bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peer Conflict Explanations in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: Examining the Development of Complex Syntax
Authors: Nippold Marilyn A. , Mansfield Tracy C. , Billow Jesse L. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
Expository discourse, the use of language to convey information, requires facility with complex syntax. Although expository discourse is often employed in school and work settings, little is known about its development in children, adolescents, and adults. Hence, it is difficult to evaluate this genre in students who have language disorders. This study examined syntactic complexity in expository discourse in an effort to begin to establish a normative database.

Method

Speakers with typical development whose mean ages were 11, 17, and 25 years old (
n
= 60) participated in a peer conflict resolution (PCR) task designed to elicit expository discourse. The results were compared with an additional measure of expository discourse, the favorite game or sport (FGS) task, reported in a previous study that included these same participants (M. A. Nippold, L. J. Hesketh, J. K. Duthie, & T. C. Mansfield, 2005).

Results
The PCR task elicited expository discourse from speakers in all 3 groups. Older speakers packed more information into their utterances than did younger ones, and the PCR task elicited greater syntactic complexity than did the FGS task.

Conclusions
The PCR task is potentially a useful tool for examining expository discourse. Research is needed to expand the database and administer the task to clinical groups.
Test–Retest Reliability of In Situ Unaided Thresholds in Adults
Authors: Smith-Olinde Laura , Nicholson Nannette , Chivers Courtney , Highley Patricia , Williams D. Keith 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine test–retest reliability of in situ unaided thresholds measured using a handheld hearing aid programmer coupled to a hearing aid transducer in adults with normal hearing.

Method
Randomized in situ thresholds at 4 octave frequencies were established in 1 ear of 43 adults twice using the Widex Diva SP3 device with the stimulus generated by and transduced through a Widex Diva SD-9 behind-the-ear hearing aid. Insert earphone tips were used in each of the measures to couple the hearing aid/transducer to the ear canal.

Results
Mean decibel differences between the test and retest thresholds were less than 1 dB at each frequency. Using an 80% statistical test criterion, results revealed test–retest reliability within 5 dB for all frequencies: 98% at 500 Hz, 100% at 1000 and 2000 Hz, and 93% at 4000 Hz.

Conclusions
Test–retest reliability of in situ unaided thresholds using the SP3/SD-9 device is equivalent to that of currently accepted audiometric procedures.
An Adaptive Clinical Test of Temporal Resolution
Authors: Lister Jennifer J. , Roberts Richard A. , Shackelford Jennifer , Rogers Catherine L. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeIt has been recommended that diagnostic and screening test batteries for auditory processing disorder (APD) include a measure of temporal gap detection using broadband noise stimuli. Although psychophysical laboratory procedures exist for the measurement of temporal resolution, none are clinically feasible. This study was designed to obtain preliminary data on a new clinical measure of gap detection, the Adaptive Test of Temporal Resolution (ATTR).MethodThe ATTR, a currently available clinical test (Random Gap Detection Test), and a standard psychophysical laboratory procedure were used to measure gap detection thresholds (GDTs) from a group of 30 young adults with normal hearing.ResultsMean ATTR GDTs were 2.2 ms, consistent with GDTs measured using the psychophysical laboratory procedure (3.2 ms) and significantly smaller than those measured using the Random Gap Detection Test (7.0 ms).ConclusionsBecause it incorporates standard adaptive psychophysical methodology in a computer application that can be used on any desktop computer but does not depend on specialized hardware for application, the ATTR promises to be a clinically feasible addition to the APD test battery.
Effects of Artifact Rejection and Bayesian Weighting on the Auditory Brainstem Response During Quiet and Active Behavioral Conditions
Authors: Sanchez Jason Tait , Gans Donald 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
To evaluate the effects of 2 noise reduction techniques on the auditory brainstem response (ABR).

Method

ABRs of 20 normal hearing adults were recorded during quiet and active behavioral conditions using 2 stimulus intensity levels. Wave V amplitudes and residual noise root-mean-square values were measured following the offline application of artifact rejection and Bayesian weighting. Repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni adjusted pairwise
t
tests were utilized to evaluate significant main effects and interactions between the 2 noise reduction techniques.

Results
ABRs recorded during the quiet behavioral condition resulted in minimal differences in wave V amplitude and noise reduction improvement, suggesting that the 2 techniques were equally effective under ideal recording situations. During the active behavioral condition, however, the techniques differed significantly in the ability to preserve the evoked potential and reduce noise. Consequently, strict artifact rejection levels resulted in an inherent underestimation of wave V amplitudes when compared with the Bayesian approach.

Conclusion
Artifact rejection had a detrimental effect on waveform morphology of the ABR. This could lead to difficulty in ABR interpretation when patients are active and ultimately result in diagnostic errors.
The Effects of High-Frequency Amplification on the Objective and Subjective Performance of Hearing Instrument Users With Varying Degrees of High-Frequency Hearing Loss
Authors: Plyler Patrick N. , Fleck Erica L. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThe purpose of the present study was to determine if amplifying beyond 2 kHz affected the objective and subjective performance of hearing instrument users with varying degrees of mild-to-severe high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss.MethodTwenty participants were fitted binaurally with digital completely-in-the-canal devices with 4-channel wide dynamic range compression (Starkey Axent). Each participant used the hearing instruments for two 6-week trial periods. Each hearing instrument was programmed to maximize high-frequency audibility during 1 trial period and minimize high-frequency audibility during the other trial period. Objective evaluations were conducted in quiet using the Connected Speech Test (CST) and in noise using the CST and the Hearing in Noise Test. Subjective performance was evaluated by administering the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit and a questionnaire.ResultsResults indicated that high-frequency amplification significantly improved objective performance in noise and subjective preference in quiet for listeners with varying degrees of mild-to-severe high-frequency hearing loss. Results also suggested that high-frequency amplification may affect subjective preference in noise and overall for listeners with varying degrees of mild-to-severe high-frequency hearing loss when feedback is eliminated.ConclusionBased on these significant benefits, dispensers should be aware that high-frequency amplification should, at least initially, be provided to the affected high-frequency regions when mild-to-severe hearing loss is present.
Influences of Electromagnetic Articulography Sensors on Speech Produced by Healthy Adults and Individuals With Aphasia and Apraxia
Authors: Katz William F. , Bharadwaj Sneha V. , Stettler Monica P. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
This study examined whether the intraoral transducers used in electromagnetic articulography (EMA) interfere with speech and whether there is an added risk of interference when EMA systems are used to study individuals with aphasia and apraxia.

Method

Ten adult talkers (5 individuals with aphasia/apraxia, 5 controls) produced 12 American English vowels in /hVd/ words, the fricative–vowel (FV) words (/si/, /su/, /ěi/, /ěu/), and the sentence
She had your dark suit in greasy wash water all year,
in EMA sensors-on and sensors-off conditions. Segmental durations, vowel formant frequencies, and fricative spectral moments were measured to address possible acoustic effects of sensor placement. A perceptual experiment examined whether FV words produced in the sensors-on condition were less identifiable than those produced in the sensors-off condition.

Results
EMA sensors caused no consistent acoustic effects across all talkers, although significant within-subject effects were noted for a small subset of the talkers. The perceptual results revealed some instances of sensor-related intelligibility loss for FV words produced by individuals with aphasia and apraxia.

Conclusions
The findings support previous suggestions that acoustic screening procedures be used to protect articulatory experiments from those individuals who may show consistent effects of having devices placed on intraoral structures. The findings further suggest that studies of fricatives produced by individuals with aphasia and apraxia may require additional safeguards to ensure that results are not adversely affected by intraoral sensor interference.
Response Time in 14-Year-Olds With Language Impairment
Authors: Miller Carol A. , Leonard Laurence B. , Kail Robert V. , Zhang Xuyang , Tomblin J. Bruce , Francis David J. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
To determine whether children with language impairment were slower than typically developing peers at age 14, and whether slowing, if present, was similar across task domains; whether differences in response time (RT) across domains were the same for children with specific language impairment (SLI) and nonspecific language impairment (NLI); and whether RT performance at age 9 predicted performance at age 14.

Method

Fourteen-year-old children with SLI (
n
= 20), NLI (
n
= 15), and typical development (NLD;
n
= 31) were administered several linguistic and nonlinguistic speeded tasks. The children had received the same tasks at age 9. RT performance was examined.

Results
Both the SLI and the NLI groups were significantly slower than the NLD group in motor, nonverbal cognitive, and language task domains, and there was no significant difference among domains. Individual analyses showed that most, but not all, children with SLI and NLI were slower than the NLD group mean. Slowing at age 9 and age 14 were moderately correlated.

Conclusions
The results suggest that slow RT is a persistent characteristic of many children with language impairment; however, the nature of the relationship between RT and language performance requires further investigation.
Perception of Individuals With Voice Disorders by Monolingual English, Bilingual Cantonese–English, and Bilingual Russian–English Women
Authors: Altenberg Evelyn P. , Ferrand Carole T. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of monolingual English, bilingual Cantonese–English, and bilingual Russian–English speakers toward individuals with voice disorders.

Method
In a mixed experimental design, a total of 30 older and 29 younger female listeners from the 3 language groups rated the voices of 10 females, each with a mild, moderate, or severe voice disorder or with no voice disorder. A semantic differential scale was used to rate the speakers on 21 attributes.

Results

Results indicate that the perception of individuals became increasingly negative as the severity of the disorder increased. Results also indicate that Cantonese–English bilinguals rated the individuals with severe voice disorders more negatively than did English monolinguals and that the language groups differed in their ratings for the attributes of
beautiful,
lovable,
clean,
and
young.
There was no overall effect of age of listener.

Conclusion
The study demonstrates that although the language groups were uniform in ascribing more negative attributes to individuals as severity of the disorder increased, there were also significant differences between the groups. Exploration of these issues provides information useful to clinicians in setting priorities for intervention that take into account individuals' backgrounds as well as clinical factors.
Differentiating Phonotactic Probability and Neighborhood Density in Adult Word Learning
Authors: Storkel Holly L. , Armbrüster Jonna , Hogan Tiffany P. 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to differentiate effects of phonotactic probability, the likelihood of occurrence of a sound sequence, and neighborhood density, the number of words that sound similar to a given word, on adult word learning. A second purpose was to determine what aspect of word learning (viz., triggering learning, formation of an initial representation, or integration with existing representations) was influenced by each variable.MethodThirty-two adults were exposed to 16 nonwords paired with novel objects in a story context. The nonwords orthogonally varied in phonotactic probability and neighborhood density. Learning was measured following 1, 4, and 7 exposures in a picture-naming task. Partially correct (i.e., 2 of 3 phonemes correct) and completely correct responses (i.e., 3 of 3 phonemes correct) were analyzed together and independently to examine emerging and partial representations of new words versus complete and accurate representations of new words.ResultsAnalysis of partially correct and completely correct responses combined showed that adults learned a lower proportion of high-probability nonwords than low-probability nonwords (i.e., high-probability disadvantage) and learned a higher proportion of high-density nonwords than low-density nonwords (i.e., high-density advantage). Separate analysis of partially correct responses yielded an effect of phonotactic probability only, whereas analysis of completely correct responses yielded an effect of neighborhood density only.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that phonological and lexical processing influence different aspects of word learning. In particular, phonotactic probability may aid in triggering new learning, whereas neighborhood density may influence the integration of new lexical representations with existing representations.
Evaluating the Discriminant Accuracy of a Grammatical Measure With Spanish-Speaking Children
Authors: Gutiérrez-Clellen Vera F. , Restrepo M. Adelaida , Simón-Cereijido Gabriela 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the discriminant accuracy of a grammatical measure for the identification of language impairment in Latino Spanish-speaking children. The authors hypothesized that if exposure to and use of English as a second language have an effect on the first language, bilingual children might exhibit lower rates of grammatical accuracy than their peers and be more likely to be misclassified.MethodEighty children with typical language development and 80 with language impairment were sampled from 4 different geographical regions and compared using linear discriminant function analysis.ResultsResults indicated fair-to-good sensitivity from 4;0 to 5;1 years, good sensitivity from 5;2 to 5;11 years, and poor sensitivity above age 6 years. The discriminant functions derived from the exploratory studies were able to predict group membership in confirmatory analyses with fair-to-excellent sensitivity up to age 6 years. Children who were bilingual did not show lower scores and were not more likely to be misclassified compared with their Spanish-only peers.ConclusionsThe measure seems to be appropriate for identifying language impairment in either Spanish-dominant or Spanish-only speakers between 4 and 6 years of age. However, for older children, supplemental testing is necessary.
Subcategory Learning in Normal and Language Learning-Disabled Adults: How Much Information Do They Need?
Authors: Richardson Jessica , Harris Laurel , Plante Elena , Gerken LouAnn 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if nonreferential morphophonological information was sufficient to facilitate the learning of gender subcategories (i.e., masculine vs. feminine) in individuals with normal language (NL) and those with a history of language-based learning disabilities (HLD).

Method
Thirty-two adults listened for 18 min to a familiarization set of Russian words that included either 1 (single-marked) or 2 (double-marked) morphophonological markers indicating gender. Participants were then tested on their knowledge of both trained and untrained members of each gender subcategory.

Results
Testing indicated that morphophonological information is sufficient for lexical subcategory learning in both NL and HLD groups, although the HLD group had lower overall accuracy. The HLD group benefited from double-marking relative to single-marking for subcategory learning.

Conclusion
The results demonstrated that learning through implicit mechanisms occurred after a relatively brief exposure to the language stimuli. In addition, the weaker overall learning by the HLD group was facilitated when multiple cues to linguistic subcategory were available in the input group members received.
Children’s History of Speech-Language Difficulties: Genetic Influences and Associations With Reading-Related Measures
Authors: DeThorne Laura Segebart , Hart Sara A. , Petrill Stephen A. , Deater-Deckard Kirby , Thompson Lee Anne , Schatschneider Chris , Davison Megan Dunn 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
This study examined (a) the extent of genetic and environmental influences on children’s articulation and language difficulties and (b) the phenotypic associations between such difficulties and direct assessments of reading-related skills during early school-age years.

Method

Behavioral genetic analyses focused on parent-report data regarding the speech-language skills of 248 twin pairs (
M
= 6.08 years) from the Western Reserve Reading Project. In addition, phenotypic associations between children’s speech-language status and direct assessments of early reading-related abilities were examined through hierarchical linear modeling (HLM).

Results
Probandwise concordance rates and intraclass tetrachoric correlations indicated high heritability for children’s difficulties in expressive language and articulation, with estimates of .54 and .97 accordingly. HLM results indicated that children with histories of speech-language difficulties scored significantly lower than unaffected children on various measures of early reading-related abilities.

Conclusions
Results from the parent-report survey provided converging evidence of genetic effects on children’s speech and language difficulties and suggest that children with a history of speech-language difficulties are at risk for lower performance on early reading-related measures. The extent of risk differed across measures and appeared greatest for children who demonstrated a history of difficulties across articulation, expressive language, and receptive language. Implications for future genetic research and clinical practice are discussed.
Dysgraphia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review for Clinical and Research Purposes
Authors: Neils-Strunjas Jean , Groves-Wright Kathy , Mashima Pauline , Harnish Stacy 
Published: May 2007

PurposeThis article presents a critical review of literature on dysgraphia associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Research presented includes discussions of central and peripheral spelling impairments as well as the impact of general, nonlinguistic cognitive functions on dysgraphia associated with AD.MethodThe studies critically reviewed were from a variety of disciplines, with emphasis on seminal work, recent literature, and the first author’s research.ConclusionsStudies have shown that writing impairment is heterogeneous within the AD population; however, there are certain aspects of the writing process that are more vulnerable than others and may serve as diagnostic signs. Identifying patterns of writing impairment at different stages of AD may help to chart disease progression and assist in the development of appropriate interventions.
Effects of Increasing Sound Pressure Level on Lip and Jaw Movement Parameters and Consistency in Young Adults
Authors: Huber Jessica E. , Chandrasekaran Bharath 
Published: May 2007

Purpose
Examination of movement parameters and consistency has been used to infer underlying neural control of movement. However, there has been no systematic investigation of whether the way individuals are asked (or cued) to increase loudness alters articulation. This study examined whether different cues to elicit louder speech induce different lip and jaw movement parameters or consistency.

Method
Thirty healthy young adults produced two sentences (a) at comfortable loudness, (b) while targeting 10 dB SPL above comfortable loudness on a sound level meter, (c) at twice their perceived comfortable loudness, and (d) while multitalker noise was played in the background. Lip and jaw kinematics and acoustic measurements were taken.

Results
Each of the loud conditions resulted in a similar amount of SPL increase, about 10 dB. Speech rate was slower in the background noise condition. Changes to movement parameters and consistency (relative to comfortable) were different in the targeting condition as compared to the other loud conditions.

Conclusions
The cues elicited different task demands, and therefore, different movement patterns were used by the speakers to achieve the target of increased loudness. Based on these results, cueing should be considered when eliciting increased vocal loudness in both clinical and research situations.
A Weighted Reliability Measure for Phonetic Transcription
Authors: Oller D. Kimbrough , Ramsdell Heather L. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose

The purpose of the present work is to describe and illustrate the utility of a new tool for assessment of transcription agreement. Traditional measures have not characterized overall transcription agreement with sufficient resolution, specifically because they have often treated all phonetic differences between segments in transcriptions as equivalent, thus constituting an
unweighted
approach to agreement assessment. The measure the authors have developed calculates a
weighted
transcription agreement value based on principles derived from widely accepted tenets of phonological theory.

Method
To investigate the utility of the new measure, 8 coders transcribed samples of speech and infant vocalizations. Comparing the transcriptions through a computer-based implementation of the new weighted and the traditional unweighted measures, they investigated the scaling properties of both.

Results
The results illustrate better scaling with the weighted measure, in particular because the weighted measure is not subject to the floor effects that occur with the traditional measure when applied to samples that are difficult to transcribe. Furthermore, the new weighted measure shows orderly relations in degree of agreement across coded samples of early canonical-stage babbling, early meaningful speech in English, and 3 adult languages.

Conclusions
The authors conclude that the weighted measure may provide improved foundations for research on phonetic transcription and for monitoring of transcription reliability.