bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A RAPID METHOD OF QUANTIFYING THE RESOLUTION LIMITS OF HEAT‐FLOW ESTIMATES IN BASIN MODELS
Authors: Beha A. , Thomsen R.O. , Littke R. 
Published: April 2008

Deterministic forward models are commonly used to quantify the processes accompanying basin evolution. Here, we describe a workflow for the rapid calibration of palaeo heat‐flow behaviour. The method determines the heat‐flow history which best matches the observed data, such as vitrinite reflectance, which is used to indicate the thermal maturity of a sedimentary rock. A limiting factor in determining the heat‐flow history is the ability of the algorithm used in the software for the maturity calculation to resolve information inherent in the measured data. Thermal maturation is controlled by the temperature gradient in the basin over time and is therefore greatly affected by maximum burial depth. Calibration, i.e. finding the thermal history model which best fits the observed data (e.g. vitrinite reflectance), can be a time‐consuming exercise. To shorten this process, a simple pseudo‐inverse model is used to convert the complex thermal behaviour obtained from a basin simulator into more simple behaviour, using a relatively simple equation. By comparing the calculated “simple” maturation trend with the observed data points using the suggested workflow, it becomes relatively straightforward to evaluate the range within which a best‐fit model will be found. Reverse mapping from the simple model to the complex behaviour results in precise values for the heat‐flow which can then be applied to the basin model.The goodness‐of‐fit between the modelled and observed data can be represented by the Mean Squared Residual (MSR) during the calibration process. This parameter shows the mean squared difference between all measured data and the respective predicted maturities. A minimum MSR value indicates the “best fit”.Case studies are presented of two wells in the Horn Graben, Danish North Sea. In both wells calibrating the basin model using a constant heat‐flow over time is not justified, and a more complex thermal history must be considered. The pseudo‐inverse method was therefore applied iteratively to investigate more complex heat‐flow histories. Neither in the observed maturity data nor in the recorded stratigraphy was there evidence for erosion which would have influenced the present‐day thermal maturity pattern, and heat‐flow and time were therefore the only variables investigated. The aim was to determine the simplest “best‐fit” heat‐flow history which could be resolved at the maximum resolution given by the measured maturity data.The conclusion was that basin models in which the predicted maturity of sedimentary rocks is calibrated solely against observed vitrinite reflectance data cannot provide information on the timing of anomalies in the heat‐flow history. The pseudo inverse method, however, allowed the simplest heat‐flow history that best fits the observed data to be found.
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL JURASSIC/CRETACEOUS SOURCE ROCKS IN THE SHUSHAN BASIN, NORTHERN WESTERN DESERT, EGYPT
Authors: Alsharhan A. S. , Abd El‐Gawad E. A. 
Published: April 2008

Some 180 core and cuttings samples of shales and limestones from the Middle Jurassic – Late Cretaceous succession (Khatatba, Masajid, Alam El‐Bueib, Alamein, Kharita, Bahariya and Abu Roash Formations) were collected from wells Ja 27–2, Tarek‐1 and Jb 26–1 in the central, structurally‐low part of the Shushan Basin and from well Lotus‐1 in the structurally‐elevated western part of the basin. All samples were screened for total organic carbon (TOC) content. Selected samples were then analyzed by Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, and extracted for biomarker analyses. Visual kerogen analysis and vitrinite reflectance measurements were also undertaken and oil ‐ source rock correlations were attempted. The results indicate that the thermal maturity of the samples can be correlated closely with burial depth. Samples from the central part of the basin are more mature than those from the west. Samples from the central part of the basin (except those from the Albian Kharita Formation) have reached thermal maturities sufficient to generate and expel crude oils. Extracts from the Middle Jurasic Khatatba and Early Cretaceous Alam El‐Bueib Formations can be correlated with a crude oil sample from well Ja 27–2.In well Lotus‐1 in the west of the basin, four distinct organic facies can be recognized in the Jurassic‐Cretaceous interval. One of the facies (“facies 4”) has a sufficiently high TOC content to act as a source rock. Thermal maturities range from immature to peak oil generation, and the top of the oil window occurs at approximately 8000 ft.
Growth, Maturation, Induced Spawning, and Production of the First Generation of South American Catfish, Pseudoplatystoma sp., in North America
Authors: Dabrowski Konrad , Arslan Murat , Rinchard Jacques , Palacios Maria Esther 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Growth, plasma steroids, and the appearance of gonads (histology and gonadosomatic index) were followed in South American catfish (surubim, Pseudoplatystoma sp.) raised in captivity in the aquaculture facility at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, from 2003 until 2006. Broodstock growth showed a great individual variation and it did not seem sex dependent. The levels of 11‐ketotestosterone were high in males during the reproductive season. Three out of six females spawned after receiving two doses of carp pituitary extract (0.5 and 5 mg/kg) at 11‐h intervals. Fertilization was performed in only one female in February 2006. Egg size was 0.73 ± 0.06 mm in diameter at stripping. Two males released sperm, and it was used for fertilization. Sperm concentrations were 24 × 109 and 15.5 × 109 spermatozoa/mL in Male 1 and Male 2, respectively, and viability was confirmed after activation in 0.3% NaCl. Embryo survival at 9 h after fertilization was 44 and 23% for Male 1 and Male 2, respectively. Embryos hatched 15 h after fertilization. Larvae were 3.53 ± 0.09 mm in length at hatching and were successfully raised (72% survival after 2 wks) using live brine shrimp nauplii.
Effect of Rotifer Enrichment on Sunshine Bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis Larvae Growth and Survival and Fatty Acid Composition
Authors: Ludwig Gerald M. , Rawles Steven D. , Lochmann Steve E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract The effect of enriching rotifer prey with highly unsaturated fatty acids on sunshine bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis larval survival and growth from ages 4 to 12 d posthatch was determined. Comparisons were made among larvae fed (1) rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste versus rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste and enriched with Culture Selco 3000; (2) no rotifers versus rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste and enriched with Culture Selco 3000; and (3) rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste and enriched with Culture Selco 3000, rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis and Pavlova pastes and enriched with Culture Selco 3000, and rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste and enriched with Culture Selco 3000 and Super Selco. The only differences in survival were unfed larvae with practically no survival compared to 55.4% survival for larvae fed rotifers cultured with paste plus Culture Selco 3000. Larvae fed rotifers cultured with paste plus Culture Selco 3000 were longer and had greater condition than those fed rotifers cultured with paste. Additional enrichment with Pavlova sp. or Super Selco had no affect. A canonical analysis of fatty acid contents of diets, rotifers, and fry supported evidence from harvest results. Distances between centroids indicated distinct differences among diets, less distinction among the rotifers, and little difference among fry. Enrichment enhanced growth, but additional enrichment beyond that done during rotifer culture did not increase survival, growth, or condition.
Effects of Varying Concentrations of l‐carnitine‐incorporated Diets on Growth and Body Composition of Fry of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)
Authors: Singh Ravendra Kumar , Desai Ajay S. , Chavan Sugandha L. , Khandagale Punam A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract.— Experiment was conducted to ascertain the effect of l‐carnitine on growth and body composition of Cirrhinus mrigala fry (0.342 ± 0.03 g) using five different concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, and 0%) of l‐carnitine‐incorporated diets for 120 d. At the end of trial, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, and protein efficiency of fishes fed with 0.25% l‐carnitine diet were observed to be significantly higher. Poor growth was recorded in the fry fed diet with no carnitine, while intermediate growth was observed when fed with 0.50, 0.75, and 1% l‐carnitine‐incorporated diets. The analysis of body composition of C. mrigala fry indicated that there is no significant difference (P > 0.05) in moisture, protein, and ash contents, but significant difference (P < 0.05) was found in body lipid content of fry, fed with different concentrations of l‐carnitine. Decrease in viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indices were observed in fishes fed with l‐carnitine‐incorporated diets. Results of this study indicated that diet containing 0.25% l‐carnitine can promote higher growth in C. mrigala fry.
Comparison of Growth and Fatty Acids Composition of Freshwater Rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, Fed with Two Types of Microalgae at Different Concentrations
Authors: Kennari Abdolmohammad Abedian , Ahmadifard Nasrollah , Seyfabadi Jafar , Kapourchali Maryam Fallahi 
Published: April 2008

Abstract As algae and their concentrations are important factors for mass culture of rotifer, two experiments were conducted to find the effects of two types of algae, Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus, and three concentration of chosen algae (0.1 × 106, 1 × 106, and 10 × 106 cells/mL) on growth and fatty acid composition of freshwater rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus. The result of the first experiment showed that the maximum density of rotifer was significantly higher when fed with Chlorella sp. (478 individuals/mL) than fed with S. obliquus (328 individuals/mL). Mean population growth rate (r) was 0.61 and 0.44 for rotifer fed with Chlorella sp. and S. obliquus, respectively. The amount of highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in rotifer fed with Chlorella sp. (3.32%) was relatively more than those fed with S. obliquus (2.65%). Then, Chlorella sp. was selected based on better performance. In the second experiment, the maximum rotifer density of 108 ± 8, 489 ± 47, and 493 ± 51 individuals/mL was reached after 5 d for the respective Chlorella sp. concentrations; at concentration of 10 × 106 cells/mL, the maximum density of 1820 ± 47 individuals/mL was obtained. Mean growth rate at mentioned concentrations was 0.18, 0.42, and 0.51/d, respectively. Increase in algal concentration was associated with a relative increase in HUFA and decrease in monounsaturated fatty acid.
Development of a Squid‐hydrolysate‐based Larval Diet and its Feeding Performance on Summer Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, Larvae
Authors: Lian Peizhi , Lee Chong M. , Bengtson David A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Locally generated squid‐processing byproduct was processed into concentrated hydrolysate (22% solids, 17.3% protein, and 3.0% lipid, primarily phospholipids—11.6% eicosapentaenoic acid/24.5% docosahexaenoic acid on a lipid weight basis). Two microparticulate diets (65% protein, 19% lipid, 7.5% carbohydrate, and 19.12 MJ/kg energy, on a dry weight basis) were prepared using squid hydrolysate (SH) and squid‐herring hydrolysate as sole protein sources (73.3 and 78.65% of the whole diet, respectively). A 22‐d feeding trial with summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, larvae of 17 d after hatch showed that the survival rate (92%) of larvae fed SH was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of larvae fed live Artemia nauplii (81%) and a commercial diet, Proton (65%), while specific growth rates (SGR) were comparable (2.23% /d for SH and 2.86% /d for Artemia) with the lowest for Proton (1.39% /d). After switching from commercial and Artemia diets to a SH diet for 17 d following the 22‐d feeding, significant improvements were seen in survival rates of postweaning larvae fed previously commercial (65.28–76.57%) and Artemia diets (81.25–89.07%).
Effect of Dietary Ginseng Herb (Ginsana® G115) Supplementation on Growth, Feed Utilization, and Hematological Indices of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), Fingerlings
Authors: Goda Ashraf M.A.‐S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary ginseng herb (Ginsana® G115) supplementation on growth performance, feed utilization, and hematological indices of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings. A total of 378 Nile tilapia fingerlings with an average body weight of 24.4 ± 0.2 g were divided in the six experimental treatments (three replicates each). The experiment was conducted for 17 wk. Six isonitrogenous, 27.2% digestible protein and isocaloric, 12.3 MJ/kg digestible energy experimental diets were formulated. The control diet had no Ginsana G115 added. Diets 2–6 each contained Ginsana G115 at levels of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/kg, respectively. Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of Nile tilapia were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in all treatments receiving Ginsana G115‐supplemented diets than the control diet. Red blood cells counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased with increasing dietary Ginsana G115 levels compared to those of the control diet. The same trend was observed for total plasma protein and total plasma globulin levels. The results of present study suggested that Nile tilapia fingerlings fed diets containing at least 200 mg/kg Ginsana G115 for 17 wk had enhanced growth performance, diet utilization efficiency, and hematological indices.
Evaluation of Gambusia, Gambusia affinis, Fish Meal in Practical Diets for Fry Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Authors: Ahmad Mohammad H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the use of gambusia, Gambusia affinis, fish meal (GFM) in practical diets for fry Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (2.11 ± 0.11 g). Six isonitrogenous diets (35%) were formulated in which GFM replaced 0.0, 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100% of the protein supplied by herring fish meal (HFM). Fish were fed one of the test diets at a feeding rate of 4% of the fish body weight 6 d a week, 2 times a day for 13 wk. Results demonstrated that fish growth increased with increasing GFM up to 75%, which produced the highest growth of the treatments. The lowest fish growth was obtained at 100% GFM. Feed intake (FI), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent protein utilization (APU) increased significantly, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased significantly with increasing GFM up to 75%. FI, PER, and APU decreased significantly, while FCR increased significantly for diets containing 100% GFM. There were no significant differences in moisture, protein, lipid, or ash contents in final fish body following inclusion of GFM in fish diet. There was no significant difference in the digestibility coefficient of dry matter. The digestibility coefficients of protein and gross energy for diets containing 100% GFM replacement were the lowest as compared with other GFM levels. The present study recommended that GFM is a suitable protein source in practical diets for fry Nile tilapia and could replace HFM up to 75%.
Communicating Risks and Benefits of Aquaculture: A Content Analysis of US Newsprint Representations of Farmed Salmon
Authors: Amberg Shannon M. , Hall Troy E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract It is widely recognized that mass media can affect public perception of risk. In recent years, the public has been exposed to stories on emerging health and environmental risks, including risks from aquaculture. Two key studies (“trigger events”) compared contaminants in farmed and wild salmon and evaluated potential health risks of consumption. This study investigates how US newspaper coverage of farmed salmon fluctuated in the face of this emerging scientific information and which types of purported risks and benefits received the most attention. We hypothesized that media attention to farmed salmon would focus more on negative information (e.g., health risks) than on positive information (e.g., health benefits) and that those health risks highlighted most often would be dramatic, rare, or vivid. US newspaper stories specific to farmed salmon and published from 2000 to 2005 were collected from online databases (N = 206). Stories were content analyzed for amount of text covering various human health and environmental risks and health benefits associated with farmed salmon. Over all time periods, 49% of text about farmed salmon discussed human health risks, while benefits were described less than 10% of the time. The two trigger events corresponded with a shift in media attention away from environmental risks to human health risks, as media generally reported the studies’ conclusions as true. Risks emphasized the most tended to be severe or dreadful, such as cancer and developmental defects, while other health risks and all environmental risks received much less attention. This pattern presented the public with a message of severe health consequences from consuming farmed salmon and could induce the public to perceive health risks as being much greater than could be offset by its health benefits.
Participation of nitric oxide in the color change induced by UV radiation in the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus
Authors: Vargas Marcelo Alves , Cruz Bruno Pinto , Maciel Fábio Everton , Geihs Marcio Alberto , Cousin João Carlos Brahn , Trindade Gilma Santos , Baisch Ana Luiza Muccillo , Allodi Silvana , Nery Luiz Eduardo Maia 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe ability of UV radiation to stimulate color change in vertebrates is well known; however, the signaling pathway involved is not fully explained. Since nitric oxide (NO) is among the candidates for this role, in this study the participation of NO signaling in the pigment migration induced by UV radiation in melanophores of the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus was investigated. When the NO donor, SIN‐1, was incubated with pieces of epidermis, there was an induction of a dose‐dependent pigment dispersion (in vitro assays). When male adults were exposed to different doses of UVA and UVB, NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine‐methyl‐ester, an NO synthase (NOS) blocker produced a decrease of the pigment dispersion induced by UV (in vivo assays). However, in similar assays, 2‐phenyl‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide, an NO scavenger, decreased only the pigment dispersion induced by UVA. Interestingly, buthionine sulfoximine did not produce any change in pigment dispersion induced by UVA (in vivo assays) and SIN‐1 (in vitro assays). Our results using NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry and immunocytochemistry against nNOS indicated the production of NO by epidermal cells. In conclusion, we suggest that NO is a key molecule for the induction of pigment dispersion in the melanophores of Chasmagnthus granulatus, and also that NOS activation is a fundamental step for this process.
Visit Coaching: Building on Family Strengths to Meet Children's Needs
Authors: Beyer Marty 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTVisits between children in foster care and their families often do not build on family strengths or help them demonstrate they can meet their children's safety and developmental needs. Visits can alienate parents, children, and foster parents, and the parent's grief, anger, and preoccupation with complying with court‐ordered treatment often obscure their children's needs. Visit coaching is an innovative approach that can replace parenting classes and office‐based visits with hands‐on guidance for families in meeting their children's needs. The visit coach, who may be their caseworker or a variety of other trained individuals, helps parents take charge of visits and demonstrate more responsiveness to each child.
WHO‐ILAR‐COPCORD in the Asia‐Pacific: the past, present and future
Authors: HAQ Syed Atiqul , RASKER Johannes J. , DARMAWAN John , CHOPRA Arvind 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim of the Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Disorders (COPCORD) is reduction of community burden of rheumatic disorders, particularly in developing communities. Stage I entails estimation of prevalence and incidence of musculoskeletal pain and rheumatic disorders. Stage II is dedicated to education of health workers, patients and the community. Stage III deals with identification of risk factors for common rheumatic disorders and development of strategies for their primary and secondary prevention. So far Stage I data have been reported from 15 countries in the Asia‐Pacific countries. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain has varied from 11.6% to 45.4%. The commonest sites of pain were low back, knee, neck and shoulder. Commonest rheumatic disorders were osteoarthritis of knees, non‐specific low back pain and soft tissue rheumatism. A few scattered educational activities have been reported from Indonesia and India. Systematic case‐controlled or cohort studies aimed at finding out the risk factors for common rheumatic disorders were scanty. However, several associations were reported from cross‐sectional prevalence surveys. It is imperative that the COPCORD investigators in the Asia‐Pacific region focus on finding out the modifiable risk factors for rheumatic disorders with properly designed studies, develop preventive strategies on the basis of identified risk factors and carry out interventional studies to test the efficacy of the strategies with validated outcome instruments.
Access to biologic medicines for the treatment of rheumatic diseases: lessons from Australia
Authors: LU Christine Y. , WILLIAMS Ken , DAY Ric 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn order to ensure that our patients have access to effective new rheumatic medicines, it is crucial that the issues affecting access are identified and addressed adequately. Patients in Australia are privileged to have subsidized access to new biologic medicines via the national formulary, known as the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Access to these expensive medicines was an important achievement by various stakeholders in overcoming several major issues. In this paper, we discuss these challenges associated with publicly funded access to biologicals for rheumatic diseases and the strategies that have been taken to overcome them.
Association of IL‐1 beta gene polymorphism with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: AFSHARI Jalil Tavakkol , REZAIEYAZDI Zahra , MAZHANI Maryam 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground:  The IL‐1β exon5 (+3954) has been related to the pathogenesis of lupus, but the role of IL‐1 polymorphisms in the aetiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is unknown.Method:  We compare the IL‐1 beta +3954 (exon5) gene polymorphism among 52 SLE patients and healthy controls in north‐eastern Iran. Polymorphism of the gene for IL‐1 beta +3954 was typed after the genomic DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction‐sequence‐specific‐primers technique.Results:  Comparing the results show no significant differences in the frequency of IL‐1 beta exon5 allels between patients with SLE and controls. Additionally, we did not detect any association of IL‐1 beta exon5 (+3954) genotype with clinical and laboratory profiles in SLE patients.Conclusion:  The polymorphism of the IL‐1 beta exon5 allele is not associated with genetic susceptibility to SLE in north‐eastern of Iran.