bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of ABC membrane transporters in glial cells: Relevance to the pharmacotherapy of brain HIV‐1 infection
Authors: Ronaldson Patrick T. , Persidsky Yuri , Bendayan Reina 
Published: July 2008

AbstractLimited drug penetration is an obstacle that is often encountered in the treatment of CNS diseases including human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1) encephalitis (HIVE). One mechanism that may contribute to this phenomenon is the expression of ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) drug efflux transporters [i.e., P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), Multidrug Resistance‐Associated Proteins (MRP/Mrp), Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP; also known as ABCG2)] at the primary brain barrier sites (i.e., blood‐brain barrier, blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barrier). In addition, it has been recently proposed that glial cells may also contribute to the low accumulation and altered distribution of therapeutic compounds in the CNS by functioning as a “secondary barrier.” In fact, a few studies have shown that ABC transporters are both expressed and functional in glial cells. Furthermore, commonly prescribed antiretroviral compounds (ARVs), particularly HIV‐1 protease inhibitors, are substrates for many of these same transport proteins suggesting that ABC transporters in glial cells may contribute to the overall export of these drugs from the brain. HIV‐1 infection is a chronic condition characterized by long‐term exposure of brain cellular compartments to HIV‐1 virions and soluble viral proteins. In addition, treatment of HIV‐1 infection involves long‐term administration of a multiplicity of ARVs (i.e., HAART regimens). Indeed, pathological factors associated with HIV‐1 infection and/or pharmacological factors related to treatment may alter the expression of ABC transporters and lead to changes in CNS ARV uptake and/or distribution. This review summarizes recent knowledge in this area and emphasizes the role that glial ABC transporters may play in regulating ARV transport. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Executive control of spatial attention shifts in the auditory compared to the visual modality
Authors: Krumbholz Katrin , Nobis Esther A. , Weatheritt Robert J. , Fink Gereon R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractVoluntary orienting of visual spatial attention has been shown to be associated with activation in a distributed network of frontal and parietal brain areas. Neuropsychological data suggest that at least some of these areas should be sensitive to the direction in which attention is shifted. The aim of this study was to use rapid event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate whether spatial attention in the auditory modality is subserved by the same or different brain areas as in the visual modality, and whether the auditory and visual attention networks show any degree of hemispheric lateralisation or sensitivity to the direction of attention shifts. The results suggest that auditory and visual spatial attention shifts are controlled by a supramodal network of frontal, parietal and temporal areas. Areas activated included the precuneus and superior parietal cortex, the inferior parietal cortex and temporo‐parietal junction, as well as the premotor and supplementary motor areas and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In the auditory task, some of these areas, in particular the precuneus as well as the inferior parietal cortex and temporo‐parietal junction, showed ‘relative’ asymmetry, in that they responded more strongly to attention shifts towards the contralateral than the ipsilateral hemispace. Some areas, such as the right superior parietal cortex and left DLPFC, showed ‘absolute’ asymmetry, in that they responded more strongly in one than in the other hemisphere. Human Brain Mapp 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic and prognostic implications of microRNAs in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Li Wenxi , Xie Lu , He Xianghuo , Li Jinjun , Tu Kang , Wei Lin , Wu Jun , Guo Yong , Ma Xi , Zhang Pingping , Pan Zhimei , Hu Xin , Zhao Yingjun , Xie Haiyang , Jiang Guoping , Chen Taoyang , Wang Jianneng , Zheng Shusen , Cheng Jing , Wan Dafang , Yang Shengli , Li Yixue , Gu Jianren 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important gene regulators, which are often deregulated in cancers. In this study, the authors analyzed the microRNAs profiles of 78 matched cancer/noncanerous liver tissues from HCC patients and 10 normal liver tissues and found that 69 miRNAs were differentially expressed between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and corresponding noncancerous liver tissues (N). Then the expressions of 8 differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by real time RT PCR. The set of differentially expressed miRNAs could distinctly classify HCC, N and normal liver tissues (NL). Moreover, some of these differentially expressed miRNAs were related to the clinical factors of HCC patients. Most importantly, Kaplan‐Meier estimates and the log‐rank test showed that high expression of hsa‐miR‐125b was correlated with good survival of HCC patients (hazard ratio, 1.787, 95% confidence interval, 1.020–3.133, p = 0.043). The transfection assay showed that overexpression of miR‐125b in HCC cell line could obviously suppress the cell growth and phosporylation of Akt. In conclusion, the authors have demonstrated the diagnostic miRNA profile for HCC, and for the first time, identified the miR‐125b with predictive significance for HCC prognosis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimizing the location of contraction–expansion joints in concrete canal lining
Authors: Ahmadi H. , Rahimi H. , Abdollahi J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn the present paper, the interaction between subgrade soil and canal lining under different operating conditions has been analysed using finite element models. Analysis was made by determining stress–strain relationships of soil–concrete lining. Based on the results of the analysis, the best location for providing contraction–expansion joints on the lining was determined in a way to minimize the risk of cracking for any operating condition of canals of different sizes. According to the findings, providing a longitudinal joint at the lower 1/3 depth of small to medium size canals would eliminate any possibility of cracking by reducing the bending moment to 1/10 in comparison with a lining having no joint at the same location. To generalize the results, effects of subgrade soil characteristics such as modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio on the magnitude of the bending moments and deformations have been investigated. It was proved that the results are valid for all possible soil characteristics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of a timed motor test battery to the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale‐III in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Haaxma Charlotte A. , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Borm George F. , Horstink Martin W.I.M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe most widely used scale currently available for the clinical evaluation of motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD)—the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale‐III (UPDRS‐III) —is time‐consuming, subjective, and has suboptimal sensitivity. A brief timed motor test (TMT) battery could possibly overcome these drawbacks. Two hundred eighty‐eight PD patients (disease duration 3.1 years; preceding dopaminergic treatment initiation) were assessed with the UPDRS‐III and nine TMTs based on aspects of (a) walking, (b) writing, (c) single and double‐handed pegboard performance, (d) finger tapping, and (e) rapid alternating forearm movements. We investigated validity, reliability, responsiveness, and feasibility. Completing the TMT battery took less than 5 minutes. The TMT correlated well with UPDRS‐III and disease duration. Two factors explained 61% of the TMT variance, the first represented mainly upper extremity function, the second mainly axial/lower extremity function. Cronbach's α was equal for the TMT and the UPDRS‐III (0.8). Test–retest reliability of the TMT sumscore was 0.93 to 0.89 for measurements separated by 3 up to 24 months, whereas UPDRS‐III correlations were 0.88 to 0.84. At group level, a trial using “change from baseline” as endpoint requires only 75% of the patients needed with the UPDRS‐III when applying the TMT battery, and 57% using the pegboard dexterity test. At patient level, TMT and UPDRS‐III were equally responsive. The TMT battery described here is valid, reliable, and feasible. Compared to the UPDRS‐III, it is more objective and more sensitive to change. Therefore, it could be a useful tool for both practical and scientific purposes. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Nigral burden of α‐synuclein correlates with striatal dopamine deficit
Authors: Kovacs Gabor G. , Milenkovic Ivan J. , Preusser Matthias , Budka Herbert 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAggregated α‐synuclein is the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Physiologically, α‐synuclein ensures normal functions of dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydoxylase. In α‐synucleinopathies, it accumulates in neuronal cytoplasm and neurites through several stages. It is unclear whether the accumulation of pathological α‐synuclein in the substantia nigra in PD correlates with the dopaminergic deficit in the striatal target. We evaluated the impact of the nigral burden of pathological α‐synuclein immunoreactivity in 27 α‐synucleinopathy brains by morphometric immunohistochemistry. DAT immunoreactivity in the striatum inversely correlates with the total α‐synuclein burden in the substantia nigra but not with cytoplasmic inclusion counts only. This result has implications for imaging, clinicopathological correlative studies, and staging of the disease process. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
‘It's quite hard to grasp the enormity of it’: Perceived needs of people upon diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Radford S. , Carr M. , Hehir M. , Davis B. , Robertson L. , Cockshott Z. , Tipler S. , Hewlett S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectives: The diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) brings rapid pharmacological and multidisciplinary team interventions to address inflammatory processes and symptom management. However, people may also need support on the journey to self‐management. The aim of this study was to explore what professional support patients feel they receive upon diagnosis, and what support they feel would be most helpful.Methods: Two focus groups comprised patients with at least five years'; disease duration (n = 7), and patients more recently diagnosed (5–18 months, n = 5). The latter had attended at least two appointments in a rheumatology nurse specialist clinic during the previous year, aimed at providing support upon diagnosis. Transcripts were subjected to thematic analysis to identify common issues regarding support needs, which were then grouped into themes. Interviewing and analysis was performed by researchers not involved in clinical care.Results: Four overarching themes emerged. ‘Information’ was needed about the symptoms of RA, its management and personal outcome, while ‘Support’ related to emotional needs (‘It's quite hard to grasp the enormity of it’). Information and Support overlapped, in that patients wanted someone to talk to, and to be listened to. These two themes were underpinned by issues of service delivery: ‘Choice’ (patient or professional to talk to, groups, one‐to‐one) and ‘Involvement’ (holistic care, partnership), which overlapped in terms of the opportunity to decide when and which interventions to access.Conclusions: People with RA report not only informational, but also emotional support needs at diagnosis. The potential for delivering emotional support to patients around the time of diagnosis warrants further exploration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of preconditioning in the solution to FE coupled consolidation equations by Krylov subspace methods
Authors: Ferronato Massimiliano , Pini Giorgio , Gambolati Giuseppe 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe repeated solution in time of the linear system arising from the finite element integration of coupled consolidation equations is a major computational effort. This system can be written in either a symmetric or an unsymmetric form, thus calling for the implementation of different preconditioners and Krylov subspace solvers. The present paper aims at investigating when either a symmetric or an unsymmetric approach should be better used. The results from a number of representative numerical experiments indicate that a major role in selecting either form is played by the preconditioner rather than by the Krylov subspace method itself. Two other important issues addressed are the size of the time integration step and the possible lumping of the flow capacity matrix. It appears that ad hoc block constrained preconditioners provide the most robust algorithm independently of the time step size, lumping, and symmetry. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wave‐induced progressive liquefaction in a poro‐elastoplastic seabed: A two‐layered model
Authors: Liu Z. , Jeng D.‐S. , Chan A. H. C. , Luan M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this study, the prediction model proposed by Sassa et al. (Geotechnique 2001; 51(10):847–857) for the wave‐induced progressive liquefaction in marine sediment, based on two‐layered inviscid fluid system, is re‐examined. An alternative approach with a similar framework of Sassa et al. (Geotechnique 2001; 51(10):847–857) is developed to correct the inappropriate mechanism of wave components used. Then, a two‐layered wave model which includes viscous effects is established and applied to describe the progressive nature of wave‐induced liquefaction. A comprehensive comparison shows that Sassa's model overestimates the maximum liquefaction depth. It is found that the viscosity of liquefied soil cannot be ignored and the solution for an infinite seabed is not suitable for liquefaction analysis of shallow seabed. A parametric study demonstrates the significant influence of numerous wave and soil characteristics on the liquefaction depth. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics and outcomes of medulloblastoma in adults
Authors: Ang Celina , Hauerstock David , Guiot Marie‐Christine , Kasymjanova Goulnar , Roberge David , Kavan Petr , Muanza Thierry 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundAdult medulloblastoma is a rare disease for which there is no internationally accepted standard of care. Treatment regimens have typically been modeled after pediatric protocols. We sought to review the presentation, management, and outcome of patients with adult medulloblastoma treated at the McGill University teaching hospitals over the past 18 years.MethodsMedical records were reviewed to gather demographic and clinical data including presenting symptoms, tumor characteristics, management, survival, and treatment toxicity.ResultsTwenty‐five patients were identified. Eleven patients were female and 14 were male. The median age at diagnosis was 30 (range 17–48). Our 5‐ and 10‐year overall survival (OS) rates were 78% and 30%, respectively. Median OS was 108 months and median progression‐free survival time was 63 months. Age, sex, risk, stage, extent of resection, chemotherapy and time between surgery and adjuvant therapy did not significantly influence survival outcomes. The most frequently reported adverse events included sensory neuropathy, nausea, vomiting, febrile neutropenia, and radiation dermatitis.ConclusionAdult medulloblastoma has distinct characteristics from the pediatric population including presentation in the lateral cerebellar hemispheres. Late relapses, especially in the posterior fossa, are a significant problem. Further follow‐up will be required to ascertain the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on survival. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:603–607. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy absorption diagrams of paper honeycomb sandwich structures
Authors: Wang Dong‐Mei , Wang Zhi‐Wei , Liao Qiang‐Hua 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIt is very important to evaluate the cushioning properties of paper honeycomb sandwich structures for optimizing pack design. The energy absorption diagram is one method to characterize the cushioning properties of materials. In this paper, we investigate energy absorption and develop energy absorption diagrams for paper honeycomb sandwich structures. Based on static compression experiments, the compressive stress–strain curve is simplified into three sections: linear elasticity, plateau and densification. By considering the factors associated with the structure of paper honeycombs, the energy absorption model is obtained and characterized by the thickness‐to‐length ratio of the honeycomb cell wall. Both theory and experiment show that the compression energy absorption capability increases with the increasing thickness‐to‐length ratio of the honeycomb cell wall, and a good agreement is achieved between the theoretical and experimental energy absorption curves. The proposed method to develop an energy absorption diagram for paper honeycomb sandwich structures can be used to characterize the cushioning properties and optimize the structures of paper honeycomb sandwiches. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A test for stability robustness of linear time‐varying systems utilizing the linear time‐invariant ν‐gap metric
Authors: Griggs Wynita M. , Lanzon Alexander , Anderson Brian D. O. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA stability robustness test is developed for internally stable, nominal, linear time‐invariant (LTI) feedback systems subject to structured, linear time‐varying uncertainty. There exists (in the literature) a necessary and sufficient structured small gain condition that determines robust stability in such cases. In this paper, the structured small gain theorem is utilized to formulate a (sufficient) stability robustness condition in a scaled LTI ν‐gap metric framework. The scaled LTI ν‐gap metric stability condition is shown to be computable via linear matrix inequality techniques, similar to the structured small gain condition. Apart from a comparison with a generalized robust stability margin as the final part of the stability test, however, the solution algorithm implemented to test the scaled LTI ν‐gap metric stability robustness condition is shown to be independent of knowledge about the controller transfer function (as opposed to the LMI feasibility problem associated with the scaled small gain condition which is dependent on knowledge about the controller). Thus, given a nominal plant and a structured uncertainty set, the stability robustness condition presented in this paper provides a single constraint on a controller (in terms of a large enough generalized robust stability margin) that (sufficiently) guarantees to stabilizeallplants in the uncertainty set. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nurturing a new discourse: mental health and spirituality
Authors: Gilbert Peter 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOn the 1 November 2006, Staffordshire University, in partnership with the National Institute for Mental Health in England and the National Spirituality and Mental Health Forum, organized a multi‐faith symposium on perspectives in mental health involving all nine of the major faiths and the Humanists, with a strong user voice. It is planned that a series of symposia on related topics will be held on an annual or biannual basis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spiritual development in adolescence: Toward enriching theories, research, and professional practice
Authors: Petersen Anne C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe author notes that she finds the case for making spiritual development a priority surprisingly compelling—“surprisingly” because although she is an expert on adolescent development, she has not done research or previously written about spiritual development. She suggests that a systems analysis occur first, before engaging frontline youth workers in this realm, to identify the interests of key stakeholder groups and ways to unleash creativity and engagement in each of them. The key will be framing engagement of spiritual development in ways that include rather than divide sectors and groups.
Day–night fluctuations in floral scent and their effects on reproductive success in Lilium auratum
Authors: Morinaga Shin‐Ichi , Kumano Yuko , Ota Ayako , Yamaoka Ryohei , Sakai Satoki 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe examined the contribution of diurnal and nocturnal pollination to male and female reproductive success in Lilium auratum. Plants were bagged for either 12 h during the day or at night to allow either only nocturnal or only diurnal visitors to forage throughout the flowering period. We found that there was no significant difference in the seed:ovule ratio among diurnally pollinated, nocturnally pollinated, or control flowers. However, in terms of male reproductive success, it was more advantageous for the plants to be pollinated both diurnally and nocturnally: the numbers of pollen grains remaining in diurnally pollinated or nocturnally pollinated flowers were significantly greater than those in control flowers. The total amount of floral volatiles of L. auratum was significantly higher at night than during the day. The constituents of floral scent of all time series examined were mostly monoterpenoids, many of which serve as attractants for nocturnal hawkmoths. Such nocturnally biased floral scent emission of L. auratum might achieve male reproductive success by attracting nocturnal visitors, which may suggest that the relative contribution of floral scent in this species is biased towards male reproductive success.
Morphology and biology of a newPseudopolydora(Annelida: Spionidae) species from Brazil
Authors: Radashevsky Vasily I. , Migotto Alvaro E. 
Published: July 2008

Adults ofPseudopolydora rosebelaesp. nov. inhabit silty tubes on muddy bottoms in shallow water in southern Brazil, states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. They are rare and extremely delicate, attaining 20 mm long for 55 chaetigers. The worms are distinctive by their colourful yellow and black pigmentation on the anterior part of body and palps, prominent transverse hood on the dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3, and lack of coloured respiratory pigment in blood. Of 12 examined individuals, all were females. Oogenesis is intraovarian; oocytes develop from chaetigers 14–15 to chaetigers 24–36. Recently laid oocytes were about 150 μm in diameter, with embryos and developing larvae found in capsules inside female tubes in March–June. Broods comprised up to 23 capsules with 400 propagules. Capsules were joined to each other in a string and each attached by a single thin stalk to the inner wall of the tube. Larvae hatched at the 4-chaetiger stage and fed on plankton. Pelagic larvae are unique amongPseudopolydorain having large ramified mid-dorsal melanophores from chaetiger 3 onwards. Competent larvae are able to settle and metamorphose at the 15-chaetiger stage, but can remain planktonic up to 18 chaetigers. They have one pair of unpigmented ocelli and three pairs of black eyes in the prostomium, unpaired ramified mid-dorsal melanophores on chaetiger 1 and on the pygidium, ramified lateral melanophores on chaetigers 5–10, prominent yellow chromatophores in the prostomium, peristomium, on dorsal and ventral sides of chaetigers and in the pygidium. Branchiae are present on chaetigers 7–10, and gastrotrochs are arranged on chaetigers 3, 5, 7 and 12. Provisional serrated bristles are present in all notopodia, and hooks are present in neuropodia from chaetiger 8 onwards. Two pairs of provisional protonephridia are present in chaetigers 1 and 2, and adult metanephridia are present from chaetiger 4.