bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structure, Basic Contents, and Dynamics of the Unconscious in Analytical (Jungian) Psychology and Husserlian Phenomenology: Part Ii
Authors: Hopkins Burt C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper offers both a phenomenologically psychological and a phenomenologically transcendental account of the constitution of the unconscious. Its phenomenologically psychological portion was published in the previous volume of this journal as Part I, while its phenomenologically transcendental portion is published here as Part II. Part I first clarified the issues involved in Husserl's differentiation of the respective contents and methodologies of psychological and transcendental phenomenology. On the basis of this clarification it showed that, in marked contrast to the prevailing approach to the unconscious in the phenomenological literature, an approach that focuses on the emotive and aesthetic factors (rooted in Freud's theory of repression) in the descriptive account of the constitution of an unconscious, there are cognitive factors (rooted in Jung's theory of apperception) that have yet to be descriptively accounted for by phenomenological psychology. Part I concluded with a phenomenologically psychological account of the role these cognitive factors play in the constitution of an unconscious. Part II shows how Jung's claims regarding a dimension of unconscious contents that lacks genealogical links to consciousness proper, i. e., the so-called "collective unconscious," can be phenomenologically accounted for if: (1) Jung's methodological differentiation of empirical and interpretative (hermeneutically phenomenological) approaches to the unconscious is attended to and; (2) such attention is guided by the phenomenologically transcendental critique of the emotive and aesthetic limitations of both the Freudian and heretofore Husserlian accounts of the descriptive genesis of something like an unconscious.
Th e pRivate Theater : a Phenomenological Investigation of Daydreaming
Authors: Morley James 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis is an empirical phenomenological inquiry into everyday experiences of daydreaming. The theoretical literature was found to be deficient in accounting for the ambiguity inherent to the phenomenon and lacking in concrete empirical descriptions. This study's phenomenological method was implemented in response to a body of natural scientific studies utilizing methods that were found to be inadequate to the task of comprehending and understanding the lived subjective experience of the phenomenon. From five subject interviews and their subsequent analysis via the phenomenological method, the researcher was able to derive a general structural description of the experience of daydreaming. It was found that daydreaming is essentially the representation/enactment of a mood, the understanding of which is inseparable from the situated biographical project of the individual. As an act of consciousness it was described as a passive movement into two, distinct subject-world relationships, sustained by a directing-spectator position that is both detached and interfused with these two world relations. Details of these findings and their implications are discussed.
Th e origins of The journal of Phenomenological Psychology and Some Difficulties in Introducing Phenomenology Into Scientific Psychology
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA description of the founding of the Journal of Phenomenological Psychology and some of its vicissitudes during its first 25 years are described. Some of the difficulties the journal experienced are correlated with the minority status of phenomenological psychology in the world of psychology at large. Several factors are hypothesized to be the basis of Phenomenology's little impact on mainstream psychology: intrinsic difficulties in comprehending phenomenological philosophy, the fact that phenomenological psychology has not yet sufficiently diflerentiated itself from phenomenological philosophy; and mainstream psychology's clear non-openness to approaches that seem different to its established values.
Toward a Phenomenology of Domesticity: an Anthropological Exploration of the Place of Things in Daily Life
Authors: De Visscher Jacques , Jager David Hiroshi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe diverse things that surround us in our daily life become virtual extensions of our corporeal life. As such, they provide an important mediating role in our relationship to our social and natural environment. This careful descriptive study of household objects attempts to widen our psychological horizons. It also contributes significantly to our understanding of art and architecture.
La nuit inaugurale de Kitāb al-Imtā' wa-l-mu'ānasa d'Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī: une leçon magistrale d'adab
Authors: Natij Salah 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBased on a commentary of the first night in Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī's Kitāb al-Imtā' wa-l-mu'ānasa, the purpose of this article is to show the essential place held by conversing speech (al-muhādata) in classical Arabic thought. In Arabic culture, conversation (hadīt) represents indeed both a dominant and epistemic paradigm and a generalized ethical-aesthetic frame of experiences: i. e. conversing speech works at the same time as a building factor of interacting contexts in which one can build sociability networks and fecund intellectual exchanges (muqābasa), as a cathartic action which frees the soul and purifies the mind, and as a sublimation and emancipation factor of the human being ('itq). Thus, the analysis of all these forms of conversing speech in the field of adab leads to two complementary conclusions : first, according to the cultural conception inherent in adab's anthropological vision, culture is not transmitted by heredity, but through relationship, interaction and contact between contemporary people. Second, the true adīb, like the vivid example which can be found in al-Tawhīdī's figure, is the one that can show one's ability to create and to deal with sociability and exchanges opportunities which enable contemporaries to fit into the actual contemporaneity fabric and to influence and improve each other's minds. En s'appuyant sur un commentaire du texte de la première nuit du Kitāb al-Imtā' wa-l-mu'ānasa d'Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī, cet article se propose de montrer la place primordiale qu'occupe la parole conversante (al-muhādata) dans la pensée arabe classique. La conversation, hadīt, constitue bien dans la culture arabe à la fois un paradigme épistémique dominant et un cadre généralisé d'expériences esthético-éthiques : la parole conversante fonctionne à la fois comme facteur de construction des contextes d'interaction au sein desquels se tissent les réseaux de sociabilité et d'échanges intellectuels fécondants (muqābasa), comme action cathartique qui libère l'âme et purifie l'esprit, comme facteur de sublimation et d'émancipation de la personne ('itq). Ainsi, l'analyse de toutes ces formes de manifestation de la parole conversante dans la champ de l'adab nous a permis d'aboutir à deux conclusions complémentaires : premièrement, selon la conception de la culture propre à la vision anthropologique inhérente au système de l'adab, la culture ne se transmet pas héréditairement, mais par fréquentation, interaction et contact entre personnes contemporaines. Deuxièmement, l'adīb véritable, tel que nous en avons un exemple vivant dans la figure d'al-Tawhīdī, est celui qui se montre capable de créer et prendre en charge les occasions de sociabilité et d'échanges permettant aux individus d'une même époque de s'insérer dans le tissu de la contemporanéité concrète et de s'influencer et se cultiver les uns les autres.
Bacdad Au IVe Siècle De L'Hégire (Xe Siècle De L'Ère Chrétienne)
Authors: Canard Marius 
Published: July 2008

AbstractLE Xe siècle et le début du XIe (car notre exposé doit inévitablement déborder un peu sur le Xe siècle) sont pour Bagdàd une période de troubles politiques, religieux et sociaux qui, dans l'ensemble, portent un coup sérieux à la prospérité de la ville et à son rang dans le monde islamique. C'est au cours de cette époque que la capitale de l'empire islamique est devenue la capitale d'un État réduit la plupart du temps au Sawad du 'Irâq et qui, n'eût été la fiction califienne, car elle est le siège du califat qui l'auréole encore de son prestige, n'eût été la persistance des organes administratifs du passé, très déchus, la survivance d'une société aristocratique et bourgeoise héritière des gloires de l'époque antérieure, l'activité intellectuelle qui continuait à s'y exercer, n'aurait pas eu plus d'importance que les capitales des États secondaires créés par la désintégration de l'empire 'abbaside. À la fin du Xe siècle, une autre grande capitale islamique, le Caire, est en passe d'éclipser Bagdad, qui ne reste que de nom la grande ville du siècle précédent. Nous nous proposons d'examiner la vie politique, la vie religieuse et la vie sociale et économique de Bagdad en cette période et d'en tracer les principales étapes.
'Melodies to God': The Place of Music, Instruments and Dance in the Seventh Day Adventist Church in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe
Authors: Sibanda Fortune , Makahamadze Tompson 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the type of music played in the Seventh Day Adventist churches in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe. Although the Seventh Day Adventist Church in general allows the use of instruments and dance in worship, the Seventh day Adventist churches in Masvingo condemns such practices. Their music is essentially a capella. The paper contends that such a stance perpetuates the early missionary attitude that tended to denigrate African cultural elements in worship. It is argued in this paper that instrumental music and dance enriches African spirituality and that the Seventh Day Adventist Churches in Masvingo should incorporate African instruments and dance to a certain extent if they are to make significant impact on the indigenous people. It advocates mission by translation as opposed to mission by diffusion.
The (Un-)translatability of Religions? Ricœurs Linguistic Hospitality as Model for Inter-religious Dialogue
Authors: Moyaert Marianne 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe contemporary theology of inter-religious dialogue is marked by a debate between pluralism on the one hand and post-liberal particularism on the other. According to the first, religious identity implies an openness for religious otherness. Post-liberal particularists, in contrast, draw attention to the value of identity. What matters in the context of plurality is to show more commitment and to stress the particularity of the irreducible difference between the religious languages. From this perspective post-liberal particularism claims an untranslatability of religions. This claim appears to construct a serious barrier within the dialogue between religions. Recently, this discussion between pluralists and post-liberalists has reached an impasse. In this article I set out to give this impasse a new turn. With this view in mind, I am inspired by Ricœur's latest publication On Translation (2006), which is dedicated to the enigma of linguistic diversity and the question of the (un-)translatability of languages. Beyond the mesmerizing discussion concerning the theoretical possibility or impossibility of translation, Ricœur states that the appropriate attitude of a translator is one of linguistic hospitality. Ricœur suggests that this linguistic hospitality can model for inter-religious dialogue. However, he does not elaborate on this thought and challenges others to think through his suggestion. In this article I gladly accept this challenge, hoping that this will throw new light on the current discussion between pluralists and post-liberal particularists. In line with Ricœur's position, I argue that religious languages are not untranslatable and that inter-religious dialogue is possible, provided that the ethical posture of hermeneutical hospitality for the religious other is adopted.
How I treat cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency
Authors: Carmel Ralph 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The challenges in medical management of cobalamin deficiency lie in attention to the unique pathophysiology that underlies cobalamin deficiency, more than in the mechanics of therapy. The central physiologic principles are that clinically important deficiency is more likely to occur (and progress) when intrinsic factor–driven absorption fails than when diet is poor and that most causes take years to produce clinically obvious deficiency. Transient defects have little clinical impact. The key management principle is the importance of follow-up, which also requires knowing how the deficiency arose. The virtues of these principles are not always fully appreciated. Recent developments have made diagnosis and management more difficult by diminishing the ability to determine cobalamin absorption status. Clinicians must also grapple with premature medicalization of isolated, mild biochemical changes that added many asymptomatic cases of still undetermined medical relevance to their caseload, often expanded by inflated cobalamin level criteria. The potential for misattribution of cobalamin-unrelated presentations to nongermane cobalamin and metabolite abnormalities has grown. Pathophysiologically based management requires systematic attention to each of its individual components: correctly diagnosing cobalamin deficiency, reversing it, defining its underlying cause, preventing relapse, managing the underlying disorder and its complications, and educating the patient.
Efficient generation of human alloantigen-specific CD4+ regulatory T cells from naive precursors by CD40-activated B cells
Authors: Tu Wenwei , Lau Yu-Lung , Zheng Jian , Liu Yinping , Chan Ping-Lung , Mao Huawei , Dionis Kira , Schneider Pascal , Lewis David B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance. Although adoptive transfer of bulk populations of Treg can prevent or treat T cell–mediated inflammatory diseases and transplant allograft rejection in animal models, optimal Treg immunotherapy in humans would ideally use antigen-specific rather than polyclonal Treg for greater specificity of regulation and avoidance of general suppression. However, no robust approaches have been reported for the generation of human antigen-specific Treg at a practical scale for clinical use. Here, we report a simple and cost-effective novel method to rapidly induce and expand large numbers of functional human alloantigen-specific Treg from antigenically naive precursors in vitro using allogeneic nontransformed B cells as stimulators. By this approach naive CD4+CD25− T cells could be expanded 8-fold into alloantigen-specific Treg after 3 weeks of culture without any exogenous cytokines. The induced alloantigen-specific Treg were CD45RO+CCR7− memory cells, and had a CD4high, CD25+, Foxp3+, and CD62L (L-selectin)+ phenotype. Although these CD4highCD25+Foxp3+ alloantigen-specific Treg had no cytotoxic capacity, their suppressive function was cell-cell contact dependent and partially relied on cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 expression. This approach may accelerate the clinical application of Treg-based immunotherapy in transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
Timing and deciphering mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup R0 variability in Central Europe and Middle East
Authors: Brandstätter Anita , Zimmermann Bettina , Wagner Janine , Göbel Tanja , Röck Alexander W , Salas Antonio , Carracedo Angel , Parson Walther 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Nearly half of the West Eurasian assemblage of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is fractioned into numerous sub-lineages of the predominant haplogroup (hg) R0. Several hypotheses have been proposed on the origin and the expansion times of some R0 sub-lineages, which were partially inconsistent with each other. Here we describe the phylogenetic structure and genetic variety of hg R0 in five European populations and one population from the Middle East.

Results
Our analysis of 1,350 mtDNA haplotypes belonging to R0, including entire control region sequences and 45 single nucleotide polymorphisms from the coding region, revealed significant differences in the distribution of different sub-hgs even between geographically closely located regions. Estimates of coalescence times that were derived using diverse algorithmic approaches consistently affirmed that the major expansions of the different R0 hgs occurred in the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene.

Conclusion
Given an estimated coalescence time of the distinct lineages of 10 – 18 kya, the differences in the distributions could hint to either limited maternal gene flow after the Last Glacial Maximum due to the alpine nature of the regions involved or to a stochastic loss of diversity due to environmental events and/or disease episodes occurred at different times and in distinctive regions. Our comparison of two different ways of obtaining the timing of the most recent common ancestor confirms that the time of a sudden expansion can be adequately recovered from control region data with valid confidence intervals. For reliable estimates, both procedures should be applied in order to cross-check the results for validity and soundness.
Re-annotation of the physical map of Glycine max for polyploid-like regions by BAC end sequence driven whole genome shotgun read assembly
Authors: Saini Navinder , Shultz Jeffry , Lightfoot David A 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Many of the world's most important food crops have either polyploid genomes or homeologous regions derived from segmental shuffling following polyploid formation. The soybean (Glycine max) genome has been shown to be composed of approximately four thousand short interspersed homeologous regions with 1, 2 or 4 copies per haploid genome by RFLP analysis, microsatellite anchors to BACs and by contigs formed from BAC fingerprints. Despite these similar regions,, the genome has been sequenced by whole genome shotgun sequence (WGS). Here the aim was to use BAC end sequences (BES) derived from three minimum tile paths (MTP) to examine the extent and homogeneity of polyploid-like regions within contigs and the extent of correlation between the polyploid-like regions inferred from fingerprinting and the polyploid-like sequences inferred from WGS matches.

Results
Results show that when sequence divergence was 1–10%, the copy number of homeologous regions could be identified from sequence variation in WGS reads overlapping BES. Homeolog sequence variants (HSVs) were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; 89%) and single nucleotide indels (SNIs 10%). Larger indels were rare but present (1%). Simulations that had predicted fingerprints of homeologous regions could be separated when divergence exceeded 2% were shown to be false. We show that a 5–10% sequence divergence is necessary to separate homeologs by fingerprinting. BES compared to WGS traces showed polyploid-like regions with less than 1% sequence divergence exist at 2.3% of the locations assayed.

Conclusion
The use of HSVs like SNPs and SNIs to characterize BACs wil improve contig building methods. The implications for bioinformatic and functional annotation of polyploid and paleopolyploid genomes show that a combined approach of BAC fingerprint based physical maps, WGS sequence and HSV-based partitioning of BAC clones from homeologous regions to separate contigs will allow reliable de-convolution and positioning of sequence scaffolds (see BES_scaffolds section of SoyGD). This approach will assist genome annotation for paleopolyploid and true polyploid genomes such as soybean and many important cereal and fruit crops.
Antibody responses to the merozoite surface protein-1 complex in cerebral malaria patients in India
Authors: Lucchi Naomi W , Tongren Jon Eric , Jain Vidhan , Nagpal Avinash C , Kauth Christian W , Woehlbier Ute , Bujard Hermann , Dash Aditya P , Singh Neeru , Stiles Jonathan K , Udhayakumar Venkatachalam 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundPlasmodium falciparuminfection causes cerebral malaria (CM) in a subset of patients with anti-malarial treatment protecting only about 70% to 80% of patients. Why a subset of malaria patients develops CM complications, including neurological sequelae or death, is still not well understood. It is believed that host immune factors may modulate CM outcomes and there is substantial evidence that cellular immune factors, such as cytokines, play an important role in this process. In this study, the potential relationship between the antibody responses to the merozoite surface protein (MSP)-1 complex (which consists of four fragments namely: MSP-183, MSP-130, MSP-138and MSP-142), MSP-636and MSP-722and CM was investigated.MethodsPeripheral blood antibody responses to recombinant antigens of the two major allelic forms of MSP-1 complex, MSP-636and MSP-722were compared between healthy subjects, mild malaria patients (MM) and CM patients residing in a malaria endemic region of central India. Total IgG and IgG subclass antibody responses were determined using ELISA method.ResultsThe prevalence and levels of IgG and its subclasses in the plasma varied for each antigen. In general, the prevalence of total IgG, IgG1 and IgG3 was higher in the MM patients and lower in CM patients compared to healthy controls. Significantly lower levels of total IgG antibodies to the MSP-1f38, IgG1 levels to MSP-1d83, MSP-119and MSP-636and IgG3 levels to MSP-1f42and MSP-722were observed in CM patients as compared to MM patients.ConclusionThese results suggest that there may be some dysregulation in the generation of antibody responses to some MSP antigens in CM patients and it is worth investigating further whether perturbations of antibody responses in CM patients contribute to pathogenesis.
An in vitro assay of collagen fiber alignment by acupuncture needle rotation
Authors: Julias Margaret , Edgar Lowell T , Buettner Helen M , Shreiber David I 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
During traditional acupuncture therapy, soft tissues attach to and wind around the acupuncture needle. To study this phenomenon in a controlled and quantitative setting, we performed acupuncture needling in vitro.

Methods
Acupuncture was simulated in vitro in three-dimensional, type I collagen gels prepared at 1.5 mg/ml, 2.0 mg/ml, and 2.5 mg/ml collagen, and either crosslinked with formalin or left untreated. Acupuncture needles were inserted into the gels and rotated via a computer-controlled motor at 0.3 rev/sec for up to 10 revolutions while capturing the evolution of birefringence under cross-polarization.

Results
Simulated acupuncture produced circumferential alignment of collagen fibers close to the needle that evolved into radial alignment as the distance from the needle increased, which generally matched observations from published tissue explant studies. All gels failed prior to 10 revolutions, and the location of failure was near the transition between circumferential and radial alignment. Crosslinked collagen failed at a significantly lower number of revolutions than untreated collagen, whereas collagen concentration had no effect on gel failure. The strength of the alignment field increased with increasing collagen concentration and decreased with crosslinking. Separate studies were performed in which the gel thickness and depth of needle insertion were varied. As gel thickness increased, gels failed at fewer needle revolutions. For the same depth of insertion, alignment was greater in thinner gels. Alignment increased as the depth of insertion increased.

Conclusion
These results indicate that the mechanostructural properties of soft connective tissues may affect their response to acupuncture therapy. The in vitro model provides a platform to study mechanotransduction during acupuncture in a highly controlled and quantitative setting.