bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance ofStaphylococcus aureusIsolates in a Dental Clinic Environment
Authors: Motta Rogério Heládio Lopes , Groppo Francisco Carlos , Bergamaschi Cristiane de Cássia , Ramacciato Juliana Cama , Baglie Sinvaldo , Mattos-Filho Thales Rocha de 
Published: February 2007

Objective.To determine the number ofStaphylococcus aureusisolates collected in a dental clinical environment and to determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents commonly used in dentistry.Setting.Undergraduate clinic of the Dental School of Piracicaba, University of Campinas, Brazil.Methods.Sterile cotton swabs were used to collect the samples from dental-chair push buttons, light handles, 3-in-l syringes, computer “Enter” keys, doorknobs, and X-ray tubes before, during, and after clinical procedures. These samples were spread on brain-heart infusion agar and were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The resultingS. aureusisolates were counted and classified using Gram staining and biochemical tests. The counts among the 3 periods and the groups were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (α= 5%). Commercial paper disks containing widely prescribed antimicrobial agents (β-lactams, macrolides, clindamycin, and vancomycin) were used to perform the antimicrobial susceptibility tests.Results.An increase in the number of microorganisms was observed during clinical procedures (P< .05). The highest bacterial resistance rates were observed for theβ-lactam group. All isolated strains were sensitive to vancomycin, and 2% of them were resistant to methicillin.Conclusions.Clinical procedures increased the number and proportion of antimicrobial-resistantS. aureusisolates dispersed in a dental clinical environment. The present study highlights the need to establish strategies to prevent emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains in dental settings.
Effect of the Introduction of an Engineered Sharps Injury Prevention Device on the Percutaneous Injury Rate in Healthcare Workers
Authors: Azar-Cavanagh Madelyn , Burdt Pam , Green-McKenzie Judith 
Published: February 2007

Objective.To evaluate the effect of introducing an engineered device for preventing injuries from sharp instruments (engineered sharps injury prevention device [ESIPD]) on the percutaneous injury rate in healthcare workers (HCWs).Methods.We undertook a controlled, interventional, before-after study during a period of 3 years (from January 1998 through December 2000) at a major medical center. The study population was HCWs with potential exposure to bloodborne pathogens. HCWs who sustain a needlestick injury are required by hospital policy to report the exposure. A confidential log of these injuries is maintained that includes information on the date and time of the incident, the type and brand of sharp device involved, and whether an ESIPD was used.Intervention.Introduction of an intravenous (IV) catheter stylet with a safety-engineered feature (a retractable protection shield), which was placed in clinics and hospital wards in lieu of other IV catheter devices that did not have safety features. No protective devices were present on suture needles during any of the periods. The incidence of percutaneous needlestick injury by IV catheter and suture needles was evaluated for 18 months before and 18 months after the intervention.Results.After the intervention, the incidence of percutaneous injuries resulting from IV catheters decreased significantly (P < .01), whereas the incidence of injuries resulting from suture needle injuries increased significantly (P < .008).Conclusion.ESIPDs lead to a reduction in percutaneous injuries in HCWs, helping to decrease HCWs' risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease in Oregon: Increasing Incidence and Hospital-Level Risk Factors
Authors: Chandler Rebecca E. , Hedberg Katrina , Cieslak Paul R. 
Published: February 2007

Background.The incidence ofClostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) appears to be increasing. Population-based estimates of disease have been limited, and analyses of hospital-level risk factors for CDAD are lacking. We sought to determine the incidence and trends of CDAD in Oregon and to identify hospital-level factors associated with increases in disease.Methods.We analyzed hospital discharge data to calculate the incidence and to describe trends of CDAD in Oregon from 1995 through 2002. We administered questionnaires to hospital laboratory directors, infection control practitioners, and pharmacists to determine the status of laboratory, infection control, and pharmacy policies over time.Results.The overall incidence of CDAD in Oregon was 3.5 case patients per 10,000 residents in 2002. Incidence increased from 1.4 to 3.3 cases per 1,000 hospital discharges from 1995 to 2002. Rates of disease increased most in hospitals with licensed bed capacity of more than 250 beds and more than 5 intensive care unit beds. Few laboratories, infection control practitioners, and pharmacists were able to identify changes in specific policies over the study period.Conclusions.This is the first study to determine a statewide population-based incidence of CDAD. Incidence of CDAD in Oregon has more than doubled over the past decade; larger hospitals experienced the greatest increase in disease rates. We did not identify hospital-level policies that could explain the increase. A study of patients with CDAD at the hospitals with the largest increases is underway to further identify risk factors.
Restricted weak type on maximal linear and multilinear integral maps
Authors: Blasco Oscar 
Published: February 2007

It is shown that multilinear operators of the form

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of restricted weak type

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-valued function.
On finite-time blow-up for a nonlocal parabolic problem arising from shear bands in metals
Authors: Zheng Gao-Feng 
Published: February 2007

Results on finite-time blow-up of solutions to the nonlocal parabolic problem\[{ut=Δu+δeu(∫Ωeu)p amp;in Ω×(0,T), 0>p>1, δ>0,u(x,t)=0,amp;(x,t)∈∂Ω×(0,T),u(x,0)=u0(x)⩾0,amp;x∈Ω\begin {cases} u_t=\Delta u +\delta \dfrac {e^u}{\left (\int _{\Omega }e^{u}\right )^p} \ \ & \text {in $\Omega \times (0,T)$, $0>p>1$, $\delta >0$},\\ u(x,t)=0, & (x,t)\in \partial \Omega \times (0,T),\\ u(x,0)=u_0(x)\geqslant 0,& x\in \Omega \end {cases}\]are established. They extend some known results to higher dimensions.
Introduction
Authors: Cullen Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the life and times of Bonaventure, his writings, and influence. Bonaventure came to Paris as a young man, probably in 1234 or 1235, a time when the city was undergoing extraordinary rebirth. Three historic movements had recently converged on the banks of the Seine when Bonaventure began his new life in Paris: the rediscovery of Aristotle, the turn to “universities” for education, and the emergence of the Franciscans. Bonaventure became the eighth minister of the Franciscan order in October 1257.
Christian Wisdom
Authors: Cullen Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The notion of “wisdom” (sapientia) is central in the thought of Bonaventure. This chapter explores the different senses in which Bonaventure uses the term “wisdom” (sapientia), which reveals his understanding of both theology and philosophy, the relationship between the two, and the foundational unity of all knowledge. According to Bonaventure, “wisdom” is a person who calls us and beckons us to a journey of the mind to God.
Natural Philosophy
Authors: Cullen Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
During the 12th century, certain questions came into focus and inspired speculation about the heavens and the earth, namely, “mobile being”. In other words, nature was “discovered” in the 12th century. It is in the wake of this discovery that, in the 1250s, Bonaventure developed his view of the created world while commenting on the interpretation of the Genesis account of creation found in the church fathers, as these had been anthologized in Peter the Lombard's Sentences.
The Corruption of Sin
Authors: Cullen Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Bonaventure rejects any sort of fundamental dualism between good and evil. He argues that, “a first and absolute evil does not and could not exist because the very notion of First Principle implies supreme plenitude”. Bonaventure follows Augustine in distinguishing between natural and moral evil, or, to use the terminology from Augustine's On Free Choice (De libero arbitrio), the evil of penalty (malum poenae) and the evil of guilt (malum culpae). The former is an evil we suffer, while the latter is a privation of righteousness that we cause. The evil of penalty is just and comes from divine providence.
Portable Stone
Authors: Waghorne Joanne Punzo 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In Chennai, stone replicas of the six major shrines to Murugan in Tamilnadu occupy a single site: a new temple complex to this quintessential Tamil God. The chief donor lives in New York City where he built the first authentic Hindu temple in America. In London and Washington D.C., Tamil people have repeated this seeming contradiction: the globalization of locally important deities. In London, middle-class Tamils (mostly Sri Lankan) consecrate temples to Ammans inside old churches or even warehouses, but also rally to the Murugan. His temples rise in multi-ethnic Highgate Hill and now in South Asian-dominated East Ham. In suburban Washington D.C., the Tamil community consecrated a new temple to Murugan a mile from the eclectic Sri Siva-Vishnu Temple. In the context of the diaspora, this turn to Murugan and local goddesses signals a new phase in the growth of transnational Hindu temples: the emergence of globalized localisms.
Groundwork
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a brief account of theoretical reason, particularly its basis. It addresses the following questions: what are the sources of justified beliefs? How are such beliefs grounded? How does their justification vary from one context to another? How may their justification be defeated by, say, counter-evidence? What is the role of coherence or incoherence in this grounding or defeat? And is such defeat itself based on the same kinds of grounds as the justification it vanquishes?
Kinship
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
When do we care for others as we care for ourselves? William Hamilton showed that we should be expected to care for our family members in proportion to our degree of relationship to them. Such reasoning explains why eusociality evolved independently at least twelve times in the order Hymenoptera, which includes ants, bees, and wasps, but only three times elsewhere in the animal kingdom. It also verifies Thomas Hobbes' answer to the question: Why cannot mankind live sociably one with another as bees or ants?
Planned Decentralization
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks to the broad consequences of the theory of fairness advanced in this book to questions of social reform. The traditional spectrum of political attitudes that ranges from the utilitarian left to the libertarian right is rejected in favor of a more realistic opposition between the neofeudal societies in which we currently live, and the prospect of fairer and freer societies that could be created by a planned program of decentralization which is identified with the whiggery that inspired the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Declaration of Independence of 1776. The contribution that game theory can make to such a program is briefly reviewed along with the deficiencies of the current theory.
Psychology
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Al-Kindī wrote a well-known treatise On Intellect, which was the first Arabic treatise to give a taxonomy of the types of intellect (following Greek sources, especially Philoponus, in interpreting Aristotle’s De Anima). The chapter argues that the epistemology implied by this treatise implies that al-Kindī makes a sharp divide between intellect, which knows, and the senses, which experience particulars. This is parallel to his strongly dualist account of soul. The chapter concludes by considering the difficulties this raises for “mediating” psychological phenomena such as imagination, which is explored most fully by al-Kindī in a discussion of prophetic dreams.
University Spillovers and Entrepreneurial Location
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter asks whether the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship also has a spatial component in that the startups tend to cluster within geographic proximity to knowledge sources. It examines whether the role of location in transmitting knowledge spillovers to entrepreneurial startups is heterogeneous, and varies systematically across different scientific and academic fields and for different spillover mechanisms. Evidence provides general support for the Localization Hypothesis. Universities with greater investment in knowledge and where the regional investment in knowledge is greater tend to generate more technology startups, suggesting that university spillovers tend to be localized and spatially constrained. However, the contribution of geographical proximity to accessing and absorbing university spillovers is apparently highly nuanced and varies systematically across different scientific fields and academic disciplines as well as different spillover mechanisms. The exact role that geographic proximity plays in facilitating university spillovers depends on the degree to which the type of knowledge and actual spillover mechanism are based on tacit, rather than codified knowledge.
Entrepreneurial Finance
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the role that accessing external finance plays for entrepreneurial firms. It differentiates between access to bank loans and equity provided by venture capital. It is shown that equity finance and bank finance are substitutes for knowledge-based entrepreneurial firms. The likelihood of an entrepreneurial firm being financed by venture capital is positively related to the degree of human capital incorporated in the board of management. Similarly, entrepreneurial firms in high-technology and science-based industries are more likely to be financed by venture capital.
The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy
Authors: Audretsch David B. , Keilbach Max C. , Lehmann Erik E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter explains how and why public policy has turned to entrepreneurship as a mechanism for generating economic growth and employment. It reviews the public policy approach consistent with the capital-driven, or Solow economy. It then turns toward the knowledge-based, or Romer economy. It defines entrepreneurship policy and distinguishes it from SME policy. The mandate for entrepreneurship policy and the sources of market failure for entrepreneurship are identified, which provide an economic rationale for public policy intervention. The reasons why entrepreneurship policy is diffusing across many different national and regional contexts are explained. It is argued that entrepreneurship policy is a purposeful attempt to create an entrepreneurial economy.
The Market‐Based Lead Phasedown
Authors: Newell Richard G. , Rogers Kristian 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay uses the case study of the phasedown of lead gasoline in the United States to argue that market-based instruments can be effective in meeting environmental objectives at a lower cost than uniform standards, and can do so more quickly where permit banking is allowed. The performance of the lead phasedown program is assessed along several dimensions, including its overall effectiveness, static and dynamic efficiency, revelation of costs, and distributional effects. It is argued that the program likely saved hundreds of millions of dollars over policies that would not have allowed trading and banking, and also provided incentives for the development of new technology.
Design, Trading, and Innovation
Authors: Driesen David M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter makes two theoretical claims and two empirical claims. The first theoretical claim is that emissions trading does a poorer job, in theory, of encouraging expensive innovation than traditional regulation. It also argues that expensive innovation has special value that justifies the expense in some important cases. The second theoretical claim is that emissions trading may perform worse than traditional regulation in encouraging inexpensive innovation as well, at least in theory. The first empirical claim is that both emissions trading and traditional regulation have sometimes encouraged innovation and sometimes failed to do so. The second claim is that there is no convincing empirical evidence that trading fosters innovation better than a comparably designed traditional regulation.
Dwight David Eisenhower, Dynamic Conservatism, and the Religious Revival of the 1950s
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Dwight D. Eisenhower’s personal behavior, the mood of the 1950s, and shrewd publicity combined to make his administration seem more religious than those of most other presidents. Although the general did not join a church until the second Sunday after his inauguration, he is considered one of the most religious presidents in American history. Eisenhower attended church regularly, proclaimed national days of prayer, invited Billy Graham and other influential clergymen to the White House, and helped create an organization called the Foundation for Religious Action. Eisenhower maintained very cordial relations with most of the nation’s religious communities. The president met frequently with religious delegations, sent hundreds of messages to religious gatherings and groups, and spoke to numerous religious assemblies. His speeches contained more religious rhetoric than almost any other president’s, and he repeatedly called for a spiritual revival and a moral crusade to remedy the nation’s ills. While he was president, the highly publicized national prayer breakfasts began, the words “under God” were added to the Pledge of Allegiance, and Congress made the phrase “In God We Trust” the national motto. Rather than creating controversy about breaches of church-state separation, the Eisenhower administration’s significant interest in religion seemed to increase the public’s esteem and admiration for the man from Abilene. Inspired in part by his faith, Eisenhower promoted a “dynamic conservatism” that prodded voluntary organizations to combat economic and social problems and used the power of the federal government to remedy ills when their resources were insufficient. Eisenhower’s quest to achieve peace and his effort to ensure civil rights illustrate how his religious convictions influenced his presidency.
Freedom
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In Kant's regularity model of causality, overdetermination is a genuine option: different, equally legitimate causal accounts can be offered of the same event. So it is possible for some human behavior to be both determined by natural necessity and free. That it be free means that it is rational, and the possibility of rational behavior cannot be excluded, though its reality can never be proved for substantive reasons. Judging a behavior to be rational requires adopting an attitude toward it that abstracts from its spatiotemporal coordinates, and hence, losing all means of identification.
Ordinary Morality
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Kant used the synthetic method in generating a complex conceptual construction that, he claimed, matched people's ordinary intuitions about morality. This claim could be questioned, though whether or not it is true is ultimately not a philosophical issue. However we stand on it, Kant's effort may have a liberating effect, in giving us both a view of the human condition which makes it perpetually out of balance, never settling in inert complacency, and an understanding of how to proceed in an area of human concern when its basic principles are contradicted.
5 Understanding, Knowledge, and Responsibility
Authors: Harrison Simon 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter sets out Augustine’s theory of knowledge that is manifested and deployed in On Free Choice of the Will. Augustine’s epistemology provides the philosophical context for his ‘way in’, and the rationale for the structure of the dialogue. Its understanding and acquisition require the ability to see logical connections and attain a synoptic overview by proceeding in the right order from foundational starting points. The ‘way in’ argument is itself one of these starting points in the dialogue. The ideas of freedom and responsibility are illustrated and instantiated in the acquisition of knowledge: one is free not to know, not to want to know, and no one else can do your learning for you. Other texts where Augustine sets out, discusses, and uses this epistemology are discussed: the dialogue De Magistro and the Confessions.
6 Facilitas, Difficultas, and Voluntas
Authors: Harrison Simon 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue, raised in chapter 2, of the supposed contradiction in the text between an ‘early’ and ‘late’ view on the will and its role in doing good. The two crucial passages (1.12.25-1.14.30 on ‘facilitas’ and 3.18.51ff. on ‘difficultas’ and original sin) are discussed in detail. Their coherence is demonstrated in terms of their relationship to the fundamental ‘way in’ argument.
7 A Cogito‐Like Argument?
Authors: Harrison Simon 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
When Descartes published his Meditations, the similarity of his arguments to some found in Augustine was immediately pointed out to him. The most frequently cited and most similar is Augustine’s claim that ‘If I doubt, I am’ (City of God 11.26). This chapter discusses this text in detail, and suggests that the relationship with Descartes is illuminating. It identifies three cogito-like arguments in On Free Choice, all of which act as starting points, involve revealing the self-evidence of certain undeniable truths, include an analysis of what is to know something, and incorporate an idea of value.
8 Conclusion
Authors: Harrison Simon 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
For Augustine, one’s freedom and responsibility is elucidated by means of a process of calling the notion of will into question (‘I don’t know’). This process gives rise to an understanding of will, freedom, and responsibility as the condition for the possibility of knowledge. It is this process that is most cogito-like. However, it is significantly cogito-unlike in that the argument depends on the very possibility of denying that one has will. Augustine’s account of freedom and responsibility is grounded in a deep notion of subjectivity, and the epistemological significance of the first-person perspective.
The Role of Government in Acquiring Technological Capability: The Case of the Petrochemical Industry in East Asia
Authors: Kim Hyung‐Ki , Ma Jun 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter uses case studies to assess the role of government in the acquisition of technological capability in the petrochemical industries in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The methods of government control are described, particularly those concerning market entry, technology transfers, and technology absorption. The mechanisms through which government policies impacted the development of petrochemical industries and minimized the possibility of government failures are discussed.