bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The empirical basis of substance use disorders diagnosis: research recommendations for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM‐V)
Authors: Schuckit Marc A. , Saunders John B. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAims  This paper presents the recommendations, developed from a 3‐year consultation process, for a program of research to underpin the development of diagnostic concepts and criteria in the Substance Use Disorders section of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and potentially the relevant section of the next revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).Methods  A preliminary list of research topics was developed at the DSM‐V Launch Conference in 2004. This led to the presentation of articles on these topics at a specific Substance Use Disorders Conference in February 2005, at the end of which a preliminary list of research questions was developed. This was further refined through an iterative process involving conference participants over the following year.Results  Research questions have been placed into four categories: (1) questions that could be addressed immediately through secondary analyses of existing data sets; (2) items likely to require position papers to propose criteria or more focused questions with a view to subsequent analyses of existing data sets; (3) issues that could be proposed for literature reviews, but with a lower probability that these might progress to a data analytic phase; and (4) suggestions or comments that might not require immediate action, but that could be considered by the DSM‐V and ICD 11 revision committees as part of their deliberations.Conclusions  A broadly based research agenda for the development of diagnostic concepts and criteria for substance use disorders is presented.
Nicotine inhibits the production of proinflammatory mediators in human monocytes by suppression of I-κB phosphorylation and nuclear factor-κB transcriptional activity through nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7
Authors: Yoshikawa H , Kurokawa M , Ozaki N , Nara K , Atou K , Takada E , Kamochi H , Suzuki N 
Published: August 2006

Summary
Macrophages/monocytes and the proinflammatory mediators, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MIP-1α, play a critical role in the progression of immunological disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, Behçet’s disease and Crohn’s disease. In addition, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-α7 (α7nAChR) subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation. In this study, we evaluated the expression of the α7nAChR subunit on human peripheral monocytes and the effect of nicotine on the production of these proinflammatory mediators by activated monocytes. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled α-bungarotoxin demonstrated the cell surface expression of the α7nAchR subunit. Pretreatment with low-dose nicotine caused inhibition of TNF-α, PGE2, MIP-1α and MIP-1α production, and mRNA expression of TNF-α, MIP-1α and MIP-1α and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated monocytes. These suppressive effects of nicotine were caused at the transcriptional level and were mediated through α7nAChR. Nicotine suppressed the phosphorylation of I-κB, and then inhibited the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-κB. These immunosuppressive effects of nicotine may contribute to the regulation of some immune diseases.
Mixed inflammatory/regulatory cytokine profile marked by simultaneous raise of interferon-γ and interleukin-10 and low frequency of tumour necrosis factor-α+ monocytes are hallmarks of active human visceral Leishmaniasis due toLeishmania chagasiinfection
Authors: Peruhype-Magalhães V , Martins-Filho O A , Prata A , Silva L De A , Rabello A , Teixeira-Carvalho A , Figueiredo R M , Guimarães-Carvalho S F , Ferrari T C A , Van Weyenbergh J , Correa-Oliveira R 
Published: August 2006

SummaryConsidering the complexity of the immunological events triggered during active visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), the relevance of the segregation of the immune response during human VL into type 1 and type 2 still remains unclear. For this purpose, in individuals living in risk areas for VL, we have evaluated especially asymptomatic individuals and patients with active VL, the plasmatic levels of cytokines and reactive nitrogen species under ex vivo conditions. In addition, we have also performed an analysis of intracellular cytokine patterns of circulating leucocytes after short-term culture, particularly in the absence of antigenic-specific stimulation, in order to reflect dynamic events of immune response in vivo during Leishmania chagasi infection. Although asymptomatic individuals and non-infected subjects presented a similar immunological profile, an outstanding inflammatory/regulatory profile, based on higher plasmatic levels of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-8, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6 and IL-10, was associated with clinical status observed in active VL. In this context, we hypothesize that IL-10, through its ability to inhibit anti-leishmanial macrophage activation, associated with the lower frequency of TNF-α+ monocytes and ordinary levels of nitrite and nitrate are the major mechanisms associated with disease onset.
Glucocorticoid‐induced tumour necrosis factor receptor family related protein (GITR) mediates inflammatory activation of macrophages that can destabilize atherosclerotic plaques
Authors: Kim Won‐Jung , Bae Eun‐Mi , Kang Yoon‐Joong , Bae Hyung‐Uk , Hong Su Hyung , Lee Joo Y. , Park Jeong‐Euy , Kwon Byoung S. , Suk Kyoungho , Lee Won‐Ha 
Published: August 2006

SummaryGlucocorticoid‐induced tumour necrosis factor receptor family related protein (GITR) is the 18th member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF18) and is known to interact with its cognate ligand GITRL (TNFSF18). We investigated the potential role of GITR in the pro‐inflammatory activation of macrophages. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization analyses of human atherosclerotic plaques demonstrated that GITR and its ligand are expressed mainly in lipid‐rich macrophages. We then investigated the role of GITR in human and mouse monocyte/macrophage functions. Stimulation of GITR caused nuclear factor (NF)‐κB‐dependent activation of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) and pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression in both the human and mouse monocytic/macrophage cell lines, THP‐1 and RAW264.7, respectively. These cellular responses were also observed when the THP‐1 cells were treated with phorbol‐12 myristate‐13 acetate (PMA), which is known to induce macrophage differentiation. To demonstrate that these responses are not restricted to cultured cell lines, we tested primary macrophages. Both peritoneal and bone marrow‐derived macrophages responded to GITR stimulation with induction of MMP‐9 and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). Furthermore, the GITR staining pattern overlapped with those of MMP‐9 and TNF‐α in atherosclerotic plaques. These data indicate that GITR‐mediated macrophage activation may promote atherogenesis via the induction of pro‐atherogenic cytokines/chemokines, and destabilize the atherosclerotic plaques via the induction of the matrix‐degrading enzyme, MMP‐9.
Thioredoxin reductase is required for growth and regulates entry into culmination of Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Jeong Sun‐Young , Choi Chang‐Hoon , Kim Ji‐Sun , Park Seong‐Jun , Kang Sa‐Ouk 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThe thioredoxin system, consisting of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase and NADPH, has been well established to be critical for the redox regulation of protein function and signalling. To investigate the role of thioredoxin reductase (Trr) in Dictyostelium discoideum, we generated mutant cells that underexpress or overexpress Trr. Trr‐underexpressing cells exhibited severe defects in axenic growth and development. Trr‐overexpressing (TrrOE) cells formed very tiny plaques on a bacterial lawn and had a lower rate of bacterial uptake. When developed in the dark, TrrOE cells exhibited a slugger phenotype, defined by a prolonged migrating slug stage. Like other slugger mutants, they were hypersensitive to ammonia, which has been known to inhibit culmination by raising the pH of intracellular acidic compartments. Interestingly, TrrOE cells showed defective acidification of intracellular compartments and decreased activity of vacuolar H+‐ATPase which functions in the acidification of intracellular compartments. Moreover, biochemical studies revealed that the thioredoxin system can directly reduce the catalytic subunit of vacuolar H+‐ATPase whose activity is regulated by reversible disulphide bond formation. Taken together, these results suggest that Dictyostelium Trr may be essential for growth and play a role in regulation of phagocytosis and culmination, possibly through the modulation of vacuolar H+‐ATPase activity.
Expression of CD34 as a novel marker for glioneuronal lesions associated with chronic intractable epilepsy
Authors: Deb P. , Sharma M. C. , Tripathi M. , Sarat Chandra P. , Gupta A. , Sarkar C. 
Published: August 2006

The spectrum of glioneuronal lesions underlying intractable epilepsies includes malformative pathologies like focal cortical dysplasia (FCD); and neoplastic lesions like gangliogliomas (GG) and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumours (DNT). These may occur either singly or as dual lesions, having simultaneous presence of both elements. Currently, the relationship between the malformative and neoplastic glioneuronal lesions is poorly understood. Recently, CD34, a stem cell marker transiently expressed during early neurulation, has been identified in these tumours. This study was undertaken to (i) evaluate the role of CD34 as a diagnostic marker for glioneuronal lesions of epilepsy, namely, GG, DNT and FCD, and (ii) attempt to define the relationship among these lesions, using CD34 as a marker.Tissues resected from 47 patients with intractable epilepsy due to glioneuronal lesions (GG, FCD, DNT) were studied. These were evaluated for CD34 expression, using immunohistochemistry.Dysplastic or atypically differentiated neural precursors which could not be identified on routine haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were highlighted by CD34 immunostaining. The pattern of immunostaining was diffuse in GGs, unlike FCDs, wherein cells were present singly or in small clusters. However, cases of DNT and control tissue were largely CD34‐immunonegative.Based on these findings, we propose a possible common origin of GG and FCD, from a bipotent precursor that undergoes abnormal glioneuronal development, while DNTs possibly have a different origin. The CD34‐immunoreactive cells represent dysplastic or undifferentiated neural precursors, which may signify a valuable marker for the diagnostic evaluation of neoplastic and/or malformative pathologies in patients with intractable epilepsy.
The 5′ stem‐loop and its role in mRNA stability in maize S cytoplasmic male sterility
Authors: Xiao Hailin , Zhang Fangdong , Zheng Yonglian 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThe co‐transcribed orf355‐orf77 region of the mitochondrial genome is associated with S cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS‐S) in maize; the amounts of its 1.6‐ and 2.8‐kb transcripts were previously shown to be greatly reduced in fertility‐restored microspores relative to the amounts in sterile plants. To investigate the mechanism underlying this reduction, detailed analysis of the 5′ and 3′ termini of these transcripts was conducted. Using 3′ RACE analysis, the polyadenylation sites of the 1.6‐ and 2.8‐kb transcripts were mapped adjacent to a 3′ stem‐loop, which may play an important role in stabilizing their 3′ ends. No difference was found between the polyadenylation sites in sterile and fertility‐restored microspores that could account for the differences in orf355‐orf77 transcript levels. The 5′ terminus of the 1.6‐kb transcript was further studied by primer extension; the result revealed that there was a deletion of nine nucleotides only in fertility‐restored microspores, and that this deletion eliminated a 5′ stem‐loop sequence. We propose that the elimination of the 5′ stem‐loop in the fertility‐restored microspores could be the cause of the degradation of the 1.6‐kb transcript. Because the 2.8‐kb transcript can be cleaved to generate the 1.6‐kb transcript, the amount of the 2.8‐kb transcript is also reduced in fertility‐restored microspores.
Homoeologous gene silencing in hexaploid wheat
Authors: Bottley A. , Xia G. M. , Koebner R. M. D. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThe vast majority of angiosperms are (or were once) polyploid, and as hexaploid bread wheat has undergone two ploidy events separated by approximately 0.5 million years, it represents an elegant model to study gene silencing over time in polyploids. Using an SSCP platform, we have analysed patterns of transcriptional silencing (frequency, genome identity and organ specificity) within 236 single‐copy genes, each mapping to one locus on one of the three homoeologous chromosomes within groups 1, 2, 3 and 7 of wheat. In about 27% of unigenes expressed in leaf, and about 26% of those in root, one (rarely two) members of a gene set (homoeoalleles) were not present in the cDNA template. Organ‐specific regulation is commonplace, with many homoeoalleles transcribed in leaf but not root (and vice versa). There was little indication of extensive bias towards selective silencing of a particular genome copy. Expression of some of the silenced homoeoalleles was restored in certain aneuploid lines and varieties, and these displayed a significant degree of genetic variation for the silencing of a given homoeoallele. We propose that a substantial proportion of this phenomenon is effected by an epigenetic mechanism, and suggest that this form of genetic variation may be a significant player in the determination of phenotypic diversity in breeding populations.
Ethylene‐induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis occurs via AtrbohF‐mediated hydrogen peroxide synthesis
Authors: Desikan Radhika , Last Kathryn , Harrett‐Williams Rhian , Tagliavia Cecilia , Harter Klaus , Hooley Richard , Hancock John T. , Neill Steven J. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryEthylene is a plant hormone that regulates many aspects of growth and development. Despite the well‐known association between ethylene and stress signalling, its effects on stomatal movements are largely unexplored. Here, genetic and physiological data are provided that position ethylene into the Arabidopsis guard cell signalling network, and demonstrate a functional link between ethylene and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In wild‐type leaves, ethylene induces stomatal closure that is dependent on H2O2 production in guard cells, generated by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) oxidase AtrbohF. Ethylene‐induced closure is inhibited by the ethylene antagonists 1‐MCP and silver. The ethylene receptor mutants etr1–1 and etr1–3 are insensitive to ethylene in terms of stomatal closure and H2O2 production. Stomata of the ethylene signalling ein2–1 and arr2 mutants do not close in response to either ethylene or H2O2 but do generate H2O2 following ethylene challenge. Thus, the data indicate that ethylene and H2O2 signalling in guard cells are mediated by ETR1 via EIN2 and ARR2‐dependent pathway(s), and identify AtrbohF as a key mediator of stomatal responses to ethylene.
Identification of an allene oxide synthase (CYP74C) that leads to formation of α‐ketols from 9‐hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acid in below‐ground organs of potato
Authors: Stumpe Michael , Göbel Cornelia , Demchenko Kirill , Hoffmann Manuela , Klösgen Ralf B. , Pawlowski Katharina , Feussner Ivo 
Published: August 2006

SummaryAllene oxide synthase (AOS) enzymes are members of the cytochrome P450 enzyme family, sub‐family CYP74. Here we describe the isolation of three cDNAs encoding AOS from potato (StAOS1–3). Based on sequence comparisons, they represent members of either the CYP74A (StAOS1 and 2) or the CYP74C (StAOS3) sub‐families. StAOS3 is distinguished from the other two AOS isoforms in potato by its high substrate specificity for 9‐hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acid, compared with 13‐hydroperoxides, which are only poor substrates. The highest activity was shown with (9S,10E,12Z)‐9‐hydroperoxy‐10,12‐octadecadienoic acid (9‐HPODE) as a substrate. This hydroperoxide was metabolized in vitro to α‐ and γ‐ketols as well as to the cyclopentenone compound 10‐oxo‐11‐phytoenoic acid. They represent hydrolysis products of the initial StAOS3 product 9,10‐epoxyoctadecadienoic acid, an unstable allene oxide. By RNA gel hybridization blot analysis, StAOS3 was shown to be expressed in sprouting eyes, stolons, tubers and roots, but not in leaves. StAOS3 protein was found in all organs tested, but mainly in stems, stolons, sprouting eyes and tubers. As in vivo reaction products, the α‐ketols derived from 9‐hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acid were only found in roots, tubers and sprouting eyes. Immunolocalization showed that StAOS3 was associated with amyloplasts and leucoplasts.
A role for caleosin in degradation of oil‐body storage lipid during seed germination
Authors: Poxleitner Marianne , Rogers Sally W. , Lacey Samuels A. , Browse John , Rogers John C. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryCaleosin is a Ca2+‐binding oil‐body surface protein. To assess its role in the degradation of oil‐bodies, two independent insertion mutants lacking caleosin were studied. Both mutants demonstrated significant delay of breakdown of the 20:1 storage lipid at 48 and 60 h of germination. Additionally, although germination rates for seeds were not affected by the mutations, mutant seedlings grew more slowly than wild type when measured at 48 h of germination, a defect that was corrected with continued growth for 72 and 96 h in the light. After 48 h of germination, wild‐type central vacuoles had smooth contours and demonstrated internalization of oil bodies and of membrane containing α‐ and δ‐tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), markers for protein storage vacuoles. In contrast, mutant central vacuoles had distorted limiting membranes displaying domains with clumps of the two TIPs, and they contained fewer oil bodies. Thus, during germination caleosin plays a role in the degradation of storage lipid in oil bodies. Its role involves both the normal modification of storage vacuole membrane and the interaction of oil bodies with vacuoles. The results indicate that interaction of oil bodies with vacuoles is one mechanism that contributes to the degradation of storage lipid.
Circadian control of isoprene emissions from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)
Authors: Wilkinson Michael J. , Owen Susan M. , Possell Malcolm , Hartwell James , Gould Peter , Hall Anthony , Vickers Claudia , Nicholas Hewitt C. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThe emission of isoprene from the biosphere to the atmosphere has a profound effect on the Earth's atmospheric system. Until now, it has been assumed that the primary short‐term controls on isoprene emission are photosynthetically active radiation and temperature. Here we show that isoprene emissions from a tropical tree (oil palm, Elaeis guineensis) are under strong circadian control, and that the circadian clock is potentially able to gate light‐induced isoprene emissions. These rhythms are robustly temperature compensated with isoprene emissions still under circadian control at 38°C. This is well beyond the acknowledged temperature range of all previously described circadian phenomena in plants. Furthermore, rhythmic expression of LHY/CCA1, a genetic component of the central clock in Arabidopsis thaliana, is still maintained at these elevated temperatures in oil palm. Maintenance of the CCA1/LHY‐TOC1 molecular oscillator at these temperatures in oil palm allows for the possibility that this system is involved in the control of isoprene emission rhythms. This study contradicts the accepted theory that isoprene emissions are primarily light‐induced.
Factors determining client satisfaction with hospital‐based perinatal care in Sri Lanka
Authors: Senarath Upul , Fernando Dulitha N. , Rodrigo Ishani 
Published: August 2006

SummaryObjectives  To describe mothers’ satisfaction with perinatal care received during hospitalization for delivery, and to identify sociodemographic and health‐care‐related factors associated with satisfaction.Method  A cross‐sectional study of 446 mother–newborn pairs from five hospitals in Puttalam district, Sri Lanka, was carried out by stratified randomization. Client satisfaction was measured using a 16‐item survey instrument with high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.81), through exit interview.Results  The proportion of mothers who were fully satisfied varied from 10.8% to 31.4% for interpersonal aspects, and from 10.1% to 28.9% for technical aspects of care. The satisfaction rates were lower with physical environment (6.1–10.1%) and higher with outcome of care (41.0–48.0%). Multivariate analyses indicated that mothers were more satisfied with the services available from lower level hospitals. Multiparae were more satisfied than primiparae. Determinants of satisfaction included providing immediate mother–newborn contact, information after examination and counselling on family planning. Higher satisfaction with the physical environment was associated with being Moor or Tamil as opposed to Sinhalese and with lower family income.Conclusions  The factors associated with client satisfaction identified in this study may be helpful in improving quality of care. Hospital staff should ensure that these are addressed and develop interpersonal relationships, especially with the first‐time mothers and in higher level hospitals. Maternity units of lower level institutions should be upgraded with essential facilities.
Early‐stage mycosis fungoides, parapsoriasis en plaque, and pregnancy
Authors: Amitay‐Layish Iris , David Michael , Kafri Batia , Barzilai Aviv , Feinmesser Meora , Hodak Emmilia 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground  Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) coincident with pregnancy is rare, and the literature regarding mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common primary cutaneous NHL, and pregnancy is strikingly sparse. The effect of pregnancy on MF, or on parapsoriasis en plaque (PPP), and the effect of these diseases on pregnancy, are still unknown.Objective  To study the effect of pregnancy on MF and PPP and the impact of these diseases on pregnancy.Methods  The files of the MF and PPP patients seen during the past 12 years in our department were reviewed to search for patients who had been pregnant during the course of their disease.Results  Nine women who met the study criteria were identified, seven with early‐stage MF and two with PPP. A total of 12 pregnancies was recorded: nine in patients with MF and three in patients with PPP. In none of the patients was there any indication that pregnancy changed the course of MF or PPP. Of the 12 pregnancies, 11 were normal; one was naturally aborted. Two of the patients were treated with topical steroids during pregnancy. One patient was treated with narrow‐band ultraviolet‐B combined with topical steroids. The rest preferred to avoid any therapy.Conclusions  Pregnancy appeared to have no impact on the course of early MF or PPP, and no adverse effect was noted on pregnancy. Further studies are needed to clarify the interplay between pregnancy and MF or PPP.