bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Outcomes in Pediatric Enteritis: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Freedman Stephen B. , Powell Elizabeth , Seshadri Roopa 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVES. Oral rehydration therapy is underused by physicians treating children with acute infectious enteritis. To guide management, we hypothesized that clinical variables available at the initial assessment could be identified that will predict the need for intravenous fluid administration.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. Clinical data were prospectively collected on a cohort of 214 children, aged 6 months to 10 years, treated in an emergency department for dehydration secondary to acute enteritis. All of the children performed supervised oral rehydration therapy for a minimum of 60 minutes according to protocol. Outcomes assessed were intravenous rehydration, return visits after discharge, and successful oral rehydration therapy. The latter variable was defined as the consumption of ≥12.5 mL/kg per hour of oral rehydration solution. Variables individually associated with outcomes of interest were evaluated by using multiple logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS. Forty-eight(22%) of 214 children received intravenous rehydration. In multivariate analysis, the 2 clinical predictors of intravenous rehydration were large urinary ketones and altered mental status. Significant predictors of repeat emergency department visits within 3 days included ≥10 episodes of vomiting over the 24 hours before presentation and a higher heart rate at discharge from the emergency department.
CONCLUSIONS. Among children with enteritis and mild-to-moderate dehydration, the presence of large urine ketones or an altered mental status is associated with intravenous rehydration after a 60-minute oral rehydration therapy period. Caution should be exercised before discharging children with either tachycardia or a history of significant vomiting before presentation, because they are more likely to require future emergency department care.
Detection and molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus type A and B strains in childhood respiratory infections in Hungary
Authors: Pankovics Péter , Szabó Hajnalka , Székely Gyöngyi , Gyurkovits Kálmán , Reuter Gábor 
Published: January 2009

Az emberi légúti óriássejtes vírus (hRSV) a csecsemő- és kisgyermekkori légúti fertőzések, járványok egyik leggyakoribb kórokozója világszerte. A hRSV molekuláris epidemiológiája nem ismert hazánkban, ma azonban már lehetőség van a vírus genetikai szintű kimutatására és nyomon követésére e módszerrel.
Célkitűzés:
A szerzők célja a hRSV molekuláris kimutatása és a vírusok genetikai elemzése volt gyermekkori légúti fertőzésekből hazánkban.
Módszer:
A garatmosó folyadékok a mosdósi kórházban kezelt 10 év alatti, légúti fertőzésben szenvedő gyermekektől származtak két légúti szezonból (2005/2006 és 2006/2007) október 15. és május 15. között. A klinikai és epidemiológiai adatokat prospektív módon, formanyomtatványokon gyűjtöttük. A virális RNS fúziós (F) és glikoprotein (G) génjének felsokszorozását RT-PCR módszerrel végeztük, majd a termékeket szekvenáltuk és filogenetikailag elemeztük.
Eredmények:
A 104 légúti mintából 23 (22,1%) – 16 fiú (69,6%) és 7 lány (30,4%) – tartalmazott hRSV-t (az első szezonban: 1/49, 2%; a második szezonban: 22/55, 40%). A hRSV-fertőzések december és március között történtek. Az átlagéletkor 2,1 év (1 hónap–8 év) volt. A vezető tünetek a következők voltak: orrfolyás, láz, köhögés és légúti nehezítettség. A hRSV-fertőzött gyermekek 39,1%-ának voltak alapbetegségei. Az F-régió alapján 22 (96%) vírusgenetikailag az A típusba tartozott, 1 (4%) a B típusba volt sorolható. A 11 A típusú vírus közül 8 (72,7%) a GA5-ös, 3 (27,3%) a GA2-es csoportba tartozik a G-régió alapján. A vírusok nukleotidsorrendje több esetben azonos volt.
Következtetések:
A közleményben a hRSV két típusának (A és B) – tudomásunk szerint – első hazai, közvetlen molekuláris kimutatásáról és elemzéséről számolunk be, 10 éven aluli gyermekek légúti fertőzéseiből. A hRSV a gyermekkori, elsősorban a csecsemőkori kórházi kezelést igénylő légúti fertőzések jelentős kóroki tényezője a téli-tavaszi hónapokban.
Characteristics of the main groups of human host-defensive peptides
Authors: Lapis Károly 
Published: January 2009

Emberben az antimikrobiális peptidek három fő csoportját a defensinek, a cathelicidinek és a histatinok képezik. Ezek biokémiai sajátságaikban és antimikrobiális hatásuk spektruma tekintetében igen különbözőek, de valamennyi hasznosan szolgálja a szervezet mikrobiális fertőzésekkel szembeni védelmét. Ezeket a peptideket jó ideig csupán új típusú antimikrobiális ágenseknek tekintették, újabb tanulmányok során azonban feltárták, hogy antimikrobiális aktivitásuk mellett sok más – ugyancsak a gazdavédelmet szolgáló – biológiai aktivitással rendelkeznek. A veleszületett immunitás fontos komponenseinek bizonyultak, továbbá azt is kimutatták róluk, hogy az éretlen dendritikus sejteken és lymphocytákon lévő különböző receptorokkal való kölcsönhatás révén tulajdonképpen ezek a peptidek indítják be az adaptív immunválasz-reakciókat is, amelyekben aztán további immunmodulátori szerepet játszanak. Az LL-37-tel kapcsolatban pedig egyenesen azt állítják, hogy annak immunmoduláló aktivitása erősebb az antimikrobiális aktivitásnál. A humán α-defensinekről pedig azt is kimutatták, hogy más fajban is megőrzik aktivitásukat, egerekben ugyanis immunadjuváns hatást fejtettek ki. Újabban egyre több közleményben arról számolnak be, hogy számos emberi betegséggel társultan e gazdavédő kis peptidek termelődésének károsodása és/vagy funkcióinak zavarai figyelhetők meg. E peptidek multifunkcionális szerepének felismerése pedig a gyógyszeripar irántuk való fokozott érdeklődését eredményezte.
Surgical treatment of acute type B aortic dissection associated with use of cocaine
Authors: Szeberin Zoltán , Firneisz Gábor , Bíró Gábor , Szabó Gábor Viktor , Sótonyi Péter , Windisch Mária , Krepuska Miklós , Sípos Ferenc , Mihály Emese , Acsády György 
Published: January 2009

A kokainfogyasztás gyakorisága Magyarországon is növekszik. E drog használata fokozott kockázatot jelent szív- és érrendszeri betegségek kialakulása, például aortadissectio szempontjából. Klinikánkon zajlik hazánkban a B típusú aortadissectiós betegek döntő többségének ellátása.
Célkitűzés:
Egy rendszeresen kokaint használó, akut B típusú aortadissectiót elszenvedett beteg műtéti kezelését mutatjuk be esetismertetésünkben, amely tudomásunk szerint az első hasonló eset hazánkban.
Módszer:
Esetleírás.
Eredmények:
Egy 35 éves férfi erős, mellkasi-háti-deréktáji fájdalmak miatt először a gerincsebészeti osztályhoz fordult, majd kiugróan magas vérnyomásértékek miatt belgyógyászati osztályra helyezték át. A B típusú aortadissectio diagnózisát CT-angiographia igazolta, a beteg érsebészeti centrumba került, ahol sikeres műtétet, thoracoabdominalis aortarefenesztrációt végeztünk. A beteg 3 hónappal a műtét után jól van, antihipertenzív szerek szedése mellett mindennapi feladatait ellátja, szövődményt nem észleltünk, a kokainról leszokott.
Következtetések:
Az akut B típusú dissectio sebészi ellátása megmentheti a beteg életét. A hosszú távú eredményes kezelésben a hipertónia kontrollja mellett a kokainról történő leszokás alapvető jelentőségű. Hasonló esetek előfordulására a kokainfogyasztás növekedése esetén hazánkban is számíthatunk.
Charge and Mass Transfer Across the Metal/Solution Interface
Authors: Gileadi Eliezer 
Published: January 2009

AbstractElectrode reactions are characterized by charge transfer across the interface. The charge can be carried by electrons or by ions. It is shown here that when both mass and charge cross the interface, the charge must be carried by the ionic species, not by the electrons, as a result of the very large difference in the time scale for electron and ion transfer. A prime example of charge transfer by ions is metal deposition.It is proposed that ion transfer occurs by migration of the ions across the interface, under the influence of the high electrostatic field in the double layer. The rate constants observed for metal deposition are comparable to those for outer‐sphere charge transfer. These unexpectedly high rate constants for metal deposition are explained by a model in which removal of the solvation shell and reduction of the effective charge on the metal ion occur in many small steps, and a make‐before‐break mechanism exists, which lowers the total Gibbs energy of the system as it moves along the reaction coordinate from the initial to the final state.
On Selection of the Perturbation Amplitude Required to Avoid Nonlinear Effects in Impedance Measurements
Authors: Hirschorn Bryan , Tribollet Bernard , Orazem Mark E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNumerical simulations of electrochemical systems were used to explore the influence of large‐amplitude potential perturbations on the measured impedance response. The amplitude of the input potential perturbation used for impedance measurements, normally fixed at a value of 10 mV for all systems, should instead be adjusted for each experimental system. Guidelines are developed for selection of appropriate perturbation amplitudes. A characteristic transition frequency is defined that can be used to tailor a frequency‐dependent input signal to optimize signal‐to‐noise levels while maintaining a linear response.
Solid State Electrochemistry
Authors: Riess Ilan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe review solid state electrochemistry, material properties, and electrochemical cells. Topics discussed are point defects, solid electrolytes, mixed ionic electronic conductors, examples of solid electrochemical cells, and electrochemical reactions. Experimental methods for characterizing the electrical properties of materials and cells are discussed, as well as typical application of solid state electrochemical systems. A brief comparison with liquid ionic conductors and electrochemical cells is presented.
Electrocrystallization of Calcium Phosphates
Authors: Eliaz Noam 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe interest in electrocrystallization of calcium phosphates (CaP) in general, and of hydroxyapatite (HAp) specifically, results from the promising industrial benefits, unique microstructures, and properties of the deposits produced by this process, and the possible similarity to bone mineralization in vivo. In this paper, our work on electrocrystallization of HAp and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) on CP‐Ti and Ti‐6A1‐4V alloy, in solution containing calcium nitrate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, is briefly reviewed. The early stages of nucleation and growth are characterized in real time by means such as electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and electrochemical atomic force microscope (EC‐AFM). The change in growth mode and the role of precursors to HAp are explained. The role of charge transfer and local increase in pH is discussed.
Direct Monitoring of Ultrafast Redox Commutation at the Nanosecond and Nanometer Scales by Ultrafast Voltammetry: From Molecular Wires to Cation Releasing Systems
Authors: Amatore Christian , Maisonhaute Emmanuel , Nierengarten Jean‐François , Schöllhorn Bernd 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis review documents that, contrary to the general impression that molecular electrochemistry is mostly devoted to the analysis of reaction mechanisms induced by electron transfer into homogeneous solutions of molecules, its concepts and methods are perfectly suited to the investigation of extremely fast molecular events occurring within nano‐ and sub‐nanometric distances from a working electrode surface. Ultrafast cyclic voltammetry (i.e., up to the range of a few megavolts per second) coupled to online electronic compensation of ohmic drop is thus shown to provide direct measurements of extremely fast electron transfer between redox centers tethered to electrodes, by conducting molecular bridges, or of dendrimers adsorbed onto the electrode surface. This allows discussing in particular the role of counterions in the process of electronic commutation of self‐assembled monolayers.
Layer‐by‐Layer Self‐Assembled Redox Polyelectrolytes on Passive Steel
Authors: Völker Edgar , Calvo Ernesto J. , Williams Federico J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSteel samples were passivated in 0.1 M NaOH solutions at 0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) and then poly(allylamine) derivatized with osmium pyridine‐bipyridine‐chloride complex and poly‐(vinylsulfonate) were sequentially self‐assembled electrostatically layer‐by‐layer. The resulting electrodes were examined by cyclic voltammetry, ellipsometry, and X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). These studies demonstrate the formation of a redox polyelectrolyte multilayer onto the passive film protecting the ferrous metal. As the number of deposited polyelectrolyte layers increases there is an increase in the measured thickness of the self‐assembled film. The rate of thickness growth in osmium polymer film with the number of deposition cycles is slower for films thinner than ∼30 nm. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the electron transfer rate to the outer sphere osmium complex tethered to the polymer backbone is much slower for the multilayer on passive iron than on gold surfaces. This is in agreement with the well‐known behavior of soluble redox couples on passive metals and with electrochemical tunelling spectroscopy.
An Electrochemical Impedance Study of Ionic Liquid Film Formation and Aqueous Corrosion of Magnesium Alloy ZE41
Authors: Howlett Patrick C. , Neil Wayne , Khoo Timothy , Sun Jiazeng , Forsyth Maria , MacFarlane Douglas R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIonic liquid surface treatments are proposed as a method of controlling corrosion processes on magnesium alloys. An important magnesium alloy, ZE41 (nominally 4% Zn and 1% rare earth), was treated with the ionic liquid trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium diphenylphosphate (P66614DPP). Impedance spectra were acquired at intervals during the treatment, indicating the development of a film and allowing a measure of the film formation process to be obtained over time. Mechanically polished and electro‐polished surfaces were prepared; these surfaces, treated and untreated, were subsequently exposed to 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solutions. The corrosion behavior of the prepared surfaces were assessed using impedance spectroscopy and optical microscopy. The results indicated a significant role for the method of surface preparation used and, in both cases, the ionic liquid treatment produced a more corrosion‐resistant surface.
From Food Preservation to Surface Protection: Enhanced Corrosion Protection by Fatty Acid Salts
Authors: Ein‐Eli Yair 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe ability of dissolved monocarboxylate salts, often used as food preservatives, to produce surface passivation and to inhibit aqueous corrosion of metals and alloys is discussed. Electrochemical measurements indicate that the inhibiting efficiency of these compounds, with a general formula Cn‐1H2n‐1COOK or CnK (n = 3…12), is dependent on the hydrocarbon chain length. Inhibiting efficiency was higher for a longer hydrocarbon chain of n‐alkanoic acid. Copper corrosion protection level was found to increase with an increase in fatty acid salt concentration; the optimum concentration of potassium dodecanoate (C12K) in sulfate solutions was found to be 70 mM. Protective layers formed at the copper surface subsequent to exposure in various n‐alkanoate solutions were characterized by an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. Observed copper passivation is attributed to the growth of a protective film on the copper surface, containing both copper oxides and copper carboxylate compounds. The organic molecules enhance copper protection by covering copper oxides with a thin and dense organic layer, which prevents water molecules or aggressive anions from interacting with the copper surface.
Laterally Controlled Template Electrodeposition of Polyaniline
Authors: Sehayek Tali , Meisel Dan , Vaskevich Alexander , Rubinstein Israel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPolyaniline (PANi) was electrodeposited in gold‐coated nanoporous alumina membranes (NAMs) by anodic polymerization of aniline. PANi deposition was followed by cathodic deposition of Ag or Cu, to form a layer of PANi–metal segmented nanowires in the NAM. The compact PANi nanowires fill the entire pore volume, providing a sharp transition from the polymer to the metal segment. The deposited metal layer enables SEM visualization of the PANi nanowire length in the membrane. Deposition of Cu on PANi nanowires occurs at potentials where the PANi is in its reduced leucoemeraldine state, with no evidence for penetration of the metal into the polymer matrix. The mechanism of metal ion reduction on the nonconducting polymer wires is not yet clear. Free‐standing segmented PANi–Ag and PANi–Cu nanowires obtained by membrane dissolution show a sharp heterojunction between the polymer and metal phases and are mechanically stable.Aniline electropolymerization in the insulating NAM under a lateral potential gradient generated a thickness gradient of the PANi deposit, revealed by subsequent Cu deposition. The potential‐dependent length of the PANi nanowires follows the PANi conductivity pattern, reaching a maximum in the region of stability of the conducting emeraldine phase. The results demonstrate the possibility of obtaining nonlinear graded materials using electrochemical systems showing a complex current–voltage behavior.
An enriched stable-isotope approach to determine the gill-zinc binding properties of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during acute zinc exposures in hard and soft waters
Authors: Todd Andrew S. , Brinkman Stephen , Wolf Ruth E. , Lamothe Paul J. , Smith Kathleen S. , Ranville James F. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The objective of the present study was to employ an enriched stable-isotope approach to characterize Zn uptake in the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during acute Zn exposures in hard water (—-140 mg/L as CaCO3) and soft water (—-30 mg/L as CaCO3). Juvenile rainbow trout were acclimated to the test hardnesses and then exposed for up to 72 h in static exposures to a range of Zn concentrations in hard water (0–1,000 μg/L) and soft water (0–250 μg/L). To facilitate detection of new gill Zn from endogenous gill Zn, the exposure media was significantly enriched with 67Zn stable isotope (89.60% vs 4.1% natural abundance). Additionally, acute Zn toxicity thresholds (96-h median lethal concentration [LC50]) were determined experimentally through traditional, flow-through toxicity tests in hard water (580 μg/L) and soft water (110 μg/L). Following short-term (S3 h) exposures, significant differences in gill accumulation of Zn between hard and soft water treatments were observed at the three common concentrations (75, 150, and 250 μg/L), with soft water gills accumulating more Zn than hard water gills. Short-term gill Zn accumulation at hard and soft water LC50s (45-min median lethal accumulation) was similar (0.27 and 0.20 μg/g wet wt, respectively). Finally, comparison of experimental gill Zn accumulation, with accumulation predicted by the biotic ligand model, demonstrated that model output reflected short-term (&lt;1 h) experimental gill Zn accumulation and predicted observed differences in accumulation between hard and soft water rainbow trout gills. Our results indicate that measurable differences exist in short-term gill Zn accumulation following acclimation and exposure in different water hardnesses and that short-term Zn accumulation appears to be predictive of Zn acute toxicity thresholds (96-h LC50s).
Oxidative transformation of tetrachlorophenols and trichlorophenols by manganese dioxide
Authors: Zhao Ling , Yu Zhiqiang , Peng Ping'an , Huang Weilin , Dong Yuanhua 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This study examined the transformation kinetics of three tetrachlorophenols (TeCPs) and three trichlorophenols (TCPs) in the presence of MnO2 under different solution chemistry conditions. The reaction rate measured for each CP decreased as a function of solution pH, and under the same solution chemistry conditions, the measured rates may depend primarily on both the adsorbability at the MnO2 surfaces and the isomeric structures of the CPs. Isomeric effects indicated that chloro substituent on ortho or para positions exhibited faster rates of transformation than on meta positions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis with a derivatization method showed that dimers including polychlorinated phenoxyphenols and chlorinated polyhydroxybi-phenyl were among the major products for all CPs. Monomeric products were among the major products of 2,4,6-TCP, 2,3,4-TCP, and 2,3,4,6-TeCP, whereas trimeric products also were among the major products of 2,3,4-TCP and 2,4,5-TCP. It appeared that hydroxylation of CPs and formation of dimeric or trimeric products via oxidative coupling were the major reaction mechanisms involved in the oxidation of CPs by MnO2.
Chronic toxicity of five structurally diverse demethylase-inhibiting fungicides to the crustacean Daphnia magna: A comparative assessment
Authors: Hassold Enken , Backhaus Thomas 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Demethylase inhibitors (DMIs) are broad-spectrum fungicides that are ubiquitously used in agriculture and medicine. They comprise chemically heterogeneous substances that share a common biochemical target in fungi, the inhibition of a specific step in sterol biosynthesis. Several DMIs are suspected to disrupt endocrine-mediated processes in a range of organisms and to inhibit ecdysteroid biosynthesis in arthropods. It is unclear, however, whether and, if so, to what extent different DMI fungicides have a similar mode of action in nontarget organisms, which in turn would lead to a common chronic toxicity profile. Therefore, we selected a representative of each of the major DMI classes—-the piperazine triforine, the pyrimidine fenarimol, the pyridine pyrifenox, the imidazole prochloraz, and the triazole triadimefon—-and comparatively investigated their chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna. No toxicity was detectable up to the limit of solubility of triforine (61 μmol/L). All other DMIs reduced reproductive success by delaying molting and development and by causing severe developmental abnormalities among offspring. Prochloraz was most toxic (median effective concentration [EC50] for fecundity reduction, 0.76 μmol/L), followed by fenarimol (EC50, 1.14 μmol/L), pyrifenox (EC50, 3.15 μmol/L), and triadimefon (EC50, 5.13 μmol/L). Mean effect concentrations for fecundity reduction were related to lipophilicity and followed baseline toxicity. However, triadimefon and fenarimol (but none of the other tested DMIs) caused severe eye malformations among exposed offspring. Affected neonates did survive, but a reduced ecological fitness can be assumed. Offspring exposed to fenarimol in mater matured earlier. The investigated different life-history parameters were affected in a substance-specific manner. These qualitatively different toxicity profiles suggest additional, substance-specific mechanisms of action in D. magna that probably are related to an antiecdysteroid action.