bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasispecies analysis of novel HIV‐1 recombinants of subtypes A and G reveals no similarity to the mosaic structure of CRF02_AG
Authors: Powell Rebecca L.R. , Konings Frank A.J. , Nanfack Aubin , Burda Sherri , Urbanski Mateusz M. , Saa D. , Nyambi Phillipe N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHIV‐1 circulating recombinant form (CRF) 02_AG is responsible for greater than 65% of HIV‐1 infections in Cameroon and is widespread across West and West‐Central Africa. The parental subtypes A1 and G cocirculate in this part of Africa, and high rates of infection predispose to the generation of AG unique recombinant forms (URFs). Little is known as to whether A1 and G can recombine and thrive in vivo with breakpoints other than those characteristic of CRF02_AG. In this study, six unique recombinant viruses of subtypes A1 and G were identified in two individuals in Cameroon. A 1.5 kb fragment of the reverse transcriptase (RT) region of pol (HXB2 location 2,612–4,159) and the entire env gene (HXB2 location 6,202–9,096) were evaluated by phylogenetic and breakpoint analyses. Each URF was found to have breakpoints different than CRF02_AG, indicating that A and G gene segments are functionally compatible with more than one pattern of recombination. Furthermore, contemporaneous, cultured viruses from these individuals were analyzed, revealing different proportions of URFs compared to those found in plasma, possibly indicating compart mentalization and/or phenotypic variation among the URFs. CRF02_AG emerged from West‐Central Africa to become a highly successful viral strain. As such, monitoring the spread of newly emerging AG recombinants is critical not only for understanding the epidemiology of HIV‐1, but also in the design of future therapeutics and vaccines appropriate to this part of Africa, and globally. J. Med. Virol. 79:1270–1285, 2007. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Donegal ice dome, northwest Ireland: dimensions and chronology
Authors: Ballantyne Colin K. , McCarroll Danny , Stone John O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGeomorphological evidence indicates that Donegal was formerly occupied by an ice dome that extended offshore to the west, northwest and north and was confluent with adjacent ice masses to the east and south. Erosive warm‐based ice over‐rode almost all the highest mountains, implying an ice‐divide altitude greater than 700 m. Only six peripheral summits escaped glacial modification, implying either that they remained above the ice surface as nunataks or supported a thin cover of protective cold‐based ice. Gibbsite, a pre‐last glacial weathering product, is preferentially represented on summits that escaped glacial modification. Cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages of 18.6 ± 1.4 to 15.9 ± 1.0 k yr for coastal sites confirm that Donegal ice extended offshore at the last glacial maximum. Reconstruction of the form of the Donegal ice dome suggests a former minimum ice thickness of ∼500 m close to the present coastline in the west and northwest, and ∼400 m near the coast of the Inishowen Peninsula in the north, with the ice extending at least 20 km across the adjacent shelf to the west and northwest. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Journal: A Retrospective
Authors: Niss Barbara J. , Aufses Arthur H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWith this issue, The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine moves from being a general medical publication to one specializing in translational and personalized medicine. This article traces the history of The Journal from its beginning in 1934 to the present day. The Editors and their editorial policies are discussed, with mention of many articles over the years that have made the Journal truly a part of Mount Sinai's history. Mt Sinai J Med 74:2–6, 2007. Copyright © 2007 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Network analysis of FDA approved drugs and their targets
Authors: Ma'ayan Avi , Jenkins Sherry L. , Goldfarb Joseph , Iyengar Ravi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe global relationship between drugs that are approved for therapeutic use and the human genome is not known. We employed graph‐theory methods to analyze the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs and their known molecular targets. We used the FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations 26th Edition Electronic Orange Book (EOB) to identify all FDA approved drugs and their active ingredients. We then connected the list of active ingredients extracted from the EOB to those known human protein targets included in the DrugBank database and constructed a bipartite network. We computed network statistics and conducted Gene Ontology analysis on the drug targets and drug categories. We find that drug to drug‐target relationship in the bipartite network is scale‐free. Several classes of proteins in the human genome appear to be better targets for drugs since they appear to be selectively enriched as drug targets for the currently FDA approved drugs. These initial observations allow for development of an integrated research methodology to identify general principles of the drug discovery process. Mt Sinai J Med 74:27–32, 2007. © 2007 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Efficient finite element formulation for the analysis of localized failure in beam structures
Authors: Wackerfuß Jens 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a finite element formulation for the analysis of localized failures in beam structures. Each member is considered to be a prismatic body that, in case of a localized failure, is divided by a singular surface into two elastic bulks. The fracture process on this surface is described by the cohesive crack concept using a traction–separation law. A plane cross section is assumed, which implies a link between the continuous and the structural (classical beam theory) description of the beam. For the numerical treatment of the model a finite beam element exhibiting an internal interface is proposed, whereas the strong discontinuities are approximated by means of additional degrees of freedom that are placed at the centroid of the singular surface. Hence, each bulk can be described individually by a common beam element with the normal set of nodal degrees of freedom, whereas the singular surface is described layer‐wise. The residuum vector and the symmetric stiffness matrix of the
resulting element are obtained by assembling the contributions of the two bulks and the singular surface and afterwards by eliminating the additional degrees of freedom by a static condensation. The formulation, which does not change the global degrees of freedom, is numerically very efficient, especially in the case of extensive beam structures, and can easily be implemented in any conventional finite element code. Several numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed method. The equilibrium iterations show an optimal convergence rate, even if many cracks emerge simultaneously. The results do not exhibit any artificial mesh dependencies or artificial stress‐locking effects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modal criteria for optimizing the acoustic behaviour of a coupled fluid–structure system based on a systemic approach
Authors: Besset S. , Jézéquel L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes modal criteria to represent various noise sources within a complex structure, such as an automobile. By optimizing a complex system using criteria linked to modal mass and stiffness matrices, different modes of noise propagation can be investigated separately. Several criteria are thus suggested, each related to a vibrational propagation path. Since the system is studied using modal analysis, criteria can be found based on modes associated with the structure's hollow parts, plates, and cavities. These different criteria are analysed based on the assumption of a complex vibroacoustic system. It is shown that by analysing such criteria, one can determine which part of the structure needs to be optimized. The optimization of such a system could constitute a research topic in its own right, and is beyond the scope of the present paper. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.
A phase II trial of rebeccamycin analogue (NSC #655649) in children with solid tumors: A Children's Oncology Group study
Authors: Langevin Anne‐Marie , Bernstein Mark , Kuhn John G. , Blaney Susan M. , Ivy Percy , Sun Junfeng , Chen Zhengjia , Adamson Peter C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundRebeccamycin Analogue (NSC #655649), a chemically synthesized glycosyl‐dichloro‐indolocarbazole derivative of rebeccamycin with topoisomerase inhibiting activity, has in vitro activity against pediatric tumor cell lines and tumor specimens including rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma and medulloblastoma.ProcedureThe primary objective of this trial was to determine the response rate to Rebeccamycin analogue NSC #655649 in children with refractory solid and CNS tumors. Secondary objectives included further evaluation of the toxicity and pharmacokinetic profile of Rebeccamycin analogue in children with relapsed and refractory cancer. A two‐stage design was used for this Phase II trial. Rebeccamycin analogue, 650 mg/m2, was administered every 21 days, and could be escalated to 780 mg/m2 in subsequent cycles to achieve a maximum plasma drug concentration >5 µg/ml.ResultsFrom July 2000 to October 2004, 72 male and 61 female eligible patients were enrolled. Of 126 evaluable patients for response, only 4 patients had an objective response: 3 patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (1 CR and 2 PR) and 1 patient with neuroblastoma (1 PR). Grade 3 or 4 myelosuppression occurred in 81% (215/265) of patient courses and hepatotoxicity in 14% (37/265) of patient courses. Transient pancreatitis and/or elevation of amylase and lipase occurred in 6 patients.ConclusionsThe 15% response rate to Rebeccamycin analogue observed in patients with rhabdomyosarcoma, while of interest, is associated with significant myelosuppression. With a global response rate of 3% observed in children with relapsed CNS and non‐CNS solid tumors, further development of Rebeccamycin analogue in pediatric solid tumors is not recommended. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:577–580. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stress‐related mental disorders in childhood cancer survivors
Authors: Schrag Nicole M. , McKeown Robert E. , Jackson Kirby L. , Cuffe Steven P. , Neuberg Ronnie W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundThis report evaluated the association between surviving pediatric cancer and receiving a diagnosis of a stress‐related mental disorder (SRMD) (i.e., post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), acute stress disorder, or adjustment disorders).ProcedureThe dataset comprised a cohort of Medicaid eligible children, ages birth to 15 years during baseline years 1996–2001 and followed at least 1 year until age 19 years or the end of 2003. Childhood cancer survivors (N = 390) identified from the SC Central Cancer Registry were frequency matched within age groups at each baseline year to children with no history of malignancy (N = 1,329). Survival curves and cumulative incidence of SRMD were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for pediatric cancer survival and selected covariates.ResultsThe 8‐year incidence of SRMD was 18.6% (95% CI: 12.47, 24.8) among childhood cancer survivors and 7.3% (5.0, 9.6) among children with no history of malignancy, HR = 3.22 (2.17, 4.76). Significant covariates for this group included race, sex, and previous mental disorder, adjusted HR = 3.00 (2.02, 4.45). Significant predictors among the childhood cancer survivors included cancer type, age group, treatment, and previous mental disorder.ConclusionsGiven the potential benefit of interventions for those with prior psychopathology, that children are less likely to verbalize emotional problems, and the detrimental implications of undiagnosed mental disorders, the health evaluations of childhood cancer patients and the follow‐up visits for the survivors should incorporate assessment for mental disorders, especially SRMD. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:98–103. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and polymerization reactions of cyclic imino ethers. II. Preparation of novel hyperbranched polymers from AB2 monomers of 2‐oxazoline type with nonequivalent B units
Authors: Lustoň J. , Kronek J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo study the effect of nonequal reactivity of B units in ABx monomers, two novel monomers for synthesis of hyperbranched polymers of the polyaddition type, namely 2‐(2,5‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐2‐oxazoline (2a) and 2‐(2,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐2‐oxazoline (2b) were prepared and characterized. Both monomers have one free phenolic group and one hydrogen‐bonded phenolic group with the difference in chemical shift more than 2 ppm. Both monomers undergo thermally initiated polymerization in bulk and in solution at the temperature 220°C during 1 h in bulk and 24 h in solution of 1‐chloronaphthalene. Products are white powders with degree of polymerization 17 and 13 for the respective polymer 3a and 3b. The degree of branching is 0.37 and 0.3 for the respective polymer. The structure of polymers is in agreement with the structure, which was expected from the structure of monomers and consists of linear, dendritic, and terminal units. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1272–1280, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Exfoliation behavior of montmorillonite modified by poly(oxyalkylene)s in polypropylene and the properties of the resulting nanocomposites
Authors: Pospiech Doris , Kretzschmar Bernd , Willeke Meike , Leuteritz Andreas , Jehnichen Dieter , Janke Andreas , Omastová Mária 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe exfoliation behavior of montmorillonites modified with poly(oxyalkylene)s (POAs) in polypropylene (PP) as polymer matrix was examined to evaluate their use for minimization of interfacial tension in the system, as well as to explore the possibility to use the POA intercalation in clay layers to improve the electrical conductivity of polymers moderately. The results were compared with those of PP nanocomposites (NC's) containing conventional alkylammonium modified clays using FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally the exfoliation process without shear stress was followed by time‐resolved small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements of premixed samples at 200°C. PP NC's with an inorganic content of 5 wt% were prepared by melt compounding using a batch process combining a cokneader and a twin screw extruder, and the mechanical properties of injection molded samples were evaluated. The mechanical testing of the NC's reflected the influence of the structure and molecular weight of the polymeric modifiers. Furthermore, the influence of clay, clay modification, and polymer on the electrical conductivity of the samples were systematically examined and improvements compared to PP could be achieved. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1262–1271, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Micromechanical deformation processes in PA/layered silicate nanocomposites: Correlation of structure and properties
Authors: Renner Károly , Henning Sven , Móczó János , Yang Min Soo , Choi Hyoung Jin , Pukánszky Béla 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolyamide/organophilic montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared from two silicates with different organophilization resulting in strong and weak matrix/silicate adhesion, respectively; uncoated sodium montmorillonite was used as reference. The silicate content of the composites changed between 0 and 10 vol% in seven steps. Composite structure was characterized by X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Micromechanical deformation processes were followed by acoustic emission and volume strain measurements. The structure of the composites is more complicated than usually claimed; they contain individual silicate platelets, tactoids with different degree of intercalation, and larger particles. Elastic deformation and shear yielding dominates during the elongation of the specimens. The matrix polymer and the composites deform according to different mechanisms. Sound is emitted by cavitation in the former, while sound emitting processes are related tactoids and nonexfoliated particles in the composites. Acoustic events are generated mainly by the fracture of the particles. Matrix/silicate adhesion seems to be strong, debonding rarely takes place, and volume increase is initiated primarily by particle failure. The type and amount of the surfactant used for organophilization plays an important role in the determination of deformation processes and properties, since it influences both matrix/filler interaction and the inherent strength of the particles. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1235–1245, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Wood flour filled polypropylene composites: Interfacial adhesion and micromechanical deformations
Authors: Dányádi Lívia , Renner Károly , Móczó János , Pukánszky Béla 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolypropylene/wood flour composites were prepared in a wide composition range from 0 to 80 wt% filler content. The adhesion of the components was modified by two maleic anhydride functionalized polypropylenes (MAPP) with different maleic anhydride content and molecular weight. The components were homogenized in an internal mixer and then compression molded to 4 mm thick plates. Tensile properties were measured and micromechanical deformation processes were followed by acoustic emission as well as volume strain measurements. The detailed analysis of the results identified four micromechanical deformation processes in the matrix and the composites, respectively. The matrix polymer deforms mainly by shear yielding, which basically does not emit sound. The presence of wood flour initiates particle related processes in the composites. Debonding dominates in the absence of coupling agent. Pull‐out of fibers may follow the debonding of large particles at an intermediate stress level. The introduction of functionalized polymer increases interfacial adhesion considerably and completely changes the deformation mechanism; the fracture of wood particles becomes the dominating process in this case. Further improvement of composite strength is possible only by the increase of the inherent strength of the wood. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1246–1255, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Study of surface and adhesive properties of polypropylene grafted by maleic anhydride
Authors: Novák Igor , Borsig Eberhard , Hrčková L'udmila , Fiedlerová Agnesa , Kleinová Angela , Pollák Vladimír 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe surface and adhesive properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) grafted by maleic anhydride (MA) have been investigated. The attention has been paid to the analysis of the change in hydrophilicity as well as to the interfacial equilibrium and mechanical work of the adhesion of MA grafted iPP copolymer (iPP‐g‐MA) containing various level of the grafted MA. The surface energy of iPP‐g‐MA increases with MA level. The value of the interfacial energy in adhesive joint of iPP‐g‐MA with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) decreases. The interfacial work of adhesion of iPP‐g‐MA to PVAc significantly increases with the growing content of the MA in the iPP‐g‐MA, mainly in its polar component. The mechanical work of adhesion of iPP‐g‐MA to PVAc enhances as well. The shear strength of joint between iPP‐g‐MA and the aluminum increases significantly with the content of the grafted MA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1207–1212, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Polymer composites with cellulose microfibrils
Authors: Panaitescu Denis Mihaela , Donescu Dan , Bercu Cristiana , Vuluga Dumitru Mircea , Iorga Michaela , Ghiurea Marius 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolymer composites with cellulose microfibrils are materials with unique properties compared to existing materials: high strength, formability, and geometrical complexity at very small scale, low density, and abrasivity, biomedical compatibility, and possibility of recycling. Polymer composites from polypropylene and two types of cellulose microfibrils were prepared and characterized. To enhance the compatibility of cellulose microfibrils with polypropylene matrix, a silane‐coupling agent and a modified polypropylene were used. Depending on the applied method, composite materials with enhanced mechanical properties were obtained. Morphostructural properties of cellulose microfibrils and polymer composites with treated and untreated microfibrils were investigated using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1228–1234, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Phosphoproteomic analysis of neuronal cell death by glutamate‐induced oxidative stress
Authors: Kang Tae Hyuk , Bae Kwang‐Hee , Yu Min‐jung , Kim Won‐Kon , Hwang Hyang‐Ran , Jung Hyeyun , Lee Phil Young , Kang Sunghyun , Yoon Tae‐Sung , Park Sung Goo , Ryu Seong Eon , Lee Sang Chul 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOxidative stress is one of the major causes of neuronal cell death in disorders such as perinatal hypoxia and ischemia. Protein phosphorylation is the most significant PTM of proteins and plays an important role in stress‐induced signal transduction. Thus, the analysis of alternative protein phosphorylation states which occur during oxidative stress‐induced cell death could provide valuable information regarding cell death. In this study, a reference phosphoproteome map of the mouse hippocampal cell line HT22 was constructed based on 125 spots that were identified by MALDI‐TOF or LC‐ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS analysis. In addition, proteins of HT22 cells at various stages of oxidative stress‐induced cell death were separated by 2‐DE and alterations in phosphoproteins were detected by Pro‐Q Diamond staining. A total of 17 spots showing significant quantitative changes and seven newly appearing spots were identified after glutamate treatment. Splicing factor 2, peroxiredoxin 2, S100 calcium binding protein A11, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase were identified as up‐ or down‐regulated proteins. CDC25A, caspase‐8, and cyp51 protein appeared during oxidative stress‐induced cell death. The data in this study from phosphoproteomic analysis provide a valuable resource for the understanding of HT22 cell death mechanisms mediated by oxidative stress.
Novel eye‐specific calmodulin methylation characterized by protein mapping in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Takemori Nobuaki , Komori Naoka , Thompson James N. , Yamamoto Masa‐Toshi , Matsumoto Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPost‐translational methylation of the epsilon‐amino group of lysine residues regulates a number of protein functions. Calmodulin, a key modulator of intracellular calcium signaling, is methylated on lysine 115 in many species. Although the amino acid sequence of calmodulin is highly conserved in eukaryotes, it has been shown that lysine 115 is not methylated in Drosophila calmodulin and no other methylation site has been reported. In this study, we characterized in vivo modification states of Drosophila calmodulin using proteomic methodology involving the protein mapping of microdissected Drosophila tissues on 2‐D gels. We found that Drosophila calmodulin was highly expressed in methylated forms in the compound eye, whereas its methylation was hardly detected in other tissues. We identified that lysine 94 located in an EF‐hand III is the methylation site in Drosophila calmodulin. The predominance of methylated calmodulin in the compound eye may imply the involvement of calmodulin in photoreceptor‐specific functions through methylation.