bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Fraction Predicts Clinical Outcome following First-Line Chemotherapy in Patients with Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: O'Connor James P.B. , Jayson Gordon C. , Jackson Alan , Ghiorghiu Dana , Carrington Bernadette M. , Rose Chris J. , Mills Samantha J. , Swindell Ric , Roberts Caleb , Mitchell Claire L. , Parker Geoffrey J.M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Purpose: To define a simple radiologic biomarker of prognosis in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma on first-line chemotherapy.
Experimental Design: Twenty-seven patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy with &gt;2 cm residual disease [International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages IIIC or IV] after surgery were identified. The proportion of enhancing tumor tissue—the enhancing fraction—was calculated on pre-chemotherapy computed tomography scans at four Hounsfield unit (HU) thresholds and assessed for correlation with CA125 response, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) radiologic response, and time to progression. Discriminative power was assessed by leave-one-out discriminant analysis.
Results: Pre-chemotherapy residual tumor volume did not correlate with clinical outcome. Pre-chemotherapy enhancing fraction at all thresholds significantly correlated with CA125 response (P &lt; 0.001, ρ = 0.553 for 50 HU; P &lt; 0.001, ρ = 0.565 for 60 HU; P &lt; 0.001, ρ = 0.553 for 70 HU; P = 0.001, ρ = 0.516 for 80 HU). Significant correlations were also shown for radiologic response at all thresholds. Enhancing fraction predicted CA125 response with 81.9% to 86.4% specificity and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors response with 74.9% to 76.8% specificity at 95% sensitivity (dependent on threshold). Enhancing fraction correlated with time to progression at the 60 HU (P = 0.045, ρ = 0.336) and 70 HU (P = 0.042; ρ = 0.340) thresholds.
Conclusion: Pre-chemotherapy enhancing fraction is a simple quantitative radiologic measure. Further evaluation in larger trials is required to confirm the potential of enhancing fraction as a predictive factor, particularly for patients who may benefit from the addition of antiangiogenic therapy.
Combination Treatment of Prostate Cancer Cell Lines with Bioactive Soy Isoflavones and Perifosine Causes Increased Growth Arrest and/or Apoptosis
Authors: Vinall Ruth L. , Hwa Kimberley , Ghosh Paramita , Pan Chong-Xian , Lara Primo N. , de Vere White Ralph W. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Purpose: To determine whether targeting the androgen receptor (AR) and Akt pathways using a combination of genistein combined polysaccharide (GCP) and perifosine is more effective at inducing growth arrest/apoptosis in prostate cancer cells compared with treatment with GCP or perifosine as single agents.
Experimental Design: The effect of GCP and perifosine treatment was assessed in five prostate cancer cell lines: LNCaP (androgen sensitive), LNCaP-R273H, C4-2, Cds1, and PC3 (androgen insensitive). A clonogenic assay assessed the long-term effects on cell growth and survival. Flow cytometry and Western blot analysis of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase cleavage were used to assess short-term effects. Preliminary studies to investigate mechanism of action included Western blot for P-Akt, Akt, P-p70S6K, p70S6K, p53, and p21; prostate-specific antigen analysis; and the use of myristoylated Akt and AR-specific small interfering RNA.
Results: Combination treatment with GCP and perifosine caused a decrease in clonogenic potential in all cell lines. In short-term assays, growth arrest was observed in the majority of cell lines, as well as increased inhibition of Akt activity and induction of p21 expression. Increased apoptosis was only observed in LNCaP. Knockdown of AR caused a further increase in apoptosis.
Conclusion: Combination treatment with GCP and perifosine targets the Akt pathway in the majority of the prostate cancer cell lines and causes increased inhibition of cell growth and clonogenicity. In LNCaP, combination treatment targets both the Akt and AR pathways and causes increased apoptosis. These data warrant clinical validation in prostate cancer patients.
PrLZ Is Expressed in Normal Prostate Development and in Human Prostate Cancer Progression
Authors: Wang Ruoxiang , Xu Jianchun , Mabjeesh Nicola , Zhu Guodong , Zhou Jianguang , Amin Mahul , He Dalin , Marshall Fray F. , Zhau Haiyen E. , Chung Leland W.K. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Purpose: We previously reported the isolation and characterization of PrLZ, a novel prostate-specific and androgen-responsive gene of the tumor protein D52 family at chromosome 8q21.1. PrLZ is the only known gene in this locus with prostate specificity. Expression level of PrLZ was elevated specifically in cancer cells, suggesting its association with malignancy.
Experimental Design: To define its biological function in the morphogenesis, development, and functional maturation of the prostate gland and to gain further insight into its role in prostate cancer, we examined PrLZ expression in prostate specimens during early embryonic development and in adult tissue.
Results: PrLZ first appears in the nuclei of the prostate epithelia at 16 weeks of gestation before its distribution in the cytoplasm at later ages. Its expression peaks at 24 years of age, declines at 31 years of age, and maintains a minimal level in later age. On prostate cancer development, PrLZ expression is reactivated, and its expression increases from primary localized tumor to bone metastasis. Overexpression of PrLZ in prostate cancer cells accelerates their growth in vitro and tumor formation in vivo.
Conclusion: This work identifies PrLZ as a marker for prostate cancer progression and metastasis, and its pattern of expression is suggestive of a proto-oncogene.
The Universal Character of the Tumor-Associated Antigen Survivin
Authors: Andersen Mads Hald , Svane Inge Marie , Becker Jürgen C. , Straten Per thor 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSurvivin is expressed in most human neoplasms, but is absent in normal, differentiated tissues. Survivin is a bifunctional inhibitor of apoptosis protein that has been implicated in protection from apoptosis and regulation of mitosis. Several clinical trials targeting survivin with a collection of different approaches from small molecule antagonists to immunotherapy are currently under way. With regard to the latter, spontaneous anti-survivin T-cell reactivity has been described in cancer patients suffering from a huge range of cancers of different origin, e.g., breast and colon cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, and melanoma. Thus, survivin may serve as a universal target antigen for anticancer immunotherapy. Accordingly, down-regulation of survivin as a means of immune escape would severely inflict the survival capacity of tumor cells, which highlights this protein as a prime target candidate for therapeutic vaccinations against cancer. Data from several ongoing phase I/II trials targeting survivin for patients with advanced cancer will provide further information about this idea.
Phase I Trial of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonist PF-3512676 with and Following Rituximab in Patients with Recurrent Indolent and Aggressive Non–Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Leonard John P. , Link Brian K. , Emmanouilides Christos , Gregory Stephanie A. , Weisdorf Daniel , Andrey Jeffrey , Hainsworth John , Sparano Joseph A. , Tsai Donald E. , Horning Sandra , Krieg Arthur M. , Weiner George J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPurpose: PF-3512676 (formerly CpG 7909) is a novel Toll-like receptor 9–activating oligonucleotide with single-agent antitumor activity that augments preclinical rituximab efficacy. This Phase I trial was designed to investigate the safety, tolerability, and preliminary antitumor activity of PF-3512676 in combination with rituximab.Experimental Design: Patients with relapsed/refractory CD20+ B cell non–Hodgkin's lymphoma received i.v. rituximab (375 mg/m2/week for 4 weeks) and PF-3512676 weekly for 4 weeks either i.v. (0.04, 0.16, 0.32, or 0.48 mg/kg) or s.c. (0.01, 0.04, 0.08, or 0.16 mg/kg). An additional extended-treatment cohort received 4 weeks of 0.24 mg/kg s.c. PF-3512676 in combination with rituximab followed by s.c. PF-3512676 alone weekly for 20 weeks.Results: Patients (N = 50) had received a median of three prior therapies (range, 1-11) including rituximab in 80% of patients. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 11 of 19 (58%) i.v. patients, 15 of 19 (79%) s.c. patients, and all 12 patients in the extended-treatment cohort. Most common adverse events were mild to moderate systemic flu-like symptoms and injection-site reactions (s.c. cohorts only). Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in four patients. Objective responses occurred in 12 of 50 (24%) patients overall and in 6 of 12 (50%) patients in the extended-treatment cohort, including 2 patients with rituximab-refractory disease.Conclusion: Brief or extended-duration PF-3512676 can be safely administered in combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed/refractory non–Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Expression of X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Is a Strong Predictor of Human Prostate Cancer Recurrence
Authors: Seligson David B. , Hongo Fumiya , Huerta-Yepez Sara , Mizutani Yoichi , Miki Tsuneharu , Yu Hong , Horvath Steve , Chia David , Goodglick Lee , Bonavida Benjamin 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Purpose: The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is associated with cell survival by blocking caspase-mediated apoptosis. We examined the expression patterns of XIAP with regard to human prostate cancer, predicting that XIAP status may predict cancer recurrence and/or clinical outcome.
Experimental Design: Immunohistochemistry was done on tissue microarrays constructed from 226 primary prostate cancer specimen. The protein expression distribution was examined across the spectrum of epithelial tissues and its association with standard clinicopathologic covariates and tumor recurrence was examined in 192 outcome-informative patients.
Results: The mean XIAP expression was significantly higher in prostate cancer compared with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), normal, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. We observed that XIAP is an independent predictor of tumor recurrence in multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis in all patients as well as after substratifying by Gleason score. Interestingly, patients with high XIAP levels had a much lower probability of tumor recurrence than those with lower XIAP expression. Even patients with high-grade tumors who had higher XIAP levels had a lower risk of recurrence compared with any patient whose tumors express lower XIAP.
Conclusions: XIAP is expressed at higher levels in prostate cancers compared with matched normal tissues. High XIAP expression is strongly associated with a reduced risk of tumor recurrence and is not directly associated with Gleason score, tumor stage, capsular involvement, or preoperative prostate-specific antigen status, suggesting that it is a novel prognosticator and a potential target for prostate cancer diagnosis and therapy. Significantly, these findings provide important and extensive validation of previous results.
Association between DNA Methylation and Shortened Survival in Patients with Advanced Colorectal Cancer Treated with 5-Fluorouracil–Based Chemotherapy
Authors: Shen Lanlan , Catalano Paul J. , Benson Al B. , O'Dwyer Peter , Hamilton Stanley R. , Issa Jean-Pierre J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Purpose: There are no good genomic markers of survival in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) marks a distinctive pathway in colorectal cancer. We sought to determine the prognostic significance of CIMP in advanced colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group clinical trial.
Experimental Design: We studied 188 patients enrolled on protocol E2290, a five-arm trial comparing 5-FU, 5-FU in combination with N-phosphonoacetyl-l-aspartic acid, oral leucovorin, i.v. leucovorin, or IFNα-2a in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Methylation of MINT1, MINT31, hMLH1, p14ARF, and p16INK4a in DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens was evaluated by combined bisulfite restriction analysis, and methylation of MINT2 was studied by methylation-specific PCR.
Results: Methylation frequencies were 21% for MINT1, 23% for MINT2, 24% for MINT31, 4% for hMLH1, 11% for p14ARF, and 17% for p16INK4a. Methylation of MINT1, MINT31, p14ARF, and p16INK4a were correlated, as expected. There was no association between methylation and clinicopathologic factors or response to therapy. Methylation of MINT1, MINT31, p14ARF, or p16INK4a was associated individually with shortened overall survival. Hazard ratios were 1.51 (P = 0.05) for MINT1, 1.70 (P = 0.006) for MINT31, 2.22 (P = 0.001) for p14ARF, and 1.51 (P = 0.05) for p16INK4a. Concurrent methylation of two or more genes of the CIMP-associated subset (MINT1, MINT31, p14ARF and p16INK4a) defined a group of cases with markedly reduced overall survival and hazard ratio was 3.22 (P &lt; 0.0001 in multivariate analyses).
Conclusions: CIMP is associated with poor survival in advanced colorectal cancer patients.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast Improves Detection of Invasive Cancer, Preinvasive Cancer, and Premalignant Lesions during Surveillance of Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer
Authors: Riedl Christopher C. , Ponhold Lothar , Flöry Daniel , Weber Michael , Kroiss Regina , Wagner Teresa , Fuchsjäger Michael , Helbich Thomas H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Purpose: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast in the surveillance of women at high risk for breast cancer.
Experimental Design: In this prospective comparison study, women at high risk for breast cancer were offered annual surveillance examinations, consisting of mammography, ultrasound, and MRI, at a single tertiary care breast center. The sensitivity and specificity of each modality was based on the histopathologic evaluation of suspicious findings from all modalities plus the detected interval cancers.
Results: Three hundred and twenty-seven women underwent 672 complete imaging rounds. Of a total of 28 detected cancers, 14 were detected by mammography, 12 by ultrasound, and 24 by MRI, which resulted in sensitivities of 50%, 42.9%, and 85.7%, respectively (P &lt; 0.01). MRI detected not only significantly more invasive but also significantly more preinvasive cancers (ductal carcinoma in situ). Mammography, ultrasound, and MRI led to 25, 26, and 101 false-positive findings, which resulted in specificities of 98%, 98%, and 92%, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Thirty-five (35%) of these false-positive findings were atypical ductal hyperplasias, lesions considered to be of premalignant character. Nine (26%) of those were detected by mammography, 2 (6%) with ultrasound, and 32 (91%) with MRI (P &lt; 0.01).
Conclusion: Our results show that MRI of the breast improves the detection of invasive cancers, preinvasive cancers, and premalignant lesions in a high-risk population and should therefore become an integral part of breast cancer surveillance in these patients.
Structure and Agency in the World of Asian Commerce during the Era of European Colonial Domination (c. 1750-1950)
Authors: Markovits Claude 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the theme of the 'survival' of Asian business in the period of European colonial domination in Asia, i.e. c. 1750-1950, through the trajectories of some Indian merchant communities. It shows how Indian nationalist discourse systematically overlooked the role played by Indian merchants in the economies of colonized countries outside India. A critique of the paradigm of the great pan-Asian bazaar as put forward by the Indian historian Rajat Ray follows. The last section looks at two networks of Sind merchants which operated worldwide during the colonial period, and proposes a different reading of the evidence regarding the insertion of Indian merchants within a European-dominated world economy. Cet article traite du thème de la « survie » des marchands asiatiques pendant la période de domination coloniale européenne à travers une analyse de certaines communautés marchandes indiennes. On souligne que le discours nationaliste indien a tendu à négliger le rôle joué par des marchands indiens dans l'économie de nombreux pays colonisés en dehors de l'Inde. On examine de façon critique la théorie du « grand bazar pan-asiatique » proposée par l'historien indien Rajat Ray. A partir d'une étude de deux réseaux marchands de la province du Sind, on propose une vue différente de l'insertion des marchands asiatiques dans l'économie coloniale globale.
25th Anniversary Commemoration of the adoption of the 1981 UN Declaration on the elimination of intolerance and discrimination based on religion or belief — A Report
Authors: Temperman Jeroen 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis report presents the proceedings of the 25th Anniversary Commemoration of the adoption of the 1981 UN Declaration on the elimination of all forms of intolerance and discrimination based on religion or belief, which was held in Prague, Czech Republic on the 25th of November 2006. e focus of this event was on the merits of this Declaration as well as on the challenges as experienced over the past 25 years, the current key issues and obstacles as to its implementation and—whilst drawing on this document—the desired way forward: how to ensure compliance with everyone's right to freedom of religion or belief world-wide?
Vertical Variability of Cloud Hydrometeors in the Stratiform Region of Mesoscale Convective Systems and Bow Echoes
Authors: McFarquhar Greg M. , Timlin Michael S. , Rauber Robert M. , Jewett Brian F. , Grim Joseph A. , Jorgensen David P. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
During the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment, the NOAA P-3 research aircraft executed 17 spiral descents to the rear of convective lines to document the vertical variability of hydrometeors above, within, and below the stratiform melting layer. Ten spirals were behind lines that exhibited bowing at some stage in their evolution. Although quick descents on some spirals forced sampling of different particle zones, clear trends with respect to temperature were seen. For 16 spirals, the ambient relative humidity with respect to ice was in the range of 100% ± 4% at temperatures between −10°C and the melting layer, but exhibited steady decreases below the melting layer to an average relative humidity with respect to water of 77% ± 15% at 9°C. In contrast, one spiral conducted on 29 June 2003 directly behind a developing bow echo had a relative humidity with respect to ice averaging 85% at heights above the 0°C level and relative humidity with respect to ice further decreased below the 0°C level to a minimum relative humidity with respect to water of 48% at 9°C. Vertical profiles of particle shapes, size distributions (SDs), total mass contents (TMC), number concentrations, and parameters of gamma distributions fit to SDs were computed using optical array probe data in conjunction with measurements of radar reflectivity from the P-3 X-band tail radar. For spirals with humidity at or near saturation above the melting layer, melting particles occurred through about 300 m of cloud depth between 0° and 2° or 3°C. Above the melting layer, number concentrations, dominated by smaller crystals, decreased at 19% ± 10% °C−1, faster than the 10% ± 7% °C−1 decrease of TMC dominated by larger particles. Increases in the numbers of crystals with a maximum dimension &lt;2 mm (N&lt;2) and in the slope parameter with temperature also occurred. To the extent that in-cloud heterogeneity did not complicate observed trends, these trends suggest aggregation dominated the evolution of SDs. Observations on 29 June differ from other days and are explained by the unique position and timing of the spiral in subsaturated air behind a developing bow. On 29 June the presence of an isothermal layer at 2.5°C suggested that sublimative cooling delayed the onset of melting. Ice at 7°C showed that melting particles were present through 500 m of cloud depth. A slight decrease in N&lt;2, but no decrease in the slope parameter, with temperature suggested that sublimation modified the impact of aggregation. Sublimative cooling would only have been significant at the location of the 29 June spiral. For other spirals, evaporative cooling below the melting layer in subsaturated regions was the most important diabatic processes in the stratiform regions at the time of the observations.
A Comparison of Two Coastal Barrier Jet Events along the Southeast Alaskan Coast during the SARJET Field Experiment*
Authors: Olson Joseph B. , Colle Brian A. , Bond Nicholas A. , Winstead Nathaniel 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The Southeastern Alaskan Regional Jets experiment investigated the structures and physical processes of barrier jets along the coastal Fairweather Mountains near Juneau, Alaska, from 24 September to 21 October 2004. This paper compares in situ aircraft data and high-resolution simulations from the first intensive observation period (IOP1), which featured a nearly terrain-parallel barrier jet (classical jet) with another coastal jet event (IOP7) that was influenced by offshore-directed gap flows at the coast (hybrid jet). IOP1 featured southerly onshore flow preceding a landfalling trough, which was blocked by the coastal terrain and accelerated down the pressure gradient to produce a 5–10 m s−1 wind enhancement in the alongshore direction in the lowest 1 km MSL. In contrast, IOP7 featured higher surface pressure and colder low-level temperatures to the east (inland) of the study area than did IOP1, which resulted in offshore-directed coastal gap flow exiting Cross Sound below ∼500 m that turned anticyclonically and merged with the ambient flow. Unlike the classical jet (IOP1), IOP7 had a surface warm anomaly adjacent to the steep coastal terrain, while a cold anomaly existed farther offshore within the gap outflow. Above the shallow gap flow (&gt;500 m MSL), there were more classical barrier jet characteristics. High-resolution fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) simulations were performed to compare the structures and underlying dynamics between the two cases. Model trajectories show that coastal winds for IOP1 originated offshore, while much of the coastal flow in IOP7 had gap flow origins near the surface and offshore origins above the gap outflow. A model momentum budget suggests that the vertical mixing of southerly momentum from aloft forced the gap outflow in IOP7 to turn anticyclonically more rapidly than an inertial circle. A simulation of IOP7 with the Cross Sound gap removed (filled in) produced a coastal jet with similar maximum wind speeds to the control but resulted in a reduction in the width of the coastal jet by about 40%.