bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A possible link between the pubertal growth of girls and ovarian cancer in their daughters
Authors: Barker David J. P. , Osmond Clive , Thornburg Kent L. , Kajantie Eero , Eriksson Johan G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAt puberty, the distance between the iliac crests of the female pelvis, measured by the intercristal and interspinous diameters, increases rapidly. This is mainly controlled by estrogens. We have followed up 6,370 women who were born in Helsinki during 1934–1944, and whose mothers' pelvic bones were measured during routine antenatal care. We have previously reported that women whose mothers had larger intercristal diameters had higher rates of breast cancer. We postulated that large intercristal diameters are markers of high circulating concentrations of estrogen, which are established at puberty, persist through reproductive life and cause genetic instability in differentiating breast cells in female embryos. We now report on ovarian cancer in the same cohort. Our hypothesis was that the risk of this cancer would also be higher in women whose mothers had broader hips. We found that, when compared with all other women, the hazard ratio for ovarian cancer was 3.3 (95% CI 1.6–7.0, P = 0.004) in the daughters of mothers whose interspinous diameter was greater than 27 cm. Among mothers who had an early menarche, each measure of broad hips was associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer in their daughters. We postulate that ovarian cancer is initiated by exposure of the fetal ovary to maternal sex hormones. Concentrations of these hormones may be higher in mothers who had an early menarche. The maternal sex hormone profile that initiates ovarian cancer may be the product of poor nutrition and growth in early childhood followed by catch‐up pre‐pubertal growth. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological, electrical, and mechanical properties of multiwall carbon nanotube/polysilsesquioxane composite
Authors: Yuen Siu‐Ming , Ma Chen‐Chi M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was modified with mixed acid. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)‐bridged polyorganosiloxanes was prepared. The multiwalled carbon nanotube/diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A‐bridged polysilsesquioxane (MWCNT/DGEBA‐PSSQ) composites was fabricated. The improvement of the affinity between MWCNT and the polymer matrix by acid modification was studied. SEM and TEM microphotographs confirm that acid‐modified MWCNT exhibits better dispersion than the unmodified MWCNT in DGBEA‐PSSQ. The mechanical and electrical properties of acid‐modified MWCNT/DGBEA‐PSSQ composites have been investigated. The tensile strength of the material increased 150.6% (with 1.0 wt % acid‐modified MWCNT). The flexural strength of the PSSQ increased 68.4% (with 0.6 wt % acid‐modified MWCNT). The Young's modulus of the material increased 189.3% (with 1.0 wt % acid‐modified MWCNT). The flexural modulus of the PSSQ increased 219.1% (with 0.8 wt % acid‐modified MWCNT). The surface and volume electrical resistivities of MWCNT/DGEBA‐PSSQ composites decreased 6 orders when 2.0 wt % of unmodified MWCNT was added to the PSSQ matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Characterization of an alkali‐treated grass fiber by thermogravimetric and X‐ray crystallographic analysis
Authors: De Debasish , De Debapriya 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe thermal behavior of grass fiber was characterized by means of thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The results proved that the removal of water‐soluble matter improved the thermal behavior of grass fiber over that of unleached fiber, and this was further enhanced by an alkali treatment of the grass fiber. The isothermal weight loss of the grass‐fiber specimens was analyzed at 100, 200, and 300°C for different time periods. Accelerated aging of the grass‐fiber samples was carried out to determine the effect of aging on the tensile strength. Partially delignified grass fiber showed maximum thermal stability. X‐ray diffraction analysis was also performed to verify the composition and to correlate the change in the tensile strength due to the water leaching and alkali treatment. The processing of grass fiber with NaOH and NaClO2 reduced the amorphous fraction in the fiber sample. This may have been a result of the loss of the amorphous noncellulosic components of the fibers and the degradation of the unordered regions of the grass fiber. However, mercerization of the grass fiber revealed an increase in the amorphous fraction after a certain time exposure, confirming the decrease in the crystallinity. The morphology of the water‐leached and alkali‐treated grass fiber was studied with scanning electron microscopy © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Phenol–furfural resins to elaborate composites reinforced with sisal fibers—Molecular analysis of resin and properties of composites
Authors: Oliveira Franciéli B. , Gardrat Christian , Enjalbal Christine , Frollini Elisabete , Castellan Alain 
Published: May 2008

AbstractResol type resins were prepared in alkaline conditions (potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate) using furfural obtained by acid hydrolysis of abundant renewable resources from agricultural and forestry waste residues. The structures of the resins were fully determined by 1H, 13C, and 2D NMR spectrometries with the help of four models compounds synthesized specially for this study. MALDI‐Tof mass spectrometry experiments indicated that a majority of linear oligomers and a minority of cyclic ones constituted them. Composites were prepared with furfural–phenol resins and sisal fibers. These fibers were chosen mainly because they came from natural lignocellulosic material and they presented excellent mechanical properties. Thermal analyses (dTG and DSC) and electron microscopy images indicated that the composites displayed excellent adhesion between resin and fibers. Impact strength measurement showed that mild conditions were more suitable to prepare thermosets. Nevertheless, mild conditions induced a high‐diffusion coefficient for water absorption by composites. Composites with good properties could be prepared using high proportion of materials obtained from biomass without formaldehyde. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence to the performance of cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes by fibers addition
Authors: Duarte A.P. , Bordado J.C. , Cidade M.T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe asymmetric membranes based on cellulose acetate are mainly applied for separations in aqueous systems and in reverse osmosis processes, although they can also be used in the so‐called salinity process of energy generation. These applications require membranes with considerable water permeability and high salt rejection. In this paper the improvements resulting from the addition of two different types of fibers on the permeability performance of the membranes (water permeability and salt rejection) as well as on mechanical properties are presented. Concerning the water permeability and salt rejection, the influence of four different contents of cellulosic fibers (CF) and anionic diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE) fibers has been studied and the optimum value was chosen after measuring water permeability and salt rejection of the membranes. To study the mechanical performance, membranes with six different contents of these two types of fibers were produced. Both permeability and mechanical test results obtained for membranes with different contents of fibers were compared with the ones for the membranes produced from the same solution but without fibers. In terms of permeability tests, the membranes with 0.5 wt % CF fibers present the best results, with water permeability 22.8% higher than the membrane without fibers, while the salt rejection only decreases by 7.3%. Concerning the mechanical properties, the best membrane would be the one with 3 wt % CF fibers, however the membrane with 0.5 wt % CF fibers still present a toughness 18.9% higher than the membrane without fibers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Peripheral Muscle Targets and Central Projections of the Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus in Macaque Monkeys
Authors: Wang Niping , May Paul J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MesV) contains the somata of primary afferent neurons that innervate muscle spindles in masticatory muscles and mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligaments. There are conflicting reports about additional peripheral targets of MesV, such as the extraocular muscles, as well as about its central targets. In addition, only limited primate data are available. Consequently, we examined MesV projections in macaque monkeys. The retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) was injected into masticatory or extraocular muscles to define the peripheral targets of the primate MesV. Numerous labeled neurons were found in ipsilateral MesV after masticatory muscle injections. The scattered distribution of labeled cells, and their presence among clusters of unlabeled cells, suggests the muscle representations overlap. Just a few MesV neurons were labeled after extraocular muscle injections. This correlates with the small number of muscle spindles present in macaque extraocular muscles, suggesting MesV cells supplying extraocular muscle spindles may contribute a minor component to oculomotor proprioception. To examine the central connections of MesV, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vs). The presence of retrogradely labeled MesV cells indicated a projection to Vs from MesV. These injections also anterogradely labeled terminals that lay in close association with MesV cells, suggesting an ascending projection from Vs to MesV. Finally, a small number of MesV neurons were labeled after WGA‐HRP injections into the upper cervical spinal cord. This pattern of central connections indicates MesV and Vs information is combined to guide mastication. Anat Rec, 291:974–987, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electromagnetic conductivity mapping for site prediction in meandering river floodplains
Authors: Conyers Lawrence B. , Ernenwein Eileen G. , Grealy Michael , Lowe Kelsey M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSpatial mapping using electromagnetic (EM) conductivity can quickly define past sedimentary environments within meandering river floodplain settings and, most important, those most likely to include archaeological materials. Natural levee and uplifted fluvial terrace environments would have been the most likely areas for people to place permanent settlements, as these topographically high areas would have remained dry during most annual floods. The spatial patterning of high and low electrical conductivity regions, when combined with geological core and auger information, can define a number of depositional environments in floodplains including channels, point bars, natural levees and oxbow lakes. Conductivity maps can then be used to predict the locations of prehistoric floodplain environments, and therefore the most likely locations for archaeological remains. Suitable areas can then be further tested for archaeological features using detailed geophysical surveys and other archaeological survey methods. Case studies are presented from California, Texas and Mississippi that integrate these methods for depositional environment mapping as a way of accessing the archaeological potential in meandering river floodplains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and sensitive magnetometer surveys of large areas using SQUIDs – the measurement system and its application to the Niederzimmern Neolithic double‐ring ditch exploration
Authors: Schultze Volkmar , Linzen Sven , Schüler Tim , Chwala Andreas , Stolz Ronny , Schulz Marco , Meyer Hans‐Georg 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA geomagnetic field measurement system for the detection of archaeological signatures in the subsoil is presented based on the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The system provides fast mapping of large areas with high magnetic field gradient resolution as well as lateral precision. The acquired data are geographically referenced and also the altitude profile is given. The properties of the system were tested intensively at the large Neolithic double‐ring ditch enclosure of Niederzimmern near Weimar, Germany. Differences of the signal acquisition compared with caesium magnetometers are discussed. In the Niederzimmern double‐ring ditch enclosure, with an area of 27 ha, archaeological patterns were found only near the gates. These SQUID measurements, together with accompanying excavations, provide a complex picture of the double‐ring ditch enclosure, dated about 5600 years old. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth inhibition of Monodus subterraneus by free fatty acids
Authors: Bosma R. , Miazek K. , Willemsen S.M. , Vermuë M.H. , Wijffels R.H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMonodus subterraneus is a microalga, which is known for its high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω3) content. To produce EPA commercially, high volumetric productivities of microalgae are required. These high productivities can be reached in flat panel photobioreactors with small optical paths that have to be operated at high cell densities (>10 g/L). However, at these cell densities a reduction of productivity is observed. This growth inhibition is probably caused by growth inhibitors released by the microalgae, which have been suggested to be fatty acids. Our aim was to investigate if free fatty acids produced by M. subterraneus inhibited growth of this species. Therefore a bioassay was developed and saturated, unsaturated and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids occurring in Monodus were tested on their growth inhibiting properties. Growth of M. subterraneus was completely inhibited at a saturated concentration (96 µM) of palmitoleic acid (16:1ω7). But, the saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (16:0) and the mono‐saturated oleic acid (18:1ω9) were much stronger inhibitors. Growth was inhibited for 50% already at concentrations of 0.4 µM 16:0 and 3 µM 18:1ω9, respectively. These fatty acids probably cause the growth inhibition in high cell density cultures of M. subterraneus. Biotechnol. Bioeng. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of Kanlow switchgrass pretreated by hydrothermolysis using Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB4
Authors: Suryawati Lilis , Wilkins Mark R. , Bellmer Danielle D. , Huhnke Raymond L. , Maness Niels O. , Banat Ibrahim M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA thermotolerant yeast strain named Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB4 was used in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process using Kanlow switchgrass as a feedstock. Switchgrass was pretreated using hydrothermolysis at 200°C for 10 min. After pretreatment, insoluble solids were separated from the liquid prehydrolyzate by filtration and washed with deionized water to remove soluble sugars and inhibitors. Insoluble solids were then hydrolyzed using a commercial cellulase preparation and the released glucose was fermented to ethanol by K. marxianus IMB4 in an SSF process. SSF temperature was 37, 41, or 45°C and pH was 4.8 or 5.5. SSF was conducted for 7 days. Results were compared with a control of Saccharomyces cerevisiae D5A at 37°C and pH 4.8. Fermentation by IMB4 at 45 and 41°C ceased after 3 and 4 days, respectively, when a pH 4.8 citrate buffer was used. Fermentation continued for all 7 days using IMB4 at 37°C and the control. When pH 5.5 citrate buffer was used, fermentation ceased after 96 h using IMB4 at 45°C, and ethanol yield was greater than when pH 4.8 citrate buffer was used (78% theoretical). Ethanol yield using IMB4 at 45°C, pH 5.5 was greater than the control after 48, 72, and 96 h (P < 0.05). Biotechnol. Bioeng. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cost analysis of biomarker testing for mismatch repair deficiency in node-positive colorectal cancer
Authors: Barrow E , McMahon R , Evans D G , Levine E , Hill J 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
Microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer is caused by defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR). It is present in 15 per cent of sporadic colorectal cancers owing to epigenetic mutL homologue 1 (MLH1) inactivation. The evidence suggests that patients with tumours caused by defective DNA MMR do not benefit from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy.

Methods
The proportion of cancers with defective DNA MMR identified by MSI analysis or immunohistochemistry was calculated from published data. The cost of analysis was compared with the potential savings if 5-FU-based chemotherapy was not administered to these patients.

Results
Some 16·3 per cent of sporadic colorectal cancers had defective DNA MMR. Immunostaining for MLH1 and mutS homologue 2 (MSH2) had a sensitivity of 92·4 per cent and a specificity of 99·6 per cent for identifying MSI-high tumours. The strongest predictive variable was right-sidedness, with positive and negative predictive values of 0·329 and 0·948 respectively. If 5-FU-based chemotherapy were not administered, potential savings of up to £1·2 million per 1000 patients tested could be made. Costs would be higher if alternative chemotherapeutic regimens were substituted as a result of testing.

Conclusion
Knowledge of MMR status may enable participation in trials of non-5-FU-based chemotherapy. The cost of MMR testing may be offset by more efficient use of chemotherapy.
Significant association of ABCG5 604Q and ABCG8 D19H polymorphisms with gallstone disease
Authors: Kuo K-K , Shin S-J , Chen Z-C , Yang Y-H C , Yang J-F , Hsiao P-J 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 are sterol export pumps regulating biliary cholesterol excretion. The formation of gallstones, supersaturated with cholesterol in bile, is determined by genetic and environmental factors. The interaction of susceptible gene polymorphisms with age, sex and body mass index in gallstone disease is unclear.

Methods
In a cross-sectional study, 979 subjects (880 men and 99 women, mean(s.d.) age 47·7(10·4) years) were recruited from a hospital-based population. Of these, 74 were diagnosed with gallstone disease by abdominal ultrasonography. Five non-synonymous polymorphisms, E604Q (ABCG5), D19H, C54Y, T400K and A632V (ABCG8), were analysed using the TaqMan® genotyping assay.

Results
The serum total cholesterol and both low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly lower in subjects with gallstones than in those without. 604Q (CC) and D19H (GC) genotypes were significantly associated with gallstone disease, even when adjusted for age, sex and body mass index. The genetic risk of developing gallstone disease was further stratified by age. The risk was greatly increased in subjects younger than 50 years with the D19H genotype and those of 50 years or more with the 604Q genotype.

Conclusion
Carriers of ABCG5 604Q or ABCG8 D19H polymorphisms have an increased risk of gallstone disease independent of age, sex and body mass index.
Incorporating ObjectStab library and fuzzy logic toolbox for design of power system damping controller
Authors: Ngamroo Issarachai , Somritvanitcha Boonrat , Hongesombut Komsan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectStab is a general purpose simulation tool for power system stability studies developed by Modelica which is an object‐oriented modeling language. It provides enough modeling flexibility to allow addition or modification of new power system components. This article describes an incorporated use of ObjectStab library and fuzzy logic toolbox in Matlab/Simulink to enhance the application of this library into fuzzy control design environment. The example provided here is the modeling of the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) which is the new device developed in the ObjectStab. In addition, the interface of ObjectStab with Matlab/Simulink for an SSSC damping controller design by fuzzy logic toolbox is explained step by step. In fuzzy control design, a simple approach to extract membership functions and fuzzy logic control rules based on observed signals is presented. Simulation studies in a two‐area four‐generator power system confirm the effectiveness of the fuzzy controller of SSSC designed by the incorporated use of ObjectStab and fuzzy logic toolbox. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 243–255, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20126
Regulation of the Near‐IR Spectral Properties of Individually Dissolved Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Solutions of dsDNA
Authors: Noguchi Yuichi , Fujigaya Tsuyohiko , Niidome Yasuro , Nakashima Naotoshi 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTwo different single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), the so‐called HiPco and CoMoCAT, have been individually dissolved in aqueous solutions of double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the fine structures of the dsDNA‐wrapped SWNTs. The near‐IR absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of aqueous solutions of dsDNA‐wrapped SWNTs were recorded and, in pure water, we observed only a single two‐dimensional PL spot from (6,5) SWNTs for both HiPco and CoMoCAT. In sharp contrast, when Tris‐EDTA (TE) buffer was used in place of pure water, the PL‐mapping images of the solutions showed chirality indices of (6,5), (7,5), (7,6), (8,4), (9,4), and (10,2) for HiPco‐SWNTs, and (6,5) and (7,5) for CoMoCAT‐SWNTs. The first semiconducting bands in the near‐IR absorption spectra of solutions of dsDNA‐wrapped SWNTs are different. To explain the observed differences in the near‐IR absorption and PL behavior we conducted several experiments and found that the near‐IR optical properties of the SWNTs can be modulated by changing the pH of the solutions. The pH break‐points for near‐IR absorption bleaching and PL quenching are different and the phenomena are explained by differences in the numbers of holes generated on the SWNTs. These findings are important from both fundamental and applied viewpoints.
π‐Face Donor Properties of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes in Grubbs II Complexes
Authors: Leuthäußer Steffen , Schmidts Volker , Thiele Christina M. , Plenio Herbert 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe electron‐donating properties of eighteen N‐heterocyclic carbenes (N,N′‐bis(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)imidazol)‐2‐ylidene and the respective dihydro ligands) with 4,4′‐R substituted aryl rings (4,4′‐R = NEt2, OMe, Me, H, SMe, F, Cl, Br, I) in the respective Grubbs II complexes were studied using electrochemical techniques. The nature of the 4‐R substituent has a strong influence on the RuII/III redox potentials ranging between ΔE1/2=+0.196 and +0.532 V. Three unsymmetrical Grubbs II complexes with 4‐R ≠ 4‐R′ were also synthesized. Dynamic NMR spectroscopy revealed the restricted rotation around the (NHC)CRu bond (ΔG = 89 kJ mol−1 at 333 K) resulting in two atropisomers, respectively, with an isomer ratio close to unity. Each of the isomers, that is the two orientations of the 4‐R/4‐R′ substituted mesityl ring with respect to the RCHPh unit, gives rise to different redox potentials (4‐R = NEt2, 4‐R′ = Br: ΔE1/2=+0.232 and +0.451 V). In the oxidized Grubbs II complex (4‐R = NEt2, H) and in the cathodic isomer the electron rich aryl ring is located above the RuCHPh unit. This orientational effect provides clear evidence for strong π–π through‐space interactions in the RuIII complexes, assuming that the alternative through‐bond transfer of electron density is equally efficient in both isomers.