bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) on the Circulating Eosinophils in Infants
Authors: BERGSTRAND C. G. , HELLSTRÖM B. , JONSSON B. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. The spontaneous change in the number of circulating eosinophils from 8 to 12 o'clock was investigated in full‐term and premature infants 0–7 days old and in full‐term infants 30–120 daye old. This change is sometimes considerable. — 2. The change in the number of eosinophil leukocytes from 8 to 12 o'clock after the injection of small doses of ACTH (1/3 and 2/3 mg per kilogram bodyweight) was investigated in the same groups of children. — 3. When the mean values of the change expressed in per cent of the number of eosinophils at 8 o'clock are considered, a decrease after administration of ACTH is found in all groups. A statistical analysis shows that no significant difference in the degree of this decrease exists between premature and full‐term newborns (0–7 days old). Nor is it possible to find such a difference between full term, 0–7 days old infants and infants 30–120 days old. — 4. The degree of response in the premature could not be correlated to weight or age of the infant. — 5. Cortisone had no significant effect on the number of eosinophils, when tested in the same way as ACTH. — 6. The results are discussed and it is pointed out that, if it is assumed that the eosinophil response to ACTH is a test of adreno‐cortical function, the data collected in this investigation are difficult to coordinate with the hypothesis, that there exists in the newborn a physiological transitory adrenal insufficiency.
Studies on Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Children
Authors: BERFENSTAM RAGNAR 
Published: January 2008

Summary

A short review of the literature on the enzyme earbonic anhydrase is given. Special weight has been laid on earlier clinical work.
An account of the author's method, which is a modification of the “boat method” of Meldrum and Roughton, is given.
A number of normal values for the C.a. activity in the blood of adults, children in various age groups and infants are given. It is concluded, that the activity for new‐born infants is about one third that of adults, and that the enzyme activity in infants and children increases with increasing age.
The enzyme activity in the blood of premature infants is shown to be only about 5–10 per cent that of adults. The activity increases slowly during the first months of life.
The relationships between the enzyme activity and the degree of maturity, length and weight at birth are discussed. There seems to be a good correlation between enzyme activity and maturity.
The clinical importance of the low enzyme activity for cyanosis and vitality in premature infants is discussed. The author has not been able to verify the finding of Stevenson, that cyanosis often is associated with low carbonic anhydrase activity.
A parallel relationship between the enzyme activity and the zinc content of the blood is demonstrated.
Retrolental Fibroplasia in Sweden
Authors: BJELKHAGEN INGEMAR 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA report is given on the occurrence of retrolental fibroplasia in Sweden. Premature material has been examined from 1940–49 at the Samariten Childrens Hospital in Stockholm, When infants weighing under 2000 g at birth were examined by an eye‐specialist. Of the surviving 326 cliildren 95 per cent liave brt˜n coiitrolletl, of these 3 n‐ere fou11d to b e suffering from fihroplnsin. Tlirrc;i r ˜ 38 cascs of this diseanr now Iciioii in 8wcdcii, 20 1)oj‐s aiitl 18 girls, all hor˜i hetwct=ii 1945;ind 1950. The IT‐eight at birth varies hctxw1i 920 and 2200 g, 25 being under 1 500 g. The etiology of the disease is supposed to lie of iiifcctious character, probably a neiiroiropic virus. Toxoplasniosis may lie the cause i n crrtaiiicasrs. Regular oplitlialniic control is iiec ry during tlic? first, nioiiths in all premature infants wcighiiig less than, say, 2 000 g. Finally the necessity for ii special preparatory school to a blind eiiiphnhized for those who are mentally iiorrnal as for the care of those nlio are iriciitally retarded. institute hab heen well as inhtitutes
Rubella During Pregnancy| Its Effects upon Perinatal Mortality, the Incidence of congenital Abnormalities and Immaturity. A Preliminary Report
Authors: LUNDSTRÖM ROLF 
Published: January 2008

Summary

An investigation has been started to ascertain the pathogenic effects on the focutus of rubella in the mother during pregnancy. A preliminary report is givne of these effects as assessed at birth and shortly afterwards, in a series of 1067 cases of rubella during pregnancy.
Rubella, during tlie first 4 mouths of pregnancy is found to have a demonatrable effect in the form of stillbirth, neonatal death, anatomically demonstrable abnormalities and immaturity. The total incidence is approximately 17 per cent as compared to approximately 6 per cent in a concurrent control series.
A higher incidence (11 per cent) of abnormal foetuses than in the controls is also recorded in the following group: women who had eailier suffered from rubella, had been exposed to infection by the virus during the first 4 months of pregnaiicy, and had not contracted rubella on this occasion.
Woman who had not had rubella earlier and who were known to have been in contact with rubella during their pregnancy but did not contract the disease show a slightly higher incidence (approximately 7 per cent) of abnormal foetuses than the control series. This difference is not significant.
After the 5th month of pregnancy, neither an attack of rubella nor exposure to the infection without contracting it is found to result in any significant difference as compared to the control series.
The investigation is being continued, both with regard to the further development of the children and to the results of the administration of convalescent serum.
Bronchial Changes in Children with Primary Tuberculosis of the Lungs
Authors: CARLENS E. , HELLSTRÖM B. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe authors examined bronchoscopically 23 cases of primary tuberculosis of the lungs in children with clinical or radiographic signs of bronchostenosis. Bronchial changes were observed in 18 cases. In 13 of these cases the changes were intrabron‐chial and associated with caseous necrosis and tuberculous granulations. The diagnostic and therapeutic role of bronchoscopy is emphasized.
The Waterhouse‐Friderichsen Syndrome
Authors: BjöRKLUND STIG‐IVAR 
Published: January 2008

SummaryFulminating purpuric meningococcal septicaemia ‐with recovery cannot be separated clinically from the Waterhouse‐Friderichsen syndrome. The name Waterhouse‐Friderichsen Syndrome should be reserved for those cases in which the autopsy shows hemorrhages in the adrenal cortex. As the causative organism is not always the meningococcus the name fulminating purpuric septicaemia is suggested instead of fulminating purpuric meningococcal septicaemia. The author discusses the works of other investigators who assert that hemorrhages in the adrenal cortex are not always present in cases of fulminating purpuric meningococcal septicaemia, and that, where they occur, they are not likely to be of any consequence for the clinical picture or the outcome of the disease. The relation between the pituitary and the adrenals is discussed a‐nd data are compiled, pointing to the possible high endogenous ACTH production leading to high or maximal function of the adrenal cortex. It is the author's opinion that the fatal outcome in fulminating purpuric septicaemia is caused by the hyperacute infection, the shock, and the exhaustion of the adrenal cortex. If patients suffering from this disease are to have any chance of recovery, an early diagnosis, vigorous therapy against the infection, and substitutional therapy with adrenal cortical extract are essential.
Diagnostik und Therapie der durch Pneumocystis carinii verursachten parasitären atypischen Pneumonien bei Säuglingen
Authors: DVOŘAK JINDŘICH , JÍROVEC OTTO 
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassiing1. Es werden 7 Fälle der durcli Pneumocystis carinii verursachten Pneumonic bei Sauglingen beschrieben, von denen 4 durch Sektionsbefund als solche histo‐parasito‐logisch diagnostiziert wurden.2. Drei Falle konnten durch Plasmochin und Atebrin gerettet werden. Beide Mittel müssen genügend lange gegeben werden, denn die Reparation der befallenen Lunge geschieht nur langsam.3. Als Grundlage der klinischen Diagnose bei den atypischen parasitären Säuglings‐pneumonien kann vorläufig folgende TRIAS gelten: a. Zyanose, b. Tachypnoë (At‐mungsfrequenz 90–120 pro Minute), c. Fehlschlagen der Antibiotica, insbesondere von Aureomycin und Chloromycetin.4. Wir schlagen vor, jede Säuglingspneumonie, welche die oben angeführten klinischen Symptome aufweist, unbedingt gleichzeitig mit Plasmochin und Atebrin zu behandeln.
The Maximal Tubular Transfer of Glucose and Para‐amino‐hippurate in Premature Infants1,2
Authors: TUDVAD FOLKE , VESTERDAL JØRGEN 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe maximal tubular excretion of para‐amino‐hippurate (TmpAH) and the maximal tubular reabsorption of glucose (Tmc) have been determined in 7 premature infants aged 19–135 days. An infusion technique was used by which it was possible to change the water administration during the experiment.With urine flows above 3 ml/min. per 1.73 sq.m. the values of TmpAH and Tmo seemed to be independent of the urine flow. With lower urine flows the results were unreliable.Tmo increased with increasing age, in spite of the oldest infants being those with the lowest birth weights. The ratio inulin clearance/TmG was higher than in adults, indicating that in the newborn premature infant the tubuli are more immature than the glomeruli.Similar changes with regard to TmpAH were less evident.
Comparison of the Action of Vitamin K1 with that of Synkavit in the Newborn
Authors: DYGGVE HOLGER V. , DAM HENRIK , SØNDERGAARD EBBE 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIn newborn infants with varying degrees of prolonged prothrombin time no marked difference could be found between the velocity of action of vitamin K1 (10 or 0.1 mg) or synkavit (10 or 0.1 mg) when administered intravenously. This was also the case when the two substances were given orally (10 mg). The result is in contrast to the known superiority of vitamin K1 in vitamin K deficient chicks and in dicoumarol‐treated chicks or patients. Intravenous injection of vitamin K1 as well as of synkavit acts more slowly in infants than in chicks. Ingestion of d, l‐α‐tocopherol acetate (50 mg) to infants 24 hours before the injection of vitamin K1 did not result in a more rapid action of the latter substance.
Penicillin in the Prevention of Scarlet Fever1
Authors: STRÖM JUSTUS 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe hemolytic streptococci are extremely sensitive to penicillin, as a rule requiring a concentration of only 0.03 IU per millilitre serum. It is possible to obtain a rapid effect in respect to sanitization of the nose and throat by administration of penicillin by injection or perorally. Recurrences in hospitals, as also secondary cases among staffs, have thereby been practically eliminated.The streptococci reappeared, however, in an extensive number of cases a week after the return home, to the extent of 6.4 per cent of patients treated by injection and 14.2 per cent of those treated perorally. The so‐called return cases have nevertheless been rare. Their number has been reduced by penicillin therapy to between one‐twentieth and one‐fortieth of the earlier frequency, or about 1 to 2 per mille. Peroral therapy has proved almost as effective as injection treatment for the prevention of return cases in spite of a far greater frequency in the recurrence of streptococci.Sanitization of the environment from which the scarlatina patient comes is of great importance in combating diseases caused by hemolytic streptococci, as also for the prevention of recrudescence after the return home. Such sanitization measures should be adopted following every case of scarlatina, but should be carried out in stages.
The Influence of Phenylalanine Intake on the Chemistry and Behaviour of a Phenylketonuria Child
Authors: BICKEL HORST , GERRARD JOHN , HICKMANS EVELYN M. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryPhenylketonuria is a not uncommon cause of mental deficiency (there are probably 1600 cases in Great Britain alone). On the supposition that the high level of phenylalanine or its breakdown products in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid might be responsible for the mental retardation in this disorder we have treated a two year‐old child with a diet low in phenylalanine. The introduction of this diet was associated with an appreciable improvement in the patient's mental status and a fall in the level of phenylalanine in the blood and urine. When phenylalanine was again given in fairly large amounts there was an immediate and dramatic deterioration in the child's mental and biochemical condition. A similar phenylalanine intake produced no clinical reaction in a control child.The main source of aminoacids in the diet was an acid casein hydrolysate which was specially treated to remove phenylalanine. The aim of the phenylalanine‐poor diet was to keep the phenylalanine blood level as near the normal range as possible. The preparation of such a diet presents little difficulty if a phenylalanine‐free casein hydrolysate is available. Its value in the treatment of other children is at present being investigated; it seems reasonable to assume that patients in the first two years of life will benefit most.
The Dosage of Chloromycetin Palmitate in Children
Authors: MOSSBERG HANS‐OLOF 
Published: January 2008

SummaryParke‐Davis' palatable Chloromycetin palmitate was tested. It is easily taken by young children, in contrast to the extremely repulsive crystalline Chloromycetin (chloramphenicol). The absorption rate for Chloromycetin palmitate is slower than that for crystalline Chloromycetin and the maximum blood concentration, which for crystalline Chloromycetin is obtained about 2 hours after the fasting administration, is not reached until 1 hour later for Chloromycetin palmitate. A further retardation of absorption takes place if the drug is not administered fasting. The maximum blood concentration of crystalline Chloromycetin is three times higher than the maximum values for the palmitate of the same dosage. Control experiments show that the Chloromycetin palmitate dosage should be three times greater than that of crystalline Chloromycetin in order to obtain the same maximum blood concentrations. For the maintenance of a lowest blood concentration of Chloromycetin of about 5 γ/ml, a Chloromycetin palmitate dose of 200 mg/kg per 24 hours, administered in 4 doses, is required. In order to obtain a more rapid initial rise of the blood concentration the first dose of Chloromycetin palmitate should be given with a single dose of crystalline Chloromycetin (approx. 15 mg/kg).
Über die EEG‐Befunde bei Enuresis
Authors: TEMMES YRJÖ , TOIVAKKA ERKKI 
Published: January 2008

ZusammenfassungBei 54 Enuretikern wurde eine EEG‐Untersuchung gemacht. Dreizehn von den Kindern hatten früher “Anfälle” gehabt. In etwa 70% der Fälle wurden ausgeprägte paroxysmale oder epileptische Veränderungen gefunden. Nur in 11 Fällen war der EEG‐Befund als normal zu beurteilen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Störungen der zerebralen Kontrolle einen wichtigen Faktor in der Pathogenese der Enuresis darstellen.
Erythraemic Myelosis (di Guglielmo) in an Infant
Authors: WEGELIUS RUTH , PELTONEN TUOMAS 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAn infant of 2 months exhibited aneanaemia, combined with a hyperplastic reaction of the erythropoietic organs. Nucleated red blood cells were found in the peripheral blood but no reticulocytosis. The spleen was enlarged. In spite of the hyperplasia of the erythropoietic organs no sign of increased erythropoiesis could ever be found. The nucleated red cells showed signs of disturbance in the normal course of maturation, mainly evidenced by a persistent basophilia of the cytoplasm and by severe malformations of the nucleus in a later stage of maturation. No antianaemic agents had any effect on the anaemia and the infant was kept alive by repeated, continuous blood transfusions. He was also given a course of ACTH with apparent good effect. Splenectomy was performed when the child was in good condition after a course of ACTH and continuous transfusion. After this the child was temporarily in comparatively good health but in no better condition than when receiving continuous blood transfusions. The illness lasted for one year and five months after the child was admitted to hospital the first time, and ended with his death.
Primary Vitamin D Refractory Rickets I. Report of Two Cases Treated with High Doses of Vitamin D
Authors: WINBERG J. , BERGSTRAND C. G. , ENGFELDT B. , ZETTERSTRÖM R. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Two cases of rickets resistant to vitamin D are described.2. The effect of massive doses of vitamin D on calcium and phosphate balance is studied.3. This disease is a well defined clinical entity and the name “Primary Vitamin D Kefractory Rickets” is suggested. The nature of the disease is unknown, but it seems likely that the pathogenetic mechanism is different from that in genuine rickets.
Prolonged Jaundice in the Newborn Associated with Congenital Myxedema. A Syndrome of Practical Importance
Authors: ÅKERRÉN Y. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe author accounts for 10 cases of congenital myxedema with simultaneous icterus neonatorum prolongatus. From his series of cases and a critical analysis of the diagnostic criteria of icterus neonatorum prolongatus, the author draws the following conclusions:(1) The simultaneous occurrence of two comparatively rare conditions, such as congenital myxedema and icterus neonatorum prolongatus of prolonged duration, makes it highly probable that this is no chance coincidence.The further nature of the relationship between these two disorders is discussed. The general inhibition of the maturing of the functions of the organs and the reduction of the rate of the metabolic processes which distinguish the newly born with deficient thyroid function, may explain why icterus neonatorum of unusually long duration can then occur. The possibility of an infectious origin, where both the thyroid gland and the liver are injured simultaneously, is also discussed. That this may occur, is shown by a case published by FRANCE, in which a virus infection simultaneously gave rise to lesions of the liver and of the thyroid gland with simultaneous jaundice and thyroid deficiency as sequelae. Such a pathogenesis was most probably not present in the cases described here.(2) The syndrome of congenital myxedema and icterus neonatorum prolongatus of marked duration is of practical significance in drawing attention to the possibility of a thyroid deficiency and thereby facilitating an early diagnosis of congenital myxedema. Icterus neonatorum prolongatus is, however, probably no constant phenomenon in congenital myxedema.(3) Icterus neonatorum prolongatus in the cases described here, appears to have been of the physiological type of jaundice However, the term physiological should not be employed unreservedly in icterus neonatorum prolongatus having a duration of 6 weeks or more.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Bilirubin in the Neonatal Period With Special Reference to the Development of Kernicterus Preliminary Report
Authors: STEMPFEL R. , ZETTERSTROM R. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA brief preliminary report of studies concerning the level of cerebrospinal fluid bilirubin in the jaundiced newborn is presented. Results of determinations in 6 of the cases studied are reported. In these cases bilirubin was present in the spinal fluid within the first four days of life and was noted to be predominantly indirect‐reacting in type, with the exception of one case in which high direct serum and spinal fluid values were present in association with questionable “inspissated bile syndrome”. Cerebrospinal fluid levels, in general, varied directly with the serum bilirubin, though with obvious individual variations.Further and more extensive studies of this kind are in progress.
PROGRESS IN PEDIATRICS: Postmature Infants
Authors: SELANDER PER 
Published: January 2008

SummaryOf 1,330 infants specially examined at the Obstetric Clinic in Malmo, 12.0 per cent exhibited dry, macerated, wrinkled skin, particularly on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, brown pigmentation of the nails and umbilical cord, pronounced erythema of the external genitals, and dehydration. Of the children who were born more than 4 days after the calculated date, 20.3 per cent displayed the syndrome, while of those who were born earlier than 4 days before the calculated date, 3.2 per cent showed these symptoms. Of the 160 infants with the syndrome, 58.8 per cent were postmature by more than 4 days. Of those with pronounced symptoms, 73.0 per cent were postmature by more than 4 days. The prognosis for these children after the perinatal period was good.
On Creatinuria in Precocious Puberty
Authors: PERSSON I. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAn investigation of the creatine and creatinine metabolism in precocious puberty seems to indicate that the conditions found correspond to those at normal puberty. Variations in creatine excretion are found, not only from one individual to another, but from day to day in an individual child. These variations perhaps can be attributed to the fluctuation in production of sexual hormones in precocious puberty.La créatinurie dans la puberté précoceL'étude du métabolisme de la créatine et de la créatinine dans la puberté précoce semble donner des résultats correspondant à ceux trouvés dans la puberté normale. L'auteur a trouvé que l'excrétion de créatine varie non seulement d'un individu à l'autre, mais aussi d'un jour à l'autre chez chaque enfant. On peut peut‐être attribuer ces variations à des fluctuations dans la production d'hormones sexuelles dans la puberté précoce.Kreatinurie bei Pubertas praecoxEine Untersuchung über den Kreatin‐ und Kreatininstoffwechsel bei Pubertas praecox scheint darauf hinzudeuten, dass die Befunde denjenigen bei dor normalen Pubertät entsprechen. Schwankungen in der Kreatinausscheidung wurden nicht nur von einem Individuum zum andern gefunden, sondern auch, bei ein und demselben Kinde, von Tag zu Tag. Diese Schwankungen können indessen erklärt werden durch die Schwankungen in der Produktion von Sexualhormonen bei der Pubertas praecox.La creatinuria en la pubertad precozUna investigación sobre el metabolismo de la creatina y creatinina en la pubertad precoz parece indicar que las situaciones encontradas corresponden a aquellas de la pubertad normal. Fueron encontradas variaciones en la excreción de creatina no solo de un individuo a otro, sino también de un dia a otro en un mismo individuo. Estas variaciones pueden, quizás, ser atribuidas a la fluctuación en la producción de hormonas sexuales en la pubertad precoz.