bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Truong Vinh Ky and Phan Thanh Gian: The Problem of a Nationalist Interpretation of 19th Century Vietnamese History
Authors: Osborne Milton E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractVietnamese historians in North and South Vietnam have, in writings since 1954, given considerable attention to the problem of reassessing and interpreting developments during the nineteenth century. For historians in Hanoi the test of Vietnamese nationalism has been whether or not an individual resisted the French. Saigon historians have not applied such a restrictive standard of judgement. The approach of the two schools of history is exemplified in dieir respective treatment of two notable nineteenth century figures; the linguist and journalist Truong Vinh Ky, and the mandarin Phan Thanh Gian. Both these men are condemned by Hanoi historians for their failure to work against the French. Saigon historians are more ready to consider sympathetically the factors which led to these men acting as they did. Resistance-oriented scholarship along the Hanoi model presents a grave risk of distortion. In the case of Truong Vinh Ky it tends to disguise the extent to which his views on Vietnam's future development were echoed in the twentieth century. For Phan Thanh Gian condemnation of his failure to fight to the death against the French diverts attention from the extent to which his decision represented an important reflection of a widespread attitude among many members of the mandarinate.
The Influence of Jurchen Rule on Chinese Political Institutions
Authors: Tao Jing-Shen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper is an attempt to assess the influences of the Jurchen Chin dynasty (1115–1234) on the Chinese political system, with emphasis on the bearing of alien rule on the establishment of a highly centralized despotism. The thesis is that the Jurchen solutions to the political problems arisen from the conquest situation seem to require measures of centralized control. During the initial phase of conquest, the political struggles between the bureaucrats and the aristocrats entailed the brutalization of the political process. Subsequently the need for centralized control led to wholesale sinicization. There are, however, several aspects of Jurchen rule in the formation of a centralized despotism: the establishment of a prototype of the provincial system, the abolition of important government councils, the monopoly of state affairs by a single administrative organization, the degradation of scholar-officials by inflicting corporal punishment, and the transformation of the censorate into an imperial instrument. The alien rules also adopted and modified the Chinese civil service examination system to stabilize their regime. The Chin, as a successor state of the Northern Sung, served as an important link in Chinese cultural and political developments, and transferred its institutions to later conquest dynasties.
A Quiet Transformation in Tokugawa Economic History
Authors: Hanley Susan B. , Yamamura Kozo 
Published: April 2006

This is a brief bibliographical essay which surveys the literature published in Japanese during the past decade on various aspects of the Tokugawa economy. The purpose of the essay is twofold: the first is to present an annotated bibliography of selected books and a list of relevant articles for the convenience of scholars interested in sources relating to economic changes in Tokugawa Japan. The second is to present in summary form what appears to the authors to be the newly emerging consensus in the interpretation of these changes.The emerging consensus is an acceptance of the hypothesis that the Tokugawa economy and its institutions steadily developed, resulting in a rise in the standard of living for most of the population during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. A majority of Japanese economic historians now seem to agree that the peasant class also benefitted from the economic growth, and numerous scholars through exacting case studies have produced evidence to show that agricultural productivity was rising faster than effective tax rates. Other research has documented the rapid development of economic institutions, including the market, credit mechanisms, and guilds. The old theme of stagnation and demise for the late Tokugawa economy has been discharged in favor of a new theme of continuous growth and development.
Results and Problems of the Study of Oriental Despotism
Authors: Wittfogel Karl A. 
Published: April 2006

Periodic gatherings of Orientalists are fully meaningful only when they serve as forums for the discussion of important developments in the major fields of their professional concern: Oriental languages, literature and ideas, history and institutions. Having worked for decades in the latter fields with China as a starting point and the comparison of institutions as a central target, I would like to discuss here some of the problems connected with the power structure that Montesquieu, the men of the Enlightenment, and Marx and Engels called “Oriental despotism.”For a variety of reasons, there has been a growing interest in the institutional conditions of the “Orient.” Hence any significant change in the interpretation of these conditions is bound to affect a growing number of Orientalists—and of social scientists who, although not Orientalists, deal with Oriental institutions.
Theravāda Buddhist Sangha: Some General Observations on Historical and Political Factors in its Development
Authors: Bechert Heinz 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe emergence of an historiographical tradition in Ceylon was caused by the importance of an unbroken succession of ordinations in the Sangha for the survival of Theravada Buddhism and by the emergence of the Sinhalese nation. One of the main factors of this nation-building process was the acceptance of Buddhism as the national religion. The survival of Buddhism depended on the state of the Sangha. History of Theravada Sangha is largely a history of efforts towards monastic reforms, and most reforms were implemented by the worldly power. The description of Asoka's religious politics in Sinhalese chronicles laid a basis for state-Sangha relations. Political thinking shows a dualism of ideological concepts based on religious values and of a tradition of practical political science. The impact of historical factors in the development of Sangha structures becomes visible from a comparison of these structures is the predominantly Buddhist countries and in the Buddhist minority community in Bengal. In this context, recent changes in state-Sangha within society, and the interrelations of Buddhism and popular cults can be analyzed as a result of the interaction of ideological, historical and political factors.
Government Ethics Textbooks in Late Meiji Japan
Authors: Fridell Wilbur M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAs one means of uniting the people behind the new regime, Japanese government authorities employed a series of ethics (shushin) textbooks in the schools during the Meiji period (1868–1912) and beyond. With the appearance of fully government-produced texts in 1903 and their first revision in 1910, ideological patterns were established which were influential down to the last revision of the series in 1941. The 1910 revision fused old and new socio-ideological patterns and values under the designation of “national morals,” retrospectively known as the “family state” (kazoku kokka) ideology. This was comprised of (1) a German “state organism” theory of state sovereignty, as the intellectual superstructure; (2) Confucian-like familyism, as the ethical base; and (3) ancient Shinto imperial mythology as the religious sanction. Progression of thought in the textbooks placed crucial emphasis on the extension of loyalty from home and parents to nation and emperor through the absolute equation of filial piety and emperor-loyalty. The frondine soldier, however, found difficulty reconciling the call to die for the emperor with his filial obligation to live for his parents. This may be one reason why in successive revisions (especially 1941) the familial approach to national loyalty was downgraded in favor of a direct national-imperial appeal.
Administrative Policy and Practice in Sarawak: Continuity and Change Under the Brookes
Authors: Reinhardt Jon M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOne hundred years of Brooke rule in Sarawak seem to present a stark contrast to the political and social foment in Burma, Indonesia and Vietnam. Cognizant of the ill effects of European domination in the archipelago, the Brookes established a paternalistic rule whose policies were designed to curtail European economic investment in the area and to protect the indigenous inhabitants from internal and external exploitation. However, despite the fact that Brooke rule was structured for maintaining traditional order, not development, the European interlude in north Bornean history may have been more of a deviation than is apparent. The suppression of “piracy” in the area and the political domination of the Brookes over most of the northeastern part of the island had several important results. First, the area trade patterns—if piracy can be seen as a form of luxury trade—were altered to the ultimate economic advantage of the Chinese who came to dominate retail trade. Second, the natural northeastern expansion of the Iban people was halted to the chief benefit of the indigenous Malays who gained significant political advantage under die Brookes. Finally, an inevitable depersonalization of rule occurred as the administration of the state became increasingly complex. If, in a “modern” world, a rule of law, not economic development per se, is the essential ingredient for political stability, Brooke rule made a significant contribution to the political viability of northern Borneo by fostering a White, civilized way of settling disputes.
Thai Regional Elites and the Reforms of King Chulalongkorn
Authors: Vickery Michael 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBeginning in 1892 Prince Damrong as minister of the interior in King Chulalongkorn's reformed government began a reorganization of provincial administration. At that time the country was divided into provinces of four different classes and vassal states. The latter were recognized as quasi-independent under their own hereditary ruling families, and many of the former, although in theory completely subordinate to the capital were in fact ruled by local elite families in which the governorship remained from one generation to the next. Over this structure Prince Damrong established the monthon as a supra-provincial unit headed by an appointed official from the central government bureaucracy, and within a few years was able to replace the old-style hereditary governors with appointed officials changed at frequent intervals. The elite families of the different regions appear to have been affected in different ways. The old rulers of the vassal states kept their nominal positions until death. Many of the governing elite of the southern provinces maintained themselves in the national bureaucracy in positions of comparable rank. The greatest change was in the northeast where the governing elite families lost their old positions and were unable to integrate into the reformed bureaucracy.
The Beginnings of Civilization in South India
Authors: Maloney Clarence 
Published: April 2006

AbstractsThe diffusion of Indian Civilization and its “great tradition” to the extreme south of the peninsula occurred in the earliest stages by sea, not by land. Such characteristics of civilization as script and literacy, kingship and the state, and organized religions, developed at first in the earliest urban centers in Tamil Nadu, which were located on the coast opposite Ceylon. In the half millennium before Christ there was sea traffic between the coasts of Gujarat and Sind, and Ceylon, which laid the basis for the development of civilization in that island. Early civilization in soutliern Tamil Nadu developed parallel with this, and most of its intrusive features were analogous with those in the island, or were inspired by them. The earliest attractions of the far southern coasts were pearls and gems, which brought merchants, and ultimately, script, religions, and the Pandiyan dynastic traditon. Early civilizations characterized by the Colas and Keralas, as well as in the Andhra deltas, were inspired by sea traffic. Sources are early Tamil and Ceylon Brahmi inscriptions, Tamil Sangam literature, early Ceylon chronicles, etymologies, legends, and some archeology.
Two Poems of Mao Tse-tung in the Light of Chinese Literary Tradition
Authors: Tay C. N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractsIt has been said that poetry is the voice of the heart. In Mao Tse-tung's first poemChangsha, andSwimmingwritten after his success, we have a picture of his aspiration and inspiration, his classical literary background, and the vicissitudes of his life and times.
A Note of Ambiguity: Asian Studies in America
Authors: Fairbank John K. 
Published: April 2006

In reviewing the progress of Asian studies and of this Association, it is necessary both to point with pride and to view with alarm.For the former, no doubt, there is some justification. There has been a great increase since the early beginnings at Columbia, Berkeley, and Yale. Looking back over the last thirty years, one can recall the new stimulus to Far Eastern studies in the 1930's provided by David Stevens at the Rockefeller Foundation through his support of Mortimer Graves of the American Council of Learned Societies and fellowship programs for American trainees in Tokyo and Peking. The imagination and initiative of these men and a few others laid important foundations.
Outcomes of Glaucoma Referrals in Adults Aged 18 to 40 Years
Authors: Frediani Tanner , Yoo Kristy , Cho Austin , Louie Jennifer , Nguyen Kent , Richter Grace , Shan John , Xu Benjamin Y. 
Published: February 2025

ImportanceWhile early detection of glaucoma is vital to prevent irreversible vision loss, there are sparse data on the effectiveness of glaucoma referrals and methods to establish evidence-based referral guidelines in large, diverse populations.ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence and risk factors for diagnosed glaucoma and loss to follow-up among adult patients aged 18 to 40 years after a new diagnosis of referable glaucoma (ie, with glaucoma or suspected glaucoma).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study included patients aged 18 to 40 years presenting to Kaiser Permanente Southern California, a large managed health care system, for first-time eye examinations between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2018. Data analysis occurred between September 2022 and August 2024.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was glaucoma diagnosed within 2 years of the first eye examination. The secondary outcome was the loss to follow-up, defined as failure to receive a glaucoma evaluation with visual field or optical coherence tomography testing within 2 years.ResultsThe cohort included 292 453 patients aged 18 to 40 years who underwent first-time eye evaluations (mean [SD] age, 29.8 [6.4] years). Among 12 050 identified patients with referable glaucoma (52.3% female), 6827 (56.7%) completed glaucoma evaluations, of whom 563 (8.2%) were diagnosed with glaucoma (344 [61.1%] with open angle, 28 [5.0%] with angle closure, 84 [14.9%] with secondary glaucoma, and 107 [19.0%] with unspecified glaucoma). On multivariable analysis, male sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.55 [95% CI, 1.07-2.27]), higher intraocular pressure (IOP) (OR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.15-1.23] per 1 mm Hg), and greater cup-disc ratio (CDR) (OR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.34-1.75] per 0.1 unit) were associated with greater odds of glaucoma. Dichotomized age, IOP, and CDR models stratified 51 of 1613 patients (3.2%) into the low-risk group and 202 of 1477 patients (13.7%) into the high-risk group. Being younger than 32 years and having an IOP less than 18 mm Hg and a CDR less than 0.7 yielded a negative predictive value of 98.2% for a glaucoma diagnosis.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, the diagnostic yield of glaucoma referrals was low among adults aged 18 to 40 years with first-time eye examinations. A simple risk-stratification strategy could help identify individuals with low and high risks of developing glaucoma, and adoption of evidence-based risk stratification and referral guidelines by health care systems and clinicians could improve equity of glaucoma care and use of eye-care resources.
The Lily Foundation: supporting patients, raising awareness and funding research into mitochondrial diseases
Authors: Curtis Liz , O'Hanlon Maria E. , Waller Katie , Wright Duncan E. 
Published: February 2025

Primary mitochondrial diseases (‘mito’) are a group of genetically and phenotypically diverse disorders caused by defects in mitochondrial structure or function. Although they are individually rare, they collectively have an incidence of around 1 : 4300. Mitochondrial diseases can arise from mutations in either mitochondrial or nuclear genes, complicating genetic diagnosis. The Lily Foundation was founded by Liz Curtis in the UK in 2007 in order to raise awareness of mitochondrial diseases and to fund research into diagnosis and treatment. In this first of a new series on patient advocacy, FEBS Letters interviews Founder and CEO Liz Curtis MBE, Head of Patient Programmes Katie Waller and Research Manager Dr. Maria O'Hanlon on the aims, achievements and activities of the Lily Foundation.
Novel pathogenic mtDNA variants in Chinese children with neurological mitochondrial disorders
Authors: Liu Zhimei , Pan Kexin , Wang Mingzhao , Jin Yijun , Yang Wenxin , Chen Keer , Xu Chaolong , Duan Xin , Zou Ying , Ren Changhong , Dai Lifang , Zhao Suzhou , Wang Ya , Shen Lijun , Fang Fang , Fang Hezhi 
Published: February 2025

AbstractObjectivePathogenic variations in the mitochondrial genome are tightly linked to neurological mitochondrial disorders in children. However, the mutation spectrum of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the Chinese population remains incomplete. Therefore, the primary objective of our study was to comprehensively characterize pathogenic mtDNA variants in Chinese children with mitochondrial disorders at clinical, molecular, and functional levels.MethodsBetween February 2019 and September 2023, we analyzed pathogenic mtDNA variants in a cohort of over 600 Chinese children suspected of having mitochondrial disorders. Whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and whole‐mtDNA sequencing were performed on the cohort.ResultsWe identified 54 pathogenic or likely pathogenic mtDNA variants in 227 Chinese children with neurological mitochondrial disorders. Among the eight novel heteroplasmic variants detected in seven patients, in silico analyses suggested likely pathogenic features. Functional analyses using either primary fibroblasts or cybrid cells carrying different mutant loads of mtDNA variants showed impaired mitochondrial respiration, ATP generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential in five of the eight novel variants, including m.4275G>A, m.10407G>A, m.5828G>A, m.3457G>A, and m.13112T>C. The m.8427T>C variant was identified as a rare polymorphism because, despite being located at MT‐ATP8, it does not affect both the assembly and activity of mitochondrial complex V in cells carrying homoplasmic m.8427T>C variation. Transcriptome profiling further confirmed the pathogenic contributions of these five variants by altering mitochondrial pathways.ConclusionIn summary, we revisited the mtDNA mutation spectrum in Chinese children with mitochondrial disorders, and identified five novel pathogenic mtDNA variants with functional verification that are related to neurological mitochondrial disorders in children.
Elucidating and Biomimicking the Coloration Mechanisms Responsible for the Vibrant Blue Hues of the Common Kingfisher
Authors: Kang Jihun , Moon Seunghwan , Jeon Deok‐Jin , Ji Seungmuk , Lee Eunok , Yeo Jong‐Souk 
Published: February 2025

AbstractStructural plumage coloration has been well‐studied, yet the mechanisms responsible for non‐iridescent structural colors still need to be fully understood. In this study, quasi‐ordered keratin nanochannels within the back feathers of the common kingfisher are analyzed to determine the origin of their non‐iridescent blue hues. It is found that the reflectance intensity varies depending on the overall width of the keratin nanochannels, with different volume fractions of keratin leading to a peak shift and broadening. Based on these mechanisms, inverse photonic glass (IPG) structures are designed to mimic the kingfisher's colors. Using IPG samples with different Al2O3 shell thicknesses, a broad band of non‐iridescent blue colors, including those hues observed in the natural feathers, is achieved. These findings not only elucidate the natural coloration mechanisms of kingfisher feathers but also present a method for mimicking their blue hues.
Glaucoma animal models in rabbits: State of the art and perspectives—A review
Authors: Hu Rong , Wu Kai , Shi Jian , Yu Juan , Yao Xiao‐lei 
Published: February 2025

AbstractGlaucoma, a visual thief, is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Selecting suitable animals for preclinical models is of great significance in research on the prevention, early screening, and effective treatments of glaucoma. Rabbit eyeballs possess similar vascularity and aqueous humor outflow pathways to those of humans. Thus, they are among the earliest in vivo models used in glaucoma research. Over the years, rabbit models have made substantial contributions to understanding glaucomatous pathophysiology, surgical adaptations, biomedical device development, and drug development for reducing IOP, protecting RGCs, and inhibiting fibrosis. Compared to other animals, rabbits fit better with surgical operations and cost less. This review summarizes the merits and demerits of different ways to produce glaucomatous rabbit models, such as intracameral injection, vortex vein obstruction, Trendelenburg position, laser photo‐coagulation, glucocorticoid induction, limbal buckling induction, retinal ischemia–reperfusion models, and spontaneous models. We analyzed their mechanisms in the hope of providing more references for experimental design and promoting the understanding of glaucoma treatment strategies.
Application of Graphene Oxide/Polymer Composites as Filter Loss Reduction Agents With Water‐Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Li Xinrong , Bai Yang , Gu Deng , He Jianing , Hu Qiang , Chen Zhongxiang , Wang Haibo , Badr Shahad Ali , Liu Lu 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTIn deep and ultra‐deep wells, drilling fluids often experience increased filtration loss due to elevated temperatures and high salinity. To solve this problem, 5 g of N, N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAA), 13 g of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), 2 g of 4‐acryloylmethiolane (ACMO), and 0.2 g of graphene oxide (GO) were polymerized through aqueous phase polymerization at 50°C for 2 h to form the Graphene oxide and DMAA, AMPS, ACMO Composites (GO‐NAA). The synthesized nanocomposite, GO‐NAA, was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and thermogravimetric analysis to confirm its structure. The experimental results showed that under the conditions of 220°C and 15% NaCl, water‐based drilling fluid (WBDF) containing 3% GO‐NAA reduced the filtration value of the American Petroleum Institute(FLAPI) by 82.15% (from 76.2 to 13.6 ml) and the high‐temperature and high‐pressure filtration value (FLHTHP) by 88.50% (from 238.2 to 27.4 ml) compared to water‐based drilling fluid without GO‐NAA. Morphological analysis revealed that GO‐NAA adhered to bentonite particles through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, promoting uniform dispersion of particles in the aqueous drilling fluid. This mechanism facilitated the formation of a thin and dense mud cake, which effectively minimized filtration loss. These findings quantitatively demonstrate the potential of GO‐NAA as a temperature‐ and salt‐resistant filtration loss reduction agent, offering significant performance improvements under extreme drilling conditions.