bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of low intake of n−3 fatty acids during development on brain phospholipid fatty acid composition and exploratory behavior in rats
Authors: Enslen Marc , Milon Hubert , Malnoë Armand 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of dietary restriction of n−3 fatty acids during development on brain phospholipid fatty acid composition and exploratory behavior has been studied in male Sprague Dawley rats. Female rats were fed semipurified diets containing either 5.5% safflower oil or 6% soybean oil for 6 wk prior to mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Control rats were maintained on laboratory chow. The male pups were weaned to the diets of the dams except for one group which was switched from safflower to soybean oil at weaning. Behavioral studies and brain phospholipid analyses were conducted at 16–18 wk of age. Rats fed safflower oil showed significantly lower levels of 22∶6n−3 in phospholipids of synaptic membranes and myelin than rats fed soybean oil or chow. The decrease in 22∶6n−3 was compensated for by an increase in 22∶5n−6, the total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids remaining approximately constant. The brain phospholipid fatty acid composition of rats switched from safflower to soybean oil at weaning was similar to that of rats fed soybean oil throughout the experiment. There was no difference in spontaneous locomotor activity among the different dietary groups. However, rats raised on safflower oil displayed a significantly lower exploratory activity (horizontal movements and rearings) in a novel environment than rats fed soybean oil or chow. In contrast to the brain phospholipid fatty acid composition, there was no recovery of exploratory behavior in rats raised on safflower oil and switched to soybean oil at weaning suggesting a specific requirement of n−3 fatty acids during development.
Species variation in the atherogenic profile of monkeys: Relationship between dietary fats, lipoproteins, and platelet aggregation
Authors: Pronczuk A. , Patton G. M. , Stephan Z. F. , Hayes K. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBecause lipoproteins and platelet aggregation have been implicated in atherogenesis, relative differences in the response of these variables to dietary fat saturation were compared in three species of monkeys differing in their susceptibility to atherosclerosis (cebus, rhesus, and squirrel monkeys). Both long‐term (8–12 years) and short‐term (8 weeks) responses to diets containing 31% fat calories were examined in the same monkeys. As expected, long‐term feeding of coconut oil by comparison to corn oil produced significantly higher plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apoB, and triglycerides, as well as higher ratios of LDL/HDL cholesterol and apo B/apo A‐I. These responses were characteristic of all species with cebus being most responsive and rhesus the least. The shortterm plasma cholesterol response to animal fats (butter, lard, beef tallow) was significantly less than that to coconut oil. When fish oil was substituted for two‐thirds of either corn oil or coconut oil, exceptional decreases occurred in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as in HDL cholesterol and apo A‐I concentrations despite the fact that the fish oil diets contained more saturated fat and less polyenes than the corn oil diet. Platelet aggregation tended to increase with saturated fat consumption and greatly decreased with fish oil intake in all monkeys, although cebus monkeys were ten‐fold more resistant to platelet aggregation than the other two species. The molecular species of platelet phosphatidylcholine (PC) varied with both the dietary fat fed and species of monkey. An inverse correlation (r=−0.60; p<0.001) was found between changes in one such PC molecular species (18∶0−20∶4) induced by diet and the platelet aggregation threshold. These results demonstrate that the lipemic and platelet responses to dietary saturated fat depend upon both the type of fat (i.e., the specific combination of dietary fatty acids, including the chain length of saturated fatty acids and the degree of polyunsaturation) and the species of monkey (genetic component) in which the response is elicited.
The effect of lysophosphatidylcholine on coronary and renal circulation in the rabbit
Authors: Wolf A. , Saito T. , Dudek R. , Bing R. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIt has been shown that different lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) possess relaxing properties in vascular strips. We report on the effect of intraatrial injection of LPC micelles into white New Zealand rabbits. Changes in renal and coronary flow were determined by radioactive microspheres. Coronary blood flow increased significantly following administration of LPC, while no significant changes were observed in renal blood flow, cardiac output and myocardial contractility. Coronary, renal and total vascular resistance, as well as mean arterial pressure, dropped significantly. Cardiac arrhythmia and hemolysis were not noted. The results demonstrate the vasorelaxant effect of LPCin vivo.
The solubilization of calcium soaps by fatty acids
Authors: Jandacek R. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe solubilization of the calcium soaps of long chain fatty acids by liquid fatty acids was observed. The solubilities of calcium palmitate, calcium laurate, and calcium oleate were 15.6, 22.8, and 53.3 wt%, respectively, in oleic acid at 40°C. The formation of an acid‐calcium soap complex was demonstrated by x‐ray diffraction studies of calcium laurate, lauric acid, and a mixture of these compounds that had been heated. Similar evidence was obtained for a calcium oleate‐oleic acid complex. The solubility of calcium oleate in a bile salt micellar system was enhanced by obeic acid. The solubilization of calcium soaps by liquid fatty acids may explain the unexpectedly high bioavailability of some calcium soaps.
Platelet‐activating factor stimulates expression of IL‐1 beta mRNA in THP‐1 cells
Authors: Barthelson Roger A. , Valone Frank H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA human monocytic cell line (THP‐1) was used to study the effects of PAF (platelet‐activating factor) on the expression of IL‐1 beta mRNA. THP‐1 cells were incubated with 10 pM PAF in the presence or absence of 0.1 μg/mL endotoxin for 4 hr, after which cytoplasmic RNA was extracted and subjected to Northern hybridizations. PAF, alone and in combination with endotoxin, caused an increase in mRNA levels for IL‐1 beta. The magnitude of the effects of PAF on IL‐1 beta mRNA levels matched closely the effects seen at the level of protein synthesis, suggesting that the effects of PAF on IL‐1 beta release may result largely from its effects on IL‐1 beta mRNA levels.
Effect of a salmon diet on the distribution of plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in normolipidemic adult men
Authors: Lindgren Frank T. , Adamson Gerald L. , Shore Virgie G. , Nelson Gary J. , Schmidt Perla C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects of n−3 fatty acids on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins have usually been studied in humans after feeding of purified fish oil. This study describes the effect of a natural diet, containing salmon as the source of n−3 fatty acids, on these parameters as compared to a diet very low in n−3 fatty acids. The subjects were nine normolipidemic, healthy males who were confined to a nutrition suite for 100 days. During the first 20 days of the study the participants were given a stabilization diet consisting of 55% carbohydrates, 15% protein, and 30% fat. The n−3 content of this diet was less than 1%, and it contained no 20‐ or 22‐carbon n−3 fatty acids. After the stabilization period the men were split into two groups, one group continued on the stabilization diet while the other received the salmon diet that contained approximately 2.1 energy percent (En%) of calories from 20‐ and 22‐carbon n−3 fatty acids. Both diets contained equal amounts of n−6 fatty acids. This regime continued for 40 days, then the two groups switched diets for the remainder of the study. Plasma triglycerides were lowered significantly (p<0.01) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) was significantly elevated (p<0.01) after the men consumed the salmon diet for 40 days. The very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were lowered, but the trend did not reach statistical significance during the intervention period. The total plasma cholesterol, total low density lipoprotein (LDL) and the total high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were not influenced by the salmon diet. Within the HDL fraction, however, the larger HDL2 subfractions were significantly elevated (p<0.002), and the smaller, more dense HDL3 was lowered (p<0.002) by the salmon diet. These significant changes were detected by analytic ultracentrifugation and confirmed by gradient gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the apolipoproteins (apo) AI, AII, B, and E, and Lp(a) indicated only significant lowering of apoAI, consistent with the increased HDL2, which is higher in cholesterol but lower in the major HDL apolipoprotein, apoAI. Thus, the purported beneficial cardiovascular effects of consumption of n−3 fatty acids by humans may, in part, be attributable to changes in the HDL distribution,i.e., the lowering of the more dense HDL3 and the elevation of the larger, less dense HDL2.
Dietary supplementation with ether‐linked lipids and tissue lipid composition
Authors: Blank Merle L. , Cress Edgar A. , Smith Zigrida L. , Snyder Fred 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe goal of this investigation was to determine the effect of an alkylglycerol dietary supplement on the lipid composition of several major organs. Lipids from kidney, liver, and lung tissues of rats on a laboratory chow diet (controls) were compared to lipids from the same tissues of rats that had received oral supplements (300–600 mg/day) of 1‐O‐alkyl‐2,3‐diacetyl‐sn‐glycerol (alkyl groups were 65% 18∶1 and 17% 16∶1) for six days. Incorporation of the alkylglycerol into tissue lipids was indicated by both the presence of a neutral lipid in liver that had the same chromatographic migration as alkyldiacylglycerols and by a substantial increase (≈150% of controls) in the octadecenyl group of the alk‐1‐enyl‐ and alkyl‐glycerol side chains derived from total phospholipids of all three tissues. Compared to controls, there was a significant increase in the amount of alkylacylglycerophosphocholine in all three tissues of the alkylglycerol supplemented group. Total lipids, total phospholipid phosphorus, or the distribution of phospholipid classes (except for small differences in lung tissue) were not affected by the dietary supplement. The increase in ether lipids was offset by a corresponding decrease in the diacyl subclass in tissues from animals on the alkyldiacetylglycerol supplement. Our results indicate that the amount of ether‐linked glycerolipids in rat tissues can be easily increased with dietary supplements of alkylglycerols.
Regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in tissue phospholipids of obese (fa/fa) and lean (fa/−) Zucker rats. 1. Effect of dietary lipids on cardiac tissue
Authors: Wahle Klaus W. J. , Milne Lesley , McIntosh Gwen 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe present investigation addressed three questions: (i) Does the obese syndrome alter the fatty acid composition of cardiac tissue and membrane phospholipids in obese (fa/fa) rats? (ii) Are changes, if they occur, similar to those reported for tissues of the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse? (iii) Can cardiac tissue phospholipids and their component fatty acids be modified by dietary lipids and if so does this occur to the same extent in both fa/fa and lean (Fa/−) rats? Proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in cardiac total phospholipids of fa/fa rats differed significantly from those of Fa/− rats and from those reported for ob/ob mice. Increased 18∶2n−6 and decreased 20∶4n−6 and 22∶6n−3 in fa/fa rats indicated impaired PUFA metabolism, possibly reduced Δ6 and/or Δ5 desaturase activity, compared with Fa/− rats. No differences in hepatic Δ6 and Δ5 desaturase activity between fa/fa and Fa/− were found but enhanced activity of Δ9 desaturase activity in fa/fa as compared to Fa/− was evident. Inclusion of sunflower oil (SO) or triolein (TO) at 5% and 20% by weight in the diet elicited marked changes in the fatty acyl composition of cardiac phospholipids in both fa/fa and Fa/− rats when compared with animals fed the control Oxoid diet alone. Supplementation with triolein was most effective, reducing 18∶2n−6 and increasing 20∶4n−6 proportions in fa/fa rats so that they resembled those in Fa/− rats fed the control Oxoid diet. The type of fat rather than the amount of its dietary intake appears to be the main determinant of the observed changes in phospholipid composition. Pair feeding hyperphagic fa/fa rats to the lower intakes of Fa/− rats did not abolish the characteristic differences in the proportions of PUFA in cardiac phospholipids between the two phenotypes. The effect of triolein on cardiac phospholipid fatty acid composition in the present studies is intriguing and may be relevant in understanding the beneficial role of dietary olive oil in ameliorating cardiovascular disease in man.
Effects of oleic, arachidonic and 5,8,11,14‐nonadecatetraenoic acids on lipid secretion and ketogenesis in perfused rat liver
Authors: Ikeda Ikuo , Murakami Jun , Oka Takayuki , Sugano Michihiro , Yamada Hideaki , Shimizu Sakayu , Kawashima Hiroshi , Shinmen Yoshifumi , Amachi Teruo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects of perfused oleic (18∶1n−9), arachidonic (20∶4n−6) and 5,8,11,14‐nonadecatetraenoic (19∶4n−5) acids on triglyceride and cholesterol secretion and ketone body production were studied in isolated rat liver. As compared to oleic and 19∶4n−5 acids, both ketone body production and triglyceride secretion were significantly lowered when arachidonic acid was perfused. The concentration of triglyceride in the post‐perfused liver was lower upon perfusion with arachidonic acid than upon perfusion with oleic acid or 19∶4n−5 acid. Cholesterol secretion in the liver perfused with arachidonic acid or 19∶4n−5 acid was significantly higher than with oleic acid. The concentration of cholesterol in the post‐perfused liver was slightly but significantly higher with 19∶4n−5 acid than with the other fatty acids. The results suggest that 19∶4n−5 acid when compared with arachidonic acid affects lipid metabolism in liver differently.
Molecular species composition of phosphatidylinositol from the brain, retina, liver and muscle of cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Bell Michael V. , Dick James R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe molecular species composition of phosphatidylinositol (PI) purified from four different tissues from cod was found to show large tissue‐specific differences. In brain 18∶0/20∶5 was the most abundant species (40.8%) followed by 18∶1/20∶5 (13.5%). In retina, 24–26% each of PI was the 16∶0/22∶6 and 18∶0/20∶4 species with 16–18% each of 18∶0/20∶5 and 18∶0/22∶6. In liver, almost half of the PI was 18∶0/20∶4 with 18% 18∶1/20∶4. In contrast, muscle contained almost 40% of 18∶0/22∶6 with 10–14% each of 18∶0/20∶4, 18∶0/20∶5 and 18∶1/22∶6.
Analysis of cholesterol and desmosterol in cultured cells without organic solvent extraction
Authors: Goh Edward H. , Krauth Debra K. , Colles Scott M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCultured cell sterols such as cholesterol and desmosterol are usually extracted into organic solvents before they are quantified with cholesterol esterase and oxidase. A method to quantify these cultured cell sterols using cholesterol enzymes without prior organic solvent extraction is described. In this method, a suspension or monolayer of cultured L‐M, U‐937, or PC‐12 cells is digested with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the digest treated with microbial cholesterol enzymes. The quantity of oxidized sterols produced by the reaction can be measured easily with high‐pressure liquid chromatography, when a mixture of sterols is present, or by the production of hydrogen peroxide when only one sterol is present. This method is easier and safer to use than solvent extraction and can greatly expedite the quantitation of cultured cell sterols. Preliminary data show that other lipids such as choline phospholipids, triglycerides, and fatty acids can also be directly quantified in SDS cell digest by using specific enzymes to transform these lipids into hydrogen peroxides.
Ascorbic acid, glutathione and synthetic antioxidants prevent the oxidation of vitamin E in platelets
Authors: Vatassery G. T. , Smith W. E. , Quach H. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn earlier report from this laboratory showed that tocopherol in human platelets is oxidized when the platelets are incubatedin vitro in Tyrode medium with arachidonate (or other oxidants). Arachidonate is a more potent oxidizing agent in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 with 0.1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) than in Tyrode medium. Forty to fifty percent of total platelet tocopherol was oxidized upon incubation with 40–50 μM arachidonate in the phosphate‐buffered medium. The tocopherol oxidation took place within 15 min after the addition of arachidonate. Preincubation of platelets with ascorbate blocked the oxidation of tocopherol. This is one of the first directin vitro demonstrations of the vitamin E‐sparing action of vitamin C in media containing biological cellular material. Other compounds which blocked the oxidation of platelet tocopherol were ascorbyl palmitate, propyl gallate, butylated hydroxytoluene, hydroquinone and glutathione. If ascorbate or glutathione was added after the tocopherol was oxidized to the quinone there was no reversal of the oxidation.
Kinetic rate constants determined by a digital computer
Authors: Butterfield R. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe difficulty of determining rate constants for complex reactions has been overcome with the development of a general digital computer program that can determine up to 10 rate constants in any reaction scheme which can contain as many as 10 components. A given reaction to which the experimental data are to be fit is described to the computer in a short one‐step integration subprogram, which solves the differential equations representing the scheme. Only this subprogram needs to be rewritten to change the reaction scheme. Special features of the program and length of calculations are discussed. A copper‐chromite hydrogenation of a mixture of linolenate and conjugated linoleate demonstrates what the program does and what is a typical output.
The fatty acid composition of purified fractions of cold‐pressed peanut oil
Authors: Senn Vincent J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCold‐pressed peanut oil was separated into chromatographically homogeneous fractions by column chromatography. The fatty acid composition of the major fractions was determined by gas chromatography. The phosphatides, and especially the cephalins, had a higher palmitate content than did the triglycerides. Palmitate was the dominant fatty acid in the phosphatidyl‐serines.
Characteristics of an immobilized lipase for the commercial synthesis of esters
Authors: Miller Carl , Austin Helen , Posorske Larry , Gonzlez Jesus 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of ester bonds has been well‐documented lately and is of much current commercial interest. Immobilization of a fungal lipase on a unique macroporous support allows not only the ability to operate in non‐aqueous media but to catalyze ester synthesis in quantitative yields, employing attractive commercial conditions. Catalyst dose and process configurations will be illustrated. The capability of the catalyst to operate efficiently in reverse under a variety of unnatural, hostile, solvent‐containing environments will be discussed. The range of substrates for this immobilized lipase, Lipzome, has been investigated. The enzyme will catalyze ester synthesis with saturated, unsaturated and a variety of branched carboxylic acids. The alcohol specificity for this enzyme also is equally broad. A wide variety of straight‐chain, branched and polar alcohols can be substrates. In addition, some examples of alcohol specificity for kinetic isomer resolution will be cited.
Cassia siamea seed oil: A minor source of vernolic and cyclopropenoid fatty acids
Authors: Daulatabad C. D. , Hosamani K. M. , Mirajkar A. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCassia siamea oil contains plamitic (19.0%), stearic (7.6%), oleic (11.6%), linoleic (42.7%), malvalic (2.0%), sterculic (3.1%) and vernolic (14.0%) acids.
Carbon dioxide extraction of canola seed: Oil solubility and effect of seed treatment
Authors: Fattori M. , Bulley N. R. , Meisen A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe extraction of oil from fixed beds of canola seed (Brassica napus) was studied using carbon dioxide at temperatures and pressures ranging from 25 to 90°C and 10 to 36 MPa, respectively. The oil solubility in CO2 was found to be strongly dependent on CO2 pressure and weakly dependent on the system temperature. The highest observed oil solubility was 11 mg/g CO2 and occurred at 36 MPa and 55°C. The manner in which different methods of seed pretreatment (flaking, cooking, pressure rupturing, chopping and crushing) affected the extraction process also was studied. The total amount of oil recovered from the seeds by CO2 extraction was found to be strongly dependent on the pretreatment. No measurable quantity of oil chould be recovered from whole, intact seeds. The amount of oil extractable from flaked and cooked seeds was comparable to that recoverable by conventional hexane extraction.
Activation analysis of trace elements in lipids with emphasis on marine oils
Authors: Lunde Gulbrand 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA short introduction to the activation analyses is given where some of the main features of the method, especially when applied on biological material, are described. The following trace elements are analyzed in marine and vegetable oils: arsenic, bromine, sodium, copper, manganese, zinc, nickel and iron. Both arsenic and bromine are present as organic compounds. The arsenic is removed in the alkali refining process. The distribution of trace elements in oils has been studied by use of autoradiography and γ‐spectroscopy. The results indicate that this distribution is dependent on the phospholipid content in the oil. A high phospholipid content seems to give a more homogeneous distribution of inorganic trace elements.
Copper(I) and copper(II) complexes in solution and the crystalline state
Authors: Osterberg R. , Sjoberg B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractModel studies on the copper‐protein interaction that may catalyze lipid oxidation have been made by studying the copper complexes of glycyl‐L‐histidyl‐glycine and ε‐aminocaproic acid. The compositions of the complexes in solution were measured by emf methods. The structures of solid complexes were determined by x‐ray diffraction techniques. The results indicate that all the solid complexes have their counterparts by species formed in solution.
The occurrence of (+) gossypol inGossypium species
Authors: Dechary J. M. , Pradel Paul 
Published: January 2007

Abstract(+) Gossypol, 2,2′‐bi[8‐formyl‐1,6,7‐trihydroxy‐5‐isopropyl‐3‐methylnaphthyl], has been isolated as the (+) dianilino derivative from cottonseed grown in widely different areas of the cottonbelt of the United States. The optically active derivative obtained had rotations varying from 43% to 54.7% of the value reported for the optically pure enantiomer. Attempts to resolve racemic gossypol by chemical means were not successful, but (+) gossypol was obtained by solvent fractionation (7.2%) and by chromatography on β‐lactose (2.2%).