bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin Conductance Conditioning to Potentially Phobic Stimuli as a Function of Interstimulus Interval and Delay Versus Trace Paradigm
Authors: Hugdahl Kenneth , ÖHman Arne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBecause prepared learning has been defined in terms of response acquisition in spite of degraded input, it was expected that differences in resistance to extinction between skin conductance responses conditioned to potentially phobic and neutral stimuli would increase with increased interstimulus interval (ISI) and be larger with a trace than with a delay conditioning paradigm. Twelve groups with 10 subjects each were observed in a differential conditioning experiment manipulating ISI (2, 8, or 16 sec), paradigm (delay versus trace), and fear‐relevance of the conditioned stimulus (potentially phobic versus neutral). The results showed highly reliable resistance to extinction of first‐interval anticipatory responses to phobic stimuli, and no resistance to extinction of the corresponding responses to the neutral stimuli. This difference did not interact either with the ISI or the paradigm factor. Thus, although underscoring the reliability of the difference in conditioning to potentially phobic and neutral stimuli, the results did not support the specific hypothesis of conditioning to phobic stimuli as being less dependent on the ISI parameters than conditioning to neutral stimuli.
Retention of Differential Autonomic Conditioning and Memory for Conditional Stimulus Relationships
Authors: Hammond G. S. , Baer P. E. , Fuhrer M. J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCorollary to the hypothesis that awareness of the conditional stimulus relationships is necessary for the acquisition of differential conditioning, it was predicted that memory for the conditional stimulus relationships (i.e., awareness at retention testing) would be necessary for the retention of differential autonomic conditioning. Groups of 20 subjects each were tested for retention of differential skin conductance and vasomotor conditioning, differential expectancies of the unconditional stimulus, and memory for the CS‐US relationships either 1 day or 28 days after initial acquisition. A continuous measure of expectancy of the unconditional stimulus was obtained during initial acquisition and retention testing. Retention testing consisted of a series of unreinforced presentations of the conditional stimuli and a reacquisition series. The 28‐day interval resulted in more forgetting of the conditional stimulus relationships and greater retention loss of differential autonomic conditioning and differential US expectancies than did the 1‐day interval. Within the group tested after 28 days, retention loss was related to the subjects' post‐experimental reports of whether or not they remembered the CS‐US relationships. Subjects reporting having forgotten showed complete retention loss of differential autonomic conditioning and differential US expectancies while subjects reporting having remembered showed good retention, similar to that shown after the 1‐day retention interval. The hypothesis that memory for the conditional stimulus relationships is necessary for retention of autonomic conditioning was supported. It was also found that long‐term memory for the conditional stimulus relationships was related to greater autonomic responsivity during initial acquisition.
Interaction of a Motor Response, and Reaction Time and Time Estimation Tasks, on Heart Rate and Skin Conductance
Authors: Cohen Michael J. , Johnson Harold J. , McArthur David L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe influence of motor responding and typical psychophysiological tasks on heart rate was tested by manipulating motor requirements of reaction time (RT) and time estimation (TE) tasks. Thirty‐four volunteers were assigned randomly to four groups. Two groups squeezed a hand dynamometer at the start of a trial and the other two groups squeezed at the finish of the trial. The force of the squeeze was also manipulated: either 3 kg (3) or 7 kg (7). The four groups were Start 3, Start 7, Finish 3, and Finish 7. All subjects participated in the TE and RT tasks. The dependent variables were measurements of forearm flexor muscle tension, heart rate and skin conductance. It was found that the manipulations of when and with what force a person squeezed the dynamometer resulted in reliable group differences in muscle tension. The magnitude of acceleratory components of the triphasic (acceleration‐deceleration‐acceleration) cardiac response was amplified by tension. The magnitude of the deceleratory component seemed to depend on both muscle tension and stimulus processing. Except for the magnitude of the response‐bound deceleration, RT and TE produced very similar heart rate responses, and skin conductance did not differ among groups. The data were interpreted as providing evidence that motor response acts as an amplifier for the phasic HR produced by common psychological paradigms.
Directing Attention Toward Stimuli Affects the P300 But Not the Orienting Response
Authors: Becker David E. , Shapiro David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWhether attending to stimuli affects the orienting response and its habituation is not yet clear. EEG alpha suppression responses, electrodermal responses, and EEG evoked potential responses of two groups of subjects were compared. The Attend group was given instructions to pay attention to and count the 59 moderate intensity clicks (interstimulus interval = 15 sec). The Ignore group was instructed to “try not to let the clicks disturb your relaxed state.” Separate ANOVAs with repeated measures were used to evaluate all measures, and all showed significant effects for click repetition (habituation). Alpha suppression and change in log conductance showed no differences related to group. The P300 component of the average evoked potentials was significantly larger for the Attend group. We concluded that attending to, versus ignoring, stimuli does not have an appreciable effect on these two traditional measures of the orienting response, but it does affect the evoked potentials. The relationship between attention and “significance” is discussed.
The Effects of Expectancy Upon Electrodermal Responses to Signaled Stimuli
Authors: Grings William W. , Vucelic Ingeborg , Peeke Shirley C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe research evaluates the role of expectancy in determining magnitude of electrodermal response to a moderately loud noise. Main emphasis was upon comparisons of response magnitudes when the intensity received confirmed that which was expected and when the intensity received was different from that expected. Based on preliminary observations which suggested that response magnitudes shifted in a direction corresponding to stimulus intensity expected, the experiment varied direction of change and evaluated subjective intensity of stimuli received, as well as magnitude of electrodermal responding. Perceived intensities of the noise stimuli were influenced by the direction of shift in the same fashion as electrodermal response magnitudes. Examination of factors determining electrodermal responses to the noises showed several contributing variables: the direction of shift from expectation, the subjective intensity of stimuli, and the amount of anticipatory electrodermal activity just prior to noise onset.
Carotid dP/dt as a Psychophysiological Index of Sympathetic Myocardial Effects: Some Considerations
Authors: Heslegrave Ronald J. , Furedy John J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate (HR) is modulated by both branches of the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, the neural regulation of a specific change in HR cannot be deduced from HR changes per se. For example, HR deceleration cannot be interpreted as being due to sympathetic nervous system withdrawal and/or parasympathetic nervous system activation. It is quite possible that sympathetic activation may be dominated by parasympathetic antagonism. To determine neurogenic influences on the heart, one group of researchers have focused on measuring contractility aspects of ventricular function since it has been demonstrated that the ventricles are sympathetically dominated. This paper assesses the validity of contractility‐based dP/dt measures as indices of ventricular function, and thus of sympathetic activity, being especially concerned with the noninvasive carotid dP/dt measure which is of particular significance to psychophysiologists. The validation examination consists of an exploration into the underlying physiology of dP/dt measures as well as a critical appraisal of empirical psychophysiological findings related to dP/dt. Other important parameters related to psychophysiological measures, such as obtrusiveness and quantification, are also discussed. The conclusion is that carotid dP/dt has not been adequately validated for use by psychophysiologists and until such basic research is carried out, this psychophysiological index of sympathetic activity cannot seriously be considered a measure of sympathetic, betaadrenergic, or even ventricular function.
Voluntary Control of Pulse Transmission Time to the Ear
Authors: Newlin David , Levenson Robert W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments involving voluntary control of pulse transmission time (PTT) to the ear were performed. In Experiment I (within‐subject, 3 sessions), 12 male subjects attempting to control PTT with feedback showed significant bidirectional PTT changes in the target directions accompanied by parallel changes in pre‐ejection period (PEP). There was no evidence of concomitant changes in respiration rate or general somatic activity. PTT control deteriorated across sessions.In Experiment II (between‐subjects, 3 sessions), 10 male subjects attempting to decrease PTT with feedback produced significant PTT decreases accompanied by PEP decreases. There was marginal evidence of increases in respiration rate but no changes in general somatic activity in this condition. Five subjects attempting to increase PTT with feedback and 5 subjects attempting bidirectional PTT control without feedback showed no significant changes in PTT or PEP.The results from these experiments indicate that subjects demonstrate a modest degree of control over PTT to the ear when provided with feedback. This control of PTT is accompanied by parallel changes in PEP but is relatively free of somatic and respiratory concomitance.
Coronary Risk and Coping with Aversive Stimuli
Authors: van Doornen Lorenz J. P. , Orlebeke J. F. , Somsen Riek J. M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn this research the effects of predictability of an aversive stimulus on GSR amplitude and the cardiac anticipation of that stimulus were investigated as a function of coronary risk. Thirty male infarction patients, 16 controls with high‐ and 18 controls with low‐infarction risk, received 10 aversive auditory stimuli, 5 of which were preceded by a warning signal. Predictability reduced GSR amplitude in all groups but significantly more in the low‐risk group as compared with the patients and the high‐risk group. Cardiac anticipatory acceleration was significantly stronger in the low risk group than in the other two groups. These results were discussed in terms of the effects of anxiety and attention on coping with aversive stimuli.
Component Configuring in Compound Electrodermal Conditioning with Human Subjects
Authors: Gilman John H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOf 36 subjects, two groups with 12 human subjects in each received long delay electrodermal conditioning with either 10 or 30 compound CS‐US trials, while a truly random control group (n=12) received 30 compound CS presentations and 30 shock stimuli. Following compound conditioning the three conditioning groups were presented with the compound and component stimuli to assess configurational conditioning. Unlike previous compound conditioning studies, the present work demonstrated configurational conditioning by showing that the elements of the compound stimulus (simultaneous light plus tone) had no conditioned properties following compound conditioning to asymptote or compound overtraining. Orienting reflexes preceding the component responses in testing were not enhanced by extended compound conditioning, when compared to those evoked by component stimuli trained in compound to asymptote. This result suggested that the diminution in component CRs found in the overtrained treatments of previous research was not the result of enhanced orienting reflexes to component stimuli assumed to disrupt component conditioning, but to the emergence of configurational conditioning.
Facial Muscle Patterning and Subjective Experience During Affective Imagery: Sex Differences
Authors: Schwartz Gary E. , Brown Serena‐Lynn , Ahern Geoffrey L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFacial electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded from the zygomatic, corrugator, masse‐ter and frontalis muscle regions in 30 male and 30 female subjects. Forty‐eight items were selected to reflect happy, sad, angry and fearful situations. Subjects imagined each of the items for 40 sec and rated how they felt on a scale tapping the four emotions. The results indicated that for certain emotions, muscle regions and ratings, females (as compared to males): 1) generated facial EMG patterns of greater magnitude (relative to rest) during affective imagery, 2) reported a stronger experience of emotion to the imagery, 3) showed greater within‐subject correlations between the experience of emotions and facial EMG, 4) evidenced somewhat higher corrugator and significantly lower masseter EMG activity during rest, and 5) generated greater facial EMG changes during a post‐imagery, voluntary facial expression condition. Cultural and biological interpretations of the data are considered. The importance of evaluating gender in psychophysiological studies of emotion is stressed.
The Status of Skin Conductance Recovery Time: An Examination of the Bundy Effect
Authors: Venables P. H. , Fletcher R. P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe independent status of recovery of the skin conductance response has been an important assumption underlying work in which electrodermal responses to different task demands have been examined or in studies in which different psychopathological groups have been differentiated. Doubts on this issue have recently been raised by Bundy and Fitzgerald (1975). The present study examines data on this point from two samples and suggests that it is still worthwhile to treat SCR recovery as an independent variable.
Prior Activity as a Determinant of Electrodermal Recovery Rate
Authors: Edelberg Robert , Muller Michael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study attempts to assess Bundy's 1974 report that electrodermal recovery rate (ERR) can be accurately predicted by a variable, X, based on the recency and amplitude of prior activity. Five different types of assessment were made with the following results. (1) ERR was significantly related to X in two paradigms which avoided the temporal constraints of Bundy's experiment. (2) ERR of responses to repeated reaction time stimuli could be altered by controlling the magnitude of X. (3) A change in stimulus from a reaction time signal to a loud noise failed to change ERR when the value for X was held constant and when response amplitude was treated as a covariate. (4) The rank order of ERRs for reaction time signals and for loud sounds could be reversed by controlling the magnitude of X. (5) Differences in ERR associated with a cold pressor exposure and a mirror tracing task were reevaluated taking into account prior activity. Analysis of covariance with Bundy's X as the covariate failed to erase the difference. However, with a new covariate, namely the number of electrodermal responses in the 15 sec before the measured response, the difference in ERR became nonsignificant. In agreement with Bundy, prior activity appears to represent a major determinant of recovery rate. It is suggested that for those studies reporting ERR differences, attention should be focused on the biobehavioral implications of the likely differences in prior activity.
Electrophysiological and Psychophysical Measures of Interocular Suppression
Authors: May James G. , Russell Harter M. , Siegfried John B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious studies of the effect of interocular suppression on VEP amplitude have shown that gratings presented steadily to one eye result in a significant reduction in the amplitude of VEPs elicited by flashed gratings in the other eye when orientation and spatial frequency of gratings presented to each eye are similar. The present study reveals that psychophysical thresholds for flashed gratings are significantly elevated when subjects view checkerboards having fundamental Fourier components of the same spatial frequency and orientation in the contralateral eye. This effect is greater in the periphery than in the fovea. Checkerboard stimuli of different orientation had no differential interocular suppressing effects on VEPs to flashed gratings. These results suggest that while psychophysical detection of patterned stimuli relies most on the fundamental Fourier components, VEP amplitude is equally influenced by the fundamental and higher harmonic spatial frequency components. The VEP to patterned stimuli derives, for the most part, from macular stimulation, but the influence of the fundamental Fourier components on the psychophysical threshold is greater in retinal areas adjacent to the macula.
Two‐Year Retest Stability of Eye Tracking Performance and a Comparison of Electro‐oculographic and Infrared Recording Techniques: Evidence of EEG in the Electro‐oculogram
Authors: Iacono William G. , Lykken David T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study assessed the quantitative and qualitative comparability of simultaneously recorded electrooculographic (EOG) and infrared (IR) measures of eye movement and the long‐term retest stability of the EOG. Fifty‐two twins, all of whom performed the same tasks while the EOG was recorded two years ago, engaged in smooth‐pursuit tracking of sinusoidally driven targets ranging in frequency from. 4 to 1.2 Hz and in saccadic tracking of a modified square wave target. In addition to computer‐derived estimates of smooth‐pursuit and saccadic eye tracking proficiency, a measure of saccadic interference during smooth‐pursuit tracking and ratings of the amount of small‐amplitude spiky oscillation in the EOG were made. Two‐year retest stability of these various measures varied from .54 to .83 and were similar to within‐session and one‐week retest reliabilities computed for these same subjects. Correlations between computer‐derived EOG and IR scores ranged from.89 to.99 indicating good correspondence between the two methods. Qualitative EOG‐IR comparability was not high for subjects who showed a pronounced spiky oscillation in the EOG. Spectral analyses of the EOG and concurrently recorded EEG suggest that this spiky rhythm represents EEG (perhaps kappa or alpha), the presence of which is correlated with poor eye tracking.
Randomization Test of Paired Data: Application to Evoked Responses
Authors: Martin Donald C. , Buffington Veronica , Becker Joseph 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a randomization test for similarities in observation vectors between pairs of subjects. Visual evoked response data for pairs of relatives were used in an example of the test. The randomization test does not require any distributional assumptions and can be applied to both univariate and multivariate cases. The basic procedure has three steps. First, some measure of similarity between subject pairs is defined. Second, the distribution of average similarity under random pairings is found. Third, if the average similarity for observed pairs is in the tail of the distribution generated by the assumption of random pairings, the hypothesis of no greater than chance similarity is rejected. The distribution of average similarity under the assumption of random pairings is approximated using a permutation central limit theorem. The randomization test can be used instead of Barttlet's test for nonzero canonical correlations.
Stimulus Characteristics Influencing Estimation of Heart Rate
Authors: Pennebaker James W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments examined the degree to which external stimulus factors and actual HR influence judgments of HR, general accuracy of estimated HR, and self‐perceptions of accuracy. Both studies employed a heartbeat tracking technique while subjects viewed a series of slides (Experiment 1) or were engaged in various tasks (Experiment 2). The results indicated that HR judgment is more dependent on external stimuli than on actual HR. No settings increased the generally poor levels of accuracy of estimated HR. The results indicate that HR estimation is dependent to a large degree on an inference process.
Skin Conductance Responses to Stimulus “Energy” Decreases Following Habituation
Authors: Magliero Anthony , Gatchel Robert J. , Lojewski David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are reported in which a reduction in tone intensity or duration followed habituation. Experiment I, which employed 120 subjects, assessed the effects of type of stimulus change (intensity or duration) and trial of change (trial 5 or trial 22) on orienting response (OR) recovery. Experiment II employed 131 subjects, and examined the effects of reduction of stimulus intensity on trial 22 or after subjects reached a predetermined habituation criterion. Experiment I demonstrated OR reappearance following the offset of a shortened stimulus. The combined findings of Experiments I and II suggest that the effects of reducing stimulus intensity depend on when the change is made. In Experiment I, reducing stimulus intensity on trial 5 led to a significant decrease in OR magnitude. In Experiment II, increases in OR magnitude were produced by reducing stimulus intensity either after reaching a criterion or after 21 habituation trials. These findings suggest a Sokolovian view of the development of the generalization gradient of habituation. Results also revealed large individual differences in responding to the stimulus change in Experiment II. Multiple regression analyses of these data were therefore conducted, which allowed two further conclusions to be drawn: First, initial electrodermal state can be used to predict responding on the stimulus change trial. Second, with long habituation training (21 trials), the role of the initial state variables diminishes while other variables representing change over the experimental session become more prominent in predicting responding to stimulus change.
The Acquisition of Autonomic Control Through Biofeedback: Some Tests of Discrimination Theory
Authors: Lacroix J. Michael , Gowen Anne H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThirty‐two subjects participated in 6 biofeedback training sessions to produce increases and decreases in skin conductance (SC) or heart rate (HR). Performance on control trials was examined with respect to SC and HR, as well as respiratory and somatomotor variables. The subjects also participated in 3 test sessions (on days 2, 5, and 9), which evaluated their ability to discriminate the target autonomic response, and sought to identify the bases for SC and HR discriminations. This design permitted examination of three major predictions from Brener's theory about the process which underlies the acquisition of autonomic control through biofeedback. The first prediction, that positive correlations should be obtained between control and discrimination performance throughout training, was not supported by the data. The other predictions, that control and discrimination performance both should become more specific to the target response as a function of training, were likewise not supported. On the whole, neither for SC nor for HR control was the pattern of results favorable to Brener's views.