bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abnormal Growth Hormone Response to TRH in Chronic Adolescent Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Weizman Ronit , Weizman Abraham , Tyano Sam , Gil-Ad Irit , Laron Zvi 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThere was a significant rise in the human growth hormone response to intravenous thyrotropin releasing hormone in 5 of 10 chronic schizophrenic adolescents maintained on antipsychotic agents, but in none of 10 age and sex matched control subjects. In 4 of the 5 patients with growth hormone rise there was a positive family history of schizophrenia, but such a family history was obtained in only one of the non-responding schizophrenics.
A Comparison of In-Patient Costs of Treatment and Care in a Scottish Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: McKechnie A. A. , Rae D. , May J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA comparison has been made of costs within in-patient units in a large Scottish psychiatric hospital. Cost differences were found between short-stay, rehabilitation and long-stay psychosis units and beds for the elderly with mental disorder. These differences reflected staffing levels, particularly of nurses. The costs were greater than average for psychiatric hospitals and approximated to geriatric units—a finding in keeping with the high occupancy of beds by the elderly. Existing long-stay elderly patients require to be considered separately in distinguishing elderly in-patient costs without total psychogeriatric care offered by society.
Cushing's Syndrome and Depression—A Prospective Study of 26 Patients
Authors: Kelly William F. , Checkley Stuart A. , Bender David A. , Mashiter Keith 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOf 26 patients with active Cushing's syndrome assessed before and at three and 12 months after treatment, 21 had pituitary-dependent disease. Median urinary free Cortisol values (per 24 hours) were 680, 180 and 200 nmol at zero, three and 12 months (normal <270 nmol), with significant improvement (P <0.001) at three and 12 months. Depression on the Hamilton rating scale was significantly less at three months (P <0.01) and at 12 months (P <0.001). We have already demonstrated that some patients with Cushing's syndrome have PSE diagnoses of depression and are more depressed than patients with other pituitary tumours. This is the firmest evidence to date that when Cushing's syndrome occurs it commonly causes depressive illness.
Autonomic Arousal in Eating Disorders: Further Evidence for the Clinical Subdivision of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Calloway Paul , Fonagy Peter , Wakeling Anthony 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAutonomic arousal, measured by skin conductance level and response, was examined in 36 female patients with eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa) and 32 control subjects. No differences were found between the control group and anorexics who lost weight solely through dieting (restricting anorexics). Patients with a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa and anorexics with bulimic features, however, showed fewer spontaneous skin conductance responses and were faster to habituate to 85 dB tones than either controls or restricting anorexic patients. The pattern of findings supports recent views concerning the clinical subdivision of anorexia nervosa.
Characteristics of Child Battering in Hong Kong: A Controlled Study
Authors: Lieh-Mak F. , Chung S. Y. , Liu Y. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe characteristics in Hong Kong of 37 cases of child battering and their families compared to a control group matched for age of child and social class of family revealed that the families of battered children had significantly more problems, with a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorder among the parents. The victims were usually the product of unwanted pregnancy and had been separated from their parents in the first year of life. In Hong Kong older children rather than infants were at risk of being battered. The cultural factors in operation are discussed.
The use of Ward Support by Psychiatric Patients in the Community
Authors: Mitchell S. F. , Birley J. L. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA system of ward support for chronic psychiatric patients in an urban community is described, which makes available ward and staff facilities throughout the 24 hours and at weekends. Details are given of a group of 41 patients using this facility over a period of six months. Two types of use of the ward were identified, based on the amount of social interaction with other staff and patients. The ‘unengaged’, with a high rate of visits, were mainly schizophrenic patients with an early first onset of illness and currently a scanty social network (small primary group and often no confidant). The ‘engaged’, with a lower rate of visits, were people with a later onset and a larger social network.
The Prognosis of Depression in Old Age
Authors: Murphy Elaine 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe paper describes a one year prospective study of 124 elderly depressed patients. Only one third of the group had a good outcome. Poor outcome was associated with severity of initial illness, those with depressive delusions having a particularly poor outcome. Outcome was also influenced by physical health problems and severe life events in the follow-up year. Social class differences in outcome were thought to be due to class differences in the experience of severe life events. There was no evidence that an intimate relationship protected against relapse in the face of continuing life stress.
Distress or Illness? a Study of Psychological Symptoms after Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Lloyd G. G. , Cawley R. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree groups of patients were identified during a study of men who had recently suffered an acute myocardial infarction: those with psychiatric morbidity antedating the infarction, those with psychiatric morbidity immediately following the infarction and those with no significant psychopathology. Compared to the other two groups, patients with psychiatric morbidity before the infarction were more likely to be unmarried, unemployed and to have received previous psychiatric treatment. They also obtained higher scores for neuroticism and psychoticism on personality assessment. Patients whose symptoms have been precipitated by the infarction resembled the psychologically healthy group with regard to their demographic characteristics and personality. Their symptoms tended to be transient, improving without special psychiatric treatment.
Genetics of Neurosis
Authors: Torgersen Svenn 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a study of 229 neurotic same-sex adult twins admitted to all psychiatric in- and out-patient clinics and mental hospitals in Norway, a statistically significant, moderately higher concordance was found for MZ than for DZ twins. When the sample was subdivided, this higher concordance for MZ pairs was true only for male twins and for twins admitted to mental hospitals. The results are compared to those from earlier studies; different findings on the importance of genetic factors in the development of neuroses may be due to differences in sample selection.
Family History Study of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia
Authors: Hudson James I. , Pope Harrison G. , Jonas Jeffrey M. , Yurgelun-Todd Deborah 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe 420 first-degree relatives of 14 patients with anorexia nervosa, 55 patients with bulimia, and 20 patients with both disorders were evaluated for the presence of psychiatric illness, using DSM-III criteria, by the family history method. The morbid risk for affective disorder in the families of the eating disorder probands was similar to that found in the families of patients with bipolar disorder; but was significantly greater than that found in the families of patients with schizophrenia or borderline personality disorder. These results add to the growing evidence that anorexia nervosa and bulimia are closely related to affective disorder.
Prognostic Implications of the Sex of Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Salokangas Raimo 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn two follow-up studies of a total of 175 patients, carried out approximately eight years after first hospitalization, men were under hospital care more often and for more prolonged periods than women, but used outpatient services less. At the end there were only small differences in clinical condition between the sexes, but social condition, as depicted by social adjustment, psychosexual situation and work adjustment, was clearly poorer in men than in women. This was perhaps a reflection of the men's poorer premorbid psychosocial development and social role. The differences between the sexes in the prognosis for schizophrenia are considered.
Visual Evoked Potentials in Schizophrenia
Authors: Connolly J. F. , Gruzelier J. H. , Manchanda R. , Hirsch S. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryVisual evoked potentials (VEP) to different flash intensities were recorded at a central site (Cz) plus at homologous temporal and occipital locations in normal and unmedicated schizophrenic subjects. Schizophrenic patients showed an hemisphere asymmetry of the P100–N120 peak-trough amplitude with smaller left but larger right hemisphere amplitudes than normal. Further, two subgroups of patients were found with abnormalities lateralized to the left hemisphere. One group was found to have abnormal P100 amplitude-intensity patterns at the left temporal site while the other group showed deviant N120 amplitude-intensity patterns at the left occipital location. The clinical significance of these results can be seen in the higher nuclear schizophrenia (PSE-CATEGO) scores in the left temporal subgroup and the higher hypomania and situational anxiety scores in the left occipital group. Patients also showed slower than normal P100 and N120 peak latencies.
The Abrupt Withdrawal of Antiparkinsonian Drugs in Mentally Handicapped Patients
Authors: Carter Graham 
Published: August 2008

SummaryLong-term antiparkinsonian medication given to 20 mentally handicapped patients also on neuroleptics was abruptly withdrawn. Transient extrapyramidal signs developed in most patients during the following four weeks but in 60 per cent had disappeared by 12 weeks. Reintroduction of medication was necessary in only three patients, who developed acute dystonic reactions within one week of withdrawal.
Social Phobia: A Comparative Clinical Study
Authors: Amies P. L. , Gelder M. G. , Shaw P. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEighty-seven people with the symptom of social phobia were compared with 57 people with the symptom of agoraphobia to determine whether these symptoms were part of distinct syndromes. Comparisons were made on demographic, clinical and questionnaire data. Significant differences were found on important variables. The social phobics were younger and more often male, unmarried, and from social classes I and II. The pattern of phobic situations was different in the two groups and so was the pattern of autonomic symptoms experienced in these situations. Symptoms visible to others were more frequent among social phobics. Fainting was more frequent among the agoraphobics.
Growth Hormone Response to Clonidine in Obsessive-Compulsive Patients
Authors: Siever Larry J. , Insel Thomas R. , Jimerson David C. , Lake C. Raymond , Uhde Thomas W. , Aloi Joseph , Murphy Dennis L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWe have observed a lesser growth hormone response to intravenous clonidine administration in nine obsessive-compulsive disorder patients meeting research diagnostic criteria than in nine matched controls. The obsessive-compulsive disorder patients had higher plasma free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and plasma norepinephrine levels before clonidine than the controls. As blunted growth hormone responses to clonidine are also characteristic of affective disorder patients, these results support other observations of a psychobiologic affinity between these two groups and are also compatible with an association between increased presynaptic noradrenergic activity and decreased post-synaptic receptor responsiveness.
Decreased Imipramine Binding in the Brains of Patients with Depressive Illness
Authors: Perry E. K. , Marshall E. F. , Blessed G. , Tomlinson B. E. , Perry R. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe binding of tritiated imipramine was significantly reduced in the hippocampus and occipital cortex from a series of patients with depressive illness compared with age-matched patients with no psychiatric disorder. In contrast there was no change in imipramine binding in established cases of senile dementia of Alzheimer-type. Scatchard analysis indicated normal binding affinity but a reduction in the number of imipramine binding sites in depression. These observations parallel previous findings of decreased binding sites in platelets from depressed patients and suggest there may be an abnormality in the uptake mechanism for serotonin in depression.
A Psychiatric Service to the Remote Areas of Botswana
Authors: Ben-Tovim David I. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA psychiatric service was provided to the remote areas of Botswana by means of regular visits from psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses to the primary care facilities in those areas. The service was well used by the local health workers and general populations and encountered a substantial psychiatric morbidity. Studies in one region indicated that by using the primary care staff as case finders a substantial proportion of a total likely population of schizophrenic and epileptic patients could be bought into treatment. The specific conditions that enabled this service to become established are discussed.
Dreaming: The Functional State-Shift Hypothesis
Authors: Koukkou M. , Lehmann D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe different brain functional states during sleep and wakefulness are associated with differences in processing strategies, memory stores, and EEG patterns. Shifts of functional state occur spontaneously or as orienting reactions to processed information, and cause the formal characteristics of dreams. Forgetting of dreams is a function of the magnitude of the difference between states during storage and recall. Based on EEG similarities between sleep stages and developmental stages, brain states during sleep in adults are proposed to correspond functionally with waking states during childhood. Repeated functional regressions occur during sleep, with access to earlier memory material and cognitive strategies unavailable during waking life, so that earlier experiences can be used for current problems. This dream work constitutes the biological significance of sleep.
Psychiatric Disorder in Women from an Edinburgh Community: Associations with Demographic Factors
Authors: Surtees P. G. , Dean C. , Ingham J. G. , Kreitman N. B. , Miller P. McC. , Sashidharan S. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe prevalence of psychiatric disorder was determined according to alternative diagnostic criteria in a random sample of 576 women from an Edinburgh community. Whichever diagnostic system was applied, significantly higher rates of disorder were found among the working class, the unemployed and women who were divorced, widowed, separated or cohabiting; in the subgroup of women who met all these conditions, up to half were found to satisfy the diagnostic criteria. The observed prevalence estimates can be explained as the effects of each demographic factor acting independently, no interaction effects being needed. Our results are discussed in relation to the findings of others, and in terms of the statistical issues involved.
First Rank Symptoms as Predictors of ECT Response in Schizophrenia
Authors: Koehler Karl , Sauer Heinrich 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFirst rank symptoms (FRS) in association with affective features predict improvement on ECT. When affectivity was disregarded in 142 schizophrenic probands given ECT and the relationship between FRS alone and ECT response examined, those without FRS had a significantly better ECT outcome score than those with FRS. In various schizophrenic sub-samples, defined in terms of hypothesized predictive abilities of different sets of FRS, no differences came to light.
Low CSF Concentrations of Cyclic GMP in Schizophrenia
Authors: Gattaz W. F. , Cramer H. , Beckmann H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIncreasing evidence suggests that the concentrations of cyclic guanosine 3′5′-monophosphate (cGMP) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may reflect central cholinergic activity. When the concentrations of this nucleotide in the CSF from 28 schizophrenic patients (13 without and 15 with neuroleptic treatment) and 16 psychiatrically healthy controls was determined the schizophrenics showed significantly lower CSF levels of cGMP as compared to controls.As dopamine and homovanillic acid concentrations were not altered in these CSF samples, this finding of reduced cGMP suggests a cholinergic-dopaminergic imbalance in schizophrenia, with a reduction of the former and consequently a relative dominance of the latter.
Eating Attitudes and Neurotic Symptoms in University Students
Authors: Clarke M. G. , Palmer R. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA postal survey of male and female university students is reported, using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT) and the Crown Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI). Eleven per cent of the 156 female respondents but none of 120 males scored above 30 on the EAT, thereby declaring eating attitudes comparable to anorexic subjects. Of those interviewed, none fulfilled diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, but half showed eating disorder of clinical severity. There was a clear association between high EAT scores and higher scores on all the subscales of the CCEI except the phobic scale. The results are discussed in relation to ideas about the possible origins of clinical eating disorders.
USA: Michigan State University
Authors: Werner Arnold 
Published: August 2008

SummaryProblems in psychiatric and psychosocial education arise from the absence of agreement on curricular content, failure to emphasize observable skill development, and the ambivalent views on psychosocial material found in modern medicine. The curriculum for medical students presented here emphasizes an integrated approach to teaching psychiatry and psychosocial material. Great emphasis is placed on interviewing and history-taking as well as on problem-solving. Specific courses in development, psychiatry and ageing are prescribed. Preclinical education in psychiatry emphasizes a bio-psycho-social view of mental disorder.
Undergraduate Medical Students in Denmark
Authors: Nystrup Jørgen , Rafaelsen Ole J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe increasing role of psychiatry in the medical curriculum in Denmark is described. The general schedule of psychiatric teaching to medical students is outlined, emphasizing some of the special features of the Danish tradition. Roughly speaking, six per cent of all curriculum time is devoted to psychiatry. Clinical psychiatry, medical psychology and human sexuality are described separately. Interesting new possibilities for psychiatry in connection with a current curriculum reform, allotting more time to clerkships, elective periods and liaison teaching are pointed out.
The Frequency of Psychiatric Disorders among Patients Attending Semi-Urban and Rural General Out-Patient Clinics in Kenya
Authors: Dhadphale M. , Ellison R. H. , Griffin L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (PM) was studied among general hospital out-patients in a rural and in a semi-urban area of Kenya. There were no significant differences in the demographic features of psychiatric patients from the two areas, so the results were pooled: this gave a PM prevalence rate of 29 per cent among 388 patients. Anxiety and depression were the most frequent diagnostic categories. Alcoholism was more common in the rural than in the semi-urban area. There was no sex difference in the prevalence of PM and possible reasons for this, which is in contrast to western findings, are discussed.Psychiatric symptoms could be readily elicited when present. Patients showing them had been ill longer than non-PM patients.The study suggests that clinic staff not psychiatrically trained should be able to identify and treat psychiatric morbidity, even when it is presented as somatic illness.
Relationship between Neurosis and Personality Disorder
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Casey Patricia , Gall Joanna 
Published: August 2008

Summary316 psychiatric patients—predominantly out-patients—with a clinical diagnosis of neurosis (International Classification of Disease), were given an interview schedule for assessing personality disorders. Nearly two fifths were rated as having personality disorder, the anankastic type being the most common and sociopathic personality disorder the least. Patients with anxiety, phobic and obsessional neurosis were all significantly more likely to show personality disorder than those with depressive neurosis. Broadly, passive-dependent personalities were linked to anxiety neurosis, anankastic personality disorder to obsessional neurosis, and both anankastic and passive-dependent personalities to phobic neurosis. In a clinical trial of the efficacy of two dosage regimes of phenelzine in 60 patients the presence of personality disorder significantly impaired clinical outcome. The results suggest strongly that the assessment of personality in neurotic disorders is necessary to make an adequate diagnosis and predict the outcome of treatment.
The Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adolescence
Authors: Bolton Derek , Collins Suzanne , Steinberg Derek 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe treatment of 15 adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder is described. Treatment was in most cases primarily behavioural (response-prevention), with the family involved in the therapy. Other components of treatment which were used in some cases are also described: medication, psychotherapy, and ‘milieu’ therapy. Outcome after treatment was generally good, with symptoms in most cases being relieved entirely or reduced to a mildly incapacitating level. Treatment gains in most cases were maintained at follow-up. Obstacles to treatment are noted, and recommendations are made as to the management of the disorder in adolescence.
Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Depression and other Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Coppen A. , Abou-Saleh M. , Milln P. , Metcalfe M. , Harwood J. , Bailey J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe prevalence of an abnormal response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was examined in 119 in-patients suffering from a major depressive disorder and in 79 normal controls. Only 11 per cent of controls showed an abnormal DST as against 70 per cent of depressed patients. The specificity of the DST was examined by testing patients with other psychiatric disorders. Abnormal responses were found in one-fifth of a sample of schizophrenics, over one-quarter of abstinent alcoholics, two-fifths of neurotics (including neurotic depressives) and almost half of senile dements. Abnormal DST was also found in 33 per cent of patients receiving prophylactic lithium for recurrent affective disorders.
The Effect of Beta Adrenergic Blocking Drugs on Speakers' Performance and Memory
Authors: Hartley L R. , Ungapen S. , Davie I. , Spencer D. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPropranolol 40 mg was compared with a matched placebo tablet in its effect on the performance of anxious and non-anxious human volunteers. Subjects were required to give a brief speech, which was video-taped and later rated by trained observers for signs of anxiety; propranolol clearly reduced rated anxiety in the non-verbal behaviour of anxious subjects, as well as the anxiety observed in the speech of the anxious compared to the non-anxious. It also affected self-reported anxiety in the anxious, and reduced the pulse rate of anxious and non-anxious alike. Subjects were also prompted, by being given the first letter, to recall both difficult and easy words, drawn from selected verbal categories; propranolol impaired recall of difficult items in the memory of anxious subjects. Results were interpreted as showing a central as well as peripheral role for propranolol in blocking adrenergic receptors' activity in anxiety.