bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radioimmunoassay detection of igm antibodies to the hbv‐associated delta (δ) antigen: Clinical significance in δ infection
Authors: Smedile Antonina , Lavarini Carla , Crivelli Osvaldo , Raimondo Giovanni , Fassone Maurizio , Rizzetto Mario 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed for specific detection of IgM antibodies to the hepatitis B virus‐associated δ antigen. The test is based on the selective absorption of IgM by anti–IgM fixed on a solid phase.Transient primary IgM anti4 responses with no conversion to a secondary IgG response were observed in acute self–limited δ infection. IgM anti‐δ was invariably found in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers with active δ infection and liver disease, while it was absent in HBsAg‐positive or negative individuals with anti‐δ of IgG class but without liver damage or intrahepatic δ antigen.IgM anti‐δ appears useful in defining the epidemiology of acute δ infection and in the serological diagnosis of active δ disease from nonpathogenic or past δ infection.
Perinatal transmission of the hepatitis b virus and of the hbv‐associated delta agent from mothers to offspring in northern italy
Authors: Zanetti A.R. , Ferroni P. , Magliano E.M. , Pirovano P. , Lavarini Carla , Rizzetto M. , Massaro Anna L. , Gavinelli R. , Fabris C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe report a prospective study on infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier mothers to estimate the incidence of perinatal transmission of HBV and HBV‐associated delta agent in Northern Italy. The risk of infection to the infant was related to the presence of the HBe antigen‐antibody system, HBV‐specific DNA polymerase activity and antibody to delta in maternal sera, and to the titer of anti‐HBe in babies at birth. The data of this study indicate:1. Babies born to HBsAg carrier mothers with HBeAg in serum are at extremely high risk of acquiring HBV infection and of developing a chronic carrier state, whereas those born to anti‐HBe‐positive mothers are at a lower (P <.01) yet consistent risk of infection.2. HBs antigenernia is usually prolonged and symptomatic in babies born to HBeAg–positive mothers while being self‐limited and asymptomatic in babies born to anti‐HBe‐positive mothers.3. DNA polymerase activity in maternal serum appears to be the most sensitive marker predicting HBV transmission to the infant since it was detected in all the HBeAg‐positive mothers and also in two anti‐HBe‐positive mothers and in one HBeAg/anti‐HBe‐negative mother who transmitted infection to their babies.4. High titers of anti‐HBe (up to 1:103) do not prevent HBV infection.5. Vertical transmission of delta infection seems to occur only in circumstances that permit perinatal transmission of HBV infection.
An electron microscopic demonstration of immune complexes of hepatitis b e‐antigen using colloidal gold as a marker
Authors: Stannard Linda M. , Lemon Margaret , Hodgkiss Margaret , Smuts Heidi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmune complexes of the hepatitis B e‐antigen (HBeAg) could be labeled and thus visually identified in the electron microscope by using antibody to HBeAg (anti‐HBe) tagged with colloidal gold particles. Circulating immune complexes of HBeAg were detected in sera from patients with acute hepatitis B infections as well as from asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg). Sera positive for rheumatoid factor frequently contained mixed aggregates in which immune complexes of HBsAg were closely bound to immune complexes of HBeAg.
Examination of crystalline arrays in non‐a, non‐b hepatitis
Authors: McCaul T.F. , Tsiquaye K.N. , Tovey G. , Duermeyer W. , Zuckerman A.J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIndividual particles within crystalline arrays found in the endothelial cells of hepatic sinusoids in experimental non‐A, non‐B hepatitis were examined by the Markham rotation technique. The particles appeared to possess an outer structure with 16–18 divisions. The presence of the crystalline structures is probably a reflection of host cell response to infection.
Prevalence of human coronavirus antibody in the population of southern iraq
Authors: Hasony Hassan J. , Macnaughton Malcolm R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera from adults in Southern Iraq were collected during winter and screened by an enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of antibodies to the two antigenic groups of human coronaviruses, the 229E and the OC43 groups: 91% of the sera had antibodies to at least one of the groups, whereas 4 and 5% of the sera had antibodies to only the 229E or OC43 groups, respectively. There was significant correlation between the levels of antibody to the 229E and OC43 group coronaviruses in these sera.
Antibody class capture assay (ACCA) for rubella‐specific IgM antibody
Authors: Isaac M. , Payne R. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEnzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays for IgM antirubella were carried out on 1,546 sera, using an IgM capture method with a F (ab/)2 conjugate (ACCA). Under the conditions described, sera containing IgM antirubella bound up to 15 times as much enzyme activity as negative specimens.Paired serum specimens from 27 patients, serial serum specimens from 6 patients, and single serum specimens from 15 patients who had had recent rubella were examined by the haemagglutination inhibition test (HAI) in the presence and absence of 2‐mercaptoethanol following sucrose density gradient centrifugation (SDGC). ACCA confirmed all the results found with HAI following SDGC. Specimens were examined from ten patients with congenital rubella; ACCA confirmed the results found with both immunofluorescence following SDGC and radioimmunoassay. Pre‐ and post‐vaccination specimens from 123 patients who had been vaccinated against rubella were examined. An IgM response could only be demonstrated in the 57 cases when IgG was absent in the first specimen.The specificity of the assay was confirmed by testing 31 serum specimens from rubella immune patients that also contained rheumatoid factor, 163 serum specimem from patients with acute infections other than rubella, and 12 serum specimens from infants with miscellaneous neonatal abnormalities other than congenital rubella. The ACCA proved a simple, sensitive, and specific test for IgM antirubella and the results compared favourably with those obtained by the SDGC technique.
Low molecular weight IgM in cytomegalovirus infections and cardiac patients
Authors: Nagington J. , Smith D. J. , Cranage M. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWhen 71 ischaemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy patients' sera were examined by the IFA (indirect fluorescent antibody) test, 18 of the 49 (36%) with CMV (cytomegalovirus) CF antibody appeared to contain a specific LMW (7S approx) IGM.This IgM was unrelated to the presence of RF (rheumatoid factor) demonstrable by agglutination of IgG‐coated latex and by an immunofluorescence test, was not absorbed by heat‐aggregated IgG and latex, nor did its demonstration appear to be complement dependent. It was demonstrable in acute CMV infection and in some cardiac patients, binds to HSV (herpes simplex virus) and CMV‐infected cells.
Virus receptors for polymerized human albumin: A prognostic marker in HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis type B?
Authors: Alberti A. , Pontisso P. , Realdi G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeventeen out of 30 patients with chronic hepatitis type B with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in serum remained persistently positive for e antigen, while 13 seroconverted to antibody (anti‐HBe) when followed over a period of one to five years. Initial levels of serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers, such as the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HBeAg, and HBV‐DNA polymerase (HBV‐DNAP) were similar in the two groups of patients, while initial titres of the HBsAg‐associated receptor for polymerized human serum albumin (pHSA), recently identified on HBV particles, were significantly higher in the patients who remained HBeAg positive (mean titre ± SD = 2−7.00 ± 2 −3.2) compared to the cases who eventually seroconverted to anti‐HBe during the follow‐up (2−2.54 ± 2−2.14 P < 0.001). A receptor titre above 1:64 by haemagglutination was highly predictive of persistence of HBeAg, suggesting that in patients with HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis testing for the HBsAg‐associated pHSA receptor may be useful in predicting the duration of HBe antigenaemia, with relevant clinical and prognostic implications.
Isolation and characterization of midway virus: A new tick‐borne virus related to nyamanini
Authors: Takahashi Mitsuo , Yunker C. E. , Clifford C. M. , Nakano Wataru , Fujino Norio , Tanifuji Katsuo , Thomas L. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMidway virus, a new tick‐borne virus isolated from two species of Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) ticks of the capensis group (O capensis, O denmarki), is described from Midway, Kure, and Manana islands in the Central Pacific (Hawaiian Archipelago) and from norther Honshu (Japan). Midway virion is enveloped, unusually large, acid and temperature sensitive, and its type of nucleic acid is RNA. Complement‐fixation (CF) tests show a close relation of Midway to Nyamanini virus, which has been isolated from ardeid birds and Argas ticks in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeastern Asia. However, cross‐box tests (CF, mouse and tissue culture neutralization, immunofluorescence) show that these two viruses are quite distinct. Midway virus is lethal for newborn Swiss mice inoculated by intracerebral, but not intraperitoneal route. It fails to kill four‐week‐old mice by either route. Midway virus causes cytopathic effects in BHK‐21 cells and titerable plaques in Vero cells. Antibodies to it were prevalent among nestlings of Larus crassirostris (Black‐tailed Gull) on Aomatsushima I., but were scarce among those of Nycticorax nycticorax (Black‐crowned Night Heron) of the same island.
Diversity within a human isolate of coxsackie B4: Relationship to viral‐induced diabetes
Authors: Hartig Phillip C. , Madge Gordon E. , Webb Stanley R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe ability of different strains of a single virus type to produce different pathogenic expressions is well documented within the picornavirus group. Coxsackievirus, group B, type 4 (CB4) has been associated with viral‐induced diabetes in man, but expression of its potential to induce diabetes in experimental animals is variable. Evidence is presented here for one of the primary sources of this variability that could explain resulting contradictory reports offered in support or rejection of its diabetogenic potential. C57B1/6 and SWR mice were infected with the Edwards isolate of CB4 (CB4‐Edw) and three of its plaque‐purified virion “strains.” These were designated Edwards isolate‐1 (E1), E2, and E3. CB4‐Edw, E1, E2, and E3 were serologically similar by infectivity neutralization tests, had identical plaque morphology, and replicated to a similar level in the pancreas. The most profound difference was the level of virus antigen accumulation in the islet cells as determined by immunoperoxidase localization. CB4‐Edw had moderate antigen accumulation in most islet cells of SWR mice but was restricted to only a few specific cells within the periphery islets of C57B1/6 mice. Unlike CB4‐Edw all three new isolates accumulated antigen in most islet cells of both mouse strains. Virus isolate (strain) E2 showed the most intense accumulation in islet cells. These observations suggest that the Edwards isolate of CB4, like other human isolates of CB4 virus, probably exists as a heterogenous population of virion strains. The pathogenic consequences and expression of any diabetogenic potential is, therefore, dependent on virus strain selection. This diversity must be considered when evaluating the pathogenic nature of CB4 viruses in experimental animals and the possible role of the viruses in diabetes of man.
Characterization of a precipitating antigen detected in the serum of patients with viral hepatitis
Authors: Zhuang Hui , Coulepis Anthony G. , Locarnini Stephen A. , Marshall John A. , Gust Ian D. , Kaldor Jakov 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDuring a search for the aetiological agent of non‐A non‐B hepatitis, a precipitating antigen was detected in the sera of some patients during the acute phase of their illness. The antigen was detected by agar gel diffusion using antibody from convalcscent sera obtained from patients with non‐A non‐B hepatitis, and from haemophiliac sera. The antigen was usually detected early in the patient's illness, disappearing as liver function tests returned to normal. In some patients specific antibody appeared during the convalescent phase of the disease. The antigen does not appear to be specific for non‐A non‐B hepatitis, as it could be detected with similar frequency in patients with hepatitis A or hepatitis B and some patients with other liver disorders. Biochemical and biophysical studies suggest that the antigen is probably an abnormal lipoprotein produced as a result of acute liver damage.
Detection and persistence of specific iga antibodies in serum of patients with hepatitis A by capture radioimmunoassay
Authors: Sikuler Emanuel , Keynan Arieh , Hanuka Negba , Friedman Maureen G. , Sarov Israel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) response to hepatitis A virus (HAV) was investigated with a sensitive capture radioimmunoassay. In serial serum samples drawn from 15 patients with viral hepatitis A, IgA anti‐HAV antibodies reached their highest titer between 1–2 weeks after onset and peak titers ranged from 10,000–20,000. Serum samples were available from six patients 30–32 months after onset of illness. These samples were all positive for IgA anti‐HAV and some had titers similar to peak titers during illness. However, the height of the titration curves, expressed as the binding ratio (BR) at a dilution of 1/1000, was in all cases significantly lower at 30–32 months than during acute illness and early convalescence. The significance of the persistence of the IgA anti‐HAV and possible reasons for the change in the BR are discussed.
Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy: Detection of papovavirus jc in kidney tissue
Authors: Dörries K. , Meulen V. Ter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCellular DNA of the kidney from a patient with PML was analyzed by reassociation kinetics for the presence of JC virus DNA. Various amounts of viral DNA sequences were detected in different areas of the kidney. The highest concentration (175 genome equivalents/cell) was found in the renal medulla and there were almost none in the renal cortex. Differentiation from the closely related BK virus was carried out by reassociation kinetics and restriction enzyme cleavage with subsequent Southern blot analysis. The enzyme Hind II, which does not cleave within the BK virus genome, generated four restriction enzyme fragments in the cellular DNA from the kidney, thus documenting the presence of JC virus DNA. By examination of the renal DNA with the “no‐cut” restriction enzyme XHO I and the “one‐cut” enzymes Eco RI and BAM HI it was possible to show that free and not integrated viral DNA was present in these cells. Nonhomogeneous defective DNA bands were not detectable. By in situ hybridization the epithelial cells lining the collecting tubules were found as predominant site of the viral infection in the kidney.
Opsonization of alphaviruses in hamsters
Authors: Jahrling Peter B. , Hesse Richard A. , Anderson Arthur O. , Gangemi J. David 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmune elimination of alphaviruses in immunized hamsters appears to involve formation of virus/antibody aggregates which are subsequently cleared from the circulation by cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Virulent strains of Venezuelan (VEE) and Western equine encephalitis (WEE) viruses which were cleared slowly from the circulation of nonimmune hamsters, were cleared rapidly when inoculated into the blood of immunized hamsters. Likewise, when these viruses were mixed with specific hamster immune serum prior to inoculation, they were efficiently cleared from the circulation of nonimmune hamsters. Virus, mixed with specific immune serum, or inoculated into immunized hamsters, formed virus/antibody aggregates, as demonstrated by density gradient centrifugation, filtration through polycarbonate membranes, precipitation with Staphylococcus protein A, and electron microscopy. Cleared virus was concentrated primarily in liver and spleen, as confirmed by autoradiography. Immune clearance of virulent VEE was demonstrable within 5 to 6 days following immunization of hamsters with live attenuated VEE vaccine, strain TC‐83. In these hamsters, a close association was established between formation of virus/antibody aggregates, rapid clearance, and survival of challenged hamsters. Adsorption of virus to hamster macrophages in culture was enhanced by immune serum in the presence of complement. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that immune clearance of virus in the intact hamster involves a complement‐dependent interaction of virus/antibody complexes with cells which possess Fc and complement receptors. The clearance of immune complexes by the RES serves to amplify the protective effect of neutralizing antibody alone.
Protection of lassa virus‐infected guinea pigs with lassa‐immune plasma of guinea pig, primate, and human origin
Authors: Jahrling P. B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLassa virus‐immune plasma has been used to treat human Lassa fever patients; however, criteria for plasma selection were based arbitrarily on available serologic tools and protective efficacy was never directly assessed. To test the validity of plasma therapy for Lassa virus infections in an animal model, and to develop biologically relevant criteria for selection of protective immune plasma, inbred, strain 13 guinea pigs were infected with a lethal dose of Lassa virus and treated with various Lassa‐immune plasmas obtained from guinea pigs, primates, and convalescent human patients. Neutralizing antibody titers were determined in a virus dilution, plaque reduction test, and were expressed as a log10 plaque‐forming units (PFU) neutralization index (LNI). All guinea pigs treated with immune plasma 6 ml/kg/treatment on days 0, 3, and 6 after virus inoculation were protected, provided the LNI exceeded 2.0. Plasmas obtained from donors in early convalescence (32–45 days) had low titers of N‐antibody (LNI < 2) and failed to confer protection, despite high titers of Lassa antibody measured in the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. Higher doses of marginally titered plasma conferred increased protection. The degree of protection and suppression of viremia was closely associated with LNI and not IFA titers. Administration of low‐titered plasma did not result in immune enhancement. A high dose of human plasma from Liberia (12 ml/kg/treatment) was required to confer complete protection to guinea pigs infected with a Lassa virus strain from Sierra Leone (LNI = 1.6), while a lower dose (3 ml/kg/treatment) was sufficient for protection against a Liberian strain (LNI = 2.8), suggesting that a geographic matching of immune plasma and Lassa virus strain origin may increase treatment success. These studies support the concept of plasma therapy for Lassa infection and suggest that the plaque reduction neutralization test is more appropriate than the IFA test for predicting protective efficacy of passively administered plasma.
Preliminary observations on unidentified particles in mouse “L” cells found by electron microscopy
Authors: Ellis D. S. , Lloyd G. , Stamford Susan , Stagg Gillian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLong particles, 75 nm in diameter, some branching and some curled at their ends, were found within vacuoles in “L” cells. These could be easily transmitted to Vero cells, which like the “L” cells were killed. The particles were up to 20 μm in length with hollow cores 37 nm in diameter surrounded by a smooth unit membrane from which no spikes protruded. The particles could not be assigned to any known taxon.
Age‐specific prevalence of complement‐fixing antibodies to sixteen viral antigens: A computer analysis of 58,500 patients covering a period of eight years
Authors: Ukkonen Pentti , Hovi Tapani , Bonsdorff Carl‐Henrik Von , Saikku Pekka , Penttinen Kari 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe age‐specific prevalence of CF antibodies against 16 viral antigens was determined by using the computerized data registry of the routine diagnostic laboratory of the authors' department. The material consisted of data based on serum specimens from about 58,500 patients. All ages from newborn infants to 90‐year‐olds were represented. The sera had been collected and tested with a CF screening test over a period of 8 years (1971–1978). Several different antibody prevalence patterns were distinguished in regard to the rapidity and timing of the initial increase of the prevalence, as well as to the mode of later changes in prevalence. For most respiratory viruses a rapid increase of the prevalence was seen through the childhood continuing, for some of them, up to the 30s (influenza A and coronavirus), while rather variable patterns were found in the older age groups. Herpes simplex and cytomegaloviruses showed, interestingly, another type of pattern: a slow increase of prevalence continuing through the whole age range. The frequency of herpes simplex antibodies reached 90% by the age of 80 years. Antibody levels against any antigen in infants less than one‐month‐old were equal to those in 20‐ to 40‐year‐old adults, and the expected rapid decrease of antibodies took place within the first 6 months of life. Possible influences of epidemics and repeated exposures to different viruses (external boosting), and of latent or chronic infections (internal boosting), as wells as of technical variations, on the observed prevalence patterns are discussed.
Monoclonal antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins show that epitope location influences virus neutralization
Authors: La Thangue N. B. , Chan W. L. , Almeida June D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree monoclonal antibodies, G8D1, C2D2, and TI57, reacting with herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins have been characterised according to the location of their epitope and ability to neutralize infective virus. Immune electron microscopy and a blocking radioimmunoassay were used to locate the epitopes. The results indicate that the epitope recognised by G8D1 is located on the surface of the glycoprotein fringe, whereas those recognized by C2D2 and TI57 are interior with respect to this. Only G8D1 has neutralizing activity alone, whereas C2D2 can neutralize when antiglobulin is added. Thus, epitope location and density determine the neutralizing capacity of individual antibody molecules.
Diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children: Comparison of viral antigen detection and serology
Authors: Meurman Olli , Sarkkinen Hannu , Ruuskanen Olli , Hanninen Pentti , Halonen Pekka 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDirect detection of viral antigen in nasopharyngeal secretion by radioimmunoassay was compared with serology by IgG antibody enzyme immunoassay for diagnostic efficacy in 77 children with clinically suspected respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. Antigen detection gave a positive diagnosis in 26 of 33 (79%) children in whom RSV infection was diagnosed by any of the two methods. The diagnostic efficacy of antigen detection was dependent upon the interval after onset at which specimens were collected; 88% of specimens taken during the first 5 days and 50% of specimens taken 6–10 days after onset of illness were positive. It was also dependent on the age of the patients, the diagnostic efficacy being 88 and 76% in children under and over 6 months of age, respectively.