bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Influence of the Neurohypophyseal Principles on the Sodium Metabolism in the Axolotl (Amblystoma mexicanum)
Authors: JØRGENSEN C. BARKER , LEVI HILDE , USSING HANS H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The active uptake of sodium from dilute solutions of sodium chloride by the axolotl has been studied with radio‐sodium. The mean rate of uptake was found to be 68.7 μequiv. per day. The daily excretion of starving animals was found to be somewhat higher, viz. 94.6 μequiv.
Injection of Insipidin, a pressor preparation from the neurohypophysis, induces a net uptake of sodium and chlorine lasting for several days.

Studies with radio‐sodium revealed that the net uptake is due to an increased active uptake (the increase amounting to 200% of the normal sodium uptake), whereas the excretion is not depressed. Indeed, an increase in the excretion lasting for several hours after the injection was always seen.

The oxytocic principle, represented by the preparation Pitupartin, induces a rapid net loss of sodium and chlorine lasting for 2–5 days. This loss was found to be due to an increased excretion, whereas the active sodium uptake was practically unaffected, apart from a short increase in the rate of uptake immediately after the injection.
The injection into the animals of hypertonic sodium chloride solution calls forth an increase in the active uptake as well as in the excretion of sodium. After a few hours, both uptake and excretion as a rule returned to the normal level. The mere introduction of the injection needle produced a quite similar reaction. This pricking effect is easily distinguished from the pressor principle reaction on account of the short duration of the former.
The results are discussed and it is concluded that the transient increase both in excretion after Insipidin and in uptake after Pitupartin may be due to the pricking effect, so that the pressor principle may be assumed to act upon the active salt uptake only, whereas the oxytocic principle mainly (or only) increases the rate of the salt excretion.
Variations in the Carbon Dioxide Tension in the Arterial Blood and the Electrocardiogram in Man1
Authors: CHRISTENSEN B. CHR. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.On two subjects it is shown, that voluntary hyperventilation in atmospheric air brings about distinct electrocardiographic signs of myocardial hypoxaemia when the carbon dioxide tension in the alveolar air, and therefore also in the arterial blood, is reduced to about 20 mm Hg. It is pointed out that these findings may be of practical importance for the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency by the aid of electrocardiographic tracings after muscular work, or during respiration of a mixture of air poor in oxygen and carbon dioxide free, as these methods may cause an involuntary hyperventilation, and by this, a reduction of the carbon dioxide tension in the arterial blood.Finally it is pointed out that these results argue in favour of using the hypoxaemia test and not the working electrocardiogram for the diagnosis of latent coronary insufficiency, and of using for the hypoxaemia test a mixture of air containing 2 or 3 per cent carbon dioxide in order to counteract the acapnia brought about by the hyperventilation.
On the Occurrence of Vitamin K in Plants.
Authors: DAM H. , GLAVIND J. , GABRIELSEN E. K. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The content of vitamin K, chlorophyll, carotin and xantho‐phyll was determined in the following plant organs: 1) leaves of closely related plants with different synthetization of chlorophyll, 2) leaves and roots of plants with iron deficiency chlorosis, 3) leaf areas of panached leaves, and 4) leaves in which the pigments were in various phases of break‐down. The results do not indicate that there is any simple correlation between the synthesis and break‐down of vitamin K and the various leaf pigments.
On the Removal of the Lymphoid Organs and its Effect on the Blood Count.
Authors: ANDREASEN ERIK , GOTTLIEB OLE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The authors have endeavoured to adapt the classical method of extirpation, for investigating the function of a tissue, to the lymphoid system. Operative technique for the removal of lymphoid organs is described for use on guinea‐pigs and rats.In rats we found a pronounced lymphopenia lasting for three to six weeks in association with the operations. In the first days it was found to be unspecific, whereas during the remainder of the period it stands presumably in causal relation to the extirpation.
Free Amino Acids in Dialyzed Casein Digest.
Authors: WRETLIND K. A. J. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In a dialyzed casein hydrolysate (Aminosol), produced by the hydrolysis of casein with trypsin and erepsin 76 per cent of the peroral preparation and 67 per cent of the intravenous one is composed of free amino acids.In this dialyzed casein digest the following amino acids occur in a free form viz. alanine, arginine, asparaginic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophane, tyrosine, valine.The investigation showed that the ten esseltial amino acids, arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophane, and valine, occur in the free form, a fact which, chemically speaking, proves that this dialyzed casein digest is an adequate source for the nitrogen needs of the body.
The Action of β‐dimethylaminoethyl Benzhydryl Ether Hydrochloride on Salivary Secretion.
Authors: ANDERSON DECLAN J. , EMMELIN NILS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Experiments on the cat show that β‐dimethylaminoethyl benzhydryl ether hydrochloride (2–10 mg/kg) depresses salivary secretion induced by chorda and sympathetic stimulation and by injection of acetylcholine and pilocarpine.
On the Refractive Index of the Retina.
Authors: AJO AARNI 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. As a rule the refractive index for dark adapted retinae of cows was 1.358.2. In a material of 321 cases the light adapted retina's index was 1.3610 ± 0.0008.3. The experiments carried out support the supposition expressed by Kühne Aand Ewald that visual purple exudes water when it is bleached. For this reason the value of the refractive index in light adapted retinae is higher than that in dark adapted ones.4. The retinal refractive index in newly born calves in a material of 104 samples was 1.3621 ± 0.0012.5. The refractive index for the retinae of pigs was 1.35733 ± ± 0.00167. The low index value possibly depends on the fact that the retina is poor in rods.6. The refractive index in horses' eyes was as a rule 1.361.
On the Biological Assay of Gastrin.
Authors: JALLING OLAF , JORPES J. ERIK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Samples of gastrin were assayed on cats in urethane‐chloralose anaesthesia in accordance with the technique of previous authors, Komarov AND Uvnäs.The secretory unit, S. U., i. e. the amount of gastrin producing 1 ml 1/10 n hydrochloric acid during one hour, was determined by injecting two different doses of the gastrin preparation, proportionality in the secretory response being demanded. Such proportionality appeared only within a narrow range, within which the first dose could not be more than doubled in a subsequent injection. In 60 per cent out of 110 cats good proportionality was obtained. In only 7 of the cats no explanation could be found why the secretory response failed. Some of the cats were in bad health and died early during the experiment. In most of the resistant cases, however, the lack of proportionality was due to exhaustion of the secretory mechanism following a previous large dose of gastrin.A standard gastrin was used as reference substance. An amount of this, known to give 4–6 ml 1/10 n HC1 in one hour, was given in the first injection. In order to facilitate the evaluation of the response following the subsequent hourly injections of the unknown sample, and to control the secretory capacity of the animal during the experiment, the standard gastrin was given again in the sixth (or seventh) injection.After a secretion larger than 10–12 ml during one hour an exhaustion of the secretory capacity was consistently seen during the next hours.The variations in the individual response of different cats to one and the same dose of gastrin were demonstrated.
Protein Metabolism of Tissue Cells in vitro
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , EHRENSVAFD GÖSTA , FISCHER ALBERT , ØHLENSCHÄGER. VILH. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. In a treatment of the problems concerning the growth substances acting upon animal tissue cells in vitro it is pointed out that it is necessary to distinguish between the nature and mode of action of the growth promoting substances, termed embryonin, which are high molecular protein fractions present in an embryo extract, and the accessory growth substances of low‐molecular nature present in a variety of biological systems. Both of these groups were found to be essential to the growth of tissue cells in vitro.2. When studying the properties of the low‐molecular substances several difficulties are encountered which are inherent in the test method available and therefore unavoidable. The meaning of the term “accessory growth substances” for tissue cultures in vitro is discussed.3. The purification of the barley malt extracts previously investigated was carried further with only partial success. The activity of the fractions diminish as the purification proceeds. In some cases completely inactive fractions result, which when mixed regain a considerable activity indicating the presence of at least two groups of accessory growth substances essential to the tissue cells.4. From embryonic extracts it is possible to isolate as a stable dry powder purified preparation which is superior to the best malt extracts in producing normal growth and appearance of the tissue cultures.
Experiments on the Primary Acidity of the Gastric Juice
Authors: LINDE SVEN , TEORELL TORSTEN , ÖBRINK KARL JOHAN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1.The problem of the magnitude of the “primary acidity” of the parietal secretion of the stomach has been reinvestigated with a new, improved method. Its essential part consists in the utilization of the acid buffering power of glycocol combined with the employment of that substance as a “volume indicator”. With this method the acidity reducing diffusion processes are abolished and reliable volume measurements can also be carried out.2.Experiments have been performed on cats and, in the main, on Heidenhain pouch dogs. In the latter case continuous, intravenous histamine injection has been used as a gastric acid stimulant which yields constant, controlable outputs of HC1 secretion.3.The primary acidity (found by dividing the amount of titrable acid by the volume increment of an instilled, “isotonic” glycocol solution) has now been found to be variable and can be unexpectedly high. It ranges between 170 and about 350 mN. There is a definite relationship between the primary acidity value and the rate of secretion: The lower the secretion rate, the higher is the primary acidity.4.The significance of the findings are discussed.
Studies on the Effect of Salyrgan on the Absorption of Water and Colloid from Joints.
Authors: EDLUND T. , LINDERHOLM H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The authors have found an increased absorption of colloid and particularly of water from the knee joints of normal rabbits treated with salyrgan during the first hour after the administration of the drug. Some possible explanations of this action of the drug are discussed, but the mechanism remains unapprehended.
On the Methylation of Ethanol Amine, Dimethyl Ethanol Amine, Guanidine Acetic Acid and Homocysteine
Authors: STEENSHOLT. GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.By means of the colorimetric method of MCCARTHY and SULLI‐VAN for the determination of methionine in biological mixtures, an investigation is made of the methylation of ethanol arnine, dimethyl ethanol amine, glycocyamine and homocysteine. The results extend and corroborate those of previous investigations.
The Elicitation of Viscero‐motor Reflexes
Authors: von EULER CURT , SJÖSTRAND. TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The elicitation of viscero‐motor reflex especially from the small intestine has been studied on the cat under light barbituric anesthesia or after decapitation.On animals with good reflex irritability, the reflex can be elicited from the intestinal wall by mechanical, electrical, chemical and thermal stimuli without the involvement of the mesentery or of its connection with the intestine.The effect of a stimulation of the intestinal wall is stronger the nearer the stimulus is placed to the mesenterial connection. This is explained by the fact that the densityof the nerve fibres must be greater here.A cutano‐motor reflex is much stronger than a viscero‐motor reflex elicited by the same stimulus on an equal area of skin resp. intestinal wall.No basis has appeared for the assumption that the intestinal wall should be supplied with pain nerve end‐organs, especially adapted for stretching or pulling, or which in any way should differ from the pain nerve end‐organs in the somatic innervated tissues. The principle difference between the visceral and somatic innervated organs probably is a quantitative, the density of riociceptive nerve fibres with end‐organs.
Some Investigations of Erythropoiesis in Human Bone‐Marrow Cultivated in Various Media
Authors: PLUM. CLAUS MUNK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Experiments have been performed on human sternal marrow kept alive in vitro in Locke's solution with and without the addi‐tion of different antipernicious anemia preparationsor of serum from either the same or from another person. These materials have been shown to maintain erythropoietic activity a t various levels.The slight formation of red cells which takes place in Locke's solution comes to a standstill after 8–10 hours, but is resumed later when red cells are hemolyzed and presumably liberate nutri‐tive materials. Folk acid (0.1 yo) will increase the formation of red cells considerably and liver extract even more so. “Foreign” serum has about the same effect, but the subject's own serum causes most rapid erythropoiesis, thus pointing to the existence of a factor peculiar to each individual. A number of pathological cases were, investigated. The “spontaneous” production of the red cells was diminished in untreated pernicious anemia and leukemia, but was normal in various other conditions studied. I n most of the cases, the pathological inarrow responded quite as a normal marrow does when liver of folk acid is added to the nutrient fluid. Only in lymphogranulomatosis benigna was a significant decrease decrease below normal found in the product:on of red cells when these materials were used. Tyrosine increased the effect of liver extract in untreated pernicious anemia and in leukemia but had no added effect, on normal bone‐marrow.The production of red cells from the pathological marrow nour‐ ished by normal serum is slightly decreased below normal in some of the pathological cases, especially in leukemia. I n this disease and in pernicious anemia there was a decreased total function of bone‐marrow plus “native” serum. All pathological marrows, however, were considerably activated by the addition of normal serum to the nutrient fluid. The use of pathological serum with normal marrow results in a significant decrease in red cell produc‐tion over that found when normal marrow is activated by “foreign” normal serum.In patients in whom a decrease was observed in the activity of the bone marrow cells and of the serum, i. e. in pernicious anemia, effective therapy resulted in an increase in the amount of those substances n both cells and serum which activate the formation of red blood cells in the marrow cultures.These results considered together with the results found in investigations of the ripening of the reticulocytes in vitro show that there are certain active principles in the serum, some being necessary for the production of red cells and some for the ripening of the reticulocytes. It appears that certain of these principles are necessary for both processes.I extend my deep gratitude to the Carlsberg Foundation and to the King Christian the Tenth Pund for supporting these in‐vestigations.
The Effect of Atropine, Scopolamine and some Related Synthetic Drugs on the Insulin Induced Gastric Secretion of the Dog.
Authors: STRÖM GUNNAR , UVNÄS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

SummaryMethyl scopolamine is the most potent gastric secretory depressant of the atropine substitutes so far studied. The spasmolytic drugs syntropan and vagospasmyl depress the gastric secretion only if given in very high doses.
Recording Devices in Connection With Geiger—Müller Counters.
Authors: KYRRE. THORALF 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe article gives a survey of various devices for recording the number of impulses received from a Geiger—Miiller tube when the latter is exposed to radiation from a radioactive preparation. It contains a description of an automatic machine capable of conveying up to 8 separate preparations successively under the G—M tube, once or several times, and for periods of variable length (from 2 to 60 minutes).
Über die Grösse der absoluten und der ihr nachfolgenden Reizschwellen von Momentanlichtempfindungen.
Authors: REENPÄÄ. YRJÖ 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassnng1. Entsprechend der absoluten (der 1.) Schwellenempfindung (Bloch u. a.), sowie der ihr nachsten iiberschwelligen Empfindun‐gen von Momewtawlichtreizen gelten Eeizregeln von der bilinearen Form L.t= E, wo L die Reizintensitat, t die Reizzeitdauer und E die Energie des Reizes bedeuten.2. Die den verschiedenen momentanen Empfindungsgrossen entsprechenden Reizenergiewerte E stehen in linearem Verhaltnis zu den Reizintensitaten, welche bei Dawerlichtreizen mit den vo rigen Empfindungsgrossen erlebnisaquivalent sind. Es gilt empirisch die Gleichung E = (m + 1) E1/2, wo Ex die Reizenergie der absoluten (der 1.) Momentanempfindungsschwelle ist und m eine Zahl bedeutet, die proportional der Reizintensitat des Dauer‐lichtes ist.3. Es wird gezeigt, dass in der Nahe der absoluten Schwelle, also bei den untersten Sch.wellenordnungszah.len, sowohl die Bauer‐ (/JL8) wie die Momentanxeizschwellen {A˜ES) eine lineare Abhangigkeit von den entsprechenden Dauer‐ (Ls) bzw. Momen‐tangrundreizen (EJ zeigen.4. Bei den Dauerreizschwellen steigen die Werte der Reiz‐scbwellen (gemessen in Lux) von Schwelle zu Schwelle, vom ersten Werte an. Bei den Momentanreizschwellen gilt dasselbe Verhalten, aber nur von der zweiten Schwelle an. Die erste Momentanreiz‐schwelle ist doppelt grosser als sie gemass dieser linear sich ver‐grossernden Reihenordnung sein sollte (Tabelle 2). Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Diskrepanz darauf beruht, dass die hier gebrauchte und ubliche Bestimmungsart der ersten Momentanlichtschwelle verschieden von der Bestimmungsart der Momentanlichtschwellen von hoherer Ordnungszahl ist. In dem Falle, dass die Bestim‐mungsmethoden der begrifflichen Reizgrossen in alien Fallen auf gleichartigen, ihnen implikativ entsprechenden phanomenalen Empfindungsgrossen basieren, bekommt man eine vom ersten Momentanreizschwellenwert an glatt anwachsende Serie von Reiz‐unterschiedsschwellen; die erste Momentanreizschwelle ist also bei dieser adaquaten Reizbestimmungsmethode die Halfte kleiner als sie bei der iiblichen Bestimmungsmethode ist.5. Die empirische Bestatigung einer Konsequenz der theo‐retischen Auffassung des Zusammenhangs der begrifflichen Reizgrossen und der phanomenalen Empfindungsgrossen zeigt, un‐seres Erachtens, die Bedeutung der von uns in anderem Zusam‐menhang versuchten Analyse des Reizbegriffes.
Depressor and Pressor Activity of Extracts from the Aortic Wall of Cattle.
Authors: SCHMITERLÖW CARL Q. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe depressor and pressor activity of extracts from the aortic walls of cattle have been investigated, using the extraction method described by Euler.The depressor action seems to a great extent to be due to the presence of histamine in the extracts.The pressor action of the extracts is due to some substance which in most cases mimics the action of nor‐adrenaline but in some cases is more like adrenaline. This difference in the action of the extracts is not due to the presence of different pressor substances but to the presence of contaminating histamine. Traces of histamine, though masked in its action on the blood pressure by the pressor substance, may cause a liberation of adrenaline in the test‐animal itself.The expenses of this investigation were defrayed by a grant from the Therese and John Andersson Memorial Foundation.
Blood Lactate and Oxygen Debt After Exhaustive Work at Different Oxygen Tensions.
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , DOBELN W. V. , NIELSEN MARIUS 
Published: December 2008

SummaryOn the International High Expedition to Chile Edwards (1936) found that the maximum lactate concentration after exhaustive work was much lower than at sea level. In the present experiments with acute changes of the oxygen tension in the inspired air the following results were found.

At a decreased oxygen tension the capacity for work was lowered, but the maximum lactate concentration was, practically, the same or —in one type of work—higher than in normal air. Also the oxygen debt was practically the same as in normal air.
In pure oxygen the capacity for work was increased but the maximal blood lactate concentration was practically the same as in normal air.
A lowering of the alkaline reserve by ingestion of NH4C1 corresponding to the decrease found at altitudes from 3.7 to 6.0 km had no effect on the capacity for work or on the maximum blood lactate concentration and oxygen debt after exhaustive work.

According to these results it seems doubtful that the failing ability to accumulate large amounts of lactic acid at high altitudes is the effect of a useful acclimatization, but that it is due rather to a progressive weakening of the subjects making them less able to perform anaerobic work.
Studies on the Destruction and Cumulation of Folium Digitalis Purpureae and Folium Digitalis Lanatae in Guinea‐pigs.
Authors: ELMQVIST ADA , RYDIN HAKAN 
Published: December 2008

SummaryExperiments were made with guinea‐pigs on the destruction and cumulation of alcoholic extracts of folium digitalis purpureae and lanatae on the basis of Fraenkel's procedure as well as that of Hatcher‐Brody.It was found that the lanata extract was eliminated more rapidly and was less cumulative than the pupurea extract.The guinea‐pigs showed a particularly marked capacity for the destruction of digitalis. The cumulation, under our experimental conditions, does not seem to have been due to any storage of digitalis in the organism.
Differences between Autonomic and Somatic C fibres to Stimulation with Constant Currents.
Authors: von EULER CURT 
Published: December 2008

SummaryAfferent and efferent unmyelinated fibres have been compared with respect to their tendency to react with repetitive impulse discharges to stimulation with constant currents.Stimulation with constant currents of the efferent C fibres in the lower part of the vagus nerve of the cat does not initiate a repetitive discharge with strengths up to more than 4 times the rheobase.On the other hand C fibres of dorsal root origin are extremely sensitive to stimulation with constant currents of just supra‐rheobasic strength.Peripheral vasodilatation can be elicited by local heating of the peripheral stump of the dorsal roots.The difference between the afferent and efferent C fibres with respect to stimulation by constant currents agrees with their differential thermal sensitivity.