bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis and tectonic interpretation of gravity data over the Variscides of southwest Ireland
Authors: FORD MARY , BROWN COLIN , READMAN PETER 
Published: December 2007

The gravity data set for southwest Ireland comprising 5500 stations with a spacing of about 1–3 km has been filtered using standard wavenumber domain techniques. A band pass filtered map, emphasizing gravity anomalies originating to a maximum depth of 3–4 km, correlates well with surface geology. It shows major faults and density contrasts among six lithostratigraphical units, the most important being between the Old Red Sandstone and underlying basement. A low pass filtered map, emphasizing gravity anomalies from a maximum depth of 10 12 km shows major negative gravity anomalies at Killarney and Fermoy and positive anomalies beneath the Shannon estuary, on the Dingle peninsula and along the south coast. These data suggest that Caledonian basement was involved in Variscan deformation and any detachment lies at mid-crustal levels.
Two north-south gravity profiles are modelled along Eastings 100 and 200, constrained by surface geology and published seismic refraction data. On Line 100 the source of the negative anomaly at Killarney is modelled as either a granite within basement or a deformed Devonian basin. The source of the Shannon positive anomaly is modelled as a large dense body within the crust whose southern limit coincides with the Iapetus Suture Zone. On Line 200, the Fermoy low is modelled as a laccolithic granite within basement. The positive anomaly along the south coast is a consequence of Mesozoic crustal thinning.
Geological evidence for intra-Jurassic faulting in the Wessex Basin and its margins
Authors: JENKYNS H. C. , SENIOR J. R. 
Published: December 2007

Geological observations on Jurassic outcrops close to major faults in the Wessex Basin–Mendip area reveal the local presence of ammonite- and brachiopod-bearing sediments penetrating underlying strata. Toarcian and Bajocian neptunian dykes and particularly sills are associated with the Eypemouth Fault and Bajocian sills with the Bride Fault and Mere Fault. In the Mendip area numerous neptunian dykes of Hettangian, Sinemurian, Pliensbachian and Bajocian ages, cross-cutting Carboniferous Limestone, are recorded, typically also associated with major basement faults (e.g. Cranmore and Leighton Faults). These periods of assumed sediment injection are taken as indicating times of displacement along the faults in question.
Variations in facies (Hettangian–Sinemurian, Toarcian, Bajocian, uppermost Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian) spatially linked to faults are documented from some areas, and boreholes reveal considerable fault-controlled thickness changes in Hettangian–Sinemurian, Bajocian and Kimmeridgian sediments. The timing of Jurassic faulting in the Wessex Basin–Mendip area thus polarizes into two intervals: Hettangian–Bajocian and latest Oxfordian onwards, correlating with the early rifting phases of the Central and North Atlantic respectively.
Mineralogical and chemical variation of francolites with geological time
Authors: McCLELLAN G. H. , VAN KAUWENBERGH S. J. 
Published: December 2007

Francolites, carbonate fluorapatites, occur in temporally and spa- tially related sedimentary phosphorite deposits that range in age from the Proterozoic to the Neogene. Previous mineralogical studies of francolites have established that systematic relationships exist between chemical composition and crystdlographic data. The unit-cell dimensions and indices of refraction of francolites decrease with increasing substitution of CO;’ for POT3 in the francolite structure. Accompanying cation substitutions of Na+’ and Mg+’ for Ca+’ also are significant. Fluorine contents of more than 2 moles/unit-cell also are typical of francolites, and the ‘excess’ fluorine is related to the basic CO;’ for PO;’ substitution.
Francolites are thermodynamically metastable with respect to fluorapatite. Studies of francolites from deposits of various geologi- cal ages demonstrate systematic trends in chemical composition and crystallographic properties with time. Francolites in rocks of Palae- ozoic or older ages usually have compositions close to fluorapatite. Mesozoic and younger francolites have wide range of compositions that vary with the type and intensity of post-depositional alteration. These alteration processes can result in mobilization of cations and anions, decarbonation of the francolite, and changes in crystal- lographic properties. The extent and intensity of alteration proc- esses often are restricted by variations in francolite composition and associated accessory minerals.
Ordovician magnetostratigraphy: a correlation of global data
Authors: TRENCH A. , McKERROW W. S. , TORSVIK T. H. 
Published: December 2007

Palaeomagnetic studies where primary magnetizations are established from well-dated rocks have been compiled to construct a magnetostratigraphic time-scale for the Ordovician period. An excellent correlation of magnetozones is observed between independent studies of the Baltic and South Siberian platform sequences. Supplemental datasets from other continents concur with the Baltic and Siberian polarity data.
Early Ordovician times were mainly characterized by a reverse field. Rapid reversals then occurred during Llanvirn and Llandeilo times. Late Ordovician times were dominated by a normal polarity field.
Some gaps remain in the polarity record, notably for late Caradoc-early Ashgill and mid-Tremadoc times.
Neogene to Quaternary rifting, sedimentation and uplift in the Corinth Basin,Greece
Authors: COLLIER R. E. LI. , DART C. J. 
Published: December 2007

Normal faulting, regional uplift and glacio-eustacy have controlled patterns of sedimentation on a variety of scales during the active rift history of the Corinth Basin. Extensive sections through 800 m of early rift deposits are exposed in the north of the basin. These are overlain by andesites dated at 3.62 ± 0.18 and 4.00 ± 0.40 Ma.
Early in the rifting process, basin relief controlled by normal faulting determined broad environmental conditions. Slope gradients determined transport process within an east-west asymmetric graben. Palaeoflow and provenance data allow lateral and axial sediment dispersal systems to be distinguished, and indicate that the Corinth basin was separated by a drainage divide from the larger Gulf of Corinth basin, to the west, during the Lower Pliocene. Sedimentary facies and thickness changes across faults, and the distribution of unconformities and soft-sediment deformation features define active tectonism at this time. As such, the Corinth Basin provides a model for the recognition of syn-rift unconformities and associated depositional patterns in other extensional basins.
Since the mid-Pliocene, a combination of regional, crustal uplift and of more localized, fault-controlled, extensional subsidence have determined basin form. In the north of the basin, Lower Pliocene and Quaternary marine sediments have been uplifted up to 300 m above present-day sea-level. Normal faulting during the same episode separated successive intrabasinal depocentres from emergent highs that were subject to erosion.
The competition between uplift and extensional subsidence has important implications for the back-arc evolution of the central Aegean area. The uplift suggests that crustal underplating by the subducted Mediterranean plate may have advanced as far north as northern Peloponessus and Corinth by the Upper Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene.
Gold mineralization associated with low-temperature, off-axis, fluid activity in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus
Authors: PRICHARD H. M. , MALIOTIS G. 
Published: December 2007

Silicification of umbers in the Troodos ophiolite complex in Cyprus provides evidence for low-temperature hydrothermal activity occurring late in the process of ocean-crust formation, after the crust had moved away from the oceanic spreading centre. Umbers, which are Mn–Fe-rich sediments, precipitate some distance away from oceanic spreading axes. The movement of the fluids partially silicifying the umbers must post-date umber formation and therefore also occurs off axis. These fluids may form part of low-temperature hydrothermal circulation similar to those identified by off-axis heat anomalies in the modern oceans. In Cyprus the silicified umbers often are located away from volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits and are aligned along sea-floor faults. They are characterized by quartz veins as well as pervasive silicification. Recent analyses have revealed unexpectedly anomalous, 1–5 ppm, concentrations of Au in these silicified umbers.
Gold mineralization is known to occur in ophiolite complexes as part of the metal concentrations in VMS deposits. These deposits are thought to be formed by ancient hydrothermal circulation similar to that associated with black smokers observed at modern mid-ocean ridges. The research presented in this paper provides evidence for a second phase of Au mineralization in Cyprus caused by low temperature silicifying fluids resulting from oceanic hydrothermal activity which occurred away from the spreading centre. The mineralizing fluids which silicified the umbers may have been more widespread, impregnating other lithologies, and may have overprinted the first phase of Au mineralization in some VMS deposits after they had become inactive and had been moved away from the spreading centre. The mineralizing fluids passing through these VMS may have used the same structural pathways as the original base-metal-rich hydrothermal solutions which formed the VMS.
Tectonostratigraphy of the Glen App area, Southern Uplands, Scotland: anatomy of an Ordovician accretionary complex
Authors: OGAWA YUJIRO 
Published: December 2007

The stratigraphy and structure of the Glen App coastal area, northwestern Southern Uplands, are characterized by structural repetition of both chaotic and coherent units of the Middle Ordovician (Caradocian) Tappins Group. The chaotic unit, the Currarie Formation, comprises blocks, including basalt, chert and terrigenous sedimentary rocks, set in folded and in places sheared red to grey siliceous mudstone. The coherent unit is turbiditic, and is divided into the Dalreoch Formation in the north and the Corsewall Formation in the south. The former is characterized by inclined, isoclinal folds and thrusts, whereas the latter shows a homoclinal dip, although both are largely overturned northwards. Small-scale duplexes are observed within the coherent turbidites of the Dalreoch Formation and chaotic units. Larger duplexes, identified on the basis of mapping, are oriented at an oblique angle to the general trend of regional structures. The chemistry of basalt blocks within the Currarie Formation shows a within-plate type, suggesting an origin as seamounts.
The tectono-stratigraphy of the area is interpreted as the result of accretion of a substantial seamount at a subduction zone during Mid-Ordovician time. Thrust interleaving of chaotic and coherent units is inferred to have taken place in and above the décollement zone, while thick turbidite beds without strong folding were probably preserved below the décollement and emplaced below a large-scale nappe. Interpretation of the Glen App area as part of an accretionary complex confirms that an ocean basin remained open in part of the Iapetus system, at least until Caradocian times.
Small-scale (<5.0 m) vertical heterogeneity in mudstones: implications for high-resolution stratigraphy in siliciclastic mudstone successions
Authors: MACQUAKER J. H. S. , HOWELL J. K. 
Published: December 2007

48 mudstone samples, from the Peterborough Member, Oxford Clay Formation, have been analysed to determine the small-scale vertical and lateral lithofacies variability in this succession. The samples were collected every 0.15 m from Saxon and King's Dyke brickpits (Whittlesey, Peterborough, UK) over a short vertical interval (15 m). The sampled interval spans the
obductum
to the
grossouvrei
Subzones of the Callovian (Upper Jurassic). Lithofacies present were described using combined field logging, optical and backscattered electron optical techniques.

The succession predominantly comprises silt-rich mudstones, with subordinate clay-rich mudstones, shell-beds and shell-pavements. The individual units are variously composed of detrital clay, quartz, pyrite, calcite with minor apatite, kaolinite and glauconite. In some units millimetre-scale upward-fining couplets are present; elsewhere, the original bedding structures have been destroyed by bioturbation. Comparison of successive thin sections reveals that upward-coarsening is present on a metre-scale and that shell-enriched units are located close to the tops of these upward-shoaling units. Comparison of samples collected laterally on a 0.01–1.0 m scale from the same level (3.0 m below the top of Bed 14) indicates that there is lateral lithofacies variability.
The small-scale (0.001 m) couplets are interpreted to be beds deposited by waning flow currents. Significant breaks between these depositional events allowed a dysaerobic infauna to colonize the sediment. The metre-scale upward-coarsening intervals which are capped by shell-enriched units are interpreted to be parasequences.
The observed small-scale lateral lithofacies variability is interpreted to be a product of small, but significant vertical miscorrelation errors rather that systematic lateral facies changes. These data suggest that producing reliable, bed-scale lateral correlations over distances of more than 1 km in this, and successions like it, will be very difficult.
Attenuation and excision of a crustal section during extensional exhumation: the Carratraca Massif, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain
Authors: ARGLES T. W. , PLATT J. P. , WATERS D. J. 
Published: December 2007

Extensional dismemberment of the Betic Cordillera during Late Oligocene to Early Miocene time caused attenuation and excision of a crustal section overlying mantle peridotite. An integrated study of metapelites overlying the peridotite sheet in the Carratraca area shows truncation of a typical orogenic cycle of burial and heating by rapid exhumation and late- to post-tectonic, low-pressure metamorphism. Attenuation by a factor of five or more condensed a greenschist to granulite section to 4 km structural thickness.
Initially coaxial attenuation of the sequence, involving formation of a flat-lying foliation and conjugate shear bands, was superseded by non-coaxial deformation concentrated along low-angle, top-to-the-NE, extensional fault zones. These excised parts of the metamorphic section; a 2 km loss was calculated across one fault zone.
Thermobarometry throughout this section demonstrates that the structural attenuation was related to isothermal decompression to low pressures (2-4 kbar) even at the base of the crustal section. A late thermal event largely postdates the ductile stage of attenuation, particularly in the upper part of the section. Thermal modelling implies that this thermal event could not have been produced by the hot peridotite sheet alone. Rapid tectonic exhumation and asthenospheric upwelling are the probable causes, following detachment of material from the base of the lithosphere.
Structure and stratigraphy of the metamorphic rocks in part of Northwest County Mayo, Ireland
Authors: Crow Michael John , Max Michael David , Sutton John Stuart 
Published: December 2007

Summary

A new geological map covering over 1000 square km of
n.w.
Co. Mayo is presented. Metasediments, probably Moine and Dalradian in age, have been deformed and metamorphosed during the Caledonian orogeny together with the pre-Moine Erris Complex (Laxfordian? rocks). The gneissose Erris Complex is commonly preserved except where significant Caledonian reconstitution to schists has occurred. Rocks of the Erris Complex were tectonically emplaced within the metasediments as major anticlinal cores, and as transgressive thrust wedges during the first Caledonian deformation.

A significant structural and metamorphic break occurs across the Corraun Fault which is probably the south-westward continuation of the Leannan Fault of County Donegal.
Pleistocene deposits of Church Stretton (Shropshire) and its neighbourhood
Authors: Rowlands Paul Humphreys , Shotton Frederick William 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The concealed valley beneath the Church Stretton valley floor is interpreted as water-cut, sloping gently down from north to south and becoming the buried floor of the Marshbrook Gorge. In this were laid down outwash gravels and tills of a valley glacier, which may be interpreted as making two advances separated by a retreat, and which terminated just north of Little Stretton. This glacier carried erratics derived from the Breiddens and Stiperstones, the Trias of Cheshire, the Lake District and the floor of the Irish Sea, an ‘Irish Sea’ assemblage. Deposits above the tills can be dated, by pollen and radiocarbon, as Zones I and II, suggesting a Late Devensian date for the Irish Sea Glacier. During Zone III and, perhaps intermittently, after that until early Zone VI, frost-shattered debris was carried down from the Longmynd valleys on the west, to form three fans across the valley, ponding up marshes from Zone VIa onwards.
The Welsh till around Marshbrook and southward is ascribed to an earlier glaciation, as yet undated, but associated with glacial gravel terraces on the valley sides and an erosion surface through which the over-deepened Church Stretton valley was cut before the Irish Sea glacier advanced into it. A series of four terraces below the glacial gravels, in the valleys of the Quinny Brook and River Onny, may eventually help to solve the question of the age of the tills of Welsh origin.
In the appendix, palynological detail is given justifying the zonal subdivisions in the organic deposits which lie above and below the fan gravels. It is also suggested that in Zones VIIa and VIIb, the influence of human agricultural activities can be recognized.
The Statistical Reservoir Model: calibrating faults and fractures, and predicting reservoir response to water flood
Authors: Main I. G. , Li L. , Heffer K. J. , Papasouliotis O. , Leonard T. , Koutsabeloulis N. C. , Zhang X. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the new concept of a ‘Statistical Reservoir Model’ to determine significant well-pair correlations. We solve this conceptual problem using a predictive error filter, combined with Bayesian methods that identify those well pairs that are related to each other with statistical significance, for the Gullfaks reservoir in the North Sea. Significant, long-range, correlations in the whole field are found at an optimal time lag of one month. The correlation function for significantly-correlated well pairs, after normalization for the distribution of available wells, shows a long-range power-law decay that is consistent with a critical-point response at the reservoir scale. A principal component analysis shows a strong correlation with the location and orientation of faults that intersect the main producing horizon. A predictive experiment shows that the model performs very well both in history matching and predictive mode on a time scale of about one month.
The fused fault block approach to fault network modelling
Authors: Hoffman K. S. , Neave J. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Fault network modelling of complex faulted structures, those containing hundreds or even thousands of faults, can be an extremely difficult and time-consuming process. Although techniques for mapping and modelling faulted structures have been in existence for nearly forty years, asset teams still struggle to create correct portrayals of such complex faulted reservoirs due to the limitations of the commonly used techniques. We have developed a new approach to fault network modelling, using a new concept of ‘fused’ fault blocks. The identification of fault–fault intersections is based not on a manually drawn fault network or table of relationships, but rather is derived from the fault surfaces themselves. The calculated intersection lines are then used to truncate faults against each other. Because the truncation information can be stored with the fault model, this process yields a repeatable and easily updatable fault model. The name of our technique ‘fused fault blocks’ refers to the fact that when a section of a fault is removed, the two fault blocks that had been created by the fault are then fused together, forming a single fault block. The resultant fault model can then be used to create a 3D reservoir grid, one in which the fault geometry has not been compromised, and therefore better reflects the actual structure. The speed of the fault-building process ‘seconds or minutes, even for models with hundreds of faults’ also allows multiple interpretations, placing the emphasis of the fault network building on the evaluation of the interpretation and the effects of compartmentalization, and not on the manipulation of software.
Mitochondrial Resequencing Arrays Detect Tumor-Specific Mutations in Salivary Rinses of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Mithani Suhail K. , Smith Ian M. , Zhou Shaoyu , Gray Andrew , Koch Wayne M. , Maitra Anirban , Califano Joseph A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Alterations of the mitochondrial genome have been identified in multiple solid tumors and in many head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Identification of mitochondrial mutations in the salivary rinses of patients with HNSCC has potential application in disease detection. In this study, we used the MitoChip v2.0 mitochondrial genome resequencing array to detect minor populations of mitochondrial DNA in salivary rinses of patients with HNSCC.
Experimental Design: Salivary rinses from 13 patients with HNSCC, whose tumors carried mitochondrial mutations, were collected before surgical resection. DNA isolated from salivary rinses and serial dilutions of DNA derived from HNSCC-derived cell lines with known mitochondrial mutations were sequenced using the MitoChip, and analyzed using a quantitative algorithm which we developed to detect minor populations of mitochondrial DNA from MitoChip probe intensity data.
Results: We detected heteroplasmic populations of mitochondrial DNA up to a 1:200 dilution using MitoChip v2.0 and our analysis algorithm. A logarithmic relationship between the magnitude of assay intensity and concentration of minor mitochondrial populations was shown. This technique was able to identify tumor-specific mitochondrial mutations in salivary rinses from 10 of 13 (76.9%) patients with head and neck cancer.
Conclusions: Minor populations of mitochondrial DNA and disease-specific mitochondrial mutations in salivary rinses of patients with HNSCC can be successfully identified using the MitoChip resequencing array and the algorithm which we have developed. This technique has potential application in the surveillance of patients after resection and may have applicability in the surveillance of body fluids in other tumor types.