bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognising small colour changes with unsupervised learning, comparison of methods
Authors: Isohanni Jari 
Published: April 2024

AbstractColour differentiation is crucial in machine learning and computer vision. It is often used when identifying items and objects based on distinct colours. While common colours like blue, red, green, and yellow are easily distinguishable, some applications require recognising subtle colour variations. Such demands arise in sectors like agriculture, printing, healthcare, and packaging. This research employs prevalent unsupervised learning techniques to detect printed colours on paper, focusing on CMYK ink (saturation) levels necessary for recognition against a white background. The aim is to assess whether unsupervised clustering can identify colours within QR-Codes. One use-case for this research is usage of functional inks, ones that change colour based on environmental factors. Within QR-Codes they serve as low-cost IoT sensors. Results of this research indicate that K-means, C-means, Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), Hierarchical clustering, and Spectral clustering perform well in recognising colour differences when CMYK saturation is 20% or higher in at least one channel. K-means stands out when saturation drops below 10%, although its accuracy diminishes significantly, especially for yellow or magenta channels. A saturation of at least 10% in one CMYK channel is needed for reliable colour detection using unsupervised learning. To handle ink densities below 5%, further research or alternative unsupervised methods may be necessary.
Food security and dietary diversity patterns amongst female handloom workers: a cross sectional study from Kerala, India
Authors: Nair Devika , Muley Arti 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Introduction
The onset of COVID-19 in December 2019 bought the entire world to a standstill and had a major impact on the social and economic sectors in India. One of the most affected groups in this pandemic has been the female handloom workers.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to assess food security and dietary diversity amongst female handloom workers in Kerala.

Methods
After obtaining informed consent, data was collected from 140 respondents working in handloom cooperative societies across Ernakulum, Kerala. Data regarding the food security and dietary diversity status of female handloom workers were collected using the validated Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and the Individual Dietary Diversity Scale respectively. Descriptive statistics was used to calculate the mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage while the independent t-test and Chi-Square test were used to compare means and examine the relationship between continuous and categorical variables respectively.

Results
The mean age of the respondents was reported to be 53.69 ± 8.39. Majority of the respondents (91.4%) had co-morbidities with the most prevalent one being occupational hazards (45.7%). 96.4% and 53.5% of respondents were found to be food insecure and have poor dietary diversity respectively. In unadjusted analyses, statistical relationships were found between several variables and food security status, like milk and milk products (p = 0.045), flesh meats (p = 0.007), and history of disease and limited variety of foods due to lack of resources (p = 0.003). A strong relationship was also established between receiving extra rations through the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana and food security status (p = 0.002).

Conclusion
The results revealed the bleak state of nutrition in the community. Further research into their nutritional knowledge, attitudes and practices needs to be carried out to recognize efficient variables for comparison from an Indian context.
Antithetic multilevel particle filters
Authors: Jasra Ajay , Maama Mohamed , Ombao Hernando 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn this paper we consider the filtering of partially observed multidimensional diffusion processes that are observed regularly at discrete times. This is a challenging problem which requires the use of advanced numerical schemes based upon time-discretization of the diffusion process and then the application of particle filters. Perhaps the state-of-the-art method for moderate-dimensional problems is the multilevel particle filter of Jasra et al. (SIAM J. Numer. Anal.55 (2017), 3068–3096). This is a method that combines multilevel Monte Carlo and particle filters. The approach in that article is based intrinsically upon an Euler discretization method. We develop a new particle filter based upon the antithetic truncated Milstein scheme of Giles and Szpruch (Ann. Appl. Prob.24 (2014), 1585–1620). We show empirically for a class of diffusion problems that, for
$\epsilon>0$
given, the cost to produce a mean squared error (MSE) of
$\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^2)$
in the estimation of the filter is
$\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^{-2}\log(\epsilon)^2)$
. In the case of multidimensional diffusions with non-constant diffusion coefficient, the method of Jasra et al. (2017) requires a cost of
$\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^{-2.5})$
to achieve the same MSE.
Mechanistic phylodynamic models do not provide conclusive evidence that non-avian dinosaurs were in decline before their final extinction
Authors: Allen Bethany J. , Volkova Oliveira Maria V. , Stadler Tanja , Vaughan Timothy G. , Warnock Rachel C. M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Phylodynamic models can be used to estimate diversification trajectories from time-calibrated phylogenies. Here we apply two such models to phylogenies of non-avian dinosaurs, a clade whose evolutionary history has been widely debated. Although some authors have suggested that the clade experienced a decline in diversity, potentially starting millions of years before the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, others have suggested that the group remained highly diverse right up until the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary. Our results show that model assumptions, likely with respect to incomplete sampling, have a large impact on whether dinosaurs appear to have experienced a long-term decline or not. The results are also highly sensitive to the topology and branch lengths of the phylogeny used. Developing comprehensive models of sampling bias, and building larger and more accurate phylogenies, are likely to be necessary steps for us to determine whether dinosaur diversity was or was not in decline before the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.
Social protection as a nutrition-sensitive instrument to address malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: Examining the utility of the UNICEF conceptual model of care for maternal and child nutrition
Authors: Zembe-Mkabile Wanga 
Published: April 2024

AbstractChild nutrition, health and development are closely tied to maternal nutrition, health and well-being. The underlying drivers of poor maternal and child nutritional outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa are structural in nature. These risks include social, economic, and environmental factors that together compound vulnerability to poor outcomes. Poverty, as a driver of poor maternal and child health outcomes, is an important determinant that is both a cause and a consequence of malnutrition. The United Nations’ Children’s Fund (UNICEF)’s conceptual model for determinants of maternal and child nutrition outcomes released in 2020, is the agency’s latest iteration of child nutrition frameworks. The model identifies the underlying causes of malnutrition as extending beyond food and diets, to include household level dynamics, maternal factors, and the external environment. The manuscript discusses UNICEF’s conceptual model and its applicability in sub-Saharan Africa. It also considers the evidence on interventions aimed at addressing maternal and child nutrition in the region and the location of social protection among these policy tools, with a special focus on the extent to which these resonate with the conceptual model. It concludes by considering the conditions required for social protection instruments to work in the region and similar settings in the Global South. In this way, the manuscript provides a critical reflection about the role of social protection as a nutrition-sensitive instrument in sub-Saharan Africa, in the context of maternal and child nutrition outcomes.
Investigation of ambient-pressure absorbance characteristics of cartilage-grafted tympanic membranes
Authors: Asta Beyza , Bozdemir Kazım , Şahin Mehmet İlhan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate alterations in middle-ear mechanics after type 1 cartilage tympanoplasty by comparing the ambient pressure absorbance values of the perforated tympanic membrane, normal tympanic membrane and cartilage-grafted tympanic membrane.MethodsTwenty patients diagnosed with non-suppurative chronic otitis media and 20 healthy controls were included. Pure tone audiometry and wideband tympanometry were performed once in the healthy controls and pre-operatively, one month and three months post-operatively in the patients.ResultsUsing wideband tympanometry, the patients’ three-month post-operative ambient pressure absorbance values were found to be similar to those of the healthy controls at low frequencies, while lower ambient pressure absorbance values were recorded at middle and high frequencies. Air–bone gap and ambient pressure absorbance values showed significant negative correlations at 1000 and 4000 Hz both pre- and post-operatively.ConclusionGenerally, the patients’ ambient pressure absorbance values were significantly lower at middle and high frequencies than those of the healthy controls. Post-operative wideband tympanometry is a practical tool for investigating the effects of a repaired tympanic membrane on middle-ear dynamics.
Risk factors for suicide reattempt: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Pemau Andres , Marin-Martin Carolina , Diaz-Marsa Marina , de la Torre-Luque Alejandro , Ayad-Ahmed Wala , Gonzalez-Pinto Ana , Garrido-Torres Nathalia , Garrido-Sanchez Lucia , Roberto Natalia , Lopez-Peña Purificación , Mar-Barrutia Lorea , Grande Iria , Guinovart Marti , Hernandez-Calle Daniel , Jimenez-Treviño Luis , Lopez-Sola Clara , Mediavilla Roberto , Perez-Aranda Adrian , Ruiz-Veguilla Miguel , Seijo-Zazo Elisa , Toll Alba , Elices Matilde , Perez-Sola Victor , Ayuso-Mateos Jose Luis ,   the SURVIVE Consortium
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackgroundSuicide is one of the main external causes of death worldwide. People who have already attempted suicide are at high risk of new suicidal behavior. However, there is a lack of information on the risk factors that facilitate the appearance of reattempts. The aim of this study was to calculate the risk of suicide reattempt in the presence of suicidal history and psychosocial risk factors and to estimate the effect of each individual risk factor.MethodsThis systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the PRISMA-2020 guidelines. Studies on suicide reattempt that measured risk factors were searched from inception to 2022. The risk factors studied were those directly related to suicide history: history of suicide prior to the index attempt, and those that mediate the transition from suicidal ideation to attempt (alcohol or drug misuse, impulsivity, trauma, and non-suicidal self-injury).ResultsThe initial search resulted in 11 905 articles. Of these, 34 articles were selected for this meta-analysis, jointly presenting 52 different effect sizes. The pooled effect size across the risk factors was significant (OR 2.16). Reattempt risk may be increased in presence of any of the following risk factors: previous history, active suicidal ideation, trauma, alcohol misuse, and drug misuse. However, impulsivity, and non-suicidal self-injury did not show a significant effect on reattempt.ConclusionMost of the risk factors traditionally associated with suicide are also relevant when talking about suicide reattempts. Knowing the traits that define reattempters can help develop better preventive and intervention plans.
Political Obligation and Self-Sufficiency in Leonardo Bruni's History of the Florentine People
Authors: Ridley Griffin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractLeonardo Bruni (1377–1444), chancellor of Florence, is today more famous as an initiator of civic humanism and a proponent of early modern republicanism than as a historian of medieval Florence. He owes this position most of all to Hans Baron, who argued that Florentine civic humanism—an exemplary mode of communal existence dedicated to the active life—as found particularly in Bruni's writings, stemmed from the resurgence of interest in antiquity, which pointed forward to a liberating, civilizing, and progressive modernity. Though James Hankins has recently argued that the dual theses of civic humanism and republicanism are mischaracterizations of the larger thrust of Italian Renaissance political thought, the scholarly literature overwhelmingly portrays Leonardo Bruni as incipiently modern and, by definition, un-medieval. But in emphasizing the role of antiquity in Bruni's “modern” thought, scholars have overlooked the importance of medieval history in the formulation and the content of Bruni's arguments. This article seeks to rectify this misappreciation by demonstrating how that quintessential medieval struggle, the conflict between popes and emperors, plays a central role in Bruni's political thought as it is found in the History of the Florentine People, written from 1415/16 to 1444.
Multibody dynamics in robotics with focus on contact events
Authors: da Silva Mariana Rodrigues , Coelho Joana , Gonçalves Fernando , Novais Francisco , Flores Paulo 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Multibody dynamics methodologies have been fundamental tools utilized to model and simulate robotic systems that experience contact conditions with the surrounding environment, such as in the case of feet and ground interactions. In addressing such problems, it is of paramount importance to accurately and efficiently handle the large body displacement associated with locomotion of robots, as well as the dynamic response related to contact-impact events. Thus, a generic computational approach, based on the Newton–Euler formulation, to represent the gross motion of robotic systems, is revisited in this work. The main kinematic and dynamic features, necessary to obtain the equations of motion, are discussed. A numerical procedure suitable to solve the equations of motion is also presented. The problem of modeling contacts in dynamical systems involves two main tasks, namely, the contact detection and the contact resolution, which take into account for the kinematics and dynamics of the contacting bodies, constituting the general framework for the process of modeling and simulating complex contact scenarios. In order to properly model the contact interactions, the contact kinematic properties are established based on the geometry of contacting bodies, which allow to perform the contact detection task. The contact dynamics is represented by continuous contact force models, both in terms of normal and tangential contact directions. Finally, the presented formulations are demonstrated by the application to several robotics systems that involve contact and impact events with surrounding environment. Special emphasis is put on the systems’ dynamic behavior, in terms of performance and stability.
Large Péclet number forced convection from a circular wire in a uniform stream: hybrid approximations at small Reynolds numbers
Authors: Yariv Ehud 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe consider heat or mass transport from a circular cylinder under a uniform crossflow at small Reynolds numbers,
$\mathrm{Re}\ll 1$
. This problem has been thwarted in the past by limitations inherent in the classical analyses of the singular flow problem, which have used asymptotic expansions in inverse powers of
$\log \mathrm{Re}$
. We here make use of the hybrid approximation of Kropinski, Ward & Keller [(1995) SIAM J. Appl. Math.55, 1484], based upon a robust asymptotic expansion in powers of
$\mathrm{Re}$
. In that approximation, the “inner” streamfunction is provided by the product of a pre-factor
$S$
, a slowly varying function of
$\mathrm{Re}$
, with a
$\mathrm{Re}$
-independent “canonical” solution of a simple mathematical form. The pre-factor, in turn, is determined as an implicit function of
$\log \mathrm{Re}$
via asymptotic matching with a numerical solution of the nonlinear single-scaled “outer” problem, where the cylinder appears as a point singularity. We exploit the hybrid approximation to analyse the transport problem in the limit of large Péclet number,
$\mathrm{Pe}\gg 1$
. In that limit, transport is restricted to a narrow boundary layer about the cylinder surface – a province contained within the inner region of the flow problem. With
$S$
appearing as a parameter, a similarity solution is readily constructed for the boundary-layer problem. It provides the Nusselt number as
$0.5799(S\,\mathrm{Pe})^{1/3}$
. This asymptotic prediction is in remarkably close agreement with that of the numerical solution of the exact problem [Dennis, Hudson & Smith (1968) Phys. Fluids11, 933] even for moderate
$\mathrm{Re}$
-values.
The Jungle, The Harbor, and the Left’s Early Reception of Radical Sentimentalism
Authors: Cadle Nathaniel 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis essay examines the efforts of Upton Sinclair and Ernest Poole to connect their respective novels The Jungle and The Harbor to the nineteenth-century sentimental literary tradition, as well as their leftist allies’ reception of those efforts. Sinclair consistently presented The Jungle as a second Uncle Tom’s Cabin, capable of moving readers to agitate on behalf of working-class immigrants, while Poole engaged reflexively with the tropes and traditions of sentimentalism in order to model for his readers how they should respond to The Harbor. Although both novels became bestsellers and influenced later writers of proletarian fiction, early leftist critics dismissed Sinclair and Poole’s sentimentalism as aesthetically simplistic and politically naïve. This essay turns instead to a slightly later contemporary of those critics, Antonio Gramsci, whose prison writings argue for the revolutionary potential of sentimentalism. Reading The Jungle and The Harbor through the lens of Gramsci’s analysis of organic intellectuals and the cathartic power of popular literary forms, this essay contends, resolves many of the problems those early critics identified in the novels.
Teaching Charles Alexander Eastman’s “The North American Indian” in Dialogue with Elaine Goodale Eastman’s Yellow Star
Authors: Robbins Sarah Ruffing 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCharles Eastman’s “The North American Indian” address for the 1911 Universal Races Congress (URC) in London provides multiple pathways for teaching in a comparative context. One productive approach involves setting the lecture in dialogue with Elaine Goodale Eastman’s Yellow Star, published in the same year. Another entails asking students to situate Charles Eastman’s talk in the context of the URC as a vital milestone in global thought leaders’ engagement with questions about race. This approach could include juxtaposing Eastman’s lecture with one by W. E. B. Du Bois delivered at the same convention. Pedagogy for Eastman’s speech can also locate this text in the context of his larger oeuvre, including more assertively anticolonial discourse in later writings for Indigenous readers.
Distribution, Seasonality, and Water‐Mass Transformation of Temperature and Salinity Inversions in the Southern Yellow Sea
Authors: Wang Zhaoyi , Yang Wei , Song Guisheng , Zhang Haiyan , Wei Hao 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn the southern Yellow Sea (SYS) there are temperature and salinity inversions associated with the presence of middepth low temperature and salinity water. Many questions regarding with the inversions, such as the seasonal variation and transformation mechanism, still remain unexplained. In this study, based on hydrographic measurements obtain from 12 cruises within 6‐year (2017–2022), we explored the distribution, seasonality, generation, and transformation mechanism of temperature and salinity inversions in the SYS. Observations reveal widespread temperature and salinity inversions in the Yellow Sea (YS) during both spring and summer. More temperature and salinity inversions are found in spring and summer, respectively. The relative motion between the fresh, cold, high‐dissolved‐oxygen (DO) water at the local shelf/slope and the salty, warm, low‐DO water at the central trough is the key to answering the formation of temperature/salinity inversions. The salinity at the low‐salinity water (LSW) layer increases towards the central YS suggesting the origin of LSW at the local shelf/slope region. Assuming the gain of salinity is caused primarily by vertical diffusion at the upper and lower boundary of the LSW, the propagation speed of the LSW lense is estimated which compares favorably with the magnitude of observed residual currents at the LSW layer. We further note that the depth of subsurface dissolved oxygen maximum agrees well with the LSW layer depth, especially for summer. The influence of the lateral transport of nutrients, and dissolved oxygen on the local biogeochemical environment in the YS is worth further examination.
The Response of the Upper Ocean to Tropical Cyclones in the South Pacific
Authors: Han Chao , Bowen Melissa , Sutton Philip 
Published: April 2024

AbstractConsecutive Argo float profiles are used to observe upper ocean changes resulting from the passage of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the South Pacific between 2001 and 2023. Cross‐sectional composites of the ocean response are produced by normalizing the distance between the profile and cyclone track by the 34‐knot wind radius (R34) of each TC to better resolve the average changes in water properties. Surface cooling in the initial mixed layer (ML) extends from the center to about twice R34 and is stronger to the left of the TC track. Subsurface warming at the base of the ML is observed between 0.4 and 2 R34 on both sides of the track. Strong cooling is observed in a distinct core directly under the TC path, reaching temperature changes of over −1.6°C between 70 and 450 m depth. Significant upwelling of over 40 m displacement is observed within ±0.05 R34, extending to 1,000 m depth. Surface cooling (and subsurface warming at the base of the ML) are positively correlated with wind stress on the ocean from the TC, quantified by the Local Wind Power Dissipation (PDL), and negatively correlated with the energy required to destratify the upper ocean, defined by a Cooling Inhibition index (CI). Subsurface warming is common with low CI but is not observed with high CI. We demonstrate an improved method to analyze Argo float data for measuring TC‐upper ocean interaction in remote oceans and the usefulness of PDL and CI in calibrating the TC‐ocean interaction.