bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The lot of shaken baby syndrome (SBS) cases: Follow‐up of visual outcome and congnitive function
Authors: PINELLO L , ROSA RIZZOTTO M , MAIMONE P , MAZZAROLLO M , MANEA S , FACCHIN P 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To study long‐term outcome of SBS on visual and cognitive functions. Methods Case series of 10 children (7 M, 3 F) with confirmed SBS has been examined and followed‐up. All chldren underwent a fundus evaluation by indirect ophtalmoscopy and wide‐field digital ophtalmic camera (RetCam II) in the acute phase and until retinal hemorrhage resorption. The assessment was repeated at follow‐up combined with ocular motility evaluation, visual field (BEFIE test), visual acuity by preferential looking tecnique (teller acuity cards), refractometry, cognitive‐behavioural evaluations (Griffiths scales, Child Behaviour Check List), and family stress measurement (Parenting Stress Index). Results Mean age at acute episode of SBS: 6 months (range 2‐20). Mean age at last follow‐up evaluation: 27.6 months (range 4.5‐41). At last follow‐up evaluation: 1 out of 6 had a decreased visual acuity (cortical visual impairment), 3 out of 6 had mild‐severe visual field deficits, 3 out of 6 has strabismus. None of the cases showed significant refractive errors. Due to age or severity of impairment and delay in global development, in any of the cases we were able to perform a recognition acuity test by symbols or E‐charts. Cognitive and behavioural assessment demonstrated global delay and impaiments in speech/language development and attention problems. Conclusion SBS is characterized by severe long‐term sequelae both in visual and cognitive function. Several visual impairments are observed, mainly related to cortial injury of visuo‐spatial area. Although follow‐up is difficult due to family history, there is strong indication for global assessment until scholar age where other impairments are demonstrated.
Electrophysiological measurement of macular pigment distribution using annular stimuli: implications for colour vision testing
Authors: ROBSON AG , PARRY NRA 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To quantify macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and distribution using steady‐state VEPs and to optimize the koniocellular selectivity of large chromatic gratings. Methods Blue/Green (B/G) gratings were generated within 1 circular and 3 concentric annular fields (maximum radius 9°). All 4 fields were modulated simultaneously, each at a different temporal frequency. Onset‐offset VEPs were recorded as the luminance ratio between adjacent chromatic components within each field changed from 0.25 to 0.85 in 11 automated steps. Fourier analysis showed that the first harmonic was minimised at each subjects’ isoluminant ratio, as verified using flicker photometry. MPOD was computed at each retinal location relative to the most eccentric annulus. The stimuli were adjusted to compensate for the MP profile, allowing generation of a B/G grating that was isoluminant over the whole of the 18° stimulus area. The optimised B/G field was used to probe koniocellular function using onset‐offset VEPs and psychophysical temporal tuning characteristics. Results Results: MPOD values computed from VEP estimates of B/G isoluminance correlated with those derived from minimum flicker measurements (r=0.94, p<0.005, slope=0.80). Large B/G gratings comprising of concentric annuli and optimised to compensate for MP, elicted large chromatic‐specific onset VEPs of negative polarity. Temporal tuning characteristics to the same stimuli were low‐pass, in keeping with the low temporal resolution of the koniocellular system. Conclusion The steady‐state VEP can be used to determine MPOD at different retinal eccentricities. Macular pigment profiles may be used to optimise the koniocellular selectivity of large B/G stimuli.
Acquired colour vision deficiency in subjects with ARMD and Diabetes
Authors: O'NEILL‐BIBA M , RODRIGUEZ‐CARMONA M , RAUSCHER FG , WOLF JE , BARBUR JL 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world in people over the age of 50. Its prevalence increases with age as does diabetes. Such conditions affect the metabolic stability of the retina, resulting in non‐inflammatory damage to retinal structures, and finally retinopathy. These changes to the visual pathway result in colour vision loss and in general, diminished visual performance. The aim of this study was to quantify accurately using sensitive visual tests the severity of visual loss in subjects with ARMD and diabetes. Methods We investigated a large number of ARMD and Diabetic subjects with varying degrees of retinopathy and assessed their colour vision, achromatic high contrast acuity and flicker sensitivity under photopic and mesopic viewing conditions. Results Results show a loss of chromatic sensitivity in both the red‐green and yellow‐blue channels, more pronounced under mesopic viewing condition. It was observed that chromatic loss was not localised to the site of retinopathy but affected peripheral retina also. Flicker sensitivity and contrast acuity loss were also observed in all subjects diagnosed with the above conditions. Preliminary findings show that significant loss of chromatic and flicker sensitivity precedes structural changes in the retina as revealed in conventional fundus imaging. Conclusion The results so far suggest that loss of chromatic sensitivity is the most sensitive measure for detection of early damage in subjects with eye disease and can be used to detect and to monitor the progress of disease or the outcome of treatment.
Chromatic VEP in colour deficient children
Authors: TEKAVCIC POMPE M , STIRN KRANJC B , BRECELJ J 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To compare chromatic VEP response to isoluminant red‐green stimulus in children with congenital red‐green colour deficiency with a control group of 30 children with normal colour vision. Methods 15 children (7‐18 years) with congenital colour vision deficiency (8 in deutan and 7 in protan axis) and 30 healthy children (7‐19 years) were included in the study. Colour vision was assessed with Ishihara plates, Nagel Anomaloscope, Mollon‐Reffin Minimalist test, Farnsworth‐Munsell D‐15 saturated and desaturated test and Farnsworth‐Munsell hue 100 test. VEP were recorded to isoluminant red‐green stimulus. The stimulus was a 7 deg large circle composed of horizontal sinusoidal gratings, with spatial frequency 2 cycles/deg and 90 % chromatic contrast. VEP were recorded from Oz (mid occipital) position. Children were tested binocularly. Latency and amplitude of positive (P) and negative (N) wave were measured and so was mean amplitude (N‐P wave). Results N wave was present in 24/30 children with normal colour vision (110 ± 25.1 ms; 9.7 ± 4.8 μV) and only in 1/15 child with colour vision deficiency (93 ms; 3.2 μV). P wave was present in 30/30 children with normal colour vision (138 ± 21.1 ms; 21.1 ± 13.5 μV) and in 13/15 children with colour vision deficiency (131.9 ± 6.1 ms; 19.4 ± 10.7 μV). In healthy children waveform changed from predominantly positive to negative wave with increasing age, whereas in colour deficient children no obvious waveform changes were observed. Conclusion VEP response to isoluminant chromatic stimulus showed different characteristics in children with congenital colour vision deficiency compared to children with normal colour vision. manca.tekavcic‐pompe@guest.arnes.si
Scattered light and visual acuity after Descemet‐stripping with endothelial keratoplasty
Authors: MCLAREN JW , BOURNE WM , PATEL SV 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The lamellar interface and anterior host cornea after posterior lamellar keratoplasty scatter more light than normal corneas. In this study, we examined the relationship between forward‐scattered light, back‐scattered light, and visual function after Descemet‐stripping with endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK). Methods Nineteen eyes of 17 patients received DSEK with the donor prepared by a microkeratome; all eyes were pseudophakic postoperatively. Eyes were examined before and at 6 months after surgery. Best‐corrected high‐contrast visual acuity (HCVA) was measured by electronic‐ETDRS and low‐contrast visual acuity (LCVA) was measured by using a 10% contrast chart. Intraocular forward light scatter was measured by using a stray‐light meter (Oculus C‐Quant) and back‐scattered light was measured in anterior, middle, and posterior thirds of the cornea by using a custom slit‐lamp scatterometer. Generalized estimating equation models were used for statistical analyses to account for possible correlation between fellow eyes of the same patient. Results HCVA improved from 0.46 ± 0.26 logMAR (20/58) before DSEK to 0.28 ± 0.15 logMAR (20/38) at 6 months (p<0.001, n=19), and LCVA improved from 0.88 ± 0.26 logMAR (20/152) before DSEK to 0.62 ± 0.19 logMAR (20/83) at 6 months (p<0.001). At 6 months after DSEK, forward light scatter correlated with HCVA (r=0.67, p<0.001) and with LCVA (r=0.75, p=0.006). Back‐scattered light from the anterior, mid, or posterior cornea were not correlated with forward scatter or with HCVA or LCVA (p>0.2). Conclusion Visual outcomes after DSEK are associated with the forward‐scattered light induced by the host cornea and lamellar interface, although not with the back‐scattered light visible on slit‐lamp examination.
Pseudophakic dysphotopsia ‐ Counting the stars
Authors: ASLAM T , ASPINALL P 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To demonstrate the use and potential for two very disparate measures of glare and dysphotopsia Methods We report the development of a system of measuring pseudophakic dysphotopsia dependent on patient recognition of photographic plates. The photographs are structured such that type and intensity of varied dysphotopsia can be assessed. The photographs have been used in preliminary studies to assess prevalence of dysphotopsia and also to compare the amount in patients with different intraocular lenses. In a parallel study C‐Quant measures of stray light were obtained on 106 patients referred to the cataract clinics. In addition to tests of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity (LogMar and Pelli‐Robson), cataract morphology was assessed using the Oxford cataract grading system. The paper examines associations and differences between the visual and clinical measures and using latent class analysis explores subgroups of different patient profiles
Reliability results of straylight measurements using the C‐Quant
Authors: CERVINO A , MONTES‐MICO R , FERRER‐BLASCO T 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Assessment of repeatability and reproducibility of straylight measures with the C‐Quant straylightmeter (Oculus AG, Germany), effect of age on reliability measures and correlation of measures determined with new methods of scatter determination. Methods Results from different studies will be presented. For repeatability assessment, 20 eyes (age 26.9±2.7 years) were examined with the C‐Quant, taking 10 consecutive readings. 5 subjects were also examined on 5 consecutive days to assess reproducibility. Repeated measures from 84 subjects, age range 19‐86 years, were analysed to assess the effect of patient’s age. Software was developed to quantify scatter from centroid patterns obtained using a clinical aberrometer(WASCA, Zeiss) based on previous work by Donnelly & Applegate, and 3 values were obtained on 10 eyes. 3 measures were also made with the C‐Quant. Preliminary results comparing the C‐Quant and the StarLight hallometer will also be presented. Results Results failed to show differences between readings taken within the same session (mean SD 0.07, p>0.05) or between sessions (mean SD 0.05, p>0.05). Variability of intrasession measurements was not significant for subjects of different age (p=0.094). After removal of incomplete patterns, good correlation was achieved between psychometric and objective measures despite small sample size (n=6; r= ‐0.831, p=0.040). Conclusion The C‐Quant straylightmeter is repeatable and reliable for retinal straylight assessment on human eyes. Age does not decrease repeatability eventhough they feel more insecure about their ability to perform the test. Psychometrical determination of straylight showed remarkably high correlation with objective measures of scatter on young healthy subjects.
A screening test for visual disorders based on Rarebit perimetry
Authors: MARTIN LM , WANGER P 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the clinical usefulness of a newly developed screening program, the VisuBit™ Quick test, based on the Rarebit perimetric technique (Frisén 2002). Methods Twenty‐one subjects (32 eyes), 6 males and 15 females, median age 47 years (27‐67), were examined using the VisuBit Quick and Full test, both including the Fovea test (4x3°visual field) and the Field test (30x20° visual field). Two subjects had amblyopia in one eye, one of these had normal visual acuity in the other eye and one had a history of central serous retinopathy in one eye, 2 subjects had a history of optic neuritis in both eyes and 2 had glaucoma in both eyes. All other eyes were healthy and had normal visual acuity. Results The correlation coefficients between number of unperceived stimuli in the Quick and the Full test were 0.95 in the Fovea and in the 0.86 Field test. In the Quick Field test more than 4 unperceived stimuli predicted a subnormal result (MHR < 90%; Martin & Wanger 2004) in the Full Test. In the Fovea Test more than 2 unperceived stimuli predicted a subnormal results (MHR < 97%; Nilsson et al 2007). The positive and negative predictive values for the Quick Fovea test were 0.95 and 0.77, respectively. Corresponding values for the Quick Field test were 0.95 and 0.85. Conclusion The findings in this pilotstudy indicate that this implementation of the Rarebit perimetric technique may be useful for rapid screening for visual disorders.
Effects of repetitive IOP measurements
Authors: JOHANNESSON G , LINDEN C , BEHNDIG A , EKLUND A , HALLBERG P 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of repetitive applanation tonometry measurements on IOP and aqueous humor volume in the anterior chamber. Methods This is an ongoing study where four healthy volunteers have participated so far. Consecutive repeated series of six measurements with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and applanation resonance tonometry (ART) were made alternately on both eyes for one hour. Using an Oculus Pentacam, the anterior chamber of the left eye was photographed before the measurements and then consecutively for 20 min. Finally, one additional measurement was performed with both GAT and ART. Results In this abstract we present the results from the first four subjects. The results show that there was a significant reduction in IOP on the right eye both with GAT and ART. After one hour of measurements, IOP was reduced by 5.5 mmHg (range 4.3‐7.2 mmHg) for GAT and 3.1 mmHg (range 1.0‐4.1 mmHg) for ART. The decrease in aqueous humour volume after IOP measurements was less than 10 % for all subjects. Conclusion Although Bechrakis showed as early as 1966 that repetitive measurements result in significant IOP reduction, the mechanism behind this is still matter of debate. Our preliminary results confirm the occurrence of IOP reduction after repetitive measurements, but indicate that it could not be explained by the decrease in volume of the anterior chamber.
HLA class I haplotypes and progression of primary open angle glaucoma
Authors: VERONESE RODRIGUES ML , ZENHA F , CASTALDELLI RMOB , DEGHAIDE NHS , DONADI EA 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) with HLA class I haplotypes (A9‐B12, A2‐B40, A1‐B8) associated with this disease could have a fast disease progression than patients who wouldn’t present these haplotypes. Methods Anatomic and functional evaluation of 25 patients (six of them with one of the haplotypes associated with glaucoma) followed, in the Glaucoma Outpatient Clinic of the University Hospital of a Brazilian Medical School, for ten years after the typing of their HLA antigens in order to compare with the previous conditions. Results There was observed a higher increase in the cup/disc ratio in patients with HLA haplotypes associated with POAG predisposition (P=0.01248, comparing with patients of different ages; and P=0.0047, comparing with patients of the same age group), however it wasn’t observed significant differences, between these and the others patients with glaucoma, in functional damage progression (evaluated by Humphrey perimetry) neither in losses in retinal nerve fibers layer (evaluated by optical coherence tomography). Conclusion These results show the association of class I HLA haplotypes with faster progression of anatomic alterations of the optic nerve head in patients with glaucoma.
Interactions between trabecular meshwork cells and lens epithelial cells – a possible mechanism in infantile aphakic glaucoma
Authors: INBAL M , SHMOISH M , WALTON DS , LEVENBERG S 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Infantile aphakic glaucoma may develop as a postoperative complication of early childhood cataract surgery. Its causes and mechanisms to date are poorly understood. Our goal is to study the mechanisms leading to trabecular meshwork (TM) dysfunction and glaucoma following the cataract removal. We focus on deciphering the interactions between TM cells and lens tissue or conditioned medium by analyzing changes in TM cells co‐cultured with lens epithelial cells (LECs), or cultured in the presence of factors found to be secreted by LECs. Methods These interactions are studied by analyzing for morphological alternations, and differential gene and protein expression. Factors secreted by LECs are analyzed using cytokines array membranes. Results TM cells grown in the presence of LECs exhibited structural changes (mainly volume and size enlargement and decreased cell‐cell interactions), as well as altered protein expression (mainly cytoskeletal), and gene expression (such as genes related to cell morphogenesis and inflammatory response). Several cytokines were found to be elevated in the medium of LECs, and of the co‐culture, but not in the medium of TM cells, suggesting their role in the changes observed in TM cells co cultured with LECs; co‐culture of TM cells in the presence of these cytokines will be further performed. Conclusion Many of these changes were reported in primary open‐angle glaucoma, suggesting the possible role of LECs in the development of aphakic glaucoma.
Circulating ether‐lipids as an early marker of POAG
Authors: ACAR N , BERDEAUX O , JUANEDA P , GREGOIRE S , BIDOT S , CREUZOT CP , BRETILLON L , BRON AM 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Neuronal tissues such as the retina contain high amounts of particular phospholipids named “ether‐lipids”. Since abnormal blood levels of ether‐lipids have been associated with several neurological disorders, we wanted to check whether ether‐lipid levels were modified and associated with the severity of POAG. Methods Blood samples were collected from 41 healthy subjects and 64 POAG patients. Following lipid extraction from erythrocytes, total phospholipids including ether‐lipids were isolated using silica cartridges. The fatty acid profile of phospholipids was determined using capillary column gas chromatography (GC). The individual molecular species of phospholipids and ether‐lipids were quantified by tandem liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Results The levels of ether‐lipids were significantly decreased in glaucoma patients and especially the choline ether‐lipid sub‐class. The Mean Deviation (MD) value from Humphrey perimetry was negatively correlated to erythrocyte levels of total choline ether‐lipids (r²=0.99). The linear regression model predicted that total choline ether‐lipid levels started to decrease about 20 years prior to clinical symptoms. Conclusion Although the mechanisms responsible for the reduction of erythrocyte levels of ether‐lipids in POAG patients remains unclear, the known functions of ether‐lipids in the protection against oxidative stress make these results very consistent with the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
Correlation of optic disc morphology and ocular perfusion parameters in patients with primary open angle glaucoma
Authors: SCHMIDL D , RESCH H , RENSCH F , HOMMER A , VASS C , LUKSCH A , GARHOFER G , JONAS JB , SCHMETTERER L 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Little information is available about the relationship between glaucomatous visual field defects and reduced blood flow in the optic nerve head. It is still not clear, if impaired circulation is a causative factor in the disease process, or if it is secondary as a result of loss of axons in the optic nerve head. In the present study vascular parameters were correlated against structural damage of the optic nerve head and functional damage. Methods 103 patients with primary open angle glaucoma, documented visual field defects and optic disc morphology changes were examined. Blood flow parameters were assessed using Laser Doppler Flowmetry, Laser Doppler Velocimetry, and the Retinal Vessel Analyzer. To evaluate the morphology of the optic nerve head, a fundus photograph was taken. For determination of the degree of visual field damage, automated perimetry was performed. Results The degree of optic nerve head damage was significantly correlated with the intensity of visual field loss. Decrease in retinal vessel diameter was only slightly correlated with the degree of glaucomatous optic neuropathy and visual field defect. Reduced optic nerve head blood flow was, however, strongly correlated with the degree of visual field loss and morphological optic disc damage. Conclusion The data of the current experiment indicates that blood flow in the optic nerve head is strongly associated with the degree of visual field damage, whereas retinal vessel diameters show only little association with the degree of visual field damage.
Frequency of melanocytic conjunctival lesions in an ocular oncology unit
Authors: SANCHEZ‐MANNARELLI F , PORTERO‐BENITO A , CARRENO‐SALAS E , MUNOZ MF , SAORNIL MA 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Pigmented lesions of conjunctiva account for 50% of conjuntival tumors.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of incidence,clinical characteristics and distribution of these pathologies in a referral oncology unit. Methods Retrospective observational cases series of patients with diagnosis pigmented conjuntival lesions were studied at the Ocular Oncology Unit of Valladolid Clinical Hospital dated from January 1992 until June 2008.Clinical chart of consecutive cases were reviewed through evaluation of the clinical features. Demographic data (age,sex,background) and clinical features (shape,location,ocular and extraocular extension) have been registered in a data base design in AccessXP and statistical SPSS 15 analysis. Results 314 cases were diagnosed with conjuntival tumors, 149 (47%) corresponded to melanocytic tumors; mean age was 42 years, and 52% were females. 73.2% were benign tumors, 22.1% precancerous and 4.7% malign. Comparing clinical characteristics of PAM and melanoma we found significant clinical differences (p<00,5) regarding clinical presentation, 100% melanomas presenting as a growing lesion;limbal involvement was 42.9% for melanoma and 62% for PAM;Corneal involvement was 28.5% for melanoma compared to 17.2% of PAM and 2% of Nevus. All nevus were circumscribe lesions,38% of PAM were diffuse/multicentrics and 42,9% de melanomas were multicentricts;Mean age at diagnosis was 38 years for nevus,53.5 for PAM and 61.3 for melanomas. Conclusion Pigmented lesions were more frequent tumor in our serie.Most of them benign.Clinical characteristics were related with precancerous or malignal lesions were growing onset,multicentric lesion with corneal and limbal involvement and older age.