bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twenty‐three years of hypersensitivity pneumonitis mortality surveillance in the United States
Authors: Bang Ki Moon , Weissman David N. , Pinheiro Germania A. , Antao Vinicius C.S. , Wood John M. , Syamlal Girija 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundThere are few population‐based studies addressing hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in the United States. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has nationally comprehensive longitudinal mortality data that can contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of HP.MethodsThe National Center for Health Statistics multiple cause‐of‐death data were analyzed for the period 1980–2002. Annual death rate was age‐adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Death rate time‐trends were calculated using a linear regression model and geographic distribution of death rates were mapped by state and county. Proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) by usual industry and occupation adjusted for age, sex, and race, were based on data from 26 states reporting industry and occupation during 1985–1999.ResultsOverall age‐adjusted death rates increased significantly (P < 0.0001) between 1980 and 2002, from 0.09 to 0.29 per million. Wisconsin had the highest rate at 1.04 per million. Among industries, PMR for HP was significantly high for agricultural production, livestock (PMR, 19.3; 95% CI, 14.0–25.9) and agricultural production, crops (PMR, 4.3; 95% CI, 3.0–6.0). Among occupations, PMR for HP was significantly elevated for farmers, except horticulture (PMR, 8.1; 95% CI, 6.4–10.2).ConclusionsThese findings indicate that agricultural industries are closely associated with HP mortality and preventive strategies are needed to protect workers in these industries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurobehavioral functioning after cessation of manganese exposure: A follow‐up after 14 years
Authors: Bouchard M. , Mergler D. , Baldwin M. , Panisset M. , Bowler R. , Roels H.A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known on the long‐term course of early manganese (Mn) neurotoxic effects. Mn alloy workers were examined in a follow‐up study 14 years after exposure ceased at a Canadian facility.MethodsThe same battery of neurofunctional tests used in the initial examination in 1990 was administered to 77 Mn‐workers and 81 referents in 2004.ResultsManganese‐workers had poorer scores compared to referents both in the initial and follow‐up examinations for several motor tasks of the Luria Motor Scale. At follow‐up, older Mn‐workers (>45 years at cessation of exposure) had poorer scores than referents for tests of cognitive flexibility. Cumulated exposure was associated with poorer test scores for certain neuromotor and cognitive tests and on a mood scale. Differences on certain tests observed at initial examination were not present at follow‐up.ConclusionsManganese exposure was associated with persistent deficits for certain neuromotor functions, cognitive flexibility, and adVerse mood states, while recovery occurred for other functions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:831–840, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Industrial sectors with high risk of women's hospital‐treated injuries
Authors: Kines Pete , Hannerz Harald , Mikkelsen Kim Lyngby , Tüchsen Finn 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundWomen's occupational injury rates are converging with those of males. Associations between female workers' hospital treated injury rates, industrial sector and injured body area were analyzed to provide for better‐focused injury prevention of women's hazardous jobs.MethodsFemales' standardized hospital treatment ratios (SHR) and the excess fraction for five body regions (head/neck, thorax, back, upper and lower extremities) were calculated for 58 industrial sectors for 1999–2003.ResultsFive industrial sectors, “Cleaning, laundries and dry cleaners,” “Transport of passengers,” “Hotels and restaurants,” “Hospitals” and “Transport of goods” had significantly high SHRs for all five body regions. The excess fraction for upper extremity injuries revealed that 14%–27% of injuries could theoretically have been avoided.ConclusionsThere is strong evidence for an association between women's hospital treated injuries and industrial sector. The results justify the need for gender‐sensitive analyses to orient injury prevention programs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:13–21, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pervaporation separation of water/isopropanol mixtures through crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan/polysulfone hollow‐fiber composite membranes
Authors: Shen Jiang‐nan , Wu Li‐guang , Qiu Jun‐hong , Gao Cong‐jie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCarboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/polysulfone (PS) hollow‐fiber composite membranes were prepared through glutaraldehyde (GA) as the crosslinking agent and PS hollow‐fiber ultrafiltration membrane as the support. The permeation and separation characteristics for dehydration of isopropanol were investigated by the pervaporation method. Pure chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, and crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to study the crosslinking reaction mechanism and degree of crystallinity, respectively. The effects of feed composition, crosslinking agent, membrane thickness, and feed temperature on membrane performance were investigated. The results show that the crosslinked CMCS/PS hollow‐fiber composite membranes possess high selectivity and promising permeability. The permeation flux and separation factor for isopropanol/water is 38.6 g/m2h and 3238.5, using 87.5 wt % isopropanol concentration at 45°C, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1959–1965, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of conducting polyaniline‐activated carbon nanocomposites
Authors: Karim Mohammad Rezaul , Lee Chul Jae , Lee Mu Sang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConducting polyaniline (PAni)/activated carbon (AC) nanocomposites were synthesized by the in situ chemical polymerization method. The resultant shell–core PAni–AC nanocomposites were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. We did not observe any significant chemical interaction between the PAni and AC, only core–shell coupling between the AC and the tightly coated polymer chain was revealed. Measurement of the physical properties showed that the incorporation of conducting PAni on to AC particles during chemical synthesis increased electrical conductivity and thermal stability by several orders of magnitude to that of the pristine PAni powders. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1973–1977, 2007
Synthesis and properties of new polyamides based on a hydroxyethyl cinnamide extended from 3,5‐diaminobenzoic acid
Authors: Onciu Marioara 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of new aromatic polyamides containing cinnamide pendent units were prepared from 2′‐(cinnamide)ethyl‐3,5‐diaminobenzoate and various aromatic dicarboxylic acids by the direct polycondensation reaction, with triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensing agents. The polyamides were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. Their thermal stability was studied by thermogravimetric analysis in air, and differential scanning calorimetry. These polymers were readily soluble in polar aprotic solvents and can be cast from their solutions in flexible and tough films. Glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of these polyamides were observed in the range of 225–245°C. Their inherent viscosities varied from 0.77 to 1.12 dL/g that corresponded to weight–average and number–average molecular weights of 39,000–72,700 and 18,800–29,000, respectively. These polymers can be photochemically crosslinked. The photochemical aspects were revealed by means of UV–vis and IR analyses onto thin films. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2013–2020, 2007
Influence of incorporating CaCO3 into room temperature vulcanized silicone sealant on its mechanical and dynamic rheological properties
Authors: Xu Xiaoming , Song Yihu , Zheng Qiang , Hu Guohua 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSilicone sealants with low modulus and high elongation were prepared by using ketoxime silane as chain extender agent, and a novel silane coupling agent acting as adhesion promoting agent was synthesized. Mechanical properties of vulcanized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) filled with large amounts of carbonate calcium (CaCO3) and dynamic viscoelastic properties of unvulcanized samples were investigated through electronic multifunctional tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analyzers, and dynamic rheological measurements. The results of mechanical tests indicate that diminishing the particle diameter size, narrowing the particle diameter distribution, and increasing the filler amount lead to a relative high tensile strength and modulus at 100% elongation, but a relative low elongation at break. The reasons for these are believed to be the evolution of molecular interactions and the formation of additional physical crosslinking induced by the filler network. Compared to virgin PDMS, there is a significant elevation of glass transition temperature with filler addition. On the other hand, the results of dynamic rheological measurements reveal that as filler amount increases, the span of the linear viscoelastic region in which dynamic storage modulus (G′) is constant in low strain amplitude narrows. However, a characteristic plateau phenomenon appears in low frequency regions together with increasing the width and height of the modulus plateau. This phenomenon is also ascribed to the formation of a filler network due to filler–polymer and filler–filler interaction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2027–2035, 2007
Acrylonitrile content as a predictor of the captan permeation resistance for disposablenitrile rubber gloves
Authors: Phalen R. N. , Hee S. S. Que , Xu W. , Wong W. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine whether the acrylonitrile (ACN) content influences the permeation resistance of disposable nitrile rubber (NBR) gloves to aqueous solutions of the pesticide captan. Attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectrophotometry at 2237 ± 5 cm−1 was used to measure the ACN contents of seven different NBR gloves. The ACN contents of the gloves ranged from 12.7 to 29.9%. Permeation was conducted according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method F 739‐99a with a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of captan in the hexane collection liquid. Significant correlations were found between (1) the ACN content and mass‐to‐area ratio and the logarithm of the steady‐state permeation rate (SSPR; Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.9227, p ≤ 0.05), and (2) the ACN content and mass‐to‐area ratio and the ASTM normalized breakthrough detection time (NBT) at 0.25 μg/cm2 (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.9471, p ≤ 0.05). On average, the NBT increased 120 min for every 5% increase in the ACN content. The average SSPR ranged from 0.002 to 0.40 μg/cm2/min, a 200‐fold difference. Increasing the ACN content resulted in decreased SSPR. ATR–FTIR was useful in determining the NBR polymer ACN content, surface homogeneity, and potential glove chemical resistance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2057–2063, 2007
Kinetic Studies Prove High Catalytic Activity of a Diene–Rhodium Complex in 1,4‐Addition of Phenylboronic Acid to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Kina Asato , Yasuhara Yuichi , Nishimura Takahiro , Iwamura Hiroshi , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the 1,4‐addition of phenylboronic acid to α,β‐unsaturated ketones, [Rh(OH)(cod)]2 has a much higher catalytic activity than [Rh(OH)(binap)]2 (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene, binap=2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl). Kinetic studies revealed that the rate‐determining transmetalation step in the catalytic cycle has a large rate constant when [Rh(OH)(cod)]2 is used.
Ion exchange chromatography of antibody fragments
Authors: Ljunglöf Anders , Lacki Karol M. , Mueller Jay , Harinarayan Chithkala , van Reis Robert , Fahrner Robert , Van Alstine James M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEffects of pH and conductivity on the ion exchange chromatographic purification of an antigen‐binding antibody fragment (Fab) of pI 8.0 were investigated. Normal sulfopropyl (SP) group modified agarose particles (SP Sepharose™ Fast Flow) and dextran modified particles (SP Sepharose XL) were studied. Chromatographic measurements including adsorption isotherms and dynamic breakthrough binding capacities, were complemented with laser scanning confocal microscopy. As expected static equilibrium and dynamic binding capacities were generally reduced by increasing mobile phase conductivity (1–25 mS/cm). However at pH 4 on SP Sepharose XL, Fab dynamic binding capacity increased from 130 to 160 (mg/mL media) as mobile phase conductivity changed from 1 to 5 mS/cm. Decreasing protein net charge by increasing pH from 4 to 5 at 1.3 mS/cm caused dynamic binding capacity to increase from 130 to 180 mg/mL. Confocal scanning laser microscopy studies indicate such increases were due to faster intra‐particle mass transport and hence greater utilization of the media's available binding capacity. Such results are in agreement with recent studies related to ion exchange of whole antibody molecules under similar conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 515–524. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A water activity control system for enzymatic reactions in organic media
Authors: Petersson Anna E.V. , Adlercreutz Patrick , Mattiasson Bo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA water activity control system for enzymatic synthesis in organic media, for litre‐scale reactors has been constructed. Water activity, aw, is a key factor when using enzymes in non‐conventional media and the optimum value varies for different enzymes. The control system consists of a water activity sensor in the headspace of a jacketed glass reactor (equipped with narrow steel tubes to introduce air), gas‐washing bottles containing blue silica gel (aw = 0) and water (aw = 1), a PC to monitor water activity and a programmable logic controller (PLC) to control the water activity. The system was evaluated by adjusting water activity in the medium, with a deviation from the set point of less than ±0.05. Synthesis of cetyl palmitate, under controlled water activity and catalysed by two different lipase preparations, namely, Novozym® 435 (immobilised Candida antarctica lipase B) and immobilised Candida rugosa lipase, were also performed. Novozym® 435 catalyses reactions very well at extremely low water activity while C. rugosa lipase shows low activity for aw < 0.5. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 235–241. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinicopathological significance of microscopic abscess formation at the invasive margin of advanced low rectal cancer
Authors: Uehara K , Nakanishi Y , Shimoda T , Taniguchi H , Akasu T , Moriya Y 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological significance of microscopic abscess formation (MAF) at the invasive front of advanced low rectal cancer.

Methods
The clinicopathological features of 226 consecutive patients with low rectal cancer, who underwent curative resection between May 1997 and December 2002, were analysed.

Results
Fifty-seven (25·2 per cent) of the 226 tumours had MAF and 169 (74·8 per cent) did not. Patients with tumours showing MAF were more likely to have extended surgery than those without MAF: 47 versus 31·4 per cent respectively underwent non-sphincter-preserving surgery (P = 0·029) and 82 versus 60·9 per cent underwent lateral lymph node dissection (P = 0·003). The incidence of lymph node metastases was lower in patients with MAF (30 versus 53·3 per cent; P = 0·002). Univariable analysis of disease-free survival revealed that depth of invasion (P &lt; 0·001), lymph node status (P &lt; 0·001), histological type (P = 0·035), lymphatic invasion (P &lt; 0·001), venous invasion (P &lt; 0·001), perineural invasion (P &lt; 0·001), focal dedifferentiation (P &lt; 0·001) and MAF (P &lt; 0·001) were significant prognostic factors. Multivariable analysis showed that lymph node status (P &lt; 0·001), perineural invasion (P = 0·002), venous invasion (P = 0·033) and MAF (P = 0·012) remained independent prognostic factors.

Conclusion
MAF may reflect indolent tumour behaviour and a more favourable outcome in patients with advanced low rectal cancer.
Carl Friedrich Naumann and the introduction of enantio terminology: A review and analysis on the 150th anniversary
Authors: Gal Joseph 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEnantiomorphism and enantiomorphous were the first enantio‐based terms, introduced 150 years ago, by Carl Friedrich Naumann, a German crystallographer, to refer to non‐superposable mirror‐image crystals. The terminology was not adopted by Pasteur, the discoverer of molecular chirality, and was not embraced at first in the stereochemical context, until it was accepted in 1877 by Van 't Hoff in the German edition of his proposal for the tetrahedral asymmetric carbon atom. In the 1890s the use of enantio terms began to spread in the research literature, and many new derivatives of Naumann's original two terms were subsequently introduced. Problems in the usage of some of the terms are often found in the literature, e.g., enantiomorphism is sometimes confused with chirality; enantiomeric is often misused; the meaning of some of the many derived terms, e.g., enantiosymmetric, enantioposition, etc., is unclear. All in all, Naumann should be remembered as the creator of essential terminology in the realm of chirality. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organic Molecular Beam Deposition of Oligophenyls on Au(111): A Study by X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Müllegger Stefan , Hänel Kathrin , Strunskus Thomas , Wöll Christof , Winkler Adolf 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNear‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy has been applied to reveal the molecular arrangement of ultrathin oligophenyl films [p‐quaterphenyl (4P) and p‐hexaphenyl (6P)] on Au(111). In the half‐monolayer films the molecules lie flat on the surface but still have a considerable inter‐ring twist of 30°‐40°, similar to the gas‐phase conformation. In the saturated monolayer film the second half of the molecules is side‐tilted by an angle of less than 66° with respect to the surface. This arrangement is already similar to that in bulk net planes of thicker films parallel to the surface, that is, the 4P(211) and 6P(21‐3) planes, respectively.
Noggin signaling from Xenopus animal blastomere lineages promotes a neural fate in neighboring vegetal blastomere lineages
Authors: Huang Sen , Yan Bo , Sullivan Steven A. , Moody Sally A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn Xenopus, localized factors begin to regionalize embryonic fates prior to the inductive interactions that occur during gastrulation. We previously reported that an animal‐to‐vegetal signal that occurs prior to gastrulation promotes primary spinal neuron fate in vegetal equatorial (C‐tier) blastomere lineages. Herein we demonstrate that maternal mRNA encoding noggin is enriched in animal tiers and at low concentrations in the C‐tier, suggesting that the neural fates of C‐tier blastomeres may be responsive to early signaling from their neighboring cells. In support of this hypothesis, experimental alteration of the levels of Noggin from animal equatorial (B‐tier) or BMP4 from vegetal (D‐tier) blastomeres significantly affects the numbers of primary spinal neurons derived from their neighboring C‐tier blastomeres. These effects are duplicated in blastomere explants isolated at cleavage stages and cultured in the absence of gastrulation interactions. Co‐culture with animal blastomeres enhanced the expression of zygotic neural markers in C‐tier blastomere explants, whereas co‐culture with vegetal blastomeres repressed them. The expression of these markers in C‐tier explants was promoted when Noggin was transiently added to the culture during cleavage/morula stages, and repressed with the transient addition of BMP4. Reduction of Noggin translation in B‐tier blastomeres by antisense morpholino oligonucleotides significantly reduced the efficacy of neural marker induction in C‐tier explants. These experiments indicate that early anti‐BMP signaling from the animal hemisphere recruits vegetal equatorial cells into the neural precursor pool prior to interactions that occur during gastrulation. Developmental Dynamics 236:171–183, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GATA‐4 is required for sex steroidogenic cell development in the fetal mouse
Authors: Bielinska Malgorzata , Seehra Amrita , Toppari Jorma , Heikinheimo Markku , Wilson David B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe transcription factor GATA‐4 is expressed in Sertoli cells, steroidogenic Leydig cells, and other testicular somatic cells. Previous studies have established that interaction between GATA‐4 and its cofactor FOG‐2 is necessary for proper Sry expression and all subsequent steps in testicular organogenesis, including testis cord formation and differentiation of both Sertoli and fetal Leydig cells. Since fetal Leydig cell differentiation depends on Sertoli cell–derived factors, it has remained unclear whether GATA‐4 has a cell autonomous role in Leydig cell development. We used two experimental systems to explore the role of GATA‐4 in the ontogeny of testicular steroidogenic cells. First, chimeric mice were generated by injection of Gata4−/− ES cells into Rosa26 blastocysts. Analysis of the resultant chimeras showed that in developing testis Gata4−/− cells can contribute to fetal germ cells and interstitial fibroblasts but not fetal Leydig cells. Second, wild‐type or Gata4−/− ES cells were injected into the flanks of intact or gonadectomized nude mice and the resultant teratomas examined for expression of steroidogenic markers. Wild‐type but not Gata4−/− ES cells were capable of differentiating into gonadal‐type steroidogenic lineages in teratomas grown in gonadectomized mice. In chimeric teratomas derived from mixtures of GFP‐tagged Gata4+/+ ES cells and unlabeled Gata4−/− ES cells, sex steroidogenic cell differentiation was restricted to GFP‐expressing cells. Collectively these data suggest that GATA‐4 plays an integral role in the development of testicular steroidogenic cells. Developmental Dynamics 236:203–213, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early reading and spelling
Authors: Plaza Monique , Cohen Henri 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe examined the development of phonological processing, naming speed, and visual attention in kindergarten and addressed the question of their contribution to reading and spelling in grade 1. Seventy five French‐speaking children were administered seven tasks at the two phases of the study, and reading and spelling were assessed in grade 1. The major findings revealed that syllable awareness and visual attention were the most important predictors of early reading and spelling, and confirm the influence of naming speed and phoneme awareness on specific skills. These observations strongly suggest that written language acquisition relies on linguistic, perceptual and cognitive cross‐modal skills and highlight the need for diversifying written language measures and analyzing their specific predictors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.