bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory processes and population cyclicity in laboratory populations of Anagasta kühniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) IV. The sequential steps in the behavioral process of host finding and parasitization by the entomophagous parasite, Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Matsumoto B. M. , Huffaker C. B. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe sequential steps in the behavioral process of a California stock of the entomophagous parasite, Venturia canescens (Grav.), parasitizing Anagasta kühniella (Zeller) was studied.In host‐habitat finding, food media infested with hosts were very attractive to the parasites.Host finding was not covered in detail in this paper as it is presented in subsequent papers. Briefly, in all experiments host density was the most influential factor affecting the efficiency of the parasite.When three age stages of the host were exposed to a parasite, all tests showed that the large, last instar larvae was the preferred age stage but it was not the most suitable (when parasitized) for successful parasite development. Small larvae were less preferred but more suitable for parasite development when accepted.
Statistical characteristics of the density‐independent population fluctuation and the evaluation of density‐dependence and regulation in animal populations
Authors: Kuno Eizi 
Published: January 2007

SummaryIn this study it was proved that the “density‐independent population” shows the following characteristics if the analysis is made using time‐series samples:
The slope b in the density‐on‐density regression between successive developmental stages has a general tendency to become smaller than 1, though the bias approaches zero if one or more of the following three conditions are satisfied: (a) the data cover a large number of generations, (b) the variance of the rate of population change for the period concerned is small relative to that for the residual period in a whole generation, and (c) the population has a distinct trend to either increase or decrease over generations.
The variance for the generation‐to‐generation population fluctuation increases continually as the number of generations is increased, even if the population has no inherent trend to increase or decrease. For a fixed number of generations, however, the variance remains constant among different developmental stages.
On the basis of these theoretical results, a modified method for detecting density‐dependence from time‐series samples was presented, together with a new, tentative technique of variance analysis to evaluate the regulation of numbers directly. The results of applying these methods to some sets of data from both hypothetical and actual populations illustrated their validity for use in population studies.
The determination of glycerine in polyol mixtures by paper chromatography
Authors: Smullin Charles F. , Hartmann Ludwig , Stetzler Ray S. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryPaper chromatography has been found to be a very satisfactory method for the separation of glycerine from hexitols, pentitols, tetritols, and glycols. After separation of the glycerine on paper the glycerine is eluted from the indicated zone with water. The formaldehyde, which is a product of periodic acid oxidation, is determined colorimetrically. A suggested procedure and the results of the analyses of standard glycerine and polyhydric alcohol mixtures are presented in this paper. The results indicate that the glycerine content of the mixtures (glycerine content ranging from 15% to 100% glycerine) may be determined with an average relative precision of 0.7% and with an average recovery of 101.0%.
Preparation of pure palmitic acid and a by‐product plasticizer from cottonseed oil
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Mod Robert R. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryA laboratory process has been developed which permits the isolation of a highly purified palmitic acid from cottonseed acids through the recrystallization of its cyclohexylamine salt from acetone and subsequent regeneration of the acid. The by‐product, predominantly cyclohexylamine salts of the unsaturated fatty acids, can be modified and converted to morpholides which have shown promise as vinyl plasticizers. The morpholine salts can be obtained as a direct byproduct by the use of an appropriate mixture of cyclohexylamine and morpholine with the composite acid. By using an amount of cyclohexylamine closely equivalent to the saturated fatty acid content and sufficient morpholine to make up the residual neutralization equivalent of the composite cottonseed acids, the saturated acids can be isolated as cyclohexylamine salts. The stripped mother liquor will consist essentially of the morpholine salts of the unsaturated acids. Pure palmitic acid is obtained by recrystallization of the cyclohexylamine salts. The complete process is applicable to fatty acids from other natural glyceridic oils in which the dominant saturated acid bears a ratio to the other saturated acids closely paralleling that in cottonseed oil. The process is not operable with partially hydrogenated oils.
Isolation and characterization of insect attractant lipids
Authors: Jacobson Martin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIsolation and characterization of the naturally occurring sex attractants of the silkworm moth (Bombyx mori), gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar), cotton leafworm (Prodenia litura), American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), an introduced pine sawfly (Diprion similis), and mating attractants of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) are discussed.
The synthesis and some surface active properties of alkylthioalkyl and alkoxyalkyl sulfates
Authors: Livingston J. R. , Drogin Robert 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA series of sodium alkylthio‐ and alkoxyalkyl sulfates was prepared to determine the effect of the presence, position and nature of the heteroatom on the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the surface activity and detergency of a surfactant. All of the compounds were linear and contained a total of 16 carbon atoms. Hexadecyl‐1‐sulfate was used as the reference compound.Insertion of either a sulfur or oxygen atom into the hydrocarbon chain raised the CMC. In the oxygen series, the apparent trend was to a higher CMC as the oxygen atom was moved further away from the sulfate group whereas no trend was observed in the thioether series.The surface activity of hexadecyl‐1‐sulfate was higher than either the ether or thioether series. The further the heteroatom from the sulfate group, the lower was the surface activity. This trend was more pronounced in the oxyether series.All hetero‐substituted compounds were generally inferior to hexadecyl sulfate in detergency.Hydration of the oxygen atom in the oxyethers, but not the sulfur atom in the thioethers is proposed as the explanation for the observed trends.
Flavor evaluation of natural soybean oils of high and low linolenate content
Authors: Evans C. D. , Moser Helen A. , McConnell D. G. , Cowan J. C. , Cartter J. L. , Collins F. I. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThree varieties of soybeans, Crest, Grant, and Hawkeye, were processed in the laboratory to obtain edible oils containing 10.4, 9.4, and 5.2% linolenate, respectively. Taste panel evaluations were significantly in favor of low‐linolenate soybean oils. Both high‐ and low‐linolenate oils gave the typical off‐flavors of aged soybean oil. Flavor results indicate that the linolenate content of soybean oil will probably have to be reduced below 5% to achieve a significant quality improvement in commercially processed oils. Soybean oils of excellent quality can be prepared by laboratory processing procedures.
Lipid class and fatty acid composition of intact peripheral nerve and during wallerian degeneration
Authors: Berry J. F. , Cevallos W. H. , Wade R. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipid extracts from normal cat, chicken, and beef sciatic nerve were fractionated into their components by combinations of silicic acid, Florisil, DEAE‐cellulose, or silicic acid‐silicate column chromatography.The constitutent fatty acids of total lipid extracts and of individual lipid classes were qualitatively and quantitatively determined as their methyl esters by gas chromatography.These methods were also applied to lipid extracts from cat sciatic nerve undergoing Wallerian degeneration at 8, 16, 32, and 96 days after section and to chicken sciatic nerve undergoing demyelination due to organophosphate poisoning.All fatty acids were markedly decreased in the total lipids of cat sciatic nerve at 96 days after section and most of these were decreased at 32 days. As early as 8 days after section 16:0, 16:1, 18:2, 20:0, and 20:4 showed decreases, while 18:0, 18:1, 22:1, 22:5, 22:6, and 24:1 did not begin to show decreases until 16 days after section. The decreases in fatty acids were considered to be due to increased catabolism, decreased synthesis, or increased removal of fatty acids from nervous tissue. The fatty acid content of the total lipids of chicken nerve undergoing demyelination resembled that of cat sciatic nerve between 16 and 32 days after section.Myelin lipids, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) began to decrease as early as 8 days after section in cat sciatic nerve. Phosphatidyl serine (PS) also decreased at this time. Cholesterol, lecithin, and ethanolamine plasmalogen did not begin to decrease until 16 days after section and phosphatidyl inositol (PI) did not decrease until 32 days after section. Triglycerides decreased markedly at 8 days after section gradually returning to normal by 96 days. This was accompanied by a transient increase in free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Cholesterol esters and lysolecithin increased markedly at 8 days after section and were higher than normal levels even at 96 days after section.In chicken sciatic nerve undergoing demyelination after organophosphate poisoning, cerebroside was the only myelin lipid which decreased in amt, while cholesterol esters and diglycerides increased.Sphingomyelin and cerebrosides containing 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 20:0, 22:0, 23:0, 24:0, 24:1 seemed to be most susceptible to degradation or interference in synthesis in degenerating nerve. For the most part, these fatty acids were observed to increase in cholesterol esters, free fatty acids, and, in some instances, triglycerides.The changes in various lipid classes and their constituent fatty acids are discussed in relation to various cellular changes which accompany degeneration.
Kinetic studies of detergency. III. Dependence of the duprȳ mechanism on surface tension
Authors: Bourne M. C. , Jennings W. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe kinetics of the removal of thin films of pure radioactive tristearin from a stainless steel surface by detergent solutions in a circulation cleaning system were used to study the effect of the surface tension of the detergent solution on the Duprȳ mechanism and the flow mechanism.Lowering the surface tension reduced the effectiveness of the Duprȳ mechanism for both species 1 soil and species 2 soil, as expected. Lowering the surface tension increased the efficiency of the flow mechanism for both species of soil, but, at the present time, it is not known how much of the increase can be ascribed to the lowered surface tension, and how much is due to the increased concn of the surfactant that was used to lower surface tension.
Reactions of methoxy hydroperoxides derived from methyl oleate. Catalytic hydrogenation
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Awl R. A. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractYield improvements in carbonyl compounds obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of methyl oleate ozonolysis products have been achieved by use of catalyst poisons and by the proper choice of catalyst support. Byproduct dimethyl azelate formation with palladium on charcoal was about 20% in the absence of a poison; 10%, with sodium acetate present in the support; 8%, with triethyl amine in solution. Palladium on calcium carbonate‐lead acetate gave about 7%, palladium on zine oxide with pyridine or lead acetate present gave 9%. The literature is reviewed on the catalytic hydrogenation of methoxy hydroperoxides derived from ozonolyses in methanol.
Adsorptive bleaching and molecular distillation of menhaden oil
Authors: Gauglitz E. J. , Gruger E. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSome of the major barriers to wide acceptance of fish oils as sources of polyunsaturated triglycerides, fatty acids, and fatty acid derivatives have been the problems associated with color, odor, flavor, and other impurities. Adsorptive bleaching and molecular distillation were investigated as methods to obtain natural triglycerides from menhaden oil that do not have undesirable flavors and odors. Results of these studies have shown that certain activated clays will satisfactorily reduce the color of commercial menhaden oil but will not remove the odor and flavor. Molecular distillation was found to be more effective in improving the odor and flavor of the oil than adsorptive bleaching with activated clays but somewhat less effective in reducing the color. When used jointly with bleaching, molecular distillation yields menhaden oil of high quality, suitable for use both in animal and human nutrition and in medical research. Spectral data in the 400舑700 mƁ range were used to evaluate the success of the refining process.
Precise ultramicro determination of steroid hormones by combined TLC and GLC analysis
Authors: Vandenheuvel F. A. , Hinderks G. J. , Nixon J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe migration of steroid hormones on TLC plates is predictable on the basis of the number of double bonds and carbonyl and hydroxyl groups they contain. Developed plates can therefore be divided into zones or bands corresponding to well‐defined classes of steroids. Steroids can be eluted from the adsorbent quantitatively and without contamination. The eluate from each zone contains a mixture which is much simpler than the original one.The conversion of OH‐containing steroids to trimethylsilyl ether (TMS) derivatives is quantitative; it is complete after 3 hr by the described technic. All TMS derivatives are very stable in CS2 solution. Whether or not they contain OH groups, steroids other than corticosteroids are stable under the present GLC conditions after treatment with TMS reagents. With amts of injected sample increasing from 0 to 0.2 Ɓg, a small apparent increase in specific response is observed with some steroids. This effect is reproducible. The use of calibration curves obtained with an internal standard (5ॅ‐pregnane) leads to accurate analyses of mixtures with injections containing 25 nanograms (0.025 Ɓg) of individual steroid. Values obtained from single trials fall 95% of the time within 2% of the mean.Peak elution time of each compound is accurately predictable on the basis of number, position, and stereoconfiguration of functional groups.An integrated TLC‐GLC method of analysis based on these findings is outlined.
Trace elements in edible fats. IX. Influence of demetalization on the oxidative and flavor stabilities of soybean oil
Authors: Vioque A. , Gutierrez R. , Albi M. A. , Nosti N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCrude and degummed soybean oils were demetalized by passing through columns packed with cation exchange resins. These oils were refined, bleached, deodorized and compared with untreated oils for oxidative and flavor stabilities. Treatment of oils with resin lowered metal content and increased stability as measured by oxidative and sensory tests.
Chlorine‐stable machine dishwashing products
Authors: Kaneko T. M. , Schmolka I. R. , Compton J. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe increasing use of active chlorinecontaining compounds in machine dishwashing has led to the need for chlorine‐stable, low foaming detergent formulations. To avoid oxidative degradation of nonionic surfactant and simultaneous loss of available chlorine, a new basic formulation process has been devised. This obviates the need for modifying nonionic surfactants. The process requires a preferred order of addition and the use of tetrasodium pyrophosphate builder as an integral part of the composition. The detergent product is free‐flowing, granular, readily soluble and exhibits no tendency to cake on storage. A suggested machine dishwashing formulation is given, and data are presented which show good chlorine stability and excellent dishwashing performance.
Elimination of aflatoxins from peanut meal
Authors: Dollear F. G. , Mann G. E. , Codifer L. P. , Gardner H. K. , Koltun S. P. , Vix H. L. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPeanut meal containing aflatoxins was heat treated in the presence of moisture and chemicals to reduce the aflatoxin content. Treatments with ammonia, methylamine, sodium hydroxide and ozone were effective in either destroying aflatoxins or greatly reducing aflatoxin levels as indicated both by TLC analysis and feeding experiments with ducklings and rats. Weight gains for animals receiving the treated meals were essentially comparable to those for animals receiving aflatoxin‐free meal. The treated meals, however, had somewhat reduced protein efficiency ratios, as indicated by rat feeding tests. Complete elimination of aflatoxins from contaminated peanut meal was achieved by extraction with a 90% acetone‐10% water (w/w) solvent system. The extracted aflatoxin‐free peanut meal gave good growth in the duckling and rat feeding tests, and had a relatively high protein efficiency ratio.
Hydrolytic, reductive and pyrolytic decomposition of selected ozonolysis products. Water as an ozonization medium
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Moore D. J. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHydrolytic, reductive and pyrolytic decompositions of ozonolysis products formed in water were surveyed as potential preparative routes to aldehydes. Water is an effective ozonolysis medium and reacts with the transient zwitterion formed during ozonolysis in the same manner as participating solvents. Reductive decomposition proved to be superior to either hydrolytic or pyrolytic decomposition for the preparation of aldehydes. Pyrolytic decomposition, as carried out in the injection port of a gas chromatograph, gave varying amounts and types of products depending upon the type of ozonolysis product used. Interconversion of the various types of ozonolysis products, including ozonides, methoxy hydroperoxides, acetoxy hydroperoxides and hydroxy hydroperoxides, does not occur except under acid catalysis.
The use of animal fats in poultry feeds
Authors: Sunde M. L. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryWhite grease, prime tallow, and soybean oil have been fed to chicks and to turkey poults at the levels of 2.2 to 5.0%. No consistent improvement in growth has been observed with chickens. A slight improvement was noted with turkeys with prime tallow. However feed utilization was improved when the various levels of fat were fed to either chickens or turkey poults. The addition of fat to poultry feeds reduces the amount of dust and improves the texture and color of the feed.
The value of fat as a feedstuff
Authors: Rice E. E. , Mone P. E. , Gray R. E. , Holleman R. G. , Beuk J. F. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryFats are nutritious; they improve physical characteristics of feeds, and they have shown their value when used in practical tests. They present manufacturing problems, but they also sometimes contribute to the ease and efficiency of feed mixing. If their prices remain within the range which the feed industry can afford, fats should become common feedstuffs and should be used in large volume.
Influence of detergent builders on surface properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions under dynamic and static conditions
Authors: Kimura Michiko , Komaki Motoko , Nakajima Toshinari , Nakahara Hiroo , Fukuda Kiyoshige 
Published: January 2007

The effects of various detergent builders on surface properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions have been investigated by measuring the equilibrium surface tension and hysteresis curves of surface pressure vs surface area under dynamic conditions. While the adsorbed layer of SDS under static conditions is in the liquid‐expanded state, a two‐dimensional phase transition of the adsorbed layer from liquid‐expanded to condensed‐film can be observed on compression at higher rates beyond the saturated adsorption. For the SDS solution containing excess NaCl (1×10−1 M), the adsorbed layer of SDS is already in the condensed state under static condition due to a depression in the dissociation of SDS.It has been found that some polyelectrolytes, as well as conventional ionic builders, contribute to increasing the surface excess concentration of SDS together with promoting micelle formation and also to stabilizing the adsorbed layer of SDS. On the other hand, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a nonionic polymer is adsorbed at the air‐water interface in preference to SDS. In this case, the hysteresis of the dynamic surface behavior of the mixed solution can be attributed to the structural change of the adsorbed layer of PVA rather than SDS, which is different from the other ionic builders.
Detection of animal fats in butter by differential scanning calorimetry: A pilot study
Authors: Coni E. , Di Pasquale M. , Coppolelli P. , Bocca A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBecause of its high price, butter has always been the object of adulteration by addition of less expensive vegetable or animal fats. Although a number of methods have been proposed for the detection of butterfat adulteration, none has found widespread use. For this reason, a study was conduced to assess the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for detecting the presence of added animal fat, i.e., chicken fat, in butter. The results obtained show that DSC is an efficient method for characterizing pure animal fats as well as their mixtures. Furthermore, the accuracy with which data are obtained, in combination with the sensitivity of DSC to subtle changes in chemical composition of the sample, makes DSC an attractive possibility for development as a quality control procedure.
Kinetics of all‐trans‐β‐carotene degradation on heating with and without phenylalanine
Authors: Papadopoulou Kiriaki , Ames Jennifer M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAll‐trans‐β‐carotene was heated in liquid paraffin at 210°C for 15 min in the presence and the absence of phenylalanine to assess the effect of the amino acid on the rate of degradation of all‐trans‐β‐carotene. The curve that represents all‐trans‐β‐carotene degradation in both model systems is formed of two distinct parts that correspond, respectively, to the propagation and termination phases of an autocatalytic reaction. The reaction over 1–15 min followed first‐order reaction kinetics in both systems, and the rate constant obtained was 2.8 times lower in the presence of phenylalanine. The kinetic behavior and the rate constant for color loss were similar to those for all‐trans‐β‐carotene degradation for each model system.