bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sex and Assay Method on Serum Concentrations of Growth Hormone in Patients with Acromegaly and in Healthy Controls
Authors: Markkanen Helene , Pekkarinen Tuula , Välimäki Matti J , Alfthan Henrik , Kauppinen-Mäkelin Ritva , Sane Timo , Stenman Ulf-Håkan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground: Diagnosis and follow-up of acromegaly is based on measurements of serum growth hormone (GH) concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A nadir value &lt;1 μg/L is commonly used to define a normal response, but some authors suggest lower cutoff values.Methods: To compare the results and subsequent patient classification obtained with 3 GH assays, we obtained basal serum samples from 78 apparently healthy adult controls (43 women and 35 men; median age, 32.5 years) and from 71 treated (44 women and 27 men; median age, 55.2 years) and 7 untreated acromegaly patients (4 women and 3 men; median age, 54.6 years), and OGTT was performed on all patients and on 72 of the 78 controls. GH was determined by 2 immunometric assays—a double monoclonal (AutoDELFIA; Wallac) and a monopolyclonal (Immulite 2000; DPC) assay—and in a limited set of samples by an RIA (Spectria RIA; Orion).Results: There was a strong correlation (r = 0.995; P &lt;0.001) between the 2 immunometric methods, but the results obtained with the Immulite 2000 were, on average, 1.4-fold higher than those obtained with the AutoDELFIA. At concentrations around the cutoff (1 μg/L), however, the difference was ∼2-fold. Overall, the Orion RIA method also showed a good correlation (r = 0.951–0.959) with the other methods, but it did not measure concentrations &lt;2 μg/L. Women had higher basal and OGTT nadir GH concentrations than men.Conclusion: Reference intervals should be determined separately for each method, and the need for establishing sex-specific reference values should be investigated.
Use of Differentiating Adult Stem Cells (Marrow Stromal Cells) to Identify New Downstream Target Genes for Transcription Factors
Authors: Ylöstalo Joni , Smith Jason R. , Pochampally Radhika R. , Matz Robert , Sekiya Ichiro , Larson Benjamin L. , Vuoristo Jussi T. , Prockop Darwin J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
We developed a strategy for use of microarray data to rapidly identify new downstream targets of transcription factors known to drive differentiation by following the time courses of gene expression as a relatively homogeneous population of stem/progenitor cells are differentiated to multiple phenotypes. Microarray assays were used to follow the differentiation of human marrow stromal cells (MSCs) into chondrocytes or adipocytes in three different experimental conditions. The steps of the analysis were the following: (a) hierarchical clustering was used to define groups of similarly behaving genes in each experiment, (b) candidates for new downstream targets of transcription factors that drive differentiation were then identified as genes that were consistently co-expressed with known downstream target genes of the transcription factors, and (c) the list of candidate new target genes was refined by identifying genes whose signal intensities showed a highly significant linear regression with the signal intensities of the known targets in all the data sets. Analysis of the data identified multiple new candidates for downstream targets for SOX9, SOX5, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)-α, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ. To validate the analysis, we demonstrated that PPAR-γ protein specifically bound to the promoters of four new targets identified in the analyses. The same multistep analysis can be used to identify new downstream targets of transcription factors in other systems. Also, the same analysis should make it possible to use MSCs from bone marrow to define new mutations that alter chondogenesis or adipogenesis in patients with a variety of syndromes.
Angiogenesis Facilitated by Autologous Whole Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation for Buerger's Disease
Authors: Kim Dong-Ik , Kim Mi-Jung , Joh Jin-Hyun , Shin Sung-Wook , Do Young-Soo , Moon Ji-Young , Kim Na-Ri , Lim Joung-Eun , Kim Ae-Kyeong , Eo Hyun-Seon , Kim Byung-Soo , Cho Seung-Woo , Yang Seung-Hye , Park Chan-Jeoung , Shim Jong-Sup 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
We hypothesized that angiogenesis can be triggered by autologous whole bone marrow stem cell transplantation. Twenty-seven patients (34 lower limbs) with Buerger's disease, who were not candidates for surgical revascularization or radiologic intervention, were enrolled in this study. Six sites of the tibia bone were fenestrated using a 2.5-mm-diameter screw under fluoroscopic guidance. Clinical status and outcome were determined using the “Recommended Standards for Reports.” To mobilize endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from bone marrow, recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (r-HuG-CSF) was injected subcutaneously as a dose of 75 μg, preoperatively. During the follow-up period (19.1 ± 3.5 months), one limb showed a markedly improved outcome (+3), and 26 limbs showed a moderately improved outcome (+2). Thirteen limbs among 17 limbs with nonhealing ulcers healed. Postoperative angiograms were obtained for 22 limbs. Two limbs showed marked (+3), five limbs moderate (+2), and nine limbs slight (+1) collateral development. However, six limbs showed no collateral development (0). Peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were analyzed for CD34 and CD133 molecules to enumerate potential EPCs, and EPC numbers were found to be increased in peripheral blood and in bone marrow after r-HuG-CSF injection. In conclusion, the transplantation of autologous whole BMCs by fenestration of the tibia bone represents a simple, safe, and effective means of inducing therapeutic angiogenesis in patients with Buerger's disease.
Patents, Literature
Authors: Simmons Edlyn S. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Patents form a significant component of the literature of technology. The intensification of effort on research and development in the aftermath of World War II produced a sharp increase in the number of patents being produced and led to the increased publication of unexamined patent applications, which compounded the growth of this literature. Among the outgrowths of this situation have been a modification of patent documents, especially their front pages, to make them more informative, the introduction of a wide range of new services that provide alerting and retrospective search capabilities for patents, the rapid development of computer storage and searching techniques for patent information, and the rapid development of archival and delivery systems for patent documents themselves. The contributions of many governmental, scientific, and commercial organizations to these developments are surveyed in this article.
Photocatalysis
Authors: Herrmann Jean‐Marie 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhen photons are implicated in a catalytic reaction, the system becomes a photocatalytic one.The titania catalyst acts (1) by adsorbing the reactants and (2) by absorbing efficient photons which create electrons and holes, responsible for the subsequent redox reactions. Photocatalysis is a complex polyphasic system, involving simultaneously solid, gaseous and liquid phases plus the uv‐irradiation considered as the “electromagnetic” phase. The action of the five basic physico‐chemical parameters which control the kinetics are deeply described and demonstrated. In dry media, photocatalysis can be used as a means for selective mild oxidation reactions. In the presence of water, the generation of OH° radicals gives total oxidation reactions with a total mineralization in CO2 + H2O of pollutants, pesticides, dyes in water as well as total degradation of pollutants in (humid) air. Several examples are given.The actual tendency is the use of fixed beds of titania photocatalysts for air and water purification. Photocatalytic engineering is also developing with pilot plants, especially in the fields of solar photocatalysis, named “Helio‐photocatalysis” by the author.
Piping Systems
Authors: Antaki George 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Many factors must be considered in the design of a piping system. These include the selection of the pipe material based on the design pressure and temperature, the corrosivity and flow rate of the fluid, the determination of the pipe size based on fluid mechanical considerations; and the application of valving. The ANSI/ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping is delineated. Included are the mechanical and structural aspects of design; namely, the determination of pipe wall thickness, the design and selection of pipe supports, and the methods for ensuring that the piping has adequate flexibility to accommodate temperature changes and equipment settlement. Material selection based on compatibility with the flow stream and plant layout are discussed. Other considerations include field or shop construction, maintenance and when and how to inspect systems.
Salicylic Acid and Related Compounds
Authors: Thomas Mary R. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Salicylic acid, also known as
o
‐hydroxybenzoic acid, appears early in the historical recognition of the identity and preparation of organic compounds. The extract of roots, bark, leaves, and fruit of many plants and trees contains the glucosides of methyl salicylate and other derivatives from which salicylic acid is easily derived by extraction and mild oxidation. The extract of willow bark was referenced by Hypocrites about 400
BC
as a pain reliever, and the preparation and crude estimate of strength were cited in the first
United States Pharmacopeia
published in 1820.

Related to salicylic acid as isomers are
m
‐hydroxybenzoic acid and
p
‐hydroxybenzoic acid. The three are commonly known as the monohydroxybenzoic acids, which share chemical reactions and are used in a broad range of applications from paper coatings and liquid crystal preparations to drugs. Salicylic acid and its derivatives have demonstrated activity as analgesics, antipyretics, and antiinflammatory agents; para‐substituted acids and esters have activity as preservatives for food. An important derivative is aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).
Sodium Sulfates and Sulfides
Authors: Butts David , Bush David R. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Sodium sulfate, Na
2
SO
4
, is principally used as a filler in soaps and detergents and in the manufacturing process of kraft paper. These uses consume about 80% of the world’s production. It is also used in glassmaking, in textiles, glass, and carpet fresheners. Both sodium sulfate and sodium bisulfate, NaHSO
4
, are used to adjust the pH of various solutions and to dilute certain dyes. Sodium bisulfate is a mild acid safe for household cleaning and where a mild acid is needed. About half of the sodium sulfate production is derived from naturally occurring salts and brines. The other half is produced as a by‐product in the manufacture of rayon, sodium dichromate, resorcinol, and silica pigments.

Sodium hydrosulfide, sodium sulfide, and sodium tetrasulfide are somewhat interchangeable in many applications. Uses range from ore flotation to leather tanning and from pulp processing in kraft pulping to lubricant manufacture. The processes used to manufacture these compounds are described. Sulfide solubilities are discussed.
Sodium Nitrate and Nitrite
Authors: Pokorny Ludwik , Maturana Ignacio , Bortle Walter H. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Most of the worldwide sodium nitrate production is supplied from natural deposits in Chile, South America; the rest is provided essentially as a by‐product from nitric acid plants. Sodium nitrate is used as a fertilizer and in a number of industrial applications, primarily as an oxidizing agent. These latter include the manufacture of glass, explosives, and charcoal briquettes, and the production of potassium compounds. Consumption of sodium nitrate for industrial uses has been rather steady, but production for use as fertilizer has declined. Various technical and industrial grades are available, in addition to the agricultural grade. Surface mining methods are used to mine the Chilean nitrate ore. Mineral recovery and processing procedures are described, as are the various purification steps. Synthetically produced sodium nitrate results from absorption of waste nitrous oxide gases in an alkaline solution.

Sodium nitrite, NaNO
2
, is a versatile industrial chemical having applications that are widely based on its oxidizing properties or its ability to yield nitrous acid on acidification. It is hygroscopic and quite soluble in water, but not in most organic solvents. Sodium nitrite is a moderately strong oxidizer and toxic by ingestion. It can react violently with some chemicals, evolves toxic NO

x

on decomposition, and can promote burning when exposed to fire. It may be derived from the reduction of sodium nitrate, but is typically manufactured by the absorption of nitrogen oxides into solutions of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. Dry and liquid forms of the product in several grades are offered in bulk and a variety of packaging options. Dry products may be treated with an anticake. Typical assays are 99% NaNO
2
for dry and 42% NaNO
2
for liquid products. The product is used in azo dyes, rubber chemicals, heat treating and heat‐transfer salts, some meat curing, metal finishing, organic chemical syntheses, and as a corrosion inhibitor.
Strontium and Strontium Compounds
Authors: Hibbins Stephen G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe main application for strontium, an alkaline‐earth metal, is in the form of strontium compounds. The carbonate, used in cathode ray tubes (CRTs) for color televisions and color computer monitors, is used both in the manufacturing of the glass envelopes of CRTs and in the phosphors which give the color. Owing to use as a eutectic modifier in aluminum–silicon casting alloys, rapid growth of metal production has occurred. The addition of strontium changes the microstructure of the alloy, resulting in improved ductility and strength in cast aluminum automotive parts such as wheels, intake manifolds, and cylinder heads. Strontium metal is also used as an inoculant in ductile iron castings. Other applications include modifying the structure of 6000 series aluminum extrusion alloys, reducing the shrinkage microporosity in magnesium gravity‐casting alloys, and as an addition to lead alloys used for starting, lighting, and ignition batteries. Economic data and health and safety information are included. Chemical and physical properties and discussions of specific strontium compounds are provided.
Solar Energy Materials
Authors: Granqvist Claes G. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Solar energy materials have properties tailored to meet requirements set by the spectral distribution, angle of incidence, and intensity of the electromagnetic radiation prevailing in our natural surroundings. Specifically, the optimization can be performed with regard to solar irradiation, thermal emission, atmospheric absorption, visible light, and photosynthetic efficiency. Materials for thermal and electrical conversion of solar energy in manmade collectors, as well as for energy‐efficient passive design in architecture, are typical examples. This article reviews solar energy materials with emphasis on thermal applications of a variety of kinds. Electrical applications are given a more cursory exposition, the reason being that a systems perspective, rather that a materials perspective, is most fruitful in this case.
Enhanced performance of polymer light‐emitting device via optimization of processing conditions and device configuration
Authors: Lee Rong Ho , Lee Yuh Zheng , Chao Ching‐Ian 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe improved performance of polyalkylfluorene light‐emitting device has been achieved through the optimization of processing conditions and device configuration. The current density, brightness, power efficiency, and operation lifetime of polymer light‐emitting device (PLED) were strongly dependent on the surface treatment of anode, the film thickness of light‐emitting polymer (LEP), and the cathode configuration. The anode surface treated with O2 plasma exhibited a higher current density and brightness than the CF4 plasma treated device. However, better operation stability was obtained for the CF4 plasma treated device than for the O2 plasma treated device. The maximum of brightness and power efficiency has been achieved for the PLED with an LEP thickness of 80 nm. The PLED with LiF/Ca/Al cathode possesses a better power efficiency and operation stability than does the Ca/Al or LiF/Al based PLED. The influences of device fabrication conditions and device configuration on the performance of a polyalkylfluorene‐based PLED are discussed in detail. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 133–141, 2006
A comparative study of structure–property relationships in highly oriented thermoplastic and thermotropic polyesters with different chemical structures
Authors: Karacan Ismail 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStructure and properties of commercially available fully oriented thermoplastic and thermotropic polyester fibers have been investigated using optical birefringence, infrared spectroscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and tensile testing methods. The effect of the replacement of p‐phenylene ring in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with stiffer and bulkier naphthalene ring in Poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) (PEN) structure to result in an enhanced birefringence and tensile modulus values is shown. There exists a similar case with the replacement of linear flexible ethylene units in PET and PEN fibers with fully aromatic rigid rings in thermotropic polyesters. Infrared spectroscopy is used in the determination of crystallinity values through the estimation of trans conformer contents in the crystalline phase. The analysis of results obtained from infrared spectroscopy data of highly oriented PET and PEN fibers suggests that trans conformers in the crystalline phase are more highly oriented than gauche conformers in the amorphous phase. Analysis of X‐ray diffraction traces and infrared spectra shows the presence of polymorphic structure consisting of α‐ and β‐phase structures in the fully oriented PEN fiber. The results suggest that the trans conformers in the β‐phase is more highly oriented than the α‐phase. X‐ray analysis of Vectran® MK fiber suggests a lateral organization arising from high temperature modification of poly(p‐oxybenzoate) structure, whereas the structure of Vectran® HS fiber contains regions adopting lateral chain packing similar to the room temperature modification of poly(p‐oxybenzoate). Both fibers are shown by X‐ray diffraction and infrared analyses to consist of predominantly oriented noncrystalline (63–64%) structure together with smaller proportion of oriented crystalline (22–24%) and unoriented noncrystalline (12–15%) structures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 142–160, 2006
Surface designing of polypropylene by critical monitoring of the grafting conditions
Authors: Anjum Nishat , Moreau Olivier , Riquet Anne Marie 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe grafting of acrylic acid onto electron beam‐irradiated polypropylene was carried out using preirradiation method. The stability of peroxy radicals was investigated by electron spin resonance. It was found that the decay of peroxy radicals is much faster at 70°C than at 40°C and ambient temperature. The grafting has been observed to be strongly dependent on the monomer dilution in the reaction medium. The grafting was ascertained by attenuated total reflectance (ATR). The distribution of grafts across the samples was monitored by infrared microscopy. It was found that the graft management is considerably influenced by composition of the grafting medium. The grafting involving pure monomer leads to the surface enrichment with the polyacrylic acid chains. The samples grafted in pure monomer led to much lower contact angles as compared to the diluted monomer solution. The swelling of the grafted samples also showed a trend that was governed by the graft management. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 546–553, 2006
Negative effect of zebra mussels on foraging and habitat use by lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)
Authors: McCabe D.J. , Beekey M.A. , Mazloff A. , Marsden J.E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) are threatened or endangered throughout much of their range. Juvenile sturgeon utilize sandy and silty habitats extensively during their growth. Invasive zebra mussels change the nature of sandy and silty habitats because they settle on and coat the habitat with the shells of living and dead individuals. The potential impacts of this increased habitat complexity on lake sturgeon is unknown.Juvenile lake sturgeon habitat choice was assessed in laboratory experiments, and zebra mussel impact on the foraging success of juvenile lake sturgeon on three different prey species was measured.Sturgeon foraging on chironomids was virtually eliminated by 95% zebra mussel cover of the sand floor of the foraging arena, and 50% cover reduced foraging significantly. Foraging on more mobile prey items (amphipods and isopods) was essentially eliminated by either 95% or 50% zebra mussel cover of the arena floor. In habitat choice experiments, sturgeon avoided the zebra‐mussel‐covered habitat more than 90% of the time.This combination of zebra mussel avoidance and reduced foraging in the presence of zebra mussels may be detrimental to sturgeon restocking programmes utilizing smaller sturgeon in zebra‐mussel‐infested waterways.Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression and survival changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during suspension culture
Authors: Johanson Kelly , Allen Patricia L. , Gonzalez‐Villalobos Romer A. , Baker Chasity B. , D'Elia Riccardo , Hammond Timothy G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study explores the connection between changes in gene expression and the genes that determine strain survival during suspension culture, using the model eukaryotic organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae homozygous diploid deletion pool (HDDP), and the BY4743 parental strain were grown for 18 h in a rotating wall vessel (RWV), a suspension culture device optimized to minimize the delivered shear. In addition to the reduced shear conditions, the RWVs were also placed in a static position or in a shaker in order to change the amount of shear stress on the cells. Using simple linear regression, it was found that there were 140 differentially expressed genes for which >70% of the variation can be explained by shear stress alone. A significant number of these genes are involved in catalytic activity. In the HDDP, shear stress was associated with significant survival changes in 15 deletion strains (R2> > 0.7) Interestingly, both analyses uncovered changes in the ribosomal protein machinery. Comparing the changes in gene expression and strain survival under the different shear conditions allows for the insights into the molecular mechanisms behind the cells response to shear stress. This in turn can provide information for the optimization of suspension culture. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.