bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability determination of soy lecithin‐based emulsions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Whittinghill J. M. , Norton J. , Proctor A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe stability of soy lecithin‐stabilized emulsions was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Oilin‐water (o/w) emulsions were prepared with 6% (vol/vol) medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT), 94% (vol/vol) water, and 4% (wt/vol) Lecigran and Lecimulthin soy lecithin. There were little or no differences between the 4% Lecigran and 4% Lecimulthin emulsions for all vibrational regions studied (OH at 3348 cm−1, C=O at 1741 cm−1, PO and C−O−C at 1157 cm−1, and P−O−C at 1101 cm−1), but the control emulsion, without emulsifier, had increased vibrations as the emulsion separated. The weaker vibrations of the more stable emulsions were probably due to reduced molecular interaction at the interface. However, added magnesium or calcium chloride enhanced the vibration of these groups, probably by disrupting the lecithin interaction at the emulsion interface.
Phytosterol accumulation in canola, sunflower, and soybean oils: Effects of genetics, planting location, and temperature
Authors: Vlahakis Chris , Hazebroek Jan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo assess the potential of traditional selection breeding to develop varieties with increased phytosterol content, we determined concentrations of those sterols in canola, sunflower, and soybean seed oils produced from breeding lines of diverse genetic backgrounds. Seed oils were extracted and saponified, and the nonsaponifiable fractions were subjected to silylation. The major phytosterols brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and β‐sitosterol, were quantified by capillary gas chromatography with flame‐ionization detection. Canola contained approximately twice the amount of total phytosterols (4590–8070 μg g−1) as sunflower (2100–4540 μg g−1) or soybean (2340–4660 μg g−1) oils. Phytosterol composition varied among crops as expected, as well as within a crop. Both genetic background and planting location significantly affected total phytosterol concentrations. Soybean plants were maintained from flower initiation to seed maturity under three temperature regimes in growth chambers to determine the effect of temperature during this period on seed oil phytosterol levels. A 2.5‐fold variability in total phytosterol content was measured in these oils (3210–7920 μg g−1). Total phytosterol levels increased with higher temperatures. Composition also changed, with greater percent campesterol and lower percent stigmasterol and β‐sitosterol at higher temperatures. In these soybean oils, total phytosterol accumulation was correlated inversely with total tocopherol levels. Owing to the relatively limited variability in phytosterol levels in seed oils produced under field conditions, it is unlikely that a traditional breeding approach would lead to a dramatic increase in phytosterol content or modified phytosterol composition.
Rheology of vegetable oil analogs and triglycerides
Authors: Geller Daniel P. , Goodrum John W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rheological properties of two complex mixtures of short‐chain triglycerides were experimentally determined. Dynamic or absolute viscosities of the mixtures were measured for shear rates of 0.32 to 64.69 s−1 at temperatures between 25 and 80°C. The compositions of the mixtures were based on the oil of the plant species Cuphea viscosissima VS‐320, a natural source of short‐chain triglycerides. The dynamic viscosities of these mixtures were compared to those of a traditional vegetable oil (peanut oil) and diesel fuel. The results of this comparison were used to make estimates of the performance of such triglyceride mixtures as diesel fuel substitutes, since viscosity can be a key indicator of fuel performance for possible substitute diesel fuels. The crystallization temperatures of these two mixtures were also determined experimentally, and the effects of crystallization on fuel performance were projected. Additionally, the dynamic viscosities of pure triglycerides from C6∶0 to C18∶0 at 75°C were plotted vs. chain length. These viscosities were measured at high shear rates (>6 s−1) where dynamic viscosity is shear‐independent. An obvious trend in the relationship between triglyceride chain length and viscosity was observed. A second‐order regression was used to obtain an equation for this relationship. This equation was used as a model for composition dependence of viscosity. This model was applied to the viscosities of the triglyceride mixtures examined here. There was good agreement between the model and the actual, measured viscosity values determined in this study.
The specific gravity of biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel
Authors: Tat Mustafa E. , Van Gerpen Jon H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe specific gravities of biodiesel and 75, 50, and 20% blends with No. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuels were measured as a function of temperature from the onset of crystallization to 100°C. The results indicate that biodiesel and its blends demonstrate temperature‐dependent behavior that is qualitively similar to the diesel fuels. The temperature dependence of the specific gravity for biodiesel and its blends was compared with the ASTM D 1250‐80 procedure for the temperature correction of hydrocarbon fuels, and the procedure was found to provide accurate corrections. A blending equation was developed that allows the specific gravity of blends to be calculated from the specific gravities of the biodiesel and diesel fuels.
Synthesis of δ‐stearolactone from oleic acid
Authors: Cermak Steven C. , Isbell Terry A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstractδ‐Stearolactone was prepared from oleic acid using concentrated sulfuric acid under various conditions in the presence of polar, nonparticipating solvents. δ‐Stearolactone was formed in as high as 15∶1 ratios over the thermodynamic product, ψ‐lactone, in the presence of methylene chloride, 100% wt/vol, at room temperature with two equivalents of sulfuric acid for 24 h. This procedure is applicable to other olefinic fatty acids such as estolides and fatty acid methyl esters. Temperature plays a role in the regioselectivity of the cyclization for δ‐lactone, as lower temperatures (20°C) gave higher σ/ψ ratios. At higher temperatures (50°C) in the presence of sulfuric acid and methylene chloride the yield of lactone was 75% but with a σ/ψ ratio of only 0.3∶1. Cyclization of oleic acid to lactone also occurred with other acids. Oleic acid underwent reaction with perchloric acid, one equivalent, in the absence of solvent at 50°C, which yielded σ‐lactone in a modest yield with a 3.1 σ/ψ ratio. The same temperature effect was observed with perchloric acid that was observed in the case of sulfiric acid. Because σ‐stearolactone is much more reactive than the corresponding fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or ψ‐lactone, we believe that it will be a useful synthon for many new industrial products including new biodegradable detergents.
Purification of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters from tuna oil with supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Alkio M. , Gonzalez C. , Jäntti M. , Aaltonen O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe technical and economic feasibility of producing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)‐ and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)‐ethyl ester concentrates from transesterified tuna oil using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was studied. A systematic experimental procedure was used to find the optimal values for process parameters and the maximal production rate. DHA ester concentrates up to 95 wt% purity were obtained in one chromatographic step with SFC, using CO2 as the mobile phase at 65°C and 145 bar and octadecyl silane‐type reversed‐phase silica as the stationary phase. DHA ester, 0.85 g/(kg stationary phase · h) and 0.23 g EPA ester/(kg stationary phase · h) can be simutaneously produced at the respective purities of 90 and 50 wt%. The process for producing 1,000 kg DHA concentrate and 410 kg EPA concentrate per year requires 160 kg stationary phase and 2.6 tons/h carbon dioxide eluant recycle. The SFC operating cost is U.S. $550/kg DHA and EPA ethyl ester concentrate.
Characterization of lipoxygenase extracts from Penicillum sp.
Authors: Perraud Xavier , Kermasha Selim 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBiomasses of Penicillium camemberti and P. roqueforti strains were grown and harvested after 10 d of incubation, a period that corresponded to the maximal dry weight of mycelium as well as to lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. Partially purified LOX extracts were obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation of the crude enzymatic extracts that had been recovered from the biomasses. The partially purified LOX extracts exhibited a preferential specificity toward free fatty acids, including linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids, rather than fatty acid acylglycerols, including mono‐, di‐, and trilinolein. The Km and Vmax values of LOX activity were investigated. Normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses showed that the LOX activity of the microbial extracts converted linoleic acid mainly into the corresponding 9‐ and 13‐hydroperoxides (HPOD). However, the production of a significant proportion of 10‐HPOD, ranging from 4 to 9% of the total HPOD, was also demonstrated. In addition, the enantiomeric ratios of the 9‐ and 13‐HPOD produced were determined at both pH optima by chiral‐phase HPLC. The results indicated that an almost racemic mixture had been obtained which can be related to either low enantioselectivity of LOX or the presence of isozymes showing complementary enantioselectivity.
Continuous production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oil using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase
Authors: Watanabe Yomi , Shimada Yuji , Sugihara Akio , Noda Hideo , Fukuda Hideki , Tominaga Yoshio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCandida antarctica lipase is inactivated in a mixture of vegetable oil and more than 1∶2 molar equivalent of methanol against the total fatty acids. We have revealed that the inactivation was eliminated by three successive additions of 1∶3 molar equivalent of methanol and have developed a three‐step methanolysis by which over 95% of the oil triacylglycerols (TAG) were converted to their corresponding methyl esters (ME). In this study, the lipase was not inactivated even though 2∶3 molar equivalent of methanol was present in a mixture of acylglycerols (AG) and 33% ME (AG/ME33). This finding led to a two‐step methanolysis of the oil TAG: The first‐step was conducted at 30°C for 12 h with shaking in a mixture of the oil, 1∶3 molar equivalent of methanol, and 4% immobilized lipase; the second‐step reaction was done for 24 h after adding 2∶3 molar equivalent of methanol (36 h in total). The two‐step methanolysis achieved more than 95% of conversion. When two‐step reaction was repeated by transferring the immobilized lipase to a fresh substrate mixture, the enzyme could be used 70 cycles (105 d) without any decrease in the conversion. From the viewpoint of the industrial production of biodiesel fuel production, the two‐step reaction was conducted using a reactor with impeller. However, the enzyme carrier was easily destroyed, and the lipase could be used only several times. Thus, we attempted flow reaction using a column packed with immobilized Candida lipase. Because the lipase packed in the column was drastically inactivated by feeding a mixture of AG/ME33 and 2∶3 molar equivalent of methanol, three‐step flow reaction was performed using three columns packed with 3.0 g immobilized lipase. A mixture of vegetable oil and 1∶3 molar equivalent of methanol was fed into the first column at a constant flow rate of 6.0 mL/h. The eluate and 1∶3 molar equivalent of methanol were mixed and then fed into the second column at the same flow rate. The final step reaction was done by feeding a mixture of eluate from the second column and 1∶3 molar equivalent of methanol at the same flow rate. The ME content in the final‐step eluate reached 93%, and the lipase could be used for 100 d without any decrease in the conversion.
Alkali‐catalyzed alcoholysis of crambe oil and camelina oil for the preparation of long‐chain esters
Authors: Steinke Georg , Schönwiese Stefanie , Mukherjee Kumar D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe alcoholysis of crambe and camelina oils was carried out with oleyl alcohol, alcohols derived from crambe and camelina oils, and n‐octanol using potassium hydroxide as catalyst to prepare alkyl esters. Conversions to alkyl esters were about 0% with oleyl alcohol, 20–45% with crambe and camelina alcohols, and 60% with n‐octanol. The conversion to esters for crambe and camelina oil with oleyl alcohol and n‐octanol increased with increasing molar excess of alcohol. Composition of the alkyl esters formed was as expected from the composition of the reaction partners.
Antigenicity in soybean hypocotyls and its reduction by twin‐screw extrusion
Authors: Saitoh Sanshiroh , Urushibata Masumi , Ikuta Kazuya , Fujimaki Atsuko , Harada Hiroshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to develop a simple method to make a low‐antigenicity food and/or feed rich in isoflavones from soybean hypocotyls. The antigenicity of soybean hypocotyls for bovine antisoybean sera was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Immunoblotting demonstrated that the antigenicity was derived from storage proteins, which were present in hypocotyls as glycinin and β‐conglycinin, and from unknown proteins. Ground soybean hypocotyls (32‐mesh sieve size) were passed through a twin‐screw extruder to reduce the antigenicity to 1% of the original activity. The degradation of antigen proteins in soybean products was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Trypsin inhibitor and urease activity were also greatly reduced. The concentrations of isoflavones were unaffected.
Functionality of dialyzed soybean extract
Authors: Kitabatake Naofumi , Fujita Yuki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe soybean extract that was dialyzed against distilled and deionized water and adjusted to pH 7.5 (dialyzed soybean extract; d‐SE) gave a transparent liquid after heating. The heated d‐SE had less beany flavor and formed a translucent gel by heating again with 0.2 M NaCl. Gelation occurred at a lower protein concentration with NaCl than that of the original soybean extract. The dynamic viscoelasticity showed that the translucent gel from the heated d‐SE was melted and gelled by the repetition of heating and cooling, indicating reversible gelsol transition. Cryoprecipitation could be avoided by the heating of d‐SE. A gel was formed at 30°C by incubation of d‐SE with NaCl. These properties of soybean extract may offer new applications as a food ingredient.
Comparison of supercritical fluid and solvent extraction methods in extracting γ‐oryzanol from rice bran
Authors: Xu Zhimin , Godber J. Samuel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOrganic solvents were compared with supercritical CO2 relative to efficiency for extracting lipid and γ‐oryzanol from rice bran. A solvent mixture with 50% hexane and 50% isopropanol (vol/vol) at a temperature of 60°C for 45–60 min produced the highest yield (1.68 mg/g of rice bran) of γ‐oryzanol among organic solvents tested. The yield of γ‐oryzanol without saponification was approximately two times higher (P<0.05) than that with saponification during solvent extraction. However, the yield (5.39 mg/g of rice bran) of γ‐oryzanol in supercritical fluid extraction under a temperature of 50°C, pressure of 68,901 kPa (680 atm), and time of 25 min was approximately four times higher than the highest yield of solvent extraction. Also, a high concentration of γ‐oryzanol in extract (50–80%) was obtained by collecting the extract after 15–20 min of extraction under optimized conditions.
Continuous production of fatty acids from palm olein by immobilized lipase in a two‐phase system
Authors: H‐Kittikun Aran , Prasertsan Poonsuk , Sungpud Chatchai 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCommercial lipases were tested for the ability to hydrolyze palm olein in isooctane in a two‐phase system. Lipase OF (from Candida rugosa) showed the highest specific activity of 209 U/mg protein where 1 U is the amount of lipase enzyme required to produce 1 μmol of fatty acid (as palmitic acid) per minute. The enzyme was adsorbed completely on Accurel EP 100 (particle size <200 μm) with 20.5% activity retained. The soluble and the immobilized lipase OF showed optimal activity at the same pH and temperature (pH 6.5–7.5 and 35°C). However, the immobilized lipase had a wider range of pH and higher temperature stability. Continuous hydrolysis of palm olein was performed in a packed‐bed reactor with 656 U of immobilized enzyme. The substrate (20% palm olein in isooctane) and Tris/maleate buffer were fed concurrently at the flow rates of 0.08 and 0.04 mL/min, respectively. The system gave a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 90–100% for up to 250 h. A more stable system allowing for more than 300 h operation at DH>95% was achieved by mixing the immobilized enzyme with 1000–1500 μm Accurel EP100 to increase the system porosity and continuous feeding of the aqueous phase recycling from the product mixture. A similar result was also obtained using 1007 U of the immobilized enzyme and 60% palm olein in isooctane fed at 0.06 mL/min.
Rapid method for determining moisture content in crude palm oil by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Che Man Y. B. , Mirghani M. E. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple, rapid, and direct Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method was developed for the determination of moisture content of crude palm oil (CPO). The calibration set was prepared by adding double‐distilled water to dried CPO in ratios (w/w) between 0 and 13% moisture. A partial least squares (PLS) regression technique was employed to construct a calibration model followed by cross‐validation step. The accuracy of this method was comparable to the accuracy of the American Oil Chemists' Society's vacuum oven method, which is used for determination of moisture and volatile matter, with mean difference (MDa) of 0.0105, a coefficient of determination (R2) and a standard error of calibration (SEC) of 0.9781 and 0.91, respectively. It is also comparable to the accuracy of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's distillation method with MDa, R2, and SEC of 0.0695, 0.9701, and 0.65, respectively. The study showed that midband FTIR spectroscopy combined with the PLS regression calibration technique is rapid and accurate for determination of moisture content of CPO samples with a total analysis time of less than 2 min and less than 2 mL of sample.
Analysis of the induction period of oxidation of edible oils by differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Šimon P. , Kolman Ĺ. , Niklová I. , Schmidt Š. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOxidation of rapeseed and sunflower oils has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry under non‐isothermal conditions and by Oxidograph under isothermal conditions for various temperatures. The parameters of an Arrhenius‐like equation describing the temperature dependence of induction period have been obtained. A new method for evaluation of the parameters from nonisothermal diffential scanning calorimetry measurements, based on the dependence of onset temperature of the oxidation peak on heating rate, is presented. It has been shown that the method gives parameters not affected by systematic errors. These can be used in modeling the oxidation process where the effects of oxygen diffusion, heat transfer, and evolution of reaction heat are explicity involved. The results obtained by differential scanning calorimetry are compared with the Oxidograph measurements. The discrepancies between the results obtained by the two methods are accounted for by oxygen diffusion within the samples.
Effects of frying and storage on cholesterol oxidation in minced meat products
Authors: Larkeson B. , Dutta P. C. , Hansson I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe presence of cholesterol oxidation products (COP) in the diet is a health concern for their various known adverse effects. It is important that the generation of COP be assessed during different stages of production, handling, and storage of meats and meat products so that relevant measures can be taken to minimize the production of COP. In a preliminary study, we investigated the content of COP in the lipids of raw meatballs (50% prok+50% beef), prefried meatballs (50% pork +50% beef), raw hamburger (100% beef), and prefried burger (50% pork+50% beef). Six of the common COP, viz 7α‐ and 7β‐hydroxycholesterol, 7‐ketocholesterol, 5α,6α‐epoxycholestanol, 5β,6β‐epoxycholestanol, and cholestanetriol, were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC‐mass spectroscopy. The total content of these COP was in the range of 7 to 10 μg/g lipids in raw meatballs, prefried meat balls, and raw hamburger, after frying these samples for consumption. The prefried hamburger had ca. 8μg/g lipids of the total COP before frying, and this amount increased to 29 μg/g lipids after frying. During the storage of this fried sample, the total COP increased to 42 and 50 μg/g lipids, after 1 and 2 wk of storage, respectively. The results of this study show that freshly prepared meat products are a minor source of COP in the diet. However, if semiprepared frozen meat products are fried once and then stored for future consumption, the levels of COP can increase considerably, and this may be of concern for certain groups of consumers.
Pinoresinol and 1‐acetoxypinoresinol, two new phenolic compounds identified in olive oil
Authors: Brenes Manuel , Hidalgo Francisco J. , García Aranzazu , Rios José J. , García Pedro , Zamora Rosario , Garrido Antonio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolyphenols of olive oil show autoprotective, sensory, and nutritional‐therapeutic effects. Two new phenolic compounds have been isolated from virgin olive oils by preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography and their structures established on the basis of their mass spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. The compounds identified are the lignans pinoresinol and 1‐acetoxypinoresinol. Both have been found in all the commercial virgin olive oils analyzed. Pinoresinol concentration was rather similar in all the oils. In contrast, 1‐acetoxypinoresinol concentration was higher in oils of the Arbequina and Empeltre cultivars than in Picual or Picudo cultivars. Pinoresinol and 1‐acetoxypinoresinol may represent the major phenolic compounds in some Arbequina and Empeltre oils. Lignans possess biological and pharmacological properties and, therefore, the two new compounds identified in olive oils may contribute to the reported beneficial effects which are attributed to polyphenols on human health of a diet rich in olive oil.
Production of structured lipids by lipase‐catalyzed interesterification in a flat membrane reactor
Authors: Xu X. , Balchen S. , Jonsson G. , Adler‐Nissen J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe application of membrane technology to the enzymatic production of specific structured lipids has been investigated in this work. Membrane screening was carried out in a membrane diffusion cell. Twenty‐six flat membranes of different materials were tested using rapeseed oil and capric acid. The suitable membranes were selected in terms of higher fatty acid and lower rapeseed oil permeation rates. The stability of membranes and the effect of fatly acid chain length on effluent fluxes were also investigated. Reaction experiments were carried out in a membrane reactor between medium‐chain triacylglycerols and n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fish oil. Lipozyme IM was used as the biocatalyst. The incorporation of PUFA into medium‐chain triacylglycerols was increased by about 15% in a PUFA 90‐h reaction by simultaneous separation of the released medium‐chain fatty acids, compared to no separation under the same reaction conditions. It has thus clearly been demonstrated that membrane‐assisted separation improved the incorporation of acyl donors into oils beyond the reaction equilibrium defined by the original substrate concentration.