bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sense of Place and Sense of Planet
Authors: Heise Ursula K 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis book analyzes the relationship between the imagination of the global and the ethical commitment to the local in environmentalist thought and writing from the 1960s to the present. Part I critically examines the emphasis on local identities and communities in North American environmentalism by establishing conceptual connections between environmentalism and ecocriticism, on one hand, and theories of globalization, transnationalism, and cosmopolitanism, on the other. It proposes the concept of “eco-cosmopolitanism” as a shorthand for envisioning these connections and the cultural and aesthetic forms into which they translate. Part II focuses on conceptualizations of environmental danger and connects environmentalist and ecocritical thought with the interdisciplinary field of risk theory in the social sciences, arguing that environmental justice theory and ecocriticism stand to benefit from closer consideration of the theories of cosmopolitanism that have arisen in this field from the analysis of transnational communities at risk. Both parts of the book combine in-depth theoretical discussion with detailed analyses of novels, poems, films, computer software, and installation artworks from the United States and abroad that translate new connections between global, national, and local forms of awareness into innovative aesthetic forms combining allegory, epic, and views of the planet as a whole with modernist and postmodernist strategies of fragmentation, montage, collage, and zooming.
4 Narrative in the World Risk Society
Authors: Heise Ursula K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter establishes connections between ecocriticism and risk theory. It gives a survey of theories of risk perception and the knowledge theoretical questions they have raised from the 1970s to the present, as well as of theories about the connection between modernization, globalization and risk. These theories, the chapter argues, are crucial for environmentalist and ecocritical approaches that seek to transform public awareness of ecological crises, at the same time that the literary perspective promises to contribute significantly to research on risk perceptions through its emphasis on narrative and metaphoric templates. The chapter also explores risk theory as a new form of global imagination through the environmental justice movement and Ulrich Beck‘s theory of cosmopolitanism, and links back to the analysis of transnationalism in Ch. 1 through the concept of “ecocosmopolitanism,” which is here further elaborated in its connection with the rise of transnational communities of risk.
5 Toxic Bodies, Corporate Poisons
Authors: Heise Ursula K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter, building on Ch. 4, analyzes the representation of local risk scenarios in two American novels that focus on exposure to chemical toxins, Don DeLillo’s White Noise and Richard Powers’s Gain. DeLillo’s novel, which reflects on a wide range of chemical risks from industrial toxins all the way to psychopharmaceuticals, uses postmodern satire to shed light on the difficulties of telling reality apart from cultural perception in the context of ecological and technological hazards. It portrays a “risk society” in Ulrich Beck’s sense in which risk has become part of the fabric of everyday life for ordinary citizens. Powers’s Gain outlines a similar scenario but explores in depth the rise of transnational corporations and global economic networks that give rise to local risks. While his narrative, more so than DeLillo’s, seeks to highlight the way in which the inhabitation of the local is shaped by global forces, it is less successful than DeLillo’s in developing a narrative technique commensurate with this ambition; Powers’s omniscient narration does not allow for the indeterminacies of risk perception that DeLillo translates into narrative form.
Conclusion
Authors: Heise Ursula K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis brief chapter concludes the book by looking at the to-date relatively sparse output of novels and films on the issue of climate change. It investigates the narrative and cinematographic difficulties of representing global risk and the transnational communities it generates in cultural forms that evolved historically to represent individuals, families, and in some cases nations, but rarely the planet as a whole. In the analysis of works that have addressed climate change, this chapter returns to David Brin’s novel Earth as a paradigmatic example of how a text combines epic and modernist fragmentation so as to convey a sense of both the local and the global, in a literary manifestation of the eco-cosmopolitan awareness formulated in Chs. 1 and 4.
Letters to Clarissa: The Fantasy of a Female Network
Authors: Schantz Ned 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers how long-distance female networks emerge out of gothic claustrophobia to flourish in the fantasy space of epistolary suspension. As it reads Clarissa for its powerful commitment to speculation, alternatives emerge to the dominant story of female virtue as lethal singularity. That Richardson refused these alternatives becomes the key to a reading of Evelina in the shadow of Clarissa. Here epistolarity goes underground as an agoraphobic heroine seeks shelter from uninhabitable female standards.
Telephonic Film
Authors: Schantz Ned 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers what our fantasies of the telephone have to do with our fantasies at the movies. It calls out the Classical Hollywood Telephone, the quiet object whose smooth transmission of narrative information bolsters the routine operations of genre and the stable meanings of crime and romance. Exposing this dormant telephone to coincidence makes it possible to chart a path of increasing deviation from the Classical norm, moving from pat disavowals, on through generic confusion (with a long look at the disguised gothic dynamics of Pillow Talk), finally to uncanny nightmares of disconnection and exposure.
Voices Carry: Film and Telepathy
Authors: Schantz Ned 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter pursues the problem of coincidence on the telephone in its greatest cinematic example—Sorry, Wrong Number—all the way to the ambivalent dream of telepathy, a major fantasy of novelistic culture and troubling concern for film. Telepathy then structures a sustained comparison between film and the novel in terms of access to characters’ minds, a comparison developed in an extended reading of Shadow of a Doubt. Hitchcock’s film finally represents a turning away from telepathy and female knowledge—the double—edged legacy of the novel—toward a cinema of female mobility and speed.
What Is an Immune System?
Authors: Clark William R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes the immune system, and its tissue (bone marrow, lymph nodes), organ (thymus, spleen), and cellular components. The important role of lymphatic circulation is described. Also discussed are the challenges faced by the immune system, and how it meets those challenges. The evolution of the immune system in a world filled with predatory microbes is considered.
Antibodies
Authors: Clark William R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes the antibody arm of the adaptive immune system and how these proteins, produced by B lymphocytes, circulate throughout the body in blood and lymph and help remove microbes and other foreign matter found in these fluids. The structure of antibodies is described, as is the concept of antibody classes. The body is able to make literally billions of different antibodies, and the genetic “trick” that makes this possible is discussed. The concepts of immunological diversity and immunological memory as well as monoclonal antibodies are introduced.
How Do Antibodies Work?
Authors: Clark William R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter delves further into how antibodies actually function in eliminating foreign materials from bodily fluids. Antibodies by themselves are relatively ineffective in eliminating foreign matter. They act mainly as “tags”, labeling microbial cells, viruses, and foreign proteins for engulfment by scavenger cells called macrophages. When bound to a cell surface, antibodies can also serve as anchor points for serum proteins refered to collectively as complement, which insert pores into cells, killing them through osmotic lysis.
T Cells: The Second Arm of Adapative Immunity
Authors: Clark William R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
B cells and antibodies are only one arm of the adaptive immune system, specialized in removing foreign material from blood and lymph. The second arm of the adaptive system consists of T cells, which detect and kill cells in the body — “self” cells — that have been invaded by microbes. All viruses invade cells, as do some bacteria. T cells are a major defense against viral infection. There are two types of T cells: CD4 helper cells and CD8 killer cells. Helper cells assist B cells in making antibody, and help CD8 cells mature to kill microbially infected cells. Killer cells are also involved in graft rejection, and in the body's response to cancer.
The Immune Response to Infectious Disease: All Out War!
Authors: Clark William R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter deals with the body's response to disease caused by infection with bacteria, viruses, or other microbes. The fundamental response is based on inflammation, which is mediated by the evolutionarily oldest elements of the immune system refered to as innate immunity (as opposed to adaptive immunity). Innate immunity is described in detail, and it is shown how it is greatly amplified by cells of the adaptive immune system: T and B cells. The role of dendritic cells and class I MHC molecules is discussed. The chapter also looks more closely at how T cells deal with intracellular invasion by microbes (intracellular parasites).
Vaccines: How They Work, Why They Sometimes Don't, and What We Can Do About It
Authors: Clark William R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The realization that many diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms ultimately made possible the rational development of vaccines. Killed or disabled microbes, their components, or even their DNA can be used to induce a state of immunity to the viable organism itself. Vaccines were largely responsible for the dramatic increase in life expectancy achieved in the 20th century. This chapter looks at how vaccines are produced, and focuses on two current challenges for world health officials — developing effective vaccines for malaria and tuberculosis. Recent advances in our understanding of how the immune system works has led to exciting new possibilities for vaccine production, particularly DNA-based vaccines.
When the Immune System Is the Problem, Not the Solution: Hypersensitivity and Allergy
Authors: Clark William R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
As scientists looked ever more closely at the immune system during the first half of the 20th century, it became apparent that in a number of situations exposure to a foreign antigen did not lead to protective immunity, but rather to a state in which subsequent exposure to the same antigen could elicit a violent, often harmful, and occasionally fatal syndrome. This phenomenon of over-reaction became known as hypersensitivity. Examples of hypersensitivity in humans include hay fever, drug and venom allergies, food allergies, and asthma. The immunological bases of these disorders are described.
Autoimmunity
Authors: Clark William R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
How does the immune system know what is self and what is foreign? The molecules of which human “self” is made are basically the same as those used in the construction of any other biological organism, including pathogenic microbes. This touches on the important issue of immune tolerance. Breakage of self-tolerance results in autoimmune disease. This chapter looks at a number of human autoimmune diseases, how they originate, how they are treated now, and promising directions for treatment in the future.
Organ Transplantation
Authors: Clark William R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
T cells are the major barrier to the transplantation of organs between other than genetically identical twins. The basis for immune rejection lies in the incredible heterogeneity among humans in histocompatibility genes and proteins. Rejection can be managed somewhat by careful histocompatibility matching of donor and recipient, and with drugs that suppress T cell function, but permanent acceptance of transplants has yet to be achieved. This chapter examines how T cells detect transplants as foreign, and the mechanisms they use to reject them. A close study of these processes may suggest better strategies for ensuring transplant survival.
First Defense: The Immune System and Bioterrorism
Authors: Clark William R. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
During the first 48–72 hours of a bioterrorist attack using pathogenic microbes, the immune system will be our primary means of defense against potentially fatal disease. This chapter looks at the pathogens identified by the CDC as most likely to be used as bioweapons — anthrax, plague, smallpox, botulin toxin, tularemia, and Ebola-like viruses — and what is known of the human immune response to them. Progress in enhancing our ability to deal with these pathogens is also discussed, in particular strategies that go beyond standard vaccines.
Introduction
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This overview states the two general goals of the book: (1) to construct a biblical theology of ordination that is embedded in broad reflection on the nature of holiness in biblical literature and (2) to fashion a biblical theology of ordination that is able to serve as a springboard for ecumenical dialogue between different Christian traditions with their divergent views on the nature and function of ordination. This chapter outlines the three methodologies that will guide the study: (1) holiness and the history of religions; (2) the Mosaic office and the history of the composition of the Torah; and (3) canonical criticism and the inter‐biblical interpretation of the Mosaic office.
Holiness and Ordination
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter interprets the nature of holiness from three different perspectives. First, the research of M. Eliade is used to holiness as an essential characteristic of God. The root meaning of holiness, separation, gives rise to the distinction between the sacred and the profane. Second it explores the important role of sanctuaries for relating the sacred and the profane in religious experience, using A. van Gennep's insight that the ordained must undergo a rite of passage to work within the realm of the sacred. Third, the research of R. Otto and J. Milgrom is used to investigate two theories of holiness (as a dynamic power and as a ritual resource), that inform all biblical theologies of ordination.
The Mosaic Office as the Model for Ordination
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHere I interpret the role of Moses in Torah as personifying the authority of ordination, characterized as the Mosaic Office. The section “The Mosaic Office in Torah” clarifies the corporate nature of the story of Moses as the model for ordination in ancient Israel. “The Mosaic Office as a Rite of Passage” describes the character of religious leadership in Torah, contrasting the leadership of the ordained to the heroic idealization of kings in the ancient world. “The Call to Ordination and the Two Theories of Holiness” probes the nature of religious experience embedded in the story of Moses, providing guidelines for discerning a call to ordination.
Holiness and the Ordination to the Divine Word in Deuteronomy and in the New Testament
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes the theology of holiness in the book of Deuteronomy in order to interpret the ordination of Moses as a charismatic teacher of the divine word. The research by R. Otto on the religious experience of the numinous informs the study of Moses as a religious leader, who mediates holiness as a dynamic force in the life of Israel. The chapter offers an interpretation, through the charismatic teaching of Moses in the book of Deuteronomy, of the literary structure, divine transcendence, and the way in which holiness invades the profane world of humans.
Holiness and Ordination in the New Testament Literature
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the relationship between the sacred and ordination in the New Testament literature through an examination of the offices of apostle, presbyter, deacon, and bishop, arguing that the New Testament does not provide a fully developed theology of ordination for the emerging Christian church. Rather, the references to the ordained presuppose the more extensive theological reflection on holiness and ordination within the Mosaic office of the Pentateuch for background, which indicates that the primary teaching on ordination in biblical literature is in the Hebrew scripture, rather than in the New Testament, requiring a broad view of biblical authority.
The Mosaic Office and the Ordination to Word and Sacrament in Christian Tradition
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter has three purposes. First, it seeks to fashion a biblical theology of ordination, that is grounded in the complex nature of the Mosaic office. Second, it explores how the structure of the Mosaic office, with the focus on the charismatic word and the sacred ritual, provides the foundation for ordination to word and sacrament in Christian tradition. Third, it investigates how individual communities of faith relate the prophetic and the priestly dimensions of the Mosaic office in unique ways that give rise to the rich variety of forms of ordination in Christian tradition, and with it the need for ecumenical dialogue.
Religion and Natural Selection
Authors: Fuller Robert C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Emotional programs are a prime example of how natural selection designed our brains to respond to environmental challenges. Biological and psychological studies of an emotion such as fear thus tell us a great deal about how our bodies predispose us to specific kinds of religious experience. In the recent Left Behind series, apocalyptic religion elicits fear‐driven emotional responses that imbue this distinctive style of religion with characteristic moods and motivations.
The Chemistry of Consciousness
Authors: Fuller Robert C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Every experience has a neurochemical foundation. Even the slightest alteration in the brain's accustomed neurochemistry therefore has the potential to elicit unusual experiences that might have strikingly spiritual qualities. This chapter draws upon recent studies in neuroscience to help understand the link between the “chemistry of consciousness” and episodes of religious innovation throughout American history. From Native American peyotism to the role of psychedelics in the 1960s counterculture movement, there have been clear and identifiable neurochemical substrates to Americans' quest for religious ecstasy.
Sexuality and Religious Passion
Authors: Fuller Robert C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Sexuality represents a powerful life force within us, constituting our body's grand biological imperative. It should not surprise us, then, that our erotic energies often flow naturally into religious creativity. Recent research on the genetic basis of human sexuality identifies three separate programs responsible for lust, romantic love, and long‐term attachment. Religion, it seems, piggy‐backs on our threefold erotic desires. Eroticism thus plays an important role in luring individuals toward seeking union with attractive deities, forging devotional ties to a chosen lord, and forming long‐lasting commitments to the cultural codes thought to emanate from this beloved god. It is for this reason that sexuality is a uniquely powerful site for religious innovation, as can be seen in the sexually charged histories of several nineteenth‐century sectarian movements such as the Latter‐day Saints and the hundred‐year heritage of American Tantrism.
Pain, Healing, and Spiritual Renewal
Authors: Fuller Robert C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Pain and illness often register cultural dysfunction. For this reason, bodily pain frequently motivates radical efforts toward cultural and theological reconstruction. This chapter demonstrates the role that bodily illness plays in stimulating religious reconstructions of reality by examining how the radical theological agendas advanced by metaphysical healing groups have been rooted in the private experience of the body and its afflictions.
Spirituality In/Of the Flesh
Authors: Fuller Robert C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Metaphor structures a great deal of human thought and knowledge. Most metaphors originate in bodily movement, the contours of our spatial and temporal orientation, and our efforts to manipulate objects in our immediate environment. The final chapter thus explores how these “embodied categories of thought” influence both why and how we think about religious topics (e.g., the body of Christ, the lifting of burdens, finding balance, being touched by Jesus, opening our heart to God). A concluding observation notes that studying the biological sources of religion need not be reductionistic. Indeed, a spirituality in the flesh might lead to a spirituality of the flesh that affirms nature itself as teeming with sacred significance.
The Body of God
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This work closely examines the architectural and sculptural “texts” of the Vaikuntha Perumal Temple built for Vishnu/Krishna at Kanchipuram in the 8th century. The keys to unlock the meaning of these “texts” are in a poem written about the temple by Tirumangai Alvar shortly after it was built. Sacred texts and liturgical practices are also analyzed to understand the vision this Vishnu‐house was intended to embody for sophisticated Bhagavatas of the time. The three‐story temple, conceived as a mandala, houses figures representing various aspects or formations of the supreme Vishnu, and it is covered with some fifty-six panels of figures representing scenes from sacred texts, primarily the Bhagavata Purana. Not only are the stories illustrated by the panels important but also their physical placement, which takes into account metaphysical and cosmological implications of where they are situated on the building and their positions relative to one another. Pancharatra doctrine informs and is illustrated by the panels, opening up complex and subtle relations between the stories and teachings represented. The sculptural program also portrays the spiritual progress of the builder, the emperor Nandivarman Pallavamalla. His life and career are illustrated on the interior of the surrounding walls.
Six Concepts
Authors: Hudson D. Dennis 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Six concepts of Bhagavata Dharma are discussed: 1. God as person—the meanings of six names of God (Narayana, Vasudeva, Bhagavan, Vishnu, Hari, and Krishna). 2. God as place—the concept of Vaikuntha, the Highest Home of the transcendent Vasudeva. 3. God as father and mother—the relationship between Vasudeva and Devi, the engendering of Brahma and consciousness. 4. The doctrine of formation (vyuha)—spacetime as emanations or formations of Narayana Vasudeva, creating body (the material universe), its contents, and its actions. 5. The structure of the person—the five material sheaths that constitute an individual. 6. Inner vision (dhyana)—the practice that leads to knowledge.