bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ionosphere at Huancayo, Peru, October to December, 1941
Authors: Ledig P. G. , Coile R. C. , Jones M. W. 
Published: February 2008

This report is a continuation of those already published in this JOURNAL1 and gives monthly mean hourly values of the heights and penetration‐frequencies of the ionospheric regions as obtained from the automatic multifrequency ionospheric recording apparatus located near Huancayo, Peru, South America, in latitude 12° 02′.7 south, longitude 75° 20′.4 west of Greenwich, which operates over a frequency‐range 0.516 to 16.0 Mc/sec. A complete discussion of these data will be made in an annual summary.Table 1 gives the monthly mean hourly values of the actual heights of maximum electron‐density (hmax), uncorrected for retardation in lower regions2, and the minimum virtual height (hmin) for both the F1‐ and F2‐regions, the penetration‐frequencies for the E‐, F1‐, and F2‐regions, and the lowest frequency at which echoes were observed when that frequency was greater than 0.516 Mc/sec.
Alibag Magnetic Observatory, July to September, 1941
Authors: Rangasvvami M. R. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 18° 38′.3 N., longitude 72° 52′.3 or 4h 51m.5 E. of Gr.)July 5—A severe storm with a sudden commencement in all elements began at 04h 59m GMT, July 5. H attained its maximum at 05h 46m and began to fall rapidly, from 08h 23m onwards, the H magnet became unsteady and the value of horizontal force rose and fell with rapid fluctuations. The minimum in H occurred between 11h 40m and 12h 30m when the trace was beyond the recording limit of the magnetogram. The storm ended at about 23h.5, Ranges: D, 14′.2; H, greater than 726 gammas; Z, 94 gammas.
The 27‐Day Recurrence‐Tendency of Magnetic Storms
Authors: Benkova N. P. 
Published: February 2008

§ 1. The study of the 27‐day recurrence‐tendency of magnetic storms is one of the methods of investigation of the relationship between geomagnetic and heliophysical phenomena and, at the same time, a means of investigating the nature of magnetic storms. During recent years the investigation of this phenomenon has acquired also a practical interest in connection with the attempts to predict magnetic disturbances undertaken by some magnetic observatories of the Soviet Union.The 27‐day recurrence‐tendency, discovered by Broun [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] as far back as 1858, attracted the attention of a number of investigators. The chief results concerning the dependence of the recurrence upon the intensity of the disturbance, as well as the more precise definition of the length of the recurrence‐interval and its fluctuation during the 11‐year cycle of solar activity, we owe to the works of Maunder, Chree, Stagg, Greaves and Newton, and Archenhold. The aim of the present work is to verify the results of the former investigators on the basis of the recently completed Sloutzk catalogue of magnetic storms [2].
Sitka Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1942
Authors: Gebhardt Robert E. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)February 23‐24—A small magnetic disturbance began gradually at about 13h 30m GMT, February 23, with a gradual decrease in values of the elements. After 18h conditions began to return to normal, the trace remaining moderately disturbed until 12h, February 24. The maximum K‐index during the disturbance was 8.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1942
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)January 2—This short magnetic disturbance began with a sharp rise in H of 63 gammas at 12h 34m GMT, January 2, and was followed by several narrow peaks and bays of comparable amounts during the following six hours, the disturbance ending at about 19h. D and Z showed only slight disturbances.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1942
Authors: Hershberger John 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)July 10–11—A moderate storm began at about 23h 35m GMT, July 10, and lasted about twenty‐four hours, although the elements remained somewhat disturbed for twice that length of time. The principal feature of the storm was a number of large bays, particularly in D and Z, resulting in K‐indices of 5, 5, 6, S, and 5 for the first three‐hour periods of July 11. A sharp rise of about 70 gammas in H occurred at 20h 39m, July 11, but the activity thereafter was unimportant.
EDMOND HALLEY AND GEOMAGNETISM
Authors: Chapman Sydney 
Published: February 2008

This annual lecture, commemorating Edmond Halley, a great son of Oxford, is devoted to astronomy and terrestrial magnetism. My subject to‐day is Halley's geomagnetic work considered in its historical setting, but I will preface this by a few remarks on Halley as poet—a seldom remembered aspect of his remarkable versatility.Halley's Latin verses
PERIODIC CHANGES IN ΔD AT OSLO, 1843–1930
Authors: Wasserfall K. F. 
Published: February 2008

Introduction—Christopher Hansteen began measurements in 1842 of magnetic variation at the Oslo Observatory (latitude = 59° 54′. 7 north, longitude = 10° 43′.4 east). Daily readings of declination (D), horizontal intensity (H), and inclination (I) were made, almost without interruption during 1842‐1930. Observations were made twice daily—at 09h and 14h local mean time (LMT).The results for H have been published [see 1 and 2 of “References” at end of paper]—the first gives complete tables of daily values for H at 09h and 14h and for ΔH = (H14−H9), while the second summarizes and discusses the results.
AMERICAN MAGNETIC CHARACTER‐FIGURE, CA, THREE‐HOUR‐RANGE INDICES, K, AND MEAN K‐INDICES, KA, FOR APRIL TO JUNE, 1943
Authors: Johnston H. F. 
Published: February 2008

Summaries of American URSI broadcasts have appeared regularly in this JOURNAL since the issue for December, 1930.As set forth in this JOURNAL for June, 1937, “The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism and the United States Coast and Geodetic Surveywith the cooperation of the United States Army and the United States Navy communication‐services and several amateur radio stations have undertaken to supply the American character‐figure based upon the reports of the seven American‐operated observatories—those of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Huancayo in Peru and at Watheroo in Western Australia, and those of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Cheltenham (Maryland), Honolulu (Hawaii), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Sitka (Alaska), and Tucson (Arizona).” This character‐figure is being designated CA, and its values for the first twelve, the second twelve, and all twenty‐four hours of each Greenwich day for April to June, 1943, are given in Table 1.
SITKA MAGNETIC OBSERVATORY APRIL TO JUNE, 1943
Authors: Pinckney Harold W. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)April 10‐11—Beginning at 04h 30m GMT, April 10, slight disturbances of all elements became greater three hours later and again increased in intensity at 11h, but quieted rapidly after 13h and continued with small variations until 03h 28m, April 11, when sudden increases in all elements commenced a nine‐hour storm‐period which was severe between 06h 25m and 07h when a K‐index of 8 was recorded.
CHELTENHAM MAGNETIC OBSERVATORY APRIL TO JUNE, 1943
Authors: Hershberger John 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)April 2‐3—A minor disturbance began at 23h 11m GMT, April 2. The principal feature of the disturbance was a relatively deep bay in each of the three elements between 01h and 02h, April 3. A K‐index of 6 was recorded during this period. After 08h the activity was unimportant.
AMERICAN MAGNETIC CHARACTER‐FIGURE, CA, THREE‐HOUR‐RANGE INDICES, K, AND MEAN K‐INDICES, KA, FOR JULY TO SEPTEMBER, 1943
Authors: Johnston H. F. 
Published: February 2008

Summaries of American URSI broadcasts have appeared regularly in this JOURNAL since the issue for December, 1930.As set forth in this JOURNAL for June, 1937, “The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey with the cooperation of the United States Army and the United States Navy communication‐services and several amateur radio stations have undertaken to supply the American character‐figure based upon the reports of the seven American‐operated observatories—those of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Huancayo in Peru and at Watheroo in Western Australia, and those of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Cheltenham (Maryland), Honolulu (Hawaii), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Sitka (Alaska), and Tucson (Arizona).” This character‐figure is being designated CA, and its values for the first twelve, the second twelve, and all twenty‐four hours of each Greenwich day for July to September 1943,‐are given in Table 1.
WATHEROO MAGNETIC OBSERVATORY JULY TO SEPTEMBER, 1943
Authors: Parkinson W. C. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)August 7‐9—A small magnetic disturbance began with a sudden commencement in H at 08h 20m GMT, August 7, with small but very rapid oscillations in all three elements. The traces were relatively quiet until 06h 55m, August 8, when larger fluctuations began without any special features except between 15h and 16h, August 8, when large bays and peaks appeared in all three elements. Between 21h, August 8, and 10h, August 9, the value of H was considerably below normal, but the traces then resumed their usual quiet values. Ranges: D, 20′.1; H, 124 gammas; Z, 124 gammas.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1944
Authors: Pinckney Harold W. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)February 7—A brief period of severe disturbance may be said to have had its commencement at about 05h 30m GMT, February 7, when slight deviations from an unusually calm condition became noticeable. A single large departure between 09h and 11h gave a K‐index of 7 for that period. At 12h large‐amplitude oscillations began which continued for an hour and then became progressively smaller during the succeeding three hours. A K‐index of 9 was recorded during the most severe phase.
Some Early Contributions to the History of Geomagnetism—VIII
Authors: Harradon H. D. 
Published: February 2008

We present as the eighth contribution to the early history of geomagnetism extracts from the English version of the “Portuum investigan‐dorum ratio.”1 This work was written by Simon Stevinus (1548–1620), an eminent Dutch mathematician, at the instance of Count Moritz of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Admiral of the Dutch Fleet, who was convinced of the value of a knowledge of the magnetic declination for navigation. It contains the oldest list of values of the magnetic declination (43 stations), emphasizes the great importance of a knowledge of the declination to mariners, and contains an introduction to the determination thereof with the aid of the azimuth‐compass.The booklet appeared simultaneously in Dutch, Latin, English, and French. P. Plancius, a Calvinist preacher and geographer, is mentioned as the authority for the declination‐values. It appears that he had collected these data for a geographic chart which he is thought to have prepared in 1592 but of which no copy is known to exist.
The Fiftieth Year of the Journal, 1945
Authors: Fleming J. A. 
Published: February 2008

The JOURNAL begins its fiftieth year with this issue. Established in 1896 by the late Dr. Louis A. Bauer, it is unique in that it is the only International journal devoted solely to geomagnetism and its allied subjects of atmospheric electricity, earth‐currents, and aurora.Its pages give a progressive record over the half‐century of the advance in knowledge of these subjects communicated in contributions from nearly all of their eminent investigators. The JOURNAL, to keep pace with the ever‐widening field, has gradually broadened its scope to include researches involving ionospheric, solar, and cosmic phenomena. During its lifetime the world‐wide magnetic survey on land and sea by the Carnegie Institution of Washington was successfully concluded and the results obtained during the Second International Polar Year were added to the great store of accumulated observational data. All these have made possible fundamental theoretical studies which find expression in various numbers of the JOURNAL along with agenda and decisions at, and results from, International scientific meetings, descriptions of improved instruments and methods as developed from year to year. Thus the JOURNAL constitutes a real source of reference for geomagnetism and geoelectricity during the past 50 years.
A Curious Effect in an Ionization‐Meter
Authors: Gish O. H. 
Published: February 2008

While testing some ionization‐meters designed and constructed at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington for use in a project proposed by Dr. ,V. F. Hess [see 1 of “References” at end of paper], it was found by K. L. Sherman that the rate of ion‐formation per cc in these meters was more than three times that measured under similar circumstances with Kolhörster penetrating‐radiation meter No. 5658 made by Günther and Tegetmeyer in 1928 (GT 5658).Perhaps the most convincing measure, of this contrast is provided by comparing the “Eve's numbers” (K), which were determined for the instruments.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1945
Authors: Ludy Carl A. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)January 15—A storm, beginning gradually at about 05h GMT, January 15, slowly increased in intensity until about 11h 36m when an abrupt decrease of 295 gammas in H was followed shortly by an equally abrupt increase and broader bays which increased in irregularity until about 19h 45m when the storm terminated abruptly. K‐indices of 7, 7, 6, 7 were recorded during the period.
On the electrical state of the upper atmosphere
Authors: Ferraro V. C. A. 
Published: February 2008

(1) According to Ta‐You Wu, photo‐ionization of the negative oxygen‐ions in the E‐layer reduces their density well below that of the electron‐density and, consequently, the high value (10−8 cm3/sec) of the effective coefficient of recombinations, α, cannot be accounted for on the hypothesis of electron‐attachment and detachment. Wu suggests that the high value of α may still be explained if the usual assumption that the ionized layers are electrically neutral to a high degree of approximation is abandoned, and a high preponderance of positive oxygen‐ions O+ or O2+ over electrons, in the ratio of 108:1, postulated. Wu further claims that such a high concentration of positive ions is “consistent with what is demanded by the Stewart‐Schuster‐Chapman theory” for the diurnal variation of S.The purpose of this note is to show that Wu's hypothesis is untenable, first as the space‐charge required by the dynamo‐theory of the S‐field is exceedingly small, the number of excess charges of one sign over charges of opposite sign being nowhere greater than about 0.1 ion in a column of one cm2 cross‐section drawn vertically in the layer, Secondly, such a large concentration of positive charges in the atmosphere as is postulated by Wu would produce electric fields so large that the atmosphere could not hold together under gravity against the mutual repulsion of its parts.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1945
Authors: Hershberger John 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)April 1–2—A moderate disturbance began rather definitely at 05h 00m GMT, April 1. For seven hours all three elements were fairly active. Thereafter the activity was limited mostly to short‐period oscillations in D and H. The storm ended at about 03h, April 2. Three K‐indices of 5 were recorded.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1945
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S., longitude 76° 20′.4 or 5h 01m.4 W. of Gr.)April 11—There was a short magnetic disturbance on April 11 beginning with a short sharp increase in H at 07h 27m GMT, followed by some rapid vibratory movements during the first two hours, but otherwise with only minor changes until 12h 55m. At that time there was a sharp bay followed quickly by a sharp peak and another bay and peak, with the maximum for the day at 14h 41m. There were a couple of low bays during the following night, but the real disturbance was ended by 18h, April 11. The range in H was 196 gammas, and D and Z were only mildly disturbed.
A study of auroral arcs and draperies
Authors: Harang Leiv 
Published: February 2008

Summary—By means of parallactic photographs at Tromsö the heights and directions of auroral arcs and the heights of the draperies have been studied. The number of the pairs used is 355 for the arcs and 293 for the draperies. From the height‐statistics it is shown that the heights of arcs and draperies, according to classifications faint, medium, strong, and very strong, show a continuous decrease. For the auroras of medium intensity it is shown that there is definite evidence of a displacement of the height‐curves from ebb‐tide to flood‐tide conditions.The diurnal variation of the direction of the arcs during 16h to 24h, MET, is demonstrated for Tromsö, and a secular change in the mean directions is demonstrated when compared with Bravais' determinations in Bossekop during 1839–40.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1945
Authors: Campbell Joel B. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)October 12—A short storm of moderate activity began at about 06h GMT October 12. At 1lh the activity began to increase and during the 13th hour a maximum of disturbance was reached when H decreased about 425 gammas. After 15h the storm gradually subsided; however, short‐period oscillations followed for several hours. K‐indices of 6 and 7 were recorded during the period of the storm.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1946
Authors: Campbell Joel B. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)January 3–4—A severe storm began sharply at 07h GMT, January 3. Activity was moderate for the first three hours of the storm; however, at 10h 30m there was a marked increase in activity, resulting in an over‐all change of 149′ in D 1309 gammas in H, and 905 gammas in Z. The storm moderated at about 18h, January 3, and the activity which followed consisted chiefly of low‐amplitude oscillations superposed on small bays. At about 23h this type of activity was replaced with larger‐amplitude oscillations, which continued until the storm gradually died out at about 23h, January 4. K‐indices of 9, 7, and 8 were recorded between 09h and 18h, January 3.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1946
Authors: Campbell Joel B. , Cleven M. L. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longiude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)April 9—A brief period of moderately disturbed conditions began shortly after 09h GMT and died out about 17h of the same day. K‐indices of 6, 7, and 7 were recorded with greatest disturbance occurring during 14h and 15h.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1946
Authors: Wiles William E. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longiude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)April 15—Following a two‐day period of moderate disturbance in H and D, a storm of moderate intensity began with a disturbance in all three elements between 01h and 02h GMT, April 15, and ended about 2lh, April 15. The disturbance consisted of irregular oscillations of moderate amplitude and was greatest between 01h and 13h; after 13h all three traces began to reassume gradually their normal positions. Four K‐indices of 5 were recorded. Minimum H of 18060 gammas occurred at 12h 28m.
Hermanus Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1946
Authors: van Wijk A. M. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 34° 25′.2 S., longitude 19° 13′.5 or 1h 16m.9 E. of Gr.)April 1–4—The minor disturbances recorded on these days were characterized by bays, each of K‐index 3, during the three‐hour periods (GMT) 00h–3h on April 1, 00h–03h on April 2, 21h–24h on April 2, and 21h–24h on April 4.
Reminiscences of Sir Carruthers Beattie and Professor J. T. Morrison
Authors: Ogg A. 
Published: February 2008

It is with regret that I have to report the deaths of Sir Carruthers Beattie and Professor J. T. Morrison—pioneers in geomagnetic surveys and investigations in Africa. The former died in September, 1946, and the latter in October, 1944, aged 82. We in Africa are indebted to these two men, not only for magnetic observations throughout Africa so generally known from the Royal Society publications, but also for the stimulus given by them in forwarding educational and scientific progress.I was very fortunate in knowing both Beattie and Morrison intimately from the time I came to South Africa in 1905 until they died. There was no scientist for whom I had more respect than for Morrison. He did not appear in the public eye so much as Beattie did. For many years Beattie was chiefly interested in university development in South Africa. Such work appealed more to the general public than pure scientific research.
Cosmic‐ray research in B‐29 laboratory determines nature of secondary particles
Authors: Grosvenor Gilbert 
Published: February 2008

Research in a B‐29 “flying laboratory” has contributed to knowledge of cosmic radiation by proving that a large proportion of mesotrons—a part of the rays in the Earth's atmosphere—are produced by electrically‐charged particles.The National Geographic Society, the Bartol Research Foundation, and the Army Air Forces joined last summer in an extensive series of B‐29 flights to record the number of mesotrons in the air [see Terr. Mag., 51, 303–304 (1946)]. Tests were made at altitudes ranging from one to more than six miles between southern Canada and the magnetic equator over northern Chile.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1946
Authors: Wiles William E. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)October 26–28—A mild magnetic storm began between 21h and 22h GMT, October 26, and continued until about 01h, October 28. All three elements were disturbed, the greater disturbance occurring within the first twelve hours and consisting of irregular oscillations of moderate amplitude. For the remainder of the storm some short‐period motion and minor irregular oscillations appeared. Five K‐indices of 5 and four of 4 were recorded.
Hermanus Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1946
Authors: van Wijk A. M. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 34° 25′.2 S., longitude 19° 13′.5 or 1h 16m.9 E. of Gr.)October 8–9—A disturbance of very moderate intensity began gradually at 22h GMT, October 8, and continued until about 24h, October 9. Small, sharp oscillations during the first five three‐hour periods of October 9 were followed by large, shallow bays between 22h and 24h.