bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Volume and Splenomegaly in Polycythaemia Vera
Authors: Bowdler A. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryBlood volume studies in 23 patients with polycythaemia vera showed the mean plasma volume to be normal when compared with control subjects, and variation in plasma volume for the group as a whole was no greater than in normal subjects. However, the polycythaemic subjects proved to be heterogeneous with respect to plasma volume: in one subgroup, showing splenomegaly with demonstrable intrasplenic red cell pooling, there was a moderate increase in mean plasma volume. In addition, the effect of intrasplenic red cell pooling on the whole body haematocrit/venous haematocrit ratio was found to differ in this condition from the effect in non‐polycythaemic subjects: the splenic pool failed to concentrate red cells significantly above the levels present in the extrasplenic circulation, and did not result in a rise in the Hb/Hv ratio.
Effect of Amniotic Fluid on Blood Coagulation
Authors: Courtney L. D. , Allington M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAmniotic fluids from, normal subjects and from patients with intrauterine death (IUD) were studied for their ability to shorten the clotting‐time of blood in vitro. The IUD amniotic fluid was different in that it seemed to require the presence of factor VII for its action whereas normal amniotic fluid did not. In this it resembled tissue factor in its action, whereas normal amniotic fluid resembled Russell Viper venom.
The Inclusions of the May‐Hegglin Anomaly and Dohle Bodies of Infection: an Ultrastructural Comparison
Authors: Cawley J. C. , Hayhoe F. G. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryMarked differences in the ultrastructures of the inclusion of the May‐Hegglin anomaly and the Dohle bodies of infection are described. Previously these two inclusions have been considered essentially similar, and the inclusions of the May‐Hegglin anomaly have been called‘Döhle bodies’ . It is suggested that in future the term‘Döhle body’ should be restricted to the basophilic inclusions seen in neutrophils in a variety of infectious states.The distribution of the two inclusions in the different haematological cell types is described, and their functional significance is discussed.
The Clinical and Biosynthetic Characterization of αβ‐Thalassaemia
Authors: Knox‐Macaulay H. H. M. , Weatherall D. J. , Clegg J. B. , Bradley J. , Brown M. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA Cypriot family is described in which three thalassaemia genes, α‐thalassaemia 1, α‐thalassaemia 2, and β–thalassaemia, are segregating. Two siblings are heterozygous for both α‐thalassaemia 1 and β‐thalassaemia while a third child has typical haemoglobin H disease. The α‐thalassaemia β‐thalassaemia combination, which is associated with an α/β chain production ratio of unity, produces a moderate degree of anaemia with marked hypochromia and morphological changes of the red cells together with increased rates of flux of potassium across the membranes, but the red cell survival is normal. These changes m red cell morphology and metabolism are very similar to those found in the sibling with haemoglobin H disease in whom there is gross imbalance of globin chain synthesis and shortened red cell survival. These results suggest that imbalanced globin chain production is the primary cause of shortened red cell survival in thalassaemia and that changes in membrane permeability are probably of secondary importance and may, at least in part, result from factors other than globin chain imbalance.
Assay of the Immune Inhibitor in Classic Haemophilia: Application of Virus‐Antibody Reaction Kinetics
Authors: Pool Judith G. , Miller Rupert G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe kinetics of virus neutralization by antibody are shown to apply to factor‐VIII neutralization by the immune antibody of haemophilic patients. The analysis established for virus neutralization has been used as a model for designing a general system for inhibitor assay based on mixtures in which antigen is present in excess, rather than with antibody in excess, as has been the case with systems previously proposed. The new system permits conversion of inhibitor potency results from other systems based on the use of different mixtures of factor VIII and inhibitor as long as factor VIII is in excess and as long as constant physical conditions of time and temperature of incubation are applied. It also takes account of the fact that some antibodies reveal a‘residual resistant fraction’ of antigen with which they cannot react. The procedure for converting assay data into‘Oxford units’ is described.
Experimental Enterogenous Cyanosis and Anaemia
Authors: Westphal Robert G. , Azen Edwin A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryRats with jejunal pouches develop an anaemia which js partially haemo‐lytic in nature and accompanied by small amounts of methaemoglobm (MHb) and sulphaemoglobin (SHb). These pigments increase upon sterile incubation of the blood. The presence of these abnormal pigments indicates that oxidativc damage has occurred. Most of the abnormalities improve on feeding neomycin. Rats with blind pouches are more sensitive than normal rats to the oxidant effects of phenacetin on RBCs. RBCs incubated in urine from rats with pouches developed more MHb than RBCs incubated in urine from normal rats. We conclude that bacterial overgrowth in the intestine, by means yet undetermined, can cause oxidative damage to RBCs and that this effect can be produced by constituents of the urine of rats with pouches. This toxic effect of bacterial overgrowth may condition RBCs to oxidant: drug damage.
Studies on Blood Coagulation, Fibrinolysis and Platelet Function Following Exercise in Normal and Splenectomized People
Authors: Prentice C. R. M. , Hassanein A. A. , McNicol G. P. , Douglas A. S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe effect of a short period of strenuous exercise on the haemostatic mechanism has been studied. Following exercise there was an increase of factor VIII which was not affected by prior splenectomy or by aminocaproic acid, an inhibitor of plasminogen activator. Although exercise produced increased plasminogen activator concentrations, as measured by the euglobulin lysis time, there was no alteration in the FR‐antigen (fibrinolytic degradation product) concentration. Platelet adhesiveness, and ADP‐induced aggregation were significantly increased after exercise and in the latter test the phase of platelet disaggregation was impaired.An increase of platelet factor 3 availability was noted after exercise, and differential centrifugation studies indicated that this was due to the release of micro‐particulate material which may have represented membrane complexes released from platelets.
Comparison of Three Methods for Measuring Vitamin B12 in Serum: Radioisotopic, Euglena gracilis and Lactobacillus leichmannii
Authors: Raven J. L. , Robson M. B. , Morgan J. O. , Hoffbrand A. V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The vitamin B12 content of 481 sera was estimated by a radioisotopic assay and 478 of the sera were also assayed by the Euglena gracilis method and 396 by the Lactobacillus leichmannii method. The serum vitamin B12 level in normal subjects ranged from 235 to 1470 pg/ml, mean 497 pg/ml (radioisotopic), 170–1144 pg/ml, mean. 460 pg/ml (E. gracilis) and 155–1075 pg/ml, mean 471 pg/ml (L. leichmannii). In general, the radioisotopic assay gave higher results than the other two methods and the E. gracilis assay gave the lowest results. The E. gracilis assay gave the clearest distinction between normal subjects and patients with untreated pernicious anaemia. A large number of post‐gastrectomy and folate deficient patients and occasional patients with other conditions gave subnormal results by one or both of the microbiological assays but normal values by the radioisotopic assay.The serum vitamin B12 level measured by both the E. gracilis and radioisotopic assays rose with folic acid therapy in two folate deficient patients. In one of them, the values by the two assays were initially 100 pg/ml apart and remained this degree apart during the response, while in the other patient the two assays gave almost identical results both before and during the response to folic acid therapy.
Quantification of α‐Chain Excess in Erythrocytes in β‐Thalassaemia by Microinterferometry*
Authors: Yataganas X. , Fessas P. , Gahrton G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Microinterferometry was used to determine the dry mass of α‐chain precipitates in erythrocytes from four patients with homozygous β‐thalassaemia.α‐Chain precipitates represented on the average 40% of the total dry mass of cells with measurable amounts of precipitation. The maximum load of α‐chain inclusions in a single cell was 75% of the dry mass. A linear correlation was established between the amount of total haemoglobin and non‐α‐chains in individual cells, and the amount of α‐chain precipitation increased linearly with decreasing amounts of soluble haemoglobin, thus indicating an association between impaired haemoglobin production and lack of non‐α‐chains at undisturbed α‐chain production.The mean ratio of the quantity of α/(β+γ+δ) chain in individual patients varied between 2.3 and 3.0. These ratios are lower than expected from synthetic rate studies, thus indicating the possibility of some precipitate degradation in vivo.
An Unstable Haemoglobin with Reduced Oxygen Affinity: Haemoglobin Peterborough, (βiii (G13) Valine → Phenylalanine, its Interaction with Normal Haemoglobin and with Haemoglobin Lepore
Authors: King Marguerite A. R. , Wiltshire Barbara G. , Lehmann H. , Morimoto H. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: A new unstable haemoglobin, Hb Peterborough, is described in father and son. In the former it was found with Hb A but in the latter with Hb Lepore, the mother being a heterozygote for Hb A and Hb Lepore Boston (or Washington). In this respect it differs from other unstable haemoglobins so far described which have been observed in heterozygotes together with normal adult haemoglobin. It was therefore possible to compare the clinical and biochemical interactions of Hbs A and Peterborough, A and Lepore, and Peterborough and Lepore.Hb Peterborough has been identified as βiii (G‐13) Val → Phe. It has a low oxygen affinity, but the Bohr effect and haem‐haem interaction appear to be normal.
The Response of W/Wv and Sl/Sld Anaemic Mice to Haemopoietic Stimuli
Authors: Harrison D. E. , Russell E. S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The percentage of haem‐containing nucleated RBC precursor cells in marrows and spleens of W/Wv and Sl/Sld anaemic mice increased in response to hypoxia produced by reduced pressure, red‐cell loss, or red‐cell destruction by phenylhydrazine. The response in the spleens of W/Wv mice occurred several days later than the marrow response, in contrast to normal or Sl/Sld mice in which the marrow and spleen responses occurred simultaneously. These responses were also simultaneous in W/Wv mice whose anaemia had been cured by an injection of normal stem cells. After RBC destruction by phenylhydrazine the duration and degree of tissue hypoxia necessary to stimulate the Sl/Sld response varied widely among individual Sl/Sld mice. In Sl/Sld mice with anaemias alleviated by implants of intact normal spleens, most erythropoiesis was contained within these normal spleen grafts.Polycythaemic W/Wv and Sl/Sld anaemic mice gave defective responses to erythropoietin; the defect was not caused by delayed erythroid maturation. Serum samples from anaemic mice responding to RBC destruction by phenylhydrazine contained high concentrations of erythropoietin in quantities inversely proportional to the donor's PCV (packed cell volume), but did not contain any factors, other than erythropoietin, to stimulate erythropoiesis in polycythaemic Sl/Sld anaemic mice.
The Effects of Repeated. Doses of Bacterial Endotoxin on Erythropoiesis in the Normal and Splenectomized Mouse
Authors: Twentyman P. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: A study has been made of the effects of repeated doses of bacterial endotoxin on erythropoiesis in the mouse. It was found that, in the intact mouse, 10 μg/day of Lipopolysaccharide B from S. abortus equi caused a fall in haemoglobin level, reticulocytosis, a severe reduction in bone‐marrow erythropoiesis, and an increase in splenic erythropoiesis. In the splenectomized mouse a fall in haemoglobin occurred but it was not accompanied by reticulocytosis, and the reduction in bone‐marrow erythropoiesis was much less marked.There was no great increase in red‐cell production over a. period of 20 days in the intact mouse and a raised percentage of 59Fe into circulating blood at 10 days was due mainly to a raised percentage of iron‐incorporating cells in peripheral blood rather than a change in production rate. Random destruction of circulating red cells was not significantly increased in endotoxin‐treated animals.Bone‐marrow erythropoiesis remained depressed throughout 20 days of endotoxin administration. Possible mechanisms for such a shift of erythropoiesis, maintained over a considerable period, are discussed.
Albumin Density Gradient Separation and Washing of Platelets and the Study of Platelet Coagulant Activities
Authors: Walsh P. N. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Platelets were centrifuged into a specific gravity gradient made by mixing the interface between platelet rich plasma (PRP) and a 40–45% aqueous solution of bovine albumin. By this method of albumin density gradient separation (ADGS) it was possible to centrifuge platelets without disruptive squashing upon a hard surface. The separated platelets were washed in calcium‐free Tyrode's solution without releasing coagulant activity. Platelet yields after multiple washings were high. Morphology and ADP‐induced aggregation of platelets washed by ADGS (in contrast to platelets washed by conventional methods) were indistinguishable from those of unwashed platelets tested as PRP.The activities of factors V and XI remained in close association with platelets after four successive washes by ADGS, whereas factors VIII, IX and XII were entirely removed.
The Effect of Dilution of Plasma on Coagulation: The Significance of the Dilution‐Activation Phenomenon for the Study of Platelet Coagulant Activities
Authors: Walsh P. N. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The coagulation of non‐contacted plasma is enhanced by dilution with citrate‐saline solution, an effect termed the ‘dilution‐activation phenomenon (DAP)’. When platelets rather than phospholipid were added to plasma, the dilution effect was greatly attenuated. A large clotting time difference between platelet and phospholipid additions was therefore evident when undiluted plasma was tested in plastic tubes. This difference disappeared when the plasma was diluted and tested in glass tubes. Thereby the‘DAP’masked a platelet coagulant activity which appeared to be distinct from platelet factor 3 activity.In order to make meaningful use of a test system for platelets which eliminated the ‘DAP’, it was desirable to ascertain what factors accounted for the clot‐promoting effect of dilution. The experimental evidence suggests that a physicochemical alteration results in factor‐XII activation when plasma is diluted. Physicochemical factors shown to be important in enhancing the‘DAP’and presumably contact activation are alkaline pH, low ionic strength and negative electrochemical charge, whereas positive charge, high ionic strength and acid pH inhibit clotting in the system employed.
The Kinetic Behaviour of Transfused Donor Bone Marrow Neutrophils and their Precursors in Neutropenic Patients
Authors: Chikkappa G. , Greenberg M. L. , Rubin A. , Taub R. N. , Fotino M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Six neutropenic patients (eight studies) with hypo‐ or aplastic bone marrow (BM) received 3H‐thymidine (3H‐TdR) and/or 32P‐diisopropylfluorophosphate (DF32P) labelled donor BM cells intravenously. The donor‐recipient leucocyte histocompatibility (HL‐A) match was A in three studies, B in one study and C in another four studies. Leucocyte specific activity (LSA) and autoradiography of serial blood and BM specimens were used to follow the behaviour of the labelled donor neutrophilic cells in the recipient. In two patients (three studies), who received HL‐A A and B matched cells, the donor neutrophil precursors were shown to divide and feed mature cells into the circulation for 10–11 days. The pattern of the entry of labelled segmented neutrophils into the blood was similar to the patterns noted after the i.v. injection of these isotopes in normal individuals except for the rapid emergence of the 3H‐TdR labelled cells into the blood and shortening in all the three phases of the DF32P LSA curves. Studies of this type can be used as an aid in the rapid evaluation of the fate of the donor's transplanted mitotable granulocytic cells in the recipient. Labelled donor cells did not survive in the other patients.Repopulation of the BM did not ensue in the two patients (three studies) with ideal donor‐recipient pairing (identical twins, negative serum cytotoxicity tests), perhaps due to persisting infectious hepatitis virus or effects therefrom in one patient whose BM aplasia followed infectious hepatitis.
Surface Microfragmentation of Red Cells as a Mechanism for Complement‐Mediated Immune Spherocytosis
Authors: Brown D. L. , Nelson D. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The adherence site between red cells and liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) was studied by light‐ and electron‐microscopy at intervals after the intravenous injection of complement‐coated red cells (EC43) into rabbits. The injected red cells adhered to the cytoplasm of the Kupffer cells and became grossly distorted at the point of contact. At an early stage (2 min post injection) protrusions from the red cells were surrounded by macrophage cytoplasm, while later (7–25 min post injection) round fragments of red cells were seen lying apparently separated in the Kupffer cell cytoplasm.The appearances seen suggest that the adherent red cells lose fragments or ‘microspheres’ to the Kupffer cells without lysis, and, as a result of a proportionally greater surface‐loss than volume‐loss, the adherent red cells become more spherical. The time course of such a microfragmentation process is consistent with the observation that spherocytes appear in the peripheral blood shortly afterwards.
Ultrastructural Studies in β‐Thalassaemia Major
Authors: Polliack A. , Rachmilewitz E. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The peripheral red blood cells of 11 patients with β‐thalassaemia major were studied by electronmicroscopy, and a wide spectrum of intracellular changes was observed. Findings were striking in the six splenectomized individuals and most prominent in reticulocytes and late normoblasts. There was marked accumulation of iron in different forms, either as free particles or as aggregates of ferritin and haemosiderin within membrane‐bound particles or mitochondria. Glycogen accumulation was often found in normoblasts. Cells were grossly distorted and deformed, showing indentations and infolding of the plasma membrane with marked vacuole formation.The most striking finding was the presence of Heinz bodies in various stages of development. These were unlike those encountered in phenylhydrazine induced haemolytic anaemia; no large marginated Heinz bodies were found attached to the cell membrane. The implications of this finding in relation to the present concept of sequestration of Heinz bodies in the spleen are discussed. Another prominent feature was the presence of many bizarre membrane forms and myclin figures which may represent attempts at autodigestion of excess intracellular inclusions, particularly in the absence of the spleen.The wide spectrum of ultrastructural changes found may be an expression of multiple intracellular defects involving the biosynthesis of globin, haem, glycoprotein, and membranes in β‐thalassaemia.
Variations in the Red Cells in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria
Authors: Rosse Wendell F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The red cells of 22 patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria have been evaluated by the complement lysis sensitivity test of Rosse & Dacie. Four patterns of abnormal susceptibility to complement lysis were seen. In Group 1 (10 patients), markedly abnormal complement‐sensitive cells were present and cells of a second population were not distinguishable from normal cells. In Group 2 (four patients), markedly abnormal complement‐sensitive cells were present and the second population of cells was clearly distinguishable, but not markedly different from normal. In Group 3 (five patients), three populations of cells were present: a markedly abnormal complement‐sensitive population, a population of moderately abnormal cells and a population of normal‐appearing cells. In Group 4 (three patients), no cells with marked complement sensitivity were seen; two populations were present, one was apparently normal and the other moderately abnormal (3–4 times as sensitive as normal). During the period of observation two patients in Group 4 acquired a markedly abnormal complement‐sensitive population.The proportion of cells in each population varied during the course of the illness. In three patients the proportion of complement‐sensitive cells increased during the onset of the illness, and in two patients the proportion decreased gradually during the resolution of the disease. Increase in the total production of red cells resulted in an increased proportion of complement‐sensitive cells, as did decrease in haemolytic rate. Increase in the haemolytic rate resulted in a decreased proportion of complement‐sensitive cells.
Iron Uptake by Rabbit Reticulocytes
Authors: Lane R. S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. In keeping with present concepts of internal iron exchange, it is thought that the two iron binding sites of transferrin molecules bind and donate iron in a similar manner. Since recent data, however, have suggested that iron attached at one iron binding site may be more readily available to cells than iron bound to the other site, a further study of in vitro iron exchange between transferrin and reticulocytes has been undertaken.Transferrin samples were first incubated with reticulocytes to reduce the transferrin iron saturation; rates of iron uptake from incubated transferrin samples and appropriate non‐incubated controls with the same iron saturation were then compared. At 24% transferrin iron saturation, iron uptake from incubated transferrin was significantly less than from the control; at 48% transferrin iron saturation, iron uptake was the same from incubated transferrin and controls.Two transferrin samples of equal protein concentration were prepared; each was 50% iron saturated. One sample contained twice the proportion of iron saturated transferrin molecules (2Fe‐transferrin) present in the other sample. Iron uptake by reticulocytes was decreased by 22–25% from the sample with less 2Fe‐transferrin molecules. Thus iron was exchanged very rapidly between 2Fe‐transferrin and reticulocytes.It is proposed that the preliminary incubation of transferrin samples with reticulocytes caused a marked reduction in their 2Fe‐transferrin molecules which, at low levels of transferrin iron saturation, resulted in the incubated samples containing less 2Fe‐transferrin than the controls. In these circumstances, iron uptake from incubated transferrin was decreased when compared with the control.