bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memory reconsolidation of cocaine‐associated context requires nitric oxide signaling
Authors: Itzhak Yossef , Anderson Karen L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRecent studies suggest that long‐term memory (LTM) is labile because retrieval of such memories may undergo a reconsolidation process which is vulnerable to disruption. Nitric oxide (NO) is a retrograde messenger involved in synaptic plasticity and LTM. In the present study the role of NO in reconsolidation of LTM of cocaine‐associate context was investigated in wild type (WT) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) deficient mice (knockout; KO). LTM of cocaine‐associated context was established in both WT and nNOS KO mice by conditioned place preference learning. Subsequently, the retrieval of place preference in WT mice was challenged by either saline or the selective nNOS inhibitor 7‐nitroindazole, and retrieval of place preference in KO mice was challenged by either saline or the NO‐donor molsidomine. Results suggest that in the absence of nNOS activity, particularly during the reconsolidation phase, LTM of cocaine‐associated context is extinguished. Synapse 61:1002–1005, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The number of dopaminergic cells is increased in the olfactory bulb of monkeys chronically exposed to MPTP
Authors: Belzunegui Silvia , Sebastián Waldy San , Garrido‐Gil Pablo , Izal‐azcárate Amaya , Vázquez‐Claverie Marianne , López Berta , Marcilla Irene , Lanciego José Luis , Luquin Maria Rosario 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe investigated the impact of the nigrostriatal lesion on the olfactory tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive (TH‐ir) cells in monkeys. The majority of these TH‐ir cells appeared in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb and many were immature but functional dopaminergic neurons. In parkinsonian monkeys the number of olfactory dopaminergic neurons increased up to 100% as compared to controls, but their phenotype did not change. This increased TH‐ir cell population might be a direct consequence of the nigral cell loss and contribute to the hyposmia reported by Parkinson's disease patients.Synapse 61:1006–1012, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Publishers as elements of the scientific communication system
Authors: Lucius Wulf D. v. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The author argues that the new digital possibilities in scientific communication do not imply, by any means, that many old requirements are becoming dispensable. The essential elements of the system, such as quality assurance, authenticity, orientation and navigation will still demand considerable expense. The overall system costs will rather be higher in a hybrid system. In the second part of his lecture, the author discusses the two fundamentally different open access models, the Golden Road, which is supposed to be able to operate, eventually, without any publishers, and the Green Road, whose functioning is based on primary publication through publishing houses. Finally, the basic issue of the indispensable qualitative stratigraphy of scientific documents is addressed. For this, the published journals, which also provide topical focus and, thus, orientation as well as active marketing in terms of optimal diffusion, still are a very capable tool. It is questionable to what extent these tasks could be fulfilled by university-based repositories. The publishing houses, on the other hand, have a proven track record of providing a wide range of useful value-adding services in digital publishing.
Study of the Additive Effect on the Cloud Point of Nortriptyline Hydrochloride Solutions
Authors: Kabir‐ud‐Din  , Al‐Ahmadi Mohd. D. A. , Naqvi Andleeb Z. , Akram Mohd. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe cloud point (CP) phenomenon has been studied in amphiphilic drug nortriptyline hydrochloride solutions with or without additives. The drug solutions were prepared in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer. An increase in pH decreases the solution CP in the absence as well as the presence of additives (urea and TBuAB) due to deprotonation of the drug molecules. At constant pH (7.07), addition of simple salts (NaF, NaCl, NaBr) increases the CP by increasing the micelle hydration. Addition of Br salts (LiBr, NaBr, KBr) also increases the CP. The behavior is explained on the basis of the cation hydrated radius. Quaternary ammonium bromides, due to adsorption/mixed‐micelle formation, also increase the CP, the order being: Bu<Pr<Et<Me. The urea family additives influence CP in both ways depending on whether they contain the >C = O or >C = S moiety. The former interacts with the micelles and decreases CP while the latter (due to its electropositive character) may not interact and hence increases CP.
Developmental effects of perinatal exposure to extremely weak 7 Hz magnetic fields and nitric oxide modulation in the Wistar albino rat
Authors: Whissell P.D. , Persinger M.A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPrenatal exposure of pregnant dams to oscillating magnetic fields can cause behavioural deficits in their offspring which persist into adulthood. These changes are waveform‐specific and may involve nitric oxide. To investigate the interaction between nitric oxide modulation and perinatal magnetic fields, dams were exposed from 2 days before to 14 days after birth to one of six magnetic field conditions (1, 5, 10, 50 or 500 nT or sham) and given either water, 1 g/L nitric oxide precursor l‐arginine or 0.5 g/L nitric oxide synthase inhibitor n‐methylarginine. At weaning (22d), their offspring were placed in the open field for observation. Rats given 50 nT field or 500 nT field + water were hyperactive and showed increased rearing and bodyweight. These strong effects were attenuated or absent in groups given 50 or 500 nT field + n‐methylarginine. Groups given sham field + l‐arginine were behaviourally similar to animals given 50 or 500 nT field + water. Higher intensity fields showed robust behavioural and physiological effects. In general, these effects were counteracted by co‐administration of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor n‐methylarginine, which had little effect on its own. Shams given NO precursor l‐arginine were highly similar to those given any higher intensity magnetic field. Results support a critical developmental role of NO and the involvement of NO in magnetic field effects.
Prenatal hypoxia down regulates the GABA pathway in newborn mice cerebral cortex; partial protection by MgSO4
Authors: Louzoun‐Kaplan Vered , Zuckerman Michal , Regino Perez‐Polo J. , Golan Hava M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe fetal and newborn brain is particularly susceptible to hypoxia, which increases the risk for neurodevelopmental deficits, seizures, epilepsy and life‐span motor, behavioral and cognitive disabilities. Here, we report that prenatal hypoxia at gestation day 17 in mice caused an immediate decrease in fetal cerebral cortex levels of glutamate decarboxylase, a key proteins in the GABA pathway. While maternal MgSO4 treatment prior to hypoxia did not have an early effect, it did accelerate maturation at a later stage based on the observed protein expression profile. In addition, MgSO4 reversed the hypoxia‐induced loss of a subpopulation of inhibitory neurons that express calbindin in cortex at postnatal day 14. In the hippocampus, responses to prenatal hypoxia were also evident 4 days after the hypoxia. However, in contrast to the observations in cerebral cortex, hypoxia stimulated key protein expression in the hippocampus. The hippocampal response to hypoxia was also reversed by maternal MgSO4 treatment. The data presented here suggests that decreased levels of key proteins in the GABA pathway in the cerebral cortex may lead to high susceptibility to seizures and epilepsy in newborns after prenatal or perinatal hypoxia and that maternal MgSO4 treatment can reverse the hypoxia‐induced deficits in the GABA pathway.
Improved detection of overrepresentation of Gene-Ontology annotations with parent–child analysis
Authors: Grossmann Steffen , Bauer Sebastian , Robinson Peter N. , Vingron Martin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMotivation: High-throughput experiments such as microarray hybridizations often yield long lists of genes found to share a certain characteristic such as differential expression. Exploring Gene Ontology (GO) annotations for such lists of genes has become a widespread practice to get first insights into the potential biological meaning of the experiment. The standard statistical approach to measuring overrepresentation of GO terms cannot cope with the dependencies resulting from the structure of GO because they analyze each term in isolation. Especially the fact that annotations are inherited from more specific descendant terms can result in certain types of false-positive results with potentially misleading biological interpretation, a phenomenon which we term the inheritance problem.Results: We present here a novel approach to analysis of GO term overrepresentation that determines overrepresentation of terms in the context of annotations to the term's parents. This approach reduces the dependencies between the individual term's measurements, and thereby avoids producing false-positive results owing to the inheritance problem. ROC analysis using study sets with overrepresented GO terms showed a clear advantage for our approach over the standard algorithm with respect to the inheritance problem. Although there can be no gold standard for exploratory methods such as analysis of GO term overrepresentation, analysis of biological datasets suggests that our algorithm tends to identify the core GO terms that are most characteristic of the dataset being analyzed.Availability: The Ontologizer can be found at the project homepage http://www.charite.de/ch/medgen/ontologizerContact: peter.robinson@charite.de and vingron@molgen.mpg.de
Entrapment of water by subunit c of ATP synthase
Authors: McGeoch Julie E.M , McGeoch Malcolm W 
Published: September 2007

We consider an ancient protein, and water as a smooth surface, and show that the interaction of the two allows the protein to change its hydrogen bonding to encapsulate the water. This property could have made a three-dimensional microenvironment, 3–4 Gyr ago, for the evolution of subsequent complex water-based chemistry. Proteolipid, subunit c of ATP synthase, when presented with a water surface, changes its hydrogen bonding from an α-helix to β-sheet-like configuration and moves away from its previous association with lipid to interact with water surface molecules. Protein sheets with an intra-sheet backbone spacing of 3.7 Å and inter-sheet spacing of 6.0 Å hydrogen bond into long ribbons or continuous surfaces to completely encapsulate a water droplet. The resulting morphology is a spherical vesicle or a hexagonal crystal of water ice, encased by a skin of subunit c. Electron diffraction shows the crystals to be highly ordered and compressed and the protein skin to resemble β-sheets. The protein skin can retain the entrapped water over a temperature rise from 123 to 223 K at 1×10
−4
Pa, whereas free water starts to sublime significantly at 153 K.
Identifying the performance criteria for appraisal of colposcopists: benchmarking Delphi
Authors: Thangaratinam S , Walker P , Freeman‐Wang T , Luesley D , Cruickshank M , Redman CWE 
Published: September 2007

Background  Colposcopy forms an essential part of National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme (NHSCSP). With an increased emphasis on accountability and improved performance, there is a need to identify the performance criteria that are essential to be satisfied by the colposcopists at the time of appraisal.Objective  To identify the performance criteria essential for appraisal of colposcopists by two‐generational Delphi survey.Design  Delphi survey.Setting  Annual British Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology conference (BSCCP 2005, Edinburgh, UK).Population  Four hundred and ninety‐nine delegates attending the above conference.Method  A two‐generational Delphi survey was undertaken to identify the criteria needed for appraisal. The participants were asked to rate the relevance of quality items that might be considered necessary for appraisal of performance of colposcopists. After the first round, the results were presented, and the respondents were given the chance to reflect on their response and change it if necessary.Main outcome measures  Criteria considered to be essential for appraisal of colposcopists in areas of training, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects and communication.Results  In the first round, 306/499 (61%) participants returned the completed questionnaire. Sixty percent (187/306) of participants returned their questionnaire in the second round. In addition to BSCCP certification, four other criteria were identified, which were quality of recorded findings, biopsy rate when atypia noted, proportion of biopsies histologically adequate and proportion of normal initial posttreatment follow‐up smears.Conclusion  This Delphi survey has been the first to identify criteria to be used in the annual appraisal of professionals. It has resulted in a number of criteria that could be considered for the appraisal and possible revalidation of colposcopists practising in UK.
Economic evaluation of surgically trained assistant medical officers in performing major obstetric surgery in Mozambique
Authors: Kruk ME , Pereira C , Vaz F , Bergström S , Galea S 
Published: September 2007

Objective To compare the training and deployment costs and surgical productivity of surgically trained assistant medical officers (técnicos de cirurgia) and specialist physicians (surgeons and obstetrician/gynaecologists) in Mozambique in order to inform health human resource planning in a developing country with low availability of obstetric care and severe physician shortages.Técnicos de cirurgiahave been previously shown to have quality of care outcomes comparable to physicians.Design Economic evaluation of costs and productivity of surgically trained assistant medical officers and specialist physicians.Setting Hospitals and health science training institutions in Mozambique.Population Surgically trained assistants, medical officers, surgeons and obstetrician/gynaecologists in Mozambique.Methods The costs of training and deploying the two cadres of health workers were derived from a review of budgets, annual expenditure reports, enrolment registers, and accounting statements from training institutions and interviews with directors and administrators. Productivity estimates were based on a hospital survey of physicians andtécnicos de cirurgia.Main outcome measures Cost per major obstetric surgical procedure over 30 years in 2006 US dollars.Results The 30‐year cost per major obstetric surgery was $38.9 fortécnicos de cirurgiaand $144.1 for surgeons and obstetrician/gynaecologists. Doubling the salaries oftécnicos de cirurgiaresulted in a smaller but still substantial difference in cost per surgery between the groups ($60.3 versus $144.1 per procedure). One‐way sensitivity analysis to test the impact of varying other inputs did not substantially change the magnitude of the cost advantage oftécnicos de cirurgia.Conclusion Training more mid‐level health workers in surgery can be part of the response to the health worker shortage, which today threatens the achievement of the health Millennium Development Goals in developing countries.
Higher perinatal mortality in National Public Health System hospitals in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 1999: a compositional or contextual effect?
Authors: Lansky S , Subramanian SV , França E , Kawachi I 
Published: September 2007

Objective  In Brazil, it was previously reported that in hospital perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality rates are higher for hospitals contracted to the National Public Health System (SUS) compared with non‐SUS hospitals. We analyse whether this reflects a compositional effect (selection of patients) or a contextual effect.Design  Population‐based cohort study.Setting  Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 1999.Population  A total of 36 469 births in 24 hospitals.Methods  A multilevel analysis was carried out using information gathered at the individual level on maternal education (used as an indicator of socio‐economic status), maternal age, type of pregnancy and delivery, birthweight and sex of the fetus.Main outcome measure  Perinatal death.Results  Risk factors for perinatal death included male sex (OR = 1.25; 95% CI 1.01–1.55), birthweight of 1500–2500 g (OR = 7.65; 95% CI 5.74–10.20), birthweight of 500–1500 g (OR = 187.54; 95% CI 141.31–248.39), less than 4 years of maternal education (OR = 2.93; 95% CI 1.68–5.10), as well as birth at private‐SUS (OR = 2.92; 95% CI 1.87–4.54) or philanthropic‐SUS hospitals (OR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.12–2.92). After controlling for individual characteristics, there was still a significant variation in perinatal deaths between hospitals categories.Conclusion  Independent of compositional (or individual) characteristics, hospital factors exert an influence on the risk of perinatal death, primarily hospital category related to SUS. Considering the highest proportion of births in SUS hospitals in Brazil, especially private‐SUS hospitals, improving hospital quality of care is an urgent priority for reducing the toll of perinatal and infant mortality, as well as inequalities in these outcomes.
Intimate partner violence and unwanted pregnancy, miscarriage, induced abortion, and stillbirth among a national sample of Bangladeshi women
Authors: Silverman JG , Gupta J , Decker MR , Kapur N , Raj A 
Published: September 2007

Objective  To estimate (1) lifetime prevalence of physical and sexual victimisation from husbands among a national sample of Bangladeshi women, (2) associations of unwanted pregnancy and experiences of husband violence, and (3) associations of miscarriage, induced abortion, and fetal death/stillbirth and such victimisation.Design  Cross‐sectional, nationally representative study utilizing matched husband‐wife data from the 2004 MEASURE Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey.Setting  Bangladesh.Population  Married Bangladeshi women ages 13–40 years old (n = 2677).Methods  Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Main outcome measures  Relations of intimate partner violence to unwanted pregnancy, miscarriage, induced abortion and stillbirth.Results  Three out of four (75.6%) Bangladeshi women experienced violence from husbands. Less educated, poorer, and Muslim women were at greatest risk. Women experiencing violence from husbands were more likely to report both unwanted pregnancy (ORsadj 1.46–1.54) and a pregnancy loss in the form of miscarriage, induced abortion, or stillbirth (ORsadj 1.43–1.69). Assessed individually, miscarriage was more likely among victimised women (ORadj 1.81). A nonsignificant trend was detected for increased risk of induced abortion (ORadj 1.64); stillbirth was unrelated to violence from husbands.Conclusion  Intimate partner violence is extremely prevalent and relates to unwanted pregnancy and higher rates of pregnancy loss or termination, particularly miscarriages, among Bangladeshi women. Investigation of mechanisms responsible for these associations will be critical to developing interventions to improve maternal, fetal, and neonatal health. Such programmes may be vital to reducing the significant health and social costs associated with both husband violence and unwanted and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Risk factors for uterine rupture and neonatal consequences of uterine rupture: a population‐based study of successive pregnancies in Sweden
Authors: Kaczmarczyk M , Sparén P , Terry P , Cnattingius S 
Published: September 2007

Objective  Uterine rupture is a rare but a catastrophic event. The aim of the present study was to explore the risk factors for uterine rupture and associated neonatal morbidity and mortality among a cohort of Swedish women attempting vaginal birth in their second delivery.Design  Population‐based cohort study.Setting  Sweden.Population  A total of 300 200 Swedish women delivering two single consecutive births between 1983 and 2001.Methods  Swedish population‐based registers were used to obtain information concerning demographics, pregnancy and birth characteristics, and neonatal outcomes. Logistic regression was used to analyse potential risk factors for uterine rupture and risk of neonatal mortality associated with uterine rupture. Odds ratios were used to estimate relative risks using 95% CI.Main outcome measure  Uterine rupture and neonatal mortality in the second pregnancy.Results  Compared with women who delivered vaginally in their first birth, women who underwent a caesarean delivery were, during their second delivery, at increased risk of uterine rupture (adjusted OR 41.79; 95% CI 29.73–57.00). Induction of labour, high (≥4000 g) birthweight, postterm (≥42 weeks) births, high (≥35 years) maternal age, and short (≤164 cm) maternal stature were also associated with increased risk of uterine rupture. Uterine rupture was associated with a substantially increased risk in neonatal mortality (adjusted OR 65.62; 95% CI 32.60–132.08).Conclusion  The risk of uterine rupture in subsequent deliveries is not only markedly increased among women with a previous caesarean delivery but also influenced by induction of labour, birthweight, gestational age, and maternal characteristics.
A randomised comparison of patient satisfaction with vaginal and sublingual misoprostol for induction of labour at term*
Authors: Nassar AH , Awwad J , Khalil AM , Abu‐Musa A , Mehio G , Usta IM 
Published: September 2007

Objective  To compare patient satisfaction with two routes of misoprostol for term labour induction.Design  Prospective randomised trial.Setting  Tertiary care hospital.Population  A total of 170 women admitted at ≥37 weeks of gestation for induction of labour.Methods  Women were randomised to receive 50 micrograms of either sublingual or vaginal misoprostol.Main outcome measures  Patient satisfaction with the route of administration.Results  Despite a similar proportion reporting the labour induction as more painful than expected in both groups, a significantly lower proportion mentioned that the pelvic examinations were very painful in the sublingual group (19.7 versus 36.1%, relative risk [RR] 0.5, 95% CI 0.3–0.9). Request for analgesia was similar in both groups. More women in the sublingual group thought that the labour experience was better than expected (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.3), had a positive attitude towards induction in subsequent pregnancies (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.3) and preferred the same route in subsequent pregnancies (RR 3.1, 95% CI 2.2–4.5). Mean number of misoprostol doses, oxytocin augmentation, tachysystole and hyperstimulation, induction to vaginal delivery interval, vaginal delivery after a single dose, vaginal birth within 12 and 24 hours, and caesarean delivery rates were similar in both groups.Conclusion  Sublingual misoprostol (50 micrograms) is associated with a significantly higher patient satisfaction rate compared with a similar dose of vaginal misoprostol. Sublingual administration offers additional choice to women, in particular those wishing to avoid vaginal administration.
BASIC APPROACHES TO PATENT STRATEGY
Authors: GILARDONI ELENA 
Published: September 2007

Patents play a greater role in the economy. The patent strategy is an important tool for creating value and reflects a coordinated effort for developing, managing and using patents to accomplish company's goals. The patent strategy is composed by three dimensions: intent, strategy, and management. The literature considers these elements as independent each others and neglects that some factors could influence them. The study aims at (1) systematising the literature contributions, (2) defining the basic approaches to patent strategy able to suggest a patents strategy policy and establish a relationship among the different patent aspects and (3) studying the dynamics with time.The study, based on the literature analysis and multiple case studies, identifies five basic approaches to patent strategy. The dynamics in approach to patent strategy and affecting factors have been studied based on a case study.