bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic modeling of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in differently pretreated fibers from dairy manure
Authors: Liao Wei , Liu Yan , Wen Zhiyou , Frear Craig , Chen Shulin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA kinetic model incorporating dynamic adsorption, enzymatic hydrolysis, and product inhibition was developed for enzymatic hydrolysis of differently pretreated fibers from a nitrogen‐rich lignocellulosic material—dairy manure. The effects of manure proteins on the enzyme adsorption profile during hydrolysis have been discussed. Enzyme activity, instead of protein concentration, was used to describe the enzymatic hydrolysis in order to avoid the effect of manure protein on enzyme protein analysis. Dynamic enzyme adsorption was modeled based on a Langmiur‐type isotherm. A first‐order reaction was applied to model the hydrolysis with consideration being given for the product inhibition. The model satisfactorily predicted the behaviors of enzyme adsorption, hydrolysis, and product inhibition for all five sample manure fibers. The reaction conditions were the substrate concentrations of 10–50 g/L, enzyme loadings of 7–150 FPU/g total substrate, and the reaction temperature of 50°C. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 441–451. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dipeptide Derivatives of AZT: Synthesis, Chemical Stability, Activation in Human Plasma, hPEPT1 Affinity, and Antiviral Activity
Authors: Santos Cledir , Morais José , Gouveia Luís , de Clercq Erik , Pannecouque Christophe , Nielsen Carsten Uhd , Steffansen Bente , Moreira Rui , Gomes Paula 
Published: April 2008

Abstract5′‐O‐Dipeptide ester prodrugs of antiviral zidovudine (AZT) were designed to target the human intestinal oligopeptide transporter, hPEPT1, and were evaluated for their stability at pH 7.4 in buffer and in human plasma, affinity toward hPEPT1, cytotoxicity, and antiretroviral activity. The dipeptide esters of AZT undergo cyclization in buffer at pH 7.4 to release the parent drug at a rate that depends on the size of the side chains of the peptide carrier; the prodrug is considerably more stable if bulky β‐branched amino acids such as Ile and Val are present, particularly as C‐terminal residues. Incubation in human plasma showed that most of the dipeptide esters of AZT release the parent drug through two aminopeptidase‐mediated pathways: 1) stepwise cleavage of each of the amino acids and 2) direct cleavage of the dipeptide–drug ester bond. However, the plasma hydrolysis of Gly‐Gly‐AZT and Phe‐Gly‐AZT showed only direct cleavage of the dipeptide–drug ester bond. Substrate half‐lives in plasma were again remarkably high when hydrophobic β‐branched amino acids (Val, Ile) were present. The esters were also good substrates for the intestinal oligopeptide transporter hPEPT1 in vitro, with Val‐Gly‐AZT and Val‐Ala‐AZT presenting the highest affinity toward the transporter (IC50: 0.20 and 0.15 mM, respectively). The AZT dipeptide esters were assayed against the IIIB and ROD strains of HIV, and their cytotoxicity was evaluated in MT‐4 cells. The selectivity index of the prodrugs was two‐ to threefold higher than that of AZT for all compounds analyzed. These results point to the potential of dipeptide‐based carriers for the development of effective antiviral drug‐delivery systems. Val‐Ala‐AZT appears to combine chemical stability with good affinity for the hPEPT1 transporter and an improved cytotoxicity/antiretroviral index relative to AZT.
CD11c/EYFP transgene illuminates a discrete network of dendritic cells within the embryonic, neonatal, adult, and injured mouse brain
Authors: Bulloch Karen , Miller Melinda M. , Gal‐Toth Judit , Milner Teresa A. , Gottfried‐Blackmore Andres , Waters Elizabeth M. , Kaunzner Ulrike W. , Liu Kang , Lindquist Randall , Nussenzweig Michel C. , Steinman Ralph M. , McEwen Bruce S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe CD11c enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) transgenic mouse was constructed to identify dendritic cells in the periphery (Lindquist et al. [2004] Nat. Immunol. 5:1243–1250). In this study, we used this mouse to characterize dendritic cells within the CNS. Our anatomic results showed discrete populations of EYFP+ brain dendritic cells (EYFP+ bDC) that colocalized with a small fraction of microglia immunoreactive for Mac‐1, Iba‐1, CD45, and F4/80 but not for NeuN, Dcx, NG2 proteoglycan, or GFAP. EYFP+ bDC, isolated by fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS), expressed mRNA for the Itgax (CD11c) gene, whereas FACS anlaysis of EYFP+ bDC cultures revealed the presence of CD11c protein. Light microscopy studies revealed that EYFP+ bDC were present in the embryonic CNS when the blood–brain barrier is formed and postnatally when brain cells are amenable to culturing. In adult male mice, EYFP+ bDC distribution was prominent within regions of the CNS that 1) are subject to structural plasticity and neurogenesis, 2) receive sensory and humoral input from the external environment, and 3) lack a blood–brain barrier. Ultrastructural analysis of EYFP+ bDC in adult neurogenic niches showed their proximity to developing neurons and a morphology characteristic of immune/microglia cells. Kainic acid‐induced seizures revealed that EYFP+ bDC responded to damage of the hippocampus and displayed morphologies similar to those described for seizure‐activated EGFP+ microglia in the hippocampus of cfms (CSF‐1R) EGFP mice. Collectively, these findings suggest a new member of the dendritic cell family residing among the heterogeneous microglia population. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:687–710, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erasure of the paternal transcription program during spermiogenesis: The first step in the reprogramming of sperm chromatin for zygotic development
Authors: Zheng Junke , Xia Xiaoyu , Ding Hui , Yan Ayong , Hu Shaunggang , Gong Xun , Zong Shudong , Zhang Yonglian , Sheng Hui Z. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMale germ cells possess a unique epigenetic program and express a male‐specific transcription profile. However, when its chromatin is passed onto the zygote, it expresses an transcription/epigenetic program characteristic of the zygote. The mechanism underlying this reprogramming process is not understood at present. In this study, we show that an extensive range of chromatin factors (CFs), including essential transcription factors and regulators, remodeling factors, histone deacetylases, heterochromatin‐binding proteins, and topoisomerases, were removed from chromatin during spermiogenesis. This process will erase the paternal epigenetic program to generate a relatively naive chromatin, which is likely to be essential for installation of the zygotic developmental program after fertilization. We have also showed that transcription termination in male germ cells was temporally correlated with CF dissociation. A genome‐wide CF dissociation will inevitably disassemble the transcription apparatus and regulatory mechanism and lead to transcription silence. Based on data presented in this and previous studies (Sun et al., Cell Research [2007] 17:117–134), we propose that paternal‐zygotic transcription reprogramming begins with a genome‐wide CF dissociation to erase the existing transcription program in later stages of spermatogenesis. This will be followed by assembling of the zygotic equivalent after fertilization. The transcription/epigenetic program of the male germ cell is transformed into a zygotic one using an erase‐and‐rebuild strategy similar to that used in the maternal‐zygotic transition. It is also noted that transcription is terminated long after meiosis is completed and before chromatin becomes highly condensed during spermatogenesis. The temporal order of these events suggests that transcription silence does not have to be coupled to meiosis or chromatin condensation. Developmental Dynamics 237:1463‐1476, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconceptualizing relative deprivation in the context of dramatic social change: the challenge confronting the people of Kyrgyzstan
Authors: de la Sablonnière Roxane , Taylor Donald M. , Perozzo Cristina , Sadykova Nazgul 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe present study investigated the relationship between Temporal Collective Relative Deprivation and collective well‐being in the context of dramatic social change in Kyrgyzstan. Traditional research has evaluated Temporal Collective Relative Deprivation by comparing a group's present situation to a point in the recent past or future. We argue that a reconceptualization of Temporal Collective Relative Deprivation is needed. We hypothesized, first, that examining several, as opposed to a single, points of comparison will better predict collective well‐being. Secondly, we hypothesized that the points of comparison that will best predict collective well‐being will not necessarily correspond to the most recent past or future. Third, we hypothesized that the overall trajectory of Temporal Collective Relative Deprivation perceived across time will influence the level of collective well‐being. A sample of 565 Kyrgyz participants completed a questionnaire. Hierarchical regressions and group‐based trajectory modeling confirmed our three hypotheses. Theoretical and methodological implications of the findings are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group motives in threatening contexts: When a loyalty conflict paradoxically reduces the influence of an anti‐discrimination ingroup norm
Authors: Falomir‐Pichastor Juan M. , Gabarrot Fabrice , Mugny Gabriel 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe influence of pro‐ versus anti‐discrimination ingroup norms on Swiss nationals' attitudes towards foreigners was investigated as a function of national identification and perceived material ingroup threat. As predicted, results revealed a significant interaction between identification and threat: High identifiers showed a more negative attitude than low identifiers mainly when perceived threat was high. In other words, high identifiers conformed to the pro‐discrimination norm, but showed a counter‐conformity effect for the anti‐discrimination norm. Additional results revealed that high identifiers actually disagreed with the anti‐discrimination norm when perceived threat was high, but that they were more attached to the ingroup. These findings suggest that when the ingroup norm is not an appropriate response to an ingroup threat (i.e. anti‐discrimination norm), high identifiers find themselves in a loyalty conflict: they are unable to simultaneously conform to the group norm and protect the group. This conflict was resolved through a compensatory mechanism: High identifiers distanced themselves from the ingroup norm in order to protect the group (i.e. by increasing negative attitudes towards foreigners) but reinforced other ingroup ties (i.e. by increasing attachment to the ingroup values). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A convenient and practical method for the synthesis of N‐thiophosphoryl aldimines and ketimines
Authors: Xu Xinyuan , Wang Chungui , Zhou Zhenghong , Zeng Zebing , Ma Xinpeng , Zhao Guofeng , Tang Chuchi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA convenient and practical method for the preparation of N‐thiophosphoryl imines was developed through the thermal condensation of acetals with different thiophosphoramides at 120–160°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:238–244, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20412
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 5,5′‐dimethyl‐2‐oxido‐[1,3,2]‐dioxaphos‐phorinane‐2‐yl‐amino carboxylates
Authors: Babu B. Hari , Prasad G. Syam , Reddy C. Suresh , Raju C. Naga 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSynthesis of several 5,5‐dimethyl‐2‐oxido‐[1,3,2]‐dioxaphosphorinane‐2‐yl‐amino carboxylates (4a–j) was accomplished through a two‐step process. This involves prior preparation of the intermediate monochloride (2), 2‐chloro‐5,5‐dimethyl [1,3,2]dioxaphosphorinane‐2‐oxide and its subsequent reaction with various amino acid esters (3a–j) in dry tetrahydrofuran in the presence of triethyl amine at room temperature. They were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, and mass spectral data. Their antifungal and antibacterial activity is also evaluated. Majority of these compounds exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity in the assay. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:256–260, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20426
Reduced expression of IL‐18 is a marker of ultraviolet radiation‐induced melanomas
Authors: Hacker Elke , Muller Konrad , Whiteman David C. , Pavey Sandra , Hayward Nicholas , Walker Graeme 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe previously showed that mice carrying an activated Cdk4 mutation together with melanocyte‐specific mutant Hras (Cdk4R24C/R24C/TPras) develop melanoma spontaneously, but penetrance is increased and age of onset reduced after neonatal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. UVR‐treated mice were more likely to develop multiple primary lesions, and these melanomas more often expressed Trp53, and less often expressed c‐Myc, than melanomas from nonirradiated mice (Hacker et al., Cancer Res 2006;66:2946–52). These data suggest differences in mechanisms of tumorigenesis between melanomas developing spontaneously, or as a result of UVR exposure. To further delineate these differences, we compared global gene expression between spontaneous and UVR‐induced melanomas from these mice using microarrays. We found 264 genes differentially expressed between these groups (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Selected candidate genes were validated using qRT‐PCR, which confirmed upregulation of Gpr155 and Bmp7, and downregulation of Plagl1, Akap12 and Il18 in UVR‐induced mouse melanomas. In humans, epidemiological studies suggest that there may be 2 predominant pathways to melanoma development. One characterized by chronic UVR exposure and which leads mainly to melanomas on sun‐exposed sites; the other associated with low UVR exposure and leading predominantly to melanomas on less‐exposed body sites. We found by immunohistochemical analysis that, comparing a series of human melanomas from the head (a chronically sun‐exposed site; N = 82) with a set from the trunk (an intermittently exposed site; N = 65), the prevalence of IL‐18 expression was significantly lower in melanomas on the head (16%) than on truncal melanomas (34%, p = 0.011). We conclude that loss of IL‐18 is a marker of UVR‐induced melanoma, both in animal models and humans. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FGF‐8 is involved in bone metastasis of prostate cancer
Authors: Valta Maija P. , Tuomela Johanna , Bjartell Anders , Valve Eeva , Väänänen H. Kalervo , Härkönen Pirkko 
Published: April 2008

AbstractProstate cancer is the most common malignancy of men in Western countries. Patients with advanced prostate cancer suffer from incurable bone metastases. Recent data indicate that interactions between prostate cancer cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and the bone matrix are essential in the formation of bone metastases. FGF‐8 is widely overexpressed in prostate cancer. Recently, FGF‐8 has been found to affect both osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. The aim of this study was to examine the role of FGF‐8 in bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyse FGF‐8 expression in clinical samples of prostate cancer bone metastases. The functional significance of FGF‐8 in growth of bone metastasis and formation of bone lesions was verified by using intratibial inoculations of FGF‐8 or mock transfected PC‐3 prostate cancer cells in nude mice. Intratibial tumors and bone lesions were analysed with X‐ray, micro‐CT and detailed histomorphometry using image analysis software and with immunostaining for osteocalcin and cathepsin K. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarray of bone metastases of human prostate cancer showed that 76% of human bone metastasis samples (n = 25 from 11 patients) were positive for FGF‐8. FGF‐8 increased the growth of intratibial tumors and local formation of lytic and sclerotic lesions of bone. These results demonstrate that FGF‐8 is expressed at a high frequency in bone metastases of human prostate cancer and that expression of FGF‐8 in PC‐3 prostate cancer cells increases their growth as intratibial tumors and modulates formation of bone lesions in an in vivo model of prostate cancer bone metastasis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combination of Fasl and GM‐CSF confers synergistic antitumor immunity in an in vivo model of the murine Lewis lung carcinoma
Authors: Ho Ming‐Yi , Sun Guang‐Huan , Leu Shr‐Jeng Jim , Ka Shuk‐Man , Tang Shye‐Jye , Sun Kuang‐Hui 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGene transfer of Fas ligand (FasL) to tumor cells has been demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth in vivo, and neutrophils are primarily responsible for this immunoprotection. The granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) secreted by tumor vaccine can recruit dendritic cells (DCs) for efficient antigen presentation to T cells that generate the tumor‐specific response. To investigate whether the combination of FasL and GM‐CSF can efficiently suppress tumor growth, we have established Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC‐1) cells that are transduced with GM‐CSF (LLC/GM‐CSF), FasL (LLC/FasL) or both genes (LLC/FasL/GM‐CSF) to test their tumorigenic potential in vivo. Mice inoculated with LLC/GM‐CSF display high survival rates along with reduction of tumor growth. In contrast, none of the mice injected with LLC/FasL or LLC/FasL/GM‐CSF develop tumors. Specific memory immune response and delayed LLC‐1 tumor growth are found in mice immunized with LLC‐1/FasL or LLC‐1/FasL/GM‐CSF. Furthermore, therapeutic effects are observed only when LLC‐1/FasL/GM‐CSF tumor vaccine is employed to retard growth of preexisting LLC‐1 tumors. Tumor growth is also completely suppressed in mice injected with a mixture of LLC‐1 and LLC‐1/FasL/GM‐CSF. In addition, IL‐12 production, cytotoxic T‐cell activity and IgG against LLC‐1 are manifested in mice injected with LLC/FasL/GM‐CSF. Our data show that FasL‐induced pathway triggers expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL‐1β, IL‐6, MIP‐2 and MCP‐1, while GM‐CSF‐dependent pathway promotes functional maturation and activation of DCs. Taken together, the results indicate that dual gene‐based delivery with FasL and GM‐CSF may serve as a more effective tumor vaccine to suppress lung cancer cell growth in vivo. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Streamline pattern and salt leaching through progressive flooding between subsurface drains
Authors: Mirjat Muhammad Saffar , Rose Derek A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper examines an efficient method of removing salts through progressive flooding of surface strips between subsurface drains. The method has been tested in the laboratory using a sand tank model experiment. The work extends earlier theoretical investigations by Youngs and Leeds‐Harrison (2000) which suggest that more uniform leaching with less water can be obtained by constraining the infiltrating area with the use of bunds, initially flooding only the region midway between the drains and then progressively increasing the flooded area towards the drains until the whole area between the drains is flooded.Streamlines were traced to determine flow pattern and solute movement under complete and partial flooding. The tracing results suggest that partial flooding is more effective than complete flooding as the streamlines move faster and require less time to carry the salt towards the drain. The results have been further supported by the pore volumes of solute and salt loads leached under partial and complete flooding. The quarter flooding situation was extremely efficient followed by half and three‐quarter situations where solute leaching towards drains was higher than complete flooding. Results show that 59% superfluous good quality water is required to desalinise the area midway between drains with complete flooding, as compared to quarter area of flooding. Similarly, half and three‐quarter flooding situations require 21 and 37% additional good quality water, respectively, to leach the same amount of salts from the area midway between drains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrity of the stem‐cement interface in THA: Effects of stem surface finish and cement porosity
Authors: Iesaka Kazuho , Jaffe William L. , Kummer Frederick J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNo consensus exists for the optimal surface finish on cemented total hip prosthesis stems. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of stem finish and interfacial cement porosity on the integrity of the stem–cement interface. Simulated stems made of Co‐Cr, having polished or matte surfaces, at room temperature or heated to 37°C, were cemented into Sawbones simulated femurs. Push out testing of the stem–cement interface was performed immediately after cement polymerization and after two aging periods in 37°C saline or 37°C air, and the extent of interfacial porosity at the stem–cement interface was determined. Polished stems exhibited an average 60% greater interfacial strength than that of matte stems initially and up to 240% after aging treatments. Cement porosity at the stem–cement interface and incomplete cement interdigitation into surface asperities on matte stems likely allowed saline penetration into the stem–cement interface during wet aging, resulting in a rapid decrease of shear strength. Stem preheating to 37°C virtually eliminated interfacial pores and resulted in greater shear strengths regardless of surface finish. Polished stem surfaces with stem preheating provided the best interfacial shear strength and sealing ability against saline penetration into the stem–cement interface and could result in increased longevity of stem fixation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Page kidney after renal allograft biopsy: Sonographic findings
Authors: Heffernan Eric , Zwirewich Charles , Harris Alison , Nguan Christopher 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe development of renal failure and hypertension due to extrinsic renal compression by hematoma in the subcapsular space is well‐described and most commonly seen after blunt trauma. It may also occur as a complication of percutaneous renal biopsy, both in native kidneys and renal allografts, and is a rare cause of reversible allograft failure. We describe a case of Page kidney in renal transplantation after percutaneous biopsy causing allograft dysfunction. Early recognition with sonography is important if irreversible damage to the allograft is to be prevented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
A Comparison of Y‐, H‐, and π‐shaped Diblock Copolymers via Dissipative Particle Dynamics
Authors: Huang Ching‐I , Yang Li‐Fan , Lin Chih‐Hao , Yu Hsu‐Tung 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe phase behaviors, molecular conformations, and structural length scales of Y‐ (AB2), H‐ (B2AB2), and π‐shaped [B(A)B(A)B] copolymers are compared using dissipative particle dynamics. Though their phase diagrams are similar, the stability of microstructures is enhanced with increasing complexity of molecular architecture (linear → Y → H or π). In addition, the greater entropy loss associated with the disorder‐to‐order transition for H and π architectures makes it more difficult for them to undergo a microphase separation. When the H and π molecules pack to form an ordered structure, due to the significant presence of the chains in a bridge conformation, the structural length scales are strongly restricted.magnified image