bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ENHANCED ROLE OF WATER CONSERVATION IN THE COST‐BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF WATER PROJECTS1
Authors: Griffin Ronald C. , Stoll John R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe concept of water conservation has increased in importance because of revisions in the rules and procedures for performing cost‐benefit analyses of federal water projects. These revisions include a requirement that nonstructural and water conservation measures be incorporated into economic assessments of projects. Project analyses will now proceed as if water supplies were allocated “most effectively,” that is, to their highest valued uses. A related requirement provides that the net benefits of any project should now be valued using willingness to pay measures. A specific cost‐benefit methodology accommodating the revisions is constructed and discussed. Informational requirements for applying this methodology are identified. In addition to being consistent with federal mandates, this technique offers important advantages over the traditional “requirements” approach to water supply planning.
THE CENTRAL ARIZONA WATER CONTROL STUDY: A CASE FOR MULTIOBJECTIVE PLANNING AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT1
Authors: Brown Curtis A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:This paper describes the successful application of a multiobjective planning framework, incorporating substantial public involvement, to a major water resources decision involving intense confilcts. The study was initiated to help resolve more than a decade of controversy over a project proposed to control flooding and provide regulatory storage in the Phoenix, Arizona, area. The public was actively involved in the development of study goals and the specification of acceptable tradeoffs between multiple objectives. A wide range of structural and nonstructural alternatives was formulated and evaluated in relation to these objectives, and broad‐based support was developed for a new plan. Reasons for the successful outcome are discussed, as well as implications for water resources planning under the new Federal Principles and Guidelines.
AN INDEX OF STORED FINE SEDIMENT IN GRAVEL BEDDED STREAMS1
Authors: Mahoney Donald , Erman Don C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:An index of sediments less than 0.3 mm stored in the top layer of small streams was estimated by disturbing a fixed area for 2 minutes and catching the resultant sediment drift in downstream traps. The method was used in 24 small northern California streams and was tested by releasing known amounts and sizes of sediments in controlled trails. Field use showed general agreement with an exponential model of decrease in sediment trapped vs. distance. Sites in distrubed reaches (watersheds logged with no streamside buffers or with buffers less than 30 m) had higher indices of stored sediment than control sites. Estimates from controlled trials averaged 7.5 percent higher than actual losses for composite size classes ≤ 0.3 mm, 19.7 percent higher than actual losses for just the ≤ 0.125 mm class, and 15.2 percent for all 14 trials. The method is relatively simple and suitable for remote locations, particularly in studies comparing many small streams.
SOURCES OF VARIABILITY IN PHOSPHORUS AND CHLOROPHYLL AND THEIR EFFECTS ON USE OF LAKE SURVEY DATA1
Authors: Knowlton Matthew F. , Hoyer Mark V. , Jones John R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTS:Summer lake survey measurements of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (CHLa) from 188 reserviors and natural lakes in the midwest were analyzed to determine the magnitude of major sources of variability. Median variance among replicate samples collected at the same location and time was about 7‐8 percent of the mean for both TP and CHLa. Median observed temporal variability within summers was 27 percent of the mean for TP and 45 percent of the mean for CHLa. Median values of year‐to‐year variance in average TP and CHLa were 22 percent and 31 percent of the mean, respectively. A range of approximately two orders of magnitude was observed among individual estimates of variance in each of these categories. The magnitude of observed temporal variability was affected only slightly by variance among replicate samples on individual days and was weakly correlated with the length of time during which samples were collected from individual lakes. Observed temporal variation was similar between reservoirs and natural lakes when variances were calculated with logtransformed data. The magnitude of temporal and year‐to‐year variance can severely limit the power of statistical comparisons of TP and CHLa means, but has less effect on establishing relative rankings of lake means, Sources and relative magnitude of variability are important in the use of TP and CHLa data in regression models and in the planning of lake surveys and subsequent data analysis.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WATER QUALITY AND PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS FOR PUGET SOUND REGION LAKES1
Authors: Gilliom Robert J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRegression relationships were developed between summer mean total phosphorus (P) concentrations in near‐surface water and both chlorophyll a concentrations and Secchi disc transparency for Puget Sound region lakes. Total P concentrations in the lakes studied ranged from 7 to 66 μ/L. The relationship between total P and chlorophyll a, based on data from 69 lakes, explained 57 percent of the variance in chlorophyll a. Predicted chlorophyll a concentrations and 95 percent confidence intervals ranged from 1 +3‐0.5μg/L for 7 μg/L P to about +35‐10μ/L for 66 μ/L P. The relationship between total P and Secchi disc, based on data from 71 lakes, explained 53 percent of the variance in Secchi disc. Predicted Secchi disc transparencies and 95 percent confidence intervals ranged from 5.5 +5.5‐3.0 m for 7 μ/L P to 1.4 +1.5‐0.7 m for 66 μ/L P.
A STAGE‐ACTIVATED TRIGGERING DEVICE FOR AUTOMATIC PUMPING SAMPLERS1
Authors: Turton Donald J. , Wigington Parker J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:A device to trigger automatic pumping samplers at discrete stages on headwater streams in southeastern Oklahoma was developed. The magnetic switch column employs a sequence of magnetic reed switches wired in parallel and set at 0.03 m (0.10 ft) intervals. A magnetic float inside the column closes the reed switches, therby triggering the sampler as stage rises and falls. The columns were constructed from inexpensive, readily‐available materials. Following installation and field calibration, the columns provided relaible and representative sampling during 12 storms, at three sites. The magnetic switch column may be used in a wide range of research and monitoring sites to improve water quality sampling.
NITRATE TRANSFORMATIONS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO STREAM SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Wyer M. D. , Hill A. R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe transformation of nitrate was investigated in diverse stream sediments from six areas of Southern Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Experiments conducted with intact 0‐5 cm depth sediment cores overlain with aerated 5 mg/l nitrate‐N solution reveald considerable nitrate depletion during a six‐day period as a resuit of denitrification and nitrate reduction to ammonium. Nitrification and ammonification also occurred simultaneously with nitrate reduction in many stream sediments. Mixed 0‐5 cm depth sediments collected from 81 stream sites were used to examine the relationship between microbial nitrate removal and sediment characteristics. Rates of nitrate‐N loss from aerated 5 mg/l nitrate‐N solutions overlying these sediments ranged between 11 and 171 mg/m2/day for a 24‐hour incubation period. Rates of nitrate loss for the 24‐hour period exhibited a significant positive correlation (r=0.72) with sediment ammonium content. Organic carbon, total nitrogen and sediment texture also had significant but weak correlations with nitrate loss.
A REMOTE SENSING APPROACH FOR MODELING WATER RESOURCE USE1
Authors: Nellis M. Duane 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRemote sensing data combined with other spatially referenced data were used to predict water resource use in an irrigated area of Central Oregon. Crop type and irrigation method were determined using color infrared aerial photography and thermal infrared imagery, respectively. These data were combined with crop consumptive use and irrigation method application efficiency values to determine total water applied to a transect sample through the heart of the study area. This information, when integrated with data on canal leakage and storage reservoir seepage, allowed the researcher to predict total water use for the entire management unit. The model developed allowed the researcher to attain results accurate to within 92.0 percent of actual values, suggesting that predictive water use models which use such techniques have tremendous potential for providing water resource managers with near real‐time statistics required for making wise management decisions.
A NUMERICAL ESTUARINE FLOW MODEL1
Authors: Henry F. S. , Ahlert R. C. , Peskin R. L. , Vichnevetsky R. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA novel estuarine flow model is proposed. It provides some two‐dimensional features while using an essentially one‐dimensional approach. The model is applied to the Upper Delaware Estuary, and is shown to match available field data with acceptable accuracy. The model is shown to be numerically stable and reasonably mass conservative.
AN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE POLICIES FOR CONTROLLING AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION1
Authors: Kramer Randall A. , McSweeny William T. , Kerns Waldon R. , Stavros Robert W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAn economic analysis of nonpoint source pollution management was conducted for the Nansemond River and Chuckatuck Creek watersheds in Southeast Virginia. The potential effects of alternative public policies on farm income, land use, and pollution loadings were investigated. Regulatory programs could have quite different impacts depending on which pollutant is targeted. Cost‐share rates greater than 50 percent would have little additional effect on pollution from crop enterprises, but would reduce pollution from livestock
CONTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION TO QUALITY OF URBAN STORM RUNOFF1
Authors: Halverson Howard G. , DeWalle David R. , Sharpe William E. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryPrecipitation and runoff samples were collected for 13 storms in a nonindustrial urban area in Central Pennsylvania between July 1980 and June 1981. Runoff was collected from tree surfaces, a residential roof and street, a shopping mall parking lot, a downtown business district alley, and a heavily traveled street. Analysis of the water samples showed 10 to 25 percent of the nitrogen, 25 percent of the sulfate, and less than 5 percent of the phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in water below a tree was deposited by the precipitation. The residential roof caused insignificant changes in water chemistry. The results for the four paved areas showed that all the nitrogen, and from 16 to 40 percent of the sulfate and 13, 4, and 2 percent of the phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, respectively, in runoff was deposited by the precipitation. Precipitation can also be an important source of sulfate and phosphorus in runoff. All of the surfaces raised the pH of the runoff, with the largest increases, from a pH of 4 to about 7, occurring in runoff from the paved areas. Precipitation and runoff chemistry was not related to antecedent conditions such as the length of the preceding dry period.
GOLD‐MINING EFFECTS ON HEAVY METALS IN STREAMS, CIRCLE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA1
Authors: LaPerriere Jacqueline D. , Wagener Stephen M. , Bjerklie David M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTPlacer gold mining, which extracts gold from buried or exposed alluvia, is often conducted on or near streams. Such mining has the potential to adversely affect water quality. Other heavy metals associated with the gold (such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper) may be freed to enter streams. Mercury may also enter streams if miners are using it to recover fine particles of gold. These heavy metals are toxic and thus may be harmful to the aquatic life of the streams receiving effluent or runoff from placer mines.In 1982 we sampled two streams intensively ‐ one heavily mined and one unmined ‐ for total recoverable arsenic, mercury, lead, zinc, and copper. Only mercury was not significantly higher in concentration in the mined streams. In 1983 we sampled two stream pairs three times, and 10 other sites at least once, for total and dissolved arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, zinc, and copper. Mercury and cadmium were not significantly elevated in mined streams, but the concentrations of total arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper, and dissolved arsenic and zinc were significantly higher in streams below active placer mining sites than in these that were not being mined or those that had never been mined. Additionally, total arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper and dissolved arsenic and copper became elevated after mining began in 1983 on a previously unmined stream.
AN ASSESSMENT OF WATER UTILITY INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR USE OF COMPUTERS1
Authors: Shell Richard L. , Damachi Nicholas A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTo provide an overview of water utility information systems and the extent of computer use, a direct mail survey of all water utilities serving populations of 2,000 or more in the tri‐state area ‐ Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky ‐ was conducted. The following was determined: 1) utility profile information, e.g., public/private ownership, age, number of accounts, etc.; 2) an assessment of the degree of computerization presently in place to perform various functions; and 3) an assessment of any plans that the utilities may have for future computerization.To analyze the data, an index of computerization was defined as the number of departments or major activity areas of each utility that presently have some computerization. The relationship between the degree of computerization (measured by this index) and a utility's profile in terms of population served, annual revenue generated, and the number of customer accounts is discussed for each state in the survey. Discriminant analysis revealed strong significant differences between utilities that plan to use computers and those that do not. The differences were identified by the authors. Survey results revealed a rather limited use of computers in the tri‐state area. Enormous potential exists in small and medium sized utilities for computerization to improve operational efficiency.
CHLOROPHYLL‐BIOMASS‐NUTRIENT RELATIONSHIPS FOR NATURAL ASSEMBLAGES OF FLORIDA PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Canfield Daniel E. , Linda Stephen B. , Hodgson Lynn M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTParallel determination of phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll a concentration were made on spring and summer phytoplankton samples collected from 165 Florida lakes. There was a significant correlation between chlorophyll a concentration and phytoplankton biomass (r=0.80; P < 0.01). Chlorophyll content per unit phytoplankton biomass ranged over two orders of magnitude. Nitrogen seemed to be a major factor influencing the chlorophyll content of Florida algae. Multiple regression analyses indicated that phytoplankton biomass was dependent on both the total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentration. Nutrient‐phytoplankton and Secchi‐phytoplankton relationships for the Florida lakes had higher coefficients of determination if chlorophyll a concentrations rather than phytoplankton biomass data were used in regression analyses.
EFFECTIVENESS OF DROUGHT POLICIES FOR MUNICIPAL WATER MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Narayanan Rangesan , Larson Dean T. , Hughes Trevor C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the 1976–77 drought, three principal mechanisms were used to reduce water use in Utah communities: price increases, maximum monthly use restrictions, and restrictions on outdoor watering times. A regression model was developed to explain observed changes in water use, with price, type of restriction, household size, and summer rainfall as independent variables. For an average system, a 1 percent increase in price would reduce water use by 0.07 to 0.09 percent. A 1 percent increase in outdoor watering time restriction reduces use by 0.064 to 0.075 percent. A 1 percent increase in quantity restrictions leads to a reduction in water use of 0.014 to 0.054 percent. The effectiveness of rationing policies is influenced by system characteristics. For example, outdoor watering time restrictions were less effective in systems with above average household size and below average monthly use.
OPTIMAL IDENTIFICATION OF MUSKINGUM ROUTING COEFFICIENTS1
Authors: Wu Jy S. , King Ellis L. , Wang Michael 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTraditionally, identification of the Muskingum routing coefficients has been based on observations of the linearity of a loop formed by graphically plotting a forward and a reverse path. This graphical procedure is time‐consuming and may not minimize the error of estimation.A procedure was developed to improve the drawbacks of the graphical method. This procedure calls for (a) the use of least square regression on the forward and reverse paths to determine their respective slopes, and (b) the use of statistical t‐test to evaluate the hypothesis that these two slopes are equal. The computational procedure is repeated, using incremental values of the flow weighting coefficient, x. A graph of the computed t‐value versus x can be constructed. The optimal value of x, as read from the graph, occurs at the minimum computed t‐value. The procedure has been demonstrated superior to the graphical method for three illustrative examples, resulting in a reduction of the error squares by factors ranging from 5 to 6.
CORRELATION OF ANNUAL PEAK FLOWS FOR PENNSYLVANIA STREAMS1
Authors: Wall David J. , Englot Mary E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA common assumption in flood frequency analysis is that annual peak flows are independent events. This study was undertaken to investigate the validity of this assumption with regard to Pennsylvania streams by statistically analyzing the dependence between annual peak flows and to determine if basin carryover effects relate to the degree of dependence. Five tests of dependence, the autocorrelation test, the median crossing test, the turning points test, the rank difference test, and the Spearman rank order serial correlation coefficient test were applied to the series of annual peak flows for 57 streams. Of the 57 streams analyzed, only two exhibited signs of dependence by at least two of the tests performed, and the baseflow component of annual peak flows was found to be unrelated to the degree of dependence exhibited between annual peak flows. It was concluded that the assumption of independence of annual peak flows is valid in flood frequency analysis for Pennsylvania streams.
WATERFALL REAERATION IN THE PASSAIC RIVER1
Authors: Uchrin Christopher G. , Ahlert William K. , Park Seok S. , Schneck Susan R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of waterfall‐induced turbulence on the dissolved oxygen concentration of the Passaic River (New Jersey) at two mostly natural waterfalls were observed during a five‐month period encompassing high to low temperature and flow. A parameter defined by past investigators as the “deficit ratio” was found to be useful for mathematically describing the results. The Great Falls system showed the deficit ratio to be an inverse function of temperature for all events, with good correlation. A relationship was developed for the Little Falls system under low flow showing the deficit ratio to likewise be an inverse function of temperature and a power function of flow.
REGIONAL FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGIC MULTIYEAR DROUGHTS1
Authors: Sadeghipour Jamshid , Dracup John A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with regional frequency analysis of hydrologic multiyear droughts. A drought event is defined by three parameters: severity, duration, and magnitude. A method is proposed here to standardize drought severities with a duration adjustment to enable comparison among drought events. For purposes of a regional study, the index drought method is selected and applied to standardized droughts to give a regional frequency curve. However, the recurrence intervals of the drought events obtained from index drought method are limited to the historic period of record. Therefore, by taking advantage of random variations of droughts in both time and space, a multivariate simulation model is used to estimate exceedence probabilities associated with regional drought maxima. This method, named the regional extreme drought method, is capable of generating a series of drought events which, although they have not occurred historically, are more severe than historic events. By combining the results of the index drought method and regional extreme drought analysis, a regional drought probability graph is constructed which ranges from severe droughts to more frequent droughts. This procedure is applied to the mean annual flow records of streams located in the San Joaquin Valley of California, and drought‐severity‐frequency plots are prepared for 1‐year, 2‐year, and 3‐year durations.
WATER CHEMISTRY OF NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS STRIP MINE AND LIVESTOCK WATER IMPOUNDMENTS1
Authors: Anderson Mark T. , Hawkes Clifford L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe water from 34 strip mine and 9 livestock water impoundments on the Northern Great Plains was analyzed. In all areas the water was classified as slightly brackish or saline. The dominant ion sequence for the study ponds was Na>Ca>Mg>K and SO4HCO3CO3Cl, which differs from most freshwater by the transposition of Na and SO4. Even though mean concentrations of total filterable residue were consistently greater in strip mine ponds, statistically significant differences were not found at the p ≤ 0.05 level between strip ponds and livestock ponds. The macronutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus found in the ponds were neither limiting to primary productivity nor excessive for fresh water. Many ponds contain turbid water. Turbidity restricts light penetration and limits photosynthesis besides making the ponds visually unattractive. The source of water for the pond, whether surface runoff or groundwater, seems to have important bearing on turbidity. The most appropriate use of these strip mine ponds is for waterfowl, warm‐water fisheries, and other wildlife associated with prairie wetlands. However, even these uses are jeopardized by detrimental concentrations of trace elements in the water (Anderson and Hawkes, 1984).
DETECTING UNKNOWN INTERVENTIONS WITH APPLICATION TO FORECASTING HYDROLOGICAL DATA1
Authors: MacNeilt Ian B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTo accommodate possible parameter changes in time series at times which are not specified in advance, we propose an adaptive procedure for estimating parameters and for forecasting. The mechanism for activating the adaptive procedure is a successively updated change‐detection statistic. The statistic has small expected value when no change is present and has large value when change takes place ‐ the larger the change, the larger the statistic. The statistic defines discounting factors which determine how much of the past will be used both for estimating parameters and for forecasting. The change‐detection statistic is designed to effect major changes to parameter estimates and to forecasts in a discrete fashion only, as opposed to certain other adaptive procedures that react continuously to perceived fluctuations in data, and so indicate change even when parameters remain fixed. The procedure is illustrated using exponential smoothing and Holt's linear exponential smoothing and is applied to a hydrological series.