bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elastic properties of external cortical bone in the craniofacial skeleton of the rhesus monkey
Authors: Wang Qian , Dechow Paul C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractKnowledge of elastic properties and of their variation in the cortical bone of the craniofacial skeleton is indispensable for creating accurate finite‐element models to explore the biomechanics and adaptation of the skull in primates. In this study, we measured elastic properties of the external cortex of the rhesus monkey craniofacial skeleton, using an ultrasonic technique. Twenty‐eight cylindrical cortical specimens were removed from each of six craniofacial skeletons of adult Macaca mulatta. Thickness, density, and a set of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic velocities were measured on each specimen to allow calculation of the elastic properties in three dimensions, according to equations derived from Newton's second law and Hooke's law. The axes of maximum stiffness were determined by fitting longitudinal velocities measured along the perimeter of each cortical specimen to a sinusoidal function. Results showed significant differences in elastic properties between different functional areas of the rhesus cranium, and that many sites have a consistent orientation of maximum stiffness among specimens. Overall, the cortical bones of the rhesus monkey skull can be modeled as orthotropic in many regions, and as transversely isotropic in some regions, e.g., the supraorbital region. There are differences from human crania, suggesting that structural differences in skeletal form relate to differences in cortical material properties across species. These differences also suggest that we require more comparative data on elastic properties in primate craniofacial skeletons to explore effectively the functional significance of these differences, especially when these differences are elucidated through modeling approaches, such as finite‐element modeling. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Research on butyl methacrylate–lauryl methacrylate copolymeric fibers for oil absorbency
Authors: Feng Y. , Xiao C. F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBy adding hydroethyl methacrylate as potential crosslinker, the butyl methacrylate‐lauryl methacrylate copolymeric (CPMA) fibers with oil‐absorptive function were prepared using heat crosslinking technology after spinning. The effect of monomer feed ratio showed that by controlling the monomer ratio, crosslinker concentration, and crosslinking conditions, the maximum absorbencies of prepared fibers to different oil were 8 g (kerosene)/g (fiber), 15 g (toluene)/g (fiber), and 34.75 g (chloroform)/g (fiber). The structures of fibers were characterized by FTIR, DSC, and SEM. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1248–1251, 2006
Surface modification of a biomedical poly(ester)urethane by several low‐powered gas plasmas
Authors: Jiang Ming , Hu Ping 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeveral low‐powered gas plasmas were employed to treat a biomedical poly(ester)urethane using the treatment gases of CO2, O2, NH3, and SO2 with different treatment time (2, 5, 10, and 15 min). The changes of the physical and chemical characteristics of the biopolymer surface were studied. Surface morphology was evaluated by scanning probe microscopy, which showed increased roughness of the surface after plasma treatment. The wettability of the surface was examined by static water contact angle (SCA) measurements, which presented that there was a decrease of SCA in all plasma treatments compared with the untreated surface and that each gas plasma had an optimum treatment time accompanied by a minimum contact angle. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated the changes of the surface functional groups. The data demonstrated that CO2 and O2 plasmas resulted in the incorporation of oxygen‐containing groups, while NH3 plasma resulted in the combination of nitrogen‐containing groups, and SO2 plasma resulted in the formation of sulfur‐containing groups. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1273–1282, 2006
Anatomy reports on the internet: A web‐based tool for student reports on cadaveric findings
Authors: Grinspan Z.M. , Olson T.R. , Cimino C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe difference between the idealization of anatomy atlases and the reality of human cadavers often frustrates gross anatomy students. To encourage students to celebrate rather than protest these differences, we describe a web site ARI (Anatomy Reports on the Internet) that allows students to document cadaveric findings online with photographs and text. We used several web languages for site construction, including mysql, php, html, and javascript. Faculty tools allow instructors to upload digital images of the structures, add relevant commentary, view and delete images, review submitted reports, and examine database statistics. Student tools allow dissection groups to choose and comment on images, enter and edit reports, and read reports submitted by other students. During the first two years of the site's use (2000–2001, 2002–2003), every dissection group at our institution submitted at least one report. Technical support requests were minimal. Clin. Anat. 20:215–221, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence of cardiovascular disease in the dissecting room: A valuable teaching asset
Authors: Chun J. , Theologou T. , Ellis H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of cardiovascular pathology in 50 cadavers in the dissecting room of the Department of Anatomy at Guy's Campus, King's College, London, and to demonstrate the importance of dissection in teaching the anatomy of normal and pathological hearts. After external evaluation of each heart the four chambers were dissected and studied. The features noted included evidence of coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, variations in coronary artery anatomy, valvular disease, variations in left ventricular wall thickness and atrial dimensions, and atrial anomalies. All the hearts studied had at least one pathology. The majority had severe coronary atherosclerosis (44) and aortic valve pathology (23). A large number had left ventricular hypertrophy (13) and left atrial enlargement (9). A small number showed evidence of myocardial infarction (4). Anatomical anomalies were also found, and included persistent foramen ovale (1), three coronary arterial ostia (3), and anatomical variations of the orientation of the main stem of the left coronary artery (2). This study demonstrates that dissection is not only an excellent way of studying normal cardiac anatomy, but also a valuable method for introducing common cardiac pathologies to the medical student. Clin. Anat. 20:89–92, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Latin and Greek in gross anatomy
Authors: Smith Sean B. , Carmichael Stephen W. , Pawlina Wojciech , Spinner Robert J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground: Medical students and practitioners learn and use a vocabulary originating almost entirely from classical Latin and Greek languages. Previous generations required Latin or Greek prior to medical school, but the current generation does not have such requirements. Anecdotal evidence suggests that understanding Latin or Greek helps students to learn and practitioners to recall otherwise foreign terminology. This study evaluated students' familiarity with Latin and Greek etymologies before and after a gross anatomy course that incorporated etymologies into its curriculum. Methods: First‐year medical students at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine were taught Latin and Greek etymologies through lectures and handouts during their gross anatomy course. They took a pretest and a posttest before and after the course to assess their understanding of etymologies. In addition, students from all four years of medical school, residents, and staff physicians also took a general etymology quiz to assess their understanding of etymologies. Results: After their gross anatomy course emphasizing etymologies, first‐year students scored higher on the posttest than they did on the pretest. First‐year students also reported that learning etymologies enhanced anatomy learning, made the experience more enjoyable, and proved to be less difficult than they thought it would be prior to the course. Medical students, residents, and staff physicians scored almost equally on the general etymology quiz and almost equally reported that etymologies enhanced learning and recalling terminology. Medical students, residents, and staff physicians almost equally endorsed incorporating etymologies into medical education. Conclusions: This study provides novel scientific evidence that a basic understanding of Latin and Greek etymologies enhances performance and comfort when learning and using medical terminology. Clin. Anat. 20:332–337, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Restoring degraded urban rivers: To whom should we look for payment?
Authors: Deason Jonathan P. , Burns John J. , Dickey G. Edward 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA study of 26 federal programs and projects was undertaken to gain in‐sights into efficient and equitable ways to approach cost assignments in urban river restoration efforts. Such projects and programs were selected based upon characteristics shared with a new federal program called the Urban River Restoration Initiative (URRI). A four‐category taxonomy was developed to characterize the manner in which funding was derived to pay for these programs and projects to assist with the adoption of URRI policies that will promote expeditious, cost‐effective, and equitable solutions to the complex problems of degraded urban rivers in the United States. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the C1‐symmetric diastereoisomers of a zirconocene‐based catalyst in ethylene polymerization: A benzyl substituent as a regulator in branch formation
Authors: Izzo Lorella , Puranen Arto J. , Repo Timo , Oliva Leone 
Published: April 2006

AbstractC1‐symmetric diastereoisomers of a zirconocene dichloride, SiMe2(3‐benzylindenyl)(indenyl)ZrCl2, known as catalyst precursors used to produce polypropylenes with similar molecular weights and tacticities, have been investigated in ethylene polymerization. Activated by methylaluminoxane, they produce microstructurally different polymers: high‐density polyethylene and linear low‐density polyethylene, the latter characterized by the presence of ethyl branches. The formation of branches is relevant in the complex having a sterically more crowded (inward) site. A comparison with the complex without substituents, meso‐SiMe2(indenyl)2ZrCl2, shows that the presence of a benzyl group on only one of the two indenyl moieties can regulate the number of branches and the molecular weight of the macromolecule. Actually, the unsubstituted complex is able to give double the number of branches and lower molecular weights, whereas the C1‐symmetric disubstituted complexes previously reported generally give linear polyethylene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3551–3555, 2006
Structural characterization of Salmonella typhimurium YeaZ, an M22 O‐sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase homolog
Authors: Nichols C.E. , Johnson C. , Lockyer M. , Charles I.G. , Lamb H.K. , Hawkins A.R. , Stammers D.K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Salmonella typhimurium “yeaZ” gene (StyeaZ) encodes an essential protein of unknown function (StYeaZ), which has previously been annotated as a putative homolog of the Pasteurella haemolytica M22 O‐sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase Gcp. YeaZ has also recently been reported as the first example of an RPF from a gram‐negative bacterial species. To further characterize the properties of StYeaZ and the widely occurring MK‐M22 family, we describe the purification, biochemical analysis, crystallization, and structure determination of StYeaZ. The crystal structure of StYeaZ reveals a classic two‐lobed actin‐like fold with structural features consistent with nucleotide binding. However, microcalorimetry experiments indicated that StYeaZ neither binds polyphosphates nor a wide range of nucleotides. Additionally, biochemical assays show that YeaZ is not an active O‐sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase, consistent with the lack of the critical zinc binding motif. We present a detailed comparison of YeaZ with available structural homologs, the first reported structural analysis of an MK‐M22 family member. The analysis indicates that StYeaZ has an unusual orientation of the A and B lobes which may require substantial relative movement or interaction with a partner protein in order to bind ligands. Comparison of the fold of YeaZ with that of a known RPF domain from a gram‐positive species shows significant structural differences and therefore potentially distinctive RPF mechanisms for these two bacterial classes. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endemic Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Ortega Bryan , Groeneveld A. B. Johan , Schultsz Constance 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:To describe the epidemiology of endemic multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizations and infections in critically ill patients.Design:Prospective study on bacterial strain typing and retrospective cohort study of charts of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).Patients:Fifty-three patients with P. aeruginosa isolated from clinical cultures in 2001 were selected, divided into those with P. aeruginosa in vitro resistant to at least two classes of antibiotics (multidrug-resistant, n = 18) and those susceptible to all or resistant to only one antibiotic (susceptible, n = 35).Results:Risk factors for multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa included maxillary sinusitis, long-dwelling central venous catheters, prolonged use of certain antibiotics, a high lung injury score, and prolonged mechanical ventilation and duration of stay. The frequency of colonization (approximately 50%) versus infection (ie, ventilator-associated pneumonia) did not differ between the groups. On amplified fragment-length polymorphism analysis, 64% of the multidrug-resistant strains had been potentially transmitted via cross-colonization and 36% had probably originated endogenously. ICU mortality was 22% in the multidrug-resistant group and 23% in the susceptible group, although the duration of mechanical ventilation was longer in the former.Conclusions:Patients with sinusitis who stayed in the ICU longer, were ventilated longer because of acute lung injury, received antibiotics for longer durations, and had long-dwelling central venous catheters ran an elevated risk of acquiring multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa. These patients did not have a higher mortality than patients with susceptible P. aeruginosa. Prevention of the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains requires changes in infection control measures and antibiotic policies in our ICU.
Evaluation of Three Molecular Typing Techniques for Nonfermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli
Authors: Silbert Suzane , Pfaller Michael A. , Hollis Richard J. , Barth Afonso L. , Sader Hélio S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:To evaluate three different DNA techniques for typing nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli isolated from Latin American hospitals.Design:One hundred twenty-six nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli were typed.Participants:Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 64) and Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 42) samples were obtained from blood cultures of patients admitted to 10 medical centers in Latin America during 1998 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 20) samples were obtained from patients admitted to the Hospital São Paulo between 1999 and 2001.Methods:All samples were typed using automated ribotyping, PFGE, and ERIC-PCR. The discriminatory power for each technique was calculated using Hunter's generalized formula.Results:All strains could be typed by automated ribotyping and ERIC-PCR, but two strains (1.6%) were not typeable by PFGE. All three techniques showed 100% reproducibility. The time to obtain the results was shorter for automated ribotyping and ERIC-PCR compared with PFGE. Likewise, the costs for ERIC-PCR and PFGE were lower than those for automated ribotyping. The interpretation of results was more complicated and more difficult with ERIC-PCR than with both PFGE and automated ribotyping. All techniques presented excellent discriminatory power for P. aeruginosa (0.98). PFGE presented the highest discriminatory power (0.94) for A. baumannii, and both PFGE and ERIC-PCR showed higher discriminatory power (0.90 for both) than automated ribotyping (0.82) for S. maltophilia.Conclusions:PFGE showed the highest discriminatory power for typing these nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli. However, automated ribotyping and ERIC-PCR can provide results in a shorter time period with similar discriminatory power.
Molecular Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated From Environmental and Clinical Specimens in a Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Kac Guillaume , Podglajen Isabelle , Vaupré Sabine , Colardelle Nathalie , Buu-Hoï Annie , Gutmann Laurent 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectives:To investigate environmental contamination by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and to perform a comparative molecular analysis of clinical and environmental strains.Setting:A 17-bed cardiac surgery intensive care unit of a 480-bed university teaching hospital.Methods:Following an outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, an environmental survey revealed extensive contamination of the environment (particularly faucets, sink drains, and the joints of the countertops) by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Environmental strains were compared with clinical strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA.Results:A total of 62 environmental strains belonging to 4 species of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae were analyzed and compared with 43 clinical strains obtained from 34 patients. Comparative molecular analysis revealed 4 identical or closely related patterns (3 from Klebsiella oxytoca and 1 from Enterobacter cloacae) between environmental and clinical strains.Conclusions:Moist surfaces may serve as sources of multiply resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the intensive care unit. Identification and disinfection of such sources may therefore be helpful in prevention and control of outbreaks.
Emergence of Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter Species After the Use of Antimicrobials for Burned Patients
Authors: Ferreira Andrea C. B. , Gobara Satiko , Costa Silvia F. , Sauaia Nairn , Mamizuka Elsa M. , Van der Heijden Inneke M. , Soares Robson E. , Almeida Gisele D. , Fontana Carlos , Levin Anna S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the emergence of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, or both after the use of these drugs and to compare resistant with susceptible isolates by molecular typing.Design:Cohort study.Setting:Burn intensive care unit (ICU) with 4 beds in a tertiary-care university hospital.Methods:During 16 months, surveillance cultures were performed for all patients admitted to the ICU. Demographic information was obtained for each patient. Molecular typing was done by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using restriction enzymes for 71 isolates of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species.Results:Thirty-four patients were admitted and 22 were colonized by susceptible P. aeruginosa or Acinetobacter species before they used the antimicrobials. Nine (41%) of these patients had a resistant isolate after antimicrobial use: 5 had used imipenem alone, 1 had used ciprofloxacin, and 3 had used both drugs. The interval between isolation of the susceptible and resistant isolates ranged from 4 to 25 days, but was 10 or more days for 6 patients. Molecular typing revealed that susceptible and resistant isolates from each patient were different and that although there were no predominant clones among susceptible isolates, there was a predominant clone among resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa and of Acinetobacter.Conclusions:Resistance was not due to the acquisition of resistance mechanisms by a previously susceptible strain, but rather to cross-transmission. Although various measures involving antimicrobial use have received great attention, it would seem that practices to prevent cross-transmission are more important in controlling resistance.
Improving Influenza Immunization Rates Among Healthcare Workers Caring for High-Risk Pediatric Patients
Authors: Bryant Kristina A. , Stover Beth , Cain Linda , Levine Gail L. , Siegel Jane , Jarvis William R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:To assess influenza vaccination rates of healthcare workers (HCWs) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), and oncology units in Pediatric Prevention Network (PPN) hospitals.Participants:Infection control practitioners and HCWs in NICUs, PICUs, and oncology units.Methods:In November 2000, posters, electronic copies of a slide presentation, and an influenza fact sheet were distributed to 32 of 76 PPN hospitals. In January 2001, a survey was distributed to PPN hospital participants to obtain information about the immunization campaigns. On February 7, 2001, a survey of influenza immunization was conducted among HCWs in NICU, PICU, and oncology units at participating hospitals.Results:Infection control practitioners from 19 (25%) of the 76 PPN hospitals completed the surveys. The median influenza immunization rate was 43% (range, 12% to 63%), with 7 hospitals exceeding 50%. HCWs (n = 1,123) at 15 PPN hospitals completed a survey; 53% of HCWs reported receiving influenza immunization. Immunization rates varied by work site: 52% in NICUs and PICUs compared with 60% in oncology units. Mobile carts and PPN educational fact cards were associated with higher rates among these subpopulations (P < .001) (361 [63%] of 575 vs 236 [44%] of 541 for mobile carts; 378 [60%] of 633 vs 219 [45%] of 483 for fact cards).Conclusion:Despite delayed distribution of influenza vaccine during the 2000–2001 season, immunization rates at 7 hospitals and among HCWs in high-risk units exceeded the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions goal of 50%.