bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary Drainage System for Architectural Panel Systems
Authors: Carbary LD , Ryan MW 
Published: April 2008

In conjunction with the exterior cladding system, field applied architectural sealant joints are the primary source of resistance against air and water intrusion on most high-rise residential and nonresidential commercial structures. Jobsite practices and quality in workmanship will dictate deficiencies in application of the high performance sealants specified for this purpose. When these deficiencies allow water and air to enter the structure, or when water condenses and collects behind the walls, damage caused by water is detrimental to the structure. The condition known as percolation, where outside positive pressures associated with Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in combination with wind driven rains literally vacuum water into the building, further amplifies this problem. The damages attributed to water and air infiltration can be corrosion of structural anchors, reduction in insulation efficiency, damage to interior walls, damage to floor coverings and mold growth.
This paper reports on the design, development and testing of a state of the art secondary drainage system that is used behind prefabricated panelized Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (OFRC), Architectural Precast Concrete (APC), Composite Architectural Precast (CAP), and natural stone on truss systems.
This system consists of silicone extrusions, tubes and joint protection collection reservoirs with one way valves (JPCROV) that are attached to the back of the concrete or stone panels using adhesive attachments, which are compatible and marry intimately into the exterior architectural sealant joints. Unique designs of gutters that are resistant to jobsite debris that can clog drains and render them inadequate are presented along with the JPCROV that prevents percolation and allows water to weep out of the system These additional materials within the wall cavity also must have benign fire properties due to the concern for toxic gasses and smoke in the event of a fire.
The technology of the silicone extruded gutters, tubes and percolation boxes is most suitable for the alkaline variable temperature and humidity environment found in these wall cavities. Silicone adhesive technology of one-part neutral cure RTV silicone sealant is used to mount the secondary drainage system within the wall to provide a long-term performing solution. Durability data is presented on the bonds between the silicone extrusions and concrete substrates for this application. Modified ASTM Standard Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal) (D1002-99) data after room temperature cure, water immersion, and both elevated temperature and high humidity is presented as data simulating the actual application. System design capacities and proper installation for maximum coverage are also presented.
Lock-Strip Gasket System Retrofit: A Case History
Authors: Schmidt MK 
Published: April 2008

The facade of the subject 20-year-old, three-story building is comprised of insulating glass units in vision areas and single monolithic glass sheets in spandrel areas. Both products have a reflective metallic coating on the exterior surface and are completely captured by a perimeter lock-strip (zipper) gasket system. The zipper gasket intersections are butted, not vulcanized, causing numerous Oavenues for water penetration. Attempts to seal some of these gaps with sealant had been made in the past, yet active leaks still existed. Furthermore, there was a concern regarding the premature failure of the insulating glass units within the inadequately drained glazing pockets of the zipper gasket system.
In order to address these gasket conditions properly and to protect the insulating glass units for the long-term, custom designed repairs consisting of overlapping preformed silicone shapes and extrusions were utilized to create a watertight barrier. Unique elements of this application include accommodation of undulating gaskets and misalignment of intersecting gaskets, complete coverage of the previously repaired lock-strip gaskets (believed to be contributing to the glass staining) with the preformed shapes and extrusions, sealant pockets within the extrusion to control bond surface area, and selection of sealant adhesive to mitigate future glass staining. Lessons learned from the application of this barrier system, including issues related to sizing and fabrication of the preformed silicone parts, are presented. The experiences gained via the prolific use of preformed silicone products on this project will be beneficial to all those involved in the maintenance of lock-strip gasket systems and other types of building facades.
Water Absorption in Cold Liquid-Applied Waterproofing
Authors: Strong JC , Kovach JR 
Published: April 2008

Some widely used cold fluid-applied waterproofing materials are prone to failure involving water absorption. These products meet the standards of ASTM Specification for High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane for Use with Separate Wearing Course (C 836). Experienced investigators of waterproofing systems are familiar with this failure mode; some refer to the convoluted appearance of a membrane after water absorption as “braining.”
Our investigation into this mode of failure examines the properties of waterproofing materials and application methods. This report includes the results of testing with four different application methods, and varying conditioning periods. Testing included immersion in water at 50 °C (122 °F).
Test specimens absorbed more water than allowed by the Canadian General Standards Board's (CGSB) standard Membrane, Elastomeric, Cold-Applied Liquid, for Non-Exposed Use in Roofing and Waterproofing (CAN/CGSB-37-58).
Comparison of Butyl versus Modified Asphalt Window Flashing Adhesives
Authors: Zima AD , Weston TA , Katsaros JD , Hagood R 
Published: April 2008

In the last few years, using window flashings to keep moisture out of wall systems has become an increasingly used practice. Builders have identified moisture intrusion as a key reason for callbacks. Window flashing products are expected to keep moisture from entering a wall system, around windows in particular, over the life span of a home. Traditionally, felt splines have been used to flash flanged windows, but now flexible flashings are emerging as the industry standard. Peel-and-stick flexible flashing integrates the window into the wall system by creating a seam between the window flange and wall system. Because the flashing product relies on its adhesive to create and maintain this seam over the life of the home, the durability of the flashing adhesive is very important There does not seem to be a good understanding of the in-use performance aspects of the typical adhesives, butyls and modified asphalts, used in flashing materials. This study characterizes key attributes of these different adhesive systems, which can be related to performance differences between typical butyl and modified asphalt adhesives used in window flashing products.
There are a number of key aspects that are important when considering what adhesive system to choose for a window flashing material. This study targets some of these parameters as ways to compare butyl and modified asphalts. The properties that will be tested are:- long term durability (simulated aging and exposure), - staining tendencies, - peel adhesion over a wide temperature range, and — compatibility to vinyl (a common window material).
Choosing the correct window flashing product is an important decision when it comes to keeping moisture out of wall systems over the life span of a home. The results of this study will help the building science community decide on the best way to protect homes from moisture intrusion.
Durability and Adhesion Rate of One-Part Silicone Sealants to Silicone Rubber Extrusions for New and Remedial Glazing and Weatherproofing Applications
Authors: Carbary LD , Zimmer EA 
Published: April 2008

The use of extruded and molded silicone rubber attached with a one-part silicone sealant is becoming a popular method of curtainwall and general building renovation. The use of extrusions provides an aesthetically pleasing restoration method for sealing out water from the outside of the building. The extrusions and molded parts have become popular for restoration because of the ease and speed of installation. An economical fix for leaking walls coupled with the aesthetics has provided building owners a good solution.
As with any restoration solution, the question of durability and speed of adhesion has been asked. This paper presents data on the cure and adhesion rate of the one-part silicone sealants used in the attachment of the extruded and molded parts by reporting data on the strength and modulus with time using a modified ASTM C1135 test method. Also data is presented on the durability of these bonds using this test method and exposing the samples to 2700 hours of QUV accelerated weathering. Test results are reported for samples that are comprised of glass and fluorocarbon painted aluminum substrates. Silicone rubber extrusions with Shore A durometer hardness of 30 and 56 are evaluated. These samples are evaluated at several different cure times (4 hours, 14 hours, 24 hours, 7 days, 3 weeks) and also subjected to various thermal and atmospheric conditions (heat, cold, QUV exposure, and water immersion).
Conclusions are that the silicone adhesive can provide adequate cure and strength in less than 24 hours to withstand typical stresses incurred during the first day's movement. The accelerated weathering shows no effect on the bonds of the silicone adhesive sealant to the extrusions used in this study. Hence, the method of restoration currently used with these parts is expected to perform as a long-term weatherproofing solution similar to the use of silicone sealants as structural glazing and weathersealing applications.
Nondestructive Field Testing of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints
Authors: Huff D 
Published: April 2008

A durable building seal requires full and continuous adhesion of the weatherproofing sealant in the joint at all locations. At times, mere nominal adhesion is achieved. Reasons for nominal adhesion will not be discussed here, but they vary widely. This condition is not easily detected, and traditional methods of test verify adhesion to the substrate, not the continuity of the seal itself. The result can be leaky buildings despite successful intermittent field “pull testing”. The challenge becomes finding and repairing sealant beads that may not be visibly failing.
This paper makes a case in support of the recently published “Standard Practice for Evaluating Adhesion of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints” (ASTM C1521-02). The practice describes a nondestructive procedure that places a strain on the sealant and a stress on the adhesive bond. The procedure consists of applying the strain to the sealant bead using a “blunt dowel shaped probe”. Use of this dowel shaped probe is subjective, however, and is wholly dependent on the user to gauge the appropriate strain required to obtain an appropriate elongation.
A device has been created that is able to comply with this non-destructive procedure in a uniform and controlled manner. This paper describes the device and its workings. Additionally, a detailed description of the process by which the device has been calibrated to the properties of a variety of sealants is presented. Finally, reports of the successful field use of the device are given.
In conclusion, this paper asserts that the future of field-testing of sealants will necessarily include non-destructive procedures that have the ability to test 100% of installed sealants. This approach to field-testing will provide all concerned with a new level of confidence that a durable building seal can be achieved.
Damage and Failure Mechanisms in Composite Bolted Joints
Authors: Bau H 
Published: April 2008

This study's overall goal is to develop methods to accurately predict the strength of notched composite laminates. Empirical analyses of notched composite test data led to an understanding of failure mechanisms. Trends in ultimate strength versus layup parameters were extracted from several DoD test programs. A test program with incrementally loaded, notched coupons was conducted to track sub-critical damage. Damage states at near-ultimate loads were correlated to the ultimate strength trends. These trends were then attributed to specific matrix damage types.
Detailed finite element analyses of composite bolted joint configurations were conducted using solid element models with nonlinear material properties. Sensitivity studies were conducted to determine the mesh refinement needed for converged peak stresses. At the loads corresponding to initial damage in the incremental notched tests, linear and nonlinear finite element analysis consistently predicted peak ply stresses which were significantly higher than ply strengths derived from unidirectional coupon tests.
Evolution of ACL Ruptures in French Ski Resorts 1992–1999
Authors: Laporte J-D , Binet M-H , Constans D 
Published: April 2008

This work done by 72 French doctors in the “Médecins de Montagne” skiing safety network studies the evolution of the rate of ACL ruptures since 1992. The study was done on 232 571 injuries including 21 303 ACL ruptures. Alpine skiing ACL ruptures, which have been increasing since 1992, represent 12.5% of accidents (3125 MDBI). A control group is analyzed each season through interviews at the bottom of the slopes in parking lots and random evaluations.
We have ascertained that ACL ruptures represent 9.2% of total injuries in men, in comparison with 20% in women, over 24 years old. The case-control study, women versus men, stratified by age group, shows a remarkable ODDS ratio for adults (over 16 years old) with an extremely reduced confidence interval at 95% (3.26 &lt; 3.41 &lt; 3.56).
The ISO adjustment charts do not currently take into account a major risk factor, the feminine sex.
Among the possible preventive measures that can be taken for ACL ruptures in women is to evoke the decrease in adjustment values.
There are no studies that prove the effectiveness of a decrease in adjustment values on the incidence of ACL ruptures, but there are corroborating arguments in favor of a positive action. The only risks of a decrease in the adjustment are extremely low, in particular that of inadvertent release. Different authors have demonstrated the possibility of a decrease in adjustment without inadvertent release.
We suggest, beside the education of the skiers, in the prevention of the phantom foot, a 15% decrease in binding adjustment values for women over 25 years old, and 30% for beginners with less than 7 days of skiing.
Update on Injury Trends in Alpine Skiing
Authors: Johnson RL , Ettlinger CF , Shealy JE 
Published: April 2008

Over the past 26 years, the authors have given many reports at ASTM Conferences on injury trends in Alpine skiing. These reports have generally taken two forms: a cursory report on a broad range of injury groups or an in-depth look at a specific injury group or sub-group of the general population. In the current study, the authors provide an update on two large injury groups that have been the subject of many earlier reports, fractures and sprains of the lower leg and sprains of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. Examples of the lower leg injury common to Alpine skiing are tibia fractures, ankle sprains and fractures, tibia plateau fractures, heel cord injuries, and knee sprains.
Between December 1972 and April 1998 the authors evaluated prospectively 15 526 injuires reported to the injury clinic operated in the base lodge of a moderate size northern Vermont ski area. During that time approximately 5 298 600 skier-visits (days) occurred at the area. Over that period the overall injury rate decreased by 46%. However, the change for the two target groups can not be expressed in such simple terms. Historically, the authors have described injury trends in mean days between injury (MDBI), fitting each year's MDBI to an exponential curve by regression analysis. In this study the authors explain why this technique can no longer be used for these two groups and propose new methods, which could lead to a better understanding of the trends identified by this study.
On-Slope Helicopter Evacuations of Seriously Injured Alpine Skiers and Snowboarders
Authors: Cadman R 
Published: April 2008

In Canada, the use of helicopters to extricate injured skiers directly from a ski area is an exception rather than a rule. For the vast majority of injured alpine skiers and snowboarders, the traditional ski patrol toboggan is the preferred method of transporting the victim off the slopes. This investigation will review 43 helicopter medical evacuations (medivacs) from one major Canadian ski area in British Columbia. This ski area had an annual incidence rate of injury of 2.74 per 1000 skier visits (SV) during the 1997–98 ski season (366 mean days between injury, MDBI). The incidence rate of medivacs was 0.041 per 1000 SV (24 279 MDBI). The mean age of the medivac patient was 28.9 years, the age range was 51 years (10 to 61), and 79% of the patients were male.
Medivacs at this ski area are dependent on helicopter availability, weather, and a rapid risk analysis performed on the ski field involving the attending ski patrollers and on-duty mountain physician. This paper will also explore training issues and other uses of a helicopter in a major ski center.
Conservation of the Wooden Garner in Paezeriai, Lithuania
Authors: Vilconciene N , Drobeliene J 
Published: April 2008

Wooden monuments make up a large part of the Lithuanian cultural heritage. Therefore the problem of preservation of wood structures is faced. An authentic timber garner or barn still remains in the boyhood home of Vincas Kudirka, the famous Lithuanian writer, critic, and author of the music and lyrics of the national anthem of the Republic of Lithuania.
The conservation of the garner was performed to prevent deterioration of authentic wood and to extend its durability. Causes for and extent of wood deterioration and decay were investigated. The investigation showed that the wood had been seriously damaged by insects; fungi had spread and penetrated deeply into the wood; and part of the wood had completely decayed. A project of wood conservation was designed on the basis of the results of the investigation and the project was implemented in the summer of 1992.
The conservation of the wooden garner consisted of replacement of decayed wood; preparation of the wood for conservation by cleaning away dirt, lichens, algae, fungi, and insect damage; conservation of the original wood; stabilization of the original wood; and microbiological monitoring of conserved wood.
The Role of Natural Conservation of Wood in Preservation of Wooden Architectural Monuments
Authors: Kudrjavtseva EI , Litvintseva AP 
Published: April 2008

The rate of wood decay is an important factor to bear in mind when choosing a restoration strategy for wooden architectural monuments. Carrying out restoration hurriedly often leads to the destruction of an authentic monument because the restoration strategy fails to take into account the natural conservation of the wood caused by the biological equilibrium between wood-decomposing organisms established during the period of a monument's life. This quilbirium results in the minimizing of dangerous fungi activity and prevents the active growth and spread of the dangerous building rot fungi.
In this paper, we describe the case of natural wood conservation at the Ensemble of St. Nicholas' Church in Kovda village (Murmansk region, Northern Russia), dating from the 17th century. We suggest that one of the main reasons for equilibrium formation at this monument is its total contamination by a mold Trichoderma viride Pers. This fungus is known to be an active antagonist of many wood-destroying fungi; it could totally restrict growth of dangerous fungi Serpula lacrymans and Coniophora puteana that exist at the Kovda monument. The Kovda ensemble represents an example of the inappropriate use of the total restoration approach that has, due to the complete rebuilding of the Bell Tower, already lead to irreversible damage of the whole ensemble.
Conservation Investigation for Preservation of a Historic Timber Hut in Antarctica
Authors: Hughes JD 
Published: April 2008

There is a common presumption that the ‘dry’ cold in Antarctica will preserve historic buildings, but this has proved not to be true. Identified conservation problems include high humidity, fungi, salt damage, surface erosion by windborne particles and corrosion of metals.This paper reviews assumptions about the behavior of timber in extremely cold climates and the structural effects of snow accumulation and extreme wind loading. The professional collaboration required to properly investigate the unusual preservation problems of the hut is discussed with particular reference to the abandoned huts of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, led by Douglas Mawson during 1911–14.Investigations required include structural modeling; erosion measurements; documentation and preservation of historic information contained in the timber cladding of the buildings; and special requirements for the preservation of the scientific integrity of the magnetic laboratories. Conservation monitoring and treatments developed for Antarctic sites may be applicable for historic buildings in Arctic and alpine regions.
Technical Basis for the Master Curve Concept of Fracture Toughness Evaluations in the Transition Range
Authors: McCabe DE , Merkle JG , Wallin K 
Published: April 2008

An American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard method (E 1921-97) has been developed that exclusively uses fracture mechanics test practices and advanced statistical methods to establish the ductile-to-brittle transition range of fracture toughness for structural steels. The development of suitably accurate analyses had been slowed in the past due to an incomplete understanding of the operational mechanisms that control the fracture toughness behavior of structural steels. New perspectives taken are (1) that dominant linear-elastic conditions need not be rigidly enforced in specimens and (2) that the effect of specimen size on fracture toughness performance is mostly controlled by a weakest-link mechanism instead of being completely controlled by crack tip constraint conditions. The weakest-link behavior is defined from local cleavage crack initiators such as precipitates, inclusions, and grain boundary embrittlement, namely, all microstructural features in steel. Statistical models can be built upon such mechanisms that result in defined fracture probability levels and, when coupled to a master curve concept, can more accurately define the true location of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature.
An integral part of the ASTM test standard development work has been the production of a supporting technical basis document. This document presents substantial background data and supporting theoretical aspects that have been used to justify the method development. The paper will include some of the salient features presented.