bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxic cyanobacteria in some finnish lakes
Authors: Ekman‐Ekebom Maria , Kauppi Marja , Sivonen Kaarina , Niemi Maarit , Lepistö Liisa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe frequency and toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms in three different lake systems were investigated during the years 1985–1987. Toxicity was tested by i.p. mouse bioassay. Cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Tuusulanjärvi were dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae. Whenever toxicity occurred the samples were always hepatotoxic. Lake Sääskjärvi blooms were generally composed of Anabaena circinalis and A. flos‐aquae. Toxicity in Lake Tuusulanjärvi fluctuated between sampling intervals whereas Lake Sääskjärvi showed periodic toxicity, i.e., neurotoxicity caused by anatoxin‐a occurred at times of A. circinalis dominance. This proved to be fatal for surrounding livestock. In Lake Haukkajärvi and adjoining lakes the blooms were mainly composed of Anabaena flos‐aquae and Anabaena lemmermannii; here also the blooms were neurotoxic, although this time caused by an unknown toxin(s).
Agents that enhance or reduce movement of mobile genetic elements: Detection in microbial assays and implications for toxicological assessment
Authors: Macphee Donald G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA comprehensive assessment of the potential toxicological effects of an environmental chemical or mixture of chemicals must take into account the possibility of genetic damage to cellular organisms. In conventional assays (e.g., the Ames test), point mutations (both base‐pair substitutions and frameshifts) have come into widespread use as indicators of genetic damage, but it is important that such end points be supplemented by indicators of more extensive genetic damage such as deletions or other large scale rearrangements of sections of genetic material. In the present paper, the ability of certain chemicals to cause gross changes to DNA sequences will be reviewed. The changes to be considered are primarily those that result from movements of mobile genetic elements, and focus especially on description and discussion of factors that enhance or inhibit the movement of transposons such as Tn10. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Toxicity of cyanobacteria to mosquito larvae—screening of active compounds
Authors: Kiviranta J. , Abdel‐Hameed A. , Sivonen K. , Niemelä S. I. , Carlberg G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTo study toxicity of 76 laboratory‐grown strains of planktonic cyanobacteria to mosquito larvae, hydrophilic and lipophilic cell‐free extracts of cyanobacteria were incubated with larvae of the Aedes aegypti mosquito and death percentages were followed during 2 days. Toxicity was clearly associated with hepato ‐ and neurotoxins of the samples. A strain of Microcystis aeruginosa was most effective, and caused death of the larvae due to a single hepatotoxin. Pure mammalian neurotoxin, anatoxin‐a, was also toxic, and probably acted as a neurotoxin with the mosquito larvae.
A quantitative structure—activity relationship study and ecotoxicological risk quotient for the protection from chemical pollution
Authors: Yoshioka Yoshitada , Ose Youki 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA quantitative structure—activity relationship study is carried out with use of the toxicity (LC50) of the various kinds of fish obtained from the references. The equation obtained contained the parameters of molecular weight (MW) and mean ionization potential (IP):log(1/LC50) = 28.665 + 0.01095MW ‐ 2.570IP (R2 = 0.695, n = 581). This equation could estimate the toxicity of the chemicals detected in the environment of Japan by Environment Agency (r = 0.80, n = 53). In order to evaluate the hazardousness, we propose the Ecotoxicological Risk Quotient (ERQ):ERQc = ‐log Concentration in the environment/Effective concentration in the testERQa = ‐log Σ Concentration in the environment/Effective concentration in the testERQc and ERQa are the indices of the hazardousness of a chemical and chemicals in an area, respectively. ERQ could explain the status of pollution in water environment of Japan.
Detecting membrane impairment caused by xenobiotics
Authors: Pauli W. , Berger S. , Köhler M. , Gies A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of 14 substituted anilines and 15 aliphatic alcohols was assessed by the electrorotation of yeast cells. Depending on the applied frequency, control cells exhibit both anti‐ and cofield rotation. From this spectrum, a frequency was selected at which untreated cells do not rotate, but impaired cells rotate with the field. The experimental spectra are fully in accord with theoretical models of the rotational response, calculated on the basis of changes in membrane permeability. High correlations exist between rotational data and physiological and biochemical end points (growth rate, plasma membrane ATPase, purine transport of yeast cells, and antihemolytic assays with human erythrocytes). A Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationship analysis was made, whereby rotation data from 23 phenols were included. The effects of all chemicals on cell rotation could be predicted by their lipophilicity. Some residuals and deviations could be accounted for by the inclusion of molecular weight or connectivity in the analysis. 4‐Nitrophenol was an outlier, having an effect at least one order of magnitude higher than predicted, suggesting a specific toxic mechanism. Based on lipophilicity and rotation data, the antihemolytic effect on erythrocytes could be accurately estimated. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The allium test in wastewater monitoring
Authors: Fiskesjö Geirid 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe common onion Allium cepa L. (2n = 16) makes a very convenient test system for estimating harmful effects of chemicals on biological materials. Because of its excellent chromosome conditions, the Allium material has been widely exploited for such purposes since it was first introduced as a test system by A. Levar in 1938.The Allium test has later been extended to monitoring environmental risk factors as well. When wastewater from a chemical factory in southern Sweden caused severe pollution of an adjacent river, the growth restriction on Allium roots was taken as a measure of the degree of pollution in the river, and the result of the Allium test was admitted as evidence in a lawsuit against the factory.The Allium test has shown good correlation with other test systems, involving general toxicity (root growth) and genotoxicity (chromosome aberrations). Living material of Allium is easily stored and handled. It is inexpensive and assures very clear chromosomes. An Allium test takes a relatively short time to carry through: 2 days for chromosome preparations and 3–4 days for measurement of the root growth. From the growth curves, EC (effect concentration) values are obtained. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A comparison of four simple water extraction—concentration procedures to be used with the battery of bioassay tests approach
Authors: Dutka B. J. , Liu D. L. , Jurkovic A. , McInnis R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWith many environmental water samples, excluding industrial and domestic effluents, it has been found necessary to concentrate the water samples prior to testing with various bioassays for toxicant/genotoxicant content. In this report we describe four water concentration procedures: (1) flash evaporation, (2) Blue Rayon, (3) Empore disk, and (4) membrane filtration. For the water samples tested in this study a flash evaporation procedure and the membrane filtration procedure were the most promising sample concentration procedures. Results are discussed and future research directions are proposed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sulfate elimination to improve water quality of mine process effluents. II. Hydrogen sulfide transport in biological reactors
Authors: Herrera Leandro , Hernández José , Duarte Sergio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA hydrogen sulfide bioproduction and mass transfer model was developed to assist in the evaluation of a biological process for the elimination of the sulfate contained in the effluent water of copper mines. The model was based upon the observation of experimental sulfate‐reducing activity and reaction rates of the sulfate‐reducing bacterium (SRB) Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, in experimental systems. The model postulated the following five steps: (1) sulfate transport, from the solution bulk to the interphase formed by the solution with the outer membrane of the bacteria; (2) sulfate transport through the membrane to specific intracellular reaction sites and intracellular reduction of the sulfate to generate HS‐ species; (3) transport of the HS‐ species through the membrane and the membrane—solution interphase to the solution bulk; (4) reaction of the HS‐ species to generate hydrogen sulfide with the consumption of protons; (5) mass transfer of hydrogen sulfide from the solution to the gas phase, diluted by an inert purge gas. The steady state of the model was solved analytically while the dynamic behavior was numerically solved by a numerical integrator. Results show that the model adequately described the process and correlated properly, in order of magnitude, with the operation parameters of a continuous reactor and a sequencing batch reactor. The model is presented with the experimental observations of a batch bioreactor. The model was used to select the optimum combination of operational parameters of a laboratory reactor and to predict those of pilot and industrial scale reactors. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biochemical and genotoxic effects in the vicinity of a pulp mill discharge
Authors: Wong P. T. S. , Chau Y. K. , Ali N. , Whittle D. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSediment and water samples were taken from five sites in Thunder Bay, one upstream (control) and four downstream locations from a bleached kraft pulp mill. Biochemical effects were examined by estimating the carbohydrate content and enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, cellulase, and dehydrogenase in the sediment. Genotoxicity and toxicity of sediment and water were assessed by the SOS Chromotest, although liver microsomal samples were not used to screen for progenotoxic substances. Sediment and water samples were also analyzed for resin and fatty acids, which indicate the degree of effluent contamination. Significant differences in enzyme activity and carbohydrate content were found between sites. Genotoxic values were obtained for downstream water samples for most of the sampling months, however, the sediment only showed genotoxic activity in the July and October samples. The study showed that there are substances causing genotoxic and biochemical effects in the Kaministiquia River, Ontario. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Comparative assessment of the specificity of the brine shrimp and microtox assays to hepatotoxic (microcystin‐LR‐containing) cyanobacteria
Authors: Campbell D. L. , Lawton L. A. , Beattie K. A. , Codd G. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSpecific, straightforward, and rapid procedures are required for the detection, identification, and quantification of the potent low molecular weight toxins that are produced by blooms and scums of cyanobacteria (blue‐green algae) in waterbodies.Use of the Microtox bioluminescence assay and the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) has been advocated for the initial screening of cyanobacterial blooms for microcystin hepatotoxins. Inhibition of bacterial luminescence in the Microtox assay and brine shrimp mortality were determined with microcystin‐containing and nonmicrocystin‐containing cyanobacteria.Extraction and fractionation of test samples was undertaken to select and isolate microcystincontaining fractions and reduce interference from other fractions. Maximal inhibition of bacterial luminescence in the Microtox assay occurred with fractions from Microcystis strains and an Anabaena bloom that did not contain microcystins. By contrast, the bioassay of fractions using brine shrimps correlated with the distribution of microcystin‐LR in the fractionated Microcystis extracts. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Genotoxicity assessment through the Ames test of medicinal plants commonly used in Brazil
Authors: Rivera I. G. , Martins M. T. , Sanchez P. S. , Sato M. I. Z. , Coelho M. C. L. , Akisue M. , Akisue G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTen medicinal herbs commonly used as popular medicine in Brazil—Bauhinia forficata L., Bauhinia variegata L., Cymbopogon citratus D.C. Stapf, Echinodorus macrophyllum (Kunth) Micheli, Hidrocotyle asiatica L, Matricaria chamomila L., Pfaffia iresinoides (Kunth) Sprengel, Plaffia paniculata (Martius) Kuntze, Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb, and Solidago microglossa D.C.—were tested for mutagenicity by the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA 97a, TA 98, TA 100, and TA 104 strains, with and without metabolic activation. The genotoxicity assessment of these medicinal plants was performed in aqueous extracts 1:5. Seventy percent of these herbs presented mutagenic effects with at least one of the Ames strains used in this study. Bauhinia variegata L., E. macrophyllum K., and M. chamomilla L. showed no mutagenic activity. The mutagenic effects were detected mainly with the strains TA 98 related to frameshift mutations. The higher mutagenicity ratio was obtained with S. microglossa D.C. (known as arnica‐do‐Brazil) when TA 98 strain was used with metabolic activation (MR = 6.55) and with TA 97a strain with and without the addition of S9. Medicinal plants are now used by all the segments of the population, more intensively in the last years. These results indicate the need to establish rules to assess the safety of the use of medicinal herbs. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Estimation of cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations in estuarine waters using the mussel Mytilus edulis planulatus L.
Authors: Fabris J. G. , Richardson B. J. , O'Sullivan J. E. , Brown F. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAccumulation of cadmium, lead, and mercury in the tissues of the mussel Mytilus edulis planulatus L. from the Derwent Estuary, Hobart, Australia was linear over a range of metal concentrations in the ambient water, provided that the condition index of the mussels (meat weight/shell weight) indicated that the organisms were not under environmental stress. Polynomial regression analysis of accumulation rates against ambient concentrations of the respective metals in the water column in the vicinity of the mussels showed that the relationships depended upon the physical speciation of the metals (i.e., filtrable vs particlate metals). The results indicated that it may be feasible to use metal accumulation rates in mussels to provide broad‐based estimates of metal concentrations in marine waters, provided that the organisms have been calibrated under conditions similar to those prevailing at the proposed monitoring sites. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Effects of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on fungal propagules in freshwater ponds
Authors: Sherry James 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of treatments with 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) on fungal propagules in man‐made freshwater ponds was studied as part of a larger investigation into the effects of the herbicide on the ponds' ecology and chemistry. Myriophyllum spicatum was planted in the ponds as a target plant; the ponds were allowed to stabilize before being treated with dimethylamine (DMA) and butoxyethylester derivatives of 2,4‐D (1 mg/L). Although the 2,4‐D treatments were highly toxic to M. spicatum in the ponds (B. F. Scott et al., 1985a) they did not have a clear effect on fungal propagule levels in either the water column or sediment, which indicates the absence of a primary effect. The mean levels of molds and “total fungi” in both pairs of treated ponds, and of yeasts in the DMA‐treated ponds, tended to be depressed relative to the control ponds, for up to 114 days after treatment. That observation was reinforced by plots of the accumulated differences between the treated and control ponds. The differences between the mean fungal levels in the control and treated ponds were erratic, however, and the study's design did not permit a thorough statistical analysis of the data, although a multiple comparison test detected some differences (p < 0.05) between propagule levels, particularly molds, in the treated and control ponds. If real, the trends were probably a result of unidentified secondary effects of the pond treatments. The results imply that applications of 2,4‐D to aquatic vegetation at realistic rates do not drastically affect fungal propagule levels in the water column or sediment. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Suitability of carboxylated porphyrin profiles as a biochemical indicator in whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) exposed to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent
Authors: Xu Hao , Lesage Suzanne , Munkittrick Kelly R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe hepatic carboxylated porphyrin profile was studied in whitefish exposed to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME). The distribution of the porphyrins was different between the samples from the BKME and the reference site, and fish exposed to BKME contained higher amounts of highly carboxylated porphyrins (HOP). The ratios of HCP to protoporphyrin, and coproporphyrin to protoporphyrin, were also significantly different between the two groups. In addition, the cytochrome P‐450 activity, liversomatic index, and gonadosomatic index were measured and compared with the prophyrin profile. The results suggest that BKME could inhibit porphyrinogen decarboxylases, and the porphyrin profile is useful as a biochemical indicator for identification of BKME exposure. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Residues of total mercury in fish from two small lakes in the biosphere reserve of Schorfheide‐Chorin in Brandenburg, east Germany
Authors: Mattheis Theobald , Pietrock Michael , Krüger Ralf 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTotal mercury was determined in white trunk muscle of fish from two small lakes using flameless AAS. Both lakes, surrounded by forest and agricultural fields, are situated in the biosphere reserve of Schorfheide‐Chorin about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Direct contamination by sewage and industrial waste has been excluded definitively. In the Plunzsee (area 25 ha, depth 10 m, no surface inflow, temporary outflow), 9 of 10 northern pike (Esox lucius) had mean Hg contents of 0.590 mg kg−1 (range 0.509–0.674) and therefore residues distinctly above the “normal level” of 0.2 mg kg−1, which is taken by the World Health Organization (WHO) to characterize fish from uncontaminated inland waters. Four of five roach (Rutilus rutilus) had Hg residues (0.272–0.393 mg kg−1) above the WHO limit, but 4 of 5 bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), a stocked filter‐feeder, ranged beneath it. In the Döllnsee (22 ha, 8 m) Hg residues in 28 pike ranged from 0.027 to 0.378 mg kg−1 with a mean of 0.154 mg kg−1. In 10 bream (Abramis brama), these data were 0.016–0.072 mg kg−1 and 0.050 mg kg−1, respectively. Twenty‐one roach had mean Hg contents of 0.088 mg kg−1 (range 0.038–0.182). In 8 perch (Perca fluviatilis) and 12 eel (Anguilla anguilla), these data were 0.063 mg kg−1 (0.051–0.090) and 0.073 mg kg−1 (0.008–0.170), respectively. None of the 99 muscle samples exceeded the hygienic mercury limits of the Federal Republic of Germany. A possible Hg load by airborne wet and dry depositions is discussed. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Chemosensory responses of ciliates: A sensitive end point in xenobiotic hazard assessment
Authors: Pauli W. , Berger S. , Schmitz S. , Jaskulka L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIt is known that ciliates exhibit chemosensory behavior. An assay implementing this response was performed with Tetrahymena thermophila, a well‐studied representative of the ciliates. A concentration‐dependent avoiding reaction was observed for all substances of the test battery, comprising a heterogeneous set of 43 compounds from the European Inventory of Existing Chemicals. Comparisons were made between toxic data from this chemosensory test and chemical concentrations leading to effects on Tetrahymena growth, and EC values from recommended aquatic toxicity tests. Low correlation coefficients indicate that the chemosensory response reflects chemical interactions, which cannot be adequately explained by these other tests. The chemosensory assay proved to be more sensitive in the majority of cases than the Tetrahymena growth test and standard tests with fish and Daphnia. Tetrahymena is able to recognize and avoid about half the substances at concentrations lower than those effective in the algae growth inhibition test. The behavioral response of Tetrahymena could provide further lexicological information and serve as a complementary sublethal end point for ecotoxicological screening purposes. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Wastewater toxicity assessment using the electrophysiological response of a charophyte Nitellopsis obtusa
Authors: Manusadžianas L. , Vitkus R. , Sakalauskas V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA biotesting method for the assessment of acute sublethal toxicity to charophyte cells of Nitellopsis obtusa was developed and applied for the study of Vilnius and Visaginas wastewaters (WW). This computer‐assisted testing procedure was based on the recording of the electrophysiological response of up to 16 single algal cells simultaneously. Membrane parameters of living cells were measured according to the K+‐anaesthesia method modified for multichannel recording with extracellular electrodes. Concentration‐dependent monotonical decrease of cell resting potential, induced by toxic WW action, was used to determine an effective concentration (EC) values. A multistep time‐saving procedure, when the cell group was exposed to subsequent treatment with increasing WW concentrations (30 min per treatment), proved to be adequate for biotesting. The ECs obtained by this procedure were in good agreement with those obtained alternatively by undertaking one‐step testing (i.e., 60 min exposure per concentration per cell group). The relative sensitivity of the cellular electrophysiological response, as a toxicity end point, was confirmed by comparing it with lethal concentration (LC) responses in 96‐ and 192‐h exposure tests conducted on the same N. obtusa cells. For Vilnius WW samples taken on different dates, the EC ranged from 27 to 46% WW and corresponded to 96‐h LC of 28–50% WW. In contrast, Visaginas WWs sampled before and after chlorination showed no toxic effect either at the membrane or whole cell level. © by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The relative sensitivity and sensitivity patterns of short‐term toxicity tests applied to industrial wastewaters
Authors: Wängberg Sten‐åke , Bergström Birgitta , Blanck Hans , Svanberg Olof 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTen short‐term toxicity tests were run for ten different industrial wastewaters. The tests included standardized toxicity tests with bacteria, microalgae, higher plants, invertebrates, and fish. An algal test battery of 13 microalgae was also run in microplates. The results were compared with regard to the tests' relative sensitivity and the similarity in sensitivity patterns between different tests. The test with highest sensitivity was the algal test battery. This was due to the fact that the algal species in the battery had complementary sensitivity patterns. The sensitivity patterns of the zoological tests had a high degree of similarity and they were less sensitive than the microbial tests. The relative sensitivity of a test is, however, dependent on the end point for the tests, and it is pointed out that this must be matched with how the test is interpreted. © by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.