bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sufficient conditions for a problem of Polya
Authors: Bharadwaj Abhishek , Pal Aprameyo , Kumar Veekesh , Thangadurai R. 
Published: March 2024

Let

α
\alpha

be a non-zero algebraic number. Let

K
K

be the Galois closure of

Q

(
α
)

\mathbb {Q}(\alpha )

with Galois group

G
G

and

Q

¯

\bar {\mathbb {Q}}

be the algebraic closure of

Q

\mathbb {Q}

. In this article, among the other results, we prove the following. If

f
∈

Q

¯

[
G
]

f\in \bar {\mathbb {Q}}[G]

is a non-zero element of the group ring

Q

¯

[
G
]

\bar {\mathbb {Q}}[G]

and

α
\alpha

is a given algebraic number such that

f
(

α
n

)

f(\alpha ^n)

is a non-zero algebraic integer for infinitely many natural numbers

n
n

, then

α
\alpha

is an algebraic integer. This result generalises the result of Polya [Rend. Circ Mat. Palermo, 40 (1915), pp. 1–16], Corvaja and Zannier [Acta Math. 193 (2004), pp. 175–191] and Philippon and Rath [J. Number Theory 219 (2021), pp. 198–211]. We also prove the analogue of this result for rational functions with algebraic coefficients. Inspired by a result of B. de Smit [J. Number Theory 45 (1993), pp. 112–116], we prove a finite version of the Polya type result for a binary recurrence sequences of non-zero algebraic numbers. In order to prove these results, we apply the techniques of Corvaja and Zannier along with the results of Kulkarni et al. [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 371 (2019), pp. 3787–3804], which are applications of the Schmidt subspace theorem.
Population, Urbanization, and Settlement Patterns in the Early Empire
Authors: Sinner Alejandro , Carreras Cèsar , Houten Pieter 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe chapter provides an in-depth study of the urban and rural population of Hispania Tarraconensis in the first century ce, comparing it with other provinces of the Roman Empire and earlier and later periods. A nuanced diachronic evolution of the population and urbanization in the province that aims to create a comprehensive overview of the urban centres of the Iberian peninsula is presented. The chapter also looks into the urbanism and different settlement typologies in the province, paying especial attention to secondary agglomerations. The rank-size analysis is employed to assess the settlement systems, allowing for a comparison between the Iron Age and Roman periods, and showing that the pre-existing urban framework, road network, and navigable rivers heavily influence the settlement pattern in the Early Empire.
Connectivity, Migrations, Mobility, and Networks
Authors: Sinner Alejandro , Carreras Cèsar , Houten Pieter 
Published: March 2024

AbstractChapter 7 explores how transport networks and infrastructure, and their change over time, are fundamental to understand population movements, and the supply of cities and their costs. Besides, transport infrastructures are proxies for population settlement. The first part of the chapter studies whether communications in Hispania were adequate for the economic and demographic needs of its population and how they changed over time from the pre-Roman to Roman period. To do so, GIS is employed to carry out a network analysis of the maritime and road networks of the different periods. The use of macro- and micro-scale analyses provides a clearer picture of the development of the urbanization rate and demographic movements. The second part of the chapter looks at who migrated towards the province and why over time , l ooking not only at permanent mobility, but also at the many temporary and seasonal movements that occurred within the province. Certain tasks, such as those related to agriculture, trade, construction, and harbours, were only possible during the spring and summer seasons. Similarly, some professions, such as military service and domestic work, occupied young people who would move to urban or military sites for a limited period and then return to their hometowns as adults.
Conclusions
Authors: Sinner Alejandro , Carreras Cèsar , Houten Pieter 
Published: March 2024

AbstractChapter 9 wraps up the volume by summarizing the main ideas discussed in the previous eight chapters. It emphasizes the significance and necessity of collaborative efforts among geneticists, archaeologists, historians, anthropologists, and other experts in exploring ancient demography in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of ancient populations and their evolution over time. It also shows how in re-evaluating population estimates and presenting new data-backed findings, our research sheds light on the crucial role of demographics in cultural, economic, and social changes during the Roman conquest and subsequent colonial processes, up to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the region. Lastly, our conclusions point out that there is still much work to do, and further research and expansion of datasets and sources are necessary. The book aims to initiate the demographic debate for Hispania Citerior/Tarraconensis and the Iberian peninsula, paving the way for future studies and nuanced interpretations.
A scalar-on-quantile-function approach for estimating short-term health effects of environmental exposures
Authors: Zhang Yuzi , Chang Howard H , Warren Joshua L , Ebelt Stefanie T 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Environmental epidemiologic studies routinely utilize aggregate health outcomes to estimate effects of short-term (eg, daily) exposures that are available at increasingly fine spatial resolutions. However, areal averages are typically used to derive population-level exposure, which cannot capture the spatial variation and individual heterogeneity in exposures that may occur within the spatial and temporal unit of interest (eg, within a day or ZIP code). We propose a general modeling approach to incorporate within-unit exposure heterogeneity in health analyses via exposure quantile functions. Furthermore, by viewing the exposure quantile function as a functional covariate, our approach provides additional flexibility in characterizing associations at different quantile levels. We apply the proposed approach to an analysis of air pollution and emergency department (ED) visits in Atlanta over 4 years. The analysis utilizes daily ZIP code-level distributions of personal exposures to 4 traffic-related ambient air pollutants simulated from the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulator. Our analyses find that effects of carbon monoxide on respiratory and cardiovascular disease ED visits are more pronounced with changes in lower quantiles of the population’s exposure. Software for implement is provided in the R package nbRegQF.
Imaging of congenital anomalies and defects of the skull base and calvarium
Authors: Wang Wen , Patel Jeet 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Congenital anomalies and defects of the skull base and calvarium encompass a broad and complex spectrum of pathologies. The clinical presentation is highly variable, and these anomalies may be discovered incidentally in asymptomatic individuals. Radiological assessment plays a pivotal role in precisely characterizing these abnormalities, facilitating the diagnostic process, and assisting in any preoperative preparation.
Dominant CST3 variants cause adult onset leukodystrophy without amyloid angiopathy
Authors: Bergner Caroline G , Breur Marjolein , Soto-Bernardini M Clara , Schäfer Lisa , Lier Julia , Le Duc Diana , Bundalian Linnaeus , Schubert Susanna , Brenner David , Kreuz Friedmar R , Schulte Björn , Waisfisz Quinten , Bugiani Marianna , Köhler Wolfgang , Sticht Heinrich , Abou Jamra Rami , van der Knaap Marjo S 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Leukodystrophies are rare genetic white matter disorders that have been regarded as mainly occurring in childhood. This perception has been altered in recent years, as a growing number of leukodystrophies have been described as having an onset in adulthood. Still, many adult patients presenting with white matter changes remain without a specific molecular diagnosis.
We describe a novel adult onset leukodystrophy in 16 patients from eight families carrying one of four different stop-gain or frameshift dominant variants in the CST3 gene. Clinical and radiological features differ markedly from the previously described Icelandic cerebral amyloid angiopathy found in patients carrying p.Leu68Asn substitution in CST3. The clinical phenotype consists of recurrent episodes of hemiplegic migraine associated with transient unilateral focal deficits and slowly progressing motor symptoms and cognitive decline in mid to older adult ages. In addition, in some cases acute onset clinical deterioration led to a prolonged episode with reduced consciousness and even early death. Radiologically, pathognomonic changes are found at typical predilection sites involving the deep cerebral white matter sparing a periventricular and directly subcortical rim, the middle blade of corpus callosum, posterior limb of the internal capsule, middle cerebellar peduncles, cerebral peduncles and specifically the globus pallidus. Histopathologic characterization in two autopsy cases did not reveal angiopathy, but instead micro- to macrocystic degeneration of the white matter. Astrocytes were activated at early stages and later displayed severe degeneration and loss. In addition, despite the loss of myelin, elevated numbers of partly apoptotic oligodendrocytes were observed.
A structural comparison of the variants in CST3 suggests that specific truncations of cystatin C result in an abnormal function, possibly by rendering the protein more prone to aggregation. Future studies are required to confirm the assumed effect on the protein and to determine pathophysiologic downstream events at the cellular level.
Exploring Public Schools as a Primary Setting for Early Prevention in Rural Areas: A Qualitative Approach to Strengthening the Trauma-Informed Elementary Schools (TIES) Program
Authors: Tabone Jiyoung K , Kang Katie K , Rishel Carrie W 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Trauma-Informed Elementary Schools (TIES) is a pilot program designed to bring trauma-informed services to early elementary schools in a rural state. Although two sequential TIES pilot studies found significantly positive outcomes in cultivating a trauma-sensitive school climate and culture, the program has been limited to a few schools and has not yet been assessed for broader impact on primary stakeholders. The current study explored stakeholders’ input in development of a comprehensive intervention plan by identifying the benefits and challenges of implementing the program and contributing their perspectives on strengthening the program. The study also explored the challenges of implementing the TIES program during the COVID-19 pandemic to optimize the program for its unique rural environment. Fourteen semistructured interviews were conducted via Zoom or in person. Two coauthors primarily used thematic analysis to categorize findings from transcribed interviews with NVivo. The participants identified positive impact of the program on children’s socioemotional learning and support with special attention to children in need and the overall improvement of general educational tasks for all children as a whole classroom. The results highlight the importance of the program as perceived by primary stakeholders and provide specific suggestions for improvement.
A Cliché to Be Avoided Like the Plague: The ‘People’s War’ in the History and Historiography of the British Second World War
Authors: Edgerton David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The forum shows that I correctly diagnosed the place that ‘people’s war’ has in the historiography of the Second World War; that, if anything, I underestimated the grip that the connected series of beliefs about ‘people’s war’ have come to have over some historians of the British Second World War; and how difficult it is to start a conversation about framing assumptions and the nature of the historiography of the war. In this response I aim to get above the din of detail and try to understand the underlying positions being taken by the respondents. I will try to tease out their rather hidden assumptions, in order to clarify better what is at issue and at stake, thereby making a fresh attempt to take this discussion forward. I will also extend the discussion by considering works that have already rejected the conceptualisation of ‘people’s war’ defended in this forum. I hope that my original paper and the forum itself will together make the case that we need fresh ways of thinking about the British Second World War, as well as suggest that new ways are already in being and that the concept of ‘people’s war’ as currently used by many historians needs to be abandoned.
Giving with a warm hand: evidence on estate planning and inter-vivos transfers
Authors: Suari-Andreu Eduard , Alessie Rob J M , Angelini Viola , van Ooijen Raun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this study, we examine the importance of estate planning and inter-vivos transfers towards the end of life. To that end, we use administrative data on all deaths taking place in the Netherlands between 2006 and 2013. We link these to wealth and income tax records and the hospital discharge register. Employing these unique data, we distinguish between sudden and non-sudden deaths and study how they compare in terms of wealth at death. Our results show that non-sudden deaths are associated with significantly less financial wealth at the time of death. We interpret this difference as the result of inter-vivos transfers that result from estate planning towards the end of life. We find significant effects not only at the top of the wealth distribution but along the entire upper half of the distribution. Diseases with a relatively low survival rate that do not affect cognitive abilities appear as the most likely to trigger estate planning. These results have important implication for gift and inheritance tax schedules that allow for tax avoidance via exemptions and the progressivity of the tax rate.
Deportations of Roma from Hungary and the Mass Killing at Kamianets-Podilskyi in 1941
Authors: Blomqvist Anders E B 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
At the end of August 1941, the Nazi German Einsatzgruppe, together with German Police Battalion 320 and Ukrainian auxiliaries, killed approximately 23,600 persons (mainly Jews) at Kamianets-Podilskyi. While some researchers assert that Roma were deported from Hungary and Hungarian-occupied Transcarpathia (present-day Ukraine) despite the absence of official reports, other scholars argue that Hungarian leaders may have planned to ethnically “cleanse” the area of Roma, but the plan was never executed, resulting in no deportations or deaths. This article presents new findings that support the former position, and argues that roughly one thousand Roma were expelled from Transcarpathia. New evidence includes a report detailing the ongoing operation to expel Roma, census data indicating a significant reduction in the Roma population near the border, as well as indications that individuals other than Jews were expelled, likely Roma. Only circumstantial evidence—verbal orders to eliminate Roma and reports of Roma killings by the same special commando in different locations—supports the claim that Roma were killed in the August 1941 massacre, though later reports from 1942 explicitly identify Roma victims. After analyzing this new evidence, the author supports the claim that Roma were deported and potentially killed earlier than had previously been known.
CD40 Expression by B Cells Is Required for Optimal Immunity to Murine Pneumocystis Infection
Authors: Sassi Monica , Curran Shelly J , Bishop Lisa R , Liu Yueqin , Kovacs Joseph A 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
CD40–CD40 ligand interactions are critical for controlling Pneumocystis infection. However, which CD40-expressing cell populations are important for this interaction have not been well defined. We used a cohousing mouse model of Pneumocystis infection, combined with flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, to examine the ability of different populations of cells from C57BL/6 mice to reconstitute immunity in CD40 knockout mice. Unfractionated splenocytes, as well as purified B cells, were able to control Pneumocystis infection, while B cell–depleted splenocytes and unstimulated bone marrow–derived dendritic cells were unable to control infection in CD40 knockout mice. Pneumocystis antigen–pulsed bone marrow–derived dendritic cells showed early but limited control of infection. Additional findings were consistent with recent studies that suggested a role for antigen presentation by B cells; specifically, by using cells from immunized animals, B cells were able to present Pneumocystis antigens to induce proliferation of T cells. Thus, CD40 expression by B cells appears necessary for robust immunity to Pneumocystis.
In vivo evolution of antimicrobial resistance in a biofilm model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection
Authors: Higazy Doaa , Pham Anh Duc , van Hasselt Coen , Høiby Niels , Jelsbak Lars , Moser Claus , Ciofu Oana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The evolution of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in biofilms has been repeatedly studied by experimental evolution in vitro, but rarely in vivo. The complex microenvironment at the infection site imposes selective pressures on the bacterial biofilms, potentially influencing the development of AMR. We report here the development of AMR in an in vivo mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm lung infection. The P. aeruginosa embedded in seaweed alginate beads underwent four successive lung infection passages with or without ciprofloxacin (CIP) exposure. The development of CIP resistance was assessed at each passage by population analysis of the bacterial populations recovered from the lungs of CIP-treated and control mice, with subsequent whole-genome sequencing of selected isolates. As inflammation plays a crucial role in shaping the microenvironment at the infection site, its impact was explored through the measurement of cytokine levels in the lung homogenate. A rapid development of AMR was observed starting from the second passage in the CIP-treated mice. Genetic analysis revealed mutations in nfxB, efflux pumps (mexZ), and two-component systems (parS) contribution to CIP resistance. The control group isolates exhibited mutations in the dipA gene, likely associated with biofilm dispersion. In the initial two passages, the CIP-treated group exhibited an elevated inflammatory response compared to the control group. This increase may potentially contribute to the release of mutagenic reactive oxygen species and the development of AMR. In conclusion, this study illustrates the complex relationship between infection, antibiotic treatment, and immune response.
Lightweight model-based sheep face recognition via face image recording channel
Authors: Zhang Xiwen , Xuan Chuanzhong , Ma Yanhua , Liu Haiyang , Xue Jing 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe accurate identification of individual sheep is a crucial prerequisite for establishing digital sheep farms and precision livestock farming. Currently, deep learning technology provides an efficient and non-contact method for sheep identity recognition. In particular, convolutional neural networks can be used to learn features of sheep faces to determine their corresponding identities. However, the existing sheep face recognition models face problems such as large model size, and high computational costs, making it difficult to meet the requirements of practical applications. In response to these issues, we introduce a lightweight sheep face recognition model called YOLOv7-Sheep Face Recognition (YOLOv7-SFR). Considering the labor-intensive nature associated with manually capturing sheep face images, we developed a face image recording channel to streamline the process and improve efficiency. This study collected facial images of 50 Small-tailed Han sheep through a recording channel. The experimental sheep ranged in age from 1 to 3 yr, with an average weight of 63.1 kg. Employing data augmentation methods further enhanced the original images, resulting in a total of 22,000 sheep face images. Ultimately, a sheep face dataset was established. To achieve lightweight improvement and improve the performance of the recognition model, a variety of improvement strategies were adopted. Specifically, we introduced the shuffle attention module into the backbone and fused the Dyhead module with the model's detection head. By combining multiple attention mechanisms, we improved the model's ability to learn target features. Additionally, the traditional convolutions in the backbone and neck were replaced with depthwise separable convolutions. Finally, leveraging knowledge distillation, we enhanced its performance further by employing You Only Look Once version 7 (YOLOv7) as the teacher model and YOLOv7-SFR as the student model. The training results indicate that our proposed approach achieved the best performance on the sheep face dataset, with a mean average precision@0.5 of 96.9%. The model size and average recognition time were 11.3 MB and 3.6 ms, respectively. Compared to YOLOv7-tiny, YOLOv7-SFR showed a 2.1% improvement in mean average precision@0.5, along with a 5.8% reduction in model size and a 42.9% reduction in average recognition time. The research results are expected to drive the practical applications of sheep face recognition technology.
Potassium ion channel Kir2.1 negatively regulates protective responses to Mycobacterium bovis BCG
Authors: Sinha Vishal , Singh Akshita , Singh Aarti , Saraswati Shakuntala Surender Kumar , Rana Ankush Kumar , Kalra Kanika , Natarajan Krishnamurthy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to increased mortality and morbidity worldwide. The prevalence of highly drug-resistant strains has reinforced the need for greater understanding of host-pathogen interactions at the cellular and molecular levels. Our previous work demonstrated critical roles of calcium ion channels in regulating protective responses to mycobacteria. In this report, we deciphered the roles of inwardly rectifying K+ ion channel Kir2.1 in epithelial cells. Data showed that infection of epithelial cells (and macrophages) increases the surface expression of Kir2.1. This increased expression of Kir2.1 results in higher intracellular mycobacterial survival, as either inhibiting or knocking down Kir2.1 results in mounting of a higher oxidative burst leading to a significant attenuation of mycobacterial survival. Further, inhibiting Kir2.1 also led to increased expression of T cell costimulatory molecules accompanied with increased activation of MAP kinases and transcription factors nuclear factor κB and phosphorylated CREB. Furthermore, inhibiting Kir2.1 induced increased autophagy and apoptosis that could also contribute to decreased bacterial survival. Interestingly, an increased association of heat shock protein 70 kDa with Kir2.1 was observed. These results showed that mycobacteria modulate the expression and function of Kir2.1 in epithelial cells to its advantage.