bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desulfonylation Reactions
Authors: Alonso Diego A. , Ájera Carmen N 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe use of sulfones in organic chemistry, acting as an auxiliary group, is still a very important synthetic strategy, especially for the formation of carbon‐carbon single and double bonds. Once the synthetic objective is achieved, the sulfone gruop is usually removed from the molecule. This removal most commonly involves a reductive desulfonylation process with either replacement of the sulfone by hydrogen, or a process that results in the formation of a carbon‐carbon double bond when a β‐hydroxy or β‐alkoxy sulfone is employed.This chapter is devoted to the replacement of the sulfone group by a hydrogen (reductive desulfonylation reactions), and reductive elimination reactions of Julia‐type substrates (Julia‐Lythgoe olefination process). The chapter addresses the full scope, generality, limitations, and synthetic applications of these reactions. The literature through most of 2007 is covered.
Portable and Handheld Systems for Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Cesareo Roberto , Gigante Giovanni E. , Castellano Alfredo , Ridolfi Stefano 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEnergy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) portable spectrometers are becoming very popular in many fields for the on‐site analysis of elements. This is mainly because EDXRF is a nondestructive, multielemental technique that is extremely well suited for the analysis of any material.An EDXRF spectrometer mainly consists of an X‐ or γ‐ray excitation source, an X‐ray detector with electronics, and a pulse‐height analyzer. Recent technological developments have resulted in small, low‐power, dedicated X‐ray tubes, thermoelectrically cooled semiconductor detectors, and small pulse‐height analyzers. Therefore, completely portable EDXRF spectrometers are available that can be assembled on‐site, having the size of a book and a weight ranging from as light as 500 g (using a radioactive source) to a few kilograms (using an X‐ray tube). These spectrometers can be employed for on‐site analysis in various fields, such as works of art, alloys, soil, environmental samples, forensic medicine, paper, waste materials, mineral ores and their products, or anywhere a portable apparatus would be required.This article reviews the present status of the development and application of EDXRF portable systems. The various components of a portable system are described: the radiation source, i.e. small, low‐power, dedicated X‐ray tubes or, alternatively, radioactive sources that emit X‐rays or low‐energy γ‐rays; and X‐ray detectors, i.e. proportional gas counters and semiconductor detectors, with special emphasis on the more recent thermoelectrically cooled X‐ray detectors: Si‐PIN (Positive‐Intrinsic‐Negative), Si‐drift, CdTe, CdZnTe, HgI2, and others.Commercial systems are considered, and finally the most common and significant applications are described, with particular emphasis to the field of works of art.
Male–male combats in a polymorphic lizard: residency and size, but not color, affect fighting rules and contest outcome
Authors: Sacchi Roberto , Pupin Fabio , Gentilli Augusto , Rubolini Diego , Scali Stefano , Fasola Mauro , Galeotti Paolo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTheoretical models predict that the outcome of dyadic agonistic encounters between males is influenced by resource‐holding potential, resource value, and intrinsic aggressiveness of contestants. Moreover, in territorial disputes residents enjoy a further obvious competitive advantage from the residency itself, owing to the intimate familiarity with their territory. Costs of physical combats are, however, dramatically high in many instances. Thus, signals reliably reflecting fighting ability of the opponents could easily evolve in order to reduce these costs. For example, variation in color morph in polymorphic species has been associated with dominance in several case studies. In this study, we staged asymmetric resident‐intruder encounters in males of the common wall lizard Podarcis muralis, a species showing three discrete morphs (white, yellow, and red) to investigate the effects of asymmetries in color morph, residency, and size between contestants on the outcome of territorial contests. We collected aggression data by presenting each resident male with three intruders of different color morph, in three consecutive tests conducted in different days, and videotaping their interactions. The results showed that simple rules such as residency and body size differences could determine the outcome of agonistic interactions: residents were more aggressive than intruders, and larger males were competitively superior to smaller males. However, we did not find any effect of color on male aggression or fighting success, suggesting that color polymorphism in this species is not a signal of status or fighting ability in intermale conflicts. Aggr. Behav. 35:274–283, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic emulation of microgravity for earth‐bound multiphase catalytic reactor studies—Potentialities and limitations
Authors: Larachi Faïçal , Munteanu Mugurel C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA method is proposed to generate Earth‐bound artificial microgravity in a controlled facility capable of emulating lunar/Martian gravity or microgravity for experiments on passive/reactive catalytic multiphase flows. Its applicability was illustrated for trickle beds where flowing gas and liquid experience artificial microgravity inside the bore of a superconducting magnet generating large gradient magnetic fields to compensate for gravity. Artificial gravity is realized by commuting into apparent gravity acceleration the magnetization force at work on common “chemical engineering” non‐magnetic fluids. The scaling property to be matched and maintained invariant in multiphase systems to achieve magnetic mimicry is phasic mass magnetic susceptibility. Hydrodynamic (liquid holdup, wetting efficiency, pressure drop) as well as catalytic reaction (conversion and selectivity) measurements were obtained. The main finding is a proof that magnetic fields affect reactor outcomes exclusively via hydrodynamic phenomena making them appealing proxies for emulating non‐terrene reactor applications. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Autosomal dominant inheritance in a large family with focal facial dermal dysplasia (Brauer–Setleis syndrome)
Authors: Graul‐Neumann Luitgard M. , Stieler Karola M. , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike , Tzschach Andreas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFocal facial dermal dysplasia (FFDD) (OMIM 227260) is a rare ectodermal disorder characterized by congenital bitemporal scar‐like depressions resembling forceps marks and variable additional facial manifestations. No gene defects or gene loci for FFDD are known to date. We report on a large multi‐generational German family with typical characteristics of FFDD and provide a detailed clinical description of four affected individuals. They had large bitemporal discolored dermal depressions, sparse lateral eyebrows, abnormal eyelashes, and dysplastic and low‐set ears. Three of the four affected individuals had congenital horizontal nystagmus, which had hitherto only been reported in a single patient with FFDD. In contrast to previous assumptions about an autosomal recessive etiology of this disorder, this family provides further evidence that FFDD is inherited in an autosomal dominant mode. Although this family is not large enough to yield significant results in linkage analysis, it may, in combination with other families, contribute to the identification of a gene locus for this intriguing ectodermal disorder. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cytogenetic characterization of an interstitial de novo 13q deletion in a 3‐month‐old with severe pediatric gastroesophageal reflux
Authors: Champaigne Neena L. , Laird Nicole A. , Northup Jill K. , Velagaleti Gopalrao V.N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs when gastric contents travel back into the esophagus through the esophageal sphincter. GER is very common in infants with most growing out of it, but some continue to have chronic symptoms throughout childhood and adulthood. A gene for severe pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was identified by linkage analysis and was mapped to chromosome 13. We report here a de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome 13 in a 3‐month‐old biracial male who presented to the emergency room with severe GER and failure to thrive. Chromosome analysis showed an interstitial deletion of chromosome 13, with the karyotype reported as 46, XY, del(13)(q12.3q14.1). BAC‐FISH analysis demonstrated that the deletion encompasses 12.3 Mb and does involve the GERD1 locus. The GERD1 locus has been mapped to a 9‐cM interval between the markers CAGR1 and D13S263, both of which are deleted in our patient. We propose that the GER phenotype in our patient is due to a haploinsufficiency of GERD1. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The missense mutation G12D in connexin30.3 can cause both erythrokeratodermia variabilis of Mendes da Costa and progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia of Gottron
Authors: van Steensel M.A.M. , Oranje A.P. , van der Schroeff J.G. , Wagner A. , van Geel M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractProgressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma of Gottron (PSEK) is commonly distinguished from erythrokeratodermia variabilis Mendes da Costa (EKV). However, conclusive proof that the disorders are identical is still lacking. We performed mutation analysis and microsatellite haplotyping in two independently referred patients with PSEK and three patients from a previously published family with EKV. All patients had the same mutation in the GJB4 gene causing the amino acid substitution p.Gly12Asp (G12D). Haplotype analysis showed that all five patients had the same allelic haplotype over 2 Mb covering the disease locus. Apparently, the same GJB4 mutation may cause either an EKV or a PSEK phenotype. A single ancestral founder might have introduced EKV in the Netherlands. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluid flow in an impacting symmetrical tee junction III: three‐phase air/water/oil flow
Authors: Doherty A. P. , Murphy A. , Spedding P. L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractResults are presented on three‐phase air/oil/water horizontal flow in a 0.026 m i.d. symmetrical impacting tee junction. The flow regimes observed agreed with an existing three‐phase flow map. The inversion from water‐dominated (WD) to oil‐dominated (OD) flow was at an oil‐to‐liquid volumetric ratio of fo = 0.285. The inversion was at a low fo value because of the relatively tranquil conditions studied. Retention of oil on the pipe wall at the air/water two‐phase condition at fo = 0 resulted in a dramatic increase in the pressure drop above that expected for the two‐phase flow. The pressure drop in the tee junction arms increased with liquid‐flow rate. The actual tee junction pressure drop showed a similar pattern to that observed in the inlet arm. The pressure drop was relatively constant in the OD region but showed a dramatic increase in the WD and inversion regions at low fo values. Non‐dimensionalising the junction pressure drop as le/d gave a similar pattern but the scatter of data increased.The tee pressure loss data were modelled using the Lockhart‐Martinelli ΦG parameter and gave similar but different correlations for the WD and OD regions. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐temperature sequestration of elemental mercury by noncarbon based sorbents
Authors: Lee Sung Jun , Wendt Jost O. L. , Biermann Joep 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis work is concerned with sequestration of elemental Hg at high temperatures (900–1100 °C) on a sorbent that is mineral based, rather than carbon based. This sorbent consists of an intimate mixture of CaO, CaCO3, and Al2O3–2SiO2, and is manufactured in industrially relevant quantities (metric tons) from residues produced in paper recycling processes. In contrast to activated carbon (AC), this noncarbon based sorbent has special advantages in that, it can actually enhance fly ash utilization for cement manufacture, rather than diminish it, as is the case for AC.Disperse phase experiments have been conducted, using an externally heated quartz tube reactor, with sorbent feeding rates ranging from 1 to 6 g/h. Preliminary results indicate that Hg removal efficiency is sensitive to sorbent feed rates and to furnace temperature. The Hg removal percentage increased with both these variables. Two mechanisms come into play: an in‐flight Hg sorption mechanism, and an Hg sorption mechanism related to sorbent deposits on the reactor wall. A maximum total (in‐flight plus deposit‐related) Hg removal efficiency of 83–90% was obtained at temperatures of 900–1100 °C. There was negligible sorption by either mechanism at temperatures below 600 °C. Results for the in‐flight mechanism alone showed a maximum sorption efficiency at ∼900 °C, whereas that on the reactor surface increased monotonically with temperature. This suggests that sorbent deactivation can occur in‐flight at high temperatures, which is in agreement with other fixed bed results obtained in this laboratory. Deactivation was not apparent for the sorbent‐related substance formed on the reactor wall. Raw and spent sorbents were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrophotometer (SEM‐EDS) to identify the sorbent mineral transitions that seem to activate the process. The in‐flight mechanisms appear to involve (1) activation of the sorbent, caused most probably by an internal solid–solid reaction, followed by (2) Hg sorption, and (3) possible deactivation, if the temperatures are too high for longer period. Reactor surface mechanisms still remain to be elucidated. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous continuous, nonchromatographic monitoring and discrete chromatographic monitoring of polymerization reactions
Authors: Alb Alina M. , Drenski Michael F. , Reed Wayne F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAutomatic continuous nonchromatographic monitoring and discrete chromatographic monitoring were coupled together for the first time and used to monitor free radical and controlled‐radical polymerization reactions. This was achieved by adding a multidetector Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) system (alternatively termed Gel Permeation Chromatography, GPC) to the ACOMP platform (Automatic Continuous Online Monitoring of Polymerization reactions). The fact that the reactor solution is already preconditioned in the ACOMP front‐end to the concentration levels used in SEC makes direct coupling possible. Kinetics from two different types of reactions, Reversible Addition Fragmentation Transfer (RAFT) and free radical polymerization of butyl acrylate were studied, including the production of a bimodal population. Complementary and contrasting features from the continuous and SEC approaches are highlighted. The main advantage of the SEC detection is to follow the evolution of full molecular weight distributions (MWD), especially in ‘living’ type reactions, where polydispersity decreases with monomer conversion, whereas the continuous detection provides a much more detailed characterization of the reaction. Interestingly, in the case where a bimodal molecular weight distribution was produced, the continuous method automatically detected the onset of the second mode in a model independent fashion, whereas SEC could only discern the bimodality by applying preconceived models. The SEC approach will have valuable niche applications, however, such as when reactions are relatively slow, monitoring narrow polydispersity is of primary importance, and also in copolymerization and terpolymerization reactions where complex mixtures of reagents (e.g., RAFT agents, copper ions, etc.) make unfractionated spectroscopic resolution of comonomers difficult. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Structural changes and development of transport properties during the conversion of a polyimide membrane to a carbon membrane
Authors: Lua Aik Chong , Su Jincai 
Published: March 2009

AbstractKapton®100HN polyimide membranes were heat treated at temperatures ranging from 623 to 1073 K. The precursor and the heat‐treated membranes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, density measurement, nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, and single gas permeation. Compared with the precursor, the X‐ray diffraction patterns did not change greatly when the membranes were heat treated at 623–748 K. The membranes treated at 623–723 K showed similar gas permeation rates as the original polyimide membrane whereas those treated at 773–873 K showed remarkable increases in the gas permeances due to the decomposition of the polyimide. Two minimum ideal selectivities were found for the membranes treated at 673 and 723 K. An increase in the temperature from 873 to 1073 K increased the crystallinity and decreased the interplanar spacing in the carbon membranes which had microporous structures as shown by their Type I adsorption isotherms. The membranes treated at 773 K were deemed to be at an intermediate stage between polymer and amorphous carbon. By increasing the temperature from 773 to 873 K, the polyimide changed to a carbon membrane. The gas permeances for He, CO2, O2,N2, and CH4 were increased from 1.06 × 10−9, 1.10 × 10−9, 1.90 × 10−10, 5.70 × 10−11, and 5.55 × 10−11 to 2.68 × 10−8, 3.62 × 10−8, 9.98 × 10−9, 1.66 × 10−9, and 5.17 × 10−10 mol/(m2 s Pa), respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Hydration and proton conduction in Nafion/ceramic nanocomposite membranes produced by solid‐state processing of powders from mechanical attrition
Authors: Moster Amanda L. , Mitchell Brian S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA solid‐state method of Nafion/ceramic nanocomposite membrane preparation was used. Nanocomposite powders from Nafion pellets and a zirconium phosphate ceramic were formed by mechanical attrition. The powders were consolidated into membrane form by mechanical pressing. A decrease in the particle size and improved dispersion of the ceramic within the polymer phase were confirmed with scanning electron microscopy. An evaluation of membrane hydration by thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the prepared membranes had increased water uptake in comparison with a commercially available membrane. However, as the distribution of the ceramic was improved, the hydration of the sample was reduced. Low‐temperature differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the additional water contributed to an increase in the contents of both freezing and nonfreezing water in the membranes. Proton conductivity testing at various relative humidities and temperatures revealed that the prepared membranes had conductivities comparable to but somewhat lower than those of the commercial membranes. An increase in conductivity was seen with decreased particle size and improved dispersion of the ceramic. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
When the best appears to be saved for last: Serial position effects on choice
Authors: Li Ye , Epley Nicholas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDecision‐makers often evaluate options sequentially due to constraints on attention, timing, or physical location of the options. Choosing the best option will therefore often depend on people's memories of the options. Because imperfect recall introduces uncertainty in earlier options, judgments of those options should regress toward the category mean as memory decays over time. Relatively desirable options will therefore tend to seem less desirable with time, and relatively undesirable options will tend to seem less undesirable with time. We therefore predicted that people will tend to select the first option in a set when choosing between generally undesirable options, and will tend to select the last when choosing between generally desirable options. We demonstrate these serial position effects in choices among paintings, American Idol audition clips, jellybeans, and female faces, provide evidence of its underlying mechanism, and explain how these findings build on existing accounts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A microreactor for the study of biotransformations by a cross‐linked γ‐lactamase enzyme
Authors: Hickey Anne Marie , Ngamsom Bongkot , Wiles Charlotte , Greenway Gillian M. , Watts Paul , Littlechild Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA (+)‐γ‐lactamase was precipitated, cross‐linked and the resulting solid crushed prior to immobilisation within a capillary column microreactor. The microreactor was subsequently used to study enzyme stability, activity, kinetics and substrate specificity. The thermophilic (+)‐γ‐lactamase retained 100% of its initial activity at the assay temperature, 80°C, for 6 h and retained 52% activity after 10 h, indicating the advantage of immobilisation. This high stability of the immobilised enzyme provided the advantage that it could be utilised to screen many compounds in the microreactor system. This advantage overcame the fact that the immobilisation process affected enzyme kinetics and activity, which was reduced (by 70%) compared to the free enzyme. In general, the enzyme displayed similar substrate specificity to that found in a previous study for the free enzyme; however, enhanced activity was seen towards one substrate, acrylamide. The system developed correlates well with the free enzyme in batch assay and indicates the suitability of the system for enzyme substrate screening, allowing a significant reduction in cost, due to the reduced amounts of enzyme, substrates and other assay constituents required.
Educational software program for teaching modal testing
Authors: Jiménez Felipe , Huerta Mª. Consuelo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article presents the didactic content and educational software that involves every phase of modal testing teaching. This tool provides a useful help. Theoretical examples can be generated at the first stages of the learning process. Real test data can be acquired and analyzed. Initial examples are used in model comparisons. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 485–494, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com; DOI 10.1002/cae.20205