bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Push‐out bond strengths: the Epiphany–Resilon endodontic obturation system compared with different pairings of Epiphany, Resilon, AH Plus and gutta‐percha
Authors: Ungor M. , Onay E. O. , Orucoglu H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAim  To assess the bond strength of the new resin‐based Epiphany–Resilon root canal filling system, and to compare this with bond strengths of different pairings of AH Plus, gutta‐percha, Epiphany and Resilon.Methodology  A total of 65 extracted human single‐rooted teeth were used. All teeth were instrumented using a set of ProTaper rotary instruments. Irrigation was performed with 15 mL of 1.25% NaOCl between each instrument and the smear layer was removed during and after instrumentation with 5 mL of 17% EDTA. The canal spaces were filled with different combinations of core and sealer using lateral condensation, as follows: group 1, AH Plus + gutta‐percha; group 2, AH Plus + Resilon; group 3, Epiphany + Resilon; group 4, Epiphany + gutta‐percha; group 5 (control), gutta‐percha only. Cylinders of root dentine 1.13 (0.06)‐mm long were prepared from the coronal sections of the 65 teeth. The test specimens were subjected to the push‐out test method. After adhesion testing, the remaining sections were examined under a stereomicroscope at × 25 magnification to determine the nature of bond failure. The values of bond strength were analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance (anova) and the post hoc Tukey's test, with significance set at P < 0.05.Results  The respective mean push‐out test values for groups 1–5 were: 2.000 ± 0.369, 1.380 ± 0.154, 1.706 ± 0.340, 2.857 ± 0.523 and 0.078 ± 0.027 MPa. Significant difference (P < 0.001) occurred between the groups. Multiple paired comparisons (Tukey's test) revealed that group 4 (Epiphany + gutta‐percha) had significantly (P < 0.001) greater bonding strength than all the other groups; group 1 (AH Plus + gutta‐percha) had significantly (P < 0.05) greater bonding strength than group 2 (AH Plus + Resilon); and group 5 (control) had significantly (P < 0.05) lower bonding strength than all the other groups. Inspection of the surfaces revealed the bond failure to be mainly adhesive to dentine for all groups.Conclusions  The Epiphany–Resilon combination (group 3) was not superior to that of the AH Plus‐gutta percha combination (group 1).
People with learning disabilities in ‘out‐of‐area’ residential placements: 1. Policy context
Authors: Mansell J. L. , Beadle‐Brown J. , Skidmore C. , Whelton B. , Hutchinson A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground  A growing shortage of residential care for people with learning disabilities leads to placement funded by one authority in another authority’s area. Such out‐of‐area placements are governed by guidance from different government departments in respect of different funding streams.Method  This paper presents an analysis of this guidance and shows that it is inconsistent and incomplete.Results and Conclusion  The guidance creates a framework of incentives for health and social services authorities that could lead to people being placed out‐of‐area against their own best interests, with negative consequences for them and for the ‘receiving’ authorities. A companion paper uses interview data to examine the reasons for and effects of out‐of‐area placement.
Genetics of host plant use and life history in the comma butterfly across Europe: varying modes of inheritance as a potential reproductive barrier
Authors: Nygren G. H. , Nylin S. , Stefanescu C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Comma butterflies (Nymphalidae: Polygonia c-album L.) from one Belgian site and three Spanish sites were crossed with butterflies from a Swedish population in order to investigate inheritance of female host plant choice, egg mass and larval growth rate. We found three different modes of inheritance for the three investigated traits. In line with earlier results from crosses between Swedish and English populations, the results regarding female oviposition preference (choice between Urtica dioica and Salix caprea) showed X-linked inheritance to be of importance for the variation between Sweden and the other sites. Egg mass and growth rate did not show any sex-linked inheritance. Egg mass differences between populations seem to be controlled mainly by additive autosomal genes, as hybrids showed intermediate values. The growth rates of both hybrid types following reciprocal crossings were similar to each other but consistently higher than for the two source populations, suggesting a nonadditive mode of inheritance which is not sex-linked. The different modes of inheritance for host plant preference vs. important life history traits are likely to result in hybrids with unfit combinations of traits. This type of potential reproductive barrier based on multiple ecologically important traits deserves more attention, as it should be a common situation for instance in the early stages of population divergence in host plant usage, facilitating ecological speciation.
Increased Serotonergic Innervation of Lumbosacral Motoneurons of Rolling Mouse Nagoya in Correlation with Abnormal Hindlimb Extension
Authors: Koyanagi Y. , Sawada K. , Sakata‐Haga H. , Jeong Y.‐G. , Fukui Y. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryRolling Mouse Nagoya (RMN) carries a mutation in a gene encoding for α1A subunit of P/Q‐type Ca2+ channel (Cav2.1). In addition to ataxia, this mutant mouse exhibits abnormal hindlimb extension, which is characterized by a sustained excessive tone of hindlimb extensor muscles. This study aimed to clarify whether serotonergic (5‐HTergic) innervation of the spinal motoneurons was altered in RMN in relation to the abnormal hindlimb extension. The density of 5‐HT immunoreactive fibres in the ventral horn of lumbar and sacral regions of spinal cord was significantly greater in RMN than in controls. Retrograde wheat germ agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) labelling combined with 5‐HT immunostaining revealed that the number of 5‐HT immunoreactive terminals adjoining femoris quadriceps motoneurons was about 2.5‐fold greater in RMN than in controls. Furthermore, 5‐HT immunostaining in the lumbar cord ventral horn was examined in three other Cav2.1 mutant mice (tottering, leaner and pogo) as to whether or not they showed the abnormal hindlimb extension. Among these mutants, the increased density of 5‐HT immunoreactive fibres was observed in correlation with the presence of the abnormal hindlimb extension. The results suggest an increased 5‐HTergic innervation of the lumbosacral motoneurons in correlation with the abnormal hindlimb extension in RMN and other Cav2.1 mutant mice. As 5‐HT is known to induce the sustained membrane depolarizations without continuous excitatory synaptic inputs (plateau potentials) in spinal motoneurons, the increased 5‐HTergic innervation may cause the sustained excitation of hindlimb extensor motoneurons, resulting in the abnormal hindlimb extension.
Genotyping of Sporothrix schenckii by analysis of ribosomal DNA regions
Authors: Zhang Zhenying , Liu Xiaoming , Yang Guoling , Gao Xiaorong , Jin Liji , An Lijia 
Published: June 2006

SummaryAn attempt was made to identify the genotypes of 31 Sporothrix schenckii strains and the relationship between the genotypes, the geographic distributions and clinical manifestations using restriction fragment length polymorphic analysis. The total DNA was extracted by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. The polymorphisms were detected by hybridisation of ApaI‐digested Sporothrix genomic DNA with a probe amplified from the small subunit ribosomal DNA and adjacent internal transcribed spacer regions. The band patterns manifested by Southern blotting were explored to investigate the genotypes of the 31 strains of S. schenckii collected from five different areas in China. Of the data from the 31 strains of S. schenckii studied, 15 individual patterns (DNA type A–O) were recognised. Type A–C accounted for 51.61% of all the strains. The DNA typing of S. schenckii by Southern blotting was highly sensitive and highly distinguishable. We also found a significant correlation between DNA patterns and different geographic areas and clinical manifestations.
Mesalazine with or without cholestyramine in the treatment of microscopic colitis: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Calabrese Carlo , Fabbri Anna , Areni Alessandra , Zahlane Desiree , Scialpi Carlo , Di Febo Giulio 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground:  Collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon with a benign and sometimes relapsing course. Frequency among patients with chronic diarrhea and normal looking colonoscopy is around 10–15%. To date, treatment of CC and LC is not well defined. Data about these conditions are mostly derived from retrospective studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the response to treatment and the clinical course of CC and LC in a large group of patients prospectively diagnosed.Methods and Results:  A total of 819 patients underwent a colonoscopy because of chronic watery diarrhea and among them we found 41 patients with LC and 23 with CC. These patients were later randomized and assigned to treatment with mesalazine or mesalazine + cholestyramine for 6 months. Fifty‐four patients (84.37%) had resolved diarrhea in less than 2 weeks. After 6 months a colonoscopy with biopsies was repeated. Clinical and histological remission was achieved in 85.36% of patients with LC and in 91.3% with CC, with a better result in patients with CC treated with mesalazine + cholestyramine. During a mean period of 44.9 months, 13% of patients relapsed; four with LC and three with CC. They were retreated for another 6 months. At the end of this period one patient with CC was still symptomatic and persistence of CC was confirmed at histology.Conclusions:  Treatment with mesalazine seems to be an effective therapeutic option for LC to date, while mesalazine + cholestyramine seems to be more useful in the treatment of CC.
Assessment Clear and Simple: A Practical Guide for Institutions, Departments, and General Education – Barbara E. Walvoord
Authors: Klimoski Victor 
Published: June 2006

Books reviewed: Assessment Clear and Simple: A Practical Guide for Institutions, Departments, and General Education. By Barbara E. Walvoord. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey‐Bass Publishers, 2004. xiii + 144 pages. ISBN 0‐7879‐7311‐4.
Building Faculty Learning Communities – Edited by Milton D. Cox and Laurie Richlin
Authors: Spyker Stephen K. 
Published: June 2006

Books reviewed: Building Faculty Learning Communities. Edited by Milton D. Cox and Laurie Richlin. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, No. 97. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass Publishers, 2004. v + 163 pages. ISBN 0‐7879‐7568‐0. $27.00.
Efficacy of Tadalafil in Men with Erectile Dysfunction Naïve to Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor Therapy Compared with Prior Responders to Sildenafil Citrate
Authors: Broderick Gregory A. , Donatucci Craig F. , Hatzichristou Dimitrios , Torres Luiz O. , Valiquette Luc , Zhao Yanli , Loughney Kate , Sides Gregory D. , Ahuja Sanjeev 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Tadalafil, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), is indicated for treatment of erectile dysfunction. Most tadalafil clinical trials excluded patients with unsuccessful prior treatment with sildenafil citrate (sildenafil).

Aim
This retrospective analysis of pooled data from 14 tadalafil clinical trials examines the effect of this exclusion by comparing efficacy results in 1,349 patients without prior sildenafil use (naïve, presumably a mixture of potential responders and nonresponders) with efficacy results in 1,440 patients previously responsive to sildenafil (prior responders).

Main Outcome Measures
Efficacy measures included the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) erectile function (EF) domain, overall satisfaction (OS), and intercourse satisfaction (IS) domain scores; Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP) diary questions 2 through 5 (SEP2 [successful penetration], SEP3 [successful intercourse], SEP4 (satisfaction with hardness of erection), and SEP5 [overall satisfaction with the sexual experience]); and a Global Assessment Question (GAQ1) (13/14 trials) about erection improvement. Efficacy was compared using analysis of covariance (IIEF and SEP) and logistic regression (GAQ1) models.

Methods
After a 4-week, treatment-free, run-in period, patients in 14 double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trials were treated with tadalafil 10 mg, tadalafil 20 mg, or placebo for 12 weeks (dosed as needed before sexual activity, no more than once daily).

Results
Tadalafil improved erectile function compared with placebo (P &lt; 0.001) in naïve patients and sildenafil prior responders for all efficacy measures. For most efficacy outcomes, responses in the naïve group (probable mix of responders and nonresponders) were not statistically different from responses in the prior-responder group (P ≥ 0.10).

Conclusions
The similar responses of these two patient groups observed in this post hoc analysis suggest, but do not confirm, that exclusion of sildenafil nonresponders in previously reported tadalafil clinical trials may not have substantially affected efficacy outcomes. Tadalafil improved erectile function in patients naïve to PDE5 inhibitor therapy and in patients who previously responded to sildenafil therapy.
How Can We Best Characterize the Relationship Between Erectile Dysfunction and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
Authors: Costabile Raymond A. , Steers William D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Considerable epidemiological literature exists, showing a relationship between voiding dysfunction and sexual dysfunction. However, few basic science or prospective data are available to determine the nature of the relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)/lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and sexual dysfunction.

Methods and Discussion
A critical evaluation of the nature of the relationship between LUTS and erectile dysfunction (ED) must include a look at the nature of the data establishing the relationship, precise definitions of the disease states being evaluated, and adherence to established normative relationships. Criteria for causality will be utilized to best determine the relationship between LUTS and ED. This article will attempt to take a critical and provocative look at where we are presently in establishing a relationship between voiding dysfunction and sexual dysfunction in order to better direct research efforts through evidence-based studies.

Conclusion
At present, the epidemiological data do not support a causal relationship based on Hill’s criteria for causality between LUTS and ED but suggest a less rigorous association. Additional research is needed to better characterize this relationship.
The Effect of “Private” and “Public” Risks on Oilfield Asset Pricing: Empirical Insights into the Georgetown Real Option Debate
Authors: Kretzschmar Gavin L. , Moles Peter 
Published: June 2006

The Spring 2005 issue of this journal featured a “debate” over the best way of applying real options. In “Real Options Analysis: Where Are the Emperor's Clothes?,” Adam B orison criticized most practices that go under the name real options and recommended an “integrated” approach that combines real options techniques with a traditional approach known as “decision tree analysis.” This approach breaks valuation problems into two components—“market” risks (say, oil price changes) and “private” risks (the possibility that actual reserves fall well short of estimated) — and then uses option pricing models to evaluate the market risks and decision trees for the private risks. In response to Borison's article, Tom Copeland and Vladimir Antikarov argued that these two components can be evaluated in a single analysis that uses both DCF (to calculate the value of the “underlying asset”) and Monte Carlo simulation (to estimate the volatility of the underlying), thereby expanding the range of real options applications.In this article, the authors attempt to shed light on this debate with the findings of their extensive empirical analysis of U.K. oilfield expansion options. The bottom line of their study is that size matters in the context of oilfields, presumably because it offers a reliable guide to the kind and size of risks associated with the project. In the case of the larger oilfields, where market risks are likely to outweigh the private risks, the author's findings suggest that both approaches are reasonably effective and provide roughly the same degree of accuracy. In the case of smaller fields, however, where private risks are proportionally larger, the authors conclude that Borison's approach is likely to be more reliable.
Managing the Collection of Information Under Uncertainty Using
Information Economics
Authors: Ling Jay M. , Aughenbaugh Jason Matthew , Paredis Christiaan J. J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
An important element of successful engineering design is the effective management of resources to support design decisions. Design decisions can be thought of as having two phases—a formulation phase and a solution phase. As part of the formulation phase, engineers must decide what information to collect and use to support the design decision. Since information comes at a cost, a cost-benefit tradeoff must be made. Previous work has considered such tradeoffs in cases in which all relevant probability distributions were precisely known. However, engineers frequently must characterize these distributions by gathering sample data during the information collection phase of the decision process. This characterization is crucial in high-risk design problems where uncommon events with severe consequences play a significant role in decisions. In this paper, we introduce the principles of information economics to guide decisions on information collection. We investigate how designers can bound the value of information in the case of distributions with unknown parameters by using imprecise probabilities to characterize the current state of information. We explore the basic performance, subtleties, and limitations of the approach in the context of characterizing the strength of a novel material for the design of a pressure vessel.
Haploinsufficiency of C2GnT-I glycosyltransferase renders T lymphoma cells resistant to cell death
Authors: Cabrera Paula V. , Amano Maho , Mitoma Junya , Chan Jessica , Said Jonathan , Fukuda Minoru , Baum Linda G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNeoplastic T cells in mycosis fungoides (MF) are resistant to apoptotic agents, including galectin-1 that is abundant in skin. Although MF cells are typically CD7–, and thus galectin-1 resistant, CD7+ HH cells, derived from a patient with MF, were also resistant to galectin-1. HH cells demonstrate altered cell surface glycosylation, with loss of core 2 O-glycan ligands for galectin-1 created by core 2 β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT-I). Loss of core 2 O-glycans on tumor cells was also seen in primary CD7+ MF lesions. Surprisingly, HH cells are heterozygous for a C2GnT-I point mutation, yet this mutation resulted in a dramatic reduction in cellular glycosyltransferase activity. Expression of wild-type C2GnT-I in human HH cells, or murine lymphoma cells that lack C2GnT-I, restored core 2 O-glycan expression and susceptibility to galectin-1, whereas mutant enzyme lacked activity and did not restore core 2 O-glycan expression or susceptibility to galectin-1. Mutant enzyme did not have a dominant negative effect by affecting dimerization or activity of wild-type enzyme; rather, C2GnT-I haploinsufficiency is sufficient for loss of core 2 O-glycan expression and galectin-1 resistance. Thus, glycosyltransferase haploinsufficiency results in altered cellular glycosylation and resistance to cell death, identifying a new survival mechanism for T-lymphoma cells.
Taking U out, with two nucleases?
Authors: Mian I Saira , Worthey Elizabeth A , Salavati Reza 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
REX1 and REX2 are protein components of the RNA editing complex (the editosome) and function as exouridylylases. The exact roles of REX1 and REX2 in the editosome are unclear and the consequences of the presence of two related proteins are not fully understood. Here, a variety of computational studies were performed to enhance understanding of the structure and function of REX proteins in Trypanosoma and Leishmania species.

Results
Sequence analysis and homology modeling of the Endonuclease/Exonuclease/Phosphatase (EEP) domain at the C-terminus of REX1 and REX2 highlights a common active site shared by all EEP domains. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that REX proteins contain a distinct subfamily of EEP domains. Inspection of three-dimensional models of the EEP domain in Trypanosoma brucei REX1 and REX2, and Leishmania major REX1 suggests variations of previously characterized key residues likely to be important in catalysis and determining substrate specificity.

Conclusion
We have identified features of the REX EEP domain that distinguish it from other family members and hence subfamily specific determinants of catalysis and substrate binding. The results provide specific guidance for experimental investigations about the role(s) of REX proteins in RNA editing.
Cell array-based intracellular localization screening reveals novel functional features of human chromosome 21 proteins
Authors: Hu Yu-Hui , Warnatz Hans-Jörg , Vanhecke Dominique , Wagner Florian , Fiebitz Andrea , Thamm Sabine , Kahlem Pascal , Lehrach Hans , Yaspo Marie-Laure , Janitz Michal 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Chr21) results in Down's syndrome, a complex developmental and neurodegenerative disease. Molecular analysis of Down's syndrome, however, poses a particular challenge, because the aneuploid region of Chr21 contains many genes of unknown function. Subcellular localization of human Chr21 proteins may contribute to further understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the genes that code for these proteins. Following this idea, we used a transfected-cell array technique to perform a rapid and cost-effective analysis of the intracellular distribution of Chr 21 proteins.

Results
We chose 89 genes that were distributed over the majority of 21q, ranging from RBM11 (14.5 Mb) to MCM3AP (46.6 Mb), with part of them expressed aberrantly in the Down's syndrome mouse model. Open reading frames of these genes were cloned into a mammalian expression vector with an amino-terminal His6 tag. All of the constructs were arrayed on glass slides and reverse transfected into HEK293T cells for protein expression. Co-localization detection using a set of organelle markers was carried out for each Chr21 protein. Here, we report the subcellular localization properties of 52 proteins. For 34 of these proteins, their localization is described for the first time. Furthermore, the alteration in cell morphology and growth as a result of protein over-expression for claudin-8 and claudin-14 genes has been characterized.

Conclusion
The cell array-based protein expression and detection approach is a cost-effective platform for large-scale functional analyses, including protein subcellular localization and cell phenotype screening. The results from this study reveal novel functional features of human Chr21 proteins, which should contribute to further understanding of the molecular pathology of Down's syndrome.