bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
American URSI broadcasts OF cosmic data January to March, 1935
Authors: Ennis C. C. 
Published: February 2008

The data for terrestrial magnetism, sunspots, solar constant, and auroræ are the same as given in previous tables.The first three columns of the Table give (1) the magnetic character according to the scale 0–2 of the International Commission of Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, (2) the type featuring the day other than normal by the letters b, p, o, and i for days marked by bay, rapid pulsations, long‐period oscillations, and irregular oscillations, respectively, and (3) the hour and minute of Greenwich mean time marking the beginning of a storm, the end of the storm being indicated in the footnote to the Table. The next two columns give the data relating to sunspots: (1) the number of groups of spots and (2) the total number of spots. It is to be noted that sunspot‐numbers such as those from Zürich can be obtained from the number of groups and spots given in the Table by the formula N = k (10g+s), where k for Mount Wilson is about 0.7.
A report of work on the aurora borealis for the years 1932–1934
Authors: Fuller Veryl R. 
Published: February 2008

It is the purpose of this paper to give a summary of the visual observation of the aurora at the Alaska Agricultural College and School of Mines (to be designated University of Alaska from July 1, 1935) during the years beginning August 1932 and ending December 31, 1934. The data used represent practically a continuous watch during the hours of darkness for these years and it is felt that it is rather complete in detail. For the methods of observation and the type of data taken reference is made to an earlier publication.1Since the auroral season begins in August and continues until the following May the data have been grouped by seasons rather than by years. For the two and one‐half seasons covered, an idea of the number of displays relative to the total number of days in each group may be gained from Table 1.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1935
Authors: Hershberger John 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01m.3 W. of Gr.)April 10—This storm began at about 10h 20m, G. M. T., with moderate, long‐period fluctuations in all the elements, which continued for about ten hours, followed by about five hours of relative calmness. Then came a period of more rapid fluctuations, increasing irregularly until they reached their maximum intensity about 11h, April 11. By 13h these had ceased, and they were followed by several large oscillations with a period of about two hours. The storm proper ended at 17h, but the record continued moderately disturbed for two days longer. Ranges: Declination, 107′, horizontal intensity, 670 gammas, vertical intensity, 741 gammas.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1935
Authors: McComb H. E. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 75° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)April 9—Beginning at 2h 09m, G. M. T., H decreased about 75 gammas within one hour, after which there was a decrease of about 30 gammas in Z. D slowly decreased as H decreased.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1935
Authors: Parkinson W. C. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)October 20–22—A disturbance of moderate intensity but long duration began with a series of short‐period oscillatory movements shown in all three elements at 11h 25m 30s, G. M. T., October 20. The period of these fluctuations was about 50 seconds and the amplitude (whole range) in horizontal intensity 5 gammas, in vertical intensity 7 gammas, and in declination 1′.8. Leisurely movements showing a series of peaks, the times of maximum in horizontal intensity being at 11h 51m, 14h 48m, 16h 37m, and 19h 29m, follow, and from then onwards the traces very gradually subsided in activity without any noteworthy features, normal conditions being regained by midnight on October 22. The ranges recorded were: Declination, 15′.2; horizontal intensity, 81 gammas; vertical intensity, 102 gammas.
Final relative sunspot‐numbers for 1935 and monthly means of prominence‐areas for 1909–1935
Authors: Brunner W. 
Published: February 2008

Table 1 contains the final sunspot‐numbers for 1935, for the whole disc of the Sun, based on observations made at the Zürich Observatory, supplemented by series furnished by other cooperating observatories for days (indicated by asterisks) on which no observations were possible at Zürich.Table 2 gives the yearly means of the relative numbers,R, since the last minimum 1933 and the number of days without spots.
AmericanURSI broadcasts of cosmic data January to March, 1936
Authors: Ennis C. C. 
Published: February 2008

The data for terrestrial magnetism, sunspots, solar constant, and auroræ are the same as given in previous tables.The first three columns of the Table give (1) the magnetic character according to the scale 0–2 of the International Commission of Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, (2) the type featuring the day other than normal by the lettersb,p,o, andi for days marked by bay, rapid pulsations, long‐period oscillations, and irregular oscillations, respectively, and (3) the hour and minute of Greenwich mean time marking the beginning of a storm, the end of the storm being indicated in the footnote to the Table. The next two columns give the data relating to sunspots: (1) the number of groups of spots and (2) the total number of spots. It is to be noted that sunspot‐numbers such as those from Zürich can be obtained from the number of groups and spots given in the Table by the formulaN =k (10g +s), wherek for Mount Wilson is about 0.7.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1936
Authors: Green J. W. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h43m.5 E. of Gr.)There were no magnetic disturbances of any intensity during the quarter. Three sudden commencements of moderate intensity were observed. The sudden commencement of February 14 began at 17h 23m, G.M.T., when the horizontal intensity increased 13 gammas in two minutes. On February 16 another sudden commencement took place at 18h 57m when the horizontal intensity increased 36 gammas in three minutes. A further one occurred on March 20 when the vertical‐intensity inductometer recorded the beginning at 2h 52m 44s; the increase in horizontal intensity was only 8 gammas in the comparatively long period of eight minutes.
On the effective group‐velocities of low‐frequency radio time‐signals and the apparent variability of velocity with the region of the Earth traversed
Authors: Stetson Harlan True 
Published: February 2008

In a preliminary report to the American Geophysical Union at the Washington meeting in 1934, attention was called to apparent variations in the velocity of propagation of the low‐frequency radio waves used in the international comparisons of time‐signals1. The suggestion was therein made that the velocities over different paths were in some way inversely related to the distance of the path from the Earth's magnetic pole.Investigations have since been extended to include additional data. Unfortunately, on account of changes in the transmitting equipment at the Naval Station at Annapolis, the two‐way communication of time‐signals between Washington and Greenwich and likewise between Washington and Paris was interrupted in 1934 so that current data are lacking until such a time as the exchange of signals shall be reestablished on the 17‐kilocycle frequency.
A comparison between absolute and variometric magnetic measurements
Authors: Koenigsberger J. G. 
Published: February 2008

The accuracy of variometric magnetic measurements is not often checked as such observations of different decades are not comparable. The question arises—similarly as now found by comparison of observations with the pendulum and gravity‐variometer—if the magnetic variometer may give also for greater distances results of the same accuracy as absolute methods.There is an opportunity for such a comparison in Switzerland. For 1931.5 W. Brückmann1 has made absolute measurements, designated as 1, below, of the magnetic elements, his results being published late in 1932, and for 1930.5 the author has measured the horizontal and vertical components H and Z with a variometer, designated as 2, below, on a profile 200 km long through the same country from Chiasso to Basel, published early in 19322.
Secular change at Tsingtao since 1924
Authors: Liu Chao‐Yang 
Published: February 2008

The department of terrestrial magnetism of Tsingtao Observatory was founded some time before the World War, but the records available for the Chinese administration can be traced back only to the year 1924. The magnetograph in use is of Eschenhagen type; it consists of a recording apparatus and a declination‐variometer by Toepfer, a horizontal‐intensity variometer by Carpintur, and a vertical‐intensity variometer by Schulze. The instruments for absolute observations are a magnetometer for both declination and horizontal intensity by Sartorius and a Wild earth‐inductor by Schulze and galvanometer for inclination.So far as the short period from 1924 to 1935 is concerned, the diurnal variations here of the magnetic elements have been found to be not very great. Thus for declination, the absolute differences between the mean values of two successive months never reached 10′, for vertical intensity—except for a few doubtful cases—seldom exceeded 100γ, and for horizontal intensity—the most active and at the same time seemingly also the most sensitive one of the three records—none ever exceeded 100γ.
A soalr eruption of November 27, 1936, and simultaneous disturbances in Earth's magnetism, earth‐currents, and the ionospheric regions
Authors: Davies F. T. , Torreson O. W. , Scott W. E. , Stanton H. E. 
Published: February 2008

Spectrohelioscope‐observations—From 16h 50m to 16h 58m GMT on November 27, 1936, an extremely bright circular flocculus was observed. Its approximate position was 6° South and 21° East.Magnetic record—A sudden commencement occurred in all three elements at 16h 50mGMT, terminating at 17h 00m after very small changes. These changes would hardly be worthy of note but for their simultaneity with a solar eruption.
Tucson Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1936
Authors: Joyce J. Wallace 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)October 16–17—A disturbance of moderate intensity was characterized by abrupt starts in D and H at 15h 01m GMT, October 16. The storm, which consisted of several large bays with superimposed short‐period activity in D and H, ended at about 14h, October 17. Ranges were: H, 126 gammas; Z, 51 gammas; D, 15′.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1937
Authors: Ludy Albert K. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)April 24–28—A magnetic storm of great severity was in progress from noon of April 24 to midnight of April 28. The storm was not continuously severe during the full period but had the appearance of four storms with lulls between them. The range of declination for the whole storm was 72′; of vertical intensity 866 gammas; and the estimated range of horizontal intensity was 735 gammas. The storm began with moderate activity but at 19h GMT, April 24, it increased in violence and was very active until 02h, April 25, when it moderated. This period of the storm was characterized by a very high value of vertical intensity at 23h 45m when it reached a value about 425 gammas above normal. The ranges for the period were: D, 36′; H, 223 gammas; and Z, 485 gammas. After a time of comparative quiet the storm was again active from 15h 48m, April 25, to 7h, April 26. Between 19h and 23h, April 25, all three elements were very active with short‐period perturbations of moderate ranges in D and Z but large range in H. This part of the storm was characterized by high values and great range in H. The H‐trace went completely off the magnetogram, indicating a range of more than 400 gammas. The ranges in D and Z during this time were 36′ and 106 gammas respectively. The elements were again fairly quiet until 17h 40m, April 26, when the storm once more became violent for a period of 11 hours. This period was notable for the high values in both H and Z; the H‐trace again left the magnetogram. The ranges were: D, 48′; H, more than 400 gammas; and Z, 382 gammas. Another period of quiet occurred until 18h 40m, April 27. Then the storm again became violent and was characterized by low values of H and Z and a large range in D. The ranges were: D, 72′; H, 455 gammas; and Z, 523 gammas. The storm ended at midnight, April 28.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1937
Authors: Green J. W. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)July 19—There was a sudden commencement on July 19 at 12h 53m 50s GMT. D moved easterly 1′ and returned to normal in two minutes of time. Then after an interval of twelve minutes a slow westerly movement began, the total change being 4′ in the following fourteen minutes. H increased 27 gammas in four minutes, then remained high and undisturbed. The numerical value of Z abruptly decreased 6 gammas, then increased 4 gammas, followed by a slow decrease of 15 gammas over twelve minutes and an increase of 20 gammas over fifteen minutes. The character of the trace was “1” for several hours.
Magnetic Observatory, Capetown, October 1937 to March, 1938
Authors: Ogg A. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 33° 57′ S., longitude 18° 28′ or 1h 13m.9 E. of Gr.)Note: The absolute values of D and Z are negative and that of H is positive; the changes indicated by sign are in the algebraic sense.
Geomagnetism or terrestrial magnetism?
Authors: Chapman S. 
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this Note is to suggest to workers on the science of the Earth's magnetism, who write in English, that they should regularly adopt the title geomagnetism, and the corresponding adjective geomagnetic, in place of the more usual terrestrial magnetism and terrestrial magnetic. The adjective geomagnetic is already commonly used in connection with the angular coordinates of position on the globe, relative to the Earth's magnetic axis; but in other connections, at present, it occurs seldom.I am not enough of a historian to know when the title terrestrial magnetism became general, or why it ever gained vogue, when the old words geography and geology already offered analogies for the word geomagnetism. But apart from the stylistic literary objection to the combination of a Latin adjective terrestrial with a noun originally Greek —an argument which to many scientists may not have much appeal —the use of the Greek earth‐prefix geo with the main noun magnetism, in line with the nomenclature for geography, geodesy, geophysics and geology, has the great advantage of convenience, brevity, and ease of speech. The adjectival form of the word, geomagnetic, has a still greater convenience over the awkward adjectival phrase terrestrial magnetic, in which the second adjective is qualified by the separate subadjective terrestrial.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, April to June 1938
Authors: Davies Frank T. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S., longitude 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m.4 W. of Gr.)April 6—A sudden commencement of small amplitude occurred at 21h 05m GMT, April 6. In a period of four minutes, H decreased 5 gammas and increased 42 gammas; Z increased 5 gammas and D moved westward less than 1′.0. Following this the traces were only slightly disturbed.
American URSI broadcasts of cosmic data, July to September, 1938, with american magnetic character‐figure CA, August to October, 1938
Authors: Johnston H. F. 
Published: February 2008

The data for terrestrial magnetism, sunspots, and solar constant are the same as given in previous tables.The first three columns of the Table give (1) the magnetic character according to the scale 0–2 of the International Commission of Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, (2) the type featuring the day other than normal by the letters b, p, o, and i for days marked by bay, rapid pulsations, long‐period oscillations, and irregular oscillations, respectively, and (3) the hour and minute of Greenwich mean time marking the beginning of a storm, the end of the storm being indicated in the foot‐note to the Table. The next two columns give the data relating to sunspots: (1) the number of groups of spots and (2) the total number of spots. It is to be noted that sunspot‐numbers such as those from Zürich can be obtained from the number of groups and spots given in the Table by the formula N = k (10g + s), where the mean value of k for Mount Wilson was 0.53 during 1936; during 1937 this value varied from 0.47 to 0.66 with an average value of 0.53.
Tucson Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1938
Authors: Hershberger John 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)July 4–5—A moderate storm began gradually July 4, about 12h GMT, and ended about 08h, July 5. The activity was mostly of the short, quick, saw‐tooth variety, affecting H chiefly, D moderately, and Z slightly.
Note on non‐cyclic change
Authors: Sapsford H. B. 
Published: February 2008

In connection with the diurnal‐variation curves of the magnetic elements C. Chree1,2 has shown that usually there is a difference between the first and second midnights of the mean day and that this difference must be eliminated in order to obtain a curve which is strictly periodic in the 24 hours. This applies, also, to curves for other geophysical elements.If ā0 and ā24 represent the mean values of the first and second midnights then

urn:x-wiley:00968013:media:tma32350:tma32350-math-0001
where N is the non‐cyclic change. The correction at any hour t is then

urn:x-wiley:00968013:media:tma32350:tma32350-math-0002
Provisional solar and magnetic character‐figures, Mount Wilson Observatory October, November, and December, 1938
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Mulders Elizabeth Sternberg 
Published: February 2008

The origin of the storm of October 7–8 is uncertain although it was probably caused by the very large sunspot‐group in latitude 17° north, which was 60° east of the central meridian when the storm began.A chromospheric eruption of intensity 3 occurred at 18h 11m GMT, December 7, in a sunspot‐group 8° south of the equator and 10° west of the central meridian. At the same time a change occurred in the Earth's magnetic field at Mount Wilson similar to those which are usually caused by these eruptions. At 18h 11m GMT, H decreased 39 gammas in four minutes, recovering in the next 17 minutes.
International magnetic classification for years prior to 1890
Authors: van Dijk G. 
Published: February 2008

Data for the magnetic classification prior to 1890, on the scale 0 to 7, have been received for the following observatories:September 27, 1847–1889—Greenwich1872–1889—Bombay1875–1882 and 1884–1889—Melbourne1877–1889—Zikawei1880–1889—Toronto and BataviaOctober 1882–September 1889—Los Angeles1883–1889—Pare St. Maur and MauritiusStonyhurst has advised there is no opportuntiy of assigning character‐numbers to its records prior to 1906. Mauritius has stated that assignment of character‐numbers is not possible for the years 1875 to 1882.
Summary of the year's work, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Authors: Fleming J. A. 
Published: February 2008

The Department during the year ended June 30, 1939, continued reduction and interpretation of accumulated data and experimental investigations in its laboratories and observatories. Its goal is the clearer understanding of terrestrial magnetism and terrestrial electricity and their correlated geophysical and cosmical phenomena. The work may be briefly summarized as follows:Publications—In the course of specialized research it is essential from time to time to present a picture of progress. In this regard the Department has had a large share in the production of two important treatises which will satisfy a long‐felt need in the literature of geophysics. “Geomagnetism,” by S. Chapman and J. Barrels, will be published by the Oxford University Press probably early in 1940 and “Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity” (volume VIII of the Physics‐of‐the‐Earth series sponsored by the National Research Council), prepared under the editorship of J. A. Fleming, by members of his staff and associates, was printed by the McGraw‐Hill Book Company for distribution in August 1939. These volumes—the former stressing the theoretical and mathematical aspects of terrestrial magnetism particularly and the latter the practical and descriptive aspects of terrestrial magnetism and electricity—will supplement each other in an authentic exposition of the subjects and their present status.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, July to September 1939
Authors: Davies F. T. 
Published: February 2008

July 3—There was a sudden commencement at 00h 40m GMT, July 3, when in two minutes H increased 25 gammas, Z increased 4 gammas, and D was not affected. Moderate disturbances with a number of large fluctuations in H continued until 21h.July 4–5—There was a sudden commencement at 14h 08m GMT, July 4, when in four minutes D moved easterly 1′.8, H increased 83 gammas, and Z increased 3 gammas. A magnetic storm followed which continued until 20h, July 5, the last six hours being violently disturbed. A large number of fluctuations in H of large amplitude were recorded. Ranges: D, 12′; H, 304 gammas; Z, 17 gammas.
Measurements of F2‐region ionization over New Zealand
Authors: White F. W. G. , Banwell C. J. , Peddie G. A. 
Published: February 2008

(1) Introduction—Compared with the other two main ionized regions of the upper atmosphere (E‐ and F1‐regions) the highest and most richly ionized region (F2) presents theoretical problems which can be discussed adequately only when data collected in many different places of the Earth's surface can be examined simultaneously. The situation is similar to that of terrestrial magnetism in that the observations at one observatory cannot yield sufficient data upon which a theoretical discussion may be based.Amongst the many observations which can be made with wireless waves reflected from the F2‐region the most fundamental are concerned with the measurement of the maximum charge‐density of this region. In view of the apparently anomalous behavior of this region it is of interest to investigate firstly the diurnal and secondly the seasonal variation of the maximum charge‐density of the region. Thirdly the wide fluctuations of this quantity which occur from day to day are of interest since they appear to be intimately connected with other geophysical occurrences.
Aux directeurs des observatoires magnétiques, contribuants à la publication “Caractère magnétique numérique des jours”
Authors: van Dijk G. 
Published: February 2008

L'Association de Magnétisme et Electricité Terrestres de l'Union Géodésique et Géophysique Internationale a résolu, dans ses séances de septembre 1939 à Washington, de discontinuer la publication des caractères magnétiques numériques des jours, à partir de l'année 1940.D'accord avec cette résolution, j'ai l'honneur de vous prier de ne plus envoyer vos tableaux avec les valeurs de HRH:10000, ZRZ:10000, et RD après le dernier trimestre de 1939.