bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Context-dependent olfactory enhancement of optomotor flight control inDrosophila
Authors: Chow Dawnis M. , Frye Mark A. 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYSensing and following the chemical plume of food odors is a fundamental challenge faced by many organisms. For flying insects, the task is complicated by wind that distorts the plume and buffets the fly. To maintain an upwind heading, and thus stabilize their orientation in a plume, insects such as flies and moths make use of strong context-specific visual equilibrium reflexes. For example, flying straight requires the regulation of image rotation across the eye, whereas minimizing side-slip and avoiding a collision require regulation of image expansion. In flies, visual rotation stabilizes plume tracking, but rotation and expansion optomotor responses are controlled by separate visual pathways. Are olfactory signals integrated with optomotor responses in a manner dependent upon visual context? We addressed this question by investigating the effect of an attractive food odor on active optomotor flight control. Odorant caused flies both to increase aerodynamic power output and to steer straighter. However, when challenged with wide-field optic flow, odor resulted in enhanced amplitude rotation responses but reduced amplitude expansion responses. For both visual conditions, flies tracked motion signals more closely in odor, an indication of increased saliency. These results suggest a simple search algorithm by which olfactory signals improve the salience of visual stimuli and modify optomotor control in a context-dependent manner, thereby enabling an animal to fly straight up a plume and approach odiferous objects.
Differential roles of p38-MAPK and JNKs in mediating early protection or apoptosis in the hyperthermic perfused amphibian heart
Authors: Gaitanaki Catherine , Mastri Michalis , Aggeli Ioanna-Katerina S. , Beis Isidoros 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYIn the present study the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38-MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) by hyperthermia was investigated in the isolated perfused Rana ridibunda heart. Hyperthermia (42°C) was found to profoundly stimulate p38-MAPK phosphorylation within 0.5 h, with maximal values being attained at 1 h[4.503(±0.577)-fold relative to control, P&lt;0.01]. JNKs were also activated under these conditions in a sustained manner for at least 4 h[2.641(±0.217)-fold relative to control, P&lt;0.01]. Regarding their substrates, heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) was maximally phosphorylated at 1 h [2.261(±0.327)-fold relative to control, P&lt;0.01] and c-Jun at a later phase [3 h: 5.367(±0.081)-fold relative to control, P&lt;0.001]. Hyperthermia-induced p38-MAPK activation was found to be dependent on the Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) and was also suppressed by catalase (Cat) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), implicating the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS were also implicated in the activation of JNKs by hyperthermia, with the Na+/K+-ATPase acting as a mediator of this effect at an early stage and the NHE1 getting involved at a later time point. Finally, JNKs were found to be the principal mediators of the apoptosis induced under hyperthermic conditions, as their inhibition abolished poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavage after 4 h at 42°C. Overall, to our knowledge,this study highlights for the first time the variable mediators implicated in the transduction of the hyperthermic signal in the isolated perfused heart of an ectotherm and deciphers a potential salutary effect of p38-MAPK as well as the fundamental role of JNKs in the induced apoptosis.
Poly(vinylspirobifluorene): Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Styrenic Polymer
Authors: Ishiwari Fumitaka , Kawasaki Shinichi , Koyama Yasuhito , Takata Toshikazu 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Synthesis and properties of a new class of styrenic polymer are reported. The radical polymerization of 2-vinyl-9,9′-spirobifluorene yielded high molecular weight poly(vinylspirobifluorene) with high thermal stability and high solubility, which gave a self-standing transparent film with high refractive index.
Facile Preparation of Highly Luminescent InP Nanocrystals by a Solvothermal Route
Authors: Li Chunliang , Ando Masanori , Murase Norio 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Monodisperse InP nanocrystals were prepared by a facile one-pot solvothermal route via the pyrolysis reaction between indium chloride and tris(dimethylamino)phosphine at relatively low temperatures (150–180 °C). The InP nanocrystals after size-selective precipitation had a well-crystallized zinc blende structure, a narrow size distribution, and distinguishable absorption peaks. Application of HF treatment in combination with photoetching increased their emission efficiency to 58% while their emission wavelengths were tunable from green to red.
Chiral Tetrafluorobenzobarrelenes as Highly Efficient Ligands for the Rhodium-catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4-Addition of Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Nagaosa Makoto , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
New C2-symmetric chiral diene ligands bearing a tetrafluorobenzobarrelene framework and (−)-menthyl groups as chiral auxiliaries were prepared through [4 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,4-bis((−)-menthoxymethyl)benzene with tetrafluorobenzyne. The diene ligands realized the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric addition of arylboronic acids to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds giving β-arylcarbonyl compounds in high yields with high enantioselectivity.
Lithium Cuprate (Li2CuO2): A New Possible Ceramic Material for CO2 Chemisorption
Authors: Palacios-Romero Luis M , Pfeiffer Heriberto 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Li2CuO2 was used for the CO2 chemisorption process. Li2CuO2 was thermally treated under a flux of CO2, dynamically (from 25 to 1000 °C) and isothermically. The results clearly showed that Li2CuO2 is able to chemisorb CO2 in a wider range of temperatures than those presented by other lithium ceramics. Therefore, this ceramic may become a new option as CO2 captor.
Hydration Is an Important Factor to Regulate Thermodynamic Stability of a DNA Duplex under Molecular Crowding Conditions
Authors: Koumoto Kazuya , Ochiai Hirofumi , Sugimoto Naoki 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
By using a DNA duplex, (5′-GTTACTATATGA-3′/5′-TCATATAGTAAC-3′) under molecular crowding conditions, it was revealed that hydration plays a significant role in the stability of the duplex, in contrast to viscosity and dielectric constant which have little effect.
Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Cell Fabricated with a p-Type Conjugated Star-shaped Molecule
Authors: Lee Tae Wan , Kim Dae Cheol , Kang Nam Su , Yu Jae Woong , Cho Min Ju , Kim Kyung Hwan , Choi Dong Hoon 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A new multibranched crystalline molecule was synthesized through Horner–Emmons reactions using hexyl-substituted thiophene-based carbaldehydes as dendrons and benzene-1,2,4,5-tetramethylphosphonic acid octaethyl ester as the core unit. The molecule was employed to fabricate organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells with methanofullerene [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was also used as a dopant to improve the film quality and power conversion efficiency. As a result, the short-circuit current density and open circuit voltage were increased when P3HT was added into 4(HPBT) and PCBM dyad, resulting in a higher power conversion efficiency of around 0.6%.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Carbon Nanofibers by Cross-sectional TEM Observations
Authors: Ogihara Hitoshi , Takenaka Sakae , Yamanaka Ichiro , Tanabe Eishi , Genseki Akira , Koki Jun , Otsuka Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Cross-sectional TEM images of carbon nanofibers formed through methane decomposition over Ni/SiO2 catalysts were observed by using an ultramicrotome. The TEM images indicated that carbon nanofibers have regular hexagonal prism structures.
Synthesis of Highly Conjugated Arylpropenylidene-1,3-diazin-2-ones via Paterno–Büchi Reaction by Photoreaction of 5-Fluoro-1,3-dimethyluracil with 1-Methoxynaphthalenes
Authors: Seki Koh-ichi , Aizawa Kazuya , Sugaoi Tatsuyuki , Kimura Masayuki , Ohkura Kazue 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In contrast to photoreactions of 5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyluracil (5-FDMU) with various naphthalenes including 2-methoxynaphthalenes that proceeds in a manner to give ethenoquinazolines through 1,4-cycloaddition, UV-irradiation of a mixture of 5-FDMU and naphthalenes with a methoxy group at C-1 gave rise to the formation of novel cycloadducts, methyl 2-[(1E)-3-(5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,3-dihydropyrimidin-4-ylidene)prop-1-enyl]benzoates, derived from the novel aromatic Paterno–Büchi type cycloaddition, followed by a concomitant disruption of the initially formed oxetane moiety.
One-dimensional Arrangement of Plasmonic Nanoparticle Chains by Marangoni Flow and Meniscus Recession
Authors: Kang Youngjong 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Flexible Au nanoparticle chains were spontaneously aligned into a linear structure at several hundred micrometer scale during evaporation process. 1D alignment was achieved by using Marangoni flow and sequential meniscus recession. Evaporation speed and the incline of substrate strongly affected the resulting structures.
Continual measurement of intramedullary blood perfusion with laser Doppler flowmetry in intact and ostectomized tibiae of rabbits
Authors: Hackenbroich Ch , Wagner S , Windhagen H , Meyer-Lindenberg A 
Published: July 2008

Blood flow is important for the healing of bone fractures. Until now, however, there have been no publications on the daily, continual measurement of intramedullary blood perfusion using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in the conscious animal. In this study, a model for the daily, continual measurement of intramedullary blood perfusion by LDF and the temperature near the cortex both in intact and ostectomized tibiae in the conscious rabbit is described. The probes for blood perfusion and temperature measurement were implanted permanently at three different localizations into the right tibia of 10 adult New Zealand White rabbits. The probes were held in place by a bilateral, single-plane external fixator. In five of these animals, a midshaft tibial ostectomy was created in order to simulate a fracture. Intramedullary blood perfusion and temperature were measured daily over 49 days. While in intact tibiae no significant ( P > 0.05) differences were found in blood perfusion readings taken at various time points, for mean values or for blood perfusion over time, in ostectomized tibiae the differences were significant: various time points ( P = 0.0056), mean values ( P = 0.0034) and blood perfusion over time ( P = 0.0337). Blood perfusion readings at the centre probe were elevated compared with those at the proximal and distal probes. Thus, a revascularization in the ostectomy gap during the fracture healing was proven by means of the LDF. No influence of the blood perfusion on the temperature in the ostectomy area could be determined during healing of the ostectomy. The described model seems suitable for the continual measurement of intramedullary blood perfusion both in intact and ostectomized tibiae in the conscious rabbit.
Das NS-Regime und die Überwindung der Weltwirtschaftskrise in Deutschland
Authors: Buchheim Christoph 
Published: July 2008

Vorspann
Die Legende ist zählebig. Hitler, so lautet sie, habe nach der Machtergreifung sofort energische Maßnahmen ergriffen, um die Arbeitslosigkeit zu bekämpfen, und damit binnen kurzem beachtliche Erfolge erzielt. Christoph Buchheim, einer der renommiertesten deutschen Wirtschaftshistoriker, widerlegt diese apologetische Sicht: Die Konjunktur sprang bereits vor dem 30. Januar an, außerdem griffen die von den Vorgängerregierungen eingeleiteten rbeitsbeschaffungsprogramme, während die Regierung Hitler viel zu spät und viel zu halbherzig tätig wurde, um den Aufschwung in nennenswertem Maße beeinflussen zu können. Schließlich räumt Buchheim auch mit der Vorstellung auf, der Arbeiterschaft sei es nach 1933 rasch besser ergangen. Noch 1938 war beim Nettolohn das Niveau von 1928 nicht erreicht.
Kuriergepäck und Pistolen. Neue Quellen zu den Attentatsplänen in der Heeresgruppe Mitte im März 1943
Authors: Ringshausen Gerhard 
Published: July 2008

Vorspann
Über die beiden Attentatsversuche auf Hitler, die im März 1943 stattfinden sollten, ist viel spekuliert worden. Denn bislang basierte unser Wissen nur auf den Angaben der wenigen überlebenden Zeitzeugen. Mit seiner akribischen Rekonstruktion, in die erstmals zeitgenössische Quellen einbezogen wurden, kann Gerhard Ringshausen nun nachweisen, dass damals die Offiziersfronde im Stab der Heeresgruppe tatsächlich zum Sturz ihres Obersten Kriegsherrn bereit war.
Der Bundesadler
Authors: Hartmann Jürgen 
Published: July 2008

Vorspann
Den Bundesadler kennt jedes Kind – seine Geschichte kennt kaum jemand. Wie aber kam es zu dieser heraldischen Selbstdarstellung der Bundesrepublik und warum existieren so viele Varianten des Bundesadlers? Jürgen Hartmann präsentiert ein Wappentier, dessen Entwicklung vielen Aspekten Rechnung zu tragen hatte – politischen, juristischen, gesellschaftlichen und nicht zuletzt auch ästhetischen.
Linkage Disequilibrium and Persistence of Phase in Holstein–Friesian, Jersey and Angus Cattle
Authors: de Roos A P W , Hayes B J , Spelman R J , Goddard M E 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
When a genetic marker and a quantitative trait locus (QTL) are in linkage disequilibrium (LD) in one population, they may not be in LD in another population or their LD phase may be reversed. The objectives of this study were to compare the extent of LD and the persistence of LD phase across multiple cattle populations. LD measures r and r2 were calculated for syntenic marker pairs using genomewide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that were genotyped in Dutch and Australian Holstein–Friesian (HF) bulls, Australian Angus cattle, and New Zealand Friesian and Jersey cows. Average r2 was ∼0.35, 0.25, 0.22, 0.14, and 0.06 at marker distances 10, 20, 40, 100, and 1000 kb, respectively, which indicates that genomic selection within cattle breeds with r2 ≥ 0.20 between adjacent markers would require ∼50,000 SNPs. The correlation of r values between populations for the same marker pairs was close to 1 for pairs of very close markers (&lt;10 kb) and decreased with increasing marker distance and the extent of divergence between the populations. To find markers that are in LD with QTL across diverged breeds, such as HF, Jersey, and Angus, would require ∼300,000 markers.
Chromosomal Rearrangement Inferred From Comparisons of 12 Drosophila Genomes
Authors: Bhutkar Arjun , Schaeffer Stephen W , Russo Susan M , Xu Mu , Smith Temple F , Gelbart William M 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe availability of 12 complete genomes of various species of genus Drosophila provides a unique opportunity to analyze genome-scale chromosomal rearrangements among a group of closely related species. This article reports on the comparison of gene order between these 12 species and on the fixed rearrangement events that disrupt gene order. Three major themes are addressed: the conservation of syntenic blocks across species, the disruption of syntenic blocks (via chromosomal inversion events) and its relationship to the phylogenetic distribution of these species, and the rate of rearrangement events over evolutionary time. Comparison of syntenic blocks across this large genomic data set confirms that genetic elements are largely (95%) localized to the same Muller element across genus Drosophila species and paracentric inversions serve as the dominant mechanism for shuffling the order of genes along a chromosome. Gene-order scrambling between species is in accordance with the estimated evolutionary distances between them and we find it to approximate a linear process over time (linear to exponential with alternate divergence time estimates). We find the distribution of synteny segment sizes to be biased by a large number of small segments with comparatively fewer large segments. Our results provide estimated chromosomal evolution rates across this set of species on the basis of whole-genome synteny analysis, which are found to be higher than those previously reported. Identification of conserved syntenic blocks across these genomes suggests a large number of conserved blocks with varying levels of embryonic expression correlation in Drosophila melanogaster. On the other hand, an analysis of the disruption of syntenic blocks between species allowed the identification of fixed inversion breakpoints and estimates of breakpoint reuse and lineage-specific breakpoint event segregation.
Dissection of the Genetic Architecture of Body Weight in Chicken Reveals the Impact of Epistasis on Domestication Traits
Authors: Le Rouzic Arnaud , Álvarez-Castro José M , Carlborg Örjan 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In this contribution, we study the genetic mechanisms leading to differences in the observed growth patterns of domesticated White Leghorn chickens and their wild ancestor the red jungle fowl. An epistatic QTL analysis for several body-weight measures from hatch to adulthood confirms earlier findings that polymorphisms at &gt;15 loci contribute to body-weight determination in an F2 intercross between these populations and that many loci are involved in complex genetic interactions. Here, we use a new genetic model to decompose the genetic effects of this multilocus epistatic genetic network. The results show how the functional modeling of genetic effects provides new insights into how genetic interactions in a large set of loci jointly contribute to phenotypic expression. By exploring the functional effects of QTL alleles, we show that some alleles can display temporal shifts in the expression of genetic effects due to their dependencies on the genetic background. Our results demonstrate that the effects of many genes are dependent on genetic interactions with other loci and how their involvement in the domestication process relies on these interactions.
Molecular Evolution of thePi-taGene Resistant to Rice Blast in Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon)
Authors: Huang Chun-Lin , Hwang Shih-Ying , Chiang Yu-Chung , Lin Tsan-Piao 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRice blast disease resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea is triggered by a physical interaction between the protein products of the host R (resistance) gene, Pi-ta, and the pathogen Avr (avirulence) gene, AVR-pita. The genotype variation and resistant/susceptible phenotype at the Pi-ta locus of wild rice (Oryza rufipogon), the ancestor of cultivated rice (O. sativa), was surveyed in 36 locations worldwide to study the molecular evolution and functional adaptation of the Pi-ta gene. The low nucleotide polymorphism of the Pi-ta gene of O. rufipogon was similar to that of O. sativa, but greatly differed from what has been reported for other O. rufipogon genes. The haplotypes can be subdivided into two divergent haplogroups named H1 and H2. H1 is derived from H2, with nearly no variation and at a low frequency. H2 is common and is the ancestral form. The leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain has a high πnon/πsyn ratio, and the low polymorphism of the Pi-ta gene might have primarily been caused by recurrent selective sweep and constraint by other putative physiological functions. Meanwhile, we provide data to show that the amino acid Ala-918 of H1 in the LRR domain has a close relationship with the resistant phenotype. H1 might have recently arisen during rice domestication and may be associated with the scenario of a blast pathogen–host shift from Italian millet to rice.
Identity-by-Descent Estimation and Mapping of Qualitative Traits in Large, Complex Pedigrees
Authors: Abney Mark 
Published: July 2008

AbstractComputing identity-by-descent sharing between individuals connected through a large, complex pedigree is a computationally demanding task that often cannot be done using exact methods. What I present here is a rapid computational method for estimating, in large complex pedigrees, the probability that pairs of alleles are IBD given the single-point genotype data at that marker for all individuals. The method can be used on pedigrees of essentially arbitrary size and complexity without the need to divide the individuals into separate subpedigrees. I apply the method to do qualitative trait linkage mapping using the nonparametric sharing statistic Spairs. The validity of the method is demonstrated via simulation studies on a 13-generation 3028-person pedigree with 700 genotyped individuals. An analysis of an asthma data set of individuals in this pedigree finds four loci with P-values &lt;10−3 that were not detected in prior analyses. The mapping method is fast and can complete analyses of ∼150 affected individuals within this pedigree for thousands of markers in a matter of hours.
A Key Transcription Cofactor on the Nascent Sex Chromosomes of European Tree Frogs (Hyla arborea)
Authors: Niculita-Hirzel H , Stöck M , Perrin N 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
We show that MED15, a key component of the transcription complex Mediator, lies within the nonrecombining segment of nascent sex chromosomes in the male-heterogametic Hyla arborea. Both X and Y alleles are expressed during embryonic development and differ by three frame-preserving indels (eight amino acids in total) within their glutamine-rich central part. These changes have the potential to affect the conformation of the Mediator complex and to activate genes in a sex-specific way and might thus represent the first steps toward the acquisition of a male-specific function. Alternatively, they might result from an ancestral neutral polymorphism, with different alleles picked by chance on the X and Y chromosomes when MED15 was trapped in the nonrecombining segment.
Fish Assemblages in Shallow, Nearshore Habitats of the Bering Sea
Authors: Thedinga John F. , Johnson Scott W. , Neff A. Darcie , Lindeberg Mandy R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe Bering Sea provides over one‐half of U.S. fishery production, yet knowledge of the use of its shallow (<5 m), nearshore (<20 m from shore) waters by fish is limited. In June 2005, we sampled shallow, nearshore waters of the Bering Sea at three Aleutian islands with a beach seine to estimate the relative abundance and species distribution of fish. Three habitat types were sampled: Nonvegetated sand substrate, vegetated cobble substrate, and vegetated bedrock substrate. A total of 70 sites were seined on Akutan, Akun, and Unalaska islands. The total estimated catch was 83,910 fish representing 33 taxa. Five species comprised 98% of the total catch. Pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus was the most abundant species; approximately 35,000 of these fish were captured, and they occurred in 60% of all seine hauls. The next most abundant fish were young‐of‐the‐year (age‐0) gadids (primarily walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma), age‐0 pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, age‐0 Pacific sandfish Trichodon trichodon, and snake prickleback Lumpenus sagitta. Fish were unequally distributed among habitats. The estimated mean catch per seine haul was 1,171 fish in sand sites, 1,647 fish in cobble sites, and 79 fish in bedrock sites. Most Pacific sand lances (98%) were captured in sand sites, whereas most gadids (97%), pink salmon (80%), Pacific sandfish (96%), and snake pricklebacks (99%) were caught in cobble sites. Sand and cobble nearshore habitats in the Bering Sea provide important habitat for many fish species in summer, especially forage fish.