bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntheses of triblock polybutadiene–polydimethylsiloxane copolymers by coupling reactions
Authors: Hetflejš Jiří , Šabata Stanislav , Podešva Jiří , Netopilík Miloš , Látalová Petra , Spěváček Jiří 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe reaction of epoxy‐telechelic polydimethylsiloxanes with polybutadienyllithium was used to prepare a series of low‐molecular‐weight polybutadiene‐block‐polydimethylsiloxane‐block‐polybutadiene copolymers. The copolymers were purified by repeated fractional precipitation/centrifugation and characterized with NMR, vapor pressure osmometry, size exclusion chromatography, and elemental analysis. The applicability of this method is discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3233–3240, 2006
Effect of chitosan addition to BTCA/CA processed cotton fabrics for adsorbing metallic ions from waste water
Authors: Hsieh Sung Huang , Lin En Shang , Wei Hsueh Chou 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOne of the most important properties of chitosan, a derivative of chitin, is that it is able to chelate with certain heavy metal ions, and this property can be applied to process waste water containing heavy metal ions. In this research, using BTCA/CA as a crosslinking reagent with chitosan added, cotton fabrics were cured and allowed to undergo an adsorption reaction in CuSO4 and ZnSO4 solutions. The effect of different curing temperatures and time, as well as different adsorptive temperatures and time, were studied. The cotton processed fabrics were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR), scanning electronic microscope (SEM), and thermal gravity analysis (TGA) to study the crosslinking reaction with the cotton‐processed fabrics. The results indicate: (1) the BTCA/CA‐processed cotton fabrics with an addition of chitosan have a better adsorptive capacity than the processed fabrics without chitosan; (2) the crosslinked fabrics are better in adsorbing copper ions as chitosan concentration, curing temperature and time, and adsorptive temperature and time increase; (3) the adsorption rate of copper and zinc ions are linearly proportional to the changes of time, so that the slope shows that the adsorption rate of crosslinked fabrics for copper ions is faster than for zinc ions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3264–3269, 2006
Influence of the nigrosine dye on the thermal behavior of polyamide 66
Authors: Sukata Kazuaki , Takeuchi Hiroshi , Shimada Masayuki , Agari Yasuyuki 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo reveal the effect of the nigrosine dye, that the addition of the dye lowers the crystallization point (Tc) of molten polyamide resins with substantially no shift in the melting point (Tm), thus suppressing the crystallization enhancement of the crystalline nucleation agents, the characteristics of polyamide 66 (PA‐66) containing nigrosine dye EX (N‐EX) were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the addition of N‐EX reduced the crystallization rate and Tc of molten PA‐66 with substantially no shift in Tm, and the crystallization enthalpy per unit of weight of PA‐66 was substantially constant. Tc of molten PA‐66 was lowered with an increase in the amount of N‐EX and reached its maximum at 13 wt % N‐EX. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the glass‐transition temperature and the secondary glass‐transition temperature increased with an increasing amount of the dye. On the other hand, the DSC and X‐ray diffraction results indicated that no dye molecule was present in the crystal structure of PA‐66. This effect of the nigrosine dye on PA‐66 is in contrast to those of crystalline nucleation agents, plasticizers, and antiplasticizers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3270–3274, 2006
Improvement of optical quality and vibration characteristics of injection molded disk with processing condition control
Authors: Nam Ji‐Geun , Sin Hyo‐Chol , Na Sang‐Sik 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIncreased application of optical disks has required a rotating disk with more dynamic stability and better optical quality. A new concept of controlling the processing condition of injection molded disks is developed to improve their optical quality and vibration characteristics. To assess the effect of process conditions on residual stresses, birefringence, and critical speed, an orthogonal array for design of experiments is used. Melt temperature, filling speed, and packing pressure were effective parameters, but mold temperature and interactions among process conditions were not. The birefringence and critical speed were affected by the residual stress distribution, which varied according to the distance from the gate and processing condition. Considering the effect of the processing conditions and distance from the gate, we calculated the weight factors on residual stresses along the radial direction. Choosing weighted stress to be the target value for optimization of residual stresses, processing conditions control was accomplished. Under the newly proposed conditions, optical quality and stability of injection molded disk were simultaneously improved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3275–3285, 2006
Assembly of polyelectrolyte multilayers on nylon fibers
Authors: Dubas Stephan T. , Limsavarn Luxsana , Iamsamai Chularat , Potiyaraj Pranut 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNon‐woven nylon fibers were investigated as a new type of substrate for the deposition of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM) thin films. PEM assembled from cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) PDADMAC, and anionic Scarlet dye (λmax absorbance = 510 nm) were deposited directly on Nylon fibers and characterized using a reflectometer spectrophotometer. Evidences of the film assembly are presented as well as a study of the factors controlling the growth of the PDAMAC/dye PEM film on the fiber. The relation between the sorption coefficient (K) and the scattering (S) extracted from the reflectance data is commonly used to represent the dye fixation or the dye content of a given textile fiber. The increase in K/S value at 510 nm was correlated with the dye deposition and was found to increase linearly with the number of layers. The effect of increasing number of layers, ionic strength of the solutions, concentration of chemicals, and dipping time on the film growth was investigated. Our results show that while increase in dye and PDADMAC concentrations from 0 to 1 mM enhance the deposition process, further increase in PDADMAC concentration to 50 mM led to a decrease in K/S value. The optimum salt concentration for the PDAMAC/dye film growth was found to be 0.5M and dipping times as short as 15 s were found to be sufficient for the deposition of the PEM. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3286–3290, 2006
Mechanical properties of injection‐molded isotactic polypropylene/roselle fiber composites
Authors: Junkasem Jirawut , Menges James , Supaphol Pitt 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNatural fiber‐thermoplastic composite materials, based on their cost‐effectiveness and environmental friendliness, have attracted much interest both scientifically and technologically in recent years. Other advantages of natural fibers are good specific strength, less abrasion, and less irritation upon inhalation (in comparison with some common inorganic fillers). In the present contribution, roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) fibers were chosen and used as reinforcing fillers for isotactic polypropylene (iPP) for the first time, due mainly to the cost‐effectiveness and natural abundance on Thai soil. Processibility and mechanical properties of the resulting composites were investigated against the type and the mean size of the fibers. The results showed that the highest mechanical properties were observed when roselle bast fibers were incorporated. When whole‐stalk (WS) fibers (i.e., the weight ratio of bast and core fibers was 40 : 60 w/w) were used, moderate mechanical properties of the resulting composites were realized. The optimal contents of the WS fibers and the maleic anhydride‐grafted iPP compatibilizer that resulted in an improvement in some of the mechanical properties of the resulting composites were 40 and 7 wt %, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3291–3300, 2006
Surface free energy analysis of poly(HEMA)‐poly(perfluoroacrylate) copolymer networks
Authors: Eroğlu Mehmet S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCopolymer networks of 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) and 2‐(N‐ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido)ethyl acrylate (FOSEA) were prepared by free‐radical polymerization. Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM) was used as crosslinker and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was used as radical initiator. HEMA/FOSEA ratio of the copolymer networks changed from 50/1 to 10/1 (mol/mol). The contact angles of water, ethylene glycol, glycerin, diiodomethane, paraffin, and formamide were measured on copolymer surfaces and results were evaluated in term of surface free energy components using van Oss–Good methodology. It was determined that the Lifshits–van der Waals component (γ) and total surface tension (γ) of networks decreased drastically with the increase of the FOSEA content. However, the electron donor and acceptor components of the surface free energy did not differ that much. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3343–3347, 2006
Gas barrier changes and structural alterations induced by retorting in a high barrier aliphatic polyketone terpolymer
Authors: Lopez‐Rubio A. , Giménez E. , Gavara R. , Lagaron J.M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAnalysis of the consequences of a typical humid thermal plastic food packaging sterilization (retorting) process over the crystalline morphology and gas barrier properties of a high barrier aliphatic polyketone terpolymer was carried out by in situ simultaneous synchrotron WAXS and SAXS experiments an by DSC, ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy, and oxygen transmission rate measurements. From a structural view point, it was observed that the retorting process led to a less crystalline material; however, crystallinity was fully restored by a postdrying process. The humid thermal treatment also favored the sorption of moisture in the amorphous phase to a saturation level, i.e., 2% water uptake. As a result, the oxygen permeability at 21°C was observed to increase by about nine times immediately after the humid treatment, but the barrier character was observed to quickly recover over time. From the results, it is suggested that a simple postdrying process at moderate temperatures can restore morphology and barrier properties. In the overall, it is also suggested that aliphatic polyketones withstand far better the process of retorting in comparison with, for instance, other high barrier polymers such as ethylene‐vinyl alcohol copolymers reported earlier and can therefore offer even as a monolayer an alternative in retortable food‐packaging applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3348–3356, 2006
Rheological properties and foam processibility of precured EPDM
Authors: Wang Biqin , Peng Zonglin , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEPDM foam was prepared by dynamically vulcanizing EPDM compound in a HAAKE rheometer firstly, then mixing the partially precured EPDM compound with a blowing agent and a sulfur vulcanizing system on a two roll mill. The compound was extruded through a cold feed extruder, and the extrudate was foamed in a circulating hot air oven. EPDM compound was vulcanized partly in the HAAKE rheometer, the final torque increases with increasing sulfur content. Rheological measurement shows the dynamic storage modulus, the loss modulus, and the complex viscosity of precured EPDM compound increase with increasing sulfur content. Then the partially precured EPDM compound was compounded with a blowing agent and a sulfur vulcanizing systems, Rheometric measurement shows that the rate of vulcanization of partially precured EPDM compound is not affected by the precure. The blowing results show that the foam processibility could be improved and the expansion ratio increases in the same processing condition for optimum partially precured EPDM compound, which indicates the optimum crosslink density for EPDM could enhance the efficiency of blowing agent AC. SEM shows that the foam articles have a closed‐cell structure with few open cells, and the large cells inlay among the small cells. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3387–3394, 2006
CaCO3/natural rubber latex nanometer composite and its properties
Authors: Deng Chun‐Mei , Chen Mei , Ao Ning‐Jian , Yan Dan , Zheng Zhong‐Qian 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCalcium carbonate/natural rubber (NR) latex nanometer composites were prepared by adding nanometer CaCO3 whose surface had been treated to natural rubber latex (NRL) before sulfuration. The physical, thermooxidative aging, and thermal degradation properties and the ultra‐microstructure were analyzed with a multipurpose material testing meter, a thermal analysis meter and a Philips XL‐30 SEM, respectively. The results showed that the structures and properties of nanometer composites could be clearly improved by NRL mixed with surface‐treated nanometer CaCO3. The physical properties of the nanometer composites were best when the content of surface treatment agent was 2.5% (to nanometer CaCO3), the nanometer CaCO3/NRL content was 3:100, and the stirring time for treating the surface of the nanometer CaCO3 was 20 min. Simultaneously, the thermooxidative aging resistance of the nanometer composites also was significantly improved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3442–3447, 2006
Biocidal hydantoinylsiloxane polymers. IV. N‐halamine siloxane‐functionalized silica gel
Authors: Liang J. , Owens J. R. , Huang T. S. , Worley S. D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe monomer 5,5‐dimethyl‐3‐(3′‐triethoxysilylpropyl)hydantoin and its hydrolysis product polymer poly[3‐(5,5‐dimethylhydantoinylpropyl)hydroxysiloxane] were employed to functionalize the surfaces of silica gel particles in order to produce an adhered film that becomes biocidal upon chlorination with dilute sodium hypochlorite bleach. The biocidal efficacy of the functionalized silica gel was demonstrated in a cartridge filter experiment against the bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Complete 6 log inactivations of the two bacterial species were observed within 30 s of contact. Moreover, upon loss of biocidal activity due to depletion of bound chlorine, the coated silica gel particles could be recharged by further exposure to dilute bleach. Potential uses of the biocidal silica gel include disinfection and odor control in water treatment facilities and recirculating baths. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3448–3454, 2006
Ammonia‐gas and liquid ammonia treatments of silk fabric
Authors: Lee Myung Sun , Lee Muncheul , Tokuyama Takako , Wakida Tomiji , Inoue Goichi , Ishida Shinzo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSilk fabric, Habutae, was treated with 100% ammonia‐gas under atmospheric pressure and at pressures of 2, 4, and 6 kgf/cm2, and with liquid ammonia at −33°C. The effects of the treatment were investigated on the basis of the X‐ray diffraction, DSC thermogram, moisture regain, water absorption, dyeing property, and mechanical property of the fabric. Crystallinity and equilibrium dye uptake were increased apparently by the liquid ammonia treatment, whereas effect of the ammonia‐gas treatment was less than the liquid ammonia treatment. KES (Kawabata Evaluation System) shearing, bending, and tensile parameters were obtained. The modulus G, B, and hysteresis widths 2HG, 2HG5, and 2HB were decreased with the ammonia‐gas treatment. On the contrary, the liquid ammonia treatment increased the parameters considerably. Therefore, it seemed that the ammonia‐gas treatment is effective in enhancing the soft hand of the silk fabric. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3487–3492, 2006
Curing of epoxy resin using imide‐amines
Authors: Sharma Pooja , Choudhary Veena , Narula A. K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe curing behavior of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, using varying molar ratios of imide‐amines and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS). The imide‐amines were prepared by reacting 1 mol of pyromellitic dianhydride (P) with excess (2.5 mol) of 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether (E), 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane (M), or 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone (S) and designated as PE, PM, PS. Structural characterization was done using FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The mixture of imide‐amines and DDS at ratio of 0 : 1, 0.25 : 0.75, 0.5 : 0.5, 0.75 : 0.25, and 1 : 0 were used to investigate the curing behavior of DGEBA. The multiple heating rate method (5, 10, 15, and 20°C/min) was used to study the curing kinetics of epoxy resins. The peak exotherm temperature was found to be dependent on the heating rate, structure of imide‐amine, and also on the ratio of imide‐amine : DDS used. Activation energy was highest in case of epoxy cured using a mixture of DDS : imide‐amine of a ratio of 0.75 : 0.25. Thermal stability of the isothermally cured resins was also evaluated in a nitrogen atmosphere using dynamic thermogravimetry. The char yield was highest in case of resins cured using mixture of DDS : PS (0.25 : 0.75; EPS‐3), DDS : PM (0.25 : 0.75; EPM‐3), and DDS : PE (0.75 : 0.25; EPE‐1). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3502–3510, 2006
The swelling behavior of interpenetrating polymer networks composed of polyurethane and unsaturated polyester
Authors: Król Piotr , Wojturska Joanna 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of swelling and the sorption performance were observed for the polymer compositions with interpenetrating polymer networks made up of polyurethane and unsaturated polyester during their exposure to chlorobenzene at 25°C. It was found that the rates for solvent transport and solvent absorption processes were controlled by the chemical composition of the formulation studied. On the basis of the observed swelling process, parameters could be assessed which were specific for the mass transfer process, i.e., diffusion coefficient, sorption coefficient, and permeability coefficient. Moreover, an attempt was made to evaluate structural parameters that describe topology of the obtained networks. It was found that the increasing share of polyurethane in the composition reduced crosslinking density in the polyester network that resulted in faster diffusion of the solvent and higher sorption capacity for the solvent. The higher the styrene content in the composition, the higher the crosslinking density in the system, and hence the diffusion of solvent and its sorption inside the polymer network was much more difficult. In the scanning electron microscope analysis of samples, which had been subjected to swelling, no leaching was observed for any phase present in the system, despite phase separation for both the components. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3511–3519, 2006
Electrical/mechanical properties and activation energies of some poly(2‐vinylpyridine)‐metal complexes
Authors: Dimitry O. I. H. , Mazrouaa A. M. , Saad A. L. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPoly(2‐vinylpyridine) (P2VP) and its metal‐based complexes have been synthesized and characterized through analytical measurements, such as thermal analysis and IR‐ spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity of these complexes was studied as a function of temperature. The conductivity of P2VP is seen to increase by many orders of magnitude on complexation with some metal chlorides such as BaCl2, ZnCl2, NiCl2, or CoCl2. The activation energy for electrical conductivity of either of these complexes is found to be lower than that of the host polymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3537–3549, 2006
Suspension copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene: Formation of beads
Authors: Gupta D. C. , Beldar A. G. , Tank R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSuspension copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB) was carried out using benzoyl peroxide as initiator and magnesium hydroxide as suspending agent in water at 80°C under nitrogen atmosphere to produce styrene–DVB copolymer beads. These beads were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Porosity generated in styrene–DVB copolymer beads by incorporation of solvents in the polymerization system was confirmed by SEM micrograph, apparent density, swelling measurements, and Brunauer, Emmett, Teller surface area. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3559–3563, 2006
A novel soft and cotton‐like chitosan‐sugar nanoscaffold
Authors: Phongying Sasiprapha , Aiba Sei‐ichi , Chirachanchai Suwabun 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA novel type of chitosan nanoscaffold with a soft and cotton‐like appearance is proposed. The key to success is based on two points: (i) the change in morphology of chitin whisker to chitosan nanoscaffold and (ii) the surface modification of the nanoscaffold chitosan with a sugar unit. Simple deacetylation of chitin whisker gives a colloidal solution of chitosan, of which the chitosan is in a nanoscaled scaffold. Surface functionalization of the chitosan nanoscaffold with lactose or maltose via a heterogeneous system in water at room temperature results in a soft and cotton‐like chitosan containing mesopores. As all steps are organic solvent free, this chitosan–sugar nanoscaffold might be a promising material for biopolymer‐supported tissue engineering. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83:280–288, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Morphometric study of the human metatarsals and phalanges
Authors: Dogan Ali , Uslu Mustafa , Aydinlioglu Atif , Harman Mustafa , Akpinar Fuat 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMathematical relation between metatarsals and between phalanges in terms of their lengths and widths in themselves is considered to be significant with respect to its functional and aesthetic roles. The objective of this study is to conduct measurements for determining lengths and widths of metatarsals and phalanges on the foot radiographs and to determine possible mathematical correlations between metatarsals themselves and between phalanges themselves in terms of their lengths and widths. Anteroposterior right and left foot radiographs were taken from 100 volunteers (50 men and 50 women). Lengths and widths of the metatarsals and phalanges were measured in millimeter on radiographs. The mean, minimum and maximum values, and standard deviations of each bone's length and width were studied and data were put into formulation. The results were evaluated by Regression statistical test, and the relation between metatarsals and between phalanges in terms of their lengths and widths was studied. As a result of the measurements, we found fixed proportions between metatarsals in themselves and between phalanges in themselves in terms of their lengths and widths. Knowing these morphometric relations may be useful for performing any surgical procedures designed to manage any defects or imperfections of the foot, chief among them is shortness. Clin. Anat. 20:209–214, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.