bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of raising the concentration of potassium in the blood or intestinal lumen on the transport of potassium in the dog intestine
Authors: Hardy-Smith Anne , Shields R 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The rates of transport of potassium, sodium and water across the intestinal mucosa of Thiry-Vella fistulas of colon and ileum, were studied in dogs in two experimental situations; (1) following intravenous infusion of potassium (15 mEq) over 30 minutes and (2) during variations in the intraluminal concentration of potassium in the range 0·8–16·0 mEq/l.
Following intravenous infusion of potassium the rates of potassium secretion into the colon were usually increased; the rates of sodium and water absorption were either unchanged or decreased. The unidirectional rate of movement of potassium into the lumen increased as the concentration difference across the mucosa increased; the movement of potassium in the opposite direction remained relatively constant. The unidirectional movement of sodium and water into the lumen of the colon also increased but to a lesser extent. The effect on potassium transport in the ileum was not so marked.
With increase in the intraluminal concentration of potassium there was a decrease in the rate of net potassium secretion in both colon and ileum. The rates of net absorption of sodium and water were not significantly altered. Unidirectional potassium movement into the body increased in all the ileal fistulas.
Orthotopic liver transplantation: An experimental study on the prevention of infections with Gram-negative organisms
Authors: Schalm S W , Popescu D T , Van Der Waay D , Krom R A F , Hendriks W D H , Terpstra J L , Jerusalem C 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Infection with Gram-negative bacteria is frequently the cause of death in human liver transplantation. In experimental liver transplantation in mongrel dogs we detected Gram-negative septicaemia in 73 per cent of our first 15 cases; maximal survival was 26 days.
In a second series of 27 orthotopic liver transplantations in tissue-typed littermate dogs and littermate pigs the standard surgical technique and aftercare were changed with regard to four factors: an end-to-end common bile duct anastomosis was made instead of a gallbladder to duodenum anastomosis; the continuous postoperative bacteriostatic antibiotic therapy was changed to a single 2-day course of bactericidal antibiotics; preoperative selective bowel decontamination combined with postoperative protective isolation was introduced; the dosage of azathioprine used for immuno-suppression was reduced.
Infectious complications decreased markedly to 8 per cent, with survival beyond 1 year in 37 per cent of the animals. Therefore under experimental conditions Gram-negative septicaemia can be prevented in liver transplantation; whether all the factors cited above are important in this regard remains to be determined.
Surgical treatment of thyrotoxicosis: Results of 272 operations with special reference to preoperative treatment with anti-thyroid drugs and L-thyroxine
Authors: Heimann Peter , Martinson Jan 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
From 1959 to 1970, 272 operations for thyrotoxicosis were performed. Most of the patients received antithyroid drugs and thyroid hormones preoperatively. The patients were continuously followed up. The primary results with low morbidity and no mortality as well as the long term results with a low rate of recurrence and a relatively high incidence of thyroid substitution are discussed. A safe and effective programme for surgical treatment of thyrotoxicosis is described. Anti-thyroid drugs and thyroid hormones should be administered as the method of choice in preparing these patients for surgery.
Gastric acid secretion following renal transplantation
Authors: Canavan J S F , Briggs J D , Bell P R F 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Gastric acid secretion studies were performed in 10 patients on regular dialysis and again following transplantation. While on dialysis, the acid output was high, with mean peak values after pentagastrin of 37·2 mEq/h in males and 26·3 mEq/h in females. These compared with values in normal subjects of 21·6 mEq/h in males and 12·3 mEq/h in females.
Following transplantation continuous steroid therapy was given. Repeat gastric acid secretion studies showed no significant change, with values of 37·1 mEq/h in males and 24·6 mEq/h in females. The high incidence of gastro-intestinal haemorrhage and perforation following transplantation is probably due mainly to steroid therapy, but the ulcerogenic effect of steroids would not seem to be mediated by increased gastric acid secretion.
Symptomatic hypoglycaemia, liver glycogen depletion and cirrhosis following jejuno-ileal bypass for gross obesity
Authors: Wilcox R G 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A new complication following jejuno-ileal bypass for gross obesity is described. The patient suffered from hypoglycaemic attacks which were associated with total depletion of liver glycogen together with a progressive micronodular cirrhosis. Increased dietary protein and calorie content relieved her symptoms, restored liver glycogen but had no effect on the development of the cirrhosis over the next 12 months.
Splenectomy in childhood: A review in England and Wales, 1960–4
Authors: Walker William 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
An investigation was carried out of' 821 children under the age of 16 years who were subjected to splenectomy in England and Wales during the 5 years 1 960-4. A postal follow-up study provided satisfactory information concerning 96 per cent of these. Excluding early postoperative deaths, practically all the cases were followed up for 2 years or more and 70 per cent for more than 5 years.
Forty-nine children had died since operation. 32, from underlying disease and 17 from infection.
Fifty children (6 per cent of the survivors) had major infections considered to be due to the primary condition aggravated by splenectomy. Seven died, all from the primary disease.
Sixteen children (2 per cent) developed septicaemic illnesses and 10 died. In these the effect of' splenectomy was considered to be the primary factor. Fourteen of the 16 had been operated on in the first 4 years of life.
Practically all the serious infections occurred within 3 years of operation and pneumococcus was the organism most frequently implicated.
Ninety per cent of the splenectomies in childhood were performed, for accidental injury, congenital haemolytic anaemia or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Accidental injury to the spleen rarely occurs in very young children, and in the other two conditions splenectomy can usually be safely delayed until over the age of 3 years. If this is achieved it is estimated that the unavoidable risk of dangerous infection is less than I per cent.
One in 10 splenectomies will be curried out for severe und potentially fatal illnesses and in this situation the risk from operation is of secondary importance. Many such conditions carry increased susceptibility to infection per se or because corticosteroids or other immune suppressants are used in their management.
It is recommended that splenectomy be avoided if at all possible during the early years of life. It is further recommended that prophylactic penicillin be administered for 3 years following operation whatever its indication and whatever the age of the patient. If the underlying condition itself curries risk of infection more active and more prolonged prophylaxis may he indicated.
Long survival after renal transplantation in man
Authors: Woodruff M F A , Nolan B , Anderton J L , Abouna G M , Morton J B , Jenkins A McL 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The indications for transplantation, complications, management and results in 127 consecutive patients who had received renal transplants between October 1960 and December 1974 are presented, In 2 cases the donor was an identical twin, in 22 a living relative other than a twin, in 2 an unrelated individual in whom nephrectomy was performed for therapeutic reasons and in 101 a cadaver. At the end of the period under review there were 37 patients alive with grafts which had functioned for 6 months or more; of these, 28 had survived for more than 2 years, 13 for more than 5 years, 6 for more than 8 years and 2 for more than 12 years. Thirty-four patients were employed or doing routine housework or receiving full-time education. One patient fathered a child 4 years after transplantation; another gave birth to a healthy infant 3 years afrer transplantation.
Temporal lobe swelling: A common treatable complication of head injury
Authors: Maurice-Williams R S 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Four cases are described of focal contusion and swelling of the temporal lobe after head injury, giving rise to acute cerebral compression. The clinical features, pathology and treatment of this condition are discussed. It is suggested that this occurrence may be a common treatable complication of closed head injuries which may easily be overlooked, with fatal results, if exploratory cranial surgery is undertaken without preliminary cerebral angiography.
Grafting of the major veins: The value of anti-thrombotic drugs to maintain patency
Authors: Thomas J M Price , Glynn M F X , Rickwood A M K , Cough M H 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The value of anti-thrombotic drugs to maintain the patency of grafts into the central venous system is described. The infrarenal portion of the inferior vena cava in mongrel dogs was used as the test bed. Two autologous graft materials were used: first, the tissue reaction to implanted silicone rubber, and, secondly, free peritoneum. Phenylbutazone was the drug administered to inhibit the aggregation of platelets at the blood-graft interface. The low patency rate of the control group of animals conformed with previous experimental studies. The high patency of grafts in the phenylbutazone-treated animals (up to 92 per cent) was predictable after studying the in vitro behaviour of their platelets pre-operatively.
Fistula formation complicating pancreatic abscess
Authors: Henderson J M , Macdonald J A E 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Internal fistula formation is a rare Complication of pancreatic abscess of pseudocyst; a fairly extensive search of the literature has produced only 47 cases. Common factors in the aetiology, presentation and management are discussed, and a further case is reported which demonstrates many features of this unusual condition.
Treatment of thyroid cancer in 293 patients
Authors: Staunton M D , Greening W P 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Two hundred and ninety-three patients with thyroid cancer were treated at The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, between 1931 and 1963. Thirty-six per cent of the tumours were papillary, 21 per cent follicular, 1 per cent medullary and 42 per cent anaplastic. Surgery combined with radiotherapy formed the commonest treatment régime. Thirty-six per cent of the patients with papillary carcinoma survived for 20 years, 20 per cent with follicular tumour and 4 per cent with anaplastic carcinoma. The present series indicates that treatment influences the survival time, confirms the prognostic value of histology and age and shows that papillary node metastases do not prejudice survival.
Typhoid ileal perforations: Why such mortalities?
Authors: Archampong E Q 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The average mortality of 25 per cent in typhoid perforations of the ileum treated operatively could be reduced, because only half of the cases die of the lethal complications of myocarditis and toxaemia. The results of the present study show important differences between the preoperative fluid and electrolyte therapy of survivors nnd non-survivors as well as differences in the urinary output per hour. The perforation-operation interval as well as duration of the illness also have prognostic significance. The problem of enteric fever must ultimately be solved by preventive measures, but the results of this review indicate that attention to these factors could halve the present mortality.
Intermittent non-sterile self-catheterization
Authors: Whitfield H N , Mayo M E 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Fourteen patients suffering from voiding disorders of various aetiologies were taught the art of intermittent self-catheterization. The rationale of this form of treatment is discussed and it is suggested that this régime may play a useful role in the management of patients who are not amenable to surgery or other forms of treatment.
The treatment of mixed parotid tumours by enucleation and radiotherapy
Authors: McEvedy Brian V , Ross W M 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A series of mixed parotid tumours treated by simple enucleation and radiotherapy between 1962 and 1968 is discussed. There were 73 primary and 8 recurrent cases. Only 2 small recurrences occurred in the 73 primary cases, although 4 other patients were lost to follow-up after 7 years or more. In the 8 recurrent cases, 7 had been treated elsewhere by enucleation alone, thus confirming the opinion that this operation is frequently unsuccessful. Treatment was by further local excision and radiotherapy and no recurrences have occurred.
The view is therefore expressed that simple enucleation and radiotherapy is the treatment of choice in all primary mixed parotid tumours.
Thyroidectomy for non-familial medullary carcinoma
Authors: Roediger W E W 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Two cases of non-familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid which had thyroid tissue remaining after initial thyroidectomy were shown to contain residual, intra-glandular carcinoma at reoperation. This observation, the distribution of C cells in the normal thyroid gland and the lymph node spread of this carcinoma have led to the proposal of a bilateral 90 per cent upper pole thyroidectomy including the superior parathyroids for cases of non-familial medullary carcinoma. This operation removes all the C-cell-bearing area and leaves a small thyroid remnant at the lower pole for preservation of the inferior parathyroid glands. The operation is discussed with reference to these factors.
The clinical significance of venous thrombosis of the calf
Authors: Doouss T W 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A total of 379 general surgical and hip replacement patients were studied with the radioactive fibrinogen uptake test and the Doppler ultrasound flow detector to determine the incidence and natural history of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in their lower limbs. The overall incidence of D VT was 33 per cent, but clinical follow-up indicated that the great majority of these patients suffered no ill effects. It is concluded that thrombosis diagnosed by the radioactive fibrinogen uptake test is of very limited clinical significance and that the technique cannot be recommended as a screening test for DVT.
A controlled trial of intraperitoneal noxytiolin in perforated appendicitis
Authors: Gurry J F , King D W , Rutter K P , Brooke B N 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A controlled trial of intraperitoneal noxytiolin (Noxiflex) solution in patients with peritonitis due to perforafed appendicitis is reported. No significant difference was found in the incidence of complications between the treated and a control group, raising doubts as to whether this substance is of value when used intraperitoneally in peritonitis.
Impedance plethysmography: Evaluation of a simplified system of electrodes for the measurement of blood flow in the lower limb
Authors: Schraibman I G , Mott D , Naylor G P , Charlesworth D 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Venous occlusion plethysmography was used to measure the flow of blood into the lower limbs of 30 normal volunteers. An impedance plethysmograph, using disposable point electrodes, was compared with a mercury in Silastic strain gauge plethysmograph in 20 subjects. The effect of changes in the configuration of the point electrodes was studied in 10 subjects. Impedance plethysmography was shown to be reproducible, and one particular configuration of point electrodes was shown to be superior to the others.
An experimental evaluation of the types of material used for bile duct drainage tubes
Authors: Apalakis Achilles 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A comparison has been carried out of the properties of latex, silicone, red rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) T tubes draining the common bile duct in dogs. The tubes remained in the animals for 15–98 days. Bile cultures, liver function tests, cholangiograms and the histology of the common bile ducts were studied, and the changes in the physical properties of tubes implanted in the experimental animals, and of those after 1 month's incubation in human bile, were assessed. The elasticity of the tubes was also measured and the tissue reaction around them observed. Finally, the tissue reaction following implantation in mice of tubes which had been incubated in human bile for 1 month was investigated, and compared with that when new tubes were used.
Polyvinyl chloride tubes caused the least reaction in both the common bile duct and the peritoneal cavity. However, the lack of tissue tract formation around them, owing to their inertness, and their rapid development of rigidity make them unsuitable for use in biliary surgery. Red rubber tubes were found to be the most irritant. While silicone tubes proved to have desirable physical properties compared with latex tubes, they did, however, disintegrate easily with improper handling on suturing and were slow to produce a satisfactory tract, the latter fact suggesting that they would be unsuitable for short ferm biliary drainage. It appears that the latex tube is the tube of choice for drainage periods of up to 3 months, while silicone tubes are preferable when intubation for longer periods is necessary. Red rubber tubes may be the alternative for routine short term drainage if a latex tube is not available.
A report on missile injuries in Cyprus 1974
Authors: Malpass C P , Winter J S 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper details the experiences of the Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Hospital, Akrotiri (TPMH), during the last 6 months of 1974. TPMH was at that time a small hospital (120 beds) with a clinical staff of 17 situated in the south of Cyprus (Fig. 1).
The series comprises 71 patients injured by bullets, shrapnel, bomb-blasts or mines, drawn from British personnel, United Nations Forces and the local Cypriot military and civilian population, resulting from the coup d'état of 15 July 1974 and the subsequent Turkish invasion and air attacks.
The casualties were often severely wounded beyond the capabilities of the local hospitals. They were mostly admitted during a 2-week period, but many required multiple operations extending over the next 3 or 4 months, and altogether 119 operations were carried out on 41 patients at TPMH.
The organization of the limited resources of the medical, nursing and supporting staff is outlined.
The correct treatment of missile wounds is emphasized. Resuscitation, wound excision, splintage and delayed suture or grafting are essential. Minimal morbidity and mortality are gained by a practised approach to the compounded results of violence.
Perfusion in the experimental preservation of the rat heart
Authors: Agrawal L S , Rosenberg I L , Giles G R 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Rat hearts have been preserved for 24 hours using four different preservation solutions. The results suggest that the best preservation fluid is Tyrode's solution with Ficoll 5 per cent. A comparison of simple cooling of the heart and perfusion, either continuous or intermittent, has shown that intermittent perfusion of the heart for 2 minutes every 6 hours gives the highest rate of 24-how preservation.
A technique for rapid harvesting of cadaveric renal and pancreatic grafts after circulatory arrest
Authors: Björkén C , Lundgren G , Ringdén O , Groth C G 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In several countries, organs for transplantation cannot be removed from cadaver donors until cardiac arrest has occurred. A technique is described for removal of the kidneys and pancreas in which the whole abdominal contents are freed and reflected so that the retroperi-toneal organs lie uppermost. The aorta is opened longitudinally and the relevant arteries are cannulated via their orifices. Cold per fusion of the three organs can usually be initiated 5–15 minutes after cardiac arrest and significant ischaemia is avoided. The full length of the vascular pedicles can be preserved and the dissection of the retroperitoneal organs is greatly facilitated.
A controlled trial of glucagon in experimental pancreatitis
Authors: Waterworth M W , Barbezat G O , Hickman Rosemary , Terblanche John 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This study was designed to assess the value of glucagon infusion in pigs with experimental pancreatitis. The condition was induced by injection of bile into the pancreatic duct directly after intravenous injection of secref in. Macroscopic haemorrhagic panereatitis ensued immediately, and was accompanied by a rise in the serum amylase of five to ten times.
An experimental group of 15 pigs was given glucagon by continuous infusion for 18 hours beginning 18 hours after induction of pancreatitis. A control group was given intravenous saline.
Fourteen of the 15 treated animals survived for 1 week and 3 died within 2 weeks, after which the remaining animals were sacrificed. Ten of the 15 controls died within the first week, Serum amylase levels in both groups began to decline when infusion was commenced, but levels in the treated group were significantly lower than in the controls.
Autopsy showed prominent peripancreatic granulation tissue in the treated animals, a significant incidence of pericarditis in both groups and pancreatic pseudo-cysts in 3 controls and 1 treated animal.
These results suggest that glucagon effectively reduced the mortality in pigs with experimental pancreatitis and that a controlled clinical trial of treatment is justified.
Antibiotics in biliary surgery
Authors: Gunn A A 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Infection is the major cause of morbidity following biliary surgery and it has been shown that the patients with infected bile can be detected preoperatively. This paper presents the results of a controlled trial comparing patients expected to have infected bile who received surgical treatment with and without antibiotic therapy. The results showed a reduction in the incidence and severity of complications in the treated group.
The results of surgical treatment for carcinoma of the rectum at St Mark's Hospital from 1948 to 1972
Authors: Lockhart-Mummery H E , Ritchie Jean K , Hawley P R 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The surgical treatment of 3163 patients seen at St Mark's Hospital with a single adenocarcinoma of the rectum in the years 1948–72 is described and the results analysed.
In 2948 patients (93·2 per cent) the primary tumour was removed. The operative mortality fell from 7·0 per cent in the years 1948–52 to 2·1 per cent in 1968–72. The proportion of restorative operations has risen steadily over the years to a level of 41·1 per cent in the years 1968–72.
There were 2410 operation survivors in the years 1948–67, The crude 5-year survival rate in the whole group was 47·1 per cent (corrected figure 56·7 per cent), and 56·6 per cent (corrected figure 68·4 per cent) for the 1931 survivors of radical operations.
Comparison of results for patients surviving radical synchronous combined excision and radical anterior resection shows a significant difference in the two groups: in the former the crude 5-year survival rate was 52·7 per cent (corrected figure 63·8 per cent), and in the latter group the respective figures were 66·7 and 79·4 per cent. A higher proportion of Dukes' A and B cases and of low grade tumours are shown as the pathological background to the more favourable prognosis for patients surviving radical anterior resection.