bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Corporate Planning Model for the Prediction of Exploratory Success
Authors: Gayden G.W. , Dalto S.J. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
Described herein is a model developed for use in corporate long-range planning. The model projects future income from and development projects future income from and development capital required for discoveries resulting from current and future exploration expenditures. Risk is implicitly considered. It is designed for use by top management and provides a tool by which various exploration strategies can be tested and their sensitivities measured.

Introduction
One of the more important tasks any oil and gas company faces when developing long-range plans is estimating the impact, both financial plans is estimating the impact, both financial and operating, of discoveries resulting from current and projected exploratory expenditures. Such an estimate is necessary in determining whether the expected results of these expenditures will conform to corporate goals and objectives. Also, the estimate will show whether the capital required for development of exploratory successes will unduly strain the company's capital structure. Described herein is a model constructed solely for the purpose of deriving such estimates. This model, entitled the Exploration Success and Production Development Model (ESM), has been used by Aminoil USA, Inc. for several years and has substantially improved our planning. It should be stressed that ESM is a planning tool, not an evaluation tool.
Before describing ESM, we should first discuss other methods of achieving the goal for which it was developed. We have reviewed industry publications, but have not discovered any articles dealing with this specific subject. Many articles have been published discussing methods of evaluating specific exploration prospects, projects, and/or geological/ prospects, projects, and/or geological/ geographical areas. None of these, however, are truly appropriate for the micro-type problem described above. Thus, other approaches need investigation. Intuitively, it would appear that the best method of deriving the required estimate would be to evaluate each extant exploratory project individually and sum the results. However, for even moderate size companies, this approach entails several problems such as (1) the process would become problems such as (1) the process would become extremely cumbersome as the number of projects increased, (2) the sum of the individual projections would likely be optimistic, (3) it would projections would likely be optimistic, (3) it would be difficult for top management to exercise effective control, (4) sensitivity analysis due to changing geopolitical conditions would be difficult, and (5) the question of unspecified future projects remains to be answered.
Evaluation of Dry Hole Probability Associated with Exploration Projects
Authors: Wansbrough R.S. , Price E.R. , Eppler J.L. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
A number of authors have discussed the application of Monte Carlo simulation methods to the economic evaluation of exploration ventures. The ultimate results of such simulation will be directly proportional to the dry-hole risk associated with the venture. This paper deals, first, with a method of evaluating dry-hole risk and, second, with a method of minimizing the impact of bias or emotion on the probability estimates used.
It is suggested that the occurrence of hydrocarbon reservoirs requires the simultaneous occurrence of a means of entrapment, porous and permeable rock, and hydrocarbon accumulation. permeable rock, and hydrocarbon accumulation. With respect to an individual prospective hydrocarbon reservoir, the probabilities of each of these events will be independent. In evaluating the probability of occurrence of any one of these events, the explorationist may have more than one independent analytical method at his disposal. To evaluate the probability of occurrence of accumulation, for example, the explorationist may have statistical data regarding the occurrence of hydrocarbons in traps within a particular formation, and may also have "bright spot" or seismic amplitude data that each provide independent indications of an accumulation in the prospect considered. The method proposed makes use of statistical-set theory, first, to combine independent indicators of each of the required three events (trap, porous and permeable rock, accumulation) and, porous and permeable rock, accumulation) and, second, to evaluate the probability of the simultaneous occurrence of the three events. Once dry-hole risk is determined, Monte Carlo simulation methods, widely discussed in the literature can be used to determine an "expected value" and a profitability distribution for the successful ventures.
Also proposed is a method that the authors believe may tend to reduce the impact of bias or emotion on the necessarily subjective probability estimates used. A "check list" has been devised to arrange possible indicators of entrapment, rock characteristics and accumulation in a probability related order. Use of the check list probability related order. Use of the check list tends to reduce the range of probability estimates that might be made by different explorationists if a less structured approach were used.
Comparative Economics of Oil Field Development Projects in Several Overseas Areas
Authors: Vadgama Usman N. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Abstract
Economics of overseas ventures are very dynamic and are a function of the interplay of numerous variable parameters. These differ from corporation to corporation and from country to country. This article attempts to limit the variables in order to obtain specific answers concerning project economics under various overseas contract arrangements.
Based on a hypothetical offshore oil field containing half a billion barrels of stock tank oil reserves, and assuming representative development and operating costs, economic analysis is undertaken. Three types of overseas operating terms are considered: Conventional OPEC type, Production Sharing Pertamina type and UK-North Sea type. Pertamina type and UK-North Sea type. Sensitivity analysis is presented using variables like oil price, production rates and reserves, royalty and tax rates, development and operating costs, and delay in production start-up.

Introduction
"It's a year of transition for offshore oil...... The bargaining table became the new area for exploration on almost every continent on the globe. Talks continued for months on end. Within individual countries, government officials argued against themselves, slowly formulating new economic policies and terms regarding a newly prized policies and terms regarding a newly prized possession - energy" possession - energy" Offshore, June 20, 1976
"West's Oil Firms Seek to Alter Iran Pacts" The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 23, 1976
"The Greek government has asked companies holding exploration licences to negotiate revision of license terms"
Ocean Oil Weekly Report, May 5, 1975
"Indonesia Demands an Increased Share of Oil Firm's profits Retroactive to Jan. 1".
The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 23, 1976
These and similar items have recently been making headlines in business magazines.
Environmental Management System of the Bolivia-Brazil Pipeline Project
Authors: Beasley Kay P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Environmental Management System of the $2 billion Bolivia-Brazil pipeline project is unprecedented in Latin America. Key elements included a supervision scheme for monitoring construction activities and a management organization for administering extensive communication and compensation programs for indigenous as well as non-indigenous communities. The project was confronted with some of the world's most ecologically sensitive regions, limited infrastructure, indigenous populations, bi-national government interests, and complex partnership arrangements. In spite of these challenges a unique and effective system was developed which can be extrapolated to future projects striving for higher standards of environmental performance.
Maximising Safety Performance Despite the Client/Contractor Relationship
Authors: Allwright Tony 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Notwithstanding goodwill, good intentions and good attitude on all sides, the relationship between the client and his contractors often acts as a blockage to the further improvement of safety performance. Removing this blockage represents a golden opportunity to achieve the next significant breakthrough in safety performance by enhancing and maturing the relationships and mutual understanding between the different companies in an operation, and at all seniority levels. Though demanding much personal effort, especially from managers, it is a low-cost high-impact approach. Technical performance will also be enhanced by the same process.
Contractors need to develop and propagate their own safety identities, apply their own solutions and totally believe in what they are doing, albeit in full cooperation with their clients. But this in turn demands that the clients understand and respect the needs and contribution of the contractors and sub-contractors, as well as their own limitations.
The Villano Field - A New Approach to Environmental Studies in Ecuador
Authors: Alemán Miguel Angel , Méndez Sixto 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The environmental studies were developed taking into account the different environmental factors or different components of the abundant biodiversity and important ethno-cultural wealth. From which the project's design phase assigned great significance to the environmental variable on which decisions are based on the study of alternatives and site selection for the different facilities.
Selection of the flow line and secondary oil pipeline routes, construction techniques, leading-edge technology, and the equipment required to comply with actual environmental requirements, were all analyzed and discussed during the project's environmental feasibility phase. In like manner were studied variants for crossing populated areas, where the socio-ethno-cultural component holds significant weight. Passage through the Guacamayos mountain range and the Antisana Ecological Reserve were the final challenge for the design and environmental feasibility stage.
All the alternatives should conform to a single objective; minimize environmental impacts to the zones or areas defined as highly sensitive, and obtain consensus acceptance from the social actors within the project's area of activities.
It is important to point out that the participation of government organisms, indigenous associations, and settler organizations, provided important contributions to the Environmental Studies. The intervention of Environmental Technical Committee, made up by members of OPIP, ASODIRA, AIEPPRA, Petroecuador (Ecuadorian Government owned company) and ARCO/AGIP in the entire Environmental Study process, in fieldwork as well as elaboration of the report was essential, chiefly in obtaining consensus for the elaboration of the Community Relations Plan.
The designed Environmental Management Plan takes into account all norms, specifications, plans, and programs required for construction and operations phase compliance with environmental standards, national as well as international (World Bank mainly), including the specific and special characteristics of the Project's area of influence. The Oil Spill Contingency Plan, and the Sensitive Areas Map is an essential contribution to the project's operational phase, where the geographic information system (GIS) becomes a basic tool of this Plan.
HIV Infection Among Cabinda Population and the Role of an Operating Company to Reduce HIV Infection through Blood Transfusions
Authors: Gama A. S. , Cruz A. S. , Oliveira M. S. , Tibúrcio J. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
AIDS was the first cause of reported death (47%) among adults and children at CABCOC clinics between 1997 - June 1999. In the last 10 years, 863 HIV seropositives were reported among CABGOC employees and their relatives. Between 1988-1990, 24% (15/62) of all diagnosed HIV seropositives, had a history of blood transfusion. The aims of this study are to investigate trends of HIV infection and to assess the impact of Company supported blood-screening program, at the main Hospital of the National Health Service. Despite a significant reduction in the new HIV seropositives diagnosed at the CABCOG medical unit, with history of blood transfusion in Cabinda in the last 7 years, from 20% to 1% (p&lt;0.0000), HIV/AIDS is still an increasing public health problem in Cabinda, particularly among youth and females and is causing a burden for the health and socio - economic sectors
Malaria in Cameroon -- Support for a Survey Crew
Authors: Moreau Jean-Marie , Huebner Wendy W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A comprehensive malaria control program was implemented during land survey activities for an oil pipeline project in Cameroon. Data were collected using a field-based health reporting system. Malaria control measures were instituted and effectiveness was compared among different groups of workers in different locations. The most valuable control measures appeared to be the access to early diagnosis and treatment. Productivity losses due to debilitating illness were reduced and no malaria dealths occurred.
Amine Contactor Benzene Emissions Reduction Project in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana
Authors: Mustard D. G. , Rios A. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Early in 1996, two Amoco Natural Gas Treating facilities in the Louisiana area were determined to be major sources of HAP's (hazardous air pollutants). Internal emissions testing determined that the two facilities, both with amine contactors used to reduce the CO2 content of the natural gas stream, were major sources of benzene emissions. Two options were evaluated to control the emissions: 1) thermal oxidation and 2) a newly developed process of using stripping towers to remove the benzene.
Thermal oxidation was a proven process with a high installation cost and high annual maintenance costs. The second option involved passing the rich amine countercurrent to sweet gas (used for fuel gas) in a stripper tower. The capital cost was significantly less, with essentially no annual costs. The second option was selected and a pilot built. Initial tests were conducted in early 1997 and results were encouraging, proving the process worked, but the benzene removal efficiency needed to be higher. A number of design changes were implemented and a second test resulted in acceptable (72%) efficiencies The Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality established the MACT level for this process at 70%, based on pilot results. A full scale system was then installed and brought on-line and is currently operating at 74% efficiency, with potential for continued improvement.
Regional Environmental Impact Assessments – A Tool for Improvements and Increased Efficiency in the EIA-Work. Recent experiences from the Norwegian Offshore Activity
Authors: Kinn Sigurd Juel , Strøm Øyvind 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Norwegian EIA-system for the petroleum offshore industry has recently been revised based on criticism from several authorities. A revision of the Petroleum Act has made a more flexible system and introduced impact assessments on the regional level based on the existing, planned and expected activity within the region. The main objectives for the revised system are to improve the EIA-work and to make it more efficient.
The paper describes the general EIA-system in Norway for offshore projects and gives an overview of the revised EIA-system which is based on Regional Impact Assessments (REIA) and the Field-specific Environmental Impact Assessments (FEIA). The basic principles in the system and the typical content of a REIA and a FEIA are described.
The Norwegian shelf is divided into 3 main REIA-regions; the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. The current REIA-status in these regions are briefly described. The REIA of the North Sea is recently approved by the authorities and sets a standard for the future REIA-work. The structure and content of this REIA is described more detailed. Further, some of the methods for impact prediction based on the cumulative effect approach are described and the main conclusions in the North Sea REIA are highlighted.
The preliminary experiences with the revised EIA-system regarding the expected improvements and increased efficiency in the EIA-work are finally described. The experiences so far show that it undoubtedly has lead to substansial improvements and indicates that the objective of increased efficiency and overall cost saving in the EIA-work probably will be met.
Fast-track EIA Process for Orenburg Eastern Field Extension, Russia
Authors: Aronson John G. , Raykin Viktor 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Orenburg Eastern Field Extension is the subject of a joint-venture oil and gas development project being conducted by JSC STIMUL, with US-based partner Avalon International LLC, Tulsa, Oklahoma. The Orenburg Field is located near the town of Orenburg, Russia, approximately 1300 km SE of Moscow, just north of the Kazakhstan border, and straddling the historic border between Europe and Asia on the Ural River (See Figure 1). The field is one of the oldest and largest oil and gas fields in Russia, with a long history of development in a rich hydrogen sulfide environment. At one point in time, Russia considered evacuating everyone from the area due to the large amount of sour gas (H2S) that was being vented to the atmosphere. Over time, and with careful attention to H2S management, Orenburg has developed substantial oil and gas reserves and a large industrial infrastructure. The JSC STIMUL joint venture applied for support financing from the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), thus triggering the need for an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). AATA International, Inc. was called upon to perform a fast-track EIA during the winter (January-February 1999), presenting the obvious challenge of not having a full year's field data collection effort. Using a combination of existing historical data, existing Russian EIA (OVOS) and support documents, remote sensing imagery analysis, local participation and consultations, winter field sampling, and rapid turnaround analytical capabilities, AATA was able to produce an approved EIA and Environmental Management Program (EMP) that met OPIC and international standards in a period of just seven weeks from start to finish. Although this type of fast-track process may not be able to be achieved everywhere, the key elements of the fast-track EIA process are identified and discussed, including a) strong local involvement and consultation, b) ability to communicate in the native language, c) understanding of Russian environmental monitoring and modeling, d) advanced remote sensing imagery analysis capabilities, e) state-of-the-art portable field sampling and lab analysis, and f) effective communications with clients, lenders, regulatory agencies, and the public. The fast-track EIA process builds upon concepts advanced by other rapid assessment programs that are gaining in popularity around the world, providing timely information on the key environmental issues associated with project activities. International standards of environmental assessment and performance were achieved through careful enhancement of normal operations conducted within the Russian environmental framework.
The Challenges of Implementing a Common HSE Management System Across a Multiservice, Culturally Diverse International Corporation and Early Results
Authors: Regnault P. , Corrigan M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since the publication of the OGP (ex-E&P Forum) "Guidelines for the Development and Application of Health, Safety and Environmental Management Systems" in July 1994, HSE Management Systems built along the OGP model have been developed in many sectors of the Oil Industry. Actual field implementation and buy-in from operating units have however been and remain today the most challenging part of the process. This paper shall present the main steps that were followed to successfully implement a common HSE Management System across one multiservice, culturally diverse international corporation and shall review early results.
Can Advances in Drilling Fluid Design Further Reduce the Environmental Effects of Water and Organic-Phase Drilling Fluids?
Authors: Getliff J. M. , Bradbury A. J. , Sawdon C. A. , Candler J. E. , Loklingholm G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Over the years the industry has seen major changes in drilling fluids technology, especially in the field of organic-phase fluids (OPF) such as diesel, mineral oil and synthetic hydrocarbon base fluids. Environmental concerns have driven the development of ‘traditional’ oil-based fluids away from diesel and through to the less toxic, more biodegradable synthetics such as esters and olefins. Many companies are now considering the overall picture regarding the disposal of wastes and are looking for alternative uses for drilling byproducts, thus turning wastes into useful raw commodities.
While organic-phase fluids evolved, research into water- based fluids (WBF), which are generally considered less harmful to the environment, concentrated on duplicating the technical performance of oil-based fluids, the absence of oily discharges being the environmental benefit. A more holistic view of the overall impact of WBF discharges and concerns about the persistence of some WBF chemicals has now focused development on alternative ways to further reduce the impact of water-based fluids on the environment and accelerate recovery of the impacted areas.
The key to reducing the environmental impact of drilling fluids is typified by the standard waste management hierarchy. The areas to consider are source reduction, recycling/re-use of the product, recovery of useful or valuable materials and treatment prior to disposal.
The focus of this paper is how new technologies can be used to bring about these changes and to discuss the various ways in which the amount of drilling fluid by-products can be reduced. The paper also describes ways in which new drilling fluid developments such as salt-free drilling fluids or the use of colloidal weighting agents can be designed to optimize waste management and reduce the amount of waste. These technologies also facilitate the re-use and recycling of drilling fluids and their components.