bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the genetic risk and impact of lateral transmission in a valine-associated scrapie outbreak in sheep
Authors: Evoniuk Jessica M. , Stoltenow Charles L. , O'Rourke Katherine I. , Moore Bert L. , Redmer Dale A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To characterize an outbreak of valineassociated
scrapie, assess the relative risk of scrapie
infection in relation to allele frequency at codon 136,
and investigate lateral transmission of infection in a
sheep flock within the United States.

Animals—1,006 sheep.

Procedure—To determine genotypes, blood or
semen samples were assessed via commercial testing;
in 190 slaughtered sheep, scrapie status was
determined via immunohistochemical evaluation of
tissues. Scrapie-positive sheep born to scrapie-negative
dams and sheep infected after 1 year of age were
identified to assess lateral transmission.

Results—Genotypes were determined for codon 171
(164 sheep) or codons 136 and 171 (842 sheep).
Forty-four of 160 slaughtered sheep of known genotype
were scrapie positive. In these sheep, the presence
of at least 1 valine allele at codon 136 (V136) was
highly correlated with scrapie-positive status. Lateral
transmission was the probable source of infection for
4 scrapie-positive sheep born to scrapie-negative
dams and for 11 sheep in which scrapie was diagnosed
at > 50 months of age.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that the outbreak of scrapie was associated with
a relatively high frequency of V136 in the flock, introduction
of a valine-dependent scrapie strain, and the
occurrence of lateral transmission. Genotyping of
sheep may assist management decisions following
diagnosis of scrapie in a sheep with at least 1 V136. It
may be prudent to remove sheep of the diploid genotype
AVQR (at codons 136 and 171) from infected
flocks. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1302–1307)
Effects of cholecystokinin-receptor antagonists on Fos-like immunoreactivity stimulated by sulfated cholecystokinin-8 in neurons of the myenteric plexus and hindbrain of rats
Authors: Webb Tennille , Gulley Stephen , Esdaile Alton R. , Pruitt Fleurette , Sharma Sanjay K. , Williams Carol S. , Sayegh Ayman I. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the role of cholecystokinin (CCK)-receptor antagonists in the activation of enteric and hindbrain neurons by sulfated CCK-8.Animals—81 male Sprague-Dawley rats.Procedure—Rats were allocated to 10 groups (5 to 22 rats/group). Each rat received 2 IP injections (15 minutes between injections). The first injection consisted of a specific CCK2-receptor (CCK2R) antagonist (L365,260; 150, 500, or 1,000 µg/kg), a specific CCK1-receptor (CCK1R) antagonist (devazepide; 150 µg/kg), or 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO [ie, vehicle]), and the second injection consisted of sulfated CCK-8 (10 µg/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Rats were anesthetized and perfused with 500 mL of Krebs saline solution, and the myenteric plexuses of the duodenum and jejunum were collected. Rats were then perfused with 500 mL of phosphate-buffered 4% formaldehyde solution; rats were then euthanatized, and the hindbrain of each was harvested. Tissues were stained by use of a diaminobenzidine reaction enhanced with nickel to reveal Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI), a marker of neuronal activation, in the aforementioned neurons.Results—Sulfated CCK-8 significantly increased Fos- LI in the myenteric and hindbrain neurons, compared with values for the DMSO injections. All dosages of L365,260 failed to attenuate this increase; however, injection of devazepide attenuated the increase in Fos-LI.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of the results of this study reveals that sulfated CCK-8 activates myenteric and hindbrain neurons of rats primarily through CCK1R. It provides evidence that CCK2R are lacking or not functional in the gastrointestinal tract of rats. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1308–1313)
Effects of mosapride, a 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor agonist, on electrical activity of the small intestine and cecum in horses
Authors: Sasaki Naoki , Okamura Kouichi , Yamada Haruo 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To examine the effects of various doses
of mosapride, a 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor agonist,
on motility of the small intestine and cecum in
horses by use of electrical activity and to determine
the dose that provides the optimal response.

Animals—6 healthy adult Thoroughbreds.

Procedure—Electrical activity of the small intestine
and cecum was recorded before and after mosapride
administration by use of an electrogastrograph.
Mosapride (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/kg) was dissolved in
200 mL of water and administered orally to horses
through a nasogastric tube. Three hours after drug
administration, mean amplitude of electrical activity
calculated for a period of 30 minutes was expressed
as the percentage of the mean amplitude of electrical
activity for a period of 30 minutes before drug
administration.

Results—Mosapride administered orally increased
the percentage of the mean amplitude of electrical
activity in the small intestine and cecum in a dosedependent
manner. Mean ± SD values differed significantly
for 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/kg (127.0 ± 12.5%, 137.7 ±
22.2%, and 151.1 ± 24.0%, respectively) in the small
intestine and for 1.5 and 2 mg/kg (130.1 ± 34.5% and
151.6 ± 45.2%, respectively) in the cecum.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of
results of this study clearly documents that
mosapride promotes motility in the small intestine
and cecum of horses and that the optimal orally
administered dosage is 1.5 to 2 mg/kg. Therefore,
mosapride may be useful for treatment of horses
with gastrointestinal tract dysfunction. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1321–1323)
Epidural migration of new methylene blue in 0.9% sodium chloride solution or 2% mepivacaine solution following injection into the first intercoccygeal space in foal cadavers and anesthetized foals undergoing laparoscopy
Authors: Lansdowne Jennifer L. , Kerr Carolyn L. , Bouré Ludovic P. , Pearce Simon G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the relationship between epidural cranial migration and injectate volume of an isotonic solution containing dye in laterally recumbent foal cadavers and evaluate the cranial migration and dermatome analgesia of an epidural dye solution during conditions of laparoscopy in foals.Animals—19 foal cadavers and 8 pony foals.Procedure—Foal cadavers received an epidural injection of dye solution (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 mL/kg) containing 1.2 mg of new methylene blue (NMB)/mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Length of the dye column and number of intervertebral spaces cranial and caudal to the injection site were measured. Anesthetized foals received an epidural injection of dye solution (0.2 mL/kg) containing saline solution or 2% mepivacaine. Foals were placed in a 10o headdown position, and pneumoperitoneum was induced. Dermatome analgesia was determined by use of a described electrical stimulus technique. Foals were euthanatized, and length of the dye column was measured.Results—Epidural cranial migration of dye solution in foal cadavers increased with increasing volume injected. No significant difference was found in epidural cranial migration of a dye solution (0.2 mL/kg) between anesthetized foals undergoing conditions of laparoscopy and foal cadavers in lateral recumbency. Further craniad migration of the dye column occurred than indicated by dermatome analgesia.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Epidural cranial migration increases with volume of injectate. On the basis of dermatome analgesia, an epidural injection of 2% mepivacaine (0.2 mL/kg) alone provides analgesia up to at least the caudal thoracic dermatome and could permit caudal laparoscopic surgical procedures in foals. (Am J Vet Res2005; 66:1324–1329)
Prediction of serum ionized calcium concentration by use of serum total calcium concentration in dogs
Authors: Schenck Patricia A. , Chew Dennis J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether total serum calcium (tCa) or adjusted tCa concentrations accurately predict ionized calcium (iCa) status in dogs.Sample Population—1,633 canine serum samples.Procedure—The tCa concentration was adjusted for total protein (TP) or albumin concentration by use of published equations. Correlations between iCa and tCa or adjusted tCa, tCa and TP, and tCa and albumin were calculated. Diagnostic discordance between tCa or adjusted tCa and iCa was determined. Diagnostic discordance in predicting iCa was also determined for 490 dogs with chronic renal failure (CRF). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative diagnostic likelihood ratios were calculated for tCa, tCa adjusted for TP, and tCa adjusted for albumin.Results—Diagnostic discordance was 27% when tCa concentration was used to predict iCa status. Use of adjusted tCa increased diagnostic discordance to approximately 37% for all dogs and 55% for dogs with CRF. Positive predictive value and positive diagnostic likelihood ratios were poor when tCa concentration was used to predict iCa status. The tCa concentration overestimated normocalcemia and underestimated hypocalcemia. Adjusted tCa overestimated hypercalcemia and underestimated hypocalcemia.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Adjusted tCa or tCa concentrations are unacceptable for predicting iCa status in dogs. Use of adjustment equations is not recommended. Direct measurement of iCa concentration is necessary for accurate assessment of calcium status. Use of tCa or adjusted tCa concentrations to predict iCa status in dogs could cause serious mistakes in diagnosis and case management, especially in dogs with CRF. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1330–1336)
Evaluation of the precision of intradermal injection of control substances for intradermal testing in clinically normal horses
Authors: Wong David M. , Buechner-Maxwell Virginia A. , Manning Thomas O. , Ward Daniel L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the precision of intradermal testing (IDT) in horses.Animals—12 healthy adult horses.Procedure—IDT was performed on the neck of each horse by use of 2 positive control substances (histamine and phytohemagglutinin [PHA]) and a negative control substance. An equal volume (0.1 mL) for each injection was prepared to yield a total of 20 syringes ([4 concentrations of each positive control substance plus 1 negative control substance] times 2 positive control substances times 2 duplicative tests) for each side of the neck. Both sides of the neck were used for IDT; therefore, 40 syringes were prepared for each horse. Hair was clipped on both sides of the neck, and ID injections were performed. Diameter of the skin wheals was recorded 0.5, 4, and 24 hours after ID injection.Results—Intra- and interhorse skin reactions to ID injection of histamine and PHA resulted in wheals of uniform size at 0.5 and 4 hours, respectively. Significant intra- and interhorse variation was detected in wheals caused by PHA at 24 hours.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—ID injection of histamine and PHA caused repeatable and precise results at 0.5 and 4 hours, respectively. Concentrations of 0.005 mg of histamine/mL and 0.1 mg of PHA/mL are recommended for use as positive control substances for IDT in horses. This information suggests that consistent wheal size is evident for ID injection of control substances, and variation in wheals in response to ID injection of test antigens results from a horse's immune response to specific antigens. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1341–1347)
Effects of preoperative administration of carprofen on renal function and hemostasis in dogs undergoing surgery for fracture repair
Authors: Bergmann Hannes M. L. , Nolte Ingo J. A. , Kramer Sabine 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate effects of preoperative administration of carprofen on renal function and hemostasis in dogs undergoing general anesthesia for fracture repair.Animals—26 client-owned dogs.Procedure—Anesthesia was induced with levomethadone, diazepam, and propofol and maintained by administration of isoflurane in oxygen-nitrous oxide. Carprofen (4 mg/kg, SC) was administered 1 hour before induction to 13 dogs (group 1) and after extubation to the other 13 dogs (group 2). All dogs also received carprofen (4 mg/kg, SC, q 24 h) for the first 4 days after surgery. Renal function (glomerular filtration rate [GFR], urinary protein-to-urinary creatinine ratio [UP:UC], and results of urinalysis and biochemical analysis of plasma), hemostatic variables (bleeding time, platelet aggregation, prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT], and platelet count), and Hct were assessed before and at various time points after surgery.Results—Analysis of results for renal function tests, most of the hemostatic and plasma biochemical variables, and Hct did not reveal significant differences between treatment groups. Values for GFR, UP:UC, PT, APTT, and platelet aggregation were outside reference ranges in many dogs before surgery and during the first 6 hours after surgery. In most dogs, these trauma-induced pathologic changes returned to within reference ranges during the 4-day period after surgery.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Carprofen did not cause clinically relevant adverse effects in dogs anesthetized for fracture repair after 5 days of treatment, even when it was administered before surgery or given to patients with trauma-induced alterations in renal function or hemostasis. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1356–1363)
Evaluation of expected response to selection for orthopedic health and performance traits in Hanoverian Warmblood horses
Authors: Stock Kathrin F. , Distl Ottmar 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether selection schemes accounting for orthopedic health traits were compatible with breeding progress in performance parameters in Hanoverian Warmblood horses.Animals—5,928 horses.Procedure—Relative breeding values (RBVs) were predicted for osseous fragments in fetlock (metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal) and tarsal joints, deforming arthropathy in tarsal joints, and pathologic changes in distal sesamoid bones. Selection schemes were developed on the basis of total indices for radiographic findings (TIR), dressage (TID), and jumping (TIJ). Response to selection was traced over 2 generations of horses for dressage and jumping ability and all-purpose breeding. Development of mean RBVs and mean total indices in sires and prevalences of orthopedic health traits in their offspring were used to assess response to selection.Results—Giving equal weight to TIR and TID, TIJ, or a combined index of 60% TID and 40% TIJ, 43% to 53% of paternal grandsires and 70% to 82% of descending sires passed selection. In each case, RBVs and total indices increased by as much as 9% in selected sires, when compared with all sires, and prevalences of orthopedic health traits in offspring of selected sires decreased relatively by as much as 16%. When selection was exclusively based on TID, TIJ, or TID and TIJ, percentages of selected sires were 44% to 66% in the first and 73% to 84% in the second generation and TID and TIJ increased by 9% to 10% and 19% to 23%, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Compared with exclusively performance-based selection, percentages of selected sires changed slightly and breeding progress in TID, TIJ, or TID and TIJ was only slightly decreased; however, prevalences of orthopedic health traits decreased in offspring of TIR-selected sires. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1371–1379)
Evaluation of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous detection of Rhodococcus equi and the vapA gene
Authors: Halbert Natalie D. , Reitzel Ruth A. , Martens Ronald J. , Cohen Noah D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate sensitivity and specificity of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for simultaneous detection ofRhodococcus equiand differentiation of strains that contain the virulence-associated gene (vapA) from strains that do not.Sample Population—187 isolates ofR equifrom equine and nonequine tissue and environmental specimens and 27 isolates of bacterial species genetically or morphologically similar toR equi.Procedure—The multiplex PCR assay included 3 gene targets: a universal 311-bp bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon (positive internal control), a 959-bpR equi-specific target in the cholesterol oxidase gene (choE), and a 564-bp amplicon of the vapA gene. Duplicate multiplex PCR assays for these targets and confirmatory singleplex PCR assays for vapA andchoEwere performed for each R equiisolate. An additional PCR assay was used to examine isolates for thevapBgene.Results—Results of duplicate multiplex and singleplex PCR assays were correlated in all instances, revealing high specificity and reliability (reproducibility) of thevapAmultiplex assay. Of the pulmonary isolates from horses with suspectedR equipneumonia, 97.4% (76/78) yielded positive results forvapA. Seven of 50 (14%) human isolates ofR equiyielded positive results forvapA. Six humanR equiisolates and 1 porcine isolate yielded positive results forvapB. No isolates withvapAandvapBgenes were detected.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The multiplex PCR assay is a sensitive and specific method for simultaneous confirmation of species identity and detection of the vapA gene. The assay appeared to be a useful tool for microbiologic and epidemiologic diagnosis and research. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1380–1385)
Comparison of various blood-typing methods for the feline AB blood group system
Authors: Stieger Knut , Palos Hanna , Giger Urs 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare feline blood-typing results determined by use of the card (CARD), gel (GEL), tube (TUBE), University of Pennsylvania (Penn) tube, and Penn slide tests.Sample Population—Blood samples from 38 healthy cats.Procedure—Blood samples, anticoagulated with EDTA, were screened by use of each blood-typing method according to manufacturers' protocols.Results—On the basis of the standard Penn tube and slide test results, 20, 11, and 7 cats were classified as type A positive, type B positive, and type AB positive, respectively. The same results were obtained with the anti-B and anti-B reagents of the TUBE test. Use of anti-A antibodies of original polyclonal and current monoclonal CARD tests resulted in mostly 2+ to 3+ (scale, 0 to 4+) agglutination reactions with blood samples from type A-positive cats; agglutination reactions with blood samples from type AB-positive cats were weak (1+). The anti-B lectin of the CARD test induced a 2+ to 4+ reaction with blood from all type B- and type AB-positive cats. Use of the GEL test allowed recognition of type A and type B blood samples; following addition of anti-A serum to control columns, type B blood was differentiated from type AB blood.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of the inpractice CARD test allows identification of type A and type B-positive cats, but weak reactions of type AB blood with the anti-A monoclonal antibody raise concerns. The modified GEL and TUBE tests appear to be reliable clinical laboratory methods for feline blood typing. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1393–1399)
Ultrastructural morphologic evaluation of the phenotype of valvular interstitial cells in dogs with myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve
Authors: Black Alexander , French Anne T. , Dukes-McEwan Joanna , Corcoran Brendan M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate morphologic changes in valvular interstitial cells of dogs and to find evidence for disease-associated phenotypic changes in these cells.Animals—5 clinically normal dogs and 5 dogs with severe mitral valve endocardiosis.Procedure—Mitral valve leaflets were evaluated by use of transmission electron microscopy. Differences in cell type and cell location were identified.Results—A change in cell type toward a myofibroblast or smooth muscle cell phenotype was detected, with the smooth muscle cell type being most common. These cells had long amorphous cytoplasmic extensions, fibrillar cytoplasm, incomplete basal lamina, few mitochondria, and eccentrically placed nuclei but lacked smooth endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi complexes. Remaining valvular interstitial cells had heterochromatic nuclei and produced only minimal quantities of collagen. Compared with normal valves, myxomatous valves had many interstitial-like cells located adjacent to the endothelium. Deeper within the abnormal valves, cells with a heterogenous phenotype formed groupings that appeared to be anchored to adjacent collagen.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve in dogs is associated with phenotypic alteration, changing from an interstitial to a mixed myofibroblast or smooth muscle cell phenotype. A closer association between interstitial cells and the endothelium is evident in diseased valves. In response to the disease process, valvular interstitial cells of dogs appear to change toward a smooth muscle phenotype, possibly in an attempt to maintain valve tone and mechanical function. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1408–1414)
Determination of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase-like activities in equine spermatozoa, seminal plasma, and reproductive tissues
Authors: Baumber Julie , Ball Barry A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities in spermatozoa, seminal plasma, and reproductive tissues (ie, testis, epididymis, bulbourethral gland, prostate, vesicular gland, and ampulla) in horses.Sample Population—Seminal plasma from 17 stallions, spermatozoa from 5 stallions, and reproductive tissues from 3 stallions.Procedure—Activity of GPX was determined by use of assays measuring oxidation of NADPH in the presence of exogenous glutathione, cumene hydroperoxide, and glutathione reductase. Activity of SOD-like enzymes was determined by use of the nitroblue tetrazolium assay.Results—Mean GPX and SOD-like activities in seminal plasma were 1.3 ± 0.1 nmol of NADPH oxidized/ min/mg of protein and 29.2 ± 6.6 U/mg of protein, respectively. Mean GPX activities in spermatozoa separated from seminal plasma by centrifugation and via Percoll gradient were 2.2 ± 0.3 nmol and 6.1 ± 1.3 nmol of NADPH oxidized/min/mg of protein, respectively. Mean SOD-like activity of spermatozoa separated by centrifugation was 58.6 ± 22.3 U/mg of protein; SOD-like activity was not detected in Percollseparated spermatozoa. Among reproductive tissues, the ampulla and prostate had the highest SOD-like activity, although this was not significantly different from activity in other tissues. Testes and spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis contained significantly more GPX activity than other tissues.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that although equine seminal plasma contains high SOD-like enzyme activity, spermatozoa have limited GPX and SOD-like activity. Enzymatic antioxidant activity in equine spermatozoa appears to be predominantly derived from seminal plasma adsorbed onto the plasma membrane. Removal of seminal plasma during semen processing may increase oxidative stress in equine spermatozoa. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1415–1419)