bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum Lactate Levels in Infants Exposed Peripartum to Antiretroviral Agents to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV: Agence Nationale de Recherches Sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales 1209 Study, Abidjan, Ivory Coast
Authors: Ekouevi Didier Koumavi , Touré Ramata , Becquet Renaud , Viho Ida , Sakarovitch Charlotte , Rouet François , Towne-Gold Besigin , Fassinou Patricia , Leroy Valériane , Blanche Stéphane , Dabis François ,   for the Agence Nationale de Recherches Sur le SIDA 1201/1202 Ditrame Plus Study Group
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND. Mitochondrial toxicity was described in infants exposed to long-term antiretroviral regimens containing nucleoside analogues for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. We measured the serum lactate levels in children born to HIV-1 infected African women receiving short-term antiretroviral prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV regimens.
METHODS. A prospective study was conducted in women-child pairs from the third trimester of pregnancy to 3 months of life. The exposed group was formed by children exposed in utero to nucleoside analog antiretroviral regimens, zidovudine or zidovudine + lamivudine from 32 to 36 weeks of amenorrhea until delivery. All of these women received nevirapine single dose at the beginning of labor. The children received zidovudine during the first 7 days of life and a nevirapine single dose at day 3. The control group was formed by infants born to HIV-1-infected women who had received nevirapine single dose only and who were not exposed to nucleoside analog antiretroviral regimens. Serum lactate levels were measured at 4, 6, and 12 weeks of life by Cobas Integra 400.
RESULTS. A total of 836 blood samples from 338 infants was collected (262 exposed and 76 controls). Median lactacidemia was 1.8 mmol/L (interquartile range: 1.2–2.7 mmol/L). Overall serum lactate levels ≥2.5 mmol/L, defining hyperlactatemia, were observed in 39 of the 292 infants who had ≥2 serum lactate measurements. The 3-month period prevalence of hyperlactatemia did not differ between the exposed group and the control group. All of the serum lactate levels returned to normal values in all of the subsequent samples. No case of symptomatic hyperlactatemia was detected during the study period.
CONCLUSIONS. Increased lactate levels were identified equally in infants whose mother received short-term nucleoside analogs or nevirapine single dose for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Although not rare, hyperlactatemia was not related to short-term exposure to nucleoside analog antiretroviral regimens.
The Impact of Early Childhood Lead Exposure on Brain Organization: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Language Function
Authors: Yuan Weihong , Holland Scott K. , Cecil Kim M. , Dietrich Kim N. , Wessel Stephanie D. , Altaye Mekibib , Hornung Richard W. , Ris M. Douglas , Egelhoff John C. , Lanphear Bruce P. 
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to assess the long-term impact of childhood lead exposure on the neurosubstrate of language function and brain organization.METHODS. Young adults from the Cincinnati Lead Study were recruited to undergo functional magnetic resonance image scanning while performing a verb generation task. These subjects have been followed from birth through early childhood with extensive documentation of lead exposure, neuropsychology, and behavior. Forty-two subjects provided useful imaging data. The locale, strength, and the correlation between brain language activation and childhood blood lead concentration were studied.RESULTS. After adjusting for potential confounders, the activation in left frontal cortex, adjacent to Broca's area, and left middle temporal gyrus, including Wernicke's area, were found to be significantly associated with diminished activation in subjects with higher mean childhood blood lead levels, whereas the compensatory activation in the right hemisphere homolog of Wernicke's area was enhanced in subjects with higher blood lead levels.CONCLUSION. This study indicates that childhood lead exposure has a significant and persistent impact on brain reorganization associated with language function.
Prognostic Factors for Early Severity in a Childhood Multiple Sclerosis Cohort
Authors: Mikaeloff Yann , Caridade Guillaume , Assi Saada , Suissa Samy , Tardieu Marc ,   on behalf of the KIDSEP Study Group
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to identify prognostic factors for an early severe course in a cohort of patients with childhood-onset multiple sclerosis, for the construction of a predictive tool.
METHODS. The cohort consisted of 197 children from the French Kid Sclérose en Plaques neuropediatric cohort with relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis beginning before the age of 16 years. Patients were included from 1990 to 2003. We used multivariate survival analysis (Cox model) to evaluate the prognostic value of clinical, MRI, and biological covariates at onset for the occurrence of a third attack or severe disability (“severity” outcome).
RESULTS. The cohort was monitored for a mean of 5.5 ± 3.6 years. The “severity” outcome was recorded for 144 patients (73%). The risk of severity was higher for girls, for a time between the first and second attacks of &lt;1 year, for childhood-onset multiple sclerosis MRI criteria at onset, for an absence of severe mental state changes at onset, and for a progressive course. A derived childhood-onset multiple sclerosis potential index for early severity was found to have a positive predictive value for severity of &gt;35% for the upper 2 quartiles.
CONCLUSIONS. The clinical and MRI prognostic factors for early severity that were identified were used as the basis of a predictive tool, which will be validated in another cohort. This tool should make it possible to identify subgroups at risk of early severe disease and should facilitate therapeutic studies.
Community-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Term and Near-Term Previously Healthy Neonates
Authors: Fortunov Regine M. , Hulten Kristina G. , Hammerman Wendy A. , Mason Edward O. , Kaplan Sheldon L. 
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND. Community-acquired, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections are increasing among children.
OBJECTIVE. Our goal is to describe the clinical presentation of neonatal community-acquired S aureus disease and provide molecular analyses of the infecting isolates.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed the demographics and hospital course of term and near-term previously healthy neonates, ≤30 days of age, with community-acquired S aureus infections presenting after nursery discharge between August 2001 and March 2005 at Texas Children's Hospital. Prospectively collected isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type, and the presence of PVL genes.
RESULTS. Of 89 S aureus infections, 61 were methicillin-resistant S aureus; S aureus infections increased each year. Methicillin-resistant S aureus infections increased from 10 of 20 to 30 of 36 infections from 2002 to 2004. Most subjects, 65 of 89, were male. Symptoms began at 7 to 12 days of age for 26 of 45 male infants with methicillin-resistant S aureus. Most infections, 77 of 89, involved skin and soft tissue; 28 of 61 methicillin-resistant S aureus versus 7 of 28 methicillin-susceptible S aureus infections required drainage. Invasive manifestations included shock, musculoskeletal and urinary tract infection, perinephric abscess, bacteremia, empyema/lung abscess, and a death. Maternal S aureus or skin-infection history occurred with 13 of 61 methicillin-resistant S aureus versus 1 of 28 methicillin-susceptible S aureus infections. The predominant community clone, USA300 (PVL genes +), accounted for 55 of 57 methicillin-resistant S aureus and 3 of 25 methicillin-susceptible S aureus isolates.
CONCLUSIONS. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus is a substantial and increasing proportion of S aureus infections in previously healthy neonates. Male infants 7 to 12 days of age are affected most often. Neonatal community-acquired S aureus infection may be associated with concurrent maternal infection. USA300 is the predominant clone among these neonatal isolates in our region.
Introduction to the Newborn Screening Fact Sheets
Authors: Kaye Celia I. ,   Committee on Genetics
Published: September 2006

This Technical Report was retired June 2015.
Newborn screening fact sheets were last revised in 1996 by the Committee on Genetics of the American Academy of Pediatrics. These fact sheets have been revised again because of advances in the field, including technologic innovations such as tandem mass spectrometry, as well as greater appreciation of ethical issues such as informed consent. The fact sheets provide information to assist pediatricians and other professionals who care for children in performing their essential role within the newborn screening public health system. The newborn screening system consists of 5 parts: (1) newborn testing; (2) follow-up of abnormal screening results to facilitate timely diagnostic testing and management; (3) diagnostic testing; (4) disease management, which requires coordination with the medical home and genetic counseling; and (5) continuous evaluation and improvement of the newborn screening system. The following disorders are reviewed in the newborn screening fact sheets (which are available at www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/118/3/e934): biotinidase deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital hearing loss, congenital hypothyroidism, cystic fibrosis, galactosemia, homocystinuria, maple syrup urine disease, medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, phenylketonuria, sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathies, and tyrosinemia.
Newborn Screening Fact Sheets
Authors: Kaye Celia I. ,   and the Committee on Genetics
Published: September 2006

This Technical Report was retired June 2015.
Newborn screening fact sheets were last revised in 1996 by the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Genetics. This revision was prompted by advances in the field since 1996, including technologic innovations, as well as greater appreciation of ethical issues such as those surrounding informed consent. The following disorders are discussed in this revision of the newborn screening fact sheets: biotinidase deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, congenital hearing loss, congenital hypothyroidism, cystic fibrosis, galactosemia, homocystinuria, maple syrup urine disease, medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, phenylketonuria, sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathies, and tyrosinemia. A series of topics related to newborn screening is discussed in a companion publication to this electronic publication of the fact sheets (available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/118/3/1304). These topics are newborn screening as a public health system; factors contributing to the need for review of the newborn screening system; informed consent; tandem mass spectrometry; DNA analysis in newborn screening; status of newborn screening in the United States; and the effect of sample timing, preterm birth, diet, transfusion, and total parenteral nutrition on newborn screening results.
Discordant β‐Blocker Effects on Clinic, Ambulatory, Resting, and Exercise Hemodynamics in Patients with Hypertension
Authors: Beitelshees Amber L. , Zineh Issam , Yarandi Hossein N. , Pauly Daniel F. , Johnson Julie A. 
Published: September 2006

Study Objectives. To determine the correlation between ambulatory and clinic blood pressure in assessing antihypertensive response to β‐blockade, to test whether blood pressure response to metoprolol is associated with the heart rate response, and to determine whether exercise and resting heart rate responses to metoprolol are correlated.Design. Post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study.Setting. University‐affiliated general clinical research center.Patients. Fifty‐one patients aged 35–65 years with uncomplicated hypertension.Intervention. All patients received metoprolol at a dosage titrated to achieve a diastolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg.Measurements and Main Results. Clinic and 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure measurements were obtained and exercise treadmill testing was performed before and after metoprolol treatment. Based on ambulatory blood pressure data, 24 patients (47%) responded (defined as at least a 10% reduction in diastolic blood pressure) to metoprolol compared with 36 patients (71%) based on clinic blood pressure data (p=0.027). Clinic blood pressure was associated with a 67% false‐positive rate (responsive blood pressure by clinic data that was actually nonresponsive by ambulatory data). Blood pressure responders and nonresponders exhibited similar reductions in exercise heart rate (24% and 23%, p=0.74). However, responses to metoprolol measured by exercise heart rate versus resting heart rate were not significantly correlated (r=0.24, p=0.105).Conclusion. Reliance on clinic blood pressure or resting heart rate for making β‐blocker treatment decisions may yield less than optimal assessment of the antihypertensive response or degree of β‐blockade.
Potential of Dental Mesenchymal Cells in Developing Teeth
Authors: Yamazaki Hidetoshi , Tsuneto Motokazu , Yoshino Miya , Yamamura Ken-Ichi , Hayashi Shin-Ichi 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The tooth, composed of dentin and enamel, develops through epithelium-mesenchyme interactions. Neural crest (NC) cells contribute to the dental mesenchyme in the developing tooth and differentiate into dentin-secreting odontoblasts. NC cells are known to differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts in the craniofacial region. However, it is not clear whether the dental mesenchymal cells in the developing tooth possess the potential to differentiate into a lineage(s) other than the odontoblast lineage. In this study, we prepared mesenchymal cells from E13.5 tooth germ cells and assessed their potential for differentiation in culture. They differentiated into odontoblasts, chondrocyte-like cells, and osteoblast-like cells. Their derivation was confirmed by tracing NC-derived cells as LacZ+ cells using P0-Cre/Rosa26R mice. Using the flow cytometry-fluorescent di-β-d-galactosidase system, which makes it possible to detect LacZ+ cells as living cells, cell surface molecules of dental mesenchymal cells were characterized. Large number of LacZ+ NC-derived cells expressed platelet-derived growth factor receptor α and integrins. Taken together, these results suggest that NC-derived cells with the potential to differentiate into chondrocyte-like and osteoblast-like cells are present in the developing tooth, and these cells may contribute to tooth organogenesis.
Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization to Detect HER-2/neu Gene Amplification in Histological and ThinPrep®-Processed Breast Cancer Fine-Needle Aspirates: A Sensitive and Practical Method in the Trastuzumab Era
Authors: Vocaturo Amina , Novelli Flavia , Benevolo Maria , Piperno Giulia , Marandino Ferdinando , Cianciulli Anna Maria , Merola Roberta , Donnorso Raffaele Perrone , Sperduti Isabella , Buglioni Simonetta , Mottolese Marcella 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Explain the importance of an accurate evaluation of HER-2 status to select breast cancer patients for trastuzumab therapy.Describe the current methods that assess HER-2 status in breast cancer.Discuss the advantages and limits of the CISH method for the detection of HER-2/neu gene amplification in histology and ThinPrep®-processed breast cancer fine-needle aspirates.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
The increasing evidence of trastuzumab efficacy in breast cancer (BC) patients means that an accurate and reproducible evaluation of HER-2 statusis of paramount importance in histological and in cytological samples. Currently, the two main methods used to analyze HER-2 amplification or overexpression are fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Although the two methods are strongly correlated for histological tissue, the evaluation of tumor morphology through FISH may be difficult and fluorescence fades quickly. These limitations can be overcome by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), which can visualize the amplification product along with morphological features. In view of this, in the present study, we analyzed the usefulness of CISH on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) BC specimens and investigated whether CISH can be a valid technique in the determination of HER-2 status for fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) processed by liquid-based cytology. The results we obtained in a retrospective series of 111 FFPE BC specimens demonstrated good concordance between CISH and IHC and between CISH and FISH. The former concordance was comparable with that observed between FISH and IHC. When CISH was applied to a prospective series of 53 FNAs, from surgically removed BC, our data showed evidence of a higher concordance of results between liquid-based cytology and the companion FFPE tissues using CISH rather than HercepTest™. Therefore, CISH analysis, which is avaluable and reproducible alternative to FISH for selecting breast cancer patients for trastuzumab therapy, can lower false-positive immunocytochemistry findings in ThinPrep®-processed FNAs.
Fallopian Tube Carcinoma: A Review
Authors: Pectasides Dimitrios , Pectasides Eirini , Economopoulos Theofanis 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Purpose. Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) is a rare tumor that histologically and clinically resembles epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The purpose of this study is to review the current available literature data on PFTC.
Patients and Results. Early clinical manifestation and prompt investigation often lead to diagnosis at an early stage of disease. However, the diagnosis of PFTC is rarely considered preoperatively and is usually first appreciated by the pathologist. Surgical staging/management and the use of chemotherapy follow the concepts used in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). In contrast to EOC is the importance of early lymphatic spread in this disease. The earlier diagnosis of PFTC leads to an apparent better survival compared with EOC. However, as with EOC, stage and residual tumor are the most important prognostic variables.
Conclusion. Until more extensive clinical research has been performed, ovarian carcinoma management principles should be used in clinical practice.
The Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease in Private Practice
Authors: Apsey D.J. , Kaciroti N. , Loesche W.J. 
Published: September 2006

Background: Periodontal disease is an inflammatory reaction to the bacteria in dental plaque. The present study compared the prevalence of periodontal disease in patients using as a diagnostic either probing depth measurements, an inflammatory marker such as numbers of white blood cells in plaque samples, or microbiological markers such as the microscopic count and the benzoyl‐DL‐arginine naphthylamide (BANA) test.Methods: Teeth with the most inflammation and/or deepest pockets in each quadrant were probed and subgingival plaque was sampled from 1,043 consecutive new patients enrolled in a private practice. Multivariate “diagnostic” models were developed based upon the probing depth (general linear models), percentage of white blood cell–positive and percentage of BANA‐positive plaques (logistic regression models) to determine the prevalence of patients with periodontal disease.Results: Plaque samples were removed from 3,694 sites. Fifty‐two percent of sampled pockets were >4 mm; 49% of sites were inflamed, using the presence of white blood cells, and 28% were infected using the BANA test. Diagnostic models were highly significant at P <0.0001. The white blood cell model was the most parsimonious as demonstrated by the lowest Akaike information criteria statistic and had the highest receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve relative to the probing depth and BANA models.Conclusions: Periodontal disease can be diagnosed chairside by the presence of white blood cells in plaque samples, a finding that reflects the inflammatory nature of the disease process. This approach would reduce the misclassification of subjects as having periodontal disease (130 patients in the present study who had pockets) but minimal evidence of an inflammatory response.
Effects of epidural administration of morphine and buprenorphine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats
Authors: Pypendop Bruno H. , Pascoe Peter J. , Ilkiw Jan E. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine effects of epidural administration of morphine and buprenorphine on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats.
Animals—6 healthy adult domestic shorthair cats.
Procedures—Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Morphine (100 μg/kg diluted with saline [0.9% NaCl] solution to a volume of 0.3 mL/kg), buprenorphine (12.5 μg/kg diluted with saline solution to a volume of 0.3 mL/kg), or saline solution (0.3 mL/kg) was administered into the epidural space according to a Latin square design. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane was measured in triplicate by use of the tail clamp technique. At least 1 week was allowed between successive experiments.
Results—The MAC of isoflurane was 2.00 ± 0.18%, 2.13 ± 0.11%, and 2.03 ± 0.09% in the morphine, buprenorphine, and saline solution groups, respectively. No significant difference in MAC was detected among treatment groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A significant effect of epidural administration of morphine or buprenorphine on the MAC of isoflurane in cats could not be detected. Further studies are needed to establish whether epidural opioid administration has other benefits when administered as a component of general anesthesia in cats.
Development and evaluation of a noninvasive marker cluster technique to assess three-dimensional kinematics of the distal portion of the forelimb in horses
Authors: Hobbs Sarah J. , Richards James , Matuszewski Bogdan , Brigden Charlotte 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Objective—To develop and evaluate a marker cluster set for measuring sagittal and extrasagittal movement of joints in the distal portion of the forelimb in ponies.
Animals—4 ponies.
Procedures—5 infrared cameras were positioned on a concrete walkway in a frontal-sagittal arc and calibrated. Four segments were defined: hoof, middle phalanx, proximal phalanx, and metacarpus. Rigid clusters with 4 retroreflective markers were placed on each segment. A static trial was recorded with additional anatomic markers on the medial and lateral joint lines. Those anatomic markers were removed, and kinematic data were recorded at 240 Hz during walking. An ensemble mean was computed from the 4 ponies from 5 replicates of the walks. Joint kinematic variables were calculated by use of the calibrated anatomical system technique. The design and error dispersion of each marker were evaluated.
Results—Marker clusters were quasiplanar, but variation in orientation error was reduced because the mean radii were > 10 times the largest error dispersion values. Measurements of sagittal rotations of the distal interphalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and metacarpophalangeal joints were similar to measurements obtained with bone-fixed triads, but larger discrepancies between the 2 methods were found for extrasagittal rotations.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Development of noninvasive methods for quantifying data pertaining to 3-dimensional motion in horses is important for advancement of clinical analysis. The technique used in the study enabled identification of flexion-extension motions with an acceptable degree of accuracy. Appropriate correction algorithms and improvements to the technique may enable future quantification of extrasagittal motions.