bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activated Coagulation Factors: In‐Vivo and in‐Vitro Studies
Authors: Niemetz J. , Nossel H. L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:In the course of serial coagulation studies on patients with acute leukaemia, defibrination was frequently encountered in the lymphoblastic, myeloblastic and promyelocytic varieties of the disease. Factor‐VIII levels were often high and varied very considerably, a particular phenomenon being the association at times of very high one‐stage levels with decreased two‐stage levels. In one patient heparin infusion was associated with a rise in the two‐stage Factor‐VIII level and cessation of the infusion with a prompt drop in level. Less frequently, gross elevation of one‐stage Factor‐XI activity occurred compared with two‐stage (eluate test) levels. In order to study possible mechanisms for the phenomena observed, the effect of adding various pro‐coagulants to normal plasma on the one‐ and two‐stage methods for measuring Factors VIII, IX and XI was studied. Thrombin caused a marked rise in one‐stage Factor‐VIII activity and a much smaller rise in one‐stage Factor IX and XI measurements. Two‐stage Factor‐VIII activity was reduced and Factors IX and XI little affected. These findings simulate some of the findings in vivo. The effect of activated Factors IX, X and XI on the one‐stage activity of Factors VIII, IX and XI may be explained by assuming that an activated product increases the one‐stage activity of any factor which participates in the clotting reaction sequence at a stage preceding the formation of the product. The actual findings were that an activated Factor‐X preparation increased one‐stage Factors VIII, IX and XI measurements; an activated Factor‐IX preparation considerably increased one‐stage Factor IX and XI measurements but affected Factor‐VIII activity only when used at very high concentrations; an activated Factor‐XI preparation did not affect Factor VIII, IX or XI one‐stage activity. None of these three activated products influenced the two‐stage measurements of Factors VIII, IX and XI. Tissue thromboplastin increased one‐stage Factor VIII, IX and XI activity to a similar extent, did not influence two‐stage Factor VIII and IX measurements and slightly increased two‐stage Factor‐XI activity.
Effect on Red Cells of a Small Rise in Temperature: in Vitro Studies
Authors: Karle Hans 
Published: March 2008

Summary:An increased destruction of red cells was previously demonstrated during experimental fever. The present study deals with the changes in red cells produced by extended exposure in vitro to temperatures in the biological range of fever.By elevating the temperature only a few degrees above normal body temperature a distinct increase in spontaneous haemolysis and osmotic fragility of rabbit red cells was observed. By combination of exposure to heat in vitro and survival‐studies in vivo, using red cells labelled with 51Cr or 59Fe, it was confirmed that even small elevations of temperature greatly reduced the survival of the red cells in the circulation. In a supplementary investigation in rabbits a significant increase in osmotic fragility was observed during experimentally produced fever using injections of bacterial pyrogen or external heating.No difference in glucose consumption during incubation of red cells in vitro at normal and elevated temperature could be demonstrated and inactivation of vital enzymes seems not to be responsible for the injury to the cells. Other mechanisms, especially the possibility of changes in the lipoprotein structure of the cell membranes, are discussed.In a single study, human red cells exhibited the same vulnerability as rabbit red cells to small elevations of temperature, although their sensitivity was less.
Observations on the Mechanism of Action of Acetylphenyl‐hydrazine in Normal and Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) Deficient Erythrocytes
Authors: Stuart Gary A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Evidence is presented that two mechanisms of action account for the GSH instability of G6‐PD‐deficient erythrocytes following incubation with acetylphenylhydrazine. In Mechanism A, also manifested by the normal cell, acetylphenylhydrazine has the characteristics of an inhibitor which stoicheiometrically prevents the maintenance of an amount of GSH proportional to the dose of the drug. In Mechanism B the effect of acetylphenylhydrazine is proportional to the red cell concentration indicating an excess of the drug relative to its site of action. The loss of GSH by both mechanisms is related to the severity of the G‐6‐PD deficiency.Additional experiments show that mechanisms of action similar to those exhibited by the G6‐PD‐deficient erythrocyte exist in the normal red cell suspended in a galactose solution or in solutions containing low quantities of glucose.
Macrocytosis in Patients on Anticonvulsant Drugs
Authors: Child J. A. , Khattak B. Z. , Knowles J. P. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Blood from 100 patients taking anticonvulsant drugs was examined and a high mean cell volume (MCV) was found in 8 per cent, a low folate in 27 per cent and macrocytosis on a peripheral blood smear in 18 per cent. In 10 of 11 patients with a high or high‐normal MCV, there was a fall in MCV following treatment with oral folic acid; there was no increase in the frequency of convulsions and an improvement in mental condition was noted in five of the 11 cases. It is suggested that, whereas minor disturbances of folic‐acid metabolism may be common in patients taking anticonvulsant drugs, when a major dyscrasia occurs, additional factors, for example dietary deficiency, should be sought.
Immunochemical Classes of Myelomatosis. INCLUDING DATA FROM A THERAPEUTIC TRIAL CONDUCTED BY A MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WORKING PARTY*
Authors: Hobbs J. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:A study of the clinical and biochemical features of myelomatosis according to the immunochemical class of paraprotein found has revealed statistically significant difference between the classes. These are reviewed but it is stressed that they are chiefly of importance when comparing groups of patients.
Morphological‐Biochemical Correlations in Rabbit Red Cell Precursors Synchronized by Actinomycin Administration
Authors: Hershko Ch. , Schwartz R. , Izak G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. By making use of the selective toxicity of Actinomycin D, homogenous erythroid populations of various stages of maturation had been obtained in the rabbit. Comparison of the morphological characteristics of red cell precursors with in vitro synthetic activity as measured by the rate of incorporation of 32P, 59Fe and [2‐14C]glycine into DNA, RNA, haem and protein respectively, revealed the following:The rate of haem synthesis was negligible in pronormoblasts and early basophilic normoblasts, highest 1 day after Actinomycin administration, i.e. corresponding to a more advanced stage of erythroid maturation, and again lower in orthochromatic normoblasts.The rate of RNA synthesis was extremely low in the first 2 days following exposure to Actinomycin D. While our data could not permit distinction between interference of the drug with DNA‐dependent RNA synthesis and a spontaneous loss of RNA synthetic activity brought about by maturation, it was clear that this reduction in RNA synthesis did not affect the rate of protein synthesis. This observation lends further support to earlier claims for the existence of a stable messenger RNA in erythroid cells.Proliferation of undifferentiated mononuclear cells preceded the restitution of bone marrow population after the toxic action of Actinomycin D. Factors affecting their in vitro differentiation are currently being investigated in our laboratory.
Organ Distribution of Fibrin in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Authors: Regoeczi E. , Brain M. C. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The quantitative distribution of 131I‐fibrin in the organs and tissues of rabbits with inhibition of fibrinolysis was compared following the injection of the purified coagulant enzyme of Agkistrodon rhodostoma venom (Arvin) or the infusion of thrombin.There was virtually complete conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by both Arvin and thrombin, although the rate of conversion was three times as fast with Arvin.67–79 per cent of the radioactive fibrin was present in the kidneys, lungs, liver and bone marrow. After Arvin most fibrin (33 per cent) was present in the lungs, but after thrombin most fibrin (24 per cent) was in the kidneys.It is suggested that the distribution of fibrin between the organs may be dependent on the speed of fibrin formation and hence the size of microdot formed. The large accumulation of fibrin in the kidneys after thrombin may reflect the well‐recognized clinical association between disseminated intravascular coagulation and impaired renal function.
Ontogeny of the Haemopoietic System: Yolk Sac Origin of In Vivo and In Vitro Colony Forming Cells in the Developing Mouse Embryo*
Authors: Moore Malcolm A. S. , Metcalf Donald 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The mouse yolk sac has been shown to contain in‐vivo colony forming cells capable of producing granulocytic, megakaryocytic and erythroid spleen colonies; in‐vitro colony forming cells producing granulocytic and mononuclear‐macrophage colonies in agar; and cells capable of repopuiating the lymphoid and myeloid tissue of lethally irradiated hosts. Similar haemopoietic precursor cells were also demonstrated in the blood at the time of initiation of the circulation and in the early embryonic liver.Organ cultures of 7 day embryos with intact yolk sacs, and embryos or yolk sacs after separation have shown the autonomous nature of the development of haemopoiesis in the yolk sac and the dependence of intra‐embryonic haemopoiesis, particularly in embryonic liver, on colonization by yolk sac haemopoietic cells.Both in‐vivo and in‐vitro colony forming cells have been involved in the first migration stream, between yolk sac and embryonic liver, and evidence has been presented for the role of local environmental factors in controlling the differentiation of these cell types.These results support the view that development of haemopoietic organs in both embryo and adult is dependent on colonization by circulating cells and that these circulating stem cells originate initially in the yolk sac. This indicates that the yolk sac is the only site of genuine de novo formation of haemopoietic stem cells.
An Example of Polyagglutinability Due to the Tn Antigen
Authors: Gunson H. H. , Stratton F. , Mullard G. W. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. A case of atypical polyagglutinability due to the Tn antigen is described. The patient, although apparently healthy, has leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. Her cells presented the usual difficulties of polyagglutinable cells due to the presence of anti‐Tn in typing reagents whether of human or animal origin. The practical advantages, particularly in ABO typing, of using papain to destroy the T and Tn receptors has been demonstrated. Anti‐Tn, like anti‐T, is a 19S and probably a γM globulin.It has been clearly shown that Tn cells differ from T‐activated polyagglutinable cells and Cad positive cells, but it has not been possible to convert normal cells to Tn cells. Certain aspects of both typical and atypical polyagglutinability have been discussed.
Factor XIII Assay by an Isotope Method
Authors: Dvilansky Alexander , Britten Anthony F. H. , Loewy Ariel G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The urea and acetic acid solubility tests to detect deficiency of factor XIII were compared. The urea test is more specific, but the acetic acid test is more sensitive, quicker, and therefore more convenient.A radioisotope assay method for factor XIII (transamidase) is described. Incorporation of 14C putrescine into casein provides a substitute for the linkage by transamidation of fibrin monomers. Fresh plasma, fresh frozen plasma and out‐dated bank plasma have similar transamidase activity. Slight instability is apparent after storage for 3 days at room temperature. The normal range of plasma factor XIII is wide. Aged serum contained 12.5% of normal plasma transamidase. Platelets are a rich source of transamidase activity, particularly after disruption. Approximately half the total whole blood transamidase resides in the platelets and the remainder in the plasma. Leucocytes and red cells contain no transamidase. After lysis, however, red cells do reveal activity in this assay system. This cross reaction requires further elucidation.The venom (‘Reptilase’) of the Brazilian viper, Bothrops jararaca, can activate factor XIII in similar fashion to thrombin.
Lyophilized Plasma as an Assay Standard for Factor VIII: Calibration and Control with Fresh Plasma Samples
Authors: Hills M. , Ingram G. I. C. , Matchett Myrtle O. 
Published: March 2008

Samples of fresh human citrated plasma were lyophilized, mixed and stored in batches at 4°C under vacuum. This material, reconstituted with water, was examined as a standard for factor‐VIII assays. Its initial potency was about 30% of average normal plasma and it lost potency at the rate of 2.6% per month at 4°C and 16.3% per month at room temperature. It is therefore not suitable as a factor‐VIII standard.The experimental error of the assay was estimated as 83‐120% of the mean. This interval includes approximately 90% of estimated potency ratios whose true values are 100%. The results confirmed that the factor‐VIII concentration in a single individual is reasonably constant and that the range of concentrations in a group of normals is approximately 50‐200% of the mean. The distribution of the values was approximately log‐normal. It is suggested that, in the absence of a more satisfactory stored standard, a single subject who has been calibrated against a population of normals could serve as a factor‐VIII standard.
Studies of Folate Uptake by Phytohaemagglutinin‐Stimulated Lymphocytes
Authors: Das K. C. , Hoffbrand A. V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary Cultures of lymphocytes with and without phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were used as an in vitro model system to study the cellular uptake of tritiated folic acid, [3H]PteGlu and of14C labelled 5 methyltetrahydrofolic acid, 5 [methyl‐14C]‐H4PteGlu. Total folate uptake by PHA‐stimulated transformed lymphocytes, measured both by liquid scintillation counting and by autoradiography, was much greater than by non‐stimulated mature lymphocytes. This suggests that growing and dividing cells take up folate more avidly than mature non‐dividing cells. Uptake of both folate compounds, measured over a 4 hr period, was (a) approximately 80% less at 4°C than at 37°C, (b) exhibited saturation kinetics, and (c) was inhibited by methotrexate in concentrations of 10−3 M, 10−4 M, but was not affected by methotrexate at a concentration of 10−6 M.The results suggest that an active transport mechanism may be at least partly involved in cellular folate uptake. The two folate compounds, PteGlu and 5 methyl H4PteGlu, however, do not appear to share the same uptake pathway, since PteGlu did not inhibit the uptake of 5 [methyl‐14C]H4PteGlu by PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes. Further, the uptake of 5 [methyl‐14C]H4PteGlu by PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes from six patients with untreated pernicious anaemia was found to be significantly impaired, whereas the uptake of [3H]PteGlu by those cells was normal. Diphenylhydantoin did not show any consistent effect on folate uptake by lymphocytes. A sequential relation was found between the peak rates of RNA synthesis, folate uptake and DNA synthesis by PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes. The peak rate of folate uptake occurred at 44–48 hr of culture, and preceded peak DNA synthesis by 24 hr and followed peak RNA synthesis by 24 hr. Folate uptake, however, did not appear to be directly coupled to either DNA or RNA synthesis, since actinomycin D inhibited both DNA and RNA synthesis by transformed lymphocytes over a 4 hr period without significantly affecting folate uptake.
Effect of Oxidized Glutathione and Acetylphenylhydrazine on Haemoglobin from Normal and Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficient Individuals
Authors: Zaidman Jacob 
Published: March 2008

Summary After incubation of haemolysates of normal and G6PD‐deficient red cells with oxidized glutathione, the GSSG is differently bound to the various HbA3 minor components (as demonstrated by Amberlite CG‐50 column chromatography) of the two kinds of red cells. In normal haemolysates the interaction is with the HbA3e component, and in G6PD‐deficient haemolysates with the HbA3d and HbA3e components.After incubation of normal and G6PD‐deficient red cells with acetylphenylhydrazine, in the presence of glucose, where GSH is oxidized to GSSG, interaction is observed only in the enzyme‐deficient red cells with the same components as observed in the incubation with GSSG.
In Vivo Effects on Maturation Time of Rabbit Reticulocytes in the Circulation
Authors: Cividalli Lia , Danon David 
Published: March 2008

Summary Reticulocyte rich blood with [32P]RNA was transfused into control and experimentally treated host rabbits, to find out whether the maturation time of reticulocytes is predetermined before they enter the circulation or is influenced by extracellular factors. It was found that in controls as well as in rabbits made anaemic by bleeding, splenectomized or subjected to hypoxia or hyperoxia, the maturation time was unaffected by treatment of the host rabbit. In contradistinction maturation was enhanced in iron‐deficient host rabbits. In irradiated host rabbits, maturation was delayed.It is suggested that the maturation time of reticulocytes in the circulation is not influenced by conditions affecting the cell function as carrier of oxygen, but rather by changes in the protein synthesis apparatus of the reticulocytes, at least as far as iron deficiency is concerned.
Absorption of Vitamin B12 by the Guinea‐Pig I. SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF VITAMIN B12 IN THE ILEAL ENTEROCYTE DURING ABSORPTION*
Authors: Peters T. J. , Hoffbrand A. V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Guinea‐pig intestinal mucosa was fractionated into brush borders, nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, microsomes and a soluble fraction; the mitochondria were subfractionated into inner and outer membranes. Vitamin B12, assayed micro‐biologically using Euglena gracilis, was found to be predominantly localized to the inner mitochondrial membranes. In the fasted animal, the concentration of vitamin B12 was similar in the jejunum and ileum.Approximately 25% of 10 ng of [58Co]cyanocobalamin given orally was retained after 7 days, when measured by a whole‐body counting technique.Fasted guinea‐pigs were fed 8–11 ng of [57Co]cyanocobalamin and the distribution of radioactivity throughout the gastro‐intestinal tract was studied. Although radioactivity was present in the ileal mucosa within 1 hr of feeding, no significant hepatic activity was present until 3 hr, confirming the presence of a mucosal delay in vitamin B12 absorption, a characteristic finding of intrinsic factor mediated vitamin B12 absorption. Seventy per cent of the vitamin B12 was found in the colon at 3 and 4 hr indicating that approximately 30% of the dose was absorbed.The ileal mucosa showed a highly significant rise in mitochondrial specific activity of labelled vitamin B12 during the first 2 hr post‐feeding. This subsequently decreased coincidentally with the rise in hepatic activity. It is suggested that the mitochondria play a hitherto unsuspected role in vitamin B12 absorption. No significant lysosomal radioactivity occurred during the absorptive period; this observation does not support the suggestion that vitamin B12 is absorbed by pinocytosis.
Immunoglobulins in Chronic Cold Haemagglutinin Disease
Authors: Cooper A. G. , Hobbs J. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Total serum IgM levels in 32 patients with chronic cold haemagglutinin disease ranged from 100 to 2400 mg/100 ml; follow‐up in nine patients showed slowly progressive increases.The excess IgM was mostly cold agglutinin and although there was considerable variation in serologic activity on a molecular basis, specific lytic activity against enzyme‐treated red cells was very similar. The cold agglutinin IgM seemed well produced and closely parallel to normal IgM; few 7S units and little Bence‐Jones proteinuria were detected. Non cold‐agglutinin IgM levels were mostly normal, but 31% of patients showed subnormal levels of IgA or IgG especially when the IgM level was greater than 1000 mg/100 ml.
Red Cell Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemias
Authors: Sirchia G. , Ferrone S. , Mercuriali F. , Zanella A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Red cell acetylcholinesterase activity was determined in 59 patients suffering from autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, classified according to the types of erythrocyte‐coating globulins. The enzyme activity was found significantly subnormal in the γG and the γG+C' types of AIHA, while it was not significantly lower than normal in the group of patients where complement (C') alone coated the red cells. These results suggest that different types of autoantibodies are able to cause different biochemical alterations of the red cells.
An Explanation of the Failure of the Direct Antiglobulin Test to Detect Erythrocyte Sensitization in ABO Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn and Observations on Pinocytosis of IgG Anti‐A Antibodies by Infant (Cord) Red Cells
Authors: Voak D. , Williams M. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Group A cord cells sensitized with large amounts of IgG anti‐A/B antibodies will give strong antiglobulin test reactions. The failure of the direct antiglobulin test in cases of ABO haemolytic disease is due to the relatively lower level of antibodies sensitizing the cells.The conjugation of ferritin with IgG anti‐A/B globulin gave an electron dense reagent which was used to study the distribution of A sites on adultand infant group A red cells. Similar contagious patterning of A sites was found on both the adult and infant cells’ surface. The levels of conjugated antibodies on the cells of the different bloods were in agreement with the fact that A1 adult cells have more A sites than A2 adult or infant A cells and that A2 adult cells have similar numbers of A sites to A1 infant cells. The distribution of A sites on infant and adult cells shows similar degrees of dispersion. Thus the average distance between A sites must be greater on infant A1 cells than on adult A1 cells.A combination of the small molecular size of IgG antibodies and the relatively greater distances between the A sites of A1 infant cells compared to those of A1 adult cells is proposed to be the cause of the failure of the direct antiglobulin test to give strong reactions with the sensitized cells from ABO HD cases.Pinocytotic activity shown by group A infant cells exposed to IgG anti‐A antibody levels similar to those found in ABO haemolytic disease cases was mainly confined to the more primitive cells containing ribosomes.
Immunocytological Demonstration of Lysozyme (Muramidase) in Human Leukaemic Cells
Authors: Asamer H. , Schmaizl F. , Braunsteiner H. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Using the immunofluorescent method the intracytoplasmic lysozyme content of leukaemic cells in the various forms of leukaemia was compared with the biochemically assayed serum and urinary lysozyme levels. This enzyme was demonstrated in mature leukaemic monocytes, in promyelocytes and in myelo‐monocytic cells in concentrations varying according to the particular case under study, in the myelogeneous forms of patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia, but not in immature leukaemic monocytes, myeloblasts or lymphoblasts. Thus the lysozyme content of a single leukaemic cell depends not only upon the type of cell involved but also upon the degree of cellular maturation as evaluated by morphological and histochemical methods. There was an excellent correlation between the amount of cellular lysozyme demonstrated immunocytologically, and the lysozyme level in serum and urine.