bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flue‐cured tobacco yield and quality as affected by weed control methods*
Authors: HAUSER E. W. , MILES J. D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungUncontrolled weeds reduced tobacco yields by 26% over a 4‐year period, caused substantial changes in the grade distribution, significantly reduced the price index and affected the chemical composition of flue‐cured tobacco (cultivar Hicks). Treatments with diphenamid, pebulate, or benfluralin‐pubulate visibly injured transplanted tobacco. After diphenamid treatment, tobacco generally did not differ from the cultivated controls in yield or gross dollar returns. In contrast, the mixture of benfluralin‐pebulate increased dollar returns per hectare. The most striking differences followed pebulate applied alone which increased tobacco yields, significantly increased dollar returns, and elevated the levels of total nitrogen and alkaloids in tobacco leaves. All herbicide treatments tended to improve the grading quality of Hicks tobacco. Effets du disherbage sur le rendement et la qualité du tabac séchéè I'air chaud Les mauvaises herbes non détruites ont provoqué, sur une période de 4 ans une réduction de 25% des récoltes de tabac, provoquant des changeinents importants dans la répartition des catégories, une réduction significative de l'index des prix et une modification de la composition chimique du tabac séchéè I'air chaud (cultivar ‘Hicks’). Des traitements avec le diphénamide, le pébulate, ou le mélange benfluraline‐prébulate ont provoquée des dommages visibles sur des tabacs repiqués. Le tabac, après un traitement au diphénamide ne donnait généralement pas des rendements différents des témoins, ni en production, ni en rentabilité brute. Au con‐traire, le mélange benfluraline‐pébulate augmenta le revenu brut è l'hectare. Les différences les plus frappantes furent obtenues après application du pébulate seul, lequel augmenta la production ainsi que le revenu brut (significativement) et releva les niveaux d'azote total et d'alcaloïdes dans les feuilles de tabac. Tous les traitements herbicides eurent tendance è augmenter la qualité du tabac ‘Hicks’. Der Einfluss der Unkrautbekämpfung auf Ertrag und Qualität von röhrengetrocknetem Tabak Über eine Versuchszeit von 4 Jahren führte Verunkrautung zu 26% Minderertrag, verursachte wesentliche Veränderungen in den Güteklassen, verringerte deutlich den Preisindex und veränderte die chemische Zusammensetzung von röhrengetrocknetem (flue‐cured) Tabak (Sorte Hicks). Behandlungen mit Diphenamid, Pebulate oder Benfluralin‐Pebulate führten bei gepflanztem Tabak zu sichtbaren Schäden. Der Dollar‐Rohertrag war beim mit Diphenamid behandelten Tabak und beim Tabak in Unbehandelt im allgemeinen gleich hoch. Dagegen wurde das Einkommen durch die Mischung Benfluralin‐Pebulate erhöht. Der auffälligste Unterschied oirde durch alleinige Anwendung von Pebulate erzielt, was sich in höheren Tabak‐ und Dollarerträgen und höheren Gehalten an Stickstoff und Alkaloiden in den Tabakblättern niederschlug. Alle Herbizidbehandlungen verbesserten die Güteklasse von Hicks‐Tabak.
The control of wild oats in wheat by winter fallowing and summer cropping
Authors: PHILPOTTS H. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungThe density of wild oats in subsequent wheat crops in the northern wheat belt of New South Wales, Australia was measured after 1, 2 and 3 years of winter fallowing and summer cropping. The effect of wild oat population on wheat establishment and yield was also measured. One winter fallow resulted in a 96·6% reduction (from 93·3 to 3·2 plants/m2) in the wild oat population present in the subsequent wheat crop. Two consecutive winter fallows reduced the wild oat density to less than 0·2 plants/m2 but a third year without wheat gave no additional decrease. Wheat establishment was only affected by very high wild oat densities. Wild oats reduced wheat yields by up to 77% and a highly significant negative relationship was found between wheat yield and wild oat density. La jachère hivernale et la récolte esticale, moyens de hitte contre la folle‐avoine dans le blè. La densité de la folle‐avoine dans des cultures de blé suivantes dans la région céréalière au nord de la Nouvelie Galle du Sud, en Australie, a été mesurée après une, deux ou trois années de jachère hivernale et de récolte estivale. L'effet de la population de folle‐avoine sur l'implantation du blé et sur son rendement a étéégalement évalué. Une jachère hivemale a provoqué une réduction de 96,6% (de 93,3 è 3,2 plantes au m2) de la population de folle‐avoine présente dans la culture de blé suivante. Deux jachères hivernales consécutives ont réduit la densité de la folle‐avoine è moins de 0,2 plantes au m2, mais une troisième année sans blé n'a pas donné de diminution supplémentaire. L'implantation du blé a été affectée seulement par des densités trés élevées de folle‐avoine. La folle‐avoine a réduit les récoltes de blé dans des proportions allant jusquè 77% et une relation négative hautement significative a été constatée entre le rendement du blé et la densité de la folle‐avoine. Die Bekämpfung von Flughafer in Weizen durch Winterbrache und Anbau von Sommerung Es wurde die Besatzdichte von Flughafer bei aufeinanderfolgendem Weizenanbau in New South Wales. Australien, nach einem, zwei und drei Jahren Winterbrache und Anbau von SommtTung festgestellt. Desgleichen wurde die Aus‐wirkung des Flughaferbesalzes auf die Enlwicklung und den Ertrag des Weizens erfasst. Eine Winterbrache bewirkte einen Ruckgang des Flughafers im danach angebauten Weizen um 96·6% (von 93·3 auf 3·2 Pflanzen je m2). Zwei Winterbrachen hinlereinander verminderlen den Besatz auf weniger als 0·2 Pflanzen je m2, aber ein drittes Jahr ohne Weizenanbau verursachte keinen weiteren Rückgang. Die Entwicklung des Weizens wurde nur bei sehr hohen Flughafcrdichten beein‐trächtigt. Flughafer verminderte die Weizenerlrage bis zu 77% und zwischen Weizenertrag und Flughaferdichte wurde eine hoch signifikante negative Korrelation festgestellt.
Effect of 2,4,5‐T and picloram on the regeneration of blackberry (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell) from root segments
Authors: RICHARDSON R. G. , AMOR R. L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungThe formation of roots and shoots on root segments of Rubus procerus P.J. Muell was prevented by soaking the segments for 24 h in a 10−4M solution of 2,4,5‐T or a 10−5M solution of picloram. Shoot numbers were significantly increased after treatment with 10−9M and 10−10M 2,4,5‐T, but picloram did not cause a significant increase in shoot numbers. Measurement of the concentration of 2,4,5‐T in the extracambial tissue showed that roots treated with 10−4M 2,4,5‐T contained 5× 10−8 mmole 2,4,5‐T per mg dry weight, and by extrapolation, roots treated with 10−9M 2,4,5‐T contained 2× 10−10 mmole/mg dry weight. Action du 2,4,5‐T et du piclorame sur la régénération de la ronce (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell) è partir de fragments de racinesLa formation de racines et de tiges è partir de fragments de racines dc Ruhus procerus P.J. Muell a été supprimée par trempage des fragmenls pendant 24 heures dans une solution a 10−4M et de 2.4,5‐T, ou dans une solution 10−5M de piclorame. Le nombre de pousses s'est accru significativement après traitement avec le 2,4,5.‐T è 10−9M et 10−10M, mais le piclorame n'a pas provoqué d'accroissemcnt significatif du nombre de pousses. La mesure de la concentration de 2,4,5‐T dans le tissu extra‐cambial a montré que les racines trailées avec du 2,4,5‐T è 10−4M contenaient 5×10−8 mmole de 2.4,5‐T par mg de poids sec et par extrapolation, quc les racines traitées avec du 2,4,5‐T k 10−9M devaient contenir 2 × 10−12 mmole/mg de poids sec. Die Wirkiing von 2,4,5‐T und Picloram auf den Wuchs der Wurzehegmenten von Bromheeren (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell).Die Bildung von Wurzeln und Sprossen aus Wurzelsegmen‐ten von Ruhu.i procerus P.J. Muell wurde durch 24‐stündiges Einlegen der Wurzelstücke in 10−4M 2,4,5‐T bzw 10−5M Picloram verhindert. Die Anzahl neugebiideter Sprosse wurde nach Einlegen in 10−9M und 10−10M 2,4,5‐T, nicht jedoch durch Picloram, signifikant erhöht. Im extracambialen Gewebe von Wurzeln, die mit 10−4M 2,4,5‐T behand‐elt worden waren, wurden 5×10−8mMol 2,4,5‐T je mg Trockengewiclu bestimmt. Durch Extrapolation wurde ermittclt. dass mit 10−9M 2,4,5‐T behandelte Wurzeln 2× 10−12mMol/mg Trockengewicht cnthielten.
Growth of seedlings of Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. and Agrostis gigantea Roth in cereal crops
Authors: Williams E. D. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryExperiments were undertaken to define the conditions under which seeds and seedlings of Agropyron repens and Agrostis gigantea may start infestations in cereal crops.When seedlings were planted early or late in spring wheat and spring barley, most growth of shoots and rhizomes was produced by Agropyron planted early in wheat. Late planting halved the amount of shoot growth and severely inhibited rhizome formation. In winter wheat given a moderate or zero amount of nitrogen fertilizer in spring, growth of the weed seedlings was slow. Rhizomes were not produced during the time the crop was growing but only after harvest. Agrostis made more growth than Agropyron in most treatments throughout most of the experiment. Late planting decreased growth more than in the spring cereals. Nitrogen fertilizer, although it had little effect on the amount of growth made by winter wheat, increased the growth of the early‐planted seedlings but decreased that of the late‐planted ones of both weed species. When planted into plots given nitrogen, more seedlings of both species died after late than after early planting.Clearly, the amount of growth and rhizome produced by seedlings of these two species will depend on the type of cereal, the time of emergence of the seedlings in relation to the cereal, and on other factors affecting the relative vigour of cereal and weed. Evidently, where the weed seedlings emerge early in weakly or moderately competitive cereal crops or when growth is unchecked in the cereal stubble, seedlings could give rise to infestations.
Genetic variation in herbicide resistance in scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz Bip.) I. Differences between populations in response to MCPA
Authors: Ellis M. , KAY Q. O. N. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryExperiments are described in which plants from six different populations of the outbreeding annual weed Tripleitrospermum inodorum were grown with barley in field plots and sprayed with 4‐chloro‐2‐melhyIphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) at a number of doses. The populations showed significant differences in reduction of weight, the most resistant population having an ED50 of 181 ± 36·9 mg/m2 a.e. MCPA, 2·49 limes as great as the ED50 of the least resistant population. In a second experiment in which plants from these two populations were again grown with barley in field plots and sprayed with several doses of MCPA at three different stages of growth, their resistance to MCPA was found to differ consistently at all three stages of growth, the more resistant population having a mean LD50 of 1103 ± 161·5 mg/m2 a.e. MCPA, 2·09 times as great as the mean LD50 of the less resistant population. The populations were similar in other respects. The differences in the spraying histories of the two populations were consistent with the supposition that the differences in resistance to MCPA had resulted from natural selection for MCPA resistance in the more intensively sprayed population, but other processes may also have been involved.
Genetic variation in herbicide resistance in scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Schultz Bip.) II. Intraspeciffc variation in response to ioxynil and MCPA, and the role of spray retention characteristics
Authors: ELLIS M. , KAY Q. O. N. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryForty‐eight populations of Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.), Schultz Bip. (scentless mayweed) were collected from southern Britain and northern France between 1970 and 1972 and screened simultaneously for resistance to the herbicides ioxynil and MCPA. The mean fresh weights per plant in different population samples sprayed with ioxynil at 28 mg/m2 a.i. ranged from 2·2 to 39·5% of those of the corresponding controls, with a mean for all populations of 20·0 ± 1·09%, and the mean fresh weights per plant in different population samples sprayed with MCPA at 175 mg/m2 a.e. ranged from 10·3 to 60·1% of those of the corresponding controls, with a mean for all populations of 43·0 ± 1·60%. Resistance to ioxynil differed significantly between populations from different geographic areas but showed no correlation with spraying history. Resistance to MCPA also differed significantly between populations from different geographic areas, and showed a strong positive correlation with ioxynil resistance, but MCPA resistance was significantly greater in populations with a history of heavy spraying than in other populations. Spray retention and other physical characteristics were measured in six populations, but showed no correlation with herbicide resistance. It is suggested that most of the differences in herbicide resistance between populations of T. inodorum are side effects of genotypic differentiation in physiological characters not directly related to herbicide resistance, but that there has been some direct selection for resistance to MCPA.
Effects of herbicides or mowing on musk thistle seed production*
Authors: McCARTY M.K. , HATTING JOHN L. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryMowing musk thistle(Carduus nutansL.) within 2 days of the first terminal heads in a plant population showing anthesis eliminated the production of germinable seed from all mowed stalks. Mowing later than 4 days after anthesis led to significant amounts of germinable seed being produced. Regrowth, which produced viable seed, usually occurred from plants mowed before first terminal heads began anthesis. A single mowing usually did not give satisfactory control due to wide differences in the maturity of plants in a natural population. When the terminal heads had reached late bud or more mature stages, 2,4‐D ester [isoocyt] ester of (2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] at M kg/ha or 2–2 kg/ha did not provide satisfactory control. In general, the most effective herbicide treatments tested at all three stages of maturity were dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐o‐anisic acid) at 056 kg/ha plus 2,4‐D amine (dimethyl amine salt) at M kg/ha, 2,4‐D ester at 4–4 kg/ha, or dicamba at 0–56 kg/ha. Inconsistent control of musk thistle results from variability within naturally occurring populations. Uneven development of stands as well as variation among plants are suggested as possible causes.
The hydrolysis of herbicidal phenoxyalkanoic esters to phenoxyalkanoic acids in Saskatchewan soils
Authors: SMITH ALLAN E. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The hydrolysis of the iso‐propyl, n‐butyl‐and iso‐octyl esters of 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5‐T), the n‐bytyl ester of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4‐DB) and the iso‐octyl ester of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxypropionic acid (2,4‐DP) was studied in four prairie soils of differing textures and pH at 25±1°C. The esters were analysed using gas chromatography.After 24 h in soils at wilting point moisture, and above, less than 20% of the applied iso‐propyl and n‐butyl esters could be recovered from one soil type and none from the remaining three. Loss of the iso‐cotyl esters was slower; however, no trace of the 2,4,5‐T and 2,4‐DP esters was observed in any of the moist soils after 48 and 72 h respectively. In all cases loss of all esters from air‐dried soils minimal.The phenoxyalkanoic acid hydrolysis products were recovered from all soil types, treated with the various esters and identified using thin‐layer chromatography.
Persistence of methazole activity in soil
Authors: BOND W. , ROBERTS H. A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Methazole [2‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolidine‐3,5‐dione] was applied post‐emergence at 2‐1 kg/ha to crops of onion (Allium cepa L.) grown on a sandy loam and the activity present in the surface 0–5 cm of soil assessed by bioassay. In spring‐sown crops, activity at harvest varied from 25 to 78% of the initial acitivity in different years; losses were restricted by low temperature and low rainfall. In autumn‐sown crops, little loss occurred during winter and most of the activity remained in the surface 0‐5 cm. The results emphasize the need for caution in choice and timing of following crops.
Improvement in selectivity of perfluidone against Rottboellia exaltata in maize with herbicide protectants
Authors: BLAIR A. M. , DEAN M. L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:In glasshouse experiments 1,8‐naphthalic anhydride (NA) and N,N‐diallyl‐2,2‐dichloroacctamide (R 25788) were investigated in combination with perfluidone for the control of Rottboellia exaltata Linn. F. in maize. Both protectants were used as seed dressings and R 25788 also as a spray mixture with the herbicide.Surface application of the herbicide generally resulted in greater crop damage than incorporation. The protectants caused no damage than used alone. Both compounds greatly reduced crop damage from perfluidone treatments. In most experiments protection with NA was better and more reliable than with R 25788. Even when kept until flowering no adverse effect at later stages of growth were noted.Good control of R. exaltata was achieved in all trials where perfluidone was applied to the soil surface. Incorporation reduced activity. Mixtures of R 25788 with the herbicide did not significantly protect the weed.Field treatments to improve the tolerance of maize to perfluidone while controlling a wide range of weeds arc suggested.
Chlorophyll production and chloroplast development in norflurazon‐treated plants
Authors: DEVLIN ROBERT M. , KISIEL MARIAN J. , KARCZMARCZYK STANISLAW J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The chlorophyll production of wheat (Triticum vulgare L. cv. Mericopa), corn (Zea mays L. cv. Everta), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Saranac), treated with the herbicide 4‐chloro‐5‐methylamino‐2‐(3‐trifluoro‐methylphenyl)pyridazin‐ 3‐one (norflurazon) and grown under high light intensity (10 760 lux) was markedly reduced. Corn and wheat seedlings germinated and grown for 7 days in an agar medium containing 1 mg/1 norflurazon were almost completely bleached. Alfalfa was even more sensitive to norflurazon, 0.1 mg/1 causing almost complete chlorosis. Under low light intensity (10.76 lux) the influence of norflurazon on chlorophyll production was greatly reduced. It is thought that norflurazon inhibits carotenoid synthesis leaving the chlorophyll of the plant subject to photooxidation. Electron micrographs of chloroplasts from green, partially bleached, and bleached areas of corn leaves treated with norflurazon indicate that the herbicide causes progressive deterioration of the lamellar system.
Influence of field‐applied linuron and paraquat on the microflora of an organic soil
Authors: MATHUR S. P. , BELANGER A. , KHAN S. U. , HAMILTON H. A. , GREENHALGH R. , MACMILLAN K. A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:In a field experiment on an organic soil, a pre‐emergence application of paraquat at 2–24 kg a.i. (active ingredient)/ha was made to a plot on which onions and lettuce were grown; and similar broadcast applications of linuron, both with and without carbofuran, at two field rates, to plots on which carrots were grown. Paraquat generally increased the bacterial and actinomycetal populations while linuron inhibited the same but enhanced the numbers of fungal propagules, although it decreased the proportion of soil penicillia in the population. The overall effect of linuron was not changed by the admixture of carbofuran. However, the changes in microbial populations by either herbicides were not substantial enough to make gross or lasting differences in levels of available N and P, and in the CO2 evolution rate.
Factors effecting the performance of metoxuron and chlortoluron in controlling blackgrass in winter wheat
Authors: BANTING J. D. , RICHARDSON W.G. , HOLROYD J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) was controlled by 2 kg/ha of metoxuron in glasshouse trials while winter wheat, cultivar Cappelle Desprez, tolerated 4 kg/ha. Blackgrass was controlled by 1.2 kg/ha of chlortoluron. Winter wheat previously damaged by freezing was injured by 2.5 kg/ha of chlortoluron applied at an early stage. Seedlings not exposed to freezing were not damaged by 2.5 kg/ha applied at the 4‐ and 5‐leaf stage.Breakdown of chlortoluron and metoxuron in the soil was attributed, in part, to microbial action. More than one‐third of the chlortoluron applied at 2 kg/ha disappeared in 6 weeks when applied in early spring while one half disappeared in 3 weeks when applied 2 months later. The bioassay, used to determine the amount of chlortoluron or metoxuron in the soil, was found to be adequate for metoxuron in only one of three soils.The bioassay results, for both herbicides, were affected by the addition of calcium carbonate to the soil, by sterilization of the soil, and by leaching. In comparisons of results in two sandy loams and a clay loam, the observed differences could not be altogether accounted for by differences in pH nor by changes in adsorption of metoxuron. When perennial ryegrass was grown in sandy loam, and treated with metoxuron before or after emergence, different watering regimes did not give any difference in weight of top growth.
Quelques aspects de la physiologie des radis (Raphanus sativus L.) traités par la simazine
Authors: GNANARETHINAM JOHN L. 
Published: July 2006

Résumé:l'influence de la simazine sur l'évolution de l'azote chez le radis (Raphanus sativus L.) a étéétudiée en considérant le métabolisme de l'azote total et la synthèse des proténes. Dans les racines et les pétioles, l'azote total a peu évolué alors qu'il augmente notablement dans les limbes vers les 5ème et 6ème jours après le traitement, diminue ensuite tout en restant supérieur au taux initial, puis se stabilise jusqu'à la mort de la plante. Les radis traités par la simazine absorbent plus d'azote que le témoin. l'étude de l'azote protéique, de l'azote organique soluble et de l'azote nitrique a montré que la simazine n'agissait pas sur la protéosynthèse.Une expérience faite avec de l'azote marquée 15N a montré que la plante absorbe préférentiellement les nitrates.
Ultrastructural changes in leaf and needle segments treated with herbicides containing picloram
Authors: AYLING R.D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The herbicide Tordon 50D (picloram+2,4‐D) affected the integrity of the nucleus and cell membranes in Pinus radiata needle segments and caused the swelling of internal chloro plast membranes and the eventual disintegration of the chloroplasts. Tordon 22K (picloram) only affected chloro plast structure.Both herbicides had similar adverse effects on cell membranes and chloroplasts of Eucalyptus viminalis.
Observations on the influence of orchard soil management on simazine movement
Authors: ATKINSON D. , ALLEN J. G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The concentration of simazine in surface soil was determined on two occasions at a number of sites in a 2‐year‐old apple orchard under either conventional herbicide strip or overall herbicide soil management. There was no evidence of simazine re‐distribution in conventional herbicide strips. With overall herbicide management there was evidence of the movement of simazine from much of the area of the orchard and its accumulation in either small erosion channels or deposition areas. This was prevented by a thin litter of straw spread over the soil surface.