bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing external quantum efficiency of deep ultraviolet micro-leds through geometry design and multi-physics field coupling analysis
Authors: Gao Yujie , Hu Xun , Zhu Lingli , Gao Na , Zhou Rui , Wu Yaping , Huang Kai , Li Shuping , Kang Junyong , Zhang Rong 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
High-efficiency deep-ultraviolet (DUV) micro light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are explored for inspiring development in numerous fields, such as non-line-of-sight solar-blind communication, optical pumping, and maskless lithography. In this study, we performed FDTD and SimuLED calculations to investigate the optimized DUV micro-LED structure geometry for high light extraction efficiency (LEE) by designing different mesa structures, including square, hexagonal, and circular geometries of micro-LEDs emitted at a wavelength of 275 nm. The results showed that a circular mesa of 5 μm diameter achieved a LEE of 27% from the bottom and sidewall emissions of as-prepared DUV micro-LED. And both the near- and far-field transverse magnetic polarized light intensities were enhanced by a factor of 1.5 over the square and hexagonal mesas. Meanwhile, the transverse electric (TE) polarized light of the circular mesa structure was enhanced and concentrated along the normal direction. Moreover, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of circular mesas with varied sizes was comprehensively investigated in the interactions of the thermal and electric fields. An AlGaN-based DUV micro-LED with a diameter of 5 μm was found to obtain the highest IQE owing to a high current-density distribution and its self-heating properties, thereby achieving a sufficiently high external quantum efficiency of 26.75%. This study provides a comprehensive technical report, including electrical, thermal, and optical analyses, and a new perspective for developing high-efficiency, high-performance DUV micro-LEDs in practical applications.
Low parasitic carrier reservoir of AlGaN-based DUV-LED via controlled-polarization step-graded superlattice electron blocking layer for high luminescence lighting
Authors: Hairol Aman Mohammad Amirul , Ahmad Noorden Ahmad Fakhrurrazi , Daud Suzairi , Abdul Kadir Muhammad Zamzuri 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Achieving high luminescence intensity of deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) is generally performed through the implementation of electron blocking layer (EBL) on the chip’s epilayers. However, the issue of parasitic carrier reservoir that originated from the uncontrolled piezoelectric field polarization has restricted the performance of DUV-LED by reducing the radiative recombination in the active region. This work reports on the numerical computation analysis of the DUV-LED with different types of EBL designs which are reference EBL, conventional superlattice EBL and step-graded superlattice EBL. The analysis of the DUV-LED focuses on the band diagram, carrier concentration at the EBL interfaces, current density of the carrier in the active region, radiative recombination rates, and luminescence spectrum. Remarkably, it is found that the DUV-LED step-graded superlattice EBL provides the polarization-controlled band diagram and emits 272 nm UVC-wavelength in which it is superior in performance compared to the other structures, specifically in terms of its radiated intensity. The parasitic electron and hole reservoir have been reduced by 30% and 60%, respectively. The luminescence intensity was also enhanced by 11% compared with the reference EBL and the IQE obtained by the DUV-LED with step-graded superlattice EBL is 50.12%.
Entanglement in cosmology
Authors: Boutivas K. , Katsinis D. , Pastras G. , Tetradis N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We compute the evolution of the entanglement entropy for a massless field within a
spherical region throughout the inflationary period and the subsequent era of radiation
domination, starting from the Bunch-Davies vacuum. In order to focus on the entanglement of modes
that are directly accessible to observations, we impose an ultraviolet cutoff set by the
wavelength of the last mode that exited the horizon at the end of inflation. The transition of
each mode towards a squeezed state upon horizon exit during inflation and the additional squeezing
when radiation domination sets in enhance the entanglement entropy. Shortly after the transition
to the radiation-dominated era, a volume term develops and becomes the leading contribution to the
entropy at late times, as is common for systems lying in squeezed states. We estimate the
magnitude of the entropy and discuss its interpretation in the light of the quantum to classical
transition for modes exiting the horizon during inflation. Our results raise the possibility that
the quantum nature of weakly interacting fields, such as gravitational waves resulting from tensor
modes during inflation, may be detectable in today's universe. On the other hand, an observer with
no knowledge of the degrees of freedom beyond the horizon would interpret the entropy as
thermal. From this point of view, the reheating after inflation would be a result of
quantum entanglement.
Radial acceleration relation of galaxies with joint kinematic and weak-lensing data
Authors: Mistele T. , McGaugh S. , Lelli F. , Schombert J. , Li P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We combine kinematic and gravitational lensing data to construct the Radial Acceleration Relation (RAR) of galaxies over a large dynamic range.
We improve on previous weak-lensing studies in two ways.
First, we compute stellar masses using the same stellar population model as for the kinematic data.
Second, we introduce a new method for converting excess surface density profiles to radial accelerations.
This method is based on a new deprojection formula which is exact, computationally efficient, and gives smaller systematic uncertainties than previous methods.
We find that the RAR inferred from weak-lensing data smoothly continues that inferred from kinematic data by about 2.5 dex in acceleration.
Contrary to previous studies, we find that early- and late-type galaxies lie on the same joint RAR when a sufficiently strict isolation criterion is adopted and their stellar and gas masses are estimated consistently with the kinematic RAR.
Mechanical compression regulates tumor spheroid invasion into a 3D collagen matrix
Authors: Pandey Mrinal , Suh Young Joon , Kim Minha , Davis Hannah Jane , Segall Jeffrey E , Wu Mingming 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Uncontrolled growth of tumor cells in confined spaces leads to the accumulation of compressive stress within the tumor. Although the effects of tension within 3D extracellular matrices (ECMs) on tumor growth and invasion are well established, the role of compression in tumor mechanics and invasion is largely unexplored. In this study, we modified a Transwell assay such that it provides constant compressive loads to spheroids embedded within a collagen matrix. We used microscopic imaging to follow the single cell dynamics of the cells within the spheroids, as well as invasion into the 3D ECMs. Our experimental results showed that malignant breast tumor (MDA-MB-231) and non-tumorigenic epithelial (MCF10A) spheroids responded differently to a constant compression. Cells within the malignant spheroids became more motile within the spheroids and invaded more into the ECM under compression; whereas cells within non-tumorigenic MCF10A spheroids became less motile within the spheroids and did not display apparent detachment from the spheroids under compression. These findings suggest that compression may play differential roles in healthy and pathogenic epithelial tissues and highlight the importance of tumor mechanics and invasion.
Optimizing dynamic aperture studies with active learning
Authors: Di Croce D. , Giovannozzi M. , Krymova E. , Pieloni T. , Redaelli S. , Seidel M. , Tomás R. , Van der Veken F.F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Dynamic aperture is an important concept for the study of
non-linear beam dynamics in circular accelerators. It describes the
extent of the phase-space region where a particle's motion remains
bounded over a given number of turns. Understanding the features of
dynamic aperture is crucial for the design and operation of such
accelerators, as it provides insights into nonlinear effects and the
possibility of optimising beam lifetime. The standard approach to
calculate the dynamic aperture requires numerical simulations of
several initial conditions densely distributed in phase space for a
sufficient number of turns to probe the time scale corresponding to
machine operations. This process is very computationally intensive
and practically outside the range of today's computers. In our
study, we introduced a novel method to estimate dynamic aperture
rapidly and accurately by utilising a Deep Neural Network
model. This model was trained with simulated tracking data from the
CERN Large Hadron Collider and takes into account variations in
accelerator parameters such as betatron tune, chromaticity, and the
strength of the Landau octupoles. To enhance its performance, we
integrate the model into an innovative Active Learning
framework. This framework not only enables retraining and updating
of the computed model, but also facilitates efficient data
generation through smart sampling. Since chaotic motion cannot be
predicted, traditional tracking simulations are incorporated into
the Active Learning framework to deal with the chaotic nature of
some initial conditions. The results demonstrate that the use of the
Active Learning framework allows faster scanning of the
configuration parameters without compromising the accuracy of the
dynamic aperture estimates.
All-aqueous droplets-templated tailorable core-shell alginate microspheres for constructing vascularized intestinal mucosa in vitro models
Authors: Hao Xin , Du Ting , Yang Feng , Wang Yilan , He Huatao , Yang Menghan , Hong Meiying , Wang Guanxiong , Huang Deqing , Wang Yaolei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recently, in vitro models of intestinal mucosa have become important tools for drug screening and studying the physiology and pathology of the intestine. These models enable the examination of cellular behavior in diseased states or in reaction to alterations in the microenvironment, potentially serving as alternatives to animal models. One of the major challenges in constructing physiologically relevant in vitro models of intestinal mucosa is the creation of three-dimensional microstructures that accurately mimic the integration of intestinal epithelium and vascularized stroma. Here, core–shell alginate (Alg) microspheres were generated to create the compartmentalized extracellular matrix microenvironment needed to simulate the epithelial and vascularized stromal compartments of the intestinal mucosa. We demonstrated that NIH-3T3 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells embedded in the core of the microspheres can proliferate and develop a vascular network, while human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) can form an epithelial monolayer in the shell. Compared to Caco-2 monolayer encapsulated within the shell, the presence of the vascularized stroma enhances their proliferation and functionality. As such, our core–shell Alg microspheres provide a valuable method for generating in vitro models of vascularized intestinal mucosa with epithelial and vascularized stroma arranged in a spatially relevant manner and demonstrating near-physiological functionality.
Emergent constraint on the projected central equatorial Pacific warming and northwestern Pacific monsoon trough change
Authors: Tang Tao , Qi Li , Tozuka Tomoki , Luo Jing-Jia , Ling Fenghua , Luo Ling , He Jin-Hai 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The northwestern Pacific monsoon trough (NWPMT) deeply impacts socio-economic development and human security over East Asia by supplying moisture to the summer monsoon rainfall and modulating tropical cyclone activities. However, considerable inter-model spreads in the coupled model inter-comparison project phase 6 models make the future projection of the NWPMT less reliable. Here, we find that the inter-model spread of the NWPMT change is significantly correlated with the central equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature change, and mainly determined by the equatorial thermocline sharpness in the historical simulations. According to the emergent constraint method, the central equatorial Pacific SST would warm up about 6% slower than the multi-model mean with 56% uncertainty reduced. Correspondingly, the NWPMT would slacken westward with 36% uncertainty reduced. Results here emphasize the importance of examining and reducing systematic model biases in simulating thermocline sharpness that have been overlooked in past literatures, before achieving more reliable future projections.
Stochastic quantum trajectories demonstrate the quantum Zeno effect in open spin 1/2, spin 1 and spin 3/2 systems
Authors: Walls Sophia M , Schachter Julien M , Qian Haocheng , Ford Ian J 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We investigate the quantum Zeno effect (QZE) in spin 1/2, spin 1 and spin 3/2 open quantum systems undergoing Rabi oscillations, revealing unexplored features for the spin 1 and spin 3/2 systems. The systems interact with an environment designed to perform continuous measurements of an observable, driving the systems stochastically towards one of the eigenstates of the corresponding operator. The system-environment coupling constant represents the strength of the measurement. Stochastic quantum trajectories are generated by unravelling a Markovian Lindblad master equation using the quantum state diffusion formalism. These are regarded as a more appropriate representation of system behaviour than consideration of the averaged evolution since the latter can mask the effect of measurement. Complete positivity is maintained and thus the trajectories can be considered as physically meaningful. The QZE is investigated over a range of measurement strengths. Increasing the strength leads to greater system dwell in the vicinity of the eigenstates of the measured observable and lengthens the time taken by the system to return to that eigenstate, thus the QZE emerges. For very strong measurement, the Rabi oscillations resemble randomly occurring near-instantaneous jumps between eigenstates. The trajectories followed by the quantum system are heavily dependent on the measurement strength which other than slowing down and adding noise to the Rabi oscillations, changes the paths taken in spin phase space from a circular precession into elaborate figures-of-eight. For spin 1 and spin 3/2 systems, the measurement strength determines which eigenstates are explored and the QZE is stronger when the system dwells in the vicinity of certain eigenstates compared to others.
Trends in the Prevalence of Multiple Chronic Conditions Among US Adults With Hypertension From 1999–2000 Through 2017–2020
Authors: Alanaeme Chibuike J , Ghazi Lama , Akinyelure Oluwasegun P , Wen Ying , Christenson Ashley , Poudel Bharat , Dooley Erin E , Chen Ligong , Hardy Shakia T , Foti Kathryn , Bowling C Barrett , Long Michelle T , Colantonio Lisandro D , Muntner Paul 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The prevalence of many chronic conditions has increased among US adults. Many adults with hypertension have other chronic conditions.

METHODS
We estimated changes in the age-adjusted prevalence of multiple (≥3) chronic conditions, not including hypertension, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, from 1999–2000 to 2017–2020, among US adults with (n = 24,851) and without (n = 24,337 hypertension. Hypertension included systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥130 mm Hg, diastolic BP ≥80 mm Hg, or antihypertensive medication use. We studied 14 chronic conditions: arthritis, asthma, cancer, coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, depression, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, heart failure, lung disease, obesity, and stroke.

RESULTS
From 1999–2000 to 2017–2020, the age-adjusted mean number of chronic conditions increased more among US adults with vs. without hypertension (2.2 to 2.8 vs. 1.7 to 2.0; P-interaction &lt;0.001). Also, the age-adjusted prevalence of multiple chronic conditions increased from 39.0% to 52.0% among US adults with hypertension and from 26.0% to 30.0% among US adults without hypertension (P-interaction = 0.022). In 2017–2020, after age, gender, and race/ethnicity adjustment, US adults with hypertension were 1.94 (95% confidence interval: 1.72–2.18) times as likely to have multiple chronic conditions compared to those without hypertension. In 2017–2020, dyslipidemia, obesity, and arthritis were the most common 3 co-occurring chronic conditions among US adults with and without hypertension (age-adjusted prevalence 16.5% and 3.1%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
In 2017–2020, more than half of US adults with hypertension had ≥3 additional chronic conditions, a substantial increase from 20 years ago.
New Surgery and Hospital-diagnosed Infections in Elderly Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Undergoing Surgery: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Nørgård Bente Mertz , Garvik Olav Sivertsen , Zegers Floor Dijkstra , Nielsen Jan , Lund Ken , Knudsen Torben , Kjeldsen Jens 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] are fragile in many respects. Therefore, in these patients, we studied postoperative complications [new abdominal surgery and serious infections after the first IBD surgery].

Methods
This is a nationwide cohort study based on Danish health registries and included patients with IBD undergoing surgery. The study population was split into ulcerative colitis [UC] and Crohn’s disease [CD]. The exposed cohort [elderly] constituted those at an age of ≥60 years at first IBD surgery, and the unexposed [adults] those with surgery at the age of 18–59 years. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios [aHRs] of: a] new abdominal surgery within 2 years; and b] serious [hospital-diagnosed] infections within 6 and 12 months. We adjusted for several confounders including type of index surgery [laparoscopic or open].

Results
The aHR for a new surgery among elderly with UC and CD were 0.69 [95% CI 0.58-0.83] and 0.98 [95% CI 0.83-1.15], respectively. In elderly with UC, the aHRs of infections within 6 and 12 months after surgery were 1.07 [95% CI 0.81-1.40] and 0.85 [95% CI 0.67-1.08], respectively. In the elderly with CD, the aHRs of infections within 6 and 12 months were 1.45 [95% CI 1.12-1.88] and 1.26 [95% CI 1.00-1.59], respectively.

Conclusion
The elderly with IBD did not have an increased risk of new abdominal surgery within 2 years of the first surgery. Elderly with CD, but not UC, had an increased risk of serious infections within 6 months of surgery.
Seasonal shifts in gut microbiota and cold tolerance metrics in a northern population of Reticulitermes flavipes (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Arango Rachel A , Bishell Amy B , Ohno Katie M , Shelton Thomas G , Schoville Sean D , Carlos-Shanley Camila 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Eastern subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), are widely distributed across North America where they are exposed to a broad range of environmental conditions. However, mechanisms for overwintering are not well understood. Wisconsin is a unique location to study mechanisms of cold tolerance as it represents the northern boundary for persistent R. flavipes populations. In this study, we evaluated seasonal shifts in cold tolerance using critical thermal minimum (CTmin) and supercooling point (SCP) and examined how these measurements correlate to changes in the microbial community of the termite gut. Results showed seasonal acclimatization to cold, which is consistent with the use of behavioral freeze-avoidant mechanisms. However, these insects also demonstrated an increased susceptibility to freezing later in the season, which may be tied to changes in gut microbiota. Our results found shifts in the composition of the gut microbiome in R. flavipes between mid- to late summer and early to late fall. These differences may be suggestive of a change in metabolism to adjust to a period of reduced feeding and increased metabolic stress during overwintering. Specifically, results showed an increased abundance of Methanobrevibacter sp. (Euryarchaeota) associated with cold, which may be indicative of a metabolic shift from acetogenesis to methanogenesis associated with overwintering. Further work is needed focusing on specific contributions of certain gut microbes, particularly their role in metabolic adaptability and in providing protection from oxidative stress associated with changes in environmental conditions.
Efficacy and residual toxicity of chitosan for Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Tohline Logan I , Stoffolano John G , Piñero Jaime C 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chitosan is a naturally derived polymer that has significant potential for use as a bioinsecticide. Despite this, there is a lack of research as to the efficacy of chitosan for many insect pest species. The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one such pest for which chitosan toxicity has not been explored. In this study, the toxicity of chitosan for R. pomonella adults was tested via no-choice feeding assays. An aging trial was further used to test the mortality of flies provided dried chitosan-sucrose treatments (CST), which were aged for 0 or 3 days in greenhouse conditions. This study found that the CST is toxic for R. pomonella adults when ingested, leading to a significant increase in the rate of mortality compared to control groups. The use of dried chitosan, however, did not change the mortality of flies, suggesting this will not be an effective delivery mechanism. Effective biopesticide delivery systems have not been defined for chitosan use outside of a laboratory, indicating the need for further research testing delivery mechanisms. It is suggested that an effective method of delivery can be as a food-based bait in attract-and-kill traps, as chitosan must be ingested to kill flies. Forming a viscous solution, chitosan may be best suited to these lure systems.
Indomethacin restrains cytoplasmic nucleic acid-stimulated immune responses by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of IRF3
Authors: Wang Miao , Li Xiao-Wei , Yuan Sen-Chao , Pan Jie , Guo Zeng-Lin , Sun Li-Ming , Jiang Shao-Zhen , Zhao Ming , Xue Wen , Cai Hong , Gu Lin , Luo Dan , Chen Ling , Zhou Xue-Qing , Han Qiu-Ying , Li Jin , Zhou Tao , Xia Tian , Li Tao 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The recognition of cytosolic nucleic acid triggers the DNA/RNA sensor–IRF3 axis-mediated production of type I interferons (IFNs), which are essential for antiviral immune responses. However, the inappropriate activation of these signaling pathways is implicated in autoimmune conditions. Here, we report that indomethacin, a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, inhibits nucleic acid-triggered IFN production. We found that both DNA- and RNA-stimulated IFN expression can be effectively blocked by indomethacin. Interestingly, indomethacin also prohibits the nuclear translocation of IRF3 following cytosolic nucleic acid recognition. Importantly, in cell lines and a mouse model of Aicardi–Goutières syndrome, indomethacin administration blunts self-DNA-induced autoimmune responses. Thus, our study reveals a previously unknown function of indomethacin and provides a potential treatment for cytosolic nucleic acid-stimulated autoimmunity.