bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Past Oral Contraceptive Use and Current Dietary Soy Isoflavones Influence Estrogen Metabolism in Postmenopausal Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Scott Latanya M. , Xu Xia , Veenstra Timothy D. , Tooze Janet A. , Wood Charles E. , Register Thomas C. , Kock Nancy D. , Cline J. Mark 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Estrogen metabolism may play an important role in mammary carcinogenesis in postmenopausal women. We evaluated the effects of prior oral contraceptive (OC) treatment and current soy isoflavone consumption on endogenous estrogen metabolite concentration and biomarkers of tissue estrogen exposure in a monkey model. One hundred eighty-one female cynomolgus macaques were randomized to receive OC or placebo for 26 months premenopausally, then ovariectomized and randomized to one of three diets for 36 months: an isoflavone-depleted soy protein isolate (Soy−) diet, a diet containing soy protein isolate with a human equivalent of 129 mg isoflavone/d (Soy+), or a Soy− diet supplemented with conjugated equine estrogens (CEE+) at a human equivalent dose of 0.625 mg/d. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography directly coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure the concentrations of estrogen species in urine samples. Generally, prior OC treatment was associated with significantly reduced urinary estrogen metabolites (25-55% reduction; P &lt; 0.05 for each versus OC−). Animals that consumed isoflavones postmenopausally had increased urinary 2-hydroxyestrone and 16α-hydroxyestrone (50% and 56% increases, respectively), but reduced levels of 2-hydroxyestradiol, 2-methoxyestradiol, and 17-epiestriol (92%, 63%, and 66%, respectively), compared with animals fed a Soy− diet. Isoflavones did not have widespread effects on uterine or mammary proliferation biomarkers, whereas prior OC significantly reduced two of three proliferation end points in the endometrium. Premenopausal OCs may have long-term systemic effects on response to estrogen and its metabolism whereas postmenopausal dietary isoflavones may alter endogenous estrogen metabolism in a modest but selective manner. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2594–602)
Improved Screening for Anal Neoplasia by Immunocytochemical Detection of Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins
Authors: Scarpini Cinzia , White Victoria , Muralidhar Balaji , Patterson Aileen , Hickey Nicola , Singh Naveena , Mullerat Jose , Winslet Marc , Davies R. Justin , Phillips Marie-Louise , Stacey Pamela , Laskey Ronald A. , Miller Richard , Nathan Mayura , Coleman Nicholas 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Early detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by screening will improve clinical outcome. Assessment of anal cytology samples using routine Papanicolaou testing suffers from shortcomings in sensitivity and/or specificity, suggesting that screening tests based on biomarkers may be of value. We tested the suitability in this context of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins, accurate markers of the deregulated cell cycle entry that characterizes malignancy and premalignancy.
Experimental Design: We undertook an initial immunohistochemical study of 54 anal tissue samples and validated our findings using an independent prospective cohort study of 235 anal cytology samples from 144 subjects.
Results: In the progression from normal anal epithelium through AIN to SCC, there was increasing expression of MCM2 and MCM5, including in the superficial epithelial third, the source of the majority of cells collected by anal swab. The median labeling indices (LI) for MCM2 and MCM5 in the superficial third of AIN2/3 and SCCs combined were 90.2% and 84.0%, respectively. MCM LIs in the superficial layers were significantly greater than LIs for Ki67, an alternative marker of cell cycle entry (P &lt; 0.0001). By immunocytochemistry using a mixture of anti-MCM2 and anti-MCM5 antibodies, immunopositive cells were readily identified in anal cytology samples, even at low magnification. MCM testing showed sensitivity for AIN2/3 of 84% (95% confidence interval, 75,93) and for AIN1/viral changes of 76% (68, 84), with overall specificity (for any lesion) of 77% (64, 90).
Conclusions: MCMs are promising biomarkers for improving detection of AIN and SCC in anal cytology samples. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2855–64)
Socioeconomic Status, Negative Affect, and Modifiable Cancer Risk Factors in African-American Smokers
Authors: Kendzor Darla E. , Cofta-Woerpel Ludmila M. , Mazas Carlos A. , Li Yisheng , Vidrine Jennifer Irvin , Reitzel Lorraine R. , Costello Tracy J. , Businelle Michael S. , Ahluwalia Jasjit S. , Cinciripini Paul M. , Wetter David W. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to describe the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of cooccurring modifiable cancer risk factors among African-Americans seeking smoking cessation treatment and to evaluate previously hypothesized models of the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health behavior. Overweight/obesity, at-risk alcohol consumption, and insufficient physical activity were measured in 399 African-American smokers. Analyses indicated that 92.8% of participants had at least one cancer risk factor in addition to smoking. Univariate ordinal logistic regression analyses revealed that female gender, unemployment, lower positive affect, and greater negative affect were associated with having a greater number of cancer risk factors. Multivariate analyses yielded similar findings. A structural equation modeling approach indicated that stress/negative affect may function as one pathway linking SES and modifiable cancer risk factors among African-American smokers and that gender has a direct effect on modifiable cancer risk factors. Thus, risk patterns identified within each gender group may guide the development of multiple risk factor interventions for African-American smokers. Stress and negative affect may be an important treatment target within behavioral interventions for African-American smokers of low SES. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2546–54)
Comparing the Reliability of Responses to Telephone-Administered versus Self-Administered Web-Based Surveys in a Case-Control Study of Adult Malignant Brain Cancer
Authors: Rankin Kristin M. , Rauscher Garth H. , McCarthy Bridget , Erdal Serap , Lada Pat , Il'yasova Dora , Davis Faith 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Introduction: To determine whether a Web-based survey was an acceptable method of data collection for a clinic-based case-control study of adult brain cancer, the authors compared the reliability of paired responses to a main and resurvey for participants completing surveys by telephone (n = 74) or self-administered on the Web (n = 465) between 2003 and 2006.
Methods: Recruitment of cases was done at the Evanston Northwestern Healthcare Kellogg Cancer Care Center and the Duke University Medical Center Cancer Control division, and controls were friends and siblings of cases. Twenty-five variables were examined, including smoking, oral contraceptive and residential histories, water sources, meat preparation, fruit and vegetable consumption, and pesticide use. Weighted and simple κ's were estimated for categorical and binary variables, respectively.
Results: The number of concordant paired responses was summed for use in linear regression. Respondents were 97% White and 85% had postsecondary education. Kappa's for individual questions ranged from 0.31 (duration of residence in a single family house) to 0.96 (ever smoked), with a median of 0.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.64). The median number of concordant responses was 16.2 (range, 5-22). Reliability was greater for controls than cases, Web-based versus telephone responders, females, and higher-income responders. Frequency of e-mail and Internet use was not associated with reliability.
Conclusions: A self-administered, Web-based survey was a feasible and appropriate mode of interview in this study. The comparable reliability of Web compared with telephone responses suggest that Web-based self-interviews could be a cost-effective alternative to traditional modes of interview. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2639–46)
No Effect of Red Clover–Derived Isoflavone Intervention on the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Women at Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Vrieling Alina , Rookus Matti A. , Kampman Ellen , Bonfrer Johannes M.G. , Bosma Astrid , Cats Annemieke , van Doorn Jaap , Korse Catharina M. , Witteman Ben J.M. , van Leeuwen Flora E. , van't Veer Laura J. , Voskuil Dorien W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackground: Increased insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II concentrations are related to increased colorectal cancer risk. Isoflavones have been associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk, and may affect the IGF system because of their weak estrogenic activity. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of isolated isoflavones on serum concentrations of IGF system components.Materials and Methods: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover trial in four hospitals in the Netherlands to investigate the effect of an 8-week supplementation with red clover–derived isoflavones (84 mg/d) on serum IGF-I concentrations. In addition, serum concentrations of IGF-II and IGF binding proteins (IGFBP)-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 were assessed. Normal colorectal tissue biopsies were obtained after the first intervention period and mRNA expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and IGF-IR was evaluated. Our study population consisted of 34 postmenopausal women with a family history of colorectal cancer or a personal history of colorectal adenomas.Results: Isoflavone supplementation did not significantly affect serum concentrations of total IGF-I (mean relative within-person difference; IGF-I, −2.0%; 95% confidence interval, −8.0% to 3.9%). IGF-II and IGFBPs were also not significantly altered after isoflavone supplementation. Colorectal tissue mRNA expression of IGF system components did not significantly differ between individuals on isoflavone supplementation and those who received placebo.Conclusions: The results of our trial, supported by a qualitative review of soy trials published to date, suggest that isoflavones do not significantly affect circulating levels of IGF system components. Increased levels of IGF-I, as observed in most of these trials, are likely due to simultaneous protein supplementation. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2585–93)
Lack of Prospective Associations between Plasma and Urinary Phytoestrogens and Risk of Prostate or Colorectal Cancer in the European Prospective into Cancer-Norfolk Study
Authors: Ward Heather , Chapelais Gaelle , Kuhnle Gunter G.C. , Luben Robert , Khaw Kay-Tee , Bingham Sheila 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDietary phytoestrogens are suggested to reduce the risk of prostate and colorectal cancer, but the results of epidemiologic studies have not yielded consistent support for this proposed effect, possibly due to inadequate databases of phytoestrogen levels in foods. Biomarkers of phytoestrogen intakes may provide a clearer insight into the relationship between phytoestrogen exposure and the risk of prostate or colorectal cancer risks. From the European Prospective into Cancer-Norfolk cohort (ages 45-75), serum and urine samples were analyzed for seven phytoestrogens [daidzein, enterodiol, enterolactone, genistein, glycitein, O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA), and equol] among 193 cases of prostate cancer and 828 controls, and 221 cases of colorectal cancer with 889 controls. Summary variables of total lignans (enterodiol and enterolactone) and total isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, O-DMA, equol, and glycitein) were created and analyzed in conjunction with individual phytoestrogens. Logistic regression analyses revealed that there was no significant association between prostate cancer risk and total serum isoflavones [odds ratio (OR), 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.93-1.10] or total serum lignans (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.86-1.04) or between colorectal cancer risk and total serum isoflavones (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.94-1.08) or total serum lignans (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.94-1.12). Similarly, null associations were observed for individual serum phytoestrogens and for all urinary phytoestrogen biomarkers. In conclusion, we have found no evidence to support an inverse association between phytoestrogen exposure and prostate or colorectal cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2891–4)
Soy Protein Containing Isoflavones and Mammographic Density in a Randomized Controlled Trial in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Verheus Martijn , van Gils Carla H. , Kreijkamp-Kaspers Sanne , Kok Linda , Peeters Petra H.M. , Grobbee Diederick E. , van der Schouw Yvonne T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackground: The relatively high dietary intake of soy in Asian countries has been hypothesized to, at least partly, explain the lower breast cancer incidence patterns in these countries compared with the Western world. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of daily soy supplementation on mammographic density, one of the strongest known risk factors for breast cancer.Methods: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of soy protein intake containing 99 mg isoflavones daily with intake of milk protein (placebo) for the duration of 1 year. Two hundred and two Dutch postmenopausal women ages 60 to 75 years were randomized. Mammographic density was assessed using a quantitative computer-assisted method on digitized mammograms. Equol producer status was assessed in plasma provided at the final visit (soy group) or after a 3-day challenge with soy after the trial was finished (placebo group).Results: A total of 175 women completed the baseline visits and at least one follow-up visit and were included in the intention-to-treat analyses. For 126 women, both pre- and post-trial mammograms were available. Mammographic density decreased in both study arms, but the decrease did not differ significantly between intervention and placebo groups. Equol producer status did not modify the results.Conclusion: The results of this trial do not support the hypothesis that a diet high in soy protein among postmenopausal women decreases mammographic density. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2632–8)
Calcium, Dairy Foods, Vitamin D, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: The Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study
Authors: Mizoue Tetsuya , Kimura Yasumi , Toyomura Kengo , Nagano Jun , Kono Suminori , Mibu Ryuichi , Tanaka Masao , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Maehara Yoshihiko , Okamura Takeshi , Ikejiri Koji , Futami Kitaroh , Yasunami Yohichi , Maekawa Takafumi , Takenaka Kenji , Ichimiya Hitoshi , Imaizumi Nobutoshi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEpidemiologic evidence supporting a protective role of calcium and vitamin D in colorectal carcinogenesis has been accumulating in Western populations, but it is limited in Asian populations, whose intake of calcium is relatively low. We investigated the association of intakes of these nutrients with colorectal cancer risk in Japanese. Study subjects were participants of a large-scale case-control study in Fukuoka, Japan. Diet was assessed through interview regarding 148 dietary items by showing typical foods or dishes on the display of a personal computer. In a multivariate analysis adjusting for potential confounding variables, calcium intake was significantly, inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk (P for trend = 0.01); the odds ratio for the highest versus lowest quintile of calcium intake was 0.64 (95% confidence interval, 0.45-0.93). Higher levels of dietary vitamin D were significantly associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer among those who had fewer chances of sunlight exposure at work or in leisure (P for trend = 0.02). A decreased risk of colorectal cancer associated with high calcium intake was observed among those who had higher levels of vitamin D intake or among those who had a greater chance of daily sunlight exposure, but not among those with medium or lower intake of vitamin D or among those with potentially decreased sunlight exposure. These results add to support for a joint action of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of colorectal carcinogenesis. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2800–7)
Colorectal Adenomas in a Randomized Folate Trial: The Role of Baseline Dietary and Circulating Folate Levels
Authors: Figueiredo Jane C. , Levine A. Joan , Grau Maria V. , Barry Elizabeth L. , Ueland Per M. , Ahnen Dennis J. , Byers Tim , Bresalier Robert S. , Summers Robert W. , Bond John , McKeown-Eyssen Gail E. , Sandler Robert S. , Haile Robert W. , Baron John A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe Aspirin/Folate Polyp Prevention Study is a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of aspirin use and folic acid supplementation and incidence of colorectal adenomas in individuals with a history of these lesions. The trial showed that folic acid supplementation does not prevent the occurrence of new adenomas and may increase risk. We extend these results by investigating whether the effect of folic acid treatment differed by baseline dietary and circulating folate levels. Diet and supplement use were ascertained at baseline through a food-frequency questionnaire; a blood sample was used to determine plasma and RBC folate levels. Individuals were followed for 3 years (first follow-up) and subsequently for an additional 3 to 5 years (second follow up). We used generalized linear regression to estimate risk ratios and 95% confidence limits as measures of association. There was little evidence that baseline dietary and total folate intake, and plasma and RBC folate modified the association between folic acid treatment and risk of any adenomas or advanced lesions. However, there was a protective association of the highest tertile of dietary and total intake as well as circulating folate with risk of any adenomas among those in the placebo group but no association among individuals in the folic acid group. Our findings support the idea that although moderate doses of folate may be protective compared with deficiency, at some point of sufficiency, supplementation provides no additional benefit. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2625–31)
Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Survival: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Ritenbaugh Cheryl , Stanford Janet L. , Wu LieLing , Shikany James M. , Schoen Robert E. , Stefanick Marcia L. , Taylor Vicky , Garland Cedric , Frank Gail , Lane Dorothy , Mason Ellen , McNeeley S. Gene , Ascensao Joao , Chlebowski Rowan T. ,   For the Women's Health Initiative Investigators
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Background: In separate Women's Health Initiative randomized trials, combined hormone therapy with estrogen plus progestin reduced colorectal cancer incidence but estrogen alone in women with hysterectomy did not. We now analyze features of the colorectal cancers that developed and examine the survival of women following colorectal cancer diagnosis in the latter trial.
Participants and Methods: 10,739 postmenopausal women who were 50 to 79 years of age and had undergone hysterectomy were randomized to conjugated equine estrogens (0.625 mg/d) or matching placebo. Colorectal cancer incidence was a component of the monitoring global index of the study but was not a primary study endpoint. Colorectal cancers were verified by central medical record and pathology report review. Bowel exam frequency was not protocol defined, but information on their use was collected.
Results: After a median 7.1 years, there were 58 invasive colorectal cancers in the hormone group and 53 in the placebo group [hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.77-1.63]. Tumor size, stage, and grade were comparable in the two randomization groups. Bowel exam frequency was also comparable in the two groups. The cumulative mortality following colorectal cancer diagnosis among women in the conjugated equine estrogen group was 34% compared with 30% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.58-3.19).
Conclusions: In contrast to the preponderance of observational studies, conjugated equine estrogens in a randomized clinical trial did not reduce colorectal cancer incidence nor improve survival after diagnosis. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2609–18)
Health Risk Appraisal Models for Mass Screening of Esophageal Cancer in Japanese Men
Authors: Yokoyama Tetsuji , Yokoyama Akira , Kumagai Yoshiya , Omori Tai , Kato Hoichi , Igaki Hiroyasu , Tsujinaka Toshimasa , Muto Manabu , Yokoyama Masako , Watanabe Hiroshi 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Background: Because early squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus is detectable by endoscopic esophageal iodine staining with high accuracy and is easily treated by endoscopic mucosectomy, it is important to develop efficient methods for screening candidates for the endoscopic examination. Inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) is a very strong risk factor for esophageal SCC in alcohol drinkers and thus may be suitable as a screening tool.
Purpose: To assess the performance of health risk appraisal (HRA) models in screening for esophageal SCC in the Japanese male population.
Methods: Two types of HRA models were developed based on our previous case-control study, which included assessment of ALDH2 activity and selected risk factors (HRA-G and HRA-F: activities of ALDH2 assessed by genotype and questionnaire for alcohol flushing, respectively). Each individual's risk of esophageal SCC was calculated quantitatively as a risk score. The sensitivity and specificity of the HRA models at various cutoff values of risk score was estimated by a leave-one-out cross-validation. The positive predictive value was estimated assuming the prevalence of esophageal SCC in the whole population to be 0.17% or 0.39% according to literatures.
Results: When individuals ranked in the top 10% of the HRA-F risk score was screened, the sensitivity was 57.9% and positive predictive value was 0.93% or 2.12% according to the above assumptions, respectively. The sensitivity was slightly better by the HRA-G model than by the HRA-F model.
Conclusion: The HRA models may provide an important approach to early intervention strategies to control esophageal SCC in Japanese men. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2846–54)
Reproductive Factors and Risk of Meningioma and Glioma
Authors: Wigertz Annette , Lönn Stefan , Hall Per , Auvinen Anssi , Christensen Helle Collatz , Johansen Christoffer , Klæboe Lars , Salminen Tiina , Schoemaker Minouk J. , Swerdlow Anthony J. , Tynes Tore , Feychting Maria 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFemale sex hormones have previously been suggested as possible risk factors for brain tumors, but published studies have reported conflicting results. We conducted a population-based case-control study of glioma (n = 626) and meningioma (n = 906) cases and randomly selected controls stratified on age and geographic region (n = 1,774) in Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) for glioma and meningioma in relation to reproductive factors. A decreased glioma risk was associated with ever-pregnancy compared with never-pregnancy [OR, 0.8; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.6-1.0]. Meningioma risk among women ages &lt;50 years was increased in relation to number of pregnancies leading to a live birth (OR, 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1-2.8 for giving birth to 3 children compared with nulliparous women; Ptrend among parous women = 0.01). This relation was not found for older women. Breast-feeding among parous women increased the glioma risk (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3-3.9 for breast-feeding 36 months or more compared with breast-feeding 3 months or less). Menopausal status and age at menopause were not associated with meningioma or glioma risk. Our findings imply that reproductive hormones may influence the occurrence of meningioma and glioma. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(10):2663–70)