bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Long‐Term Prognosis of Minor Seizures in Childhood Epilepsy
Authors: Seki Tohru , Kawahara Yuhji , Hirose Makoto 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe long–term clinical and electroence‐phalographic follow‐up studies were carried out for more than three to 13 years on 72 cases with minor seizures in childhood epilepsy at the Department of Pediatrics of Keio University from January 1963 to January 1973. Minor seizures were classified into typical absences, infantile spasms, Lennox syndrome, myoclonic seizures and atonic seizures. The results of each group were summarized as follows, but atonic seizures were excluded because there were too few cases of this group.

Some patients with typical absences were not preceded by other epileptic seizures, while some others had generalized tonic‐clonic seizures, including febrile convulsions (mixed form by Fukuyama), prior to the onset of typical absences. Typical absences were not transformed into other epileptic seizures excluding generalized tonic‐clonic seizures at follow‐up. Twenty‐one (84%) out of 25 cases with typical absences had ceased having seizures over one year at follow‐up. Spontaneous, generalized spike and wave discharges including 3 c/s spike and wave complexes were recorded in about one half of all cases at the final interictal EEG recordings, but focal components were never seen. Mental retardation was very rare.
The attacks of infantile spasms had a tendency to disappear or be converted to variously other epileptic fits, excluding typical absences, with the development of age. EEG‐findings were transformed into focal or Muse paroxysmal discharges and basic dysrhythmia from hyp‐sarhythmia after many years, but classical 3 c/s spike and wave discharges were never seen. Moderately or severely mental retardation was found in most of these patients.
It was characteristic of Lennox syndrome that the improvements or successions of tonic seizures and atypical absences were repeated and diffuse slow spike and wave discharges were sustained in most of children during the periods of follow‐up. Mental retardation was found in half of all cases.
Myoclonic seizures had ceased in most of children without transformations to other epileptic fits at follow‐up, but some tendency toward relative dirsculty in control of clinical seizures was noted. Two thirds of these patients were of normal intelligence, while one third had retarded intelligence at follow‐up.

Based on the above–mentioned results, the literatures concerning prognosis of various types of minor seizures in childhood epilepsy were studied.
A Five‐Year Follow‐Up Study of 66 Epileptics
Authors: Yamada Hiroaki , Yoshida Hozuka , Ninomiya Hideaki 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA follow‐up study of 66 patients with epilepsy who had been pursued for about five years from onset of seizures was performed. The patients were selected according to the following criteria: the age of onset of seizures was over 10 years old, and medication started a year from the onset.The results were: controlled 23 (34.8%), improved 17 (25.80/0), unchanged 20 (30.3%), and worsened 6 (9.1%). The duration from the onset to the beginning of medication did not seem to play an important role in the patients whose age of onset was over 10 years old. Seizures had ceased in 19 of 23 of the controlled patients within three years after medication. Thus, the two‐year terminal remission rate was 28.8% of the total 66 patients.The number of seizure types was 36 partial seizures in which included 25 secondarily generalized seizures, and 30 generalized seizures. The frequency according to type of seizure, which had been controlled or improved was 41.7% in the partial seizure, and 83.3% in the generalized seizure. The patients with generalized seizure had a better prognosis than those with partial seizures whether they had a past history with respect to suspected brain damage, or not.As to the type of complex seizures in the partial seizure type, the type of impaired consciousness alone frequently developed into secondarily generalized seizure, while a half of the psychomotor seizures did not.
Periodic EEG Patterns Observed in Two Cases With Partial Seizures
Authors: Terao Akira , Tawara Satoru , Takemoto Yoshinobu , Nomura Nobuzugu , Araki Shukuro , Shirabe Teruo 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo cases with partial seizure and periodic EEG pattern were reported. Case 1. A 74‐year–old woman revealed typical periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLED'S) on the right hemisphere. The patient was semicomatous with mild jaundice and epilepsia partialis continua in the left lower limb. Postmortem examination revealed a main metastatic carcinoma of pancreas head origin in the right parieto–occipital region. In the right hemisphere, the cortical structures were relatively preserved, but the white matter including the frontal lobe was swollen and its demyelinat–ing changes were observed diffusely. The PLEDs might result from an anatomical or functional severance of the cerebral cortex from normal connections with deeper structures.Case 2. A 61‐year‐old woman, with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism showed partial complex seizure. The EEG revealed an anterior temporal spike focus and slowing in the right hemisphere, corresponding with repetitive seizures of about one minute duration and with several minutes interval. An interictal periodic EEG pattern appeared in the right anterior and mid‐temporal region. No cerebral abnormalities were found with other neurological examinations including brain scanning, carotisangiogram, and echoencephalogram. The periodic pattern was assumed as subclinical focal seizure discharges from the right anterior temporal deep structures.
Correlative Study on Symptomatology of Epileptic Seizures—Behavioral Manifestation and Electroencephalographic Modalities
Authors: Miyakoshi Masako , Yagi Kazuichi , Osawa Takeshi , Seino Masakazu , Wada Toyoji 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOne‐hundred‐and‐fourteen epileptic seizures, 45 atypical absences and 69 sleep seizures with tonic state were analyzed by means of an intensive monitoring system to explore the clinico‐electroencephalographic correlates in 41 patients with secondary generalized epilepsies including 26 patients with Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome.

The atypical absences with loss of consciousness alone and those with myo‐clonic and/or automatic signe were constantly accompanied by either slow spike‐and‐wave or high voltage slow wave discharges. The duration of the latter complex form was definitely longer (mean: 19.4 sec.) compared with the former simple form (mean: 9.4 sec.). The automatic movements commenced in the earlier part of the absences.

In the case of atypical absence with increased tonicity, the slow spike‐and‐wave discharge was always replaced by a rhythm of rapid spikes at about 20 c/s, therefore, a simple absence was distinguishable from a complex absence with tonic state by the ictal EEG pattern. This form of complex absence was almost particular to the Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome.

The sleep seizures with tonic state (SST) were grouped into two: seizures with rather strong tonicity accompanying re‐cruting rhythm of rapid spikes (22 c/s), and seizures with rather weak tonicity accompanying full‐grown rhythm of spikes slower than the former (14 c/s). In both SST's, arrest of respiration or acceleration of heart rate was commonly observed.
The above‐mentioned seizures, regardless of unconvulsive or convulsive phenomenon, were considered rather particular to the secondary generalized epilepsies.
A Case of Musicogenic Epilepsy
Authors: Fujinawa Akira , Kawai Itsuo , Ohashi Hiroshi , Kimura Shigeo 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA case of musicogenic epilepsy or psychomotor seizures supervening whenever the patient hears a certain tune has been presented.The EEG features of the seizure are such as are often seen in psychomotor seizures.Auditory evoked response may be left out of consideration.There is no appreciable relationship between the disease and the life history of the patient. The attempt of our patient to cure herself by making use of conditioned reflex proved to be a failure. The patient is more liable to the disease when she is on the strain while hearing a tune.Our consideration of the mechanism of the disease has led to the presumptive conclusion that hyperacusis, conditioned reflexes and the impact of life history may be involved, and the fragility of the memory function of the temporal lobe underlie the genesis of the disease.
Mental Dullness Associated With Left Frontal Continuous Focal Discharge
Authors: Kugoh Toshiaki , Hosokawa Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY

The EEG in a patient of refractory epilepsy showed the unilateral continuous focal discharge in left frontal area repeatedly for 11 days.
Stupor and/or mental dullness associated with the change of EEG was the clinical manifestation.
A brief discussion was made about the possible pathophysiological mechanisms.
Brain Monoamines in Seizure Mechanism (Review)
Authors: Kobayashi Kiyofumi , Mori Akitane 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA majority of experimental studies have strongly suggested that catecholamine and/or 5‐HT play an important role for regulating the seizure susceptibility. As mentioned previously, however, the relative significance of individual monoamine has not yet been fully clarified. Since it is well known that the interaction between cate‐cholaminergic and serotonergic neuronal activity is quite complex, a causal relationship between each monoamine and seizure susceptibility cannot be easily established if results are obtained from the whole brain study on pharmacologic manipulation of experimental seizures. The extensive study, including the monoamine turnover rates and concentrations in specific brain regions, may help to delineate such a correlation in the future. Further, when an object of study is concerned in excitability of the central nervous system, it should be necessary to elucidate the mutual relationship of mono‐amines to the other putative neurotrans‐mitters (e.g., acetylcholine, amino acid).Does there exist an abnormal metabolism of monoamines in the brain of epileptic patients? If so, how is it related to the elaboration or maintenance of epileptic seizures? Unfortunately, we have no sufficient information on the monoamine metabolism of epileptic patients.
Brain Catecholamine Concentrations and Convulsions in El Mice
Authors: Hiramatsu Midori , Mori Akitane 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBrain dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations of “stimulated” El mice were lower than those of “non‐stimulated” control El mice. Furthermore, the pre‐convulsive stage showed lower concentrations of these catecholamines than the resting stage.
A Method for Provoking EEG Abnormalities by Administration of Nialamide
Authors: Tanio Masafumi , Shimoda Yukio 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYNialamide, a kind of monoamine oxydase inhibitor, was used for provoking centrence‐phalic EEG abnormalities and 6–14 Hz positive spikes. It was assumed that these EEG abnormalities have close relationship with dysfunctions of the brainstem which is rich in monoamines and monoamine oxydase.The nialamide provocation was carried out on 49 inpatients who had centrence‐phalic discharges in their EEG reports. These patients consisted of four cases of epilepsy, one case of anorexia nervosa, two cases of narcolepsy and 42 cases of dience‐phalosis. Another series of 22 patients suffering from other diseases, in whose EEG no centrencephalic EEG abnormalities were detected, were examined with nialamide. Out of the 49 patients, 35 cases (71.4%) showed increased EEG abnormalities following the administration of nialamide. It was noteworthy that this drug had provocative effect not only for EEG abnormalities, but also for the symptoms from which patients were suffering. In 26 out of 49 patients, both EEG abnormalities and clinical syniptoms were provoked by nialamide.And the nialamide administration resulted in negative on all 22 patients who did not register centrencephalic EEG abnormalities. The mechanism and characteristics of this provocative procedure by the use of nialamide were evaluated.
Clinical Features of Autistic Children with Setback Course in Their Infancy
Authors: Hoshino Yoshihiko , Kaneko Motohisa , Yashima Yuko , Kumashiro Hisashi , Volkmar Fred R. , Cohen Donald J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:This study examines the incidence rate of setback in 80 autistic children, the correlation between the type of onset and clinical features, developmental level and prognosis based on an originally developed questionnaire. Moreover, this study seeks to investigate the possibility that infantile autism might be classified into subgroups by the type of onset.The acquired (including questionably acquired) group consisted of 39 cases (49%), while the natal group was made up of 41 cases (51%).The age when the setback occurred was 21–22 months in the acquired group.Precipitating psychological events were observed in 22 cases (56%) of the acquired group.The mental developmental level including speech and sociability function at 5 years of age was significantly lower in the acquired group than in the natal group.The acquired group showed severe behavioral disorderssuch as “stereotypic behavior,”“extremely hyperkinetic behavior” and “self‐abusive behavior” compared with the natal group.The adaptive levels at schools or institutions were lower in the acquired group than in the natal group.There was a higher incidence of epileptic seizures orfebrile convulsions in the acquired group than in the natal group. Moreover, there was a higher incidence of severe perinatal abnormalities in the acquired group.The above‐mentioned results suggest that infantile autism might be classified into two subgroups, acquired and natal groups, based on the typeof onset, and also suggest that some types of brain dysfunctions are more severe in the acquired group than in the natal group.
Psychopathology and psychotherapy in the dying AIDS patient
Authors: O'DOWD MARY ALICE 
Published: March 2008

Abstract AIDS is not yet the problem in Japan that it is in North American, Europe and Africa, but at the recent 10th International AIDS Conference held in Japan, it was estimated that more Asians will become infected with HIV in the coming year than any other population worldwide. Although the majority of these infections will occur in Thailand and India, it was estimated that there may be as many as 15 000 HIV positive individuals in Japan, a number expected to rise to 26 000 over the next 3 years. Although AIDS is arriving in Japan later, this may give society in general and the medical profession in particular, time to learn from the experiences and mistakes of those who had a head start in dealing with the epidemic.Although this paper deals with the dying AIDS patient, some of the issues faced by the therapist working with any population of dying patients will be reviewed before focusing more specifically, on some of the particular issues seen in working with AIDS patients.
Attitudes of medical students towards persons with mental disorders: A comparative study between Japan and Thailand
Authors: YAMAMOTO KAZUYOSHI , RANDALL MAXINE , TAKEDA MASATOSHI , LEELAMANIT WICHIT 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study was conducted at three universities, two in Japan and one in Thailand, in order to elucidate the effects of medical education, especially with regard to contact experience on medical students' attitudes toward persons with mental disorders. Questionnaires, which included the Attitudes Towards Disabled Persons Scale (ATDP) and the Contact with Disabled Persons Scale (CDP), were distributed to 1st year students prior to the commencement of their medicine/psychiatry studies and distributed to 6th (or 5th) year students who had completed their psychiatric curriculum. The ATDP scores were lower for 6th year students at all universities, suggesting that post‐education students had a more unfavorable attitude than pre‐education students. Thai students indicated more unfavorable attitudes than did the Japanese students. Three factors were extracted from the ATDP scale and termed: negation of character, negation of ability and affirmation of normality. Four factors from the CDP scale were extracted and labeled intimate contact experience, ordinary contact experience, unpleasant contact experience and pleasant contact experience. Greater negative attitudes of post‐education students than pre‐education students were thought to attribute mainly to an increase in factor score of negation of ability and this result was correlated with an increase in factor score of ordinary contact experience in post‐education students. Of the three ATDP factor scores, the higher score of Thai students for negation of character contributed to their overall unfavorable attitude scores. The cross‐national similarities and differences of students' attitudes towards and contact experience with mentally disordered persons were discussed from the viewpoint of medical education.
Neuroendocrine differentiation in stage D2 prostate cancers
Authors: Kamiya Naoto , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Kawamura Koji , Imamoto Takashi , Naya Yukio , Tochigi Naobumi , Kakuta Yukio , Yamaguchi Kunio , Ishikura Hiroshi , Ichikawa Tomohiko 
Published: March 2008

Objectives:  Chromogranin A (CgA) and neuro‐specific enolase (NSE) are gaining acceptance as markers of several types of neuroendocrine tumors and the concentration of CgA and NSE have been reported to be elevated in relation to neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer. The aim of the present study was to examine the correlation between the immunohistochemical (IHC) findings and serum value for CgA and NSE in untreated stage D2 prostate cancer patients.Methods:  Immunohistochemistry was carried out using antibodies against CgA and NSE in 58 patients and, pretreatment serum CgA and NSE levels were measured by monoclonal immunoradiometric assay in 18 patients with stage D2 prostate cancer treated by androgen ablation. We examined the relationship of the pretreatment serum level to IHC findings for CgA and NSE in prostate cancer patients to clinicopathological parameters, and prognosis. Also, we evaluated the correlation of IHC findings to serum levels for CgA and NSE.Results:  There was a statistically significant correlation between CgA positivity and serum CgA level (P = 0.0421). However, there was no statistically significant correlation between NSE positivity and serum NSE level (P > 0.05). We divided stage D2 patients into three groups according to IHC positivity of CgA and NSE. The cause‐specific survival was significantly poorer in patients with strongly positive (++) patients for independent CgA and combined CgA with NSE (P = 0.0379). Multivariate analysis of cause‐specific survivals in patients with stage D2 prostate cancer demonstrated that strong IHC stain was considered as independent variable associated with greater risk of death (P = 0.0142).Conclusion:  Neuroendocrine differentiation in stage D2 prostate cancer has attracted considerable attention as a potentially findings prognosis. Thus, CgA had a stronger relationship between serum levels and IHC positivity in contrast to NSE, suggesting clinical usefulness as a tumor marker in predicting the extent of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer.
Botulinum neurotoxin type A in urology: Antibodies as a cause of therapy failure
Authors: Schulte‐Baukloh Heinrich , Bigalke Hans , Miller Kurt , Heine Gert , Pape Daniela , Lehmann Jan , Knispel Helmut H 
Published: March 2008

Objectives:  Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) proved very effective in therapy for hyperactive detrusor or sphincter dysfunction of neurogenic and non‐neurogenic origin. However, therapy may fail. In a search for possible reasons, we investigated the presence of BoNT/A antibodies (BoNT/A‐AB) in patients who were treated more than once and correlated the presence of antibodies with clinical findings.Methods:  In 25 patients (aged 11–75 years; average, 48.3 years) who had experienced at least one previous BoNT/A detrusor and/or sphincter injection, BoNT/A‐AB was detected with the mouse diaphragm assay before and within 3 months after the current injection. Clinically, subjective and objective outcomes of this injection session were determined on an efficacy scale.Results:  In eight patients, BoNT/A‐AB was detected; titers were clearly positive in four patients and were borderline in four patients. The subjective and objective outcomes indicated complete therapy failure in three of four patients who were positive for BoNT/A‐AB. In two patients, BoNT/A‐AB developed after just one injection session.Conclusions:  Botulinum toxin type A antibodies can develop after injection of BoNT/A for urologic disorders and the antibodies can lead to therapy failure. In patients with clinically complete therapy failure in whom no obvious other causes can be determined (such as a progressive disease in a patient with multiple sclerosis), screening for BoNT/A‐AB should be carried out.
Role of endogenous cannabinoids in ischemia/reperfusion injury following testicular torsion in rats
Authors: Beheshtian Azadeh , Salmasi Amirali Hassanzadeh , Payabvash Seyedmehdi , Kiumehr Saman , Nezami Behtash Ghazi , Rahimpour Sina , Rabani Razieh , Tavangar Seyed Mohammad , Dehpour Ahmad Reza 
Published: March 2008

Objectives: The role of endogenous cannabinoids in ischemia/reperfusion induced germ cell apoptosis in rats was investigated.Methods: Baseline group was for basal normal values. The Sham operated group served as a control group. The torsion/detorsion (T/D) group underwent torsion (1 h) and detorsion; AN1, AN2, and AN3 groups received anandamide (10 mg/kg) 30 min before torsion, 30 min after torsion, and just after detorsion, respectively. In the AM251 group, AM251 (0.5 mg/kg) was injected 45 min before torsion and in the AN/AM group, AM251 and anandamide were injected 45 and 30 min before torsion, respectively. Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, and germ cell apoptosis was determined.Results: Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the T/D group were significantly higher than the control group. Moreover, MDA values in the AN1, AN2, and AN3 groups were significantly lower than T/D. There were significant decreases in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the T/D group versus the control group. These values in the AN1, AN2, and AN3 groups were significantly higher than T/D. It was also shown that MDA levels in the AN/AM group were significantly higher than the AN1 group. In the AN/AM group, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly lower versus the AN1 group. The mean germ cell apoptosis scores in all animals with testicular T/D were significantly higher than the control group. There was no difference between the apoptotic indices in the AN1, AN2, AN3, and T/D groups. Apoptosis scores in AM251 and AN/AM were significantly higher compared with the T/D and AN1 groups.Conclusions: Although anandamide increased antioxidant markers, it failed to reduce germ cell apoptosis. AM251 worsened the antioxidant defense system, which is reflected as higher germ cell apoptosis.