bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHOENICIAN UNGUENT FACTORIES IN DARK AGE GREECE: SOCIAL APPROACHES to EVALUATING the ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: JONES DONALD W. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySeveral cases of overseas branches of Phoenician unguent factories have been hypothesized for Dark Age Greece. Efforts to evaluate the hypotheses to date have focused on technical and artistic characteristics of artifactual remains. This paper shifts that focus to examination of social and economic prerequisites and concomitants of foreign branch plants, and implications for archaeological testing. the economic structure of the problem is characterized as involving factory location and foreign direct investment; these concepts are examined for anachronisms. the size of establishment required to make the branch factory hypothesis plausible may not have been an insuperable problem, but the capacity to repatriate profits in the Greek Dark Age places more serious restrictions on the branch plant hypothesis. One of the more reasonable alternatives to the branch plant hypothesis is the immigrant craftsman, the implications of which are discussed.
MIGRAINE, LIGHT AND HALLUCINOGENS: THE NEUROCOGNITIVE BASIS OF IRISH MEGALITHIC ART
Authors: DRONFIELD JEREMY 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIrish passage‐tomb art has been interpreted as a representation of endogenous visual phenomena associated with consciousness‐altering practices. This paper describes an analysis of passage‐tomb art in which a detailed breakdown of shape distributions is used to identify the specific means of inducing these visual phenomena at each tomb. This suggests three major sources for the art: migraine, light flicker and hallucinogenic substances, which are evident in different combinations at different tombs.
HEROIC TIME: MONUMENTS AND THE PAST IN MESSENIA, SOUTHWEST GREECE
Authors: SPENCER NIGEL 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe archaeological structure of a landscape in terms of the history of settlement and burial in a particular locale through time, together with the construction, development and importance of the monuments placed within it, has become a feature of recent landscape archaeology in the study of Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain. The present paper introduces some of these themes into the study of the Messenia, southwest Greece, approaching two main problems. First, how the location chosen for the Late Bronze Age Palace of Nestor related to earlier patterns of habitation of the Middle Helladic period (an issue hitherto ignored by previous ‘period‐specific’studies) and, secondly, the later relevance of the Bronze Age landscape in the Iron Age when issues such as the ‘Past’and ‘History’came to be of great significance in Messenia.
LECHAION, WESTERN PORT OF CORINTH: A PRELIMINARY ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY
Authors: ROTHAUS RICHARD 
Published: May 2007

SummaryLechaion was the western port of the prosperous city of Corinth, and thus much of the Corinthia, Argolid and Peloponnesos. The position of Lechaion ensured that the port was used for traffic with the western Mediterranean as well as central Greece. Lechaion was separated from the city by agricultural land, but remained a dependent entity; in the classical period the port was connected to the city by long walls. The port contained an outer and inner harbor with a combined area of approximately 150,000 m2 The outer harbor works consisted of two large moles; the inner harbor was artificially excavated. Multiple periods of construction are suggested by the archaeological remains. The construction phases of the harbor may be related to the expansive economic activity in Corinth at the beginning of the sixth century B. C., c. A.D. 45, and perhaps again c. A.D. 355.
AN INSCRIPTION FROM NORTHERN ITALY, THE ROMAN TEMPLE COMPLEX IN BATH AND MINERVA AS A HEALING GODDESS IN GALLO‐ROMAN RELIGION *
Authors: SAUER EBERHARD 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThis article is about a dedication to Minerva by a Roman officer, made in a healing sanctuary in northern Italy, fulfilling a vow he had taken in Britain(?) In both northern Italy and in Britain Minerva was sometimes venerated as a healing goddess, for example at the spa of Bath which had possibly been visited by the officer in search of a cure. It is argued that this cult originated in the equation of pre‐Roman healing goddesses who had similar functions to Minerva. The inscription is taken as a starting point for an investigation into the geographical distribution and form of the cult in general. A major aim of this compilation of evidence is to show that central aspects of the veneration of Minerva as a healing goddess which are only attested in single cases can be taken with caution as comparative examples for her cult in other sanctuaries such as Bath, thus giving (despite many uncertainties) a more complete and vivid picture of the complexity of the religious life there and an idea of the attitude of people towards the goddess and of their hopes and emotions.
Lineage identification of Galápagos tortoises in captivity worldwide
Authors: Russello M. A. , Hyseni C. , Gibbs J. P. , Cruz S. , Marquez C. , Tapia W. , Velensky P. , Powell J. R. , Caccone A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Ex situ conservation strategies may be substantially informed by genetic data, and yet only recently have such approaches been used to facilitate captive population management of endangered species. The Galápagos tortoise Geochelone nigra is an endangered species that has benefited greatly from the application of molecular and population genetic data, but remains vulnerable throughout its range. The geographic and evolutionary origins of 98 tortoises in private collections and zoos on three continents were identified using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences and multi‐locus microsatellite genotype data relative to a large database of representative samplings from all extant populations, including historical population allele frequency data for the Geochelone nigra abingdoni taxon on Pinta by way of museum specimens. All but six individuals had mtDNA haplotypes previously sampled, with the novel haplotypes identified as most closely related to robust populations on the islands of Santa Cruz and Isabela. Multi‐locus genotypic assignments corroborated the results obtained from the mtDNA analyses, with 83.7% of individuals consistently assigned to the same locality by both datasets. Overall, the majority of captive unknowns sampled were assigned to the La Caseta Geochelone nigra porteri population, with no fewer than six individuals of hybrid origin detected. Although a purported Pinta individual was revealed to be of Pinzón ancestry, the two females currently housed with Lonesome George exhibited haplotypic and genotypic signatures that indicate that they are among the most appropriate matches for captive breeding. More generally, molecular approaches continue to represent important tools for assessing conservation value, minimizing hybridization and guiding management programs for preserving the distinctiveness of G. nigra taxa in captivity.
The Readiness of Primary Schools to Teach the National Curriculum in Art and Design
Authors: CLEMENT ROBERT 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper summarises the findings of the research and development project, ‘Supporting Primary Art’ which was established at the Centre for the Study of the Arts in Primary Education at the Rolle Faculty of Education of the University of Plymouth in October 1992 with support and funding from the Calouste Gulbenkian and Paul Hamlyn Foundations. It is the intention of the project to investigate the response of teachers in primary schools to the introduction of the national curriculum in art and, on the basis of the understandings gained, to develop and evaluate appropriate forms of in‐service training and support materials to address those difficulties and concerns identified by teachers in meeting the overall requirements of the Statutory Orders for Art.The project has in mind the significant advantage to the development of art and design education in our schools that is presented by the introduction of the national curriculum in art and the opportunities here to reinforce and extend the richness and quality of the teaching of art to a wider cohort of schools.We hope that this report will help LEAs and those involved in the initial, postgraduate and in‐service training of teachers in their work in preparing students and supporting teachers to understand, teach and deliver the national curriculum in art.
The soluble transferrin receptor in dysplastic erythropoiesis in myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Metzgeroth Georgia , Rosée Paul La , Kuhn Christian , Schultheis Beate , Dorn‐Beineke Alexandra , Hehlmann Rüdiger , Hastka Jan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objectives: In individuals without iron deficiency, the soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) directly reflects the erythropoietic activity. This study investigated sTfR concentrations in ineffective, dysplastic erythropoiesis in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Methods: To exclude influences of other myeloid cells on sTfR, only patients with refractory anemia (RA), refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS) and 5q– syndrome were included. sTfR was measured nephelometrically (normal range 0.81–1.75 mg/L). Results: Thirty‐four untreated MDS patients (RA = 14, RARS = 10, 5q– syndrome = 10) were enrolled and analysed. The mean sTfR value of all MDS patients (1.30 ± 0.8 mg/L, range 0.2–3.8) did not differ from our control group. In 5q– syndrome, the mean sTfR concentration (0.80 ± 0.5 mg/L) was significantly lower than in RA (1.32 ± 0.4 mg/L, P = 0.02) and RARS (1.75 ± 1.1 mg/L, P = 0.03). Subdividing MDS according to their amount of erythroid mass in bone marrow a significant difference of sTfR between patients with decreased (0.70 ± 0.4 mg/L), normal (1.32 ± 0.4 mg/L) and increased (2.06 ± 0.9 mg/L) erythropoiesis was observed. MDS patients with sTfR values below the reference range of 0.81 mg/L required transfusions in 90% of cases and showed higher erythropoietin levels compared to MDS patients with sTfR levels ≥0.81 mg/L (P = 0.01). There was a good agreement between sTfR and the amount of polychromatic erythroblasts observed (r = 0.68, P < 0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, the serum concentration of sTfR reflects erythropoietic activity in MDS, but it is in particular determined by the degree of erythroid maturation and the severity of ineffective erythropoiesis. Low sTfR values in MDS are associated with a reduced, poorly differentiated erythropoiesis and requirement of blood transfusions.
STABILITY OF CAROTENOIDS IN MODEL AQUEOUS SYSTEMS1
Authors: RAMAKRISHNAN T. V. , FRANCIS F. J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe stability of the carotenoids, beta‐carotene, apo‐8′‐carotenal and canthaxanthin, was studied in the model systems of cellulose and starch equilibrated under different relative humidities. Water perse was found to exert a protective influence on these carotenoids and this effect was evident below and above the monolayer coverage for the two systems. The extent of protection increased with the moisture content and was also modified by the nature of the system and the type of carotenoid pigments. In general, canthaxanthin was the most stable and betacarotene was the least stable. The protective effect of water is probably due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between water and hydroperoxide molecules and the resultant extension of the monomolecular rate period.
NOTES ON CONSUMER ORIENTED SENSORY EVALUATION
Authors: MOSKOWITZ HOWARD R. , CHANDLER JOHN 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThere are two approaches of sensory evaluation to consumer‐product assessment. One can either start with (1) the taxonomy or list of different test methods, and show where these are applied, or else, (2) begin with a series of business decisions which require consumer feedback, and illustrate different sensory tests that are used to insure the adequacy of these decisions. This paper shows the second approach. It illustrates how consumer responses can be adequately gauged in situations where the result is measured by marketing decisions with dollars and cents returns.
COUPLED OXIDATION OF CAROTENOIDS IN FATTY ACID ESTERS OF VARYING UNSATURATION
Authors: RAMAKRISHNAN T. V. , FRANCIS F. J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of the fatty acid portion of xanthophyll on the disruption of the chromophoric system and the coupled oxidation of β‐carotene in methyl esters of fatty acids has been studied to explore the possible mechanism and the nature of the products formed. The disruption of the chromophoric system and the resultant color loss of the cryptoxanthin esters were found to be significantly influenced by the nature of the fatty acid portion. β‐carotene was most stable in hexene and less prone to the attack of free radicals in fatty acid systems of higher saturation. The differences between the quality and quantity of unsaturation of fatty acid esters in relation to the coupled oxidation of β‐carotene have been explained. The observations seemed to indicate that a hydrogen abstraction mechanism may probably be important in the coupled oxidation of carotenoids.
RELATING SUBJECTIVE AND INSTRUMENTAL MEASURES A PSYCHOPHYSICAL OVERVIEW
Authors: MOSKOWITZ HOWARD R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTVarious methods interrelate subjective and instrumental measures. The two principal interrelations are correlation and regression analyses. They differ in their fundamental premises. Correlational analysis seeks to show only that a relation exists between two sets of measures. Regression analysis seeks the nature of the relation. Correlational analysis provides information that must be augmented by additional, extrinsic research. In contrast, regression analysis allows for immediate action to modify stimuli in order to induce a desired change. This paper considers both approaches in the light of recent advances in psychophysical measurement.
TIME‐TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR OF DEEP‐FROZEN READY‐TO‐SERVE ETHNIC FOODS FROM THE MIDDLE EAST REGIONS
Authors: WOLF W. , METNI M. , SPIESS W. E. L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTSince in the Middle East no production of deep‐frozen foods of any significance has been established, all products have to be imported. This implies that the entire product spectrum consists of products adapted to the requirements of European consumers. Foods prepared according to the preferences of the people of the Middle East have not yet been offered commercially.To collect initial experiences with food prepared to meet the preferences of people living in the Middle East, three dishes were prepared and kept under cold storage conditions suitable also for the existing frozen food chain in the Middle East. The ready‐to‐serve food products were evaluated sensorily.
IDLI, AN INDIAN FERMENTED FOOD: A REVIEW
Authors: REDDY N. R. , SATHE S. K. , PIERSON M. D. , SALUNKHE D. K. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIdli is a fermented food of India which is prepared by steaming a fermented black gram (Phaseolus mungo L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) batter. It makes an important contribution to the diet as a source of protein, calories and vitamins, especially B‐complex vitamins, compared to the raw unfermented ingredients. It can be produced locally and used as a dietary supplement in developing countries to treat people suffering from protein calorie malnutrition and kwashiorkor. Other legumes such as soybeans and Great Northern beans could be substituted for black gram in preparation of a idli. Further research is needed regarding the increase of methionine content during idli fermentation, by which path way methionine is synthesized, and identification and isolation of microorganisms responsible for methionine production or synthesis.
FOOD GRADE HIDE COLLAGEN IN BOLOGNA EFFECT ON FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES, TEXTURE AND COLOR
Authors: RAO B. R. , HENRICKSON R. L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTBolognas were made in which 20% of the lean meat (beef and pork) was replaced by wet fibrous hide collagen and formulated to contain approximately 30, 20 or 10 percent fat in the final product. All meat controls (no collagen) were made to have similar fat content. Objective methods were used to analyze the product and paired comparisons of the data were made. The replacement of lean meat with hide collagen did not alter the functional characters such as raw emulsion stability andpH; cook yield, pH, water activity, density and expressible juice of the cooked bologna. The bolognas with collagen had higher (P<0.05) texture (increased Shear force value) compared to bologna with no collagen. As the fat content decreased the bolognas with collagen were less (P<0.05) red in color than the bolognas without collagen. The textural and color changes though detected on instrumental analysis were not perceptible on visual examination of the product.
EFFECTS OF SOY PARTICLE SIZE AND COLOR ON THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF GROUND BEEF PATTIES
Authors: CARDELLO ARMAND V. , SECRIST JOHN , SMITH JOSEPH 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA study was conducted to assess the effect of both size and color of textured soy protein particles on the visual and textural properties of extended (20% replacement) ground beef patties. A trained texture profile panel judged the hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, moistness, and oiliness of nine different samples. In addition, judgments of the visual attributes of darkness, size of particles, and density of particles were made. Significant effects of soy ingredient were found for all judged attributes. It was concluded that soy ingredients having particle sizes smaller than the diameter of the openings of the grind plate used to process the meat/soy mixture produced the greatest change in the texture of the ground beef patties, because these particles passed through the grind plate unscathed, producing an easily discernable matrix of large meat particles and small soy particles. It was also concluded that carmel‐colored soy ingredients produced less lightening of the cooked samples than uncolored soy ingredients.
DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS AND TYPES OF MECHANICALLY RECOVERED PORK IN HAMBURGERS
Authors: JIMENEZ‐COLMENERO F. , MATAMOROS E. GARCIA , CARBALLO J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT The properties of hamburgers containing 10, 20, and 30% mechanically recovered meat (MRM) from backbones, 20% MRM from leg bones, and 20% MRM from ribs were studied using such parameters as composition, cooking loss, color, sensory analysis, and instrumental texture analysis. Adding more than 10% MRM increased the percentage of water retained during cooking. The presence of MRM caused a significant decrease in the L (lightness) value of the hamburgers and a significant rise in the a (redness) value, in an amount depending on the proportion and type of MRM. When MRM was added, the hardness and firmness of the hamburgers underwent a significant decrease. Sensory analysis indicated that, though adding MRM led to a certain “liver” flavor, a proportion of 10% MRM resulted in organoleptic properties superior to those of hamburgers made exclusively of hand‐boned meat.
ORGANOLEPTIC AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF CULTURED BUTTERMILK
Authors: VASAVADA P. C. , LILLARD D. A. , WASHAM C. J. , LOEWENSTEIN M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT Quality of cultured buttermilk was evaluated by organoleptic and gas chromatographic analyses of eight commercial brands available in local supermarkets. Samples were evaluated for body and texture, overall acceptance and diacetyl aroma on the day of purchase (O day) and after storage for 15 days at 7/Pm 2°C. Ether extracts of the steam distillates of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography using a 100‐150 mesh Porapak‐Q column programmed to operate at 100‐200°C at the rate of 10 C/min with N2 carrier gas flow of 45 ml/min. Analysis of variance for organoleptic data showed significant differences among brands and storage times with regards to diacetyl aroma (PGe0.05), body and texture and overall acceptance (PGe0.01). The total number of peaks and total peak areas in gas chromatograms decreased in stored samples compared with the same samples analyzed on the day of purchase. Data presented here suggest that gas chromatography and organoleptic evaluations may be used in conjunction with each other to determine the quality of commercial buttermilk.
THE EFFECT OF PH, ACIDITY, AND LOW LEVEL SORBATE ON THE SHELFLIFE OF INOCULATED APPLE JUICE
Authors: BAROODY T. , MCLELLAN M.R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA model was derived to predict changes in optical density and changes in the number days to sensory failure for apple juice. Samples of juice were treated to produce varying levels ofpH, titratable acidity, and sorbate. Only low doses of sorbate, up to 100 ppm, were used in the study. Results indicated that apple juice with varying levels of pH and sorbate concentrations, will have varying effects on the growth of yeasts, and ultimately on the shelflife of the juice. Titratable acidity apparently did not have a significant effect over the range studied in the experiment.
LIPIDS IN SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES AND LONGISSIMUS MUSCLES OF FEEDLOT AND GRASS‐FED EWES1
Authors: MILLER G. J. , FIELD R. A. , AGBOOLA H. A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTSubcutaneous and intramuscular lipids from feedlot‐and grass‐fed ewes were studied to determine if diet would influence fatty acid composition of these older animals. Subcutaneous lipid of ewes from the feedlot‐fed group contained more 4‐methyl branched acids, less iso and anteiso branched acids, less stearic acid and more octadecenoic acid than grass‐fed ewes. Only small amounts of medium chain acids (10–15 carbons) were noted in longissimus muscle lipids from both dietary groups and essentially all of them were in the triglycerides. Lipids in longissimus muscle of feedlot ewes contained more monounsaturated and less polyunsaturated acids and this was due to higher levels of triglycerides in longissimus lipid of feedlot‐fed ewes. Approximately three times as much high melting stearic acid was present in subcutaneous lipid of both dietary groups of ewes as has been noted in subcutaneous lipid of lambs. Reduction of high melting stearic acid in mutton fat by a short grain feeding period should make mutton more acceptable.
INFLUENCE OF EXTRACTANT ON L‐ASCORBIC ACID RECOVERY FROM SELECTED FOODS AND BEVERAGES
Authors: KIM SUNG RO , LANE RALPH H. , ABDEL‐GHANY MOHAMED , STITT KATHLEEN R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTRecovery of L‐ascorbic acid from selected vegetables, beverages and cereal was determined using up to 3 metaphosphoric acid‐containing reagents, 3% trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and cold 0.05 Mperchloric acid (HCIO4). Stability of ascorbic acid in these extractants was monitored over a 4 h holding period. All extractants yielded similar results for the beverages, however, TCA extracts of spinach and HCIO, extracts of tomatoes and cereal produced lower results than the other extractants. L‐ascorbic acid content of green beans extracted with HClO4, TCA, and 3% HPO3, ‐ 8% HOAC diffed from their initial values at 2, 4, and 4 h, respectively.
CHARACTERIZATION OF TOMATO RIPENING PROCESS AS INFLUENCED BY INDIVIDUAL SEAL‐PACKAGING AND TEMPERATURE
Authors: YANG C.C. , BRENNAN P. , CHINNAN M.S. , SHEWFELT R.L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTomatoes were individually seal‐packaged and ripened at two temperatures, 12 and 21° C. Both the temperature and seal‐packaging delayed the tomato ripening process. The delay in ripening due to seal‐packaging occurred prior to the ‘turning’ and ‘pink’ USDA color maturity stage when stored at 21° C and 12° C, respectively. Lower concentrations of lycopene were associated with lower chroma values in seal‐packaged fruits. Both temperature and seal‐packaging prolonged the ripening period but did not affect the firmness values at various color stages of tomatoes.