bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embryonic Stem Cell Therapy of Heart Failure in Genetic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Yamada Satsuki , Nelson Timothy J. , Crespo-Diaz Ruben J. , Perez-Terzic Carmen , Liu Xiao-Ke , Miki Takashi , Seino Susumu , Behfar Atta , Terzic Andre 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Pathogenic causes underlying nonischemic cardiomyopathies are increasingly being resolved, yet repair therapies for these commonly heritable forms of heart failure are lacking. A case in point is human dilated cardiomyopathy 10 (CMD10; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man #608569), a progressive organ dysfunction syndrome refractory to conventional therapies and linked to mutations in cardiac ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel subunits. Embryonic stem cell therapy demonstrates benefit in ischemic heart disease, but the reparative capacity of this allogeneic regenerative cell source has not been tested in inherited cardiomyopathy. Here, in a Kir6.2-knockout model lacking functional KATP channels, we recapitulated under the imposed stress of pressure overload the gene-environment substrate of CMD10. Salient features of the human malignant heart failure phenotype were reproduced, including compromised contractility, ventricular dilatation, and poor survival. Embryonic stem cells were delivered through the epicardial route into the left ventricular wall of cardiomyopathic stressed Kir6.2-null mutants. At 1 month of therapy, transplantation of 200,000 cells per heart achieved teratoma-free reversal of systolic dysfunction and electrical synchronization and halted maladaptive remodeling, thereby preventing end-stage organ failure. Tracked using the lacZ reporter transgene, stem cells engrafted into host heart. Beyond formation of cardiac tissue positive for Kir6.2, transplantation induced cell cycle activation and halved fibrotic zones, normalizing sarcomeric and gap junction organization within remuscularized hearts. Improved systemic function induced by stem cell therapy translated into increased stamina, absence of anasarca, and benefit to overall survivorship. Embryonic stem cells thus achieve functional repair in nonischemic genetic cardiomyopathy, expanding indications to the therapy of heritable heart failure.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Enhancing the Reliability and Throughput of Neurosphere Culture on Hydrogel Microwell Arrays
Authors: Cordey Myriam , Limacher Monika , Kobel Stefan , Taylor Verdon , Lutolf Matthias P. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The neurosphere assay is the standard retrospective assay to test the self-renewal capability and multipotency of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro. However, it has recently become clear that not all neurospheres are derived from a NSC and that on conventional cell culture substrates, neurosphere motility may cause frequent neurosphere “merging” [Nat Methods 2006;3:801–806; Stem Cells 2007;25:871–874]. Combining biomimetic hydrogel matrix technology with microengineering, we developed a microwell array platform on which NSC fate and neurosphere formation can be unequivocally attributed to a single founding cell. Using time-lapse microscopy and retrospective immunostaining, the fate of several hundred single NSCs was quantified. Compared with conventional neurosphere culture methods on plastic dishes, we detected a more than 100% increase in single NSC viability on soft hydrogels. Effective confinement of single proliferating cells to microwells led to neurosphere formation of vastly different sizes, a high percentage of which showed stem cell phenotypes after one week in culture. The reliability and increased throughput of this platform should help to better elucidate the function of sphere-forming stem/progenitor cells independent of their proliferation dynamics.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Alveolar Bone Preservation in Extraction Sockets Using Non‐Resorbable dPTFE Membranes: A Retrospective Non‐Randomized Study
Authors: Hoffmann Oliver , Bartee Barry K. , Beaumont Christian , Kasaj Adrian , Deli Giorgio , Zafiropoulos Gregor‐Georg 
Published: August 2008

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical regeneration of extraction sockets using high‐density polytetrafluoroethylene (dPTFE) membranes without the use of a graft material.Methods: A total of 276 extraction sockets were evaluated in 276 subjects (151 males and 125 females; mean age, 50.2 years; age range: 24 to 73 years). After extraction, flaps were elevated and a dPTFE membrane was placed over the extraction site. The flaps were repositioned and sutured into place. Primary closure was not obtained over the membranes. The cemento‐enamel junctions of the adjacent teeth were used as reference points. Measurements were taken postextraction and 12 months after surgery in the same areas with the help of a stent and were defined as the distance from the reference points to the bone level. Hard tissue biopsies were taken from 10 representative cases during implant placement 12 months after socket preservation. The bone core samples were submitted for histologic evaluation. A stringent plaque‐control regimen was enforced in all subjects during the 12‐month observation period.Results: A significant regeneration of the volume of sockets could be noted by histologic evaluation, indicating that the newly formed tissue in extraction sites was mainly bone. No influence of gender, smoking, age, or clinical bone level before treatment was found on the percentage of bone gain.Conclusion: The use of dPTFE membranes predictably led to the preservation of soft and hard tissue in extraction sites.
Treatment Outcomes of Dental Flossing in Twins: Molecular Analysis of the Interproximal Microflora
Authors: Corby Patricia M.A. , Biesbrock Aaron , Bartizek Robert , Corby Andrea L. , Monteverde Robin , Ceschin Rafael , Bretz Walter A. 
Published: August 2008

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of dental flossing on the microbial composition of interproximal plaque samples in matched twins.Methods: The study was a two‐treatment, examiner‐masked, randomized, parallel‐group, controlled study. Fifty‐one twin pairs between 12 and 21 years of age were randomized to a 2‐week supervised and unsupervised treatment regimen consisting of tongue brushing and toothbrushing or tongue brushing and toothbrushing plus flossing. The reverse‐capture checkerboard hybridization assay was used to assess levels (abundance) of 26 microbial species in interproximal plaque samples collected from six sites per subject. An integrative computational predictive model estimated average changes in microbial abundance patterns of selected bacterial species from baseline to 2 weeks by comparing treatment groups.Results: After the 2‐week study period, putative periodontal pathogens and cariogenic bacteria were overabundant in the group that did not floss compared to the group that performed flossing. Those included Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis), Prevotella intermedia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), and Streptococcus mutans. Microbial species that are not consistent with the development of periodontal disease or dental caries were overabundant in the group that did floss compared to the non‐flossing group.Conclusion: In a well‐matched twin cohort, tooth and tongue brushing plus flossing significantly decreased the abundance of microbial species associated with periodontal disease and dental caries after a 2‐week program.
Periostin Is Essential for the Integrity and Function of the Periodontal Ligament During Occlusal Loading in Mice
Authors: Rios H.F. , Ma D. , Xie Y. , Giannobile W.V. , Bonewald L.F. , Conway S.J. , Feng J.Q. 
Published: August 2008

Background: The ability of the periodontal ligament (PDL) to absorb and distribute forces is necessary for periodontal homeostasis. This adaptive response may be determined, in part, by a key molecule, periostin, which maintains the integrity of the PDL during occlusal function and inflammation. Periostin is primarily expressed in the PDL and is highly homologous to βig‐H3 (transforming growth factor‐beta [TGF‐β] inducible gene). Cementum, alveolar bone, and the PDL of periostin‐null mice dramatically deteriorate following tooth eruption. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of periostin in maintaining the functional integrity of the periodontium.Methods: The periodontia from periostin‐null mice were characterized followed by unloading the incisors. The effect of substrate stretching on periostin expression was evaluated using a murine PDL cell line. Real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify mRNA levels of periostin and TGF‐β. TGF‐β1 neutralizing antibodies were used to determine whether the effects of substrate stretching on periostin expression are mediated through TGF‐β.Results: Severe periodontal defects were observed in the periostin‐null mice after tooth eruption. The removal of masticatory forces in periostin‐null mice rescue the periodontal defects. Periostin expression was increased in strained PDL cells by 9.2‐fold at 48 hours and was preceded by a transient increase in TGF‐β mRNA in vitro. Elevation of periostin in response to mechanical stress was blocked by the addition of 2.5 ng/ml neutralizing antibody to TGF‐β1, suggesting that mechanical strain activates TGF‐β to have potential autocrine effects and to increase periostin expression.Conclusion: Mechanical loading maintains sufficient periostin expression to ensure the integrity of the periodontium in response to occlusal load.
Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorhexidine Mouthrinses Compared in a 3‐Day Plaque Accumulation Model
Authors: Paraskevas Spiros , Rosema Nanning A.M. , Versteeg Paula , Van der Velden Ubele , Van der Weijden G.A. 
Published: August 2008

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibiting effect of a chlorine dioxide mouthrinse as opposed to a mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine (0.20%) during 3 days of plaque accumulation.Methods: At baseline, all participants (N = 77) received a professional prophylaxis and were randomly assigned to the test (chlorine dioxide) or (positive) control (chlorhexidine) group. On the following 3 days, both groups rinsed twice daily for 1 minute with 10 ml test or control solution. At the end of the experimental period, plaque was assessed, and the panelists filled out a questionnaire.Results: Chlorhexidine inhibited plaque growth significantly more than the mouthrinse containing chlorine dioxide (plaque index = 1.39 versus 1.96, respectively; P <0.001). The results of the questionnaire showed that the panelists found chlorhexidine easier to use and more effective. However, they preferred the taste of the chlorine dioxide mouthrinse and experienced less taste alterations.Conclusion: Chlorine dioxide mouthrinse seems to be a less potent plaque inhibitor than chlorhexidine.
The Effect of Smoking on Epithelial Proliferation in Healthy and Periodontally Diseased Marginal Gingival Epithelium
Authors: Gültekin Sibel Elif , Sengüven Burcu , Karaduman Burcu 
Published: August 2008

Background: Smoking causes an increase in the thickness of gingival epithelium, which is the outcome of increased keratinocyte proliferation or loss. Smoking‐related changes in the proliferative activity of the gingival epithelium are largely uncharacterized for periodontal diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of smoking on the proliferation of the epithelium in periodontally diseased marginal gingiva by comparing the expression patterns of two different proliferation markers.Methods: Gingival biopsies (N = 60) were obtained from smokers who had clinically healthy gingiva (n = 10), smokers with gingivitis (n = 10), smokers with periodontitis (n = 10), non‐smokers with clinically healthy gingiva (n = 10), non‐smokers with gingivitis (n = 10), and non‐smokers with periodontitis (n = 10). The quantitative measurement of maximum epithelial thickness was performed on hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections. The expression patterns for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 were evaluated immunohistochemically.Results: The percentage of PCNA‐positive cells was higher than the percentage of Ki67‐positive cells in all groups (P <0.001). When the mean values of PCNA and Ki67 were compared in each group, a statistically significant difference was observed only in the healthy smoker group (P = 0.003). Significant differences in PCNA proliferation indices were only found between the smoker group and the non‐smoker healthy group (P = 0.015).Conclusions: Smoking had an affect on the proliferation of cells in the oral gingival epithelium, regardless of periodontal status. The increase in thickness of the epithelium was not associated with smoking; periodontal status and inflammation seemed to be more important factors. Smoking induced the replication activity of gingival epithelium and induced DNA repair.
Long‐Term Use of Medications and Destructive Periodontal Disease
Authors: Hujoel Philippe P. , Cunha‐Cruz Joana , Maupome Gerardo , Saver Barry 
Published: August 2008

Background: Knowledge of typical medication use among patients with chronic periodontitis or destructive periodontal disease is limited. The aim of this study was to associate periodontitis severity with the use of different classes of medications.Methods: Patients (N = 12,631) who had medical, dental, and pharmaceutical coverage with a health maintenance organization and whose severity of destructive periodontal disease was diagnosed by a dentist or specialist were included in the study. The rate of drug use over 7 years was related to the severity of destructive periodontal disease by means of Poisson regression models.Results: Individuals with moderate to advanced periodontitis had significantly lower fill rates for the respiratory agents (antihistamines: −23%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −10% to −34%; decongestants: −24%, 95% CI: −13% to −34%; and cough/cold medications: −12%, 95% CI: −3% to −21%) and anti‐infective agents (antibiotics: −12%, 95% confidence interval: −6% to −18%; urinary anti‐infectives: −36%, 95% CI: −6% to −56%; and topical antibiotics: −18%, 95% CI: −5% to −29%).Conclusions: More severe periodontitis was a marker for reduced medication use for allergies and infections. The associations between destructive periodontal disease, infections, allergies, and the hygiene hypothesis need further exploration.
Why Do Dentists Refer to Specific Orthodontists?
Authors: Hall Jason F. , Sohn Woosung , McNamara James A. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that the quality of treatment outcomes and overall patient satisfaction are of equal importance in influencing a general dentist to refer a patient to an orthodontist for treatment. The investigation also attempted to determine what specific aspects of an orthodontically treated occlusion comprise an outstanding result in the opinion of the general dentist.
Materials and Methods: Self-administered surveys containing 35 questions were distributed to a random sample of 1000 general dentists in the midwestern United States.
Results: Three-quarters responded that the quality of previous orthodontic treatment and patient/ parental satisfaction were of equal importance in the orthodontic referral decision. If additional factors were considered, the quality of the treated result as judged by the general dentist was far more important than the location of the orthodontist's office, the reputation of the orthodontist, or the anticipated cost of treatment. With regard to desired postorthodontic occlusal and functional characteristics, the majority of the dentists ranked canine guidance as most important. Other characteristics were Class I molar and canine relationships, even contact of all teeth in centric occlusion, amount of overjet and overbite, absence of spacing, and absence of balancing interferences.
Conclusions: The decision of the general dentist to refer a patient to one orthodontist over another is based on a number of interactive factors. It behooves the orthodontic clinician to provide high-quality treatment, to interact well with his or her patients and their families, and to maintain good communications with general practitioners in the community.
Immediate and Post-Retention Effects of Rapid Maxillary Expansion Investigated by Computed Tomography in Growing Patients
Authors: Ballanti Fabiana , Lione Roberta , Fanucci Ezio , Franchi Lorenzo , Baccetti Tiziano , Cozza Paola 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To determine by low-dose computed tomography (CT) protocol the dental and periodontal effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME).
Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 17 subjects (7 males and 10 females), with a mean age at first observation of 11.2 years. Each patient underwent expansion of 7 mm. Multislice CT scans were taken before rapid palatal expansion (T0), at the end of the active expansion phase (T1), and after a retention period of 6 months (T2). On scanned images, measurements were performed at the dental and periodontal levels. Mean differences between measurements at T0, T1, and T2 were examined through analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures with post-hoc tests.
Results: All interdental transverse measurements were significantly increased at both T1 and T2 with respect to T0. In the evaluation of T0-T1 changes, periodontal measurements were significant on the buccal aspect of banded teeth with a reduction in alveolar bone thickness corresponding to the mesial (−0.5 mm; P &lt; .05) and distal (−0.4 mm; P &lt; .05) roots of the right first molar and to the mesial root of the left first molar (−0.3 mm; P &lt; .05). In the evaluation of overall T0-T2 changes, the lingual bone plate thickness of both first molars was found to be significantly increased (+0.6 mm; P &lt; .05).
Conclusions: RME therapy induces a significant increase in the transverse dimension of the maxillary arch in growing subjects without causing permanent injury to the periodontal bony support of anchoring teeth discernible on CT imaging.
Is Herbst-Multibracket Appliance Treatment More Efficient in Adolescents than in Adults?
Authors: von Bremen Julia , Bock Niko , Ruf Sabine 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To determine whether Herbst treatment is more efficient in adolescent than in adult Class II division 1 subjects.
Materials and Methods: All Class II division 1 patients with a full secondary dentition who had been treated at the orthodontic department of the University of Giessen with a Herbst appliance between 1990 and 2000 were considered. The complete records of 77 patients were available. According to their skeletal maturity, as assessed on hand-wrist radiographs, the subjects were divided into an adolescent group (MP3-F to MP3-H; n = 49; mean age 13.5 years) and an adult group (R-IJ to R-J; n = 28; mean age 20.7 years). Pretreatment and posttreatment dental casts were evaluated using the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index. The reductions in PAR scores of the two groups were compared.
Results: Before treatment, both groups had a severe Class II division 1 malocclusion. The average PAR score of the adolescent patients was slightly lower (27.8) than that of the adult patients (28.8). After treatment, good results were reached for both groups, and the average PAR scores of the two groups were comparable (adolescents: 4.5; adults: 4.8). The average reductions in PAR score were 82.7% (23.3 points) for the adolescent group and 82.9% (24.0 points) for the adults, indicating great improvement in both groups.
Conclusions: Because good treatment results were achieved, with substantial improvement of the pretreatment situation in both groups, Herbst treatment can be considered equally efficient in adolescent and in adult Class II division 1 subjects.
Self-Concept and the Perception of Facial Appearance in Children and Adolescents Seeking Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Phillips Ceib , Beal Kimberly N. Edwards 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To examine, in adolescents with mild to moderate malocclusion, the relationship between self-concept and demographic characteristics, a clinical assessment of malocclusion, self-perception of malocclusion, and self-perception of facial attractiveness.
Methods and Materials: Fifty-nine consecutive patients ages 9 to 15 years scheduled for initial records in a graduate orthodontic clinic consented to participate. Each subject independently completed the Multidimensional Self-Concept Scale (MSCS), the Facial Image Scale, and the Index of Treatment Need–Aesthetic Component (IOTN-AC). Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) scores were obtained from the patients' diagnostic dental casts. Forward multiple-regression analysis with a backward overlook was used to analyze the effect of the demographic, clinical, and self-perception measures on each of the six self-concept (MSCS) domains.
Results: Self-perception of the dentofacial region was the only statistically significant predictor (P &lt; .05) for the Global, Competence, Affect, Academic, and Physical domains of self-concept, while age, parental marital status, and the adolescent's self-perception of the dentofacial region were statistically significant predictors (P &lt; .05) of Social Self-Concept.
Conclusion: The self-perceived level of the attractiveness or “positive” feelings toward the dentofacial region is more strongly related to self-concept than the severity of the malocclusion as indicated by the PAR score or by the adolescent's perception of their malocclusion.
Surface Anatomy of the Lip Elevator Muscles for the Treatment of Gummy Smile Using Botulinum Toxin
Authors: Hwang Woo-Sang , Hur Mi-Sun , Hu Kyung-Seok , Song Wu-Chul , Koh Ki-Seok , Baik Hyoung-Seon , Kim Seong-Taek , Kim Hee-Jin , Lee Kee-Joon 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Objective: To propose a safe and reproducible injection point for botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) as a supplementary method for the treatment of gummy smile, as determined by assessment of the morphologic characteristics of three lip elevator muscles.
Materials and Methods: A total of 50 hemi-faces from 25 adult cadavers (male 13, female 12; ages, 47 to 88 years) were used in this study. Topographic relations and the directions of the lip elevator muscles (ie, levator labii superioris [LLS], levator labii superioris alaeque nasi [LLSAN], and zygomaticus minor [ZMi]), were investigated. Possible injection points were examined through the study of predetermined surface landmarks.
Results: The insertion of the LLS was covered partially or entirely by the LLSAN and the ZMi, and the three muscles converged on the area lateral to the ala. The mean angle between the facial midline and each muscle vector was 25.8 ± 4.8 degrees for the LLS, 55.7 ± 6.4 degrees for the ZMi, and −20.2 ± 3.2 degrees for the LLSAN; no significant differences were noted between male and female subjects or between left and right sides. The three vectors passed near a triangular region formed by three surface landmarks. The center of this triangle, named the “Yonsei point”, was suggested as an appropriate injection point for BTX-A. The clinical effectiveness of the injection point was demonstrated in selected cases with or without orthodontic treatment.
Conclusions: Under careful case selection, BTX-A may be an effective treatment alternative for patients with excessive gingival display caused by hyperactive lip elevator muscles.