bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeding enrichment methods for Pacific walrus calves
Authors: Kastelein Ronald A. , Jennings Nancy , Postma Jacobus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the wild, walrus calves are occupied with many behaviors necessary for survival. In captivity there is usually less to occupy them. Therefore it is necessary to develop other ways to occupy the animals to prevent negative behavior. In the present study, food in four different types of dispensers were tested on two walrus calves: fish in ice, fish in a nine‐hole container, fish in a two‐hole container, and fish in ice in a one‐hole container. All four methods of offering fish had an effect on the animals' behavior. There were differences in the way the two animals responded to each of the four dispensers. The dispensers occupied one animal on average between 32–95% of the 90‐min test periods, and the other animal for between 14–57% of the test periods. Due to the effect of learning and rapid development of the calves, which were shifting from a 100% formula diet to a 100% fish diet during the study period, the four methods cannot be compared. Besides the time feeding methods occupy animals, the practicality of a dispenser determines how often it will be used by the keepers. Of the four dispenser types tested in the present study, the nine‐hole container was the most practical and was still used frequently by the keepers years after the study. Zoo Biol 0:1–12, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
25‐OH‐D3, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase content in sera from captive polar bear (Ursus maritimus) cubs at the Denver Zoological Foundation
Authors: Kenny David E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAfter the development of rickets in two hand‐reared polar bear (Ursus maritimus) cubs at the Denver Zoological Foundation we initiated a project opportunistically evaluating sera 25‐OH‐D3, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase levels in seven mother‐reared polar bear cubs. From one to three serum samples were obtained while the cub was still in the den with no access to natural sunlight and one after the cub exited the den. The sera 25‐OH‐D3 increased as the cubs grew (108±37 nmol/L [n=7] while in den, 184.6±48.3 nmol/L [n=7] out of the den) but were substantially lower then captive adults (348±215 nmol/L [n=36]) or free‐ranging adults (360±135 nmol/L [n=56]). We found that age was correlated significantly with 25‐OH‐D3 levels but den status (in or out) was not significant. Sera calcium and phosphorus values were highest in denned cubs (calcium, 2.9±0.4 mmol/L [n=13]; phosphorus, 3.1±0.5 mmol/L [n=13]) and then declined as the cubs matured and left the den (calcium, 2.5±0.1 mmol/L [n=7]; phosphorus, 2.4±0.4 mmol/L [n=7]). The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (presumably the bone isoenzyme) was high in denned growing cubs (831±426 IU/L [n=13]) and then declined gradually as the cubs aged and exited the den (96±83 IU/L [n=7]). Zoo Biol 0:1–7, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of labeled compounds to study the mechanism of flavor formation in oxidizing fats
Authors: Michalski S. T. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract2‐14C‐Hexanal,trans, trans‐5‐14C‐2,4‐decadienal, 4‐14C‐1‐octen‐3‐ol, 4‐14C‐1‐octen‐3‐one and 1‐14C‐1‐pentanol were synthesized and added to freshly deodorized soybean oil in concentrations ranging from 7–125 ppm. The soybean oil was oxidized, and the fate of the labeled compounds was followed. Hexanal was converted to hexanoic acid especially at 50 C or higher. The 2,4‐decadienal was converted to 2,4‐decadienoic acid at room temperature, and heptenal, 2‐octanal, 2‐nonanal, glyoxal and malonaldehyde were found among the labeled products. 1‐Octen‐3‐ol was converted to 1‐octen‐3‐one at room temperature, but the 1‐octen‐3‐one formed a stable end product that produced no other labeled compounds. 1‐Pentanol was converted to pentanoic acid at 50 C or higher.
Adsorption of soy oil free fatty acids by rice hull ash
Authors: Proctor Andrew , Palaniappan Sevugan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies demonstrated that free fatty acids can be adsorbed from a soybean oil/hexane miscella by inorganic rice hull ash. A 1% dose was effective in diminishing free fatty acid concentrations but acid activation reduced the adsorption. Binding of free fatty acids followed a Freundlich isotherm with smaller doses of ash adsorbing more efficiently. Addition of isopropanol to the miscella promoted the adsorption, while water deactivation of the ash had no effect, possibly because water occupied sites not accessible to free fatty acids. Impaired adsorption behavior of ash heated above 700°C could have been due to disruption of the crystal form. The adsorption behavior of rice hull ash may be more fully understood with a better knowledge of adsorbent structure.
Hydrogenation of carboxylic acids by rhenium‐osmium bimetallic catalyst
Authors: Yoshino Koji , Kajiwara Yasushi , Takaishi Naotake , Inamoto Yoshiaki , Tsuji Jiro 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHydrogenation of carboxylic acids to alcohols at low temperature and under low pressure was achieved by using a new catalyst system, a rhenium‐osmium bimetallic catalyst. The most active catalyst was prepared by the reductionof the corresponding metal oxides with hydrogen in the presence of succinic acid. Decanoic acid was hydrogenated to decanol in high conversions at 25∼100 atm and 100∼120°C. Decane was formed as a by‐product by overreduction of the alcohol. The selectivity of alcohol was improved by the addition of thiophene as a modifier of the catalyst.
Improved method for quantitating and obtaining the unsaponifiable matter of fats and oils
Authors: Schwartz Daniel P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA quantitative method for saponifying and isolating the unsaponifiable matter (UM) from fats and oils is detailed. The method, which is a modification of a previously described procedure, is faster, uses about half the solvent, and is easier to execute. The minimum time needed to completely saponify a large number of fats and oils is established and conditions for removing contaminating soap from the extracted UM are described. Evidence presented shows some fats and oils to be incompletely saponified using previously indicated time‐temperature conditions. The method compares favorably with the AOAC method, but is not applicable to the analysis of marine oils.
Analysis of total oil in soybeans: A new equilibrium extraction method and the effect of particle size
Authors: Snyder H. E. , Sheu G. , Brown H. G. , Clark P. , Wiese K. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA new method of total oil analysis is proposed in which the solvent was equilibrated with dissolved oil inside and outside of soybean particles rather than exhaustively removing all oil. By filtering, evaporating, weighing and multiplying by a factor (based on total miscella volume/sample volume) a satisfactory analysis could be done. Particle size was found to have a profound effect on amounts of oil in soybeans extracted by a conventional procedure. Sieving ground, dehulled soybeans into three particle sizes gave 15.3, 21.9 and 24.8% oil for >40 mesh, 40–100 mesh and <100 mesh, respectively, and 23.1% oil for the unsieved sample. Evidence is presented to support the idea that the amount of oil found in the smallest particle size was the true oil content of the soybeans analyzed. Using the equilibrium method to analyze the <100 mesh particles led to a rapid and economical analysis procedure. A comparison of the equilibrium and exhaustive extraction methods showed the exhaustive extraction gave a consistently larger oil content but less than 1% larger. The difference could be attributed to phospholipid.
Colorimetric determination of total tocopherols in palm oil, olein and stearin
Authors: Wong M. L. , Timms R. E. , Goh E. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBy using a preliminary heat‐bleach at 250 C the Emmerie‐Engel method has been adapted for the determination of total tocopherols (including tocotrienols) in crude as well as refined palm oil, olein and stearin. Total tocopherol contents found were: Crude palm oil, 794 ppm (n=10); RBD palm oil, 563 ppm (n=13); RBD palm olein, 643 ppm (n=40); RBD palm stearin, 261 ppm (n=19), where n is the number of samples analyzed. During the detergent fractionation no tocopherols were lost, but the tocopherols were concentrated in the olein fraction.The fate of the tocopherols during degumming, bleaching and steam refining/deodorizing of Crude palm olein containing 978 ppm total tocopherol was studied. Over the whole refining process only 8% of the tocopherols were lost, 62% of the original tocopherols were retained in the RBD palm olein, while the remaining 30% were concentrated in the fatty acid distillate which contained 7,040 ppm tocopherol.
Sucrose esters as model compounds for synthetic glycolipid surfactants
Authors: Donnelly M. J. , Bu'Lock J. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSome chemical and surfactant characterizations have been carried out on a range of sucrose esters varying in composition from predominantly monoto diester. These compounds are proposed as simple models for more complex glycolipids (cord‐factor analogues) which are representative of biosurfactants. The latter have potential application in enhanced oil recovery arising from their excellent surfactant properties.
The kinetics of the hydrogenation of triglycerides
Authors: Swicklik L. J. , Hollingsworth C. A. , Daubert B. F. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryHighly purified oleic acid was prepared from virgin grade olive oil and converted into a highly purified synthetic triolein by a direct esterification procedure. The triolein was hydrogenated at varying temperatures and pressures in the presence of nickel and a number of samples were withdrawn for analysis at carefully noted time‐intervals.The kinetics of the catalytic hydrogenation of triolein was analyzed. A mechanism was proposed for the course of the reaction involving three chemical species and the rate laws governing this mechanism were developed. The mechanism proposed along with the postulation that the effectiveness of the catalyst, as expressed by the terma, increases as the reaction proceeds was in theory sufficient to explain the experimental data. The reaction was first‐order at a temperature of 125°C.; however at higher temperatures the reaction was found to be somewhat more complex. The kinetic study substantiated the existence of an equilibrium betweencis andtrans isomers over part of the reaction.
The infrared spectra of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides
Authors: O'Connor Robert T. , DuPre Elsie F. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe infrared spectra from 2 to 12 microns of chloroform (solutions of several glycerides have been measured and studied with a view to possible analytical applications. These spectra are presented, and conclusions which can be obtained from their examination are reported in this paper.The principal bands, common to the spectra of all glycerides, have been tabulated with correlations of the vibrating groups which give rise to them. The analytical significance of the infrared spectra is considered in detail for three specific regions: a) the O−H stretching vibration region, about 3.0 microus; b) the C−O stretching vibration region, about 9.0 microns; and c) the 10.0‐micron region of C−H bending, about the C=C group.Analyses of these regions of the spectra indicate that infrared absorption can be used to detect and to determine mono‐, di, and triglycerides in admixtures and that the method for the determination of transisomers can, with modifications, be extended to include analysis of triglycerides.
Preparation of geometrical isomers of linolenic acid
Authors: Grandgirard A. , Julliard F. , Prevost J. , Sebedio J. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo methods were developed to prepare important quantities of 18:3Δ9,12,15 geometrical isomers. The first method was based on the isolation of 18:3Δ9c,12c,15c from a linseed oil by a combination of urea inclusion and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The isolated 18:3 was isomerized using nitrous acid.The second method was based on the isolation of 18:3Δ9,12,15 geometrical isomers which usually are formed during the heat treatment of vegetable oils. For that purpose a linseed oil was heated at 275 C for 12 hr under nitrogen. The geometrical isomers were isolated using a combination of column chromatography on silicic acid, urea inclusion and preparative HPLC.
Studies on monoene fatty acid isomers in hydrogenated fish oils
Authors: Lambertsen Georg , Myklestad Hakon , Braekkan Olaf R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn analytical study of the geometrical and positional isomerisation of the monoenoic acids of partially hydrogenated fish oil is presented. The results showed that the monoene fatty acids of chain lengths 16, 18, 20 and 22 consisted of 75% in thetrans‐form and 25% in thecis‐form. The double bonds were distributed symmetrically over the chain length, with well defined maxima in position Δ‐9 for the fatty acids of chain length 16 and 18, and in position Δ‐11 for the fatty acids of chain length 20 and 22.Trans‐ andcis‐isomers showed the same positional distribution. Geometric as well as positional isomerization seemed to have reached an equilibrium state in the sample investigated.
Production and use of oilseed proteins
Authors: Reiners R. A. , Dimler R. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe worldwide production of the major oilseeds is reviewed, along with indications of their importance as protein sources either directly in human foods or indirectly for animal feeds. In general, direct food use is limited but could be expanded to help meet world protein needs. Problems to be solved relative to increased food use include protein source, processing, distribution and consumption, including cost and acceptance. The successes achieved by soybeans in the food field demonstrate some of the potentials for the oilseeds.
High lysine corn—What lies ahead?
Authors: Frost H. C. , Robinson D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the worldwide impact, now and in the future, of the 1963 discovery by Purdue researchers that the protein of the opaque‐2 mutant contained more lysine and tryptophan than normal corn protein. Agricultural breeding, growing, harvesting, storage and distribution aspects are delineated and economics reviewed. Physical and chemical differences are discussed in relation to the foregoing aspects and implications concerning processing. Present and future roles of high lysine corn in human nutrition, particularly in lesser developed countries are discussed. Potential impact on the animal feeding industry is considered.
Fish protein concentrate: A new source of dietary protein
Authors: Stillings B. R. , Knobl G. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe concept of fish protein concentrate (FPC) is based on the more efficient use of our fishery resource by converting under‐utilized fish to acceptable products for human consumption. FPC is not a single product. It is rather a family of products produced by different processes. Each member in the family of products has different characteristics and can be used for different purposes. Although a variety of processes has been developed, most have been based on solvent extraction of whole fish to remove lipids and water. FPC produced by solvent extraction of fish of several different species contains between 75% and 95% protein, which is particularly high in quality. This type of product can be used in foods to improve markedly their nutritional quality without significantly changing their other characteristics. FPC produced by some solvent extraction methods, however, has limited functional properties. New processes are being developed which use enzymes, various solvents, or a combination of enzymes and solvents. Products from some of these processes have improved functional properties and these FPCs appear to be particularly promising for use in foods for their functional attributes. Several problems still remain to be solved and research is needed to determine how FPCs can be produced and utilized most efficiently and effectively. There is, however, a commercial industry emerging and indications are that FPCs will find a significant place in the market.
Open tubular columns for gas liquid chromatography: Cleaning and recoating procedures
Authors: Lowry Robert R. , Tinsley Ian J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProcedures have been developed that permit the routine reuse of open tubular columns for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters. Cleaning techniques are given that permit essentially endless recycling of the expensive capillary tubing with nearly 100% success in obtaining excellent columns upon recoating when using polyester liquid phases. Cost, including preparation of column, is equal to or less than the usual conventional packed column. These procedures make it both practical and economical to take advantage of the improved resolution and the reduced time for an analysis obtained with the open tubular column.
Study on relationship between oil, protein, and gossypol in cottonseed kernels
Authors: Pandey S. N. , Thejappa N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudy on interrelationship between oil, protein, and free gossypol in cottonseed kernels of 97 varieties is reported. Relationship between these properties was studied for each botanical species separately, as well as for all the varieties together. Protein and oil were negatively correlated. The correlation coefficients (γ) were significant at the 1% level in the case ofGossypium arboreum, Gossypium hirsutum, andGossypium barbandense, as well as for all the varieties combined. In the case ofGossypium herbaceum varieties, γ was significant at 5% level. No correlation was found between oil and free gossypol. Protein and free gossypol were negatively correlated. The correlation coefficients were significant at the 1% level in the case ofG. hirsutum, G. barbadense, and all the varieties combined, while it was significant at 5% in the case ofG. herbaceum varieties.
Thermal properties of fats and oils. VII. Hydrogenated and unhydrogenated peanut oils
Authors: Ward T. L. , Singleton W. S. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

The heat contents of hydrogenated and unhydrogenated peanut oils have been measured over a temperature range within which the glycerides of the oils changed from a completely solid state to a completely liquid one.

The specific heats of the oils in both solid and liquid states have been determined, and the heats of fusion have been calculated to be 21.7 cals./g. and 24.7 cals./g. for unhydrogenated and hydrogenated peanut oils, respectively. Equations were developed for expressing the specific heats of these oils (Cp, cals./g.), in terms of temperature (degrees C.):

The relative amounts of solid and liquid glycerides in hydrogenated and unhydrogenated peanut oils at different temperatures over the melting ranges of the respective oils have been estimated from calorimetric data.

The relationship between the content of solid glycerides in hydrogenated peanut oil and consistency, as determined by micropenetrations, has been established.

From previous determination of the micropenetration of hydrogenated peanut oils and present data, the correlation between the content of solid glycerides and the iodine values of progressively hydrogenates peanut oils has been established. Within the plastic range it is estimated that the reduction of iodine value by 1 unit increases the content of solid glycerides of progressively hydrogenated peanut oil by approximately 2%.
Antioxidant activity of phenols as related to effects of substituent groups
Authors: Miller G. J. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAntioxidant activity in lard was exhibited by all phenols which had electron‐repelling groups in the 2 and 6 positions. No activity was shown by those which had electron‐attracting groups in these positions.The mechanism of antioxidant action of alkyl phenols in lard does not appear to differ from that of di‐ or polyphenols. A free phenolic group was shown to be essential, and spectral absorption studies after autoxidation did not reveal any evidence for a dimer of the alkyl phenol. The dimer, stilbene quinone, reported isolated from oxidized petroleum oil, disappeared quite rapidly when added to oxidizing lard.
Composition of Zelkova seed oil
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySeeds of the treeZelkova serrata, familyUlmaceae, were found to contain 21.7% of glyceride oil having icdine value 12.9, saponification value 292, and glycerol yield 13.6%. The oil was converted to methyl esters and examined by gas chromatography, followed by fractional distillation of the esters and identification of the individual acids. The percentage composition of the acids is estimated as follows: caprylic 8, capric 73, lauric 3, myristic 1, palmitic 2, stearic 1, oleic 3, linoleic 3, undetermined 6. The content of capric acid is higher than has been found in any natural oil or fat. Comparing it with other genera ofUlmaceae, the oil ofZelkova is seen to resemble closely that ofUlmus sp. but to be quite different from the oils ofCeltis andTrema.
Glyceride structure of vegetable oils by countercurrent distribution. III. Safflower oil
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySafflower oil was fractionated in a 200‐tube countercurrent distribution apparatus, and the oil was also fractionated after interesterification with C14‐labelled palmitic acid. The glyceride composition of the interesterified oil was similar to that of the natural oil. The glycerides were separated on the basis of both unsaturation and chain length of the constituent fatty acids, and the palmitoglycerides had only slightly higher partition coefficients than the oleoglycerides. The amounts of trilinolein, oleodilinolein, and palmitodilinolein found were similar to those calculated for a random distribution. Distribution of a mixture of safflower oil and olive oil showed that no mixing or randomization of triglycerides occurred during countercurrent distribution. It is concluded that fatty acids in safflower triglycerides are distributed in an essentially random pattern.
The effect of diet on the fatty acid composition of several species of fresh water fish
Authors: Kelly Peter B. , Reiser Raymond , Hood Donald W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFour kinds of fresh water fish were captured in the young stage, maintained on a low‐fat diet for about two months, and either continued on that diet or transferred to test diets containing 10% cottonseed or menhaden oil for about five weeks. The fish were then sacrificed, and their total body fatty acids were examined for relative amounts of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 double bonds. It was found that no significant change from the natural diet occurred in the fatty acids on the low‐fat or cottonseed oil diets while on the menhaden oil diet the fatty acid composition changed to resemble the composition of that oil.These changes differed from those of the marine mullet in that the body fat of the latter lost much of its naturally occurring polyunsaturated acids, when placed on the low‐fat regimen, and regained it on the menhaden oil diet.