bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large‐scale, Uniform DNA Network on 11‐mercaptoundecanoic Acid Modified Gold (111) Surface: Atomic Force Microscopy Study
Authors: Song Yonghai , Wang Li , Sun Lanlan , Wei Gang , LIU ZHIGUO , Wang Li , Li Zhuang 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLarge‐scale, uniform plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) network has been successfully constructed on 11‐mercaptoundecanoic acid modified gold (111) surface using a self‐assembly technique. The effect of DNA concentration on the characteristics of the DNA network was investigated by atomic force microscopy. It was found that the size of meshes and the height of fibers in the DNA network could be controlled by varying the concentration of DNA with a constant time of assembly of 24 h. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical two‐photon microendoscopy
Authors: König K. , Ehlers A. , Riemann I. , Schenkl S. , Bückle R. , Kaatz M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo‐photon medical imaging has found its way into dermatology as an excellent method for noninvasive skin cancer detection without need of contrast agents as well as for in situ drug screening of topically‐applied cosmetical and pharmaceutical components. There is an increasing demand to apply the multiphoton technology also for deep‐tissue skin imaging as well as for intracorporal imaging. We report on the first clinical use of multiphoton endoscopes, in particular of a miniaturized rigid two‐photon GRIN lens endoscope. The microendoscope was attached to the multiphoton tomograph DermaInspect and employed to detect the extracellular matrix proteins collagen and elastin in the human dermis of volunteers and patients with ulcera by in vivo second harmonic generation and in vivo two‐photon autofluorescence. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of Fatty Acids with Selective Chain Length by Imaging Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Richter Katrin , Nygren Håkan , Malmberg Per , Hagenhoff Birgit 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLocalization of fatty acids in biological tissues was made by using TOF‐SIMS (time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry). Two cell‐types with a specific fatty acid distribution are shown. In rat cerebellum, different distribution patterns of stearic acid (C18:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), and oleic acid (C18:1) were found. Stearic acid signals were observed accumulated in Purkinje cells with high intensities inside the cell, but not in the nucleus region. The signals colocalized with high intensity signals of the phosphocholine head group, indicating origin from phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin. In mouse intestine, high palmitic acid signals were found in the secretory crypt cells together with high levels of phosphorylinositol colocalized in the crypt region. Palmitic acid was also seen in the intestinal lumen that contains high amounts of mucine, which is known to be produced in the crypt cells. Linoleic acid signals (C18:2) were low in the crypt region and high in the villus region. Oleic acid signals were seen in the villi and stearic acid signals were ubiquitous with no specific localization in the intestine. We conclude that the results obtained by using imaging TOF‐SIMS are consistent with known brain and intestine biochemistry and that the localization of fatty acids is specific in differentiated cells. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative observations on the cyst shells of seven Artemia strains from China
Authors: Wang Sufeng , Sun Shichun 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe quiescent Artemia cysts of seven geographical origins in China were examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopes. SEM observations on cysts of these Artemia strains showed that the surface topography of cyst shells could be categorized into 6 types: complete smooth surface; smooth surface with sparsely distributed glabrate humps; surface with densely arranged wart‐like humps that are composed of packed minute tubercles; rugged surface, with densely arranged tubercles not piling up to form larger humps; shallow‐pocked surface; and surface with numerous and densely spaced pore‐like fossulae. Some of the patterns were strain specific [e.g., cysts from Ga Hai (GH) are characterized by having a surface with wart‐like ornaments that are composed of packed minute tubercles, rugged surface is only found in Chengkou (CK) cysts], and apparent intrastrain variation of cyst surface topography was found in Xizang (XZ), Jingyu Hu, and Xie Chi (SIN) strains. TEM studies on the ultrastructure of cyst shells revealed an apparent divergence in the structure of outer cuticular membrane (OCM) among Artemia strains. In CK, Aqqikkol Hu (AQK), SIN, and GH strains, it is a normal, asymmetrical, and multi‐layered structure similar to those described in previous works. In XZ, JYH, and Lagkor Co (LGC) strains, however, the OCM is not obviously multi‐layered and the borderlines between OCM and adjacent layers seem indistinct. The present results suggest that the diversity of the surface topography of Artemia cysts may be an available tool for identifying certain Artemia strains as well as for tracking the origins of some Artemia cysts, and the hypoplastic OCM may be a characteristic of the species A. tibetiana. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical localization of angiotensin II receptor types 1 and 2 in the mesenteric artery from spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Diniz Carmen , Leal Sandra , Logan Karen , Rocha‐Pereira Carolina , Soares Ana Sofia , Rocha Eduardo , Gonçalves Jorge , Fresco Paula 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAngiotensin II plays a crucial role in the control of blood pressure, acting at AT1or AT2receptors, and can act as a potent vasoconstrictor of the peripheral vasculature inducing hypertrophy, hyperplasia, or both, in resistance arteries. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the pattern of distribution of angiotensin AT1and AT2receptors on mesenteric artery sections differs in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) versus their respective controls (Wistar–Kyoto [WKY] rats). Immunohistochemistry using anti‐AT1or anti‐AT2antibodies was performed on perfused‐fixed/paraffin‐embedded mesenteric arteries from SHR and WKY rats. 3,3′‐Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB; activated by hydrogen peroxide) staining revealed distinct AT1and AT2labeling of all artery layers (adventitia, media and intima) from WKY rats, whereas in SHR an abundant AT1labeling was found in both intima and adventitia and a sparser labeling in the media. There was a vast reduction of AT2labeling throughout all layers. These results suggest a crucial role for AT2receptors in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predominance of supraspinal innervation of the left ovary
Authors: Tóth Ida E. , Wiesel Ory , BoldogkőI Zsolt , Bálint Kamill , Tapaszti Zsuzsa , Gerendai Ida 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn our previous studies using the viral transneuronal tracing technique we demonstrated the spinal and supraspinal components of the ovarian innervation. Since increasing number of data indicate the presence of morphological and functional laterality in the control of gonadal functions, we aimed to investigate whether cerebral structures trans‐synaptically involved in the innervation of the ovary exhibit asymmetry or not. In one of the studies the left or the right ovary was injected with the red fluorescent protein expressing pseudorabies virus and the number of infected “red” autofluorescent neurons from the right and the left ovary was compared. In another study in order to have distinct labeling of cell groups connected with the right‐ and left‐sided ovary in the same animal, a dual viral labeling was applied. The left‐ and right‐sided ovary were inoculated with genetically engineered pseudorabies virus expressing a red fluorescent protein or a green fluorescent protein gene. Viral infection of brain nuclei including the dorsal vagal nucleus, caudal raphe nuclei, A5 noradrenergic cell group, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, from the left ovary in each case was enhanced when compared with labeling from the right gonad. Data suggest a predominance in the supraspinal innervation of the left ovary. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of starch grains in microscopic images based on granulometric operations
Authors: Tong Chong‐Sze , Choy Siu‐Kai , Zhao Zhong‐Zhen , Liang Zhi‐Tao , Chen Hubiao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study demonstrates the feasibility of feature extraction and similarity measurement for the identification of starch grains, which are often found in microscopic images of Chinese Materia Medica (CMM) and as such is an important feature for use in the authentication of CMM with abundance of starch grains and otherwise without other special microscopic characteristics. Our proposed image signature, namely, the size distribution, indicates that it is effective to characterize starch grains in microscopic images of those CMM. Experimental results in a small scale study show that the recognition rate for the proposed signature using different measures of discrepancy is around 90%, which is considered very good while the benchmark wavelet‐based energy signature has only about 60% recognition. Moreover, the extraction of the size distribution only requires moderate level of computational complexity. In this study, our proposed image signature provides greater accuracy and flexibility in capturing starch grains information for the authentication of CMM, compared with other existing preliminary identification approach in which manual image segmentation is necessary. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New method for the treatment of sperm samples for ultrastructural study based on the use of animal tissues as biological containers
Authors: Junquera Concepción , Colás Carmen , Martínez‐Ciriano Carmen , Serrano Pedro , Castiella Tomás , Cebrian‐Perez José A. , Muiño‐Blanco Teresa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe study of the ultrastructure of spematozoa by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) often presents with problems of interpretation according to the method employed, depending on whether samples are either centrifuged previously to the fixation or immersed in viscous gels. The major problems of interpretation are changes in the location of vesicles originated during the maturation process and modifications in the adsorption of seminal plasma proteins to the sperm membrane surface. The aim of our study is to communicate an original new method for the treatment of spermatozoa for ultrastructural study. Our method is based on the use of animal tissues as biological containers, inside which the spermatic suspensions are included. We developed this method using fresh sperm samples taken from mature Rasa Aragonesa rams. As biological container, we used 2.5‐cm long segments of the intestine of 1‐week‐old chickens (Gallus gallus) (diameter around 4 mm). In order to avoid any influence of digestive enzymes of the mucosa on the sperm surface, we put each intestine fragment inside out by means of microdissection forceps under a bifocal optical microscope and cold light. One of the edges was tied with thin suture silk. The sperm suspension was injected in the optimal experimental condition and amount. Finally, the still‐open edge of the intestine segment was tied with silk in the same way as the other segment edge. By using this technique, we can perform a suitable morphological study at an ultrastructural level. In addition, the functional relationship of the ultrastructural components of the target cells is correctly preserved. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Promises of transformation: just how different are international development NGOs?
Authors: Mowles Chris 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article argues that there is a growing convergence between development INGOs and private sector organisations in the way that values are taken up as an instrument of management. Rather than promoting the exploration of difference, managers encourage employees to set aside their concerns and have faith in the organisational mission. In this way they exercise control without appearing to do so, and avoid dealing with the day to day difficulty of undertaking the work. Instead managers feel obliged to promise transformation, because of the increased marketisation and professionalisation of development. The article offers an alternative understanding of values as a profoundly social phenomenon requiring reflection and negotiation through and with others. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impartiality through bureaucracy? A Sri Lankan approach to managing values
Authors: McCourt Willy 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article starts from a crux in Alan Thomas's model of development management: that values‐based development management may require the coercion of employees whose values are different. It uses a case study of Sri Lanka's attempt to inculcate the value of impartiality in staffing, focusing on the restoration of the independence of the Service Commissions. The article concludes that values‐based management is likeliest to succeed in the public sector, whose democratic legitimacy allows politicians to impose values in the form of behavioural norms. Ironically, such management is more complicated in the NGO sector, whose uncertain legitimacy means that managers must negotiate values with staff who may have competing values of their own. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of contestation in NGO partnerships
Authors: Harrison Tom 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this article I use a case study of the relationship between an international non‐government development organisation (NGO) and one of its local partner NGOs to question the desirability of basing NGO partnerships on the principle of subsidiarity. I argue that devolving maximum control to the local NGO in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity would have conflicted with the interests and expectations of both the international NGO and its local partner. As a result, there was occasional but significant contestation between these organisations about what sort of relationship was most compatible with the principle of partnership and what role each party should play within that relationship. I argue that such contestation over what constitutes partnership has the potential to contribute to the realisation of this value‐laden term by involving all parties in defining the nature of their relationship. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steering across scales: applying a strategic‐relational approach to a study of land mobilisation for road widening in Kochi
Authors: Chettiparamb Angelique 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper argues for the relevance of paying attention to structuring participation processes across scales as one of the ways in which participation of multi‐organisational partnerships that involve conflicting interests might be managed. Issue wise the paper deals with problems in connection with land mobilisation for road widening in complex and concentrated high value urban settings. It discusses a case study of plan implementation involving individual landowners, the land development market, the local government, other governmental and non‐governmental organisations and the state government, which together achieved objectives that seemed impossible at first sight. In theoretical terms, the paper engages with Jessop's (2001) Strategic‐Relational Approach (SRA), arguing for its potential for informing action in a way that is capable of achieving steering outputs. The claim for SRA is demonstrated by re‐examining the case study. The factors that come through as SRA is applied are drawn out and it is suggested that the theory though non‐deterministic, helps guide action by highlighting certain dynamics of systems that can be used for institutional intervention. These dynamics point to the importance of paying attention to scale and the way in which participation and negotiation processes are structured so as to favour certain outcomes rather than others. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary afferent dendrite degeneration as a cause of tinnitus
Authors: Bauer Carol A. , Brozoski Thomas J. , Myers Kristin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChronic tinnitus affects millions of people, but the mechanisms responsible for the development of this abnormal sensory state remain poorly understood. This study examined the type and extent of cochlear damage that occurs after acoustic trauma sufficient to induce chronic tinnitus in rats. Tinnitus was evaluated by using a conditioned suppression method of behavioral testing. Cochlear damage was assessed 6 months after acoustic trauma. There was minimal loss of inner and outer hair cells in the exposed cochleas of subjects demonstrating evidence of tinnitus. However, a significant loss of large‐diameter fibers in the osseous spiral lamina of exposed cochleas of trauma subjects was observed. The significance of this finding in the context of a model of tinnitus is discussed. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the reliability of 13C metabolic modeling with two‐compartment neuronal‐glial models
Authors: Shestov Alexander A. , Valette Julien , Uğurbil Kâmil , Henry Pierre‐Gilles 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMetabolic modeling of 13C NMR spectroscopy (13C MRS) data using two‐compartment neuronal‐glial models enabled non‐invasive measurements of the glutamate‐glutamine cycle rate (VNT) in the brain in vivo. However, the reliability of such two‐compartment metabolic modeling has not been examined thoroughly. This study uses Monte‐Carlo simulations to investigate the reliability of metabolic modeling of 13C positional enrichment time courses measured in brain amino acids such as glutamate and glutamine during [1‐13C]‐ or [1,6‐13C2]glucose infusion. Results show that the determination of VNT is not very precise under experimental conditions typical of in vivo NMR studies, whereas the neuronal TCA cycle rate VTCA(N) is determined with a much higher precision. Consistent with these results, simulated 13C positional enrichment curves for glutamate and glutamine are much more sensitive to the value of VTCA(N) than to the value of VNT. We conclude that the determination of the glutamate‐glutamine cycle rate VNT using 13C MRS is relatively unreliable when fitting 13C positional enrichment curves obtained during [1‐13C] or [1,6‐13C2]glucose infusion. Further developments are needed to improve the determination of VNT, for example using additional information from 13C‐13C isotopomers and/or using glial specific substrates such as [2‐13C]acetate. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p‐Type Semiconducting Dendrimers Bearing Thiophenyl Peripheral Moieties: Effect of Alkyl Chains on Molecular Packing Geometry
Authors: Kim Kyung Hwan , Chi Zhenguo , Cho Min Ju , Jin Jung‐Il , Choi Dong Hoon , Paek Sang Hyon 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFirst generation thiophene‐labeled conjugated dendrimers have been synthesized through the Heck coupling reaction between the 5‐vinyl‐[2,2′]bithio‐ phenyl derivative and 1,2,4,5‐tetrabromo‐benzene as a core. One dendrimer has hexyl groups at the periphery and the other does not have it. They display a considerably better solubility than the linear conjugated oligothiophene. We observe drastic spectral change in a film state of dendrimer due to crystallization and a high extent of intermolecular interaction. Effect of peripheral alkyl groups on the intermolecular interaction and lamella orderness was investigated using two dendrimers.
Ultrathin Ferroelectric P(VDF/TrFE) Copolymer Film in Low‐Cost Non‐Volatile Data Storage Applications
Authors: Lee Jong Soon , Prabu A. Anand , Chang You Min , Kim Kap Jin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUltrathin ferroelectric P(VDF/TrFE(72/28) films were used in the fabrication of metal‐ferroelectric polymer‐metal single bit device with special emphasis on the formation of uniform film surface, faster dipole switching time under an external electric field, and longer memory retention time. FTIR‐GIRAS and AFM were used complementarily in analyzing the changes in chain orientation and surface crystalline morphology with varying sample preparation methods. It was found that the magnitudes of remnant polarization and coercive field are highly related to the degree of chain orientation along the conductive substrate surface. The cast‐ annealed sample showed the highest polarization and the smallest coercive field. DC‐EFM technique was successfully used to ‘write and erase’ the data bit on the ultrathin P(VDF/TrFE) film by applying a dc bias voltage much larger than coercive voltage with different polarities and the data bit state could be read by measuring the piezoelectric response of the cantilever with a lock‐in amplifier by applying an ac modulating voltage whose Vpp is much less than the coercive voltage.
Thermally Stable Photo‐Crosslinking Polymers Bearing Cinnamate Groups for Liquid Crystal Alignment
Authors: Sung Oh Hyun , Cho Seung Hyun , Kim Whan Gun , Song Ki Gook , Paek Sang Hyon , Lee Jun Young 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOptically ansiotropic photo‐crosslinking polymers were synthesized through reaction between different kinds of epoxy resins and cinnamic acids. Optical anisotropy of the polymer film exposed to linearly polarized UV light (LPUVL) was confirmed from the polarized UV‐Visible spectra. The polymer films irradiated by LPUVL showed anisotropic absorbance in the polarized UV‐Visible spectra, while the polymer irradiated by unpolarized UV exhibited isotropic absorbance. It was also confirmed that the polymer film exposed to LPUVL could align liquid crystals (LC). LC cell fabricated using the polymer films irradiated by LPUVL showed the anisotropic polar diagram, implying that the polymer films may be applied as the photoalignment layer for LC display.
Solid State Photoluminescence Property of a Novel POSS‐Based Material Having Carbazole
Authors: Imae Ichiro , Kawakami Yusuke , Ooyama Yousuke , Harima Yutaka 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOctakis[2‐carbazol‐9‐yl]ethyldimethylsiloxy]silsesquioxane (POSS‐Cz) was newly synthesized and its photoluminescence properties in both solution and solid states were investigated. POSS‐Cz showed monomeric emission peak not only in solution state but also in solid state. This result suggests that the introduction of octasilsesquioxane core will suppress the aggregation of carbazole even in solid state.
Cyclodextrin‐Induced Fluorescence Enhancement of an Ionic Polyacetylene Having Phenylethylpyridinium Groups
Authors: Lee Sang‐Mi , Lee Ji‐Seok , Kim Jong‐Man 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA phenylethylpyridinium substituted polyacetylene PA‐PEP has been prepared in a straight forward manner by the reaction of 2‐ethylnylpyridine with (2‐bromoethyl)benzene. The UV‐visible maximum of this ionic polyacetylene undergoes a bathochromic shift in the presence of β‐cyclodextrin. In contrast, a negligible bathochromic shift is observed in the presence of α‐ or γ‐cyclodextrin. In addition, the most prominent enhancement fluorescence intensity of the polyacetylene was observed with β‐cyclodextrin when it interacts with cyclodextrins. It is proposed that the observed fluorescence perturbations are a consequence of the inclusion complex formed between β‐cyclodextrin and the polyacetylene side‐chain.