bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Design and Performance Analysis of Multiband MIMO Antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G Network
Authors: Utahile Ater David , Michael Udofia Kufre , Jeffrey Saturday Chukwudi 
Published: March 2024

This paper presents the design and performance comparison of a multiband dual diversity 8-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with a 4-element MIMO antenna with defected ground structure (DGS) at 2.45/3.5/5.2/6 GHz. The proposed antennas were designed on a flame retardant (FR-4) having a dielectric constant of 4.4 , (\(\varepsilon\)r =4.4), dimensions of 200x200x1.6 mm 140x90x1.6 mm respectively. The antennas were simulated and analyzed using Computer Simulation Studio (CST Studio). Results obtained from the simulation showed that the 8-element MIMO antenna achieved a combined bandwidth of 908.68 MHz. In contrast, the 4-element MIMO antenna with DGS achieved 4.22 GHz bandwidth on average. Broadside radiation pattern was observed across the three frequency bands in both E- and H-plane with an average main lobe magnitude of 7.8 dBi. Furthermore, the proposed antennas achieved consistent Envelop Correlation Coefficient (ECC) and Diversity Gain (DG) values of 0.0008 and 9.999 and Port-to-port isolation of 27 dB across all frequencies considered. Also, an antenna gain of 8.58 dB was achieved at a frequency of 6 GHz for the 8-element MIMO antenna, while a maximum gain of 5.58 dBi was achieved by the 4-element MIMO antenna with DGS. The gain, isolation, DG, and ECC between adjacent ports and the loss in capacity were within the standard margins, making the antenna structure suitable for MIMO applications.
Effect of NPK through Chemical Fertilizers Combination with Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and Bio-fertilizers on Yield Attributes of Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Jaipur Region of Rajasthan, India
Authors: Kumar Ajad , Singh Hoshiyar , Kumar Anil 
Published: March 2024

The field experiment was conducted in loamy sand soil of the Horticulture farm, Vivekanand Global University Jaipur, during Rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22. The experiment comprises of 32 treatment combinations replicated three times was laid out in split-plot design (SPD) with four fertility levels of NPK (0, 50, 75 and 100% of recommended dose of NPK) and two levels of FYM (without FYM and with FYM @ 25 t ha-1) were added in main plots. Four bio-fertilizer levels (No inculcation, N2 fixer Azotobacter, PSB inculcation and N2 fixer Azotobacter + PSB inoculation) were added in sub plots. The treatments comprised of Chemical fertilizers, FYM and biofertilizers with ten treatments Viz., F0- Control, F1-50% of recommended dose of NPK, F2-75% of recommended dose of NPK, F3-100% of recommended dose of NPK, M0- Without FYM, M1- With FYM @ 25 t ha -1, B0- No inoculation, B1- N2 fixer Azotobacter, B2- PSB inoculation and B3- N2 Fixer Azotobacter + PSB inoculation, respectively. The results of the study have clearly shown that application of chemical fertilizer up to 100% RDF increased the entire yield and its attributes viz. (neck length, bulb diameter, number of scales, fresh weight of bulb, volume of bulb). With application of FYM @ 25 t ha-1 yield significantly improved with its attributes. Use of biofertilizers (N2 fixers Azotobacter + PSB inoculation) in combination or alone increased all yield and its attributes. Integrated system approach is not only the liable for attaining fairly high productivity with substantial fertilizer economy but also a concept of soundness leading to sustainable agriculture .
Craniosynostosis associated with distal 5q‐trisomy: Further evidence that extra copy of MSX2 gene leads to craniosynostosis
Authors: Wang Jia‐Chi , Steinraths Michelle , Dang Linda , Lomax Brenda , Eydoux Patrice , Stockley Tracy , Yong Siu‐Li , Van Allen Margot I. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDistal 5q‐trisomy has been reported in less than 30 patients, with craniosynostosis present in five. We report two new patients with distal 5q‐trisomy craniosynostosis. Patient 1 had mild Kleeblattschädel with synostosis of multiple sutures together with wide and medially deviated thumbs and halluces, indicative of Pfeiffer syndrome. Cytogenetic and CGH analyses showed a karyotype of 46,XY,der(10)t(5;10)(q33;q26.3). Patient 2 had a prominent forehead and ridging of the metopic suture. Craniosynostosis of the metopic suture was shown by CT scan. Cytogenetic and CGH analyses disclosed a karyotype of 46,XX,der(17)t(5;17)(q35.1;p13.3). Of the 22 previously reported patients, all had microcephaly and 14 had an abnormal skull shape. Our results support the previous finding that distal 5q‐trisomy together with an extra copy of the MSX2 gene leads to abnormal closure of sutures and craniosynostosis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subtypes of frontonasal dysplasia are useful in determining clinical prognosis
Authors: Wu E. , Vargevik K. , Slavotinek A.M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFrontonasal dysplasia [FND; OMIM 136760] results from abnormal morphogenesis of the frontonasal process with disruption of the formation of the facial midline. Craniofacial anomalies in FND include anterior cranium bifidum, ocular hypertelorism, orofacial clefting and notching or clefting of the alae nasi. The majority of FND cases are sporadic and discordance has been demonstrated in monozygotic twin pairs, arguing against a strong inherited component in pathogenesis. However, pedigrees with Mendelian inheritance and non‐recurrent chromosome aberrations in FND patients demonstrate that gene mutations or cytogenetic imbalance can also be important in the etiology of this phenotype. We classified 101 reported cases of FND from the medical literature and three new cases into seven separate FND phenotypic subtypes in addition to isolated FND. Our aim was to evaluate FND patients for distinct phenotypes within the FND spectrum and to determine the evidence for a genetic etiology in each of the different subtypes. Our analysis showed significant differences in the severity of the accompanying malformations and the rates of learning disabilities in the FND subtypes, although the small patient numbers and method of patient ascertainment may have influenced the data. The results suggest that cases with FND should be evaluated for additional anomalies, as these may help to determine prognosis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A genome‐wide linkage study in families with major depression and co‐morbid unexplained swelling
Authors: Anderson Carl A. , Maclean Alan , Dunnigan Matthew G. , Pelosi Anthony J. , Murray Valerie , McKee Irene , McDonald George , Burt David W. , Morrice David R. , Muir Walter J. , Visscher Peter M. , Blackwood Douglas H.R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a common heritable condition. The diversity of the phenotype coupled with aetiological and genetic heterogeneity present formidable obstacles in the search for causative genetic loci. Studies of large families with many affected individuals, and the selection of well‐defined clinical subgroups of depression, are two ways to reduce this complexity. Unexplained swelling symptoms (USS) are common in women and many patients give a strong personal and family history of depression. Co‐morbid depression and swelling symptoms define a useful sub‐phenotype for investigating genetic factors in depression. We have completed a genome‐wide linkage analysis using 371 microsatellite markers in four families where MDD is co‐morbid with USS. Of 47 affected individuals, 28 had both MDD and unexplained swelling, 11 had symptoms of swelling alone, and 8 had MDD alone. Parametric marker‐specific analysis identified one suggestive locus, D8S260 (LOD = 2.02) and non‐parametric multipoint variance component analysis identified a region on 7p (LOD = 2.10). A 47 cM suggestive linkage region on chromosome 14q (identified by both parametric and non‐parametric methods) was identified and investigated further with fine‐mapping markers but the evidence for linkage to this region decreased with increased marker information content. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential methylation of the X‐chromosome is a possible source of discordance for bipolar disorder female monozygotic twins
Authors: Rosa Araceli , Picchioni Marco M. , Kalidindi Sridevi , Loat Caroline S. , Knight Joanne , Toulopoulou Timothea , Vonk Ronald , van der Schot Astrid C. , Nolen Willem , Kahn René S. , McGuffin Peter , Murray Robin M. , Craig Ian W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMonozygotic (MZ) twins may be subject to epigenetic modifications that could result in different patterns of gene expression. Several lines of evidence suggest that epigenetic factors may underlie mental disorders such as bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ). One important epigenetic modification, of relevance to female MZ twins, is X‐chromosome inactivation. Some MZ female twin pairs are discordant for monogenic X linked disorders because of differential X inactivation. We postulated that similar mechanisms may also occur in disorders with more complex inheritance including BD and SZ. Examination of X‐chromosome inactivation patterns in DNA samples from blood and/or buccal swabs in a series of 63 female MZ twin pairs concordant or discordant for BD or SZ and healthy MZ controls suggests a potential contribution from X‐linked loci to discordance within twin pairs for BD but is inconclusive for SZ. Discordant female bipolar twins showed greater differences in the methylation of the maternal and paternal X alleles than concordant twin pairs and suggest that differential skewing of X‐chromosome inactivation may contribute to the discordance observed for bipolar disorder in female MZ twin pairs and the potential involvement of X‐linked loci in the disorder. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene–Environment interactions in the development of combined type ADHD: Evidence for a synapse‐based model
Authors: Todd Richard D. , Neuman Rosalind J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTo determine the mechanism of interaction of prenatal smoking exposure and child genotype in the development of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), polymorphisms in the CHRNA4 gene were tested for interactions with prenatal smoking exposure on risk for ADHD subtypes using multiple logistic regression. An exon 5 polymorphism demonstrated a significant interaction with history of maternal smoking during pregnancy for increasing risk for severe combined type ADHD (OR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.1–8.4 for population‐defined severe combined type, OR = 3.9 95% CI 1.2–13.1 for DSM‐IV defined combined subtype ADHD). This interaction increased the effects of previously reported interactions for the DRD4 and DAT1 genes with prenatal smoking exposure. Given the known functions and the known areas of expression of these three genes at the dopaminergic synapse in the pre‐frontal cortex, the results are compatible with a synapse‐based model of the development of this form of ADHD. The subtype specificity of these findings supports the concept that ADHD is composed of a group of distinct disorders. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of poly(epichlorohydrin‐g‐methyl methacrylate) and poly(epichlorohydrin‐g‐styrene) graft copolymers by a combination of cationic and photopolymerization methods
Authors: Cakmak Ismail , Baykara Haci , Set Baris 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPoly(epichlorohydrin‐g‐styrene) and poly (epichlorohydrin‐g‐methyl methacrylate) graft copolymers were synthesized by a combination of cationic and photoinitiated free‐radical polymerization. For this purpose, first, epichlorohydrin was polymerized with tetrafluoroboric acid (HBF4) via a cationic ring‐opening mechanism, and, then, polyepichlorohydrin (PECH) was reacted ethyl‐hydroxymethyl dithio sodium carbamate to obtain a macrophotoinitiator. PECH, possessing photolabile thiuram disulfide groups, was used in the photoinduced polymerization of styrene or methyl methacrylate to yield the graft copolymers. The graft copolymers were characterized by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and gel permeation chromatography. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of nano‐TiO2 on MP‐25 resin
Authors: Xiang Bin , Shengtao Zhang , Wenzhang Huang , Baorong Hou 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMP‐25 resin is a chlorine‐containing polymer widely used in coatings. The effects of two types of nano‐TiO2 (P‐25 and RM301 LP) on MP‐25 were studied with saline immersion, UV irradiation, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. UV irradiation was evaluated in terms of gloss change and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicate that, compared to pigment R‐930 TiO2, P‐25 reduced the immersion resistance and accelerated UV aging of the MP‐25 coating, whereas RM301 LP showed the opposite effects. XPS analysis showed that MP‐25 resin degraded under UV irradiation via dechlorination and CC bond breakage, similarly to poly(vinyl chloride), but RM301 LP could inhibit the aging of MP‐25 to a certain extent. A skin effect of oxygen and chlorine was identified in MP‐25 resin by XPS. RM301 LP could improve the impedance of the MP‐25 coating because of its excellent fill capacity. Hence, rutile nano‐TiO2 RM301 LP represents an excellent additive for MP‐25 resin. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of deaeration processing on the behavior of an acrylonitrile–acrylamide copolymer and carbon fiber precursors
Authors: Wang Yan‐Xiang , Wang Cheng‐Guo , Jing Min 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe effect of the deaeration process on the behavior of acrylonitrile–acrylamide copolymer solutions was demonstrated experimentally in detail. The corresponding mechanical properties and morphology of the resultant precursors were also been examined. It was found that the viscosity of the copolymer solutions at rest increased continuously with the deaeration time prolonged at every fixed temperature stage, but it considerably increased when the deaeration temperature decreased. The changes in the viscosity of the solutions at 80°C were less prominent than those of the solutions at 20°C in the beginning stage; beyond 60 min, the changes became remarkable. In concentrated copolymer solutions, the dimethyl sulfoxide composition weight percentage decreased with an increase in the deaeration temperature; the increasing temperature reduced the solvent power continuously at a high deaeration temperature, so more solid–elastic gels were formed in the solutions with an increase in time. At the same degree of vacuum, when the temperature varied from 20 to 80°C and, in particular, the deaeration temperature was beyond 60°C, the products from the copolymer seemed to have slightly narrower molecular weight distributions. With the deaeration temperature increasing, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and bulk density of the resultant precursors increased, but their fineness and coefficient of variation decreased. The morphology of the precursors was more compact and more round beyond 60°C than below 60°C. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Stereocomplexation and morphology of enantiomeric poly(lactic acid)s with moderate‐molecular‐weight
Authors: Wang Yaming , Mano João F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe thermal behavior and spherulitic morphologies of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA)/poly(D‐lactic acid) (PDLA) 1/1 blend with weight‐molecular‐weight of 105 order, together with those of pure PLLA and PDLA, were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. It was found that in the blend, stereocomplex crystallites could be formed exclusively or coexisted with homocrystallites depending on thermal history. Banded to nonbanded spherulitic morphological transition occurred for melt‐crystallized PLLA and PDLA, while the blend presented exclusively nonbanded spherulitic morphologies in the temperature range investigated. The spherulite growth of the blend occurred within a wider temperature range (≤180°C) compared with that of homopolymers (≤150°C), while the spherulite growth rates were comparable for both the blend and homopolymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Decreased biliary excretion of tributylmethyl ammonium in cholestyramine pretreated rats due to reduced formation of ion‐pair complexes with hepatic bile salts
Authors: Choi M. K. , Song I. S. , Kim D. D. , Chung S. J. , Shim C. K. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe hypothesis that higher molecular weight (MW) quaternary ammoniums (QAs) form lipophilic ion‐pair complexes with bile salts in the liver, and are subsequently excreted into bile via a canalicular transporter, P‐gp, was re‐examined in the present study for its validity. The biliary excretion of tributylmethyl ammonium (TBuMA), a QA with a MW of 200, in bile salt‐depleted rats was determined. Depletion was induced by a daily oral administration of a resin, cholestyramine, at a dose of 0.5 g/kg for 2 consecutive weeks, which decreased the concentration of total bile salts in the liver by 38%. When TBuMA was administered intravenously (12 µmol/kg) to these rats, the plasma level, area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC), systemic clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vss) of the compound remained unchanged, whereas bile flow (23.03 vs 16.94 µl/min,p<0.05) and biliary clearance (CLbile, 12.75 vs 5.34 ml/min/kg,p<0.01) were decreased significantly. These results implied the biliary clearance of TBuMA in rats with bile salt depletion was significantly decreased as a result of decreased ion‐pair complexation of TBuMA. The above results are consistent with our hypothesis and the existence of a MW threshold (i.e. 200±50 for rats) for the biliary excretion of QAs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketoprofen plasters
Authors: Heo Sung‐Koun , Cho Jeiwon , Cheon Ji‐Woong , Choi Min‐Koo , Im Dong‐Soon , Kim Jung Ju , Choi Yang Gyu , Jeon Do Yong , Chung Suk‐Jae , Shim Chang‐Koo , Kim Dae‐Duk 
Published: October 2007

AbstractKetoprofen plasters of 70 cm2 size using DuroTak® acrylic adhesive polymers were developed either containing 30 mg (Ketotop‐L) or 60 mg drug (Ketotop‐P). The in vitro skin permeation profile was obtained in hairless mouse skin and showed the permeation rate of Ketotop‐P to be twice that of Ketotop‐L. The plasma concentration profile of ketoprofen was determined in Sprague‐Dawley rats after applying a 3 × 3 cm2 plaster. AUC0−24h and Cmax of Ketotop‐P were 260.92 µg·h/ml and 25.09 µg/ml, respectively, which were about twice the values of Ketotop‐L. The hind paw edema induced by carrageenan injection was measured for 6 h after applying a 2 × 2 cm2 plaster, and the area under the time‐response curve (AUR) value was significantly lower in Ketotop‐P attached rats (180.70%·h) than in those with the Ketotop‐L (298.65%·h) and the control (407.04%·h) groups, indicating a stronger anti‐inflammatory action of Ketotop‐P. However, the analgesic effect of the two formulations did not show a statistically significant difference. In conclusion, Ketotop‐P was able to achieve higher plasma concentration of ketoprofen, thereby exhibiting higher and more constant anti‐inflammatory effect compared with Ketotop‐L. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laws, Constraints, and the Modeling Relation – History and Interpretations
Authors: Pattee Howard H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe modeling relation and models of complex systems expressed by non‐integrable constraints were developed during ca. 1970–1987, when I worked most closely with Robert Rosen. I contrast the modeling relation within the organism itself as a necessary condition for life and evolution, as Rosen developed it in his fundamental work ‘Anticipatory Systems’, with the modeling relation within our brain as a necessary condition for understanding life, as Rosen developed it in ‘Life Itself’. Our approaches to the modeling relation were complementary. Rosen focused on the formal relational conditions necessary for life, and on the limitations that formal mathematical‐symbol systems impose on our models. I focused on the physical conditions necessary for these abstract relations to be realized, and on the symbolic control in organisms that allows open‐ended evolution. I contrast Rosen's views on physics and evolution in ‘Anticipatory Systems’ and later papers with his views in ‘Life Itself’, and I speculate on why they differ so greatly.
Re‐Mapping Robert Rosen's (M,R)‐Systems
Authors: Cottam Ron , Ranson Willy , Vounckx Roger 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe central concern of this paper is to re‐evaluate Rosen's replicating (M,R)‐systems, presented in his book ‘Life Itself ’, where M and R signify metabolism and repair, respectively. We look anew at Rosen's model of an organism in the light of extensive research into natural hierarchical systems, and the paper presents conclusions drawn from a comparison between Rosen's relational model and that of a birational complementary natural hierarchy. We accept that Rosen's relational model provides a useful stepping stone to understanding the nature of life, but also suggest that it induces potentially digressive conclusions. We conclude that a binary segregation of relational assemblies into mechanisms and organisms is insufficient, and indicate how a threefold segregation throws new light on Rosen's model. An organism is not ‘the complement of a mechanism’: the complement of a mechanism is its ecosystem. An organism is the ‘complex interface’ between mechanism and ecosystem.
Entailment of Ambiguity
Authors: Kercel Stephen W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractEverything in Rosen's work flows from the principle of ‘closure to efficient cause’, the necessary and sufficient distinguishing feature of complexity, and a necessary distinguishing feature of an organism. Some students of Rosen find considerable confusion over the meaning of ‘closure to efficient cause’. Such confusion is unnecessary. The matter is entirely cleared up by the (M,R)‐system, a set of three algebraic maps. Each map must include one of the others in its co‐domain, and is itself in the co‐domain of the remaining map. Structurally, the three maps form a circular hierarchy of containment. This peculiar structure is Rosen's closure. Since each map represents an efficient cause, they reveal the character of efficient cause. The efficient cause of a process is represented as its ‘dynamical law’, and is a constraint that arises from the intersection of the morphology of the process and the inherent constraints in reality represented by the ‘laws of Nature’.A critical, observable property (evidently unnoticed by Rosen), entailed by the closure, is its inherent ambiguity. From a foundation of ambiguity, the bizarre properties of complexity (e.g., non‐computability, non‐fractionability, undecidability, and incompleteness) follow in a straightforward manner, often with proofs simpler than those that Rosen discovered.
The Practical Modelling of Context‐Dependent Causal Processes – A Recasting of Robert Rosen's Thought
Authors: Edmonds Bruce 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper is a critical recasting of some of Robert Rosen's thought. It is argued that a lot of the thrust of Rosen's work can be better understood when recast in terms of the context dependency of causal models. When recast in this way, I seek to highlight how his thought does not lead to the abandonment of formal modelling and a descent into relativism, but a more careful and rigours science of complex systems. This also sheds light on several aspects of modelling, including the need for multiple models, the nature of modelling noise, and why adaptive systems cause particular problems to modellers. In this way, I hope to decrease researchers fear that, by taking Rosen's criticisms seriously, they would have to abandon the realm of acceptable science.