bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Directional effects between rapid auditory processing and phonological awareness in children
Authors: Johnson Erin Phinney , Pennington Bruce F. , Lee Nancy Raitano , Boada Richard 
Published: February 2009

Background:  Deficient rapid auditory processing (RAP) has been associated with early language impairment and dyslexia. Using an auditory masking paradigm, children with language disabilities perform selectively worse than controls at detecting a tone in a backward masking (BM) condition (tone followed by white noise) compared to a forward masking (FM) condition (tone preceded by white noise). Tallal’s (1980) auditory processing hypothesis posits that abnormal RAP leads to reduced (or impaired) phonological awareness (PA), resulting in reading and language difficulties. Alternative theories suggest that impaired PA may have more of a top‐down effect on auditory processing.Methods:  The current study examines RAP in children tested at two time points, average age 5.6 and average age 8.3, in order to test causal relations between RAP and PA in a path analysis. Additional hierarchical regressions examine how well RAP predicts reading ability when accounting for PA and vocabulary.Results:  The path analysis indicates a top‐down effect, such that PA has a larger impact on BM over time than the reverse. Regressions indicate no direct impact of RAP on reading ability.Discussion:  The path analysis provides evidence against the auditory processing hypothesis and instead suggests that between the ages of 5 and 8 it is variability in early phonological representations that predicts subsequent lower‐level rapid auditory processing.
Transnationalists and national networkers in the global corporate elite
Authors: CARROLL WILLIAM K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThrough a longitudinal network analysis of the interlocking directors of the world's 500 largest corporations (1996–2006), in this article I map continuities and changes in the social organization of the global corporate elite. I pursue two questions: (1) Can we trace the formation, within the elite, of a set of directors whose transnational interlocks form an inner circle of cosmopolitans? And (2) How does the regionalized character of global capitalism structure the global corporate elite in its national and transnational segments? Findings show that transnationalists have gained prominence within the global corporate elite and are firmly embedded in the network, through extensive ties to each other and to various national components. National networkers, despite thinning ranks and sparser interlocks, continue to form the backbone of the global corporate elite, and remain on balance nationally cohesive. Overall, despite modest accretions in participation from the semi‐periphery, and with the decline of the Japanese corporate network, the elite becomes centred even more strongly on the North Atlantic. With its growing regional cohesiveness, corporate Europe gains prominence within that heartland. This analysis helps specify the process of transnational capitalist class formation at its higher reaches.
Coagulation effects of low molecular weight heparin compared with heparin in dogs considered to be at risk for clinically significant venous thrombosis
Authors: Scott Kielyn C. , Hansen Bernie D. , DeFrancesco Teresa C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective –Compare the effects of 3 anticoagulation protocols on anti‐factor Xa activity (AXa).Design –Prospective, randomized, double‐blind study.Setting –University veterinary teaching hospital.Animals –Eighteen dogs considered to be at risk for venous thrombosis.Interventions –Each dog was randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 groups (n=6/group) and was treated for 24 hours: low‐dose heparin (LDH), high‐dose heparin (HDH), and dalteparin (DP). Dogs in the LDH group received a constant rate infusion (CRI) of unfractionated heparin (UFH) at 300 U/kg/d, the HDH group received a bolus of 100 U/kg of UFH IV, then a CRI of 900 U/kg/day, and the DP group received 100 U/kg DP SC at 0, 12, and 24 hours.Measurements and Main Results –A total of 54 samples for activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and AXa assays were collected at 0, 4, and 28 hours. Six samples had an AXa >0.1 U/mL, 5 of those were from the HDH group at hour 4. Two samples from the HDH group at hour 4 had a prolonged aPTT (93 and 200 seconds) and the highest AXa (0.6 and 1.0 U/mL, respectively). Four additional dogs in the HDH group did not complete the study due to hemorrhage; none of the dogs completing the study showed signs of hemorrhage.Conclusions:Neither DP nor LDH increased AXa to values considered therapeutic in humans (0.5–1 and 0.35–0.75 U/mL, respectively), and both protocols appear to be inadequate to increase AXa in dogs with clinical illness. HDH increased AXa to this range in 2 of 6 dogs, but had unpredictable effects on aPTT and resulted in hemorrhage in some dogs.
Evaluation of low‐molecular‐weight heparin for the prevention of equine laminitis after colic surgery
Authors: De La Rebière de Pouyade Geoffroy , Grulke Sigrid , Detilleux Johann , Salciccia Alexandra , Verwilghen Denis R. , Caudron Isabelle , Gangl Monika , Serteyn Didier D.A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives –The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of postoperative laminitis in colic cases and to determine if low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) is effective in preventing this complication.Design –Retrospective clinical study.Animals –Client‐owned horses.Interventions –SC administration of enoxaparin during the postoperative period.Measurements and Main Results –Medical records of 360 horses undergoing surgery for colic and surviving at least 3 days were evaluated. Fifty‐six horses admitted before 1995 did not receive LMWH (control group) and 304 admitted after 1995 received LMWH as a prophylaxis for laminitis (treatment group). Three grades of severity were defined for laminitis. Prevalence and severity of laminitis were compared between the 2 groups. Several parameters recorded on admission (sex, age, breed, site and nature of the disease, heart rate, PCV, gravity score, and shock score) and the administration of LMWH were tested as risk factors in the development of laminitis in a logistic regression procedure. Prevalence and grade of laminitis were significantly lower in the treatment group. Only the absence of LMWH was recognized as a significant risk factor in the logistic regression model.Conclusions –The administration of LMWH appears to be effective in the prophylaxis of laminitis following colic surgery and may be useful in the postoperative management of these horses.
Increasing patient safety in veterinary transfusion medicine: an overview of pretransfusion testing
Authors: Tocci Lynel J. , Ewing Patty J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives –To review the principles and available technology for pretransfusion testing in veterinary medicine and discuss the indications and importance of test performance before RBC transfusion.Data Sources –Current human and veterinary medical literature: original research articles and scientific reviews.Summary –Indications for RBC transfusion in veterinary medicine include severe anemia or tissue hypoxia resulting from blood loss, decreased erythrocyte production, and hemolyzing conditions such as immune‐mediated anemia and neonatal isoerythrolysis. Proper blood sample collection, handling, and identification are imperative for high‐quality pretransfusion testing. Point‐of‐care blood typing methods including both typing cards and rapid gel agglutination are readily available for some species. Following blood typing, crossmatching is performed on one or more donor units of appropriate blood type. As an alternative to technically demanding tube crossmatching methods, a point‐of‐care gel agglutination method has recently become available for use in dogs and cats. Crossmatching reduces the risk of hemolytic transfusion reactions but does not completely eliminate the risk of other types of transfusion reactions in veterinary patients, and for this reason, all transfusion reactions should be appropriately documented and investigated.Conclusion –The administration of blood products is a resource‐intensive function of veterinary medicine and optimizing patient safety in transfusion medicine is multifaceted. Adverse reactions can be life threatening. Appropriate donor screening and collection combined with pretransfusion testing decreases the occurrence of incompatible transfusion reactions.
The cell‐based model of coagulation
Authors: Smith Stephanie A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective
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To review the current model describing coagulation processes, including the critical contributions of cells.Data Sources
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Original research articles, scientific reviews, and textbooks.Data Synthesis
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Normal hemostasis is vital for prevention of blood loss, but controls are necessary to limit coagulation to the site of injury. The previous cascade model of blood coagulation, although refined and updated over the last few decades, is flawed as a description of how hemostasis occurs in vivo. The recently proposed model incorporates the vital role of cells in coagulation processes, and corrects deficiencies of the older cascade models.Conclusions
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The cell‐based model of coagulation provides a description of coagulation that more likely reflects hemostatic processes as they occur in vivo.
Coagulopathy of the critically ill equine patient
Authors: Dallap Schaer Barbara L. , Epstein Kira 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective –To review the hemostasis literature relevant to development of coagulopathy in the critically ill equine patient.Data Source –Original scientific and review articles.Human Data Synthesis –Inflammation plays a critical role in the activation and amplification of clot formation, as well as the impairment of physiologic anticoagulant mechanisms, and fibrinolysis. Earlier identification of coagulopathy in patients at risk and restoration of physiologic hemostasis may result in better outcome. Development of scoring systems based on information other than coagulation markers alone may better identify patients with subclinical coagulopathy.Veterinary Data Synthesis –Critically ill equine patients commonly at risk for coagulopathy include those with severe gastrointestinal disease, septic foals, and adults subjected to severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Publications provide information regarding coagulation markers helpful for identification of hemostatic dysfunction in specific patient populations, as well as information regarding the influence of coagulopathy on outcome. Data regarding clinically relevant information on therapeutic intervention are lacking.Conclusions –The relationship between inflammation and endotoxemia and development of coagulopathy is better understood in both human patients and the critically ill equine patient. Prospective clinical trials evaluating clinically relevant and financially feasible approaches to treatment are still needed.
Anti‐apoptotic effects of protein kinase C‐δ and c‐fos in cisplatin‐treated thyroid cells
Authors: Muscella Antonella , Urso Loredana , Calabriso Nadia , Vetrugno Carla , Rochira Alessio , Storelli Carlo , Marsigliante Santo 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose:  We showed previously that cisplatin inititates a signalling pathway mediated by PKC‐δ/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), important for maintaining viability in PC Cl3 thyroid cells. The studies described herein examined whether c‐fos was associated with cisplatin resistance and the signalling link between c‐fos and PKC‐δ/ERK.Experimental approach:  Cells were treated with various pharmacological inhibitors of PKCs and ERK, or were depleted of c‐fos, PKC‐δ, PKC‐ε and caspase‐3 by small interfering RNA (siRNA), then incubated with cisplatin and cytotoxicity assessed.Key results:  Cisplatin provokes the induction of c‐fos and the activation of conventional PKC‐β, and novel PKC‐δ and ‐ε. The cisplatin‐provoked c‐fos induction was decreased by Gö6976, a PKC‐β inhibitor; by siRNA for PKC‐δ‐ but not that for PKC‐ε or by PD98059, a mitogen‐activated protein kinase/ERK kinase inhibitor. Expression of c‐fos was abolished by GF109203X, an inhibitor of all PKC isoforms, or by PD98059 plus Gö6976 or by PKC‐δ‐siRNA plus Gö6976. When c‐fos expression was blocked by siRNA, cisplatin cytotoxicity was strongly enhanced with increased caspase‐3 activation. In PKC‐δ‐depleted cells treated with cisplatin, caspase‐3 activation was increased and cell viability decreased. In these PKC‐δ‐depleted cells, PD98059 did not affect caspase‐3 activation.Conclusions and implications:  In PC Cl3 cells, in the cell signalling pathways that lead to cisplatin resistance, PKC‐δ controls ERK activity and, together with PKC‐β, also the induction of c‐fos. Hence, the protective role of c‐fos in thyroid cells has the potential to provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Interaction between udenafil and tamsulosin in rats: non‐competitive inhibition of tamsulosin metabolism by udenafil via hepatic CYP3A1/2
Authors: Kang HE , Bae SK , Yoo M , Lee DC , Kim YG , Lee MG 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose: Orthostatic hypotension has been observed when PDE 5 (cGMP‐specific phosphodiesterase type 5) inhibitors are co‐administered with α‐adrenoceptor antagonists. Here we assessed the pharmacokinetic and haemodynamic interactions between udenafil and tamsulosin in rats, as both drugs are metabolized via rat hepatic cytochrome P450 3A1/2.Experimental approach: Interactions between the two drugs were evaluated in rats after simultaneous 1 or 15 min i.v. infusion or after p.o. administration of udenafil (30 mg·kg−1) and/or tamsulosin (1 mg·kg−1).In vitrometabolism of tamsulosin with udenafil was measured to obtain the inhibition constant (Ki) and [I]/Kiratio of udenafil.Key results: The total area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC)s (or AUC0–4h) of tamsulosin were significantly greater after 15 min of i.v. infusion or after oral administration with udenafil, compared with tamsulosin alone. The hepatic first‐pass metabolism of tamsulosin was inhibited by udenafil, and the inhibitionin vitrowas in a non‐competitive mode. The arterial systolic blood pressure was significantly lower at 5, 10 and 60 min after oral co‐administration of the drugs.Conclusions and implications: The significantly greater AUC of tamsulosin after i.v. and p.o. administration of both drugs may be attributable to non‐competitive inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A1/2‐mediated hepatic tamsulosin metabolism by udenafil. The inhibition was also observed in human liver S9 fractions, suggesting that a reassessment of the oral dosage of tamsulosin is necessary when udenafil and tamsulosin are co‐administered to patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Blood use in the ambulatory setting among elderly in the United States
Authors: Menis Mikhail , Burwen Dale R. , Holness Leslie , Anderson Steven A. 
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND: Our study characterizes blood use in the ambulatory setting by US elderly Medicare beneficiaries during 2001. As the US population ages and delivery of health care in outpatient settings is on the rise, ambulatory blood utilization is expected to increase. There is currently a lack of broad population‐based studies detailing ambulatory blood utilization patterns among the US elderly.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This descriptive cross‐sectional study of ambulatory blood utilization in institutional outpatient settings used Medicare administrative data (5% sample of enrollees) for calendar year 2001. Blood use was identified by either the presence of recorded blood units or the procedure code(s) for transfusion of whole blood or red blood cells.RESULTS: Among 1,368,368 elderly Medicare beneficiaries analyzed, 7054 (0.52%) had blood transfusion in institutional outpatient settings, and 34,186 (2.50%) had blood transfusion in the inpatient setting. Of 10,705 institutional outpatient claims with blood use quantified in this cohort of elderly Medicare beneficiaries, the top 10 principal diagnoses using the largest quantities of blood accounted for 66.3% of total blood units transfused. Nine of these 10 principal diagnoses were either for anemias (51%) or neoplasms (13%) and accounted for 64% of total blood units transfused.CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that most of the ambulatory blood utilization among US elderly is for diagnoses of anemias and neoplasms rather than procedures. Our population‐based study provides valuable information on ambulatory blood utilization patterns which may be used to better understand the reasons for transfusion in the ambulatory setting as blood use is expected to grow.
Heart Rate Turbulence as a Predictor of Cardiac Mortality and Arrhythmic Events in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Prospective Study
Authors: MIWA YOSUKE , IKEDA TAKANORI , SAKAKI KATSURA , MIYAKOSHI MUTSUMI , ISHIGURO HARUHISA , TSUKADA TAKEHIRO , ABE ATSUKO , MERA HISAAKI , YUSU SATORU , YOSHINO HIDEAKI 
Published: February 2009

Background: Few studies have described the clinical usefulness of heart rate turbulence (HRT), an autonomic predictor of mortality, in stratifying patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) at risk of cardiac mortality and arrhythmic events. We prospectively assessed the utility of HRT for risk stratification in patients with ischemic or nonischemic DCM. Methods: We enrolled 375 consecutive patients with DCM including ischemic (n = 241) and nonischemic causes (n = 134). HRT was measured using an algorithm based on routine 24‐hour Holter electrocardiograms, assessing 2 parameters: turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS). HRT was considered positive when both TO was ≥0% and TS was ≤ 2.5 ms/R‐R interval. The primary endpoint was defined as cardiac mortality and the secondary endpoint as occurrence of hemodynamically stable sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Results: Of patients enrolled, 83 patients (22.1%) were not utilized for HRT assessment because there were too few ventricular premature beats, or for other reasons. Eighty‐one of 292 patients (27.7%) were HRT‐positive. During follow‐up of 445 ± 216 days, 30 patients (10.3%) reached the primary endpoint and 17 patients, the secondary endpoint. The hazard ratio (HR) of patients with an HRT‐positive outcome was 6.4 (95%CI, 3.0–14.1; P < 0.0001) for the primary endpoint and 5.1 (95%CI, 2.8–9.3; P < 0.0001) for combined endpoints. On subanalysis, HRT positivity was significantly associated in both the ischemic and nonischemic DCM patients with both the primary endpoint (HR = 4.9, P = 0.0006 and HR = 12.3, P = 0.002, respectively) and with combined endpoints. Conclusions: HRT is a powerful risk stratification marker for cardiac mortality and arrhythmic events in patients with DCM whether ischemia is present or not.
Influence of Left Ventricular Lead Location on Outcomes in the COMPANION Study
Authors: SAXON LESLIE A. , OLSHANSKY BRIAN , VOLOSIN KENT , STEINBERG JONATHAN S. , LEE BYRON K. , TOMASSONI GERY , GUARNIERI THOMAS , RAO ANUPAMA , YONG PATRICK , GALLE ELIZABETH , LEIGH JILL , ECKLUND FRED , BRISTOW MICHAEL R. 
Published: February 2009

Introduction:
There are no randomized controlled trial data that evaluate mortality and hospitalization rates in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) recipients based on left ventricular (LV) lead location. We analyzed the event‐driven outcomes of mortality and hospitalization as well as functional outcomes including Functional Class, Quality‐of‐Life, and 6‐minute walk distance in 1,520 patients enrolled in the COMPANION study of CRT versus optimal medical therapy.
Methods and Results:
Over a mean follow‐up after implantation of 16.2 months, patients randomized to CRT, regardless of lead location, experienced benefit compared with optimized pharmacologic therapy (OPT), with respect to all‐cause mortality or heart failure hospitalization. All but a posterior location showed benefit with respect to the all‐cause mortality or all‐cause hospitalization outcome. Mortality benefit in CRT‐D patients was indifferent to LV lead position. All functional outcomes including 6‐minute walk distance, Quality‐of‐Life (QOL) and Functional Class improved with CRT, regardless of LV lead location.
Conclusion:
LV lead location was not a major determinant of multiple measures of response to CRT therapy in the COMPANION Trial. While acute data indicate that a left lateral LV lead location results in the most favorable hemodynamic response, these chronic data suggest that positioning an LV lead in an anterior rather than a lateral or posterior LV location has similar benefit.
Pacing Lead Implantation Without Live Fluoroscopy: Feasibility of Acute Success in the Live Canine Model
Authors: CHOUDHURI INDRAJIT , KRUM DAVID , HARE JOHN , KELLEY JIM , BECKER DAVID , MORTADA M. EYMAN , AKHTAR MASOOD , SRA JASBIR 
Published: February 2009

Introduction: Fluoroscopic visualization for transvenous pacing lead placement necessitates lead shielding to minimize radiation exposure. An electromagnetic (EM) navigation system that integrates real‐time intracardiac tracking within an anatomic navigation environment may provide an effective alternative for lead delivery that obviates live fluoroscopy. We assessed feasibility of pacing lead implantation with electromagnetic tracking guided solely by radiographic virtual navigation and compared this to fluoroscopy‐guided implants in a canine model. Methods: Seven mongrel dogs with normal hearts were randomized to 47 pacing lead placements in the right atrium (RA) or right ventricle (RV) guided by single‐plane fluoroscopy, or an experimental EM navigation system guided by registered fluoroscopic snapshots obtained before implant (EMN). Ability to achieve successful lead delivery acutely was assessed, and pacing parameters as well as fluoroscopy and implant times were measured. Means were compared using a paired t‐test. Results: All lead delivery attempts were acutely successful. One atrial lead dislodged with EMN, resulting in 46 successful pacing attempts. There was no statistical difference in pacing parameters and time for lead placement between the approaches (EMN vs fluoroscopic navigation [mean ± SD]: RA threshold 1.15 V ± 0.98 V vs 1.95 V ± 0.98 V [P = NS], RV threshold 1.18 V ± 0.58 V vs 1.42 V ± 0.63 V [P = NS], implant time 4:38 ± 2:37 minutes vs 4:44 ± 2:38 minutes [P = NS]). No live fluoroscopy was required for EMN implants. Conclusion: Pacing lead placement with an EM system guided by preprocedural fluoroscopic views is feasible and comparable to fluoroscopic navigation, and avoids the use of live fluoroscopy.
Emprise et déprise de l'agriculture sur le territoire de l'est de l'Ontario de 1826 à 2006: la dimension environnementale
Authors: WATELET ANNE 
Published: February 2009

Les comtés de Stormont, Dundas et Glengarry (SDG), dans l'Est‐ontarien, sont parmi les premiers àêtre colonisés en Ontario, à partir de 1784.Les établissements se retrouvent au sein de la forêt où les milieux humides sont abondants. Bien que ces derniers aient presque disparu, le paysage est aujourd'hui relativement boisé, ne laissant pas entrevoir les changements radicaux qu'il a subis au cours des deux derniers siècles. L'étude des recensements de 1826 à 2006 révèle la nature et le rythme des changements d'occupation du sol dont on présente ici une première analyse. Quatre phases se dessinent. D'abord l'établissement de l'emprise de l'agriculture sur le territoire jusqu'en 1891, puis l'apogée de l'agriculture, interrompu en 1941 par la déprise agricole. La contraction de l'espace agraire cesse en 1986 alors que débute la quatrième période. L'ouverture des terres à la culture est relativement lente, du fait de conditions biophysiques et socio‐économiques qui se traduisent par l'absence de croissance de la population agricole. Le déboisement et le drainage des terres humides ont entraîné une détérioration des conditions de la vie agricole qui a résulté en une prise en compte des réalités environnementales dans les occupations du sol. Boisés et cultures sont mieux proportionnés aujourd'hui.