bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cardiopulmonary Effects of Oxymorphone in Hypovolemic Dogs
Authors: Haskins Steve C. , Copland Virginia S. , Patz John D. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryBlood was withdrawn from 15 dogs over the course of about 1 hour until the mean arterial blood pressure was reduced to 60 mm Hg. Small aliquots of additional blood were withdrawn in order to maintain the mean arterial blood pressure near 60 mm Hg for an additional hour. Oxymorphone (0.4 mg/kg) was then administered intravenously to ten dogs, and all measurements were repeated in 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes. Five dogs served as controls.Heart rate, tidal volume, arterial oxygen, oxygen extraction, and pH significantly decreased after oxymorphone administration, while systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressures, systemic vascular resistance (transiently), breathing rate, minute ventilation, physiologic dead space, venous admixture, venous oxygen, arterial and venous carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate concentration increased significantly. Cardiac output was also increased, but the change was not statistically significant. Oxymorphone was associated with significantly lower heart rate, tidal volume, arterial oxygen, and pH, and higher systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, venous oxygen, and arterial and venous carbon dioxide, compared to the control group, which did not receive oxymorphone.Oxymorphone significantly improved cardiovascular performance and tissue perfusion in these hypovolemic dogs. Oxymorphone did cause a significant increase in arterial carbon dioxide and a decrease in arterial oxygenation. Oxymorphone is an opioid agonist that may represent a reasonable alternative for the induction of anesthesia in patients who are candidates for induction hypotension.
Ventilatory and Metabolic Compensation in Dogs With Acid‐Base Disturbances
Authors: de Morais Helio S. Autran , DiBartola Stephen P. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryVentilatory and metabolic compensation to acid‐base disturbances is reviewed. The mechanisms for compensation as well as the values obtained from several studies using normal dogs and dogs with experimentally induced diseases are provided. Compensation is not the same in dogs and human beings. Dogs have a better ability to adapt to most respiratory disorders, and human beings adapt better to metabolic acidosis. In metabolic alkalosis and chronic respiratory acidosis there is no difference in compensation between these species. Ventilatory compensation for metabolic disorders in dogs is the same whether they have metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis, whereas metabolic compensation in respiratory disturbances is less effective in acidosis. Values for the expected changes in PCO2 in dogs with metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis, and for bicarbonate concentration (HCO3‐) in dogs with acute and chronic respiratory alkalosis and acidosis are presented.
High‐Frequency Jet Ventilation in Anesthetized, Paralyzed Dogs and Cats Via Transtracheal and and Endotracheal Tube Routes
Authors: Haskins Steve C. , Orima H. , Yamamoto Y. , Patz John D. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe ability of the SAV 6 high‐frequency jet ventilator to effectively ventilate three anesthetized, paralyzed cats (3.2–4.2 kg), two small dogs (7.2 and 10.0 kg), six medium‐sized dogs (20.5–25.0 kg), and three large dogs (36.0–43.0 kg) via a 14‐gauge (dogs) or a 16‐gauge (cats) catheter placed percutaneously into the trachea via the cricothyroid membrane or into a preplaced endotracheal tube was evaluated. The lowest driving pressure within the range of 0.25 to 2.0 kg/cm2 (1 kg/cm2= 14.2 psi) and the highest cycle rate within the range of 60 to 240 per minute that would generate a PaCO2 of 30 ± 3 mm Hg were determined.All animals could be ventilated to a PaC02 of 30 ± 3 mm Hg by the endotracheal tube and transtracheal route, except the largest dogs, which couid be ventilated to an average PaC02 of 36 mm Hg by the transtracheal route. The transtracheal route consistently required higher driving pressures and lower cycle rates than did the endotracheal tube route. Cats could be ventilated with a driving pressure of 0.25 kg/cm2; small dogs could be ventilated with 0.5 to 1.0 kg/cm2; medium‐sized dogs with 1.0 to 1.5 kg/cm2; and large dogs with 1.5 to 2.0 kg/cm2.The SAV 6 high‐frequency jet ventilator can effectively ventilate cats and dogs (7.2–43.0 kg) via a transtracheal catheter and an endotracheal tube.
Evaluation of Systemic and Splanchnic Visceral Oxygen Variables in Dogs With Surgically Induced Gastric Dilatation‐Volvulus
Authors: Komtebedde J. , Gullford W.G. , Haskins S.C. , Snyder J.R. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryGastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV> was surgically induced in ten dogs to evaluate changes in the following variables: surface oxygen partial pressure (PsO2) of splanchnic viscera, systemic O2 transport (DO2), systemic O2 consumption (VO2), and O2 utillization ratio (O2UR). These variables have been shown to be closely correlated to tissue viability and patient survival in a variety of ischemic disorders.Gastric dilatation‐volvulus was corrected after 2.5 hours and the dogs were given lactated Ringer's solution (90ml/kg) over 30 minutes (resuscitation). At 6 hours, the dogs were euthanized without recovery from anesthesia.Gastric dilatation‐volvulus resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease of splanchnic visceral PsO2 and DO2 and a significant (p < 0.01) increase in O2UR. Systemic O2 consumption did not change significantly during the experiment.Resuscitation resulted in a translent and significant (p < 0.05) increase in PsO2 to baseline, except for hepatic PsO2. Systemic O2 transport and O2UR increased significantly (p < 0.001) compared to baseline. Surface oxygen partial pressure and D02 were significantly (P < 0.05) below baseline at the conclusion of the experiment, whereas O2UR remained significantly (p < 0.05) above baseline. Surface oxygen partial pressure of all splanchnic viscera, except liver PsO2 correlated DO2 throughout the experiment (r: 0.69–0.78).Assessment of DO2, VO2, and O2UR may be used to evaluate efficacy of cardiovascular support during corrective surgery for canine GDV.
Oxygen‐Tension Based Indices as Predictors of Survival in Critically III Dogs: Clinical Observations and Review
Authors: Pelt Deborah R. Van , Wingfield Wayne E. , Wheeler Stevan L. , Salman Mowafak D. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryWith respiratory therapy in critically ill veterinary patients becoming more commonplace, a consistent Indicator of pulmonary function status is necessary. Although calculation of the pulmonary shunt fraction correlates well with the degree of pulmonary dysfunction, lts detetmination requires placement of a pulmonary arterial catheter, an invasive procedure that may not be practical in many clinical situations. Using Information obtained from the atterial blood gas, many other oxygen‐tension derived Indices have been suggested as noninvasive measurements of the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange, lncluding the alveoiar‐arterial oxygen tension difference, the ratio of arterial to alveolar oxygen tension, the ratio of arterial to inspired oxygen tension, and the ratio of alveolar‐arterial gradient to arterial oxygen tension. A total of 427 blood gas values from 195 different patients were evaluated. A loglstic regression model using a stepwise algorithm was constructed to assess potential multicollinearity and interaction between factors. The only factors that contributed significantly to the model predictive of survival were age (p < 0.015), base excess (p < 0.029), and the alveolar‐arterial oxygen tension difference (p < 0.014).
Chloride Ion in Small Animal Practice: The Forgotten Ion
Authors: de Morais Helio S. Autran 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe Physiology of chioride ion and its relationship to clinical disorders in small animall practice is reviewed. Chioride is the major anion in the extracellular fluid and is important in the metabolic regulation of acid‐base balance. A new clinical approach is used to assess chloride ion changes after accounting for changes in free water. Using this approach chloride disorders can be divided into corrected and artifactual. Changes in free water are solely responsible for the chioride ion changes in artifactual disorders, whereas in corrected chloride disorders, chloride ion itself changes. Corrected hypochioremia is associated with increases in the strong ion differece (SID) and metabolic alkalosis and is caused by administration of solution containing a high concentration of sodium relative to chioride (e.g., Sodium bicarbonate) or the excessive loss chioride relative to sodium (e.g., vomiting of stomach contents). Administration of chioride is correction of hypochioremic metabolic alkalosis. Corrected hyperchioremia is associated with a decreased SID and metabolic acidosis and is usually the result of excessive loss of sodium relative to chloride (e.g., diarrhea), chioride retention (e.g., renal tubular acidosis), or therapy with solutions containing a high concentration of chioride relative to sodium (e.g.,0.9% sodium chloride;3–24% hypertonic saline). Treatment with sodium bicarbonate should be attempted in patients with corrected hyperchioremia and a plasma pH beiow 7.2.
Part 2: Treatment of Snail Bait Toxicity in Dogs: retrospective Study of 56 Cases
Authors: Firth Ava M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA retrospective study was done of 26 cases of metaldehyde and 30 cases of methiocarb toxicity in dogs. Physical signs and treatment protocols are described for four stages of toxicity: asymptomatic exposure; initial toxicity; convulsions; and post‐convulsions.Diazepam‐ketamine combination was used as the primaty anesthetic agent in all cases requiring general anesthesia, and proved effective. Metaldehyde cases required a significantly higher number of sedative and anesthetic doses (p < 0.001). Pentobarbitone was not used. There were no incidents of respiratory or cardiac arrest at the time of anesthesia induction.Emetics, gastric Iavage, and rectal enemas were productive in removing the molluscicide from the gastrointestinal tract. Ninety percent of the methiocarb patients and 69% of the metaldehyde patients were fit for discharge in 12 hours or less, though there was a wide variation. Both metaldehyde and methiocarb groups had a high survival rate, 100% and 93%, respectively.
Practicality, Usefulness, and Limits of Pulse Oximetry in Critical Small Animal Patients
Authors: Hendricks Joan C. , King Lesley G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryPulse oximetry holds the promise of wide application for monitoring and assessing pulmonary function in small animal patients. Although the saturation as read by pulse oximetry (SpO2) has previously been shown to be accurate in healthy dogs, its accuracy and usefulness have not been demonstrated in critical small animal patients. The present study assessed the accuracy and usefulness of a pulse oximeter (Ohmeda Biox 3740, Ohmeda, Louisville, CO) in a small animal intensive care unit. The instrument yielded readings in 48 of 51 attempts in 33 animals (25 dogs, 8 cats). Criteria were developed to reject spurious readings; when these criteria were applied, the actual calculated SaO2 differed from the SpO2 by O.26 +2.2%, with a correlation of 0.87 (p<0.0001). The 95% confidence interval was +4.4%, comparable to the accepted level in humans. No ill effects from SpO2 were apparent in the patients, and the instrument was useful in monitoring the progress of critical animals. However, uncritical use of the oximeter could have led to gross patient mismanagement, as SpO2 readings as much as 29% different from SaO2 were sometimes obtained.
Application of Airway Pressure Therapy in Veterinary Critical Care: Part I: Respiratory Mechanics and Hypoxemia
Authors: Van Pelt Deborah R. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Hackett Timothy B. , Linda G 
Published: July 2007

SummaryOver the past several decades, recognition of acute respiratory failure as the cause of death in patients suffering from various clinical conditions has prompted aggressiv investigation into the area of respiratory physiology and supportive respiratory care. With the evolution of emergency medicine and critical care services in both human and veterinary medicine, many patients previously considered unsalvageable due to the severity of their underlying disease are now being resuscitated and successfully supported, creating a new population of critically ill patients. Where only a decade ago these patients would have succumbed to their underlying disease, they now survive long enough to manifest the complications of shock and tissue injury in the form of acute respiratory failure. Investigation into the pathophysiology and treatment of this acute respiratory distress syndrom (ARDS) has facilitated increased clinical application of respiratory theerapy and machanical ventilation.1 The purpose of this paper is to provide a basic review of respiratory mechanics and the pathophysiology of hypoxemia as they relate to airway pressure therapy in veterinary patients and to review the use of airway pressure therapy in veterinary patients This paper is divided into two parts; part I reviews respiratory mechanics and hypoxemia as they apply to respiratory therapy, while part II deals specifically with airway pressure therapy andits use in clinical cases.
Application of Airway Pressure Therapy in Veterinary Critical Care: Part II: Airway Pressure Therapy
Authors: Van Pelt Deborah R. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Hackett Timothy B. , Martin Linda G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAs the specialties of emergency medicine and critical care have grown and evolved in both human and veterinary medicine, so has the need for more advanced care of patients with primary lung disease. Treatment of acute respiratory failure has been the focus of several articles in the human medical literature of the past few years.1,8 This paper deals with airway pressure therapy and its application in cases of acute respiratory failure in veterinary medicine. The reader is referred to part I of this paper for a reveiw of respiratory mechanics and hypoxemia as they apply to respiratory therapy.
Smoke Inhalation Injury In A Pony
Authors: Kirkland Khristina D. , Goetz Thomas E. , Foreman Jonathan H. , Francisco Charles , Baker Gordon J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA seven year old Welsh pony stallion was admitted to the Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital for treatment of smoke inhalation injury (SII) sustained in a barn fire. The pony was severly affected and demonstrated the three clinical phases typically described with SII. A nuclear pulmonary perfusion scan demonstrated multiple areas of unperfused lung suggesting reflex hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, while thoracic radiographs showed only a mild increase in broncho‐interstitial pattern. The pony responded well to treatment with oxygen, diuretics, intravenous fluids, bronchodilators, non‐steroidal antiinflammatory agents and antibiotics. A tracheostomy was done to relieve upper airway obstruction and to facilitate removal of tracheobonchial pseudomembranous casts. Ultrasonic nebulization and to facilitate removal of tracheobonchial pseudomembranous casts. Ultrasonic nebulization was utilized to moisturize and break up secretions and casts and to deliver bronchodilatory agents. The pony recovered and seven months following the fire was pasture breeding mares. The pathophysiology and treatment of SII in the equine is discussed.
Postanesthetic Pulmonary Edema In an Arab Stallion
Authors: Day Thomas K. , Holcombe Susan , Muir William W. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA six‐year‐old arabian stallion was admitted to The Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital for evaluation and repair of a comminuted fracture of the second phalanx. The horse developed impaired arterial oxygenation during surgey and pulmonary edema post‐operatively. We postulate that impaired arterial oxygenation resulted from atelectasis of the dependent lung during annesthesia, and the pulmonary edema occurred following re‐expansion of the atelectatic of the initiating cause of the edema, removal of excess lung water from the alveoli, and restoration of normal arterial oxygenation. The horse was fully recovered within 12 hours of initiation of clinical signs of respiratory compromise. The horse was fully recovered within 12 hours of initiation of clinical signs of respiratory compromise. This report describes re‐expansion pulmonary edema due to reperfusion injury in a horse, treatment of the condition, and a possible explanation of the pathogenesis of this pulmonary pathology.
Suspected Albuterol Intoxication In A Dog
Authors: Vite Charles H. , Gfeller Roger W. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA suspected case of intoxication of a dog by the beta2‐adrenergic agonist albuterol is discussed. Clinical abnormalities observed included hypokalemia, weakness, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia, and delirium. Treatment with high‐dose potassium supplementation helped to resolve these abnormalities.Adrenergic control of potassium homeostasis is beta2‐mediated and causes the intracellular uptake of potassium, primarily in liver and muscle. The mechanism of action of albuterol in decreasing serum potassium, its clinical applications in humans, and possible application in dogs are discussed.
Usefulness of Venous Blood in Estimating Acid‐Base Status of the Seriously III Dog
Authors: Wingfield Wayne E. , Van Pelt Deborah R. , Hackett Timothy , Martin Linda , Salman M. D. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe usefulness of venous blood in determining the acid‐base status of seriously ill animals has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a useful relationship exists between the acid‐base parameters of central venous and arterial blood in ill dogs.Paired arterial and venous blood samples were obtained from 46 dogs seen in the Critical Care Unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Colorado State University irregardless of their hemodynamic status. Cardiopulmonary arrest patients were not included in the study.Results of this study indicate venous blood samples can be used in the assessment of acid‐base status. Statistical significance was seen in comparing arterial versus venous pH (P < 0.001), PCO2 (P < 0.001), and bicarbonate (P < 0.001). Linear regression equations will allow one to predict arterial values from venous samples.
Pulse Oximetry For Estimation Of Oxygenation In Dogs With Experimental Pneumothorax
Authors: White George A. , Matthews Nora S. , Walker Michael A. , Slater Margaret R. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe purpose of this study was the evaluation of pulse oximetry for estimating the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) in dogs with pneumothorax. Values for measured by pulse oximetry with transducers on the tongues and toes of six dogs were compared with saturation values (SaO2) computed from arterial oxygen tensions (PaO2) during experimentally induced pneumothorax (30,45, and 60 ml/kg of ambient air in the pleural space). Values for SpO2, SaO2, and PaO2 decreased with increasing volume of air. Compared to computed SaO2 values, SpO2 values obtained from the tongue tended to be less variable than those obtained from the toe, but both locations gave valuable information. Pulse oximetry appears to be a useful, relatively inexpensive method of estimating hemoglobin saturation in dogs with experimentally induced pneumothorax, and it appears to have clinical application in management of critical or traumartized dogs.
A Model For Prediction Of Survival In Critically III Dogs
Authors: King Lesley G. , Stevens Martha T. , Ostro Ernest N. So. , Diserens Deborah , Ravi Shankar J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA system was developed for objective prediction of survival, which could be applied to all critically ill patients, regardless of disease, at an early stage of hospitaluation. Such a system would allow risk assessment of groups for experimental studies according to probability of survival and it might allow us to avoid expenditure of scarce clinical resources on animals with little chance of survival. The prospective study included 200 critically ill dogs: 93 females and 107 males, representing 62 breeds. With survival defined as alive 30 days after admisssion to ICU the overall mortality rate was 40.5% (81 of 200 dogs). Data collected included signalment and parameters that reflected vital organ function, the severity of physiologic derangement and the extent of physiologic reserve. We recorded the most abnormal value for each parameter within 24 hours of admission to ICU and logistic regression analysis was used to analyze four different weighting systems. The best model had a concordance 0f 86.5% with outcome, and it was then re‐evaluated to determine whether individual variables could be eliminated without losing predictive accuracy. Fourvariables were eliminated, resulting in a final model with 18 variables which had 86.3% concordance with outcome. At a 0.5 cut‐off for predicted risk, the model had sensitivity Of 69%, specificity ficity of 86% and positive predictive value of 77%. A Receiver Operating Curve was constructed using serial cut‐offs for predicted outcome from 0.1 to 0.9, and the area under the curve was 0.89. Thus, an equation was generated that gives an estimate of the probability of survival.
Transverse Flap Tracheostomy: A Technique for Temporary Tracheostomy of Intermediate Duration
Authors: Macintire Douglass K. , Henderson Ralph A. , Wilson Eric R. , Huber Michael L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA technique is described which is particularly useful in obese or heavily muscled animals when a single lumen tracheostomy tube is used, or when mechanical ventilation through a cuffed tracheostomy tube is required. The technique assures easy access to a large tracheal stoma which facilitates cleaning and tube replacement.
Influence Of Allopurinol On The Pathophysiology Of Experimental Gastric Dilatation‐Volvulus
Authors: Guilford W. Grant , Komtebedde Jan , Haskins Steve C. , Higgins Robert J. , Snyder Jack R. , Strombeck Donald R 
Published: July 2007

SummaryGastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV) was surgiclly induced in 10 dogs. Five of the dogs were pretreated with 50 mg/kg PO of allopurinol to determine the effect of xanthine oxidase inhibition on the pathophysiology of GDV. After 150 minutes, the GDV was corrected, and lactated Ringer's solution was administered intravenoulsy (resuscitation). Two hundred forty minutes after relief fo GDV, the dogs were euthanatized without recovery from anesthesia. Administration of allopurinol was associated with a reduced (P<0.01) incidence of hepatic necrosis and a lower (P<0.045) serum phosphorus level than observed in the control group at the end of the experiment. The increase in base deficit in the allopurinol‐treated group after resuscitation was also less(P<0.045) than the control group. In conclusion, this study suggests that inhibition of xanthine oxidase‐derived oxygen free radicals protects against hepatic necrosis in dogs with GDV. Resuscitation appears to be a time of profound physiologic stress for dogs with GDV.