bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioengineering Functional Copolymers. IX. Poly[(maleic anhydride‐co‐hexene‐1)‐g‐poly(ethylene oxide)]
Authors: Mazı Hidayet , Kibarer Günay , Emregül Emel , Rzaev Zakir M. O. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: Amphiphilic bioengineering copolymers having a combination of hydrophilic/hydrophobic linkages and polyelectrolyte behavior, along with an ability to interact with biomacromolecules, in particular with the invertase enzyme, have been synthesized by (a) complex‐radical copolymerization of maleic anhydride (MA, the acceptor) and hexene‐1 (H‐1, the donor) monomers with benzoyl peroxide as the initiator in 1,4‐dioxane at 65 °C under high‐conversion conditions and (b) subsequent grafting (polyesterification) of synthesized poly(MA‐alt‐H‐1) with α‐methoxy‐ω‐hydroxy‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Copolymerizations were also carried out in the steady state, in order to essentially reduce the effect of copolymer composition drift. The values of the monomer reactivity ratios (r1 and r2) determined by using the known terminal models of Fineman‐Ross (FR) and Kelen‐Tüdös (KT), as well as by nonlinear regression (NLR) analysis, are: r1 = 0.16 and r2 = 0.30 (FR), r1 = 0.14 and r2 = 0.27 (KT), and r1 = 0.15 and r2 = 0.29 (NLR), respectively. All the copolymers and graft copolymers were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, 1H{13C} NMR spectroscopy, viscometric measurements, and chemical (acid number), thermal (DSC and TGA), and X‐ray diffraction analyses. Unlike poly(MA‐alt‐H‐1)s, PEO macrobranched graft copolymers exhibit expressed polyelectrolyte and swelling behavior in diluted and concentrated dioxane solutions, respectively. The copolymer and its PEO hyperbranched derivatives can be used as carriers for enzyme immobilization.Schematic representation of the chemical structure of hyperbranched poly[(MA‐alt‐H‐1)‐g‐PEO].imageSchematic representation of the chemical structure of hyperbranched poly[(MA‐alt‐H‐1)‐g‐PEO].
Pilot study of the incidence and prognosis of degenerative Parkinsonian disorders in Aberdeen, United Kingdom: Methods and preliminary results
Authors: Taylor Kate S.M. , Counsell Carl E. , Harris Clare E. , Gordon Joanna C. , Smith W. Cairns S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to test the methods for a large study of the incidence and prognosis of Parkinson's disease and other degenerative parkinsonian disorders and provide provisional incidence figures. This was a community‐based prospective study to identify patients with newly diagnosed non–drug‐induced Parkinsonism (≥2 of tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability) from a population of 148,600 people in Aberdeen, Scotland, over 18 months. Multiple search strategies were used to identify patients, including some population screening. Incident patients and age/sex–matched controls had assessments of impairment, disability, quality of life, mood, and cognition and are being followed up yearly. Two hundred and two people with possible parkinsonian symptoms were assessed, and 82 incident patients were identified, 50 with probable Parkinson's disease. The crude incidences of probable Parkinsonism and probable Parkinson's disease were 31.4/100,000/year (95% CI: 24.5–39.7) and 22.4/100,000/year (95% CI: 16.6–29.6), respectively. The mean age of diagnosis of Parkinson's disease was 76.1 ± 10.0 years and the incidence was greater in men. The methods were generally successful. Provisionally, we found a higher incidence of Parkinson's disease than other comparable studies, and our patients were considerably older. This may reflect better case ascertainment in the elderly. A larger study is planned. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Capacitance characterization of multipath interconnects for nanotechnology circuits
Authors: Goel A. K. , Eady N. R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA multipath interconnect carries a signal on an electrical circuit by using the concept of parallel processing, that is, by providing two or more paths between the driver and the load. These paths are stacked vertically and isolated from one another by insulating layers between them. In this paper, we have used the Green's function method to determine the parasitic capacitances associated with a system of nanoscale multipath interconnects fabricated on a silicon‐based substrate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 848–852, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21495
An L‐band, circularly polarised, dual‐feed, cavity‐backed annular slot antenna for phased‐array applications
Authors: Vesterdal Larsen Niels , Breinbjerg Olav 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe results of a parametric study for the development of an L‐band, circularly polarised, dual‐feed, cavity‐backed annular slot antenna is presented. The study includes detailed numerical simulations and measurements on a prototype with different ground planes in order to assess the antenna's applicability as an element in a small phased array antenna. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 873–878, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21504
Antenna characteristics enhancement using patch‐slot‐patch (PSP) superstrates
Authors: Betancourt D. , Ibáñez A. , del Río C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this paper, a novel patch‐slot‐patch (PSP) structure is presented. The frequency‐resonant characteristics of this structure are calculated and measured. Gain enhancement of 15 dB is obtained for a PSP structure as the superstrate of a microstrip patch antenna. A grating‐lobe reduction of more than 16 dB is observed for a PSP structure applied over a 3 × 1 linear array. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 902–906, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/mop.21513
A novel planar UWB monopole antenna formed on a printed circuit board
Authors: Peyrot‐Solis M. A. , Galvan‐Tejada G. M. , Jardon‐Aguilar H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA novel planar UWB printed circuit board (PCB) monopole antenna is presented. The design realizes a planarized model of a rectangular planar monopole using a beveling technique over a rectangular ground plane. This was done to investigate the impact on its main parameters when an improvement of its compact profile is achieved. The planarized version exhibits a nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern from 3.1 to 13.3 GHz for an achieved VSWR ≤ 2.1.© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 933–935, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21523
A wideband linear‐in‐dB VGA using a CMOS in the triode region
Authors: Lee Hui Dong , Lee Kyung‐Ai , Park Bonghyuk , Choi Sangsung , Hong Songcheol 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a wideband variable gain amplifier (VGA) fabricated using the 0.18‐μm CMOS process. An exponential CMOS triode transconductor scheme is proposed to achieve highly linear‐in‐dB characteristics of a VGA for ultra‐wideband (UWB) systems. The proposed VGA achieves a linear‐in‐dB controllable gain range of 28.4 dB (7 to −21.4 dB) with a bandwidth of 1200 MHz, while drawing only 2.7 mA from a 1.8‐V power supply. Measurements show a linear gain range with a linearity error of less than ±0.5 dB.P1dBvaries from −8.5 to −6 dBm. The chip occupies an area of 0.2 × 0.2 mm2, excluding bond‐pads. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 997–1000, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21546
Mixed mode failure analysis of bonded joints with rate‐dependent interface models
Authors: Giambanco G. , Fileccia Scimemi G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe recent developments in joining technologies and the increasing use of composites materials in structural design justify the wide interest of structural mechanics researchers in bonded joints. Joints often represent the weakness zone of the structure and appropriate and rigorous mechanical models are required in order to describe deformation, durability and failure. The present work is devoted to the theoretical formulation and numerical implementation of an interface model suitable to simulate the time‐dependent behaviour of bonded joints. The interface laws are formulated in the framework of viscoplasticity for generalized standard materials and describe the softening response of the joint along its decohesion process in presence of shear and tensile normal tractions. These laws are derived in a thermodynamic consistent manner and take into account the rate dependency modifications of the fracture process zone making use of a sort of non‐local instantaneous dissipation. The interface constitutive laws are expressed both in rate and discrete incremental form for the purpose of numerical implementation. The consistent tangent matrix is derived. Finally, the problem of model parameters identification is approached making use of the finite element method for the experiments simulation and of an evolution strategy to solve the constrained optimization problem which mathematically represents the parameter identification inverse problem. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capturing strain localization in dense sands with random density
Authors: Andrade José E. , Borja Ronaldo I. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a three‐invariant constitutive framework suitable for the numerical analyses of localization instabilities in granular materials exhibiting unstructured random density. A recently proposed elastoplastic model for sands based on critical state plasticity is enhanced with the third stress invariant to capture the difference in the compressive and extensional yield strengths commonly observed in geomaterials undergoing plastic deformation. The new three‐invariant constitutive model, similar to its two‐invariant predecessor, is capable of accounting for meso‐scale inhomogeneities as well as material and geometric nonlinearities. Details regarding the numerical implementation of the model into a fully nonlinear finite element framework are presented and a closed‐form expression for the consistent tangent operator, whose spectral form is used in the strain localization analyses, is derived. An algorithm based on the spectral form of the so‐called acoustic tensor is proposed to search for the necessary conditions for deformation bands to develop. The aforementioned framework is utilized in a series of boundary‐value problems on dense sand specimens whose density fields are modelled as exponentially distributed unstructured random fields to account for the effect of inhomogeneities at the meso‐scale and the intrinsic uncertainty associated with them. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilized‐coupled modelling of creep phenomena for saturated porous media
Authors: Salomoni V. A. , Schrefler B. A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe proposal of two models for simulating the behaviour of soils subjected to secondary consolidation (creep) is here described. In normal circumstances, settlements due to secondary consolidation account for only a small fraction of the total settlements, having a magnitude of a small percentage of the primary consolidation settlements due to compression. However, in a situation where very soft organic clays are under compression, secondary consolidation may be a much more important factor. The models are implemented in a fully coupled finite element code where the governing equations are discretized in time in accordance to what proposed by the characteristic‐based split method, well known in Fluid Mechanics, obtaining a stabilizing split‐type method. In this way, pressure oscillations (wiggles)—usually present in consolidation problems—have been eliminated. The first model assumes that the soil skeleton consists of a linear spring in series with a Kelvin body: the spring is representative of an elastic model, whereas the Kelvin body keeps count of a time‐progressing strain, once the primary consolidation has stopped. The second model considers some Maxwell chains in parallel. Their efficiency is proved studying the long‐term behaviour of soft soils; the results, compared with in situ measurements, show a good accuracy in predicting creep phenomena for soils. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A constrained reproducing kernel particle formulation for shear deformable shell in Cartesian coordinates
Authors: Chen Jiun‐Shyan , Wang Dongdong 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe meshfree approximation functions for shell analysis to date are formulated using parametric coordinates, and this parametric description of shell kinematics limits the applications only to shell structures with simple geometries. On the other hand, construction of moving least square or reproducing kernel (RK) approximation on shell surface using Cartesian coordinates leads to a singular system when RK basis functions and shell surface function are linearly dependent. In this study, a constrained RK approximation formulated under Cartesian coordinate for approximation of shell kinematics in arbitrary shell geometry is proposed. Two methods, the dummy node approach and the pseudo‐inverse method, are presented. Further, stabilization of nodal integration for solving shear deformable shell is introduced. The performance of present formulation is demonstrated in several benchmark problems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modelling of tidal flows in complex estuaries including turbulence: an unstructured finite volume solver and experimental validation
Authors: Cea L. , French J. R. , Vázquez‐Cendón M. E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this paper an unstructured finite volume model for quasi‐2D tidal flow with wet–dry fronts and turbulence modelling is presented, and applied to the Crouch–Roach estuarine system (Essex, U.K.). Two depth averaged turbulence models, a mixing length model and a k–ε model, are used in the numerical computations. An additional limiter to the production of turbulence due to bed friction is introduced in order to improve the performance and numerical stability of the model near wet–dry fronts. In addition to a first‐order and a second‐order schemes, an hybrid second‐order/first‐order upwind scheme which improves the accuracy of the first‐order scheme while maintaining a good numerical stability is used to discretize the convective flux. Numerical results are compared with observed current speed and water level data, with particular reference to the ability of the model to reproduce shallow water tidal harmonics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitigating the integration error in numerical simulations of Newtonian systems
Authors: Gurfil Pini , Klein Itzik 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe introduce a method for mitigating the numerical integration errors of linear, second‐order initial value problems. We propose a methodology for constructing an optimal state‐space representation that gives minimum numerical truncation error, and in this sense, is the optimal state‐space representation for modelling given phase‐space dynamics. To that end, we utilize a simple transformation of the state‐space equations into their variational form. This process introduces an inherent freedom, similar to the gauge freedom in electromagnetism. We then utilize the gauge function to reduce the numerical integration error. We show that by choosing an appropriate gauge function the numerical integration error dramatically decreases and one can achieve much better accuracy compared to the standard state variables for a given time‐step. Moreover, we derive general expressions yielding the optimal gauge functions given a Newtonian one degree‐of‐freedom ODE. For the n degrees‐of‐freedom case we describe MATLAB® code capable of finding the optimal gauge functions and integrating the given system using the gauge‐optimized integration algorithm. In all of our illustrating examples, the gauge‐optimized integration outperforms the integration using standard state variables by a few orders of magnitude. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of sensory defensiveness in adults
Authors: Pfeiffer Beth , Kinnealey Moya 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis pilot study explored the relationship between sensory defensiveness and anxiety, as well as the impact of a sensory integration treatment protocol on normal adults. Fifteen adult subjects identified as having sensory defensiveness completed the Adult Sensory Questionnaire (ASQ), Adult Sensory Interview (ADULT‐SI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) at pre‐test and post‐test intervals to measure sensory defensiveness and anxiety. A treatment protocol was implemented which included providing insight into sensory defensiveness, regular and daily sensory input, and engagement in activities of choice providing primarily proprioceptive, vestibular and tactile sensory input. Subjects engaged in an individualized self‐treatment protocol for one month.Results indicated a significant correlation between anxiety and sensory defensiveness (r = 0.62,p = 0.027). The differences in pre‐test and post‐test mean scores of the Adult Sensory Interview (p = 0.048) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (p = 0.0453) supported the use of a sensory treatment protocol to decrease sensory defensiveness and secondary anxiety. There is a need for further research using experimental methodology with a control group to explore the effectiveness of a sensory treatment protocol on sensory defensiveness and anxiety. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The meaning of psychosocial occupational therapy in a life‐story perspective. a long‐term follow‐up of three cases
Authors: Eklund Mona , Rottpeter Jane , VikstrÖm Frida 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study is a long‐term follow‐up in narrative form of three former psychiatric patients who had been discharged eight to nine years earlier from an outpatient occupational therapy programme. The purpose of the study was to gain an understanding about the participants' views about the period of therapy from a long‐term perspective and of how the outcome of therapy could be understood within the context of the patients' life plots. In‐depth retrospective interviews and two former interviews with each participant, conducted at the time of therapy, comprised the data. The interview transcripts were subjected to narrative analysis. The fit between the characteristics of the therapy programme and important life themes of the informants seemed crucial for the long‐term outcome of therapy, suggesting that taking life histories is important for occupational therapists in clinical practice in order to design appropriate interventions. Four components of the therapy, the activities, the social interaction, the milieu, and the therapeutic relationship, appeared as vital in re‐shaping the informants' life plots. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Facilitating professional identity in occupational therapy students
Authors: Ikiugu Moses N. , Rosso Heather M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore how a graduate course in occupational therapy theory can help prepare students to develop a professional identity. Thirty students participated in the study. The course included content on the history of occupational therapy, models of practice and the social, philosophical, political and economic factors that impact on occupational therapy. The students were divided into groups of four or five where they discussed issues assigned by the instructor. An electronic blackboard was used to share the discussion with the class. Surveys of the students' opinions were used to collect data on what the students viewed as the strengths and weaknesses of the course. The students felt that the class discussions were the strongest part of the course. They felt that the course improved their critical thinking and problem solving significantly. It was concluded from the results that the course facilitated their professional identity through the connection made between theory and practice. There is a recognized need to explore the issue of developing a professional identity in occupational therapy students through courses integrating philosophical topics and clinical practice. Specifically, it is recommended that further research be carried out in educational settings with larger samples, using comparison groups and other methodologies to evaluate the issue of facilitating professional identity in occupational therapy students. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
‘Facilitation’ of practice development: a concept analysis
Authors: Simmons Maxine 
Published: March 2006

Abstract‘Facilitation’ is a concept frequently referred to as a strategy for enabling the process of developing nursing practice. However, despite its frequent usage and importance to the development of practice, ‘facilitation’ in a practice development context is poorly defined and there is a scarcity of literature relating to this specific use of the concept, which has previously been explored in relation to the role and function of facilitation in evidence‐based practice (Harvey et al. 2002). However, practice development is broader than the implementation of evidence‐based practice (Unsworth 2000) and here the aim is to add to the understanding of the concept for ‘practice developers’ with diverse role remits. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Evidence‐based practice: unravelling the rhetoric and making it real
Authors: Gerrish Kate 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe present paper is based on the Winifred Raphael Memorial Lecture, presented at the Royal College of Nursing Annual Congress, 2002. It explores the rhetoric surrounding evidence‐based practice by examining different sources of evidence in the form of research evidence, professional expertise and patient preference, and by considering models of research utilization. A case study approach is then taken to describing how the principles underpinning the rhetoric were translated into evidence‐based practice initiatives in a large acute hospital. It is concluded that nursing needs to be cautious about taking its lead from medicine in moving forward the evidence‐based practice agenda. Rather, nurses need to be prepared to think beyond the traditional notions of evidence‐based medicine and direct research utilization, and to develop strategies for evidence‐based practice located in the real world of nursing practice. It is only through being creative that the rhetoric of evidence‐based practice will become real. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Investigation of Gas Phase Species and Deposition of SiO2 Films from HMDSO/O2 Plasmas
Authors: Wavhal Dattatray S. , Zhang Jianming , Steen Michelle L. , Fisher Ellen R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: SiOxCyHz films are deposited by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using a mixture of HMDSO and oxygen as source gases. The gas phase species produced in HMDSO and HMDSO/O2 plasmas are investigated by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and mass spectrometry (MS). These data reveal that oxygen dilution causes strong dissociation of the HMDSO monomer. The film composition was investigated with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. Low O2 dilution (≤50%) results in the deposition of polymer‐like SiOxCyHz films while higher O2 dilution (≥80%) results in the deposition of inorganic SiO2‐like films. Surface energy measurements show that the SiO2 films have higher surface energy than the polymer‐like SiOxCyHz films. Deposition rates are measured with variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and are strongly dependent on the percentage of O2 dilution in the feed mixture.Si 2p high‐resolution XPS spectra of films deposited in 50 W HMDSO/O2 plasmas with different gas ratios in the feed.magnified imageSi 2p high‐resolution XPS spectra of films deposited in 50 W HMDSO/O2 plasmas with different gas ratios in the feed.