bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward Digital Geologic Map Standards: A Progress Report
Authors: Ulrich GE , Reynolds MW , Taylor RB 
Published: March 2009

Establishing modern scientific and technical standards for geologic maps and their derivative map products is vital to both producers and users of such maps as we move into an age of digital cartography. Application of earth-science data in complex geographic information systems, acceleration of geologic map production, and reduction of publication costs require that national standards be developed for digital geologic cartography and computer analysis.
Since December 1988, under commission of the Chief Geologist of the U.S. Geological Survey and the mandate of the National Geologic Mapping Program (with added representation from the Association of American State Geologists), a committee has been designing a comprehensive set of scientific map standards. Three primary issues were: (1) selecting scientific symbology and its digital representation; (2) creating an appropriate digital coding system that characterizes geologic features with respect to their physical properties, stratigraphic and structural relations, spatial orientation, and interpreted mode of origin; and (3) developing mechanisms for reporting levels of certainty for descriptive as well as measured properties.
Approximately 650 symbols for geoscience maps, including present usage of the U.S. Geological Survey, state geological surveys, industry, and academia, have been identified and tentatively adopted. A proposed coding system comprises four-character groupings of major and minor codes that can identify all attributes of a geologic feature. Such a coding system allows unique identification of as many as 105 geologic names and values on a given map.
The new standard will track closely the latest developments of the Proposed Standard for Digital Cartographic Data soon to be submitted to the National Institute of Standards and Technology by the Federal Interagency Coordinating Committee on Digital Cartography. This standard will adhere generally to the accepted definitions and specifications for spatial data transfer. It will require separate specifications of digital cartographic quality relating to positional accuracy and ranges of measured and interpreted values such as geologic age and rock composition.
Provisional digital geologic map standards will be published for trial implementation. After approximately two years, when comments on the proposed standards have been solicited and modifications made, formal adoption of the standards will be recommended. Widespread acceptance of the new standards will depend on their applicability to the broadest range of earth-science map products and their adaptability to changing cartographic technology.
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems: Image-Integrated Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Ehlers M 
Published: March 2009

Remote sensing image analysis systems and geographic information systems (GIS) show great promise for the integration of a wide variety of spatial information as a support to tasks such as urban and regional planning, natural resources management, agricultural studies, topographic and thematic mapping, civil engineering, hydrology studies, and geological exploration. Current and future remote sensing satellite programs are based on a variety of imaging sensors that will provide timely and repetitive multisensor earth observation data on a global scale. Visible, infrared, and microwave images of high spatial and spectral resolution will be available eventually for all parts of the earth. However, it is essential that efficient synergistic processing techniques be developed to cope with the large multisensor data volumes and to allow efficient GIS integration.Many preliminary efforts to unite remote sensing and GIS into one technology for information management have been made over the past few years, both in the commercial and the academic world. In the first part of this paper, some of the achievements so far in the areas of topographic mapping, cartographic feature extraction, and urban and regional planning are discussed. A characteristic of most successful integrated systems is that they are confined to very specific problems. In the second part of the paper, these successes are placed in the context of a vision of longterm integration. Obstacles and concerns related to such integration are discussed.
Application of Remotely Sensed Data to Geologic Exploration Using Image Analysis and Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Hornsby JK , Harris JR 
Published: March 2009

Remotely sensed data are becoming widely applied to geologic exploration activities throughout the world. With the proliferation of geographic information systems (GIS) the potential contribution of remote sensing to geologic mapping has increased. This paper addresses some current, largely experimental, as well as operational methods for using remotely sensed data for geologic mapping using examples from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, Canada.Investigations were conducted into integrating and modelling geologic data sets including remote sensing derived geological information, geochemical, and geophysical data sets within a geographic information system. Techniques for incorporating remotely sensed data into the modelling of different geologic data sets were addressed.Results have indicated useful remotely sensed data products for incorporation into a GIS. Two approaches to modelling of the geologic data sets for mineral exploration were demonstrated. The first approach uses a priori geologic knowledge (mineral deposit model) to drive the modelling procedures whereas the second does not rely on a priori knowledge and focuses on the definition of anomalies in each data set.A comparison was made between state-of-the-art methods of data integration for mineral exploration within a GIS and current operational methodologies.
Development of Ground-Water Vulnerability Database for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Hazard Ranking System Using a Geographic Information System
Authors: Clarke JS , Sorensen JW , Strickland HG , Collins G 
Published: March 2009

Geographic information system (GIS) methods were applied to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) hazard ranking system (HRS) to evaluate the vulnerability of ground water to contamination from actual or potential releases of hazardous materials from waste-disposal sites. Computerized maps of four factors influencing ground-water vulnerability—hydraulic conductivity, sorptive capacity, depth to water, and net precipitation—were derived for the Southeastern United States from digitized copies of published maps and from computerized databases, including the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) national water information system.
To test the accuracy of the derived data coverages used to assess ground-water vulnerability, GIS-derived values for hydraulic conductivity, depth to water, and net precipitation were compared to corresponding values assigned by EPA's field investigation teams (FIT) at 28 hazardous waste sites. For each factor, site data were divided into three physiographic groupings:(1) Coastal Plain, (2) Valley and Ridge-Interior Low Plateaus, and (3) Piedmont-Blue Ridge. The best correlation between the paired data sets was for the net precipitation factor, where most GIS-derived values were within 0 to 40% of the FIT data, and 79% were within the same HRS scoring range. for the hydraulic conductivity factor, the best correlation between GIS and FIT data was for values derived from a published surficial deposits map, where most of the values were within one order of magnitude of the FIT data, and on the average were within 1.24 orders of magnitude of the FIT data. For this map, the best match between data sets was in the Coastal Plain province, where the difference in order of magnitude averaged 0.92. For the depth-to-water factor, most of the GIS derived values were within 51 to 100% of the FIT data, and only 44 to 50% of the sites were within a common scoring range. The best correlation for depth to water was in the Coastal Plain where GIS derived values were within 8 to 10% of the FIT data.
Use of Geographic Information System Technology for Siting a Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility
Authors: Connolly KJ , Dressen AL 
Published: March 2009

A geographic information system (GIS) was used for siting a low-level radioactive waste disposal facility for the state of New York. The New York State Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Act, passed in 1986, established a framework for developing a low-level radioactive waste disposal facility that will accept only New York's waste. Under the terms of the law, the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Siting Commission bears the responsibility for selecting an appropriate site and disposal method for the facility
A stepwise screening process that effectively applies a systematic GIS methodology to assist in the selection of one or more suitable sites was used. Such a process allows clear documentation and traceability for the siting methodology. The process is designed to balance geologic, hydrologic, and environmental considerations with social, economic, and political needs, while incorporating ideas and recommendations identified through a public involvement program. The process provides a number of key decision-making points where public involvement can be solicited and also allows for public education efforts to gradually build as the focus of the screening process narrows down to the more local level, where the degree of public interest and concern is expected to be the greatest. The Commission and its consultant team have completed the following three steps in the screening process: Step 1—Statewide exclusionary screening to eliminate areas where regulatory or legal constraints prohibit the development of a low-level waste disposal facility. Step 2—Screening of the remaining areas using additional criteria to identify ten candidate areas with the greatest potential for suitable sites. Step 3—Detailed screening of the candidate areas, limited on-site observations, and comparative evaluations to identify five potential sites that may be suitable for waste disposal.
Spatial information used in site screening is being carried forward and will be supplemented with the site-specific data from detailed on-site characterization studies. The GIS and database management technologies will be used to manage the voluminous data that will result from characterizing five sites and will support decision-making on the selection of a preferred site for licensing.
Effects of Aggregate Absorption and Crush Percentage on Bituminous Concrete
Authors: Bouchard GP 
Published: March 2009

Recently, the push to improve bituminous concrete mixtures has resulted in higher fractions of crushed aggregate. Since coarse aggregate is becoming more difficult to extract as gravel sources are depleted, the cost of supplying crushed aggregate is increasing. Adding too much crushed aggregate can produce two mechanisms for problem mixes. The first arises from the crushing and washing of the manufactured fines portion of the aggregate. Hammermill, impact or cone crushers have a tendency to produce gradations for fine aggregates below the maximum density line when washed. This can lower the voids in mineral aggregate which is important to resist rutting.
A theory is advanced that aggregate water absorption can be used to predict the bonding surface volume available to improve results of heavy traffic mixes. Let the bonding surface volume be defined as the volume around each particle opened by pores. The second mechanism can be described as the propensity for shearing of mastic to aggregate bonds over time when aggregates with low water absorption values are used. Marshall stability tests for a mix using aggregates with generally high values of water absorption are compared to tests for a mix using aggregates with low values of water absorption. The conclusion supports the premise that shearing under load increases as average water absorption values decrease.
Effects of Aggregate Type and Gradation on Fatigue and Permanent Deformation of Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Kim YR , Kim N , Khosla NP 
Published: March 2009

This paper presents laboratory test results demonstrating the effects of aggregate type and gradation on fatigue and permanent deformation of asphalt concrete. Diametral fatigue tests and uniaxial incremental static creep tests were performed under varying temperatures and mixture variables, including aggregate type and gradation.
The effects of aggregate type and gradation on permanent deformation were evaluated under test combinations with changing asphalt type, asphalt content, air voids content, temperature, and applied stress level. For the fatigue study, the effect of aggregate type was evaluated by changing asphalt content, air voids content, and temperature. The test results were analyzed using statistical analysis and graphical comparison of data. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed to investigate the main effects and interactions of the test variables with the aggregate type or gradation.
The analysis revealed that, with the size of experimentation used in this study, aggregate type has significant effects on fatigue resistance and permanent deformation of asphalt concrete, indicating better performance from the mixtures comprised of aggregates with a rough surface texture and an angular shape. Coarse gradation, meaning a larger proportion of coarse aggregates with the same nominal maximum aggregate size compared to medium gradation, did not show significant effects on permanent deformation. Interactions of aggregate type with gradation, asphalt type, air voids, and temperature were found to be significant for the permanent deformation of asphalt concrete, whereas no interaction appeared to be significant for fatigue with the given size of experimentation.
Deformation of Building Sealants Due to Movement During Cure
Authors: Brower JR 
Published: March 2009

State-of-the-art testing of chemically cured building sealants movement capabilities is performed after sealants are fully cured. Field experience has shown that either immediate failures or premature sealant failures can and do occur as a result of joint movement during cure and the subsequent deformation of the installed sealant profiles. This paper discusses the effects of temperature cycling, panel size, sealant cure characteristics, joint spacing, building orientation, etc. Also included are suggestions for minimizing the effects of movement during the cure of the sealant.
The paper is nonproprietary and stresses the need for understanding of the problems and the need for development of tests and standard practices by ASTM and our industry associates
Thermomechanical Fatigue of Turbo-Engine Blade Superalloys
Authors: Guedou JY , Honnorat Y 
Published: March 2009

A thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) facility has been developed in the Snecma Materials Laboratory to characterize the mechanical behavior and the damaging processes of blade superalloys under realistic loading conditions. Three nickel-base superalloys have been investigated using a reference TMF cycle representative of blade leading edge. Stabilized stress-strain loops exhibit greater plastic strains and higher stress amplitudes for an equiaxed alloy IN-100, mainly due to elastic anisotropy of the directionally solidifed DS-200 and AM1 single crystal alloys. The application of a viscoplastic constitutive model shows a good correlation between calculation and experiment for DS-200 and AM1 but indicates that the IN-100 model coefficients need improvement.The TMF lives are much more important for the two oriented alloys (that is, AM1 and DS-200) as compared with the equiaxed IN-100, as in isothermal LCF conditions, but a correlation between TMF and LCF lives cannot be easily proposed and depends upon the material considered. The damaging mechanisms have been investigated on single crystal failed specimens, and compressive loads at high temperature play an important role in the damaging process. A continuous damage model delivered good predictions for TMF lives on equiaxed alloy specimens. Nevertheless, the application of such a model to structure calculations must take into account possible effects of crystallographic anisotropy in the case of directionally solidified (DS) and single crystal alloys.
Residual Life Assessment of Pump Casing Considering Thermal Fatigue Crack Propagation
Authors: Sakon T , Masaharu F , Sada T 
Published: March 2009

Thermal fatigue crack propagation is the main concern on the life assessment of the boiler feed-water circulation pump casings under cyclic operation. This paper describes the experimental and analytical studies on the thermal fatigue crack growth behavior, and the remaining life prediction of the casings.
First, it was confirmed by low-cycle fatigue test that the propagation behavior of surface cracks accompanied with the coalescence could be estimated by the da/dN-ΔJ relationship for long cracks. Secondly, the simplified J-integral estimation method for the thermal stress problem was discussed based on some bench mark calculations. Finally, the crack growth behavior in the casings was estimated and the results were compared with the field inspection data. Good agreement was found between them and, hence, these type of pump casings had adequate remaining lives to the final failure.
Structural Problems in Search of Fracture Mechanics Solutions
Authors: Barsom JM 
Published: March 2009

This second Jerry L. Swedlow Memorial Lecture presents a few significant developments in fracture mechanics that occurred over the past 25 years and some unresolved problems relating to materials and design and to technology transfer and education. Examples of some accomplishments and problems needing solutions are presented in areas of fracture toughness, including elastic, elastic-plastic and short cracks, and of environmental effects.Professor Jerry L. Swedlow was an educator and a researcher who devoted his career to the transfer of technology to his students and to scientists and engineers. Thus, the lecture appropriately concludes with a few observations, needs, and recommendations concerning technology transfer.
A Comparison of Weibull and βIcAnalyses of Transition Range Data
Authors: McCabe DE 
Published: March 2009

Specimen size effects on KJc data scatter in the transition range of fracture toughness have been explained by extremal (weakest link) statistics. In this investigation, compact specimens of A533 Grade B steel were tested in sizes ranging from ½TC(T) to 4TC(T) with sufficient replication to obtain good three-parameter Weibull characterization of data distributions. The optimum fitting parameters for an assumed Weibull slope of four were calculated. Extremal statistics analysis was applied to the ½TC(T) data to predict median KJc values for 1TC(T), 2TC(T), and 4TC(T) specimens. The distributions from experimentally developed 1TC(T), 2TC(T), and 4TC(T) data tended to confirm the predictions. However, the extremal prediction model does not work well at lower-shelf toughness. At -150°C, the extremal model predicts a specimen size effect where in reality there is no size effect.Another model that has potential for dealing with data scatter effects in the transition range is the Irwin βc-βIc relationship. This model uses breakdown in constraint as the argument for specimen size effects and suggests that data sets can be transposed from one size to another by operating on each individual datum with the following equation KIc=KJcβIc/βcBoth models predict about the same distributions for specimens larger than 1TC(T), and only the extremal statistical model can predict correctly the smaller specimen distribution. With the βc-βIc relationship, the limitation appears to be that βc ⩽ π must not be exceeded. Therefore, both the statistical and βIc models have limitations for their use. This study explores these limitations and makes specimen size requirement recommendations on KJc data.
Evaluation of Dynamic Fracture Toughness Using the Normalization Method
Authors: Herrera R , Carcagno G , de Vedia LA 
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a simple technique to determine dynamic J-R curves from a single, precracked Charpy-type specimen by means of an instrumented Charpy testing machine. This technique is based on the normalization method proposed originally by Landes and Herrera. This method eliminates the need for crack length monitoring that makes it particularly suitable under dynamic loading conditions.
The method used to generate J-R curves consisted of conducting precracked Charpy tests using a stop block. This simple device allows interruption of the test before the specimen is completely broken, furnishing the two calibration points necessary for applying the normalization method. J-R curves obtained with the normalization method were compared with values calculated following the multiple specimen technique.
Stress Intensity Factor Solutions for Partial Elliptical Surface Cracks in Cylindrical Shafts
Authors: Chen K-L , Kuo A-Y , Shvarts S 
Published: March 2009

Pump shaft cracking has become an emergent issue recently in power industry. Prediction of residual life for a cracked shaft relies on accurate stress intensity factor calculations. Because of the three-dimensional nature of the cracked shaft problem, it is prohibitively expensive to obtain a complete stress intensity factor solutions library with three-dimensional finite-element method.
The expensive task of performing the three-dimensional fracture analyses can be alleviated by using an alternating analytical procedure. The alternating analytical procedure utilizes two analytical solutions: (a) the solution for an elliptical crack embedded in an infinite domain and (b) the solution for an infinitely long, uncracked cylinder subjected to arbitrary surface loadings. Because no finite-element mesh is required in the alternating analytical technique, the efforts to accomplish this study has been reduced significantly.
Cracked shafts under tensile, bending, and torsional loads are studied in this paper. K solutions for a wide range of crack geometries are presented. The K solutions can be applied in shaft residual life studies.
Effect of Fiber-Matrix Debonding on Notched Strength of Titanium Metal-Matrix Composites
Authors: Bigelow CA , Johnson WS 
Published: March 2009

Two specimen configurations of a [0/90]2s SCS-6/Ti-15-3 laminate were tested and analyzed: a center-hole (CH) specimen and a double-edge-notched (DEN) specimen. The two specimen configurations failed at similar stress levels in spite of the large difference in the stress concentration factors for the two geometries. Microscopic examinations of the failure surfaces indicated more fiber-matrix debonding at the notch tip in the DEN specimen than in the CH specimen. Based on the experimental results, it was hypothesized that the radial stresses that developed at the fiber-matrix interface ahead of the notch tip in the DEN specimen caused fiber-matrix debonding in the 0° plies, thus lowering the stress concentration in the DEN specimen to a level comparable to that of the CH specimen.
Two analytical techniques, a three-dimensional finite-element analysis and a macro-micro-mechanical analysis, were used to predict the overall stress-deformation behavior and the notch-tip fiber-matrix interface stresses in both configurations. The micromechanical analysis predicted radial stresses next to the notch in the DEN configuration that were nearly seven times as large as those predicted for the CH configuration. The overall stress-deformation response of both configurations was predicted accurately when debonding of the 90° plies was included. Predictions of the axial stress in the notch-tip 0° fiber correlated well with the specimen static strength when fiber-matrix debonding of 0° plies was included for the DEN specimen. The results shown indicate that a first fiber failure criteria based on the axial stress in the first intact 0° fiber can predict the static strength of notched specimens when interfacial damage is modeled.