bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maturity Models for E&P Data and Information Management Organizations
Authors: Kozman Jess B. , Gimenez Leonardo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The maturing of the global oil and gas industry means that information resources must be effectively managed to insure a measurable impact on financial success. As the value of information technology becomes more accepted and analyzed, there is a need for a comparative measure of how organizations have advanced their information management strategies. A data management maturity model has been proposed as a method of establishing this comparison (D'Angelo and Troy, 2000). The model analyzes organizations as they move from a base level to a fully optimized structure in which data, information, and knowledge add value at all stages in a life of field project cycle. Operations are categorized into data management maturity levels by analyzing processes, technology, consistency of results, and ability to quantify value.
Opportunities for Re-Use of Produced Water around Desert Oil Fields
Authors: Sluijterman A. C. , Al-Lawati Y. , Al-Asmi S. , Verbeek P. H. J. , Schaapveld M. A. S. , Cramwinckel J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Greening the Desert initiative explores opportunities to re-use water produced from hydrocarbon fields in arid areas around desert oil fields. Where water does not serve any purpose for reservoir management, re-use is envisaged to be an enabler for new value creation by stimulating opportunities such as agriculture or forestry. An oil field in the south of Oman produces in excess of 200,000 m3/d of brackish water, the larger part of which is disposed of through re-injection into deep aquifers. As an alternative the operator has embarked on reed bed pilots later followed by pilots on bio-saline agriculture and forestry. Also a pilot has been executed for the purification of the effluent water from the reed beds by a Solar Dew® membrane system, allowing a.o. fresh water agriculture. Pilots for the different Greening the Desert schemes are aimed at developing a portfolio of technical solutions for produced water re-use in desert environments. The paper presents operating envelopes and limits of technical performance. The selection of technical solutions for a large-scale project may then be based on the best total lifecycle value balancing cost, benefits and risks, and meeting aspirations for sustainable development.
Learning from Three Years Annular Injection of Drill Wastes in Alwyn and Dunbar Fields in the North Sea
Authors: Onaisi A. , Po V. , Lutfalla H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
TOTAL conducted DCRI (Drill Cuttings Re-Injection) operations for discharging oil contaminated cuttings coming from the phases 12 1/4" and 8 1/2" of Alwyn and Dunbar wells, two fields situated in the UK sector of the North Sea, to meet requirements of new discharge regulations in that area. Re-injection was preferred to skip and ship based on economical evaluation of both alternatives.
Several options were considered for DCRI: annular injection into a production well, annular injection in the same well being drilled or injection through a dedicated well. The major benefit of annular injection, provided that this option is technically viable, is the saving of the cost of drilling and completing a dedicated well. Given the number of wells and the corresponding amount of cuttings that remained to be discharged in Alwyn and Dunbar, it was decided to proceed with annular injection in existing wells.
The depth of injection, the lithology, and the well deviation at that depth were dictated by the position of 13 3/8" casing shoe and open hole interval between to cement behind the casing 9 5/8". Injectivity tests were performed in the annulus of several wells1; however few of them were identified as potential injectors.
The initial design was based on the possibility of injecting up to 55,000 barrels of slurry per well. Severe difficulties were encountered during the first injections with frequent rapid loss of injectivity and total injected volume per well far below the theoretical storage capacity. A complete review of the injection parameters, mainly injection pressure and rates, and of injection procedures that include the control of slurry rheology and the way of suspending the injection annulus during DCRI shut down led to dramatic improvements regarding the injection conditions and the total volume injected in each well. This paper presents the learning from more than three years experience gained with annular DCRI on Alwyn and Dunbar fields.
Success of Complete Zero Oil/Gas Flaring and High Quality Water Discharge to Sea on Barge – Complete Achievement of HSE Guidelines
Authors: Kikuchi Shuichi , Sharkh A F. Abu , Manabe R. , Saito Teiji , Khalil Hassan I 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In close collaborations with ADNOC (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company), JODCO (Japan Oil Development Company) /JOGMEC (Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation), ADMA-OPCO (Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company), and MPS (Mansoori Production Service), ZADCO (Zakum Development Company) has developed complete Zero Oil/Gas flaring system including a WAter Treatment unit for high quality water discharge; namely ZOGWAT system based on ADNOC /ZADCO HSE guidelines.
ADNOC announced HSE goals for "Reducing or stopping hydrocarbon flaring and eliminating the dumping of contaminated water to the sea during all rigless and rig-on-site activities" in the middle of 1998. ZADCO then initiated the HSE campaign in conjunctions with ADMA-OPCO and MPS and have been challenging to attain the HSE goals by introducing several Innovative technologies of acid neutralization unit, MPFM (Multi-Phase Flow Meter), water treatment system using an adsorption media, and MPP (Multi-Phase Pump).
In 1st QTR of 2003, a complete system of ZOGWAT was successfully tested in three wells during post well stimulation/ clean up/ flow testing operations on a barge.
These trials proved that the complete system is performing effectively, i.e. no longer gas flaring and water quality problem for discharge, which would allow ZADCO achieving "Complete Zero Oil and Gas Flaring and High Quality of Water for Discharge with Oil Content less than 15ppm on Rig/Barge " in near future.
This paper highlights ZADCO's historical HSE performance of zero oil/gas flaring and water quality control for discharge on rig/barge and lesson learnt from several trials of innovative technologies as well as the campaign's contributions to environment and economical benefits.
Hydraulic Characterization of Faults and Fractures Using a Dual Medium Discrete Fracture Network Simulator
Authors: Lange Arnaud , Basquet Rémy , Bourbiaux Bernard 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The presence of fractures at various scales affects the flow dynamics within a reservoir, thus casting uncertainty on the assessment of the field productivity and reserves. Methodologies and tools are now available (i) to construct geologically-realistic models of the fault/fracture network (ii) to turn these models into simplified conceptual models usable for field-scale simulations of multi-phase production methods. However a critical intermediate step remains that of validating the geometry of the geological fault/fracture network and characterizing it in terms of flow properties. This paper presents an original and multi-purpose 3D Discrete Fracture Network simulator enabling one to fulfil this hydraulic characterization step.
This simulator is based on the dual-medium concept applied to an explicit representation of the geological model of fault/fracture network and matrix medium. Large and complex fractured media in the drainage area of wells are discretized at an optimal computational cost. A rapid image processing algorithm defines locally the volume and shape of each matrix block associated with a given fracture cell. The discretization of the matrix medium can be refined using an automated procedure controlled by the fault/fracture network density. A noteworthy feature of this simulator is its capability to compute the single-phase flow response of any type of fractured reservoir, whatever the scale, density and connectivity of fractures, since both single- and dual-permeability models were developed.
After validating the present models, a realistic case that combines diffuse fracturing and major objects such as seismic and sub-seismic faults is presented. For given areal fracture densities, the fracture connectivity and the matrix/fracture permeability contrast are perturbed. The differences in well test responses between the single- and dual-permeability models are quantified. It is shown that small perturbations of the fracture properties may result in significant differences between the models responses. Some guidelines are given regarding the range of application of dual-porosity single- or dual-permeability approaches to characterize the hydraulic properties of fault/fracture network in a reservoir.
Electrical Resistivity and Gamma-Ray Logs: Two Physics for Two Permeability Estimation Approaches in Abu Dhabi Carbonates
Authors: Al-Farisi Omar , Belgaied Adel , Elhami Mohamed , Kadada Talal , Al-Jefri Ghassan , Barkawi Abdul Nasser 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Permeability modeling and permeability prediction has always been a critical phase in building geological models. In a major Abu Dhabi offshore oil field, several reservoir characterization and evaluation studies have been conducted during the last five years. The estimation of permeability in each well is required to identify and model reservoir flow units in the field, Rock types are identified from cored wells using thin section and conventional core analysis (rock fabric, porosity, permeability,) in parallel with relating it to capillary pressure curves. In non-cored wells (90% of total wells), a backward model of rock type classification is achieved through the utilization of well logging data which is proved to provide (1) Porosity & (2) Lithology information using Neutron, litho-Density and Sonic tools, therefore, Permeability from logs is the missing information to make the log rock typing backward model working.
In these studies, several innovative approaches of permeability estimations have been developed in-house and used or declined in different stages. Two of these approaches will be thoroughly explained to explore the strengths and weaknesses of each one of them with the reasons of being working in some formations but not others, where different relations between Core permeability and Log responses in different formations is driven by rock properties.
In the first approach, the invasion profile permeability index from Electrical Resistivity logs has been used to honor the general relation between porosity and permeability, in which six different cases and conditions has been considered to correct for the universal equation developed in this approach from logging data of Electrical Resistivity, these consideration are: (1) gas zone, (2) oil & transition zone, (3) water zone, (4) fractured area (5) drilling fluids (6) facies quality. This permeability estimation approach is called Universal Rock Permeability (UROK).
In the second approach, the clay content distribution constructs the permeability alteration model that is reflected in Gamma-Ray (GR) response, where GR horizontal changes within a layer found to be different from another layer. Therefore, a statistical GR analysis that searches for the optimum GR-Permeability model is developed. This permeability estimation approach is called Permeability Active Searching (PASZ).
Image Enhancement, Automated Interpretation, and 3D Visualization of Borehole Image Logs in Characterization and Calibration of Fractures in Kuwait
Authors: Wu Haiqing , Al-Anzi Menahi , Ammar Heyam Muhammed , Ameen Meshary , Qidwai Moinuddin , Lomando Anthony 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
New techniques have been developed for image logs to enhance image quality, improve vendor's interpretation, identify geological features, and visualize both image log and interpretation in a 3D environment.
These techniques are quite useful to handle poor image due to oil based mud and heavy mud weight in deep exploration drilling, and can be applied to all commercial borehole image logs such as CAST, CBIL, Earth Imager, EMI, FMI, OBMI, STAR, and UBI.
Reservoir Facies Prediction from Geostatistical Inverted Seismic Data
Authors: Barens Leon , Biver Pierre 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The estimation of oil in place in a reservoir is a key element in reservoir management. Based on these estimations, economical decisions can be taken. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account all possible sources of uncertainty in reservoir characterization. To address the uncertainty from seismic inversion, we use pre-stack geostatistical inversion to arrive at a family of related IP and IS volumes. The geostatistical inversions explore the possible elastic subsurface models that are constrained by the seismic and well data together with geostatistical modeling parameters. These IP and IS volumes are transformed to a family of seismic facies volumes with the use of a well data derived cross-plot. On the cross-plot, seismic facies regions are interpreted while each seismic facies region contains points of the well identified geological facies. The seismic facies models obtained from the inversions are used to obtain geological facies models. To arrive at such a model, the uncertainty in the points sampled by the well is used to define thresholds for a truncated Gaussian simulation. In this manner, the uncertainties from the seismic data inversion are propagated to the geological facies model. With the availability of probability functions for the petrophysical parameters and the volumes of the reservoir grid cells, the oil in place can be computed. Repeating the procedure for each seismically inverted data volume, a histogram of the oil in place is obtained in which the uncertainty from the seismic inversion is propagated to a geological facies model which can be utilized in an integrated oil in place calculation.
Well Integrity Management System (WIMS)
Authors: Al-Ashhab Jamal , Afzal Mohamed , Emenik Cornelius O. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
ZADCO owns more than 500 wells operating in UZ, UA & ST fields to contribute in achieving the production targets as set by the Shareholders. To ensure that wells operate as designed for their assigned life (or greater) with all risks kept as low as reasonably practicable or as mentioned, it is important to insure individual well's integrity. Hence, ZADCO developed an in-house "Well Integrity Management System (WIMS)", which defines & provides the operating standards & guidelines for maintaining the well integrity parameters, ensuring safe well operations and securing well potential availability during its life cycle so that return on investment is maximized without the sacrifice of safety and environment.
The implementation of ZADCO's well integrity process follows the cycle assurance testing, preventive measures, monitoring, evaluation / assessment, control & remedy, audit / verification.
This paper reviews WIMS in ZADCO. WIMS is structured to include wellhead (surface) equipment, downhole equipment and operational (process control). WIMS places much emphasis on the requirement of barriers for safety and environmental protection.
Modeling Mud Loss in Fractured Formations
Authors: Lavrov Alexandre , Tronvoll Johan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A theoretical framework is developed for the apparent borehole ballooning phenomenon in naturally-fractured formations caused by the loss of a power-law drilling fluid into an isolated non-propagating deformable circular fracture of finite dimensions. A borehole ballooning/mud loss equation is derived and solved numerically. Effects of formation properties (formation fluid pressure, fracture extension and aperture) and operational factors (mud weight, mud rheology, borehole diameter) on mud loss dynamics are studied. Application potentials of the developed modeling approach are explained.
Observations and Lessons Learned from a Set of Production Logging Data in Horizontal Barefoot Completions
Authors: Al Hamawi Mohamed , Al Arfi Saif , Elkadi Antoine , El-Itawi Ghina 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Production logging in horizontal wells is not an easy task. The usual purpose is to determine the flow or injection profile in general and identify the fluid entry or intake points along the survey interval of the well trajectory. When the completion is barefoot the operation becomes a challenge; all the job aspects must be carefully planned and prepared.
This paper investigates the production logging jobs that were performed in 22 open hole horizontal wells (18 producers and 4 injectors) in two onshore fields in the United Arab Emirates in the past couple of years. The various phases and aspects of the jobs were carefully evaluated and several conclusions have been drawn. These conclusions involve: 1-The conveyance method; the choice between a wireline tractor and coiled tubing, the correctness of the conveyance simulation and the success rate.2-The choice of the sensors to run as a function of the objectives and downhole conditions (e.g. running a well deviation sensor in the tool string has proven to be very useful).3-The logging program; the sequence of acquisition can be optimized to minimize the number of passes and acquire the most important data first.4-The influence of the operation techniques on the data quality (e.g. the choice of the station depths, the logging speed, etc).5-The interpretation of the acquired data; the quality control of the data is of paramount importance. The weight to be assigned to each sensor in the solution must be carefully chosen, the error bands on the curves or the accuracy of the measurements must be well understood and taken into consideration.
The lessons learned from this study, from the job design to the interpretation of the results, can be applied to future horizontal well logging jobs to acquire higher-quality data and yield better interpretation results.
Testing the Mobility of Oil below the OOWC of a Multi-layered Matured Clastic Reservoir in North Kuwait: Tapping the Reserves & Production Growth Opportunity
Authors: Chetri HB , Al-Ajmi Moudi , Khan Ali Nasar , Al-Mutawa Majdi , Al-Hajeri Noura , Al-Janaie Dalal , Al-Mayyas Nouf , Al-Anzi Ealian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Lower Burgan, a giant clastic reservoir in Sabiriyah field of North Kuwait was discovered during mid 50s (Location map shown in Figure-1). An integrated performance analysis recently carried out indicated that the reservoir has a much higher potential than anticipated earlier. Though the cumulative recovery till date was more than 70% of the initial recoverable reserves, the reservoir pressure decline was insignificant with average water cut of about 20% only in this active water drive reservoir. Significant additional open hole data in new well penetrations, cased hole log data, seismic reinterpretation, additional production performance and pressure data acquired since last major reservoir update in 1998, has considerably improved the reservoir potential understanding of Lower Burgan.
Although reservoir performance suggested possibility of larger STOIIP base, lack of sufficient mapped net pay area impacted the deterministic STOIIP estimation negatively in the past. The additional information obtained in the new wells has opened up a large additional pay area by way of structural refinement, lowering of OOWC and additional net sands mostly in L-member. Whilst number of wells drilled in southwest flank and in north and south indicated possible occurrence of a deeper OOWC than earlier interpretations, SA-X1, the well drilled and tested beyond the reservoir limit in southern area, produced dry oil from sands with high Sw.
In order to assess the full potential of new reservoir area and to test the mobility of oil below the hitherto OOWC, a detailed testing program was formulated and implemented. MDT sampling was undertaken at several wells with successful results to prove the mobility of oil. Rigless perforation/ testing job were done at one of the identified wells, showing only traces of oil. Cores were cut with full suite of open hole logs and the RFT data. Production testing at newly completed wells, long term build up tests, PLT data and RST logs confirmed the additional potential for this mature reservoir, which was supposed to be on decline as per earlier predictions.
The paper is a classic example as to how a mature reservoir has been re-assessed and brought to the development limelight in terms of enhanced STOIIP, Reserves and production.
Reservoirs A & B Gas Injection Pilot - Monitoring Logging and Uncertainties
Authors: El Hamawi Mohamed , Al Arfi Saif , Efnik M. , Petricola M. , Namboodiri K. M. N. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
In this paper, we will first estimate the uncertainty on remaining oil saturation S_oil during primary water flooding, since that is the maximum saturation that remains available for enhanced recovery through gas injection, and this number plays a critical role in the original decision on whether to even initiate a gas injection pilot project. We will then confirm the findings of reference 1, as to the final S_oil after gas injection, but will also look at the variations in S_oil uncertainty as the gas volume increases from initial breakthrough to final maximum saturation. The situations of gas displacing oil in an unswept reservoir, and gas replacing both oil and water in an already water-swept reservoir will be considered.
Planning and designing the gas injector and observer is a key for the gas pilot success. Results of two gas injection pilots is discussed.
Formulation of "Capillary Force Barriers" in Moderately-Oil Wet Systems and Its Application to Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Muneta Y. , Mubarak M. , Alhassani H. , Arisaka K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As a common production aspect of Thamama formation (carbonate reservoir), in both onshore and offshore of Abu Dhabi, unexpected early-water breakthrough through specific high-conductive zones has been observed in several water injection schemes. Observed field data, such as PNC logs, indicated non-occurrence of injected water slumping away from well bores. A concept of "Capillary Force Barrier" was introduced several years ago to tackle this issue, in which the role of capillary force on cross flow in stratified layers is modeled1,2,8.
This paper tries to revisit and fine-tune the concept in hysteresis of a moderately-oil wet system. In this attempt, firstly, some synthetic measurements of special core analysis and the interpretations are presented, in which the results are analytically formulated by a published methodology to generate saturation functions consistent with the hysteresis under an assumption of wettability5.
An application to numerical reservoir simulation was carried out in a systematic manner, as the Reservoir Rock Type (RRT) scheme of the model was based on primary drainage curves that can be fully linked with the generated saturation functions. It is demonstrated on cross sections how small difference in imbibition capillary pressures can affect the water movement through complicated RRT contrast in moderately oil-wet system.
The proposed formulation is a powerful tool for generalizing saturation functions as matrix properties in a consistent manner and open door to systematically incorporating not only hysteresis but also wettability into the numerical reservoir simulation model.