bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional analysis of the ligamentous attachments of the second through fifth carpometacarpal joints
Authors: Nanno Mitsuhiko , Buford William L. , Patterson Rita M. , Andersen Clark R. , Viegas Steven F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to clarify, measure, and show the anatomic locations and areas of specific ligamentous attachments and paths of the second through fifth carpometacarpal (CMC) joints on a three‐dimensional (3D) surface model. Ten fresh‐frozen cadaver wrists were used to dissect and identify the second through fifth CMC ligaments. Their ligamentous attachments and whole bone surfaces were digitized three‐dimensionally and their areas calculated. The attachments of each ligament were represented in a model combining CT surfaces overlaid by a digitized 3D surface, and were also visually demonstrated with a specific color on 3D images of the bones. Nine dorsal and 11 palmar CMC ligaments and one CMC interosseous ligament were identified in the second through fifth CMC joints. An intra‐articular ligament between the third metacarpal (MC), the fourth MC, capitate, and hamate was also identified. Five dorsal and five palmar intermetacarpal ligaments and three intermetacarpal interosseous ligaments were also identified in the second through fifth intermetacarpal joints. A previously undescribed palmar intermetacarpal ligament was located between the third, fourth, and fifth MC bases. The anatomic 3D attachment sites of the second through fifth CMC ligaments were visually depicted qualitatively, and their areas quantified. This 3D information will not only afford a better understanding of the anatomy and mechanics of the second through fifth CMC joints, but will also assist in the assessment of radiographic images and treatment of various injuries. Clin. Anat. 20:530–544, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The anatomy demonstrator of the future: An examination of the role of the medically‐qualified anatomy demonstrator in the context of tomorrow's doctors and modernizing medical careers
Authors: Lockwood A.M. , Roberts A.M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn 1993, the UK General Medical Council published Tomorrow's Doctors leading to a nationwide restructuring of undergraduate medical courses. Traditional courses with distinct pre‐clinical and clinical phases gave way to a more integrated approach to undergraduate medical education, with an emphasis on the quality and variety of teaching provided. More than a decade after Tomorrow's Doctors, postgraduate medical training is being transformed. Modernising Medical Careers is leading to the introduction of a two‐year Foundation Programme, with subsequent streamlined specialist training. In the context of these changes, we consider how the creation of posts for medically‐qualified anatomy demonstrators would present an opportunity to fulfil needs in both undergraduate education and postgraduate training. We outline the threats facing established posts, and how these problems may be resolved. We hope that this overview of the challenges facing undergraduate and postgraduate education in the UK, with particular reference to anatomy, may offer some useful insight to teachers and learners in other countries. We conclude that the role of the medically‐qualified anatomy demonstrator has proved valuable in the context of Tomorrow's Doctors, and that this role can evolve and expand as part of the 21st century “modern medical career.” Clin. Anat. 20:455–459, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Genetically Encoded Pore for the Stochastic Detection of a Protein Kinase
Authors: Cheley Stephen , Xie Hongzhi , Bayley Hagan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStochastic sensing is an emerging approach for the detection of a wide variety of analytes at the level of individual molecules. Detection is accomplished by observing the modulation of the current that flows through a single protein pore that has been engineered to bind an analyte of interest. Previously, protein analytes have been detected by using pores to which ligands have been appended at specific sites by targeted chemical modification. Here, we report the first genetically encoded stochastic sensor element for detecting a protein. A protein kinase inhibitor peptide sequence was incorporated into the α‐hemolysin polypeptide, which was used to form a heteroheptameric pore containing a single copy of the inhibitor sequence. With this pore, the successful detection of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A was demonstrated. This development should greatly facilitate the detection of active kinase subunits by stochastic sensing and the rapid screening of kinase inhibitors by an approach that yields kinetic information.
Phosphorus‐Bearing Axially Chiral Biaryls by Catalytic Asymmetric Cross‐Cyclotrimerization and a First Application in Asymmetric Hydrosilylation
Authors: Heller Barbara , Gutnov Andrey , Fischer Christine , Drexler Hans‐Joachim , Spannenberg Anke , Redkin Dmitry , Sundermann Corinna , Sundermann Bernd 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA novel and efficient, two‐step route to axially chiral biaryls is demonstrated. In a direct asymmetric cross‐cyclotrimerization in the presence of a chiral cobalt(I) catalyst, axially chiral biaryls bearing phosphoryl moieties have been prepared, and through indirect evidence the authors have been able to clarify the origin of the stereochemical induction and the nature of the central intermediate in the catalytic cycle. By subsequent reduction of the phosphoryl moiety to the corresponding phosphine, a very efficient and atom‐economical approach to chiral systems has been developed. These chiral systems clearly have great potential use as axially chiral monodentate P‐ or bidentate P,O‐ligands, as has been demonstrated by the employment of the novel NAPHEP as a new monodentate acting ligand in an asymmetric hydrosilylation reaction.
Sterilisation von Abfüllmaschinen: Standardisierung von Bioindikatoren, Untersuchungsmethoden und Validierungsverfahren
Authors: Muranyi P. , Wunderlich J. , Dobosz M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Bewertung der Entkeimungsleistung keimarm oder steril arbeitender Abfüllanlagen im Lebensmittel‐ und Pharmabereich erfolgt praktisch durch mikrobiologische Validierungsverfahren. Grundlage bei der Validierung sind Bioindikatoren mit ausgewählten Testkeimen, deren Resistenzen je nach Anzucht variieren und maßgeblich die Abtötungseffizienz beeinflussen können. Für eine reelle Aussage über das Wirkungsspektrum von Entkeimungsvorrichtungen sind deshalb definierte Resistenzen der Testkeime unerlässlich, die im Rahmen standardisierter Untersuchungsmethoden eingesetzt werden. In Abhängigkeit der verwendeten Testmethodik sind dabei neben der erreichbaren Keimreduktion auch Aussagen über die Praxistauglichkeit und den Hygienestatus des gesamten Abfüllprozesses möglich.
Unter Druck gelöste Gase als Zerstörpotenzial für Mikroorganismen: Ein alternatives Verfahren zur Haltbarmachung von Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Klingner E. , Harting P. , Steiger H.‐J. , Wecks M. , Bönsch K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Inaktivierung von Mikroorganismen ist ein unumgänglicher Schritt bei der Konservierung von Lebensmitteln. In einem neuartigen Verfahren wird unter Druck gelöstes Gas bei der nachfolgenden Entspannung zur Inaktivierung von mikrobiellen Kontaminanten genutzt. Der Prozess läuft in einem moderaten Druckbereich bis ca. 50 MPa ab und kann sowohl chargenweise als auch kontinuierlich geführt werden.
Model‐based analysis of excitatory lateral connections in the visual cortex
Authors: Buzás Péter , Kovács Krisztina , Ferecskó Alex S. , Budd Julian M.L. , Eysel Ulf T. , Kisvárday Zoltán F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExcitatory lateral connections within the primary visual cortex are thought to link neurons with similar receptive field properties. Here we studied whether this rule can predict the distribution of excitatory connections in relation to cortical location and orientation preference in the cat visual cortex. To this end, we obtained orientation maps of areas 17 or 18 using optical imaging and injected anatomical tracers into these regions. The distribution of labeled axonal boutons originating from large populations of excitatory neurons was then analyzed and compared with that of individual pyramidal or spiny stellate cells. We demonstrate that the connection patterns of populations of nearby neurons can be reasonably predicted by Gaussian and von Mises distributions as a function of cortical location and orientation, respectively. The connections were best described by superposition of two components: a spatially extended, orientation‐specific and a local, orientation‐invariant component. We then fitted the same model to the connections of single cells. The composite pattern of nine excitatory neurons (obtained from seven different animals) was consistent with the assumptions of the model. However, model fits to single cell axonal connections were often poorer and their estimated spatial and orientation tuning functions were highly variable. We conclude that the intrinsic excitatory network is biased to similar cortical locations and orientations but it is composed of neurons showing significant deviations from the population connectivity rule. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:861–881, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axon behavior in the olfactory nerve reflects the involvement of catenin–cadherin mediated adhesion
Authors: Akins Michael R. , Greer Charles A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to the olfactory bulb (OB) is a complex but well‐regulated process. Although odorant receptor proteins, and other molecules, are implicated in this process, our understanding remains incomplete. We demonstrate that axons remain restricted to the outer olfactory nerve layer (ONLo) until they are proximal to their target glomeruli, where they enter the inner ONL (ONLi), dividing the ONL into extension and sorting zones. Sorting is likely contingent on cell:cell interactions mediated in part by cell adhesion molecules. The cadherins are a large family of adhesion molecules whose function is contingent on their intracellular binding partners, the catenins, which in turn link to the cytoskeleton. We previously demonstrated that the organization of the cytoskeleton changed as olfactory sensory neuron axons moved from the ONLo to the ONLi. To further assess the role of cadherin mediated adhesion in the developing mouse ONL, we localized α‐, β‐, γ‐, δ‐, and p120‐catenins as well as neural cadherin (N‐cadherin; CDH2) in the OB. α‐ and β‐catenins are found throughout the OB and are uniform throughout the ONL. In contrast, γ‐catenin and CDH2 are expressed predominantly in the ONLo during perinatal development, but are uniform across the ONL beginning at P7 and into adulthood. Finally, p120‐ and δ‐catenins are expressed in nonoverlapping patterns by olfactory axons and OB neuronal dendrites, respectively. We conclude that γ‐catenin‐mediated CDH2 adhesion may influence OSN targeting by restricting axons to the ONLo until they reach the appropriate domain of the OB. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:979–989, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen and estrogen receptor‐β distribution within spinal‐projecting and neurosecretory neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the male rat
Authors: Bingham Brenda , Williamson Martin , Viau Victor 
Published: October 2006

AbstractActivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is initiated by neurosecretory neurons residing within the medial parvicellular part of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Despite the potency by which sex steroids operate on HPA and medial parvocellular responses to stress, previous topographic and phenotypic studies suggest that gonadal steroid hormone receptors are scarcely, if at all, expressed by PVN neurons controlling anterior pituitary corticotropes. Guided by the pattern of retrograde accumulation of fluorogold, we used a direct connectional approach to define the distribution of androgen receptors (AR) and estrogen‐beta receptors (ER‐β) within populations of neurosecretory vs. nonneurosecretory neurons in the PVN. Juxtaposition of AR‐immunoreactivity (ir) and ER‐β mRNA to the pattern of intravenous fluorogold labeling showed these steroid hormone receptors to be concentrated within portions of the PVN devoid of neurosecretory neurons. Superimposing receptor profiles onto the pattern of spinal retrograde labeling confirmed a selective distribution of AR‐ir within autonomic‐related cells of the medial parvocellular division, including its dorsal, lateral, and ventral medial components. ER‐β mRNA expression was likewise concentrated within regions accumulating spinal tracer, highest within the ventral aspect of the PVN. These results indicate a direct influence of gonadal hormones on preautonomic effector neurons and remain in keeping with an indirect influence of androgens on adrenocorticotropin‐regulating neurons in the PVN. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:911–923, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogeny of hippocampal corticosteroid receptors: Effects of antenatal glucocorticoids in human and mouse
Authors: Noorlander C.W. , De Graan P.N.E. , Middeldorp J. , Van Beers J.J.B.C. , Visser G.H.A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWomen at risk for preterm delivery are treated with synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) to enhance fetal lung maturation. GCs can bind to two intracellular receptors, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which function as transcription factors. Both are highly expressed in the hippocampus. Several studies have focused on adverse side effects of antenatal GC treatment. However, relatively little is known about the ontogeny of GR and MR, especially in human. Therefore, we studied the ontogeny of both receptors in the human and mouse hippocampus and investigated the effects of antenatal dexamethasone (dex) treatment, a synthetic glucocorticoid, on MR and GR mRNA levels during hippocampal development. The results demonstrate that MR mRNA was first expressed in mouse hippocampus at embryonic day (E)15.5, at the timepoint when dex was administered. In contrast, GR mRNA expression was first observed after birth at postnatal day (P)5. However, in the human hippocampus both receptors are expressed at 24 weeks of gestation, when antenatal GCs are administered in clinical practice. Quantitative in situ hybridization demonstrated that MR mRNA levels were reduced only shortly after dex treatment at E16, but were unaffected from E18 onwards. These findings indicate that a single antenatal dex administration at E15.5 transiently affects MR mRNA levels in the mouse hippocampus. No effect of antenatal dex treatment was found on the human hippocampus at the third trimester of pregnancy. These data on the prenatal ontogeny of both corticosteroid receptors in the human hippocampus is important for understanding the significance of fetal glucocorticoid or stress exposure and its potential effects on health and disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:924–932, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zac1 promotes a Müller glial cell fate and interferes with retinal ganglion cell differentiation in Xenopus retina
Authors: Ma Lin , Hocking Jennifer C. , Hehr Carrie L. , Schuurmans Carol , McFarlane Sarah 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe timing of cell cycle exit is tightly linked to cell fate specification in the developing retina. Accordingly, several tumor suppressor genes, which are key regulators of cell cycle exit in cancer cells, play critical roles in retinogenesis. Here we investigated the role of Zac1, a tumor suppressor gene encoding a zinc finger transcription factor, in retinal development. Strikingly, in gain‐of‐function assays in Xenopus, mouse Zac1 promotes proliferation and apoptosis at an intermediate stage of retinogenesis. Zac1 also influences cell fate decisions, preferentially promoting the differentiation of tumor‐like clusters of abnormal neuronal cells in the ganglion cell layer, as well as inducing the formation of supernumerary Müller glial cells at the expense of other cell types. Thus Zac1 has the capacity to influence cell cycle exit, and cell fate specification and differentiation decisions by retinal progenitors, suggesting that further functional studies will uncover new insights into how retinogenesis is regulated. Developmental Dynamics 236:192–202, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of Some New 22‐Membered Chalcogenoaza Macrocycles and Their CoII and NiII Complexes
Authors: Patel Upali , Singh Harkesh B. , Butcher Ray J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe [2+2] cyclocondensation of bis(o‐formylphenyl)chalcogenides (9, 10) with trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane affords novel macrocyclic ligands 11 and 12 in very good yields. Crystals of 11 are triclinic, space group P$\bar {1}$ with a = 11.4037(11), b = 11.8184(12), c = 14.6835(14) Å, Z = 4 and those of 12 are triclinic, space group P$\bar {1}$ with a = 11.2692(9), b = 12.8612(11), c = 15.2439(12) Å and Z = 2. Reduction of 11 with sodium borohydride affords macrocycle 13. The coordination chemistry of 11 has been studied with the “hard” metal ions NiII and CoII. Reaction of NiCl2·6H2O with one molar equivalent of 11 in refluxing methanol followed by addition of NH4PF6 affords NiII complex 14. The assignment of an octahedral geometry to 14 follows from its paramagnetism (μeff = 2.50 μB) and UV/Vis spectrum and was further confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The crystal structure of 14 consists of a distorted octahedral nickel center coordinated by two selenium and four nitrogen atoms. Complex 14: hexagonal, space group P61, a = 17.0747(16), b = 17.0747(16), c = 29.958(4) Å, Z = 6. CoII complexes 15 and 16 of selenaaza macrocycles were prepared by the reaction of Co(ClO4)2·6H2O with 11 and 3, respectively. Complex 16: monoclinic, space group C2, a = 17.160(2), b = 10.9660(14), c = 9.4941(12) Å, Z = 2. The cyclic voltammograms of 15 and 16 in MeCN solution show well‐behaved quasi‐reversible couples.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Novel 1,2‐Dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) Derivatives of Selenium
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , García Hernández Zureima , Kempe Rhett , Herberhold Max 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLithiation of 1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) (1) followed by insertion of selenium into both C–Li bonds leads to the 1,2‐diselenolato‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) dianion (3), which is converted by oxidative coupling into the cyclic eight‐membered bis(diselane) 4 with annellated carborane moieties. Oxidative addition of 4 to ethenebis(triphenylphosphane)platinum(0) gives the bis(triphenylphosphane)platinum(II) complex 7, which contains a chelating 1,2‐diselenolato‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane(12) ligand, by symmetric cleavage of the eight‐membered ring in 4 and displacement of ethene. The molecular structures of 4 and 7 were determined by X‐ray analysis. The solution‐state structures of the new compounds are supported by multinuclear NMR data (1H, 11B, 13C, 29Si, 31P, 77Se, 195Pt). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A Comparative Study of Chalcogenated Phosphanylborohydrides[EPR2BH3]– (R = Ph, tBu) and Triorganophosphane Chalcogenides EPPh2CH3 (E = O, S, Se, Te)
Authors: Dornhaus Franz , Bolte Michael , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Wagner Matthias 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChalcogenation of the phosphanylborohydrides K(PPh2BH3) and K(PtBu2BH3) with N2O, S8, Se∞, and Te∞ leads to the corresponding species K(EPR2BH3) in excellent yield (E = O–Te; R = Ph, tBu). The parent systems as well as all the chalcogen derivatives have been structurally characterised as their 18‐crown‐6 adducts by X‐ray crystallography. In the case of [K(18‐c‐6)][EPPh2BH3] the anionic ligand binds to the K+ ion through both its E atom and its BH3 substituent. Significantly larger K–B distances together with shorter K–E contacts are observed in the sterically more congested tert‐butyl derivatives [K(18‐c‐6)][EPtBu2BH3]. Based on a comparison of characteristic NMR parameters (e.g. 1JP,B, 1JP,C) of K(EPPh2BH3) and EPPh2CH3, we come to the conclusion that the formal replacement of CH3+ by BH3 leads to a significant increase in the p character of the E–P bond, which therefore indicates that [PPh2BH3]– is better suited to direct electron density towards an acceptor atom than its triorganophosphane congener PPh2CH3. In line with this interpretation, displacement experiments between K(PPh2BH3) and EPPh2CH3 (E = S–Te) resulted in the quantitative formation of K(EPPh2BH3) and PPh2CH3. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide)/hydroxyapatite composite scaffold with enhanced osteoconductivity
Authors: Kim Sang‐Soo , Ahn Kang‐Min , Park Min Sun , Lee Jong‐Ho , Choi Cha Yong , Kim Byung‐Soo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBiodegradable polymer/ceramic scaffolds can overcome the limitations of conventional ceramic bone substitutes. However, the conventional methods of polymer/ceramic scaffold fabrication often use organic solvents, which might be harmful to cells or tissues. Moreover, scaffolds fabricated with the conventional methods have limited ceramic exposure on the scaffold surface since the polymer solution envelopes the ceramic particles during the fabrication process. In this study, we developed a novel fabrication method for the efficient exposure of ceramic onto the scaffold surface, which would enhance the osteoconductivity and wettability of the scaffold. Poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)/nanohydroxyapatite (PLGA/HA) scaffolds were fabricated by the gas foaming and particulate leaching (GF/PL) method without the use of organic solvents. Selective staining of ceramic particles indicated that HA nanoparticles exposed to the scaffold surface were observed more abundantly in the GF/PL scaffold than in the conventional solvent casting and particulate leaching (SC/PL) scaffold. Both types of scaffolds were implanted to critical size defects in rat skulls for 8 weeks. The GF/PL scaffolds exhibited significantly enhanced bone regeneration when compared with the SC/PL scaffolds. Histological analyses and microcomputed tomography of the regenerated tissues showed that bone formation was more extensive on the GF/PL scaffolds than on the SC/PL scaffolds. Compared with the SC/PL scaffolds, the enhanced bone formation on the GF/PL scaffolds may result from the higher exposure of HA nanoparticles to the scaffold surface. These results show that the biodegradable polymer/ceramic composite scaffolds fabricated with the novel GF/PL method can enhance bone regeneration compared with those fabricated with the conventional SC/PL method. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007