bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lapatinib: A Novel Dual Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor with Activity in Solid Tumors
Authors: Nelson Michael H , Dolder Christian R 
Published: January 2006

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, adverse effects, and drug interactions of lapatinib. Data Sources: A PubMed search was conducted (1966–August 2005) using the following terms: lapatinib, GW572016, and dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Additional information sources included meeting abstracts, clinical trial data, and bibliographies from articles identified through PubMed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Preclinical and clinical trials that evaluated lapatinib in cell culture, animal models, and human subjects were selected from the data sources. Pivotal in vitro data and all in vivo data published regarding lapatinib were included. Data Synthesis: The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has resulted from a search for targeted cancer therapeutics made possible by recent gains in our understanding of tumor cell biology. Lapatinib is a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor selective for inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 autophosphorylation, leading to suppression of proliferation pathways of solid tumors. Lapatinib has shown clinical activity in solid tumors, with the most notable in advanced or metastatic breast cancer, including tumors refractory to trastuzumab. It has a mild adverse effect profile, with the most common adverse events being diarrhea and rash. Conclusions: Lapatinib has novel, dual tyrosine kinase inhibitory properties selective for factors overexpressed in some solid tumors. Results from preclinical and Phase I/II trials indicate activity in the treatment of solid tumors, especially advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Application for approval is anticipated pending results of ongoing Phase III trials.
A community forensic intellectual disability service: Twelve year follow up of referrals, analysis of referral patterns and assessment of harm reduction
Authors: Lindsay William R. , Steele Lynn , Smith Anne H. W. , Quinn Kathleen , Allan Ronald 
Published: January 2006

Background. Previous reports on the outcome of services for offenders with developmental disabilities have found recidivism rates of between 40% and 70% with an elevated prevalence of sex offending, fire‐raising, and aggression. Studies have also reported that female offending rates in the intellectual disability population are broadly similar to those found in mainstream populations. All reports have been conducted on in‐patient or prison samples. The present report is of a community forensic intellectual disability service.Method. Two male cohorts of sex offenders (N = 121) and other types of offenders (N = 105) and female offenders (N = 21) are studied and compared. Data is reported on characteristics of the cohort, problems identified at referral, criminal justice disposal trends, index offences at time of referral, reoffending rates of up to 12 years after index offence, patterns of referral in the first 6 and second 6 years of the study period and the extent of harm reduction.Results. There were no differences between the groups on IQ and the sex offender cohort tended to be older. Female offenders had higher rates of mental illness although rates for the male cohorts were generally high at around 32%. The sex offending cohort had fewer problems with anger and aggression and alcohol abuse but a higher level of daily living problems and relationship problems. Female offenders had high rates of all problems studied except daily living problems. Unlike certain previous studies, sex offences predominated in the sex offender cohort while other types of offences predominated in the other two cohorts. Average age was lower for more recent referrals. Among recidivists only, a considerable amount of harm reduction was recorded.Conclusions. Fire raising and offences against children are not overly represented when compared with mainstream offenders. When compared with previous studies, it appears that a community forensic intellectual disability service may have an impact in reducing the number of offences committed over a 12 year follow up period.
Rape myth beliefs and prejudiced instructions: Effects on decisions of guilt in a case of date rape
Authors: Gray Jacqueline M. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effects of pro and anti rape myth bias in judges' summing up statements on verdicts given by individuals.Method. A convenience sample of 90 male and 90 female students from a British university completed the Rape myth acceptance (RMA) scale (Burt, 1980). A scenario depicting a date rape was read, ending with guidance that was either pro or anti rape myth, or neutral.Results. Rape myth supporting guidance was associated with innocent verdicts, and anti rape myth guidance with guilty verdicts, regardless of degree of rape myth acceptance. Level of rape myth acceptance and gender were also found to predict verdict.Conclusion. Rape myth biased guidance may influence verdicts in a rape scenario in which the attribution of blame to the man and woman depicted could be perceived as being ambiguous.
Role of anticipated regret, intentions and intention stability in adolescent smoking initiation
Authors: Conner Mark , Conner Mark , Sandberg Tracy , McMillan Brian , Higgins Andrea 
Published: January 2006

ObjectivesTo examine the impact of anticipated regret within the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) on intentions of adolescents to initiate smoking. To examine the moderating role of anticipated regret and intention stability on the relationship between intentions and smoking initiation in adolescents.MethodsWe conducted two studies measuring anticipated regret within the TPB applied to adolescent smoking initiation. In the first study, 347 non‐smoking adolescents (between 11 and 12 years of age) completed the TPB and anticipated regret measures about smoking initiation. In the second study, 675 non‐smoking adolescents (between 11 and 12 years of age) completed the TPB, anticipated regret, and intention stability measures in relation to smoking initiation. Smoking was assessed objectively by carbon monoxide breath monitor 9 months later.ResultsIn Studies 1 and 2, regret significantly added to predictions of intentions over and above components of the TPB (p<.001). In Study 2, smoking behaviour was predicted by intentions and the relationship of intentions to behaviour was moderated by regret and intention stability.ConclusionsRegret and intention stability were shown to be important variables within the TPB in understanding intentions and behaviour of smoking initiation in adolescents.
Attributions for negative events in the partners of adults with Type 1 diabetes: Associations with partners' expressed emotion and marital adjustment
Authors: Wearden Alison J. , Ward Jonathan. , Barrowclough Christine. , Tarrier Nicholas. , Davies Rob. 
Published: January 2006

Objectives An attribution‐emotion model of reactions to illness was tested in a sample of partners of 60 adult patients with Type 1 diabetes.Methods Partners were interviewed using the Camberwell family interview (CFI), from which spontaneous attributions for negative events were extracted and coded. Events were classified into diabetes and non‐diabetes events. Partners also completed questionnaire measures of marital adjustment, anxiety and depression.Results Compared with low expressed emotion (EE) partners, high‐EE partners attributed proportionally more negative diabetes events (e.g. hypoglycaemic episodes) to causes internal to the patient, and negative non‐diabetes events (e.g. patient characteristics and behaviour) to factors controllable by and personal to the patient. High‐EE partners were more anxious than low‐EE partners, and made more responsibility attributions (attributions rated as both internal and controllable and personal). Partners with poorer marital adjustment made more responsibility attributions, but only for non‐diabetes events.Conclusion Whereas attributions for both diabetes and non‐diabetes events were related to partners' EE, attributions for diabetes events were not significantly associated with partners' marital adjustment.
Integration benutzerzentrierter Methoden in die Software-Entwicklung (Integrating User-Centered Design Methods with Software Engineering)
Authors: Burmester Michael , Machate Joachim , Sandweg Nina 
Published: January 2006

Zusammenfassung
Der Ablauf vieler Software-Projekte orientiert sich oftmals an eingeführten Software-Engineering-Prozessen. Bei der Entwicklung interaktiver Produkte gewinnt Usability-Engineering zunehmend an Bedeutung. Somit entsteht die Notwendigkeit, dass Software-Engineering- und Usability-Engineering-Prozesse integriert werden. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt Möglichkeiten auf, wie am Beispiel des Rational Unified Process (RUP) beide Prozesse pragmatisch integriert werden können.
From User-adaptive to Context-adaptive Information Systems (Von benutzeradaptiven zu kontextadaptiven Informationssystemen)
Authors: Oppermann Reinhard 
Published: January 2006

Summary
This paper introduces context-adaptive information systems reflecting the current needs of the user. Context-adaptive information systems reflect more than classical user-adaptive systems where user and task characteristics are considered for adaptation. In context-adaptive information systems the usage episode is additionally defined by the time and the location, by the physical and social environment and the technical infrastructure and eventually by relevant situational characteristic such as sound, light or movement.
To begin with, the rationality of adaptive systems and the concept of context-adaptiveness will be explained. Based upon the description of the three functions of adaptivity, i.e., the interaction logging, adaptation inference and adaptation performance, we describe user-adaptive and context-adaptive systems and the role sharing between the system and the user during the adaptation process. Techniques of location-awareness as currently an important determinant of context are described showing advantages and disadvantages for several application scenarios. At the end, application examples are presented for context-adaptive systems to understand the utility of context-adaptiveness in different fields of information and communication services.
Requirements-Engineering im Spannungsfeld von Individual- und Produktsoftware (Requirements Engineering in the Context of Customer Software and Standard Software)
Authors: Kowallik Petra , Müller-Prove Matthias , Strauß Friedrich 
Published: January 2006

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Artikel fasst die Ergebnisse eines gleichnamigen Workshops auf der Mensch und Computer 2004 zusammen. Im Workshop wurde die unterschiedliche Anwendung von Vorgehensmodellen, Methoden und Dokumentationstechniken in Abhängigkeit von der zu erstellenden Software analysiert. Ziel war dabei die Besonderheiten und Restriktionen in der jeweiligen Nutzung z.B. einer Methode, eines Vorgehens oder einer Dokumentationstechnik zu identifizieren. Diese Ergebnisse ermöglichen es, den sinnvollen Einsatz von Methoden für bestimmte Einsatzfelder, wie die Spezifikation von Individualsoftware, genauer abschätzen zu können. Dieser Artikel stellt eine für den Praktiker hilfreiche Ergänzung zu den zumeist möglichst allgemeingültig gehaltenen Beschreibungen in Lehrbüchern und wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten dar.
Perspektiven der Kopplung von LMS und Vorlesungsaufzeichnungssystemen (Integration of LMS and Lecture Recording Systems: Requirements and Potentials)
Authors: Mertens Robert , Knaden Andreas , Thelen Tobias , Vornberger Oliver 
Published: January 2006

Zusammenfassung
LMS (Lernmanagement-Systeme) beinhalten bei flächendeckendem Einsatz kursspezifische Informationen, die bei der Erstellung und der Verwaltung von Vorlesungsaufzeichnungen umfangreiche Automatisierungspotenziale bieten. Durch Ansteuerung der Vorlesungsaufzeichnung aus dem LMS können Metadaten automatisch in die Aufzeichnung einfließen. Auch die Ansteuerung der zur Aufzeichnung benötigten Hörsaaltechnik kann durch das LMS gekapselt werden. Der vorliegende Aufsatz stellt ein Konzept zur Implementation der Kopplung des Aufzeichnungssystems virtPresenter und des LMS Stud.IP vor.
Pädagogische Betrachtungen zu Vortragsaufzeichnungen (eLectures) (Pedagogical Views to Lecture Recordings (eLectures))
Authors: Krüger Marc 
Published: January 2006

Zusammenfassung
Diese Veröffentlichung betrachtet die Vortragsaufzeichnungen aus einer pädagogischen Perspektive. Hierfür werden einleitend allgemeine Ergebnisse von Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekten aus dem Bereich Vortragsaufzeichnung benannt. Eine anschließende Begriffsbestimmung wird als Grundlage für die Vorstellung von Forschungsergebnissen der folgenden Lernarrangements verwendet: Ergänzungsangebot (Blended Learning, Hybride Lernarrangements), Fernlehre (Distance Learning) und Substitution des Lehrenden. Es wird diskutiert, inwieweit das Videobild des Referenten Einfluss auf den Lernprozess hat oder ob es ausreicht, nur den Ton zu übertragen. Eine abschließende kurze methodisch-didaktische Betrachtung untersucht, ob die Vortragsaufzeichnung eher in einer vortragenden oder einer dialogischen Gesprächsform produziert werden sollte.
Performance of a Decision Rule to Predict Need for Computed Tomography Among Children With Blunt Head Trauma
Authors: Oman Jennifer A. , Cooper Richelle J. , Holmes James F. , Viccellio Peter , Nyce Andrew , Ross Steven E. , Hoffman Jerome R. , Mower William R. ,   for the NEXUS II Investigators
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVE. To assess the ability of the NEXUS II head trauma decision instrument to identify patients with clinically important intracranial injury (ICI) from among children with blunt head trauma.
METHODS. An analysis was conducted of the pediatric cohort involved in the derivation set of National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study II (NEXUS II), a prospective, observational, multicenter study of all patients who had blunt head trauma and underwent cranial computed tomography (CT) imaging at 1 of 21 emergency departments. We determined the test performance characteristics of the 8-variable NEXUS II decision instrument, derived from the entire NEXUS II cohort, in the pediatric cohort (0–18 years of age), as well as in the very young children (&lt;3 years). Clinically important ICI was defined as ICI that required neurosurgical intervention (craniotomy, intracranial pressure monitoring, or mechanical ventilation) or was likely to be associated with significant long-term neurologic impairment.
RESULTS. NEXUS II enrolled 1666 children, 138 (8.3%) of whom had clinically important ICI. The decision instrument correctly identified 136 of the 138 cases and classified 230 as low risk. A total of 309 children were younger than 3 years, among whom 25 had ICI. The decision instrument identified all 25 cases of clinically important ICI in this subgroup.
CONCLUSIONS. The decision instrument derived in the large NEXUS II cohort performed with similarly high sensitivity among the subgroup of children who were included in this study. Clinically important ICI were rare in children who did not exhibit at least 1 of the NEXUS II risk criteria.
Birth Weight and Cardiac Structure in Children
Authors: Jiang Benyu , Godfrey Keith M. , Martyn Christopher N. , Gale Catharine R. 
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVE. Epidemiologic studies have shown associations between impaired fetal growth and risk for coronary heart disease in adults. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. We investigated whether restricted intrauterine growth affects cardiac structure.
METHODS. We performed echocardiography on 216 9-year-old children who were measured previously at birth. The diameter of the coronary left and right main branches was derived from the widest dimension; total coronary artery diameter was calculated by adding the diameters of the left and right coronary arteries. Aortic root diameter, left atrial diameter, left ventricular diameter, left ventricular outflow tract diameter, and left ventricular mass were measured.
RESULTS. On average, children who had weighed less at birth had a smaller total coronary artery diameter, aortic root diameter, and left ventricular outflow tract diameter after adjustment for gender, gestational age, current height and weight, and maternal height and prepregnant weight. For each SD increase in birth weight, total coronary diameter rose by 0.10 mm, log aortic root diameter rose by 1.5%, and log left ventricular outflow tract diameter rose by 1.6%.
CONCLUSION. Impaired fetal growth may have long-term effects on cardiac structure. This may help to explain why adults whose birth weight was low are at greater risk for coronary heart disease.
Photochemical Internalization of Transgenes Controlled by the Heat‐shock Protein 70 Promoter
Authors: Prasmickaite Lina , Hellum Marit , Kaalhus Olav , Høgset Anders , Wagner Ernst , Berg Kristian 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTPhotochemical internalization (PCI) is a targeting technique that facilitates endosomal escape of macromolecules, such as transgenes, in response to photochemical treatment with endosome/lysosome‐localized photosensitizers, such as disul‐fonated meso‐tetraphenylporphine (TPPS2a). In gene therapy this leads to enhanced transgene expression. Moreover, photochemical treatment generally activates transcription of stress‐response genes, such as heat‐shock proteins (HSPs), via stimulation of corresponding promoters. Therefore, we used HSP70 (HSPp; a promoter from the HSP family gene) and investigated whether the PCI stimulus could also activate HSPp and thereby stimulate transcription (expression) of the HSPp‐controlled transgene internalized via PCI. Using human colorectal carcinoma and hepatoma cell lines in vitro, we showed that TPPS2a‐based photochemical treatment enhances expression of cellular HSP70, which correlated with a photo‐chemically enhanced expression (approximately 2‐fold, at PCI‐optimal doses) of the HSPp‐controlled transgene integrated in the genome. Furthermore, PCI enhanced expression of the HSPp‐controlled episomal transgene delivered as a plas‐mid. However, in plasmid‐based transfection, PCI‐mediated enhancement with HSPp did not exceed the enhancement achieved with the constitutive active CMV promoter. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the PCI‐relevant treatment initiates HSP70 response and that the HSP70 promoter can be used in combination with PCI, leading to PCI‐enhanced expression of the HSPp‐controlled transgene.
Cover Picture: Industrial‐Scale Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Aryl Halides and Amines –A Personal Account (Adv. Synth. Catal. 1‐2/2006)
Authors: Buchwald Stephen L. , Mauger Christelle , Mignani Gerard , Scholz Ulrich 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe cover picture shows a typical vessel for industrial scale‐up of chemical reactions, in this case for the synthesis of dialkylphosphinobiphenyl ligands. These ligands are important catalyst components for the amination of aryl halides. For more details, see the Review by Stephen L. Buchwald, Christelle Mauger, Gerard Mignani, and Ulrich Scholz on pages 23 – 39.
Familial congenital non‐immune hydrops, chylothorax, and pulmonary lymphangiectasia
Authors: Stevenson David A. , Pysher Theodore J. , Ward Robert M. , Carey John C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPulmonary lymphangiectasia is an uncommon congenital anomaly, and familial occurrence has rarely been reported. We report on two sibs with bilateral pleural effusion/chylothorax and hydrops who died neonatally. One sib required prenatal intrauterine hemithoracic drainage. Autopsy confirmed congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia (CPL) histologically in the first case. Hydrops, characterized as subcutaneous edema and effusions in two or more body cavities, may be due to a variety of factors, but the co‐occurrence of CPL in one of these sibs, although rare, supports the notion that chylothorax and hydrops may be caused by structural lesions of lymph channels. Although most cases of CPL are sporadic, the reported sibs support autosomal recessive inheritance, with intrafamilial variability of a lymphatic disorder on a genetic basis. Mutations in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐3 (VEGFR3) in families with Milroy disease, mutations of FOXC2 in the lymphedema‐distichiasis syndrome, and fatal chylothorax in α9‐deficient mice are potential candidate genes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The yield of subtelomeric FISH analysis in the evaluation of autistic spectrum disorders
Authors: Battaglia Agatino , Bonaglia Maria C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo assess the frequency of cryptic subtelomeric rearrangements in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders, blood samples were studied using a complete set of subtelomeric FISH probes in 72 children with autism spectrum disorders. All children had normal high resolution karyotype, DNA fra‐X analysis, brain MRI, metabolic work‐up, and physical/neirological examination. Subtelomeric analysis did not detect abnormalities in any of the subjects, suggesting the uselessness of such investigations in individuals with primary autism spectrum disorders. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advances in autism neuroimaging research for the clinician and geneticist
Authors: Lainhart Janet E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis review focuses on recent advances in the in vivo study of the whole brain in idiopathic autism. The brain is abnormally large in some but not all children with autism during post‐natal development. Age‐related changes in brain volume in autism are complex and appear to be abnormal from infancy into adulthood. Diffuse differences in total and regional gray and white matter volumes are found. The volumetric abnormalities appear to follow anomalous, complex, and non‐uniform developmental curves. Diffuse abnormalities of brain chemical concentrations, neural network anatomy, brain lateralization, intra‐ and inter‐hemispheric morphologic and functional connectivity, and serotonin synthesis capacity are also found. Abnormalities of head growth are first apparent during infancy. Abnormalities of total brain volume, gray and white matter volumes, brain chemistry, serotonin synthesis, and brain electrophysiology are evident by early childhood. Currently, no method of brain imaging helps with diagnosis or treatment of idiopathic autism, but ongoing research aims to unravel the heterogeneity of autism and may provide future diagnostic tools that inform treatment. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.