bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Present and Future Capital Investment in Timber Harvesting
Authors: Stuart William B. , Oderwald Richard G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A questionnaire mailed to most U.S. dealers in logging equipment indicated that total sales of new and used harvesting machinery have been rising in recent years and now are well above $1 billion annually. Hauling equipment, which usually is not purchased from specialized dealers, adds considerably to the total. In 1979, the outlay for logging machinery and trucks combined was an estimated $1.5 billion.
In Response to "RPA/NFMA--Time to Punt"
Authors: Giltmier James W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In criticizing the Resources Planning Act (RPA) and the National Forest Management Act, Behan (Journal of Forestry 79:802--05) errs in thinking that repeal would reduce litigation over use of national forestlands. He errs again in holding that major controversies can be solved largely by local land managers. On the contrary, the legislation is beneficial. The planning it mandates, though costly, is helping national forest personnel to improve their management, and the data generated will increasingly provide a rational basis for deciding issues.
Environmental Analysis: A Ranger District's Approach to NEPA
Authors: Musser Lloyd A. , Morse Eric , Sassaman Robert W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Two timesaving refinements to the USDA Forest Service's basic NEPA guidelines have been developed by staff of the Bear Springs Ranger District, Mount Hood National Forest, Oregon. The staff's approach to environmental evaluation combines a formal decision-making process and a threshold-of-concern technique to formulate and analyze management alternatives.
Landowner Interest in Forestry Assistance Programs in East Texas
Authors: Hickman Clifford A. , Gehlhausen Randy J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Nonindustrial private forest owners in east Texas were sampled and asked to indicate their interest in each of ten assistance programs. Most popular were proposals for requiring loggers to post a performance bond and providing management assistance aimed at nontimber as well as timber products. Least popular were proposals for forming cooperatives and initiating long-term leases. Well-educated business and professional people, who had above average incomes and lived in urban areas away from their properties, were found to be most interested in forestry assistance.
Appraising National Forest Timber Values: A Concept Reexamined
Authors: Wiener Alfred A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Standards for appraising national forest stumpage developed early in the century by Austin Cary, W.B. Greeley, and James W. Girard were critically examined and explained by Julian E. Rothery some four decades ago in three significant articles. Rothery described the standard Forest Service methods, including the investment method, the overturn method, and a transaction evidence method. He suggested that several methods be tried before making the final selection based on the appraiser's judgment. He also suggested how to reconcile differences (in a stable market) between lump-sum sales and pay-as-cut sales, using a discount factor to equate the latter with the former. Since Rothery's solutions did not anticipate nonstable markets, some modification would seem necessary in the light of current inflation, by developing a "lump-sum equivalent" through the use of an inflation factor to set off against the discount factor.
Urban Forestry in the Sunshine State
Authors: Harrell James B. , Gornicki Philip P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Florida Division of Forestry has, since 1971, developed an urban forestry program in the South. Florida counties and municipalities, in cooperation with the Division, sponsor forestry programs that currently employ 19 urban foresters. Enlightened environmental legislation, rapid growth of cities and a subtropical climate have created innovative forest management.
Wilderness Visitor Management: Diversity and Agency Policies
Authors: Fish C. Ben , Bury Richard L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Since its inception in 1964, the National Wilderness Preservation System has been managed without formal coordination among its three major agencies--the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the National Park Service and Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior. Because of the different missions and guiding philosophies of these agencies, management guidelines for wilderness also vary. Regulation of visitor activities within wilderness units well illustrates this diversity. In 1978, a nationwide survey of all units within the Wilderness System revealed very substantial differences among agencies in their regulation of visitor activities. By subordinating management styles to agency goals, each agency has emphasized some of the Wilderness Act's objectives and deemphasized others. This current diversity provides a desirable range of opportunities for activities appropriate to wilderness use, but coordination of agency efforts seems desirable and would enhance efforts for attainment of all Wilderness System objectives.
Recreation Use Lotteries: Outcomes and Preferences
Authors: McCool Stephen F. , Utter Jack 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Analysis of a lottery administered for rationing recreational uses of the Middle Fork of the Salmon River indicated that a substantial minority of rejectees was still able to use the river, primarily by joining acquaintances who were successful in the lottery. Participants, including those who were rejected, rated the lottery above such alternatives as rationing on the basis of whitewater skill or knowledge, giving priority to first-time users, or requiring advance reservations.
Tree Improvement in Western Conifers: Economic Aspects
Authors: Ledig F. Thomas , Porterfield Richard L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The National Forest System's tree improvement program for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) in the Pacific Southwest and the "progressive tree improvement program" for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) in the Pacific Northwest appear capable of returning at least an 8-percent real rate of return on investment if short rotations are used or if tree improvement is accompanied by thinnings. A break-even, cost-benefit analysis indicated that interest rate and real-price increases in stumpage are the major determinants of profitability. The effect of program design was also investigated. The larger the area over which the breeding effort is applied, the greater the profitability, although large breeding zones increase the biological risk of nonadaptation to local conditions and of loss of the local genetic resource. The financial effect of increasing orchard seed yield was small unless the planting program could be expanded. In other words, financial gain would be slight if the increase in seed yield merely reduced the required acreage of seed orchard and associated costs.
Forest Tree Improvement in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Kellison Robert C. , Dinus Ronald J. , Fins Lauren , Ching Kim K. , Krugman Stanley L. , Winieski John A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the late summer of 1981, a six-member team of forest geneticists reviewed forest genetics and tree improvement in the People's Republic of China. We found an understanding of the value of forest genetics and a willingness to support genetics programs. We found that most impressive progress has been made in a short time. We also found that several areas of the programs should be strengthened. Our more important observations were that (1) introduction of certain species should be continued but in a more orderly and designed manner than heretofore, (2) some direction should be given to the numerous selection programs, (3) there is a need for improved coordination between the reforestation staffs and tree improvement workers, and (4) both short-term and long-term program needs must be included. Opportunities abound for joint and cooperative efforts that would be of direct value to the United States. Of highest priority are future exchanges of biological material including selected seed sources of pines, spruces, firs, and fast-growing hardwoods such as white elm (Ulmus pumila) and the empress tree (Paulownia spp.) The review identified at least 150 seed sources of an array of species that should be tested to meet unique needs in the United States.
World Forestry: Forestry in Chile
Authors: Husch B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
From dependence on its native forests. Chile has moved rapidly to reliance on timber from industrial plantations of exotics, chiefly Pinus radiata. In 1980 total consumption of wood by industries was 10.7 million cubic meters, of which 4.6 million went to sawmills and 3.1 to pulp and paper plants. Log exports, which began a few years ago, accounted for 1 million cubic meters. A subsidy encourages tree planting, and other recent laws regulate cutting of native stands. There are three forestry schools and one technician school. Technical assistance under the United Nations Development Programme has fostered rapid growth of forestry and wood products industries.
Damage by Laminated Root Rot in Two Succeeding Stands of Douglas-Fir
Authors: Tkacz Borys M. , Hansen Everett M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Damage to a 60-year-old Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stand from laminated root rot caused by Phellinus (Pona) weirfi (Murr.) Gilbertson is less than that in the preceding 300-year-old stand on the same site, but is predicted to surpass that amount if left to a comparable age. Estimates based on area of the stand affected allowed comparisons of damage distribution between generations. Most root rot in the current stand is centered around stumps from the previous stand; root rot openings in the previous stand often support healthy trees in the current generation. The disease has spread in the current stand beyond the rooting area of the old inoculum sources. The area of potential inoculum facing a third generation on the site is already equal to that left by the first generation. Immediate regeneration of Douglas-fir on laminated root rot sites perpetuates and perhaps increases the disease in subsequent rotations.
From Public Land to Nonindustrial Private Forest: A Minnesota Case Study
Authors: Ellefson Paul V. , Palm Sally L. , Lothner David C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Minnesota statute calls for return of 2.9 million acres of tax-forfeited land to private ownership. Most is forested. Over 600,000 acres were sold between 1964 and 1974. One county, Itasca, disposed of 130,000 acres in 18 years beginning in 1960. Of this amount, 25 percent ended up as nonindustrial private forests (NIPFs). Study indicated that the owners resembled other NIPF owners around the nation. Their objectives were primarily for other purposes than timber growing. They did not manage their land aggressively, had little knowledge of public service programs in forestry, and tended to sell their tracts frequently. Average tenure was 8.5 years; some tracts had six or more owners in the 18 years. These findings raise questions about society's interest in transferring forestland from public to private ownership.
Debris Avalanches in Eastern Upland Forests
Authors: Eschner A. R. , Patric J. H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During exceptionally heavy rains, debris avalanches may occur anywhere in forested mountains of the eastern United States. Examples from New Hampshire to North Carolina indicate that they are most probable when 5 or more inches of rain fall in a 24-hour period on steep (25-40°) slopes where soils are less than 36 inches deep. Risk increases with amount of summer rain and decreases with decreasing slope. As a practical matter, little can be done to prevent debris avalanching. That such disturbances may contribute large amounts of stream sediment should be considered in dealing with nonpoint stream pollution. Millions of loads were carried down at one grand avalanche into the Ammonoosuc, when a grand waterspout broke upon the mountain in the fall of the year 1836. Rocks and trees of the largest dimension presented no obstacle to its course (Hill 1839).
Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks in Rocky Mountain Lodgepole Pine Forests
Authors: Berryman A. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recent research provides a new perspective on the causes of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) outbreaks in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelm.) forests of the Rocky Mountains. The most explosive outbreaks seem to originate in stands of low current vigor but having a high percentage of trees with thick phloem. Because large beetle populations can overcome the resistance of relatively vigorous trees, once an outbreak has started in a particular locality it often spreads over vast areas. On this interpretation of outbreak causation, methods for anticipating where and when outbreaks will occur have been developed to help the manager set priorities for stand treatment. Treatments can also be tested on computer models of stand growth linked to beetle population models. In general, silviculture aimed at maintaining tree vigor seems to offer the most promise for preventing outbreaks.
Rural Fire Protection in Texas
Authors: Ebarb Patrick A. , Reeves Hershel C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Many rural areas in Texas are without any organized fire protection. Volunteer fire departments are being assisted with training and equipment, within the bounds of available funds and manpower, under federal and state legislation. Through 1981, 563 surplus military vehicles and commercial ¾-ton trucks were equipped with water tanks and pumps for use by volunteer departments.
Kentucky's Hardwood Resource
Authors: Stringer Jeffrey W. , Powell Douglas S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Old-growth forests that once covered the state almost entirely were destroyed by land clearing that began in the mid-eighteenth century and by heavy logging after the Civil War. Strip-mining after World War II damaged many sites. With the decline in harvesting intensity and the increase of sound strip mine reclamation, the forests are slowly yet steadily recovering. Today forests occupy about half of the land area in the state, the distribution being concentrated in the mountainous eastern portion. Hardwoods dominate overwhelmingly among many species growing on a diversity of sites. Oaks and hickories are the most important timber species. They are discriminated against by partial cutting--essentially high-grading--that favors development of shade-tolerant species like American beech and sugar maple. Volume growth is good, with growing stock accruing 2.5 times as fast as it is being removed. Improved management and utilization would markedly increase the hardwood resource and the volume and quality of timber that could be drawn from it.
Reducing Conifer Seed Predation by Use of Alternative Foods
Authors: Sullivan Thomas P. , Sullivan Druscilla S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
By suppyling alternative foods, damage to seed by rodents and birds was greatly reduced in seeding trials with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) in British Columbia, Canada. Although the trials did not demonstrate that a stand of seedlings will actually be obtained, the technique appears to warrant further study as a way to improve the reliability of direct seeding.
Michigan's Forest Cultivation Program: An Example of Intensive Management on Public Lands
Authors: Vodak Mark C. , Rudolph Victor J. , Olson Jeff T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Michigan's Forest Cultivation Program is an example of intensive forestry on state-owned lands. From 1973 through 1979, the administration and investment decision processes of the program were evaluated, economic criteria used to establish investment priorities, and changes instituted. Major accomplishments during those years included 51,170 acres of timber stand improvement in northern hardwoods, 2,931 acres of other timber stand improvement, 19,575 acres of jack pine regenerated, 6,795 acres of aspen regenerated, and 7,035 acres of red and white pine release. Projected average internal rates of return were highest for red and white pine release (11.1 percent) and northern hardwoods timber stand improvement (8.4 percent).
Rural Development and Land-Use Planning: A Forestry Perspective
Authors: Lapping Mark B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Land-use planning in rural areas has often treated forests as special problems. Tax laws, timber practice laws, planning regulations, and now statewide forestry planning have done little to integrate the forestland into the total planning process. Rural resistance to regulation and planning suggests a need to adapt city-born planning techniques and procedures to the informal institutions of rural areas.
Maine's Land-Use Regulation Commission
Authors: Pidot Jeffrey R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Maine's ten-year-old Land-Use Regulation Commission plans and zones one-half of the state, mostly lands owned by forest industry. Under a comprehensive plan that guides decisions on permits for development, lands are classified into three major zones: protection (28 percent of the jurisdiction), development (2 percent), and management (70 percent) zones. Forestry activities are allowed on most of the lands. Issues in administration of the system include landowner acceptance, enforcement, salvage of budworm-threatened trees in protected zones, and increasingly intensive harvest of timber.
International Paper Company: Industry as a Land-Use Planner
Authors: Rosenthal John C. , Don Robert T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Industry often acts as a land-use planner. Four cases of recent actions by International Paper Company illustrate diverse ways in which industrial decisions were accompanied by the firm's planning analyses and related benefits. Land-use planning by industry documents the company's effects on a community, complementing conventional public planning. It considers general community relations, changes in the labor force, housing, surplus corporate lands, and efficient management of company assets.
Satellite Technology: An Improved Means for Monitoring Forest Insect Defoliation
Authors: Dottavio C. Lisette , Williams Darrel L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Goddard Space Flight Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry, Division of Forest Pest Management, have demonstrated the operational utility of satellite data for large-scale assessments of defoliation by the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). Studies showed that satellite data can be used to delineate heavy defoliation accurately. Somewhat lower accuracies were documented for moderate defoliation and nondefoliated forests. These positive results led to the development of a procedure to facilitate the analysis of satellite data over large geographic areas within clearly defined political boundaries. The system is composed of a LANDSAT-derived data base for Pennsylvania and a series of computer programs for image analysis.
World Forestry: Forest Sector Investment Needs in Latin America
Authors: Gregersen Hans M. , McGaughey Stephen 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
At a 1982 conference sponsored by the Inter-American Development Bank, representatives from most Latin American countries met with officers of lending institutions to define financing needs and potentials in forestry. Projections of needed annual investments in forest industry and industrial forestry were $6.6 billion for the years 1981-1985, rising to $9.2 billion during 1996-2000. Potential investment in social and protection forestry was estimated at $2.6 to $4.2 billion for 1981-2000. Prerequisite to such rates of investment are the development of sufficient institutional capacity to plan major projects, and the development of mechanisms to encourage investment.
Reforestation Decisions on Harvested Southern Timberlands
Authors: Royer Jack P. , Kaiser H. Fred 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Personal interviews with 759 nonindustrial private owners who had harvested timber in the South between 1971 and 1981 revealed that less than half of the land harvested was held by owners who took actions to assure adequate restocking with pine. A belief that sites would naturally regenerate to pine and apprehension about economic returns from forest investments were the two most important reasons for landowners' inaction.
Long-Range Projection of Forest Area Change: New Approaches are Needed
Authors: Alig Ralph J. , Adams Darius M. , Haynes Richard W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Timberland acreage in the United States has been declining for several decades, yet the relative contribution of various determinants has not been quantitatively estimated. Projected trends in products markets are sensitive to future forest area assumptions, which affect relative financial returns from investments. Long-term land area change is thought to be determined largely by economic processes, and incorporating such factors into an explicit model for forest area change is needed to improve projections of natural resource supplies.
Landscaping to Reduce the Energy Used in Cooling Buildings
Authors: Parker John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Although much less energy is expended in the United States for space cooling than for space heating, this end use is significant in many areas of the country and is often the major factor in utility peak electrical demands during the warmer months. Vegetative landscaping can reduce the energy required to cool residences by providing shade and wind control and through microclimate cooling via evapo-transpiration. "Precision landscaping" design concepts can optimize the energy savings, particularly during utility peak demand periods. Energy analyses of an insulated mobile home show that landscaping can reduce cooling energy by more than 50 percent during warm summer days. Deciduous trees are particularly useful because they allow solar radiation to reach a building during the heating season.
Wind Damage around Clearcuts in the Ridge and Valley Province of Pennsylvania
Authors: DeWalle David R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Wind damage in the predominantly mixed oak forest in the Ridge and Valley Province of Pennsylvania was surveyed in the proximity of 15 recent clearcuts. Of the 282 damaged trees surveyed, 81 percent were windthrown and 19 percent had broken boles. Damage primarily occurred along long, west-facing forest edges adjacent to the clearcuts. Damage was also high where large numbers of pine existed in the residual stand and in areas with poorly drained soil. From an economic viewpoint, however, wind damage does not seem to be serious in this province.
Clinal Genetic Growth Variation within Two Douglas-Fir Breeding Zones
Authors: Silen Roy R. , Mandel Nancy L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Twelve- and ten-year results of progeny tests of 1,275 wind-pollinated families of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) are presented along with maps of clinal genetic variation within two breedings zones. Data originate from the two oldest progressive tree-improvement cooperatives, called Vernonia and Molalla. In both, the top 20 percent of the families were 7 percent taller and 15 to 22 percent greater in volume than the mean family. Division of the parent group at the outset into sets of 50 families at Vernonia and 25 families at Molalla revealed that set means differed with origin within the breeding zone. Scattergrams of all parents in each cooperative showed that a downward shift of 1,000 feet in parent elevation, or a 10-mile horizontal shift to the east or north, should provide 5 percent more family height growth. Thus, there was evidence of considerable clinal geographic variation within breeding zones. Isoheight patterns of clinal variation are complex and three-dimensional, conforming to major topographic features in each cooperative area.