bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coital frequency and sexual abstinence in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Ruzicka L. T. , Bhatia S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe paper analyses results of a survey of sexual and reproductive behaviour in a sample of 2301 currently married women aged less than 50 years. The survey was conducted in 22 villages of the ICDDR, B field station in Bangladesh. Admittedly, the sample is not representative as co-operation could not be obtained from about one-third of eligible women. The results suggest higher coital frequencies among Hindu than among Muslim respondents. There appears to be a clear age and marriage duration pattern with coital frequencies declining rapidly to a plateau after about 5 years of marriage and among women aged 25 and over, followed by another steep decline at durations of marriage over 20 years and age 40 and more. Generally, recently married, young, non-breast-feeding, non-contracepting and pregnant respondents reported higher coital frequencies than their peers of opposite characteristics. Post-partum abstinence among both Muslims and Hindus was comparatively short, generally not exceeding 3 months.
The high fertility of Sri Lanka Moor concentrations
Authors: Fernando Dallas F. S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAll centres of Sri Lanka Moor concentration were identified, together accounting for 87·2% of the total Moor population of the island. The variations in the child/woman ratio that occur locally between wards within these communities show strong negative correlations with two measures of departure from conservatism, the proportion of females of school age attending school and the proportion of males engaged in non-agricultural occupations. These two variates together account for the greater part of the variation in the child/woman ratio from ward to ward in 1971.
Fertility differentials in Nepal
Authors: Gubhaju Bhakta 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe present paper is based on data from the Nepal Fertility Survey 1976 and examines the fertility differentials in Nepal by socioeconomic variables. Of all the variables examined in this study marital duration is found to have the greatest impact on fertility. With standardization for marital duration, women in the mountains have a lower number of children ever-born than women in the hills and terai. Education of husbands rather than wives seems to affect fertility in Nepal.
Historical population structure of two Tasmanian communities using surname analyses
Authors: Kosten M. , Williams J. , Mitchell R. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper reports the first data on historical population structure in white Australians. Vital records and census data from two Tasmanian registration districts, Oatlands and Bothwell, were examined using surname analysis to investigate population structure in the nineteenth century. Both were colonising populations and therefore initially had massive immigration and a very high sex ratio. Inbreeding, as measured by marital isonymy, was relatively high in Oatlands, especially in the context of its short history. Although genetic continuity, measured by surname constancy, was relatively low, a small but distinct core was detectable. Bothwell, the smaller community, exhibited very little inbreeding and, concomitantly, low surname constancy. The coefficient of relationship by isonymy between Oatlands and Bothwell was extremely low. These findings are discussed in the context of the known socio-political history of this region of Tasmania.
Mental health and female sterilization
Authors: Jablensky A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn order to evaluate the mental health aspects of voluntary sterilization for family planning purposes, WHO initiated in 1978 a multi-centre prospective controlled study. A total of 926 healthy women with at least two living children, who requested sterilization (interval, post-partum or post-abortion), and 924 controls using other methods of contraception, were selected for a prospective investigation which included pre-operative and post-operative (6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year) standardized assessment of mental state and a range of variables related to physical health and psychosexual functioning. Although pre-operatively a high proportion of subjects in both index and control groups reported minor non-specific psychiatric symptoms the percentage of women meeting defined criteria of psychiatric disorder was low to moderate (less than 15%) in all centres except Cali (26%). In all centres the pre-operative rates of psychiatric disorder were somewhat higher in the sterilization groups than in the control groups, and in two centres (Cali and Chandigarh) this difference was statistically significant. Thus, the data indicate that women choosing sterilization for birth control tend to show pre-operatively more psychiatric disturbance than their control counterparts who opt for other methods of contraception.
Genetic evolution of the Samaritans
Authors: Cazes M. H. , Bonne-Tamir B. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryDetailed pedigrees of the small Samaritan isolate covering the last thirteen generations and consisting of 82 founders and 670 descendants allowed calculations of (a) the probability of origin of genes from particular founder members, and (b) the total number of descendants from each founder. Analysis of the matrix of distances between the thirteen generations identified the kind and the direction of the evolution of this community: rapid evolution from the first to the eighth generation due to the small population size, slowly progressing towards a stable state in the last three generations.
Contraception: answers of wives and husbands compared in a survey of Swiss couples
Authors: Höpflinger F. , Kühne F. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a survey of Swiss couples, the husband-wife agreement on contraception (current use, and methods ever used) is high and husbands are generally as well informed on the use of contraceptive methods as their wives. The data indicate that the use of condoms may be underestimated in interviewing women only and that the contraceptive behaviour of a couple is related to the fertility preferences of both wife and husband.
Geographic distribution of surnames in Britain: the Smiths and Joneses
Authors: Mascie-Taylor C. G. N. , Lasker G. W. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe geographic distribution of the Smiths and Joneses among all persons married in England and Wales in 3 months of 1975 showed well defined frequency clines comparable to those of blood group distributions. Polynomial regressions of relative frequencies of these surnames on latitude and longitude account for 12% and 36% of the variation among registration districts in frequency of Smiths and Joneses, respectively.
Demographic characteristics of a rural area in Kenya in 1974–80
Authors: van Ginneken J. K. , Muller A. S. , Voorhoeve A. M. , Omondi-Odhiambo  
Published: July 2008

SummaryA longitudinal, epidemiological study was carried out in a rural area of Kenya with a population of about 28,000 between 1974 and 1980. Population registration during this time showed that population growth was very high between 1974 and 1978 (4·4% per year) and much lower in 1979 and 1980 (1·1%). Natural increase was nearly as high as in Kenya as a whole (3·7%) in this period. Fertility was somewhat lower than in all Kenya (the crude birth rate was 46 per 1000) while mortality was substantially lower (7 per 1000). Evidence is presented supporting the argument that these low mortality rates are genuine. Levels of temporary and permanent migration are high and probably characteristic for many parts of Kenya. The change in population growth in 1979 and 1980 is probably due to changes in economic conditions leading in particular to less in-migration and to more out-migration.
Consanguinity and social change: an isonymic study of a French Peasant Population, 1870–1979
Authors: Crognier E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe evolution of the inbreeding coefficient estimated by the isonymic method is studied in a rural canton of mid-France, using data divided into 10-year intervals of 6277 marriages recorded in the civil registers between 1870 and 1979. The results show a strong diminution of the values of F from 1930 onwards, probably related to the drop in population due to exodus from rural areas. The evolution of the inbreeding coefficient observed in three large occupational groups (farmers, craftsmen and labourers) shows that after 1930 it was only the farmers who maintained the low positive values of F. The coefficient of genetic relationships by isonymy (Ri) calculated among the principal occupational groups shows their community of origin, which is still perceptible today.
Factors related to delay for legal abortions performed at a gestational age of 20 weeks or more
Authors: Joseph Carol 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBetween 1981 and 1982 the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists undertook a national survey of late abortion practice in England and Wales. The study was based on a confidential enquiry, specifically authorized by the Chief Medical Officers of the DHSS and the Welsh Office, which used the notification system as the means of identifying cases. All abortions notified as carried out at 20 weeks gestational age or more were selected during the year, together with varying proportions of cases from other gestational groups. Data on avoidable and unavoidable causes of delay were obtained by questionnaire from notifying doctors, and a comparison was made of the subjectively attributed delay with any that was found through objective measures derived from both questionnaire and notification data. This paper presents results on delay associated specifically with abortions carried out at a gestational age of 20 weeks or more to residents of the United Kingdom only.
Marriage pattern of the Korean population in Japan
Authors: Kim Yoon Shin 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe trends of intermarriage, and the attitude to it, of Koreans in Japan were examined. About 47% of total marriages of Koreans during the period 1965–79 comprised a husband and wife of different nationality. The proportion of Korean–Japanese marriages was higher than that of Korean–Korean marriages in recent years. Attitudes of Koreans in Japan are likely to favour intermarriage with Japanese. The results suggest that mixed marriages of Koreans and Japanese will continue to increase and may influence the future fertility of Koreans in Japan.
Correlates and implications of breast-feeding practices in Bas Zaire
Authors: Mock Nancy Beth , Bertrand Jane T. , Mangani Nlandu 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA sample of 1871 women having a child under 3 years old in Bas Zaire was studied to determine the correlates of breast-feeding practices and to examine the interrelationships among breast-feeding, contraceptive practices and desire for pregnancy. Socioeconomic factors that were related to the length of breast-feeding include economic status, maternal education, migration status, urban residence, pregnancy and sex of the index child. Among non-pregnant women, current desire for pregnancy also was related to breast-feeding status when the length of time since birth of the last child was taken into account. Rural women were reportedly ready for another pregnancy sooner after the birth of their last child than were urban women. On the other hand, urban women were much less likely to be practising traditional abstinence or other effective methods of contraception.
Estimates of fertility and infant and child mortality for Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea: a comparative analysis
Authors: Agyei William K. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData collected on fertility, mortality and family planning in two surveys in Papua New Guinea are presented. The first survey was conducted in rural and urban areas between November 1979 and March 1980 in eight provinces of Papua New Guinea, and the second between late June and early July 1981 in the Lae urban area. The unadjusted total fertility rates suggest that fertility is lower in the Lae urban area than in the rural and provincial urban areas. However, the adjusted rates indicate that fertility is higher in the provincial urban areas than in the rural and Lae urban areas. The results also confirm a trend towards lower infant and child mortality over the past 15 years, as well as the existence of moderate differentials between rural, provincial urban and the Lae urban areas.
The determinants of fertility in rural Egypt: a study of Menoufia and Beni-Suef governorates
Authors: Gadalla Saad , McCarthy James , Kak Neeraj 
Published: July 2008

SummaryHigh levels of fertility in rural areas of many developing societies are an issue of considerable concern to the scientific community and to those interested in public policy. This paper reports on the determinants of fertility in two rural areas in Egypt: Menoufia and Beni-Suef governorates. There are important differences in fertility between the two areas; the total fertility rate is 7·88 in Beni-Suef and 6·03 in Menoufia. These aggregate differences are the result of even larger differences between the two areas in the proximate determinants of fertility, particularly age at marriage, breast-feeding and contraceptive use. Much of the difference in breast-feeding behaviour can be explained by differences in the educational composition of the two populations; the level of female education in Menoufia is considerably higher than in Beni-Suef. However, differences in contraceptive use cannot be explained by differences in the socioeconomic composition of the two populations. The differences may be the result of greater institutional support for contraceptive use and lower fertility in Menoufia, where intensive family planning and maternal health programmes have been in operation for several years.
Divorce in the early years of marriage in England and Wales: results from a prospective study using linked records
Authors: Haskey John C. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA representative sample of over one thousand couples who married during 1979 in England and Wales was followed from the date of marriage until mid-1984 to investigate the characteristics of couples who divorce soon after marriage.Couples who apparently lived together before marriage had a below average chance of early divorce, whereas couples where the addresses of the partners before marriage were very close had a significantly high rate of early breakdown. The chance of early divorce was significantly above average for spouses marrying in their teens and for both husbands and wives who, at their marriage, belonged to social class V. Couples who married with a civil ceremony had an above average (and those marrying with a religious ceremony a below average) risk of early divorce, but such differences were found to be negligible on analysing the results from a matched case-control study in which each ‘case’ marriage (one which ended in early divorce) was matched with a ‘control’ marriage (one which did not end in early divorce). Age at marriage, marital status before marriage and the social class of both partners, the factors controlled for in the case-control study, are likely to be amongst the strongest predictors of early divorce.
Continuing fertility transitions in a plural society: ethnic trends and differentials in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Lim Lin Lean , Jones Gavin W. , Hirschman Charles 
Published: July 2008

SummaryFertility in Peninsular Malaysia has declined continuously from the late 1950s, reaching a TFR of 3735 in 1983. All ethnic groups in Malaysia have contributed to this modern demographic transition but the rate of change has been most rapid for Chinese and Indians, Malay fertility having reached a plateau in the early 1980s. The effect of age structure, marital patterns and marital fertility (by parity) on the fertility declines for each ethnic community are analysed. Continuation of current trends would lead to replacement-level fertility for Malaysian Chinese and Indians by the year 2000. Malay fertility is likely to continue to decline but at a more moderate pace.
Maternal factors and infant and child mortality in Bangladesh
Authors: Majumder Abul Kashem 
Published: July 2008

SummaryMultivariate analysis of the effects of maternal age at birth, birth order and the preceding birth interval on mortality risks in early childhood, using data from the Bangladesh Fertility Survey, 1975–76, confirms that the length of the preceding birth interval is the most influential single factor. But the lower mortality risks among infants and children of educated mothers are due neither to the age at which childbearing was initiated nor to the spacing between births.
Breast-feeding and post-partum amenorrhoea in Indonesia
Authors: Jones Robert E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe association between breast-feeding patterns and resumption of menses post-partum was examined in a prospective study in Indonesia. In order to examine these relationships directly in a longitudinal study, it was first necessary to distinguish among women who experienced infant mortality before menses resumed, women who weaned before menses resumed, and women who had return to menses while breast-feeding.Information on suckling patterns and menstrual status was collected by recall for 444 women at monthly visits for 2 years. Three main breast-feeding variables, minutes per episode, number of episodes per day, number of episodes per night, and other breast-feeding variables were derived for each woman, to give the average nursing pattern up to menses or the end of the study, whichever came first. While high levels of nursing for each of these three main variables were found to be significantly related to delay in return of menses post-partum, the interactions between more minutes per episode, and more frequent day- and night-time feeds, were found to be the most important factors in the delay in onset of post-partum menstruation in those women whose menses resumed while still nursing or who remained amenorrhoeic and nursing at the end of the study.
Polygamy and fertility in Somalia
Authors: Johnson Nan E. , Elmi A. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe 1983 Somali Family Health Survey showed that polygamy and monogamy selected women with different social characteristics. Wives in polygamous unions were prone to be younger at first marital cohabitation and to have previous marital disruptions. Since a young age at first cohabitation and number of previous marriages have opposite effects on the cumulative fertility rate of women, the difference in this rate between wives in polygamous and monogamous unions vanished when both factors were controlled in a multivariate analysis.
Consanguinity in the Archbishopric of Toledo, Spain, 1900–79. I. Types of consanguineous mating in relation to premarital migration and its effects on inbreeding Levels
Authors: Calderon R. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis Study, the first of a series on consanguinity in the Archbishopric of Toledo from 1900 to 1979, analyses in detail the types of consanguineous mating in a population of considerable size, some 650,000 persons, in central spain. during the period covered, very important transformations occurred in Spanish society. The data relate to 21,464 consanguineous marriages. They were divided into two groups, according to the premarital migration of the couple. Significant differences in the frequencies of the types of consanguineous matings, and their secular evolution, are found for the two groups. The expected trend in inbreeding in the total area shows two different tendencies: constancy till the end of the 1950s, followed by a fast decline during the last two decades.
Estimation of fertility and mortality of the Kuwaiti population
Authors: El-Shalakani M. H. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIndirect techniques are applied to estimate the current level of fertility and mortality among Kuwaiti nationals in Kuwait during 1980–85. The various methods discussed provide estimates in the vicinity of 45 per thousand for birth rate and 8 per thousand for death rate. While child spacing by birth order in Kuwait is about 2 years, the proportion of childlessness is very low (1%). As a consequence of lower mortality and stable high fertility, the Kuwaiti population remains young.
Characteristics of emigrants from Hawaii
Authors: Johnson Ronald C. , Honbo Kelly Ann M. , Nagoshi Craig T. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAs part of an ongoing study on young adult psychological and social development, data were obtained through parental reports on the present residences and educational and occupational attainments of 718 present or former residents of Hawaii (average age 31 years). These subjects, as well as their parents, had been tested between 1972 and 1976 on measures of cognitive abilities and personality. The extent of emigration to the mainland in this middle to upper-middle class sample was over 40%. On average, former Hawaii residents now living on the US mainland were of higher intelligence and educational background than their counterparts still living in Hawaii. Differences were also found for number of children, crossethnic marriages, and occupational attainment (males only). In addition, parents of US mainland residents scored significantly higher on measures of cognitive abilities and education than parents of current Hawaii residents.
Marriage and mortality: a life table analysis
Authors: Shaikh Kashem 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the effects of age at marriage and differential mortality of males and females on the incidence of widowhood between the sexes. Abridged life tables constructed from marital status and death registration data of a rural area of Bangladesh for the period 1974–79 were used. The difference in life expectancy between males and females varies from 0·4 to 2·2 years at the ages 0 to 65 years and over. The mortality differentials show that the probabilities of a male or a female surviving the other spouse would be approximately the same, were there no other influence. But the incidence of widows is about ten times that of widowers. Other relevant factors, under a given regime of mortality, are age at marriage and age difference between husband and wife.
Mortality by cause of death in a rural area of Machakos District, Kenya in 1975–78
Authors: Omondi-Odhiambo  , van Ginneken J. K. , Voorhoeve A. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines mortality by cause of death in a rural area of Machakos district in Kenya. The cause-of-death data collected between 1975 and 1978 were likely to be of fairly good quality. The number of deaths was higher among infants and children. Infectious diseases and diseases of the respiratory system were the leading causes of death among children below 5 years of age. Next in prominence were the causes ascribed to congenital anomalies and perinatal conditions.Among adolescents and young adults, injury and poisoning, together with tuberculosis and other infectious and parasitic diseases, were the leading causes of death. Degenerative diseases, especially diseases of the circulatory system and neoplasms and respiratory illness, were responsible for the majority of deaths among the older population.
Coital frequency and twinning
Authors: Bønnelykke B. , Olsen J. , Nielsen J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a comparative study to enquire whether parents of twins, especially of dizygotic twins, have a higher frequency of sexual intercourse than parents of singleton infants, data on sociodemographic status, coital frequency and other variables were collected using a postal questionnaire. Parents of all twins born alive in Denmark in 1984 or 1985 were included as cases and a random sample of parents of singleton infants born in the same period were controls. No evidence of any difference in coital frequency was found between parents of twins (neither dizygotic twins nor monozygotic) and parents of singleton infants.