bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of volatile sulfur compounds in canola oil
Authors: Abraham V. , Deman J. M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA simple and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of volatile isothiocyanates in canola oil has been developed. The method is based on the specific absorbance of isothiocyanates in the infrared region. The results obtained were confirmed by gas liquid chromatography using a flame photometric detector. The various volatile isothiocyanates isolated from the oil were allyl isothiocyanate, 3‐butenyl isothiocyanate, 4‐pentenyl isothiocyanate and 2‐phenethyl isothiocyanate. Their identities were confirmed by mass spectroscopy and by retention times. The recoveries of sulfur from volatile sulfur compounds by this method ranged from 93.6% to 101.1% when compared to the amount determined by gas liquid chromatography. The coefficients of variability of volatile sulfur compounds in canola oils ranged from 1.7% to 3.2%. The sulfur content represented by the volatile sulfur compounds comprised 21.7% of the sulfur determined by the Raney nickel method for crude oil, 36.6% for refined oil and 22.7% for refined, bleached and deodorized oil.
Extraction and refining of edible oil from extrusion‐stabilized rice bran
Authors: Sayre R. N. , Nayyar D. K. , Saunders R. M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRice bran oil extracted from extrusion‐stabilized bran was processed to a high quality salad oil. Stabilization prevented free fatty acid formation in rice bran prior to solvent extraction of the oil and thus increased the yield of refined oil. The flake form of the stabilized bran allowed rapid solvent percolation and efficient lipid extraction. Degumming soon after extraction removed a larger proportion of the gums and waxes and resulted in a higher yield of refined oil than if this procedure was delayed. Alkali refining was found to be most efficient with a concentration of 16° Bé (2.77M) NaOH and 0.5% NaOH excess. Acid activated clay was effective in removing color from the refined oil, and the addition of charcoal did not improve bleaching ability. Stabilization temperatures, within the range studied, did not appear to affect the bleached oil color. Color was measured spectrophotometrically at 537 and 612 nm.
Recovering water‐immiscible solvents from oilseeds
Authors: Karnofsky George 
Published: January 2009

AbstractProcesses used in desolventizing are reviewed. Anomalous high residuals in desolventized, deodorized and toasted flakes can be accounted for by assuming that the dimension of void spaces in flakes after extraction of oil is about 10−6 cm, with consequent substantial reduction in vapor pressure.
Oil content and fatty acid composition of peanuts imported into japan
Authors: Taira Hirokadzu 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe oil content and fatty acid composition of Virginia, Runner, and Spanish market types of peanuts imported into Japan were determined. The significant differences among the countries of production were shown in stearic, eicosenoic and lignoceric acid contents of Virginia market type and oil content and palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, eicosenoic, behenic and lignoceric acid contents of Spanish market type. The Spanish market type, as compared with the Virginia market type, was significantly higher in palmitic, stearic, linoleic, arachidic and behenic acid contents and lower in oleic, eicosenoic and lignoceric acid contents on the gross samples.
Fatty acids, carbohydrates and crude protein in twenty cassava cultivars(Manihot esculenta Crantz)
Authors: Teles F. F. F. , Oliveira J. S. , Silveira A. J. , Batista C. M. , Stull J. W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTwenty cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were analyzed for fatty acids, nonstructural carbohydrates and crude protein contents. The main constituent fatty acids were myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic. Trace amounts of lauric, myristoleic and palmitoleic acids were detected. Saturated acids ranged from 26.58 to 58.05%. Acid‐digestible carbohydrates ranged from 11.82 to 40.70% of the green matter. Reducing and non‐reducing soluble oligosaccharides also were determined. Crude protein ranged from 1.39 to 4.70% of the dry matter. Linear regression analyses were made, but no significant correlations were found. Some possible genetic relationships are proposed for certain cultivars.
Determination of mono‐ and diglycerides in palm oil, olein and stearin
Authors: Goh E. M. , Timms R. E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPartial glycerides are important constituents of palm oil and can have significant effects on the physical properties of products containing palm oil or on the fractionation of palm oil. A method is described for their routine determination in palm oil. By analysis of 28 weekly composite samples of crude palm oil the following results were obtained: free fatty acids, mean=3.76%, range 2.4 to 4.5%; monoglycerides, mean=0.28%, range 0.21 to 0.34%; diglycerides, mean=6.30%, range 5.3 to 7.7%. During detergent fractionation of palm oil, diglycerides concentrate in the palm olein, but monoglycerides concentrate in the palm stearin. Palm fatty acid distillate was found to contain approximately 3% each of mono‐ and diglycerides. Because the refining and fractionation processes are continuous in the refinery, it is not possible to follow a single identifiable batch of crude palm oil through the refinery. To circumvent this problem, crude palm oil, stearin and olein from the refinery were bleached and steam refined in the laboratory and the partial glyceride contents determined at each stage of processing. Except for fractionation, the content of glycerides did not change during processing. For oil, olein and stearin, monoglycerides were reduced significantly both after bleaching and after steam refining.
Studies on kinetics of catalytic isomerization of methyl linoleate
Authors: Deshpande V. M. , Gadkari R. G. , Mukesh D. , Narasimhan C. S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractKinetics of isomerization of methyl linoleate are studied on ruthenium (5%) on carbon in the temperature range 200–270 C with different solvents. Some equilibrium experiments also are carried out with rhodium and ruthenium catalysts. The reactions taking place are isomerization, hydrogenation and polymerization. The activities and the selectivities are dependent on the nature of the solvent used. Highly protic solvents like methanol or isopropyl alcohol exhibited very high activity and selectivity for hydrogenation, whereas aprotic solvents like hexane or cyclohexane showed very high selectivities for isomerization reaction. The reaction kinetics were found to be further complicated by polymer formation at low solvent concentrations. The effects of temperature, solvent concentration, catalyst quantity and time of reaction also were investigated.
Lipid methodology — chromatography and beyond. Part II. GC/MS, LC/MS and specific enzymic hydrolysis of glycerolipids
Authors: Kuksis A. , Myher J. J. , Marai L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe combination of specific enzymic degradation with GC/MS or LC/MS identification and quantitation of enantiomeric diacylglycerols and reverse isomers has greatly improved the methods of structural analysis of triacylglycerols, so that in many instances complete characterization of both major and minor species is possible. The techniques described for the analysis of triacylglycerols and sn‐1,2‐ and sn‐2,3‐diacylglycerols are also applicable to the X‐1,3‐diacylglycerols and X‐1‐monoacylglycerols following coversion to triacylglycerols by acylation with appropriate fatty acids. For many applications, however, a combination of specific enzymic hydrolysis with a GLC analysis of the products on polar capillary columns may be adequate for the identification and quantitation of the major molecular species of both triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols.
Meal desolventizing and finishing
Authors: Lebrun Andre , Knott Michel , Beheray Jacques , Posschelle Guy L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSoybean is the most widespread oilseed processed around the world, but the technology used in its processing is often extrapolated erroneously for the processing of other material. This paper will examine the traditional process, consisting of stacked desolventizer‐toasters (D.T.), horizontal rotary steam dryers and air coolers, and make an analysis for its convenience in the processing of soft seeds such as rapeseed and sunflower. Factors affecting the sizing of the desolventizers are considered. An analysis also is made of alternate techniques such as combined desolventizer‐toaster‐dryer‐cooler (D.T.D.C.), desolventizer‐toaster‐cooler (D.T.C.) and desolventizer‐cooler (D.C.) systems, vertical rotary air dryers, vertical fixed and rotary air coolers or combined air dryers and coolers, vacuum dryers and coolers and fluidized bed coolers and penumatic cooling and conveying. Comparisons of energy, air flow and steam consumption are outlined.
Rendering systems for processing animal by‐product materials
Authors: Prokop William H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThese systems are divided into two classes, edible rendering of animal fatty tissue into edible fats and proteins for human consumption, and inedible rendering of animal by‐product materials into animal fats and proteins for animal feed and other non‐edible applications.The inedible rendering process consists of two basic steps: “cooking” or moisture removal by evaporation, and separation of the melted fats from the protein solids. The basic rendering process involves the use of batch cookers. In recent years, continuous rendering systems which utilize continuous cooking have replaced many batch systems. These continuous systems are described.A continuous system is described for edible rendering. This system features two stages of centrifuges: 1) a horizontal, solidbowl centrifuge for separation of protein solids from the liquid, and 2) a disc centrifuge for separation of the edible fat from the sludge phase consisting of protein fines and water.
Meat fat formulation
Authors: Kincs Frank R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEdible usage of meat fats has somewhat declined over the past years. This can be attributed to several factors. First, the advancement of hydrogenation technology has led to the development of highly functional vegetable oil products. Second, there has been an increased emphasis on Kosher products. Third, various questions relating cholesterol to risks of heart disease have generated some marketing concerns over meat fat usage.Meat fats are still a factor in the edible oils market. U.S. consumption of meat fats in 1976 was 4.1 billion pounds, approximately one billion pounds for edible usage. Because of their trigly ceride profiles, they are excellent sources of highly functional products for bakery applications. They have tended to be the “Cadillac” around which hydrogenated vegetable oil products have been developed. In addition, the economics of these products have generated significant savings for end users. Flavor attributes of meat fats have, in other cases, been the reason for their sole usage in certain specific products.In shortening formulation, meat fats are merely one of many triglyceride sources. They can be blended with any vegetable oil source. They can be subjected to the same processing as other oils in order to modify physical chemical properties such as SFI, melting point, consistency and oxidative stability.This paper will discuss specific applications where lard and tallow contribute unique functionality. It will then discuss various modifications which can be employed to insure more consistent performance or to customize products to specific applications.
Catalytic effect of amines on the ethoxylation of dodecyl alcohol
Authors: Sallay Péter , Morgós Jenö , Farkas László , Rusznák István , Veress Gábor , Bartha Béla 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe catalytic activity of several tertiary amines on the ethoxylation of dodecyl alcohol has been investigated. It has been established that the rate of the reaction is proportional to the concentration of the catalyst over the range of 10–25% and that the reaction rate has an extremum at 80 C.The catalytic effect of trialkyl amines increases if two of the alkyl groups are methyl. The product distribution is that of the Weibull‐Nycander‐Gold type and is independent of the concentration of the catalyst and reaction temperature. Distribution constants calculated according to Natta‐Mantica vary with the average degree of ethoxylation, i.e., the Weibull‐Törnquist effect is observed. This can be explained if an interaction is assumed between the polyethylene glycol chain formed and the quaternary ammonium ion formed in the first step of ethoxylation.
Proposed high‐risk screening protocol for Fabry disease in patients with renal and vascular disease
Authors: Auray‐Blais C. , Millington D. S. , Young S. P. , Clarke J. T. R. , Schiffmann R. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryFabry disease is a complex, multisystemic and clinically heterogeneous disease with prominent urinary excretion of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), the principal substrate of the deficient enzyme, α‐galactosidase A. Some measure of specific treatment is possible with enzyme replacement therapy, which can be applied safely and effectively to Fabry patients. Incidence estimations of Fabry disease vary widely from 1:55 000 to 1:3000 male births. The true incidence is likely to be higher than originally thought, owing to the existence of milder variants of the disease. The main complications of Fabry disease are a 100‐fold increased risk of ischaemic stroke, cardiac disease, a wide variety of arrhythmias, valvular dysfunction and cardiac vascular disease, as well as progressive renal failure usually associated with significant proteinuria. These clinical manifestations are non‐specific and are often mistaken for symptoms of other disorders, thus complicating the confirmation of diagnosis. Other clinical features of the disease are often absent (angiokeratoma), subtle (corneal opacities and hypohidrosis), or unaccompanied by specific physical findings (acroparaesthesias) indicating the true nature of the underlying disease. We propose the hypothesis that α‐galactosidase A deficiency is a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor in the general population. This hypothesis may be tested by a non‐invasive high‐risk screening protocol for Fabry patients with ischaemic strokes and a variety of cardiac, and renal complications. These patients would benefit from diagnosis, appropriate treatment, follow‐up and surveillance. Early detection of Fabry patients would also benefit affected relatives, many of whom do not have a clear diagnosis of their clinical condition.
Mitochondrial cytochrome c release: a factor to consider in mitochondrial disease?
Authors: Oppenheim M. L. S. , Hargreaves I. P , Pope S. , Land J. M. , Heales S. J. R. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe pathogenesis of mitochondrial disorders has largely focused on the impairment of cellular energy metabolism. However, mitochondrial dysfunction has also been implicated as a factor in the initiation of apoptosis due to the translocation of cytochrome c, from mitochondria to the cytosol, and the subsequent cleavage of pro‐caspase 3. In this study, we determined the cytochrome c content of cytosols (skeletal muscle) prepared from 22 patients with evidence of compromised mitochondrial electron transport chain enzyme activity and 26 disease controls. The cytochrome c content of the mitochondrial electron transport chain‐deficient group was found to be significantly (p < 0.02) elevated when compared with the control group (63.7 ± 15.5 versus 27.7 ± 2.5 ng/mg protein). Furthermore, a relationship between the cytosolic cytochrome c content of skeletal muscle and complex I and complex IV activities was demonstrated. Such data raise the possibility that mitochondrial cytochrome c release may be a feature of mitochondrial disorders, particularly for those patients with marked deficiencies of respiratory chain enzymes. Whether initiation of apoptosis occurs as a direct consequence of this cytochrome c release has not been fully evaluated here. However, for one patient with the greatest documented cytosolic cytochrome c content, caspase 3 could be demonstrated in the cytosolic preparation. Further work is required in order to establish whether a relationship also exists between caspase 3 formation and the magnitude of respiratory chain deficiency.
The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Dianhydrogossypol
Authors: Talipov Samat A. , Mamadrakhimov Azimjon A. , Tiljakov Zavkibek G. , Dowd Michael K. , Ibragimov Bakhtiyar T. , Xonkeldieva Muhabbat T. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDianhydrogossypol (4,4′‐dihydroxy‐5,5′‐diisopropyl‐7,7′‐dimethyl‐bis(3H‐naphtho[1,8‐bc]furan‐3‐one)) was made by refluxing gossypol in m‐xylene. Proton NMR spectroscopy was used to confirm that complete conversion was achieved over a time period of several hours. Single crystals of the compound were obtained by slow evaporation from dichloromethane. Diffraction studies indicate that this crystal form is tetragonal with a I41/a space group and with cell dimensions of a = b = 33.8265(4) Å, c = 9.1497(2) Å, V = 10469.4(3) Å3 at 100 K. The structure was solved by direct methods and was refined to an R1 value of 0.0415 on 6,408 independent reflections. Dianhydrogossypol exists as a pair of enantiomers within this structure. The two fused planar ring systems are oriented at a 117° angle to each other (i.e., close to perpendicular), and the isopropyl groups are oriented with the ternary carbon hydrogen atoms pointed inward toward the center of the molecule. Repeating groups of four molecules (of the same chirality) pack to form a helical structure that is supported by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Each helix is surrounded by four neighboring helices that are composed of molecules of the opposite chirality. The helices form the walls of empty channels that are 5–6 Å wide. As has been found for some gossypol crystal forms, the open‐channel structure of dianhydrogossypol might be useful for scavenging or carrying small molecules. Additional NMR studies confirm that dianhydrogossypol can be converted directly to gossypol lactol ethers in the presence of anhydrous alcohols.
Effects of calcium propionate on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and feed digestibility in steers
Authors: LIU Q. , WANG C. , GUO G. , YANG W. Z. , DONG K. H. , HUANG Y. X. , YANG X. M. , HE D. C. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYThe objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of calcium propionate supplementation on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) and feed digestibility in the total gastrointestinal tract of steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (462±14 kg) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square arrangement of treatments with experimental periods of 21 days. The treatments were: control (without calcium propionate), LCaP (calcium propionate – low), MCaP (calcium propionate – medium) and HCaP (calcium propionate – high) with 100, 200 and 300 g calcium propionate per steer per day. Diet consisted of 0·60 maize stover and 0·40 concentrate (dry matter (DM) basis). DM intake (average 9 kg/day) was restricted to a maximum of 0·90 ofad libitumintake. Ruminal pH (range of 6·7–6·5) linearly (P<0·003) and quadratically (P<0·005) decreased, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration (range of 64·4–67·1 mm) tended (P<0·087) to increase linearly with rising calcium propionate supplementation. Ratio of acetate to propionate fell linearly (P<0·006) and quadratically (P<0·008) from 3·5 to 2·6 as calcium propionate supplementation increased due to the additional propionate supplementation.In situruminal neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradation of maize stover and crude protein (CP) degradability of concentrate mix were improved with increasing concentration of calcium propionate. Urinary excretion of PD was linearly (P<0·032) and quadratically (P<0·048) increased with greater calcium propionate supplementation (72, 74, 77 and 76 mmol/day for control, LCaP, MCaP and HCaP, respectively). Similarly, digestibilities of organic matter (OM), NDF and CP in the total tract were also linearly and quadratically improved with increasing calcium propionate. The results indicate that the calcium propionate supplementation potentially improves rumen fermentation and feed digestion in beef cattle. It is speculated that calcium propionate stimulates the digestive microorganisms or enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. In the experimental conditions of the current trial, the optimum calcium propionate dose was about 200 g calcium propionate per steer per day.
Concepts: Where Subjectivism Goes Wrong
Authors: Glock Hans-Johann 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe debate about concepts has always been shaped by a contrast between subjectivism, which treats them as phenomena in the mind or head of individuals, and objectivism, which insists that they exist independently of individual minds. The most prominent contemporary version of subjectivism is Fodor's RTM. The Fregean charge against subjectivism is that it cannot do justice to the fact that different individuals cansharethe same concepts. Proponents of RTM have accepted shareability as a ‘non-negotiable constraint’. At the same time they insist that by distinguishing between sign-types and – tokens the Fregean objection cannot just be circumvented but revealed to be fallacious. My paper rehabilitates the Fregean argument against subjectivism. The RTM response rests either on an equivocation of ‘concept’—between types which satisfy the non-negotiable constraint and tokens which are mental particulars in line with RTM doctrine—or on the untenable idea that one and the same entity can bebotha shareable type and hence abstractanda concrete particular in the head. Furthermore, subjectivism cannot be rescued by adopting unorthodox metaphysical theories about the type/token and universal/particular contrasts. The final section argues that concepts arenotrepresentations or signs, butsomething representedby signs. Even if RTM is right to explainconceptual thinkingby reference to the occurrence of mental representations,concepts themselvescannot be identical with such representations.
Making Sense of What We Are: A Mythological Approach to Human Nature
Authors: Hauskeller Michael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe question what makes us human is often treated as a question of fact. However, the term ‘human’ is not primarily used to refer to a particular kind of entity, but as a ‘nomen dignitatis’ – a dignity-conferring name. It implies a particular moral status. That is what spawns endless debates about such issues as when human life begins and ends and whether human-animal chimeras are “partly human”. Definitions of the human are inevitably “persuasive”. They tell us about what is important and how we should live our lives as humans, and thus help us to make sense of what we are.