bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hegemonic Decline and the Possibility of International Cooperation: Comments on Duncan Snidal's 'The Limits of Hegemonic Stability Theory'
Authors: Hovi Jon , Rasch Bjørn Erik 
Published: March 2007

Hovi, J. & Rasch, B. E. Hegemonic Decline and the Possibility of International Cooperation: Comments on Duncan Snidal's 'The Limits of Hegemonic Stability Theory'. Cooperation and Conflict, XXI, 1986, 241-251. This research note offers some support for Duncan Snidal's proposition that declining hegemony does not necessarily mean vanishing international cooperation. It is however argued that Snidal's own defence of this proposition is ill-founded. A model is presented that in a theoretically more satisfactory way restores the basis of Snidal's critique against hegemonic stability theory. Not only does the model improve the theoretical foundations of Snidal's reasoning, it also yields interesting predictions beyond those obtained by him. In particular, it challenges the conventional wisdom that hegemonic decline worsens the situation of all countries involved. Both small states and — surprisingly — the hegemon itself may stand to gain from the decline of the leader.
Hotel/Motel • Restaurant
Authors: Quarterly H.R.A. 
Published: March 2007

THIS report of developments abroad in the hotel and restaurant industry represents a continuation of news solicited from the School's alumni and friends. It is evident that some areas of the world have had overbuilding of hotels to the extent that is now true within the United States. There are other areas, however, which are seeking new hotels and the capital with which to build them. Further information concerning any country's potential for hotel expansion can be obtained from its tourist board or secretary of state. The U. S. Department of State's consular service also prepares reports on the economy of the many nations of the world.— The Editors
Closing the Marketing Gap
Authors: Morton William 
Published: March 2007

In the preceding article, Prof. Edward C. Bursk, editor of the Harvard Business Review, describes the need to adopt a marketing position or attitude in business. Whether or not you as a hotel-motel administrator are convinced that marketing is your cup of tea-or a way of life for your hotel company or motor inn operation- only you can answer. It is my sincere hope that when you have read his article and mine, you will recognize that there is a more knowledgeable, scientific, and intelligent approach to doing business-one that is now being used by America's most successful industries. Perhaps I should add that if you don't accept the marketing hypothesis, you may well be shutting your door not only to opportunity —but barring your own survival.—W.M.
An Experiment in Group Counseling with Juvenile Parolees
Authors: Taylor Charles W. 
Published: March 2007

A juvenile parolee most often returns to the same environment that initially gave rise to his delinquent behavior. Efforts to modify this environment, particularly the family, are often futile. Therefore, an effort was made to modify the youth's perception of his environment through the manipulation of his peer group. The program of group counseling and the underlying assump tions are discussed, and certain of the techniques employed are described. Among these are role-playing, individual counseling, and actual instruction and practice in specific aspects of social interaction. This experiment suggests that parolees respond positively to this type of group counseling and that the use of the group facilitates the process of modifying the youths' attitudes and behavior.
How Effective Are Volunteers?
Authors: Scioli Frank P. , Cook Thomas J. 
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the major findings on formal methods of rehabilitation in the courts and correction and compares them with ratings of effectiveness assigned to an informal method, the use of volunteers. An evaluation was made of over 250 reports, monographs, memos, etc., purporting to evaluate volunteer programs. Each study was analyzed for (1) specificity of program structure, (2) reliability and validity of the measurement procedures employed, (3) strengths and weaknesses of the research design, and (4) utility of the evaluation results for policy rela tive to decision-making. Only ten reports dealing with impact on clients were found to have policy utility. Volunteers were found to be at least as effective in accomplishing their objec tives (reducing recidivism, improving self-concept, etc.) as formal methods of rehabilitating offenders. Suggestions for improvements o f research are offered.
Drug and Alcohol Dependencies in Prisons
Authors: Roffman Roger A. , Froland Charles 
Published: March 2007

The scope of drug and alcohol pro blems in prisons is deter mined. Criminal justice statistics on arrests, convictions, and dispositions are reviewed, and surveys of the prevalence of substance abuse in state and federal prisons are reported. The review documents statistics supporting the findings that major investments of law enforcement energy are being spent in arresting substance abusers, that significant numbers of these are being convicted (roughly 20 per cent to 50 per cent of prison inmates have major drug or alcohol problems), and that the rates of such problems among parolees have been rising. Existing treatment capacities for substance-abusing inmates in state and federal correctional institutions are reviewed. Pris on programs either do not exist or are inadequate, with prob ably fewer than ten states having made any long-term com mitment. The federal NARA program has not been effective and the Bureau of Prisons' response to incarcerated drug and alcohol abusers is less adequate than the efforts of many states. For all jurisdictions, the level o f treatment response is in no way commensurate with the size of the problem. If treatment of substance abusers continues to be seen as a useful response to chemical dependencies among prisoners, more attention must be paid to providing sufficient resources to prison programs. Only then can the issues o f ineffectiveness and inefficiency in the present correctional system response be addressed.
The Deradicalization of the Policeman: A Historical Analysis
Authors: Robinson Cyril D. 
Published: March 2007

This paper attacks the commonly held view that police are naturally con servative. It looks at the police function historically and treats the police man as a worker-whose relationship to government is determined by his contradictory position as a member of the working class used by the rul ing elite to control other members of the working class. From this point of view, the author reviews a series of attempts, at the end of the nineteenth century, to police the working class. Creation of the professionalized state police resulted from the inadequacy of the local po lice, local militia, the state guard, and the army in protecting the ruling elite. The paper relates the growth of police unions to the union movement in general and traces the increased police militancy from the Boston police strike of 1919 to the present. Finally, it evaluates the nature of police militancy and concludes that the police do adhere to standards of Ameri can working-class militancy. They can be considered radical in that their actions restrict or have the potential to restrict government action.
Stabilizing the Policy Environment
Authors: Johnston A.P. 
Published: March 2007

Organizations seek stability in the policy environment, initially through direct control mechanisms, but, depending upon risk propen sity and uncertainty of the environment, through other means as well. The repertoire available to administrators to assure at least an addi tional margin of stability to the organization, either in conjunction with the direct control mechanisms or as "emergency" procedures, is described and discussed. A. P. Johnston is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Adminis trative and Educational Services at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Market analysis of the Chinese-language newspapers in the U.S
Authors: Lau Tuen-Yu 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes and analyzes the competitive market structure of the Chinese-language daily newspapers in the United States. It applies the industrial organization model, a subfield in economics, as the framework for the analysis, and shows a strong economic and political rivalry among the Chinese-language press. The same situation is not found in their English-language counterparts. Six components of the market structure are examined in this study: (1) definition of geographical and product market: (2) joint operation agree ment; (3) vertical integration; (4) cost efficiency; (5) barriers to entry; (6) product differentiation. All these components portray a competitive market structure that influences the newspaper content. Such a study has not been done before, and so provides a further understanding of the Chinese press in the United States.
Surveying the territory: Re-examining MacBride and theories of development
Authors: Beam Susan 
Published: March 2007

In 1980, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) published Many Voices, One World, more commonly known as the MacBride Report. The 16-member committee that shaped the report created a comprehensive document about the state of world communications. The report concluded with recommendations for balancing the international inequities the committee saw in communication structures and media flows. Now, more than ten years after the MacBride Report, it is time to ask just how concretely the world has moved toward those substantive reforms. It is important, though, to view communications disparities as a part of the bigger question of global inequality and underdevelopment which affects all aspects of a nation's being. The question is not merely how many radios people own, but what does that tell us about their lives? Where does mass communication fit into the processes of nation-building and wealth generation? If change has occurred, has it affected the applicability of prior research to the current state of the world? This study is an attempt to update the information and problems outlined in the MacBride Report. We attempt to find out, at the most basic level, if worldwide inequities have improved or worsened for some of the most common tools of mass communication: newspapers, television and radio. After outlining the current situation, an attempt will be made to apply some of the theories put forth by Lerner, Schramm, and others to see if they can give further insight into the problems. For this study, we created a country data base following the country listing as used by Unesco in its reports, then entered information for each country which had data available. Variables included television, newspapers, and radios per thousand, literacy, income, urbanization, and life expectancy at birth. After discussing overall issues of disparity, the data is applied to key theories of mass communication and development. It becomes apparent that little is known about the overall nature of the relationship. The question becomes one of, can any theory be applied to communication's role in development?
News concerning Africa in Dutch morning papers
Authors: Donck Hans 
Published: March 2007

This study concentrates on some elements of the way in which the perception of newspapers for a group relatively powerless nations is modelled. Research on Dutch news papers shows a dichotomy in the news orientation of newspapers: event- or correspondent orientation. Furthermore, newspapers differ not so much in the place on the agenda they put regions on, as in the general treatment of news, probably as a result of newspaper policy. Using news value theory, significant correlations between low position on the agenda of the South, prominence of covered events, and negativity of the news are found. As a result, a 'natural tendency for negativity' can be distinguished in international news about marginal regions.
The health resistance (HR) scale: Developing a measure of resistance to health promotion
Authors: Crossley Michele L. 
Published: March 2007

Objective Recent empirical and theoretical research suggests increasing resistance by the general public to health promotion messages and interventions. The aim of this exploratory study was therefore to develop a health resistance (HR) scale capable of measuring the degree of resistance to health promotion within different populations. Design A preliminary HR scale was generated through consideration of the existing literature, Internet sites and a series of focus groups. The scale was distributed in the form of a questionnaire to 1000 people selected at random from the electoral register of central Manchester. Also included in the questionnaire were previously validated measures of health behaviours, health value and psychological'reactance'. These were included in order to measure associations with the HR scale as evidence of convergent validity. A further sample of students from different faculties at Manchester University were also surveyed in order to provide comparative data on 'health resistance'. Results Two hundred and four usable questionnaires from the random sample were returned. The preliminary HR scale was Factor Analysed using Varimax Rotation, resulting in a four factor solution accounting for 64 per cent of the variance. The final 'health resistance' scale consisted of 17 items pertaining to four dimensions of health resistance. These included: 1) Scepticism (7 items); 2) Freedom/resistance (5 items); 3) Individual responsibility (2 items); 4) Trust and authority (3 items). Factor scores can be formed separately for each of the four factors and/or a total health resistance score can be calculated. This paper presents comparative data from both the random and student sample pertaining to those scores. The HR scale showed good test-retest reliability ranging from 0.71 to 0.83 over three weeks, while internal consistency reliability ranged from 0.70 to 0.90. Convergent validity was adequate; the HR scale correlated with the 'health behaviour index' ( r=0.18, p<0.01) and 'psychological reactance scale' ( r=0.42, p<0.001 ), but not with 'Health as a value' scale. Conclusion The results of this study support the use of the HR scale as a meaningful measure of health resistance. Test-retest, internal reliability coefficients and convergent validity results were all satisfactory. Further reliability and validity studies conducted with different samples, testing the HR scales' utility and theoretical applicability in different situations, are now required.
Food and catering policies in NHS hospitals in Wales
Authors: Paisley Claire M. , Tudor-Smith Chris 
Published: March 2007

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate food and catering policies in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in Wales to highlight any existing gaps in the provision of food to patients. Design Cross-sectional study with interviewer administered semi quantitative questionnaires. Setting One hundred and six (of 126) NHS hospitals in Wales. Method Catering managers and chief dieticians or their deputies provided information for 96 and 87 hospitals respectively on the content, implementation and monitoring of food and catering policies. Results While 96 per cent of hospitals had food and catering policies, only 68 per cent were approved by the Trust Board. Independently operated facilities providing food, such as cafes and vending machines, were rarely included in policies. Most hospitals addressed key aspects of food production in their policies and in practice. However, monitoring of patients' food and fluid intake and training for nurses to assess patients' intake were rarely included in hospital policies or in practice. Conclusion It is concluded that recommendations on many aspects of hospital food and catering policy and practice appear to have been widely taken on board in Wales. However, further development of policy and practice on the monitoring of patients' food and fluid intake and on nurse training is required.
Desires as defiance: Gay male sexual subjectivities and resistance to sexual health promotion
Authors: Rofes Eric 
Published: March 2007

What is the relationship between transgression and sexual desire? In what ways might transgressive sexual subjectivities be linked with trans gressive sexual practices? If some people organise their desires and practices around what is forbidden or taboo, what are the implications for sexual health promotion? This paper looks at one gay man's experience with the organisation of his sexuality, his erotic desires, and his actual sexual practices and examines the complicated interconnections between gender per formance, the organisation of sexual desire, and embodied sexual practices. It puts forward a theory of sexual subjectivity that replaces naturalised assumptions of sexual orientation and a genetic or biologic theory of homosexuality, with one of agency and resistance to gender norms. Next, the paper examines the history of safe sex campaigns for gay men during the first two decades of AIDS in the United States and, drawing on the work of British researcher Peter Keogh, examines the ramifications of extending citizenship to a despised population in exchange for repudiating a forbidden sexual practice. Moving into an examination of contemporary campaigns in response to unprotected anal sex activity in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, the author suggests that what is seen as a 'new wave' of health promotion efforts, continues this practice of creating 'good' and 'bad' gay citizens that might be an engine behind the expansion of unprotected anal sex in the gay male imaginary. The paper closes with key questions about the efficacy of traditional health promotion methods with particular populations of gay men.
What a 'risky' body can do: Why people's health choices are not all based in evidence
Authors: Fox Nick J. 
Published: March 2007

Risks - and particularly health risks - are predictions about outcomes of human actions. However, actions always have multiple outcomes, and simplistic assertions that a behaviour is 'risky' discounts the multiplicity of ways in which outcomes are differentially valorised. The paper looks at three models of the relationship between risks and hazards, and concludes that hazards are constructs generated from narrow perspectives on the consequences of action. Acknowledging this, the paper goes on to look at people's behaviour as 'experiments in living'. Asking 'what can a body do?' is a way to assess the possibilities for such experiments. Looking at the use of the recreational drug Ecstasy, it is argued that drug users apply a knowledgeability of what a body can do which derives from positive assessments of Ecstasy's effects rather than medical knowledgeabilities. What appears to be resistance to research evidence about behaviour is actually pressure against normative limits of what a body can do.
Health promotion in small workplaces - a feasibility study
Authors: Fine Ava , Ward Malcolm , Burr Michael , Tudor-Smith Chris , Kingdon Anne 
Published: March 2007

Objective To address the risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and back pain in workplaces employing less than 50 people in the Merthyr/Cynon area of South Wales. Design A comparative study of small workplaces randomly allocated into either CHD or musculo-skeletal intervention groups. Setting Small workplaces, employing 50 staff or less. Method Following random allocation into CHD or musculo-skeletal groups, participating workplaces received a dual approach consisting of organisational health promotion policy advice and support with individual employee health screening, advice and limited intervention. Results Stress was the most commonly reported CHD risk factor amongst respondents and was more prevalent amongst women, although there was also an important differentiation identified between 'workplace' and 'domestic' stress. Advice about stress was twice as often reported in the private than in the public sector, although the prevalence of'current stress' was slightly higher among the public than the private workers. Most smokers wanted to stop. Over 50 per cent of respondents reported some form of musculo-skeletal problem and physical inactivity was generally high across all sectors. There appeared to be an increased awareness of health messages following the interventions but no statistically significant changes in behaviour were evident. Nearly all workplaces (97 per cent) had smoking policies. The commonest obstacle to health promotion was lack of obvious benefit as perceived by the employer. Conclusions Overall, there appeared to be a resistance to workplace health promotion, which was viewed as not benefiting the business, requiring too much time, and not the employer's responsibility. Most small businesses do not have the resources available to larger employers to address the health needs of their workforce and alternative ways of helping these workplaces needs to be explored. The major issue that needs to be addressed is stress, which may originate in the workplace or at home. Other important health related matters include exercise, diet, smoking and spinal pain.
Transsexualism and Slater's Selective Vocabulary Test
Authors: Kenna J.C. , Hoenig J. 
Published: March 2007

It has been shown elsewhere that transsexual males use a vocabulary which differs from that of normal males. This could be demonstrated by Slater's Selective Vocabulary Test. This test was administered to 56 male transsexuals and the 'd' score — a device to eliminate the influence of I.Q. — was calculated. The normal d score for males is zero and the higher the score the greater is the degree of femininity. An attempt was made to find factors which facilitate this abnormal development of the vocabulary in male transsexuals. In order to do this the cases were divided into a group of high and a group of low 'd', scores, and tested for correlations with a number of factors which seemed likely to influence the vocabulary development.
Lay Explanations of Symptoms of Mental Ill Health in Kuwait
Authors: Fakhr El-Islam M. , Abu-Dagga Sanaa I. 
Published: March 2007

The cognitive schemas of 208 subjects were elicited in relation to 12 hypothetical symptoms which are most commonly presented by patients suffering from psychiatric disorder. Three types of explaining schemas were recognised as physical, psychosocial and supernatural explanations. Somatic symptoms tended to have physical explanations and emotional symptoms tended to have psychoso cial explanations although both are known in clinical practice to indicate psychiatric disorder and to disappear together when the disorder recovers. Supernatural explanations were most likely in elderly males and in extended families. Symptoms associated with supernatural cognitive schemas fit in with the cultural background and not with the level of modern education achieved.