bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental transplacental infection of pregnant dogs with canine herpesvirus
Authors: Hashimoto A. , Hirai K. , Yamaguchi T. , Fujimoto Y. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fetal infection was established in 28 of 33 pups obtained from 7 pregnant dogs (47th to 53rd day of gestation) inoculated iv with canine herpesvirus (chv). The pathogenesis of transplacental chv infection was investigated by using pathologic examination, immunofluorescence microscopy, and viral assay. Infection with the virus was recognized in 13 of 18 neonatal pups obtained from 4 bitches by spontaneous delivery at full term. Eleven pups died within a week of birth and all had characteristic lesions of chv infection. Thirteen live-born and 2 stillborn pups derived from 3 bitches by cesarean section died within 9 days of birth. Characteristic lesions of chv infection were observed in various organs, such as liver, spleen, kidney, and lung. Fourteen of the fetal placentas had variable degree of necrotizing lesions. The lesions were characterized by degenerative changes and focal necrosis in the placental labyrinth. Lesions were present in the walls of allantoic blood vessels. Intranuclear inclusions were evident in degenerating trophoblast cells and in the cells of maternal and fetal blood vessels. Infective virus and viral antigen were detected in the various organs of pups and in the trophoblastic cells of junctional zone. Virus also was found in the walls of maternal and fetal blood vessels of the placental tissues. The results strongly indicated that transplacental transmission of chv may occur in pregnant dogs at a late stage of gestation.
Ovine blood chemistry values measured during ammonia toxicosis
Authors: Roller M. H. , Riedemann G. S. , Romkema G. E. , Swanson R. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Venous blood values were determined on 19 Southdown sheep (9 adult ewes and 10 wether lambs). Principal sheep were given 12.5 ml of 3.3M urea solution/kg of body weight, which produced acute ammonia toxicosis. Whole blood ammonium-nitrogen was determined by ion exchange; venous blood gases and pH were measured with a pH blood gas analyzer; and 23 serum chemical analyses were obtained with a sequential multiple autoanalyzer computer.Analysis of variance for the data revealed significant changes for 20 values. The values are presented and discussed with regard to those that changed beyond acceptable limits (whole blood ammonium-nitrogen, venous blood pH, serum glucose, serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum creatine kinase, serum urea nitrogen, serum inorganic phosphorus, serum sodium, and serum potassium), those that changed within acceptable limits (PvO2, PvCO2, serum triglycerides, serum free fatty acids, plasma volatile fatty acids, serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum total protein, serum albumin, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen-creatinine ratio, serum uric acid, serum cholesterol, serum low-density lipoproteins, serum calcium, serum iron, and serum chloride), and those with no change (total and direct serum bilirubin and albumin-globulin ratio). Metabolic consequences of ammonia toxicosis are considered with regard to energy, lipid, protein, and acid-base and electrolyte balances. Blood values having possible laboratory diagnostic value and considerations for therapeutic adjustment are discussed.
Effect of febantel against Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis infections in dogs
Authors: Corwin R. M. , McCurdy H. D. , Pratt S. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Febantel was administered as a 3.4% paste to 45 dogs infected with 1 or more nematode species, which included Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis. Dosage levels of 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg of body weight daily for 3 consecutive days for a total of 15, 30, or 45 mg/kg were administered. At 15 mg/kg, all dogs were completely cleared of all nematode and cestode infections, including A caninum, T vulpis, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Taenia sp, and Dipylidium caninum, except for 1 Physaloptera sp adult. The 2 other dosage levels produced somewhat lower efficacy, with the 5 mg/kg being the least effective.The paste appeared palatable to the dogs and there were no apparent adverse effects.
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbreds after racing and breezing
Authors: Raphel Corinne F. , Soma Lawrence R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thoroughbred horses (n = 191) were examined with a flexible fiberoptic endoscope within 2 hours of racing on a dirt track; 147 (75.4%) had evidence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (eiph), and 13 (9.0%) had blood at the nostrils. Of 107 Thoroughbreds examined within the same period after breezing, 41 (38.3%) had evidence of eiph. One horse (2.4%) of this group had blood at the nostrils. Statistical analysis of frequency data showed that a relationship existed between eiph and the horse’s age or distance raced or breezed. Relationship did not exist between eiph and sex or finishing position.
Thoroughbreds were also examined endoscopically after steeplechase, flat turf, and timber races; 67.7% (21/31), 14.3% (2/14), and 66.6% (2/3) of the horses in such races were eiph-positive, respectively; and 14.3% (3/21), 0% (0/2), and 100% (2/2) of these eiph-positive horses had blood at the nostrils.
Of 32 breezing Thoroughbreds in a 3rd survey, 21 (65.6%) were eiph-positive. None bled from the nostrils. Endoscopic findings of eiph are repeatable in the horses, indicating that bleeding is not a random event.
Effect of vagotomy on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange in the neonatal calf
Authors: Slocombe R. F , Robinson N. E. , Derksen F. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of vagotomy on the mechanical and gas exchange properties of the respiratory system was determined in 7 healthy, anesthetized neonatal Holstein calves. A pressure-compensated volume displacement plethysmograph measured the quasi-static pressure-volume (pv) characteristics of the lungs and thoracic cage. Functional residual capacity (frc) was determined by He equilibration. Lung and chest wall compliances per kilogram of body weight were 2.25 ± 0.19 ml/cm of H2O/kg and 8.85 ± 2.44 ml/cm of H2O/kg, respectively. Total lung capacity (tlc) averaged 78.3 ± 13 ml/kg and frc was 51 ± 5% of tlc. The lung pv curve deviated from single exponential behavior below 75% of tlc, indicating airway closure at large lung volumes. Residual volume, which averaged 28.1 ± 6.0% of tlc, appeared to be determined by airway closure because the thoracic cage was compliant between frc and residual volume.
Vagotomy had no effect on the lung and thoracic cage pv curves, lung volumes, or the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, but it decreased pulmonary resistance and increased respiratory system conductance and the dead space/tidal volume ratio, indicating dilation of large conducting airways. The calf appears similar to other neonates, in that the thoracic cage is compliant and airway closure occurs at large lung volumes. Both of these factors may predispose the calf to atelectasis.
Acute toxicosis of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) caused by pyrolysis products from heated polytetrafluoroethylene: Microscopic study
Authors: Wells R. E. , Slocombe R. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An ultrastructural study was performed on the respiratory system of budgerigars (including 6 controls) which were acutely affected by inhalation of toxic fumes from heated polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe pyrolysis products) or had survived fro 24 hours after a sublethal exposure. The controls were exposed to fumes from heated plan aluminum (ie, not coated with ptfe). The microanatomy of lungs of the controls was described and compared with that of lungs of the birds exposed to ptfe pyrolysates. The ptfe pyrolysates caused extensive, severe necrotizing and hemorrhagic pneumonitis. These lesions were associated with amorphous elongate conglomerates of particles which were similar to those isolated on membrane filters from fumes generated from heated ptfe—this supporting the hypothesis that the toxic principle in ptfe pyrolysates is at least, in part, related to generated particulates.
Effect of oxytocin and its long-acting analog on milk let-down and intramammary pressure in healthy lactating sows
Authors: Cort N. , Einarsson S. , Åström G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten healthy lactating sows were given single iv injections of 5 to 10 IU of oxytocin and single iv or im injections of 0.2 to 0.6 mg of deamino-1-monocarba-(2-O-methyltyrosine)-oxytocin [d(COMOT)]. Studies were done with d(COMOT) concerning the dose-response relationship, the influence of the lactation stage on the duration of the milk let-down effect, and the difference between the iv and im injections. The mean duration of response was 14 minutes for oxytocin and 6.2 hours for d(COMOT). Intramammary pressure was also measured in 3 sows, using 10 IU of oxytocin iv or 0.6 mg of d(COMOT) iv. Oxytocin resulted in a strong initial increase of the intramammary pressure for about 7 minutes. The d(COMOT) caused the same initial response, followed by secondary oscillations lasting for at least 4 hours.
Experimental Sarcocystis suicanis infections: Disease in growing pigs
Authors: Barrows Paul L. , Prestwood Annie K. , Green Craig E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four groups of 6 pigs each were given 5 × 105 to 3 × 106 sporocysts of a Georgia isolate of Sarcocystis suicanis. Only the 6 pigs given 3 × 106 sporocysts became acutely ill at postinoculation days (pid) 12 to 15, and 3 of the 6 died at pid 14 or 15. Clinical signs included purpura of the skin of the ear, snout, and buttocks and dyspnea, muscle tremors, and severe locomotor difficulties. Clinical abnormalities were accompanied by laboratory findings of pyrexia, severe anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, megathrombocytosis, prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, and hypofibrinogenemia. Seemingly, excessive intravascular coagulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease in swine. Pigs given 5 × 105 to 1 × 106 sporocysts did not exhibit clinical signs; however, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were demonstrated in the pigs at all dosage levels. Growth rates were impaired in surviving pigs.
Second-generation schizonts containing merozoites were found in vascular endothelium of pigs dying on pid 14 or 15. Nonsuppurative myocarditis and hepatitis were present. Numerous developing cysts were in the musculature of pigs enthanatized on pig 35 to 52. Cyst dissolution and resorption occurred concomitantly, indicating that swine may be able to clear the infection.
Association between route of inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and site of recrudescence after dexamethasone treatment
Authors: Rossi Charles R. , Kiesel George K. , Rumph Paul F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four calves latently infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) were used to compare the ease of isolation of virus from neuronal ganglia and from mucosal surfaces. Two calves were slaughtered, and neuronal ganglia (cranial cervical, trigeminal, and 3rd and 4th sacral) were cocultivated on bovine fetal kidney cells. Virus was not isolated. Two calves given dexamethasone for 4 days were slaughtered on the 5th day. Virus was not isolated from cocultivated or macerated neuronal ganglia, but virus was isolated from nasal secretions taken from both calves on the day of slaughter. Eleven calves were inoculated with ibrv via different routes and were treated with dexamethasone 3 to 4 months after inoculation. Virus was isolated from the nasal cavities, but not the vaginas of 6 heifers inoculated intranasally, and was isolated from the vaginas, but not the nasal cavities of 2 heifers inoculated intravaginally. Of 3 calves inoculated iv, virus was isolated from the nasal cavities of 3, from the oropharynxes of 2, and from the prepuce of 1.
Ivermectin: Activity against larval Strongylus vulgaris and adult Trichostrongylus axei in experimental infections in ponies
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Activity of ivermectin, administered im at the dosage rate of 200 μg/kg of body weight, was evaluated in controlled tests against migrating larvae of Strongylus vulgaris and adult Trichostrongylus axei in experimental infections in 6 ponies raised wormfree. Ponies were given 2,190 or 2,400 infective 3rd-stage larvae of S vulgaris at 7 days before treatment and 22,000 or 22,750 infective 3rd-stage larvae of T axei at 42 or 45 days before treatment. Three ponies were given ivermectin plus vehicle, and 3 ponies were given the vehicle only; the ponies were euthanatized 7 or 9 days after treatment.
At necropsy, 4th-stage S vulgaris larvae were not recovered from visceral arteries of the 3 ivermectin plus vehicle-treated ponies, but 21 to 40 larvae were recovered from each of the 3 vehicle-treated ponies. Also at necropsy, adult T axei (140 specimens) were recovered from only 1 of the 3 ivermectin plus vehicle-treated ponies, but 4,610 to 6,410 specimens were found in each of the 3 vehicle-treated ponies. Toxicosis was not observed after treatment.
Border disease: Tissue culture studies of the virus in sheep
Authors: Potts Barbara J. , Johnson Kenneth P. , Osburn Bennie I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A California strain of border disease (bd) virus was isolated from the cns and spleen of an infected lamb and was propagated without cytopathic effect in 2 tissue culture systems. Viral antigen was detected in the cytoplasm of infected cells by immunofluorescence. The growth curve of this bd virus in primary sheep choroid plexus cells revealed a latent period of 12 hours and peak viral production by 36 hours after inoculation. The growth curve in porcine kidney cells (PK-15) demonstrated a latent period of 8 hours and peak viral production by 54 hours after inoculation.
The primary sheep choroid plexus cell tissue culture isolate of bd virus was then used to develop hyperimmune sera in 2 adult sheep. Neutralizing antibody was not detected until 43 days after primary inoculation when a slow antibody increase occurred in both sheep.
Erythrocyte characteristics in vitamin E-responsive anemia of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)
Authors: Brady P. S. , Sehgal P. K. , Hayes K. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To characterize the vitamin E-responsive anemia occurring in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus), osmotic fragility, and H2O2-induced and time-dependent hemolysis, as well as rbc lipid peroxidation, were compared in anemic and nonanemic owl monkeys. Whereas vitamin E serves as a lipid-soluble antioxidant, the glutathione peroxidase system functions in the water-soluble phase of the cell. Thus, activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, as well as reduced glutathione concentrations in owl monkeys’ rbc, were compared with those of rhesus macaques and cebus and squirrel monkeys fed the same diet and maintained under the same management scheme. Osmotic fragility did not differ between anemic and nonanemic owl monkeys. The H2O2-induced and time-dependent hemolysis was approximately 10-fold greater among anemic owl monkeys than among their nonanemic counterparts, and lipid peroxidation values tended to be higher in the anemic monkeys. Owl monkeys, as a species and independent of anemia, exhibited higher rbc peroxidation than did 2 other New World species, cebus and squirrel monkeys. The glutathione peroxidase system was not depressed in owl monkey rbc. The only observed difference in this system was in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, which was 3- to 6-fold higher in the owl monkey than in the other species, indicating an increased activity of the peroxidase system. Thus, a defect in the glutathione peroxidase system could not be identified.
Effect of berberine on intestinal secretion mediated by Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin in jejunum of pigs
Authors: Zhu Beilei , Ahrens Franklin A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Intraluminal perfusion with Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (st) reversed water and electrolyte movements from net absorption to net secretion in porcine jejunal segments. Addition of berberine hydrochloride (3.2 × 10−5M) to the perfusate reduced the jejunal secretory response of water, sodium, potassium, and chloride to st and enhanced water and electrolyte absorption in control segments. At lower concentrations (1.1 × 10−5M), berberine reduced the secretory response in st-exposed segments, but only the decrease of sodium flux was significant. In the presence of berberine, the mucosal enzyme activities of adenosine triphosphatase and disaccharidases were not significantly different between control and st-exposed segments.
Doses of 1,2,3,4, 5, and 10 mg of berberine were injected into ligated loops of proximal part of the jejunum with 1 ml of st filtrate. At doses of 2 or more mg/loop, berberine was effective in reducing water and electrolyte secretions induced by st; the effect was dose-dependent. These findings indicate that berberine may be an effective antidiarrheal agent in E coli heat-stable enterotoxin mediated secretory diarrhea and provide a basis for the frequent empirical use of berberine alkaloid and berberine-containing plants in gastroenteritis and infectious diarrhea in Asian and other countries.
α-Difluoromethylornithine: A promising lead for preventive chemotherapy for coccidiosis
Authors: Hanson William L. , Bradford Marion M. , Chapman Willie L. , Waits Virginia B. , McCann Peter P. , Sjoerdsma Albert 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
α-Difluoromethylornithine (dfmo; RMI 71,782) given in drinking water in concentrations as low as 0.0625% inhibited infections of Eimeria tenella and minimized the development of lesions in chickens. It had approximately the same activity as a currently used anticoccidial drug, amprolium, and also had the advantage of being relatively nontoxic in chickens. Body weight gains were not reduced in chickens given 0.0625% dfmo or less for 14 days starting 8 days before they were inoculated with oocysts, but were reduced in chickens given drinking water containing 0.125 and 0.25% dfmo. The anticoccidial activity of dfmo was completely reversed by injection (intraabdominal) of putrescine hydrochloride (300 mg/kg of body weight/day), indicating that the drug may act by blocking putrescine biosynthesis. Inoculated chickens, in which coccidial lesion development was suppressed by dfmo, resisted subsequent challenge exposure with E tenella, as did nontreated infected control birds which had recovered from infection.
Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of diazepam in horses
Authors: Muir W. W. , Sams R. A. , Huffman R. H. , Noonan J. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The cardiopulmonary, behavioral, and pharmacokinetic properties of diazepam were determined in horses. Heart rate, cardiac output, mean pulmonary artery, aortic and right atrial blood pressures, respiratory rate, and arterial pH and blood gas values did not change after iv diazepam (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg) administration. Increasing doses of diazepam resulted in signs of muscle weakness including fixed stance, muscle fasciculations of the head, neck, and thorax muscles, ataxia, and then recumbency. Dosages of diazepam exceeding 0.2 mg/kg produced mild sedation. Behavioral changes persisted for up to 2 hours with a dosage of 0.4 mg/kg.
Plasma concentration-time data in horses given brief (5 min) infusions of diazepam were described by a triexponential equation. Total body clearances of diazepam were between 6.94 and 9.56 ml/min/kg, and the half-life values between 2.52 and 21.6 hours. The volume of distribution at steady state was 1.56 to 2.94 L/kg.
N-Desmethyldiazepam was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following glucuronide hydrolysis of urine. Oxazepam, N-methyloxazepam, and N-desmethyl-diazepam, but not diazepam, were detected after glucuronide hydrolysis of urine collected from 1 horse which was given 140 mg of iv diazepam. Only N-desmethyldiazepam was detected in hydrolyzed urine samples collected from other horses given 80 mg of diazepam.
Bovine herpesvirus-1 vaccination against experimental bovine herpesvirus-1 and Pasteurella haemolytica respiratory tract infection: Onset of protection
Authors: Jericho K. W. F. , Yates W. D. G. , Babiuk L. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The onset of protection offered by intranasal vaccination with attenuated bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) was studied in 18 calves given a virulent bhv-1 aerosol challenge inoculum and an aerosol challenge exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica. Calves challenge exposed with virus 3, 7, 11, 15, or 19 days after vaccination and challenge exposed 4 days later with Pasteurella haemolytica did not develop viral-bacterial pneumonia, whereas 2 of 3 control calves died of fibrinous bronchopneumonia 40 and 60 hours after the bacterial aerosol and the 3rd control calf had similar lesions. All vaccinated and control calves had detectable amounts of interferon at the time of viral challenge exposure. Protection was observed before detection of neutralizing antibodies to bhv-1 in nasal secretions or in serum. Protection was therefore present from day 3 through day 19 after vaccination, but the mechanism could not be explained completely by neutralizing antibody or interferon.
Immunoperoxidase labeling of canine distemper virus replication cycle in Vero cells
Authors: Higgins R. J. , Krakowka S. , Metzler A. E. , Koestner A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect immunocytochemical labeling technique, using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody was used to detect the intracellular and surface membrane localization of canine distemper virus (R252-cdv) antigens during productive virus replication in infected Vero cells. Specific labeling of intracellular viral antigens was restricted to rough nucleocapsid aggregates. Surface membrane labeling correlated directly with the appearances both of virus-specific membrane spikes and buds and of mature virions. Syncytial cell formation was associated with labeled cytoplasmic nucleocapsid, but there was no evidence of productive cdv formation on surface membranes. The immunoperoxidase technique provided precise ultrastructural antigenic localization with concomitant preservation of excellent ultrastructural detail within single virus-infected cells during cdv replication cycle in vitro.
Effects of estrogen-progesterone implants on the blood coagulation system of lambs
Authors: Al-Baker J. , Keeton K. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Results of a study on the effects of estrogen-progesterone implants on the coagulation system in lambs indicated that fibrinogen concentration and factors II, VII, and IX activities were increased, whereas antithrombin III levels were lowered. The prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were decreased. These changes, together with the exaggerated response of platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate, identified the development of a hypercoagulable state in the lambs.