bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pilot clinical trial of the effects of coenzyme Q10 on chronic tinnitus aurium
Authors: Khan Martin , Gross Johann , Haupt Heidemarie , Jainz Annett , Niklowitz Petra , Scherer Hans , Schmidt Frank‐Peter , Klapp Burghard F. , Reisshauer Anett , Mazurek Birgit 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVETo determine the short‐term effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on the antioxidative status and tinnitus expression in patients with chronic tinnitus aurium.STUDY DESIGNA 16‐week prospective nonrandomized clinical trial (n = 20). Tinnitus and Short Form‐36 Questionnaires (TQ/SF‐36) were evaluated together with the plasma concentrations of CoQ10, malondialdehyde, and the total antioxidant status.RESULTSThe mean plasma CoQ10 concentration rose under external CoQ10 supply and remained elevated after medication stopped without overall effects on the tinnitus score. However, in a subgroup of 7 patients with low initial plasma CoQ10 concentration and significant increase in the plasma CoQ10 level, a clear decrease in the TQ score was observed.CONCLUSIONIn patients with a low plasma CoQ10 concentration, CoQ10 supply may decrease the tinnitus expression.SIGNIFICANCEThis is the first study to examine the effect of CoQ10 in chronic tinnitus aurium.© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Effects of the subcranial approach on facial growth and development
Authors: Shlomi Benjamin , Chaushu Stella , Gil Ziv , Chaushu Gavriel , Fliss Dan M. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVETo analyze the long‐term effects of subcranial surgery for anterior skull base tumors on facial growth.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGRetrospective study (1994 to 2004) in a university‐affiliated hospital. Of 108 patients who underwent a subcranial surgical approach for anterior skull base tumors, six adolescents and five young adults fulfilled study entry criteria for age and follow‐up data availability (mean, 3.2 ± 2 years). Cephalometric x‐ray films monitored postoperative facial growth. Anteriorly and posteriorly measured horizontal and vertical maxillary growth were compared with normal values.RESULTSAll subjects had superiorly positioned maxillae (shorter in patients with long‐standing pathologies). The upper incisor teeth were proclined relative to the cranial base reference planes. All cephalometric changes were within a 10 percent deviation of normal values.CONCLUSIONSSubcranial surgery for these tumors minimally affects vertical facial skeleton growth. Early surgery is essential for unaffected horizontal growth.SIGNIFICANCEGuidelines for anterior skull base tumor surgery in adolescents and young adults.© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Hypertonic saline alters electrical barrier of the airway epithelium
Authors: Miwa Masato , Matsunaga Mayumi , Nakajima Noriyuki , Yamaguchi Shintaro , Watanabe Kensuke 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVEThe effect of tonicity changes in nebulizer solutions and irrigations on nasal mucosa is not well known. The present study aims to determine the basic mechanism of hypertonic solution on airway epithelial barrier.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGWe investigated the electrical potential difference (PD) that is influenced by both active transport and the transepithelial electrical resistance of the epithelial mucosa in the human nose in vivo. The short circuit current (SCC) revealed net ion transport across the epithelium in the guinea pig trachea in vitro. Finally, the size dependency of macromolecules across the tracheal mucosa was determined in vitro using FITC‐labeled dextrans of different sizes.RESULTSPD was significantly decreased after topical application of hypertonic solution both in human and in guinea pig nose. SCC was significantly decreased after application of hypertonic solution. The transport of these dextrans from the basolateral to the apical side was not increased significantly after apical application of hypertonic saline.CONCLUSIONSHypertonic saline enhances the electrical permeability of the airway epithelial mucosa but not transport of macromolecule in the short term.© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Autonomic nervous system evaluation in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Ishman Stacey L. , Martin Timothy J. , Hambrook Daniel W. , Smith Timothy L. , Jaradeh Safwan S. , Loehrl Todd A. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the relationship between allergic rhinitis (AR) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction.METHODSQuantitative ANS testing was completed in 10 patients with AR confirmed by clinical findings and allergy testing. This data was compared to 16 age‐matched controls.RESULTSANS scores were significantly abnormal in AR patients when compared to normal controls. The composite autonomic scale score for the AR group was significantly impaired when compared to controls (1.6 vs 0.63, P < 0.0001). Additionally, subscore values quantifying the level of dysfunction within the sympathetic nervous system (1.0 for sudomotor and 0.5 adrenergic) were found to be significantly different (P < 0.0001 and 0.018). The mean subscore value quantifying the level of dysfunction within the parasympathetic system (cardiovagal) was not found to be significantly different from controls (P = 0.38).CONCLUSIONSANS dysfunction, specifically sympathetic hypofunction, was identified in all of the allergic rhinitis patients studied. Further characterization of the type of ANS abnormality may allow the development of novel pharmacologic therapies for these disorders.© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Otitis media in adults as a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux
Authors: Sone Michihiko , Yamamuro Yuri , Hayashi Hideo , Niwa Yasumasa , Nakashima Tsutomu 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical relationship between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and otitis media with effusion (OME) in adults.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGSixty patients with OME with unknown causes were asked to answer a new questionnaire specific for the diagnosis of GER disease; pepsinogen (PG) levels in their middle‐ear effusions (MEEs) were measured.RESULTSThe percentage of patients with high PG concentrations in their MEEs was significantly higher in those with questionnaire‐positive GER than in those with questionnaire‐negative GER. OME was present bilaterally in a significantly higher percentage of patients with questionnaire‐positive GER. The PG levels decreased in some of the patients after receiving proton pump inhibitors, which also decreased the symptoms of GER.CONCLUSIONThe presence of PG in MEEs supports the existence of GER; treatment for GER should be considered in patients with ear complaints, especially in those who have GER‐related symptoms.© 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
The peanut allergy epidemic: allergen molecular characterisation and prospects for specific therapy
Authors: de Leon Maria P. , Rolland Jennifer M. , O'Hehir Robyn E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPeanut (Arachis hypogaea) allergy is a major cause of food-induced anaphylaxis, with increasing prevalence worldwide. To date, there is no cure for peanut allergy, and, unlike many other food allergies, it usually persists through to adulthood. Prevention of exposure to peanuts is managed through strict avoidance, which can be compromised by the frequent use of peanuts and peanut products in food preparations. Conventional subcutaneous-injection allergen immunotherapy using crude peanut extract is not a recommended treatment because of the risk of severe side effects, largely as a result of specific IgE antibodies. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a suitable peanut allergen preparation that can induce specific clinical and immunological tolerance to peanuts in allergic individuals without adverse side effects. This requires detailed molecular and immunological characterisation of the allergenic components of peanut. This article reviews current knowledge on clinically relevant peanut allergens, in particular Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3, together with options for T-cell-reactive but non-IgE-binding allergen variants for specific immunotherapeutic strategies. These include T-cell-epitope peptide and hypoallergenic mutant vaccines. Alternative routes of administration such as sublingual are also considered, and appropriate adjuvants for delivering effective treatments at these sites examined.
Increase in weight induced by muraglitazar, a dual PPARα/γ agonist, in db/db mice: adipogenesis/or oedema?
Authors: Mittra S , Sangle G , Tandon R , Sharma S , Roy S , Khanna V , Gupta A , Sattigeri J , Sharma L , Priyadarsiny P , Khattar S K , Bora R S , Saini K S , Bansal V S 
Published: January 2007

Background and purpose:Muraglitazar, a dual PPARα/γ agonist, caused a robust increase in body weight in db/db mice. The purpose of the study was to see if this increase in weight was due to oedema and/or adipogenesis.Experimental approach:The affinity of muraglitazar at PPARα/γ receptors was characterized using transactivation assays. Pre‐adipocyte differentiation, expression of genes for adipogenesis (aP2), fatty acid oxidation (ACO) and sodium reabsorption (ENaCγ and Na+, K+‐ATPase); haemodilution parameters and serum electrolytes were measured to delineate the role of muraglitazar in causing weight gain vis a vis rosiglitazone.Key Results:Treatment with muraglitazar (10 mg kg−1) for 14 days significantly reduced plasma glucose and triglycerides. Reduction in plasma glucose was significantly greater than after similar treatment with rosiglitazone (10 mg kg−1). A marked increase in weight was also observed with muraglitazar that was significantly greater than with rosiglitazone. Muraglitazar increased aP2 mRNA and caused adipocyte differentiation in 3T3‐L1 cells similar to rosiglitazone. It also caused a marked increase in ACO mRNA in the liver of the treated mice. Expression of mRNA for ENaCγ and Na+, K+‐ATPase in kidneys was up‐regulated after either treatment. Increased serum electrolytes and decreased RBC count, haemoglobin and haematocrit were observed with both muraglitazar and rosiglitazone.Conclusions and implications:Although muraglitazar has a better glucose lowering profile, it also has a greater potential for weight gain than rosiglitazone. In conclusion, muraglitazar causes both robust adipogenesis and oedema in a 14‐day treatment of db/db mice as observed in humans.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 480–487. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707000
Neuromedin U can exert colon‐specific, enteric nerve‐mediated prokinetic activity, via a pathway involving NMU1 receptor activation
Authors: Dass N B , Bassil A K , North‐Laidler V J , Morrow R , Aziz E , Tuladhar B R , Sanger G J 
Published: January 2007

Background and purpose:The neuromedin U (NMU) receptors, NMU1 and NMU2, are expressed in the gut but their functions are unclear. This study explores the role of NMU in gastrointestinal motility.Experimental approach:The effects of NMU were examined in the forestomach and colon isolated from NMU2R wild‐type and NMU2R‐/‐ (knockout) mice, looking for changes in muscle tension and in nerve‐mediated responses evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS), and in models of peristalsis in mouse colon and faecal pellet transit in guinea‐pig colon.Key results:In the mouse forestomach, NMU (1 nM‐10 μM) concentration‐dependently induced muscle contraction, in the presence of tetrodotoxin and atropine, in preparations from both wild‐type and NMU2R‐/‐ mice (pEC50: 7.9, 7.6, Emax: 0.26, 0.20g tension, respectively, n=8 each concentration). The same concentrations of NMU had no consistent effects on the responses to EFS (n=8). In the mouse colon, NMU (0.1 nM‐1 μM) had no significant effect on baseline muscle tension (n=8), but concentration‐dependently potentiated EFS‐evoked contractions in preparations from both wild‐type and NMU2R‐/‐ mice, pEC50: 8.1, 7.8, Emax: 24%, 21%, respectively, n=6‐11. NMU (0.01 nM‐0.1 μM, n=5‐7) concentration‐dependently decreased the interval between waves of peristalsis in the mouse colon (pEC50: 8.8) and increased the rate at which a faecal pellet moved along the guinea‐pig colon.Conclusions and implications:These results demonstrate that NMU exerts colon‐specific, nerve‐mediated, prokinetic activity, via a pathway involving activation of NMU1 receptors. This suggests that this receptor may represent a molecular target for the treatment of intestinal motility disorders.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 502–508. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707004
Urotensin‐II Induces Ear Flushing in Rats
Authors: Qi J‐S , Schulingkamp R , Parry T J , Colburn R , Stone D , Haertlein B , Minor L K , Andrade‐Gordon P , Damiano B P 
Published: January 2007

Background and purpose:While investigating the effects of systemic urotensin II (U‐II), a potent vasoactive peptide acting at the UT receptor, we observed ear pinna flushing after systemic administration to conscious rats. In the present study, U‐II‐induced ear flushing was quantified in terms of ear pinna temperature change and potential mechanisms were explored.Experimental approach:U‐II‐induced ear flushing was quantified by measuring lateral ear pinna temperature changes and compared to that of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), a known cutaneous vasodilator. Further, the effects of a variety of pharmacological agents on U‐II‐induced ear flushing were explored.Key results:Subcutaneous injection of U‐II (9 μg kg−1)produced localized ear pinna flushing with an onset of ∼15 min, a duration of ∼30 min and a maximal temperature change of 9°C. In contrast, CGRP caused cutaneous flushing within multiple cutaneous beds including the ear pinna with a shorter onset and greater duration than U‐II. A potent UT receptor antagonist, urantide, blocked U‐II‐induced ear flushing but did not affect CGRP‐induced ear flushing. Pretreatment with indomethacin or L‐N
ω ‐nitroarginine methylester (L‐NAME) abolished U‐II‐induced ear flushing. Mecamylamine or propranolol did not affect this response to U‐II. Direct intracerebroventricular injection studies suggested that the ear flushing response to U‐II was not mediated directly by the CNS.Conclusion and implications:Our results suggest that U‐II‐induced ear flushing and temperature increase is mediated by peripheral activation of the UT receptor and involves prostaglandin‐ and nitric oxide‐mediated vasodilation of small capillary beds in the rat ear pinna.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 415–423. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707006
Colostrum production in swine: from the mammary glands to the piglets.
Authors: Farmer C. , Devillers N. , Rooke J. N. , Dividich J. le 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
An early and high intake of colostrum is a major determinant of survival during the early suckling period, when most losses occur. Indeed, piglets are born devoid of body fat and are dependent on colostrum as their sole energy source. Colostrum also has other essential roles for the developing piglet; most importantly, it provides passive immunity and nutrients to the piglet and permits thermoregulation. It also stimulates gastrointestinal development, muscle protein synthesis and the development of active immunity. Neonatal swine can efficiently use colostrum since they have a remarkable capacity to deposit large amounts of fat and can also absorb intact immunoglobulins for 24 h postnatally. The production of colostrum, however, is very variable between sows and the factors affecting this variability are not well known. Such studies are most difficult to carry out since it is not easy to estimate colostrum yield. Indeed, the various methods that can be used tomeasure colostrum yield all have several drawbacks. The endocrine status of the sow undoubtedly affects the process of colostrogenesis and the underlying mammary changes associated with it. The composition of sow colostrum is well known, yet it is only recently that the presence of numerous bioactive compounds which can either protect piglets from infection or modulate their metabolism was detected in colostral secretions. There are indications that the composition of colostrum can be altered by some management components but further studies are necessary in that area.
Small ruminant mycoplasmoses with particular reference to the Middle East.
Authors: Al-Momani W. , Nicholas R. A. J. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Mycoplasmas are responsible for many human and animal diseases and have a tremendous economic and health impact worldwide. They have a pronounced affinity for mucosal surfaces and consequently cause infections of the urogenital and respiratory tracts, but also of the mammary gland and serous membranes, particularly in animals. Mycoplasma infections of small ruminants are known to exist worldwide and cause significant economic impacts because of substantial reductions in milk yield, meat, skins and hair in affected animals; however, little is known of their occurrence in the Middle East. Many mycoplasmas can infect lungs of small ruminants and induce respiratory disease and these
Mycoplasma capricolum
subsp.
capripneumoniae
,
M. mycoides
subsp.
capri
[formerly
M. mycoides
subsp.
mycoides
LC (International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes have proposed the merging of these two subspecies into the single subspecies:
M. mycoides
subsp.
capri
; a decision is pending.)] and
Mycoplasma capricolum
subsp.
capricolum
(Mcc).
M. agalactiae
and
M. putrefaciens
can be a major cause of mastitis, arthritis and ocular disease. This review highlights the importance of pathogenic mycoplasmas in small ruminants, including
M. putrefasciens
which has never been described previously in the Middle East. The isolation of mycoplasmas is considered as one of the more difficult tasks for the diagnostic laboratories due to the inability of mycoplasmas to grow easily in laboratory media. The diagnosis of mycoplasma diseases is complex because clinical signs are not characteristic and antibody response can be transient or delayed in the early phase and non-existent in the final stages. Mycoplasma infections are notoriously difficult to prevent and control, rarely responding well to chemotherapy. Many countries control mycoplasma infections by slaughtering the diseased animals, but this way of control is impractical in the Middle East and especially in Jordan where there are limited funds for compensation. Vaccines may be a more efficient way of preventing the spread of disease but are not widely available and those inactivated mycoplasma vaccines that are available may provide only transient protection.
Dietary threonine for broilers: dietary interactions and feed additive supplement use.
Authors: Kidd M. T. , Hackenhaar L. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The bird needs amino acids for numerous metabolic functions other than protein synthesis. As nutritionists, we assume that the estimated need of the limiting amino acid, determined by dose-response measurements, reflects the quantitative need of the bird. The global competitiveness of broiler meat production and the variable, and sometimes narrow, profit margins have strengthened the need to feed birds well-balanced diets that meet rather than exceed amino acid needs. The commercial production of L-threonine at prices attractive to least-cost broiler diet formulation has given nutritionists flexibility to decrease crude protein and closer meet the bird's amino acid needs. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that dietary amino acid needs are met, as modern commercial broilers accrete more meat (protein) at earlier ages than previous strains, so any shortage will negatively affect performance. Today, more nutritionists are utilizing the ideal ratio method of formulation. This method assumes ratios of essential amino acids to lysine. Since threonine is generally third limiting after methionine and lysine, the next most limiting amino acid will determine the value of threonine to the nutritionist. Therefore, commercial acceptance of L-threonine emphasizes the importance of accurately defining the minimum amino acid levels of the next limiting amino acids after threonine. Since the relative contribution of amino acids varies by ingredient, it is mportant that we have accurate analyses of all the essential amino acids in the range of ingredients used in formulation. This review discusses key factors that impact threonine needs and our current knowledge of amino acids limiting after threonine.
Review of group size effects on the performance of growing pigs.
Authors: Payne H. G. , Brumm M. C. , DAntuono M. , Pluske J. R. Pluske J. R. , Williams I. H. , Moore K. L. , Mullan B. P. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Group size (number of pigs per pen) is an important factor in the design and management of facilities for growing pigs as it can influence capital requirement and the welfare and performance of pigs. Groups of 30 in commercial practice were previously considered as large, whereas today groups of 100-1000 pigs are used on some farms. This review examines early work, previous reviews of group size and recent work on the effect of group size on pig performance. The paper also incorporates an analysis of 19 recently published studies. The analysis showed that increasing group size from 5 to 100 pigs per pen appeared to have a small, negative effect on performance of weaner and finisher pigs provided that floor-space, and the number of feeders and drinkers was adequate. Group size appeared to have a greater impact on grower pigs, but this may be a reflection of the shorter duration of these particular studies. The review also describes a number of factors that may interact or be influenced by group size. These include carcass characteristics, behaviour, crowding, pen size and shape, and provision of resources such as feeders and drinkers. It can be concluded that pig behaviour alters with increasing group size and that much remains to be understood about pig behaviour in groups of 30-40 pigs and upwards. In practice, while housing pigs in large groups decreases construction, maintenance and cleaning costs, it may increase labour associated with inspection, treatment and marketing of pigs.