bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Cacao swollen shoot virus in Litimé, the Main Cocoa-Producing Area of Togo
Authors: Cilas C. , Muller E. , Mississo E. 
Published: May 2007

Cacao swollen shoot disease, first described from Ghana on Theobroma cacao in 1922, was identified in Togo in 1955 (4) in Kloto, a minor cocoa-producing area. Litimé is the main production zone in the country. However, its share of production has fallen from approximately 75% of national production in the 1980s to 55% currently because of aging plantations and new swollen shoot foci in this region that had previously been free of the disease. This disease is caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV), of which the first isolate to be studied molecularly (Agoul) came from Kloto (1). Since then, the different cocoa-producing regions have been surveyed on several occasions and swollen shoot foci were detected for the first time in Litimé at the end of the 1990s. During 2000, symptomatic leaves were taken from trees which exhibited characteristic symptoms of the disease including swellings on fan branches and chupons, and red vein banding on young flush leaves. The existence of the virus was confirmed using immunosorbent electron microscopy (2) with a composite polyclonal Banana streak virus/Sugarcane bacilliform virus antiserum supplied by B. Lockhart and using polymerase chain reaction amplification with CSSV-specific primers (3). Degenerate primers for CSSV detection were designed in the 5′ region (the first 350 amino acids) of open reading frame (ORF3) because this region of the CSSV genome was found to be highly conserved among available full-length CSSV sequences. An isolate from the Litimé area (Wobe 12) was sequenced completely (Genbank Accession No. AJ781003), revealing that it shared a nucleotide sequence identity of only 77% with Agou1. Since the initial observations, the disease has spread rapidly and approximately 60% of the plots in Litimé contain infected trees. Hence, there is an urgent need for a program to rogue infected trees and replant with tolerant material. Moreover, this situation is a threat to cocoa plantations in neighboring Ghana, where numerous eradication operations to control this disease have been launched. References: (1) L. Hagen et al. Virology 196:619, 1993. (2) B. E. L. Lockhart et al. Phytopathology 82:691, 1992. (3) E. Muller et al. J. Virol. Methods 93:15, 2001. (4) M. Partiot et al. Café Cacao Thé 22:217, 1978.
First Report of Phytophthora cryptogea Root and Crown Rot on Peach Trees in Chile
Authors: Guzmán G. , Latorre B. A. , Wilcox W. F. 
Published: May 2007

Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybridge and Lafferty was consistently isolated from the Nemaguard rootstock (Prunus persica × P. davidiana) of peach trees in Chile. Symptoms included reddish necrotic tissues at the base of the trunk often extending to the main roots, root rot, gummosis, foliar chlorosis, lack of vigor, and dieback, with severely infected trees dying. Isolations with corn meal agar (Difco, Detroit, MI) amended with antibiotics and fungicides (ACMA) (2) and pure cultures were obtained by hyphal tip transfers to ACMA. Ten isolates from different locations were identified by morphology and growth at cardinal temperatures (1). These isolates produced hyphal swellings and sporangia by using carrot juice broth (2) for 48 h followed by the addition of 1% (w/v) nonsterilized soil extract. Sporangia were nonpapillate, internally proliferating, noncaducous, ovoid to obpyriform, and with mean dimensions of 36 × 24 μm. All isolates were typed as A1 using a P. cinnamomi A2 culture as the test isolate and produced oospores on clarified V8 juice agar amended with thiamine, tryptophan, and β-sitosterol (2) after 15 to 30 days at 20°C in the dark. Mycelia grew between 5 and 30°C, with optimal growth at 20°C and no growth at 35°C. The ITS sequence analysis performed by IMI (CABI Bioscience, Wallingford, UK) indicated a close match with P. cryptogea, P. drechsleri, and P. erythroseptica, however, peach isolates were differentiated from P. drechsleri and P. erythroseptica by the absence of mycelial growth at 35°C and the heterothallic production of oospores, respectively. Four P. cryptogea isolates were pathogenic when inoculated onto 1-year-old twigs detached from a Nemaguard tree, causing reddish necrotic lesions varying from 7 to 29 mm long after 15 days of incubation at 20°C. Two-year-old P. persica var. nectarina cv. Ruby Diamond budded on Nemaguard and cultivated in 100-liter containers in open field conditions were inoculated with 500-ml of a mycelial suspension (4.5 × 106 propagules per ml) per plant added to 15-cm-deep holes around the trunk. Plants were immediately irrigated and maintained at field capacity during the experiment. An equal number of noninoculated trees treated similarly were left as controls. During the spring, plants developed a general chlorosis and declined within 90 days postinoculation. Tests were repeated with similar results. In other preliminary tests, plants developed cankers characterized by gumming and reddish necrotic lesions underneath the bark following trunk inoculations with mycelium in agar of the same isolates obtained on ACMA. These tests were also repeated. The pathogen was consistently reisolated from symptomatic tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cryptogea as a pathogen on peach trees in Chile. References: (1) F. J. Newhook et al. Mycol. Pap. No. 143. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1978. (2) W. F. Wilcox and B. A. Latorre. Plant Dis. 86:1357, 2002.
Widespread Distribution of Apple mosaic virus on Apple in Turkey
Authors: Akbaş B. , Ilhan D. 
Published: May 2007

From 2002 to 2003, symptoms suggestive of Apple mosaic virus (ApMV; a member of the genus Ilavirus) infection on apple (Malus pumila L.) trees were observed in orchards in the central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Symptoms on leaves included pale-to-bright cream spots, mosaic, and yellowing on the leaves. A survey was conducted during May and June in three provinces (Isparta, Karaman, and Niğde) for disease symptoms. Leaf samples from apple cvs. Anna, Gala, Gold Star, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Jonathan, Starking, and Rajka were collected and tested for the presence of ApMV with specific antisera (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) using the manufacturer's protocol for double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). ApMV was found in 68.3% of 461 samples tested. The number of samples for each cultivar tested and percent positive for ApMV were as follows: 22 (9.1%), 34 (8.8%), 22 (13.6%), 30 (73.3%), 270 (95.5%), 46 (54.3%), and 22 (9.1%) for cvs. Anna, Gala, Gold Star, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Starking, and Rajka, respectively. All 15 samples tested of cv. Jonathan were negative using DAS-ELISA. Samples that tested positive for ApMV were mechanically inoculated onto Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, and Cucumis sativus leaves using an inoculum prepared by homogenizing leaves in phosphate buffered saline containing 2.5% (vol/vol) nicotine. Inoculated C. quinoa showed inconspicuous mottling, and Cucumis sativus showed chlorotic local lesions that progressed to systemic chlorosis and stunting. No symptoms were observed on inoculated C. amaranticolor as previously reported for ApMV (3,4). The presence of ApMV in C. quinoa and Cucumis sativus were verified using DAS-ELISA, but ApMV was not detected in C. amaranticolor. Although ApMV has been reported in several different crops in Turkey, there have been only two unsubstantiated reports of ApMV-infected apple in the country (1,2). This study conclusively demonstrates ApMV infection of apples in Turkey and suggests that it is widely spread. References: (1) Ü. Fidan. J. Turk. Phythopathol. 23:3, 127, 1994. (2) M. Özkan and S. Kurçman. Bitki Koruma Bül. 16:106, 1976. (3) S. J. Petybridge et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 141:77, 2002. (4) T. Sano et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 106:305, 1985.
A Survey of Viruses Affecting French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Iran Includes a First Report of Southern bean mosaic virus and Bean pod mottle virus
Authors: Shahraeen N. , Ghotbi T. , Elkhache A. Dezaje , Sahandi A. 
Published: May 2007

A survey was conducted from 2003 to 2004 to identify viruses infecting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in different growing areas of East Azarbaejan Province of Iran. A total of 300 French bean samples with symptoms of viral infection (mosaic, vein clearing, leaf rolling, yellowing, and leaf distortion) were collected. The samples were tested for eight viruses using the tissue-blot immunoassay procedures (TBIA) (2) and double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) according to the manufacturer's instructions (DSMZ, Braun-schweig, Germany). ELISA tests for Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Bean leaf roll virus (BLRV), and Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) were used. In addition, antiserum was provided by S. A. Ghabrial (University of Kentucky, Lexington) to test for Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). Serological tests showed that SBMV and BPMV were present in 12% (35 samples) and 5% (15 samples) of samples, respectively. BCMV, BCMNV, BYMV, BLRV, CMV, and AMV were more common and were detected in 155, 105, 80, 46, 30, and 10 samples of 300 samples, respectively. These six viruses were previously reported in other pulses and in French bean in Iran (1). The presence of SBMV and BPMV were verified in samples by transmission to French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and soybean (Glycine max) indicator test plants (3,4). Inoculation with extracts from SBMV-positive plants produced systemic mottle and mosaic symptoms in soybean (cv. Gorgan-3) and French bean (cvs. Dubbele Witte and Cheete). In cowpea (cv. Mashad) and French bean (cv. Pinto), inoculation produced necrotic local lesions. Inoculation with extracts from BPMV-positive plants produced severe mosaic, leaf distortion, and puckering in soybean (cv. Gorgan-3) and French bean (cv. Ten-dergreen). No symptoms were observed in cowpea (cv. Mashad). Cvs. Pinto and Bountiful bean reacted with necrotic local lesions. All indicator test plants tested positive for the presence of SBMV or BPMV as expected using DAS-ELISA. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BPMV and SBMV naturally infecting French bean in Iran. These viruses can cause a serious problem to other leguminous crops grown in Iran. References: (1) W. J. Kaiser et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 52:687, 1968. (2) K. M. Makkouk and A. Comeau. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 100:71, 1994. (3) J. S. Semancik. Bean pod mottle virus. No. 108 in: Descriptions of Plant Viruses. CMI/AAB, Kew, Surrey, England, 1972. (4) J. H. Tremain and R. I. Hamilton. Southern bean mosaic virus. No. 274 in: Descriptions of Plant Viruses. CMI/AAB, Kew, Surrey, England, 1983.
First Report of the Occurrence of Potato Wart Disease Caused by Synchytrium endobioticum in Turkey
Authors: Basim H. , Basim E. , Gezgin S. , Babaoglu M. 
Published: May 2007

Potato wart caused by Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilberszky) Pervical was observed in Turkey on different cultivars (Agria, Granola, Marabel, Marfona, Russet Burbank and Van Gogh) during the 2004 harvest season in the Misli (Bud) Plain where approximately 40,000 ha of potatoes are grown. This plain, lying between Nigde and Nevsehir provinces in the central-eastern Anatolia Region, has a predominance of sandy soils (60 to 80% sand) and climatic conditions suitable for production that has been a long-term monoculture using heavy fertilization with nitrogen (500 to 1,500 kg of N per ha) and phosphorus (200 to 500 kg of P2O5 per ha). The wart symptoms were observed on tubers but not on roots and stems. The warts were white, almost spherical, and softer in texture than the tuber tissue. Resting sporangia, observed within the fresh wart tissue using light microscopy, were light brown, spherical to ovoid and 50 to 70 μm in diameter. Soil surveys confirmed that resting sporangia were present in the fields where wart was observed. Resting sporangia were isolated from infected tubers and surrounding soil (2). An average of <1 sporangium per gram of soil was detected in the infested fields. Pathogenicity of the causal agent was demonstrated on 10 tubers of potato cv. Granola. Sprouts on the tubers were cut off at 2 mm above the tuber surface, the eye fields were ringed with warm vaseline using a sterile syringe without a needle and then inoculated by placing fresh cauliflower-like warts containing summer sporangia in the vaseline wells. The tubers were first incubated at 8 to 12°C for 48 h in the dark and after removing the wart tissue, placed in moist peat at 18°C and kept in an 8-h lighting period per day as described by Glynne-Lemmarzalh (1). Sporangia were reisolated from the white, fresh wart tissues observed 8 to 10 weeks later on the inoculated tubers. Two tubers inoculated with sterile tap water did not develop warts. Koch's postulates were fulfilled. Currently, approximately 20,000 ha of the Misli Plain are under official quarantine due to the finding of potato wart. Because of the large-scale occurrence in 2004, it is suspected that the pathogen entered Turkey 3 to 4 years earlier through importation of seed potato tubers from European countries. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of wart on potatoes grown in Turkey. The importance of this occurrence in the middle of an area where 50% of Turkey potatoes are produced is duly noted. References: (1) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 34:213, 2004. (2) M. C. Hampson and P. R. Thompson. Plant Soil 46:659, 1977.
Leaf Spot and Stem Blight Caused by Botrytis cinerea on Poinsettia in Argentina
Authors: Palmucci H. E. , Grijalba P. E. 
Published: May 2007

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Will. ex. Klotzsch) is a worldwide potted or landscape ornamental plant that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. During 2003 and 2004, several symptoms were observed on poinsettia potted plants in nurseries and crops near Buenos Aires. Symptoms included irregular, brown, water-soaked spots on adult plants and leaf spots that extended causing stem blight in seedlings. Small pieces of diseased tissues were surface disinfected for 2 min in 2% sodium hypochlorite, plated on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 22°C for 48 h. Dense, whitish mycelia developed on PDA and then turned gray when asexual structures were formed. The fungus conidia were ellipsoid, hyaline, nonseptate, and were formed on botryose heads. The pathogenicity test was carried out on 10 plants using a conidial suspension (2 × 106 spores per ml) that was sprayed on leaves with and without injuries. All plants were incubated in a moist chamber at 22 ± 2°C for 48 h and then maintained in a greenhouse. After 3 days, symptoms similar to the original were observed on the inoculated plants. Control plants sprayed with distilled water remained symptomless. Koch's postulates were confirmed by reisolating the same fungus from diseased plants. In accordance with conidial and cultural characteristics, the pathogen was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers: Fr. (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. cinerea causing leaf spot and stem rot on poinsettia in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Reference: (1) M. V. Ellis and J. M. Waller. No. 431 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1974.
First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera leucotricha on Photinia × fraserii in Italy
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Gilardi G. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: May 2007

Photinia × fraserii, belonging to the family Rosaceae, is an evergreen shrub used in parks and gardens. During the spring of 2004, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed in a public park at Torino (northern Italy) on established plantings of this species. The adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves were covered with white mycelium and conidia. Stems also had signs of powdery mildew and were chlorotic. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and abscised. Conidia formed in chains and were hyaline, ellipsoid, and measured 16.8 to 33.6 × 12.0 to 24.0 μm (average 25.6 × 15.6 μm). On the basis of host, morphological characteristics, and the presence of fibrosin bodies, the pathogen was identified as Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis & Everth.) E.S. Salmon (2). Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating young leaves of 2-year-old Photinia × fraserii plants with a spore suspension (3 × 105 spores per ml). Also, three 3-year-old cv. Golden Delicious potted apple plants were inoculated. Three noninoculated Photinia × fraserii and three noninoculated apple plants sprayed with deionized water served as a control. After inoculation, plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 25°C. After 17 days, powdery mildew symptoms were observed on inoculated plants of Photinia × fraserii and cv. Golden Delicious. Noninoculated plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. The pathogenicity on apple supported the identification of the pathogen as P. leucotricha. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew on Photinia × fraserii in Italy. P. leucotricha was previously described on Photinia serrulata in Italy (1) and the United States (3). Voucher specimens are available at the AGROINNOVA Collection, University of Torino. References: (1) E. Baldacci. Rev. Appl. Mycol. 16:358, 1937. (2) R. T. A. Cook et al. Mycol. Res. 101:975, 1997. (3) J. A. Milbraith. Rev. Appl. Mycol. 17:751, 1938.
First Report of Brown Rot and Wilt of Fennel Caused by Phytophthora megasperma in Italy
Authors: Cacciola S. O. , Pane A. , Cooke D. E. L. , Raudino F. , Magnano di San Lio G. 
Published: May 2007

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. azoricum (Mill.) Thell.) in the Apiaceae family is native to southern Europe and southwestern Asia. It is an economically important crop in Italy that produces approximately 85% of all fennel worldwide. The main producing regions are Apulia, Campania, Latium, and Calabria. During the late winter of 2004 in the Crotone Province of the Calabria Region, following heavy rains, patches of fennel plants with symptoms of brown, soft rot of the bulb-like structure formed by the thickened leaf bases, development of yellow leaves, stunting, and wilting of the entire plant were observed in fields. A homothallic Phytophthora sp. was isolated consistently from the brownish tissues of the stout stems and leaf bases of symptomatic plants using a selective medium (3). Pure cultures were obtained by single hyphal tip transfers. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), the diameter of oospores varied from 28 to 42 μm (mean = 36.3 ± 0.4). Antheridia were primarily paragynous. Sporangia were not produced on solid media but were formed in sterile soil extract solution. They were nonpapillate, noncaducous, ovoid and obpyriform (25 to 45 × 35 to 60 μm), and internally proliferating. Optimum and maximum temperatures for radial growth of the colonies on PDA were 25 and 30°C, respectively. At 25°C, radial growth rate was approximately 6 mm per day. On the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics, the isolates were identified as Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler. Electrophoretic patterns of mycelial proteins and four isozymes (acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase, and malate dehydrogenase) on polyacrylamide gels of the fennel isolates were identical to those of reference isolates of P. megasperma of the BHR (broad host range) group included in P. gonapodyides-P. megasperma Clade 6 (1,3), but distinct from those of the isolates of other nonpapillate species included in Waterhouse's taxonomic group VI. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA sequences (2) confirmed that fennel isolates belonged to P. megasperma BHR group. Pathogenicity of a fennel isolate from Calabria (IMI 391711) was confirmed by pouring a zoospore suspension at 2 × 104 zoospores per ml on the soil of 10 3-month-old potted fennel plants. The soil of the inoculated and 10 control seedlings was flooded for 24 h. After 10 days, stems and leaf bases of the seedlings showed a brown rot. Chlorosis and wilting of all seedlings developed after 20 days. Controls inoculated with water did not develop any symptoms. The pathogen was reisolated from typical brown rot and tests were repeated with similar results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. megasperma causing disease on fennel. References: (1) S. O. Cacciola et al. For. Snow. Landsc. Res. 76:387, 2001. (2) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1996. (3) H. Masago et al. Phytopathology, 67:425, 1977.
First Report of Pustula tragopogonis, the Cause of White Rust on Cultivated Sunflower in Southern Germany
Authors: Thines M. , Zipper R. , Spring O. 
Published: May 2007

Pustula tragopogonis (Pers.) Thines (2), formerly known as Albugo tragopogonis (Pers.) Gray, causes white rust on some members of the Asteraceae. It has been reported to attack cultivated sunflower in several parts of the world, for example, North America (1) and South Africa (3), but has not been previously reported on sunflower in Germany. During June 2003, the first diseased plants were observed in a sunflower field near Stuttgart, where sunflowers were grown as ornamentals. During 2004, P. tragopogonis was found in several ornamental sunflower fields in southern Germany. In some cases, P. tragopogonis co-occurred with Plasmopara halstedii (Farlow) Berl. & De Toni on the same plants. After a cold winter, the first diseased plants for 2005 were observed during June in the area around Stuttgart. The percentage of affected plants in the sunflower fields varied considerably, ranging from 20 to 80%. Only small lesions with oospores could be found on petioles and stems of infected plants. The typical spots with white blisters were observed mostly on leaves in the upper half of the plants, but also occurred on the bracteoles of the flower heads. Spots were chlorotic on the upper side of the leaf and exhibited whitish pustules on the lower side of the leaf. Pustules were concentrated around the margins of the leaves, but also were observed scattered on the whole lower surface. Light and scanning electron microscopy, as well as polymerase chain reaction and internal transcribed spacer sequencing were applied to identify the attacking pathogen as P. tragopogonis. Infection tests under laboratory conditions also proved the pathogenicity of the attacking agent to oilseed sunflower. Since the pathogen has survived the harsh winter months of early 2005 and appeared in three consecutive seasons, the disease seems now to be established in southern Germany and is expected to spread into other regions. References: (1) T. J. Gulya et al. Plant Dis. 86:559, 2002. (2) M. Thines and O. Spring. Mycotaxon 92:443, 2005. (3) P. S. van Wyk et al. Helia 22:83, 1995.