bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulium jenningsi Malloch (Diptera: Simuliidae): A vector of Onchocerca lienalis Stiles (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in New York
Authors: Lok James B. , Cupp Eddie W. , Bernardo Michael J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Biting flies were collected from the umbilical areas of Onchocerca lienalis-infected cattle in New York (state) from June through September of 1980. Of the 766 flies collected, 705 were Simulium jenningsi. Microfilariae were detected in the midguts of 37 (50%) of 73 females dissected immediately after the flies had fed. The mean number of larvae per positive fly (fly with microfilariae) was 15.2. Third-stage larvae were recovered from 25 (21.9%) of 114 S jenningsi dissected 8 to 13 days after they had fed on the infected cattle; the mean number of 3rd-stage larvae per positive fly was 3.5. Dissections of flies performed on days 1 through 7 after feeding yielded various numbers of 1st and 2nd-stage larvae from the thoracic muscles. Ovarian dissections performed on 304 S jenningsi attacking cattle indicated an overall parous rate of 58%. Naturally occurring infections with filarial larvae indistinguishable from O lienalis were found in 7.3% of the parous females. Three of these flies, or 1.7% of the parous collection, harbored 3rd-stage larvae. The onset of naturally occurring filarial infections in the population of S jenningsi coincided with a peak in the parous rate in late June. Thereafter, filarial infections were generally detected when the parous rate was above 50%.
Aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium as modified live vaccines for calves
Authors: Smith Bradford P. , Reina-Guerra Mario , Hoiseth Susan K. , Stocker Bruce A. D. , Habasha Faisal , Johnson Eugene , Merritt Frank 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Strains of Salmonella sp with complete nonreverting aromatic biosynthesis (aro) defects are expected to be nonvirulent, in respect to invasive infection, because they need the aromatic metabolites paraaminobenzoate (for making folate) and dihydroxybenzoate (for making enterochelin) which are not available in host tissues. Derivatives with transposon-generated complete nonreverting aro− defects were prepared from 3 mouse-virulent strains of S typhimurium, namely, FIRN, WRAY, and UCD. The latter 2 parent strains originally were isolated from calves and are known to be calf-virulent. The resultant aromatic-dependent (aro−) strains were used to vaccinate 27 calves (2 to 3 weeks old), usually giving 2 doses by the im route (109 bacteria) or orally (1.5 × 1011). Vaccination did not cause severe ill effects in any calf. Thus aro− defects cause loss of virulence for calves, as previously shown for mice.
Vaccinated and control calves were challenge exposed, usually at 5 weeks of age, by feeding 1.5 × 1011 cells of 1 of 2 calf-virulent S typhimurium strains, either UCD 108-11 or SL1323. Of the 16 challenge-exposed control calves, all became anorectic and depressed (cns), and 15 had diarrhea. Fourteen of the 16 died; all tested tissues were bacteriologically culture-positive for Salmonella at necropsy. Vaccination with the live UCD aro− vaccine strain, SL1479 by either of 2 schedules (im or orally) appeared effective. Six of the 7 calves vaccinated with 2 im doses of strain SL1479 survived challenge exposure (4 of the 7 not even developing diarrhea), and all of 3 calves which had been vaccinated with 2 oral doses of the live UCD vaccine also survived challenge exposure. In contrast, 3 calves which had been given 1 im dose and then the oral dose of strain SL1479 were not protected—2 of them dying after challenge exposure.
The other aro− strains (FIRN and WRAY) proved ineffective or relatively ineffective as live-organism vaccines, at least with the schedules tested. Failure of the FIRN aro− vaccine may reflect the organism's origin from a wild strain which, though mice-virulent, was of a bio type seldom isolated from cattle and perhaps not well adapted for persistence in bovine tissues. There is no reason that can be suggested for the vaccinal failure of 2 oral doses of the WRAY aro− strain.
Thus one aro− live bacterial vaccine, the S typhimurium UCD aro− strain SL1479, given im (2 doses) or orally (2 doses), did not cause significant side effects and prevented death or severe illness in challenge exposed calves.
Diabetes mellitus in dogs: Relationship of obesity to glucose tolerance and insulin response
Authors: Mattheeuws D. , Rottiers R. , Kaneko J. J. , Vermeulen A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The iv glucose-tolerance test was performed in 71 diabetic dogs (fasting glycemia > 6.70 mmol/L) and in 20 healthy dogs. All diabetic dogs were characterized by various degrees of glucose intolerance as expressed by an abnormal glucose disappearance coefficient. On the basis of the fasting plasma insulin concentration (Io), insulin peak response (ipr), the insulinogenic index (ΔΙ/ΔG), and the total insulin secretion (tis), the diabetic dogs were classified, as follows: Type I dogs (n = 32) which had the severe clinical signs of diabetes and an absence of certain diagnostic responses: Io, ipr, ΔΙ/ΔG, and tis. Type II dogs (n = 15) which also had marked diabetic signs and an absence of ipr, ΔΙ/ΔG, and tis responses. The dogs were further subdivided into obese and nonobese groups; the Io was within acceptable limits in the nonobese group (n = 8), but was markedly increased in the obese group (n = 7). Type III dogs (n = 24) had no diabetic signs and a fasting plasma glucose < 12 mmol/L. They were also subdivided into obese and nonobese groups. The nonobese dogs (n = 13) had Io values within acceptable limits and decreased ipr, ΔΙ/ΔG, and Tis. In contrast, the obese dogs had increased Io, ipr, ΔI/ΔG, and tis.
Statistical analyses indicated that the tis and Io were highly significant linear functions of obesity. It was shown that obesity was the most important factor accounting for the variations in insulin responses among all types of diabetic dogs, as well as within each type.
Experimental infection of lambs with ovine adenovirus isolate RTS-151: Clinical, microbiological, and serologic responses
Authors: Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Cutlip Randall C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve 1-week-old colostrum-deprived lambs that were inoculated with ovine adenovirus isolate RTS-151 developed a mild febrile response between postinoculation days (pid) 4 and 10. They were inactive and some had serous nasal discharges; their respiratory rates and efforts were increased. Virus was isolated from nasal secretions from pid 2 to pid 8. Virus also was isolated from tracheal fluid and lung tissue of most lambs at necropsy (between pid 2 and 12), but not from liver, kidney, small intestine, and feces, indicating that the infection was confined to the respiratory tract. Four control lambs remained healthy and neither virus nor serum antibody was detected.
Cloning and comparison of heat-stable enterotoxin genes from Escherichia coli strains of bovine, porcine, and avian origins
Authors: Sekizaki Tsutomu , Terakado Nobuyuki , Hashimoto Kazunori 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The Ent plasmid encoding Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) isolated from bovine, porcine, and avian strains were used for the cloning of ST genes. The ST+ DNA regions were finally cloned into pBR322 as the 1.75 kilobases PstI fragment. The electron microscopic analysis of self-annealed molecules indicated that ST+ recombinant plasmid had a stem-loop structure of a size the same as that observed in their wild type Ent plasmids. The stem-loop structures and the restriction enzyme cleavage mappings indicated that 4 kinds of ST genes cloned in this experiment may be identical to Tn1681. The ST production levels of the recombinant plasmids were higher than those of the original plasmids.
Mammary blood flow measurements associated with the development of bovine udder edema
Authors: Al-Ani Falah K. , Vestweber Jerome G. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mammary blood flow (mbf) and mammary plasma flow (mpf) were measured by an antipyrine absorption method in 8 cows affected with udder edema and 3 healthy (control) cows at least 2 weeks before parturition, at parturition, and 2 weeks after parturition.
Cows with udder edema had a significant decrease in mbf at calving compared with the control cows (P ≤ 0.05), whereas there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in mbf between affected and control groups 2 weeks before or 2 weeks after parturition.
Cows with udder edema also had a decrease in mpf at parturition that was not statistically significant (P > 0.05) when compared with that in the control cows.
Effect of age on liver enzyme activities in serum of healthy Quarter Horses
Authors: Gossett Kent A. , French Dennis D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum alkaline phosphatase (alp), γ-glutamyl transferase (ggt), 5′nucleotidase (5′NT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (sdh), and aspartate transaminase activities were measured in 10 clinically healthy foals, 10 yearlings, and 10 two-year-old Quarter Horses. Enzyme activities in foals at 0.5 to 3 days, 2 to 3 weeks, and 5 to 7 weeks of age were compared with enzyme activities from yearling and 2-year-old horses. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed significantly higher enzyme values in foals (P < 0.002). This increase was mainly a result of higher alp and ggt activities, with lesser effects due to higher sdh and 5′NT activities.
Standard deviations for alp and ggt were also larger in foals than in adult horses. The wide variation of alp and ggt activities may limit their usefulness in the diagnosis of hepatic disease in foals. Standard deviations for serum ast, sdh, and 5′NT activities were smaller. These enzymes may be indicators of hepatobiliary disease in foals.
The high serum enzyme activities in healthy foals may reflect a physiologic difference between foals and adult horses. Relative hepatic mass (as a percentage of body weight) and enzyme activity per gram of hepatic tissue are high in young animals, indicating that the high serum enzyme activities in foals are due partly to a high rate of enzyme production and release.
Bacillus stearothermophilus disk assay detection of penicillin in milk of dairy cows after postestrual intrauterine infusion
Authors: McClary David G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Penicillin concentrations were quantitated in milk from cows after intrauterine infusions of various amounts of penicillin. Six healthy lactating Holsteins were assigned to 3 treatment groups in a complete randomized block design. Postestrual (12 to 48 hours) intrauterine infusions of potassium penicillin G in sterile diluent were given at 1 of 3 dosage levels: 2 × 106 IU (group I), 1.5 × 106 IU (group II), or 1 × 106 IU (group III). Milk samples were collected from 0 to 72 hours after infusion and were frozen until assayed for detectable antibiotic residues by the Bacillus stearothermophilus plate disk test.
Intrauterine infusion of 1, 1.5, or 2 million IU caused detectable penicillin residues (≥ 5 mIU/ml) within 12 hours after infusion in milk from 15 of 18 cows. After 12 hours, no samples were positive in groups II or III and only 3 of 30 samples representing 2 of 6 cows were positive in group I. Using the B stearothermophilus plate disk test, a cow given 1 to 2 million IU of potassium penicillin G intrauterine will have detectable amounts of antibiotics in the milk within 12 hours. It is unlikely that herd composite milk samples would contain detectable concentrations of antibiotics unless a large percentage of the herd was infused or unless massive doses were administered to individual cows.
Immune responses of calves antigenically stimulated and challenge exposed with Anaplasma marginale during tick infestation or treatment with dexamethasone
Authors: Eckblad W. P. , Stiller D. , Woodard L. F. , Kuttler K. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Similar anamnestic antibody responses to a 2nd injection of a Anaplasma marginale vaccinal antigen were observed in calves infested with the tick Dermacentor albipictus and in tick-free calves. When challenge exposure of these calves to virulent A marginale was done, infestation with the tick Boophilus microplus increased anemia (P < 0.01), but did not suppress antibody production to A marginale or increase parasitemia. None of the vaccinated calves, regardless of infestation, experienced clinical anaplasmosis. Mitogenic responses of lymphocytes from infested animals were unaltered by either infestation.
Tick infestations did not cause immune suppression in the calves, whereas use of dexamethasone resulted in a significantly lower antibody response (P < 0.05) after a 2nd injection of vaccinal antigen. After challenge with virulent A marginale, dexamethasone-treated calves showed more pronounced parasitemia (P < 0.01) and anemia (P < 0.01) than did control calves.
Anaplasmosis did not prevent the calves from developing resistance to reinfestation, which was accompanied by immediate, but not delayed, hypersensitivity reactions against homologous tick extracts. Dermacentor albipictus did not seem to share common antigenic determinants with B microplus, since extracts from the latter did not elicit immediate hypersensitivity responses in calves sensitive to D albipictus extracts. Calves were somewhat resistant to reinfestation as evidenced by reduced numbers of adult fed ticks, decreased weights of ticks after feeding, and smaller egg masses.
Response of anemic calves to exertion
Authors: Reece William O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-one calves, 16 weeks of age, comprised 3 treatment groups. All calves in 2 of these groups were anemic. Several variables were measured before and immediately after an imposed exertion period. The anemic calves had significantly faster heart rates than did nonanemic calves, but there was no significant difference either in respiratory rates or acid-base variables. However, anemic calves became more acidic when made to work and also showed greater increase in respiratory rate than did nonanemic calves. The partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood was significantly lower in the anemic calves than in nonanemic calves both before and after exertion, but still represented adequate saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen.
Histochemical activity of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase in the epididymis of mature intact and androgen-deprived bulls
Authors: Goyal H. O. , Vig M. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The histochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase (alp) and acid phosphatase (acp) was determined in regions I to VI of the epididymis in mature intact, orchidectomized, and orchidectomized testosterone-treated bulls. The intensity of alp activity was essentially the same in all regions; however, its localization varied depending upon the region. Although the stereocilia and luminal border of epithelial cells were strongly positive in regions I to III, these were negative in regions IV to VI. The basement membrane and circumtubular smooth muscle cells were strongly alp reactive in all regions. Epithelial alp activity was abolished completely by orchidectomy; however, it was restored to normal concentration by testosterone treatment implying its dependence on circulating testosterone. The acp activity was present in the epithelial cells of all regions with the strongest activity in the supranuclear region.
Similar to alp, acp activity was markedly reduced in the epithelial cells by orchidectomy. However, in contrast to alp activity, lost acp activity was only minimally increased by testosterone treatment in all regions, except in region VI where it was restored to a normal concentration. These observations imply that although the epithelial acp activity of region VI was mainly under the influence of circulatory testosterone, there may be other factors such as luminal androgens, testicular fluid, and sperm that may be important in regulating the acp activity of regions I to V of the epididymis. The importance of alp and acp in the epididymal epithelium was discussed.
Ovine caseous lymphadenitis: Disease prevalence, lesion distribution, and thoracic manifestations in a population of mature culled sheep from western United States
Authors: Stoops Steven G. , Renshaw Harland W. , Thilsted John P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prevalence, distribution, and severity of caseous lymphadenitis (cla) lesions in 4,089 mature culled sheep were determined from a sample obtained by random selection of animal lots from a total population of 37,383 animals presented at an abattoir. The animals originated from 5 geographic regions comprising 9 western states. The prevalence rate for all forms of cla was 42.41%. The prevalence of cla lesions was significantly different in animals originating from 2 regions than it was in animals from the other 3 regions. The results indicate that cla is a disease affecting a considerable number of mature culled sheep in different regions of western United States.
Lesion distribution was catalogued according to a 4-compartment system: thoracic lymph nodes, lung parenchyma, abdominal tissues, and skeletal tissues including peripheral lymphatic tissues. Prevalence rates were determined for lesions occurring in the thoracic viscera (24.97%), skeletal tissues (23.09%), and abdominal viscera (11.79%). The prevalences of thoracic cla lesions were significantly different for animals originating from 2 regions than for animals originating from the 3 other regions. Severe or advanced lesions were observed in the thoracic (3.74%) and abdominal viscera (1.27%). Involvements of cla in the thoracic cavity occurred as abscesses of lung parenchyma, thoracic lymph nodes, or both. The bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes were the most frequently affected thoracic lymph nodes. The liver was the most frequently affected abdominal organ, with the kidney being the next most commonly affected. The gross and histopathologic characteristics of cla abscesses and tissues adjacent to the lesions were described.
Efficacy of a large magnesium alloy rumen bolus in the prevention of hypomagnesemic tetany in cows
Authors: Stuedemann J. A. , Wilkinson S. R. , Lowrey R. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two cow-calf grazing studies and 2 rate-of-disappearance trials in steers surgically prepared with rumen fistula were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a large Mg alloy rumen bolus in preventing hypomagnesemic tetany (grass tetany). The mineral composition of the forage and results of study of 2 cows in the cow-calf studies indicated that an environment conducive to the occurrence of grass tetany existed. Grass tetany occurred in a cow that was given a Mg bolus and in a control cow. Administration of 1 or 2 mg boluses did not affect blood serum Mg, Ca, Ρ, and Κ concentrations. Bolus treatment did not affect cow-calf performance or conception rate. The rate of weight loss of the boluses in the surgically prepared steers (rumen fistula) ranged from 0.71 to 1.43 g/day or 0.66 to 1.33 g of Mg/day. Steer differences affected the rates of disappearance patterns of the boluses. The rate of disappearance was relatively constant over a 175-day period and regurgitation or passage was not a problem. Although administration of the boluses could have prevented tetany in some animals (borderline), the rate of Mg release appears too slow to be highly effective in preventing grass tetany.
Anthelmintic activities of ivermectin against immature and adult Dictyocaulus viviparus
Authors: Benz G. W. , Ernst J. V. , Egerton J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eighteen calves about 3 months old were inoculated with 3,000 Dictyocaulus viviparus infective larvae. Three groups of 6 calves each were formed. Thirteen days after inoculations, 3 of the 6 group 1 control calves were given vehicle subcutaneously (sc) and the group 2 calves were given ivermectin at the dose rate of 200 μg/kg, sc. Thirty-five days after inoculation, the remaining 3 calves in group 1 were given vehicle sc and the group 3 calves were given ivermectin at the dose rate of 200 μg/kg, sc. Necropsies were performed 42 days after inoculations. A total of 474 D viviparus was recovered from the group 1 control calves, whereas none was recovered from the calves treated when the nematodes were in the 4th stage of development (group 2) or adult stage (group 3).
Isolation of bovine herpesvirus-1 from vesicular lesions of the bovine udder
Authors: Guy James S. , Potgieter Leon N. D. , McCracken Malcolm , Martin William 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine herpesvirus-1 was isolated from vesicular lesions on the udder and mammary papillae (teats) of a Charolais cow. Lesions on the animal consisted of papules and vesicles up to 10 mm in diameter. The virus was identified by fluorescent antibody and serum-neutralization tests.
Reproductive tract lesions in heifers after intrauterine inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
Authors: Miller J. M. , Van Der Maaten M. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cross-breed heifers given infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus by intrauterine inoculation 1 day after natural mating with a noninfected bull were killed on postinoculation days 4 to 14. When reproductive organs were examined for gross and microscopic lesions and for virus infection, the most severe uterine lesions were found in the body and caudal portions of the uterine horns of heifers killed between postinoculation days 4 and 9. Primary pathologic features were necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, and a diffuse accumulation of mononuclear cells, mostly lymphocytes; numerous lymphocytes were in mitosis. In cranial parts of uterine horns, the only lesions observed were a few small lymphocytic foci in the endometrial lamina propria. Lesions were not seen in the oviducts.
In many heifers, the ovarian corpus luteum (cl) was cystic. In a few of these heifers, the cyst had a necrotic wall that was bordered by a zone of proliferating mononuclear cells. Focal necrosis and lymphoid proliferation were common in the parenchyma of cystic and noncystic cl. Similar necrotizing lesions were sometimes present in non-cl ovarian tissue.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus was most frequently isolated from the uterine body, the internal os of the cervix, and the cl. Isolations were not made from blood samples taken at the time of necropsy. Isolation of virus from the cl correlated with the detection of luteal inflammation by light microscopy, but did not correlate with the presence of cysts. There also was no correlation between cystic cl and the severity of uterine lesions.
Prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea, parainfluenza-3, goat respiratory syncytial, bovine leukemia, and bluetongue viral antibodies in sheep
Authors: Brako Emmanuel E. , Fulton Robert W. , Nicholson Steven S. , Amborski Grace F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sera from healthy sheep were collected in January and March 1982 from flocks of sheep located in southwestern and southeastern Louisiana. These sera were tested for bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus, and goat respiratory syncytial virus (grsv) antibodies by microtitration virus-neutralization test. The sera were tested also for bovine leukemia virus (blv) and bluetongue virus (btv) antibodies by immunodiffusion tests. The number of flocks with seropositive sheep for each virus were: 2/8 (25%) for bvdv; 8/8 (100%) for pi-3 virus; 7/8 (87.5%) for grsv; and 6/8 (75%) for btv. Seropositive rates for each virus for the individual sheep tested were: 4/158 (2.5%) for bvdv; 117/158 (74.1%) for pi-3 virus; 77/158 (48.7%) for grsv; and 21/158 (13.3%) for btv. All sheep were seronegative for bhv-1 and blv.