bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of doxycycline after oral administration of single and multiple doses in horses
Authors: Davis Jennifer L. , Salmon Jacklyn H. , Papich Mark G. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine pharmacokinetics, safety, and penetration into interstitial fluid (ISF), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), and aqueous humor of doxycycline after oral administration of single and multiple doses in horses.
Animals—6 adult horses.
Procedure—The effect of feeding on drug absorption was determined. Plasma samples were obtained after administration of single or multiple doses of doxycycline (20 mg/kg) via nasogastric tube. Additionally, ISF, PMNLs, and aqueous humor samples were obtained after the final administration. Horses were monitored for adverse reactions.
Results—Feeding decreased drug absorption. After multiple doses, mean ± SD time to maximum concentration was 1.63 ± 1.36 hours, maximum concentration was 1.74 ± 0.3 μg/mL, and elimination half-life was 12.07 ± 3.17 hours. Plasma protein binding was 81.76 ± 2.43%. The ISF concentrations correlated with the calculated percentage of non-protein-bound drug. Maximum concentration was 17.27 ± 8.98 times as great in PMNLs, compared with plasma. Drug was detected in aqueous humor at 7.5% to 10% of plasma concentrations. One horse developed signs of acute colitis and required euthanasia.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that doxycycline administered at a dosage of 20 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours will result in drug concentrations adequate for killing intracellular bacteria and bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration ≤ 0.25 μg/mL. For bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 μg/mL, a dosage of 20 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours may be required; extreme caution should be exercised with the higher dosage until more safety data are available.
Influence of gastrointestinal tract disease on pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after intravenous infusion in anesthetized horses
Authors: Feary Darien J. , Mama Khursheed R. , Thomasy Sara M. , Wagner Ann E. , Enns R. Mark 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the disposition of lidocaine after IV infusion in anesthetized horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy because of gastrointestinal tract disease.
Animals—11 horses (mean ± SD, 10.3 ± 7.4 years; 526 ± 40 kg).
Procedure—Lidocaine hydrochloride (loading infusion, 1.3 mg/kg during a 15-minute period [87.5 μg/kg/min]; maintenance infusion, 50 μg/kg/min for 60 to 90 minutes) was administered IV to dorsally recumbent anesthetized horses. Blood samples were collected before and at fixed time points during and after lidocaine infusion for analysis of serum drug concentrations by use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Serum lidocaine concentrations were evaluated by use of standard noncompartmental analysis. Selected cardiopulmonary variables, including heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), arterial pH, PaCO2, and PaO2, were recorded. Recovery quality was assessed and recorded.
Results—Serum lidocaine concentrations paralleled administration, increasing rapidly with the initiation of the loading infusion and decreasing rapidly following discontinuation of the maintenance infusion. Mean ± SD volume of distribution at steady state, total body clearance, and terminal half-life were 0.70 ± 0.39 L/kg, 25 ± 3 mL/kg/min, and 65 ± 33 minutes, respectively. Cardiopulmonary variables were within reference ranges for horses anesthetized with inhalation anesthetics. Mean HR ranged from 36 ± 1 beats/min to 43 ± 9 beats/min, and mean MAP ranged from 74 ± 18 mm Hg to 89 ± 10 mm Hg. Recovery quality ranged from poor to excellent.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Availability of pharmacokinetic data for horses with gastrointestinal tract disease will facilitate appropriate clinical dosing of lidocaine.
Pharmacokinetics of a novel formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats
Authors: González Aranzazu , Sahagun Ana M. , Diez M. Jose , Fernandez Nelida , Sierra Matilde , Garcia Juan J. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a novel commercial formulation of ivermectin after administration to goats.
Animals—6 healthy adult goats.
Procedure—Ivermectin (200 μg/kg) was initially administered IV to each goat, and plasma samples were obtained for 36 days. After a washout period of 3 weeks, each goat received a novel commercial formulation of ivermectin (200 μg/kg) by SC injection. Plasma samples were then obtained for 42 days. Drug concentrations were quantified by use of high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
Results—Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after IV administration were best described by a 2-compartment open model; values for main compartmental variables included volume of distribution at a steady state (9.94 L/kg), clearance (1.54 L/kg/d), and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC; 143 [ng•d]/mL). Values for the noncompartmental variables included mean residence time (7.37 days), AUC (153 [ng•d]/mL), and clearance (1.43 L/kg/d). After SC administration, noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted. Values of the variables calculated by use of this method included maximum plasma concentration (Cmax; 21.8 ng/mL), time to reach Cmax (3 days), and bioavailability (F; 91.8%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The commercial formulation used in this study is a good option to consider when administering ivermectin to goats because of the high absorption, which is characterized by high values of F. In addition, the values of Cmax and time to reach Cmax are higher than those reported by other investigators who used other routes of administration.
Effect of oral administration of clinically relevant doses of dexamethasone on regulation of cytochrome P450 subfamilies in hepatic microsomes from dogs and rats
Authors: Zhang Kewei , Kuroha Masanori , Shibata Yuko , Kokue Eiichi , Shimoda Minoru 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effect of oral administration of dexamethasone (DEX) at clinically relevant doses on metabolic activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes in dogs and rats.
Animals—15 healthy 1-year-old male Beagles and 20 healthy 10-week-old male Wistar rats.
Procedure—Hepatic microsomes were harvested from dogs treated orally with DEX at 2.5 and 7.5 mg for 5 days and from rats treated orally with DEX at 0.75, 6, and 48 mg/kg for 5 days. 7-ethoxyresorufin, tolbutamide, bufuralol, and midazolam were used as CYP1A, CYP2C, CYP2D, and CYP3A substrates, respectively. Concentrations of metabolites formed by CYPs were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography, except for the resorufin concentrations measured by use of a fluorometric method. Reaction velocity-substrate concentration data were analyzed to obtain maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km).
Results—Values of Vmax for midazolam 4-hydroxylation were significantly decreased by treatment with DEX at 2.5 and 7.5 mg in dogs, although values of Km were not affected. Values of Vmax for bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation were also decreased by treatment with DEX. In rats, values of Vmax for midazolam 4- hydroxylation were significantly decreased by treatment with DEX at 0.75 and 6 mg/kg but significantly increased at 48 mg/kg. Other reactions were not affected by treatment with DEX.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our results indicate that DEX downregulates the CYP3A subfamily when administered at clinically relevant doses to dogs. The effect of downregulation of CYP3A in dogs treated with DEX should be considered to avoid adverse effects from coadministration of drugs.
Evaluation of association between body size and large intestinal transit time in healthy dogs
Authors: Hernot David C. , Dumon Henri J. , Biourge Vincent C. , Martin Lucile J. , Nguyen Patrick G. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare large intestinal transit time (LITT) in dogs of various body sizes and determine whether fecal quality was correlated with LITT.
Animals—6 Miniature Poodles, 6 Standard Schnauzers, 6 Giant Schnauzers, and 6 Great Danes.
Procedure—LITT was calculated as the difference between total (TTT) and orocecal transit time (OCTT). Minimum and mean OCTTs were determined by use of the sulfasalazine-sulfapyridine method. Minimum TTT was estimated by use of chromium and ferric oxide as color markers, and mean TTT was calculated from the recovery from feces of ingested colored plastic beads. Fecal moisture content was determined and fecal consistency was scored during the same period.
Results—Large-breed dogs had higher fecal moisture content and more watery fecal consistency. No association between body size and OCTT was detected, but there was a positive correlation between body size and mean TTT. Mean LITT increased significantly with body size, from 9.1 ± 1.1 hours in Miniature Poodles to 39.4 ± 1.6 hours for Giant Schnauzers. Significant correlations were detected among mean LITT, mean TTT, and fecal scores, whereas no correlation was observed between fecal moisture content and TTT or LITT.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—LITT was correlated with fecal consistency in dogs of various body sizes. Mean LITT can be predicted from values for mean TTT in healthy dogs.
Assessment of ruminal degradation, oral bioavailability, and toxic effects of anticoagulant rodenticides in sheep
Authors: Berny Philippe J. , de Oliveira Laurent Alves , Videmann Bernadette , Rossi Stéphanie 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To assess the rate and extent of ruminal degradation of warfarin, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone in vitro and determine the oral availability and clinical and hemostatic effects of each anticoagulant rodenticide in adult sheep.
Animals—3 Texel sheep.
Procedure—Samples of ruminal fluid were incubated with each of the anticoagulants to assess the kinetics of ruminal degradation over 24 hours. To determine the plasma kinetics of the anticoagulants, each sheep received each of the anticoagulants IV or via a rumenimplanted cannula at 2-month intervals (3 rodenticide exposures/sheep). At intervals during a 240- to 360- hour period after treatment, prothrombin time (PT) was measured, plasma anticoagulant concentration was assessed, and clinical signs of rodenticide poisoning were monitored. In plasma and rumen extracts, anticoagulant concentrations were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography.
Results—In the rumen extracts, anticoagulants were slightly degraded (< 15%) over 24 hours. In vivo, oral availability of warfarin, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone was estimated at 79%, 92%, and 88%, respectively. Although maximum PT was 80 seconds after chlorophacinone and bromadiolone treatments, no clinical signs of toxicosis were detected; PT returned to baseline values within 2 weeks.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In sheep, warfarin, chlorophacinone, and bromadiolone were not degraded in the rumen but their bioavailabilities were high after oral administration; the kinetics of these compounds in sheep and other mammals are quite similar. These data suggest that the lack of susceptibility of ruminants to these anticoagulant rodenticides cannot be explained by either ruminal degradation or the specific toxicokinetics of these anticoagulants.
Received April 8, 2005. Accepted June 22, 2005.
Genetic association study in psychiatry: Analytical evaluation and a recommendation
Authors: Carey Gregory 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent analysis of the candidate gene, association study for psychiatric disorders have concluded that most statistically significant results are likely to be false positives because there are a large number of potential candidate loci and a low a priori probability that a given candidate locus will in fact be trait relevant. Hence, it was recommended that the α level (P level) be lowered for association studies. The present study demonstrates that lowering the α level to some fixed, predetermined value is not a recommended strategy. Rather, the probability of false positives (and false negatives) depends on such parameters as the prevalence of the disorder, the prevalence of the genotypes at the candidate locus, and the relative risk. In some areas of the parameter space, the adjustment to α may be modest. In other areas, however, even the requirement of one or more independent replications of the original results gives false positive rates exceeding 80% or 90%. Hence, the P levels required to minimize false positives may have to be changed from one statistical test to another even within the same study. A procedure for adjusting the probability level for a test of association between genotypes and a disorder is given. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural reduction through the “probable mutation effect”. A critique with questions regarding human evolution
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBrace's adaptation of Sewall Wright's concept of “mutation pressure” is critically examined. It is concluded that while Brace's adaptation of this principle is probably valid and useful in explaining certain aspects of structural reduction in human evolution, three criticisms can be made: (1) in its present form, the hypothesis does not provide any explanation of foci for positive selection pressures; (2) the hypothesis is overextened to include all cases of reduction, offering no guidelines to select among alternative hypotheses: (3) the hypothesis has more credibility if Wright's original observations regarding pleiotrophy are included.
The skin of primates. XXXI. The skin of the black‐collared tamarin (Tamarinus nigricollis)
Authors: Perkins E. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe black‐collared tamarin represents the first detailed study of a member of the family Callithricidae. Although certain features are unique, some of its characteristics resemble those of Prosimii and those of Anthropoidea. The epidermis is moderately pigmented, and the dermis contains numerous elestic fibers. Scattered melanocytes are found throughout both layers. Hair follicles grow in groups of 3 to 4 over the general body surface, including the muzzle. One apocrine gland is associated with each hair group. In the periinguinal region is a large concentration of gigantic sebaceous glands. Apocrine glands occur over the entire hairy skin. Aggregations of these glands on the ventral wrist (in conjunction with sinus hairs) and chest represent the ulnar gland and suprasternal gland, respectively. Apocrine secretory coils of the ulnar gland and external genitalia are surrounded by melanotic, dendritic melanocytes. Eccrine sweat glands are confined to the volar surfaces of the pes and manus. Cholinesterase‐reactive granules are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of the myoepithelial cells.
Occlusal attrition, transpalatal dimensions and the early New Zealand Moari
Authors: McCann M. , Torney D. , McCann W. , Grant T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractConsiderable occlusal wear of the early New Zealand Maori's teeth was associated with a rough diet and contributed to dental pathology. Transpalatal measurements were recorded to within 0.1 mm for 62 young adult male skulls, giving a mean of 38.4 ± 0.34.
Roentgen cephalometric studies on skull development in rats. II. Normal and hypophysectomized males; sex differences
Authors: Wright Howard V. , Kjaer Inger , Asling C. Willet 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGrowth of the skull in normal male rats of the Long‐Evans strain has been studied by serial roentgen cephalometry (under anesthesia) from 27 to 280 days of age, and has been compared with the retardation following hypophysectomy and with growth data obtained on females in an earlier similar study. The dimensions measured represented major skull regions and segments, and in some instances allowed calculation of indices (e.g., neurocranial width/length ratio) which would show changing proportions.In general, the skull showed the more rapid and prolonged growth characteristic of male rats' skeletal development when compared with that of females. Viscerocranial (“facial”) length and width were notable in this respect. On the other hand, growth in neurocranial width and height ceased at a time and size much like that in females. Examination of the possibility that the adult female skull might correspond closely to that of an immature male disclosed that though this might be true for the neurocranium, facial dimensions showed distinctive sex differences.After hypophysectomy at 27 days of age males (as also females) showed marked reduction of growth but not complete cessation. Dimensional increases were between one‐fifth and one‐fourth of the normal gains. The ratios computed showed that the proportions of infancy were retained after early hypophysectomy.
Some physiological and developmental considerations of the temperature‐gradient hypothesis of bone marrow distribution
Authors: Petrakis Nicholas L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn adult humans, active bone marrow is confined to the proximal portion of the skeleton. Huggins and Blocksom (J. Exp. Med., 64: 253, '36) concluded that a high temperature is needed for hematopoiesis in rats. However, precise thermal regulation of human marrow was not found (Petrakis, J. Appl. Physiol., 4: 549, '52). Because these experiments made on the rat tail are the basis for a commonly accepted hypothesis attempting to explain marrow distribution in man, it was considered of importance to re‐examine the caudal vertebra model upon which the temperature‐gradient hypothesis is based.The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae were examined in rats, mice and humans with respect to marrow cellularity and temperature. In rats and mice and man it was observed that the transition between hematopoietically‐active and inactive (fatty) vertebral marrow cavities is abrupt, occurring at the level of the first and second caudal and coccygeal vertebrae. All vertebrae distal to this point have fatty marrow. Of significance was the finding that the vertebral and coccygeal temperatures, as measured with a thermister needle, remain unaltered over this area of changing cellular activity.These anatomical and thermal observations of the caudal vertebrae of rats, mice, and humans indicate that the use of the tail as an experimental model does not support the hypothesis that temperature is a primary factor in the physiological maintenance of hematopoiesis in bone marrow. The possible relationship of hematopoietic activity to developmental and other factors peculiar to the caudal vertebra model is under study.
Physical anthropology in the U.S.A.: The malaise and its cure
Authors: Roberts D. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPhysical anthropology in the U.S.A. shows symptoms of a malaise giving cause for concern. It is argued that their origin does not lie in weakness in the subject, which elsewhere is more flourishing, like other life sciences, than it has ever been; nor in a lack of student interest; but in historical inertia. This affects the affiliation of the subject, undergraduate teaching, graduate training, and opportunities for professional practice.
A new silicone rubber duplicating material advantageous for teaching and research in physical anthropology
Authors: Staley Robert N. , Barnhart George W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRoom temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber is an excellent duplicating material which has many advantages when compared to other available materials. A silicone mold of an object is flexible for an indefinite period of time, dimensionally stable, remarkably heat stable, and resists weathering and oxidation. A silicone mold is simply prepared without incurring damage to the duplicated object. Successive casts of various types of materials can be made from the mold. The physical anthropologist may use this material in preparing casts for display or as a teaching aid, and for research purposes.
Studies on several genetic hematological traits of the Mexican population. XIV. Serum polymorphisms in several Indian tribes
Authors: Lisker Rubén , Zárate Graciela , Rodríguez Elizabeth 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe distribution of haptoglobins, transferrins and serum pseudocholinesterase in 1353 Mexican Indians belonging to 13 tribes is described. The frequency of the Hp1 gene is variable; it ranges from 0.40 to 0.65, although the majority of values fall between 0.50 and 0.65. The reason for this variability is obscure; there is no correlation between Hp1 values and linguistic affinities or habitat, and different degrees of nonIndian admixture are not accountable for the situation. It is suggested that possibly the main factor determining the present day distribution is the founder effect.Only 16 individuals have a transferrin different from C; in two, the CD phenotype is seen and the rest belong to the BC variety. Ten of the latter identified as B0–1C, are found in a single tribe, the Cora. The scarcity of unusual transferrins in the Amerindians is corroborated in this study, although it may be somewhat unusual that the majority of them are of the fast moving type rather than of the more common slow moving type.The overall frequency for the atypical pseudocholinesterase gene is of 0.005 and therefore lower than that found in most other populations, except for two Venezuelan and two Bolivian tribes where the atypical gene is absent. Thus, present findings suggest that the atypical gene was either absent or had a very low frequency in the ancestors of present day Amerindians.
Dentition of a mesolithic population from Wadi Halfa, Sudan
Authors: Greene David L. , Ewing George H. , Armelagos George J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe dentition of a Mesolithic population (8,000–11,000 years old) from Wadi Halfa, Sudan, can be characterized as morphologically complex, massive and relatively free from pathology except that associated with extreme wear.Maxillary incisors show shoveling. All of the maxillary molars show some development of the hypocone. Supernumerary cusps appear frequently. Almost one‐half of the second lower molars observed show distally located third cusps. Over one‐half of the maxillary third molars show an extra cusp. A high percentage of mandibular molars show six cusps.Overall the teeth from this population compare favorably in size with those of an Australian aborigine tribe and are slightly larger than the teeth of the Neanderthaloids from Skūhl.The teeth show wear of a degree greater than that found in present day Eskimo or Australian aborigine groups.This data may be interpreted as indicating that this Mesolithic group was subjected to rigorous selective pressures favoring large and/or morphologically complex teeth. This pressure was apparently intensive wear, presumably caused by the inclusion of large amounts of grit in the diet through the eating of vegetable food macerated on coarse grinding stones.
A modified somatotype method
Authors: Heath Barbara Honeyman , Carter J. E. Lindsay 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new and improved somatotype method with universal application to both sexes, for all ages and which is reproducible, is justified, validated and described. Evidence is presented for extension of previous component rating scales. Data on 844 male and female subjects from selected samples were used to develop and validate anthropometric scales for estimating the Heath component ratings. The definitions and rating procedures for the new somatotype method are presented, with descriptions of the anthropometric somatotype and the combined photoscopic and anthropometric somatotype.