bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐cultural analysis of migration rates: Effects of geographic distance and population size
Authors: Relethford John H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA model is developed that treats migration rates among populations as a function of the geographic distance between them and the size of both sources and recipient population. Specifically, mij/mjj = a(Ni/Nj)pe−bd, where mij/mjj is the relative migration rate into population j from population i, Ni is the size of the source population, Nj is the size of the recipient population, d is the geographic distance between populations i and j,p is a measure of differential density‐dependence, b is a measure of distance decay, and a is an adjustment parameter with little demographic meaning. Methods of parameter estimation and hypothesis testing using maximum likelihood are outlined. These methods are applied to migration matrix data from 13 samples obtained from the literature representing a wide range of ecological settings. All samples show a significant effect of geographic distance on migration, and all but one show a significant effect of differential population size. All but one sample show an overall tendency for migration to be negative density‐dependent; that is, the relative migration rate is greater from larger populations to smaller populations than the reverse. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cranial anatomy of Ignacius graybullianus and the affinities of the Plesiadapiformes
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Thewissen J. G. M. , Yoder Anne D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA nearly complete cranium of Ignacius graybullianus provides increased understanding of the cranial anatomy of Plesiadapiformes. In nearly all details of cranial anatomy, Ignacius differs markedly from primates. USNM 421608 exhibits a long tapering snout, small widely spaced orbits, and a complete lack of postorbital process or bar. Large olfactory bulbs are inferred from the wide interorbital space. The marked flare of the zygomatic arches suggests that Ignacius possessed large and powerful temporal muscles. The basicranial region is particularly well preserved and reveals a distinct suture between the petrosal bone and an entotympanic bulla. This suture is visible on both the left and right sides of the skull and dispels the hypothesis that Ignacius and, by inference, other Plesiadapiformes share the primate synapomorphy of a petrosal bulla. To test the phylogenetic position of Ignacius, cranial characters were identified and scored for Ignacius, Plesiadapis, Cynocephalus, and a number of primates, bats, and scandentians. Two erinaceomorph insectivores were also included to allow the assessment of archontan monophyly. These characters were incorporated into a maximum‐parsimony analysis to determine the phylogenetic position of Plesiadapiformes. There are several important phylogenetic conclusions that can be inferred from this analysis: 1) Ignacius and Plesiadapis make up a monophyletic clade; 2) Plesiadapiformes may be the sister group of Dermoptera; 3) Scandentia, not Plesiadapiformes, is the sister group of Primates; and 4) Primates, plesiadapiforms, bats, colugos, and scandentians may not form a monophyletic clade Archonta. Consequently, the taxon Archonta is in need of review. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postcranial robusticity in Homo. I: Temporal trends and mechanical interpretation
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Trinkaus Erik , Walker Alan , Larsen Clark Spencer 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTemporal trends in postcranial robusticity within the genus Homo are explored by comparing cross‐sectional diaphyseal and articular properties of the femur, and to a more limited extent, the humerus, in samples of Recent and earlier Homo. Using both theoretical mechanical models and empirical observations within Recent humans, scaling relationships between structural properties and bone length are developed. The influence of body shape on these relationships is considered. These scaling factors are then used to standardize structural properties for comparisons with pre‐Recent Homo (Homo sp. and H. erectus, archaic H. sapiens, and early modern H. sapiens). Results of the comparisons lead to the following conclusions: 1) There has been a consistent, exponentially increasing decline in diaphyseal robusticity within Homo that has continued from the early Pleistocene through living humans. Early modern H. sapiens are closer in shaft robusticity to archaic H. sapiens than they are to Recent humans. The increase in diaphyseal robusticity in earlier Homo is a result of both medullary contraction and periosteal expansion relative to Recent humans. 2) There has been no similar temporal decline in articular robusticity within Homo–relative femoral head size is similar in all groups and time periods. Thus, articular to shaft proportions are different in pre‐Recent and Recent Homo. 3) These findings are most consistent with a mechanical explanation (declining mechanical loading of the postcranium), that acted primarily through developmental rather than genetic means. The environmental (behavioral) factors that brought about the decline in postcranial robusticity in Homo are ultimately linked to increases in brain size and cultural‐technological advances, although changes in robusticity lag behind changes in cognitive capabilities. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproductive activity of ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) in a Madagascar rain forest
Authors: Morland Hilary Simons 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMating activity was observed during four breeding seasons in two groups of black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) living in lowland rain forest on Nosy Mangabe island, Madagascar. The onset of the May‐July breeding season was signalled by behavioral changes in adult males. Males made forays outside their usual home ranges, were more aggressive to other males, and performed appetitive and other sex‐specific behaviors more frequently. Females showed receptive and proceptive behaviors during a 1‐2 day behavioral estrus. Ruffed lemurs mated monogamously, polyandrously, and polygynously. These observations do not support previous assertions that they live only in monogamous families. Limited evidence suggests females exercised mate choice and may have preferred familiar males. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative locomotor behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos: The influence of morphology on locomotion
Authors: Doran Diane M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractResults from a 10 month study of adult male and female bonobos (Pan paniscus) in the Lomako Forest, Zaire, and those from a 7 month study of adult male and female chimpanzees in the Tai Forest, Ivory Coast (Pan troglodytes verus), were compared in order to determine whether there are species differences in locomotor behavior and substrate use and, if so, whether these differences support predictions made on the basis of interspecific morphological differences. Results indicate that bonobos are more arboreal than chimpanzees and that male bonobos are more suspensory than their chimpanzee counterpart. This would be predicted on the basis of male bonobo's longer and more narrow scapula. This particular finding is contrary to the prediction that the bonobo is a “scaled reduced version of a chimpanzee” with little or no positional behavior difference as had been suggested. This study provides the behavioral data necessary to untangle contradictory interpretations of the morphological differences between chimpanzees and bonobos, and raises a previously discussed (Fleagle: Size and Scaling in Primate Biology, pp. 1–19, 1985) but frequently overlooked point–that isometry in allometric studies does not necessarily equate with behavioral equivalence. Several researchers have demonstrated that bonobos and chimpanzees follow the same scaling trends for many features, and are in some sense functionally equivalent, since they manage to feed and reproduce. However, as reflected in their morphologies, they do so through different types and frequencies of locomotor behaviors. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal study of cranial base shape changes in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Lestrel Pete E. , Bodt Albert , Swindler Daris R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe primate cranial base (CB) represents a complex irregular structure even when limited to two dimensions, making it difficult to describe quantitatively using the conventional metrical approach composed of angles and distances. Consequently, a curve‐fitting procedure, elliptical Fourier functions (EFF), was utilized; which accurately defines the form of complex two‐dimensional morphologies.A longitudinal Macaca nemestrina sample consisting of 14 females and 15 males was utilized. Lateral headfilms, 1 to 8 years, were available (275 headfilms). Because the x‐rays were not always taken at precise one‐year intervals, a number of headfilms were excluded, which reduced the sample to 181. The CB boundary outline was carefully traced onto acetate sheets and 54 points located. The observed points were digitized and used to compute size‐standardized EFF's with 20 harmonics. From each EFF, a set of 150 expected distances to the CB boundary was generated using the centroid as an origin. Superimposition of the CB's on the centroid also provided a detailed picture of the relative shape changes with respect to that center.Statistically significant shape differences were found as a function of age and sexual dimorphism. These age changes consisted of a gradual anteroposterior lengthening with a concomitant narrowing in the superoinferior direction. Specifically, a lengthening of the dorsal clivus and an anterior migration of the hypophyseal fossa could also be discerned. Thus, Fourier descriptors provide a particularly powerful method for documenting, both visually and numerically, the shape changes of complex two dimensional morphologies. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human taxonomic diversity in the pleistocene: Does Homo erectus represent multiple hominid species?
Authors: Kramer Andrew 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecently, nomina such as “Homo heidelbergensis” and “H. ergaster” have been resurrected to refer to fossil hominids that are perceived to be specifically distinct from Homo sapiens and Homo erectus. This results in a later human fossil record that is nearly as speciose as that documenting the earlier history of the family Hominidae. However, it is agreed that there remains only one extant hominid species: H. sapiens. Has human taxonomic diversity been significantly pruned over the last few hundred millennia, or have the number of taxa been seriously overestimated?To answer this question, the following null hypothesis is tested: polytypism was established relatively early and the species H. erectus can accommodate all spatio‐temporal variation from ca. 1.7 to 0.5 Ma. A disproof of this hypothesis would suggest that modern human polytypism is a very recent phenomenon and that speciation throughout the course of human evolution was the norm and not the exception.Cranial variation in a taxonomically mixed sample of fossil hominids, and in a modern human sample, is analyzed with regard to the variation present in the fossils attributed to H. erectus. The data are examined using both univariate (coefficient of variation) and multivariate (determinant) analyses. Employing randomization methodology to offset the small size and non‐normal distribution of the fossil samples, the CV and determinant results reveal a pattern and degree of variation in H. erectus that most closely approximates that of the single species H. sapiens. It is therefore concluded that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seven Chinchorro mummies and the prehistory of northern Chile
Authors: Aufderheide Arthur C. , Muñoz Ivan , Arriaza Bernardo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe mummification methods of an ancient maritime population on the northern coast of Chile are reviewed and the findings in an additional seven individuals are reported. Members of this cultural group, Chinchorro, practiced a selective, elaborate form of artificial mummification which persisted more than 4,000 years. Its complexity diminished with time, gradually disappearing after 2,000 B. C. One of the seven individuals herein reported is a rather poorly but spontaneously (“naturally”) preserved body that may represent the oldest mummy reported to date–about 9,000 years old. Chemical reconstruction of their diet demonstrates that the principal component was derived from marine resources with only minor supplementation from terrestrial hunting as well as food gathering from river mouth vegetal sources, confirming the marine dependence of their adaptational strategy. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of anemia and infection from medieval York, England
Authors: Grauer A. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn assessment of the presence and patterns of porotic hyperostosis and periosteal reactions in the skeletal population (n = 1,014) from St. Helen‐on‐the‐Walls, York, are used to examine health and disease in urban medieval England. The analyses of these two lesions indicate that 58% of the population display evidence of porotic hyperostosis and that 21.5% of the population display periosteal reactions. Through differential diagnosis it is asserted that porotic hyperostosis is associated with iron‐deficiency anemia, and that periosteal reactions may be the result of endemic treponematosis and/or non‐specific infection, including parasitic infestation. An association between the presence of remodeled lesions and adulthood is noticeable for both porotic hyperostosis and periosteal reactions, as is a pattern of increased average age at death for those displaying both conditions. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protection from intrauterine growth retardation in Tibetans at high altitude
Authors: Zamudio Stacy , Droma Tarshi , Norkyel Kundu Y. , Acharya Ganesh , Zamudio Joseph A. , Niermeyer Susan N. , Moore Lorna G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIntrauterine growth retardation has long been recognized at high altitude. Since growth‐retarded babies have a decreased chance of survival, intrauterine growth retardation would be expected to have been selected against in populations long resident at high altitude. We have previously reported that Tibetan babies born at 3,658 m weighed more than their North or South American altitude counterparts. This study sought to determine whether Tibetans were protected from altitude‐associated intrauterine growth retardation. We compared birth weights in Tibetans living at low altitude in Kathmandu, Nepal (elevation 1,200 m), or at high altitude in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China (elevation 3,658 m). Birth weights were similar in 45 low‐altitude and 34 high‐altitude Tibetan births regardless of whether all infants or only full‐term births were considered, or whether birth weight was adjusted for variation in maternal parity, gestational age, and infant sex. In comparison with literature observations, the altitude‐associated difference in birth weight was smallest in Tibetans, intermediate in South America, and greatest in North America. These data support the hypothesis that Tibetans are protected from altitude‐associated intrauterine growth retardation and suggest that selection for optimization of birth weight at high altitude has occurred in Tibetans. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further studies on the month‐of‐birth effect on body size: Rural schoolchildren and an animal model
Authors: And Maciej Henneberg , Louw Graham J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA previous study (Henneberg and Louw: Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2:227–233, 1990) showed that urban schoolchildren born between August and January were taller and heavier by 13 to 17% of the standard deviation (S) than those born in February to July. The study is now extended to 1,522 impoverished rural schoolchildren from the Little Karoo district of S. Africa and to 804 German Shepherd dogs kennelled at a breeding station in the Transvaal. The dogs provided a quasi‐experimental model because for all of them nutrition and living conditions were practically identical throughout the year. The month‐of‐birth effect in the body weight of dogs was found to be stronger than that in urban children: dogs born between August and January were heavier by 22% of S than those born in February through July. In rural children the effect is present, but its magnitude is somewhat less and the peak is shifted by 2–3 months. Children born in May through October are 11% of S lighter than those born in November through April. It seems that living conditions characteristic of extreme poverty tend to diminish the effect. In both the animal model and rural children the month‐of‐birth effect decreases with advancing age and is more pronounced in males than in females. These findings are in agreement with previous observations in urban children from Cape Town. Since the living conditions of dogs and humans differ, as do the climatic conditions of Cape Town, Little Karoo and the Transvaal, it is surmised that the similarity of the effect may result from factors influencing the entire planet in a uniform way. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Variation in the frequency and form of the lower permanent molar middle trigonid crest
Authors: Wu Liu , Turner Christy G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frequency and form of the middle trigonid crest (MTC) in lower permanent molars is reported for 1,131 dental casts of Bushman (San), Bantu, Solomons, Hawaiians, Pima, Eskimo, Navajo, Chinese, and American whites. The MTC occurs most often on the first molar. We found very little intra‐trait variation, so observations were scored on a present‐absent basis. The MTC is most frequent in the African samples and rare in those of the other populations. Two reference plaques can be obtained to add to the existing series in the ASU dental anthropology system. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in ancient northern Chile
Authors: Arriaza Bernardo T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBioarchaeological research of ancient Amerindians was undertaken to test the hypothesis that seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SNS) and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) existed in prehistoric South Americans. An osteological‐radiographic model was developed from clinical literature and systematically applied to 504 archaeological human remains housed at the Universidad de Tarapacá in Arica, Chile, to search for evidence of these arthritides. The results showed that SNS existed with an average frequency of 7% for the adult sample and DISH averaged 4% in individuals over 40 years old. It was found that the antiquity of SNS date back at least 5,000 years in both New World and Old World populations. In contrast, the antiquity of DISH in the Americas is not clear because no previous studies have dealt with this subject; however, this research finds mild DISH cases dating back 4,000 years in northern Chile. It was also found that SNS and DISH exhibit a trend of increasing incidence with the advent of agro‐pastoral activities and village formation. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical detection of interstitial collagens in bone and cartilage tissue remnants in an infant Peruvian mummy
Authors: Nerlich Andreas G. , Parsche Franz , Kirsch Thorsten , Wiest Irmgard , Von Der Mark Klaus 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe investigated the immunohistochemical presence of various collagen types in bone and cartilage tissue from an infant Peruvian mummy dating between 500 and 1000 A. D. which had been excavated at the necropolis of Las Trancas in the Nazca region in Peru. Following careful rehydration and decalcification of the tissue, the mummy tissue showed morphologically good preservation of the matrix, which could be shown to be composed of various collagen types in a typical pattern. Bone consisted of a collagen I matrix with a small rim of collagen III and V at the endosteal lining and a pericellular collagen V staining around osteocytic holes. In the hypertrophic cartilage of the epiphyseal growth plate, a typical pattern of collagen types II and X could be found. These observations provide evidence that in well‐preserved mummy tissue the antigenic determinants of major matrix components are still adequately preserved for an immunohistochemical analysis. This technique may thus be a very helpful tool for the analysis of pathologic processes of historic bone tissue. It may also allow in certain circumstances a distinction between pseudopathologic tissue destruction and pathologic tissue alteration. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Test of the multifactorial aging method using skeletons with known ages‐at‐death from the grant collection
Authors: Bedford M. E. , Russell K. F. , Lovejoy C. O. , Meindl R. S. , Simpson S. W. , Stuart‐Macadam P. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe multifactorial aging method has been shown to be a highly reliable method of skeletal aging because it incorporates age information from as many age indicators as are available for each skeleton (Lovejoy et al.; Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68:1–14, 1985). The present study was a blind test to assess its accuracy on a skeletal sample composed of 55 individuals with verified death certificates (Grant Collection, University of Toronto). Three authors (C. O. L., M. E. B., and K. F. R.), with no access to the death certificate ages, independently seriated and aged the sample using three to four criteria: auricular surface, pubic symphysis, and radiographs of the proximal femur and clavicle. Summary ages were then calculated for each individual in the sample.The authors' independent summary age estimates showed strong correlations with one another (r = 0.84–0.89). Multifactorial age estimates correlated better with real age than did those from any single indicator used. The mean error (averaging 8.7 years) for summary age was at least 1 year less than that for any single indicator. Average bias ranged from −0.7 (underage) to 1.4 (overage) years. These results indicate that utilization of several age indicators, weighted according to their reliability, helps control for variation in the changes that occur with age in any single morphological indicator. This method may therefore be considered one of the most accurate available for the determination of skeletal age‐at‐death, particularly for paleodemographic analysis. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ecological factors affecting body size of Japanese adolescents
Authors: Endo Akira , Omoe Katsuhiko , Ishikawa Hitoshi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrefectural data of 17‐year‐old Japanese adolescents' body size were excerpted from the annual series of Reports on School Health Statistics (Ministry of Education) for the last 35 years, and were correlated with the mean annual temperature of prefectural capitals. A negative correlation was found for both height and weight. Thus, it can be stated that children in colder climates conform to Bergmann's rule that they are larger in their height and weight than children growing up in warmer climates. Partial correlation coefficients indicate that body weight is primarily related to the temperature. Further, the results of a multiple regression analysis, using temperature, daily energy intake (National Nutrition Surveys), and annual per capita income (Annual Reports of Prefectural Accounts) as the independent variables among the 12 districts (groups of prefectures) for the last 25 years, suggest that the observed Bergmann's phenomenon is related to geographical differences in nutrition; people in colder regions consume more calories than those in warmer regions. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.