bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress in carbon nanotube based nanoelectromechanical systems synthesis
Authors: Jungen Alain , Durrer Lukas , Stampfer Christoph , Roman Cosmin , Hierold Christofer 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe present a revised process flow for the integration of individual single‐walled carbon nanotubes into microelectromechanical systems. The revision consists in a re‐ordered process sequence which consider‐ably increases the device yield. Thermal catalytic chemical vapor deposition of single‐walled carbon nanotubes is performed conjunctly with annealing as the very last process step. Maskless catalyst deposition is demonstrated to produce individual single‐walled carbon nanotubes with good location and orientation control by shaping the catalyst support. Straining experiments showed that the mechanical anchoring between the tube and the support can be sufficient. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New principle of hydrogen adsorption inside nanotubes
Authors: Fedorov A. S. , Kuzubov A. A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA new principle of hydrogen (or other gases) adsorption inside single‐wall nanotubes is proposed. This principle is based on the mixing of hydrogen with a small quantity of special additive molecules. The diameter of these molecules is chosen to be 2.5–4 Å smaller than the nanotube diameter, so these molecules can move along the tube axis. Due to interaction of the molecules and the nanotube walls this molecular movement has potential barriers which should be ∼0.5–1 eV for the best effect. At those values the mobility of these molecules would be very low at ambient conditions. At high pressures and temperatures (600–900 K) the additive molecules have high mobility, so they can penetrate through open ends into nanotubes quite easily together with molecular hydrogen. These molecules divide the whole volume of the nanotube in separate parts in which the hydrogen molecular gas is locked under high pressure. The main part of the hydrogen is physically adsorbed on the inner walls of the nanotube. After decreasing the temperature the mobility of additive molecules is strongly decreased and hydrogen becomes accumulated inside all parts of the nanotube. As an example, hydrogen adsorption inside boron nitride nanotubes (8,8) is investigated. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermoelectric properties of CoSb3 with maize‐like structure
Authors: Li Shanghua , He Zeming , Toprak Muhammet S. , Stiewe Christian , Müller Eckhard , Muhammed Mamoun 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMaize‐like CoSb3 powders were obtained via the chemical alloying method. After the consolidation of the nanopowder using hot press, the CoSb3 compact shows a higher Seebeck coefficient and lower thermal conductivity. For the investigated CoSb3, a ZT of 0.15 at 673 K is shown. Though the achieved ZT does not reach the optimal value (0.17 to 0.18) for pure CoSb3, due to its lower electrical conductivity, the novel structure fabrication provides an interesting and promising approach to enhancing the thermoelectric performance. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strengthening emergency obstetric care in Thanh Hoa and Quang Tri provinces in Vietnam
Authors: Otchere S.A. , Binh H.T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveSave the Children/USA and the Ministry of Health of Vietnam undertook a project between 2001 and 2004 to improve the availability of, access to, quality and utilization of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) services at district and provincial hospitals in two provinces in Vietnam.MethodsThe project improved the functional capacity of 3 provincial and 1 district hospitals providing comprehensive EmOC services, and upgraded 1 district hospital providing basic EmOC into a comprehensive EmOC facility through training, infrastructure and quality improvement.ResultsData presented in this paper focus on only the 2 district hospitals even though the UN process indicators showed increases in utilization of EmOC in all 5 hospitals. In the case of Hai Lang, the proportion of births increased from 13% at baseline to 31% at the end of 2004, and met need increased significantly from 16% to 87% largely due to increased capacity of the hospital and staff. Met need in Hoang Hoa hospital more than doubled (17% at baseline versus 54% in 2004) and the proportion of births increased slightly from 19% in 2001 to 22% in 2004. Case fatality rates for the two hospitals remarkably remained at zero. Lessons from this project have been incorporated into national policy and guidelines.ConclusionImprovements in the capacity of existing health facilities to treat complications in pregnancy and childbirth can be realized in a relatively short period of time and is an essential element in reducing maternal mortality.
Ensuring financial access to emergency obstetric care: Three years of experience with Obstetric Risk Insurance in Nouakchott, Mauritania
Authors: Renaudin P. , Prual A. , Vangeenderhuysen C. , Ould Abdelkader M. , Ould Mohamed Vall M. , Ould El Joud D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIntroduction: The high cost of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) is a catastrophic health expenditure for households, causing delay in seeking and providing care in poor countries. Methods: In Nouakchott, the Ministry of Health instituted Obstetric Risk Insurance to allow obstetric risk sharing among all pregnant women on a voluntary basis. The fixed premium (US$21.60) entitles women to an obstetric package including EmOC and hospital care as well as post‐natal care. The poorest are enrolled at no charge, addressing the problem of equity. Results: 95% of pregnant women in the catchment area (48.3% of the city's deliveries) enrolled. Utilization rates increased over the 3‐year period of implementation causing quality of care to decline. Basic and comprehensive EmOC are now provided 24/7. The program has generated US$382,320 in revenues, more than twice as much as current user fees. All recurrent costs other than salaries are covered. Conclusion: This innovative sustainable financing scheme guarantees access to obstetric care to all women at an affordable cost.
RETRACTED: Dexamethasone for reduction of nausea, vomiting and analgesic use after gynecological laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Fujii Y. , Nakayama M. 
Published: September 2007

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor‐in‐Chief.This article has been retracted as a result of evidence that the distributions of many variables reported by Dr Fujii in these studies could not have occurred by chance [1,2]; and the inability of Dr Fujii's institution, following investigation, to attest to the scientific propriety of the study and/or its data conducted under its auspices [3], as set out in the Joint Editor's‐in‐Chief Request for Determination of April 9, 2012 [4]:
China and the International Legal System: Challenges of Participation
Authors: Potter Pitman B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDuring the past decade, the Chinese government has pursued greater engagement with a range of international legal regimes. China's expanded participation in international regimes for trade and human rights, for example, can provide deeper understanding of the factors influencing China's international behaviour. Building upon scholarly perspectives about institutional compliance with treaty texts and the influence of local conditions on China's policies and practice, this article examines China's participation in international legal regimes for trade and human rights in light of dynamics of normative engagement and the paradigm of selective adaptation. Normative tensions help explain China's policies and practices on compliance with the WTO trade regime, while the imperative of normative engagement helps explain much about China's international human rights diplomacy.
Farmers’ Cooperatives in Bavaria, 1880–1914: ‘State-Help’ and ‘Self-Help’ in Imperial Germany
Authors: FARR IAN 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the growth of peasant/farmer cooperatives in the German state of Bavaria in the years circa 1880–1914. The remarkable increase in the number of cooperative ventures in rural Germany, seen most clearly in the proliferation of credit cooperatives (Raiffeisenvereine), has attracted scant attention from historians. This study of the phenomenon in Bavaria suggests that the longer-term structural problems of peasant agriculture, compounded by seasonal crises and the absence of adequate structures of credit for small producers, all helped to make peasant farmers more receptive to cooperative innovation. In addition, however, state encouragement, galvanised in no small measure by the marked and, for the Bavarian state, discomfiting politicisation of agrarian interests in the early 1890s, was also instrumental in the extension of the cooperative idea. Certainly the more demagogic agrarian lobbies of the period, whether in Bavaria or in Germany as a whole, protested loudly that self-help measures such as cooperative credit, purchase and sales counted for relatively little, and that the only sure protection for farmers in the face of rapidly changing market conditions was large-scale state subvention, above all in the form of higher tariffs. However, the evidence presented here suggests that political demands to insulate the peasantry from change in fact formed part of a critical interplay between agrarian mobilisation, state intervention and cooperative initiatives whose effects, even if difficult to calculate exactly, undoubtedly contributed to the improvements in peasant farming in this period.
Squire and Community: T.G. Dixon at Holton-le-Moor, 1906–1937
Authors: OLNEY RICHARD 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article looks at a small English rural estate, and at the role of its squire, in the early twentieth century. It describes the estate, parish and village of Holton-le-Moor as inherited by the Reverend T.G. Dixon in 1906, and assesses his impact on all three areas of local society during the following thirty years. Although he was a conscientious landlord and a devoted churchman, his most lasting influence was on the life of the village. Both conservative and progressive in his views, his inconsistencies reflected a rural society in transition; but, especially in providing a village hall in 1910, he anticipated and facilitated post-First World War developments in the structure of village life. Relations between the rural aristocracy and its dependents have often been described in terms of paternalism on the one hand and deference on the other. This article suggests that ideas of community may sometimes be more useful when considering the dealings of a small squire with his villagers.
Adiponectin, the controversial hormone
Authors: Garaulet Marta , Hernández-Morante Juan J , de Heredia Fátima Pérez , Tébar Francisco J 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo discuss present knowledge about adiponectin hormone.DesignReview of existing literature.Setting and resultsAdiponectin is one of the most interesting cytokines associated with obesity, although its physiological role remains to be fully clarified. Adiponectin is a 247-amino acid protein that contains four differentiable domains. Contrary to most adipose-related cytokines, adiponectin levels are surprisingly lower in obese than in lean humans. Women have been found to have significantly higher adiponectin plasma concentrations than men. Further research is needed in order to identify new polymorphisms which contribute to explain the potential role of adiponectin in obesity and related pathologies.Considering the anti-inflammatory properties of adiponectin and the fact that it is negatively associated with adiposity, this cytokine could be one of the links between obesity and inflammation. The main mechanisms of action of adiponectin are directed to a protective role against atherogenic and insulin resistance processes. Research has revealed interesting new functions far beyond metabolism, such as immunity, cancer and bone formation.Contrary to all adipose-related proteins, adiponectin decreases with obesity. Most of the contradictory data surrounding adiponectin are related to plasma values and their relationship with body fat, gender differences and insulin resistance. There are important confounding results regarding the mechanisms of action and functions of adiponectin, especially in relation to insulin resistance and inflammation.
Obesity and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Pérez Pérez Antonio , Ybarra Muñoz Juan , Blay Cortés Vicente , de Pablos Velasco Pedro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and in terms of the extent of its negative impact on the health has been compared to those of tobacco and alcohol. One of the first medical consequences of obesity to be recognised was cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, predisposes a person to a number of other cardiovascular risk factors, and is an independent predictor of clinical CVD including coronary death, coronary heart disease, heart failure and stroke.Materials and methodsA Medline search using the following keywords (obesity, cardiovascular disease, body mass index, cardiovascular risk factors, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome) was performed looking for high impact factor English-written references.ResultsNinety-nine (N=99) relevant articles published in the last 15 years were selected and commented. As detailed throughout the text, current therapies available for weight management can improve or prevent many of these obesity-related risk factors for CVD. However, there is some controversy as to whether weight loss is beneficial for health, and large clinical outcome trials such as the Look-AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial or the SCOUT (Sibutramine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial) study are currently ongoing.DiscussionIn the present review, we summarise the effects of obesity as well as the efficacy of weight-loss interventions on cardiovascular risk factors and CVD.
Does the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome improve by applying the International Diabetes Federation criteria?
Authors: Soto González A , Bellido Guerrero D , Buño Soto M , Pértega Díaz S , De Luis D , Lopez de la Torre M , Martínez Olmos M 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in a population of patients with overweight and obesity of the A Coruña and Granada health areas, using the definitions of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III) and of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).Patients and methodsDuring a period extending from 1996 to 2003, only those patients attending endocrinology outpatient clinics for whom all the anthropometric and biochemical parameters used to define the MS, both according to the ATP IIII and the IDF, were available were selected. The final study sample consisted of 285 patients, 198 females (69.5%) and 87 males (30.5%).ResultsThe prevalence of the MS was 29.8% when the ATP III definition was applied, and 41.1% according to the IDF criteria. Prevalence by sex was 32.2% in men and 28.8% in women according to the ATP III, and 42.5% and 40.4%, respectively, according to the IDF.ConclusionsIn a patient population with overweight or obesity, the prevalence of the MS is higher when the IDF criteria, instead of the ATP III criteria, are used. These findings may have significant implications when it comes to addressing early diagnosis of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus in these patients, in order to perform therapeutic measures at the initial stages and thereby reduce metabolic and cardiovascular complications.
Analogous and Distinctive Patterns of Prelinguistic Communication in Toddlers With and Without Hearing Loss
Authors: Zaidman-Zait Anat , Dromi Esther 
Published: September 2007

PurposeThis study was conducted to compare the prelinguistic communicative abilities of toddlers with hearing loss and without hearing loss during the 2nd year of life and shortly before the emergence of productive single-word lexicons.MethodThe participants were 28 toddlers with hearing loss who participated in an early intervention program and 92 toddlers with normal hearing at similar language levels and close chronological ages. The assessment consisted of the Hebrew Parent Questionnaire—Communication and Early Language (HPQ-CEL; E. Dromi, H. Ben-Shahar-Treitel, E. Guralnik, & D. Ringwald-Frimerman, 1992) that guided parents' observations of their toddlers in 6 contexts at home. Parents reported on a range of prelinguistic communicative abilities.ResultsProfile analysis indicated that the 2 groups used a remarkably similar overall profile of prelinguistic behaviors. Interrelationships among behaviors were noticeably similar, too. Two communication properties unique to toddlers with hearing loss were relatively lower spontaneous use of words and reduced involvement in triadic book reading interactions. In addition, the associations between use of words and gestures in toddlers with hearing loss were slightly different from the toddlers with normal hearing, and the range of innovative gestures that they produced was greater.ConclusionThe remarkable similarity between the 2 groups support the feasibility of adopting goals and principles known to hold true in typical development for fostering communication in toddlers with hearing loss.
Language Acquisition With Limited Input: Romanian Institution and Foster Care
Authors: Windsor Jennifer , Glaze Leslie E. , Koga Sebastian F. ,   The Bucharest Early Intervention Project Core Group
Published: September 2007

Purpose
To provide the first detailed information about native language abilities of children who are or had been institutionalized.

Method
The language of ten 30-month-old children raised in Romanian orphanages was compared with that of 30 chronological-age-matched peers: 10 children who had moved recently from orphanages to foster care, 10 children in foster families for at least 1 year, and 10 children raised in their biological families. Ten language measures were obtained from communication during play and from parent/caregiver report.

Results
Children who were institutionalized and children in foster care for a brief time showed substantial language delays, with some of these children not yet producing intelligible words. Children in foster care for at least 1 year approximated the expressive output and receptive language of children who had never been institutionalized; however, they showed lower expressive grammatical abilities. Within the group of children who were institutionalized, the presence of a preferred caregiver and a measure of development, greater height, were associated with greater language output. Although children in orphanages produced fewer complex forms than children in biological families, there were no systematic qualitative differences in language structure across groups.

Conclusion
Foster care facilitated language growth after substantial language delays associated with institutionalization.
Early foreign language education and metalinguistic development
Authors: Charkova Krassimira Dimitrova 
Published: September 2007

Studies with bilingual and multilingual subjects suggest that bilingualism and multilingualism foster the development of certain aspects of children’s metalinguistic skills. The purpose of the present study was to find out if learning foreign languages facilitates children’s metalinguistic ability to define words. It compared Bulgarian monolingual, bilingual and trilingual subjects on their word-definition performance in the L1. The relationship between L1 definition performance, L2/L3 proficiency, and L2/L3 definition performance within the bilingual and trilingual groups was also investigated.
The study found that early foreign language education has a positive effect on the quality of children’s definitions in their L1. The bilingual and trilingual children performed significantly better than the monolingual children. The results specific to the bilingual and trilingual groups showed that second/third language proficiency was a significant and powerful predictor of the performance of the bilingual and trilingual subjects on the word-definition tasks in their second/third language. L1 word-definition ability was a weaker predictor of the subjects’ performance on the word-definition task in their second or third language. However, in the case of genetically closely related languages (Bulgarian and Russian) the transfer was easier as compared to genetically more distanced languages (Bulgarian and English).
The effect of word order differences on English-into-Arabic simultaneous interpreters’ performance
Authors: Al-Rubai'i Alya' M.H. Ahmad 
Published: September 2007

Word order differences between English and Arabic represent one of the problems faced by English-into-Arabic simultaneous
interpreters. This paper investigates this problem by testing the effect of six problematic English linear arrangements on the
accuracy of performance of interpreters in three text types: the expressive, informative and vocative. These constructions are
considered problematic because they contain key words which force the interpreter to lag too far behind the speaker before they
are rendered into Arabic. This lagging behind entails a risk of short-term memory overload and consequently affects
performance.
The assumption has been verified and departures in the form of omissions and errors have been identified in the interpreters’
performance. But the interpreters resorted to a tactic that helped them to stay as close as possible to the speaker, viz.,
tracking, particularly in the rendition of the vocative passage. However, this tactic was not always manipulated successfully due
to inappropriate handling or to the fact that the construction itself did not lend itself to tracking.
It has also been found that departures are higher in the rendition of the expressive and informative passages than the vocative
passage.