bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ordovician and Silurian nautiloid cephalopods from Anticosti Island: traject across the Ordovician–Silurian (O–S) mass extinction boundary
Authors: Holland Charles Hepworth , Copper Paul 
Published: November 2008

Well-preserved shells of Ashgill (Katian–Hirnantian) and Llandovery nautiloids from Anticosti Island include the type species of 10 genera. From a diversity high of some 40 described nektic and nektobenthic species during the deeper water, distal shelf facies of the Vaureal Formation (late Katian, Richmondian), the succeeding Hirnantian shows a decline to ca. 19 species in the shallower water Ellis Bay Formation. A number of Katian species possessed very large orthoconchs (>1 m in length), but Hirnantian species were less than half that size. The initial earliest Silurian (Rhuddanian, Becscie Formation) recovery nautiloid fauna is impoverished, with low diversity (one sp.?), and generally dwarfed, to shells with diameters of <1 cm. Nautiloid diversity expanded and progressed to some 22 species in the late Aeronian through Telychian Jupiter and Chicotte formations, with an apparent peak in the Goéland Member of the Jupiter Formation. Three new species, Actinoceras lesperancei , Eridites barnesi , and Diestoceras macgilvrayoceras , are described. The distribution of shells within the succession defines the fauna’s stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic significance, with a changing mix of Baltic and Laurentian taxa.
Attention-spreading Based on Hierarchical Spatial Representations for Connected Objects
Authors: Kasai Tetsuko 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Attention selects objects or groups as the most fundamental unit, and this may be achieved through a process in which attention automatically spreads throughout their entire region. Previously, we found that a lateralized potential relative to an attended hemifield at occipito-temporal electrode sites reflects attention-spreading in response to connected bilateral stimuli [Kasai, T., & Kondo, M. Electrophysiological correlates of attention-spreading in visual grouping. NeuroReport, 18, 93–98, 2007]. The present study examined the nature of object representations by manipulating the extent of grouping through connectedness, while controlling the symmetrical structure of bilateral stimuli. The electrophysiological results of two experiments consistently indicated that attention was guided twice in association with perceptual grouping in the early phase (N1, 150–200 msec poststimulus) and with the unity of an object in the later phase (N2pc, 310/330–390 msec). This suggests that there are two processes in object-based spatial selection, and these are discussed with regard to their cognitive mechanisms and object representations.
The Neural Development of an Abstract Concept of Number
Authors: Cantlon Jessica F. , Libertus Melissa E. , Pinel Philippe , Dehaene Stanislas , Brannon Elizabeth M. , Pelphrey Kevin A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
As literate adults, we appreciate numerical values as abstract entities that can be represented by a numeral, a word, a number of lines on a scorecard, or a sequence of chimes from a clock. This abstract, notation-independent appreciation of numbers develops gradually over the first several years of life. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examine the brain mechanisms that 6- and 7-year-old children and adults recruit to solve numerical comparisons across different notation systems. The data reveal that when young children compare numerical values in symbolic and nonsymbolic notations, they invoke the same network of brain regions as adults including occipito-temporal and parietal cortex. However, children also recruit inferior frontal cortex during these numerical tasks to a much greater degree than adults. Our data lend additional support to an emerging consensus from adult neuroimaging, nonhuman primate neurophysiology, and computational modeling studies that a core neural system integrates notation-independent numerical representations throughout development but, early in development, higher-order brain mechanisms mediate this process.
Induced Alpha-band Oscillations Reflect Ratio-dependent Number Discrimination in the Infant Brain
Authors: Libertus Melissa E. , Pruitt Laura B. , Woldorff Marty G. , Brannon Elizabeth M. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Behavioral studies show that infants are capable of discriminating the number of objects or events in their environment, while also suggesting that number discrimination in infancy may be ratio-dependent. However, due to limitations of the dependent measures used with infant behavioral studies, the evidence for ratio dependence falls short of the vast psychophysical datasets that have established ratio dependence, and thus, adherence to Weber's Law in adults and nonhuman animals. We addressed this issue in two experiments that presented 7-month-old infants with familiar and novel numerosities while electroencephalogram measures of their brain activity were recorded. These data provide convergent evidence that the brains of 7-month-old infants detected numerical novelty. Alpha-band and theta-band oscillations both differed for novel and familiar numerical values. Most importantly, spectral power in the alpha band over midline and right posterior scalp sites was modulated by the ratio between the familiar and novel numerosities. Our findings provide neural evidence that numerical discrimination in infancy is ratio dependent and follows Weber's Law, thus indicating continuity of these cognitive processes over development. Results are also consistent with the idea that networks in the frontal and parietal cortices support ratio-dependent number discrimination in the first year of human life, consistent with what has been reported in neuroimaging studies in adults and older children.
Eight Arabic Block Prints from the Collection of Aziz S. Atiya
Authors: Muehlhaeusler Mark 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article describes a group of medieval Arabic block prints from the collection of Aziz S. Atiya preserved (with one exception) at the J. Willard Marriott Library at the University of Utah. It provides transcriptions of the texts, translations and notes, and discusses some aspects of the history of block-printing in the Middle East. This article also considers the place of block-printed amulets within the larger Islamic magical tradition, and examines parallels in a variety of sources.
L'énigme du manuscrit 1218b de la Baladiyya d'Alexandrie : un étrange vadémécum attribué faussement au traditionniste Ibn Huzayma
Authors: Gimaret Daniel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractContrairement à ce qui se lit dans Sezgin, GAS, I, 601, le Kitāb al-Tawhīd figurant dans un manuscrit d'Alexandrie et prétendument attribué à Ibn Huzayma (m. 311/924) s'avère à l'examen sans rapport aucun avec le célèbre ouvrage du non moins célèbre traditionniste. Divisé en une cinquantaine de chapitres, chacun consacré à l'explication d'un terme donné, le livre se présente comme un lexique à l'attention des ahl al-sunna wa-l-ğamāa. Y sont développées d'abord majoritairement les thèses classiques du sunnisme traditionaliste de type hanbalite, tant au plan théologique (foi indissociable des œuvres, contre les murği'ites ; réalité des attributs anthopomorphiques « sans chercher comment », contre les mu'tazilites ; etc.) que politique (légitimité des trois premiers califes, contre les chiites). Très vite cependant interviennent d'autres notions caractéristiques, elles, de la spiritualité soufie ou apparentée, où domine l'idée de renoncement au monde (zuhd), mais où se retrouvent aussi tous les mots-phares du vocabulaire mystique tels que mahabba, sabr, adab, ma'rifa, tawakkul, riyā, 'uğb, etc. Diverses raisons, de forme comme de fond, montrent à l'évidence, selon nous, que l'auteur du livre – où se remarquent par ailleurs bon nombre d'étrangetés – ne saurait être Ibn Huzayma. Quant à savoir qui est l'auteur véritable, la question reste pour l'instant sans réponse.
Les dialectes arabes modernes : état et nouvelles perspectives pour la classification géo-sociologique
Authors: Embarki Mohamed 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLa classification géographique et/ou sociologique des dialectes arabes modernes s'appuie, entre autres, sur certaines unités phonologiques qui, confrontées à une comparaison très minutieuse, ne s'avèrent pas fortement discriminantes. Les mêmes unités se retrouvent dans les parlers de plusieurs régions et variétés sociologiques à la fois en synchronie et en diachronie. Ont été revisitées plusieurs unités consonantiques et vocaliques dans diverses variétés linguistiques arabes (protoarabe, dialectes arabes anciens, arabe classique, arabe moyen, arabe moderne et dialectes arabes modernes). Devant cette extrême variabilité, la présente étude discute d'une part les éléments qui permettent de déceler dans les unités phonologiques celles produites par des développements parallèles vs celles qui sont le fruit des mécanismes de diffusion vs celles issues d'un processus d'héritage. L'hypothèse défendue dans cette étude est que certaines unités phonologiques, considérées comme discriminantes, sont le résultat soit d'un long héritage passé de l'arabe ancien aux dialectes arabes modernes, soit d'un processus de diffusion ample qui s'était développé à une époque très lointaine. D'autre part, elle verse dans le champ de la dialectologie arabe, à des fins de classification, des indices acoustiques fins dépendant de deux phénomènes différents, la coarticulation et la prosodie.
Declaratory Judgments and Official Apologies as Forms of Reparation for the Non-Material Damage Suffered by the State: the Djibouti-France Case
Authors: Fasoli Elena 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe present article deals with the different manifestations of the non-material damage in inter-State legal relations. The recent decision rendered by the International Court of Justice on 4 June 2008 regarding certain questions of mutual assistance in criminal matters between Djibouti and France provides an opportunity to examine the intricate distinction between legal and moral damage and the consequences deriving therefrom, in terms of reparation. The judgment confirms a tendency emerging from legal literature as well as by international practice, that different types of non-material damage require different forms of reparation. Official apologies or public acknowledgment of the wrongful act – although also theoretically applicable as reparation for legal damage – are considered the most appropriate forms of reparation for the moral damage caused to a State. On the other hand, the judicial declaration of the unlawful character of an act appears an important reparatory result for the legal damage implicit in the breach of any international obligation.
Stimulating Research and Development of Pharmaceutical Products for Neglected Diseases
Authors: Stirner Beatrice 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article provides an introduction to the problem of pharmaceutical research and development of medicinal products for neglected diseases in developing countries. The prevailing market-based intellectual property incentive model of global pharmaceutical innovation has focussed health research priorities mainly on needs of industrialized countries. Increased international attention to the lack of health tools to prevent or treat diseases affecting impoverished regions has raised the discussion on how to encourage sustainable innovation in this area with little or no market. Proposals include models such as for example prize funds, advanced purchase commitments patent pools or creative licensing strategies and seek to complement the current intellectual property based incentive mechanism and government's innovation policy instruments such as tax credits or public research funds. Indispensable requirement to tackle the issue of neglected diseases, however, is a concerted commitment of all stakeholders on national and international levels.
The Rule of Exhaustion of Local Remedies in the Context of the Responsibility of International Organisations
Authors: Thallinger Gerhard 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn the context of the responsibility of international organisations the duty to exhaust local remedies shall apply as a modified exhaustion of the internal remedies rule. Thereby, international organisations, like states, can avail themselves of the opportunity to rectify the behaviour of their organs by their own means. Against the backdrop of the raison d'être of international organisations, internal remedies do not necessarily have to meet the same stringent requirements as local remedies within states but must provide comparable legal redress. In order to render a claim against an international organisation admissible, such internal remedies have to be invoked beforehand. In toto, such an approach might serve as an incentive for international organisations to enhance means of legal review and promote legal protection of individuals against acts of international organisations that do today exercise state-like jurisdiction in an incremental number of instances.
Current State of the Law of International Watercourses: Progress and Paradigm Shifts 1815–2008
Authors: Malla Katak 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article focuses on the current state of the law of international watercourses. Progress and management paradigm shifts of the regime of uses and environmental protection of the international watercourses (1815–2008) are examined through the main sources of international law. Current state of the law is demonstrated by analysing the transition of the various concepts and approaches (i.e. international river to international basin), substantive principles (i.e. absolute sovereignty to equitable utilisation), implementation mechanisms (i.e. piecemeal to integrated management) and dispute settlement venues (i.e. adjudication to impartial fact-finding). The present state of the law recognises developmental needs and environmental considerations as equal, establishing parity between the regimes of uses and environmental protection. The findings can be helpful to determine how the law of international watercourses, particularly relevant treaties, has to be aligned with sustainable developments, elaborating the prospects for an integrated legal perspective, combating the adverse impacts of the global hydro-climate change.
Minority Rights, Democracy and Development: The African Experience
Authors: Appiagyei-Atua Kwadwo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe article contends that in spite of recent attempts to marry human rights to development, the marriage remains one of convenience, and to the inconvenience of disadvantaged groups, particularly indigenous peoples who are the focus of discussion. The author further contends that contrary to the claim that the relationship between rights and development were non-existent to begin with, there was such recognition. In the context of promoting effective minority rights which lies at the heart of peace and stability in Africa, a re-visioning of the relationship between rights, democracy and development in Africa is suggested which challenges the current notions of “market democracy,” “good governance” and “liberal international orthodoxy”. The analysis tackles ways in which effective promotion of minority rights can be realised, based on a cultural relativist perspective. The paper finally proposes the creation of a distinct Protocol or Charter on Minority Peoples in Africa to better serve their peculiar needs and interests.
Annual Cycle of Rainfall in the Western North Pacific and East Asian Sector
Authors: Chou Chia , Huang Li-Fan , Tseng Lishan , Tu Jien-Yi , Tan Pei-Hua 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The annual cycle of precipitation over the western North Pacific and East Asian (WNP–EA) sector has five major periods: spring, the first and second wet periods, fall, and winter. In this study, processes that induce precipitation in each period are examined from a large-scale point of view. The wet phase over this sector has two distinct periods, which are dominated by the Asian summer monsoon circulation induced by the land–ocean contrast of net energy into the atmospheric column (Fnet). In the first wet period, the pre-mei-yu/mei-yu rainband is directly associated with a moisture flux convergence caused by the southwesterly Asian summer monsoon flow and the southeasterly trade winds, and indirectly associated with a dynamic feedback induced by this horizontal moisture convergence. The tropical convection, in the meantime, is associated with a rising motion that is induced by positive Fnet. In the second wet period, the WNP summer monsoon gyre dominates the rainfall of this region, which is partially associated with warmer local sea surface temperature (SST) via positive Fnet. The land–sea contrast of Fnet and the atmosphere–ocean interaction also play an important role in establishing the monsoon gyre. The dry phase over the WNP–EA region is the winter period in which precipitation is associated with winter storm activities and large-scale lifting associated with a pressure surge. In the two transition phases, due to a difference in heat capacity, the atmosphere and ocean have distinct impacts on precipitation, albeit similar solar insolations during the two periods. In the spring period, the atmospheric condition is favorable for convection, while the ocean surface is relatively colder, so the horizontal moisture advection associated with the westward extent of the Pacific subtropical high, which is different from a typical winter frontal system, is a major source for the spring rain. In the fall period, however, the atmospheric conditions dominated by the Asian winter monsoon circulation suppress convection, while relatively warmer SST still maintains tropical convection over the southern part of the WNP–EA region. Over the northern part of the WNP–EA region, the fall precipitation is associated with frontal systems, similar to those in winter.
Hadley Cell Widening: Model Simulations versus Observations
Authors: Johanson Celeste M. , Fu Qiang 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Observations show that the Hadley cell has widened by about 2°–5° since 1979. This widening and the concomitant poleward displacement of the subtropical dry zones may be accompanied by large-scale drying near 30°N and 30°S. Such drying poses a risk to inhabitants of these regions who are accustomed to established rainfall patterns. Simple and comprehensive general circulation models (GCMs) indicate that the Hadley cell may widen in response to global warming, warming of the west Pacific, or polar stratospheric cooling. The combination of these factors may be responsible for the recent observations. But there is no study so far that has compared the observed widening to GCM simulations of twentieth-century climate integrated with historical changes in forcings. Here the Hadley cell widening is assessed in current GCMs from historical simulations of the twentieth century as well as future climate projections and preindustrial control runs. The authors find that observed widening cannot be explained by natural variability. This observed widening is also significantly larger than in simulations of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. These results illustrate the need for further investigation into the discrepancy between the observed and simulated widening of the Hadley cell.
El Niño Impacts on Precipitation in the Western North Pacific–East Asian Sector
Authors: Chou Chia , Huang Li-Fan , Tu Jien-Yi , Tseng Lishan , Hsueh Yu-Chieh 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
In this study, the western North Pacific–East Asian (WNP–EA) rainfall anomaly induced by the strong El Niño in 1982–83, 1991–92, and 1997–98, and its association with the mean state, are examined. Over the northern part of the WNP–EA region (north of 20°N), which is dominated by southwest–northeast tilting frontal systems, positive rainfall anomalies from the fall before the El Niño peak phase (year 0) to the first wet period after the peak phase (year 1) are affected by low- and midlevel horizontal moisture convergence anomalies induced by low-level anticyclonic circulation anomalies over the WNP region that are associated with El Niño. Over the southern part of the WNP–EA region (south of 20°N), which is dominated by tropical convection, positive precipitation anomalies in the first and second wet periods of year 0 and negative precipitation anomalies from the fall of year 0 to the second wet period of year 1 are associated with the variation of the net energy into the atmosphere, which is mainly contributed to by local evaporation anomalies. The mechanisms for inducing the precipitation anomalies over both northern and southern parts of the WNP–EA region are similar to the mechanisms of the mean precipitation in each rainy period, but the detailed processes for the southern WNP–EA precipitation anomalies are more complicated, particularly in summer. In the first wet periods of years 0 and 1 and the fall of year 0, the precipitation anomalies are induced by evaporation anomalies that are contributed to by similar effects of sea surface temperature (SST) and wind speed anomalies. In the second wet period of years 0 and 1, on the other hand, near-surface wind speed anomalies affect precipitation via the process of evaporation. These wind speed anomalies are associated with the concurrence of the low-level circulation anomalies over the WNP region and the Asian summer monsoon trough. The SST anomalies are merely a response to evaporation and downward solar radiation anomalies. The dependence of the rainfall anomalies on the mean state, that is, similar causes for the rainfall mean and anomalies in each rainy period, implies that the mean state plays a key role in simulating the interannual variation over the WNP–EA region.
A UK consensus on the administration of aripiprazole for the treatment of mania
Authors: Aitchison KJ , Bienroth M , Cookson J , Gray R , Haddad PM , Moore B , Ratna L , Sullivan G , Taylor D , Taylor M , Goodwin GM 
Published: November 2008

Abstract Aripiprazole has recently received approval for the treatment of moderate to severe manic episodes in bipolar I disorder and prevention of new manic episodes in aripiprazole-responsive patients. Aripiprazole differs from other antipsychotics in its pharmacology, and the need for prescribing guidance in the UK was recently identified. A UK multidisciplinary panel was convened in November 2007. This report describes the consensus agreed during the meeting on the optimal approach to prescribing aripiprazole: how best to approach initiation of, and switching to, treatment with aripiprazole and management strategies for side effects. A literature review of the randomised controlled clinical trials of aripiprazole in mania supports these recommendations. Aripiprazole should be initiated at 15 mg/day (range 5–20 mg/day). If necessary, adjunctive medication should be used in early treatment to manage side effects or assist in management of symptoms such as agitation. When switching to aripiprazole, the therapeutic dose of current treatment should be maintained while adding aripiprazole 15 (5–20) mg/day. Only once an effective dose of aripiprazole is reached should previous medication be reduced. Nausea, insomnia and agitation typically resolve within days. Some principles for dosing and switching are provided to assist with a successful treatment outcome with aripiprazole in mania.