bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GENERALIZATION OF INHIBITION IN THE ORIENTING RESPONSE
Authors: Geer James H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of presenting different numbers of standard stimuli (SS) upon the orienting responses (ORs) to test stimuli (TS) that vary in SS‐TS similarity were examined. Sokolov's theory of the OR was interpreted as predicting an interaction between the number of SS presentations and SS‐TS differences. The prediction was not supported. The data did indicate that (1) prior presentation of SS reduced the ORs to subsequently presented TS and (2) within sequences of SS and TS, OR habituation occurred. SS–TS differences were not significant. The results suggested that theories that assume precise generalization of habituation reconsider that assumption.
GENERALIZATION OF GSR HABITUATION TO MILD INTRAMODAL STIMULI
Authors: Houck Robert L. , Mefferd Roy B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSubjects habituated to a mild stimulus failed to have GSRs upon the intrusion of a “novel” mild intramodal stimulus. However, an intruding intermodal stimulus of approximately the same intensity caused large GSRs. These results support an explanation based on expectancy or the “neuronal model” of Sokolov, provided suitable allowance is made for changes in specificity of the model as a result of variations in the experimental situation.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE CONNECTION OF LEAD WIRE TO CORTICAL ELECTRODES
Authors: Mizoguchi Koji , Mitchell C. L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe construction of solderless connections of lead wire to screw and phonograph needle electrodes is described. The advantages of the method are: (1) the mounting of the electrodes is very easy, (2) there is no chance of breaking the connection during the insertion of the electrodes, (3) the electrodes can be easily cleaned after each experiment, and (4) the procedure results in contact of the electrode with the dura.
THE CARDIAC RESPONSE TO A PERCEPTUAL COGNITIVE TASK IN THE YOUNG CHILD
Authors: Lewis Michael , Wilson Cornelia Dodd 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIt has been argued that an important determinant of the cardiac response is the subject's intended transaction with his environment. The present study was designed to investigate whether cardiac deceleration would accompany the solution of a perceptual discrimination problem, whether the degree of cardiac deceleration would be related to the accuracy of the response, and the relationship between general intellectual ability and the cardiac response to the problem. Fifty‐one subjects, 44 months of age, were each given 20 trials of a matching figures task. This task required that S match a figure (called standard) to one of four variations (one of which was identical to the standard). EKG was continuously recorded along with the latency and the accuracy of the response. If the first response was incorrect, S was asked to choose again.The results indicated: (1) There was a significant cardiac deceleration from the time S received the standard until he made his first choice. If the first response was correct, the cardiac rate, within 1–3 beats, returned to resting level; however, if S was told to guess again, the cardiac rate remained decelerated. (2) While accuracy of response was found to be related to the cardiac response, the effect was eliminated when response speed was controlled. (3) The degree of cardiac deceleration was correlated with general intellectual function as measured by a standard IQ test; however, it was significant only for girls.
MEAN HEART RATE PREDICTED BY TASK DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Dahl Hartvig , Spence Donald P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMean HRs recorded during sequences of perceptual‐motor and cognitive tasks were predicted from ratings of task characteristics such as complexity and frequency of stimuli, transformations, and responses. In three separate groups of Ss and tasks the correlations between mean HRs and task demand ratings were ≥.91.
HEART RATE RESPONSES OF THE CURARIZED RAT
Authors: Hahn William W. , Slaughter John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate of curarized and non‐curarized rats was recorded while both groups were exposed to classical conditioning procedures with tone as the conditional stimulus (CS) and shock as the unconditional stimulus (UCS). The unconditional HR response of curarized animals to the tone was significantly greater than that of the non‐curarized animals, while the HR response to shock of the curarized animals was significantly less than that of the non‐curarized group. Both groups showed evidence of conditioning over 30 conditioning trials.
MANIPULATION OF CONTRAST BETWEEN DIFFERENTIAL GSRs IN VERY YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Lieblich Israel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEach one of 26 children, aged 3 and 4, was tested in 6 ordered information detection sequences. Physiological responsiveness was observed in the GSR. It was found that Short Term Physiological Activation (STPA) could be manipulated in the predicted order using combinations of the following facets: a) frequency of usage of the stimulus by the organism, b) relevance of the stimulus to the organism, and c) whether or not a verbal response to the stimulus was required. The results were similar to those observed previously in an adult sample (Lieblich, 1969).
THE EFFECT OF INDUCED HEART RATE CHANGE AND NEUROTICISM ON THE RESOLUTION OF TEMPORALLY PAIRED FLASHES
Authors: Boissonneault D. R. , Dorosh M. E. , Tong J. E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTNormal high extraversion male subjects with high scores on a neuroticism scale were compared with similar subjects with low neuroticism scores, as to changes in the discrimination of paired flashes, brought about by activation‐induced heart rate increase. A threshold for fusion indicated slightly improved resolution for the low neuroticism group under increased heart rate, but a marked deterioration for the high neuroticism group. Two signal detection analyses indicated that the differential effects could not be attributed to response criteria and one analysis indicated group differences in sensitivity under activation.
THE EFFECT OF GSR CONFIRMED PERCEPTION OF BISENSORY INPUT ON IMMEDIATE VERBAL MEMORY
Authors: Snider Irving J. , Bregman Albert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFollowing adaptation, Ss learned visually presented paired associate (PA) word lists, while “distracting” verbal material was read aloud to them. Skin resistance was recorded. Ss who received auditory “interference” containing words present in the PA task made fewer errors than controls. An objective scoring method showed that GSR peaks following the onset of relevant words in the “interference” were more frequent than those following control words, confirming Ss' verbal reports of perception of and attention to relevant stimuli. The improved learning could not be accounted for by changes in the tonic level of skin resistance, but seemed to be a direct result of the bimodal input.
INSTRUMENTAL MODIFICATION OF THE GSR
Authors: Martin Randall B. , Dean Sanford J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFour experiments investigated the effects of instructions, response‐contingent shock, and the latency of the critical response on the GSR. Using a discrimination procedure, in which responding in the presence of one stimulus avoided shock while responding in the presence of another led to shock, it was found that relative to non‐instructed, yoked‐noncontingent conditions, instructed subjects responded at higher levels to the respond stimuli and at lower levels to inhibit stimuli. The effects of instructions appeared stronger than the effects of the shock contingencies. Only when the “contingent” GSR was of the “anticipatory” latency were differential effects obtained, however. No effects were observed in the absence of cognitive mediation.
THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS CHANGES IN HEART RATE AND RHYTHM UPON REACTION TIME PERFORMANCE
Authors: Nowlin John B. , Eisdorfer Carl , Whalen Robert , Troyer William G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe influence of different heart rates and rhythm on reaction time performance was examined in two groups of experimental subjects, heart rate in one group being varied by atrial pacing and in the other group by ventricular pacing. A mixed preparatory interval series of visual reaction time trials was employed, with preparatory interval durations of 3, 4, and 5 sec. Study 1 subjects, exposed to atrial pacing in a cardiac catheterization laboratory immediately before coronary artery cineangiography, demonstrated no change in reaction time response with the pacing situation when heart rate was 115 beats per minute (bpm). Response speed was most rapid with the 5 sec preparatory interval, slowest with the exposure to an exogenously‐induced tachycardia. Presentation first of a variable paced tachycardia following a regular tachycardia was associated with slightly prolonged times in both situations, as compared to reaction time produced with the reverse order of pacing presentation. These differences were not statistically significant. Presence or absence of cineangiographic evidence or coronary arteriosclerosis within Study 1 exerted no effect on reaction time performance. Study 2 individuals, paced with an external (Chardack) pacemaker in a quiet laboratory environment, confirmed the results obtained from Study 1. These data would suggest that the level of background heart rate is unimportant as a determinant of reaction time response.
SOME PARAMETERS OF HEART RATE CHANGE: PERCEPTUAL VERSUS MOTOR TASK REQUIREMENTS, NOXIOUSNESS, AND UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Jennings J. Richard , Averill James R. , Opton Edward M. , Lazarus Richard S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSensory‐motor integration and physiological patterns were investigated in a modified reaction time task. Following a READY signal, one of 2 DISCRIMINATIVE signals indicated that a right or left reaction was to be made to a GO signal. For one group, the DISCRIMINATIVE and GO signals occurred simultaneously; for another group, the GO signal was delayed 10 sec. In different sessions, shock occurred with the DISCRIMINATIVE signal on 0%, 33%, or 100% of the trials. The basic pattern of heart rate response was the same in all conditions, namely, acceleration followed by deceleration immediately prior to the DISCRIMINATIVE and GO signals. All experimental manipulations appeared to contribute to cardiac deceleration; for example, the greatest decrease occurred prior to the simultaneous DISCRIMINATIVE‐GO signal with 33% shock probability. The least deceleration (and fastest reaction times) occurred to the delayed GO signal. Anticipation of a motor response and or shock also accentuated the accelerative limb of the heart rate curve, as well as producing increased skin conductance. Muscle action potentials from the chin showed an equivocal relationship to cardiac acceleration (or less deceleration) and to faster reaction times. Results are discussed in terms of an attentional hypothesis, and their relevance to speculations by Lacey and Obrist is examined.
RESPIRATION AND SUCKING AS COMPONENTS OF THE ORIENTING REACTION IN NEWBORNS
Authors: Sameroff Arnold J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRespiratory and non‐nutritive sucking responses to auditory stimulation were studied in 1‐ to 5‐day old human newborns. Each S was presented 5 stimuli, each 4 times, during 4 sessions at 24 hour intervals. The stimuli varied in intensity and intermittency. Stimulus onset and offset shortened sucking bursts during Sessions I‐III, but in Session IV stimulus offset lengthened sucking bursts. In general, respiration was accelerated by stimulus onset and decelerated by stimulus offset. However, in Session IV respiratory deceleration occurred to both stimulus onset and offset. Respiratory deceleration also occurred to low intensity stimuli in Sessions I‐III. Respiratory acceleration and sucking inhibition were discussed as components of the newborn's defense reaction (DR) to most stimulation. Respiratory deceleration was related to appearance of orienting reaction (OR) after habituation of DR. Ss' respiratory responsivity and sucking responsivity were highly correlated.
APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUE FOR WORK WITH THE CURARIZED RAT
Authors: Hahn William W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTApparatus for respirating the curarized rat is described. Important variables in obtaining a stable curarized rat preparation are the volume and pressure of air with which the animal is respirated. Heart rate is a convenient indicator of the adequacy of respiration and a bleed valve added to the respirator allows fine volume adjustments which result in a stable, moderate level HR of 350‐420 bpm and a variability of 20‐40 bpm. It is also important to keep the animal at a steady depth of curarization, and maintain adequate body temperature.
THE PAROTID PUZZLE: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON HUMAN SALIVATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
Authors: Brown Clinton C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA survey of the literature on human salivation is presented with emphasis upon the influence of normal and psychopathologic emotional states as they affect alterations in factors relating to flow rate. Discussion includes neurological and physiological features of the gland, individuality of response, results of classical and operant conditioning, and suggested areas for future research.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS: A MODEL FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF MULTIMODAL CIRCADIAN SPECTRA
Authors: Saltzberg Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA nonlinear circadian model is postulated as the underlying process in the generation of biological data containing several significant non‐24‐hour rhythms. The model (a) attributes observed multimodal dispersion to the nonlinear influence of processes which modulate the circadian rhythm, but which are very slow compared to 24‐hour processes, and (b) provides quantitative estimates of the period of this slow modulation, as well as the period of the basic circadian rhythm. Under this model, circadian data previously presumed to be anomalous gives a consistent derived basic rhythm of about 24 hours.
PERSONALITY AND HABITUATION OF THE ORIENTING REACTION: TONIC AND RESPONSE MEASURES OF ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Coles Michael G. H. , Gale Anthony , Kline Paul 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEysenck's (1967) hypotheses concerning Extraversion, Neuroticism, and physiological reactivity were tested in relation to habituation. A factorial design, varying Extraversion (three levels) and Neuroticism (two levels) was employed: 60 subjects, 10 per cell. Both tonic and response measures of electrodermal activity (skin conductance) were recorded.The results showed: (1) High Neurotics were more reactive than Low Neurotics (for two measures of habituation and total number of responses); (2) Extraversion was inversely related to spontaneous activity; (3) Latency of first response was moderately related (10% level only) both to Neuroticism (inversely) and to Extra‐version (directly); (4) Tonic conductance measures failed to discriminate between groups; (5) Measures which discriminated between personality groups were inter‐correlated.Since the measures taken were related to both Extraversion and Neuroticism, the findings do not support Eysenck's prediction that these measures are related to Extraversion alone.
A HYBRID CIRCUIT TO INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF ALPHA ACTIVITY
Authors: Paskewitz David A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA circuit is described which, in conjunction with an analog filter, greatly increases the accuracy of the identification of EEG alpha activity. With minor modifications, the same circuit may be used to identify other EEG frequency bands. Construction is simplified through the use of integrated circuits. A functional description and circuit details are given.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Authors: Graham David T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPsychophysiology is just as closely related to internal medicine as it is to psychiatry. “Psychological variable” has two distinct meanings: a) an external sensory stimulus, or b) an organismic state described in psychological language. “Psychological” and “Physical” are names of two different languages. There is no such thing as a non‐physical illness. Asking whether emotions cause diseases, or diseases cause emotions, leads to many difficulties and is unprofitable. It is far more useful to ask about stimulus‐response relationships. There are more kinds of specificity relations in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine than are usually recognized, and the usual specificity statements in psychosomatic medicine are not concerned with I‐R or S‐R specificity. There are many problems in medicine which psychophysiology could help to solve.
THE EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTIONAL SET AND AUTONOMIC PERCEPTION ON CARDIAC CONTROL
Authors: Bergman Joel S. , Johnson Harold J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFifty‐four Ss were divided into three instructional groups. One group was instructed to increase their heart rate (HR) every time a signal was presented; a second group was told to decrease their HR; and a control group was not instructed to change their HR in any direction. Results indicate that Ss can increase or decrease their HR in the absence of externalized feedback. These HR changes do not appear to be mediated by respiration or skin resistance variations. In addition, Ss were divided into groups on the basis of their APQ scores. The group with middle APQ scores displayed more HR control in both directions than Ss with high or low APQ scores. The study was replicated with 42 Ss and results support the HR increase but not the HR decrease findings.
RAPID EYE MOVEMENT DENSITY AND PATTERN IN THE SLEEP OF NORMAL YOUNG ADULTS
Authors: Aserinsky Eugene 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe dispersion and concentration of rapid eye movements (REMs) during nocturnal sleep was measured in 10 healthy adult subjects. A frequency distribution of the time intervals between REMs was multimodal, and provided an estimate for the minimal time separating the REMs into aggregates. A gap of 22 min between two successive REMs almost certainly delineated the groups of REMs on either side of the gap as REM Periods (REMPs). Although the minimal time necessary to define bursts of REMs within the REMP was not as clear, it appeared to be in the vicinity of 8 sec. Bursts in the late REMPs tended to be longer and have more REMs than did bursts in the early REMPs. Yet, there was no marked difference in the number of bursts per min of REMP in comparing the early and late REMPs.A consistent pattern of ocular activity was noted within the first 20 min of REMPs. REM activity peaked 5‐10 min after the onset of the REMP and then declined significantly 10 min later. The data also suggested the existence of a cyclic pattern, i.e. a 40 min REMP had two peaks of REM activity, and a 60 min REMP had three peaks. The relationship of visual imagery in dreaming to REM activity was discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF VARIED RESPIRATORY RATE AND VOLUME UPON FINGER PULSE VOLUME
Authors: Shean Glenn D. , Stange Patrick W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of varied conditions of respiratory rate and volume upon finger pulse volume were investigated. Results indicated that any change in ongoing respiratory activity resulted in maximal digital vasoconstriction within 4–6 sec, and that these effects were greatest during deep breathing. The relevance of these findings for investigations of vasomotor conditioning are discussed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PALMAR SKIN POTENTIAL AND CONDUCTANCE IN RELAXED HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: Christie Margaret J. , Venables Peter H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn investigation of mechanisms generating palmar skin potential level (SPL) was undertaken from relaxed subjects in a non‐arousing environment. In these circumstances it was possible to obtain recordings where there were no skin potential responses (SPRs). At such times of quiescence, SPLs, recorded with 0.5% KCl as the external electrolyte medium, had characteristics which differed from SPLs recorded when there were SPRs. The potentials recorded at the beginning of these periods of quiescence were designated “basal” skin potential levels (BSPLs).BSPLs were demonstrated in other than optimal conditions for achieving basal state, i.e., with non‐habituated subjects, and with subjects carrying out an undemanding cognitive task; the relevance of these findings to the use of SPL as an index of arousal in unstimulating conditions is discussed.An interpretation of BSPL phenomena is possible in terms of a relationship between electrode electrolyte and individual values of body fluid potassium.
PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY AS A PREDICTOR OF PERFORMANCE IN A VIGILANCE TASK
Authors: Coles Michael G. H. , Gale Anthony 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe experiment was designed to determine the value of measures of physiological activity as predictors of performance in a vigilance task. Subjects, for whom resting (EEG, heart rate, and skin conductance) and response (electrodermal) measures were available, were given an auditory vigilance task. Overall vigilance performance was significantly correlated with one measure of electrodermal habituation, latency of response to the first of a series of stimuli, and total number of responses to stimuli. None of the measures of resting physiological activity were significantly related to vigilance performance. The results are discussed in terms of Mackworth's (1969) theory of vigilance.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ORIENTING, CONDITIONABILITY, AND SKIN RESISTANCE RESPONSIVITY
Authors: Zeiner Arthur R. , Schell Anne M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTForty‐eight college students, after serving as Ss in a SRR discrimination conditioning experiment, were divided into quartiles on magnitude of SRR to both noxious (UCS) and innocuous (CS) stimuli. With both orienting response (OR) measures, i.e. to the CS and to the UCS, it was shown that subjects giving large ORs gave significantly larger responses to both CS+ and CS− (during conditioning) than did Ss giving small ORs. On the basis of the innocuous stimulus split, Ss giving large ORs demonstrated both significantly faster and greater discrimination conditioning than did Ss giving small ORs. Such differences in rate and amount of discrimination conditioning were not demonstrated with the noxious stimulus split. In other words, with the noxious stimulus measure there is only a significant response level effect, but with the innocuous stimulus definition of OR, there is a significant response level effect, and a significant effect on rate and amount of discrimination conditioning. Thus, noxious and innocuous stimulus definitions of OR do not appear to be measuring the same process.
EFFECTS OF DEPTH AND RATE OF BREATHING ON HEART RATE AND HEART RATE VARIABILITY
Authors: Sroufe L. Alan 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEffects of depth and rate of breathing on heart rate (HR) and HR variability were observed in two experiments. Respiration rate (RR) affected only cardiac stability, faster breathing producing more stable cardiac rate. Respiration depth (RD) affected both HR level and variability. Deep breathing produced faster, more variable HR, while shallow breathing had the opposite effects. A third experiment, in which Ss were trained to control HR using respiration, further illustrated the dramatic effects of respiration on cardiac rate. Implications of these results for experiments utilizing HR as a dependent variable and studies of autonomic control were discussed.