bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Saudi female college students prepared for successful breastfeeding?
Authors: Bella H. 
Published: September 2007

A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 285 female students from the Science and Arts tracks of the Dammam College for Girls in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was answered by the girls to determine whether Saudi female college students were prepared for successful breastfeeding, and to assess their knowledge about relevant aspects of breastfeeding. The questionnaire contained questions about time of first feed, frequency of breast feeding, duration of a feed and duration of breastfeeding. Correct answers were made by 38%, 33%, 35% and 59% of the students respectively. Those with a high knowledge score who would breastfeed in the future were significantly more than those with a lower knowledge score (p<0.001). When the knowledge score and seven other variables were entered into a logistic regression model, knowledge was found to be the only significant predicting factor for the decision to breastfeed in the future. The study showed that the attitude of young Saudi women is favourable towards breast feeding. However, they do not seem to be prepared to breastfeed so successfully. Knowledge was the only predictory factor for the decision to breastfeed in the future. An educational programme may increase the prevalence of breastfeeding in this community.
Smoking, Diabetes and Hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Mikhailidis D.P. , Papadakis J.A. , Ganotakis E.S. 
Published: September 2007

The epidemiological evidence linking smoking with insulin resistance is considerable. This evidence is even more convincing because there is a dose response relationship between smoking and the risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM). Similarly, there is a time-dependent decrease in risk of NIDDM for those who quit smoking. Insulin resistance (in the form of impaired glucose tolerance, IGT) may precede the development of NIDDM. There is a biochemical basis for the smoking- IGT / NIDDM relationship. Smoking increases the risk of developing diabetic complications like nephropathy, neu ropathy and retinopathy. Smoking is also an independent risk factor for myocardial infraction and all-cause mortality in NIDDM. Smokers are both insulin resistant and lipid intolerant. Smoking cessation increases circulating high density lipoprotein (HDL) and reduces low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, despite weight gain. Those providing advice or treatment to improve cardiovascular risk factors should be aware of these smoking-related harmful effects. This is especially true if IGT is underdiag nosed despite the fact that this condition increases the risk of vascular events. Explaining that smoking increases the chance of developing diabetes as well as raising 'blood fat' levels may convince more smokers to quit.
Self-Administered Stress Management Training in Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy
Authors: Krischer Mindy M. , Xu Ping , Meade Cathy D. , Jacobsen Paul B. 
Published: September 2007

Purpose This study sought to continue research on psychosocial interventions for patients being treated with radiation therapy across multiple centers and to replicate positive findings of a single-center study of patients being treated with chemotherapy. The primary objective of this study was to determine if a stress management intervention was effective in improving quality of life and decreasing psychological distress in patients undergoing radiotherapy for cancer. Patients and Methods A total of 310 patients about to begin radiotherapy treatment were randomly assigned to receive usual care only or self-administered stress management training. Quality-of-life assessments occurred at baseline and for 3 weeks after the beginning of radiotherapy treatment. Results Overall, patients assigned to receive stress management training did not report significantly less psychological distress on the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) Mental Component Summary Scale than did those assigned to usual care. When divided into subgroups based on the SF-36 Mental Component Summary Scale scores immediately after their first radiotherapy treatment, patients with above-average levels of psychological distress (scores ≤ 50) who were randomly assigned to the intervention condition reported significant improvement in their distress compared with those assigned to usual care only on the SF-36 Mental Health Subscale and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Conclusion This study found that self-administered stress management training is effective only in those radiotherapy patients with initially higher levels of psychological distress. Additional research should examine the benefits of stress management training targeted specifically to patients experiencing heightened distress.
Incidence and Prognosis of Synchronous and Metachronous Bilateral Breast Cancer
Authors: Hartman Mikael , Czene Kamila , Reilly Marie , Adolfsson Jan , Bergh Jonas , Adami Hans-Olov , Dickman Paul W. , Hall Per 
Published: September 2007

Purpose Because the incidence of breast cancer is increasing and prognosis is improving, a growing number of women are at risk of developing bilateral disease. Little is known, however, about incidence trends and prognostic features of bilateral breast cancer. Patients and Methods Among 123,757 women with a primary breast cancer diagnosed in Sweden from 1970 to 2000, a total of 6,550 developed bilateral breast cancer. We separated synchronous (diagnosed within 3 months after a first breast cancer) and metachronous bilateral cancer, and analyzed incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer using Poisson regression models. Results The incidence of synchronous breast cancer increased by age and by 40% during the 1970s, whereas the incidence of metachronous cancer decreased by age and by approximately 30% since the early 1980s, most likely due to increasing use of adjuvant therapy. Women who developed bilateral cancer within 5 years and at age younger than 50 years were 3.9 times (95% CI, 3.5 to 4.5) more likely to die as a result of breast cancer than women with unilateral cancer. Women with a bilateral cancer diagnosed more than 10 years after the first cancer had a prognosis similar to that of a unilateral breast cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy of primary cancer is a predictor of poor survival after diagnosis of early metachronous cancers. Conclusion We found profound differences in the incidence trends and prognostic outlook between synchronous and metachronous bilateral breast cancer diagnosed at different ages. Adjuvant chemotherapy therapy has a dual effect on metachronous cancer: it reduces the risk, while at the same time it seems to worsen the prognosis.
The RASSF1A tumor suppressor
Authors: Donninger Howard , Vos Michele D. , Clark Geoffrey J. 
Published: September 2007

RASSF1A (Ras association domain family 1 isoform A) is a recently discovered tumor suppressor whose inactivation is implicated in the development of many human cancers. Although it can be inactivated by gene deletion or point mutations, the most common contributor to loss or reduction of RASSF1A function is transcriptional silencing of the gene by inappropriate promoter methylation. This epigenetic mechanism can inactivate numerous tumor suppressors and is now recognized as a major contributor to the development of cancer.RASSF1A lacks apparent enzymatic activity but contains a Ras association (RA) domain and is potentially an effector of the Ras oncoprotein. RASSF1A modulates multiple apoptotic and cell cycle checkpoint pathways. Current evidence supports the hypothesis that it serves as a scaffold for the assembly of multiple tumor suppressor complexes and may relay pro-apoptotic signaling by K-Ras.
Transport and detection of unlabeled nucleotide targets by microtubules functionalized with molecular beacons
Authors: Raab Matthew , Hancock William O. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractShrinking biosensors down to microscale dimensions enables increases in sensitivity and the ability to analyze minute samples such as the contents of individual cells. The goal of the present study is to create mobile microscale biosensors by attaching molecular beacons to microtubules and using kinesin molecular motors to transport these functionalized microtubules across two‐dimensional surfaces. Previous work has shown that microfluidic channels can be functionalized with kinesin motors such that microtubules can be transported and directed through these channels without the need for external power or pressure‐driven pumping. In this work, we show that molecular beacons can be attached to microtubules such that both the fluorescence reporting capability of the beacon and the motility of the microtubules are retained. These molecular beacon‐functionalized microtubules were able to bind ssDNA target sequences, transport them across surfaces, and report their presence by an increase in fluorescence that was detected by fluorescence microscopy. This work is an important step toward creating hybrid microdevices for sensitive virus detection or analyzing mRNA profiles of individual cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 764–773. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The conjoint junction of the triceps surae: Implications for gastrocnemius tendon lengthening
Authors: Elson D.W. , Whiten S. , Hillman S.J. , Johnson R.J. , Lo S.S. , Robb J.E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractForty embalmed cadaver lower limbs were dissected to identify the morphology of the conjoint junction of the tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus and the location of the gastrocnemius tendon relative to bony landmarks. Five patterns of conjoint junction morphology were found: transverse (25%), oblique passing distally and medially (45%), oblique passing distally and laterally (5%) and arcuate as an inverted U (17.5%) and a U‐shape (7.5%). Left‐right asymmetry of the junction was observed in 31.6% of 19 paired cadaver legs. On the medial side of the calf the gastrocnemius tendon could be located between 38 and 46% of the proportion of the distance between the upper border of the calcaneus and the fibular head. Corresponding values for the midline and lateral side of the calf were 45–58% and 48–51%. The location of the gastrocnemius tendon relative to bony landmarks may help to guide incision planning for open or endoscopic division of the tendon. Clin. Anat. 20:924–928, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Theoretical Characterization of the Photoisomerization Channels of 1,2‐Cyclononadienes on both Singlet and Triplet Potential‐Energy Surfaces
Authors: Su Ming‐Der 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe ground‐, 1(ππ*)‐, and 3(ππ*)‐state potential‐energy surfaces of 1,2‐cyclononadiene and isomeric C9H14 species, as well as 1‐methyl‐1,2‐cyclononadiene and isomeric C10H16 species were all mapped using CASSCF and the 6–31G(d) basis set. Theoretical results were found to be in good agreement with the available experimental observations for both 1,2‐cyclononadiene and 1‐methyl‐1,2‐cyclononadiene isomerization reactions under singlet and triplet direct or sensitized irradiation. Extremely efficient decay occurs from the first singlet excited state to the ground state through at least three different conical intersections (surface crossings). The first of these crossing points is accessed by a one‐bond ring closure. From this conical intersection point (CI‐A or CI‐C), some possible subsequent ground‐state reaction paths have been identified: 1) intramolecular CH bond insertion to form the bicyclic photoproduct and 2) intramolecular CH bond insertion to form tricyclic photoproducts. An excited state [1,3]‐sigmatropic shift leads to the second conical intersection (CI‐B or CI‐E), which can give a three‐bond cyclononyne species. Besides these, in the singlet photochemical reactions of 1‐methyl‐1,2‐cyclononadiene, excited‐state, one allenic CH bond insertion leads to a third conical intersection (CI‐D). Possible ground‐state reaction pathways from this structure lead to the formation of a diene photoproduct or to transannular insertion photoproducts. Moreover, in the case of triplet 1,2‐cyclononadiene and 1‐methyl‐1,2‐cyclononadiene photoisomerization reactions, both chemical reactions will adopt a 1,3‐biradical (T1/S0‐1, T1/S0‐2, and T1/S0‐3), which may undergo intersystem crossings leading to the formation of tricyclic or bicyclic photoproducts. The results obtained allow a number of predictions to be made.
The Valence Problem of Pd4Br4Te3
Authors: Janetzky Manuel , Rödel Eva , Pietzonka Clemens , Müller Ulrich , Ressler Thorsten , Harbrecht Bernd 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPd4Br4Te3 was prepared from Pd, Te, and PdBr2 at 700 K. Its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction to be triclinic, P$\bar 1$, Pearson symbol aP22; a=842.5(2), b=845.0(3), c=864.8(3) pm; α=82.55(3), β=73.36(2), γ=88.80(2)°; Z=2. The Br and Te atoms are arranged according to the motif of cubic closest‐packed spheres in which every 15th position is vacant; the Pd atoms occupy 8/15 of the octahedral voids. The symmetry relations with the packing of spheres are derived. Prominent structural units are hollow cuboctahedral [(PdBrTe)6] units, the Pd atoms are positioned near the centers of the square faces of the Br6Te6 cuboctahedra; the cuboctahedra and double‐octahedral Pd2Br4Te6 units are connected to strands by sharing triangular Te3 faces. The strands are condensed by common Br atoms into layered assemblies. Conspicuously close TeTe contacts in the Te3 triangles indicate attractive TeTe interactions. The valence puzzle is resolved by the formula Pd(+II)4Br(−I)4Te(−4/3)3. Positive TeTe Mulliken orbital populations and the PdK, BrK, and TeLIII XANES spectra of Pd4Br4Te3 referenced to the spectra of PdBr2, K2PdBr6, PdTe, and PdTe2 are in accord with attractive TeTe interactions. The measured semiconducting and diamagnetic properties are compatible with the derived picture of chemical bonding in Pd4Br4Te3.
Insight into the Origin of the Thermosensitivity of Poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]
Authors: Liu Guangming , Wu Dan , Ma Chengcheng , Zhang Guangzhao , Wang Hongfei , Yang Shihe 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe investigate the effects of pH and temperature on the conformational changes of poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDEM) chains at the air/water interface by using Langmuir balance and sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy. At pH 4, the tertiary amine groups are fully charged and the PDEM chains are so hydrophilic that they completely enter into the water phase and do not exhibit thermosensitivity. At pH 7, these groups are only partially charged, and the accompanying hydration/dehydration—followed by repartitioning into the water and air phases—gives rise to a marked thermosensitivty. Finally, at pH 10, the tertiary amine groups become uncharged and thus preferentially stay in the hydrophobic air phase, devoid of associated water molecules, which results in the surface‐pressure change (ΔΠ) being nearly independent of the temperature. Our Langmuir‐balance experiments, coupled with surface‐sensitive spectroscopy, demonstrate that: 1) the thermosensitivity of the PDEM chains relates to the hydration/dehydration of the tertiary amine groups, 2) the phase transition of thermosensitive polymers is most likely initiated by the dehydration of the chains, and 3) the phase transition of thermosensitive polymers at the air/water interface is markedly different from that in aqueous solution because of the redistribution of the macromolecular segments induced by the asymmetric forces at the air/water interface.
Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acids in the control of adiposity and obesity‐related disorders
Authors: Quignard‐Boulangé Annie , Clouet Pierre , Schmitt Bernard 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe body fat‐lowering effect of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in experimental animals has attracted much interest because of the potential use of CLA as weight loss agents in humans. The objective of this review was to give an overview of the results from human intervention trials. The review also addresses experimental studies in animal models and in cultured cells. CLA appear to provoke fat mass loss and an increase of fat‐free mass in rodents, but the results in humans are inconsistent and much less clear than in rodents. Thus, the results of studies in humans do not support a body fat‐lowering effect of CLA. There are indications from animal studies that the trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA isomer induces liver steatosis and insulin resistance due to a redistribution of fat deposition. Some studies suggest that the trans‐10, cis‐12 isomer induces insulin resistance in obese subjects. In addition, no major effect of CLA on plasma lipids was detected in human studies. An overview of the potential mechanisms involved in the anti‐obesity effect of CLA in animals and humans is provided. Do draw conclusions on CLA supplementation effects on human health, further human studies are required.
Gene expression changes associated with altered growth and differentiation in benzo[a]pyrene or arsenic exposed normal human epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Perez Damon S. , Handa Robert J. , Yang Raymond S. H. , Campain Julie A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBoth arsenic and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) inhibit terminal differentiation and alter growth potential in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) in vitro. To identify molecular alterations that may be involved in these cellular processes, microarray analysis was carried out on NHEK treated with BaP or arsenic. The gene expression microarray results measuring mRNA levels were as follows: (1) in total, the expression of 85 genes was induced and 17 genes was suppressed by 2.0 µm BaP. (2) Arsenic at an equitoxic dose (5.0 µm) induced the expression of 106 and suppressed 15 genes. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR was used subsequently to confirm microarray findings on selected genes involved in keratinocyte growth and differentiation pathways. These studies confirmed increased mRNA levels in NHEK by BaP of α‐integrin binding protein 63 (AIBP63) (2.48‐fold), retinoic acid‐ and interferon‐inducible protein (IFIT5) (2.74‐fold), interleukin‐1α (IL1A) (2.64‐fold), interleukin‐1β (IL1B) (2.84‐fold) and Ras guanyl releasing protein 1 (RASGRP1) (3.14‐fold). Real‐time RT‐PCR confirmed that arsenic increased mRNA levels of the following genes: retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) (5.4‐fold), retinoblastoma‐binding protein 1 (ARID4A) (6.8‐fold), transforming growth factor β‐stimulated protein (TSC22D1) (6.84‐fold), MAX binding protein (MNT) (2.44‐fold), and RAD50 (4.24‐fold). Collectively, these results indicate that these chemicals target different genes and molecular pathways involved in the regulatory processes controlling NHEK proliferation and differentiation. Mechanistic studies with a subset of genes may allow the correlation of alterations in these molecular markers with chemical‐specific blocks to differentiation in NHEK. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residual water suppression by indirect covariance NMR
Authors: Chen Yanbin , Zhang Fengli , Brüschweiler Rafael 
Published: September 2007

AbstractResidual water solvent signals in 2D NMR experiments adversely affect appearance and subsequent analysis of spectra. A method for water suppression that is based on indirect covariance processing is described. It produces a symmetric spectrum with a water signal that is substantially decreased or completely absent. The method, which can be combined with other water suppression schemes, is demonstrated for 2D TOCSY, NOESY, and ROESY spectra of the protein, ubiquitin in aqueous solution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of smoke clearing with nanoparticle aggregates
Authors: Zhang N. , Zheng Z. C. , Maghirang R. G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSmoke reduction processes in an indoor room‐scale chamber are generated by injecting nanoparticle aggregates. A numerical model, with a flow solver implemented with a particle collision model, is used to simulate the smoke‐reduction effect. The collision model, developed particularly for simulating collisions among particles with significantly different sizes, enables real‐time simulations of three‐dimensional, two‐phase flow when flow/particle interactions need to be considered. The accuracy of the collision model is estimated by comparing with the exact solution from the Smoluchowski equation. The simulated smoke reduction results are compared with measured data with good agreement. Optimized particle size distributions are studied using the simulation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous quantitation of five flavonoid glycosides in herba Epimedii by high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Islam Nurul M. , Yoo Hye Hyun , Lee Min Woo , Dong Mi‐sook , Park Young In , Jeong Ha Sook , Kim Dong‐Hyun 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA rapid and accurate reversed‐phase liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination of five flavonoid glycosides, icariin, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C and hyperin in Herba Epimedii. Chromatographic separations were performed using a C18 narrow‐bore HPLC column; a mixture of an aqueous solution of ammonium formate (pH 4.0) and acetonitrile was used as the mobile phase, with compounds detected in the positive ion mode with multiple‐reaction monitoring using a triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionisation interface. This method for the determination of the reported flavonoid glycosides was accurate and reproducible, with a lower limit of quantication of 0.5 µg/mL. The standard calibration curves for the above‐mentioned compounds were linear (r2 > 0.998) over the concentration range 0.5–10.0 µg/mL. The relative standard deviations for intra‐ and inter‐day precision over the concentration range for the flavonoid glycosides were lower than 7.8% with accuracy between 90.1 and 111.0%. The established method was successfully applied to the quality assessment of samples of Herba Epimedii collected from Korea and China. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions (ACOMP)
Authors: Alb Alina M , Drenski Michael F , Reed Wayne F 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA brief overview of the principles and associated instrumentation used to monitor polymerization reactions by automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions (ACOMP) is presented. ACOMP can be used as an analytical method in R&D, as a tool for reaction optimization at the bench and pilot plant level and, eventually, for feedback control of full‐scale reactors. ACOMP measures in a model‐independent fashion the evolution of average molar mass and intrinsic viscosity, monomer conversion kinetics and, in the case of copolymers, also the average composition drift and distribution. A summary of areas of ACOMP application is given, which include free radical and controlled radical homo‐ and copolymerization, polyelectrolyte synthesis, heterogeneous phase reactions, including emulsion polymerization, adaptation to batch and continuous reactors, and modifications of polymers. Finally, a brief sketch of two novel complementary methods is given: automatic continuous mixing (ACM) and simultaneous multiple sample light scattering (SMSLS). Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry