bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HEROIC HAYDN, THE OCCASIONAL WORK AND ‘MODERN’ POLITICAL MUSIC
Authors: MATHEW NICHOLAS 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeveral compositions by Haydn from the 1790s appear to reflect, both directly and indirectly, the newly martial and patriotic atmosphere generated by the war with France. While this has long been recognized by music historians – in particular with reference to ‘Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser’ – Haydn scholars have yet to describe or explain this trend adequately. Only Beethoven scholars have considered this music in any depth, portraying Haydn as the Viennese progenitor of the so-called heroic style. The paradox of this teleological Beethovenian reading of Haydn’s music from the 1790s is that the type of compositions that music historians have traditionally denigrated with the label ‘occasional works’ are portrayed as the ancestors of some of the most vaunted symphonic masterworks in the canon: historically situated music somehow creates the very pieces that supposedly instantiated the historically resistant ‘work concept’ in the period around 1800. Yet this paradox points to a growing tension within Haydn’s public identity and music in the 1790s – a tension between the emerging ideal of aesthetic autonomy and the reality of political appropriation during the revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Indeed, this very tension allowed Haydn and his music to enter political life and political discourse as never before, articulating a relationship between music and contemporary events that cannot adequately be described by the notion of the ‘occasional work’. Haydn’s emergence as a cultural hero, on a par with contemporary war heroes, and the attribution to his music of a sublime power analogous to worldly, even political, powers meant that his music could be heard as possessing a voice in its own right – a voice that could thus speak independently, and persuasively, on behalf of institutions and ideologies, rather than merely echoing them.
‘NICHT DIESE TÖNE’: LESSONS IN SONG AND SINGING FROM BEETHOVEN’S NINTH SYMPHONY
Authors: GLAUERT AMANDA 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDiscussions of the recitative intervention from the solo baritone in the finale of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony usually focus on how his words might offer a commentary on the discourse of the symphony as understood in instrumental terms. This article seeks to interpret the baritone’s words as a call to song – song in its literal as well as idealized sense, as identified through strophic treatment and folk-like character. Beethoven’s borrowing of material from his own setting of Bürger’s Gegenliebe for his ‘Ode to Joy’ tune is taken as a sign of the composer engaging with Bürger’s advocacy of simple diegetic song, an advocacy that sits provocatively alongside the abstract idealism of Schiller’s An die Freude. Concentrating on the song-like aspects within the finale of the Ninth Symphony in this way might seem to magnify the effect of the silences and disjunctures within the movement. However, Johann Gottfried Herder (the poet and theorist of the lyric) embraced silence as one of the conditions of folk-like song, as Beethoven seems to have understood from his own settings of Herder’s poetry. A comparison between the Ninth Symphony finale and some of Beethoven’s actual settings suggests a new understanding of how the composer uses silence within the symphony. It also points up the radical nature of his balance between abstract and literal renditions of song in this work, a balance that even outstrips the Helen-Gretchen contrast in Goethe’s Faust for its subtlety and pervasiveness.
MSVM-RFE: extensions of SVM-RFE for multiclass gene selection on DNA microarray data
Authors: Zhou Xin , Tuck David P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMotivation: Given the thousands of genes and the small number of samples, gene selection has emerged as an important research problem in microarray data analysis. Support Vector Machine—Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) is one of a group of recently described algorithms which represent the stat-of-the-art for gene selection. Just like SVM itself, SVM-RFE was originally designed to solve binary gene selection problems. Several groups have extended SVM-RFE to solve multiclass problems using one-versus-all techniques. However, the genes selected from one binary gene selection problem may reduce the classification performance in other binary problems.Results: In the present study, we propose a family of four extensions to SVM-RFE (called MSVM-RFE) to solve the multiclass gene selection problem, based on different frameworks of multiclass SVMs. By simultaneously considering all classes during the gene selection stages, our proposed extensions identify genes leading to more accurate classification.Contact: david.tuck@yale.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary materials, including a detailed review of both binary and multiclass SVMs, and complete experimental results, are available at Bioinformatics online.
Establishment of a novel melanoma cell line SMYM‐PRGP showing cytogenetic and biological characteristics of the radial growth phase of acral melanomas
Authors: Murata Hiroshi , Ashida Atsuko , Takata Minoru , Yamaura Maki , Bastian Boris C. , Saida Toshiaki 
Published: May 2007

We established a novel melanoma cell line, SMYM‐PRGP, which was non‐tumorigenic in vivo, from an acral melanoma in radial growth phase under a low‐oxygen environment. SMYM‐PRGP was wild‐type for known mutation sites in the BRAF and NRAS genes, and showed focal amplification of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase and cyclin D1 genes as well as the fibroblast growth factor‐3 and fibroblast growth factor‐4 genes. Neither mutation nor copy number loss of the CDKN2A gene was observed. The p16INK4A protein was expressed at a level equal to that in normal melanocytes. Among the various melanocyte growth factors added to the culture of SMYM‐PRGP cells, endothelin‐1 was the strongest growth stimulator, the effect of which was significantly augmented by the addition of calcium chloride. The growth stimulatory effect of endothelin‐1 was shown to be mediated via the endothelin B receptor. The protein level of cyclin D1 in SMYM‐PRGP cells was approximately 10 times higher than that in normal melanocytes. Although the stimulation with endothelin‐1 plus calcium chloride increased cyclin D1 protein levels after 4–6 h, the level of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein did not increase, suggesting that overexpression of cyclin D1 protein may have little effect on cell cycle progression but rather act as a pro‐survival factor. SMYM‐PRGP is an excellent tool for investigating the development and progression of acral melanoma. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 958–963)
Cytomorphological and immunocytochemical study of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in pleural effusion and ascitic fluid
Authors: Das D. K. , Al‐Juwaiser A. , George S. S. , Francis I. M. , Sathar S. S. , Sheikh Z. A. , Shaheen A. , Pathan S. K. , Haji B. E. , George J. , Kapila K. 
Published: May 2007

Introduction:  Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is often complicated by pleural effusion and ascites. The present study is an attempt to categorize the lymphomatous effusions according to the WHO classification, using archival material.Methods:  May‐Grünwald–Giemsa and Papanicolaou‐stained smears of 31 lymphomatous effusion specimens were reviewed. Of these, detailed cytological assessment was done on 12 pleural effusions and ten ascitic fluid specimens from 22 patients using the WHO lymphoma classification system. Immunocytochemical studies were performed in 21 specimens.Results:  Based on cytomorphological features, the 22 lymphomatous effusion specimens were categorized into lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma (1), follicle centre cell (FCC) grade‐1 (centrocytic) lymphoma (3), FCC grade‐2 (centrocytic–centroblastic) lymphoma (3), FCC grade‐3 (centroblastic) lymphoma (4), large cell immunoblastic lymphoma (4), lymphoblastic lymphoma (2), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (3) and miscellaneous types (2). Immunocytochemically, the lymphoma cells were T‐cell (positive for CD3) and B‐cell type (CD20 positive) in five and six cases respectively.Conclusion:  Cytological examination of pleural effusion and ascitic fluid samples, supported by immunocytochemical studies, may be useful for the classification of lymphomas under the WHO system.
Volcanic explosive eruptions of the Vesuvio decrease tree‐ring growth but not photosynthetic rates in the surrounding forests
Authors: BATTIPAGLIA GIOVANNA , CHERUBINI PAOLO , SAURER MATTHIAS , SIEGWOLF ROLF T. W. , STRUMIA SANDRO , FRANCESCA COTRUFO M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVolcanic eruptions impact the global and the hemispheric climate, but it is still unknown how and to what degree they force the climate system and in particular the global carbon cycle. In this paper, the relationships between individual eruptions (reconstructed for the past using written records), tree primary productivity (estimated using ring widths), photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance (assessed by carbon and oxygen isotope data) are investigated, to understand the impact of volcanic eruptions on net primary production. Data from a mixed stand ofFagus sylvaticaL. andAcer pseudoplatanusL. located in the area of the Vesuvio volcanic complex (Southern Italy) showed a significant decrease in ring width following each eruption. Isotope analyses indicate a change in climatic conditions after such events. Specifically, the lower oxygen isotope ratio in the tree‐ring cellulose strongly suggests an increase in relative humidity and a decrease in temperature, with the latter resulting in a strong limitation to tree‐ring growth. The carbon isotope ratio was only moderately but not significantly reduced in the years of volcanic eruption, suggesting no major changes in C fixation rates. This work is a case study on the effects of volcanic eruptions resulting in strong climatic changes on the local scale. This is an opportunity to explore the process and causal relationships between climatic changes and the response of the vegetation. Thus, we propose here a realistic model scenario, from which we can extrapolate to global scales and improve our interpretations of results of global studies.
Cooler temperatures increase sensitivity to ultraviolet B radiation in embryos and larvae of the frog Limnodynastes peronii
Authors: Van UITREGT VINCENT O. , WILSON ROBBIE S. , FRANKLIN CRAIG E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent studies suggest that complex interacting processes are driving global amphibian declines. Increased ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in the solar spectrum associated with ozone depletion has been implicated in declines, and evidence suggests that the effects of UVB radiation on amphibians may be greater at cooler temperatures. We tested the thermal sensitivity of UVB effects on amphibians in a controlled factorial experiment using the striped marsh frog, Limnodynastes peronii as a model species. We compared survival, growth and locomotor performance of embryonic and larval L. peronii reared under low and high UVB exposures at both 20 and 30 °C. Embryonic and larval L. peronii proved extremely sensitive to UVB damage and exhibited greater sensitivity at 20 °C compared with 30 °C. Embryonic survival to Gosner stage 25 was unaffected by UVB exposure at 30 °C, but at 20 °C survival was reduced to 52% under high UVB. Larval survival exhibited a similar trend. At 20 °C, all tadpoles survived under low UVB, whereas under high UVB there was 100% mortality after 15 days of exposure. At 30 °C, 86% survived under low UVB, but only 46% survived under high UVB. Sublethal effects such as, embryonic malformation, retarded larval growth and reduced larval swimming performance were also greater at 20 °C compared with 30 °C. Our results strongly indicate that UVB damage in amphibians is markedly increased at cooler temperatures. Thus, populations of UVB sensitive species occurring at cold climates may be at greater risk of declines due to increased solar UVB radiation.
Differential regulation of lipopolysaccharide and Gram‐positive bacteria induced cytokine and chemokine production in macrophages by Gαi proteins
Authors: Fan Hongkuan , Williams David L. , Zingarelli Basilia , Breuel Kevin F. , Teti Giuseppe , Tempel George E. , Spicher Karsten , Boulay Guylain , Birnbaumer Lutz , Halushka Perry V. , Cook James A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryHeterotrimeric Gi proteins play a role in signalling activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and group B streptococci (GBS), leading to production of inflammatory mediators. We hypothesized that genetic deletion of Gi proteins would alter cytokine and chemokine production induced by LPS, SA and GBS stimulation. LPS‐induced, heat‐killed SA‐induced and heat‐killed GBS‐induced cytokine and chemokine production in peritoneal macrophages from wild‐type (WT), Gαi2–/– or Gαi1/3–/– mice were investigated. LPS induced production of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐10 and interferon‐γ‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10); SA induced TNF‐α, and IL‐1β production; and GBS induced TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α (MIP‐1α) and keratinocyte chemoattract (KC) production were all decreased (P < 0·05) in Gαi2–/– or Gαi1/3–/– mice compared with WT mice. In contrast to the role of Gi proteins as a positive regulator of mediators, LPS‐induced production of MIP‐1α and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) were increased in macrophages from Gαi1/3–/– mice, and SA‐induced MIP‐1α production was increased in both groups of Gαi protein‐depleted mice. LPS‐induced production of KC and IL‐1β, SA‐induced production of GM‐CSF, KC and IP‐10, and GBS‐induced production of IL‐10, GM‐CSF and IP‐10 were unchanged in macrophages from Gαi2–/– or Gαi1/3–/– mice compared with WT mice. These data suggest that Gi2 and Gi1/3 proteins are both involved and differentially regulate murine inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in response to both LPS and Gram‐positive microbial stimuli.
Predictors of serum testosterone and DHEAS in African‐American men
Authors: Haren Matthew T. , Banks William A. , Perry III H. M. , Patrick Ping , Malmstrom Theodore K. , Miller Douglas K. , Morley John E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThere are few reported data on biochemical and functional correlates of androgen levels in African‐American men. This study aimed at reporting physical and biochemical correlates of serum total testosterone (total T), bioavailable testosterone (BT) and dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulphate (DHEAS) levels in community‐dwelling, African‐American men aged 50–65 years. Home‐based physical examinations and health status questionnaires were administered to randomly sampled men. Body composition (dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry), lower limb and hand‐grip muscle strength, and neuropsychological functions were assessed. Levels of serum total T, BT, DHEAS, oestradiol (E2), adiponectin, leptin, triglycerides and glucose were measured. Multiple linear regression models were constructed to identify factors independently associated with androgen levels. DHEAS levels declined from age 50 to 65 years (p < 0.0001), but total T and BT levels remained constant. Independent of other associated factors, higher total T levels were associated with lower serum triglyceride levels (β = −0.142, p = 0.049); higher BT was associated with better performance on the trail‐making tests (TMT‐B:TMT‐A ratio: β = −0.118, p = 0.024) and higher DHEAS levels were associated with lower adiponectin (β = −0.293, p = 0.047) and higher mini‐mental state examination (MMSE) score (β = 0.098, p = 0.008). Multiple regression models predicted 21, 18 and 29% of variance in total T, BT and DHEAS, respectively. Higher total T levels were associated with serum metabolic markers, particularly lower triglycerides, whereas higher BT was associated with better cognitive and muscle function and DHEAS with lower adiponectin and higher MMSE scores.
The frequency of undescended testis from birth to adulthood: a review
Authors: Sijstermans K. , Hack W. W. M. , Meijer R. W. , Voort‐Doedens L. M. van der 
Published: May 2007

SummaryWe performed a systematic review and critique of the literature on the frequency of undescended testis (UDT) among boys from birth to adolescence. Special attention was given to whether previous testicular position was taken into account to distinguish between congenital and acquired UDT. We searched Medline, Embase, Cinahl and the Cochrane Library. Any study reporting on the frequency of UDT was included. Study population age, number of boys studied, period of examination, primary examiner, area of study, study design, ethnicity, definitions used and previous testicular position were analysed. A total of 46 studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty‐three of the 46 (50%) studies involved newborns. Definitions were described in half of the studies; however, the definitions used were heterogeneous. Previous testis position was described in 11% (5/46) of the studies. At birth, in term and/or birth weight >2.5 kg infants, the UDT rate ranged from 1.0 to 4.6%, and in premature and/or birth weight <2.5 kg infants from 1.1 to 45.3%. At the age of 1 year UDT in term and/or birth weight >2.5 kg infants was seen in 1.0–1.5%, at 6 years in 0.0–2.6%, at 11 years in 0.0–6.6% and at 15 years in 1.6–2.2% of boys. The frequency of UDT shows variable figures in the literature. The actual frequency of acquired UDT essentially remains unclear because of the shortage of studies performed at an older age, and of studies reporting on previous testicular position.
A regional study of Holocene climate change and human occupation in Peruvian Amazonia
Authors: Bush M. B. , Silman M. R. , Listopad C. M. C. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAim  To investigate the influence of Holocene climatic and human‐induced changes on a region of high biodiversity in southern Peruvian Amazonia.Location  Four palaeoecological records from separate lakes within a lake district close to the modern city of Puerto Maldonado, Peru.Results  The lakes provide a palaeoecological record spanning the last 8200 years. A mid‐Holocene dry event is documented in all of the records that extend back > 6000 years. The dry event appears to have lasted from c. 7200 yr bp until c. 3300 yr bp. The onset of wetter conditions coincides with the formation of the youngest of the four lakes. The earliest occupation of these sites is inferred from the presence of charcoal at 7200 yr bp, and the first crop pollen is found at 3630 yr bp. Lakes that were regularly occupied were colonized soon after they formed. A reduction in charcoal concentration and the absence of crop pollen after c. 500 bp in all lakes is consistent with site abandonment following conquest.Main conclusions  The mid‐Holocene dry event is suggested to be part of a time‐transgressive drying that tracked from north to south in both the Andes and the Amazon lowlands. The last millennium may represent the period of highest sustained lake levels within the Holocene. The proximity of the four lakes allows a landscape‐scale analysis of the spatial extent of human disturbance centred on a known site of human occupation and reveals the highly localized nature of pre‐Columbian anthropogenic disturbance in Amazonian landscapes. Inferences regarding widespread pre‐Columbian landscape modification by indigenous peoples must take into account key site attributes, such as seasonality and proximity to rivers.
Differences in Lepeophtheirus salmonis abundance levels on Atlantic salmon farms in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Saksida S , Karreman G A , Constantine J , Donald A 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSea lice data collected from Atlantic salmon farms in the Broughton Archipelago between 2003 and 2005 were examined for inter‐regional differences in mobile Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) abundance using the generalized linear model procedure. Factors such as age of the salmon populations, location of farms and time of year had a significant effect on the abundance of the mobile stages of L. salmonis whereas water temperature and salinity did not. Separate evaluation of SLICE® treatment data found no significant difference in treatment frequency among the areas but did show that there were significantly lower numbers of farm treatments during the summer months when compared with other seasons. The role of environment and wild fish in influencing sea lice abundance on the farmed salmon is discussed. The findings suggest that effective management programmes for sea lice should not only be based on geographical location but should take into account other factors which could influence lice abundance levels.
Evaluation of lethal and non‐lethal sampling methods for the detection of white sturgeon iridovirus infection in white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson)
Authors: Drennan J D , LaPatra S E , Samson C A , Ireland S , Eversman K F , Cain K D 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPectoral fin tissue of white sturgeon was investigated as a potential non‐lethal sample source for the detection of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) infection. Histopathology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results using fin tissue were compared with the standard lethal histopathology sampling method that utilizes head tissue. Tissues for each of the three sampling methods were collected weekly for 8 weeks from individual sturgeon undergoing an experimental cohabitation challenge with fish infected with the Abernathy isolate of WSIV. Non‐lethal fin histopathological evaluation did not reveal infection during the first 3 weeks of sampling, while non‐lethal PCR and the lethal method were variable. However, all three sampling methods were equally capable of identifying infection from 4 to 8 weeks post‐exposure. Of the survivors tested, all were negative by PCR and the lethal method, and only one fish was identified as being positive by non‐lethal fin histopathology. In another experiment, all three sampling methods were applied to asymptomatic WSIV carriers in a case study conducted at the Kootenai Tribal Sturgeon Conservation Hatchery. Results showed that both lethal and non‐lethal fin histopathology were equally effective in detecting infection, but PCR was unable to identify this strain of WSIV. Depending on the virus isolate, these results suggest that non‐lethal sampling of fin tissue (histopathology or PCR) is comparable with the lethal sampling method at identifying WSIV infection once infection is established, and under certain circumstances may provide an alternative to lethal sampling.