bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A prospective diary study of the role of psychological stress and negative mood in the recurrence of herpes simplex virus (HSV1)
Authors: Faulkner Susan , Smith Andrew 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological stress and negative mood and the recurrence of herpes simplex (HSV1). A range of standard, baseline measures of health and psychological well‐being were collected from 20 participants who suffered from HSV1 recurrences (with a history of recent recurrence) and 18 matched controls. Longitudinal data was collected over a 16‐week period using weekly diaries. Participants recorded weekly levels of psychological stress, negative mood, negative events and hassles and kept a weekly health record documenting the recurrence of HSV1 and the incidence of other infectious illness. The longitudinal relationship between stress, negative mood and recurrence of HSV was assessed.Participants who suffered from frequent HSV1 recurrences were significantly higher on standard measures of stress and negative mood than those who only suffered occasional or no recurrences. Furthermore, there was a longitudinal relationship between high levels of perceived stress and the recurrence of HSV1.It was concluded that those suffering from frequent reactivation of HSV1 may be more vulnerable to the effect of stress on immune function and, in this study, higher levels of psychological stress were associated with the subsequent reactivation of HSV1. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
912 Open Pectus Excavatum Repairs: Changing Trends, Lessons Learned: One Surgeon’s Experience
Authors: Fonkalsrud Eric W. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackgroundSevere pectus excavatum (PE) is common, often causing physiologic impairment. Inconsistent results have been reported using a variety of open surgical techniques with extensive subperiosteal costal cartilage resection.MethodsSince 1969, 912 (80% men) symptomatic PE patients (mean severity index 4.9) underwent open surgical correction at UCLA Medical Center by one surgeon. Almost all patients had dyspnea, reduced endurance, tachypnea, and tachycardia with exertion. The mean age at operation was 19.8 years. Asymmetric depression was present in 465 (51%) patients; combined PE and pectus carinatum was present in 33 patients. Recurrent PE deformities were repaired on 73 patients. Progressively less deformed costal cartilage was resected during the 38‐year period; almost all of the last 303 patients had only short segments excised from both ends with suture reattachment. Transverse wedge sternal osteotomy was used on all patients, and 883 (97%) had a sternal support strut for 6 to 9 months.ResultsDyspnea, endurance, tachypnea, and tachycardia was improved in almost all patients within 5 months after repair. Repair for recurrent deformities and resection of mild localized cartilage protrusion was reduced more than threefold when minimal cartilage resection with wire reattachment was used. Postoperative complications in the last 537 patients were less frequent, pain was less severe, and results were better than when more extensive previous repairs were used (mean follow‐up 7.6 years). Very good or excellent results were reported by 94.2% of all patients.ConclusionsIn this largest series of open PE repair, progressively less extensive operative techniques have resulted in low morbidity, mild pain, short hospitalization, and very good physiologic and cosmetic results.
20 Jahre externe Qualitätssicherung in der Zytogenetik
Authors: Held K.R. , Brandt S. , Eiben B. 
Published: November 2008

Zusammenfassung
Das erste regionale Projekt für eine externe Qualitätssicherung (EQA) in der klinischen Zytogenetik entstand in Deutschland im Jahr 1989. 1993 erfolgte eine überregionale Ausweitung des Programms. Gegenwärtig nehmen 92 Laboratorien aus Deutschland, 11 aus der Schweiz und 5 aus Österreich an den Ringversuchen zur Qualitätssicherung teil. Basierend auf dem Quality Assessment Scheme der Association of Clinical Cytogeneticists (1988) aus Großbritannien wurden in der ersten Periode der Ringversuche die Qualität der Chromosomenpräparation und die Schnelligkeit in der Routinediagnostik sowohl in der Prä- (nach Amniozentese) als auch in der Postnataldiagnostik (Lymphozyten) evaluiert. Als ein Ergebnis dieser kontinuierlichen EQA stieg die durchschnittliche Bandenauflösung von unter 400 bphs 1994 auf ungefähr 450 bphs in der pränatalen Zytogenetik und von ungefähr 400 bphs auf über 500 bphs in der postnatalen Diagnostik. 1999 wurde das EQA-Verfahren durch Ringversuche zur Diagnostik, Interpretation und Dokumentation von Strukturaberrationen ausgeweitet (RV-“Strukturanalyse“). Eine numerische Bewertung für die Erkennung, die Interpretation sowie die Befundmitteilung von zugesandten Karyotypen, für die aktuelle Fälle aus teilnehmenden Laboratorien genutzt wurden, erlaubt den Teilnehmern eine Abschätzung ihrer Fähigkeit, bei vorgegebener Präparatequalität strukturelle Aberrationen, häufige Fehler bei der Karyotypisierung und Fehler bei der Dokumentation der Karyotypformel entsprechend der ISCN-Nomenklatur zu erkennen. Die kontinuierliche Teilnahme an Ringversuchen zur EQA in der Zytogenetik, an der sich die Mitglieder der teilnehmenden Laboratorien aktiv beteiligen können, führt zu einer Anhebung der Qualität in der Chromosomenpräparation sowie gleichzeitig einer Verbesserung in der Diagnostik durch Vermeidung typischer häufiger Fehler in der Karyotypisierung und fehlerhafter Benutzung der ISCN-Nomenklatur.
Array-CGH für die Analyse von Tumorgenomen
Authors: Weber R.G. 
Published: November 2008

Zusammenfassung
Durch Array-CGH („comparative genomic hybridization“) können genomweit Kopienzahlveränderungen mit hoher Auflösung erfasst werden. In der letzten Dekade zeigte sich, dass diese in Tumorgenomen häufig und in größerer Anzahl vorliegen können. Über Abweichungen im Array-CGH-Profil einer Tumor-DNA können Tumorsuppressor- oder Protoonkogene kartiert werden, sodass krebsrelevante Gene identifiziert werden konnten. Weiterhin werden Aberrationsmuster erfasst, was zur molekularen Subklassifikation von Tumortypen mit diagnostischer Bedeutung führte. Auch zur Identifizierung neuer prognostischer Marker konnten Array-CGH-Analysen beitragen. In Zukunft werden eine Datenbewertung durch Einbeziehung von Analysen auf anderen molekularen Ebenen und eine gezielte Anwendung mit chromosomen- oder tumorspezifischen Mikroarrays wichtig sein.
The developmental pattern of resistance to peer influence in adolescence: Will the teenager ever be able to resist?
Authors: Sumter Sindy R. , Bokhorst Caroline L. , Steinberg Laurence , Westenberg P. Michiel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCommon folklore seems to suggest that adolescents are particularly susceptible to peer influence. However, from the literature the exact age differences in susceptibility to peer influence remain unclear. The current study's main focus was to chart the development of general susceptibility to peer pressure in a community sample of 10–18 year olds (N = 464) with the recently developed Resistance to Peer Influence Scale (RPI). The one‐factor structure of the RPI was cross‐validated in the present sample, and the RPI was equally reliable at all ages. As expected, general resistance to peer influence increased during adolescence. In addition, gender differences were most pronounced during mid‐adolescence, when girls were more resistant to peer influence than boys. These findings are explained in terms of psychosocial maturation during adolescence.
Implementation of an OR Efficiency Program
Authors: Scheriff Kathryn , Gunderson Douglas , Intelisano Anthony 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTPERIOPERATIVE EFFICIENCY is considered a hallmark for physician and patient satisfaction.AN OR EFFICIENCY PROGRAM was implemented in a hospital in the northeastern United States in 2005. After one year, improvements were seen in OR schedule adherence, room turnover time, and staff member consistency across all shifts.A WELL‐EXECUTED PERIOPERATIVE efficiency program may not only enhance physician and patient satisfaction, but also may improve staff satisfaction and patient safety. AORN J 88 (November 2008) 775–789. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Hand‐Off Communication: A Requisite for Perioperative Patient Safety
Authors: Amato‐Vealey Elaine J. , Barba Marianne P. , Vealey Ryan J. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTTRANSITIONS FROM ONE CARE PROVIDER to another put patients at increased risk of injuries and errors. A standardized approach to hand‐off communication helps minimize these risks.ONE RECOGNIZED APPROACH to addressing this concern is the SBAR (ie, situation, background, assessment, recommendation) communication technique. Reference cards with the SBAR communication approach can be used by all staff members during hand offs in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of surgical patient care. AORN J 88 (November 2008) 763–770. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Political Culture in Rural Botswana: a Survey Result
Authors: Parson Jack 
Published: November 2008

Political culture may be defined as the attitudes, beliefs, and values held by a population and directed towards the political system of which it is a part,1 and includes what people know about that system and their evaluation of its work.The concept is of importance for two main reasons. First, the attitudes that people have will help determine their behaviour. If the view is held that development must involve popular participation, then it is important to look at those factors which might affect whether or not people will participate. The second, and related, reason is that political culture tells us something about the degree to which people accept as legitimate and useful the political system under which they live. This is important to know when considering questions, for example, that have to do with the potential for political instability.
Seminar on Social Aspects of Economic Development
Authors: Nypan Astrid 
Published: November 2008

This seminar was arranged by the Peace Research Institute in Oslo for the purpose of bringing together scattered research workers for the exchange of ideas and methods. They were able to draw on experience from Africa, Asia, and Latin America.P. Heintz, director of the Latin American School of Sociology, Santiago, opened the seminar with a talk on the relationship between anomie and development. He mentioned institutional anomie, the compartmentalisation of sectors of society, which occurs, for example, when education fails to make any contribution to the economy. Although he paid more attention to individual anomie, and how it can be absorbed into and dissolved by anomie structures, the institutional concept would appear to be extremely relevant to development problems. Labour markets and the transformation from ascribed to achieved status were mentioned as mechanisms to reduce institutional anomie.
Conference of Speakers and Clerks of Parliaments of Eastern and Central African Territories
Authors: Vanderfelt R. V. 
Published: November 2008

The practice of holding conferences of Commonwealth Speakers or Presiding Officers of legislatures and of the Clerks of those legislatures is not as prevalent as one would expect in view of the importance which is attached to the institution of parliament as a bond between Commonwealth countries.For many years India has provided an outstanding example of co-operation in this field. The first conference of Presiding Officers of the various legislatures in that country took place in New Delhi in 1921. Since then these conferences have been held periodically and they have now become a regular annual event. The agenda largely comprises procedural points of interest; no votes are taken and no formal resolutions are adopted. The first conference of Secretaries of legislative bodies in India was held at Gwalior in 1953, and subsequent conferences have been held annually in different states.
Conference on Industrial Co-ordination in West Africa
Authors: Ewing A. F. 
Published: November 2008

This conference was attended by delegations from all the countries of West Africa other than the Ivory Coast, most of them led by ministers; and the executive secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa, Mr R. K. A. Gardiner, attended in person.The conference had a dual origin: one was a series of meetings convened by President Diori Hamani of Niger, and serviced by a group of experts led by Professor de Bernis of the University of Grenoble; the other was the work of the E.C.A., starting with its publication of Industrial Growth in Africa (New York, 1963), followed by its mission on industrial co-ordination in West Africa, and a conference on iron and steel held in Monrovia in 1963, and culminating in a series of specialised studies. The final papers for the conference were prepared in collaboration between the E.C.A. secretariat and Professor de Bernis' group.
International Co-operation and Development: the Rôle of Universities
Authors: Ramphal Shridath S. 
Published: November 2008

To speak of international co-operation and development is to speak of the past no less than the present – and of the future also. Indeed, a thin line divides evaluation of the past from analysis of the present, and both from prospects for the future. Let me start with the element of continuum.The Limits To Political IndependenceIt is in man's nature that each generation in turn reflects and inaugurates change. But the character and pace of change are never constant, and there are times when human needs demand that it proceed with unusual urgency. It is in such a time that we live; indeed, already, none of us live any longer in the kind of world into which we were born. Nor any university for that matter. And the rhythm of change is actually gaining momentum.
Centre of African Studies, University of Warsaw
Authors: Halpern Jan 
Published: November 2008

When the Centre of African Studies came into being three years ago, the lack of specialists in many branches of African studies in Poland and the resulting scarcity of teachers made it seem likely that development might be initially rather slow. Nevertheless, some evaluation of the Centre's work is already possible.There were four practical objectives in establishing the Centre: (1) to build up a collection of books and other printed materials for African research; (2) to offer a two-year diploma course in African problems for holders of Master's degrees of various departments and faculties (for example, the M.A. of the Oriental Institute of the University of Warsaw, a five-year course which can include specialisation in African philology/linguistics); (3) to organise a centre of advanced research; and (4) to issue our own publications.
Peripheral Social Formations in the New Division of Labour: African States in the Mid-1980s
Authors: Shaw Timothy M. 
Published: November 2008

If the study of the foreign policies of underdeveloped countries is underdeveloped, the systematic analysis of their foreign policy decisions is not. It is simply nonexistent. – Bahgat Korany, 19841The first half of the 1980s has posed new challenges for African foreign policy in practice and analysis, symbolised by the Ethiopian drought and the conflict in Southern Africa, but generalised in the continental crisis of negative growth. The halcyon days of the 1960s – the innocence and optimism of early African nationalism – have long since disappeared, obliterated by the global and regional shocks of the 1970s. The first independence decade coincided with a period of gradual economic expansion – as it turned out, the continent's last. The years since the mid-1970s – the end of the post-war Bretton Woods era – have been characterised by slow growth at best, for a minority of states, and by none for the majority of countries and peoples. Thus the African agenda has shifted dramatically from nation-building to -salvaging, and from import-substitution to de-industrialisation. Somewhat fanciful notions of regional and continental integration have been replaced by pragmatic imperatives of food aid and debt relief.
Communication Policies for Population Control: Nigeria in the African Context
Authors: Pratt Cornelius 
Published: November 2008

Nigerians are worried about the inability of their country's economy to support an annual population growth rate of 3·3 per cent, not least because of the persistent decline in agricultural productivity, and the inadequacy of current ad hoc measures in stabilising the situation.There is, of course, increasing international awareness of the intractable economic and social woes associated with uncontrolled population growth. More important still, there is now considerable interest in devising effective policies and measures for controlling population, and these include the implementation of massive public-education programmes. In Tanzania in January 1984 the Second African Population Conference called on the member-states of the U.N. Economic Commission of Africa ‘to ensure the availability and accessibility of family planning services to all couples or individuals seeking services freely or at subsidized prices‘.2 Implicit in these proposals is the need to develop national communication policies on population issues.
Tanzanian Political Culture and the Cabinet
Authors: van Donge Jan Kees , Liviga Athumani J. 
Published: November 2008

THIS article aims to clarify the national political culture of Tanzania through an analysis of one important institution — the Cabinet. Although attention to the norms and rules that regulate political behaviour in formal and informal ways can reveal insights that are not disclosed by other approaches, political culture has been a neglected field in the study of African politics.By way of contrast, class analysis has been a popular approach to African politics in past decades.1It has been shown, for instance, that those in government positions siphon off surplus from the peasantry through the marketing of agricultural produce. This has happended in countries as diverse as Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Malawi, and Tanzania,2where there are enormous differences in economic performance, as well as with respect to the way in which political conflicts are handled. People n similar class positions can act in a variety of ways – this is a matter of culture – because there is more than one possible logic with which to perceive and defend interests.
Autopsy on a Régime: Ghana's Civilian Interregnum 1969–72
Authors: Le Vine Victor T. 
Published: November 2008

This short article was written in June 1972 as an attempt to provide an eye-witness account of the Busia Government and its difficulties, and is published now as a contribution to the continuing discussion about the reasons for that régime's collapse. Professor Le Vine was Head of the Department of Political Science at the University of Ghana, Legon, during 1969–71, and is the author of Political Corruption, the Ghana Case (Stanford, 1975), a study of the Nkrumah period.‘Autopsy’ is, perhaps, too harsh a word; possibly ‘requiem’ would have been more appropriate. Unfortunately, however, save for the members of the Government displaced by the coup d'état of 13 January 1972, the régime of Dr Kofi A. Busia had few mourners in Ghana. Most Ghanaians appear to have shaken their heads, gone about their usual business, and awaited the future with cynical patience. As coups go, Colonel Ignatius Acheampong's exercise was a model of quiet efficiency – it met virtually no resistance, took no casyalties, and had almost no noticeable effect on the ordinary bustle of life and affairs in the capital cuty. The ensuing celebrations were perfunctory, and what dancing in the streets there was seemed to be half-hearted at best.
The Informal Sector and Zambia's Employment Crisis
Authors: Todd David M. , Shaw Christopher 
Published: November 2008

Late in 1979 the Zambian Government unveiled its Third National Development Plan which will guide policies until the year 1984, and this implies that problems of unemployment, particularly in urban areas, will be partly overcome by an expansion of self-employment possibilities.Such was the enthusiasm for the new initiative that the absence of reliable information surrounding it was largely ignored. This article attempts to provide relevant data concerning a number of issues which will be vital in implementing any measures to encourage self-employment in the so-called ‘informal sector’ of the Zambian economy. In particular we shall endeavour to quantify the likely flows into the labour force, particularly from the educational system, the possible growth of formal wage employment in urban areas, and the current size and composition of the informal sector. Finally, conclusions are drawn concerning the possible rôle of this sector in absorbing the unemployed in the plan period.
Biography Into Autobiography: Wole Soyinka and the Relatives Who Inhabit ‘Ake’
Authors: Gibbs James 
Published: November 2008

In fact, What becameAkestarted out with me wanting to write a biography of an uncle, a very remarkable uncle of mine, who is mentioned here, Daodu, Rev Kuti. I think some of you have heard of Fela, the Nigerian musician. Daodu was his father and a very remarkable individual.Wole Soyinka in Jo Gulledge (ed.), ‘Seminar onAkewith Wole Soyinka’, inThe Southern Review(Baton Rouge), 23, 3, July 1987, p. 513.The publication of Ake:the years of childhood(London, 1981) won Wole Soyinka admirers among those who had never read his poetry, novels, newspaper articles, or criticism, never seen his films or plays. In a seminar onAkewhich he gave in Louisiana during March 1987, Soyinka said that the autobiography had started from a desire to write a biography. He went on to say that he had ‘received letters about the book from the strangest parts of the world’.1The autobiography was widely and favourably reviewed, it was awarded prizes and contributed to the elevation of Soyinka's reputation throughout the world—including Sweden, where he was subsequently presented with the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Arms Supply to the Third World — Models and Explanations
Authors: Peleg Ilan 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThis article has pointed out the increasing importance of the arms trade in the contemporary international system, and has reviewed critically the essential scholarly works devoted to this topic. Arguing that most of the existing literature is either descriptive or only very partially explanatory, I have suggested a set of five requirements for a satisfactory understanding. Following an analysis of the relationships between these ideal criteria and segments of the theoretically oriented literature, I have outlined an original, though preliminary, model for a systematic analysis of arms supply as an international political phenomenon
Transport in Tropical Africa
Authors: Moriarty Patrick , Beed Clive S. 
Published: November 2008

This short article examines the present land transport situation in tropical Africa, and discusses the severe economic constraints facing continuation of even the present low levels of vehicular activity. In addition, some new approaches to both passengers and freight are suggested in line with existing difficulties.As defined here, tropical Africa includes all the countries in the continent except Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, and Egypt, as well as South Africa and Namibia. In 1984, the population was just over 400 million, but is expected to reach about 650 million by the year 2000.1 Overall, the region is characterised by low levels of income per head, a high proportion of the workforce employed in agriculture (over 50 per cent everywhere), and correspondingly low levels of urbanisation. Given the great differences between the region and the industralised countries, it is possinle that transport policies appropriate to the West may not be particularly relevent.