bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation and determination of C21 dicarboxylic acid and xylenesulfonate hydrotropes in mixtures with dodecylbenzenesulfonate
Authors: Li Zhi‐Ping , Rosen M. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractColumn chromatographic procedures have been developed for separating binary mixtures of commercial sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DDBS) with the hydrotropes sodiumm‐xylenesulfonate (SXS) and 8‐[5(6)‐carboxy‐4‐hexyl‐cyclohex‐2‐enyl] octanoic acid (DAC) and ternary mixtures of these three materials. The materials are separated on a specially purified silica gel column. The C21 dicarboxylic acid (DAC) is eluted with 2:3 (v/v) chloroform/acetone in the presence of SXS, with 3:2 (v/v) chloroform/acetone in its absence. The DDBS is eluted with 1:9 (v/v) isopropyl alcohol/acetone in the presence of SXS, with methanol in its absence. The SXS is eluted with methanol in the presence of DAC, with 8:2 (v/v) isopropyl alcohol/acetone in its absence. The presence of SXS in mixtures with DDBS in greater than equimolar amounts interferes with the Hyamine 1622, mixed indicator titration for DDBS.
Soy oil lutein adsorption by rice hull ash
Authors: Proctor Andrew , Palaniappan Sevugan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRice hull material was converted to an adsorbent of the soy oil pigment, lutein, by a combination of ashing and acid activation. Pigment was adsorbed from a 20% (v/v) soy oil/hexane miscella. The most effective ashing temperature was 500°C. Five percent acid activation significantly promoted adsorption of the ash, but greater acid activation did not increase adsorption capacity very much. In the system studied, the performance of activated ash was comparable to that of activated bleaching earth. Nonactivated ash also had an ability to bind lutein but was less effective than activated adsorbent. The absorbance spectrum of the residual lutein was not altered by rice hull ash, but was changed when exposed to bleaching clay.
Elucidation of the chemical structure of a novel antioxidant, rosmaridiphenol, isolated from rosemary
Authors: Houlihan Christopher M. , Ho Chi‐Tang , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA novel antioxidant compound has been isolated and identified from the leaves of theRosmarinus officinalis L. The compound, named rosmaridiphenol, is a diphenolic diterpene. When tested in lard, the antioxidant activity of this compound was superior to BHA. Structural elucidation of rosmaridiphenol was accomplished by infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectroscopy (MS),1H‐NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and13C‐NMR spectroscopy.
Oxidation and halogenation of jojoba wax
Authors: Galun Arjeh B. , Grinberg Sarina , Kampf Arieh , Shaubi Eleonora 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and permanganate and the allylic bromination, chlorination and chloro‐etherification of the olefinic bonds of the liquid wax extracted from beans of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) were studied. Hydrolytic splitting of the wax into its carboxylic and alcoholic components competed with most reactions carried out in aqueous systems. The use of a suitable phase‐transfer catalyst enabled the oxidation of the double bonds to carboxyls using permanganate in aqueous systems. Reaction of the wax with hydrogen peroxide in formic acid yielded formates, which were then hydrolyzed to vicinal glycols. The diglycols obtained by hydrogen peroxide oxidation were benzoylated. Allylic chlorination of jojoba wax with t‐butyl hypochlorite in organic solvents was carried out. Conditions were found for the allylic bromination of the wax, yielding mono‐, di‐, tetra‐, or octabromo derivatives.
Quality control in processing drying oils
Authors: Pierce R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA brief history of linseed oil, its production trends, uses and prospects for the future are discussed. Methods of processing, effects of process variables on oil quality, how quality is measured and how it is maintained are the main topics of this paper. Although linseed oil production declined steadily for many years after World War II, it has stabilized in recent years and shortages of petroleum products could cause a return to linseed oil in the form of water emulsion. Brief references to other drying oils will be included. Quality control begins with seed quality and includes storage, cleaning, processing and degumming. Refined oils described include alkali‐refined, blown, heat‐bodied and chemically modified oils. Present quality control methods are described. Problem methods such as the “foots” test for degummed oils are described. Recent developments used on occasion included liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, but the most predominantly used technique has been gas chromatography (GC). Recent developments in capillary GC and fused silica columns have improved separations and reduced analysis times. Near infrared reflectance shows some promise for future quality control work.
Quality control in a canola crushing plant
Authors: Campbell Stewart J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA strong emphasis on quality control provides the technical base on which the reputation for the oil and meal products from a crushing plant is established. Most crushing plants in Western Canada now process only canola, the new quality oilseed developed from the former rapeseed. Quality control procedures employed by these plants to contract, grade, purchase and segregate canola seed for processing are described. Quality products are manufactured to meet national standard specifications of quality with the aid of a regular schedule of sampling and laboratory analysis, combined with frequent communication between quality control personnel and plant operators. Operating procedures are established to minimize variability in the quality of oil and meal products resulting from the natural variation in the characteristics of the seed to be processed. Instrumental methods of analysis are being used increasingly to facilitate the analysis of process materials.
Quality control in export shipments of commercial oil and oilseed products
Authors: Sizer W. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn Canada, as in the USA, the quality of commercial oil exports is determined by independent laboratories, whereas the quality of oilseed exports is controlled by government agencies. An independent laboratory has no direct control of oil exported. The oil is sampled and analyzed at the time of shipment to determine whether certain contract specifications are met. Since a particular oil may be shipped to any of a number of countries with different end uses, analysis requirements are not necessarily the same. Besides analysis, other precautions are taken to ensure that quality is maintained. These include inspections of ships’ tanks for cleanliness and suitability. In respect to oilseeds in Canada, quality is controlled at various stages by strict adherence to grading standards regarding such items as dockage, seed maturity and moisture. All of this sampling and control work is done by the Canadian Grain Commission, a government agency. Government grading standards make no reference to oil content, but since most exports of oilseed are sold on a certain minimum oil content, an analysis for this is performed by an independent laboratory on samples taken by the Canadian Grain Commission at the time of shipment.
Oilseeds grading ‐ quality control in oilseeds marketing
Authors: Daun J. K. , Burch L. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGrading systems are used in many countries to aid in separating oilseeds into marketable groups according to quality. Factors are compared for two types of systems: the fixed grade system used in Canada, the USA and Sweden, and the sliding scale system used in Australia and the EEC (European Economic Community) which is being considered by the International Standards Organization. The relationship between grade, degrading factors and end‐use quality is discussed, specifically for Canadian oilseeds. Future use of NIR technology and other rapid nonvisual techniques in systems which now rely on visual assessment is considered.
Isolation and identification of volatile flavor compounds in commercial oil‐free soybean lecithin
Authors: Kim Heasook , Ho Chi‐Tang , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVolatile compounds were isolated from 150 lb of commercial oil‐free soybean lecithin by vacuum distillation. The isolated volatile compounds were subjected to extensive gas chromatographic fractionation, and the pure fractions thus obtained were identified by mass spectrometry. A total of 79 compounds have been identified. Most of the compounds identified can be postulated as autoxidative decomposition products of unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids. Isophorone, an acetone‐derived compound, was shown to be predominantly responsible for the undesirable flavor of oil‐free soybean lecithin. Several nitrogen‐containing compounds, e.g., nitriles, acetoxime and 4,5‐dimethylisoxazole, were identified as unique volatile compounds from phospholipids.
Automated gas chromatographic system for volatile profile analysis of fats and oils
Authors: Gensic J. L. , Szuhaj B. F. , Endres J. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA system is described for automating the direct gas chromatographic method for examining volatile profiles of vegetable oils. The system couples an external inlet device to a microprocessor‐based gas chromatograph for providing automatic control of the analysis cycle. Automation of the analysis cycle permits consistent control over sampling and analysis to obtain rapid and reproducible volatile profiles. Manual control is completely eliminated and the analyst is freed for other tasks. Volatile Profile Analysis (VPA) is employed to monitor “protected oil” quality of oils being processed, as well as in the finished product, in an objective manner, thus eliminating the subjectivity found in many flavor panels. Automated VPA is also a useful tool in modifying operating parameters when handling various oil types.
Almost complete dehulling of high oil sunflower seed
Authors: Tranchino L. , Melle F. , Sodini G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn almost complete dehulling (hull residue lower than 3%) of sunflower seeds, before oil extraction, reduces to a minimum both the transfer of pigments from hulls to the flour and the content of fiber in the finished product. In this paper some results of our work on the dehulling of high‐oil seeds with an air‐jet impact huller are presented. The effectiveness of dehulling has been evaluated as a function of characteristics of the seed (variety, moisture and so forth) and of operative parameters (impact velocity, etc.). The optical analysis of the impact of the seeds on the target was made optical analysis of the impact of the seeds on the target was made by means of high‐speed cinematography (about 8000 frames/sec) to have a better view of the phenomenon and to measure the parameters of energy involved. The use of proper seed monentum, which is a function of the characteristic of the seed, can allow selective hull breaking with minimum kernel breakage. Almost complete hull‐free kernels from high‐oil sunflower seeds were obtained by means of a continuous dehuller‐separator pilot plant.
Disodium dicarboxy methyl starch as a calcium sequestrant
Authors: Santhanagopalan S. , Raman H. , Suri S. K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDisodium dicarboxy methyl starch (DDMS), the malonate derivative of starch with varying degrees of substitution (DS=0.22, 1.1 and 1.8), have been prepared and examined for their calcium‐sequestrating ability. These derivatives form relatively stronger chelates with calcium (log KCa=4.7) than sodium citrate (log KCa=3.8). A degree of substitution (DS) ca. 1 appears to be most effective from structural consideration. On a weight basis, the chelating value of DDMS with DS ca. 1 was determined to be ca. 1/3 of that of STPP and EDTA and comparable with that of sodium citrate.
Factors affecting oil/water interfacial tension in detergent systems: Nonionic surfactants and nonpolar oils
Authors: Dillan K. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBecause earlier model detergency studies have shown that oil/water interfacial tension is critically important in oil removal processes, factors affecting the interfacial tension between detergent‐range nonionic surfactant solutions and paraffin oil have been examined. For a given hydrophobe, equilibrium interfacial tension values increase with the length of the ethylene oxide chain in the hydrophile, because of the attendant decrease in overall surface activity. For a given degree of ethoxylation, commercial nonlphenol ethoxylates reduce interfacial tension more effectively than their secondary alcohol‐based counterparts, and these in turn are more effective than commercial primary alcohol ethoxylates. Furthermore, monodisperse primary alcohol ethoxylates reduce interfacial tension more effectively than broad‐range ethoxylates with similar cloud points. This observed order of effectiveness is attributed in part to variations in the extent of fractionation that occur as nonionic surfactants divide between the oil and water phases. Equilibrium interfacial tension values produced by commercial nonionic surfactants are significantly more dependent on concentration and temperature than those obtained with monodisperse ethoxylates. However, the time‐course for lowering interfacial tension exhibited by monodisperse ethoxylates varies with concentration and temperature to a greater extent than that displayed by commercial products. These findings are accounted for by the combined effects of the changes in relative surface activity and partitioning that occur as the concentration and temperature are varied. An imidazoline‐based quaternary fabric softener markedly increases the interfacial tension immediately following phase contact, whereas equilibrium values are only slightly higher in the presence of the softener. Appatently, preferential adsorption of the softener occurs at the interface, followed by adsorption of the nonionic surfactant at the new softener/water interface. Builders and electrolytes have no significant effect on the interfacial tension between aqueous nonionic surfactant solutions and paraffin oil. Terg‐O‐Tometer results demonstrate the correlation between oil/water interfacial tension and detergency.
Acidic hexane extraction of oilseeds: Product quality
Authors: Hensarling T. P. , Jacks T. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCottonseed was extracted with hexane and acidic hexane (hexane that contained 2–25% acetic acid) and properties of the resultant miscellae and meals were compared for each sample. Pigment contents were only slightly larger in acidic hexane miscellae. Settling rates of marc particles were much faster through acidic hexane miscellae. Nutritional analyses of the extracted cottonseed meals indicated that protein efficiency ratios, digestibilities, epsilon amino‐free lysine values and free and total gossypol contents were essentially identical with each type of solvent. Aflatoxin contents of similarly treated, contaminated peanuts did not change. The results are discussed with regard to previous findings concerning the more thorough extractions of lipid from oilseeds with acidic hexane than with hexane alone.
A rapid, effective method for the reduction of waxes in sunflower seed oil
Authors: Morrison W. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFour samples of sunflower seed were surface washed with boiling hexane to remove waxes and hydrocarbons. Measurement of waxes in oil extracted from washed and unwashed seed showed greater than 92% removal of waxes. In addition, straight chain hydrocarbon content of the oil was substantially reduced. The composition of the material removed is shown.
Seed viability and aflatoxin production in individual cottonseed naturally contaminated withAspergillus flavus
Authors: Klich M. A. , Lee L. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIndividual cottonseed naturally contaminated withAspergillus flavus Link were tested for viability and assayed for aflatoxin B1. Of the 55 infected seeds tested, less than half (21) germinated normally, a rate much lower than expected for uninfected cottonseed. Aflatoxin levels in the seeds varied from below 300 ng/g to over 100,000 ng/g of seed. Statistical analyses indicate that the presence of aflatoxin is correlated with poor germination in cottonseed naturally contaminated withA. flavus.
Composition of waxes from crude rice bran oil
Authors: Yoon S. H. , Rhee J. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHard and soft waxes were separated from the tank settling of crude rice bran oil by solvent extraction and analyzed for their composition by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The results showed that the melting points of the hard wax and the soft wax were 79.5 C and 74 C, respectively, and that the hard wax was mainly composed of saturated fatty alcohols of C24, C26 and C30, saturated fatty acids of C22, C24 and C26, andn‐alkanes of C29 and C31. The soft wax was mainly composed of saturated fatty alcohols of C24 and C30, saturated fatty acids of C16 and C26, andn‐alkanes of C21 and C29. In the soft wax, lauric acid was also detected.
Nosocomial Infections after Peripheral Arterial Bypass Surgery
Authors: Ploeg Arianne , Lange Christopher , Lardenoye Jan‐Willem , Breslau Paul 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackgroundHospital‐acquired infections account for a substantial increase in morbidity and mortality. This prospective, single‐center observational study was conducted to assess the incidence and analyze the risk factors of nosocomial infection after peripheral arterial bypass surgery.MethodsThe incidence of nosocomial infections was registered in all patients undergoing peripheral arterial bypass surgery from January 1996 until December 2004, and risk factors for the development of a nosocomial infection were analyzed.ResultsA total of 67 infections were diagnosed in association with 607 procedures, yielding an infection ratio of 10.0%. Surgical site infection was the most common (55.2%), followed by urinary tract infection (16.4%), pneumonia (14.9%) and bacteremia (10.4%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly found isolate in surgical site infections (48.6%) and in bacteremia (42.9%). Age, the use of corticosteroids (p = 0.02), and critical ischemia with tissue loss (p = 0.009) could be identified as risk factors for the development of a nosocomial infection. Blood transfusion was a postoperative risk factor for nosocomial infection (p <. 0001). Nosocomial infection was associated with a prolonged hospital stay (p <. 0001).ConclusionsThis study provides a detailed description of the incidence and risk factors regarding nosocomial infection. More detailed studies are necessary to develop strategies to diminish the occurrence of nosocomial infection.
Respective Hydrolysis and Esterification of Esterified and Free Plant Stanols Occur Rapidly in Human Intestine After Their Duodenal Infusion in Triacyl‐ or Diacylglycerol
Authors: Nissinen Markku J. , Vuoristo Matti , Gylling Helena , Miettinen Tatu A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEsterification of dietary phytosterols and glycerols may affect intestinal absorption of cholesterol and non‐cholesterol sterols. We infused plant stanol esters in triacylglycerol (TAG) (F1) and diacylglycerol (DG) (F2) oils, and free plant stanols in F1 and F2 (F3) to the duodenum of healthy human subjects and sampled the contents from the proximal jejunum (PJ). Free and ester sterols were analysed from the infusates, and intestinal contents before and after ultracentrifuge separation of oil, micelle and sediment phases. During the 60‐cm intestinal passage, over 40% of plant stanol esters were hydrolysed (P < 0.05) but around 30% of the infused free plant stanols (P < 0.05) and up to 40% of cholesterol (P < 0.05) were esterified in PJ after infusions. TAG in F1 favoured accumulation of plant stanol esters in the oil phase of the PJ aspirates as compared with respective values of F2 and F3 (P < 0.05 for both). About one third of free plant stanols of F3 had been esterified (P < 0.05) and 17% precipitated mainly in free form in the PJ aspirates (P < 0.05 compared with F1 and F2). In conclusion, DG‐ and TAG‐oils had no profound superiority over each other as intestinal carriers regarding hydrolysis/esterification of administered plant stanol esters and cholesterol and their partition in oil, micellar and sediment phases in the PJ. The unesterified plant stanols experienced partial esterification and sedimentation during their intestinal passage, which might influence their biochemical properties in that segment of the gut where cholesterol is absorbed.
Quantitation of alcohol ethoxylate surfactants in environmental samples by electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Evans K. A. , Dubey S. T. , Kravetz L. , Evetts S. W. , Dzidic I. , Dooyema C. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis report describes a method for obtaining the concentrations of the total and individual alcohol ethoxylate (AE) species in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents by using electrospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). This is a more advantageous method for quantitative analysis of AE in environmental matrices as compared with a previous thermospray LC/MS method. This new method is more sensitive, uses less solvents, utilizes a deuterated internal standard blend [C13D27O(CH2CH2O)nH, where n varies from 0 to 21 with an average of n=9], which corresponds more closely to the AE, and it is a more robust instrumental technique. In this report, we document the results for validation of the electrospray LC/MS method by spike recovery of AE from STP effluent and influent samples.
Conductometric investigations of zirconyl soaps in a xylene‐methanol mixture
Authors: Mehrotra K. N. , Anis M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractConductometric measurements of solutions of zirconyl soaps in xylene‐methanol (4:1, vol/vol) mixture were carried out at 30–50°C, and the results were used to determine the degree of ionization, ionization constant, and various thermodynamic parameters for both ionization and association processes. The results show that the soaps behave as weak electrolytes in dilute solutions, and the concentrations at which aggregation commences increased with increasing temperature and decreasing chainlength of the soap molecules.
New oxidation pathway of 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxytoluene: An ionspray tandem mass spectrometric and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric study
Authors: Zhang Nan , Kawakami Shoji , Higaki Masato , Wee Victorio T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe autoxidation of 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxytoluene (BHT, 1) in bar soap was investigated with ionspray tandem mass spectrometric and on‐line gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric methods. The oxidation products of BHT were extracted from the bar soap surface, concentrated, and fractionated with open‐column chromatography to remove the impurities. New oxidation products of BHT (BHT phenol‐type dimer 7 and others) were identified with the two mass spectrometric methods. The results suggested that oxidation of BHT in bar soap occurred in a way different from that in the previous studies. In the new pathway, oxidation of BHT first generates an excited state of phenol‐type dimer 4, and then this species decomposes, due to its high energy, to form dimer 7. The mechanism of oxidation is discussed.