bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability of Response Process and Response
Authors: Kuncel Ruth Boutin , Fiske Donald W. 
Published: March 2007

The process culminating in the response to an item in a personality inventory affects the value of that response's contribution to test score. Some response components are inappropriate from the examiner's viewpoint. Interrelationships were predicted among inappropriate components of response process, relative locations of subject and item on an underlying trait continuum, and instability of response. The recurrence of inappropriate processes on retest was also predicted. In group administration, subjects indicated whether, in responding to each item, they used any of six inappropriate components. All hypotheses were supported. Thus inappropriate components are a function of the subject as he interprets and reacts to the particular item and also are related to the instability of his response.
The Evaluation of Change: New Evidence
Authors: Corder-Bolz Charles R. 
Published: March 2007

A Monte Carlo study was conducted to evaluate six models commonly used to evaluate change. The results revealed specific problems with each. Analysis of covariance and analysis of variance of residualized gain scores appeared to substantially and consistently overestimate the change effects. Multiple factor analysis of variance models utilizing pretest and post-test scores yield invalidly low F ratios. The analysis of variance of difference scores and the multiple factor analysis of variance using repeated measures were the only models which adequately controlled for pre-treatment differences, however, they appeared to be robust only when the error level was 50% or more. These results indicated that one of the persistent flaws of models traditionally used to evaluate change is that the generated statistics are confounded with the amount of error variance in the data. With this insight, a modification of the analysis of variance model was developed. A second Monte Carlo study was conducted to further evaluate the traditionally used models and the modified models. The results confirmed the findings of the first study and suggested that the modified model may be an adequate model with which change phenomena can be evaluated.
The Effects of Unequal Covariances on the Tukey WSD Test
Authors: Renner Barbara Rochen , Ball Donald W. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of violating the assumption of homogeneity of covariance for the Tukey WSD test on the familywise rate of Type I error, when all other assumptions of the test were met. Determinations of the empirical significance level were made using computerized Monte Carlo simulations varying the number of treatment groups ( k = 3 and 5), sample size ( n = 5, 15, and 25), and degree of covariance heterogeneity (none, moderate, and high). For each of the resulting 18 combinations, 10,000 separate data sets were generated and analyzed at nominal α = .01 and .05 using the Tukey WSD procedure for all pairwise comparisons of means. For the conditions investigated in this study, degree of covariance heterogeneity showed a consistent effect on the empirical significance level. As the degree of covariance heterogeneity was increased, the empirical significance levels increased beyond the nominal levels. In general, different combinations of sample size and number of treatments produced no consistent effect on the empirical significance level.
The Extension of a Superposition Principle to Wave Propagation in Nonhomogeneous Elastic Media
Authors: Sun C.T. , Valanis K.C. , Sierakowski R.L. 
Published: March 2007

In this paper a superposition principle is extended to examine the wave propagation problem in composite materials, which can be phenomenologically characterized as being nonhomogeneous- isotropic. The method is particularly useful for the analysis of stresses and displacements in such media with finite geometrical bounds. The existence of a superposition principle is first established and the resolution of the wave propagation problem in nonhomogeneous media into the solution of a static and dynamic eigen-value problem demonstrated. Finally, for purposes of illustration, a one-dimensional problem is solved and data are presented.
Slowly Propagating Cracks Emanating from the Corners of Inclusions in Composite Materials
Authors: Theocaris P.S. , Prassianakis J.N. 
Published: March 2007

The problem of propagation of a crack from the corners of an orthogonal inclusion in a composite was considered in this paper by using a plane-stress bi-phase model. The specimen was made from an orthogonal metallic strip penetrating into an elastic orthogonal matrix made of plexiglas, and it was submitted to a uniform stress pulse applied at the extremity of the strip. The experimental method used in the tests was the optical method of transmitted caustics together with a high-speed camera arrangement. The successsive photographs taken during the propagation of the cracks con tained all the necessary quantities for evaluating the stress intensity factors KI and KII at the propagating-crack tips and the propagation velocities. This experimental arrangement has the advantage of creating slowly propagating cracks convenient for the study of dynamic phenomena in composites. The results of the tests were presented in diagrams and interesting conclusions for the behavior of slowly propagating cracks were derived.
Internal State Variable Approach for Predicting Stiffness Reductions in Fibrous Laminated Composites with Matrix Cracks
Authors: Lee Jong-Won , Allen D.H. , Harris C.E. 
Published: March 2007

A mathematical model utilizing the Internal State Variable (ISV) concept is proposed for predicting the upper bound of the reduced axial stiffnesses in cross-ply lami nates with matrix cracks. The axial crack opening displacement is explicitly expressed in terms of the observable axial strain and the undamaged material properties. A crack parameter representing the effect of matrix cracks on the observable axial Young's modulus is calculated for glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy material systems. The results of the present study show that the matrix crack opening displacement and conse quently the effective Young's modulus depends not on the crack length but on its ratio to the crack spacing. Comparisons of the present model with experimental data and other models in the litera ture show a good agreement, thus confirming direct applicability of the model to [0 p/90 r] s type laminates.
Reducing the Impact of Unemployment through Work-Sharing: Some Industrial Relations Considerations
Authors: Meltz Noah M. , Reid Frank 
Published: March 2007

The Canadian Government has introduced a work-sharing program in which lay offs are avoided by reducing the work week and using unemployment insurance funds to pay workers short-time compensation. Compared to the lay-off alternative, there appear to be economic benefits to work-sharing for both management and employees. Reaction to the scheme has been generally positive at the union local level and the firm level, but it has been negative at the national level of both labour and management. These divergent views can be explained mainly as a result of short-run versus long-run perspectives. Managers at the firm level see the immediate benefit of improved labour relations and the avoidance of the costs of hiring and training replacements for laid-off workers who do not respond when recalled. The national business leaders are more concerned with work incentive and efficiency aspects of work-sharing.
The Second Code
Authors: Macnaughton-Smith P. 
Published: March 2007

Most researchers regard a crime or a delinquent act as being some specific thing done by some specific person, called the offender. But exactly what it is that he does that distinguishes him from the non-offender is difficult to observe or define precisely. So this paper starts from the simpler position that certain people are reported to the police, charged, tried, sen tenced, and punished and others are not; and the law under which we actually live is simply those sets of circumstances of which accusation, trial, etc., are likely consequences. This is the law that society makes by its actions and not just by its paper enactments. We call this empirical law the "second code"; knowledge of it is more basic to criminology than are legal categories or sociological or psychological theories of behavior defined by some researcher or some law-maker as deviant or anti-social or criminal. The process of accusation, trial, etc., is seen as beginning with a complaint (either to or by the police). This interaction between an observer and the police is triggered off by another interaction between one or more offenders, victims and observers, and this larger interaction is our main focus of study. (Some of the roles in this interaction may be combined in one person, and not all the roles are defined until after the event.) The require ments of such a study are discussed; in particular, it should be approached from as simple a viewpoint as possible, aiming first at a natural history of these interactions rather than a theoretical model. Any such theoretical model is at present likely to be inappropriate since the facts which it should explain are not themselves yet known in any detail.
Differential Selection of Juveniles for Detention
Authors: Pawlak Edward J. 
Published: March 2007

This study examines detention practices of sixty-six county juvenile courts in one state during a three year period. Two kinds of analyses are reported. First, courts with and courts without a detention home are compared. Second, in courts with a detention home the effect of the juvenile's prior court contacts, offenses, sex, and race on detention are examined. Courts without a detention home detain juveniles with less frequency than courts with a detention home even though juveniles in both types of courts have the same characteristics. Variation among the courts in detention practices as a consequence of the availability of a detention home suggests that there may be needless detention of children. The number of prior court contacts of a juvenile increases the probability of detention. Overall, offenders who commit juvenile code violations are more frequently detained than juveniles who commit other offenses. White females are detained more frequently than any other group. While some findings point to discriminatory handling of non white juveniles, other findings suggest that nonwhites are not always treated more harshly than whites. The study of the careers of juveniles as they are processed through the court enables us to evaluate social control agencies and to make them responsive to the people they serve.
Modeling Crime Trends: a Criminal Opportunity Perspective
Authors: Cohen Lawrence E. 
Published: March 2007

A macrodynamic social indicator framework is used to demonstrate how accurate crime rate forecasts can be produced. Trends in reported robbery, burglary, larceny, and auto theft rates for the United States are modeled, using annual data for the years 1947-72. The poverty ratio and unemployment rate, two variables considered important predictors of crime in the traditional criminological literature, fail to account for the index crime trends in this analysis. A "criminal opportunity perspective" is used to formulate several substantively meaningful "social produc tion functions" for the above crime rate trends, showing how relatively moderate social changes can generate rather dramatic increments in the crime rate. For example, I consider how the participation of women in the labor force, the incidence of persons living alone, and the presence of lightweight durable goods provide offenders with opportunities favorable for carrying out the above illegal acts. Stochastic equations estimating these production functions indicate that the null hypothesis of no autocorrelation of disturbances is consistently accepted. Ex post forecasts of 1973-75 reported crime rates used to gauge the accuracy of the models usually err within a few percentage points. The data presented here indicate the efficacy of including criminal opportunity factors in crime rate forecasting designed to supply policy makers with technical information relevant to organizational goal criteria.
The Effects of Feedback on Students' Composition Revisions
Authors: Chaudron Craig 
Published: March 2007

In teaching writing to second language learners, the use of peer evaluations as stimuli for revision, instead of the more traditional normative teacher evaluation, constitutes an attempt to provide the learner with feedback at his/her stage of development. Whether or not one of these evaluation methods is superior in promoting revi sion has not been determined objectively. This study compares differences in English as a second language learners' improvement in revision of their compositions depending on the method of evaluation, whether teacher comments, or peer evaluations. The measure of improvement used is the ESL Composi tion Profile (Jacobs, et al. 1981). Several factors are considered, including the level of learner (intermediate or advanced) and the degree of interest expressed by the learners in receiving evaluation of one type or the other. The method of providing peer reformulation is also compared briefly with teacher and peer evaluation. It was found that neither teacher nor peer feedback was superior in promoting improve ment on revision, although the results are limited because they are based on a small group of students. 1
Classroom Interaction and Teacher Questions Revisited
Authors: Wu Kam-yin 
Published: March 2007

As questioning is an important method of teaching, it has received much research attention for many years. However, the studies that have been conducted have so far not exhausted this area of investigation. The present study aims to investigate the relationships among these four variables in the ESL classroom in Hong Kong: (1) question types, (2) questioning strategies, (3) student attitudes, and (4) patterns of interaction. The questions of four ESL teachers in Hong Kong were analyzed. The findings indicate that the overwhelming number of responses generated by these questions are restricted rather than elaborate, irrespective of the types of question that elicited them. In addition, referential and open questions are less effective than display and closed questions in eliciting responses from students. This study suggests that in Hong Kong, ESL students prefer to be modest rather than to show off by giving lengthy responses to teacher questions. In this situation, the use of appropriate questioning strategies, e.g. probing, deserves special attention if teachers want their students to produce longer and syntactically more complex answers.
Sociologie religieuse et recherche socio-ecclésiastique au cours de la période 1962-1964
Authors: Schreuder O. 
Published: March 2007

This trend report is based on an analysis of articles and reviews contain ed in 13 representative sociological journals (approximately 800 titles). General conclusions: the U.S.A. has the undisputed leadership in research, followed by France and the Netherlands. There tends to be a differentia tion and specialisation in studies; generally speaking as much attention is paid to the interior structure of the religious institutions as to the latter's relationships with other social institutions and groups. In the U.S.A. more attention is paid to external relations and they carry out work which relatively is closer to 'real' sociology of religion; in Europe, more emphasis is laid on examining the internal structures and hence more 'social-ecclesiastical' research is carried out. An extensive review of the available literature shows the following items which are worthy of attention: the very interesting discussion of the basic theories behind the sociology of religion and of the socially dif ferentiating effects of membership of a Church in the U.S.A.; the change of emphasis from the question of recruitment to the priesthood to that of the position and role of the clergy at the present time; the two current lines in the sociology of ecclesiastical communities; and some very good studies concerning mixed marriages and the relationship between Church bodies and social stratification in the U.S.A.; the religions of minority groups, jews and negroes; and questions of interecclesiastical tensions and prejudice. Sections where work still needs to be done include: the sociology of the ecclesiastical sytem of education and instruction, the liturgy, and the hierarchy. Moreover interconfessional relations, the relationship of denominations to social institutions — instruction and education, political structures, mass-communication — should receive more attention. The review ends with a division of the historico-sociological studies according to theme, and the formulation of some general proposals.
Adolescent interaction in an anglican church
Authors: Martin Bernice 
Published: March 2007

L'étude, qui est à la fois autobiographique et à base d'observation par participation, porte sur les processus d'interaction dans un groupe in formel, mais stable, d'adolescents au sein de l'église anglicaine au Lan cashire dans les années 1950. Le facteur-clé pour la compréhension des mécanismes et fonctions du groupe consiste dans son mode de recrutement dans un milieu social populaire, toutefois caractérisé par une tendance à l'ascension sociale via le système d'éducation. La participation de ses membres dans les activités d'une confession jouissant, d'un prestige social élevé conduit ceux-ci à un type de socialisation largement marqué par un système de normes et de comportements propres aux classes moyennes. Toutefois, les membres de ce groupe étaient l'objet d'exigences et d'identifications sociales aussi essentielles que contradictoires de la part de l'église, de la famille, du système scolaire et de leurs groupes d'amis. Si bien qu'il en résultait des comportements ambivalents à l'égard de pratique reli gieuse et de croyance, des aspirations intellectuelles, des classes moyennes et des rôles féminins et masculins. L'article tend à montrer l'impact de tels facteurs sur le taux élevé d'absentéisme religieux des sujets arrivés à l'âge adulte et une fois le groupe initial disparu. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, un essai théorique conduit à élaborer une grille à base d'éléments structurels permettant l'étude comparative de tels petits groupes. Elle repose sur une triple classification a) par type de localités, b) par type d'institutions et c) par type de groupes.
L'organisation sociale de I'Eglise évangélique du Wurtemberg
Authors: Bormann G. 
Published: March 2007

The present article is based on a survey which analyzes the central organizational fields of the W urtemberg Landeskirche applying specific sociological categories and methods for group studies. This survey will lead to an analysis of the role of the Evangelical minister: the image the Evangelical minister has of his work, and its reality. The present article intends to reply to the question of the adequacy of ecclesiastical organi zations in relation to their aims and their environment. The result could be summarized as follow: the Church, in all the elements here investigated (parish system, ministerial functions, personal interactions, communications and direction), in its organizational prin ciple corresponds indeed to the basic pastoral model, but it has lost the decisive Lutheran characteristic of the dialectic coordination of office and community. The existing organization is incapable of realizing the fundamental aims of preaching and of forming the community. The degree of the Church's adaptation to its environment is insignificant. The 'organizational lag' is evident. One possible explanation for this phenomenon could be the 'rigidity' proper to all social organizations. Yet a normative group cannot admit openly that the desired aims do not affect the organization. The explana tion for the lag lies not so much in the 'rigidity' and immobility of the ecclesiastical organization itself than, paradoxically, in the 'dynamic' theory of the Church. The hardening of the different levels of a given social group can perfectly coexist with a collective conscience nourished by dynamic and even revolutionary ideas. The ideas which ought to determine the direction of the collective groups, in spite of their 'splendid enthusiasm', are unable to change the structure, symbols, positions, behaviours and the organizations, embedded as they are in the whole system which is ideal, and at the same time stagnant. They have lost their transforming power. The theory, reduced to its function of legitimizing the existing organization, is merely the reflection of the imperfect organization.
Sunday mass attendance as a cultural institution
Authors: Servais E. , Bonmariage J. 
Published: March 2007

Cherchant & dépasser l'approche de l'appartenance religieuse à partir des variables de sitruation, nous adoptons ici une perspective culturelle. Les données empiriques dont nous disposions nous ont permis, croyons-nous, de mettre en lumière l'intérêt de cette approche et, dans une étape ulté rieure de la démarche, d'en dégager quelques apports possibles, sans nier toutefois qu'elle pose un certain nombre de problèmes quant aux mé thodes de collecte et de traitement des données. Les observations réalisées à Louvain sur l'échantillon de 903 étudiants nous ont d'abord conduits à fonder l'hypothèse d'éléments culturels propres aux pratiquants. A propos d'un certain nombre d'éléments de l'univers culturel, on peut, en effet, observer une dichotomie significative entre pratiquants et non pratiquants, que ceux-ci soient belges ou étrangers. Au moyen d'une analyse de corrélation, nons avons ensuite identifié un certain nombre de contenus mentaux collectifs lies à la pratique. Cette identification fournit un matériel susceptible de renouveler les hypothèses portant sur l'appartenance religieuse. Tontefois, la formulation précise de celles-ci passe par la découverte d'une organisation — unique ou multiple — des éléments culturels liés à la pratique. Cette découverte semble requérir un traitement des donnoés en termes d'interrelations ou de covariation plutôt qu'en termes de variables dépendantes 'expliquées' par des variables indépendantes. De plus, la rigueur des hypothèses que fournirait une telle analyse dé pend en partie, croyons-nous, d'un perfectionnement des méthodes d'ob servation en sociologie. Le niveau de l'expression verbale d'une adhésion intellectuelle n'est pas, en effet, le seul qui intéresse la sociologie.
A Protestant Ethic Scale
Authors: Hassan Riaz 
Published: March 2007

Cet article rend compte d'une étude dont l'objectif était de mettre au point un instrument de mesure de l'intériorisation de l'éthique protestante. L'échelle constituée à cette fin a été ap pelée « Echelle de l'éthique protestante ». Elle consiste en 47 items et mesure l'intériorisation des 6 « dimensions centrales » mises en évidence par Ch.T. Jonassen. Ces dimensions sont les suivantes : 1) attitude rationnelle et scientifique en face de la nature et de l'expérience; 2) refus de la spontanéité; 3) mé thode et discipline dans le mode de vie ; 4) conception du travail comme vocation et rationalité dans l'accomplissement du devoir ; 5) primat de la responsabilité personnelle ; 6) ascétisme intra-mondain et attitude rationnelle devant Dieu. Pour vérifier et mesurer la relation entre ces 6 dimensions, l'auteur a réalisé une anayse factorielle qui a permis de mettre en évidence 4 ou 5 facteurs. La disparition des autres est peut être due à l'insuffisance du nombre d'items dans l'échelle. On constate que la plupart des dimensions sont en liaison significative. Sur la base de cette analyse statistique et de son application à une étude empirique, il semble que l'instrument ainsi constitué puisse permettre de mesurer l'intériorisation sociale de l'éthique protestante.