bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological functioning, illness perception, mood and quality of life in chronic fatigue syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease and healthy participants
Authors: Dickson A. , Toft A. , O'Carroll R. E. 
Published: January 2009

BackgroundThis study attempted to longitudinally investigate neuropsychological function, illness representations, self-esteem, mood and quality of life (QoL) in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and compared them with both healthy participants and a clinical comparison group of individuals with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD).MethodNeuropsychological evaluation was administered at two time points, five weeks apart. Twenty-one individuals with CFS, 20 individuals with AITD and 21 healthy participants were matched for age, pre-morbid intelligence, education level and socio-economic status (SES). All groups also completed measures of illness perceptions, mood, self-esteem and QoL at both time points.ResultsThe CFS group showed significantly greater impairment on measures of immediate and delayed memory, attention and visuo-constructional ability, and reported significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression. After controlling for the effects of mood, the CFS group still demonstrated significant impairment in attention. The CFS group also reported significantly lower self-reported QoL than the AITD and healthy participants. In terms of illness perceptions, the AITD group believed that their condition would last longer, that they had more treatment control over their condition, and reported less concern than the CFS group.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the primary cognitive impairment in CFS is attention and that this is not secondary to affective status. The lower treatment control perceptions and greater illness concerns that CFS patients report may be causally related to their affective status.
Democracy and Deconstruction
Authors: Barnes Peter 
Published: January 2009

In August 1995 I directed a studio production of an unfinished piece called Luna Park Eclipses for the National Theatre Studio. The production was non-public and experimental. We rehearsed for two weeks, and then put on a one-off show for an audience of about twenty-five. The cast comprised Peter Bayliss, Timothy Bateson, Dilys Laye, Diana Fairfax, Sheila Burrell, and David Neal.The words ‘success’ and ‘failure’, mercifully, are not relevant in this context. If they were, the project could be called ‘sucessful’ if only because it threw up questions and I was encouraged to continue: the old mould had cracked open for a moment and I saw, briefly, drama in a new light again. A year later I decided to write about what I am trying to do in Luna Park Eclipses.
Low-cost foods: how do they compare with their brand name equivalents? A French study
Authors: Darmon Nicole , Caillavet France , Joly Caroline , Maillot Matthieu , Drewnowski Adam 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectiveConsumers are increasingly relying on low-cost foods, although it is not clear if the nutritional quality of these foods is fully maintained. The aim of the present work was to analyse the relationship between cost and quality within a given food category.Design and settingThe relationship was analysed between nutritional quality and cost for 220 food products belonging to seventeen different categories, controlling for package type and package size. Given that a summary of nutrient information was not available on the product label, a novel ingredient quality score was developed based on listed product ingredients.ResultsWithin a given category, the lowest-priced foods were not different from the equivalent branded products in terms of overall energy or total fat content. Nevertheless, a positive relationship, small but significant, was observed between the price and the ingredient quality score. On average, the branded products cost 2·5 times more than the low-cost products, for an equivalent energy and lipid content, and had a slightly higher (1·3 times) ingredient quality score.ConclusionsMore studies are necessary to evaluate the nutritional quality of low-cost foods. This evaluation would be facilitated if nutrition labelling was mandatory. Yet in view of the present results, it does not seem to be justified to divert consumers, especially the poorest, from low-cost foods because this may have an adverse effect on the nutritional quality of their diet, by reducing further the fraction of their food budget spent on fresh fruit and vegetables.
Reactive Multilayers Examined by HRTEM and Plasmon EELS Chemical Mapping
Authors: Yajid M.A. Mat , Möbus G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe examine chemical mapping of reaction phases in a Cu-Al multilayer system using low-loss electron energy loss spectroscopy spectrum imaging and image spectroscopy techniques. The sensitivity of the plasmon peak position and shape to various crystal structures and phases is exploited using postprocessing of spectra into second derivative plasmon maps and line scans. Analytical transmission electron microscopy is complemented by studies of the orientation relationship of the multilayer system using high-resolution electron microscopy of interfaces and selected area diffraction. The techniques have been applied to the Cu-Al multilayer sample and sharply bound epitaxial phases are found, before and after heat treatment.
Structural and Chemical Characterization of Yb2O3-ZrO2 System by HAADF-STEM and HRTEM
Authors: Angeles-Chavez C. , Salas P. , Díaz-Torres L.A. , de la Rosa E. , Esparza R. , Perez R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractZrO2:Yb3+ nanocrystalline phosphors with high concentrations of ytterbium ions were prepared using the sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction, high-angle annular-dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to characterize the nanocrystalline phosphors annealed at 1000°C. Unit-cell distortion and changes in the crystalline structure of the monoclinic zirconia to tetragonal zirconia, and subsequently cubic zirconia, were observed with increased Yb concentration. Yb ions were randomly distributed into the lattice of the crystalline structure. No segregation of Yb2O3 phase was observed. The substitution of Zr atoms by Yb atoms on different crystalline phases was confirmed by the experimental results and theoretical simulations of HRTEM and HAADF-STEM.
Leonard Bernstein's Jewish Boston: Cross-Disciplinary Research in the Classroom
Authors: OJA CAROL J. , SHELEMAY KAY KAUFMAN 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLeonard Bernstein is most often perceived as the quintessential New Yorker—music director of the New York Philharmonic from 1958 to 1969 and composer of Broadway shows that made New York their focus. Yet his grounding in the greater Boston area was powerful. He was born in 1918 in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and raised in various Jewish neighborhoods within Boston. The young Leonard went to Boston Latin, a prestigious public prep school, and graduated from Harvard in 1939.This article explores a team research project, made up of Harvard graduate students and undergraduates, which delved into the urban subcultures and post-immigrant experiences that shaped Bernstein's youth and early adulthood. It considers the synergy between an individual and a community, and it examines the complexities of blending pedagogy with research, analyzing the multilayered methodologies and theoretical strategies that were employed.Given Bernstein's iconic status, his life and career illuminate a broad range of questions about the nature of music in American society. Fusing the techniques of ethnographic and archival research, our team probed Bernstein's formative connections to Jewish traditions through his family synagogue (Congregation Mishkan Tefila), the ethnic geography that defined the Boston neighborhoods of his immigrant family, the network of young people involved in Bernstein's summer theatrical productions in Sharon, Massachusetts, during the 1930s, and the formative role of the city's musical venues and institutions in shaping Bernstein's lifelong campaign to collapse traditional distinctions between high and low culture.
GFP‐targeting allows visualization of the apicoplast throughout the life cycle of live malaria parasites
Authors: Stanway Rebecca R. , Witt Tina , Zobiak Bernd , Aepfelbacher Martin , Heussler Volker T. 
Published: January 2009

Background information. The Plasmodium parasite, during its life cycle, undergoes three phases of asexual reproduction, these being repeated rounds of erythrocytic schizogony, sporogony within oocysts on the mosquito midgut wall and exo‐erythrocytic schizogony within the hepatocyte. During each phase of asexual reproduction, the parasite must ensure that every new daughter cell contains an apicoplast, as this organelle cannot be formed de novo and is essential for parasite survival. To date, studies visualizing the apicoplast in live Plasmodium parasites have been restricted to the blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum.Results. In the present study, we have generated Plasmodium berghei parasites in which GFP (green fluorescent protein) is targeted to the apicoplast using the specific targeting sequence of ACP (acyl carrier protein), which has allowed us to visualize this organelle in live Plasmodium parasites. During each phase of asexual reproduction, the apicoplast becomes highly branched, but remains as a single organelle until the completion of nuclear division, whereupon it divides and is rapidly segregated into newly forming daughter cells. We have shown that the antimicrobial agents azithromycin, clindamycin and doxycycline block development of the apicoplast during exo‐erythrocytic schizogony in vitro, leading to impaired parasite maturation.Conclusions. Using a range of powerful live microscopy techniques, we show for the first time the development of a Plasmodium organelle through the entire life cycle of the parasite. Evidence is provided that interference with the development of the Plasmodium apicoplast results in the failure to produce red‐blood‐cell‐infective merozoites.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation of peroxiredoxin 6 regulates its phospholipase A2 activity
Authors: Wu Yongzheng , Feinstein Sheldon I. , Manevich Yefim , Chowdhury Ibrul , Pak Jhang Ho , Kazi Altaf , Dodia Chandra , Speicher David W. , Fisher Aron B. 
Published: January 2009

Prdx6 (peroxiredoxin 6), a bifunctional protein with both GSH peroxidase and PLA2 (phospholipase A2) [aiPLA2 (acidic calcium-independent PLA2)] activities, is responsible for the metabolism of lung surfactant phospholipids. We propose that the aiPLA2 activity of the enzyme is regulated through phosphorylation. Incubation of isolated rat alveolar type II cells (AECII) with PMA, a PKC (protein kinase C) agonist, had no effect on Prdx6 expression but led to ∼75% increase in aiPLA2 activity that was abolished by pretreatment of cells with the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitors, SB202190 or PD98059. Prdx6 phosphorylation after incubation of AECII with PMA was demonstrated by autoradiography after immunoprecipitation with either anti-phosphothreonine o-phosphoserine antibodies. in vitro, several active isoforms of ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and p38 phosphorylated Prdx6, resulting in an 11-fold increase in aiPLA2 activity. The increased activity was calcium-independent and was abolished by the aiPLA2 inhibitors, surfactant protein A and hexadecyl-3-trifluorethylglycero-sn-2-phospho-methanol (MJ33). The peroxidase activity of Prdx6 was unaffected by phosphorylation. Mass spectroscopic analysis of in vitro phosphorylated Prdx6 showed a unique phosphorylation site at Thr-177 and mutation of this residue abolished protein phosphorylation and the increase in MAPK-mediated activity. These results show that the MAPKs can mediate phosphorylation of Prdx6 at Thr-177 with a consequent marked increase in its aiPLA2 activity.
Scholarship in Teaching and Learning: An Interview with John Mitterer
Authors: Daniel David B. 
Published: January 2009

John Mitterer earned his PhD in cognitive psychology from McMaster University. Like many teaching professors, his career took an unexpected turn early on when he was hired to teach introductory psychology at Brock University, near Niagara Falls, in Ontario, Canada. It was love at first lecture. He never left the course and now, as a full professor some 25 years later, has taught well over 20,000 students. Along the way he has participated in the development of a wide variety of learning materials, including textbooks, videodiscs of support materials, student-learning CD-ROMs, online learning objects, Web sites, test banks, PowerPoint slides, study guides, and instructor's manuals. Mitterer now thinks of himself as a scholar of teaching and learning with a special interest in the educational potential of digital technology. He is a frequent presenter at conferences devoted to teaching and learning and currently holds a Brock University Chancellor's Chair for Teaching Excellence. He is the recipient of the 2003 Brock University Distinguished Teaching Award, a 2003 Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations (OCUFA) Teaching Award, a 2004 3M Teaching Fellowship, and the 2005 Canadian Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology. David B. Daniel is involved with forging reciprocal links between cognitive-developmental psychology and teaching practices and pedagogy. He is the coordinator of the Society for Research in Child Development's (SRCD) Teaching of Developmental Science Institute as well as chair of the SRCD Teaching Committee, and the managing editor of Mind, Brain, and Education. He chaired the Society for the Teaching of Psychology's task force on pedagogical innovations. His interest in the development of effective teaching has informed his current efforts to develop effective pedagogical techniques that positively impact both student learning and teacher performance.
Reading and spelling in children with severe speech and physical impairments: a comparative study
Authors: Smith Martine , Sandberg Annika Dahlgren , Larsson Maria 
Published: January 2009

Background: Effective literacy skills are crucial in supporting communication for children with severe speech and physical impairments (SSPI). Reading and spelling difficulties are reported to be over‐represented in this group, even where language and cognitive skills are age appropriate.Aims: To compare the performance of children with SSPI on a range of language, reading and spelling tasks with that of their typically developing peers matched for receptive vocabulary and mental age.Methods & Procedures: A wide range of tasks was developed as part of a larger study exploring phonological awareness, reading and spelling skills. All tasks were accessible to children with severe physical impairments. Two groups of primary school‐aged children were recruited, children with SSPI of average intelligence, and naturally speaking peers, matched for receptive vocabulary. Children were assessed individually on language, non‐verbal cognition, phonological awareness, reading and spelling tasks.Outcomes & Results: Sixteen children with SSPI were recruited. Their performance was compared with that of 15 naturally speaking peers, matched for receptive vocabulary scores. The children with SSPI achieved significantly lower scores on reading and spelling measures relative to their naturally speaking peers. However, at least one participant with SSPI scored at ceiling on each task, indicating that SSPI do not preclude the development of reading and spelling, at least in the early stages of literacy development.Conclusions & Implications: This study indicates that some children with severe speech impairments can develop phonological awareness, reading and spelling skills. However, the data suggest that phonological awareness may not be as good a predictor of reading and spelling abilities in this group of children as in typically developing children. Further research is needed to track development of reading and spelling, as well as the instructional support needed to scaffold more effective skills in these areas.
Home literacy environment: characteristics of children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Peeters Marieke , Verhoeven Ludo , van Balkom Hans , de Moor Jan 
Published: January 2009

Background: Various aspects of the home literacy environment are considered to stimulate the emergent literacy development in children without disabilities. It is important to gain insight into the home literacy environment of children with cerebral palsy given that they have been shown to have difficulty acquiring literacy skills.Aims: The aims of the present study were to investigate whether the home literacy environment of children with cerebral palsy was comparable with that of peers without disabilities and to investigate to what extent speech, fine motor, and intellectual impairments limit their home literacy experiences.Methods & Procedures: Questionnaires addressed to the parents of the children were devised to investigate differences in the home literacy environment in 40 children with cerebral palsy and in 62 peers without disabilities who were comparable on chronological age, i.e., 6 years old, socio‐economic status (SES) and sex. The relative influence of speech intelligibility, fine motor skills, and intelligence skills for the home literacy environment factors of children with cerebral palsy was investigated.Outcomes & Results: Only a few group differences were significant: children with cerebral palsy were less interested in participating in writing activities, and less involved in word‐orientation activities during shared storybook reading. On the other hand, parents of children with cerebral palsy were doing more leisure activities with their child. The speech intelligibility scores of the children with cerebral palsy predicted the amount of emergent literacy activities they were doing with their parents, as wells as their active participation in word‐related activities during storybook reading. In addition, the active participation of the child in story‐related activities could be predicted by his or her fine motor skills. Furthermore, parents of the children in the comparison group often had high expectations, while parents of the children with cerebral palsy often did not know what expectations to have for their child's literacy level at the end of elementary school.Conclusions & Implications: Although both groups have stimulating home literacy environments, children with cerebral palsy with speech or fine motor impairments are disadvantaged in a small number of literacy activities. Teachers and speech and language therapists can work with parents to give them suggestions on how to conduct emergent literacy activities with their child with speech impairments as well as how on to involve their child with speech and fine motor dysfunctions more actively in storybook reading activities. Furthermore, parents should be given more information about their child's language development in order the better to understand what goals are achievable so they may begin to form realistic expectations.
Evidence for the Construction of Quires in a Fifteenth-Century English Manuscript
Authors: Wakelin Daniel , Burlinson Christopher 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Recent conservation work on St John’s College, Cambridge, MS S.54, a late-fifteenth-century collection of Middle English carols and lyrics, uncovered connecting ‘bolts’ showing that what had seemed to be separate bifolia were in fact quadrifolia, with further evidence suggesting that the quadrifolia derived from octofolia, or pages created by folding sheets three times and only then cutting them apart. These are the only recorded surviving ‘bolts’ in a manuscript in English, and they offer further evidence for the importance of folding in the construction of quires. The use of folded sheets, cut open at a late stage, also tells us much about the transmission and circulation of the Middle English carols and lyrics in this manuscript.
Fecal β‐Defensin‐2 in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Authors: Kapel Nathalie , Benahmed Nacer , Morali Alain , Svahn Johan , Canioni Danielle , Goulet Olivier , Ruemmele Frank M 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTDefensins, endogenous antibiotic peptides, are part of the intestinal epithelial barrier. In this pilot study we analyzed the possibility of measuring fecal β‐defensin‐2 (HBD2) in comparing inflammatory and noninflammatory conditions. In samples from healthy control individuals, low levels of HBD2 were detectable, which markedly rose under inflammatory conditions (P = 0.0002 vs normal control individuals), the highest levels being observed in patients with ulcerative colitis (median 356 ng/g, range 40–527). Despite frank inflammation, Crohn disease patients with colitis had significantly lower, albeit enhanced, HBD2 levels than did ulcerative colitis patients. These data confirm the possibility of quantifying HBD2 in feces and indicate that colitis in Crohn disease and colitis in ulcerative colitis differ from each other with respect to their ability to secrete HBD2.
Role of the Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance Technique in Infants and Children
Authors: van Wijk Michiel P , Benninga Marc A , Omari Taher I 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTRecently, multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) was added to the repertoire of tests available to study esophageal (patho)physiology in children. MII has since been used in 2 major areas. First, it has been used as a diagnostic test for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The main advantage over traditional pH monitoring is its ability to detect both acid and nonacid gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and to discern between liquid and gas GER.Although feasible with multiple pH sensors, the MII technique routinely detects the proximal extent of a GER episode. When a pH sensor is added to the MII‐catheter, important information about the acidity of a GER event can be gathered.The second area in which the role of MII has been investigated is that of esophageal function testing. Manometry classically reveals information about esophageal pressure patterns and sphincter function, but does not inform us about bolus flow. MII not only detects the presence of esophageal flow but also adds information on the direction of flow, duration of bolus presence, completeness of bolus clearance, and composition of a bolus.The combination of MII with manometry enables determination of the relationship between esophageal pressures and flow and, therefore, enhances evaluation of esophageal function in terms of assessment of mechanisms of esophageal volume clearance. In addition, this technique will improve our understanding of (patho)physiological mechanisms in pediatric GERD and other esophageal motility disorders.
Generation of drug‐resistant mutants of Helicobacter pylori in the presence of peroxynitrite, a derivative of nitric oxide, at pathophysiological concentration
Authors: Kuwahara Hideo , Kariu Tohru , Fang Jun , Maeda Hiroshi 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTIn the present study it has been shown that the reactive nitrogen species, peroxynitrite, can cause at least a 7.1‐fold increase in the frequency of occurrence of drug‐resistant mutants of Helicobacter pylori at a pathophysiological concentration (e.g. 1.0 μM) and in the presence of CLR. Furthermore, the CLR MIC of these resistant H. pylori strains increased by at least 250 times or higher in CLR susceptibility. In the 45 resistant strains, the modification of 23S rRNA A2142G was the predominant mutation (22/45), followed by A2143G (17/45) within the sequences of 23S rRNA. The other mutants were one each (1/45) in A2142T, and T2269G, and two each (2/45) in C2695G and T1944C, respectively. These results show that the inflammatory host reaction involving induction of reactive oxygen species (e.g. O·−2), and the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase, is a significant cause of mutation via peroxynitrite formation, particularly in drug‐resistant bacterial strains.