bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barium, SiO2(excess), and P2O5as proxies of biological productivity in the Middle East during the Palaeocene and the latest Palaeocene benthic extinction event
Authors: Schmitz Birger , Charisi Stella D. , Thompson Elisabet I. , Speijer Robert P. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe distribution of barium and other elements related to biological productivity has been studied in two Palaeocene sections from the Middle East. In the bathyal Ben Gurion section, Israel, Ba* (= Ba/Al2O3× 15%) concentrations are low, in the range 0.04% to 0.3% in the lower Palaeocene, and very high, 1% to 2%, throughout most of the upper Palaeocene. In the neritic Gebel Aweina section in Egypt Ba* values are low, < 0.1%, throughout the entire Palaeocene. The Ba* enrichments at Ben Gurion and their correlations with increases in P2O5and opaline silica, and local and global δ13C maxima, indicate that upwelling and high productivity were important in this region during the late Palaeocene. The absence of Ba* enrichments in the shallower Gebel Aweina section probably reflects the strong depth dependence of biobarium deposition.In the uppermost Palaeocene, at the level where the global benthic extinction event is registered, Ba* concentrations in the Ben Gurion section increase to anomalous 6%. which suggests that upwelling and possibly wind strengths intensified during this event. The results speak against deep‐water formation in this region since downwelling and not upwelling is required.
3D soft‐sediment deformation structures: evidence for Quaternary seismicity in the Madrid basin, Spain
Authors: Silva Pablo G. , Cañaveras Juan C. , Sanchez‐Moral Sergio , Lario Javier , Sanz Enrique 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThree‐dimensional patterns of soft‐sediment deformation, affecting middle Pleistocene fluvial deposits in the Lower Manzanares Valley (SW Madrid City), are reported. They promote a small‐scale hummocky topography, defined by different‐sized domes, mud volcanoes, wavy ridges and fissures on an ancient flood plain surface. Related channel fill deposits are pervasively dewatered, indicating liquefaction. The sedimentological context reveals that the deformation of both floodplain surface and channel‐fill deposits, were contemporaneous (singular deformed level) and generated at, or near, the ground surface; this rules out the possibility of sediment‐loading and indicates a possible earthquake‐induced origin.
Imported quartz cement in aeolian sandstone grew from water of uniform composition but has complex zonation
Authors: Sullivan M. D. , Macaulay C. I. , Fallick A. E. , Haszeldine R. S. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe origins and volumes of waters which mass‐transport silica in sedimentary basins remain obscure. Many previous analytical studies have illustrated cases where quartz cements in sandstones originate from complex and variable fluids. By contrast we show, by using a combination of separation and analytical techniques, that in Lower Permian sandstones of the southern North Sea the cementing fluid was isotopically uniform during growth of quartz cement with a δ1BO of 19.6 + 1.0%‰ V‐SMOW. In this relatively uniform fluid quartz cements grew and developed complex cathodoluminescence (CL) zonations. Petrographic data show that 8–10% quartz cement (locally 30%) was imported into this 380 km2× 180 m thick aeolian sandstone, and cement distribution controlled by depositional permeabilities. We infer a large‐scale, high volume, flux of evolved meteoric fluid during 2 km deep burial, and show that complex CL zonation may arise from relatively subtle changes in water composition.
Magma pulses in the Central Variscan Belt: episodic melt generation and emplacement during lithospheric thinning
Authors: Schaltegger Urs 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTMagmatism in the central part of the Variscan orogenic belt in Europe has occurred in several distinct episodes. Each episode spanned a few million years and was characterized by a distinct geochemical signature and geodynamic setting: (i) between 340 and 330 Ma (Visean), high‐K diorites and granitoids within a zone extending parallel the orogen axis, possibly tracing a palaeosuture; (ii) at 310–307 Ma (Westphalian), calc‐alkaline granitoids in the Intra‐Alpine domain; (iii) at 304–295 Ma (Stephanian), subalkaline granitoids in Intra‐Alpine and Pennine domains; and finally (iv) at 280–270 Ma (Permian) granitoids in Pennine, Austroalpine and South‐Alpine domains. The generation and emplacement of granitoid melts in the Variscan crust are suggested to be short‐term pulses that are controlled by extensional processes in the lithosphere such as thermal erosion and relaxation of the lithospheric mantle, and decompressional melting.
Pathogenic diversity within field populations of Orobanche cumana and different reactions on sunflower genotypes
Authors: MOLINERO‐RUIZ M L , MELERO‐VARA J M , GARCÍA‐RUIZ R , DOMÍNGUEZ J 
Published: November 2006

SummaryDifferent races of the parasitic Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) have been reported in Spain, race F being the most virulent. Full resistance in sunflower to races A–E is achieved with each of the single major genes Or1 to Or5 respectively. However, parasitised hybrids allegedly resistant to race F were observed in early 2002. The purpose of this study was to verify broomrape incidences (BI) on resistant sunflower genotypes, to assess the mixture of races within field populations and to test for partial resistance to race F in the sunflower hybrids showing a low degree of attack (DA) by the weed. Tests were conducted under field conditions in two locations of southern Spain. While no significant differences were found for yield and BI between locations, the DA on the cultivars depended on the location. With high infection levels and significantly lower yield in susceptible controls, marked differences in BI and DA were found within resistant cultivars, but all of them showed similar crop yield. When artificially inoculated with several populations of race F, line P96 and mainly line L86, were consistently slightly infected, suggesting they were inbred lines responsible for horizontal resistance in infested fields. L86 was extremely susceptible to race E populations, which is unusual as sunflower resistance to one race provided resistance to all the previously described races of O. cumana. No different virulences were detected within two groups of subpopulations (races E and F) inoculated onto resistant sunflower genotypes. However, race F subpopulations showed significant differences in aggressiveness, which seems to be related to horizontal (multigenic) resistance of the crop to the parasitic weed.
Quantifying the dormancy of Alopecurus myosuroides seeds produced by plants exposed to different soil moisture and temperature regimes
Authors: SWAIN A J , HUGHES Z S , COOK S K , MOSS S R 
Published: November 2006

SummaryIn pot studies, seeds of Alopecurus myosuroides were less dormant when produced under warm and dry, than under cool and wet conditions. The temperature to which plants were exposed had a greater effect on seed dormancy than soil moisture. The timing of temperature stress had a big impact on initial seed dormancy. The critical period was during seed maturation, irrespective of temperature conditions during the earlier phase of panicle emergence and anthesis. A much higher proportion (57–62%) of seeds collected from fields in 2001, 2003 and 2005 were non‐dormant than in 2002 and 2004 (22–28%). Meteorological records showed that the mid‐June to mid‐July periods in England for 2001, 2003 and 2005 were warmer than average but in 2002 and 2004 were cooler than average. Consequently, results for samples collected from fields support those from experiments conducted under more controlled conditions. Studies in outdoor micro‐plots showed that the differences in seed dormancy recorded with freshly produced seed did affect the rate of germination in the field, 2–3 months after shedding.
Gremmeniella abietina types cannot be distinguished using ascospore morphology
Authors: Uotila A. , Kurkela T. , Tuomivirta T. , Hantula J. , Kaitera J. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryTwenty‐one Gremmeniella abietina var. abietina type A and 12 type B samples with ripened apothecia were collected in Sweden and Finland. Morphological dimensions of the ascospores were determined with an image analyser (Leica Qwin). Measured variables included length, width, perimeter and roundness of ascospores. Variations in these variables overlapped between the two types. Type A ascospores were significantly shorter (mean length 15.8 μm) than the type B ascospores (mean length 17.1 μm). Type A ascospores were also significantly rounder than type B ascospores. Differences between these morphological characters were, however, too small to distinguish the types as separate taxonomical species. Round‐pointed and acute ascospores were found in the same apothecium but in different asci. According to the hypervariable marker GAAA1000, both round‐pointed and acute ascospores originated from the same two parents in normal segregation.
Port‐Orford‐cedar resistant to Phytophthora lateralis
Authors: Oh E. , Hansen E. M. , Sniezko R. A. 
Published: November 2006

Summary Phytophthora lateralis, an exotic root pathogen, is the primary cause of Port‐Orford‐cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) mortality throughout its native range in southwest Oregon and northwest California. Most trees in the field are very susceptible, but genetic resistance to this pathogen has been demonstrated. Since the late 1980s, the USDA Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management in cooperation with Oregon State University have conducted an intensive programme to identify and test resistant trees from the field, and propagate them in a seed orchard with the goal of providing resistant seedlings for regeneration. Susceptible families showed only 0–10% survival using a variety of inoculation techniques. Rooted cuttings of resistant parents are seldom killed, and seedling families of these parents exhibit 25–100% survival, depending on family and inoculation technique. Symptom development on resistant trees, including sunken lesions, and resinosis as well as reduced colonization and re‐isolation success, was consistent with a hypersensitive reaction. In a long‐term field test, five resistant families had 20–80% survival after 16 years, while three susceptible families had 0–8% survival in the same interval.
Dermatological image search engines on the Internet: do they work?
Authors: Cutrone M , Grimalt R 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground  Atlases on CD‐ROM first substituted the use of paediatric dermatology atlases printed on paper. This permitted a faster search and a practical comparison of differential diagnoses. The third step in the evolution of clinical atlases was the onset of the online atlas. Many doctors now use the Internet image search engines to obtain clinical images directly.Objectives  The aim of this study was to test the reliability of the image search engines compared to the online atlases.Methods  We tested seven Internet image search engines with three paediatric dermatology diseases.Results  In general, the service offered by the search engines is good, and continues to be free of charge. The coincidence between what we searched for and what we found was generally excellent, and contained no advertisements. Most Internet search engines provided similar results but some were more user friendly than others. It is not necessary to repeat the same research with Picsearch, Lycos and MSN, as the response would be the same; there is a possibility that they might share software.Conclusions  Image search engines are a useful, free and precise method to obtain paediatric dermatology images for teaching purposes. There is still the matter of copyright to be resolved. What are the legal uses of these ‘free’ images? How do we define ‘teaching purposes’? New watermark methods and encrypted electronic signatures might solve these problems and answer these questions.
Obtaining consent to participate in research: the issues involved in including people with a range of learning and communication disabilities
Authors: Cameron Lois , Murphy Joan 
Published: November 2006

Accessible summaryTitle: Saying ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to research People with learning disability should get the chance to say ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to taking part in research. This can be hard if you have difficulty in understanding or speaking. This paper is about how we tried to find ways to help people understand and say what they felt about taking part in research. We found:SummaryResearch in the field of learning disability presents particular ethical challenges when obtaining consent from participants. This is further exacerbated when the nature of the research requires participation at all ability levels and involves people with communication impairments. The process of obtaining consent in a research study with 48 participants at four levels of comprehension ability is discussed in this paper. The specific issues of recruitment, seeking consent, ongoing consent and feedback are detailed as are the adaptations made in this project to research methodology and the accessible methods of communication employed. Implications for researchers and future directions for further studies are presented.
In Conversation with Helen Dorr and Vicki Raphael
Authors: Holman Andrew 
Published: November 2006

Accessible summary• There is a new National Family Carer Network putting the views across of family carers.• They believe family carers have often been given a bad name.• Family carers now have more places on the Learning Disability TaskForce, but will it do any better than before?• New laws about who can make decisions will help, if they don't imply that parents are always bad.• The future for the Network is unclear.
A set of 21 polymorphic microsatellites in Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)
Authors: CASSAR S. , GALAN M. , LOISON A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA cross‐species amplification test of 39 bovid microsatellite markers was carried out on chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), a species with a high economic and tourist value, for which a number of life‐history traits remain to be quantified. Of 39 primer pairs tested, 26 gave a specific amplification product and 21 were polymorphic. Locus‐specific allelic richness ranged from two to six. Our results suggest that these loci will be useful for investigating basic population genetics as well as life‐history traits, such as dispersal.
Characterization of microsatellite markers for Couch's spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus couchii) and cross‐amplification in other species of the family Scaphiopodidae
Authors: CHAN L. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractI developed 12 di‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for Couch's spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus couchii). These loci have 3–37 alleles per locus and observed heterozygosities ranging from 0.157 to 0.941 among 85 individuals from four populations. Global and within‐population exact tests do not reveal departure from Hardy–Weinberg expectations and all loci pairs are in linkage equilibrium. These independent markers will be useful for studies of population structure and kinship in this commonly studied amphibian. Additionally, several of these loci may be applicable for studies of other North American toads of the family Scaphiopodidae.
Characterization of microsatellite markers for the endemic sand dune lizard, Sceloporus arenicolus
Authors: CHAN L. M. , FITZGERALD L. A. , ZAMUDIO K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHere we characterize and report on the genetic variability of eight microsatellite loci for the endemic sand dune lizard, Sceloporus arenicolus, that amplified consistently for individuals throughout the species’ range. The number of alleles per locus was high (mean = 13.25) and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.354 to 0.808. With the exception of a single locus, the loci did not deviate from Hardy–Weinberg expectations. This set of markers is currently being used to examine population structure and landscape genetics in S. arenicolus, a habitat specialist with a restricted range and patchy distribution.
Dietary deprivation extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Lee Garrick D. , Wilson Mark A. , Zhu Min , Wolkow Catherine A. , De Cabo Rafael , Ingram Donald K. , Zou Sige 
Published: November 2006

SummaryDietary restriction (DR) is well known as a nongenetic intervention that robustly extends lifespan in a variety of species; however, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We have found in Caenorhabditis elegans that dietary deprivation (DD) during adulthood, defined as removal of their food source Escherichia coli after the completion of larval development, increased lifespan and enhanced thermotolerance and resistance to oxidative stress. DD‐induced longevity was independent of one C. elegans SIRTUIN, sir‐2.1, which is required for the effects of DR, and was independent of the daf‐2/insulin‐like signaling pathway that independently regulates longevity and larval diapause in C. elegans. DD did not significantly alter lifespan of fem‐1(hc17); eat‐2(ad465) worms, a genetic model of DR. These findings suggest that DD and DR share some downstream effectors. In addition, DD was detrimental for longevity when imposed on reproductively active young adults, suggesting that DD may only be beneficial in the absence of competing metabolic demands, such as fertility. Adult‐onset DD offers a new paradigm for investigating dietary regulation of longevity in C. elegans. This study presents the first evidence that long‐term DD, instead of being detrimental, can extend lifespan of a multicellular adult organism.
Pathophysiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome: roles of anticardiolipin antibodies in thrombosis and fibrinolysis
Authors: AMENGUAL Olga , ATSUMI Tatsuya , KOIKE Takao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAntiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) (anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant) are associated with thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity, the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Despite the clear association between aPL and those manifestations, the precise underlying disease mechanisms remain unclear. APL may affect the normal procoagulant and anticoagulant reactions occurring on cell membranes, and also may interact with certain cells, altering the expression and secretion of procoagulant substances. In this article, we review the immunological characteristics of anticardiolipin antibodies and their potential effects on the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems implicated in the development of thrombotic complications in patients with APS.
Update on the current therapies of lupus nephritis
Authors: MOK C. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRenal disease is a major organ manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and carries significant morbidity and mortality. Lupus nephritis is more common in certain ethnic groups such as Africans, Hispanics and Asians. The prognosis of lupus nephritis is determined by a large number of clinicopathological, genetic and socioeconomic factors. The choice of treatment should be based on risk stratification of individual patients. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) remains the preferred treatment for high‐risk patients. For other patients, mycophenolate mofetil is an excellent and less toxic alternative to CYC. Evidence regarding the calcineurin inhibitors in lupus nephritis is less strong but they can be considered in patients who are refractory or intolerant to other immunosuppressive agents. For refractory lupus nephritis, a repeat renal biopsy is mandatory and newer modalities such as B‐cell depletion can be considered. Finally, adjunctive measures such as the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and the angiotensin II receptor antagonists, vigorous control of hypertension and lipid level should be contemplated early in the course of the disease.
Anti‐CD20 and other novel biotherapies for systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: TANAKA Yoshiya 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive T‐cells and polyclonal activation of B‐cells. We reported that SLE patients with organ‐threatening disorders, resistant to intensive conventional therapies, were treated by weekly use of anti‐CD20 antibody rituximab, and that sufficient evidence of excellent tolerability and high efficacy of rituximab therapy was obtained in both a pilot study and a nation‐wide phase I/II clinical examination. Moreover, a rapid and marked reduction in the expression of the co‐stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD80 on B‐cells was found in SLE patients, implying that reduction of both the quantity and the quality of B‐cells by rituximab could improve the disease course in refractory SLE. Recently, anti‐CD22 antibody epratuzumab has also provided excellent tolerability and high efficacy. Therefore, targeting B‐cells may have potential interests by bringing about a breakthrough in treatment of SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
Outcome of lupus renal disease in the past two decades: a report from China
Authors: LU Liang‐Jing , ZOU Yu‐Qiong , GUO Gui‐Mei , YUAN Bing , CHEN Xiao‐Xiang , YE Shuang , DAI Min , YANG Cheng‐De , BAO Chun‐De , GU Yue‐Ying , CHEN Shun‐Le 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjective:  To evaluate the differences in the renal survival of lupus nephritis (LN) diagnosed either during 1985–1994 or 1995–2004 and to analyse the possible causes.Methods:  Fifty‐two patients with biopsy‐confirmed LN were followed up between 1985 and 1994 and 130 patients were followed up between 1995 and 2004. Renal survival was studied with Kaplan‐Meier analysis and the log rank test. Status at diagnosis and treatment schedules were also analysed.Results:  Renal survival was significantly better in the patients who were diagnosed between 1995 and 2004 (P = 0.0233). The mean time from initiation until first diagnosis of SLE, from the initiation of SLE until referral to our centre, and from first detection of proteinuria until kidney biopsy was significantly shorter in the later decade (P < 0.05). In the decade from 1995 to 2004 there was significantly lower rates of early renal dysfunction and fewer histological signs of chronicity at the time of diagnosis of LN than in the decade from 1985 to 1994. In treatment schedules, more patients received intravenous cyclophosphamide (CTX) in a bolus in the later decade group (P = 0.014). Besides CTX, some new immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin A or mycophenolate mofetil were received by more patients in the decade from 1995 to 2004.Conclusions:  The outcomes for patients with LN was significantly better between 1995 and 2004 than between 1985 and 1994. The result is maybe attributable to earlier diagnosis, earlier treatment, intravenous bolus CTX and more immunosuppressive agents from which to select.