bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Permeability Variations by a Shallow Geothermal Technique
Authors: Bair E. Scott , Parizek Richard R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDuring a seven‐month sampling period surface‐water, ground‐water, and shallow subsurface temperatures were measured at a well field in the Coastal Plain province in southeastern Pennsylvania in an attempt to delineate zones of relatively greater permeability in the underlying glacial outwash materials. Temperature measurements were made at monthly intervals using a tele‐thermometer equipped with a thermistor. Subsurface temperatures were taken at a depth of six feet (183 cm) in a network of 66 access holes.In order to recognize perturbations in the subsurface thermal regime, theoretical conductive heat flow calculation: of the temperature variation expected to occur at a depth of six feet (183 cm) were compared to the observed temperature variation measured in the network of access holes. Isothermal maps, contouring equal temperatures at a specific time, and isallothermal maps, contouring equal temperature changes in a specific time interval, were constructed from the access hole data. These maps facilitated the identification of areas not conforming to the predicted value of annual subsurface temperature variation.Anomalous areas were found to represent regions where differing land‐use practices or ground‐water movement perturbed the normal thermal regime. Access hole temperatures measured in areas not covered by a dense vegetative cover or a tree canopy were found to have greater temperature variation than predicted. Areas where the temperature variation in the access holes was less than predicted were found to overlie known zones of relatively greater permeability in the underlying materials.
Principles of Search Techniques for Hydrogeology
Authors: Thomas Robert G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe concepts of target size and the effective size of the detection device are basic to any search problem. The type of target in hydrogeologic studies may either be a distinct or discontinuous one or may be the optimum value in a continuum. Search patterns can be one‐dimensional along a line or two‐dimensional. For discontinuous targets, such as an abandoned well, some kind of grid pattern is necessary, although more effective search patterns exist if some property of the target, such as the geoelectric field, can be detected over a larger area. Search for an optimum value of a continuum, i.e. a bedrock surface, a water‐table surface, etc., can be economically shortened by using adaptive search techniques. Examples of adaptive search techniques along a line are the Golden Section, Fibonacci Search, Dichotomous Search and Interval Bisection methods. The first three are based on values (depth, etc.) and the last on direction of gradient. Two‐dimensional adaptive search methods include repeating lines or search using the line search methods. A completely different approach is the Sequential Simplex Search, a heuristic method which seems to be the most efficient available.
Regional Ground‐Water Management
Authors: Helweg Otto J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAquifers are basically water storage reservoirs and need to be used as such to optimally integrate them into the water resource system. They have five special properties that dictate how they should be used to store water. These are size, their response time, the quality of water they hold, the ecological impacts of using them, and the type of investment needed to develop them. To be most effective, all of the available storage of an aquifer should be utilized and the quality of the ground water maintained, but neither of these requirements are totally met and in many areas are dangerously ignored. In order to realize the full potential of the aquifer benefits, regional cooperation or control is necessary.
Shortest Path Problems in Hydrogeology
Authors: Thomas Robert G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMany aspects of ground water involve shortest paths between two points and shortest round trips to many points. These problems are included in network theory which is not easily available to ground‐water specialists. This paper introduces some of the techniques which can be solved by hand for fairly small projects. Larger networks can often be divided into districts, each of which may then be amenable to hand solution.The minimal spanning tree problem is described as background to the more useful problem of shortest path between two particular nodes. The matrix method is the simplest solution for the shortest path between all pairs of nodes and can easily be solved by hand for 30 or less nodes. This data can be used to determine which node is most centrally located and to determine a shorter round trip from one node to all others, returning to the origin. The matrix can be used for partial routes and for routing of two or more vehicles.
A FIELD‐MEASURING INSTRUMENT OF SATURATED PERMEABILITY kf IN UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES BY THE CORE‐SAMPLER METHOD
Authors: Kley W. , Krahmer U. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA field instrument to determine saturated permeability is presented. It is possible to take several samples and obtain measurements quickly. The instrument, adapted for a series of measurements, permits the identification of erroneous values and allows repeated measurements. Calculating permeability values through self‐made tables or nomograms make field results immediately available for the description of the cross section. Transporting the samples to the laboratory is no longer required. The instrument is sturdy, and requires little maintenance.
The Impact of the Use of Heat Pumps on Ground‐Water Temperatures
Authors: Andrews Charles B. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe impact of the use of a heat pump for residential heating and cooling on ground‐water temperatures was simulated by means of a mathematical model which couples the equations for ground‐water flow with those for heat transport. A hypothetical case using data typical for southern Wisconsin was considered. Water was pumped from and recharged to a sandstone aquifer using a two‐well system. Water was withdrawn from a deep well and injected into a shallow well during the heating cycle and during the cooling cycle the system was operated in reverse. After ten years of operation, water temperatures in the aquifer had changed less than one degree centigrade at a distance of greater than 40 meters from the wells. For the case considered, the use of heat pumps for residential heating and cooling would not adversely lower ground‐water temperatures if use were restricted to sparsely populated areas. It is recommended that statutes which prohibit the injection of water directly into the subsurface be changed to allow the use of ground‐water heat pumps.
Ground‐Water Pollution — A Status Reporta
Authors: Lindorff David E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTRecent research has expanded our understanding of the suitability of waste disposal in various hydrogeologic settings. Although more research is needed, our knowledge can provide a basis for preparing guidelines for action that will protect ground water from waste disposal practices. It is impossible, however, to prevent accidental spills, unlawful dumping, and ground‐water contamination or pollution resulting from some old, unregulated waste disposal practices. Therefore, more than 170 case histories of subsurface contamination or pollution were studied to evaluate the effectiveness of remedial action in different geologic environments. The case studies indicate that the severity and extent of ground‐water contamination is determined by (1) the hydrogeologic setting, (2) the nature of the contaminant, and (3) the effectiveness of regulatory action.Industrial wastes are the most common sources of ground‐water contamination. The most serious incidents are those that pollute or threaten water supplies and those that cause a fire or explosion. Once ground water is contaminated, remedial action is time consuming and expensive. Each incident must be handled as a separate problem. Although prompt action is essential to limit contamination and minimize remedial action, no strategies have been established for rapid response to contamination or pollution problems.Ground‐water contamination will continue, but its impact can be reduced. The role of hydrogeologists in regulatory agencies should be strengthened to provide proper evaluation of potential sources of contamination and to aid in remedial action when ground water is contaminated. Cooperative efforts to develop strategies will ensure proper handling of future emergencies.
Ground‐Water Pollution — An Imminent Disastera
Authors: Pettyjohn Wayne A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe significance of ground‐water pollution depends on our perspective. To those individuals who are directly affected, it is an imminent disaster. Once contaminated, ground water may remain in an unusable or even hazardous condition for decades or even centuries as illustrated by situations in central Ohio, New York, London and many others. All polluted water can be treated to make it potable, but the expense may far exceed the resources of the individual homeowner.
Ground‐Water Quality Standards — A Neutral Viewa
Authors: Keech Donald K. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAn objective view of the need for ground‐water quality standards requires that an individual recognize the value that ground water contributes to the water supply needs of our nation. A vast number of people living in rural areas and a large number of communities are dependent upon ground water as their sole source of water for domestic, industrial, commercial, and agricultural needs.This large use and dependency upon ground water dictates that these resources are valuable and must be protected for both present day and future uses. There are many examples where present methods of disposal of wastes generated in America have not been satisfactory from an environmental standpoint, with an exception of projects where disposal sites have been properly designed, operated, and managed for protection of the ground water.One possible solution for ground‐water protection is the establishment of ground‐water quality standards. The purpose of such standards is to protect the public health and welfare and maintain the quality of ground waters in all usable aquifers for individual, public, industrial, and agricultural water supplies. A legal basis must exist and the prescribed steps must be followed as dictated by the rule making process. The primary aim of such standards is to prevent the degradation of ground waters such as they will not become a public health hazard or harm the users of the ground water.The backbone of such a standard rests on the completion of a hydrogeological study which is necessary to determine background water quality information, set up the monitoring program and outline sampling to determine when water quality changes are taking place and what is a significant change.
Ground‐Water Quality Standards — Relevanta
Authors: McDermott James H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe opportunity to begin formulating a national ground‐water quality protection program is at hand. In building the new program we should use the host of lessons learned in the experience of related environmental programs. This is necessary so that the new program will be realistic at the outset and congruent with the integrated planning and management of the ground‐ and surface‐water resources of the nation.The keystone of program development, implementation, and evaluation is and will continue to be water quality standards. To the extent that the goal “Safe Drinking Water for Americans” has already been established, the point‐of‐use regulations (IPDW Regs and the RPDW Regs), should serve as water quality objectives thus facilitating ground‐water program formulation and evaluation. The major regulatory thrust of the program, the water quality standards, must be technology‐based site selection, construction and operational standards, with only limited monitoring in a conventional water supply and water pollution control context.
Land Application of Waste — Important Alternativea
Authors: Sheaffer John R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLand treatment uses a combination of processes to manage and beneficially use waste water. It represents a revolution in sewage treatment because it (1) transforms sewage treatment from a single purpose activity into a multipurpose activity, (2) changes sewage treatment construction grants from subsidies into investments in the production of food and fiber, and (3) requires the participation of a variety of disciplines to implement successfully. Because it is revolutionary to the sewage treatment field, three situations have developed. First, it is displacing traditional technology at a record‐breaking pace. Second, its logical appeal to thinking decision makers has created a situation in which the policy makers are ahead of many technicians. Third, it is attacked with a fervor heretofore unknown in the sewage treatment field.Land treatment has logged an enviable track record in the United States. Existing systems have produced a high quality effluent at economically competitive prices. In addition, in terms of relative risk, the threat to environmental quality from a land treatment system compares favorably with advanced waste treatment systems.
The Federal Ground‐Water Protection Program — Tomorrow's Undoinga
Authors: Mosher Dale C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPast and present guidance in landfilling has been based on inadequate information. More recent information indicates past and present recommendations/guidance may not be accurate. Current trends, as a result of RCRA (PL 94‐580), are generally following the same recommendations. The result can be greater problems from landfills constructed now and in future years than have occurred from past landfills, such as the well‐known Llangollen landfill. It is time for Congress, EPA, and others to recognize what is and is not known about the pollution potential from landfills and waste disposal, in general.
The 208 Planning Approach to Ground‐Water Protection — A Program Overviewa
Authors: Hurd Merna 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGround‐water protection is one of the water quality management priorities that Section 208 planning is addressing. Examples are derived from the experiences of selected 208 planning agencies, among them Nassau‐Suffolk Regional Planning Board (NY), Old Colony Planning Council (MA), and Ventura Regional County Sanitation District (CA). These agencies have used 208 funds to identify problems such as salt‐water intrusion and contamination from storm runoff. Through ground‐water studies, each assessed the extent of the problems and used their analysis to produce protection and control recommendations.Section 208 requires that designated State and area‐wide agencies plan for ongoing water quality management to meet the 1983 goal of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's water. The Section, which originated with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, contains the only extant provision for nonpoint source pollution control. Opportunities for integration of 208 with other Clean Water Act programs as well as with programs established under the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act are now being explored as a means of increasing water quality management efficiency and quality.
Controlled Degradation and/or Protection Zones ‐ Sensea
Authors: Landon Ronald A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIt is herein submitted that the nearly universal phrase “shall not cause pollution of the ground waters and surface waters” written into the State regulations for waste disposal operations not only refutes a sound technical alternative, but is impractical, uneconomical and often unworkable.It is a fact that all ground waters are not created equal, as governed by certain irrefutable physical laws including the water budget equation and Darcy's Law which states that the quantity of ground water available is subject to wide variation from location to location. While an aquifer is a relative term, major, minor and nonaquifers can be identified within a given geographic area with respect to cost‐effective ground‐water resource development. Likewise, the natural quality of ground water is also a significant variable with certain parameters often exceeding drinking‐water standards. The land application of wastes overlying the ground waters of an area should, therefore, also be subject to a certain degree of flexibility for prudent management of both the waste operation and the ground‐water resources.Numerous investigations and empirical data can be cited to substantiate the fact that many wastes and their associated leachates can be safely assimilated into the environment with reliance on attenuation and controlled degradation of ground water by utilization of a mixing zone or zone of renovation with a specified distance from a disposal operation. As increased emphasis is placed on the land disposal/management of wastes/residuals and as the cost of these operations continue to mount, it is strongly recommended that controlled ground‐water degradation be utilized in those areas where a “true” ground‐water resource does not exist. Protection of such a “true” ground‐water resource is obviously necessary as our demands for a potable water supply also continue to grow.
Controlled Degradation and/or Protection Zones — Nonsensea
Authors: Bouwer Herman 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMan's activities are an ever‐increasing threat to ground‐water quality. New EPA policies encourage cities to discharge sewage effluent on land. Irrigated agriculture is incompatible with high‐quality ground water where deep percolation water is not removed by drainage. Present drinking‐water quality standards cannot be used to determine the suitability of water for potable use if such water is waste‐water‐derived. Where sewage effluent is applied to land, persistent trace organics occur in underlying ground water. Some of these organics may be carcinogenic or otherwise toxic, and much additional research is needed. Controlled degradation of ground water still is degradation. High‐quality ground‐water resources either are to be protected, or aquifers eventually must be abandoned as sources of high‐quality drinking water. In the long term, there is no in‐between. The choice will be dictated by economic and environmental considerations. For example, the most economical use of aquifers below irrigated valleys ultimately may be to serve as facilities for treatment, storage, and conveyance of municipal waste water from surrounding communities, so that this water can be used again for unrestricted irrigation. While such uses of aquifers may be far off, they should be anticipated now to allow proper planning.
Ground‐Water Computer Models — Practical Toolsa
Authors: Darr Russell E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTOne of the most valuable and practical tools the ground‐water manager can use is the computer model, be it wellfield, conjunctive, solute transport, or statistical. Although these models vary in complexity, the end product is purely a function of the user's ability to select the appropriate level of modeling for a particular project. Any professional working in the field of hydrogeology should adapt to and use ground‐water models to be truly efficient.
Ground‐Water Computer Models — Intellectual Toysa
Authors: Baski Henry A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGround‐water computer models are, certainly, toys which provide intellectual stimulation. They can be useful tools for advancement of the ground‐water profession, but I believe that they have been blown out of proportion and that this might cause irreparable damage to our profession.It is important to see where computer models fit into the ground‐water problem‐solving process. I believe that ground‐water computer programs are simply a complicated “turn the crank” tool for making projections. They're one type of tool out of several which requires aquifer and confining bed characteristics to facilitate making projections. A second approach for making projections involves the direct extrapolation or manipulation of data which does not require transmissivity, storage coefficient, leakance, and other interpreted characteristics. Further, I believe that the collection and evaluation of data are of greater importance than the projection methods and/or tools in arriving at answers.Advantages of ground‐water computer models include: speedy analyses once a program is working, ability to handle many parameters, and utilization of a large data base. The disadvantages include: use of computer models as end goals, tendency for misapplications, time‐consuming setup, a waste of time and money in some cases, and diversion of human talent from useful ground‐water work.
Waterborne Disease — Current Threata
Authors: Cooper Robert C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTControl of epidemic waterborne disease of an infectious nature has been made practical through modern drinking‐water treatment practices. Certainty of such control depends upon treatment plant reliability. The possibility of the transmission of newly recognized infectious diseases by the water route must be considered. The presence of trace amounts of chemicals in drinking water that are potential agents of chronic disease, particularly cancer, poses many questions concerning the safety of our water supplies.
Aquifer Transmissivity from Surficial Electrical Methods
Authors: Heigold Paul C. , Gilkeson Robert H. , Cartwright Keros , Reed Philip C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTRecent advances in the automatic inversion of vertical electrical sounding data offer the opportunity to describe the relationship of the resistivity of a granular aquifer to its hydraulic conductivity. This type of relationship, together with aquifer thickness, can be used to determine the transmissivity of the aquifer.Vertical electrical soundings and pump‐test data along the axis of a glacial outwash aquifer in central Illinois have indicated an inverse relationship between aquifer resistivity and hydraulic conductivity. This relationship has been attributed to differences in sorting of the outwash sediments. But studies of granular aquifers deposited in other geologic environments are needed before meaningful generalizations can be made.
Mathematical Model Application in Ground‐Water Studies of Iran
Authors: Ghassemi F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMathematical models of ground‐water aquifers with complex geologic and hydrologic factors have been used effectively since 1960 in the world. In these models first the past hydrogeological conditions are simulated, then it is possible to impose on the model the future conditions by increasing, redistributed pumping, artificial recharging or many other factors which may change the existing hydro‐geological conditions.Different numerical methods such as finite difference, finite element and dynamic programming are used in mathematical simulation of the aquifers.The study of different aquifers in Iran by classical methods has been started systematically since 1962, and during this period more than 200 aquifers (550,000 km2 or 212,000 sq mi) are studied in reconnaissance phase and about 80 aquifers (250,000 km2 or 96,500 sq mi) in semi‐detailed phase. In 1967 the mathematical model technique was introduced to ground‐water researchers of Iran. Actually 39 aquifers are studied by 2‐ or 3‐dimensional flow models covering nearly 40,000 km2 (15,440 sq mi) of Iranian aquifers. In these studies finite difference methods are largely used, and only a few aquifers are studied by dynamic programming, but the finite element has never been used in Iran.