bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the decomposition of changes in expectation of life and differentials in life expectancy
Authors: Pollard J. H. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The projection of mortality rates requires inter alia close examination of the mortality experienceof a population overa long periodof time and will usually also involvethe analysis of mortality trends by cause of death. In two of the more important recent contributions, techniques were devised for explaining change in life expectancy in terms of mortality changes in particularage groups and by different causes of death. The approaches adopted by the authors differ, and the purpose of this article is to reconcile the two and tie the results in with those obtained by earlier writers. A new method for explaining the change in a life expectancy differential in terms of the observed changes in the mortality differentials and the observed change in overall mortality level is also described.
Infant mortality by Father’s occupation from the 1911 Census of England and Wales
Authors: Watterson Patricia A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Infant mortality in England and Wales only began its secular decline at the beginning of this century, although mortality among those aged 1–4 began to decline earlier. The 1911 Census of Fertility provides the basis for estimates of infant mortality among occupational groups. A diagrammatic model of decline is elaborated, using fertility decline, social class, income, and urban/rural distribution as explanatory variables. Results of the analysis suggest that infant mortality decline, whose average value was 35 percent from a peak of 132 per 1,000, was increased by improvements in the urban environment and advanced by high or regular income, whereas fertility decline had only a small effect.
On Stable Population Theory With Immigration
Authors: Cerone Pietro 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The paper extends stable population theory to include a constant stream of immigration. Previous attempts at tackling the problem have either restricted themselves to a below-replacement native population or else used an approach that does not produce the values of all of the parameters explicitly. It is shown that under a constant stream of immigration, the population will asymptotically tend toward a constant, linear, or exponential behavior, depending on whether the fertility behavior is below, equal to, or above replacement level. All of the parameters are determined in terms of the characteristics of the population at the origin.
The demography of the unrelated individual: 1900–1950
Authors: Ruggles Steven 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This article is an analysis of the frequency and characteristics of unrelated individuals between 1900 and 1950. The much-heralded rise of the primary individual during the 20th century has been offset by a decline in the frequency of secondary individuals. The overall percentage of persons residing without family did not exceed turn-of-the-century levels until the 1970s. Using data from national micro data samples of the census for 1900, 1940, and 1950, the study applies decomposition techniques and life-course analysis to investigate these patterns. The results show that the decline of the secondary individual from 1900 to 1950 was largely a function of changing demographic composition, but the increase of primary individuals is linked to changing residential preferences.
Household organization and the interregional variation of out-migration rates
Authors: Odland John , Ellis Mark 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Regional out-migration rates may depend on localized conditions, but the range of possibilities for migration decision making in multi person households includes processes in which the response to variations in localized conditions depends on household size. Analyses of migration rates for households indicate that larger households exhibit more extreme responses to variations in localized conditions and that this is an important source of variation in regional out-migration rates.
Infant mortality and socioeconomic development: Evidence from Malaysian household data
Authors: DaVanzo Julie 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Household data from Malaysia are used to assess the roles of a number of mortality correlates in explaining the inverse relationship between the infant mortality rate (IMR) and socioeconomic development. Increases in mothers’ education and improvements in water and sanitation are the most important household-level changes that accompany regional and temporal development and contribute to the inverse relationship between the IMR and development. One concomitant of development—reduced breastfeeding—has kept the relationship from being even stronger. Continued prevalence of extended breastfeeding in the poorer states of Peninsular Malaysia and a narrowing of educational and sanitation differentials helped close the IMR gap between the richer and the poorer states.
Changing mortality patterns that led life expectancy in Japan to surpass Sweden’s: 1972–1982
Authors: Yanagishita Machiko , Guralnik Jack M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Between 1972 and 1982, Japan caught up to and then surpassed Sweden as the country with the longest life expectancy. The contributions of different causes of death and age groups to life expectancy changes in males during this time period are examined in detail for these two countries. Even though cerebrovascular disease mortality rates remained lower in Sweden over the entire interval, the rapid gain made by Japan relative to Sweden for this cause of death was a prime factor in Japan’s ending the period with a higher life expectancy. Important contributions to life expectancy improvement in Japan came from declining mortality rates in those aged 55 and older.
The current differential in black and white life expectancy
Authors: Keith Verna M. , Smith David P. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The 1980 National Center for Health Statistics life tables for the U. S. black and white populations reveal a difference in life expectancy of 7 years between black and white males and 6 years between black and white females. Using cause-substituted life tables, we show that a number of causes of death contribute to the difference. The largest contributors are cardiovascular disease for both sexes and homicide and cancer for males.
Family size and children’s education in Thailand: Evidence from a national sample
Authors: Knodel John , Wongsith Malinee 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Analysis of a large, nationally representative survey shows that family size exerts a substantial negative influence on the probability that a child will attend secondary school in Thailand. The primary mechanism underlying this effect is most likely the dilution of familial resources available per .child associated with larger numbers of children. The extent and the level of schooling at which this effect operates vary with the household level of wealth and with rural or urban residence. Because fertility decline is leading to a major increase in the proportion of children who come from small families, falling birth rates contribute to increasing educational attainment in Thailand.
Childhood events and circumstances influencing high school completion
Authors: Haveman Robert , Wolfe Barbara , Spaulding James 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper is an empirical exploration of the effects of a variety of family and economic circumstances experienced during childhood on one indicator of success in young adulthood-high school completion. The estimates suggest that parental education and mother’s work are positive and significant determinants of high school completion, whereas growing up in a family with more children (who compete for resources), being persistently poor and on welfare, and moving one’s residence as a child have significant negative impacts on high school completion. The effects of some family stress and economic events differ depending on the age of the child when they occur. The results support the economic model of investment in children, as well as the welfare culture and socialization models.
Changes in the family status of elderly women in Korea
Authors: Lee Yean-Ju , Palloni Alberto 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
As a result of sharp declines in fertility and mortality, the aging of the Korean population has proceeded rapidly and is likely to continue in full force for some time. In societies such as Korea, where families traditionally have been the only efficient source of support for the elderly, an aging population poses a threat because families have fewer descendants available to care for increasing numbers of surviving elderly persons. The exact magnitude of the reduction in the supply of kin depends on details of the demographic trends and cannot be evaluated a priori. In this paper we use family-status life tables to assess the effects of changes in demographic processes on the family status of elderly women and to project trends in elderly women’s family status.
The living arrangements of unmarried elderly hispanic females
Authors: Burr Jeffrey A. , Mutchler Jan E. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In this paper we examine the influence of cultural preferences on living arrangements for a sample of older unmarried Hispanic and non-Hispanic white females. We develop a conceptual framework composed of three sets of factors: availability of kin, economic and health feasibility, and cultural desirability. Our analyses show that household living arrangements among Hispanic and non-Hispanic females are more similar when we control for these three sets of factors, and that cultural desirability factors are particularly important. The likelihood that elderly Hispanic females will reside in an institution is actually decreased, however, when we control for these factors; this finding suggests a strong reluctance among Hispanics to use formal long-term care facilities.
Adolescent Contraceptive Method Choices
Authors: Kahn Joan R. , Rindfuss Ronald R. , Guilkey David K. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This article analyzes determinants of contraceptive method choices among adolescent women in the United States. By using data from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, we examine factors that differentiate users of various methods early in the sexual careers of teenaged women. We find that patterns of method choice not only vary by race and region within the United States but also change over the teenager’s life course. In addition, among teenagers who did not use a method at first sex, the likelihood of adopting a method soon thereafter was low for both whites and blacks and was unaffected by social structural characteristics.
Multilevel Models of Fertility Determination in Four Southeast Asian Countries: 1970 and 1980
Authors: Hirschman Charles , Guest Philip 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Using microdata from the 1970 and 1980 censuses, we specify and test multilevel models of fertility determination for four Southeast Asian societies—Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Social context is indexed by provincial characteristics representing women’s status, the roles of children, and infant mortality. These contextual variables are hypothesized to have direct and indirect (through individual socioeconomic characteristics) effects on current fertility. The contextual variables account for a modest but significant share of individual variation in fertility and about one-half of the total between area variation in fertility. The women’s status contextual variables, particularly modern sector employment, have the largest and most consistent effect on lowered fertility. The results based on the other contextual variables provide mixed support for the initial hypotheses.
Infant Mortality by Cause of Death: Main and Interaction Effects
Authors: Eberstein Isaac W. , Nam Charles B. , Hummer Robert A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
We examine infant mortality among the 1980–1982 live birth cohorts in the state of Florida, specific to five categories of underlying cause of death: infections, perinatal conditions, delivery complications, congenital malformations, and sudden infant death syndrome. The gross and net effects of eight categorical and continuous independent variables, along with 11 first-order interactions, are examined with microlevel data through the use of multinomial logit regression. Findings suggest the complexity of variable effects by cause of death and indicate the simultaneous importance of biological and social factors. It is important that the pattern of interactions suggests an overall dependence of infant life chances on social circumstances. It also suggests that these effects are attenuated for some variables and causes of death at lower birth weights, probably due to advances in health care organization, access, and technology.
Black/White Differences in Women’s Reproductive-Related Health Status: Evidence From Vital Statistics
Authors: Geronimus Arline T. , Bound John 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Maternal-age-specific neonatal mortality risk differs by race, with the mid-20s risk low for whites but not blacks. This may be partially due to worsening health for black relative to white women. We analyzed deaths to young women in the aggregate and classified by causes that are also pregnancy risk factors. Over the predominant childbearing ages, mortality increases for blacks exceeded those for whites, usually by at least 25%. These indicators that black/white health differences widen as women progress through young adulthood suggest that such discrepancies may play a role in the black/white infant mortality differential, which merits further research.
Occupations, migration, sex ratios, and nuptiality in nineteenth century English communities: A model of relationships
Authors: Friedlander Doy , Moshe Eliahu Ben 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Two effects of occupational structure on nuptiality levels are examined: a direct functional effect related to the influence of socioeconomic characteristics on the feasibility and desirability of marriage, and an indirect structural effect related to nuptiality levels via sex selective migration patterns and population sex ratios. Our analysis shows that nuptiality levels in nineteenth century English and Welsh districts were responsive to occupational variation and that both direct and indirect effects were significant. Our results suggest that socioeconomic factors, often overlooked in favor of cultural explanation, must be considered in the analysis of nuptiality.
The effects of breastfeeding and pace of childbearing on mortality at early ages
Authors: Palloni Alberto , Tienda Marta 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The effects of the pace of childbearing and breastfeeding practices on infant mortality have rarely been considered together. In this paper, we design and use a set of methodological tools to test a variety of hypotheses postulating the effects of breastfeeding and pace of childbearing on mortality in infancy and early childhood, the mechanisms through which those effects operate, and the contingencies that strengthen or weaken them. The strong effects of both length of breastfeeding and the pace of childbearing on the risks of child death suggest that neither of them exerts an impact on mortality totally mediated by the other. Social and demographic factors (such as age of child, education of mother, and region of residence) also condition the impact of breastfeeding and pace of childbearing on mortality.
New evidence on the fertility transition in Ireland 1880–1911
Authors: Gráda Cormac Ó 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Recent analyses of Ireland’s marital fertility transition based on the Princeton Ig and the Stanford CPA measures are reassessed. Revised county estimates of Ig are subjected to regression analysis, and added insight into CPA is offered by comparing Ireland with Scotland and applying the measure to three specially constructed local data sets.
Gender and changing generational relations: Spouse choice in Indonesia
Authors: Malhotra Anju 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Many Asian societies are undergoing a nuptiality transition that is not only tied integrally to other aspects of family organization, but is also often more complex than standard studies of female age at marriage can reveal. To comprehend some of this complexity, we focus on the patterns of spouse choice for both men and women in central Java. The extent of parental control over mate selection is examined for change over time, gender differences, and likely determinants, including family class, education, premarital work, and residence. It is argued that the current marriage transition in Indonesia reflects both gender and generational hierarchies in the Javanese family system. The analysis is conducted using a multinomiallogit model; in general, it yields results strongly supportive of the argument that the determinants of spouse selection differ by gender. The results also show that although there is a dramatic shift towards self-choice marriages, it is occurring within the context of historical and institutional factors specific to Javanese society.
Legal Status and the Stability of Coresidential Unions
Authors: Teachman Jay D. , Thomas Jeffrey , Paasch Kathleen 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972, we examine the effect of the legal status of coresidential unions on the likelihood of dissolution. We find that legal unions are much more stable than nonlegal unions. In addition, current legal status is more important for predicting stability of union than is legal status at the initiation of the union. We also find that the effect of current legal status remains constant over various durations of unions and that legalizing a nonlegal union has little effect beyond that expected on the basis of a occupying a particular legal status.
The Use of Own-Child Checks to Determine Remarriage Status
Authors: Boozer Michael A. , Guinnane Timothy W. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The 1900 Federal Census of the United States did not ask currently-married women whether they had been married previously. This note uses the direct report on remarriage in the 1910 census to evaluate the performance of the “own-child checks” that several researchers have used with the 1900 census to substitute for direct information on remarriage. Accurate information on remarriage status is important for fertility and mortality estimation methods that rely on marital duration. The checks detect fewer than two-thirds of wives who report they are remarried. The use of these checks, however, does not introduce large amounts of error in an analysis of either fertility or mortality. The checks work better for white women than for black women. nt]mis|For comments we thank Paul David, Samuel Preston, Warren Sanderson, James Trussell, and seminar participants at the Office of Population Research, Princeton University. Two anonymous referees made detailed suggestions that substantially improved the paper. Address all correspondence to T.W. Guinnane.
Are Cohort Mortality Rates Autocorrelated?
Authors: Foster Andrew 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In this paper the author examines the proposition that heterogeneity in individual frailty leads to autocorrelation in cohort mortality rates. A simple model is used to construct analytic expressions for the covariance of cohort mortality rates at different ages under a number of alternative assumptions about the stochastic process generating shocks in mortality. The model then is used to construct a procedure that uses correlations in cohort mortality rates to estimate the extent of heterogeneity in a population without relying on strong assumptions about the distribution of frailty or the shape of the underlying hazard. The procedure then is used to show that cohort mortality data from France are consistent with a generalized random-effects model in which frailty is gamma-distributed. nt]mis|Initial stages of this work were carried out at the University of California, Berkeley and were supported by a Population Council Graduate Fellowship. Additional support was provided by a grant from the University of Pennsylvania Research Foundation. I am indebted to Kenneth Wachter for suggesting that a formal analysis of this question might prove interesting and to John Wilmoth for making the French data available. I am grateful to Kenneth Wachter, Ronald Lee, John Wilmoth, George Alter, and Samuel Preston for their comments and suggestions. Any remaining errors are of course my own responsibility.
Spanish Surname and Anglo Infant Mortality: Differentials Over a Half-Century
Authors: Forbes Douglas , Frisbie W. Parker 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUsing a half-century of death records from San Antonio/Bexar County, Texas, we examine the timing and cause structure of Spanish surname and Anglo infant mortality. Our findings show that despite the substantial disparities between ethnic-specific infant mortality rates in the early years of the study, there have been consistent declines in overall, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality for both groups, as well as a major convergence of mortality rates between Spanish surname and Anglo infants. Further, we demonstrate that the convergence is of relatively recent origin and is due primarily to shifts in postneonatal mortality. Finally, we examine the transition reflected in the cause structure of ethnic-specific infant mortality and show that the convergence was largely the result of reductions in deaths from exogenous causes. Implications for research into the “epidemiologic paradox” are discussed. * The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided for this research by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Grants HD 22490 and 24643). We also wish to thank Starling G. Pullum for invaluable computing assistance, and Benjamin Bradshaw and Arlen Carey for helpful comments on earlier drafts.
Voting status life tables for the United States, 1968–1980
Authors: Land Kenneth C. , Hough George C. , McMillen Marilyn M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Using current and retrospective voting data from the November Current Population Surveys of Presidential election years, this study modifies and applies demographic accounting and increment-decrement life table methods to construct voting status life tables for three recent election periods. The paper shows how to combine a continuously occurring process (mortality) with a process that is active only at discrete times (voting transitions) within a multistate life table. Empirical results pertain to the number of Presidential elections an individual is expected to vote in at ages 0 and 18, the typical life course pattern of transitions between voting and not voting statuses, sex and race differentials, changes across the three election periods, and cohort effects.
Age patterns of chinese marital fertility, 1950–1981
Authors: Lavely William R. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Coale and Trussell’s model of marital fertility is used to analyze data from China’s National One-per-Thousand Fertility Survey. Rural China experienced a regime of natural fertility until 1970, after which levels of fertility control rose with unprecedented speed and with an age pattern starkly dissimilar from that observed in other populations. Urban marital fertility was apparently under a modest level of deliberate control in the 1950s, with a sustained rise in control beginning in 1963. Natural fertility was low relative to other populations, with the urban level exceeding the rural.