bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implantable Pumps
Authors: Saudek Christopher D. , Chia Chee W. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Implantable insulin pumps (IIPs) have been under development for a number of years now, with a variable rate, externally programmable IIPs now having been used for as long as 15 years. The major obstacles in its development, including an insulin manufacturing change that caused increased aggregation and some pump module adjustments, have been largely overcome. Medtronic MiniMed Corp. is the sole manufacturer at present developing the implanted pump, and is using a new model that features a battery life expectancy of 8 years and a smaller, faster external programmer. The majority of implanted insulin pump experience has been accrued in France, where excellent data on safety and efficacy have been gathered. A randomized clinical trial conducted in US Veterans Affairs Medical Centers demonstrated that compared with multiple‐dose insulin regimens, implanted insulin pumps caused less hypoglycemia, less weight gain, and improved quality of life.
Complications of Insulin Therapy
Authors: Fineberg Samuel Edwin , Anderson James H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractInsulin allergic reactions were seen in the first insulin preparations used for therapy of diabetes mellitus. The use of highly purified animal insulins, semisynthetic, and recombinant DNA human insulins has resulted in a dramatic reduction in the immunological complications of insulin therapy. However, subcutaneous human insulin administration with biosynthetic insulins has been shown to incite antibody responses in nondiabetic individuals as well as in diabetic individuals via subcutaneous, respiratory, and peritoneal routes. Further, anti‐insulin antibodies commonly precede the appearance of type 1 diabetes, especially in children. Hypertrophy of subcutaneous fat at sites of repeated insulin injections continues to be a common nonimmunological complication of therapy. In addition, hypertrophy of omental fat has been reported to be a cause of catheter occlusion during the course of intraperitoneal delivery of concentrated insulin by implantable insulin pumps. Edema associated with insulin therapy is an unusual and usually self‐limited disorder. Hypoglycemia secondary to insulin therapy is the expected outcome of a mismatch between nutrients, insulin levels, insulin action, and glucose counterregulatory mechanisms. This chapter reviews insulin immunology and the immunological and nonimmunological complications of insulin therapy.
Endothelial Function and Dysfunction
Authors: Stehouwer Coen D.A. , Schalkwijk Casper G. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

The endothelium is an important locus of control of vascular functions, and reasonable but not perfect methods exist for assessing endothelial function
in vivo
in humans. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes complicated by micro‐ or macroalbuminuria is generalized, in that it affects many aspects of endothelial function. The close linkage between microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction in diabetes is an attractive explanation for the fact that microalbuminuria is a risk marker for atherothrombosis. In type 1 diabetes, endothelial dysfunction precedes and may cause diabetic microangiopathy, but it is not clear whether endothelial dysfunction is a feature of the diabetic state
per se
. In type 2 diabetes, endothelial function is impaired from the onset of the disease and is strongly related to adverse outcomes. It is not clear whether impaired endothelial function is caused by hyperglycemia or by other factors. Regardless of the presence of diabetes, impaired endothelial function is closely associated with and may contribute to insulin resistance. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes originates from three main sources. First, hyperglycemia and its immediate biochemical sequelae
directly
alter endothelial function. Second, hyperglycemia influences endothelial cell functioning
indirectly
by the synthesis of growth factors, cytokines, and vasoactive agents in other cells. Third, the components of the metabolic syndrome can impair endothelial function.
Screening for Diabetes and Glucose Intolerance
Authors: Shaw Jonathan , Dowse Gary , Zimmet Paul , Alberti K.G.M.M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter reviews the available evidence on screening for type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, as well as data on screening for impaired glucose tolerance. Screening for a disease should only be undertaken when well‐established principles are satisfied. Most importantly, treatment should be of proven efficacy, and the disease should have serious consequences and a prolonged asymptomatic phase. Ideally, a screening program should be tested in randomized controlled trials. For type 2 diabetes, there is now mounting evidence that targeted screening may be valuable in preventing the disease or reducing the likelihood of developing its complications. In the absence of any preventative therapy, screening for type 1 diabetes, however, cannot be justified outside clinical trials. Screening for gestational diabetes is widely practiced, but disagreement remains on diagnostic thresholds and screening strategies.
The Economics of Diabetes Care: Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Overland Jane 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Diabetes will undoubtedly be one of the major health problems facing Australia and New Zealand in the twenty‐first century. In the last two decades alone, the number of Australians with this disease has increased by more than 300%, from 250 000 in the early 1980s to a current level of 1 million. Moreover, the landmark Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study has shown that one in four Australians either has diabetes or is at high risk of developing diabetes in the next 5–10 years. Similar predictions have been made for New Zealand, with the total number of people diagnosed with diabetes expected to grow in the next 20 years by 20% in Europeans, 50% in the Maori population, and a staggering 130% for people of Pacific Islands descent. While this paints a bleak picture, research from the last decade offers hope. As discussed in other chapters, there is now convincing evidence from overseas studies that treatment to lower blood glucose as well as blood pressure and lipid levels can reduce the risk of death, disability, or morbidity due to diabetes. In many cases, these treatments are cost‐effective. However, unless people have access to this care the personal and economic toll of diabetes will continue to rise.
Propylene Oxide and Higher 1,2‐Epoxide Polymers
Authors: Gagnon Steven D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPolymeric derivatives of propylene oxide (PO) and higher epoxides are very important in polymer chemistry. Low molecular weight homopolymers of PO and copolymers of PO and ethylene oxide are used in polyurethanes, hydraulic fluids, lubricants, surface active agents, and chemical intermediates. They are known as polyether polyols, polyethers, or polyols. Low molecular weight polyethers are prepared via acid or base catalysis. Propylene oxide is manufactured by either the chlorohydrin process or the peroxidation process. Polymerization mechanisms (anionic, cationic, and coordinate) are described. Details of polyol manufacture are given, such as stoichiometry, processing, removal of catalyst, and stabilization, for example. The most important chemical property of poly(propylene oxide) in polyurethane applications is the primary or secondary hydroxyl end group. Properties of various polyols are given. A number of block and random copolymers are known. Propylene oxide is highly reactive and is a primary irritant. Toxicities of selected epoxides are given.
Living Polymers
Authors: Pispas Stergios 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Living polymers and living polymerizations have attracted the intense interest of polymer chemists in the past 50 years. This is due to the fact that well‐defined polymeric, as well as hybrid materials, can be obtained through utilization of living polymers. In this article, the basic concepts pertaining to living polymers, and living polymerization mechanisms are presented. Emphasis is also given to the applications related to living polymers, including the synthesis of block copolymers, end‐functionalized polymers, and polymers with complex architectures. Grafting of planar surfaces and nanoparticles with living polymers and the concept of surface‐initiated polymerizations are also discussed.
Active Server Pages
Authors: Sandvig J. Christopher 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Active Server Pages (ASP) and ASP.NET are two popular server‐side programming technologies developed by Microsoft Corporation. They are used for Web‐based applications such as online storefront, Web‐based e‐mail, human resources systems, inventory systems, online banking, and informational sites. The ASP framework was introduced in 1997 and quickly gained popularity due to its relative ease of use. ASP.NET was introduced in 2002 and offers rich functionality through a large “base class library” of built‐in objects. It is a central component of Microsoft's .NET strategy and has extensive support for Web services using XML and SOAP. It is designed to offer the scalability, reliability, security, and functionality required by large‐scale corporate information systems.
Bluetooth™–A Wireless Personal Area Network
Authors: Miller Brent A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores Bluetooth™ wireless technology, a short‐range, low‐power radio frequency communications mechanism, focusing on its application in wireless personal‐area networks (WPANs). I discuss the origins of the technology and the associated Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). I describe WPANs and various usage scenarios and applications for Bluetooth wireless technology and present a technical overview of the Bluetooth specification—both the protocol stack and the profiles. I also offer a brief comparison of Bluetooth communication to other wireless technologies. This chapter should provide a general understanding of Bluetooth technology, its applications, its principles of operation, and how it relates to other forms of wireless communication. It also provides references that offer more detailed discussions of various aspects of the technology.
Business‐to‐Business (
B
2
B
) Internet Business Models
Authors: Nguyen Dat‐Dao 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Business‐to‐business (B2B) e‐commerce refers to transactions between business entities conducted electronically via Internet, extranet, intranet, and/or private networks. B2B commerce existed before, with private telecommunication networks. These networks require costly investments in infrastructure and operation. With the advent of Web‐based technologies, data communication over the Internet has become affordable for many businesses, maximizing the efficiency of their business communication internally as well externally. Together with business‐to‐consumer (B2C) e‐commerce, one observes booming B2B e‐commerce in the e‐marketplace. It has been asserted that both buyers and suppliers benefit from transactions over the Internet. B2B e‐commerce models address effectively issues in supply chain management and customer relationship management. Companies have reached a larger pool of buyers/suppliers, making better deals in purchases/sales. B2B e‐commerce has reduced related administrative/logistic costs and simplified paperwork. It has also reduced human error and expedited the purchase/sale cycle. This article reviews major B2B e‐commerce business models, their merits and limitations, critical success factors for implementation, and enabling technologies and services.
Capacity Planning for Web Services
Authors: Oshana Robert 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Almost every business today, large or small, realizes the benefits of taking part or all of their business to the Internet. The success of this endeavor is dependent on many factors, such as advertising, marketing, and the trends of the consumer. Success is usually measured in the amount of goods or services sold as well as pages viewed and registered users. As this success grows, the challenge is to provide a system that is not overengineered but at the same time is robust enough to provide the required services at an acceptable level of performance. In this sense, the development of a Web‐based system is an exercise in optimization that balances cost versus performance and benefit to the end customer or consumer. This optimization exercise is referred to as capacity planning. This chapter explores the discipline of capacity planning and describe some of the key components, tools, and processes used to perform effective capacity planning.
Collaborative Commerce (C‐commerce)
Authors: Heisterberg Rodney J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Collaborative commerce (c‐commerce) is a strategy for the next stage of electronic business (e‐business) evolution. C‐commerce business practices enable trading partners to create, manage, and use data in a shared environment to design, build, and support products throughout their life cycles, working separately to leverage their core competencies together in a value chain that forms a virtual enterprise. The hallmark of c‐commerce architecture is the integration hub, which is the e‐business platform that facilitates the sharing of information between trading partners as either a private trading exchange or public e‐marketplace. Integration hub messaging services, such as inventory visibility, event notification, and performance measurement, provides the fundamental enabling technology for real‐time decision making in a virtual enterprise.
C‐commerce strategies are being built around collaborative product commerce (CPC) and collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR) business models. While CPC scenarios are most prevalent in the industrial products sector for build‐to‐order solutions, CPFR was created to solve supply chain problems in the consumer packaged goods market space. The e‐business transformation that is being realized via c‐commerce can be described in terms of management decision making processes that leverage feedback using real‐time information throughout the value chain. The two key adaptive strategic planning processes are: building the virtual enterprise infrastructure using integration hubs and making decisions to optimize value chain business performance. As c‐commerce evolves as the mainstream e‐business strategy for effective value chain management, the reengineering of management decision making processes becomes the critical success factor for enterprise profitability and growth in the 21st century.
Consumer Behavior
Authors: Wolfinbarger Mary Finley , Gilly Mary C. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The number of consumers shopping and making purchases online continues to grow. Consumers make online purchases largely for goal‐oriented reasons; in particular, shopping online is convenient and accessible, provides rich information, offers extended selection and inventory, and can be accomplished without contact with others, including retail sales help or shopping partners such as spouses and children. Although most online shopping is goal‐oriented, some consumers shop experientially online at auction sites and at sites related to special interests or hobbies. The U.S. population can be segmented “technographically” into 10 groups utilizing three consumer attributes: (a) attitude toward technology, (b) income, and (c) primary motivation for using the Internet—career, family, and community or entertainment. We review the importance of several online shopping attributes, including web site design (usability, information availability, product selection, and appropriate personalization), fulfillment, customer service, and privacy/security.
Consumer‐Oriented Electronic Commerce
Authors: Chan Henry 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Generally speaking, e‐commerce concerns the sale and purchase of goods and services by electronic mechanisms in general and on the Internet in particular. This chapter provides an overview of e‐commerce with a focus on consumer‐oriented applications. A number of consumer‐oriented e‐commerce models with real‐life examples are presented to illustrate how e‐commerce can be used to buy and sell different types of goods or services. The enabling technologies or technical building blocks for consumer‐oriented e‐commerce systems also are described. Finally, two ongoing developments in consumer‐oriented e‐commerce are discussed. It is expected that the current consumer‐oriented e‐commerce system will evolve to a ubiquitous system with many more intelligent functions through the use of mobile computing and software agent technologies.
Convergence of Data, Sound, and Video
Authors: Krug Gary J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractData convergence brings together several representational forms into single locations and presentations. This combination of text, sound, images, and video create new kinds of messages that are facilitated by the development of new digital technologies. This convergence has emerged out of ongoing histories of several media as well as diverse technologies. The social and aesthetic consequences of the new multimedia forms are still unclear, but they carry with them both the long waves of historical trends as well as new developments in using media for diverse purposes.
Copyright Law
Authors: Ferrera Gerald R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCopyright law has been thrust to the forefront of intellectual property by the use of digital content in e‐commerce. Copyright management has thus become an essential process for an e‐company. Words, graphics, videos, and music transmitted over the Internet can all be the appropriate matter of copyright protection. The Copyright Act allows the author of “original works fixed in a tangible medium of expression” to register those works in the United States Copyright Office. The copyright owner has exclusive statutory rights to reproduce the copyrighted work or to transfer the work by a licensing agreement to another party. Because the development and maintenance of a Web page in e‐commerce is an expensive proposition, effective copyright management should be an ongoing process. Copyright law is designed to provide a balance between the exclusive rights of the copyright owner and limited use, under certain circumstances, of the copyright work by the general public. This article reviews copyright law and its application to digital content as legally protected material.
Customer Relationship Management on the Web
Authors: Winer Russell S. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The essence of the information technology revolution and, in particular, the World Wide Web is the opportunity afforded companies to choose how they interact with their customers. The Web allows companies to build better relationships with customers than was previously possible in the offline world. This revolution in customer relationship management (CRM) has been referred to as the new “mantra” of marketing. A problem, however, is that CRM means different things to different people. This chapter develops a comprehensive CRM model incorporating seven phases: database creation, analysis of the database, customer selection, customer targeting, relationship marketing, privacy issues, and new metrics necessary for evaluating the CRM effort. In the early 21st century, all of these activities are facilitated by the Internet. The chapter also discusses the implications of CRM for future marketing organizations.
Cyberlaw: The Major Areas, Development, and Provisions
Authors: Powers Dennis M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWhen the storm of Internet technology first swept over the Net into the United States and the world, the World Wide Web practically and for all legal purposes was the “Wild Wild West.” This country and others have always been regulated by a fundamental system of laws that had evolved over the centuries, however, and with later statutory and court refinements, these basic legal concepts proved adaptable to the latest extensive technological advancement, just as they had during the then‐startling “new” age of the telephone, telegraph, xerox, and television. Prime substantive legal areas such as torts, contracts (now e‐commerce), and criminal law continued in importance in this new medium, and others gained in significance—intellectual property rights (i.e., copyrights and trademarks), domain name conflicts, linking, rights of privacy, conflicts of law, and alternative dispute resolution. This chapter analyzes these areas, their development, and their effect in the United States and elsewhere in the world. The legal system is meeting this challenge, but our world will never again be the same.
Denial of Service Attacks
Authors: Schultz E. Eugene 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the very serious problem of denial of service (DoS) attacks against computer systems and networks. DoS attacks are attacks designed to disrupt, overwhelm, and/or damage computing resources and data. These attacks are aimed not against confidentiality of data or integrity of systems and data, but rather against availability of systems and data. Attackers launch DoS attacks for a wide variety of reasons. The probability of success is high, due in large part to the fact that the Internet itself has not been designed for security. The cost of DoS attacks is often high—several well‐known attacks have reportedly cost organizations billions of dollars. Many types of DoS attacks have surfaced so far, including resource starvation attacks, buffer overflow attacks, and packet fragmentation attacks. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, attacks in which programs planted in multiple systems cooperate, represent an even higher level of threat. Preventing DoS attacks is difficult in the first place due to a plethora of reasons; limiting the potential for damage and disruption is often the most cost‐effective strategy. Hot sites, cold sites, use of uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) and Redundant Array of Independent Drives (RAID) solutions, and other measures can limit the damage from DoS attacks. Using properly configured and maintained firewalls is one of the best single prevention measures. Additionally, using packet filters on systems, keeping up with patches, limiting services that run on these systems, and using other measures go a long way in helping prevent susceptibility to DoS attacks.
Developing Nations
Authors: Levinson Nanette S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThere continues to be a gap in access, policies, and usage between developed and developing nations with regard to the Internet. This chapter examines approaches to and strategies related to the Internet in developing nations. Particular attention is paid to factors hindering and facilitating Internet development and policy making in such nations. Examples indicate the increasing prevalence of alliances amidst developing nation governments as well as with private sector, international, regional, and nongovernmental organizations in order to bridge the global digital divide and contribute to social and economic development.
Digital Signatures and Electronic Signatures
Authors: Panko Raymond R. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
To be legally binding, print documents must be signed. The absence of electronic signature laws has made the legality of electronic documents uncertain in the past. New laws are making various forms of electronic signatures valid, including simple typed signatures, scanned written signatures, clicking on “I agree” buttons, and more advanced forms of electronic signatures, including digital signatures and message authentication codes. All forms of electronic signatures make documents legally valid. However, many electronic signature methods can be counterfeited so easily that they may be useless for enforcement in court. We focus especially on digital signatures, which are forms of electronic signatures that are difficult to counterfeit when used with digital certificates. In addition, digital signatures, when used with digital certificates, provide nonrepudiation, which means that the sender cannot plausibly deny that he or she sent the message.