bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological studies of asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Type-1 infected individuals
Authors: White Desirée A. , Heaton Robert K. , Monsch Andreas U. ,   The HNRC
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe current review was conducted to address the ongoing debate regarding the presence or absence of neuropsychological impairment in asymptomatic HIV-Type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive individuals. Results were summarized from 57 studies that compared the performances of seropositive asymptomatic and seronegative individuals. Overall, the differences observed between median rates of impairment for asymptomatic (35%) and seronegative (12%) groups provided the clearest indication of deficits in asymptomatics. In addition, five variables were examined as possible contributors to inconsistencies found in the literature: mode of infection, test battery type, test battery size, sample size, and method of data analysis. Of these variables, only mode of infection and test battery size appeared to substantially influence the outcome of the studies reviewed with regard to identifying neuropsychological impairment in asymptomatics. (JINS, 1995, I, 304–315.)
Knowledge of New English vocabulary in amnesia: An examination of premorbidly acquired semantic memory
Authors: Verfaellie Mieke , Reiss Lisa , Roth Heidi L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTo assess if amnesics have intact remote memory for general semantic information, we examined memory for vocabulary words with known dates of entry into the language between 1955 and 1989. Amnesics of mixed etiology with acute onset performed normally on both a recall and a recognition task. Korsakoff patients, in contrast, were impaired on both tasks and demonstrated a gradient such that their knowledge of words acquired during more recent time periods was worse than that of words acquired during more remote time periods. The improvement in performance associated with recognition testing was larger for Korsakoff patients than for control subjects and correlated significantly with a composite measure of frontal dysfunction. These findings suggest a deficit in the controlled search and retrieval of semantic information in Korsakoff patients. The implications of the differential performance of Korsakoff and mixed etiology amnesics for explanations of temporally graded retrograde amnesia are discussed. (JINS, 1995, I, 443–453.)
Bilingual effects of unilingual neuropsychological treatment of dyslexic adolescents: A pilot study
Authors: Kappers E. Jan , Dekker Marjolein 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFourteen young adolescents with specific reading disabilities received short term neuropsychological treatment–specifically left hemisphere (LH) or right hemisphere (RH) stimulation–in a clinical pilot project. The effects on single-word and passage reading were evaluated when the language of treatment was either Dutch (mother tongue) or English (foreign language). Transfer effects across the two languages were also studied. In general, the results indicate that these short term interventions may prove successful for the treated language and with the additional transfer to a second (not treated) language. (JINS, 1995, I, 494–500.)
A longitudinal study of reading ability in patients suffering from dementia
Authors: Paque Louise , Warrington Elizabeth K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate whether reading is a preserved ability in patients suffering from dementia, as was first suggested by Nelson and McKenna (1975). The 57 patients included in the study had possible or probable Alzheimer's disease or similar degenerative conditions and were assessed longitudinally. Their performance on the National Adult Reading Test [(NART); Nelson, 1982, 1991] is compared to that on a shortened version of the WAIS-R. It is found that although performance on the NART does decline gradually over time, the deterioration on formal tests of IQ is more rapid and more severe. It seems that the decline in reading across the group is due to those patients who have a lower verbal IQ (VIQ) than performance IQ (PIQ). It is concluded that generally the NART can be used as a predictor of the premorbid intellectual functioning of a patient with dementia, given that the VIQ is greater than PIQ. (JINS, 1995, 1, 517–524.)
Frontal lobe damage produces episodic memory impairment
Authors: Wheeler Mark A. , Stuss Donald T. , Tulving Endel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article reports the outcome of a meta-analysis of the relation between the frontal lobes and memory as measured by tests of recognition, cued recall, and free recall. We reviewed experiments in which patients with documented, circumscribed frontal pathology were compared with normal control subjects on these three types of tests. Contrary to conventional wisdom, there is strong evidence that frontal damage disrupts performance on all three types of tests, with the greatest impairment in free recall, and the smallest in recognition.(JINS, 1995, 1, 525–536.)
Cognitive flexibility and complex integration in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Schizophrenia
Authors: Hanes Karl R. , Andrewes David G. , Pantelis Christos 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTwo new tasks designed to individualize and assess aspects of cognitive flexibility and complex integration were administered to patients with schizophrenia (n = 16), Parkinson's disease (PD; n = 25) and Huntington's disease (HD; n = 12). Findings indicated impaired performance in the schizophrenic and HD groups on components of solution fluency, reactive flexibility and integration. The PD group demonstrated normal performance on all but the solution fluency and reaction time measures. These findings corroborate previous studies suggesting that executive and problem solving disturbances feature in schizophrenia and HD and that these functions may not be as severely affected in medicated PD. Slowed reaction time by both dementia groups is explained with reference to the concept of bradyphrenia. (JINS, 1995, 1, 545–553.)
Comparison of figural intrusion errors in three amnesic subgroups
Authors: Kixmiller Jeffrey S. , Verfaellie Mieke , Chase Kenneth A. , Cermak Laird S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTo examine the contribution of memory deficits and executive dysfunction to the production of prior-item intrusion errors, Korsakoff, mesial temporal amnesic, and anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACoA) patients’ performance on the Visual Reproduction subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) was assessed. The Korsakoff patients were matched to the mesial temporal group in terms of severity of amnesia, while the ACoA group, which was less severely amnesic, was matched to the Korsakoff group in their performance on executive tests. Results indicated that at immediate recall, Korsakoff patients made significantly more intrusions than mesial temporal and ACoA patients. Conversely, after a delay, ACoA patients tended to make more intrusions than the other groups. Findings suggest that intrusions are due to a combination of deficient memory and executive dysfunction. A further comparison of a subgroup of ACoA patients matched to the Korsakoff patients in terms of severity of amnesia, however, revealed differences in the pattern of intrusions of these two groups, suggesting that different mechanisms may underlie Korsakoff and ACoA patients’ susceptibility to interference. (JINS, 1995,1, 561–567.)
CT measurement of suprasellar cistern predicts rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Aylward Elizabeth H. , Rasmusson D. Xeno , Brandt Jason , Raimundo Lisa , Folstein Marshal , Pearlson Godfrey D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPrevious studies reveal significant relationships between some quantitative computed tomography (CT) measures and level of cognitive functioning in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study was designed to determine whether measurements from CT scans of AD patients could predictfuture ratesof decline in cognitive function. Subjects were 8 men and 19 women diagnosed with probable AD. CT measures included bifrontal ratio, bicaudate ratio, and areas of lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and suprasellar cistern (SSC). Measures of cognitive and adaptive functioning were obtained at the time of the scan and on follow-up. Of the CT measures, the SSCR (SSC corrected for intracranial area) was the most highly correlated with Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score and other cognitive measures at the time of the scan. Follow-up data were obtained for those 20 individuals who were mildly to moderately demented at the time of the scan (MMSE ≥ 10). Rate of change was calculated for each neuropsychological measure. The SSCR correlated significantly with rate of change for MMSE and other measures of cognitive and adaptive functioning. This study demonstrates that CT measurement of the SSC can predict thesubsequent rateof neurocognitive decline in AD patients. (JINS, 1996,2, 89–95.)
The effects of divided attention on implicit and explicit memory performance
Authors: Schmitter-Edgecombe Maureen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study explored the nature of the relationship between attention available at learning and subsequent implicit and explicit memory performance. One hundred neurologically normal subjects rated their liking of target words on a five-point scale. Half of the subjects completed the word-rating task in a full attention condition and the other half performed the task in a divided attention condition. Following administration of the word-rating task, all subjects completed five memory tests, three implicit (category association, tachistoscopic identification, and perceptual clarification) and two explicit (semantic-cued recall and graphemic-cucd recall), each bearing on a different subset of the list of previously presented target words. The results revealed that subjects in the divided attention condition performed significantly more poorly than subjects in the full attention condition on the explicit memory measures. In contrast, there were no significant group differences in performance on the implicit memory measures. These findings suggest that the attention to an episode that is necessary to produce later explicit memory may differ from that necessary to produce unconscious influences. The relationship between implicit memory, neurologic injury, and automatic processes is discussed. (JINS, 1996, 2, 111–125.)
Calculation and number processing: Neuropsychological assessment and daily life difficulties
Authors: Deloche GÉrard , Dellatolas Georges , Vendrell Josep , Bergego Catherine 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOne hundred unselected brain-damaged outpatients received a standardized battery of numerical tests (EC301) and, independently, a questionnaire on numerical activities in daily life (ADL). Comparisons between the two types of measurement were drawn from the scorings for different functional components of the calculation and number processing system. Results indicated high ranking correlations between the two instruments. The EC301 battery generally proved more powerful than the questionnaire in detecting the presence of mild-todiscrete impairments, but some aspects of numerical difficulties in nonaphasic patients were scored higher on the ADL questionnaire. (JINS, 1996, 2, 177–180.)
Mood and global-local visual processing
Authors: Basso Michael R. , Schefft Bruce K. , Ris M. Douglas , Dember William N. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTesting hypotheses derived from neuropsychological models of mood, as well as the association of mood states and personality characteristics with global-local visual processing, were examined. Fifty-nine men completed measures associated with depression and positive mood, and were administered a brief perceptual judgment task that assessed global-local visual processing biases. Additionally, 19 of these 59 subjects were administered measures of anxiety and optimism-pessimism and completed an expanded judgment task. Affective and personality variables were then correlated with judgment task performances. Consistent with predictions, positive mood and optimism were directly associated with a global bias and inversely related to a local bias. A converse pattern of findings was obtained with depression and trait anxiety. Implications for research concerning other aspects of visual processing are discussed. (JINS, 1996, 2, 249–255.)
Inattentive behavior after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Whyte John , Polansky Marcia , Cavallucci Christopher , Fleming Megan , Lhulier Joanna , Coslett H. Branch 
Published: February 2009

AbstractClinicians and families report that traumatic brain injury results in a variety of attention deficits. Numerous laboratory studies have documented slowing of information processing, alteration in event-related potentials, or difficulty attending to specific relevant task dimensions in the presence of redundant information. However, little is known about how these information processing abnormalities relate to observable behaviors in daily living or work environments, which presumably form the basis for clinicians’ and families’ reports. We developed a quantitative assessment of behavioral inattentiveness in both quiet and distracting environments, and demonstrated excellent interrater reliability. Using this assessment, we have studied 20 patients with recent traumatic brain injury and 20 demographically comparable control subjects. We have confirmed marked differences in behavioral attentivencss between patients and controls in both distracting and nondistracting environments. (JINS, 1996, 2, 274–281.)
Feeling-of-knowing in fact retrieval: Further evidence for preservation in early Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lipinska Beata , Bäckman Lars 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe ability to retrieve and monitor factual information varying in datedness (i.e., datedvs. contemporary) was examined in healthy older adults and patients in an early phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Subjects were given free recall and multiple-choice recognition tests of 48 general knowledge questions. For all questions not responded to in recall, subjects made fecling-of-knowing (FOK) judgments. Results indicated dementia-related deficits in both recall and recognition, although both groups showed better recall and recognition with the dated compared with the contemporary questions. Importantly, despite deficits in fact retrieval, the AD patients showed intact monitoring of stored knowledge, as indicated by equivalent FOK accuracy for both groups. In addition, FOK accuracy was similar for the dated and the contemporary information in both groups, suggesting independence between level of general knowledge and the ability to supervise information stored in memory. (JINS, 1996, 2, 350–358.)
Dementia associated with dorsal midbrain lesion
Authors: Meador K.J. , Loring D.W. , Sethi K.D. , Yaghmai F. , Styren S.D. , DeKosky S.T. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAlthough the dorsal midbrain has been implicated in cognitive processes in animals, its role in humans is unclear. We report the neuropsychological and postmortem neuropathological findings of a 52-yr-old university professor who developed a profound dementia in association with a focal dorsal midbrain lesion. The patient's disorder appeared to result from a tuberculous granuloma based on the clinical course and autopsy results. Neuropsychologically, he exhibited a generalized impairment across most of the cognitive domains assessed. His deficits were not explained by impaired arousal, specific sensory or motor defects, depression, or hydrocephalus. Although there are inherent limitations to a single-case investigation, our observations are consistent with animal studies that have demonstrated that focal dorsal midbrain lesions may result in cognitive impairment. We propose that the dorsal midbrain is involved in cognitive processing via modulation of thalamocortical networks. (JINS, 1996, 2, 359–367.)
Neuropsychological correlates of learning disability subtypes in children with Tourette's syndrome
Authors: Yeates Keith Owen , Bornstein Robert A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNeuropsychological deficits in Tourette's syndrome (TS) may be associated with learning disabilities. We examined the neuropsychological performance of 70 children with TS between the ages of 6 and 18 years who were classified into four groups based on their pattern of performance on the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised. The groups included three learning disability subtypes and a nonlearning disabled comparison group. The groups differed significantly on several measures in a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. The pattern of differences was not entirely consistent with previous research, however, suggesting that the neuropsychological correlates of learning disabilities may be influenced by the specific pathophysiology associated with TS. Thus, previous research on the neuropsychology of learning disability subtypes might not be generalizable to children with discrete neuropsychiatric disorders such as TS. (JINS, 1996, 2, 375–382.)
Effects of left-sided movements on line bisection in unilateral neglect
Authors: Lin Keh-Chung , Cermak Sharon A. , Kinsbourne Marcel , Trombly Catherine A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThirteen patients with left neglect performed line bisection under four conditions: no cue, visual cueing involving the report of a digit placed at the left end of the line, circling the left-end digit, and digit circling plus tracing of the line with the right index finger from its left end to its midpoint before bisection. Digit circling plus finger tracing was unequivocally more effective in reducing left neglect than digit circling alone, which was in turn more effective than visual cueing; indeed, digit circling with tracing completely abolished the rightward bisection bias. Thus continuously directing visuomotor control to the left side of the line (even with the right hand) until bisection is performed reduces neglect more than only requiring patients to attend to left-sided visual cues. The facilitatory effects of the cueing procedures may reflect their differential efficacy in constraining as well as attracting attention and action to the left part of the target line. These findings have implications for neglect rehabilitation. (JINS, 1996, 2, 404–411.)
Anosognosia for hemiplegia, neglect dyslexia, and drawing neglect: Clinical findings and theoretical considerations
Authors: Berti Anna , Làdavas Elisabetta , Corte Monica Della 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper different models of anosognosia are confronted and data concerning denial behaviors are presented that were collected on a selected population of right brain-damaged patients affected by motor and neglect disorders. Anosognosia for motor impairment and anosognosia for cognitive impairments were found to be dissociated, as well as anosognosia for the upper and lower limb motor impairments. These findings are then discussed in an attempt to choose the more suitable theoretical framework for interpreting the various disorders related to denial of illness. (JINS, 1996, 2, 426–440.)
Effects of temporal lobe epilepsy on spatial and figural aspects of memory for a complex geometric figure
Authors: Breier Joshua I. , Plenger Patrick M. , Castillo Rosario , Fuchs Kathleen , Wheless James W. , Thomas Azreena B. , Brookshire Bonnie L. , Willmore L. James , Papanicolaou Andrew 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe preoperative delayed memory performance on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (Lezak, 1983) of 54 patients with complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin was analyzed using 3 different indices. One index (composite) was derived using a common scoring method that included both spatial and figural aspects of memory in its score. The other two indices were derived emphasizing either spatial or figural aspects of memory for the elements of the figure separately. All 3 indices distinguished between individuals with right-sided (RTLE) and left-sided (LTLE) seizure onset. However, spatial memory was significantly lower than figural memory in individuals with RTLE as compared to those with LTLE. Both the spatial and figural memory indices were significantly lower in the presence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence for hippocampal selerosis in individuals with RTLE. Results suggest that while both the spatial and figural aspects of nonverbal memory are sensitive to right hippocampal dysfunction, figural memory may be less vulnerable to the effects of RTLE. (JINS, 1996,2, 535–540.)
Visual attention abnormalities in autism: Delayed orienting to location
Authors: Townsend Jeanne , Harris Naomi Singer , Courchesne Eric 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThese studies provide evidence for slowed spatial orienting of attention in autism. A group of well-defined adult autistic subjects and age-matched normal controls performed a traditional spatial cueing task in which attention-related response facilitation is indexed by speed of target detection. To address the concern that motor impairment may interfere with interpretation of response time measures in those with neurologic abnormality, we also used a new adaptation of the traditional task that depended on accuracy of response (target discrimination) rather than speed of response. This design allowed separation of time to process and respond to target information from the time to move and engage (orient) attention. Results from both tasks were strikingly similar. Normal subjects oriented attention very quickly, and showed maximal performance facilitation at a cued location within 100 ms. Autistic subjects oriented attention much more slowly and showed increasing benefits of a spatial cue with increasing cue-to-target delays. These results are consistent with previous reports that patients with autism, the majority of whom have developmental abnormalities of the cerebellum, as well as those with acquired damage to the cerebellum, are slow to shift attention between and within modalities. This paper also addresses the variability in behavioral findings in autism, and suggests that many of the apparently contradictory findings may actually reflect sampling differences in patterns of brain pathology. (JINS, 1996,2, 541–550.)
Recovery of memory and executive function following anterior communicating artery aneurysm rupture
Authors: D'Esposito Mark , Alexander Michael P. , Fischer Richard , Mcglinchey-Berroth Regina , O'connor Margaret 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe studied the recovery of memory and executive function in 10 patients following anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACoA) rupture and repair. Patients were tested at 2 consecutive points in time following surgery (approximately at 2 and 3 months). At the first testing, the patients divided into 2 groups based on the severity of impairment on executive measures. Both groups had severe anterograde amnesia, but only patients with severe executive impairments had retrograde amnesia with a temporal gradient. At second testing, both groups had persistent severe anterograde amnesia. The dysexecutive group showed significant improvement in executive deficits and in retrograde amnesia, with attenuation of the temporal gradient. Patients with more severe executive impairments had more extensive bilateral frontal lesions than other patients. These results suggest that the cognitive profile following ACoA rupture changes with time. Time postonset following aneurysm rupture and lesion site are both critical for defining the neuropsychological profile, and determining the underlying cognitive mechanisms in this neurological disorder. (JINS, 1996, 2, 565–570.)