bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in the synthesis of well‐defined glycopolymers
Authors: Spain Sebastian G. , Gibson Matthew I. , Cameron Neil R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGlycopolymers are receiving increasing interest due to their application in areas, such as glycomics, medicine, biotechnology, sensors, and separation science. Consequently, new methods for their synthesis are constantly being developed, with an increasing emphasis on the preparation of well‐defined polymers and on the production of complex macromolecular architectures such as stars. This review covers recent developments in the synthesis of glycopolymers, with a particular emphasis on (i) the use of controlled radical polymerization to prepare well‐defined glycopolymers from unprotected monomers and (ii) postpolymerization modification strategies using reactive polymer precursors (including “click” reactions). Recent work on the production of glycosylated polypeptides, which are under investigation as mimics of naturally occurring glycoproteins, is also included. The authors offer some suggestions as to future developments and remaining challenges in this topical area of polymer chemistry. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci PartA: Polym Chem45: 2059–2072, 2007
Elevation of the glass transition temperature in flexible‐chain semicrystalline polymers
Authors: Yee‐Chan Christopher K. , Scogna Robert C. , Register Richard A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn the idealized two‐phase model of a semicrystalline polymer, the amorphous intercrystalline layers are considered to have the same properties as the fully‐amorphous polymer. In reality, these thin intercrystalline layers can be substantially influenced by the presence of the crystals, as individual polymer molecules traverse both crystalline and amorphous phases. In polymers with rigid backbone units, such as poly(etheretherketone), PEEK, previous work has shown this coupling to be particularly severe; the glass transition temperature (Tg) can be elevated by tens of degrees celsius, with the magnitude of the elevation correlating directly with the thinness of the amorphous layer. However, this connection has not been explored for flexible‐chain polymers, such as those formed from vinyl‐type monomers. Here, we examine Tg in both isotactic polystyrene (iPS) and syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS), crystallized under conditions that produce a range of amorphous layer thicknesses. Tg is indeed shown to be elevated relative to fully‐amorphous iPS and sPS, by an amount that correlates with the thinness of the amorphous layer; the magnitude of the effect is severalfold less than that in PEEK, consistent with the minimum lengths of polymer chain required to make a fold in the different cases. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1198–1204, 2007
Mechanism for effect of ultrasound on polymer melt in extrusion
Authors: Chen Yingzi , Li Huilin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper explores the rheological characteristic and molecular mechanism of the polymer melts during extrusion when ultrasound is applied to them at the entrance of the die. Applying of ultrasound disturbs the convergent flow of polymer melt in the entry zone and changes the stream patterns, which leads to lesser elastic tensile strains happen. It also activates the molecular chains, so that the elastic tensile strains can be recovered very quickly. That is why the ΔP measured is reduced. These conclusions are made based not only on rheological calculations but also on looking‐inside characterizations of the molecular conformations. Ultrasound irradiation increases the free volume of PS, reduces the molecular entanglements of polymer melt. All these effects of ultrasound contribute to the productivity raising and product quality improvement of extrusion processing. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1226–1233, 2007
Expansion properties of random Cayley graphs and vertex transitive graphs via matrix martingales
Authors: Christofides Demetres , Markström Klas 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Alon–Roichman theorem states that for every ε> 0 there is a constant c(ε), such that the Cayley graph of a finite group G with respect to c(ε)log ∣G∣ elements of G, chosen independently and uniformly at random, has expected second largest eigenvalue less than ε. In particular, such a graph is an expander with high probability.Landau and Russell, and independently Loh and Schulman, improved the bounds of the theorem. Following Landau and Russell we give a new proof of the result, improving the bounds even further. When considered for a general group G, our bounds are in a sense best possible. We also give a generalization of the Alon–Roichman theorem to random coset graphs.Our proof uses a Hoeffding‐type result for operator valued random variables, which we believe can be of independent interest. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Trends in worldwide intellectual property protection: The case of the pharmaceutical patent
Authors: Tancer Robert S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe protection of intellectual property is of growing concern as an issue in international trade. Both the NAFTA and the TRIPS provide chapters on intellectual property, a subject matter included in multilateral trade agreements for the first time. These provisions were designed to reassure owners of such property that their rights would be protected in participating countries. Few industries are as dependent on adequate protection than the patent protected segment of the pharmaceutical industry. It is only through enforceable patent policies that drug companies can generate sufficient revenues to undertake the costly research and development that make the introduction of new products possible. This article examines recent trends in intellectual property protection on a global basis, focusing on differences and similarities within the pharmaceutical industry both in the European Community and the United States. Despite the focus on the pharmaceutical industry, the trends discussed should be of interest to any firm that utilizes intellectual property in its overseas activities. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Changing barriers to the internationalization of franchising operations: Perceptions of domestic and international franchisors
Authors: Kedia Ben L. , Ackerman David J. , Justis Robert T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examines factors that inhibit the internationalization of franchising operations. The factors are classified along the dimensions of importance and difficulty. The perceptions of domestic franchisors and international franchisors are compared. The results indicate that different factors inhibit internationalization of franchising efforts depending upon the stage of the franchising process. Comparisons of the results with previous studies indicate that significant changes have occurred in the perceived importance, changes which are understandable in light of changes in franchising practices as well as changes in the international environment. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Industrial buyers' expectations of supplier‐attributes across developing countries: Implications for marketing strategies
Authors: Rao C. P. , Seshadri Srivatsa 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a cross‐country comparative study of industrial buyers' expectations of supplier attributes which manifest in the process of supplier selection. The results indicate a variance in these expectations across the countries, implying a multinational rather than a global approach in marketing industrial goods beyond domestic borders. The possible role of cultural factors in the formation of these divergent expectations is suggested. The implications of the findings for developing appropriate marketing strategies, and for future research, are discussed.
Investment banking in the gulf: A case study of investcorp in bahrain
Authors: Khan Golam M. , Amine Lyn S. , Ali Ebrahim 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInvestcorp is a low‐profile investment banking company that was originally founded on the tiny island of Bahrain in the Arabian Gulf. Although little known to the general public, the company is a major player in North American and European investment markets. This case study presents a profile of the company, its founder, Nemir Kirdar, and his three “founding friends.” It relates details of the company's successes and explores how these were achieved. As most of the original Management Committee members are preparing to retire, efforts are being made to ensure the continuing prosperity of the company. This requires the risky step of appointing an almost completely new management team. Readers are invited to reflect on the likely success of this strategy and whether Investcorp's focus on North America and Europe remains appropriate in a global marketplace.
In praise of ethnocentricity: Expatriate policies in European multinationals
Authors: Mayrhofer Wolfgang , Brewster Chris 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe international HRM literature identifies different stages of internationalisation (ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, geocentric); with a progression towards the later, most “advanced” stage. This paper uses information from European international companies to argue that most organizations still organize international HRM along ethnocentric lines and that, for a number of reasons, they are right to do so. We argue that a model where nearly all cases fall into one category may have reached the limits of its usefulness.
Judgmental heuristics in overseas vendor search and evaluation: A proposed model of importer buying behavior
Authors: Liang Neng , Stump Rodney L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article identifies theimplicitimporter buying behavior model that is suggested by import decision studies and reviews contextual factors that distinguish international sourcing from its domestic counterpart. We then discuss the major shortcomings of the implicit model, namely, the failure to take into account the cognitive processes that influence vendor search and evaluation patterns. Drawing on the cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence literatures, this paper proposes an alternative model of importer buying behavior that explicitly accounts for the use of cognitive heuristics and presents a series of testable research propositions. Theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.
Trends in international business thought and literature: A review of international market entry mode research: Integration and synthesis
Authors: Sarkar Mitrabarun , Cavusgil S. Tamer 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlthough entry mode strategy has traditionally been a central topic of research in international business, it is only recently that integrated research frameworks have developed. Largely in response to the dynamic reconfiguration of global business, these new insights from channel management, global strategy, alliances, and political economy have infused new perspectives into entry mode research. This article reviews and synthesizes this literature. Within an over‐arching classificatory framework, central themes and sub‐themes within this body of literature are identified and their inter‐linkages investigated. The evolutionary process of entry mode research is examined. The article concludes with directions for future research and the need to integrate entry mode research with partnering strategies.
Trends in international business thought and literature (supplement): The transatlantic business dialogue: Business at the negotiating table
Authors: Cowles Maria Green 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Transatlantic Business Dialogue (TABD) is a novel coalition of American and European business leaders who seek to influence their respective governments on transatlantic trade and investment matters. In the past year, the TABD has emerged as a powerful voice in setting the agenda for the “transatlantic marketplace.” This article examines the TABD's origins and development, and suggests that the TABD may serve as a future model for trade and investment negotiations.
The compleat executive: The state of international business education and some future directions
Authors: Contractor Farok J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis essay examines the current state of International Business education worldwide and comments on evolving trends. The degree of internationalization of curricula at the undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral levels is examined. In a world facing the contrary pulls of global consumerism versus the search for a local identity, what exactly should the manager learn about International Business in order to complete his or her education? The essay also examines alternative methods for organizing International Business studies at universities, as well as in the growing number of off‐site and certificate programs. It also ventures opinions on the value of an International Business major in the job market for graduating students, on whether the International Business label confers an advantage on faculty, or whether it confers a stigma, and on academic orthodoxies which have slowed the internationalization of business curricula.
From multinational to transnational?
Authors: Robinson Richard D. , Dickson John P. , Knutsen John A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA little‐researched area of international business is the extent to which U.S.‐based firms have stripped decision‐making of national bias, that is, have become true transnationals. Whether they should or not, from a nationalistic point of view, is of course a matter of opinion and the topic of this article.
The development of international business in Africa (1947–1997)
Authors: Ibru Olorogun Michael C. O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe genesis of international business in Africa from 1947 to 1996 is traced to colonial times. The article analyzes the dynamics and observes that international business in Africa witnessed growth but has not meaningfully influenced Africa's general economic development because of constraints: poor infrastructure, lack of maintenance culture, inadequate funding, debt burden and overemphasis on export of raw materials instead of manufactured goods. The article suggests placing a greater emphasis on the development of intermediate and capital goods industries and granting debt relief to all African countries as a means of further promoting international business entente in Africa.
The globalization of business in Latin America
Authors: Gómez Henry 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNew trade and exchange strategies, economic integration, political reforms, and privatization are driving Latin American firms to expand operations both within and outside the area. Additionally, multinational firms have stepped up operations, entered sectors previously dominated by state‐owned enterprises, and restructured their management. Vast projects are upgrading transport, seaports, and airports. Communications and emerging patterns in consumer life styles are redefining markets. Sweeping change, plus the challenge of becoming internationally competitive, has burgeoned management training needs for both the business and public sectors. Yet in some countries the prospects for continued reform could be reversed by hardening social tensions and voter skepticism that free market policies will effectively reduce poverty and persistent unemployment.
Case study: TV globo– the Brazilian media giant
Authors: Neto Raul De Gouvea 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBrazilian multinational corporations are operating in several markets around the globe. The export of technology is an important development toward diversification of exports and gains in global competitiveness. This article shows that a Brazilian multinational, TV Globo, has engaged in the exportation of indigenous technology in an area where the level of sophistication is relatively high and traditionally controlled by multinationals from developed countries.
A retrospective of international business education in the United States over the past fifty years
Authors: Voris William 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInternational business relationships are almost as old as mankind, but the idea that people needed to be educated to manage global business enterprises is less than 50 years old. The American Graduate School of International Management (Thunderbird), established in 1946 was the first school to provide languages, international studies, and business management as a basic education in international management. Business schools in America have been slow to realize and to promulgate courses and curriculums in the field. It has only been in the last ten years that the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business, composed of over 700 colleges and universities in the country, has become an advocate through a revision in its standards. After the words “and worldwide” were inserted in the AACSB standards of accreditation, international business education began to permeate the offerings of American business schools.
Action, regulation, and response: The tobacco industry in the United States and Canada
Authors: Tancer Shoshana B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOne of the discoveries of the New World was tobacco. It was brought to Spain by Columbus and other explorers and used for a multitude of medicinal purposes, but not until Sir Walter Raleigh brought tobacco to the English throne, explaining that the native peoples smoked this leaf, and started using a clay pipe in 1586, did smoking tobacco become known and accepted in Europe. From these beginnings in what would become Virginia, the United States tobacco industry of today grew. Today, tobacco generates some $45 billion profits for the publicly held companies in the United States, while in Canada in 1983, the sale of cigarettes alone generated Canadian $62.7 billion.
Perceptual differences in appropriateness and likelihood of use of negotiation behaviors: A cross‐cultural analysis
Authors: Volkema Roger 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the influence of culture and economic climate on perceptions of ethicality of negotiation behaviors between two emerging trading partners in the Western Hemisphere. Three hundred and forty future business leaders from Brazil and the United States rated their perceptions of the appropriateness and likelihood of use of eighteen negotiation behaviors. The results indicate significant differences in perceptions of the appropriateness of most tactics, but similarities in terms of respondents' likelihood of employing tactics that involve third parties. For respondents from both countries, traditional competitive bargaining behaviors (e.g., pretending you are in no hurry, hiding your bottom line, exaggerating an opening demand) were among the most accepted tactics. The implications of these findings for cross‐cultural negotiations are discussed, along with opportunities for future research.
An environmental agenda for APEC: Lessons from NAFTA
Authors: Rugman Alan M. , Soloway Julie A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum has been slow to deal with trade and the environment issues. In contrast, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and its environmental side agreement incorporate extensive environmental provisions and institutions in its framework. APEC could usefully build upon the NAFTA experience.
Integrating ethics into international marketing strategy: An extension of Robin and Reidenbach's framework
Authors: Griffith David A. , Mayo Michael A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study proposes and tests an extension of Robin and Reidenbach's (1987) model of integrating ethics into the strategic marketing development process. The model extension may help marketing managers to identify the publics that might be negatively impacted by a given strategic option and the duties marketers may assume to safeguard public welfare in these instances. A sample of 155 marketing practitioners was used to examine how marketers apply ethical values upon entering new markets. This study suggests that, contrary to public sentiment, marketers are sensitive to potential consumer harm and act to minimize this risk.
Small‐Bowel Obstruction Secondary to Bezoar Impaction: A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Ho Thomas W. , Koh Dean C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundGastrointestinal bezoar (GIB) is uncommon and is reported to occur in 4% of all admissions for small‐bowel obstruction (SBO). Because of a lack of diagnostic features, it is often associated with a delay in treatment, with increased morbidity. In this article, we report our experience with managing bezoar‐induced SBO and the role of early computed tomography (CT) imaging in establishing the diagnosis.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all cases of bezoar‐induced SBO treated in our unit between 1999 and 2005.ResultsThere were 43 patients, of whom 2 had a recurrence, giving a total of 45 episodes. The frequency of bezoar in our patients presenting with SBO was 4.3%. All patients were of Asian origin: 41 Chinese, 1 Indian, and 1 Malay. Twenty‐eight (65%) patients had previous abdominal surgery of which 26 were gastric surgery. Thirty‐eight (88%) patients were edentulous. Forty‐one (91%) underwent serial abdominal radiography, whereas only 4 patients (9%) had either CT imaging or contrast study alone. Only 11 (24%) cases had a correct diagnosis of bezoar impaction made preoperatively by CT imaging. The diagnostic accuracy of CT imaging in our series was 65%, with six cases of misdiagnosis. Overall, CT led to a change in management of 76% (13 in 17). The median time to surgery from admission was 2 (0–0) days. There were 2 cases of ischemic bowel that necessitated bowel resection. The median length of hospital stay was 11 (5–100) days. Ten patients (22%) had postoperative complications, and there was one death.ConclusionBezoar‐induced SBO is uncommon and remains a diagnostic and management challenge. It should be suspected in patients with an increased risk of formation of GIB, such as previous gastric surgery, poor dentition, and a suggestive history of increased fibre intake. We advocate that CT imaging be performed early in these at‐risk patients and in patients presenting with SBO with or without a history of abdominal surgery in order to reduce unnecessary delays before appropriate surgical intervention.
Survival after Parathyroidectomy in Patients with End‐stage Renal Disease and Severe Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Trombetti Andrea , Stoermann Catherine , Robert John H. , Herrmann François R. , Pennisi Pietra , Martin Pierre‐Yves , Rizzoli René 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundPatients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) are at high risk of mortality. Whether an increased risk of death persists after a parathyroidectomy (PTX) is not clearly established.Subjects and methodsThe survival of 40 patients with ESRD and SHPT who underwent PTX was compared with that of 664 ESRD patients.ResultsFrom first dialysis, a lower mortality rate was found in the group of patients who underwent PTX than in the nonoperated ESRD group (hazard ratio: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.14–0.37). The patients who underwent PTX were younger, had a longer time on dialysis, and had a higher prevalence of kidney transplantation. The mean number of comorbidities was lower (Charlson score 4.2 ± 2.1 versus 6.4 ± 2.9, p < 0.001). Then, we randomly selected two matched controls for each PTX case (80 controls, 40 PTX) who had at least an equivalent mean duration of dialysis between the first dialysis and PTX of the PTX group. In a univariate model, there was a trend for PTX being associated with prolonged survival. The mortality was higher both among those at an advanced age and those with a high Charlson score. Adjustments for these covariates made the effect of PTX no more significant.ConclusionsThe risk of death of patients with severe SHPT leading to PTX differed from that of nonoperated subjects. The apparent differences in survival may be related to the number and severity of associated comorbidities. ESRD patients who undergo PTX may represent a subset of healthier subjects.