bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morro seed oil
Authors: Van Séveren Mario Lewy 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe quantitative production of malonaldehyde during the oxidation of pure, unsaturated fatty acids under controlled conditions, has been measured and correlated with their off‐odor. It was found that malonaldehyde does not accumulate as a stable end‐product of fat oxidation but reaches a peak at the same time that oxygen uptake begins declining. Oxidation products of all of the fatty acids investigated reacted slowly with TBA to give a compound absorbing at 450 mµ in addition to the malonaldehyde‐TBA complex absorbing at 538 mµ.
Evaluation of antioxidant activity: I. application of an enzyme‐ Catalyzed system
Authors: Rogstad Astri , Reinskou Truls 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study was made of the inhibitory effect of the antioxidants propyl gallate, tertiary butylated hydroxyanisol and ethoxyquin on the enzyme‐ catalyzed oxygenation of linolenic acid. Gas chro‐matography was used to measure unchanged fatty acid after varying incubation periods and at various concentrations of antioxidant. Propyl gallate was also tested for its influence on the oxygenation of an emulsion of linoleic acid. The effect of the antioxidants is compared with results obtained previously with a linoleic acid emulsion. It is concluded that it is advantageous to apply linoleic acid as substrate in the model system.
Biodegradation of long chain alkylamines
Authors: Yoshimura K. , Machida S. , Masuda F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe relative biodegradability of long chain linear alkylamines has been studied under aerobic condition using the oxygen consumption technique and other methods. Primary and secondary alkylamines with C4–C18 were found to be readily biodegradable. Of the tertiary alkylamines, monoalkyldimethylamines were biodegradable whereas trialkylamines were less biodegradable. Alkylamine‐assimilating bacteria were isolated from activated sludge by enrichment culture technique. A strain isolated as PA12 (primary alkylamine)‐degrading bacterium was identified asPseudomonas putida. Biodegradability of various alkylamines by this isolated strain also is discussed.
Preparation of partial glycerides by direct esterification1
Authors: Gros Audrey T. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA previously described procedure for the direct esterification of diglycerides without interesterification occurring has been evaluated for the preparation of mono and diglycerides. The esterifications were accomplished withp‐toluenesulfonic acid catalyst and with continuous removal of water of esterification by azeotropic distillation. The effect of such variables as unsaturation, chain length, mode of addition of solvent and reaction temp on the composition and yield of glycerides was observed. Chemical and chromatographic analyses were used to determine the composition of the glycerides and their component fatty acids and to detect the presence of isomeric glycerides. Simple esterification of 1‐monostearin with oleic acid at 80C yielded as much as 72.3% diglycerides, and esterification of glycerol with stearic acid at 100C yielded up to 70.1% monoglycerides, each calculated on a glyceride basis. It is concluded that simple esterification predominates with some intra‐ and interesterification occurring.
Determination of oligosaccharides in soybeans by high pressure liquid chromatography using an internal standard
Authors: Black L. T. , Bagley E. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method was developed for the quantitative analysis of oligosaccharides in soybeans by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sugars were extracted from the soy flour using an ethanol‐water solution. Separation of the oligosaccharides was effected by injecting a sample extract onto an HPLC equipped with a μBONDAPAK/carbohydrate® column. Three quantitative techniques were investigated for determining the separate sugars: (a) repetitive injection (i.e., alternately injecting equal volumes of standards and samples); (b) extract analyzed before and after spiking with raffinose (one of the unknowns); (c) the addition of a pure inexpensive internal standard, β‐cyclodextrin, which was separated completely from the other oligosaccharides. These methods were successfully applied to the quantitative analyses of two varieties of soybeans and other soybean products such as soy milk and soy protein concentrate.
The synthesis of 2‐(1‐Pentenyl) furan and its relationship to the reversion flavor of soybean oil
Authors: Ho Chi‐Tang , Smagula Michael S. , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCis and trans‐2‐(1‐pentenyl) furan were postulated as possible contributors to the reversion flavor of soybean oil. These compounds were synthesized, and structures were confirmed by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy. Organoleptic evaluation of them in oil suggested that they could contribute to the beany and grassy note of the reverted soybean oil. This approach to flavor problems of food was given a new name — reverse phase flavor chemistry.
Polymerization of safflower and rapeseed oils
Authors: Korus Roger A. , Mousetis Traci L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRates of polymerization of oils from 2 safflower and 2 rapeseed varieties were measured in the air and under vacuum. Thermal polymerization rates showed a stronger dependence on the degree of unsaturation than on oxidative polymerization. Molecular weight distributions of polymerized oils were determined by size exclusion chromatography, and the relationship between viscosity and weight‐average molecular weight was determined.
Effect of oil viscosity on recovery processes in relation to foam flooding
Authors: Sharma M. K. , Shah D. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of oil viscosity on the oil‐recovery efficiency in porous media. The pure surfactants (i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate and various alkyl alcohols) were selected to correlate the molecular and surface properties of foaming solutions with viscosity, and the recovery of oil. Oil‐displacement efficiency was measured by water, surfactant‐solution and foam‐flooding processes, which included 2 types of foams (i.e., air foam and steam foam). A significant increase in heavy‐oil recovery was observed by steam foam flooding compared with that by air foam flooding, whereas for light oils, the steam foam and air foam produced about the same oil recovery. An attempt was made to correlate the chain‐length compatibility with the surface properties of the foaming agents and oil‐recovery efficiency in porous media. For mixed foaming systems (C12 SO4 Na + Cn H2n+1 OH), a minimum in surface tension, a maximum in surface viscosity, a minimum in bubble size and a maximum in oil recovery were observed when both components of the foaming system had the same chain length. These results were explained on the basis of thermal motions (i.e., vibrational, rotational and oscillational) and the molecular packing of surfactants at the gas‐liquid interface. The effects of chain‐length compatibility and the surface properties of mixed surfactants are relevant to the design of surfactant formulations for oil recovery under given reservoir conditions.
A modified spinning band column for low pressure fractionation
Authors: Murray K. E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA spinning band fractionating column is described for operation at pressures down to 0.5 mm. of mercury. A study has been made of various designs of rotor. One type consisting of flat blades of stainless steel interspaced with bearings at regular intervals, which centered it in the column, gave an H.E.T.P. of 2.07 cm. at atmospheric pressure. At low pressures (0.5 mm.) its efficiency was found to be small, and a more suitable rotor has been developed in which strips of stainless steel gauze are attached to the blades. These wipe the walls of the column and provide an even film of reflux. Sharp separations of fatty, acid methyl esters, fatty alcohols, and acetates have been made, using this rotor at pressures of 0.5–2.0 mm. On account of the low pressure drop (0.4 mm. mercury) it is possible to fractionate compounds with 30 or 32 carbon atoms without decomposition.
Training programmes for developing countries
Authors: Solanki K. K. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryUnprecedented gains have been made in the early detection and prevention of childhood metabolic diseases. Over the last 12 years under the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Technical Cooperation Programme there have been newborn screening (NBS) projects in all the key regions—Asia, Africa, Latin America and Europe. A total of 29 projects have been undertaken at an estimated total cost of US$6.7 million, mainly focused on establishing and supporting NBS for congenital hypothyroidism. Under these projects professional training has been one of the key objectives. This short report provides a summary of the training efforts under these projects.
Secularism and the Gujarat State: 1960–2005
Authors: SUD NIKITA 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSecularism has been a defining norm for the modern, liberal Indian state. The constitutionally secular Gujarat state is believed to have undergone a paradigmatic shift in 2002, when it supported a massacre of Muslim citizens. This article investigates the empirical as well as normative state in situations of inter-religious violence. It traces the journey of the secular norm over a 45-year period, in the context of contests over identity, political ideology and socio-political dominance. The picture that emerges is much more nuanced than that projected by stark pronouncements of paradigm shifts and the inauguration of a Hindu rashtra.2
Human T Lymphocyte Colonies Require IL2 and are Inhibited by Anti‐Tac
Authors: Woods GM , Lowenthal RM 
Published: July 2007

SummaryHuman T lymphocyte colony formation can be induced in a two‐step culture system with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) as the only exogenous growth factor. In this system the first step is the overnight pre‐incubation of mononuclear cells in a liquid medium in the presence of PHA (‘activation step’). The second step is the seeding of these PHA‐activated cells into semi‐solid agar, again in the presence of PHA, and their culture for 7 days (‘proliferative step’). We have previously proposed that interleukin 2 (IL2) is produced during the second (proliferative) step and that this IL2 facilitates the production of colonies from PHA‐activated colony‐forming cells. Here we substantiate this proposal by demonstrating that both highly purified IL2 and recombinant IL2 stimulate T colony formation from PHA‐treated cells. The monoclonal antibody anti‐Tac, which is specifically directed against the IL2 receptor, dramatically inhibited colony formation when it was included during the agar culture (proliferative step). There was no effect when anti‐Tac was included during the liquid pre‐incubation culture (activation step). These results provide strong evidence that IL2 is the critical factor in the development of T lymphocyte colonies at the stage of conversion of PHA‐activated cells into colonies.
The mode of action of methotrexate‐monoclonal antibody conjugates
Authors: Smyth Mark J , Pietersz Geoffrey A , McKenzie Ian FC 
Published: July 2007

SummaryDrug‐monoclonal antibody conjugates have been evaluated for their specificity and toxicity towards tumour cells in vitro and in vivo; however, few studies have investigated their mode of entry into cells and mechanism of action. In this study the uptake and toxic effect of three different Methotrexate monoclonal antibody (MTX‐MoAb) conjugates (MTX‐anti‐transferrin receptor (TFR). MTX anti‐Ly‐2·1 and MTX‐anti‐L3T4) were examined and compared with free MTX. It was concluded that MTX and these MTX‐MoAb conjugates gain entry into tumour cells and are processed by different mechanisms, considering the following results: (a) alterations in temperature had a greater effect on the toxicity of MTX‐MoAb than on MTX; in addition, MTX and MTX‐MoAb had different rates of action on cells; (b) the specific MTX transport inhibitor, p‐chloromercuribenzene sulphonate (pCMS), reduced MTX toxicity but had no effect on specific MTX‐MoAb conjugates; (c) the concentration of various ions (Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+) effected the entry of MTX MoAb but had no effect on free MTX. MTX enters by its own carrier mechanism, while MTX‐MoAb conjugates enter by endocytosis with release of MTX at the lysosomal membrane, demonstrated by the ability of chloroquine and NH4Cl (which inhibit lysosomal function) to inhibit the action of MTX‐MoAb but not MTX. Therefore, these MTX‐MoAb conjugates are not degraded at the surface but bind to their receptor and then enter the cell by endocytosis as one entity; the MTX‐MoAb conjugates are then degraded within the lysosomes, resulting in the release of free MTX into the cytoplasm where it acts on dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) to inhibit cell metabolism.
In vivo H‐2K and H‐2D antigen expression In two allogeneic mouse tumours of low immunogenicity
Authors: Ashley Michael P , Kotlarski Ieva 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe B16 melanoma of C57BL/6 mice immunizes very poorly, even against its own major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. B16 cells expressed both H‐2K and H‐2D antigens in vitro as judged by binding of monoclonal antibodies to these antigens in indirect immunofluorescence staining. The in vivo MHC antigen expression of B16 was examined and compared with that of a second C57BL/6 tumour, the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL). whose defective immunogenicity has been attributed to a selective deficiency‐ in H‐2K antigen expression. We found that 125I‐labeiled cells of both tumours expressed sufficient allo‐antigen in vivo to be lysed in BALB/c mice which had been pre‐immunized with C57BL/6 lymphoid cells. 125I‐B16 cells were also lysed in MHC‐recombinant mice which had been immunized against either H‐2Kb or H‐2Db, indicating that B16 cells express both of these MHC antigens in vivo. This contrasted with our findings with 125I‐3LL cells which were destroyed in mice immunized against H‐2Db but not in those immunized against H‐2Kb. Thus, B16 illustrates a different deficiency in tumour cell immunogenicity which appears not to be attributable to an absence of either of the class 1 MHC antigens.
Characterisation and uses of a hypervariable DNA polymorphism associated with the human JH immunoglobulin gene locus
Authors: Trent RJ , Williams BG , Basten A 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA DNA hypervariable polymorphism associated with the human immunoglobulin JH gene locus on chromosome 14 is described. Its potential applications include the distinguishing of cells as host or donor in a transplantation situation as well as characterisation of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements.
Responses in mice to Sj26, a glutathione S‐transferase of Schistosoma japonicum worms
Authors: Davern KM , Tiu WU , Morahan G , Wright MD , Garcia EG , Mitchell GF 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe genetic variation in antibody responses of mice to glutathione S‐transferase (GST) enzymes of Schistosoma japonicum worms, and in particular to a Mr 26,000 species termed Sj26, was analysed. Sera from infected mice, or mice immunized with adjuvant and an Sj26 β‐galactosidase fusion protein produced in Escherichia coli (Sj26FP), or purified near‐native recombinant Sj26 produced in E. coli (rSj26), were assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibody titres to GST purified from adult worms. Anti‐GST antibody levels are high in a mouse strain, WEHI 129/J, that is genetically resistant to infection with S. japonicum. Antibody responses to GST are low in BALB/c mice and intermediate in most other mouse strains analysed such as CBA/H and C57B1/6. Responsiveness to Sj26 in adjuvant is dominant in (BALB/c × WEHI 129/J)F1 hybrids. BALB/c.H‐2b and BALB/c.H‐2k mice are higher responders than BALB/c. One feature of antibody responses to Sj26 is the variability within a group of mice. When rSj26 conjugated to the hapten azobenzenearsonate was used as immunogen, BALB/c mice produced substantial amounts of anti‐Sj26 antibodies. In an attempt to correlate antibody levels with resistance in infected mice, a new functional assay was devised to measure the ability of sera to inhibit the binding of rSj26 to glutathione. However, there was no correlation between inhibitory titre in this assay and the numbers of worms recovered. In regard to the candidacy of GST as a vaccinating antigen in schistosomiasis japonica, the data raise the problem of variable responsiveness to the antigen that will need to be overcome by antigen modification and/or powerful adjuvants.
Anti‐tumour activity of aminopterin‐monoclonal antibody conjugates; in vitro and in vivo comparison with methotrexate‐monoclonal antibody conjugates
Authors: Kanellos Jerry , Pietersz Geoffrey A , Cunningham Zita , McKenzie Ian FC 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTwo related folate antagonists aminopterin (AMN) and methotrexate (MTX) were used to produce drug‐antibody conjugates and their tumouricidal effects compared in vitro and in vivo. Active ester derivatives were produced with the use of N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and covalently coupled to monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) reactive with murine cell surface antigens; approximately 11 molecules of AMN or 13 molecules of MTX were specifically bound per molecule of anti‐Ly‐2.1, with good retention of antibody activity and protein recovery. AMN was a more effective inhibitor of tumour cell growth in vitro than MTX, and AMN‐anti‐Ly‐2.1 conjugates were also more potent in vitro than MTX‐anti‐Ly‐2.1 conjugates. Although there was some loss of drug activity on binding to antibody, AMN‐MoAb conjugates were as toxic as free MTX. However, in contrast to free drugs (which can act on any target), the toxicity of drug‐MoAb conjugates was entirely specific for the target cells. In addition, AMN‐MoAb conjugates were effective anti‐tumour agents in vivo, and in mice bearing established thymoma grafts AMN‐MoAb conjugates inhibited tumour proliferation better than MTX‐MoAb, free AMN or MTX or antibody atone. AMN coupled to specific MoAb is a potentially useful agent for immunotherapy and is of particular relevance in man as free AMN has been discarded because of its systemic toxicity. Now, coupled with antibody, there will be specific tumouricidal effects in the absence of toxicity.
Proliferative activity in the proximal and distal colon of the rat after fasting and refeeding
Authors: Butler RN , Lawson MJ , Goland GJ , Jarrett IG , Roberts‐Thomson IC 
Published: July 2007

SummarySeveral methods were used to assess proliferation of coloncytes in the proximal and distal colon of the rat after fasting and refeeding. Those applied in vivo included metaphase arrest, labelling with bromodeoxyuridine and uptake of tritiated thymidine. The latter two techniques were also applied after isolation of colonocytes in vitro. Methods applied in vivo showed similar proliferation in the proximal and distal colon after fasting and enhanced proliferation in both regions after refeeding. However, the degree of enhancement was greater in the distal colon than in the proximal colon. In vitro, proliferation was enhanced in both the proximal and distal colon after refeeding but the degree of variability was greater than after assessment in vivo. Methods applied in vivo are preferred for assessment of proliferative activity in the rat colon, and major changes in proliferation in both proximal and distal colon can be induced by fasting‐refeeding.
Immunosuppression in Sarcocystis muris‐infected mice: Evidence for suppression of antibody and cell‐mediated responses to a heterologous antigen
Authors: Gill HS , Charleston WAG , Moriarty KM 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMice infected with Sarcocystis maris showed a significant reduction in plaque‐forming cells (PFC) and delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DHS) responses to an unrelated protein antigen, bovine γ‐globulin, when compared with uninfected controls. This immunosuppression was observed only when infection preceded immunization or when mice were immunized concurrently with infection, suggesting that suppression induced by murine sarcocystosis affected the induction and/or the differentiation of antigen‐sensitive immunocytes. The immunosuppression lasted for 5 weeks, the period of this study, and affected cell‐mediated responses more than antibody responses. The secondary PFC and DHS responses of mice immunized 14 days after infection and re‐immunized 21 days later were also significantly lower than those of uninfected controls, whereas the secondary PFC and DHS responses of mice primed before infection were unimpaired. This indicated that S. muris infection affects only the induction but not the expression of immune memory.
Production of a polyspecific human monoclonal antibody reacting with an epidermal antigen
Authors: Hohmann Arthur W , Coleman Mark , Comacchio Raffaela M , Skinner John M , Bradley John 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA clone of cells secreting an antibody to an epidermal antigen was generated from a patient with a blistering skin lesion. Although produced by fusion of human lymphocytes to a HAT‐sensitive myeloma, this clone of cells did not have characteristics of a hybridoma. A true hybridoma was produced by fusion of this clone to a HATr/ouabainr myeloma line. The IgM antibody secreted by this clone reacted with the intercellular region of the epidermis of normal human skin in a manner similar to pemphigus autoantibodies. In addition, in normal human kidney the antibody bound to glomeruli and tubules. It also reacted with an antigen present in the cytoplasm of a wide variety of cell lines including epithelial, lymphoid and myeloid types. No reaction was found with the surface of any of the cell lines, nor with DNA or phospholipid antigens.This monoclonal antibody may define an autoantibody specificity which mediates some autoimmune skin lesions. Its polyspecificity is reminiscent of some other human hybridoma autoantibodies, and its reaction with components of the kidney suggests an alternative pathology for renal disease in such patients.
Immunomodulation of human fetal cells by the fungal metabolite gliotoxin
Authors: Tuch Bernard E , Lissing Judith R , Suranyi Michael G 
Published: July 2007

SummaryGliotoxin (GT) is a fungal metabolite that reduces the ability of murine macrophages to react immunologically in vitro. It is also capable of modulating the immunogenicity of murine bone marrow cells, so that the onset of graft‐versus‐host disease in fully allogeneic bone marrow chimeras is delayed. The present study examines the effect of GT on human fetal cells, both in terms of reduction of immunogenicity and toxicity. GT (10 μg/ml) significantly decreased the responsiveness in mixed lymphocyte cultures of cells derived from human fetal pancreas, spleen, liver and bone marrow. This concentration of GT was, however, mildly toxic to explants of the pancreas, with a significant reduction in insulin secretion from this tissue during the first day of its organ culture, but not thereafter. GT‐treated pancreatic explants were lighter and contained less insulin than the untreated controls 3 months after the tissue had been implanted beneath the renal capsule of nude mice. This difference was not apparent 3 weeks after transplantation into these animals. It is hypothesized that the immuno‐modulating effect of GT (at a concentration less than 10 μg/ml) may be of benefit in treating allografted human fetal pancreas before it is transplanted, as it has for murine adult bone marrow cells.