bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing the demands of professional life
Authors: Dickey Jamie , Ungerleider Ross 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOur review summarizes the thoughts we shared in presenting the 8th annual Daicoff lecture. It is fitting, therefore, to begin with a few comments about George Daicoff. One of us (RU) first met George at a meeting, which might have been the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association. He was very kind and gracious, and made me feel welcome. We would like for each of you now reading this review to think, for a moment, of when you have had an experience like that from someone you didn’t know well, and how it made you feel comfortable, and that maybe you “fit in.” George, we thank you for that memory. Our field needs more graciousness. As all of us function in our everyday world, we should remember that we never know when our acts of graciousness one to another will be remembered and acknowledged. Our review summarises five concepts that we have found helpful in our work with similar groups of busy professionals.The first is mindfulness, sometimes referred to as being conscious of the present moment. It is an irony of the training of health care professionals that we are constantly being directed towards a future focus. We readily don the blinders of a professional life that keeps us focusing on what lies ahead. Although some element of this is essential for professional success, we run the risk of missing out on the richness of our everyday experiences. The second is intentionality. In our work with busy professionals, we have found that so many have drifted into the automaticity of patterned responses. This gets us in so much trouble because we forget that we always have choice. The third is mindsight. This is about empathy, and the ability to connect to the experiences of others. Mindsight is about connecting to our differences. The fourth is forgiveness and shared meanings. It is important to practice forgiveness, and to create shared meanings in relationships. These processes allow us to reconnect to people who have hurt, disappointed, or angered us. When we don’t forgive, we create toxic relationships, both with ourselves and with others. It is the heaviness of resentment that prevents us from being at ease. The final concept concerns management of stress. We should learn to recognize when we are stressed. We cannot manage what we don’t know. It is our belief that attention to these features will help you better manage the numerous demands of your life.
THE ROLE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND LYMPHOID CELLS IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
Authors: Smith JB , Cunningham AJ , Lafferty KJ , Morris Bede 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe capacity of lymph nodes to show secondary reactivity has been investigated in sheep and in mice, using Swine Influenza virus and sheep red blood cells as antigens, respectively. Following a primary challenge to the political node of one leg, the node of the contralateral leg becomes primed and reacts with a secondary response to its first direct encounter of the antigen. This secondary reactivity is acquired in an indirect way and is not due to the transfer of antigen from the injection site in the opposite leg. The secondary response that occurs in “indirectly primed” nodes is not as vigorous or as prompt as mat occurring in “directly primed” nodes. This difference is thought to be due to the presence of both “residential” and “circulating” memory cells, the former class of cells being generated and remaining in lymph nodes where antigen becomes localized while the latter are free‐floating cells of lymph and blood. Circulating memory cells are recruited to a lymph node when an antigen is taken up there, but this recruitment does not appear to be a specific phenomenon.
A METHOD FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE CHRONIC HEPATOXICITY OF PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS
Authors: Jago Marjorie V 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA method for the assessment of the relative chronic hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids is described. Graded doses of the test‐compounds over the dose range 0·025–3·2 mmoles/kg. body weight were administered as single, intraperitoneal injections to two‐week‐old rats and the livers of the survivors examined four weeks later. The relative acute toxicity of the test‐compound was indicated by the dose‐levels which caused death within about a week and the chronic hepatotoxicity by those which produced hepatic megalocytosis within four weeks of the injection. It is suggested that the severity and extent of the megalocytosis produced is a measure of the persistent antimitotic action of the alkaloids. Detailed results of the screening of seven pyrrolizidine alkaloids are given.
Presynaptic nicotinic receptors: a dynamic and diverse cholinergic filter of striatal dopamine neurotransmission
Authors: Exley R , Cragg S J 
Published: November 2007

The effects of nicotine on dopamine transmission from mesostriatal dopamine neurons are central to its reinforcing properties. Only recently however, has the influence of presynaptic nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) on dopaminergic axon terminals within striatum begun to be understood. Here, rather than simply enhancing (or inhibiting) dopamine release, nAChRs perform the role of a presynaptic filter, whose influence on dopamine release probability depends on presynaptic activity in dopaminergic as well as cholinergic neurons. Both mesostriatal dopaminergic neurons and striatal cholinergic interneurons play key roles in motivational and sensorimotor processing by the basal ganglia. Moreover, it appears that the striatal influence of dopamine and ACh cannot be fully appreciated without an understanding of their reciprocal interactions. We will review the powerful filtering by nAChRs of striatal dopamine release and discuss its dependence on activity in dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons. We will also review how nicotine, acting via nAChR desensitization, promotes the sensitivity of dopamine synapses to activity. This filtering action might provide a mechanism through which nicotine promotes how burst activity in dopamine neurons facilitates goal‐directed behaviour and reinforcement processing. More generally, it indicates that we should not restrict our view of presynaptic nAChRs to simply enhancing neurotransmitter release. We will also summarize current understanding of the forms and functions of the diverse nAChRs purported to exist on dopaminergic axons. A greater understanding of nAChR form and function is imperative to guide the design of ligands with subtype‐selective efficacy for improved therapeutic interventions in nicotine addiction as well as Parkinson's disease.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, S283–S297; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707510; published online 26 November 2007
Cardiac capsaicin‐sensitive sensory nerves regulate myocardial relaxation viaS‐nitrosylation of SERCA: role of peroxynitrite
Authors: Bencsik P , Kupai K , Giricz Z , Görbe A , Huliák I , Fürst S , Dux L , Csont T , Jancsó G , Ferdinandy P 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:Sensory neuropathy develops in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. diabetes, dyslipidemia), but its pathological consequences in the heart are unclear. We have previously shown that systemic sensory chemodenervation by capsaicin leads to impaired myocardial relaxation and diminished cardiac nitric oxide (NO) content. Here we examined the mechanism of diminished NO formation and if it may lead to a reduction of peroxynitrite (ONOO−)‐inducedS‐nitrosylation of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA2a).Experimental approach:Male Wistar rats were treated with capsaicin for 3 days to induce sensory chemodenervation. Seven days later, myocardial function and biochemical parameters were measured.Key results:Capsaicin pretreatment significantly increased left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP) decreased cardiac NO level, Ca2+‐dependent NO synthase (NOS) activity, and NOS‐3 mRNA. Myocardial superoxide content, xanthine oxidoreductase and NADPH oxidase activities did not change, although superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased. Myocardial and serum ONOO−concentration andS‐nitrosylation of SERCA2a were significantly decreased.Conclusions and implications:Our results show that sensory chemodenervation decreases cardiac NO via decreased expression and activity of Ca2+‐dependent NOS and increases SOD activity, thereby leading to decreased basal ONOO−formation and reduction ofS‐nitrosylation of SERCA2a, which causes impaired myocardial relaxation characterized by increased left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP). This suggests that capsaicin sensitive sensory neurons regulate myocardial relaxation via maintaining basal ONOO−formation and SERCAS‐nitrosylation.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 488–496; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707599; published online 26 November 2007
Role of cGMP‐dependent protein kinase in development of tolerance to nitroglycerine in porcine coronary arteries
Authors: Dou D , Zheng X , Qin X , Qi H , Liu L , Raj J U , Gao Y 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:The cGMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKG) is a key enzyme for nitrovasodilator‐induced vasodilation. The present study was to determine its role in nitrate tolerance.Experimental approach:isolated porcine coronary arteries were incubated for 24 h with nitroglycerin (NTG) and their relaxant responses were determined. PKG activity was assayed by measuring the incorporation of 32P into BPDEtide. PKG protein was determined by Western blotting and PKG mRNA by real‐time PCR.Key results:A 24 h incubation with NTG attenuated relaxation of coronary arteries to NTG, which was associated with decreased PKG activity. The nitrate tolerance induced with NTG at 10−7 M was affected by a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and the tolerance induced with NTG at 10−6 and 10−5 M showed cross‐tolerance to DETA NONOate and 8‐Br‐cGMP (a cell permeable cGMP analogue). PKG protein and mRNA were down‐regulated by a 24 h incubation with NTG at 10−5 M but not at 10−7 M. Acute exposure to exogenous superoxide inhibited PKG activity stimulated by NTG at 10−7 M but not at 10−5 M. Superoxide had no effect on PKG activity stimulated with exogenous cGMP.Conclusions and implications:Nitrate tolerance induced by NTG at low concentrations may result from an increased production of reactive oxygen species acting on sites upstream of PKG. The tolerance induced by NTG at higher concentrations may be in part due to suppression of PKG expression resulting from sustained activation of the enzyme. These distinct mechanisms of nitrate tolerance may be of clinical significance.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 497–507; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707600; published online 26 November 2007
Formation of n and p Regions in (114) and (5 5 12)-Silicon Substrates
Authors: De la Hidalga-W F. Javier , Rosales-Q Pedro , Torres-J Alfonso , Calleja-A Wilfrido , Gutierrez-D Edmundo , Kendall Don L. 
Published: November 2007

In this work, the diffusion mechanisms of both boron and phosphorus dopants are analyzed when they are ion-implanted and	thermally activated in high-index silicon substrates. Si(1 1 4) and Si(5 5 12) wafers are reported as highly promising substrates for the development of novel quantum structures specially for MOS devices. In order to obtain the final dopant distribution an electrochemical profiler was utilized. Because it is well known the lack of reported experimental data regarding the doping mechanism in these high-index silicon substrates, Si(1 0 0) and Si(1 1 1) substrates were utilized as reference. The experimental work was conducted varying the following ion implantation parameters: dose, energy, tilt angle, and silicon oxide masking film thickness; the thermal activation of the impurities was specially evaluated because their influence in the final distribution of dopants.
EIS and Microstructural Studies of TiN Coatings Deposited by PVD d.c. Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Hidalgo Joaquin A. , Ocampo Cecilia M. 
Published: November 2007

This work reports the electrochemical and microstructural	behavior of TiN thin films prepared modifying the nitrogen fraction XN2 and the target power WB in a PVD d.c. magnetron sputtering system. EIS tests along with structural analysis by AFM and SEM shows that the coating thickness by itself is unable to explain the properties of the TiN coatings, also the microstructure plays an important role on the definition of	corrosion behavior of the films. The thicker, denser and flatter coatings reveal the best corrosion resistance in long immersion time, showing low capacitance Cd (between 19-86 μF cm- 2) and high resistance Rct values.
Effect of Relative Humidity on Membrane Degradation Rate and Mechanism in PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Xu Hui , Boroup Rodney , Brosha Eric , Gazon Fernando , Pivovar B. S. 
Published: November 2007

The degradation rates and mechanisms of catalyst coated Nafion 212 membranes were investigated at a series of relative	humidifies (RH). Degradation studies at open circuit voltage (OCV) showed that membrane degradation rates were faster at 60%	RH than at 20% or 100% RH. Degradation studies performed under load (0.6V) showed that membrane degradation rates	significantly increased after switching from high RH (100%) to	low RH (25%) after 500 hours. This accelerated degradation was likely due to the dual effects of mechanical and chemical degradation. Gas chromatography performed on fuel cell exhaust gases has shown increased gas permeability at increased RH, but	cannot fully explain the change of degradation rates with RH.	A model is proposed to explain the effect of RH on membrane	degradation rate. RH impacts the formation of oxygen radicals	via both reactant concentration and reaction rate. Increased RH leads to higher gas permeability of hy drogen and oxygen thus	higher reactant concentrations for oxygen radical formation.	Conversely, the platinum surface tends to be more highly oxidized at high RH, lowering the reaction rates for oxygen	radical formation. The tradeoffs between these phenomenon result in a higher membrane degradation rate at 60% RH than at either 20% or 100% RH for the conditions presented.
Modeling of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Using a Resistive-Capacitive-Inductive Transmission-Line Equivalent Circuit
Authors: Wang Yang , Au George , Plichta Edward J. , Zheng Jim P. 
Published: November 2007

A novel resistive-capacitive-inductive transmission-line	equivalent circuit was used to model direct methanol fuel cell	(DMFC). This fuel cell model inherited and improved existing	impedance fuel cell model and transmission-line fuel cell model in many aspects. The transmission line model can properly describe the inductive and capacitive behaviors of DMFC	operating in both low and high frequency regions. The	advantages of this transmission line fuel cell model have been	discussed based on well-known experimental impedance spectrum	of DMFC. Finally, the model has been used to simulate the capacitance efficiency of DMFC. The numerical simulation proved that increasing double-layer capacitance of DMFC can provide good dynamic performance similar to a DMFC and supercapacitor hybrid power component.
Effects of Electrode Potential, SiCl4 Concentration, and Electrolysis Duration Period on Si Electrodeposition in a Hydrophobic Room-Temperature Molten Salt
Authors: Nishimura Yusaku , Fukunaka Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2007

Effects of electrode potential and SiCl4 concentration on	electrodeposition of Si were examined in trimethyl-n-	hexylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TMHATFSI) containing various concentrations of SiCl4. A rougher and	thicker film was electrodeposited in TMHATFSI containing higher concentration of SiCl4 or at more negative electrode potential. Current efficiency estimated from EDX spectra is highest at −2.0 V vs. Pt quasi-reference electrode (Q.R.E.). Time evolution of Si electrodeposition at −2.0 V vs. Pt Q.R.E. was also studied in TMHATFSI containing 0.1 M SiCl4. As the electrolysis progressed, the thickness of electrodeposited Si film increased, while current efficiency decreased, with approaching constant values.
Ineffectiveness of Electrolyte Additives for Overcharge Protection in Li-Ion Battery
Authors: Belov Dmitry , Yang Mo-Hua 
Published: November 2007

A series of well-known overcharge protecting electrolyte additives for Li-ion batteries (diphenyl ether (PE), biphenyl (BP), cyclohexyl benzene (CHB) and N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC)	were tested at equal conditions. A high energy density prismatic cell with LiCoO2 as a cathode was used. Overcharge additives in various concentrations in electrolyte (EC/PC/EMC, 1.1M LiPF6) were overcharged at 1C/12V conditions. The additives' influences on electrochemical cell performance were tested as well. None of the tested additives showed any notable improvements on battery safety during overcharge. Possible mechanisms of Li ion battery	failure at overcharge will be discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Class of Monolithium Salts for PEO-Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte Systems
Authors: Chakrabarti Amartya , Filler Robert , Mandal Braja K. 
Published: November 2007

Lithium ion conducting polymer electrolytes have significant potential in the field of secondary lithium batteries, including display and sensor devices. We report here a new class of lithium sulfonimide salts for use in lithium-ion battery electrolytes. These salts, prepared by a two- to three- step synthetic strategy from inexpensive and readily available starting materials, were characterized by 1H-NMR, FTIR and elemental analysis. The thermal properties of the salts were determined by thermogravimetric analysis and showed stabilities	up to 300ºC. Earlier studies demonstrated that the ionic conductivity of solid polymer electrolytes could be improved by use of a borate ester plasticizer. In order to optimize	conductivity, solid polymer electrolyte films were prepared by incorporating this plasticizer with each of the new salts in a PEO matrix.	We observed that the Li:O ratio of 1:20 exhibits maximum ionic conductivity (2.05x10-6 S/cm at 30ºC for the salt ALT01). A trend of decreasing conductivity with increasing size of the anionic moiety was also noted. It was found that 1 g of plasticizer can be loaded in a film containing 1 g of PEO without deterioration of mechanical properties. An improved ionic conductivity of 3.82x10-5 S/cm at 30ºC was observed. The films also exhibited good thermal and electrochemical stabilities. Glass transition temperature of the films were determined using differential scanning calorimetry.
Redox Chemistry and Electrochemistry of DNA-wrapped Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Zheng Ming 
Published: November 2007

This manuscript is based on a presentation I gave at the 211th ECS Meeting (Chicago) in May 2007. It is a brief summary of our effort in the study of transition metal complexes with	DNA/RNA-wrapped carbon nanotubes. I provide two examples to illustrate the rich chemistry between the two classes of molecules that is yet to be fully explored. These types of chemistry are of both fundamental scientific interest and technological importance.
Carbon Nano Sheet Powder
Authors: Yang Wubao , Zhao Zhen , Wang Yong 
Published: November 2007

By peeling off the carbon film from substrate, carbon nano sheet powders (CNSP) were prepared. The carbon film was fabricated by high energy plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. AFM showed that, its grain size is less than 100 nm, surface roughness Ra is 17.95 nm in a range of 5× 5μm of this film. Raman spectra discovered that there is strong and broadened dispersion peak only about 1580 cm-1 in this film. The shapes of CNSP are various irregular sheets, the smallest sheet is less than 10μm, the largest sheet is larger than 500μm in length, and the sheet is frizzy in width when it is long enough. The BET surface area is 6.66 m2/g and there are no any pore tested by N2 adsorption-desorption	isotherms. Isotherm adsorption testing showed that even, when	the relative pressure P/P0 larger than 0.3, the adsorption volume is decreased instead. After active elements of Mo and W were carried, the CNSP based catal ysts showed super desulfurizing performance of 459.9 ppm/g or 69.01 ppm/m2 from diesel oil hydrogenation.
Pentaheptite Allotropes of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Milosevic Ivanka , Volonakis George , Logothetidis Stergios , Popovic Zoran , Damnjanovic Milan 
Published: November 2007

Stone-Wales bond rotation converts 4 adjacent graphene hexagons into 2 pentagon-heptagone pairs. If such an algorithm is applied on all primitive cells of hexagons, graphene is transformed into a sheet of interlinked pentagones and heptagones. Under condition that pentagons occur only as	isolated pairs 2D hexagonal and rectangular pentaheptite (57)	lattices are obtained. We determine the symmetry of nanotubes (NTs) rolled up from these lattices and perform symmetry preserving relaxation in order to assess stability and conducting properties of 57NTs . Density functional tight binding calculations are carried out by full-symmetry implemented POLSym code. Vast majority of 57NT is found to be metallic having considerably higher electronic density of states at Fermi level than their metallic conventional counterparts. Pathway for synthesis of certain types of 57NTs directly from the conventional CNTs by putting them under uniaxial tension is p roposed. Release of the strain goes through formation of double pentagon-heptagone pairs.
Landau Damping Effects on SO Limited Mobility
Authors: Shah Raheel , De Souza M. M. 
Published: November 2007

Surface optical phonons scattering is essential in determning the channel mobility of high-k gate dielectric MOSFETs. Metal gates are believed to modulate the effects of high-k phonons to some extent in comparison to poly-Si gates. In this work nonideal metal gate model is used to study the impact of SO scattering on the nMOSFET channel mobility. Landau damping effects, which are found to be important in the coupled	plasmon-phonon scattering, are studied from the perspective of	different criteria in selecting the Landau limits.
One-Step Synthetic Procedures and Electrochemical Properties of Monodisperse 1-2 nm Metallic Nanoparticles
Authors: Freemantle Ruel G. , Guo Wen , Liu Minghong , Obare Sherine O. 
Published: November 2007

We report the electrochemical properties and charge storage ability of thioether stabilized Pd nanoparticles. A new synthetic strategy was used to prepare monodisperse Pd nanoparticles less than 2 nm in diameter. Pd nanoparticles brought in contact with a charged semiconductor were found to accept and store the charge. By employing an iron (III) porphyrin complex as a redox couple [Fe(III/II)], we observed transfer of electrons from the Pd nanoparticles. The data	supports the notion that Pd nanoparticles in the 1-2 nm size	range are capable of behaving as small capacitors and are thus	able to store charge and transfer them as needed.
On Natures of Sub-Gap Photoelectric and Optical Spectra in Nitrogen-Contaminated Nanocrystalline Diamond
Authors: Ligatchev Valeri , Ong Khuong Phuong , Wu Ping , Ostrikov Ken 
Published: November 2007

Experimentally observed optical and photoelectrical spectra of nitrogen-contaminated (unintentionally doped) nano-crystalline CVD diamond films are simulated using semi-empirical adiabatic	General Skettrup Model (GSM), which presumes dominant	contributions of defect states from sp3-coordinated intra- granular carbon atoms to intra-band single electron spectrum N(E) of the material. This picture disagrees with a common viewpoint that the N(E) spectrum of the gap states in diamond powders and polycrystalline CVD films mainly originates from p and p* bonds of sp2-coordinated carbon atoms, which are distributed nearly uniformly over outer surfaces and/or	interfaces of the diamond grains. The GSM predicts as well strong effect of granular morphology on the density of intra- band defect states in polycrystalline diamonds.