bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Watermass Properties of the Antarctic Slope Front: A Simple Model*
Authors: Ou Hsien-Wang 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In the Antarctic, dense shelf water is formed in coastal polynyas and is differentiated from the fresher surface water by the wind-induced ice motion that displaces offshore the ice melt from production zones. Where the shelf water discharges into the deep ocean, the Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) is V shaped, separating the shelf and surface waters (referred to as “frontal” waters) from the Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW). To elucidate basic constraints on frontal properties, a minimal model of homogeneous water masses forced by offshore wind and freshwater input in a perpetual winter is considered. With the surface water stirred by—and hence aligned with—the ice cover, there is little leakage of ice or meltwater from the frontal system, so ice production and melt merely redistribute heat and salt between frontal waters. As such, the heat loss to the atmosphere needs to be supplied by entraining CDW, which then necessitates the shelf water discharge on account of the mass balance. Because of the freshwater input, the discharged shelf water may not be saltier than the CDW, which thus may descend the slope to form bottom water only because of its coldness. With both frontal waters cooled to the freezing point, dominant balances are formulated to determine their salinity and exchange rate with the ambient CDW. Although extremely crude, the model derivations are favorably compared with observations, which thus may provide physically based parameterizations for the bottom-water formation that can be incorporated into global models.
Artificially generated dendritic cells misdirect antiviral immune responses
Authors: Noone Cariosa , Manahan Ellen , Newman Robert , Johnson Patricia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) are critical to the outcome of many viral infections. Questions still remain as to the relevance of artificially generated DCs in models of in vivo immune responses. We compared different DC generation pathways, in terms of phenotypic expression, cytokine production, apoptosis, and T cell proliferation, following viral infection. Direct viral infection of monocytes or monocytes cultured with supernatants from virally infected lung epithelial cells (A549 DCs) induce distinct DC subsets compared with viral infection of artificially generated IL-4 DCs and IFN-DCs. These virally infected DC subsets stimulated different cytokine secretion profiles and displayed contrasting sensitivities to viral-induced apoptosis. It is most interesting that we observed marked differences in the proliferation of purified CD3+ T cells from the virally infected DC subsets. In conclusion, artificially generated DCs skew immune responses to viral infections, and direct viral infection of monocytes and DCs, generated from monocytes cultured with supernatants from infected epithelial cells, appears to be a more relevant pathway of producing DCs, which mimic those generated in vivo.
Cancer risk among parents and siblings of patients with
schizophrenia
Authors: Levav Itzhak , Lipshitz Irena , Novikov Ilya , Pugachova Inna , Kohn Robert , Barchana Micha , Ponizovsky A. , Werner Haim 
Published: February 2007

BackgroundA reduced risk of cancer has been noted among people with schizophrenia.
Given that genetic causes have been proposed as an explanation of this
finding, one would expect that the risk of cancer among first-degree
relatives would be equally reduced.AimsTo investigate the risk of cancer among the biological parents and full
siblings of people receiving in-patient care for schizophrenia.MethodLinkage analysis was conducted between national population, psychiatric
and cancer databases. Standardised incidence ratios for all cancer sites
were calculated by comparing the incident rates among first-degree
relatives with national incidence rates.ResultsA reduced cancer risk was found across all groups examined. Among
parents, whose numbers were adequately large, the findings reached
statistical significance. For index cases and siblings – a markedly
younger population – only a trend was elicited.ConclusionsThe genetic hypothesis – namely, the presence of a gene with the dual
effect of reducing the cancer risk and disrupting neurodevelopment – is a
plausible explanation for these findings.
Protecting patients in psychiatric care: the St Andrew's Human Rights Project
Authors: Sugarman Philip , Dickens Geoff 
Published: February 2007

Aims and MethodThe Human Rights Act was incorporated into UK law in 2000, but little is known about how it is implemented in psychiatric care. We explored the understanding of multidisciplinary teams of the restriction and protection of patients' human rights using an open-response questionnaire. Content analysis was employed to summarise written, narrative data about the human rights of 102 patients in secure psychiatric care.ResultsOur clinical teams considered human rights to be protected through risk assessment and management, ongoing monitoring, local policy and existing UK mental health legislation. Understanding of the proper and proportionate restriction of ‘qualified’ rights (such as article 5 liberty) and the positive enablement and promotion of human rights (such as article 8 family and private life) appeared to be limited.Clinical ImplicationsA cultural shift in focus is required in mental health services to understand and ensure positive promotion of human rights. Clinicians should directly address the human rights of their patients and articulate the rationale for proportionate restrictions of qualified rights. Clinical policy, training and audit should explicitly embody the protection of human rights.
A Randomized Comparison Trial of Case‐based Learning versus Human Patient Simulation in Medical Student Education
Authors: Schwartz Lawrence R. , Fernandez Rosemarie , Kouyoumjian Sarkis R. , Jones Kerin A. , Compton Scott 
Published: February 2007

ObjectivesHuman patient simulation (HPS), utilizing computerized, physiologically responding mannequins, has become the latest innovation in medical education. However, no substantive outcome data exist validating the advantage of HPS. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of simulation training as compared with case‐based learning (CBL) among fourth‐year medical students as measured by observable behavioral actions.MethodsA chest pain curriculum was presented during a one‐month mandatory emergency medicine clerkship in 2005. Each month, students were randomized to participate in either the CBL‐based or the HPS‐based module. All students participated in the same end‐of‐clerkship chest pain objective structured clinical examination that measured 43 behaviors. Three subscales were computed: history taking, acute coronary syndrome evaluation and management, and cardiac arrest management. Mean total and subscale scores were compared across groups using a multivariate analysis of variance, with significance assessed from Hotelling's T2 statistic.ResultsStudents were randomly assigned to CBL (n= 52) or HPS (n= 50) groups. The groups were well balanced after random assignment, with no differences in mean age (26.7 years; range, 22–44 years), gender (male, 52.0%), or emergency medicine preference for specialty training (28.4%). Self‐ratings of learning styles were similar overall: 54.9% were visual learners, 7.8% auditory learners, and 37.3% kinetic learners. Results of the multivariate analysis of variance indicated no significant effect (Hotelling's T2 [3,98] = 0.053; p = 0.164) of education modality (CBL or HPS) on any subscale or total score difference in performance.ConclusionsHPS training offers no advantage to CBL as measured by medical student performance on a chest pain objective structured clinical examination.
Cyclic gas-exchange in the Chilean red cricket: inter-individual variation and thermal dependence
Authors: Nespolo Roberto F. , Artacho Paulina , Castañeda Luis E. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARY
One of the most puzzling features of respiration in insects is cyclic gas exchange (CGE, the extreme form of discontinuous gas exchange-cycles, DGC), a periodic respiratory pattern that appeared independently several times in the evolution of arthropods. Although it is a striking feature of insects and some non-insect species, to date there is no clear knowledge of how widespread it is, or its adaptive significance. Here we show for the first time that a cricket (Cratomelus armatus) from the Stenopelmatidae family exhibits CGE. C. armatus shows a conspicuous, convective O-phase, with significantly repeatable ventilatory period and O-phase duration (intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.51 and 0.74, respectively). Also, C. armatus exhibits high variation in the CGE patterns, ranging from continuous to highly periodic records, sometimes including the classic F-phase. No record went to zero and we found significant (inverse) effects of ambient temperature on O-phase duration but not on the ventilatory period. Average V̇CO2 and O-phase amplitude (i.e. mean V̇CO2 of the peaks) increased with temperature whereas the amplitude of the interburst did not change significantly with ambient temperature. C. armatus is a species that lives below ground in humid forests, so our results support the chthonic-hygric hypothesis (i.e. facilitation of gas exchange under hypoxic and hypercapnic conditions, minimizing evaporative water loss), although this assertion needs to be confirmed statistically by a strong inference approach.
Interspecific scaling of the morphology and posture of the limbs during the locomotion of cats (Felidae)
Authors: Day Lisa M. , Jayne Bruce C. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYFor phylogenetically diverse mammals, ranging from small rodents to large ungulates, the generalization that limb erectness increases with increased size is supported by some size-dependent scaling relationships of appendicular skeletal anatomy as well as a limited number of direct observations of limb posture during locomotion. If size alone is the causal basis for different limb posture, then the erectness of limbs should increase significantly with increased size within a phylogenetically narrow lineage, but such data are sparse. Thus, to better establish the correlation between size and posture of mammalian limbs, we quantified the scaling relationships between mass and limb dimensions and kinematics during walking of nine species within the felid(cat) clade, which has qualitatively similar limb design. We studied the domestic cat, serval, ocelot, lynx, leopard, cheetah, cougar, lion and tiger,which had masses ranging from &lt;4 kg to nearly 200 kg. Apart from variation associated with overall size, the lengths of the appendicular skeletal structures of most of the felid species were morphologically very similar in multivariate space. The kinematics of the limbs were also relatively uniform,and size had little predictive value for limb posture among felid species. Only three out of a total of 24 angular variables at footfall and midstance changed significantly (0.02&lt;P&lt;0.05) with increased mass. Thus,in contrast to previous broadly comparative studies of mammals, larger species of felids did not have more upright limbs than smaller species.
A comparison of writing exercises to motivate young women to practise breast self‐examinations
Authors: Smith Susan L. , Kloss Jacqueline D. , Kniele Kathryn , Anderson Shakesha S. 
Published: February 2007

Objectives. This study investigated the novel use of written emotional disclosure procedures for motivating health behavior change, specifically engagement in breast self examination (BSE) among college‐aged women. Writing instructions were tailored to a precontemplative stage of change in accordance with the transtheoretical model proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente (1983) to test the hypothesis that stagematched writing strategy would facilitate greater contemplation than a stage‐mismatched writing strategy and a control condition.Design and methods. Precontemplative women (N = 55) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) a stage‐matched consciousness‐raising writing exercise; (b) a stage‐mismatched BSE action‐oriented exercise; or (c) a control condition, and measured on contemplation, preparation, and action, as well as performance of BSEs.Results. Analyses indicated that both the consciousness‐raising writing exercise and the BSE action‐oriented exercise increased participants' level of contemplation when compared to the control condition. Women assigned to the BSE action‐oriented exercise endorsed more statements indicative of an action stage of change and exhibited a trend for greater performance of BSE compared to the other two conditions.Conclusion. The application of writing exercises and the relevance of stage‐matching is discussed in the context of the stage of change model.
Control of regio- and stereoselectivity in electrophilic addition reactions of allenes
Authors: Ma Shengming 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe halohydroxylation reaction of 1,2-allenyl sulfoxides exhibitsE-selectivity while those of analogous sulfides and selenides showZ-selectivity. Rationales for the stereoselectivities are proposed. The reaction of 2,3-allenols with X+affords 3-halo-2,5-dihydrofurans or 3-halo-3-enals depending on the nature of the alcohols.
Biomimetic synthesis via polyepoxide cyclizations
Authors: McDonald Frank E. , Tong Rongbiao , Valentine Jason C. , Bravo Fernando 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The biomimetic synthesis of trans,syn,trans-fused polycyclic ether natural products involving a cascade of stereospecific and regioselective oxacyclizations of polyepoxide substrates is described as applied to the synthesis of polyoxepane and polypyran structures. In addition, an extension of biomimetic polyene cyclizations to terpenoid natural products is outlined.
HPLC-Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Determination of Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Activity
Authors: van Kuilenburg André BP , van Lenthe Henk , Zoetekouw Lida , Kulik Willem 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Background: Patients with a partial dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency have an increased risk of developing severe 5-fluorouracil–associated toxicity. We developed a rapid and specific method to measure the DPD activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using HPLC tandem-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).
Methods: The activity of DPD was measured with thymine as the substrate, followed by reversed-phase HPLC combined with electrospray ionization MS/MS and detection of the product dihydrothymine with multiple-reaction monitoring. Stable-isotope labeled dihydrothymine was used as the internal standard.
Results: Dihydrothymine was measured within an analytical run of 10 min, with a lower limit of quantification of 54 μg/L (0.4 μmol/L). The intraassay and interassay variations of the DPD activity assay were both &lt;7%. A linear correlation (R2 = 0.980; P &lt;0.001) was observed between the HPLC-MS/MS data and those obtained with a reference method using radiolabeled thymine. There were no systematic differences between the 2 methods, and both methods yielded similar results.
Conclusion: The analysis of the DPD activity with HPLC-MS/MS is rapid, accurate, and sufficiently sensitive to be used as a screening method for patients with a DPD deficiency.
Issues in Estimating the Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Examination of 2 Counties in New York State
Authors: Druschel Charlotte M. , Fox Deborah J. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. Two demographically similar counties included in the New York Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance Network had very different prevalence rates. This study examined the components of the surveillance in an attempt to discover the reasons for this discrepancy.METHODS. Erie County and Monroe County were the 2 most populous counties included in the New York Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance Network. Erie County includes Buffalo, the second largest city in New York State, and Monroe County includes Rochester, the third largest city. Multiple sources of ascertainment included birth defect surveillance systems, genetic clinics, and early intervention programs. The case definition was based on the Institute of Medicine criteria of an abnormality in each of the following 3 areas: facial features, central nervous system, and growth.RESULTS. Children born in Erie County or Monroe County between 1995 and 1999 were included. The fetal alcohol syndrome prevalence rates in these 2 counties were 0.90 cases per 1000 births and 0.21 cases per 1000 births, respectively. The 2 counties were demographically similar and had similar rates of binge drinking among women of childbearing age. There was less participation in the surveillance system by sources in Monroe County. Erie County had a very active clinician with a specialized fetal alcohol syndrome clinic.CONCLUSIONS. The participation of clinicians in one county, especially one with expertise in fetal alcohol syndrome, was the most likely explanation for the differences in prevalence rates between the counties.
Guardianship Planning Among HIV-Infected Parents in the United States: Results From a Nationally Representative Sample
Authors: Cowgill Burton O. , Beckett Megan K. , Corona Rosalie , Elliott Marc N. , Parra Michelle T. , Zhou Annie J. , Schuster Mark A. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to determine the rates and predictors of guardianship planning and preferred guardians among HIV-infected parents.PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS. Data were analyzed from interviews with 222 unmarried parents (who had 391 children) from a nationally representative sample of HIV-infected adults receiving health care. Outcome measures included parental report on the level of guardianship planning and on who their preferred guardian for each child was. Level of guardianship planning was categorized as follows: (1) parent had not identified a guardian; (2) parent had identified a guardian, but the guardian had not agreed; (3) identified guardian had agreed; and (4) legal documentation of guardianship plan was complete. We conducted bivariate and ordered logistic regression analyses on the level of guardianship planning and multinomial logistic regression on identification of preferred guardians.RESULTS. Twelve percent of unmarried HIV-infected parents had not identified a guardian; 6% had identified a guardian but gone no further; 53% said the identified guardian had agreed; and 28% had prepared legal documentation. The preferred guardians included other biological parents (17%), spouse/partners who were not biological parents (2%), grandparents (36%), other relatives (34%), friends (7%), unrelated adoptions (1%), and others (3%). Parents with the lowest CD4 counts and parents living without other adults were more likely to have completed the guardianship planning process. Nonrelatives were most often preferred by mothers and parents with higher CD4 counts; grandparents were most often preferred by younger parents and parents who prefer speaking Spanish.CONCLUSIONS. Pediatricians and others who take care of children with HIV-infected parents may be able to provide counseling and referrals for guardianship planning.
Diphtheria, Pertussis, Poliomyelitis, Tetanus, and Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccinations and Risk of Eczema and Recurrent Wheeze in the First Year of Life: The KOALA Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Kummeling Ischa , Thijs Carel , Stelma Foekje , Huber Macheld , van den Brandt Piet A. , Dagnelie Pieter C. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVES. Among potential etiologic factors for atopic manifestations, infant vaccinations have recently been discussed. We evaluated in a prospective design whether infants who were unvaccinated or vaccinated according to incomplete vaccination schedules in the first 6 months of age were at decreased risk for eczema and recurrent wheeze in the first year of life.
METHODS. Information on vaccinations against diphtheria, pertussis, poliomyelitis, tetanus; Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine; and eczema and recurrent wheeze was collected by repeated questionnaires in 2764 families participating in the KOALA Birth Cohort Study in the Netherlands. A standard vaccination schedule referred to 3 diphtheria, pertussis, poliomyelitis, tetanus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccinations in the first 6 months with the first given in months 1 to 3; an incomplete vaccination schedule was defined as any other vaccination schedule. Exclusion criteria were prematurity (gestational age &lt;37 weeks) and congenital abnormalities related to immunity (such as Down syndrome). Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to adjust for confounding factors.
RESULTS. During the first year of life, the incidence of eczema was 23% (584 of 2537 infants) and of recurrent wheeze, the incidence was 8.5% (203 of 2402 infants). At age 6 months, 1969 (77%) of 2545 infants had been vaccinated according to a standard schedule, 393 (15%) vaccinated according to an incomplete schedule, and 182 (7%) never vaccinated. Compared with infants with standard vaccination schedules, infants with incomplete schedules did not differ significantly in eczema risk or recurrent wheeze. This was also true for infants who had never been vaccinated.
CONCLUSION. This study shows that the risk of eczema or recurrent wheeze at 1 year of age does not differ between infants with different vaccination status at the age of 6 months.
A 12-Year Prospective Study of Childhood Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: Is There a Broader Spectrum of Disease?
Authors: Elbers Jorina M. , Bitnun Ari , Richardson Susan E. , Ford-Jones Elizabeth L. , Tellier Raymond , Wald Rachel M. , Petric Martin , Kolski Hanna , Heurter Helen , MacGregor Daune 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to review the experience with herpes simplex encephalitis at the Hospital for Sick Children over the past 12 years.
METHODS. All patients who were admitted to our institution with acute encephalitis between January 1994 and December 2005 were enrolled prospectively in an encephalitis registry. Children from the registry with herpes simplex encephalitis were included in this study; we detailed the clinical presentations, laboratory findings, electroencephalographic findings, diagnostic imaging findings, treatments, and outcomes for all cases.
RESULTS. Of 322 cases of acute encephalitis, 5% were caused by herpes simplex virus. Initially negative herpes simplex virus cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction results were found in 2 cases (13%), but results became positive in repeat cerebrospinal fluid analyses. Classic clinical presentations were seen in 75% of cases, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis was found in 94%, elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein levels were found in 50%, electroencephalographic changes were observed in 94%, and diagnostic imaging abnormalities were noted in 88%. All patients were treated with intravenous acyclovir. Neurologic sequelae occurred in 63% of cases, including seizures in 44% and developmental delays in 25%. There were no deaths in this study group.
CONCLUSIONS. Herpes simplex encephalitis continues to be associated with poor long-term neurologic outcomes despite appropriate therapy. Cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction results may be negative early in the course of herpes simplex encephalitis; therefore, repeat cerebrospinal fluid analysis should be considered if herpes simplex encephalitis is suspected. Atypical forms of herpes simplex virus central nervous system disease may occur in children.