bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
METAL POROSIMETER FOR DETERMINING THE PORE VOLUME OF HIGHLY VITRIFIED WARE1
Authors: Navias Louis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA metal porosimeter of the McLeod‐Gage type has been developed for use in determining the porosity of highly vitrified ware. The glass capillary is welded directly on to the 20% chrome‐steel metal cap. The metal construction gives a rugged apparatus that can be safely handled for routine work. It is as sensitive as the similar glass apparatus of Washburn and Bunting, but is not structurally delicate. A photograph and drawing with details are included. The suggestion is made that the results obtained by these types of apparatus be expressed as “per cent pore volume,” and that the results obtained by water soaking be specifically named “per cent water absorption” to distinguish between them. Results are given to show that for fairly vitrified ware, the water boiling method gives much lower porosity than the method using air as the fluid.
GLASS WOOL AS INSULATOR FOR REFRIGERATION PURPOSES1
Authors: Bates H. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA new method has been used to measure the thermal conductivities of insulating materials which consists of the observation of the rate of melting of ice in a vessel insulated with the material under investigation. This is done by noting the change of volume of the mixture of ice and water by means of a graduated glass tube connected to the vessel. Results are given for glass wool of various densities, powdered cork, magnesia asbestos composition, slag wool, Sil‐O‐Cel powder, cotton waste and sheep's wool. It is also shown that glass wool that can be kept dry is a very superior insulating material.
MODELED TREATMENT OF POTTERY1
Authors: Fosdick Marion Lawrence 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper is intended as one of a series on processes of decoration of pottery, and is a discussion of modeled treatment, where and how it is successful decoratively and from the point of view of practicality. The process of modeling with coils in low relief is given in detail. Vigorous pattern is used if the glazes are to be matt because of the thicker nature of the glaze which will obliterate subtlety in the modeling. Delicate pattern is used under thinner and more fluid glazes. Formulas are given for one series of vivid colors of a matt glaze and for a treatment of transparent, rather neutral glazes, on a clay red‐orange in color.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PYROMETRIC CONES1
Authors: Fairild C. O. , Peters M. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFor the first time the characteristics of pyrometer cones have been determined under definite and reproducible conditions of heating. The temperatures of the “end points” of a complete set of cones together with their bending intervals were measured at carefully controlled rates of heating in clean air and in various kiln gases. Heated at 20°C per hour in furnace gases free from SO2, the end points of cones 015 to 01 are somewhat higher than those observed when the cones were heated in clean air. Cones 022 to 016 and 1 to 42 were acted upon only slightly by kiln gases free from SO2. There is more significance in the demonstration of the utility of measuring the end points of the cones under accurately controlled and known conditions of heating than in the numerical results obtained.
A COMPARISON OF THE SOFTENING POINTS OF SOME FOREIGN AND AMERICAN PYROMETRIC CONES1
Authors: Geller R. F. , Pressler E. E 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper is a report of results obtained from a study of the softening points of pyrometric cones as made in England, France, Germany, and America. The results are briefly discussed and are also shown photographically so that interested readers can best obtain the specific information they desire from a study of these photographs. The data obtained further indicate that the temperature at which the cones most used in the trade (Nos. 1 to 20) soften can be determined with an accuracy of ±15°C in laboratory kilns of the gas‐fired type, provided good pyrometric equipment is used and reasonable precautions are taken to maintain definite rates of heating. Errors of as much as ±25° can be expected in the determination of temperatures at which cones less refractory than No. 1 or more refractory than No. 20 soften. In the case of more refractory cones this is due principally to the difficulty of maintaining definite rates of heating while, in the case of the less refractory cones Nos. 022 to 01 inclusive, inaccuracies can be attributed both to difficulty of maintaining definite heating rates and to the sensitiveness of the softening behavior of the cones to furnace atmospheres. This is particularly true of the “red series” (cones 010 to 01) the softening points of which are materially affected by changes of a few per cent in the CO2 and SO2 content of furnace gases.
PERSONAL EXPERIENCES AND NATIONAL LIFE AS SUBJECT MATTER FOR DESIGN1
Authors: French Myrtle Merritt 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTArtists who lack ideas for design often resort to copying something made by a different people to express the life of a different age. As a result the design does not express America and is not in harmony with the natural expression of the American home. Many interesting symbolic designs have been worked out in class using personal experiences for the subject matter. Thus the designs have a new interest both to the artist and the public. If American industrial art would encourage the artistic use of the wealth of material in our national life, the products produced would be given a soul which would make them alive.
PROGRESS REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAGGER CLAYS1
Authors: Heindl R. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper is the first progress report of a comprehensive study of sagger clays. It includes the results of a preliminary study of clays representative of those used in sagger making throughout the United States. Chemical analyses, and a summary of physical tests, petrographic examinations, and the effect of repeated burns in pottery kilns are given. As a result of this work the clays have been classified into five groups characterized by properties in the fired state. The paper also contains an outline of a proposed intensive and fundamental study of a limited number of clays typical of each group.
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF THE ABSORPTION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM KILN GASES BY CERAMIC WARE1
Authors: Jackson Frederick G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwo clays rich in scum‐forming bases are studied. One is practically free from sulphur, the other heavily charged with it. Draw trials of these clays are taken from laboratory and commercial kilns at suitable temperature intervals. Commercial firings typify minimum, average and extreme sulphur exposure in coal‐fired kilns. Laboratory firings are in imitation of them. The draw trials are analyzed for water‐soluble sulphates and bases and the percentages of the appropriate sulphates are presented in the form of tables.Comparisons of results show that the temperature attained has much more influence on the amount of sulphates formed in the ware than concentration, or time of sulphur exposure. Calculations show that even under the most favorable firing conditions, with 0.5% sulphur coal on a 64‐hour schedule of firing, twelve times as much sulphur is available as is actually absorbed. Even under the most severe conditions the concentration of sulphur gases from the coal in the kiln gases is so small, (1%), and the maximum evolution of sulphur gases from the ware is such a small fraction (2.6%) of the volume of kiln gases, that the effect of the former in retarding the formation of the latter according to the Law of Mass Action, must be unnoticeable. It is, therefore, futile to try to avoid sulphate formation with coal as a fuel by seeking a coal low in sulphur. The method of study used is recommended for intensive investigation of firing conditions with the object of attaining maximum economies.
AN INVESTIGATION OF CHECKER BRICK FOR CARBURETERS1
Authors: Parlielee C. W. , Westuah A. E. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA progress report of an investigation of checker brick for carbureters which is being conducted by the Department of Ceramic Engineering of the University of Illinois in coöperation with the gas companies of northern Illinois has been presented. The methods used in carrying out commercial and laboratory tests and the data so far obtained have been submitted for discussion and criticism. When the investigation has been completed a final report will be made.
INTERFEROMETER MEASUREMENTS OF THE THERMAL DILATATION OF GLAZED WARE1
Authors: Merritt G. E. , Peters C. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe network of fine cracks often seen in the surface of glazed products not only mars the surface but shortens the life and lowers the price of the ware. Since the relative expansivity of the glaze and body is a very important factor in controlling this condition reliable measurements of both are of the utmost importance. Until recently the difficulty has been that the expansivity of the glaze has been measured on specimens of the material melted to glass and drawn into rods or cast in molds of sufficient length. Owing to the difference between this treatment and that received by the material when spread on the ware, it was realized that these methods might lead to unavoidable errors.By the interference method, specimens 0.2 mm. in length can be measured with sufficient accuracy. Therefore in measuring glazes the samples may be taken directly from the finished ware. In this paper the thermal expansion of glaze materials prepared in the form of drawn glass or cast rods is compared with that of the same material taken from the finished ware. From the measurements, the expected divergence is found to be as much as 20% in the case of drawn glass specimens, and 10% for cast specimens.
A NEW GLASS STONE: Na2O · 3CaO · 6SiO21
Authors: Peck Albert B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAttention is called to a stone of different composition than any heretofore recorded, and but recently possible of identification by petrographic‐microscopic means through the work by Bowen and Morey on the system Na2SiO2‐CaSiO3‐SiO2. Various ways by which attempts were made to determine the composition of the crystals are described and a summary of the optical properties of these crystals from three sources is given. Probable places for the formation of these stones in the tank are also indicated.
E‐90‐P COMPARATIVE TEST OF HAMMER MILL PULVERIZER AND DRY PAN FOR CRUSHING STREATOR SHALE1
Authors: Ogden D. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn the machines as described below the following points are discussed: (1) the grinding action, (2) energy consumption per ton ground, (3) capacity to produce fines six‐mesh and under, (4) to determine the operating characteristics of the hammer mill. The conclusions given are: (1) The dry pan will not grind shale chunks larger than 15 inches maximum diameter, nor chert nodules of any size. The hammer mill grinds easily in one operation all chunks small enough to go through the 20 × 42‐inch hopper opening and all chert nodules. (2) The energy consumption of the dry pan as compared to the hammer mill in kw. hrs. per ton of fines through six‐mesh is approximately as 1.40 to 1.25. (3) The maximum capacity of the Frost %foot dry pan with 1/4‐inch screen plate openings was known to be approximately 25 tons through six‐mesh per hour. The maximum capacity of the 30 × 42‐inch Williams hammer mill as reached in these tests with hand feeding was found to be 56 tons total feed and 42 tons through six‐mesh per hour. This figure could have been greatly exceeded if the material could have been fed more rapidly. The dry pan tailings coarser than six‐mesh compared to the hammer mill tailings of the same coarseness are as 40 to 25%. (4) The hammer mill is more efficient than the dry pan in practically all respects if properly set up and operated, but it is easily possible to secure less efficient results from the hammer mill, particularly if the feeding is not properly regulated.
COMPARATIVE TESTS OF SOME AMERICAN AND GERMAN FIRECLAY BRICK1
Authors: Geller R. F. , Pendergast W. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe Bureau of Standards has recently completed a short investigation comprising comparative tests of five brands of German‐made brick and six brands of American‐made brick. The results indicate that the Ge man‐made brick are practically the equal of the American brick.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF PICKLING OF SHEET IRON1
Authors: Hansen J. E. , Lindsey G. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTExperiments with regard to various factors entering into pickling of sheet iron show that: (1) a freshly made sulphuric acid pickling bath pickles faster than a bath in which there is any concentration of ferrous sulphate and that (2) there is no evident advantage in adding a portion of old pickling solution to a new pickling solution “to get it to work right,” although prictical experience indicates otherwise; (3) increased ferrous chloride concentration in a muriatic acid pickling bath increases the rate of pickling; (4) ferric sulphate in a sulphuric acid bath will accelerate the rate of pickling, but will soon change to ferrous sulphate and then retard the rate; (5) decrease in acidity from usual strength decreases rate of pickling; (6) increase of temperature of bath accelerates rate of pickling; (7) iron annealed just previous to pickling loses 250–4000 more in pickling than unannealed iron; (8) use of monel metal basket accelerates the rate of pickling due to electrochemical reactions; and (9) use of muriatic acid or sodium chloride in mixtures with sulphuric acid retards the rate of pickling.
METHODS OF TESTING and THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WET‐PROCESS ELECTRICAL PORCELAIN1
Authors: Navias Louis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTData are given for the compressive, transverse, and tensile strengths of wet‐process electrical porcelain.Compressive Strength
The height of the sample is an important variable. Initial failure and ultimate failure are discussed and it is suggested that as the latter is the more definite and constant of the two, the, ultimate failure be always determined and recorded as the “compressive crushing strength.” The cylindrical specimen 1 sq. in. in area (11/8 in. diameter) and 11/8 in. high is recommended.Transverse Strength
The load applied to cause rupture is directly proportional to the cube of the diameter of the cylinder over a wide range of diameters. A cylinder with an area of 1sq. in is suggested. Cylindrical specimens give constant and high values.Tensile Strength
As the area of minimum cross‐section increases the tensile strength decreases rapidly. The diameter should be given with determined values. An apparatus for making tensile strength determinations on a specimen with conically shaped ends and minimum area of 1sq. in is described.Relationship of specimen size and effective dimensions to the average general dimensions of the wale and their methods of manufacture is discussed.
FUSION POINTS OF FIREBRICK‐COAL‐ASH MIXTURES1
Authors: Hewitt L. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSix types of refractory brick were tested with five types of coal ash, the cone fusion points of the brick‐ash mixtures being determined over a range of 10% brick, 90% ash, to 40 % brick, 60% ash. A departure was made from previous methods in that high ash mixtures were studied rather than high brick mixtures, in the belief that boiler slags contain a relatively low proportion of the refractory. Sintered mixtures of refractory and ash tend to give higher fusion points than the raw mixtures do. Any determinations made in an uncontrolled atmosphere are exceedingly unreliable. The results obtained in this investigation indicate that the “cone‐slag test” is of very limited value as a means of selecting refractories for boiler service.
THE THEORY OF CLEANING OF SHEET IRON AND STEEL FOR ENAMELING PURPOSES1
Authors: Staley Homer F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCleaning may be done by sand blasting heating, use of solvents, or use of alkaline solutions. Of these methods, heating and use of alkaline solutions are important at present. In cleaning by heating the best results are obtained when the articles are first dipped in a solution of acid, heated uniformly to the lowest temperature that will cause the oils and greases to be burned off, and cooled slowly, both heating and cooling being done with the admission of as little air as possible.In cleaning by the use of alkaline solutions, saponifiable oils are removed by the formation of soaps and the subsequent solution of these; non‐saponifiable oils are removed by emulsification. Efficient cleaning depends primarily on the choice of cutting and drawing oils so as to have present a proper ratio of saponifiable and non‐saponifiable oils. The cleaning solution must vary in composition according to the kinds and amounts of oils to be removed.
A SIMPLE “SEALED‐IN MERCURY ELECTRODE” APPARATUS FOR TESTING THE BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE OF HEAVY INSULATING MATERIALS1
Authors: Navias Louts 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method has been developed whereby thick plates of insulating materials (of small area) may be electrically punctured under oil. The specimen is cemented between two hollow electrode holders by means of red sealing wax, as illustrated. One electrode holder, the elbow, may be made of ordinary cast‐iron piping or glass. Mercury poured into both tubes gives the necessary contact. It is possible by these means to puncture a porcelain cylinder of diameter 1 ⅛ inches and 1 ⅛ inches thick at 142 kv., and with a porcelain cylinder 2 inches in diameter and 2 inches thick to reach 176 kv. without arcing. The “sealed‐in mercury electrode” method has been compared with two other methods employing spheres and disks as electrodes, by puncturing cast polished plate glass specimens. The new method gives consistent results, the values being on the average 15 % higher than values obtained by the other two methods.
SOME SUCCESSFUL CONE 10 SAGGER BODIES1
Authors: Fritz E. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe various steps taken in the improvement of a cone 10 sagger body are described, which resulted in the development of several successful bodies giving a life as high as eighteen firings. Based on these results, a theory is advanced specifying limits for dry modulus, cone 10 absorption, and total shrinkage of the body, which if met regardless of clays used, will produce results such as were here obtained. Verification of this theory by others is requested.
THE THEORY OF PICKLING OF SHEET IRON AND STEEL FOR ENAMELING PURPOSES1
Authors: Staley Homer F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe fundamental principal of efficient pickling is that efficient pickling does not depend on the solution of a large amount of metal but on the solution of a very thin layer of metal directly beneath the scale, rapidly and with copious evolution of hydrogen. The activity of an acid solution depends on the amount of acid present, the fraction of the acid that is ionized, and on the speed with which the ions move. Since the electrical conductivity of an acid solution is a measure of both the hydrogen‐ion concentration and the speed at which the ions move, the electrical conductivities of a series of acid solutions indicate the relative activities of the various solutions. The most effective concentrations of acid lie between 15 and 20%. Heating acid solutions reduces their viscosity and renders the particles more mobile, thus increasing the activity of the solutions. Sulphuric acid is cheaper in first coat than hydrochloric acid, but the latter acts more rapidly and the pickling is completed with less solution of iron. Additions of small amounts of common salt (sodium chloride) have a marked effect on increasing the rate of pickling of sulphuric acid baths. This is due to the formation of a corresponding amount of hydrochloric acid. The chief action of addition agents is to reduce the amount of acid vapor in the fumes from pickling vats and thus permit the use of highly efficient concentrations of acid (between 15 and 20%). Hydrogen absorbed by metals during pickling may be largely removed by immersing the metal in boiling hot water for a few minutes.
DEFECTS IN ENAMEL DUE TO CAST IRON
Authors: Malinovszky A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMicrophotographic examination of iron on which enamel has pinholed, blistered, and come perfect are cited as evidence that carbon is practically the only agent in cast iron causing blistering and pinholing and that it is the condition and not the presence of carbon that causes these defects.
ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF GLASSES1
Authors: Tadata Kozo 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis method of determination of the constituents of glasses is entirely new in its way. It is derived from the author's experiments on the causes of the surface devitrify‐cation of glasses.It is quite natural to produce crystals in glasses when heated several times at high temperatures. The glasses are super cooled liquids and are very viscous at low temperatures. But, when they are heated at higher temperatures, they attain low viscosities to produce crystals in them. In general, the chemical composition of the crystals produced (primary phase) in ordinary glasses without B2O2 is SiO2. And for production of an elementary body of crystals of silica, there should be at least three neighboring molecules of silica moving within some ranges of speed. The motion of such molecules in glasses is set by two causes: the one is that quantity of energy given to the molecules by heating, and the other is that lowering of viscosity of the medium by heating. Heating glasses to certain temperatures is the exclusive cause of the crystal production of glasses.This has been already explained by many persons and no ambiguity has been left unsolved.The author has given another important cause for crystal production on glass surfaces and has described the interpretation.3From these views, the author has arbitrarily defined devitrify‐cation in five degrees. They are seen in accompanying photographs. It has been determined that these degrees of devitrify‐cation were entirely coincident with the quantities of dissolved silica in glasses.The experiments have been conducted for a series of glasses of alkali silicates and alkali lead silicates.From the results of these experiments, the author has determined the constitutions of those silicates in glasses to be meta‐disilicates and the double compounds to consist of those meta‐disilicates.As the result of the determination of the constituents of alkali silicates and of alkali lead silicate glasses, it is pointed out that the compositions of crucibles to melt glasses of different silica content, should be either rich Al2O3: or rich SiO2 according to the dissolving power of glasses for silica.
SOURCES OF ERROR IN GLASS VOLUMETRIC APPARATUS1
Authors: Renn H. V. E. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe most serious source of error is the original calibrating operation. Errors introduced are due principally to following causes: (a) volumetric inaccuracy, (b) variation of bore, (c) delivery time, (d) incorrect marking of the meniscus, (e) after‐working of the glass. Elimination of errors due to these causes is discussed. An apparatus for the calibration of volumetric apparatus is described. A source of error that is not usually recognized is the occurence of after‐changes in the glass during a period immediately following manufacture. The length of this period varies with the composition of the glass. Experiments by the writer upon glass volumetric apparatus show that a period of seven months is usually sufficient in order to avoid excessive error from this source.