bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Micro Pirani™: A solid‐state vacuum gauge with wide range
Authors: Wenzel O. , Bak C. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor measuring pressures in the range 1 × 10−2 to 100 mbar, thermal conductivity gauges are commonly used. The widespread Pirani gauge with a thin wire suffers from problems with temperature drift, low accuracy, requirement for adjustment, large measuring volume, filament contamination, and sensitivity to mounting position. Recently, Wenzel Electronics has introduced the Micro Pirani™, which is based on a newly developed solid‐state sensor element and which eliminates or significantly reduces the problems. A temperature compensation improves the stability and extends the useful range of operation to the high vacuum range at 1 × 10−5 mbar. The geometry of the basic sensor element, close to “infinite slab geometry”, facilitates the introduction of a fairly accurate mathematical model of the sensor. The sensor is insensitive to mounting position since no convection can take place in the sensor due to its small dimensions. Furthermore, the internal volume (“dead volume”) has been significantly reduced as compared to traditional Pirani sensors. The conversion from transmitter output voltage to pressure is achieved by a simple and fast algorithm. The selection of a particular gas species is simple, since the algorithm contains only 3 gas‐dependent constants. An excellent reproducibility in production eliminates the need for an individual calibration of individual sensors in most applications.
Rasterkraftmikroskopie im Vakuum an plasmabehandeltem und metallisiertem Polycarbonat
Authors: Seidel Christian , Gotsmann Bernd , Fuchs Harald 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDer Artikel beschreibt verschiedene kraftmikroskopische Betriebsarten (statische und dynamische Kraftmikroskopie). Anhand unterschiedlicher Proben, vornehmlich Polycarbonat, wird der Einfluß einer ECR‐Plasmabehandlung sowie von Aluminium‐Beschichtungen gezeigt. Die Plasmabehandlung führt zu einer minimalen Morphologieänderung im nm‐Bereich. Schlecht haftendes Aluminium auf unbehandeltem Polycarbonat konnte nur mittels dynamischer Kraftmikroskopie abgebildet werden.
Dry vacuum pumping technology outperforms oil‐sealed pumps for investment casting
Authors: Westlake Will 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFeingußverfahren werden zunehmend unter Vakuum durchgeführt. Die dazu bisher eingesetzten ölgedichteten Vakuumpumpen sind in diesem Umfeld sehr wartungsanfällig. Versuche mit trockenlaufenden Klauenvakuumpumpen haben gezeigt, daß dieser Pumpentyp für solche staubbelasteten Anwendungen hervorragend geeignet ist.
Dampfstrahl‐Vakuumpumpen bei der Stahlentgasung
Authors: Teworte R. , Hinrichs F. , Grave H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDie Entgasung von Stahl ist zur Erzeugung spezieller Stahlqualitäten unabdingbar. Bei diesem Prozeß werden besondere Anforderungen an das Saugvermögen und die Robustheit der eingesetzten Vakuumpumpe gestellt, was zum bevorzugten Einsatz von Dampfstrahl‐Vakuumpumpen führt.
Dünnschichten als Targets für den Schwerionenstrahl
Authors: Lommel B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractZur Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung von Materie mit Materie werden beschleunigte lonen auf ein festes Ziel, das Target, geschossen. Dafür kommen freitragende Schichten von wenigen Nanometern bis zu Zentimetern zum Einsatz. Die freitragenden Dünnschichten werden in Hochvakuumaufdampfanlagen auf Träger und wasserlösliche Zwischenschichten abgeschieden und von diesen abgelöst. Als typische Materialien werden neben Kohlenstoff fast alle Metalle, Übergangselemente und viele Seltene Erden verwendet. Neben der chemischen Reinheit ist oft auch die isotopische Reinheit gefordert.
From engineer to scientist: reinventing invention in the Watt and Faraday centenaries, 1919–31
Authors: MACLEOD CHRISTINE , TANN JENNIFER 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhile important research on the history of scientific commemorations has been published in recent years, relatively little attention has been paid to the commemoration of invention and inventors. A comparison of the centenaries of James Watt's death in 1919 and of Michael Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1931 reveals how the image of the inventor was being refashioned in the early twentieth century. Although shortly after his death Watt had been acclaimed by the Royal Society as a great ‘natural philosopher’, a century later his reputation had been appropriated by the engineering professions and trades. As the title of Dickinson's 1935 biography described him, he was seen primarily as a ‘craftsman and engineer’, not a scientist. With poor publicity, which failed in particular to make any connection between steam power and electricity, the 1919 centenary excited little interest outside engineering circles. Meanwhile, professional scientists, who were seeking financial recognition for the importance of their research in ‘pure’ science, had found a new icon in Michael Faraday. They seized the occasion of the 1931 centenary to reinforce the link between Faraday's scientific research and the wonders of modern electrical technology and thereby to elevate the role of ‘blue-sky’ research over its ‘mere’ application.
Improvement of nutritional status and incidence of infection in hospitalised, enterally fed elderly by feeding of fermented milk containing probioticLactobacillus johnsoniiLa1 (NCC533)
Authors: Fukushima Yoichi , Miyaguchi Shingo , Yamano Toshihiko , Kaburagi Tomoko , Iino Hisakazu , Ushida Kazunari , Sato Kazuto 
Published: July 2007

Probiotics have potential to improve host immunity; however, there is less evidence showing their efficacy against infections and nutritional status in the elderly. We conducted a double-blinded feeding trial in the elderly to elucidate the effect of fermented milk containingLactobacillus johnsoniiLa1 (LC1®) on infections and nutritional status. Twenty-four completely enterally fed elderly in-patients aged over 70 years were randomly assigned into two groups. All subjects were administered 3768 kJ (900 kcal)/d of total enteral nutrition (EN) through tube feeding for 12 weeks. Subjects in the LC1 group were administered 373 kJ (89 kcal)/d of LC1 fermented milk after feeding of 3395 kJ (811 kcal)/d of EN for 12 weeks. In the control group, 373 kJ/d of the same EN was replaced from the fermented milk. In the LC1 group, the percentage of days with infections during the run-in observation period was 15·4 (sd17·3) %, which significantly decreased to 5·7 (sd8·1) % during the intervention period (P = 0·018), and the reduction was larger than that of the control group (P = 0·047). Blood Hb increased (P < 0·05), and there was a tendency towards an increase in serum albumin and a decrease in TNF-α (a pro-inflammatory cytokine) in the LC1 group. There was a trend towards an increase in blood phagocytic activity (a natural immunity marker) in the subjects whose initial level was low in the LC1 group. There were no changes in those parameters in the control group. Administration of fermented milk containing the probioticL. johnsoniiLa1 may contribute to suppressing infections by improving nutritional and immunological status in the elderly.
Beneficial effects of a 5-week low-glycaemic index regimen on weight control and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight non-diabetic subjects
Authors: de Rougemont Alexis , Normand Sylvie , Nazare Julie-Anne , Skilton Michael R. , Sothier Monique , Vinoy Sophie , Laville Martine 
Published: July 2007

The glycaemic index (GI) has been developed in order to classify food according to the postprandial glycaemic response. This parameter is of interest, especially for people prone to glucose intolerance; however, the effects of a low-GI (LGI) diet on body weight, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism remain controversial. We studied the effects of either a LGI or high-GI (HGI) diet on weight control and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight, non-diabetic subjects. The study was a randomized 5-week intervention trial. The thirty-eight subjects (BMI 27·3 (sem0·2) kg/m2) followed an intervention diet in which usual starch was replacedad libitumwith either LGI or HGI starch. Mean body weight decrease was significant in the LGI group ( − 1·1 (sEM0·3) kg,P = 0·004) and was significantly greater than in the HGI group ( − 0·3 (sEM0·2) kg,P = 0·04 between groups). Hunger sensation scales showed a trend towards a decrease in hunger sensation before lunch and dinner in the LGI group when compared with the HGI group (P = 0·09). No significant increase in insulin sensitivity was noticed. The LGI diet also decreased total cholesterol by 9·6 % (P < 0·001), LDL-cholesterol by 8·6 % (P = 0·01) and both LDL-:HDL-cholesterol ratio (10·1 %,P = 0·003) and total:HDL-cholesterol ratio (8·5 %,P = 0·001) while no significant changes were observed in the HGI group. Lowering the GI of daily meals with simple dietary recommendations results in increased weight loss and improved lipid profile and is relatively easy to implement with few constraints. These potential benefits of consuming a LGI diet can be useful to develop practical dietetic advice.
Changes in the phenolic content of low density lipoprotein after olive oil consumption in men. A randomized crossover controlled trial
Authors: Gimeno Eva , de la Torre-Carbot Karina , Lamuela-Raventós Rosa M. , Castellote Ana I. , Fitó Montserrat , de la Torre Rafael , Covas María-Isabel , Carmen López-Sabater M. 
Published: July 2007

Olive oil decreases the risk of CVD. This effect may be due to the fatty acid profile of the oil, but it may also be due to its antioxidant content which differs depending on the type of olive oil. In this study, the concentrations of oleic acid and antioxidants (phenolic compounds and vitamin E) in plasma and LDL were compared after consumption of three similar olive oils, but with differences in their phenolic content. Thirty healthy volunteers participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover, randomized supplementation trial. Virgin, common, and refined olive oils were administered during three periods of 3 weeks separated by a 2-week washout period. Participants were requested to ingest a daily dose of 25 ml raw olive oil, distributed over the three meals of the day, during intervention periods. All three olive oils caused an increase in plasma and LDL oleic acid (P < 0·05) content. Olive oils rich in phenolic compounds led to an increase in phenolic compounds in LDL (P < 0·005). The concentration of phenolic compounds in LDL was directly correlated with the phenolic concentration in the olive oils. The increase in the phenolic content of LDL could account for the increase of the resistance of LDL to oxidation, and the decrease of thein vivooxidized LDL, observed in the frame of this trial. Our results support the hypothesis that a daily intake of virgin olive oil promotes protective LDL changes ahead of its oxidation.
Shang ritual animals: colour and meaning (part 1)
Authors: Tao Wang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper (to be published in two parts in subsequent issues of BSOAS) aims to explore the meaning of colour in Shang rituals. Operating within an established framework of Shang religion and archaeology, it offers a detailed analysis of the evidence found in oracle bone inscriptions. The oracle bone inscriptions from Yinxu, the late capital of the Shang dynasty, can be divided into different diviner schools and subgroups. Part 1 of the paper will examine the inscriptions of the various diviner groups under the kings' school, and will reveal regular patterns in the use of colour.
Transnational theories of order and change: heterodoxy in International Relations scholarship
Authors: PALAN RONEN 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIn this article I argue that the very meaning of ‘inter-national relations’ is emerging as a focus of debate in International Relations, particularly among the critical traditions in the discipline. No longer seen as a mere study of peace and war, IR is viewed as a component of general pan-disciplinary theories or order and change. The international sphere is perceived, accordingly, no longer as a system in its own right, but rather as a gigantic transmission belt, and a huge communication device transmitting and diffusing ideas, practices, rules, norms and institutions throughout the world. The article examines the implications of such an approach on IR theory. In addition, the article revisits the works of Hegel, Marx and the French School of Regulation to demonstrate how they developed an empirical theory of international diffusion.
Happy Anniversary! Time and critique in International Relations theory
Authors: HUTCHINGS KIMBERLY 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAll critical theories lay claim to some kind of account not only of the present of international politics and its relation to possible futures, but also of the role of critical theory in the present and future in international politics. This article argues that if critical international theory is to have a future that lives up to its revolutionary ambition, then it needs to listen more carefully to the voices of postcolonial and feminist critics and take on board the heterotemporality of international politics.
Non-existence of solutions for some nonlinear elliptic equations involving measures
Authors: Orsina L. , Prignet A. 
Published: July 2007

In this paper, we study the non-existence of solutions for the following (model) problem in a bounded open subset Ω of RN:

with Dirichlet boundary conditions, where p > 1, q > 1 and μ is a bounded Radon measure. We prove that if λ is a measure which is concentrated on a set of zero r capacity (p < r ≤ N), and if q > r (p − 1)/(r − p), then there is no solution to the above problem, in the sense that if one approximates the measure λ with a sequence of regular functions fn, and if un is the sequence of solutions of the corresponding problems, then un converges to zero.We also study the non-existence of solutions for the bilateral obstacle problem with datum a measure λ concentrated on a set of zero p capacity,

with u in for every υ in K, finding again that the only solution obtained by approximation is u = 0.
Linear quasi-differential operators in locally integrable spaces on the real line
Authors: Ashurov R. R. , Everitt W. N. 
Published: July 2007

The theory of ordinary linear quasi-differential expressions and operators has been extensively developed in integrable-square Hilbert spaces. There is also an extensive theory of ordinary linear differential expressions and operators in integrable-p Banach spaces.However, the basic definition of linear quasi-differential expressions involves Lebesgue locally integrable spaces on intervals of the real line. Such spaces are not Banach spaces but can be considered as complete locally convex linear topological spaces where the topology is derived from a countable family of semi-norms. The first conjugate space can also be defined as a complete locally convex linear topological space, but now with the topology derived as a strict inductive limit.This paper develops the properties of linear quasi-differential operators in a locally integrable space and the first conjugate space. Conjugate and preconjugate operators are defined in, respectively, dense and total domains.
Solutions for the Cahn—Hilliard equation with many boundary spike layers
Authors: Wei Juncheng , Winter Matthias 
Published: July 2007

In this paper we construct new classes of stationary solutions for the Cahn–Hilliard equation by a novel approach.One of the results is as follows. Given a positive integer K and a (not necessarily non-degenerate) local minimum point of the mean curvature of the boundary, then there are boundary K-spike solutions whose peaks all approach this point. This implies that for any smooth and bounded
domain there exist boundary K-spike solutions.The central ingredient of our analysis is the novel derivation and exploitation of a reduction of the energy to finite dimensions (lemma 3.5), where the variables are closely related to the peak locations.
On Iterated Image Size for Point-Symmetric Relations
Authors: HAMIDOUNE YAHYA OULD 
Published: July 2007

Let Γ =(V,E) be a point-symmetric reflexive relation and let υ ∈ V such that |Γ(υ)| is finite (and hence |Γ(x)| is finite for all x, by the transitive action of the group of automorphisms). Let j ∈ℕ be an integer such that Γj(υ)∩ Γ−(υ)={υ}. Our main result states that
As an application we have |Γj(υ)| ≥ 1+(|Γ(υ)|−1)j. The last result confirms a recent conjecture of Seymour in the case of vertex-symmetric graphs. Also it gives a short proof for the validity of the Caccetta–Häggkvist conjecture for vertex-symmetric graphs and generalizes an additive result of Shepherdson.
Human African trypanosomiasis: pharmacological re‐engagement with a neglected disease
Authors: Barrett M P , Boykin D W , Brun R , Tidwell R R 
Published: July 2007

This review discusses the challenges of chemotherapy for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). The few drugs registered for use against the disease are unsatisfactory for a number of reasons. HAT has two stages. In stage 1 the parasites proliferate in the haemolymphatic system. In stage 2 they invade the central nervous system and brain provoking progressive neurological dysfunction leading to symptoms that include the disrupted sleep wake patterns that give HAT its more common name of sleeping sickness. Targeting drugs to the central nervous system offers many challenges. However, it is the cost of drug development for diseases like HAT, that afflict exclusively people of the world's poorest populations, that has been the principal barrier to new drug development and has led to them becoming neglected. Here we review drugs currently registered for HAT, and also discuss the few compounds progressing through clinical trials. Finally we report on new initiatives that might allow progress to be made in developing new and satisfactory drugs for this terrible disease.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)152, 1155–1171; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707354; published online 9 July 2007
Good statistical practice in pharmacology Problem 1
Authors: Lew M 
Published: July 2007

Background and purpose:This paper is intended to assist pharmacologists in making the most of statistical analysis and in avoiding common errors that can lead to false conclusions.Approach:A scenario is presented where a pathway inhibitor increased blood pressure responses to an agonist by about one third. The fictional experimenter concludes that the inhibitor enhanced the responses to the agonist, but has not applied any statistical analysis. Questions are asked of the reader, and a discussion of the author's answers is presented.Results:The agonist responses have unequal standard errors, as often seen in data like these concentration‐response curves with responses expressed as change from baseline. The uneven variability (heteroscedasticity) violates an assumption of conventional parametric statistical analyses, but can be corrected by data transformation. Expressing the data as absolute blood pressure and then transforming it to log blood pressure eliminated the heteroscedasticity, but made evident an effect of the inhibitor on baseline blood pressure.Conclusions and implications:Statistical analysis is a sensible precaution against mistakes, but cannot protect against all erroneous conclusions. In this scenario, the inhibitor reduced the blood pressure and increased responses to the agonist. However, it is likely that the latter effect was a consequence of the former and thus no conclusion can be safely drawn about any direct interaction between the agonist and the pathway inhibitor from this experiment. Where results are awkward to interpret because of confounding factors such as an altered baseline, statistical analysis may not be very useful in supporting a safe conclusion.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 295–298; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707370; published online 9 July 2007
Statistics in Pharmacology
Authors: Spina D 
Published: July 2007

Statistics is an important tool in pharmacological research that is used to summarize (descriptive statistics) experimental data in terms of central tendency (mean or median) and variance (standard deviation, standard error of the mean, confidence interval or range) but more importantly it enables us to conduct hypothesis testing. This is of particular importance when attempting to determine whether the pharmacological effect of one drug is superior to another which clearly has implications for drug development and getting that next paper published in a respectable journal! Therefore, it is essential for pharmacologists to have an understanding of the uses and abuses of statistics. With this in mind, the British Journal of Pharmacology has commissioned a number of review articles to highlight the uses of statistics in experimental design and analysis.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 291–293; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707371; published online 9 July 2007
Towards a Receptor for Nocistatin?
Authors: Johnson E E , Connor M 
Published: July 2007

Nocistatin is a peptide derived from the pronociceptin precursor, the source of nociceptin, the endogenous ligand for the nociceptin (NOP or ORL1). Despite nocistatin showing activity in a wide range of assays for nociception and other CNS activities, there is a dearth of information regarding the cellular actions of this peptide in the brain, and no receptor for nocistatin has been identified. In a study published in this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Fantin and colleagues demonstrate that nocistatin inhibits 5‐HT release from cortical synaptosomes in a concentration‐dependent and Pertussis toxin‐sensitive manner. The actions of nocistatin are independent of activity at NOP receptors. This study represents the first unambiguous demonstration of nocistatin agonist actions in brain and, taken together with previous work in the spinal cord, provides strong evidence that there is an as yet unidentified G protein‐coupled receptor for nocistatin.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 415–416; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707384; published online 9 July 2007