bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AUTONOMIC RESPONSIVITY AND REACTION TIME UNDER FIXED AND VARIABLE SIGNAL SCHEDULES
Authors: Andreassi J. L. , Rapisardi S. C. , Whalen P. M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate (HR), palmar skin conductance (PSC), galvanic skin responses (GSRs), and reaction time (RT) were measured while Ss detected critical signals which occurred at either fixed or variable intervals. Ss were required to make responses in order to detect the signals.The results showed that: (1) RT was significantly faster with a fixed signal schedule; (2) HR was significantly higher with a variable interval (VI) schedule than with the fixed interval (FI); (3) PSC and GSRs were significantly higher with FI than with VI.It was suggested that the term “improved expectancies” (Adams & Boulter, 1964) he adopted to explain the reason for superior RT performance with FI patterning. The findings concerning HR were interpreted within the framework of the Lacey et al. concept (Lacey, Kagan, Lacey, & Moss, 1963) that acceleration of HR occurs in tasks involving cognitive activities, while deceleration is observed in situations involving primarily perceptual functioning. It was suggested that PSC and GSRs represent physiological correlates of expectancy, and that their elevated level may reflect readiness to respond when critical signals occur at regular intervals.
IDENTIFICATION OF PFRIODIC COMPONENTS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Wieland Betty A. , Mefferd Roy B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBaseline diastolic blood pressure measurements made on a single subject for 120 consecutive days were utilized to demonstrate the use of autocorrelation techniques for the identification of cycles of one or more periods present in the data. Provided only a single period is present, averaging techniques using this period as the base may be used to smooth the data. However, few physiological variables cycle so simply. Smoothing not only may introduce spurious cycles, but it also eliminates much non‐random (and, therefore, meaningful) variance.
EFFECTS OF STIMULUS ORDER AND NOVELTY ON ORIENTING RESPONSES
Authors: Zimny George H. , Pawlick Gene F. , Saur David P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of stimulus order and novelty upon habituation and dishabituation of the GSR component of the OR were investigated. The numbers 21 to 60 were presented in serial order (Ordered‐Novel group), and in random order (Random‐Novel group), and the number 21 was repeated 40 times (Similar group). The number 600 was occasionally interpolated among each series. No group differences in magnitude of OR to the first stimulus or in habituation of the OR during the series of numbers were found. Dishabituation due to the interpolated stimulus was found primarily in the Similar group. The results were related to Sokolov's concept of neuronal models used in his theory of habituation.
AN ACCURATE ONE CHANNEL BASAL LEVEL/RESPONSE SIGNAL SEPARATOR FOR SKIN RESISTANCE, INCORPORATING PULSE CODING OF THE BASAL LEVEL
Authors: Richard McGraw E. , Kleinman Kenneth M. , Brown Marjorie L. , Korol Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWe have developed a method for measuring SR which combines the accuracy of DC measurement of basal SR level with the convenience gained from the AC coupling of SR responses for purposes of separating the total signal into basal SR level and SR responses. Our circuitry accomplishes (1) amplification of total DC signal, (2) post‐amplification signal separation and display of SR responses and, on the same display channel, (3) pulse coding of basal SR.
OPERANT CONDITIONING OF INCREASES IN BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: Plumlee Lawrence A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFour monkeys were presented with 10 sec tones which terminated with shocks. The tones were immediately terminated without shock if the animal's diastolic blood pressure rose above a criterion level and remained high for 1 sec. Termination of the tone was followed by a 5 sec time out. Trials began whenever the pressure dropped below the criterion level. All subjects learned the avoidance task, showing diastolic elevations of up to 60 mm of mercury in response to the tones. A linear relationship was seen between the minimum pressure required for avoidance and the pressure achieved. No change in blood pressure accompanied a second stimulus which was never paired with shock. A fifth control monkey was yoked to one of the experimental monkeys and simultaneously received all shocks and tones as determined by the blood pressure of the experimental animal. The yoked control showed no pressure changes to the tones, but normal pressure elevations to shock.
THE INFLUENCE OF STIMULUS INTENSITY AND REPETITION ON THE MEAN EVOKED HEART RATE RESPONSE
Authors: Meyers William J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA sec‐by‐sec analysis was made of heart rate (HR) responses of children receiving an auditory stimulus pattern at either a moderate (70 db) or a loud (95 db) intensity. Only an initial deceleration to the first 70 db stimulus significantly departed from prestimulus level. The first 95 db pattern produced two components which statistically differed from prestimulus level: an initial deceleration and a sustained later deceleration. Differential habituation effects occurred at the two intensities with stimulus repetition. The only significant response to subsequent presentations of the 70 db tones was HR acceleration and this response showed complete habituation, whereas significant HR deceleration occurred with repetition of the 95 db tones. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a nonfamiliar stimulus will produce an orienting reaction (OR) and HR deceleration. Furthermore, the differential stimulus repetition effects indicate that loud tones may disrupt the process of HR habituation seen to moderate intensity tones, and produce a decelerative response which is resistant to habituation.
TO WHAT DOES THE ORIENTING RESPONSE RESPOND?
Authors: Bernstein Alvin S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTForty‐eight Ss received 10 repetitive 1‐sec light presentations at either 5 or 25 foot candles (ft c), followed by a switch on Trial 11. After approximately 2 months the experiment was repeated. Of 34 Ss who correctly described the stimulus change on initial testing, only 18 gave a (GSR) OR. On retest, most Ss retained their characteristic response, but previously responsive 25 → 5 ft c. Ss became non‐responsive on Trial 11. There were no differences between OR‐responders and non‐responders to Trial 1 flash though responders subsequently took longer to habituate and made more ORs overall. There was no difference in base admittance (BAL) increase following initial onset of stimulation, but OR‐responders subsequently showed a continuing BAL rise while nonresponders returned to resting levels. The OR is not an automatic accompaniment to perceptible stimulus novelty. A 2‐stage process was hypothesized in triggering an OR, stressing the role of cognitive‐motivational variables.
PHASIC HEART RATE CHANGES IN REACTION TIME AND TIME ESTIMATION
Authors: Johnson Harold J. , May Jerry R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe phasic cardiac changes of two groups of Ss were compared, with one group performing a reaction time task and the other a time estimation task. The cardiac changes of the two groups were very similar with both groups showing deceleration shortly before they made their motor responses. The reaction time task group showed this to a greater extent than the time estimation group. It was concluded that the anticipatory deceleration observed under reaction time conditions is not wholly attributable to the direction of attention.
AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING OF THE GSR: NATURE OF THE RESPONSE
Authors: Schell Anne M. , Grings William W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of avoidance conditioning of the GSR on HR responses were investigated. Seven Ss were allowed to avoid a shock if their GSR during a preceding 5.0 sec light was greater than a criterion magnitude. Each avoidance S had a yoked‐control partner who received exactly the same series of shocked and nonshocked trials, regardless of his own GSR behavior. Sixty trials were given. Avoidance Ss gave significantly larger GSRs and cardiac deceleration took place at a significantly greater rate in the avoidance group. The results were interpreted as supporting the conclusion that when an avoidance paradigm is used to modify a particular autonomic response, the effects extend to other autonomic arousal or anticipatory responses. Each S was questioned in a post‐training interview about his awareness of means of avoiding the shock. No S was able to verbalize any method that could be used to prevent shock from occurring.
AUTONOMIC RESPONSES TO AFFECTIVE VISUAL STIMULATION
Authors: Hare Robert , Wood Keith , Britain Sue , Shadman Janice 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhysiological responses were recorded while 48 male Ss viewed a series of 30 slides of homicide scenes, nude females, or ordinary objects. Half the Ss saw the same slide 30 times while the others saw a different slide on each trial. The physiological responses given by all six groups involved were those generally associated with an OR—increase in skin conductance, cardiac deceleration, and digital vasoconstriction. In addition, a biphasic cephalic vasomotor response, consisting of constriction followed by dilation, was observed. Stimulus presentation was also accompanied by a sharp reduction in eyeblink rate.The physiological and eyeblink responses given by Ss who saw a different homicide scene on each trial were generally greater and more resistant to habituation than were those given by other Ss. Ss repeatedly shown the same homicide scene gave relatively small cardiac and cephalic vasomotor responses, and showed rapid habituation of the electrodermal response.
HEART RATE DERIVED FROM BLOOD PRESSURE AND OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNALS
Authors: Krausman David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA device for providing a continuous on‐line output of beat‐by‐beat HR in physiologic studies is described. The circuit eliminates the need for obtaining an EKG signal since it uses other vascular phenomena such as blood pressure, blood flow, or plethysmograph to produce an index of heart action to provide subsequent rate phenomena. Signal conditioning to produce the electrical analog of the vascular change is derived from either a pressure transducer, flow probe, plethysmograph, or other transducing device connected to the input of a Beckman‐Offner, or Grass (Model 6) polygraph recorder. The output is in the form of a relay closure to provide initiating action to such devices as cardiotachometers, integrators, printers, counters, and many other instruments used in physiological studies.
“DREAM DETECTOR” AND AUTOMATIZATION OF REMP‐AWAKENING TECHNIQUE FOR THE STUDY OF DREAMING
Authors: Okuma Teruo , Fukuma Etsuo , Hata Naoyuki 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA device named “dream detector” was constructed to automatize the technique of studying dreams during the REM period of sleep (REMP). The principle of the dream detector is to identify the REMP automatically by counting the number of electrooculographically recorded REMs during the period of relative silence in EMG records. When the count number of EMs reaches a preset value, an alarm buzzer is turned on automatically to awaken the S. In preliminary experiments on 5 Ss, 62 out of 70 REMPs (88.6%) in a total of 16 experimental nights were correctly detected by using this device. In only 5 instances (3.5%) was the buzzer turned on during periods other than REMPs. The rate of correct detection was 56% for the first REMP of the night, 93% for the second REMP, and 100% for the following REMPs.
EVOKED POTENTIAL AVERAGER MADE UP FROM LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Numoto Mitsuo 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn analog averager made of conventional laboratory instruments has been developed. It accumulates the signals as density changes on photographic film since the signals modulate the brightness of multiple oscilloscopic tracings. The final averaged response is graphically reproduced by a simple photoelectric densitometer made up from two oscilloscopes and a phototube.
A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR ALL STATES
Authors: Johnson Laverne C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe question is asked, can the same visceral changes occur in different states of consciousness. A survey of EEG and autonomic activity found in the awake state and during the various stages of sleep leads to the conclusion that the question must be affirmatively answered. The conclusion is reached that EEG and autonomic activity cannot be used to define states of consciousness. The state of consciousness of the subject must first be known before the physiological significance and possible behavioral meaning of the EEG and autonomic responses can be inferred.
ACOUSTIC VARIATION AND AROUSAL LEVEL IN INFANTS
Authors: Brackbill Yvonne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study compared the effects of three auditory background conditions—no sound, intermittent sound, and continuous sound—on level of arousal in infants. The study also investigated responsiveness to discrete auditory stimuli superimposed upon these background conditions. The results indicated that level of arousal was decreased by continuous sound and increased by intermittent sound, relative to the no sound condition. Measures of level of arousal included state, respiration, heart rate, and motor activity. Responsiveness to discrete auditory stimuli, superimposed upon the background conditions and measured by evoked responses, was not predictable from indices of arousal level.
SYSTEMATIC CHANGES IN LEVELS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY DURING A FOUR‐MONTH PERIOD
Authors: Wieland Betty A. , Mefferd Roy B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIntraindividual differences over a four‐month period in a number of physiological variables for three subjects are examined. Autocorrelation techniques revealed the presence of systematic changes (cycles and trends). It is concluded that intraindividual differences in these variables may be nearly as large as interindividual differences and that they cannot be explained merely as errors of measurement. Possible sources of variability are discussed.
HEART RATE RESPONSE HABITUATION IN HIGH‐RISK PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Schulman Carol A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis suggested by Luria (1963) that infants with central nervous system damage fail to habituate to repeated stimulation was tested using an experimental group whose clinical course suggested a relatively high probability of CNS damage, a control group matched for age in weeks since conception, and a group of normal, fullterm infants. An auditory stimulus at 80 db SPL was presented for 3 sec at 20‐sec intervals. Heart rate change averaged across time on Trials 1–5 and Trials 26–30 were compared. The hypothesis was not confirmed, since significant habituation was found on Trials 26–30 for all groups. However, latency of response was significantly longer in high‐risk Ss. A developmental trend toward decreased latency of response with increasing gestational age was identified.
CARDIAC DECELERATION AND REACTION TIME: AN EVALUATION OF TWO HYPOTHESES
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Webb Roger A. , Sutterer James R. , Howard James L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this experiment was to evaluate two hypotheses concerning the basis of the association between performance on a simple reaction time (RT) task and the deceleration of heart rate found as the S responds. The RT task consisted of 96 trials in which the foreperiod was randomly varied between 2, 4, 8, and 16 sec. Two groups of 31 Ss each were used, with the cardiac response blocked pharmacologically in one group, in order to determine if the occurrence of the cardiac response facilitated performance through an afferent feedback mechanism. Two aspects of somatic activity, EMG bursts from chin muscles and eye movements and blinks, were also assessed in order to determine if the cardiac response and the associated behavioral facilitative effects were linked to a common mediating process involving cardiac deceleration and the inhibition of ongoing, task‐irrelevant somatic activities. The latter hypothesis was consistently supported. Blocking the cardiac response did not significantly influence performance. However, a within‐S analysis revealed a pronounced direct relationship between RT and the magnitude of the inhibition of somatic effects and the magnitude of the cardiac deceleration when the latter was not blocked pharmacologically. These data along with several other lines of evidence are considered to indicate that heart rate deceleration may not be significantly involved in an afferent mechanism but rather can be best understood as a peripheral manifestation of central processes.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO MOTION PICTURES
Authors: Roessler Robert , Collins Forrest 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSkin conductance (SC) and heart rate (HR) responses to rest, to a bland and to a stressor motion picture film were examined in 20 student subjects (Ss). Ss were divided equally into a high ego strength (Es) and a low Es group on the basis of their scores on the Barron scale of the MMPI. These groups were balanced for film presentation order and did not differ significantly on trait anxiety as measured by the Taylor manifest anxiety scale. The Zuckerman multiple affect adjective check list was administered before and after both the stressor and the bland film. High Es Ss were more responsive in SC and HR under all three conditions and showed a greater range of SC values than did low Es Ss. Subjective states paralleled physiological states. High Es Ss reported significantly greater state anxiety than did low Es Ss.
EYE MOVEMENT AMPLITUDES IN IMAGINED PURSUIT OF A PENDULUM WITH EYES CLOSED
Authors: Lenox John R. , Lange Arthur F. , Graham Kenneth R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrior claims that subjects imagining an oscillating pendulum with eyes closed can produce eye movements corresponding to those found when the subject's eyes are actually pursuing the moving pendulum are refuted by showing that the apparently smooth movements under imagination are not truly sinusoidal, and tend greatly to exceed the amplitude of the pendulum's excursion.
A COMPARISON OF GSR AND SUBJECTIVE ADAPTATION TO STRESSFUL STIMULI
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Gaupp Larry , Leonard William C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to compare subjective and physiological adaptation, as measured by magnitude of GSRs, to electric shock and auditory noise. In Exp. I, 48 Ss received 15 shocks of constant intensity, one subgroup always receiving low shocks and the other high. Subjects were told that shock intensity would vary and rated the intensity of each shock immediately following its presentation. In Exp. II, the same procedure was followed with 50 different Ss, using noises instead of shocks. Shock Ss showed subjective adaptation but no GSR adaptation. Noise Ss showed GSR adaptation with an increase in subjective intensity reports. The importance of anticipation, in terms of level of arousal at the onset of the session, is discussed.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN: THE RELATIONSHIP OF SKIN CONDUCTANCE AND HEART RATE TO WORD ASSOCIATIONS AND TASK REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Kaplan Burt E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate and skin resistance were recorded from male and female children five to seven years of age during the following conditions: low arousal (rest), high arousal (auditory and visual stimulation), and administration of a Word Association Test (WAT) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). Children who gave a mature response pattern (paradigmatic) on the WAT tended to have lower conductance levels than immature responders. Heart rate decreased during environmental intake (high arousal), increased during environmental rejection (WAT), and was unchanged during a combined intake and rejection situation (PPVT). The skin conductance data were interpreted as being consistent with recent theories concerning the development of mature cognitive behaviors in children and the psychophysiological correlates of complex and simple behaviors.
INTERACTION OF ELECTRO‐OCULAR POTENTIALS WITH THE CONTINGENT NEGATIVE VARIATION
Authors: Wasman Marvin , Morehead Sherrod D. , Lee Ho‐Young , Rowland Vernon 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe contingent negative variation (CNV) was recorded from the vertex in forty‐five subjects during a two‐stimulus expectancy paradigm under varying conditions of eye closure and fixation. Simultaneously averaged electro‐oculograms (EOG) were recorded as a measure of eye movement. The amplitude of both CNV and EOG responses was significantly greater for the eyes closed and eyes open unfixated conditions as compared to the eyes fixated condition. CNV and EOG responses were often highly similar in terms of waveform. For the eyes fixated condition three patterns of CNV–EOG interaction were observed. Eighteen subjects demonstrated a CNV response of low amplitude in the absence of detectable EOG responses. Twenty‐three subjects showed a predominant pattern in which CNV responses of high amplitude and EOG responses were present. Four subjects failed to show either a CNV or EOG response. There was considerable within subject variability in the pattern of response with replicated blocks of trials. Thus contamination of the CNV by EOG potentials is reduced by eye fixation but not eliminated because of subject variability in control of eye movement.
INSTRUMENT FOR DIRECT READOUT OF LOG CONDUCTANCE (LOG 1/R) MEASURES OF THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE
Authors: Kuechenmeister C. A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn automatic computing instrument is described which continuously measures skin conductance in units of the log of skin conductance (Log 1/R) without ranging or adjustment. Circuit assembly and alignment is described in detail. The instrument is ideally suited to automation in conjunction with computers or pen recorders.
AN INSTRUMENT FOR PREDICTING THE OCCURRENCE OF THE P–R INTERVAL OF THE NORMAL HUMAN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
Authors: Thorne Phillip R. , Engel Bernard T. , Quilter Reginald E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis report describes an instrument which will automatically predict the occurrence of the P–R interval on a beat‐to‐beat basis. Tests have demonstrated an almost perfect accuracy in older subjects whose beat‐to‐beat variations are small. The average accuracy with a group of 23 men, 19 of whom were 20‐30 years old, was 95% correct prediction. In young women with very large beat‐to‐beat variations, the average accuracy achieved was 75% correct prediction.
CONVERGING OPERATIONS IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIMENT
Authors: Hicks Ronald G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe problem of reliability in the behavioral experiment appears to be due to the dynamic nature of the subject matter of the behavioral sciences resulting in interactions between the subjects (Ss), the experimenter (E), and the experimental situation (SIT). Both the E and SIT elicit varying degrees of nonassessable conformity in the Ss' behavior. The S tends to preserve the behavior that the perceives is expected of him—the S's conformity obligation. Just as natural and physical sciences have relied upon inferences built upon many intersecting and overlapping observations (a method called converging operationalism), behavioral science could apply this method to resolve the difficulties of the E effect and the effects of the SIT, since both affect the reliability of the psychological experiment. Empirical factors that determine under what circumstances the E and SIT significantly affect the S's experimental behavior are reviewed.