bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental evaluation of friction between contacting discs for the simulation of gear contact
Authors: Kleemola J. , Lehtovaara A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractInstant gear contact can be simulated with contacting discs, which provides steady operating conditions and eliminates most of the dynamics and manufacturing tolerances involved in real gears, resulting in an accurately controlled contact condition. A high‐pressure twin‐disc test device was developed, where loading and rolling velocity can be varied continuously. It is equipped with disc bulk temperature, mean contact resistance and friction moment measurements. The test discs were grinded transversal to the disc rolling direction with proper crowning corresponding to the real gear flank properties. The test device was applied by studying the friction behaviour against the slide‐to‐roll ratio at different contact pressures, rolling velocities and surface roughness. The measurements were performed using mineral base oil in the range of operation conditions often used in industrial gears. In general, the measured friction coefficient behaviour correlates with earlier published results and is logical with measured bulk temperature and mean contact resistance. The limiting shear stress of the lubricant has an essential role in friction behaviour. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability of a machine service life prediction in thermal diagnostic test
Authors: Burstein L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractReliability of the machine service life determined in a thermal diagnostic test is estimated in this investigation. The time dependence of a thermal diagnostic parameter, and the residual service life (RSL) predicted on its basis, are examined here with the aid of the Monte‐Carlo simulation procedure. The relationships involved are derived from the machine heat balance under two approaches – short term (starting stage) and long term (service time). The diagnostic parameter considered is the temperature change rate during the short‐term period. The constants in its expression are determined from experimental data obtained as an example on the gearboxes of three heavy portal cranes with different service times. The diagnostic parameter–time graph (long‐term approach) derived from the data is used as reference for prediction of the RSL. The reference dependence obtained from theoretical values of the diagnostic parameter, and the RSL calculated from this dependence, were repeatedly varied, with a view to estimating the reliability of the prediction. The uniform and Weibull distributions were used for generating, respectively, the random fluctuations of the reference gearbox temperature and of the diagnostic parameter of the tested one. It is shown that in 95% of the cases the thermal method entails a two‐sided error of at most 3.6%, and for the tested gearbox the discrepancy between the deterministic and simulated averages does not exceed 1.1%. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Culture and development matter to understanding souls, no matter what our evolutionary design
Authors: Ferrari Michel 
Published: December 2006

For Bering, appreciating that people are objects is a developmental accomplishment. Baldwin and Piaget agree. However, for Piaget, an immanent conception of the divine is more developed than a separate transcendent God. Culture also matters. In Plato's Phaedo, Socrates' belief in immortality was a reasoned conclusion – not “built in” – for reasons similar to those still held by modern scientists.
The return of the repressed
Authors: Erdelyi Matthew Hugh 
Published: December 2006

Repression continues to be controversial. One insight crystallized by the commentaries is that there is a serious semantic problem, partly resulting from a long silence in psychology on repression. In this response, narrow views (e.g., that repression needs always be unconscious, must yield total amnesia) are challenged. Broader conceptions of repression, both biological and social, are considered, with a special stress on repression of meanings (denial). Several issues – generilizability, falsifiability, personality factors, the interaction of repression with cognitive channel (e.g., recall vs. dreams), and false-memory as repression – are discussed.
The recombinant kringle domain of urokinase plasminogen activator inhibits in vivo malignant glioma growth
Authors: Kim Chung Kwon , Hong Sung Hee , Ae Joe Young , Shim Byoung‐Shik , Lee Suk‐Keun , Hong Yong‐Kil 
Published: December 2006

In a previous report, the recombinant kringle domain (UK1) of the urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) showed antiangiogenic activity. Here, we investigated in vivo antitumor effects of the UK1 of human uPA employing a brain tumor model. The systemic administration of UK1 purified from pichia expression (10 and 50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally for 25 days) led to suppress the growth of a U87 human glioma xenograft, implanted into the brains of male BALB/cSlc nude mice, by 35% and 80%, respectively. In the immunohistochemical analysis, the tumors treated with UK1 showed decreased vascularity and expression of angiogenesis‐related factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiogenin, α‐smooth muscle actin, von Willebrand's factor, and CD31 (PECAM‐1 [Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1]), and increased apoptosis. UKl inhibited the in vitro proliferation and tube formation of VEGF‐stimulated endothelial cells but not the proliferation of glioma cells. These results suggest that UK1 inhibits the malignant glioma growth by suppression of angiogenesis. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 253–258)
β1 integrin mediated adhesion increases Bim protein degradation and contributes to drug resistance in leukaemia cells
Authors: Hazlehurst L. A. , Argilagos R. F. , Dalton W.S. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryIt has been shown that the tumour microenvironment confers resistance to chemotherapy. Specifically, it was previously reported that adhesion of haematopoietic tumour cells to fibronectin (FN) via β1 integrins confers a multi‐drug resistance phenotype commonly referred to as cell adhesion mediated drug resistance. The present study showed that the pro‐apoptotic BCL‐2 family member Bim was reduced when leukaemia cells were adherent to FN via β1 integrins. β1 integrin‐mediated regulation of Bim in K562 cells was demonstrated to be partly a result of increased proteasomal‐mediated degradation of Bim protein levels, and proteasome inhibitors prevent Bim degradation. Increased degradation of Bim was not related to activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway, as adhesion of K562 cells caused a reduction in phospho‐extracellular signal‐related kinase (ERK)1/2 levels. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of MAP/ERK (MEK) with PD98059 did not increase Bim levels. Reducing Bim levels by short hairpin RNA targeting inhibited imatinib and mitoxantrone‐induced cell death. These results showed that β1 integrin‐mediated adhesion regulates Bim degradation and may contribute to the minimal residual disease associated with many haematopoietic malignancies. Together our data indicate that disrupting β1 integrin‐mediated regulation of Bim degradation may increase the efficacy of drugs, including imatinib, used to treat haematopoietic malignancies.
Outcomes of patients with haematological malignancies admitted to intensive care unit. A comparative review of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation data
Authors: Lim ZiYi , Pagliuca Antonio , Simpson Sylwia , Cottam Simon , Ervine Max , Ho Aloysius Y. L. , Devereux Stephen , Mufti Ghulam J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe outcomes of 55 consecutive haemato‐oncology patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were retrospectively analysed. Twenty‐eight patients were admitted following haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Thirty‐nine patients were admitted with respiratory failure, and all patients required respiratory support. Seventeen patients survived to be discharged from ICU, with an actuarial 1‐year survival of 18%. Overall survival between patients who received intensive chemotherapy and those who underwent allogeneic HSCT was not significantly different (19% vs. 10%, P = 0·19). None of the nine myeloablative HSCT recipients survived (median survival: 9 d). Six of the 15 reduced‐intensity conditioned HSCT recipients survived beyond 1 year (median survival: 1050 d, range: 438–1437).
Complete response in myeloma extends survival without, but not with history of prior monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance or smouldering disease
Authors: Pineda‐Roman Mauricio , Bolejack Vanessa , Arzoumanian Varant , Anaissie Elias , Van Rhee Frits , Zangari Maurizio , Walker Ron , Hollmig Klaus , Shaughnessy John D. , Epstein Joshua , Krishna Somashekar , Crowley John , Barlogie Bart 
Published: December 2006

SummaryComplete response (CR) is still considered an important surrogate marker for outcome in multiple myeloma (MM). Long‐term survival after transplantation, however, has been observed in a substantial proportion of patients who never achieved CR. The tandem transplant trial, Total Therapy 2, enrolled 668 patients, who were randomised up‐front to thalidomide (THAL) or no THAL; 56 patients were identified as having had, for at least 6 months prior to initiation of therapy, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS,n = 21), smouldering MM (SMM,n = 22) or solitary plasmacytoma of bone (SPC,n = 13). The clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with such ‘evolved’ MM (E‐MM) and of those with ‘unknown’ prior history (U‐MM) were compared. Fewer patients with MGUS/SMM‐E‐MM had anaemia or renal failure; CR was lower (22% vs. 48%) but 4‐year estimates of event‐free survival (54% vs. 56% with U‐MM) and overall survival (65% vs. 70% with U‐MM) were similar to those with SPC‐E‐MM or U‐MM. In the latter group, achieving CR was associated with prolonged survival. In comparison with U‐MM, E‐MM evolved from MGUS/SMM was associated with lower CR rate without adversely affecting survival. In contrast, CR was an independent favourable feature for survival in U‐MM.
Wnt3A activates canonical Wnt signalling in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) cells and inhibits the proliferation of B‐ALL cell lines
Authors: Nygren Marit Kveine , Døsen Guri , Hystad Marit E. , Stubberud Heidi , Funderud Steinar , Rian Edith 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children. Recently, there has been a growing interest in Wnt signalling in several aspects of cellular development, including cancer formation. Little is known about Wnt signalling in B‐ALL. We investigated whether activation of canonical Wnt signalling could occur in B‐ALL cells and thereby play a potential role in cellular growth and/or survival. This study found that Wnt3A induced β‐catenin accumulation in both primary B‐ALL cells and B‐ALL leukaemia cell lines. Further, Wnt3A was shown to induce nuclear translocation of β‐catenin and TCF/Lef‐1 dependent transcriptions in the B‐ALL cell line Nalm‐6. Examination of the mRNA expression pattern of WNT ligands, FZD receptors and WNT antagonists in Nalm‐6 cells identified a set of ligands and receptors available for signalling, as well as antagonists potentially available for modulating the response. Functional analyses showed that Wnt3A inhibited the proliferation of several, but not all, B‐ALL cell lines studied. Finally, microarray analysis was used to identify several Wnt3A target genes involved in a diverse range of cellular activities, which are potential mediators of the Wnt3A‐restrained proliferation.
Non‐opsonising aggregates of IgG and complement in haemoglobin C erythrocytes
Authors: Brittain Nathaniel J. , Erexson Cindy , Faucette Lawrence , Ward Jerrold , Fujioka Hisashi , Wellems Thomas E. , Fairhurst Rick M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryHaemoglobin C (HbC) differs from normal HbA by a lysine for glutamate substitution at position 6 of beta‐globin. Heterozygous AC and homozygous CC phenotypes are associated with shortened erythrocyte life spans and mild anaemia. AC and CC erythrocytes contain elevated amounts of membrane‐associated haemichromes, band 3 clusters, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in vivo. These findings led us to investigate whether AC and CC erythrocytes might expose elevated levels of IgG and complement, two opsonins that have been implicated in the phagocytic clearance of senescent and sickle erythrocytes. Surprisingly, we found IgG, complement, and other plasma proteins co‐localised in aggregates beneath the membrane of circulating AC and CC erythrocytes. These observations, and our finding of similar aggregates in erythrocytes heterozygous or homozygous for haemoglobin S (sickle‐cell haemoglobin), suggest that the vast majority of membrane‐associated IgG and complement detected in these abnormal erythrocytes is intracellular and does not contribute to the eventual opsonic clearance of these cells. Phagocytosis studies with macrophages provide evidence in support of this suggestion. Studies of erythrocyte clearance that involve the detection of membrane‐associated IgG and complement as putative opsonins should investigate the possibility that these plasma proteins reside in the erythrocyte interior, and not on the cell surface.
Enhanced natural killer activity and production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in mice selected for high acute inflammatory response (AIRmax)
Authors: Castoldi Lindsey , Golim Marjorie Assis , Filho Orlando Garcia Ribeiro , Romagnoli Graziela Gorete , Ibañez Olga Célia Martinez , Kaneno Ramon 
Published: December 2006

SummaryStrains of mice with maximal and minimal acute inflammatory responsiveness (AIRmax and AIRmin, respectively) were developed through selective breeding based on their high‐ or low‐acute inflammatory responsiveness. Previous reports have shown that AIRmax mice are more resistant to the development of a variety of tumours than AIRmin mice, including spontaneous metastasis of murine melanoma. Natural killer activity is involved in immunosurveillance against tumour development, so we analysed the number and activity of natural killer cells (CD49b+), T‐lymphocyte subsets and in vitro cytokine production by spleen cells of normal AIRmax and AIRmin mice. Analysis of lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry showed that AIRmax mice had a higher relative number of CD49b+ cells than AIRmin mice, as well as cytolytic activity against Yac.1 target cells. The number of CD3+ CD8+ cells was also higher in AIRmax mice. These findings were associated with the ability of spleen cells from AIRmax mice in vitro to produce higher levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐12p40 and interferon‐γ but not the anti‐inflammatory interleukin‐10. Taken together, our data suggest that the selective breeding to achieve the AIRmax and AIRmin strains was able to polarize the genes associated with cytotoxic activity, which can be responsible for the antitumour resistance observed in AIRmax mice.
Chronic inflammation: a failure of resolution?
Authors: Lawrence Toby , Gilroy Derek W. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryInflammation has evolved as a protective response to insult or injury, it's a primordial response that eliminates or neutralises foreign organisms or material, the resolution of inflammation encompasses the endogenous anti‐inflammatory mechanisms that protect us against excessive tissue injury and promote the restoration of tissue structure and function. In fact, our well being and survival depends upon its efficiency and carefully‐balanced control. In general, the innate inflammatory response initiates within minutes and, if all is well, resolves within hours. In contrast, chronic inflammation persists for weeks, months or even years. Here, we are going to discuss the key endogenous checkpoints necessary for mounting an effective yet limited inflammatory response and the crucial biochemical pathways necessary to prevent its persistence.
A systematic review of information in decision aids
Authors: Feldman‐Stewart Deb , Brennenstuhl Sarah , McIssac Kathryn , Austoker Joan , Charvet Agathe , Hewitson Paul , Sepucha Karen R. , Whelan Tim 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjective  We completed a systematic review of information reported as included in decision aids (DAs) for adult patients, to determine if it is complete, balanced and accurate.Search strategy  DAs were identified using the Cochrane Database of DAs and searches of four electronic databases using the terms: ‘decision aid’; shared decision making’ and ‘patients’; ‘multimedia or leaflets or pamphlets or videos and patients and decision making’. Additionally, publications reporting DA development and actual DAs that were reported as publicly available on the Internet were consulted. Publications were included up to May 2006.Data extraction  Data were extracted on the following variables: external groups consulted in development of the DA, type of study used, categories of information, inclusion of probabilities, use of citation lists and inclusion of patient experiences.Main results  68 treatment DAs and 30 screening DAs were identified. 17% of treatment DAs and 47% of screening DAs did not report any external consultation and, of those that did, DA producers tended to rely more heavily on medical experts than on patients’ guidance. Content evaluations showed that (i) treatment DAs frequently omit describing the procedure(s) involved in treatment options and (ii) screening DAs frequently focus on false positives but not false negatives. About 1/2 treatment DAs reported probabilities with a greater emphasis on potential benefits than harms. Similarly, screening DAs were more likely to provide false‐positive than false‐negative rates.Conclusions  The review led us to be concerned about completeness, balance and accuracy of information included in DAs.
African lake management initiatives: The global connection
Authors: Hecky Robert E. , Bootsma Harvey A. , Odada Eric O. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThere is a global dimension to lake management in Africa and elsewhere that will require a concerted action not only from individual riparian states, but also from regional, continental and global communities. The current global lake threats arise from climate change, regional land degradation and semivolatile contaminants, and share the common feature that the atmosphere is the vector that spreads their impacts over large areas and to many lakes. The Great Lakes of Africa (Malawi, Victoria and Tanganyika) are particularly sensitive to these problems because of their enormous surface areas, slow water flushing rates, and the importance of direct rainfall in their water budgets. Their response times might be slow to yield a detectable change and, unfortunately, their recovery times might also be slow. It is possible for atmospheric effects to act antagonistically to the impacts of catchment change, but antagonistic effects could become synergistic in the future. Improved understanding of the physical dynamics of these lakes, and development of models linking their physical and biogeochemical behaviour to regional, mesoscale climate models, will be necessary to guide lake managers.
Laguna de Bay: Institutional development and change for lake basin management
Authors: Santos‐Borja Adelina , Nepomuceno Dolora N. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLaguna de Bay is a large, shallow lake located near Manila, Philippines. The lake is drained by the Pasig River, which flows to Manila Bay. It periodically reverses direction, bringing saline water into this predominately freshwater body. The lake has historically been of great importance to locals who depend on it for fish and related livelihoods. Recently, it also has been considered a source of potable water for the Manila region. The intense land use in the watershed has caused enhanced siltation, and the lake has also been plagued by overfishing, intense aquaculture and water pollution from industrial and domestic sources. This paper overviews these issues and examines the role of the Laguna Lake Development Authority in developing and conserving the lake basin's resources. Two programmes related to fisheries development and an environmental user‐fee programme to control water pollution are critiqued. Lessons learned from the nearly 40 years of experience managing this tropical lake also are presented.
Management challenges of freshwater fisheries in Africa
Authors: Ogutu‐Ohwayo Richard , Balirwa John S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe freshwater fisheries of Africa are important sources of income and protein for the people of the continent, and stocks of biodiversity for the world. This report discusses the experience for eight important lakes (Baringo, Chad, Kariba, Malawi, Naivasha, Nakuru, Tanganyika and Victoria), in order to provide an overview of the challenges facing the African freshwater systems, the interventions undertaken to manage the challenges, the inputs that have been required, and the lessons learned to guide further actions. In particular, the experience of the Global Environment Facility in promoting sustainable fisheries and lake basin management at five of these lakes (Baringo, Chad, Malawi, Tanganyika and Victoria) is discussed. The overall experience to date indicates a lack of effective management actions, as a result of limited accessibility and application of scientific information, poor dissemination of management information, inappropriate and un‐harmonized fishery laws and regulations, inadequate enforcement of existing laws and regulations, weak institutions and institutional processes, and inadequate funds for implementing fishery programmes.
Corneal injury by wild taro
Authors: Tang Emily WH , Law Ricky WK , Lai Jimmy SM 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe report a case of crystalline keratopathy caused by Alocasia macrorrhiza. The diagnosis was made based on the observation of needle‐like crystals in the corneal stroma following injury to that eye. The condition resolved in 3 months with the disappearance of the crystals confirmed by follow‐up confocal microscopy.
Spontaneous resolution of corneal oedema after inadvertent ‘descemetorhexis’ during cataract surgery
Authors: Pan James C‐H , Eong Kah‐Guan A 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA 96‐year‐old lady underwent cataract surgery complicated by the loss of a 5.5 mm diameter area of Descemet’s membrane (DM) centrally. Postoperatively, severe corneal oedema with folds in the remaining annular ring of DM were observed. The patient was managed conservatively and the corneal oedema gradually resolved over 5 months. Loss of DM can be managed conservatively with good visual outcome without the need for surgical intervention.
Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia mimicking ocular surface squamous neoplasia following cultivated limbal epithelium transplantation
Authors: Fatima Anees , Matalia Himanshu P , Vemuganti Geeta K , Honavar Santosh G , Sangwan Virender S 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA 12‐year‐old girl with total limbal stem cell deficiency in the right eye following chemical burns underwent autologous cultivated limbal epithelium transplantation from the healthy left eye. Postoperatively at 6 weeks a mass at the limbus was noted, which increased in size and involved infero‐nasal limbus extending over 5 mm on bulbar conjunctiva. It was a gelatinous, placoid freely movable mass with irregular surface, multiple intralesional cysts without feeder vessels or intrinsic vascularization and stained brilliantly with rose bengal. Histopathology following excision biopsy showed hyperplastic epithelium with stratified columnar cells and goblet cells. At the last follow‐up, 6 months following cultivated limbal epithelium transplantation the ocular surface was stable without any recurrence of the lesion. We herein report a rare complication of epithelial hyperplasia presenting as leukoplakia following cultivated limbal epithelium transplantation mimicking ocular surface squamous neoplasia.