bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms, Clinical Presentations, Injuries, and Outcomes From Inflicted Versus Noninflicted Head Trauma During Infancy: Results of a Prospective, Multicentered, Comparative Study
Authors: Hymel Kent P. , Makoroff Kathi L. , Laskey Antoinette L. , Conaway Mark R. , Blackman James A. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to conduct a prospective, multicentered, comparative study that would objectively verify and explain observed differences in short-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after inflicted versus noninflicted head trauma.METHODS. Children &lt;36 months of age who were hospitalized with acute head trauma confirmed by computed tomography imaging were recruited at multiple sites. Extensive clinical data were captured prospectively, subjects were examined, cranial imaging studies were blindly reviewed, and caregivers underwent scripted interviews. Follow-up neurodevelopmental evaluations were completed 6 months after injury. Head-trauma etiology and mechanisms were categorized by using objective a priori criteria. Thereafter, subject groups with inflicted versus noninflicted etiologies were compared.RESULTS. Fifty-four subjects who met the eligibility criteria were enrolled at 9 sites. Of 52 surviving subjects, 27 underwent follow-up assessment 6 months after injury. Etiology was categorized as noninflicted in 30 subjects, inflicted in 11, and undetermined in 13. Compared with subjects with noninflicted head trauma, subjects with inflicted head trauma (1) more frequently experienced noncontact injury mechanisms, (2) sustained greater injury depth, (3) more frequently manifested acute cardiorespiratory compromise, (4) had lower initial Glasgow Coma Scale scores, (5) experienced more frequent and prolonged impairments of consciousness, (6) more frequently demonstrated bilateral, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, (7) had lower mental developmental index scores 6 months postinjury, and (8) had lower gross motor quotient scores 6 months postinjury.CONCLUSIONS. Compared with infants with noninflicted head trauma, young victims of inflicted head trauma experience more frequent noncontact injury mechanisms that result in deeper brain injuries, cardiorespiratory compromise, diffuse cerebral hypoxia-ischemia, and worse outcomes.
Inhalant Abuse
Authors: Williams Janet F. , Storck Michael ,   and the Committee on Substance Abuse,   and Committee on Native American Child Health
Published: May 2007

This Clinical Report was retired May 2017.
Inhalant abuse is the intentional inhalation of a volatile substance for the purpose of achieving an altered mental state. As an important, yet-underrecognized form of substance abuse, inhalant abuse crosses all demographic, ethnic, and socioeconomic boundaries, causing significant morbidity and mortality in school-aged and older children. This clinical report reviews key aspects of inhalant abuse, emphasizes the need for greater awareness, and offers advice regarding the pediatrician's role in the prevention and management of this substance abuse problem.
Factors Influencing Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients: Prospective Analysis Using CT Image Analyzer
Authors: Ozawa Tomomichi , Omura Susumu , Fukuyama Eiji , Matsui Yoshiro , Torikai Katuyuki , Fujita Kiyohide 
Published: May 2007

Objective: To examine the effect of migration of the germ of the lateral incisor into the bone for eruption factors on bone bridge resorption. Methods: Twenty-five subjects who underwent secondary alveolar bone graft were enrolled. The volume of the alveolar bone grafts immediately after the operation (V1), bone bridge formation 6 months postoperatively (V2), and tooth (teeth) migration into the bone bridge (Vt) were measured using a computed tomography (CT) image analyzer. Based upon these measurements, the following points were examined: (1) the correlation between the tooth-occupied ratio (Rt = Vt/V2 × 100) and the ratio of bone bridge resorption (Rv = (V1 − V2)/ V1 × 100); and (2) comparison of the tooth-occupied ratio (Rt) and the ratio of bone bridge resorption (Rv) between the groups with and without the germ of the lateral incisor. Results: A significant negative correlation was found between Rv and Rt (p < .001). Comparison of Rv and Rt between the groups with and without a germ of the lateral incisor revealed that both indices were significantly higher in the former group than the latter one (p < .05). Conclusion: In cleft lip and palate patients with a germ of the lateral incisor, it is beneficial to carry out secondary bone grafting to the alveolar cleft at the age of 5 to 7 years, preceding eruption of the canine, in order to form a good bone bridge that will facilitate eruption of the lateral incisor and subsequent normal dentition and occlusion.
Influence of extracellular matrix on bovine mammary gland progenitor cell growth and differentiation
Authors: Holland Margo S. , Stasko Judith A. , Holland Robert E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective—To examine the impact of simple versus complex extracellular matrices (ECMs) on morphologic development and differentiation of bovine mammary gland progenitor cells (BMGPCs).
Sample Population—Cultures of BMGPCs.
Procedures—BMGPCs were grown on the following extracellular matrices: collagen I, collagen IV, laminin, and a commercially available gelatinous protein mixture. Cells were examined with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
Results—Formation of organoids and production of the gap junction protein, connexin 43, were the criteria for BMGPC differentiation. The BMGPCs formed a 2-dimensional monolayer when grown on plastic, laminin, collagen I, or collagen IV. These cells did not have a network of cells forming epithelial organoids resembling a honeycomb. However, they did produce gap junction proteins. When BMGPCs were cultured on the commercially available gelatinous protein mixture, 3-dimensional epithelial organoids resembling a honeycomb formed and connexin 43 was produced. The thickness of the commercially available gelatinous protein mixture also regulated cell shape reorganization. Cell density affected the formation organoid networks and the rate at which monolayers reached confluency.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—When plated on a commercially available gelatinous protein mixture, the BMGPC culture system allowed us to simulate, in vitro, the interaction between epithelial cells in varying stages of differentiation and the microenvironment. Thus, a heterogenous ECM, such as the commercially available gelatinous protein mixture, is more physiologically relevant in providing a microenvironment for BMGPC lineage pathway differentiation to mimic an in vivo environment. In contrast, BMGPCs grown on homogenous ECM, although able to produce connexin 43, are unable to form organoids.
Response of hypotensive dogs to dopamine hydrochloride and dobutamine hydrochloride during deep isoflurane anesthesia
Authors: Rosati Monica , Dyson Doris H. , Sinclair Melissa D. , Sears William C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the dose-related cardiovascular and urine output (UrO) effects of dopamine hydrochloride and dobutamine hydrochloride, administered individually and in combination at various ratios, and identify individual doses that achieve target mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; 70 mm Hg) and cardiac index (CI; 150 mL/kg/min) in dogs during deep isoflurane anesthesia.
Animals—10 young clinically normal dogs.
Procedures—Following isoflurane equilibration at a baseline MAP of 50 mm Hg on 3 occasions, dogs randomly received IV administration of dopamine (3, 7, 10, 15, and 20 μg/kg/min), dobutamine (1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 μg/kg/min), and dopamine-dobutamine combinations (3.5:1, 3.5:4, 7:2, 14:1, and 14:4 μg/kg/min) in a crossover study. Selected cardiovascular and UrO effects were determined following 20-minute infusions at each dose.
Results—Dopamine caused significant dose-dependent responses and achieved target MAP and CI at 7 μg/kg/min; dobutamine at 2 μg/kg/min significantly affected only CI values. At any dose, dopamine significantly affected UrO, whereas dobutamine did not. Target MAP and CI values were achieved with a dopamine-dobutamine combination at 7:2 μg/kg/min; a dopamine-related dose response for MAP and dopamine- and dobutamine-related dose responses for CI were identified. Changes in UrO were associated with dopamine only.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In isoflurane-anesthetized dogs, a guideline dose for dopamine of 7 μg/kg/min is suggested; dobutamine alone did not improve MAP. Data regarding cardiovascular and UrO effects indicated that the combination of dopamine and dobutamine did not provide greater benefit than use of dopamine alone in dogs.
Changes in antimicrobial susceptibility in a population of Escherichia coli isolated from feedlot cattle administered ceftiofur crystalline-free acid
Authors: Lowrance T. Courtney , Loneragan Guy H. , Kunze David J. , Platt Tammy M. , Ives Samuel E. , Scott H. Morgan , Norby Bo , Echeverry Alejandro , Brashears Mindy M. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine effects of administration of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (CCFA) on antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli in feedlot cattle.
Animals—61 feedlot steers.
Procedures—A cohort study was conducted. Steers were housed in pens (5 pens with 10 steers and 1 pen with 11 steers). Five steers in each pen were administered CCFA, and 5 served as control steers (1 pen had 6 control steers). The CCFA administration included a single-dose regimen (6.6 mg/kg, SC, on day 0), two-thirds–dose regimen (4.4 mg/kg, SC, on day 0), and 3-dose regimen (6.6 mg/kg, SC, on days 0, 6, and 13). Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 2, 6, 9, 13, 16, 20, and 28. Fecal samples were collected immediately before CCFA administration. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of 15 antimicrobials were determined for 3 E coli isolates/fecal sample. Escherichia coli were enumerated by use of direct-plating techniques.
Results—Resistance to 1 or more antimicrobials was detected in 986 of 1,441 (68.4%) isolates recovered. Administration of CCFA was associated with a transient increase in the population of ceftiofur-resistant isolates. Susceptibility returned to day 0 values (ie, samples collected immediately before CCFA administration) approximately 2 weeks after completion of CCFA administration. Agreement between ceftiofur resistance and coresistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline was almost perfect (κ 0.97). We did not detect variation in susceptibility of E coli recovered from commingled control steers.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of CCFA provided selection pressure that favored transient expansion of multiple-resistant variants.
Identification of infrared absorption spectral characteristics of synovial fluid of horses with osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint
Authors: Vijarnsorn Monchanok , Riley Christopher B. , Ryan Daniel A. J. , Rose Patricia L. , Shaw R. Anthony 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine the feasibility of the use of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy within the midinfrared range to differentiate synovial fluid samples of joints with osteochondrosis from those of control samples.
Animals—33 horses with osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint and 31 horses free of tarsocrural joint disease.
Procedures—FTIR spectroscopy of synovial fluid was used. Sixty-four synovial fluid samples from the tarsocrural joint were collected. Of these, 33 samples were from horses with radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint and 31 from control joints. Disease-associated features within infrared spectra of synovial fluid were statistically selected for spectral classification, and the variables identified were used in a classification model. Linear discriminant analysis and leave-one-out cross-validation were used to develop a classifier to identify joints with osteochondrosis.
Results—12 significant subregions were identified that met the selection criteria. The stepwise discriminant procedure resulted in the final selection of 6 optimal regions that most contributed to the discriminatory power of the classification algorithm. Infrared spectra derived from synovial fluid of joints with osteochondrosis were differentiated from the control samples with accuracy of 77% (81% specificity and 73% sensitivity).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The disease-associated characteristics of infrared spectra of synovial fluid from joints with osteochondrosis may be exploited via appropriate feature selection and classification algorithms to differentiate joints with osteochondrosis from those of control joints. Further study with larger sample size including age-, breed-, and sex-matched control horses would further validate the clinical value of infrared spectroscopy for the diagnosis of osteochondrosis in horses.
Effects of intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide on plasma micromineral, magnesium, and cytokine concentrations and serum cortisol concentrations in lactating goats
Authors: Wang Jiufeng , Jiao Lianguo , Ma Jinlei , Wu Chunxia , Wang Kai , Wang Ming 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective—To assess the effects of various doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered IV on plasma microminerals, magnesium, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations and serum cortisol concentrations in lactating goats.
Animals—6 lactating goats.
Procedures—Goats were allotted to 3 LPS-treatment groups: control (0 μg/kg), low LPS (10 μg/kg), and high LPS (50 μg/kg). Rectal temperatures and behaviors of goats were recorded immediately before a 10-minute IV infusion of LPS and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after infusion. Blood samples were obtained before IV infusion and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours after infusion. Plasma zinc, copper, iron, and magnesium concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry; plasma TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations were measured by use of an ELISA; and serum cortisol concentrations were determined by use of a radioimmunoassay.
Results—A monophasic fever developed in low-LPS and high-LPS groups. In the low-LPS and high-LPS group, plasma zinc concentrations decreased at 6 hours after infusion; compared with control groups. Plasma iron concentrations were lower at 24 hours after infusion in low-LPS and high-LPS groups than in the control group. Plasma TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations were higher in low-LPS and high-LPS groups than in the control group at 1, 2, and 4 hours after infusion. In low-LPS and high-LPS groups, serum cortisol concentrations increased from 0.5 hours onward and peaked at 1 (high-LPS group) and 2 (low-LPS group) hours after infusion.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Following IV infusion of LPS, the immune system is activated, which might affect micromineral homeostatic regulation and, subsequently, the metabolic health of lactating goats.
Effects of hypercalcemia on serum concentrations of magnesium, potassium, and phosphate and urinary excretion of electrolytes in horses
Authors: Toribio Ramiro E. , Kohn Catherine W. , Rourke Kelly M. , Levine Andrea L. , Rosol Thomas J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine effects of experimentally induced hypercalcemia on serum concentrations and urinary excretion of electrolytes, especially ionized magnesium (iMg), in healthy horses.
Animals—21 clinically normal mares.
Procedures—Horses were assigned to 5 experimental protocols (1, hypercalcemia induced with calcium gluconate; 2, hypercalcemia induced with calcium chloride; 3, infusion with dextrose solution; 4, infusion with sodium gluconate; and 5, infusion with saline [0.9% NaCl] solution). Hypercalcemia was induced for 2 hours. Dextrose, sodium gluconate, and saline solution were infused for 2 hours. Blood samples were collected to measure serum concentrations of electrolytes, creatinine, parathyroid hormone, and insulin. Urine samples were collected to determine the fractional excretion of ionized calcium (iCa), iMg, sodium, phosphate, potassium, and chloride.
Results—Hypercalcemia induced by administration of calcium gluconate or calcium chloride decreased serum iMg, potassium, and parathyroid hormone concentrations; increased phosphate concentration; and had no effect on sodium, chloride, and insulin concentrations. Hypercalcemia increased urinary excretion of iCa, iMg, sodium, phosphate, potassium, and chloride; increased urine output; and decreased urine osmolality and specific gravity. Dextrose administration increased serum insulin; decreased iMg, potassium, and phosphate concentrations; and decreased urinary excretion of iMg. Sodium gluconate increased the excretion of iCa, sodium, and potassium.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hypercalcemia resulted in hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, and hyperphosphatemia; increased urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, phosphate, and chloride; and induced diuresis. This study has clinical implications because hypercalcemia and excessive administration of calcium have the potential to increase urinary excretion of electrolytes, especially iMg, and induce volume depletion.
Effect of low doses of cosyntropin on serum cortisol concentrations in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Martin Linda G. , Behrend Ellen N. , Mealey Katrina L. , Carpenter D. Mark , Hickey Kathy C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine the lowest of 5 doses of cosyntropin (1.0, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, or 0.01 μg/kg) administered IV that stimulates maximal cortisol secretion in clinically normal dogs.
Animals—10 clinically normal dogs.
Procedures—5 dose-response experiments were performed in each of the dogs. Each dog received 5 doses of cosyntropin (1.0, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01 μg/kg) IV in random order (2-week interval between each dose). Serum samples for determination of cortisol concentrations were obtained before (baseline) and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after cosyntropin administration.
Results—Compared with baseline values, mean serum cortisol concentration in the study dogs increased significantly after administration of each of the 5 cosyntropin doses. Mean peak serum cortisol concentration was significantly lower after administration of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 μg of cosyntropin/kg, compared with findings after administration of 0.5 and 1.0 μg of cosyntropin/kg. After administration of 0.5 and 1.0 μg of cosyntropin/kg, mean peak serum cortisol concentration did not differ significantly; higher doses of cosyntropin resulted in more sustained increases in serum cortisol concentration, and peak response developed after a longer interval.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of cosyntropin IV at a dose of 0.5 μg/kg induced maximal cortisol secretion in healthy dogs. Serum cortisol concentration was reliably increased in all dogs after the administration of each of the 5 doses of cosyntropin. These data should be useful in subsequent studies to evaluate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy and critically ill dogs.
Evaluation of four point-of-care meters for rapid determination of blood lactate concentrations in dogs
Authors: Acierno Mark J. , Mitchell Mark A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether blood lactate values determined in dogs with 4 commercially available point-of-care meters were in agreement with values determined with a critical care laboratory blood analyzer.
Design—Prospective study.
Animals—50 dogs evaluated for emergency treatment.
Procedures—Blood samples were collected at initial evaluation and processed on 4 point-of-care meters and on a critical care laboratory blood analyzer.
Results—All 4 point-of-care lactate meters generated measurements that were in agreement with the hospital's critical care analyzer. Values for agreement (bias) between the 4 point-of-care meters and the critical care analyzer were −0.652 (limits of agreement [LA], −1.958 to 0.654]), −0.670 (LA, −2.110 to 0.769), −0.096 (LA, −2.071 to 1.879), and −0.498 (LA, −2.616 to 1.620), respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Despite its prognostic and therapeutic relevance, blood lactate measurement in dogs has been hampered by the inability to perform the test in a timely fashion. Results of the present study indicated that several handheld point-of-care lactate meters provided results that were in agreement with a laboratory critical care blood analyzer.
Comparison of serologic evaluation via agar gel immunodiffusion and fungal culture of tissue for diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis in dogs
Authors: Pomrantz Jill S. , Johnson Lynelle R. , Nelson Richard W. , Wisner Erik R. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective—To compare the sensitivity and specificity of serologic evaluation and fungal culture of tissue for diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis in dogs.
Design—Prospective study.
Animals—58 dogs with nasal discharge and 26 healthy dogs.
Procedures—Dogs with nasal discharge were anesthetized and underwent computed tomography and rhinoscopy; nasal tissues were collected for histologic examination and fungal culture. Sera were assessed for antibodies against Aspergillus spp (healthy dog sera were used as negative control specimens). Nasal aspergillosis was diagnosed in dogs that had at least 2 of the following findings: computed tomographic characteristics consistent with aspergillosis, fungal plaques detected during rhinoscopy, and histologically detectable fungal hyphae in nasal tissue. Histologic characteristics of malignancy were diagnostic for neoplasia. Without evidence of neoplasia or fungal disease, nonfungal rhinitis was diagnosed.
Results—Among the 58 dogs, 21 had nasal aspergillosis, 25 had nonfungal rhinitis, and 12 had nasal neoplasia. Fourteen aspergillosis-affected dogs and 1 dog with nonfungal rhinitis had serum antibodies against Aspergillus spp. Fungal culture results were positive for Aspergillus spp only for 17 dogs with aspergillosis. With regard to aspergillosis diagnosis, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 67%, 98%, 93%, and 84%, respectively, for serum anti-Aspergillus antibody determination and 81%, 100%, 100%, and 90%, respectively, for fungal culture.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that seropositivity for Aspergillus spp and identification of Aspergillus spp in cultures of nasal tissue are highly suggestive of nasal aspergillosis in dogs; however, negative test results do not rule out nasal aspergillosis.