bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double and Multiple Representations in Greek Art and Religious Thought
Authors: Price Theodora Hadzisteliou 
Published: May 2006

Greek theology and its canonical iconography have not been studied nearly as much as the Byzantine, although the religious character of pagan art is no less pronounced. When it is studied it is mostly in the representations on the vases. Sculpture, however, in particular terra-cotta and ivory figurines and plaques, and votive offerings in sanctuaries, offers a wide scope for such a study. Greek piety created some standard forms of votive offerings such as the crouching child, the protome, male or female, the seated or standing woman, sometimes exactly identifiable from the attributes.A standard type of votive offering, perhaps not as common as the single figure, is that of reliefs, statuettes and statues representing two, or sometimes more, female figures, identical or slightly differentiated, traditionally explained as Demeter and Kore or the Nymphs.The topic has been treated variously since the early nineteenth century, in isolated examples, or regional and other groups. There is no treatment of it in its entirety in the Greek world, and not much progress has been made in the subject since the basic nineteenth-century treatises. Moreover, in the above publications, never cited in more recent works, one finds some very sound approaches and knowledge of the textual evidence. However, in these early publications the material is mostly Classical, or Hellenistic and Roman. In some of the cases of double figures discussed in them, the duplication, rather than ‘doubleness’, is more apparent than real because the attributes are repeated and are those of the unique war goddess Athena, or the equally unique Tyche or Fortuna. However, the case is not always so, especially in archaic or earlier times, and it gets even more complicated when the figures are not two but three and sometimes more, even up to nine. The repeating of figures, often under one mantle, as diad, triad, etc., could be explained as multiplication of a figure by the folk-mind (mythology), followed by the Greek artists, thus creating the Eileithyiai, Horai, Charites, Muses, etc. Modern scholars have insisted on trying to identify in all of them Demeter and Kore, the female diad par excellence.
The Second Stasimon of the Oedipus Tyrannus
Authors: Winnington-Ingram R. P. 
Published: May 2006

The Second Stasimon holds a central position in the play. It follows the elaborate preparatory scenes and immediately precedes the rapid march of the action towards its catastrophe. The ode is difficult to understand and has been variously interpreted.We expect a Sophoclean Chorus to react to the preceding episode; and the themes of this ode are indeed related to the long scene that has just been played. Interpreters are not agreed, however, on the precise character of this relationship, except in one particular. It is abundantly clear that the fourth stanza (898–910) relates to the scepticism on the subject of oracles and prophecy which was expressed by Jocasta at the end of the preceding scene. The concern of the Chorus arises, however, not so much from the fact that she expresses a sceptical view which might be thought shocking as from the grounds on which her view was based. On the face of it, and on the facts as stated, an oracle given by Loxias at Delphi has failed, once and for all, to be fulfilled. They feel that, unless facts and prophecy are shown to be in full agreement, this will be the end of oracular authority and the end of religion (if that is how we should translate τὰ θεȋα); and they pray to Zeus the supreme king to give the matter his attention. It is the facts—the apparent facts—that cause their concern. But, when in the first stanza they sing about reverent purity of word as well as of deed, it is commonly—and I think rightly—held that they have in mind, among other things, the impious words of Jocasta. It may be a useful preliminary to the examination of the stasimon as a whole, if we first examine the ‘impiety’ (if that is the right term) of Jocasta, endorsed, as it appears to be, by Oedipus.
The Self-Blinding of Oidipous in Sophokles:Oidipous Tyrannos
Authors: Devereux G. 
Published: May 2006

Summary(1) Oidipous' self-blinding appears to be an act of madness, linked primarily with his incest, rather than with his parricide.(2) Blinding for sexual trespasses is so common in tradition that its appropriateness cannot be discussed in the abstract.(3) Greek data confirm the clinical finding that the eyes tend to symbolise the male organs, and blinding castration.(4) This inference is further confirmed by the finding that blinding and castration aremutually exclusivepunishments.(5) Oidipous' total crime was a ritually patterned sequence of two crimes: the killing of the King (Father) makes incest with the Queen (Mother) possible—as it does also in infantile oedipal fantasies. In the Oidipous myth a patrilineal successionmodelis (temporarily) disguised as a matrilinealmethodof royal succession.(6) Though the blinding of the criminal isnotrequired by the Delphic oracle, and though Oidipous' final exiledoesexecute the oracle's command, this does not imply that the self-blinding does not punish (in part)alsothe parricide, for it can be shown that death, castration and blinding can, and do, symbolise each other. This means that Oidipous' self-blinding is a heavily overdetermined (multiply motivated) deed of frenzy.(7) The manner in which Oidipous blinds himself has a very exact clinical parallel which, together with other data, seems to suggest an unconscious nexus between sexual problems, self-blinding and a woman's breasts (or nipples, or brooches).(8) The ‘dramatische Technik’ explanation does not exclude the possibility of justifying a seemingly illogical detail in tragedyalsoby means of depth psychological considerations.
The Chorus of Prometheus Pyrphoros and Hesiod Th. 563
Authors: Booth N. B. 
Published: May 2006

M. L. West in JHS xcix (1979) 132–3 speculates that the Chorus of Prometheus Pyrphoros may have been the Meliai. There is, however, only one reference that might just possibly link the Meliai with the gift of fire to men: Hesiod Th. 563,οὐκ ἐδίδου μελίῃσι πυρὸς μένος ἀκαμάτοιο.
The topography of Pylos and Sphakteria and Thucydides' measurements of distance
Authors: Rubincam Catherine 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis article has two purposes. First, it proposes a more satisfactory solution to an old problem: the apparently serious inaccuracy of Thucydides' measurements for the length of Sphakteria island and the width of the channels dividing it from the mainland. Second, it offers some more general observations on Thucydides' measures of distance and the light they can shed on an important aspect of his historiographic method.The solution proposed by R. Bauslaugh (‘The text of Thucydides IV 8.6 and the south channel at Pylos’,JHS99 (1979) 1-6) to the problem of measurements is rejected. Bauslaugh had emended two of the three figures on the ground that they were so seriously inaccurate as to require assumption of manuscript corruption. It is here contended that his argument is misconceived, and the emendations unnecessary. The counter-argument is based on a close study of Thucydides' idiom and practice in giving measurements of distance, particularly his use of qualifying expressions with numbers of this kind.The second half of the article uses data compiled in an ongoing study of the use of numbers by Greek historians to make some comparisons between Thucydides' practice and that of several other historians in giving measurements of distance. It is suggested that careful attention to the nuances of Thucydides' practice, especially his use of different qualifying expressions with these numbers, may enable one to draw some interesting inferences about his sources of information and how he used them
Eastern Alimenta and an Inscription of Attaleia
Authors: Jones C. P. 
Published: May 2006

A characteristic phenomenon of the High Empire, though it is found both earlier and later, is the alimentary scheme, whereby foundations established by emperors or private persons provide a kind of family allowance for the children of free-born but not wealthy parents. Though such schemes may well have had Hellenistic antecedents, the earliest known example is from Julio-Claudian Italy, where T. Helvius Basila, a senator from Atina, leaves 400,000 sesterces to his fellow-citizens ‘ut liberis eorum ex reditu, dum in aetatem pervenirent, frumentum et postea sestertia singula milia darentur’.In the second century, probably beginning with Nerva, alimentary schemes become part of the system of imperial benefactions, and their workings are attested for many cities of Italy by inscriptions and by letters of the younger Pliny.
Tragedy and epic in Plutarch's Alexander
Authors: Mossman J. M. 
Published: May 2006

Achilles is the poetic paradigm of a hero, Alexander his real-life counterpart as well as his descendant. This idea is a commonplace of all our sources for Alexander's life. There arc numerous examples of it: Diodorus says at xvii 1.4:έν ἔτεσι γάρ δώδεκα καταστρεψάμενος τῆς μέν Eύρώπης ούκ όλίγα, την δέ 'Aσίαν σχεδὸν ἄπασαν είκότως περιβόητον ἔσχε τὴν δόξαν καί τοῖς παλαιοῖς ἤρωσι καί ὴμιθέοις ℓσάʒουσαν … 'Aλέξανδρος οὖν γεγονώς κατά πατέρα μέν άφ’ 'Hρακλέους, κατά δέ μητέρα τῶν Aίακιδῶν οℓκείαν ἔσχε τὴν φύσιν καί τὴν άρετὴν τὴς τῶν προγόνων εύδοξίας.
Palamedes seeks revenge
Authors: Woodford Susan 
Published: May 2006

An Attic black-figure neck amphora in the British Museum (Plate VId) depicts a winged warrior rushing to the right to overtake a ship that is sailing in the same direction. To the left a bird perches on a craggy rock. The winged warrior in this enigmatic scene should, I believe, be identified as the ghost of Palamedes, whose urgency in outracing the ship is dictated by his thirst for revenge.The name of Palamedes never appears in the Homeric epics. Most people, like Strabo, assume that this is because the story of Palamedes (and of his father Nauplios) was a creation of the poets of the later epic cycle and so was invented only after the composition of theIliadand theOdysseyhad been completed. Philostratos, however, suggested that Homerdidknow about Palamedes, but suppressed any mention of him because he wished to glorify Odysseus. For the story of Palamedes shed such discreditable light on Odysseus' character that the stain it left on the wily hero's reputation could never be effaced.
2-LOCAL ISOMETRIES OF SOME OPERATOR ALGEBRAS
Authors: Molnár Lajos 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAs a consequence of the main result of the paper we obtain that every 2-local isometry of the $C^*$-algebra $B(H)$ of all bounded linear operators on a separable infinite-dimensional Hilbert space $H$ is an isometry. We have a similar statement concerning the isometries of any extension of the algebra of all compact operators by a separable commutative $C^*$-algebra. Therefore, on those $C^*$-algebras the isometries are completely determined by their local actions on the two-point subsets of the underlying algebras.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 47B49
ON $\omega$-INDEPENDENCE AND THE KUNEN–SHELAH PROPERTY
Authors: Granero A. S. , Jiménez-Sevilla M. , Moreno J. P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe prove that spaces with an uncountable $\omega$-independent family fail the Kunen–Shelah property. Actually, if $\{x_i\}_{i\in I}$ is an uncountable $\omega$-independent family, there exists an uncountable subset $J\subset I$ such that $x_j\notin\overline{\co}(\{x_i\}_{i\in J\setminus\{j\}})$ for every $j\in J$. This improves a previous result due to Sersouri, namely that every uncountable $\omega$-independent family contains a convex right-separated subfamily.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46B20; 46B26
SOIL AMELIORATION EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF GROUNDNUT ON ACID SANDY SOILS OF ZIMBABWE
Authors: Murata M. R. , Hammes P. S. , Zharare G. E. 
Published: July 2002

The effects of four calcium-containing materials on soil pH, nutrient availability and productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) on acid soils were studied in field experiments conducted at the Horticulture Research Centre and the Makoholi Experiment Station in Zimbabwe. The materials were calcitic limestone, dolomitic limestone, gypsum and single super phosphate.Application of dolomitic or calcitic limestone significantly increased soil pH and exchangeable calcium and magnesium levels, whereas gypsum and single super phosphate did not. Application of 4000 kg ha−1 calcitic limestone increased calcium levels by up to 125% at the Horticulture Research Centre and 872% at Makoholi Experiment Station, while dolomitic limestone increased magnesium levels by 183% and 473% at the Horticulture Research Centre and Makoholi Experiment Station respectively. Combining gypsum and single super phosphate with 2000 kg ha−1 calcitic or dolomitic limestone did not affect soil pH differently than the limes alone. Furthermore, gypsum and single super phosphate applications on their own had no effect on pH, calcium and magnesium levels. The phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen levels were not significantly affected by the calcium-containing materials.Application of either dolomitic or calcitic limestone significantly improved productivity of groundnut, with 4000 kg ha−1 calcitic limestone producing the largest increases in kernel yields at both sites. Yield responses to gypsum were not significantly different from the control treatment. Despite the notable changes in soil chemical properties observed at both sites, deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, coupled with low pH per se, remained the primary reasons for poor growth on the acid sandy soils at both sites.
Developmental expression of pIgR gene in sheep mammary gland and hormonal regulation
Authors: RINCHEV-ALARNOLD AURORE , BELAIR LUCETTE , DJIANE JEAN 
Published: July 2002

Secretory IgA found in external secretions are constituted by polymeric IgA (pIgA) bound to the extra-cellular part of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). The receptor mediates transcytosis of pIgA across epithelial cells. The aim of the present study was to analyse the evolution of pIgR expression in the sheep mammary gland during the development of the mammary gland and to analyse its hormonal regulation. Gene expression of the pIgR was analysed in sheep mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. By Northern Blot analysis, we observed that low levels of pIgR mRNA are expressed until day 70 of pregnancy. Accumulation of pIgR mRNA started during the third part of pregnancy and intensified 3 d after parturition to reach highest levels during established lactation (day 70). In situ hybridization analysis was used to confirm the increase in pIgR gene expression per mammary epithelial cell. In order to examine the hormonal regulation of the pIgR expression, virgin ewes were hormonally treated. Treatment with oestradiol and progesterone increased pIgR mRNA levels slightly. Subsequent addition of glucocorticoids induced a significant accumulation of pIgR mRNA in the mammary gland of the treated animals. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to verify that the increase of pIgR mRNA level was associated with enhancement of the pIgR protein in mammary cells. No increase of pIgR mRNA levels were observed if PRL secretion was blocked by bromocryptine injections throughout the hormonal procedure. In conclusion, the present experiments suggest that the enhancement of pIgR levels during lactation result from combined effects of both prolactin and glucocorticoids.
Japan's emblematic English
Authors: Hyde Barbara 
Published: July 2002

An analysis of ‘public English’ and (not) learning the language in Japan.Visitors to Japan, whether linguists or laymen, frequently come back with their own collection of quaint uses of English, gathered from public signs, advertising and so on, which vary from the odd to the simply incorrect. This may provide complacent amusement for the native speaker, but is not surprising or unique: Budapest airport until relatively recently sported a large sign reading Welcome in Hungary. What is especially interesting in Japan is not the mistakes but the puzzling function of many such signs. English words and messages are often combined with Japanese, so that, as a non-Japanese speaker, your eye is at first attracted then baffled, until you realise that the English is not aimed at you, a native speaker, but at native speakers of Japanese. But who among the Japanese is it aimed at, and why?
Accommodating Estuary English
Authors: Levey David , Harris Tony 
Published: July 2002

A study in accentual compromise.There is something in the very name Estuary English which fills certain sectors of British society with horror and fear, as if we were in the presence of a contagious and potentially devastating disease. It can provoke what John Maidment (1994:7) termed the ‘Disgusted-of-Tunbridge-Wells Syndrome’ (DTWS):“Nothing is likely to enrage DTW more than the suggestion that the standard language which he/she holds so dear, the grail of which he/she sees him/herself the guardian, is usurped by the usage of people who are NOT OUR CLASS. DTW is not going down without a fight, you may be sure.”This Times-reading, Radio 4-listening guardian of the English language, armed with pen and paper, is ready to pick up on mispronunciations, misspellings, and misusages of grammar and send in a letter of complaint, bemoaning the decline of the language.
Sexual dimorphism and facial growth in papionin monkeys
Authors: O'Higgins Paul , Collard Mark 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSexual dimorphism in the primate face has been studied intensively lately, but a number of issues remain controversial. For example, some studies have indicated that facial sexual dimorphism arises through ontogenetic scaling, whereas others have found it to be a consequence of both ontogenetic scaling and divergence in male and female growth trajectories. To shed further light on primate facial sexual dimorphism, geometric morphometric methods were applied to crania representing five papionin genera:Cercocebus,Lophocebus,Macaca,MandrillusandPapio. A first set of analyses focused on the pattern and degree of facial sexual dimorphism exhibited by adult specimens. A second set of analyses concentrated on the ontogeny of facial sexual dimorphism in infant‐to‐adult age series. The first set indicated that the five genera exhibit significant facial sexual dimorphism. These analyses also revealed that the genera share several features of sexual dimorphism. Males are distinguished from females in having a more prognathic mid‐face, a relatively more inferiorly and anteriorly positioned prosthion, relatively increased subnasal height and relatively broader zygomatic roots. They are also differentiated from females in their maxillae, which relative to the zygomatics are narrow but vertically deep, especially in the posterior aspect. Also, the first set of analyses indicated thatMacacais the most distinctive of the genera in terms of sexual dimorphism. The distinctive features of theMacacasexual dimorphism are that males exhibit relatively wider nasal apertures and premaxillae than females, together with a relative increase in breadth across the inferior zygomatic roots. The second set of analyses demonstrated that in all the genera, sexual dimorphism arises partly through ontogenetic scaling and partly through a late divergence in male and female growth trajectories. The analyses also indicated that the relative contribution of these processes to sexual dimorphism varies among the genera. Ontogenetic scaling is by far the most important process inLophocebusandPapio. Late divergence between male and female growth trajectories contributes proportionately more inCercocebusandMandrillus, although ontogenetic scaling still plays the major role. The relative contribution of late divergence between male and female growth trajectories is greatest inMacaca, in which it accounts for about half of the facial differences between adult males and females. In all five genera, ontogenetic scaling results in increased prognathism and greater relative maxillary size in males compared to females, whilst the late divergence involves the male mid‐face becoming proportionately larger and deeper than the female mid‐face, and the male posterior maxilla coming to lie more inferiorly with respect to the zygomatic root than its female counterpart.
Influence of flow regime on habitat selection by tadpoles in an Australian rainforest stream
Authors: Richards Stephen J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study examined how spatial variation in flow regime affects patterns of tadpole distribution in Birthday Creek, an upland rainforest stream in northern Queensland. Tadpoles of Litoria genimaculata and Mixophyes schevilli are restricted to habitats with little or no water flow, and L. nannotis and Nyctimystes dayi occur only in rapidly flowing and turbulent riffle habitats. The abilities of L. genimaculata, M. schevilli and L. nannotis to resist flow rates typical of riffle habitats were compared in a laboratory flow chamber and in an artificial riffle in the field. In the flow chamber, large tadpoles of L. genimaculata were more resistant to flow rates of 25 cm/s than were smaller individuals, but at 50 cm/s all tadpoles were dislodged irrespective of size. Large M. schevilli tadpoles were significantly more resistant than were smaller individuals only at the fastest flow rate. Large (> 25 mm body length) M. schevilli were resistant to the highest tested flow rates (50 cm/s), but in an artificial riffle with turbulence typical of a riffle both Litoria genimaculata and Mixophyes schevilli were rapidly dislodged irrespective of their size. Fast water speeds had little impact on L. nannotis in the flow chamber or in the artificial riffle. Litoria nannotis and other tadpoles living in riffles have evolved a range of morphological and behavioural traits that minimize exposure to, and maximize resistance to, fast‐flowing turbulent water within these habitats. The results of this study indicate that L. genimaculata and M. schevilli cannot live in riffles because they are unable to withstand the flow rates typical of these habitats.
Splitting methods
Authors: McLachlan Robert I. , Quispel G. Reinout W. 
Published: July 2002

I thought that instead of the great number of precepts of which logic is composed,
I would have enough with the four following ones, provided that I made
a firm and unalterable resolution not to violate them even in a single instance.
The first rule was never to accept anything as true unless I recognized it to
be certainly and evidently such …. The second was to divide each of the difficulties
which I encountered into as many parts as possible, and as might be
required for an easier solution. (Descartes)We survey splitting methods for the numerical integration of ordinary differential
equations (ODEs). Splitting methods arise when a vector field can be
split into a sum of two or more parts that are each simpler to integrate than
the original (in a sense to be made precise). One of the main applications of
splitting methods is in geometric integration, that is, the integration of vector
fields that possess a certain geometric property (e.g., being Hamiltonian, or
divergence-free, or possessing a symmetry or first integral) that one wants
to preserve. We first survey the classification of geometric properties of dynamical
systems, before considering the theory and applications of splitting
in each case. Once a splitting is constructed, the pieces are composed to form
the integrator; we discuss the theory of such ‘composition methods’ and summarize
the best currently known methods. Finally, we survey applications
from celestial mechanics, quantum mechanics, accelerator physics, molecular
dynamics, and fluid dynamics, and examples from dynamical systems, biology
and reaction–diffusion systems.