bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glaukosphaerite: A new nickel analogue of rosasite
Authors: Pryce M. W. , Just J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryGlaukosphaerite, a new secondary basic copper-nickel carbonate was first determined and described from Widgiemooltha (31° 30′ S., 121° 34′ E.), Western Australia, by R. C. Morris at the W.A. Government Chemical Laboratories in 1967. The mineral has since been found at the nickel mines at Kambalda, Windarra, Scotia, Carr Boyd Rocks, and St. Ives, Western Australia, and is apparently an indicator of copper-nickel sulphide mineralization. The name is derived from the colour and spherulitic formation. Associated minerals are goethite, secondary quartz, paratacamite, gypsum, nickeloan varieties of magnesite and malachite, and clays. Glaukosphaerite also fills joints in fresh basic rocks.The type material is from Hampton East Location 48, 3 km N. of the Durkin Shaft, Kambalda. Glaukosphaerite is monoclinic, a 9·34 Å, b 11·93 Å, c 3·07 Å, β 90–1°, space group indeterminate, c axis disordered, six strongest X-ray powder lines are 2·587 (10b) 201, 3·68(7b) 220, 2·516(4) 240, 211, 5·04(3) 120, 2·124(3b), 1·473(3). The mineral occurs in green spherules of fibres cleaved and elongated along c, D = 3·78 to 3·96 increasing with Cu, is brittle, H. 3 to 4, and has dull to subvitreous to silky lustre.α 1·69–1·71 green, β ≈ γ 1·83–1·85 yellow-green, α:[001] 7°.Chemical analysis on the type material, D 3·78, containing 0·5 % goethite impurity and minimal inseparable malachite, gave CuO 41·57, NiO 25·22, CoO 0·07, ZnO 0·02, Fe2O3 0·47, MgO 1·23, SiO2 < 0·01, CO2 21·70, H2O+ 9·85, H2O− < 0·01, sum 100·13%. After deduction of goethite the unit cell contains 4[(Cu,Ni,Mg,Co)1.74C0·96H2·12O4·73]. This unit-cell content is deficient in metal ions and oxygen and contains excess H, when compared to 4[(Cu,Ni)2(OH)2CO3]. Two analyses of malachite-bearing glaukosphaerite from Widgiemooltha and Carr Boyd Rocks show the same deficiencies and excess not previously recorded in malachite, rosasite, or aurichalcite analyses. Glaukosphaerite, 4[(Cu,Ni)2(OH)2CO3] is the nickel analogue of rosasite 4[(Cu,Zn)2(OH)2CO3].From results based on X-ray rotation patterns of oriented rosasite fibres from Sardinia and Durango with supplementary electron-microprobe studies and Guinier powder-film data, the authors consider glaukosphaerite and rosasite to be separate mineral species from the related malachite, 4[Cu2(OH)2CO3].Type material is preserved in the government collection at the Government Chemical Laboratories, Perth, Western Australia.
Formation of laths in fine-grained micas and its relationship to stacking mechanism
Authors: Güven N. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryTransmission electron images of fine-grained micas from various clay deposits exhibit lath-shaped units arranged in modes similar to the stacking of layers in different mica polymorphs. Micas in a Georgia bentonite display two sets of parallel laths intersecting at an angle of 120°. Selected area electron diffraction (SAD) of these micas gives a sharp spot pattern indicating a perfect registry between the lattices of individual laths. Furthermore, the SAD pattern has an intensity distribution similar to that of a 2M1 dioctahedral mica. Another mica in an India bentonite shows one set of parallel laths with an intensity distribution expected from a IM biotite. Some of the micas in the Marblehead illite exhibit three sets of parallel laths in a trigonal arrangement similar to the stacking in 3T mica.
Minerals from the charnockite series of Amaravathi, Andhra Pradesh, South India
Authors: Ramaswamy A. , Murty M. S. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe potash feldspar in the charnockites is orthoclase and they are inferred to have been formed around 700 °C. A twin-law study of the plagioclase indicates an igneous origin of the charnockites and pyroxene granulites. The KD values of the coexisting pyroxenes in the granulites are appropriate to equilibrium at 670 °C. A substantial substitution of A1 for Si in the values of the coexisting pyroxenes in the granulites are appropriate to equilibrium at 670 °C. A substantial substitution of A1 for Si in the Z group in all mafic minerals studied also indicates relatively high temperatures of formation. Almandine is pyroperich, a result of high pressure. The charnockites and pyroxene granulites are inferred to be formed under conditions of high pressure and temperature.
Amphiboles and biotite in relation to the stages of metamorphism in granogabbro
Authors: Smulikowski W. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe Bratteggdalen granogabbro, a relict mass in the Caledonian amphibolites of Vestspitsbergen, shows a series of amphibole development reflecting its thermal history. A brown Ti-rich hornblende occurs as a late magmatic mantling of pyroxene. Low-grade metamorphism (greenschist facies) was accompanied by the development of actinolite from pyroxene; subsequent amphibolite facies metamorphism saw the development of an alkali-rich, blue-green hornblende. The chemical changes in the amphiboles are a succinct illustration of those found in progressive regional metamorphism.
Reductive Ti-crossed Claisen Condensation between Methyl α-Bromocarboxylates and Acid Chlorides Utilizing a TiCl4–PPh3–N-Methylimidazole Reagent
Authors: Iida Akira , Nakazawa Syogo , Nakatsuji Hidefumi , Misaki Tomonori , Tanabe Yoo 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Reductive Ti-crossed Claisen condensation between methyl α-bromocarboxylates and acid chlorides utilizing a TiCl4–PPh3–N-methylimidazole reagent proceeded smoothly to give the α-monosubstituted and thermodynamically unfavorable α,α-disubstituted β-keto methyl esters in good to excellent yields (33 examples; 73–96% yield).
Alkylation of N-Protecting Group-free Indole with Vinyl Ketones Using Iron Salt Catalyst
Authors: Itoh Toshiyuki , Uehara Hiroyuki , Ogiso Koji , Nomura Shun , Hayase Shuichi , Kawatsura Motoi 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Indole was reacted with vinyl ketones in the presence of 3 mol % of iron(II) tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile or ionic liquids to give 3-alkylated product in an excellent yield. 2,3-Dialkylated indole was also obtained when the reaction was carried out using an excess amount of methyl vinyl ketone with the same catalyst; the results were significantly dependent on the reaction medium and both methanol and ionic liquid were found to be good solvents for double alkylation of indole.
THE ABO BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS AND THEIR SECRETION BY HEALTHY AND DISEASED GASTRIC MUCOSA
Authors: Hoskins Lansing C. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe water‐soluble blood group antigens are a part of the mucous secretions of the gastric mucosa. Current evidence indicates that they are glycoproteins with repeating oligosaccharide side chains attached to a protein or polypeptide core. Variability in their molecular weights and electrophoretic mobility suggests that they form a family of closely related structures. The basis for blood group specificity appears to lie in the sugars forming the free, terminal portion of the oligosaccharide side chains. Their secretion by the gastric mucosa, when measured by antigen titer or fucose content in unfractionated gastric secretion, appears to be unaffected by mucosal disease, but there are limitations in the interpretation of these results. Some potential applications of our knowledge about the blood group substances to studies on the “mucous barrier” are suggested.
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE ALTERATIONS IN BURNED MONKEYS*
Authors: Fox Charles L. , Lasker Sigmund E. 
Published: December 2006

Summary and ConclusionsThese studies with monkeys demonstrate the difficulty of using the minimal thermal trauma that produced a localized full‐thickness injury to cause reproducible death in burn shock so that fluid therapy could be evaluated. Scalds that caused a full‐thickness injury were lethal in twelve hr when 55% of body surface was involved. In contrast, flash burns were lethal in 1–2 days when only 25% of body surface was involved. Fluid therapy which prolonged survival after scalds did not prolong survival after flash burns. The addition of whole blood or dextran to Ringer's lactate solution given in a total volume of 150 cc/kg body weight did not improve the results of therapy. Tissue analyses demonstrated that scald is an edema‐forming injury but flash burns cause huge influx of sodium without water into muscle under burned skin. These differences may explain in part the different response to fluid therapy. The rise in venous pressure post‐burn suggests the early onset of circulatory depression. The blood chemistry data demonstrate the metabolic acidosis with fall in plasma bicarbonate. Hyponatremia and renal shutdown did not occur in control or treated monkeys.The dangers of excessive fluid administration in man are being detected more frequently, together with the previously unrecognized findings of a high incidence of thrombo‐embolic phenomena and pulmonary edema. These findings may be related to the increased viscosity of the blood in burns and vasoconstriction.These comparative studies emphasize the fallacy of the often stated opinion that burns cause an influx of plasma or circulating fluid into tissues resulting in the reduction of plasma volume and that fluid therapy compensates for these changes and results in recovery. The “fluid loss,” particularly in flash or flame burns, is less than alleged and the recommended schedules of fluid therapy are less effective than is believed. The metabolic disturbances, such as acidosis and fall in body temperature, highlight the profound physiologic alterations which follow deep burns; more effective therapy awaits discovery in this direction.
DISTRIBUTION AND LOSSES OF PLASMA PROTEINS DURING THE EARLY STAGE OF SEVERE BURNS
Authors: Birke G. , Liljedahl S.‐O. , Plantin L.‐O. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe rate of distribution of albumin and gamma‐G globulin was studied in patients with burns of varying degree by means of isotopically labeled proteins. The rate was highest in patients with extensive burns and higher the sooner the examination was made after the accident. By isotope studies using whole‐body counting the magnitude of the extravascular distribution of albumin as well as the losses of albumin from the wound surfaces were established. In cases of very extensive burns about one plasma pool of albumin was retained extravascularly during the first few days, and up to one plasma‐pool can be lost from the wound surfaces. The importance of adequate protein therapy is emphasized.
THE ROLE OF BACTERIA IN BURN MORTALITY
Authors: Markley Kehl 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYIn summary, the evidence for the role of bacteria in burn mortality is: A majority of severely burned mice showed positive blood cultures during shock period; gram‐negative bacteria predominated.Germ‐free mice showed a significant reduction in mortality during the shock period and later compared with conventional mice.Pretreatment of conventional mice with sulfadiazine and/or antibiotics reduced shock and late mortality after burns. E. coli added to the environment of mice reared in the absence of E. coli significantly increased shock mortality after severe burns.Burned conventional and germ‐free mice were up to 1000 times more sensitive to E. coli endotoxin during the shock period than unburned mice. E. coli endotoxin injected after thermal trauma made burned mice more susceptible to death after local pseudomonas challenge.Conventional mice made tolerant to E. coli endotoxin were more resistant to burn shock mortality.These results show conclusively for the first time that bacteria do play an important role in early or shock mortality as well as in late mortality after thermal injury.
PSEUDOMONAS VACCINE AND HYPERIMMUNE PLASMA IN THE TREATMENT OF THE SEVERELY BURNED PATIENT (A PROGRESS REPORT)
Authors: Feller Irving 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThis progress report demonstrates a pseudomonas vaccine and hyperimmune plasma used in treating 61 patients with burns involving a minimum of 20 percent of the body with full‐thickness (third degree) loss of 40 percent total injury (partial thickness and full‐thickness). The incidence of septicemia had decreased and mortality due to pseudomonas septicemia, when it does occur, has been greatly reduced.
BINDING CONSTRAINTS AND HELLY NUMBERS
Authors: Hoffman A. J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryStarting with axioms for an abstract intersectional system, we define the Helly number., Scarf number, and binding constraint number of such a system. The last concept is based on a definition of a mathematical programming problem in the system. From these definitions, we deduce (1) Bell's theorem that a collection of half spaces contains a point of ßn if the intersection of every subset of 2n of the half spaces does, and (2) Scarf's theorem that an integer programming problem on zn has at most 2n— 1 binding constraints. Our arguments use coordinates only at the last moment.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF COSPECTRAL COMPOSITE GRAPHS
Authors: Schwenk A. J. , Herndon W. C. , Ellzey M. L. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAn operation loosely described as a type of composition of graphs is studied. Under rather flexible conditions, the resulting composite graphs must be cospectral. This operation is sufficiently powerful to generate eighty‐one cospectral pairs with at most nine vertices. These pairs include the unique smallest cospectral pair, the smallest cospectral connected pair, and one pair of trees with nine vertices. It is felt that this operation provides a unified explanation of cospectrality in several cases that were previously viewed as coincidental.
CORRELATED CHANGES IN δ‐CRYSTALLIN SYNTHESIS AND ION CONCENTRATIONS IN THE EMBRYONIC CHICK LENS: SUMMARY, CURRENT EXPERIMENTS AND SPECULATIONS
Authors: Piatigorsky Joram , Shinohara Toshimichi , Bhat Suraj P. , Reszelbach Rosalie , Jones Raymond E. , Sullivan Margery A. 
Published: December 2006

Summaryand ImplicationsWe have described a correlation between the ratio of synthesis of the higher to the lower molecular weight polypeptides of δ‐crystallin and the intracellular concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the cultured embryonic chick lens. The only structural differences we have found between the larger and smaller δ‐crystallin polypeptides are two, acidic, methionine‐containing tryptic peptides which are absent from the lower molecular weight polypeptides. We do not yet know whether the alteration in the ratio of synthesis of the polypeptides is regulated at the post‐transcriptional or post‐translational level. We are continuing to investigate this problem by studies on the cell‐free synthesis of δ‐crystallin and by analysis of the sequences and organization of δ‐crystallin DNA.One implication of these experiments concerns protein synthesis in cataractous lenses, as has been reviewed elsewhere.15 Numerous cataracts are associated with appreciable changes in ion concentrations, particularly with an increase in Na+ and a decrease in K+. Differential reduction in crystallin synthesis has now been correlated with an increase in the Na+/K+ ratio in three types of cataracts, namely, in hereditary cataracts in mice (Nakano mouse),29 in galactose cataracts in rats,30 and in drug‐induced experimental cataracts in rats.31 It seem reasonable to propose that changes in ion concentrations will be correlated with alterations in protein synthesis in other cataracts and. possibly, with other diseases which result in electrolyte imbalances within cells.
AMPLIFICATION OF TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL BY MEMBRANE‐MEDIATED EVENTS: A PLEIOTROPIC EFFECT ON CELLULAR AND VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION*
Authors: Koch G. , Bilello J. A. , Kruppa J. , Koch F. , Oppermann H. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThis review deals with the events which are triggered in tissue culture cells upon exposure to medium hyperosmolarity, to virus infection and to inducers of terminal differentiation. Increased medium osmolarity mimics, in several ways, events which follow infection of cells by cytopathogenic viruses. These are: inhibition of uptake of amino acids, glucose and uridine, the release or activation of a low molecular weight substance which mediates an immediate and specific inhibition of polypeptide chain initiation, and alteration in the phosphorylation state of ribosomal proteins. All these effects appear to be related to or be a consequence of membrane alterations. Similar alterations in transport and protein synthesis are initiated in Friend erythroleukemic cells upon induction of terminal differentiation.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LIGHT WATER NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Authors: Lamarsh John R. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryU.S. nuclear power plants are designed with a sequence of barriers to prevent the escape of fission products. These include the fuel itself, its cladding, a closed cooling system, and a massive containment structure. In addition, nuclear plants are sited away from major population centers so that the affected population can be evacuated if the need arises. While it is highly unlikely, a release of fission products could occur if the core were to melt due to an unintentional lack of cooling. To avoid such occurrences, all nuclear plants are equipped with emergency core cooling systems. The fundamental soundness of this design philosophy has been demonstrated by the, to date, untarnished record of minimal population exposure from all nuclear power plant operations.
HEALTH IMPACT OF THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT
Authors: Upton Arthur C. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe only health impact of the Three Mile Island accident that can be identified with certainty is mental stress to those living in the vicinity of the plant, particularly pregnant women and families with teenagers and preschool children. Although increased risks of cancer, birth defects, and genetic abnormalities are potential long‐term consequences of low‐level irradiation, few if any such effects of the accident are likely, because the collective dose of radiation received by the population within a 50‐mile radius of the plant was so small. Estimates of the number of people in the population who may ultimately experience any such effects range from 0.4 to 10, in comparison with hundreds of thousands in the same population who can be expected to develop cancer, birth defects, or genetic abnormalities through natural causes.
PROTEOLYSIS OF HUMAN FIXED, WASHED PLATELETS BY GRAM‐NEGATIVE BACTERIAL METALLOPROTEASES: EFFECT ON von WILLEBRAND FACTOR‐HUMAN PLATELET INTERACTIONS*
Authors: Cooper Herbert A. , Bennett William P. , Kreger Arnold , Lyerly David , Wagner Robert H. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryFixed, washed platelets (FWP) are usually stable to aggregation with von Willebrand factor (vWF) from human and certain animal plasmas over several months of storage. When one lot of FWP lost its stability in less than 1 week, studies demonstrated contamination with Serratia marcescens. Extracellular proteases produced by s. marcescens, as well as by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Esherichia coli, were found to cause loss of FWP aggregability. Purified proteases were prepared from cell‐free culture filtrates of S. marcescens and two different strains of P. aeruginosa. They were used to study the effect on the interaction of FWP and vWF. All three purified proteases destroyed FWP aggregability in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent fashion. The protease produced by S. marcescens (SP) was found to be at least eight times more potent against FWP as a substrate than either of the two P. aeruginosa enzymes. The ability of SP to destroy FWP aggregability was prevented by EDTA and could be restored by the addition of Zn2+ in slight molar excess. When compared with trypsin and chymotrypsin, SP was found to be highly selective in digesting the FWP membrane, even at concentrations greater than that established to give a similar loss of FWP aggregability. SP does not induce aggregation of fresh, washed platelets or PRP, but renders them un‐aggregable with vWF. These proteases may be useful research tools for studying membranes and vWF‐platelet interactions.
Tumor‐derived Growth Factors That Support Proliferation and Differentiation of Normal and Leukemic Hemopoietic Cells
Authors: TWEARDY DAVID J. , CARACCIOLO DANIELE , VALTIERI MAURO , ROVERA GIOVANNI 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe conditioned media of 34 human tumor cell lines were screened for the ability to induce granulocyte‐macrophage colonies in vitro in bone marrow cultures, to stimulate proliferation of a murine IL‐3 dependent hemopoietic cell line (32D clone 3) and to stimulate thymidine incorporation in suspension cultures of acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Twelve tumor cell lines produced factors that were active in these assays. The conditioned medium of the glioblastoma cell line U87 MG was characterized in detail and found to contain G‐CSF and GM‐CSF. Cloning and sequencing of the U87 MG G‐CSF indicated that it was derived from G‐CSF b mRNA, which encodes a protein with a deletion of 3 amino acids at residues 36–38. The gene for G‐CSF was mapped to human chromosome 17 band q21, a region involved in translocations frequently found in acute promyelocytic leukemia. G‐CSF (U87MG) was able to induce granulocytic differentiation of the total population of a murine IL‐3 dependent cell line, 32D clone 3; this effect was antagonized by IL‐3. GM‐CSF (U87‐MG) supported the proliferation without inducing differentiation of two growth factor‐dependent leukemic cell lines, TALL 101 and AML‐193.
Disease Problems in the Third World
Authors: WALSH JULIA A. 
Published: December 2006

For those living in the Third World, no matter what their age, the risk of death and disability is always many times higher than for those living in the first world. Despite biomedical advances, illness and death remain common events. These stifle the ability to learn and the capacity to work and raise families, sap one's energy, discourage efforts for advancement, influence attitudes and pervade practically all activities. Table 1 shows these higher risks of death.1,2 The likelihood of dying in the Third World is almost 30 times greater for an infant, 40 to 75 times greater for a child, and more than a 1,000 times greater for a pregnant woman than in any of their counterparts living in an industrialized nation. Even the adolescent and elderly survivors continue to have a greater chance of becoming ill and dying.One of the first steps in attempting to identify possible methods to prevent this excess ill health and death is to analyze the causes. This paper reviews the available information on the causes of death and outlines the changes that have occurred recently.