bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auditory Brainstem Response Abnormalities and Hearing Loss in Children With Craniosynostosis
Authors: Church Michael W. , Parent-Jenkins Leslie , Rozzelle Arlene A. , Eldis Frances E. , Kazzi S. Nadya J. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVES. Craniosynostosis is a devastating disorder characterized by premature closure of the cranial plates before or shortly after birth. This results in an abnormally shaped skull, face, and brain. Little is known about hearing disorders in such patients, and nothing has been published about their auditory brainstem responses. Our objective was to evaluate such patients for auditory brainstem response and hearing disorders with the long-term goal of improving patient evaluation and management.PATIENTS AND METHODS. We evaluated the auditory brainstem responses, hearing, and brain images of children with fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 craniosynostosis (n = 11).RESULTS. Prolongation of the auditory brainstem response I-to-III interpeak latency was a frequent characteristic of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 craniosynostosis, occurring in 91% of our patients. Prolongation of the III-to-V interpeak latency was an occasional characteristic, occurring in 27% of our patients. Whenever the I-to-III interpeak latency was prolonged, wave II was always abnormal. Associated morbidities included sensorineural hearing loss (27%), recurrent otitis media (100%), and Arnold-Chiari malformation (27%). Cranial decompression improved the interpeak latencies of 2 children.CONCLUSIONS. These previously undocumented auditory brainstem response abnormalities reflect abnormal neural transmission, which could cause peripheral and central auditory processing disorders. We speculate that the major pathogenic basis of the I-to-III interpeak latency and wave II abnormalities is compression of the auditory nerve as it passes through the internal auditory meatus and posterior fossa, which would explain the auditory nerve hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo that affect these children. Awareness of these abnormalities could lead to important advancements in the auditory and neurosurgical assessment and management of this overlooked patient group. We provide recommendations for the improved assessment and management of these patients. In particular, we recommend that auditory brainstem response diagnostics become standard clinical care for this patient group as the best way to detect auditory nerve compression.
Coherence of Atlantic Cod Stock Dynamics in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Rothschild Brian J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe stocks of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean declined in abundance from 1965 to 2003; the declines in spawning stock biomass (SSB) have been temporally coherent. A coherent, sharp increase in SSBs from 1975 to 1985 and a subsequent decrease from 1985 to 1992 are superimposed on the general decline. The coherence suggests that cod stock variability in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean is driven by a common set of causes or that the linkages among the nominal stocks are stronger than was previously thought. The coherent increases in cod SSB from the mid‐1970s to 1985 occurred under relatively low fishing mortalities. The declines in SSB beginning in 1985 began during a period of low fishing mortalities. During the 1985‐1992 period the declines in Atlantic cod abundance were coupled with greatly reduced growth rates, increased natural mortality rates, and a lack of response to reduced fishing mortality. This suggests that the 1985‐1992 decreases were driven by a strong negative environmental signal, implying that the environment had a stronger role in affecting cod abundance than had been previously thought. It appears that the decline in SSB over most of the range of the cod was coupled with a major perturbation in the forage available to cod. Inasmuch as this perturbation involved seemingly disparate groups, such as capelin Mallotus villosus, euphausids, and Atlantic herring Clupea harengus, it appears that the change in the environment was associated with the dynamics of the plankton.
Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis in Cancer Patients: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: el-Shami Khaled , Griffiths Elizabeth , Streiff Michael 
Published: May 2007

Learning Objectives
Enumerate procoagulant factors present in malignancy and the risk for thromboembolic events. Describe the morbidity associated with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. List the recommended evaluations and treatments for nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Upper Airway Dimensions in Class II Malocclusion
Authors: Kirjavainen Mirja , Kirjavainen Turkka 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To study the effects of cervical headgear treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion on upper airway structures in children.
Materials and Methods: Forty children aged 9.1 (7.2–11.5) years with Class II division 1 malocclusion were treated using a cervical headgear as the only treatment appliance. The headgear consisted of a long outer bow bent 15° upward and a large inner bow expanded 10 mm larger than the intermolar distance. Lateral cephalograms were taken before and after the treatment. Upper airway structures were estimated from the cephalograms. The results were compared to cross-sectional data of 80 age-matched controls with a Class I molar relationship.
Results: A Class I molar relationship was achieved in all treated children. The mean treatment time was 1.6 (0.3–3.1) years. The Class II malocclusion was accompanied by a similar or wider nasopharyngeal space than in the controls but narrower oro- and hypopharyngeal spaces. The retropalatal area was widened by the treatment (P &lt; .05), whereas the rest of the oropharynx and hypopharynx remained narrower than in the controls. Before the treatment, the mandibular plane was in a more horizontal position than in the controls, but during the treatment, it rotated to a position similar to that of the controls.
Conclusion: Class II division 1 malocclusion is associated with a narrower upper airway structure even without retrognathia. Headgear treatment is associated with an increase in the retropalatal airway space.
Facial Profile Changes in Early Class II Correction with Cervical Headgear
Authors: Kirjavainen Mirja , Hurmerinta Kirsti , Kirjavainen Turkka 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Objective: To characterize the effects of early cervical headgear treatment on the facial profile of children in Class II division 1 malocclusion.
Materials and Methods: Forty children aged 9.1 (7.2–11.5) years with Class II division 1 malocclusion were treated using a cervical headgear appliance. The headgear consisted of a long outer bow bent upward 15° and a large expanded inner bow. Lateral cephalograms were taken before and after treatment, and the facial profile was estimated from the cephalograms. The results were compared to an age- and sex-matched normal cohort of 644 Finnish children.
Results: Class I molar relationship was achieved in all treated children. The treatment time was 1.6 (0.3–3.1) years on average. Compared to the controls, the treatment restricted the forward growth of maxillary A-point, and the SNA angle decreased 1.4° ± 1.2° per year (P &lt; .00001). Decreased maxillary prognathism was associated with decreased facial convexity, g-sn-pg (P = .02), and the ANB (P &lt; .00001) angles decreased compared to the controls. Upper lip protrusion (distance ls to sn-pg; P &lt; .00001) was decreased, and the nasolabial angle (cm-sn-ls) widened despite the increased facial inclination of the upper incisors (P = .0005). The treatment significantly decreased the gap between the lips (P = .0009) in their relaxed position.
Conclusion: Cervical headgear treatment in Class II correction is associated with a decreased facial convexity caused by the restriction of forward growth of the maxillary A-point, while the rest of the facial profile, including the mandible, continue to grow forward at a normal rate.
Effects of Potassium Nitrate and Oxalate Desensitizer Agents on Shear Bond Strengths of Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Türkkahraman Hakan , Adanir Necdet 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effects of potassium nitrate and oxalate desensitizer agents on shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets.Materials and Methods: Forty-five extracted human premolar teeth were randomly assigned to three groups of 15 each. UltraEZ potassium nitrate desensitizer was applied on teeth in the first group, while BisBlock oxalate desensitizer was applied on teeth in the second group. The third group served as a control. Orthodontic brackets were bonded with a light cure composite resin and cured with a halogen light. After bonding, the shear bond strength of the brackets was tested with a universal testing machine.Results: The highest shear bond strengths were measured in Group III. The shear bond strength in Groups I and II was significantly lower than in Group III (P &lt; .001). Significant difference was also found between Group I and Group II (P &lt; .01).Conclusions: Orthodontic brackets bonded to enamel treated with potassium nitrate and oxalate desensitizers showed significantly lower bond strengths than did brackets bonded to untreated enamel.
Transpalatal Distraction in a Patient with a Narrow Maxilla
Authors: Sarı Emel , Uçar Cihan , Ceylanoglu Cenk 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
An adult male patient who presented with an anterior open bite and a narrow maxilla was treated using a transpalatal distractor (TPD). Transpalatal distraction is a technique for orthopedic maxillary expansion, in which distraction osteogenesis is used. In this technique, the angulation and location of the TPD are critical because they may affect the ratio of skeletal/dental expansion. Any incorrect placement of a TPD may also damage the surrounding blood vessels and premolar roots. This case report introduces a new and easy method for the accurate placement of a TPD using the TPD transporter in an adult patient.
The effect of endoparasitism on the immune response to antirabies vaccination in puppies
Authors: Mojžišová Jana , Süli Judit , Goldová Mária , Bajová Viera , Švrček Štefan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe specific and non-specific immune response after antirabies vaccination was studied in young dogs with altered immune functions suffering from endoparasitoses and compared with those in healthy dogs. The degree of the immunosuppression was confirmed by functional test of phagocytes and proliferation activity test of lymphocytes. The study indicates an association between parasitized animals, and a depression in the immune responses. Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina and Trichuris vulpis were the most prevalent parasite species. During the experiment no anthelmintic treatment was applied. In puppies suffering from immunosuppression significantly lower specific antibody level after antirabies vaccination was demonstrated on day 28. In such case of known immunosuppression it is recommended to repeat antirabies vaccination; primovaccination does not provide satisfactory protection. Anthelmintic preventive treatment may be necessary to improve the immune responses to antirabies vaccination and provide effective protection.
Protein Content of Puréed Diets: Implications for Planning
Authors: Dahl Wendy J. , Whiting Susan J. , Tyler Robert T. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose: Texture-modified diets offered in long-term care (LTC) facilities are often prepared from the regular menu, planned using Canada's Food Guide to Healthy Eating. The appropriateness of protein levels of puréed diets in LTC facilities was determined. Methods: Protein content was measured in 29 duplicate diets, collected from 20 urban LTC facilities in Saskatchewan (SK) and Ontario (ON). Mealtime puréed food intakes of 20 LTC residents were assessed. The target protein levels were calculated as estimated average requirements plus one or two standard deviations of intake, thus allowing for moderate (16%) or low (2.5%) risk of inadequacy, respectively. Results: The duplicate diets provided 57.9 ± 7.9 and 85.4 ± 31.1 g/day of protein in SK and ON, respectively. Protein intake of SK LTC residents consuming puréed food averaged 54 ± 19 g/day. Only 43% of the SK puréed diets provided more than 59 g/day of protein and none provided more than 78 g/day; in contrast, 87% and 40% of ON puréed diets provided more than 59 and 78 g/day of protein, respectively. Conclusions: In-house prepared puréed diets do not consistently provide sufficient protein levels to ensure a low risk of inadequacy for the LTC residents consuming these diets.
Biologische weiche Materialien
Authors: Hamley Ian W. , Castelletto Valeria 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMit einer oder zwei Ausnahmen sind Biomaterialien “weich”, das bedeutet, sie verbinden visköse und elastische Eigenschaften. Dieses mechanische Verhalten wird durch die Bildung selbstorganisierter supramolekularer Strukturen hervorgerufen, die durch nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen stabilisiert sind. Es ist eine grundlegende Herausforderung, die Selbstorganisation von Biomaterialien zu verstehen. In vielen Fällen können Konzepte aus der Physik und Chemie weicher Materie, die ursprünglich für Kolloide, Polymere, oberflächenaktive Substanzen, Flüssigkristalle und ähnliches entwickelt wurden, auf die Biologie übertragen werden. Mit diesem Ansatz ist es möglich, so verschiedene Phänomene wie die DNA‐Kondensation, die Fibrillenbildung durch Proteine und Peptide, die Trennung von Lipiden in Schollen, die Fusion oder die Knospung von Vesikeln aus einer neuen Perspektive zu betrachten.
Biological Soft Materials
Authors: Hamley Ian W. , Castelletto Valeria 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWith one or two exceptions, biological materials are “soft”, meaning that they combine viscous and elastic elements. This mechanical behavior results from self‐assembled supramolecular structures that are stabilized by noncovalent interactions. It is an ongoing and profound challenge to understand the self‐organization of biological materials. In many cases, concepts can be imported from soft‐matter physics and chemistry, which have traditionally focused on materials such as colloids, polymers, surfactants, and liquid crystals. Using these ideas, it is possible to gain a new perspective on phenomena as diverse as DNA condensation, protein and peptide fibrillization, lipid partitioning in rafts, vesicle fusion and budding, and others, as discussed in this selective review of recent highlights from the literature.
Recent advances in drying of biomaterials for superior quality bioproducts
Authors: Raghavan G. S. V. , Orsat V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn drying, the removal of moisture prevents the growth and reproduction of decay‐causing microorganisms and minimizes many of the moisture‐driven deterioration reactions, targeting the retention the functional quality of bioproducts.Several types of dryers and drying methods, each best suited for a particular situation, are commercially used to remove moisture from a wide variety of biological products including fruits and vegetables. This paper will present these methods along with the most recent developments in drying research and the resulting quality of the products. Industry must ensure that there are governing guidelines during drying to ensure the nutritional and functional activities of dried biological materials. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Oriented Development of Antituberculotics (Part II): Halogenated 3‐(4‐Alkylphenyl)‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4‐(3H)‐diones
Authors: Waisser Karel , Matyk Josef , Divišová Hana , Husáková Petra , Kuneš Jirí , Klimešová Vera , Palát Karel , Kaustová Jarmila 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBased on our previous studies, 21 new halogenated 3‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4‐(3H)‐diones were synthesized by the reaction of salicylanilides and methyl‐chloroformate. All compounds were screened in vitro against three different strains of mycobacterium, and Free‐Wilson method was used to establish structure‐activity relationships. 6‐Bromo‐3‐(4‐butylphenyl)‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4‐(3H)‐dione 3b proved to be the most active compound of the series.
How should banks govern the environment? Challenging the construction of action versus veto
Authors: Coulson Andrea B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOver the last two decades, banks have been developing environmental credit risk assessment policies and procedures. Today, even NGOs who had been at the forefront of campaigns naming and shaming bad practices acknowledge banks are taking environmental risk management seriously. Nonetheless, they now challenge banks to go further, advocating a ‘no harm’ approach based on a so‐called ‘veto’ of investments. The author draws a post‐structuralist position on risk perception to argue a characterization of environmental governance in terms of action and veto may mislead debate. Instead, the author proposes the starting point for debate on the part banks can play in governing the environment lies in mutual agreement on precautionary action. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Informed consent in mental health treatment: A sociological perspective
Authors: Lidz Charles W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe rise in the mental health movement coincides with a decline in prestige and importance of criminal law. While this may, in part, reflect the greater effectiveness of mental health treatment in dealing with overlapping problems, it also reflects certain problems that criminal law has with the individualistic values of modern society and the value‐attractiveness of the mental health professions' commitment to helping the individual. However, many of the same value problems inherent in criminal punishment also apply to some aspects of mental health treatment, especially the paternalism of the doctor‐patient relationship and involuntary treatment. Informed consent can be seen as a response to these value conflicts as well as part of the general extension of citizenship rights to the less privileged members of the society. This paper analyzes some of the conflicts inherent in the application of informed consent to mental health treatment from the above perspective.
Senile dementia and informed consent
Authors: Stanley Barbara 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSenile dementia in the elderly is a prevalent condition which requires ongoing medical treatment. This disease causes a deterioration of cognitive processes and, consequently, it is likely to impair the capacities required to give informed consent to needed medical care. However, a diagnosis of senile dementia does not necessarily indicate that the afflicted individual is incompetent. The means of assessing competency in dementia patients and their likely impairments according to five standards is described in this paper. Recommendations for obtaining consent from the competent dementia patient are made and mechanisms for providing special protection to the incompetent patient in the consent process are discussed.
Stress management training for law students: Cognitive‐behavioral intervention
Authors: Lawrence Janet S. St. , McGrath Melanie L. , Oakley Mark E. , Sult Susan C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe practice of law has created chronic and, at times, severe psychological stress both in law school and subsequent practice. In the current study, students volunteered to participate in a six‐session seminar on personal stress management skills including self‐relaxation training, schedule planning, priority‐setting, leisure time planning, and cognitive modification techniques. Subjects showed pre‐ to posttreatment improvement on a variety of measures that included their knowledge about stress, personal ratings of stressful situations, and their daily activity schedules. In contrast, a control group showed no improvement and worsened in reported levels of personal stress. The importance of providing law students with personal stress management skills is discussed.
Uses of hypnosis in evaluating malingering and deception
Authors: Spiegel David , Spiegel Herbert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHypnosis, as a method of detecting deception, is examined with respect to its forensic applications. The degree of hypnotizability and whether formal hypnotic procedures may be employed are discussed with both the relevant clinical and legal issues in mind. Finally, the use of hypnosis in determining the authenticity of psychosomatic conditions is addressed.
Towards an empirical model of malingering and deception
Authors: Rogers Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo models for the detection of dissimulation in mentally disordered individuals are presented. The first is a heuristic model summarizing useful indicators employed by practicing clinicians. The second and more extensive model integrates research findings from social‐psychological and clinical studies towards identifying empirically‐tested indicators of malingering and other forms of psychological deception.
Correlates of malingering
Authors: Sierles Frederick S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe author presented anonymous questionnaires to 172 patients and 160 medical students to assess the frequency and correlates of malingering in various groups in a medical center on a V.A. campus. The results indicate that sociopaths, drug abusers, and alcoholics are more prone to malinger than other individuals, supporting previous assertions that mental health professionals should have a higher index of suspicion for malingering in these diagnostic groups. Race and age were found to have small but significant correlations with malingering, but at present, this finding must be viewed cautiously. No association was found between somatization disorder and malingering.
A study of presidential assassins
Authors: Heyman Marshall N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwenty‐two people who were presidential assassins and other similarly dangerous persons were assessed from information contained in Secret Service files and in published accounts. These documents were studied in order to determine common characteristics as well as other clues to the identification of potentially dangerous persons. Although there was no single pattern of development, there was a pattern of maladjustment that embraced common feelings of inadequacy or persecution, which led to similar patterns of behavior when attempting to resolve frustration. In practical terms, these profiles show:

A systematic pattern of inadequacy in dealing with social, intellectual, and vocational challenges.
A corresponding absence of any positive channel for achieving satisfaction or a sense of accomplishment.
In uniquely personal ways, each of these chronically frustrated individuals came to view his or her target either as the personification of the oppressive system, or as the agent through whom he or she could achieve “one great act,” or otherwise gain instant attention and status.
The so‐called duty to warn: The psychotherapeutic duty to protect third parties from patients' violent acts
Authors: Mills Mark J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article discusses the much‐misunderstood Tarasoff decision that requires psychotherapists to protect third parties from patients' violent acts. Through a normative approach, the paper analyzes four important issues: what to do when potential victims are unknown; what to do about the fact that the patients' potential for violence may be incorrectly perceived; the value of warning potential victims; and, the problem of discharging potentially violent patients from the hospital. The author proposes that the courts adopt a more flexible substantial departure test in most cases that involve psychiatric negligence.