bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fish‐eaters and farmers: Dental pathology in the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Littleton Judith , Frohlich Bruno 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwelve skeletal samples, previously published, from the Arabian Gulf have been used to trace differences in diet and subsistence patterns through an analysis of dental pathology. The skeletons date from 3,000 BC to AD 1,500 and cover a variety of geographical locations: off‐shore islands, Eastern Arabia, and Oman. The dental conditions analyzed are attrition, caries, calculus, abscessing, and antemortem tooth loss (AMTL). Results indicate four basic patterns of dental disease which, while not mutually exclusive, correspond to four basic subsistence patterns. Marine dependency, represented by the Ras el‐Hamra population, is indicated by severe attrition, low caries rates, wear‐caused abscessing, and a lack of AMTL. The second group of dental diseases—moderate attrition and calculus, low rates of caries, wearcaused abscessing, and low‐moderate rates of AMTL—affects populations subsisting on a mixture of pastoralism or fishing and agriculture (Failaka, Umm an‐Nar, Bronze Age Maysar, Bronze Age Shimal, and Iron Age Galilah). Mixed farming populations (Iron Age Maysar and Islamic Bahrain) experienced low‐moderate attrition, high rates of caries and calculus, abscessing due to caries, and severe AMTL. The final group of dental diseases affects populations practicing intensive gardening (Bronze and Iron Age Bahrain, and Sites 3 and 5, Ras al‐Khaimah). These groups experienced slight attrition, high rates of caries, low rates of calculus deposition, and severe AMTL. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ancient DNA from a pre‐Columbian Amerindian population
Authors: Stone Anne C. , Stoneking Mark 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAncient DNA was obtained from skeletal remains from the Norris Farms #36 cemetery, a pre‐Columbian archeological site in central Illinois that dates to A. D. 1300. Four mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers were analyzed that delineate the four primary mtDNA lineages found in contemporary Amerindian populations. mtDNA types were determined for 50 individuals; 49 belonged to one of these four lineages. One lineage occurred only in males, suggesting an immigration of maternally related males into this community. There was no significant spatial patterning of mtDNA lineages within the cemetery. This survey of ancient DNA variation in a preColumbian population supports the view that the initial colonization of the New World comprised just four primary mtDNA lineages. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum from three independent samples: Relative size of the corpus callosum
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. , Anderson Paul J. , Defendini Richard , Harper Clive 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree independent autopsy samples of brains without apparent neuropathology were studied to ascertain whether there was sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum (CC). Using planimetric measurements on midsagittal brain sections, several morphometric features of the CC were studied: total callosal area, maximum dorsoventral splenial width, the posterior one fifth of the total area of the CC (mostly splenium), and brain weight. Ratio data correcting for brain size were also studied. In all samples, absolute brain size was larger in males, and significantly so. Measurements of splenial dorsoventral width were higher in females than males, but not significantly, except in the Australian sample. Total callosal area was absolutely higher in the Australian female sample than in males, and almost equal in the two American samples, without statistically significant differences. The posterior one‐fifth area (splenium) was larger for females in each of the samples. The variables which were corrected for brain size were usually significantly larger in females, although this pattern varied in each sample. The statistical pattern of sexual dimorphism for the human CC differs from that found in most other neural structures, such as the amygdaloid nucleus, cerebellum, hippocampus, and thalamus. The absolute sizes of these structures are always significantly larger in males. When corrected for brain size, the relative sizes are not significantly larger. The CC is the only structure to show a larger set of relative measures in females. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Latitudinal and insular variation of skull size in crab‐eating macaques (Primates, Cercopithecidae: Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Fooden Jack , Albrecht Gene H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMacaca fascicularis is broadly distributed in Southeast Asia across 30° of latitude and 35° of longitude (Indochinese Peninsula, Isthmus of Kra, Malay Peninsula, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippine Islands, and numerous small, neighboring islands). The range is divisible into 1) a core area comprised of mainland Southeast Asia, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java (large land masses interconnected during the last glacial maximum, 18,000 B. P.); 2) shallow‐water fringing islands, which are smaller islands connected to the core area during the last glacial maximum; and 3) deep‐water fringing islands, which are peripheral islands not connected to the core area during the last glacial maximum. Skull length was used to study effects of latitude and insularity on patterns of size variation. The data are from 802 adult M. fascicularis specimens from 140 core‐area localities, 63 shallow‐water islands, and 29 deep‐water islands. Sex‐specific polynomial regressions of skull length on latitude were used to describe skull length variation in the core area. These regressions served as standards for evaluating variation among samples from shallow‐water and deep‐water islands. The core area exhibits Bergmannian latitudinal size clines through most of the species range. Thus, skull length decreases from about 8°S (Java) to the equator (Sumatra and Borneo), then increases as far north as about 13°N (Isthmus of Kra). Farther north, to the northernmost Indochinese localities at about 17°N, skull length in M. fascicularis decreases with increasing latitude, contrary to Bergmann's rule. Latitudinal size variation in shallow‐water fringing islands generally parallels that in the core area. However, skull length tends to be smaller than in the core area at similar latitudes. Deep‐water fringing islands are markedly more variable, with relatively small specimens in the Lesser Sunda Islands and relatively large specimens in the Nicobar Islands. These analyses illustrate how a primate species may vary in response to latitudinal temperature variation and to isolation. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cladistic analysis of molecular and morphological data
Authors: Mishler Brent D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractConsiderable progress has been made recently in phylogenetic reconstruction in a number of groups of organisms. This progress coincides with two major advances in systematics: new sources have been found for potentially informative characters (i. e., molecular data) and (more importantly) new approaches have been developed for extracting historical information from oldornew characters (i. e., Hennigian phylogenetic systematics or cladistics). The basic assumptions of cladistics (the existence and splitting of lineages marked by discrete, heritable, and independent characters, transformation of which occurs at a rate slower than divergence of lineages) are discussed and defended. Molecular characters are potentially greater in quantity than (and usually independent of) more traditional morphological characters, yet their great simplicity (i. e., fewer potential character states; problems with determining homology), and difficulty of sufficient sampling (particularly from fossils) can lead to special difficulties. Expectations of the phylogenetic behavior of different types of data are investigated from a theoretical standpoint, based primarily on variation in the central parameter λ (branch length in terms of expected number of character changes per segment of a tree), which also leads to possibilities for character and character state weighting. Also considered are prospects for representing diverse yet clearly monophyletic clades in larger‐scale cladistic analyses, e. g., the exemplar method vs. “compartmentalization” (a new approach involving substituting an inferred “archetype” for a large clade accepted as monophyletic based on previous analyses). It is concluded that parsimony is to be preferred for synthetic, “total evidence” analyses because it appears to be a robust method, is applicable to all types of data, and has an explicit and interpretable evolutionary basis. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of predation by chimpanzees on red colobus monkeys in gombe national park, 1982–1991
Authors: Stanford C. B. , Wallis J. , Matama H. , Goodall J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPredatory patterns in wild chimpanzees are important evidence in the continuing debate about the role of hunting in the behavior of early hominids. Data are presented on the predator–prey ecology of red colobus monkeys (Colobus badius tephrosceles) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, from 1982 through 1991. During this period chimpanzees were observed to kill 429 mammalian prey items, 350 of which were red colobus. Hunts were undertaken by chimpanzees in 71.5% of encounters with red colobus, and in 52.2% of all hunts at least one colobus was caught. Hunting occurred in all months, but its frequency peaked in the late dry season months of August and September, and was lowest in the rainy months of April and May. There was greater seasonality of hunting from 1982 to 1991 than previously reported for Gombe. Hunting success varied between 40% in the rainy season and 65% in the dry season. Sixty multiple kills of colobus were reported in which from two to seven colobus were killed. Approximately 75% of all colobus caught were immatures; juveniles were the most preyed upon age class.Adult and adolescent male chimpanzees made 89.3% of all kills; the 10.7% of kills made by adult females was an increase over the 4% figure for female kills reported in the preceding decade. Hunting showed a strong “binge” tendency, with the explanation for binges likely related to social rather than ecological factors. These results are discussed in light of earlier hunting data for Gombe chimpanzees, and compared with data from other chimpanzee field studies. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioarcheological and biocultural evidence for the New England vampire folk belief
Authors: Sledzik Paul S. , Bellantoni Nicholas 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFolk beliefs associated with death and disease can impact on the bioarcheological record. Unusual postmortem actions by humans and distinctive paleopathological evidence may be clues to these beliefs. This report presents bioarcheological and paleopathological evidence in support of a 19th century New England folk belief in vampires with a particular reference to a colonial period burial. The New England folk belief in vampires revolves around the ability of a deceased tuberculosis victim to return from the dead as a vampire and cause the “wasting away” of the surviving relatives. To stop the actions of the vampire, the body of the consumptive was exhumed and disrupted in various ways. Twelve historic accounts of this activity indicate that the belief was not uncommon in 19th century New England. This creative interpretation of contagion is consistent with the etiology of tuberculosis.Three pieces of evidence are important in this case. The skeleton of a 50‐ to 55‐year‐old male from a mid‐19th century Connecticut cemetery exhibiting pulmonary tuberculosis rib lesions are discussed. In addition, certain bones in the skeleton were rearranged after decomposition was complete. A historic vampire account from the same time period and geographical location place the belief within the parameters of the cemetery. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of dental development in Homo, Australopithecus, Pan, and Gorilla
Authors: Smith B. Holly 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSmith ([1986] Nature 323:327–330) distinguished patterns of development of teeth of juvenile fossil hominids as being “more like humans” or “more like apes” based on statistical similarity to group standards. Here, this central tendency discrimination (CTD) is tested for its ability to recognize ape and human patterns of dental development in 789 subadult hominoids. Tooth development of a modern human sample (665 black southern Africans) was scored entirely by an outside investigator; pongid and fossil hominid samples (59 Pan, 50 Gorilla, and 14 fossil hominids) were scored by the author. The claim of Lampl et al. ([1993] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 90:113–127) that Smith's 1986 method succeeds in only 8% of human cases was not sustained. Figures for overall success of classification (87% humans, 68% apes) mask important effects of teeth sampled and age class. For humans, the power of CTD varied between 53% and 92% depending on the number and kind of teeth available—‐nearly that of a coin toss when data described only two nearby teeth, but quite successful with more teeth or distant teeth. For apes, only age class affected accuracy: “Infant” apes (M1 development ⩽ root cleft complete, unemerged) were usually classed as humans, probably because the present developmental standard for great apes is in substantial error under 3 years of age. “Juvenile” apes (M1 ⩾ root 1/4), however, were correctly discriminated in 87% of cases. Overall, CTD can be considered reliable (accuracy of 92% for humans and 88% for apes) when data contrast development of distant dental fields and subjects are juveniles (not infants). Restricting analysis of fossils to specimens satisfying these criteria, patterns of dental development of gracile australopithecines and Homo habilis remain classified with African apes. Those of Homo erectus and Neanderthals are classified with humans, suggesting that patterns of growth evolved substantially in the Hominidae. To standardize future research, the computer program that operationalizes CTD is now available. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enamel thickness and the helicoidal occlusal plane
Authors: Macho Gabriele A. , Berner Margit E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the present study 38 unworn maxillary molars (M1 = 16, M2= 12, M3 = 10) of modern humans from a Slavic necropolis were sectioned through the mesial cusps in a plane perpendicular to the cervical margin of the crown. Five slightly worn M1s and one slightly worn M3 were also used thus increasing the total sample to 44, but measurements made on the worn areas were coded as missing values. Seven measurements of enamel thickness as well as the heights of the protocone and the paracone dentine horns were recorded in order to analyze whether changes in these dimensions in anteroposterior direction can be related to the helicoidal occlusal plane. Uni‐ and multivariate analyses revealed that the distribution of enamel thickness within and between maxillary molars corresponds to a helicoidal occlusal wear pattern. Enamel thickness along the occlusal basin increases from anterior to posterior, which may lead to rapid development of a reverse curve of Monson in first molars when compared to posterior teeth. However, although these overall differences together with the serial, especially delayed eruption pattern of human molars, contribute to the marked expression of the helicoidal occlusal plane in Homo, differences in enamel patterning between molars indicate that a helicoidal plane is a structural feature of the orofacial skeleton. In contrast to first upper molars, second and third molars show absolutely and relatively thicker enamel under the Phase I wear facet of the paracone, i. e., the lingual slope of the paracone, than under the Phase II facet of the protocone, i. e., the buccal slope of that cusp. These proportional differences are most pronounced in M3, as evidenced by uni‐ and multivariate statistics. It thus appears that the pattern of enamel thickness distribution from M1 to M3 follows a trend towards providing additional tooth material in areas that are under greater functional demands, that is, corresponding to a lingual slope of wear anteriorly and to a flat or even buccal one posteriorly. In addition, the heights of the dentine horns in anteroposterior direction change in a way that lends support to the hypothesis that the axial inclination of teeth could be one of the most important factors for the development of the helicoidal occlusal plane. Finally, the changes in morphology and enamel thickness distribution from first to third upper molars found in this study suggest that molars could be “specialized” in their function, i. e., from performing proportionally more shearing anteriorly to increased crushing and grinding activities posteriorly. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incisor microwear of Sumatran anthropoid primates
Authors: Ungar Peter S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeveral studies have suggested that incisor microwear reflects diet and feeding adaptations of anthropoids. However, such studies have been largely qualitative, and interpretations have relied on anecdotal references to diet and tooth use reported in the socioecology literature. The current study relates incisor microwear in four anthropoid primates to specific ingestive behaviors and food types. Central incisor casts of wild‐shot museum specimens of Hylobates lar, Macaca fascicularis, Pongo pygmaeus, and Presbytis thomasi were examined by scanning electron microscopy, and analyzed using a semiautomated image analysis procedure. Microwear patterns were used to generate predictions regarding diet and anterior tooth use. These predictions were evaluated using data collected during a 1 year study of feeding behavior of these same taxa in the wild (Ungar, 1992, 1994a, b). Results suggest that (1) enamel prism relief is associated with the effectiveness of etching reagents in foods, (2) dental calculus buildup results from a lack of incisor use and perhaps the ingestion of sugar‐rich foods, (3) striation density varies with degree of anterior tooth use in the ingestion of abrasive food items, (4) striation breadth is proposed to relate to the ratio of exogenous grit to phytoliths consumed; and (5) preferred striation orientation indicates the direction that food items are pulled across the incisors during ingestion. It is concluded that incisor microwear studies can contribute to the understanding of diets and feeding behaviors of extinct primates. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seed‐breaking forces exerted by orang‐utans with their teeth in captivity and a new technique for estimating forces produced in the Wild
Authors: Lucas Peter W. , Peters Charles R. , Arrandale Stewart R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOrang‐utans (Pongo pygmaeus) at the Singapore Zoological Gardens were presented with two thick‐shelled edible seeds, Mezzettia parviflora (Annonaceae) and Macadamia ternifolia (Proteaceae) in order to estimate their maximum bite forces. The orang‐utans could break the Macadamia seeds in one bite, while those of Mezzettia required repeated attempts. Examination of shell fragments showed that many had scratches and some had clear, but small (ca. 1–2 mm diameter), impressions on them. Building upon this information, semi‐imitative tests were performed on the seeds in a universal testing machine by loading them in compression with either flat plates or metal casts of orang‐utan cheek teeth. The maximum forces required to break the seeds were similar with both the flat plates and the metal teeth; the average for the Macadamia seeds being about 2,000 N (which forms a minimum estimate for the maximum bite forces in orang‐utans) and for the Mezzettia seeds, 6,000 N. The work done with the metal teeth was much greater than with the plates. A mechanical analysis showed that this extra work went into producing permanent impressions (“bite marks”) in the shell with the tooth cusps. These impressions were larger than those found on the shells of seeds bitten by the orang‐utans. Nevertheless, it is shown theoretically that the size of these indentations can give an estimate of the bite forces used. The maximum force developed in the machine tests with the metal teeth was correlated with the force calculated from analysis of the bite marks. The method is suitable for use in field studies where the marks left on remnants of hard foods eaten by primates may be used to estimate, very roughly, the forces used to produce them. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of prenatal testosterone administration on palmar dermatoglyphic intercore ridge counts of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Jamison Cheryl Sorenson , Jamison Paul L. , Meier Robert J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDermatoglyphic ridge counts of the prints of 59 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) whose mothers had been treated with injections of testosterone during their pregnancies were studied to determine the effect of the day the hormone began to be administered, the amount of hormone administered, and the number of days of hormone administration upon the dermatoglyphic variation of the offspring. Of the three hormone variables, only the day of beginning administration (STARTDAY) was significantly associated with dermatoglyphic variation, and its positive significance was demonstrated with the ridge counts of Area I on both the left and right hand, Area II of the left hand, and the total ridge counts of both hands. These results are discussed within the context of the timing of the dermatoglyphic window, and the differences in the findings between the monkey and earlier human studies are addressed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk—A misinterpretation
Authors: Hoshower Lisa M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractInterpretations of the demographic impact of Western diseases are frequently clouded by a failure to appreciate the complex nature of immune responses. It is commonly assumed that epidemic diseases are generally characterized by both transplacental and lacteal transmission of maternal antibodies. This is not, however, the case for viral diseases, such as measles, smallpox, and influenza–‐all of which reached epidemic proportions during the post‐Columbian era. In this paper I review the nature of the immune response for viral diseases, with emphasis upon measles, a disease that contributed heavily to the demise of native peoples. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.