bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application and Development of 17½-in. Very Long Insert Roller Cone Bits To Drill Interbedded Lithologies
Authors: Patrick B. L. , Bond D. F. , Zahradnik A. F. , Mackie C. G. , Brown L. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Historically, several steel tooth bits have been required to drill the interbedded lithologies indigenous to much of offshore Australia, especially in the 17½" (444.5 mm) surface hole. Steel tooth bits, while exhibiting high rates of penetration in softer formations, tend to wear rapidly in the harder dolomites or limestone. The development of previous large diameter Tungsten Carbide insert (TCI) bits in the IADC 51X class provided sufficient wear and impact resistance, but resulted in inadequate rates of penetration.
This paper presents the history and problems of developing and applying extended length inserts and describes the development and performance of 17½" roller cone bits with very long inserts (up to 1" projection). The 17½ IADC 415 bits (also referred to as 41X) were designed to drill interbedded lithologies at high penetration rates while maintaining cutting structure integrity.
The development program, which included extending existing carbide technology, allowed one bit to consistently drill the entire 17½" section (up to 1500 m) with 100% improvement in penetration rates. This reduced drilling cost by $350,000 per well.
Application of New Glycol/Resin Differential Sticking Preventative
Authors: Bland R. G. , Micho W. T. , Howard H. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new water-soluble polyglycol/asphalt product (PGA) is described which provides the permeability plugging advantages of traditional deformable resins over a broader temperature range as well as the lubricity of refined petroleum oils and traditional lubricants without the agglomeration and environmental problems. Laboratory results presented include particle size distribution, lubricity, "Cloud Point", toxicity, permeability plugging and HPHT dynamic filtration. Case histories documenting the use of PGA offshore in the Gulf of Mexico are included.
Accurate In-Situ Stress Measurements During Drilling Operations
Authors: Kunze K. R. , Steiger R. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes easily implemented field procedures for obtaining in situ horizontal earth stresses during drilling operations. The procedures were developed to obtain stress data that are necessary for wellbore stability modeling and for predicting and avoiding fracturing lost returns. Conventional leakoff tests are performed routinely to test the integrity of casing cement jobs, not to accurately measure earth stresses. The most important consideration was to develop methods that were easy to implement and would minimize disturbance to drilling operations, thereby promoting acceptance among operations personnel. The procedures are called Extended Leakoff Tests (XLOT).
Dome PDC Technology Enhances Slim-Hole Drilling and Underreaming in the Permian Basin
Authors: Carter J. A. , Akins M. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Dome Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) is a relatively new development in PDC technology. The Dome PDC has a radius of curvature across the diamond table rather than being flat. Previous studies have shown the new design reduces torque and dissipates heat better than the conventional PDC.1 The dome design also offers a more impact resistant structure which in turn has potential for harder rock applications.
This paper addresses the application of the Dome PDC cutter in slim hole operations (3 1/4″ to 4 3/4″ diameters) in the Permian Basin. The new cutter has been tested and applied in dolomitic formations where conventional PDC’s have failed in the past. The 3/8″ diameter Dome PDC has been utilized on bits as well as underreamers. The use of Dome PDC bits has proven successful in the 3500′-4500′ Grayburg/San Andres formation of Lea County, New Mexico. The increased ROP’s and dependability of the fixed cutter in this area offer an economic advantage over roller cone technology. The Dome PDC bits have proven a fast economical way to deepen through 4″ and 5″ liners. The subsequent underreaming of wellbores with the Dome PDC in West Texas and New Mexico have shown savings in excess of 70% over roller cone tools. These savings are reflected by an increase of penetration rates from 10 FPH to over 30 FPH.
The performance of the Dome PDC in the Permian Basin greatly enhances opportunities for utilization of old producing wells for deepening and recompletions.
K-12 Technology and Engineering Education: Is it World Class?
Authors: Wright R. T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Education in America varies from world class to ineffective. The challenge facing the nation is to move the less effective program to world class. This will require support from all members and institutions in society.
This paper deals with developing more effective technology and pre-engineering education for grades K-12 in American schools. To meet this challenge will take bold leadership to cause three major changes. First mathematics and science must abandon a focus on fact and skill mastery and move to activity-based conceptual learning. Second, meaningful technology education programs that use hands-on activities to study designing, producing, using and assessing technology must be available to all students at all grade levels. And finally, mathematics, science, and technology teachers must coordinate their teaching as they address their particular disciplines.
Early Performance and Planning for a Simultaneous Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery Project and Sulfur Mining Operation at Main Pass 299
Authors: Lewis L. R. , Taylor B. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper will review the early production performance, development planning, and reservoir simulation prediction for a unique thermal enhanced oil recovery project and sulphur mining operation in a recently discovered reservoir at Main Pass 299. In this field, a relatively large accumulation of oil (approximately 100 million barrels in-place) is contained within a complex structure of sandstone, carbonate, and sulphur-bearing formations lying directly above a shallow piercement salt dome at depths ranging from 1200 to 1532 feet subsea. The sulphur-bearing formation has the largest sulphur reserves (67 million tons) of any mine in North America and is one of the largest mines in the world. As part of the sulphur mining operation, 240,000 barrels per day of 325 °F water will be injected into the formation. Much of this water will contact and heat up the oil, significantly reducing the oil viscosity and greatly enhancing the ultimate oil recovery. Main Pass 299 is located about 90 miles southeast of New Orleans in 220 feet of water (Figure 1).
CO2 Foam Field Trial at North Ward-Estes
Authors: Chou S. I. , Vasicek S. L. , Pisio D. L. , Jasek D. E. , Goodgame J. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A CO2 foam field trial was conducted in the North Ward-Estes field in Texas to evaluate the effectiveness of foam in improving CO2 sweep efficiency. This paper describes the design, results, and analysis of foam treatment with emphasis on the design methodology of applying foam in grossly heterogeneous reservoirs, characterized by uneven areal and vertical sweep in most patterns.
Over a period of nearly two years, foam was emplaced into an injector four times by alternately injecting CO2 and surfactant solution, and followed by continuous CO2 injection after each emplacement. Foam was generated in situ, which reduced CO2 injectivity by 40 to 85%. Gas production in the problem producer decreased dramatically, while gas and oil production in other offset producers increased, indicating areal diversion. Vertical diversion also occurred, as evidenced by significant increase in oil production in the problem producer, where tertiary oil response had peaked prior to the foam treatment.
The field test shows that a properly designed foam treatment can significantly improve the CO2 sweep efficiency and be economically successful. The methodology developed in the design and analysis of the foam test may be applied to other conformance improvement processes.
Integration of Horizontal Well Log Information in Fractured Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Meehan D. N. , Verma S. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Representation of reservoir heterogeneity for simulation models is one of the most challenging aspects of reservoir engineering. Naturally fractured reservoirs present an exceptionally difficult challenge in this respect. Vertical wells provide extremely limited information about the spatial distribution of fractures and fracture density as the hole size is small with respect to the characteristic spacing and distribution of natural fractures. Vertical wells fail to provide short scale (up to interwell distance) correlation information for geostatistical models in any type of reservoir. Outcrop representations of fracture distribution are generally inadequate and fail to correspond to in situ fracture characteristics. Formation evaluation in horizontal wells can provide both detailed information on fracture distribution and short-scale correlation information. This information can be integrated with geostatistical tools such as Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS) models to provide much more realistic reservoir descriptions. These reservoir descriptions result in dramatically improved simulation matches. Further, this reservoir characterization technique can explain behavior that is far more difficult to explain with conventional and dual-porosity models.
This paper presents the following: A description of how horizontal well formation evaluation is used to obtain the spatial distribution in a naturally fractured reservoir,examples of variogram estimation with the derived data for both traditional and indicator variograms,examples from horizontal well performance used to develop additional correlation information,SIS models derived from the conditioning data from the horizontal wells and the indicator variograms, andreservoir simulation results for horizontal well performance.
This paper does not explain variograms, geostatistical models, correlation ranges, conditional simulation, etc.. However, the geostatistical software used was developed by the Stanford Center for Reservoir Forecasting1 and is available in Reference 1.
Laminated Clastic Reservoirs: The Interplay of Capillary Pressure and Sedimentary Architecture
Authors: Corbett P. W. M. , Ringrose P. S. , Jensen J. L. , Sorbie K. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many scales of heterogeneity are present in clastic reservoirs. Important heterogeneities occur at the small-scale as a result of episodic or periodic fluctuations in the depositional process. These fluctuations are manifested as quasi-periodic grain size variations at scales of 10-3 to 1 metre. In the hierarchical description of sediments (the basis of sequence stratigraphy), these periodic stratal elements are known as laminae or beds.
The fluctuating grain size elements result in well determined variations in pore and pore-throat size distributions. The effects of pore throat distributions on two-phase flow are reflected in capillary pressure curves, which may differ strongly as a function of absolute permeability (especially for permeabilities less than 1 Darcy). When stratal elements of contrasting grain size, sorting and permeability occur in close proximity, significant differences in local capillary pressures may occur over short distances.
In common flow situations, these capillary pressure gradients can be comparable to or greater than pressure gradients induced by either viscous or gravitational effects. Such conditions occur when (a) permeability varies over very short distances (e.g., centimetres for the lamina scale), (b) flow rates are low (i.e., frontal advance rates are less than 1 metre/day), and (c) permeability contrasts are significant (i.e., of one order of magnitude or greater). These conditions occur in many laminated clastic reservoirs.
This paper shows how a knowledge of sedimentary architecture (stratal elements) can be exploited to scale-up these capillary effects. A multiphase flow upscaling methodology based firmly on the length scales represented within the hierarchy of stratal elements is presented. We refer to our approach as the geopseudo approach since it incorporates the flow/structure interactions at the lamina, bed and formation scales (i.e., it includes the geology in an appropriate manner).
The Rannoch Formation of the Brent Group (North Sea) provides an interesting practical example where large scale production performance is seen to be affected by the interaction of capillary forces with small-scale structure.
Auger Field Subsurface Overview: Future Site of World-Record Deepwater Tension Leg Platform
Authors: Bilinski P. W. , Crabtree P. T. , Crump J. G. , McGee D. T. , Watson R. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper provides an overview of the Auger field, currently predrilling wells for the future site of a world-record water depth Tension Leg Platform (TLP). Major areas covered will be: *Descriptions of the subsurface data including the results of the first seven predrill wells,*A brief discussion of the excellent drilling, safety, and environmental performance exhibited by the predrill rig, and*A general field overview, including the volumetrics and current development strategies.
Novel Well Testing Applications of Laplace Transform Deconvolution
Authors: Fair P. S. , Simmons J. F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Well-test solutions are formulated typically as a dimensionless pressure change that occurs in response to a single change in flow rate. Ideally, the rate change is a step change in sandface flow rate; however, in practice wellbore storage and poor control of surface flow rate often lead to variable-rate tests. Deconvolution methods have been shown to improve analysis of such data by removing the effects of undesired rate variations from the measured pressure response.
In 1988, Roumboutsos and Stewart1 proposed deconvolving well-test data by numerically transforming the discrete pressure and rate data into the Laplace transform domain. In Laplace space, the often difficult deconvolution process is reduced to simple division. Roumboutsos and Stewart also introduced a method of synthetically deconvolving constant wellbore-storage pressure data without explicitly measuring the flow rate.
This paper extends the concepts introduced by Roumboutsos and Stewart and demonstrates that when the wellbore storage is constant, a trial and error method may be used to estimate storage and progressively strip away the afterflow effects. Moreover, when storage is not constant, a series of synthetic deconvolutions may be used to strip away the constant components of storage to reveal the variable components of the total wellbore storage.
A new concept of afterflow extraction is introduced. In this technique, an analytic reservoir solution is substituted in the Laplace domain and used to explicitly calculate afterflow. This technique can be used to evaluate flow meter performance.
Afterflow extraction provides a unique opportunity to investigate the sensitivity of deconvolution to errors in flow rate measurement. Examples are presented in which afterflow is extracted from a single set of pressure data using multiple reservoir solutions (i.e., radial, dualporosity, etc.). Each of the extracted afterflow profiles are then used to deconvolve the recorded pressure data. The examples illustrate that extremely slight differences in the afterflow can significantly alter the deconvolved response. These examples show how small errors in afterflow measurement can result in an incorrect diagnosis of the reservoir model.
A New Technique to Estimate Vertical Variability of Rock Properties for Reservoir Rock Evaluation
Authors: Sharma Bijon 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new technique is presented for a more effective description of the vertical variability of reservoir rock properties that are typically obtained or derived from wireline logs or determined from laboratory measurements of core samples.
Rock properties and other data available for this study were the geological description of cores, XRD analysis of core samples for mineral percentages, SEM and CT-scan data from a few selected wells in two fields, namely Patrick Draw (WY) and Bell Creek (MT), laboratory measured porosity, air permeability, and primary and waterflood oil production data from the wells studied.
In this investigation, first the vertical distribution of reservoir rock properties available as a function of depth is transformed into functions of frequency (cycles per foot) by the application of standard time series analysis techniques. A statistical parameter called the ‘power spectrum’ is calculated which gives the variance of the time series for each frequency. In this way a continuous description of variances is obtained for each frequency into which the original series has been transformed.
Estimation of vertical variability of rock properties was initiated by computation of ‘power spectra’ of core measured permeability, and digitized gamma ray, sonic, density and neutron logs. The power decay patterns with frequency were correlated with reservoir rock properties and oil production, and it was observed that different logs had different decay patterns in sandstones having different distributions of reservoir properties. The power spectra of permeability, sonic, and gamma ray logs for a clean sandstone or for a sandstone with uniform properties (low variance) decayed very rapidly at higher frequencies if there was no thin bed stratification and assumed very low powers at the high frequency end. The sandstone with variable reservoir properties had power spectra that decayed more gently, and the slope of spectral decay was a measure of the vertical distribution of reservoir properties, in the sandstone. For a few wells, the spectra of density logs in kaolinite clay filled sandstones showed very low amplitudes at higher frequencies because the matrix rocks (predominantly quartz) and the clays (dominantly kaolinites) both had nearly the same density (around 2.64 g/cm3).
From minimal geological information, studies of highly automated spectral decay curves of different types of distributions could provide quantitative information on vertical variability of reservoir rock properties in different parts of a field. Under favorable conditions the study of decay spectra of a combination of logs may provide quantitative information on the variations in cement content and the types and volumes of clays in reservoir rocks.
An Integrated Subsurface Study Directed at Optimizing Turbidite Sand Completion Strategies
Authors: Scheibal J. R. , Weiland J. L. , Worrel J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An integrated subsurface engineering study was undertaken to examine ways to optimize high cost, technically-difficult P1iocene/P1eistocene turbidite developments in the Gulf of Mexico. This study utilized a multidisciplinary approach in which both open and cased hole data was applied to quantifying and qualifying downhole flow performance in different turbidite facies.
Data from Produce While Drilling (PWD) operations and Pressure Volume Temperature (PVT) tests proved to be extremely valuable when combined with base wireline logs in delineating the production characteristics through time.
Completion Design for Deep, Sour Norphlet Gas Wells Offshore Mobile, Alabama
Authors: McDermott J. R. , Martin B. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Producing gas from the Norphlet formation in the Mobile Bay Area presents many unique completion design challenges. The Mobile Bay Area Norphlet, a consolidated aeolian sandstone, is estimated to contain an ultimate natural gas resource base of 20 TCF1. Proved reserves of 4 - 6 TCF have been discovered to date with hydrogen sulfide concentrations ranging from 50 ppm to 10% and carbon dioxide concentrations up to 4%. Production may also include brine and elemental sulfur. Formation intervals below 20,000′ have bottomhole temperatures in excess of 400°F and initial bottomhole pressures from 10,000 psi to 20,000 psi2. Wells can cost upwards of thirty million dollars to drill and complete due to the extreme depth, the highly corrosive nature of the gas, and the close proximity to environmentally sensitive areas. Economics dictate development with a minimum number of wells on wide spacing, therefore, completions are designed for maximum rate and maximum life.
This paper describes the evolution of design concepts and equipment innovations utilized in the completion of Norphlet gas wells in the Lower Mobile Bay - Mary Ann and Mobile 823 Fields.
Two-Phase Flow Metering by Pressure Pulse Propagation
Authors: Gudmundsson J.-S. , Dong L. , Rødøy F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The propagation velocity of a pressure pulse through a gas/liquid mixture flowing in a pipeline can be used for metering purposes. The pressure pulse propagation method is presented and a theoretical model developed for the propagation velocity of pressure pulses through gas/liquid mixtures. Preliminary experimental work on pressure pulse propagation measurements in air/water horizontal slug flow are reported. For these flow conditions, the velocity of a gas/liquid mixture can be obtained directly from time-of-flight measurements to upstream and down-stream stations when the void fraction is in the range 10–85 percent.
An Expert System for Matrix Acidizing Treatment Design
Authors: Van Domelen M. S. , Ford W. G. F. , Chiu T. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the development of a PC-based Matrix Acidizing Expert System (Acid Expert) with emphasis on the knowledge acquisition process and the knowledge bases. This system is currently being used to design damage removal treatments for sandstone formations. The primary objectives of the system are (1) to provide acidizing treatment designs based upon an accumulation of knowledge from experts, (2) to provide technical information and guidelines on the proper use of additives and (3) to serve as a training tool to assimilate company expertise for less experienced personnel.
Application of this expert system to treatment design is illustrated using a documented case history. The subject case history deals with a sandstone reservoir for which significant changes in the treatment procedures were recommended and implemented based upon the knowledge base built into Acid Expert.
Coiled Tubing in High-Pressure Wells
Authors: Newman K. R. , Allcorn M. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The number and types of well services that are performed using coiled tubing (CT) are increasing rapidly. These services have typically been limited to wells with well-head pressures (WHP) below 3,500psi. CT can be used safely in wells with higher WHP. The special considerations involved in the job design for wells with higher WHPs are reviewed in this paper. These special considerations include: Well control equipment capable of operating safely with high WHPBurst and collapse limits of the CTInjector head capable of pushing the CT into the well against the WHPThe possibility of buckling of the CT between the chains and the stripper