bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objective Determination of Benzodiazepine Use and Abuse in Alcoholics
Authors: Busto Usoa , Simpkins Jan , Sellers Edward M. , Sisson Barry , Segal Ruth 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe extent of concurrent use and abuse of benzodiazepines and alcohol in chronic alcoholics is not known. Prospective data collected on 216 consecutive outpatient referrals between 1 June and 31 July 1981 (age range, 16 to 70 years, 75 per cent men) showed that benzodiazepines were detected in the urine of 33 per cent of patients undergoing medical assessment. Other drugs identified in urine were ethanol (5.0 %), codeine (1.99 %) and barbiturates (1.5 %). According to patient histories, the predictive value of benzodiazepine allegation was high for positive and negative allegation (0.87 and 0.83, respectively), indicating that patients reliably report benzodiazepine use if questioned. However, only one patient considered himself to be a benzodiazepine abuser. The proportion of women with a positive test for benzodiazepines (48%) was significantly higher than that of men (28%: X – 7.7; p <0.005). Among patients alleging use of benzodiazepines (n = 61), 54 per cent obtained the drug directly by prescription while 46 per cent obtained it indirectly (e.g. a relative, illicit source). Benzodiazepines were taken most frequently for anxiety (53%) and occasionally for alcohol withdrawal (10%). Forty‐seven (54%) of the patients could be considered abusers of benzodiazepines (i.e. indirect source and/or cumulative drug exposure of >2700 mg of diazepam or equivalent and a positive urine test). These results · indicate that benzodiazepines are very commonly used and abused by alcoholics. Treatment programmes for alcoholics should identify such patients, consider directing treatment toward control of benzodiazepine use, and monitor changes in benzodiazepine use during and after treatment.
Drugs and Social Policy: The Establishment of Drug Control in Britain 1900–30
Authors: Berridge Virginia 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe formation of drug control policy in Britain in the first three decades of the twentieth century is reviewed. Pharmaceutical controls over sales, based on professional self–regulation gave way to controls on possession and use during the First World War. These war–time restrictions were the basis of the 1920 Dangerous Drugs Act which fulfilled Britain's international treaty obligations. During the 1920s, the Home Office attempted to establish a penal policy on the American model; the Rolleston Report of 1926 established the ‘British system’ of drug control. The ‘political'significance of British drug control in this period, in particular its polemical use in the struggles to liberalise American drug policies in the 1960s, has inhibited a more developed analysis of policy. The tensions over policy and the 1926 Report were not simply battles between rival conceptions of control or a ‘victory’ for the ‘medical model’. This approach ignores the control aspects of both penal and medical views and the complexity of the interactions between them. The 1926 Report was not a ‘medical victory’ but/the result of an accommodation and collaboration between medical and bureaucratic elites with similar interests at stake.
Obsessed with Moderation: The Drink Trades and the Drink Question (1870–1930)
Authors: Weir R. B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn 1931 the Royal Commission on Licensing concluded that the drink problem was no longer a ‘gigantic eviľ. Measured by the reduction inper capita consumption, the resolution of the drink question’ took place mainly in the early years of the twentieth century. This (taper contrasts the respective fortunes of the temperance movement and the drink trades and argues that before 1900 the drink trades displayed little concern about the anti‐drink campaign. Only after 1900 when total demand fell and a wider range of polity options were proposed, did the drink trades react. Even so, the anti‐drink campaigners greatly overestimated the economic, political and social influence of the drink interest. Business records of firms and trade associations in the Scotch whisky industry show that it was not until ‘the People's Budget’ of 1909 which increased excise duty on spirits that the industry began to subscribe to the Conservative party and to attempt to influence shareholders and employees. With the First World War, stringent controls on drink consumption and production were proposed but in direct negotiations with the Government whisky producers were able to modify the proposals. Patent still distillers met a national need for munitions spirit and yeast. Nationalisation of the drink industry was not supported by the whisky trade, in contrast to the brewing industry. After the war, Scotch whisky producers continued to see the anti‐drink campaign, especially prohibition, as a threat and developed more effective means of defence. How relevant trade defence and legislation were to the resolution of the drink question remains doubtful as underlying cultural changes altered the use made of leisure time and the distribution of consumer expenditure.
The Alcohol Problem in America: From Temperance to Alcoholism
Authors: Levine Harry Gene 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper traces the ideology and politics of the ‘liquor problem’ in America from its invention or discovery at the end of the 18th century up to the present. In the 17th and 18th centuries alcohol was highly regarded, universally consumed, and even Puritans called it‘the Good Creature of God'. In the early 19th century, physicians and laymen developed and promulgated a new scientific and popular view of alcohol as an addicting, toxic, and dangerously unpredictable stimulant ‐ and they organized a mass movement to spread their ideas and to get people to give up drinking. Throughout the 19th century, temperance supporters regularly referred to alcohol addiction as a disease beyond the control of the will and engaged in reform and treatment efforts for habitual drunkards. They campaigned against alcohol because they believed it to be the cause of most of the major social problems in America. In short, they made alcohol a scape‐goat.The paper then discusses the passage and repeal of national Constitutional prohibition. They should be understood in the context of the new economic and political conditions of 20th century America ‐ especially the new power of the corporation, the decline of the old middle class, and the rapid growth of the industrial working class. The middle class supported prohibition as a panacea for many social problems, but the 18th Amendment's passage was achieved partly through the help of the corporate sector. Similarly, the repeal effort was led by the key elements of the corporate rich. Repeal was passed, and alcohol regulatory systems were designed and put into place, in the midst of the Great Depression ‐ in large part as a response to the political forces the Depression unleashed.Since the 1930s, concerns and policies about alcohol have focused on helping to aid the treatment and recovery of‘alcoholics'. The paper traces the development of Alcoholics Anonymous and the spread of its ideas about alcoholism and its organizational forms; it also briefly looks at new public health and social scientific ideas about ‘alcohol problems’ or ‘alcohol abuse'. The paper suggests that both alcoholism and public health conceptions have much more in common with 19th century temperance ideas than is usually thought. Indeed, nearly all present day ideas ‐ like addiction ‐ are derived from temperance ideas. Further, both 19th and 20th century forumulations have a tendency to blame drinking and individual behaviour for many problems which have much broader political and economic causes.
The Correlates of Serious Alcohol‐Related Consequences and Illicit Drug Use Amongst a Cohort of Scottish Teenagers
Authors: Plant Martin A. , Peck David F. , Stuart Ray 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFurther results are reported from the first phase of a follow‐up study of drinking habits and alcohol‐related consequences amongst 1,036 Scottish teenagers.M These data revealed that for both males and females, having serious alcohol‐related consequences was significantly positively correlated with tobacco consumption and with the use of illicit drugs.M These results lend support to existing evidence indicating that multiple drug use is commonplace amongst young people whose use of alcohol is heavy or, in the case of males, causes problems.
Secondary Prevention of Alcoholism and the Centres D'Hygiène Alimentaire
Authors: Chick Jonathan 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFrance has invested in a mode of secondary prevention for alcoholism, the Centres ?Hygiène Alimentaire (C.H.A.). Early problem drinkers detected in industry, general hospitals, by social services, and drinking/driving offenders are referred for assessment and advice. The approach is medical. Among drinking/driving offenders in Soissons, a majority attend the C.H.A. and a majority of attenders return for follow‐up. A randomized, controlled outcome study has not been performed, but the results of the Soissons C.H.A. are promising, as are some early results in two other projects.
An Industrial Alcohol Policy: The Characteristics of Worker Success
Authors: Beaumont P. B. , Allsop S. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryCharacteristics associated with success of problem drinkers m workplace treatment settings remain obscure. The development of interventions in such settings tend to rely on generalizations from non‐workplace treatment settings and untested assumptions. The present study seeks to ascertain the characteristics of success in a workplace setting. A company with an alcohol policy provided records of all individuals referred for treatment over α 4 year period (N = 48). Analysis of the data indicated that older, longer service employees were likely to be more successful in this company. It was also evident that self‐referral was associated with ‘poor’ outcome. The significance of this result is discussed in relation to prognostic factors in the industrial setting and the relevance to future development of industrial alcohol policies.
Ethanol is Cirrhogenic, Whatever the Beverage
Authors: Tuyns A.J. , Estfcve J. , Pequignot G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe risk of developing ascitic cirrhosis is a linear function of daily alcohol consumption. This paper examines whether the relation is the same for all alcoholic beverages; this seems to be the case, with the possible exception of beer, which might entail an excess risk.
A Sociological Analysis of Commitment Generation in Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Donovan Marjorie E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper utilizes a conceptual framework of commitment generation in voluntary organizations formulated by Rosabeth Moss Kanter in order to provide a sociological explanation for the success of Alcoholics Anonymous in the treatment of alcohol abuse. This paper demonstrates that Alcoholics Anonymous is systematically organized around the processes of sacrifice, investment, renunciation, communion, mortification and transcendence. An examination will be made of how those processes function to generate and sustain a strong commitment to sobriety among its members. In addition, consideration will be given to how those processes function to submit to social control salient aspects of collective life that have implications for commitment, including individual identity, interpersonal intimacy, work, recruitment, sanctions, extra‐group ties and ideology.
Scoring Smack: The Illicit Heroin Market in London, 1980–1983
Authors: Lewis Roger , Hartnoll Richard , Bryer Susan , Daviaud Emmanuelle , Mitcheson Martin 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn illicit heroin market has existed in London since the 1960s. From 1970 illicit supplies from Southeast Asia and subsequently Southwest Asia increased. Two hundred and twenty‐four reports on ‘retail’ and ‘wholesale’ illicit heroin prices were collected between 1980and 1983. Over that period the average retail price reported was £7 8 per gram, almost twice the average wholesale price of £41.00. Between October 1980 and June 1983, retail and wholesale prices fell by 20–25 per cent relative to inflation. Reports from heroin users and other indicators over this period suggest that heroin availability increased and that dilution (‘cutting’) was much less significant than in the United States. The distribution system and the effect of price fluctuation on consumption are discussed. It is argued that retail and wholesale heroin prices provide a useful indicator of market conditions. The evidence points to a flourishing and expanding market in illicit heroin.
Effects of Nicotine Chewing Gum on Smoking Cessation in Routine Clinical Use
Authors: Hjalmarson Agneta I. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis is a study of the value of(adding nicotine chewing gum to group smoking cessation therapy. The results from three periods of such therapy are compared. In periods I and III treatment included group support therapy and nicotine chewing gum. In period II the group support therapy was identical, but the nicotine replacement chewing gum was, for reasons not provoked by the study, unavailable. The study spans the years 1975–1980 and a total of 2404 smokers.In period I, when the gum was available on a clinical trials basis, 25 per cent of the individuals treated with group therapy including nicotine chewing gum remained abstinent at a 12‐month follow‐up. This figure decreased significantly, to 18 per cent, in period II when the gum was unavailable, to recover to 25 per cent in period III, after introduction of the gum on the pharmaceutical market.Thus, it is found that routine clinical use of nicotine chewing gum as a complement to group treatment improves the long‐term success rate by about one‐third, as compared with treatment using psychological methods alone.
The Development of Community‐based Treatment Systems: An Ontario Perspective 1
Authors: Ogborne Alan C. , Rush Brian R. , Dwyer David M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn response to the disjointed manner in which addiction treatment services have evolved in Ontario, Canada, the Addiction Research Foundation has promoted the development of coordinated, community‐based treatment systems. This paper describes the plan of action adopted by the Addiction Research Foundation for the establisment of the treatment systems. An approach to the evaluation of the Foundation's work in this area is also described.
The Drinking Man's Disease: The ‘Pre‐History’ of Alcoholism in Georgian Britain
Authors: Porter Roy 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDrinking played an extremely important social role in eighteenth century England, and heavy drinking was considered manly. At times, especially during the ‘gin craze’ of the 1730s and 1740s, consumption levels rocketed alarmingly, creating vast social and medical problems and perturbing public opinion. The medical writers of Georgian England had no doubt that heavy alcohol consumption was often responsible for ill‐health and disease, and not least was one of the triggers of madness (and for this reason much health advice literature was at pains to moderate consumption). But was habitual drunkenness itself seen as a disease? Conventional wisdom amongst historians is that the disease concept of habitual drunkenness (which later became labelled ‘alcoholism’) essentially stems from the writings of Benjamin Rush and Thomas Trotter. Scrutiny of earlier writers on the subject, however, particularly those of Lettsom, Cheyne and Mandeville, indicates no substantial differences between their outlooks and those of Trotter. Trotter was part of a continuing tradition, rather than the beginning of a new one.
International Review Series: Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 1. East Africa
Authors: Acuda S. W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this article, the author reviews research and publications on alcohol and alcohol problems from East Africa. The review reveals that, despite very heavy consumption of alcohol in the region, very little research has been done to‐date on the problem.The few papers available have come from anthropological studies on drinking patterns and the role of alcohol in traditional East African societies. Other studies on alcohol and health and alcohol and crime are also reviewed.The major problems hindering research on alcohol and areas requiring future research are also discussed.
Does Watching Others Smoke Increase Smoking?
Authors: Surawy Christina , Stepney Rob , Cox Tom 
Published: January 2006

SummaryResponse to social cues was studied in two groups of smokers; 14 sedative smokers, who report smoking predominatly under high arousal conditions e.g. anxiety, and 14 stimulant smokers, whose ‘need’ to smoke is greatest under low arousal conditions e.g. boredom. The smoking behaviour of each group was studied in two experimental conditions, during which subjects watched one of two 30 minute video films. The videos were similar apart from the presence of clips of people smoking in one of the films. Seeing people smoke on the video significantly increased smoking rate and intensity in stimulant smokers only. This finding suggests that establishing the precise cues to which different kinds of smokers respond is important in broadening our understanding of the theoretical distinctions made between smokers.
Transient Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome following Alcohol Withdrawal
Authors: Sandyk R. , Gillman M. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA 17‐year‐old man developed transient Gilles de la Tourette syndrome shortly after alcohol withdrawal. Symptomatology ceased spontaneously after 3 months. This report suggests that chronic alcohol intake may alter striatal dopaminergic imbalances that may occasionally precipitate the development of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.
Cannabis Criminals Revisited
Authors: ERICKSON PATRICIA G. , MURRAY GLENN F. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA follow‐up study of cannabis possession offenders was replicated several years later in order to determine if personal and legal characteristics, individual costs and administrative practices had changed. The two samples were remarkably similar in their characteristics and in reported effects of criminalization at both times; what had altered was the greater efficiency with which police and courts dealt with offenders. It is suggested that this streamlining has institutionalized ‘cannabis criminals'as a fact of criminal justice life in contemporary societies, and removed one pressure for reform of cannabis laws.
Patterns of Benzodiazepine Abuse and Dependence
Authors: BUSTO USOA , SELLERS EDWARD M. , NARANJO CLAUDIO A. , CAPPELL HOWARD D. , SANCHEZ‐CRAIG MARTHA , SIMPKINS JAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPatterns of benzodiazepine abuse and dependence are not well known. Data on drug use and other demographic and clinical characteristics were collected in 176 patients consecutively referred to the Addiction Research Foundation Clinical Institute for assessment and treatment of benzodiazepine abuse and/or dependence. Objective confirmation of benzodiazepine use was obtained in 95% of subjects screened. Two groups of subjects emerged: patients who used only benzodiazepines (median daily dose: 15 mg of diazepam or equivalent) for long periods of time (56%) and those who used benzodiazepines (median daily dose: 40 mg of diazepam or equivalent) in the context of multiple drug abuse (44%). Benzodiazepines were the primary drug of abuse in 23 (32%) of the multiple drug abusers. Patients using only benzodiazepines were significantly older, took lower daily doses and their life‐time benzodiazepine exposure was lower. Diazepam was most frequently alleged in both groups, but relative preference for other benzodiazepines differed. The results have implications for recognition, assessment, management and treatment of benzodiazepine abuse and dependence.
Alcohol Dependence and Psychopathology in Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: EWUSI‐MENSAH ISAAC , SAUNDERS JOHN B. , JOHNSON RICHARD D. , WILLIAMS ROGER 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe relationship between alcohol dependence and psychopathology in patients with alcoholic liver disease was studied, using an alcohol‐dependence screening questionnaire and a structured psychiatric interview schedule. Patients with evidence of psychopathology scored significantly higher on the alcohol dependence questionnaire than those without (median scores 14 versus 9; p<.05). The degree of alcohol dependence was more severe in males than females (median scores 16 versus 8; p<.005). Patients with more than one type of psychopathology were more likely to become dependent on alcohol than those with only a single disorder (median scores 35 versus 9; p<.01.As a therapeutic goal, abstinence alone may often be enough to lead to substantial improvement in liver function in these patients, but this goal cannot be easily attained unless the underlying psychopathology is also identified and treated.
The Impact of Increased Availability of Wine in Grocery Stores on Consumption: four case histories
Authors: MACDONALD SCOTT 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRegression analyses were performed on per capita wine consumption in four states of the U.S.A. where the availability of wines was increased. In three of four states, wine consumption was found to be significantly greater in the years of the changes than one would expect, based on the regression trends of the previous eight to thirteen years. Differences in findings were probably a reflection of differences in the nature and extent of the increased availability among the four stales. Consumption of beer and spirits was also analysed for the years in question, and substitution from beer or spirits to wine was not found. Finally, alternative explanations for the patterns of increases were examined and considered unlikely.
Change and Stability in Quantity and Frequency of Alcohol Use Among Aging Males: a 19–year follow‐up study
Authors: STALL RON 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis report describes prospective data from a 19–year follow‐up of a general household sample of San Francisco (California) white males as these men moved towards ‘old age’. Only minor changes were noted in frequency of use while important decreases were discovered in the heavier quantity levels upon follow‐up. Men who changed consumption patterns over time were approximately twice as likely to decrease as increase at follow‐up. These findings are directly relevant to the interpretation of the consistent cross‐sectional finding of decrease in heavy drinking and associated alcohol‐related problems among older age strata when these strata are compared to younger cohorts.
The Impulsivist: a multi‐impulsive personality disorder
Authors: LACEY J. HUBERT , EVANS C. D. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe authors report a literature review of impulsivity in the substance abuse disorders, eating disorders, classical disorders of impulse control, self‐harm and personality disorders. They suggest that within each of these clinic populations there is a significant number of patients who have a very poor prognosis and are characterised not just by the specific presenting symptom but by multiple impulsive behaviours. It is suggested that this group, who place very large demands both on the psychiatric and emergency services, form a unitary ‘multi‐impulsive personality’ group and that they would repay detailed research which cuts across the boundaries of the specialist services.