bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of a suprascrotal or ‘wink’ incision for placing a testicular prosthesis
Authors: Libman Jamie L. , Pippi‐Salle Joao‐luiz , Chan Peter T.K. 
Published: September 2006

Associate EditorMichael G. WyllieEditorial BoardIan Eardley, UKJean Fourcroy, USASidney Glina, BrazilJulia Heiman, USAChris McMahon, AustraliaBob Millar, UKAlvaro Morales, CanadaMichael Perelman, USAMarcel Waldinger, NetherlandsOBJECTIVETo describe a suprascrotal technique of testicular prosthesis insertion that obviates the difficulties and complications associated with either the inguinal or scrotal approach, as although the insertion of a testicular prosthesis is common there are few reports of the various techniques of insertion, associated complication rates, and patient satisfaction.PATIENTS AND METHODSEight males (aged 14–26 years) who had had a previous orchidectomy, had a testicular prosthesis inserted using a suprascrotal incision. A 2‐cm semilunar incision is made just above the scrotum, 2–3 cm lateral to the penis (‘wink’ incision). The prosthesis is inserted after developing the intrascrotal space with blunt dissection. All patients tolerated the procedure well and all were outpatient procedures.RESULTSAfter a median follow‐up of 12 months, all patients were satisfied with the aesthetics of the prosthesis. Incisions were hidden by pubic hair. There were no wound infections at the incision site, and no reports of any pain or discomfort associated with the prosthesis.CONCLUSIONThe ‘wink’ incision is an attractive alternative for inserting a testicular prosthesis; the advantages of the suprascrotal approach include: (i) the incision is hidden by pubic hair; (ii) no difficult dissection through fibrotic tissue in patients who have had previous inguinal surgery; and (iii) avoidance of direct contact between the prosthesis and suture line, minimizing the risk of infection, erosion and postoperative pain, while maintaining a pouch of adequate size.
Outcomes in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with limited pelvic lymph node dissection
Authors: Dhar Nivedita Bhatta , Campbell Steven C. , Zippe Craig D. , Derweesh Ithaar H. , Reuther Alwyn M. , Fergany Amr , Klein Eric A. 
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the rates of local and systemic progression (LP and SP), recurrence‐free survival and overall survival for patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with limited pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in 1987–2000.PATIENTS AND METHODSA consecutive series was analysed of 385 patients (median age 61.9 years, range 30.7–83.8) treated by limited bilateral PLND and radical cystectomy (RC) between 1987 and 2000, with negative surgical margins on final pathology. All patients were staged N0M0 before RC, and none received neoadjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The boundaries of the limited PLND were the pelvic side‐wall between the genitofemoral and obturator nerves, and bifurcation of iliac vessels to the circumflex iliac vein. LP was defined as a radiographic soft‐tissue density of ≥ 2 cm below the bifurcation of the aorta. Pathological characteristics, based on the 1997 Tumour‐Nodes‐Metastasis system, recurrence patterns, and recurrence‐free and overall survival, were determined.RESULTSThe median (range) overall follow‐up was 45.1 (1.1–165.6) months; the number of lymph nodes (LNs) reported per patient was 12 (2–32). Of the 385 patients, 130 (33.8%) had evidence of LP and 60 (15.6%) of SP. The 5‐year recurrence‐free and overall survival rates were both 71% for patients with organ‐confined, N0 tumours, and 23% and 26% for unconfined, N0 tumours. Positive LNs were found in 45 (12%) patients, who had a recurrence‐free and overall survival rate of 9% at 5 years.CONCLUSIONCompared with published reports of similar cohorts of patients managed with RC and extended PLND, the present study suggests that limited PLND is associated with suboptimal staging, greater rates of LP, and lower rates of recurrence‐free survival, particularly for patients with unconfined or LN‐positive disease.
Erythropoietin administration protects against functional impairment and cell death after ischaemic renal injury in pigs
Authors: FORMAN COLIN J. , JOHNSON DAVID W. , NICOL DAVID L. 
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVETo determine whether the administration of erythropoietin at the time of ischaemic renal injury (IRI) inhibits apoptosis, enhances tubular epithelial regeneration and promotes renal functional recovery, as it does in rodent models, in a higher mammalian model.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe model of IRI involved unilateral nephrectomy in pigs, followed a week later by renal artery occlusion for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 5 days. Pigs were randomized to receive erythropoietin 5000 units/kg intravenously at the time of ischaemia, followed by 1000 units/kg subcutaneously daily, or no treatment (six pigs each). Renal function and structure were analysed; blood and urine were collected daily to determine serum creatinine level, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine clearance. Animals were killed after 5 days to obtain the injured kidneys. The kidneys were examined histologically for evidence of cellular mitosis, apoptosis and necrosis.RESULTSErythropoietin significantly abrogated renal dysfunction after IRI compared with controls at 12 h after injury; the mean (sem) creatinine clearance (as a percentage of baseline) for IRI was 68.2 (6)% vs erythropoietin‐IRI 94.9 (8.9)% (P = 0.027), although by 36 h this was no longer significant, with values of 73.8 (12.7)% vs 95.9 (12)%, respectively (P = 0.23). Erythropoietin also significantly reduced the amount of cell death on histological analysis after 5 days of reperfusion, with a median (range) for IRI of 5.5 (1–45) vs erythropoietin‐IRI of 1.5 (0–4) (P = 0.043).CONCLUSIONThis study confirms the potential clinical applications of erythropoietin as a novel therapeutic agent in patients at risk of IRI.
Hydroquinone and its analogues in dermatology – a risk‐benefit viewpoint
Authors: O'Donoghue J L 
Published: September 2006

SummaryHydroquinone (HQ) has been used since the 1950s in commercially available over‐the‐counter skin lightener products and since the 1960s as a commercially available medical product. It is also used in cosmetic products such as hair dyes and products for coating finger nails. Beginning in 2001, HQ is no longer authorized for use in cosmetic skin lightening formulations in European Union countries, although products containing arbutin, an analogue of HQ, and botanicals, including plants that naturally contain HQ and arbutin, continue to remain available in European countries.The potential toxicity of HQ is dependent on the route of exposure, and toxicity in rodents is highly sex‐, species‐, and strain‐specific. Subchronic and chronic toxicity in experimental animals is primarily limited to nephrotoxicity in male F‐344 rats. Dermal toxicity studies, even those conducted in the sensitive male F‐344 rat, are essentially devoid of systemic toxicity. Developmental and reproductive toxicity studies with HQ in rats and rabbits have not demonstrated significant effects. Cancer bioassay data for HQ demonstrate limited effects and are not sufficient to classify HQ for human carcinogenicity. Epidemiology and occupational studies of workers with extensive exposure to HQ have not reported any evidence of adverse systemic health effects or carcinogenicity. A risk‐benefit approach is recommended for assessing the available data for HQ, arbutin, and other materials in use as, or proposed for use as, skin lighteners to provide optimal therapeutic benefits to patients with pigmentary changes of the skin.
Superficial chemical peels
Authors: Zakopoulou N , Kontochristopoulos G 
Published: September 2006

SummarySuperficial chemical peeling (SCP) involves the application of a peeling agent to the skin, resulting in destruction of part or all of the epidermis. SCP is mainly recommended for facial rejuvenation, photoaging and superficial rhytides, pigmentary dyschromias and acne. It can be used on all Fitzpatrick skin types, no sedation is needed, and the desquamation is usually well accepted. Overpeel and complications are very rare. The most commonly used SCP agents are glycolic acid 20–70%, trichloroacetic acid 10–35%, Jessner's solution, salicylic acid, pyruvic acid, resorcinol 30–50% preparations, and solid carbon dioxide. The careful selection of patients is critical for the outcome of a SCP and contraindications must be seriously considered. The peel procedure is generally common for all SCP agents but a good knowledge of the specific characters of each agent is of great importance in order to decide which to use for each individual patient.
Novel cutaneous uses for botulinum toxin type A
Authors: Bansal Cheryl , Omlin Kenny J , Hayes Christine M , Rohrer Thomas E 
Published: September 2006

SummaryBotulinum toxin type A is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum which causes a flaccid muscle paralysis. It has been used extensively in the field of dermatology for the treatment of dynamic rhytides and in the treatment of hyperhidrosis. Botulinum toxin has an excellent safety profile and few side effects when used for these purposes. Recently, botulinum toxin has also been used experimentally in a number of other dermatologic conditions with good results. These conditions include: persistent facial flushing, gustatory sweating and epiphora, anal fissures, familial benign pemphigus (Hailey‐Hailey disease), dyshidrotic eczema, and following surgical wound closures. While randomized, controlled prospective trials are still needed to further understand the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin in these conditions, anecdotal and case report data suggest that botulinum toxin is both safe and efficacious in these and many other procedures.
The combination of 2% 4‐hydroxyanisole (mequinol) and 0.01% tretinoin effectively improves the appearance of solar lentigines in ethnic groups
Authors: Draelos Zoe Diana 
Published: September 2006

SummaryWhile the efficacy and safety of topical 4‐hydroxyanisole (mequinol) 2%/tretinoin 0.01% therapy has been established in Caucasian populations, those with skin types I–II, little research has focused on individuals with darker skin types. The purpose of this open‐label study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% solution in the treatment of solar lentigines in Asian, Latin/Hispanic, and African American ethnic groups with skin types II–V. Subjects were required to have ≥ 10 solar lentigines on the dorsal forearms/hands and ≥ 3 on the face. One lesion was designated the target lesion, however, all lesions were treated. Patients were treated with topical mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% and clinically evaluated at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks as well as 4 weeks following treatment cessation. At each visit, lesions were evaluated using Target and Overall Lesion Pigmentation Index scores ranging from 0 (lightest) to 8 (darkest), where 4 indicated equal pigment with surrounding skin. Efficacy was determined based on pigmentation index scores, and safety was assessed using laboratory monitoring and adverse event (AE) reporting. Over 80% of the 259 subjects completing this study responded to mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% therapy, with a majority of subjects maintaining clinical benefit at 4 weeks post‐treatment. Most AEs reported were tolerable and overall mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% therapy had a favorable benefit‐to‐risk ratio. This study therefore supports the theory that topical mequinol 2%/tretinoin 0.01% is an effective and safe treatment of solar lentigines in ethnic populations, and in those with dark skin types.
Skin tolerance, efficacy, and quality of life of patients with red facial skin using a skin care regimen containing Licochalcone A
Authors: Weber T M , Ceilley R I , Buerger A , Kolbe L , Trookman N S , Rizer R L , Schoelermann A 
Published: September 2006

SummaryBackground  Patients with rosacea and red facial skin often show sensitivity to skin care products which can exacerbate inflammation and subjective irritation. Besides pharmacologic management, special skin care is prudent to avoid cosmetically induced irritation and address cosmetic concerns. Appropriate skin care should provide gentle cleansing, UVA/UVB protection, effective moisturization, and concealing pigments to neutralize the appearance of redness.Aims  To evaluate skin compatibility and efficacy of a skin care regimen containing licochalcone A (Lic A), an anti‐irritant from the licorice plant Glycyrrhiza inflata, for subjects with mild to moderate facial redness.Patients/methods  Sixty‐two patients with mild to moderate red facial skin used a four‐product skin care regimen for 8 weeks. Clinical assessments of erythema and subjective irritation, cross‐polarized photography, and self‐assessment questionnaires were completed at baseline, and after 4 and 8 weeks of use. A quality of life questionnaire was given at baseline and week 8.Results  Clinical evaluations, subject response, and photography confirmed very good tolerability of the regimen and effective neutralization of redness by the pigmented products. Significant improvements in average erythema scores were observed at 4 and 8 weeks (P < 0.05), and an improvement in quality of life was confirmed by the patient questionnaires.Discussion  The skin care regimen containing Lic A was found to be compatible with the sensitive facial skin of patients with rosacea and improved the appearance of persistent facial redness. The products were also observed to be compatible with daily metronidazole treatment.
Rediscovering Difference?: Nations, Peoples and Politics in the British Civil Wars
Authors: Bowen Lloyd 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis article considers some of the ways in which the ‘New British History’ has influenced the study of the civil wars in Britain and Ireland during the mid‐seventeenth century. It examines the genesis and influence of the ‘three kingdoms’ model for civil war studies and the ways in which this has privileged a statist interpretation of the conflicts, often glossing over the cultural and ethnic subdivisions which influenced and inflected the course of the wars within their British theatres. This article considers the ongoing refinement and complication of the ‘British’ approach to the 1640s by scholars such as Mark Stoyle who have explored the particularist politics of ethnicitywithinEngland and Wales, normally considered as an undifferentiated unitary kingdom in most ‘New British History’ narratives.
What's in a Word? (… and Why it Matters)
Authors: Hermann Bruce 
Published: September 2006

Brain Stimulation Reveals Critical Auditory Naming Cortex Hamberger MJ, Seidel WT, McKhann GM 2nd, Perrine K, Goodman RR Brain 2005;128(Pt 11):2742–2749. One challenge in dominant temporal lobe epilepsy surgery is to remove sufficient epileptogenic tissue without compromising postoperative language functioning. Preresection electrical stimulation mapping enables identification of language areas that can be spared from resection, and also provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain–language relationships. Visual object naming is the gold standard for identifying “essential” language cortex; however, sparing visual naming (VN) sites has not reliably prevented postoperative language decline. In addition to visual object naming, we included a more “ecologically valid” auditory description naming task in our preresection cortical mapping protocol. Of the seven patients who had auditory naming (AN) sites removed, six declined postoperatively, whereas of the 12 patients who did not have AN sites removed, only 3 declined postoperatively ( p = 0.02), suggesting an association between AN site removal and postoperative naming decline. Interestingly, although VN sites were preserved in all patients, AN site removal resulted in decline in both auditory and VN tasks. These findings not only have potentially critical clinical significance, but also argue for modality specificity, with considerable integration within the semantic system.
Implicating A-Current in a Hereditary Partial Epilepsy
Authors: Mathews Gregory C. 
Published: September 2006

The Epilepsy-Linked Lgi1 Protein Assembles into Presynaptic Kv1 Channels and Inhibits Inactivation by Kvβ1 Schulte U, Thumfart JO, Klocker N, Sailer CA, Bildl W, Biniossek M, Dehn D, Deller T, Eble S, Abbass K, Wangler T, Knaus HG, Fakler B Neuron 2006;49:697–706 The voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel subunit Kv1.1 is a major constituent of presynaptic A-type channels that modulate synaptic transmission in CNS neurons. Here, we show that Kv1.1-containing channels are complexed with Lgi1, the functionally unassigned product of the leucine-rich glioma inactivated gene 1 (LGI1), which is causative for an autosomal dominant form of lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (ADLTE). In the hippocampal formation, both Kv1.1 and Lgi1 are coassembled with Kv1.4 and Kv β1 in axonal terminals. In A-type channels composed of these subunits, Lgi1 selectively prevents N-type inactivation mediated by the Kv β1 subunit. In contrast, defective Lgi1 molecules identified in ADLTE patients fail to exert this effect resulting in channels with rapid inactivation kinetics. The results establish Lgi1 as a novel subunit of Kv1.1-associated protein complexes and suggest that changes in inactivation gating of presynaptic A-type channels may promote epileptic activity.
A Thalamic Sleep Tonic
Authors: Staley Kevin J. , Huguenard John R. 
Published: September 2006

GABAA Receptor-Mediated Tonic Inhibition in Thalamic Neurons Cope DW, Hughes SW, Crunelli V J Neurosci 2005;25:11553–11563 Tonic GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition is typically generated by δ subunit-containing extrasynaptic receptors. Because the δ subunit is highly expressed in the thalamus, we tested whether thalamocortical (TC) neurons of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and ventrobasal complex exhibit tonic inhibition. Focal application of gabazine (GBZ) (50 μM) revealed the presence of a 20 pA tonic current in 75 and 63% of TC neurons from both nuclei, respectively. No tonic current was observed in GABAergic neurons of the nucleus reticularis thalami (NRT). Bath application of 1 μM GABA increased tonic current amplitude to 70 pA in 100% of TC neurons, but it was still not observed in NRT neurons. In dLGN TC neurons, the tonic current was sensitive to low concentrations of the δ subunit-specific receptor agonists allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (100 nM) and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]-pyridin-3-ol (THIP) (100 nM) but insensitive to the benzodiazepine flurazepam (5 μM). Bath application of low concentrations of GBZ (25–200 nM) preferentially blocked the tonic current, whereas phasic synaptic inhibition was primarily maintained. Under intracellular current-clamp conditions, the preferential block of the tonic current with GBZ led to a small depolarization and increase in input resistance. Using extracellular single-unit recordings, block of the tonic current caused the cessation of low-threshold burst firing and promoted tonic firing. Enhancement of the tonic current by THIP hyperpolarized TC neurons and promoted burst firing. Thus, tonic current in TC neurons generates an inhibitory tone. Its modulation contributes to the shift between different firing modes, promotes the transition between different behavioral states, and predisposes to absence seizures.
New Data Suggest that Discontinuation of Status Epilepticus is Not Necessary for Antiepileptogenic Effect in Immature Brain
Authors: Pitkänen Asla 
Published: September 2006

Treatment of Experimental Status Epilepticus in Immature Rats: Dissociation between Anticonvulsant and Antiepileptogenic Effects Suchomelova L, Baldwin RA, Kubova H, Thompson KW, Sankar R, Wasterlain CG Pediatr Res 2006;59:237–243 We studied the effects of treating status epilepticus (SE) induced by lithium and pilocarpine at postnatal day 15 (P15) or 28 (P28), on the severity of acute SE and of SEinduced epileptogenesis. Rats received topiramate (10 or 50 mg/kg, IP) or diazepam (5 mg/kg, IP) 20, 40 or 70 min after pilocarpine, and three months after SE 24-h video/EEG recordings were obtained for one (P28) or two weeks (P15) continuously. In P15 rats, topiramate did not modify the course of SE, yet treatment at 20 or 40 min completely prevented the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) while later treatment (70 min) was partially effective in reducing the severity and frequency of SRS. Diazepam was effective against acute SE at all time points tested. Early (20 min) but not late treatment with diazepam had the effect of reducing the frequency and severity of SRS. In P28 rats, both drugs reduced the cumulative seizure time. Early treatment (20 min) with either drug reduced the incidence of chronic epilepsy. Late treatment (40/70 min) did not alter the incidence of SRS, but decreased their frequency. This study demonstrates that, in the treatment of SE, anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic effects can be dissociated in a development-specific manner: topiramate was antiepileptogenic without being an effective anticonvulsant in P15 animals at the doses tested. Diazepam, on the other hand, was a better anticonvulsant than an antiepileptogenic agent in the P15 animals at the dose tested. Such effects were not seen in the older animals.
Overexpression ofMLH‐1andpsoriasingenes in cutaneous angiofibromas from tuberous sclerosis complex patients
Authors: La Placa Michelangelo , Gibellini Davide , Bianchi Tommaso , Patrizi Annalisa 
Published: September 2006

Background: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is associated with mutations in two likely tumor‐suppressor genes (TSC1andTSC2) and characterized by the development of tumor‐like growths (angiofibromas) in a variety of tissues and organs, particularly brain and skin.Methods: Employing a DNA‐microarray assay, able to detect mRNA production from 1176 different basic genes, we analyzed the gene‐expression levels in a cutaneous hamartoma sample from a TSC patient. Altered gene expressions detected by microarray technology were further checked by quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in the same material and in cutaneous hamartoma samples obtained from five other TSC patients.Results: The results obtained by the microarray technology in one hamartoma specimen, confirmed by the RT‐PCR results obtained in the same material and in five other hamartoma specimens, demonstrated that TSC‐related angiofibromas exhibit significant mRNA overexpression of two genes, represented byMLH‐1andpsoriasin.Conclusions: The overexpression ofMLH‐1, which codes for a DNA mismatch repair protein, andpsoriasin, which codes for a specific chemoattractant factor for CD4+T cells, implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin disease, and expressed in excess during abnormal pathways of cell growth, may shed light on the pathogenesis of the proliferative skin lesion.
Cutaneous leiomyosarcoma with myxoid alteration arising in a setting of multiple cutaneous smooth muscle neoplasms
Authors: Utikal Jochen , Haus Georg , Poenitz Nina , Koenen Wolfgang , Back Walter , Dippel Edgar , Gratchev Alexei , Goerdt Sergij 
Published: September 2006

Background:  Cutaneous leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas are rare tumors that originate from the arrector muscle of hair follicles or the smooth muscle of blood vessels.Case report:  A 74‐year‐old male presented with a single, erythematous nodule on the left upper arm. This lesion developed within the excision scar of a piloleiomyoma that had been excised 3 years ago. Additionally, physical examination revealed a tender nodule on the right ear.Results:  Histological examination showed a cutaneous leiomyosarcoma with myxoid alteration on the upper arm and an angioleiomyoma on the right ear.Conclusion:  Myxoid leiomyosarcomas have exclusively been reported in the uterus and gastrointestinal tract, but not in the skin. Here, we describe a case of cutaneous leiomyosarcoma with myxoid alteration that developed in the excision scar of a piloleiomyoma and was accompanied by a cutaneous angioleiomyoma in a different location.