bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Higher prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in association with gender and socioeconomic status in the Hunter region of New South Wales
Authors: SUTHERLAND Rachel , FINCH Meghan , HARRISON Michelle , COLLINS Clare 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjective:  To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in primary school‐aged children in the Hunter region and examine associations with gender, age, socioeconomic status (SES) and geographical location.Design:  Cross‐sectional survey of a stratified sample of randomly selected government primary schools in the Hunter region with SES defined by Socio‐Economic Index For Areas index and geographical location based on school education areas.Subjects:  A total of 2224 out of 5206 (42.7%) primary school children from randomly selected government primary schools representing year 1 to year 6 (x = 9.61 ± 1.7).Setting:  Sixteen government primary schools in the Hunter Region of New South Wales.Main outcome measures:  Overweight and obesity were assessed using the international body mass index cut points, standardised for both age and gender as defined by Cole.Data analyses:  Chi square (α = 0.05) was used to compare prevalence across categories of gender, age, SES or geographical location.Results:  Of the 2224 children who had their height and weight measured, 28.35% (n = 606) were either overweight (n = 415, 19.3%) or obese (n = 191, 9.06%). Significant differences in the prevalence of combined overweight and obesity were observed between children residing in high and low socioeconomic areas, by ages and between boys and girls.Conclusion or application:  The prevalence of childhood obesity is high and appears more prevalent in girls, in children residing in low‐income areas and at specific ages. Determinants of the observed differences will need to be investigated in order to address the higher prevalence of childhood obesity in high‐risk population groups.
Resistin increases islet blood flow and decreases subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow in anaesthetized rats
Authors: Danielsson T. , Fredriksson L. , Jansson L. , Henriksnäs J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAim:  Resistin is an adipokine which has been suggested to participate in the induction of insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether acute administration of resistin influences tissue blood perfusion in rats.Methods:  Resistin was administered as an intravenous infusion of 7.5 μg h−1 (1.5 mL h−1) for 30 min to rats anaesthetized with thiobutabarbital. A microsphere technique was used to estimate the blood flow to six different depots of white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as to the pancreas, islets, duodenum, colon, kidneys, adrenal glands and liver.Results:  Resistin administration led to an increased blood flow to the pancreas and islets and a decrease in subcutaneous WAT and BAT. Intra‐abdominal white adipose tissue blood flow and that to other organs were not affected.Conclusion:  Acute administration of resistin markedly affects the blood perfusion of both the pancreas and subcutaneous white adipose tissue depots. At present it is unknown whether resistin exerts a direct effect on the vasculature, or works through local or systemic activation of endothelial cells and/or macrophages. The extent to which this might contribute to the insulin resistance caused by resistin is yet unknown.
On the Generation of Analytical Noncircular Multilobe Internal Pitch Curves
Authors: Yan Jia , Yang Daniel C. H. , Tong Shih-Hsi 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A method for the design of general analytical noncircular multilobe internal pitch curves is presented. The method is based on a reshaping algorithm. A selected monotonic function can be assigned as the initial profile for the outer rotor of the designed pitch curve. This initial function will be reshaped to satisfy the wholeness of the number of lobes. This final pitch curve function can then be obtained analytically. To archive smooth profile design, the C1 continuous conditions on pitch rotors are established. A dimensionless parameter geometrically interpreted as the noncircularity of pitch rotor is introduced for the systematic design of pitch curves. Results from this research have applications to the design of compressors, gerotor pumps, and rotary engines.
Phenotypic Characterization of Two
Ancylostoma caninum
Isolates with Different Susceptibilities to the Anthelmintic Pyrantel
Authors: Kopp Steven R. , Coleman Glen T. , McCarthy James S. , Kotze Andrew C. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

The anthelmintic pyrantel plays an important role in the control of gastrointestinal helminths of humans and domestic animals. Despite the demonstration of pyrantel resistance in several helminth species over the last 20 years, the resistance mechanism remains unclear. It has been hypothesized that resistance may arise as a consequence of changes to the relative proportions of subpopulations of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs). To test this hypothesis, we examined the responses of two isolates of the canine hookworm
Ancylostoma caninum
with low-level resistance (isolate NT) and high-level resistance (isolate PR) to pyrantel to nicotinic agonist drugs reported to be selective for three nAchR subtypes. We used larval motility and conformation assays and force transduction experiments with adult worms. Pyrantel and levamisole were less potent against larvae of isolate PR than larvae of isolate NT (up to an 18-fold increase in the 50% inhibitory concentration); on the other hand, bephenium was more potent against larvae of isolate PR than larvae of isolate NT (twofold) and nicotine had the same potency against larvae of both isolates. In adults, pyrantel, levamisole, and nicotine were less potent against isolate PR than isolate NT (two- to threefold), but the potency of bephenium against the two isolates was equivalent. Our data indicate a complex pattern of nAchRs in this species and suggest that the two isolates differ in their relative sensitivities to agonists targeting different nAchRs.
Virologic Response to Lopinavir-Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral Regimens in a Multicenter International Clinical Cohort: Comparison of Genotypic Interpretation Scores
Authors: Grant Philip , Wong Eric C. , Rode Richard , Shafer Robert , De Luca Andrea , Nadler Jeffrey , Hawkins Trevor , Cohen Calvin , Harrington Robert , Kempf Dale , Zolopa Andrew 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTSeveral genotypic interpretation scores have been proposed for the evaluation of susceptibility to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) but have not been compared using an independent data set. This study was a retrospective multicenter cohort of patients initiating LPV/r-based therapy. The virologic response (VR) was defined as a viral load of <500 copies/ml at week 24. The genotypic interpretation scores surveyed were the LPV mutation score, the ViroLogic score, the ATU score, the Stanford database score, and the International AIDS Society-USA mutation list. Of the 103 patients included in the analysis, 76% achieved VR at 24 weeks. For scores with clinical breakpoints defined (LPV mutation, ATU, ViroLogic, and Stanford), over 80% of the patients below the breakpoints achieved VR, while 50% or less above the breakpoints responded. Protease mutations at positions 10, 54, and 82 and at positions 54, 84, and 90 were associated with a lack of VR in the univariate and multivariate analyses, respectively. The area under the receiver-operator characteristic curves for the five genotypic interpretation scores studied ranged from 0.73 to 0.76. The study confirms that the currently available genotypic interpretation scores which are widely used by clinicians performed similarly well and can be effectively used to predict the virologic activity of LPV/r in treatment-experienced patients.
Human Lactoferrin Induces Apoptosis-Like Cell Death inCandida albicans: Critical Role of K+-Channel-Mediated K+Efflux
Authors: Andrés María T. , Viejo-Díaz Monica , Fierro José F. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTHuman lactoferrin (hLf) induced an apoptosis-like phenotype inCandida albicanscells, which includes phosphatidylserine externalization, nuclear chromatin condensation, DNA degradation, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Intracellular ROS accumulation was seen to correlate with candidacidal activity in hLf-treated cells. Mitochondrial activity was involved as indicated by mitochondrial depolarization and increased hLf resistance of cells preincubated with sordarin or erythromycin, the latter of which inhibits protein synthesis in mitoribosomes. Interestingly, Cl−- and K+-channel blockers prevented the hLf antimicrobial activity, but only when cells were pretreated with the blocking agent (tetraethylammonium) prior to the hLf-induced K+-release period. These results indicate for the first time that K+-channel-mediated K+efflux is required for the progression of apoptosis-like process in yeast, suggesting that this essential apoptotic event of higher eukaryotes has been evolutionary conserved among species ranging from yeasts to humans.
Mycobacterium bovisBCG Immunization Induces Protective Immunity against Nine DifferentMycobacterium tuberculosisStrains in Mice
Authors: Jeon Bo Young , Derrick Steven C. , Lim JaeHyun , Kolibab Kristopher , Dheenadhayalan Veerabadran , Yang Amy Li , Kreiswirth Barry , Morris Sheldon L. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTRecent preclinical and epidemiologic studies have suggested that certainMycobacterium tuberculosisgenotypes (in particular, Beijing lineage strains) may be resistant toMycobacterium bovisBCG vaccine-induced antituberculosis protective immunity. To investigate the strain specificity of BCG-induced protective responses in a murine model of pulmonary tuberculosis, C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with BCG vaccine and then challenged 2 months later with one of nineM. tuberculosisisolates. Four of these strains were from the W-Beijing lineage (HN878, N4, NHN5, and ChS) while four were non-Beijing-type isolates (C913, CDC1551, NY669, and NY920). As a control, the WHO standardM. tuberculosisErdman strain was evaluated in these vaccination/challenge experiments. To assess the protective responses evoked by BCG immunization, organ bacterial burdens and lung pathology were assessed in vaccinated and naïve mice at 4, 12, and 20 weeks postchallenge as well as during the day of infection. At 4 weeks after the aerosol challenge with each of these strains, significantly reduced bacterial growth in the lungs and spleens and significantly improved lung pathology were seen in all vaccinated animals compared to naïve controls. After 12 weeks, reduced organ bacterial burdens were detected in vaccinated animals infected with six of nine challenge strains. Although lung CFU values were lower in vaccinated mice for only three of nine groups at 20 weeks postchallenge, significantly decreased lung inflammation was seen in all immunized animals relative to controls at 20 weeks postchallenge. Taken together, these data demonstrate that BCG vaccination protects against infection with diverseM. tuberculosisstrains in the mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis and suggest that strain-specific resistance to BCG-induced protective immunity may be uncommon.
The Spontaneous Imbalance of an Atmospheric Vortex at High Rossby Number
Authors: Schecter David A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper discusses recent progress toward understanding the instability of a monotonic vortex at high Rossby number, due to the radiation of spiral inertia–gravity (IG) waves. The outward-propagating IG waves are excited by inner undulations of potential vorticity that consist of one or more vortex Rossby waves. An individual vortex Rossby wave and its IG wave emission have angular pseudomomenta of opposite sign, positive and negative, respectively. The Rossby wave therefore grows in response to producing radiation. Such growth is potentially suppressed by the resonant absorption of angular pseudomomentum in a critical layer, where the angular phase velocity of the Rossby wave matches the angular velocity of the mean flow. Suppression requires a sufficiently steep radial gradient of potential vorticity in the critical layer. Both linear and nonlinear steepness requirements are reviewed.The formal theory of radiation-driven instability, or “spontaneous imbalance,” is generalized in isentropic coordinates to baroclinic vortices that possess active critical layers. Furthermore, the rate of angular momentum loss by IG wave radiation is reexamined in the hurricane parameter regime. Numerical results suggest that the negative radiation torque on a hurricane has a smaller impact than surface drag, despite recent estimates of its large magnitude.
Sensitivity Studies of the Role of Aerosols in Warm-Phase Orographic Precipitation in Different Dynamical Flow Regimes
Authors: Muhlbauer Andreas , Lohmann Ulrike 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Aerosols serve as a source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and influence the microphysical properties of clouds. In the case of orographic clouds, it is suspected that aerosol–cloud interactions reduce the amount of precipitation on the upslope side of the mountain and enhance the precipitation on the downslope side when the number of aerosols is increased. The net effect may lead to a shift of the precipitation distribution toward the leeward side of mountain ranges, which affects the hydrological cycle on the local scale.
In this study aerosol–cloud interactions in warm-phase clouds and the possible impact on the orographic precipitation distribution are investigated. Herein, simulations of moist orographic flow over topography are conducted and the influence of anthropogenic aerosols on the orographic precipitation formation is analyzed. The degree of aerosol pollution is prescribed by different aerosol spectra that are representative for central Switzerland. The simulations are performed with the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling’s mesoscale nonhydrostatic limited-area weather prediction model (COSMO) with a horizontal grid spacing of 2 km and a fully coupled aerosol–cloud parameterization.
It is found that an increase in the aerosol load leads to a downstream shift of the orographic precipitation distribution and to an increase in the spillover factor. A reduction of warm-phase orographic precipitation is observed at the upslope side of the mountain. The downslope precipitation enhancement depends critically on the width of the mountain and on the flow dynamics. In the case of orographic precipitation induced by stably stratified unblocked flow, the loss in upslope precipitation is not compensated by leeward precipitation enhancement. In contrast, flow blocking may lead to leeward precipitation enhancement and eventually to a compensation of the upslope precipitation loss. The simulations also indicate that latent heat effects induced by aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions may considerably affect the orographic flow dynamics and consequently feed back on the orographic precipitation development.
Wave-Driven Wind Jets in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Hanley Kirsty E. , Belcher Stephen E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe interaction between ocean surface waves and the overlying wind leads to a transfer of momentum across the air–sea interface. Atmospheric and oceanic models typically allow for momentum transfer to be directed only downward, from the atmosphere to the ocean. Recent observations have suggested that momentum can also be transferred upward when long wavelength waves, characteristic of remotely generated swell, propagate faster than the wind speed. The effect of upward momentum transfer on the marine atmospheric boundary layer is investigated here using idealized models that solve the momentum budget above the ocean surface. A variant of the classical Ekman model that accounts for the wave-induced stress demonstrates that, although the momentum flux due to the waves penetrates only a small fraction of the depth of the boundary layer, the wind profile is profoundly changed through its whole depth. When the upward momentum transfer from surface waves sufficiently exceeds the downward turbulent momentum flux, then the near-surface wind accelerates, resulting in a low-level wave-driven wind jet. This increases the Coriolis force in the boundary layer, and so the wind turns in the opposite direction to the classical Ekman layer. Calculations of the wave-induced stress due to a wave spectrum representative of fast-moving swell demonstrate upward momentum transfer that is dominated by contributions from waves in the vicinity of the peak in the swell spectrum. This is in contrast to wind-driven waves whose wave-induced stress is dominated by very short wavelength waves. Hence the role of swell can be characterized by the inverse wave age based on the wave phase speed corresponding to the peak in the spectrum. For a spectrum of waves, the total momentum flux is found to reverse sign and become upward, from waves to wind, when the inverse wave age drops below the range 0.15–0.2, which agrees reasonably well with previously published oceanic observations.
Mountain Waves Entering the Stratosphere
Authors: Smith Ronald B. , Woods Bryan K. , Jensen Jorgen , Cooper William A. , Doyle James D. , Jiang Qingfang , Grubišić Vanda 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Using the National Science Foundation (NSF)–NCAR Gulfstream V and the NSF–Wyoming King Air research aircraft during the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX) in March–April 2006, six cases of Sierra Nevada mountain waves were surveyed with 126 cross-mountain legs. The goal was to identify the influence of the tropopause on waves entering the stratosphere. During each flight leg, part of the variation in observed parameters was due to parameter layering, heaving up and down in the waves. Diagnosis of the combined wave-layering signal was aided with innovative use of new GPS altitude measurements. The ozone and water vapor layering correlated with layered Bernoulli function and cross-flow speed.
GPS-corrected static pressure was used to compute the vertical energy flux, confirming, for the first time, the Eliassen–Palm relation between momentum and energy flux (EF = −U · MF). Kinetic (KE) and potential (PE) wave energy densities were also computed. The equipartition ratio (EQR = PE/KE) changed abruptly across the tropopause, indicating partial wave reflection. In one case (16 April 2006) systematically reversed momentum and energy fluxes were found in the stratosphere above 12 km. On a “wave property diagram,” three families of waves were identified: up- and downgoing long waves (30 km) and shorter (14 km) trapped waves. For the latter two types, an explanation is proposed related to secondary generation near the tropopause and reflection or secondary generation in the lower stratosphere.
Stratospheric Gravity Waves Generated by Multiscale Tropical Convection
Authors: Lane Todd P. , Moncrieff Mitchell W. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The generation of gravity waves by multiscale cloud systems evolving in an initially motionless and thermodynamically uniform environment is explored using a two-dimensional cloud-system-resolving model. The simulated convection has similar depth and intensity to observed tropical oceanic systems. The convection self-organizes into preferred horizontal and temporal scales involving weakly organized propagating cloud clusters. The multiscale systems generate a broad spectrum of gravity waves with horizontal scales that range from the cloud-system scale up to the cloud-cluster scale. The gravity waves with the largest horizontal scale play an important role in modifying layered tropospheric inflow and outflow to the cloud systems, which in turn influence the multiscale convective organization. Slower-moving short-scale gravity waves make the strongest individual contribution to the vertical flux of horizontal momentum and cause a robust peak in the momentum flux spectrum that corresponds to the lifetime and spatial scale of the individual cloud systems.
A Buoyancy–Vorticity Wave Interaction Approach to Stratified Shear Flow
Authors: Harnik N. , Heifetz E. , Umurhan O. M. , Lott F. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Motivated by the success of potential vorticity (PV) thinking for Rossby waves and related shear flow phenomena, this work develops a buoyancy–vorticity formulation of gravity waves in stratified shear flow, for which the nonlocality enters in the same way as it does for barotropic/baroclinic shear flows. This formulation provides a time integration scheme that is analogous to the time integration of the quasigeostrophic equations with two, rather than one, prognostic equations, and a diagnostic equation for streamfunction through a vorticity inversion.
The invertibility of vorticity allows the development of a gravity wave kernel view, which provides a mechanistic rationalization of many aspects of the linear dynamics of stratified shear flow. The resulting kernel formulation is similar to the Rossby-based one obtained for barotropic and baroclinic instability; however, since there are two independent variables—vorticity and buoyancy—there are also two independent kernels at each level. Though having two kernels complicates the picture, the kernels are constructed so that they do not interact with each other at a given level.
Dominant Anomaly Patterns in the Near-Surface Baroclinicity and Accompanying Anomalies in the Atmosphere and Oceans. Part I: North Atlantic Basin
Authors: Nakamura Mototaka , Yamane Shozo 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Variability in the monthly mean flow and storm track in the North Atlantic basin is examined with a focus on the near-surface baroclinicity, B = Bxi + Byj. Dominant patterns of anomalous B found from empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses generally show patterns of shift and changes in the strength of B. Composited anomalies in the monthly mean wind at various pressure levels based on the signals in the EOFs display robust accompanying anomalies in the mean flow up to 50 hPa in the winter and up to 100 hPa in other seasons. Anomalous eddy fields accompanying the anomalous Bx patterns exhibit, broadly speaking, structures anticipated from linear theories of baroclinic instabilities and suggest a tendency for anomalous wave fluxes to accelerate/decelerate the surface westerly accordingly. Atmospheric anomalies accompanying By anomalies have patterns different from those that accompany Bx anomalies but are as large as those found for Bx. Anomalies in the sea surface temperature (SST) found for the anomalous patterns of Bx often show large values of small spatial scales along the Gulf Stream (GS), indicating that a meridional shift in the position of the GS and/or changes in the heat transport by the GS may be responsible for the anomalous Bx and concomitant tropospheric and lower-stratospheric anomalies. Anomalies in the net surface heat flux, SST in preceding months, and meridional eddy heat flux in the lower troposphere support this interpretation.