bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On assertion-based encapsulation for object invariants and simulations
Authors: Naumann David A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
In object-oriented programming, reentrant method invocations and shared references make it difficult to achieve adequate encapsulation for sound modular reasoning. This tutorial paper surveys recent progress using auxiliary state (ghost fields) to describe and achieve encapsulation. It also compares this technique with encapsulation in the forms provided by separation logic. Encapsulation is assessed in terms of modular reasoning about invariants and simulations.
Cognitive impairment in heart failure: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Vogels Raymond L.C. , Scheltens Philip , Schroeder‐Tanka Jutta M. , Weinstein Henry C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackgroundHeart failure (HF) and cognitive impairment are common medical conditions that are becoming increasingly prevalent in the aging Western population. They are associated with frequent hospitalisation and increased mortality, particularly when they occur simultaneously. Evidence from a number of studies suggests that HF is independently associated with impairment in various cognitive domains.AimsThis systematic literature review evaluates the relation between cognitive deterioration and heart failure.MethodsWe searched electronic databases from 1966 to May 2006 for studies that investigated cognitive function in HF patients. Twenty‐two controlled studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected for analysis. Study characteristics and data on global cognitive performance, memory scores, psychomotor speed and depression scores were extracted and analysed using the Cochrane Review Manager software.ResultsPooled analysis shows diminished neuropsychological performance in HF patients, as compared to control subjects. In a pooled sample of 2937 heart‐failure patients and 14,848 control subjects, the odds ratio for cognitive impairment was 1.62 (95% confidence interval:1.48–1.79, p<0.0001) among subjects with HF.ConclusionThis review confirms the relationship between HF and cognitive impairment, but it also stresses the need for additional systematic neuropsychological data and adequate neuro‐imaging from representative populations of HF patients.
Behavioral and sensory changes after direct ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Ludwig Janne , Gorodetskaya Natalia , Schattschneider Jörn , Jänig Wilfrid , Baron Ralf 
Published: December 2006

AbstractComplex regional pain syndromes (CRPS) are disabling pain syndromes that can develop after trauma or minor tissue injury affecting a limb. Characteristics of CRPS are sensory signs and symptoms, autonomic abnormalities, trophic changes and an impaired motor function. Pathophysiological mechanisms for the development of CRPS are still a matter of investigation. Based on clinical data and investigations of CRPS patients it is hypothesized that tissue hypoxia and inflammation are important for the development of CRPS. The aim of the current study was therefore to examine if direct ischemia‐reperfusion injury can induce behavior in rats with symptoms present in patients with CRPS.After baseline behavior measurements the femoral artery of Wistar rats was ligated for 3 h with consecutive reperfusion. Sham‐operated rats underwent the same preparation except ligation of the artery. Subsequent behavioral testing (observations of spontaneous pain behavior, paw withdrawal to mechanical, noxious mechanical, cold and heat stimuli) was performed up to two months after surgery. Both in rats that underwent ischemia and in sham‐operated rats no obvious changes of hindpaw tissue were observed after ischemia‐reperfusion injury (trophic changes, edema, differences in skin color or temperature). In behavioral tests only minor changes were observed, these being not different between postischemic rats and sham‐operated rats. Using Wistar rats, our data do not support the idea that an ischemia‐reperfusion injury can play a major role in the development of CRPS.
Development of a Radionavigation Plan for General Lighthouse Authorities of the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Basker Sally 
Published: December 2006

A version of this paper was first presented at the European Navigation Conference 2006, held under the auspices of the RIN at Manchester on 8–10 May 2006.This paper reviews the need for the GLAs to develop a strategy for the integration of radionavigation services around the British Isles. After investigating the recent trends and forecasts for shipping and with a view towards the need for e-Navigation, the strategy formation process and initial findings for the development of a radionavigation plan are outlined.
AIS Implementation – Success or Failure?
Authors: Norris Andy 
Published: December 2006

A version of this paper was first presented at the European Navigation Conference 2006, held under the auspices of the RIN at Manchester on 8–10 May 2006.AIS is the most recent example of a major globally-introduced maritime navigation system. During its evolution, introduction and early in-service life, it has aroused a lot of negative comment. The basis for this negativity is examined, particularly in the light of the real experience that is now being gained by users of the system. The evolution of the AIS concept through the relevant international bodies – IMO, ITU, IALA and IEC – is discussed, together with the type of problems encountered during its introduction. Many of the problems would have been ameliorated if there had been better communication to users of the system. It is argued that the complexity of the system really required mandatory training to be undertaken, in parallel with the installation of the new equipment.
The American Treatment System for Adolescent Substance Abuse: Formidable Challenges, Fundamental Revisions, and Mechanisms for Improvements
Authors: Meyers Kathleen , McLellan A. Thomas 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss an additional complicating factor that impacts adolescent treatment and goes beyond the individual youth and his or her family: the service delivery system. These systems (e.g., educational institutions, health care, juvenile justice, and mental health systems) are complex environments that offer opportunities to identify, treat, and monitor adolescent substance abusers. However, the architecture and operating procedures of these systems often serve to inhibit access to needed services and to confuse or confound coordination of complementary service delivery across systems. The result can be formidable challenges to the identification and subsequent intervention and treatment of the adolescent who uses, abuses, or is dependent upon substances.
In the text that follows, we identify problems within the current “standard” system of care leading to failure to identify these adolescents, inadequate access to even basic substance abuse intervention for those identified, and failure to provide adequate amounts or types of services to those who do access the care system. We also present mechanisms for enhancements and conclude with a summary of three innovative approaches targeted to systems improvement.
Richard Maling Barrer. 16 June 1910–12 September 1996
Authors: Rees Lovat V. C. 
Published: December 2006

Richard Maling Barrer, the founding father of zeolite chemistry and a dominant figure in membrane science, died peacefully at his home in Chislehurst, Kent, on Thursday 12 September 1996 after a six year battle with cancer. The international zeolite community has lost its most important member.
Richard Barrer was born in Wellington, New Zealand, on the 16 June 1910. His father, Thomas Robert Barrer, was born in Ireland in 1863, while his mother, Nina Agatha Rosamond (nee Greensill), was born in Picton, New Zealand, in 1879. Richard Barrer was one of four children: Moyna Ethel, born 1906; Bryan Amherst, born 1908; R.M.B.; and Patrick Roberts, born 1914.
Helio Gelli Pereira. 23 September 1918 — 16 August 1994
Authors: Skehel John , Tyrrell D.A.J. 
Published: December 2006

Dr Helio Pereira, who was known internationally for his work on the viruses of vertebrates, died on 16 August 1994 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He was born on 23 September 1918 in the small town of Petropolis in the state of Rio de Janeiro, where his father Raul Pereira Geronymo had been born. His grandparents were Portuguese and came from the Azores islands to set up a modest grocery business in Petropolis. His mother's family originated from Italy. His maternal grandfather had earned his living from eel fishing but in 1893 came to Brazil and started a cabinet-making business, which grew into a prosperous furniture factory and a chain of furniture shops run by members of the family.Helio lived for the first five years of his life in Petropolis, the site of the Imperial summer palace, which was then a small summer mountain resort near Rio de Janeiro with a permanent population largely of German, Italian and Portuguese descent. Of that period he remembered mainly the life in his mother's family. This centred on the patriarchal figure of his grandfather and comprised a close-knit family of twelve sons and daughters and their wives, husbands and children. The family followed Italian customs to a large extent but these were influenced by the more easy-going Brazilian way of life, and so the general atmosphere was light-hearted and cheerful.
Sir Ernest Gordon Cox, K.B.E. 24 April 1906 — 23 June 1996
Authors: Cruickshank D.W.J. 
Published: December 2006

Gordon Cox, who died in 1996 at the age of 90, had two distinct careers. The first, as a crystallographer and structural chemist, lasted from 1927, when he joined Sir William Bragg's group at the Royal Institution, to 1960, when he left the University of Leeds. He was a pioneer of three-dimensional methods in X-ray structure analysis. From 1960 to 1971 he was the highly regarded secretary of the Agricultural Research Council.Cox was born on 24 April 1906 at Pretoria Cottage, Southdown, Twerton, in Somerset, where his father was a market gardener. Three years later his sister Christine was born. A third child, Kenneth, died in infancy. His father, Ernest Henry Cox, was born in 1884. He outlived two wives, married a third in 1941 and died in 1987 at the age of 103. Gordon's mother, Rosina Ring, was twelve years older than his father. They had married at Claverton, near Bath, on 29 April 1905. Rosina, one of many children of a chef, had been sent with two of her siblings to Canada to work on a farm in Ontario in the 1880s. She returned in 1895, and her son Herbert Moffat was born on her return to England. Gordon's family consisted of this elder half-brother, whom he worshipped, and the younger sister, with whom he often quarrelled. His mother often told him of the harsh life in Canada but she had also had some enjoyment there. She died in 1931.
George Rankin Irwin. 26 February 1907 — 9 October 1998
Authors: Wells Alan A. 
Published: December 2006

In the search for a criterion for the fracture of brittle materials by crack extension, George Irwin first identified the linear elastic stress intensity as a quantitative measure of the associated mathematical singularity, and then laid the foundation of a relevant stress analysis system. This permitted the significance of increased fracture toughness, section thickness and dynamic effects to be established.There was much initial scepticism in the engineering and metallurgical communities, eventually countered successfully by sustained research and patient argument. Peer acceptance led in 1957 to the formation of the E24 Committee of the American Society for Testing and Materials, and the subsequent creation of a valuable series of handbooks, so that within a further decade linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) had been additionally and successfully applied to fatigue and stress corrosion cracking. The definition and standardization of measurement specimen shapes and testing procedures opened the way to the development of strong metallic and non-metallic materials with improved fracture toughness properties, thereby leading to safer structures with improved performance. Despite cumulative complexities, fracture mechanics is now associated with a vast published literature and is applied extensively.
Re‐evaluation and functional classification of non‐synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms of the human ATP‐binding cassette transporter ABCG2
Authors: Tamura Ai , Wakabayashi Kanako , Onishi Yuko , Takeda Misako , Ikegami Yoji , Sawada Seigo , Tsuji Masahisa , Matsuda Yoichi , Ishikawa Toshihisa 
Published: December 2006

Impacts of genetic polymorphisms of the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter BCRP/MXR1/ABCP (ABCG2) on drug response have been implicated; however, the hitherto reported data involve some inconsistencies. To re‐evaluate the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of ABCG2 in vitro, we created a total of seven variant cDNAs (V12M, Q141K, F208S, S248P, F431L, S441N and F489L) by site‐directed mutagenesis and stably expressed each of them in Flp‐In‐293 cells using the Flp recombinase system. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping analysis revealed that one single copy of ABCG2 cDNA was incorporated into the telomeric region of chromosome 12p. It was proven that mRNAs of those integrated ABCG2 variants were expressed evenly in Flp‐In‐293 cells. However, the protein expression levels varied among those variants. In particular, expression of the F208S and S441N variants was markedly low, suggesting the instability of these variant proteins. Drug resistance profiles of Flp‐In‐293 cells expressing two major SNP variants (V12M and Q141K) toward the drug SN‐38 demonstrated that the IC50 value (drug concentrations producing a 50% reduction of cell growth) for Q141K was approximately 50% of that for wild type. The contributions of the minor SNP variants (F208S, S248P, F431L, S441N and F489L) to drug resistance toward SN‐38, mitoxantrone, doxorubicin, daunorubicin or etoposide were significantly lower than wild type. Based on our functional validation, the above‐mentioned non‐synonymous polymorphisms as well as acquired mutants (R482G and R482T) of ABCG2 were classified into four groups. Furthermore, new camptothecin analogs synthesized by our research group had potent effects in circumventing ABCG2‐mediated drug resistance without any influence from major non‐synonymous polymorphisms. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 231–239)
Application of the focused ion beam technique in aerosol science: detailed investigation of selected, airborne particles
Authors: KAEGI R. , GASSER PH. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe focused ion beam technique was used to fabricate transmission electron microscope lamellas of selected, micrometre‐sized airborne particles. Particles were sampled from ambient air on Nuclepore polycarbonate filters and analysed with an environmental scanning electron microscope. A large number of particles between 0.6 and 10 µm in diameter (projected optical equivalent diameter) were detected and analysed using computer‐controlled scanning electron microscopy. From the resulting dataset, where the chemistry, morphology and position of each individual particle are stored, two particles were selected for a more detailed investigation. For that purpose, the particle‐loaded filter was transferred from the environmental scanning electron microscope to the focused ion beam, where lamellas of the selected particles were fabricated. The definition of a custom coordinate system enabled the relocation of the particles after the transfer. The lamellas were finally analysed with an analytical transmission electron microscope. Internal structure and elemental distribution maps of the interior of the particles provided additional information about the particles, which helped to assign the particles to their sources. The combination of computer‐controlled scanning electron microscopy, focused ion beam and transmission electron microscopy offers new possibilities for characterizing airborne particles in great detail, eventually enabling a detailed source apportionment of specific particles. The particle of interest can be selected from a large dataset (e.g. based on chemistry and/or morphology) and then investigated in more detail in the transmission electron microscope.
Determination of mean free path for energy loss and surface oxide film thickness using convergent beam electron diffraction and thickness mapping: a case study using Si and P91 steel
Authors: MITCHELL D. R. G. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryDetermining transmission electron microscope specimen thickness is an essential prerequisite for carrying out quantitative microscopy. The convergent beam electron diffraction method is highly accurate but provides information only on the small region being probed and is only applicable to crystalline phases. Thickness mapping with an energy filter is rapid, maps an entire field of view and can be applied to both crystalline and amorphous phases. However, the thickness map is defined in terms of the mean free path for energy loss (λ), which must be known in order to determine the thickness. Convergent beam electron diffraction and thickness mapping methods were used to determine λ for two materials, Si and P91 steel. These represent best‐ and worst‐case scenario materials, respectively, for this type of investigation, owing to their radically different microstructures. The effects of collection angle and the importance of dynamical diffraction contrast are also examined. By minimizing diffraction contrast effects in thickness maps, reasonably accurate (±15%) values of λ were obtained for P91 and accuracies of ±5% were obtained for Si. The correlation between the convergent beam electron diffraction‐derived thickness and the log intensity ratios from thickness maps also permits estimation of the thickness of amorphous layers on the upper and lower surfaces of transmission electron microscope specimens. These estimates were evaluated for both Si and P91 using cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy and were found to be quite accurate.
Does complementary resource use enhance ecosystem functioning? A model of light competition in plant communities
Authors: Yachi Shigeo , Loreau Michel 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRecent experiments on grassland ecosystems have shown that biodiversity can enhance ecosystem processes such as plant biomass production. Functional complementarity is generally regarded as the main class of mechanisms generating these effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning. Although intuitively appealing and supported by some data, the complementarity hypothesis has been little explored theoretically using mechanistic approaches. Here, we present a simple dynamical model for a light‐limited terrestrial ecosystem to assess the effects of species diversity on light competition and total biomass in plant communities. Our model shows that competitive relaxation (reduction in average light competition intensity) due to differences in foliar architecture among species enhances total plant biomass in mixtures, but that competitive imbalance (generated by the variance of the average light competition intensity experienced by different species) can either reinforce the effect of competitive relaxation or counteract it and contribute to reducing total plant biomass. Thus, complementary resource use is not enough to increase total plant biomass in species‐rich communities; competitive balance among species also plays an important role. We propose an operational measure of light‐use complementarity using empirical field data on light absorption to test the presence of complementarity in natural plant communities.
Sensitivity analysis of transient population dynamics
Authors: Caswell Hal 
Published: December 2006

AbstractShort‐term, transient population dynamics can differ in important ways from long‐term asymptotic dynamics. Just as perturbation analysis (sensitivity and elasticity) of the asymptotic growth rate reveals the effects of the vital rates on long‐term growth, the perturbation analysis of transient dynamics can reveal the determinants of short‐term patterns. In this article, I present a completely new approach to transient sensitivity and elasticity analysis, using methods from matrix calculus. Unlike previous methods, this approach applies not only to linear time‐invariant models but also to time‐varying, subsidized, stochastic, nonlinear and spatial models. It is computationally simple, and does not require calculation of eigenvalues or eigenvectors. The method is presented along with applications to plant and animal populations.
Synergistic and antagonistic effects of viral lysis and protistan grazing on bacterial biomass, production and diversity
Authors: Weinbauer Markus G. , Hornák Karel , Jezbera Jan , Nedoma Jiři , Dolan John R. , Šimek Karel 
Published: December 2006

SummaryIn a mesotrophic reservoir, we examined the effects on the bacterioplankton of distinct consumers of bacteria, viruses and heterotrophic nanoflagellates, both alone and combined in an experiment using natural populations and in situ incubations in dialysis bags. Ribosomal RNA‐targeted probes were employed as well as 16S RNA gene based PCR denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to enumerate bacterial groups and assess bacterial community composition. We employed probes for Actinobacteria (HGC69a probe), Cytophaga‐Flavobacterium‐Bacteroidetes bacteria (CF319a probe), BET42a probe (Betaproteobacteria) and a subgroup‐Betaproteobacteria (R‐BT065 probe). We found consumer‐specific effects on bacterial activity and diversity (against a background of CF and BET dominating all treatments) suggesting distinct vulnerabilities to the two sources of mortality. For example, growth rate of Actinobacteria was only positive in the presence of flagellates, while towards the end of the experiment (T72−96 h) growth rate of R‐BT was only positive in the viruses only treatment. More specific data on how viruses and flagellates influenced Flectobacillus are shown in the companion paper. Highest richness (number of DGGE bands) was found in the virus only treatment and lowest when both consumers were present. In addition, we found suggestions of both antagonistic and synergistic interactions between the two sources of bacterial mortality. Notably, bactivory by flagellates was associated with reductions in bacterial diversity and increases in viral production.
Grazer and virus‐induced mortality of bacterioplankton accelerates development of Flectobacillus populations in a freshwater community
Authors: Šimek Karel , Weinbauer Markus G. , Hornák Karel , Jezbera Jan , Nedoma Jiři , Dolan John R. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryWe present a detailed analysis of the effects of distinct bacterial mortality factors, viral lysis and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) bacterivory, associated with the development of filamentous Flectobacillus populations. Reservoir bacterioplankton communities were subjected to additions of both HNF and viruses together, or HNF alone, and then incubated in situ in dialyses bags. For distinct bacterial groups, mortality or growth stimulation was analysed by examining bacterial prey ingested in HNF food vacuoles with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and via FISH with microautoradiography (MAR‐FISH). We also developed a semi‐quantitative MAR‐FISH‐based estimation of relative activities of Flectobacillus populations (targeted by the R‐FL615 probe). Bacterial groups vulnerable to HNF predation (mainly clusters of Betaproteobacteria), or discriminated against (Actinobacteria), were detected. Bacterial lineages most vulnerable to virus‐lysis (mainly the Betaproteobacteria not targeted by the R‐BT065 probe, of the Polynucleobacter cluster) were identified by comparing treatments with HNF alone to HNF and viruses together. Filaments affiliated with the Flectobacillus cluster appeared in both treatments, but were about twice as abundant, long and active as in incubations with viruses and HNF as compared with HNF alone. Viruses appeared to selectively suppress several bacterial groups, perhaps enhancing substrate availability thus stimulating growth and activity of filamentous Flectobacillus.