bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and synthesis in the group of deoxy‐sugars
Authors: Overend W. G. , Stacey M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral methods of synthesis of 2‐deoxyribose are outlined and crystalline derivatives of the sugar suitable for its characterization are described. The reactions of this sugar have been studied and methylglycopyranosides and the αβ‐furanoside of it have been prepared. The constitutions of these glycosides have been established by various methods. That the reactions of 2‐deoxyribose are general for other 2‐deoxy‐sugars was demonstrated by carrying out similar conversions with 2‐deoxyglucose and 2‐deoxygalactose. It has been shown that the methylene (deoxy) group at position C2 of the sugar greatly increases the lability of substituents on the glycosidic carbon atom. Preliminary investigations with suitable derivatives of 2 : 3‐dideoxyglucose indicate that the introduction of another deoxy group adjacent to that at C2 in the sugar enhances this effect.
Search for insecticides: Chemical constitution and insecticidal activity
Authors: Bhargava P. M. , Sen A. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of a number of compounds containing mostly a chlorobenzene nucleus as the toxic grouping and a CCl2 (as CHOH·CC13, COCC13, O·COCC13 or > CHCC13) or a COCH3 group as the chief lipoid‐soluble component, has been described by the authors in the earlier papers of this series.2, 3, 4, 5 This paper incorporates the results of the investigation of the insecticidal action of 35 of those compounds (containing a combination of a lipoid soluble and a toxic grouping), on the rice‐moth Corcyra cephalonica (belonging to the family Pyralidae, order Lepidoptera) which is very common in India, employing the technique of direct spraying. The results have been reviewed in the light of the theory of Läuger, Martin and Müller,1 correlating insecticidal action and chemical constitution. A few generalizations pertaining to the effect of some individual groups on the toxicity of a molecule have been put forward. It is concluded that, apart from the presence of a toxic and a lipoid‐soluble grouping, certain other factors of yet unknown nature also play an important role in conferring high insecticidal activity.
The routine determination of exchangeable bases in soils by the lundegardh flame spectrographic method
Authors: Black I. A. , Smith E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConsiderable changes have been made in Mitchell's methods for spectrographic determination of exchangeable bases in soils. The following paper describes these modifications which include (a) the use of an automatic leaching apparatus for extracting the soils with ammonium acetate: this economizes in material and time and permits an approximate estimation of exchangeable hydrogen to be made; (b) the use of aqua regia for destroying organic matter; (c) a combination of new dilutions and new standards with the use of a metol developer for the plate: this considerably extends the range of soils dealt with by the standard routine; (d) a modification of the plate holder, enabling 88 spectrograms to be recorded on one 5‐in. × 4‐in. plate; and (e) a method of plotting working curves from the photometric data which is considered to have several advantages over those in general use.
The mechanism of pectin jelly formation with respect to pH conditions, with particular reference to setting temperature phenomena
Authors: Harvey H. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phenomenon of setting temperature of pectin‐sugar jellies is considered in the light of the dissociation hypothesis of jellying propounded earlier by Hinton. The concept of setting temperature is shown to follow directly from, the hypothesis and the dependence of setting temperature on such factors as PH value, pectin concentration and soluble solids is accounted for.A slight modification of the original theory provides a quantitative explanation of some of the differences in jellying behaviour caused by different metallic buffer salts. The modified theory is shown to lead to a simpler conception of effective ionization and this in turn is used to account for some of the difference in jellying behaviour brought about by alterations in the degree of esterification of the acid groups of the pectin molecule.
The possible use of fish guts as food for animals
Authors: Lovern J. A. , Godden W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe most promising of the various forms of ‘refuse’ still discarded to waste in British fisheries is the guts—mainly stomachs and intestines—which are thrown overboard from the trawlers. Such material is capable of giving a yield and type of meal comparable to that obtained from the usual fish offal. The guts must be preserved in order to bring them back to port, and formaldehyde at 0.4% by weight of the guts is a satisfactory preservative. Sodium nitrite seems less effective. Seaweed meal may be used but the amount required is excessive (50–100%) and the final product is not very palatable. Meal made from guts preserved with formaldehyde is palatable to animals and shows no evidence of toxicity. The protein is readily hydrolysed by pepsin in vitro, and by digestive enzymes of the pig in vivo. Much of the total nitrogen of the meal cannot be accounted for as ‘true protein,’ and is probably present as partly hydrolysed protein fragments. Nevertheless, it is in a form available to the pig, as shown by nitrogen‐balance studies.
Occurrence of an amylopectin in the fruit of the granadilla (Passiflora edulis)
Authors: Cillie G. G. , Joubert F. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe starch present in the fruit pulp of the granadilla (Passiflora edulis) has been isolated and examined. Its properties are in accord with its formulation as an amylopectin in which the side chains have an average length of 17 glucose residues.
An indirect colorimetric determination of calcium in plant material
Authors: Cornfield A. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCalcium is separated as oxalate in a centrifuge tube. The precipitate is estimated by dissolving in a known excess of ceric sulphate, excess of which is then determined absorptiometrically. The range covered is 100–1000 μg. calcium.
Transport trials and laboratory tests on food containers. I.—Lined kraft‐paper bags
Authors: Allen R. J. L. , Paine F. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe serviceability of lined kraft‐paper bags for packaging cornflour has been assessed in statistically‐designed transport trials. Closely similar results were obtained by laboratory drop‐tests. Conventional strength‐tests on the kraft paper showed no correlation with the behaviour of the bags in service.
A new mercurial with apparent systemic properties as a seed dressing
Authors: Hopf P. P. , Lhoste J. , Ravault L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhenyl mercuric dinaphthylmethanedisulphonate has been investigated as a seed dressing. Considerations leading to the choice of this material are discussed and the substance is compared with other materials used in seed disinfection. It is shown that this material is an effective fungicide and of comparatively low toxicity to animals and germination.
Studies on commercial octamethylpyrophosphoramide (Schradan). II.—Determination of toxic residues
Authors: David A. , Hartley G. S. , Heath D. F. , Pound D. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method of determining small traces of the insecticide in treated crops is described and the validity of the method for assessment of toxic risk to the consumer is discussed. The method is sensitive to 0·1 mg. insecticide per kg. of plant tissue in the absence of interfering substances which may, however, give rise to ‘blanks’ of up to 1 mg./kg.
The volumetric semi‐micro determination of magnesium in plant and soil extracts
Authors: Cornfield A. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAfter removal of calcium as oxalate, magnesium (50–500 μg.) is precipitated as magnesium ammonium phosphate in a centrifuge tube in the presence of citrate, which prevents the interference of iron and aluminium. The magnesium in the precipitate is determined by titration with standard hydrochloric acid using the ‘4.5’ indicator. Manganese if present interferes but may be allowed for by determining the manganese in the precipitate and applying a correction factor.
Studies on linseed oil. II.—Partial separation of the unsaturated acids of linseed oil by counter‐current distribution between pairs of immiscible solvents
Authors: Davies L. S. , Edwards W. G. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe separation of linseed oil fatty acids by counter‐current distribution between pairs of solvents has been investigated and a linolenic acid concentrate, containing linoleic acid only as impurity, has been obtained.
Photo‐decomposition of rotenone in spray deposits. III.—Kinetics of the photo‐decomposition
Authors: Rao N. V. Subba , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpecial artificial light sources have been designed and constructed to investigate the photo‐decomposition of rotenone in controlled conditions. The various factors that affect the decomposition are investigated, and the rates of decomposition of rotenone and derris deposits on exposure to sunlight and the artificial light sources are determined. The rates of decomposition indicate the reaction to be of the first order. From the data obtained, the period over which the deposits are likely to remain active under field conditions is estimated.
The influence of environment upon the composition of sunflower seed oils. III.—Oils from sunflower seeds grown in different regions of Australia
Authors: Bridge R. E. , Crossley A. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeeds grown in field trials of several varieties of sunflowers in diverse regions of the Australian Commonwealth have been examined in regard to the composition of their fatty oils. The results have shown close parallelism with similar studies (Barker & Hilditch, 1950a) of African sunflower seeds in that there is great variation in the proportions of linoleic and oleic acids in the oils from different localities. Seed grown in the Northern Territory gave oils of quite low linoleic content (31–36%) which would be exceptionally suitable in the edible fat industries. Those from the most southerly latitudes, on the other hand, contained 65% or more of linoleic acid and would be of interest to the paint trade. Seeds from intermediate latitudes, such as New South Wales and Queensland, contained oils of the more usual type with 50–60% of linoleic acid in their component acids.
Variations in the composition of some linolenic‐rich seed oils
Authors: Hilditch T. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe receipt at different times during the past seven years of a large number of specimens of candlenuts, rubber seeds, linseed and hemp seeds has resulted in an accumulation of data which serve to illustrate the possible range of variation in the composition of each of these seed oils. Candlenut oils seem prone to exhibit variations, usually of a minor but occasionally of a major order, in their content of linolenic acid; and it is shown that definite but minor variations occur in the oils from different fruits of the same tree. Rubber seed oils, so far as at present studied, have shown relatively little difference in composition. Linseed oils from seed grown in England or in South Africa have proved satisfactory as regards a high content of linolenic acid. The few specimens of hemp seed oil studied in detail show considerable similarity in composition.
Evaporation in low vacuum from warm granular material (wheat) during the falling‐rate period
Authors: Jones C. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of various factors on rate of drying of wheat (below the critical moisture content) has been studied at temperatures in the range 12°‐45° c., and under absolute pressures in the range 0.5–8 cm. of mercury. The results imply that the rate of diffusion of moisture within individual grains remains the factor governing rate of drying in vacuo in the manner known for air‐drying in the falling‐rate period, and that the rate of change of the diffusion coefficient with temperature (over the range 12° 46° c.) is the same as that of the vapour pressure of water. Within the range 13–30% moisture content (dry‐weight basis), the rate of drying in vacuo is directly proportional to the free water content, but the term ‘free’ means the difference, not between total and equilibrium moisture contents as in air‐drying, but between total and firmly held or bound water, the level of which must depend upon temperature: at 30°‐40° c. it is about 9–10% (dry‐weight basis). However, with wheats of similar total moisture content, the rate of drying is greater if the concentration of moisture in the outer layers is higher than that in the interior of individual grains, as in freshly wetted wheat. Variation in pressure affects directly only the rate of removal of vapour which has already left the solid, but this in turn affects the rate of drying. The effect depends on impedance to vapour movement caused by form of apparatus and disposition of the material, and can be substantially counteracted by admission of a small sweeping current of air, the optimum proportion of which is equimolecular with respect to the evaporated water.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. I.—Development of methods for the estimation of the free sugar and fructosan contents
Authors: Laidlaw R. A. , Reid S. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTechniques have been evolved for the estimation of the free sugars present in grasses and clovers and for the estimation of fructosan in grasses. By the use of the paperchromatographic procedure each may be determined individually at any stage of growth.
The influence of soya flour on bread doughs. II—The inhibition of the proteolytic enzymes of malt and wheat flours
Authors: Learmonth E. Mitchell 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAqueous extracts of soya beans are shown to inhibit the proteolytic enzymes of malt on a gelatin substrate and those of wheat flour, and papain, on a gluten substrate. The effect of the inhibitor is compared with that of potassium bromate.
Studies on commercial octamethyl‐pyrophosphoramide. III—decomposition of the insecticide in plants, using 32P as a tracer
Authors: Heath D. F. , Lane D. W. J. , Llewellyn Margaret 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTest‐plots of strawberries, sugar beet, hops and brussels sprouts were sprayed with the mixed insecticide, made radioactive by synthesizing it from 32P, at various times from May to October. The insecticide sprayed contained roughly equal proportions of octamethylpyrophosphoramide, (Me2N)4P2O3, and its higher homologue, (Me2N)5P3O5.On analysing the sprayed crops at various times after spraying it was found that the concentration of both constituents in the plant fell at much the same rate, and that this rate varied little amongst the plant species treated providing all were treated at the same time of year. The rate slowed somewhat, however, as the year progressed from May to September, and became very slow indeed in October.It was also shown that the plants decomposed the insecticide. It is likely that practically the whole lowering of concentration with time is attributable to this decomposition.
Studies on commercial octamethyl‐pyrophosphoramide. IV—The decomposition of pyrophosphoric acid tetra(dimethylamide) and orthophosphoric acid tri(dimethylamide) in the living plant
Authors: Heath D. F. , Lane D. W. J. , Llewellyn Margaret 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSugar beet and strawberry plants were treated with octamethylpyrophosphoramide, R4P2O3, and tri(dimethylamino)phosphine oxide, R3PO [R = Me2N‐], containing 32P. Both are decomposed at similar rates in both sugar beet and strawberries. When sugar beet treated with R4P2O3 were analysed 10–14 days after treatment, it was shown that the 32P in the beet existed only as unchanged R4P2O3 and products not extractable from water by chloroform. When R3PO‐treated‐beet were analysed it was found that, besides unchanged R3PO and non‐chloroform‐extractable compounds, some of a compound less extractable than R3PO by chloroform was produced. The way these results bear on the mechanism of decomposition of R3PO and R4P2O3 in the plant is discussed.
Survey of soils for spores of Clostridium botulinum (union of South Africa and South West Africa)
Authors: Knock G. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe absence of any authenticated case of human botulism in South Africa suggested that Clostridium botulinum Types A, B or E might be rare organisms in the soils of this country.Three out of 102 samples of soil from the Union of South Africa and South West Africa produced Clostridium botulinum Type‐B toxin when cultured. Clostridium botulinum Type B was obtained in pure culture from the three toxic cultures by a method described.The isolation in South Africa of Clostridium botulinum Type B is reported for the first time : a description of the strains is given.The factors which militate against toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in cultures of soil are discussed, and the probable operation of these same factors in reducing the chances of toxin formation in foods is suggested.
The significance of peroxide determination in fats by the dichlorophenol‐indophenol method
Authors: Hartman L. , White Margaret D. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPEROXIDES IN FATSThe dichlorophenol‐indophenol method recommended by Hartmann & Glavind (1949) for determination of peroxides in fats has been investigated and found to be subject to interference by atmospheric oxygen. In the presence of air higher results are obtained with this method than with the iodometric procedure but on exclusion of oxygen they are reduced below the iodometric values, which presents an analogy with the ferric thiocyanate method of Lips, Chapman & McFarlane (1943). Since the analysis of hydrogen peroxide and benzoyl peroxide with the dichlorophenol‐indophenol method yields in the presence of air results which are too high, peroxide values obtained with this method for fats may be regarded as being incorrect.
Extraction of potassium from soil by electrodialysis and by ammonium acetate leaching. II—Examination of potassium‐hydrogen clays
Authors: Agarwal B. R. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractElectrodialysis of potassium‐hydrogen clays for one hour in a Marsden cell removed substantially the same amount of potassium from the clays as did leaching with normal ammonium acetate solution (as used for determining exchangeable bases). It is suggested that potassium removed from soil by more prolonged dialysis is derived from non‐exchangeable or fixed forms.
Effects on soils and crops of varying depths of cultivation. I.—some preliminary observations
Authors: Constable D. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects on the moisture content, and on the concentration of the major nutrients Ca, Mg, N, P, and K in the soil solution of ploughing to different depths, and certain effects on the crops have been studied. A few significant differences are shown, but there has been no consistent trend, nor does any particular plough depth appear superior to the others as a whole.
The chrysanthemumcarboxylic acids. V.—hydration of the chrysanthemic acids
Authors: Harper S. H. , Thompson R. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn boiling dilute sulphuric acid hydration of (±)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid occurs to give the crystalline (±)‐trans‐δ‐hydroxydihydrochrysanthemic acid. In like manner (+)‐and (‐)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acids yield the crystalline (‐)‐ and (+)‐trans‐δ‐hydroxy‐dihydrochrysanthemic acids respectively. No racemization occurs as the recovered ( + )‐and ( ‐ )‐trans‐chrysanthemic acids have unchanged specific rotation.The lactonization of (±)‐cis‐chrysanthemic acid to (±)‐cis‐dihydrochrysanthemo‐δ‐lactone in boiling dilute sulphuric acid is shown to be reversible and to constitute an example of lacto‐enoic tautomerism. ( + )‐ and ( ‐ )‐cis‐Chrysanthemic acids are similarly lactonized to the crystalline (+)‐ and (‐)‐cis‐dihydrochrysanthemo‐δ‐lactones. The latter lactone is not identical with (‐)‐pyrocin, whose structure is confirmed as (‐)‐β‐isobutenyliso‐hexano‐γ‐lactone.
Measuring the physical characteristics of flour : A method of using the chopin alveograph to detect the effect of flour improvers
Authors: Bennett Ruth , Coppock J. B. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new technique is described by which, it becomes possible to use the Chopin Alveograph for detecting the effect of improvers in flour. In the standard technique, dough pieces for test are shaped by extrusion and flattening by rolling and are tested 20 minutes after mixing.The modified technique involves keeping the dough in bulk for three hours at constant temperature, after which test pieces are then weighed off, moulded and again tested. It has been found that the change so recorded satisfactorily reveals the effect of flour treatment; a resting time in the dough and moulding of the dough are required to accomplish this adequately.Examples are given of the use of the method on flours treated respectively with potassium bromate, nitrogen trichloride, chlorine dioxide and ascorbic acid.
The mineralization of the nitrogen of soils during incubation: Influence of pH, total nitrogen, and organic carbon contents
Authors: Cornfield A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ammonia, nitrite and nitrate which accumulated in 19 soils (containing less than 0.25% of total nitrogen and which had not recently received inorganic nitrogen fertilizers) during three weeks' incubation, both in the presence and absence of added chalk, at 28° and optimum moisture content, were determined. Ammonia accumulation was generally high in acid and low in neutral and alkaline soils. The addition of chalk resulted in less ammonia accumulation in all but one of the soils. Small amounts of nitrite accumulated in six of the soils; this occurred only when some acid soils were incubated with added chalk. All the soils made a positive response in nitrate and total mineral nitrogen accumulation to chalk additions, the response decreasing as the original soil pH increased. In the absence of added chalk total mineral nitrogen accumulation was significantly correlated with total nitrogen but not with organic carbon, whereas in the presence of added chalk it was poorly correlated with both factors. Partial correlations showed a similar trend. In the absence of added chalk, nitrate accumulation was significantly correlated with total nitrogen and organic carbon, and in its presence with total nitrogen only. The only partial correlation that was significant was that between organic carbon and nitrate accumulation in the absence of added chalk. The carbon/nitrogen ratio was not correlated with nitrate or total mineral nitrogen accumulation per unit of total nitrogen present. A comparison of the amounts of nitrogen mineralized during three and six weeks' incubation indicated that air‐drying of soils causes a certain amount of partial sterilization. If the incubation method is to be used as a measure of the availability of the organic nitrogen in soils, more satisfactory results should be obtained by incubating the original soil and determining total mineral nitrogen accumulation than by incubating with added chalk and determining nitrate only.
Changes in nitrogen distribution in crop conservation. II—protein breakdown during wilting
Authors: Macpherson H. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConsiderable chemical changes take place during the wilting of a crop. Protein breakdown in the presence of sufficient moisture is very rapid and the extent of breakdown is influenced by the time taken in the removal of moisture, nitrogen equilibrium being reached at a dry‐matter content of 40–45%. Rapidly dried material shows little breakdown and its use as an alternative to silage is discussed.