bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of cationic group content on shape memory effect in segmented polyurethane cationomer
Authors: Zhu Yong , Hu Jinlian , Yeung Kwok‐wing , Choi Ka‐fai , Liu Yeqiu , Liem Haiming 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTo illustrate the importance of cationic groups within hard segments on shape memory effect in segmented polyurethane (PU) cationomers, the shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) cationomers composed of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 1,4‐butanediol (BDO), and N‐methyldiethanolamine (NMDA) or N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)isonicotinamide (BIN) were synthesized. The comparison of shape memory effect between NMDA series and BIN series was made. The relations between the structure and shape memory effect of the two series of cationomers with various ionic group contents were investigated. It is observed that the stress at 100% elongation is reduced for these two series of PU cationomers with increasing ionic group content. Especially for NMDA series, the stress reduction is more significant. The fixity ratio and recovery ratio of the NMDA series can be improved simultaneously by the insertion of cationic groups within hard segments, but not for the BIN series. Characterizations with DSC and DMA suggest that the crystallibility of soft segment in SMPU cationomers was enhanced by incorporation of ionic groups into hard segments, leading to a relative high degree of soft segment crystallization; compared with the corresponding nonionomers, incorporation of charged ionic groups within hard segments can enhance the cohesion force among hard segments particularly at high ionic group content. This methodology offers good control of the shape memory characteristic in thin films and is believed to be beneficial to the shape memory textile industries. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 545–556, 2007
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of novel polyetherester polyols and developed polyurethanes
Authors: Wang Dongxian , Zhang Guangjin , Zhang Yongcheng , Gao Yongjian , Zhao Yuhua , Zhou Changyue , Zhang Qingyun , Wang Xinkui 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree kinds of cyclic anhydrides, which stand for aliphatic anhydride, aromatic anhydride, and anhydride containing double bond: succinic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, and maleic anhydride have been copolymerized with propylene oxide and low molecular weight polyoxypropylenediol via ring‐opening copolymerization initiator by double metal cyanide complex catalyst to synthesis a series of polyetherester (PEE) polyols. The structure of the obtained copolymers was confirmed by several analysis methods. Three kinds of polyetherester polyurethane (PEEPU) were thus synthesized by polymerization of as‐synthesized PEE polyol with 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate. The mechanical properties of the obtained PEEPU were tested. The results showed that the mechanical properties of three polyurethanes are different based on their structure and composition. The inducing of the rigid phenyl group in the soft segment can improve the mechanical strength remarkably. The influences of ester content in soft segment and the hard segment content on the mechanical properties of PEEPU were studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 417–424, 2007
Synthesis and properties of novel conducting polyaniline copolymers
Authors: Lei Xiping , Guo Xiaofang , Zhang Liuxue , Wang Yunpu , Su Zhixing 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA novel copolymer based on aniline and N‐β‐cyanoethylaniline was chemically prepared and characterized by a number of techniques including UV–vis, FTIR, ESR, XRD, and TGA. According to the systematic studies on the physical properties, it was found that the copolymers had excellent solubility in common organic solvents especially in DMF and pyridine, while the conductivity and yield decreased as the content of cyanoethyl group increased in the system. Moreover, an increase in the feed ratio of N‐β‐cyanoethylaniline induced a blue‐shift of the absorption bands in the UV–vis and IR region and significant line broadening of ESR signals together with a reduction in spin density. The XRD patterns of the copolymers lost the characteristic diffraction peaks of emeraldine salt as the ratio of cyanoethyl group increased. The thermal stability of the copolymer was increased with increasing the feed molar ratio of N‐β‐cyanoethylaniline. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 140–147, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of azo‐based acrylate polymers for use as nonlinear optical materials
Authors: Rekha A. S. , Ratna D. , Samui A. B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this work, high molecular weight azo polymers were synthesized by incorporating the azo monomer into a base polymer through their reactive functional groups. Copolymers of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid (with varying concentrations of carboxylic acid group) were synthesized. These were then reacted with epoxy‐terminated azo molecule by carboxylic acid–epoxy reaction. The functionalized systems show excellent film homogeneity and optical clarity. The series of copolymers were characterized using FTIR, NMR, UV–vis spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The polymer films coated on ITO glass slides were poled and their order parameters were calculated to check the stability of oriented dipoles. Temporal stability, checked up to 120 h under ambient conditions, was found to be excellent. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 425–431, 2007
Glucose recognition capabilities of hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐based hydrogels containing poly(ethylene glycol) chains
Authors: Bodugoz Hatice , Güven Olgun , Peppas Nicholas A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA configurational biomimetic imprinting technique was used to prepare recognition sites for glucose in copolymers of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) prepared with crosslinking agents containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). We report on the structure, diffusive, and recognition characteristics of these gels, the effect of the type and ratio of crosslinking agent, as well as the template/comonomer ratios on glucose binding ability. The highest equilibrium glucose binding was found as 2.67 mg/g dry polymer when PEG monomethacrylate (PEGMMA) was used in combination with tetra ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) (50%) as a crosslinking agent. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 432–441, 2007
A physical approach to define a class A surface in polymer thermosetting composite materials
Authors: Boyard N. , Serré C. , Vayer M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn polymeric composite material, a class A surface is a high‐quality surface according to its visual appearance. Bulk molding compound polymeric composites behave as a dielectric material with high bulk light scattering, low specular reflection, and low surface scattering. Gloss, related to specular reflection, is then low and cannot be a sufficient criterion to qualify a composite surface. For this purpose, we propose using either haze or roughness and power spectrum density (PSD) measured by AFM. An alternative solution to qualify a surface sample is to cover the sample by a metallic film. The sample then behaves as a metallic material with a main specular reflection and light scattering exclusively because of the surface. Measurements of gloss, haze, PSD, or roughness over a given spatial frequency range can qualify a sample surface and could especially define a surface in the class A family. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 451–461, 2007
Influence of cure schedule on the viscoelastic properties and thermal degradation of crosslinked mono‐ and diepoxides obtained during the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and divinylbenzene
Authors: Worzakowska Marta 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe present work investigates the influence of cure schedule on the dynamic mechanical behavior and thermal degradation of crosslinked mono‐ and diepoxides obtained in epoxidation of commercially available divinylbenzene by 60% hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant in the presence of organic solvents (acetonitrile and methanol) and the catalyst magnesium oxide. The crosslinking process of the obtained mono‐ and diepoxides was accomplished using three different hardening agents: glutaric anhydride, 2,4,6‐tri(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol, and maleic anhydride. The influence of cure schedule and hardening agent on the dynamic mechanical properties like storage modulus, tan δ, glass transition temperature (Tg), and thermal stability of cured epoxides has been studied by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The variations obtained in the elastic modulus in the rubber region above the glass transition have been used to analyze the crosslink density of the networks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 462–469, 2007
Synthesis of chiral polymers and its application in asymmetric reduction
Authors: Cha Rui‐Tao , Li Quan‐Lian , Chen Na‐Li , Wang Yun‐Pu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo new cinchona alkaloids copolymers (PMA‐BQTP and PMA‐QN) have been synthesized by copolymerization and their complexes (PMA‐BQTP‐PdCl2 and PMA‐QN‐PdCl2) have been prepared. Their structures were characterized by FTIR, GPC, and element analysis. The catalytic activity of PMA‐QN‐PdCl2 in the heterogeneous catalytic asymmetric reduction of aromatic ketone by sodium borohydride was studied. The results showed that the polymer complex catalyzed the reduction of aromatic ketone to get alcohol in high optical yield, but their catalytic efficiency was largely dependent on the aromatic ketone and solvent system, which relate to the accessibility of the catalytic active site. And the PdCl2/polymeric alkaloid complex can be simply recovered at the end of the reaction by centrifugation and then reused without serious losing of activity or enantioselectivity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 148–152, 2007
Kinetics and monomer reactivity ratios of N‐vinylpyrrolidone and α‐terpineol
Authors: Yadav Sarika , Srivastava A. K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe radical copolymerization of α‐terpineol with N‐vinylpyrrolidone (N‐VP) in dioxane at (80 ± 0.1)°C for 1 h in the presence of benzoylperoxide follows ideal kinetic and results in the formation of random copolymer as evidenced from the value of reactivity ratios as r1 (N‐VP) = 0.23 and r2 (α‐terpineol) = 0.025, which have been calculated by the Kelen‐Tüdos method. The overall activation energy is computed to be 28 kJ/mol. The FTIR spectrum of the copolymer shows the presence of bands at 3507 cm−1 due to alcoholic group and 1717 cm−1 due to > CO group. The Alfrey‐Price parameters for α‐terpineol has been calculated as 0.024 and –2.66. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 476–481, 2007
Morphology and electrical properties of carbon black filled LLDPE/EMA composites
Authors: Zhou Ping , Yu Wei , Zhou Chixing , Liu Feng , Hou Liming , Wang Jun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe morphology and electrical properties of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)/poly (ethylene‐methyl arylate) (EMA) blends filled with carbon black (CB) are investigated in this work. Comparing to LLDPE/CB composite, the higher percolation threshold of EMA/CB composite is attributed to the good interaction between EMA and CB. However, carbon black is found to locate preferentially in the LLDPE phase of LLDPE/EMA immiscible blends from the characterization of SEM and electrical properties, which greatly decreases the percolation threshold of the composites. The viscosity of the two polymers is the key factor to determine the distribution of CB instead of interfacial energy in this system. This suggests a method to control the distribution of CB in the immiscible blends by choosing the viscosity ratio of polymer blend. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 487–492, 2007
Rheological investigation of xanthan gum–chromium gelation and its relation to enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Marudova‐Zsivanovits Mariya , Jilov Nikolay , Gencheva Elena 
Published: October 2006

AbstractXanthan gum–water solutions with polymer concentrations 0.05–1% w/w and chromium ion content 30–1200 ppm were being gelled at temperatures from 25 to 90°C. A control deformation test (CD test) at a constant shear rate 0.05 s−1 was performed for all the specimens. Shear moduli of elasticity and in some cases yield stresses and yield strains were determined from these tests. The energy of activation Ea = 93 ± 6 kJ/mol was obtained. The dependence of the gelation rate on the ionic concentration followed a power law with a coefficient of 1.8. There was relatively small dependence of the gelation rate on the xanthan gum concentration. Surprisingly, the maximum obtainable moduli at complete gelation do not depend on xanthan gum concentration in the range 0.2–1% w/w and are about 2400 Pa. The number of the bound chromium ions per monomer unit of xanthan gum is changed from 0.64 to 0.16 for the above measured concentrations of the polymer. High moduli gels on the base of the lower concentrations of xanthan gum were practically not recoverable after mechanical destruction. The assumption was made that the main reason for the profile modification of the flow for enhanced oil recovery in porous media is the yield stress of the gels. The smaller capillaries can even be closed if the yield stress is higher than the maximum shear stress existing in the capillary. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 160–166, 2007
Toughened polyester matrices for advanced composites
Authors: Sharmila R. Josephine , Premkumar S. , Alagar M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn intercrosslinked network of hybrid bismaleimide (BMI) modified vinyl ester oligomer–unsaturated polyester matrix systems have been developed. Vinyl ester oligomer (VEO) was used as a toughening agent for unsaturated polyester resin and was added in 2, 4, and 6% (by wt). Benzoyl peroxide was used as curing agent. The VEO‐toughened unsaturated polyester matrix systems were further modified with 5, 10, and 15% (by wt) of bismaleimide. Bismaleimides modified vinyl ester–unsaturated polyester matrices were characterized by mechanical (tensile strength, flexural strength, tensile modulus, flexural modulus, and impact strength), thermal [differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetic analysis (TGA), heat deflection temperature analysis (HDT)] and morphological studies [scanning electron microscope (SEM)] and water absorption. Data obtained from mechanical studies indicated that the introduction of VEO into unsaturated polyester resin improves the fracture toughness. The introduction of BMI into VEO incorporated unsaturated polyester resin enhanced both thermal and mechanical behavior. The scanning electron micrographs of fractured surfaces of VEO‐modified unsaturated polyester systems and BMI modified vinyl ester–unsaturated polyester matrices illustrate the presence of homogeneous morphology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 167–177, 2007
Simultaneous x‐linking and antimicrobial finishing of cotton fabric
Authors: Montazer Majid , Afjeh M. Gorbanali 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis research work tries to achieve a multifunctional finishing on the cotton fabric by using environmentally friendly chemicals. Chitosan and N‐(2‐hydroxy) propyl‐3‐trimethyl ammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) with different crosslinking agents including citric acid (CA), butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA), and glutaraldehyde (GA) were coapplied on the cotton fabric. This improves the laundering durability of antimicrobial treatment by formation of covalent bond between the crosslinking agent, antimicrobial agent, and cellulosic chains. Furthermore, it helps to enhance the crease resistance properties of the treated samples. The antimicrobial activities of the treated samples were tested after 15 laundering cycles. The whiteness and wrinkle recovery angle of the treated fabric were also examined. The glutaraldehyde treatment was superior to CA treatment in terms of prolonged antimicrobial activity of the samples after successive laundering. Also, the treated samples with glutaraldehyde showed a higher wrinkle recovery angle with excessive deterioration in whiteness when compared with CA and BTCA. The treated samples with CA and BTCA show good antimicrobial activity after successive laundering and improved wrinkle recovery angle. However, BTCA indicates a higher durability in comparison with CA and same durability after repeated laundering with glutaraldehyde. This can be achieved without yellowing and unpleasant odor. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 178–185, 2007
Synthesis of cationic flocculants by the inverse microemulsion copolymerization of acrylamide with 60% 2‐acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride in the monomer feed. II. Influence of the formulation composition, hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance, starting polymerization temperature, and reaction time
Authors: Ochoa J. R. , Sanz F. J. Escudero , Sasia P. M. , García A. Santos , de Apodaca E. Díaz , Río P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAcrylamide/2‐acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride copolymers in inverse microemulsions, with 60% 2‐acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride in the monomer feed and a concentration of active matter of 30% (w/w) as flocculants, were obtained by inverse microemulsion copolymerization. Inverse microemulsion formulations of comonomers, interesting from both technical and economical viewpoints, were polymerized by semicontinuous free‐radical copolymerization with sodium disulfite as the initiator. The influence of the formulation composition, hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance (HLB), starting polymerization temperature, and reaction time on the polymerization and final properties of the products as flocculants was studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:186–197, 2007
β‐Polypropylene/wood flour composites: Effects of specific β‐nucleation and coupling agent on mechanical behavior
Authors: Kotek Jiří , Kelnar Ivan , Synková Hana , Starý Zdeněk , Baldrian Josef 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolypropylene/wood flour composites were prepared by melt compounding. To improve their mechanical performance, the matrix polypropylene was modified with a specific nucleation agent based on an amide of dicarboxylic acid, which promotes crystallization predominantly in the β‐phase. The resulting material was used as a matrix for composites containing 10%, 20%, and 30% of wood flour. Uniform dispersion of the filler and improved interfacial adhesion was ensured by compatibilization with a small amount of maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene. A beneficial effect of application of the nucleation agent together with a compatibilizer on the resulting mechanical behavior was shown. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 506–511, 2007
Segmented copolymers of uniform tetra‐amide units and poly(phenylene oxide) by direct coupling
Authors: Krijgsman J. , Biemond G. J. E. , Gaymans R. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSegmented copolymers with telechelic poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene ether) (PPE) segments and crystallizable bisester tetra‐amide units (two‐and‐a‐half repeating unit of nylon‐6,T) were studied. The copolymers were synthesized by reacting bifunctional PPE with hydroxylic end groups with an average molecular weight of 3500 g/mol and bisester tetra‐amide units via an ester polycondensation reaction. The bisester tetra‐amide units had phenolic ester groups. By replacing part of the bisester tetra‐amide units with diphenyl terephthalate units (DPT), the concentration of tetra‐amide units in the copolymer was varied from 0 to 11 wt%. Polymers were also prepared from bifunctional PPE, DPT, and a diaminediamide (6T6‐diamine). The thermal and thermal mechanical properties were studied by DSC and DMA and compared with a copolymer with flexible spacer groups between the PPE and the T6T6T. The copolymers had a high Tg of 180–200°C and a melting temperature that increased with amide content of 220–265°C. The melting temperature was sharp with monodisperse amide segments. The Tm – Tc was 39°C, which suggests a fast, but not very fast, crystallization. The crystallinity of the amide was ∼ 20%. The copolymers are semicrystalline materials with a high Tg and a high Tg/Tm ratio (> 0.8). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 512–518, 2007
Microstructure dependent properties of polypropylene‐clay nanocomposites
Authors: Fan Y. , Lou J. , Shinozaki D. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe mechanical properties of melt processed polypropylene‐montmorillonite nanocomposites were studied as a function of clay content. The measurement of tensile properties at room temperature and dynamic mechanical properties over a wide temperature range reveal a decrease in modulus and tensile strength of the composite with increasing clay content. The origins of this anomalous result were examined in detail using X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter, which averaged the microstructure over reasonable specimen volumes. Micromechanical models could be used to adequately describe the composite properties, provided appropriate properties for the matrix and particle were used. The matrix properties were found to affect the average properties significantly. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 204–210, 2007
Photolytic and free‐radical polymerization of monomethyl maleate esters of epoxidized plant oil triglycerides
Authors: Esen Hüseyin , Küsefoğlu Selim , Wool Richard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEpoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was reacted with monomethyl maleate with AMC‐2 catalyst. Monomethyl maleate was found to react with 65% of the available epoxy groups to give the monomethyl maleic esters of ESO (MESO). 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and IR spectra of the new derivative confirmed the proposed structure. The NMR spectra revealed that the average number of monomethyl maleate groups per triglyceride molecule was 2.6. MESO was photopolymerized with ultraviolet light and was free radically homopolymerized and copolymerized with styrene (STY), vinyl acetate (VA), and methylmethacrylate (MMA). MESO was also reacted with maleic anhydride at the newly formed hydroxyl groups to give maleinized MESO, (MESOMA), which now contained 4.9 maleate unsaturations per triglyceride. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed the dynamic modulus for styrene copolymers of MESO and maleinized MESO as 105 and 140 MPa, respectively. Both of these plant oil derived monomers are good candidates for a practical and economical liquid molding resin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 626–633, 2007