bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INVITED REVIEW—Morphologic and Functional Features of the Canine Cruciate Ligaments
Authors: DE ROOSTER HILDE , DE BRUIN TANYA , VAN BREE HENRI 
Published: December 2006

Objective— To review the gross, microscopic, and functional anatomy of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in dogs.Study Design— Literature review.Methods— Reports of the anatomy and function of the cruciate ligaments in dogs were retrieved by search of the 1975–2005 PubMed database.Results— The CCL has an important biomechanical function resisting cranial drawer, hyperextension, and internal rotation and acts to fine tune and guide the stifle through its rolling and sliding motion. It has a complex architecture, and distinct geographic regions within the ligament have different functional roles depending on the angle and loading conditions. Collagen type I is the main component of the extracellular matrix; the fibrils have a crimped structure. The cruciate ligaments are almost completely covered by synovium, protecting them from synovial fluid. Cruciate blood supply is mainly of soft tissue origin. The intraligamentous network is relatively limited whereas the core of the middle third of the CCL is even less well vascularized. Neurohistologic studies are very limited in the dog. Various mechanoreceptors and proprioceptive receptors have been identified within the substance of the cruciate ligaments.Conclusions— CCL structural characteristics play an important part in its complex behaviour with the crimped pattern of the collagen fibrils being an important determinant of its biomechanical properties. In contrast to reports of managing CCL rupture, there are few reports describing the microanatomy and neurovascular morphology of the cruciate ligaments.Clinical Relevance— Cruciate disease is likely multi‐factorial. Improved understanding of CCL degradation leading to CCL rupture is critical to development of new diagnostic tests for cruciate disease in dogs. Appropriate intervention during the early stages of disease process might preserve CCL structural properties by preventing further collagen degradation. Accurate knowledge of functional and fiber bundle anatomy is imperative for reconstruction and restoration of normal stifle joint physiology. Reconstructive goals should alleviate existing instability and mimic normal kinematics. Knowledge of the exact function of the CCL in the neuromuscular control around the stifle joint could possibly explain osteoarthritis progression after CCL damage.
Coil Occlusion of Residual Shunts After Surgical Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: FUJII YOKO , KEENE BRUCE W. , MATHEWS KYLE G. , ATKINS CLARKE E. , DEFRANCESCO TERESA C. , HARDIE ELIZABETH M. , WAKAO YOSHITO 
Published: December 2006

Objective— To describe use of coil embolization to occlude residual flow through a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) after incomplete surgical ligation.Study Design— Clinical study.Animals— Dogs (n=4) with continuous murmur after surgical ligation of PDA.Methods— After PDA ligation, residual ductal flow through the PDA was visible on color‐flow Doppler examination and left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter remained increased. Coil embolization by an arterial approach was performed to achieve complete occlusion of the PDA.Results— Embolization coils were delivered without complications and hemodynamically successful occlusion was achieved. Doppler‐visible flow resolved in 2 dogs within 3 months after embolization. Left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter indexed to body weight decreased in all dogs.Conclusions— Transcatheter coil embolization appears to be a safe and minimally invasive procedure for complete occlusion of residual PDA flow after incomplete surgical ligation.Clinical Relevance— Transcatheter coil embolization should be considered for correction of hemodynamically significant residual shunts in dogs that have incomplete PDA occlusion after open surgical ligation.
Incidence and Breed Predilection for Dystocia and Risk Factors for Cesarean Section in a Swedish Population of Insured Dogs
Authors: BERGSTRÖM ANNIKA , NØDTVEDT ANE , LAGERSTEDT ANNE‐SOFIE , EGENVALL AGNETA 
Published: December 2006

Objectives— To estimate the incidence and breed predilection for canine dystocia using data from insurance claims. The risk factors for cesarean section (CS) were assessed for bitches with dystocia.Study Design— Retrospective, longitudinal study.Sample Population— Insurance claims records (1995–2002) from a Swedish animal insurance database (Agria), including ∼200,000 bitches.Methods— The overall incidence rate of dystocia in insured bitches was calculated by dividing the number of reimbursed dystocia claims with the number of dog years at risk. Subsequently, incidence rates were stratified by breed, region, and habitat. The proportion of bitches with a dystocia claim that had CS were calculated, and risk factors for CS were assessed using a logistic regression model.Results— Between 1995 and 2002, 3894 (2%) of 195,931 Swedish bitches included in the study had a reimbursed insurance claim for dystocia. The overall incidence rate of dystocia was 5.7 cases/ 1000 dog years at risk. Some breeds like the Scottish terrier were at increased risk of dystocia. Among bitches with dystocia, 63.8% were treated by CS.Conclusion— Dystocia in the bitch is more common than reported earlier. The risk of developing dystocia varies by breed, and a high percentage (63.8%) of affected bitches undergo CS.Clinical Relevance— Breeders and veterinarians could use this information to better predict which bitches are likely to experience dystocia and/or CS.
The Green Revolution, development of labor markets, and poverty reduction in the rural Philippines, 1985–2004
Authors: Estudillo Jonna P. , Sawada Yasuyuki , Otsuka Keijiro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUsing a long‐term household panel data set collected in three rural villages in the Philippines in 1985 and 2004, this article explores how the Green Revolution and development of the labor markets have affected household income and poverty situation. The initial rise in income associated with the Green Revolution and a stronger credit access has enabled the households to allocate funds for investing in children's schooling. With the increased integration of the rural with the urban labor market, these children are able to explore labor opportunities in the nonfarm sector that resulted in a decline in poverty by about one‐half. The landless households, who are less educated, benefited, too, from the expansion of the nonfarm labor market, because of the rise in rural wages associated with the rise in demand for the unskilled labor, which is by far their most important asset.
Rural income dynamics and poverty reduction in Thai villages from 1987 to 2004
Authors: Cherdchuchai Supattra , Otsuka Keijiro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article aims to examine the factors contributing to the increase in household income and the corresponding reduction in poverty in rural Thai villages from 1987 to 2004 by employing household panel data. It is found that there has been a significant structural shift of household income away from farm to nonfarm income sources, as well as a reduction in the income gap and the difference in poverty incidence between favorable and unfavorable regions. Such decreases in poverty and its regional gap have been associated with the declining importance of income accrued to farm land, measured by farm size and the availability of irrigation, and with the increasing importance of human capital, measured by the proportion of working members who have graduated from post lower secondary schools. Such findings indicate that the success in rural poverty reduction in Thailand has resulted from the development of the rural nonfarm sector coupled with the improvement of the schooling levels of the rural population.
Income dynamics and pathways out of rural poverty in Bangladesh, 1988–2004
Authors: Nargis Nigar , Hossain Mahabub 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBangladesh has made considerable progress in alleviating poverty in the recent past. Using data from a nationally representative longitudinal survey of rural households in Bangladesh conducted in three waves in 1988, 2000, and 2004, this article relates the dynamics of rural poverty reduction to the structural shift in income generation mechanism from farm to nonfarm activities, changing household factor endowments, and the adoption of improved agricultural technologies over time.1 The findings show that the occupational shift from the farm to the nonfarm sector, such as trade, business, and services, as well as the expansion of cultivated areas through tenancy, enhance income growth. Geographic mobility, overseas migration in particular, makes a significant contribution to income growth as well. The reduction in poverty appears to be vitally dependent on the enhancement of the endowment of human and physical capital that augments the poor households' capability to better exploit income‐generating opportunities and place the households on a sustainable route out of poverty.
The role of local nonfarm activities and migration in reducing poverty: evidence from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda
Authors: Matsumoto Tomoya , Kijima Yoko , Yamano Takashi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBy using cross‐sectional data from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda, this article estimates the determinants of the participation in local nonfarm activities and migration at the individual level and then estimates the determinants of farm and nonfarm income. The results indicate that schooling and local language ability increase participation in local nonfarm activities and migration. Schooling also is found to increase nonfarm income at the household level but not farm income. We also find that farm household members from low‐potential agricultural areas are more likely to participate in local nonfarm activities and migration than those from high‐potential agricultural areas. Thus, the results suggest that local nonfarm activities and migration offer employment opportunities for workers from low‐potential agricultural areas. Indeed, the nonfarm activities and migration is likely to provide an important pathway to reduce poverty in low‐potential agricultural areas in East Africa.
Poverty and the rural nonfarm economy in Oromia, Ethiopia
Authors: Van Den Berg Marrit , Kumbi Girma Earo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe rural nonfarm sector has gained increasing importance not only in Asia but also in Africa. It is, however, widely believed that in most parts of Africa, the growth of the nonfarm economy has increased inequality and has had a limited effect on the poor, who face entry barriers to nonfarm activities. The present article analyzes the relation between nonfarm income, poverty, and inequality in Oromia, Ethiopia. We use two complementary methodologies: (i) econometric estimates of household income from the nonfarm sector; and (ii) a Gini decomposition of analysis income inequality by source. The results consistently indicate that in Oromia entry barriers to nonfarm activities is low, and the general growth of the sector will benefit the poor.
Negative‐pressure wound therapy: a snapshot of the evidence
Authors: Mendonca Derick A , Papini Remo , Price Patricia E 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTopical negative pressure (TNP) is a mode of therapy used to encourage wound healing. It can be used as a primary treatment for chronic/complex wounds or as an adjunct to surgery. Based on the evidence to date, the clinical effectiveness of negative‐pressure therapy is still unclear. Although case reports and retrospective studies have demonstrated enhanced wound healing in acute/traumatic wounds, chronic wounds, infected wounds, wounds secondary to diabetes mellitus, sternal wounds and lower limb wounds, there are very few randomised controlled trials, with unclear results. The evidence is lacking for the use of TNP therapy for other indications to enhance wound healing such as patients with decubitus ulcers, diabetes and peripheral vascular disease and to improve skin graft take. There have been, as yet, no quality‐of‐life studies available for negative‐pressure therapy. Despite this, the usage of TNP has increased. This review provides an overview of clinical studies using TNP and proposes avenues for further research to elucidate the exact mechanism of TNP, in addition to large randomised controlled clinical trials of patients undergoing this therapy.
In vitro diffusion bed, 3‐day repeat challenge ‘capacity’ test for antimicrobial wound dressings
Authors: Greenman John , Thorn Robin MS , Saad Saliah , Austin Andrew J 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop an in vitro wound infection model that allows the comparison of the bacterial kill rate of antimicrobial wound dressings over the course of 3 days, with renewed microbial challenges each day, under realistic wound‐like conditions. A test bed model of a moderately exuding wound was constructed from a hydrogel containing releasable foetal calf serum (FCS), and cellulose discs dosed with test microbes (Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) suspended in 50% FCS applied at the interface between the test dressing and the hydrogel test bed. Freshly prepared discs were used to challenge the same dressing over a 23‐hour period for a course of 3 days. Different test dressings produced differing kill rates, allowing quantitative comparison of both their immediate activity and their capacity to continue working over 3 days, within a fluid‐donating system similar to the situation in vivo. The reported method has significant advantages over established test procedures since it enables the researcher to assess the antimicrobial capacity of wound dressings to continue working under conditions that match those encountered in wounds. These key conditions are those that would be expected to impede the action of the dressing and protect the infecting organisms.
Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Protein Down-Regulates Pre-T-Cell Receptor Alpha Gene Transcription in Human Immature Thymocytes
Authors: Wencker Mélanie , Sausse Céline , Derse David , Gazzolo Louis , Duc Dodon Madeleine 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT
The human pre-T-cell receptor alpha (TCRα; pTα) gene encodes a polypeptide which associates with the TCRβ chain and CD3 molecules to form the pre-TCR complex. The surface expression of the pre-TCR is pTα dependent, and signaling through this complex triggers an early αβ T-cell developmental checkpoint inside the thymus, known as β-selection. E2A transcription factors, which are involved at multiple stages of T-cell development, regulate the transcription of the pTα gene. Here we show that the regulatory protein Tax of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) efficiently suppresses the E47-mediated activation of the pTα promoter. Furthermore, we report that in Tax lentivirally transduced human MOLT-4 T cells, which constitutively express the pTα gene, the amount of pTα transcripts decreases. Such a decrease is not observed in MOLT-4 cells transduced by a vector encoding the Tax mutant K88A, which is unable to interact with p300. These data underline that Tax inhibits pTα transcription by recruiting this coactivator. Finally, we show that the expression of Tax in human immature thymocytes results in a decrease of pTα gene transcription but does not modify the level of E47 transcripts. These observations indicate that Tax, by silencing E proteins, down-regulates pTα gene transcription during early thymocyte development. They further provide evidence that Tax can interfere with an important checkpoint during T-cell differentiation in the thymus.
Repression of Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 by Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Results in Inhibition of Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Genes
Authors: Ciccaglione Anna R. , Stellacci Emilia , Marcantonio Cinzia , Muto Valentina , Equestre Michele , Marsili Giulia , Rapicetta Maria , Battistini Angela 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTHepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins are known to interfere at several levels with both innate and adaptive responses of the host. A key target in these effects is the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. While the effects of nonstructural proteins are well established, the role of structural proteins remains controversial. We investigated the effect of HCV structural proteins on the expression of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), a secondary transcription factor of the IFN system responsible for inducing several key antiviral and immunomodulatory genes. We found substantial inhibition of IRF-1 expression in cells expressing the entire HCV replicon. Suppression of IRF-1 synthesis was mainly mediated by the core structural protein and occurred at the transcriptional level. The core protein in turn exerted a transcriptional repression of several interferon-stimulated genes, targets of IRF-1, including interleukin-15 (IL-15), IL-12, and low-molecular-mass polypeptide 2. These data recapitulate in a unifying mechanism, i.e., repression of IRF-1 expression, many previously described pathogenetic effects of HCV core protein and suggest that HCV core-induced IRF-1 repression may play a pivotal role in establishing persistent infection by dampening an effective immune response.
Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Resistance to Drugs That Activate the Mitotic Spindle Assembly Checkpoint in Burkitt's Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Leao Maria , Anderton Emma , Wade Mark , Meekings Kiran , Allday Martin J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a number of human cancers, and latent EBV gene expression has been reported to interfere with cell cycle checkpoints and cell death pathways. Here we show that latent EBV can compromise the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint and rescue Burkitt's lymphoma (BL)-derived cells from caspase-dependent cell death initiated in aberrant mitosis. This leads to unscheduled mitotic progression, resulting in polyploidy and multi- and/or micronucleation. The EBV latent genes responsible for this phenotype are expressed from the P3HR1 strain of virus and several viruses with similar genomic deletions that remove the EBNA2 gene. Although EBNA2 and the latent membrane proteins are not expressed, the EBNA3 proteins are present in these BL cells. Survival of the EBV-positive cells is not consistently associated with EBV lytic gene expression or with the genes that are expressed in EBV latency I BL cells (i.e., EBNA1, EBERs, and BARTs) but correlates with reduced expression of the cellular proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim. These data suggest that a subset of latent EBV gene products may increase the likelihood of damaged DNA being inherited because of the impaired checkpoint and enhanced survival capacity. This could lead to greater genetic diversity in progeny cells and contribute to tumorigenesis. Furthermore, since it appears that this restricted latent EBV expression interferes with the responses of Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cells to cytotoxic drugs, the results of this study may have important therapeutic implications in the treatment of some BL.
Rapid Memory CD8+T-Lymphocyte Induction through Priming with RecombinantMycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Hovav Avi-Hai , Cayabyab Mark J. , Panas Michael W. , Santra Sampa , Greenland John , Geiben Ralf , Haynes Barton F. , Jacobs William R. , Letvin Norman L. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe most promising vaccine strategies for the induction of cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte responses have been heterologous prime/boost regimens employing a plasmid DNA prime and a live recombinant-vector boost. The priming immunogen in these regimens must elicit antigen-specific memory CD8+T lymphocytes that will expand following the boosting immunization. Because plasmid DNA immunogens are expensive and their immunogenicity has proven disappointing in human clinical trials, we have been exploring novel priming immunogens that might be used in heterologous immunization regimens. Here we show that priming with a prototype recombinantMycobacterium smegmatisstrain expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120-elicited CD4+T lymphocytes with a functional profile of helper cells as well as a CD8+T-lymphocyte population. These CD8+T lymphocytes rapidly differentiated to memory cells, defined on the basis of their cytokine profile and expression of CD62L and CD27. Moreover, these recombinant-mycobacterium-induced T lymphocytes rapidly expanded following boosting with a recombinant adenovirus expressing HIV-1 Env to gp120-specific CD8+T lymphocytes. This work demonstrates a remarkable skewing of recombinant-mycobacterium-induced T lymphocytes to durable antigen-specific memory CD8+T cells and suggests that such immunogens might be used as priming vectors in prime/boost vaccination regimens for the induction of cellular immune responses.
Regulation of CXCL-8 (Interleukin-8) Induction by Double-Stranded RNA Signaling Pathways during Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Wagoner Jessica , Austin Michael , Green Jamison , Imaizumi Tadaatsu , Casola Antonella , Brasier Allan , Khabar Khalid S. A. , Wakita Takaji , Gale Michael , Polyak Stephen J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces the α-chemokine interleukin-8 (CXCL-8), which is regulated at the levels of transcription and mRNA stability. In the current study, CXCL-8 regulation by double-stranded (ds)RNA pathways was analyzed in the context of HCV infection. A constitutively active mutant of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), RIG-N, activated CXCL-8 transcription. Promoter mutagenesis experiments indicated that NF-κB and interferon (IFN)-stimulated response element (ISRE) binding sites were required for the RIG-N induction of CXCL-8 transcription. IFN-β promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1) expression also activated CXCL-8 transcription, and mutations of the ISRE and NF-κB binding sites reduced and abrogated CXCL-8 transcription, respectively. In the presence of wild-type RIG-I, transfection of JFH-1 RNA or JFH-1 virus infection of Huh7.5.1 cells activated the CXCL-8 promoter. Expression of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) stimulated transcription from both full-length and ISRE-driven CXCL-8 promoters. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that IRF-3 and NF-κB bound directly to the CXCL-8 promoter in response to virus infection and dsRNA transfection. RIG-N stabilized CXCL-8 mRNA via the AU-rich element in the 3′ untranslated region of CXCL-8 mRNA, leading to an increase in its half-life following tumor necrosis factor alpha induction. The data indicate that HCV infection triggers dsRNA signaling pathways that induce CXCL-8 via transcriptional activation and mRNA stabilization and define a regulatory link between innate antiviral and inflammatory cellular responses to virus infection.
NKG2C
+
NK Cells Are Enriched in AIDS Patients with Advanced-Stage Kaposi's Sarcoma
Authors: Goodier Martin R. , Mela C. M. , Steel A. , Gazzard B. , Bower M. , Gotch F. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an AIDS-defining condition in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. We investigated the phenotype and function of the NKG2C
+
NK cell population in individuals with AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma. The staging of AIDS KS patients according to the AIDS Clinical Trial Group criteria revealed that patients with the S1 disease stage have a significantly higher proportion of NKG2C
+
cells than those with the S0 disease stage. NKG2C
+
cells from S1-stage patients are highly enriched for the expression of KIR3DL1, are depleted of NKp46, and respond poorly to major histocompatibility complex class I-positive target cells. These data demonstrate a link between NK cell phenotype and function and disease prognosis in AIDS.