bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF RED MULLET (MULLUS BARBATUS): A SEASONAL DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: POLAT ABDURRAHMAN , KUZU SOLMAZ , ÖZYURT GÜLSÜN , TOKUR BAHAR 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT Seasonal variations in the fatty acid compositions of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) captured from Iskenderun bay, northeastern Mediterranean, were investigated. In all sampling seasons, the major fatty acids of red mullet were palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), palmitoleic acid (16:1), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3). The fatty acid contents of red mullet were influenced by seasonality. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid were 17.32% in autumn, 17.69% in winter and 20.13% in spring. The levels of DHA in the total fatty acids in autumn, winter and spring were 4.36, 8.25 and 10.89%, while those of EPA were 7.93, 4.59 and 4.56, respectively. The present study suggest that red mullet is a good source of ω3 series fatty acids, and the weekly consumption of 300 g of red mullet in autumn, winter or summer could meet EPA + DHA requirements of people.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSRed mullet is one of the most commercially important fish species in many Mediterranean countries. Little information is available on the fatty acid composition of red mullet. Therefore, seasonal proximate analysis and the fatty acid composition of red mullet were determined and discussed in this paper. There is much interest in the beneficial effects on human health that is related to consumption of marine lipids. Determination of the effects of different fishing seasons on the fatty acid composition of red mullet will provide valuable information concerning the nutrient value of this seafood for both consumers and the researchers working on nutrient tables. In addition, this basic information will be obtained for the fish processing industry.
Design of a Low‐Cost Bamboo Well
Authors: Shakya S.K. , Singh S.R. , Anjaneyulu B. , Vashisht A.K. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBamboo wells are an economical alternative for water supply wells in developing countries. The design of the bamboo well described in this article was developed based on field tests. Following field experiments, the screen in the bamboo well was fabricated with seven 3‐m‐long bamboo strips, each 2 cm wide and 1 cm thick. The strips were bolted on 1‐cm‐wide mild steel rings spaced 30 cm along the length of the bamboo strips, with 9‐cm‐long galvanized iron pipe end pieces. Pipes used in the bamboo well were fabricated by wrapping polythene sheets on the bamboo screens. Excellent performance, low cost, and good service life justify the use of a bamboo well for ground water withdrawal in developing countries.
Site fidelity and association patterns of a rare species: Pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) in the main Hawaiian Islands
Authors: McSweeney Daniel J. , Baird Robin W. , Mahaffy Sabre D. , Webster Daniel L. , Schorr Gregory S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMost of what we know about cetacean biology and ecology comes from studies of relatively common species. Despite their distribution throughout the tropics and sub‐tropics, pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata) are rare throughout their range and are one of the most poorly‐known species of odontocetes. During a 22‐yr study of short‐finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) off the island of Hawai‘i, we opportunistically photo‐identified pygmy killer whales whenever encountered. As part of a directed multi‐species study throughout the main Hawaiian Islands from 2000 through 2007, we also photo‐identified individuals and obtained information on habitat use and behavior. This species was extremely uncommon (representing only 1.2% of odontocete sightings in directed efforts). Given the low encounter rates, assessing trends of this population cannot be feasibly done with line‐transect surveys. Despite their rarity, 80% of the distinctive individuals within groups documented off the island of Hawai‘i were seen on multiple occasions, individuals were resighted over periods of up to 21 yr, and there was evidence of year‐round use of the area. Association analyses indicate stable long‐term associations in mixed‐sex groups. High resighting rates indicate a small population of island‐associated individuals that may be at risk from anthropogenic impacts.
Prosody in First Language Acquisition – Acquiring Intonation as a Tool to Organize Information in Conversation
Authors: Speer Shari R. , Ito Kiwako 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRecent research on children's acquisition of prosody, or the rhythm and melody in language, demonstrates that young children use prosody in their comprehension and production of utterances to a greater extent than was previously documented. Spoken language, structured by prosodic form, is the primary input on which the mental representations and processes that comprise language use are built. Understanding how children acquire prosody and develop the mapping between prosody and other aspects of language is crucial to any effort to model the role of prosody in the processing system. We focus on two aspects of prosody that have been shown to play a primary role in its use as an organizational device in human languages, prosodic phrasal grouping, and intonational prominence.
Semantic Underspecification in Language Processing
Authors: Frisson Steven 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIt is commonly assumed that when we encounter a word in a text, we automatically and immediately activate specific, detailed semantic information associated with that word and instantly integrate this information in the unfolding interpretation of the text. On‐line evidence of how we process polysemous words, that is, words with multiple semantically related interpretations or senses, suggests that instead of accessing a specific sense, language users initially activate a word's meaning that is semantically underspecified. Context can then help to make this meaning more specific, if there is a need for it. I will present an overview of the available evidence for this view, including new work that indicates that the type of task can influence how quickly we home‐in on a specific sense, address evidence that, at first sight, seems to contradict the underspecification view, and outline a number of issues that require further attention.
Remote Sensing of Mountain Environments
Authors: Weiss Daniel J. , Walsh Stephen J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLogistical challenges of conducting field research in topographically complex alpine settings, combined with the multi‐scale and multi‐thematic informational needs of earth and landscape scientists and program managers, have contributed to the development and application of remote sensing data, methods, and approaches for the study of mountain environments. This article provides a brief introduction to remote sensing science; illustrates specific challenges unique to remote sensing applications in mountainous environments, along with corresponding solutions; provides several examples of remote sensing applications in the alpine treeline ecotone; and concludes by describing recent and anticipated remote sensing developments that have the potential to improve characterizations of alpine settings through satellite surveillance techniques linked to image processing and analysis.
Organization versus Space: The Paradoxical Geographies of the Digital Economy
Authors: Moriset Bruno , Malecki Edward J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDigital technology has permeated most sectors of the economy, a result of continuous improvement and convergence in computers and telecommunications, and the Internet revolution. Unprecedented tradability of digitized information and information‐intensiveness of business are driving the collapsing of value chains’ organizational and spatial dimensions. We are witnessing a trend of vertical disintegration followed by complex re‐arrangements that mix horizontal reintegration and spatial agglomeration with various patterns of dispersion. With the support of two empirical examples, this article endeavors to show that the territories of the digital economy are built under a permanent tension between these centripetal and centrifugal forces. Economic geography thinking should – in part – reject the traditional Christallerian hierarchy of scales, and consider instead the ability of contemporary business organizations and dynamics to squeeze out intermediary scales and places. The agglomeration theory, although still valid, is challenged by technological improvement and the evolution of the information society.
The Geographies of Intoxicants: From Production and Consumption to Regulation, Treatment and Prevention
Authors: DeVerteuil Geoffrey , Wilton Robert D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAs social geographers of health, we wish to review the field of geography and intoxicants. By intoxicants, we mean substances that have psychoactive, consciousness‐altering effects. This article defines the geography of intoxicants, and provides a selective review of geographically inclined research that has focused on (i) the consumption of intoxicants, especially its regulation within public spaces, (ii) intoxicants and public health, especially concerns over the spread of communicable diseases associated with drug use, and (iii) social geography issues such as the life experiences of addiction and users, and how treatment (and prevention) and place intersect. Part of our goal in this article is to bridge the gap between the more political and medical foci with more social and health perspectives that have thus far remained understated.
Analysis of the Repressor Element‐1 Silencing Transcription Factor/Neuron‐Restrictive Silencer Factor Occupancy of Non‐Neuronal Genes in Peripheral Lymphocytes from Patients with Huntington's Disease
Authors: Marullo Manuela , Valenza Marta , Mariotti Caterina , Di Donato Stefano , Cattaneo Elena , Zuccato Chiara 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that the transcription of neuronal repressor element‐1/neuron‐restrictive silencer element (RE1/NRSE)‐regulated genes is reduced in the brain of subjects with Huntington's disease (HD) as a result of increased binding of the repressor element‐1 silencing transcription factor/neuron‐restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) to its RE1/NRSE targets. As specific non‐neuronal REST/NRSF‐regulated genes have been identified in the human genome, we exploited the possibility that the binding of REST/NRSF to its target RE1/NRSE sites may also be altered in the peripheral tissues of HD patients.Our results show that REST/NRSF occupancy is increased in lymphocytes from HD subjects, thus indicating for the first time that the activity of the RE1/NRSE sites is dysfunctional in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of the RE1/NRSE sites in lymphocytes may therefore be a reproducible, sensitive and specific means of searching for candidate markers of HD onset and progression.
Prediction of Merozoite Surface Protein 1 and Apical Membrane Antigen 1 Vaccine Efficacies againstPlasmodium chabaudiMalaria Based on Prechallenge Antibody Responses
Authors: Lynch Michelle M. , Cernetich-Ott Amy , Weidanz William P. , Burns James M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTFor the development of blood-stage malaria vaccines, there is a clear need to establish in vitro measures of the antibody-mediated and the cell-mediated immune responses that correlate with protection. In this study, we focused on establishing correlates of antibody-mediated immunity induced by immunization with apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) and merozoite surface protein 142(MSP142) subunit vaccines. To do so, we exploited thePlasmodium chabaudirodent model, with which we can immunize animals with both protective and nonprotective vaccine formulations and allow the parasitemia in the challenged animals to peak. Vaccine formulations were varied with regard to the antigen dose, the antigen conformation, and the adjuvant used. Prechallenge antibody responses were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and were tested for a correlation with protection against nonlethalP. chabaudimalaria, as measured by a reduction in the peak level of parasitemia. The analysis showed that neither the isotype profile nor the avidity of vaccine-induced antibodies correlated with protective efficacy. However, high titers of antibodies directed against conformation-independent epitopes were associated with poor vaccine performance and may limit the effectiveness of protective antibodies that recognize conformation-dependent epitopes. We were able to predict the efficacies of theP. chabaudiAMA1 (PcAMA1) andP. chabaudiMSP142(PcMSP142) vaccines only when the prechallenge antibody titers to both refolded and reduced/alkylated antigens were considered in combination. The relative importance of these two measures of vaccine-induced responses as predictors of protection differed somewhat for the PcAMA1 and the PcMSP142vaccines, a finding confirmed in our final immunization and challenge study. A similar approach to the evaluation of vaccine-induced antibody responses may be useful during clinical trials ofPlasmodium falciparumAMA1 and MSP142vaccines.
Antibodies in the Sera of Host Species with Pythiosis Recognize a Variety of Unique Immunogens in Geographically Divergent
Pythium insidiosum
Strains
Authors: Chindamporn Ariya , Vilela Raquel , Hoag Kathleen A. , Mendoza Leonel 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Studies by Western blot analyses have shown that antibodies in the sera of host species infected by
Pythium insidiosum
recognized several prominent proteins expressed by this fungus-like pathogen. Although these studies have utilized sera from infected patients and relevant local strains of
P. insidiosum
, the results are difficult to compare because of the lack of method standardization. In an effort to resolve this issue, we have utilized standardized methodologies to evaluate six
P. insidiosum
strains from Asia and the Americas and 15 serum samples from cattle, cats, dogs, horses, and humans with pythiosis from the same geographical regions. Our data show that the antibodies present in these sera recognize a wide variety of unique
P. insidiosum
immunogenic proteins. Although some of the prominent proteins in this study have been previously reported, several others have yet to be described. For instance, a ∼28-kDa-molecular-mass antigen was detected by the antibodies in all serum samples evaluated. However, this antigen was strongly expressed by only one of the strains evaluated. A diffuse ∼51-kDa protein was not detected by the antibodies in the human sera; but it was recognized by the antibodies in the sera of cattle, cats, dogs, and horses. This antigen was expressed by only two of the strains investigated. Several other similar examples were also observed. The variation of the
P. insidiosum
protein profile identified by the antibodies in the sera evaluated indicates that some geographically diverged
P. insidosum
strains expressed some unique immunogens in vitro and that during natural infection (in vivo)
P. insidiosum
might express a broader number of antigens variably detected by individuals within the same species but especially across species.
Major Tegument Protein pp65 of Human Cytomegalovirus Is Required for the Incorporation of pUL69 and pUL97 into the Virus Particle and for Viral Growth in Macrophages
Authors: Chevillotte Meike , Landwehr Sandra , Linta Leonhard , Frascaroli Giada , Lüske Anke , Buser Christopher , Mertens Thomas , von Einem Jens 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The tegument protein pp65 of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) represents the major component of mature virus particles. Nevertheless, deletion of pp65 has been shown to have no effects on virus replication and morphogenesis in fibroblasts in vitro. We have studied the HCMV virion composition in the absence of pp65 and viral growth of a pp65 stop mutant in different cell types, including monocyte-derived macrophages. Two stop codons at amino acids 11 and 12 of pp65 were introduced by bacterial artificial chromosome mutagenesis into the endotheliotropic strain TB40/E. Clear changes of the tegument composition could be observed in purified mutant virus particles, where the amount of tegument protein pUL25 was drastically reduced. In addition, pUL69 and the virally encoded protein kinase UL97 were undetectable in the pp65 stop mutant. Expression of pUL69 in infected cells was unaltered while pUL25 accumulated in the absence of pp65, thus demonstrating that only incorporation into virus particles is dependent on pp65. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments using lysates of infected cells revealed an interaction between pUL69 and pp65. This interaction was verified in pull-down experiments using transfected cells, which showed that pp65 and pUL69 do not require the presence of other viral proteins for their interaction. We conclude that pp65 is required for the incorporation of other viral proteins into the virus particle and thus is involved in the protein-protein interaction network leading to normal tegument formation. When studying growth kinetics of the pp65 stop mutant in different cell types, we found a severe impairment of viral growth in monocyte-derived macrophages, showing for the first time a strong cell-specific role of pp65 in viral growth.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Population Genetics and Adaptation in Newly Infected Individuals
Authors: Kearney M. , Maldarelli F. , Shao W. , Margolick J. B. , Daar E. S. , Mellors J. W. , Rao V. , Coffin J. M. , Palmer S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Studies on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) diversity are critical for understanding viral pathogenesis and the emergence of immune escape variants and for design of vaccine strategies. To investigate HIV-1 population genetics, we used single-genome sequencing to obtain
pro-pol
and
env
sequences from longitudinal samples (
n
= 93) from 14 acutely or recently infected patients. The first available sample after infection for 12/14 patients revealed HIV-1 populations with low genetic diversity, consistent with transmission or outgrowth of a single variant. In contrast, two patients showed high diversity and coexistence of distinct virus populations in samples collected days after a nonreactive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or indeterminate Western blot, consistent with transmission or outgrowth of multiple variants. Comparison of PR and RT sequences from the first sample for all patients with the consensus subgroup B sequence revealed that nearly all nonsynonymous differences were confined to identified cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes. For HLA-typed patients, mutations compared to the consensus in transmitted variants were found in epitopes that would not be recognized by the patient's major histocompatibility complex type. Reversion of transmitted mutations was rarely seen over the study interval (up to 5 years). These data indicate that acute subtype B HIV-1 infection usually results from transmission or outgrowth of single viral variants carrying mutations in CTL epitopes that were selected prior to transmission either in the donor or in a previous donor and that reversion of these mutations can be very slow. These results have important implications for vaccine strategies because they imply that some HLA alleles could be compromised in newly acquired HIV infections.
Identification of the Nuclear Export and Adjacent Nuclear Localization Signals for ORF45 of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
Authors: Li Xiaojuan , Zhu Fanxiu 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Open reading frame 45 (ORF45) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 8 (KSHV) is an immediate-early phosphorylated tegument protein and has been shown to play important roles at both early and late stages of viral infection. Homologues of ORF45 exist only in gammaherpesviruses, and their homology is limited. These homologues differ in their protein lengths and subcellular localizations. We and others have reported that KSHV ORF45 is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm, whereas its homologue in murine herpesvirus 68 is localized exclusively in the nucleus. We observed that ORF45s of rhesus rhadinovirus and herpesvirus saimiri are found exclusively in the nucleus. As a first step toward understanding the mechanism underlying the distinct intracellular distribution of KSHV ORF45, we identified the signals that control its subcellular localization. We found that KSHV ORF45 accumulated rapidly in the nucleus in the presence of leptomycin B, an inhibitor of CRM1 (exportin 1)-dependent nuclear export, suggesting that it could shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Mutational analysis revealed that KSHV ORF45 contains a CRM1-dependent, leucine-rich-like nuclear export signal and an adjacent nuclear localization signal. Replacement of the key residues with alanines in these motifs of ORF45 disrupts its shuttling between the cytoplasm and nucleus. The resulting ORF45 mutants have restricted subcellular localizations, being found exclusively either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. Recombinant viruses were reconstituted by introduction of these mutations into KSHV bacterial artificial chromosome BAC36. The resultant viruses have distinct phenotypes. A mutant virus in which ORF45 is restricted to the cytoplasm behaves as an ORF45-null mutant and produces 5- to 10-fold fewer progeny viruses than the wild type. In contrast, mutants in which the ORF45 protein is mostly restricted to the nucleus produce numbers of progeny viruses similar to those produced by the wild type. These data suggest that the subcellular localization signals of ORF45 have important functional roles in KSHV lytic replication.
HLA-B57/B*5801 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Elite Controllers Select for Rare Gag Variants Associated with Reduced Viral Replication Capacity and Strong Cytotoxic T-Lymphotye Recognition
Authors: Miura Toshiyuki , Brockman Mark A. , Schneidewind Arne , Lobritz Michael , Pereyra Florencia , Rathod Almas , Block Brian L. , Brumme Zabrina L. , Brumme Chanson J. , Baker Brett , Rothchild Alissa C. , Li Bin , Trocha Alicja , Cutrell Emily , Frahm Nicole , Brander Christian , Toth Ildiko , Arts Eric J. , Allen Todd M. , Walker Bruce D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) elite controllers (EC) maintain viremia below the limit of commercial assay detection (<50 RNA copies/ml) in the absence of antiviral therapy, but the mechanisms of control remain unclear. HLA-B57 and the closely related allele B*5801 are particularly associated with enhanced control and recognize the same Gag
240-249
TW10 epitope. The typical escape mutation (T242N) within this epitope diminishes viral replication capacity in chronically infected persons; however, little is known about TW10 epitope sequences in residual replicating viruses in B57/B*5801 EC and the extent to which mutations within this epitope may influence steady-state viremia. Here we analyzed TW10 in a total of 50 B57/B*5801-positive subjects (23 EC and 27 viremic subjects). Autologous plasma viral sequences from both EC and viremic subjects frequently harbored the typical cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-selected mutation T242N (15/23 sequences [65.2%] versus 23/27 sequences [85.1%], respectively;
P
= 0.18). However, other unique mutants were identified in HIV controllers, both within and flanking TW10, that were associated with an even greater reduction in viral replication capacity in vitro. In addition, strong CTL responses to many of these unique TW10 variants were detected by gamma interferon-specific enzyme-linked immunospot assay. These data suggest a dual mechanism for durable control of HIV replication, consisting of viral fitness loss resulting from CTL escape mutations together with strong CD8 T-cell immune responses to the arising variant epitopes.