bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of the skeletal morphology of the temporo-mandibular joint of children and adults
Authors: Meng F , Liu Y , Hu K , Zhao Y , Kong L , Zhou S 
Published: February 2009

Background:
The skeletal morphology of the temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) is constantly remodeled.

Aims and Objectives:
A comparative study was undertaken to determine and characterize the differences in the skeletal morphology of TMJ of children and adults.

Materials and Methods:
The study was conducted on 30 children cadavers and 30 adult volunteers. Parameters that could reflect TMJ skeletal morphology were measured with a new technology combining helical computed tomography (CT) scan with multi-planar reformation (MPR) imaging.

Results:
Significant differences between children cadavers and adults were found in the following parameters (P< 0.05): Condylar axis inclination, smallest area of condylar neck/largest area of condylar process, inclination of anterior slope in inner, middle, and outer one-third of condyle, anteroposterior/mediolateral dimension of condyle, length of anterior slope/posterior slope in inner and middle one-third of condyle, anteroposterior dimension of condyle/glenoid fossa, mediolateral dimension of condyle/glenoid fossa, inclination of anterior slope of glenoid fossa, depth of glenoid fossa, and anteroposterior/mediolateral dimension of glenoid fossa.

Conclusion:
There are significant differences of TMJ skeletal morphology between children and adults.
Development and Application of a New General Method for the Asymmetric Synthesis of (E)‐(2‐En‐3‐ynyl)‐amines
Authors: Yin Chao , Hui Xin‐Ping , Xu Peng‐Fei , Niu Liang‐Feng , Chen Yong‐Fei , Wang Binghe 
Published: February 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe first direct approach for the asymmetric synthesis of (E)‐2‐arylidene‐1,4‐diphenylbut‐3‐yn‐1‐amines by addition of alkynylzinc to chiral N‐tert‐butylsulfinylimines is reported with excellent diastereoselectivity and good yield. This asymmetric addition reaction provides a practical, economical and concise synthesis of multifunctional molecules with the 1,3‐enyne side chain and an amino group. In addition, this methodology can be applied to the synthesis of substituted vinyl iodide compounds, and substituted chiral dihydropyrroles.
Regionally reduced brain volume, altered serotonin neurochemistry, and abnormal behavior in mice null for the circadian rhythm output gene Magel2
Authors: Mercer Rebecca E. , Kwolek Erin M. , Bischof Jocelyn M. , van Eede Matthijs , Henkelman R. Mark , Wevrick Rachel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMagel2 belongs to the MAGE/necdin family of proteins, which have roles in cell cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis. The Magel2 gene is expressed in various brain regions, most notably the hypothalamus. Mice with a targeted deletion of Magel2 display hypoactivity, blunted circadian rhythm, decreased fertility, and increased adiposity. The human ortholog, MAGEL2, is one of a set of paternally expressed, imprinted genes inactivated in most cases of Prader–Willi syndrome, a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. To explore the role of Magel2, brain morphology, brain neurochemistry, and behavior were measured in Magel2‐null mice. Brain volume was reduced in specific regions, particularly in the parieto‐temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex, the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the nucleus accumbens, as measured by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. Abnormal neurochemistry was detected in brain samples from adult mice, consisting of decreased serotonin and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the cortex and the hypothalamus, and decreased dopamine in the hypothalamus. Magel2‐null mice displayed relatively normal motor and learning abilities, but exhibited abnormal behavior in novel environments. This study lends support to the important role of the circadian rhythm output gene Magel2 in brain structure and behavior. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Food choices and habitat use by the Tana River yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus): a preliminary report on five years of data
Authors: Bentley‐Condit Vicki K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Tana River Primate National Reserve, Kenya (TRPNR) yellow baboons' (Papio cynocephalus) long‐term habitat usage and food preferences are relatively under‐reported. The author presents a preliminary food catalog and analyses of 5 years of data (January 88–October 92; n=55 mo; 875 observation days; 4,893 hourly scans) for the Mchelelo troop (x̄=75 individuals). The author predicted that the TRPNR baboons would spend more time on the much larger savanna, show a seasonal preference for fruits/seeds, and show rainfall‐influenced food preferences. Although more time was spent on the proportionately larger savanna than in the forests, more than 42% of the observations occurred in forests that accounted for only 8.7% of the area regularly used by the baboons. Fruits/seeds consumption was high throughout the period and a significantly higher proportion of each month's observations reflected fruits/seeds rather than grasses/herbs/corms consumption. Two forest species' (Phoenix reclinata and Hyphaene compressa) were particularly important. Regression analysis showed fruits/seeds consumption predicted most of the grasses/herbs/corms consumption variance. There was no statistical difference in rainy vs. non‐rainy season fruits/seeds or grasses/herbs/corms consumption. One implication of these data is the baboons' potential impact on the critically endangered Tana River mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus), which also rely heavily on P. reclinata and H. compressa. Another is what the “savanna” designation may or may not tell us about baboons. Am. J. Primatol. 71:432–436, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assembly of Nanocrystal Arrays by Block‐Copolymer‐Directed Nucleation
Authors: Morin Stephen A. , La Young‐Hye , Liu Chi‐Chun , Streifer Jeremy A. , Hamers Robert J. , Nealey Paul F. , Jin Song 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn Reih' und Glied: Mithilfe der oberflächenchemischen Eigenschaften von selbstorganisierenden nanostrukturierten Blockcopolymeren lässt sich steuern, an welchen Stellen auf einer Oberfläche Nanokristalle von Metallsulfid‐Halbleitern direkt aus einer wässrigen Lösung nukleieren und wachsen. Dieser Prozess bietet sich als neue und allgemeine Strategie für den „Bottom‐up“‐Aufbau funktioneller nanokristalliner Materialien an.magnified image
Asymmetrische intramolekulare Carbocyanierung von Alkenen durch C‐C‐Aktivierung
Authors: Nájera Carmen , Sansano José M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVielseitig: Bei der intramolekularen Aryl‐ und Acylcyanierung von Alkenen werden Ni0‐ und Pd0‐Komplexe als Katalysatoren eingesetzt (siehe Schema). Die Reaktionen ergeben nicht nur hohe Ausbeuten und Selektivitäten, sie gelingen auch in Gegenwart zahlreicher funktioneller Gruppen. Als Produkte entstehen Heterocyclen wie Oxindole.magnified image
Stereoselektive Synthese enantiomerenreiner Nupharamin‐Alkaloide aus dem Castoreum (Bibergeil)
Authors: Stoye Alexander , Quandt Gabriele , Brunnhöfer Björn , Kapatsina Elissavet , Baron Julia , Fischer André , Weymann Markus , Kunz Horst 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTierische Parfümalkaloide: Eine stereoselektive Mannich‐Michael‐Reaktion an N‐Galactosylfurylaldimin zu 1 (Piv = Pivaloyl), anschließende konjugierte Cuprataddition und stereoselektive Protonierung des gebildeten Enolats, alle kontrolliert vom Kohlenhydrat, ermöglichen erstmals die Totalsynthese des all‐cis‐Nupharamins 2 aus dem Castoreum. Enolatprotonierung nach Abspaltung des Kohlenhydrats führt alternativ zum Epimer 3.magnified image
Assembly of an R3N52− Chain by Cycloaddition of a Hydrazinediide and an Azide at Zirconium and its Thermal Fragmentation
Authors: Gehrmann Thorsten , Lloret Fillol Julio , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGesprengte Kette: Formale [2+3]‐Cycloadditionen eines Zirconiumhydrazindiids mit organischen Aziden führen zu 2‐Pentazen‐1,4‐diyl‐Komplexen wie dem abgebildeten [Zr(N2TBSNpy){N(Ad)N3NPh2}] (C grau, N blau, Si grün, Zr türkis). Die Bindungsverhältnisse in der N5‐Kette wurden mithilfe von Dichtefunktionalrechnungen untersucht. Beim Erhitzen spalten die Komplexe N2 ab, und es resultieren side‐on‐gebundene Diazenide.magnified image
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbonylative [2+2+1] Cycloaddition of Bis(allene)s: Bicyclo[6.3.0]undecadienones and Bicyclo[5.3.0]decadienones
Authors: Inagaki Fuyuhiko , Narita Syu , Hasegawa Takuma , Kitagaki Shinji , Mukai Chisato 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOhne Templat: Die Titelreaktion führt leicht und in hohen Ausbeuten zu Bicyclo[6.3.0]undecadienonen (siehe Schema), wobei der Ringschluss auch ohne Templateffekt effizient abläuft. Die vorgestellte Methode kann zum Aufbau von Bicyclo[5.3.0]‐ und Bicyclo[4.3.0]‐Ringsystemen verwendet werden. Ts=p‐Toluolsulfonyl.magnified image
A Thermally and Hydrolytically Stable Microporous Framework Exhibiting Single‐Chain Magnetism: Structure and Properties of [Co2(H0.67bdt)3]⋅20 H2O
Authors: Ouellette Wayne , Prosvirin Andrey V. , Whitenack Kelly , Dunbar Kim R. , Zubieta Jon 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFixing a hole: Hydrothermal chemistry has been exploited in the preparation of a 3D framework material exhibiting 48 % accessible void volume and 1.5 % hydrogen uptake by weight at 120 kPa (see picture). The title compound also exhibits single‐chain magnetic behavior and reversible changes in magnetic properties upon solvation and desolvation.magnified image
Ionothermal Synthesis of Zirconium Phosphates and Their Catalytic Behavior in the Selective Oxidation of Cyclohexane
Authors: Liu Lei , Li Yang , Wei Haibo , Dong Mei , Wang Jianguo , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Li Jinping , Dong Jinxiang , Morris Russell E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOn their best behavior: Three zirconium compounds with one‐, two‐, and three‐dimensional structures have been successfully synthesized by the ionothermal approach. The 3D zirconium phosphate (see picture; F green, H white, O red, P pink, Zr yellow) exhibits high catalytic performance, with a cyclohexane conversion ratio of 32 % and cyclohexanone selectivity of up to 83 %.magnified image
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective CC Bond Activation
Authors: Winter Christian , Krause Norbert 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRelieving the strain: The rhodium(I)‐catalyzed activation of CC bonds in functionalized cyclobutanes opens a novel route to highly substituted carbo‐ and heterocycles. Particularly intriguing is the differentiation of enantiotopic CC bonds, which leads to the formation of highly enantiomerically enriched lactones, cyclopentanones, and cyclohexenones (see scheme).magnified image
Asymmetric Intramolecular Carbocyanation of Alkenes by CC Bond Activation
Authors: Nájera Carmen , Sansano José M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVersatility: Ni0 and Pd0 complexes act as catalysts in the intramolecular aryl‐ and acylcyanation reactions, respectively, of alkenes (see scheme). These reactions not only proceed with high yield and selectivity, they also tolerate a wide range of functional groups and can furnish valuable heterocycles such as oxindoles, which are precursors for a myriad of natural and/or biologically active products.magnified image
Isolating and Probing the Hot Spot Formed between Two Silver Nanocubes
Authors: Camargo Pedro H. C. , Rycenga Matthew , Au Leslie , Xia Younan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOut of the frying pan: Hot spots can greatly increase the sensitivity of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering, but they remain poorly understood. A new strategy based on plasma etching (see picture) can be used to isolate and exclusively probe the SERS‐active molecules adsorbed in the hot‐spot region between two silver nanocubes.magnified image
Preparation of cationic pigment dispersions by surface grafting of polystyrene‐maleic anhydride with glycidyltriethylammonium chloride
Authors: Fang Kuanjun , Zhou Jiada , Kai Weihua , Fu Shaohai , Zhang Xia 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNovel cationic pigment dispersions, which have potential uses in inkjet inks and coloration of textile and paper, were prepared by grafting quarternary ammonium groups onto the surface of polystyrene‐maleic anhydride encapsulated C. I. pigment yellow 14 (PY 14) powder. It is shown that the Zeta potentials greatly rely on the reaction time and temperature. And also, when the weight ratio of glycidyltriethylammonium chloride (GTA) to encapsulated PY 14 powder was 3 : 1, the Zeta potential of modified pigment dispersion reached to + 35.05 mV. Just due to the high Zeta potential of the prepared cationic pigment dispersions, the prepared cationic pigment dispersion shows good dispersion stability and a narrow size distribution with the average particle size of 202.9 nm. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of biodegradable amphiphilic thermo‐responsive multiblock polycarbonate and its self‐aggregation behavior in aqueous solution
Authors: Wang Yuexia , Tan Yebang , Huang Xiaoling , Che Yuju , Du Xu 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAmphiphilic thermo‐responsive multiblock polycarbonates consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) were facilely synthesized using triphosgene as coupling agent. The structures and molecular characteristics of the polycarbonates were confirmed by 1H‐NMR, FT‐IR and Gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The crystallization behavior and thermal properties of the polycarbonates were studied using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Surface tension measurements confirmed that the critical micelles concentration of polymeric micelles were concentration ranges, which varied from about 2–70 mg/L to 5–40 mg/L with increasing PEO/PPO composition ratio from 0.8 to 1. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments showed bimodal size distributions, the aggregates size increased with increasing the concentration of the polycarbonates aqueous solutions. The size of the aggregates acquired from TEM was smaller than that from DLS owing to the fact that TEM gave size of the aggregates in dry state rather than the hydrodynamic diameter. The degradation process revealed that the degradation rate of the aggregates could be accelerated with an increase in temperature. Moreover, the more the polycarbonate was hydrophilic, the faster was its degradation. Rheological measurements suggested that these multiblock polycarbonates were thermo‐responsive and by regulating the PEO/PPO composition ratio they could form a gel at 37°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Reactive extrusion of poly(L‐lactic acid) with glycidol
Authors: Deenadayalan E. , Lele A. K. , Balasubramanian M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGlycidol modified polylactic acid (PLLA) polymers have been prepared by reactive extrusion. Influences of residence time and the concentration of glycidol on the extent of reaction with different weight average molecular weight (45,000, 65,000, and 100,000) PLLA's were studied. Structure–property relationship has been established by measuring molecular, mesoscopic, and macroscopic properties. Under reactive extrusion conditions glycidol reacted with the end groups of PLLA to initiate chain extension. Low‐molecular weight PLLA reacted with glycidol faster than the medium molecular weight PLLA, whereas high‐molecular weight PLLA did not show significant reactions. The glass transition temperature, melting temperature, crystallization temperature, and heat of fusion were measured for unmodified and modified PLLA's. Chain extended PLLA had higher Tg and Tm than the unmodified samples. Time sweep rheological experiments were performed to test the melt stability of PLLA. Chain extended PLLA's were found to retain viscoelastic properties for much longer time than the unreacted samples. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The effect of innovativeness on different levels of technology adoption
Authors: van Rijnsoever Frank J. , Donders A. Rogier T. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this article, we look at the personality characteristic “global innovativeness” as a predictor for the adoption of consumer electronics; the latter being termed “actualized innovativeness.” Global innovativeness is tested as a predictor for three levels of actualized innovativeness: at the domain‐specific, cluster‐specific, and product‐specific levels. Our theoretical propositions are tested using two different surveys, one consisting of adolescent bachelor students (n= 138) and the second consisting of a heterogeneous broad sample (n= 450). The results of these studies show that the higher the level of abstraction of actualized innovativeness, the stronger the effects of global innovativeness. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Study of Diffusion of Organic Dyes in a Triblock Copolymer Micelle and Gel by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Ghosh Subhadip , Mandal Ujjwal , Adhikari Aniruddha , Bhattacharyya Kankan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDye‐ing to get out: Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy was used to show that diffusion coefficients depend on the location of the dye molecules in a single medium. In a micelle, hydrophobic dyes remain within the micelle, whereas a hydrophilic probe occasionally diffuses out of the micelle into bulk water. In a gel, diffusion of the micelle is completely arrested and the autocorrelation arises from diffusion of the dye.magnified imageFluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has been used to study translational diffusion of three fluorescent dyes in a micelle and a gel. It was demonstrated that a highly hydrophobic dye, DCM, remains confined to a particular micelle during the passage of the micellar aggregation through the confocal volume. As a result, DCM exhibits slow diffusion of the large micellar aggregate with a diffusion coefficient (Dt) approximately 25 times slower compared with that of water. In contrast, a hydrophilic probe (C343 or C480) occasionally diffuses out of the micelle into bulk water and displays a large Dt (twofold smaller in F127 and approximately six times smaller in the P123 micelle compared with that in bulk water). In a gel, diffusion of the individual micelles is completely arrested and hence, the autocorrelation in FCS arises solely from the diffusion of the dye in the gel. In this case, all the three dyes exhibit extremely slow diffusion (300, 45, and 20 times slower than that in water for DCM, C480, and C343 in F127 gel, respectively). In a P123 and F127 gel, diffusion of DCM is respectively, seven and 29 times slower compared with that of the ionic probe C343. The relatively small value of red‐edge excitation shift (REES) of the emission maximum, suggests that DCM is confined within the core of the triblock copolymer micelles and gels. The hydrophilic probes (C343 or C480) exhibit fast diffusion in the micelles and gels. However, their REES is very different. The large REES of C480 suggests that it is distributed over a large region of the micelle, whereas the low REES of C343 indicates that it is located primarily in the peripheral corona region.
Bayesian Finite Markov Mixture Model for Temporal Multi‐Tissue Polygenic Patterns
Authors: Liang Yulan , Kelemen Arpad 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFinite mixture models can provide the insights about behavioral patterns as a source of heterogeneity of the various dynamics of time course gene expression data by reducing the high dimensionality and making clear the major components of the underlying structure of the data in terms of the unobservable latent variables. The latent structure of the dynamic transition process of gene expression changes over time can be represented by Markov processes. This paper addresses key problems in the analysis of large gene expression data sets that describe systemic temporal response cascades and dynamic changes to therapeutic doses in multiple tissues, such as liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney from the same animals. Bayesian Finite Markov Mixture Model with a Dirichlet Prior is developed for the identifications of differentially expressed time related genes and dynamic clusters. Deviance information criterion is applied to determine the number of components for model comparisons and selections. The proposed Bayesian models are applied to multiple tissue polygenetic temporal gene expression data and compared to a Bayesian model‐based clustering method, named CAGED. Results show that our proposed Bayesian Finite Markov Mixture model can well capture the dynamic changes and patterns for irregular complex temporal data (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Robust Joint Modeling of Longitudinal Measurements and Competing Risks Failure Time Data
Authors: Li Ning , Elashoff Robert M. , Li Gang 
Published: February 2009

AbstractExisting methods for joint modeling of longitudinal measurements and survival data can be highly influenced by outliers in the longitudinal outcome. We propose a joint model for analysis of longitudinal measurements and competing risks failure time data which is robust in the presence of outlying longitudinal observations during follow‐up. Our model consists of a linear mixed effects sub‐model for the longitudinal outcome and a proportional cause‐specific hazards frailty sub‐model for the competing risks data, linked together by latent random effects. Instead of the usual normality assumption for measurement errors in the linear mixed effects sub‐model, we adopt a t ‐distribution which has a longer tail and thus is more robust to outliers. We derive an EM algorithm for the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters and estimate their standard errors using a profile likelihood method. The proposed method is evaluated by simulation studies and is applied to a scleroderma lung study (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Global Tests for Linkage
Authors: Galta Rachid el , van Houwelingen Hans C. , Houwing‐Duistermaat Jeanine J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTo test for global linkage along a genome or in a chromosomal region, the maximum over the marker locations of mean alleles shared identical by descent of affected relative pairs, Zmax, can be used. Feingold et al. (1993) derived a Gaussian approximation to the distribution of the Zmax. As an alternative we propose to sum over the observed marker locations along the chromosomal region of interest. Two test statistics can be derived. (1) The likelihood ratio statistic (LR) and (2) the corresponding score statistic. The score statistic appears to be the average mean IBD over all available marker locations. The null distribution of the LR and score tests are asymptotically a 50: 50 mixture of chi‐square distributions of null and one degree of freedom and a normal distribution, respectively.We compared empirically the type I error and power of these two new test statistics and Zmax along a chromosome and in a candidate region. Two models were considered, namely (1) one disease locus and (2) two disease loci. The new test statistics appeared to have reasonable type I error. Along the chromosome, for both models we concluded that for very small effect sizes, the score test has slightly more power than the other test statistics. For large effect sizes, the likelihood ratio statistic was comparable to and sometimes performed better than Zmax and both test statistics performed much better than the score test. For candidate regions of about 30 cM, all test statistics were comparable when only one disease‐locus existed and the score and likelihood ratio statistics had somewhat better power than Zmax when two disease loci existed (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)