bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double talk: Synthesizing everyday and science language in the classroom
Authors: Brown Bryan A. , Spang Eliza 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis research project explores the language practices that emerged as a teacher taught a lesson designed to promote science literacy development for traditionally underrepresented students. This ethnographic study of a Detroit, Michigan, school examined the teacher's use of science language and its influence on students' use of science language. Using sociolinguistic discourse analysis, two modes of classroom language were identified. First, the teacher used a hybrid method of language involving her explaining science ideas by using vernacular and scientific language. This parenthetical type of speech, which we describe as “double talk,” was also found in students. Second, students appropriated this same strategy for using science language in which they produced vernacular and scientific descriptions during explanations. The findings of this study are significant in their contribution to contemporary research about teaching and learning for minority students. These results implicate the need to teach science explicitly as a second language in urban classrooms. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 92:708–732, 2008
Mg2+‐Doped GaN Nanoparticles as Blue‐Light Emitters: A Method to Avoid Sintering at High Temperatures
Authors: Mahalingam Venkataramanan , Sudarsan Vasanthakumaran , Munusamy Prabhakaran , van Veggel Frank C. J. M. , Wang Rui , Steckl Andrew J. , Raudsepp Mati 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBright blue‐light emission at 410 nm is observed from Mg2+‐doped GaN nanoparticles prepared by the nitridation of Ga2MgO4 nanoparticles at 950°C. The sintering of these nanoparticles during high‐temperature nitridation was prevented by mixing the Ga2MgO4 precursor nanoparticles with La2O3 as an inert matrix before the nitridation process. The Mg2+‐doped GaN nanoparticles were isolated from the matrix by etching with 10 % nitric acid. The Mg2+‐doped GaN nanoparticles were characterized by photoluminescence, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and IR analyses.
Pharmacological MRI in awake rats predicts selective binding of α4β2 nicotinic receptors
Authors: Chin Chih‐Liang , Pauly James R. , Surber Bruce W. , Skoubis Pamela D. , McGaraughty Steve , Hradil Vincent P. , Luo Yanping , Cox Bryan F. , Fox Gerard B. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNeuronal nicotinic receptors are the subject of intensive research focused on developing novel therapies for drug abuse, neurocognitive disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and pain. In this study, we have applied pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) in awake rats to map functional brain responses to the selective α4β2 nicotinic receptor agonists, A‐85380, and ABT‐594. Moreover, we have validated our methods by comparison with autoradiography using [3H]‐A‐85380 and [3H]‐ABT‐594. Under awake conditions (no anesthesia during scanning) where rats were habituated to the imaging environment, both compounds increased regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) across multiple brain regions that closely matched regional brain receptor distribution with the same tritiated compounds. In addition, regional ABT‐594‐induced rCBV changes under awake conditions were also derived and characterized using a pharmacological model. Area‐under‐curve and maximum rCBV changes in brain were found to be dose‐related and region‐specific, and corresponded well with the known preclinical behavioral profile of this drug. In contrast, under conditions of α‐chloralose anesthesia where physiological variables were maintained within normal ranges, increases in rCBV induced by ABT‐594 were primarily restricted to some cortical areas and did not agree well with autoradiography data. Our data demonstrate the utility of using phMRI in awake animals to characterize selective pharmacological action but also highlight an important confound (anesthesia) that is rarely considered in preclinical phMRI studies. Synapse 62:159–168, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurotoxic‐related changes in tyrosine hydroxylase, microglia, myelin, and the blood‐brain barrier in the caudate‐putamen from acute methamphetamine exposure
Authors: Bowyer John F. , Robinson Bonnie , Ali Syed , Schmued Larry C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractChanges in the histological morphology of the caudate‐putamen (CPu) were determined after a high‐dose methamphetamine (METH) exposure in an effort to elucidate whether BBB disruption plays a role in CPu neurotoxicity. This was accomplished by evaluating the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH‐IR), isolectin B4 reactivity, Black Gold II (BG‐II) and Fluoro‐Jade C (FJ‐C) staining, and immunoreactivity to mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG‐IR) in adult male mice at 90‐min, 4‐h, 12‐h, 1‐day, and 3‐day post‐METH exposure. The IgG‐IR indicated that the BBB was only modestly altered in the CPu at time points after neurodegeneration occurred and dependent on hyperthermia and status epilepticus. The modest CPu IgG‐IR changes observed in the perivascular areas indicated that immunoglobulins were present on some CPu microglia 1 day or more after METH. The first signs of CPu damage were swellings in the TH‐IR axons, myelin damage, and a few degenerating neurons at 4‐h post‐METH. The loss of TH‐IR was dependent on hyperthermia but not seizures or CPu neurodegeneration, and the TH‐IR was virtually absent throughout the CPu within 12 h. Surprisingly, signs of FJ‐C labeling (degenerating) axons in the CPu were seen only in the regions of pronounced somatic neurodegeneration and independent of TH‐IR loss. Microglial activation did not occur until 1 day or more post‐METH. In summary, a major BBB disruption within the CPu does not directly contribute to neurotoxicity in this single high‐dose METH exposure. However, seizure activity produced or exacerbated by amygdalar BBB disruption can significantly increase CPu somatic neurodegeneration (but not affect dopamine (DA) terminal damage). The time course of microglial activation indicates a response to the neurodegeneration, myelin damage, and/or damaged DA terminals after loss of TH‐IR. Synapse 62:193–204, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oscillatory firing of dopamine neurons: Differences between cells in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area
Authors: Zhang Die , Yang Shen , Jin Guo‐Zhang , Bunney Benjamin S. , Shi Wei‐Xing 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNeuronal oscillations have been suggested to play an important role in information processing in the brain. Using spectral analysis, we have recently shown that the repetitive burst‐like firing in many dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) can be described as a slow oscillation (SO) in firing rate. In this study, we examined whether DA neurons in the adjacent substantia nigra (SN) also display a SO. DA neurons were recorded extracellularly using the cells/track technique in chloral hydrate‐anesthetized rats. Spectral analysis showed that firing patterns of SN DA neurons exhibited a SO similar to that observed in VTA DA neurons. The amplitude of the SO, however, was much reduced in the SN compared with that in the VTA and so was the number of DA neurons qualified as high‐SO cells. In high‐SO DA neurons, the amplitude of the SO was strongly correlated with the degree of bursting, and this correlation was observed in both the VTA and SN. In low‐SO cells, however, the SO was more significantly correlated with the variability of firing than with firing rate and bursting. Since the generation of the SO depends on afferent inputs to DA neurons, a better understanding of its difference between the SN and VTA may provide important insights into the neural networks that control DA neurons in the two areas. Synapse 62:169–175, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The enduring effects of an adolescent social stressor on synaptic density, part II: Poststress reversal of synaptic loss in the cortex by adinazolam and MK‐801
Authors: Leussis Melanie P. , Lawson Katherine , Stone Kimberly , Andersen Susan L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractExperience programs synaptic development to match the needs of the environment. This process depends on the nature and timing of the experience. Exposure to stress during adolescence selectively reduces synaptic density in the prefrontal cortex (a later maturing region), while sparing hippocampal synapses (an earlier maturing region). To determine whether the anatomical effects of an adolescent social stressor in rats endures into adulthood and are reversible, male subjects were isolation or group housed between days 30 and 35 and then treated with vehicle, adinazolam, MK‐801, or tianeptine between days 40 and 55. At day 60, immunohistochemistry revealed a 13.5% ± 5.3% reduction in synaptophysin in the infralimbic cortex and cingulate gyrus in isolation‐housed subjects. MK‐801 and adinazolam restored cortical synaptic density to within 2% of group‐housed values, suggesting that the synaptic loss induced by stress during adolescence is modulated through reduced glutamatergic activity directly by NMDA antagonism or indirectly by enhancing GABAergic activity. Tianeptine did not modulate adolescent stress effects in the prefrontal cortex. None of these drugs increased cortical synaptophysin in group‐housed controls. Increased synaptophysin was observed in the group‐housed condition in the hippocampus, striatum, and nucleus accumbens following drug exposure. Although stress did not decrease synaptic density in these regions, drug exposure failed to increase synaptic density when compared with the controls. Taken together, stress‐induced changes in cortical, but not hippocampal, synaptic density initiated during adolescence endure into adulthood. These cortical changes can be reversed through a reduction of glutamatergic activity, but not serotonin augmentation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Synapse 62:185–192, 2008.
Identification and Characterization of Hamster Stearoyl‐CoA Desaturase Isoforms
Authors: Wang Jian , Yu Lan , Wang He , Gao Yunling , Schrementi James P. , Porter Regina K. , Yurek David A. , Kuo Mingshang , Suen Chen‐Shian , Cao Guoqing , Bean James S. , Kauffman Raymond F. , Qian Yuewei 
Published: December 2007

AbstractStearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) catalyzes the formation of monounsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids. It plays a key role in lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in mammals. In mice, four SCD isoforms (SCD1–4) have been identified. Here we report the identification of cDNA sequences corresponding to SCD1, SCD2 and SCD3 of golden hamster. The deduced amino acid sequences of these hamster SCD (hmSCD) isoforms display a high degree of homologies to their mouse counterparts (mouse SCD). Polyclonal antibodies specific to rodent SCDs detected proteins of predicted size in the human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with hmSCD cDNAs. Microsome fractions prepared from these cells also displayed increased SCD activity versus cells transfected with vector alone. Real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the highest expression of hmSCD1 in liver and adipose tissue, while the highest hmSCD2 expression was detected in the brain. Very low levels of hmSCD3 mRNA can be detected in the tissues tested. This report is the first description of three SCD isoforms in the hamster and will provide useful tools in the further study of fatty acids metabolism in this species.
Associations between orthopaedic findings, ambulation and health-related quality of life in children with myelomeningocele
Authors: Danielsson Aina J. , Bartonek Åsa , Levey Eric , McHale Kathleen , Sponseller Paul , Saraste Helena 
Published: December 2007

Purpose Modern principles for treatment of patients with myelomeningocele include early closure of the neural tube defect, neurosurgical treatment of hydrocephalus and treatment aimed at minimizing contractures and joint dislocations. The aim is to achieve a better survival rate and a better quality of life (QOL). Better ambulatory function is thought to improve the management of activities of daily living. This study focused on evaluating which factors might affect ambulation, function and health-related QOL in children with myelomeningocele. Methods Thirty-eight patients with neurological deficit from myelomeningocele were examined in an unbiased follow-up. This included a physical examination using validated methods for ambulatory function and neuromuscular status, chart reviews and evaluation of radiographs in terms of hip dislocation and spine deformity. The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) was used to measure mobility, self-care and social function, and the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ-PF50) was used to measure QOL. Results Muscle function class, quadriceps strength, spasticity in hip and/or knee joint muscles and hip flexion contracture as well as the ambulatory level all affected functional mobility as well as self-care/PEDI. Patients with hip dislocation, spinal deformity or those who were mentally retarded also had significantly worse functional mobility. Besides being affected by the severity of the neurological lesion, self-care/PEDI was significantly impaired by hip flexion contracture and absence of functional ambulation. General health-related QOL was significantly lower in this patient group than for US norms. Nonambulatory and mentally retarded patients had a significantly lower physical function of their QOL (CHQ). Conclusions The severity of the disease, i.e. reduced muscle strength and occurrence of spasticity around hip/knee, affected ambulation, functional mobility and self-care. Acquired deformities (hip dislocation and spine deformity) affected functional ambulation only. Patients with reduced functional mobility and self-care experienced lower physical QOL. Children with myelomeningocele had significantly reduced QOL compared to healthy individuals.
New species and new records of the lichen genus Caloplaca from India
Authors: JOSHI Yogesh , UPRETI Dalip K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract:Caloplaca tropica Y. Joshi & Upreti, is described as new to science and belongs to the Sideritis group in the lichen genus Caloplaca. Caloplaca hueana (section Cocciniodiscus), C. squamosa (Squamosa group) and C. pollinii are reported for the first time from India.
A chemotaxonomic study of Lethariella zahlbruckneri and L. smithii (lichenized Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae) from Hengduanshan Mountains
Authors: NIU Dong-ling , WANG Li-song , ZHANG Ying-jun , YANG Chong-ren 
Published: December 2007

Abstract:A taxonomic investigation of Lethariella smithii and L. zahlbruckneri has established that they are conspecific. Three chemical races are recognized: race 1 containing norstictic acid, race 2 norstictic acid and placodiolic acid, and race 3 placodiolic acid as major medullary substances.
Lecania belgica van den Boom & Reese Næsborg, a new saxicolous lichen species from western Europe
Authors: REESE NÆSBORG Rikke , VAN DEN BOOM Pieter P. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract:A new species, Lecania belgica, is described and illustrated. It is a saxicolous lichen known only from the type locality in Belgium. It is characterized by apothecia with pruinose, irregularly undulating discs, relatively short ascospores, and by having 12–16 spores in the asci. It was found on mortar together with Diplotomma alboatrum.
THE DIFFERENTIAL STAINING OF HUMAN AND DOG SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Wales RG 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYHuman spermatozoa can be stained successfully with trypan blue, eosin and erythrosin and although each stain gives a difference in the estimate of “live” cells in a sample, this difference is consistent for each ejaculate, before and after heat treatment.It is suggested that because of the relative simplicity of the procedure, eosin‐nigrosin should be used routinely to stain human spermatozoa.Eosin‐nigrosin should be used in preference to congo red‐nigrosin as a vital stain for dog spermatozoa as it gives better differentiation, a variance estimate which is more consistent with that expected from theory and less difference between operators.The percentage of stained spermatozoa in a semen‐eosin mixture has been found to increase with time of exposure to the stain. This effect was seen with both dog and human spermatozoa.
STUDIES ON THE ESTIMATION OF GLYCEROL, FRUCTOSE AND LACTIC ACID WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SEMEN
Authors: White IG 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYZinc sulphate and either barium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide are suitable deproteinizing agents for estimating glycerol, fructose or lactic acid in semen.The stability of the glycerol and lactic acid colour is fairly good. The fructose colour, however, is likely to increase appreciably on standing for an hour unless the tubes are heated for 20 minutes at 80–85°C. instead of the usual 10 minutes.Potassium metaperiodate is preferable to sodium paraperiodate in the estimation of glycerol as it gives a calibration curve with a steeper slope.The glycerol method can be used for the estimation of glycerylphosphorylcholine in semen if fructose is first removed by copper‐lime treatment.Barium‐zinc extracts of fructose and lactic acid were found to be stable normally for several weeks in a refrigerator. Contamination with yeast organisms can, however, cause a rapid fall in the fructose content.
THE PERMEABILITY OF LIVER AND SKIN CAPILLARIES TO LIPIDS IN THE CAT
Authors: Courtice FC 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYLymph was collected from the hepatic and leg ducts of cats before and after the intravenous infusion of artificial fat emulsions, homologous chyle and heterologous hypercholesterolaemic plasma.The fat particles of the artificial fat emulsion appeared in the hepatic lymph in quantities similar to those previously found for chyle. In the paw there was only a very little transfer of the particles of artificial fat emulsion and chyle from plasma to lymph even after injuring the skin by a thermal burn. The smaller lipid complexes of hypercholesterolaemic rabbit plasma, however, penetrated the capillary membrane and appeared in the lymph.The mechanisms of transfer in the liver and in the skin have been discussed.
THE EFFECT OF SALICYLATE ON PLASMA PROTEIN BOUND IODINE IN MAN
Authors: Charnock John S , Good Brian F , Hetzel Basil S 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe effect of a large single oral dose (5 gm.) of sodium salicylate on plasma PBI has been compared with that of a similar dose of sodium parahydroxybenzoate.Although a significant fall in plasma PBI occurred after two hours following both agents, the fall with salicylate was significantly greater (P < 0·05).A similar fall in plasma PBI was observed in a diabetic patient given salicylate in a dosage of 60–100 grains per day with a plasma salicylate level of 21–31 mg. p.c.The possible mechanisms involved are discussed and it is concluded that the effect may be due to an action on the feed back mechanism for thyroid hormone in the hypothalamus.
THE HAEMATOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINE
Authors: Casley‐Smith JR 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYTotal leukocyte and differential counts were performed on a group of aborigines. These lived under semi‐detribalized conditions at Haast's Bluff. A control series was taken of Europeans living at Adelaide.The total leukocyte and absolute lymphocyte counts were slightly but significantly raised in the aborigines. The eosinophil counts were markedly increased in the aborigines.Direct eosinophil counts were performed on nomads visiting Haast's Bluff. These also had greatly raised values. Many of them had positive Casoni tests. Those with positive tests had more eosinophilia than those with negative reactions. Hospital natives had fewer positive reactions.
A STUDY OF THE METASTATIC DISTRIBUTION OF ERLICH ASCITES TUMOUR CELLS IN MICE
Authors: Selecki EE 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe introduction of a method of labelling ascites tumour cells with radioactive chromium has facilitated a quantitative study of metastasis of these cells.A rapid rate of removal of tumour cells from the blood stream takes place in the first 15 minutes after the intravenous injection of labelled tumour cells, and a corresponding rise in the number of tumour cells lodged in the lungs is observed at this time.A constant release of tumour cells from the lungs into the systemic circulation occurs immediately after the intravenous injection. The release is relatively slight in the first three hours, but after 24 hours only 5 p.c. of the number of cells accumulated remain in the lung.The liver accumulates about 20 p.c. of the total number of cells injected in the first six hours. The subsequent disappearance of the cells from the organ is slow.A steady accumulation of cells is observed in the spleen up to the third day after injection. The total number of cells reaching the spleen is small, but the concentration per gram of splenic tissue is relatively high.
PLASMA CELL PROLIFERATION FOLLOWING WHOLE BODY IRRADIATION
Authors: Nossal GJV 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe effects of large doses of whole body irradiation on lymphoid tissues have been studied, with special reference to the normal plasma fell populations of the tissues. Plasma cells were found to be more radioresistant than lymphocytes.After a sublethal dose of 500 r of whole body X‐rays, considerable plasma cell proliferation followed. This plasma cell proliferation occurred earlier and was relatively more extensive than lymphocyte regeneration.The view is put forward that the plasma cell proliferation might represent an antibody response to invading micro‐organisms entering the irradiated animal via the damaged gastrointestinal tract.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A STRAIN OF HUMAN CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Larkin Maureen F 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA strain of human cells–B‐184–has been grown continuously in tissue culture for over 12 months. The cells are maintained easily in simple fluid medium on glass. They can be stored successfully at –50°C, for at least four mouths. Poliovirus multiplied within these cells and produced cytopathogenic effects.
SERUM MAGNESIUM‐CHOLESTEROL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE CENTRAL AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINE AND IN EUROPEANS WITH AND WITHOUT ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
Authors: Charnock John S , Casley‐Smith John , Schwartz Colin J 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe serum cholesterol level of Australian aborigines has been shown to be significantly lower than that of Australian controls of European descent, living either in Adelaide or Alice Springs.The serum magnesium level of the Australian aborigine was greater than that of European controls, living in or near Adelaide; but was less than that of the European controls living in the Alice Springs area.A relationship between the serum magnesium and cholesterol levels was not demonstrated by correlation coefficients.The reason for the difference between the cholesterol levels of Australian aborigines and Europeans is, of course, speculative, but could be assigned to a difference of dietary fat. Similarly the difference in magnesium levels existing between Europeans in Adelaide and all racial groups in Alice Springs could be assigned to either a higher intake of magnesium or to climatic conditions such as dehydration.
THE HAEMATOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINE
Authors: Casley‐Smith JR 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYBlood films of 30 aborigines and 30 Europeans were studied to obtain neutrophil and lymphocyte haemograms.The aborigines had an increased proportion of young cells in both cases.It was held that these results show that the observed leukocytosis is due to increased cell production. This may be due to the greater, long continued “stress” of the aborigines' environment.