bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Japan-Latin America: Taking Advantage of Mutual Space and Opportunities
Authors: Yopo Mladen 
Published: March 2007

Japan's Current Role as the world's most dominant economic power has had an impact on its relations with Latin America despite the absence, historically at least, of few long-term ties between the two regions. While there is some evidence that contacts may date as far back as 1609, relations between them only began to acquire a certain relevance as recently as the 1970s and 1980s, when the Japanese domestic model, acquired after World War II, began to seem assured.Nevertheless, it is impossible to understand either the relations between these two actors, or their future trends, without examining the policies and conditions that have marked Japan's reinsertion into the world — from its situation as a defeated, war-devastated, resource-poor country to one that is not only extremely wealthy but with the potential to become a superpower (Time, 1988: 6-9).
The South American Military and (Re)Democratization: Professional Thought and Self-Perception
Authors: Nunn Frederick M. 
Published: March 2007

If a medal were to be struck in commemoration of Latin America's successful survival of the 20th century,la cavamight bear a representation of democracy andel sellothat of authoritarianism. These alternatives have characterized all attempts to arrive at political consensus for the past hundred years and more.The current version of the region's perpetual dichotomous nature has been called (re)democratization. In South America it has replaced professional militarism, the most recent representation of authoritarianism, and threatens to affect traditional democratic practices in countries spared the military incursions of the 1964-1989 quarter-century. To the north, (re)democratization challenges both traditional authoritarianism and Marxism-Leninism.(Re)democratization is a transitional process in which the polity shifts from one with minimal partisan and popular participation back to one based on (ever more maximized) pluralistic participation, usually characterized by meaningful elections, separation of state powers, constitutional order, rule of law, respect for human rights, and civilian regulation of armed force.
Pain and Prejudice in the Santiago Campaign of 1898
Authors: Wexler Alice 
Published: March 2007

What is resented in Caliban is not really his physical appearance, his bestiality, his ‘evil’ instincts-… but that he should claim to be a person in his own right and from time to time to show that he has a will of his own. In other words, we are perfectly happy if we can project the fantasies of our own unconscious on to the outside world, but if we suddenly find that these creatures are not pure projections but real beings with claims to liberty, we consider it outrageous, however modest their claims. Further, it is not the claims themselves which makes us indignant, but the very desire for freedom.–O. Mannoni(1950)Although the United States entered the Cuban war against Spain in 1898 with a great burst of pro-Cuban enthusiasm, this friendliness suddenly soured into contempt. A revolution in public opinion during the summer of 1898 abruptly lowered the Cuban heroes to the status of villains in North American eyes, while the Spanish enemy came to be regarded as brave and honorable. A Michigan soldier expressed a characteristic view when he confessed that “while my opinion of the Spanish troops is in the ascendant, that of the Cuban troops is at the other end of the teeter.
Policy-Making for the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Rosenbaum H. Jon , Tyler William G. 
Published: March 2007

Long a region seemingly immune to modernization and relegated to governmental neglect, the Brazilian Amazon has nonetheless frequently been the theme of political rhetoric. While the area has stagnated, Brazilians have continually referred to it as the “Land of Promise.” Now, however, it appears that Amazonia is finally to become a major government beneficiary.An area comprising 42 percent of Brazil's territory but only about three percent of its population, a land often inaccurately portrayed as both a “Green Hell” and a “Green Paradise,” the Amazon recently has been selected by President Garrastazu Médici as the site of a major development effort. Its colonization and economic development have been assigned priority status within the president's “Plan for National Integration.”
Women, the Vote, and the Party in the Politics of the Colombian National Front
Authors: Harkess Shirley , Pinzon de Lewin Patricia 
Published: March 2007

Colombian women have only recently entered the political arena on a formal basis—they first exercised the right to vote in 1957. Their activity as voters, party workers, and public officials is a by-product of the National Front governing agreement to alternate Conservative and Liberal presidents and to maintain party parity in public office. Since the April 1974 election initiated the official demise of the National Front, we propose to examine the role of women in the political life of this period.Colombia is well suited for such a study. Appealing to women to exercise their voting rights, the principal political parties established internal organizations to mobilize their electoral support. Public discussion of the inferior status of women in Colombian society encouraged two of the three presidential candidates to orient themselves to women voters in the 1974 campaign. One candidate was a woman, while another promised reform of divorce and discriminatory laws.
New Directions for Low‐Dimensional Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Dresselhaus M. S. , Chen G. , Tang M. Y. , Yang R. G. , Lee H. , Wang D. Z. , Ren Z. F. , Fleurial J.‐P. , Gogna P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMany of the recent advances in enhancing the thermoelectric figure of merit are linked to nanoscale phenomena found both in bulk samples containing nanoscale constituents and in nanoscale samples themselves. Prior theoretical and experimental proof‐of‐principle studies on quantum‐well superlattice and quantum‐wire samples have now evolved into studies on bulk samples containing nanostructured constituents prepared by chemical or physical approaches. In this Review, nanostructural composites are shown to exhibit nanostructures and properties that show promise for thermoelectric applications, thus bringing together low‐dimensional and bulk materials for thermoelectric applications. Particular emphasis is given in this Review to the ability to achieve 1) a simultaneous increase in the power factor and a decrease in the thermal conductivity in the same nanocomposite sample and for transport in the same direction and 2) lower values of the thermal conductivity in these nanocomposites as compared to alloy samples of the same chemical composition. The outlook for future research directions for nanocomposite thermoelectric materials is also discussed.
Meiotic characterization and sex determination system of neotropical primates: bolivian squirrel monkey Saimiri boliviensis (primates: cebidae)
Authors: Steinberg Eliana R. , Nieves Mariela , Mudry Marta D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe chromosomal sex determination system differs among platyrrhine monkeys more than any other group of primates. Although a number of studies have investigated mitotic chromosomes across platyrrhine species, the meiotic chromosomes of many genera have not yet been described. The goal of this study was to characterize the sex determination system of Saimiri boliviensis. We described for the first time the meiotic cycle, confirming the sexual system in germ cells from testicular biopsies of four adult male S. boliviensis. All specimens were weighed and testicular volume was measured. We observed 22 bivalents corresponding to 2N = 44, and a “human‐like” XY bivalent was found in diakinesis/metaphase I. In addition, mitotic studies from blood samples of both sexes were performed and G‐ and C‐banding patterns agreed with previously reported karylogy of S. boliviensis boliviensis. Further meiotic studies should be performed in New World primates based on the great value of those studies for systematic evolutionary biology and conservation programs. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1236–1241, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acid‐catalyzed steam pretreatment of lodgepole pine and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation to ethanol
Authors: Ewanick Shannon M. , Bura Renata , Saddler John N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUtilization of ethanol produced from biomass has the potential to offset the use of gasoline and reduce CO2 emissions. This could reduce the effects of global warming, one of which is the current outbreak of epidemic proportions of the mountain pine beetle (MPB) in British Columbia (BC), Canada. The result of this is increasing volumes of dead lodgepole pine with increasingly limited commercial uses. Bioconversion of lodgepole pine to ethanol using SO2‐catalyzed steam explosion was investigated. The optimum pretreatment condition for this feedstock was determined to be 200°C, 5 min, and 4% SO2 (w/w). Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of this material provided an overall ethanol yield of 77% of the theoretical yield from raw material based on starting glucan, mannan, and galactan, which corresponds to 244 g ethanol/kg raw material within 30 h. Three conditions representing low (L), medium (M), and high (H) severity were also applied to healthy lodgepole pine. Although the M severity conditions of 200°C, 5 min, and 4% SO2 were sufficiently robust to pretreat healthy wood, the substrate produced from beetle‐killed (BK) wood provided consistently higher ethanol yields after SSF than the other substrates tested. BK lodgepole pine appears to be an excellent candidate for efficient and productive bioconversion to ethanol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;98: 737–746. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A versatile finite strip model for three‐dimensional tall building analysis
Authors: Kanok‐Nukulchai Worsak , Lee Sek‐Yean , Karasudhi Pisidhi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study endeavors to show the inadequacy of thin beam eigenfunctions commonly used to represent displacement profiles of tall buildings in the finite strip analysis. Particularly, the model fails to reflect the correct building behaviour whenever the storey‐shear distortion may be significant. An attempt is made, therefore, to develop a new set of strip shape functions that is free of the above shortcoming. A polynomial series is specially constructed and shown to be effective for all building types. Several tall building examples are tested and the results clearly exhibit the versatility and surprisingly high accuracy of the proposed finite strip model, in both static and free vibration analyses.
Ground motion amplification due to elastic inclusions in a half‐space
Authors: Dravinski Marijan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractScattering of plane harmonic SH, P, SV and Rayleigh waves by several inclusions of arbitrary shape, completely embedded into an elastic half‐space, is considered. Perfect bonding between the half‐space and the inclusions is assumed. The problem is investigated for linear, isotropic and homogeneous elastic materials. The displacement field is evaluated throughout the elastic medium so that the continuity conditions between the half‐space and the inclusions are satisfied in mean‐square sense. Numerical results of the surface displacement field are evaluated for single and two elliptic inclusions. The results show the following: (a) presence of a subsurface inhomogeneity may lead to large amplifications of the surface ground motion; (2) different surface displacement patterns emerge for different incident waves; (3) the presence of an additional inclusion may change significantly the surface displacement response of a single inclusion; (4) the surface motion extremes strongly depend upon (i) angle of incidence; (ii) frequency of incident field; (iii) embedment depth of the inclusions; (iv) separation distance between the inclusions; (v) material properties of the half‐space and the inclusions; and (vi) location of observation point on the surface of the half‐space.
Plasma exchange as treatment for Lawsone (henna) intoxication
Authors: Rund Deborah , Schaap Tova , Da'as Nael , Yehuda Dina Ben , Kalish Joseph 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLawsone (2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone) is the active ingredient of Lawsonia alba, whose crushed leaves are known as henna, used as a hair and skin dye in many parts of the world. Accidental or deliberate ingestion of Lawsone has a high mortality rate (up to 31%) owing to rhabdomyolysis and renal failure. The authors report the first successful use of plasmapheresis as an adjunct to the treatment of these symptoms in a 69‐year‐old man who suffered severe symptoms of Lawsone poisoning due to inadvertent ingestion. Although most cases reported in the literature have been treated using supportive techniques, including hemodialysis, the high mortality despite these measures suggests that prompt plasma exchange may be a lifesaving technique for this syndrome. J. Clin. Apheresis., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MAPK‐pathway activity, Lrrk2 G2019S, and Parkinson's disease
Authors: White Linda R. , Toft Mathias , Kvam Sylvia N. , Farrer Matthew J. , Aasly Jan O. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe 6055G>A mutation in the leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene results in a G2019S substitution in the mixed‐lineage kinase domain of Lrrk2, causing autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). We hypothesized the mutation alters cellular mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling cascades, and might be detectable in tissues other than in the brain. We therefore compared total levels and activation of the signalling proteins Src, HSP27, p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK, in extracts of leukocytes isolated from patients with PD carrying the G2019S mutation, healthy mutation carriers, patients with idiopathic PD, and healthy controls. Phosphorylation of Src, HSP27, and JNK was reduced significantly in cell extracts from patients with G2019S‐associated PD compared to healthy controls. Similarly, phosphorylation was reduced significantly in Src and HSP27 in the group of healthy carriers of the mutation, as well as in patients with idiopathic PD. Significant reductions in total Src were also observed in these three groups compared to the controls. The results of this pilot project therefore indicate significant alterations in key signalling proteins in leukocytes from patients with PD, and were most pronounced in G2019S‐associated PD. Changes in MAPK‐signalling may thus be common to PD pathophysiology, regardless of aetiology. Such changes may also be shown in blood samples during the preclinical stage of LRRK2‐associated PD, which could be particularly important for the development of neuroprotective strategies to delay onset, or slow progression of PD. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling particle inflation from poly(amic acid) powdered precursors. II. Morphological development during bubble growth
Authors: Cano Camilo I. , Clark Meaghan L. , Kyu Thein , Pipes R. Byron 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe morphological development of cellular polyimide microstructures from poly(amic acid) powders has been shown to depend on the processing conditions throughout the inflation process and the morphological characteristics of the precursor particles. In an earlier publication the authors presented a numerical study of the preliminary stages prior to particle inflation when the processing temperature is below the glass transition temperature, Tg. In the present article, a second numerical scheme is presented for behavior above Tg in which bubble growth is modeled to account for the effect of multiple phenomena in the final stages of morphological development. The bubble growth kinematics and subsequent cessation of growth are predicted as a function of process parameters and material properties. Morphological characteristics of the precursor particles have also been shown to influence the kinematics of inflation. These results provide a clearer understanding of the solid‐state foaming processes for polyimide cellular materials. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:572–581, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Preparation and coordination with Hg(II) of sulfur‐ and 2‐amino‐pyridine‐containing chelating resin
Authors: Qu Rongjun , Sun Changmei , Chen Jian , Chen Hou , Wang Chunhua , Ji Chunnuan , Xu Lili 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA novel chelating resin anchoring 2‐amino‐pyridine on macroporous crosslinked polystyrene beads via a sulfur‐containing spacer (PVBS‐AP) has been synthesized and its structures were characterized by FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, porous structure analysis, and elementary analysis. The results of scanning electron microscopy and pores analysis demonstrated that PVBS‐AP resin had meso‐macro porous structure. Its adsorption properties for Hg(II), Pd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) were investigated. Some factors affecting the adsorption of PVBS‐AP resin for Hg(II), such as temperature, contact time, ion concentration, and pH were also studied. The results showed that the increasing of temperature was beneficial to adsorption and Langmuir model was much better than Freundlich model to describe the isothermal process. PVBS‐AP resin had good adsorption selectivity for Hg(II). It could selective adsorb Hg(II) from such binary ions system as Hg(II)‐Ni(II), Hg(II)‐Zn(II), and Hg(II)‐Pb(II), their selective coefficients are αHg/Ni = ∞, αHg/Zn = 28.1, αHg/Pb = ∞, respectively. Five adsorption–desorption cycles demonstrate that this resin were suitable for reuse without considerable change in adsorption capacity. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:721–727, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Crystallisation of high density polyethylene from dilute solution: Heterogeneous nucleation
Authors: Alfonso Gian Carlo , Olivero Luigi , Turturro Antonio , Pedemonte Enrico 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe self‐seeding crystallisation technique is applied to a dilute solution of polyethylene in xylene containing, in suspension, foreign particles; data concerning some pigments usually employed for colouring the plastics are reported. It is shown that this method allows easy demonstration of the interactions existing between the dissolved polymer and the pigment; at the same time, it is possible to study the morphology which is evolved as a consequence of these interactions under particularly simple conditions as only a small amount of polymer crystallises on the pigment particles. The behaviour of several pigments is consistent with the results obtained by crystallising the bulk polyethylene coloured with the same pigments. Some unusual morphologies are made evident.
Dynamic mechanical, thermal, electrical and tensile properties of 1,4‐diaminopiperazine polymers and their metal chelates
Authors: Chen Chuen F. , Williams H. Leverne 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe properties and performance of 1,4‐diaminopiperazine polymers and their metal chelates were studied. The polymeric chelates were semiconducting, stronger and more flexible, and had greater thermal stability and lower transition (relaxation) temperatures than the parent polymers.
Nanostructure, interactions, and conductivities of polymer electrolytes comprising silver salt and microphase‐separated graft copolymer
Authors: Lee Do Kyoung , Lee Kyung Ju , Kim Yong Woo , Min Byoung Ryul , Kim Jong Hak 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSilver polymer electrolytes were prepared by blending silver salt with poly(oxyethylene)9 methacrylate)‐graft‐poly(dimethyl siloxane), POEM‐g‐PDMS, confining silver salts within the continuous ion‐conducting POEM domains of microphase‐separated graft copolymer. AgClO4 polymer electrolytes exhibited their maximum conductivity at high silver concentrations as well as higher ionic conductivities than AgCF3SO3 electrolytes. The difference in conductivities of the two electrolytes was investigated in terms of the differences in the interactions of silver ions with ether oxygen of POEM and, hence, with the anions of salts. Upon the addition of salt in graft copolymer, the increase of Tg in AgClO4 was higher than that in AgCF3SO3 electrolytes. Analysis of an extended configuration entropy model revealed that the interaction of ether oxygen/AgClO4 was stronger than that of ether oxygen/AgCF3SO3 whereas the interaction of Ag+/ClO4− was weaker than that of Ag+/CF3SO3−. These interactions are supported by the anion vibration mode of FT‐Raman spectroscopy. It is thus concluded that the higher ionic conductivity of AgClO4 electrolytes was mostly because of higher concentrations of free ions, resulting from their strong ether oxygen/silver ion and weak silver ion/anion interactions. A small angle X‐ray scattering study also showed that the connectivity of the POEM phase was well developed to form nanophase morphology and the domain periodicities of graft copolymer electrolytes monotonically increased with the increase of silver concentration up to critical concentrations, after which the connectivity was less developed and the domain spacings remained invariant. This is attributed to the fact that silver salts are spatially and selectively incorporated in conducting POEM domains as free ions up to critical concentrations, after which they are distributed in both domains as ion pairs without selectivity. The increase of domain d‐spacing in AgClO4 electrolytes was larger than that in AgCF3SO3, which again results from high concentrations of free ions in the former. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1018–1025, 2007
Refinement of NMR‐determined protein structures with database derived mean‐force potentials
Authors: Wu Di , Jernigan Robert , Wu Zhijun 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDue to the limited distance data available from the experiments, the structures determined by NMR Spectroscopy may not always be as accurate as desired. Further refinement of the structures is often required and sometimes critical. With the increase of high quality protein structures determined and deposited in PDB Data Bank, commonly shared protein conformational properties can be extracted based on the statistical distributions of the properties in the structural database and used to improve the outcomes of the NMR‐determined structures. Here we examine the distributions of protein interatomic distances in known protein structures. We show that based on these distributions, a set of mean‐force potentials can be defined for proteins and employed to refine the NMR‐determined structures. We report the test results on 70 NMR‐determined structures and compare the potential energy, the Ramachandran plot, and the ensemble RMSD of the structures refined with and without using the derived mean‐force potentials. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.