bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Patients and Their Relatives Think About Testing for BMPR2
Authors: Jones Diana L. , Sandberg Joanne C. , Rosenthal Mary J. , Saunders Robert C. , Hannig Vickie L. , Clayton Ellen W. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractClinical genetic testing is available for mutations in BMPR2 associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The aim of this study is to assess attitudes of individuals affected by or at risk for PAH regarding genetic testing. Structured telephone interviews were conducted with 119 individuals affected by or at risk for PAH recruited from pulmonary hypertension clinic at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt familial PAH registry, attendees at 2006 PHA meeting, and a local PAH support group. Sixty‐four percent reported knowing little or nothing about BMPR2 testing. Predictors of greater self‐assessed knowledge included having an affected family member and learning about BMPR2 testing through the internet. Most respondents reported that while they spent some time thinking about being tested for BMPR2, they had little trouble deciding. The most frequently cited reason for testing was to provide information for their children. About 20% said they had been tested, even though <5% have actually received clinical testing. Although patients with PAH and their at‐risk relatives typically feel relatively uninformed about testing for mutations in BMPR2 and at times are confused about their testing status, they nonetheless report that it is easy to decide about testing.
Interactive and individual effects of dietary non-digestible carbohydrates and oils on DNA damage, SCFA and bacteria in the large bowel of rats
Authors: Conlon Michael A. , Bird Anthony R. 
Published: September 2008

Dietary non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) play an important role in large-bowel health and one form of NDC, resistant starch (RS), can promote low levels of DNA damage and other markers of colonic health. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the ability of dietary RS or other NDC to influence colonic health, particularly DNA damage, is dependent on the type of dietary oil. We compared the effects of diets containing 10 % of NDC from cellulose, wheat bran, high-amylose maize starch (HAS, a rich source of RS type 2) or a retrograded HAS (RHAS, a rich source of RS type 3) on DNA damage, SCFA production and bacterial changes in the large bowel of rats. Each carbohydrate source was combined with 10 % fish oil (FO) or Sunola™ oil (SO; rich in oleic acid). There was a significant interaction between NDC and oil treatments on single-strand DNA breaks in colonocytes isolated from the colon. The damage in rats consuming RHAS was greater for FO consumption than for SO consumption. There was a significant interaction between NDC and oils on caecum weights and treatment effects of NDC and oils were observed for the weights and lengths of other gut tissues. Significant differences were found in colonic SCFA pools and caecal numbers of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis with the various NDC and oil treatments. The present results demonstrate that the effects of NDC and oils, particularly on colonic DNA damage, can depend on how they are combined within the diet.
Dietary fat and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the USA: a case–control study
Authors: Brock Kaye E. , Gridley Gloria , Chiu Brian C.-H. , Ershow Abby G. , Lynch Charles F. , Cantor Kenneth P. 
Published: September 2008

An increased risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been linked with obesity. However, there is limited information about the contribution of dietary fat and fat-related food groups to RCC risk. A population-based case–control study of 406 cases and 2434 controls aged 40–85 years was conducted in Iowa (1986–89). For 323 cases and 1820 controls from the present study, information on dietary intake from foods high in fat nutrients and other lifestyle factors was obtained using a mailed questionnaire. Cancer risks were estimated by OR and 95 % CI, adjusting for age, sex, smoking, obesity, hypertension, physical activity, alcohol and vegetable intake and tea and coffee consumption. In all nutrient analyses, energy density estimates were used. Dietary nutrient intake of animal fat, saturated fat, oleic acid and cholesterol was associated with an elevated risk of RCC (OR = 1·9, 95 % CI 1·3, 2·9, Ptrend < 0·001; OR = 2·6, 95 % CI 1·6, 4·0, Ptrend < 0·001; OR = 1·9, 95 % CI 1·2, 2·9, Ptrend = 0·01; OR = 1·9, 95 % CI 1·3, 2·8, Ptrend = 0·006, respectively, for the top quartile compared with the bottom quartile of intake). Increased risks were also associated with high-fat spreads, red and cured meats and dairy products (OR = 2·0, 95 % CI 1·4, 3·0, Ptrend = 0·001; OR = 1·7, 95 % CI 1·0, 2·2, Ptrend = 0·01; OR = 1·8, 95 % CI 1·2, 2·7, Ptrend = 0·02; OR = 1·6, 95 % CI 1·1, 2·3, Ptrend = 0·02, respectively). In both the food groups and nutrients, there was a significant dose–response with increased intake. Our data also indicated that the association of RCC with high-fat spreads may be stronger among individuals with hypertension. These findings deserve further investigation in prospective studies.
Governance Modes and Interests: Higher Education and Innovation Policy in Austria
Authors: KRITZINGER SYLVIA , PÜLZL HELGA 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTGovernance has become one of the central concepts in political science, but what is absent is the question: Which modes of governance produce which policy output? This paper develops a classification scheme for modes of governance in all dimensions of public policy and then applies it empirically in four Austrian case studies concerning higher education and innovation. We extend the scholarly discussion on governance to the factor interests and argue that this analytical factor needs to be taken into account in future research in order to understand the modes of governance in policy processes.
‘The Sword of Avenging Justice’: Politics in Sutherland after the Third Reform Act
Authors: TINDLEY ANNIE 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThere has been much historical debate over the role of aristocratic landed families in local and national politics throughout the nineteenth century, and the impact of the First, Second and Third Reform Acts on that role. Additionally, the period from 1881 in the Scottish Highlands was one of acute political and ideological crisis, as the debate over the reform of the Land Laws took a violent turn, and Highland landowners were forced to address the demands of their small tenants. This article addresses these debates, taking as its case-study the ducal house of Sutherland. The Leveson-Gower family owned almost the whole county of Sutherland and until 1884 dominated political life in the region. This article examines the gradual breakdown of that political power, in line with a more general decline in financial and territorial influence, both in terms of the personal role of the Fourth and Fifth Dukes of Sutherland, and the broader impact of the estate management on the mechanics and expectations of politics in the county.
‘Somewhere Quite Different’: The Seventies Generation of Organic Activists and their Context
Authors: CONFORD PHILIP 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper takes as its starting-point different perspectives on the organic movement's history since the 1940s. It identifies the polarised views of those who see a linear continuity in its development and of others who claim that a new generation of ‘counter-urbanites’ in the 1970s introduced an entirely distinct element. Drawing on recorded interviews with several of the leading figures in the seventies generation, the article argues that this generation was not as independent of its forebears as some of its members have claimed. It also throws light on the experiences of those who were inspired by the ‘self-sufficiency’ philosophy of John Seymour. The Steinerian Bio-Dynamic movement is identified as an important thread of continuity, as is the role played by two long-lived organic farmers, Dinah Williams and Mary Langman. While the seventies generation indeed affected the organic movement's direction from the 1970s onward, particularly through the Organic Growers Association, the case for a complete disjunction between different phases of organic history remains inadequate.
Three Thresholds for a Liar
Authors: Spencer Joel , Winkler Peter 
Published: September 2008

Motivated by the problem of making correct computations from partly false information, we study a corruption of the classic game “Twenty Questions” in which the player who answers the yes-or-no questions is permitted to lie up to a fixed fraction r of the time. The other player is allowed q arbitrary questions with which to try to determine, with certainty, which of n objects his opponent has in mind; he “wins” if he can always do so, and “wins quickly” if he can do so using only O(log n) questions.It turns out that there is a threshold value for r below which the querier can win quickly, and above which he cannot win at all. However, the threshold value varies according to the precise rules of the game. Our “three thresholds theorem” says that when the answerer is forbidden at any point to have answered more than a fraction r of the questions incorrectly, then the threshold value is r = ½; when the requirement is merely that the total number of lies cannot exceed rq, the threshold is ⅓; and finally if the answerer gets to see all the questions before answering, the threshold drops to ¼.
The Distribution of Heights of Binary Trees and Other Simple Trees
Authors: Flajolet Philippe , Gao Zhicheng , Odlyzko Andrew , Richmond Bruce 
Published: September 2008

The number, , of rooted plane binary trees of height ≤ h with n internal nodes is shown to satisfyuniformly for δ−1(log n)−1/2 ≤ β ≤ δ(log n)1/2, where and δ is a positive constant. An asymptotic formula for is derived for h = cn, where 0 < c < 1. Bounds for are also derived for large and small heights. The methods apply to any simple family of trees, and the general asymptotic results are stated.
Technical terminology: some linguistic properties and an algorithm for identification in text
Authors: Justeson John S. , Katz Slava M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper identifies some linguistic properties of technical terminology, and uses them to formulate an algorithm for identifying technical terms in running text. The grammatical properties discussed are preferred phrase structures: technical terms consist mostly of noun phrases containing adjectives, nouns, and occasionally prepositions; rerely do terms contain verbs, adverbs, or conjunctions. The discourse properties are patterns of repetition that distinguish noun phrases that are technical terms, especially those multi-word phrases that constitute a substantial majority of all technical vocabulary, from other types of noun phrase.The paper presents a terminology indentification algorithm that is motivated by these linguistic properties. An implementation of the algorithm is described; it recovers a high proportion of the technical terms in a text, and a high proportaion of the recovered strings are vaild technical terms. The algorithm proves to be effective regardless of the domain of the text to which it is applied.
Natural language interfaces to databases – an introduction
Authors: Androutsopoulos I. , Ritchie G.D. , Thanisch P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis paper is an introduction to natural language interfaces to databases (NLIDBS). A brief overview of the history of NLIDBS is first given. Some advantages and disadvantages of NLIDBS are then discussed, comparing NLIDBS to formal query languages, form-based interfaces, and graphical interfaces. An introduction to some of the linguistic problems NLIDBS have to confront follows, for the benefit of readers less familiar with computational linguistics. The discussion then moves on to NLIDB architectures, portability issues, restricted natural language input systems (including menu-based NLIDBS), and NLIDBS with reasoning capabilities. Some less explored areas of NLIDB research are then presented, namely database updates, meta-knowledge questions, temporal questions, and multi-modal NLIDBS. The paper ends with reflections on the current state of the art.
Several knowledge models and a blackboard memory for human-machine robust dialogues
Authors: Prince Violaine , Pernel Didier 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis contribution focuses on a dialogue model using an intelligent working memory that aims at facilitating a robust human-machine dialogue in written natural language. The model has been designed as the core of an information seeking dialogue application. The particularity of this project is to rely on the potent interpretation and behaviour capabilities of pragmatic knowledge. Within this framework, the designed dialogue model appears as a kind of ‘forum’ for various facets, impersonated by different models extracted from both intentional and structural approaches of conversation. The approach is based on assuming that multiple expertise is the key to flexibility and robustness. Also, an intelligent memory that keeps track of all events and links them together from as many angles as necessary is crucial for multiple expertise management. This idea is developed by presenting an intelligent dialogue history which is able to complement the wide coverage of the co-operating models. It is no longer a simple chronological record, but a communication area, common to all processes. We illustrate our topic through examples brought out from collected corpora.
Anaphora and ellipsis in artificial languages
Authors: Pulman Stephen G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractArtificial languages for person-machine communication seldom display the most characteristic properties of natural languages, such as the use of anaphoric or other referring expressions, or ellipsis. This paper argues that useful use could be made of such devices in artificial languages, and proposes a mechanism for the resolution of ellipsis and anaphora in them using finite state transduction techniques. This yields an interpretation system displaying many desirable properties: easily implementable, efficient, incremental and reversible.Linguists in general, and computational linguists in particular, do well to employ finite state devices wherever possible. They are theoretically appealing because they are computationally weak and best understood from a mathematical point of view. They are computationally appealing because they make for simple, elegant, and highly efficient implementations. In this paper, I hope I have shown how they can be applied to a problem… which seems initially to require heavier machinery.
Syntactic Analysis of Hebrew Sentences
Authors: Wintner Shuly , Ornan Uzzi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDue to recent developments in the area of computational formalisms for linguistic representation, the task of designing a parser for a specified natural language is now shifted to the problem of designing its grammar in certain formal ways. This paper describes the results of a project whose aim was to design a formal grammar for modern Hebrew. Such a formal grammar has never been developed before. Since most of the work on grammatical formalisms was done without regarding Hebrew (and other Semitic languages as well), we had to choose a formalism that would best fit the specific needs of the language. This part of the project has been described elsewhere. In this paper we describe the details of the grammar we developed. The grammar deals with simple, subordinate and coordinate sentences as well as interrogative sentences. Some structures were thoroughly dealt with, among which are noun phrases, verb phrases, adjectival phrases, relative clauses, object and adjunct clauses; many types of adjuncts; subcategorization of verbs; coordination; numerals, etc. For each phrase the parser produces a description of the structure tree of the phrase as well as a representation of the syntactic relations in it. Many examples of Hebrew phrases are demonstrated, together with the structure the parser assigns them. In cases where more than one parse is produced, the reasons of the ambiguity are discussed.
Time reference in reported speech
Authors: Salkie Raphael , Reed Susan 
Published: September 2008

English tenses in indirect reported speech appear to behave in unusual ways. InJohn said that he was happy, the most likely interpretation is that John's being happy was simultaneous with the time of John's speaking. This has led many analysts to invoke a ‘Sequence of Tenses’ rule, while others have proposed that English has two formally identical but semantically distinct past tenses, treatingwasin the preferred interpretation as a ‘relative past’. Under either treatment, a simple semantics for English tenses cannot be maintained.This paper argues that time reference in reported speech can only be analysed within a coherent theory of speech reporting. We propose a new way of distinguishing direct and indirect reported speech, based on the notion ofPragmatic Source. Within this framework we then argue that tense in indirect reported speech can be handled by pragmatic principles, without any enrichment of the semantics of tense.Previous analyses of tense in reported speech by Comrie and Declerck are examined and rejected. Unlike other accounts of reported speech, our approach does not presuppose an ‘original utterance’.
Treatment with Aspirin and Dipyridamole is More Effective than Aspirin in Reducing Low Shear Blood Viscosity
Authors: ROSENSON ROBERT S. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: Investigate effects of aspirin/dipyridamole and aspirin on blood viscosity (BV) in subjects with hyperhomocystememia (>14 μmol/L) and stable cardiovascular disease (CVD) or ≥ 20% risk for CVD were the aims of this study.Method: Forty‐seven subjects were treated with 14 days of either aspirin/dipyridamole (25 mg/200 mg twice‐daily) or aspirin (81 mg daily). BV was measured from fasting specimens at 37°C from whole blood at shear rates ranging from 1,000 to 1s−1 by using a scanning capillary viscometer (Rheolog™ Rheologics Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania, USA).Results: Aspirin/dipyridamole was more effective than aspirin therapy in reducing BV at shear rates of 1 s−1 (−3.03 [−3.88, −2.17] mPas vs. −0.07 [−1.06, 0.92] mPas; P<0.0001) and 2 s−1 (−1.86 [−2.72, −1.01] mPas vs. −0.21 [−1.20, 0.79] mPas; P=0.0136); however, there were no significant differences in blood viscosity at shear rates of 5 s−1 to 1000 s−1. Changes in hematocrit, a major determinant of whole BV, were greater in the aspirin/dipyridamole group than the aspirin group (P=0.043). After hematocrit adjustment, differences in BV between aspirin/dipyridamole and aspirin remained significant at 1s−1 (−2.78 [−3.68, −1.88] mPas vs. −0.04 [−1.05, 0.98] mPas; P<0.0001) and 2 s−1 (−1.62 [−2.52, −0.72] mPas vs. −0.17 [−1.19, 0.85] mPas; P=0.0315).Conclusion: These findings may have important clinical benefits in the CVD prevention and treatment due to the contribution of BV in tissue perfusion and thrombus formation.
First Report of Phytophthora Stem Rot on Gloxinia in Bulgaria
Authors: Bobev S. G. , Van Poucke K. , Maes M. 
Published: September 2008

Severe stem base necrosis was observed on potted gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa) plants in a greenhouse in the Plovdiv Region of Bulgaria in the spring of 2006 and sporadically in 2007. Initial symptoms were water-soaked lesions at the stem base; eventually the lesions spread upward and downward until the entire stem was affected, resulting in withered leaves and plant collapse. Disease foci were sometimes apparent in rows of plants because of water splash. White, fungal-like colonies with arachnoid, aerial mycelia were obtained from affected plant tissue placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 24 to 25°C in the dark. Pyriform to ellipsoid sporangia, 30 to 55 × 23 to 40 μm (average 38 × 27 μm), with a prominent papilla (sometimes two) and a short pedicel were observed. Chlamydospores were intercalary or terminal, spherical, and 15 to 55 μm in diameter. Oogonia and antheridia were not observed. On the basis of morphological features, the pathogen was tentatively identified as Phytophthora nicotianae (2). Pathogenicity was tested by placing 3-mm-diameter discs from 7-day-old PDA cultures onto wounded petioles of visibly healthy 3-month-old gloxinia potted plants (three replicates). Sterile PDA plugs were placed onto similar wounds of three control plants. The inoculated wounds were covered with Parafilm. Three days after inoculation, water-soaked lesions began to spread longitudinally in both directions on inoculated petioles. The pathogen was recovered from the inoculated tissue but not from the control plants. Molecular identification of the pathogen was achieved with PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2 of the ribosomal DNA (1). The restriction patterns obtained with the enzymes AluI, MspI, and TaqIα were identical to those of P. nicotianae, confirming the morphological identification. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. nicotianae on gloxinia in Bulgaria. References: (1) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997. (2) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1996.