bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Planarization of the Cyclohexane Ring by Its Incorporation Into a Cyclophane Cage: Hexahydrosuperphane (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 23/2006)
Authors: Dodziuk Helena , Ostrowski Maciej 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe cover picture shows (1) the hypothetical hexahydrosuperphane, which according to high level quantum chemical calculations, should have a planar cyclohexane ring, (2) the dependence of its B3LYP energy on the extension of the cyclohexane C–C bond leading to the decomposition of the title compounds, and (3) two other hexahydrocyclophanes. The relatively high barrier to the concerted retro [2+2+2] decomposition of the title molecule shown indicates that it should be a plausible synthetic target. The calculated NMR chemical shifts of hexahydrosuperphane will be of importance in identifying the molecule after its synthesis. Details are discussed in the article by H. Dodziuk and M. Ostrowski on p. 5231 ff.
Five types of inflammatory arthritis following total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Niki Yasuo , Matsumoto Hideo , Otani Toshiro , Tomatsu Taisuke , Toyama Yoshiaki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractJoint effusion after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is considered as a manifestation of certain inflammatory reactions within prosthetic joints. This study investigated causes of joint effusion following TKA and analyzed phenotypic characteristics of synovial fluid leukocytes for each cause. Forty‐six TKAs for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 49 TKAs for osteoarthritis (OA) displaying joint effusion were investigated. Causes of joint effusion were clinically identified and frequencies of each cause were compared between RA and OA. Synovial fluid cell phenotypes were analyzed using a fluorescence‐activated cell sorter. Clinical diagnoses for joint effusion were classified into five different groups: deep infection (DI); increased activity of RA (IRA); particle‐induced synovitis (PS); metal sensitivity (MS); and nonspecific synovitis (NS). The most frequent cause of post‐TKA effusion was IRA in RA, and NS in OA. Biomaterial‐related arthritis such as PS and MS were more frequent with OA than with RA. Analysis of synovial fluid cell phenotypes revealed that the characteristic cells for each diagnosis were CD16+CD14− neutrophils in IRA and DI, CD14+ macrophages in PS, and CD3+CD45RO+ T cells in MS. Post‐TKA joint effusion is clinically caused by five different types of arthritis. Phenotypic characteristics of synovial fluid leukocytes reflect joint pathology and contribute to diagnosis and exclusion of biomaterial‐related arthritis. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Involvement of Ca2+‐ and cyclic adenosine monophosphate‐mediated signaling pathways in photodynamic injury of isolated crayfish neuron and satellite glial cells
Authors: Uzdensky Anatoly , Lobanov Andrej , Bibov Mikhail , Petin Yaroslav 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo investigate the mechanisms of oxidative injury of neurons and glia, we studied the photodynamic effect on isolated stretch receptor that consists of only two sensory neurons enwrapped by satellite glial cells. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a potent inducer of oxidative stress, is a prospective method for destruction of brain tumors. PDT induced functional inactivation and necrosis of neurons, necrosis, apoptosis, and proliferation of glial cells. The roles of calmodulin, calmodulin‐dependent kinase II, phospholipase C, protein kinases A and C, and phosphodiesterase in these processes were studied by using their inhibitors: fluphenazine, KN‐93, D‐609, H89, staurosporine, and papaverine, respectively. PDT‐induced firing abolishment was enhanced by H89 or papaverine, whereas staurosporine acted oppositely. Fluphenazine or KN‐93 reduced necrosis of neurons and glial cells. H89 enhanced necrosis of neurons, whereas staurosporine enhanced necrosis of glial cells. Inhibition of protein kinases A and C enhanced PDT‐induced glial apoptosis. Photodynamic gliosis was prevented by KN‐93 or staurosporine. These data indicate possible involvement of calmodulin and calmodulin‐dependent kinase II in photoinduced necrosis of neurons and glia. Protein kinase C could protect glial cells from necrosis and apoptosis and participate in photoinduced gliosis and loss of neuronal activity. Protein kinase A maintained neuronal firing and protected neurons from photoinduced necrosis and glial cells from apoptosis. Phosphodiesterase reduced necrosis of photosensitized neurons and glia. Thus, Ca2+‐ and cAMP‐mediated signaling pathways were involved in photooxidative injury of neurons and glia. Their pharmacological modulation may differently change the efficacy of photodynamic injury of neurons and glial cells. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for Mycoplasma ssp., Chlamydia pneunomiae, and human herpes virus‐6 coinfections in the blood of patients with autistic spectrum disorders
Authors: Nicolson Garth L. , Gan Robert , Nicolson Nancy L. , Haier Joerg 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe examined the blood of 48 patients from central and southern California diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) by using forensic polymerase chain reaction and found that a large subset (28/48 or 58.3%) of patients showed evidence of Mycoplasma spp. infections compared with two of 45 (4.7%) age‐matched control subjects (odds ratio = 13.8, P < 0.001). Because ASD patients have a high prevalence of one or more Mycoplasma spp. and sometimes show evidence of infections with Chlamydia pneumoniae, we examined ASD patients for other infections. Also, the presence of one or more systemic infections may predispose ASD patients to other infections, so we examined the prevalence of C. pneumoniae (4/48 or 8.3% positive, odds ratio = 5.6, P < 0.01) and human herpes virus‐6 (HHV‐6, 14/48 or 29.2%, odds ratio = 4.5, P < 0.01) coinfections in ASD patients. We found that Mycoplasma‐positive and ‐negative ASD patients had similar percentages of C. pneumoniae and HHV‐6 infections, suggesting that such infections occur independently in ASD patients. Control subjects also had low rates of C. pneumoniae (1/48 or 2.1%) and HHV‐6 (4/48 or 8.3%) infections, and there were no coinfections in control subjects. The results indicate that a large subset of ASD patients shows evidence of bacterial and/or viral infections (odds ratio = 16.5, P < 0.001). The significance of these infections in ASD is discussed in terms of appropriate treatment. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RECK expression in osteosarcoma: correlation with matrix metalloproteinases activation and tumor invasiveness
Authors: Kang Hyun‐Guy , Kim Han‐Soo , Kim Kap‐Jung , Oh Joo Han , Lee Mi‐Ra , Seol So Mi , Han Ilkyu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOsteosarcoma is a malignant tumor of bone characterized by its high metastatic potential. For the development of metastasis, activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is required. A novel MMPs inhibitor, reversion inducing cysteine rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK), is known to down‐regulate MMPs and suppress the invasive and metastatic potential in many tumor‐derived cell lines and some types of tumors. The expression of RECK and its role in tumor invasiveness have never been studied in osteosarcoma. We examined RECK mRNA expression and MMPs activation in osteosarcoma using quantitative real time PCR, gelatin zymography, invasion assay, and transfection experiments. RECK was expressed but down‐regulated in osteosarcoma cells. Activation of pro‐MMP‐2 was observed in all samples, whereas activation of MMP‐2 and pro‐MMP‐9 was detected in only 11% and 7% of the samples, respectively. MMP‐9 was not activated in any of the samples. The level of RECK expression was inversely correlated with pro‐MMP‐2 activation, and overexpression of RECK by transfection resulted in decreased pro‐MMP‐2 activation and reduced tumor invasiveness. These findings suggest that RECK plays an important role in the invasiveness of osteosarcoma. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:696–702, 2007
Expression of large tenascin‐C splice variants in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Hasegawa Masahiro , Nakoshi Yutaka , Muraki Makoto , Sudo Akihiro , Kinoshita Noriaki , Yoshida Toshimichi , Uchida Atsumasa 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTenascin‐C (TN‐C) is a hexameric glycoprotein component of extracellular matrix, and alternative RNA splicing creates two major TN‐C size variants (the small and large variants). The large TN‐C variants play key roles in many pathologic conditions in adults, including tumorigenesis, regeneration, and inflammation. This cross‐sectional study compared levels of large TN‐C variants in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Synovial fluid samples were obtained from knees of 26 patients with advanced RA and 79 with advanced OA. Expression of TN‐C splice variants was examined using Western blotting. The levels of large TN‐C variants in synovial fluid were determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Synovium were analyzed for TN‐C by immunohistochemistry. Immunoblotting showed the presence of large TN‐C variants in synovial fluid from patients with RA and OA. However, levels of large TN‐C variants were fourfold higher in RA samples compared with OA samples (p < 0.01). Synovial fluid levels of TN‐C in RA did not correlate with C‐reactive protein levels. Immunohistochemistry of the synovium showed stronger reactivity in RA samples than in OA samples. These results indicate that local synthesis of TN‐C is increased during rheumatic disease. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:563–568, 2007
Concerning trends and outcomes for National Institutes of Health funding of cancer research
Authors: Bland Kirby I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe National Cancer Institute (NCI) considers its principal mission for three modalities: (1) the integration of discovery activities with collaborations of interdisciplinary types; (2) the acceleration of innovations and provision of technology that will allow achievements of translational research; and (3) to move the aforementioned new discoveries via translational methods for application in clinics and public health programs. This article will focus on the contemporary trends for 2003–2004 and the NIH budget of 2005 to enumerate the progress in surgical funding by the NIH and NCI. Specifically, this presentation focuses on outcomes in departments of surgery nationally with correlates for non‐surgical clinical sciences and their funding. While the NCI and NIH continue to undergo a comprehensive scrutiny of their resources in this budget‐reduced environment related to the efforts to secure peace in Iraq, it is highly probable that our current mechanisms in place will not change without participation of surgical scientists in oncology in the award mechanisms. It should be highly encouraged that surgeon–scientists actively participate on Study Sections of the NIH‐NCI to provide surgical investigators the opportunity to be competitive with non‐surgeons when reviews of meritorious proposals are submitted by their surgical oncology peers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;95:161–166. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of ‘ARN’ naphthenic acids by high temperature gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Smith Ben E. , Sutton Paul A. , Lewis C. Anthony , Dunsmore Braden , Fowler Geoffrey , Krane Jostein , Lutnaes Bjart F. , Brandal Øystein , Sjöblom Johan , Rowland Steven J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExamination by high temperature GC (HTGC) of the methyl esters of the so‐called ‘ARN’ naphthenic acids from crude oils of North Sea UK, Norwegian Sea and West African oilfields revealed the distributions of resolved 4–8 ring C80 tetra acids and trace amounts of other acids. Whilst all three oils contained apparently the same major acids, the proportions of each differed, possibly reflecting the growth temperatures of the archaebacteria from which the acids are assumed to have originated. The structures of the 4, 5, 7 and 8 ring acids are tentatively assigned by comparison with the known 6 ring acid and related natural products and an HPLC method for the isolation of the individual acids is described. ESI‐MS of individual acids isolated by preparative HPLC established the elution order of the 4–8 ring acids on the HPLC and HTGC systems and revealed the presence of previously unreported acids tentatively identified as C81 and C82 7 and 8 ring analogues.
Crystal‐to‐Crystal Photoinduced Electron Transfer Generating Photoacids to Formulate Water‐Borne Photopolymers
Authors: Ichimura Kunihiro , Aoki Ken'ichi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCasting a photopolymer solution to form a film, followed by imagewise photoirradiation and subsequent wet development, leads to photolithography. Whereas the wet development is achievable with aqueous alkali, the emission of an organic solvent as a volatile organic compound (VOC) is usually inevitable during the film casting because ingredients of common photopolymers are insoluble in water. We show here a prototype of water‐borne photopolymers dispersed with milled nanoparticles of poorly water‐soluble photoacid generators (PAGs), which undergo solid‐state photolysis to liberate a photoacid to make a poly(vinyl alcohol) film insoluble in water with the aid of an acid‐sensitive crosslinking reagent. The photolysis of onium‐type PAGs is sensitized in the solid state simply by comilling with water‐insoluble sensitizers to extend spectral sensitivity of this kind of photopolymers. Fluorescence quenching measurements revealed that the solid‐state sensitization occurs through exciton migration in sensitizer particles followed by electron transfer to PAG particles.magnified image
Treatment of essential tremor with the barbiturate t2000 (1,3‐dimethoxymethyl‐5,5‐diphenyl‐barbituric acid)
Authors: Melmed Calvin , Moros Daniel , Rutman Howard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of the barbiturate T2000 (1,3‐dimethoxymethyl‐5,5‐diphenyl‐barbituric acid; DMMDPB) on essential tremor, given in twice daily doses of 400 and 300 mg, was assessed in two brief, randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, double‐blinded, single‐center trials in 12 and 22 patients, respectively. These trials represent the first clinical use of T2000 for a specific indication. The primary endpoint was the change in the mean scores of the treated and control groups based on the Fahn‐Tolosa‐Marin tremor scale. In the first study of 12 patients treated with 400 mg or placebo twice daily for 14 days, the mean change from baseline at day 14 was 19.3 (P < 0.0001) in the treated group and 9.0 (P = 0.0121) in the control group. Using a two‐factor mixed ANOVA model to evaluate within group and between group changes, the effect of T2000 was significantly different from that of the placebo group (P = 0.03). In the second study of 22 patients treated with 300 mg of T2000 or placebo twice daily for 20 days, statistically significant changes were seen in treated patients compared to baseline, but the ANOVA model did not demonstrate a significant treatment effect of T2000 compared to placebo. When the treated groups from each study are compared, the 800‐mg daily group is significantly different from the 600‐mg daily group (P = 0.02). Some treated patients in each study, but no placebo patients, experienced marked improvement. These results support further evaluation of T2000 in the treatment of essential tremor. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Isolation and Characterisation of Procyanidins from Rumex obtusifolius
Authors: Spencer Paul , Sivakumaran Subathira , Fraser Karl , Foo L. Yeap , Lane Geoffrey A. , Edwards Patrick J. B. , Meagher Lucy P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn acetone:water (7:3) extract obtained from the leaves of Rumex obtusifolius was fractionated into procyanidin oligomer and polymer fractions using a linear gradient and a simple step method on Sephadex LH‐20. The chemical characteristics of the procyanidin fractions were studied by 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, acid‐catalysed degradation in the presence of benzyl mercaptan, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) MS and electrospray ionisation (ESI) MS. The 13C‐NMR showed that the polymer fraction consisted predominantly of procyanidin polymers, some with galloyl groups attached. The thiolysis reaction products indicated a mean degree of polymerisation (DP) of 4.3 for the step method, and a range of 2.3–8.2 mean DP for the gradient fractionation, with epicatechin as the most abundant flavan‐3‐ol extension unit, while the terminal units consisted of equal proportions of catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate. Singly charged ions observed in MALDI‐TOF/MS showed a range of oligomeric procyanidins and their polygalloyl derivatives. These species (in the range DP 2–7) were also observed by ESI/MS but the spectra were more complex due to overlapping multiply charged ions. Isolation of oligomers from the Sephadex LH‐20 fraction by chromatography on polyamide and C18 yielded B1, B2, B3 and B7 dimers, an A‐type trimer and a B2 3,3′‐O‐digallate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution to the theory of pressure variations
Authors: Petterssen Sverre 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo separate equations for the barometric tendency at a fixed point, or the height tendency of a rpessure surface are derived a from the hydrostatic equation, and (b) from the equations of motion.The hydrostatic tendency equation, which represents a modification of the Margules—Bjerknes equations, relates the barometric tendency (or the height tendency) to the winds integrated through isobaric layers, and also to the patterns of contours and “thicknesses” of the layers. The separate contributions to the pressure variations rendered by the thermal wind, the cyclostrophic components and the horizontal divergence are identified and discussed. Methods of identifying the layer, or layers, that constitute the site of the processes and of assessing the magnitude of their contributions to the pressure variations are outlined. The reaction of the pressure distribution at sea level to the circulation aloft is discussed in some detail, particularly wit regard to the travel and development of cyclones, anticyclones, etc.The dynamical tendency equation relates the barometric tendency to the accelerations integrate through isobaric layers. A brief discussion of this equation in relation to typical circulations is given.
Some estimates of the amount and diurnal variation of evaporation from a clayland pasture in fair spring weather
Authors: Pasquill F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAttention is drawn to a theoretical formula for evaporation in adiabatic conditions, which has been applied generally to the case of a natural land surface by Thornthwaite and Holzman. The formula is E=pk2(q1–q2)(u2–u1)/(loge z2/z1)2 where E is the rate of evaporation, q1, q2 and u1, u2 the specific humidities and wind velocities respectively at heights z1, z2, p the air density and “k” an aerodynamic constant of magnitude 0.4.A recent observational study described elsewhere by the writer has established the validity of the formula in adiabatic conditions and provided quantitative data on the errors which would arise on applying it in non‐adiabatic conditions. A simplified form of the equation is here employed as a justifiable approximation, in terms of near‐surface observations of the vertical distribution of wind velocity and vapour pressure, in evaluating the rates of evaporation at hourly intervals over a clayland pasture during a week of fair spring weather. These show a pronounced diurnal variation and the daily water losses evaluated therefrom lie between 1.4 and 3.6 mm. Demonstration is provided of the substantial error which could arise if for convenience the formula were to be evaluated in terms of daily mean values of the controlling factors.
The climatic fluctuation since A.D. 1850 in Europe and the Atlantic
Authors: Justin Schove D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTrend‐curves of thirty‐year means are discussed (a) in general terms and then applied specifically to (b) temperature, (c) pressure, (d) rainfall, (e) wind, (f) temperature gradient and (g) temperature amplitude.Correlations between the departures of the different elements suggest that we can consider the various anomalies as depending on those of pressure and wind. This is notably true of rainfall departures which can be regarded as the sum of two terms, the “area” term depending on the pressure anomaly and the “local” term depending on the vector wind anomaly. High pressure is associated not only with consistently dry years but also with cold years. Variations of wind or pressure gradient are particularly felt as changes of frequency of the prevailing wind. The southwesterly component is of course linked with the “zonal index” and the circulation of the wind systems of the earth. The increase of this component gives more maritime conditions and, except to the lee of hills or mountains, wetter weather. The recent increase explains the main differences between nineteenth and twentieth century climates but not the phases of the transition. These phases necessitate first the concept of a ring of high pressure which, by some south‐steering process, left the Arctic Circle about 1880 and reached the Tropic of Cancer about 1915. Preceding and following this ring are rings of high rainfall, low pressure and high temperature‐gradient that can be loosely regarded as frontal belts. At any one place therefore, the following sequence of five phases should occur : the first front (Frontal‐A stage), the easterly or cold period (T‐min), the pressure maximum (P‐max), the westerly period culminating in the second front (Frontal‐B stage).In the British Isles the five phases explain the climatic fluctuations from 1875 to 1925 and much of the same sequence can be followed in Scandinavia from 1865 to 1915, Italy from 1885 to 1935 and in the United States from 1895 to 1945. Temperature data suggest that this equatorward movement with time may be of more general application, and that the preceding West European climatic fluctuations can also be interpreted as anomaly patterns which spread from the north to the south.Pressure anomalies are normally greater over oceans than continents. The south‐steering of anomaly patterns necessitates, therefore, a backing of the prevailing wind in NW. Europe after the pressure maximum (P‐max) of about 1895. Such a change is confirmed by the wind records themselves.An effect of persistent wind on ocean temperatures and therefore pressures might well account for the south‐steering, but there is as yet no evidence that delayed action effects of this kind occur.
The north‐east trade of the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Riehl H. , Yeh T. C. , Malkus J. S. , la Seur N. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFirst, the structure of the trade in the Pacific Ocean north‐east of the Hawaiian Islands is shown with the use of vertical cross‐sections, which extend to 3 km and include the fields of temperature, moisture, and motion. It is shown that the trade‐wind inversion cannot be a discontinuity that separates an upper dry and lower moist layer. Downward transfer of mass through the inversion takes place.Next, the balance of heat and moisture is calculated. Although the use of several assumptions and approximate procedures is involved, a rather satisfactory result is obtained. In accordance with previous studies, the net heat export appears to be in the form of latent heat.The concluding section first offers a hypothesis concerning the destruction of the trade inversion. This is followed by a calculation of the momentum balance and a discussion of the mechanisms that distribute moisture and momentum in the vertical.