bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in Wool Yellowing
Authors: Inglis A.S. , Lennox F.G. 
Published: March 2007

Equipment is described which is suitable for irradiating small samples of fabric or solution with high-intensity uv light of known wavelength. A 1000-watt mercury vapor lamp and a 1600-watt xenon arc have been used in such equipment to irradiate fine wool fabric with consecutive 20 m μ bands covering the wavelength range 250-410 m μ. With both sources the "yellowness index" and "apparent thiol" concentration were found to increase with decrease in wavelength, while the concentrations of cystine and trypto phan decreased. In experiments with the xenon arc, tyrosine and, to a lesser extent, methionine and histidine were also partly destroyed. Doubling the exposure signifi cantly increased the destruction of cystine but not yellowing or destruction of other amino acids. The changes in amino acid concentration were relatively slight compared with yellowing of the fabric, and it is suggested that the effects may have been restricted mainly to the surface layers of the exposed fibers.
Organic Fiber-Formation Research
Authors: Spain R.G. , Picklesimer L.G. 
Published: March 2007

Fibers have been prepared and characterized from high-temperature capability poly mers which include the poly (benzimidazoles), poly (oxadiazoles), poly (thiadiazoles), poly (triazoles), and poly (thiazoles). The poly (benzimidazoles) and poly (thiazoles) are formed by condensation reactions and are spun directly to fibers. The poly(triazoles), poly (oxadiazoles), and poly- (thiadiazoles) are all obtained by cyclization reactions of precursor polyhydrazides. Poly( m,p-phenylene)-4-phenyltriazole was obtained from poly( m,p-phenylene) hydra zide by cyclodchydration with polyphosphoric acid, in the presence of aniline, and was spun from formic acid. Due to the insolubility of the oxadiazoles and thiadiazoles, they were spun as the precursor polyhydrazide and poly(oxathiahydrazide), respectively, followed by thermal conversion to the final form. The effect of spinning parameters on the properties of the fibers has also been investigated. Particular emphasis was directed toward the evaluation of fibers at elevated temperatures.
Translation of Strength from Single Yarn to Two-Fold Yarn and from Multiple Strands to Fabric with Polyester, Cotton, and Polyester/Cotton Blends
Authors: Ravindranathan A.V. , Balasubramaman N. 
Published: March 2007

Factors affecting translation of strength from single yarn to doubled yarn and from multiple strand to fabric have been investigated with polyester, cotton, and polyester/cotton blends. The effect of intimacy of mixing and blend variation on these aspects was also investigated by comparing blends made at drawframe and ringframe. The variability in strength and elongation is more marked with blends than in cotton, and hence the strength reduction with increase of specimen length and the losses from single strand to multiple strand are more prominent with the former. At the same time, strength improvements from doubling and from fabric assistance due to interiacement of threads are more pronounced in such material than in cotton. Between the two blends, the drawframe blend is superior to the ring frame blend in the single-yarn stage. After doubling, the difference in strength diminishes and even vanishes at the short specimen length. Once again, the drawframe blend is found to be superior to the ringframe blend in the multiple strand test, but the difference vanishes after the material is woven into a fabric. The inferior strength in the ringframe blend in the single-yarn and multiple strand arises because of higher variability in this material, but this deficiency is made up by doubling and interlacement of threads, and as a result the ringframe blend becomes comparable to the drawframe blend in the doubled-yarn and fabric stage.
Fire Resistance of Polystyrenes and a Post Fabrication Crosslinking Method
Authors: Usmani Arthur M. , Salyer Ival O. 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the comparative fire resistance of amorphous, crystalline, and crosslinked polystyrenes. The lat ter was found to be the slowest in burning rate and does not drip flaming residue while burning. We suggest that the advantages of these characteristics of crosslinked polystyrenes should be studied further. One method used to crosslink polystyrene was through grafting with vinyltriethoxysilane. After the material had been fabricated as a thermoplastic into final form, it was crosslinked by treatment with hot water or steam. In addition to reducing the property to drip while burning, the post-crosslinking process also enhanced thermal form stability at elevated temperature. Other styrenic polymers such as ABS and high-impact polystyrene might be im proved in the same way.
Rim Catalysis and Coating Interaction
Authors: Galla E.A. , Mascioli R.L. , Bechara I.S. 
Published: March 2007

Use of urethane RIM has grown to where more than onethird of cars produced in the United States have RIM front or rear fascias. DABCO catalyst has played an important role in the growth of RIM and will continue to do so in the future because of its unique advantages. Improved flowability, reduction in air entrapment, and proper green strength to allow parts to be demolded with the flash still intact and without part tearing or deformation are all key factors which contribute to efficient processability. DABCO catalyst and tin co-catalyzed RIM parts with DABCO levels as high as 0.5 php (100% active) are being produced today and are successfully coated with commercially available high solids coatings (e.g., Durethane 300) color plus clear, and water based coatings. With PPG's experimental High Solids Durethane Elastomeric Enamel, (higher solids level than Durethane 300) DABCO catalyst can be used in urethane formulations at up to .15 php (100% active) without any adverse effects on the coating. Additional reactive amine catalysts, such as DABCO T, can be added at levels of 0.5 php and greater as a co-catalyst with DABCO catalyst and tin, again without adverse effects on the High Solids coating. RIM parts catalyzed with DABCO catalyst levels greater than 0.15 php were successfully coated in our studies by either subjecting the part to a high temperature water rinse after the normal washing cycle (effective up to 0.3 php DABCO catalyst) or by adding a small amount of add to the primer. For processors who desire DABCO levels up to 1.0 php, RIM parts can be successfully coated with the experimental higher solids coating by the addi tion of an additive to the RIM formulation. The additive was mixed into the reactants which did not interfere with rates of reaction or demold times of the finished part. During the post cure heat cycle the additive reacts with the amine thereby preventing the amine from interfering with the acid catalysis of the paint curing cycle.
Preparation of Specialty Elastomers by Continuous Reaction in a Cavity Transfer Mixer
Authors: Scott K.W. , Wall R.R. , Willoughby B.G. 
Published: March 2007

The application of post-polymerisation modification provides op portunities to change the performance profile of established polymers and thus generate new types of specialty product. Such operations are typically carried out in a batch; however, there is increasing interest in the possibilities and flex ibility of an operation that may be offered by reactive processing. Such flexibil ity includes continuous production and just-in-time technologies; this paper reports on trials with the cavity transfer mixer (CTM) as a polymer modifica tion reactor. The paper considers the basic design of the CTM and its potential advantages as a reactor; it describes an experimental arrangement for practical trials. This arrangement employs an extruder and a plunger pump both feeding an inde pendently driven 25 mm diameter CTM. The operation of this equipment is il lustrated with respect to the manufacture of established polymers and also to the opportunities for producing new types of material. The former case is covered by the maleation of EPR whilst the latter is illustrated by the produc tion of an organometallic rubber, in this example by the derivation of XNBR. For both these products, brief characterisation details are supplied and aspects of their potential utility are considered.
Comparison of the Dynamic Properties of Solid Polyurethane Elastomers
Authors: Kogelnik H.-J. , Huang H.H. , Barnes M. , Meichsner R. 
Published: March 2007

Standard elastomeric formulations are based on three compo nents : a) diisocyanates such as TDI, MDI and NDI b) polyols with an ester, ether, and/or carbonate backbone c) chain extenders that are reactive glycols or aromatic diamines Such standard formulations were subjected to dynamic tests to determine their relative load bearing capacities (constant load testing methods were gen erally used). These results could be correlated to a certain extent with rou tinely measured mechanical properties. The behavior of materials chain extended with aromatic diamines (polyurea urethanes) was somewhat different from the glycol-extended systems. The poly urea urethanes have a high softening temperature, show little thermoplasticity and a relatively high set after testing. Glycol-extended systems showed rela tively little set after deformation, but the softening temperature of such elas tomers are relatively low. Although the investigated system could be manufactured in a wide hardness range, the optimal dynamic properties were usually found only in a very nar row hardness range. The optimal results were obtained with NDI as diiso cyanate and 1,4-butanediol as extender.
Pyridazine Derivatives as Antioxidants in Natural Rubber
Authors: Ismail M.N. , Younan A.F. , Yehia A.A. 
Published: March 2007

Two pyridazine derivatives were prepared by the reaction of ani line and β-napthylamine with 3,6-dichloropyridazine. The prepared compounds were evaluated as antioxidants in natural rubber mixes. The rheometric char acteristics of the compounded rubber and the physico-mechanical properties of the vulcanizates were determined. It was found that the cure rate index, tensile strength, and modulus increase while the equilibrium swelling decreases; i.e., these compounds behave as secondary accelerators. The rubber vulcanizates were subjected to thermal oxidative ageing at 90 ° C for time periods up to seven days. It has been found that pyridazine derivatives can protect natural rubber vulcanizates against oxidative deterioration.
Advances in NDI Elastomer Chemistry
Authors: Prolingheuer E.C. , Barnes J.M. , Kopp R. , Von Seggern E. 
Published: March 2007

Since its first commercial use in the early fifties naph thalene-1,5-diisocyanate (NDI) has been used almost exclusively in combina tion with polyadipate diols. The corresponding prepolymers crosslinked with 1,4-butanediol give solid NDI elastomers; crosslinking with water results in microcellular elastomers. NDI/ester elastomers are known for high performance and long service life in particularly demanding dynamic applications. Although polyadipate soft seg ments are the preferred building blocks to ensure high structural strength of polyurethane elastomers, their sensitivity towards hydrolysis and microbical attack demands the addition of special additives for some applications. The combination of NDI with alternative polyols, such as polytetramethy leneglycol (PTMEG), hexylene adipate, and ether carbonates alleviates these problems and expands the usage area of NDI elastomers. Of particular interest is a dihexylene carbonate that combines the property advantages of an ester backbone with the hydrolysis resistance of a polyether polyol. In this paper we discuss the results of static and dynamic tests designed to compare the proper ties of NDI elastomers having different soft segment contents. An interesting approach to the utilization of naphthalene-1,5-diisocyanate for low hardness solid elastomers is crosslinking with water. Although these
Secondary Aliphatic Polyether Amines for Polyurea RIM Systems
Authors: Maletzko C. , Becker J. , Schmidt H.U. , Matzke G. 
Published: March 2007

The excellent mechanical properties and high productivity of polyurea RIM systems allow for a broad variety of applications in the automo tive industry. Due to their high reactivity, however, these systems can lead to problems concerning the filling of large and complicated molds. Some years ago BASF/Elastogran introduced new polyurea/amide RIM systems (ELASTOLIT® R 4500 RIM series) based on polyether ketimines, which have reduced reactivity in comparison to polyethers with aliphatic pri mary amino end groups. This paper reports on research work for the new ELASTOLIT® R 4500/IF (Improved Flowability) RIM systems which are based on polyethers with secondary amino end groups. While mechanical properties remain at the level known from the polyurea RIM systems, the flowability and processability are superior even when compared to the polyether ketimine systems.
Communicating : the Word of God
Authors: Jasper Alison 
Published: March 2007

This is an attempt to relate Jn 1.1-18, in which divine Word becomes fully human. to the psychoanalytic narrative of human subjectivity described by theorist Julia Kristeva. The development and maintenance of human subjectivity is treated as, itself, a description of Incarnation, which, moreover, manages to challenge the tradi tional devaluation of flesh as a feminine term. I place this argument within a view of divine communication in the biblical text that does not expect any singular interpretation. Rather, it is to be seen within a process of continuing analysis and re-reading that allows for the heterogeneous pleasures and pains of readers as well as for the inherent multiplicity of the text.
Toddlers' pointing when joint attention is obstructed
Authors: Franco Fabia , Gagliano Antonino 
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to examine toddlers' ability to take their social partner's line of sight into account when engaging in joint attention. If pointing involves an understanding of the relationship between seeing and knowing, then specific modifications in communication should appear when joint attention is obstructed. In this study, obstacles were introduced in order to manipulate object visibility for the toddler's social partner. Thirty-two toddlers aged 18-23, 24-29, and 30-36 months were tested with an adult social partner and two animated clown mannequins. In Task 1, whereas both clowns were always visible to toddlers, there were three conditions varying the number of targets visible to the adult social partner (both, one, or none). In Task 2 toddler and social partner were sitting face-to-face, each having a clown fully visible (in front) and one not visible (behind). When attempting to communicate about an object not visible to the social partner, toddlers show increased levels of the following behaviours: pointing frequency; proportion of pointing accompanied by visual checking with the adult; anticipatory visual checking (just before pointing initiation); frequency of vocalizations associated with pointing; and frequency of language both associated with
Signed English in the classroom, III. What gets signed?
Authors: Wood David , Wood Heather 
Published: March 2007

In the second paper of this series we reported evidence, compatible with the results of previous investigations, showing that teachers attempting to produce Signed English were unable to shadow each and every morpheme in their speech with signs. In this paper, detailed analyses of the relation between teacher speech and sign are used to address the question 'What gets signed?'. Generalizations in the literature about the lack of systematicity in the relations between sign and speech are challenged in the light of findings which show that both morpho-syntactic status and pragmatic factors are predictive of which morphemes in teacher speech will be accompanied by sign. The results are also discussed in relation to recent studies of the relations between the structure of speech and features of non-verbal movements which accompany the act of speaking. These studies provide a source of hypotheses about the issue of what gets signed, and why, in Signed English. Also discussed are the educational implications of the current findings for deaf children's acquisition of English.
Perspective on Educational Measurement
Authors: Gulliksen Harold 
Published: March 2007

An important but usually neglected aspect of the training of teachers is instruction in the art of writing good classroom tests. Such training should emphasize various forms of objective items (e.g., multiple- choice, master list, matching, greater-less-same, best- worst answer, and matrix format). The proper formu lation and accurate grading of essay items should be included, as should the use of various types of free- answer items (e.g., the brief answer, interlinear, and "fill in the blanks in the following paragraph" forms). For courses involving laboratory work, such as sci ence, machine shop, and home economics, perfor mance and identification tests based on the laboratory work should be used. A second point is that organizations developing ap titude tests for nonacademic areas, such as police work, fire fighting, and licensing tests, should empha size the use by the client of a valid, reliable, and un biased criterion. Organizations developing academic aptitude tests should also (1) be alert to the accuracy of criterion measures, grades, rank in class, and so forth; (2) call teachers' attention to defects in grading; and (3) help guide teachers and schools in improving these procedures. In recent decades, there have been few instances in which a testing organization has ap prised teachers of the fact that their criteria—among others, grades on tests and student papers—are often quite unreliable based on characteristics such as work habits and attitude in class, and could be improved by using better tests to evaluate student performance. Characteristics of the group used for determining va lidity are also critical.
Explaining Research Utilization
Authors: SUNESSON SUNE , NILSSON KJELL 
Published: March 2007

With material from a Swedish study of the utilization of social research in city welfare agencies, the author advocate a sociological analysis of the utilization contexts where use of research takes place. The bases of compliance in the organization and the position of the agencies in regard to conflicts in social welfare politics are shown to have great importance for the way organizations use and invest in knowledge, and case studies show that these factors can change the type of impact of research. The language of current utilization research tends to treat differences in research use as quantitative differences or as differences in the “functions” or “modes” of research use. The authors point to the hierarchical distribution of knowledge and research use, the activity of users, and the way conflicts influence research utilization as important issues for the explanation of research utilization.
Problems and challenges in the information society — the next twenty years
Authors: Summit Roger K. 
Published: March 2007

Predicting problems is not so different from forecasting technology. In both cases the phenomena are in evidence long before they are widely recognized - they have an incubation period, and their character can be changed during development. That is to say, the information problems of the next twenty years have their roots in the present. Viewed as a model or system, the information com munity has as participants: authors, primary publishers, secondary publishers, retrieval service vendors, information centres and libraries and patron end-users. The interrelation ships among the participants can be analysed along lines of: (1) economics; (2) politics; (3) professionalism. Complexities arise as a result of the pervasive nature of information needs and uses across government, commercial and non-profit sectors. This paper explores a few of the myriad interrelation ships to identify both systematic and specific problems cur rently in being, the challenges associated with these problems, and possible outcomes under various assumptive scenarios.
An anatomy of innovation: its evolution and present state
Authors: Dijkhuis Willem 
Published: March 2007

All truly relevant thinking about innovation presupposes an attitude towards the passing of time and implies an awareness of the state of the threads within the fabric of societies as they existed before they were changed by innovation. Both this attitude and this awareness are based largely on information as digested by the student of innovation over his years as a reflecting individual. On the other hand. and more directly, one can show that information and its links with language also play the role of a necessary condition and ingredient for any mnova tion to come about in specific temporal settings. These Janus-like aspects of information and time as they are embedded in the innovative processes may be key reasons for the elusive characteristics that technological innovation presently seems to have for policy- and decision-makers. A sense for the effects of history, not always easily traceable in R & D circles, seems to be indispensable for the creation of fertilising assessments of the evolution, present state and future of innovative process - particularly in an age which takes pride in calling itself the 'information age'.
Research on information interaction and intelligent information provision mechanisms
Authors: Brooks H.M. , Daniels P.J. , Belkin N.J. 
Published: March 2007

Information systems comprise a user, who recognizes that his/her problem is inadequate for attaining some goal, a knowledge resource, which may offer useful information, and some intermediary access mechanism to the knowledge re source. The last two components constitute the information provision mechanism (IPM). The information system we are particularly concerned with is that of document retrieval where the knowledge resource is typically a set of online biblio graphic databases and the intermediary is, at present, a human search analyst. For a variety of reasons—social, technological and eco nomic—, it has become important to consider what aspects of the IPM can be performed, in an intelligent way, by computer programs. This paper reviews the methods and results of a six-year ongoing series of research projects concerned with this issue, and especially the question of how to design an intelli gent automated system interface. The specifications for this interface have been derived from a study of real life human user-human intermediary information interactions. A variety of methods has been employed, particularly functional dis course analysis, and results are: the specification for a distrib uted expert system architecture; identification and specifica tion of the necessary functions; and proposals for a problem- structure driven human-computer dialogue.
Patent groups and their relationship with journal literature
Authors: Eisenschitz T.S. , Lazard A.M. , Willey C.J. 
Published: March 2007

Two samples of British patents and patent applications published in 1980 were assembled concerning pharmaceuticals and food preparation. Other patents were sought, published in the five years either side of 1980, which marked out an extended research programme including the original 1980 patent. About half the 1980 sample belonged to groups. The overlap of patent with journal publications concerning any aspect of group programmes was sought for a sample of groups. These were found to be much larger than the overlaps between one patent and one article; 60.2% for pharmaceuticals and 25.7% for food preparation patents. They reflect more accurately the disclosure of patent information to the wider scientific community.