bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cliff–Ramp Patterns and Kelvin–Helmholtz Billows in Stably Stratified Shear Flow in the Upper Troposphere: Analysis of Aircraft Measurements
Authors: Wroblewski Donald E. , Coté Owen R. , Hacker Jorg M. , Dobosy Ron J. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Cliff–ramp patterns (CR) are a common feature of scalar turbulence, characterized by a sharp temperature increase (cliff) followed by a more gradual temperature decrease (ramp). Aircraft measurements obtained from NOAA best aircraft turbulence probes (BAT) were used to characterize and compare CR patterns observed under stably stratified conditions in the upper troposphere, a region for which there are few such studies. Experimental data were analyzed for three locations, one over Wales and two over southern Australia, the latter in correspondence with the Southern Hemisphere winter subtropical jet stream. Comparison of observed CR patterns with published direct numerical simulations (DNS) revealed that they were likely signatures of Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) billows, with the ramps associated with the well-mixed billows and the cliffs marking the highly stretched braids. Strong correlation between potential temperature and horizontal velocity supported the KH link, though expected correlations with vertical velocity were not observed. The temperature fronts associated with the cliffs were oriented in a direction approximately normal to the mean wind direction. Locally high values of temperature structure constant near these fronts were associated with steep temperature gradients across the fronts; this may be misleading in the context of electromagnetic propagation, suggesting a false positive indication of high levels of small-scale turbulence that would not correspond to scintillation effects. Billow aspect ratios, braid angles, and length scales were estimated from the data and comparisons with published DNS provided a means for assessing the stage of evolution of the KH billows and the initial Richardson number of the layer.
Simulating the Seasonal Cycle of the Northern Hemisphere Storm Tracks Using Idealized Nonlinear Storm-Track Models
Authors: Chang Edmund K. M. , Zurita-Gotor Pablo 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
In this study, an idealized nonlinear model is used to investigate whether dry dynamical factors alone are sufficient for explaining the observed seasonal modulation of the Northern Hemisphere storm tracks during the cool season. By construction, the model does an excellent job simulating the seasonal evolution of the climatological stationary waves. Yet even under this realistic mean flow, the seasonal modulation in storm-track amplitude predicted by the model is deficient over both ocean basins. The model exhibits a stronger sensitivity to the mean flow baroclinicity than observed, producing too-large midwinter eddy amplitudes compared to fall and spring. This is the case not only over the Pacific, where the observed midwinter minimum is barely apparent in the model simulations, but also over the Atlantic, where the October/April eddy amplitudes are also too weak when the January amplitude is tuned to be about right.
The nonlinear model generally produces stronger eddy amplitude with stronger baroclinicity, even in the presence of concomitant stronger deformation due to the enhanced stationary wave. The same was found to be the case in a simpler quasigeostrophic model, in which the eddy amplitude nearly always increases with baroclinicity, and deformation only limits the maximum eddy amplitude when the baroclinicity is unrealistically weak. Overall, these results suggest that it is unlikely that dry dynamical effects alone, such as deformation, can fully explain the observed Pacific midwinter minimum in eddy amplitude.
It is argued that one should take into account the seasonal evolution of the impacts of diabatic heating on baroclinic wave development in order to fully explain the seasonal cycle of the storm tracks. A set of highly idealized experiments that attempts to represent some of the impacts of moist heating is presented in an appendix to suggest that deficiencies in the model-simulated seasonal cycle of both storm tracks may be corrected when these effects, together with observed seasonal changes in mean flow structure, are taken into account.
The Occurrence of “Irregular” Ice Particles in Stratiform Clouds
Authors: Stoelinga Mark T. , Locatelli John D. , Woods Christopher P. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Recent studies that have classified ice particles from airborne imaging probe data have concluded that the vast majority of ice particles in stratiform precipitation systems are of an “irregular shape.” This conclusion stands in contrast to the findings from microscope observations of snow particles at the ground during the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment from November to December 2001 in the Oregon Cascade Mountains (IMPROVE-2), which show that most snow crystals (either single crystals or the component crystals of snow aggregates) are readily identified as regular types within established crystal classification systems. This apparent contradiction is rectified by examining the definition of the term irregular as applied to ice particles and by considering limitations of different methods for observing ice particles. It is concluded that the finding of the airborne probe-based studies is a consequence of both limitations of the observing technology and an overly broad definition of irregular shape that is not consistent with the more restrictive definition established in well-known snow crystal classification schemes. When detailed microscope analysis of snow crystals is performed at the ground, and all regular types are included in the classification, the vast majority of snow crystals are of an identifiable regular type, rather than an irregular type.
The classification of the vast majority of particles as irregular implies that there is little hope to describe the important properties of these particles (such as their scattering properties, fall speeds, and temperature and humidity conditions in which they grew), when in fact, many of these particles are of known types with known properties. Instead of using the term irregular, classification studies should use a term that focuses on the limitation of the observation method as being the defining characteristic of the category, such as “unidentified” or “undetermined.”
Transient Mountain Waves and Their Interaction with Large Scales
Authors: Chen Chih-Chieh , Hakim Gregory J. , Durran Dale R. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The impact of transient mountain waves on a large-scale flow is examined through idealized numerical simulations of the passage of a time-evolving synoptic-scale jet over an isolated 3D mountain. Both the global momentum budget and the spatial flow response are examined to illustrate the impact of transient mountain waves on the large-scale flow. Additionally, aspects of the spatial response are quantified by potential vorticity inversion.
Nearly linear cases exhibit a weak loss of domain-averaged absolute momentum despite the absence of wave breaking. This transient effect occurs because, over the time period of the large-scale flow, the momentum flux through the top boundary does not balance the surface pressure drag. Moreover, an adiabatic spatial redistribution of momentum is observed in these cases, which results in an increase (decrease) of zonally averaged zonal momentum south (north) of the mountain.
For highly nonlinear cases, the zonally averaged momentum field shows a region of flow deceleration downstream of the mountain, flanked by broader regions of weak flow acceleration. Cancellation between the accelerating and decelerating regions results in weak fluctuations in the volume-averaged zonal momentum, suggesting that the mountain-induced circulations are primarily redistributing momentum. Potential vorticity anomalies develop in a region of wave breaking near the mountain, and induce local regions of flow acceleration and deceleration that alter the large-scale flow.
A “perfect” conventional gravity wave–drag parameterization is implemented on a coarser domain not having a mountain, forced by the momentum flux distribution from the fully nonlinear simulation. This parameterization scheme produces a much weaker spatial response in the momentum field and it fails to produce enough flow deceleration near the 20 m s−1 jet. These results suggest that the potential vorticity sources attributable to the gravity wave–drag parameterization have a controlling effect on the longtime downstream influence of the mountain.
Intraseasonal Variability of the Zonal-Mean Tropical Tropopause Height
Authors: Son Seok-Woo , Lee Sukyoung 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Intraseasonal variability of the zonal-mean tropical tropopause height is shown to be modulated by localized tropical convection. Most of this convective activity is identified as being part of the Madden–Julian oscillation. While the convection is highly localized over the Pacific warm pool, a large-scale circulation response to the convective heating rapidly warms most of the tropical troposphere and cools most of the lowest few kilometers of the tropical stratosphere. These changes in temperature fields raise the tropical tropopause at most longitudes within 10 days of the convective heating maximum.
Dynamics of the Stationary Anomalies Associated with the Interannual Variability of the Midwinter Pacific Storm Track—The Roles of Tropical Heating and Remote Eddy Forcing
Authors: Chang Edmund K. M. , Guo Yanjuan 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The leading mode of interannual variability of the midwinter Pacific storm track is such that the storm track is weaker during the winters when the Pacific jet is strong, and stronger when the jet is weak. In this paper, experiments are conducted using a stationary wave model as well as an idealized global circulation model to explore the roles of anomalous tropical heating and eddy fluxes in forcing the observed Pacific jet anomalies.
It is found that enhanced tropical heating over the region 60°E to the date line, 25°S to 25°N, acts to force a stronger and narrower Pacific jet. On average, tropical heating may account for about one-third of the strong jet anomaly, but there is significant year-to-year variability. Moreover, tropical heating does not appear to contribute to the weak jet anomaly. Much of the Pacific jet anomalies are forced by anomalous eddy fluxes. By examining the regional contributions from the Pacific, the Atlantic, and Asia, it is found that local eddy feedback over the Pacific only acts to force part of the stationary anomaly, while much of the signal is forced by remote eddy forcings from the Atlantic and Asia. Since significant parts of the jet anomalies are forced by anomalous tropical heating and remote eddy fluxes, it is concluded that the observed Pacific jet/storm-track variability is not a pure local wave–mean flow interaction mode internal to the Pacific basin.
Both stationary wave model diagnostics and idealized global circulation model experiments suggest that stronger eddy activity over the Atlantic may force a weaker Pacific jet and stronger Pacific eddies. On the other hand, changes in eddy activity over the Pacific may also act to force changes in the Atlantic storm track. There are also indications that tropical heating anomalies may force a simultaneous weakening of both storm tracks. These possibilities may be some of the factors behind the observed significant correlation between the Pacific and Atlantic storm tracks and should be further explored in more realistic GCM experiments.
Activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 in diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis
Authors: Martinez-Lostao L. , Ordi-Ros J. , Balada E. , Segarra-Medrano A. , Majó-Masferrer J. , Labrador-Horrillo M. , Vilardell-Tarrés M. 
Published: August 2007

Difuse proliferative lupus nephritis (DPLN) is the most common and severe form of lupus nephritis. A predominance of IFN-γ-producing T cells in both peripheral and renal tissues of patients with DPLN has been identified which suggests an important role for cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of this complication in SLE. The biological effects of IFN-γ rely mainly on the activity of the transcription factor called signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1. To assess the IFN-γ/STAT-1 pathway in DPLN, we examined the expression of STAT-1 in renal biopsies from 15 DPLN patients by immunohistochemical staining with an anti-STAT-1 antibody. The expression of STAT-1 in renal tissues was correlated with several clinical and laboratory findings in these DNPN patients. STAT-1 was activated in the tubular cells in all DPLN patients. Seven of 15 DPLN biopsies (46.7%) showed positive cells in glomeruli. Five of these seven DPLN biopsies (71.4%) with positive glomerular cells showed a serum creatinine >1.5 mg/mL at the time the biopsy was carried out whereas only one of eight DPLN biopsy specimens (12.5%) without positive glomerular cells, showed a serum creatinine >1.5 mg/mL ( P = 0.041). Moreover, the percentage of DPLN patients with a worse renal outcome in those who showed expression of STAT-1 in glomerulari were higher in comparison to those without STAT-1 expression ( P = 0.041). Our results show that STAT-1 is activated in DPLN suggesting that biological effects of IFN-γ in renal tissues depend, at least in part, on the activation of STAT-1. Lupus (2007) 16, 483—488.
Raynaud's phenomenon is correlated with elevated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kasparian A. , Floros A. , Gialafos E. , Kanakis M. , Tassiopoulos S. , Kafasi N. , Vaiopoulos G. 
Published: August 2007

In patients with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Raynaud phenomenon (RP) is frequently present and associated with pulmonary hypertension (PHT). Elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) is an indicator of PHT and can be estimated noninvasively. We attempt to explore the significance of RP in SLE and to correlate it with clinical and serological parameters of the disease. The study population consisted of 34 patients (age, sex and disease duration matched) who fulfilled the revised SLE criteria of the American College of Rheumatology, and were categorized into two groups: Group 1 had patients having SLE and RP (2 males/15 females, mean age 45 ± 18 years) and group 2 had patients with SLE but without RP (3 males/14 females, mean age 40 ± 14 years. Detailed cardiac ultrasound was performed including measurement of PASP, while clinical and serological features of both groups were collected and correlated. Significant differences were shown in the presence of arterial hypertension ( P < 0.05), arthralgias ( P < 0.005), arthritis ( P < 0.05), myalgias ( P < 0.05), alopecia ( P < 0.05) and PASP ( P < 0.0001). No difference was observed among the cardiac ultrasound indices and the ejection fraction between the two groups. PASP was significantly correlated with RP, while no correlation was observed regarding the disease duration. In patients with SLE, the presence of RP was associated with elevation in PASP. Further investigation is needed to clarify the significance of this relation. Lupus (2007) 16, 505—508.
Leading Change by Managing Paradoxes
Authors: Reeves Terrie , Duncan W. Jack , Ginter Peter M. 
Published: August 2007

Leadership is about influencing behavior. Influencing people to change customary ways of behaving is a great leadership challenge. Leadership theories emphasize the role of the leader as an agent or initiator of change. A number of attempts have been made to understand organizational change. Often, these attempts have sought a rational model with predictive value, or, at the least, some explicative value. In this paper we propose an argument which leads to the use of previously developed axes along which organizations may change. We propose that these axes form the basis of a space and that the organization can be represented as a point in this multidimensional space. The dynamics of organizational change can then be modeled as time-dependent movement in this space. In organizations, these dynamics will resemble those of simple, irreversible, dynamic physical systems. In more complex systems, the dynamics will become extremely dependent on initial conditions and hence are "chaotic" in nature.
Taoist Leadership Ethics
Authors: Johnson Craig 
Published: August 2007

This essay addresses ethical issues raised by the growing popularity of Taoist leadership concepts. Western leaders seeking the benefits of Taoism should first consider its assumptions and how these presuppositions impact ethical decision-making. In philosophical Taoism, principles revealed in creation, not laws or moral codes, guide ethical choices. Ideal leaders exert minimal influence and model their behavior after such metaphors as the uncarved block, the clay pot, the child, the valley, and water. Ethical implications of Taoist leadership include: 1) nature as the ultimate ethical standard; 2) evil as blindness and a belief in the goodness of natural humankind; 3) a focus on being rather than doing; 4) multiple ways of understanding and the importance of multiple perspectives; 5) an emphasis on soft tactics and service; and 6) the spiritual dimension of the leader-follower relationship. Taoism addresses many of the ethical shortcomings of dominant Western culture but those who would follow Taoist teaching may need to abandon their belief in the traditional distinction between right and wrong, moral absolutes, the importance of moral reasoning, deism, punishment of evildoers, and active influence. At the very least, leaders need to recognize that Taoism is an integrated philosophical system with its own set of assumptions about the origins of the universe, human nature, ways of understanding, and spirituality.
Developing Leaders Through High School Junior ROTC: Integrating Theory with Practice
Authors: Funk Robert C. 
Published: August 2007

Executive Summary Many programs and opportunities exist in secondary education to develop leadership in high school students. From athletics to clubs to student government, students are given numerous venues to act as leaders to their peers. However, very few high school students are provided any type of formal leadership training through an educational process. Approximately 3,000 high schools in the United States offer Junior ROTC (JROTC) as an elective in their curriculum. Although the four military services offer separate programs, as a whole, JROTC is a youth development program designed to educate students for citizenship and to provide leadership opportunities for personal growth. An academic curriculum of leadership instruction prepares students to assume greater responsibilities in leadership roles within the JROTC unit. This integration of academic instruction with applied leadership skills is a unique and effective method of teaching leadership in an academic environment.
An Attempt At A Consentience Regarding Formal Leadership
Authors: Muczyk Jan P. , Adler Terry 
Published: August 2007

Given the importance of leadership in organizations, an attempt to integrate the many disparate concepts and constructs related to this topic is long overdue. With that goal in mind, an integrative framework was created that focuses on three distinct levels of abstraction- big leadership, mid-range leadership, and small leadership. Within this tripartite taxonomy, an attempt was made to reconcile some vexing issues that have been frustrating academics and practitioners alike. Big leadership is viewed as transformational in nature, requiring a charismatic visionary being in the right place at the right time. Both mid-range and small leadership, however, are transactional in nature, but small leadership is so to a fault. Our approach to mid-range leadership theory attempts to identify the important dimensions of transactional leadership, differentiate the normative from the situational ones, and specify the conditions under which the situational leadership factors apply. In our framework, small leadership consists of the myriad of quotidian interactions between the leader and subordinates that are easy to overlook but have an important cumulative effect on the social compact between leader and subordinates that is so essential to gaining subordinate compliance. Lastly, whenever appropriate, contingencies are specified at all three levels, and substitutes for leadership identified. While not a mega-theory, our leadership framework is integrative and, thus, useful to managers who lead organizations, teams, and individuals.
A Conversation with C. Richard Panico: Leading an Ethically-Based Organization
Authors: Mathys Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2007

Rich Panico began his professional career with Johnson & Johnson in Chicago in 1973. During his fifteen years there he was part of the operations group and held positions of increasing responsibility within the engineering and maintenance organizations. While at Johnson & Johnson, Rich developed a reputation for building strong organizations, promoting and enforcing high standards of quality and performance, and, most importantly, for placing an emphasis on developing relationships based on honesty and trust. Rich received the prestigious Supervisor of the Year award in 1975 in recognition of his outstanding leadership. Rich was promoted to the position of Chief Engineer at Johnson & Johnson's Personal Products Division in Wilmington, Illinois in 1982. He served in this position until he left in 1988 to fulfill his lifelong goal of founding his own company, Integrated Project Management Company, Inc. (IPM). IPM started in 1988 with 2 employees and a few contracts. It is now an innovator in the field of professional project management utilizing proprietary processes across its six business segments (Product Development and Life Cycle Management, Business Process Optimization, Strategic Planning and Organizational Alignment, Manufacturing and Chemical Process Analysis and Capital Project Management; Site, Facilities, and Infrastructure Capital Project Management; and Information Management and Technology Applications). IPM's project managers have led over 2000 projects for over 100 major corporations, most of which are Fortune 500 companies. IPM has grown to nearly 100 employees with offices in Chicago and St. Louis. Besides his role as president of IPM, Rich has been actively involved in the De Paul University Institute for Business and Professional Ethics and has served as its chairman since 2001. Rich maintains a strong passion for influencing how business is conducted and promoting the responsibility of leaders to incorporate an ethical conscience in every decision. When he is not devoting his attention to his business or volunteer activities, Rich can usually be found keeping physically fit in his home gym, restoring classic cars, riding his motorcycle, or enjoying quiet time with his wife, Kristy.