bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing Risk and Regulation in European Food Safety Governance
Authors: Caduff Ladina , Bernauer Thomas 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis article focuses on the state of European food safety governance and offers a view on possible future courses of regulatory policymaking. We begin by examining the deficiencies of the current multilevel governance system in European Union (EU) food safety policy, with an empirical focus on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems. We then submit that a regulatory agency model (centralization) might perform better than multilevel governance or renationalization in terms of reducing business uncertainty, promoting food safety enhancing innovation, and improving consumer trust in the food supply. Hence it would make European food markets more resilient to recurrent food safety crises. We also argue that the EU's precautionary approach as applied to some areas of food safety risks is tied to legitimacy enhancing objectives of EU institutional actors. Assuming that supply‐side rents will change over time, we submit that emphasis of regulatory impact analysis (i.e., cost benefit considerations) is likely to increase.
Is a Computer Worth a Thousand Books? Internet Access and the Changing Role of Public Libraries
Authors: Flamm Anindya Chaudhuri and Kenneth S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe ongoing debate on the “digital divide” is centered on improving Internet home‐access penetration rates through two instruments, price subsidies and capital subsidies. Subsidizing home access can be expensive and difficult because of the inherent difficulty of identifying target households. Increasing the availability of public access terminals instead can be an effective way for achieving universal access. The analysis of this article considers public libraries because of their national reach and existing Internet service offerings to users. It finds strong evidence of a need‐based use of access facilities at these libraries, and also identifies a clear increasing trend in visits over time by patrons for getting online. Upgrading and maintaining these facilities would be a better use of funds than indiscriminately providing subsidies to households.
Do domatia mediate mutualistic interactions between coffee plants and predatory mites?
Authors: Matos Cláudia H.C. , Pallini Angelo , Chaves Fredson F. , Schoereder José H. , Janssen Arne 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMany plant species possess structures on their leaves that often harbour predatory or fungivorous mites. These so‐called domatia are thought to mediate a mutualistic interaction; the plant gains protection because mites decimate plant pathogenic fungi or herbivores, whereas the mites find shelter in the domatia. We tested this hypothesis using two species of coffee (Coffea spp.) plants that posses domatia consisting of small cavities at the underside of the leaves, and which often harbour mites. We assessed densities of domatia, of the predatory mite Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark and Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and of herbivorous mites Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) on Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae) and Coffea canephora Pierre in the field. Over a period of 50 days, C. arabica harboured on average 7.5 times more predatory mites and 0.4–0.66 fewer prey mites than C. canephora. Hence, the higher density of predatory mites on C. arabica could not be explained by higher densities of prey. However, the density of domatia on C. arabica was on average 1.65 times higher than on C. canephora, and within each species, leaves with higher densities of domatia also harboured more predators. This suggests a positive effect of domatia on predatory mites. In the laboratory, survival of adult female predatory mites on leaves of C. arabica with open domatia was indeed significantly higher than on leaves with closed domatia. Hence, predatory mites benefited from the domatia. However, plants with higher densities of domatia did not harbour fewer herbivores. Taken together, our study only provides partial evidence for a mutualistic interaction between coffee plants and predatory mites, mediated by domatia.
Diurnal pattern of death and sporulation in Entomophaga maimaiga‐infected Lymantria dispar
Authors: Nielsen C. , Hajek A.E. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu, et Soper (Zygomycotina: Entomophthoraceae) is a naturally occurring obligate fungal pathogen specific to gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae. This fungus is considered the most important natural enemy of this pest insect in North America and Asia. A critically important step for the development of E. maimaiga epizootics is the transmission of propagules to healthy larvae, a process known to require high humidity. Some pathogens are known to manipulate the time of day that hosts die so that propagules are produced to maximize chances of survival and thus enhance transmission. The objective of this study was to assess whether E. maimaiga manipulates L. dispar to die at a certain time of day. Laboratory bioassays were conducted at 15 and 20 °C to record the 24‐h activity pattern of death and sporulation exhibited under an L14:D10 photoperiod and 100% r.h. by four isolates of E. maimaiga in its host L. dispar. Events were recorded every 4 h. Our results clearly demonstrate that E. maimaiga‐infected L. dispar larvae die mainly in the afternoon and that the fungus sporulates during the night. The rhythm was independent of the fungal isolate tested and type of spores produced after larval death. By raising the temperature from 15 to 20 °C, the peak death time narrowed and sporulation was initiated earlier at night.
A GIS‐based approach for areawide pest management: the scales of Lygus hesperus movements to cotton from alfalfa, weeds, and cotton
Authors: Carrière Yves , Ellsworth Peter C. , Dutilleul Pierre , Ellers‐Kirk Christa , Barkley Virginia , Antilla Larry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUnderstanding the effect of cropping patterns on population dynamics, dispersal, and habitat selection of insect pests has been an unresolved challenge. Here, we studied the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus (Knight) (Heteroptera: Miridae), in cotton during early summer in central Arizona. We used a general approach based on global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies combined with spatial statistics to assess the maximum distance at which forage and seed alfalfa, fallow fields with weeds, and cotton affect L. hesperus population density. Using a set of 50 cotton fields as focal fields, we found that forage and seed alfalfa as well as weeds acted as L. hesperus sources for these cotton fields. The source effect did not extend beyond 375, 500, and 1500 m for forage alfalfa, weeds, and seed alfalfa, respectively. Conversely, cotton fields acted as L. hesperus sinks, but this effect did not extend further than 750 m from the focal cotton fields. These findings suggest that specific spatial arrangements of these field types could reduce L. hesperus damage to cotton. The spatially explicit approach used here provides a direct evaluation of the effects of agroecosystem heterogeneity on pest population dynamics, dispersal, and habitat selection, which is a significant asset for the development and improvement of areawide pest management.
Effect of plant architecture and hail nets on temperature of codling moth habitats in apple orchards
Authors: Kührt Ute , Samietz Jörg , Dorn Silvia 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPlant architecture of apple trees in commercial orchards was rapidly changed from traditional tall trees to dwarf trees to optimize yield and fruit quality. Additionally, hail nets are widely used to prevent yield loss by hail. These changes are expected to considerably influence the orchard microclimate and thus the developmental rates of pest insects in apple. However, these relationships have not yet been fully elucidated. The present study was conducted over the seasonal cycle to investigate the influence of plant architecture and hail nets on the habitat temperatures of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae). Within the canopies, leaf area index (LAI) and global site factor (GSF) were quantified using hemispherical photography. Temperature was analysed for the main habitats of the different codling moth stages, i.e., air within the canopy, bark of tree stems, and apple fruit. In dwarf trees, LAI was lower, leading to a higher GSF than in tall trees. Hail nets did not influence LAI and GSF. Results for dwarf trees compare as follows with those for tall trees: Average air temperatures within the canopy were 0.7 °C higher during daytime, whereas 0.4 °C lower at night. Mean surface temperatures of bark were 0.9 °C higher on sunny and 0.4 °C on overcast days. Mean surface temperatures of apple fruits were 1.8–2.7 °C higher on sunny days, but 0.6 °C cooler on overcast days. The effect of hail nets was confined to a reduction of the air temperature within the canopy by approximately 0.2–0.8 °C. Bark and apple surface temperatures were not significantly affected. Based on the temperature differences in the habitats considered, the calculated development of the codling moth in dwarf trees was on average 3 days faster than in tall trees. The calculations imply a negligible effect of hail nets on codling moth development.
Melanogenesis and evidence for melanosome transport to the plasma membrane in a CD83+ teleost leukocyte cell line
Authors: Haugarvoll Erlend , Thorsen Jim , Laane Morten , Huang Qirong , Koppang Erling Olaf 
Published: February 2006

SummaryVisceral organs of ectothermic vertebrates harbour melanin‐containing leukocytes termed melanomacrophages. These cells are thought to participate in immune reactions and free‐radical trapping. In teleosts, the melanin‐producing ability of melanomacrophages has hitherto not been confirmed by molecular techniques. Here, a leukocyte marker and the apparatus for melanosome production and transport were investigated in an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) pronephros‐derived mononuclear leukocyte (SHK‐1) cell line. The SHK‐1 cells expressed transcripts specific for a mammalian CD83 homologue, a standard surface marker for activated or differentiated dendritic cells, and dopachrome tautomerase/tyrosinase‐related protein‐2, a melanocyte specific enzyme essential for melanin production. Reduction potential of melanin or its precursors was demonstrated histochemically after prolonged cultivation. Ultrastructural investigations revealed tyrosinase and acid phosphate activity in identical organelles and BSA‐gold co‐localized with multilamellar melanosomes after 2 h internalization. Apparently, melanosomes were transported and released through periodically occurring tubules fusing with the plasma membrane. Video monitoring revealed filopodia and macropinocytosis. These results showed that the SHK‐1 cell line is capable of melanogenesis and melanosome secretion. Melanin‐producing cells in teleost pronephros may represent a distinct CD83+ leukocyte population consisting of phylogenetically relict multifunctional cells. This is the first report of a melanin‐producing leukocyte cell‐line.
Effect of adoptive transfer of antigen‐specific B cells on periodontal bone resorption
Authors: Harada Y. , Han X. , Yamashita K. , Kawai T. , Eastcott J. W. , Smith D. J. , Taubman M. A. 
Published: February 2006

Background and Objectives:  Host immune responses to periodontal pathogens have been considered to contribute to the alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis. However, the role of B lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of periodontal bone loss is not clear.Methods:  We examined the effect of adoptive transfer of antigen‐specific B cells from rat spleens on experimental periodontal bone resorption. Donor rats were immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with formalin‐killed Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Antigen‐specific B cells were prepared from splenocytes by first binding CD43+ cells to Petri dishes coated with anti‐CD43 antibody to remove T cells, and non‐binding cells were passed through a nylon wool column to deplete accessory cells. The retained cells were then collected and bound to A. actinomycetemcomitans‐coated Petri dishes for enrichment of A. actinomycetemcomitans‐binding B cells (AAB). A. actinomycetemcomitans non‐binding B cells (ANB) and B cells from non‐immunized donor rats (NIB) were also collected from these procedures. Each type of B cell was injected into a group of recipient rats that were then orally infected with live A. actinomycetemcomitans.Results:  At termination, the antibody levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans in serum and gingival wash fluids were significantly higher in the recipients transferred with AAB when compared to the recipients transferred with ANB or NIB. A markedly elevated number of antibody‐forming cells were observed in the spleens of the recipients transferred with AAB, and these recipient rats also exhibited significantly increased bone resorption when compared to the other groups.Conclusions:  It is suggested that B cells can contribute to periodontal bone resorption and that antigen‐triggering of B cells is required for the bone resorption.
Recombinant human growth/differentiation factor‐5 (rhGDF‐5) induced bone formation in murine calvariae
Authors: Yoshimoto Takehiko , Yamamoto Matsuo , Kadomatsu Hideshi , Sakoda Kenji , Yonamine Yutaka , Izumi Yuichi 
Published: February 2006

Objectives:  Growth/differentiation factor‐5 (GDF‐5), a member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily, shows a close structural relationship to bone morphogenetic proteins and plays crucial roles in skeletal morphogenesis. Recombinant human (rh) GDF‐5 was reported as a suitable factor for enhancing healing in bone defect and inducing ectopic bone formation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of bone formation induced by rhGDF‐5 in murine calvariae by radiological, histological and immunohistochemical methods. Cell proliferation was also examined in vitro.Material and methods:  Cells including primary osteoblasts, periosteum cells and connective tissue fibroblasts were isolated enzymatically from neonatal murine calvariae or head skin. In the presence or absence of rhGDF‐5, cell proliferation was estimated by tetrazolium reduction assay. To examine the mechanism of osteoinduction, rhGDF‐5/atelocollagen (AC) composite or 0.01 N HCl/AC composite were injected into murine calvariae subcutaneously. Tissue was examined radiologically, histologically and immunohistochemically.Results:  In the presence of rhGDF‐5, proliferation of primary osteoblasts, periosteum cells, and connective tissue fibroblasts was increased significantly in culture. Immunohistochemical observations showed cells at the site injected with rhGDF‐5/AC displayed immunoreactivity for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Newly formed bone‐ and cartilage‐like tissue contained chondrocyte osteocyte and osteoclastic cells, and were immunoreactive for both type I and II collagen.Conclusion:  Exposure to GDF‐5 promotes proliferation and differentiation of calvarial cells, which give rise to ectopic bone formation.
DX‐9065a inhibits proinflammatory events induced by gingipains and factor Xa
Authors: Matsushita Kenji , Imamura Takahisa , Tomikawa Munehiro , Tancharoen Salunya , Tatsuyama Syouko , Maruyama Ikuro 
Published: February 2006

Objective:  Arginine‐specific cysteine proteases (Rgps) from Porphyromonas gingivalis are important virulent factors of periodontal diseases. However, there is no therapeutic drug that inhibits proinflammatory events induced by these enzymes. In this study, we investigated proinflammatory activities of Rgps and activated coagulation factor X (FXa) and examined the effect of DX‐9065a, a new selective inhibitor of FXa, on proinflammatory events induced by these proteinases.Methods:  Human gingival fibroblasts were stimulated with Rgps and FXa in the presence or absence of DX‐9065a, and then interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) release, their mRNA expression, and nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) activation were assessed using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), northern blotting, and a gel‐mobility shift method, respectively.Results:  Rgps and FXa activated IL‐6 and MMP‐1 release in human gingival fibroblasts through their amidolytic activities and in mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF‐κB dependent manners. DX‐9065a inhibited FXa‐induced IL‐6 mRNA expression and NF‐κB activation. DX‐9065a inhibited amidolytic activities of FXa and Rgps in vitro and ex vivo.Conclusion:  Rgps and FXa are potent inflammatory mediators and DX‐9065a may be a useful therapeutic drug for periodontal disease.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee: a Review
Authors: Vincken P. W. J. , ter Braak B. P. M. , van Erkel A. R. , Coerkamp E. G. , de Rooy T. P. W. , Mallens W. M. C. , Bloem J. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the past 15 years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee has become available as an alternative to diagnostic arthroscopy. MRI has proven to be accurate for the diagnosis of intra‐ and peri‐articular pathology, especially for meniscal pathology (accounting for 86% of the indications for arthroscopy) and ligamentous injuries. It is good enough, especially when using the concept of composite injury (sensitivity of 87.3% and specificity of 88.4%), to appropriately identify patients, who require arthroscopic therapy. In playing this role MRI has diagnostic and therapeutic impact. MRI, when used in all patients with high clinical suspicion of intra‐articular knee pathology instead of direct arthroscopy, can avoid 35% of arthroscopies. By influencing the therapy received by a patient, MRI also has the ability to influence patient outcome and societal costs. In patients with sub‐acute and chronic knee complaints and with high clinical suspicion of intra‐articular knee pathology MRI of the knee can be used to select patients for arthroscopy without additional societal costs and without disadvantageous effect on patient outcome.
Derangement of Knee: Role of Radionuclide Imaging in the Diagnosis
Authors: Prasad V. R. 
Published: February 2006

SummaryBone scintigraphy in diagnosis of knee derangements is a very useful investigation. From its inception, bone scintigram has developed into a reliable tool with advancing technologies of both hardware and software. The bone scintigraphy is not widely performed though it can be very rewarding especially in diagnosing knee lesions. Bone scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are complementary in diagnosing the lesions and where MRI is contra‐indicated, bone scintigram has established itself as an alternative.
Nipple/Breast Stimulation and Sexual Arousal in Young Men and Women
Authors: Levin Roy , Meston Cindy 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The role of nipple/breast stimulation in influencing sexual arousal in men and women during lovemaking has only been the subject of opinion-based comment rather than evidence-based study. No attempt to question people about such sexual behavior has ever been undertaken.

Aim
The study was designed to ascertain the effects of nipple/breast manipulation in young men and women on their sexual arousal.

Methods
A short questionnaire about nipple/breast stimulation during sexual activity was administered to 301 (148 men; 153 women) sexually experienced undergraduates (age range 17–29 years, 95% between 18 and 22).

Main Outcome Measures
Replies to questions in questionnaire.

Results
The major findings in regard to the women were that 81.5% reported that stimulation of their nipples/breasts caused or enhanced their sexual arousal, 78.2% agreed that when sexually aroused such manipulation increased their arousal, 59.1% had asked to have their nipples stimulated during lovemaking, and only 7.2% found that the manipulation decreased their arousal. In regard to the men, 51.7% reported that nipple stimulation caused or enhanced their sexual arousal, 39% agreed that when sexually aroused such manipulation increased their arousal, only 17.1% had asked to have their nipples stimulated, and only 7.5% found that such stimulation decreased their arousal.

Conclusion
Manipulation of the nipples/breasts causes or enhances sexual arousal in approximately 82% of young women and 52% of young men with only 7–8% reporting that it decreased their arousal.
The Minority of Young Adult Men with Sexual Disorders Seek Medical Treatment
Authors: Heruti Rafi J. , Swartzon Michael , Shochat Tzipi , Ashkenazi Isaac , Galor Shay , Justo Dan 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The Israel Defense Force (IDF) conducts screening examinations of military personnel aimed at early detection of morbidities, including erectile dysfunction (ED) and other sexual disorders (SDs). Men with SDs are referred to the IDF’s sex clinic for consultation.

Aim
We present the long-term compliance of military men with SDs to the screening program.

Main Outcome Measures
We investigated how many men screened for ED and other SDs turned to the IDF’s sex clinic for consultation.

Methods
Subjects 25–50 years old performed screening examinations at the Staff Periodic Examination Center. The Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) questionnaire was used to categorize ED. The IDF’s sex clinic records were investigated.

Results
During 2001–2003, 5,836 men completed the SHIM questionnaire. Overall, 1,570 (26.9%) men had low SHIM scores suggesting ED and other SDs. Although only 76 (4.8%) of these men turned to the IDF’s sex clinic over these years, more men conferred with the IDF’s sexologist every year, and more men were referred by their primary-care physicians to the IDF’s sex clinic regardless of their SHIM score.

Conclusions
Screening for SDs in young adult men is not enough; encouraging young adult men screened for SDs to turn to a sex clinic for evaluation is the true challenge. Nevertheless, adding a sexual questionnaire to screening examinations may raise the awareness of sexual issues in both the patients and their primary-care physicians.
Is Sex Only for the Healthy and Wealthy?
Authors: Ströberg Peter , Hedelin Hans , Bergström AnnBritt 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT

Objective
To study reasons for Sildenafil (a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor) treatment abortion in erectile dysfunction (ED), with special regard to the relation between cost and use.

Methods
Men (N=132) with ED, where treatment with Sildenafil was instituted between 1998 and 2000, were mailed a questionnaire in February 2003, regarding their current ED treatment, including frequency of use, reasons for change or discontinuation, effect on partner relations, and total income of the household.

Results
The response rate was 69%. Nearly every second man (47%) still used Sildenafil at least twice per month. The remaining 53% had aborted oral ED treatment: 10% due to return of normal erections, 43% due to (either alone or in combination): cost of treatment, impaired health, loss of efficacy, change to another ED treatment, or side-effects. Cost was the most common cause (48%) for discontinuation. In low-income households, rationing of treatment or abortion due to the cost was reported significantly (P &lt;0001) more often (86%) than in high-income households (35%).

Conclusion
Just under half of all the patients (47%) used Sildenafil for more than 2 years after initiation of treatment. The cost of the treatment is an important factor for patient compliance in households with a low income, despite the fact that the treatment is highly effective and improves the partner relationship.