bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheological investigation of the influence of acrylate polymers on the modification of asphalt
Authors: Iqbal Mohammad H. , Hussein Ibnelwaleed A. , Wahhab Hamad I. Al‐Abdul , Amin Mohamed B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe effect of ethylene, ethylene acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate (EA) terpolymer, and ethylene butyl acrylate (EBA) copolymer on asphalt modification was investigated at 4, 6 and 8% polymer concentrations. Both melt state rheology and asphalt concrete mix (ACM) were investigated. In the melt state analysis, dynamic shear rheology, storage stability, artificial ageing, and performance grading (PG) were studied. The PG grading of polymer modified asphalt (PMA) is correlated to the elastic properties of the polymers. Both resins improved the rheological properties, reduced the temperature susceptibility, showed better storage stability, and increase the upper grading (performance) temperature of the base asphalt. The two polymers showed similar ageing characteristics with little influence on flow activation energy. In asphalt concrete mix analysis, Marshall stability, stripping (durability), resilient modulus, and permanent deformation tests were performed. Polymer‐modified asphalt concrete mix (PMACM) has increased percent retained stability and the resilient modulus when compared with ACM. The elastic modulus of PMA and the resilient modulus of their ACM followed the same trend. Weak influence on water sensitivity was observed, but excellent rutting resistance was obtained for PMACM over ACM. EA (much cheaper than EBA) produced satisfactory properties of PMA and superior ACM properties when blended with the high asphaltenes Arabian asphalt. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3446–3456, 2006
Characterization of mold fouling during elastomer injection molding
Authors: Hornsby Peter R. , Singh Inderjeet , Daley John R. , Firth John 
Published: August 2006

AbstractConsideration is given to the characterization and origins of mold fouling occurring during the injection molding of elastomers. Results for nitrile rubber and fluoroelastomer compounds are presented with a range of techniques, including light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and surface‐energy measurements with the sessile drop approach. A specially designed mold tool combined with interchangeable cavity inserts has also enabled the exploration of the effects of different metal surface treatments on the onset and extent of mold fouling. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3186–3194, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of poly(aryl ether sulfone)s with metallophthalocyanine pendant unit
Authors: Zhang Yunhe , Niu Yaming , Xu Rui , Wang Guibing , Jiang Zhenhua 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA series of novel poly(aryl ether sulfone) copolymers containing dicyanophenyl group were prepared by the reaction of bis(4‐chlorophenyl)sulfone with (3,4‐dicyano) phenylhydroquinone and 4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenol. On this basis, a series of poly(aryl ether sulfone)s containing metallophthalocyanine units were synthesized by the reaction of poly(aryl ether sulfone)s containing dicyanophenyl group with excessive amounts of 1,2‐dicyanobenzene and the corresponding metal salt in quinoline. All these copolymers were found to have high glass transition temperature and thermal stability. These copolymers were found to be soluble in common solvents, and capable of forming transparent films by solution casting. The copolymers containing metallophthalocyanine units showed strong optical absorption in the visible region, and exhibited blue photoluminescence in solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3457–3461, 2006
Synthesis of copolymeric hydrogels using gamma radiation and their utilization in the removal of some dyes in wastwater
Authors: Abdel‐Aal Samia E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCopolymer hydrogels were prepared by γ‐radiation copolymerization of maleic acid (MA) and 2‐hydroxyethylacrylate (HEA) or acrylamide (AAm). The effect of AAm/MA and HEA/MA composition and irradiation dose on the gel fraction yield in the prepared hydrogels was determined. It was found that as the content of MA increased, the gel fraction yield decreased. The increase of irradiation dose resulted in increasing the crosslinked network structure and consequently the gel percent. The parameters of equilibrium swelling, maximum swelling, initial swelling rate, diffusion exponent, and diffusion coefficient of the hydrogels were calculated and evaluated, and it was found that water diffusion to the hydrogels generally was a non‐Fickian diffusion type. Characterization of the prepared hydrogels was studied and accordingly the possibility of its practical use in the treatment of waste dyes from aqueous solution was studied. The effect of treatment time, the pH of the feed solution, initial feed concentration, and temperature on the dye uptake was also investigated. The maximum uptake of the investigated dyes was higher for HEA/MA hydrogel than that for AAm/MA hydrogel. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:3720–3731, 2006
Mechanical properties and release studies of chitosan films impregnated with silver sulfadiazine
Authors: Azevedo Eduardo P. , Saldanha Tásia D. P. , Navarro Marco V. M. , Medeiros Aldo C. , Ginani Marconi F. , Raffin Fernanda N. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe purpose of these studies was to evaluate chitosan films impregnated with silver sulfadiazine as potential wound dressings, based on their mechanical properties and the controlled‐release phenomenon. The mechanical properties of such films were investigated under varying plasticizers (glycerol or sorbitol) concentrations, as well as in the presence of a crosslinking agent (formaldehyde). The drug release was also determined under such varying conditions, as well as using different thicknesses of film and drug concentrations. The results showed that the additives decreased the tensile strength of the chitosan films (except for sorbitol at 20% w/w), while at the same time remarkably enhancing the percentage elongation of the films. This elongation was especially pronounced in the case of glycerol. The type of plasticizer also influenced the release of silver sulfadiazine. Glycerol had a greater effect than sorbitol on the release rate, regardless of the amount used, probably due to leakage of this additive from the film, which leaves pores that enhance the water uptake of the film. As might be expected, increased concentrations of entrapped silver sulfadiazine yielded increasingly higher release rates. Decrease in thickness of the film also enhanced the release rate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3462–3470, 2006
Supercritical carbon dioxide‐assisted dispersion of sodium benzoate in polypropylene and crystallization behavior of the resulting polypropylene
Authors: Li Bin , Hu Guo‐Hua , Cao Gui‐Ping , Liu Tao , Zhao Ling , Yuan Wei‐Kang 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis work aimed at studying the efficiency of the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a swelling agent to disperse sodium benzoate (NaBz), a nucleating agent, in polypropylene (PP), on the one hand; and the crystallization behavior of the resulting PP, on the other hand. Under scCO2, the NaBz was uniformly dispersed in the PP at a nanometer scale. The use of ethanol or acetone as a cosolvent further increased its state of dispersion and its mass uptake in the PP. Isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics indicated that the PP with the NaBz being dispersed in it under scCO2 had a much higher crystallization rate than that of the pure PP or the PP with the NaBz being dispersed in it by a conventional melt compounding process. The size of the PP crystallites was also much smaller when the NaBz was dispersed at a nanometer scale. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3212–3220, 2006
Investigation on gradient dielectric characteristics of bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus)
Authors: Chand Navin , Jain Deepak , Nigrawal Archana 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDielectric constant (ε′) and tan δ dependence on distance from the outer most skin to the center of bamboo has been determined. Dielectric measurements have been done in the temperature range from 24 to 120°C and in the frequency range from 4 to 100 kHz. Gradient behavior in dielectric constant (ε′) and tan δ has been found in bamboo. It has also been observed that the dielectric constant (ε′) and tan δ increase with the increasing temperature and decrease with the increasing frequency. Relaxation times have been calculated for the four samples at 80, 90, and 100°C temperatures, which show that relaxation time decreases with the increase of temperature due to the increased molecular mobility. A continuous increase in the hardness from the center 48 to the outer surface 70 and density from 0.45 to 0.80 g/cc has been observed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3489–3494, 2006
Degradation of chitosan and chemically modified chitosan by viscosity measurements
Authors: Agnihotri Sunil A. , Kulkarni Vaibhav D. , Kulkarni Anandrao R. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChitosan and chitosan‐grafted‐acrylamide were subjected to degradation in the presence and absence of a degrading agent at 37°C by measuring the viscosity of polymer solutions. Extracts from the fresh rat droppings were used as the degrading agent to simulate the environmental degrading conditions. Results of this study indicated that the concentrations of acetic acid in solution and chemical modifications of chitosan affected the degradation both in the presence as well as in the absence of a degrading agent. Reduction in viscosity was used to study the degradation. Chitosan was stable up to sixteen days of immersion in acetic acid without the degrading agent, but it readily underwent degradation in the presence of a degrading agent. Chitosan‐grafted‐acrylamide also followed the same trend, but the extent of reduction in viscosity was much less than pure chitosan, indicating that the chemical modification has improved the stability of the polymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3255–3258, 2006
Property and reliability of liquid underfill material for IC packaging
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Tang , Chung Jung‐Sheng 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThermoplastic nylon powder was added to naphthalene epoxy to serve as a stress release agent to reduce the stress resulting from the shrinkage during the cure of naphthalene epoxy. The purpose of this study was to explore the physical impact and effect on the forming object after adding nylon powder onto naphthalene epoxy. Mechanical properties were explored through the Izod impact test, the three‐point bending test, tensile test, and lap shear adhesion test. Thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were conducted to identify the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the glass transition temperature (Tg). The rate of water absorption was measured via a test of pressure cook test (PCT), and insulation resistance was assessed through the breakdown voltage experiment. The results indicate that the addition of nylon powder increases the fracture energy of the cured epoxy; however, mechanical properties (lap shear strength, flexural strength, tensile strength) decreased slightly. The TMA and DMA results showed that the CTE (α1) decreased when nylon was added and the heat resistance decreased a little. The water absorption rate test and PCT showed that the rate of water absorption increased to a small extent, whereas the breakdown voltage decreased slightly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3504–3509, 2006
Kinetics of the anionic ring‐opening polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane initiated by potassium isopropoxide
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zhang Zhijie , Wang Qian , Xie Zemin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractKinetics of the anionic ring‐opening polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) in bulk initiated by potassium isopropoxide was studied. Several promoters includingN‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP),N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), and diglyme were used. It is indicated that the reactions are first‐order in D4during the initial stage of polymerization. The polymerization rate of D4is influenced by a number of factors, such as the nature of promoters, the molar ratio of promoter to initiator (Cp/Ciratio), and the reaction temperatures. With the use of NMP as promoter, the polymerization rate constant at 30°C is 10.482 h−1with theCp/Ciratio equal to 3.0. As theCp/Ciratio increases, the polymerization rate constant increases sharply and the cyclic oligomers content in polymer decreases evidently. The back‐biting reaction that leads to the formation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) occurred in the polymerization of D4. The rate of the D5formation relatively to the rate of D4conversion increases with the conversion of D4. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3510–3516, 2006
Effects of ultrasound on the synthesis and properties of polyurethane foam/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Seo W. J. , Sung Y. T. , Kim S. B. , Lee Y. B. , Choe K. H. , Choe S. H. , Sung J. Y. , Kim W. N. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPolyurethane foam (PUF)/clay nanocomposites were synthesized with clay modified by polymeric 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) with the application of ultrasound. Transmission electron micrographs showed that the interlayer distance increased for the polyurethane (PU)/clay nanocomposites where ultrasound was applied. The results of the transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray measurements suggest that the application of ultrasound to the clay modification with PMDI improved the efficiency of the clay modification by the effective breakup of the clay agglomerates and intercalation of the silicate layers. In the mechanical tests of the PUF/clay nanocomposites, the flexural and tensile strengths of the PUF/clay nanocomposites showed the maximum value at 3.0 wt % clay content based on PMDI. These results suggest that the increases in the flexural and tensile strengths were perhaps due to the uniform dispersion of the clay by the application of ultrasound. At the same modified clay content, the fire resistance properties were increased for the PUF/clay nanocomposites with the application of ultrasound compared to the PUF/clay nanocomposites without the application of ultrasound. The cell size and thermal conductivity were decreased for the PUF/clay nanocomposites with the application of ultrasound compared to the PUF/clay nanocomposite without the application of ultrasound. Because of these results, we suggest that the smaller cell size and lower thermal conductivity of the PUF/clay nanocomposites were mainly due to the enhanced dispersion of the clay by the application of ultrasound to the mixture of PMDI and clay. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:3764–3773, 2006
Cure kinetics of aqueous phenol‐formaldehyde resins used for oriented strandboard manufacturing: Effect of wood flour
Authors: Lei Yong , Wu Qinglin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe effect of wood flour on the cure kinetics of commercial phenol‐formaldehyde resins used as oriented strandboard face and core adhesives was studied using differential scanning calorimetry. The wood flour did not change the cure mechanism of the face resin, but lowered its cure temperature and activation energy and increased its cure reaction order. For the core resin (CR), the wood flour lowered the onset cure temperature, and caused separation of the addition and condensation reactions involved in curing of CR. Compared with neat CR, the addition reaction of CR/wood mixture also followed an nth‐order reaction mechanism but with a lower reaction order, while the condensation was changed from an autocatalytic reaction to an nth‐order one. The addition reaction happened at temperatures lower than 90°C, and the condensation reaction was dominant at temperatures higher than 110°C. The proposed models fitted the experimental data well. Relationships among cure reaction conversion (cure degree), cure temperature, and cure time were predicted. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:3774–3781, 2006
Humidity sensitivity of polypyrrole and polypyrrole/SBA‐15 host–guest composite materials
Authors: Geng Wangchang , Li Xiaotian , Li Nan , Zhang Tong , Wang Wei , Qiu Shilun 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPolypyrrole (PPY) and PPY/SBA‐15 host–guest composite materials have been prepared using chemical synthesis route and characterized by XRD, IR, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, and SEM. The humidity sensitive properties (HSP) of this kind of materials have been studied by analyzing the variation curve of impedance as a function of relative humidity. It was found that the PPY/SBA‐15 host–guest composites materials exhibit better HSP than that of the corresponding pure PPY. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3301–3305, 2006
Environmental effects on poly‐p‐phenylenebenzobisoxazole fibers. II. Attempts at stabilization
Authors: Walsh Peter J. , Hu Xianbo , Cunniff Philip , Lesser Alan J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractApproaches to alleviate the environmental degradation of as‐spun poly‐p‐phenylenebenzobisoxazole (PBO AS) fibers by moisture, acidic conditions, and UV–visible radiation were implemented and tested for efficacy. The general approaches tested include: extraction and neutralization of residual phosphoric acid using supercritical carbon dioxide; the use of UV–visible light blocking coatings of exfoliated graphite, carbon black, and glassy titanium dioxide; and improvement of initial fiber properties by the application of forces tending to compact the fiber microstructure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3819–3829, 2006
Interfacial, dynamic mechanical, and thermal fiber reinforced behavior of MAPE treated sisal fiber reinforced HDPE composites
Authors: Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe present article summarizes an experimental study on the mechanical and dynamic mechanical behavior of sisal fiber reinforced HDPE composites. Variations in mechanical strength, storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), and damping parameter (tan δ) with the addition of fibers and coupling agents were investigated. It was observed that the tensile, flexural, and impact strengths increased with the increase in fiber loading up to 30%, above which there was a significant deterioration in the mechanical strength. Further, the composites treated with MAPE showed improved properties in comparison with the untreated composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis data also showed an increase in the storage modulus of the treated composites The tan δ spectra presented a strong influence of fiber content and coupling agent on the α and γ relaxation process of HDPE. The thermal behavior of the composites was evaluated from TGA/DTG thermograms. The fiber–matrix morphology in the treated composites was confirmed by SEM analysis of the tensile fractured specimens. FTIR spectra of the treated and untreated composites were also studied, to ascertain the existence of type of interfacial bonds. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3306–3315, 2006
Fully aliphatic polyimides from adamantane‐based diamines for enhanced thermal stability, solubility, transparency, and low dielectric constant
Authors: Mathews Anu Stella , Kim Il , Ha Chang‐Sik 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe have synthesized a series of fully aliphatic polyimides (APIs) from bicyclo[2,2,2]oct‐7‐ene‐2,3,5,6‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BOCA) and various aliphatic diamines, including linear aliphatic, flexible alicyclic, and rigid adamantyl diamines. We performed the polymerization reactions using one‐step syntheses in m‐cresol at elevated temperatures without the isolation of poly(amic) acid. The chemical composition and structure of the polymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectrometry. The characterization data are reported from analyses using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WXAD) measurements. The polyimides are also subjected to solubility, solution viscosity, tensile strength, transparency, and dielectric constant measurements. The resultant polyimides possess well‐controlled molecular weight, reasonable intrinsic viscosity, good transparency, enhanced solubility, low dielectric constants, and high glass transition temperature, together with marginal thermal and mechanical stability. These properties were enhanced in copolyimides containing equimolar amounts of rigid and flexible moieties. These rigid‐rod APIs derived from the alicyclic dianhydride and aliphatic diamines are promising candidates as advanced materials for future applications in micro‐ and photoelectronic devices. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3316–3326, 2006
Effects of polyaniline content in chlorrub‐based coatings on corrosion protection of steel
Authors: Sathiyanarayanan S. , Muthukrishnan S. , Venkatachari G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCorrosion protection of steel coated with chlorrub resin containing polyaniline has been studied in 3% NaCl by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Polyaniline was prepared by oxidative polymerization of aniline using ammonium persulphate in HCl medium. Using the synthesized polyaniline, paints were prepared using chlorrub resin with 1, 3, and 5% polyaniline. The variation of resistance and capacitance of the coating with time has been found out be EIS. The study has shown that the polyaniline content of 1% is able to offer sufficient protection of steel in neutral media and usage of higher percentage of polyaniline does not have beneficial effect. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3994–3999, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of butyl acrylate graft sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated starch
Authors: Patel V. M. , Parikh D. N. , Patel J. V. , Pandya P. D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractGraft copolymers were synthesized by graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) onto sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated starch (Na‐PCMS). Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), a redox initiator, was used for initiation of graft copolymerization reaction. All the experiments were run with Na‐PCMS having degree of substitution, DS = 0.35. The grafting reaction was characterized by parameters such as % total conversion (%Ct), % grafting (%G), % grafting efficiency (%GE), and % add‐on. Graft copolymers were characterized by infrared spectral analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Variables affecting graft copolymerization reaction such as nitric acid concentration, reaction time, reaction temperature, and ceric ion concentration were investigated. The results revealed that 0.3M CAN as initiator, 0.3M HNO3, with reaction time 4–4.5 h at 25–30°C were found as suitable parameters for maximum yield of graft copolymerization reaction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. JAppl Polym Sci 102: 3334–3340, 2006