bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Culture and Sport in the System of Cultural Values of the Rural Population
Authors: Borisov J.V. 
Published: March 2007

Research conducted by us on the structure and time budget of free time of the rural population in one of the regions of the Soviet Union revealed that physical culture and sport occupy relatively little place in the system of cultural values and social activity in rural areas. Men devote twice as much time to table games than to physical activities and sport, three times as much to reading books and pe riodicals, five times as much to listening to the radio, viewing television programs and to films. In the case of women the differences are bigger. Women devote four times as much to reading books, periodicals and papers, twice as much time to table games, they spend seven times as much listening to the radio, watching TV and going to the cinema. Time destined by women and men for social activity, participation in amateur interest circles is almost the same as that devoted to physical culture and sport. Simultaneously the rural population possesses considerable time reserves, used in a way that is not planned for receiving friends and paying visits to friends and other occupations. It is assumed that gradually together with the improvement of the organizational, technical and material basis of sport, time lost in an irrational manner will be reduced, while the number of hours destined for social and cultural activity will increase. The further development of the activity of the rural population in a desirable direction can take place, provided there will be an effective manner of shaping social needs and the proper conditions for their implementation will be created.
Popular Sport and Sociocultural Change in the Spain of the 80's
Authors: Manuel Garcia Ferrando D. 
Published: March 2007

The structure and organization of the social life in Spain has experienced very remarkable changes all through the decade of the 70's. At the beginning of the 80's it is possible to observe the emergence of some sociocultural trends, above all among the younger strata of the population, which are making to appear a new conscience, built up on more freedom, reinforcement of the indi vidual ego, come back to the Nature, more hedonistic approach to life, etc. In this context of sociocultural changes I try to analyse new traits of popu lar sports which made its first appearence in Spain in the second half of the 70's. Practically without official support in all the biggest cities have been organized important sport events within the new outlook, with the participation of several thousand athletes of both sexes and different ages and levels of physical condition. Nowadays, it is possible to see in many public places of the Spanish cities bigger scores of people pacticing their favourite sport. For the very first time, jogging and other popular sports are becoming the main use of leisure time for many Spanish people. The relevance of popular sport in our society must be considered in the above-mentioned context of sociocultural change. In order to get a closer look on these phenomena a survey has been conducted among a representative sample of Spanish population, aged 15 years onwards. I will submit to the Congress the most salient results of the survey research upon which my hypothesis is based.
Sport as the Subject of Sociological Studies
Authors: Krawczyk Zbigniew 
Published: March 2007

Having recognized the existing syntheses of the world sociology of sport and the appropriate background for the evaluation of Polish achievements in this science, the author points to its rapid and multivariant development and its unquestionable achievements and weaknesses. Actually, the achievements of this science in Poland can be reduced to six aspects of description, elucidation and practical functions: sociotechnique, so ciology of education, sociology of organization, sociology of occupation, socio logy of political relations and mass movements and sociology of culture. Attention is drawn to the fact that the best effects have been achieved in sociolugy of cul ture, and the worst in sociology of organization. This attempt to systematize the achievements of the sociology of sport in Poland is, of course, one of many possible ways, and as such remains the subject of discussion. We also think that the fact that in our reasonings we based our selves on Polish achievements is not of any special significance for our theoretical proposals, which, we think, are of a more universal nature. They can just as well be based on the experiences of other countries and perhaps on the sociology of sport in general.
Improvement of Human Motor Activity through Sport and the Needs of the Production Process
Authors: Wohl Andrzej 
Published: March 2007

Among the many identified, carefully studied and described functions perform ed by sport, special attention should be paid to the function of improvement of motoricity. This function is still insufficiently studied and even frequently un derstood in a controversial way. Still not enough attention is paid to the circumstances connected with this which reach the very foundations of human existence, the very essence of man as the fundamental productive force. Thus broadening the range of productive forces, improving working tools and constructing new, better tools, people are as a result compelled to adjust their skill to these improved working tools, or means of communication. This signifies a constant need for an intensification of motoric activity, greater precision and speed of movements, i.e. a broadening of the limits of motor ability. It is precisely sport which objectively performs the function of such a school of motoric activity, irrespective of the fact whether the competitors and organizers of sport are aware of that or not. Setting for the competitors the task of a maximum of precision of movements, sport makes it possible to shape and afterwards to introduce into everyday practical life new and improved forms of movements. Many of the movements and motoric techniques, used for the first time in sport and which then seemed to be not functional and even deprived of any sense at all, later turned out useful in the production process, in communication and technology. Movements used in sport thus are of an anticipating nature in regard to movements at work. They make it possible better than so far to master the entire body, learn about its motoric possibilities in the sphere outside of production, from where, after having already been tested and verified, they may be transferred to the production sphere. That is why that function of sport should be approached as an exceptionally important function, perhaps even the most essential function performed by sport. Therefore the definition of "Sport" without taking into account its civilizatio nal role and its ties with production processes — and such attempts were and are being made - should be considered not only as being superficial, but as pointless and disorientating. Therefore "Sport" should be defined as an objectivized, basic, mass form of present-day cultural activity, which uses exercises as well as games involving motion as means to depict in a specific way the needs and character of the con temporary technology of production, transportation and military technology, of the contemporary level of the organization of social life, its rate and its complexity, in order to help our body and our motor system to adapt to present-day civili zational conditions.
Goals and Achievement Orientations of Anglo and Mexican-American Adolescents in Sport and the Classroom
Authors: Duda Joan L. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze the situational perspectives on achie vement motivation held by two distinct social groups in a multicultural setting. It was assumed, in contrast to previous perspectives (Atkinson, 1964; McClelland, 1961; Weiner, 1974), that the motivation to achieve is a complex and multidimen sional construct. In this investigation, it was deemed important to consider that achievement motivation evolves around the demonstration of a desirable and valued characteristic, behavior, and/or outcome. This demonstration is based on some standard of excellence which entails social comparison (ego-involvement) or is dependent on personal goals on the requirements of a task (task-involvement). Further, in an achievement situation, it was assumed that individuals attempt to secure success and/or avoid failure which reflect on the individual and/or group. The present study found cultural, sex-linked and situational variations in achievement goals (or definitions of success and failure) and the preferred means to attain these goals (achievement orientations). An awareness of such differences between distinct cultures in diverse achievement situations may help us better understand the achievement behaviors of individuals.
Parents' and Teachers' Attitudes and Reactions toward Participation in Sports by Young Athletes of a University in an Indian State
Authors: Gupta S.K. 
Published: March 2007

Research interest in the study of sociology of sport in India is very recent. Data for the study were collected through a pretested questionnaire distributed to 200 sports participants (100 male and 100 female) coming from the student population of the University of the Punjab State in India in 1984. The hypothesis that parents encourage their sons more than their daughters to participate in sports was not verified. The study revealed that it was the sportswomen who were given more encouragement. The hypothesis that teachers and coaches encourage their male students more than their female students was also not substantiated; quite to the contrary, the female students were given more encouragement. In our study the parents of sportswomen were better educated than those of the sportsmen; a large percentage of the parents of sportsmen was illiterate.
Sociology of Sports Organizations in France
Authors: Malenfant Chantal 
Published: March 2007

In France a few sociologists are working on the topic of Sociology of Sports Organizations. There are different reasons for this. Sports organizations are very much codified as are all organizations in France and as a matter of fact they have always been considered as any other institutional organization. On the other hand researchers do not consider sports organizations as an independent structure. We have tried to find out whether a sports association can be defined as an organization and how sociological theories of sports organizations can be worked out. We did try to point out the main orientations concerning the conceptualization of Sports organizations both at the local (Sport association) and at the federal (Sports Federation) level. The most interesting direction for research seems to be a further investigation along the line of three parameters: strategy, structures and process of decision in sports organizations.
Appropriation of the Environment, Motor Experiences and Sporting Activities of Girls and Women
Authors: Pfister Gertrud 
Published: March 2007

In the Western world women, if they are interested in sport at all, are mostly engaged in physical activities which allow an aesthetic presentation and/or a modelling of the body. They arc relatively seldom active in types of sport in which the body is employed as an instrument in trials of strength with others or with the environment. At the same time women do not claim much space in many respects—their presence does not fill a room, they do not prowl the streets, they seldom appropriate and use the natural environment for sport. The differences between men and women in sport orientation and the use of physical space begins in childhood. The results of the research can be summed up as follows: 1. The space used by boys was much larger than the space used by girls. 2. Girls are underrepresented on public sporting grounds. 3. Boys and girls differ in the way they use play grounds and other areas appropriated for free movement. 4. Boys' activities tend to contain sporting elements while girls' leisure time activities are more sedentary. The causes for these different play and motor preferencies lay in different areas: the family, peer-groups, sporting facilities and so on. Here are the possible sites for change.
Other Cultural Dimensions: Selective Rotations of Sawyer and LeVine's Factor Analysis of the World Ethnographic Sample
Authors: Erickson Edwin E. 
Published: March 2007

In the past few years, factor analysis has been used with increasing fre quency as a means for simplifying and epitomizing relationships among sociocultural attributes. For the most part, those who have used the factor analytic model have applied it to the search for simple structure-for the discovery of homogeneous and mutually independent subsets of variables. In this paper, one factor analysis of comparative ethnographic data, per formed by Sawyer and LeVine, is transformed (by selective rotation) away from the simple structure mode. The transformation produced a number of perspectives on the data which are different from those elicited in the Sawyer-LeVine factor structure. The present findings in no way con tradict those of Sawyer and LeVine; rather, they provide expansions on, and refinements of, certain points. Most importantly, they demonstrate the utility of taking a more flexible approach than has been traditional to the problem of factor rotations. Some specific results of the present analysis with clear relevance to sociocultural theory include the following: a factor strongly linking food- producing technology to sociopolitical complexity; a partitioning of patri lineal social organization into a general variable, on the one hand, and a specific variant, on the other; and the definition of a general sociopolitical model for smaller-scale, yet politically organized, societies. These results are discussed in the light of theories of culture patterning and cultural evo lution. [Factor analysis; Cross-cultural comparison; Cultural evolution; Culture patterns.]
Getting Up to Speed on the Information Highway: Integrating Web-based Resources into Business Communication Pedagogy
Authors: Clark Thomas D. , Human Sherrie E. , Amshoff Heidi , Sigg Mike 
Published: March 2007

Building on student and faculty enthusiasm for Web resources, we addressed four significant questions as we revised a business communications class to incorporate the Internet: • What Web resources should we include? • How do we make sure we select high quality sites and assessment tools? • How do we effectively integrate Web tools with existing pedagogies? • Will students find Web assignments valuable, easy to access, and useful for course assignments? We integrated Web resources with other course pedagogies in the undergraduate business communications class and identified Websites relevant for teaching employment communication, including e-mail etiquette, online resumes, and elec tronic job searches. Student evaluations of our Web-enhanced course indicate that most found the Web-based assessments and tools accessible and valuable in fur thering their self-understanding and in leading them to explore other sites not required for class. We developed guidelines for using the new technology to support teaching and learning strategies.
Crisis theory/practice: towards a sustainable future
Authors: Shrivastava Paul 
Published: March 2007

We are living in a world rife with many types of crises. The most prominent and urgent crises involve the earth's ecology. Environmental crises involving Ozone depletion, global warming, toxic and radioactive wastes, air pollution, industrial accidents etc. are affecting communities around the world. In this paper, I examine changes in crisis management theory and practice. In the past two decades, much progress has been made in our understanding of industrial and environmental crises. However, our understanding remains highly fragmented and selective. We need to integrate diverse findings and cumulatively build on past knowledge. To do this the concept of "sustainable development" provides a unifying motif. Some research questions that deserve urgent attention are identified.
Crisis Accounting: The Role Of Financial Reporting In Environmental Crisis Management
Authors: Conklin David W. , Archibald T. Ross 
Published: March 2007

Conklin, D. W. and Archibald, T.R., 1993, Crisis Accounting: the role of financial reporting in environmental crisis management, Industrial & Environmental Crisis Quarterly, 7:4, 329-332. Environmental legislation is creating additional corporate obligations, many of a crisis nature, and this requires a new body of accounting practices, which the authors refer to as crisis accounting. Environmental legislation and enforcement vary among jurisdictions, as do accounting practices. These differences may impact competitiveness and, consequently, trade and investment, and so they must be considered in com paring financial statements. Judicial decisions are also impacting the obliga tions of financial institutions and the terms of liability insurance. Estimates concerning these new risks and uncertainties must be included in corporate financial reporting, and it will be important to develop more uniform prac tices. Crisis accounting can assist crisis management, as well as provide more complete information to stakeholders. While still in its early stages, crisis accounting will likely develop along lines already pioneered in other subject areas where risk and uncertainty require that financial reporting involve esti mates concerning potential outcomes.
Economic Determinants of Environmental Compliance
Authors: Cross Frank B. , Stapleton William 
Published: March 2007

The widely accepted economic paradigm of corporate compliance with regu lation suggests that regulated parties engage in a cost-benefit analysis of com pliance. Under this paradigm, the measure of compliance will be determined entirely by the costs of compliance, weighed against the probability of being caught in violation multiplied by the consequences of being caught. This supposition is often made without empirical support. This paper presents an empirical analysis of compliance with United States air pollution control regulations. Compliance was obtained from an EPA data base, broken down both by state and by industrial source category, and was analyzed through regression analysis that utilized several economic explanatory variables. The results suggest that corporate ability to pay is a significant factor in explaining compliance. There is some evidence that higher costs reduce compliance, though not so directly as might be expected. Indeed, the results imply that companies may have a "regulatory budget" implicitly devoted to compliance, rather than performing a cost-benefit analysis of compliance with each individual regulation. These results raise ethical and financial issues for managers.
Computer Integration in Hotel and Foodservice Management Education
Authors: Dennington Lloyd J. 
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted using the 108 affiliated institutions of the Council on Restaurant, Hotel, and Institutional Education in the United States to determine computer usage in hotel and foodservice management (HFM) education. The major results of the study indicated: The respondents required computer usage in 34% of the undergraduate core courses and in 48% of the graduate core courses. Only two software applications were used by more than 50% of the respondents with WordPerfect and Lotus 1-2-3 being the most often mentioned packages. The attitudes of the respondents showed that most of the respondents did not agree that the use of computers in the curriculum and the use of available computer software was adequate.
Teaching Methods in Undergraduate Business Education
Authors: Allinson C.W. 
Published: March 2007

Teaching methods in higher education have received a good deal of attention in recent years. Evidence of this has been particularly apparent in the field of business and management education. The research reported here was carried out among students reading for a B.Sc.(Hons.) degree in Business Studies at a university. During their first year they were subject to three different teaching methods on separate courses: the formal lecture followed by tutorial, programmed learning and the project method respectively. An assessment of the students' attitudes to these teaching methods was made at the end of that first year using a semantic differential scale. It was discovered that they preferred the lecture/tutorial method; attitudes were least favourable toward the project approach. It is suggested that the students' attitudes were a product of the extent to which each teaching method made for the achievement of course objectives, and how far it was appropriate to the course content, the examination system and students' expectations. It is concluded that the teaching method and examination system which are suitable for a "theory" course within a Business Studies degree may not be appropriate for an "applied" course within the same scheme. Moreover, it is pointed out that since students are likely to be least acquainted with the methods used in teaching "applied" subjects, it is on these courses that the need for educational resocialisation is likely to be met.
Women as Primary Breadwinners in Families Where Men Are Primary Caregivers
Authors: Grbich Carol 
Published: March 2007

Over the past twenty years, researchers and other surveyors of the general population have noted changes in the stated ideals and, to some extent, in the behaviours of couples with regard to parenting and home management. The movement of women into the work force, notions of equal opportunity, ideals of egalitarianism and greater emphases on the role and responsibilities of fathers have the potential to shift traditional levels of responsibility on both the home and work fronts. In a five-year study of twenty-five families where the men had taken the position of primary caregiver, the experiences of the women who had become breadwinnners were explored. Previous studies of these families had neglected the women, focusing instead on the men. From the group under study, it appeared that despite the stress of separation from very young children, regret at missing the early developmental years, and negative social pressure to return to a more traditional role, none of these women took up this option. Many have significantly improved their career options and now perceive themselves as more forthright and assertive. These experiences are examined through the theories of socialisation and gender.
Aggregating and presenting multimedia medical data
Authors: Jensen S.A.M. , Skretting J. 
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the aggregation and presentation of medical data in multimedia documents, based on the implementation of an application for generating and presenting ultrasound examination reports. The requirements for such an application and how a document architecture supporting document templates and hyperlinks helps meet these requirements are presented. Full exploitation of the features offered by multimedia documents also depends on the surrounding technical infrastructure and work organization. To allow a controlled and synchronized development of these with the multimedia document application itself, the introduction of multimedia document support for isolated tasks is suggested as a first step. Object-oriented techniques were used in all phases of the application development, and experience gained from this is presented. To increase readability to non-IT specialists the paper includes some introductory material on object-oriented methods and on document architectures.