bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Hepcidin in Iron Homeostasis and Anemia in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Eleftheriadis Theodoros , Liakopoulos Vassilios , Antoniadi Georgia , Kartsios Charalambos , Stefanidis Ioannis 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAnemia is a common complication in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Despite the great success of recombinant human erythropoietin in clinical practice, resistance to this therapy is common. Additionally, nephrologists frequently witness a rapid and significant drop in their patients’ hematocrit during the course of various acute events that regularly take place in this sensitive population. Hepcidin, a recently identified peptide, may mediate this development in many instances. Hepcidin production is regulated by hypoxia/anemia, iron status, and importantly, inflammation. This peptide can block iron absorption by the duodenum, iron release from both the liver (the main iron storage pool) and, more significantly, the macrophages interrupting iron recycling between senescent red cells and the reticuloendothelial system. The decreased availability of iron for erythropoiesis leads to the anemia of chronic disease or, in HD patients, aggravate an already existing anemia HD is now widely considered an inflammatory state probably accounting for the increased serum hepcidin levels that have been associated with it. The physiology of hepcidin and its possible contribution to the pathogenesis of anemia in HD patients are the subject of this review.
The Role of the Template in Prosthetically Guided Implantology
Authors: Annibali Susanna , La Monaca Gerardo , Tantardini Marco , Cristalli Maria Paola 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn prosthetically guided implantology, where ideal placement of implants is determined by the definitive restoration, the use of a radiographic/surgical template plays an essential role. This article describes how to fabricate a radiographic/surgical template to be used for radiographic diagnosis of the selected implant sites and as a guide during surgery for the insertion of the implant with correct angulation.
Treatment of Edentulism: Optimizing Outcomes with Tissue Management and Impression Techniques
Authors: Salinas Thomas J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSignificant numbers of patients throughout the world seek treatment for edentulism. The trend toward tissue‐integrated prostheses has been a monumental step in restoring edentulous patients to function; however, this treatment can be out of reach for those who fail to qualify or those who do not have sufficient resources to afford it. In these cases, conventional dentures remain an important primary course of treatment. Attention to detail when diagnosing, treatment planning, and performing treatment for these patients is still a prime consideration for the best possible outcome. In particular, many experienced denture wearers are afflicted with chronically inflamed denture‐bearing mucosa. Clinicians must recognize the need for tissue conditioning, choices of impression materials, and accepted fabrication techniques that can have favorable outcomes when matched with patients who are philosophical and realistic in their expectations. The purpose of this article is to review impression philosophies, associated materials, and methods of tissue conditioning. Retention and stability of the denture bases can be augmented by the routine use of denture adhesive, and indications for use of denture adhesive will be discussed.
The Current and Future Treatment of Edentulism
Authors: Cooper Lyndon F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this review and summary is to focus the clinician's attention on existing potential limitations regarding the management of edentulism. The current published data and opinions concerning the need for treating edentulism, the quality of dentures, related morbidity, and alternative or related therapeutics (e.g., dental implants) suggest there are opportunities for improvement in the treatment of the edentulous population. This may be achieved by adopting a broader therapeutic strategy focused not solely on technical aspects of an oral prosthesis. Instead, a wider array of clinical features of the edentulous patient should be addressed. A contemporary strategy may include concerns for prevention of tooth loss, evaluation of residual alveolar ridge resorption, and related issues of denture function, continual evaluation of oral mucosal health, compassionate management of maladaptive patients, a rationale for timely replacement of dentures, and continued development of dental implant therapies. The importance of therapeutic technical quality can be underscored, but should not overwhelm the broader concerns for assuring the overall health and well‐being of the edentulous population.
3. The Holocaust Sublime: Singularity, Representation, and the Violence of Everyday Life
Authors: Sanbonmatsu John 
Published: February 2009

The world of the concentration camps . . . was not an exceptionally monstrous society. What we saw there was the image, and in a sense the quintessence, of the infernal society in which we are plunged every day.—Ionesco1
AbstractIt has become common to view mass historical traumas like the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki or the Holocaust as singularities—in other words, events of such transcendent, almost metaphysical significance that they exceed intelligibility. Siding with “realist” intellectuals who instead emphasize the rootedness of genocide in the structures of modernity and everyday life, I argue that the discourse of singularity aestheticizes historical trauma in problematic ways. Drawing on Kant's analytic of the sublime, in which the subject, in confronting an awesome or terrifying phenomenon from a position of safety, comes to realize his or her own powers of transcendence and moral superiority, I argue that the holocaust sublime encourages the viewing subject to “face” overwhelming horrors of the past, but without having to confront the subject's actual responsibility for the atrocities of the present. By pitting the extraordinary or “singular” against the banal and everyday, the holocaust sublime thus obscures, rather than reveals, the habits of thought and social structures that make genocidal practices inevitable.
5. The Project of Reconciliation and the Road to Redemption: Hegel's Social Philosophy and Nietzsche's Critique
Authors: Hicks Steven V. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractArthur Schopenhauer once observed: “A Philosophy in between the pages of which one does not hear the tears, the weeping and gnashing of teeth and the terrible din of mutual universal murder is no [genuine] philosophy.”1Certainly, the unforgettable events of the twentieth and early twenty‐first centuries, which bear the names Auschwitz, Hiroshima, Rwanda, and Darfur, pose a challenge for philosophical thinking to prove itself equal to what emerges from these horrific events. To that end, my paper looks back to the philosophies of G. W. F. Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche—in particular to their vision of a social reconciliation and cultural redemption—as a source of inspiration in our efforts to meet the challenges posed for a philosophy of the future by the global scale of violence, human suffering, and alienation. In what follows, I first offer a comparative analysis of Hegel's “project of reconciliation” with Nietzsche's “project of redemption.” I then consider whether or not either philosopher can provide us with a coherent and attractive ethical/sociopolitical alternative for our postmodern world—a world still characterized by global violence, injustice, genocide, ecological degradation, and the prospect of nuclear annihilation.
9. Human Rights: Historical Learning in the Shadow of Violence
Authors: Peterson Richard T. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper emphasizes the historical dimension of human rights understood as a social ethic. Rather than timeless principles, human rights and the universality proper to them emerge in a process of suffering, conflict, political assertion, and institutional change. We can understand them as historical yet also universal by seeing that human rights arise in processes of social learning that take place in an increasingly globalized world. Such learning often has advanced in the face of dramatic violence, for example, the bombing of Hiroshima. But the demands on a global social ethic today are not only a matter of responding to threats and acts of dramatic violence in isolation. Attention to the example of Hiroshima suggests that the problem of violence is bound up with other questions about the regulation of emerging technical powers in a context of inequality and social conflict. To what extent can an ethic centered on human rights provide an ethics that can inform effective responses to these problems? To consider the promise of human rights, we look more closely at the kind of social learning they involve and explore in particular the role of social movements in forging new identities and reciprocities along with normative claims proper to a global public sphere (the anti‐apartheid movement provides an example). We go on to see that these political experiences can inform interpretations of historical experience that can inform a widened sense of historical possibilities, both those missed in the past and those that confront us today. While this argument may thicken our sense of the promise of a human rights ethic, it remains speculative, not least because of the limited effectiveness of these norms in practice today. We close with the suggestion that nonetheless a coherent ethical response is possible, one that in the wealthy parts of the globe might take the form of an ethic of democratic responsibility. This would both represent a distinctive kind of learning and perhaps contribute to a wider advance of human rights.
4‐Aminoethylamino‐emodin – a novel potent inhibitor of GSK‐3β– acts as an insulin‐sensitizer avoiding downstream effects of activated β‐catenin
Authors: Gebhardt Rolf , Lerche Katja S. , Götschel Frank , Günther Robert , Kolander Jens , Teich Lars , Zellmer Sebastian , Hofmann Hans‐Jörg , Eger Kurt , Hecht Andreas , Gaunitz Frank 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGlycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) is a key target and effector of downstream insulin signalling. Using comparative protein kinase assays and molecular docking studies we characterize the emodin‐derivative 4‐[N‐2‐(aminoethyl)‐amino]‐emodin (L4) as a sensitive and potent inhibitor of GSK‐3β with peculiar features. Compound L4 shows a low cytotoxic potential compared to other GSK‐3β inhibitors determined by the 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and cellular ATP levels. Physiologically, L4 acts as an insulin‐sensitizing agent that is able to enhance hepatocellular glycogen and fatty acid biosynthesis. These functions are particularly stimulated in the presence of elevated concentrations of glucose and in synergy with the hormone action at moderate but not high insulin levels. In contrast to other low molecular weight GSK‐3β inhibitors (SB216763 and LiCl) or Wnt‐3α‐conditioned medium, however, L4 does not induce reporter and target genes of activated β‐catenin such as TOPflash, Axin2 and glutamine synthetase. Moreover, when present together with SB216763 or LiCl, L4 counteracts expression of TOPflash or induction of glutamine synthetase by these inhibitors. Because L4 slightly activates β‐catenin on its own, these results suggest that a downstream molecular step essential for activation of gene transcription by β‐catenin is also inhibited by L4. It is concluded that L4 represents a potent insulin‐sensitizing agent favouring physiological effects of insulin mediated by GSK‐3β inhibition but avoiding hazardous effects such as activation of β‐catenin‐dependent gene expression which may lead to aberrant induction of cell proliferation and cancer.
MicroRNA profiling of clear cell renal cell cancer identifies a robust signature to define renal malignancy
Authors: Jung Monika , Mollenkopf Hans‐Joachim , Grimm Christina , Wagner Ina , Albrecht Marco , Waller Tobias , Pilarsky Christian , Johannsen Manfred , Stephan Carsten , Lehrach Hans , Nietfeld Wilfried , Rudel Thomas , Jung Klaus , Kristiansen Glen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMicroRNAs are short single‐stranded RNAs that are associated with gene regulation at the transcriptional and translational level. Changes in their expression were found in a variety of human cancers. Only few data are available on microRNAs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We performed genome‐wide expression profiling of microRNAs using microarray analysis and quantification of specific microRNAs by TaqMan real‐time RT‐PCR. Matched malignant and non‐malignant tissue samples from two independent sets of 12 and 72 ccRCC were profiled. The microarray‐based experiments identified 13 over‐expressed and 20 down‐regulated microRNAs in malignant samples. Expression in ccRCC tissue samples compared with matched non‐malignant samples measured by RT‐PCR was increased on average by 2.7‐ to 23‐fold for the hsa‐miR‐16, −452*, −224, −155 and −210, but decreased by 4.8‐ to 138‐fold for hsa‐miR‐200b, −363, −429, −200c, −514 and −141. No significant associations between these differentially expressed microRNAs and the clinico‐pathological factors tumour stage, tumour grade and survival rate were found. Nevertheless, malignant and non‐malignant tissue could clearly be differentiated by their microRNA profile. A combination of miR‐141 and miR‐155 resulted in a 97% overall correct classification of samples. The presented differential microRNA pattern provides a solid basis for further validation, including functional studies.
Classically and alternatively activated macrophages contribute to tissue remodelling after myocardial infarction
Authors: Troidl C. , Möllmann H. , Nef H. , Masseli F. , Voss S. , Szardien S. , Willmer M. , Rolf A. , Rixe J. , Troidl K. , Kostin S. , Hamm C. , Elsässer A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn important goal in cardiology is to minimize myocardial necrosis and to support a discrete but resilient scar formation after myocardial infarction (MI). Macrophages are a type of cells that influence cardiac remodelling during MI. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate their transcriptional profile and to identify the type of activation during scar tissue formation. Ligature of the left anterior descending coronary artery was performed in mice. Macrophages were isolated from infarcted tissue using magnetic cell sorting after 5 days. The total RNA of macrophages was subjected to microarray analysis and compared with RNA from MI and LV‐control. mRNA abundance of relevant targets was validated by quantitative real‐time PCR 2, 5 and 10 days after MI (qRT‐PCR). Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize activation type‐specific proteins. The genome scan revealed 68 targets predominantly expressed by macrophages after MI. Among these targets, an increased mRNA abundance of genes, involved in both the classically (tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, interleukin 1β) and the alternatively (arginase 1 and 2, mannose receptor C type 1, chitinase 3‐like 3) activated phenotype of macrophages, was found 5 days after MI. This observation was confirmed by qRT‐PCR. Using immunohistochemistry, we confirmed that tumour necrosis factor α, representing the classical activation, is strongly transcribed early after ligature (2 days). It was decreased after 5 and 10 days. Five days after MI, we found a fundamental change towards alternative activation of macrophages with up‐regulation of arginase 1. Our results demonstrate that macrophages are differentially activated during different phases of scar tissue formation after MI. During the early inflammatory phase, macrophages are predominantly classically activated, whereas their phenotype changes during the important transition from inflammation to scar tissue formation into an alternatively activated type.
Prenatal diagnosis of Holt‐Oram syndrome: Role of 3‐D ultrasonography
Authors: Sunagawa Sorahiro , Kikuchi Akihiko , Sano Yoko , Kita Mariko , Ono Kyoko , Horikoshi Tsuguhiro , Takagi Kimiyo , Kawame Hiroshi 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTHolt‐Oram syndrome (HOS) is an autosomal dominant disorder consisting of a congenital heart defect in combination with upper limb abnormalities. This report presents the ultrasonographic follow‐up of a fetus at risk for this syndrome. An abnormal four‐chamber view of the heart and slight shortening of the forearm were found by prenatal ultrasound performed at 16 weeks of gestation. At 25 weeks of gestation, detailed sonographic examination clearly revealed abnormalities in the upper limbs and heart of the fetus. At 39 weeks of gestation, spontaneous labor and delivery produced a female infant weighting 2940 g. Postnatal examination of the infant confirmed the prenatal sonographic findings. 3‐D ultrasound has an important role in prenatal diagnosis of HOS, which is essential for proper genetic counseling.
Further delineation of 9q22 deletion syndrome associated with basal cell nevus (Gorlin) syndrome: Report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Yamamoto Kayono , Yoshihashi Hiroshi , Furuya Noritaka , Adachi Masanori , Ito Susumu , Tanaka Yukichi , Masuno Mitsuo , Chiyo Hideaki , Kurosawa Kenji 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTBasal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS; Gorlin syndrome) is an autosomal dominant disorder, characterized by a predisposition to neoplasms and developmental abnormalities. BCNS is caused by mutations in the human homolog of the Drosophila patched gene‐1, PTCH1, which is mapped on chromosome 9q22.3. Nonsense, frameshift, in‐frame deletions, splice‐site, and missense mutations have been found in the syndrome. Haploinsufficiency of PTCH1, which is caused by interstitial deletion of 9q22.3, is also responsible for the syndrome. To date, 19 cases with interstitial deletion of long arm of chromosome 9 involving the region of q22 have been reported. We describe two unrelated patients with some typical features of BCNS associated with deletion of 9q21.33‐q31.1 and determined the boundary of the deletion by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones. The results showed that the size of deletions is between 15.33 and 16.04 Mb in patient 1 and between 18.08 and 18.54 Mb in patient 2. Although the size and breakpoints were different from those of previously reported cases, the clinical features are common to patients with 9q22 deletion associated with BCNS. Delineation of the 9q22 deletions and further consideration of the genes responsible for the characteristic manifestations may provide insight into this newly recognized deletion syndrome.
Myocardial infarction in a neonate with left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Verlaak René , Backx Ad P. , Van Heijst Arno F. J. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTWe present a case study of a newborn girl with a left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia and a myocardial infarction (MI). The occurrence of MI in newborns has been associated with cardiac malformations and abnormalities of the coronary arteries or thromboembolization. In our patient, echocardiography revealed left ventricular dysfunction, persistent pulmonary hypertension and an inferolateral MI. Within 24 hours cardiac function and oxygenation did not improve and the baby died. Autopsy showed massive MI, a small aortic valve and ascending aorta, and hypoplasia of the distal aortic arch and isthmus. An accessory spleen was also present. The present report underlines the importance of cardiac evaluation in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
How would Australian hospital staff react to an avian influenza admission, or an influenza pandemic?
Authors: Martinese Franco , Keijzers Gerben , Grant Steven , Lind James 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective:  To estimate the expected staff absentee rates and work attitudes in an Australian tertiary hospital workforce in two hypothetical scenarios: (i) a single admission of avian influenza; and (ii) multiple admissions of human pandemic influenza.Methods:  A survey conducted at hospital staff meetings between May and August 2006.Results:  Out of 570 questionnaires distributed, 560 were completed. For scenario one, 72 (13%) indicated that they would not attend work, and an additional 136 (25%) would only work provided that immunizations and/or antiviral medications were immediately available, so that up to 208 (38%) would not attend work. For scenario two, 196 (36%) would not attend work, and an additional 95 (17%) would work only if immunizations and/or antiviral medications were immediately available, so that up to 291 (53%) staff would not attend work. Staff whose work required them to be in the ED (odds ratios 2.2 and 1.6 for each scenario respectively) or on acute medical wards (odds ratios 2.2 and 2.0 respectively) were more likely to work.Conclusion:  High absenteeism among hospital staff should be anticipated if patients are admitted with either avian or pandemic influenza, particularly if specific antiviral preventative measures are not immediately available. Measures to maximize the safety of staff and their families would be important incentives to attend work. Education on realistic level of risk from avian and pandemic influenza, as well as the effectiveness of basic infection control procedures and personal protective equipment, would be useful in improving willingness to work.
Does emergency department workload adversely influence timely analgesia?
Authors: Mitchell Rob , Kelly Anne‐Maree , Kerr Debra 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective:  The impact of ED overcrowding on delay to analgesia has not been well studied. Our objective was to determine if ED workload influenced time to analgesia (TTA).Methods:  An observational, retrospective study (May 2006 to March 2007) was conducted. Adult patients with diagnoses of acute biliary pain, renal colic, wrist and femoral neck fractures were identified and assigned to an ED workload group based on total patient care time – a validated measure of ED workload. The groups were defined by low, middle and high quartiles of total patient care time. The high quartile was defined as overcrowded – equating to average ED occupancy/24 h of 85–140%. Data collected included demographics, pain score and analgesia data. The primary outcome was comparison of TTA between workload groups. Data were analysed using Cox regression and multivariate analyses. Sample size required was 50 per group.Results:  A total of 254 patients were studied (52% male; median age 57 years). Demographics were similar between groups. Ninety‐three per cent received analgesia with median TTA of 53 min (interquartile range 30.5–114.5). No significant association was found between workload and TTA (hazard ratio [HR] 1.02, 95% CI 0.99–1.02). On multivariate analysis, factors associated with delay to analgesia included advanced age (HR 0.35, P= 0.006), language other than English (HR 0.55, P= 0.010), lower triage acuity (HR 0.20, P= 0.000) and delay to pain assessment (HR 0.16, P= 0.000). Those with higher pain scores received analgesia more quickly (HR 1.12, P= 0.003).Conclusion:  No relationship between workload and TTA was observed; however, there were delays to analgesia associated with age, non‐English‐speaking background and delay to pain assessment.