bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
U.S.—Soviet Command Reciprocity: Interdependence Of Survivable Leadership
Authors: Cimbala Stephen J. 
Published: March 2007

U.S. and Soviet strategic command, control, and communications are "survivably interdependent." Neither country can credibly deter nor plausibly fight wars involving the threat or use of nuclear forces without observing "rules of the road" about C3. These rules include clarification of their intentions during a crisis; exchange of information and persons to preserve crisis stability; and tacit agreement about not attacking the "brain" or "central nervous systems" of the opponent early in war. Command reciprocity does not automatically guarantee equal superpower awareness of that fact, or equivalent willingness to incorporate it into U.S. and USSR military doctrine. Thus, U.S. forces and C must be planned with the recognition that command reciprocity may not withstand the early phases of war. The impact of proposed new technologies such as the Strategic Defense Initiative on U.S.-Soviet strategic command reciprocity is also acknowledged, although the details are not now foreseeable. Command reciprocity will continue whether the "defensive transition" in U.S.-Soviet strategic forces occurs at a rapid or incremental rate.
African American Women in the U.S. Military
Authors: Moore Brenda L. 
Published: March 2007

This article is a comparison of black women with women of different racial and ethnic backgrounds and black men in the U.S. military. Developmental analysis is used to examine historical trends and to hypothesize about the future of black women on active duty. Although there is considerable scholarly literature on minorities (particularly African-American men) and women in the armed forces, no systematic study of the participation of African-American women exists. This omission is significant in view of the fact that the representation of black women has increased more than sixfold over the last 15 years (which marks a greater percentage increase than any other segment of the military population). Results of statistical analysis confirm previous findings that African-American women are accessing the military at a faster pace than other racial and ethnic female groups in the United States; they are more concentrated in the Army than other branches of the military; they are mostly assigned to administrative and support occupations; and they are more likely to be single parents than are military women and men in the comparison groups. The article ponders the consequences of these findings for the future stability of the participation of black women in the U.S. military.
Institutional Alternatives to Traditional U.N. Peacekeeping: An Assessment of Regional and Multinational Options
Authors: Diehl Paul F. 
Published: March 2007

This essay assesses the utility of two prominent alternate arrangements to traditional UN peacekeeping operations, i.e., peacekeeping operations organized by regional organizations or by multinational forces not under the control or direction of an international organization. For each alternative, it describes proposed changes to existing practice and points out alleged advantages over the status quo. Each alternative is assessed to determine the existence and magnitude of those advantages as well as the conditions under which such advantages are likely. Special attention is given to how (if at all) the alternatives address the general conditions for success. Overall, despite its faults, the current mode of operation holds up rather well in comparison to the alternatives. Regional and multinational peacekeeping operations have the potential to succeed or fail for many of the same reasons that UN operations do, and they might be appropriate substitutes for the UN. Yet they also carry with them some unique risks and problems that make their applicability much more limited. Multinational operations might be best used when one or more of the disputants objects to the participation of the UN or wishes to have a major power guarantee the operation. Regional peacekeeping efforts may best when done jointly with the UN or when confined to conflicts involving small states in the region.
Israeli Responses to the Threat of Chemical Warfare
Authors: Steinberg Gerald M. 
Published: March 2007

For the six weeks of the 1991 Gulf War, Israel was faced with the possibility of attack by Iraqi chemical weapons. In response, and in contrast to their behavior over the previous 44 years, the Israelis took a defensive approach, and Israel became the first country since World War II to provide its entire population with gas masks and protection kits. In addition, Israel also engaged in active defense measures by deploying Patriot missiles. The defensive response to the Iraqi chemical threat raises a number of questions about military doctrine and the sociopolitical implications of the policy. This article describes and analyzes the perceived threat in Israel; the policy debate that was sparked by the threat of chemical attack and available responses to it; the impact of "the policy of restraint" and the absence of retaliation on Israeli military doctrine and decision-making in the area of deterrence; the interaction between Israel and the United States over this issue; and the impact on Israeli-U.S. strategic links and Israeli security policy. The policies adopted by Israel, and the debate that accompanied them during and after the war, will have a significant impact on both Israeli policy and the Middle East for many years.
Levels of self-reported depression among mothers of children with Attention-Deficit! Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: West J. , Houghton S. , Douglas G. , Wall M. , Whiting K. 
Published: March 2007

Objective: The aims of the present research were to identify levels of depression in mothers of children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and to determine whether maternal depressive severity varied according to the child's ADHD subtype. Method: Data were obtained using the self-administered Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) which was completed and returned by 80 mothers from a randomly selected clinical sample. Conclusions: Mothers of ADHD Combined Type children self-report significantly higher levels of depressive severity than mothers of ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type children. Furthermore, mothers of more than one ADHD child report significantly higher levels of depression than mothers of a single ADHD child. The results suggest that there may be serious maternal health consequences associated with parenting a child (or children) with ADHD, particularly for mothers of ADHD Combined Type children or mothers of more than one ADHD child. Furthermore, the differences between mothers' BDI scores according to their child's ADHD subtype suggests that depression in mothers of ADHD children is not a homogeneous entity and that future intervention strategies may need to be adapted accordingly.
Naturally occurring C-terminally truncated STAT5 is a negative regulator of HIV-1 expression
Authors: Crotti Andrea , Lusic Marina , Lupo Rossella , Lievens Patricia M. J. , Liboi Elio , Chiara Giulia Della , Tinelli Marco , Lazzarin Adriano , Patterson Bruce K. , Giacca Mauro , Bovolenta Chiara , Poli Guido 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCD4+ cells of most individuals infected with HIV-1 harbor a C-terminally truncated and constitutively activated form of signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5Δ). We report that the chronically HIV-infected U1 cell line expresses STAT5Δ but not full-length STAT5. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of U1 cells promoted early activation of STAT5Δ and of extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERKs), followed by later activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1) and HIV expression. Inhibition of ERK/AP-1 by PD98,059 abolished, whereas either tyrphostin AG490 or a STAT5 small interfering RNA (siRNA) enhanced, virion production in GM-CSF–stimulated U1 cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated the induction of STAT5Δ binding to STAT consensus sequences in the HIV-1 promoter together with a decreased recruitment of RNA polymerase II after 1 hour of GM-CSF stimulation of U1 cells. Down-regulation of STAT5Δ by siRNA resulted in the up-regulation of both HIV-1 gag-pol RNA and p24 Gag antigen expression in CD8-depleted leukocytes of several HIV-positive individuals cultivated ex vivo in the presence of interleukin-2 but not of interleukin-7. Thus, the constitutively activated STAT5Δ present in the leukocytes of most HIV-positive individuals acts as a negative regulator of HIV expression.
Hematopoietic stem cell–targeted neonatal gene therapy reverses lethally progressive osteopetrosis in oc/oc mice
Authors: Johansson Maria K. , de Vries Teun J. , Schoenmaker Ton , Ehinger Mats , Brun Ann C. M. , Fasth Anders , Karlsson Stefan , Everts Vincent , Richter Johan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInfantile malignant osteopetrosis (IMO) is a fatal disease caused by lack of functional osteoclasts, and the only available treatment is hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. In the majority of patients, the TCIRG1 gene, coding for a subunit of a proton pump essential for bone resorption, is mutated. Oc/oc mice have a deletion in the homologue gene (tcirg1) and die at 3 to 4 weeks, but can be rescued by neonatal transplantation of HSCs. Here, HSC-targeted gene therapy of osteopetrosis in the oc/oc mouse model was developed. Oc/oc fetal liver cells depleted of Ter119-expressing erythroid cells were transduced with a retroviral vector expressing tcirg1 and GFP, and subsequently transplanted intraperitoneally to irradiated neonatal oc/oc mice. Eight of 15 mice survived past the normal life span of oc/oc mice. In vitro osteoclastogenesis revealed formation of GFP-positive osteoclasts and bone resorption, albeit at a lower level than from wild-type cells. The skeletal phenotype was analyzed by X-ray and histopathology and showed partial correction at 8 weeks and almost normalization after 18 weeks. In summary, osteopetrosis in oc/oc mice can be reversed by neonatal transplantation of gene-modified HSCs leading to long-term survival. This represents a significant step toward the development of gene therapy for osteopetrosis.
Densitometry for assessment of effect of lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema
Authors: Stolk J. , Versteegh M. I. M. , Montenij L. J. , Bakker M. E. , Grebski E. , Tutic M. , Wildermuth S. , Weder W. , el Bardiji M. , Reiber J. H. C. , Rabe K. F. , Russi E. W. , Stoel B. C. 
Published: March 2007

To explore if change in the extent of emphysema correlated with change in lung function, the effect of resection of emphysematous tissue was studied by computed tomography (CT) densitometry. In addition, the current authors studied how surgery-induced change in emphysema related to lung density in control subjects.In total, 30 patients (14 females; mean±sdage 59±10 yrs) with severe emphysema before and 3 months after lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS), 48 patients with moderate emphysema and 76 control subjects were investigated. Lung density (15th percentile point) of both lungs and heterogeneity of lung density between 12 isovolumetric partitions in each lung were calculated from chest CT images.The 15th percentile point and its heterogeneity could distinguish controls from subjects with moderate emphysema with a sensitivity and specificity of >95%. LVRS significantly increased lung density by 5.0±10.9 g·L−1(n = 30). Improvement in the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide and in residual volume significantly correlated with an increase in lung density (n = 20 and 28, respectively). Change in forced expiratory volume in one second did not correlate with change in lung density.In conclusion, lung density 15th percentile point is a valuable surrogate marker for detection of both the extent of and reduction in emphysema.
Nonatopic asthma is associated with helminth infections and bronchiolitis in poor children
Authors: Pereira M. U. , Sly P. D. , Pitrez P. M. , Jones M. H. , Escouto D. , Dias A. C. O. , Weiland S. K. , Stein R. T. 
Published: March 2007

Asthma is common in urban centres in Latin America, but atopic asthma may not be the main phenotype among children. Helminth infections are highly prevalent in poor populations, and it was hypothesised that they attenuate allergic asthma, whereas other factors are related to the expression of a nonatopic wheeze/asthma phenotype.A total of 1,982 children from Southern Brazil with a mean±sdage of 10.1±0.76 yrs completed asthma questionnaires, and 1,011 were evaluated for intestinal parasites and atopy using skin-prick tests (SPTs).Wheeze in the previous 12 months was reported by 25.6%, and 9.3% showed current asthma; 13% were SPT-positive and 19.1% were positive for any helminths. Most children with either wheeze or asthma were SPT-negative; however, severe wheeze was more prevalent among the atopic minority. Helminth infections were inversely associated with positive SPT results. Bronchiolitis before the age of 2 yrs was the major independent risk factor for asthma at age 10 yrs; high-load Ascaris infection, a family history of asthma and positive SPT results were also asthma risk factors.Most asthma and wheeze are of the nonatopic phenotype, suggesting that some helminths may exert an attenuating effect on the expression of the atopic portion of the disease, whereas viral bronchiolitis predisposes more specifically to recurrent airway symptoms.
Inference of miRNA targets using evolutionary conservation and pathway analysis
Authors: Gaidatzis Dimos , van Nimwegen Erik , Hausser Jean , Zavolan Mihaela 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

Background
MicroRNAs have emerged as important regulatory genes in a variety of cellular processes and, in recent years, hundreds of such genes have been discovered in animals. In contrast, functional annotations are available only for a very small fraction of these miRNAs, and even in these cases only partially.

Results
We developed a general Bayesian method for the inference of miRNA target sites, in which, for each miRNA, we explicitly model the evolution of orthologous target sites in a set of related species. Using this method we predict target sites for all known miRNAs in flies, worms, fish, and mammals. By comparing our predictions in fly with a reference set of experimentally tested miRNA-mRNA interactions we show that our general method performs at least as well as the most accurate methods available to date, including ones specifically tailored for target prediction in fly. An important novel feature of our model is that it explicitly infers the phylogenetic distribution of functional target sites, independently for each miRNA. This allows us to infer species-specific and clade-specific miRNA targeting. We also show that, in long human 3' UTRs, miRNA target sites occur preferentially near the start and near the end of the 3' UTR.
To characterize miRNA function beyond the predicted lists of targets we further present a method to infer significant associations between the sets of targets predicted for individual miRNAs and specific biochemical pathways, in particular those of the KEGG pathway database. We show that this approach retrieves several known functional miRNA-mRNA associations, and predicts novel functions for known miRNAs in cell growth and in development.

Conclusion
We have presented a Bayesian target prediction algorithm without any tunable parameters, that can be applied to sequences from any clade of species. The algorithm automatically infers the phylogenetic distribution of functional sites for each miRNA, and assigns a posterior probability to each putative target site. The results presented here indicate that our general method achieves very good performance in predicting miRNA target sites, providing at the same time insights into the evolution of target sites for individual miRNAs. Moreover, by combining our predictions with pathway analysis, we propose functions of specific miRNAs in nervous system development, inter-cellular communication and cell growth. The complete target site predictions as well as the miRNA/pathway associations are accessible on the ElMMo web server.
Diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical and laboratory parameters in community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Müller Beat , Harbarth Stephan , Stolz Daiana , Bingisser Roland , Mueller Christian , Leuppi Jörg , Nusbaumer Charly , Tamm Michael , Christ-Crain Mirjam 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

Background
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most frequent infection-related cause of death. The reference standard to diagnose CAP is a new infiltrate on chest radiograph in the presence of recently acquired respiratory signs and symptoms. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical signs and symptoms and laboratory biomarkers for CAP.

Methods
545 patients with suspected lower respiratory tract infection, admitted to the emergency department of a university hospital were included in a pre-planned post-hoc analysis of two controlled intervention trials. Baseline assessment included history, clinical examination, radiography and measurements of procalcitonin (PCT), highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and leukocyte count.

Results
Of the 545 patients, 373 had CAP, 132 other respiratory tract infections, and 40 other final diagnoses. The AUC of a clinical model including standard clinical signs and symptoms (i.e. fever, cough, sputum production, abnormal chest auscultation and dyspnea) to diagnose CAP was 0.79 [95% CI, 0.75–0.83]. This AUC was significantly improved by including PCT and hsCRP (0.92 [0.89–0.94]; p < 0.001). PCT had a higher diagnostic accuracy (AUC, 0.88 [0.84–0.93]) in differentiating CAP from other diagnoses, as compared to hsCRP (AUC, 0.76 [0.69–0.83]; p < 0.001) and total leukocyte count (AUC, 0.69 [0.62–0.77]; p < 0.001). To predict bacteremia, PCT had a higher AUC (0.85 [0.80–0.91]) as compared to hsCRP (p = 0.01), leukocyte count (p = 0.002) and elevated body temperature (p < 0.001). PCT, in contrast to hsCRP and leukocyte count, increased with increasing severity of CAP, as assessed by the pneumonia severity index (p < 0.001).

Conclusion
PCT, and to a lesser degree hsCRP, improve the accuracy of currently recommended approaches for the diagnosis of CAP, thereby complementing clinical signs and symptoms. PCT is useful in the severity assessment of CAP.
Inhaled tobramycin solution-associated recurrent eosinophilia and severe persistent bronchospasm in a patient with cystic fibrosis: a case report
Authors: Santos Roberto P , Awa Emad , Anbar Ran D 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

Background
Delivery of tobramycin by inhalation to the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who are infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been proven to be effective and safe. The aerosol administration allows high concentrations of tobramycin to be delivered to the site of infection with limited systemic absorption. In rare patients, systemic absorption of inhaled tobramycin may be significant enough to produce toxic effects, such as renal and vestibular toxicities.

Case presentation
We report a patient with CF who developed recurrent eosinophilia and severe persistent bronchospasm following repeated administration of preservative-free tobramycin by inhalation, beginning at 16 months of age. Also, he developed similar signs and symptoms when he was administered tobramycin intravenously on one occasion at 5 1/2 years. The patient had a history of environmental allergies. Temporal sequence of his signs and symptoms after each administration of tobramycin (similar to re-challenge testing), and his improvement after discontinuation of the drug strongly suggest an adverse drug reaction.

Conclusion
Hypersensitivity reaction should be considered in patients who develop recurrent eosinophilia and deterioration of pulmonary function following the use of tobramycin by inhalation or by intravenous administration.
Homeopathic and conventional treatment for acute respiratory and ear complaints: A comparative study on outcome in the primary care setting
Authors: Haidvogl Max , Riley David S , Heger Marianne , Brien Sara , Jong Miek , Fischer Michael , Lewith George T , Jansen Gerard , Thurneysen André E 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of homeopathy compared to conventional treatment in acute respiratory and ear complaints in a primary care setting.

Methods
The study was designed as an international, multi-centre, comparative cohort study of non-randomised design. Patients, presenting themselves with at least one chief complaint: acute (≤ 7 days) runny nose, sore throat, ear pain, sinus pain or cough, were recruited at 57 primary care practices in Austria (8), Germany (8), the Netherlands (7), Russia (6), Spain (6), Ukraine (4), United Kingdom (10) and the USA (8) and given either homeopathic or conventional treatment. Therapy outcome was measured by using the response rate, defined as the proportion of patients experiencing 'complete recovery' or 'major improvement' in each treatment group. The primary outcome criterion was the response rate after 14 days of therapy.

Results
Data of 1,577 patients were evaluated in the full analysis set of which 857 received homeopathic (H) and 720 conventional (C) treatment. The majority of patients in both groups reported their outcome after 14 days of treatment as complete recovery or major improvement (H: 86.9%; C: 86.0%; p = 0.0003 for non-inferiority testing). In the per-protocol set (H: 576 and C: 540 patients) similar results were obtained (H: 87.7%; C: 86.9%; p = 0.0019). Further subgroup analysis of the full analysis set showed no differences of response rates after 14 days in children (H: 88.5%; C: 84.5%) and adults (H: 85.6%; C: 86.6%). The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of the primary outcome criterion was 1.40 (0.89–2.22) in children and 0.92 (0.63–1.34) in adults. Adjustments for demographic differences at baseline did not significantly alter the OR. The response rates after 7 and 28 days also showed no significant differences between both treatment groups. However, onset of improvement within the first 7 days after treatment was significantly faster upon homeopathic treatment both in children (p = 0.0488) and adults (p = 0.0001). Adverse drug reactions occurred more frequently in adults of the conventional group than in the homeopathic group (C: 7.6%; H: 3.1%, p = 0.0032), whereas in children the occurrence of adverse drug reactions was not significantly different (H: 2.0%; C: 2.4%, p = 0.7838).

Conclusion
In primary care, homeopathic treatment for acute respiratory and ear complaints was not inferior to conventional treatment.