bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Institutional Incentives and Constraints Affect the Progress of Science
1
Authors: Diamond Arthur M. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Scholars studying science policy have long wondered how the progress of science is affected by scientists' motives, and by the incentives and constraints that scientific institutions create. This paper aims to answer two objections to the soundness and applicability of the ‘economics of science’ that arise from such issues. I argue that the progress of science can occur even if scientists exhibit a wide range of motives; but that the pace of scientific progress will depend, in part, on the incentives and constraints provided by scientific institutions. I also discuss the implications of path dependence for the epistemological status of science.
Making Bronco Ropes
Authors: Lewis Darrell 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
In the 1890s and early 1900s H. Compton Trew developed the bronco method of handling cattle for branding and other treatment. His innovation led to new words in the Australian lexicon, alterations in harness and stockyard design, the construction of special ‘bronco panels’, and the adoption of twisted greenhide ropes which largely replaced the plaited ropes that had previously been used. Production of a first‐class bronco rope required considerable skill. Their manufacture became a source of pride amongst outback cattlemen and they developed many variations in the treatment of the raw material, the way it was prepared, and the techniques used.
PRODECOMPv3: decompositions of NMR projections for protein backbone and side-chain assignments and structural studies
Authors: Staykova Doroteya K. , Fredriksson Jonas , Billeter Martin 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Summary: PRODECOMP (projection decomposition) is an implementation of a multi-way decomposition algorithm for the analysis of two-dimensional projections of high-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The newest version, PRODECOMPv3, features a dramatic speedup, more reliable decompositions, a substantial reduction in memory demands, a new graphical user interface and integration into third-party software. These improvements extend the applicability of decompositions to novel types of NMR data on proteins, yielding backbone and side-chain assignments as well as structural information, and therewith enabling complete characterizations of proteins.
Availability: Program, short manual and an example calculation are freely available at www2.chem.gu.se/bcbp/nmr/prodecomp.html
Contact: doroteya@chem.gu.se;
N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2 is involved in p53-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Liu Na , Wang Lifeng , Li Xia , Yang Qi , Liu Xinping , Zhang Jing , Zhang Jian , Wu Yousheng , Ji Shaoping , Zhang Yingqi , Yang Angang , Han Hua , Yao Libo 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The tumor suppressor, p53, is a transcription factor which can modulate the transcription of a number of target genes that are involved in cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, the apoptotic pathway mediated by p53 is not fully understood. Here, we showed that N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a new target gene that is regulated by p53. NDRG2 mRNA and protein levels can be upregulated in a p53-dependent manner. The first intron of the NDRG2 gene contains a site that binds p53 directly and mediates wild-type p53-dependent transactivation. In addition, silencing of NDRG2 attenuates p53-mediated apoptosis, whereas over-expression of NDRG2 suppresses tumor cell growth, regardless of the presence or absence of p53. Our results indicate that NDRG2 is a novel p53-inducible target that is involved in the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway.
Natural Infection of Swinglea glutinosa by theCitrus leprosis virus Cytoplasmic Type(CiLV-C) in Colombia
Authors: León M. G. , Becerra C. H. , Freitas-Astúa J. , Salaroli R. B. , Kitajima E. W. 
Published: August 2008

Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr., a perennial plant in the family Rutaceae, is originally from southeast Asia but which is now grown worldwide. In Colombia, it is used as an ornamental and principally as a living fence around rural properties and farms in several regions of the country. Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type (CiLV-C) was recently detected in orange groves of the Colombian Piedmont eastern plains, an area known as the Llanos Orientales (2). Because of the potential for country-wide infection of citrus, some measures are being taken to avoid CiLV-C spread to other regions of Colombia. Further surveys made from June to December 2005 to evaluate the extent of the spread of CiLV-C in the Llanos Orientales revealed some plants in S. glutinosa hedges surrounding citrus orchards exhibiting chlorotic spots and ringspots of varied size on the leaves, similar to those caused by CiLV-C on sweet oranges leaves. These plants were found near citrus orchards in the municipalities of Guamal and in some urban areas of Villavicencio City in the Meta Department. The possibility that these symptoms were caused by CiLV-C was investigated soon after sample collection by the same procedures as described previously for sweet orange (2). In the leaf lesions of S. glutinosa, typical bacilliform particles and dense cytoplasmic viroplasm were found with electron microscopy. Total RNA extracted from symptomatic leaves was subjected to reverse transcription-PCR (RT) using primers (Fwd. 5′GATACGGGACGCATAACA-3′/Rev. 5′-TTCTGGCTCAACATCTGG-3′) that specifically amplify a region within the CiLV-C putative methyltransferase gene and this yielded a single fragment of the expected 402 bp (3). Analysis of the consensus sequence derived from 20 RT-PCR products (GenBank Accession No. EU689106) showed 96% nucleotide and 92% amino acid sequence identity to the sequence of a Brazilian CiLV-C isolate (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ352194.1 and YP_654565.1), respectively. Recently, published work described mite transmission of CiLV-C to some nonrutaceous plants (1), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of a nonCitrus rutaceous plant naturally infected by CiLV-C. Mites found in citrus orchards and previously identified as Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (2), which are likely the most important vector of CiLV-C in citrus in Colombia, were observed feeding on healthy and symptomatic S. glutinosa, indicating that S. glutinosa is a host for B. phoenicis. Because the use of S. glutinosa as a living fence or hedge is a common practice in Colombia, CiLV-C-infected S. glutinosa plants may play a role in the epidemiology of leprosis in commercial citrus by serving as an inoculum source for this lethal virus. References: (1) M. Bastianel et al. Summa Phytopathol. 32:211, 2006. (2) G. A. León et al. Plant Dis. 90:682, 2006. (3) E. C. Locali et al. Plant Dis. 87:1317, 2003.
Roger Ervin Miller. 23 July 1952 — 6 November 2005
Authors: Baer Tomas , Scoles Giacinto 
Published: August 2008

Roger Miller, perhaps the most outstanding experimental physical chemist of his generation, was sadly taken from us at the age of53 years, at the peak of his career.
Roger Ervin Miller was born in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, on 23 July 1952, the son of Ruth and Donald R. Miller. Roger had one older brother, Gerry, and one younger sister, Patricia. Roger's	father worked in a tyre factory and was very innovative and creative in mending items around the house, a trait that he passed on to his children. From a very early age Roger was curious about the world around him. He was also a hard worker, raising rabbits or picking dew worms to earn money so that he could purchase model rockets, the bigger the better. This was the time of Sputnik and the US space programme, Roger being just 5 years old when the first Sputnik satellite was launched in 1957. As Roger explained in a memoir that he began to write in 2000 (but never finished; extracts are reproduced by courtesy of Mrs. Debbie Miller):
Immunohistochemical detection of CD133 expression in colorectal cancer: A clinicopathological study
Authors: Kojima Motohiro , Ishii Genichiro , Atsumi Naho , Fujii Satoshi , Saito Norio , Ochiai Atsushi 
Published: August 2008

CD133 has been reported to be a cancer‐initiating cell marker in colorectal carcinoma. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of CD133 expression in colorectal cancer, the distribution of CD133‐positive cancer cells, and their relationship to clinicopathological features, including survival. An immunohistochemical examination of CD133 expression and a clinicopathological analysis were performed in the 189 consecutive colorectal cancer patients. CD133 expression was seen at the luminal surface of cancer glands mainly with cribriform features. Expression was detected in only 29 of the 189 tumors (15.3%). Of these, 21 tumors (11.1%) showed CD133 overexpression. All 21 tumors with CD133 overexpression were diagnosed as well‐ or moderately‐differentiated adenocarcinoma. There was no difference in the distribution of CD133 expressing cells between the invasive area and surface area. Although there was no difference in recurrence‐free survival between patients with CD133 overexpression and without, the patients with CD133 overexpression had significantly poorer overall survival (P = 0.03). CD133 overexpression is a risk factor for poorer overall survival in patients with well‐ and moderately‐differentiated adenocarcinoma. Expression of this cancer‐initiating cell marker may vary with the histological type of the cancer, and further investigation of the relationship between its expression and clinicopathological features may be necessary. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1578–1583)
Suppression of surfactant protein A by an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor exacerbates lung inflammation
Authors: Inoue Akira , Xin Hong , Suzuki Takuji , Kanehira Masahiko , Kuroki Yoshio , Fukuhara Tatsuro , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Maemondo Makoto , Nukiwa Toshihiro , Saijo Yasuo 
Published: August 2008

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is reported as a serious adverse event in lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR‐TKI). However, the mechanisms of ILD associated with gefitinib remain unknown. To address the molecular mechanisms of ILD‐associated gefitinib, we determined the effect of gefitinib treatment on surfactant protein expression in vitro and in vivo. Gefitinib treatment suppressed surfactant protein (SP)‐A expression in H441 human lung adenocarcinoma cells expressing SP‐A, ‐B, ‐C and ‐D by inhibiting epidermal growth factor signal. Next, gefitinib (200 mg/kg) was given p.o. to the mice daily for 1 week. Daily administration of gefitinib gradually reduced SP‐A level in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. When lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was instilled intratracheally to the mice pretreated with gefitinib for 1 week, lung inflammation by LPS was exacerbated and prolonged. This exacerbation of lung inflammation was rescued by intranasal administration of SP‐A. These results demonstrated that pretreatment with gefitinib exacerbated LPS‐induced lung inflammation by reducing SP‐A expression in the lung. This study suggests that epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor may reduce SP‐A expression in the lungs of lung cancer patients and thus patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor may be susceptible to pathogens. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1679–1684)
Ammonia release from heated ‘street’ cannabis leaf and its potential toxic effects on cannabis users
Authors: Bloor Roger N. , Wang Tianshu S. , Španěl Patrik , Smith David 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To use selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) to analyse the molecular species emitted by heated ‘street’ cannabis plant material, especially targeting ammonia.Materials and methods  Samples of ‘street’ cannabis leaf, held under a UK Home Office licence, were prepared by finely chopping and mixing the material. The samples were then heated in commercially available devices. The air containing the released gaseous compounds was sampled into the SIFT‐MS instrument for analysis. Smoke from standard 3% National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) cannabis cigarettes was also analysed.Findings  For ‘street’ cannabis, ammonia was present in the air samples from the devices at levels approaching 200 parts per million (p.p.m.). This is compared with peak levels of 10 p.p.m. using NIDA samples of known provenance and tetrahydrocannabinol content (3%). Several other compounds were present at lower levels, including acetaldehyde, methanol, acetone, acetic acid and uncharacterized terpenes.Conclusions  Awareness of the risks of inhaling the smoke directly from burning cannabis has led to the development of a number of alternative methods of delivery, which are claimed to be safer than direct smoking. Ammonia at toxic levels is produced from heating ‘street’ cannabis in these commercially available devices. Thus, the use of these devices to deliver ‘street’ cannabis is now open to question and further research is needed to investigate their safety.
Will we ever find the genes for addiction?
Authors: Buckland Paul R. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTAim  To assess the likelihood of finding genes which predispose to addiction and to present this information in a form accessible to the general readership of Addiction.Methods  Review of the evidence that genetic factors play a significant role in the process of addiction and the proximity of the identification of these factors.Results  The search for the genetic susceptibility variants for many complex illnesses has been ongoing for decades, with increased pace in the last 20 years. However, until very recently only a small number of such variants have been found. Recent studies have used several thousand samples in genome‐wide association studies and the latest genotyping technology and have reported a growing number of successes, but have highlighted the need for even larger samples and new statistical methods or new experimental approaches to identify fully the genes involved in the disease process. The phenotype for addiction to drugs is not well defined, and the heritability of addiction to drugs of abuse is far from clear and may be small compared to that of many other complex disorders. The absolute requirement for the administration of drugs before addiction can occur, and other environmental factors known to have a major effect, makes the selection of both probands and controls challenging for genetic studies. Many candidate genes put forward so far as susceptibility genes may be unrelated to the underlying process referred to as addiction but, rather, are related to the propensity to take drugs in the first place.Conclusions  It is the underlying biological process which changes to an alternative state following addiction, which is the target of investigation, and it is not clear that even genome‐wide association studies with sample sizes a magnitude greater than those reported so far would identify the genes involved which have the largest effect. Ultimately, modern neurobiological approaches may identify this process and the genes involved, and even at this stage identifying the susceptibility variants will require both biological as well as genetic analysis.
Marijuana withdrawal and craving: influence of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) genes
Authors: Haughey Heather M. , Marshall Erin , Schacht Joseph P. , Louis Ashleigh , Hutchison Kent E. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTAim  To examine whether withdrawal after abstinence and cue‐elicited craving were associated with polymorphisms within two genes involved in regulating the endocannabinoid system, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CNR1 (rs2023239) and FAAH (rs324420) genes, associated previously with substance abuse and functional changes in cannabinoid regulation, were examined in a sample of daily marijuana smokers.Participants  Participants were 105 students at the University of Colorado, Boulder between the ages of 18 and 25 years who reported smoking marijuana daily.Measurements  Participants were assessed once at baseline and again after 5 days of abstinence, during which they were exposed to a cue‐elicited craving paradigm. Outcome measures were withdrawal and craving collected using self‐reported questionnaires. In addition, urine samples were collected at baseline and on day 5 for the purposes of 11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC–COOH) metabolite analysis.Findings  Between the two sessions, THC–COOH metabolite levels decreased significantly, while measures of withdrawal and craving increased significantly. The CNR1 SNP displayed a significant abstinence × genotype interaction on withdrawal, as well as a main effect on overall levels of craving, while the FAAH SNP displayed a significant abstinence × genotype interaction on craving.Conclusions  These genetic findings may have both etiological and treatment implications. However, longitudinal studies will be needed to clarify whether these genetic variations influence the trajectory of marijuana use/dependence. The identification of underlying genetic differences in phenotypes such as craving and withdrawal may aid genetically targeted approaches to the treatment of cannabis dependence.
Youth exposure to alcohol use and brand appearances in popular contemporary movies
Authors: Dal Cin Sonya , Worth Keilah A. , Dalton Madeline A. , Sargent James D. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To describe alcohol use and alcohol brand appearances in popular movies and estimate adolescents' exposure to this alcohol‐related content.Design and setting  Nationally representative, random‐digit dialed survey in the United States and content analysis of alcohol depictions in the top 100 US box office hits each year from 1998 to 2002 and 34 top movies from early 2003.Participants  A total of 6522 US adolescents aged 10–14 years.Measurements  Frequency of alcohol use and brand appearances in movies by Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) rating. Estimated exposure to minutes of movie alcohol use and brand appearances among US adolescents in this age group.Findings  Most movies (83%, including 56.6% of G/PG‐rated movies) depicted alcohol use and 52% (including 19.2% of G/PG movies) contained at least one alcohol brand appearance, which consisted of branded use by an actor 30.3% of the time. These movies exposed the average US adolescent 10–14 years of age to 5.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.4, 5.7] hours of movie alcohol use and 243.8 (95% CI 238, 250) alcohol brand appearances (5 billion in total), mainly from youth‐rated movies. Exposure to movie alcohol content was significantly higher among African American youth than youth of other races.Conclusions  Alcohol use and brand appearances are portrayed frequently in popular US movies (which are distributed world‐wide). Children and adolescents in the United States are exposed to hours of alcohol use depictions and numerous brand appearances in movies and most of this exposure is from movies rated for this segment of the population.
Therapeutic effects of a fermented soy product on peanut hypersensitivity is associated with modulation of T‐helper type 1 and T‐helper type 2 responses
Authors: Zhang T. , Pan W. , Takebe M. , Schofield B. , Sampson H. , Li X.‐M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryBackground
ImmuBalance™ is a koji fungus (Aspergillus oryzae) and lactic acid fermented soybean product. This unique production process is believed to create a food supplement that helps to induce or maintain normal immune response.Objective
To assess possible therapeutic effects of ImmuBalance™ on peanut (PN) hypersensitivity using a murine model of peanut allergy (PNA).Methods
PN allergic C3H/HeJ mice were fed standard mouse chow containing 0.5% or 1.0% ImmuBalance (ImmuBalance 2X), radiation‐inactivated 1.0% ImmuBalance (I‐ImmuBalance 2X), or regular diet chow (sham) for 4 weeks, beginning 10 weeks after the initial PN sensitization, and then challenged with PN. Anaphylactic symptom scores, plasma histamine, serum PN specific‐IgE levels and splenocyte cytokine profiles were determined.Results
While 100% of sham‐treated PNA mice developed anaphylactic reactions with a median score of 3.3 following PN challenge, only 50% of ImmuBalance, 30% of ImmuBalance 2X and 40% of I‐ImmuBalance 2X‐treated mice developed allergic reactions with median scores of 1.0, 0.4 and 0.5 respectively, which were significantly less than that in the sham‐treated mice (P<0.05). Plasma histamine and PN specific‐IgE levels were also significantly less in all treated mice than in sham‐treated mice (P<0.05). Furthermore, IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13 production by PN‐stimulated splenocytes in vitro from ImmuBalance fed mice were markedly reduced compared with sham‐treated mice, whereas IFN‐γ production was moderately increased. TGF‐β and TNF‐α production were similar.Conclusions
ImmuBalance protects against PN‐induced anaphylaxis when administered as a food supplement in this model. Protection was associated with down‐regulation of Th2 responses. This supplement may provide a potential novel therapy for PNA.
Detection of enterovirus RNA in postoperative thyroid tissue specimens
Authors: Desailloud Rachel , Goffard Anne , Page Cyril , Kairis Benoit , Fronval Stéphanie , Chatelain Denis , Strunski Vladimir , Dubreuil Alain , Hober Didier 
Published: August 2008

SummaryContext  Autoimmune thyroiditis is a very common disease. A genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as viruses are thought to contribute to the development of autoimmune thyroiditis. Enteroviruses, which are involved in other autoimmune diseases, are attractive candidates.Objective  To investigate the presence of enteroviral genome sequences in postoperative thyroid tissues with lymphocytic infiltration, a common histological feature of thyroiditis.Subjects and methods  Postoperative thyroid specimens collected prospectively from 86 patients were blindly frozen at –80 °C. The presence of EV genome sequences in the samples was blindly investigated by real‐time RT‐PCR. Clinical data, histological findings and levels of anti‐TPO antibodies were collected.Results  EV‐RNA detection was positive (up to 36 cycles) or weakly positive (37–39 cycles) in 22 out of 86 patients (25%). EV‐RNA (positive or weakly positive signal) was detected in 5 out of 27 (18·5%) thyroid specimens with lymphocytic infiltration, and in 17 out of 59 (29%) thyroid specimens without lymphocytic infiltration (P = 0·4). No correlation was observed between EV‐RNA detection in thyroid and the presence of anti‐TPOAb. EV‐RNA was detected in 3 out of 11 patients histologically diagnosed as thyroiditis (27·3%) and in 18 out of 74 patients (24·3%) with thyroid tumours (multinodular goitre, adenoma and carcinoma) (P = 0·5) and in one patient with a normal thyroid.Conclusion  EV‐RNA can be detected in thyroid tissue from patients with various thyroid diseases, but there is no relationship between the presence of EV‐RNA and thyroiditis. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of EV in thyroid diseases.