bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nucleation mechanism and morphology of polystyrene/Fe3O4 latex particles via miniemulsion polymerization using AIBN as initiator
Authors: Luo Ying‐Da , Dai Chi‐An , Chiu Wen‐Yen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this study, oil‐based magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were first synthesized by a coprecipitation method followed by a surface modification using lauric acid. Polystyrene/Fe3O4 composite particles were then prepared via miniemulsion polymerization method using styrene as monomer, 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant, hexadecane (HD) or sorbitan monolaurate (Span20®) as costabilizer in the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The effects of Fe3O4 content, costabilizer, homogenization energy during ultrasonication, and surfactant concentration on the polymerization kinetics (e.g., conversion), nucleation mechanism, and morphology (e.g., size distributions of droplets and latex) of composite particles were investigated. The results showed that at high homogenization energy, an optimum amount of SDS and hydrophobic costabilizer was needed to obtain composite particles nucleated predominately by droplet nucleation mechanism. The morphology of the composite particles can be well controlled by the homogenization energy and the hydrophobicity of the costabilizer. The magnetic composite particles can be made by locating Fe3O4 inside the latex particles or forming a shell layer on their PS core surface depending on the aforementioned polymerization conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Diffusion behavior of water and sulfuric acid in epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Abacha N. , Kubouchi M. , Sakai T. , Tsuda K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe research on polymer‐layered silicate nanocomposites is currently an expanding field of study because they often exhibit a wide range of improved properties over their unmodified starting polymers. Epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites have been prepared by intercalating epoxy into the organoclay montmorillonite. The intercalation and/or exfoliation of the clay within the nanocomposite were monitored using X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Diffusion was studied through epoxy samples containing up to 10 phr of organically treated montmorillonite following the gravity method. The water and sulfuric acid diffusion within the epoxy‐based nanocomposites were evaluated in terms of diffusivity, weight change and penetration depth of the sulfuric acid element S as function of immersion time and immersion temperature. An investigation of the resistance of epoxy nanocomposite to a corrosive environment by immersion into sulfuric acid at elevated temperature was performed. The effect of the degree of exfoliation of the clay on moisture barrier effect and corrosion resistance is specifically studied. The data has been compared to those obtained from the neat epoxy resin to evaluate the diffusion properties of the nanocomposites. It was found that the diffusion of water and that of acid do not obey Fick's law, and that the higher the organoclay content the higher weight change was obtained. The presence of the organoclay enhanced the diffusivity and delayed the penetration of the sulfuric acid. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synergistic combination of metal stearates and β‐diketones with hydrotalcites in poly(vinyl chloride) stabilization
Authors: Gupta Savita , Agarwal D. D. , Banerjee Susanta 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA synergistic effect of synthetic hydrotalcites as long term stabilizer with metal soaps (the mixture of calcium and zinc stearate) and metal acetylacetonates on dehydrochlorination of PVC has been studied. A proper balance between color stabilization and HCl scavenging capacity has been obtained. Hydrotalcite was prepared by hydrothermal treatment and characterized by EDX, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and SEM techniques. The material is reasonably crystalline and suggests a relatively well ordered sheet arrangement with crystallite size 24.87 nm. The interlayer water content was calculated from the TGA curves and the suggested formula is Mg0.76 Al0.24(OH)2(CO3)0.12·0.5H2O. Synergism in PVC stabilization has been studied by measuring the HCl evolution during the processing at 180°C. Oven aging method was used to study the color stabilization at higher temperature. PVC sheet with different formulation was prepared using Labcoater and subjected to oven for different time interval. The color development (polyene formation) on oven ageing was recorded using UV–visible spectroscopy. UV–visible studies shows that an average sized polyene gives pale yellow color, whereas red or brown color was developed due to long range polyene (n = 10–14) sequences. Hence, the HCl evolution depends on the rate of dehydrochlorination but color depends on the kind of polyene formed. Mechanism of stabilization suggests that adsorption and ion exchange, both phenomenon, are responsible for hydrotalcites as long term stabilizers. The acetylacetonate complex too substitute allylic chlorides and inhibit formation of long polyene responsible for darkening. A clear effect of synergism has been observed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation of organoclay by a precipitation–adsorption method
Authors: Feng Lutian , Zhang Baoyan , He Xiujuan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOrganoclay was prepared by a precipitation–adsorption process in which sodium‐montmorillonite (Na‐MMT) suspension was fully mixed with an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, and then precipitation agent CaCl2 was added to produce a precipitate of organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT). The Na‐MMT suspension was obtained by ion‐exchange reaction of bentonite with sodium cation resin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectral analysis confirmed the adsorption of organic groups on the MMT, and the organic groups content was calculated from the results of thermal gravimetric analysis. X‐ray diffraction results indicated that the OMMT prepared was exfoliated. In this article, the mechanism of the precipitation–adsorption process was discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Trial the microscopic images for determination of diffusion behavior of dyes in fibrous material
Authors: Shoar J. Ahmadi , Amirshahi S. H. , Malek R. Mohammad Ali 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA new technique is presented for determination of the diffusion behavior of dyes in fibrous materials. Polyamide 6.6 in filament form has been dyed with an acid dye in different temperatures and times. The microscopic images of the cross sections of dyed samples are captured and the RGB color images of the surfaces are converted to gray scale intensity data. Then, the variations of intensities within the fiber diameter, from the surface to the center of fiber, are analyzed. A linear relation is assumed between the concentration and the intensity for each pixel. The concentration‐distance curves are plotted and the pseudo‐diffusion coefficient of dye is predicted by using the error function relation between the normalized intensity and diffusion coefficient. According to the results, the index is constant for the samples dyed in different times and changes significantly by temperature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Thermal behaviors of heat shrinkable poly(vinyl chloride) film
Authors: Hong Chang Kook , Maeng Hakmyun , Song Kigook , Kaang Shinyoung 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe thermal behaviors of heat shrinkable poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) film, used as a packaging material in electronic applications, were investigated. The entropic shrinkage and the thermal shrinkage force were monitored as functions of time and temperature. The shrinkage of the drawn film started in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature, and the percentage shrinkage increased with increasing temperature. The degree of shrinkage depended primarily on the draw ratio. The shrinkage force of the drawn film became dominant at around Tg. At a lower temperature, the shrinkage force did not fully develop, whereas at a higher temperature, the relaxation process was very fast and partially inhibited the build‐up of the force. The peak shrinkage force reached a maximum and decreased as the temperature increased. The orientation in the drawn film decreased and the dichroic ratio increased at elevated temperatures. No significant change in the degree of crystallization was observed during the shrinkage of the drawn PVC films. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and properties of styrene–butylacrylate emulsion copolymers modified by silane compounds
Authors: Naghash Hamid Javaherian , Karimzadeh Akram , Massah Ahmad Reza 
Published: January 2009

AbstractStyrene (St)/butyl acrylate (BA) copolymers were prepared by adding triethoxyvinylsilane (TEVS), trimethoxyvinylsilane (TMVS), and triphenylvinylsilane (TPVS), each one through emulsion copolymerization. The polymerization was performed with methacrylic acid and auxiliary agents at 80°C in the presence of potassium peroxodisulfate as the initiator. Nonylphenol ethylene oxide‐40 units (NP‐40) and sodium lauryl sulfoacetate were used as nonionic and anionic emulsifiers, respectively. The resulting copolymers were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the copolymers were studied by using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology of copolymers was also investigated by optical microscopy, and then the effects of silicone kinds and concentrations on the properties of the St/BA emulsion copolymers were discussed. The obtained copolymers have high solid content (50 %) and can be used in emulsion paints as a binder. The comparison of three different vinyl silanes indicates that the TEVS influences on the copolymer properties more than the others. The calculations of monomer conversion and monomer conversion versus time histories indicate that by increasing the silicone concentration, the polymerization rate decreases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Association between [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and prognostic parameters in breast cancer
Authors: Gil-Rendo A , Martínez-Regueira F , Zornoza G , García-Velloso M J , Beorlegui C , Rodriguez-Spiteri N 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Background
This study analysed the correlation between [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) in breast tumours, and histopathological and inmunohistochemical prognostic factors.

Methods
FDG–PET was performed before surgery in 275 women with primary breast cancer. The standarized uptake value (SUV) was compared with histopathological findings after surgery.

Results
A positive relationship was found between the SUV and tumour size (r = 0·46, P &lt; 0·001), axillary lymph node status (P &lt; 0·001), histological type (P &lt; 0·001), histological grade (P &lt; 0·001), oestrogen receptor status (P &lt; 0·001), p53 (P &lt; 0·001) and Ki-67 (P &lt; 0·001) expression. Multivariable linear regression showed that tumour size, histological grade, Ki-67 expression, oestrogen receptor status and histological type were significantly related to the SUV.

Conclusion
The SUV is a preoperative and non-invasive metabolic factor that relates to some prognostic factors in breast cancer.
DNA topology and topoisomerases
Authors: Deweese Joseph E. , Osheroff Michael A. , Osheroff Neil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDNA is essentially an extremely long double‐stranded rope in which the two strands are wound about one another. As a result, topological properties of the genetic material, including DNA underwinding and overwinding, knotting, and tangling profoundly influence virtually every major nucleic acid process. Despite the importance of DNA topology, it is a conceptionally difficult subject to teach because it requires students to visualize three‐dimensional relationships. This article will familiarize the reader with the concept of DNA topology and offer practical approaches and demonstrations to teaching this “knotty” subject in the classroom. Furthermore, it will discuss topoisomerases, the enzymes that regulate the topological state of DNA in the cell. These ubiquitous enzymes perform a number of critical cellular functions by generating transient breaks in the double helix. During this catalytic event, topoisomerases maintain genomic stability by forming covalent phosphotyrosyl bonds between active site residues and the newly generated DNA termini. Topoisomerases are essential for cell survival. However, because they cleave the genetic material, these enzymes also have the potential to fragment the genome. This latter feature of topoisomerases is exploited by some of the most widely prescribed anticancer and antibacterial drugs currently in clinical use. Finally, in addition to curing cancer, topoisomerase action also has been linked to the induction of specific types of leukemia.
Vertical and horizontal integration of bioinformatics education
Authors: Furge Laura Lowe , Stevens‐Truss Regina , Moore D. Blaine , Langeland James A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBioinformatics education for undergraduates has been approached primarily in two ways: introduction of new courses with largely bioinformatics focus or introduction of bioinformatics experiences into existing courses. For small colleges such as Kalamazoo, creation of new courses within an already resource‐stretched setting has not been an option. Furthermore, we believe that a true interdisciplinary science experience would be best served by introduction of bioinformatics modules within existing courses in biology and chemistry and other complementary departments. To that end, with support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, we have developed over a dozen independent bioinformatics modules for our students that are incorporated into courses ranging from general chemistry and biology, advanced specialty courses, and classes in complementary disciplines such as computer science, mathematics, and physics. These activities have largely promoted active learning in our classrooms and have enhanced student understanding of course materials. Herein, we describe our program, the activities we have developed, and assessment of our endeavors in this area.
Unplanned grocery purchases: the influence of the shopping‐trip type revisited
Authors: Nordfalt Jens 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The share of unplanned purchases is an important measure for marketers. For instance, marketers need to know if purchases are planned or unplanned to allocate their marketing resources efficiently. Furthermore, the share of unplanned purchases could be seen as an indicator of how efficient marketers are in communicating with their customers in the stores (even if the in‐store marketer is not the only one influencing in‐store decision making.) A frequent assumption in the marketing literature is that the share of unplanned purchases increases with the size of the purchase. This paper questions this assumption by approaching the issue from a perspective that views the shopping trip as either a (more or less) contingency‐dependent construction or as the execution of a well‐defined behavior. Larger (major) trips are hypothesized and found to be more well defined, whereas smaller (fill‐in) trips are found to be largely contingency‐dependent constructions.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transformational consumption choices: building an understanding by integrating social identity and multi‐attribute attitude theories
Authors: Kleine Robert E. , Kleine Susan Schultz , Brunswick Gary J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Transformational value offerings result when marketers bundle products, services, and experiences in ways that provide consumers with opportunities to alter who they are. Examples include universities, healthcare providers, travel and leisure services, and many other businesses that guide individuals to change in some desired and lasting way. Pine and Gilmore (1999) predict that in the emerging economy “…transformation offerings will emerge across almost every industry that today views itself as part of the service sector” (p. 168). By definition, transformational value offerings involve identity development. Thus, it makes sense to use identity related variables to explain transformational value offering choices. This paper tests a model merging social identity theory and multi‐attribute attitude modeling to better understand factors predicting consumers' intentions to select a transformational value offering. A survey sample of United States Army Reserve recruits was used to test the integrated model. Results show that identity‐related perceptions form the basis for evaluating the value offering's benefits and intentions to adopt the offering. The prospective consumer also considers whether his or her self‐concept can accommodate that role. The proposed blending of social identity and multiattribute attitude models provides a promising framework for understanding and investigating consumers' choices to adopt transformational value offerings.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypnotic susceptibility in children with Down's syndrome
Authors: Garitte Catherine , Gay Marie‐Claire , Cuisinier Frédérique , Celeste Bernadette 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNumerous studies on people with Down's syndrome show that they are able to adapt to simple tasks, have a better ability for language comprehension than for language production, and that their learning difficulties are connected to their particular memory functions as well as to their prolonged information processing time. These characteristics do not, however, highlight elements that suggest non‐receptivity to hypnosis. The present research studied (a) hypnotic response in children with Down's syndrome, and (b) the cognitive variables that can mediate the hypnotic response. The sample included twelve participants, 7 girls and 5 boys, ages ranging from 6 to 17, mean age: 10.4 (SD: 3.83). We used the Stanford Hypnotic Scale for Children, Modified Form (SHCS; Morgan and Hilgard, 1979), and also checked Mnemonic recuperation, Abstraction, Perception and Vocabulary comprehension (using different subscales in WPPSI‐R, K‐ABC and Chevrié Muller, Simon & Decante, 1975). Results show that the children were capable of responding to suggestions under hypnosis; both motor and cognitive. The differences with the pattern of children from the general population are discussed. Copyright © 2009 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Structure of Germanium Monohydrides GenH, n = 1—3
Authors: Gopakumar G. , Nga Vu Thi , Lievens Peter , Nguyen Minh Tho 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Neutron Powder Diffraction Studies in CaMn1‐xCuxO3 (x = 0, 0.2)
Authors: Ravi S. , Kar Manoranjan , Borah S. M. , Krishna P. S. R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoluminescence and EPR Studies of Cr‐Doped Hibonite (CaAl12O19) Phosphors.
Authors: Singh Vijay , Chakradhar R. P. S. , Rao J. L. , Kim Dong‐Kuk 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Conducting Redox Stable Pyrochlore Oxides.
Authors: Deng Z. Q. , Niu H. J. , Kuang X. J. , Allix M. , Claridge J. B. , Rosseinsky M. J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Toward Perfection: Kapellasite, Cu3Zn(OH)6Cl2, a New Model S = 1/2 Kagome Antiferromagnet.
Authors: Colman R. H. , Ritter C. , Wills A. S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Homologous Series of SrCoO(3n‐1)/n Perovskites Obtained Through Br2 Oxygenation of SrCoO2.5.
Authors: Karvonen Lassi , Yamauchi Hisao , Karppinen Maarit 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Assembly of Hexad‐Track Ag—N Coordination Polymeric Chain‐Modified Keggin Polyoxometalates.
Authors: Sha Jingquan , Peng Jun , Pang Haijun , Tian Aixiang , Chen Jing , Zhang Pengpeng , Zhu Min 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Vinylogous Mannich Reaction of N‐(2‐Thienyl)sulfonylimines.
Authors: Salvador Gonzalez Alvaro , Gomez Arrayas Ramon , Rodriguez Rivero Marta , Carretero Juan C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fine‐Tunable Organocatalysts Bearing Multiple Hydrogen‐Bonding Donors for Construction of Adjacent Quaternary and Tertiary Stereocenters via a Michael Reaction.
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Hai , Dong Xiu‐Qin , Chen Dong , Wang Chun‐Jiang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New and Simple Method for the Synthesis of Highyl Functionalized Pyrrolizidines, Indolizidines and Pyrroloazepines.
Authors: O'Gorman Paul A. , Chen Ting , Cross Hannah E. , Naeem Saleena , Pitard Arnaud , Qamar M. Ilyas , Hemming Karl 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.