bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illuminating the evolutionary history of liverworts (Marchantiophyta)—towards a natural classification
Authors: He‐Nygrén Xiaolan , Juslén Aino , Ahonen Inkeri , Glenny David , Piippo Sinikka 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships of liverworts were reconstructed using the sequence data of four genome regions including rbcL, rps4 and trnL‐F of the chloroplast and 26S large subunit ribosomal rRNA gene of the nucleus, and 90 characters of morphological, ultrastructural and developmental aspects. The taxa sampled consisted of 159 species including 135 liverworts (108 genera, 54 families and 29 suborders), 13 mosses, two hornworts, seven vascular plants and two charophyte algae. Analyses based on maximum parsimony using both direct optimization (POY) and static alignment (NONA), as well as Bayesian inference (MrBayes) were done. All the data sets were analyzed simultaneously. Our study confirms that liverworts compose a monophyletic group which consists of three classes. The class Treubiopsida including both Treubia and Haplomitrium is resolved as the earliest diverging liverwort lineage. Blasia and the complex thalloids are assigned to the Marchantiopsida, under which Blasiidae and Marchantiidae are divided. Marchantiidae include Sphaerocarpales and Marchantiales. The simple thalloid and leafy liverworts form the Jungermanniopsida, which is further divided to subclasses Pelliidae subclassis nov., Metzgeriidae and Jungermanniidae. Metzgeriidae here is defined to include only Metzgeriaceae, Aneuraceae and Vandiemeniaceae, and is the sister group to the leafy liverworts. The leafy liverworts Jungermanniidae include the orders Pleuroziales, Porellales and Jungermanniales. It is assumed that the Porellales and the Jungermanniales have split early, at least in the Jurassic period. In the Porellales, the diversification rate may have remained relatively constant for long periods of time but speeding up only recently within some of the families, associated with an explosive radiation of angiosperms. The Jungermanniales are most probably a recently diversified group which has attained the greatest profusion of structure and the most remarkable diversity of leaf development and protective devices for maturing sporophytes. A detailed classification scheme for liverworts is presented.© The Willi Hennig Society 2006.
The role of allergen challenge chambers in the evaluation of anti‐allergic medication: an international consensus paper
Authors: Day J. H. , Horak F. , Briscoe M. P. , Canonica G. W. , Fineman S. M. , Krug N. , Leynadier F. , Lieberman P. , Quirce S. , Takenaka H. , Van Cauwenberge P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAllergic rhinitis (AR) is a common condition with quality of life and economic implications for those affected. Numerous studies have attempted to evaluate treatments for rhinitis, seeking clinically meaningful efficacy and safety results to enable evidence‐based treatment decisions. Traditional studies of medications for AR are hampered by many confounding environmental factors as well as suboptimal medication compliance. They are also an unsuitable setting for determination of precise pharmacodynamic properties of medications, including onset and duration of action. Allergen challenge chambers (ACCs) were developed to provide predetermined, controlled allergen levels and to limit variables inherent in traditional studies. An ACC hosts a number of allergen‐sensitive subjects who may receive either medication or placebo in a closed environment regulated for temperature, humidity and other variables. Subjects' allergic responses are monitored using subjective and objective assessments throughout the study, and the resultant information contributes significantly to the clinical profile of a medication. This consensus paper provides an in‐depth review of the role of ACCs as a means to evaluate treatments in AR, and concludes that ACC trials fulfil an important supportive role in the assessment of anti‐allergic medication.
Characterization of T cell epitopes in αs1‐casein in cow's milk allergic, atopic and non‐atopic children
Authors: Ruiter B. , Trégoat V. , M'Rabet L. , Garssen J. , Bruijnzeel‐Koomen C. A. F. M. , Knol E. F. , van Hoffen E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBackground
One to two percent of infants suffer from IgE‐mediated allergic reactions against cow's milk proteins. Most children develop clinical tolerance, but approximately 15% are still allergic by the age of 10 years. Little is known about the T cell epitopes in individual cow's milk protein in relation to allergy and tolerance.Objective
To identify T cell epitopes in αs1‐casein, the most abundant milk protein, and to investigate T cell responses toward these epitopes in allergic, atopic and non‐atopic children.Methods
Allergen‐specific T cell lines (TCLs) were derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 11 cow's milk allergic, nine atopic and nine non‐atopic children. T cell responses were measured to αs1‐casein and to overlapping peptides (18‐mers), spanning the αs1‐casein molecule. Proliferation was determined by incorporation of 3H‐thymidine, and cytokine production (IL‐10, IL‐13 and IFN‐γ) was measured by ELISA.Results
Four main regions (amino acid (AA) residues 43–66, 73–96, 91–114 and 127–180) in the αs1‐casein molecule were immunogenic to T cells, among which the AA residues 133–156 spanned the immunodominant part. Only subtle differences were found in peptide recognition between the subject groups. Some of the peptides induced slightly Th1‐ or Th2‐skewed cytokine responses. The increased levels of IL‐10 in response to αs1‐casein observed in TCLs from atopic children appeared not to be linked to recognition of specific IL‐10‐inducing epitopes.Conclusions
The immunodominant sequence in αs1‐casein is spanned by AA residues 133–156. Tolerance towards αs1‐casein in atopic children may be mediated by an overall induction of IL‐10 and not by recognition of certain T cell epitopes. The identified T cell epitopes in children with cow's milk allergy may be useful targets in developing peptide immunotherapy.
Lived experiences of family caregivers of mentally ill relatives
Authors: Chang Kam Hock , Horrocks Stephen 
Published: January 2006

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to report a study conducted to explore the meanings of the lived experiences that Chinese family caregivers in Malaysia ascribed to the care they provided to relatives with severe and persistent mental illness.Background.  In the past, many researchers have used quantitative approaches to explore the experiences of family caregivers of relatives with severe and persistent mental illness. However, the results of these studies have been far from conclusive because of serious methodological flaws. In addition, a large majority of these studies were conducted in western cultures, and it has been difficult to transfer the results to family caregivers in oriental cultures.Method.  The philosophy of Martin Heidegger underpinned the study. Qualitative data were collected mainly through in‐depth interviews with 19 criterion‐selected Chinese family caregivers of relatives with severe and persistent mental illness in 2002.Findings.  We present the emergent themes reflecting the meaning structures of managing, enduring, and surviving the day‐to‐day experiences of the Chinese family caregivers. The impact of the stigma of the relatives’ mental illness on family caregivers and families is pervasive and strong. As a result, family caregivers tried to avoid talking about their relative's mental illness with extended family or friends in order to protect their families from ‘losing face’. In addition, most family caregivers believed that adopting positive behaviours and attitudes helped them cope with caregiving.Conclusion.  Mental health nurses need to help Chinese family caregivers to cope with the stresses and stigmas of their relatives’ mental illnesses through psychosocial education or family intervention, and to provide them with culturally‐congruent care. They should also educate the public about mental health and ill health through health promotion and education.
Family physician/nurse practitioner: stories of collaboration
Authors: Bailey Patricia , Jones Linda , Way Daniel 
Published: January 2006

Aims.  This paper presents the experiences of nurse practitioners and family physicians working in collaborative practice at four Canadian rural primary care agencies. It focuses on the qualitative segment of a larger study examining the impact of an educational intervention on interprofessional practice.Background.  Growing awareness of the importance of health promotion and disease prevention, the increased complexity of community‐based care, and the need to use scarce human healthcare resources, especially family physicians, far more efficiently and effectively, have resulted in increased emphasis on primary healthcare renewal in Canada. Key to primary healthcare renewal is care delivery through interdisciplinary teams that include nurse practitioners.Methods.  Narrative analysis, a form of interpretive analysis that respects the integrity of the stories told by participants, was chosen as the strategy to examine the narrative data gathered in two sets of interviews with the nurse practitioners and family physicians. The study was undertaken during 2000.Results.  Thirteen family physicians and five nurse practitioners with diverse educational backgrounds and varied experience with collaboration participated in the qualitative component of the study. A number of issues related to working in a shared practice were identified in nurse practitioner and family physician interviews across the research sites. The themes identified in participants’ stories included issues related to the scope of practice, emphasizing the importance of role clarity and trust, the ideological difference regarding disease prevention and health promotion, differences in perceptions about the operation of collaborative practice, and the understanding that collaborative relationships evolve.Conclusions.  The placement of nurse practitioners and family physicians in a common clinical practice without some form of orientation process does not produce collaborative practice. Educational strategies related to role expectations are necessary to facilitate the development of care delivery partnerships characterized by interdependent practice.
Conflict within nursing work environments: concept analysis
Authors: Almost Joan 
Published: January 2006

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to examine the concept of conflict in nursing work environments using the evolutionary approach to concept analysis.Background.  In nursing work environments, conflict among nurses is becoming a significant issue resulting in job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, and turnover. Although discussed frequently in the nursing literature, nursing research has focused predominantly on conflict management without first understanding the elements, causes and effects of conflict.Methods.  A literature search was conducted using CINAHL, Proquest, PsychINFO, Social Sciences Index and MEDLINE databases and the keywords conflict and work environment. Articles over the last 25 years from each of these databases were examined to identify major themes, areas of agreement and disagreement across disciplines, changes in the concept over time, and emerging trends.Findings.  Conflict is a multidimensional construct with both detrimental and beneficial effects. Most definitions agree that conflict is a process involving two or more people, where a person perceives the opposition of the other. Antecedents stem from individual characteristics, interpersonal factors, and organizational factors. Individual effects, interpersonal relationships, and organizational effects are the main consequences of conflict. A theoretical model of the antecedents and consequences is presented, with implications for further development.Conclusions.  A more thorough understanding of the sources and outcomes of conflict within nursing work environments would enable the prevention of conflict. If properly understood and managed, conflict can also lead to positive outcomes for nurses and healthcare organizations.
Growth during the first 6 months of life in infants using formula enriched with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: double‐blind, randomized trial
Authors: Vendt N. , Grünberg H. , Tuure T. , Malminiemi O. , Wuolijoki E. , Tillmann V. , Sepp E. , Korpela R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground  Probiotic bacteria have beneficial effects on the immune system and gastrointestinal tract, but the impacts of their long‐term consumption on health and growth in early infancy are not well documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)‐enriched formula on growth and faecal microflora during the first 6 months of life in normal healthy infants.Materials and methods  One hundred and twenty healthy infants (up to 2 months) received LGG‐supplemented formula or regular formula in a double‐blind, randomized manner until the age of 6 months. Weight, length and head circumference were measured monthly and transformed into standard deviation scores (SDS). Faecal samples were obtained from a random sample of infants (n = 25) at entry and at the end of the study.Results  One hundred and five infants (51 in the LGG group) completed the study. Children receiving LGG‐supplemented formula grew better: their changes in their length and weight SDS (ΔSDS) at the end of the study were significantly higher than those receiving regular formula (0.44 ± 0.37 versus 0.07 ± 0.06, P < 0.01 and 0.44 ± 0.19 versus 0.07 ± 0.06, P < 0.005, respectively). The LGG group had a significant, higher defecation frequency 9.1 ± 2.6 versus 8.0 ± 2.8 (P < 0.05). More frequent colonization with lactobacilli was found in the LGG group, 91% versus 76% (P < 0.05) at the end of the study.Conclusions  Infants fed with LGG‐enriched formula grew better than those fed with regular formula. Further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanism of LGG in infant growth.
Home enteral feeding audit 1 year post‐initiation
Authors: Evans S. , Holden C. , MacDonald A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective  To determine the practical problems that families of children on home enteral tube feeds (HETF) experience in the first year post‐hospital discharge.Methods  Thirty parents/carers of children (0–16 years) completed a multiple choice/short answer questionnaire by interview 12 months after discharge from hospital. Issues addressed included: home delivery of feed and equipment; pump usage; tube changes; and overnight feeding.Results  The main problems identified were: sleep disturbance (75%); frequent tube dislodgement (46%); tube blockages (41%); inability of some home delivery companies (HDC) to provide all the paediatric special feeds required (43%); and pump inaccuracy (23%).Conclusions  Children on long‐term HETF and their families experience significant problems with sleep disturbance, tube dislodgement and tube blockage. In addition, accuracy of pumps and obtaining feed and equipment was a source of stress. Dietitians and community nurses urgently need to explore solutions to the common problems associated with overnight feeding. Furthermore, regular home reviews are necessary in long‐term HETF to continue to identify and minimize problems.
Fatal nonocclusive mesenteric ischaemia: population‐based incidence and risk factors
Authors: ACOSTA S. , ÖGREN M. , STERNBY N.‐H. , BERGQVIST D. , BJÖRCK M. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract.Objectives.  To estimate the incidence and extension of visceral organ infarction, and to evaluate potential causes, in patients with autopsy‐verified nonocclusive mesenteric ischaemia (NOMI) and transmural intestinal infarction.Setting.  In Malmö, Sweden, the autopsy rate between 1970 and 1982 was 87%, creating possibilities for a population‐based study.Design.  Amongst 23 446 clinical autopsies, 997 cases were coded for intestinal ischaemia in a database. In addition, 7569 forensic autopsy protocols were analysed. In a nested case–control study within the clinical autopsy cohort, four NOMI‐free controls, matched for gender, age at death and year of death, were identified for each fatal NOMI case to evaluate risk factors.Results.  The overall incidence of autopsy‐verified fatal NOMI was 2.0/100 000 person‐years, increasing with age up to 40/100 000 person‐years in octogenarians. Patients with stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA; n = 25) were older (P = 0.002) than those without (n = 37), and had more often a concomitant stenosis of the coeliac trunk (P < 0.001). Synchronous infarction in the liver, spleen or kidney occurred in one‐fifth of all patients. Fatal cardiac failure [OR 2.9 (1.7–5.2)], history of atrial fibrillation [OR 2.2 (1.2–4.0)] and recent surgery [OR 3.4 (1.6–6.9)] were risk factors for fatal NOMI.Conclusions.  Fatal heart failure was the leading cause of intestinal hypoperfusion, although stenosis of the SMA and coeliac trunk, atrial fibrillation and recent surgery contributed significantly. Collaboration across specialties seems to be of utmost importance to improve the prognosis.
The WAG1 and WAG2 protein kinases negatively regulate root waving in Arabidopsis
Authors: Santner Aaron A. , Watson John C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe WAG1 and WAG2 genes of Arabidopsis thaliana encode protein‐serine/threonine kinases that are closely related to PINOID. In order to determine what roles WAG1 and WAG2 play in seedling development, we used a reverse genetics approach to study the wag1, wag2 and wag1/wag2 mutant phenotypes for clues. Although the wag mutants do not contain detectable amounts of the corresponding mRNA, they are wild type in most respects. However, wag1/wag2 double mutants exhibit a pronounced wavy root phenotype when grown vertically on agar plates, a phenotype observed in wild‐type plants only on plates inclined to angles less than 90°. The wag1 and wag2 mutants also demonstrate enhanced root waving, but to a lesser extent. Moreover, the double mutant roots are more resistant to the effects of N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid on the inhibition of root curling, raising the possibility that transport of auxin is affected in the wag mutants. Promoter fusions to the gusA reporter gene demonstrate that the WAG promoters are most active in root tips, consistent with the observed phenotypes in the wag mutants.
Behavioural Correlations May Cause Partial Support for the Risk Allocation Hypothesis in Damselfly Larvae
Authors: Slos Stefanie , Stoks Robby 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPrey animals are often confronted with situations that differ in predation risk. According to the risk allocation hypothesis, prey animals should adaptively allocate antipredator behaviour in accordance with the magnitude and frequency of those risk situations. According to the first prediction prey animals should increase foraging in the safe situations and decrease foraging in the dangerous situations as these situations become relatively more dangerous. The second prediction is that with increased time spent in the dangerous situations, progressively more foraging effort is shown in both the dangerous and safe situations, especially in the safer ones. Prey animals may, however, show maladaptive behaviour due to behavioural correlations across risk situations. Here we test for the first time both predictions generated by the risk allocation hypothesis while considering behavioural correlations. We reared larvae of the damselfly Ischnura elegans, from the egg stage, under five rearing risk conditions: (i) in isolation, (ii) in the presence of conspecific larvae, (iii) in the presence of one fish, (iv) in the presence of two fish, and (v) in the presence of two fish for 50% of the time. For each rearing risk condition, we scored their behaviour in the absence and in the presence of fish. In accordance with the first prediction, in the absence of a predator, larvae reared under increasing risk conditions increased their level of foraging. In accordance with the second prediction, in the absence of a predator, larvae that were more frequently exposed to fish during rearing, increased foraging. However, opposite to the predictions from the risk allocation hypothesis, foraging increased both with increasing rearing risk, and with increased predator exposure frequency. The observed positive behavioural correlation of foraging activity across test situations with and without fish, may generate the combination of adaptive patterns in the absence of fish and the maladaptive patterns in the presence of fish. Former studies of the risk allocation hypothesis also found, at best, mixed support, and we hypothesize that behavioural correlations across risk situations, if present, will likely cause partial deviations from model predictions.
The Spines of the Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, as an Anti‐Predator Adaptation: an Experimental Study
Authors: Bosher Bishop T. , Newton Scott H. , Fine Michael L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlthough experimental evidence is lacking, the stout pectoral spine of catfishes has been interpreted as a defensive adaptation. The spine can be rigidly locked and abducted to produce stridulation sounds, which have been hypothesized to serve a warning function. We studied spine function in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) as a deterrent to predation by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) by presenting individuals with pairs of catfish, one with its pectoral spines clipped and the other intact. The number of initial attacks on clipped and intact fish was similar, suggesting that bass do not recognize the spine visually. Bass showed evidence of learning across trials, striking clipped fish fewer times and consuming them. Conversely, intact fish were attacked more than clipped ones because intact fish were repeatedly disgorged and attacked again, suggesting that bass become sensitized to the spine. Ingestion times were longer for intact than clipped fish, and fewer intact fish were eaten. Eighty‐eight percent of intact fish survived in the mouth of a bass one or more times. Catfish did not stridulate or use their spines to deter initial attacks, refuting the warning hypothesis. Locking and stridulation motions, only observed when catfish were held inside the mouth of a bass, did not deter subsequent attacks indicating that neither the spine nor stridulation carry a warning function. It is possible, therefore, that stridulation sounds function as a distress call. The spine functions against a gape‐limited predator by increasing the difficulty of ingestion but not capture.