bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOME NOTES ON THE NATURE OF CLAY1
Authors: Norton F. H. , Hodgon P. B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe porosity and particle spacing was determined for a number of plastic and non‐plastic materials under various conditions of wetness and pressure. This was done by pressing the material in a cylindrical mold and measuring the resultant density of both the freshly‐molded and the dried specimen. The results show that all of the materials at the lower pressures have a critical water content, beyond which the particles re‐orient themselves into a denser packing. This point corresponds to the pores being one‐half filled. The clays are differentiated from the nonplastic materials by their ability to hold a stable water film onto the surface of the particles. The maximum stable thickness of this film occurs at or beyond the point where the pores are filled, and for the clays tested averages about 3 × 10−6 Cm. in thickness. This film is so stable as not to be influenced by pressures as high as 800 kilograms per square centimeter. A size analysis of the particles of all the materials was made, and their average sue and diameter computed. All of the materials were found to have some elasticity when the pressure was relieved. These data taken as a whole allow the construction of a comparatively accurate picture of the clay structure.
COLOR FORMATION IN VITREOUS BODIES1
Authors: Norton F. H. , Dulplin V. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA simple vitreous body of the Parian type was made up and the coloring produced by adding varying amounts of cobalt, chromium, iron, uranium, nickel, and copper oxide was determined. The color was measured by the Hardy recording spectrophotometer, and the resulting curves were analyzed for the three attributes of color. The hue, brilliancy, and saturation were all proportional to the logarithm of the coloring oxide. It was found that the color was mainly due to the particles of the practically undissolved oxide, and not to a colored glass. This makes it possible to color a body for use in reflected light, but not for transmitted light. Some excellent magenta red bodies were produced by reducing the copper oxide, but the results could not be consistently reproduced.
EXTRUSION OF REFRACTORY OXIDE INSULATORS FOR VACWM TUBES1
Authors: Navias Lurs 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method is described whereby nonplastic materials such as refractory oxides are given a temporary plasticity, sufficient for extrusion. The organic plastic gel used consists of flour or starch paste with ammonia as an electrolyte. A short detailed account is given of the manufacture of twin‐hole insulators made of MgO 98% and talc 2% for radio 227 vacuum tubes, with supplemental experimental results on other materials. The refractory oxides Al2O3, BeO, ZrO2, MgO, and ThO2 are compared from the standpoint of their physical properties and their ability to act as insulators in contact with hot tungsten filaments. Examples are given of the use of such extruded oxide insulators for hot filament supports.
THE PRODUCTION AND CONTROL OF COPPER REDS IN AN OXIDIZING KILN ATMOSPHERE*
Authors: Baggs Arthur E. , Littlefield Edgar 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTExperiments are reported demonstrating the possibility of producing localized, definitely controlled effects of reduction, in oxidizing or neutral kiln atmospheres, through the use of glazes or slips of special composition. This control was obtained by two methods as follows: (1) by incorporating silicon carbide in the glaze batch and (2) by introducing silicon carbide into underglaze slips. In ordinary kiln atmospheres both methods produced satisfactory results in which predetermined areas of copper reds and copper blues or greens were developed on the same piece.
NOTES ON ELECTROMETRIC IRON DETERMINATION* Iron in Feldspar
Authors: Lyle A. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTResults arc presented showing the variable effect of platinum on the determination of iron in feldspar. Most of the platinum is introduced during the pyrosulphate fusion. The use of vitreous silica crucibles for the fusion reduces the platinum contamination so that the results are well within the required limits of accuracy.
THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY AND ITS RELATION TO SOME OTHER PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GLASSES*
Authors: Preston F. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA possible connection between the temperature coefficient of viscosity (not the viscosity itself), the latent heat of fusion or some similar work‐function, and the absorption spectrum of liquids and glasses is discussed. The three things seem to be connected in a fairly clear and simple manner.It is shown, for instance, that from viscosity data alone it is possible to predict the position of the ultra‐violet absorption band in glasses, and the black color of pitch. Also, that at high temperatures the ultra‐violet absorption band invades the visible spectrum and migrates down into the infra‐red, and that at room temperature the viscosity of typical soda‐lime‐silica glasses is of the order 1070 poises. A meaning is attached to the term “viscosity” at temperatures at which it can not be measured mechanically, and a means of tracing it optically down to absolute zero is suggested.
SODIUM ALUMINATE AS AN ELECTROLYTE FOR CASTING‐SLIP CONTROL*
Authors: Carter W. K. , Kino R. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSodium aluminate has been used as a water‐softening agent, but not to any great extent in the ceramic industry. The results of this investigation show that sodium aluminate when used as a substitute for sodium carbonate in casting slips eliminates or minimizes some of the troubles usually encountered in the control of slips and in casting ware.
PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITIES OF GLASSES AT TEMPERATURES NEAR THEIR ANNEALING POINTS*
Authors: Lillie H. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe paper describes a new apparatus for measuring glass viscosities of 1013 poises and higher. It consists of causing the glass flow to take place inside a steel tube by means of air pressure. The amount of flow is observed by means of interference fringes between the top of the glass sample and a stationary plate of fused silica. Preliminary experiments with two glasses, a lime and a light flint, are described and the results given. A comparison is also made between results by this method and by that of fiber elongation. The new results indicate that the apparatus can he successfully used for observing flow‐pressure relations at extremely high viscosities and also that at the temperatures used these two glasses are purely viscous liquids.
NOTES ON TUNNEL KILN CAR LUBRICATION*
Authors: Robson J. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA discussion of the properties required by oil for kiln‐car lubrication is presented. The results reported on questionnaires answered by forty plants operating tunnel kilns are given, together with comments and conclusions therefrom. The residue, flash, and burning points of ten different oils approved for kiln‐car lubrication are listed with directions for using oil as a lubricant on tunnel kiln cars.
THE EFFECT OF BORIC OXIDE ON THE DEVITRIFICATION OF THE SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASSES. THE QUATERNARY SYSTEM, Na2O‐CaO‐B2O3‐SiO21
Authors: Morey George W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCommercial glasses of the soda‐lime‐silica types do not consist solely of these three oxides, but in addition contain significant amounts of other constituents which arc introduced incidentally as impurities or deliberately for some beneficial influence. Such minor additions may have either a favorable or unfavorable influence on the tendency of the glass to devitrify, and an investigation into the effect of such minor components is desirable. Previous results with MgO and with A12O3 have shown that a systematic study of a four‐component system is necessary to the understanding of its devitrification relations, and that arbitrary and fragmentary excursions into such a system give little insight into the general effect of the minor constituent and may be misinterpreted to erroneous conclusions as to the effect of this constituent on glasses of slightly different composition. Accordingly, in taking up the study of the effect of B2O3 on the devitrification of the soda‐lime‐silica glasses, it was added to 21 glasses in and near the field of devitrite, Na2O·3CaO·6SiO2, in the ternary system, Na2O–CaO‐SiO2, in amounts up to about 5%. In all cases the liquidus temperature was lowered, and the tendency toward devitrification reduced. Both of these effects are desirable and add to the thermal stability of the glass. With glasses containing 10% CaO, initially in the field of tridymite or so near to it that a small addition of B203 brings the resulting glass into the tridymite field, this initial lowering is replaced by an increase in the liquidus temperature which passed through a maximum at from 4 to 6% B2O3. With all other glasses the lowering continues, and the rate of decrease is greatest with glasses originally in the field of Na2O·2CaO·3SiO2. An exploration of the quaternary system showed that no new compounds are formed in any mixture that can be obtained by adding B203 in amounts up to 50% to any mixture in or near the devitrite field. It also indicated the probability that a narrow band of immiscible liquids is formed, extending across the ternary system, CaO‐B2O3–SiO2, and including the mineral danburite, CaO·B2O·2SiO2, but probably not extending far into the quaternary system. The fields of wollastonite and of Na2O·2CaO·3SiO2 were found to sweep out regions in the quaternary system extending over the square, Na2O·SiO2‐Na2O·B2O3‐CaO‐B2O3‐CaOSO2, and the field of Na2O·CaO·SiO2 was found to extend over the middle of this square, and is probably adjacent to the fields of wollastonite and of Na2O· 2CaO·3SiO2. A compound is formed between Na2O·B2O3 and CaO·B2O3. There is included a general survey of the literature relative to the effect of B203 on the properties of glass.
VISCOSITY‐TIME‐TEMPERATURE RELATIONS IN GLASS AT ANNEALING TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Lillie Howard R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTViscosity data published by the author in 1931 are discussed with reference to their limitations. New experiments on fiber elongation in a redesigned apparatus are described in which one of the glasses previously used is tested. The results show that the viscosity of a newly drawn fiber increases with time of heat treatment according to a definite law which may be explained on the basis of a change in the state of aggregation in the glass. A finite equilibrium viscosity is indicated at each temperature, this limit being approachable from either side depending on previous heat treatment of the sample. This is taken to indicate an equilibrium average size of aggregate for any temperature, the groups starting to break up again if the temperature is increased after a long treatment. The expression of Sheppard and Houck is used for estimating effective molecular or aggregate weights in equilibrium at various temperatures, an example being 112,000 at about 500°C. The variation of viscosity with time is at least one reason why glasses fail to conform to Adams' and Williamson's annealing equation at low temperatures.
WATER‐TIGHT TERRA COTTA MASONRY*
Authors: Anderegg F. O. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn spite of the lessened opportunity for moisture to pass the face of a terra cotta wall as compared with brick masonry, certain precautions should be observed to produce a water‐tight wall, especially where the exposure is severe. The bearing of each of the important properties of masonry cements in regard to their application to terra cotta is pointed out and recommendations are made for suitable cementing materials. Suggestions are offered for the selection of sand and for securing uniformity and intimacy of mix. A joint width of to ¼ inch is recommended where the regularity Of the units permits. The joints should be shoved and given a tool finish at the proper stage of stiffening. The joints subjected to extra severe exposure should be packed with prehydrated mortar and properly tool‐finished. Mortar may be aided to adhere to a glazed surface either by using prehydrated mortars or by first painting the surfaces with cement paint. For back‐up, a hollow tile with webs vertical is recommended.
SOME NOTES ON THE NATURE OF CLAY, II*
Authors: Norton By F. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe drying shrinkage curves were accurately determined for a number of clays and Other finely divided substances. Some clays show a secondary shrinkage and other do not. The latter are generally the less plastic ones. Other finely divided materials beside clay may show considerable plasticity, e.g., ferric oxide. The shrinkage curves give an insight into the nature of the surface film on the clay particles.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS GASEOUS ATMOSPHERES ON THE VITRIFICATION OF CERAMIC BODIES*
Authors: Badger A. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTVarious types of ceramic bodies were fired in atmospheres of O2, N2, CO2, H2, and H2. A marked increase in the rate of vitrification occurred when bodies containing feldspar were fired in an atmosphere of H2O. This effcct was explained on the basis of a feldspar‐water eutectic.
THE BLISTERING OF CAST IRON ENAMEL*
Authors: Poste Emerson P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis Progress Report II is a continuation of the report presented before the Enamel Division in 1932. The subjects discussed are (1) gases from metal, (2) possible reaction between enamel and iron, and (3) gases from the enamel itself. The author concludes in this report that nothing has developed which is inconsistent with the facts summarized in the 1932 report.
THE DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF PORCELAIN: THE INFLUENCE OF POROSITY*
Authors: Monack A. J. , Smith R. K. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis work utilized the samples used by Monack, Shardlow, and Warnsley in previous experiments.1 Between cones 7 and 10, the dielectric strength was found to be inversely proportional to the per cent apparent porosity. Between cones 10 and 15 the dielectric strength increased gradually while the apparent porosity remained essentially zero. No relation existed between dielectric strength and total porosity (open and closed pores). Overfiring does not seem to decrease the dielectric strength unless a definite vesicular structure is developed.
GASES IN GLASS*
Authors: Dalton R. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn apparatus is described for extracting the gas from glass at glass‐furnace temperature and determining its composition. Results are given for glasses of various compositions and various melting histories. All ordinary glasses were found to contain appreciable quantities of dissolved (or chemically combined) gas, the amount varying from a few hundredths to a few tenths per cent. Water is frequently the most abundant gas, the content being highest in borosilicate glasses. Carbon dioxide is also usually present, the amount depending on the basicity of the glass. Nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen were never found present in appreciable quantities. All oxidized glasses contain some oxygen. Glasses containing arsenic give off a comparatively large volume of oxygen. The effect of this oxygen on fining is discussed. It has been found that remelting a glas has little effect on the gas content. The gas content is greatly influenced by the size of the melt, being the lowest in small experimental melts.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING PROPERTIES OF ACID‐RESISTING ENAMELS *
Authors: Spencer‐Strong G. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of metal gage, firing treatment, drying method, application methods, and base‐coat compositions upon acid resistance and other physical properties, both alone and in combination, was determined upon three acid‐resisting enamels of widely varying types. The firing treatment and application method, especially in combination with the metal gage, were found to affect acid resistance, while all of the other factors affected physical characteristics. The type of enamel and application method controlled the degree of the effect of the factors. Dust coats were found to be more sensitive to variable factors of production than heavier applications.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IRON AND STEEL FOR PORCELAIN ENAMELING *
Authors: Porter F. R. , Nead J. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe chemical and physical requirements of porcelain enameling sheets are presented. It is explained why the most satisfactory base metal for enameling purposes is one low in carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon. Thermal expansion curves and pertinent photomicrographs are shown.
STUDY OF METALLOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND ENAMELING QUALITIES OF CERTAIN CAST IRONS *
Authors: Schaal R. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe enameling properties of three different irons are described and their analyses are given. Photomicrographs are shown, depicting the structure of each iron near the surface before and after enameling. Structural changes during enameling are described and discussed as to their possible influence on enameling properties. It is shown that one iron anneals perfectly during enameling with no apparent surface alteration, another anneals perfectly but shows surface decarburization; the third sample does not anneal perfectly. Sample No. 1 enamels better than either No. 2 or No. 3.
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE TENSION OF VISCOUS LIQUIDS *
Authors: Bradley C. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe surface tensions of liquids of widely differing viscosities have been measured by the maximum bubble‐pressure method. With liquids whose viscosities are greater than about five poises, a modification of the customary technique is employed, which consists in observing the maximum pressure at which a bubble is stable. This is the same procedure which Parmelee used. The applicability of this method for viscous liquids has been tested by measuring the surface tensions at 25° C of a series of solutions of rosin in benzyl‐benzoate whose viscosities varied from about 100 to 2500 poises. The values obtained are within 1 % of those observed by the method of capillary rise. The method has been applied to the measurement of the surface tensions of molten glasses whose viscosities varied from 50 to 2500 poises. The precision obtained is about 1%. A technique for the approximate measurement of surface tension of glasses by means of sessile drops is described.
FAILURE OF COKE‐OVEN WALLS BY REACTION WITH COAL ASH *
Authors: Rueckel W. C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe failure of coke‐oven walls by slagging is described and data are presented which trace the source of the damaging material to the coal. Mechanism of failure is explained with the help of phase‐rule diagrams for the systems FeO‐SiO2 and Fe and O2.
PYROMETRIC PROPERTIES OF SPODUMENE‐FELDSPAR MIXTURES *
Authors: Boyd J. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn experimental study is reported on pyrometric properties of mixtures of potash feldspar, soda feldspar, and spodumene. Numerical and graphic data show that the addition of spodumene to the feldspars up to 20% lowers the P.C.E. of the mixtures very rapidly. As spodumene is increased above 40%, the P.C.E. of the mixtures increases rapidly. By means of a triaxial diagram a considerable area is shown with P.C.E. values six to seven cones below those of the feldspars.
SPECIAL WEAR‐RESISTING MATERIALS FOR CLAY MACHINERY PARTS *
Authors: Everhart J. O. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study of wear‐resisting materials for clay machinery parts was made at the Ohio State University Engineering Experiment Station. More than 50 alloy irons and steels were subjected to actual plant tests, e.g., mill knives, die liners, muller tires, and grinder parts. The best of these are discussed from the standpoint of economy and service. Recommendations as to the proper kind of material for various types of installations are given.
COMPUTATION OF HEAT TREATMENTS FOR WHITEWARE BODIES *
Authors: Meyer W. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe constant in Arrhenius’equation, when applied to the vitrification process of feldspathic whiteware bodies was calculated, using known data. Proceeding from this point, a mathematical expression for the amount of reaction taking place in a normal whiteware mixture, heated according to a given schedule, was obtained. Formulas were also derived for calculating heating schedules of various rates of temperature rise and lengths of soaking period productive of a given amount of reaction. The calculated amounts of reaction necessary to vitrify feldspathic whiteware bodies were correlated with the RO contents of the bodies. Data on the physical properties of variously heat‐treated bodies are given to substantiate the validity of the formulas. A chart is given by means of which many heat‐treatment problems can be solved without using the mathematical formulas.
TEMPERATURE MEASURING CONES *
Authors: Rea Robert F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA series of pyrometric cones that measure temperature independent of the rate of heating has been developed. These cones are mixtures of inorganic salts and melt congruently. Melting‐point data are presented for the three binary systems MgSO4‐Li2SO4, K2SO4‐KBr, and Na2SO4‐NaBr.
CRITICAL STUDY OF METHODS OF DETERMINING EXCHANGEABLE BASES IN CLAYS *
Authors: Graham Robert P. , Sullivan John D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study was made of analytical methods of determining exchangeable bases in clays and similar ceramic materials. Total exchange capacity can be determined by electrodialysis or by the teaching‐distillation method. The time required for electrodialysis can be materially reduced by agitation of the clay slip during dialysis. Electrodialysis effects decomposition of bentonite and similar materials unless extremely low current densities are applied. Exchangeable cations of clays and similar materials are replaced slowly by percolation methods, but an agitation leaching‐centrifuging procedure was developed which effects a rapid replacement. In ultimate analyses by leaching methods, correction must be made for soluble sulfates. Aqueous 1 N ammonium acetate is a satisfactory leaching solvent for most clay bodies, but for those containing appreciable amounts of calcium carbonate, alcoholic ammonium acetate should be employed. Details of recommended analytical procedures are given.
SURFACE PROPERTIES OF FUSED SALTS AND GLASSES: I SESSILE‐DROP METHOD FOR DETERMINING SURFACE TENSION AND DENSITY OF VISCOUS LIQUIDS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES *
Authors: ELLEFSON Bennett S. , Taylor Nelson W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn apparatus is described which allows measurements to be made of the contact angle and the exact dimensions of a sessile drop of liquid resting on an electrode graphite surface in vacua or in nitrogen atmosphere. Temperatures up to 1100°C have been employed. Under these conditions, surface tension and gravity are the only forces acting on the drop, and the exact shape, surface, and volume may be computed from the tables of Bashforth and Adams. The method may be used with liquids having viscosities up to 600 poises, whereas the bubble‐pressure method used by Jaeger is limited to liquids of viscosity less than 70 poises.On the basis of internal evidence, the surface‐tension values obtained by the sessile‐drop method are considered correct within 5%. They also agree with data by Jaeger, but are, roughly, twice as great as those of Washburn and Libmart, who used a ring method. The probable error in Washburn and Libman's work appears to be in their assumption of zero contact angle.