bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The safety and effectiveness of a modified convection heating system for children during anesthesia
Authors: CASSEY JOHN G. , ARMSTRONG PETER J. , SMITH GIL E. , FARRELL PATRICK T. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryBackground:  Convection heating shows most promise in maintaining children's core temperatures under anesthesia. We have previously shown that a modified convection heating technique worked in a mannequin model and sought to establish its safety and effectiveness in a clinical study.Methods:  Children were recruited who were having elective surgery under general anesthesia lasting >90 min. The children were anesthetized and maintained in a room temperature of 21°C. Warming was performed by a ‘Bair Hugger’ attached to a heat dissipation box, producing turbulent air from multiple outlet holes on its face. A plastic sheet covered the child, was attached to the top of the box, tucked into the sides of the bed and left open at the head end. Temperatures at various sites (air, skin, and core) were continuously monitored using thermistors connected to a datalogger and laptop. Analysis was performed using Excel.Results:  The study comprised 40 children ranging in age from 2 days to 12.5 years and weigh 2.5–73 kg. Operations were ‘peripheral’ (e.g. urethroplasty) lasting 90 min to major laparotomy lasting 590 min. Body surface area uncovered was 5–25%. Skin temperatures rose to a maximum of c. 40°C. Core temperatures rose after a 12‐min lag by 0.01–0.04°C·min−1. In children who became hyperthermic, cooling was readily achieved by turning the heating off and leaving the fan running.Conclusions:  The technique is safe and effective for children throughout the pediatric range. The practice of increasing room temperature above 21°C for elective cases should be abandoned. Continuous monitoring of core temperature is necessary to prevent hyperthermia.
Rocuronium 0.3 mg·kg−1 (ED95) induces a normal peak effect but an altered time course of neuromuscular block in patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
Authors: MUENSTER TINO , SCHMIDT JOACHIM , WICK STEFANIE , FORST JUERGEN , SCHMITT HUBERT J. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryBackground:  In patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) recovery from neuromuscular block is delayed. It has been assumed that this is because of a higher potency of muscle relaxants in this patient cohort. We determined the peak effect, and the time course of action of rocuronium 0.3 mg·kg−1 (ED95) in DMD patients.Methods:  Twenty‐four patients (12 with DMD and 12 controls; aged 10–18 years) were studied. All patients were anesthetized with propofol and fentanyl/remifentanil. Neuromuscular transmission was monitored by acceleromyography. After induction all patients received a single dose of rocuronium 0.3 mg·kg−1. The complete time course of action as onset, peak effect and spontaneous recovery was recorded.Results:  The onset time (s) to maximum block was significantly (P < 0.01) prolonged in DMD patients (median: 315; range: 120–465) compared with controls (195, 75–270). The peak effect (% twitch depression relative to baseline) was not different between the groups (DMD: 59–100; controls: 28–100). In the DMD group, recovery was significantly (P < 0.01) delayed compared with controls at all recorded time points. The clinical duration (min) was 40.3 (22–89) in the DMD group vs 9.8 (6–17) in the control group (P <  0.01).Conclusions:  The similar peak effect in both groups does not confirm the thesis of rocuronium having a higher potency in DMD patients. The documented very long recovery after the ED95 of rocuronium emphasizes the need for careful assessment of neuromuscular function in DMD patients.
Combining genetic and geospatial analyses to infer population extinction in mygalomorph spiders endemic to the Los Angeles region
Authors: Bond J. E. , Beamer D. A. , Lamb T. , Hedin M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAlthough hyperdiverse groups like terrestrial arthropods are almost certainly severely impacted by habitat fragmentation and destruction, few studies have formally documented such effects. In this paper, we summarize the results of a multifaceted research approach to assess the magnitude and importance of anthropogenic population extinction on the narrowly endemic trapdoor spider genus Apomastus. We used geographical information systems modeling to reconstruct the likely historical distribution of Apomastus, and used molecular phylogeographic data to discern population genetic structure and detect genetic signatures of population extinction. In combination, these complementary lines of inference support direct observations of population extinction, and lead us to conclude that population extinction via urbanization has played an important role in defining the modern‐day distribution of Apomastus species. This population loss implies coincident loss of genetic and adaptive diversity within this genus, and more generally, suggests a loss of ground‐dwelling arthropod population diversity throughout the Los Angeles Basin. Strategies for minimizing this loss are proposed.
Human–wildlife conflicts in a fragmented Amazonian forest landscape: determinants of large felid depredation on livestock
Authors: Michalski F. , Boulhosa R. L. P. , Faria A. , Peres C. A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMost large carnivore species are in global decline. Conflicts with people, particularly over depredation on small and large livestock, is one of the major causes of this decline. Along tropical deforestation frontiers, large felids often shift from natural to livestock prey because of their increased proximity to human agriculture, thus increasing the likelihood of conflicts with humans. On the basis of data from 236 cattle ranches, we describe levels of depredation by jaguarsPanthera oncaand pumasPuma concoloron bovine herd stocks and examine the effects of both landscape structure and cattle management on the spatial patterns and levels of predation in a highly fragmented forest landscape of southern Brazilian Amazonia. Generalized linear models showed that landscape variables, including proportion of forest area remaining and distance to the nearest riparian forest corridor, were key positive and negative determinants of predation events, respectively. We detected clear peaks of depredation during the peak calving period at the end of the dry season. Bovine herd size and proportion of forest area had positive effects on predation rates in 60 cattle ranches investigated in more detail. On the other hand, distance from the nearest riparian forest corridor was negatively correlated with the number of cattle predated. The mean proportion of cattle lost to large felids in 24 months for the region varied according to the herd class size (<500: 0.82%; 500–1500: 1.24%; >1500: 0.26%) but was never greater than 1.24%. The highest annual monetary costs were detected in large cattle ranches (>1500 head of cattle), reaching US$ 885.40. Patterns of depredation can be explained by a combination of landscape and livestock management variables such as proportion of forest area, distance to the nearest riparian corridor, annual calving peak and bovine herd size.
Modelling Germline Mosaicism and Different New Mutation Rates Simultaneously for Appropriate Risk Calculations in Families with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Fischer C. , Gross W. , Krüger J. , Cremer M. , Vogel F. , Grimm T. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryFor several genetic diseases two biological phenomena have been recognised as important: germline mosaicism; and different new mutation rates in males and females depending on mutation type. Both principles have been investigated separately and their influence on risk estimation in families has been exemplified in the literature.The aim of this paper is to present a general model that includes mosaicism and different new mutation rates. Mosaicism is introduced by defining additional alleles at the disease locus in combination with adapted segregation rules. Taking Duchenne muscular dystrophy as an example, we derive the conditions which have to be fulfilled for a population in mutation selection equilibrium.Our approach describes the model at the population level and not in individual subjects. This has the advantage of being able to use well known algorithms for the calculation of likelihoods in pedigrees, and to include additional diagnostic information such as marker genotypes and carrier deletion test results. We demonstrate the impact of the new model on a typical pedigree. In families where the patient is not available, the distinction between point mutations and deletions is important, since often molecular diagnostic tests for females can only screen for deletions. Negative deletion test results can now be included in the risk calculations.
Elective home education and special educational needs
Authors: Arora Tiny (C. M. J.) 
Published: March 2006

This paper reviews the literature on home education with reference to special educational needs (SEN). A rapid expansion in home educating families is noted. Parents present a variety of reasons for this, including those with concerns about the provision for their child's SEN.In one Local Education Authority (LEA), data were obtained through questionnaires from 65 families when they first registered their children for home education. In addition, 12 families, who had been home educating their children for more than 2 years, were interviewed about their experiences. Many of the children involved had SEN, but most of the parents and children expressed satisfaction with their present arrangements. However, there was often a feeling expressed that they would have preferred their children to have attended school, if their special needs could have been met. Implications for education services policy and schools’ practice are discussed.
Circulating level of large splice variants of tenascin‐C is a marker of piecemeal necrosis activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Tanaka Hideaki , El‐Karef Amro , Kaito Masahiko , Kinoshita Noriaki , Fujita Naoki , Horiike Shinichiro , Watanabe Shozo , Yoshida Toshimichi , Adachi Yukihiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract: Backgrounds: It has been reported that histological activity index and piecemeal necrosis are good factors to evaluate the prognosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Thus, there is a need for simple and noninvasive means to assess disease activity and piecemeal necrosis in patients with CHC. In this study, we measured the serum concentrations of large splice variants of tenascin‐C (cTN‐C) in patients with CHC, and examined their correlation with the degree of inflammatory activity and fibrosis as evaluated in liver biopsy specimens.Methods: The serum levels of cTN‐C in 150 patients with CHC and 50 healthy volunteers were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent. The histology of liver biopsy specimens was also evaluated following the Desmet's grading/staging system and the Ishak's classification. Liver specimens obtained by biopsy were also immunohistochemically evaluated with anti‐human tenascin‐C antibodies.Results: Serum cTN‐C concentrations were significantly higher in CHC patients than in healthy volunteers (P<0.0001). The levels of cTN‐C showed no significant difference among the fibrosis stages as assessed by the Desmet's grading/staging system and Ishak's classification scores. However, the concentration of cTN‐C was significantly correlated with the grade of activity. According to the Ishak's classification, the concentration of cTN‐C was increased in proportion to the degree of piecemeal necrosis. Specific immunostaining of cTN‐C was observed in limited areas of piecemeal necrosis but not in fibrotic areas.Conclusion: The measurement of serum levels of cTN‐C is a useful marker of the activity of CHC, in particular of the degree of piecemeal necrosis.
Multidrug resistance associated protein 2 mediates transport of prostaglandin E2
Authors: De Waart Dirk R. , Paulusma Coen C. , Kunne Cindy , Oude Elferink Ronald P. J. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract: Background/Aim: Inactivation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the liver is a rapid process and occurs mainly through β‐oxidation in the peroxisome of the hepatocyte. Biliary excretion of PGE2 is also a means of elimination from the liver. We investigated the role of multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2 (MRP2) in the transport of PGE2.Methods: Biliary PGE2 elimination was measured in liver perfusions in Wistar and MRP2‐deficient TR− rats. Furthermore, transport experiments were performed in membrane vesicles from human MRP2‐infected Spodoptera frugiperda 21 (Sf21) insect cells.Results: The liver perfusions showed a 3.5 times higher percentage of undegraded [3H]PGE2 in bile of Wistar rats in comparison with MRP2 deficient (TR−) rats (3.6% vs. 1.1%, respectively; P<0.05). MRP2‐mediated transport of the model substrate [3H]DNP‐SG was inhibited by PGE2. Half maximal inhibition was achieved at a concentration of approximately 15 μM PGE2. In addition, [3H]PGE2 uptake in these vesicles was detected, and determined to be ATP dependent.Conclusion: MRP2 mediates the transport of PGE2 and its breakdown products. The biliary excretion of PGE2 via MRP2 may contribute to rapid elimination of the prostaglandin but might also serve to relay prostaglandin signalling to the biliary tree.
Role of CYP2D6 polymorphism in predicting liver fibrosis progression rate in Caucasian patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Fishman Sigal , Lurie Yoav , Peretz Hava , Morad Tova , Grynberg Elisheva , Blendis Laurie M , Leshno Moshe , Brazowski Eli , Rosner Guy , Halpern Zamir , Oren Ran 
Published: March 2006

Abstract: Objective: Previous studies have demonstrated that CYP2D6 polymorphism is associated with liver cirrhosis. The aim of the present study was to find out whether CYP2D6*4, the poor metabolizer allele can predict fibrosis progression rate.Methods: Seventy‐five Caucasian patients with chronic hepatitis C infection were recruited. They were divided into two groups, ‘fast fibrosers’ and ‘slow fibrosers’, according to Poynard's fibrosis progression curves. Sixty‐two patients underwent liver biopsy. Twenty healthy neonates were included as control population. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and CYP2D6*4 was tested by polymer chain reaction using fluorescent hybridization probes in a lightCycler instrument.Results: Forty‐two patients were classified as ‘fast fibrosers’ and 33 patients as ‘slow fibrosers’. The frequency of CYP2D6*4 allele in the ‘fast fibrosers’ (34.5%) was significantly higher compared with the ‘slow fibrosers’ (15%) (P‐value=0.007). There was no significant difference between the frequency of CYP2D6*4 in the ‘slow fibrosers’ (15%) compared with the controls (12.5%). Carrier state of CYP2D6*4 was the only covariate that was significantly positively correlated with fast progression to cirrhosis (odds ratio=6.5, P=0.01).Conclusion: This study indicates for the first time that CYP2D6 genotype might be a significant predictor of liver fibrosis progression rate in chronic hepatitis C patients.
Effect of Casting Procedures on Screw Loosening in UCLA‐Type Abutments
Authors: Kano Stefania C. , Binon Paul , Bonfante Gerson , Curtis Donald A. 
Published: March 2006

Background:
Screw loosening of implant restorations continues to be a complication in implant prosthodontics. Screw joints are subjected to a loss of initially applied torque because of friction and component misfit. It has been suggested that the loss of applied torque is less in machined metal abutments than in cast plastic abutments.
Purpose:
This study compared the loss of applied torque (detorque) values in machined titanium and in cast UCLA‐type abutments for external hex abutment/implant interface.
Materials and Methods:
Four groups of 12 samples each were evaluated: (1) machined titanium abutments, (2) premachined palladium abutments cast with palladium, (3) plastic abutments cast with nickel‐chromium, and (4) plastic abutments cast with cobalt‐chromium. Each abutment was torqued to 30 Ncm according to the manufacturer's instructions and detorqued three times. The mean loss of applied torque (detorque) was recorded as a percentage of the torque applied. Group means were calculated and compared using ANOVA and Tukey's LSD test.
Results:
Mean detorque values were (1) 92.3 ± 2.9%, (2) 81.6 ± 5.0%, (3) 86.4 ± 4.6%, and (4) 84.0 ± 7.0%. Machined abutments demonstrated significantly greater detorque values compared with all cast groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found among cast groups.
Conclusion:
Machined abutments retained a significantly greater percentage of torque compared with cast abutments. Casting procedures decrease the percentage of applied torque, which may influence final screw joint stability.
Influence of Abutment Selection in Maxillary Kennedy Class II RPD on Elastic Stress Distribution in Oral Mucosa: An FEM Study
Authors: Wada Seiji , Wakabayashi Noriyuki , Tanaka Takehisa , Ohyama Takashi 
Published: March 2006

Purpose:
The aim was to study the influence of abutment selection on elastic stress distribution in oral mucosa in a maxillary removable partial denture (RPD) by means of 3‐dimensional finite element models.
Materials and Methods:
Four RPD framework models of an equal size (by area) and underlying oral mucosa were produced for a Kennedy Class II arch. Each framework included an occlusal rest as part of a clasp assembly on one of four abutments (canine, first, and second premolars, and first molar) on the side contralateral to the edentulous ridge (tooth‐supported side). Movement of the alveolar surface of the mucosa and the occlusal rest on the abutment adjacent to the ridge were fixed in a vertical direction. Movement of the rest on the tooth‐supported side was restricted in all directions. Vertical or buccally oblique biting force was applied simultaneously on each of the locations representing three missing teeth.
Results:
The frameworks with the contralateral side rest on the canine or the first premolar were less resistant to lateral forces than other framework designs, showing greater saddle displacements under the oblique force than the vertical force. The framework with the rest on the second premolar demonstrated relatively good resistance to deflection; however, both vertical saddle intrusion and the maximum equivalent stress in mucosa shown in all the models were within small ranges.
Conclusion:
The saddle movement was influenced by the abutment selection on the tooth‐supported side, although resultant stress in the mucosa was insensitive to the abutment location.
Pressure Generated on a Simulated Mandibular Oral Analog by Impression Materials in Custom Trays of Different Design
Authors: Al‐Ahmad Adel , Masri Radi , Driscoll Carl F. , Von Fraunhofer Joseph , Romberg Elaine 
Published: March 2006

Purpose: The purpose was to measure the pressure exerted under a simulated mandibular edentulous impression at different locations using commonly used impression materials and four impression tray configurations.
Materials and Methods: This study was performed using an oral analog that simulated an edentulous mandibular arch. Three pressure transducers were embedded in the oral analog—one pressure transducer in the anterior ridge area, and the other two in the right and left buccal shelves. Four configurations of custom trays were fabricated: trays with no relief, with and without holes; and trays with relief, with and without holes. The impression materials tested were light body polysulfide, light body vinyl polysiloxane, medium body vinyl polysiloxane, and irreversible hydrocolloid. The custom tray and the oral analog were mounted using a reline jig, and a Satec universal testing machine was used to apply a constant pressure of 1 kg/cm2 over a period of 5 minutes on the loaded custom tray. Eighty impressions for the 16 groups (n = 5) were made, and pressures were recorded every 10 seconds. Factorial ANOVA and Tukey Multiple Comparison Test were used to analyze the results (p < 0.05).
Results: A significant difference was found in the pressure produced using different impression materials. Irreversible hydrocolloid and medium body vinyl polysiloxane produced significantly higher pressure than light body polysulfide and light body vinyl polysiloxane impression materials. The presence of holes and/or relief significantly altered the magnitude of pressure produced by irreversible hydrocolloid and medium body vinyl polysiloxane but not light body polysulfide and light body vinyl polysiloxane.
Conclusion: All impression materials produced pressure during simulated mandibular edentulous impression making. For making mandibular edentulous impressions, low‐viscosity impression materials—light body polysulfide and light body vinyl polysiloxane—are recommended. Tray modification was not important in changing the amount of pressure produced for the low‐viscosity impression materials.
Laser Welding of Cast Titanium and Dental Alloys Using Argon Shielding
Authors: Watanabe Ikuya , Topham D. Scott 
Published: March 2006

Purpose:
This study investigated the effect of argon gas shielding on the strengths of laser‐welded cast Ti and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb and compared the results to those of two dental casting alloys.
Materials and Methods:
Cast plates of Ti, Ti‐6Al‐7Nb, gold, and Co‐Cr alloy were prepared. After polishing the surfaces to be welded, two plates were abutted and welded using Nd:YAG laser at a pulse duration of 10 ms, spot diameter of 1 mm, and voltage of 200 V. Five specimens were prepared for each metal by bilaterally welding them with three or five spots either with or without argon shielding. The failure load and percent elongation were measured at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min.
Results:
The factor of argon shielding significantly affected the failure load and elongation of the laser‐welded specimens. The failure loads of argon‐shielded laser‐welded CP Ti and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb were greater compared with the failure loads of specimens welded without argon shielding for both three‐ and five‐spot welding. Regardless of argon shielding, the failure loads of the laser‐welded gold alloy were approximately half that of the control specimens. In contrast, the failure loads of the nonshielded laser‐welded Co‐Cr alloy were greater. The percent elongations positively correlated with the failure loads.
Conclusions:
The use of argon shielding is necessary for effective laser‐welding of CP Ti and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb but not for gold and Co‐Cr alloy.
Use of Stereolithographic Templates for Surgical and Prosthodontic Implant Planning and Placement. Part II. A Clinical Report
Authors: Lal Kunal , White George S. , Morea Dennis N. , Wright Robert F. 
Published: March 2006

Eight implants were placed in the posterior part of the mandible using computer‐generated stereolithographic templates. Preoperative implant simulation was done on a 3D computer model created by reformatted computerized tomography data. The surgeon and the prosthodontist positioned the simulated implants in the most favorable position addressing all concerns with regard to anatomy, biomechanics, and esthetics. The length and diameter of each implant along with the angulation/collar of abutments required for a screw‐retained prosthesis were determined.Stereolithographic templates were then fabricated by incorporating the precise spatial position of the implants within the bone as previously planned during the computer simulation. The templates were fabricated to seat directly on the bone and were stable. The first template was used to complete osteotomies with a 2‐mm twist drill followed by the second template for the 3‐mm drill. Implants were placed and allowed to integrate for 4 months. After second‐stage surgery, the definitive abutments were torqued into place followed by insertion of the definitive screw‐retained prostheses. Dimensions of all implants and abutments were the same as planned during the computer simulation.