bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Inhibition of Serum Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase by CaNa2 EDTA injection
Authors: De Paris Paola , Caroldi Stefano 
Published: December 2008

1 In humans CaNa2EDTA increases urinary excretion of lead as well as that of essential metals such as zinc, ferrum and manganese but not that of copper.2 We studied the effect of CaNa2EDTA injection on serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase, a copper-dependent enzyme, in three male lead welders hospitalized for suspected lead poisoning.3 injection of CaNa2EDTA (1000 mg i.v.) resulted in rapid reduction of serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity which returned to normal level within 24 hours.4 Copper sulphate (8 μM) but not ethylmaleimide (10 mM) restored in vitro serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity to pre-dosing values which indicates that CaNa2EDTA inhibits dopamine-β-hydroxylase by removing copper from the enzyme.5 An inverse dose effect relationship between injected CaNa2EDTA and residual serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity was observed.6 In spite of the reported lack of changes in copper serum concentration, CaNa2EDTA significantly affects the activity of a copper-dependent enzyme in the serum.7 As CaNa2EDTA is currently the drug of choice for the treatment of asymptomatic lead poisoning in children, the effect of CaNa2EDTA on copper-enzymes requires further investigation.
Biochemical Renal Changes in Workers Exposed to Soluble Nickel Compounds
Authors: Vyskočil Adolf , Senft Václav , Viau Claude , Cížková Milena , Kohout Josef 
Published: December 2008

1 Biochemical markers of kidney damage were examined in 14 male and 12 female workers highly exposed to soluble nickel compounds in a chemical plant. The results were compared to those obtained in 12 male and 12 female matched controls. 2 The concentration of nickel in urine of male and female workers averaged 5.0 and 10.3 μg g-1 creatinine, respectively. The mean duration of exposure in male and female workers was 25 and 15 years. 3 No difference was found in the mean urinary excretion of lactate dehydrogenase, albumin and transferrin in both sexes, total proteins, β2microglobulin (β2-m) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) in males and lysozyme in females. Lysozyme and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were increased in male and total proteins, β2-m, NAG and RBP in female exposed workers. Significant correlations between urinary concentrations of nickel on one side and that of β2-m in women (r = 0.462, P = 0.022) and men ( r = 0.41, P = 0.018) and of NAG in men ( r = 0.405, P = 0.019) on the other side were found in exposed subjects. 4 Results indicate adverse effects of soluble nickel compounds on the kidney tubular function. In agreement with literature data it seems that those effects occur only at high exposure levels.
Unusual Manifestations after Malathion Poisoning
Authors: Dive A. , Mahieu P. , Van Binst R. , Hassoun A. , Lison D. , De Bisschop H. , Nemery B. , Lauwerys R. 
Published: December 2008

We report a case of organophosphate poisoning with a commercial preparation of malathion (deliberate ingestion of Malathane Garden Spray: malathion 15% in isopropyl alcohol) in which the initial cholinergic crisis was followed by cardiac, pulmonary, neurological and renal manifestations. They occurred when erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterases were reactivating. A chemical analysis of the pesticide preparation revealed, apart from malathion itself, the presence of isopropylmalathion and O,O,S-trimethylphosphorothioate. Although pure malathion is regarded as one of the safest organophosphate insecticides, this observation underlines the possibility of severe complications after exposure to a preparation which has been stored for a long period of time.
lmmunotoxicological Investigation of SCMF, a New Pyrethroid Pesticide in Mice
Authors: Siroki Olga , Institoris L. , Tatar E. , Desi I. 
Published: December 2008

The toxicity of a new pyrethroid pesticide Supercypermethrin Forte (SCMF) was studied in male CFLP mice using classic toxicological (body weight, organ weights) and haematological (white blood cell count, haematocrit, nucleated cell content of femoral bone marrow) methods and immune function tests (PFC assay, DTH reaction).Four weeks of oral treatment in a 5 days per week system at doses of 1/10, 1/20, or 1/40 x LD50did not cause evaluable changes in the measured parameters. When single calculated LD20, LD10, or LD5doses of SCMF were administered on different days before termination to different groups of mice the two higher doses caused a time- and dose-dependent decrease in the splenic PCF number, Apart from some temporary toxic signs and an increase of haematocrit at the top dose the other examined parameters did not show evaluable changes.Under these experimental conditions toxic changes appeared only at the high dose range and, of those applied, the PFC assay proved to be the most sensitive method for detecting the toxicity of SCMF.
Deaths from Substance Overdose in the Lothian and Borders Region of Scotland (1983-1991)
Authors: Obafunwa J.O. , Busuttil A. 
Published: December 2008

1 A retrospective analysis of 352 consecutive cases of fatal substance overdose that occurred in the Lothian and Borders region of Scotland (LBRS) between 1983 and 1992 (inclusive) is presented. All these cases were subjected to a full forensic autopsy with histological and toxicological studies. 2 The overall male:female ratio is 1,2:1. Males significantly predominate (1.9 :1) in the 21-30 year age group, but females significantly predominate (0.7-0.9:1) above the age of 50 years (P<0.001). A significant progressive alteration in the sex ratio is noted: from 0.7:1 in 1988 to 2.4:1 in 1992 (P<0.001). 3 Analgesics account for 43.2% of all overdose deaths with narcotic analgesics representing 32.4%. Dextropropoxyphene is the commonest (38.2%) narcotic analgesic and fatal overdoses on it have been increasing since 1989; methadone deaths also showed an increase. Death from heroin overdose fell sharply in 1985. 4 Antidepressants account for 20.2% of deaths (tricyclics representing 19.3%): Amitriptyline is the commonest (75.0%) tricyclic and its use, particularly by female suicides, has been increasing since 1989. Barbiturate poisoning has declined considerably since 1986. 5 Temazepam comprises 65.4% of all benzodiazepines overdose deaths; two-thirds of fatal benzodiazepine abuse involve males. 6 This study once more emphasises that physicians, and especially general practitioners, must prescribe cautiously for their patients. Control through legislation of the sale of non-narcotic analgesics is worth serious consideration.
Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Serial Agitated Dilutions in Experimental Toxicology
Authors: Linde Klaus , Jonas Wayne B. , Melchart Dieter , Worku Felege , Wagner Hildebert , Eitel Florian 
Published: December 2008

1 We conducted an overview and quantitative meta-analysis of all experimental literature on the protective effects of serial agitated dilutions (SADs) of toxin preparations. 2 Articles were systematically collected and evaluated for scientific quality using pre-defined methodological criteria and then independently analysed for validity. 3 We found 105 publications exploring the effects of SAD preparations in toxicological systems. 4 The quality of evidence in these studies was low with only 43% achieving one half of the maximum possible quality score and only 31 % reported in a fashion that permitted reevaluation of the data. 5 Very few studies were independently replicated using comparable models. 6 Among the high quality studies, positive effects were reported 50% more often than negative effects. 7 Four of 5 outcomes meeting quality and comparability criteria for meta-analysis showed positive effects from SAD preparations. 8 Average percent protection over controls in these preparations was 19.7 (95%Cl 6.2-33.2). 9 Further research with special attention to methodological detail and independent replicafion should be done.
Effects of Exercise Training on the Distribution of Metallic Mercury in Mice
Authors: Shimojo Nobuhiro , Arai Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2008

1 The purpose of this study was to correlate exercise induced changes of antioxidant enzymes with the distribution of mercury after mercury vapour exposure in mice. 2 Exercise training consisted of swimming (1 h/day for 5 days/week) for 9 weeks. After 9 weeks of training, swim-trained mice showed significantly elevated levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx ) in their red blood cells, CAT and GSHpx in their kidneys and SOD in the liver. 3 Exercised mice (Ex) and non-exercised mice (N.Ex) were exposed to mercury vapour (3.5 mg m-3) for 1 h. Mercury concentrations were assayed in the . blood, brain, heart, lungs, liver and kidneys along with the mercury content of the entire body. The whole body mercury content showed no significant difference in any measurement (immediately, 24 h and 48 h after mercury exposure) between the Ex and N.Ex groups. Mercury concentrations in the Ex group were significantly higher than the N.Ex group in the heart, whole blood, red blood cells and the brain at 24 and 48 h; and in the plasma and kidneys at 24 h. 4 It was concluded that exercise training is a factor in distribution changes of mercury after exposure to mercury vapour, though it is not a factor in the total absorption and excretion of mercury.
Occurrence of Autoqntibodies Directed Against Myeloperoxidase and Elastase in Patients Treated with Hydralazine and Presenting with Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Torffvit O. , Thysell H. , Nässberger L. 
Published: December 2008

We have undertaken an investigation retrospectively of 21 patients with positive antinuclear antibodies, who had been on hydralazine treatment and developed a glomerulonephritis. Four patients had circulating antimyeloperoxidase (MPO) and two of them were concluded to have a hydralazine-induced glomerulonephritis, corresponding to a frequency of 10%. These two patients had antibodies of IgG and IgM class directed against myeloperoxidase (MPO), and also antibodies against elastase. These two patients had also a biopsy proven extracapillary glomerulonephritis with focal segmental necrosis. Antibodies against elastase were furthermore seen in three patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis and in one patient with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. This study confirms an association between circulating anti-MPO and a histopathological picture compatible with extracapillary proliferation and focal segmental necrosis. From a clinical, histopathological and serological point of view it can be concluded that in two patients the glomerulonephritis was associated with antibody evidence of an autoimmune side effect.
Elimination Studies of Antipyrine and its Metabolites in Healthy Saudi Arabians
Authors: Ali Hatim A. , El-Yazigi Adnan , Sieck Jens O. , Døssing Martin , Saour Jalal , Raines Dale A. , Ernst Peter 
Published: December 2008

1 We measured the antipyrine clearance in 18 healthy Saudi subjects and determined the urinary excretion of three of its metabolites: 4-hydroxyantipyrine (4-OH AP), norantipyrine (NOR AP) and 3 hydroxymethylantipyrine (3-OHM AP) in 21 subjects. 2 The mean ± SD of the antipyrine clearance was 2.4 ± 1.1 h-1 (range 1.0-5.5 l h-1) and the corresponding value per kg body weight was 0.6 ± 0.2 ml min-1 kg-1. Urinary excretion of antipyrine (AP), 4-OH AP, NOR AP and 3-OHM AP expressed as a percentage of the oral dose of antipyrine given was 2.8 ± 2.2, 14.5 ± 6.9, 12.3 ± 5.6 and 7.6 ± 3.2 respectively. 3 Compared to Africans, Saudis preferentially metabolize AP to NOR AP and compared to Caucasians to 3-OHM AP, rather than to 4-OH AP. These discrepancies may reflect age differences between the study populations rather than genetic or ethnic variations.
Chronic Nephrotoxicity of Soluble Nickel in Rots
Authors: Vyskočil A. , Viau C. , Čížková M. 
Published: December 2008

1 Male and female Wistar rats were given 100 mg L-1 of nickel (as nickel sulfate) in drinking water for 6 months. Lactate dehydrogenase, total proteins, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), albumin and β2-microglobulin were measured in 24 h urine after 3 and 6 months of exposure. Body and kidney weights were also recorded. 2 After 6 months, urinary excretion of albumin in control and exposed rats was 354 and 1319 μg 24 h-1 for female rats (P<0.05) and 989 and 2065 μg 24 h-1 for male rats (P = non significant). Kidney weights were significantly increased in the exposed groups. No significant changes were observed in other parameters. 3 The results suggest that low-level oral exposure to soluble nickel either induces changes of glomerular permeability in female and possibly in male rats, or enhances the normal age-related glomerular nephritis lesions of ageing rats. The intake was probably not high enough to induce significant tubular changes. The female rat seems to be more sensitive to the nephrotoxic effect of nickel than the male rat.
Thiol Levels in Rat Bronchio-Alveolar Lavage Fluid after Administration of Cysteine Esters
Authors: Lailey Alison F. , Upshall David G. 
Published: December 2008

1 The intraperitoneal administration of cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, the methyl, isopropyl, cyclo pentyl, neo pentyl, cyclo hexyl and tertiary butyl esters of cysteine and of cystine dimethyl ester increased the levels of total non-protein sulphydryls and cysteine in the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid and plasma of rats. In all cases the non-protein sulphydryl levels reflected the increased cysteine levels. 2 Cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, the cysteine esters and cystine dimethyl ester raised the levels of non-protein sulphydryls and hence cysteine in the bronchioalveolar lining fluid as follows: CIPE > CCPE > CME > CDME > CneoPE > CCHE > Nac > CySH > CTBE. 3 Plasma levels of NPSH were increased as follows: Nac > CySH > CCPE > CCHE > CneoPE > CIPE > CME > CDME > CTBE. 4 All except CTBE have been shown to protect against the lethal effects of inhaled perfluoroisobutene, a pyrolysis product of polytetrafluoroethene which induces a fulminating pulmonary oedema. 5 This study showed that by raising the levels of thiols in the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the epithelial cells lining the bronchiolar, alveolar regions of the lung could be protected against inhaled toxicants. 6 It is proposed that increased thiol levels in the BALF may contribute to the overall protection induced by these compounds by reacting with inhaled electrophiles to prevent or reduce damage to tissue in close proximity to the airways.
Biotransfiormation and Toxicity of Halogenated Benzenes
Authors: den Besten C. , Brouwer A. , Rietjens I.M.C.M. , van Bladeren P.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Multiple potentially harmful metabolites can be distinguished in the metabolic activation of halogenated benzenes: epoxides, phenols, benzoquinones and benzoquinone-derived glutathione conjugates.2 The role of these (re-) active metabolites in the toxic effects induced by halogenated benzenes such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, porphyria and thyroid toxicity is discussed.3 Evidence is presented suggesting that the formation of reactive benzoquinone metabolites rather than the traditional epoxides is linked to halogenated benzene-induced hepatotoxicity.4 A crucial role for the benzoquinone-derived glutathione adducts in halogenated benzene-induced nephrotoxicity is clearly established.5 Although metabolic activation appears to be involved in porphyria, the nature of the ultimate porphyrinogenic metabolite has not been elucidated yet.6 Disturbances in thyroid hormone (and retinoid) homeostasis can be (at least partially) explained by the formation of halogenated phenol metabolites.7 In conclusion, for a relevant prediction of the ultimate fate of a compound in a living organism, one should know the chemical characteristics and reactivity of the parent compound and its metabolites, together with insight into the formation mechanism of each of the suspected metabolites, and an understanding of the interaction between a specific chemical (reactive) structure and its target molecule.
Cellular and molecular aspects of organotin-induced thymus atrophy
Authors: Pieters Raymond H.H. , Bol Marianne , Seinen Willem , Penninks André H. 
Published: December 2008

1 Organotin compounds, di-n-butyltin dichloride (DBTC) in particular, have been shown to cause Thymus atrophy in the rat. 2 DBTC-induced thymus atrophy results from a depletion of small CD4+CD8+ thymocytes which is caused by a diminished production of immature CD4-CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ thymoblasts. 3 DBTC inhibits the activation, but not the differentiation of immature CD4-CD8+ thymocytes in vitro and in vivo suggesting a selective anti-proliferative activity of DBTC. 4 DBTC inhibits the adhesion molecule-mediated binding of thymocytes to thymic epithelial cells. 5 DBTC enhances the Ca2+ release elicited by cross-linking of the T cell receptor complex (TcRαβ-CD3) on thymocytes and moreover delays cap formation of the TcRαβ-CD3 receptor. 6 It is concluded that DBTC possibly interferes with the functioning of the cytoskeleton. The relation of the in vitro findings to the inhibition of immature CD4-CD8+ thymocyte activation and the induction of thymus atrophy is unknown as yet.
Protection against inhalation toxicity of ricin and abrin by immunisation
Authors: Griffiths G.D. , Lindsay C.D. , Allenby A.C. , Bailey S.C. , Scawin J.W. , Rice P. , Upshall D.G. 
Published: December 2008

1 Abrin and ricin are highly toxic plant proteins which are very similar in structure and function and inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotes. 2 Rats have been immunised against either toxin using formaldehyde-toxoids by three subcutaneous injections at intervals of 3 weeks. For abrin, serum titres in 14 out of 15 rats were raised to between 1 : 12800 and 1 : 51200 after two injections, 6 weeks from the start of the experiment. Titres of between 1 : 256 and 1 : 1024 were also measured in lung washes after challenge with active abrin toxin. 3 The three major antibody classes, IgG, IgM and IgA were present in the immune sera but IgG and IgA only were detected in lung washes. The proportion of IgA to IgG was higher in the lung fluid than in sera. Rats immunised by abrin toxoid were protected against 5 LCt50's of abrin by inhalation but others exposed to ricin were not. 4 For ricin, serum titres ranged from 1 : 800 to 1 : 25600 after two injections and after a third injection the titre range was the same but population samples were weighted towards the higher titres. All rats immunised with ricin toxoid survived the challenge of 5 LCt50's of ricin toxin by inhalation over the observation period of 28 days post-challenge. 5 Representative immunised rats (abrin toxoid) were taken at various times post-exposure, humanely killed and tissues were examined for pathological changes. It was concluded that an apparently severe lung lesion occurred at a later time than in non-immunised, toxin challenged rats. This damage was not lethal over the experimental observation periods. 6 Immunisation by the sub-cutaneous route therefore protects against lethality from challenge by inhalation of ricin or abrin toxins but does not prevent significant lung damage.
Human metabolism of aluminium-26 and gallium-67 injected as citrates
Authors: Priest ND , Newton D. , Day JP , Talbot RJ , Warner AJ 
Published: December 2008

126Al and67Ga were given as citrates to a healthy male volunteer by intravenous injection. The retention of both tracers was studied by body radioactivity measurement. Levels in blood and excreta were determined by y-ray spectrometry and/or accelerator mass spectrometry.2 More than half of the26Al had left the blood after 15 min and the decline continued, leaving <1% in blood after 2 d; the losses occurred both to renal excretion and through uptake by other compartments. Estimated excre tion up to 13 d was 83% (urine) and 1.8% (faeces). Whole-body retention of 15% at 13 d declined to ∼4% at 1178 d, when the daily reduction corresponded to a bio logical half-life of 7 y, suggesting that sustained intake of dietary aluminium may lead to a progressively increas ing internal deposit.3 The metabolism of67Ga differed markedly from that of26Al in all aspects studied.
Cimetidine as adjunctive treatment for acetaminophen overdose
Authors: Burkhart Keith K , Janco Nancy , Kulig Kenneth W , Rumack Barry H 
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study was to determine if cimetidine in addition to N-acetylcysteine and standard supportive care provide additional hepatoprotection following acute acetaminophen poisoning.It was designed as a prospective study with alternate month treatment protocol, and the work was carried out at a regional certified poison information centre.For a 2-year period, consultations received by the Rocky Mountain Poison Center involving acute aceta minophen overdose patients with a serum level above the nomogram line, but who would not receive N-acetylcys tine therapy until at least 8 h postingestion, were prospec tively evaluated for adjunctive treatment with cimetidine. All patients received standard supportive therapy and N- acetylcysteine treatment. During odd numbered months, cimetidine 300 mg was administered intravenously every 6 h for the duration of N-acetylcysteine therapy.Forty-one cimetidine treated patients were compared to 66 patients in the control group. The peak measured AST levels (+/- s.e.) were 1259+/-330 and 1301+/-451 for the control and cimetidine treatment groups, respectively (P = 0.94). Fourteen of 64 patients (21%) in the control group and 8/41 patients (20%) in the cimetidine group developed an AST > 1000 IUL-1. There were no statistical differences between the cimetidine-treated and control groups when classified by AST<100IUL-1, 100- 1000IUL-1, or >1000IUL-1.The addition of cimetidine therapy to standard N- acetylcysteine treatment did not provide additional hepatoprotection in acutely acetaminophen poisoned patients when treatment was started later than 8 h post overdose. Larger doses of cimetidine along with more fre quent or continuous intravenous administration may war rant further study.