bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable development and institutional change: evidence from the Tiogo Forest in Burkina Faso
Authors: Dulbecco Philippe , Yelkouni Martin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe management of forest resources in developing countries is often inefficient and this is particularly the case when forests are a public good managed by the state. These inefficiencies are generally the result of both externalities and free‐riding behaviour. The solution usually considered is to change the property rights structure of the resource, that is, privatisation of forests. It appears, however, that privatisation also has inefficiencies of its own, particularly when it is imposed on local populations. The aim of our contribution is to go beyond the usual state management versus privatisation debate, and to propose instead a property rights structure and related co‐ordination scheme which take into account the specific institutional circumstances of the economic setting in which the natural resources are being exploited. The purpose is to suggest solutions based on the need to attain coherence between the external institutional structure and the behaviour of local players. In others words, the challenge is to establish the conditions necessary for an induced—rather than imposed—institutional change. A property rights structure of a resource must consequently be analysed from two perspectives. The first, and more traditional one, sees property rights as an efficient institutional structure of production enabling a reduction in transaction costs. The second proposes to evaluate any given property rights structure from the standpoint of its ability to offer a solution to the issue of an effective link between the legal framework and the behaviour of the players. Our analysis will make use of our knowledge of the forest of Tiogo in Burkina Faso based on a survey organised in 12 riverside villages, and using a sample of 300 households. The case of the Tiogo Forest suggests that institutional change needs to follow an incremental and path‐dependent process within which the state is invited to play a major role together with the local communities. Indeed the institutional choices of the Tiogo Forest households indicate that they favour an inclusion of the local population in resource management and co‐administration of forestry resources with the state. Such an institutional structure favours a negotiated rather than an imposed scheduling of measures, and seeks a minimum of consensus to ensure the adhesion of actors and users to the new institutional arrangements, whilst limiting the number of bad players. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H MRS identifies specific metabolite profiles associated with MYCN‐amplified and non‐amplified tumour subtypes of neuroblastoma cell lines
Authors: Peet Andrew C. , McConville Carmel , Wilson Martin , Levine Barry A. , Reed Michelle , Dyer Sara A. , Edwards Emma C. , Strachan Mary C. , McMullan Dominic J. , Wilkes Timothy M. , Grundy Richard G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNeuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid malignancy in children. The disease possesses a broad range of clinical phenotypes with widely varying prognoses. Numerous studies have sought to identify the associated genetic abnormalities in the tumour, resulting in the identification of useful prognostic markers. In particular, the presence of multiple copies of the MYCN oncogene (referred to as MYCN amplification) has been found to confer a poor prognosis. However, the molecular pathways involved are as yet poorly defined. Metabolite profiles generated by in vitro 1H MRS provide a means of investigating the downstream metabolic consequences of genetic alterations and can identify potential targets for new agents. Thirteen neuroblastoma cell lines possessing multiple genetic alterations were investigated; seven were MYCN amplified and six MYCN non‐amplified. In vitro magic angle spinning 1H MRS was performed on cell suspensions, and the spectra analysed to obtain metabolite concentration ratios relative to total choline (tCho). A principal component analysis using these concentration ratios showed that MYCN‐amplified and non‐amplified cell lines form separate classes according to their metabolite profiles. Phosphocholine/tCho and taurine/tCho were found to be significantly raised (p < 0.05) and glycerophosphocholine/tCho significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the MYCN‐amplified compared with the MYCN non‐amplified cell lines (two‐tailed t test). 1H MRS of the SH‐EP1 cell line and an isogenic cell line transfected with the MYCN oncogene also showed that MYCN oncogene over‐expression causes alterations in phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine and taurine concentrations. Molecular pathways of choline and taurine metabolism are potential targets for new agents tailored to MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate optimisation of microwave‐assisted extraction of capsaicin from Capsicum frutescens L. and quantitative analysis by 1H‐NMR
Authors: Nazari Fatemeh , Ebrahimi Samad Nejad , Talebi Mohammad , Rassouli Ali , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA simple and rapid microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) procedure combined with 1H‐NMR spectrometry was developed and optimised for the extraction and quantitative determination of capsaicin in Capsicum frutescens. The influence of experimental variables, including irradiation power, extraction temperature and dynamic extraction time before reaching the selected extraction temperature, on the performance of the extraction procedure was systematically studied using a Box–Behnken experimental design followed by a conventional central composite design approach. Statistical treatment of the results together with results from some additional experiments suggested optimum extraction conditions as 120°C and 150 W, for 15 min with acetone as extractant. The optimised MAE method provides extracts that can be analysed quantitatively using 1H‐NMR without any preliminary clean‐up or derivatisation steps. In the 1H‐NMR spectrum of the crude extracts the doublet signal in the δ range 4.349–4.360 ppm was well separated from other resonances in deuterated chloroform. The quantity of the compound was calculated from the relative ratio of the integral value of the target peak to that of a known amount of dimethylformamide as internal standard. In comparison with traditional Soxhlet extraction, the proposed method is less labour‐intensive and provides a drastic reduction of extraction time and solvent consumption. In addition, MAE showed higher extraction yield and selectivity, with comparable reproducibility and recovery, relative to both conventional Soxhlet and sonication methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiblock poly(4‐vinylpyridine) and its copolymer prepared with cyclic trithiocarbonate as a reversible addition–fragmentation transfer agent
Authors: Zhang Lushuai , Wang Qi , Lei Ping , Wang Xin , Wang Chaoyang , Cai Lei 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe polymerization of 4‐vinylpyridine was conducted in the presence of a cyclic trithiocarbonate (4,7‐diphenyl‐[1,3]dithiepane‐2‐thione) as a reversible addition–fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization agent, and a multiblock polymer with narrow‐polydispersity blocks was prepared. Two kinds of multiblock copolymers of styrene and 4‐vinylpyridine, that is, (ABA)n multi‐triblock copolymers with polystyrene or poly(4‐vinylpyridine) as the outer blocks, were prepared with multiblock polystyrene or poly(4‐vinylpyridine) as a macro‐RAFT agent, respectively. GPC data for the original polymers and polymers cleaved by amine demonstrated the successful synthesis of amphiphilic multiblock copolymers of styrene and 4‐vinylpyridine via two‐step polymerization. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2617–2623, 2007
Novel UV‐induced photografting process for preparing poly(tetrafluoroethylene)‐based proton‐conducting membranes
Authors: Asano Masaharu , Chen Jinhua , Maekawa Yasunari , Sakamura Takahiro , Kubota Hitoshi , Yoshida Masaru 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA novel process comprising the UV‐induced photografting of styrene into poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) films and subsequent sulfonation has been developed for preparing proton‐conducting membranes. Although under UV irradiation the initial radicals were mainly generated on the surface of the PTFE films by the action of photosensitizers such as xanthone and benzoyl peroxide, the graft chains were readily propagated into the PTFE films. The sulfonation of the grafted films was performed in a chlorosulfonic acid solution. Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the grafted and sulfonated membranes. With a view to use in fuel cells, the proton conductivity, water uptake, and mechanical properties of the prepared membranes were measured. Even through the degree of grafting was lower than 10%, the proton conductivity in the thickness direction of the newly prepared membranes could reach a value similar to that of a Nafion membrane. In comparison with γ‐ray radiation grafting, UV‐induced photografting is very simple and safe and is less damaging to the membranes because significant degradation of the PTFE main chains can be avoided. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2624–2637, 2007
Fabrication of polymer hollow nanospheres by a swelling–evaporation strategy
Authors: Han Jie , Song Genping , Guo Rong 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA general route, involving swelling–evaporation processes, is proposed for the generation of polymer hollow nanospheres derived from polymer nanoparticles for the first time. Different swelling reagents, such as ethanol, o‐toluidine, toluene, and carbon tetrachloride, have been used to study their effect on the morphology of the resultant polymer hollow structures. The evaporation conditions, such as the temperature and pressure, can be used to tune the size and shell thickness of the polymer hollow structures. The chemical structures of the polymer have been characterized with X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2638–2645, 2007
Missing row reconstructed (110), (211) and (311) surfaces for FCC transition metals
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Min , Li Hong‐Yan , Xu Ke‐Wei 
Published: May 2007

AbstractModified embedded atom method (MEAM) has been used to ascertain the change in the surface energy density of (1 × 2) missing row (MR) reconstruction from initial (1 × 1) ideal (110), (211) and (311) surfaces for seven FCC transition metals Au, Pt, Ag, Pd, Rh, Cu and Ni. The results show that the MR reconstruction can be formed naturally on the Au (110), Pt (110) and Pt (311) surfaces and are better than calculated results of the embedded atom method (EAM) while comparing with experimental results. In addition to the surface energy explanation, the results are also explained in terms of the valence electron structure and surface topography. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of bottom‐fermenting yeast genes expressed during lager beer fermentation
Authors: Yoshida Satoshi , Hashimoto Kaori , Shimada Emiko , Ishiguro Tatsuji , Minato Toshiko , Mizutani Satoru , Yoshimoto Hiroyuki , Tashiro Kosuke , Kuhara Satoru , Kobayashi Osamu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt has been proposed that bottom‐fermenting yeast strains of Saccharomyces pastorianus possess at least two types of genomes. Sequences of genes of one genome [S. cerevisiae (Sc)‐type] have been found to be highly homologous (more than 90% identity) to S. cerevisiae S288C sequences, while those of the other [Lager (Lg)‐type] are less so. To identify and discriminate Lg‐type from Sc‐type genes expressed during lager beer fermentation, normalized cDNA libraries were constructed and analysed. From approximately 22 000 ESTs, 3892 Sc‐type and 2695 Lg‐type ORFs were identified. Expression patterns of Sc‐ and Lg‐type genes did not correlate with particular cell functions in KEGG classification system. Moreover, 405 independent clones were isolated that have no significant homology with sequences in the S288C database, suggesting that they include the bottom‐fermenting yeast‐specific (BFY) genes. Most of BFY genes have significant homology with the S. bayanus genome. The DNA sequences of S. pastorianus non‐Sc‐type ORFs were submitted to DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL under Accession Nos CJ992285‐CJ998763. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Theorie des stationären Verdichtungsstoßes
Authors: Schubert Feodor 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAus den dimensionslos gemachten Grundgleichungen werden einige für die Berechnung von Verdichtungsstößen wichtige Verhältnisgrößen hergeleitet. Die sich dabei ergebende einfache Abhängigkeit von den Stoßbedingungen erlaubt es, den allgemeinen stationären Verdichtungsstoß im wesentlichen wie einen ihm äquivalenten geraden zu behandeln und die Änderungen der Zustandsgrößen in leicht zu erzeugenden Diagrammen darzustellen.
Der starre Kreiszylinder im isotropen elastischen Medium
Authors: Reutter F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAus dem elastischen Halbraum z > 0 wird ein solcher Raumteil ausgespart, daß in ihn ein starrer Kreiszylinder eingepaßt werden kann. Die kleinen Verschiebungen, die die Punkte des elastischen Mediums durch das Eindrücken dieses Zylinders erfahren, werden bestimmt. Ihre Ermittlung führt auf zwei lineare Integralgleichungen erster Art, deren Lösung durch Zurückführung auf ein System von unendlichvielen linearen Gleichungen mit unendlichvielen Unbekannten gelingt.
Der Spannungszustand der biegungsssteifen Kegelschale mit linear veränderlicher Wandstärke unter beliebiger Belastung
Authors: Nollau H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie vorliegende Arbeit entwickelt eine Methode zur Berechnung der biegungssteifen Kegelschale bei beliebiger Belastung und enthält die Berechnung der Kreiszylinderschale und der Kreisplatte als Sonderfälle. Die Darstellungsweise und die Erläuterung der Theorie durch ein ausführliches Zahlenbeispiel bezwecken, die Ergebnisse der Abhandlung technisch verwendbar zu machen.
Zur praktischen Berechnung der Eigenwerte linearer Integralgleichungen
Authors: Lösch Friedrich 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird ein Verfahren zur Berechnung der Eigenwerte linearer Integralgleichungen dargestellt, das für den Fall des symmetrischen Kerns mit dem bekannten Grammelschen Verfahren übereinstimmt. Seine Brauchbarkeit auch bei unsymmetrischem Kern wird an dem Beispiel der Transversalschwingungen eines einseitig eingespannten Stabs von veränderlichem Querschnitt gezeigt.
Zur Berechnung der Unterschallströmung um ein beliebiges dünnes Profil
Authors: Hantzsche W. , Wendt H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Berechnung der zweiten Näherung für die Unterschallströmung um dünne Profile nach der Verallgemeinerung der Prandtlschen Regel wurde bisher nur für spezielle Profilformen (Kreisbogen, Ellipse usw.) durchgeführt. Es wird hier die Aufgabe gelöst, in dieser Näherung die Unterschallströmung um ein beliebiges Profil zu bestimmen. Dabei zeigt es sich, daß man die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung am Profil berechnen kann, wenn für die konforme Abbildung des Außengebietes des Profils auf das eines Kreises die Zuordnung von Profil und Kreispunkten bekannt ist.
Prospective treatment in carnitine–acylcarnitine translocase deficiency
Authors: Pierre G. , Macdonald A. , Gray G. , Hendriksz C. , Preece M. A. , Chakrapani A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCarnitine–acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency is a rare disorder that results in long‐chain fatty acids being unavailable for mitochondrial β‐oxidation and ketogenesis. It can present in the neonatal period or infancy with a severe clinical form, typically with convulsions, hypothermia, encephalopathy, cardiomyopathy and liver dysfunction, or with a milder phenotype with episodes of hypoglycaemia and hyperammonaemia during intercurrent illness. Investigations show hypoketonaemia, intermittent dicarboxyluria and hypocarnitinaemia with grossly elevated acylcarnitines. Enzyme assay or DNA analysis confirms the diagnosis. The severe phenotype results in severe disability or death. The less severe phenotype can also cause significant disability secondary to hypoglycaemia and/or hyperammonaemia at presentation. We report the outcome of two siblings with CACT deficiency. The index patient presented at the age of 2 months during a respiratory illness with hypoglycaemia, hyperammonaemia and cardiorespiratory collapse. Acylcarnitine profiles showed decreased free carnitine but striking elevations of long‐chain acylcarnitines. Urine organic acids showed dicarboxylic aciduria. Fatty acid oxidation studies showed reduced oleate and myristate oxidation. His acylcarnitine profile normalized after he was started on a medium‐chain triglyceride (MCT) low‐fat diet and carnitine supplementation. Low CACT activity on enzyme assay confirmed the diagnosis. He has resulting profound developmental delay and epilepsy. The sibling was prospectively treated with a low‐fat MCT diet and carnitine supplementation. Acylcarnitine profile at birth also showed elevated long‐chain acylcarnitines. Fatty acid oxidation studies confirmed the diagnosis. To date he has normal development and has not had any significant periods of hypoglycaemia or hyperammonaemia.
Adjuvant effect of caffeine on acetylsalicylic acid anti‐nociception: Prostaglandin E2 synthesis determination in carrageenan‐induced peripheral inflammation in rat
Authors: Fernández‐Dueñas Víctor , Sánchez Sílvia , Planas Eulàlia , Poveda Raquel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the present study, we report a synergistic interaction between acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and caffeine (CAF) on the inhibition of nociception in a model of peripheral inflammation in rat; on the contrary no interaction have been found on anti‐inflammatory effects and peripheral prostaglandin E2 (PGE‐2) synthesis inhibition. Acute inflammation was induced by the subplantar injection of carrageenan into the right hind paw, and the effects of the drugs were evaluated from 0 to 5h. Nociception was assessed using the Randall & Selitto test, and the inflammatory response by plethismometry. Oral administration of ASA (10–400mg/kg) induced dose‐related anti‐nociceptive and anti‐inflammatory effects. On the other hand, oral CAF administration (5–50mg/kg) did not show a dose‐related inhibitory effect, neither on the inhibition of nociception nor on the inflammatory response. To analyze a possible interaction between both drugs a dose—response curve to ASA plus a fixed dose of CAF (5mg/kg) was obtained 3h after the injection of carrageenan, when the inflammatory pain peaked. A fixed dose of CAF was able to improve the anti‐nociceptive, but not the anti‐inflammatory, effects of ASA. We also assessed, by enzyme immunoassay, the effects of the combination on peripheral PGE‐2 levels: CAF did not alter the inhibitory effect of ASA on PGE‐2 synthesis. Our results corroborate the well‐known clinical effects of combining ASA and CAF; on the other hand, we rule out that prostaglandin synthesis inhibition at peripheral sites would be the mechanism responsible of the adjuvant anti‐nociceptive effect of CAF.
Differential distribution within longline transects of loggerhead turtles and swordfish captured by the Spanish Mediterranean surface longline fishery
Authors: Báez José C. , Real Raimundo , Camiñas Juan A. 
Published: May 2007

Surface longline targeting mainly swordfish is considered a major threat for loggerhead turtle populations
in the western Mediterranean Sea. For this reason, it is necessary to analyse the relationship between
the characteristics of longline sets and loggerhead turtle by-catch. The objective of this study is to look for
differential spatial distribution of loggerhead turtle and swordfish captures along the longline to gain
insights that might be useful to diminish unintended, incidental catch of turtles without affecting the
captures of the target species.Longlines are divided into transects separated by two consecutives buoys. During the 1999 fishing period
of the traditional (without roller) Spanish surface drifting longline fleet (August to November), 59 technically
homogeneous fishing operations, composed of 23 sections each, were observed. Chi-square test was
used to compare loggerhead turtle and swordfish distributions among transects with those expected at
random. Significant differences were obtained only for loggerhead turtles, with 93% of the specimens
caught in the second half of the longline transects, which were retrieved from the sea during daytime.
Significant differences were not found for the swordfish along the whole longline or for loggerhead turtle
captures retrieved during daytime. We conclude that swordfish captures are independent of retrieval time
whereas the incidental catch of loggerhead turtles occurs mainly during daytime, probably because
loggerhead turtles use vision to locate baits.
Incidence of scabies in Belgium
Authors: LAPEERE H. , NAEYAERT J.-M. , De WEERT J. , De MAESENEER J. , BROCHEZ L. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYA prospective survey on scabies in Ghent, Belgium was performed in 2004. Sixty-four individual cases were reported, corresponding to a crude incidence rate of 28/100 000 inhabitants. The incidence was higher in the elderly (51/100 000 in persons aged >75 years) and a higher incidence was also found in immigrants (88/100 000). More than 40% of the registered scabies patients had symptoms for more than 4 weeks at the time of presentation. In 54% of the consultations, the patient had already consulted a physician for his/her skin problem. Of this group, 44% had not yet received any scabicidal treatment, indicating that scabies was not yet diagnosed or that an inappropriate treatment was prescribed. The observations suggest that the diagnosis and/or treatment of scabies in this region can still be improved.
Resuspension of algal cells by benthivorous fish boosts phytoplankton biomass and alters community structure in shallow lakes
Authors: ROOZEN FRANK C. J. M. , LÜRLING MIQUEL , VLEK HANNEKE , VAN DER POUW KRAAN EDWIN A. J. , IBELINGS BAS W. , SCHEFFER MARTEN 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. Positive effects of fish on algal biomass have variously been attributed to cascading top‐down effects and to nutrient enrichment by fish excretion.2. Here, we used a combination of field and laboratory approaches to test an additional hypothesis, namely that the physical resuspension of settled algal cells by fish enhances algal biomass and alters community composition.3. A multi‐lake survey showed that phytoplankton biomass and the fraction of motile algae increased with the concentration of inorganic suspended solids. This correlation could not be explained by wind‐induced resuspension because of the small size of the lakes.4. In an enclosure experiment, chlorophyll‐a concentration, phytoplankton abundance and inorganic suspended solids increased significantly in the presence of Cyprinus carpio (common carp), but only if the fish had access to the sediment. No such effects were seen when a net prevented carp reaching the sediment.5. The effects of enhanced nutrients and reduced zooplankton grazing as a result of fish feeding could not (fully) explain these observations, suggesting that the resuspension by carp of settled algae from a surface film on the sediment was the major factor in the outcome of the experiment.6. An increase in diatoms and green algae (organisms with a relatively large sedimentation velocity) only in enclosures where carp could reach the sediment supported this view.7. Several lines of evidence indicate that fish‐induced resuspension of algal cells from the sediment is an important mechanism that affects phytoplankton biomass and community composition in shallow lakes.