bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell Cycle Elongation Impairs Proliferation of Cerebellar Granule Cell Precursors in the Ts65Dn Mouse, an Animal Model for Down Syndrome
Authors: Contestabile Andrea , Fila Tatiana , Bartesaghi Renata , Ciani Elisabetta 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMental retardation, the hallmark of Down syndrome (DS), has been attributed to the reduced number of neurons populating the DS brain. The Ts65Dn mouse model of DS displays several anomalies analogous to those in individuals with DS, including neurogenesis impairment. The goal of the current study was to determine whether cell cycle alterations underlie neurogenesis impairment in the cerebellum of the Ts65Dn mouse and to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for this defect. In neonatal (2‐day old) Ts65Dn mice, cerebellar granule cell precursors exhibited a reduced proliferation rate (−40%) and a notable elongation (+45%) of the cell cycle. Alteration of cell cycle rate was due to elongation of the G2 and G1 phases. Microarray screening of cell cycle regulatory genes showed that Ts65Dn mice had a decreased expression of Cyclin B1 and Skp2, two key regulators of G2/M and G1/S transition. Results point at cell cycle elongation as major determinant of neurogenesis reduction in the cerebellum of Ts65Dn mice and suggest that this defect is specifically linked to an altered expression of two cell‐cycle regulatory genes, Cyclin B1 and Skp2. These findings may establish the basis for a therapeutic approach aimed at restoring neurogenesis in the DS brain.
Seeing the Forest Beyond the Trees: A Construal‐Level Approach to Self‐Control
Authors: Fujita Kentaro 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSelf‐control failure is a ubiquitous and troubling problem people face. This article reviews psychological models of self‐control and describes a new integrative approach based on construal level theory (e.g., Trope & Liberman, 2003). This construal‐level perspective proposes that people's subjective mental construals or representations of events impacts self‐control. Specifically, more abstract, global (high‐level) construals promote self‐control success, whereas more concrete, local (low‐level) construals tend to lead to self‐control failure. That is, self‐control is promoted when people see the proverbial forest beyond the trees. This article surveys research findings that demonstrate that construing events at high‐level versus low‐level construals promotes self‐control. This article also discusses how a construal‐level perspective promotes understanding of self‐control failures.
Analytical and Thermal Modeling of High-Speed Machining With Chamfered Tools
Authors: Karpat Yiğit , Özel Tuğrul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHigh-speed machining offers several advantages such as increased flexibility and productivity for discrete-part manufacturing. However, excessive heat generation and resulting high temperatures on the tool and workpiece surfaces in high-speed machining leads to a shorter tool life and poor part quality, especially if the tool edge geometry and cutting conditions were not selected properly. In this study, analytical and thermal modeling of high-speed machining with chamfered tools in the presence of dead metal zone has been presented to investigate the effects of cutting conditions, heat generation, and resultant temperature distributions at the tool and in the workpiece. An analytical slip-line field model is utilized to investigate the process mechanics and friction at the tool-chip and tool-workpiece interfaces in the presence of the dead metal zone in machining with a negative rake chamfered polycrystalline cubic boron nitride tool. In order to identify friction conditions, a set of orthogonal cutting tests is performed on AISI 4340 steel and chip geometries and cutting forces are measured. Thermal modeling of machining with chamfered tools based on moving band heat source theory, which utilizes the identified friction conditions and stress distributions on the tool-chip and tool-workpiece interfaces, is also formulated and temperature distributions at the tool, cutting zone, and in the workpiece are obtained. These temperature distributions are compared with the results obtained from finite element simulations. The comparison of temperature fields indicates that the proposed model provides reasonable solutions to understand the mechanics of machining with chamfered tools. Models presented here can be further utilized to optimize the tool geometry and cutting conditions for increasing benefits that high-speed machining offers.
Talking about Horses: Control and Freedom in the World of "Natural Horsemanship"
Authors: Birke Lynda 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper explores how horses are represented in the discourses of "natural horsemanship" (NH), an approach to training and handling horses that advocates see as better (kinder, more gentle) than traditional methods. In speaking about their horses, NH enthusiasts move between two registers: On one hand, they use a quasi-scientific narrative, relying on terms and ideas drawn from ethology, to explain the instinctive behavior of horses. Within this mode of narrative, the horse is "other" and must be understood through the human learning to communicate and through appropriate training. On the other hand, NH enthusiasts—like many horse owners—seek to emphasize partnership. In this type of discourse, people portray their horses as almost human. The tensions between these two ways of talking about horses reflect contradictory ideas about control versus freedom in relating to horses, especially as related to emotions expressed by caregivers (owners) about their relationships with horses.
Origin of Adult Animal Rights Lifestyle in Childhood Responsiveness to Animal Suffering
Authors: Pallotta Nicole 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis qualitative study examines the childhood experiences of adult animal rights activists regarding their feelings about, and interactions with, nonhuman animals. Central to children's experiences with animals is the act of eating them, a ritual both normalized and encouraged by the dominant culture and agents of socialization. Yet, despite the massive power of socialization, sometimes children resist the dominant norms of consumption regarding animals. In addition to engaging in acts of resistance, some children, as suggested in the biographical narratives of adult vegan animal activists, also possess a predisposition to respond to the perceived suffering of animals. This predisposition is a variant of the trait empathy but is specifically animal-oriented. In open-ended interviews with 30 vegan animal activists about their paths into the movement, this study examined these childhood experiences and the predisposition that may help set the stage for later adoption of a vegan, animal-rights lifestyle.
The Recovering God of Hosea
Authors: Brueggemann Walter 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper addresses the question of the character of God as sketched in the poetry of Hosea. It considers the broad and rich spectrum of images and metaphors that are employed to give expression to that divine character in poetic idiom. It is clear that the range and spectrum of metaphors cannot be systematized, but one can nonetheless identify among them usages that bespeak divine judgment, usages that articulate a positive concern, and usages that are neutral or ambiguous. After that survey, the discussion focuses upon the two provocative texts if Hosea 2:2-23 and 11:11-9. Attention is given, in each of these cases, to the movement from judgment to positive possibility. The two governing metaphors of husband-wife and parent-child are taken to be indispensable for a relationship that persists, even in the face of harsh judgment and alienation. The flow of drama in these two texts suggests that YHWH has been an agent of violence, but is "in recovery" from that propensity to violence.
A Quasi-Eulerian, Quasi-Lagrangian View of Surface-Wave-Induced Flow in the Ocean
Authors: Broström Göran , Christensen Kai Håkon , Weber Jan Erik H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this study the influence of surface waves on the mean flow in an ocean of arbitrary depth is examined. The wave-induced forcing on the mean flow is obtained by integrating the Eulerian equations for mass and momentum balance from the bottom to an undulating material surface within the water column. By using the mean position of the material surface as the vertical coordinate, the authors obtain the depth dependence of the mean flow and the wave-induced forcing. Substitution of the vertical coordinate makes the model Lagrangian in the vertical direction. The model is Eulerian in the horizontal direction, allowing one to model the effects of a spatially nonuniform wave field or varying depth in a straightforward way.
A Laboratory Study of the Zonal Structure of Western Boundary Currents
Authors: Pierini Stefano , Malvestuto Vincenzo , Siena Giuseppe , McClimans Thomas A. , Løvås Stig M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The zonal structure of strongly nonlinear inertial western boundary currents (WBCs) is studied experimentally along a straight “meridional” coast in a 5-m-diameter rotating basin by analyzing the “zonal” profile of the meridional velocity field as a function of transport intensity and other dynamical parameters. The return flow that is generated by the surface wind stress curl in the oceanic interior is forced in the rotating basin by the motion of a piston, in the absence of any surface stress. The laboratory setup consists of two parallel rectangular channels separated by an island and linked by two curved connections: in the first channel, a piston is forced at a constant speed up ranging from 0.5 to 3 cm s−1 over a distance of 2.5 m, producing a virtually unsheared current at the entrance of the second channel. In the latter, a linear reduction of the water depth provides the topographic beta effect that is necessary for the development of the westward intensification. Nearly steady currents are obtained and measured photogrammetrically over a region of about 1 m2. In all of the experiments performed, an appropriate horizontal Reynolds number (Re = ɛ/E, where ɛ and E are dimensionless numbers measuring the importance of nonlinearity and lateral friction, respectively) is Re ≫ 1. The zonal profile of the meridional velocity is always found to have (away from the viscous boundary layer) a nearly exponential structure typical of inertial WBCs, whose width agrees well with the classical inertial boundary layer length scale δI. A control experiment (with up = 1 cm s−1) is analyzed in detail: it has the same ɛ as the Gulf Stream (GS) but a much smaller E. This implies that the laboratory flow is expected to be geometrically similar to the GS outside the viscous boundary layer, but to differ within it. To assess the effect of such a departure from dynamic similarity, a mathematical model is used that numerically simulates a flow that is fully dynamically similar to the GS. The comparison between the profile thus obtained numerically and the one obtained experimentally shows that they are, indeed, virtually coincident outside the viscous boundary layer, except for a small offset that tends to vanish as Re → ∞. Moreover, additional sensitivity experiments in which the piston speed, the rotation rate of the basin, the topographic beta effect, and the width of the main channel are varied provide further information on the zonal structure of WBCs.
The Influence of Fetch on the Response of Surface Currents to Wind Studied by HF Ocean Surface Radar
Authors: Mao Yadan , Heron Malcolm L. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The momentum transfer from wind to sea generates surface currents through both the wind shear stress and the Stokes drift induced by waves. This paper addresses issues in the interpretation of HF radar measurements of surface currents and momentum transfer from air to sea. Surface current data over a 30-day period from HF ocean surface radar are used to study the response of surface currents to wind. Two periods of relatively constant wind are identified—one for the short-fetch condition and the other for the long-fetch condition. Results suggest that the ratio of surface current speed to wind speed is larger under the long-fetch condition, while the angle between the surface current vector and wind vector is larger under the short-fetch condition. Data analysis shows that the Stokes drift dominates the surface currents under the long-fetch condition when the sea state is more mature, while the Stokes drifts and Ekman-type currents play almost equally important roles in the total currents under the short-fetch condition. The ratios of Stokes drift to wind speed under these two fetch conditions are shown to agree well with results derived from the empirical wave growth function. These results suggest that fetch, and therefore sea state, significantly influences the total response of surface current to wind in both the magnitude and direction by variations in the significance of Stokes drift. Furthermore, this work provides observational evidence that surface currents measured by HF radar include Stokes drift. It demonstrates the potential of HF radar in addressing the issue of momentum transfer from air to sea under various environmental conditions.
A Laboratory Model of Vertical Ocean Circulation Driven by Mixing
Authors: Whitehead J. A. , Wang Wei 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A model of deep ocean circulation driven by turbulent mixing is produced in a long, rectangular laboratory tank. The salinity difference is substituted for the thermal difference between tropical and polar regions. Freshwater gently flows in at the top of one end, dense water enters at the same rate at the top of the other end, and an overflow in the middle removes the same amount of surface water as is pumped in. Mixing is provided by a rod extending from top to bottom of the tank and traveling back and forth at constant speed with Reynolds numbers &gt;500. A stratified upper layer (“thermocline”) deepens from the mixing and spreads across the entire tank. Simultaneously, a turbulent plume (“deep ocean overflow”) from a dense-water source descends through the layer and supplies bottom water, which spreads over the entire tank floor and rises into the upper layer to arrest the upper-layer deepening. Data are taken over a wide range of parameters and compared to scaling theory, energetic considerations, and simple models of turbulently mixed fluid. There is approximate agreement with a simple theory for Reynolds number &gt;1000 in experiments with a tank depth less than the thermocline depth. A simple argument shows that mixing and plume potential energy flux rates are equal in magnitude, and it is suggested that the same is approximately true for the ocean.
Simulated Variability of the Circulation in the North Atlantic from 1953 to 2003
Authors: Deshayes Julie , Frankignoul Claude 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The variability of the circulation in the North Atlantic and its link with atmospheric variability are investigated in a realistic hindcast simulation from 1953 to 2003. The interannual-to-decadal variability of the subpolar gyre circulation and the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) is mostly influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Both circulations intensified from the early 1970s to the mid-1990s and then decreased. The monthly variability of both circulations reflects the fast barotropic adjustment to NAO-related Ekman pumping anomalies, while the interannual-to-decadal variability is due to the baroclinic adjustment to Ekman pumping, buoyancy forcing, and dense water formation, consistent with previous studies.
An original characteristic of the oceanic response to NAO is presented that relates to the spatial patterns of buoyancy and wind forcing over the North Atlantic. Anomalous Ekman pumping associated with a positive NAO phase first induces a decrease of the southern subpolar gyre strength and an intensification of the northern subpolar gyre. The latter is reinforced by buoyancy loss and dense water formation in the Irminger Sea, where the cyclonic circulation increases 1–2 yr after the positive NAO phase. Increased buoyancy loss also occurs in the Labrador Sea, but because of the early decrease of the southern subpolar gyre strength, the intensification of the cyclonic circulation is delayed. Hence the subpolar gyre and the MOC start increasing in the Irminger Sea, while in the Labrador Sea the circulation at depth leads its surface counterpart. In this simulation where the transport of dense water through the North Atlantic sills is underestimated, the MOC variability is well represented by a simple integrator of convection in the Irminger Sea, which fits better than a direct integration of NAO forcing.
Impact of Historical Climate Change on the Southern Ocean Carbon Cycle
Authors: Matear R. J. , Lenton A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Climate change over the last several decades is suggested to cause a decrease in the magnitude of the uptake of CO2 by the Southern Ocean (Le Quere et al.). In this study, the atmospheric fields from NCEP R1 for the years 1948–2003 are used to drive an ocean biogeochemical model to probe how changes in the heat and freshwater fluxes and in the winds affect the Southern Ocean’s uptake of carbon. Over this period, the model simulations herein show that the increases in heat and freshwater fluxes drive a net increase in Southern Ocean uptake (south of 40°S) while the increases in wind stresses drive a net decrease in uptake. The total Southern Ocean response is nearly identical with the simulation without climate change because the heat and freshwater flux response is approximately both equal and opposite to the wind stress response. It is also shown that any change in the Southern Ocean anthropogenic carbon uptake is always opposed by a much larger change in the natural carbon air–sea exchange. For the 1948–2003 period, the changes in the natural carbon cycle dominate the Southern Ocean carbon uptake response to climate change. However, it is shown with a simple box model that when atmospheric CO2 levels exceed the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) of the upwelled Circumpolar Deep Water (≈450 μatm) the Southern Ocean uptake response will be dominated by the changes in anthropogenic carbon uptake. Therefore, the suggestion that the Southern Ocean carbon uptake is a positive feedback to global warming is only a transient response that will change to a negative feedback in the near future if the present climate trend continues.
Associated with the increased outgassing of carbon from the natural carbon cycle was a reduction in the aragonite saturation state of the high-latitude Southern Ocean (south of 60°S). In the simulation with just wind stress changes, the reduction in the high-latitude Southern Ocean aragonite saturation state (≈0.2) was comparable to the magnitude of the decline in the aragonite saturation state over the last 4 decades because of rising atmospheric CO2 levels (≈0.2). The simulation showed that climate change could significantly impact aragonite saturation state in the Southern Ocean.
NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Airborne Remote Sensing
Authors: Cline Don , Yueh Simon , Chapman Bruce , Stankov Boba , Gasiewski Al , Masters Dallas , Elder Kelly , Kelly Richard , Painter Thomas H. , Miller Steve , Katzberg Steve , Mahrt Larry 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This paper describes the airborne data collected during the 2002 and 2003 Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX). These data include gamma radiation observations, multi- and hyperspectral optical imaging, optical altimetry, and passive and active microwave observations of the test areas. The gamma observations were collected with the NOAA/National Weather Service Gamma Radiation Detection System (GAMMA). The CLPX multispectral optical data consist of very high-resolution color-infrared orthoimagery of the intensive study areas (ISAs) by TerrainVision. The airborne hyperspectral optical data consist of observations from the NASA Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). Optical altimetry measurements were collected using airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) by TerrainVision. The active microwave data include radar observations from the NASA Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Polarimetric Ku-band Scatterometer (POLSCAT), and airborne GPS bistatic radar data collected with the NASA GPS radar delay mapping receiver (DMR). The passive microwave data consist of observations collected with the NOAA Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR). All of the airborne datasets described here and more information describing data collection and processing are available online.
Circulation and Exchange in Choked Marginal Seas
Authors: Pratt Larry J. , Spall Michael A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A theory for the exchange between a rotating, buoyancy-forced marginal sea and an ocean is developed and tested numerically. Cooling over the marginal sea leads to sinking and sets up a two-layer exchange flow, with a warm surface layer entering from the ocean and a cool layer exiting at depth. The connecting strait is sufficiently narrow and shallow to cause the exchange flow to be hydraulically controlled. The incoming surface layer forms a baroclinically unstable boundary current that circles the marginal sea in a cyclonic sense and feeds heat to the interior by way of eddies. Consistent with the overall heat and volume balances for the marginal sea, there is a continuous family of hydraulically controlled states with critical flow at the most constricted section of the strait. Included in this family is a limiting “maximal-exchange” solution with two sections of hydraulic control in the strait and with fixed layer depths at the most constricted section. The state of exchange for a given forcing is predicted using a theory that assumes energy conservation over a certain path connecting the strait to the marginal sea or, in some cases, the ocean. Depending on the configuration of the exchange, long-wave information may be blocked from entering the strait from the marginal sea, from the open ocean, or both. The scenario that holds determines what is predicted and what needs to be input. Numerical tests of the prediction for the temperature difference and the state of exchange are carried out for straits with a pure contraction in width and for a constant width strait with a topographic sill. The comparison is reasonable in most cases, though the numerical model is not able to reproduce cases of multiple states predicted by the theory for certain forcing values. The analytical model is an alternative to the Price and Yang and Siddall et al. models of a marginal sea outflow.