bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AGU section‐wide electronic connections: A case history from SPA
Authors: Le Guan , Russell C. T. , Luhmann J. G. 
Published: October 2006

In the spring of 1994 when the Internet was rapidly expanding and the World Wide Web was still developing,several of us serving in the SPA Section Executive Committee decided to launch an electronic newsletter and section Web site.The purpose of each was multifold. The newsletter would provide a way to rapidly disseminate items of recent interest, allowing widespread, immediate community response when warranted and a venue for advertising events of specific concern to SPA members and others with space physics connections. It would serve as an effective bulletin board for the exchange of useful information; for example, the launch of a spacecraft, the release of a special data set, or notes on honors bestowed upon SPA members.
Billy M. McCormac (1920–1999)
Authors: Walt Martin 
Published: October 2006

Billy M. McCormac died on September 13, 1999, at age 79. His many friends and colleagues will remember him for the legendary International Institutes on Space Science and Aeronomy, which he organized between 1965 and 1975.Billy was born and raised in Zanesville, Ohio, and graduated from Ohio State University in 1943 in the midst of World War II. He joined the Army as a 2nd Lieutenant and served in Europe and Korea. As a career officer he was sent to graduate school at the University of Virginia, where he received his Ph.D. in nuclear physics in 1957. He held various scientific positions in the Army until his retirement as a Lieutenant Colonel in 1963. His last military position was Chief of Electromagnetics at the Defense Atomic Support Agency, where he was responsible for experiments measuring the effects of the high‐altitude nuclear weapon explosions in the Pacific.
Physics of the Space Environment
Authors: Vasyliünas Vytenis M. 
Published: October 2006

This book, one in the Cambridge Atmospheric and Space Science Series, joins a growing list of advanced‐level textbooks in a field of study and research known under a variety of names: space plasma physics, solar‐terrestrial or solar‐planetary relations, space weather, or (the official name of the relevant AGU section) space physics and aeronomy. On the basis of graduate courses taught by the author in various departments at the University of Michigan, complete with problems and with appendices of physical constants and mathematical identities, this is indeed a textbook, systematic and severe in its approach.The book is divided into three parts, in length ratios of roughly 6:4:5. Part I, “Theoretical Description of Gases and Plasmas,” starts by writing down Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz transformation (no nonsense about any introductory material of a descriptive or historical nature) and proceeds through particle orbit theory, kinetics, and plasma physics with fluid and MHD approximations to waves, shocks, and energetic particle transport. Part II, “The Upper Atmosphere,” features chapters on the terrestrial upper atmosphere, airglow and aurora, and the ionosphere. Part III, “Sun‐Earth Connection,” deals with the Sun, the solar wind, cosmic rays, and the terrestrial magnetosphere. The book thus covers, with two exceptions, just about all the topics of interest to Space Physics and Aeronomy scientists, and then some (the chapter on the Sun, for instance, briefly discusses also topics of the solar interior: thermonuclear energy generation, equilibrium structure, energy transfer, with a page or two on each). One exception reflects a strong geocentric bias: there is not one word in the main text on magnetospheres and ionospheres of other planets and their interaction with the solar wind (they are mentioned in a few problems). The other exception: the chapter on the terrestrial magnetosphere lacks a systematic exposition of the theory of magnetosphereionosphere coupling.
JGR‐Planets wins best issue award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The April 25, 1999, issue of JGR‐Planets was named the Best Single Issue in Science/Technology/Medicine by the Professional/Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers. The award was presented at the Division's annual meeting in February in Washington, D.C.Featured was a special section on the Mars Pathfinder. The mission resulted in a significant volume of data in several areas, and the papers in the issue were the first detailed treatment of the mission in the literature. JGR‐Planets competed against commercial publishers, including Blackwell's and Elsevier, university presses, including Cambridge University Press and MIT Press, as well as associations, including the American Chemical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Killeen to head NCAR
Authors: Grant Shermonta L. 
Published: October 2006

Timothy Killeen, president of AGU's Space Physics and Aeronomy Section, begins his tenure as director of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) on July 5, 2000.Managed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)—a consortium of universities—NCAR's objective is to equip the university research community with the human resources and the computational and observational infrastructure needed to sustain and expand progress in atmospheric and related sciences.
Preserving satellite archives
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) EROS Data Center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, presently houses one of the world's largest collections of aerial and satellite images of the Earth's land surface.Now, the Survey will also archive hundreds of thousands of additional satellite images that complement its Landsat collection and fill in gaps in Landsat coverage of low cloud cover images.
Comment [on “Planetary science, astrobiology, and the role of science and exploration in society”]
Authors: Lanzerotti Louis J. 
Published: October 2006

Jakosky and Golombek [2000] have addressed important public policy issues in their recent Forum piece (Eos, February 8, 2000, p. 58). Their analyses should be read carefully in the context of the numerous debates and discussions that have occurred in the last decade on the role of public funding for research. I wish to take this opportunity to comment and elaborate on several of the issues raised in their piece.The American Geophysical Union has an active and vigorous program in public policy under the auspices of the Committee on Public Affairs (CORA). A full‐time professional AGU staff member with strong policy credentials has guided the Union's activities in public affairs for the last 2 years.
Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean
Authors: Coakley Jim 
Published: October 2006

The Earth's climate reflects the balance between the sunlight absorbed by the Earth atmosphere system and the infrared radiation that the Earth emits to space. Change the composition of the atmosphere and the deposition of absorbed sunlight and the emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere and surface are altered, upsetting existing balances, forcing temperatures to respond and the climate to change.Understanding the transfer of radiation in the atmosphere is the key to anticipating the changes. In addition, with the recent launch of Terra, the first flagship of NASA's Earth Observing System, observations of reflected sunlight and emitted infrared and microwave radiation are being used increasingly to probe atmospheric and surface processes as well as to monitor the various components and thermodynamic states of the climate system. There is clearly a need for textbooks that introduce newcomers to radiative transfer, given its central role in climate and remote sensing. The landmark references by S. Chandrasekhar [1950] and R.M. Goody [1964] served as introductions to radiative transfer for many of today's practitioners, but they were not meant to be textbooks and have proven unwieldy when pressed into that role. This new book should fulfill this need.
Witze, Hill win AGU Journalism Awards
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Alexandra Witze, science writer for The Dallas Morning News, and Richard L. Hill, science reporter for The Oregonian, have won the American Geophysical Union's 2000 awards for science journalism.Witze won the Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Writing—Features for her story, “Paradise Submerged,” which was published on July 12, 1999. The award was established in 1989 in honor of its first recipient, Walter Sullivan, science writer of The New York Times. The “paradise” of the title is the Kerguelen Plateau in the southern Indian Ocean, which was dry land some 100 million years ago, but is now, except for a few small islands, completely submerged. The plateau was explored under the auspices of the Ocean Drilling Program, which formed the basis of Witze's story. It may be seen at http://dallasnews.com/science/70455_witzestory.html.
Fractures, Fluid Flow and Mineralization
Authors: Berger Byron R. 
Published: October 2006

How is it that normal loads cause fractures to be closed within a few hundred meters of the Earth's surface, yet delicately banded hydrothermal veins up to meters thick are relatively common in the shallow crust? Why is there a correlation of fracture density and interconnectivity and ore bodies in mineral deposits?We have learned the inextricable interdependence of heat transfer, chemical transfer, and deformation in fluid flow from the daunting task of securing nuclear waste materials for millennia and trying to develop alternative energy resources such as hot dry rock regimes. With fracture‐controlled flow dominating in magmatic and hydrothermal environments, permeability is a critical parameter. Understanding the causes of it and how it interplays with heat and chemical transfer is fundamental to understanding the behavior of all types of fluid flow in the crust.
Introduction to Seismology
Authors: Sheehan Anne 
Published: October 2006

Shearer's Introduction to Seismology is a well‐written textbook designed for a onesemester introductory course in seismology for beginning graduate students or advanced undergraduates. Shearer has a knack for clear explanations and for making otherwise difficult concepts easy to understand, and this book is evidence of that.The book is truly a textbook and does not try to be an encyclopedia or an exhaustive summary of recent research results in seismology. Each chapter starts with a brief summary of the main point that will be covered in the chapter, proceeds with clear derivations of fundamental concepts, and concludes with problem sets that give students the opportunity to apply what they have just learned. The problem sets are fun and interesting and include frequent computer programming exercises. The students learn to write their own ray tracer, code up a τ‐p inversion, and make their own synthetic seismograms—important skills for practicing seismologists. Shearer helps to make programming difficult problems more manageable by providing an outline or hints for how a program might be constructed. Such outlines help show students that even complicated programs can be broken down into smaller, easier steps.
New effort to protect marine areas
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

With his days in office numbered, U.S. President Bill Clinton on May 26 issued an executive order calling for tougher protection for some ocean and coastal resources, and he also called for steps to conserve coral reefs in Hawaii.The executive order directs the Departments of Commerce and Interior to develop a scientifically based, comprehensive national system of marine protected areas that represent varied U.S. marine ecosystems and natural and cultural resources. The order also calls for strengthening the protection of existing protected areas and establishing new or expanded areas.
A flood of concern
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

It's that time of year again. Hurricane season in the United States recently began and continues through November, according to the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).The U.S. National Weather Service is forecasting an above‐average hurricane season with 7 or more hurricanes, and FEMA is urging people to protect themselves financially from floodwaters and storm surges by purchasing flood insurance policies.
Implementing a coordinated research program in the hydrologic sciences
Authors: Entekhabi Dara 
Published: October 2006

The Committee on Hydrologic Science (COHS), jointly organized by the National Research Council's (NRC) Water Science and Technology Board and Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, is aiming to engage the Earth science community to provide hydrologic science input to U.S. and international programs. The timing is opportune in that there are emergent new demands for applications and scientific partnerships, and enhancements in technical capability that can rapidly transform the discipline.There have been similar decision points in the past, most notably as recently as just a decade ago. The 1991 NRC report,“Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences,” marked a major shift in the discipline toward framing its role as an Earth science. Expanded horizons in hydrologic science led to intensive cultivation of new research ideas dealing with couplings across the Earth sciences, with the application of new mathematical frameworks for dealing with wide‐scale disparities characteristic of hydrologic processes, and with the use of new data types,such as those resulting from remote sensing.
Joseph F. Dracup (1920–2000)
Authors: Chovitz Bernard 
Published: October 2006

Joseph F Dracup, a Life Member (Geodesy, 1973) and Benefactor of the American Geophysical Union, died January 16, 2000, at the age of 79. Joe was recognized as the most outstanding expert in the field of classical (pre‐GPS) geodetic surveying at the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) following the retire‐ments of Charles Whitten and B. K. Meade in the early 1970s.His career with the Coast and Geodetic Survey and its geodetic offshoot, NGS,spanned almost 40 years, culminating in the position of Chief of the Control Networks Division from 1973 until his own retirement in 1979.
Artificial neural network for algal blooms
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Incorporating factors such as turbulence, water temperature, turbidity, color, and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, a doctoral candidate at the University of Adelaide in South Australia has developed a computer model to predict outbreaks of blue‐green algae (cyano‐bacteria) in rivers weeks before they occur.Artificial neural networks (ANNs) used in the computer‐based modeling enable the model to learn key factors that can lead to an algal outbreak, according to Gavin Bowden, a student in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering who developed the model. ANNs, according to Bowden, attempt to imitate the complex, non‐linear, and parallel mechanisms involved in the interpretation of information by biological neural networks.
Council approves Biogeosciences Section
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

At its May 31 meeting, the AGU Council voted unanimously to add biogeosciences as a new section. Biogeosciences is AGUs eleventh section and the first new one in over 30 years. The last section created was Solar‐Terrestrial Relationships, later renamed Space Physics and Aeronomy. This section grew out of a combination and redivision of the Planetary Sciences and Geomagnetism and Aeronomy Sections in 1967.The new Biogeosciences Section brings together AGU scientists studying diverse fields of Earth and planetary sciences that involve biology These include astrobiology the biogeochemistry and biogeophysics of terrestrial and aquatic systems, land‐atmosphere interactions, and planetary ecosystems.
McNutt calls for sharp increase in ocean research spending
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

U.S. government investment in ocean research should at least equal that of the space program, Marcia McNutt told a White House symposium on oceanic and space research on June 12. McNutt is president of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute and on July 1 assumes the presidency of AGU. She shared the platform with Neil Tyson, director of the Hayden Planetarium in New York.Speaking at the ninth in a series of “Millennium Lectures” hosted by President and Mrs. Clinton, McNutt outlined some of the dramatic discoveries ocean scientists have made in recent years, in particular, the discovery of deep‐ocean life that is not dependent on photosynthesis. She said that dramatic advances in our understanding of the oceans were aided by manned and remotely operated submersible exploration vehicles,and also by satellites.
Carr named AGU's 2000 Mass Media Fellow
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Matthew Carr, an atmospheric science student at the University of Washington, has begun a 10‐week stint at the Dallas Morning News as AGU's 2000 Mass Media Fellow.Under the program, organized by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), he is reporting and writing for the paper, which has a strong commitment to science news. In a happy coincidence, Carr's mentor is Alexandra Witze, winner of this year's 2000 Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism—Features. She received her award during Honors Evening at the Spring Meeting.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Operational oceanography: Shall we dance?’”]
Authors: Mooers Christopher N. K. 
Published: October 2006

Richard Spinrad has provided an informative and constructive amplification and clarification of my remarks concerning the U.S. Navy's pioneering role in operational oceanography Consequently, he has made a very articulate and forceful contribution to the needed debate on the full range of requirements for, and approaches to, operational oceanography, including those of the civil sector.However, he has apparently overlooked the first line of my paragraph that refers to “about 4000 individuals,” for at the end of his second paragraph he refers to “approximately 2800 individuals.” I think we are talking about the same thing and that he should review whether his wording may cause confusion by suggesting that we disagree on this point, though our numbers are somewhat different.
A year without summer for California, or a harbinger of a climate shift?
Authors: Schwing Frank , Moore Chris 
Published: October 2006

Mark Twain once remarked “The coldest winter I ever spent was a summer in San Francisco.”If residents and visitors along the California coast think the summer of 1999 was even cooler than usual, they are right. Several air temperature records were set (R. Renard, pers. comm., 2000). October 1999 marked a 13‐month run of below‐normal temperatures at Monterey, and the March–July mean was 1.4°C below the long‐term average.
Mississippi Basin nitrogen flux believed to cause Gulf hypoxia
Authors: Goolsby Donald A. 
Published: October 2006

An expanding hypoxic zone develops each spring and summer on the Louisiana‐Texas shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, and nitrogen from the Mississippi River Basin has been implicated as one of the principal causes. Hypoxic conditions, which occur when dissolved oxygen concentrations are less than 2 mg/L, can cause stress or death in bottom‐dwelling organisms that cannot leave the zone.The mid‐summer extent of the hypoxic zone has more than doubled since it was first systematically mapped in 1985 [Rabalais et al., 1999]. The largest hypoxic zone measured to date occurred in 1999, when it reached ∼20,000 km2, about the size of the state of New Jersey [Rabalais, 1999].
Commission release recommendations for attracting more women, minorities
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

U.S. Air Force Colonel Eileen Collins, the first woman to command a U.S. Space Shuttle mission, tries to encourage and inspire young women and minorities to follow their dreams of becoming scientists, engineers, and technicians.“I like to tell young women that there have been 12 men who have walked on the Moon, but not yet one woman, and you could be the first,” Collins, who is a member of the Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology Development (CAWMSET), said at a July 13 hearing of the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Technology reviewing the commission's recommendations. Collins said she tells young women, “No one has walked on Mars, and you could be that person.”
New views of the Moon: Improved understanding through data integration
Authors: Jolliff Bradley L. , Gaddis L. R. , Ryder G. , Neal C. R. , Shearer C. K. , Elphic R. C. , Johnson J. R. , Keller L. P. , Kerotev R. L. , Lawrence D. J. , Lucey P. G. , Papike J. J. , Pieters C. M. , Spudis P. D. , Taylor L. A. 
Published: October 2006

Understanding the Moon is crucial to future exploration of the solar system. The Moon preserves a record of the first billion years of the Earth‐Moon systems history, including evidence of the Moons origin as accumulated debris from a giant impact into early Earth. Lunar rocks provide evidence of early differentiation and extraction of a crust.Lacking an atmospheric shield, the Moon's regolith retains a record of the activity of solar wind over the past 4 billion years. It also holds a complete record of impact cratering, and analysis of samples has allowed calibration of ages, and thus dating of other planetary surfaces. And because of its proximity to Earth, it's low gravity well, and stable surface, the Moon's resources will be useful both in establishing lunar habitations and as fuel for exploration beyond the Moon.
Conferees consider next steps for ocean policy
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A July 18 conference, “Oceans for the New Millennium: Developing and Implementing Ocean Policy,” held in Washington, D.C., highlighted four key issues: ocean biology, pollution, security and governance. However, imagination was an unspoken theme at the conference.Imagine that the United States has an effective policy for protecting and managing oceans. Imagine that marine protected areas (MPAs), including U.S. national marine sanctuaries, are regulated in a way that preserves fisheries and biological diversity Imagine that enough is actually known about oceans to make prudent decisions concerning their management.
Symposium on climate change impacts in the European North
Authors: Lange Manfred A. 
Published: October 2006

The possible consequences of anthropogenically caused global and climate changes for human society and for the natural environment are an issue of concern to scientists, political decision makers, and the general public.Various organizations, particularly the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), have pondered this and related issues extensively over the last 10 years. However, there are still large uncertainties about the many facets of these problems. Work toward the IPCC's Third Assessment Report (TAR), that directly supports negotiations concerning the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), clearly demonstrates that there is an existing need to pay attention, not only to issues at the global, but also at the regional scale. From this, it follows that there is a need to conduct regional climate impact studies for specific parts of the globe, defined by common political, economic, or environmental characteristics.