bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SIMILARITY INDICES OF AMPHICHEIRAL KNOTS AND TANGLES
Authors: JEONG MYEONG-JU , PARK CHAN-YOUNG 
Published: April 2008

Whether Vassiliev invariants can distinguish all knots or not is a well-known open problem which is equivalent to the question whether the similarity index of any two different knots is finite or not. Let T and S be two tangles which are n-similar for some natural number n and let the closure [Formula: see text] of T be well-defined. Let T* and S* be the mirror images of T and S respectively. Then we show that for any prime number p, [Formula: see text] mod p for any integral Vassiliev invariant v of degree ≤ np. We also show that [Formula: see text] for any Vassiliev invariant w of degree ≤ n if n is odd. Therefore, if an amphicheiral knot can be distinguished from a trivial knot by a Vassiliev invariant, then it has an even triviality index. From these, we get some necessary conditions for a knot invariant to be a Vassiliev invariant and get a method to detect the similarity index of two knots or tangles.
Knowledge Management in Business Schools
Authors: Ranjan Jayanthi 
Published: April 2008

Business schools have been using information for years to improve the efficiency of academic services and effectiveness of academic programs. As more trustees, administrators, faculty, parents, students have begun to seek better outcomes, not surprisingly these schools are investing in technology. But these schools are finding that technology implementation does not necessarily improve decision-making nor does it necessarily improve outcomes and decision-making. This paves the way to recognise the urgent need for Knowledge Management (KM) which is a key asset.A big and major crucial feature of business schools is that they are made up of a number of nested systems. In analytical terms, this can also be described as levels or units. These levels range from faculty, student, research, administration, academics and placement. The reports in business schools are numerous as the requirement of reports from level to level is difficult. Analytical needs differ, but are present at every level of the system. A robust KM system must reflect the information needs of all levels. In particular, data must be gathered at all levels to the user in a fine-grained manner. This paper explores the application KM to business schools and in particular in support of the sharing of knowledge resources. This paper considers the critical role played by the "sharing of knowledge resources" in one of top business schools, Test Business School — TBS (pseudonym is used to mask the institution name) in India.
Residual Strength: Does BS 5930 Help or Hinder?
Authors: Hawkins A. B. , Privett K. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
BS 5930 offers little assistance to engineers wishing to use residual strength parameters in slope stability analysis. It wrongly suggests the ring shear gives lower parameters than the shear box.

BS 5930 does not mention the fact that the residual strength is stress dependent, hence the failure envelope is curved and the parameters must be assessed using an appropriate effective normal stress. For this reason the correlation charts relating
ϕ
′

R

to plasticity index or clay content need replacing with a series of charts in which these properties are plotted against
ϕ
′

R

values obtained at a number of effective normal stress loadings. Even then such correlations should be treated with caution.
A Critical Review of Section 8 (BS 5930)—Soil and Rock Description
Authors: Norbury D. R. , Child G. H. , Spink T. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
BS 5930 proposes fundamental changes to current practice in the description of soils and rocks. The paper reviews these changes and suggests alternative proposals which provide a workable reconciliation between the aims of the new Code and current practical soil and rock description. The main changes made by the Code and the authors' recommendations are:

The distinction between fine soil and coarse soil solely on grading is rejected in favour of description according to engineering behaviour.

The distinction between silt and clay solely on the basis of the A-line is supplemented with additional terms for borderline cases.

Simplification and extension of terminology for description of secondary constituents of mixed soils.

Rejection of proposed weathering classification for rocks as inapplicable, in favour of current practice.

Clarification of rock nomenclature to conform with geological conventions.

The changes to current practice made by BS 5930 are considered to be a retrograde step and could lead to confusion and errors. The paper also considers the process of sample description and attempts to clarify the definition of terms employed in fracture logging of rock core.
The paper calls for a revision and reissue of Section 8 of the new Code.
Aspects of geology in planning
Authors: Bell F. G. , Cripps J. C. , Culshaw M. G. , O'Hara M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The planning of man’s environment is a complex operation which requires the interaction of many disciplines. Generally speaking, the physical development of society occurs by the implementation of a series of separate, but converging, aims which may be expressed in terms of, for instance, improvements to living conditions, public health or mobility. A development plan usually attempts to achieve these aims at minimum financial cost while reconciling many conflicting influences.
So far as the use of land is concerned, since some land is inherently more suitable for some purposes than for others, there are clear cost implications in implementing a particular development plan and savings may be possible if the ground conditions are considered at an early stage. However, problems often arise with quantifying this cost due to a lack of appreciation of all the effects of a plan, including unexpected and undesirable ones.
Since many natural systems pose threats to society, they should be taken into account during planning. The monetary costs may be less tangible, but security of life, disruption to production and destruction of property all reduce the well-being of society. Whether the causative hazards are the result of either planned or unplanned changes to the environment, or due to natural processes, they can only be successfully predicted or avoided if their mode of interaction with human activities is understood.
In this paper the opportunity is taken to explore some of the more important geological factors which may significantly influence the planned use of land. Both natural and man-made geological hazards are considered. In addition, attention is given to the sources and interpretation of geological information in the context of planning.
Thematic geological mapping as an essential tool in land-use planning
Authors: Brook D. , Marker B. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
There are many competing requirements for the use of land in the densely populated British Isles. Options are constrained by existing development, economics, the need to safeguard the environment and to reclaim damaged land, and the pressure for urban renewal. Land use planners attempt to balance the various issues and requirements and to identify the best possible solution. Geology, geotechnics, geomorphology, hydrogeology and related sciences can provide essential information on additional constraints to development (such as land instability, poor foundation conditions, active erosion and deposition, likelihood of land or water contamination, flooding and seismicity) and resources for development (including mineral and water resources, usable underground space and good foundation conditions). Recognition of these factors permits safer, more cost-effective planning and development and allows rational decisions to be taken on the exploitation or sterilization of the Earth’s resources. However, few planners and administrators have any training in these relevant sciences. Thematic geology mapping provides an important means of communicating facts and interpretations to planners but only if the results are presented in ways which can be readily understood and appreciated by non-specialists. The communication gap can only be bridged if earth scientists and planners cooperate in designing methods of map presentation.
Quaternary engineering geology
Authors: Fookes P. G. 
Published: April 2008

Summary
The geological and geomorphological effects on the Earth’s surface during the Quaternary have been both extensive and profound. An attempt has been made to simplify and summarize these effects by considering the principal agencies at work during the Quaternary: plate tectonics, rapidly rising sea levels, rapidly falling sea levels, rapidly cooling climates and rapidly warming climates.
The resulting series of major glacial and interglacial episodes have had far-reaching consequences for the engineering characteristics of the Earth’s surface. In attempting to summarize these major omissions will have been inevitable and errors will have occurred due to compression of the subject and its interpretation in a simplified manner. Table 2 summarizes the approach of the paper in itemising the principal Quaternary events, causes and effects, consequences to landscape and inferences to engineering. Each of the six events has been developed into larger tables and accompanied by some discussion and examples. The principal consequences of the events for engineering have been the production of glacial and periglacial soils,over large areas of the northern and southern hemispheres; changes in the sediment patterns on the coasts, the continental shelves and in river systems; and the development of weathering profiles of very variable type and distribution leading to development of in situ residual soils of many different engineering characteristics.
The major shifts in climate associated with these events have led to migration of various surface forms which are now being exposed or covered by the present regime, leading to many active slope processes with potential instability for engineering projects and unexpected distribution of materials.
The continuing events of plate tectonics which precedes the Quaternary by a long period of geological time explain the distribution of earthquake systems, growing coastlines and mountains, and the pattern of volcanic areas with their own suites of rock and soil of significance for the engineer.
Development of a regional model for the Devensian Glaciation of County Durham for use in the assessment of sand and gravel resources
Authors: Stevens P.F. , Morey A.J. , Sanders M.K. , Mallett S.H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The sand and gravel resources of County Durham are mainly of Quaternary age, predominantly dating from the latter part of the Devensian stage of the Pleistocene and are the result of a complex pattern of glacial recession. A recent study predicted the distribution of drift deposits from a model based on published information, limited field observations and the analysis of approximately 6000 items of subsurface information; predominantly borehole records. This model, which describes the sequence of events during the Devensian glaciation of the area and infers palaeogeographical changes was an essential element in the assessment of the nature and distribution of granular Sediments and the prediction of mineral quality. The assessment identified 178 km
2
of potential resource, in both outcrop and subcrop, 53 km
2
of which had not been previously shown on published maps and plans.
Highway embankment construction across the Strathearn buried Valley
Authors: Cochrane G. A. , Carter P. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Improvements to the trunk road network around Perth during the early 1980–s involved construction of two new routes crossing the River Earn. Embankments were constructed across lower Strathearn to carry the M90 Edinburgh to Perth motorway and the A9 Stirling to Perth trunk road. Thick Quaternary deposits laid down under conditions of varying climate and sea level occupy the Earn Valley in this area. The nature and extent of these deposits dictated the Engineering Solutions which were adopted for the highway construction.
In this area the Earn Valley is deeply incised into rockhead. Investigations indicated that late glacial “arctic” clays and post glacial organic “carse” clay infilled the buried Valley to depths in excess of 30m and 60m at the A9 and M90 sites respectively. Efforts were made at the site investigation stage to detErmine the anticipated behaviour of these weak and compressible subsoils under embankment loading. Particular attention was given to assessing design parameters for embankment stability and settlement in relation to soil structure, in situ permeability, effective shear strength and pore water response.
The greater problems were encountered at the M90 where embankments of up to 13m in height were designed to prevent shear failure in the foundation subsoils and accommodate Settlements of up to 1.5m within the construction programme. Ground Engineering techniques employed on the various sections of both schemes included the use of stability berms, stage construction, controlled rate of filling and installation of band drains. Extensive use was made of soils Instrumentation to monitor pore pressures, horizontal deflections and Settlements and to control the rate of earthmoving operations to a predetermined construction procedure.
Periglacial discontinuities in Eocene clays near Denham, Buckinghamshire
Authors: Spink T. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In the investigation for part of the M25 motorway near Denham, Buckinghamshire, several types of sheared and unsheared discontinuities were found within the Eocene London Clay and Reading Beds clays which are considered to have formed under Pleistocene periglacial conditions. These consisted of two types of low angle, near-surface solifluction shears with associated discontinuous, random accommodation shears. These overlay and truncated high angle shears believed to have formed by collapse on thawing of the top of the permafrost. Deeper, low angle shears of two types, one continuous, subhorizontal and planar, the other discontinuous, random and undulose, are tentatively attributed to shearing at the base of a permafrost layer at a thawing front. Subvertical, unsheared discontinuities are considered to be contraction cracks.
Study of the effect of excavation technique on rock slope stability and slope maintenance costs at two locations in Scotland
Authors: Ross D. G. , Reeves G. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Rock excavations at two localities in Scotland have been examined to establish the relationship between the technique of excavation and stability in the final face. Maintenance data have also been collected and whole life costs for different techniques of excavation calculated and compared. The results indicate that the instability induced into the face by the technique of excavation has added considerably to the maintenance costs. Pre-splitting is advocated as a method of minimizing
remedial and maintenance costs when blasting is necessary.
Educational issues in environmental geological engineering
Authors: Toll D. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The educational implications of introducing environmental issues into engineering geology courses are discussed. It is suggested that there is a need for specialist courses in environmental geological engineering specifically designed for engineering geologists who intend to work in the environmental field. Such courses should introduce the various issues related to air, water and ground pollution; noise and vibration. The courses also need to deal with environmental planning issues such as risk assessment, hazard evaluation and the appropriate legislation. However, it is argued that the main focus of these courses should be the disposal or treatment of waste and the investigation and remediation of contaminated land and groundwater.
Rock slope hazard assessment: a new approach
Authors: McMillan P. , Matheson G. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Uncontrolled bulk blasting and the application of ‘standard’ designs have left a legacy of many unstable highway rock slopes, some of which are potentially hazardous. Effective management of these slopes requires knowledge of their location and the risk posed to the road user. Existing rock slope stability assessment and risk evaluation systems use various approaches to data collection, and different scales and nomenclature for results. In addition, these assessments are usually undertaken on a reactive basis, prompted by rockfalls. As a consequence road users may be exposed to risk before problems are addressed, comparison of results is very difficult, budgetary problems arise as incidents are largely unforeseen, and prioritization of funds is impossible.
As a result of a research programme undertaken for the Scottish Office Industry Department (SOID) National Roads Directorate, a new, proactive approach to identifying and classifying rock slope hazards has been developed. Application of this new approach is likely to improve risk management of hazardous rock slopes.
The first stage of this approach derives a rock slope hazard index from rapid, standardized field data collection. This is used to classify rock slopes into four categories depending on the requirement for future action. The second stage derives a rock slope hazard rating from detailed field surveys. The rating is a measure of the risk of a vehicle incident being caused by rockfall.
The results of a field trial of the rock slope hazard index, carried out on a section of trunk road in the Scottish Highlands, are described.
Time of deformation in the Caledonide Orogen of Britain and Ireland
Authors: Powell D. , Phillips W.E.A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Considerable problems attach to any attempt to define precisely the timing of such geological events as deformation. The biostratigraphical evidence may be imperfect or lacking, the isotopic evidence may be imprecise or conflicting, and where both lines of evidence are available, disagreement over definition of the Geological time scale creates problems of wider correlation. The last situation is exempslified by the English Lake District wherein the biostratigraphical and isotopic data appear to be reliable and compatible but the isotopic data conflict with some recently published time scales. Of particular importance to the present study are disagreements over the ages of the Lower Palaeozoic period boundaries. Estimates for the Devonian-Silurian boundary vary from 400 to 412 Ma (Odin 1982, cf McKerrowetal. in press); the Silurian-Ordovician boundary 418 to 438 Ma (Odin 1982, cf Harland et al. 1982); the Ordovician-Cambrian boundary 495 to 513 Ma (Odin 1982, cf McKerrow et al. in press); and the Camsbrian-Vendian boundary 530 to 590 Ma (Odin 1982, cf Harland
et al
. 1982). Such differences evidently become critical where comparisons of timing based only on biostratigraphic evidence are made with those based solely on isotopic data. Particular difficulties also arise from the problems involved in determining the biostratigraphic base of the Devonian within rocks of Old Red Sandstone facies.

Throughout this work reference has been made to the Special Reports of the Geological Society of London numbers 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 and 10, which provide summaries of the lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic record in Britain and
A review of Palaeozoic palaeomagnetic data from Europe and their palaeogeographical implications
Authors: Torsvik Trond H. , Smethurst Mark A. , Briden James C. , Sturt Bryan A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Recent palaeomagnetic studies on Devonian and Carboniferous rocks have resulted in a time re-calibration of the Apparent Polar Wander Path (APWP) for Europe, and revision of the shape of the APWP for North America. Differences between previously published versions of these paths are now much reduced. The APWP for southern Britain is different from those for North America and Armorica, thus southern Britain is believed to have been an isolated block within the pre-Hercynian ocean. New continental reconstructions are presented to take account of these conclusions. A lack of sufficient reliable palaeomagnetic data from Baltica make its position on the map uncertain, and hence the significance of the Tornquist Sea between Baltica and Palaeo-Europe remains incompletely understood.
Palaeobiogeography of Middle Palaeozoic organic-walled phytoplankton
Authors: Colbath G. Kent 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPotential advantages to the use of Palaeozoic organic-walled phytoplankton over other fossil groups are their presence in large numbers in small samples (particularly cores) and their partial independence from lithofacies. Reasons why this potential has not been fully realized are discussed, and the history of study is briefly reviewed. The 'latitude parallel' distribution model proposed for Silurian phytoplankton does not hold up when plotted on a more recent plate reconstruction, although some important insights are forthcoming. Ordovician microfloras appear broadly consistent with proposed plate models, and the diachronous distribution of the genusFrankeacan be explained by combining the plate model with a restricted, high southern latitude distribution. Ten Frasnian microfloras are compared in detail using G. G. Simpson's Index and cluster analysis. Microfloras from Brazil, Ghana and Algeria cluster together, distinct from outlying areas, while the Carnarvon Basin microflora in Australia is considered relatively endemic. The Frasnian phytoplankton data support a plate reconstruction in which a large seaway separated Africa and South America from North America and Europe.