bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic mechanical, rheological, and morphological studies of polyacrylate‐graft‐poly (vinyl chloride) suspension resin
Authors: Yuan Jinfeng , Pan Mingwang , Wang Xiaomei , Zhang Liucheng 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of polyacrylate‐graft‐poly (vinyl chloride) (ACR‐g‐PVC) resins were prepared through suspension graft copolymerization. Three kinds of polyacrylate latices were grafted by vinyl chloride using suspension polymerization method at 57 ± 0.1°C, respectively. The dynamic mechanical and rheological properties and the morphology of the resulting ACR‐g‐PVC resins were investigated. Poly (butyl acrylate)‐graft‐poly (vinyl chloride) (PBA‐g‐PVC) resin exhibited better toughness, and the optimized content of PBA in ACR‐g‐PVC resin was 6–8 wt%. The melt viscosity of ACR‐g‐PVC resin was much lower than that of pure PVC. The nature of the fracture surfaces of ACR‐g‐PVC material indicated that it has good toughness. The impact strength of the PBA‐g‐PVC material was greatly improved compared with that of pure PVC. The Young's modulus of the ACR‐g‐PVC material containing less than 15 wt% of PBA was comparable to that of pure PVC according to their dynamic mechanical analysis curves. For all of the ACR‐g‐PVC resins, there were two individual relaxations in the low‐temperature range. One was β transition of PVC, and the other was α transition of ACR. The glass transition temperature of PVC in the ACR‐g‐PVC resin shifted to lower temperature when the content of the PBA was above 50 wt%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:996–1003, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of processing conditions on morphology and mechanical properties of injection‐molded poly(l‐lactic acid)
Authors: Ghosh S. , Viana J.C. , Reis R.L. , Mano J.F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis work investigates the relationship among the processing, morphology, and the mechanical properties of injection‐molded poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA). Melt processing temperature, mold temperature, injection flow rate, and holding pressure were systematically changed following a design of experiments array. The thermomechanical environment imposed during processing was estimated by computer simulations for the mold‐filling phase, which allows the calculation of shear stress, shear rate, and the thickness of frozen skin layer. The morphology was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and hot recoverable strain measurements. The analysis of variance results of influence of processing factors on the morphology are in good agreement with the analysis of thermomechanical parameters on the morphology. The primary factor for inducing the crystallinity in PLLA product was the stress‐induced crystallization, whereas the thermal induced crystallization had a little effect. The morphology–mechanical property relationships were established. The crystallinity developed during processing has little effect on elastic modulus, increases the yield strength, and severely decreases the elongation at break. The level of molecular orientation developed during processing has little effect on elastic modulus, but increases both the yield strength and the elongation at break. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1141–1147, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Analysis of row nucleated lamellar morphology of polypropylene obtained from the cast film process: Effect of melt rheology and process conditions
Authors: Sadeghi Farhad , Ajji Abdellah , Carreau Pierre J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFive different polypropylene resins were characterized by rheology to study the effect of melt rheology on the row‐nucleated lamellar structure development during the cast film process. The arrangement and orientation of the crystalline and amorphous phases were examined by WAXD (wide angle X‐ray diffraction) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) methods. Tensile tests were carried out to examine the effect of orientation on the behavior of the samples. It was found that the molecular weight evaluated from rheology and the processing conditions played a crucial role on the orientation of the crystalline and amorphous phases and, in turn, affected significantly the tensile response. The molecular weight was the main parameter that controlled the orientation and it was found that the resin with a higher molecular weight had a tendency to form a planar crystalline morphology as the draw ratio increased. It was also observed that a planar morphology was associated with a suppression of the yield behavior in the tensile measurements. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1170–1178, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and characterization of aromatic/cycloaliphatic poly(amide‐ imide‐imide)s from bis(4‐amino‐ 3,5‐dimethylphenyl) cycloalkane derivatives
Authors: Sowrirajalu Bhuvana , Muthusamy Sarojadevi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of novel aromatic diamines containing cycloaliphatic moieties was synthesized by the reaction of cycloalkanones like cyclohexanone and cycloheptanone with 2,6‐dimethylaniline. The tetrimide diacid was synthesized using the prepared diamine with 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride/pyromellitic dianhydride and p‐aminobenzoic acid. The polymers were prepared by treating the tetrimide diacid with different aromatic diamines. The structures of the monomers and polymers were identified using elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The polymers show excellent solubility. The polymers are amorphous and have high optical transparency. They also show good thermal stability and their Tg value is found to be in the range 268–305 °C. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Facile preparation of conductive paint made with polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid dispersion and poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Hosoda Masakazu , Hino Tetsuo , Kuramoto Noriyuki 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe investigated an easy way to prepare industrially a conductive paint made with polyaniline (PANI)/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) dispersion and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in organic media. First, water‐dispersible PANI doped with DBSA was chemically synthesized with aniline sulfate using ammonium persulfate in water, and the resulting PANI/DBSA was readily extracted from the reaction medium with a mixture of toluene and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) (toluene:MEK = 1:1 (v/v)), which is useful for industrial applications. The obtained PANI/DBSA organic dispersion was mixed with PMMA organic solution to give the corresponding PANI/DBSA conductive paint containing PMMA. A film prepared with the resulting PANI/DBSA conductive paint was found to possess relatively good conductivity and low surface resistivity for a conductive paint utilized for an electrostatic discharge even at low PANI/DBSA content in the PANI/DBSA–PMMA composite film (the conductivity and the surface resistivity were 9.48 × 10−4 S cm−1 and 3.14 × 106 Ω cm−2, respectively, when the feed ratio of PANI/DBSA:PMMA was 1:39 (w/w)). Furthermore, it was found that the conductivity of the film composed of PANI/DBSA–PMMA composite can be readily and widely controlled by the PANI/DBSA content of the composite or by the amount of DBSA used during the PANI/DBSA synthesis. The highest conductivity of PANI/DBSA–PMMA composite film (7.84 × 10−1 S cm−1) was obtained when the feed ratio of PANI/DBSA:PMMA was 1:4 (w/w). Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of silane grafting on the microstructure of high‐density polyethylene/organically modified montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Hongmei , Fang Pengfei , Chen Zhe , Wang Shaojie , Xu Yuzhen , Fang Zhengping 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOrganically modified montmorillonite (org‐MMT) and high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) grafted with silane groups (HDPE‐g‐silane) were melt compounded to give HDPE‐g‐silane‐blend‐org‐MMT nanocomposites. X‐ray diffractometry was performed to investigate the intercalation effect. Transmission electron microscopy was applied to observe the dispersion of org‐MMT layers in HDPE matrices. The results indicate that an intercalated structure can be easily obtained in HDPE‐g‐silane‐blend‐org‐MMT nanocomposites. Furthermore, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy was used to characterize the microstructure of the composites. It is found that the ortho‐positron (o‐Ps) intensity for HDPE‐g‐silane is decreased by approximately 10% with a narrower lifetime distribution than that for HDPE. With increasing org‐MMT concentration, the o‐Ps intensity I3 increases for HDPE‐g‐silane‐blend‐org‐MMT nanocomposites; however, for HDPE‐blend‐org‐MMT composites I3 decreases. It is found that HDPE composites with good dispersion can be obtained following appropriate modification of the HDPE. And silane grafting has an effect on the free volume of the HDPE nanocomposites. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of superparamagnetic beads of copolymers of methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and their application to protein separation
Authors: Bayramoǧlu Gülay , Arıca M Yakup 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNovel magnetic beads were prepared from methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of ferric ions via suspension polymerization. After polymerization, thermal treatment of the Fe(III)‐ion containing beads with Fe(II) ions under alkaline condition resulted encapsulation of Fe3O4 crystals within the polymer matrix. The magnetic beads were characterized by surface area measurement, swelling tests, electron spin resonance (ESR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To evaluate the magnetic properties of the composite beads, Mössbauer spectra measurements were carried out. ESR and Mössbauer spectroscopy data revealed that the beads were highly superparamagnetic. The DSC data of the magnetic beads also showed an enhanced glass transition temperature owing to the presence of the Fe3O4 crystals within the polymer network. In addition, the presence of functional carboxyl groups on the surface permits further modifications in future applications. The magnetic beads were used for separation of human serum albumin and cytochrome c from aqueous solution in a batch system. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Proteomic analysis of the cambial region in juvenile Eucalyptus grandis at three ages
Authors: Celedon Paola Alejandra Fiorani , de Andrade Alexander , Meireles Karem Guimarães Xavier , da Cruz Gallo de Carvalho Mayra Costa , Caldas Danielle Gregorio Gomes , Moon David Henry , Carneiro Raphael Tozelli , Franceschini Lívia Maria , Oda Shinitiro , Labate Carlos Alberto 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent advances in genomics and proteomics have provided an excellent opportunity to understand complex biological processes such as wood formation at the gene and protein levels. The aim of this work was to describe the proteins participating in the processes involved in juvenile wood formation by isolating proteins from the cambial region of Eucalyptus grandis, at three ages of growth (6‐month‐old seedlings, 3‐ and 6‐year‐old trees), and also to identify proteins differentially expressed. Using a 2‐D‐LC‐MS/MS strategy we identified a total of 240 proteins, with 54 corresponding spots being present in at least two ages. Overall, nine proteins classified into the functional categories of metabolism, cellular processes, and macromolecular metabolism showed significant changes in expression. Proteins were classified into seven main functional categories, with metabolism representing 35.2% of the total proteins identified. The comparison of the reference maps showed not only differences in the expression pattern of individual proteins at each age, but also among isoforms. The results described in this paper provide a dynamic view of the proteins involved in the formation of juvenile wood in E. grandis.
The importance of expectations on the recovery period after cancer treatment
Authors: Winterling Jeanette , Glimelius Bengt , Nordin Karin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose was to study expectations concerning recovery‐related changes in life, e.g. beliefs regarding future adjustment back to ‘normal’ life after curative cancer treatment, whether these expectations were met and their importance for both patients' and their spouses' quality of life and psychological distress. Sixty‐two patients and 42 spouses took part in the study. Data on recovery‐related expectations, measured using a study‐specific questionnaire (RRE), on quality of life using EORTC‐QLQ C‐30 and on psychological distress using HADS, were collected directly after completion of treatment, four and 16 months later. Optimism was measured using LOT at the last follow‐up. The results demonstrate that patients generally had higher recovery‐related expectations than did their spouses, and their expectations were also fulfilled to a lesser degree at both follow‐ups. However, the expectations, or whether these were met, were generally not associated with their quality of life or psychological distress. The few associations that were made indicated that fulfilled expectations meant higher quality of life and/or less distress. The participants' optimism was associated with both their quality of life and psychological distress. It is concluded that optimism influenced the participants' quality of life and psychological distress to a higher degree than did their recovery‐related expectations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sibling stem cell donor experiences at a single institution
Authors: Wiener Lori S. , Steffen‐Smith Emilie , Battles Haven B. , Wayne Alan , Love Cynthia P. , Fry Terry 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAllogeneic bone marrow (BM) and cytokine mobilized peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation can be curative for patients with malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases. Siblings are most often selected as a donor match; however, research on sibling donors is limited and has focused primarily on conventional BM donors. This exploratory study describes the experiences of PBSC sibling donors at a single institution. Through retrospective interviews, 14 sibling donors shared their perceived needs and concerns before and after their stem cell collection. Donors identified fears about the donation procedure, and expressed the need for more information about transplant outcome and complications. The inclusion of the sibling donors themselves, rather than the report of their parents or health‐care providers and the qualitative nature of the structured design allowed sibling donors to describe their concerns and thoughts without being restrained by the beliefs of the participant's parents, researcher or sibling's medical team. Suggestions for visual educational tools, psychosocial interventions and future research are provided. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coal Fly Ash: From Waste to Industrial Product
Authors: Nugteren Henk W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCoal fly ash is a beautiful material in the sense of being mainly composed of nearly perfect spheres of Al‐silicate glass that disserves applications making use of such properties, rather than to be used as an inert filler. However, leaching of mobile components restricts applications to bound form in which the leachable components are immobilized, as for example in cement and concrete products. Therefore, research has been undertaken to improve the technical and environmental quality of this material by applying forced leaching methods. Results show that quality can be improved but that new environmental problems are likely to appear and that the economics of the proposed process seems at the moment not favorable. However, some examples of successful application of fly ash as fillers in the polymer industry are given. Further, fly ash is a major source of Si and Al for the synthesis of industrial minerals. Using this line, zeolites and geopolymers are possible products to be synthesized. Finally, in order to assist the promotion of fly ash in other applications than cement and concrete, a scheme for developing specifications is given.
A brief review of the past, present and future of wood preservation
Authors: Schultz Tor P , Nicholas Darrel D , Preston Alan F 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWood products used in exterior applications must be protected against biodeterioration by decay fungi, insects such as termites, and other organisms. Traditionally, wood products for residential or industrial applications have been protected by treatment with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) or older inexpensive organic biocides, but environmental and disposal concerns and governmental regulations have resulted in a rapid and dramatic worldwide shift to copper‐based systems. The current development trend is towards employing totally organic biocides based on relatively benign and expensive agrochemicals, with continuing research directed towards developing non‐biocidal methods to protect wood. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Insecticide susceptibility of surviving Cotesia plutellae (Hym: Braconidae) and Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hym: Aphidiidae) as affected by sublethal insecticide dosages on host insects
Authors: Lin Yong Wen , Wu Gang , Miyata Tadashi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of sublethal dosages of insecticides applied to Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) and Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach (Homoptera: Aphidiidae) on the insecticide susceptibility of the surviving endoparasitoids, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), were studied in Shangjie, Minhou, China. The susceptibility to methamidophos and the sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to methamidophos and dichlorvos in the adults of host insects were substantially lower than those in the two parasitoids. The host insects were treated with sublethal dosages of methamidophos in P. xylostella and of methamidophos and avermectin in L. erysimi. The cocoon formation in the two parasitoids decreased significantly, from 35.0% (control) to 13.0% (with methamidophos treatment) for C. plutellae; from 20.6% (control) to 9.0% (with methamidophos treatment) and from 24.3% (control) to 16.7% (with avermectin treatment) for D. rapae. The susceptibility to methamidophos of the resultant emerging adults of the two parasitoids was found to be significantly lower than that of the control when the parasitoids were left in contact with the same dosages of methamidophos. The average AChE activity inhibition by methamidophos and dichlorvos in 34–60 adults of the two parasitoids that emerged from the treatments (15.1% and 31.8% respectively for C. plutellae, and 21.1% and 26.9% for D. rapae) was also significantly lower than those of the controls (55.4% and 48.3% respectively for C. plutellae, and 42.9% and 51.7% for D. rapae). The bimolecular rate constant (ki) values of AChE to methamidophos and dichlorvos in the adults of parasitoids without the insecticide treatment were 1.78 and 1.56 times as high as those that emerged from the host insects treated with methamidophos for C. plutellae, and 1.91 and 1.66 times as high as those in the case of D. rapae. It is suggested that there is a difference in AChE sensitivity to insecticides between the resultant emerging parasitoids with and without insecticide pretreatment. Furthermore, the introduction of the insecticides to the host insects could be an important factor in the insecticide resistance development of the endoparasitoids. The natural selectivity would favour the parasitoids that had developed an insensitivity to the insecticide(s). Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Sodium cromoglicate: an ineffective drug or meta‐analysis misused?
Authors: Stevens M. T. , Edwards A. M. , Howell J. B. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSodium cromoglicate (SCG) has been available since around 1970 for the treatment of asthma and other allergic disorders in both adults and children. It has been approved for use around the world. Over the period of its development, a number of different formulations were introduced. In 1999, a systematic review of SCG use in childhood asthma was carried out and reported initially as a poster. Further systematic reviews and papers followed from the same authors and finally a Cochrane Collaboration review was published in 2003. All concluded that SCG was ineffective in paediatric asthma. Both the British Thoracic Society Guidelines for the treatment of paediatric asthma and the Model List of Essential Drugs of the WHO now reflect these conclusions. This paper looks carefully at the conclusions of these systematic reviews and raises concerns about the interpretation of the results. These failed to take adequate account of the changes with time in both the formulations used and the age groups examined, and also failed to take adequate note of the totality of information available over all end‐points. One primary end‐point was based on only four out of the 24 studies included in the review. Rather than having no effect, it is demonstrated that a considerable body of evidence favours SCG compared to placebo and, far from being ineffective, the drug appears to be effective particularly in older children. This article replaces a previously published version. DOI: 10.1002/pst.258. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiinflammatory effect of the Indian Ayurvedic herbal formulation Triphala on adjuvant‐induced arthritis in mice
Authors: Rasool M. , Sabina E. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the present study, attempts have been made to evaluate the antiarthritic effect of the Indian Ayurvedic herbal formulation Triphala on adjuvant‐induced arthritis in mice and to compare it with that of the non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drug indomethacin. Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (0.1 mL) into the right hind paw of Swiss albino mice. Triphala (1 g/kg/b.wt) and indomethacin (3 mg/kg/b.wt) were administered orally for 8 days (from day 11 to 18) after adjuvant injection. The levels of lysosomal enzymes, tissue marker enzymes, glycoproteins and paw thickness were increased in adjuvant‐induced arthritic animals. The body weight was found to be reduced when compared with the control animals. These physical and biochemical changes observed in arthritic animals were altered significantly to near normal conditions after oral administration of Triphala (1 g/kg/b.wt). The results obtained clearly indicate the fact that the Indian Ayurvedic herbal formulation Triphala has promising antiinflammatory activity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The moments method for multi‐modal multi‐component aerosols as applied to the coagulation‐type equation
Authors: Koziol A. S. , Leighton H. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe idea of self‐preserving functions as solutions to a coagulation‐type equation for aerosol is investigated. The aerosol spectrum is assumed to be well represented by a finite but not limited sum of self‐preserving functions (modes). An original set of aerosol dynamics equations for an unlimited number of modes is formulated for self‐preserving functions in the form of the log‐normal distribution, gamma distribution and Laguerre expansion. Additional equations governing the composition of the aerosol are derived. The system of the obtained ordinary integro–differential equations is solved using the Runge–Kutta method with Gaussian quadratures to estimate integrals. The solutions are then successfully tested against direct high resolution numerical solutions of the coagulation‐type equation. Some physical examples illustrating the use of the developed numerical method are also presented. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society