bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolonged Bleeding Time in Aleutian Mink Associated with a Cyclo-Oxygenase-Independent Aggregation Defect and Nucleotide Deficit in Blood Platelets
Authors: Bell Thomas G. , Padgett George A. , Patterson Wayne R. , Meyers Kenneth M. , Gorham John R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A prolonged mean template bleeding time of 13 minutes was present in nine Aleutian mink affected with Chediak-Higashi syndrome (chs) compared with 4 minutes in dark control mink. The concentrations of blood platelets in normal and affected animals did not differ significantly. However, in mink with chs, a marked disturbance of platelet response to collagen was present. Administration of aspirin and indomethacin completely blocked ch platelet response to collagen. Blood platelet adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate values from mink with chs were significantly less than those of normal mink, and the platelet adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate ratios were 10.31 in affected mink and 2.74 in normal mink. These findings are consistent with our previous investigations in affected cattle and persons and indicate that a “storage pool disease” of platelets exist in the mink with chs.
Cell-Mediated Immunity Against Turkey Coronaviral Enteritis (Bluecomb)
Authors: Nagaraja Κ. V. , Pomeroy B. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Studies on cell-mediated immune response in turkeys infected with turkey coronavirus (tcv) were made. A whole blood culture technique was developed for quantitatively evaluating in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin-P, and tcv antigen. The degree of blastogenesis was quantitated by the measurement of the uptake of the [125I]deoxyuridine in the presence of fluorodeoxyuridine. The stimulation indices were consistently higher in the infected birds compared with those in the noninfected controls, and they were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The detection of tcv specific responses indicated that cell-mediated immunity may be important in determining the immunity against turkey coronaviral enteritis. The whole blood lymphocyte transformation assay was emphasized as a convenient and useful in vitro indicator of cell-mediated immunity in tcv infection.
Preliminary Studies on Transmission of Chlamydia to Cattle by Ticks (Ornithodoros coriaceus)
Authors: McKercher D. G. , Wada Ε. M. , Ault S. K. , Theis J. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Preliminary findings indicate that Ornithodoros coriaceus ticks can harbor Chlamydia for long periods and are able to transmit the agent to cattle. Field-collected O coriaceus ticks, which were infected experimentally with a bovine chlamydial agent from an aborted fetus, transmitted the agent 25 and 48 days later to three pregnant heifers. Two of these heifers aborted and the third delivered a term calf. The control heifer also aborted after intradermal (simulated tick) exposure.
Also, a chlamydial agent was isolated from field-collected O coriaceus ticks in an epizootic bovine abortion (eba)-enzootic area that were held for at least 6 months. In the same enzootic area, a chlamydial agent was isolated from a prematurely delivered calf during a severe eba outbreak. Seemingly, this species is a cause, if not the cause, of eba.
Osmolarity and Volatile Fatty Acid Content of Feces from Horses with Chronic Diarrhea
Authors: Merritt A. M. , Smith Doris A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The concentrations of acetate (C2), propionate (C3), isobutyrate (iC4), butyrate (nC4), isovalerate (iC5), and valerate (nC5) were measured in the feces of 16 clinically normal horses and 44 horses with chronic diarrhea of at least 1-month's duration. The diarrheal horses were categorized diagnostically as: (1) no discernible clinical abnormalities other than diarrhea and in some cases, weight loss (open); (2) clinical evidence of strongyle larval migrans; and (3) Salmonella organisms recovered from the feces. Osmolarity of the feces of 14 of the normal and 15 of the sick horses also was measured. The mean concentration of C2 was significantly less (P < 0.05) in feces from horses of all diagnostic categories, whereas there was a significantly increased isobutyrate concentration (P < 0.01) in feces from horses in the open category. When individual volatile fatty acids (vfa) were expressed as percentage of total, only isobutyrate in feces from horses in the open category was significantly different (P < 0.01) from normal and was increased.
Some horses were monitored sequentially for a number of weeks. Fecal vfa concentrations showed considerable variability, and a transient decrease of isobutyrate concentration was not necessarily coincidental with cessation of diarrhea. Horses responding to empirical therapy had a more stable reestablishment of a normal fecal vfa distribution. Correlation between total fecal vfa concentration and osmolarity was significant (P < 0.05) for diarrheal horses, but was not significant for normal horses.
Alterations in Horse Blood Cell Count and Biochemical Values After Halothane Anesthesia
Authors: Steffey E. P. , Farver T. , Zinkl J. , Wheat J. D. , Meagher D. M. , Brown M. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Quantitative changes in hematologic and serum biochemical values associated with prolonged general anesthesia produced by known alveolar doses of halothane in oxygen were determined in six young, healthy horses under laboratory conditions. In addition, 25 young equine patients anesthetized for shorter periods under clinical conditions were similarly (except hematologic values) prospectively evaluated. In normal horses, muscle- and hepatic-derived serum biochemical values were mildly increased immediately after anesthesia. Values after anesthesia remained at greater than base-line values for up to 4 days. Evidence of minimally depressed renal function was also present immediately after halothane exposure but did not persist beyond the first day.
Clinical Approach to Determine the Contribution of the Palmar and Palmar Metacarpal Nerves to the Innervation of the Equine Fetlock Joint
Authors: Gray B. W. , Engel H. N. , Rumph P. F. , LaFaver J. , Brown B. G. , McKibben J. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine the sensory nerve supply of the metacarpophalangeal joint, lameness was induced in eight horses by injecting the joint with a glycerin suspension of glass microspheres. When the medial and lateral palmar nerves were anesthetized in 4 horses, there was noticeable improvement in the gait, but each horse remained lame. When the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves were also anesthetized, 3 of the 4 horses became sound. To confirm the results of local anesthesia, neurectomies were performed on a second group of four horses. The lameness was alleviated only upon resection of both the palmar nerves and the palmar metacarpal nerves.
Induced Juglone Toxicosis in Ponies and Horses
Authors: True R. G. , Lowe J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Juglone, a toxic compound found in all parts of plants of the walnut tree family Juglans, was evaluated as the possible toxin involved in black walnut shaving-associated laminitis in the horse. Large amounts (up to 1 g) of this chemical administered per os inconsistently caused mild signs of laminitis in ponies. Topical application of juglone to the digits of horses caused local skin irritation but did not cause laminitis. Intravenous administration of juglone caused acute pulmonary edema in some individuals previously exposed to the compound per os or iv.
Determining Time of Death of a Dog by Analyzing Blood, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Vitreous Humor Collected at Postmortem
Authors: Schoning Polly , Strafuss A. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor collected at antemortem and postmortem from 60 dogs were analyzed to determine what chemical value may be used for estimating time of death. Euthanatized dogs were maintained at 4 C, 20 C, or 37 C for 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 hours.
At postmortem, vitreous humor potassium values increased with increased time and increased temperature. Cerebrospinal fluid chloride values decreased; potassium and phosphorus values increased markedly, and calcium and creatinine values increased slightly. Blood potassium, phosphorus, and creatinine values increased; sodium and chloride values decreased. Within 6 hours after death, blood carbon dioxide values decreased to a quarter of values determined at antemortem.
Infrared Photographic Measurement of Pupillary Effects of Dichlorvos in Beagles
Authors: Wagstaff D. J. , Winston F. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dichlorvos was given orally to Beagles at dose rates of 13.5, 27, and 40.5 mg/kg of body weight. Pupillary response to a strobe flash was observed by using infrared cinematography. In dogs given the two larger dosages, the pupil contracted to a smaller size than it had been before treatment (base line) and recovered more slowly to base-line diameter.
Influence of Time Interval Between Administration of Chloramphenicol and Thiamylal on the Sleeping Time of Mice
Authors: Azadegan Aliakbar , Johnson Donald W. , Stowe Clarence M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of the time interval between chloramphenicol and thiamylal administrations on the sleeping time of mice was studied. Two hundred 20- to 25-g mice were given (intraperitoneally) chloramphenicol or isotonic saline solution and then thiamylal at different time intervals between drugs. The duration of anesthesia was measured as the time between the loss and the return of the righting reflex. The results indicated that in mice given chloramphenicol simultaneously with thiamylal (0 time interval), the sleeping time was increased by a factor of about 10 as compared with the sleeping time in mice given thiamylal alone. As the time interval between administrations of thiamylal and chloramphenicol was increased (from 0.25 to 4 hours), the prolongation of sleeping time decreased correspondingly.
Study of Bovine Pulmonary Response to Pasteurella haemolytica: Pulmonary Macrophage Response
Authors: Walker R. D. , Corstvet R. E. , Panciera R. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A resistant state was produced in the bovine lung by exposing calves to an aerosolized mist of Pasteurella haemolytica. Verification of the resistant state was determined by an increase in clearance of Ρ haemolytica from lungs of exposed calves vs lungs from nonexposed calves over 24 hours. Bovine pulmonary macrophages isolated from lung washings of calves exposed to Ρ haemolytica and from lungs of nonexposed calves failed to phagocytize Ρ haemolytica in vitro. Whole serum, pulmonary immunoglobulin (Ig)A, and IgG from exposed and nonexposed calves did not enhance phagocytosis as measured by 14C uptake or fluorescent antibody staining.
Study of Bovine Pulmonary Response to Pasteurella haemolytica: Specificity of Immunoglobulins Isolated from the Bovine Lung
Authors: Walker R. D. , Corstvet R. E. , Lessley B. A. , Panciera R. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A procedure is described for the isolation and purification of the immunoglobulins (Ig)A and IgG from pulmonary lavage fluid from calves. These Ig were isolated from calves experimentally exposed to Pasteurella haemolytica via aerosolization and from nonexposed calves. The specificity of these fractions toward Ρ haemolytica was examined, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test and agglutination reactions. Specific antibody activity was detected in the IgA and IgG fractions from calves exposed to Ρ haemolytica and IgG fractions from nonexposed calves. None of the isolated Ig agglutinated Ρ haemolytica.
Embryo Transfer in Cattle: Nonsurgical Transfer
Authors: Rowe R. F. , Del Campo M. R. , Critser J. Κ , Ginther O. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four experiments were conducted to define reasons for failure of nonsurgical transfer of bovine embryos. Single embryos were transferred to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum-bearing ovary 6 to 9 days after estrus. All recipient heifers were within ± 24 hours of heat synchrony with the donors. All nonsurgical transfers were accomplished, using the Cassou apparatus with 0.5 ml French straws. Pregnancy was determined by rectal palpation on day 40 (31 to 34 days after transfer).
In experiment 1, when embryos were transferred surgically, pregnancy rates were not different between the midventral approach (11/14, 77%) and the flank approach (10/14, 71%) but were lower (P < 0.05) when transfers were done nonsurgically (3/14, 36%). In experiment 2, transfer to the midportion of the uterine horn was compared with transfer to the cranial end of the uterine horn. Embryo survival in the midportion of the uterine horn tended to be higher (P < 0,06) when embryos were placed nonsurgically (15/20, 75%) than when transfer was accomplished surgically (9/20, 45%). Surgical transfer to the midportion of the uterine horn was not affected by sham nonsurgical manipulation. Pregnancy rate was not different between nonsurgical transfer to the middle portion of the uterine horn (15/20, 75%) and surgical transfer to the cranial portion (12/20, 60%). In experiment 3, pregnancy rate was not affected by digital compression to the uterine horn during withdrawal of the Cassou instrument after nonsurgical transfer. Pregnancy rates in experiment 4 were not different between the midportion of the uterine horn and the caudal portion of the uterine horn, using nonsurgical embryo transfer.
An operator experienced in nonsurgical embryo transfer obtained higher pregnancy rates (23/40, 58%) than did an operator with no previous nonsurgical embryo transfer experience (14/40,35%, Ρ < 0.05). Amount of time to penetrate the cervix did not affect transfer results; however, increasing the time that the Cassou catheter remained in the uterus tended to decrease pregnancy rates (P < 0.07). It is concluded that experience in nonsurgical transfer is important in achieving acceptable success rates and that specific regional placement of the embryo in the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum-bearing ovary is not imperative for nonsurgical transfer success.
Altered Metabolism, Acute Shock, and Therapeutic Response in a Calf with Severe Coronavirus-Induced Diarrhea
Authors: Phillips R. W. , Case G. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acute shock and metabolic failure appeared in a diarrheic calf being studied intensively to determine kinetics of glucose and lactate metabolism. Intravenous therapy significantly improved its condition. During metabolic failure, the rapid increase in blood lactate and concomitant decrease in glucose were due to inhibited gluconeogenesis, as glucose entry and lactate oxidation were not modified. Therapy restored metabolic activity and decreased the severe hyperkalemia.
Chemotherapeutic Value of 2-Deoxy-d-Glucose in Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Viral Infection in Calves
Authors: Mohanty S. B. , Rockemann D. D. , Tripathy R. Ν. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Daily injection of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-dG) had no protective effect against respiratory tract infection in calves caused by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. It also did not reduce the severity of this infection. Ocular instillation of the drug, however, markedly reduced the severity of viral-induced conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis. The drug was effective when given at the time of ocular infection or after clinical conjunctivitis developed.
Plasma Glucocorticoid and Circulating Blood Leukocyte Responses in Cattle After Sequential Intramuscular Injections of ACTH
Authors: Gwazdauskas F. C. , Paape M. J. , Peery D. A. , McGilliard M. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nine Holstein-Friesian cows in the same stage of lactation were randomly given im injections of saline solution, 100 IU of ACTH, or 200 IU of ACTH for a period of 3 days at 0800 and 1600 hours on one day and at 0100 hours the next day. A dose of 100 IU of ACTH represented the amount of ACTH released during physiologic stress and 200 IU of ACTH represented a therapeutic dose. Blood samples were obtained from indwelling jugular catheters for total circulating leukocyte and total plasma corticosteroid determinations at −1, 0, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 1.50, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after the 0800-hour ACTH injections. Concentrations of blood leukocytes and total plasma corticosteroids were affected significantly (P < 0.05) by treatment, cow within treatment, day of injection, treatment by day interaction, time, treatment by time interaction, and day by time interaction. Total plasma corticosteroids were 5.6 ng/ml (saline), 38.9 ng/ml (100 IU of ACTH), and 59.8 ng/ml (200 IU of ACTH). Mean corticosteroid concentrations from 0.5 to 8 hours were 29.2 ng/ml on day 1, 42.5 ng/ml on day 2, and 32.7 ng/ml on day 3.
Blood leukocytes were 8,545 cells/mm3 (saline), 11,241 cells/mm3 (100 IU of ACTH) and 9,777 cells/mm3 (200 IU of ACTH). When compared with basal circulating leukocyte concentrations (within cow), this represented increases of 20.7% for 100 IU of ACTH and 24.5% for 200 IU. Mean circulating leukocyte concentrations from 0.5 to 8 hours were 8,900 cells/mm3 on day 1, 10,500 cells/mm3 on day 2, and 10,000 cells/mm3 on day 3.
These data indicate that the adrenal gland responded less on day 3 and that continuous stimulation of bovine adrenal glands by ACTH at physiologic and therapeutic concentration could lead to reduced synthesis or release of adrenal corticosteroids (or both) with concomitant reduction in the concentration of total circulating leukocytes.
Intimai Lesions of the Pulmonary Artery in Dogs with Experimental Dirofilariasis
Authors: Munnell John F. , Weldon John S. , Lewis Robert E. , Thrall Donald Ε. , McCall John W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Microscopic examination, particularly by scanning electron microscopy, of the tunica intima of the pulmonary arteries of dogs experimentally infected with a known number of larvae of Dirofilaria immitis revealed various numbers and shapes of intimal thickenings. The number and morphology of these thickenings were related to the degree of infection. At 11 months after infection, dogs having adult worm populations of 8 to 21 worms had scattered discrete intimal lesions, whereas in dogs with 41 to 68 adult worms, the intima was diffusely affected. Discrete lesions took the form of rugous or verrucous protrusions, and in severely affected animals, the intima was extensively covered with anatomosing ridges. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirmed earlier reports that the thickenings were mainly confined to the tunica intima, that the surface was covered by endothelium, and that many of the cells in the intimal swellings were derived from smooth muscle.
Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin in Feces and Intestines of Calves with Diarrhea
Authors: Acosta-Martinez F. , Gyles C. L. , Butler D. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate detection of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (st) in the feces of calves as a method for implicating Ε coli in neonatal calf diarrhea.
The first experiment evaluated the use of the infant mouse test for detection of st in the feces of calves with naturally occurring diarrhea. Simultaneous identification of bovine enteropathogenic strains of Ε coli (eec) and of other infective agents implicated in neonatal calf diarrhea was attempted in these samples. The st was detected with certainty in only 7 of 41 samples from calves ≤ 3 weeks old. Enteropathogenic Ε coli, however, was detected in 27 samples. In 23 of these 27 samples, eec was the only recognizable diarrheagenic agent. In a small percentage of the samples, Salmonella, rotavirus, coronavirus, and cryptosporidium were recognized alone, in combination with each other, or with eec.
In the second experiment, 6 calves were fed colostrum from cows inoculated with the bovine eec strain B44; 6 were given colostrum from cows vaccinated with non-eec strain 28F, and 4 were given milk from nonvaccinated heifers. Two of the calves that were given colostrum from cows inoculated with strain B44 were challenge exposed with the non-eec strain 28F.
The remaining calves were challenge exposed with the eec strain B44. Fecal samples were taken from these calves at intervals and were examined for the presence of st and of the challenge-exposure organism. The st was detected in approximately one half of the fecal samples obtained, and it was most often detected in the early stages of the induced diarrhea. Calves were observed to shed the challenge-exposure eec strain for long periods in the absence of diarrhea or detectable amounts of st in the feces. The st was detectable in fecal samples when the diarrhea was severe and when the dry matter content of the fecal samples was low.
Immunologic Aspects of Combined Immunodeficiency Disease in Arabian Foals
Authors: Lew A. M. , Hosking C. S. , Studdert M. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tests for T- and B-cell quantitation and immune function were developed, and their application in the diagnosis of primary severe combined immunodeficiency disease (cid) in Arabian foals was investigated. Foals with cid had severe lymphopenia and had small or zero numbers of B cells, as shown by immunofluorescence of surface immunoglobulin (Ig), erythrocyte-antibody-complement rosetting, and staphylococcal protein A rosetting. Serum IgM was undetectable in four cid foals 25 to 71 days old. Demonstrable antibody responses were not elicited in cid foals by phage φX-174, a potent antigen in normal foals. Nonspecific esterase (nse) staining in the pattern of a single vesicle was investigated as a possible marker for equine T cells. For normal foals, 64.0% of peripheral blood lymphocytes stained nse positive. The cid foal 1 had only 4.0% nse-positive lymphocytes, whereas cid foals 2, 3, and 4 had 75%, 68%, and 77.5%, respectively.
In an in vitro T-cell function test, lymphocytes from 12 normal foals showed a marked response, whereas cells from four cid foals did not show a response. In normal foals, intradermal injection of 50 μg of phytohemagglutinin induced visible reactions, and skin grafting induced a pronounced mononuclear cell response at the base of the graft.
In contrast, there was little or no response in the foals with cid.
Thermography in the Diagnosis of Inflammatory Processes in the Horse
Authors: Purohit Ram C. , McCoy Michael D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To evaluate the use of thermography in equine medicine, a three-phase study was conducted. In the first phase, six horses were examined thermographically, before and after exercise, to determine a normal thermal pattern, In the second phase, nine horses with acute and chronic inflammatory processes were examined thermographically. In the third phase, thermography was used to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs on chemically induced inflammatory reactions.
All normal horses tested had similar infrared emission patterns. There was a high degree of symmetry between right and left and between front (dorsal) to rear (palmar, plantar) in the legs distal to the carpus and the tarsus. The warmer areas of the thermogram tended to follow major vascular structures. The coronary band was the warmest area of the leg, Heat increase due to exercise did not substantially alter the normal thermographic pattern.
Use of thermography in clinical cases successfully detected a subluxation of the third lumbar vertebra, a subsolar abscess, alveolar periostitis and abscess, laminitis, serous arthritis of the femoropatellar joint, and tendonitis.
Thermography was effective in quantitative and qualitative evaluation of anti-inflammatory compounds in the treatment of chemically induced inflammation.