bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operating Multiphase Helicoaxial Pumps in Series To Develop a Satellite Oil Field in a Remote Desert Location
Authors: Saadawi Hisham 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) has recently developed one of its satellite oil fields. The field is located in a remote desert location onshore the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The development concept is based on multiphase pumping and the entire field was developed using multiphase pumps.
Two helicoaxial pumps are used to pump 10,000 B/D of crude oil with associated gas and produced water to the host facilities in a nearby field some 30 km away. The pumps are installed in series. The pumps were commissioned successfully in 2006 and have been operating since then.
Huwaila field is the first and only oil field in the world where two multiphase helicoaxial pumps are operated in series. This paper describes the design, testing, and operational aspects of this unique experience.
Estimating the Cost of Errors in Estimates Used During Concept Selection
Authors: Jablonowski C. , Wiboonkij-Arphakul C. , Neuhold M. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
This study examines the loss in project value incurred when concept selection decisions are based on erroneous estimates of input variables. Estimates of the magnitude of such losses are provided, along with an analysis of which input variable estimates matter most in determining value loss. A procedure for concept selection is defined to model the decision making process and is used in conjunction with a simplified asset development optimization model to estimate project values. The analysis compares project values resulting from concept selection decisions based on erroneous estimates to values based on an alternate hypothesis. Results suggest that the cost of using erroneous estimates for initial costs, expansion costs, and the timing of future expansion projects is comparable in magnitude to the cost of erroneous reserve estimates. Also, the cost of underestimating expected reserve volume tends to be larger than the cost of overestimating reserve volume, aggressive cost estimates are more destructive to value than conservative estimates, and conservative schedule estimates for the timing of expansion projects are generally more destructive to value than aggressive schedule estimates.
Automatic Ultrasonic Inspection of Steel Catenary Risers With a Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Layer
Authors: van der Ent Jan , van Nisselroij Jacq , Kopp Frans , Otter Andries , Weli Nwoji , Judd Steve 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA)-clad pipelines have austenitic girth welds. Such girth welds cannot be inspected by conventional ultrasonic methods and must to be examined by the nonconventional angle beam compression wave/creep-wave technique. Because of the dynamic nature of steel catenary risers (SCR) used in deep waters, very tight acceptance/rejection criteria apply.
This paper gives background information about the design and installation of SCRs, the material properties of such a design, and the inspection solution developed to examine such welds. In addition, the development and qualification as used in the Bonga project is demonstrated, and conclusions and recommendations are given.
The Effects of Partial Span Coverage for Deepwater Marine Risers and Tendons With Fairings
Authors: Allen Don W. , Henning Dean L. , Lee Li 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Two sets of tests have been conducted on short fairings with a chord-to-pipe-diameter ratio of approximately 1.5 partially covering a long pipe that was towed under a rotating arm at Reynolds numbers equivalent to those experienced by many production risers. From the first set of tests, results for pipes with continuous fairings over various lengths of the outer end of the pipe are presented, as well as for two configurations with partial coverage. From the second set of tests, results for a series of partial fairing coverage tests are presented that consisted of a more systematic variation of fairing density on the outer two joints. The results produced several practical conclusions that can be used for more economical marine tubular designs.
Smoothbore Flexible Riser for Gas Export
Authors: Crome Tim , Binet Eric , Mjøen Stig 
Published: July 2008

Summary
This paper describes the development of a novel design of smooth-bore riser for dry gas applications. It has been developed for use on the Statoil operated Åsgard field, located approximately 200 kilo-metres off mid-Norway.
Shortly after startup of gas export from what was then the world's largest semi-sub, Statoil's Åsgard B platform, a serious noise and vibration phenomenon was identified in the gas export system. This system consists of a manifold on the platform topsides connected to parallel flexible risers linked to a subsea Export Riser Base which feeds the gas into the 42-in. export pipeline to Norway. The noise, essentially a high-pitched whistling, and resulting vibration caused two fatigue failures of smallbore piping fittings on the topsides manifold, leading to gas leaks on the platform. There were also concerns related to the subsea piping. The source of the noise, in this dry-gas system, was related to vortex shedding of the gas flow past the internal carcass in the flexible risers.
Initially, two roughbore risers were installed; this was sub-sequently increased to a total of four, including one spare. The increase to three operating export risers had been planned from the start of the project to reflect increased export volumes from Åsgard. However, while it was now possible to manage the gas flow such that the noise and vibration was controlled, this could not be achieved without unacceptable pressure losses along the length of the flexible risers. This problem was related to longer term operation of the Åsgard Transport System as the export volume through it, and hence the required operating pressure, increased with the inclusion of export from new fields, such as Kristin.
After comprehensive work with export system monitoring, dynamic simulations, and assessment of alternative export arrangements, Statoil invited Technip to validate the concept of a flexible smoothbore structure for the Åsgard B gas export riser system. This paper describes the background for, and special measures implemented in, the design of the world's first smoothbore flexible riser for gas export. This design is such that noise from the risers is eliminated while, at the same time, a smooth internal bore significantly reduces the pressure losses along the riser, allowing the full potential of the Åsgard Transport System to be achieved. The first smoothbore gas export riser was installed in late Autumn 2006 as a replacement for one of the existing standard roughbore risers.
Hence, the new application of smoothbore riser technology to the novel gas export riser design for Åsgard gives several benefits:
Noise and vibration issues are eliminated. Pressure losses are reduced. Environmental benefits are achieved from the subsequent re-duction in need for compression.
High-Integrity Protection Systems (HIPS): Methods and Tools for Efficient Safety Integrity Levels Analysis and Calculations
Authors: Signoret Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2008

Summary
High Integrity Protection Systems (HIPS) are more and more extensively used in the oil industry to replace conventional safety systems, and this paper aims to show how to efficiently evaluate their Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) as required by the IEC 61508 (1998) and 61511 (2003) standards. These standards provide rigorous formal processes to build the safety of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) and are very efficient from an organizational point of view. However, difficulties still arise with definitions and probabilistic calculations, and for this reason our company has developed a set of probabilistic methods and tools to overcome such difficulties. They are based on traditional holistic approaches and the powerful algorithms developed in the reliability field over the past 30 or 40 years: Fault Trees, Markov processes, and Monte Carlo simulation performed on behavioral models (e.g., Petri nets or formal languages). They are briefly analyzed in this paper using simple examples to highlight the principles. This paper is mainly focused on HIPS working in low-demand-mode (i.e., with less than one demand per year according to the standards) and HIPS such as High Integrity Pressure Protection Systems (HIPPS), but indications are given for HIPS functioning in continuous modes of operation. The main conclusions are that, when properly handled, Fault trees are very efficient for low-demand topside HIPS; that the Markovian approach is interesting but practicable only for very small systems; and that Monte Carlo simulation on behavioral models is efficient in all cases. From our point of view, these approaches are simpler to handle than the informative formulae proposed in the present issue of the standards. Therefore, we have begun to disseminate these approaches and we strongly recommend our contractors to use them.
Flow Assurance and Artificial Lift Innovations for Jubarte Heavy Oil in Brazil
Authors: Colodette Giovani , Pereira Carlos A. G. , Siqueira Cézar A. M. , Ribeiro Geraldo A. S. M. , Rodrigues Roberto , de Matos João S. , Ribeiro Marcos P. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
The Jubarte field, in the Campos Basin, Brazil, was discovered in January 2001. It is located approximately 80 km offshore from the State of Espírito Santo, under water depths between 1,000 and 1,500 m, containing oil of 17°API and viscosity of 14 cp at reservoir conditions.
This work presents a review of the artificial lift and flow assurance aspects faced by PETROBRAS in the exploitation of Jubarte heavy oil, starting from the features of the pilot phase. It details all the challenges posed and innovations proposed and implemented for Phase 1 field development, as well as expectations for the subsequent Phase 2.
Novel Coalescer Technology in First-Stage Separator Enables Single-Stage Separation and Heavy-Oil Separation
Authors: Fjeldly T. A. , Hansen E. B. , Nilsen P. J. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Aibel (former ABB Offshore Systems) has for a long while carried out fundamental research on compact separation. A significant part of the development has been to incorporate robust electrostatic coalescers into three phase separators. The current technology enables single-stage separation and accelerates separation of oil and water. The most recent product developed to enable single-stage separation is the Low Water Content Coalescer (LOWACC). The LOWACC is an electrostatic coalescer element, enhancing and accelerating the separation in an oil/water/gas separator. It is designed to operate as a polishing element for removal of the remaining droplets of water and is designed to be located downstream the Vessel Internal Electrostatic Coalescer (VIEC), which is a bulk separation device. A prototype polishing element, together with the bulk separation device, has been tested on several different real crude oils ranging from API 17 to API 29. For the API 29 crude, the water in oil (WiO) content was successfully reduced below 0.5% without the use of chemicals. For the challenging API 17 oil, the oil in water (OiW) was reduced to below 2–5%. All the test results verified good separation even with tough separation conditions that created stable emulsions and small droplets. The produced water leaving the separator contained 2 to 200 ppm oil in water.
AKPO: A Giant Deep Offshore Development
Authors: Rafin F. , Laîné A. , Ludot B. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
All deep water offshore projects are challenging. They are large developments, difficult to implement and often beyond the limits of proven technologies at their inception.
AKPO field is located in block Offshore Mining License (OML) 130,200 km offshore Nigeria in 1400 m of water. At plateau production, AKPO will produce and export 175,000 B/D of condensate and will export, at startup, 320 MMscf/D of gas to Bonny NLNG plant, onshore Nigeria.
AKPO reservoirs characteristics have greatly influenced the development scheme while still making it technically and economically viable. AKPO reservoirs consist in a 620-million-recoverable-barrels accumulation of a critical fluid made of very light oils up to 53°API and classified as condensate, with well head shut-in pressures up to 400 bars, fluid temperature up to 116°C at wellhead, and very high gas liquid ratio (GLR). AKPO is not only a giant condensate field, but also a gas field with 1 Tcf planned gas export.
With such particular reservoir conditions, the AKPO development scheme is very challenging and maximizes the use of proven and generic technologies whenever possible.
The development is taking place at a time when the supplier market is very buoyant. This, in turn, has created additional challenges with respect to the availability of skilled resources and obtaining quality products on time.
The paper addresses the challenges of AKPO development and in particular some of the key technical issues.
A unique hybrid condensate production/gas export development scheme which maximizes hydrocarbon recovery Reservoir management requiring massive pressure maintenance facilities, extensive use of intelligent and selective completions, and subsea multiphase flow measurements A development drilling strategy and well architecture. A subsea layout compromise, aiming at maximum reliability and availability. Extensive qualification and testing program of equipment to meet with the reservoir conditions. An FPSO concept pushed to the limit to handle high volume of high-pressure (HP) fluids together with a very large gas inventory. The securing of resources in terms of dry dock slot, marine spread and deep offshore drilling units in a buoyant market.
TOTAL, with 24% interest, is the operator on OML 130 on behalf of Petrobras of Brazil, Sapetro of Nigeria, China National Offshore Oil Corporation of China (CNOOC), and Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) of Nigeria.
AKPO achieved Project sanction on 25 April, 2005, when OML 130 was awarded by the Nigerian authorities. AKPO is currently under development with drilling and construction underway, with first production planned before the end of 2008.
Improved Mechanical IGF Technology for Floating Production Storage and Offloading Application-First Installation Theory and Practice
Authors: Rivet Crystal , Movafaghian Shaya , Chen James 
Published: July 2008

Summary
This paper is intended to be part of the continuous development and adaptation of mechanical-cylindrical induced-gas-flotation (IGF) technology that meets the demands of today's offshore production practices as the best-available technology (BAT). The focus of this paper relates theory to practice for this new, yet proven, technology, and presents the real-life example of one of its applications. This paper presents the problem-solving and selection process adopted by Chevron Corp.'s North America Operations Team at the Typhoon production facility, located in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The paper compares alternative solutions, and the economic advantages and disadvantages of each. It also provides an in-depth analysis of the performance achieved after installation of the dual cell on the basis of the theoretical model developed for this equipment.
Experimental Research on Treatment of Produced Water From a Polymer-Flooding Process Using a Double-Cone Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone
Authors: Liu Shumeng , Zhao Xuefeng , Dong Xigui , Miao Baolin , Du Wei 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Produced water from polymer flooding (polymer-produced water) is difficult to treat by the conventional gravity settling process. A new type of double-cone air-sparged hydrocyclone (DcASH) has been designed, and its fundamental structure and operating principles are introduced in this paper. Experimental research on treating produced water from polymer flooding has been carried out, showing that the DcASH has a high treatment capacity. The oil concentration of treated water was less than 100 mg/L, which satisfied the requirements of the next deep-bed filtration process stage. Compared to gravity settling, conventional hydrocyclones, and flotation, the DcASH has a higher separation efficiency, which indicates that DcASH will have good application prospects in oilfield produced-water treatment.
Unified Modeling of Gas/Oil/Water-Pipe Flow-Basic Approaches and Preliminary Validation
Authors: Zhang Hong-Quan , Sarica Cem 
Published: July 2008

Summary
A unified model is proposed for the prediction of flow behavior during production and transportation of gas, oil, and water through wellbores and pipelines. In gas/oil/water three-phase-pipe flow, the phase distributions and hydrodynamics are described on the basis of two criteria: gas/liquid flow pattern and oil/water mixing status. The three-phase flow is treated as gas/liquid two-phase flow, if the two liquids are fully mixed, or as a three-layer stratified flow at low flow rates in horizontal or slightly inclined pipes. Most three-phase flows fall between the two extremes, partially mixed with slippage between the two liquid phases. Closure relationships describing the distribution between the liquid phases, namely mixing and inversion, are proposed. The model predictions are compared with experimental data of gas/oil/water pipe flows. Significant improvements are observed over the predictions by the two-phase unified model of Zhang et al. (2003a), which assumes a fully mixed liquid phase.
Creating a Culture To Deliver Sustainable HSE Performance
Authors: Buell R. S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryDemands on the petroleum industry are driving continual improvement of health, safety, and environment (HSE) performance. It has become widely recognized that the deliberate and structured creation of HSE culture directly affects HSE performance. Developing HSE culture is a complex recipe that combines values, leadership, management systems and processes, behavioral and cognitive psychology, technology, equipment, and HSE expertise. This combination creates a culture or "way of working in the organization."There are many theoretical and practical papers on the creation and assessment of HSE culture. For a leader in E&P operations, the distillation of this large body of knowledge into an appropriate course of action can be a daunting task. A generic HSE cultural-maturity model is provided in this work. HSE culture is further defined in terms of cultural dimensions. To improve HSE performance, development of culture cannot be confined within an E&P operator's organization. Contractors, partners, service providers, and suppliers must also be included in the development of HSE culture. Guidance is provided to help the E&P practitioner work collaboratively with contractors to develop, sustain, and improve HSE culture and performance. Pragmatic examples are provided for diagnosing HSE culture.
Comprehensive Risk-Evaluation Approaches for International E&P Operations
Authors: Clare Jay B. , Armstrong Louis 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Managers of E&P projects and operations are often required to make decisions on the basis of a variety of factors including, but not limited to, safety, finance, security, and company reputation. Often these factors are hard to quantify or may be in direct conflict with each other. Therefore, it is critical that decision makers use an approach to assess risks associated with each factor in a consistent and defensible manner. The selected approach needs to be robust enough to quantify the risk sufficiently, but simple enough to allow for ease of use and interpretation of results. In this paper, we present several approaches by which risk criteria can be defined, and then present resulting risk profiles for E&P operations in developing nations, thereby increasing the number of tools available to those faced with making such business decisions.
Subsea Development of Okwori and Nda Oil Fields, Niger Delta
Authors: Stenger B. A. , Guinot F. , Clauss C. , Otevwemerhuere J. , Ezeukwu T. E. , Aubert O. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Addax Petroleum's operated Okwori oil field, offshore Nigeria, illustrated the benefits of reviving shelved projects, because of an insufficient return on investment using more traditional approaches, by applying more recent technical and contractual solutions.
The Okwori project demonstrated the feasibility of developing small and geologically complex offshore oil fields in medium water depth of 440 ft with subsea technologies traditionally used for large fields.
In the subsurface, the Okwori wells combined multiple selective completions hydraulically controlled from the surface with expandable sand screens as the downhole sand exclusion solution. This combination of equipment in subsea wells used to fully develop a small offshore oil field marked another technological first in Nigeria.
Far away from pre-existing facilities and with less than 50 million bbl of median technical reserves at the time of project sanction, the Okwori oilfield development went a step further than the more usual subsea tieback to a pre-existing offshore production facility. The Okwori development plan was based on horizontal subsea trees flowing to a leased spread-moored floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel by means of (6-in.) flexible subsea flowlines and risers.
The Okwori leased production facilities had a built-in capability for additional tiebacks such as the Nda oil field, whose development was completed in October 2006, or for later redeployment in other parts of the acreage depending on further exploration and appraisal drilling.
A review of the field operations to date highlighted a steep learning curve in the formulation of completion design, completion fluids, stimulation, downhole sand exclusion systems, and bean-up/bean-down procedures.
Veterinary student and veterinarian attitudes toward veterinary public health and epidemiology
Authors: Fosgate Geoffrey T. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Objective—To identify predictors of veterinary students and veterinarians having an interest in veterinary public health and epidemiology (PH&E).
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Sample Population—Veterinary students enrolled in the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Texas A&M University and veterinarians with membership in a Texas veterinary professional organization.
Procedures—2 questionnaires were designed and administered to investigate hypothesized predictors of PH&E interests among veterinary students and veterinarians. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables from both questionnaires. Prevalence ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and χ2 tests were used to evaluate bivariate associations between variables and an interest in PH&E. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for the effects of multiple variables on the outcome.
Results—70% (215/305) of students believed that a course in PH&E was necessary, and 46% (140/304) believed that more courses in PH&E would improve the veterinary curriculum. Ninety-nine percent (299/303) of veterinarians believed that a course in PH&E was necessary in the curriculum. Ninety-two percent (272/297) of veterinarians agreed that knowledge related to PH&E was important to perform the functions of their job. History of raising animals and membership in 4-H or Future Farmers of America were significant predictors of veterinary students having an interest in PH&E. Being male and growing up in a rural environment were not significant predictors.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Most veterinary students and veterinarians agreed that knowledge of PH&E is important. Variables identified as associated with an interest in PH&E may be useful for designing mitigation strategies to increase the number of veterinarians entering public health careers.