bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate on the Physicochemical, Thermal and Pasting Properties of Cassava Starch
Authors: Radhika Gopinathan S. , Moorthy Subramoney N. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe effect of different concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) on cassava starch properties after complexation and in situ addition were studied. The swelling volume of the starch‐SDS complexes increased to a maximum of 100 mL/g with increase in concentration of SDS (even at 0.004 mol SDS) with a corresponding decrease in solubility. During in situ addition also, a similar but gradual behaviour was observed for swelling volume and solubility. The apparent and total amylose contents showed an irregular trend. The soluble amylose content decreased with increase in concentration of SDS. In vitro enzyme digestibility of starch‐SDS complexes was significantly lowered compared to that of native starch. The water‐binding capacity showed an initial decrease followed by a significant increase at higher concentrations of SDS. DSC studies showed that in addition to the gelatinisation endotherm, a peak corresponding to the melting of the starch‐SDS complex was obtained in the case of in situ addition of the surfactant. The peak viscosity of starch during in situ addition of SDS exhibited a rapid increase except at the highest concentration. The peak viscosity of starch‐SDS complexes underwent an initial reduction followed by a gradual increase at higher concentrations. The breakdown, setback and pasting temperature were also affected.
Differential effects of D‐amphetamine on red and blue light‐induced photic activation: A novel BOLD fMRI assay of human dopamine function
Authors: Cowan Ronald L. , Wood Julia , Dietrich Mary S. , de.B. Frederick Blaise , Lukas Scott E. , Renshaw Perry F. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is implicated in the pathophysiology of central nervous system (CNS) illnesses including Parkinson's disease, attention deficit disorder, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. A better understanding of CNS DA function would be of importance in improving our understanding of these conditions. Several lines of evidence suggest that exploring visual system function may be a useful paradigm for examining DA function. Clinical and basic science findings suggest that the visual response to blue light might prove a useful assay of CNS DA tone. To test this hypothesis, we used the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) BOLD method to measure visual cortical activation in human subjects (N = 6) in response to 8 Hz flashing red and blue light stimuli during placebo conditions and during the oral administration of 2.5 mg of D‐amphetamine, a drug known to increase synaptic concentrations of DA and other monoamine neurotransmitters. There was no effect of D‐amphetamine administration on the percent BOLD signal change to red or blue light. However, there was a specific augmentation of the spatial extent of activation (as measured by the number of activated pixels; P = 0.018) to blue, but not red light following D‐amphetamine administration. This finding is consistent with our hypothesis that blue light function may have utility as an assay of CNS DA tone. However, several limitations to the study, including the small sample size, low dosage of D‐amphetamine, and the fact that D‐amphetamine increases synaptic concentrations of DA and other monoamine neurotransmitters do not permit a conclusion regarding a specific role for DA in the observed increase in spatial activation to blue light in the amphetamine condition. Synapse 62:268–272, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of complexin 1 and complexin 2 in the developing human prefrontal cortex
Authors: Salimi Kayvon , Glantz Leisa A. , Hamer Robert M. , German Thomas T. , Gilmore John H. , Jarskog L. Fredrik 
Published: February 2008

AbstractComplexin 1 (CX1) and complexin 2 (CX2) are presynaptic proteins that modulate neurotransmitter release and are used as markers of inhibitory and excitatory synapses, respectively. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the development of inhibitory and excitatory synapses in human prefrontal cortex (PFC) by examining the expression of CX1 and CX2 in postmortem tissues. Relative complexin protein levels were measured by Western blotting in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of 42 subjects without neurological or psychiatric disease ranging in age from 18 gestational weeks to 25 years. Samples were batched a priori into fetal, 0–12 month, 1–5 years, 6–10 years, 11–15 years, 16–20 years, and 21–25 years age groups. CX1 and CX2 expression and CX2/CX1 demonstrated a significant effect of age group by ANOVA. Group CX1 level increased progressively across development and was lowest in the fetal group and highest in the young adult group, whereas group CX2 level increased between the fetal and the 6–10 years groups and then plateaued. Consistent with these divergent patterns, there was a significant effect of age group on CX2/CX1, which was higher in fetal and infant groups than in the young adult group. Furthermore, regression analysis demonstrated linear relationships of CX1 and CX2/CX1 with age, whereas CX2 was better described as having a curvilinear relationship with age. These data indicate that complexin expression increases during synaptic maturation in human DLPFC and that an increase in the influence of inhibitory synapses relative to that of excitatory synapses occurs during development in this cortical region. Synapse 62:273–282, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reference genes for normalization: A study of rat brain tissue
Authors: Bonefeld Birgit Egeskov , Elfving Betina , Wegener Gregers 
Published: February 2008

AbstractQuantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has become a widely used tool in the search for disease genes. When examining gene expression with qPCR in psychiatric diseases, endogenous reference gene(s) must be used for normalization. Traditionally, genes such as β‐actin (ActB), Gapd, and 18s rRNA, assumed to be stably expressed, have been used for normalization. However, it has become clear that expression of these genes is influenced by different experimental paradigms. Since stable gene expression of houskeeping genes (HKGs), therefore, cannot be expected, alternative strategies are warranted. With the overall aim to inspect the gene expression of three target genes, NMDAR1, SORT, and CREB, in rat hippocampus, we tested a panel of eight HKGs, 18s rRNA, ActB, CycA, Gapd, Hmbs, Hprt1, Rpl13A, and Ywhaz in order to select the most stably expressed gene, using the NormFinder and geNorm software applets. Additionally, we have applied four different normalization approaches for normalization of the three target genes. We found using the NormFinder software that Ywhaz is the most stably expressed gene among the eight tested HKGs. However, the results of the analysis of the target genes are highly dependent on the choice of normalization approach. Moreover, the number of HKGs, used for selection of the most stable HKG, also influences on the result of the gene expression analysis of target genes. These results underline the importance of choosing a proper normalization strategy when analyzing gene expression with qPCR. The strategy should be unbiased and carried out in every specific experimental setting. Synapse 62:302–309, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine D2High receptors on intact cells
Authors: Seeman Philip 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn humans, behavioral dopamine supersensitivity occurs in schizophrenia and in Parkinson's disease. In animals, behavioral dopamine supersensitivity is consistently associated with increased dopamine D2High receptors in homogenized striata in vitro. Because D2High receptors have not yet been detected in intact cells, we used [3H]domperidone to detect D2High sites in intact rat anterior pituitary adenoma culture cells. Although [3H]raclopride and [3H]spiperone did not detect D2High receptors in intact cells or in rat fresh striatal slices, [3H]domperidone readily detected D2High receptors, warranting an in vivo search for D2High variations in human diseases. Synapse 62:314–318, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐Magnetron‐Effekt und ITO‐Schichtabscheidung
Authors: Kupfer Hartmut , Richter Frank , Kleinhempel Ronny , Blüthner Ralf , Raubold Thomas 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEine Großflächenbeschichtung mit leitfähigen transparenten Schichten erfordert eine homogene Verteilung der Prozessparameter am Substrat. Nachteilig wirken sich hierbei der Cross‐Corner‐Effekt bei der Einzel‐Magnetronquelle sowie der Cross‐Magnetron‐Effekt beim Dualmagnetron aus. Messungen belegen einen erheblichen Einfluss dieser Effekte auf die laterale Verteilung der Plasmaeigenschaften am Substrat. Es werden die gemessenen funktionellen Eigenschaften von Indium‐Zinn‐Oxydschichten im Zusammenhang mit der Konzentration des dissoziierten Sauerstoffs im Prozessgas diskutiert, die von den Plasmaeigenschaften und dem Sauerstoffpartialdruck bestimmt wird.
Novel stress responses facilitate Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth in the presence of the monocarboxylate preservatives
Authors: Mollapour Mehdi , Shepherd Andy , Piper Peter W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCertain yeasts are relatively resistant to the small number of monocarboxylic acids allowed in food preservation, with the result that these preservatives often have to be used in high concentrations in order to prevent spoilage. When grown at slightly acid pH, Saccharomyces cerevisiae acquires elevated resistance to these acids by means of discrete stress responses. Acquisition of resistance to acetic acid involves loss of Fps1p, the aquaglyceroporin of the plasma membrane that facilitates the passive diffusional entry of this acid into cells. Acetic acid stress transiently activates Hog1p mitogen‐activated protein kinase, which then directly phosphorylates Fps1p in order to target this channel for endocytosis and degradation in the vacuole. Other carboxylate preservatives (propionate, sorbate or benzoate) are too large to traverse the Fps1p pore. Instead, being more lipophilic than acetic acid, they enter cells mainly by a process of non‐facilitated diffusion across the plasma membrane. Once inside the cell, these acids activate War1p, a transcription factor that induces the gene for the Pdr12p plasma membrane ATP‐binding cassette transporter. Pdr12p lowers the intracellular levels of propionate, sorbate or benzoate by catalysing the active efflux of the preservative anion from the cell. Still other mechanisms of weak acid resistance are found in Zygosaccharomyces, including a capacity for the oxidative degradation of sorbic and benzoic acids conferred by a mitochondrial monooxygenase, a system absent in S. cerevisiae. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation of an Ultra‐short‐stay Program After Breast Cancer Surgery in Four Hospitals: Perceived Barriers and Facilitators
Authors: de Kok Mascha , van der Weijden Trudy , Kessels Alfons , Dirksen Carmen , van de Velde Cornelis , Roukema Jan , van der Ent Fred , Bell Antoine , von Meyenfeldt Maarten 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators that professionals see when implementing a program incorporating ultra‐short hospital admission in the treatment of breast cancer. Such an intervention is an essential step when designing a strategy for implementation of a care program that is different from established daily routines.MethodsIn a prospective quasi‐experimental study qualitative data were collected from four hospitals in the Netherlands between January 2005 and July 2006. Potential barriers and facilitators for successful implementation were extracted from detailed notes of all contacts between the researchers and each participating hospital. Subsequently, these items were categorized according to themes.ResultsOver 40 items were identified. Most barriers concerned organizational and program‐related aspects, whereas the most common facilitators addressed organizational issues. Six of the 29 study recommendations were perceived as impeding or facilitating. Thirty of the 40 barriers were mentioned in one hospital only. Several key factors were found that determine the success of implementation of an ultrashort‐stay program. Provision of care in the home setting should be assured. Policy makers and insurance companies should acknowledge that multidisciplinary care teams and teams integrating primary and secondary care fulfill important roles in delivering continuity of care. Specific strategies should be set out to convince everybody in the organization about the new ideas, particularly the minority of people who do not agree with the plans.ConclusionsA set of barriers and facilitators for implementation of the program was described that may be used by any professional preparing to perform breast cancer surgery in an ultrashort–stay facility. The systematic approach that led to this set may be used by any healthcare professional concerned with implementation and consolidation of innovative programs in healthcare in order to enhance the effectiveness of the chosen strategy.
A New Technique for Presentation of Scientific Works: Video in Poster
Authors: Bozdag Ali Dogan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundPresentations at scientific congresses and symposiums can be in two different forms: poster or oral presentation. Each method has some advantages and disadvantages. To combine the advantages of oral and poster presentations, a new presentation type was conceived: “video in poster.”MethodsThe top of the portable digital video display (DVD) player is opened 180° to keep the screen and the body of the DVD player in the same plane. The poster is attached to the DVD player and a window is made in the poster to expose the screen of the DVD player so the screen appears as a picture on the poster. Then this video in poster is fixed to the panel. When the DVD player is turned on, the video presentation of the surgical procedure starts.ResultsSeveral posters were presented at different medical congresses in 2007 using the “video in poster” technique, and they received poster awards.ConclusionsThe video in poster combines the advantages of both oral and poster presentations.
Pension Reform in Latin America: Distributional Principles, Inequalities and Alternative Policy Options
Authors: ARZA CAMILA 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDuring the 1990s a wave of major structural reforms that changed the distributional principles underpinning pension policies spread across Latin America. Outcomes were not always as expected. The implementation of new pension rules in the socio-economic, political and institutional context of Latin America has resulted in a number of inequalities which affect pension system performance and the gains that different income groups and generations may obtain. In order to overcome the distributional drawbacks of reform, Latin American governments may need to afford a new role to non-contributive pensions, as well as consider the application of specific regulatory adjustments to reduce the risks and inequalities involved in the private pillar. Cross-border policy learning may provide useful tools to achieve these aims.
The President's ‘New’ Constituency: Lula and the Pragmatic Vote in Brazil's 2006 Presidential Elections
Authors: ZUCCO CESAR 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe 2006 presidential elections in Brazil witnessed a dramatic shift of Lula's voting base away from the more developed regions of the country and towards the poorest areas. This paper uses municipal-level data to argue that while this shift represents an important change for the support base of Lula himself, it can mostly be explained by the government's massive cash transfer programme, the Bolsa Familia, and by the empirical regularity with which presidential candidates from the incumbent party in Brazil always perform better in the less developed regions of the country.
The Resistance of the Marginalised: Catholics in Eastern Michoacán and the Mexican State, 1920–40
Authors: MANZO ENRIQUE GUERRA 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article analyses Catholic resistance to the anti-clerical laws of the 1920–1940 period in various municipalities in eastern Michoacán. It argues that the diverse strategies adopted by Catholics in each region was more a response to the variety of local power dynamics at play, than an expression of different religious expressions (sacramental versus ‘popular’ Catholicism). It concludes that the predominance of pacific forms of resistance was the result both of efforts on the part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy to reach a modus vivendi with the Mexican state, and of social expressions of Catholicism ‘from below’.
A first checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe and some adjacent territories, adopting revised generic circumscriptions and with indications of species distributions
Authors: HAWKSWORTH David L. , BLANCO Oscar , DIVAKAR Pradeep K. , AHTI Teuvo , CRESPO Ana 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:After a discussion of changing generic concepts in the parmelioid lichens, a checklist with the current species placements is presented. Twenty-five genera and 143 species are accepted for Europe, of which 17 genera and 112 species belong to the monophyletic parmelioid clade. The individual countries from which species are reported are provided, along with references to key publications. Synonyms used at species rank in Europe are cross-referenced, and the dates of publication of all names are provided. One new combination is made: Xanthoparmelia pulvinaris (syn. Parmelia pulvinaris, X. pseudohungarica).
Molecular data show that Topeliopsis (Ascomycota, Thelotremataceae) is polyphyletic
Authors: MANGOLD Armin , MARTÍN María P. , KALB Klaus , LÜCKING Robert , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:A phylogenetic study using DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal large subunit from 38 species is used to infer the phylogeny of species currently placed in Topeliopsis. The genus is shown to be polyphyletic; monophyly of previous and current circumscriptions of the genus are rejected using two alternative hypothesis tests. Topeliopsis meridiensis is shown to be closer to Chapsa than Topeliopsis, but additional studies are necessary to understand the circumscription of Chapsa. The new genus Melanotopelia Lumbsch & Mangold is described to accommodate T. toensbergii and T. rugosa. These species were previously regarded as aberrant in Topeliopsis because of their thin-walled ascospores and dark pigmented proper exciple. The new combination Graphis mexicana (Hale) Kalb, Lücking & Lumbsch is proposed and Graphis muscicola and Topeliopsis globosa reduced to synonymy with this species.
Personality and risk for depression in a birth cohort of 70-year-olds followed for 15 years
Authors: Duberstein P. R. , Pálsson S. P. , Waern M. , Skoog I. 
Published: February 2008

BackgroundThe association between personality traits and the first lifetime onset of clinically significant depression has not been studied in older adults.MethodExperienced psychiatrists conducted interviews and chart reviews at baseline and throughout the 15-year follow-up period. Survival analyses were conducted on the presence/absence of a DSM-III-R mood disorder at follow-up.ResultsThere were 59 cases of first lifetime episodes of depression. Analyses showed that Neuroticism [hazard ratio (HR) per one point increase in the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI)=1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.08] but not Extroversion (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.97–1.06) amplified risk for mood disorder.ConclusionsThis prospective study on a randomly sampled birth cohort of older adults showed that Neuroticism confers risk for a first lifetime episode of clinically significant depression. Findings have implications for understanding the etiology of late-life depression (LLD) and could also aid in the identification and treatment of people at risk.
Psychological effects of chemical weapons: a follow-up study of First World War veterans
Authors: Jones E. , Everitt B. , Ironside S. , Palmer I. , Wessely S. 
Published: February 2008

BackgroundChemical weapons exercise an enduring and often powerful psychological effect. This had been recognized during the First World War when it was shown that the symptoms of stress mimicked those of mild exposure to gas. Debate about long-term effects followed the suggestion that gassing triggered latent tuberculosis.MethodA random sample of 103 First World War servicemen awarded a war pension for the effects of gas, but without evidence of chronic respiratory pathology, were subjected to cluster analysis using 25 common symptoms. The consistency of symptom reporting was also investigated across repeated follow-ups.ResultsCluster analysis identified four groups: one (n=56) with a range of somatic symptoms, a second (n=30) with a focus on the respiratory system, a third (n=12) with a predominance of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and a fourth (n=5) with a narrow band of symptoms related to the throat and breathing difficulties. Veterans from the neuropsychiatric cluster had multiple diagnoses including neurasthenia and disordered action of the heart, and reported many more symptoms than those in the three somatic clusters.ConclusionsMild or intermittent respiratory disorders in the post-war period supported beliefs about the damaging effects of gas in the three somatic clusters. By contrast, the neuropsychiatric group did not report new respiratory illnesses. For this cluster, the experience of gassing in a context of extreme danger may have been responsible for the intensity of their symptoms, which showed no sign of diminution over the 12-year follow-up.
Distributed gradient and particle swarm optimization for multi-robot motion planning
Authors: Rigatos Gerasimos G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYTwo distributed stochastic search algorithms are proposed for motion planning of multi-robot systems: (i) distributed gradient, (ii) swarm intelligence theory. Distributed gradient consists of multiple stochastic search algorithms that start from different points in the solutions space and interact with each other while moving toward the goal position. Swarm intelligence theory is a derivative-free approach to the problem of multi-robot cooperation which works by searching iteratively in regions defined by each robot's best previous move and the best previous move of its neighbors. The performance of both approaches is evaluated through simulation tests.
Workspaces associated to assembly modes of the 5R planar parallel manipulator
Authors: Macho Erik , Altuzarra Oscar , Pinto Charles , Hernandez Alfonso 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe aim of this paper is to show how it is possible to obtain for the 5R planar parallel manipulator the complete workspace associated with each solution of the direct kinematic problem or assembly mode. The workspaces associated with the different inverse kinematic problem solutions or working modes are joined and the robot moves from one to another without losing the control. An exhaustive analysis of the complete workspace and singular positions of the 5R planar parallel manipulator with two active joints is presented. Furthermore, application of these principles to path planning will be explained.