bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oblique Intention
Authors: Williams Glanville 
Published: January 2009

Why is it that intention, or intent, one of the basic concepts of the criminal law, remains so unclear? Judges decline to define it, and they appear to adjust it from one case to another.Part of the trouble is the disagreement on the subject of intention amoung jurists generally. The Philosophers who have lately arrived on the scene, hoping to help the lawyers to slove their legal problems, in fact give only limited assistance. Their philosophical interest stems from the fact that intention is an important ethical concept, but they do not relate their discussions to any particular ethical concept, but they do not relate their discussions to any particular ethical theory, and they do not sufficiently consider the specific requirements of the criminal law. Indeed, they mix up the ordinary meaning of the word “intention” with its desirable legal meaning. To be sure, the meaning of intention as a technical term of the law ought to be close to the literary and popular one, but there are sound reasons for saying that the two should not always be indentical.
The Effects of Peace Treaties Upon Private Rights
Authors: Mcnair Arnold D. 
Published: January 2009

The aim of this article is to consider and state the effects upon private rights of treaties of peace, or, more precisely, of some of the normal contents of treaties of peace. We are not concerned with the automatic consequences of the coming into force of a treaty of peace, namely, the cessation of the operation of the many rules of law which affect the nationals and residents of a country upon its passing from a state of war into a state of peace.We shall deal with the following topics:—A.—Summary of public international law.B.—Territorial changes.C.—Change in nationality—plebiscite—options.D.—Change in domicil?E.—The scope of the power of a State to affect the private rights of its nationals.F.—Effect upon nationals of third States.G.—How far a peace treaty concluded by the British Crown involves legislation.H.—The relation of the British Crown to its subjects in regard to a peace treaty.
Thomas v. Sawkins: A Constitutional Innovation
Authors: Goodhart A. L. 
Published: January 2009

Although the judgments in Thomas v. Sawkins occupy less than three and a half pages in the Law Reports, it is a case of peculiar interest and importance. For the first time in English legal history it has been established that police officers are entitled to enter and remain on private premises if they have reasonable grounds for believing that if they are not present an offence or breach of the peace will be committed there. No, case was cited by counsel or in the judgments in which it had been specifically held that the police had this power, and no text-book contains a statement that it exists or has ever existed. Apparently the Home Office was ignorant that this right, obviously so useful to the police, could be exercised by them, for when the Fascist meeting was held at Olympia in London on June 7, 1934, the police, although they had reasonable grounds for believing that breaches of peace would occur, did not enter the hall, because, in spite of their request, the organizer of the meeting refused to admit them. When, a week later, the situation was discussed in Parliament, the Secretary of State for the Home Department, Sir John Gilmour, said:‘I want the House to understand that the law provides that unless the promoters of a meeting ask the police to be present in the actual meeting, they cannot go in unless they have reason to believe that an actual breach of the peace is being committed in the meeting.’
Calreticulin, a multi-process calcium-buffering chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Michalak Marek , Groenendyk Jody , Szabo Eva , Gold Leslie I. , Opas Michal 
Published: January 2009

Calreticulin is an ER (endoplasmic reticulum) luminal Ca2+-buffering chaperone. The protein is involved in regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homoeostasis and ER Ca2+ capacity. The protein impacts on store-operated Ca2+ influx and influences Ca2+-dependent transcriptional pathways during embryonic development. Calreticulin is also involved in the folding of newly synthesized proteins and glycoproteins and, together with calnexin (an integral ER membrane chaperone similar to calreticulin) and ERp57 [ER protein of 57 kDa; a PDI (protein disulfide-isomerase)-like ER-resident protein], constitutes the ‘calreticulin/calnexin cycle’ that is responsible for folding and quality control of newly synthesized glycoproteins. In recent years, calreticulin has been implicated to play a role in many biological systems, including functions inside and outside the ER, indicating that the protein is a multi-process molecule. Regulation of Ca2+ homoeostasis and ER Ca2+ buffering by calreticulin might be the key to explain its multi-process property.
The redefinition of the second and the velocity of light
Authors: Hudson George E. , Atkinson William 
Published: January 2009

A very popular session at the International Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Conference was the Thursday night meeting organized to discuss the proposed atomic definition of the second and methods for measuring the velocity of light. This discussion was moderated and stimulated by Professor Ramsey, who entertained the participants on numerous occasions throughout the two-hour meeting with remarks such as his invitation to proponents of the pendulum clock to speak up, and with his method of smoothing over a somewhat semantic debate concerning either the proper qualifications to be furnished with a definition of the second or the question as to whether such qualifications are or are not part of the definition. The dialogue and response to Ramsey's balm went more or less as follows:
(Ramsey, addressing the debators) “I believe I agree with both of you. Let us suppose that in 1966, or before, that some transition in some material, let us say x or—”
(Unknown participant) “Hydrogen.”
(Ramsey) “Cesium.”
(Participants) Laughter.
(Ramsey) “Well, yes, cesium might well be recommended by the subcommittee. Then, following the recommended definition, there might appear a qualifying remark such as: ‘It is interesting to note that the frequencies of hydrogen and thallium transitions vary up and down together with respect to cesium by parts in 1012’.”
Impaired Coronary Microvascular Dilation Correlates with Enhanced Vascular Smooth Muscle MLC Phosphorylation in Diabetes1
Authors: CLEMENTS RICHARD T. , SODHA NEEL R. , FENG JUN , BOODHWANI MUNIR , LIU YUHONG , MIENO SHIGETOSHI , KHABBAZ KAMAL R. , BIANCHI CESARIO , SELLKE FRANK W. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTObjective: Impaired endothelium‐independent vasodilation is a known consequence of types 1 and 2 diabetes, and the mechanism of impaired vasodilation is not well understood. The following study investigated the effects of types 1 and 2 diabetes in endothelial‐independent vasodilation associated with coronary vascular smooth muscle (VSM) relaxation and contractile signaling mechanisms.Materials and Methods: Type 1 diabetes was induced in Yucatan miniswine via alloxan injection and treated with or without insulin (DM and IDM). Nondiabetic swine served as controls (ND). Expression and/or phosphorylation of determinants of VSM relaxation and contraction signaling were examined in coronary arteries and microvessels. Coronary microvessel relaxation was assessed by using sodium nitroprusside (SNP). In addition, SNP‐induced vasodilation and myosin light‐chain (MLC) phosphorylation was determined in coronary microvessels isolated from ND and type 2 diabetic human atrial appendage.Results: Diabetic impairment in SNP‐induced relaxation was completely normalized by insulin. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) VSM expression decreased in both DM and IDM groups and did not correlate with vasorelaxation. Phosphorylation of MLC and myosin phosphatase increased in the DM group and MLC phosphorylation strongly correlated with impaired VSM relaxation (r=0.670, P<0.01). Coronary microvessels from type 2 diabetic human patients exhibited similarly impaired vasodilation and enhanced VSM MLC phosphorylation.Conclusions: Impaired vasodilation in type 1 diabetes correlates with enhanced VSM MLC phosphorylation. In addition, enhanced VSM MLC phosphorylation is associated with impaired vasodilation in type 2 diabetes in humans.
Do rare-earth metals deter spiny dogfish? A feasibility study on the use of electropositive “mischmetal” to reduce the bycatch of Squalus acanthias by hook gear in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Tallack Shelly M. L. , Mandelman John W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTallack, S. M. L., and Mandelman, J. W. 2009. Do rare-earth metals deter spiny dogfish? A feasibility study on the use of electropositive “mischmetal” to reduce the bycatch of Squalus acanthias by hook gear in the Gulf of Maine. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 315–322. Catches of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) are considered by commercial and recreational fishers to be unacceptably high during summer and autumn in the Gulf of Maine off the northeast coast of the USA. Consequently, there is interest in finding a dogfish deterrent for application in various fishing gears. Field studies tested triangular slices of the rare-earth metal cerium/lanthanide alloy (“mischmetal”) incorporated into longlines and rod-and-reel gear to assess its effectiveness in reducing dogfish catches. Treatment catches (mischmetal present) were compared with control (no mischmetal) catches. Laboratory studies provided video-taped, behavioural observations on the effects of alloys under variable levels of food deprivation and dogfish density. No significant reductions in dogfish catch were recorded for either rod and reel or longline, and in situ video footage verified persistent dogfish feeding behaviour, regardless of mischmetal presence. The laboratory trials found some evidence of avoidance behaviour in dogfish approaching treatment baits, but only with dogfish fed to satiation; no aversion to the material was observed after 2 and 4 d of food deprivation. Dogfish density had no effect on feeding behaviour in the laboratory. Overall, there is little evidence to suggest that mischmetal can significantly reduce catches of dogfish in hook gears in the Gulf of Maine.
Macroscopic vs. microscopic identification of the maturity stages of female horse mackerel
Authors: Costa Ana Maria 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Costa, A. M. 2009. Macroscopic vs. microscopic identification of the maturity stages of female horse mackerel. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 509–516. The consequences to fisheries management of erroneous macroscopic identification of maturity stages are evaluated. The percentage error in macroscopic identification of maturity stages of female horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) from the Portuguese coast was determined and analysed by maturity stage, between the periods January–June and July–December, between research surveys and commercial landings, and between per year and month and by length class, to assess its implications in determination of spawning season, maturity ogives, and spawning-stock biomass. The highest percentage errors in macroscopic identification were between late ripening and partly spent stages, in fish >30 cm, and for all fish collected in 1998 and 2005. Late ripening was generally macroscopically underestimated, and the partly spent stage overestimated. The implications for the information provided to the ICES assessment working group are analysed.
Substrate dependency of Lateglacial forests in north‐east Germany: untangling vegetation patterns, ecological amplitudes and pollen dispersal in the past by downscaling regional pollen
Authors: Theuerkauf Martin , Joosten Hans 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim  Palynology has revealed that during the Lateglacial Allerød period, Pinus and Betula dominated the forests of north‐east Germany. Because of implicit restrictions, however, palynology fails to reconstruct in detail the distributional patterns and whether monospecific or mixed forests prevailed. Here we test the hypothesis that the distributional patterns of Pinus and Betula were largely determined by substrate.Location  Fifteen sites in north‐east Germany.Methods  As pollen data reflect the abundance of taxa around a sample site, our hypothesis implies that the abundance of e.g. Pinus pollen should reflect the abundance of substrate types that are favoured by Pinus. (In order to differentiate clearly between taxa and pollen types, the latter are displayed in small capitals.) We analysed the percentage of Pinus and Betula pollen from an interval in the Allerød, and their relationship to the present‐day proportion of the two dominant substrate types (sand and boulder clay). The substrate proportion was determined in rings from 1 to 50 km around all sites, using four distance‐weighting functions.Results  Pollen percentages of Pinus are linearly related to the proportion of sand, and Betula percentages to the proportion of boulder clay. The highest coefficients of determination (r2 = 0.89 and 0.91, respectively) were observed for radii of c. 30 km, with distance weighting by 1 and 1/d.Main conclusions  The present‐day distributional pattern of substrate types strongly indicates the distributional pattern of Pinus and Betula in north‐east Germany in the Allerød. Assuming that the pattern of substrates remained broadly constant, Pinus dominated on sand and Betula on boulder clay. Our new method thus enables us to refine significantly the reconstruction of habitat characteristics and distributional patterns of taxa in the Lateglacial and Holocene, independent of their present‐day ecological amplitudes. The good performance of the distance‐weighting functions 1 and 1/d indicates that the pollen source area of a site has rather discrete boundaries determined by convective air movements during daytime. Within these boundaries, pollen is evenly distributed over various distances. This implies that light pollen types are transported further than predicted by Sutton’s equation on particle dispersal.
Legionella pneumophila couples fatty acid flux to microbial differentiation and virulence
Authors: Edwards Rachel L. , Dalebroux Zachary D. , Swanson Michele S. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryDuring its life cycle, Legionella pneumophila alternates between at least two phenotypes: a resilient, infectious form equipped for transmission and a replicative cell type that grows in amoebae and macrophages. Considering its versatility, we postulated that multiple cues regulate L. pneumophila differentiation. Beginning with a Biolog Phenotype MicroArray screen, we demonstrate that excess short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) trigger replicative cells to cease growth and activate their panel of transmissive traits. To co‐ordinate their response to SCFAs, L. pneumophila utilizes the LetA/LetS two‐component system, but not phosphotransacetylase or acetyl kinase, two enzymes that generate high‐energy phosphate intermediates. Instead, the stringent response enzyme SpoT appears to monitor fatty acid biosynthesis to govern transmission trait expression, as an altered distribution of acylated acyl carrier proteins correlated with the SpoT‐dependent differentiation of cells treated with either excess SCFAs or the fatty acid biosynthesis inhibitors cerulenin and 5‐(tetradecyloxy)‐2‐furoic acid. We postulate that, by exploiting the stringent response pathway to couple cellular differentiation to its metabolic state, L. pneumophila swiftly acclimates to stresses encountered in its host or the environment, thereby enhancing its overall fitness.
Osmoregulation in Streptomyces coelicolor: modulation of SigB activity by OsaC
Authors: Martínez Lorena Fernández , Bishop Amy , Parkes Lindsay , Del Sol Ricardo , Salerno Paola , Sevcikova Beatrica , Mazurakova Vladislava , Kormanec January , Dyson Paul 
Published: January 2009

SummaryAs free‐living non‐motile saprophytes, Streptomyces need to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions and this is reflected by an enormous diversity of regulatory proteins encoded by, for example, the genome of the model streptomycete Streptomyces coelicolor. In this organism, we have identified a new osmoregulation gene, osaC, encoding a member of a novel family of regulatory proteins. Members of the family have a predicted domain composition consisting of an N‐terminal kinase domain related to anti‐sigma factors, sensory Pas and Gaf domains, and a C‐terminal phosphatase domain. osaC is linked to the response regulator gene osaB; expression analysis of the latter revealed that it is induced after osmotic stress in a σB‐dependent manner. OsaC is required to return osaB and sigB expression back to constitutive levels after osmotic stress. From analysis of the activities of OsaCΔPho, lacking the C‐terminal phosphatase domain, and OsaCN92A, with a substitution of a critical asparagine residue in the kinase domain, we infer that this N‐terminal domain functions as a σB anti‐sigma factor. Indeed, co‐purification experiments indicate association of OsaC and σB. These results support a model for post‐osmotic stress modulation of σB activity by OsaC.
Risk stratification of patients with nodal involvement in upper tract urothelial carcinoma: value of lymph‐node density
Authors: Bolenz Christian , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Fernández Mario I. , Margulis Vitaly , Lotan Yair , Karakiewicz Pierre , Remzi Mesut , Kikuchi Eiji , Zigeuner Richard , Weizer Alon , Montorsi Francesco , Bensalah Karim , Wood Christopher G. , Roscigno Marco , Langner Cord , Koppie Theresa M. , Raman Jay D. , Mikami Shuji , Michel Maurice Stephan , Ströbel Philipp 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVETo determine the risk factors associated with clinical outcome in patients with lymph node (LN)‐positive urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UTUC) treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and lymphadenectomy, focusing on the concept of LN density (LND).PATIENTS AND METHODSPatients undergoing RNU with regional lymphadenectomy were identified through multi‐institutional databases. All pathology slides were re‐evaluated by genitourinary pathologists unaware of the clinical data. The exposure variable used was LND (continuously coded and that of all possible thresholds) with recurrence‐free and disease‐specific survival (DSS) serving as the outcome measures.RESULTSOf 432 patients undergoing RNU with lymphadenectomy, 135 (31%) had LN metastases. Within a median follow‐up of 4.1 years, 90 of the 135 patients with LN metastases (68%) had disease recurrence and 76 (58%) died from UTUC. The mean (sem) 5‐year recurrence‐free and DSS probabilities were 27 (4)% and 33 (5)%, respectively. The median (range) LND was 50 (3–100)%. The most informative threshold for LND in relation to outcome was 30%. In multivariable analyses that adjusted for the effects of tumour stage and grade, patients with a LND of ≥30% were at greater risk of both cancer recurrence, with 5‐year rates of 25 (5)% vs 38 (8)% (hazard ratio 1.8, P = 0.021) and mortality, with 5‐year rates of 30 (6)% vs 48 (9)% (1.7, P = 0.032) compared to those with a LND of <30%. Our results are primarily limited by a lack of standardization in the lymphadenectomy template.CONCLUSIONWe evaluated the concept of LND for the first time in UTUC. LND provides additional prognostic information in patients with node‐positive disease after RNU. The use of LND in clinical trials might provide an additional insight into the value of LN dissection in patients undergoing RNU.
Tumour architecture is an independent predictor of outcomes after nephroureterectomy: a multi‐institutional analysis of 1363 patients
Authors: Remzi Mesut , Haitel Andrea , Margulis Vitaly , Karakiewizc Pierre , Montorsi Francesco , Kikuchi Eiji , Zigeuner Richard , Weizer Alon , Bolenz Christian , Bensalah Karim , Suardi Nazareno , Raman Jay D. , Lotan Yair , Waldert Matthias , Ng Casey K. , Fernández Mario , Koppie Theresa M. , Ströbel Philipp , Kabbani Wareef , Murai Masaru , Langner Cord , Roscigno Marco , Wheat Jeffrey , Guo Charles C. , Wood Christopher G. , Shariat Shahrokh F. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVETo assess whether tumour architecture can help to refine the prognosis of patients treated with nephroureterectomy (NU) for urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the upper urinary tract (UT), as the prognostic value of tumour architecture (papillary vs sessile) in UTUC remains elusive.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study included 1363 patients with UTUC and treated with radical NU at 12 centres worldwide. All slides were re‐reviewed according to strict criteria by genitourinary pathologists who were unaware of the findings of the original pathology slides and clinical outcomes. Gross tumour architecture was categorized as sessile vs papillary.RESULTSPapillary growth was identified in 983 patients (72.2%) and sessile growth in 380 (27.8%). The sessile growth pattern was associated with higher tumour grade, more advanced stage, lymphovascular invasion, and metastasis to lymph nodes (all P < 0.001). In multivariable Cox regression analyses that adjusted for the effects of pathological stage, grade and lymph node status, tumour architecture (sessile or papillary) was an independent predictor of cancer recurrence (hazard ratio 1.5, P = 0.002) and cancer‐specific mortality (1.6, P = 0.001). Adding tumour architecture increased the predictive accuracy of a model that comprised pathological stage, grade and lymph node status for predicting cancer recurrence and cancer‐specific death by a minimal but statistically significant margin (gain in predictive accuracy 1% and 0.5%, both P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONThe tumour architecture of UTUC is associated with established features of biologically aggressive disease, and more importantly, with prognosis after radical NU. Including tumour architecture in predictive models for disease progression should be considered, aiming to identify patients who might benefit from early systemic therapeutic intervention.
Metabolic flexibility in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: effects of lifestyle
Authors: Corpeleijn E. , Saris W. H. M. , Blaak E. E. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryLipotoxicity in skeletal muscle plays a critical role in the aetiology of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus by interference of lipid metabolites with insulin signalling and action. The dynamics of lipid oxidation and fine tuning with fatty acid uptake and intramyocellular triacylglycerol turnover may be very important to limit the accumulation of lipid intermediates. The use of metabolic inflexibility, defined as the impaired capacity to increase fat oxidation upon increased fatty acid availability and to switch between fat and glucose as the primary fuel source after a meal, does more justice to the complexity of changes in fuel oxidation during the day. Fatty acid availability, uptake and oxidation all play a role in metabolic flexibility and insulin resistance. During high fatty acid availability, fatty acid transporters may limit cellular and mitochondrial fatty acid uptake and thus limit fat oxidation. After a meal, when the demand for fatty acids as fuel is low, an increased fractional extraction of lipids from plasma may promote intramyocellular lipid accumulation and insulin resistance. Furthermore, defects in fuel switching cluster together with impaired mitochondrial content and/or function. Lifestyle changes in dietary fat intake, physical activity and weight loss may improve metabolic flexibility in skeletal muscle, and thereby contribute to the prevention of type 2 diabetes.