bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periventricular haemorrhage and leukomalacia in extremely low birthweight infants
Authors: SZYMONOWICZ W. , YU V. Y. H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractForty (49%) of 82 extremely low birthweight (ELBW, <1000 g) infants had periventricular haemorrhage (PVH). Ten (12%) had germinal layer haemorrhage (GLH) alone, 16 (20%) had intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and 14 (17%) had intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Almost all the cases of PVH had developed by 4 days of age. Small‐for‐gestational age infants (12% of study population) had a significantly lower incidence and severity of PVH than appropriate‐for‐gestational age infants. Of 94 infants born between 23 and 28 weeks gestation, 45 (48%) had PVH. The PVH incidence was 60% in those of 23‐26 weeks and 38% in those of 27‐28 weeks. The hospital survival rate of ELBW infants was 69% in those without PVH and 43% in those with PVH; 70% in GLH alone; 50% in IVH and 14% in ICH. Three survivors developed post‐haemorrhage hydrocephalus of whom two required ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Five survivors developed periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) evidenced by cysts identified between 3 and 7 weeks of age. A significant decrease in the incidence of PVH occurred over the study period (67% in 1982, 38% in 1983 and 33% in 1984). This decrease was seen for ail grades of PVH. The reasons for this decreased incidence are still to be ascertained but this trend suggests that improvements in neonatal intensive care have the potential to improve the neurological outcome of more recent ELBW survivors.
Duodenal ulceration: A complication of Tolazoline therapy
Authors: BUTT W. , AULDIST A. , McDOUGALL P. , DUNCAN A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTolazoline Hydrochloride is a pulmonary vasodilator that is used for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Two patients who were receiving Tolazoline by infusion developed duodenal ulceration and subsequent intestinal perforation. This undesirable side effect of Tolazoline may be prevented by the concomitant use of antacids to maintain gastric pH greater than 5.
Blood glucose monitoring by children at home: A comparison of methods
Authors: ANDERSON D. G. , GLEESON M. , BOULTON T. J. C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract The accuracy of measurements of blood glucose performed at home by the index children and/or parents was compared using the Boehringer Mannheim reagent strips, Ames Visidex‐2 strips, an Ames Glucometer and a Boehringer Mannheim Reflolux reflectance meter.Capillary plasma samples, collected simultaneously, were later analysed by a Beckman glucose oxidase analyser. The coefficent of correlation between the self‐monitored results (SMR) and the laboratory‐analysed results (LAR) ranged from 0.59 to 0.92, the composite being 0.74. The mean difference between the SMR and the LAR was 1.0 mmol/l.The occurrence of potential errors of management due to incorrect SMR results was determined. On four occasions, the SMR was greater than 6 mmol/l when the LAR was less than 3 mmol/l, and on 36 occasions a discrepancy greater than 50% occurred between the two values, without resulting hypoglycaemia.
Poor co‐ordination in 5 year olds: A screening test for use in schools
Authors: JOHNSTON O. , CRAWFORD J. , SHORT H. , SMYTH T. RAYMOND , MOLLER J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA simple standardized screening test (South Australian Motor Co‐ordination Screening Test, SAM Test) was developed to screen for poor co‐ordination in 5 year olds; This SAM Test, which can be used by teachers, nurses and doctors, has explicit pass/fail criteria and has classified correctly 90% of children. The McCarthy Motor Scales, which are time consuming and limited to use by psychologists, were used to categorize 60 poorly co‐ordinated and 60 normal children. The 120 children thus selected were tested on 19 items covering gross and fine motor skills. Statistical analysis to determine which items best discriminated between the two groups found the following five gross motor items to be most effective: one leg balancing, hopping, heel‐toe walking on line, jumping Over ribbon and dropping ball and catching.
The severity of acute asthma attacks in children admitted to hospital
Authors: DAWSON K. P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOne hundred and twenty‐six children admitted to hospital with an acute asthmatic episode were assessed as to the severity of their attack by the use of a clinical score. Fifty‐one per cent had a score which equated with severe or very severe asthma. Frequent independent scoring indicated that observer bias was minimal. The proportion of children with severe asthma admitted to hospital in Christchurch was significantly greater than a similar study in England using the same scoring system. The rise in hospital admission rates for asthma in Christchurch is not due to an increase in the admission of children with milder forms of asthma.
Food intake at age 8 1. Energy, macro‐ and micronutrients
Authors: MAGAREY A. , NICHOLS J. , BOULTON J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe food energy, macro‐, and micronutrient intake of 78 boys and 63 girls aged 8 years who have been studied since birth is reported. Nutrient intake was calculated from 4 day weighed records using the CSIRONET data bank based on British tables of food composition.The mean values for daily intake for girls and boys, respectively, for energy (MJ), protein, fat, carbohydrate and fibre (g) were 7.4 and 6.5; 64 and 57; 71 and 62; 232 and 206; and 15 and 12 g.Half trie food energy came from carbohydrate, divided equally between starch and simple sugars, 15% from protein, and 35% from fat. This comprised 41 % saturated (S), 33% mono‐ and 16% polyunsaturated (P). The mean P: S ratio for girls was 0.46, and 0.41 for boys. Overall sweets and soft drinks contributed 4–5% to energy intake, with large individual differences. Mineral and vitamin intakes were satisfactory in relation to theoretical optimal population needs. Vitamin and/or mineral supplements were taken by 8.5% of the sample. These results are discussed in relation to the Nutritional Guidelines.
Perinatal factors and the development of chronic lung disease in preterm infants: A case control study
Authors: WATSON E. D. , HENDERSON‐SMART D. J. , STOREY G. N. B. , PEAT B. , GRATTAN‐SMITH P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA case control study of neonates was performed to determine those factors contributing to the development of chronic lung disease (CLD). During the 5 years 1981 ‐84 there were 487 neonatal survivors at gestations of 25–32 weeks; 391 of these developed respiratory failure (oxygen therapy required for more than 6 h). Fifty‐six of the latter developed CLD (oxygen therapy required for more than 28 days and a coarse reticular pattern on chest X‐ray). These neonates were predominantly of the shortest gestational ages, regardless of the initial chest X‐ray diagnosis. Forty‐three of these infants with CLD were matched for gestation and initial chest X‐ray appearance (respiratory distress syndrome, n= 20; normal, n= 15; non‐specific, n= 8) with 42 control infants.The mean duration of oxygen therapy (P< 0.001), maximum FiO2 (P< 0.001), incidence (P< 0.01) and duration of intermittent positive pressure respiration (IPPR; P < 0.05) and peak IPPR (P < 0.05) were significantly greater in the CLD group. Mean birthweight (P < 0.001), arterial cord pH (P < 0.05) and base excess (P < 0.05) were significantly lower in the CLD group. Factors that were not statistically significant in the development of CLD included antenatal fetal heart rate abnormality, hypertensive disease of pregnancy, acute intrauterine infection (chorioamnionitis or umbilical vasculitis). administration of antenatal steroids, sex, patent ductus arteriosus and pneumothorax.
Low colloid osmotic pressure in very low birthweight infants receiving assisted ventilation
Authors: LESLIE G.I. , PHILIPS J.B. , CASSADY G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPlasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) was measured in three groups of very low birthweight infants. Babies in Group 1 (n= 8) were breathing spontaneously and had no respiratory disease. Those in Group 2 (n= 9) received assisted ventilation for hyaline membrane disease (HMD), and those in Group 3 (n= 7) received assisted ventilation for other reasons (five apnoea, two pneumonia).Both assisted ventilation groups had lower mean COP values than spontaneously breathing infants. Mean values (s.e.m.) for Groups 1,2 and 3, respectively, were: 15.3 (0.6), 11.3 (0.4) and 11.9 mmHg (0.5)(P < 0.001) on Day 1; and 15.2 (0.4), 12.9 (0.4) and 12.8 mmHg (0.3) (P < 0.001) on Day 2. The Increase from Day 1 to Day 2 was significant for those with HMD (P < 0.05). Colloid osmotic pressure correlated with mean blood pressure (r= 0.51; P< 0.001) but not with birthweight, gestation, crystalloid fluid intake or pH.The role of low COP in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory failure in infants with uncomplicated HMD is unclear, but such low COP may contribute to development of pulmonary oedema as a complication, particularly if the ductus'arteriosus is still patent and the infants are given high volume intravenous fluids.
Intracranial embryonal carcinoma and precocious puberty
Authors: CHEUNG P. T. , LOW L. C. K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA boy aged 7.5 years presented with precocious onset of secondary sexual characteristics and symptoms and signs of neurological dysfunction. A CT brain scan demonstrated a suprasellar mass lesion. The elevated β‐hCG and α‐fetoprotein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and in serum were consistent with a diagnosis of intracranial embryonal carcinoma, although histological diagnosis was not available. The tumour markers β‐hCG and α‐FP should be looked for in all children with precocious puberty presenting with midline brain tumours.
Acute abdominal distension following Cryptosporidium infection
Authors: STUART J. , BURGESS M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTwo children, aged 15 months and 3 years, developed abdominal distension following proven Cryptosporidium enteritis. Both required readmission to hospital and both improved rapidly, one spontaneously and one with the help of an enema. The association of abdominal distension and Cryptosporidium infection has not been described previously.
Lung function after pertussis
Authors: HUGHES D. M. , NEWTON‐JOHN H. , CHAY O. M. , LANDAU L. I. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe relationship between pertussis infection and subsequent abnormalities of pulmonary function is not clear. Thirty subjects (16 male, 14 female) aged 14.3 years (s.e.m.= 1.9) were studied who had been hospitalized with culture‐proven pertussis when less than 6 months of age. Details of respiratory symptoms in the subjects and their families were obtained. Standard spirometry, lung volumes by body plethysmography, maximum flows at low lung volumes and histamine challenges were performed.Nine of 30 (30%) subjects were symptomatic with a history of recurrent cough and wheeze while 11 of 30 (37%) had abnormal pulmonary function tests. Seven of nine symptomatic subjects had abnormal pulmonary function including positive histamine challenges. Twenty‐one per cent had a family history of asthma.This study indicates that children hospitalized in infancy with pertussis can subsequently be shown to have recurrent lower airways symptomatology and abnormal pulmonary function, but the incidence is not significantly higher than a control group from the same socio‐economic background.
α‐Fetoprotein levels in fullterm and very low birthweight infants
Authors: TAN K. L. , LOGANATH A. , MYLVAGANAM A. , KARIM S. M. M. , KOTTEGODA S. R. , RATNAM S. S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPlasma α‐fetoprotein (α‐FP) levels were determined in fullterm and very low birthweight (VLBW) infants in the first week of life and serially in a cohort of VLBW infants for the first 24 weeks after delivery. A rapid decline in α‐FP levels was observed in both the fullterm and VLBW infants initially. Beyond 2 weeks of age, there was a gradual, linear decline until 6 weeks, followed by a more rapid period of decline from 6 to 16 weeks. The decline in the ensuing weeks demonstrated an asymptotic pattern. The half‐life of α‐FP was 7.5 days in the first week of life in both fullterm and preterm infants, 28.7 days from 2 to 6 weeks of life and 11.9 days from 6 to 16 weeks of life in VLBW Infants.
Objective assessment of limb movement in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: REDDIHOUGH D. S. , COURT J. M. , EVANS O. , HUDSON I. L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstactA preliminary report of a method for assessing the quality of movement in children with cerebral palsy, using an accelerometer, is presented. Able‐bodied and disabled children performed a simple task, and there were marked differences between the two groups. Whilst the technique requires further development, it is hoped that accelerometry may eventually provide an objective tool to enable rigorous testing of various therapeutic procedures in cerebral palsy
Protein, lactose and fat concentration of breast milk of mothers of term and premature neonates
Authors: ARNOLD J. , LESLIE G. , CHEN S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe protein, lactose and fat concentrations in the milk of seven mothers giving birth at term and six mothers giving birth prematurely were determined. Samples were obtained during the first 31 days of lactation. The protein, lactose and fat concentrations of preterm milk were found to be similar to those of fullterm milk over this period. For both term and preterm groups, protein concentration decreased with increasing age, while lactose concentration increased. Fat concentration did not show a consistent pattern of change in the preterm group, but tended to increase with advancing age in the term group.
Intrathoracic pressure fluctuations and periventricular haemorrhage in the newborn
Authors: HILLMAN K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe incidence of periventricular intraventricular haemorrhage (PVH‐IVH) in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) remains at about 40%. Although there are certain inherent anatomical and physiological features of a neonate which predisposes them to PVH‐IVH, there is conflicting evidence about the precipitating cause. The most significant antecedents of PVH‐IVH are mechanical ventilation and barotrauma. This report examines the hypothesis that the final common pathway in PVH‐IVH is fluctuation in intrathoracic pressure, and then attempts to explain previous anomalies and conflicting results which have implicated other causes. Suggestions are offered as to how changes in current management could contribute to a decreased incidence of this serious and widespread complication in premature infants with RDS.
Professional knowledge of infant feeding techniques (or if you want to know how to feed a baby, ask a nurse)
Authors: OATES R. K. , ULBURNE A. M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThree hundred and forty‐two health professionals who deal with children, including general practitioners, paediatric residents and paediatric nurses were asked questions about their knowledge of infant feeding, particularly how they would recommend mothers to reconstitute milk formulae. A proportion of errors was noted in all groups, with errors occurring more frequently in the medical groups. Mothers seeking feeding advice are most likely to obtain the correct answers from paediatrically trained nurses.
Cranial ultrasound screening of preterm and term neonates
Authors: PERRY R. N. , BOWMAN E. D. , MURTON L. J. , ROY R. N. D. , CRESPIGNY L. DE 
Published: March 2008

Abstract A cranial ultrasound examination was performed between 48 and 96 h of age on 580 neonates of 25–42 weeks gestation. The incidence of cerebroventricular haemorrhage (CVH) in infants less than 32 weeks gestation was 37%, compared with an incidence of 2.7% in infants of 32 weeks or more. The incidence of CVH in unselected healthy term infants (between 37 and 42 weeks) was only 1.1%.Of the 13 infants of 32 weeks or more who were found to have a haemorrhage, nine had a small (Grade I) haemorrhage (69%) and none of these infants had abnormal neurological signs in the neonatal period. The remaining four infants with Grade II, III or IV haemorrhage developed either seizures or episodes of apnoea. Two of the 13 infants of 32 weeks or more with a haemorrhage died, one during the newborn period and the other at 5.5 months of age.CVH in asymptomatic infants of 32 weeks or more gestation is uncommon and does not justify routine cranial ultrasound scanning.
Familial renal abnormalities associated with the oligohydramnios tetrad secondary to renal agenesis and dysgenesis
Authors: MOORE D. , TUDEHOPE D. , LEWIS B. , MASEL J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Thirty‐four families of index cases with the oligohydramnios tetrad secondary to renal agenesis/dysgenesis were screened for renal abnormalities using Real Time ultrasonography. The index cases were separated into two groups. Group 1 consisted of cases of perinatally lethal renal disease and Group 2 of cases of renal dysgenesis secondary to the urethal obstruction malformation. Renal ultrasound screenings of 23 families in Group 1 demonstrated two previously unidentified cases of unilateral renal agenesis in siblings. Screening of 11 families in Group 2 revealed one sibling with a hydronephrotic kidney and one parent with an ectopic pelvic kidney.There is a recurrence risk of 3.5–5% in families with perinatal lethal renal disease and an increased risk of silent renal anomalies in first degree family members. The recurrence risk is low in families of infants with renal dysgenesis secondary to the urethral obstruction malformation, but immediate family members are at increased risk of structural and functional urinary anomalies. Routine renal ultrasound screening of first degree relatives of infants with lethal renal agenesis and dysgenesis is recommended.
Serum and salivary antibody responses to non‐capsular Haemophilus influenzae antigens in children with meningitis and epiglottitis
Authors: SLY P. D. , McFARLANE P. , MERMELSTEIN N. , CRIPPS A. W. , ROBERTON D. M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSerum IgG, IgA and IgM antibody and salivary IgA antibody concentrations to non‐capsular Haemophilus influenzae antigens were measured in 13 children with H. influenzae type b meningitis and in 15 children with epiglottitis. Most had detectable serum IgG and IgM antibody at presentation but significantly fewer patients with meningitis had serum IgA antibody at presentation (P<0.05). Serum antibody concentrations had risen significantly by 3 weeks after presentation in patients with epiglottitis only. Convalescent serum IgG antibody concentrations against these antigens were higher in younger children with epiglottitis.Salivary IgA antibody to H. influenzae was detectable at presentation in all children with epiglottitis and in 12 of 13 with meningitis. Salivary antibody concentrations did not differ significantly between the two patient groups at presentation, although patients with meningitis had higher salivary IgA antibody concentrations than 10 children of similar age with bronchiolitis (P<0.02). There was no association between the presence of salivary antibody and low concentrations of convalescent serum antibody.The rise in convalescent serum antibody concentrations to non‐capsular H. influenzae antigens only in children with epiglottitis is similar to findings for antibody to capsular polysaccharide. However, this rise was greater for IgG in younger patients, and the low titre of convalescent serum antibody in patients with meningitis was not associated with higher titres of IgA antibody in secretions as described by others for polysaccharide antibody. These findings suggest that the poor serum antibody response to these antigens in patients with meningitis is independent of age and is not due to mucosal induction of systemic tolerance.
Factors affecting the selection of doctor of first contact in the Western Region of Melbourne: An interview study of parents of sick children
Authors: DUNT D. R. , OBERKLAID F. , TEMPLE‐SMITH M. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn interview study investigating attitudinal and other factors influencing the selection of primary medical care (PMC) is described. It focuses on parents of sick children, excluding those with trauma or medical/surgical emergencies, and was conducted in part of the Western Region (WR) of Melbourne in late 1983, the period immediately prior to the introduction of Medicare. It is based on a cross‐sectional survey of in‐hours attenders of eight general practices (GP), the Western Region Community Health Centre (WRCHC), the general clinic of the casualty departments at the Western General Hospital (WGH), and the Royal Children's Hospital (RCH), a teaching hospital outside the region.The most commonly stated reasons for attendance at services generally were ‘closeness to home/work’, ‘recommendation’ and ‘good service’. ‘Cheap/economic reasons’ were given less frequently overall than the above reasons. There were however some differences in reasons given by attenders at different places of care. ‘Cheap/economic reasons’ was offered significantly more often and ‘recommendation’ significantly less often by WGH attenders compared with other attenders. ‘Specialists available’ and ‘dissatisfaction with other doctors’ was offered significantly more frequently and ‘close to home’ and ‘no other doctor’ significantly less frequently by RCH attenders than other attenders.Health insurance status did not differ significantly at the different places of care. Attenders of the RCH were significantly more knowledgeable about community health centres than GP or WGH attenders. Non‐GP attenders had more often used other than their current place of care for treatment in the recent past than GP attenders had.It is concluded that non‐economic as well as economic factors are important in the selection of PMC. A pluralist model recognizing the legitimacy of different PMC arrangements including multiple use of services best reflects community usage of PMC services. This is likely to be even more true under Medicare.The further development of specialist paediatric services at the WGH is necessary both for improved local service delivery and ongoing paediatric education of local doctors in the WR.
Synthetic food colourings and ‘hyperactivity’: A double‐blind crossover study
Authors: ROWE K. S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOf 220 children referred for suspected ‘hyperactivity’, 55 were subjected to a 6 week trial of the Feingold diet. Forty (72.7%) demonstrated improved behaviour and 26 (47.3%) remained improved following liberalization of the diet over a period of 3–6 months. The parents of 14 children claimed that a particular cluster of behaviours was associated with the ingestion of foods containing synthetic colourings. A double‐blind crossover study, employing a single‐subject repeated measures design was conducted, using eight of these children. Subjects were maintained on a diet free from synthetic additives and were challenged daily for 18 weeks with either placebo (during lead‐in and washout periods) or 50 mg of either tartrazine or carmoisine, each for 2 separate weeks. Two significant reactors were identified whose behavioural pattern featured extreme irritability, restlessness and sleep disturbance. One of the reactors did not have inattention as a feature. The findings raise the issue of whether the strict criteria for inclusion in studies concerned with ‘hyperactivity’ based on ‘attention deficit disorder’ may miss children who indicate behavioural changes associated with the ingestion of food colourings. Moreover, for further studies, the need to construct a behavioural rating instrument specifically validated for dye challenge is suggested.