bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cognitive consequences of emotion regulation: An ERP investigation
Authors: Deveney C.M. , Pizzagalli D.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that emotion regulation (ER) strategies modulate encoding of information presented during regulation; however, no studies have assessed the impact of cognitive reappraisal ER strategies on the processing of stimuli presented after the ER period. Participants in the present study regulated emotions to unpleasant pictures and then judged whether a word was negative or neutral. Electromyographic measures (corrugator supercilli) confirmed that individuals increased and decreased negative affect according to ER condition. Event‐related potential analyses revealed smallest N400 amplitudes to negative and neutral words presented after decreasing unpleasant emotions and smallest P300 amplitudes to words presented after increasing unpleasant emotions whereas reaction time data failed to show ER modulations. Results are discussed in the context of the developing ER literature, as well as theories of emotional incongruity (N400) and resource allocation (P300).
The psychophysiology of generalized anxiety disorder: 2. Effects of applied relaxation
Authors: Conrad Ansgar , Isaac Linda , Roth Walton T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMuscle relaxation therapy assumes that generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) patients lack the ability to relax but can learn this in therapy. We tested this by randomizing 49 GAD patients to 12 weeks of Applied Relaxation (AR) or waiting. Before, during, and after treatment participants underwent relaxation tests. Before treatment, GAD patients were more worried than healthy controls (n=21) and had higher heart rates and lower end‐tidal pCO2, but not higher muscle tension (A. Conrad, L. Isaac, & W.T. Roth, 2008). AR resulted in greater symptomatic improvement than waiting. However, 28% of the AR group dropped out of treatment and some patients relapsed at the 6‐week follow‐up. There was little evidence that AR participants learned to relax in therapy or that a reduction in anxiety was associated with a decrease in activation. We conclude that the clinical effects of AR in improving GAD symptoms are moderate at most and cannot be attributed to reducing muscle tension or autonomic activation.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the lesser dawn bat (Eonycteris spelaea)
Authors: SHAO W. W. , HUA P. Y. , ZHOU S. Y. , ZHANG S. Y. , CHEN J. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe constructed a genomic DNA library enriched for CA repeat motifs in Eonycteris spelaea. Nine microsatellite loci were isolated and tested on a population of 39 samples from Yunnan Province, China. These nine loci had three to 22 alleles per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.079 to 0.963 and from 0.078 to 0.959. Two loci revealed significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and no linkage disequilibrium was found between loci pairs. These microsatellites can be a powerful molecular tool for population‐level studies of E. spelaea.
Microsatellite loci for the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida, a nest parasite of honey bees
Authors: EVANS J. D. , SPIEWOK S. , TEIXEIRA E. W. , NEUMANN P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Aethina tumida, a beetle parasite of honey bee colonies, has recently and dramatically expanded its range and now parasitizes honey bees on three continents. Polymorphic microsatellite loci for this beetle species will help map this continuing range expansion, and will also prove useful for exploring the mating system and local gene flow patterns for this important parasite. We describe 15 loci that are polymorphic in both the native and introduced ranges of this species, showing from two to 22 alleles.
Identification and characterization of simple sequence repeat markers from a glandular Origanum vulgare expressed sequence tag
Authors: NOVAK JOHANNES , LUKAS BRIGITTE , BOLZER KERSTIN , GRAUSGRUBER‐GRÖGER SABINE , DEGENHARDT JÖRG 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOregano (Origanum vulgare) and marjoram (Origanum majorana) are two sensorial distinct spices within the genus Origanum (Lamiaceae). Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of essential oil glands of O. vulgare. Thirteen EST‐SSR loci were evaluated using 20 individual plants of O. vulgare and 19 plants of Origanum majorana. The number of alleles per locus ranged from one to four. All loci developed from O. vulgare successfully cross‐amplified in O. majorana.
Divalproex Extended‐Release in Adolescent Migraine Prophylaxis: Results of a Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Apostol George , Cady Roger K. , Laforet Genevieve A. , Robieson Weining Z. , Olson Evelyn , Abi‐Saab Walid M. , Saltarelli Mario 
Published: April 2008

Objective.— To evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of 3 different doses of divalproex sodium extended‐release vs placebo in the prophylaxis of migraine headaches in adolescents.Background.— Divalproex sodium has been approved for migraine prophylaxis in adults, and previous uncontrolled data suggest divalproex sodium may be effective in preventing migraine in children and adolescents with acceptable tolerability.Methods.— This was a 12‐week, phase 3, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel‐group, multicenter study in approximately 300 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years with migraine headaches. At the end of the baseline phase, subjects still meeting study criteria were randomized in a 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 ratio to receive divalproex sodium extended‐release 250 mg, 500 mg, or 1000 mg once daily, or placebo. The primary efficacy variable was reduction from baseline in 4‐week migraine headache rate for each active treatment group vs placebo. Standard safety assessments were conducted and testosterone and sex hormone‐binding globulin levels were collected for postmenarchal females.Results.— There was no statistically significant treatment difference between any divalproex sodium extended‐release dose group and placebo for the primary efficacy variable, reduction from baseline in 4‐week migraine headache rate. There were no statistically significant differences in adverse events between any active treatment group and placebo. A notable dose‐related decrease in platelets was observed, and individuals in all 4 treatment groups had increases in ammonia levels; treatment differences in other laboratory variables were generally small. Among postmenarchal female subjects who were not taking hormonal contraceptives or other steroids, there was no statistically significant change in testosterone levels, but a statistically significant dose‐related increase in sex hormone‐binding globulin was observed.Conclusions.— In the current study, divalproex sodium extended‐release did not differentiate from placebo in the prophylactic treatment of migraine headaches but was generally well‐tolerated in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years.
Suicidal status during antidepressant treatment in 789 Sardinian patients with major affective disorder
Authors: Tondo L. , Lepri B. , Baldessarini R. J. 
Published: April 2008

Objective:  Relationships between antidepressant treatment and suicidality remain uncertain in major depressive disorder (MDD), and rarely evaluated in bipolar disorder (BPD).Method:  We evaluated changes in suicidality ratings (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale item‐3) at the start and after 3.59 ± 2.57 months of sustained antidepressant treatment in a systematically assessed clinical sample (n = 789) of 605 patients with MDD, 103 patients with BPD‐II and 81 patients with BPD‐I (based on DSM‐IV; 68.1% women; aged 44.3 ± 16.1 years), comparing suicidal vs. non‐suicidal and recovered vs. unrecovered initially suicidal patients.Results:  Suicidal patients (103/789, 16.5%; BPD/MDD risk: 2.2) were more depressed and were ill longer. During treatment, 81.5% of suicidal patients became non‐suicidal; 0.46% of 656 initially non‐suicidal patients reported new suicidal thoughts, with no new attempts. Becoming non‐suicidal was associated with greater depression severity and greater improvement.Conclusion:  Suicidal ideation was prevalent in patients with depressed major affective disorder, but most of the initially suicidal patients became non‐suicidal with antidepressant treatment, independent of diagnosis, treatment type or dose.
Human melanocytes express functional Toll‐like receptor 4
Authors: Ahn Joo Hee , Park Tae Jun , Jin Sun Hee , Kang Hee Young 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground:  Melanocytes are not simply pigment‐producing cells, but produce substances with a range of biological functions including antimicrobial defense. Recent studies suggest that Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the cellular response through the recognition of pathogens.Objectives:  To investigate whether TLR4 and their adapter molecules are expressed in human melanocytes. The regulation and functional role of TLR4 on cell activation were also investigated.Methods: The expression of TLR4 in human melanocytes was determined by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, immunochemistry and flow cytometry. In vivo expression of TLR4 in melanocytes of normal human epidermis was detected by immunohistochemical double staining. The effects of gram‐negative bacterial derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on pigmentation were investigated with the measurement of melanin content.Results:  TLR4 and its adaptor molecule CD14 and myeloid differentiation protein gene (MyD88) were constitutively expressed in cultured human melanocytes. Co‐staining of histological human skin sections with TLR4 and a melanocyte marker, gp100, confirmed the expression of TLR4 in melanocytes under physiological conditions. LPS upregulated the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 and induced NF‐κB nuclear translocation B nuclear translocation in melanocytes. Treatment of LPS increased pigmentation of human melanocytes.Conclusions:  We demonstrated that functional TLR4 was expressed in human melanocytes. Our findings suggest that TLR4 may play a role in microbial‐induced melanogenesis.
Does Educational Status Affect a Patient's Behavior Toward Erectile Dysfunction?
Authors: Salonia Andrea , Abdollah Firas , Gallina Andrea , Pellucchi Federico , Molina Ricardo Alonso Castillejos , Maccagnano Carmen , Rocchini Lorenzo , Zanni Giuseppe , Rigatti Patrizio , Montorsi Francesco 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Educational status has been investigated rarely as a potential factor affecting the behavior of patients with new onset erectile dysfunction (ED) toward seeking first medical help and subsequent compliance with prescribed phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5) therapy.

Aim
To test whether the educational status of patients with new onset ED and naïve to PDE5 therapy may have a significant impact on the delay before seeking first medical help (DSH) and compliance with the suggested PDE5.

Main Outcome Measures
Assessing DSH and compliance with PDE5 in new onset ED patients according to their educational status by means of detailed logistic regression analyses.

Methods
Data from 302 consecutive patients with new onset ED and naïve to PDE5s were comprehensively analyzed. Patients were segregated according to their educational status into low (elementary and/or secondary school education) and high (high school and/or university degrees) educational levels. Complete data were available for 231 assessable patients. Univariate (UVA) and multivariate (MVA) logistic regression analyses addressed the association between educational status and DSH after adjusting for age, relationship status, and Sexual Health Inventory for Men score. Likewise, UVA and MVA were performed to test the association between educational status and patient compliance with PDE5 at the 9-month median follow-up.

Results
Median DSH was 24 months (range 1–350; mean 38.1 ± 42.8). The lower the educational status, the shorter the DSH (P = 0.03). In contrast, a significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) greater proportion of patients with a higher educational status showed compliance with the suggested PDE5 at the 9-month follow-up. Overall, educational status was not an independent predictor of either DSH or patient compliance with PDE5 therapy.

Conclusion
After adjusting for other variables, our findings suggest that in new onset ED patients, educational status does not independently affect the DSH and patient compliance with PDE5 therapy.
Regulatory region polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor gene in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and normal healthy subjects of south india
Authors: Selvaraj P. , Alagarasu K. , Harishankar M. , Vidyarani M. , Narayanan P. R. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryVitamin D receptor (VDR) gene variants are associated with differential susceptibility or resistance to tuberculosis in different ethnic groups. We investigated the polymorphisms in the 5′ regulatory region of VDR gene in 206 normal healthy subjects and 166 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis from south India. Cdx‐2 polymorphism was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with allele‐specific primers, while genotyping of A1012G was done by PCR‐based restriction fragment length polymorphism. A significantly decreased frequency of Cdx‐2 G allele (P = 0.016) and G/G genotype (P = 0.010) and an increased frequency of A‐A haplotype (A allele of Cdx‐2 and A allele of A1012G) (P = 0.015) were observed in patients compared to controls. The study suggests that Cdx‐2 G/G genotype may be associated with protection and A‐A haplotype with susceptibility to tuberculosis.
Solutions to the Problems of Chronic Disease Management in Rural Settings
Authors: Prate Dennis A. , Johnson Sidney A. , Sharpe Thomas R. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTRecent changes in disease patterns in the Untied States from acute to chronic disorders and the maldistribution of medical manpower have disproportionately affected rural residents. Programmatic attempts to alter the medical care system in rural areas have traditionally centered on increasing the number of primary providers. In central Mississippi, two innovative alternative models of chronic disease management have been evaluated. The disease focus was high blood pressure and the two management models emphasized: (1) the use of local residents as health facilitators or health counselors, and (2) the use of self‐help groups in family and church settings. Eighteen months of outcome data indicated that the health facilitator model was controlling 80 percent of the hypertensives participating; the family‐based self‐help groups were controlling 90 percent; and, the church‐based self‐help groups were controlling 79.9 percent. These community‐based models of chronic disease management have broad implications for other geographic areas and other chronic disorders.
Characteristics of Rural Communities and the Changing Geographic Distribution of Physicians*
Authors: Langwell Kathryn , Nelson Shelly , Calvin Daniel , Drabek John 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis research paper presents the results of a comparison of the characteristics of rural counties which attracted and failed to attract young physicians during the past decade. The data utilized in this research were from the Area Resource We which contains data on physicians for 1975 and 1979 and which permitted the examination of flows of physicians in counties over this period. Characteristics of rural counties examined included demographic and economic characteristics, population density, physical characteristics, health status measures, and the availability of health resources. Results from this preliminary analysis indicate that counties with at least 25,000 population were more likely to have gained a young physician and that, of all counties which added young physicians, the majority gained only one or two. Characteristics which best distinguished counties that gained or lost physicians included population and population growth rate, health resources, growth rate of per capita income, and the proportion of the population agriculture.
The Ability of Aggregate Data to Predict Self‐Sufficiency Levels in Subsidized Rural Primary Care Practices
Authors: Bradham Douglas D. , Mclaughlin Curtis P. , Ricketts Thomas C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTAmerican rural health policy has as its long‐term goal the reallocation of health facilities and manpower to permit equitable access to primary care for all citizens. Rural health centers subsidized by governmental and philanthropic programs frequently have been placed in places of high need for their services. Yet both government and philanthropic policymakers expect these primary care practices to become economically self‐sufficient within a few years of practice. The problem is how to assign rural practices to communities with a planning process that will enhance the likelihood that these conflicting goals of serving need and financial self‐sufficiency will be achieved. This study uses actual 1980 self‐sufficiency data from 167 randomly selected rural primary care clinics as the dependent variable. Independent variables for the corresponding communities five or more years earlier were taken from a database often used by policymakers to make site evaluations. These data tend to be selected from aggregate county level measures. Regression analysis were used to determine how well these data could predict actual self‐sufficiency in later years. The result of the analysis is that these aggregate level data have little capacity to predict the ability of rural primary care practices to achieve self‐sufficiency. Much better predictions can be made on the basis of local, practice‐specific variables. Therefore, planning for economically viable rural practices calls for a much different forecasting approach.
Education of Health Care Providers for the Rural Setting: A Family Nurse Practitioner Demonstration Program*
Authors: Ryan Rebecca , Hanson Charlene M. , Hodnicki Donna , Dorroh Margaret Wyss 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTSpurred by mass concern over shortages of health care providers, the country's educational system has, over the past ten years, produced an ample supply (in some areas a near glut) of health care professionals. Studies demonstrate, however, that these professionals tend to cluster in the affluent metropolitan and suburban areas. Residents of rural areas are still significantly underserved. In the heavily rural southern half of Georgia, this problem has reached a critical peak. Georgia Southern College (GSC) is a rural based college located in the heart of rural south Georgia. In order to address some of the health care problems of its constituency, GSC, with federal support, established a Nursing Department and a Family Nurse Practitioner program with a commitment to recruit nursing students from the rural area, educate them in rural settings, and provide appropriate preparation for the unique experience of working in the rural environment. The program has been very successful in producing highly skilled graduates who do stay and work in the rural areas, providing health care at reasonable costs. This paper describes the setting (rural south Georgia), the need, the program implementation, and the impact (numbers of graduates actually working in rural settings, and innovative projects initiated by graduates).
Competition in Health Care and the Rural Poor: An Assessment from Arizona's Competitive Medicaid Experiment*
Authors: Kirkman‐Liff Bradford L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTMarket competition has been advocated as a possible solution to the rapidly increasing cost of Medicaid programs. However, there have been no major assessments of the impact of this approach on the rural poor. Past efforts have been located in urban areas, where existing HMOs were used to enroll the Medicaid population that elected to join the plans. In 1981 the Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System (AHCCCS, pronounced “access”), a statewide Medicaid experiment involving prepayment and enrollment in health plans, was created. Data from two state‐wide, cross‐sectional telephone surveys indicate that competitive Medicaid programs may be a feasible strategy in rural areas, but without innovative solutions for those ineligible for Medicaid, many of the rural poor will continue to have in adequate access to medical care.
Utilization of a Migrant Outreach Nursing Service*
Authors: Mendelson Marilyn A. , Plews‐Ogan James , Johnson Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe utilization of an outreach primary care health service provided by nurse practitioners to the migrant farm work population on the Eastern Shore of Virginia in 1984 was examined by migrants’ethnicity, gender, and age. Seventy percent of a population of Black, Mexican American, and Haitian workers and dependents were seen in 5,937 camp encounters. The population and first‐encounter patient distributions were equivalent except for gender: relatively more moles than females received service. First‐ and subsequent‐encounter distributions were disproportional for ethnicity, gènder, and age: subsequent service was provided more frequently to Blacks, females, and patients over 30 years of age. High penetration and subsequent rates were obtained for this comprehensive, readily accessible health service.
The Rural‐Urban Distribution of Health Professionals in Georgia*
Authors: Wright J. Stephen , Jablonowski Adam R. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the rural/urban geographic distribution of licensed health professionals living in the state of Georgia is examined. Using 1983 data from the State Examining Boards, 13 health professions were studied to determine rural and urban differences. Three indicators of ruralness were used to classify county of residence: (1) metropolitan/nonmetropolitan, (2) metropolitan proximity, and (3) size of county population. Results from data analyses indicate a severe geographic maldistribution of health professionals. With all three indicators, 11 of the 13 professions had urban rates of professionals‐to‐population substantially higher than the corresponding rural rates. A linear configuration seems to illustrate the relationship between the availability of health professionals and the ruralness of the county—as the county becomes more rural, the number of health professionals per population decreases. The percentage increase in physicians since 1968 and nurses since 1979 in nonmetropolitan counties was slightly higher than in metropolitan counties, indicating that this gap is closing somewhat. The most severe rural/urban differences in the number of professionals which per population were found in the more specialized health professions per tended to be the smallest in terms of numbers of members (e.g., occupational therapists, psychologists, speech pathologists/audiologists, podiatrists, opticians and physical therapists). These differences ranged up to a 20 plus‐fold difference. Physicians, chiropractors, dentists, physician assistants and registered nurses also had relatively large rural/urban differences but less than the more specialized professions.
Comparisons of Two Types of Nonphysician Providers Using Episode Based Data*
Authors: Dunn Earl V. , Higgins Chris A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTUsing episode based data, analysis of those patients with diagnoses of upper respiratory infection or laceration seen in a remote setting revealed that the medical care given by nurse practitioners and minimally trained indigenous health aides was comparable in relation to management and outcome. Specifically, the average number of visits per episode, the length of episodes and the percentage of patients who subsequently developed complications were similar for the nurses and the health aides. Although both the nurses and the health aides managed over 90 percent of the patients independently, the health aides were more likely to communicate, refer or transfer the patient to the care of another provider. These findings, if applicable to medical problems in general, imply that nonphysician providers in a remote setting can give quality care and can be trained to manage conditions appropriately, if the needed' back‐up is available.