirm the efficacy of the HUI2 questionnaire in distinguishing groups of children on this basis by disease category. Pediatric Blood Cancer © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TEM contrast of dissociated screw dislocations in silicon nearby a free surface
Authors: Boussaid Ahlem , Youssef Sami , Fnaiech Mustapha , Rouvière J.‐L. , Bonnet Roland 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDislocations are commonly analyzed by weak‐beam or high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) from the observation of the thinnest parts of TEM samples. In this work, it is shown that faint contrasts of dissociated screw dislocations running parallel to the surfaces of a silicon TEM sample reveal free surface relaxation. The contrast features are fully explained from an approach involving an N‐beam theory of the electron diffraction and an appropriate elastic field. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Conditionally replicative adenoviral vectors for malignant glioma
Authors: Sonabend Adam M. , Ulasov Ilya V. , Lesniak Maciej S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHigh‐grade gliomas constitute an important challenge to modern medicine, and although great effort has been made to prolong patient survival, the prognosis for this disease remains poor. Due to recent discoveries in the molecular basis of gliomas, gene therapy is becoming a promising alternative. In this review, we discuss the use of conditionally replicative adenoviral vectors (CRAd) and their applications in neuro‐oncology. Such vectors, when rendered conditionally replicative via transductional and transcriptional modifications, offer great promise for patients with malignant brain tumours. We review data from preclinical and clinical studies utilising such vectors and discuss the limitations and future perspectives of CRAd oncolytic therapy for malignant glioma. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic Rheology of Rice Starch‐Galactomannan Mixtures in the Aging Process
Authors: Kim Chion , Lee Sam‐Pin , Yoo Byoungseung 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe effect of galactomananns (guar gum and locust bean gum) at different concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%, w/w) on the dynamic rheological properties of aqueous rice starch dispersions (5%, w/w) was investigated by small‐deformation oscillatory measurements during aging. Magnitudes of storage (G′) and loss (G′′) moduli measured at 4°C before aging increased with the increase in gum concentration in the range of 0.2–0.8%. G′ and G′′ values of rice starch‐locust bean gum (LBG) mixtures, in general, were higher than those of rice starch‐guar gum mixtures. G′ values of rice starch‐guar gum mixtures as a function of aging time (10 h) at 4°C increased rapidly at initial stage and then reached a plateau region at long aging times. However, G′ values of rice starch‐LBG mixtures increased steadily without showing a plateau region. Increasing the guar gum concentration resulted in an increase in plateau values. The rate constant (K) for structure development during aging was described by first‐order kinetics. K values in rice starch‐guar gum mixtures increased with the increase in guar gum concentration. G′ values of rice starch‐galactomannan mixtures after aging were greater than those before aging.