bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The non‐verbal communication skills of nursing students: Analysis of interpersonal behavior using videotaped recordings in a 5‐minute interaction with a simulated patient
Authors: NISHIZAWA Yoshiko , SAITO Mikiko , OGURA Noriko , KUDO Seiko , SAITO Kumiko , HANAYA Michiko 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAim:  The aim of this paper was to study the non‐verbal communication skills of nursing students and to make a quantitative comparison of the communication techniques of nursing students and experienced nurses to provide guidance for education.Methods:  Twenty‐six students (the student group) and 13 nurses (the nurse group) played the role of a nurse. The participants interacted with two simulated patients for 5 min each. The simulated patient was in a sitting position and the nurse started interaction from a starting point that was 3 m away from the patient. Videotaped recordings of these scenarios were recorded and analysed every second using record paper. The analysis items were the distance between the patient and the nurse, posture and position, utterance time, the direction of a nursing person’s face to the patient, facial expression, head nodding, gestures, and the self‐contact behavior of a nurse during interaction with a patient.Results:  As 90% of the student group interacted in the standing position, significantly fewer students than the nurse group had their gaze level at the same level or lower than the client. The duration of upper limb and hand gestures was significantly shorter in the student group than for the nurse group.Conclusions:  The finding that nursing students showed fewer non‐verbal communication behaviors than nurses suggests there is a pressing need for the development of an educational program in nursing science training to improve non‐verbal communications skills.
Development and Validation of a New Questionnaire to Assess Sexual Satisfaction, Control, and Distress Associated with Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Althof Stanley , Rosen Raymond , Symonds Tara , Mundayat Rajiv , May Kathryn , Abraham Lucy 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
No validated questionnaires to assess the subjective aspects of premature ejaculation (PE) are currently in use. Clinical trials have generally only considered time, measured by ejaculatory latency, as an indicator of efficacy, but ejaculatory control, sexual satisfaction, and distress are important aspects of PE, which impact both the patient and his partner. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a new questionnaire to measure the overall experience of PE.

Methods
The questionnaire was developed using four stages: item pool development, initial psychometric analyses, patient interviews, and final psychometric analyses.

Results
An item pool of 17 was generated and reduced to 10 items through the initial psychometric analyses. Patient interviews did not require addition of further items and resulted in only minor modifications to item wording for clarity. Final psychometric analyses of the 10-item measure confirmed a three-factor solution: sexual satisfaction, control, and distress. Reliability was good, both internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Convergent validity using intravaginal ejaculatory latency time was excellent: control domain (0.75), sexual satisfaction domain (0.60), and distress domain (0.68). Known-groups validity was very good, all domain mean scores being statistically significantly worse in men with PE compared with the men reporting no PE problems.

Conclusion
The Index of Premature Ejaculation is a reliable and valid questionnaire for the assessment of control over ejaculation, satisfaction with sex life, and distress in men with PE. This tool has the potential to add value to interpretations of improvements in ejaculation latency resulting from new treatments of PE.
Cultivation of Non‐timber Forest Products Alters Understory Light Availability in a Humid Tropical Forest in Mexico1
Authors: Trauernicht Clay , Ticktin Tamara , Herrera German López 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe planting of non‐timber forest products (NTFPs) in the understory of tropical forests is promoted in many regions as a strategy to conserve forested lands and meet the economic needs of rural communities. While the forest canopy is left intact in most understory plantations, much of the midstory and understory vegetation is removed in order to increase light availability for cultivated species. We assessed the extent to which the removal of vegetation in understory plantations of Chamaedorea hooperiana Hodel (Arecaceae) alters understory light conditions. We also examined how any changes in light availability may be reflected by changes in the composition of canopy tree seedlings regenerating in understory plantations. We employed a blocked design consisting of four C. hooperiana plantation sites; each site was paired with an adjacent, unmanaged forest site. Hemispherical canopy photographs were taken and canopy tree seedlings were identified and measured within 12 3 × 2 m randomly placed plots in each site for a total of 96 plots (4 blocks × 2 sites × 12 plots). Plantation management did not affect canopy openness or direct light availability but understory plantations had a higher frequency of plots with greater total and diffuse light availability than unmanaged forest. Comparisons of canopy tree seedling composition between understory plantations and unmanaged forest sites were less conclusive but suggest that management practices have the potential to increase the proportion of shade‐intolerant species of tree seedlings establishing in plantations. Given the importance of advanced regeneration in gap‐phase forest dynamics, these changes may have implications for future patterns of succession in the areas of forest where NTFPs are cultivated.
Theory for Aquifer Test Analysis in Fractured Rocks Under Linear (Nonradial) Flow Conditions
Authors: Jenkins David N. , Prentice John K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe flow of ground water in a fractured rock aquifer may be linear toward a natural production surface rather than radial toward a pumping well, if the well penetrates a fracture having a permeability many orders of magnitude greater than the permeability of the surrounding aquifer. The well and its hydraulically connected production surface are called an extended well. Flow lines in a linear system are parallel, and drawdown is a function of the perpendicular distance from the extended well and not a function of the radius of the pumped well. The location of a concealed fracture and hydraulic diffusivity of the linear system can be determined if drawdown data from two observation wells are available.Linear flow has been recognized in fractured rock aquifers from aquifer test data in three widely separated areas of New Mexico and probably is the cause of the anomalous response observed in fractured rock aquifers in Mendocino and Placer Counties, California. Test data were curvilinear on semi‐log plots and straight lines on log‐log plots, suggesting that traditional methods of aquifer test analysis are not applicable. Straight lines could be fitted to arithmetic plots of pumped well and observation well data when plotted as drawdown versus √t, indicating that the flow in the vicinity of the test well is linear. Linear flow may be a common phenomenon that has been overlooked in the analysis of aquifer tests in fractured rock aquifers.
Application of the Area of Review Concept
Authors: Thornhill J. T. , Short T. E. , Sikha L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Underground Injection Control Program Regulations require that an “area of review” be determined for new injection wells.Analytical equations may be used to determine pressure buildup in disposal zones. However, in reviewing areas that have numerous injection wells discharging into the same zone, care must be used to take into account the effect of all the injection wells on the pressure buildup.
Geochemistry of Thermal and Mineral Waters in the Cascade Mountains of Western North America
Authors: Forcella Lauren S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThermal and mineral waters from the Cascade Mountains can be divided, on a chemical basis, into three groups. Chemically homogeneous waters that issue from the geothermally attractive Central Cascades comprise Group 1. The individuality of Group 1 is exhibited by a neutral pH, total dissolved solids averaging 2650 parts per million (ppm), dominant Cl and Na ions, and less significant amounts of Ca, SO4, SiO2, HCO3, K, B, and Mg, listed in order of decreasing abundance. The chemistry and uniformity of these waters suggests that many of the dissolved constituents were derived through prolonged contact with Eocene marine sediments deposited in a Mesozoic structural embayment prior to volcanic events.Acid‐sulfate waters from the vents of Mt. Lassen, Newberry Crater, and Mt. Hood represent Group 2. These fumarolic waters have a chemistry that results when H2S in rising volcanic steam oxidizes forming sulfuric acid. Basic brines discharge at the base of Mt. Lassen and Mt. Hood; these may be in hydraulic connection with the fumaroles.The majority of Cascadian waters are included within Group 3, and are characterized by chemical inhomogeneity between individual points of discharge. Total dissolved solids average 1620 ppm, with dominant Cl, Na, HCO3, and SO4 ions, and less significant concentrations of Ca, SiO2, K, Mg, and B; the pH ranges from 6.2 to 9.7. The Cascade Province possesses complex volcanic stratigraphy and varying degrees of hydrothermal alteration. In addition, the thermal waters have been subjected to differing degrees of mixing and proximity to heat, thus chemical inhomogeneity might be expected.Isotopic evidence indicates that all Cascadian thermal and mineral waters were oringinally meteoric. Wateres from Groups 1 and 3 individually show linear relationships between cl and Na; for both groups, cl/Na is similar to that of SMOW, suggesting some recycling of the dominant ions.
Ground‐Water Network Design for Northwest Kansas, Using the Theory of Regionalized Variables
Authors: Sophocleous Marios , Paschetto James E. , Olea Ricardo A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe ground‐water observation well network in many parts of Kansas has been developed and expanded through the years without serious attempt to determine the adequacy of the network for any specified purpose or to assess its cost effectiveness. This study was undertaken to examine the existing well network in northwest Kansas and to determine the arrangement that offers the most satisfactory accuracy for the purpose of monitoring it. To achieve this goal, we have employed the theory of regionalized variables to estimate the amount of spatial variability of the water table. The error analysis produced by universal kriging indicates that a significant reduction in the number of wells could be achieved by employing a regular 4‐mile (6.4‐km) network, without affecting the present level of accuracy. It also indicates that it is not practical to reduce the estimation error in the water‐table surface uniformly throughout the region because to do so would increase the cost of monitoring wells drastically. For example, reducing the presently existing error by 50 percent throughout the area would require 16 times more wells than the currently existing well network.
Arizona Ground‐Water Reform: Innovations in State Water Policya
Authors: Hansen Scott , Marsh Floyd 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe development of Arizona ground‐water policy has been evolutionary. Courts and the State legislature have responded to particular problems, but until recently have stopped short of a comprehensive framework for such policy. This paper identifies and describes the major political forces of change responsible for reform of ground‐water law in Arizona. Historical developments surrounding the development of such policy are examined to interpret these forces of change. A detailed historical account of the development of Arizona ground‐water policy provides a useful perspective from whichto examine the principal forces of change driving the reform of this portion of State water policy.Arizona ground‐water policy has evolved from a previous policy of nonmanagement to “after the fact” management currently embodied in the 1980 Groundwater Management Act. Changing social attitudes and political challenges have continued to alter the institutional framework of the water policy‐making process ultimately shifting the arena from the judicial to the legislature. After nearly half a century of political conflict, judicial decision and legislative response, Arizona enacted a comprehensive ground‐water code.Political forces characterized by repeated Federal threat affecting a major reclamation project and special interest group pressures resulting from a 1976 judicial decision combined with the physical realities of ground‐water exploitation to force reform in the State ground‐water policy. Due to high decision costs, such reform was achieved through structural decisions delegating the more difficult allocative decisions to special interests directly affected by the ultimate policy. In turn and out of political necessity, a far‐reaching, progressive legislative proposal for ground‐water policy became the product of a delicately negotiated compromise among competing water interests achieved through the process of agreement. After the major decision costs had been incurred through such negotiations, the reform initiative was then ratified by the State legislature as the 1980 Arizona Groundwater Management Act, absent the tremendous political costs otherwise inevitable to the legislative process.
Program HVRLV1—Interactive Determination of Horizontal Permeabilities within Uniform Soils from Field Tests Using Hvorslev's Formulae
Authors: Weyer K. U. , Horwood‐Brown W. C. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTA computer program is presented for interactive, user‐oriented calculation of permeabilities from slug tests using Hvorslev's formulae for filters in uniform soil. The analysis scheme is cost‐efficient and allows for simple sensitivity analyses.
Alternative Boundaries in Solid Waste Management
Authors: Domenico P. A. , Palciauskas V. V. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTRecent trends in solid waste management seem to favor the establishment of minimum performance criteria for waste facilities, as opposed to case by case detailed operational requirements. This implies some generally acceptable upper limit of contamination, say as provided by the primary and secondary Maximum Concentration Level (MCL's) developed by the Environmental Protection Agency. Not so easily defined is the compliance point at which the MCL's may be applied, which can range from the solid waste boundary (a containment option) to some alternative boundary outside the actual waste facility (a retardation option). In either case, it follows that any contaminant migration into the public domain beyond the acceptable boundary must enter below the MCL. The containment option would appear to be strictly a matter of engineering design of the waste facility. With the retardation option, however, there is need for a simplified procedure for assessment of the hydrogeologic environment responsible for retardation and attenuation of the contaminant stream. These are largely dilution and reaction processes. In this paper, some mechanisms of dilution are examined, including geometrical spreading of a contaminant plume, recharge from precipitation, and mixing with surface‐water bodies. This analysis focuses on average value calculations that constitute a semiquantitative measure of the dilution potential of waste sites prior to intensive investigations. For compliance and regulatory purposes, a simple model for maximum concentration predictions is developed for one‐dimensional steady flow and dispersion in directions perpendicular to the flow path. This model is reasonably operational with a minimum of data in that it avoids chemical reaction and the inherent fitted parameter known as longitudinal dispersion, and employs the actual measured concentration at the solid waste boundary as a boundary condition. The model thus provides a conservative estimate of whether or not minimum performance standards will be achieved at an alternative boundary.
Vadose Zone Monitoring Concepts for Hazardous Waste Sites
Authors: Everett L. G. , Wilson L. G. , McMillion L. G. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe implementation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) may be enhanced by wider applications of vadose zone monitoring. More than 50 different vadose zone monitoring techniques are referenced. Fourteen different criteria are established for selecting alternative vadose zone monitoring methods. These monitoring methods are categorized according to premonitoring techniques, sampling methods and nonsampling methods which could be applied in the vadose zone. Two conceptual cases are presented covering vadose zone monitoring at a hazardous waste disposal impoundment. The rationale for the monitoring program at a new impoundment and for an active impoundment is presented. The material constitutes the first phase of a vadose zone monitoring manual.
Design Considerations for Earth Linings for Seepage Controla
Authors: Bouwer Herman 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDarcy's equation and unsaturated‐flow theory are used to calculate flow through earth linings that are placed in ponds or channels to reduce seepage. The procedure utilizes the relation between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and pressure head of the underlying material as calculated from the measured saturated hydraulic conductivity and the relation between water content and pressure head. The method enables the selection of the liner (thickness and hydraulic conductivity) that will keep seepage below a certain maximum limit. Since the hydraulic conductivity of clays is affected by the cationic composition and the salt concentration of the soil solution, the chemical composition of the liquid moving through the liner must be taken into account. This applies also to other chemicals, including solvents and other organic compounds that may be in the water. Travel times of water from the surface impoundment to the underlying ground water are calculated from the seepage rate and the corresponding water content in the vadose zone. Accumulation of solids (mine tailings, for example) can further reduce the seepage from the pond. Proper design of waste‐water ponds also requires analysis of the response of the underlying ground water (mound buildup) and the movement of pollutants in the vadose zone and aquifer. In view of the high costs of earth liners, prediction of the seepage is necessary to make sure that the selected lining material, the thickness of the liner itself, and the method of construction will produce the desired results.
Hand Calculator Program for Evaluating Theis Parameters from a Pumping Test
Authors: Paschetto James , McElwee Carl D. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTSeveral automated techniques for analyzing pumping test data have been published recently. These techniques usually require the services of a computer. With the advent of more sophisticated hand‐held calculators, it is possible to implement these techniques on calculators. This paper presents a program written for an HP‐41C. With two memory modules, up to 44 drawdown‐time pairs can be handled simultaneously. The “best” T and S in the least squares' sense is obtained. The complete Theis equation is used so there is no time or distance limitation.
Ground‐Water Age Distribution in Madrid Basin, Spain
Authors: Llamas M. Ramon , Simpson Eugene S. , Alfaro Pedro E. Martinez 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe alluvial deposits that occupy the Madrid Basin in central Spain form an aquifer system covering an area of 5,000 km2 (2,000 mi2) and with thicknesses of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or more. Average annual precipitation is 500 mm (15 in.) and average annual temperature is 15°C (59°F). The precipitation is sufficient to provide a net surplus to ground‐water recharge which, in turn, supports dry weather flow of major streams in the basin. A distribution of surface recharge and hydraulic conductivities were obtained from a previous study utilizing a two‐dimensional finite‐difference model of the same vertical cross section as this study. In this study a flow net and a discrete‐state compartment (or “mixing‐cell”) model were employed to calculate the age distribution of ground water circulating through the aquifer. Carbon‐14 decay ages were determined for nine ground‐water samples taken from eight locations. The ages obtained with the flow net and with the mixing‐cell models are mutually consistent and generally agree with the carbon‐14 decay ages. The calculated ages range from zero at the recharge boundaries to over 100,000 years at discharge boundaries in stream channels. The results obtained are to be regarded as preliminary. Their principal value will be to guide future C‐14 field sampling programs.
Pumping Tests in Patchy Aquifers
Authors: Barker J. A. , Herbert R. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTA numerical simulation and analytical study of a constant‐rate pumping test, for a well situated at the centre of a disc of anomalous transmissivity and storage coefficient, have been used to aid in the interpretation of tests performed in a “patchy” aquifer in India. Equations describing the long‐time behaviour of drawdown show that Jacob's method can be employed to estimate the regional transmissivity from drawdowns measured at any point in the aquifer or in the pumping well. However, these equations also show that an average storage coefficient should be calculated from drawdowns measured outside the aquifer discontinuity.The results of this study support the hypothesis that the average transmissivity of a heterogeneous aquifer can be calculated from rates of drawdown observed after long periods of pumping.
Programmable Hand Calculator Programs for Pumping Test Analyses by Least Squares' Method Using Jacob's Modification of Theis' Equation
Authors: Sayed Shabbir A. S. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTTwo programs are given for the CASIO FX‐502 programmable calculator for direct computation of transmissivity and storativity from time‐drawdown and distance‐drawdown data. These aquifer parameters are calculated from Jacob's modification of the Theis equation by the least squares' method. The programs also calculate drawdowns at various times and distances using the computed transmissivity and storativity.
Heat Storage in Aquifers Analyzed by the Finite Element Method
Authors: Wiberg Nils‐Erik 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTIn the design of ground‐water heat pump systems the quantitative analysis of heat transport and heat storage is of great interest. A unified finite element approach to the transient nonlinear heat transport and heat storage problem is presented. The theory presented includes nonlinear physical properties and boundary conditions, coupled conductive and convective heat flow, freezing (phase change), and time‐dependent heat input and output. The given theory is applied to two problems. The first problem is a transient study during a few years of heat storage in saturated clay. A pure conductive theory is used due to the small amount of convective water flow in clay. The second problem deals with transient heat transport in an aquifer according to coupled conduction‐convection theory on a one‐dimensional model problem.