bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractionation of castor oil methyl esters by liquid‐liquid extraction
Authors: McCormack Ralph H. , Bolley Don S. 
Published: October 2007

Summary and ConclusionsA solubility diagram has been constructed for methanol‐castor oil methyl esters‐heptane at 8.4°C. and 24°C.A selectivity diagram has been prepared for methanol‐castor oil methyl esters‐heptane at 8.4°C. and 24°C.Castor oil methyl esters have been fractionated by continuous countercurrent liquid‐liquid extraction at 3°C. and at 6°C. with methanol‐heptane and heptane‐methanol as solvents, using an extraction column containing four equilibrium stages. The methyl ricinoleate fraction produced compared favorably with pure methyl ricinoleate with respect to hydroxyl value and optical activity. It should be noted that there were undoubtedly some mono‐ and diglycerides in the castor oil methyl esters used in this study. These go along with the methyl ricinoleate and cause discrepancies between hydroxyl value and optical activity (2).The column feeds ranged from 2.9 to 10.3% methyl esters by weight in methanol‐heptane. Solvent‐feed ratios were from 0.49 to 1.21 lb. per pound. The flow rates were from 706 to 1,020 lb. per hour per square foot of column cross section (based on the cross section of the empty column).
Distribution of fatty acids in corn oil
Authors: Lofland H. B. , Quackenbush F. W. , Brunson A. M. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe oil content of 392 samples of corn ranged from 1.13% to 13.80%. As the percentage oil in the corn increased, the degree of unsaturation decreased. Iodine values ranged from 88.4 to 147.4, a range in degree of unsaturation greater than any previously reported for corn oils.The percentage of linoleic acid in the oils ranged from 15.7% to 67.6% and varied inversely with oil content (r=−.691). Oleic acid ranged from 16.5% to 75.9% and saturated acids from zero to 21.3%.The iodine value of the oil showed a high degree of correlation with the percentage of linoleic acid (r=−.951) and can be used as a basis for the accurate prediction of linoleic acid content.
Molar refraction, molar volume, and refractive index of fatty acid esters and related compounds in the liquid state
Authors: Hammond Earl G. , Lundberg W. O. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryEquations have been developed for the calculation of molar refraction, molar volume or density, and refractive index for liquid fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives in relation to two parameters, carbon chain length, and unsaturation. Particular attention has been given to the applicability of the equations to families of compounds in which the unsaturated members contain onlycis double bonds and in which the ethylene units of the polyene members are interrupted by methylene groups. The equations are sufficiently accurate to have considerable utility in establishing the identity, purity, or structure of various fatty acid derivatives.It was indicated that, with more data, similar relationships may be developed which will be useful in characterizing some types of mixtures of fatty acid derivatives.An approximate relationship between molar volume and temperature for fatty acids and derivatives was also devised.
The Multidimensional Nature of Social Cohesion: Psychological Sense of Community, Attraction, and Neighboring
Authors: Wilkinson Derek 
Published: October 2007

AbstractItems from the Neighborhood Cohesion Instrument were completed by 1,732 individuals from a random sample of households in 20 rural communities across Canada during the summer of 2001. Confirmatory factor analysis of the NCI items based on polychoric correlations and weighted least squares estimation found three underlying latent variables. Although items were related to the three latent variables in a somewhat different manner than they were in Buckner's original study, the same three latent variables were evident, providing convincing evidence that social cohesion has at least three subscales: psychological sense of community, neighboring, and attraction. Correlations between subscales were relatively high (between .67 and .87). Intraclass correlation coefficients for the three scales were .115, .127, and .112. In addition, the community means differed on different subscales in a manner that related to recognized characteristics of the communities. Thus the subscales are appropriate measures for both individuals and communities and can be recommended for further research on social cohesion.
Signal transduction pathways associated with ATP‐induced proliferation of cell progenitors in the intact embryonic retina
Authors: Nunes Patricia Helena Castro , Calaza Karin da Costa , Albuquerque Lidiane Martins , Fragel‐Madeira Lucianne , Sholl‐Franco Alfred , Ventura Ana Lucia Marques 
Published: October 2007

AbstractATP and ADP induce retinal cell proliferation through activation of PKC and extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERKs). Here, we characterized the effect of purinergic agonists on the turnover of phosphoinositides and activation of ERKs during development of the chick embryo retina. When intact retinas were incubated with ATP, ADP or UTP, a dose‐dependent accumulation of [3H]‐phosphoinositides was observed (% of control, EC50: 548 ± 20.5%, 0.18 mM; 314 ± 53.8%, 0.51 mM; 704 ± 139.9%, 0.018 mM, respectively). Only the response promoted by ADP was completely inhibited by the P2 receptor antagonists, PPADS and suramin. All the responses decreased with the progression of retinal development. Western blot assays revealed that ATP, ADP and UTP stimulated the phosphorylation of ERKs in the chick embryo retina very early during development (% of control: 174 ± 16; 199 ± 16.4 and 206 ± 37, respectively). The responses to ADP and UTP were transient and dose‐dependent, showing EC50values of 0.12 mM and 0.009 mM. The response to ADP was inhibited by the antagonists PPADS and suramin and by U73122 and chelerythrine chloride, which block PLC and PKC, respectively. Conversely, chelerythrine chloride did not block the response induced by UTP. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ATP and ADP induced the phosphorylation of ERKs in cells of the neuroblastic layer of retinas from embryos at E8. Our data showed that ATP, ADP and UTP stimulate the turnover of InsPs and promoted the activation of ERKs in the chick embryo retina. ADP, through activation of P2Y1receptors, activated ERK pathway through PLC and PKC and UTP, via P2Y4‐like receptors, induced the phosphorylation of ERKs through a pathway that did not involve PKC.
Methylrosaniline chloride stained vaginal smears for the diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis
Authors: Liu X.P. , Fan S.R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo study the sensitivity and specificity of methylrosaniline chloride stained vaginal smears for the diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC).MethodBetween September 2005 and February 2006, 214 cases of patients with VVC and 102 cases of controls were investigated at Peking University Shenzhen Hospital. All strains were identified with the API Candida system.ResultsThe average age of the patients was 29.87 years. The sensitivity and specificity of methylrosaniline chloride stained vaginal smears for the diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis were 88.3% (189/214) and 96.1 (98/102). The sensitivity of the vaginal smears for the diagnosis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, mild vulvovaginal candidiasis and severe vulvovaginal candidiasis were 85.2% (46/54), 74.7% (71/95) and 99.2% (118/119).ConclusionMethylrosaniline chloride stained vaginal smears for the diagnosis of vulvovaginal candidiasis are reliable and inexpensive.
Changes in plasma fatty acid composition after intake of a standardised breakfast in prepubertal obese children
Authors: Gil-Campos M. , Larqué E. , Ramírez-Tortosa M. C. , Linde J. , Villada I. , Cañete R. , Gil A. 
Published: October 2007

Obese patients typically show a pattern of dyslipidaemia and changes in plasma fatty acid composition reflecting abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism and dietary habits. Animals and obese adults have been widely studied; however, contradictory results have been published in children. The objective was to assess changes in plasma fatty acid composition in total plasma lipids and plasma lipid fractions in obese prepubertal children compared with those of normal weight and to evaluate changes in postprandial plasma fatty acids during a 3 h period after intake of a standardised breakfast. The study was a case–control study with thirty-four obese and twenty normal-weight prepubertal children (Tanner 1). Anthropometric and metabolic variables and fatty acid concentrations were measured in plasma and its fractions. Liquid chromatography was used to separate lipid fractions and GLC to quantify fatty acids. Plasma total fatty acids (TFA), SFA, MUFA and PUFA concentrations were higher in obese than in control children. Except for 18 : 0, 18 : 3n-3, 20 : 4n-6 andn-3 PUFA, all fatty acids in TAG were also elevated in the obese group. Fatty acids 16 : 1n-7, 18 : 0, 18 : 1n-9, 20 : 2n-6, TFA and MUFA significantly decreased between the 2nd and 3rd hour in normal-weight v. obese children. The concentration of 16 : 1n-7 was positively and the proportion of 20 : 4n-6 inversely associated with a significant increase in risk of obesity. Obese prepubertal children show an altered plasma fatty acid profile and concentrations, mainly related to the TAG fatty acid profile, with a lower clearance of fatty acids v. normal-weight prepubertal children.
Lie methods for color robot vision
Authors: Lenz Reiner 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYWe describe how Lie-theoretical methods can be used to analyze color related problems in machine vision. The basic observation is that the nonnegative nature of spectral color signals restricts these functions to be members of a limited, conical section of the larger Hilbert space of square-integrable functions. From this observation, we conclude that the space of color signals can be equipped with a coordinate system consisting of a half-axis and a unit ball with the Lorentz groups as natural transformation group. We introduce the theory of the Lorentz group SU(1, 1) as a natural tool for analyzing color image processing problems and derive some descriptions and algorithms that are useful in the investigation of dynamical color changes. We illustrate the usage of these results by describing how to compress, interpolate, extrapolate, and compensate image sequences generated by dynamical color changes.
Perfectionism in People who Stutter: Preliminary Findings Using a Modified Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Approach
Authors: Amster Barbara J. , Klein Evelyn R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPerfectionistic people set unrealistic goals and, when they fail to reach them, experience self-criticism and blame. Preliminary research revealed that perfectionism appears to be a characteristic of people who stutter (PWS) (Amster, 1995). The purpose of the present study was to explore perfectionism in PWS and to determine if a modified cognitive behavioral therapy approach alone and combined with Stuttering Modification could help reduce perfectionistic tendencies and stuttering behaviors. Degree of perfectionism and scores of stuttering severity were measured with eight adult PWS and compared at pre-treatment, mid-treatment, after 6-weeks of treatment, and at 15 weeks follow-up, after treatment was withdrawn. Initial open-trial testing showed promising results as perfectionism and stuttering severity were reduced and communication attitudes improved. CBT significantly reduced perfectionism by mid-point. Stuttering decreased significantly throughout all phases of the study. Possible implications are discussed.
Are Depressed Adolescents Routinely Offered CBT? A Brief Review of Current Practice
Authors: Ross Gill , Brannigan Chris 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn increasing body of research in support of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for adolescent depression has emerged during the last two decades. However, it has been suggested that empirically supported treatments are seldom carried out in clinical practice. Although the reasons for this are likely to be diverse, it is argued that mental health services have an ethical responsibility to offer evidence-based interventions. Whether empirically supported interventions, such as CBT, are consistently offered to depressed adolescents attending Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) is currently unknown. A primary aim of this study was to survey the use of CBT for depression in a number of United Kingdom (UK) CAMHS settings. A postal questionnaire was sent to 117 members of the BABCP Children, Adolescents and Families Special Interest Branch, of which 44 completed questionnaires were returned. Descriptive statistics indicate that just over half of the organizations represented routinely offered CBT to depressed adolescents. CBT practice and the transportation of evidence-based research findings to CAMHS settings are discussed.
A cost analysis of alternative culling strategies for the eradication of classical swine fever in wildlife
Authors: BOLZONI LUCA , DE LEO GIULIO A. 
Published: October 2007

In the epidemiological literature, the eradication of a wildlife disease through culling is usually described in terms of a constant hunting rate to simulate the selective removal of animals from the population. By using simple SI (susceptible–infected) models, it is easy to prove that, if the hunting rate is high enough, the population eventually drops below a critical threshold level under which the pathogen is deemed to be extinct. However, hunting costs as well as the monetary benefits of disease control are almost systematically neglected. Moreover, the hunting rate is usually assumed to be constant over time, while in reality health authorities can implement more flexible culling policies. In this work we examine a class of more realistic time-variant culling strategies in a cost–benefit framework. Culling strategies differ in the way decisions are made about when and how much to cull; that is, whether hunting occurs when disease prevalence, host population density, or the number of carcasses exceeds (or is below) a given threshold. For each culling strategy, the optimal value of the control parameters and the hunting rate are those that minimize the sum of the culling costs and the sanitary costs associated with infection over a specific period of time. Classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar populations has been taken as a reference example because of its potential economic impact on industrialized and developing countries.We show that the optimal time-flexible culling strategy is invariably more efficient than the best traditional strategy in which the hunting rate is held constant through time. We also show that the type of hunting strategy that is selected as optimal depends on the shape of the cost functions.
The anticancer drug cisplatin induces an intrinsic apoptotic pathway inside the inner ear
Authors: García‐Berrocal J R , Nevado J , Ramírez‐Camacho R , Sanz R , González‐García J A , Sánchez‐Rodríguez C , Cantos B , España P , Verdaguer J M , Trinidad Cabezas A 
Published: October 2007

Background and purpose:Ototoxicity is a known adverse effect of cisplatin (CDDP). Since apoptosis is involved in the development of some pathological conditions associated with the administration of anticancer drugs, we examined, using immunohistochemical and electrophysiological techniques, the apoptotic changes in the cochlea of Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats after an injection of CDDP (5 mgkg‐1 body weight).Experimental approach:Luciferase assays were used to determine the different caspase activities and ATP levels in protein extracts of whole cochleae. The expression of several apoptotic‐related proteins was measured by means of Western blotting. These analyses were performed 2, 7 and 30 days after the CDDP injection. The auditory brain stem response was obtained before and at the different times after the injection of CDDP, before the animals were killed.Key results:CDDP significantly increased the levels of caspase‐3/7 activity and active caspase‐3 protein expression and caspase‐3 immunofluorescence staining, caspase‐9 activity, and Bax protein expression but decreased Bcl‐2 protein expression within the rat cochleae. Threshold shifts were significantly elevated 2 days after CDDP treatment.Conclusions and implications:These findings support the hypothesis that cisplatin‐related apoptosis evokes an intrinsic pathway of pro‐apoptotic signalling within the rat cochleae. Thus, selective inhibition of the sequence of events involved in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway could provide a strategy to minimize cisplatin‐induced ototoxicity.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 1012–1020; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707405; published online 1 October 2007
Biology and therapeutic potential of cannabinoid CB2receptor inverse agonists
Authors: Lunn C A , Reich E‐P , Fine J S , Lavey B , Kozlowski J A , Hipkin R W , Lundell D J , Bober L 
Published: October 2007

Evidence has emerged suggesting a role for the cannabinoid CB2receptor in immune cell motility. This provides a rationale for a novel and generalized immunoregulatory role for cannabinoid CB2receptor‐specific compounds. In support of this possibility, we will review the biology of a class of cannabinoid CB2receptor—specific inverse agonist, the triaryl bis‐sulfones. We will show that one candidate, Sch.414319, is potent and selective for the cannabinoid CB2receptor, based on profiling studies using biochemical assays for 45 enzymes and 80 G‐protein coupled receptors and ion channels. We will describe initial mechanistic studies using this optimized triaryl bis‐sulfone, showing that the compound exerts a broad effect on cellular protein phosphorylations in human monocytes. This profile includes the down regulation of a required phosphorylation of the monocyte‐specific actin bundling protein L‐plastin. We suggest that this observation may provide a mechanism for the observed activity of Sch.414319in vivo. Our continued analysis of thein vivoefficacy of this compound in diverse disease models shows that Sch.414319 is a potent modulator of immune cell mobilityin vivo, can modulate bone damage in antigen‐induced mono‐articular arthritis in the rat, and is uniquely potent at blocking experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the rat.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 226–239; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707480; published online 1 October 2007
Enhanced angiotensin converting enzyme 2 regulates the insulin/Akt signalling pathway by blockade of macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression
Authors: Zhong J‐C , Yu X‐Y , Lin Q‐X , Li X‐H , Huang X‐Z , Xiao D‐Z , Lin S‐G 
Published: October 2007

Background and purpose:Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is now known to be a pro‐inflammatory cytokine associated with insulin resistance. Our aim was to investigate whether angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) could modulate the expression of MIF and the insulin/Akt‐endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) signalling in a human endothelial cell line (EAhy926).Experimental approach:A recombinant plasmid encompassing human ACE2 gene was constructed and transfected into the EAhy926 cells. The mRNA, phosphorylation and protein levels of p22phox, MIF, Akt and eNOS in endothelial cells were determined by real‐time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively.Key results:Gene transfer of ACE2 suppressed the expression of p22phox and MIF induced by angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang IV, accompanied by a decreased level of malondialdehyde in cells. In addition, Ang II diminished insulin‐stimulated phosphorylation of Akt (at Ser473) and eNOS (at Ser1177) and NO generation, effects which were reversed by ACE2 gene transfer and anti‐MIF treatment in endothelial cells.Conclusions and implications:The results reveal that gene transfer of ACE2 regulated Ang II‐mediated impairment of insulin signalling and involved the Akt‐eNOS phosphorylation pathway. These beneficial effects of ACE2 overexpression appear to result mainly from blocking MIF expression in endothelial cells, suggesting that the ACE2 gene may be a novel therapeutic target for diseases related to inflammation and insulin resistance.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 66–74; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707482; published online 1 October 2007
Interventional Nephrology and Dialysis: The Initial Creation of Native Arteriovenous Fistulas: Surgical Aspects and Their Impact on the Practice of Nephrology
Authors: Konner Klaus 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA highly welcomed, increasing number of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) has been noted in recent years as has a high rate of early failure. The latter is not an inevitable consequence of the former. Potential contributors may be identified by an analysis of surgical strategies and details of the creation of arteriovenous (AV) anastomoses. The “simple” AVF is all but simple. Construction of the anastomosis is a tool, not the aim of access surgery. The aim is a rapidly maturing and well‐functioning fistula, a high flow construct that can be cannulated easily and repeatedly for adequate hemodialysis (HD) therapy. Surgical details are illustrated to clarify verbal descriptions. The impact of a high quality of initial vascular access on the practice of nephrology is mentioned. Closing remarks try to define a vascular access team as the optimal option for future management of vascular access.
Interventional Nephrology and Dialysis: Continuous Flow Peritoneal Dialysis: Principles and Applications
Authors: Amerling Richard , Glezerman Ilya , Savransky Eric , Dubrow Alan , Ronco Claudio 
Published: October 2007

AbstractContinuous flow peritoneal dialysis (CFPD) is a technique of renal replacement therapy (RRT) dating back to the 1960s. Its essential features are a fixed intraperitoneal volume and rapid, continuous movement of dialysis solution into and out of the peritoneal cavity. Inlet and outlet catheters and a means of generating a large volume of sterile dialysate are required. External regeneration of dialysate via conventional hemodialysis (HD) equipment or sorbent technology mitigates the need for large volumes of sterile fluid and makes the technique feasible. Clearance depends on the peritoneal mass transfer coefficient, rate of dialysate flow, and efficiency of external regeneration. Studies to date all demonstrate small solute clearances three to eight times greater than conventional automated peritoneal dialysis (PD). Catheter design is crucial to the clinical success of the technique and will be discussed. Potential applications include daily home dialysis, treatment of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit (ICU), and ultrafiltration of ascites. Clinical experience with the latter will be presented in detail.