bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A randomized, open trial evaluating the effect of Saccharomyces boulardii on the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection in children
Authors: Hurduc Victoria , Plesca Doina , Dragomir Dimitrie , Sajin Maria , Vandenplas Yvan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAim: The failure rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication imposes the assessment of new options.Subjects and methods: A prospective open study was performed in 90 symptomatic children (range 3–18 years) with H. pylori infection, randomized in two groups: control (42 patients) and intervention group (48 patients). Both groups were treated with the standard triple eradication therapy (omeprazole/esomeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin) for 7–10 days. The intervention group was also treated with Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii), 250 mg b.i.d., for 4 weeks. The eradication rate of H. pylori was assessed by the same methods (urease test and histology) 4–6 weeks after treatment. Adverse events and compliance were evaluated after 7 and 28 days of treatment. The Chi‐square test was used for statistical evaluation (p < 0.05).Results: H. pylori infection was identified in 90 of 145 children (62%) and it correlated positively with age (p < 0.002) and inversely with socioeconomic status (p < 0.005). All infected children had chronic gastritis, with antral nodularity in 76.7%. Overall, H. pylori eradication rate was 87.7% (control 80.9%, S. boulardii group 93.3%) (p = 0.750). The incidence of side effects was reduced in the S. boulardii group: 30.9% in the control versus 8.3% in the probiotic group (p = 0.047).Conclusion: The addition of S. boulardii to the standard eradication treatment confers a 12% nonsignificant enhanced therapeutic benefit on H. pylori eradication and reduces significantly the incidence of side effects.
IMPACT OF CRYSTALLINE MILK FAT ON RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ICE CREAM MIX EMULSIONS DURING AGING TIME AT 4C
Authors: BAZMI ALI , LAUNAY BERNARD , CUVELIER GÉRARD , RELKIN PERLA 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT The influence of aging time at 4C has been studied for three ice cream mix emulsions containing 10% weight fraction of milk fat samples differing by their composition. Milk fat composition was varied by partially replacing anhydrous milk fat (AMF) either by a high melting temperature, stearin (AMF/S), or a low melting temperature, oleain (AMF/O) fraction. Among the three ice cream mix emulsions, the AMF/O emulsion containing the lowest proportion of saturated triglycerides had slightly lower proportion of high‐size fat droplets regardless of the storage time periods, but it presented a higher shear sensitive behavior with aging time. In addition, the structural recovery following a shearing test (100/s for 1 min) observed in fresh emulsions was in the following order: AMF/S > AMF > AMF/O. However, structural recovery decreased faster with aging time for AMF/S than AMF, while it remained unchanged for AMF/O emulsion, where development of crystalline fat was most delayed. Based on these results, it is suggested that different shear stability and structure recovery after shearing can be related to the rate of development of fat crystals in the milk fat droplets which affects the interaction properties between the weak network of biopolymers in the aqueous phase and the fat droplets in the emulsions, depending on milk fat composition.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONOur studies indicated an important role of unsaturated milk fat on the functional properties of ice cream mix emulsions, through modifying their rheological behavior as a result of changes in the crystallization properties of the fat in the emulsion droplets. We showed that higher amount of crystallized fat may prevent structure enhancement in the emulsions, and the resultant structure is more sensitive against shearing. This phenomenon will have effects on the aging time of the emulsions at 4C before whipping and, finally, on their overrun and the microstructure of incorporated air bubbles, which have been discussed elsewhere (Bazmi et al. 2007).
STANDARD SCALES FOR CRISPNESS, CRACKLINESS AND CRUNCHINESS IN DRY AND WET FOODS: RELATIONSHIP WITH ACOUSTICAL DETERMINATIONS
Authors: CHAUVIN MAITE A. , YOUNCE FRANK , ROSS CAROLYN , SWANSON BARRY 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT A trained panel developed rating scales for crispness, crunchiness and crackliness for dry and wet foods based on the auditory perception of selected foods. The newly developed scales were then evaluated by 40 untrained panelists and the sound perception of standard foods was assessed through the analysis of the root mean square (RMS) of the 5‐s audio waveforms and multidimensional scaling (MDS). The RMS was highly correlated to auditory sensory perception of crispness (r = 0.83 and 0.96), crunchiness (r = 0.99 and 0.99) and crackliness (r = 0.88 and 0.96) for dry and wet foods, respectively. MDS technique applied for the 40 untrained panelists was instructive in assessing auditory textural differences of naïve panelists and a useful statistical instrument to graphically validate selected scales. Auditory perception of the selected foods were rated similarly using standard auditory texture scales for crispness, crunchiness and crackliness developed by the trained panel (oral evaluation) and MDS results from the untrained panel (recordings).PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSCrispness, crunchiness and crackliness are not only important and useful descriptors of food texture, but are also desirable textural qualities in many foods. The lack of consistency in the procedures used for the evaluation of crunchy, crispy and crackly in sensory studies often results in confusion when training expert panels. Research will benefit textural studies through an improvement of consistent textural definitions and development of standard scales and evaluation techniques.The crispness, crunchiness and crackliness scales developed and applied in the current study represent a new potential standard frame of reference that may be used for training panelists in texture parameters related to food auditory perception. The scales may be considered illustrations demonstrating full and practical ranges for each texture attribute with regard to analyzing auditory parameters of foods and effective objective tools for assessing panelists in descriptive analysis.
Mobile Methodologies: Theory, Technology and Practice
Authors: Hein Jane Ricketts , Evans James , Jones Phil 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article reviews developments in ‘mobile methodologies’, looking at the theory, technologies and practice of mobile methods. We focus specifically on methods where the research subject and researcher are in motion in the ‘field’, and seek to understand what difference mobile methods can make to research. Drawing on the broader mobilities paradigm, we identify the key tenets of mobile methodologies, and then discuss the role that technologies such as geographical information systems can play in opening up this new approach to research. The article reviews past and present work that has utilised mobile methods, highlighting key opportunities and challenges. We consider current attempts to use geographical information systems to rigorously investigate the effect that walking has on an interview process, and conclude by summarising the potential for mobile methods to inform social scientific research.
Citizenship, Migration and Transnationalism: A Review and Critical Interventions
Authors: Ho Elaine Lynn‐Ee 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article reviews the extant literature on citizenship and transnationalism, paying particular attention to the impact of migration on citizenship models and practices. I further address three areas of inquiry that have lagged behind in this scholarship. First, I highlight the neglect of emotions in the study of citizenship and transnational migration. Second, I criticise the tendency for scholars to privilege the experiences of immigration regimes at the expense of sending state experiences. Finally, I use selected examples to underscore the importance of studying citizenship trajectories outside of the Anglo‐American and European contexts. These critical interventions signal new approaches to advance the scholarship on citizenship, migration and transnationalism.
Metabolically engineered Escherichia coli for efficient production of glycosylated natural products
Authors: Peirú Salvador , Rodríguez Eduardo , Menzella Hugo G. , Carney John R. , Gramajo Hugo 
Published: August 2008

SummarySignificant achievements in polyketide gene expression have made Escherichia coli one of the most promising hosts for the heterologous production of pharmacologically important polyketides. However, attempts to produce glycosylated polyketides, by the expression of heterologous sugar pathways, have been hampered until now by the low levels of glycosylated compounds produced by the recombinant hosts. By carrying out metabolic engineering of three endogenous pathways that lead to the synthesis of TDP sugars in E. coli, we have greatly improved the intracellular levels of the common deoxysugar intermediate TDP‐4‐keto‐6‐deoxyglucose resulting in increased production of the heterologous sugars TDP‐L‐mycarose and TDP‐d‐desosamine, both components of medically important polyketides. Bioconversion experiments carried out by feeding 6‐deoxyerythronolide B (6‐dEB) or 3‐α‐mycarosylerythronolide B (MEB) demonstrated that the genetically modified E. coli B strain was able to produce 60‐ and 25‐fold more erythromycin D (EryD) than the original strain K207‐3, respectively. Moreover, the additional knockout of the multidrug efflux pump AcrAB further improved the ability of the engineered strain to produce these glycosylated compounds. These results open the possibility of using E. coli as a generic host for the industrial scale production of glycosylated polyketides, and to combine the polyketide and deoxysugar combinatorial approaches with suitable glycosyltransferases to yield massive libraries of novel compounds with variations in both the aglycone and the tailoring sugars.
Manganese‐oxidizing bacteria mediate the degradation of 17α‐ethinylestradiol
Authors: Sabirova Julia S. , Cloetens L. F. F. , Vanhaecke L. , Forrez I. , Verstraete Willy , Boon N. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryManganese (II) and manganese‐oxidizing bacteria were used as an efficient biological system for the degradation of the xenoestrogen 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) at trace concentrations. Mn2+‐derived higher oxidation states of Mn (Mn3+, Mn4+) by Mn2+‐oxidizing bacteria mediate the oxidative cleavage of the polycyclic target compound EE2. The presence of manganese (II) was found to be essential for the degradation of EE2 by Leptothrix discophora, Pseudomonas putida MB1, P. putida MB6 and P. putida MB29. Mn2+‐dependent degradation of EE2 was found to be a slow process, which requires multi‐fold excess of Mn2+ and occurs in the late stationary phase of growth, implying a chemical process taking place. EE2‐derived degradation products were shown to no longer exhibit undesirable estrogenic activity.
A Numerical Case Study on the Initiation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Ray Pallav , Zhang Chidong , Dudhia Jim , Chen Shuyi S. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A mesoscale tropical channel model is used to study the long-standing problem of the initiation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). With initial and lateral boundary conditions provided by a global reanalysis, this model is able to reproduce the initiation and gross features of two observed MJO events up to 2 months after the start of simulations. This leads to a conjecture that these two MJO events are generated by the influences from the lateral boundaries. This conjecture is supported by a series of sensitivity tests. These sensitivity tests demonstrate that the simulated MJO initiation does not critically depend on detailed characteristics of sea surface temperature (varying versus constant in time, mean distribution from boreal spring versus winter), initial conditions (within a 10-day period), the latitudinal location of the lateral boundaries (21°–38°N and S), or even latent heating and moist processes. The only factor found critical to the reproduction of the MJO initiation is time-varying lateral boundary conditions from the reanalysis. When such lateral boundary conditions are replaced by time-independent conditions, the model fails to reproduce the MJO initiation. These results support the idea that extratropical influences can be an efficient mechanism for MJO initiation. Implications of these results are discussed.
Impact of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on Summer Rainfall in Southeast China
Authors: Zhang Lina , Wang Bizheng , Zeng Qingcun 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The impact of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) on summer rainfall in Southeast China is investigated using the Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index and the observational rainfall data. A marked transition of rainfall patterns from being enhanced to being suppressed is found in Southeast China (east of 105°E and south of 35°N) on intraseasonal time scales as the MJO convective center moves from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific Ocean. The maximum positive and negative anomalies of regional mean rainfall are in excess of 10% relative to the climatological regional mean. Such different rainfall regimes are associated with the corresponding changes in physical fields such as the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), moisture, and vertical motions. When the MJO is mainly over the Indian Ocean, the WPSH shifts farther westward, and the moisture and upward motions in Southeast China are increased. In contrast, when the MJO enters the western Pacific, the WPSH retreats eastward, and the moisture and upward motions in Southeast China are decreased.
It is suggested that the MJO may influence summer rainfall in Southeast China through remote and local dynamical mechanisms, which correspond to the rainfall enhancement and suppression, respectively. The remote role is the energy propagation of the Rossby wave forced by the MJO-related heating over the Indian Ocean through the low-level westerly waveguide from the tropical Indian Ocean to Southeast China. The local role is the northward shift of the upward branch of the anomalous meridional circulation when the MJO is over the western Pacific, which causes eastward retreat of the WPSH and suppressed moisture transport toward Southeast China.
The Tree-Ring Record of Drought on the Canadian Prairiesa,b
Authors: St. George Scott , Meko David M. , Girardin Martin-Philippe , MacDonald Glen M. , Nielsen Erik , Pederson Greg T. , Sauchyn David J. , Tardif Jacques C. , Watson Emma 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Ring-width data from 138 sites in the Canadian Prairie Provinces and adjacent regions are used to estimate summer drought severity during the past several hundred years. The network was divided into five regional groups based on geography, tree species, and length of record: the eastern Rockies, northern Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, southern Manitoba, and northwestern Ontario. Regional tree-ring records are primarily related to summer moisture and drought conditions, and are less responsive to droughts caused by deficits in winter precipitation. These summer-sensitive data are not linearly related to major modes of climate variability, including ENSO and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which primarily affect the climate of western Canada during winter. Extended drought records inferred from tree rings indicate that drought on the Canadian Prairies has exhibited considerable spatial heterogeneity over the last several centuries. For northern Saskatchewan and northwestern Ontario, intervals of persistently low tree growth during the twentieth century were just as long as or longer than low-growth intervals in the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries. Longer records from southern Alberta suggest that the most intense dry spell in that area during the last 500 yr occurred during the 1720s. At the eastern side of the prairies, the longest dry event is centered around 1700 and may coincide with low lake stands in Manitoba, Minnesota, and North Dakota. Although the Canadian Prairies were dry at times during the 1500s, there is no regional analog to the sixteenth-century “megadroughts” that affected much of the western United States and northern Mexico.
Precipitation, Recycling, and Land Memory: An Integrated Analysis
Authors: Dirmeyer Paul A. , Schlosser C. Adam , Brubaker Kaye L. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A synthesis of several approaches to quantifying land–atmosphere interactions is presented. These approaches use data from observations or atmospheric reanalyses applied to atmospheric tracer models and stand-alone land surface schemes. None of these approaches relies on the results of general circulation model simulations. A high degree of correlation is found among these independent approaches, and constructed here is a composite assessment of global land–atmosphere feedback strength as a function of season. The composite combines the characteristics of persistence of soil moisture anomalies, strong soil moisture regulation of evaporation rates, and reinforcement of water cycle anomalies through recycling. The regions and seasons that have a strong composite signal predominate in both summer and winter monsoon regions in the period after the rainy season wanes. However, there are exceptions to this pattern, most notably over the Great Plains of North America and the Pampas/Pantanal of South America, where there are signs of land–atmosphere feedback throughout most of the year. Soil moisture memory in many of these regions is long enough to suggest that real-time monitoring and accurate initialization of the land surface in forecast models could lead to improvements in medium-range weather to subseasonal climate forecasts.
Overturning Circulation in an Eddy-Resolving Model: The Effect of the Pole-to-Pole Temperature Gradient
Authors: Wolfe Christopher L. , Cessi Paola 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The effect of the pole-to-pole surface temperature difference on the deep stratification and the strength of the global meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is examined in an eddy-resolving ocean model configured in an idealized domain roughly representing the Atlantic sector. Mesoscale eddies lead to qualitative differences in the mean stratification and the MOC compared to laminar (i.e., eddy free) models. For example, the spreading of fluid across the model’s representation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) no longer relies on the existence of a sill in the ACC. In addition, the deep- and bottom-water masses—roughly representing North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (ABW), respectively—are eroded by the eddies so that their zonal and meridional extents are much smaller than in the laminar case. It is found that if the north pole temperature is sufficiently warm, the formation of northern deep water is suppressed and the middepth cell is small and weak while the deep cell is large and vigorous. In contrast, if the north pole temperature is in the range of the southern channel temperatures, the middepth cell is large and strong while the deep cell has a reduced amplitude. This result is consistent with the predictions of the laminar theory of the MOC. In contrast to the laminar theory, realistically strong deep stratification is formed even if the temperature at the northern sinking site is warmer than any temperature found in the channel. Indeed, middepth stratification is actually stronger in the latter case than the former case.
Presenting the Snowflake Video Imager (SVI)
Authors: Newman Andrew J. , Kucera Paul A. , Bliven Larry F. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Herein the authors introduce the Snowflake Video Imager (SVI), which is a new instrument for characterizing frozen precipitation. An SVI utilizes a video camera with sufficient frame rate, pixels, and shutter speed to record thousands of snowflake images. The camera housing and lighting produce little airflow distortion, so SVI data are quite representative of natural conditions, which is important for volumetric data products such as snowflake size distributions. Long-duration, unattended operation of an SVI is feasible because datalogging software provides data compression and the hardware can operate for months in harsh winter conditions. Details of SVI hardware and field operation are given. Snowflake size distributions (SSDs) from a storm near Boulder, Colorado, are computed. An SVI is an imaging system, so SVI data can be utilized to compute diverse data products for various applications. In this paper, the authors present visualizations of frozen particles (i.e., snowflake aggregates as well as individual crystals), which provide insight into the weather conditions such as temperature, humidity, and winds.
An Algorithm for Tracking Eyes of Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Chang Pao-Liang , Jong-Dao Jou Ben , Zhang Jian 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A tropical cyclone (TC) eye tracking (TCET) algorithm is presented in this study to objectively identify and track the eye and center of a tropical cyclone using radar reflectivity data. Twelve typhoon cases were studied for evaluating the TCET algorithm. Results show that the TCET can track TC centers for several hours. The longest tracking time is about 35 h. Eye locations estimated from different radars showed consistency with a mean distance bias of about 3.5 km and a standard deviation of about 1.5 km. The TCET analysis shows decreasing eye radius as TCs approach land, especially within 50 km of the coastline.
The TCET algorithm is computationally efficient and can be automated by using the TC center in the previous volume or the estimated center from satellite images as an initial guess. The TCET may not accurately find the TC center when a TC is weak or does not have an enclosed eyewall or when it does have highly noncircular eyes. However, the algorithm is still suitable for operational implementation and provides high spatial and temporal resolution information for TC centers and eye radii, especially for intense TCs.