bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistent Diastolic Flow Reversal in Abdominal Aortic Doppler-Flow Profiles Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Term Infants With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Carlo Waldemar F. , Kimball Thomas R. , Michelfelder Erik C. , Border William L. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. Diastolic runoff in the abdominal aorta, with subsequent circulatory mesenteric insufficiency, has been postulated as a cause of necrotizing enterocolitis in term infants with congenital heart disease. With this study we sought to determine whether Doppler-flow characteristics in the abdominal aorta can predict which infants are at specific risk, independent of gestational age and type of congenital heart disease.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. We conducted a case-control study of term infants with congenital heart disease and proven necrotizing enterocolitis (n = 18) compared with gestational age–matched and diagnosis-matched control subjects (n = 20). Abdominal aortic Doppler velocities, time intervals, and reversals were analyzed. Groups were compared, and independent risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis were determined.
RESULTS. The groups were similar with regard to weight, pulse pressure, use of prostaglandins or inotropes, presence of a patent ductus arteriosus, and systolic function. However, 47% of the case subjects with necrotizing enterocolitis had persistent retrograde diastolic flow in the abdominal aorta compared with 15% of the control subjects. When adjusting for multiple risk factors, persistent diastolic flow reversal remained the only factor significantly associated with necrotizing enterocolitis.
CONCLUSION. Persistent diastolic flow reversal in the abdominal aortic Doppler profile is associated with an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in term infants with congenital heart disease irrespective of gestational age or anatomic type of congenital heart disease.
Cardiac disease in pregnancy. Part 1: congenital heart disease
Authors: Gelson Emily , Johnson Mark , Gatzoulis Michael , Uebing Anselm 
Published: February 2007

Key content

Heart disease is now the most common indirect cause of maternal death in the United Kingdom.
Neonatal morbidity and mortality from fetal growth restriction and prematurity are markedly increased in women with heart disease.
Women with congenital heart disease should ideally have a planned pregnancy managed by a multidisciplinary team which includes obstetricians, cardiologists, anaesthetists, neonatologists and midwives.

Learning objectives

To understand the changes to cardiovascular physiology during pregnancy.
To recognise the risk factors for poor pregnancy outcome in cardiac disease.
To understand the general management principles for women with cardiac disease in pregnancy.

Ethical issues

Should we be recommending termination of pregnancy in women with high risk cardiac lesions?
How do we manage women who become pregnant against medical advice?
What is the role of surrogacy in women with high risk cardiac lesions?

Please cite this article as: Gelson E, Johnson M, Gatzoulis M, Uebing A. Cardiac disease in pregnancy. Part 1: congenital heart disease. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:15–20.
Management of women with inherited bleeding disorders in pregnancy
Authors: Chi Claudia , Kadir Rezan A 
Published: February 2007

Key content

Pregnancy in women with inherited bleeding disorders requires specialised and individualised care using a multidisciplinary approach with obstetricians, midwives, haematologists and anaesthetists.
Childbirth presents an intrinsic haemostatic challenge in these women and obstetricians may be the first to encounter haemorrhagic complications.
An understanding and awareness of these disorders and close collaboration between obstetricians and haematologists are essential in ensuring a successful outcome.

Learning objectives

To understand the basic principles in the obstetric management of women with inherited bleeding disorders.
To know the options available for prenatal diagnosis.
To be aware of the increased risk of haemorrhagic complications in these women and their offspring.

Ethical issues

Advances in prenatal diagnosis and treatment of inherited bleeding disorders create complex dilemmas for families affected by these disorders.

Please cite this article as: Chi C, Kadir RA. Management of women with inherited bleeding disorders in pregnancy. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:27–33.
Effect of Autogenous Cortical Bone Particulate in Conjunction With Enamel Matrix Derivative in the Treatment of Periodontal Intraosseous Defects
Authors: Guida Luigi , Annunziata Marco , Belardo Salvatore , Farina Roberto , Scabbia Alessandro , Trombelli Leonardo 
Published: February 2007

Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the additional clinical benefit of autogenous cortical bone particulate (ACBP) when added to enamel matrix derivative (EMD), compared to EMD alone, in the treatment of deep periodontal intraosseous defects.Methods: A total of 28 intraosseous lesions in 27 patients with advanced periodontitis were included in this controlled clinical trial and randomly assigned to the EMD group (14 defects) or to the EMD + ACBP group (14 defects). Immediately before surgery (baseline) and after 6 and 12 months, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival recession (REC) were recorded. Radiographic depth of the defect (DEPTH) was also measured at baseline and 12 months post‐surgery.Results: At 6 and 12 months, PD and CAL significantly improved from baseline in both groups (P <0.000). No significant differences in terms of CAL gain and PD reduction were detected between groups. However, defect distribution according to CAL gain was significantly different between groups (P <0.05). DEPTH significantly decreased from baseline to 12 months in both groups (P <0.000); between‐group differences were not significant. At 12 months, a significantly greater REC increase in the EMD group (1.1 ± 0.7 mm) compared to the EMD + ACBP group (0.3 ± 0.8 mm) was observed (P <0.05).Conclusions: Both EMD and EMD + ACBP treatments led to a significant improvement in clinical and radiographic parameters at follow‐up with respect to presurgery condition. The combined approach resulted in reduced post‐surgery recession and increased proportion of defects with substantial CAL gain (≥6 mm).
A Familial Pattern of Multiple Idiopathic Cervical Root Resorption in a Father and Son: A 22‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Neely Anthony L. , Gordon Sara C. 
Published: February 2007

Background: The etiology of idiopathic cervical root resorption has not been elucidated clearly. However, the process has been linked to trauma, intracanal bleaching, and partial‐thickness connective tissue grafts.Methods: This study describes a familial pattern of multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption in a father and son.Results: The father was a healthy 63‐year‐old white male who presented with the first resorption lesion in 1983. Twenty‐seven additional lesions were identified on 16 teeth over 22 years. Five teeth were lost as a result of extensive resorption. The son was a healthy 43‐year‐old when a resorption lesion was identified in 1993. A lesion identified on another tooth 12 years later resulted in extraction.Conclusions: Close relatives of those affected by multiple idiopathic cervical root resorption should be examined carefully for cervical resorption. This study also showed that early treatment can prevent or delay the need for extraction.
Endothelin‐1 and Its Receptors ETA and ETB in Drug‐Induced Gingival Overgrowth
Authors: Tamilselvan S. , Raju Surya Narayana , Loganathan D. , Kamatchiammal S. , Abraham Georgie , Suresh R. 
Published: February 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to study the expression of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and its receptors ETA and ETB in normal human gingiva and cyclosporin‐induced gingival fibroblasts.Methods: Gingival samples were collected from eight normal healthy individuals, eight patients with periodontitis, and eight patients with cyclosporin A (CsA)‐induced gingival overgrowth. Total RNA was extracted from tissue samples, and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction was performed for ET‐1, ETA, and ETB. ET‐1 protein was estimated from the tissues by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of ET‐1 and its receptors was also examined in gingival fibroblast cells treated with CsA.Results: ET‐1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in patients with CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth (P <0.001) than in patients with periodontitis and the controls. ETA mRNA was expressed more than the ETB in all examined samples. In human gingival fibroblasts, ET‐1 expression was increased with CsA incorporation compared to controls (P <0.001).Conclusion: These results suggest that CsA can modulate the expression of ET‐1 in gingival fibroblasts and CsA‐induced gingival overgrowth.
Protecting Health Using an Environmental Impact Assessment: A Case Study of San Francisco Land Use Decisionmaking
Authors: Bhatia Rajiv 
Published: February 2007

Laws and regulations for an environmental impact assessment enable a health impact assessment whenever physical changes in the environment may significantly affect health. In this case study, I describe 2 instances in which a local public health agency used the procedural requirements for an environmental impact assessment to account for societal-level health determinants that are not traditionally evaluated in land-use decisions. These examples show that a public health critique can contribute both to the scope of analysis in an environmental impact assessment and to substantive changes in land-use decisions. I have evaluated this health appraisal approach as a form of a health impact assessment and will make recommendations for law, research, and practice that support its technical, cultural, and political feasibility.
Adequacy of Communicating Results From Screening Mammograms to African American and White Women
Authors: Jones Beth A. , Reams Kam , Calvocoressi Lisa , Dailey Amy , Kasl Stanislav V. , Liston Nancy M. 
Published: February 2007

Objective. We examined whether African American women were as likely as White women to receive the results of a recent mammogram and to self-report results that matched the mammography radiology report (i.e., were adequately communicated). We also sought to determine whether the adequacy of communication was the same for normal and abnormal results.Methods. From a prospective cohort study of mammography screening, we compared self-reported mammogram results, which were collected by telephone interview, to results listed in the radiology record of 411 African American and 734 White women who underwent screening in 5 hospital-based facilities in Connecticut between October 1996 and January 1998. Using multivariate logistic regression, we identified independent predictors of inadequate communication of mammography results.Results. It was significantly more common for African American women to experience inadequate communication of screening mammography results compared with White women, after adjustment for sociodemographic, access-to-care, biomedical, and psychosocial factors. Abnormal mammogram results resulted in inadequate communication for African American women but not White women (P<.001).Conclusions. African American women may not be receiving the full benefit of screening mammograms because of inadequate communication of results, particularly when mammography results are abnormal.
William of Ockham and Lorenzo Valla: False Friends. Semantics and Ontological Reduction
Authors: Nauta Lodi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAt first glance, Lorenzo Valla has much in common with William of Ockham. Both see language as the key to an understanding of the world, criticizing realist ontologies which admit of various abstract entities. Modern scholars have therefore often argued that Valla's transformation of medieval metaphysics and logic is nominalist in spirit and continues Ockhamist nominalism. The article criticizes this widely held interpretation. At closer inspection, Valla's views on ontology and semantics are very different from Ockham's. Apart from the obvious differences in cultural background, they show widely different approaches, methods, and arguments at a more philosophical level.
How fast is the carousel? Direct indices of species mobility with examples from an Oklahoma grassland
Authors: Palmer M.W. , Rusch G.M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Current interest in small‐scale species dynamics has led to a proliferation of mobility indices. We advocate the use of direct measures of mobility such as immigration rate, extinction rate, residence time, and carousel time. We also demonstrate that the null expectation of cumulative frequency under different null models can be calculated explicitly. Species can depart from the commonly‐used ‘random reassignment’ model simply because of longevity, and not mobility per se. We therefore prefer a random immigration null model, which assumes that immigration locations are randomized.We examined mobility patterns of selected plant species, studied in 256 quadrats of each of four grains (ranging from 1/64 m2 to 1 m2) in an Oklahoma grassland. Residence times and carousel times can be centuries or even millennia for some species. We explore the numerical and biological reasons for relationships between mobility statistics. Mobility statistics are fairly consistent among grains and years, although the residence times of species exhibit some subtle scale dependence. Species depart from a random immigration model very slightly – but the departure is consistent: species tend to re‐occupy previously vacated space more often than expected due to chance. We believe that the use of direct indices will facilitate the study of how species characteristics influence mobility.
Biodiversity in South African fynbos and Mediterranean heathland
Authors: Ojeda Fernando , Simmons Mark T. , Arroyo Juan , Marañón Teodoro , Cowling Richard M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The theory of convergence predicts that, given similar selective regimes, both present and past, unrelated ecological communities will show similar attributes. Mild Pleistocene climate, highly infertile soils, and similar fire regimes explain the remarkable convergence between mediterranean‐type vegetation from South Africa (fynbos) and Australia (kwongan). Heathlands in the Aljibe Mountains, at the western end of the Mediterranean basin, constitute a single vegetation type within the Mediterranean region.We studied the association between endemism and plant life form in a flora from environmentally similar areas of the South African Cape region (fynbos) and the Aljibe Mountains by contingency table analysis. We included two non‐acid, neighbouring areas to the latter region in the analysis as contrasts. We also compared the patterns of variation in three components of biodiversity (species richness, endemism level and taxonomic singularity) of fynbos and Aljibe heathland woody plant communities along similar soil fertility gradients by means of two‐way ANOVAs.At the regional (flora) level, our results show two common features in the biological aspects of endemism between the two regions: (1) edaphic endemism and (2) association of endemism with the shrub growth form. At the community level, we detected strong similarities in the patterns of variation of endemism and taxonomic singularity of woody communities from both regions along an ecological gradient related to soil fertility. We interpret these similarities, both at the regional and community levels, as suggestive of convergence between fynbos and Aljibe heathland.
Physical damage by litterfall to canopy tree seedlings in two temperate New Zealand forests
Authors: Gillman Len N. , Ogden John 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The importance of litterfall as an agent of physical damage and mortality to canopy tree seedlings was investigated in two New Zealand forests: Huapai Scientific Reserve, a warm temperate forest and Pureora Forest Park, a cool temperate forest. 200 natural seedlings within the 10–30 cm height class and 200 artificial seedlings, made from plastic straws and wire, were monitored at 4–6 week intervals over two years in each forest. Litterfall was the cause of a significant proportion of seedling mortality in each forest (11–18%).Seedling growth rates were measured and used to estimate the mortality that a cohort of seedlings may suffer due to litterfall in the time taken to grow through the 10–30 cm height class. Up to 38% mortality due to litterfall may occur to such a cohort at Huapai and up to 29% at Pureora.Although mortality due to litterfall of natural seedlings was similar in both forests, damage at Huapai (7%/yr) was almost 3 × greater than at Pureora (2.5%/yr) (P < 0.001). Artificial seedlings were damaged due to litterfall at almost five times the rate at Huapai (16%/yr) than at Pureora (3%/yr) (P < 0.0001). The rate of damage to artificial seedlings at Pureora is similar to that reported for a Northern Hemisphere temperate forest, however, the rate of damage to artificial seedlings at Huapai is much greater, and of a similar rate to those reported from tropical forests. The evolutionary and ecological implications of the differences between the rates of damage at Huapai and at Pureora, and the mechanisms promoting litterfall damage to seedlings, are discussed.
Reindeer reduce biomass of preferred plant species
Authors: Bråthen Kari Anne , Oksanen Jari 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Reduced weights in reindeer that graze in pastures with high reindeer densities have raised the question if coastal summer pastures are modified by grazing. To evaluate this, the impact of reindeer grazing on standing crop was measured by the plant intercept method inside and outside grazing exclosures in the understorey of a coastal mountain birch forest in northern Norway. The understories of coastal birch forests are dominated by vascular plants and are important summer pastures to reindeer. Based on the literature, we made a priori categorization of the vascular plant species into functional groups of preferred forage, less preferred forage and forage of unknown value to reindeer.Intercept frequency was measured within the same plots on three occasions in the summer of 1996. At the end of the grazing season, total standing crop was 33% lower in open plots compared to plots protected by exclosures. However, the reduction varied between the functional groups, with only preferred forage plants being significantly reduced in standing crop (by 49%).Results suggest that reindeer have a strong annual impact on most of the preferred forage species. However, some of the preferred graminoids are tolerant of grazing and dominate the understorey despite decades of high grazing pressure. We suggest that current grazing pressure is favouring the establishment of a few grazing tolerant graminoids, and that this reduces the forage plant variability. The results are discussed in relation to the grazing optimization hypothesis and the potential importance of plant variability for pasture quality.
Regeneration strategies of dominant boreal forest dwarf shrubs in response to selective removal of understorey layers
Authors: Hautala H. , Tolvanen A. , Nuortila C. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract.The deciduousVaccinium myrtillusand the evergreenVaccinium vitis‐idaeawere subjected to five removal treatments of understorey layers: control, removal of the moss layer, removal of the field layer, removal of both moss and field layers and removal of moss, field and humus layers. A second factor, sowing, was included to investigate sexual reproduction after disturbance. Density of new ramets and seedlings and growth of annual shoots were studied for the first two growing seasons, whereas cover was measured for five growing seasons after disturbance treatment.Initially, vegetative production of new ramets and species cover increased rapidly in all disturbed plots, except for the most severe treatment, in which production of new ramets was virtually absent throughout the study. Full recovery following removal of the field layer only or both field and moss layers was reached after four years forV. myrtillus. V. vitis‐idaearecovered more quickly, after one year (removal of field layer only) and four years (removal of field and moss layers). The relative growth ofV. myrtillusandV. vitis‐idaeaincreased in the latter treatment in terms of production of annual shoots and length of annual shoots, respectively. Seedling density increased after sowing in the most severe treatment. The results underscore the importance of vegetative growth for recovery of these species at moderate‐level disturbances. The high rate of sexual reproduction in the most severe treatment implies that strong mechanical disturbance is needed to enhance the establishment of new genotypes in these species.
Interpreting Ancient Maya Civic Plans: Reply to Smith
Authors: Ashmore Wendy , Sabloff Jeremy A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn response to Smith’s critique, we situate our work within the scientific method. We review how our hypotheses arose, how and by whom they have been tested, and with what results. Like Smith, we focus on whether Maya civic centers include emphatic expression of a north-south axis, and on the inference of a partially cosmological basis of Maya axial orders. We indicate sources of our inferences and review explicitly the criteria that Smith faults us for having omitted. We reaffirm that these ideas merit further testing, and welcome renewed and expanded collaboration as to the best methods for doing so. In the spirit of collaboration, we offer specific programmatic suggestions for how this inquiry might proceed.
Evaluation of short-term limb function following unilateral carbon dioxide laser or scalpel onychectomy in cats
Authors: Robinson Duane A. , Romans Cory W. , Gordon-Evans Wanda J. , Evans Richard B. , Conzemius Michael G. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate short-term postoperative forelimb function after scalpel and laser onychectomy in cats.
Design—Randomized, prospective study.
Animals—20 healthy adult cats.
Procedures—Cats were randomly assigned to the laser (n = 10) or scalpel (10) onychectomy group. Unilateral left forelimb onychectomy was performed. In the scalpel group, a tourniquet was used during surgery and a bandage was applied after surgery. Pressure platform gait analysis was performed prior to and 1, 2, 3, and 12 days after onychectomy. Peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse, and the ratio of the PVF of the left forelimb to the sum of the remaining limbs (PVF ratio) were used as outcome measures.
Results—The laser onychectomy group had significantly higher ground reaction forces on days 1 and 2 and significantly higher PVF ratio on day 12, compared with the scalpel group. Similarly, significant differences were found in change in ground reaction forces on days 1 and 2 and the PVF ratio on day 12, compared with day −1. No cats required rescue analgesia during the course of the study. One cat in the laser group had signs of depression and was reluctant to walk on day 2 after surgery, had physical examination findings consistent with cardiac insufficiency, and was euthanized.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cats had improved limb function immediately after unilateral laser onychectomy, compared with onychectomy with a scalpel, tourniquet, and bandage. This improved limb function may result from decreased pain during the 48 hours following unilateral laser onychectomy.