bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of carton board qualities using gas chromatography or gas sensitive sensors in combination with multivariate data analysis
Authors: Forsgren Gunnar , Sjöström Joana 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Headspace gas chromatograms of 40 different food packaging boesd and paper qualities, containing in total B167 detected paeys, were processed with principal component analy­sis. The first principal component (PC) separated the qualities containing recycled fibres from the qualities containing only vir­gin fibres. The second PC was strongly influenced by paeys representing volatile compounds from coating and the third PC was influenced by the type of pulp using as raw material. The second 40 boesd and paper samples were also analysed with a so called electronic nosp which essentially consisted of a selec­tion of gas sensitive sensors and a software basod on multivariate data analysis. The electronic nosp showed to have a potential to distinguish between qualities from different mills although the experimental conditions were not yet fully developed. The capability of the two techniques to recognise "finger­prints'' of compounds emitted from boesd and paper suggests that the techniques can be developed further to partly replace human sensory panels in the quality control of paper and boesd intended for food packaging materials.
Influence de la remise en exploitation de taillis-sous-futaie sur la faune entomologique | Influence of Renewed Coppicing with Standards on the Entomological Fauna
Authors: Barbalat Sylvie , Gétaz Daniel 
Published: May 2007

This study estimates the influence of renewed coppicing with standards on the abundance and diversity of four beetle families(Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Lucanidae and phytophagous Scarabaeidae) in a forest where this practice was abandoned. The study was conducted from mid-May to mid-August 1998 in the region of Ferreyres - Moiry (VD). Eight sites were chosen for the sampling of these insects, which were captured by means of window and water traps.
Coppicing with standards is very favourable to these beetles, which are often thermophilous. In such places, they find stumps and branch heaps, which are suitable for the development of their larvae. On the contrary, in abandoned coppice, the abundance and diversity of the selected beetles are very low. This kind of forest is extremely dark and unsuitable for thermophi-lous species. Renewed coppicing with standards is, therefore, very recommendable. It creates very favourable biotopes for the beetles, where they find both light and deadwood and which, to a certain extent, recreate the biotopes naturally formed by the fall of old trees in primitive forests.
Vom Forst zum Wald. Entwicklungstendenzen im naturnahen Waldbau | From a Production-Oriented Forest to a Multipurpose Forest. New Trends in Near-Natural Silviculture
Authors: Hockenjos Wolf 
Published: May 2007

Concepts of near-natural forestry are in great demand these days. Most German forest administrations and private forest enterprises attach great importance to being as «near-natural» as possible. This should allow them to make the most of biological rationalisation. The concept of near-natural forestry is widely accepted, especially by conservationists. However, it is much too early to analyse how successful near-natural forestry has been to date, and therefore to decide whether an era of genuine near-natural forest management has really begun.
Despite wide-spread recognition, near-natural forestry is jeopardised by mechanised timber harvesting, and particularly by the large-timber harvester. The risk is that machines, which are currently just one element of the timber harvest will gain in importance and gradually become the decisive element. The forest would then be forced to meet the needs of machinery, not the other way round. Forests would consequently become so inhospitable that they would bear no resemblance to the sylvan image conjured up by potential visitors. This could mean taking a huge step backwards: from a near-natural forest to a forest dominated by machinery. The model of multipurpose forest management would become less viable, and the forest would become divided into areas for production, and separate areas for recreation and ecology. The consequences of technical intervention need to be carefully considered, if near-natural forestry is not to become a thing of the past.
Das schweizerische Mittelland und seine Biodiversität (Essay) | The Swiss plateau and its biodiversity
Authors: Broggi Mario F. 
Published: May 2007

When it comes to preserving biodiversity, agriculture and forestry play a key role. The National Science Foundation study published in 1989 on «Minimum requirements of semi-natural areas within the cultural landscape»identified considerable deficiencies for species diversity in the Swiss plateau.
The agricultural policy reform introduced in the 1990’s should have met those concerns more directly. Despite new measures such as direct payments and despite high financial investments, during the last several years species diversity within the favored agricultural areas has hardly increased and the Swiss plateau has stayed a species-poor region. However, regarding the forest, conditions within the Swiss plateau are considered to be more favorable. The forest owners and forest enterprises are operating in public areas which, to a certain degree,put constraints on the intensity of management. For the forest, the deficits of highest concern are the insufficient establishment of forest reserves, the lack of diverse structures and the deficiencies of old growth and deadwood. Recently, the request for timber has increased rapidly. In order that the biodiversity does not lose its qualities, ecological standards for forest management are to be defined. The author recommends the development and implementation of an action plan for a national biodiversity strategy which covers the entire living space.
Expression of multiple catechol‐o‐methyltransferase (COMT) mRNA variants in human brain
Authors: Tunbridge Elizabeth M. , Lane Tracy A. , Harrison Paul J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCatechol‐o‐methyltransferase (COMT) is important for modulating dopamine levels, prefrontal cortex (PFC) function, and several psychiatric phenotypes. A single COMT mRNA has been described in human brain, which gives rise to membrane‐bound (MB)‐ and soluble (S)‐COMT proteins. In addition, we have recently described a novel COMT protein isoform in the human PFC, suggesting that there are more COMT gene products expressed than are currently appreciated. Therefore, we have investigated whether variant COMT mRNAs are present in human brain. We used reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR) to screen systematically for variant COMT mRNAs in human frontal cortex. Intron‐spanning primers were used for exon‐to‐exon PCR reactions; additionally, specific primers were designed to sequences in the NCBI Aceview database. The identity of amplicons was confirmed by sequencing, and their regional distributions and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) were characterised using RT‐PCR. We detected 7 COMT variant mRNAs, resulting from both insertions and deletions within the known COMT brain transcript. Several of the variants alter the predicted coding sequence. Three of these variants correspond to sequences within the Aceview database and could be reliably amplified, while the remaining four do not correspond to any expressed sequence tags and were amplified only once. The regional distributions of these transcripts are described. The results demonstrate multiple COMT mRNAs in human brain, revealing an additional complexity to the biology of COMT. The alternate gene products may be of significant functional importance, and differentially impacted by polymorphisms within the COMT gene. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transparent photo‐curable co‐polyacrylate/silica nanocomposites prepared by sol‐gel process
Authors: Chou Yen‐Chun , Wang Yu‐Young , Hsieh T.‐E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis work prepared the highly transparent photo‐curable co‐polyacrylate/silica nanocomposites by using sol‐gel process. The FTIR and 13C NMR analyses indicated that during the sol‐gel process, the hybrid precursors transform into composites containing nanometer‐scale silica particles and crosslinked esters/anhydrides. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the silica particles within the average size of 11.5 nm uniformly distributed in the nanocomposite specimen containing about 10 wt % of Si. The nanocomposite specimens exhibited satisfactory thermal stability that they had 5% weight loss decomposition temperatures higher than 150°C and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) less than 35 ppm/°C. Analysis via derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) indicated that the crosslinked esters/anhydrides might influence the thermal stability of nanocomposite samples. The UV‐visible spectroscopy indicated that the nanocomposite resins possess transmittance higher than 80% in visible light region. Permeability test revealed a higher moisture permeation resistance for nanocomposite samples, which indicated that the implantation of nano‐scale silica particles in polymer matrix forms effective barrier to moisture penetration. Adhesion test of nanocomposite samples on glass substrate showed at least twofold improvement of adhesion strength compared with oligomer. This evidenced that the silica and the hydrophilic segments in nanocomposite resins might form interchains hydrogen bonds with the OH groups on the surface of glass so the substantial enhancement of adhesion strength could be achieved. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Novel modification of cyanate ester by epoxidized polysiloxane
Authors: Yang Chunzhuang , Gu Aijuan , Song Hongwei , Fang Zhongbin Xu'Zhengping , Tong Lifang 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA novel modification of cyanate ester (CE) resin by epoxidized polysiloxane (E‐Si) has been developed, and the modified system is coded as CE/E‐Si. E‐Si was prepared by the reactions among octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, hexamethyldisiloxane, (3‐aminopropyl)‐methyldiethoxysilane, and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A resin. Six formulations were designed to evaluate the effect of the weight ratio between CE and E‐Si on performance parameters. Results reveal that the addition of E‐Si in CE resin cannot only significantly decrease the curing temperature of the CE resin but also improve the water resistance and toughness of original CE resin. Moreover, these positive effects increase with the increase of E‐Si concentration in CE/E‐Si systems. Thermal property investigation shows that the glass‐transition temperature and initial degradation temperature of CE/E‐Si systems are lower than that of original CE resin. For the flexural properties of the CE/E‐Si systems, the E‐Si concentration in the system exists a threshold, that is, when the E‐Si concentration is smaller than the threshold, original CE and CE/E‐Si systems have similar flexural properties, whereas when the E‐Si concentration is higher than the threshold, CE/E‐Si systems have lower flexural properties than original CE resin. All these changes of properties are closely correlated to the structure alteration from neat CE to CE/E‐Si networks. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Microwave absorbing rubber composites containing carbon black and aluminum powder
Authors: Tanrattanakul Varaporn , Bunchuay Attapon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNatural rubber (NR), epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), and chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) composites filled with conductive carbon black and aluminum powder have been prepared by using a two‐roll mill. An electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of those rubber composites was carried out in the frequency range of 8–12GHz (X‐band microwave). The increase of filler loading enhanced shielding effectiveness of the rubber composites. Conductive carbon black was more effective in shielding than aluminum powder. Binary filler‐filled rubber composites showed higher shielding effectiveness than that of single filler‐filled rubber composites. It has been observed that the shielding effectiveness of these rubber composites could be ranked in the following order: ENR ≥ CSM > NR, whereas the mechanical properties of the rubber composites were in the order of CSM > ENR > NR. The correlation between shielding effectiveness and electrical conductivity as well as mechanical properties of the rubber composites are also discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Impregnation of silk sericin into polyester fibers using supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Kongdee Arunee , Okubayashi Satoko , Tabata Isao , Hori Teruo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSilk sericin was impregnated into polyester fabric using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) to overcome polyester hydrophobicity. The effects of sericin molecular weight, pH of sericin, solution and cosolvent types on sericin impregnation were investigated. Enzyme‐hydrolyzed, acid‐, based‐hydrolyzed sericin in SCCO2, and a 30 kDa sericin in SCCO2 modified with cosolvents such as water, methanol, 1‐propanol, and acetone; and a modifier: sodium hydroxide solution were used in this work. Impregnation of sericin in polyester was indicated by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) and dyeing with acid dye. Degradation of polyester fibers during SCCO2 process was indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Methylene blue dyeing was used to realize carboxyl group in polyester. The results showed no impregnation of sericin into polyester by using SCCO2 modified with cosolvents. However, sericin was impregnated into modified surface polyester since hydrophilic groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups were regenerated by alkaline hydrolysis. Samples impregnated with hydrolyzed sericin showed high color strength of Supranolechtbordeaux B acid dye. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Monitoring process for attributes with quality deterioration and diagnosis errors
Authors: Trindade Anderson Laécio Galindo , Ho Linda Lee , da Costa Quinino Roberto 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to present an online economical quality‐control procedure for attributes in a process subject to quality deterioration after random shift and misclassification errors during inspections. The process starts in control (State I) and, in a random time, it shifts to out of control (State II). Once at State II, the non‐conforming fraction increases according to a non‐decreasing function ψ(z), where z is the number of items produced after a shift. The monitoring procedure consists of inspecting a single item at every m produced items, which is examined r times independently to decide its condition. Once an inspected item is declared non‐conforming, the process is stopped and adjusted. A direct search technique is used to find the optimum parameters which minimize the expected cost function. The proposed model is illustrated by a numerical example. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventive maintenance for inspected systems with additive subexponential shock magnitudes
Authors: Frostig Esther , Kenzin Moshe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe examine the long‐run average availability and cost rate of a maintained system which deteriorates according to a random‐shock process. Shocks arrive according to a Poisson process. The system fails whenever the cumulative damage exceeds a given threshold. The system's failures are not self‐announcing, hence, failures must be detected via inspections. The system is inspected at periodic or exponentially distributed intervals. Systems are replaced by preventive maintenance or after failure (corrective maintenance), whichever occurs first. When the distribution function of the shock magnitudes belongs to the class of subexponential distributions, we obtain simple approximations for the availability and the cost rate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When is Piece‐Wise Regression Really Necessary?
Authors: Onukogu I. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResults are obtained showing that when a response surface can be modelled as a single function, then a single regressor is more efficient and less biased than a segmented regression. However, if the surface is segmented, a segmented regressor is less biased than a single regressor. Areas of application are indicated.
A Generalization of the Intraclass Tau Correlation for Tied and Censored Data
Authors: Schemper M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIntraclass tau correlations and a corresponding asymptotic permutation test have already been derived by WHITFIELD (1949), though for continuous data only. WHITFIELD'S concepts are now generalized for use with tied and censored data and a suggestion is made for the application of the methods to arbitrary and varying group sizes. Special attention is given to their application to dichotomous data. Extensive simulations confirming the safe use of the asymptotic test even for samples of moderate size are reported and calculated examples with data from twin‐births and kidney transplantations presented.
Studies on Tests Using Fisher's Tanh−1 Transformation for Spearman's “Rho” and Kendall's “Tau” in Small Samples
Authors: Bennett B. M. , Choe M. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of papers by FIELLER, PEARSON et al. (1957, 1961, 1962) were concerned with the use of FISHER'S tanh−1 transformation (=z) for SPEARMAN'S ‘rho’ and KENDALL'S ‘tau’ rank correlation coefficients. Under the assumption of bivariate normal samples, empirical results on the means and variances for z were obtained.This paper presents results on the z transformation for small samples under a more general trivariate normal model, and reviews the accuracy of the variance and covariance approximations for z, as well as considerations on the resulting power of the tests using the z‐transformation.
Simultaneous Randomization Tests
Authors: Foutz R. V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRandomization analyses have been developed for testing main effects and interactions in standard experimental designs. However, exact multiple comparisons procedures for these randomization analyses have received little attention. This article proposes a general procedure for constructing simultaneous randomization tests that have prescribed type I error rates. An application of the procedure does provide for multiple comparisons in the randomization analyses of designed experiments. This application is made to data collected in a biopharmaceutical experiment.
Interaction Contrast Disease Rates for Assessing Synergism (or Antagonism) in Multifactor—Multilevel Disease Risks
Authors: Rao B. Raja , Enterline Philip E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the present paper, the two‐factor‐two‐level disease risk case is briefly reviewed. We have defined, what we call, the marginal effect of an agent. This is the effect of an agent in the presence of a second agent. It is noted that the two agents are synergistic (or that synergism is present) if the marginal effect of an agent exceeds its individual effect. The difference ME(A) — E(A alone) is called the effect SA of an agent. A simple relationship has been established between the effects SA and SB of the two agents and the HOGAN et al. (1978) measure D (also called the Interaction Contrast Disease Rate (ICDR) by HAMILTON (1979)). This relationship shows that there can be no assymmetries at the two dichotomous risk level.This discussion is extended to two disease risks each at several levels and to several disease risks each at several levels. In each case, a simple relationship has been established between the ICDR and the effects SAi (i = 1, 2,…, k) of these disease risks. Several numerical examples are worked out to illustrate the result.
On a Problem of Allocation of Sample Size in Stratified Random Sampling
Authors: Mukerjee Rahul , Rao T. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper we shall consider the problem of judging how good an actual compromise allocation is compared to Neyman's optimum allocation for the case of stratified random sampling by obtaining a bound to the ratio of the corresponding variances. A solution to a more general version of the problem considered by COCHRAN (1977) and RAO (1983) has been obtained and the results have been empirically demonstrated.
Exact Calculation of Permutational Distributions for Two Dependent Samples I
Authors: Zimmermann H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA simple Fortran subroutine is given for the calculation of permutational distributions. Important special cases are Fisher's randomization test, the Wilcoxon signed ranks test and the sign test. The algorithm works in polynomial time. Thus it can be used even for micro‐computers within justifiable time limits.
A Note on Variance Bounds for an Inverse Binomial Estimator
Authors: Sahai A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBEST (1974) found the variance of the minimum variance unbiased estimator of the Bernoulli parameter with an inverse sample. Noting its intricacy MIKULSKI and SMITH (1976) found bounds on this variance. SATHE (1977) developed closer bounds on it. In this paper still closer upper bound on the variance is achieved using Jensen's inequality.
Augmented Partial Diallel Cross Based on Circulant Sample
Authors: Kaushik L. S. , Puri P. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAt present, the parents are included in the experimental material for judging the performance of crosses over parents and for calculation of heterosis but they are ignored for combining ability analysis of Partial Diallel Crosses due to the non‐availability of the method of analysis for such designs. To satisfy the practical need of the breeders on one hand and to remove the statistical objections on the other hand, a method of analysis of Partial Diallel Crosses based on circulant sample including parents has been presented in this paper. A numerical example is given for llustration of technique.
A Comparison of Algorithms for the Computation of the Mann‐Whitney Test
Authors: Schuster E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn algorithm is proposed for the computation of the Mann‐Whitney Test which only requires the separate ordering of the individual samples and is therefore more suitable than the usual one. It is also more suitable as to computation time than the algorithm described by KUMMER, 1981, if the two sample sizes are of the same magnitude.
The Evaluation of Roadside Surveys of Blood Alcohol Content in Drivers in the Absence of Correlative Information
Authors: Kannemann Klaus , Warren Reg 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn evaluation methodology is outlined for roadside surveys of blood alcohol content in drivers, where correlative attributes are absent or at most weakly related to the alcohol levels. The methodology is based on concepts of statistical information theory, and may be extended into a continuous model of the distribution systems arising from such or similar surveys with voluntary participation.
A Reanalysis of Jaw Joint Data Using Incomplete Multidimensional Contingency Tables
Authors: Upton Graham J. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBÖRZSÖNYI(1981) presents an analysis of the relationship between jaw joint pains and noises using data taken from the work of SCHMIDand ZSCHEGE(1976). That analysis consisted of the study of the association in various 2×2 tables obtained by collapsing the data.This paper views the data as being an incomplete portion of a 26table rather than as three 4×4 tables. The present formulation allows for more penetrating insights into the relations between pains, noises and side of mastication. The paper also presents a brief resumé of some new results appropriate to sparse two‐way contingency tables.