bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Music Appreciation Students and their Commitment to Music
Authors: Dunn Anne 
Published: December 2008

This article is based on research undertaken in adult education institutes of the Inner London Education Authority, and gives statistical details of students attending Music Appreciation classes. Their reasons for attending such classes, preferences for types of music attendance at performances, membership of musical societies and reading of books and articles on music are included. They were also asked to give details of their home listening, as this provides further proof of the commitment given to music by people who meet together once a week to learn about the subject.From these personal details it should be possible for a tutor to devise a curriculum of interest which would stimulate adults to be more deeply involved in music-making.
Education for Creativity
Authors: Jones Timothy 
Published: December 2008

It is quite possible that the so-called ‘creative’ activities espoused by proponents of recent approaches to music education are endangering the production of great music by the next generation of composers because as children they are not being given the necessary foundation of skills to develop the craft of composition.Isolated examples of genuine educational conviction have only served to legitimise these questionable trends by lending a certain historical authority to a modern philosophical disaster.The major problem with the recent approaches is that they fail to recognise that craftsmanship is a fundamental requirement for genuine artistic achievement.
An Analysis of Instructional Procedures in a College-Level Dalcroze Eurhythmics Class
Authors: Stone Sally 
Published: December 2008

By developing techniques for describing the varieties of behaviours and experiences in a college-level Dalcroze Eurhythmics class and by using those techniques to record practices in two semesters of Eurhythmies classes, this study addressed both the need in the arts for systematic procedures for documenting the nature of arts experiences and the need to codify features in a Dalcroze Eurhythmics class.The findings yield a description of regular practices in one particular classroom which may provide a base for future research. The findings also suggest that description of surf ace phenomena does not capture all that we need to know about the instruction process, and it may not yield an understanding of what occurs in a Eurhythmies class.
Microelectronics in Special Education
Authors: Ellis Phil , Dowsett Rosemary 
Published: December 2008

The place of music in the general school curriculum has undergone considerable change in the last few years. During the 1970s, the Schools Council Project ‘Music in the Secondary School Curriculum’ identified a number of approaches, all having a common philosophy – to engage all children in practical musical activity of an expressive, aesthetic nature. More recently, the HMI document ‘Curriculum Matters 4 – Music from 5 to 16’ has brought many of the ideals of this project into sharp focus, with its emphasis on composing, performing and listening as practical, integrated activities. The aims of music education, as stated in this document, highlight the changing direction of music in the curriculum; and the new GCSE should reflect this, so becoming a more relevant examination for a broader cross-section of pupils than has hitherto been possible.With this changing emphasis in mainstream education, it is worth considering if any developments are possible in terms of general music activities for children with special needs. Is it possible for them to experience a more practical music curriculum; to engage in the process of composition and have heightened listening experiences as a result? Here microelectronics can make a significant contribution, just as it is beginning to do in mainstream education. By using some of the new technologies, pupils with a variety of handicaps are able to explore, create and perform a wide range of music.
Percy Scholes on Music Appreciation: Another View
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle R. 
Published: December 2008

Percy A. Scholes' (1877–1958) defence of music appreciation remains one of the most clearly articulated among the twentieth-century approaches to school music. His published work is eminently readable, spiced with wit, and attractive to non-musicians. Scholes has gone beyond philosophical argument to practical strategy, as his published work attests. Nevertheless, his ideas ought not either be accepted at face value or ‘written off’ as a ‘failure’ without careful examination of them.1This paper attempts to reconstruct Scholes' ideas about music appreciation evidenced in his published work; to examine his assumptions about the rationale, objectives, instructional methods and curriculum for music appreciation; and to suggest implications of this analysis for future research and practice.
Music Education in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Paynter John 
Published: December 2008

Possibly because very few teachers in Britain are fluent readers of Scandinavian languages while, on the other hand, the majority in the academic professions in Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Iceland speak and read – not infrequently write – English, the flow of thinking about music education and its developments often appears to be one way.Yet although it may be true to say that, over the last twenty years or so, music educators in the Nordic countries have drawn quite a lot of inspiration from beyond their own borders (Finland and Sweden tending to look towards Hungary; Norway, Iceland and Denmark perhaps turning more often to Britain and the United States), it would be a serious error to imagine that they have no significant ideas of their own! Indeed, an enormous amount has been achieved in these countries from which the rest of us can usefully learn.
A New Look at Musical Improvisation in Education
Authors: Addison Richard 
Published: December 2008

After a brief summary of the development of ‘Creative Music’ in schools in the U.K., the author suggests that the emphasis on Improvisation, advocated by Orff and others, has been lost in favour of the Composition/Product model.An attempt to define ‘Improvisation’ leads to various considerations of its value and purpose in various educational settings, and in Music Therapy. Links with ‘play’ in young children, and with practices in Movement/Dance education are drawn.Practical examples are suggested, and a ‘spectrum’of degrees of ‘improvisation’ opportunity are suggested. Participants perceptions of improvisation and composition are described, and finally the case for improvisation as an essential part of any music curriculum is made.
Music in the Certificate of Pre-Vocational Education: A Music Course for Special People
Authors: Tipton Dorothy 
Published: December 2008

The author describes a project which was created to encourage communication, through music and drama, between mainstream sixth form pupils and a local Special School. The course was offered as part of the Certificate of Pre- Vocational Education of the Joint Board of City and Guilds/B. Tech. and was open to all sixth form students irrespective of their musical expertise or experience. None had previously worked with handicapped children.Dorothy Tipton is Head of Music at the Rowena School for Girls, Sittingbourne. Her interest in Special School work was awakened during a Diploma in Music Education course at Christ Church College, Canterbury, resulting in a dissertation on ‘Music in the Mainstream Classroom for children with Special Needs’ (1985). During this research close and lasting links were developed with the local Special School for the severely handicapped, St Bartholomew's School, Milton, Kent. In March 1988, project cards for Music non-specialist primary school teachers Exploring Sounds and Themes, devised by Dorothy Tipton, Alan Vincent and Vanessa Young, were published by Kent Education Committee.
Ferdinand Pelzer: An Introduction To A Neglected Achievement
Authors: Button Stuart W. 
Published: December 2008

This article attempts to identify and evaluate the contribution made by Ferdinand Pelzer to English music education. Since the mid-nineteenth century Pelzer's work as a music teacher has largely been neglected; yet research into contemporary accounts suggests that his method of teaching singing was comparatively more successful than those of Mainzer, Wilhem and Hullah.Dr Button also explains Pelzer's method, setting it against a background of growing interest in vocal music, the establishment of the first national system of education, and the adoption of the Wilhem–Hullah music system for use in elementary schools.
Glasnost and Perestroika in Russian Soviet Music Education
Authors: Lepherd Laurence 
Published: December 2008

There is considerable concern in the Russian Federation of the Soviet Union about the state of music education in general schools, the schools most children attend. Many observers draw attention to the decline in musical standards in these schools since the Revolution of 1917. Glasnost – ‘openness’ and Perestroika – ‘reconstruction’, are key factors in contemporary Soviet society which are affecting attempts to raise the standard. In particular, the Kabalevsky system developed in the 1970s and implemented in the 1980s is the focal point of reconstruction and, because of openness, is also the focal point of criticism.In this article the author outlines some of the features of current music education in general schools. The influences of glasnost and perestroika on development are discussed and some international implications are suggested.
Music and Play
Authors: Addison Richard 
Published: December 2008

The writer looks at the meanings of the word ‘play’ and its properties, and draws attention to the common elements and the differences to be observed in the play of young people and adults respectively. He applies these observations to music, giving examples.He then considers how classroom teachers have used some of the ‘play’ principles in their work, and introduces the idea of drawing instrumental teachers into similar patterns of action – to be fully developed in the other articles in this group. He summarises recent writings on the subject and his own practical contributions over the last few years.
The Integrated Instrumental Teacher: Learning to Play Through Performance, Listening and Composition
Authors: Verney John P. 
Published: December 2008

This article is written to show that composition can become an integral part of an instrumental teacher's methodology. Current musical education in schools in England and Wales is trying to give children a broad understanding of what music can contribute to the lives of all - listeners and performers. The starting point for this is composition. If instrumental teachers can introduce children to this discipline along with the disciplines of instrumental technique and a love of performing, we can create true, well-balanced musicians.Through this approach it is possible that we can develop an integrated music curriculum that joins together the expertise of the classroom music teacher and the instrumental teacher, with resulting benefits to children, who can then see that music is not divided between the creative classroom and the re-creative instrumental and performing worlds.
Reproducibility of dynamic computed tomography brain perfusion measurements in patients with significant carotid artery stenosis
Authors: Serafin Z. , Kotarski M. , Karolkiewicz M. , Mindykowski R. , Lasek W. , Molski S. , Gajdzińska M. , Nowak-Nowacka A. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Perfusion computed tomography (PCT) determination is a minimally invasive and widely available technique for brain blood flow assessment, but its application may be restricted by large variation of results. Purpose: To determine the intraobserver, interobserver, and interexamination variability of brain PCT absolute measurements in patients with significant carotid artery stenosis (CAS), and to evaluate the effect of the use of relative perfusion values on PCT reproducibility. Material and Methods: PCT imaging was completed in 61 patients before endarterectomy, and in 38 of these within 4 weeks after treatment. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), time to peak (TTP), and peak enhancement intensity (PEI) were calculated with the maximum slope method. Interexamination variability was evaluated based on perfusion of hemisphere contralateral to the treated CAS, from repeated examinations. Interobserver and intraobserver variability were established for the untreated side, based on pretreatment examination. Results: Interobserver and intraobserver variability were highest for CBF measurement (28.8% and 32.5%, respectively), and interexamination variability was the highest for CBV (24.1%). Intraobserver and interobserver variability were higher for absolute perfusion values compared with their respective ratios for CBF and TTP. The only statistically significant difference between perfusion values measured by two observers was for CBF (mean 78.3 vs. 67.5 ml/100 g/min). The interexamination variability of TTP (12.1%) was significantly lower than the variability of other absolute perfusion measures, and the interexamination variability of ratios was significantly lower than absolute values for all the parameters. Conclusion: In longitudinal studies of patients with chronic cerebral ischemia, PCT ratios and either TTP or CBV are more suitable measures than absolute CBF values, because of their considerably lower inter- and intraobserver variability. Differences in CBF between two examinations as high as 30% may be considered as significant in such patients.
Identification of a fljA gene on a linear plasmid as the repressor gene of fliC in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi
Authors: Zou Xin , Huang Xinxiang , Xu Shungao , Zhou Liping , Sheng Xiumei , Zhang Haifang , Xu Huaxi , Ezaki Takayuki 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi z66‐positive strain contains an fljBA‐like operon on a linear plasmid and the fliC gene on the chromosome encoding d or j antigen. The fljB‐like gene has been identified as the gene encoding z66 antigen. To investigate the function of the fljA‐like gene in S. enterica serovar Typhi, a z66‐positive wild‐type strain GIFU10007 and its phase variation j positive strain 007j+ were used in the present study. After deletion of the fljA‐like gene, the wild‐type strain that only expressed FljB:z66 could express both FliC:j and FljB:z66 at the same time. A recombinant plasmid, pBADfljA, containing the fljA‐like gene was prepared. SDS‐PAGE and western blot analysis of secreted proteins showed that when the strain 007j+ was transformed by the recombinant plasmid, pBADfljA, the expression of FliC:j was inhibited. The fliC::lacZ fusion of the strain 007j+ was constructed. β‐Galactosidase activity was decreased approximately 100‐fold after harboring the plasmid pBADfljA in the fliC::lacZ mutant strain. However, the fliC mRNA level investigated by RT‐PCR was decreased only approximately seven‐fold in the strain 007j+ after harboring the plasmid pBADfljA. These results demonstrated that the fljA‐like gene on a linear plasmid of S. enterica serovar Typhi is a fljA gene, the repressor of fliC gene, and the inhibition by FljA is likely at the post‐transcriptional level.
V‐PROLI/NO, a nitric oxide donor prodrug, protects liver cells from arsenic‐induced toxicity
Authors: Qu Wei , Liu Jie , Dill Anna L. , Saavedra Joseph E. , Keefer Larry K. , Waalkes Michael P. 
Published: December 2008

Inorganic arsenic shows great promise in human cancer chemotherapy, although hepatotoxicity is a major limiting side‐effect. O2‐Vinyl 1‐[2‐(Carboxylato)pyrrolidin‐1‐yl]diazen‐1‐ium‐1,2‐diolate (V‐PROLI/NO) [Correction added after publication 19 December 2008: 1‐[2‐(Carboxylato)pyrrolidin‐1‐yl]diazen‐1‐ium‐1,2‐diolate (V‐PROLI/NO) was corrected to O2‐Vinyl 1‐[2‐(Carboxylato)pyrrolidin‐1‐yl]diazen‐1‐ium‐1,2‐diolate (V‐PROLI/NO)] is a nitric oxide (NO) donor prodrug that is metabolized by liver cytochromes P450 to release NO. Other NO‐releasing agents have been shown to mitigate arsenic toxicity. Thus, the effects of V‐PROLI/NO pretreatment on the toxicity of inorganic arsenic (as NaAsO2) were studied in vitro in a human liver (HepG2) cell line. HepG2 cells acted upon the prodrug to release NO, as assessed by nitrite levels, in a dose‐ and time‐dependent fashion to maximal levels of 57‐fold above control levels. In cells pretreated with V‐PROLI/NO (200 µM, 24 h) then exposed to arsenic for an additional 24 h, arsenic was much less toxic (LC50 = 151.9 ± 5.9 µM) than in control cells (LC50 = 90.5 ± 6.5 µM) and the reduced cytolethality was directly related to the level of NO produced. V‐PROLI/NO also increased CYP2E1 transcriptional expression in a dose‐dependent manner and CYP2E1 expression was directly related to the level of NO produced and the reduction in arsenic cytotoxicity. V‐PROLI/NO pretreatment markedly reduced arsenic‐induced apoptosis as measured by DNA fragmentation. Pretreatment with V‐PROLI/NO suppressed phosphorylation of JNK1/2 after arsenic exposure. Arsenic increased metallothionein, a metal‐binding protein important in arsenic tolerance, and V‐PROLI/NO pretreatment caused additional increases in metallothionein levels. Thus, the prodrug, V‐PROLI/NO, protects against arsenic toxicity in cultured human liver cells, reducing cytolethality, apoptosis and dysregulation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases, through generation of NO formed after metabolism by liver cell enzymes, possibly including CYP2E1. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 382–388)
Alternative lengthening of telomeres frequently occurs in mismatch repair system‐deficient gastric carcinoma
Authors: Omori Yasuhiro , Nakayama Fumihito , Li Dong , Kanemitsu Kiyonori , Semba Shuho , Ito Akihiko , Yokozaki Hiroshi 
Published: December 2008

Maintenance of telomeric ends by the telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex or the telomerase‐independent alternative lengthening of telomeres is necessary for the immortalization of human cells. The significance of alternative lengthening of telomeres has been suggested in DNA mismatch repair system‐deficient cells; however, much remains unknown in human malignancies. In this study, we investigated the telomere maintenance mechanism in gastric carcinoma. In formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded sections of the high frequency of microsatellite instability (MSI‐H) and non‐MSI‐H gastric carcinomas, there was no difference in telomere length monitored by telomere intensity ratio using telomere‐fluorescent in situ hybridization. Immunoreactivity of hTERT, the catalytic subunit of telomerase, was detected in 48% of MSI‐H gastric carcinomas. The frequency was significantly lower than that in non‐MSI‐H gastric carcinomas (86%, P = 0.02). Conversely, the number of the alternative lengthening of telomeres‐associated promyelocytic leukemia bodies (APBs) detected by combined promyelocytic leukemia immunofluorescence and telomere‐fluorescent in situ hybridization was statistically higher (57%) in the MSI‐H gastric carcinomas compared to that in non‐MSI‐H gastric carcinomas (19%, P = 0.026). The cases with hTERT(+)APBs(–) were more frequent in non‐MSI‐H gastric carcinomas (76%) than in MSI‐H gastric carcinomas (24%), and the cases with hTERT(–)APBs(+) were more frequent in MSI‐H gastric carcinomas (33%) than in non‐MSI‐H gastric carcinomas (10%). These results suggest that alternative lengthening of telomeres‐mediated telomere maintenance plays an important role for microsatellite instability‐mediated stomach carcinogenesis, as well as the telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex, although the incidence of MSI‐H is low. Defects of the mismatch repair system may lead to homeologous recombination of telomeric ends for the telomerase‐independent telomere maintenance in gastric carcinomas. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 413–418)
Clinical trial: pilot study of metformin for the treatment of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: LOOMBA R. , LUTCHMAN G. , KLEINER D. E. , RICKS M. , FELD J. J. , BORG B. B. , MODI A. , NAGABHYRU P. , SUMNER A. E. , LIANG T. J. , HOOFNAGLE J. H. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryBackground Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a form of progressive fatty liver disease that is strongly associated with insulin resistance, which suggests that insulin sensitizing agents such as metformin may be beneficial for NASH.Aim To assess the effects of metformin on insulin sensitivity, body composition, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and liver histology in patients with NASH.Methods Patients underwent liver biopsy, metabolic profiling and imaging studies before and at the end 48 weeks of metformin (2000 mg/day) therapy. The primary endpoint was a three‐point improvement in the histological NASH activity index.Results Of 28 patients enrolled, 26 (13 females; average age 44 years) completed 48 weeks of treatment and underwent repeat metabolic studies, imaging and liver biopsy. Thirty per cent achieved a histological response. Most patients lost weight, the average being 6 kg. There was a marked association between weight loss and improvements in NASH activity index and ALT levels (both,P < 0.01). Insulin sensitivity also improved, but the degree of change did not correlate with histological improvement.Conclusion Metformin leads to improvements in liver histology and ALT levels in 30% of patients with NASH, probably by its effects in causing weight loss.
Informed consent for epidural analgesia in labour: a survey of UK practice*
Authors: Middle J. V. , Wee M. Y. K. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAnaesthetists are legally obliged to obtain informed consent before performing regional analgesia in labour. A postal survey of consultant‐led UK anaesthetic units was performed in September 2007 to assess practice regarding obtaining informed consent before inserting an epidural, and documentation of the risks discussed. The response rate was 72% (161/223). There was great variation between units regarding which risks women were informed about and the likely incidence of that risk. One hundred and twenty‐three respondents out of 157 providing an epidural service (78%) supported a national standardised information card endorsed by the Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association, with all the benefits and risks stated, to be shown to all women before consenting to an epidural in labour.
Smoking and anaesthesia: the pharmacological implications
Authors: Sweeney B. P. , Grayling M. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAnaesthetists are generally familiar with the peri‐operative implications of cigarette smoking. Although there are a number of publications dealing with the wider pharmacological implications of cigarette smoking, the specific interactions which are of direct relevance to anaesthetists are less well known. This review gives an overview of those interactions which are of clinical relevance to anaesthetists and provides, where possible, an explanation of the mechanism. Recent improvements in the understanding of biotransformation of drugs, including streamlining of the classification of hepatic enzymes has allowed better understanding of drug interactions and enables the mechanistic prediction of those involving new drugs.