bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marlowe and the Actors
Authors: Brown John Russell 
Published: January 2007

Marlowe wrote his plays before Shakespeare's masterpieces had been conceived; but we read him afterwards and in his successor's light. This causes many critical misapprehensions and theatrical mistakes. We stage Marlowe in a theatre accustomed to Shakespeare, with actors, directors, and designers who have all had experience of his plays: talents have been developed and techniques evolved for Shakespeare's dialogue in all its revolutionary subtlety, for Shakespeare's kind of dramatic action and characterization. A careful dissociation is necessary before reading and performing Marlowe for his own sake.Marlowe had not been dead ten years before these difficulties arose. By the end of the century, Pistol in Henry IV, Part 2, was discharging his “high astounding terms,” which mocked the bragging language of Tamburlaine and other plays of that period.
The World of Jonesco
Authors: Ionesco Eugene 
Published: January 2007

The “society” I have tried to depict in The Bald Prima Donna is a society which is perfect, I mean where all social problems have been resolved. Unfortunately this has no effect upon life as it is lived. The play deals with a world where economic worries are a thing of the past, a universe without mystery, in which everything runs smoothly, for one section of humanity at least. I have no doubt that this is the world of tomorrow. In America, Russia, China, Africa, and so on, the march of science and industrialization must finally arrive at stability and social contentment.In The Bald Prima Donna, which is a completely unserious play where I was most concerned with solving purely theatrical problems, some people have seen a satire on bourgeois society, a criticism of life in England, and heaven knows what.
The Theatre Of The Marvelous
Authors: Gray Paul 
Published: January 2007

When I was young and easy—not so long before we really reached for the absurd—and when theatre was all the thunder and hooves of the Old Vic or, if you chose, that something wild and psychotic in Stanislavski New York, I became involved in a very curious circumstance. It was then that the possibilities of a theatre of the marvelous dawned upon me.I was working at the time as a social investigator for the New York City Department of Welfare. My clients were the mentally deteriorating, the physically disabled, old people left alone to die, frustrated and inept unwed mothers, and last, but not by any means the least, children: in other words, people representing that large segment of our population who do not know the theatre and to whom America, itself, is one huge stage show. Indeed, when I studied their case records which read like epics, I realized that nothing in our modern theatre would be inspirational to them.
Who Killed Laius?
Authors: Harshbarger Karl 
Published: January 2007

There are two versions of Laius’ murder in Oedipus Rex. First, there is the version that is current in Thebes and is expressed by Creon, Jocasta, the Chorus, and presumably the Shepherd if he were to talk about it. Second, there is Oedipus’ version.The first version is essentially this: one day, not too long before the Sphinx came to terrorize Thebes, Laius set out—so he said—to Delphi. He did not travel as a king generally might with a great many soldiers, but with only four of his men, one of whom was a herald. Laius himself rode in a chariot. At a place where three roads meet, Laius was met by a group of robbers.
The White Man's Burden
Authors: Schechner Richard 
Published: January 2007

When questioned about the audience at Minneapolis’ Guthrie Theatre, a man who ought to know said, “Well, we're working out a deal with New York. They're going to send us 300,000 Jews and Italians and we're going to send them 300,000 Swedes and Norwegians.” The Guthrie started because Sir Tony wanted a regional theatre and Minneapolis came up with the best bid. Like starting an industry or relocating a plant. Three years have passed since the missionaries arrived. Sir Tony is leaving and his associate artistic director, Douglas Campbell, is replacing him. The theatre has developed into one of the two best in the nation (Washington's Arena Stage is the other). But something is missing—dialogue with the audience.Sir Tony directed two plays last season, The Cherry Orchard and Richard III. The first was a museum piece of exquisite taste, the second a bold and bald exercise in condescension.
The Restless Intelligence of Tennessee Williams
Authors: Rogoff Gordon 
Published: January 2007

That Tennessee Williams is presently in crisis probably goes without saying. There are reasons, however, why it should be said yet again; not the least of which is the need to name the crisis, place it, forget about it, and move on to more helpful abstractions. To name it, at least as it comes to us from the theatre page of the New York Times or the gossip columns of the New York Journal-American, all we have to ponder are those twin obsessions, money and sex.The popular image of Williams is that of the Successful Playwright, man about many towns, suavely wearing a pencil moustache that seems to have been bought as an elegant accessory to his debonair tropical suit.
The First and Second Wilderness
Authors: Kirby Michael 
Published: January 2007

During May 1963, the Smolin Gallery sponsored a month-long program of Happenings, Events, music, dance, chance theatre, etc. called the Yam Festival (“Yam” is “May” spelled backward). One of the many performances listed on the published calendar was The First and Second Wilderness, subtitled A Civil War Game. It was presented for one evening only—May 27.When the spectator climbed four flights of stairs to the loft where the piece was being done, he found himself in a clean, freshly painted room about ninety feet long and twenty feet wide. Near the center of the space, the squares of a large game board had been laid out on the floor with tape. The usual rectangular grid pattern was extended by pyramids of squares at each end which ended in single squares marked “Washington” and “Richmond.” Blue and grey cardboard soldiers about two feet tall stood near the opposite ends of the board.
On a Symbolic Proof of Fourier’s Theorem
Authors: Filon L. N. G. 
Published: January 2007

Some time ago, when attempting to generalise certain methods of solving differential equations by operators, the writer came across the following mode of deducing Fourier’s Theorem symbolically.The method is so simple that it seems improbable that it should be unknown. The nearest approach to it known to the author, however, occurs in Oliver Heaviside’s Electromagnetic Theory, Vol. II. §§ 275 et seq., but the investigation there proceeds on somewhat different lines, and the interpretation of the operators used requires to be carefully defined.
The Work of a Local Branch
Authors: Hudson W.H.H. 
Published: January 2007

We meet to-day to inaugurate a London Branch of the Mathematical Association. This is a step in a process of evolution.The Mathematical Association is a continuation of the Association for the Improvement of Geometrical Teaching, commonly known as the A.I.G.T., founded in 1870.I did not join the Association till 1883, but some of its earliest reports are in my possession; to thrse I shall referIt owed its existence to a profound wide-spread dissatisfaction with the lack of geometrical knowledge, and still more the absence of geometrical power, displayed by students who had passcd through the ordinary school course of Euclid.
Projective Geometry
Authors: Macaulay F.S. 
Published: January 2007

Projective geometry derives both interest and importance from the fact that it assumes only the simplest and most fundamental axioms. The following sketch of the first principles, and proof of the fundamental theorem, is taken from Prof. Federigo Enriques' Projektive Geometrie (B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, 1903, 8vo, pp. xiv, 374). This work is specially adapted for school teaching. The first (Italian) edition appeared in 1898, and the axioms on which it is founded were explained, four years earlier in the Rendiconti R. 1st. Lombardo, Vol. 27, pp. 550-567.Projective geometry is the geometry originated by von Staudt in the Geometrie der Zage, of which an excellent account by Prof. C A. Scott has already been given in the Mathematical Gazette, Vol. I., Nos. 19, 20, 22, pp. 307, 323, 363. Russell's very original Foundations of Geometry is the only English work which treats the subject from a strictly logical standpoint, but is unfortunately very unreliable as far as the mathematics is concerned.
A Plea for a More General Use of Vector Analysis in Applied Mathematics
Authors: Weatherburn C.E. 
Published: January 2007

That the advantage of using vector analysis in mathematical physics has met with so little recognition by British applied mathematicians must appear rather strange to those of other countries. There are probably not more than half a dozen among us who habitually use vector methods and notation, at any rate in published work. The fact is still more surprising when we recall the work of Maxwell and Heaviside, seeing that the former gave a sort of authority to the curl and divergence, while the latter had so much to do with the systematic development of the vectorial calculus.Perhaps the chief reason why vector analysis has not come into more general favour with us is that our leaders in applied mathematics have not felt the need of it. It has often been remarked, and perhaps with some degree of truth, that nothing can be accomplished by vector methods that cannot also be done by Cartesian analysis ; and therefore, it is argued, the change is unnecessary and useless. If we had to deal only with minds of special mathematical ability and analytical insight, this conclusion might be accepted. But with the average student so much of his attention is occupied in dealing with the complex array of symbols of partial differentiation to which he is often led in Cartesian analysis, that he is unable to grasp the inner meaning of the work. It is difficult for him in many cases even to see exactly what is expressed in the formulae obtained, involving as they do the three components of a vector quantity in combinations not easy to visualise. And even if the student succeeds in following the argument it is often almost impossible for him to remember either the train of reasoning or the result arrived at. He does not perhaps see why his equations should be differentiated partially with respect to x, y, z and added, or with respect to z, y and subtracted.
The Teaching of Easy Calculus to Boys
Authors: Knowles W. 
Published: January 2007

The majority of the boys who enter the Technical Day School of the Borough Polytechnic Institute come from elementary schools, a few only come from secondary schools. The general age of entry is about 13 years, and the boys are about up to the level of the VIIth standard of a good Council School.As far as we are able, we select for admission boys who have a mechanical or constructive bias. All the boys who enter are expected to take the full three-years' course of work. At the end of that time they go into engineering workshops.
On the Teaching of Indices and Surds
Authors: Genese R. W. 
Published: January 2007

The object of the present paper is to invite discussion as to the safest lines upon which to proceed in the teaching of Indices and Surds. And firstly, I am inclined to think that the beginner would get a firmer grasp of the theory of fractional indices (with which alone I am concerned) if a short course of surds, or, at least, of surd-forms, were made to precede; the simple theoremwould suffice, as shown later: and it seems more intelligible than its rival
The Theory of Order, as Defined by Boundaries
Authors: Dixon E. T. 
Published: January 2007

I propose in these papers to demonstrate, or rather to indicate the nature of the demonstration of, the proposition that—All Geometry, whether projective or metrical, may logically be regarded as merely a particular concrete application of the general theory of Order, as defined by Boundaries.It is true that Geometry, as ordinarily understood, is something more than this; it is concerned with the actual subjective conceptions we entertain of Space, and so far provides matter of discussion to the Psychologist; and it is concerned with the actual objective measurements we make upon physical bodies in Space, and so far concerns the Physicist; while in both these respects it extends beyond the region of pure Logic into those of Epistemology and Philosophy generally. But so far as the pure Mathematician is concerned, every geometrical theorem is embraced in the Theory about to be discussed.
The Teaching of Limits and Convergence to Scholarship Candidates
Authors: Milne W. P. 
Published: January 2007

1. The present paper is an attempt to sketch a mode of procedure for teaching Limits and Convergence to beginners. It is felt by many teachers that at present(1) the subject is introduced too academically;(2) that its Arithmetical foundation is not brought into sufficient prominence;(3) that therefore pupils leave school with only a very hazy notion of what it is all about;
The Pseudo-Definition of the Straight Line
Authors: Halsted George Bruce 
Published: January 2007

We recognise as decadence the substitution for Euclid’s theorem I. 20, “Any two sides of a triangle are together greater than the third side,” of the objectionable pseudo-axiom, “A straight line is the shortest line from one point to another.”This phrase, as Hilbert has well said, is of necessity meaningless when the concept “length of a curve” has not been defined. Every book on elementary geometry which has introduced as axiom or definition of a straight line any phrase equivalent to “ A straight line is the shortest distance between two points,” every book which has at its beginning as axiom or definition of a straight line any phrase equivalent to “A straight line is the shortest distance between two points,” has been in error. We believe the advances in regard to the foundations of elementary geometry make timely the rejection of this piece of decay from the body of the elements, and that the time is ripe for the return at this point to the pristine purity of Euclid.
A First Practical Training in Arithmetic
Authors: Epps Frances 
Published: January 2007

The following practical suggestions are offered as an answer to the question of ever-increasing interest, “How, when, where, shall the child begin arithmetic?”The importance of the science of number, as a great teacher has shown, is enormous, not only in its relation to the study of abstract mathematics and in its dominance over the prosperity of nations, but in the fact that it is the “conclusive science which we have to apply all our days to all our affairs.”
On Higher Trigonometry: III. The Elementary Transcendental Fuctions
Authors: Picken D. K. 
Published: January 2007

The following system of algebraic inequalities is of great value and of wide application:for all positive proper fractional values of a,for positive proper fractional values of α1, α2, αn, and value of k Such that 2k<n; ∑r denoting the sum of the r-products of the α’s.
The Normal Law of Error
Authors: Jackson C. S. 
Published: January 2007

The investigations of Professor Karl Pearson and his coadjutors on the applications of the theory of errors to statistics have greatly increased the importance and extent of the subject.It is hoped that the following version of one of the methods of arriving at the so-called normal law of error may be of interest from an elementary point of view: affording, as it does, a simple application of the binomial theorem and some interesting graphical work.
The Aim and Methods of School Algebra
Authors: Nunn T. P. 
Published: January 2007

§ 1. The rhythm, of mathematical progress. To the question how the aim described in the preceding lecture is to be realised, the whole of the rest of the course is proffered as an answer. Here, it, will be sufficient to summarise the main features of the. methods which are later to be given in detail.The professed aim is to make school mathematics a reproduction, as faithful as the difference of the situations permits, of the mathematical activities of the great world. The method must, then, be based upon an analysis of the general course of development which these activities display. Remembering, as before, that this kind of analysis always introduces an artificial simplicity into a naturally complicated matter, we may yet lay it down that mathematics advances by the constant repetition of a normal cycle of progress—a cycle in which three typical phases may be distinguished. In the first, the heuristic phase, the mathematician, face to face with a new type of problem, devises a new notation or mathematical method to deal with it. In the second, the formal phase, the new notation or method is studied apart from the immediate needs of practical application. The conditions and the range of its validity are investigated, its wider possibilities are explored, and its relation to other methods examined. In the third, the application phase, the extended notation or the perfected method becomes once more an instrument for the solution of problems, and is found to be applicable successfully over a field often many times wider than the area in which it originated. Any one of these problems may, in turn, become’ the starting point of a new cycle.
The Differentiation of a Function of a Function
Authors: Carslaw H. S. 
Published: January 2007

If z is a function of y having a differential coefficient at a certain point, and y is a function of x having a differential coefficient at the corresponding point, then z is a function of x having a differential coefficient at that point, and this differential coefficient is given by the formulaThis theorem, thought not always stated so carefully, will be found in all texts on the calculus; but, so far as I am aware, no English writer, not even the most exact, offers a valid proof.
Notes on the Radix Method of Calculating Logarithms
Authors: Lupton Sydney 
Published: January 2007

It occasionally happens that logarithms and anti-logarithms are required to many figures, and in default of tables must be calculated. If a series of such logarithms are required, they are probably most easily obtained by interpolation between nntnbers, the logarithms of which have been calculated to many figures by Briggs, Gardiner, Sharp and others.If only a few values aro required, this method is practically inapplicable, since it is tedious and requires somewhat large tables. Many ingenious methods have been suggested to meet such cases, but in general they necessitate special artifices and tables, which require considerable practice to use with safety.
Parametric Equations in Elementary Analytical Geometry
Authors: Robson A. 
Published: January 2007

Mathematical students are usually familiar with the parametric coordinates (at2, 2at) of a point on a parabola, and with the eccentric-angle coordinates of a point on an ellipse, and with similar coordinates for a hyperbola. Such coordinates are probably welcomed by the student just because they reduce by one the number of letters and the number of equations with which he has to deal.If at2 is substituted for x1, and 2at for y1, but everything else is done in just the same way as before, parametric methods are not really being used. Parametric equations are something more than convenient coordinates.
Applied Mathematics in School Training: Some General Considerations
Authors: Forsyth A. R. 
Published: January 2007

In the Rules of this Association, there is a declaration that its object shall beto effect improvements in the teaching of Elementary Mathematics and the applications of Elementary Mathematics.Having regard to such a policy in action, having regard also to the professional duties of what probably is the majority of the members, I must appeal for a measure of your indulgence when my address, in retiring from office as your President, is devoted to some reflections concerning the present range of elementary Applied Mathematics.
The Solution of One-Dimensional Boundary Value Problems by the Laplace Transformation
Authors: Jaeger J C. 
Published: January 2007

1. It is well known that the solution of the ordinary linear differential equation with constant coefficients(Dn + a1Dn−1 + + an−1D+an)y = F(x), .....(1)where y, Dy, ..., Dn−1y take arbitrary values y0, y1, .., yn−1when x = 0, ..... (2)can be obtained by multiplying (1) by e−px, (p > 0) and integrating with regard to x from 0 to ∞
Integrating Factors of Ordinary Differential Equations of the Second Order: A Geometrical Interpretation
Authors: Chapman H. Wallis 
Published: January 2007

A Well-Known method of integrating the simple differential equation of the second ordery″ + k2y = 0 .....1.1consists in multiplying by an integrating factor 2y′ and integrating directly, when we obtainy′2 + k2y2 = k2a2, .....1.2where a is an arbitrary constant.
The Construction for Mean Proportional
Authors: Tuckey C. O. 
Published: January 2007

One of the charms of elementary geometry is that there is no theorem so well known but that one may hope to discover improvements or at least interesting variations in the proof; and the same thing is true of the constructions.In order to decide between variations in these it is necessary to have some way of measuring the complexity of a construction. This is done by counting the number of settings of the ruler or compass and the number of lines or arcs drawn.
Parabolic Motion of the Projectile
Authors: Atkinson E. J. 
Published: January 2007

Every student of Mechanics or Applied Mathematics has at some time or other considered the motion of a particle projected into space with a known velocity. He is generally content to ignore air resistance and like contingencies, and to take the subsequent motion as that resulting from the combination of the constant velocity in the given direction of projection with the acceleration due to gravitational attraction upon the particle. Mathematical manipulation of the statements giving the position in space of the particle after an interval of time shows:(a) That if the particle be projected into space with a given velocity the range on a given plane is a maximum if the direction of projection bisects the angle between the plane and the vertical. Further, the direction of motion of the particle when it strikes the plane at this point of maximum range is at right angles to the direction of projection;(b) Also, if two directions of projection be obtained such that the range on the given plane for a certain velocity of projection is the same for each, then it can be derived that these directions make equal angles with the bisector of the angle between the plane and the vertical.
Mathematics and the Engineering Student Some General Considerations
Authors: Bickley W G. 
Published: January 2007

My remarks this morning will be devoted mainly to general considerations and to principles. Dr. Topping and Mr. Verity are to deal with the courses in detail, but behind all that they say there must be a background of principle, and I hope that a statement of my creed will not find them active dissenters.I take as my text a quotation from Ruskin which I placed on the flyleaf of a little book I wrote in 1925, and of the truth of which I am as convinced as ever—“Know what you have to do, and do it, for I believe that failure is less frequently attributable to either insufficiency of means or impatience of labour, than to a confused understanding of the thing actually to be done.”
Clocks, Cameras, and the Lorentz Contraction
Authors: Colthurst Rev J Riversdale 
Published: January 2007

In a previous paper, which appeared in The Mathematical Gazette for December 1938, the writer showed that, assuming the concept of a rigid rod, it is possible to derive the fundamental formulae of special Relativity from the consideration of photographs taken by two observers in relative uniform motion.The extension of this method of approach to the consideration of the relativity of time measures appears to furnish some interesting results.