bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Two Different Landing Nets on Injuries to the Barramundi Lates calcarifer, an Iconic Australian Sport Fish
Authors: De Lestang Paul , Griffin Roland , Allsop Quentin , Grace Blair S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Use of catch and release, a growing aspect of recreational angling, is promoted for most recreational fisheries, including the fishery for the barramundi Lates calcarifer, an iconic sport fish of northern Australia. Landing nets are commonly used to remove fish from the water and to help hold and control fish while hooks or lures are removed before release. We investigated damage to mucus, scales, skin, and fins of 1.0–3.5-kg barramundi that were caught and held for 60 s in two different types of landing net. The two landing nets represented the commonly used knotted-mesh net and the newer knotless net, which has a smaller mesh size and a flat bottom. Both types of landing net caused some injury, such as mucus loss, scale loss, and fin tears. However, use of the knotless, flat-bottomed landing net considerably reduced the occurrence of these injuries. Holding in the knotted net was associated with fin damage scores and dermal abrasion scores that were over four and five times greater, respectively, than the scores associated with holding in the knotless net. No fish died as a result of being handled in either net. These results are similar to those of other studies that investigated smaller fish. The effects of these injuries on fish survival are discussed.
Relationships between Relative Weight, Prey Availability, and Growth of Walleyes in Oneida Lake, New York
Authors: VanDeValk Anthony J. , Forney John L. , Jackson James R. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Assessment of predator–prey dynamics is a central feature of community-based fisheries management, and a variety of fish condition indices have been developed from length–weight data to make inferences about feeding conditions. Relative weight (Wr) is useful for measuring fish condition, is easily calculated, and has simple data requirements; however, few studies have empirically validated Wr indices. We compared the Wr of walleyes Sander vitreus in Oneida Lake, New York, with prey fish availability and walleye growth observed over 23 years (1961–1983). For each year, we calculated the Wr for three length-classes (350, 400, and 450 mm total length) of walleyes caught in October. Prey fish availability was calculated from annual estimates of (1) prey biomass in bottom trawl catch and (2) biomass of age-3 and older walleyes estimated from mark–recapture studies. Growth of walleyes (ages 4–6) was determined using lengths at age that were back-calculated from scale annuli. The Wr declined as walleye length-class increased, and Wr was positively related to both prey fish availability and walleye growth. Our study suggests that Wr can be a useful tool for describing feeding conditions and assessing predator–prey relations.
Subduction, convergence and the mode of backarc extension in the Mediterranean region
Authors: Jolivet Laurent , Augier Romain , Faccenna Claudio , Negro François , Rimmele Gaetan , Agard Philippe , Robin Cécile , Rossetti Federico , Crespo-Blanc Ana 
Published: January 2009

Abstract30-35 Ma ago a major change occurred in the Mediterranean region, from a regionally compressional subduction coeval with the formation of Alpine mountain belts, to extensional subduction and backarc rifting. Backarc extension was accompanied by gravitational spreading of the mountain belts formed before this Oligocene revolution. Syn-rift basins formed during this process above detachments and low-angle normal faults. Parameters that control the formation and the kinematics of such flat-lying detachments are still poorly understood. From the Aegean Sea to the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Alboran Sea, we have analysed onshore the deformation and P-T-t evolution of the ductile crust exhumed by extension, and the transition from ductile to brittle conditions as well as the relations between deep deformation and basin formation. We show that the sense of shear along crustal-scale detachments is toward the trench when subduction proceeds with little or no convergence (northern Tyrrhenian and Alboran after 20 Ma) and away from the trench in the case of true convergence (Aegean). We tentatively propose a scheme explaining how interactions between the subducting slab and the mantle control the basal shear below the upper plate and the geometry and distribution of detachments and associated sedimentary basins. We propose that ablative subduction below the Aegean is responsible for the observed kinematics on detachments (i.e. away from the trench). The example of the Betic Cordillera and the Rif orogen, where the directions of stretching were different in the lower and the upper crust and changed through time, is also discussed following this hypothesis.
The Upper Cenomanian-Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of the Saharan Atlas (Algeria)
Authors: Grosheny Danièle , Chikhi-Aouimeur Fettouma , Ferry Serge , Benkherouf-Kechid Fatiha , Jati Mohamed , Atrops François , Redjimi-Bourouiba Wassila 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
A series of sections from the Ouled Nail, Hodna and Aurès massifs of Algeria have been studied to analyse the palaeogeographic evolution of the eastern part of the Saharan Atlas prior to and after the Cenomanian/Turonian (C/T) boundary event. Three periods are distinguished in the interval studied. During the middle to late Cenomanian, an overall ramp setting prevailed from the Saharan platform to the deeper environments of the Saharan Atlas. The latest Cenomanian and the earliest Turonian was marked by an episode of marked palaeogeographic change. Prior to the deposition of C/T boundary black shales, a rise in sea level occurred. Shallow-water carbonates were locally able to accommodate the sea-level rise. A “keep-up” response created a palaeogeography made up of isolated carbonate platforms separated by saddles, where a 1–20 m thick bed of deeper water mudstones was deposited as the lateral equivalent of the platform carbonates. At a larger scale, these saddles probably acted as corridors that allowed marine communication with the intra-Saharan basins (Tinrhert, Tademaït basins). Correlations show that the boundary black shales later filled up the saddles of the Saharan Atlas, and onlapped the carbonate platforms, before the deposition of lower Turonian open marine marls that everywhere blanket the successions. During the early to late Turonian, the palaeogeography again changed to restore a N-S oriented ramp setting, similar to that of the middle Cenomanian. Correlation with the deeper-water facies of nearby northern Tunisia, suggests that the uppermost Cenomanian mudstone immediately underlying the black shale facies in the Saharan Atlas is the lateral equivalent of the uppermost bed of the Fahdene Formation (the so-called “pre-Bahloul”) underlying the Bahloul black shale facies in the Tunisian Kalaat Senan reference section. Our platform-to-basin correlations show that the base of this bed is a regional transgressive surface, not a type II sequence boundary as suggested by previous authors. Finally, it is proposed that this mudstone bed correlates with Bed 63 of the Pueblo global reference section in the North American western Interior Basin, which also marks the beginning of the strong C/T boundary transgression.
The Cenomanian-Turonian (late Cretaceous) radiation of marine squamates (Reptilia): the role of the Mediterranean Tethys
Authors: Bardet Nathalie , Houssaye Alexandra , Rage Jean-Claude , Pereda Suberbiola Xabier 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDuring the Cenomanian-Turonian interval, marine squamates display a spectacular radiation in particular on the margins of the Mediterranean Tethys and, to a lesser extent, in the Interior Seaway of North America. In this span of time, three major groups diversified: the “hind-limbed” snakes (“pachyophiids”), the “dolichosaurids”, and the mosasauroids. “Hind-limbed” snakes, exhibiting all a pachyostotic bony structure, were small tropical inhabitants, known exclusively from the Cenomanian of the Mediterranean Tethys. “Dolichosaurids” and mosasauroids were rather mid latitude distributed groups, found in a wide range of palaeoenvironments of both the Mediterranean Tethys and the Western Interior Seaway. Whereas “dolichosaurids” remain of small size and become rare after the Cenomanian/Turonian (C/T) boundary, mosasauroids exhibit a notable size-increase and develop since the mid Turonian to become highly diversified and cosmopolitan large predators of the end of the Cretaceous. This important radiation of marine squamates is thus, except for derived mosasauroids (mosasaurids), restricted in time (Cenomanian-Turonian) and space (mostly the northern and southern margins of the Mediterranean Tethys). It is probable that: 1) the Mediterranean Tethys played an important role in both the radiation and the dispersion of these marine squamates during the Cenomanian-Turonian interval; 2) certain major geological and biological events that characterize this pivotal period (i.e., global high sea-level stand and warm sea-surface temperatures allowing the development of large carbonated platforms) could have permitted this radiation; and 3) conversely, other factors occurring at or just after the C/T boundary (OAE2, sea-level and sea-surface temperature drops, marine extinctions including the demise of carbonated platforms) as well as factors inherent to each of the groups (mainly the size and bone microstructure) could have had an effect on and insured the success of the mosasaurids with respect to the other groups, whereas thereafter the radiation of snakes succeeded only in continental environments.
Distinguishing Spurious and Real Peer Effects: Evidence from Artificial Societies, Small-Group Experiments, and Real Schoolyards
Authors: MacCoun Robert , Cook Philip J. , Muschkin Clara , Vigdor Jacob L 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
In a variety of important domains, there is considerable correlational evidence suggestive of what are variously referred to as social norm effects, contagion effects, information cascades, or peer effects. It is difficult to statistically identify whether such effects are causal, and there are various non-causal mechanisms that can produce such apparent norm effects. Lab experiments demonstrate that real peer effects occur, but also that apparent cascade or peer effects can be spurious. A curious feature of American local school configuration policy provides an opportunity to identify true peer influences among adolescents. Some school districts send 6th graders to middle school (e.g., 6th-8th grade “junior high”); others retain 6th graders for one additional year in K-6 elementary schools. Using administrative data on public school students in North Carolina, we have found that sixth grade students attending middle schools are much more likely to be cited for discipline problems than those attending elementary school, and the effects appear to persist at least through ninth grade. A plausible explanation is that these effects occur because sixth graders in middle schools are suddenly exposed to two cohorts of older, more delinquent peers.
The Constructive Value of Overconfidence
Authors: Shapira-Ettinger Keren , Shapira Ron A. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The main argument of this paper is that overconfidence is underrated and can have constructive value in situations in which people tend to display a hyperbolic discounting of future utility. By artificially raising the estimation of future rewards, overconfidence can offset the inhibitory effects of exaggerated preference for present rewards, thus producing greater incentive, greater perseverance, resolute performance, and consequently higher achievements. Examples of this effect are situations of negotiation, improved recovery rates from serious disease, and situations of violent confrontation or war. Because overconfidence can lead to positive outcomes, there is at times an incentive to manipulate the facts perceived by the decision maker in order to build up confidence and increase the efficiency of the decision. These manipulations are a branch of the general theory of non-cooperative games with non-perfect information. We particularly draw attention to internal manipulations, such as selective memory, deliberate forgetfulness, and calculated inadvertence. In light of the constructive value of overconfidence, we regard these common mental practices as possibly rational and beneficial. It follows that under some circumstances, and in particular where the assumption of calculated risk should be encouraged and the chilling effect of over-deterrence should be eschewed, a systematically erroneous assessment of risk is a key to optimal behavior. Therefore, we criticize the common supposition that an overconfident person should be deemed negligent even if his overconfidence proves useful. We further object to the common view that an intended manipulation of memory necessarily entails recklessness. For similar reasons, we argue that the law of complicity should acknowledge friendship and love as countervailing the need to combat crime, inasmuch as friendship and love are instrumental to self-esteem.
Social Norms and the Law: Why Peoples Obey the Law
Authors: Licht Amir N. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This paper explores the relations between law and social norms and in particular, the case of legal compliance in groups. Specifically, this paper argues that the rule of law is a social norm interfacing the formal institutions of society with the informal ones. As social institutions, norms should also be analyzed at the societal level – a level of analysis that neo-classical economic accounts have failed to address due to fundamental premises of current economic theory. Theories developed in psychology provide a good working framework for social norm analysis in general and of legal compliance (rule of law) in particular. Extant evidence is consistent with the present argument.
Evaluation of Hepatoprotective and In-vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Leaves of Premna serratifolia Linn
Authors: Vadivu Rajendran , Suresh A. Jerad , Girinath K , Kannan P. Boopathi , Vimala R , Kumar N. M. Satish 
Published: January 2009

Premna serratifolia is used by the traditional practitioners as cardiotonic, antibiotic, anti-coagulant, stomachic, carminative, hepatoprotective, antitumor etc. The present study aims in the evaluation of hepatoprotective and in-vitro cytotoxic activity of alcoholic extract of leaves of Premna serratifolia Linn. Hepatoprotective activity is studied by carbon tetrachloride induced hepato-toxicity in rats and the in-vitro cytotoxic activity is carried out by tryphane blue exclusion method using EAC cell lines. The degree of protection in hepatoprotective activity has been measured by using biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and total protein. The results suggest that the alcoholic extract at the dose level of 250mg/kg has produced significantÂ Â (p < 0.001) hepatoprotection by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes, bilirubin, and lipid peroxidation which is comparable to that of standard drug silymarin. The alcoholic extract also does exhibit the IC50 value of 75Âµg/ml which indicates the significant in-vitro cytotoxic activity of the extract. It is concluded that alcoholic extract of leaves of Premna serratifolia Linn is not only an effective hepatoprotective agent, but also possesses significant antitumor activity. Â Keywords: Premna serratifolia Linn; Alcoholic extract hepatoprotective; In-vitro cytotoxic activity. Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1046Â
On Number of Planes of Rearrangeably Nonblocking Optical Banyan Networks with Link Failures
Authors: Sultana Basra , Khandker Mamun-ur-Rashid 
Published: January 2009

Vertically stacked optical banyan (VSOB) networks are attractive for serving as optical switching systems due to the desirable properties (such as the small depth and self-routing capability) of banyan network structures. Although banyan-type networks result in severe blocking and crosstalk, both these problems can be minimized by using sufficient number of banyan planes in the VSOB network structure. The number of banyan planes is minimum for rearrangeably nonblocking and maximum for strictly nonblocking structure. Both results are available for VSOB networks when there exist no internal link-failures. Since the issue of link-failure is unavoidable, we intend to find the minimum number of planes required to make a VSOB network nonblocking when some links are broken or failed in the structure. This paper presents the approximate number of planes required to make a VSOB networks rearrangeably nonblocking allowing link-failures. We also show an interesting behavior of theÂ blockingÂ probability of a faulty VSOB networks that the blocking probability may notÂ alwaysÂ increase monotonously withÂ theÂ increaseÂ ofÂ link-failures; blocking probabilityÂ decreasesÂ forÂ certain range ofÂ link-failures, and then increases again. We believe that such fluctuating behavior of blocking probability with the increase of link failure probability deserves special attention in switch design. Â Keywords: Banyan networks; Blocking probability; Switching networks; Vertical stacking; Link-failures.Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237(Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1070
Seismic Imaging by Impulse Response for Studying Crustal Structure of the Central Tibet
Authors: Rahman Syed Mustafizur , Islam M Rezaul , Keramat Mumnunul 
Published: January 2009

Time-shifted source functions along with unwanted events produce the composite seismic trace. The time-shift varies according to the travel path of the source, which is reflected back from an interface. The arrival times of the reflected waves have been estimated as time-shifted sources in a technique with the application of Fourier transformation of composite seismic trace and source functions. Accurate time-shifts and amplitude coefficients are determined using the technique in the composite seismic traces. A very small time-shift has also been shown resolved. The technique is applied to INDEPTH seismic data and impulse responses are successfully obtained. Analyzed impulse response images have given the stratigraphic idea beneath the region of the central Tibet. High amplitude impressions in the implemented images have indicated the presence of a strong support that upholding the northern geology and high probability of further crustal change of the region. The technique impulse response is considered robust for the seismic reflection sequence analysis and can be used effectively for studying the subsurface geology. Â Â Keywords: Seismic trace; Power spectrum; Impulse response; Reflection sequence; Subsurface geology. Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1082
Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils from Ocimum gratissimum L. Grown in Togo
Authors: Koba Koffi , Poutouli P W , Raynaud Christine , Sanda Komla 
Published: January 2009

The aerial parts of Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) harvested in Togo was steam-distilled and investigated for essential oil composition (GC and GC/MS) and in vitro antifungal activities. Thymol (31.79 %), p-cymene (15.57 %) and Î³-terpinene (12.34 %) and were the major components of the oil. Other notable components identified in this oil were myrcene (6.94 %) and Î±-thujene (6.11 %).The in vitro antifungal activity was recorded with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 80 to 150Â Âµl.l-1, 150 to 500 Âµl.l-1 Â and from 100 to 150 Âµl.l-1 respectively on dermatophytes, imperfect filamentous fungi and pathogenic yeasts. Likewise, on tested fungi the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) varied from 300 Âµl.l-1 to 500 Âµl.l-1, 500 to 700 Âµl.l-1 and from 250 to 300 Âµl.l-1, respectively on dermatophytes, imperfect filamentous fungi and pathogenic yeasts. Keywords: O.gratissimum,Â Antifungal, Essential oil; Thymol.Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1131Â
Far-IR/THz Spectroscopy Beamline MIRRORCLE-6FIR at SLLS of Ritsumeikan University
Authors: Haque Md. Monirul , Yamada H. , Moon A. , Yamada M. 
Published: January 2009

A new beamline, MIRRORCLE-6FIR for far infrared-terahertz (THZ) spectroscopy (FIRS) has been recently constructed at the synchrotron light life science center (SLLS) of Ritsumeikan University. An exactly circular optics with vertical angle has been employed as the first mirror which collects synchrotron radiation (SR) photons emitted into 2π of a circular electron orbit of length 1 m only. An exit opening on its surface can extract SR photons up to 264 mrad in horizontal and 198 mrad in vertical. The optimum optical system has been determined by using ray trace simulation code ZEMAX. The purpose is to develop an FIRS beamline with high power FIR. The design of the beamline optics with the results of its ray-tracing are reported in this article.Keywords: MIRRORCLE; Synchrotron radiation; Beam line; Ray-tracing; Terahertz; Far infrared spectroscopy. © 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1133
Modeling of the Doping Dependent Superconducting Transition Temperatures for Cuprates: Role of Antiferromagnetic Fluctuations
Authors: Naqib Saleh Hasan 
Published: January 2009

We have calculated the superconducting transition temperature, Tc, of high-Tc cuprates within the strong-coupling Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) formalism. The hole pairing was attributed to the antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations. Such fluctuations are believed to exist over the whole superconducting hole concentrations, p, extending from the underdoped to the overdoped regimes. A complete consideration of the p-dependences of the antiferromagnetic spin excitation spectral weight, spin fluctuation frequency, Ïsf, and the effect of the pseudogap on the electronic density of states seems to reproduce the experimental Tc(p) satisfactorily over the entire doping range. The possible implications of this finding are discussed in detail.Â Â Â Â Â Â Keywords: Cuprate superconductors; Superconducting Tc; Â Spin fluctuations; Pseudogap.Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237(Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1181
A HPTLC Densitometer Determination of Sinapic acid in Chandrasur (Lepidium sativum)
Authors: Nayak Preeti Sagar , Upadhyaya Sunil D , Upadhyaya Anubha 
Published: January 2009

A qualitative and quantitative analysis method was established to improve quality assessment standards for Lepidium sativum seeds. The sinapic acid was identified by comparing with standards and quantified simultaneously by High performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC). HPTLC of Lepidium sativum methanolic extract was performed on Silica gel 60F254 [20 cm Ã 10 cm] plates with butanol: acetic acid: water (4:1:5), as mobile phase. Quantitative evaluation of the plate was performed in the absorbance-reflectance mode at 326 nm. The sinapic acid was separated on a thin layer of silica gel and determined by HPTLC-photo densitometry. The proposed method is simple, sensitive and can be used for the routine assay.Â Keywords: Lepidium sativum; Sinapic acid; HPTLC; Photo densitometry.Â Â© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1196Â Â