bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Programming Obesity and Poor Fitness: The Long‐term Impact of Childhood Television
Authors: Landhuis C. Erik , Poulton Richie , Welch David , Hancox Robert J. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To assess whether the long‐term effects of childhood television viewing on BMI and cardiorespiratory fitness are mediated by adult viewing.Methods and Procedures: This prospective study included an unselected birth cohort of 1,037 participants (535 men) born in Dunedin, New Zealand in 1972/1973. Hours of television viewing on weekdays were reported at ages 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 32 years. BMI and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured at age 32 years.Results: Both childhood and adult television viewing times were significantly associated with higher BMI and lower cardiorespiratory fitness at age 32 years. Childhood television viewing was a better predictor of adult BMI and fitness than adult viewing and remained a significant predictor of these outcomes after adjusting for adult viewing time. After adjusting for adult viewing, the odds (95% confidence interval) of adult obesity increased by a factor of 1.25 (1.01, 1.53) and poor fitness increased by a factor of 1.40 (1.16, 1.70) for each hour of mean weekday television viewing during childhood.Discussion: The association between childhood television viewing and obesity and poor fitness in adulthood is not mediated by adult viewing. The detrimental health effects of watching too much television during childhood persist into adulthood. Attempts to reduce adult obesity and poor fitness by modifying television viewing habits need to begin in childhood.
Visceral Fat Accumulation Induced by a High‐fat Diet Causes the Atrophy of Mesenteric Lymph Nodes in Obese Mice
Authors: Kim C.S. , Lee S.C. , Kim Y.M. , Kim B.S. , Choi H.S. , Kawada T. , Kwon B.S. , Yu R. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: A high intake of fat in the diet plays a crucial role in promoting obesity and obesity‐related pathologies, and especially visceral obesity is closely associated with obesity‐related complications. Because adipose tissue is anatomically associated with lymph nodes, the secondary lymphoid organ, we hypothesized that fat tissue‐derived factors may influence the cellularity of lymphoid tissue embedded in fat.Methods and Procedures: Mesenteric and inguinal lymph nodes were isolated from obese mice fed a high‐fat diet and control mice fed a regular diet. T‐cell population, activation state, and the extent of apoptosis were determined by flow cytometric analysis or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin‐dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay.Results: The weight of mesenteric lymph nodes and the total number of lymphoid cells in the obese mice significantly decreased compared with those in the control mice; however, no change was observed in the weight of inguinal lymph nodes. The numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of obese mice significantly decreased compared with those of the control. Enhanced T‐cell activation and apoptosis were observed in the mesenteric lymph node cells of the obese mice. The treatment of lymph node cells with free fatty acids, oxidative stress, and chylomicrons, which are obesity‐related factors, resulted in lymph node T‐cell activation and apoptosis.Discussion: These results suggest that visceral fat accumulation with a high‐fat diet can cause the atrophy of mesenteric lymph nodes by enhancing activation‐induced lymphoid cell apoptosis. Dietary fat‐induced visceral obesity may be crucial for obesity‐related immune dysfunction.
Self‐reported Comorbidities Among Self‐described Overweight African‐American and Hispanic Adults in the United States: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Burroughs Valentine J. , Nonas Cathy , Sweeney Christine T. , Rohay Jeffrey M. , Harkins Andrea M. , Kyle Theodore K. , Burton Steven L. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To examine the concordance between self‐described weight status and BMI, the prevalence of self‐reported comorbidities, and the association between comorbidities and self‐rated health among overweight African‐American and Hispanic US adults.Methods and Procedures: A nationally representative sample of 537 African‐American and 526 Hispanic adults who were identified using a combination of random digit dialing and listed household sampling and self‐described as being slightly or very overweight participated in a telephone interview. Self‐reported height and weight were used to calculate BMI.Results: More than half of African Americans (56%) and one‐third of Hispanics (34%) who self‐described as “slightly” overweight would be classified as obese based on BMI. One‐third (33%) of African Americans reported high blood pressure, followed by arthritis (20%), high cholesterol (18%), and diabetes (15%). Among Hispanics, high cholesterol was the most frequently reported comorbidity (17%), followed by high blood pressure (15%), and difficulty sleeping (12%). Almost three‐quarters of African Americans surveyed (72%) reported that their overall health was good to excellent compared to 62% for Hispanics.Discussion: Self‐reported rates of obesity‐related comorbidities fall below what would be expected based on prevalence data derived from physiologic measures, suggesting a lack of awareness of actual risk. Despite the greater self‐reported prevalence of certain risk factors for poor health, African Americans have a more optimistic view of their overall health and weight status compared to Hispanics. Physicians have an important opportunity to communicate to their minority patients the serious health consequences associated with excess weight.
Enhanced Effects of Xanthohumol Plus Honokiol on Apoptosis in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Yang Jeong‐Yeh , Della‐Fera Mary Anne , Rayalam Srujana , Baile Clifton A. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To study the effects of xanthohumol (XN), a flavonoid found in hops (Humulus lupulus) and honokiol (HK), a lignan isolated from Magnolia officinalis, alone and in combination, on apoptotic signaling in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes.Methods and Procedures: 3T3‐L1 mature adipocytes were incubated with various concentrations of XN and HK alone and in combination. Viability and apoptosis were quantified using an MTS‐based cell viability assay and single‐stranded DNA assay, respectively. Expression of apoptosis related proteins including cleaved poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), cytochrome c, Bcl‐2, caspase‐3/7, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and Akt was analyzed by western blotting.Results: Combinations of XN and HK significantly decreased viability and induced apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner and more than the additive responses to XN and HK alone. Western blot analysis showed an increase in cleaved PARP and cytochrome c release and decrease in expression of Bcl‐2 protein by XN plus HK, whereas XN and HK individually had no effect. Furthermore, the combination of XN and HK activated PTEN and inactivated Akt by decreasing levels of phosphorylated PTEN and phosphorylated Akt.Discussion: We demonstrated that although XN and HK showed little or no effect as individual compounds, in combination (XN plus HK) they showed enhanced activity in inducing apoptosis via the cytochrome c/caspase‐3/PARP and PTEN/Akt pathways in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes.
Colombia: Structural Adjustment, Macroeconomics and Equity
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio , Tovar Camilo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the link between structural adjustment, macroeconomic performance, and social indicators in Colombia. The first two sections briefly overview structural reforms, the evolution of macroeconomic policy, and their outcomes. The third takes a look at the labor market, and the fourth considers the evolution of social policy and major indicators of living conditions. The fifth analyzes in greater detail the evolution of poverty and income distribution. Finally, the sixth draws some conclusions.
Exploring the Psychology of Interest
Authors: Silvia Paul J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPsychologists have always been intrigued in interest, and modern research on interest can be found in nearly every area of the field: researchers studying emotions, cognition, development, education, aesthetics, personality, motivation, and vocations have developed intriguing ideas about what interest is and how it works. This book presents an integrated picture of how interest has been studied in all of the wide-ranging areas of psychology. Using modern theories of cognition and emotion as an integrative framework, it examines the nature of interest, what makes things interesting, the role of interest in personality, and the development of people's idiosyncratic interests, hobbies, and avocations. The examination reveals deep similarities between seemingly different fields of psychology and illustrates the profound importance of interest, curiosity, and intrinsic motivation for understanding why people do what they do. A comprehensive work devoted to interest, this book reviews the history of psychological thought on interest, presents classic and modern research, and suggests fruitful directions for future work.
Interest and Learning
Authors: Silvia Paul J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPsychology's oldest writings about interest come from the field of education. This chapter reviews research on how interest affects learning, with an emphasis on reading and text processing. Interest promotes comprehension and memory for several reasons: interest increases attention to a text; interest makes people process a text more deeply; and interest promotes good meta-cognitive strategies. The chapter then turns to controversial research on seductive details. First suggested by John Dewey, seductive details are interesting but unimportant text elements that presumably impair comprehension. The evidence for a detrimental effect of seductive details, however, is inconsistent and overstated. Finally, the chapter considers the features of a text that make it interesting (such as coherence, concreteness, vividness, and ease of comprehension), and it points out that the appraisal model of interest (developed in Chapter 2) is a useful framework for explaining text-based interest.
Comparing Models of Interest
Authors: Silvia Paul J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the distinction between interest and interests in light of other theories. One class of models (associated with Hidi, Renninger, and Krapp) distinguishes between situational interest, individual interest, and actualized interest. Another model distinguishes between emotional interest and cognitive interest. Based on a critical review of these models, the simple distinction between interest and interests appears to be a strong alternative model. The chapter then examines whether interest is merely the same thing as attention or importance, and whether interest and curiosity are different constructs. Finally, the chapter considers the complex relationships between interest and concepts of intrinsic motivation, with an emphasis on self-determination theory (associated with Deci and Ryan). Taken together, this book's model of interest and interests is a simple way of organizing the psychology of interest.
The Evolution of Crustacean Mating Systems
Authors: Shuster Stephen M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA quantitative approach is described for mating system analysis that measures the source and intensity of sexual selection. Using data commonly available from ecological, life history and behavioral studies, and using crustaceans as specific examples, this chapter shows how the magnitude of the sex difference in fitness variance can be used to classify the mating systems of any sexual species. Differences between the sexes in the opportunity for selection is influenced by the spatial and temporal aggregation of matings, variation in female life history, male and female reproductive behavior, and by various forms of run-away selection processes. An empirical framework is introduced for the study of crustacean and other mating systems that emphasizes the measurement of selective forces responsible for the evolution of male-female differences. This approach is easier to test and interpret than current frameworks emphasizing optimality or parental investment theory.
The Neural Basis of Communication in Crustaceans
Authors: Herberholz Jens 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCrustaceans are used as model systems for studying behavioral and physiological processes common to many animals. Crustaceans are especially attractive to neuroethologists since most of their behavioral repertoire is controlled by a nervous system of relatively low complexity readily accessible for a variety of experimental techniques. Many basic neural mechanisms were first discovered in crustacean preparations and have then been generalized to many other organisms. In several taxa of social crustaceans, communication signals of different modalities are exchanged between conspecifics. Incoming signals are received, relayed, and sometimes integrated by the peripheral nervous system. The underlying mechanisms have been intensively studied and are reasonably well understood. Presently, the experimental transition from research on the peripheral nervous system to the central brain areas of higher order processing has begun. This will significantly improve our understanding of how signals are integrated into adaptive behavioral responses, thus illustrating how nervous systems shape communication.
Chemical Communication and Social Behavior of the LobsterHomarus americanusand Other Decapod Crustacea
Authors: Atema Jelle , Steinbach Molly A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe American lobster, Homarus americanus, is presented as a model organism of chemical communication in decapod crustaceans. Lobsters use chemical signals to form and maintain dominance hierarchies, to choose and locate mates, to determine reproductive receptivity, to recognize individual conspecifics, and perhaps to regulate their molt cycles. The chemical signals are carried primarily but not completely in the urine, and are dispersed into the environment by animal-generated currents. The chemical identity of the signals and their use under field conditions is little known. Many decapod crustaceans use chemical signals for purposes similar to those of H. americanus. The chemicals used by decapods to communicate sex, receptivity, dominance, etc., are likely to bear similarities between species. Advances made in pheromone identification will be of great consequence in understanding crustacean chemical communication, just as has been the case in insects.
Social Behavior of Parent–Offspring Groups in Crustaceans
Authors: Thiel Martin 
Published: March 2008

AbstractExtended parental care is found among diverse crustacean species from aquatic and terrestrial environments, and in most cases care is provided exclusively by the females. The observations reviewed herein demonstrate that family members show specific social behaviors (defense, shepherding, grooming, food-sharing) while cohabiting. Advanced social behavior, where parents and offspring cooperate, have only been reported from snapping shrimp, bromeliad crabs, and desert isopods, all of which inhabit long-lived family dwellings. Prolonged cohabitation of parents and sexually maturing offspring is rare among crustaceans, most likely because resources become limiting, are difficult to replenish, and because family members are unable to defend stable dwellings. The presence of a stable dwelling and central place behavior around this dwelling may have been important steps during social evolution. Extended parental care, iteroparous reproduction, and possession of an effective defense mechanism seem to be crucial preadaptations for the evolution of eusocial behavior in crustaceans.
Sociobiology of Terrestrial Isopods
Authors: Linsenmair Karl Eduard 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIsopods are the only crustacean taxon with many truly terrestrial species, including desert inhabitants. These species show a highly developed social behavior that is crucial for survival under the harsh conditions in desert environments. The desert-living Hemilepistus spp. depend on burrows that are costly to produce, can only be dug anew in spring, and have to be continuously defended against competitors. This is achieved by division of labor between the sexually and socially monogamous pair partners, and later with the progeny's participation. Using a comparative approach, this chapter draws inferences about the probable evolutionary route to the strict monogamous mating system found in one of the best studied and highly social species, H. reaumuri. It concludes that the narrow temporal window during which the extremely valuable family burrow can be constructed has resulted in the sophisticated social behavior found in this semelparous oniscoid isopod.
Ecology and Evolution of Eusociality in Sponge-Dwelling Shrimp
Authors: Duffy J. Emmett 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSponge-dwelling Synalpheus shrimp comprises a clade of ~30 species that range from socially monogamous pairs to eusocial colonies of hundreds of individuals. Eusocial colonies have evolved at least three times independently within Synalpheus, and contain multiple cohabiting generations, with one or a few breeders of each sex, and non-breeders that defend the colony from intruders. Comparison of sponge-dwelling shrimp with other animal taxa reveals several shared characteristics of life history and ecology suggested to promote cooperative breeding and eusociality in insects and vertebrates: (i) direct development resulting in limited dispersal and kin association; (ii) specialization on a valuable, self-contained, and long-lived resource; (iii) strong competition for the host resource; and (iv) possession of a weapon (the snapping claw) effective in monopolizing it. Coincidence of these characteristics is rare within Crustacea and may explain why Synalpheus includes the only known eusocial marine animals.
Comparative Evolutionary Ecology of Social and Sexual Systems
Authors: Crespi Bernard J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe two great divides of evolutionary ecology — conceptual and taxonomic — must be crossed for the study of mating systems and social systems to reach maturity. Conceptual unification should hinge on recognition that both sex and sociality involve conflict between mutually dependent parties over limiting resources, and yield complex mixtures of cooperation and conflict over different prezygotic and postzygotic processes. In general, it should be expected that ecological “harshness” and resource limitation select for increased within-group cooperation in the evolution of sociality, and between-sex cooperation in the evolution of mating systems. Such cooperation is, however, coupled with enhanced between-group conflict in sociality, or within-sex conflict in mating systems. Taxonomic and phylogenetic divides create opportunities for recognizing convergences. Groups such as the Crustacea are highly diverse yet understudied compared to vertebrates and insects, and as such they provide especially high returns on research investment.
The Basics of Liquidation
Authors: Branch Dr. Ben S. , Ray Hugh M. , Russell Robin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses general liquidation principles and strategies to provide the reader with an overview of the procedure for liquidation under Chapters 7 and 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. The central focus is on the roles of the players in the liquidation process including the bankruptcy judge, the debtor in possession, the United States Trustee, the secured creditors, and the Creditors' Committee, which represents unsecured creditors such as indenture trustees, bondholders, landlords, trade vendors, and employees.
Conclusion:Life Style?
Authors: Heyes Cressida J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractScholars influenced by Michel Foucault need to say more about how care of the self emerges intersubjectively, and how it can be a set of practices that includes an understanding of responsibility and ethical commitment to embodied others. Furthermore, Foucault's work is devoid of programmatic political theory for a number of reasons, but there is a need for careful articulation of political projects that challenge docility and make creative, joyful living more possible. Not without reservations, we might follow a philosophical tradition that labels this undertaking “style”. If feminist commentators are sometimes too pessimistic about women's agency in the face of normalization, the heroic discourse of style risks being too self-satisfied to notice that many of the strategies it implies are out of reach for ordinary mortals, and may lead enthusiastic converts into novel forms of conformity. The challenge that remains is to articulate a somaesthetics within which abject bodies can articulate their own style without falling back on the voluntarism that is so often complicit with their very abjection.
Natural Speech
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter introduces the concept of integrated speech production and perception, and the roles of speaker and listener. Production is for perception, i.e., the speech waveform triggers perceptions in the mind of the listener. The relationship between biological responses to external events and cognitive interpretation of the internal reaction to events is described. The biological and cognitive contributions to expressive and emotive speech are presented, including an evaluation of current lines of research.
Recent Developments in Synthesis Models
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of current synthesis systems and the current paradigm for research in the area. Expression is highlighted as important in contributing to the naturalness of synthetic speech, as well as its general acceptance. An important research area concerns providing the synthesizer with listener feedback during ‘conversation’ between machine and human user — a largely neglected area in the development of synthesis. The theoretical concept of ‘ for perception’ and its synthesis is discussed.
The Linguistics, Phonology, and Phonetics Perspective
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter introduces some aspects of linguistics that may be helpful in labelling emotive content of speech. The following questions are asked: Are speech and emotion separate events or does speech occur within the context of emotion? Is a uniqueness hypothesis more useful than a modulation hypothesis? How context sensitive is expressive content? What might be the function of prosodic patterns in triggering perception of expressive and emotive content? What are some acoustic correlates of speech production and perception? Can linguistics and phonetics theory and models provide useful descriptive labels for characterizing expression in speech?
The Influence of Emotion Studies
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter suggests that core studies of emotion can contribute importantly to speech models. Inadequacies of current speech models are pointed out and the usefulness of an integrated physical cognitive model is presented. A suitable model of emotion that can be tightly correlated with a speech model is proposed, and the resulting speech model can incorporate emotive content. The advantages of building the model of speech with expressive and emotive content are presented, as well as the case for building the model in computational terms; computational adequacy is highlighted.