bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable use of tropical forests by reduced‐impact logging in Deramakot Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Lagan Peter , Mannan Sam , Matsubayashi Hisashi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn pursuance of economic growth and development, logging has exhausted the natural timber resource in the tropical rainforest of Sabah, Malaysia. Realizing the forest depletion, the Sabah Forestry Department, with technical support from the German Agency for Technical Cooperation, begun developing a management system with the intent of managing all commercial forest reserves in a way that mimics natural processes for sustainable production of low volume, high quality, and high priced timber products in 1989. As dictated by a forest management plan based on forest zoning, about 51,000 ha of the entire area is set aside for log production and 4,000 ha for conservation in Deramakot Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. This Forest Management Plan has served as the blueprint for operational work and biodiversity conservation in Deramakot to the present. A strict protection area is set aside for biodiversity conservation within the reserve. A reduced‐impact logging system is being employed for harvesting with minimal impacts on the physical environment. Deramakot Forest Reserve was certified as “well managed” by an international certification body, the Forest Stewardship Council, in 1997 and is the first natural forest reserve in Southeast Asia managed in accordance with sustainable forestry principles. In addition to providing a “green premium,” certification provides easier market access, evidence of legality, multi‐stakeholder participation, conservation of biodiversity and best forest management practices, particularly reduced‐impact logging techniques. Deramakot Forest Reserve is the flagship of the Sabah Forestry Department and serves as a symbol of what can be achieved with political support and institutional commitment.
Functional spatial scale of community composition change in response to windthrow disturbance in a deciduous temperate forest
Authors: Hirao Toshihide , Murakami Masashi , Oguma Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCommunity dynamics in local habitats are affected by landscape characteristics such as the area and connectivity of surrounding habitats at a functional spatial scale where the community responds to landscape structure. However, the functional spatial scale at which community composition is affected by landscape structure has never been explored. We assessed the functional spatial scales of composition change in birds and in three types of arthropod communities (canopy, forest‐floor and flying ones) with regard to landscape heterogeneity resulting from a large typhoon in a temperate forest of Japan. We examined the effects of tree‐fall disturbance on the communities at various spatial scales, with special attention to compositional evenness. The spatial scale of the best‐fitting model, which was selected from models fitted to the disturbance area at stepwise spatial scales, was interpreted as the community‐specific functional spatial scale. The composition of all communities studied was all significantly dependent on gap area. The functional spatial scale was highest in birds (370 m in radius), intermediate in flying arthropods (90 m) and lowest in canopy and forest‐floor arthropods (10 m). This result may reflect typical dispersal ability and the spatial range of resource use in the community. Compositional changes in each community were consistent with theory regarding traits and responses of component taxa, although the enhancement of evenness was observed only in the arthropod communities. These results imply that management and reserve selection based on functional spatial scales can be effective in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services at the community level.
Effects of forest‐pasture edge on C, N and P associated with Caesalpinia eriostachys, a dominant tree species in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico
Authors: Toledo‐Aceves Tarin , García‐Oliva Felipe 
Published: April 2007

AbstractForest fragmentation in tropical ecosystems can alter nutrient cycling in diverse ways. We have analysed the effects of the forest‐pasture edge on nutrient soil dynamics in a tropical deciduous forest (TDF) in Mexico. In two remnant forest fragments, both larger than 10 ha, litterfall, litter and soil samples associated to the tree Caesalpinia eriostachys were collected at five distances from the pasture edge into the inner forest (10 m in the pasture and 0–10, 30–40, 70–80 and 100–110 m towards the forest interior). We measured the concentrations of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in litterfall, surface litter and soil, and soil microbial C (Cmic) and microbial N (Nmic). Soil nutrient concentrations and Cmic and Nmic were lower in the pasture soils than in the forest soil samples. Total C and N pools, and Cmic and Nmic in the pasture were lower than in the forest. In contrast, net N immobilization and the increase in Nmic from rain to dry season increased from the edge to the inner forest. Soil P concentration was lower in the pasture and at the first distance class in the forest margin (0–10 m) than in the sites located further into the forest, while litter P concentration had the inverse pattern. Litterfall P was also reduced near the edge and increased towards the forest interior. As a consequence, litterfall C:P and N:P ratios decreased from the edge to the inner forest. These results suggest that the forest–pasture edge disrupts P dynamics within the first 10 m in the forest. Thus, plants' use of nutrients and productivity could be altered in the edge of fragmented forests.
Deposition of Free Cholesterol in the Blood Vessels of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: a Possible Novel Mechanism for Atherogenesis
Authors: Couto Ricardo D. , Dallan Luís A. O. , Lisboa Luiz A. F. , Mesquita Carlos H. , Vinagre Carmen G. C. , Maranhão Raul C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA cholesterol‐rich nanoemulsion (LDE) that mimics the composition of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) acquires apoE in the plasma and is taken‐up by the cells by LDL receptors. In this study, to verify whether free cholesterol (FC) and the cholesteryl ester (CE) components of LDL are taken‐up differently by the vessels. LDE labeled with 3H‐cholesterol and 14C‐cholesteryl oleate was injected into 20 coronary artery disease patients 24 h before a scheduled myocardial coronary artery bypass grafting. The plasma kinetics of both radiolabels was determined from plasma samples collected over 24 h, and fragments of vessels discarded during surgery were collected and analyzed for radioactivity. LDE FC was removed faster than CE. The radioactive counting of LDE CE was greater than that of LDE FC in the blood, but the uptake of FC was markedly greater than that of CE in all fragments: fivefold greater in the aorta (p = 0.04), fourfold greater in the internal thoracic artery (p = 0.03), tenfold greater in the saphenous vein (p = 0.01) and threefold in the radial artery (p = 0.05). In conclusion, the greater removal from plasma of FC compared with CE and the remarkably greater vessel tissue uptake of FC compared with CE suggests that, in the plasma, FC dissociates from the nanoemulsion particles and precipitates in the vessels. Considering LDE as an artificial nanoemulsion model for LDL, our results suggest that dissociation of FC from lipoprotein particles and deposition in the vessel wall may play a role as an independent mechanism in atherogenesis.
Macadamia Nut Consumption Modulates Favourably Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects
Authors: Garg Manohar L. , Blake Robert J. , Wills Ron B. H. , Clayton Edward H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMacadamia nuts are rich source of monounsaturated fats (oleic and palmitoleic acids) and contain polyphenol compounds, therefore, their consumption can be expected to impart health benefits to humans. This study was conducted to examine the effects of consuming macadamia nuts in hypercholesterolemic male individuals on plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress, coagulation and inflammation. Seventeen hypercholesterolemic male subjects were given macadamia nuts (40–90 g/day), equivalent to 15% energy intake, for a period of 4 weeks. As expected, monounsaturated fatty acids (16:1n‐7, 18:1n‐9 and 20:1n‐9) were elevated in the plasma lipids of all volunteers following intervention with macadamia nuts. Plasma markers of inflammation (leukotriene, LTB4) and oxidative stress (8‐isoprostane) were significantly lower (1,353 ± 225 vs. 1,030 ± 129 pg/mL and 876 ± 97 vs. 679 ± 116 pg/mL, respectively) within 4 weeks following macadamia nut intervention. There was a non‐significant (23.6%) reduction in the plasma TXB2/PGI2 ratio following macadamia nut consumption. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that short‐term macadamia nut consumption modifies favourably the biomarkers of oxidative stress, thrombosis and inflammation, the risk factors for coronary artery disease, despite an increase in dietary fat intake. These data, combined with our previous results on cholesterol‐lowering effects of macadamia nuts, suggest that regular consumption of macadamia nuts may play a role in the prevention of coronary artery disease.
Plasma Lipoproteins and Triacylglycerol are Predictors of Small, Dense LDL Particles
Authors: Tsimihodimos Vasilis , Gazi Irene , Kostara Christina , Tselepis Alexandros D. , Elisaf Moses 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRecently published data suggest that the assessment of LDL subfraction profiles may contribute to the determination of the cardiovascular risk. In this study, we tested the ability of various metabolic parameters to estimate the presence or the preponderance of small, dense LDL particles (sdLDL). One hundred and fifty individuals attending the Outpatient Clinics of the University Hospital of Ioannina for suspected metabolic abnormalities were included in the study. Individuals were excluded if they were found to be diabetic or if they had a history of cardiovascular disease. Patients with thyroid dysfunction, liver or kidney diseases as well as those receiving drugs that may interfere with lipids or glucose metabolism were also excluded from the study. The ability of the various parameters to identify individuals with pattern B LDL phenotype or, alternatively, with measurable quantities of sdLDL particles was tested with the calculation of the areas under the ROC curves. The ratio of triglycerides to HDL‐C was the best predictor of the presence of the pattern B LDL phenotype. Nevertheless, when the variable of interest was the presence of measurable quantities of sdLDL subfractions, the ratio of apoB to apoAI had the best predictive ability. In conclusion the ratios of apoB to apoAI and of triglycerides to HDL‐C can reliably predict the presence of measurable quantities of sdLDL particles and of the pattern B LDL phenotype, respectively. However, since the quantitative determination of sdLDL concentrations may contribute to the determination of the cardiovascular risk, whereas the role of the LDL particle size remains controversial, apoB to apoAI ratio could provide more valuable information compared to markers that simply predict the presence of the pattern B LDL phenotype.
Some specific features of genesis of microdiamonds of octahedral and cubic habit from kimberlites of the Udachnaya pipe (Yakutia) inferred from carbon isotopes and main impurity defects
Authors: Reutsky V.N. , Zedgenizov D.A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Microdiamonds (crystals smaller than 1 mm) of octahedral and cubic habit from Udachnaya kimberlite pipe (Yakutia) have been compared in order to distinguish genetic features inferred from carbon isotopic composition and impurity defects. Microdiamonds of cubic habit from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe have a fibrous internal structure and a high content of nitrogen impurity (400–3000 ppm). Octahedral microdiamonds from the same deposit are distinguished by a low nitrogen content of 0 to 500 ppm and zoning structure. The isotopic composition of carbon (δ13C is –4.7‰ for octahedra and –4.5‰ for cuboids) suggests a common source of carbon for these morphologic groups. The studied characteristics can be due to crystallization of octahedra from carbon dissolved in the melt, and cuboids, under the conditions of the hampered diffusion of carbon.
Geochemical evolution of Late Eocene-Oligocene magmatism in the Schmidt Peninsula (Northern Sakhalin)
Authors: Rasskazov S.V. , Simanenko V.P. , Malinovsky A.I. , Yasnygina T.A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The Middle Cenozoic evolution of magmatism in the Schmidt Peninsula between 37 and 25 Ma began with eruptions of subalkaline and moderately alkaline andesite, latite, trachyandesite, and trachyrhyolite lavas and ended with subvolcanic intrusions of highly alkaline strongly undersaturated essexites. According to trace-element data, magmatism evolved from melting of a mantle source in the zone of ocean-continent plate convergence to small-degree partial melting in lithospheric mantle at the final stage. This succession is generally typical of Late Cenozoic continental-margin magmatism in southeastern Russia. The similarity in the Middle and Late Cenozoic stages of magmatism is evidence for their individual significance.
The Life of Antony: Text and Context
Authors: Harmless William, S.J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Athanasius’ Life of Antony (Vita Antonii) became a classic almost overnight and helped create a new genre of Christian literature: the life of a saint. Closer in spirit to Beowulf or Raiders of the Lost Ark, the Life of Antony is a tale of high adventure, of pitched battles against nefarious supernatural forces, set within an exotic landscape. This chapter surveys the basic plot, including Antony’s call and his much-illustrated temptations, his flight from the world (anachoresis), his healings, visions, and prophecies. It also examines the work’s literary context, illustrating how Athanasius both draws on and plays against traditions of ancient biography.
Pachomius
Authors: Harmless William, S.J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Pachomius (c.292–346) is often (and somewhat inaccurately) singled out as the founder of cenobitic monasticism, that is, of monks living in organized communities. He established in Upper Egypt a remarkable confederation of monasteries—known as the Koinonia (“Fellowship”)—that housed hundreds, perhaps thousands of monks. He also composed the first known monastic rule. This chapter examines the early biographies of Pachomius—especially the First Greek Life and the Bohairic Life. It also reconstructs daily life within the Koinonia and its development under Pachomius's successors, Theodore and Horsiesius.
The Apophthegmata Patrum: Portraits
Authors: Harmless William, S.J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The Apophthegmata Patrum has come down to us in two basic forms: the Alphabetical Collection and the Systematic Collection. The Alphabetical Collection gathers some 1,000 sayings and brief narratives under the names of 130 prominent monks and arranges these according to the Greek alphabet. This chapter focuses on the Alphabetical Collection, whose poignant anecdotes—like a set of snapshots in a photo album—offer striking portraits of leading desert fathers. This chapter explores the Apophthegmata’s portraiture of four figures from Scetis: Abba Macarius the Egyptian, Abba John the Little, Abba Moses the Ethiopian, and Abba Poemen.
The Apophthegmata Patrum: Themes
Authors: Harmless William, S.J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The Apophthegmata Patrum has come down to us in two basic forms: the Alphabetical Collection and the Systematic Collection. The Systematic Collection contains many of the same sayings and stories as the Alphabetical but gathers them under twenty-one different headings or themes, such as “discernment” and “unceasing prayer.” Two Roman clerics, Pelagius and John, translated this from Greek into Latin, and so it passed to the Latin West under the title Verba Seniorum (Sayings of the Old Men) and as such would powerfully influence the spirituality of medieval monasticism. This chapter focuses on seven key themes from the Apophthegmata: interior stillness (hesychia), thoughts (logismoi), sexuality, anger, compunction (penthos), visions, and the use of scripture.
Monastic Origins: Perspectives, Discoveries, and Disputed Questions
Authors: Harmless William, S.J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis final chapter explores new perspectives on the origins of Christian monasticism. It includes a study of newly discovered papyri that highlight the place of edge-of-the-village ascetics (apotaktikoi) and papyri that testify to monastic organizations among schismatics, such as the Melitians. It also surveys recent research on monasticism outside of Egypt, especially in Syria, Cappadocia, and Palestine. It then probes ascetic movements outside Christianity, especially the Manichees, and assesses claims that these influenced Christian monasticism. Finally it examines both underappreciated trends, especially women’s asceticism, and overlooked figures, especially Shenoute of Atripe.
Technology and Competitiveness
Authors: Miozzo Marcela , Walsh Vivien 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis chapter developes on the relation between innovation and economic development, drawing on the work of Schumpeter and Marx. The chapter is organized as follows. The first section discusses the limitations of mainstream economics in dealing with innovation. The second section presents an alternative view of the relation between innovation and economic development. The third section discusses long-term fluctuations in economic development. The fourth section examines the limitations of the most popular indices of competitiveness. The final section explores the concept of competitiveness.
Organizations and Technology in Proprietary and Managerial Capitalism
Authors: Miozzo Marcela , Walsh Vivien 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on 19th century institutions that enabled Britain to become a leading industrial economy (proprietary capitalism), but which impeded the adoption of technological and organizational innovations in the 20th century. It also describes consolidations of new institutions in the US and Germany (managerial capitalism) in the early 20th century, which led to important leaps in productivity and competitiveness. These institutions are part of the rise of the modern corporation and the managerial coordination of mass distribution and production.
National Innovation Systems
Authors: Miozzo Marcela , Walsh Vivien 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the concept of national innovation systems (NIS). It analyses why NIS is important. It discusses some of the institutions which can be considered to form the NIS: business firms, educational institutions, public sector research establishments, public policy, financial institutions, legal institutions, trade unions and political organizations, and ethos, culture and attitude towards entrepreneurship, and risk taking.
Technology, International Investment, and Trade
Authors: Miozzo Marcela , Walsh Vivien 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the ways in which trade and the operation of multinationals have influenced the operation of national production systems, and how this has changed between the period of ‘classic multinationalization’ and the period called ‘globalization’. It discusses the relevance of different theories of international business and trade (product cycle, new trade theory, eclectic theory, global commodity chains, geography and knowledge creation, and globalization of innovation) for understanding the relation between technology and changing international division of labour. A background of the changes in international trade negotiations (World Trade Organization) is discussed and a framework for policy is provided, which has important implications for innovation.
Post-hurricane Analysis of Citrus Canker II: Predictive Model Estimation of Disease Spread and Area Potentially Impacted by Various Eradication Protocols Following Catastrophic Weather Events
Authors: Gottwald Tim R. , Irey Michael 
Published: April 2007

The impact of 2005 Hurricane Wilma on the dissemination of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), the cause of Asiatic citrus canker (ACC), and subsequent disease development was examined and predictions for the areas into which Xac was likely to have spread from known sources of infection were developed. In addition, the effect of the current 579-m (1900-ft) ACC eradication protocol, resulting in removal of all “exposed trees” with a 579-m radius of a known Xac-infected tree, was calculated via GIS analysis and expressed as the predicted “impacted area.” The GIS calculations were based on the extension of the previous published wind-rain index vector (WRIV) model. The model extension consisted of the incorporation of an estimate of distance of spread due to various combinations of wind and rain from data collected during the 2004 hurricane season. An inverse power law dissemination function was used to describe regional dispersal from a point focus of Xac infection. Alternative eradication protocol (distances) to the 579-m protocol were evaluated in association with the GIS analyses and used to examine the effect of eradication distance on predicted “impacted area.” The results of these analyses were used by state and federal regulatory agencies and commercial citrus producer groups to evaluate the feasibility of continued ACC eradication. Accepted for publication 23 January 2007. Published 5 April 2007.
European Surgeons Were the First to Perform Neck Dissection
Authors: Ferlito Alfio , Johnson Jonas T. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Pratt Loring W. , Fagan Johannes J. , Weir Neil , Suárez Carlos , Folz Benedikt J. , Bień Stanislaw , Towpik Edward , Leemans C Renè , Bradley Patrick J. , Kowalski Luiz P. , Herranz Jesús , Gavilán Javier , Olofsson Jan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe history of the surgical treatment of cervical lymph node metastases began in the 19th century, and, unfortunately, the initial attempts at surgical treatment of neck metastases were disastrous. Although some European surgeons reported few cases of radical en bloc dissection, the first successful surgical procedure was performed and described in detail by Franciszek Jawdyński, a Polish surgeon, in 1888. George Washington Crile popularized and illustrated radical en bloc neck dissection in the early 20th century.
Lateralized Differences in Olfactory Function
Authors: Gudziol Volker , Hummel Cornelia , Negoias Simona , Ishimaru Tadashi , Hummel Thomas 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground: Birhinal testing of odor identification will not allow the detection of unilateral olfactory loss. The aim of the presented study was to evaluate side differences of odor identification in large groups of healthy subjects and in patients with nasal symptoms.Participants and Method: Self‐assessment of olfactory function and evaluation of olfactory function by means of a validated test were performed in 479 healthy subjects, in 765 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and in 53 patients with a tumor. A 12‐item odor identification test (“Sniffin' Sticks”) was used to evaluate olfactory function separately for each nostril.Results: Fifteen percent of the healthy subjects demonstrated side differences in the identification of at least 3 out of 12 odors. Healthy elderly subjects showed larger side differences in identification of odor than younger ones; a general difference between odor identification with the right or left nostril was not found. Both CRS patients and patients with a tumor had larger side differences than healthy subjects. Only 20% of the patients with a tumor complained about impaired olfactory sensitivity, but more than 75% of them showed deficits in olfactory tests.Conclusion: Side differences of odor identification of 25% or greater should give reason for further investigation. Future studies are needed to investigate whether side differences in healthy subjects are a predicator of a higher risk for general olfactory loss.