bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origin of horsetail faults in an extensional regime using physical experiments for the Linnan Sag
Authors: Xu Hongyuan , Lao Haigang , Li Guang , Dong Guiyu , Xia Shiqiang 
Published: April 2024

Horsetail faults and rotational faults, which maintain slight differences, are all important identity markers for strike-slip movement. However, it is difficult to explain why horsetail faults also appear in the extensional regime. Using the Linnan Sag as a reference, physical experiments are conducted to reproduce the formation processes of horsetail faults in the extensional regime. Characteristics of these horsetail faults include: (1) horsetail faults are the product of strain superposition during two phases of noncoaxial extension; (2) preexisting faults generated in the initial stage may reactivate by the combined elongation of dip-slip motion, followed by oblique-slip faulting at the middle-late stage, thus becoming the principal fault of the horsetail faults; this initial distance is obviously less (approximately 46%) than its distance during the middle-late stage; (3) a large number of new dip-slip faults appear at the tip of the principal fault in the middle-late stage, spatially connecting with the principal fault to form the horsetail faults; and (4) other preexisting faults that intersect the principal fault are not necessary for forming the horsetail faults but their presence may make the principal fault prone to segmentation. Therefore, although horsetail faults in the extensional and strike-slip regimes are similar in shape, their formation conditions and fault properties are very different. Understanding the characteristics of the horsetail faults in the extension regime contributes to further study related to oil and gas migration and accumulation in the Petroliferous basin.
A Staged Approach for Surgical Management of Basilar Invagination
Authors: Joitescu Irina , Amelot Aymeric , Lot Guillaume , Aghakhani Nozar , Parker Fabrice , Knafo Steven 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Patients with basilar invagination (BI) can be treated with several surgical options, ranging from simple posterior decompression to circumferential decompression and fusion. Here, we aimed at examining the indications and outcomes associated with these surgical strategies to devise a staged algorithm for managing BI.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study in 2 neurosurgical centers and included patients with a BI, as defined by a position of the dens tip at least 5 mm above the Chamberlain line. Other craniovertebral junction anomalies, such as atlas assimilation, platybasia, and Chiari malformations, were documented. C1-C2 stability was assessed with a dynamic computed tomography scan.

RESULTS:
We included 30 patients with BI with a mean follow-up of 56 months (min = 12, max = 166). Posterior decompression and fusion (n = 8) was only performed in cases of obvious atlanto-axial instability (eg, increased atlanto-dental interval or hypermobility on flexion/extension), while anterior decompression (transoral or transnasal) was reserved to patients with lower cranial nerves deficits (eg, swallowing dysfunction) and irreducible anterior compression (n = 9). Patients with posterior signs (eg, Valsalva headaches) or myelopathy but without C1-C2 instability nor anterior signs were managed with an isolated foramen magnum decompression, with or without duraplasty (n = 13). Complications were more frequent for combined procedures, including neurological deterioriation (n = 4) and tracheostomy (n = 2), but reinterventions were more likely in patients undergoing posterior decompression alone (n = 3).

CONCLUSION:
Patient selection is key to determine the appropriate surgical strategy for BI: In our experience, combined approaches are only needed for patients with irreducible and symptomatic anterior compression, while fusion should be restricted to patient with obvious signs of atlanto-axial instability. Other BI patients can be managed by foramen magnum decompression alone to minimize surgical morbidity.
Differential Modulation of Motor Unit Behavior When a Fatiguing Contraction Is Matched for Torque versus EMG
Authors: MAGNUSON JUSTINE R. , DALTON BRIAN H. , MCNEIL CHRIS J. 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
When an isometric contraction is sustained at a submaximal torque, activation of the motoneuron pool increases, making it difficult to interpret neural excitability alterations. Thus, more recently, isometric contractions with maintained electromyographic (EMG) activity (matched-EMG) are being used to induce fatigue; however, little is known about the neurophysiological adjustments that occur to satisfy the requirements of the task.

Methods
For our study, 16 participants performed a 10-min sustained isometric elbow flexion contraction at 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque or the level of integrated biceps brachii EMG recorded at 20% MVC torque. Surface EMG was used to assess global median frequency, and four fine-wire electrode pairs were used to obtain motor unit (MU) discharge rate from biceps brachii. Torque or EMG steadiness was also assessed throughout the fatiguing contractions.

Results
MU discharge rate increased and torque steadiness decreased during the matched-torque contraction; however, MU discharge rate decreased during the matched-EMG contraction, and no changes occurred for EMG steadiness. Data pooled for the two contractions revealed a decrease in global median frequency. Lastly, a greater loss of MVC torque was observed immediately after the matched-torque compared with matched-EMG contraction.

Conclusions
These findings indicate that, during a matched-torque fatiguing contraction, the nervous system increases MU discharge rates at the cost of poorer steadiness to maintain the requisite torque. In contrast, during a matched-EMG fatiguing contraction, a reduction of MU discharge rates allows for maintenance of EMG steadiness.
COVID-19 pandemic amplified mortality rates among adolescents with bipolar disorder through family-related factors
Authors: Ye Zhuo-Fan , Hong Yi-Han , Yang Jian-Lin , Tan Meng-Qing , Xie Ju-Min , Xu Zu-Cai 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND
Recently, a growing number of adolescents have been afflicted with mental disorders, with annual morbidity rates on the rise. This trend has been exacerbated by the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, leading to a surge in suicide and self-harm rates among this demographic.
AIM
To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent bipolar disorder (BD), along with the underlying factors contributing to heightened rates of suicide and self-harm among adolescents.
METHODS
A comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted utilizing clinical interviews and self-reports obtained from patients or their guardians. Diagnostic criteria for BDs were based on the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, international classification of diseases-11, and the National institute of mental health research domain criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 software, with significance set at P < 0.05.
RESULTS
A cohort of 171 adolescents diagnosed with BD between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022, was included in the analysis. The gender distribution was 2.8:1 (female to male), with ages ranging from 11 to 18 years old. Major factors contributing to adolescent BDs included familial influences, academic stress, genetic predisposition and exposure to school-related violence. Notably, a significant increase in suicide attempts and self-harm incidents was observed among adolescents with BD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical analysis indicated that the pandemic exacerbated familial discord and heightened academic stress, thereby amplifying the prevalence of suicidal behavior and self-harm among adolescents.
CONCLUSION
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated familial tensions and intensified the incidence of suicide and self-harm among adolescents diagnosed with BD. This study underscores the urgent need for societal, familial and educational support systems to prioritize the well-being of adolescents and offers valuable insights and guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of adolescent BDs.
El capitalismo de plataforma en la ciudad
Authors: Sequera Jorge , Yrigoy Ismael , Martínez Pablo , Barrero María 
Published: April 2024

El presente monográfico es el resultado de las investigaciones colectivas realizadas en el marco de dos proyectos, LIKEALOCAL: efectos socioespaciales de Airbnb. Turismo y transformación en 4 ciudades de España - RTI2018-093479-A-I00 (2019-2021) y ONDEMANDCITY: Capitalismo de plataforma, trabajadores digitales y tecnificación de la vida cotidiana en la ciudad contemporánea - PID2021-122482OB-I00 (2022-2025). Los artículos de este número especial analizan cuestiones clave en el giro digital de los estudios urbanos, centrando la mirada en la dimensión urbana tanto de las plataformas y su actual preeminencia en la reconfiguración económica y social como de la intensificación de la turistificación de nuestras ciudades. Esta gran plataformización de las ciudades" ha generado cambios en los estilos de vida urbanos, los patrones de consumo y las formas de acumulación de capital, afectando al comercio, la movilidad y el trabajo en la ciudad. Así, conceptos teóricos como "economía de plataforma", “capitalismo de plataforma” o “urbanismo de plataforma” se extienden - dejando atrás otros inocuos como economía colaborativa o Smart city - para explicar los cambios en las dinámicas de acumulación capitalista urbana. Dichos giros conceptuales reflejan eel auge de los análisis sobre el trabajo precarizado mediado por las plataformas, los mecanismos de extracción de plusvalías de las mismas, y las consiguientes transformaciones espaciales y sociales en la ciudad. Específicamente, los artículos que aquí presentamos dialogan alrededor de tres temas fundamentales: el papel de las plataformas digitales en las vidas itinerantes de una cantidad creciente de habitantes urbanos, el rentismo turístico exacerbado por las plataformas y la precariedad laboral en el capitalismo digital. En conjunto, estas perspectivas multidisciplinarias destacan la importancia de comprender cómo las plataformas digitales están moldeando la vida urbana contemporánea a través de sus interacciones con el espacio, el tiempo, el paisaje y las sociedades urbanas.
Language outcomes of preschool children who are HIV-exposed uninfected: An analysis of a South African cohort
Authors: Green Freddy , du Plooy Christopher , Rehman Andrea M. , Nhapi Raymond T. , Lake Marilyn T. , Barnett Whitney , Hoffman Nadia , Zar Heather J. , Donald Kirsten A. , Stein Dan J. , Wedderburn Catherine J. 
Published: April 2024

Introduction
There are approximately 16 million children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected (CHEU) worldwide. Studies suggest that CHEU are at risk for developmental impairment in infancy, particularly in language domains. However, there is limited research examining neurocognitive function in CHEU older than 2 years, including important pre-school years. This study aimed to investigate associations between HIV exposure without infection and neurocognitive outcomes and to determine risk factors for neurodevelopment in CHEU at age 3–4 years.

Methods
The Drakenstein Child Health Study is a South African population-based birth cohort which enrolled women in pregnancy with ongoing follow up. Neurocognitive outcomes were assessed in children at 3.5 years by trained assessors blinded to HIV status including general cognitive function, language, and memory, measured using the Kaufmann Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II). Data were compared between CHEU and children who were HIV-unexposed uninfected (CHUU) using multivariable logistic and linear regression, including testing for effect modification; sex-stratified risk factor analyses were performed.

Results
A total of 497 children were included (97 [20%] CHEU; 400 [80%] CHUU; 50% male), with a mean age of 3.5 years (range 3.4–3.6). Groups had similar birth and household characteristics, although mothers of CHEU were older, on average. Overall, CHEU had lower expressive language scores compared to CHUU on unadjusted and adjusted analyses (effect size: -0.23 [95% CI -0.45, -0.01]). There were no group differences in general cognitive or memory function (p>0.05). On sex-stratified analyses, male CHEU were found to have higher odds of suboptimal cognitive development compared to male CHUU (aOR 2.28 [95% CI 1.06, 4.87], p = 0.034). Several other factors including birthweight, maternal education, maternal ART duration and HIV viral load during pregnancy were associated with cognition, memory, or expressive language outcomes in CHEU, dependent on child sex.

Interpretation
The findings suggest that perinatal HIV exposure continues to be associated with impaired language development across the preschool years, highlighting the importance of targeting early interventions to optimise language outcomes. Further, the results suggest the importance of demographic, biological and HIV-related variables influencing developmental outcomes in CHEU. The greater risk of suboptimal cognitive development in male CHEU requires investigation around sex-specific mechanisms.
Occupational injury prevalence and predictors among small-scale sawmill workers in the Sokoban Wood Village, Kumasi, Ghana
Authors: Opoku Felix Agyemang , Opoku Douglas Aninng , Ayisi-Boateng Nana Kwame , Osarfo Joseph , Sulemana Alhassan , Agyemang Sheneil , Amponsah Obed Kwabena Offe , Asiedu Michael Tetteh , Gyebi Robert , Agyei-Baffour Peter 
Published: April 2024

BackgroundSawmill workers are at increased risk of occupational injuries due to their exposure to workplace hazards. However, little is known about the burden of occupational injuries among them in Ghana. Understanding its prevalence and associated factors is necessary to design appropriate interventions to improve workers’ health and safety. This study sought to determine the prevalence and factors associated with occupational injuries among small-scale sawmill workers at Sokoban Wood Village, Kumasi.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 138 small-scale sawmill workers from December 2020 to January 2021. Data was collected on demographic and work-related characteristics including age, sex, personal protective equipment (PPE), workspace design, and lighting. The primary outcome was the prevalence of occupational injuries in the 12 months preceding the survey. Logistic regression method was used to assess for independent predictors of occupational injuries, and associations were deemed statistically significant at p < 0.05.ResultsApproximately 66.7% of the workers experienced occupational injuries within the 12 months preceding the study. Cuts (69.6%) were the most commonly reported injuries. Injuries were mainly caused by machine parts/sharp objects (47.8%) and being hit by logs/objects (46.8%). Only 40.7% of the workers reported always using PPE while legs (38.0%) and hands (37.0%) were the most common body parts injured. The worker’s monthly income, poor workspace design and poor lighting had increased odds of occupational injuries while an increase in age was associated with a 5% decreased odds of occupational injuries.ConclusionThe prevalence of occupational injuries among the sawmill workers at the Sokoban Wood Village was high, and this calls for prioritization of health and safety at the workplace. Essential measures required include improvements in the safety of machine tools, workspace design and lighting.
Gender trends in match rate to surgical specialties in Canada: A retrospective study from 2003–2022
Authors: Bondok Mostafa , Bondok Mohamed S. , Nguyen Anne Xuan-Lan , Law Christine , Nathoo Nawaaz , Bakshi Nupura , Ahuja Nina , Damji Karim F. 
Published: April 2024

Background
In Canada, there is a recognized underrepresentation of women in the field of surgery. However, the extent to which this trend applies across various surgical specialties is not well delineated. The aim of this study is to identify existing disparities and trends over time to inform the need for future interventions to make the match process more equitable for applicants.

Methods
Data regarding surgical specialty applicants was extracted from the Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS)’s 2003 to 2022 reports.

Results
A total of 9,488 applicants ranked surgical specialties as their first choice from 2003–2022. Increases in the proportion of women applicants comparing periods 2003–2007 to 2018–2022 were significant for cardiac surgery (22% to 43%, p = 0.03), general surgery (46% to 60%, p<0.001), orthopedic surgery (23% to 35%, p<0.001), urology (23% to 38%, p<0.001), and all aggregated surgical specialties (‘all surgery’) (45% to 55%, p<0.001). An increase in the proportion of women applicants who matched over the same periods was observed for general surgery (+47% to 60%, p<0.001), orthopedic surgery (24% to 35%, p<0.01), urology (21% to 34%, p<0.001), and all surgery (46% to 54%, p<0.001). From 2003–2022, a lower match rate for women compared to men was observed for otolaryngology (0.60 v 0.69, p = 0.008), urology (0.61 v 0.72, p = 0.003), and all surgery (0.71 v 0.73, p = 0.038), while higher match rates were observed for ophthalmology (0.65 v 0.58, p = 0.04). No statistically significant differences in match rate were observed from 2018–2022.

Conclusions
While the proportion of women applicants to surgical specialties in Canada has been increasing, women remain underrepresented in several surgical specialties. This underrepresentation cannot be solely attributed to fewer women applying to these specialties, as women experience lower success rates when matching to specific surgical specialties. Further research is essential to identify and address the underlying causes of these disparities.
Pharmacogenomics-assisted schizophrenia management: A hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation study protocol to compare the clinical utility, cost-effectiveness, and barriers
Authors: Basu Aniruddha , Dutta Atanu Kumar , Bagepally Bhavani Shankara , Das Saibal , Cherian Jerin Jose , Roy Sudipto , Maurya Pawan Kumar , Saha Indranil , Sukumaran Deepasree , Rina Kumari , Mandal Sucharita , Sarkar Sukanto , Kalita Manoj , Bhowmik Kalyan , Saha Asim , Chakrabarti Amit 
Published: April 2024

Objectives
The response to antipsychotic therapy is highly variable. Pharmacogenomic (PGx) factors play a major role in deciding the effectiveness and safety of antipsychotic drugs. A hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation research will be conducted to evaluate the clinical utility (safety and efficacy), cost-effectiveness, and facilitators and barriers in implementing PGx-assisted management compared to standard of care in patients with schizophrenia attending a tertiary care hospital in eastern India.

Methods
In part 1, a randomized controlled trial will be conducted. Adult patients with schizophrenia will be randomized (2: 1) to receive PGx-assisted treatment (drug and regimen selection depending on the results of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes DRD2, HTR1A, HTR2C, ABCB1, CYP2D6, CYP3A5, and CYP1A2) or the standard of care. Serum drug levels will be measured. The patients will be followed up for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint is the difference in the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser Side-Effect Rating Scale score between the two arms. In part 2, the cost-effectiveness of PGx-assisted treatment will be evaluated. In part 3, the facilitators and barriers to implementing PGx-assisted treatment for schizophrenia will be explored using a qualitative design.

Expected outcome
The study findings will help in understanding whether PGx-assisted management has a clinical utility, whether it is cost-effective, and what are the facilitators and barriers to implementing it in the management of schizophrenia.

Trial registration
The study has been registered with the Clinical Trials Registry–India (CTRI/2023/08/056210).
A high density of ultra-processed food, alcohol & tobacco retail stores, and social inequalities are associated with higher mortality rates of non-communicable diseases in Mexican adults: 2005 to 2021
Authors: Garduño-Alanis Adriana , Contreras-Manzano Alejandra , Salgado Juan Carlos , Lamadrid-Figueroa Héctor , Curi-Quinto Katherine , Barquera Simón 
Published: April 2024

Background
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of mortality in Mexico. Factors contributing to NCDs-related deaths may vary across small geographic areas such as municipalities. We aimed to predict municipal-level factors associated with NCD mortality in Mexican adults from 2005 to 2021 using the small-area analysis (SSA) approach.

Methods
We gathered data on population sociodemographic, access to healthcare services, and mortality records at the municipal-level from census and public institutions from 2005 to 2021. We identified municipal predictors of NCDs mortality rates (MR) using negative binomial regression models.

Results
A total of 584,052 observations of Mexican adults were analyzed. The national expected NCDs MR per 100,000 inhabitants was 210.7 (95%CI: 196.1–226.7) in 2005 and increased to 322.4 (95%CI: 300.3–346.4) by 2021. Predictors of NCDs mortality (quintile 5 vs. quintile 1) included; indigeneity (IRR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.12–1.19), poverty (IRR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.13–1.15), affiliation with Mexican Social Security Institute (IRR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.09–1.14), households with television (IRR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.11–1.17), and high density of ultra-processed food, alcohol & tobacco retail stores (IRR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.13–1.17). The greatest increases in MR were observed in municipalities from Oaxaca (>200% increments).

Conclusion
There was an overall increase in NCDs MR from 2005 to 2021, with a significant geographic variation among Mexican municipalities. The results of this study highlight the importance of identifying priority areas in the country that urgently require public policies focused on local factors associated with deaths from NCDs, such as the regulation of the ultra-processed food, alcohol & tobacco retail stores, and efforts to reduce social inequalities.
Morphological interpretations of syncretism in the panorama of Greek
Authors: Marinis Michail Ι. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper explores the nuanced realm of case syncretism, focusing primarily on its synchronic presence in Modern Greek (dialectal variety) and on the diachronic emergence of the phenomenon, classifying the distribution of syncretic cells in the nominal inflectional system of the language. This analysis shows that syncretism has been extended over time to many nouns, no longer limited either to neuter nouns or to the cells for the Nominative and Accusative. I suggest that the distribution of syncretic cells in Greek is influenced primarily by grammatical gender, but it is also affected by the productivity of each inflectional class, which I attribute to the morphomic (in terms of Aronoff [1994]. Morphology by itself: Stems and inflectional classes, vol. 22. MIT Press.) nature of the phenomenon. I propose a decisive new factor preventing a cell from participating in syncretic patterns: inter-paradigmatic similarity of affixes appears to block syncretism. Further, I examine the factors facilitating the development and expansion of syncretic patterns.