bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students' Motivational Traits in Science: a cross‐age study
Authors: Trumper Ricardo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a cross‐age study dealing with high school students' motivational traits in science. Students' motivational traits in science were explored by a questionnaire whose items were written to correspond to four motivational patterns: achievement, curiosity, conscientiousness and sociability. The major findings of this study are: (1) most students may be assigned to one or a combination of two motivational traits in science; (2) most students may be categorised as ‘sociable'; (3) students' ‘sociability’, ‘curiosity’ and ‘conscientiousness’ motivations in science do not undergo any substantial change in secondary school; (4) more boys than girls may be categorised as ‘achievers’ in junior high school but the gap narrows and even reverses in senior high school; (5) more boys than girls from grade 8 to 10 may be categorised as ‘curious’, but the relationship becomes equal in grade 11; (6) more girls than boys may be categorised as ‘conscientious’ throughout all the grades; and (7) girls and boys may be almost equally categorised as ‘sociable’ throughout all the grades.
Children With and Without ‘Additional Educational Needs’ at Key Stage 1 in Six Inner City Schools—teaching and learning processes and policy implications
Authors: West Anne , Sammons Pam 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper is based on case‐studies of six English inner‐city infant schools and focuses on teaching and learning processes in Year 2 classes. It is concerned in particular with children with ‘additional educational needs'—operationalised here in terms of those with special educational needs (not necessarily statemented) and English language needs. Teachers’ aims are examined, as are their grouping strategies. In terms of provision made, teachers indicated that more individual attention and time was required for children with special educational needs and with English language needs. The findings are discussed in terms of the adequacy of provision for all children in inner city schools with their mixed social and linguistic intakes, and related policy implications. Theoretical implications of the findings are also examined.
National Curriculum Assessments and Programmes of Study: validity and impact
Authors: Wiliam Dylan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper has been written as a contribution to the debate about the possible directions that might be taken in the light of the current review of the role of assessment in the National Curriculum of England and Wales. The paper is presented in two parts. The first part outlines a theoretical framework—a simplified version of the four‐facet framework proposed by Samuel Messick—within which the relative demands of evidential and consequential aspects of validity can be considered. The second section presents a selection of issues which will need to be addressed (either explicitly or implicitly) in order to illustrate how the four‐facet model can be applied to the analysis of issues that need to be resolved. The selected issues are not intended to be representative of all the issues that will need to be addressed, but do illustrate the use of the theoretical framework presented in part 1 in a variety of contexts. It is also intended that the framework here will be relevant to all assessments, not just those related to the National Curriculum of England and Wales.
Professionals Under Pressure: the administration of special education in a changing context
Authors: Vincent Carol , Evans Jennifer , Lunt Ingrid , Young Pam 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper explores the role of professionals employed in the special education section of local education authorities (LEAs). Its examination of the political, cultural and financial contexts in which decision‐making occurs is illustrated by data collected in interviews with LEA personnel in five local authorities. The first section of the paper examines the nature and effects of professional control in special education. Depoliticisation, individualisation and a concentration on technical solutions are seen as the main outcomes of professional control. The second section of the paper analyses the discourses which underpin professional notions of special education. The paper argues that it is the nature of these discourses which renders special education vulnerable to incursions by recent public sector reforms; namely managerialism and the concomitant shift towards rule‐based decision‐making. It concludes that the dominant discourses in special education are ill‐equipped to penetrate beyond procedural issues and consider more fundamental questions about the future nature of education for all children.
Education in a Post‐modern Horizon: voices from Latin‐America
Authors: Buenfil‐Burgos Rosa Nidia 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe are witnessing today the all‐embracing undermining of the absolute character of the foundations of Enlightenment thought. This has had effects on different fields of knowledge, and the educational field is not an exception. The consequences produced by this process of ‘erosion’ of foundations is, of course, different in the so‐called First, Second and Third World countries. The way in which the post‐modern condition has been conceptualised by some scholars in Third World countries, particularly in the educational field circumscribes the scope of this paper. This paper illustrates: (1) the more generalised meanings of the term ‘post‐modernity’ in Latin America; (2) the modern/post‐modern debate in the educational field held by some influential educational theoreticians; (3) my own position concerning post‐modernity as a horizon of intelligibility and as an existential condition; and (4) my own remarks about some of the effects that the post‐modern horizon offers to and demands from those concerned with education.
Science Education for Environmental Education? Primary Teacher Perspectives and Practices
Authors: Littledyke Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article presents the results of a survey of primary managers and teachers to assess the relationships between experience, attitudes and practice in science and environmental education. Analysis, from a concerns theory perspective, shows that science, by virtue of its high National Curriculum status, has progressed to collaborative and refocusing concerns with substantial management support, whilst environmental education, in spite of perceived importance, remains at the status of personal concerns, due to insufficient pragmatic management support and pressure to cover National Curriculum subject content. Four broad groups of attitudes towards science and environmental education are identified which highlight the relationship between experience, attitudes, practices and views of science and corresponding practices and attitudes relating to environmental issues and education. The significance of this to science and environmental education is discussed.
The Discourses of Social Justice in Schools
Authors: Griffiths Morwenna 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this article I argue that it is possible to use and then build on contemporary theoretical and practical discourses surrounding issues of social justice in order to improve matters in schools. The research method is based in philosophical educational research: developing and generating theory in an iterative process of theorising in relation to specific practical circumstances and their problems. The argument shows that theoretical underpinnings of social justice need not be liberal‐humanist, just as practical strategies need not be couched in the language of 1980s‐style equal opportunities. It describes a method of formulating, in collaboration with practitioners, a set of theoretically informed social justice principles for managing schools. It then shows how these draw on, and contribute to, a set of discursive constructions related to social justice and its improvement.
The Success and Failure of Positive Action to Mitigate the Effects of an All‐male Senior Management Team in a Secondary School
Authors: Coldron John , Boulton Pam 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article considers the effectiveness of an initiative in a secondary school taken to mitigate the effects of an all‐male senior management team. We draw up a partial balance sheet of its successes and failures. Chief among its successes was the effect such a wholehearted and positive action had on the women staff in the school and among its failures the problematic nature of an action that went so counter to established structures and processes. We conclude that this local action was of considerable value.
Changes in Patterns of Teacher Interaction in Primary Classrooms: 1976‐96
Authors: Galton Maurice , Hargreaves Linda , Comber Chris , Wall Debbie , Pell Tony 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFor the past two decades there has been persistent controversy regarding the effectiveness of the different teaching methods used in the English primary classroom. One of the earliest studies of the primary classroom, the ORACLE study, described the typical behaviours of teachers and pupils. Since that time there have been various interventions designed ‘to change the way that primary teachers teach’. The research reported here evaluates the success of these interventions by replicating the work of 20 years ago by using the same observation methods in some of the same schools.
Homework and Attainment in Primary Schools
Authors: Farrow Steve , Tymms Peter , Henderson Brian 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn analysis of data relating to homework in the final year of primary school is reported in the core areas of mathematics, English and science. Information was available on achievement levels, attitudes, developed ability, cultural capital and sex. Widespread variation in reported homework frequency emerged in the core subjects in primary schools, as did significant differences between girls and boys for mathematics and reading. The findings indicated that the highest test scores were achieved by those pupils who reported doing homework ‘once a month’ in each of the core subjects. Homework reported more frequently than ‘once a month’ was generally associated with lower attainment. Multilevel models that controlled for important variables did not lend support to the ‘more is better’ view of homework. Our contention is that the assumptions about the value of homework (largely derived from secondary school practice and experience) should not be automatically ‘grafted on’ to primary practice. More serious consideration should be given to the nature and frequency of homework setting in primary schools.
Referring patients to counsellors in primary care: Qualitative investigation of general practitioners’ perceptions
Authors: Cocksedge Simon , May Carl 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDespite growing evidence of the effectiveness of counselling in primary care, questions arise concerning the role of general practitioners in the referral process. This involves both liaison with counsellors and the management of people who do not wish to see counsellors. Respondents (n=23) in this qualitative study of general practitioners’ perceptions were clear about which patients should be referred to counsellors, based on guidelines. Additionally, these doctors perceived their role and skills as negotiating with their patients about referral to a counsellor, and managing patients who are either waiting to see a counsellor or who prefer not to see a counsellor. These doctors feel inadequately trained in managing this latter group, whose outcome they perceive as unclear. Despite this, respondents accept a role in ongoing support for their patients with consequent training issues for doctors and opportunities for liaison and mentoring by counsellors.
The challenges of designing and piloting a system for measuring the impact of counselling provided by a national voluntary agency
Authors: Mistral Willm , Jackson Annabel , Brandling Janet , McCarthy-Young Liz 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the issues, processes and difficulties encountered and solutions proposed when introducing an evaluation system into a large and complex voluntary organisation providing counselling and relationship support services. The organisation Relate has 2,000 counsellors in over 600 locations operated by a network of 81 Relate Centres, and over 140,000 people use its services annually. The present project arose from a need clearly identified at a Mental Health Foundation conference in 1993, for a common measure to evaluate ‘talking’ therapies; to identify ways of measuring costs and benefits; and to assess the skills and competencies of therapists.This project set out to (1) identify and pilot a validated scale that could demonstrate the value of Relate; (2) develop and pilot a further measure of Relate's work, broader than the validated scale, in order to foster organisational learning and develop good practice. The pilot encountered a range of methodological challenges, and it is believed that recognition of these might smooth the way for any other similar organisation planning to develop an ongoing system for evaluation of counselling and relationship support.
Memories are Made of This: Temporality and practitioner research
Authors: Brown Tony , Roberts Lorna 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis article sets out to examine the nature of time and how it is constructed within reflective teacher research. The article is motivated on the one hand by a belief in evolving identity but on the other acknowledges a world where such identities are collapsing into interweaving discourses where notions of such evolution are not tenable. It draws on a classic debate between Gadamer and Habermas concerned with how we experience our living in the present, either as a ‘being in the world’, or as an ‘endgainer’ aspiring to a new structural framework within which life will be unconstrained by reifications of oppressive relations. After questioning the notion of human agency these views presuppose, the article pursues a resolution offered by Ricoeur and his subsequent work on the close relation between time and the stories we tell about it. Some work arising from a course for teachers is described in which attempts are made to reconcile practice with descriptions of it. In particular, issues of the teachers working with their own earlier writings are discussed. It is suggested that such writings can be used to form a reflective/constructive narrative layer that feeds whilst growing alongside the life it seeks to portray.
Intraductal carcinoma is the precursor of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma and is often associated with dysfunctional p53
Authors: Ihrler S , Weiler C , Hirschmann A , Sendelhofert A , Lang S , Guntinas‐Lichius O , Arnold G , Zietz C , Harrison J D 
Published: June 2007

Aims:  Although intraductal carcinoma has been demonstrated in intracapsular carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CEPA), the morphological and genetic stages of transformation of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) to CEPA are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology of intracapsular CEPA.Methods and results:  The largest series of intracapsular CEPA studied was subject to immunohistochemical double‐staining to detect p53 protein and cellular proliferation in different types of cell combined with mutational analysis of the p53 gene in laser‐microdissected material. Intraductal carcinoma with high‐grade cellular atypia and frequent accumulation of p53 protein was found in 15/19 cases. Purely intraductal carcinoma was found in eight cases. Mutation of p53 was found in 7/19 cases, of which it was found in intraductal carcinoma in 5/15 cases.Conclusions:  The frequent demonstration of intraductal carcinoma indicates that this preinvasive lesion is likely to be a constant feature in the malignant transformation of PA to CEPA. It appears to be a feature of CEPA developing from both primary and recurrent PA. The combined immunohistochemical and genetic data show that 14/19 cases of CEPA and 11/15 cases with intraductal carcinoma showed genetic or morphological evidence of dysfunctional p53, indicating that this is an early event in malignant transformation.
Observational and Experimental Evidence for the Function of Tail Flicking in Eurasian Moorhen Gallinula chloropus
Authors: Randler Christoph 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTail movements such as wagging, flicking or pumping are reported from many bird species but their adaptive functions remain poorly understood. To investigate whether tail flicking functions as an alarm signal, either to predators or neighbouring birds, or as a signal of submission to conspecifics, I observed this behaviour in moorhen in a natural context, and conducted playback experiments using vocalizations of predators, conspecifics and heterospecifics. I found positive relationships between flicking and vigilance and nearest neighbour distance, and negative relationships between flicking and moorhen flock size and total flock size. Moorhen at the edge of a flock flicked at a higher rate. Single moorhen flicked more often compared with individuals in groups, both in single‐ and mixed‐species flocks, and there was a tendency that single moorhen flicked more often than single moorhen within a mixed‐species flock. Moorhen responded differently to conspecific and predator calls. While in both cases vigilance increased, tail flick rate was higher during predator playbacks and lower during conspecific playbacks. Furthermore, moorhen remained rather motionless when conspecific calls were played back, but not during predator calls, and, moorhen resumed to a baseline level of tail flicking more quickly after the playback of conspecific calls. Taken together, the results suggest that flicking may be considered as a honest signal of vigilance directed towards ambushing predators.
Metabolic syndrome is not associated with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, serum adiponectin and endogenous androgen concentrations in Japanese men with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Fukui M. , Ose H. , Kitagawa Y. , Kamiuchi K. , Nakayama I. , Ohta M. , Obayashi H. , Yamasaki M. , Hasegawa G. , Yoshikawa T. , Nakamura N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAims  Metabolic syndrome is characterized by its association with certain cardiovascular disease risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between metabolic syndrome and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis, serum adiponectin and endogenous androgen concentrations in Japanese men with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  Using the 2005 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition, we assessed the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in 424 consecutive men with Type 2 diabetes aged 40–75 years in a cross‐sectional study. We compared characteristics including ultrasonographic carotid atherosclerosis markers, pulse‐wave velocity (PWV), and serum adiponectin, free testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA‐S) concentrations in diabetic patients with and without the metabolic syndrome.Results  The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Japanese men with Type 2 diabetes was 46.9%. Men with the metabolic syndrome had higher urinary albumin excretion rate than those without. Carotid intima‐media thickness (0.97 ± 0.26 vs. 0.91 ± 0.18 mm), plaque score [3.3 (1.5–8.1) vs. 3.8 (1.3–6.2)], PWV (1818 ± 331 vs. 1749 ± 331 cm/s) and ankle‐brachial index (1.10 ± 0.14 vs. 1.08 ± 0.16) did not differ significantly between patients with and without the metabolic syndrome. Similarly, serum adiponectin [3.70 (2.06–6.09) vs. 4.65 (3.09–7.02) µg/ml], free testosterone (36.4 ± 10.7 vs. 34.7 ± 11.1 pmol/l), and DHEA‐S concentrations (3.29 ± 1.83 vs. 3.17 ± 1.63 µmol/l) did not differ significantly between groups,Conclusions  The metabolic syndrome, as defined by the IDF, is not significantly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis markers, serum adiponectin, or endogenous androgen concentrations in Japanese men with Type 2 diabetes.
Distribution of neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase in the human cerebral cortex
Authors: Benavides‐Piccione Ruth , DeFelipe Javier 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSince the very first detailed description of the different types of cortical interneurons by Cajal, the tremendous variation in the morphology, physiology and neurochemical properties of these cells has become apparent. However, it still remains unclear whether all types of interneurons are present in all cortical areas and species. Here we have focused on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐immunoreactive cortical interneurons, which although only present in certain species, are particularly abundant in the human neocortex. We argue that this type of interneuron is more widespread in the human neocortex than in any other species examined so far and that, therefore, it is probably involved in a larger variety of cortical circuits. In addition, notable regional variation can be seen in relation to these interneurons. These differences further emphasize the variability in the design of microcircuits between cortical areas and species, and they probably reflect an evolutionary adaptation of cortical circuits to particular functions.
A comparative U–Th–Pb (zircon–monazite) and 40Ar–39Ar (muscovite–biotite) study of shear zones in northern Victoria Land (Antarctica): implications for geochronology and localized reworking of the Ross Orogen
Authors: DI VINCENZO G. , CAROSI R. , PALMERI R. , TIEPOLO M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMylonitic granites from two shear zones in northern Victoria Land (Antarctica) were investigated in order to examine the behaviour of the U–Th–Pb system in zircon and monazite and of the 40Ar–39Ar system in micas during ductile deformation. Meso‐ and micro‐structural data indicate that shear zones gently dip to the NE and SW, have an opposite sense of shear (top‐to‐the‐SW and ‐NE, respectively) and developed under upper greenschist facies conditions. In situ U–Pb dating by laser‐ablation inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry of zircon areas with well‐preserved igneous zoning patterns (c. 490 Ma) confirm that granites were emplaced during the Early Cambrian to Early Ordovician Ross–Delamerian Orogeny. Monazite from the Bier Point Shear Zone (BPSZ) mainly yielded U–Th–Pb ages of c. 440 Ma, in agreement with in‐situ Ar laserprobe ages of syn‐shear muscovite and with most Ar ages of coexisting biotite. The agreement of ages derived from different decay schemes and from minerals with different crystal‐chemical features suggests that isotope transport in the studied sample was mainly controlled by (re)crystallization processes and that the main episode of ductile deformation in the BPSZ occurred at c. 440 Ma. Cathodoluminscence imaging showed that zircon from the BPSZ contains decomposed areas with faint relics of oscillatory zoning. These areas yielded a U–Pb age pattern which mimics that of monazite but is slightly shifted towards older ages, supporting previous studies which suggest that ‘ghost’ structures may be affected by inheritance. In contrast, secondary structures in zircon from the Mt. Emison Shear Zone (MESZ) predominantly consist of overgrowths or totally recrystallized areas and gave U–Pb ages of c. 450 and 410 Ma. The c. 450‐Ma date matches within errors most monazite U–Th–Pb ages and in‐situ Ar ages on biotite aligned along the mylonitic foliation. This again suggests that isotope ages from the different minerals are (re)crystallization ages and constrains the time of shearing in the MESZ to the Late Ordovician. Regionally, results indicate that shear zones were active in the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian and that their development was partially synchronous at c. 440 Ma, suggesting that they belong to a shear‐zone system formed in response to ∼NE–SW‐directed shortening. Taking into account the former juxtaposition of northern Victoria Land and SE Australia, we propose that shear zones represent reactivated zones formed in response to stress applied along the new plate margin as a consequence of contractional tectonics associated with the early stages (Benambran Orogeny) of the development of the Late Ordovician–Late Devonian Lachlan Fold Belt.