bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE role of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase in the anti‐tumour activity of human interferon‐γ in vivo
Authors: Burke Frances , Knowles Richard G. , East Nick , Balkwill Frances R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have studied the relationship between L‐tryptophan metabolism and the response to human IFN‐γ in 3 human ovarian cancer xenografts growing in nude mice. During IFN‐γ therapy all 3 tumours showed a profound depletion in L‐tryptophan and a corresponding rise in L‐kynurenine. The microenvironment surrounding the tumours was also depleted of L‐tryptophan. The IFN‐γ‐inducible enzyme indoleamine dioxygenase, IDO, was induced in treated tumours. While there was a variability in IDO mRNA expression in the different xenografts tested, in situ hybridization showed that the gene was induced at all levels of the tumour, and not just the periphery. These results show that induction of IDO by IFN‐γ in vivo can metabolize L‐tryptophan rapidly enough for it to become depleted, despite a continued supply of L‐tryptophan from the host. The IDO mRNA and protein remained induced after the L‐tryptophan levels had returned to normal, suggesting that the gene may be post‐transcriptionally regulated and/or the IDO co‐factor supply may be limited. Another IFN‐γ‐inducible gene, tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase, was also induced in the tumour. It is possible that this enzyme, which is responsible for synthesizing tryptophanyl tRNA, acts in a compensatory manner by allowing protein synthesis to continue despite low free Ltryptophan concentrations. There was no correlation of the above parameters with the anti‐tumour response to IFN‐γ, suggesting that other mechanisms must play a role. Ltryptophan depletion may be a contributor to a multifactorial growth inhibition of tumour cells following IFN‐γ treatment, but cannot on its own explain their growth inhibition. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal protein tyrosine kinase gene expression during melanoma progression and metastasis
Authors: Easty David J. , Herlyn Meenhard , Bennett Dorothy C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProtein tyrosine kinases have been implicated in tumor initiation and progression. Here we used Northern blotting to study expression of their genes in cultured normal melanocytes and 19 melanoma cell lines from different stages of tumor progression. We detected transcripts for 2 cytoplasmic (ABL and FES) and 6 receptor (ECK, ERB‐B2, FGF‐R4, IGFI‐R, KDR and TIE) kinases but not for receptors RET or TRK‐A. Genes for ECK, FGF‐R4 and TIE were expressed ectopically in melanomas (not in normal melanocytes). Similarly, ECK protein was detected by immunoblotting in metastatic melanomas but not in normal melanocytes. ECK mRNA levels tended to increase again during late melanoma progression. ECK and TIE mRNAs were also detected in highly metastatic variant cells but not in the corresponding poorly metastatic parental lines. Conversely, FES and KDR gene expression was lost in most advanced primary and metastatic melanomas. These findings suggest positive and negative roles for specific tyrosine kinases during progression. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A dose‐response curve for sun exposure and basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Kricker Anne , Armstrong Bruce K. , English Dallas R. , Heenan Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA population‐based case‐control study of sun exposure and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) was conducted in Western Australia in 1988. Its aim was to examine the relationship between risk of BCC and the amount and pattern of sun exposure. This report deals with amount of exposure. The odds ratios (ORs) for BCC on the head and neck and limbs decreased with increasing total exposure, whereas the opposite was observed for BCC on the less heavily exposed trunk, with the highest OR in those with the greatest exposure. In an analysis of all body sites together in which the total hours of exposure to the specific site was treated as a continuous variable, an initial rise in risk of BCC was seen with a peak OR of 1.4 at about 35,000 hr of exposure, followed by a fall. In contrast to these site‐specific patterns, lifetime accumulated sun exposure of the whole body showed no appreciable association with BCC either in total or for working days only. Risk of BCC was positively associated with lifetime exposure on non‐working days, however, with an OR for higher than baseline categories of around 1.7. There was a significant interaction between ability to tan and total and occupational sun exposure. Risk increased with increasing exposure in those who tanned well but not in those who tanned poorly. This pattern is consistent with other observations which indicate that beyond a certain level of sun exposure risk of BCC does not increase further.
Does intermittent sun exposure cause basal cell carcinoma? a case‐control study in Western Australia
Authors: Kricker Anne , Armstrong Bruce K. , English Dallas R. , Heenan Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOur report deals with the relationship of pattern and timing of sun exposure to basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in a population‐based case‐control study conducted in Western Australia in 1988. The main measure of intermittent exposure was based on the amount of exposure on non‐working days relative to that over the whole week. Outdoor recreational activities, holidays and sunburn were also considered to be markers of intermittent exposure. We observed a statistically significant increase in risk of BCC with increasing proportion of weekly sun exposure obtained at the weekend, especially in late teenage (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 1.9‐7.8 for maximum intermittency of exposure), exposure of the site of skin cancer during holidays (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1‐3.1 for the highest exposure quarter) and sunburn to the site (ORs of 1.8 for 3‐10 and 1.5 for 11+ sunburns in a lifetime). Risk of BCC increased substantially with increasing intermittency in poor tanners but not at all in good tanners. Our data suggest that a particular amount of sun exposure delivered in infrequent, probably intense increments will increase risk of BCC more than a similar dose delivered more continuously over the same total period of time.
Phenylacetate synergizes with retinoic acid in inducing the differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Sidell Neil , Wada Randal , Han Guangyang , Chang Bieshia , Shack Sonsoles , Moore Theodore , Samid Divorit 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhenylacetate, a natural metabolite of phenylalanine which was originally described as a plant growth hormone, has recently gained attention as a possible differentiation inducer for a variety of human tumor cell types. This interest prompted us to assess the ability of sodium phenylacetate (NaPA) to promote the differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells, both alone and in combination with retinoic acid (RA), a known inducer of neuroblastoma differentiation and maturation. Using the LA‐N‐5 cell line, we have determined that NaPA can stimulate the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells, as evidenced by dose‐dependent inhibition of cell proliferation, neu‐rite outgrowth, increased acetylcholinesterase activity and reduction of N‐myc expression. Furthermore, NaPA and RA synergized in inducing differentiation, in that combination treatment resulted in cessation of cell growth along with morphologic and biochemical changes indicative of the loss of malignant properties. We have determined that NaPA can markedly enhance mRNA levels of the nuclear RA receptor‐β (RARβ) in LA‐N‐5 cells prior to morphologic or other pheno‐typic changes induced by this compound. This effect appeared to be distinct from the ability of NaPA to alter tumor cell lipid metabolism via inhibition of protein isoprenylation. Thus among its varied effects on LA‐N‐5 cells, NaPA appears to interact with the RA pathway at the nuclear level by up‐regulating RARβ expression.
Survival in breast cancer: A population‐based study in Bangalore, India
Authors: Nandakumar Ambakumar , Anantha Narayanappa , Venugopal T. C. , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy , Thimmasetty K. , Dhar Murali 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSurvival from cancer reflects the aggressiveness of the disease, the effectiveness of treatment and host factors such as age. While hospital‐based survival rates are typically used to evaluate the care provided in a particular hospital, population‐based survival reflects the effectiveness of the overall cancer control strategy in the region. Here, we report the survival experience of 1514 breast cancer patients registered by the Bangalore population‐based registry during 1982‐1989. There have been very few reports on survival from cancer in India, mainly because of poor patient follow‐up and inadequate system of registration of death. This has been largely overcome in this study by means of active follow‐up through visits of homes of patients. Scrutiny of medical records and matching with death certificates, was also carried out in a small proportion (12%) of cases. Thus, information on vital status (whether dead or alive) as on January 1, 1993 was available for 1334 (88%) subjects and partial follow up data were available for a further 34 (2%). The observed 5 year survival was 42.3% and the corresponding relative survival was 46.8%. The observed survival was 57.4% for localized disease, 45.8% for direct extension, 37% for those with regional node involvement, 14.2% for distant metastasis and 38.3% for those with unstaged disease. The clinical extent of disease and the educational status were independent predictors of survival.
Immunohistochemical localization of the plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 in breast cancer
Authors: Bianchi Elisabetta , Cohen Robert L. , Dai Aihua , Thor Ann T. , Shuman Marc A. , Smith Helene S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe used an immunohistochemical assay with an antigen‐retrieval technique to study plasminogen activator inhibitor type‐1 (PAI‐I) expression in paraffin‐embedded breast tissue samples at different stages of malignant transformation. We detected PAI‐I in 15/20 invasive tumors. In several cases staining was localized to the stromal component. PAI‐I‐positive fibroblasts could be seen surrounding tumor nodules or at tumor margins. In addition, tumor‐infiltrating macrophages (13 cases) and endothelial cells (5 cases) were positive. In 11 specimens PAI‐I‐positive cancer cells were also detected. In 2 strongly positive cases secreted PAI‐I was visible in the extracellular matrix surrounding the cells. Six of 9 samples of carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were weakly positive. No staining of endothelial cells was visible in DCIS. Only a few positive adenomatous epithelial cells could be seen in 3 of 7 papillomas. All biopsies of normal breast tissue were negative, with the exception of one sample, obtained from a patient with a previous segmental mastectomy for DCIS. PAI‐I production by invasive breast cancers could reflect a general upregulation of the plasminogen activation system in proliferating cancer cells, as suggested by the finding that normal mammary epithelium cultures expressed PAI‐I in all cases examined. In addition, production of PAI‐1 by the tumor stroma could protect the tumor itself from excessive proteolysis.
67‐kDa laminin‐receptor expression adds prognostic information to intra‐tumoral microvessel density in node‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Gasparini Giampietro , Barbareschi Mattia , Boracchi Patrizia , Bevilacoua Picrantonio , Verderio Paolo , Palma Paolo Dalla , Ménard Sylvie 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExperimental studies have shown that the 67‐kDa laminin receptor (LRec) is an important molecule for the interaction of tumour cells with the extracellular matrix, and that it plays a role in the early steps of angiogenesis and in tumour invasion and metastasis. We performed a multi‐parametric study in 171 node‐negative breast cancers, followed for a median time of 6 years, to verify whether determination of the LRec provides prognostic information in addition to intra‐tumoral microvessel density (IMD), a measure of tumour angiogenesis, and to other biological and conventional indicators. A positive association between LRec expression and high neovascularization was found, although it did not reach significance. LRec was not associated either with other biological markers (oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and p53 expression) or to the conventional prognostic features [menopausal status, tumour size, histological types, grading and peri‐tumoral lymphatic vessel invasion (PLVI)]. In univariate analysis, IMD, p53, PgR, PLVI, grading and tumour size were significant prognostic indicators of relapse‐free survival (RFS). LRec expression approached significance when considered as a dichotomous variable, after having selected the optimum cutoff of 10% to distinguish high‐risk from low‐risk patients. For overall survival (OS), tumour size and IMD (continuous variable) were significant prognostic factors, and p53 approached significance. In multivariate analysis for RFS, the joint variable LRec and vascularization was the strongest independent prognostic factor, followed by PgR, PLVI and p53. For OS, tumour size was the only independent prognostic indicator in this series.
Diet, alcohol, smoking and cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract: A prospective study among Hawaii Japanese men
Authors: Chyou Po‐Huang , Nomura Abraham M. Y. , Stemmermann Grant N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA cohort study of upper aerodigestive tract cancer was conducted among 7,995 Japanese—American men who were interviewed and examined from 1965 to 1968. Information was collected about smoking history and alcohol and dietary intake. After 24 years, 92 incident cases with histological confirmation of diagnosis were identified. Current cigarette smokers at time of examination had a 3‐fold risk for upper aerodigestive tract cancer compared with never‐smokers. A dose‐response relationship was present with increasing amount and duration of cigarette use. Consumption of beer, wine, spirits and total alcohol was strongly associated with increased risk. Of 23 food and beverage categories, only candy/jelly/soda pop consumption had a statistically significant inverse trend. Frequent consumption of fruit was also inversely associated with this cancer. In contrast, the risk tended to be positively associated with consumption of rice, seaweed, tofu or tsukudani (a mixed dish of fish, sugar, soy sauce and seaweed), but the dose—response relationship was not statistically significant. For nutrient intake, increased calcium and fat intake decreased the risk for this cancer.
Karyotypic features of malignant tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
Authors: Jin Yucsheng , Mertens Fredrik , Arheden Kristina , Mandahl Nils , Wennerberg Johan , Dictor Michael , Heim Sverre , Mitelman Felix 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCytogenetic analysis of short‐term cultures from 6 tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses—one esthesioneuroblas‐toma, 2 adenocarcinomas and 3 squamous‐cell carcinomas (SCC)—revealed clonal chromosome aberrations in all cases. The esthesioneuroblastoma had a complex hyperdiploid karyotype. None of the aberrations was similar to those previously described in short‐term cultures or established cell lines from esthesioneuroblastomas. The 2 adenocarcinomas had complex karyotypic changes, which in both cases included rearrangements of bands 9p22 and 14q11. One SCC had 5 unrelated pseudodiploid clones, I displayed a highly complex karyotype, including rearrangement of band 11 q 13, and I had simple karyotypic changes with loss of 6q material and gain of 3q. These findings are similar to those described in head‐and‐neck SCC at other sites.
Elevated antibody titers to Epstein‐Barr virus prior to the diagnosis of Epstein‐Barr‐virus‐associated gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Levine Paul H. , Stemmermann Grant , Lennette Evelyne T. , Hildesheim Allan , Shibata Darryl , Nomura Abraham 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEpstein‐Barr virus (EBV) has recently been identified in the tumor cells of patients with gastric carcinoma. We tested pre‐morbid serum samples from a carefully monitored cohort of Japanese men in order to investigate the possibility that patients with EBV‐associated gastric cancer represent a sub‐set of individuals with long‐standing difficulties in appropriately managing EBV infection. From a serum bank, we obtained 108 samples derived from 54 patients destined to develop gastric adenocarcinoma and 54 controls. Samples were tested under code for antibodies to EBV‐capsid antigen, early antigen and nuclear antigen. Individuals who were positive for IgA antibodies against EBV viral‐capsid antigen (VCA) and IgG antibodies against the R component of EBV early antigen were at a 3.9‐fold and 1.9‐fold excess risk of disease, respectively. Antibody titers to EBV VCA were significantly higher in those destined to get EBV‐associated gastric cancer than those subsequently developing non‐EBV‐associated gastric cancer or age‐and‐gender‐matched controls. These findings suggest that the inability to control EBV infection on a long‐term basis exists many years prior to the development of EBV‐associated gastric cancer, and that EBV may play an etiologic role in this sub‐set of malignancies.
Over‐expression of hsp70 confers tumorigenicity to mouse fibrosarcoma cells
Authors: Jäättelä Marja 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOver‐expression of the major heat‐shock protein hsp70 in WEHI‐S tumor cells renders them resistant to the cytotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). To study the significance of this resistance in vivo, the tumorigenic potential of WEHI‐S cells transfected with human hsp70 in sense and anti‐sense orientation was investigated in athymic and in normal syngenic mice. A striking correlation was observed between the level of hsp70 expression and tumorigenicity in athymic mice. Hsp70 expression rendered WEHI cells tumorigenic also in normal mice, but higher numbers of cells were required for tumor formation than in athymic mice. Over‐expression of hsp70 in WEHI‐S cells did not enhance their anchorage‐dependent growth in vitro or their ability to form colonies in soft agar. The hsp70‐transfected cells exhibited greatly increased resistance against killing by murine natural cytotoxic cells and macrophages in vitro. A similar tumorigenic phenotype could also be induced independently of hsp70 by prolonged culture of WEHI‐S cells with TNF. These results suggest that over‐expression of hsp70 increases the tumorigenic potential of WEHI‐S cells in mice, by allowing these cells to escape from the early TNF‐mediated anti‐tumor immune surveillance.
Clustering and clinical diversity of adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma associated with HTLV‐I in a remote black population of French Guiana
Authors: Gérard Yann , Lepere Jean‐François , Pradinaud Roger , Joly Frank , Lepelletier Louis , Joubert Michel , Marie Dominique Sainte , Mahieux Renaud , Vidal Abel Ureta , Larregain‐Fournier Dominique , Valensi Francoise , Moynet Daniel , De Thé Guy , Guillemain Bernard , Moreau Jean‐Paul , Gessain Antoine 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn epidemiological study was performed in French Guiana (population 115,000) to determine the prevalence and incidence of adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) associated with human T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV‐I). From January 1990 to December 1993, all suspected cases of ATL were enrolled in this study, and their clinical, epidemiological and immunovirological features were analyzed. Out of the 19 suspected cases, 18 were considered as ATL associated with HTLV‐I (8 acute forms, 8 lymphoma types and 2 smoldering cases). Before this study, only 2 ATL cases had been reported in French Guiana over a 10‐year period. This demonstrates that the number of ATL cases is greatly underestimated in most tropical HTLV‐I endemic areas unless a specific disease search is performed. The mean age of the patients was 41 years. While HTLV‐I antibodies were present in all cases, molecular studies demonstrated a clonal integration of HTLV‐I in the tumoral cells in 7 cases out of the 9 tested. Fifteen patients died within a year of diagnosis. The crude incidence rate of ATL in French Guiana is around 3.5/100,000/year, a situation similar to that found in the Caribbean and in HTLV‐I‐endemic regions of Japan. However it reaches around 30/100,000/year (highest incidence ever described) in a small remote ethnic group of African origin (around 6200 inhabitants). Possible causes of ATL clustering in this ethnic group are presented. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect on breast cancer mortality of biennial mammographic screening of women under age 50
Authors: Peer Petronclla G. M. , Werre Jan M. , Mravunac Marcel , Hendriks Jan H. C. L. , Holland Roland , Verbeek Andre L. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects on breast cancer mortality seen after 16 years of biennial screening of younger women are assessed in this prospective cohort study. Since 1975 some 13,500 women, aged 35—49 in 1975, were invited to participate in the Nijmegen screening programme comprising a mammographic examination every 2 years. By the end of 1990, 75 women had died of breast cancer out of the 332 cases diagnosed after the start of the screening project. Women from the same birth cohort, living in Arnhem, a neighbouring city with a comparable population and without a screening project, were used as controls. In this city, 74 breast cancer deaths out of 284 cases occurred during the same period. In Nijmegen, after 16 years of follow‐up, breast cancer mortality showed a non‐significant reduction of 6% (95% confidence interval: 32% reduction, 29% excess). In the relevant period, after a time lag of 10 years from the start of the programme, this reduction rose to 20% (95% confidence interval: 48% reduction, 23% excess). No reduction in breast cancer mortality was observed in the first decade of screening. For a later period, a shift towards a reduction emerges, but the data are as yet inconclusive. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
T‐cell malignancies in Brazil. Clinico‐pathological and molecular studies of HTLV‐I‐positive and ‐negative cases
Authors: De Oliveira Maria S. Pombo , Matutes Estella , Schulz Thomas , Carvalho Silvia M. , Noronha Helio , Reaves Jacqueline D. , Loureiro Paula , Machado Cintia , Catovsky Daniel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractT‐cell malignancies in Brazil have a high seroprevalence rate of HTLV‐I antibodies. We have analyzed the disease features in 188 Brazilian patients with a T‐cell disorder. These included 40 with T‐lymphoblastic leukaemia or lymphoma (T‐ALL/T‐LbLy) and 148 with mature T‐cell diseases: 5 T‐prolymphocytic leukaemia, 53 adult T‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL), 54 cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas, 29 pleomorphic T‐cell lymphomas and 7 large granular lymphocyte leukaemia. The diagnosis was based on clinical, morphological and immunological features and HTLV‐I serology. ATLL in Brazil has the same disease features as in other endemic regions, the only apparent differences being: age, Brazilian patients being younger than Japanese, and ethnic grouping, one third of Brazilians being white Caucasians of European descent. We applied a scoring system based on the presence or absence of typical features associated with ATLL: hypercalcaemia, cell morphology, immunophenotype, histopathology and HTLV‐I status, to see whether it may help in diagnosing cases of ATLL. All had high scores, whereas all other T‐cell diseases scored low. Only 5 ATLL cases were HTLV‐Inegative by serology, but they had otherwise typical features of ATLL, and their cells did not have HTLV‐I proviral sequences by DNA analysis. Such cases suggest that ATLL may develop in a minority of individuals living in regions where it is endemic, without evidence of HTLV‐I infection, and that other factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.