bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pictet’s Du Beau (1856) and the crystallisation of saussurean linguistics
Authors: Joseph John E. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The key formative figure in the intellectual life of the young Ferdinand de Saussure was Adolphe Pictet (1799–1875), a family friend best remembered for his Les origines indo-européennes, ou Les Aryas primitifs: Essai de paléontologie linguistique (1859–1863). A review of its second edition written by Saussure two years after Pictet’s death contains a wealth of information about his life and work, including a description of his book Du beau, dans la nature, l’art et la poésie: Etudes esthétiques (1856). In it, Pictet makes clear that aesthetics is principally centred on the problem of the meaning of the word beauty, and that within this problem are to be found all the tensions between the rational and sensible, the intellectual and emotional, the subjective and objective, and intention and reaction, that are at the heart of the whole Enlightenment discourse on the nature of language. A number of remarks on regularity of form in nature, for example in crystallisation, find echoes in Saussure’s later characterisation of the language system, as do Pictet’s assertions about the arbitrary nature of the linguistic sign and about the signified being not a thing but a concept. Indeed, a number of ‘influences’ on Saussure which Aarsleff (1982) credited to Hippolyte Taine (1828–1893) – for whom we have no independent evidence of such influence – can more convincingly be ascribed to his early mentor Pictet. Du beau moreover provides a ‘missing link’ between the Enlightenment philosophers whose aesthetic views it details, and the traces of their philosophical positions that have repeatedly been detected in the Cours de linguistique générale.
Lambert ten Kate and Justus-Georg Schottelius
Authors: Rutten Gijsbert 
Published: September 2007

SummaryUntil now the Dutch linguist Lambert ten Kate (1674–1731), famous for his early discovery ofAblaut, has not been honoured with a publication concerning his relationship to German 17th-century linguists. Such an interpretation, however, shows great similarities between ten Kate and especially Justus-Georg Schottelius (1612–1676) with regard to three fundamental theoretical issues: the primacy of the roots, the authority of historical material, and the importance of analogy and regularity. They both integrate these when assuming the existence of a suprahistorical system of roots on the basis of which the rational processes of derivation and composition create language as it is.
The ‘Genius of language’
Authors: Schlaps Christiane 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe so-called ‘genius of language’ may be regarded as one of the most influential, and versatile, metalinguistic metaphors used to describe vernacular languages from the 17th century onwards. Over the centuries, philosophers, grammarians, trans­lators and language critics etc. wrote of the ‘genius of language’ in a wide range of text types and with reference to various linguistic positions so that a set of rather diverse types of the concept was created. This paper traces three prominent stages in the development of the ‘genius of language’ argument and, by identifying some of the most frequent types as they evolved in the context of the various linguistic dis­courses, endeavours to show the major transformations of the concept. While early on, discussion of the stylistic and grammatical type of the ‘genius of language’ concentrates on surface features in the languages considered, during the middle of the 18th century, the ‘genius of language’ is relocated to the semantic, interior part of language. With the 19th-century notion of an organological ‘genius of language’, the former static concept is personified and recast in a dynamic form until, taken to its nationalistic extremes, the ‘genius of language’ argument finally ceases to be of any epistemological and scientific value.
Controversial works of art
Authors: Zembylas Tasos 
Published: September 2007

Art is a public affair because its meaning is always collectively negotiated. Thus, public conflicts that are triggered by works of art are essentially political and inevitable. The analysis of these conflicts points to the effective limits of acceptability of art in a given social constellation.
The following paper investigates two types of art conflicts: (1) conflicts that, at first glance, revolve around the interpretation and the aesthetic appreciation of an artwork; and (2) conflicts that explicitly call into question the legal legitimacy of publication of an artwork.
This investigation aims to reveal the variety of contents and conditions which pre-structure public conflicts. Further, it opens a normative discussion of the current forms of dealing with such conflicts in the mass media and in the jurisdiction. Such a critical discussion is necessary, since the political quality of a society can be assessed on how it relates to its own conflicting nature.
Optimization of linear disorder predictors yields tight association between crystallographic disorder and hydrophobicity
Authors: Holladay Nathan B. , Kinch Lisa N. , Grishin Nick V. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractX‐ray crystallographic protein structures often contain disordered regions that are observed as missing electron density. Diffraction data may give little or no direct evidence as to the specific nature of disordered regions. We have developed a weighted window‐based disorder predictor optimized using crystallographic data. Performance of a predictor is strongly influenced by chain termini. Optimized score adjustment values for amino‐ and carboxy‐terminal positions demonstrate a simple, monotonic relationship between disorder and residue distance from termini. This optimized disorder predictor performs similarly to DISOPRED2 on crystallographically disordered regions. Data‐optimized residue disorder propensities show strong linear correlation with experimentally determined amino acid transfer energies between water and hydrogen‐bonding organic solvents, which primarily reflect residue hydrophobicity (exemplified by the Nozaki‐Tanford hydrophobicity scale). Disorder propensities do not correlate as well with transfer energies between water and apolar solvents, which primarily reflect a different hydropathic property: residue hydrophilicity (also reflected by the Kyte‐Doolittle hydropathy scale). Our results suggest that while hydrophobic side‐chain interactions are primarily involved in determining stability of the folded conformation, hydrogen bonding, and similar polar interactions are primarily involved in conformational and interaction specificity.
Structural biology of transmembrane domains: Efficient production and characterization of transmembrane peptides by NMR
Authors: Hu Jian , Qin Huajun , Li Conggang , Sharma Mukesh , Cross Timothy A. , Gao Fei Philip 
Published: September 2007

AbstractStructural characterization of transmembrane peptides (TMPs) is justified because transmembrane domains of membrane proteins appear to often function independently of the rest of the protein. However, the challenge in obtaining milligrams of isotopically labeled TMPs to study these highly hydrophobic peptides by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is significant. In the present work, a protocol is developed to produce, isotopically label, and purify TMPs in high yield as well as to initially characterize the TMPs with CD and both solution and solid‐state NMR. Six TMPs from three integral membrane proteins, CorA, M2, and KdpF, were studied. CorA and KdpF are from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while M2 is from influenza A virus. Several milligrams of each of these TMPs ranging from 25 to 89 residues were obtained per liter of M9 culture. The initial structural characterization results showed that these peptides were well folded in both detergent micelles and lipid bilayer preparations. The high yield, the simplicity of purification, and the convenient protocol represents a suitable approach for NMR studies and a starting point for characterizing the transmembrane domains of membrane proteins.
WrbA bridges bacterial flavodoxins and eukaryotic NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductases
Authors: Carey Jannette , Brynda Jiri , Wolfová Julie , Grandori Rita , Gustavsson Tobias , Ettrich Rüdiger , Smatanová Ivana Kutá 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe crystal structure of the flavodoxin‐like protein WrbA with oxidized FMN bound reveals a close relationship to mammalian NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, Nqo1. Structural comparison of WrbA, flavodoxin, and Nqo1 indicates how the twisted open‐sheet fold of flavodoxins is elaborated to form multimers that extend catalytic function from one‐electron transfer between protein partners using FMN to two‐electron reduction of xenobiotics using FAD. The structure suggests a novel physiological role for WrbA and Nqo1.
Quantitative trait loci with additive effects on palatability and fatty acid composition of meat in a Wagyu–Limousin F2 population
Authors: Alexander L. J. , MacNeil M. D. , Geary T. W. , Snelling W. M. , Rule D. C. , Scanga J. A. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA whole‐genome scan was conducted on 328 F2 progeny in a Wagyu × Limousin cross to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting palatability and fatty acid composition of beef at an age‐constant endpoint. We have identified seven QTL on five chromosomes involved in lipid metabolism and tenderness. None of the genes encoding major enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, such as fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl‐CoA carboxylase alpha (ACACA), solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter) member 4 (SLC2A4), stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) and genes encoding the subunits of fatty acid elongase, was located in these QTL regions. The present study may lead to a better‐tasting and healthier product for consumers through improved selection for palatability and lipid content of beef.
Genomic organization of the IGF1, IGF2, MYF5, MYF6 and GRF/PACAP genes across Salmoninae genera
Authors: Moghadam H. K. , Ferguson M. M. , Rexroad C. E. , Coulibaly I. , Danzmann R. G. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWhole‐genome duplication in the ancient ray‐finned fish and subsequent tetraploidization in the ancestor to the salmonids have complicated genomic and candidate gene studies in these organisms as many genes with multiple copies are present throughout their genomes. In an attempt to identify genes with a potential influence on growth and development, we investigated the genomic positions of insulin‐like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF1, IGF2), myogenic factors 5 and 6 (MYF5, MYF6) and growth hormone‐releasing factor/pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (GRF/PACAP) in three salmonid species: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Our results suggest a tight association between the IGF1, MYF5 and MYF6 genes in all three species. We further localized the duplicated copies of IGF1 to the homeologous linkage groups RT‐7/15 in rainbow trout and AC‐3/24 in Arctic charr, and the two copies of MYF6 to homeologous linkage groups AS‐22/24 in Atlantic salmon. Localization of GRF/PACAP to RT‐7, AS‐31 and AC‐27 and IGF2 to RT‐27, AS‐2 and AC‐4 in rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon and Arctic charr respectively is consistent with previously reported homologies among these chromosomal segments identified using other genetic markers. However, localization of the second copy of GRF/PACAP to RT‐19 and AC‐14 and the duplicated copy of IGF2 to AC‐19 suggest a possible new homology/homeology between these chromosomes. These results might also be an indication of a more ancient polyploidization event that occurred deep in the ray‐finned fish lineage.
The type I Lanyu pig has a maternal genetic lineage distinct from Asian and European pigs
Authors: Wu C. Y. , Jiang Y. N. , Chu H. P. , Li S. H. , Wang Y. , Li Y. H. , Chang Y. , Ju Y. T. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe Lanyu pig is an indigenous breed from Lanyu Islet, located south‐east of Taiwan, with phenotypic characteristics distinctive from other pig breeds in Asia and Europe. Based on geographic considerations, the Lanyu pig may have originated from mainland China, Austronesia or the Ryukyu Islands. In the present study, polymorphism of the mitochondrial DNA control region sequence was used to clarify phylogenetic relationships among two herds of Lanyu pigs imported before 1980 from Lanyu Islet into Taiwan and reared in isolation on two different farms. Two distinct mitochondrial control region haplotypes were found. The type I Lanyu sequence appeared independently as a unique clade different from Asian and European pig sequences, while the type II Lanyu sequence was clustered within the major Asian clade. The pairwise distances between the major Asian clade vs. the type I Lanyu and European clades were 0.01726 ± 0.00275 and 0.01975 ± 0.00212 changes per site respectively. Estimates of divergence time suggest that the type I Lanyu sequence split from the major Asian pig clade in prehistoric times. The type II Lanyu mtDNA shares a close genetic lineage with Japanese Satsuma and New Zealand Kune Kune mtDNA with pairwise distances of 0.00095 ± 0.00000 and 0.00192 ± 0.00000 respectively, indicating gene flow between Lanyu Islet, Japan and Oceania in recent times. Together these results indicate that the type I Lanyu pig has a genetic lineage separate from Asian‐type pigs, while the type II Lanyu sequence may represent a more recent introgression of modern Asian pigs.
Home administration of lanreotide Autogel® by patients with acromegaly, or their partners, is safe and effective
Authors: Bevan J. S. , Newell‐Price J. , Wass J. A. H. , Atkin S. L. , Bouloux P. M. , Chapman J. , Davis J. R. E. , Howlett T. A. , Randeva H. S. , Stewart P. M. , Viswanath A. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryObjective  The introduction of ready‐to‐use lanreotide Autogel® has presented the possibility of patients receiving their acromegaly treatment at home. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of patients (or their partners) to administer repeat, unsupervised, injections of lanreotide Autogel without compromising efficacy or safety.Design  Multicentre (10 UK regional endocrine centres), open‐label, nonrandomised, controlled study. Patients elected either to receive/administer unsupervised home injections after injection technique training (Test group) or continued to receive injections from a healthcare professional (Control group). Patients received monthly injections of lanreotide Autogel® at their established dose. Effects were monitored for up to 40 weeks.Patients  Thirty patients (15 per treatment group) with acromegaly treated with a stable dose of lanreotide Autogel® (60, 90 or 120 mg) for ≥ 4 months before screening.Measurements  The main outcome measure was the proportion of patients/partners who successfully administered injections throughout the study.Results  All Test group patients/partners qualified to administer injections. Fourteen of 15 patients fulfilled all criteria for successful administration of unsupervised injections (95% confidence interval, 70%–99%). Fourteen of 15 Test and 14/15 Control patients maintained growth hormone and IGF‐1 control. Local injection tolerability was good for both treatment groups, and safety profiles were similar. All Test group patients continued with unsupervised injections after the study.Conclusions  Patients with acromegaly or their partners were able to administer lanreotide Autogel® injections with no detrimental effect on efficacy and safety; therefore, unsupervised home injections are a viable alternative to healthcare professional injections for suitably motivated patients.
Ecological and site historical aspects of N dynamics and current N status in temperate forests
Authors: BRUMME RAINER , KHANNA PARTAP K. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEcological developments during Holocene age and high atmospheric depositions since industrialization have changed the N dynamics of temperate forest ecosystems. A number of different parameters are used to indicate whether the forests are N‐saturated or not, most common among them is the occurrence of nitrates in the seepage water below the rooting zone. The use of different definitions to describe N saturation implies that the N status of ecosystems is not always appropriately assessed. Data on N dynamics from 53 different German forests were used to classify various development states of forest ecosystems according to the forest ecosystem theory proposed by Ulrich for which N balances of input – (output plus plant N increment) were used. Those systems where N output equals N input minus plant N increment are described as (quasi‐) Steady State Type. Those forests where N output does not equal N input minus plant N increment as in a ‘transient state.’ Forests of the transient state may lose nitrogen from the soil (Degradation Type) or gain nitrogen [e.g., from atmospheric depositions (Accumulation Type)]. Forest ecosystems may occur in four different N states: (a) (quasi‐) Steady State Type with mull type humus, (b) Degradation Type with mull type humus, (c) Accumulation Type with moder type humus, and (d) (quasi‐) Steady State Type with moder type humus. Forests with the (quasi‐) steady state with mull type humus in the forest floor (n= 8) have high‐soil pH values, high N retention by plant increment, high N contents in the mineral soils, and have not undergone large changes in the N status. Forests of the Degradation Type lose nitrogen from the mineral soil (currently degradation is occurring on one site). Most forests that have moder or mor type humus and low‐soil pH values, and low N contents in the mineral soil have gone through the transient state of organic matter loss in the mineral soils. They accumulate organic matter in the forest floor (accumulation phase, currently 21 sites are accumulating 6–21 kg N ha−1 yr−1) or have reached a new (quasi‐) steady state with moder/mor type humus (n= 15). N retention in the accumulation phase has significantly increased in soil with N deposition (r2= 0.38), soil acidity (considering thickness of the forest floor as indices of soil acidity,r2= 0.43) and acid deposition (sulfate deposition,r2= 0.39). Retention of N (4–20 kg N ha−1 yr−1) by trees decreased and of soils increased with a decrease in the availability of base cations indicating the important role of trees for N retention in less acid soils and those of soils in more acid soils. Ecosystem theory could be successfully applied on the current data to understand the dynamics of N in temperate forest ecosystems.
Biomass and carbon accumulation in a fire chronosequence of a seasonally dry tropical forest
Authors: VARGAS RODRIGO , ALLEN MICHAEL F. , ALLEN EDITH B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSeasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) are a widely distributed vegetation type in the tropics, characterized by seasonal rainfall with several months of drought when they are subject to fire. This study is one of the first attempts to quantify above‐ and belowground biomass (AGB and BGB) and above‐ and belowground carbon (AGC and BGC) pools to calculate their recovery after fire, using a chronosequence approach (six forests that ranged form 1 to 29 years after fire and mature forest). We quantified AGB and AGC pools of trees, lianas, palms, and seedlings, and BGB and BGC pools (Oi, Oe, Oa soil horizons, and fine roots). Total AGC ranged from 0.05 to nearly 72 Mg C ha−1, BGC from 21.6 to nearly 85 Mg C ha−1, and total ecosystem carbon from 21.7 to 153.5 Mg C ha−1; all these pools increased with forest age. Nearly 50% of the total ecosystem carbon was stored in the Oa horizon of mature forests, and up to 90% was stored in the Oa‐horizon of early successional SDTF stands. The soils were shallow with a depth of <20 cm at the study site. To recover values similar to mature forests, BGC and BGB required <19 years with accumulation rates greater than 20 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, while AGB required 80 years with accumulation rates nearly 2.5 Mg C ha−1 yr−1. Total ecosystem biomass and carbon required 70 and 50 years, respectively, to recover values similar to mature forests. When belowground pools are not included in the calculation of total ecosystem biomass or carbon recovery, we estimated an overestimation of 10 and 30 years, respectively.
Simulated chronic nitrogen deposition increases carbon storage in Northern Temperate forests
Authors: PREGITZER KURT S. , BURTON ANDREW J. , ZAK DONALD R. , TALHELM ALAN F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHigh levels of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in Europe and North America were maintained throughout the 1990s, and global N deposition is expected to increase by a factor of 2.5 over the next century. Available soil N limits primary production in many terrestrial ecosystems, and some computer simulation models have predicted that increasing atmospheric N deposition may result in greater terrestrial carbon (C) storage in woody biomass. However, empirical evidence demonstrating widespread increases in woody biomass C storage due to atmospheric N deposition is uncommon. Increased C storage in soil organic matter due to chronic N inputs has rarely been reported and is often not considered in computer simulation models of N deposition effects. Since 1994, we have experimentally simulated chronic N deposition by adding 3 g N m−2 yr−1to four different northern hardwood forests, which span a 500 km geographic gradient in Michigan. Each year we measured tree growth. In 2004, we also examined soil C content to a depth of 70 cm. When we compared the control treatment with the NO3−deposition treatment after a decade of experimentation, ecosystem C storage had significantly increased in both woody biomass (500 g C m−2) and surface soil (0–10 cm) organic matter (690 g C m−2). The increase in surface soil C storage was apparently driven by altered rates of organic matter decomposition, rather than an increase in detrital inputs to soil. Our results, for study locations stretching across hundreds of kilometers, support the hypothesis that chronic N deposition may increase C storage in northern forests, potentially contributing to a sink for anthropogenic CO2in the northern Hemisphere.