bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outflow activity in brown dwarfs
Authors: Whelan Emma T. , Ray Thomas P. , Bacciotti Francesca , Randich Sofia , Jayawardhana Ray , Natta Antonella , Testi Leonardo , Mohanty Subu 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWhile numerous studies have been aimed at understanding the properties of young brown dwarfs relatively little exploration of their potential as drivers of outflows has occurred. Forbidden emission lines are important probes of outflows from young stellar objects, as they trace the shocks which form as an outflow interacts with the ambient medium of its driving source. While forbidden emission was identified in the spectra of young brown dwarfs, indicating the presence of outflows, these lines were weak and confined to the brown dwarf continuum position. Hence their origin in an outflow could not be confirmed. Our approach to this problem, is to analyse the forbidden line regions of brown dwarfs using spectro-astrometry. Spectro-astrometry is a novel technique which allows the user to recover spatial information from a spectrum beyond the limitations of the seeing of the observation. Using this technique we have found two brown dwarf outflows to date. In this chapter we outline this technique, describe our results for the brown dwarfs ρ-Oph 102 and 2MASS1207-3932 and discuss our future plans.
Summary and concluding remarks
Authors: Appenzeller Immo 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis symposium was characterized by an intense exchange of new information and by lively discussions on many aspects of the formation and early evolution of low-mass stars. The observational data presented at this meeting, obtained in spectral regions ranging from X-rays to submm waves, were found to be remarkably consistent with the current magnetospheric disc-accretion paradigm for young stellar objects. But there remain open questions, and a full understanding of the star-formation process will require much additional work.
A new approach to the spatio-temporal pattern identification in neuronal multi-electrode registrations
Authors: Esposti Federico , Lamanna Jacopo , Signorini Maria Gabriella 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA lot of methods were created in last decade for the spatio-temporal analysis of multi-electrode array (MEA) neuronal data sets. All these methods were implemented starting from a channel to channel analysis, with a great computational effort and onerous spatial pattern recognition task. Our idea is to approach the MEA data collection from a different point of view, i.e. considering all channels simultaneously. We transform the 2D plus time MEA signal in a mono-dimensional plus time signal and elaborate it as a normal 1D signal, using the Space-Amplitude Transform method. This geometrical transformation is completely invertible and allows to employ very fast processing algorithms.
The NCI-Nature Pathway Interaction Database: A cell signaling resource.
Authors: Krupa Shiva , Anthony Kira , Buchoff Jeffrey , Day Matthew , Hannay Timo , Schaefer Carl 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Pathway Interaction Database (*PID*, http://pid.nci.nih.gov) is a freely availablecollection of curated and peer-reviewed signaling pathways composed of humanbiomolecular interactions and cellular processes. Created in a collaboration between theU.S. National Cancer Institute and Nature Publishing Group, the database is a researchtool for cell biologists, biochemists, computational biologists and bioinformaticians.The PID offers a range of tools to facilitate pathway exploration. Users can browse thepre-defi ned set of pathways and also create interaction network maps centered ona single molecule of interest or an extensive list of molecules. In addition, users candownload complete data sets in extensible markup language (XML) and BiologicalPathway Exchange (BioPAX) Level 2 formats. The database is updated every month andsupplemented by a concise editorial section that provides synopses of recent noteworthypapers in cell signaling and specially commissioned articles on the practical uses ofother relevant online tools. Users can sign up for free email alerts or RSS feeds to receivedatabase updates.
The Normal Fetal Heart Rate Study: Analysis Plan
Authors: Daumer Martin , Scholz Michael , Boulesteix Anne-Laure , Pildner von Steinburg Stephanie , Schiermeier Sven , Hatzmann Wolfgang , Schneider K T M 
Published: November 2007

AbstractRecording of fetal heart rate via CTG monitoring has been routinely performed as an important part of antenatal and subpartum care for several decades. The current guidelines of the FIGO (ref1) recommend a normal range of the fetal heart rate from 110 to 150 bpm. However, there is no agreement in the medical community whether this is the correct range (ref2). We aim to address this question by computerized analysis (ref 3) of a high quality database (HQDb, ref 4) of about one billion electronically registered fetal heart rate measurements from about 10,000 pregnancies in three medical centres over seven years. In the present paper, we lay out a detailed analysis plan for this evidence-based project in the vein of the validation policy of the Sylvia Lawry Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research (ref 5) with a split of the database into an exploratory part and a part reserved for validation. We will perform the analysis and the validation after publication of this plan in order to reduce the probability of publishing false positive research findings (ref 6-7).
Gastrointestinal roles for proteinase‐activated receptors in health and disease
Authors: Kawabata A , Matsunami M , Sekiguchi F 
Published: November 2007

It has been almost a decade since the molecular cloning of all four members of the proteinase‐activated receptor (PAR) family was completed. This unique family of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediates specific cellular actions of various endogenous proteinases including thrombin, trypsin, tryptase, etc. and also certain exogenous enzymes. Increasing evidence has been clarifying the emerging roles played by PARs in health and disease. PARs, particularly PAR1 and PAR2, are distributed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, modulating various GI functions. One of the most important GI functions of PARs is regulation of exocrine secretion in the salivary glands, pancreas and GI mucosal epithelium. PARs also modulate motility of GI smooth muscle, involving multiple mechanisms. PAR2 appears to play dual roles in pancreatitis and related pain, being pro‐inflammatory/pro‐nociceptive and anti‐inflammatory/anti‐nociceptive. Similarly, dual roles for PAR1 and PAR2 have been demonstrated in mucosal inflammation/damage throughout the GI tract. There is also fundamental and clinical evidence for involvement of PAR2 in colonic pain. PARs are thus considered key molecules in regulation of GI functions and targets for development of drugs for treatment of various GI diseases.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, S230–S240; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707491; published online 12 November 2007
Cannabinoid CB2receptors: a therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain
Authors: Guindon J , Hohmann A G 
Published: November 2007

Cannabinoids suppress behavioural responses to noxious stimulation and suppress nociceptive transmission through activation of CB1and CB2receptor subtypes. CB1receptors are expressed at high levels in the central nervous system (CNS), whereas CB2receptors are found predominantly, but not exclusively, outside the CNS. CB2receptors are also upregulated in the CNS and dorsal root ganglia by pathological pain states. Here, we review behavioural, neurochemical and electrophysiological data, which identify cannabinoid CB2receptors as a therapeutic target for treating pathological pain states with limited centrally, mediated side effects. The development of CB2‐selective agonists (with minimal affinity for CB1) as well as mutant mice lacking CB2receptors has provided pharmacological and genetic tools required to evaluate the effectiveness of CB2agonists in suppressing persistent pain states. This review will examine the efficacy of cannabinoid CB2‐selective agonists in suppressing acute, inflammatory and neuropathic nociception following systemic and local routes of administration. Data derived from behavioural, neurochemical and neurophysiological approaches are discussed to better understand the relationship between antinociceptive effects induced by CB2‐selective agonists in behavioural studies and neural mechanisms of pain suppression. Finally, the therapeutic potential and possible limitations of CB2‐based pharmacotherapies for pathological pain states induced by tissue and nerve injury are discussed.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 319–334; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707531; published online 12 November 2007
Effect of K201, a novel antiarrhythmic drug on calcium handling and arrhythmogenic activity of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes
Authors: Chen Y‐J , Chen Y‐C , Wongcharoen W , Lin C‐I , Chen S‐A 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:Pulmonary veins are the most important focus for the generation of atrial fibrillation. Abnormal calcium homeostasis with ryanodine receptor dysfunction may underlie the arrhythmogenic activity in pulmonary veins. The preferential ryanodine receptor stabilizer (K201) possesses antiarrhythmic effects through calcium regulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of K201 on the arrhythmogenic activity and calcium regulation of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes.Experimental approach:The ionic currents and intracellular calcium were studied in isolated single cardiomyocytes from rabbit pulmonary vein before and after the administration of K201, by the whole‐cell patch clamp and indo‐1 fluorimetric ratio techniques.Key results:K201 (0.1, 0.3, 1 μM) reduced the firing rates in pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes, decreased the amplitudes of the delayed afterdepolarizations and prolonged the action potential duration. K201 decreased the L‐type calcium currents, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger currents, transient inward currents and calcium transients. K201 (1 μM, but not 0.1 μM or 0.3 μM) also reduced the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium content. Moreover, both the pretreatment and administration of K201 (0.3 μM) decreased the isoprenaline (10 nM)‐induced arrhythmogenesis in pulmonary veins.Conclusions and implications:K201 reduced the arrhythmogenic activity of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes and attenuated the arrhythmogenicity induced by isoprenaline. These findings may reveal the anti‐arrhythmic potential of K201.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 915–925; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707564; published online 12 November 2007
In vitroandin vivocharacterization of A‐796260: a selective cannabinoid CB2receptor agonist exhibiting analgesic activity in rodent pain models
Authors: Yao B B , Hsieh G C , Frost J M , Fan Y , Garrison T R , Daza A V , Grayson G K , Zhu C Z , Pai M , Chandran P , Salyers A K , Wensink E J , Honore P , Sullivan J P , Dart M J , Meyer M D 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:Selective cannabinoid CB2receptor agonists have demonstrated analgesic activity across multiple preclinical pain models. AM1241 is an indole derivative that exhibits high affinity and selectivity for the CB2binding site and broad spectrum analgesic activity in rodent models, but is not an antagonist of CB2in vitrofunctional assays. Additionally, its analgesic effects are μ‐opioid receptor‐dependent. Herein, we describe thein vitroandin vivopharmacological properties of A‐796260, a novel CB2agonist.Experimental approach:A‐796260 was characterized in radioligand binding andin vitrofunctional assays at rat and human CB1and CB2receptors. The behavioural profile of A‐796260 was assessed in models of inflammatory, post‐operative, neuropathic, and osteoarthritic (OA) pain, as well as its effects on motor activity. The receptor specificity was confirmed using selective CB1, CB2and μ‐opioid receptor antagonists.Key results:A‐796260 exhibited high affinity and agonist efficacy at human and rat CB2receptors, and was selective for the CB2vs CB1subtype. Efficacy in models of inflammatory, post‐operative, neuropathic and OA pain was demonstrated, and these activities were selectively blocked by CB2, but not CB1or μ‐opioid receptor‐selective antagonists. Efficacy was achieved at doses that had no significant effects on motor activity.Conclusions and implications:These results further confirm the therapeutic potential of CB2receptor‐selective agonists for the treatment of pain. In addition, they demonstrate that A‐796260 may be a useful new pharmacological compound for further studying CB2receptor pharmacology and for evaluating its role in the modulation of pain.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 390–401; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707568; published online 12 November 2007
Regulation of basal tone, relaxation and contraction of the lower oesophageal sphincter. Relevance to drug discovery for oesophageal disorders
Authors: Farré R , Sifrim D 
Published: November 2007

The lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) is a specialized region of the oesophageal circular smooth muscle that allows the passage of a swallowed bolus to the stomach and prevents the reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus. The anatomical arrangement of the LOS includes semicircular clasp fibres adjacent to the lesser gastric curvature and sling fibres following the greater gastric curvature. Such anatomical arrangement together with an asymmetric intrinsic innervation and distinct proportion of neurotransmitters in both regions produces an asymmetric pressure profile. The LOS tone is myogenic in origin and depends on smooth muscle properties that lead to opening of L‐type Ca2+channels; however it can be modulated by enteric motor neurons, the parasympathetic and sympathetic extrinsic nervous system and several neurohumoral substances. Nitric oxide synthesized by neuronal NOS is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in LOS relaxation. Different putative neurotransmitters have been proposed to play a role together with NO. So far, only ATP or related purines have shown to be co‐transmitters with NO. Acetylcholine and tachykinins are involved in the LOS contraction acting through acetylcholine M3and tachykinin NK2receptors. Nitric oxide can also be involved in the regulation of LOS contraction. The understanding of the mechanisms that originate and modulate LOS tone, relaxation and contraction and the characterization of neurotransmitters and receptors involved in LOS function are important to develop new pharmacological tools to treat primary oesophageal motor disorders and gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 858–869; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707572; published online 12 November 2007
Role of NADPH oxidase and iNOS in vasoconstrictor responses of vessels from hypertensive and normotensive rats
Authors: Álvarez Y , Briones A M , Hernanz R , Pérez‐Girón J V , Alonso M J , Salaices M 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:To analyse the influence of hypertension in the modulation induced by inducible NOS (iNOS)‐derived NO and superoxide anion (O2
•−) of vasoconstrictor responses and the sources of O2
•− implicated.Experimental approach:Vascular reactivity experiments were performed in segments of aorta from normotensive, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR); protein and mRNA expressions were respectively measured by western blot and quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and O2
•− production was evaluated by ethidium fluorescence.Key results:The contractile responses to phenylephrine (1 nM–30 μM) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (0.1–100 μM) were greater in aortic segments from SHR than WKY. The selective iNOS inhibitor, 1400W (10 μM), increased the phenylephrine contraction only in WKY segments; however, iNOS protein and mRNA expressions were greater in aorta from SHR than WKY. Superoxide dismutase (SOD, 150 U ml−1) reduced phenylephrine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine responses only in aorta from SHR; the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin (0.3 mM) decreased phenylephrine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine responses more in vessels from SHR than WKY. Co‐incubation with SOD plus 1400W potentiated the phenylephrine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine responses more in segments from SHR than WKY. O2
•− production was greater in aorta from SHR than WKY; apocynin abolished this difference.Conclusions and implications:Increased O2
•− formation from NADP(H) oxidase in vessels from hypertensive rats contributes to the vasoconstrictor responses and counteract the increase of NO from iNOS and the consequent modulation of these responses.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 926–935; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707575; published online 12 November 2007
Title, Control, and Closure? The Experience of the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission
Authors: Shaw Malcolm N 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article examines the establishment and work of the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission with regard to its decision of 13 April 2002 concerning the delimitation of the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia and subsequent events. Apart from an examination of the substantive decision of the Commission in the light of the law relating to territory, the article will discuss certain unusual features of the process, including mandating the Commission both to delimit and demarcate the boundary and the involvement of third parties. The delimitation decision is significant in a number of ways, including its views as to the applicable law, treaty interpretation and the subsequent conduct of the parties in relation to title. The long-running and difficult process of demarcation is noted, together with the important role played by the UN and other international actors.
A Charter of Rights for the Island of Ireland: An Unknown Quantity in the Good Friday/Belfast Agreement
Authors: Egan Suzanne , Murray Rachel 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe basic aim of the Good Friday/Belfast Agreement was to try to achieve a political settlement to the conflict in Northern Ireland. While the channels for the settlement were to be primarily institutional, the importance of safeguarding the rights of both communities in Northern Ireland by addressing equality and justice issues was recognized, to varying degrees, by all parties to the process that led to the drafting of the Agreement. As the negotiations progressed, the human rights section of the Agreement grew exponentially, moving ‘from the margins to the mainstream’ so that the final Agreement contains a whole section on human rights protections. Not only have these particular elements of the Agreement come to fruition, but they also have received a considerable amount of public and political interest as well as academic comment and analysis. Buried within the human rights chapter, however, is a concept that has so far received minimal interest or enthusiasm from any quarter. That is the reference in paragraph 10 of the ‘Rights, Safeguards and Equality of Opportunity’ chapter to the possibility of establishing an all-island Charter of Rights.The purpose of this article is threefold. First, it traces the genesis of the Charter of Rights concept through to its inclusion in the Good Friday/Belfast Agreement; secondly, it examines the approach thus far taken by the Joint Committee of the two human rights commissions to the task entrusted to them in relation to the Charter by the Agreement; and finally, it explores some of the issues that need to be considered and the challenges faced by that Committee in future efforts to assist in the construction of any such Charter. In so doing, it describes the political and legal difficulties faced in attempts not only to formulate agreement on human rights but also to create a legal document which may be applicable to two jurisdictions. It concludes by suggesting ways in which the project may be progressed.
Rethinking the Role of Judicial Independence in Socialist-Transforming East Asia
Authors: Gillespie John 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article argues that judicial independence is a poor indicator of the capacity of courts effectively to resolve commercial disputes. Judicial power is a more accurate measure because it assesses whether courts have sufficient jurisdiction, discretionary authority and enforcement powers to make decisions over socially meaningful commercial problems. In fact, judicial independence may reduce the power of newly emerging commercial courts in socialist-transforming Asia, which need politics to protect them from interference by powerful governments and private investors. This article explores the trade-offs between judicial power and political patronage by inquiring into the circumstances where patronage may slide into interference. It also investigates the conditions in which judges are most likely to acquire or arrogate discretionary powers to understand politics on their terms. Finally, this article analyses the highly polarized views in this region about what constitutes valid judicial determinations. The message for international agencies contemplating judicial reforms is that reducing political influence and promoting law-based decisions will not uniformly generate popular support and legitimacy for courts.
Genocide as a Fact of Common Knowledge
Authors: Jørgensen Nina HB 
Published: November 2007

AbstractJudicial notice has become a widely used tool in the practice of international criminal tribunals but its use has always been constrained by the fair trial rights of the accused. This article considers the possible impact on those rights of the decision of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) Appeals Chamber to take judicial notice of the genocide in Rwanda as a notorious fact against the backdrop of the legal requirements for judicial notice as a fact of common knowledge and as an adjudicated fact. The question whether it would have been more appropriate to notice the Rwandan genocide as an adjudicated fact is addressed in the context of the implications for other instances of genocide, for example Srebrenica.
The ICJ in the 21st Century: Judicial Restraint, Judicial Activism, or Proactive Judicial Policy
Authors: Kooijmans He Judge Pieter 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA court of law can take various approaches when dealing with a case before it: judicial restraint, judicial activism or a proactive policy. In the present article the recent case law of the International Court of Justice is analysed in this light. The author is of the view that the Court, as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations should, wherever possible, by a careful judicial policy, apart from deciding the case in hand, give guidance and provide clarification on a number of questions which are of primordial importance in present-day international society but still are largely obscure from a legal point of view.
Characterization of polycapillary X-ray lens for application in confocal three-dimensional energy-dispersive micro X-ray diffraction experiments
Authors: Sun Tianxi , Zhang Meirong , Ding Xunliang , Liu Zhiguo , Lin Xiaoyan , Liu Hui 
Published: November 2007

A confocal technology based on polycapillary X-ray optics is proposed to perform three-dimensional energy-dispersive micro X-ray diffraction. A three-dimensional energy-dispersive micro X-ray diffractometer based on a polycapillary focusing X-ray lens (PFXRL) in the excitation channel and a polycapillary parallel X-ray lens (PPXRL) in the detection channel has been designed. At 2\theta = 90^ \circ, the lateral resolution l_X \times l_Y of this diffractometer is 49.7 \times 49.9 \rm \micro m at 7.5 keV, and its depth resolution d_Z is 48.1 \rm \micro m at 8.0 keV. The total resolution of this diffractometer in \Delta d/d is 6.5% at 6.4 keV and 2\theta = 140.2^ \circ.