bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Obese Adolescents and Young Adults at Higher Risk for Mental Disorders? A Community Survey
Authors: Lamertz Christina M. , Jacobi Corinna , Yassouridis Alexander , Arnold Klaus , Henkel Andreas W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Associations between body mass index (BMI) and mental disorders meeting Axis‐I diagnoses according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders IV (DSM‐IV) were investigated in The Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study in a large population‐based sample, which included adolescents and young adults of both genders for the first time.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 3021 German subjects ranging from 14 to 24 years of age were assessed for specific DSM‐IV diagnoses derived from a modified version of the standardized Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and general psychological disturbances, using the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised. BMI percentiles for age and gender were calculated to avoid systematic bias in the BMI distribution resulting from the young age range represented in the sample. Additionally, subjects with a lifetime diagnosis of any eating disorder were excluded from statistical analysis to control the confounding effect of body weight‐related eating disorders on associations between BMI and psychopathology.Results: The results based on logistic regression analyses and MANOVAs demonstrate that the BMI is not associated with mental disorders or general psychopathologies. There were no significant associations between BMI and mood, anxiety, substance, and somatoform disorders, a result that contrasts with almost all previous clinical studies. Additionally, in contrast to clinical investigations and most epidemiological studies, neither obesity nor underweight was significantly associated with any kind of general psychopathology.Discussion: The overall finding that obesity is not significantly related to marked psychopathology in the general German population of adolescents and young adults has important clinical implications.
Relationship between Waist Circumference, Body Mass Index, and Medical Care Costs
Authors: Cornier Marc‐Andre , Tate Charles W. , Grunwald Gary K. , Bessesen Daniel H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Excessive visceral adiposity as measured by anthropomorphic measures may be more closely associated with adverse health consequences than body weight or body mass index (BMI), the more commonly obtained clinical measures. Waist circumference (WC) provides information about regional adiposity and may correlate with health care costs better than body weight or BMI.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 424 men (37%) and women (63%) were identified as they were seen in outpatient medical clinics at Denver Health, an integrated health care system serving a largely indigent population. Height, weight, and WC were measured by one examiner. Information on outpatient, laboratory, pharmacy, inpatient, and total charges attributable to each subject for the preceding year were obtained from computerized databases. Data on health care charges were divided into quartiles based on WC and BMI.Results: Total annual health care charges were significantly greater in the highest WC quartile (WC < 83.3 cm: $6062 ± $784; 83.3 to 93.5 cm: $5968 ± $812; 93.7 to 103.5 cm: $6369 ± $1015; >103.5 cm: $8699 ± $1092; p = 0.047). Those with a WC >103.5 cm generated 85% more inpatient charges than the group with a WC <83.3 cm. Although there was a positive trend, BMI was not found to significantly correlate with total health care charges in this population sample.Discussion: These results suggest that abdominal adiposity as assessed by WC is associated with increased total health care charges and may be a better predictor of health care charges than the more widely used BMI.
The Food Amount Rating Scale: Development, Reliability, and Validity
Authors: Dohm Faith‐Anne , Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Implied in measures of binge eating is the assumption that individuals agree on what comprises a large amount of food. However, whether individuals estimate food amounts similarly or whether estimation of food amounts varies as a function of personal characteristics is unknown. The Food Amount Rating Scale (FARS) is a standardized set of stimuli for assessing individuals’ judgment of food amounts.Research Methods and Procedures: Two versions of the FARS were developed, and their psychometric properties were assessed. These versions are the same in all respects except that the rater is instructed to rate various food amounts for the average woman on Form W and for the average man on Form M.Results: Content validity was confirmed by 14 researchers and research assistants in the field of eating disorders. The FARS is a 24‐item inventory with adequate test–retest reliability (Form W = 0.85; Form M = 0.87) and split–half reliability (Form W = 0.90; Form M = 0.89). Convergent validity is suggested by the finding that ratings for the average woman (Form W) were significantly higher than ratings for the average man (Form M).Discussion: The FARS is a psychometrically sound tool for use in basic research focused on identifying whether the subjective judgment of food amounts varies as a function of personal characteristics and in clinical research where it may be important to know how individuals judge food amounts.
Effects of a High‐Fat Diet and Strain on Hypothalamic Gene Expression in Rats
Authors: Schaffhauser Andrea O. , Madiehe Abram M. , Braymer Hugh D. , Bray George A. , York David A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study was designed to investigate whether dietary fat and genetic background might differentially alter the expression of hypothalamic genes involved in food intake.Research Methods and Procedures: Three‐month‐old Osborne‐Mendel (OM) and S5B/Pl rats were fed either a high‐fat or a low‐fat diet for 14 days. mRNA for neuropeptide Y (NPY), corticotrophin‐releasing hormone, NPY Y‐1 receptor and Y‐5 receptor, and serotonin 2c (5‐HT2c) receptors were measured using Northern blotting or ribonuclease protection assays.Results: OM rats showed an increased expression of NPY and corticotrophin‐releasing hormone compared with S5B/Pl rats. The expression of NPY‐Y1 and ‐Y5 receptor mRNA was significantly higher in the hypothalamus of OM rats compared with S5B/Pl rats. The expression of 5HT‐2c receptor mRNA was significantly reduced in both strains of rats eating a high‐fat diet when compared with the animals eating the low‐fat diet.Discussion: These data suggest that over activity of the NPY system may contribute to the development of obesity in OM rats and that expression of the 5HT‐2c receptor gene may be modulated by dietary fat.
Association of Self‐perceived Body Weight Status with Dietary Reporting by U.S. Teens*
Authors: Kant Ashima K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Children's self perception of body weight and the medical definition of obesity show poor correlation. This study examined the independent associations of body mass index (BMI) and self‐perceived weight status (considered self over‐, under‐, or right weight) with food reporting, nutrient intake estimates, and biomarkers of dietary exposure.Research Methods and Procedures: Dietary (one 24‐hour recall), anthropometric, and biochemical data were from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1269 boys and 1385 girls, ages 12 to 18 years). Sex‐specific multiple regression analyses were used to determine the association of BMI and self‐perceived body weight status with reported intakes of energy, macronutrients, low‐nutrient‐dense foods, micronutrients, and serum concentrations of selected vitamins and carotenoids.Results: Reported intakes of energy, macronutrients, number of eating occasions, percentage of energy from low‐nutrient‐dense foods, likelihood of meeting the standard of intake of micronutrients, and biomarkers were not different among boys and girls who perceived themselves as overweight relative to those who perceived themselves at the right weight (p > 0.05). In boys, BMI was a negative predictor of percentage of energy from low‐nutrient‐dense foods (p = 0.004) and intake of ascorbic acid (p = 0.04). BMI was inversely related to serum concentrations of most carotenoids (p ≤ 0.002).Discussion: Perceiving oneself as overweight was not associated with reporting of low‐nutrient‐dense foods, macronutrients, micronutrients, and biomarker status; BMI, however, was a significant predictor of several outcomes.
Adipose Depletion and Apoptosis Induced by Trans‐10, Cis‐12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Mice*
Authors: Hargrave Kimberly M. , Li ChangLong , Meyer Brett J. , Kachman Stephen D. , Hartzell Diane L. , Della‐Fera Mary Anne , Miner Jess L. , Baile Clifton A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare the effectiveness of a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer mixture (mCLA) with each main isomer [trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA (CLA10,12) and cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA (CLA9,11)] in causing body lipid loss and adipose tissue apoptosis.Research Methods and Procedures: Mice selected over 16 generations for high (MH) or low (ML) energy expenditure and a control group (MC) were fed diets containing either soy oil or soy oil plus mCLA, CLA10,12, or CLA9,11 for 5 days in one study and 14 days in a second study.Results: Mice fed mCLA or CLA10,12 had less body lipid (p < 0.05), smaller retroperitoneal fat pads (p < 0.05), and ate less (p < 0.01) than mice fed no CLA or CLA9,11 for 5 days. Mice consuming 1% mCLA or 0.5% CLA10,12 gained less weight (p < 0.01) and had less body lipid (p < 0.05) and smaller epididymal (p < 0.05) and retroperitoneal fat pads (p < 0.01) than mice consuming either control or 0.5% CLA9,11‐containing diets for 14 days. Only mCLA and CLA10,12 increased apoptosis in retroperitoneal fat pads (p < 0.01). The effects of mCLA and CLA10,12 were independent of genetic line except for the effect on adipocyte apoptosis. Mice of the MH line were slightly less sensitive than MC or ML mice to CLA‐induced adipose tissue apoptosis.Discussion: CLA10,12, but not CLA9,11, can induce both body fat loss and adipose apoptosis. Although mice of a genotype with less body fat and greater metabolic rate and feed intake appear less sensitive, these CLA effects are robust for mice of varying metabolic background.
Hepatic Insulin Resistance in Obese Non‐Diabetic Subjects and in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Paquot Nicolas , Scheen André J. , Dirlewanger Mirjam , Lefèbvre Pierre J. , Tappy Luc 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obese non‐diabetic patients are characterized by an extra‐hepatic insulin resistance. Whether obese patients also have decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity remains controversial.Research Methods and Procedures: To estimate their hepatic insulin sensitivity, we measured the rate of exogenous insulin infusion required to maintain mildly elevated glycemia in obese patients with type 2 diabetes, obese non‐diabetic patients, and lean control subjects during constant infusions of somatostatin and physiological low‐glucagon replacement infusions. To account for differences in insulin concentrations among the three groups of subjects, an additional protocol was also performed in healthy lean subjects with higher insulin infusion rates and exogenous dextrose infusion.Results: The insulin infusion rate required to maintain glycemia at 8.5 mM was increased 4‐fold in obese patients with type 2 diabetes and 1.5‐fold in obese non‐diabetic patients. The net endogenous glucose production (measured with 6,6‐2H2‐glucose) and total glucose output (measured with 2‐2H1‐glucose) were ∼30% lower in the patients than in the lean subjects. Net endogenous glucose production and total glucose output were both markedly increased in both groups of obese patients compared with lean control subjects during hyperinsulinemia.Discussion: Our data indicate that both obese non‐diabetic and obese type 2 diabetic patients have a blunted suppressive action of insulin on glucose production, indicating hepatic and renal insulin resistance.
Ethnic Differences in Physical Activity and Inactivity Patterns and Overweight Status
Authors: Gordon‐Larsen Penny , Adair Linda S. , Popkin Barry M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the relationship between physical activity and inactivity patterns and overweight in U.S. adolescents using baseline and 1‐year change in activity and inactivity data.Research Methods and Procedures: Nationally representative data from 12,759 participants (6997 non‐Hispanic whites, 2676 non‐Hispanic blacks, 2185 Hispanics, and 901 Asians) in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1995 and 1996). Data on moderate to vigorous and low‐intensity physical activity, TV/video viewing, and video game/computer use were obtained from questionnaires. Multivariate models assessed the association of overweight (body mass index ≥ 95th percentile Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics 2000 curves) with initial (and 1‐year change) activity and inactivity levels, controlling for age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, urban residence, cigarette smoking, and region of residence.Results: Overweight prevalence was positively associated with high level TV/video viewing among white boys (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52; 95% confidence interval [1.08 to 2.14]) and girls (OR = 2.45 [1.51 to 3.97]). The odds of overweight decreased with high levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity among white boys (OR = 0.81 [0.76 to 0.87]), non‐Hispanic black boys (OR = 0.86 [0.76 to 0.98]) and girls (OR = 0.88 [0.78 to 0.99]), and Hispanic boys (OR = 0.90 [0.83 to 0.97]) and girls (OR = 0.91 [0.84 to 0.99]).Discussion: Predicted probabilities generated from the logistic regression models, which examined the experimental effects of altering hours of TV/video viewing and bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity, show lower overweight among adolescents who watched less TV per week combined with frequent moderate to vigorous physical activity than those who watched more TV per week combined with fewer bouts of weekly moderate to vigorous physical activity. Predicted probabilities suggest important sex and ethnic differences in these associations.
Validation and Calibration of Physical Activity Monitors in Children
Authors: Puyau Maurice R. , Adolph Anne L. , Vohra Firoz A. , Butte Nancy F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study was designed to validate accelerometer‐based activity monitors against energy expenditure (EE) in children; to compare monitor placement sites; to field‐test the monitors; and to establish sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous threshold counts.Research Methods and Procedures: Computer Science and Applications Actigraph (CSA) and Mini‐Mitter Actiwatch (MM) monitors, on the hip or lower leg, were validated and calibrated against 6‐hour EE measurements by room respiration calorimetry, activity by microwave detector, and heart rate by telemetry in 26 children, 6 to 16 years old. During the 6 hours, the children performed structured activities, including resting metabolic rate (RMR), Nintendo, arts and crafts, aerobic warm‐up, Tae Bo, treadmill walking and running, and games. Activity energy expenditure (AEE) computed as EE − RMR was regressed against counts to derive threshold counts.Results: The mean correlations between EE or AEE and counts were slightly higher for MM‐hip (r = 0.78 ± 0.06) and MM‐leg (r = 0.80 ± 0.05) than CSA‐hip (r = 0.66 ± 0.08) and CSA‐leg (r = 0.73 ± 0.07). CSA and MM performed similarly on the hip (inter‐instrument r = 0.88) and on the lower leg (inter‐instrument r = 0.89). Threshold counts for the CSA‐hip were <800, <3200, <8200, and ≥8200 for sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous categories, respectively. For the MM‐hip, the threshold counts were <100, <900, <2200, and ≥2200, respectively.Discussion: The validation of the CSA and MM monitors against AEE and their calibration for sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous thresholds certify these monitors as valid, useful devices for the assessment of physical activity in children.
Estradiol May Limit Lipid Oxidation via Cpt 1 Expression and Hormonal Mechanisms
Authors: Gower Barbara A. , Nagy Tim R. , Blaylock Matthew L. , Wang Chenxi , Nyman Lara 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Evidence indicates that estrogen depresses hepatic lipid oxidation. We tested the hypothesis that estradiol (E2) treatment depresses transcription of carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (Cpt 1) mRNA and increases adiposity.Research Methods and Procedures: Six ovariectomized female rats were given a subcutaneous pellet of E2 (5 mg/d), and six were given placebo. Rats were pair‐fed by group for 18 days. Body composition was assessed chemically: mRNA for liver Cpt 1, adipose tissue uncoupling protein‐2 (Ucp 2), and quadriceps Ucp 3 by Northern analysis; serum glucose, triglycerides (TGs), and free fatty acids by standard techniques; and serum insulin and glucagon by radioimmunoassay.Results: E2‐treated rats lost more weight than placebo‐treated rats (37.3 ± 6.0 vs. 16.2 ± 2.6 g, p < 0.01), but did not differ in final carcass composition (adjusted for eviscerated body mass). E2‐treated rats had lower liver Cpt 1 (p < 0.001) and skeletal muscle Ucp 3 (p < 0.05) mRNA and lower concentrations of glucose, glucagon, and free fatty acids (p < 0.05). E2‐treated rats tended to have higher insulin (p = −0.067) and TG (p = 0.097). TG tended to be correlated with Cpt 1 mRNA (r = −0.56 and p = 0.07).Discussion: These results suggest that, although E2 is likely to suppress lipid oxidation and promote TG synthesis, these effects are not manifested in a relative increase in carcass adiposity after 18 days of treatment, at least under conditions of negative energy balance. The possible role of E2‐mediated changes in insulin and glucagon secretion on hepatic substrate metabolism warrants further study.
Regulation of Body Weight and Carcass Composition by Sibutramine in Rats
Authors: Strack Alison M. , Shu Joanne , Camacho Ramon , Gorski Judith N. , Murphy Beth , MacIntyre D. Evan , Hickey Gerard J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We examined the effectiveness of sibutramine to modulate food intake and body composition in rats with two levels of adiposity imposed by the duration of their maintenance on a moderate‐fat diet.Research Methods and Procedures: Male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a 32% fat diet from weaning until 2 or 4 months of age, at which point, body fat was either 15% or 25%, respectively, as measured by DXA. Sibutramine (0.6 or 2 mg/kg, orally) was then given daily for 2 weeks.Results: Food intake and body weight decreased acutely in a dose‐related manner in both groups with sibutramine treatment. In all rats, food intake suppression was attenuated after multiple days of sibutramine. Both 15%‐ and 25%‐fat rats had a persistent decrease in weight gain over the 2‐week period in response to sibutramine. The older, 25%‐fat rats were more sensitive to sibutramine than the younger, 15%‐fat rats with regard to the magnitude of overall food intake inhibition, decrease in body weight gain, and caloric efficiency. Despite these differences, sibutramine produced the same relative reductions in fat mass and had no effect on lean mass in the two groups.Discussion: Thus, sibutramine produced equivalent efficacy on carcass fat loss in both groups, despite less inhibition of feeding and body weight gain in leaner rats. Whether these changes are a result of the leaner rats being younger and on a steeper growth curve compared with older, fatter rats or whether this is a direct function of their level of adiposity remains to be determined.
Metabolic Characteristics and Body Composition in a Model of Anti‐Obese Rats (Lou/C)
Authors: Couturier Karine , Servais Stéphane , Koubi Harry , Sempore Brigitte , Sornay‐Mayet Marie‐Hélène , Cottet‐Emard Jean‐Marie , Lavoie Jean‐Marc , Favier Roland 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aims of this study were to investigate some features of the metabolic profile and the body composition of male Lou/C rats and to examine whether these characteristics are strictly related to the food‐intake reduction.Research Methods and Procedures: Fourteen‐week‐old male Lou/C rats were compared with age‐matched male Wistar rats fed ad libitum (WAL) and another group of male Wistar rats whose food was chronically restricted (WFR) to the same amount as the Lou/C rats from weeks 3 to 14.Results: Food intake and body weight were significantly (p < 0.01) reduced in Lou/C compared with WAL rats, whereas these reductions were perfectly reproduced in WFR rats. Lou/C rats demonstrated lower relative weights of retroperitoneal (0.97 ± 0.07 vs. 1.67 ± 0.16 and 1.88 ± 0.15 g/100 g body) and epididymal (1.01 ± 0.02 vs. 1.62 ± 0.12 and 1.80 ± 0.11 g/100g body) fat depots than did the two other groups and no decrease in the percentage of carcass proteins, which was observed in the WFR rats. In addition, compared with the WFR group, the Lou/C rats showed lower plasma glucose levels (3.65 ± 0.14 vs. 4.72 ± 0.15 and 4.7 ± 0.19 mM); a tendency (p < 0.1) for lower liver glycogen concentrations; and similar levels of glycerol, free fatty acids, and β‐hydroxybutyrate concentrations. Epinephrine and the relative weight of the adrenal glands were significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the Lou/C rats than in the WAL rats and the two other groups, respectively.Discussion: The ability of the Lou/C rats to accumulate less body fat than their equally food‐restricted Wistar counterparts (WFR) suggests a difference in basal metabolism in this strain of rats that resembles obesity‐resistant rats.
Lipolysis in Adipocytes Isolated from Deep and Superficial Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue
Authors: Monzon J. Raul , Basile Robin , Heneghan Steven , Udupi Vidya , Green Allan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) occurs in two depots separated by a fascial plane: deep SAT and superficial SAT. In a recent study it was demonstrated that the amount of deep SAT has a much stronger relationship to insulin resistance than does superficial SAT. Because insulin resistance may be related to fatty acid release from adipose tissue, we hypothesized that the two SAT depots may have a different lipolytic activity.Research Methods and Procedures: To test this hypothesis, we obtained samples of deep and superficial SAT from patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. The rate of lipolysis was determined in the collagenase‐digested adipocytes obtained from the two fat depots by measuring glycerol release in the presence and absence of isoproterenol. In addition, the relative concentration of hormone‐sensitive lipase was determined in both SAT depots by Western blot analysis.Results: Our results showed that the rate of isoproterenol‐stimulated lipolysis was ∼20% higher in cells from deep SAT compared with those from superficial SAT, indicating that the deep SAT is more lipolytically active. The concentration of hormone‐sensitive lipase did not differ between the two adipose tissue depots.Discussion: These findings suggest that the higher lipolytic activity of deep SAT may account for its stronger association with insulin resistance. The mechanism seems to be independent of differences in hormone‐sensitive lipase concentration.