bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and correlates of alcohol dependence in clinical samples in the United States and Russia
Authors: ALLEN JOHN P. , FERTIG JOANNE B. , TOWLE LELAND H. , BRYANT KENDALL , ALTSHULER VLADIMIR B. , VRUBLEVSKY ANDREI G. , VALENTIK YURI V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing items from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, dimensionality of the alcohol dependence syndrome was assessed in clinical samples in the United States and Russia. In both groups, a single‐factor model provided a high degree of goodness of fit thus demonstrating cross‐cultural coherence of the construct. The item dealing with narrowing of the drinking repertoire is most disparate in each sample. Seventy of alcohol consequences was moderately related to alcohol dependence in both samples. Demographic variables, however, correlated less with severity of consequences. After the effects of severity of dependence and demographics were removed, quantity/frequency of recent alcohol consumption did not contribute to severity of consequences. Country, however, remained a significant, but small, predictor of severity of alcohol consequences.
Research in general practice for smokers and excessive drinkers in Australia and the UK. II. Representativeness of the results
Authors: RICHMOND ROBYN L. , ANDERSON PETER 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews some of the issues related to the appropriateness of generalizing the results from clinical trials which have been conducted in genera] practice for smokers and excessive drinkers. We discuss the representativeness of the results related to the method of recruitment of general practices and patients to the study populations. We examine methodological issues and reasons associated with general practitioners’ and patients’ non‐compliance with maintaining the research protocols and intervention requirements which relate to the practice worthiness and the future uptake of interventions. When assessing the applicability of interventions to general practice, there are three basic research questions which should be looked at quite separately that relate to: efficacy, effectiveness and implementation.
Cross‐national studies of AIDS among injecting drug users
Authors: JARLAIS DON C. DES 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHIV infection among injecting drug users has become a world‐wide public health problem. This raises fundamental questions about the modifiability of drug‐using behavior and of the influence of different national settings upon the modification of drug use behavior. Data from the World Health Organization Multi‐site Study of HIV and Injecting Drug Use and studies of HIV among drug injectors in New York City (the US component of the WHO study) are used to address these questions. There is no clear relationship between HIV seroprevalence and current levels of risk behavior in the WHO cities, and the range in seroprevalence is much greater than the range in current risk behavior. Nonetheless, historical trend data enable us to discern at least two broad patterns in different cities. HIV epidemics appear to have been successfully prevented among IDUs in some cities, in that seroprevalence has remained low and stable over several years. These cities are characterized by community outreach programs and good access to sterile injection equipment. On the other hand, high‐servoprevalence epidemics have also occurred in many different cities. Stabilization of seroprevalence has eventually also occurred in these cities, but this still includes moderate rates of new HIV infections. How to reverse high‐seroprevalence situations remains one of the more difficult questions in HIV epidemiology. The epidemiology of HIV infection among injecting drug users also needs to include analyses of the impacts of decisions by political and public health leaders. A three‐category scheme for classifying political decisions is offered: data‐free decisions, data‐based decisions, and data‐proof decisions.
Validity of the bi‐axial dependence concept: a test in the US general population
Authors: HASIN DEBORAH S. , MUTHUEN BENGT , WISNICKI KATHLEEN S. , GRANT BRIDGET 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAccording to the “bi‐axial” concept of alcohol dependence, the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS) constitutes an axis or dimension of alcohol difficulties, while other alcohol‐related problems (social, legal, etc.) constitute one or more separate dimensions. The validity of the bi‐axial distinction was investigated in a stratified probability sample of 3212 US current drinkers who were interviewed in their households. Indicators of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome and potentially distinct alcohol‐related problems were covered in a structured interview administered by carefully trained interviewers. This interview provided extensive coverage of drinking patterns and problems. Aspects of the ADS covered included narrowing, salience, tolerance, withdrawal, withdrawal relief/avoidance and compulsion/control. Other alcohol problems included difficulties with work, health, the law, general social difficulties and problems in marriage/home life. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were used to determine whether a single factor (dimension) or two or more factors fit the data best. Using all methods, we found that one general factor explained the structure of the data better than a two‐factor model or other models for males, females, blacks and whites. Thus, the utility of this approach to distinguishing between types of alcohol problems was challenged, raising some questions about abuse/dependence distinctions in various nomenclatures.
Young and recent‐onset injecting drug users are at higher risk for HIV
Authors: FENNEMA JOHAN S. A. , VAN AMEIJDEN ERIK J. C. , VAN DEN HOEK ANNEKE , COUTINHO ROEL A. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Aims. To determine whether young or recent‐onset injecting drug users (IDUs) are at increased risk of HIV infection, and to compare trends in risk behaviours and HIV incidence among subgroups of IDUs. Design. Associations of age and onset of injecting with HIV prevalence and injecting risk behaviours were determined among current IDUs who entered an Amsterdam cohort between 1989 and 1995, and compared with current IDUs recruited in two street surveys in 1990 and 1993. In the cohort, trends from 1986 through 1995 in injecting risk behaviour (as reported at entry) and in HIV seroconversion (among current IDUs during follow‐up) were determined using logistic and Poisson regression. Findings. Sizable portions of IDUs were young (≤ 25 years: 14–30%) or had recently started injecting (within the last 3 years: 17–21%). Between 37% and 50% of young IDUs recently started injecting. HIV prevalence was 12–24% among young IDUs, and 5–12% among recent‐onset IDUs. Young IDUs more often reported current borrowing than older IDUs. Borrowing declined significantly in all subgroups, except young IDUs. The crude HIV incidence declined from 18/100 person‐years (PY) in 1986 to 5/100 PY in 1995. Trends in HIV incidence were not significantly different for subgroups of age or onset of injecting. In a multivariate analysis, recent onset of injecting was an independent predictor (p = 0.04) for HIV seroconversion, but age was not (p = 0.68). Conclusions. Important proportions of drug users are young or have recently started injecting. HIV prevalence is relatively high among young and recent‐onset IDUs. Recent onset of injection is an independent predictor for HIV seroconversion. Our observations may be explained by non‐random patterns of borrowing used needles/syringes. Recent‐onset IDUs should be approached more actively for HIV counselling and testing.
Measurement properties of quantitative urine benzoylecgonine in clinical trials research
Authors: DELUCCHI KEVIN L. , JONES REESE T. , BATKI STEVEN L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPsychometric data are presented which examine the validity of using the concentration of benzoylecgonine in urine, a major metabolite of cocaine, as a measure of drug use, in studies of drug abuse treatments. In such research the standard biological indicator of drug use is usually a qualitative urine drug test, which merely indicates the presence or absence of a drug or its metabolite. A quantitative (i.e. continuous) outcome measure, such as the concentration of a drug or its metabolite in a biological fluid, has substantially more statistical power than a dichotomous measure and should, therefore, prove a more sensitive measure of drug use when viewed from a measurement perspective. Data from two placebo‐controlled clinical trials of fluoxetine as an adjunct to treatment for cocaine abuse are analyzed to address this issue. Results indicate that urine benzoylecgonine level is closely related to self‐reports of drug use and is independent of levels of anxiety, depression and hopelessness.
Educational approaches
Authors: MONTONEN MARJATTA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThree papers were presented in the session focusing on educational approaches: Ann Narusk reported on an Estonian study on the influence of the family on adolescents' substance use, Bernadette Roussille presented a French mass media campaign aimed at reducing heavy drinking by young people, and Sally Casswell analysed the public discourse on alcohol, which is an important pan of the social and political context in which decisions are taken about public policies. Each of the papers highlighted in its own way the complex relationships between people's behaviour, its social and cultural context, and the wider economic and political environment.
Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of lamotrigine and olanzapine coadministered to healthy subjects
Authors: Sidhu Jagdev , Job Sarah , Bullman Jonathan , Francis Emma , Abbott Richard , Ascher John , Theis Jochen G. W. 
Published: January 2006

AimTo assess the pharmacokinetic effect and tolerability of lamotrigine 200 mg day−1 and olanzapine 15 mg day−1 coadministration in healthy male volunteers.MethodsSubjects were randomized to receive either lamotrigine titrated on days 1–42 with olanzapine added on days 43–56 (LTG + OLZ group; N = 16), lamotrigine titration with placebo added on days 43–56 (LTG group; N = 12), or placebo on days 1–42 with olanzapine added on days 43–56 (OLZ group; N = 16). Steady state (0–24 h) pharmacokinetic profiles were determined on day 56 in each group.ResultsThe average (90% confidence interval) ratios of lamotrigine area under the concentration–time curve from 0 to 24 h and maximum observed concentration for the comparison of LTG + OLZ:LTG were 0.76 (0.65, 0.90) and 0.80 (0.71, 0.90), respectively. Olanzapine pharmacokinetics were essentially unaffected by lamotrigine. The most frequently reported adverse events (AEs) during combination therapy were fatigue, dizziness and mild transaminase elevations. These AEs occurred at similar frequencies in the LTG + OLZ and OLZ cohorts, while being less frequent or absent in the LTG group.ConclusionsLamotrigine and olanzapine coadministration in patients who may benefit from the combination was supported by this study. Lamotrigine dosing schedules are recommended to remain unchanged when combined with olanzapine therapy. However, the possibility exists that the lamotrigine dose for some patients may need adjustment to optimize treatment when olanzapine is added to or withdrawn from a regimen including lamotrigine.
Support for family carers of children and young people with developmental disabilities and challenging behaviour
Authors: McGill P. , Papachristoforou E. , Cooper V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground  This study gathered information about perceptions of family carers of children and young people with developmental disabilities and challenging behaviour of the help, support and treatment received from services and professionals.Methods  A total of 66 family carers completed postal questionnaires on the nature of, and their satisfaction with, services, professional help and advice received in respect of their family member's challenging behaviour.Results  Most carers were dissatisfied with support and services received. Almost half reported receiving no professional input or none that was helpful. Over two‐thirds reported receiving respite care but, in a third of these, the child had been excluded because of challenging behaviour.Conclusions  Families of children with challenging behaviour often do not receive services and supports that they find helpful. Treatments provided are not always evidence based. The ‘rationing’ of services creates a danger of inequality of access. We need a more proactive approach to identifying and meeting the need for family support.
Discussion groups with parents of children with cerebral palsy in Europe designed to assist development of a relevant measure of environment
Authors: McManus V. , Michelsen S. I. , Parkinson K. , Colver A. , Beckung E. , Pez O. , Caravale B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground  An instrument to measure environmental factors relevant to physically impaired children is being developed in a European context. Preliminary work in England had identified some potentially important themes. Further inquiry was needed to identify issues important in other European countries.Objective  To inform the content of a questionnaire relevant to the environment of children with cerebral palsy (CP) living in Europe.Design  A qualitative study using discussion groups.Participants  Parents of 28 children with CP from five countries; Denmark, France, Italy, Ireland and Sweden. One discussion group was held in each country with an average of seven parents per group.Results  The four themes identified in the preliminary work done in England were strongly confirmed across Europe – namely: Mobility, Transport, Support by and to parents, and Attitudes of individuals and institutions towards children. Two new themes identified in the discussion groups were Bureaucracy and Access to information about rights and entitlements.Conclusions  The environmental factors that cause concern to parents of children with CP are similar across Europe. A prototype environmental questionnaire has been developed based on these findings. The environmental questionnaire is in use in a study in nine European centres.
The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: January 2006

.

Anda R.F.,
Felitti V.J.,
Bremner J.D.,
Walker J.D.,
Whitfield C.,
Perry B.D.,
Dube S.R. &
Giles W.H.
(
2005
)

,
ePub, posted online 29 November 2005
.
Background  Childhood maltreatment has been linked to a variety of changes in brain structure and function and stress–responsive neurobiological systems. Epidemiological studies have documented the impact of childhood maltreatment on health and emotional well‐being.Methods  After a brief review of the neurobiology of childhood trauma, we use the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study as an epidemiological ‘case example’ of the convergence between epidemiological and neurobiological evidence of the effects of childhood trauma. The ACE Study included 17 337 adult HMO (Health Maintenance Organization) members and assessed eight adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) including abuse, witnessing domestic violence, and serious household dysfunction. We used the number of ACEs (ACE score) as a measure of cumulative childhood stress and hypothesized a ‘dose–response’ relationship of the ACE score to 18 selected outcomes and to the total number of these outcomes (comorbidity).Results  Based upon logistic regression analysis, the risk of every outcome in the affective, somatic, substance abuse, memory, sexual, and aggression‐related domains increased in a graded fashion as the ACE score increased (P < 0.001). The mean number of comorbid outcomes tripled across the range of the ACE score.Conclusions  The graded relationship of the ACE score to 18 different outcomes in multiple domains theoretically parallels the cumulative exposure of the developing brain to the stress response with resulting impairment in multiple brain structures and functions.
Associations between water chemistry and fish community composition: a comparison between isolated and connected lakes in northern Sweden
Authors: ÖHMAN JOHANNA , BUFFAM ISHI , ENGLUND GÖRAN , BLOM ANDREAS , LINDGREN EMMA , LAUDON HJALMAR 
Published: January 2006

Summary1. The correlation between water chemistry, physical variables and fish community composition was examined in 40 small (≤30 ha) coastal lakes in northern Sweden. Twenty of the 40 lakes were isolated from other water bodies and 20 were connected to the Baltic Sea. Lakes were fished in summer, using three different methods. Water chemistry was sampled in late winter prior to ice‐out and pH was measured additionally in summer.2. Our central question was whether water chemistry plays a greater role in the composition of fish communities in isolated lakes than in connected lakes, as isolated lakes cannot be recolonised once a species has become extinct.3. Results indicate that winter anoxia affects community composition only in isolated lakes, whereas acidity is of importance in both connected and isolated lakes. Methane (indicating anoxia), was significantly correlated with variation in fish community composition in isolated lakes, and a group of variables that indicate anoxia (CH4, pCO2, inorganic carbon and dissolved oxygen) explained 24–34% of the variation. pH alone explained 12% of the variation in community composition for connected lakes and a group of variables indicating acidity (summer and winter pH and ANC) explained 10–20% of the variation in isolated lakes. Lake area was the most important physical variable, being significantly correlated with the variation in fish community composition in connected lakes.4. In isolated lakes, the presence of pike (Esox lucius), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) was associated with low CH4. The occurrence of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and roach was positively correlated with pH, and the crucian carp was apparently also affected by predation by pike and perch. In connected lakes the effect of anoxia was low, probably due to the possibility of recolonisation and pockets of oxygenated water, allowing pike and perch to persist and thereby limiting the distribution of crucian carp.
Contrasting hybridization rates between sympatric three‐spined sticklebacks highlight the fragility of reproductive barriers between evolutionarily young species
Authors: GOW JENNIFER L. , PEICHEL CATHERINE L. , TAYLOR ERIC B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThree‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are a powerful evolutionary model system due to the rapid and repeated phenotypic divergence of freshwater forms from a marine ancestor throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Many of these recently derived populations are found in overlapping habitats, yet are reproductively isolated from each other. This scenario provides excellent opportunities to investigate the mechanisms driving speciation in natural populations. Genetically distinguishing between such recently derived species, however, can create difficulties in exploring the ecological and genetic factors defining species boundaries, an essential component to our understanding of speciation. We overcame these limitations and increased the power of analyses by selecting highly discriminatory markers from the battery of genetic markers now available. Using species diagnostic molecular profiles, we quantified levels of hybridization and introgression within three sympatric species pairs of three‐spined stickleback. Sticklebacks within Priest and Paxton lakes exhibit a low level of natural hybridization and provide support for the role of reinforcement in maintaining distinct species in sympatry. In contrast, our study provides further evidence for a continued breakdown of the Enos Lake species pair into a hybrid swarm, with biased introgression of the ‘limnetic’ species into that of the ‘benthic’; a situation that highlights the delicate balance between persistence and breakdown of reproductive barriers between young species. A similar strategy utilizing the stickleback microsatellite resource can also be applied to answer an array of biological questions in other species’ pair systems in this geographically widespread and phenotypically diverse model organism.
Transformation of debris flows into turbidity currents: mechanisms inferred from laboratory experiments
Authors: FELIX M. , PEAKALL J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThree sets of lock exchange experiments were run to look at the generation of turbidity currents from debris flows. The flows ranged from reasonably dilute (4% volumetric concentration) to dense (40% volumetric concentration) with cohesive, non‐cohesive and mixed cohesive/non‐cohesive sediment. Concentration was measured at one height using an Ultrasonic High Concentration Meter. Velocity was measured using Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry Profiling at 10 different heights in each run. The resulting flows range from plug flows to well mixed flows. Comparison of the concentration profiles, velocity time–height plots and vertical profiles of downstream velocity and root mean square velocity showed several different transformation mechanisms. Depending on the concentration and composition of the flow, transformation took place through one or more of the following processes: erosion of material from the dense mass, breaking apart of the dense underflow, breaking of internal waves and turbulent mixing. The extent of transformation depends on the viscosity and density of the flow. Initially very dense and viscous flows experience minor transformation only at the surface, resulting in a dilute turbidity current. Flows that are initially not so dense and viscous are churned up entirely, undergoing the different transformation processes. For these flows, transformation processes work throughout the entire flow, not just at the surface. Transformation of the less‐dense flows is efficient with all or most material ending up in the resulting turbidity current.
What is a health expectation? Developing a pragmatic conceptual model from psychological theory
Authors: Janzen Jennifer Amy , Silvius James , Jacobs Sarah , Slaughter Susan , Dalziel William , Drummond Neil 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIntroduction Examination of the existing literature in respect of health expectations revealed both ambiguity in relation to terminology, and relatively little work in respect of how abstract theories of expectancy in the psychological literature might be used in empirical research into the influence of expectations on attitudes and behaviours in the real world. This paper presents a conceptual model for the development of health expectations with specific reference to Alzheimer's disease.Method Literature review, synthesis and conceptual model development, illustrated by the case of a person with newly diagnosed, early‐stage Alzheimer's disease, and her caregiver.Outcome Our model envisages the development of a health expectation as incorporating several longitudinal phases (precipitating phenomenon, prior understanding, cognitive processing, expectation formulation, outcome, post‐outcome cognitive processing).Conclusion Expectations are a highly important but still relatively poorly understood phenomenon in relation to the experience of health and health care. We suggest a pragmatic conceptual model designed to clarify the process of expectation development, in order to inform future research into the measurement of health expectations and to enhance our understanding of the influence of expectations on health behaviours and attitudes.