bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Access to diagnostic evaluation and treatment for dementia in Europe
Authors: Waldemar Gunhild , Phung Kieu T. T. , Burns Alistair , Georges Jean , Hansen Finn Ronholt , Iliffe Steven , Marking Christine , Rikkert Marcel Olde , Selmes Jacques , Stoppe Gabriela , Sartorius Norman 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews and discusses existing barriers to diagnosis and treatment for patients with dementia in Europe as well as approaches to overcome these barriers. The barriers to care are manifold, being present at all levels in each society and between countries in Europe. Multilevel and multifaceted strategies are needed to improve diagnosis and treatments for all patients with cognitive complaints. A multidisciplinary approach based on close collaboration between GPs and specialised memory clinics may be the ideal model for early accurate diagnosis and subsequently early pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. For all healthcare professionals, there should be specialised training in dementia and frequently updated practice guidelines to provide the framework for standards of care. Culture‐sensitive strategies to promote public knowledge and destigmatize dementia are essential. Policy makers and authorities should be made aware of the benefits of early access to diagnosis and treatment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of small and large assisted living facilities for the diagnosis and care of dementia: the Maryland Assisted Living Study
Authors: Leroi Iracema , Samus Quincy M. , Rosenblatt Adam , Onyike Chiadi U. , Brandt Jason , Baker Alva S. , Rabins Peter , Lyketsos Constantine 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the demographic, clinical, and psychiatric characteristics of residents living in small (≤15 beds) and large assisted living (AL) facilities in the United States.MethodsOne hundred and ninety‐eight residents in 10 large and 12 small assisted living facilities were comprehensively assessed as part of the Maryland Assisted Living Study (MD‐AL). The presence or absence of dementia and psychiatric disturbances and the facilities' recognition and management of these disorders were compared across the two types of AL. Aspects of care delivery were also compared.ResultsSmall facilities had a higher prevalence of dementia (81%) compared to larger facilities (63%) and the mean Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) across all residents in small facilities (mean 13.04) was than in large facilities (mean 19.93)(p = 0.000). Almost all (98%) of the residents of small homes carried a diagnosis of a dementia or other psychiatric diagnosis, compared to 74% of residents in large facilities (p < 0.001). Psychosis in particular was more prevalent in the smaller homes and the mean Neuropsychiatric Inventory score, a measure of neuropsychiatric symptoms, was higher compared to large homes. Falls were more common in larger homes despite a greater number of personal care hours per week. The use of safety devices and restraints was significantly less common in large facilities compared to smaller homes, where ‘geri‐chair’ and bedrails were more often used.ConclusionsRates of dementia and psychiatric disorder differ in assisted living facilities depending on size of facility. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical carcinogensis in vitro: An improved method for chemical transformation in Rauscher leukemia virus‐infected rat embryo cells
Authors: Traul Karl A. , Hink Raymond J. , Wolff John S. , Wlodymr Korol 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn vitro assays for careinogenesis, using mammalian cells, provide opportunity for rapid and inexpensive means, compared to in vivo assays, for studying carcinogenesis and for identifying potential carcinogens. These assays must, however, be shown to be reproducible, reliable and able to detect a variety of known carcinogens before they can be recommended for general use. We have, independently, reproduced a transformation assay which utilizes murine leukemia virus‐infected rat embryo cells as targets. In the process a new culture, designated 2FR450, was generated to replace the F1706 line, of Freeman, which is no longer available. Through careful control of the assay parameters a readily reproducible test has been developed. In 2–4 culture passages after chemical treatment, morphologically transformed foci of cells are observed while no such foci are found in noncarcinogen treated or control cultures. Over 75 compounds have been tested in this assay; 20 of these are detailed here as representative of the chemically diverse types of carcinogens detected.
The activation of mutagens in diesel particle extract with rat liver S9 enzymes
Authors: Pederson T. C. , Siak J‐S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractReductive activation of nitroaromatic compounds by bacterial enzymes contributes to the direct‐acting mutagenicity of diesel particle extracts in the Salmonella mutation assay. In this study, the ability of mammalian enzymes to activate diesel particle extract was investigated with a rat liver S9 preparation using the nitroreductase‐deficient strain TA98NR to detect active metabolic products. The use of diesel particle extract at concentrations greater than 50 μg per plate inhibited S9 enzyme activations in the mutation assay. In addition, the S9 preparation without NADPH present decreased the residual direct‐acting mutagenicity of the particle extract. Activation by S9 enzymes of mutagens in diesel particle extract was evident as a difference in activity between assays with and without NADPH. 1‐Nitropyrene, a nitroarene identified in diesel particle extracts, was also activated by NADPH‐dependent S9 enzymes. S9 activation of both the particle extract and 1‐nitropyrene was detected only when using much lower S9 concentrations than conventionally applied in the Salmonella/S9 assay. S9 enzyme activation of 1‐nitropyrene is not merely a consequence of forming a mutagenic amine since 1‐aminopyrene was less mutagenic than 1‐nitropyrene in these assays. The NADPH‐dependent activation of 1‐nitropyrene is located in the microsomal fraction of the S9 preparation. However, activation of the diesel particle extract was more evident with the cytosol than with the microsomal fraction, demonstrating the involvement of yet other enzyme systems and extract components.
A spectrophotometric method for the quantitation of diesel exhaust particles in guinea pig lung
Authors: Rudd Colette J. , Strom Kenneth A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractParticulate material in diesel engine exhaust deposits in the lungs of exposed animals. A technique for measuring the amount of soot in the lungs would be useful for determining the rates of the deposition and clearance of the submicron particles. The paper describes the use of light extinction for quantitating diesel particles in aqueous suspension. Particles collected by electrostatic precipitation and finely suspended in 0.01 N NaOH by sonication strongly absorb visible light. The extinction of light at 750 nm is proportional to the mass concentration of particles, with an extinction coefficient of 28 ± 1 cm2 mg−1. Lungs from guinea pigs exposed to dilute diesel exhaust were dried and digested in potassium hydroxide and ethanol. The insoluble particles were centrifuged and resuspended in water by sonication. The optical density of the suspension was compared to that of suspensions made from lungs of animals not exposed to diesel exhaust, with or without known amounts of particulate added at the beginning of digestion. A concentration‐dependent increase in the total amount of particles per lung was found for guinea pigs exposed to 0, 269, 813 and 1530 μg m−3 diesel particles for 6 months.
Early pulmonary response of the rat lung to inhalation of high concentration of diesel particles
Authors: White Harold J. , Garg Bhagwan D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLight microscopy was used to study the pathologic alterations in the rat lung after timed diesel exposures to 6000 μg m−3 of diesel particulates ranging from 6 h to 9 weeks. As a general reaction, an increase in alveolar macrophages containing diesel particles, an increase in type II pneumocytes, and an accumulation of inflammatory cells within the alveoli and septal walls was observed. Histochemical differentiation between type II cells and alveolar macrophages was clearly delineated by the use of the PAS (periodic acid Schiff) stain in which macrophages stained positive and type II cells negative for this reaction. After the 9‐week exposure, the accumulation of macrophages and accompanying type II cell reaction resulted in the formation of alveolar complexes that seemed to be preferentially localized near the terminal bronchioles. The similarity of the lesion to that of macrophage alveolitis' produced in animals repeatedly exposed to coal dust is emphasized, although the ultimate clinical significance of the complex formation cannot be assessed within the time limits of the experimental observation.
Inhibition of oxygen utilization by substances in combination
Authors: Franke John E. , Wahed Sayed A. , Hermann Edward R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMeasurement of concentrations at which substances in combination become toxic is complex, especially if quantitative definition of additive, antagonistic or synergistric toxicity is desired. Using inhibition of oxygen utilized by aerobic micro‐organisms in their metabolism of a standard substrate, seven chemicals were tested singly and in eight combinations for their graded toxic effects. In two of the experimental investigations the combined effects of three chemicals were determined. By comparing summations of the measured effects of the chemicals tested singly with similar results from testing the toxicity of actual combinations of the chemicals in solution it was found that the actual inhibitions of the oxygen utilization were essentially the same as predicted inhibitions over a range of aqueous concentrations. Statistical analysis of all combinations tested indicated the effects to be addivtive. Neither synergism nor antagonism was shown. the pure compounds tested were: mercuric chloride, potassium cyanide, nickel chloride, potassium chromate, copper sulfate, phenol and nitrobenzene. Although the toxicity of each chemical has been quite extensively studied, results regarding combined effects are relatively few. The methods presented here are applicable to many compounds in combination.
An improved method for the determination of aryl‐4‐hydroxylase activity
Authors: Lindblad William J. , Jackim Eugene 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn improved method for separation of tritiated benzo[a]pyrene from tritiated water in the aryl‐4‐hydroxylase assay is presented. Quantitative retention of benzo[a]pyrene was obtained with mixed cellulose acetate and nitrate filters. Enzymatic activities obtained with this modification agreed well with those determined using the standard charcoal column extraction. This modification greatly reduces the time required to perform this assay, and allows for the determination of enzyme activity in a large number of samples.
Long‐term carcinogenicity and toxicity studies of patulin in the rat
Authors: Becci Peter J. , Hess Frederick G. , Johnson William D. , Gallo Michael A. , Babish John G. , Dailey Robert E. , Parent Richard A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPatulin is a mycotoxin produced by a variety of Penicillium and Aspergillus species which are likely natural contaminants of various foods. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of lifetime administration of patulin in FDRL Wistar rats. Animals received patulin by gastric intubation three times per week at the level of 0.0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.5 mg per kg body weight. The animals used in this lifetime study were derived from F0 parents exposed to equivalent levels of patulin for 4 weeks before mating, and throughout mating, gestation and lactation. Patulin treatment at 0.5 and 1.5 mg kg−1 to male rats caused a significant decrease in body weight gain in comparison to controls. Body weights of treated female rats were similar to that of control rats. No consistent significant differences among groups were noted in the hematology, clinical chemistry or urine analysis parameters measured during or at the termination of the study. Patulin administered to male and female rats at 1.5 mg kg−1 caused a significantly increased mortality rate as compared to respective control animals. The cause of death appeared to be increased pulmonary and laryngotracheal inflammation. No tumorigenic effect of patulin was observed.
Improvement in the atomic absorption determination of lead in blood
Authors: Karai Ichiro , Fukumoto Köichi , Horiguchi Shun'ichi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA simple, precise and accurate analysis for lead in blood and tissue was developed using spectrophotometry after extraction with HCl, H3PO4, KI and methyl isobutyl ketone. The results were similar to those obtained by anodic stripping voltammetry. The method is simple, requires only four reagents, does not need pH adjustment for lead extraction, saves time and is suitable for analyzing a large number of specimens.
Determination of vinyl acetate in air by gas chromatography
Authors: Sidhu Kirpal S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA gas chromatographic analysis for vinyl acetate is presented. Vinyl acetate was sampled by adsorbing on activated carbon. It was desorbed with carbon disulfide with a mean efficiency of 83.0%. The analytical column was packed with 10% free fatty acid phase on acid‐washed Chromosorb‐P. Gas chromatographic identification was also conducted on another column packed with 0.4% Carbowax‐1500 on Carbopack A. Analysis was performed on a chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. The precision (coefficient of variation) for the analytical procedure using a free fatty acid phase column was 4.0%. Based on a 10 litre air sample, the calculated limit of detection by this procedure was 0.1 parts per million.
Renal alterations in female rats following subchronic lead exposure
Authors: Vyskočil A. , Semecky V. , Fiala Z. , Čižková M. , Viau C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFemale Wistar rats were given 1% or 0.1% lead acetate in drinking water for 2 or 4 months, respectively. Urinary β2‐microglobulin, N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase, lactate dehydrogenase and lysozyme were used as markers of tubular dysfunction. Excretion of albumin and glomerular filtration rate were used as indicators of glomerular impairment. Kidney and body weights and morphological changes in the kidney were also studied. Exposure to 1% lead acetate induced a mean blood lead level of 1730 μg−1 and caused only an increase of β2‐microglobulin excretion and relative kidney weight. Light microscopy of kidney revealed morphological changes mainly in the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules. The role of acetate or reduced water intake on kidney function was excluded because 1% sodium acetate or the restriction of water intake to the volume consumed by the rats of the lead‐exposed group was ineffective. Exposure to 0.1% lead acetate induced a blood lead level of 376 μg I−1, corresponding to the current level in industry workers, without any sign of nephrotoxicity. Comparison of this study with the results of a previous study on male rats indicates no sex difference in the nephrotoxicity of lead.
DNA adduct formation by mineral oils and their fractions as indicated by 32P‐postlabelling: Is adduct formation truly indicative of carcinogenic potential?
Authors: Ingram A. J. , Phillips J. C. , Lee R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOils of differing types, physical properties and carcinogenic activity were tested for their ability to produce epidermal DNA adducts 24 h after application to the skin of mice, using the 32P‐postlabelling method. Two studies were carried out, the first on three oils to identify the adduct‐forming components, and the second on nine oils to investigate whether the nature of the oils affected their adduct‐forming potential. In addition to the whole oils, fractions of the oils containing saturated hydrocarbons, 2–6‐ring aromatic compounds and polar compounds were tested in both studies in proportion to their concentration in the original oil. In addition, a further examination of the aromatic fractions from two carcinogenic oils was carried out in the first study by testing 2–3‐ring and 4–6‐ring subfractions (the latter containing carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs)).Results from the first study indicated that carcinogenic oils do produce adducts and that the adduct‐forming components were mainly in the aromatic fraction. When, however, subfractions of the aromatic fraction were examined, it was found that slightly higher adduct levels were produced by the 2–3‐ring aromatic fraction than with the 4–6‐ring PAC fraction. This was contrary to expectation from published work on the skin carcinogenicity of oils and suggested that some non‐carcinogenic PACs may produce adducts.The second study indicated that although most carcinogenic oils produced adducts, some non‐carcinogenic oils can also do so. This was especially evident with a non‐carcinogenic residual oil and, as such oils have been reported to contain high levels of 2–3‐ring PACs, this was taken as further evidence that some non‐carcinogenic PACs containing three or four aromatic rings may give rise to DNA adducts.Further studies are needed to confirm whether or not non‐carcinogenic components of oils are indeed able to produce adducts.
Toxicity evaluation of two treatment regimens for cyanide poisoning
Authors: Bhattacharya R. , Pant S. C. , Kumar Deo , Dube S. N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractToxicological evaluation of two recently reported treatment protocols for cyanide—SN (sodium nitrite) + DMAP (4‐dimethylaminophenol) and SN + HA (hydroxylamine)—was carried out in male rats. Both treatments produced transient hyperammonaemia and decreased mean arterial pressure. Heart rate decreased and respiratory rate increased, but these changes reached the level of significance only after SN + HA. Histopathological lesions in lung, liver (SN+HA) and kidney (SN+DMAP) were predominantly in the vicinity of blood vessels.The results indicate toxic effects in both treatment groups at a dose known to induce methaemoglobin concentration to the level of antidotal efficiency in cyanide intoxication.
Interferon‐α preserves erythrocyte and hepatocyte atpase activities from liver damage induced by prolonged bile duct ligation in the rat
Authors: Muriel Pablo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInterferons have been used to treat chronic hepatitis owing to their antiviral properties. However, now interferons are recognized to inhibit collagen production. Because fibrosis has been associated with liver damage and disfunction, the effects of interferon‐α2b on biliary obstruction‐induced cirrhosis were investigated. Obstructive jaundice was induced in male Wistar rats (ca. 200 g) by double ligation and division of the common bile duct. Control rats were sham operated. Interferon‐α2b (IFN‐α; 100 000 IU per rat) was administered subcutaneously daily after surgery. The animals were sacrificed after 4 weeks of bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham operation. Bilirubins and serum enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase and γ‐glutamil transpeptidase (determined as markers of liver damage) increased several‐fold after BDL. Erythrocyte and hepatocyte plasma membrane Na+/K+‐ and Ca2+ ‐ATPase activities decreased significantly in the BDL group. Administration of IFN‐α to BDL rats resulted in a partial normalization of serum markers of liver damage. The normal activity of both ATPases on erythrocyte and hepatocyte plasma membranes was completely preserved by IFN‐α. It is concluded that interferons possess interesting hepatoprotective effects not related to their antiviral properties but probably associated with their antifibrogenic effect.
Subchronic toxicity of a medium‐chain chlorinated paraffin in the rat
Authors: Poon R. , Lecavalier P. , Chan P. , Viau C. , Håkansson H. , Chu I. , Valli V. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGroups of ten male and female weanling Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed diet containing 0, 5, 50, 500 or 5000 ppm of a medium‐chain chlorinated paraffin (C14‐17, 52% chlorination) for a period of 13 weeks. Increased relative liver weight was observed at 500 and 5000 ppm in females and at 5000 ppm in males. Relative kidney weight was increased at 5000 ppm in both sexes. Serum cholesterol was increased in the females in a dose‐related manner starting at 50 ppm. At 5000 ppm, animals of both sexes had elevated hepatic UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase activity while only females showed increased aminopyrine N‐demethylase activity. Increased urinary N‐acetylglucosaminidase activity occurred at 5000 ppm in females. Increased urinary ascorbic acid excretion monitored at week 12 and a decreased hepatic vitamin A level were detected in females receiving the 500 ppm diet and male and female rats at 5000 ppm. Mild, adaptive histopathological changes were detected in the liver of rats of both sexes at 500 and 5000 ppm, and in the thyroid of males and females starting at 500 and 50 ppm, respectively. Minimal changes were observed in the kidney proximal tubules of male rats fed the 5000 ppm diet and in the inner medulla tubules of female rats fed the 500 and 5000 ppm diets. These data indicate that the medium‐chain chlorinated paraffin produces biochemical and histological changes at dietary levels of ± 50 ppm in females and ± 500 ppm in males.
Evaluation of lymphocyte proliferation by immunohistochemistry in the local lymph node assay
Authors: Boussiquet‐Leroux C. , Durand‐Cavagna G. , Herlin K. , Holder D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA modified version of the local lymph node assay (LLNA) is presented, using bromodeoxyuridine to label proliferating lymphocytes. Cell counting is done on mid‐sagittal sections of individual nodes under light microscopy. Two irritants (sodium lauryl sulfate and salicylic acid), four allergens of various sensitizing potential (potassium dichromate, 4‐chloroaniline, neomycin sulfate and nickel sulfate) and one chemical of unknown sensitizing potential (ethyl 3‐aminobenzoate) were tested either in the short protocol using three daily topical applications and/or in the long protocol with a pre‐exposure step under an occluded patch. A weak T cell proliferation was noted with both irritants in the short protocol, but not in the long protocol. Potassium dichromate induced a strong proliferative response in the short protocol. A lesser sensitizing potential was detected for 4‐chloroaniline, ethyl 3‐aminobenzoate and neomycin sulfate but only in the long protocol. Nickel sulfate was negative in both protocols. The long protocol was the most valuable for weak or moderate sensitizers. Histological examination of nodes ruled out intercurrent processes.The present procedure offers several advantages. The use of a non‐isotopic marker enables this test to be run in a routine safety assessment department and allows the preparation of permanent slides. An increased specificity is obtained by restricting cell counting to the paracortex. Moreover, the collection of individual data permits statistical analysis of the results. This method is sensitive and reproducible and may be viewed as a useful adjunct to the LLNA.