bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Intense Out-of-Season Rebound of Influenza Activity After the Relaxation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Restrictions in Beijing, China
Authors: Zhang Li , Duan Wei , Ma Chunna , Zhang Jiaojiao , Sun Ying , Ma Jiaxin , Wang Yingying , Zhang Daitao , Wang Quanyi , Liu Jue , Liu Min 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of epidemic characteristics of influenza activity pre– and post–coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Beijing, China.

Methods
Epidemiologic data were collected from the influenza surveillance system in Beijing. We compared epidemic intensity, epidemic onset and duration, and influenza transmissibility during the 2022–2023 season with pre-COVID-19 seasons from 2014 to 2020.

Results
The overall incidence rate of influenza in the 2022–2023 season was significantly higher than that of the pre-COVID-19 period, with the record-high level of epidemic intensity in Beijing. The onset and duration of the influenza epidemic period in 2022–2023 season was notably later and shorter than that of the 2014–2020 seasons. Maximum daily instantaneous reproduction number (Rt) of the 2022–2023 season (Rt = 2.31) was much higher than that of the pre-COVID-19 period (Rt = 1.49). The incidence of influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) were the highest among children aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years, respectively, in the 2022–2023 season.

Conclusions
A late, intense, and short-term peak influenza activity was observed in the 2022–2023 season in Beijing. Children &lt;15 years old were impacted the most by the interruption of influenza circulation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Maintaining continuous surveillance and developing targeted public health strategies of influenza is necessary.
The Behavior Assessment System for Children
Authors: Kim Jihye , Harrell-Williams Leigh M. , Kamphaus Randy W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Behavioral Assessment System for Children–Third Edition (BASC-3) offers practitioners a practical tool kit with complementary scales and interviews for assessing both positive and negative behaviors across home and school settings, using different informants and methods for measuring behavior as a broadband assessment tool. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview and review of the BASC-3 components, uses, research literature, and interpretation of validity indexes. Components of the BASC-3 include the Behavioral and Emotional Screening System (BESS), Flex Monitor, Student Observation System (SOS), Structured Developmental History (SDH), Parenting Relationship Questionnaire (PRQ), Teacher Rating Scales (TRS), Parent Rating Scales (PRS), and Self-Report of Personality (SRP). The uses of various BASC-3 components in longitudinal research, forensic assessment, and mental health screening applications are also discussed. The chapter concludes with a description of how the BASC-3 is conceptualized based on the premise that children’s behavioral problems and strengths are best understood as dimensional rather than categorical phenomena.
‘Our Finest and Most Popular Airs Are Modern’
Authors: Burns Joanne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Irish Romantic poet and song-writer Thomas Moore is now best remembered for his successful series of published songs, the Irish Melodies (1808–1834), in which he wrote and set words to pre-existing Irish airs. Although the last twenty years have witnessed a scholarly re-evaluation of Moore, Moore’s various and extensive writings on the nature of music and adaptation, particularly in relation to the Irish Melodies, have yet to be fully investigated. This chapter examines Moore’s discussion of Irish song in one neglected but highly significant piece of writing, the simply titled ‘Prefatory Letter on Music’ (1810), which was added to the third number of the Irish Melodies series. In this preface, Moore surveys at length a number of issues pertinent to the project of arranging and writing lyrics for Irish songs. He considers the linking of music and Irish history, the antiquity of Irish music, alongside issues of melody, harmony, and arrangement. By unpacking some of Moore’s arguments in this letter, the author shows that Moore’s outlook on Irish music, much like his wider concepts and ideas regarding music and song more generally, is distinctly ‘modern’.
Judaism
Authors: Desmangles Leslie G. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Jewish presence in the Caribbean originated shortly after Christopher Columbus’s arrival to the New World at the end of the fifteenth century. Little is known about these early Jewish settlers, but most seem to have been adventurers and traders who traveled from place to place with the hope of making a fortune. Recent accounts by historians reveal a more discernible presence of Jewish religious communities in the region in the seventeenth century. During the Inquisition, thousands of Jews who fled Spain and Portugal sought refuge in other parts of Europe. This chapter traces a short history of the formation of the Sephardic communities in the Caribbean. Special attention is given to the tenets of the Sephardic tradition, the decline of the Jewish religious practices in the Caribbean, and the ardent initiatives to preserve the Jewish heritage throughout the region.
Islam
Authors: Kassim Halima-Sa’adia , Polar Perry 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a case study for understanding Islam in the Caribbean, which primarily focuses on the particularity of the population in Trinidad and Tobago. The Muslim population is representative of the multiethnic nature of the society, especially since it comprises descendants from African slaves, Indian indentured laborers, and the Syrian-Lebanese community. The chapter also considers the perception of halal food assurance among selected Muslim food businesses in a multireligious society from a Muslim perspective. The findings indicate the contentions between the Muslim and non-Muslim understanding and appreciation of halal, and between trust and visible assurance systems. The chapter reveals how the findings added to the emerging corpus of work on the halal food assurance industry.
Haiti
Authors: Rey Terry 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the religions within Haiti. It looks into Haitian religious history and culture while providing signposts for the present and future of religion in the world’s first independent black republic. The religion in Haiti has always been characterized by vibrant diversity and dynamic innovation and change. The majority of people living in the Republic of Haiti are Christian, particularly Catholics who practice Vodou, which is an African-derived religion that remains majoritarian. Smaller communities of non-Christian religions also find a home in the region, most of whom are believers in either Islam or Protestantism. The chapter reveals the decline of Vodou and the decreasing power and prestige of the Catholic Church in the future.
Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Forde Maarit 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the diverse religious landscape of Trinidad and Tobago. The landscape of the regions reflects migrations and transnational religious connections in the country’s colonial and postcolonial history. Moreover, the development of landscape is intertwined with the key concepts of hierarchical power relations, exploitation, othering, emerging civil society, and struggle for rights and political representation. The chapter also considers the value complex of respectability in postslavery Trinidad and Tobago. It discusses the religious practices and beliefs of the colonial laboring population within the region in correlation with politics of mixing, purity, and demarcation in struggles for rights and citizenship.
Divination in Afro-Caribbean Religions
Authors: Grillo Laura S. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents principles of divination and approaches to the study of Afro-Caribbean forms. Divination is the pivot on which critical religious practices—initiation, healing and protection, sacrifice, and possession trance—hinge. It commissions or sanctions these other rites. The chapter presents various practices in the Caribbean in detail, tracing their African origins while underscoring a common underlying logic. Featured traditions are obi, Ifá, and diloggun divination in Lucumí tradition in Cuba; Palo Monte and Kongo divinatory forms in Cuba; obeah and Myal in Jamaica; Possession trance and divination in Haitian Vodou; Hoodoo in the Caribbean Flows; and the healing arts in Trinidad and Tobago. These traditions are presented in historical context, including shifting power relations: race and empire; the criminalization and denigration of African-derived traditions by colonial law; vying interpretations by insiders and outsiders. It concludes by considering the mobility, fluidity, and vitality of divinatory practices in the region.
Religion and Literature in the Colonial Spanish Caribbean
Authors: Matibag Eugenio 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the importance of religion and literature in the colonial Spanish Caribbean. The system of spiritual beliefs, practices, and texts served as an instrument for the imposition, deployment, and reproduction of colonial power. Doctrinal authority was established and exercised through textual (re)production, propagation, and enactment, which then matters greatly when interpreting the new American realities congruent with the Christian cosmology and imperial worldview. Spanish Caribbean literature’s multifaceted and multicultural vision offers a diverse panoply of perspectives and value systems that affirm, contest, or critique the dominant system of the region’s pastoral power. The chapter then elaborates on the role of literature in reproducing, reframing, and recodifying multiple discourses of religious faith.
Making Caribbean Religious Musics
Authors: Glazier Stephen D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an accessible overview of the development of Caribbean musics. Caribbean musics often reflect the melodies and cadences of Caribbean languages and evidence a strong sense of local rhythm. Certain stylistic elements are unique to each island. Caribbean musical styles were inspired—to one degree or another—by musics from Africa, Europe, Asia, and South America. There are few vestiges of aboriginal (Arawak and island-Carib) musics. Chronologically, aboriginal (Arawak and island-Carib) musics came first, followed by European musics, followed by African musics, followed, lastly, by musics from Asia. Aboriginal and European musics have had the least impact while African and Asian musics have had the greatest impact.
Material Religion
Authors: Tsang Martin A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains that the concept and application of materiality bring to the fore relationships between the worlds of spirit, people, and things. Materiality plays a significant and central role in shaping the practice and ontologies of Caribbean religions of predominantly African origins. Additionally, materials develop social and communal presences that go beyond static understandings of the nonhuman world. More often than not, the application of specific materials ignited racist and stereotyped imaginings in mass media, painting a grim and inaccurate portrayal of Caribbean religious practices. The stereotypical images spoke volumes of the long history of persecution and ridicule of practitioners of African religions in the hemisphere.
Popular Culture and Caribbean Religions
Authors: Aponte Edwin David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter details the impact of popular culture within Caribbean religious traditions. It elaborates on how the Caribbean is shaped by the combination of these forces, peoples, histories, and religious and spiritual traditions and practices. Pop culture refers to a site of collective identity, creativity, and struggle groups with certain dominance and power that seek to define and constrict the people. Meanwhile, the diversity of religious belief and practice in Caribbean cultures demonstrates a type of religious and spiritual pluralism that exists side by side with official forms of religion. Thus, in Caribbean contexts, religion and popular culture working together show more than a type of religious coexistence manifested as popular pluralism.
Food
Authors: Pérez Elizabeth 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of food as a central yet undertheorized component of Caribbean religions. In the history and anthropology of religion, food has been approached most often according to the social function of its consumption and factors that may restrict it. The eminently social dimensions of food consumption are considered alongside the cultural implications and contingent histories of its preparation. The chapter reveals how women and gay men usually occupy the space for cooking in Caribbean religions, but their culinary labor has remained invisible. It highlights the importance of socialization in religious kitchen spaces as they played roles in converting newcomers into practitioners.
Rice
Authors: Coclanis Peter A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of rice worldwide from the origins of cultivation in Asia to the present day. In so doing, it devotes attention to the key role rice plays in many parts of the world, traces the diffusion of the cereal grain from the places wherein it originated, and details and analyzes historical patterns relating to its production, exchange, and consumption. It treats the nutritional characteristics of the cereal, as well as its various uses, discusses some of the long-term economic and political implications of rice cultivation, and ends by laying out some of the uncertainties relating to rice production going forward.
Coffee
Authors: McCook Stuart 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Since about 1400, coffee cultivation has spread from a small corner of Eastern Africa across the global tropics. Coffee is primarily a global cash crop; farmers produce it for markets overseas. The expansion of coffee cultivation in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific was intimately bound up with European colonialism, from the seventeenth through to the mid-twentieth centuries. Since the mid-nineteenth century, however, the bulk of the world’s coffee has been produced in the Americas, especially Brazil. For the past century, the global coffee industry has been plagued by chronic economic instability caused by overproduction and ecological instability caused by diseases, pests, and climate change. Partly because of these challenges, there has been tremendous innovation in how coffee is farmed and traded, as farmers seek to produce coffee in ways that are ecologically, economically, and socially sustainable.
Famine
Authors: Smith Jenny Leigh 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The rise of agriculture some 14,000 years ago increased the number and severity of famines in the world, and because of this famines have played a major role in world history. Early agrarian societies developed important survival strategies to protect against starvation that are still used today. As the population of the world increased and the economy became more complex, the profile of famines changed. No longer caused by absolute scarcity, famines evolved and were increasingly caused by poor people having limited purchasing power of food. This represented a fundamental shift in why famines happened. New charitable organizations developed to help feed the hungry poor. Many of these institutions still exist and perform similar work today. Due to the rise of global capitalism and expanding colonial powers, famines intensified and became more frequent in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The twentieth century experienced many small-scale famines as a result of war. Two major twentieth-century famines in the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China were essentially forms of state-sponsored civil war. In the second half of the twentieth century, new scientific approaches to feeding and managing nutrition dramatically reduced famine deaths. Likewise, new humanitarian organizations focused specifically on accessing and addressing the needs of starving populations emerged and expanded rapidly. In the twenty-first century, famines are still a real and present danger. Famines will probably never be eliminated, but they appear to be becoming less severe.
Adorno and Ecofeminism
Authors: Bernstein Jay 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Adorno’s critical theory is distinctive in arguing, first, that human domination—of man over woman, master over slave, lord over serf, capitalist class over proletarian class, colonizer over colonized—arose from and remains hostage to the project of controlling nature, within and without. And, second, because the project of controlling and dominating nature for the sake of species reproduction and wealth creation, as the social formation of the drive to self-preservation, is the organizing project of historical humanity, there emerged with liberal capitalism the predominance and hegemony of instrumental reason over all other formations of reason. The pathologies of liberal capitalism—above all the unique combination of growing inequality and the destruction of Holocene nature through global warming caused by fossil fuel emissions—are the direct product of these convergent and mutually supporting structures of domination. This chapter provides a defense of Adorno’s genealogy of enlightened modernity in relation to how his critical theory overlaps and converges with the organizing theorems of ecofeminism. Ecofeminism, so understood, deserves to be recognized as the inheritor of the tradition of first-generation critical theory.
English language education and educational policy in the Philippines
Authors: Martinez Julius C. , Martin Isabel Pefianco 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents different perspectives on, or approaches to, English language teaching (ELT) in the Philippines. It begins with a description of the monolingual bias that is evident in government policies which include the use of English as the language of assessment, especially in national and international tests of English proficiency and literacy. The chapter proceeds with a discussion of three pluralist approaches to English, namely, ‘world Englishes’, ‘multilingualism’, and ‘translanguaging’, that claim to reject this monolingual bias. Language education policies or classroom practices that are informed by each perspective are described. A number of issues about these perspectives in relation to the monolingual bias are likewise raised. The chapter ends by underscoring the agency of Filipino teachers of English who are caught between monolingual and pluralist perspectives on ELT. Three propositions in relation to teacher agency are also put forward.
English in the Southeast Asian business-process outsourcing industry and call centres
Authors: Cruz Priscilla Angela T. , Lockwood Jane 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
At a time when varieties of English are being increasingly accepted as mainstream and tolerance of deviations from standard English are on the rise, the business process outsourcing (BPO) industry, specifically contact centres, is far less tolerant of variation from standard English. This chapter problematizes the position of varieties of English in Southeast Asian contact centres. Englishes are examined in light of business practices at recruitment, communications training agendas, communication performance benchmarking, and coaching support. Furthermore, this chapter examines the relationship between Englishes and the seemingly deficient English that needs to be addressed where contact centre customer service representative (CSR) support is concerned. We argue for the need of BPOs to anchor their practices on developing the meaning-making skills that ensure customer service call success.
English in business communication in Southeast Asia
Authors: He Deyuan , Ling Mayyer 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
With ever increasing globalization, English is used more extensively all over the world and has become a global lingua franca. However, there are few studies on the use of English in Southeast Asia (SEA) business communication. This chapter attempts to add more literature in this arena. Using cross-validated research methods (i.e. questionnaire and interview), empirical data have been collected from 205 participants in seven of the 11 SEA nations. It is found in the current study that English has been widely used in SEA business circle and that English has become and will become more important in SEA business communication. Nevertheless, considerations should also be put in place to protect local languages and cultures while practicing English in the business field.
English in Expanding Circle popular cultures of Southeast Asia
Authors: Martin-Anatias Nelly 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
English in pop culture has been gradually gaining increased attention in scholarly studies, and is an emerging research interest in the sociolinguistic field. This chapter investigates the ways in which English has been used and manipulated in Southeast Asia popular cultural products and texts, such as songs and soap operas/sitcoms. The data consist of popular cultural products from Expanding Circle countries, namely Thailand and Indonesia, and Outer Circle countries, such as Malaysia. Multilingualism is one of the distinctive features in SEA language practice, and pop culture is a productive channel for disseminating and linking linguistic ideologies and attitudes. Both English and pop culture have also offered a productive space for SEA artists to produce and project their creative works.
English in Brunei
Authors: Sharbawi Salbrina , Abidin Zayani Zainal 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the current English linguistic situation in Brunei. Previous literature on Brunei English places this Southeast Asian variety in the nativization phase of Schneider’s Dynamic Model of postcolonial English. Among the reasons cited for its location in the third phase is the lack of English use as a lingua franca and the prevailing influence of exonormative norms. Recent works on English use in Brunei, however, point to a changing linguistic scene that sees English growing in terms of popularity and importance, and evidence of this variety developing its own distinctive pronunciation style. This chapter outlines some of the compelling differences in the findings of the previous studies with those of contemporaneous ones, consequently arguing that English in Brunei is currently in active developmental progression towards the fourth phase of endonormative stabilization.
Causal Analysis in Comparative-Historical Analysis
Authors: Mahoney James , Rodríguez-Caceres Andrés 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the logic of comparative-historical analysis (CHA). It begins by comparing CHA to other approaches concerned with causal analysis. CHA is a type of case-oriented research that is focused on both identifying particular actual causes in specific cases, and generalizing about actual causes within a well-defined scope. The chapter then considers how a concern with actual causation distinguishes CHA from those approaches that seek to identify the average causal effects of variables within large populations of cases. It looks at two kinds of CHA research questions (outcome-oriented and cause-oriented questions) and two kinds of CHA counterfactuals (cause-varying and context-varying counterfactuals). The chapter also explores the use of causal chains, mechanisms, and process tracing in CHA explanations. Finally, it addresses issues related to scope conditions and case selection, before examining narrative analysis by studying how case-specific narratives are linked to more general causal arguments.