bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Situational exposure and personal loss in children's acute and chronic stress reactions to a school bus disaster
Authors: Milgram Norman A. , Toubiana Yosef H. , Klingman Avigdor , Raviv Amiram , Goldstein Ivan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractQuestionnaire data were obtained on seventh grade children a week after a catastrophic school bus accident, and 9 months later. Both acute and chronic stress reactions were more related to prior friendship with victims than to exposure to accident‐related stressors. In fact, the effect of differential exposure on stress reactions in this particular accident was found to be nil, when the effect of prior friendship was controlled. The incidence of moderate and severe stress reactions was high in the initial acute phase and decreased markedly by 9 months. The professional help received and interest in future help were related to personal loss and to the extent of stress reactions both after 1 week and 9 months. Implications for disaster intervention were drawn.
Cultural impediments to recovery: PTSD in contemporary America
Authors: Young Mitchell B. , Erickson Cassandra A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCulture affects and determines how individual members cope with experiences encountered during the life cycle. Contemporary American culture is currently experiencing a historical transition which affects cultural standards, archetypes, and institutions such as marriage and families. This paper suggests that there is an increase in psychic numbing, alienation, isolation, and difficulties with intimacy for the general population during the present historical moment. For victims of traumatic events this current cultural stress overlaps their post‐traumatic experience since many trauma victims also experience these phenomena. Trauma victims are therefore affected by rapid cultural transition through increased vulnerability to developing traumatic stress reactions as well as increased length of the healing process.
Cognitive and behavioral sequelae of combat: Conceptualization and implication for treatment
Authors: Alford Joe D. , Mahone Charles , Fielstein Elliot M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper focuses upon problematic patterns of thought and behavior among Vietnam combat veterans identified with Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder which are associated with difficulties in emotional, interpersonal, and vocational functioning. The following patterns have been identified: intolerance of mistakes, denial of personal difficulties, anger as a problem‐solving strategy, hypervigilance, and absolutistic thinking. The realistic and adaptive origins of these patterns in the combat enviroment are identified, and their maladaptiveness outside the combat enviroment is described. Consideration is also given to why such patterns persist years after the last combat experience. Finally, the implications for psychotherapy of the verteran with PTSD are discussed.
A 3‐year prospective study of post‐traumatic stress disorder in Israeli combat veterans
Authors: Solomon Zahava 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study attempted to trace the long‐term psychiatric sequelae of combat in a large representative sample of combat stress reaction (CSR) Israeli casualties and matched controls. Employing DSM‐III criteria for Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) subjects were assessed 1, 2, and 3 years after their participation in the war. Results show that CSR casualties had dramatically higher rates of PTSD than controls at all three points of time. In both groups a decline in prevalence and breadth of PTSD was observed over time. The passage of time had a differential effect on the symptom profile of the CSR casualties and controls. Theoretical, methodological, and treatment implications are discussed.
Assessment and treatment of Asian‐American survivors of mass violence
Authors: Lee Evelyn , Lu Francis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents Asian‐Americans' experiences of mass violence with the hope of stimulating much‐needed research and clinical activities in this area. After a discussion of the literature on the types of traumatic events leading to Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other psychological sequelae, the occurrence of similar events in Asia during the past 40 years which may predispose Asian people to PTSD will be reviewed. Asian cultural coping styles which mitigate against or conceal PTSD will be discussed. Assessment and treatment methods tailored for Asian patients will be outlined. Finally, recommendations for clinical service, training, and research in this area with Asian patients will be presented.
Proactive and reactive approaches to PTSD in the aftermath of campus violence: Forming a traumatic stress react team
Authors: Utterback Jim , Caldwell Jay 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTraumatic stresses are becoming an increasing reality on college campuses. Unfortunately, many campuses are ill‐prepared to respond professionally to the needs of victims and covictims. Even more scarce are proactive prevention programs. The problems experienced by victims of post‐traumatic stress disorder are discussed. The formation of a traumatic stress response team is proposed. A developing program at a small midwestern university is used as illustration.
Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children: Its Identification and Treatment in a Residential Setting for Emotionally Disturbed Youth
Authors: Doyle Joan S. , Bauer Sharon K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the past 5 years residential programs for emotionally disturbed youth have encountered increasingly difficult‐to‐treat youngsters. These children who frequently are products of physical/sexual/emotional abuse, neglect and multiple out‐of‐home placements, often presented with severe human trauma responses, but post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was not diagnosed. This paper describes how one residential treatment center correctly identified those children referred having PTSD, developed effective treatment modalities for this syndrome in children and networked with other agencies involved in research and treatment of PTSD. Multiple out‐of‐home placements are highlighted as a heretofore unrecognized contributor to PTSD in children.
Sexual torture of political prisoners: An overview
Authors: Agger Inger 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNot much is known about the repressive use of sexuality against political prisoners. It is important to gain a better understanding of the trauma involved in sexual torture for treatment purposes. On the basis of clinical experience with refugees from the Middle East, North Africa, and Latin America, and the collection of mainly unpublished material on the subject, a theory of the psychodynamics of sexual torture is proposed. It is claimed that this method of torture is especially traumatic, as it is characterized by a confusing and complex ambiguity containing both libidinal and aggressive components, against which the victim has difficulty maintaining a psychological defense. Hence, his or her core identity processes are threatened. Aspects of transcultural treatment are discussed, and it is stressed that there must be a reframing of the trauma story so as not to repeat the psychological pain of the torture and aggravate symptoms. The Testimony‐Method is introduced as an important tool for reframing. If the refugee presents sexual symptoms, sexological treatment interventions are recommended.
A theory‐based preventive intervention program for bereaved parents whose children have died in accidents
Authors: Murphy Shirley A. , Aroian Karen , Baugher Robert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractConflicting theoretical propositions regarding what type of support is most effective at what time during bereavement guided the development and initial testing of a preventive intervention program for bereaved parents. Parents whose adolescent or young adult children died within 4 days following a vehicle‐related accident were assigned to early (2–6 months postloss) or later (7–13 months postloss) transition groups in which they received a two‐dimensinal preventive intervention: informational support and emotional support. A comparison group received no intervention. Weekly and summative evaluations completed by bereaved parents and group leaders showed therapeutic benefits of the preventive intervention for both treated groups. However, the two groups responded differently to the interventions, suggesting that timing and type of support might both be important factors to consider.
Acute postdisaster coping and adjustment
Authors: North Carol S. , Smith Elizabeth M. , McCool Robert E. , Lightcap Patrick E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examines coping strategies and short‐term adjustment in survivors of a tornado. Forty‐two subjects were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement (DIS/DS) within 1 month of the event. Rates of psychiatric disorder in survivors were low, and even rates of symptoms were not especially high. Subjects turned to family and friends for support as their most frequent coping method. While many utilized active coping techniques such as talking and reading about it, others dealt with their experience by avoidance, trying not to think about the tornado. Many also reported that religious and philosophical perspectives helped them. Few required medication to relieve their upset, and none depended on alcohol.
Pierre Janet's treatment of post‐traumatic stress
Authors: van der Hart Onno , Brown Paul , van der Kolk Bessel A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPierre Janet's therapeutic approach to traumatized patients was the first attempt to create a systematic, phase‐oriented treatment of post‐traumatic stress. Janet viewed the trauma response basically as a disorder of memory which interfered with effective action. Relying heavily on the use of hypnosis, he taught that the treatment of post‐traumatic psychopathology consisted of forming a stable therapeutic relationship; retrieving and transforming traumatic memories into meaningful experiences; and taking effective action to overcome learned helplessness. Most of his observations and recommendations are as challenging today as when he first made them, starting a century ago.
Pierre Janet and modern views of dissociation
Authors: Putnam Frank W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPierre Janet's numerous important contributions to the understanding of dissociative disorders grew out of his background in philosophy, psychology, and medicine. A religious and even mystical man, he tempered his lifetime studies of psychopathology with precise observation and rigorous documentation. Janet was the first to articulate the clinical principles of the dissociative disorders and to systematically explore and treat the traumatic memories underlying dissociated behavior. He pioneered the use of abreaction and ageregression hypnotherapy techniques for exploring hidden trauma. Our clinical understanding of the dissociative disorders and their treatment stems in large measure from Pierre Janet's careful and thoughtful investigations a century ago.
Combat addiction: Overview of implications in symptom maintenance and treatment planning
Authors: Solursh Lionel Paul 
Published: June 2007

Abstract“Combat addiction” is discussed as a concept central to understanding the chronicity and treatment‐resistant quality of post‐traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat survivors. Possible neurophysiologic, neurochemical, neuroelectrical, and behavioral parameters are addressed with regard to these mutually reinforcing excitatory states beginning with multiple combat experiences. Interviews with 100 such veterans revealed the remarkably frequent (94%) description of intrusive realistic reexperiencing of combat, particularly nightmares, as feeling powerful, exciting—a “high” or “rush” — with intervening states being experienced as unpleasant. Other findings are also presented which tend to support this concept. Implications for treatment planning are outlined.
The relationship between attributional style and post‐traumatic stress disorder in addicted patients
Authors: McCormick Richard A. , Taber Julian I. , Kruedelbach Norman 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt has been proposed that the animal experiments on inescapable shock may serve as a model for PTSD in humans. Learned helplessness theory, which also derives from the experiments on inescapable shock, proposes that helplessness behavior in humans is the result of people's expectations about events which they perceive to be uncontrollable. The way a person explains or attributes cause to events which occur influences these expectations. The symptoms of PTSD and helplessness behavior heavily overlap. The present study tested whether there was, in fact, a relationship between a proven measure of the attributional style proposed by helplessness theory, the Attributional Style Questionnaire, and measures of PTSD in a group of 99 patients seeking treatment for alcohol dependence and/or pathological gambling. Consistent, significant relationships were found between learned helplessness attributional style and a variety of measures of PTSD. Also replicated were earlier reports of a relationship between coaddiction (alcohol and gambling) and symptoms of PTSD. The usefulness of learned helplessness theory in explaining PTSD and devising treatments for portions of the disorder are discussed.
Factors in the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology: A review
Authors: Gibbs Margaret S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA review of the research literature is provided regarding vulnerability and psychological resource characteristics of the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology. Common generalizations about the effect of vulnerability variables such as age, gender, and previous level of functioning are seldom supported. Coping styles appear promising predictive variables. Attitude variables deserve further attention. More complex designs are suggested to determine interaction effects between disaster and victim variables.
Cruelty, culture, and coping: Comment on the Westermeyer paper
Authors: Ochberg Frank M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRefugee trauma, as described by Joseph Westermeyer, M.D., is compared and contrasted with traumatization and victimization. Exposure to cruelty complicates the recovery process. Clinicians who treat Vietnam veterans are good candidates for training programs in cross‐cultural care of Asian refugees.
Guidelines for a short‐term therapy of a torture depression
Authors: Drees Alfred 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPsychotherapeutic work with torture traumas and their aftereffects are made difficult through a number of factors. Six guiding principles are presented in this publication through which make it possible to influence the actual symptomatology within the limits of the short therapy, even under difficult conditions. Creative images, described in detail as “process fantasies”, are the focus of this short therapy. Situative experiences in the treatment process are not interpreted with reference to the subject or the concrete trauma. This leads to the intra‐psychic patterns being unlinked from traumatic torture experience patterns. With the aid of a model which discusses the torture as a “superinfection” with psychogenic “violence‐viruses”, the penetration and resistance to therapy towards the torture trauma can be illuminated so that a differentiation of social and psychological factors of the torture experience is made possible.
Prevalence of PTSD symptoms in combat veterans seeking medical treatment
Authors: Blake Dudley David , Keane Terence M. , Wine Pamela R. , Mora Catherine , Taylor Kathryn L. , Lyons Judith A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResults from recent research point to the need to screen and assess for PTSD in medical as well as psychiatric patients, and to broaden the scope of assessment to include combat veterans of other recent wars, e.g., World War II and Korea. The present study was designed to obtain the following information: (1) the degree to which PTSD symptomatology is present in veterans who are inpatients on medical units, (2) the respective rates of PTSD symptoms and psychological distress of combat veterans from WW‐II, Korea, and Vietnam, and (3) the extent and nature of psychological disturbance, as measured by the paper and pencil tests, across the three military time periods. One hundred and sixty‐one nonpsychiatric combat and former POW veteran patients served as subjects, with 70.2% having served in World War II, 13.1% having served in Korea, and 16.8% having served in Vietnam. All subjects completed a questionnaire packet which included a demographic data sheet, the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐related PTSD, the Sympton Checklist‐90‐Revised, and the Combat Exposure Scale. Results of the study showed a 24% overall PTSD rate, as determined by subjects' scores on the Mississippi scale. While no differences in combat exposure were found among three war groups, psychiatric disturbance was most apparent among Vietnam veterans. A combination of demographic and psychological factors was found to accurately predict PTSD status. These findings suggest te need to screen and assess all combat veterans who present on medical as well as psychiatric units.
Cognitive functioning in post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Gil Tzvi , Calev Avraham , Greenberg David , Kugelmass Sol , Lerer Bernard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTweleve Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients, 12 psychiatric patients matched for severity of psychopathology, and 12 normal controls were assessed for cognitive functioning by means of a comprehensive test battery. Both patient groups felt subjectively more impaired than normals. Performance on measures of intelligence, organicity, verbal fluency, memorry, and attention was significantly poorer in patients than in normals. The performance of the PTSD patients and that of the psychiatric controls was, however, very similar. The premorbid intelligence of both the PTSD patients and the psychiatric controls was average and had deteriorated significantly by the time of current testing. These cognitive problems were not secondary to alcohol, drug abuse, or head injury. The results suggest a cognitive impairment in post‐traumatic patients.
Monitoring and blunting: Implications for combat‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Solomon Zahava , Arad Rivka , Mikulincer Mario 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe current study examines the impact of monitoring‐blunting strategies on combat‐related psychopathology among soldiers who suffered a combat stress reaction episode during the 1982 Lebanon War. For this purpose, we assessed subjects' habitual use of monitoring and blunting, their mental health status 2 years are participation in war (PTSD, general psychiatric symptomatology, and problems in social functioning), their trauma‐related intrusion and avoidance tendencies, and their habitual coping styles. Results show that soldiers who rely primarily on monitoring strategies suffer the least from traumarelated psychopathology. The use of blunting strategies was associated with more severe psychopathology. In addition, monitors tend to rely on problemfocused coping strategies, while blunters tend to rely on emotion‐focused coping strategies. Results are discussed in terms of Miller's conceptualization of styles of information seeking under threat.
Fatal training accidents: The military unit as a recovery context
Authors: Tyler Mary P. , Gifford Robert K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn exploratory study of military units' recovery from fatal training accidents focused on four Army units which had lost one to three members in maneuver or live‐fire accidents involving tracked vehicles. One hundred seventeen soldiers affected by the accidents provided detailed interview data. In each case, the unit offered a recovery context in which formal and informal organizational structures facilitated individuals' resolution of trauma. The unit's tacit acknowledgment of a hierarchy of bereavement helped it organize caretaking and ritual activities. Soldiers received support from leaders and friends, and were aided by formal and informal rituals. The requirement to return to work, when handled sensitively, played a positive role in recovery.
Symbolic recognition: Ceremony in a treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Obenchain Jeanne V. , Silver Steven M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis brief report describes the utilization of a „welcome home”︁ ceremony in the treatment of Vietnam War and other war veterans suffering from post‐traumatic stress disorder. Designed primarily to address the issues of sanctuary trauma and social isolation and alienation, the ceremony drew upon knowledge gained from the study of Native American ritual. Carefully avoiding mimicking such ritual, the principles of affirmation of the worth of the warrior, societal participation and reintegration, and spiritual and existential support were translated into a mainstream cultural format. The significance of a woman leading the ceremony and veteran reactions are discussed.
Amitriptyline for PTSD in a torture survivor: A case study
Authors: Başoǧlu Metin , Marks Isaac M. , Sengün Seda 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study investigated the effect of amitriptyline on PTSD symptoms in a torture survivor 7 years after the trauma. After a pretreatment assessment period of 1 month, amitriptyline 150 mg nocte was started and assessments were carried out up to 8 months. An overall improvement of 70% was noted 6 weeks after the start of treatment. Improvement was most marked in depression, anxiety, and in social and work adjustment but less so in PTSD symptoms. Residual symptoms included nightmares, constricted affect, aggressive urges, startle response, and phobic avoidance. The drug effect was partial and likely to disappear on discontinuation. The limitations of drug treatment indicate the need for combined psychotherapy for lasting improvement. Evidence so far suggests that behavioral approach in the treatment of traumatic stress symptoms achieves more stable improvement.
Strategic psychotherapy for trauma: Hypnosis and trauma in context
Authors: Kingsbury Steven J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIntegration of attempts to explain trauma with therapies focused on the change process is important for effective therapy. An attempt is made to use hypnotic and strategic therapy principles within a dissociative conceptualization of the trauma response. Case examples of strategic therapy principles and of a trauma case are presented to aid in clarification of concepts.
Ethical Challenges in the Treatment of Traumatized Refugees
Authors: Eth Spencer 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe psychological plight of the large numbers of children and families who have immigrated to new lands has received increased professional attention. Among the multiple challenges confronting therapists who work with refugees, there is a growing need to be sensitive to ethical concerns unique to this population. This article addresses three representative ethical issues encountered in clinical work with traumatized refugees: the problem of informed consent, the resolution of conflicting cultural values, and the survivor's search for the meaning of inhumanity.
Mental health consequences of the Lockerbie Disaster
Authors: Brooks Neil , McKinlay William 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper examines mental health consequences of the Lockerbie Disaster in 66 adults claiming compensation from the insurers of the airline. Claimants were examined 10 to 14 months after the disaster by clinical interview and questionnaires. The most frequent diagnoses were post‐traumatic stress disorder and depression, followed by other anxiety disorders. Many were above „caseness”︁ levels on questionnaires, and had very high scores on intrusion and avoidance. There were no significant predictors of the presence or severity of diagnosis, but a number of predictors (age, death of friends, exposure to unpleasant sights) of questionnaire scores.