bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
R434 – The Round Window
Authors: Abou‐Bieh Alaa A , Haberkamp Thomas J , Al‐Tubaikh Jarah Ali 
Published: August 2008

ProblemRound window is the main target in many modern otologic procedures. Unfortunately it is approached either blindly or indirectly in most of these procedures. Others necessitate a complex technique in order to be directly approached. Many failures have been shown to be due to difficulties in the approach and/or anatomical variations. This study was undertaken to review the role of endoscopes to facilitate and ensure safe and controlled different approaches to the round window.MethodsThirty‐five temporal bones were dissected. Anatomic details and different approaches (mainly the transcanal transtympanic and the posterior tympanotomy approaches) were studied utilizing an operating microscope and otoendoscopes with 0o, 30o and 70o angles and 2.7 and 3 mm diameters.ResultsMarked anatomical variation in the surgical pathways to the round window was observed. Mucosal folds variation was the main observation with complete isolation of the window in 3 bones (8.6%). Bony overhangs, unusual secondary tympanic membrane, and variations in site, shape, and window direction were also detected.ConclusionThe approach to the round window is influenced by the development and arrangement of the middle ear contents especially mucosal tracks and folds. This is especially clear in cases with no or limited middle ear pathology. The incorporation of otoendoscopes during the middle ear procedures helps to ensure safe and complete exposure of the window regardless of these anatomical variations.SignificanceTo address the minimally invasive approaches to the round window.
R439 – Effect of Resistance‐Compliance Changes in Fluidic Systems
Authors: Dunn Ryan , Odland Rick , Yu Vivian M , Strykowski Paul John 
Published: August 2008

ProblemPrevious work has established the relationship of resistance and compliance in a bench‐top model of 2 parallel fluid systems representing endolymph and perilymph. The R‐C Product is mathematically proportional to the time to equilibrium. Increasing the resistance to fluid movement in the “endolymph” significantly increased the time to hydrostatic equilibrium between the systems. The current study was designed to test whether a compensatory change in the R‐C Product on the “perilymphatic” side would reduce the time to steady state.MethodsAs previously described, 2 parallel tubular systems with symmetric resistance and compliance members were perturbed by rotating the model from a horizontal, equilibrium condition to an upright, disequilibrium condition. Time to steady state was video recorded in 4 resistance conditions. The primary test was whether increased resistance to flow on the “endolymph” limb would be negated by an equal increase to resistance to flow on the “perilymph” limb.ResultsAll 4 resistance conditions exhibited differences in time to steady state by ANOVA (p = 3.4 × 10E‐12). Mean time to a steady state was reduced when a compensatory change in resistance was applied to the “perilymph” limb (1.0 + 1.1 sec) when compared to high resistance in the “endolymph” alone (2.5 + 1.3 sec, p =. 01).ConclusionCompensatory changes in the R‐C Product can reduce time to equilibrium.SignificanceImproved treatment of vertigo may be possible by application of principles that can affect resistance (fluid pathway diameter or viscosity) or compliance (stiffness of the oval or round window) of the systems.SupportUniversity of Minnesota Biomedical Engineering Institute Otolaryngology Interest Group Fund.
R445 – Expression of Proliferative Markers in Cholesteatoma
Authors: Mun Seog‐Kyun , Hwang Jun Yeon , Kim Jun‐Hee , Cho Hang Sun , Lee Gyu Ho , Lee Kwang Ho , Do Youn Kyoung 
Published: August 2008

ProblemCholesteatoma is characterized by the presence of a squamous epithelium invading the middle ear altering its growth properties. This epithelium believed to have hyperproliferative properties. Inflammatory stimulation of the underlying connective tissue, as well as an autocrine mechanism, may be responsible for the dysregulation and abnormal proliferative feature of the keratinocytes in cholesteatoma.MethodsComparative investigations were performed to assess the epithelial cell kinetics of cholesteatoma and auditory meatal skin. Monoclonal antibody PCNA and Ki‐67 immunohistochemical staining were applied.ResultsSpecimens of cholesteatoma samples (n=30) showed an average PCNA score of 26.6% and an average Ki‐67 score of 15.9%. Auditory meatal skin(n=8) revealed an average PCNA score of 8.2% and average Ki‐67 score of 4.9%. The results of this study confirm a highly increase in the proliferation rate of cholesteatoma keratinocytes, which had an PCNA score that was 3.24 times higher than the score for keratinocyte of auditory meatal skin and Ki‐67 score of cholesteatoma was 3.24 times higher than auditory meatal skin.ConclusionWe conclude that cholesteatoma is a hyperproliferative activity and that PCNA and Ki‐67 immunohistochemical staining are valuable tool for assessing cell kinetics in cholesteatoma.SignificanceThe cholesteatoma possesses a variable degree of proliferative activities depending on its histologic composition. The formation and accumulation of the keratin due to the continuous epithelial growth probably are important elements in inducing the inflammation.
R447 – Temporal Bone Histopathology in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Terao Kyoichi , Cureoglu Sebahattin , Patricia Schachern , Paparella Michael M , Morita Norimasa , Rie Nomiya , Murata Kiyotaka 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThere are reports of hearing loss, tinnitus, and/or vertigo in patients with leukemia. However, there is no human temporal bone study of a large number of cases specific to acute lymphocytic leukemia. We studied the correlation between clinical otologic complaints and temporal bone histopathology in patients with this disease.MethodsClinical otologic complaints and histologic findings were evaluated in 13 patients (25 temporal bones) with acute lymphocytic leukemia.ResultsNine patients had a history of clinical otologic complaints including: hearing loss in 5 patients; otalgia in 3; otorrhea in 3; and dizziness in 2. Hemorrhage was seen most commonly in the middle ear in 10 patients, but was also evident in the cochlea in 5 and the vestibular labyrinth in 2. Leukemic infiltration was observed in the petrous apex in 12 patients, in the middle ear in 6, the cochlea in 5, the vestibular labyrinth in 2 and the internal auditory canal in 3. Inflammatory cell infiltration was also seen in the cochlear labyrinth in 4 patient, the vestibular labyrinth in 5 and the modiolus in 1. Otitis media with hyperplasia of subepithelial fibrous tissue was seen in 10 patients. Three patients had granulation tissue extending into the middle ear or mastoid.ConclusionEar involvement is a common finding in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia.SignificanceWith prolonged survival due to new chemotherapeutics, the diagnosis and treatment of non‐hematopoietic system complications such as ear problems due to acute lymphocytic leukemia have become more important.SupportInternational Hearing Foundation, Hubbard Foundation, Starkey Foundation.
R448 – Phex Mutation Causes Sensorineural Deafness in Mice
Authors: Xia Gao 
Published: August 2008

ProblemPug is an ENU mutated mouse model for X‐linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) in human. Mapping and sequence analysis revealed that Pug mutation is a unique Phe‐to‐Ser transition at amino acid 80 of PHEX protein leading to the loss of Phex function. Patients with XLH and Pug mutant mice exhibit abnormal phenotypes including growth retardation, hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. In addition, hearing impairment was also found in some hypophosphatemic mouse models and patients. Here, we used the Pug mutant mice to study the role of Phex gene in the pathology of hearing impairment.MethodsAuditory brainstem responses(ABR) to click and 8,16,32kHz stimuli were employed to measure pug mice of 1–8 months old. Serial sections were used to detect the abnormalities involving the temporal bone, stria vascularis, the organ of Corti, spiral ganglion cells, and scanning electron microscopy was performed to exam the basilar membrane of pug mice.ResultsAuditory brainstem responses test showed that Pug mice have elevated hearing thresholds. Histology analysis demonstrated a thickened temporal bone with many interspersed areas of nonmineralization surrounding the mutant cochlea and decreased numbers of neuronal processes in the organ of Corti, mostly in basal turns. Furthermore, abnormal stereocilia of inner and outer hair cells of the Corti organ were identified by scanning electron microscopy. Inner and outer hair cells were also greatly reduced in Pug mice.ConclusionThe impaired hearing function and the morphological abnormalities of inner ears are induced by the mutation of Phex gene.SignificancePug mice have structural and functional defects in the inner ear and may serve as a new disease model of sensorineural deafness.SupportThis work was supported by the ground of JiangSu Province Femouse Doctor Project(RC2007010).
R450 – Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Spiral Ganglion Cells
Authors: Ying Yu‐Lan M. , Balaban Carey D 
Published: August 2008

ProblemManganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD2) is a key metabolic anti‐oxidant enzyme of the superoxide dismutase family for detoxifying the free radical cascade inside the mitochondria of the cochlea via activation of downstream uncoupling proteins. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD1) is localized in the cytoplasm. This study examined whether the pattern of expression of these SODs in the cochlea is correlated with the differential cellular vulnerability found in basal versus apical turn of the cochlea.MethodsImmunohistochemical methods were used to identify the distribution of Mn SOD2 and Cu/Zn SOD1 in paraffin embedded sections of paraformaldehyde fixed formic acid decalcified temporal bones from mice, rats, and macaques; and special archival celloidin‐embedded human temporal bone sections.ResultsIn mice, rats and macaques, both the proportion of Mn SOD2 immunopositive type 1 spiral ganglion cells and the intensity of immunoreactivity were elevated near the cochlear apex. Strongly stained Mn SOD2 type 1 spiral ganglion cells were also observed in archival human temporal bone sections. In contrast, the Cu/Zn SOD1 immunopositive type 1 spiral ganglion cells were distributed identically across cochlear turns in rats and macaques.ConclusionThese findings suggest that spiral ganglion cellular responses to ROS exposure may vary along the cochlear spiral, with a lower response capacity in the basal turn.SignificanceHair cells and spiral ganglion cells appear to be more vulnerable to ototoxins at the base of the cochlea than at the apex. Our data raises the general hypothesis that a lower Mn SOD2 anti‐oxidative capacity at the cochlear base could contribute to the high frequency hearing loss seen in presbycusis and ototoxin‐induced hearing loss. The conservative pattern of Mn SOD2 immunostaining across species further suggests that it may be a fundamental mechanism in ROS metabolism and signaling.SupportPA Lions Hearing Research Foundation, American Otologic Society Research Fellowship.
R451 – Pediatric Pneumococcal Mastoiditis and Serotype 19A: Update
Authors: Ongkasuwan Julina , Valdez Tulio A. , Hulten Kristina , Mason Edward O. , Kaplan Sheldon L 
Published: August 2008

ProblemStreptococcus pneumoniae is the primary cause of pediatric mastoiditis. Since the 7‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in 2000, the serotypes causing invasive infections have shifted. We are following the impact of PCV7 on pneumococcal mastoiditis at Texas Children's Hospital (TCH). Previously, a non‐vaccine serotype, 19A and specifically a multidrug resistant clonotype, CC271, was identified as the predominant cause of mastoiditis during the 2006–07 academic year.MethodsThe medical records of children with pneumococcal mastoiditis between July 2007 and February 2008 (prospective through June 2008) were reviewed. Isolates were serotyped by the capsular swelling method and compared to previously collected data since January 1995.ResultsSix mastoiditis cases have been identified thus far in 2007–08; 19A has been the only isolated serotype. This is comparable to the number of cases identified at this point last year. Of the 15 total isolates in 2006–07, all but 2 were attributable to 19A. For comparison, prior to PCV7, the number of mastoiditis cases per year ranged from 0–3, none of which were 19A. This new data appears to continue a disturbing upward trend. Masoitiditis caused by 19A isolates was more likely to present with subperiosteal abscess (p=0.000002) and need mastoidectomy (p=0.007). The 2007–08 isolates differ from the 2006–07 group in drug resistance patterns. In the 2006–07 group 66% were non‐susceptible to all antibiotics tested routinely; whereas 50% of the 2007–08 group were non‐susceptible to those same antibiotics (p= 0.41). While not statistically significant, this does suggest a different clonal complex at work this season.ConclusionThe data for this year confirms the trend identified in 2006–07: 19A is now the predominant serotype in mastoiditis at TCH.SignificanceThe PCV7 vaccine has placed unexpected selective pressures on S.pneumoniae. Depending on the circulating clones, mastoiditis today may be more complicated to treat due to multi‐drug resistance.SupportFunding: supported, in part, by a Grant from Wyeth.
R455 – Effect of Glucocorticoid on the MUC4 Gene
Authors: Kim Yong‐Dae , Bae Chang Hoon , Hyun‐Jae Woo , Lee Heung‐Man 
Published: August 2008

ProblemAmong the airway mucin genes, the MUC4 gene is an important gene in its response to inflammatory diseases of the upper airway. However, the expression and regulation of the MUC4 gene in the nasal polyps remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of MUC4 mRNA and synthesis of mucin glycoprotein in the nasal polyps before and after treatment with a topical steroid in vivo and in vitro.MethodsNasal polyps were obtained from 20 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and were subsequently cultured. The level of MUC4 mRNA was measured by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the amount of the MUC4 mucin glycoprotein was estimated by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method.ResultsThe expression of MUC4 mRNA was found to be significantly higher in the nasal polyps than in the inferior turbinate (P <. 05). The addition of interleukin (IL)‐1beta and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the expression of MUC4 mRNA and mucin glycoprotein synthesis in cultured nasal polyp epithelial cells. Treatment with glucocorticoid inhibited the expression of MUC4 mRNA in the nasal polyps; it also inhibited the expression of IL‐1beta and LPS‐induced MUC4 mRNA and mucin glycoprotein synthesis in cultured nasal polyp epithelial cells. The inhibitory effects of glucocorticoid were restored by treatment with a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (RU‐486).ConclusionThese results suggest that the MUC4 gene is expressed in the nasal polyps and that glucocorticoid can control the expression of the MUC4 gene and mucin glycoprotein synthesis.SignificanceBased on these findings, we conclude that the MUC4 gene is one of the important mucin genes expressed in the nasal polyps and that glucocorticoid can control the expression of MUC4 genes and mucin glycoprotein synthesis.
R460 – Relation Between SPA and Symptoms of Patients With AR and NP
Authors: Yuqin Deng , Tao Zezhang , Kong Yonggang 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe aim of this study was to examine if allergic rhinitis and nasal polyposis are associated with the level of surfactant protein‐A.MethodsSinus mucosal biopsies were performed in patients with allergic rhinitis (n= 15), nasal polyposis (n=21) and controls (n= 10). Immunolocalization of surfactant protein was performed with antibodies to SP‐A using Streptavidin Peroxidase Conjugated Method and indirect immunofluorescence method. Blood serums were obtained from three subjects in each group for enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of surfactant protein‐A.ResultsBy ELISA, AR (n =15) and NP (n = 21) showed significantly decreased levels of SP‐A when compared with controls (n= 10), although these two groups were not statistically significant. Immunohistochemical investigation showed intense SP‐A staining in the nasal epithelium of each groups, but weak staining in patients with AR and NP.ConclusionWe report for the first time the expression of SP‐A in both diseased and normal nasal mucosa using the indirect immunofluorescence method. There was an inverse relation between surfactant protein‐A levels and symptoms and signs of rhinitis in patients with AR and NP.SignificanceSP‐A may play a defensive role in the chronic inflammatory diseases of upper airway. Understanding the exact role of SP‐A in the upper airway diseases will help develop novel treatment approaches for sinonasal pathoses.
Laser-electron generator for X-ray applications in science and technology
Authors: Bessonov E.G. , Gorbunkov M.V. , Ishkhanov B.S. , Kostryukov P.V. , Maslova Yu.Ya. , Shvedunov V.I. , Tunkin V.G. , Vinogradov A.V. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe possibility of the creation and the application prospects of the laser-electron X-ray generator based on Thomson scattering of laser radiation on a bunch of relativistic electrons are considered. Such a generator fills the existing gap between X-ray tubes and synchrotron radiation sources, which is several orders of magnitude in terms of the brightness, average intensity, size, and also in the construction and running costs.
A content analysis of children’s television advertising: focus on food and oral health
Authors: Morgan Maria , Fairchild Ruth , Phillips Andrea , Stewart Kate , Hunter Lindsay 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo analyse the nature and content of advertising during children’s popular television viewing times with the specific aims of (i) identifying the proportion of advertising time devoted to confectionery and potentially cariogenic products (those which readily give rise to dental caries, more commonly known as tooth decay); and (ii) determining whether there is a variation in the advertisement of confectionery and other high-sugar products within children’s school holiday time v. outside holiday time.MethodIn five separate one-week periods, the output of the four most popular British children’s commercial television channels was video-recorded during the most popular viewing times for children. In total, 503 h of television were recorded and analysed.ResultsAnalysis of the recordings revealed that 16·4 % of advertising time was devoted to food products; 6·3 % of all advertising time was devoted to potentially cariogenic products. Sugared cereals were the most commonly advertised high-sugar product, followed by sweetened dairy products and confectionery (χ2 = 6524·8, df = 4, P < 0·001). The advertisement of confectionery and high-sugar foods appeared to be influenced by school holidays.ConclusionsHealth-care professionals should be aware of the shift away from the advertisement of confectionery towards the promotion of foods that might be considered healthier but contain large amounts of hidden sugar.
Increased knowledge predicts greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Greek adolescents
Authors: Tsartsali Paraskevi K , Thompson Janice L , Jago Russell 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo examine knowledge of and adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) among Greek adolescents, assess associations between MDP knowledge and adherence with BMI, and determine socio-cultural factors predicting MDP compliance.DesignCross-sectional.SettingGreek adolescents aged 15–17 years.SubjectsTwo hundred adolescents (103 females, ninety-seven males) from six schools on the Greek island of Chios. The sampling procedure was similar for all schools; schools were randomly selected from different geographic areas and all municipalities. BMI was calculated from measured height and weight; participants completed four questionnaires assessing parents’ socio-economic status and education, adolescents’ perceived and actual MDP knowledge, past-week dietary habits, and MDP adherence.ResultsParticipants’ BMI indicated 64·5 % were normal weight and 35·5 % were overweight/obese (mean BMI 23·7 (sd 3·8) kg/m2). Over half had very poor MDP knowledge (58·5 %) and adherence (59·5 %); both perceived (F = 3·35, P = 0·037) and actual MDP knowledge (F = 3·45, P = 0·034) were significantly different across MDP adherence. Perceived MDP knowledge was positively correlated with vegetable consumption (r = 0·185, P = 0·009); actual knowledge was negatively correlated with meat consumption (r = −0·191, P = 0·007). BMI was negatively correlated with family income (r = −0·202, P = 0·004), indicating higher BMI in less affluent households. Actual MDP knowledge was the only significant predictor of MDP adherence (standardized β = 0·162, P = 0·030) in a model accounting for 7·3 % of overall variance.ConclusionsGreek adolescents reported consuming a more Westernized diet detached from the traditional MDP. Actual MDP knowledge and family income were important factors affecting MDP adherence and BMI, respectively. Promoting the traditional MDP among Greek adolescents and their families appears warranted.
Macrophage activation induces formation of the anti-inflammatory lipid cholesteryl-nitrolinoleate
Authors: Ferreira Ana M. , Ferrari Mariana I. , Trostchansky Andrés , Batthyany Carlos , Souza José M. , Alvarez María N. , López Gloria V. , Baker Paul R. S. , Schopfer Francisco J. , O'Donnell Valerie , Freeman Bruce A. , Rubbo Homero 
Published: August 2008

Nitroalkene derivatives of fatty acids act as adaptive, anti-inflammatory signalling mediators, based on their high-affinity PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ) ligand activity and electrophilic reactivity with proteins, including transcription factors. Although free or esterified lipid nitroalkene derivatives have been detected in human plasma and urine, their generation by inflammatory stimuli has not been reported. In the present study, we show increased nitration of cholesteryl-linoleate by activated murine J774.1 macrophages, yielding the mononitrated nitroalkene CLNO2 (cholesteryl-nitrolinoleate). CLNO2 levels were found to increase ∼20-fold 24 h after macrophage activation with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-γ; this response was concurrent with an increase in the expression of NOS2 (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and was inhibited by the •NO (nitric oxide) inhibitor L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester). Macrophage (J774.1 and bone-marrow-derived cells) inflammatory responses were suppressed when activated in the presence of CLNO2 or LNO2 (nitrolinoleate). This included: (i) inhibition of NOS2 expression and cytokine secretion through PPARγ and •NO-independent mechanisms; (ii) induction of haem oxygenase-1 expression; and (iii) inhibition of NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) activation. Overall, these results suggest that lipid nitration occurs as part of the response of macrophages to inflammatory stimuli involving NOS2 induction and that these by-products of nitro-oxidative reactions may act as novel adaptive down-regulators of inflammatory responses.