bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adiposity, Physical Activity, and Physical Fitness Among Children From Aragón, Spain
Authors: Ara Ignacio , Moreno Luis A. , Leiva Maria T. , Gutin Bernard , Casajús José A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between physical activity (PA) levels and adiposity. The secondary purpose was to assess the effect of physical fitness and living area on adiposity.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study was carried out in a regional representative sample of 1068 children 7 to 12 years of age. Anthropometric and physical fitness values (including BMI, aerobic capacity, strength levels, velocity assessment, and flexibility) were measured in all children.Results: The prevalence of being overweight and obese in the entire sample was 31% and 6%, respectively. No difference between urban and rural children was found. The proportion of boys who were classified as overweight and obese was similar in physically active and sedentary (non‐physically active) groups. However, physically active girls tended to show lower obesity prevalence compared with their sedentary counterparts (p = 0.06). In girls, the sum of the 6 skinfolds thickness (SSF) measurements was lower in the physically active group when compared with the non‐physically active group (p < 0.05); however, this effect was not observed in boys. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the level of physical activity (PA) had a significant effect on BMI and SSF in boys but not in girls, while maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) was significantly related to adiposity in both sexes.Discussion: Regular participation in at least 2 hours per week of sports activities on top of the compulsory education program is associated with better physical fitness and lower whole body adiposity. In the children included in our study, among all physical fitness variables, Vo2max showed the strongest relationship with BMI and fat mass assessed by means of skinfold measurements.
Adipokine and Insulin Profiles Distinguish Diabetogenic and Non‐diabetogenic Obesities in Mice
Authors: Leiter Edward H. , Reifsnyder Peter C. , Xiao Qiang , Mistry Jehangir 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To use longitudinal profiling of plasma adipokines to distinguish diabetogenic vs. non‐diabetogenic obesity syndrome in two new mouse models of polygenic obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Male mice of the NONcNZO5 strain develop a polygenic obesity syndrome uncomplicated by diabetes, whereas NONcNZO10 males develop a comparable polygenic obesity that precipitates type 2 diabetes. A multiplex immunoassay for simultaneous measurement of insulin and a panel of mouse adipokines (leptin, resistin, adiponectin, interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor α, macrophage chemoattractant protein‐1, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1) were used to profile longitudinal changes in these strains between 4 and 16 weeks of age that might distinguish the non‐diabetogenic vs. diabetogenic obesity (diabesity).Results: Both strains became adipose, with NONcNZO5 males attaining a higher mean body weight with a higher percentage fat content. Weight gain in NONcNZO5 was accompanied by a transient peak in plasma insulin (PI) at 8 weeks followed by a decline into normal range, with normoglycemia maintained throughout. In contrast, NONcNZO10 showed no early PI secretory response because both body weight and plasma glucose increased between 4 and 8 weeks. Only after 12 weeks, with hyperglycemia established, was a delayed PI secretory response observed. Neither plasma leptin nor adiponectin concentrations significantly differentiated the two syndromes over time. However, repeated measures ANOVA showed that NONcNZO10 males maintained significantly higher plasma concentrations of two adipokines, resistin and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, and the pro‐inflammatory cytokine/adipokine macrophage chemoattractant protein‐1.Discussion: Longitudinal profiling of PI and adipokines in two new mouse models developing moderate obesity demonstrated that specific marker signatures differentiated a non‐diabetogenic obesity from a diabetogenic obesity.
Overeating by Young Obesity‐prone and Lean Rats Caused by Tastes Associated With Low Energy Foods
Authors: Pierce W. David , Heth C. Donald , Owczarczyk Joanna C. , Russell James C. , Proctor Spencer D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Childhood obesity is a prominent health problem that may involve early learning about tastes and the energy content of foods. We tested the hypothesis that food tastes predictive of low energy content cause overeating in young animals.Research Methods and Procedures: Juvenile and adolescent (4‐ and 8‐week‐old) male JCR:LA‐cp lean (+/cp or +/+) and obesity‐prone (cp/cp) rats were given sweet (saccharin) and salty (sodium chloride) gelatin cubes made with starch (high caloric) or no starch (low caloric) for 16 days of taste conditioning. After 10 hours of food deprivation, rats received pre‐meals with flavors that had been paired or unpaired with high caloric content during taste conditioning, followed immediately by measurement of chow intake at regular meals.Results: Our findings show that both lean (+/cp) and obesity‐prone (cp/cp) juvenile rats ate more regular chow after a pre‐meal with a flavor associated with low caloric value than after a similar pre‐meal with a flavor predictive of high caloric content. This effect occurred with juvenile rats but not with adolescents.Discussion: Data from our study indicate that the subversion of the relationship between taste and caloric content disrupts the normal physiological and behavioral energy balance of juvenile rats, resulting in overeating that is independent of genetic disposition for obesity.
Extreme Obesity Reduces Bone Mineral Density: Complementary Evidence from Mice and Women
Authors: Núñez Nomelí P. , Carpenter Catherine L. , Perkins Susan N. , Berrigan David , Jaque S. Victoria , Ingles Sue Ann , Bernstein Leslie , Forman Michele R. , Barrett J. Carl , Hursting Stephen D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effects of body adiposity on bone mineral density in the presence and absence of ovarian hormones in female mice and postmenopausal women.Research Methods and Procedures: We assessed percentage body fat, serum leptin levels, and bone mineral density in ovariectomized and non‐ovariectomized C57BL/6 female mice that had been fed various calorically dense diets to induce body weight profiles ranging from lean to very obese. Additionally, we assessed percentage body fat and whole body bone mineral density in 37 overweight and extremely obese postmenopausal women from the Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences study.Results: In mice, higher levels of body adiposity (>40% body fat) were associated with lower bone mineral density in ovariectomized C57BL/6 female mice. A similar trend was observed in a small sample of postmenopausal women.Discussion: The complementary studies in mice and women suggest that extreme obesity in postmenopausal women may be associated with reduced bone mineral density. Thus, extreme obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) may increase the risk for osteopenia and osteoporosis. Given the obesity epidemic in the U.S. and in many other countries, and, in particular, the rising number of extremely obese adult women, increased attention should be drawn to the significant and interrelated public health issues of obesity and osteoporosis.
Amylin and Its Relation to Insulin and Lipids in Obese Children Before and After Weight Loss
Authors: Reinehr Thomas , de Sousa Gideon , Niklowitz Petra , Roth Christian L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: There are limited data concerning the relationships between amylin, weight status, lipids, insulin, and insulin resistance in obese humans. Therefore, the aim was to study these relationships in cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses.Research Methods and Procedures: Fasting amylin, insulin, glucose, triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐ and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol, and percentage body fat based on skinfold measurements were determined in 37 obese children (median age, 11.5 years) and compared with 16 lean children of the same age and gender. Furthermore, we analyzed the changes of these variables in the obese children after participating in a one‐year weight loss intervention program.Results: Obese children had significantly (p < 0.01) higher amylin, triglycerides, LDL‐cholesterol, and insulin levels as compared with the lean children. In multiple linear regression analysis, amylin was significantly (p < 0.05) correlated to insulin and triglycerides, but not to age, gender, pubertal stage, or BMI. Changes of amylin correlated significantly (p < 0.001) to changes of insulin (r = 0.54) and triglycerides (r = 0.49), but not to changes of BMI or percentage body fat. Substantial weight loss in 17 children led to a significant (p < 0.05) decrease of amylin, triglycerides, and insulin, in contrast to the 20 children without substantial weight loss.Conclusion: Amylin levels were related to insulin concentrations in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses, suggesting a relationship between amylin and insulin secretion. Amylin levels were reversibly increased in obesity and related to triglyceride concentrations.
Evidence of Linkage and Association with Body Fatness and Abdominal Fat on Chromosome 15q26
Authors: Bouchard Luigi , Bouchard Claude , Chagnon Yvon C. , Perusse Louis 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: In the present study, we undertook a two‐step fine mapping of a 20‐megabase region around a quantitative trait locus previously reported on chromosome 15q26 for abdominal subcutaneous fat (ASF) in an extended sample of 707 subjects from 202 families from the Quebec Family Study.Research Methods and Procedure: First, 19 microsatellites (in addition to the 7 markers initially available on 15q24‐q26; total = 26) were genotyped and tested for linkage with abdominal total fat, abdominal visceral fat, and ASF assessed by computed tomography and with fat mass (FM) using variance component‐based approach on age‐ and sex‐adjusted phenotypes. Second, 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped and tested for association using family‐based association tests.Results: After the fine mapping, the peak logarithm of odds ratio (LOD) score (marker D15S1004) increased from 2.79 to 3.26 for ASF and from 3.52 to 4.48 for FM, whereas for abdominal total fat, the peak linkage (marker D15S996) decreased from 2.22 to 1.53. No evidence of linkage was found for abdominal visceral fat. Overall, for genotyped SNPs, three variants located in the putative MCTP2 gene were significantly associated with FM and the three abdominal fat phenotypes (p ≤ 0.05). The major allele and genotype of rs1424695 were associated with higher adiposity values (p < 0.004). The same trend was found for the two other polymorphisms (p < 0.05). None of the other SNPs was associated with adiposity phenotypes. The linkage for FM became non‐significant (LOD = 0.84) after adjustment for the MCTP2 polymorphisms, whereas the one for ASF remained unchanged.Discussion: These results suggest that the MCTP2 gene, located on chromosome 15q26, influences adiposity. Other studies will be needed to investigate the function of the MCTP2 gene and its role in obesity.
Ten Months of Exercise Improves General and Visceral Adiposity, Bone, and Fitness in Black Girls
Authors: Barbeau Paule , Johnson Maribeth H. , Howe Cheryl A. , Allison Jerry , Davis Catherine L. , Gutin Bernard , Lemmon Christian R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of a 10‐month after‐school physical activity (PA) program on body composition and cardiovascular (CV) fitness in young black girls.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 8‐ to 12‐year‐olds recruited from elementary schools. Body composition was measured using anthropometrics {waist circumference and BMI, DXA [percentage body fat (%BF)] and bone mineral density (BMD)}, and magnetic resonance imaging [visceral adipose tissue (VAT)]. CV fitness was measured using a graded treadmill test. The intervention consisted of 30 minutes homework/healthy snack time and 80 minutes PA (i.e., 25 minutes skills instruction, 35 minutes aerobic PA, and 20 minutes strengthening/stretching). Analyses were adjusted for age, baseline value of the dependent variable, and sexual maturation (pediatrician observation).Results: Mean attendance was 54%. Compared with the control group, the intervention group had a relative decrease in %BF (p < 0.0001), BMI (p < 0.01), and VAT (p < 0.01) and a relative increase in BMD (p < 0.0001) and CV fitness (p < 0.05). Higher attendance was associated with greater increases in BMD (p < 0.05) and greater decreases in %BF (p < 0.01) and BMI (p < 0.05). Higher heart rate during PA was associated with greater increases in BMD (p < 0.05) and greater decreases in %BF (p < 0.005).Discussion: An after‐school PA program can lead to beneficial changes in body composition and CV fitness in young black girls. It is noteworthy that the control and intervention groups differed in change in VAT but not waist circumference. This suggests that changes in central adiposity can occur in response to PA, even in young children, but that waist circumference may not be a good indicator of central adiposity.
Erythrocyte Hyperaggregation in Obesity: Determining Factors and Weight Loss Influence
Authors: Solá Eva , Vayá Amparo , Corella Dolores , Santaolaria Maria‐Luisa , España Francisco , Estellés Amparo , Hernández‐Mijares Antonio 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare erythrocyte aggregation (EA) in patients with severe obesity without other cardiovascular risk factors with a control group, using the Myrenne and the Sefam aggregometers, and to evaluate the effect of weight loss on this parameter.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a longitudinal, clinical intervention study of a very low‐calorie diet for 4 weeks followed by a low‐calorie diet for 2 months. In 67 severely obese patients, an anthropometric and analytical evaluation [plasmatic lipids, fibrinogen (Fbg), and EA] was performed at baseline and 3 months after diet. The same determinations were performed in 67 normal‐weight volunteers. EA was measured with the Myrenne MA1, which determines EA at stasis (EA0) and at a low shear of 3 seconds−1 (EA1), and the Sefam aggregometer, which determines aggregation index at 10 seconds−1 (IA10), aggregation time (Ta), and disaggregation threshold (γD). Insulin resistance (IR) was calculated by homeostasis model assessment.Results: Obese patients showed higher Fbg levels, EA0, EA1, IA10, and γD values, and lower Ta values. Differences between obese patients and control group for EA0, EA1, Ta, IA10, and γD disappeared after adjusting for BMI or for homeostasis model assessment but were maintained after adjusting for Fbg or low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. Obese patients with IR showed higher EA0 and EA1 values. After weight loss, EA1 showed a significant improvement.Discussion: Obese patients show increased EA. Erythrocyte hyperaggregation does not seem to be related to a high Fbg level or to an abnormal lipid profile but to IR. Hyperagreggation improves after weight loss.
Fatness, Fitness, and Insulin Sensitivity Among 7‐ to 9‐Year‐Old Children
Authors: Eisenmann Joey C. , DuBose Katrina D. , Donnelly Joseph E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among fatness and aerobic fitness on indices of insulin resistance and sensitivity in children.Research Design and Methods: A total of 375 children (193 girls and 182 boys) 7 to 9 years of age were categorized by weight as normal‐weight, overweight, or obese and by aerobic fitness based on a submaximal physical working capacity test (PWC). Fasting blood glucose (GLU) and insulin (INS) were used to calculate various indices of insulin sensitivity (GLU/INS), the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Surrogate measures of pancreatic β cell function included the insulinogenic index (INS/GLU) and the HOMA estimate of pancreatic β‐cell function (HOMA %B).Results: Insulin sensitivity and secretion variables were significantly different between the normal‐weight children and the overweight and obese subjects. Fasting insulin (FI), HOMA, QUICKI, and INS/GLU were significantly different between the overweight and obese subjects. Likewise, the high fitness group possessed a better insulin sensitivity profile. In general, the normal‐weight–high fit group possessed the best insulin sensitivity profile and the obese‐unfit group possessed the worst insulin sensitivity profile. Several significant differences existed among the six fat‐fit groups. Of particular note are the differences within BMI groups by fitness level and the comparison of values between the normal‐weight–unfit subjects and the overweight and obese subjects with high fitness.Conclusions: The results indicate that aerobic fitness attenuates the difference in insulin sensitivity within BMI categories, thus emphasizing the role of fitness even among overweight and obese children.
Expression and Secretion of the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Human Adipose Tissue and Preadipocytes
Authors: Garruti Gabriella , Giusti Vittorio , Nussberger Jürg , Darimont Christian , Verdumo Chantal , Amstutz Catherine , Puglisi Francesco , Giorgino Francesco , Giorgino Riccardo , Cotecchia Susanna 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective:Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a secretory hormone displaying diuretic, natriuretic, and vasorelaxant activities. Recently, its lipolytic activity has been reported. Since the expression of ANP in adipose tissue has not been documented, we used real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) to investigate the expression of ANP in human adipose tissue and preadipocytes.Research Methods and Procedures:RNA was extracted from the human adipose tissue of severely obese premenopausal women as well as from human preadipocytes. For human preadipocytes, two cell systems were investigated: the human preadipose immortalized (Chub‐S7) cells, a well‐characterized human preadipose cell line, and primary preadipocytes derived from the stromal vascular fraction of the human adipose tissue. We measured the mRNA of ANP, of corin (a transmembrane serine protease involved in the conversion of pro‐ANP to ANP) and of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2; a control gene known to be ubiquitously expressed). The expression of ANP was also investigated using immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay in Chub‐S7 cells and human primary preadipocytes in culture.Results:Our results indicate that ANP and corin are expressed at the mRNA level in human adipose tissue and preadipocytes. Immunofluorescence experiments demonstrated that pro‐ANP was expressed in Chub‐S7 cells. In addition, ANP secretion could be measured in Chub‐S7 cells and human primary preadipocytes in culture. Rosiglitazone, a selective peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor type γ (PPAR‐γ) agonist promoting adipocyte differentiation, was found to modulate both ANP expression and secretion in preadipocytes.Discussion:Our findings suggest the existence of an autocrine/paracrine system for ANP in the human adipose tissue whose implications in lipolysis and cardiovascular function need to be further explored.
Hepatic Steatosis and Increased Adiposity in Mice Consuming Rapidly vs. Slowly Absorbed Carbohydrate
Authors: Scribner Kelly B. , Pawlak Dorota B. , Ludwig David S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is fast becoming a major public health concern, coincident with the increasing prevalence of obesity. Although lifestyle greatly influences development of NAFLD, the specific dietary causes remain largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a diet high in rapidly absorbed carbohydrate (RAC) vs. slowly absorbed carbohydrate (SAC), controlled for confounding dietary factors, causes NAFLD in mice with similar body weight. An animal model was chosen because of logistical and ethical challenges to conducting this study in humans.Research Methods and Procedures: Male 129SvPas mice were fed diets high in either RAC (amylopectin; high glycemic index) or SAC (amylose; low glycemic index) for 25 weeks. Diets were controlled for macronutrient and micronutrient content, differing only in starch type. Body weight and composition were measured throughout the study. Hepatic and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations were quantified at the end of the study.Results: Body weight was not significantly different between the two groups. However, total body adiposity increased twice as much, in absolute terms, in the mice fed RAC vs. SAC (12.2 ± 2.9% vs. 6.1 ± 4.2%, p < 0.0001). Hepatic triacylglycerol content was 2‐fold greater in the RAC group (20.7 ± 9.4 vs. 9.6 ± 4.9 mg/g, p = 0.01). In addition, plasma insulin and triacylglycerol concentrations were higher in the RAC group.Discussion: A diet high in RAC causes accumulation of fat in liver, adipose tissue, and plasma in mice. Therefore, a low glycemic index diet may help prevent or treat NAFLD in humans.
Integrin Expression and H2O2 Production in Circulating and Splenic Leukocytes of Obese Rats
Authors: Kim Choong H. , Vaziri Nosratola D. , Rodriguez‐Iturbe Bernardo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. We hypothesized that the pro‐inflammatory state in obesity may result in spontaneous activation and, hence, increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and integrin expression in the circulating leukocytes.Methods: Flow cytometry was used to determine integrin expression (immunostaining) as well as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide productions (fluorescent probes) in the peripheral blood and splenic leukocyte of 24‐week‐old male obese normotensive and not‐as‐yet diabetic Zucker rats (n = 6) and their lean counterparts (n = 6).Results: Obese rats had hyperlipidemia and normal arterial pressure, plasma glucose, and creatinine concentrations. Nevertheless, obese rats exhibited increased hydrogen peroxide production by circulating and splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and by splenic macrophages. This was accompanied by up‐regulations of CD11a expression in the peripheral blood and splenic CD4+ T cells, CD11b in circulating macrophages, and CD11a and CD18 in circulating granulocytes.Conclusion: The study revealed direct evidence of spontaneous leukocyte activation and increased ROS generation by T lymphocytes and monocytes in the peripheral blood of obese Zucker rats before the development of diabetes or hypertension. These findings illustrate the link between obesity, oxidative stress, and inflammation.