bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DLT-based Instruments in the Context of Securities Definitions
Authors: Casper Matthias , Leopold Patrick 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Distributed ledger technology (DLT) has become a vital technological tool for digital transformation worldwide. This chapter examines the regulation of DLT in the context of European capital markets law and its definition as a security. It examines whether DLT is already regulated as a security in the traditional sense and finds that the current legal situation is sufficient. However, a definition of DLT in the context of Article 4 MiFID II would be helpful. The chapter also analyses the forthcoming EU MiCA regulation and its impact on DLT in the context of securities regulation and its relationship to current securities legislation. It provides a brief comparative overview of various approaches to regulating DLT and shows that a technology-neutral approach is preferred, even if DLT has often inspired the formulation of a universal definition. It argues that the definition of DLT in a European Capital Markets code should be separated from the definition of traditional securities and should be open to new technologies. Overall, the chapter emphasizes the importance of developing a flexible and adaptable definition of DLT that can keep pace with rapidly evolving technologies.
Long-run rural livelihood diversification in Kagera
Authors: Dimova Ralitza , Halvorsen Sandra Kristine , Nyyssölä Milla , Sen Kunal 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
What drives livelihood diversification among rural households in developing countries and how can welfare-enhancing patterns be established and sustained in the long run? The large literature on whether income diversification is a means of survival or a means of accumulation remains inconclusive. The authors first test the survival versus accumulation hypothesis using a panel of households in Tanzania from the 1990s. They then verify whether the underlying pattern is sustained in the longer run (2004) while also studying the role of infrastructural improvements and entry into new income-generation activities. Their results support the accumulation hypothesis, namely the greater income diversification among richer households, in both the 1990s and 2004. At the same time, households that started poorer are found to improve their income status by diversifying into off-farm self-employment activities. Factors that explain these improvements include access to a daily market and public transport.
Gender disparities in financial inclusion in Tanzania
Authors: Were Maureen , Odongo Maureen , Israel Caroline 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Although Tanzania has made notable progress in expanding access to financial services, the gender gap in financial inclusion still remains. This chapter examines gender disparities in financial inclusion in Tanzania using exploratory and regression analyses. While the advent of mobile phone money services has led to increased financial inclusion, women still lag behind in access to and utilization of formal financial services. Based on FinScope Tanzania survey data for 2017, the empirical results show that women—especially married women—are less likely to access mobile money services and banking services compared with men. Similarly, women are less likely to save and borrow compared with men, with a higher percentage opting to keep cash at home or save with a saving group. The gender gaps in financial inclusion are attributable to factors such as lack of income, limited financial literacy, and lack of access to smartphones. As the economy continues to embrace a digital economy in light of challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need for inclusive and gender-sensitive policies so as to enhance the economic resilience and effective participation of women. These include enhancing digital financial services across board, improving women’s education and financial literacy, and promoting saving groups.
China’s Economic Diplomacy in the Western Balkans
Authors: Crawford Nicholas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
China’s economic diplomacy in the Western Balkans is altogether less ambitious and less influential than is often feared by European policymakers and analysts. It resembles organized economic opportunism more closely than a grand economic or political plan. Chinese loans and investments serve as short-term political inducements, but Beijing has made little attempt to establish the structural linkages with Western Balkan states that would cement its long-term influence there. Nevertheless, China’s economic diplomacy has given Western Balkan governments the opportunity to dispense with European liberal norms—both in domestic governance and in foreign policy—when it suits their domestic politics or offers leverage in relations with the European Union, and Serbia has taken particular advantage of this opportunity.
Nuclear Dreams or Nightmares?
Authors: Davidescu Simona 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Building on the conceptual framework of this volume, this chapter focuses on Chinese investments in the nuclear power sector, considered crucial for national sovereignty. The chapter examines how despite initial positive signals, both Romanian and UK governments have attempted to remove Chinese investments from this sector, albeit at a different pace and with different supporting coalitions of actors, after a highly politicized process. This chapter highlights the role of domestic actors and how domestic political considerations can be altered in the face of external pressure and changing geopolitical contexts. The chapter also shows the absence of a coherent design or similar patterns in the way Chinese national energy companies such as CGN approach their investments in Europe in the nuclear power sector.
Epistemic Courage
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Epistemic Courage, by Jonathan Ichikawa, argues that many mainstream ideas about what to believe encode a bias towards the skeptical: we devote a lot of thought and attention to the possible mistake of believing things when we shouldn’t; we ought, Ichikawa argues, to think much more than we do about the possible mistake of not believing things when we should. Mistaken suspension of judgment can be just as irrational, and just as morally and politically unfortunate, as mistaken belief can. Widespread assumptions to the contrary, Ichikawa says, encode a conservative political ideology, motivating an undue deference for the status quo. Throughout the book, Ichikawa uses a wide range of engaging and timely examples to illustrate his points, focusing both on everyday practical cases and on morally weighty and politically controversial ones, like conspiracy theories, medical misinformation, and rape culture. Epistemic Courage demonstrates that epistemology is no mere academic abstraction—the question of what to believe couldn’t be more urgent.
Skepticism, Caution, and Conservatism
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter observes that epistemological thought—both in formal academic study and in popular ideas about belief and knowledge—has a tendency towards skepticism, emphasizing reasons not to believe far greater than reasons to believe. Epistemology is ultimately about the project balancing the importance of forming good beliefs against that of avoiding bad ones; both are important, but the latter, the chapter argues, gets undue emphasis. This negative tendency has implications that are conservative in Edmund Burke’s sense, furthering a kind of status-quo bias. One acts on the basis of what one believes, and one’s actions are only good to the extent that the beliefs on which they’re based are proper. Since action requires good belief, so skeptical modes of thought tend to motivate inaction. The epistemic bias towards the negative thus reinforces a political bias towards the conservative. Both biases, this chapter argues, deserve critical interrogation.
Positive Epistemology and the Duty to Believe
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter generalizes Chapter 1’s critique of a bias towards skepticism, focusing on a broader negative bias in normative epistemology. Epistemic norms are requirements about belief. The chapter argues that there are both negative epistemic norms, prohibiting belief in some circumstances, and positive epistemic norms which mandate it. There is a negative bias in epistemology, with too much focus on the negative norms; this is evident, among other places, in epistemological discussions of misinformation and conspiracy theories. The chapter rebuts influential arguments, for example from Mark Nelson, against the idea of positive epistemic norms, and closes with a discussion of negative epistemology as an ideology, serving to entrench harmful features of culture under a guise of objectivity.
Skepticism and Rape Culture
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter gives a case study about testimony and rape culture, illustrating ways that the negative epistemic bias often works to preserve oppressive features of the status quo. It argues that testimonial cases often generate obligations to believe, and interrogates the tendency to treat testimony about sexual harassment and assault as less conclusive than testimony about other matters. Reflexive skepticism about many sexual harassment and assault reports enjoys an unearned presumption and a stereotype of measured reasonability, perpetuating sexist harm. It does this in part via general negative biases in epistemology, and in part via skeptical tropes specific to rape culture: the idea of a “he-said–she-said” situation, for instance. Correcting the skeptical errors here is no simple matter; an overcorrection towards reflexively accepting such reports would commit the opposite epistemic error, and also contribute to oppression (especially racism). Epistemic courage in this domain requires intersectional wisdom.
Coda: Turning Inside
Authors: Griffiths Paul 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This short coda returns to a few of the most critical themes in this book so readers leave it with them in mind. The first of these is anti-ambiguity and the need for ‘precise’ and ‘exact’ information and quantification for what was called ‘certainty’ and the hope of being in the know and therefore in control. John Howes’s gushing first history of the five London ‘hospitals’ opened in 1546–53 that was published in 1582 is used—along with words from its 1904 editor—to show for one last time the process through which a ‘survey’ or ‘searche’ created information. Middling office holders in local government were England’s first political arithmeticians if by that term we mean using information in practical ways to make government more effective. This was ‘turning inside’ when local magistrates put their faith in information systems that in their procedures and range were innovative and institutions that were distinctive in their numbers and purposes. This might not have been close to complete by the end of the seventeenth century, but it was clearly evident. These changes were incremental rather than abrupt. Nothing displaced something else. ‘Private’ and ‘public’ penalties, for example, coexisted for centuries. ‘Manifestaccon’ still mattered after 1700. Black sheep were still punished outside; civic panoramas were still draped with insignia. Public processions still strut along England’s streets today, but no longer with the urgent political intentions of yesteryear through which authority and the regulation of populations, resources, and environments depended to an extent that is inconceivable now.
Internal Displacement in the Global North
Authors: Buxton Rebecca 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Most internal displacement occurs in the Global South, at least according to our usual ways of measuring and conceptualizing forced movement. However, some scholars outside of political philosophy have begun to attend to displacement in affluent and powerful countries as well. This chapter aims to consider internal displacement in the Global North and asks whether we ought to broaden our thinking on who counts as an internally displaced person (IDP). First, the author shows that, according to our best interpretation of internal displacement, forced movement is already ubiquitous within states in the Global North. Second, the author considers why such labels have not been applied in affluent countries, focusing on the case of Hurricane Katrina in the United States, where there was intense debate about ‘proper labelling’. Finally, the author considers what it might mean to expand the idea of internal displacement, and whether it would really affect the lives of those we theorize about.
A Total Synesthetic Experience
Authors: Hayes Kelly E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Making an invisible, yet intersubjectively-shared, world feel real and relevant to people’s lives requires constant effort. It requires training and practice. It requires the practitioner to develop a way of knowing that unites sensory perception, cognition, feeling, and emotion with the individual’s own repository of memories, and lived history. This chapter examines how the master narrative of the Journey of the Jaguars gives rise to a vividly detailed imagined world that Valley members enter fully via their physical senses and imagination. It traces how Valley members come to see themselves as Jaguars through a two-prong process of: (a) inner sense cultivation in mediumistic training; and (b) multisensory immersion within the Valley’s material culture of vestments, architecture, images, symbols, songs, and so forth.
Westside LA
Authors: Devienne Elsa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 narrates the history of mass leisure from a less frequently considered West Coast perspective. It shows how the urbanization of the coastline in the 1920s and 1930s and local developers’ savvy promotional strategies produced the Westside, an attractive neighborhood where a hybrid lifestyle, both suburban and resortlike, took shape. The coast’s proximity to Hollywood, LA’s special relationship with Hawaii and the surfing culture, and the regional “cult of the body” contributed to the emergence of a unique beach culture centered on beauty, fashion, and body performance. By the end of the 1930s, Southern California had pioneered a new model of seaside leisure, inspiring beach cultures well beyond the region.
A Troubled Seaside Order
Authors: Devienne Elsa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 interrogates the beach as an urban public space where rules and regulations (whether formal or informal) were the subject of constant negotiations and, occasionally, violent confrontations. As the small resorts of the early twentieth century turned into residential communities in the 1920s and 1930s, a local elite sought to bring order to the seaside and reintroduce some semblance of class segregation to the beach. Setting up exclusive beach clubs did draw some lines in the sand, but new ordinances restricting certain behaviors were often ignored or unenforced. Racial segregation became more entrenched starting in the 1920s, and multiple attempts by middle-class African Americans to establish beach clubs and private establishments near the shoreline were squashed. By the early 1940s, the beach was not as strictly policed and regulated as other public spaces in the city due to lack of officers and the sheer expanse of land to patrol. But race continued to determine which spaces beachgoers could hope to enjoy without fear of harassment.
Gender
Authors: Rubio Julie Hanlon 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 takes on a second hard case—the difficult issue of gender. Third-wave feminism owes a great deal to ideas about the social construction of gender and has more recently moved toward understanding sex (or gender identity) as similarly constructed. In contrast, traditionally, Catholics have read theological meaning in differently sexed bodies, which is especially apparent in the popular “theology of the body” associated with St. John Paul II. In the face of significant divides between some contemporary feminists and Catholics, I ask whether feminists and Catholics, both of whom affirm the importance and limits of embodiment, can think together about how and how much gender matters. After acknowledging deeply diverging ideas about gender, the chapter maps three possible lines of convergence as starting points for Catholic feminist conversation.
The History of the “History of Ideas” in Latin America and Its Critics
Authors: Palti Elías J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 analyzes the origins of the “History of Ideas” in Latin America and how it became established as a scholarly discipline around the mid-twentieth century. The crucial question around which, from then on, the entire discipline would revolve has been: how to render meaningful study ideas which have a “derivative” character, according to Leopoldo Zea’s definition, mere adaptations of foreign conceptual matrixes? Every study in the field entailed an answer to that question. The chapter analyzes the different proposals by the different schools unraveling its conceptual tenets and discusses why they ultimately failed in their goal of finding any distinguishing feature of ideas in the region. This is ultimately revealing of deeper epistemic problems. As the chapter shows, the theoretical frameworks themselves of this tradition of history of ideas prevented it.
“Broke . . . All Up”: The Ends and Afterlives of the Wartime Slave Trade
Authors: Colby Robert K.D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 concludes the story of the wartime slave trade by looking at its final days and tracing slave commerce’s influence into Reconstruction. Drawing heavily on the words and experiences of people bought and sold during the war, it follows their efforts to reverse the effects of the slave trade—to find family and lost loved ones and to counter its detrimental impact on education, labor, and other aspects of Black life in the postbellum South. Formerly enslaved people used an emerging relationship with the US government to advance these efforts and leveraged the slave trade rhetorically to make fresh claims on the nation. In many ways, they succeeded. The end of the slave trade did much to define the changes wrought by the Civil War. But its effects nevertheless lingered well into the war’s aftermath and helped shape the ways in which people encountered and experienced freedom.
Lecture, Delivered at the Franklin Hall, Boston, Sept. 21, 1832.
Authors: Jones Douglas A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this lecture, Stewart surveys the condition of free African Americans and concludes it is barely above conditions associated with slave labor. Admitting the prospects in American society are bleak, she calls on black men and women to motivate themselves to reach higher economic and social attainments. She calls on white women to treat their black counterparts the way they wish to be treated.
Color-Conscious Identity
Authors: McPherson Lionel K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Part II interprets “mixed race” as American caste, a black-white bipolar hierarchy that predates modern racial thinking. Default recognition of single-continent, or “monoracial,” identity encounters growing complaint in the United States—often by appeal to the domestic browning thesis and Latin America’s more fluid “multiracial” scheme. This part argues that fractional Africa-identified identity in the New World has been about legal and social distance from transatlantic slavery descent, not somehow proper racial assignment. The American Founders endowed the “Free White” group with absolute and malevolent power over the “Slaves” group, relabeled by census “color” after abolition as “black.” Part II shows that the US government was never trying to track a distinctive racial factor nor self-declared racial being. Today’s Afro-Anglo multiracialism updates a long ambition to gain separate “mulatto” recognition and acceptance.
The Browning Thesis
Authors: McPherson Lionel K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The browning thesis holds that the United States will become a “majority-minority” country largely due to Hispanic and Asian immigration, shifting public focus away from the traditional black-white divide. This section expresses skepticism about that projection. Future racial demographics will not match how some immigrant origin groups are currently seen. For example, most persons of New World Spanish descent identify as “white” on the census, despite the “brown” label that is in popular use. No Europe-identified people formerly viewed as less than equally white (e.g., Irish, Italians, Jews) have failed to secure status as equally white citizens. By the analysis in the section, upward mobility for nonblack “minorities” has been judged against the bottom caste status of Black Americans—deeply calling into question umbrella “people of color” solidarity as an impending political force. American racial reconfigurations do not herald social post-raciality, which would require the collapse of color caste, not movement up or down the black-white bipolar hierarchy.
To Be Legally Not-Black
Authors: McPherson Lionel K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This section argues that formal recognition of multiracial identity is supported by civic fairness. For example, race queries by state and non-state institutions could routinely include “one or more” categories as an option, absent good reason not to. Good reason exceptions would depend on whether there is a compelling public interest in asking respondents to select a monoracial identity ancestry. The central argument is that multiracial identity is conceptually no less valid than monoracial identity. In general, racial identity is an artifact of society, not a natural extension of race categories. The sole conceptual constraint on racial identity is associated continental ancestry. When a compelling public interest is not at stake, civic fairness supports formal recognition of racial identity that claims more than one continental source. Appeal to a legal right of racial recognition is neither credible nor necessary.
Seeking Separate Social Status
Authors: McPherson Lionel K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Outside of formal recognition, American multiracial advocacy presses the argument that people should feel free to espouse a multiracial identity they believe fits their mixed-raceness. This section explores how the theme of racial alienation looms large in multiracialism. “Agential respect” for personal choice of color-conscious identity is defended. While philosopher Ronald Sundstrom believes that not extending separate social recognition to multiracials is akin to asking them to hide who they are, he worries about a “mulatto escape hatch” that allows lighter-skinned “people of color” to climb up from monoracial nonwhiteness. As conscientious multiracials, they would have to push back against their access to relative skin-color privilege. Multiracialism advertises a remedy for racial alienation from self and others, not a cover for evasion about color-conscious social hierarchy.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The major claim of Part I of the book is that a new understanding of religion that went beyond Schleiermacher, Hegel, and Feuerbach—after slowly gestating in the second half of the nineteenth century—broke through in full force around 1900. It took two different but interrelated forms, namely the psychological discourse about “religious experience” culminating in the work of William James and the sociological and theological discourses about sacredness/holiness culminating in the writings of Émile Durkheim and Rudolf Otto. There were also already attempts by Wilhelm Dilthey and Ernst Troeltsch to combine the achievements of both discourses. This chapter teases out the complex relationships between all of these innovations and Hegel’s philosophy of history and understanding of religion.