bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Semi‐micromethod for the Determination of Osmotic and Colloid‐osmotic Pressure
Authors: CHRISTENSEN L. KORSGAARD 
Published: December 2008

Summary.An apparatus is described by which osmotic pressure can be measured on 0.1 (O.05) ml of solution. The accuracy is satisfactory, the greatest deviation from the mean value being ± 0.3 (± 0.6) cm of water. Corrections can be made for possible changes of the protein concentration in the inner solution since dilution or concentration of the latter can be read off directly. Possible systematic errors have been excluded by comparative measurements with the macro‐method. The method gives 39 590 as the molecular weight of β‐lactoglobulin.The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Professor K. LINDERSTRBM‐LANG and Mr. A. V. GUNTELBERG for kind advice during this investigation. I am indebted to Nordisk Insulin Fond for financial support of this work.
The Standardization Procedure for Enterogastrone
Authors: OBRINK K. J. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.On Heidenhain dogs the inhibitory effect of enterogastrone is influenced by the dose of histamine i.e. the control secretion rate. The relation between the dose of enterogastrone and the inhibition of the secretion is determined.A method is described in which an unknown enterogastrone concentrate can be analysed as to its activity on the gastric secretion.As a unit of enterogastrone is suggested the dose which in a continuous intravenous injection inhibits the histamine induced constant gastric secretion to 50%, when the control secretion rate before the enterogastrone administration is kept at 50% of the maximal secretory capacity in a pouch dog weighing 15–20 kg. This unit differs from that of GRAY, BRADLEY and IVY (1937) only in respect to the restrictedly standardized secretory conditions.The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by grants from “Svenska Lakaresallskapet”. The enterogastrone preparation has been offered by A. B. Astra, Södertälje.
Anaesthetic Properties of Some New N‐substituted and N,N'‐ disubstituted Derivatives of 5,5‐Diallyl‐Barbituric Acid.
Authors: SANDBERG FINN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A series of N‐substituted and N,N‐disubstituted derivatives of 5,5‐diallyl‐barbituric acid have been synthetized. Their chemical properties and ultra‐violet absorption spectra are reported.Their anaesthetic properties were investigated. The N‐substituted derivatives have lower potency and briefer induction time than the parent compound. The median hypnotic dose increases with the molecular weight. Derivatives with the longest duration of action have the smallest therapeutic index and vice‐versa. The duration of action of the N‐substituted derivatives are both longer and shorter than the parent compound.The N,N‐disubstituted derivatives are devoid of anaesthetic activity.At physiological pH, some barbiturates exist in the enol‐form, others in the keto‐form. There is no correlation between this phenomenon and hypnotic efficiency.By varying the acidity and solubility of the barbiturates examined, it was found that only weak acids with a solubility within certain limits have pronounced anaesthetic activity.The mechanism of action is discussed.
The Relationship between the Pulmonary Blood Content, the Heart Tolume and the Filling Kate of the Left Ventricle
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , RUDHE ULF , SJÖSTRAND TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Variations in the pulmonary blood content have been recorded as changes in the absorption of roentgen rays in small areas of the pulmonary fields. The systolic and diastolic deflections as well as the changes of the electrokymographic records obtained from the left and right ventricles due to varying size of the heart have been recorded with the electrokymograph. Measurements have also been made of the heart volume on roentgenograms.Changes in the distribution of the blood have been induced with two procedures. In the first, the blood circulation to the lower extremities was cut off with the subject in the upright position and released in the supine position. In the second, the circulation was stopped when the legs were elevated and released after raising the head end of the X‐ray table.The investigation shows that the pulmonary blood content varies inversely with the blood content of the lower extremities. The heart volume increases with an increase in the pulmonary blood content and decreases with a decrease in it. This is found to be due, at least in part, to variations in the filling rate of the left ventricle with variations in the pulmonary blood content. The volume of the right ventricle also appears – though inconstantly and to a lesser degree – to increase simultaneously with the left ventricle.The results illustrate the significance of the lungs as a blood reservoir and stabilization chamber in the regulation of the circulation. They also indicate that Starling's law is modified under normal conditions presumably by changes in the autonomic nervous control of the heart.
Effects of Prolonged Administration of Atropine and Pilocarpine on the Submaxillary Gland of the Cat.
Authors: EMMELIN N. , JACOBSOHN DORA , MUREN A. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The effects of prolonged administration of atropine and pilocarpine on the microscopic picture and on the adrenaline sensitivity of the submaxillary gland was studied in cats.2. Subcutaneous injections of atropine sulphate (in doses increasing from 1 to 12—20 mg/kg, given twice a day) over a period of approximately one week caused changes in sbructure and adrenaline sensitivity similar to those seen after transection of the chorda tympani.3. The structural and functional changes were not found after section of the chorda: in cats injected with pilocarpine hydrochloride twice daily (0.5 ± 1.0 mg/kg) for a week or more.Our thanks are due to Miss Gunhild Hansson for skilled help with the histological work. The expenses of this work were in part defrayed by a grant from “Stiftelsen Therese och Johan Anderssons Minne”.
A Comparative Study of the Anticonvulsant Effect of the N‐substituted 5,5‐Diallylbar‐biturates and 5,5‐Diphenylhydantoins
Authors: SANDBERG FINN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The synthesis and chemical properties of two series of new N‐substituted 5,5‐diallylbarbituric acids and 5,5‐diphenylhydantoins with the same variations in the substituent group on the nitrogen are reported. The following results were found using the supramaximal electroshock method.The barbiturates and hydantoins were equally potent in shortening the tonic phase. Both groups of derivatives prolonged the clonic phase, but the prolongation was twice as long in the case of the hydantoins. The total length of the seizure was unchanged by the hydantoins but significantly shortened by the barbiturates.The introduction of various radicals on one of the nitrogens of the parent compounds could not change their different qualitative character but produced considerable variations in the median anticonvulsant doses, the effect usually differing in the two series.The carboxymethyl derivative of 5,5‐diphenylhydantoin was as active as the parent compound, the other N‐substituted derivatives being less active than their parent compounds. The allyl derivatives were more effective than the corresponding methyl derivatives.In the N‐substituted barbiturates the anticonvulsant activity was not closely related to the hypnotic efficiency.
Sensitization of Pain Receptors by Cholinergic Substances.
Authors: SKOUBY ARNE P. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Determinations of the pain threshold temperature for the skin can be repeated with a deviation less than 0.1oC. The pain threshold temperature for the skin of the forearm in normal subjects has been examined before and after the application of acetyl‐beta‐methylcholine chloride, acetylcholine chloride, prostigmine (Roche) and atropine sulphate. The substances were applied in isoosmotic solutions, either by intracutaneous injection in NaCl solutions beside the area to be examined, or by iontophoresis, when dissolved in alcohol, directly on the test area.Control experiments were performed on the same subjects, using injections of 0.9 % NaCl and iontophoresis with hydrolysed acetyl‐beta‐methylcholine in a 5 % alcoholic solution.Acetyl‐beta‐methylcholineiontophoresis with concentrations of 1: 100–1: 1,000 caused statistically significant decreases in the pain threshold temperature. The largest decreases (3.5–5.5oC.) were found in the first determinations and when the highest concentrations were used. Uniform results were obtained on different areas of the single subject, while considerable individual differences in the effect were noticed. Intracutaneous injection of small amounts (1–40 μg) produced a decrease in the pain threshold, while larger amounts (100–300 μg) evoked an increase, which was followed by a return to the normal value.Acetylcholineinjection (0.1–1 μg) produced significant decreases in the pain threshold. The effect disappeared within few minutes.Prostigmineinjection (0.5–1 times 10_1– 10‐2μg) produced significant decreases in the pain threshold temperature after several minutes and of long duration.Atropine sulphateinjection (50 μg) produced after 10–30 minutes significant increases in the pain threshold temperature.The dissociation between flushing of the skin and skin temperature on the one hand and the changes in the pain threshold on the other indicates that the latter cannot be secondary to the change in the vessels, humidity or temperature of the skin, but must be attributed to a direct effect of the acetylcholine either on the pain receptors or the nerve fibres connected with them. The experiments with prostigmine and atropine indicate thatchanges in the concentration of the active acetylcholine normally liberated in the shin may influence the sensitivity to Pain. It is, therefore, possible that the activity of the pain receptors is influenced by changes in the acetylcholine content of the skin. The mechanism of such a regulation is discussed.
Characterisation of Rehberg's Ultrafiltration Method
Authors: GRANDJEAN L. C. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The pore radii of 5 Rehberg filters have been measured on the basis of calculations of thickness, water permeability, and water content. The values ranged from 20.72 mμ to 27.28 mμ.Investigations have been made of the ultrafilterability of various substances with known molecular weights. The substances with a molecular weight of 1,600 or less were all ultrafilterable in aqueous solution, while those with a molecular weight of 2,500 or more were not.Two substances with known molecular diameters (1.0 mμ and 80 mμ) showed an ultrafilterability which was accountable for exclusively by their sizes in proportion to the pore size. It has been shown that the presence of other — even low‐molecular – compounds can inhibit the ultrafilterability of a given substance.
After‐Potentials in the Electrocardiogram
Authors: SJÖSTRAND TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.An analysis has been made of the lingering potentials following the T‐wave in the electrocardiogram, as previously described (Sjöstrand, 1950). A positive after‐potential can be recorded both by the usual electrocardiograph with an alternating current amplifier (Triplex, Blema), and by means of a direct current amplifier, cathode ray oscillograph and subcutaneous needle electrodes.On intravenous infusion of small amounts of adrenaline, the after‐potential is greatly increased. It may be shown that it is continuous with a component, which, in the normal resting electrocardiogram, is included in the T‐wave. Increased vagus tonus appears to have the opposite effect to that of adrenaline. The typical electrocardiographic changes occurring with lowered blood potassium concentration correspond in several respects to the adrenaline effect.The positive after‐potential is not directly connected with the mechanical systole of the heart and it occurs either completely, or to the greater extent, after the refractory period. During this phase there seems even to be an increased excitability, judging from the fact that extra‐systoles may occur.The after‐potentials and their variations show a great similarity to those of nerves, Purkinje fibres and the isolated frog heart. They may explain several physiological changes in the electrocardiogram. A number of pathological deviations may also be explained from variations in these after‐potentials and so be considered in relation to the recovery processes in the myocardium following the actual action potential.
The Effect of Hepatectomy and Nephrectomy on the Anaesthetic Activity of Some N‐Substituted Barbiturates.
Authors: SANDBERG. FINN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In order to study the rôle of the liver and the kidneys for the detoxication of some N‐substituted barbiturates, the influence of hepatectomy and bilateral nephrectomy on the induction time and duration of action is investigated.The following conclusions are drawn:For 5,5‐diallyl‐barbituric acid and its 1–(N,N‐diethylcarbamyl‐methyl) derivative the kidneys participate as much as the liver in the detoxication.1‐benzyl‐5,5 diallyl‐barbituric acid isdestroyed mainlyin the liver.1‐carbethoxymethyl‐5,5‐dialkyl‐barbiturates are probably hydrolyzed to the corresponding carbonic acid, 1‐carboxymethyl‐5,5‐dialkyl‐barbituric acid.
The Contributions of Diffusion and Flow to the Passage of D2O through Living Membranes.: Effect of Neurohypophysenl Hormone 011 Isolated Anuran Skin.
Authors: KOEFOED‐JOHNSEN VALBORG , USSING. HANS H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Equations are derived, describing the contributions of diffusion and flow to the passage of isotopic water through membranes of different structure.2. For pore membranes the permeability as measured by osmotic flow is always larger than the permeability as calculated from the diffusion of isotopic water.3. Neurohypophyseal extracts increase the net flow of water through the isolated toad skin (with 1/10 Ringer on the outside and Ringer on the inside) by 100 to 200 %. The diffusion rate of heavy water through the skin is, on the other hand only slightly increased.4. The results are consistent with the assumption that neurohypophyseal hormone increases the pore size in some layer of the skin without increasing the total area available to diffusion. Active transport of water may, however, contribute to the water transfer.
The Effect of Cholinergic Substances on the Discharges from Thermal Receptors.
Authors: DODT E. , SKOUBY A. P. , ZOTTERMAN. Y. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of cholinergic substances on the thermal receptors of the tongue of the cat has been studied by recording the impulses set up in single thermal fibres.Minute amounts of acetylcholine shift the temperature range of the steady discharge of cold fibres towards the warm side and increase definitely the rate of the stationary discharge of the receptors inside the normal range of temperature. Larger amount.; produce a depression of the steady discharge and a narrowing of the temperature range recorded. Corresponding results were found on warm fibre preparations.Menthol was found to exert a similar effect on the cold and on the warm fibre discharge.
Activation of Muscle Spindles by Succinylcholine and Decamethonium.: The Effects of Curare.
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR , SKOGLUND STEN , THESLEFF. STEPHEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of the neuromuscular blocking agent succinylcholine‐iodide (Sch) was studied, by intraarterial injection, on single muscle spindles in cats. Spindle afferents were isolated in the dorsal roots. The injection was made into the ipsilateral arteria profunda femoris or at the aortic bifurcation from a contralateral cannula introduced through the femoral artery. In all, some 80 muscle spindles were studied under myographic control (strain gauge). Of these 21 belonged to m. soleus, 16 to m. tibialis anticus, 33 to m. gastrocnemius, and the rest to the joint gastrocnemius‐soleus muscle. In addition 20 Golgi tendon or B‐organs were studied.Sch in subparalytic doses caused a strong transient regular discharge of the muscle spindles, reaching lower maximum frequencies in soleus than in the other muscles. The same stimulating effect was obtained with larger doses after full paralysis of alpha motor end plates.The Sch‐discharge was analyzed with respect to threshold, time course, initial muscle tension and efferent (small fibre or) gamma excitation of the muscle spindles.Though spindle excitation by Sch was favoured by an increase in initial tension or stretch, it could always be obtained in wholly slack muscle by slightly increasing the dose of Sch. After full paralysis by d‐tubocurarine of the excitatory effect of both the ordinary alpha motor fibres as well as the gamma fibres sufficiently large doses of Sch still elicited in most spindles the typical transient increase of discharge rate.Sch ultimately paralyzed the gamma end plates. Before d‐tubocurarine or Sch paralyzed the gamma end plates there often appeared a transient phase of facilitation.Decamethonium, tried in a few cases, also increased the discharge rate of the muscle spindles but the effect, apart from lasting for at least an hour (longer times not tried) as against some 3–10 minutes with Sch (depending upon dosage and preparation), consisted in irregular bursts of discharges which could be blocked by curare in large doses. It thus differed greatly from the highly regular and transient outburst of spikes obtained by Sch which rapidly reached its maximum and then slowly decayed.Golgi tendon or B‐organs were not fired by Sch.In the discussion it is pointed out that several of the results are best understood on the basis of the assumption that Sch, whatever it may do to the gamma fibre end plates, also affects the sensory Spindle organs directly.
The Red Cell Volume of the Maternal and Foetad Vessels of the Guinea Pig Placenta.
Authors: FUCHS. FRITZ 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Circulating red cell and blood volume determinations with red blood corpuscles labelled with 32P were carried out on nine guinea pigs in the second half of pregnancy. The variations n‐ere less pronounced when the volumes were correlated to maternal weight, i. e. total body weight minus the weight of the products of conception, but the series is too small to allow an analysis of the blood volume variations during pregnancy.In the same experiments the erythrocyte content of the maternal vessels of the placenta was determined on a total of 25 placentae. A steady increase of the blood cell content per unit weight during pregnancy was found, which is in agreement with morphological findings. The blood volumes, calculated from the cell volumes with the use of the arterial hematocrit, ranged from 9 to 30 % of the wet weight of the placenta. In a 57 days pregnant animal the four placentae contained 10.8 % of the total blood volume and in another close to term the three placentae held 10.7 % of the body blood volume.The content of blood in the foetal vessels of the guinea pig placenta was determined on another series, comprising 12 placentae in four animals in the last week of pregnancy; it was found to be equal to the amount of blood on the maternal side. The red cell volume was higher on the foetal side owing to the higher foetal hematocrit. The placentae contained 11–18 % of the total foetal blood, and 55–69 % of the foetal blood was passing through the placenta per minute.Present address: Harsdorffsvej 6 A, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
Effect of Sera Taken from Human Subjects or Rabbits after Thermal Stress on the Mouse Metabolic Rate.: Failure to Confirm the Existence of So‐Called Thermothyrin A.
Authors: NLEMI. MIKKO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A control study was made concerning the existence of Mansfeld's thermothyrin A. Serum taken from human subjects and rabbits after thermal stress was injected into mice and their metabolic rate was measured using a direct calorimetric method. No significant changes in the metabolism were observed.
The Effect of Injections of Hypertonic NaCl‐Solutions into Different Parts of the Hypothalamus of Goats.
Authors: ANDERSSON. BENGT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In goats intrahypothalamic injections of hypertonic NaCl‐solutions, within a region medially in the vicinity of the third ventricle, induced drinking of the animals. The most obvious effect was obtained in experiments, where the injection was performed in the middle hypothalamic region near to the para‐ventricular nucleus.Injections of iso‐ or hypotonic solutions had not this effect.Injections of hypertonic NaCl‐solution in the lateral parts of the hypothalamus and in the vicinity of the optic chiasm did not induce any drinking.In seven experiments an obviously increased diuresis together with a diminished concentration of the urine was observed 2–4 hours after the experiments had started. This polyuria was not in every case the consequence of an increased intake of water.
The Permeability of Frog Skin to Heavy Water and to Ions, with Special Reference to the Effect of Some Diuretics.
Authors: GARBY LARS , LINDERHOLM. HÀKN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The permeability of isolated frog skin to heavy water was measured. At the same time the electrical d. c. conductance was recorded as a measure of the permeability to ions.2. The mean permeability coefficient of normal skins for heavy water is 73 × 10–6 cm sec.‐l, which is estimated to be about 50 times greater than a corresponding permeability coefficient for Cl (and Na) ions.3. The permeability to heavy water is not appreciably influenced by the action of mersalyl (0.1 mM) and aminophylline (50 mg per cent). But aminophylline causes a considerable increase in the conductance or permeability to ions. Thus there is no noticeable covariation between the permeability of frog skin to water and to ions.The investigation was supported by a grant from the Therèse and Johan Andersson fund.
On the Protracted Action of Histamine on the Oxygen Consumption in Rats
Authors: APAJALAHTI A. N. I. , PIHA. S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The oxygen consuniption of 12 rats was determined after they had received a subcutaneous injection of histamine in bee's wax. The histamine deposit caused a decrease in the osygen consumption to an average ininiinurii at 76 % of the normal value when the rats were kept at a room temperature of 22o C. The minimum was reached approxiniately after 50 hours. This decrease does not appear when rats are kept at a temperature of 18o C.
Monosynaptie Corticospinal Activation of Fore Limb Motoneurones in Monkeys Macaca mulatta)
Authors: BERNHARD C. G. , BOHM E. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Various types of experiments were carried out on monkeys (Macaca mulatta), the results of which show that spinal motoneurones innervating fore limb muscles are monospaptically activated by descending volleys in corticospinal fibres belonging to the largest pyramidal neurones originating in the contralateral precentral area.
Catechol Amines and Substance Pin the Mammalian Eye
Authors: DUNER H. , von EULER U. S. , PERNOW B. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The noradrenaline content of the ciliary body, the iris, and the choroid in she cow was 0.3—0.4 μg per g wet weight. Adrenaline was present to 2.6—7.2 per cent of the total catechols.In aqueous humour the noradrenaline was generally less than 0.2 μg per 100 ml. On one occasion an effect corresponding to 1.3 μg noradrenaline per 100 ml was found.Detectable amounts of catechol amines were not found in the lens or the vitreous body.The retina did not contain measurable quantities of noradrenaline or adrenaline (< 0.05 μg/g).Concentrated aqueous humour acquires a red colour on standing at alkaline reaction.The retina of cow and dog contains high amounts of substance P, up to 200 units per gram of dry organ.
Observations Concerning the Absorption of Vitamin B12 by Cells of Escherichia Coli
Authors: JÄNNES J. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In a series of tests the author has studied the ability of dead cells of Escherichia coli to absorb vitamin B12. Contrary to earlier observations, the author found that cells of Escherichia coli killed by sonic waves or acetone are capable for this absorption.