bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thymocyte selection: not by TCR alone
Authors: Amsen Dark , Kruisbeek Ada M. 
Published: April 2006

Summary: During development of T cells in the thymus. T‐cell receptor (TCR)‐mediated recognition of self‐MHC/self‐peptide complexes on thy‐mic stroma dictates the developmental fate of immature CD4+CD8+ (double positive) thymocytes. Intriguingly, TCR‐generated intracellular signals tan elicit two entirely different cellular responses in such thymocytes: apoptosis or further differentiation. The critical issue in understanding end‐stage T‐cell development is how TCR occupancy can be perceived in such markedly different ways by the TCR.Here, we review the cytoplasmic and nuclear events that result from TCR signaling during thymocyte selection. Studies aimed ac distinguishing molecular components involved in positive selection (resulting in signals for further differentiation) and negative selection (resulting in apoptosis) will help solve this fascinating feature of T‐Iymphocyte biology. We also discuss how non‐TCR‐derived signaling might serve to fine tune the TCR‐driven selection events in thymocytes. Central to this aspect of the conceptual framework needed to explain thymocyte selection is the observation that thymic antigen‐presenting cells appear to be specialized in the induction of either positive or negative selection. Finally, we suggest a hypothesis that integrates the facts currently available on developing thymocytes, and which may serve to refine our exploration of unresolved issues in thymocyte selection. This hypothesis expands our focus to include signals from receptors other than TCRs as modulating and amplifying factors in thymocyte signaling.
Possibility of a viral etiology in recurrent aphthous ulcers and Behçet's syndrome
Authors: Hooks John J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract The clinical signs, laboratory data, and histological features of recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) and Behçet's syndrome suggest a viral etiology. In fact, there are reports of adenovirus isolations in herpetiform oral ulcers and on the isolation of a filterable agent in sporadic cases of Behçet's syndrome. However, isolation studies on the major and minor aphthous ulcers and more recent studies on Behçet's syndrome have been negative. A review of the literature on the role of viruses and autoimmunity in RAU and Behçet's syndrome is presented.Biopsy specimens of ulcerative lesions were grown in vitro for up to 300 days. Those cultures, along with leukocytes and body fluids, were examined by a variety of techniques for the presence of virus or viral antigens. Although a persistent or latent virus was not detected, these negative studies cannot exclude a viral etiology. In fact, the hypothesis of an infectious and viral etiology is still reasonable.
Double‐blind study of levamisole in aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Kaplan B. , Cardarelli C. , Pinnell S. R. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Sixty‐five patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis participated in a double‐blind study to evaluate levamisole. Nineteen of 34 patients improved on levamisole and only five of 31 patients improved on placebo (P>0.004, chi‐square with two degrees of freedom). After breaking the code and switching placebo patients to levamisole and non‐responders to an alternate dosage schedule, 46 of 60 patients noted clinical improvement.This is publication number 33 of the Dermatological Research Laboratories of Duke University Medical Center.
Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of levamisole in treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Gier Ronald E. , George Barbara , Wilson Tim , Rueger Arvon , Hart Jerry K. , Quaison Felix , Hardman Patrick K. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a chronic, painful, ulcerative disease of the oral mucosa, which affects up to 60 % of the population. No effective cure or treatment is available. Levamisole is a drug reported to restore deficient immunologic states to normal and to reduce the incidence and severity of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Sixty‐five patients with attacks of recurrent aphthous stomatitis which recurred at least every 2 months were entered in a double‐blind evaluation of the therapeutic effect of levamisole on their disease. Fifty‐seven completed the double‐blind study by taking the supplied medication for six recurrences of their aphthous lesions. Forty‐two of those completing the double‐blind study entered an open study to evaluate the long‐term effects of levamisole on recurrent aphthous stomatitis.Each patient took the supplied medication at the onset of each recurrence of their aphthous lesions. They were examined and evaluated at each recurrence of their lesions. The levamisole was supplied in 50‐mg tablets and taken by mouth at a dosage of 150 mg daily for 3 days. Pregnant patients were excluded from the study.A reduction in the duration of the aphthous lesions from 10.7 days to 6.07 days was obtained in the double‐blind study by the group taking levamisole. The placebo group had a reduction from 10 to 8.62 days. The reduction in the duration of the lesions continued in both groups in the open study. No reduction was noted in the days between recurrences of the lesions in the double‐blind or open study. No changes were noted in the RBC, WRC, differential white count, hemoglobin or hematocrit. Nineteen patients (33%) experienced side effects to levamisole. The most frequent reported were nausea, dysgeusia and hyperosmia.
Nutritional deficiencies in recurrent aphthae
Authors: Wray D. , Ferguson M. M. , Hutcheon A. W. , Dagg J. H. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract A series of 330 patients with recurrent aphthae was screened for deficiencies of iron, folate and vitamin B12, In 47 patients (14.2 %) such deficiencies were found; 23 were deficient in iron, seven in folic acid, six in vitamin B12 and in addition 11 patients had combined deficiencies.Clinical examination of the aphthae was not helpful in identifying individual patients with a nutritional deficiency although patients with an associated glossitis or angular cheilitis were more likely to suffer from such deficiencies.Screening of the patients by examination of their peripheral blood alone (estimation of haemoglobin and absolute values, and blood film examination) detected only a proportion of those with deficiencies of iron or folic acid, although in this series such screening was able to identify the small number of cases with vitamin B12 deficiency.The 39 patients with a proven nutritional deficiency who were available for follow‐up showed a favourable response to corrective therapy; 23 showed a complete remission of ulcers, 11 were improved and five were not helped.The significance of these findings is discussed. It is suggested that the results indicate the need for full haematological screening of all patients with recurrent aphthae.
Topographical distribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the surface layers of the human temporomandibular joint
Authors: Kopp Soigvard 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.The right temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was removed at autopsy from 18 individuals and the articular surfaces were scored for macroscopic lesions. Soft tissue specimens were cut out of the medial, lateral and posterior parts of the temporal and condylar components and frozen. The sections were stained with toluidine blue (1‐N HC1 solution) and with alcian blue (CEC method) for sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The sections were examined for inter‐ and pericellular metachromasia and alcian blue staining. Macroscopic surface lesions were found in 14 of the joints. The highest score of inter‐and pericellular metachromasia was found in the anterior parts of the joints and a negative correlation was found between the score of surface lesions and that of intercellular metachromasia. Pericellular metachromasia was found mainly in the mineralized cartilage and cartilage layers of the articular surface. Although the CEC values of pericellular staining commonly reached a level indicating the presence of keratan sulfate, the majority of the CEC values found corresponded to those of chondroitin‐dermatan sulfate. It was concluded that sulfated GAG are localized mainly to the anterior part of the TMJ and that macroscopic TMJ surface lesions are associated with a reduction of sulfated glycosaminoglycans.
Ultrastructural study of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
Authors: Hatakeyama Setsuko , Suzuki Atsumi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Two cases of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor were examined by light and electron microscopy. Morphologically the tumors could be divided into four layers. The ultrastructure of the tumor cells of each layer was revealed to be similar respectively to that of four layers seen in the enamel organ of a normal tooth germ. Duct‐like structures and eosinophilic small areas were frequently present in compactly proliferating cell layers. Short columnar cells forming duct‐like structures and eosinophilic small areas appeared similar ultrastructurally to ameloblasts during predentin formation. Therefore it seems reasonable to assume that this tumor originates from the enamel organ.The contents in the lumen of each eosinophilic small area varied, and seemed to be secreted into the stroma by circumscribing epithelial tumor cells. A fine filamentous layer was present in both of the duct‐like structures and some of the eosinophilic small areas, and the former was different from the latter with respect to the alcian blue (pH 2.5) and toluidine blue (pH 4.4) staining reactions.
Lipopigment in odontogenic cysts
Authors: Buchner Amos , David Raffaele 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.A study of 105 odontogenic cysts revealed the presence of pigmented cells in the cyst wall in 38% of the cases. The frequency of pigmented cells was higher in the inflammatory odontogenic cysts than in the developmental cysts. Although isolated pigmented cells were seen within the epithelial lining and cyst cavity, the larger collections were closely associated with cholesterol crystals and hemosiderin deposits; they contained light brown cytoplasmic pigment which manifested sudanophilia, acid‐fastness, silver reduction capacity, PAS positivity and yellow autofluorescence in ultraviolet light. The morphology, histochemical reactions and autofluorescence suggest that the pigmented cells are macrophages containing ceroids.It has been suggested that the hemosiderin which is found in the cyst wall serves as an oxidation catalyst for the locally liberated lipids, the end result of which is the formation of the ceroid pigment.
The relationship between the dose of dentogingival plaque and the in vitro lymphoproliferative response in subjects with periodontal disease
Authors: Church Hillary , Dolby A. E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.The in vitro lymphoblastic response to autologous dentogingival plaque (DGP) extract at nine concentrations was measured in 28 individuals (Periodontal Index (Russell 1956] 0.8–7.4). Significantly elevated responses were obtained in 25 of the patients but the levels of the peak responses were unrelated to the severity of the disease. There was a significant (n=28, r=−.734) negative linear relationship between the PI of the individuals studied and the logarithmic concentration of DGP producing the peak lymphoblastic response. Lower concentrations of DGP extract would appear to be required to achieve peak responses in patients with severe periodontal disease.
A Teacher of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb: Muhammad Hayāt al-Sindī and the Revival of Ashāb al-Hadīth's Methodology
Authors: Nafi Basheer 
Published: April 2006

Muhaammad Hayāt al-Sindī, the most eminent
hadīth
scholar in the Hijazi city of Madina in the first half of the eighteenth century, was one of the teachers of the controversial Najdī reformist Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Wah-hāb. Scholars of early modern Islamic thought disagree about al-Sindī's influence on Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb. In this article I present a brief study of the life and works of Hayāt al-Sindī, focusing on his approach to
hadīth
as a primary source of
fiqh
, his call for
ijtihād
, and his opposition to the legacy of the
madhhab
s and to the divisions caused by partisan adherence to the
madhhab
. Although he was influenced by the Hanbalī Ibn Taymiyya, Hayāt al-Sindī's outlook and methodology are closer to those of the classical
ahl al-Hadīth
. Like Hayāt al-Sindī, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb was critical of the established
madhhabī
system, disregarded the instruments of
usūl al-fiqh
, and appears to have been irreverent to the legacy of
fiqh
.
Divorce Reform in the Sharia Court of Appeals in Israel (1992-2003)
Authors: Ramadan Moussa Abou 
Published: April 2006

In this article, I study Article 130 of the Ottoman Family Law, which is still applied in Israel, with special attention to developments within the Sharia Court of Appeals between the years 1992 and 2003. I argue that this Court has encouraged reform regarding the issue of
niza wa-shiqāq
(quarrel and disagreement). This reform has four main components. First, it entails a weakening of the patriarchal concept that limits a woman's role within Muslim society, her authority over her body, and her movements. Second, it eases the burden of proof by lowering evidentiary requirements. Third, it improves the procedure of arbitration by better defining the suitability of the arbitrators and supervising the methods of their work. Fourth, it enables the Sharia Court to nominate arbitrators and control their decisions. This reform has improved women's rights to divorce and has made divorce a relatively easy option. The reform also makes it easier for both men and women to obtain divorce, particularly as compared to other religious minorities in Israel.
Charitable Choice: The Religious Component of the US-Welfare-Reform — Theoretical and Methodological Reflections on "Faith-Based-Organizations" as Social Service Agencies
Authors: Nagel Alexander-Kenneth 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAre religious institutions gaining new strength in the modern welfare state? The concept of "Charitable Choice" is part of a comprehensive welfare reform under the Clinton-Government in 1996. It aims at the formal inclusion of religious organizations ("Faith-Based-Organizations") into the public welfare system. The new relevance of religious organizations as social service providers goes along with a shift of ideas of social inequality and deviant behaviour in terms of having not only structural and economic but also behavioural and moral reasons. The question arises, what is so productive about Faith-Based-Organizations, and, are religious institutions perhaps even more efficient than "secular" agencies? In this essay, I will discuss these questions from a theoretical and methodological point of view, arguing that religious studies have to adjust their analytical framework to the new situation. Religion has by no means lost its collective and material dimension. Therefore, I shall present neo-institutional- and neo-capital-theories as more appropriate approaches than the outdated remains of secularization theory or postmodern etherealism.
Text, Tradition, and Imagination: Evoking the Normative in Everyday Hindu Life
Authors: Prasad Leela 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFor over two thousand years, the notion of śāstra has had an astonishing presence in Hindu normative thought and culture, and śāstra, as codifications of knowledge, have been composed in virtually every aspect of life from love and politics to thieving and horse rearing. The concept of śāstra yokes precept and practice in a way that perhaps no other concept in Hindu life does, and indexes a complexity that is understated by dictionary meanings of the term which include "to instruct," "order," "command," "precept," "rules," "scientific treatise," or "law-book." Drawing on my ethnographic research in the Hindu pilgrimage town of Sringeri, south India, my essay explores how the notion of śāstra, or, more widely, the "normative," is expressed in everyday contexts of Sringeri. The location of Sringeri itself is significant. A small town in the lush southwestern mountains of India, Sringeri is famous for its smārta matha (monastery) and its temples which are believed to have been founded by Śankara in approximately 800 A.D. Historical records of the matha show that in an unbroken lineage of over 1200 years, the gurus who head the matha have counseled royalty and laypersons on matters ranging from military campaigns and land disputes to propriety of marriage alliances and business practice. The matha today is an influential interpreter of the Hindu codes of conduct, the Dharmaśāstras, for a large following of Hindus in south India. To a visitor to Sringeri, the monastic institution with its emphasis on śāstra, would seem to symbolize a normative centrality in the lives of Sringeri residents. However, conversations and oral narratives from Sringeri challenge this assumption, and demonstrate that śāstra is one concept among others such as paddhati (custom), ācāra (proper conduct), sampradāya (tradition), and niyama (principle; restraint) that individuals employ to indicate moral authority and enactment. While these terms are often used interchangeably, they highlight subtle differences in agency, textuality, historicity, jurisdiction, and permissibility in the context of the normative. I argue that underlying ethical practice is a dynamically-constituted "text" that draws on and weaves together various sources of the normative — a sacred book, an exemplar, a tradition, a principle, and so on. Such a text is essentially an imagined text, a fluid "text" which engages precept and practice, and in a sense, is always intermediary. In this imagined text, the normative manifests as emergent, situated in the local and the larger-than-local, the historical, and the interpersonal.
Seven papyrus fragments of a Greek manuscript of Exodus
Authors: Desilva David A. , Adams Marcus P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article presents critical texts of seven previously unpublished fragments of Exodus in Greek, written in expert uncial script and employing standard nomina sacra and critical marks, dating from between the mid-fourth to the mid-fifth century CE, and containing portions of Exod 10:3-5, 8-9, 12-15, 17-22, 24-28; 11:2-5; 12:9-12, 15-18; 26:21-25, 30-33; 30:11-15, 18-21; 34:12-15, 20-24; 35:9-17, 22-25. These seven fragments show considerable independence of both Alexandrinus and Vaticanus and resist pre-Origenian recensional work bringing the readings in line with the Hebrew. The manuscript represented by the fragments recommends itself to textual critics on the basis of its antiquity, its independence, its non-revisionist character (in regard to the MT tradition), its tendency to preserve shorter readings rather than to expand the text, and its general avoidance of carelessness in reproducing its exemplar.
"The plain and literal sense": on contemporary assumptions about the Song of Songs
Authors: Patmore Hector 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper challenges the dominant contemporary understanding of the Song of Songs. First, M. V. Fox's thesis, The Song of Songs and the Ancient Egyptian Love Songs, is tackled and found to be lacking: significant difference between the Egyptian songs and Canticles are identified, and weaknesses in the apparent similarities are observed. The categories Fox uses to demonstrate the influence of the Egyptian songs on Canticles are then applied Middle English courtly love lyrics, Shakespeare and Robert Burns and are show to be too generic to be meaningful. Secondly, I briefly outline some of the problems raised by a secular-sexual reading of Canticles and contemporary responses to these problems. Finally, I respond to the questions, What is wrong with a secular-sexual understanding of Canticles if that is the plain sense of it? And expose some of the assumptions that underlie a "plain sense" reading of Canticles.
The literary criticism and rhetorical logic of Deuteronomy i-iv
Authors: MacDonald N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is generally accepted that the first speech of Moses in Deuteronomy (i 1-iv 40) is not of one piece, and that a clear distinction needs to be recognized between the rhetorical parenesis of chapter iv and the narrative recapitulation in chapters i-iii. This analysis has even proved determinative for scholars interested in the final form of the biblical text, despite the recognition that the chapters are portrayed canonically as Moses's first speech. A lack of substantive thematic connections between the two parts of the speech prevents any attempt to trace unity across the whole. This article argues that the consensus on the literary history of these chapters may be more problematic than commonly thought. Further, it is proposed that common to both the narrative and the parenetic sections of Moses's first speech are the complex interrelationship between the themes of divine presence, human obedience, election and the land.
Desire, Foresight, Intentions, and Intentional Actions: Probing Folk Intuitions
Authors: Nadelhoffer Thomas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA number of philosophers working under the rubric of "experimental philosophy" have recently begun focusing on analyzing the concepts of ordinary language and investigating the intuitions of laypersons in an empirically informed way. In a series of papers these philosophers – who often work in collaboration with psychologists – have presented the results of empirical studies aimed at proving folk intuitions in areas as diverse as ethics, epistemology, free will, and the philosophy of action. In this paper, I contribute to this research program by discussing the results of some new experiments that further probe folk intuitions about the relationship between desire, foresight, intent, intentional action, and moral considerations.
Stages or Lifespan? an Alternative Approach to Religious Development in Adulthood
Authors: Feeser-Lichterfeld Ulrich , Kläden Tobias 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe investigation and interpretation of individualised and pluralised religious attitudes and behaviour has been at the top of the research agenda of practical theology for some decades. With regard to the description of religious development especially in childhood and adolescence, but also in adulthood, the stage theories by J.W. Fowler and F. Oser/P. Gmünder have played a prominent role. In current developmental psychology, the lifespan approach has been established as a new paradigm that conceives development as a lifelong and multidirectional process and particularly takes into account developmental processes in the higher and highest adulthood. We will discuss these developmental theories and present the lifespan approach as an additional – and even more comprehensive – theory for the description and understanding of religious biographies, taking up the results of the empirical theological research project "Religious development in adulthood" (cf. Fürst et al. [Eds.], 2003).
Advocacy, patronage and character at the eighteenth-century Scots bar
Authors: Finlay John 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBeginning with two case studies, this article seeks to investigate the impact of patronage on conceptions of the ethical behaviour of practising advocates in post-Union Scotland. It is argued that efforts by individuals to protect their reputation and defend their character by reference to traditional notions of the virtuous advocate distort reality. The formal care taken by the Faculty of Advocates over admission to what it regarded as a noble profession, and in the promotion of ethical behaviour by ensuring that only competent men of good character took up the office of advocate, belies the fact that beneath the surface, concern with good character was often less important than family and political factors in securing acceptance and success at the bar.