bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Displays of Sayornis Phoebe (Aves, Tyrannidae)
Authors: Smith W.J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract(1) This report describes the behavior of communicating individuals of Sayornis phoebe (a North American tyrant flycatcher) and emphasizes the employment of the vocal repertoire. This comprises eight calls, of which only three are used commonly and in many contexts. Each of the remaining five occurs in fewer contexts, and all five may be restricted to the pair bonding and nesting phases of the annual behavioral cycle. The visible displays were studied less closely. Eight were identified, some of which were very rare. (2) Most attention was given to the vocalization commonly called "song" (herein Regularly Repeated Vocalization, RRV) which comprises two largely discrete units, the RR1 and RR2. These specify the identity of the communicator, and appear to indicate the existence of association tendencies which are non-aggressive in the case of the RR1, but occur with aggressive tendencies in the RR2. Association tendencies were inferred when an individual persistently remained near another individual (or sometimes a nest site) without attempting any form of contact behaviour. This was most commonly seen when the male of a pair associated with his mate (often without displays) wherever she went in the territory. RRV, however, was usually uttered in the absence of a visible recipient; if the recipient did appear the communicator associated at a distance or ceased using RRV and employed other displays. (3) The message of song is variable and determined by the relationships of its components. That is, changing combinations of the RR1 and RR2 appear to provide an index of the shifting mood of the singing individual. During continuous RRV calling the degree to which each unit is represented provides a relevant context for the other unit according to a temporal pattern which I have measured by "string length", and which could also be measured by the relative frequencies of occurrence per unit time. The varying relationships between the two units seems always to be patterned; only one case of RRV could be shown even to approach a random distribution.
Kinesthetic Orientation in the California Newt (Taricha Torosa)
Authors: Endler John 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExperiments were performed to test the possible role of the kinesthetic sense in the maintenance of the direction of travel in migrating newts. Two hundred and fifteen Taricha torosa were allowed to orient in an arena open only to the night sky and, after being spun, were allowed to orient again. One hundred and fifty-three came from the area in which the arena was located and sixty-two from a locality 39 airline miles away. "Unspun" newts oriented in the direction that they were travelling when first seen, and a roughly straight-line course was followed. Newts from the distant locality did not orient as well as those captured near the arena. After spinning, random movements or a route determined by the direction of release, was observed. It is concluded that a kinesthetic sense is probably important in helping these animals maintain a straight-line course during their migratory movements.
The Reproductive Behaviour and the Nature of Sexual Selection in Scatophaga Stercoraria L. (Diptera : Scatophagidae)
Authors: Parker G.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSexual attractiveness of calypterate Diptera may be measured by their ability to elicit encounters from individuals of opposite sex. Stationary female S. stercoraria elicit a much higher encounter rate from searching males than do stationary males and immobile pairs elicit an intermediate rate. It is therefore concluded that males can 'recognise' these three types of individual; probably by visual means. Sexual attractiveness after contact may be measured by the extent to which a contact courtship bout progresses or by measuring the 'bout duration'. There is no difference between the bout durations of males with other males and that with pairs. This implies that on contact there is no ability to discriminate between pairs and males. This is not true, however, when an attacking male manages to touch a paired female during a contact bout. This results in a struggle between males for the possession of the female. Paired males perform characteristic rejection response patterns to different types of encounter bout, depending on the direction of attack and the extent to which the bout proceeds. The responses appear to have evolved to prevent touching of the female by the attacker. By far the most common type of bout occurs when the attacker mounts a pair. The paired male almost always reponds by raising both middle legs and 'standing' (straightening the front legs), a reaction which doubles the distance between the attacker and the female and thus effectively prevents contact of the attacker with the female. This is essentially a contact reaction, since a premature response would allow direct access to the female rather than having the effect of 'shrugging off' the attacker. The rejection reactions of paired males could have arisen from the avoidance reactions of single males. Single ('searching') males perform most of the reactions of paired males but less vigorously, and in addition perform swaying movements similar to those of females. The avoidance reactions of single males may have adaptive value in reducing the time wasted in a bout with another male. With both single and paired males, the intensity of the rejection response elicited is proportional to the extent to which the bout proceeds after contact. Males in the passive phase (i.e. paired to ovipositing females) react most intensely to a given type of bout. Struggles occur in about 7% of encounters with both type of pair and result from failure of the rejection responses, instability, or multiple attacks. They involve up to several minutes time waste before one male finally dominates. Take-overs (where the original male is ousted) are much more frequent in attacks of pairs involved in oviposition than with pairs in genital contact, occurring in 1.75% and 0.65% of encounters respectively. The second male then begins genital contact immediately.
Mating Behaviour in the Bug, Pyrrhocoris Ap Ter Us L. (Heteroptera): Ontogeny and Its Environmental Control
Authors: Zdarek Jan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI. The male mating behaviour in Pyrrhocoris apterus is initiated by a non-specific response to a moving object. For its completion olfactory stimuli perceived by the terminal antennal segment are necessary. An active female contributes to the epigamic interactions by releasing an attractive factor, and mainly by manifesting her receptivity upon tactile stimulation of the courting male. 2. Non-diapausing specimens (kept in 18 hr/day photophase) start to mate 3 to 5 days after the imaginal moult; in males the sexual activity does not fluctuate throughout the imaginal instar; in females drops in activity were recorded in connection with cyclic oviposition. 3. Starvation following the itnaginal moult does not Interfere with development of the sexual instinct in males. On the contrary, females do not display sexual activity until they are fed; this applies to females after the moult or after oviposition. Feeding is thus an initial stimulus not only for oogenesis in each consecutive cycle but also for the onset of sexual activity in non-diapausing females. 4. Diapausing specimens of both sexes (kept in 8-12 hr/day photophase) are sexually inactive. In the male, this in the most significant sign indicating the imaginal diapause.
An Ethological Analysis of Communal Nursing By the House Mouse (Mus Musculus)
Authors: Sayler Anne , Salmon Michael 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPregnant female mice (Mus musculus) housed in the same cage, will, upon parturition, combine their litters into a common nest. Young raised communally in this manner grow faster than young raised by single mothers. Since communal nursing occurs consistently in the laboratory, we analysed several aspects of the behavior. I. In the first group of experiments, we determined which factors were responsible for promoting increased growth rates in communally-nursed pups. Groups containing one mother and 14 young (1/14), one mother with seven young (1/7) and two mothers with 14 young (2/14) were compared. Communal young nursed more than young raised by single mothers. At the same time, each communal female nursed less than a solitary female with a litter of equivalent size. Mammary gland development in communal females was greater than in single females nursing 7 young. The interaction between these factors accounts for increased growth rates in communal pups. 2. The reactions of mice raised in a communal nest and mice raised by single mothers were measured in the open field test and in the emergence test. There was no effect of fostering on "exploration" as measured by activity in the open field. Defecation rates, reflecting "emotionality" were low in males raised in a litter of 14 young, regardless of the number of mothers. Mice of both sexes raised in 1/14 litter groupings were the least "timid" as defined by the emergence test. It thus appeared that communal nursing had little influence on adult emotional behavior. 3. The factors influencing females to combine their young into communal nests were determined. Females and their young, separated from similar groups by a barrier consistently combined their young into a common nest when the barrier was lifted. Maternal experience, age of the young or the presence of nesting materials made little difference in their ability to perform this behavior. Aggressive behavior on the part of the mother with infant litters was directed at the alien young when there was a large age discrepancy between the two litters of pups. The significance of these results is discussed.
An Inquiry Into the Genesis of Aggression in Mice Induced By Isolation
Authors: Banerjee U. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn easily reproducible method was developed for isolating mice and evaluating isolation-induced aggression. A scoring schedule for rating aggressiveness and a formula to assess the dominance-subordination index (DI) were adopted. Sixty-eight white and black male mice, in 3 series, were socially isolated at 3-6 weeks of age. Increased excitability, hyperkinesia and other behavioural aberrations were observed during the first 6 weeks of isolation after which fighting sessions were started between conspecific pairs of mice. They were placed into 3 grades of aggressiveness on the basis of the scores and DI from 12 fighting sessions for each series. Aggressiveness increased till the 4th to 6th fighting session as the mice gained experience in fighting but decreased thereafter, probably, due to frequent contacts with and habituation to other mice that could be considered as 'socialization'. The respective roles of social isolation in engendering aggression and of socialization in suppressing it were discussed in relevance with the possible mechanisms.
Pheromone Trail-Following Studies of Typhlopid, Leptotyphlopid, and Colubrid Snakes
Authors: Gehlbach Frederick R. , Watkins Julian F. , Kroll James C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The blind snakes, Leptotyphlops dulcis and Typhlops pusillus, readily follow pheromone trails of various ants and termites and their own trails plus those made by conspecific individuals. Conversely, the colubrid snakes, Sonora episcopa, Tantilla gracilis, and Virginia striatula, do not follow insect and snake trails as readily, although the latter two species follow army ant and earthworm trails, respectively. Army ant trails are followed much further by the blind snakes than trails of other ants. This behavior is selectively advantageous, since these trails can lead to both army ant and captured ant brood as food for the snakes. Blind snakes and colubrids follow the trails of individuals of the opposite sex further than their own trails or those of other members of the same sex. This behavior is selectively advantageous for reproduction. Also, snake trail-following may effect aggregations that conserve moisture and reduce temperature fluctuations. Pheromone trail-following in general is advantageous, as it reduces the energy spent foraging for food, shelter, and mates.
Luring Behavior in the Scorpionfish, Iracundus Signifer
Authors: Shallenberger Robert J. , Madden William D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn October, 1970, laboratory observations were conducted on fishes collected from the hull of a 12 meter boat which had remained on the ocean bottom in 70 meters of water for over five months. Included in the collection were three live specimens of the scorpionfish, Iracundus signifer Jordan and Evermann. These specimens displayed a type of luring behavior unlike any pattern described previously. Prior to feeding, the camouflaged scorpionfish raised its spinous dorsal fin and began snapping it from side to side in a characteristic fashion. Colors on the fin intensified during the display. The image of a small fish, complete with eye, mouth and dorsal fin, became visible on the fin. Prey fish, attracted within range, or at least distracted by the luring, were attacked by the scorpionfish and rapidly swallowed. The most comparative patterns in vertebrates are seen in the highly diversified angler-fishes, although members of the fresh water mussel family, Lampsilidae, display a similar lure in the attraction of host fishes for their larvae. The behavioral and morphological components of luring in I. signifer are seen individually among other members of the family Scorpaenidae, although none appear to have evolved a coordinated luring pattern closely similar to I. signifer. Experimental and observational data indicate that erection and movement of the lure may elicit a simple behavioral response, not directly related to the fishlike qualities of the lure. The evolution of this pattern is considered.
Social Facilitation in the Bengalese Finch
Authors: Birke Lynda I.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObservations of paired male Bengalese finches showed that preening, feeding, beak-wiping, and drinking behaviour tended to be synchronised. There was also a strong tendency for one individual to sing whenever its companion began to feed. No synchrony of singing was found. Experiments were designed to induce specific behaviour patterns in one individual in order to record the subsequent behaviour of the companion. Locomotion was found to increase when the locomotion of the companion was raised. Manipulation of nest-material and singing were hoth increased when the companion was manipulating nest-material. When the companion was induced to feed, singing increased but not feeding. Preening, feather-shaking and beak-wiping were not affected by their performance by the companion. The relevance of these effects to the social life of the species is discussed, and it is suggested that the occurrence of song in response to the companion's feeding might serve a contact-promoting function. An explanation is proposed for the failure to induce social facilitation of feeding in the experimental situation.
An Apparatus for Recording Animal Motor Activity
Authors: Viaud P. , Le Cain Y. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An actograph for continuous recording of the animal's position on the floor of its cage is described. The sensitive devices are slightly flexible blades according to the position X, Y of the animal being tested, on the floor, are recorded by strain gauges cemented on. The main interesting features of this actograph are: - a non-disturbance of the tested animal's behaviour, - a complete space-time analysis of its motor-activity.
Analyse Experimentale Du Role De L'Ovitube Dans Le Comportement De Ponte De La Bruche Du Haricot (Acanthoscelides Obtectus Say- Coleoptera, Bruchidae)
Authors: Pouzat Jean 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA resume is made of the major sequences of egg-laying behaviour, both in nature and on stored seeds, of the bean weevil. An experimental analysis of the role of the ovipositor in the act of egg-laying is then undertaken by simple techniques. It is observed that an important stimulus, with respect to this, is mechanical in nature: resulting from contact between the setae of the ovipositor on the one hand, and the seed and the "ground" on the other. Simply suspending the seed instead of leaving it lie on the cage bottom, suffices to reduce egg-laying and production significantly. Examination of egg-laying, when the substratum furnished is a trellis with suitable sized mesh, shows that an important aspect of the mechanical stimulus is in its concentrical character, i.e., the fact that it is applied to a greater number of setae all around the ovipositor. The result enables us to understand better the behaviour in nature, where there is a boring of the bean pod followed by egg-laying inside that pod through through the hole made. In the course of the paper some connected problems are evoked: - The relationship between egg-laying and production; - The more or less necessary character of the succession of the different sequences in egg-laying behaviour. Existence of intermediary cases, between individuals which can lay eggs only in the pod and those laying in the apparent absence of any stimulus, particularly stimuli connected with the bean; - Links between the phytophage and its host, remarks on the apparently unfavourable peculiarity of laying a great number of eggs in the same place, the possible consequences with respect to population dynamics.
The Evolution of Mating Systems in Temperate Zone Dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) Ii: Libellula Luctuosa (Burmeister)
Authors: Campanella Paul J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe behavioral ecology of Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) (Odonata: Anisoptera) was studied at several ponds in northern New York State, U.S.A. The male Libellula maintained territories which were slightly overlapping on each pond. As many as six males utilized each territorial sector of the pond concurrently. Conspecifics showing submissive behavior were allowed on the mating site, and all males on the territory recognized and maintained the boundaries. These communal sites were primarily mating/ovipositing areas. Aggressive interactions among co-occurring males resulted in the establishment of a dominance hierarchy on each territory. The dominance hierarchy increased the reproductive efficiency of the dominant male probably by reducing interference with mating. Subordinate males occasionally mated. The relative advantage of dominance in mating attempts is quantified. The average number of males at the pond changed little during the day and males did not localize their behavior to specific parts of the pond. An individual male returned to the pond an average of 5 different days. While at the water, males either flew over a territory or perched adjacent to the pond. Individuals frequently left the pond and returned during the day. The amount of time spent in each activity depended on the time of day and number of conspecific competitors. Site attachment was low and males commonly flew to different territorial sectors. The dominance status of individual males often changed quite rapidly, especially when changing sectors or upon returning to the pond. Female Libellula occurred at low average daily density and showed no preference for specific areas of the pond or for certain times of day. Time budgets and analyses of mating behavior of Libellula luctuosa are considered with regard to the males' response to the availability and predictability of females and mating/ ovipositing sites. The behavioral patterns are analyzed with reference to a time-energymaturational-experiential hypothesis for the evolution of the behavior. Extensive comparisons are made between Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) and Plathemis lydia (Drury).
Territoriality and Scent Marking By Centris Males (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae) in Jamaica
Authors: Raw Anthony 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. The behaviour of males of the three Jamaican Centris (Centris) species searching for females showed a gradation. (a) C. fasciata hovered often around food plants, but did not deposit scent. (b) C. decolorata hovered less often and scented less often a little in territories near nests. (c) C. dirrhoda hovered little and scented often in territories away from nests and food plants. 2. The scent used was detected in the males' mandibular glands and the sizes of these glands were directly proportional to the frequency of scent deposition. 3. A dominance hierarchy existed among C. decolorata males. 4. Males of a fourth species, C. (Hemisiella) crassipes, marked their territories with a secretion, probably derived from the hind femoral glands.
Olfactory Mimicry Involving Garter Snakes and Artificial Models and Mimics
Authors: Czaplicki James A. , Porter Richard H. , Wilcoxon Hardy C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In Experiment I, ten garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) accustomed to a diet of fish were injected with either lithium chloride or normal saline thirty minutes after their ingestion of worms (models). On extinction days, the subjects were offered both fish that had been dipped into an extract prepared from the surface substances of worms (mimics) and untreated fish. The lithium chloride injected subjects responded with significantly longer latencies to the mimics than did the saline injected subjects, while both groups responded with similar short latencies to the untreated fish. In Experiment II, six garter snakes were injected with either lithium chloride or saline following their ingestion of the model worms. On extinction days, the subjects were offered fish that had been dipped into guppy or cave salamander extract in addition to the mimics and untreated fish. The lithium chloride injected subjects responded with longer latencies to the mimics than did the saline injected subjects. Both lithium chloride and saline injected subjects responded with similar latencies to the other prey offered. The above experiments demonstrated the theoretical viability of the concept of olfactory mimicry. It appears that garter snakes will reject normally edible minnows that bear an olfactory resemblance to worms after they have experienced a delayed toxicosis subsequent to their ingestion of the worms (Experiment I). Furthermore, this aversion is specific to the mimics and not the result of a toxicosis-induced neophobia which would lead to the serpents' rejection of all novel prey (Experiment II) .
Behavioural Interaction Between Sexually Experienced Culicoides Melleus (Coquillett) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Linley J.R. , Mook M.S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The sexual behaviour of sexually experienced Culicoides melleus males has been investigated. Immediately after completing a prior copulation, the male almost invariably makes only brief temporary union of the genitalia with a previously mated female before releasing his hold. Release is equally frequent whether the female be the male's original mate or the original mate of another male. In contrast, recently mated males frequently complete copulation at the first attempt with young virgin females, and virgin males almost invariably complete with recently mated females. The behaviour of sexually experienced individuals was found to depend on male sensitivity (acquired during copulation) to female defensive grooming before and after establishment of genital union. Defensive grooming provides the stimulus to which the sensitive male responds by releasing the female. Male sensitivity to the stimulus declines with passage of time since his last copulation.