bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth of an invasive legume is symbiont limited in newly occupied habitats
Authors: Parker Matthew A. , Malek Wanda , Parker Ingrid M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMutualisms may play an important role in the establishment and invasion success of introduced species, but their influence is little studied. To test whether a lack of root nodule symbionts may limit the performance of invasive legumes, seedlings of Cytisus scoparius were introduced to an old‐field habitat and then either inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strains from existing C. scoparius populations, or left uninoculated. In two separate years, inoculation more than doubled average plant biomass. For uninoculated transplants, nodule formation was positively correlated with proximity to plants of the native legume Desmodium canadense, but not related to distance from a second legume species, Apios americana. Polymerase chain reaction assays and DNA sequencing confirmed that bacteria isolated from uninoculated C. scoparius plants were indistinguishable from Bradyrhizobium strains in root nodules of D. canadense. By contrast, bacterial strains associated with A. americana were never found in C. scoparius nodules. Transplants in seven other habitats across a 160 km region also showed a highly significant, fivefold biomass increase in response to inoculation. Thus, colonizing legumes can suffer from a scarcity of nodule symbionts. However, certain indigenous legumes may create favourable microhabitats for invasion, by increasing symbiont availability in their vicinity.
Susceptibility of Ribes spp. to pine stem rusts in Finland
Authors: Kaitera J. , Nuorteva H. 
Published: July 2006

SummarySusceptibility of Ribes spp. to three pine stem rusts, Cronartium ribicola, Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini, was investigated by inoculations both in laboratory and in greenhouse conditions, and by observing sporulation on Ribes spp. leaves under natural and artificial inoculum in 16 experiments. Twenty‐seven Ribes spp. cultivars were inoculated in 2000–2004 using 41 sources of C. ribicola aeciospores from a wide geographic range, and six Pinus spp.; 51 sources of C. flaccidum and 11 sources of P. pini from Pinus sylvestris. The results were very similar both after artificial inoculations and observations under natural inoculum in repeated experiments over the years. Cronartium ribicola uredinia and telia developed frequently or moderately on nine Ribes nigrum cultivars but were not present on two cultivars. Sporulation developed on five Ribes rubrum cultivars but was absent on two cultivars. Three Ribes uva‐crispa cultivars were only weakly susceptible to C. ribicola, while all R. alpinum cultivars were resistant to the rust. The other Ribes spp. tested, Ribes niveum, Ribes aureum, Ribes odoratum, Ribes sp. × nigrolaria, Ribes glandulosum and Ribes × culverwellii Jostaberry, were all susceptible to C. ribicola. Cultivars of R. nigrum were more susceptible than those of any other species. No significant variation in virulence of the aeciospores was observed between and among Ribes hosts over the years. Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini did not form any uredinia or telia on Ribes spp. in any of the experiments.
Finnish Cronartium ribicola does not infect alternate hosts of Cronartium flaccidum
Authors: Kaitera J. , Nuorteva H. 
Published: July 2006

SummarySusceptibility of the main alternate hosts of Cronartium flaccidum, Vincetoxicum spp. and Melampyrum spp., to C. ribicola was investigated by artificial inoculations on detached leaves in the laboratory and on whole plants in the greenhouse. Neither uredinia nor telia developed on the leaves of either Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Vincetoxicum nigrum, Melampyrum sylvaticum, Melampyrum pratense, Melampyrum nemorosum, Melampyrum arvense, Melampyrum cristatum or Melampyrum polonicum following inoculation by the 26 aeciospore sources collected from Pinus strobus, Pinus monticola, Pinus flexilis and Pinus peuce in 2000–2003. The results suggest that Finnish C. ribicola does not infect the main alternate hosts of C. flaccidum. Cronartium ribicola and C. flaccidum can thus be identified reliably by inoculations on their main alternate hosts.
Chalara fraxinea sp. nov. associated with dieback of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Poland
Authors: Kowalski T. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA new species of the hyphomycete genus Chalara is described. It has been frequently isolated from stems and branches and sometimes also from roots of wilting and dying Fraxinus excelsior in Poland. It differs from previously described species of Chalara by its small, short cylindrical phialoconidia extruded in chains or in slimy droplets, morphological features of the phialophores and by colony characteristics. It is non‐tolerant to cycloheximide.
Heterobasidion abietinum on Abies species in western Turkey
Authors: Doğmuş‐Lehtijärvi H. T. , Lehtijärvi A. , Korhonen K. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryForty‐five basidiocarp specimens of Heterobasidion were collected from native Abies species in three locations in western Turkey: A. nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana in Bolu province, A. nordmanniana ssp. equi‐trojani in Balikesir province and A. cilicica in Antalya province. Pure cultures were isolated from the basidiocarps and identified to the species level with the aid of mating tests. All the specimens proved to belong to the species Heterobasidion abietinum. This root rot fungus is common in the forests investigated and appears to be relatively virulent on Abies in Turkey. This is the first report of H. abietinum outside Europe.
Genetic characterisation and breed assignment in Austrian sheep breeds using microsatellite marker information
Authors: Baumung R. , Cubric‐Curik V. , Schwend K. , Achmann R. , Sölkner J. 
Published: July 2006

SummarySamples from 717 sheep of 11 Austrian sheep breeds were genotyped for 25 microsatellite loci. Twenty‐one loci showing no deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were used to calculate pairwise genetic distances (Nei's minimum distance and Reynolds’ distance). All breeds could be clearly distinguished through these genetic distances. The shortest genetic distance was found between Alpines Steinschaf (AS) and Waldschaf (WS). Within the so‐called ‘Steinschaf’ group [AS, Montafoner Steinschaf (MS), Krainer Steinschaf (KS) and Tiroler Steinschaf (TS)] the MS adopted an extreme status with the largest distance to the other breeds in the group. This finding resulted in the decision to consider the MS no longer as subpopulation of Alpines Steinschaf but as an independent breed. A correct breed assignment using a Bayesian approach was possible for only 66% of all individuals belonging to Alpines Steinschaf, but for at least 90% of individuals for all other breeds investigated.
SNP identification, linkage and radiation hybrid mapping of the porcine lamin A/C (LMNA) gene to chromosome 4q
Authors: Wagenknecht D. , Stratil A. , Bartenschlager H. , Van Poucke M. , Peelman L.J. , Majzlík I. , Geldermann H. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe lamins are components of nuclear lamina and they have a profound influence on nuclear structure and functions. They are encoded by three genes, LMNA, LMNB1 and LMNB2. A genomic fragment of the porcine LMNA gene (822 bp; from exons 7 to 9) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and comparatively sequenced. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in intronic sequences: G162A, G208A, T367G and C618T. The SNPs are within the restriction sites for enzymes Bsh1236I, HpaII, AluI and Bsh1236I respectively. Allele frequencies at SNPs G208A, T367G and C618T were determined by using eight pig breeds. Linkage analysis in the Hohenheim Meishan × Piétrain family placed the LMNA gene in the chromosome 4q linkage group, between MEF2D and GBA (MEF2D– 3.0 cM –LMNA– 0.2 cM –GBA). In radiation hybrid mapping LMNA was most significantly linked to SW270 on chromosome 4 (39 cR; LOD = 7.86). The LMNA gene is located in the quantitative trait loci region for some carcass traits on chromosome 4q.
Genetic evaluation of somatic cell score in dairy cattle considering first and later lactations as two different but correlated traits
Authors: Negussie E. , Koivula M. , Mäntysaari E.A. , Lidauer M. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA test‐day (TD) random regression model (RRM) was described for the genetic evaluation of somatic cell score (SCS) where first and later lactations were considered as two different but correlated traits. A two‐step covariance function procedure was used to estimate variance–covariances and associated genetic parameters. Analysis of estimated breeding values (EBV), ranking of top bulls and cows and some computational aspects were used to compare RRM with TD repeatability model (RPM) and lactation average model (LAM). Residuals were analysed to assess the relative fit of TD models. Comparison between RRM and RPM showed that RRM has lower mean squared error and gave better fit to the data. For young bulls and cows, the standard deviation (SD) of EBVs was highest for RRM and lowest for LAM implying efficient utilization of information on SCS, in terms of revealing more genetic variation. A much lower correlation of EBVs ranging from 0.80 to 0.92 and significant re‐ranking of top bulls and cows were observed between RRM and LAM. The lower across‐lactation correlation between RRM and LAM indicated that LAM is directed to give more weight to first lactation breeding values. The RRM, where SCS in the first and later lactations was considered as two different but correlated traits was able to make effective use of available information on young bulls and cows, and could offer an opportunity to breeders to utilize EBVs for first and later lactations.
Evaluation of the efficiency of alternative two‐tier nucleus breeding systems designed to improve meat sheep in Kenya
Authors: Gicheha M.G. , Kosgey I.S. , Bebe B.O. , Kahi A.K. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA deterministic approach was used to genetically and economically evaluate the efficiency of five two‐tier nucleus breeding systems for meat sheep in Kenya. The nucleus breeding systems differed in terms of whether the system was closed or open, in the type of animals that were involved in the movement of genetic superiority and in the number of selection pathways in each system. These systems were compared under four alternative breeding objectives based on monetary genetic gain and profit per ewe. The first objective simulated a situation where the flock size cannot be increased due to non‐feed related constraints (FLOCK). The second specifically assumed that the flock size is restricted due to limited amount of feed resources (FEED). The third and fourth objectives assumed that sheep performed only tangible roles (TR) and both tangible and intangible roles (IR) in the production system respectively. Monetary genetic gains were highest for all objectives in an open nucleus system with a certain proportion of commercial‐born ewes being introduced in the nucleus while at the same time utilizing young rams from the nucleus to breed sires and dams for the nucleus and commercial sector (ONyre). Utilizing young rams in a closed nucleus system for the dissemination of superior genes resulted in higher annual monetary genetic gain than utilization of old rams. Profit per ewe was significantly higher for FLOCK and IR in ONyre. In a closed system that allowed for downward movement of dams from the nucleus to the commercial sector to breed sires and dams, profit per ewe was highest for FEED and TR. The success of a nucleus breeding system should also focus on the profitability and logistics of establishing it. The implication of these results on the choice of two‐tier nucleus breeding systems for the improvement of meat sheep is discussed.
Microsatellite‐based diversity analysis and genetic relationships of three Indian sheep breeds
Authors: Mukesh M. , Sodhi M. , Bhatia S. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe genetic structure of three Indian sheep breeds from two different geographical locations (Nali, Chokla from north‐western arid and semi‐arid region; Garole from eastern saline marshy region) of India was investigated by means of 11 ovine‐specific microsatellite markers as proposed in FAOs MoDAD programme. Microsatellite analysis revealed high allelic and gene diversity in all the three breeds. Nali sheep showed higher mean number of alleles and gene diversity (6.27 and 0.65) than Chokla (5.63 and 0.64) and Garole (5.63 and 0.59). High within population inbreeding estimates observed in the three breeds (FIS, Chokla = 0.286, Nali = 0.284, Garole = 0.227) reflected deficit of heterozygotes. The overall estimates for F‐statistics were significantly (p < 0.05) different from zero. High values of FST (0.183) across all the loci revealed substantial degree of breed differentiation. Based on pair wise FST and Nm between different breeds, Nali and Chokla (FST = 6.62% and Nm = 4.80) were observed to be the closest followed by Garole and Nali (FST = 20.9% and Nm = 1.80), and Garole and Chokla (FST = 21.4% and Nm = 1.71). In addition, genetic distance estimates, phylogeny analysis and individual assignment test used to evaluate interbreed genetic proximity and population structure also revealed substantial genetic differentiation between Garole and the other two Rajasthani (Nali and Chokla) sheep. This divergent status of Garole sheep indicated genetic uniqueness of this breed suggesting higher priority for its conservation.
Response to intensity of reproduction in mouse lines resistant or susceptible to fescue toxicosis
Authors: Wood S.L. , Hohenboken W.D. , Kuehn L.A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryOur objective was to examine whether mouse lines divergently selected for response to fescue toxicosis differed in the impact of increasing reproductive intensity on growth, final weight or first and second parity reproduction. Resistant (R) and susceptible (S) females were never mated (NR), mated only once (low reproduction, LR), mated after their first litter was weaned (moderate reproduction, MR) or paired continuously with a male (high reproduction, HR), allowing concurrent pregnancy and lactation. Final weight was significantly higher in mated than in not mated females (31.6 ± 0.6, 35.9 ± 0.6, 36.8 ± 0.6 and 37.2 ± 0.5 g for NR, LR, MR and HR females respectively), but the effect of increasing reproductive intensity was similar in both lines. Neither genetic line, reproductive treatment (LR and MR versus HR) nor their interaction affected first parity traits of dams or pups. In second parity, S dams produced larger litters at birth and weaning and heavier litters at birth than R dams, and MR dams produced more pups and heavier litters than HR dams. As with first litters, however, line by reproductive treatment interactions were not significant or important. Concurrent pregnancy and lactation (the HR treatment) had a similar dampening impact on the expected increase in litter size between first and second parity of both lines. Thus, lines divergently selected for toxicosis response did not differ significantly in the impact of increasing reproductive intensity on dam or pup growth, reproductive output through two parities or mature size. This conclusion should not be generalized. Selection responses in livestock should be monitored to ensure that improvement in one trait does not lead to deterioration in others.
Studies on the tryptophan requirement of lactating sows. Part 1: Estimation of the tryptophan requirement by performance
Authors: Paulicks B. R. , Pampuch F. G. , Roth‐Maier D. A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryMature sows were evenly assigned to six dietary treatments, which differed only in the concentration of total (apparent ileal digestible, AID) tryptophan (Trp) amounting per kg feed to 1.2 g (0.8 g) to 4.2 g (3.8 g) in diets 1–6. For a total of 72 lactations (28 days) sows’ feed intake was measured daily and body weight was measured on day 110 of pregnancy and on days 1 and 28 of lactation. Litter size was standardized to 10–12 piglets within 1 week after farrowing. The piglets were weighed at days 1, 21 and 28. Milk yield was recorded by the weigh‐suckle‐weigh method on days 20 and 21. Concentrations of milk fat and protein were measured in manually drawn samples (days 20 and 21) by infrared spectroscopy. Average daily feed intake of the sows was 3.4, 4.7, 4.7, 6.1, 5.1 and 4.7 kg (diets 1–6 respectively, p < 0.001). Body weight losses of the sows during lactation were 30.8, 16.9, 19.2, 9.5, 14.1 and 13.1 kg (diets 1–6 respectively, p < 0.05). Milk output in the average of days 20 and 21 was 6840, 8192, 8362, 9035, 8618 and 8140 g/day, respectively (p < 0.01). There were no differences in milk fat or protein contents. Daily weight gain of the piglets in the average of lactation was 157, 184, 184, 187, 185 and 177 g, respectively (p < 0.10). Based on the results of this study the estimated Trp requirement of lactating sows for optimal performance was calculated with 1.9 g AID Trp/kg in the lactation diet (according to 2.0 g true ileal digestible Trp and approximately 2.6 g Trp on total basis).
Studies on the tryptophan requirement of lactating sows. Part 2: Estimation of the tryptophan requirement by physiological criteria
Authors: Pampuch F. G. , Paulicks B. R. , Roth‐Maier D. A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryMature sows were fed for a total of 72 lactations with diets which provided an adequate supply of energy and nutrients except for tryptophan (Trp). By supplementing a basal diet [native 1.2 g Trp/kg, equivalent to 0.8 g apparent ileal digestible (AID) Trp or 0.9 g true ileal digestible (TID) Trp] with L‐Trp, five further diets (2–6) containing 1.5–4.2 g Trp/kg were formulated. The dietary Trp content had no effect on amino acid contents in milk on days 20 and 21 of lactation, but Trp in blood plasma on day 28 of lactation reflected the alimentary Trp supply with an increase from 2.74 ± 1.14 mg/l (diet 1) to 23.91 ± 7.53 mg/l (diet 6; p < 0.001). There were no directional differences between the diets with regard to the other amino acids. Concentrations of urea in milk and blood were higher with diet 1 (211 and 272 mg/l, respectively) than with diets 3–6 (183 and 227 mg/l, respectively). Serotonin levels in the blood serum were lower with diet 1 (304 ng/ml) than the average of diets 4–6 (540 ng/ml). This study confirms previously given recommendations for the Trp content in the diet of lactating sows, estimated by means of performance, of 1.9 g AID Trp (equivalent to 2.0 g TID Trp; approximately 2.6 g gross Trp) per kg diet.
Choroidal neovascularization in a child with traumatic choroidal rupture: clinical and ultrastructural findings
Authors: Abri Adele , Binder Susanne , Pavelka Margit , Tittl Michael , Neumüller Josef 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChoroidal neovascularization in children is uncommon and mostly associated with inflammation, infectious diseases or trauma. The clinical and histological findings of a choroidal neovascular membrane that developed in a 9‐year‐old boy after traumatic choroidal rupture are reported.
First development of a polyurethane keratoprosthesis and its Australian connection: an unbeknown episode in the history of artificial cornea
Authors: Chirila Traian V 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper is aimed at establishing a particular chronological priority issue in the convoluted history of artificial cornea. According to existing records, the first keratoprosthesis made from polyurethane was developed by Caldwell and Jacob‐Labarre in the late 1980s. This paper demonstrates that in fact the first polyurethane keratoprosthesis was proposed and designed in 1985 by Lawrence Hirst, an Australian ophthalmologist then working in St Louis, USA. The first prototype was manufactured in January 1986 by Thermedics Inc according to Dr Hirst’s instructions from Tecoflex, a transparent polyurethane developed by the same company. This keratoprosthesis, which also had a porous skirt, was inserted intralamellarly in a monkey cornea and followed up clinically for about 3 months. There were no significant postoperative complications, and the histology of the explant indicated proper biointegration of the prosthetic skirt within the host stromal tissue. Because of a delay in the manufacture of further prototypes and to Dr Hirst’s decision to return to Australia, the project was eventually abandoned. As no report was published on this development, the present paper is entirely based on original documents held in Dr Hirst’s archives.
Incidence and risk factors of Nd:YAG capsulotomy after phacoemulsification in non‐diabetic and diabetic patients
Authors: Elgohary Mostafa A , Dowler Jonathan G 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPurpose:  To estimate the cumulative incidence and identify the risk factors of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) that required Nd:YAG capsulotomy in non‐diabetic and diabetic patients.Methods:  Retrospective case‐note review of 806 consecutive patients that underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, 327 (40.6%) of whom were diabetic.Results:  The cumulative incidence of Nd:YAG capsulotomy were 10.6%, 14.8%, 21.2% and 28.6% in non‐diabetic patients; and 9%, 9.4%, 15.3% and 5.3% in diabetic patients after 1, 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. A multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that, over the follow‐up period, diabetes mellitus was associated with a decreased risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47–0.99; P = 0.047), whereas age of 65 years or younger (HR = 1.58; 95% CI 1.09–2.27; P = 0.02), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (HR = 3.98; 95% CI 1.60–9.95; P = 0.003) or plate‐haptic silicone IOLs (HR = 3.75; 95% CI 1.60–8.80; P = 0.002) in comparison with three‐piece silicone IOLs, postoperative inflammation (HR = 2.62; 95% CI 1.56–4.42; P < 0.001) and pars plana vitrectomy (HR = 1.85; 95% CI 1.20–2.83; P = 0.005) were associated with an increased risk. Subgroup analysis showed that in non‐diabetic patients, male gender (HR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.04–2.57; P = 0.03) was an additional risk factor and in diabetic patients there was no significant association between diabetes type, duration or retinopathy grade and the risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy.Conclusion:  Although diabetes mellitus appears to be associated with a lower long‐term incidence and a decreased risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy, younger age, pars plana vitrectomy, postoperative inflammation, plate‐haptic silicone and PMMA IOLs in addition to male gender in non‐diabetic patients appear to be associated with a greater risk. Estimation of the incidence and risk factors of PCO should help in patient counselling and to design methods to reduce or prevent its development.