bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of a Large Freshwater Perturbation on the Glacial North Atlantic Ocean Using a Coupled General Circulation Model
Authors: Hewitt C. D. , Broccoli A. J. , Crucifix M. , Gregory J. M. , Mitchell J. F. B. , Stouffer R. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The commonly held view of the conditions in the North Atlantic at the last glacial maximum, based on the interpretation of proxy records, is of large-scale cooling compared to today, limited deep convection, and extensive sea ice, all associated with a southward displaced and weakened overturning thermohaline circulation (THC) in the North Atlantic. Not all studies support that view; in particular, the “strength of the overturning circulation” is contentious and is a quantity that is difficult to determine even for the present day. Quasi-equilibrium simulations with coupled climate models forced by glacial boundary conditions have produced differing results, as have inferences made from proxy records. Most studies suggest the weaker circulation, some suggest little or no change, and a few suggest a stronger circulation.
Here results are presented from a three-dimensional climate model, the Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3 (HadCM3), of the coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice system suggesting, in a qualitative sense, that these diverging views could all have occurred at different times during the last glacial period, with different modes existing at different times. One mode might have been characterized by an active THC associated with moderate temperatures in the North Atlantic and a modest expanse of sea ice. The other mode, perhaps forced by large inputs of meltwater from the continental ice sheets into the northern North Atlantic, might have been characterized by a sluggish THC associated with very cold conditions around the North Atlantic and a large areal cover of sea ice. The authors’ model simulation of such a mode, forced by a large input of freshwater, bears several of the characteristics of the Climate: Long-range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) Project’s reconstruction of glacial sea surface temperature and sea ice extent.
Rescuer Fatigue: Standard versus Continuous Chest‐Compression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Heidenreich Joseph W. , Berg Robert A. , Higdon Travis A. , Ewy Gordon A. , Kern Karl B. , Sanders Arthur B. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract Objectives Continuous chest‐compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCC‐CPR) has been advocated as an alternative to standard CPR (STD‐CPR). Studies have shown that CCC‐CPR delivers substantially more chest compressions per minute and is easier to remember and perform than STD‐CPR. One concern regarding CCC‐CPR is that the rescuer may fatigue and be unable to maintain adequate compression rate or depth throughout an average emergency medical services response time. The specific aim of this study was to compare the effects of fatigue on the performance of CCC‐CPR and STD‐CPR on a manikin model. Methods This was a prospective, randomized crossover study involving 53 medical students performing CCC‐CPR and STD‐CPR on a manikin model. Students were randomized to their initial CPR group and then performed the other type of CPR after a period of at least two days. Students were evaluated on their performance of 9 minutes of CPR for each method. The primary endpoint was the number of adequate chest compressions (at least 38 mm of compression depth) delivered per minute during each of the 9 minutes. The secondary endpoints were total compressions, compression rate, and the number of breaks taken for rest. The students' performance was evaluated on the basis of Skillreporter Resusci Anne (Laerdal, Wappingers Falls, NY) recordings. Primary and secondary endpoints were analyzed by using the generalized linear mixed model for counting data. Results In the first 2 minutes, participants delivered significantly more adequate compressions per minute with CCC‐CPR than STD‐CPR, (47 vs. 32, p = 0.004 in the 1st minute and 39 vs. 29, p = 0.04 in the 2nd minute). For minutes 3 through 9, the differences in number of adequate compressions between groups were not significant. Evaluating the 9 minutes of CPR as a whole, there were significantly more adequate compressions in CCC‐CPR vs. STD‐CPR (p = 0.0003). Although the number of adequate compressions per minute declined over time in both groups, the rate of decline was significantly greater in CCC‐CPR compared with STD‐CPR (p = 0.0003). The mean number of total compressions delivered in the first minute was significantly greater with CCC‐CPR than STD‐CPR (105 per minute vs. 58 per minute, p < 0.001) and did not change over 9 minutes in either group. There were no differences in compression rates or number of breaks between groups. Conclusions CCC‐CPR resulted in more adequate compressions per minute than STD‐CPR for the first 2 minutes of CPR. However, the difference diminished after 3 minutes, presumably as a result of greater rescuer fatigue with CCC‐CPR. Overall, CCC‐CPR resulted in more total compressions per minute than STD‐CPR during the entire 9 minutes of resuscitation.
Recent Development of 6π-Electrocyclic Photochromic Systems
Authors: Matsuda Kenji , Irie Masahiro 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Photochromic compounds are currently recognized as the promising candidates for future optoelectronic devices, such as memories and switches. Photochemical pericyclic reactions between 1,3,5-hexatriene and 1,3-cyclohexadiene have been used in several ways to construct versatile photochromic compounds. Recent development of the 6π-electrocyclic photochromic systems is overviewed.
Synthesis of Tungsten Carbide Nanocrystal via a Simple Reductive Reaction
Authors: Guo Chunli , Liu Yi , Ma Xiaojian , Qian Yitai , Xu Liqiang 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Tungsten carbide nanocrystal had been prepared by the simple reaction of WO3, Mg, and anhydrous CH3CH2OH in an autoclave at 600 °C. There were two types of tungsten carbide in the samples; one was pure WC, and the other was wrapped by carbon. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results revealed that the diameters of WC nanocrystals ranged from 100 to 200 nm, and that the WC nanocrystals were slightly agglomerated. The possible formation mechanism of the as-obtained tungsten carbide was discussed.
Preparation of Monetite (CaHPO4) with Hexagonally Packed Mesoporous Structure by a Sol–Gel Method Using Cationic Surfactant Aggregates as a Template
Authors: Tokuoka Yoshikazu , Ito Yasunobu , Kitahara Keiichi , Niikura Yoshihiro , Ochiai Akira , Kawashima Norimichi 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We first-successfully fabricated mesoporous calcium phosphates by a regular sol–gel method using cationic surfactant aggregates as a template. Low-angle XRD and TEM observation indicated that a product included hexagonally packed mesoporous structure. Wide-angle XRD and FT-IR observation identified the product as monetite (CaHPO4), which is one of calcium phosphates.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Tris(7-azaindolyl)boratoruthenium Complex. Comparison with Poly(methimazolyl)borate Analogue
Authors: Saito Tomoyuki , Kuwata Shigeki , Ikariya Takao 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A reaction of [Cp*RuCl]4 (Cp* = η5-C5(CH3)5) with K[HB(aza)3] (aza = 7-azaindolyl) afforded the first organometallic HB(aza)3− complex [Cp*Ru{HB(aza)3-κ3H,N,N′}], which lost one of the aza-units coordination upon treatment with carbon monoxide to give the mono(carbonyl) complex [Cp*Ru{HB(aza)3-κ2H,N}(CO)]. The crystal structures of these complexes have been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Preparation of Nanoleaf-like Single Crystals of Anatase-type TiO2 by Exfoliation and Hydrothermal Reactions
Authors: Wen Puhong , Itoh Hiroshi , Feng Qi 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Nanoleaf-like single crystals of anatase were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of a layered titanate nanosheet colloidal solution at 135 °C. The single crystals have high crystallinity and prefer to expose (010) or (100) plane. The surface of the nanocrystals showed a high photocatalytic activity for degradation of Methylene Blue.
Transition-metal-doped ZnO Nanowire Arrays Embedded in Anodic Alumina Membrane by a Sol Precipitation Method
Authors: Wang Ming , Cao Xueli , Wang Huixin , Hua Guomin , Lin Yongxing , Zhang Lide 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We report the synthesis of transition-metal (Co2+)-doped ZnO nanowire arrays embedded in anodic alumina membrane (AAM) by a sol precipitation method. The direct synthetic method ensures the successful doping of cobalt in the ZnO nanocrystals and exhibiting bivalent state.
Fabrication of Magnetic Core–Shell CoFe2O4/Al2O3 Nanoparticles as Immobilized Metal Chelate Affinity Support for Protein Adsorption
Authors: Tang Dian Quan , Zhang Da Jun , Tang Dian Yong , Ai Hua 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This study introduced the fabrication of core–shell magnetic CoFe2O4/Al2O3 nanocomposites as the immobilized affinity support for the detection of interleukin-6, as a model protein, in clinical immunoassay.
Substituent Effects on Two Orthogonal π-Systems in Pseudopericyclic Ring-opening Reactions of 5-Alkoxy-2-aminooxazoles
Authors: Fukushima Kazuaki , Iwahashi Hideo 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Using the density functional theory calculations, the nature of the effects of electron-donating substituents on pseudopericyclic ring-opening reactions of oxazole derivatives have been explained. The reactions involve interactions in two kinds of orthogonal π-systems at the transition states. A 2-amino group interacts with a horizontal π-system at the transition state, while a 5-alkoxy group interacts with a vertical one. Owing to these substituent effects, the barrier of the ring-opening reactions are reduced cumulatively.
Osmium Complex Grafted on a Carbon Electrode Surface as a Mediator for a Bioelectrocatalytic Reaction
Authors: Tsujimura Seiya , Katayama Aya , Kano Kenji 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A novel electrochemical modification method of carbon electrodes with redox active amines is proposed for mediated electron transfer between enzymes and electrodes. Histamine-coordinated Os complex was synthesized as a model redox amine. The electro-oxidation of the complex generated a stable covalent linkage between the nitrogen atom of the amino group and the carbon atom of the electrode surface. The covalent-linked Os complex on the electrode showed a good redox response and a high activity as an electron-transfer mediator between the electrode and a model enzyme: PQQ-dependant water-soluble glucose dehydrogenase.
Induced nystagmus in monkeys following peripheral vestibular lesions (with clinical correlations)
Authors: Northington Page , Barrera S. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn a previous report1 we related some observations on induced nystagmus in monkeys, along with the general effects on the animals following unilateral and bilateral labyrinthectomy and intracranial section of the VIIIth nerve. Studies of the effects of similar vestibular lesions in monkeys have been continued since that time and some observations that seemed to us of clinical importance here are reported.
The use of curare drugs in endoscopy
Authors: Sadove M. S. , Gittelson L. A. , Wyant G. M. , Kretchmer H. E. , Holinger P. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe basic purpose of curare and curare‐like drugs is to produce muscular relaxation and facilitate endoscopy. The use of these drugs is discussed. The necessary cautions in the preparation of the patient and the precautions to take in case of emergency are enumerated. A technique of administration is suggested. The pharmacologic properties of d‐tubocurarine, Di‐methyl tubocurarine iodide, decamethonium bromide and flaxidil are compared.Clinically and experimentally, Di‐methyl tubocurarine iodide is the drug of choice
Tragal perichondrium and cartilage in reconstructive ear surgery
Authors: Eviatar Abraham 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo hundred and fifty‐five ear operations using tragal perichondrium and cartilage for reconstruction are presented. Of these, 108 were myringoplasties, 137 were tympanoplasties with ossicular reconstruction performed by nine different methods, and 10 were tympanoplasties with reconstruction of posterior canal wall defects left by radical mastoid surgery.The method presented in this study of using the tragal perichondrial graft is well suited for myringoplasty and can be used where the drum remnant is very small or the anulus is missing. The natural angle of the tragal perichondrium can take the place of the missing anulus anteriorly, interiorly or posteriorly. Myringoplasty graft survival at one year follow‐up was 92%, and 76% had hearing within 10 db of bone conduction.In tympanoplasty, the tragal perichondrium was used en bloc with its cartilage for reconstruction of the ossicular chain where suited. The malleus was used to reconstruct the ossicular chain in different variations. Other methods used are fully described. At one year follow‐up the rate of grafting success for tympanoplasties was 91%, and 78% had hearing within 10 db of bone conduction.A method for reconstruction of the posterior canal wall and tympanoplasty after radical mastoidectomy is presented. It uses tragal cartilage and perichondrium en bloc. At one year follow‐up, eight of ten cases operated on by this method had an intact drum and posterior canal wall, one had an intact drum but the posterior canal collapsed into the mastoid, and one had an intact canal wall but the eardrum re‐perforated. Nine had postoperative hearing within 10 db of bone conduction.A randomly selected group of 100 tympanoplasties was examined for postoperative gain in hearing according to the speech reception threshold, a more practical criterion of surgical success than 10 db air‐bone gap. Although the total number showing improvement was similar to the number gaining hearing within 10 db of pure tone bone conduction (76% vs. 78%), when changes of 5 db were discounted, only 56% were improved (and 33% had a significant gain in hearing).
Labyrinthine trauma during ear surgery
Authors: Jahrsdoerfer Robert A. , Johns Michael E. , Cantrell Robert W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSurgical trauma inflicted upon the membranous labyrinth is an uncommon, but often catastrophic, complication of chronic ear surgery. Areas most vulnerable to injury are the oval window and the lateral semicircular canal. Methods of injury include subluxation of the footplate, fracture of the lateral canal by drill or chisel, and accidental opening of a fistula.Three cases of labyrinthotomy of the lateral canal during ear surgery are presented. Two occurred while drilling, and the other was associated with a dehiscence of the bony and membranous labyrinth from a cholesteatoma. The cases are documented by pre and postoperative audiograms, vestibular function tests, and photographs.Of interest is the fact that in none of these cases was cochlear function compromised. In one case the hearing actually improved. The dictum that an accidentally opened labyrinth will automatically result in a dead ear is shown to be not necessarily true. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed.
Symposium: Adjuvant cancer therapy of head and neck tumors. Predefinitive and postdefinitive chemotherapy for locally advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Kirkwood John M. , Miller Daniel , Weichselbaum Ralph , Pitman Susan W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAdvanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck remains refractory to the best combinations of surgery and radiotherapy. Weekly methotrexate in high doses with leucovorin “rescue” is able to produce significant remissions in a majority of patients treated palliatively for recurrent disease yet is associated with little or no toxicity. We have attempted to improve the cure of patients with advanced disease by the use of high dose methotrexate (3‐7.5 g/M2) and leucovorin prior to and following definitive surgery and/or radiotherapy. In a series of 24 patients we have achieved a response rate of 52%, with minimal toxicity during chemotherapy, and no apparent potentiation of toxicity with radiotherapy. Survival free of disease appears to be prolonged in patients with response to this chemotherapy. Multimodality approaches to locally advanced squamous carcinoma of the head and neck may soon yield improved cure rates.
The transseptal approach to lesions of the pituitary and parasellar regions
Authors: Kern Eugene B. , Pearson Bruce W. , Mcdonald Thomas J. , Laws Edward R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn a series of 505 consecutive procedures, the transseptal‐transsphenoidal pituitary operation has proved safe and effective. The overall mortality in this series is 1.39%. A wide variety of sphenoid and sellar lesions and nearly every pituitary adenoma have been found suitable for the exposure provided through the sublabial‐transseptal approach. This statement rests on the premise that both the rhinologist's and the neurosurgeon's skills are optimally applied to each case. The role of the otorhinolaryngologist is defined in this paper, and the benefits of the team approach are explored.An interpretive history of the transsphenoidal approach is presented, and the evolution of the transseptal technique developed at the Mayo Clinic from 1972 to 1978 is reviewed. Emphasizing the rhinologic aspects, all details of the surgical technique are described and illustrated. Our experience with the special endocrine syndromes is also reviewed to spotlight clinical features that require individual consideration by the rhinologic surgeon.
The drooling patient: Evaluation and current surgical options
Authors: Crysdale W. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDrooling is a common stigmatizing problem necessitating increased care in the neurologically damaged child or adult. Appropriate physiotherapy frequently reduces drooling but rarely eliminates it. The goal of surgical therapy is to minimize drooling while specifically avoiding the complication of xerostomia. During the past 4 years, 37 of 46 patients assessed have undergone surgery specifically intended to reduce drooling. Good results have been obtained with bilateral transtympanic neurectomy procedures; it is the surgical procedure of choice in the more retarded patient. Encouraging results have been obtained in six patients with bilateral submandibular duct relocation; because of increased operative morbidity, it is the procedure of choice in the less retarded child.
Qualitative and morphometric evaluation of vocal cord lesions produced by the carbon dioxide laser
Authors: Stern Lawrence S. , Abramson Allan L. , Grimes Gary W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe canine larynx was studied to obtain qualitative and quantitative data accurately defining the destructive effects of the carbon dioxide laser on epithelial tissue by administering doses of varied energy to the dorsal surface of the vocal cords. Resultant lesions subsequently were analyzed by light, transmission, and scanning microscopy. Three major morphologic patterns of vocal cord lesions were observed: 1. cup shape, 2. doughnut shape and, 3. complex star shape. The patterns produced in the laryngeal tissue reflect the operative mode (energy distribution within the focused spot of energy) of the laser at the time of surgery. The mode resulting in the doughnut shaped pattern (energy distribution around the periphery of the spot) produced deepest lesions, with minimal thermal conduction laterally, whereas the mode resulting in the cup‐shaped pattern (energy distribution uniform throughout the spot) produced at comparable doses shallower lesions with larger diameter. Too few star‐shaped patterns were observed to permit meaningful morphometric analysis.
Treatment of subglottic hemangioma with the carbon dioxide laser
Authors: Healy Gerald B. , Fearon Blair , French Ronald , Mcgill Trevor 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCongenital subglottic hemangioma is a potentially life‐threatening lesion usually presenting in the first three months of life.Over the years, multiple treatment modalities have been advocated. However, none has been uniformly successful, and morbidity and mortality remain high.With the advent of the carbon dioxide surgical laser, it soon became apparent that this was an ideal tool for the pediatric larynx. The already documented properties of the laser have led to the application of this form of tissue destruction in 11 patients with subglottic hemangioma.This modality has proven to be a safe, effective and rapid means of treating this trouble‐some lesion.
Tympanostomy tubes in the otitis media prone child.
Authors: Gebhart Don E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOtitis media has long been recognized as one of the most common diseases of childhood. A prospective randomized study was designed with patients who had multiple episodes of acute purulent otitis media. Comparison of infection rates was made between patients treated with conventional antibiotic therapy for each episode and patients who had tympaYESstomy tubes placed. Placement of tympanostomy tubes significantly decreased the number of episodes of acute purulent otitis media and was shown to be an effective method of prophylaxis in the “otitis prone” child.Immunoglobulin levels in the middle ear in this group of patients were found to be similar to those levels in patients with otitis media with effusion. This supports the hypothesis that a dynamic relationship between the different clinical entities of otitis media exists.
Malignant external otitis: Early histopathologic changes and pathogenic mechanism.—MALIGNANT EXTERNAL OTITIS
Authors: Ostfeld Ervin , Segal Michael , Czernobilsky Bernard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe histopathologic changes during the early stage of malignant external otitis (MEO) were studied in two patients, one a non‐diabetic. The specimens were obtained by an en bloc excision of the diseased tissue of the external ear canal through a retroauricular approach. The most prominent histologic features of the early stage of MEO consist of a thick layer of almost acellular, partly degenerated, collagen extending from the cartilage into the dermis, which most likely existed prior to the penetration of the microorganism. This finding supports our concept that MEO is a disease which develops as a result of invasion of opportunistic organisms into tissues previously devitalized, probably due to vascular compromise and that these latter features constitute the basic mechanism of the entire disease process.
Sinus infection and adenotonsillitis in pediatric patients.
Authors: Paul Dharam 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA number of children who suffer from tonsillitis and adenoids hypertrophy also have associated sinus infection. These patients, who are widely treated, have varied responses; hence a correlation has been sought between the two ailments. A study of 100 children between 1‐12 years of age was undertaken to provide a correlation. Therapeutic response to the treatment of sinusitis, vis‐a‐vis adenotonsillitis, was noted. This work has been supplemented by experimental studies on dogs and conclusion has been drawn.
Steep gradients of amino acids between cochlear endolymph and perilymph
Authors: Thalmann R. , Comegys T. H. , Demott J. E. , Thalmann I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLevels of 19 free amino acids in cochlear endolymph and perilymph of scala vestibuli of the guinea pig were determined using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the o‐phthaldialdehyde‐ethanethiol derivatives with fluorescence detection. Aspartate and glutamate were found to be significantly higher in endolymph than in perilymph, confirming results from another study using a different analytical method. The remaining 17 amino acids were significantly lower in the endolymph, in many cases by an order of magnitude. The data are compared with results on utricular endolymph and vestbular perilymph obtained by HPLC in another study from our laboratory. Possible implications and interpretations of the results are discussed.