bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaporation
Authors: Billet Reinhard 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Separating Substances by Evaporation

2.

Types of Evaporators and their Energy Consumption

2.1.

Single Stage Evaporators

2.2.

Multistage Evaporation

2.3.

Evaporation with Vapor Recompression

2.4.

Optimizing Evaporation Systems

2.5.

Evaporation Using Pressure Reduction

3.

Designing Evaporators for Fabrication

4.

Design

4.1.

Heating Equipment

4.2.

The Vapor Separation Chamber

5.

Evaporator System Ancillary Components

5.1.

Indirect Heat Exchangers

5.2.

Equipment for Direct Heat Exchange

5.3.

Pumps

5.4.

Control Instrumentation

5.5.

Insulation

6.

Evaporator System Operation

7.

Crystallization by Evaporation and by Evaporation with Reduced Pressure Flashing
Model Reactors and Their Design Equations
Authors: Hlavacek Vladimir , Puszynski Jan A. , Viljoen Hendrik J. , Gatica Jorge E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Batch Reactors2.1.Homogeneous Systems2.1.1.Isothermal Reactors2.1.2.Nonisothermal Reactors2.2.Nonhomogeneous Systems2.2.1.Gas ‐ Liquid Reactions2.2.2.Solid ‐ Solid Reactions2.2.3.Solid ‐ Gas Reactions3.Continuous Stirred‐Tank Reactors (CSTR)3.1.Isothermal Homogeneous System3.2.Isothermal Heterogeneous Reactors3.3.Nonisothermal Continuous Stirred‐Tank Reactors3.4.Cascade of Tank Reactors4.Packed‐Bed Reactors4.1.Mass and Energy Balances4.1.1.The Single‐Particle Model4.1.2.The Two‐Phase Model4.1.3.The One‐Phase Model4.1.4.Boundary Conditions4.2.Values of the Parameters4.2.1.Average Bed Porosity4.2.2.Effective Transport Coefficients4.2.3.Wall Heat‐Transfer Coefficient4.3.Further Simplifications4.4.Parametric Sensitivity4.5.Flow Field Description4.5.1.Boundary Conditions4.5.2.Permeability and Inertia Coefficient4.5.3.Thermal‐Expansion Coefficient4.5.4.Mass‐Expansion Coefficient4.6.Thermomechanical Effects in the Reaction System4.7.Numerical Simulation4.7.1.Discretization of the Physical Domain4.7.2.Discretization of the Governing Equations5.Optimization of Chemical Reactors5.1.The Objective Function for Chemical Reactors5.2.Elementary Optimization Problems5.2.1.Optimization of a Batch System5.2.2.Optimization of a Continuous System (CSTR)5.2.3.Optimization of Complex Systems: Illustrative Example5.3.Optimization of Reactors by the Search Method5.4.Optimum Temperature Profile and Optimization of Multistage Reactors5.5.Optimization of a Multibed Adiabatic Reactor with Heat Exchange Between Catalytic Stages
Metallurgical Furnaces
Authors: Grzella Jörg , Sturm Peter , Krüger Joachim , Reuter Markus A. , Kögler Carina , Probst Thomas 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Rotary Kilns1.1.Design1.1.1.General1.1.2.Structural Elements1.2.Process Engineering1.3.Applications1.3.1.Roasting and Calcining1.3.2.Calcination of Limestone, Dolomite, and Magnesite1.3.3.Production of Cement Clinker1.3.4.Iron Ore Reduction1.3.5.Volatilization Processes1.3.6.Other Applications2.Multiple‐Hearth Furnaces2.1.Description2.2.Applications2.2.1.Roasting of Sulfide Ores2.2.2.Use for Endothermic Reactions2.2.3.Clarifier Sludge Treatment3.Shaft Furnaces4.Smelting, Melting, and Refining in Bath and Flash Smelting Reactors4.1.Bath Smelting Furnaces4.2.Flash Smelting Furnaces4.3.Bath Melting and Refining4.4.Converters5.Electrothermal Reactors5.1.Introduction5.1.1.History5.1.2.Electrothermal Furnaces5.1.3.Energy Consumption and Production Capacities5.1.4.Economic Aspects5.2.Resistance Furnaces5.2.1.Basic Principles5.2.2.Reduction Resistance Furnaces5.2.2.1.Furnace Construction and Operating Parameters5.2.2.2.Metallurgical Significance5.2.3.Refining Resistance Furnaces5.2.4.Solid‐State Resistance Furnaces5.3.Arc Furnaces5.3.1.Basic Principles5.3.2.Electric Arc Furnaces5.3.3.Vacuum Arc Refining (VAR) Furnaces5.4.Induction Furnaces5.4.1.Basic Principles5.4.2.Furnace Construction5.4.2.1.Crucible Induction Furnace5.4.2.2.Channel Induction Furnace5.4.2.3.Special Induction Furnaces5.5.Plasma Furnaces5.6.Electron‐Beam Furnaces5.7.Fused‐Salt Electrolysis Cells5.8.Modeling
High‐Pressure Technology
Authors: Vetter Gerhard , Karl Erich 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Applications of High‐Pressures2.Pressure Vessels2.1.Solid‐Wall Vessels2.2.Multiwall Vessels2.2.1.Designs with a Purely Mechanical Joint2.2.2.Welded Designs (Layered‐Wall Vessels)2.3.Strength Calculations2.3.1.Cylindrical Wall2.3.1.1.Stresses Due to Internal Pressure2.3.1.2.Initial Stresses in Shrink Joints2.3.1.3.Residual Stresses Due to Autofrettage2.3.1.4.Thermal Stresses2.3.1.5.Avoiding Brittle Fracture2.3.2.Cylindrical Wall with Radial Bore2.3.3.End Pieces2.4.Corrosion in High‐Pressure Plant2.5.Material Selection2.6.Design Details2.6.1.Corrosion Protection2.6.2.Covers and Their Attachment2.6.3.Cover Seals2.6.4.Seals for Piping2.7.Example of the Design of Pressure Vessels3.High‐Pressure Machinery for Chemical Plants3.1.Special Features of High‐Pressure Machines3.2.Creation of Pressure by Pumps and Compressors3.3.Pumps3.3.1.Reciprocating Displacement Pumps3.3.1.1.Metering Pumps3.3.1.2.Transfer Pumps3.3.2.Rotary Displacement Pumps3.3.3.Centrifugal Pumps3.3.3.1.Multistage Centrifugal Pumps3.3.3.2.High‐Speed Centrifugal Pumps3.3.3.3.Hermetic Centrifugal Pumps3.4.Compressors3.4.1.Piston Compressors3.4.2.Diaphragm Compressors, Laboratory High‐Pressure Compressors3.4.3.Turbo Compressors3.5.Other High‐Pressure Machines3.6.Special Problems Involving High‐Pressure Machines3.6.1.Strength of the Components3.6.2.Seals3.6.3.Wear and Vibration4.Piping and Fittings
Radionuclides in Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Garten Rainer P. H. , Tölgyessy Juraj 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Definition and Purpose1.2.History1.3.General Features1.4.Importance and Trends2.Requirements for Analytical Use of Radionuclides2.1.Safety and Operational Aspects2.2.The Labeled Substance2.3.Activity Measurements2.4.Choice of Radionuclide2.5.Appraisal of Radionuclide Use in Analysis2.5.1.Advantages2.5.2.Disadvantages2.5.3.Sources of Error3.Radiotracers in Methodological Studies3.1.Principles and Importance3.2.Control of Sampling3.3.Control of Contamination and Loss3.4.Separation Procedures3.5.Control of the Determination Stage4.IsotopeDilution Analysis4.1.Direct Isotope Dilution Analysis4.2.Reverse Isotope Dilution Analysis4.3.Derivative Isotope Dilution Analysis4.4.Substoichiometric Isotope Dilution Analysis4.4.1.Substoichiometric Separation by Liquid ‐ Liquid Distribution4.4.2.Redox Substoichiometry4.4.3.Displacement Substoichiometry4.4.4.Applications4.5.Sub‐ and Superequivalence Method5.Radioreagent Methods5.1.Simple Radioreagent Methods5.1.1.Determination with Labeled Reagents5.1.2.Determination with Labeled Analyte5.1.3.Determination with Labeled Competing Substances5.2.Method of Concentration‐Dependent Distribution5.3.Isotope Exchange Methods5.4.Radioimmunoassay5.5.Radiorelease Methods5.5.1.Radioactive Kryptonates5.5.2.Radioactive Metals5.5.3.Radioactive Salts and other Radioactive Substances5.6.Radiometric Titration
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Meusinger Reinhard , Chippendale A. Margaret , Fairhurst Shirley A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Principles of Magnetic Resonance2.1.Nuclear and Electronic Properties2.2.Nuclei and Electrons in a Stationary Magnetic Field2.3.Basic Principles of the NMR and ESR Experiments2.4.Relaxation3.High‐Resolution Solution NMR Spectroscopy3.1.The NMR Experiment3.1.1.Continuous Wave Methodology3.1.2.Fourier Transform Methodology3.2.Spectral Parameters3.2.1.Chemical Shift3.2.2.Spin ‐ Spin Coupling3.2.3.Signal Intensity3.2.4.Relaxation Times3.3.NMR and Structure3.3.1.Hydrogen (1H and2H)3.3.2.Carbon (13C)3.3.3.Fluorine (19F)3.3.4.Phosphorus (31P)3.3.5.Nitrogen (14N and15N)3.3.6.Oxygen (17O)3.3.7.Silicon (29Si)3.4.Double Resonance Techniques3.4.1.Homonuclear Spin Decoupling3.4.2.Heteronuclear Spin Decoupling3.4.3.NOE Difference Spectroscopy3.5.One‐Dimensional Multi‐Pulse FT Experiments3.5.1.T1Measurement3.5.2.T2Measurement3.5.3.Spectral Editing Experiments3.6.Multi‐Dimensional NMR3.6.1.Basic Principles3.6.2.J‐Resolved Spectra3.6.3.Homonuclear Chemical Shift Correlation (COSY)3.6.4.Heteronuclear Chemical Shift Correlation (HETCOR, HMQC)3.6.5.Homonuclear NOE Correlation3.7.NMR Spectral Collections, Databases, and Expert Systems3.8.Applications3.8.1.Chemical Structure Determination3.8.2.Quantitative Chemical Analysis by NMR3.8.3.Rate Processes and NMR Spectra3.8.4.NMR Methods Utilized in Combinatorial Chemistry and Biochemistry4.NMR of Solids and Heterogeneous Systems4.1.High‐Resolution NMR of Solids4.2.Low Resolution1H NMR of Heterogeneous Systems5.NMR Imaging6.ESR Spectroscopy6.1.The ESR Experiment6.1.1.Continuous Wave ESR6.1.2.ENDOR and Triple Resonance6.1.3.Pulse ESR6.1.4.ESR Imaging6.2.Spectral Parameters6.2.1.g‐Factor6.2.2.Nuclear Hyperfine Interaction6.2.3.Quantitative Measurements6.3.ESR in the Liquid State6.3.1.Slow Molecular Tumbling6.3.2.Exchange Processes6.4.Computer Simulation of Spectra6.5.Specialist Techniques6.5.1.Spin Trapping6.5.2.Spin Labeling6.5.3.Oximetry6.5.4.Saturation Transfer
Occupational Health and Safety
Authors: Miksche Leopold W. , Meyer Gunter , Kolk Jan J. , Noordam Philip , Lamb Donald W. , Bosatra Dan , Kiesselbach Niko , Gruber Joachim , Dosch Rainer 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.History1.2.Differentiation of Tasks1.3.Hazards in the Chemical Industry1.4.General Outline of Goals1.5.Experts and their Training2.Legal Background2.1.Laws and Regulations in Germany2.1.1.State Legislation and Controls2.1.2.Trade Associations2.1.3.Company Occupational Safety System2.1.4.Role of the Social Partner and Associations2.1.5.Future Developments2.2.Legal Requirements in Other European Countries2.3.European Legislation2.4.Regulations in the United States3.Industrial Hygiene3.1.Introduction and History3.2.Requirements for an Effective Program3.3.Objectives and Standards3.4.Organization and Staff Management3.5.Anticipation of Health Hazards3.6.Occupational Exposure Assessment3.6.1.Introduction3.6.2.Characterization and Identification3.6.3.Preliminary Evaluation and Prioritization (Qualitative Assessment)3.6.4.Occupational Exposure Limits3.6.5.Quantitative Assessment‐Occupational Hygiene Monitoring3.6.6.Monitoring Planning and Strategy Definition3.6.7.Sampling and Analysis; Data Quality Assurance3.6.8.Sampling and Analysis Execution3.6.9.Data Interpretation and Reporting; Record Keeping3.7.Exposure Control Methods3.7.1.General Concepts3.7.2.Personal Protective Equipment3.8.Physical Agents3.9.Communication and Training3.10.Industrial Hygiene in the United States4.Occupational Medicine4.1.Health Surveillance4.1.1.Monitoring4.1.2.Periodical Medical Examination4.1.3.Evaluation and Interpretation of Data4.1.4.Reporting Health Surveillance Results4.1.5.Corrective Actions4.2.Biological Monitoring4.2.1.Basic Considerations4.2.2.Prerequisites4.2.3.Biological Media4.2.4.Biological Occupational Limits4.2.5.Interpretation of Biological Monitoring Data4.3.Occupational Epidemiology4.3.1.Introduction4.3.2.Basic Requirements‐Data Collection4.3.2.1.Data on Exposed Individuals in the Study Group4.3.2.2.Technical Data on the Occupational Environment4.3.3.Descriptive and Analytical Study Types4.3.4.Usefulness of Occupational Epidemiological Studies4.4.Ergonomics4.4.1.Introduction; Definitions4.4.2.Scope of Ergonomics4.4.3.Stress Factors4.4.4.Assessment and Testing Criteria4.4.5.Objectives4.5.Evaluation of Health Risks4.5.1.Basic Considerations4.5.2.Difficulties in Interpretation4.5.3.Dose/Effect/Polymorphism4.5.4.Hazard Identification4.5.5.Risk Estimation4.5.6.Risk Evaluation4.5.7.Risk Limitation4.6.Occupational Diseases and Work‐Related Illnesses4.6.1.Introduction; Definitions4.6.2.Occupational Diseases4.6.3.Prevention4.6.4.Compensation for Occupational Diseases4.6.5.Trends4.6.6.Work‐Related Illnesses4.7.First Aid4.8.Occupational Medicine in the United States5.Acknowledgement
Combinatorial Methods in Catalysis and Materials Science
Authors: Brümmer Oliver , Hall Keith A. , Leclerc Margarete , Lee Silvia E. , Murphy Vince 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Enzyme Mimetics and Metal Complexes as Enzyme Mimetics2.1.Combinatorial Libraries of Catalysts as Enzyme Mimetics2.2.Combinatorial Synthesis Enzyme Mimetics2.2.1.Hydrolytically Active Metal Complexes2.2.2.Evolutionary Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Oxygenase Mimics2.2.3.Libraries of Organic Acylation Catalysts3.Combinatorial Catalysis in Asymmetric Synthesis3.1.Combinatorial Catalyst Libraries in Enantioselective Additions of Dialkylzinc Reagents3.2.Ligands for the Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aza Diels ‐ Alder Reaction3.3.Divergent Ligand Synthesis for Enantioselective Alkylations3.4.Chiral Phosphine Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation3.5.Asymmetric Reactions Catalyzed by Schiff Base‐Type Ligands: the Positional Scanning Approach3.6.Identification of Novel Catalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidations by the Positional Scanning Approach4.Multidimensional Combinatorial Screening for the Identification of Novel Catalysts4.1.Catalyst Discovery and Optimization Using Catalyst Arrays4.2.Parallel Array Screening for Catalyst Optimization Using Discovery and Focused Ligand Libraries5.One‐Pot, Multi‐Substrate Screening6.Combinatorial Approaches to Olefin Polymerization Catalysts7.Combinatorial Inorganic Catalysis7.1.Combinatorial Libraries of Homogeneous Polyoxometalate‐Based Catalysts7.2.Combinatorial Libraries and High‐Throughput Screening of Heterogenous Polyoxometalate Catalysts8.Combinatorial Heterogeneous Catalysis8.1.Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane8.2.Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane8.3.Catalytic Oxidation of CO and Reduction of NO9.Combinatorial Electrocatalysis9.1.Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells9.2.Combinatorial Electrosynthesis10.High‐throughput Screening Tools for Catalysis11.Combinatorial Solid‐State Materials Science11.1.Materials Library Synthesis11.1.1.Vapor Deposition Techniques11.1.2.Alternative Library Synthesis Techniques11.2.High‐Throughput Screening for Materials11.2.1.Optical Screening11.2.2.X‐Ray Characterization11.3.Applications of Materials11.3.1.Superconductivity11.3.2.Ferromagnetic Semiconductors11.3.3.Magnetoresistant Materials11.3.4.Dielectric and Ferroelectric Materials11.3.5.Luminescent Materials12.Organic Materials and Polymers12.1.Schiff Bases for Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Materials12.2.Artificial Receptors for Small Organic Molecules12.3.New Materials for the Separation of Enantiomers12.4.Molecular Imprinting12.5.Polymer Topologies and Functionalization13.Summary and Outlook
Neurotransmitter Transporters
Authors: Hu Jia , Leitzell Katherine , Wang Dan , Quick Michael W. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNeurotransmitter transporters belong to the superfamily of solute carrier. Transporters regulate transmitter levels in the extracellular space and in transmitter‐containing vesiclesby controlling the movement of transmitter between various intracellular andextracellular compartments in brain. This function is achieved in part by coupling the movement of transmitter against its concentration gradient to the movement of associated ions down their electrochemical gradients. Disruption of the normal transport process isassociated with a variety of brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease, depression, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and substance abuse. Moreover, some transportersin this gene family are primary targets of potent psychoactive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, and antidepressants. Neurons and glia have multiple mechanisms by which they control transporter expression and function on a variety of time scales. This regulation is not only important for understanding the role of transporters in physiological and pathological processes, but may provide mechanistic targets for therapeutics aimed at disorders related to abnormal transmitter levels.
A patient with duplication (7)(p22.1pter) characterized by array‐CGH
Authors: Zahed Laila , Pramparo Tiziano , Farra Chantal , Mikati Mohammad , Zuffardi Orsetta 
Published: December 2006

AbstractApproximately 40 patients with terminal duplication of the distal short arm of chromosome 7 have been reported, the smallest being dup(7)(p21). We report here on a patient with a smaller duplication, dup(7)(p22.1), detected on G‐banding and characterized by array‐CGH. We establish phenotype–karyotype correlations with the reported patients with other 7p duplications. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
COL2A1–related skeletal dysplasias with predominant metaphyseal involvement
Authors: Walter Kerstin , Tansek Mojca , Tobias Edward S. , Ikegawa Shiro , Coucke Paul , Hyland James , Mortier Geert , Iwaya Tsutomu , Nishimura Gen , Superti‐Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSkeletal dysplasias induced by mutations in the collagen 2 gene (the so‐called “type 2 collagenopathies”) form a wide spectrum in severity and are distinguished by subtle clinical and radiographic differential signs. The unifying features are predominant involvement of the vertebral bodies and the epiphyses of the long bones (“spondylo‐epiphyseal” pattern). A mild degree of metaphyseal dysplasia can be seen in the so‐called Strudwick variant of spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia and is generally mild or absent in other forms.We report here on four individuals with COL2A1 mutations associated with marked metaphyseal involvement with only mild epiphyseal and spondylar changes. One patient who carried a Gly283Arg substitution had a pattern of metaphyseal dysplasia that corresponded precisely to what was termed “Murdoch type metaphyseal dysplasia” in 1960s and was renamed Strudwick type SEMD in 1980s; the second patient carried a Gly181Arg substitution and had severe metaphyseal dysplasia with fractures at the metaphyses reminiscent of the “corner fractures” or Sutcliffe type spondylometaphyseal dysplasia. The third patient also had major metaphyseal involvement but more epiphyseal changes than the others in this study and had a Gly922Arg mutation in COL2A1. The final patient had a small in‐frame deletion and unusually ballooned and distorted metaphyses.While it remains true that most individuals with COL2A1 mutations have chondrodysplasia with a spondylo‐epiphyseal pattern, metaphyseal involvement is not incompatible with a COL2A1 dysplasia and mutation analysis can be indicated. The observation of these individuals with metaphyseal dysplasia indicates that the phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in type 2 collagen, the main cartilage protein, is even wider than hitherto assumed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Digestive enzyme compartmentalization and recycling and sites of absorption and secretion along the midgut of Dermestes maculatus (Coleoptera) larvae
Authors: Caldeira Waldir , Dias Alcides B. , Terra Walter R. , Ribeiro Alberto F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBostrichiformia is the less known major series of Coleoptera regarding digestive physiology. The midgut of Dermestes maculatus has a cylindrical ventriculus with anterior caeca. There is no cell differentiation along the ventriculus, except for the predominance of cells undergoing apocrine secretion in the anterior region. Apocrine secretion affects a larger extension and a greater number of cells in caeca than in ventriculus. Ventricular cells putatively secrete digestive enzymes, whereas caecal cells are supposed to secrete peritrophic gel (PG) glycoproteins. Feeding larvae with dyes showed that caeca are water‐absorbing, whereas the posterior ventriculus is water‐secreting. Midgut dissection revealed a PG and a peritrophic membrane (PM) covering the contents in anterior and posterior ventriculus, respectively. This was confirmed by in situ chitin detection with FITC‐WGA conjugates. Ion‐exchange chromatography of midgut homogenates, associated with enzymatic assays with natural and synthetic substrates and specific inhibitors, showed that trypsin and chymotrypsin are the major proteinases, cysteine proteinase is absent, and aspartic proteinase probably is negligible. Amylase and trypsin occur in contents and decrease along the ventriculus; the contrary is true for cell‐membrane‐bound aminopeptidase. Maltase is cell‐membrane‐bound and predominates in anterior and middle midgut. Digestive enzyme activities in hindgut are negligible. This, together with dye data, indicates that enzymes are recovered from inside PM by a posterior‐anterior flux of fluid outside PM before being excreted. The combined results suggest that protein digestion starts in anterior midgut and ends in the surface of posterior midgut cells. All glycogen digestion takes place in anterior midgut. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 64:1–18, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit geneMdα2from the house fly,Musca domestica
Authors: Gao Jian‐Rong , Deacutis Juliane M. , Scott Jeffrey G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit gene,Mdα2, was isolated and characterized from the house fly,Musca domestica. This is the first nAChR family member cloned from house flies.Mdα2had a cDNA of 2,607 bp, which included a 696 bp 5′‐untranslated region (UTR), an open reading frame of 1,692 bp, and a 219 bp 3′‐UTR. Its deduced amino acid sequence possesses the typical characteristics of nAChRs.Mdα2genomic sequence was 11.2 kb in length in the aabys strain and 10.9 kb in the OCR strain, including eight exons and seven introns. Based on the deduced amino acid sequence,Mdα2had the closest phylogenetic relationship to theDrosophila melanogaster Dα2andAnopheles gambiae Agamα2, and a similar genomic structure toDα2. Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis showed thatMdα2is expressed in the head and the thorax at 150‐ and 8.5‐fold higher levels than in the abdomen. Linkage analysis of aMdα2polymorphism indicates this gene is on autosome 2. The importance of these results in understanding the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of insect nAChRs, the physiology of nAChRs in the house fly, and the utility of nAChR sequences in resistance detection/monitoring is discussed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 64:30–42, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biocidal effect of cathodic protection on bacterial viability in biofilm attached to carbon steel
Authors: Miyanaga Kazuhiko , Terashi Ryosuke , Kawai Hirofumi , Unno Hajime , Tanji Yasunori 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBiofilm formed on carbon steel by various species of bacterial cells causes serious problems such as corrosion of steel, choking of flow in the pipe, deterioration of the heat‐transfer efficiency, and so on. Cathodic protection is known to be a reliable method for protecting carbon steel from corrosion. However, the initial attachment of bacteria to the surface and the effects of cathodic protection on bacterial viability in the biofilm have not been clarified. In this study, cathodic protection was applied to an artificial biofilm containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1), a biofilm constituent, on carbon steel. The aims of this study were to evaluate the inhibition effect of cathodic protection on biofilm formation and to reveal the inhibition mechanisms. The viability of PAO1 in artificial biofilm of 5 mm thickness on cathodically protected steel decreased to 1% of the initial cell concentration. Analysis of pH distribution in the artificial biofilm by pH microelectrode revealed that pH in proximity to carbon steel increased to approximately 11 after cathodic protection for 5 h. Moreover, 99% of region in the artificial biofilm was under the pH conditions of over nine. A simulation of pH profile was shown to correspond to experimental values. These results indicate cells in the artificial biofilm were killed or damaged by cathodic protection due to pH increase. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 850–857. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.