bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of impregnation with Imersol‐Aqua on the modulus of elasticity in bending
Authors: Örs Yalçın , Atar Musa , Keski̇n Hakan , Güçlü Yavuzcan H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of impregnation with Imersol‐Aqua (I‐AQUA) on the modulus of elasticity in bending of some woods. For our study, Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), oak (Quercus petrea Liebl.), Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky), Uludağ fir (Abies Bornmülleriana Lipsky), Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis Lipsky), and poplar (Populus nigra L.) wood samples were prepared according to TS EN (Turkish Standards; European Norm) 408 and impregnated with I‐AQUA by the method of short‐, medium‐, and long‐term dipping according to ASTM D 1413 and producers' definition. After the impregnation process, modulus of elasticity was measured according to TS EN 408. Consequently, among the nonimpregnated wood samples, modulus of elasticity was found to be the highest in Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), (12,490 N mm−2) and the lowest in poplar (5439 N mm−2). As for the period of dipping, the highest modulus of elasticity was obtained in short‐term dipping and the lowest in long‐term dipping. Considering the interaction of wood type and period of impregnation, the highest modulus of elasticity in bending was obtained in Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) with short‐term dipping (10,720 N mm−2) whereas the lowest was in poplar with long‐term dipping (4597 N mm−2). In consequence, in massive constructions and furniture elements where the modulus of elasticity in bending after impregnation is of great concern, short term impregnation of Oriental beech and Scotch pine materials could be recommended. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3210–3217, 2006
Acrylated vegetable oils as photocrosslinkable materials
Authors: Pelletier Hélène , Belgacem Naceur , Gandini Alessandro 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAcrylated soybean oil was irradiated in the near UV in the presence of free radical photoinitiators. Given the high substitution density of acrylic moieties, these oils responded very rapidly to the photopolymerization giving high yields of crosslinked materials within a few seconds. The activity of three photoinitiators was compared and the ensuing networks were characterized in terms of crosslink density through swelling measurements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3218–3221, 2006
Effect of starch on thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of low density polyethylene film
Authors: Jagannath J. H. , Nadanasabapathi S. , Bawa A. S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLow‐density polyethylene (LDPE) with different quantities of starch was compounded using a twin screw extruder and blown into films by a Konar K, blow‐film machine. Mechanical properties, namely percent elongation, tensile, bursting, and tear strength, as well as barrier properties, such as water vapor and oxygen transmission rate, of the filled LDPE film were studied. Thermal properties of the films were studied using DSC and DMA. Master curves at reference temperature of 30°C were obtained using software linked to DMA. Incorporation of 1% starch in LDPE has marginally affected the thermal, barrier, and mechanical properties; however, that of 5% starch filled LDPE has affected the properties to a great extent. The mechanical properties, such as percent elongation, tensile, tear, bursting, and seal strength, decreased by 19.2, 33.6, 3.60, 10.8, and 22.12%, respectively. Similarly, water vapor and oxygen transmission rate increased to 32.5 and 18.3%, respectively. Other physical properties, namely migration and thermal properties, were also affected in 5% starch filled LDPE; however, the film can still be used as packaging material. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3355–3364, 2006
Indium tin oxide nanoparticles as anode for light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Cirpan Ali , Karasz Frank E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThin films of indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles have been investigated as anode materials for polymer light‐emitting diodes. A luminance efficiency (0.13 cd/A), higher than that (0.09 cd/A) obtained in a control devices fabricated on conventional commercial ITO anodes were found. The thin films were made by spin coating of a suspension followed by annealing. The ITO nanoparticle films have a stable sheet resistance of 200 Ω/sq, and an optical transmittance greater than 86% over the range of 400–1000 nm. Their textural property is also reported. These results demonstrate that ITO nanoparticle can form a high efficient reproducible anode material. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3125–3129, 2006
Effect of nylon 6 on fracture behavior and morphology of tough blends of poly(2, 6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) and maleated styrene‐ethylene‐butadiene‐styrene block copolymer
Authors: Wu Dezhen , Wang Xiaodong , Jin Riguang 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTernary blends of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO), nylon 6, and styrene‐ethylene‐butadiene‐styrene block copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS‐g‐MA) were prepared via a melt extrusion, and the fracture behavior, morphology, mechanical properties, and rheology were studied. The compatibilization of the blended components was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. Mechanical properties evaluation demonstrated that incorporation of nylon 6 resulted in an improvement of the tensile strength, but reduction of both the notched Izod impact strength and elongation at break. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation revealed that the network structure of SEBS‐g‐MA domain was gradually destroyed by incorporating the nylon 6. A conversion of SEBS‐g‐MA domain from the network to the irregular dispersed phase took place when the nylon 6 content reached 20 wt %, which resulted in a reduction of the impact strength. Fracture morphology implied that increase of the tensile strength was caused by the plastic deformation of matrix. Rheology investigation indicated that the melt viscosities could be reduced significantly with increasing the content of nylon 6; thus, the processability was improved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99:3336–3343, 2006
Pervaporation properties of polypyrrolidinone‐based membranes for EtOH/ETBE mixtures separation
Authors: Touchal Samira , Roizard Denis , Perrin Laurent 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe separation of ethanol/ethyl‐tertiobutylether mixtures by pervaporation was studied with new membranes prepared from N‐vinyl‐pyrrolidinone (NVP) and N‐[3‐(trimethylamoniopropyl)]methacrylamidemethylsulfate) (TMA). The pervaporation results showed that highly EtOH selective membranes could be obtained from PVP blends and from pyrrolidinone‐based crosslinked copolymers. The influences of the polymer blend composition and the role of the polymer microstructures on the membrane properties were investigated. Whatever the exact NVP/TMA composition used, the membranes strongly favored the pervaporation of ethanol. The ethanol selectivity was higher for the lower PVP/TMA ratio. On the one hand, these results were ascribed to the high pyrrolidinone residues content, which is responsible of the enhanced EtOH sorption affinity. The observed permeation selectivity was in agreement with the swelling data also recorded with the different polymers, showing higher affinity for ethanol with PVP‐enriched materials compared with TMA ones. This is a direct consequence of the Lewis base feature of pyrrolidinone sites towards EtOH molecules. On the other hand, the TMA residues improved the overall stability and selectivity of the membranes thanks to crosslinking reactions, which were induced by thermal treatment. A close comparison made between polymer blend and copolymer pervaporation results helped to clarify the TMA role of the membrane transport properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99:3622–3630, 2006
Novel biodegradable superabsorbent hydrogels derived from cotton cellulose and succinic anhydride: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Yoshimura Toshio , Matsuo Kaori , Fujioka Rumiko 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of novel superabsorbent hydrogels was investigated with the reaction of cotton cellulose and succinic anhydride (SA) in the presence of 4‐dimethylaminopyridine as an esterification catalyst in a mixture of lithium chloride (LiCl) and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) or in a mixture of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), followed by NaOH neutralization. Interestingly, a hydrogel was obtained without any crosslinking agent, and this indicated the partial formation of a diester between the cellulosic hydroxyl group and SA. The products obtained in LiCl/NMP exhibited superior absorbency to these obtained in TBAF/DMSO. The former absorbed an amount of water about 400 times its dry weight, and this was comparable to a conventional sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent hydrogel. Furthermore, in an aqueous NaCl solution, the absorbency of the product hydrogels was higher than that of the sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent hydrogel. The formed hydrogels biologically degraded almost completely after 25 days, and this showed their excellent biodegradability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3251–3256, 2006
Preparation and thermal properties of resole‐type phenol resin–clay nanocomposites
Authors: Kato Makoto , Tsukigase Azusa , Usuki Arimitsu , Shimo Toshihisa , Yazawa Hidemi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractResole‐type phenol resin–clay nanocomposites have been prepared successfully by melt compounding phenol resin with organophilic clay. In the resulting phenol resin–clay nanocomposite, the silicate layers of the clay were exfoliated and dispersed as monolayers. The nanocomposite exhibited higher long‐term heat resistance when compared with unmodified phenol resin. It was surmised that the silicate layers of the clay acted as barriers to oxygen penetration into the resin, as the degree of heat degradation of the nanocomposite was much lower than that of the straight phenol resin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3236–3240, 2006
Heterogeneous bulk polymerization of styrene in the presence of polybutadiene: Calculation of the macromolecular structure
Authors: Casis Natalia , Estenoz Diana , Gugliotta Luis , Oliva Haydée , Meira Gregorio 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA mathematical model is presented that simulates the polymerization of styrene in the presence of polybutadiene (PB) for producing high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) via the heterogeneous bulk process. The model follows the polymerization in two phases; and calculates in each phase the main reaction variables and the molecular structure of the three polymeric components: free polystyrene (PS), unreacted PB, and graft copolymer. Two polymerizations (at 90 and 120°C) were carried out and simulated. The model was validated with measurements of the monomer conversion, the grafting efficiencies, and the average molecular weights. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3023–3039, 2006
Electropolymerization kinetics of o‐aminophenol and characterization of the obtained polymer films
Authors: Sayyah S. M. , El‐Rabiey M. M. , El‐Rehim S. S. Abd , Azooz R. E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPoly(ortho‐aminophenol) has been synthesized electrochemically from a previously deoxygenated acid medium. The initial rate of electropolymerization reaction on platinum electrode is small and the rate law is: Rate = k2 [D]0.50[HCl]1.125[M]1.29. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was found to be 68.63 kJ mol−1. The polymer films obtained have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry, X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, TGA, scanning electron microscopy, 1H NMR, UV–visible, and IR spectroscopy. The mechanism of the electrochemical polymerization reaction has been discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3093–3109, 2006
Synthesis of 1,3‐benzodioxole end‐functionalized polymers via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
Authors: Zhou Nianchen , Lu Lude , Zhu Xiulin , Yang Xujie , Wang Xin , Zhu Jian , Cheng Zhenping 
Published: January 2006

AbstractReversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene was carried out in the presence of a novel RAFT reagent, bearing 1,3‐benzodioxole group, benzo [1,3]dioxole‐5‐carbodithioic acid benzo [1,3]dioxol‐5‐ylmethyl ester (BDCB), to prepare end‐functionalized polystyrene. The polymerization results showed that RAFT polymerization of styrene could be well controlled. Number–average molecular weight (Mn(GPC)) increased linearly with monomer conversion, and molecular weight distributions were narrow (Mw/Mn < 1.4). The successful reaction of chain extension and analysis of 1H NMR spectra confirmed the existence of the functional 1,3‐benzodioxole group at the chain‐end of polystyrene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3535–3539, 2006
A comparison study: The new extended shelf life isopropyl ester PMR technology versus the traditional methyl ester PMR approach
Authors: Alston William B. , Scheiman Daniel A. , Sivko Gloria S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPolymerization of monomeric reactants (PMR) monomer solutions and carbon cloth prepregs of PMR II‐50 and VCAP‐75 were prepared using both the traditional limited shelf life methanol based PMR approach and a novel extended shelf life isopropanol based PMR approach. The methyl ester and isopropyl ester based PMR monomer solutions and PMR prepregs were aged for up to 4 years at freezer and room temperatures. The aging products formed were monitored using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The composite processing flow characteristics and volatile contents of the aged prepregs were correlated versus room temperature storage time. Composite processing cycles were developed and six‐ply cloth laminates were fabricated with prepregs after various extended room temperature storage times. The composites were then evaluated for glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal decomposition temperature (Td), initial flexural strength (FS), and modulus (FM), long term (1000 h at 316°C) thermal oxidative stability (TOS), and retention of FS and FM after 1000 h aging at 316°C. The results for each ester system were comparable. Freezer storage was found to prevent the formation of aging products for both ester systems. Room temperature storage of the novel isopropyl ester system increased PMR monomer solution and PMR prepreg shelf life by at least an order of magnitude, while maintaining composite thermal and mechanical properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3549–3564, 2006
A simple method for estimating parameters representing macroporosity of porous styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers
Authors: Malik Muhammad Arif , Ali Syed Wasim , Waseem Shabana 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA quick, easy, and novel method to estimate pore volume (PV), pore size distribution, surface area (SA), and swelling coefficient in acetone (SCa) of porous styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer beads on the basis of their density (d) in dry state is developed. The density is determined by measuring cylinder method. The equation to calculate the parameters are 11.993 d2 − 14.04 d + 4.2 for PV, 68.449 ln(PV) + 208.08 for SA, and 136.47 e−1.8323(PV) for SCa. Regression analysis shows a close match between the estimated values and the corresponding values measured by mercury porosimetry, with square of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient through data points in known y's and known x's (R2) values in the range of 0.93–0.99. The pore size distribution can be estimated from the given curves for the corresponding pore volume value. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3565–3570, 2006
Description of the structure of branched polyphenylquinoxaline macromolecular coil within the framework of fractal theory
Authors: Kozlov G. V. , Dolbin I. V. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe applicability of fractal analysis for a quantitative description of a structure of a macromolecular coil of branched polymers is shown. The important aspect of the offered treatment is a type of interaction between macromolecule elements (repulsion or attraction). One of the more important factors was the structure of this macromolecule characterized by its fractal dimension. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3574–3577, 2006
Friction and wear behavior of proton‐implanted phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone)
Authors: Pei Xianqiang , Wang Qihua , Chen Jianmin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBlocks of phenolphthalein poly(ether sulfone) (PES‐C) were implanted with 110 keV protons in four doses: 1 × 1014, 5 × 1014, 2.5 × 1015, and 1.25 × 1016 ions/cm2. The structures of the pristine and implanted PES‐C blocks were characterized by FTIR–ATR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), whereas their friction and wear behavior were investigated with an M‐2000 friction and wear tester at room temperature in an ambient atmosphere. The results revealed that with an increased implantation dose, it took more time for the friction coefficient to become smaller and level off when the dose did not exceed 1016 ions/cm2. At the highest dose, 1.25 × 1016 ions/cm2, the friction coefficient started smaller but increased quickly and leveled off at a higher number. In addition, the wear rate first increased and then decreased. When the dose exceeded 1016 ions/cm2, the wear rate of the sample showed an obvious decrease. The FTIR–ATR spectra showed that partial degradation took place on the surface of PES‐C after proton implantation, and when the dose reached or exceeded 2.5 × 1015 ions/cm2, a new broad peak between 1600 and 1800 cm−1 appeared, showing that a carbon‐rich structure had formed on the sample surface. XPS analyses justified the FTIR–ATR results, including the formation of amorphous carbon and the partial degradation, which was responsible for the variety of friction and wear behaviors of PES‐C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3116–3119, 2006
Fungal degradation of wood‐plastic composites and evaluation using dynamic mechanical analysis
Authors: Schirp Anke , Wolcott Michael P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSmall samples of two wood–polyethylene (HDPE) composite formulations were incubated with either the white‐rot fungus Trametes versicolor or the brown‐rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum for 24 and 77 days in an agar‐block test. Noninoculated, side‐matched controls were employed in the tests to serve as references, and solid wood samples of yellow‐poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) inoculated with T. versicolor were included as positive controls. Potential changes in storage and loss moduli because of fungal colonization and moisture were determined using dynamic mechanical analysis, whereas weight loss and visual observation served as indicators of fungal decay. Severe losses in storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″) following incubation of yellow‐poplar with T. versicolor were observed. However, the E′ of the two wood–plastic composite (WPC) formulations increased after 24 days of incubation with T. versicolor. The same effect was observed for G. trabeum, but only in one formulation. The increase of E′ was attributed to a reinforcing effect of the fungal hyphae present in the interfacial gaps between the wood filler and the polymer matrix. Dynamic temperature scans revealed a peak in E″ between 30°C and 63°C, depending on the frequency and fungal treatment. The peak temperature of E″ represents the α‐transition of HDPE. Increased activation energies were required for the α‐transition in WPC samples incubated with T. versicolor for 77 days as compared to controls. This observation confirmed that incubation of WPC with T. versicolor improved interfacial adhesion and reinforced the composite under the assay conditions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3138–3146, 2006
Effect of hydrogen peroxide bleaching onto sulfonated jute fiber
Authors: Salam M. A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBleaching of raw and sulfonated jute fiber with hydrogen peroxide were carried out in an aqueous medium. To obtain the optimum condition for bleaching, the effects of hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature, time, pH, and fiber–liquor ration were studied. Bleaching affected the whiteness and tenacity, and the optimum whiteness index (76) and tenacity (13.7 g/tex) for the bleached sulfonated jute fiber were obtained with 2.1% hydrogen peroxide at pH 11, temperature 95°C, treatment time 110 min, and fiber–liquor ratio 1 : 7. The photo‐oxidative degradation of bleached sulfonated jute fiber was characterized by UV light exposure and compared with that of bleached raw jute fiber. It has been observed that the photo‐oxidative degradation as well as loss in tenacity and yellowness of the bleached sulfonated jute fiber was 63 and 40% lower than that of bleached raw jute fiber. Bleached sulfonated jute fiber had excellent impact on color fastness with reactive dyes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3603–3607, 2006
Self‐assembled poly(styrene‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) film induced by capillary force
Authors: Deng Z. W. , Hu X. X. , Li L. , Xu Z. S. , Yi C. F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe monodisperse poly(styrene‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) (poly(St‐co‐NIPAAm)) particles prepared by emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization with microwave irradiation were induced by capillary forces to self‐assemble, and formed the two‐dimensional films on the clean glassware wafer substrates. The morphologies of the two‐dimensional films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atom force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that monodisperse poly(St‐co‐NIPAAm) particles could form ordered two‐dimensional films by capillary forces. With NIPAAm concentration increasing, there gradually appeared surface undulations or surface defective region on the two‐dimensional films. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3514–3519, 2006
Preparation of micron‐size monodispersed PS/P(St/MAA) microspheres by seeded dispersion polymerization
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Tao , Huang He , Sun Rong , Huang Jin‐Xia 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUniform polystyrene (PSt) particles with the size of 1.9 μm were first prepared via dispersion polymerization, and then used as the seeds in a second‐stage dispersion copolymerization of styrene (St) and methacrylic acid (MAA) to produce carboxyl‐carrying microspheres. The PSt seed particles were swollen by monomer mixture of St and MAA, including an oil‐soluble initiator 2,2′‐azobisiso‐butyronitrile (AIBN), before polymerization. Finally, uniform PS/P(St/MAA) (polydispersity index, PDI = 1.02) microspheres with the size of 2.2 μm were obtained. The average particle size and size distribution of the final microspheres were investigated. MAA contents between 54 and 97 mg/g were detected from the PS/P(St/MAA) particles produced under different conditions. Dispersion medium has great influence on the kinetics of polymerization, due to its effect on the partitioning of monomers, solvents, and initiator in the particle phase, probably as well as on the conformation of the dispersion agent on the surface of the particles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3586–3591, 2006