bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON OXALIS PES‐CAPRAE L. IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: MICHAEL P. W. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Experiments are described in which appreciable reductions in bulbs of the widespread pentaploid variety of Oxalis pes‐caprae L. were obtained by two cultivations, one at the time of old bulb exhaustion (late May to mid June) and the other in late July or early August. The second cultivation was required to kill plants regenerated from the stems and crowns of plants injured at the first cultivation and was timed to take place before the appearance of new bulbs.Where heavy infestations had been lowered by such cultivations, it proved possible to reduce bulbs still further to very low levels (140 or less kg/ha), acceptable for long‐term control, by spraying with fenoprop (2.2 kg/ha) in the following year. The use of fenoprop alone without previous cultivation and of cultivation alone without subsequent spraying was inadequate except on less severe infestations on light soils. Études sur l'Oxalis pes‐caprae L. en Australie. II. Méthodes de lutte contre la variété pentaploïde
THE DEVELOPMENT OF HERBICIDES FOR POTATOES
Authors: COX T. I. , ELLIOTT J. G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Since 1961 the Weed Research Organization has been testing and developing herbicides for weed control in potatoes. Inthe three experiments which are reported, herbicides were compared with other forms of weed control. The first experimentin 1961 was exploratory and compared yields following hand‐weeding versus no weed control versus several promising herbicides. The highest yield was produced by the hand‐weeded crop. Several herbicide treatments applied before crop emergence gave useful selective weed control.Assuming weed control to be necessary, selected herbicides were then compared in 1962 and 1963 with conventional mechanical cultivations. In both years successful weed control by herbicide resulted in a higher yield of potatoes than did mechanical cultivation although the soil‐acting chemical used in 1962 caused some crop damage. The 1963 experiment included triangular planting patterns, at normal and high plant densities. Increases both in gross and marketable yield were obtained at normal plant density with the triangular arrangement as compared with the row crop. The high plant population resulted in the largest gross yield but a lower yield per plant and smaller average tuber size.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTIVE HERBICIDES FOR KALE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: ELLIOTT J. G. , COX T. I. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The purpose of this paper is firstly to describe the background of an investigation started in 1961 to develop new herbicides for the control of weeds in agricultural kale, Brassica oleracea vars. acephala D.C. and fruticosa Metz, and secondly to present the results of four experiments concerned with the effects of weeds on the yield of kale. The results of the herbicide investigation are to be presented in subsequent papers.Kale as grown in the United Kingdom is a valuable fodder crop and relatively easy to grow, but beset by weeds against which existing mechanical and chemical methods of control have not usually been successful. The effect of weed competition on the yield of four farmers’crops was investigated in 1961 and 1962. When grown entirely free of weeds, the crops provided yields in the range of 20.9–34.5 tons of green material per acre. Where no attempt was made to control the weeds, the yields were reduced by 9.4, 14.5 and 18.9 tons/ac, respectively, in three experiments. In no case did kale, hoed only between the rows, produce as high a yield as the weed‐free crop. Although variable in effect, uncontrolled weed growth early in the life of the crop always lowered the yield of kale.Le développement de l'usage des herbicides selectifs pour le chou fourrager dans le Royaume‐Uni. La plante cultivée, les mauvaises herbes et le problème
THE USE OF CHEMICALS FOR THE POST‐HARVEST DEFOLIATION OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS
Authors: MASON D. T. , STEPHENS R. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Chemical sprays were used as alternatives to cutting for the post‐harvest defoliation of strawberry plants. Rapid desiccation of the foliage was obtained with dinoseb, sodium monochloroacetate, magnesium chlorate and sulphuric acid but the use of these chemicals normally resulted in lower yields than those obtained by mechanical defoliation. The reductions in yield appeared to be due to the less vigorous growth of the plants rather than to a lower level of inflorescence initiation.L'utilisation de produits chimiques pour la défoliation après récolte des fraisiers
THE EFFECT OF SOME SEED CHARACTERISTICS ON 2,6‐DICHLOROBENZONITRILE TOXICITY
Authors: MILBORROW B. V. 
Published: July 2006

Summary Seeds of thirty‐five species of plants were germinated in soil to which varying amounts of 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile had been added and the doses reducing growth by 50% (GID50) were obtained. An attempt was made to find correlations between growth rates, seed weights and fat contents and the GID50 values. There was no significant correlation with fat contents, but there was a significant correlation of increasing growth rate with increasing susceptibility and a negative correlation of seed size with susceptibility. Seed size was inversely related to growth rate so the extent to which either factor affects the sensitivity of the plants is uncertain. There was no significant difference between the mean sensitivities of monocotyledons and dicotyledons to 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile.Effet de quelques caractéristiques de semences sur la toxicité du 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile
ÉTUDE DU COMPORTEMENT DU PEBC ET DE SON UTILISATION POUR LE DÉSHERBAGE DES BETTERAVES
Authors: Horowitz M. 
Published: July 2006

Résumé. Une série d'essais de laboratoire et en plein champ ont été effectués pour étudier le comportement du PEBG (S‐propyl N‐butyl‐N‐éthylthiolcarbamate), et les possibilités de son utilisation pour le désherbage des betteraves, en comparaison d'autres herbicides.Les pertes par volatilisation du PEBC ne paraissent pas constituer un facteur important de disparition lorsque l'herbicide est appliqué sur un sol sec, sans incorporation mécanique; l'activité herbicide est même accrue après une exposition de plusieurs jours à la sèche du sol. La teneur du sol en argile et en matière organique modifient l'activité du PEBC.Dans les essais en plein champ sur betteraves sucrières, fourragères et potagères, le PEBC était pulvérisé, en pré‐semis ou en pré‐émergence, sur un sol sec, et l'herbicide était activé, après un intervalle allant de 12 h à 48 h, par une irrigation par aspersion ou par une pluie. En pré‐semis, on a comparé au Iraitement non incorporé, l'incorporation super‐ficielle par roulage et l'incorporation profonde par disquage; l'activité herbicide du PEBC était significativement inférieure quand on incorporait profondément. Dans deux essais de pré‐émergence, l'incorporation par roulage a été comparée à un traitement non incorporé; l'efficacité sur les mauvaises herbes sensibles au PEBC était un peu ineilleure quand la pulvérisation était suivie d'un roulage.L'action du PEBC était très bonne contre les graminées annuelles et assez bonne contre Amaranthus spp. et Portulaca oleracea, qui constituent la majorité des advent ices infestant les champs de betteraves en Israël. Les crucifères étaient assez tolérantes et les adventices pérennes étaient résistantes. Les betteraves sucrières, fourragères et potagères ont toléré des doses de PEBC capables de réaliser un désherbage satisfaisant. L'activité du traitement a persisté durant 1 à 2 mois.Dans les conditions sptéifiques de la culture betteravière en Israël, l'application du PEBC avant la levée, suivie éventuellement par un roulage, constitue done un traitement herbicide intéressant.Studies on the behaviour of PEBC (S‐propyl N‐butyl‐N‐ethylthiolcarbamate) and its use for weed control in beet
DER GEGENWÄRTIGE VERBREITUNGSSTAND VON FLUGHAFER (AVENA FATUA L.) IN DER BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSGHLAND
Authors: BACHTHALER G. 
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. In den Jahren 1962–64 wurde in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Unterstützung der Pflanzenschutzämter eine Erhebung über den gegenwärtigen Verbreitungsstand des Flughafers (Avena fatua L.) durchgeführt. Nach den ermittelten Ergebnissen kommt der Flughafer in allen Anbaulagen Westdeutschlands vom Norden bis zum Süden in unterschiedlicher Befalistärke vor. Es zeichnet sich allgemein eine Tendenz zur Zunahme der Verbreitungsgebiete ab. Die am stärksten mil Flughafer verseuchten Landschaftsräume deckcn sich grösstenteils mit den überwiegend auf Sommergerstenanbau konzentrierten Lagen. Die Verunkrautung mit Flughafer ist in Süddeutschland wesentlich ausgeprägter als in Norddeulschland, Ein kartographischer Vergleich des Flughafervorkommens in Westdeutschland von Zade aus dem Jahre 1909 und vom Verfasser aus dem Jahre 1965 zeigt deutlich, dass der Befall mit A. fatua gebietsmässig und nach der örtlichen Besatzdichte im Verlaufe von über fünf Jahrzchnten eine erhebliche Ausdehnung erfahren hat.The present distribution of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in the Federal German Republic
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR KONKURRENZWIRKUNG VON KULTURPFLANZEN UND UNKRÄUTERN AUFEINANDER
Authors: UND W. KOCH , RADEMACHER B. 
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Ein zweijähriger Vergleich der Entwicklung von Flughafer (Arena fatua L.) und Ackersenf (Sinapis arvensis L.) mit Sommergerste sowie von Ackerfuchsschwanz (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) mit Winterweizen brachtefolgendes Ergebnis:

Flughafer lief in beiden Jahren kurz vor der Gerste auf, entwickelte sich dann aber bis ungefahr zur Bestockung etwas langsamer als das Getreide. Die weitere Entwicklung ging bei beiden Arten weitgehend parallel. Die Reife der ersten Flughafersamen erfolgte kurz vor Ernte der Gerste.
Die Entwicklung des Ackersenfs war zunächst langsamer als die der Gerste, ungefähr von der Bestockung ab jedoch wesentlich rascher. Der Abschluss der Entwicklung erfolgte mehr als 10 Tage vor dem der Gerste.
Der Ackerfuchsschwanz lief 1962–63 vorwiegend im zeitigen Frühjahr, 1963–64 dagegen vorwiegend im Herbst auf. Infolgedessen war die Anfangsentwirklung in beiden Jahren recht unterschiedlich. Nach der Bestockung entwickelte sich der Ackerfuchsschwanz wesentlich rascher als der Weizen, so dass er wahrend seiner Blüte den Winterweizen überragte. Den Abschluss seiner Entwicklung erreichte der Fuchsschwanz etwas früher als der Weizen.
Beim Vergleich der Entwicklung von Ackerfuchsschwanz und Flughafer allein und in Konkurrenz mit dem Getreidc zeigte sich, dass der Entwicklungsrhythmus durch die Konkurrenz nicht wesentlich beeinflusst wurde, obwohl bei beiden Ungräsern durch das Getreide die Lange etwas und das Gewicht wesentlich vermindert wurden.
RÉSULTATS D'ESSAIS DE DÉSHERBAGE DU BLÉ D'HIVER AVEC LE PICLORAME
Authors: VERNIÉ F. , LHOSTE J. , CASANOVA A. 
Published: July 2006

Résumé. L'acidc 4‐aniino‐3,5,6‐tricbloropicolinique (piclorame) a été expérimenté pour lutter conire Polygonum sp. et Matrîcaria sp. utilisé seul à la dose de 120 g é.a. ha ou assocîé a divcrses auxines de synthèse.Utilisé seul le piclorame s'est révélé d'une efficacité rcmarquable sur Polygonum convolvulus L., P. aviculare L., Galium aparine L, et Matricaria inodora L. En revanche le spectre d'activité de ce produit est assez ètroit et on peut en particulier citer parmi les espècea résistantes à dose de 120 g é.a. ha: Fumaria ojficinalis L., Viola tricolor L., Cirsium arvense L, Sinapis sp. et Papaver sp. De plus la sé1ectivité du prodiul reste faible s'il n'eat pas utiliséà une époque bien définie qui correspond au moment où l'épi est à environ 1 cm du plateau de tallage.Des quinze formulas expérimentées les associations permettant d'apportcrk l'ha 10 à 30g é.a. de piclorame associéà 240 g é.a de 2,4‐D plus 240 g é.a. de MCPA plus 1760 gé.a. de mécoprop assurent un contrôle trcs satisfaisant de Polygonum sp., Galium aparine, Matricaria inodora et Chrysanthemum segetum L. tout en gardant une bonne sélectivitéà l'égard du blé d'hiver.Trial results with picloram for weed control in winter wheat
EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL ON THE GROWTH PATTERNS OF CONIFER TRANSPLANTS
Authors: GROVER R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Studies were undertaken to determine the tolerance of three conifer species to repeated applications of several herbicides over a 2‐year period and the degree of weed control required to obtain optimal growth.The results indicated that: (1) 60% or more weed control was required to obtain optimal growth of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and P. pungens Engelm., while Pinus sylvestris L. showed optimal growth with average weed control as low as 40%; (2) weed competition did not affect the percentage survival of any of the three species under irrigated nursery conditions; (3) absence of visual injury symptoms was not an indication of the tolerance of a species to a herbicide; (4) severe weed competition caused an overall reduction in growth with significant reductions in stem diameter and in height and fresh weight of shoots; (5) herbicidal toxicity caused reductions in height, fresh weight or stem diameter but not necessarily of all three; (6) initial survival was affected only by those herbicides that were highly toxic at the doses applied; and (7) significant differences in growth, due either to weed competition or to herbicidal toxicity were apparent, in most instances, after the 2nd year's growth.The treatments that gave 70% or more control each year with no apparent growth retardation over the 2‐year period of the three species tested were: single yearly applications of neburon 4 lb/ac or linuron 2 lb/ac, two applications each year of DCPA (dimethyl 2,3,5,6‐tetrachloroterephthalate) 10 lb/ac and directed application of sodium pentachlorophenate 15 lb/ac.
THE SYNERGISTIC ACTION OF HERBICIDE COMBINATIONS CONTAINING PARAQUAT ON AGROPYRON REPENS (L.) BEAUV.*
Authors: PUTNAM A. R. , RIES S. K. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Herbicide combinations containing paraquat were synergistic and provided control of established Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. (quackgrass) sods for the entire growing season. Paraquat applied at 0–5 lb/ac with simazine or diuron at 4–0 lb/ac was more phytotoxic than either herbicide applied singly and the enhanced activity was more than additive. This synergism was not due to increased absorption or translocation of either herbicide in aerial portions of the plant. Paraquat applied to the shoot increased the susceptibility of quackgrass to simazine action through the soil. Pre‐treatment of quackgrass with aminotriazole or amitrole‐T at 10 lb/ac 7 days before paraquat application at 0–5 lb/ac provided increased toxicity over that obtained when the two herbicides were applied together or singly. Subsequent studies indicated that aminotriazole applications prior to shoot destruction by either paraquat or clipping resulted in more chronic aminotriazole toxicity. Using methyl‐14C‐paraquat it was found that aminotriazole pre‐loading also increased the movement of paraquat in and out of the treated leaf. This increase was even more pronounced with amitrole‐T. When the two herbicides were applied together, antagonism in absorption and translocation occurred. Action synergique de combinaisons d'herbicides comprenant du paraquat sur Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.
THE BASIS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL PHYTOTOXICITY OF 4‐HYDROXY‐3,5‐DI‐IODOBENZONITRILE*
Authors: DAVIES P. J. , DRENNAN D. S. H. , FRYER J. D. , HOLLY K. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Retention of the spray solution was shown to be a major factor in the selectivity of ioxynil. Retention was high on mustard plants with or without surfactant(Tween 20). Very little ioxynil was retained by barley and pea plants when no surfactant was included in the spray hut inclusion of 0.1 or 1.0% Tween 20 increased retention. With 1.0% the retention on pea plants approached that on mustard, and there was then little differential toxicity. With no surfactant in the spray, mustard plants retained twenty‐six times more ioxynil than barley plants. Addition of 01 or 1.0% surfactant increased retention by barley and reduced the differential to eleven times and eight times respectively. By varying the angle of barley leaves to the spray it was shown that the normal upright position results in reduced interception of a vertical spray and reflection of the drops without surfactant. It was concluded that for a given species growth reduction by ioxynil is largely conditioned by the amount retained and that apart from influencing retention, Tween 20 has no major independent action.At equivalent retention levels barley was much less susceptible than mustard or pea. Plants of mustard, pea and barley were treated either on the leaves only or over the whole exposed surface of the plant lo assess the influence of morphology on the response to ioxynil. There was no difference in the response of barley, but treatment by dipping aerial shoots of mustard and pea produced an effect twice that from treatment of the leaves alone at the same level of retention. The increased response of mustard and pea to whole shoot treatment is considered to be due primarily to the exposed stem and bud tissues of these species.Les bases de la toxicilé différentielle du 4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐di‐iodobenzomtrite I. Infiuence de la rétention de la bouillie et de la morphologie de la plante
STUDIES ON WEED SPECIES OF THE GENUS POLYGONUM L.
Authors: HAMMERTON J. L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Seeds of Polygonum persicaria from several sources, or from plants subjected to in lain treatments, were chilled for varying periods and incubated for a 3‐week germination test period. Populations differed widely in seed weight and to some extent in the response to different periods of chilling. No relationship between this response and the climate of the locality of origin could be found. There was much variation in seed weight and germination behaviour between individual plants within populations. A total of four polymorphic seed categories were observed. The proportions of seeds in the two main categories varied widely between and within populations, and were affected by certain environmental factors. These factors also appeared to affect the degree of inter‐plant variation in seed shape and germination behaviour.Travaux sur les espàes indésirables du genre Polygonum L. V. Variations dans le poids des semences, leur comportement à la germination et leur polymorphisme chez P. persicaria L.
THE HERBICIDAL EFFECT OF SOME α‐HYDROXY‐β,β,β‐TRICHLOROETHYLAMINO‐1,2,4‐TRIAZOLES
Authors: MATOLCSY G. , GOMAA E. A. A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Four α‐hydroxy‐β,β,β‐trichloroethylamino‐1,2,4‐triazoles were prepared by the reaction of chloral hydrate with the corresponding aminotriazole and tested for herbicidal activity.The introduction of the α‐hydroxy‐β,β,β‐trichloroethyl group into the aminotriazole molecule increased the activity of the parent compound. The increase in activity was slight with the highly active 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole but was more marked with amino 1,2,4‐triazoles of low activity. The symptoms resembled those of the simultaneous action of 3‐amino‐l,2,4‐triazole with chloral hydrate or trichloroacetic acid.
A COMPARISON OF THE ‘VIBRAJET’ NOZZLE AND A FAN JET FOR OVERALL APPLICATION OF BIPYRIDYL HERBICIDES
Authors: DOUGLAS G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The ‘Vibrajet’ nozzle is designed to produce relatively large droplets with ‘low drift’ characteristics. This system was evaluated for the overall application of paraquat, diquat and morfamquat in a number of agricultural situations in comparison with a fan jet. The biological efficiency achieved with the ‘Vibrajet’ nozzle was of the same order as that of the fan jet at the rates of application of the herbicides currently recommended in the United Kingdom. Five variables which affect the field performance of a spray system were investigated: volume of spray applied, concentration of wetter in the spray, rate of chemical applied, spray pressure and size of orifice. Changes in these factors made little improvement to the biological efficiency of the ‘Vibrajet’ nozzle.Comparaisnn de la buse ‘Vibrajet’ et d'une bitse pinccau pom Vapplication generalisee des herbicides bipyridiliques
INTERACTION BETWEEN PARAQUAT AND MICROBES IN SOILS*
Authors: TU C. M. , BOLLEN W. B. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if paraquat had any effect on soil micro‐organisms and consequently on soil fertility.Numbers of bacteria and moulds tended to increase with incubation time as residual paraquat decreased. Lag periods of 1–5 days were observed in the development of soil microflora and concomitant degradation of paraquat. Under controlled culture conditions, Aerobacter aerogenes, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus cereus were able to utilize paraquat as sole carbon and nitrogen sources in synthetic media.Paraquat at 0–25, 0–5, 2–5 and 25 ppm cation was added to four different soils to study changes in microbial activities concomitant with decreases in herbicide concentration. Analytical recoveries were correlated inversely with clay mineral content, cation‐exchange capacity and organic matter.Mineralization of peptone nitrogen by amnnonification and nitrification was stimulated by 0–25 ppm; higher rates up to 25 ppm had little influence. A bimodal effect or growth inversion was observed in several instances, with increased microbial development at intermediate concentrations. Paraquat at recommended field rates appeared to have no appreciable influence on general microbial activities of importance to soil fertility.Interaction entre U paraquat et les microbes dans les sols
SHOOT ZONE UPTAKE OF SOIL‐APPLIED HERBICIDES*
Authors: PRENDEVILLE G. N. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Studies were conducted to determine the effects of herbicide placement at different zones of maize (Zea mays L.) and pea (Pisum sativwm L.) shoots below the soil surface after emergence. Soil was removed from around the shoots and replaced with herbicide‐treated soil. A wax barrier ensured separate exposure of the zones to treated soil. EPTC, chlorpropham, propham and sulfallate did not affect pea shoot growth, but in maize the shoot zone adjacent to the crown root node was extremely sensitive. Treatment in this area markedly reduced growth and severely inhibited the crown roots. The difference in susceptibility between these species may he due to the location of the growing point relative to the treated soil.Shoots of maize and pea were sensitive to diuron. In maize the shoot adjacent to the crown root node and the tissue of the first internode were the most susceptible. In pea the‐ uppermost shoot (beneath the soil surface) was the most sensitive. Trifluralin did not affect growth of maize and pea when placed in the shoot zone after emergence, although the crown roots of maize were severely inhibited. Naptalam, dalapon and 2,4‐D did not affect growth of maize under similar conditions, and of these only 2,4‐D reduced growth of pea.Zone d'abiorption des tiges pour les herbicides appliqués sur h sol