bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing the needs of speakers with longstanding dysarthria: computerized and traditional therapy compared
Authors: Palmer Rebecca , Enderby Pam , Hawley Mark 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground: In clinical practice, it is common for speech and language therapists to discontinue dysarthria treatment when a plateau in spontaneous recovery is reached. However, there is some evidence from single‐case research studies that people with chronic dysarthria can improve their speech with intervention several years after the onset of the disorder. If this is so, it can be argued that speech treatment should still be an option available to them. Motor learning principles suggest that in order to be effective, treatment needs to involve frequent, consistent practice with feedback.Aims: To compare the effects of both traditional treatment for clients with longstanding, stable dysarthria with computerized speech therapy, which allows independent practice with feedback.Development of the Computer Program: A new computer program was developed through a European Union‐funded, quality of life and management of human resources programme. The program was designed for use with people with speech disorders and was based on motor learning principles. Speech recognition technology was exploited to provide feedback on practice attempts.Methods & Procedures: Seven clients with longstanding, stable dysarthria completed a within‐participant ABAC/ACAB case series design to compare 6‐week blocks of weekly traditional treatment with 6‐week blocks of computer‐based treatment over a 6‐month period.Outcomes & Results: The findings suggest that the participants improved their speech with treatment. The computerized therapy was as effective as traditional treatment. The participants spent more time (37%) with the computerized therapy than with traditional practice techniques.Conclusions: The participants with longstanding dysarthria in this study made improvements to their speech with treatment using both traditional and computer‐based techniques. Computers could provide a method of delivering an effective dysarthria treatment service without placing high demands on therapy resources.
Creation as transformation: Parenting as a turning point in drug users’ lives
Authors: Etherington Kim 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper is drawn from a narrative inquiry into how ex‐drug users understand the connection between childhood trauma and their subsequent drug misuse. The research was commissioned by a community drugs project. Eight participants were selected from respondents to an advertisement in a counselling journal, five of whom are qualified psychological therapists. The particular focus of this paper is on the interconnection of childhood trauma/abuse, drug misuse and parenting, by showing participants’ own experience of being parented and how the experience of becoming a parent helped them to transform their relationship with drugs. The paper draws attention to the therapeutic value of recognising the complex contextual factors that influence the parenting abilities of problematic drug users, and of building upon the positive attitudes, hopes, values and capabilities that underscore the ‘good parenting’ found in their stories. The work suggests that drug rehabilitation, treatment or counselling might usefully focus on parent–child relationships, which can become a turning point for identity transformation.
Client perspectives on counselling: Before, during and after
Authors: Lambert Phoebe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis four‐year study investigated the under‐researched area of first‐time users’ perceptions of counselling and how these evolved over time. Research participants were drawn from six settings within university counselling services, the voluntary sector and primary care. Using an interpretive hermeneutic framework based on thematic analysis, 30 interviews were carried out. Results revealed that before counselling, participants were uncertain about the nature of counselling and what to expect, described stigma associated with peer influence and varying levels of confusion about specialist language. During counselling, participants experienced some level of positive change. At the same time, divergences of counsellor and client perception highlighted theoretical issues concerning counsellor approach and the exploration of emotions. Post‐counselling interviews revealed further positive change, and practical issues with implications for counsellor training and practice in terms of client assessment, preparation for counselling and the influence of cultural assumptions on theory and practice.
Is there evidence that cyanide can act as a neuromodulator?
Authors: Cipollone Rita , Visca Paolo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIs There an Answer? is intended to serve as a forum in which readers to IUBMB Life may pose questions of the type that intrigue biochemists but for which there may be no obvious answer or one may be available but not widely known or easily accessible.
Readers are invited to e‐mail ascenzi@uniroma3.it if they have questions to contribute or if they can provide answers to questions that are provided here from time to time. In the latter case, instructions will be sent to interested readers. Answers should be, whenever possible, evidence‐based and provide relevant references.
Paolo Ascenzi
Theories of ageing
Authors: Viña Jose , Borrás Consuelo , Miquel Jaime 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAgeing is a universal, intrinsic, progressive and deleterious process. Understanding it is of major interest to scientist, physicians as well as to the general population. Critical to this understanding is to formulate comprehensive theories of aging with high predictive and explanatory power. More than 300 theories have been postulated and are reviewed here. The free radical theory of ageing is one of the most prominent and well studied. It was further developed by one of us (JM) in what has become known as the mitochondrial theory of ageing. These theories provide new experimental approaches to further develop our understanding of the phenomenon of ageing.
IUBMB Life, 59: 249‐254, 2007
Biological hydroperoxides and singlet molecular oxygen generation
Authors: Miyamoto Sayuri , Ronsein Graziella E. , Prado Fernanda M. , Uemi Miriam , Corrêa Thais C. , Toma Izaura N. , Bertolucci Agda , Oliveira Mauricio C. B. , Motta Flávia D. , Medeiros Marisa H. G. , Mascio Paolo Di 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) into peroxyl radicals is a potential source of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) in biological systems. Recently, we have clearly demonstrated the generation of 1O2 in the reaction of lipid hydroperoxides with biologically important oxidants such as metal ions, peroxynitrite and hypochlorous acid. The approach used to unequivocally demonstrate the generation of 1O2 in these reactions was the use of an isotopic labeled hydroperoxide, the 18O‐labeled linoleic acid hydroperoxide, the detection of labeled compounds by HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS) and the direct spectroscopic detection and characterization of 1O2 light emission. Using this approach we have observed the formation of 18O‐labeled 1O2 by chemical trapping of 1O2 with anthracene derivatives and detection of the corresponding labeled endoperoxide by HPLC‐MS/MS. The generation of 1O2 was also demonstrated by direct spectral characterization of 1O2 monomol light emission in the near‐infrared region (λ = 1270 nm). In summary, our studies demonstrated that LOOH can originate 1O2. The experimental evidences indicate that 1O2 is generated at a yield close to 10% by the Russell mechanism, where a linear tetraoxide intermediate is formed in the combination of two peroxyl radicals. In addition to LOOH, other biological hydroperoxides, including hydroperoxides formed in proteins and nucleic acids, may also participate in reactions leading to the generation 1O2. This hypothesis is currently being investigated in our laboratory.
Whither Latin America? trends and challenges of science in Latin America
Authors: Hermes‐Lima Marcelo , Santos Natacha C. F. , Alencastro Antonieta C. R. , Ferreira Sergio T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractScience in Latin America has experienced vigorous growth in the past decade, as demonstrated by the fact that the Latin American share of the world's scientific publications increased from 1.8% in 1991 ‐ 1995 to 3.4% in 1999 ‐ 2003. Significant growth has also taken place in the numbers of PhDs in science and engineering (S&E) awarded in Latin American countries in recent years, including those in the natural sciences. Importantly, albeit at different rates, growth has been verified in almost all countries in the region, indicating a general effort to promote the development of S&E. In most research fields, however, the recognition or relative impact of Latin American science, as measured by the average number of citations received by published articles (CpP), is still below world averages and much lower than in developed nations. We show that average CpP values for a set of 34 representative developing and developed countries correlate significantly with gross expenditure in research and development (GERD), with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and with the number of researchers per million inhabitants (RpM). Among those countries, Latin American nations present some of the lowest average values of CpP (<6), GERD (≤1% of GDP) and RpM (<2,000). We also examined recent trends in scientific activity in Latin America, with focus on the natural sciences and on biochemistry and molecular biology (BMB). In terms of citation scores, publications in BMB compare favorably to those in other research fields within Latin America. At the same time, however, Latin American BMB is one of the areas for which relative impact ‐ compared to developed nations or normalized to world averages ‐ is lowest. These observations clearly indicate the need to establish effective policies to increase competitiveness in terms of the quality and international recognition of Latin American natural sciences in general, and BMB in particular, as opposed to merely increasing the absolute numbers of publications or the numbers of PhDs awarded in the region.
IUBMB Life, 59: 199‐210, 2007
Native‐like tertiary structure in the Mucor miehei lipase molten globule state obtained at low pH
Authors: Fatima Sadaf , Ahmad Basir , Khan Rizwan Hasan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies on the acid‐induced denaturation of Mucor miehei lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3) were performed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, fluorescence emission spectroscopy and binding of hydrophobic dye, 1‐anilino 8‐naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS). Acid denaturation of the lipase showed loss of secondary structure and alterations in the tertiary structure in the pH range 4 to 2 and 7 to 2 respectively, suggesting that the lipase exists as an acid‐unfolded state ∼pH 2.0. A further decrease in pH (from 2.0 to 1.0) resulted in a second transition, which corresponded to the formation of both secondary and tertiary structures. The acid unfolded state at around pH 2.0 has been characterized by significant loss of secondary structure and a small increase in fluorescence intensity with a blue shift of 2 nm, indicating shift of tryptophan residues to less polar environment. Interestingly, the lipase at pH 1.0 exhibits characteristics of molten globule, such as enhanced binding of hydrophobic dye (ANS), native‐like secondary structure and slightly altered tryptophanyl environments. That the molten globule of the lipase at pH 1.0 also possesses native‐like tertiary structure is an interesting observation made for this lipase.
IUBMB Life, 59: 179‐186, 2007
System approach to games and competitive playing: Reply to Lebed (2006)
Authors: McGarry Tim , Franks Ian M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this article, we respond to some criticisms by Lebed (2006) of our previous research (McGarry, Anderson, Wallace, Hughes, & Franks, 2002) in which we reported that (a) the space–time interactions of players in sports (squash) contests might usefully be considered as a dynamical system, (b) that the other racket sports of tennis and badminton might likewise subscribe to a similar description, and (c) that doubles‐play in these same racket sports might further be explained using the same self‐organizing principles. From there, we speculated that team sports (taking soccer as an example) might ultimately also subscribe to similar principles, thus offering the possibility of a common underpinning for the space–time movements of sports players that seemingly give rise to patterned behaviours that are nonetheless unique. Lebed (2006) criticized this interpretation of sports (squash) contests as a dynamical system and instead offered a different account, though unfortunately these criticisms are inaccurate and unfounded. The most important point overlooked by Lebed (2006), and thus reiterated here, is that the essentials for a dynamical system – namely, the presence of coupled oscillators that comprise the system, as well as the sharing of information among the coupled oscillators that produces the patterned formations – are present in the racket sports for both singles‐play and doubles‐play. The presence of these essentials for team sports, however, must remain a matter of speculation for the time being as noted previously (McGarry et al., 2002).
A dolphin only looks like a fish: Players’ behaviour analysis is not enough for game understanding in the light of the systems approach – a response to the reply by McGarry and Franks
Authors: Lebed Felix 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this article I defend my previously published system approach to game playing in sports (Lebed, 2006). Founded on the main argument of mine about insufficiency of performance analysis only for games study, it is based on an inter‐disciplinary comprehension of sporting game events from four different angles: the logical‐philosophical, the behavioural (performance), the anthropological, and complexity angles. The paper consists of four parts, corresponding to the four angles. The first three parts offer deconstructive and reconstructive analysis. The three provide criticism of McGarry and Frank's arguments against my view of complex dynamical systems in sports. The logical analysis negates my opponents’ general view of a match (a process) as a dynamical system. The behaviour analysis refutes their claim about couple oscillator dynamics as a universal dynamically interpreted model of game playing. The anthropological panoramic vision of sporting games leads me to conclude that my opponents’ analysis of two exclusively interacting sides in a squash or soccer contest is too narrow and insufficient to explain the broad diversity of games. According to the, classification suggested in Lebed (2004), I offer seven possible models that can systematically reflect different groups of games. In the fourth part, the complexity angle is analysed from a constructive point of view. Here I take one of the above seven models and try to outline a ‘‘soccer‐like’’ game perspective modelling founded on the view of play process as a conflict of two four‐level self‐regulating complex systems, where each one is additionally involved in its own loop of cybernetic regulation.
The Basic Idea: Justice as Fairness
Authors: Pogge Thomas 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The original position, which is Rawls's account of a hypothetical contract, is examined in how it plays an important role in a Rawlsian conception on justice. Through the original position, justice as fairness is achieved, which deems a social order as just insofar as it could be the object of fair agreement. The chapter explicates maximin aggregation — reflecting a concern for the worst-off — and Rawls's reasons for favoring it over a focus on average well-being. The chapter also introduces and discusses the justifiability of Rawls's account of primary goods, in particular, the lexical priority he assigns to the basic liberties over the remaining social primary good.
The Reception of Justice as Fairness
Authors: Pogge Thomas 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the significance of Rawls's conception of justice in political philosophy and the three foremost debates to which it has given rise. The first set of criticisms against Rawls's conception of justice as fairness is made by Nozick. These libertarian critiques are considered and possible Rawlsian defenses are offered. The two main views of communitarian critiques of Rawls's views are then presented. The final section discusses the similarities between Rawls and Kant, and considers ways in which Rawls's justice as fairness departs from Kantian tenets in a significant way.
Introduction: From Holy Scripture to Silver Screen
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The Jesus movies are to be viewed as “biopics”, that is, biographical films. As such, they follow the narrative template common to this genre and make a claim to authenticity or historical accuracy at least to some degree. What they do best, however, is provide a vehicle through which filmmakers can address contemporary concerns. This chapter explains the biopic genre and provides a historical introduction to the major Jesus films that will be considered in the study.
Jesus of Nazareth
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the identity of the historical Jesus, that is, Jesus of Nazareth, with special emphasis on his Jewishness and on the social and political context in which he lived. In both cases, the ways in which these themes are portrayed in the Gospels are first considered, followed by examples of their portrayal in the Jesus movies, including the appearance of the actors who play Jesus, the use of language, the depiction of Jewish traditions and customs, and the representation of the Roman presence in Galilee and Judea.
God
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The Gospels assert that Jesus is not the son of Joseph but of God, and point to Jesus' miracles, God's declarations, and other aspects of Jesus' extraordinary life as evidence for his divine sonship. The challenge for filmmakers lies in the visual nature of the film medium. How to illustrate this extraordinary paternity on the silver screen, when God as such cannot be portrayed visually? The biopics also employ a variety of techniques, including symbolism (e.g., lighting), and the portrayal of Jesus' miraculous deeds. A number of films also explore the possibility of skepticism — on the part of the audience and even on Jesus' part — regarding Jesus' divine identity.
Satan
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSatan is a minor character in the Gospels, appearing only in the temptation stories, but lurking in the backward elsewhere in the narrative. The most important question about Satan in these films is his relationship to the Son of God. This is a question for which the Gospels have a ready answer: Satan is the cosmic foe whom God vanquishes through Jesus' death. In the movies, however, the answer is not nearly so clearcut. Filmmakers must decide whether to ignore Satan on the grounds that many members of their audience do not believe he exists, or whether to treat him realistically in keeping with the beliefs of the Gospel writers, early Christians, and some contemporary movie viewers as well. Should Satan be treated allegorically, as a stand-in for the evil in the world, or psychologically, as the externalization of anxious, fearful, or evil human thoughts and deeds?
Pilate
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter looks at the representation of the Roman governor Pilate in the Jesus biopics in comparison with his role in the Gospel accounts. The Gospels portray him as a fair-minded and weak-willed leader, who was easily manipulated by Caiaphas and the Jewish crowds into executing Jesus despite his own belief in Jesus' innocence. This image contrasts rather starkly with the portrait of a ruthless, even vicious man that is to be found in noncanonical sources. In crafting a coherent and dramatic depiction of the events that lead inexorably to Jesus' crucifixion, filmmakers must address this discrepancy and, more specifically, assign responsibility for Jesus' death, either to Pilate, who formally pronounces the death sentence, or to one or more Jewish participants in this tragic affair. In doing so, they must also decide whether to introduce Pilate only in the trial scene, as the Gospels uniformly do, or to bring him into the story at an early point, in order to build a context and momentum for his role in the trial story.
Afterword: Jesus of Hollywood
Authors: Reinhartz Adele 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the progression from “Jesus of Nazareth” to “Jesus of Hollywood”, and summarizes the main conclusions of the previous chapters. If the historical Jesus of Nazareth was the unique and only Son of God as the Gospels proclaim, then Jesus of Hollywood is his opposite — multiple, diverse, and born of many parents. These include not only the directors of the Jesus biopics over the course of a century, but the numerous others professionals, including screenwriters, producers, camera operators, and costume and set designers, whose creative and technical work is essential for the production of any film. As the products of multiple authors, the biopic Jesuses have more in common with the main character of the Gospel narratives, who varies somewhat from text to text. Yet while some of the movie Saviors' actions and words resemble those attributed to Jesus in the Gospels, it is unlikely that the Evangelists would recognize their own particular Jesus in any of the films that have been discussed.
Major and Minor
Authors: Lutgendorf Philip 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Opening with a brief tour of modern Hindu temples that feature increasingly monumental icons of Hanuman, this introductory chapter poses the question of why a deity of such apparent prominence in popular practice has generally been marginalized or overlooked in academic scholarship. It seeks the roots of this paradox in the Orientalism of Euro-American scholarship, especially during the period of the British Empire, which applied conceptual categories derived from Judeo-Christian discourse to the understanding of Indian religious traditions. Deities in animal-like forms were especially troubling to Western scholars, who invented labels like “theriomorph”, “fetish”, and “totem” to describe them, and created (e.g., in the folklore research of William Crooke) a false dichotomy between “major” and “minor” deities. After describing the present study's remedial approach and outlining the material to be presented in subsequent chapters, the chapter concludes with an explanation of the most common names and epithets by which Hanuman is known in various regions of India.