bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GEOTHERMAL POWER PRODUCTION WITH IRRIGATION WASTE WATERa
Authors: Bouwer By Herman 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Both irrigated agriculture and areas with dry, hot‐rock formations at relatively small depth are ubiquitous in the western United States. The former produces saline percolation water, while the latter needs water to transfer the heat to the surface to enable exploitation of the geothermal energy. Thus, it seems logical to investigate the possibility of converting irrigation return flow, which often presents an environmental liability, into a useful asset by pumping it into artificially stimulated hot‐rock formations. When brought up as hot fluid, the water can then be used for generating power, producing fresh water, and/or space heating. The paper summarizes quantity and quality of irrigation return flow, various types of geothermal systems, and quantities of power and fresh water that can be derived from steam or hot water.
THE USE OF A GAMMA LOGGER TO DELINEATE GLACIAL AND BEDROCK STRATIGRAPHY IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO
Authors: Baldwin A. Dwight , Miller James 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. An evaluation was made of the usefulness of the gamma‐ray logger in delineating glacial‐drift and bedrock stratigraphy in southwestern Ohio. The logger was useful in delineating gross stratigraphic units in a glacial outwash aquifer. The gamma log also provided a clearer indication of the clay content of sand and gravel units than did the driller's log.On the uplands, away from the valleys filled with glacial outwash, the logger could not be used to locate the thin, poorly‐sorted, interstadial sand and gravel deposits between thicker till sheets. It could, however, be used to distinguish formational contacts in the upper Cincinnatian Series.
A Method of Aquifer Testing and Its Application to an Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Multiple Aquifer System
Authors: Riha Mirko 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA new method of testing anisotropic, inhomogeneous multiple aquifer systems developed by the author makes use of small diameter bore construction techniques and enables simultaneous testing of superposed aquifers and aquitards (aquicludes).Because of the low cost of the method the hydraulic properties of the multiple aquifer system can be determined at many sites distributed throughout the area of interest, enabling simulation of the local and regional ground‐water flow conditions and other hydrological characteristics of the system.Since its development in 1964 the technique improved and was employed in ground‐water investigations. Data and results from the inhomogeneous, anisotropic multiple aquifer system west of Melbourne are given.
Analysis of Changes in Ground‐Water Levels in a Sewered and an Unsewered Area of Nassau County, Long Island, New York
Authors: Sulam Dennis J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFrom the 195O's to the early 1970's expansion of sanitary sewerage in southwest Nassau County contributed to progressive declines in ground‐water levels. Since the early 197O's, however, 10 years after the area was fully sewered, water levels have not declined significantly, which suggests that the water table may have reached a new equilibrium position. Double‐mass‐curve analyses show that during 1953‐76 the average weighted ground‐water levels in a 32‐square‐mile (83‐square‐kilometer) part of the sewered area declined 12.2 feet (3.73 meters) more than those in the unsewered area to the east. However, by 1973 this decline was 13.5 feet (4.1 meters). Finite‐difference digital‐model results indicate that 3.6 feet (1.1 meters) of the relative 1953‐76 decline was due to pumping in adjacent Queens County and that most of the remaining decline was a result of sewerage. Streamflow within the sewered area decreased in response to the lowered ground‐water levels, and ground‐water levels in the adjacent unsewered area were also lowered because of the sewerage.
Evolution of Ground‐Water Management Policy for Laramie, Wyoming, 1869‐1979
Authors: Huntoon Peter W. , Lundyb Don A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFor 110 years, Laramie, Wyoming, has obtained most of its municipal water from the Casper aquifer. As demands on the supply increased, the philosophies governing the management of the aquifer gradually changed. There has been an evolution through the following policies: (1) initial inflow‐outflow safe yield concept, (2) simple conjunctive‐use ground‐ and surface‐water system, and (3) the beginnings of a conjunctive‐use system that relies heavily on the storage properties of the aquifer.The evolution of management policy resulted from the press of changing demands on the system rather than innovative technical or scientific insights. Most technical advice solicited by the city in the past dealt with the immediate problem of how to augment the total supply. Through experience, the city became aware of the physical response and storage properties inherent in the aquifer, and by 1940 peak demands were being met by pumpage of water from storage. The city is currently weighing the advantages of purchasing additional surface‐water rights, and has seriously asked its advisors if the aquifer can be managed solely as a peak‐use reservoir. Under the proposed regime, large volumes of water would be withdrawn periodically from storage to meet summer and drought demands, while normal demands would be met from impounded surface water in the Laramie River.
Prevalence of Enteroviruses in Ground Water of Israel
Authors: Marzouk Yosef , Goyal Sagar M. , Gerba Charles P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFew studies have been performed on the occurrence of enterovirus contamination of ground water. In this study, 99 ground‐water samples were examined for the presence of enteroviruses, total bacteria, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci by standard methods. Enteroviruses were isolated from 20% of the samples. Viruses were isolated from 12 samples which contained no detectable fecal organisms per 100 ml. No statistical correlation between presence of virus and bacteriological indicators could be determined. The widespread failure of current bacteriological standards to indicate the presence of potentially pathogenic enteroviruses in ground water is an area of concern that requires more study.
Review of Leaky Artesian Aquifer Test Evaluation Methods
Authors: Walton William C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFlow to wells in leaky artesian aquifers is intimately related to changes in aquitard storage, well storage capacity, and degree of well penetration. The manner and extent to which these and other factors affect water levels may be evaluated with aquifer test data. Families of type curves describe time‐drawdown in the aquifer and aquitard under complex aquifer and well penetration conditions. Analysis of leaky artesian aquifer test data is possible with the array of equations derived largely in the 1950's through 1970's. Erroneous data analysis will result unless complicating factors are fully recognized and taken into account. A review of leaky artesian aquifer test evaluation methods is presented in this paper together with the field application of selected methods to foster greater use of current theories.
Assessing Public Ground‐Water Supplies in Illinois
Authors: Visocky Adrian P. , Wehrmann H. Allen 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIllinois aquifers furnish approximately 233 mgd (10.2 m3/s) of water to 677 public‐water supplies outside the six‐county area of northeastern Illinois. Ground water is usually obtained from sand‐and‐gravel deposits in the glacial drift or from limestone or sandstone formations in the underlying bedrock. The most favorable ground‐water conditions are found in the northern third and the southern tip of the State, while, elsewhere, major aquifers are sand‐and‐gravel deposits of the Mississippi, Illinois, buried Mahomet, Wabash, Ohio, Kaskaskia, and Embarrass valleys.A brief review was made of data and information in the State Water Survey files for each public ground‐water supply, and an assessment was given as adequate, marginal, or deficient, in terms of present demands. Twenty‐four supplies were studied in greater detail, including calculations of aquifer sustained yields. The study indicated that 39 supplies were marginal and four were judged deficient in meeting current demands. The majority of the marginal and deficient supplies are located in the central third of the State; but so are most of the supplies (outside of north‐eastern Illinois).The study represents the first of a three‐part plan to: (1) define problem areas and determine priorities for studies in greater detail, (2) conduct regional studies, including test drilling, in problem areas to determine how great the water resource is, and (3) determine the water resource alternatives available to public ground‐water supplies that are found to be inadequate.
Collapse Pressure of Thermoplastic Water Well Casings
Authors: Kurt Carl E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTBecause of the relatively low stiffness properties of thermoplastic materials, casings made from these materials may be more susceptible to collapse. For many applications, when a surrounding material tends to support the casing, the casing resistance to collapse should be significantly increased. The Morley equations of equilibrium for two radial collapse pressure loading conditions were modified to include the support of the surrounding medium and were solved using the Galerkin method. Parametric studies were conducted for typical water well casings and restraint values. Simple collapse prediction formulas are proposed for predicting collapse for the two loading conditions considered. Collapse pressures predicted by the proposed formulas for uniform collapse pressure are approximately 25% lower than those values predicted by the current ASTM formula. Collapse pressures for linearly varying pressure were found to be 12% higher than the corresponding values for uniform pressure. When the radial stiffness of the surrounding medium is included in the analysis, the collapse pressure resistance of the casing was found to be significantly increased over the collapse resistance of an unsupported casing.
Geophysical Investigations of Ground Failure Related to Ground‐Water Withdrawal — Picacho Basin, Arizona
Authors: Jachens Robert C. , Holzer Thomas L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPrecise geophysical surveys across ground failure zones related to ground‐water withdrawal at nine sites in Picacho basin in south‐central Arizona indicate that earth fissures in alluvium near exposed bedrock are spatially associated with local gravity and magnetic anomalies ranging from local highs to convex‐upward changes in slope. We interpret the gravity anomalies, which range from 0.1 to 1 mGal with half‐widths of 50 to 300 m (160 to 980 ft), to be caused by convex‐upward irregularities in the bedrock surface underlying the alluvial aquifer. Most irregularities are inferred to be at depths less than 250 m (820 ft). Bedrock irregularities were not detected beneath failures that are more than 2 km (1.2 mi) from bedrock outcrop. The association of earth fissures with zones of variable aquifer thickness suggests that differential compaction is occurring near these fissures. Theoretical estimates, based on the finite element method, of horizontal strains generated by localized differential compaction suggest that this mechanism is the dominant source of horizontal tension causing earth fissures in Picacho basin. Our analysis indicates that tensile strains at fissures at the times of their formation ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 percent.Prediction of the location of earth fissures near exposed bedrock in Picacho basin and in adjacent basins with similar geologic settings appears feasible by delineation of convex‐upward bedrock irregularities. Failures far from exposed bedrock, however, may not be as readily predicted on this basis. If the rheological properties and thicknesses of subsurface materials are known, prediction of the magnitude of water‐level decline required to induce sufficient differential compaction to cause failure at potential earth fissures appears feasible.
An Anomalous Occurrence of Sodium Bicarbonate Water in a Flood Plain in a Carbonate Terrane
Authors: Krothe Noel C. , Parizek Richard R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGeochemical factors controlling water chemistry in an influent stream and adjacent flood‐plain sediments were determined during a four‐year study. The stream has a drainage basin that is similar to many streams draining carbonate terranes in the eastern United States. It receives sewage effluent, farm and urban runoff and supplies recharge to an aquifer under extensive development.Water beneath the flood plain, springs, and channel were calcium bicarbonate as expected; however, the prevalent chemical character of soil water beneath the channel was sodium bicarbonate. HCO3 within soil water beneath the stream is three times (1,500 mg/l) that beneath the flood plain, Na+ is two orders of magnitude greater (400 mg/l), K+ reaches 10 mg/l which is twice as great while CA2+ and Mg2+ may be one‐fifth as high as concentrations beneath the flood plain with ranges from 15 to 20 mg/l and 5 to 10 mg/l respectively. Waters 3 to 7 feet (0.9 to 2.1 m) below the flood plain contain intermediate Na+ values from 25 to 75 mg/l.Ion exchange appears to be the mechanism accounting for the sodium bicarbonate water observed under the channel. The same relationship should occur in other areas with available carbonate rock, base exchange minerals, and an organic source.
Ground‐Water Tracers — A Short Review
Authors: Davis Stanley N. , Thompson Glenn M. , Bentley Harold W. , Stiles Gary 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTracers are used widely to determine the direction and velocity of ground‐water movement. Failures of tracer tests are most commonly a result of incorrect choice of tracers, insufficient concentrations of tracers, and a lack of an understanding of the hydrogeologic system being tested. Some of the most useful general tracers are bromide chloride, rhodamine WT, and various fluorocarbons. For certain purposes, dyed clubmoss and baker's yeast have proved valuable. Many radionuclides including 3H, 82Br, and 198Au are almost ideal for numerous purposes, but radiation hazards associated with their use together with local, State, and Federal regulations have discouraged widespread field applications in recent years within the United States.
Jojoba: An Alternative to the Conflict Between Agricultural and Municipal Ground‐Water Requirements in the Tucson Area, Arizona
Authors: Foster Kennith E. , Wright N. Gene 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe Tucson, Arizona, metropolitan area has 450,000 inhabitants and is expected to have nearly 800,000 inhabitants by the year 2000. Tucson is totally dependent on ground water drawn from two basin aquifer systems for its water supplies, as are agricultural, mineral and industrial operations in the area.Municipal, agricultural, mineral and industrial ground‐water withdrawals in the two basins amount to some 376,000 acre‐feet per year (AFY). Dependable ground‐water supplies in the two basins amounts to about 80,000 AFY. Thus, the two aquifer systems are overdrafted by approximately 296,000 AFY, 80 percent of which is by irrigation agriculture.In Arizona, ground water belongs to the owner of the land overlying the aquifer. To ensure adequate ground‐water supplies, the City of Tucson has been purchasing and retiring farmlands in one of the basins. However, litigation that reached the Arizona Supreme Court led the Court to rule that the City could pump only 2.4 AFY per acre of farmland retired. The City has retired about 12,000 acres in the basin and in 1978 withdrew some 20,000 AFY of ground water for municipal use.Retiring these farmlands to secure water rights impacts on area economy and creates weed problems for farmers who own land near the retired lands. The City of Tucson budgets about $50,000 annually for weed control.A possible alternative to retiring farmlands and to cultivating crops that require heavy irrigation is cultivating arid‐adapted vegetation that has economic potential. Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a shrub native to the Sonoran Desert that appears to be an economically viable arid‐land crop. It needs about 1.5 AFY per acre compared with traditional crops grown in the Southwest that have average needs of 4 AFY or more.The economic value of jojoba is based on the oil extracted from its seeds. It is a unique, unsaturated oil composed of nonglyceride esters consisting almost entirely of straight‐chain acids and alcohols. Such oils are difficult to synthesize in commercial quantities, and the only known natural source is the sperm whale, an endangered species.If farmers in the basin cultivated jojoba, water use could be reduced by about 2.5 AFY per acre, from 4 AFY per acre for traditional crops to 1.5 AFY for jojoba. Even if the City of Tucson had to subsidize farmers at a rate of $40 per acre for the 10 years it takes jojoba to produce economically feasible yields, the City would save more than 50 percent of the cost to purchase and retire farmlands and still be able to draw water from the basin for municipal uses.This dual use of water in the basin would permit agriculture to continue its contribution to area economy while the City could continue meeting its water needs by piping water out of the basin into the metropolitan area. However, implementing this plan would require changing Arizona ground‐water laws.
Ground‐Water Salinity Problems Related to Irrigation in the Colorado River Basin
Authors: El‐Ashry Mohamed T. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe ground‐water system in many of the irrigated areas of the Colorado River Basin is derived almost entirely from deep percolation of irrigation water and seepage from irrigation conveyance and tail‐water collection systems. Salt pickup rates from irrigated soils in the basin vary in the different areas. Among the high salt pickup areas is the Grand Valley in western Colorado, estimated at 8 tons/acre/year. Water entering the ground‐water supply from irrigation practices in the valley amounts to about 145,000 acre‐feet/year and contributes about 690,000 tons/year to the salt load of the Colorado River. Samples of base‐flow water from the weathered Mancos Shale aquifer in the valley vary in salinity from about 1,500 to about 9,000 mg/l with a mean of 4,100 mg/l; while water samples from alluvial aquifers range from 305 to 124,000 mg/l with a mean of about 11,500 mg/l. Base‐flow returning to the river in the drains and washes has concentrations that average about 4,200 mg/l.Water losses and quantities of irrigation return flows can be reduced by improving farm irrigation efficiencies and by partial or complete lining of canals, laterals, and ditches. Increasing on‐farm irrigation efficiency through system improvements and irrigation scheduling is the most cost‐effective measure. However, achievement of higher efficiencies will require changes in water laws to encourage conservation and revised water pricing policies that discourage waste.
Resistivity Investigations for Ground Water in Metamorphic Areas Near Dhanbad, India
Authors: Verma R. K. , Rao M. K. , Rao C. V. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDespite sufficient rainfall, large parts of Eastern India suffer from water scarcity. Ground water occurs in weathered or semiweathered/fractured layers in hard‐rock areas whose thickness varies, in general, from 5 to 20 m.Ground‐water studies have been carried out in several areas in and around Dhanbad (Lat. 23°48′N, Long. 86°24′E) in Bihar State of India. The area covers Pre‐Cambrian hornblende and feldspathic gneisses, schists, granulites, quartzites, metabasics and pegmatities. The area forms a part of ENE‐WSW trending Satpura orogenic belt. The quartz reefs formed as fault fillings act as barriers to the flow of ground water. Geophysical investigations, using electrical methods, with Schlumberger configuration using AB up to 300 m were carried out at most of the locations. Conventional resistivity meters were used for this purpose.The data from 78 Schlumberger soundings has been analysed. Both A and H type curves were obtained. Spectrum of resistivity values has been prepared to study the over‐all variation of resistivity values in the area. It is observed that the curves with arithmetic mean values are quite representative. The values obtained from spectral and regression analyses are nearly the same.The results of geoelectric soundings have been compared with the geological section wherever available. It is inferred that the thickness of the weathered layer as deduced from Schlumberger soundings includes partly the unweathered/fractured layer as well. An attempt has been made to find an empirical relationship between the daily yield of water in gallons/day and the longitudinal conductance (s = h/p) of the weathered layer. Two empirical relationships have been obtained, one for the winter months, December‐January and the other for the summer months, June‐July. A suitable explanation for the two curves has been given.
Computationally Efficient Polynomial Approximations Used to Program the Theis Equation
Authors: Huntoon Peter W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPolynomial approximations have been developed for the infinite series embodied in the Theis equation. These have the following advantages when programmed for use on computers or hand calculators: (1) they are easy to program; (2) they are computationally efficient; and (3) they eliminate round‐off errors.
Determination of Aquifer Parameters from Step Tests and Intermittent Pumping Data
Authors: Birsoy Yuksel K. , Summers W. K. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe expression
image
is a handy tool for predicting aquifer parameters using all the drawdown and recovery data obtained during step‐drawdown tests or periods of cyclic or intermittent pumping.For inefficient wells the expression
image
fits pumping wells better. The data from conventional step‐drawdown tests of pumping wells can be used to obtain T, C, and y. If the data fail to fit the ideal, they may be used to interpret local hydrologic conditions.
A Comparative Study of Nitrate Levels at Three Adjacent Ground‐Water Sources in a Chalk Catchment Area West of London
Authors: Gray E. M. , Morgan‐Jones M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA comparison of the concentrations of nitrate in three public supply borehole sources which abstract water from the Chalk in a relatively local area, led to a more detailed study of the possible causes of high nitrate values at one of the sources and the geological and recharge characteristics of all three.The local catchment area of the high nitrate source is actively fertilized, both by sludge spreading and the application of artificial fertilizers. The catchment areas of the other two ground‐water sources are not subject to the same intensive agricultural activity. It is suggested the differences in water quality between the three supplies are related to the variations in land use and the local hydrogeology.The study makes it clear that due to local influences each source may have a unique hydrogeochemical character irrespective of being located in the same regional geological catchment area.More detailed investigations on the origins of the nitrate in the abstracted ground waters are planned as a follow‐up to this initial study.
Use of Microcomputers in Ground‐Water Basin Modelinga
Authors: Mido Kiyoshi W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIt has been demonstrated that a microcomputer costing less than $10,000 can accommodate a ground‐water basin model with a large number of nodes. Analyses indicate that finite difference and finite element models with several hundred nodes also can be accommodated. Microcomputers have several advantages over the larger and much more expensive macrocomputers as ground‐water basin modeling tools: easy to learn language used for programming, simplicity of operation, and low costs leading to easy access by investigators and users. Because of these advantages, willing investigators can learn to do modeling work by using a microcomputer and also write programsto computerize time‐consuming tasks and thus effect substantial manpower cost savings.