bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPAIN UNDER FRANCO: THE CHANGING CHARACTER OF AN AUTHORITARIAN REGIME *
Authors: HERMET GUY 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe last of the traditional counter‐revolutionary dictatorships in Europe and the first authoritarian technocratic regime which claims to reconcile economic development with a tight social control, the many‐sided dictatorship of General Franco covers a complex network of varied and at times contradictory social and ideological elements which form a sort of compendium of contemporary conservative authoritarianisms. It is a pity that serious studies of such a regime are so rare, despite, its duration. The question remains whether any fundamental study of Francoist Spain exists. No‐one has as yet examined methodically the application to Spain of the Marxist concept of Bonapartism or Gramsci's notion of Caesarism, nor even explored to the full the term fascism which is bandied about at random. It is in fact the functionalist analyses which are the most reliable and systematic of the existing studies; there is but a single researcher, Juan J. Linz, who can take the credit for this.
BRITAIN'S MEMBERSHIP OF THE EEC: A PROFILE OF ELECTORAL OPINIONS IN THE SPRING OF 1974 – WITH A POSTSCRIPT ON THE REFERENDUM*
Authors: SÄRLVIK BO , CREWE IVOR , ALT JAMES , FOX ANTHONY 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe main part of this article was written well before the June 1975 referendum in Britain. As set out in the title, our objective was to draw a profile of electoral opinions during the months following the first of the two general elections in 1974. We furthermore attempted to discern and evaluate the factors that would be likely to determine the setting for the actual referendum. Rather than rewriting this analysis with the benefit of hindsight, we have chosen to present it here in a somewhat abridged form and with only minor changes in the text. The Postscript in this article contains an analysis of the referendum outcome in the light of our previous findings as well as more recent survey data.Our description of the public's views on the EEC in 1974 is mainly based on data drawn from a national survey conducted after the February 1974 election. For the analysis presented in the Postscript we are also able to draw on survey data collected after the October 1974 election as well as a survey carried out after the referendum. All of these surveys are part of a panel study.The picture that emerges from our data on the electorate in the spring of 1974 reflects a division of opinions that had changed dramatically in the past years and which could well change again. The shifts in the electorate's views on Britain's membership of the EEC that occurred during the 1960s and up to the election in February 1974 appear largely to reflect the various positions taken by major parties and, in particular, the policy of the government of the day. In the 1975 referendum, the Wilson Cabinet won a half‐way success in its attempt to swing the Labour vote in favour of the EEC against the views expressed by the Labour Party conference. Together with the massive support in the remaining part of the electorate, this was sufficient to secure a substantial majority for Britain's staying in the EEC.
TYPES OF GOVERNMENTAL LEADERSHIP IN ATLANTIC COUNTRIES
Authors: BLONDEL JEAN 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe forms and characteristics of governmental leadership are typically studied within one or perhaps several countries. There is a need for a broader comparison: this paper, which is part of a world‐wide analysis of governmental leadership, looks at changes among top executives in all Atlantic countries since 1945. Having considered similarities and differences in duration, social background, and career characteristics, it shows that Atlantic leaders can be located on a two‐dimensional space in which one of the dimensions relates to the extent to which leaders are recognised as real “leaders” or are merely “rotating heads” of government, while the other dimension plots the extent to which leaders are viewed as “regular” or as “stopgap” chief executives.
THE POTENTIALITY OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSES FOR EXPLAINING VOTING AND PARTY COMPETITION [1]
Authors: BUDGE IAN , FARLIE DENNIS 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTOur review and evaluation focus on the theoretical adequacy of spatial representations of voting and party competition based on survey data. Key assumptions underlying discussion are: (1) voting cannot be properly explained without regard to party competition and vice versa; (2) the type of input crucially determines the nature of the space produced; (3) there is a basic and far‐reaching distinction between pure policy‐spaces with untrammelled party movement, and other spaces used to represent voting and party competition; (4) explanation requires the use of variables conceptually and if possible temporally antecedent to voting choice. Judged by these criteria current dimensional analyses reveal severe technical limitations (Section 2) and formalizations of their associated hypotheses also reveal theoretical limitations (Section 3). Both prompt an examination and formalization of other approaches not yet common in dimensional analysis (Section 4), which enhance its explanatory potential and foster convergence with other research.
THE IMAGE OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE STRUCTURE OF A POLITICAL MAP *
Authors: BEN‐SIRA ZEEV 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe present day vagueness of the definition of a party's character by the location on a left‐right continuum is first considered. A theoretically based measurable formal definition of a party's location is proposed, determined by the solutions given by the parties to a population's collectivistic and individualistic needs as measurable components of the parties'images. Multivariate analysis of Israeli data produced a structure of intercorrelations, showing the relative location of three parties on a political map, defined by the extent of the perceived attractivity and similarity of the need‐satisfaction provided by each party.
MICHAEL HECHTER'S INTERNAL COLONIAL THESIS: SOME THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS*
Authors: PAGE EDWARD 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTHechter's model of internal colonialism provides a new and refreshing insight into the development of the United Kingdom. It is to be hoped that Hechter's analysis will prompt further studies of the nature of regional inequalities not only in the British Isles but also in other developed polities. There are, however, certain criticisms which must be met before the model can be accepted as giving an adequate account of regional differences within the United Kingdom and as providing a basis for comparative research. These criticisms are related to the ability of internal colonialism as a theoretical construct to relate diverse forms of regional differences to an underlying pattern of inequality; internal colonialism as a contrast to prevailing explanations of development; the methods used to test the theory; and the problem of how far the internal colonial approach is able to explain the apparently high degree of regional homogeneity in terms of electoral support in the 1950s and early 1960s.
COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS AND VOTING PATTERNS IN URBAN GREECE
Authors: ATHINAIOS ANDREAS , McHALE VINCENT 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to examine the dynamics of mass politics in contemporary Greece by investigating the effects of certain community characteristics (i.e., traditionalism, social rank, community satisfaction) on intra‐urban voting patterns in the Athens metropolitan area. The focus is on the 1964 legislative election. In contrast to the inconclusive results of previous national level studies, as well as existing literature which has stressed vertical political ties and personality factors, the findings presented here offer empirical justification to the view that basic socioeconomic factors have exerted a statistically significant effect on intra‐urban spatial differences in partisan preferences in contemporary Greece. Both the theory and the data indicate that objective dimensions of the urban ecological structure, namely social rank and traditionalism, coupled with the subjective level of community satisfaction, have been closely associated with variations in electoral choice. Social rank proved to be a significant determinant of the left‐right cleavage in urban Greece. The evidence drawn from the Athens area strongly suggested a movement away from traditional patterns toward the emergence of a more rational and pragmatic basis for electoral choice in the Greek urban milieu.
DO NORWEGIAN VOTERS DISCRIMINATE AGAINST WOMEN CANDIDATES FOR PARLIAMENT? A REJOINDER *
Authors: HELLEVIK OTTAR 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTIn his article Foverskov claims that the sex of a candidate influences his/her chances of being elected to the Norwegian Parliament, independent of position held on the party list. This conclusion is due, however, to the lack of validity of his measure for list position. The lower election rate for female candidates can be shown to result from less favourable positions on the lists. Sex in other words affects election success only indirectly through the list position variable. It is therefore the nomination phase, and not the election phase, that must be analysed if we want to establish the causes of underrepresentation of women in the Norwegian Parliament. It is argued that Foverskov takes too negative a view of the possibilities of using the data archive on candidates for this purpose; it only needs to be supplemented with relevant census or survey data.
THE SCANDINAVIAN PARTY SYSTEM(S) IN TRANSITION (?) A MACRO‐LEVEL ANALYSIS
Authors: BERGLUND STEN , LINDSTRÖM ULF 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTA fifty‐year period of tranquility in the Scandinavian party arena was broken in 1970 with the success of the Finnish Rural Party and the Swedish Center Party. Three years later, Denmark and Norway witnessed the break‐through of heretofore unknown parties: the Progressive Party, the Center Democrats and the Norwegian Anders Lange's Party. Social Democracy consistently came out as the big loser.This paper focuses on party system stability and its correlates in postwar Scandinavia. What was it that the losing parties failed to adapt to: changing social conflict structures, changing political realities or both?The data from all four countries concur in highlighting the importance of the political as opposed to the sociological. The social changes which manifested themselves in the early ‘70s, most notably the decrease in class voting, were not dramatic enough to undermine the class character of the party systems. Even the new arrivals make sense in a left‐right perspective. The drop in class voting was an asset to whatever party knew how to take advantage of it; and the realigning elections in the early part of this decade testify to the unwillingness rather than the inability of most parties to do so.
THE LOGIC OF POLITICAL‐BUREAUCRATIC DECISION‐MAKING AS A CAUSE OF GOVERNMENTAL GROWTH: Or Why Expansion of Public Programs is a “Private Good” and Their Restriction is a “Public Good”*
Authors: KRISTENSEN OLE P. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThis article tries to demonstrate that the logic of the political‐bureaucratic decision‐making process is biased in favour of public expenditure growth. The argument comprises two elements. Firstly: the decisive spending decisions relate to particular programs, they do not relate to the overall level of spending. The total spending is determined by the sum of a large number of spending decisions. Secondly: these atomized spending decisions are characterized by an asymmetrical decision‐making process the benefits of specific public programs are of a private nature to public employees and their clients, while the costs are of a collective nature. This implies that the “spenders” always tend to be stronger than the “cutters”. This holds true whether the bureaucracy is on the offensive, i.e., trying to expand the public programs, or on the defensive, i.e., trying to resist cuts in their programs. The logic outlined implies that even if each single spending decision is “rational” or optimal, the total level of public spending may be “irrational” or suboptimal, in the sense that it is unwanted by a majority.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LABOUR MARKET POLICY IN SWEDEN AND IN GERMANY: COMPETING OR CONVERGENT MODELS TO COMBAT UNEMPLOYMENT?
Authors: JOHANNESSON JAN , SCHMID GÜNTHER 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThis study consists of three parts. The first part defines the objectives of the country‐comparison Sweden‐Germany, and it describes the strategical options which are available for a selective manpower policy: demand strategy, supply strategy, mobilisation strategy and compensatory strategy. The second part deals with some policy consequences following from new international trends in employment and unemployment. Special consideration is given to the development of state regulation and of industrial relations. One finding is that Sweden's regulation of the labour market emphasizes job protection, whereas Germany stresses various compensations in case of redundancy. The third part presents detailed information on the development of selective labour market policy in both countries during the last fifteen years. The core of this part, however, consists of a synopsis of the Swedish and German labour market policy. “The Swedish model” is mainly characterised by strategies influencing demand and mobilisation of labour, whereas “the German model” relies relatively more on supply management and compensatory strategies. Sweden spends five times more on selective measures than Germany relative to the Gross National Product. The net effect on unemployment decreases in Sweden, whereas the application of this efficiency criterion for Germany still hints at an optional range for introducing more selective measures. One consequence of this result is that labour market policy should emphasize problems of policy implementation and concentrate on influencing processes in the labour market. The convergent trend of the “Swedish model” and the “German model” lies in the increasing application of selective employment subsidies designed to maintain workplaces or to create new jobs.
LOCAL POLITICAL RECRUITMENT IN FRANCE AND THE UNITED STATES: A STUDY OF MAYORS *
Authors: BECQUART‐LECLERCQ JEANNE 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTLocal elites are viewed as constituting the base of the political system. In such a perspective, they represent the first stage of the selection process for politicians. Looking at the political system as a whole, two hypotheses can be introduced: (1) Discontinuity between local political elites and central political elites; (2) Symbiotic continuity between the political levels, with local power being a springboard to higher political mandates and the concomitant existence of mechanisms for the cumulation of mandates and umbrella relationships (“parachutages”). This paper will illustrate possibilities for the two models, with the United States appearing to support the first hypothesis, and France the second.
DIRECT ELECTIONS TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: A SUPRANATIONAL PERSPECTIVE*
Authors: LODGE JULIET , HERMAN VALENTINE 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThis article examines the campaigns to increase EC voters' awareness of the EC and direct elections to the European Parliament with a view to stimulating high turnout. A supranational perspective is adopted. The first part of the paper discusses and evaluates the aims and effects of the so‐called “non‐partisan” European Elections Information Programmes launched by the Commission and the European Parliament, and briefly details their implementation in the Member States. The second part of the paper sketches the campaigns of the transnational party organizations – European People's Party, Confederation of Socialist Parties and European Liberals and Democrats – for the elections. It is concluded that the effectiveness of the programmes and political campaigns was curtailed by a number of political factors at the national level in many Member States.
NATIONAL POLITICAL PARTIES' MIDDLE LEVEL ELITES AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
Authors: REIF KARLHEINZ , CAYROL ROLAND , NIEDERMAYER OSKAR 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTNational middle‐level party elites have begun to claim control over their leadership's transnational engagements particularly since preparations for the first European Elections have greatly increased transnational party (leadership) cooperation and organisation. Using a common questionnaire, political scientists from all EC countries have surveyed delegates to 39 national party conferences and 3 transnational party federation congresses, in order to compare systematically the structure of middle‐level party elites and their attitudes towards transnational policy‐making. Some preliminary results are presented here: interest in EC‐politics, federalism vs. confederalism, the powers of the European Parliament, Europe's relationship to the superpowers, coalition tendencies in the European Parliament. The data for this article were provided by the following national project directors and their teams:Belgium:Nicole Loeb, Paul ClaeysUniversité Libre de BruxellesDenmark:Ib Faurby, Ole P. KristensenUniversity of AarhusGermany:Hermann SchmittUniversität MannheimFrance:Roland Cayrol, Colette YsmalFondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, ParisIreland:Neil CollinsUniversity of BirminghamItaly:Gianfranco Pasquino, Angelo PanebiancoUniversita di BolognaLuxembourg:Mario HirschLuxembourgThe Netherlands:Isaac LipschitsUniversiteit GroningenUnited Kingdom:Ian Gordon Paul WhiteleyKingston Polytechnic University of BristolCoordination:Oskar NiedermayerUniversität MannheimProject‐Directors:Karlheinz Reif Roland CayrolUniversität Mannheim FNSP, Paris
Septic pericarditis in a Yorkshire Terrier
Authors: Wagner Amanda , MacGregor John M. , Berg John , Sharkey Leslie C. , Rush John E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective: To describe a novel case management strategy for a small breed dog diagnosed with septic pericarditis.Case summary: An 8‐year‐old spayed female Yorkshire Terrier presented for evaluation of pericardial effusion and persistent hypoglycemia. The dog had been hospitalized at a primary care facility for acute onset of vomiting, lethargy, inappetance, and painful abdominal distension. Pericardial effusion was detected and upon referral, cytologic examination revealed a suppurative exudate with Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The dog was treated with pericardiocentesis and placement of an indwelling pericardial catheter. Subtotal pericardiectomy was performed and a thoracotomy tube was utilized postoperatively. A penicillin‐susceptible Bacteroides species was cultured from the pericardial fluid and was treated with a 6‐week course of antibiotics. The dog was discharged from the hospital and clinical signs have not recurred in over 2 years.New or unique information provided: Septic pericarditis, an uncommon cause of canine pericardial effusion, has been described primarily in large breed dogs and in association with bacterial infection secondary to Hordeum grass (foxtail) awn migration. This case was unique in that the dog was a small breed with no evidence of foreign body penetration or other precipitating cause for the pericarditis. In a novel management plan, an indwelling pericardial catheter was employed to stabilize the dog before subtotal pericardiectomy.
Historical and physical parameters as predictors of severe hyperkalemia in male cats with urethral obstruction
Authors: Lee Justine A. , Drobatz Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective: To evaluate selected historical and physical parameters as predictors of hyperkalemia in male cats with urethral obstruction.Design: Retrospective study.Setting: Veterinary teaching hospital.Animals: Two hundred and twenty‐three male cats.Interventions: None.Measurements and main results: The metabolic derangements of 223 male cats that presented with urethral obstruction from 1997 through 1999 were reported in a companion article. Approximately 12% of the cats had multiple, life‐threatening metabolic derangements. In the present study, historical and physical parameters were evaluated as predictors of hyperkalemia (K+≥8.0 mmol/L) in cats with urethral obstruction. The 4 historical parameters significantly associated with hyperkalemia were: first time obstruction, outdoor status, anorexia, or vomiting. The 5 physical parameters significantly associated with hyperkalemia were: rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse quality, and the presence of arrhythmia. Of the physical parameters, a rectal temperature below 95–96.6°F (35–35.9°C) or a heart rate below 120 b.p.m. were the most accurate predictors. When used in combination (i.e., evidence of bradycardia and hypothermia), the specificity for hyperkalemia was 98–100%.Conclusions: Rectal temperature and heart rate were the best parameters for predicting hyperkalemia in this population.
Cold Pressor Task Reactivity: Predictors of Alcohol Use Among Alcohol‐Dependent Individuals With and Without Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Brady Kathleen T. , Back Sudie E. , Waldrop Angela E. , McRae Aimee L. , Anton Raymond F. , Upadhyaya Himanshu P. , Saladin Michael E. , Randall Patrick K. 
Published: May 2006

Background: The association between stress and alcohol dependence has been well established. Abnormalities in stress reactivity and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) function may be involved in the mechanistic connection between stress and the initiation, development, and/or maintenance of alcohol dependence. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly co‐occurs with alcohol dependence and is characterized by HPA axis abnormalities. This study investigated the relationship between subjective and neuroendocrine stress reactivity to the cold pressor task (CPT) and prospective alcohol use among individuals with alcohol dependence, with and without comorbid PTSD.Methods: Participants were 63 individuals with (a) alcohol dependence only (n=35) or (b) comorbid alcohol dependence and PTSD (n=28). Participants completed the CPT, a widely used physical laboratory stressor. Subjective stress, craving, adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), and cortisol were measured before, immediately after, and at 5, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after the CPT. Alcohol use during 1 month following testing was also assessed.Results: For the alcohol‐only group, change in craving immediately following the CPT and craving during the 120‐minute recovery phase were predictive of follow‐up alcohol use. For the alcohol/PTSD group, change in craving was not predictive of follow‐up use. Baseline drinking was, however, predictive of followup alcohol use for the alcohol/PTSD group. For the alcohol‐only group, a blunted ACTH response coupled with a higher change in craving following the CPT was associated with significantly greater frequency and intensity of drinking during the follow‐up phase.Conclusions: These preliminary findings demonstrate significant differences between the alcohol‐only and the alcohol/PTSD group in predictors of relapse. For the alcohol‐only group, reactivity to an acute laboratory stressor may be predictive of subsequent alcohol use. This was not true for the alcohol/PTSD group. Although preliminary, the findings may help shed light on the mechanistic relationship between stress reactivity and increased risk for alcohol relapse and dependence in individuals with and without other Axis I comorbidity.