bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcome after stroke rehabilitation in Hong Kong
Authors: Sim TC , Lum CM , Sze Frank K , Or KH , Woo J. 
Published: July 2008

Objective: To determine the outcome of patients discharged to the community after stroke rehabilitation. Methods: One hundred and eighty-five consecutive patients discharged after stroke rehabilitation were enrolled for follow-up 12 months after discharge from a hospital in Hong Kong. A telephone interview to determine disability and place of residence was conducted. Disability was assessed by the Barthel Index and ratings of activities of daily living and mobility on a 4-point scale. Results: One hundred and thirty-one patients or their carers were contacted (70.1 %). This comprised 19 patients (10.3%) who died and 112 patients or their carers (60.5%) who were interviewed. Fifty-four patients (29.2%) were lost to follow-up. Comparison of the patients contacted and those lost to follow-up did not detect membership bias. Median Barthel Index of the surviving patients who were contacted rose from 90.0 (interquartile range 78.75-100.0) at discharge to 100.0 (interquartile range 85.0-100.0) at 12 months. Ratings of activities of daily living and mobility were maintained, with significant improvement in toileting. After rehabilitation 77.3% of the patients were discharged home and there was no significant change in residence at 12 months. Elderly patients (≥ 70 years old) had higher rates of institutionalization after hospital discharge and more disability although they achieved similar gains in Barthel Index and had similar lengths of hospital stay compared to younger patients. Conclusions: These results suggest that stroke patients were able to maintain their gains achieved during inpatient rehabilitation up to one year after discharge from hospital.
Evaluation of routine surveillance urine cultures in rehabilitation ward admissions: a prospective study
Authors: Pabbineedi R. , Kulkarni JR , Barnes AJ 
Published: July 2008

Objective: To assess the value of routine surveillance urine cultures and the prevalence of bacteriuria in the younger disabled patient subgroup admitted to the younger disabled unit (YDU). Most of these patients do require some form of assisted urinary drainage. Design: A prospective study of 50 consecutive patients admitted to the YDU for short-term rehabilitation were screened by obtaining relevant clinical details and urine specimens at weekly intervals. Interventions: Relevant clinical details were retrieved from case notes and minimum of two urine specimens were collected for culture from each patient. Main outcome measures: Presence of positive urine culture, sensitivity and clinical symptoms were recorded. Results: Out of 50 patients studied, 27 were on some form of urinary drainage. Urine culture and sensitivity results were positive in 35 patients. Cultures were predominantly mixed growth or coliform organisms. Conclusions: Majority of patients were admitted with asymptomatic bacteriuria. There was no evidence to suggest that these short-term rehabilitation patients acquired nosocomial uropathogens and routine surveillance urine cultures were not particularly useful in this setting.
Toward a Transcultural Ethics in a Multicultural World
Authors: Cha In-Suk 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper presents its author’s famous distinction between globalization, as the process or vehicle by which ideas, habits and worldviews travel from one culture to another and are transformed in the process, and mundialization, as the taking in of the outside world into our own lifeworlds, a process by which the ideas and customs of other cultures are transported into our homeworlds. In this process, what was once strange and unfamiliar is transformed into something comfortable and familiar. This is the process that is generally known as cultural assimilation, and by virtue of which the boundaries of our individual homeworlds become constantly widened. Examining this phenomenon, which he calls the ‘mundialization of home’, leads the author to sketch the main features of a possible transcultural moral world.
Cultural Essentials versus Universal Values?
Authors: Stepanyants Marietta 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper adopts a comparative approach to analyze the crucial issue of the dynamics between universally shared values and the essentials of different cultures. It presents the ways in which universal values are conceptualized in Western, Indian and Muslim philosophy, presenting not only a historical overview but referring to modern authors such as Daya Krishna, D.P. Chattopadhyaya, Richard Rorty, Muhammad Iqbal, S.H. Nasr and Abdolkarim Soroush to show how these authors implicitly use, or do not use, cultural essential and universal values in their own work. It is eventually claims that comparative philosophy is of crucial importance for the future of philosophical thought in a global world.
The Universality of Economics and Cultural Diversity
Authors: Bienaymé Alain 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe very diversity of cultures impels the economist to respect a principle of modesty when it comes to specifying the degree of universality to which the science of economics can lay claim. In considering this issue, this paper: a) criticizes the ambition of certain forms of economic thought to arrive at truths which are universal, and b) explores the modes by which contemporary economic science participates in a renewed pursuit of a universalist doctrine. It concludes that the logic of economic rationality implies a representation of the world that is incompatible with the diversity of cultures. At the same time, such diversity should not be raised to the status of absolutes. Combining difference and unity is a major challenge for current economics.
K-RasG12D–induced T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemias harbor Notch1 mutations and are sensitive to γ-secretase inhibitors
Authors: Kindler Thomas , Cornejo Melanie G. , Scholl Claudia , Liu Jianing , Leeman Dena S. , Haydu J. Erika , Fröhling Stefan , Lee Benjamin H. , Gilliland D. Gary 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
To study the impact of oncogenic K-Ras on T-cell leukemia/lymphoma development and progression, we made use of a conditional K-RasG12D murine knockin model, in which oncogenic K-Ras is expressed from its endogenous promoter. Transplantation of whole bone marrow cells that express oncogenic K-Ras into wild-type recipient mice resulted in a highly penetrant, aggressive T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The lymphoblasts were composed of a CD4/CD8 double-positive population that aberrantly expressed CD44. Thymi of primary donor mice showed reduced cellularity, and immunophenotypic analysis demonstrated a block in differentiation at the double-negative 1 stage. With progression of disease, approximately 50% of mice acquired Notch1 mutations within the PEST domain. Of note, primary lymphoblasts were hypersensitive to γ-secretase inhibitor treatment, which is known to impair Notch signaling. This inhibition was Notch-specific as assessed by down-regulation of Notch1 target genes and intracellular cleaved Notch. We also observed that the oncogenic K-Ras-induced T-cell disease was responsive to rapamycin and inhibitors of the RAS/MAPK pathway. These data indicate that patients with T-cell leukemia with K-Ras mutations may benefit from therapies that target the NOTCH pathway alone or in combination with inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/MTOR and RAS/MAPK pathways.
Direct Functionalization of Polystyrenes by Platinum(II)-catalyzed Hydroarylation. A New Methodology for Utilization of Polymers
Authors: Hashimoto Takuya , Iguchi Naomi , Oyamada Juzo , Kitamura Tsugio 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Direct introduction of an acrylic acid moiety into polystyrenes was first conducted. Reaction of polystyrenes with propiolic acid or its methyl ester in the presence of K2PtCl4 and AgOTf afforded alkenylated polystyrenes with up to 35% incorporation of the acrylic acid moiety relative to styrene unit.
New Click Chemistry: Click Polymerization via 1,3-Dipolar Addition of Homo-ditopic Aromatic Nitrile Oxides Formed In Situ
Authors: Koyama Yasuhito , Yonekawa Morio , Takata Toshikazu 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
New click chemistry is demonstrated. Click polymerization proceeded via 1,3-dipolar polycycloaddition of homo-ditopic nitrile oxides to bifunctional terminal olefinic and acetylenic monomers as dipolarophiles. Molecular sieves (MS 4A) served as an efficient promoter for the polymerization to afford polyisoxazolines and polyisoxazoles in high yields.
Synthesis of 3,3′-(4H,4′H)-spirobi(2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran)-6,6′-dicarboxylic Acid and Its Optical Resolution
Authors: Tojo Kenta , Arisawa Tatsuya , Yasutake Mikio , Aoki Yoshio , Terunuma Daiyo 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The synthesis and optical resolution of 3,3′-(4H,4′H)-spirobi(2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran)-6,6′-dicarboxylic acid were successfully accomplished. The formation of the spiro skeleton and the bromination of the aromatic ring were easily achieved in the presence of bromine. Optical resolution was achieved by amidation with l-valinol (2-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol).
Major neurological events following foam sclerotherapy
Authors: Bush R G , Derrick M , Manjoney D 
Published: July 2008

Aim This report describes two complications of severe neurologic alterations (TIA, CVA) after foamed sclerotherapy injection. Methods Using foam sclerotherapy in accepted concentrations, volume, and in standard ratio of air to sclerosant, two serious neurologic complications occurred. Results In both cases described, unknown atrial communications existed resulting in foam emboli. One case involving the vertebral system resolved without treatment. The other involving the cerebral system was treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Conclusions Foam sclerotherapy can cause serious neurologic phenomenon even though the incidence is rarely described. Immediate treatment with 100% O2 and possible hyperbaric O2 therapy should be considered.
Social and emotional functioning following bilateral and unilateral neurosurgical prefrontal cortex lesions
Authors: Bramham J. , Morris R. G. , Hornak J. , Bullock P. , Polkey C. E. 
Published: July 2008

Alterations in emotional and social functioning such as impaired ability to recognize emotions in others, a lack of empathy and poor insight have commonly been reported following prefrontal cortex damage. This study sought to investigate the subtleties of such difficulties in 34 individuals with discrete unilateral and bilateral neurosurgical lesions encroaching on the orbitofrontal, medial, and dorsolateral regions of the prefrontal cortex. A specifically devised self‐ and informant report measure, the social‐emotional questionnaire was used to examine five factors of functioning: emotion recognition; empathy; social conformity; antisocial behaviour; and sociability.There were some specific significant differences between the clinical and control groups' informant‐ratings in certain domains of social and emotional functioning. Individuals with damage involving the orbitofrontal region were reported to display elevated levels of antisocial behaviour. Individuals with bilateral orbitofrontal lesions were rated as showing significantly reduced social and emotional functioning in comparison with individuals with unilateral lesions and controls. In addition, individuals with bilateral lesions had significantly less insight overall regarding their social‐emotional abilities. The right unilateral lesion group showed significantly less insight into their abilities to recognize emotion in others in comparison with the left unilateral group.In conclusion, these results suggest that specific social‐emotional and insight deficits may form separate constellations of impairment. The findings also indicate that marked changes in social and emotional functioning are more likely following bilateral damage, and unilateral lesions do not inevitably lead to impairments.
Water demand management in Syria: centralized and decentralized views
Authors: Salman M. , Mualla W. 
Published: July 2008

The countries of the Middle East are characterized by large temporal and spatial variations in precipitation and with limited surface and groundwater resources. The rapid growth and development in the region have led to mounting pressures on scarce resources to satisfy water demands. The dwindling availability of water to meet development needs has become a significant regional issue, especially as a number of countries are facing serious water deficit.
Syria is becoming progressively shorter of water as future demand is coming close to or even surpassing available resources. Syria had a population of 18 million in 2002, and its total renewable water resources (TRWR) is estimated around 16 × 109 m3 per year. In other words, the per capita TRWR is less than the water scarcity index (1,000 m3 per person per year) which will make the country experience chronic stress that will hinder its economic development and entail serious degradation. Unfortunately, if water demand at current prices continues to increase in the same way, Syria will experience an alarming deficit between the available resources and the potential needs in the near future.
In Syria, until fairly recently, emphasis has been placed on the supply side of water development. Demand management and improvement of patterns of water use has received less attention. The aim was always to augment the national water budget with new water. The most popular way of achieving this aim was to control surface flows by building new dams and creating multi-purpose reservoirs (there are now around 160 dams in Syria with a total capacity of 14 × 109 m3). Irrigation schemes were also built and agricultural activities were expanded greatly to achieve self-sufficiency in essential food products and food security. However, this is no longer achievable with the limited water resources available; water demand is rapidly increasing and easily mobilizable resources have already been exploited.
The objective of this paper is to think of different possible ways to manage water demand in the agricultural sector of Syria. It mainly involves two main management options: taxation as a centralized option and water markets as a decentralized one. While water demand management refers to improving both productive and allocative efficiency of water use, this paper focuses on two allocative measures (taxation and water markets) and does not thoroughly cover productive measures such as rehabilitation and upgrading of irrigation schemes or improving operation. However, the paper does not attempt to settle the question for or against each option but tries to find some elements to determine under which conditions the option can lead to expected outcomes taking into account the history of management and the local conditions in Syria: political, social and economical. The paper also looks at other alternatives such as cooperative action and lifting subsidies and argues their possible association to the main management options that may help in reducing the difficulties of implementation.
A Native American System of Wetland Agriculture in Different Ecosystems in the Ecuadorian Andes (15th-18th Centuries)
Authors: Caillavet Chantal 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Ridged fields and wetland agriculture are a key element in the culture and ecology of pre-Hispanic societies, and their role often survived well beyond the immediate aftermath of the Spanish conquest. Their importance was highlighted in a series of groundbreaking publications which have appeared from the mid-twentieth century onwards. In marked contrast to Mexico, however, there is much less historical data on this type of native agriculture in South America. Was this silence caused by these techniques falling into centuries of disuse on the arrival of the European colonisers? Or, despite ongoing use, did they fail to attract enough attention to surface in the literature? In the absence of descriptions written by the Spanish chroniclers, what other types of historical sources provide significant information on native traditions of land use? Native voices are recorded in legal texts that Indians dictated to satisfy Colonial bureaucratic requirements: wills, declarations during land litigation, and judicial ceremonies associated with land possession. In this paper, I have identified a range of archival sources which provide evidence of the nature, functions and ecology of these agricultural techniques in the northern Ecuadorian highlands.
Biodiversity and Traditional Land Use in South-Central Sweden: The Significance of Management Timing
Authors: Dahlström Anna , Lennartsson Tommy , Wissman Jörgen , FRYCKLUND INGEMAR 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
During the last 50-100 years, large numbers of species associated with semi-natural grassland have declined. One reason for this is the considerable reduction of grassland area. Another possible explanation is the loss of historical management practices. This study addresses changes in the timing of management and its implications for biodiversity, and combines historical data on management timing (eighteenth century) with data on reproductive phenology of vascular plants and butterflies. All data are from south-east and south-central Sweden and demonstrate a considerable loss of grassland area, but an even greater loss of historical management practices. Historically, 21-32 per cent of the semi-natural grassland area was subject to late season management (from early July onwards) by mowing or late-season grazing. In 2005, management had ceased in 97-99 per cent of the historically managed grassland, and current management was dominated by all-season grazing. 0.2 per cent of the grassland area was managed by mowing in 2005. Historically, at the time of mowing, 50-80 per cent of the butterfly species and 20-95 per cent of vascular plant species had completed their reproductive cycles, the proportions increasing with the later onset of management. The results suggest that the reduced use of late management is a major cause of the observed decline of grassland organisms.
The Environmental Footprint of War
Authors: Hupy Joseph 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Warfare and the physical environment have always shared a close and interconnected relationship. Until recently, historical writings have mainly focused on the environmental factors influencing the outcome of battle and not the effects of war on the environment. While a growing body of literature has begun to address the effects of war on the environment, many aspects of the direct effects of battle on the environment still require attention. Warfare, a powerful agent of landscape change, is a unique form of landscape disturbance in that it is often larger in magnitude and size than other forms of anthropogenic disturbance, such as mining or logging. War is also unique as an anthropogenic agent of change because of its capability to render such widespread destruction over large areas in such short periods of time. Despite the magnitude of landscape disturbance associated with modern warfare, however, it is seldom recognised as a significant form of anthropogenic disturbance. The destruction associated with modern warfare is particularly catastrophic due to the extent, magnitude and duration of contemporary wars. These large magnitude disturbances radically alter the shape of the landscape, limiting the ability of the landscape to revert back to its original state. This article addresses the direct impacts of war on the physical landscape and why the magnitude of disturbance has increased significantly over the past century.
Scientific Autonomy and Public Oversight
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTWhen scientific research collides with social values, science's right to self-governance becomes an issue of paramount concern. In this article, I develop an account of scientific autonomy within a framework of public oversight. I argue that scientific autonomy is justified because it promotes the progress of science, which benefits society, but that restrictions on autonomy can also be justified to prevent harm to people, society, or the environment, and to encourage beneficial research. I also distinguish between different ways of limiting scientific autonomy, and I argue that government involvement in scientific decision-making should usually occur through policies that control the process of science, rather than policies that control the content of science.
Organization of Care: Problems in Developing Countries—South America
Authors: Arias Pablo , Libman Astrid M. , Libman Julio 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn the past two decades South American countries have experienced important sociopolitical changes and major economic crises. The associated demographic, epidemiological, and nutritional transitions have exerted a profound impact on the precarious health care systems in most countries of this region. At present, the mean prevalence of diabetes mellitus in South America (6–9% of adult population) does not seem to be different to that registered in many other countries of the world. However, some serious problems cast a shadow of extreme worry:The number of patients with diabetes will possibly double in the next 20 years;Nonequity is a constant in the health care delivery systems of this region and thus a large number of people are effectively excluded from most health care services;The highest prevalence of diabetes is found in the ethnic minorities and disadvantaged populations;Few important efforts are directed toward increasing early detection and administering appropriate treatment; as a consequence it is expected that the number of patients with complications will rise drastically;The burden posed by the increasing number of cases and the elevated cost of treating the disease and its complications will exceed the possibilities of the already meager health budgets of most countries in the region.In spite of this reality, there are efforts arising from public and privet sectors in order to provide epidemiological data, diabetes education, and better diabetes care in the region. These initiatives are achieved thanks to commited persons and institution working to improve the health of the population.
The Economics of Diabetes: South and East Asia
Authors: Tong P. , Cockram C.S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAsia is at the forefront of the diabetes epidemic and is predicted to have the highest number of people with diabetes. By the year 2025 it is estimated that one third of the global population of people with diabetes will live in India and China alone. In addition to India and China, South and Eastern Asia includes a number of other countries that combine large populations with relatively high and increasing diabetes prevalence rates, relatively scarce health resources, and low levels of health care funding. In many countries in Asia there are also wide disparities between levels of health care available in different parts of the same country, for example between rural and urban areas. Inevitably this produces great variation in health care systems, costs, funding, and organization of care. As a result in many parts of the region there is a huge amount of unmet need. Although economic factors are very important contributors to this, a number of other factors are also important, for example geography, language, literacy and education, policy, and culture