bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management and outcome of spontaneous pneumothoraces at three urban EDs
Authors: Paoloni Richard 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjective:  Spontaneous pneumothoraces predominantly affect young people. Substantial morbidity arises from the disease, invasive procedures and hospitalization. The literature is inconsistent regarding optimal management. This retrospective study aimed to define factors affecting the outcome of these patients.Methods:  Patients were identified from databases at three EDs for explicit retrospective medical record review. Iatrogenic and traumatic pneumothoraces were excluded. Data collected included demographic details, treatment and outcome. The primary outcome was failure of initial treatment, defined as the need for a second treatment modality (including inpatient pleurodesis for persistent air leak) or re‐presentation within 5 days of treatment cessation. Associations with the primary outcome in primary spontaneous pneumothorax were assessed using logistic regression.Results:  One hundred and twenty‐one spontaneous pneumothoraces were identified. There was poor correlation between clinician estimates and objective measurement of pneumothorax size. Pneumothorax size, measured using the average interpleural distance method, was the only independent predictor of treatment failure. Initial treatment modality demonstrated a confounder relationship with outcome. Subgroup analysis for patients treated with continuous pleural drainage compared small and large calibre drainage tubes, with no significant difference found.Conclusions:  Objective measurement of pneumothorax size was the only independent predictor of treatment failure, with initial treatment modality having a confounding effect. Algorithms regarding initial treatment modalities are usually based on pneumothorax size and presence or absence of symptoms. The present study illustrates the importance of objective assessment of pneumothorax size in both clinical research and clinical practice.
Emergency medicine in a developing country: Experience from Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Tanzania, East Africa
Authors: Cox Megan , Shao John 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTanzania in East Africa has a population of over 36 million and is one of the poorest countries in the world. Life expectancy has declined and infant mortality rates are increasing. Four consultant specialist hospitals and 17 regional hospitals service the mainland. Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre is a major specialist teaching hospital with 500 beds, serving the entire north‐west of the country. There is a small ‘casualty’ ward with three cubicles and one resuscitation room. Malaria, HIV, respiratory infections and gastroenteritis are the chief causes of death in children. Changing lifestyle and Western influences have increased diabetes and vascular disease in adults, and large numbers of trauma deaths are increasingly encountered. Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre ‘Casualty’ admission data are presented, as well as an insight into the challenges of emergency medicine in this country.
HLA class II similarities in Iranian Kurds and Azeris
Authors: Farjadian S. , Ghaderi A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe genetic relationship between Kurds and Azeris of Iran was investigated based on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II profiles. HLA typing was performed using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment‐length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) and PCR/sequence‐specific primer (PCR/SSP) methods in 100 Kurds and 100 Azeris. DRB1*1103/04, DQA1*0501 and DQB1*0301 were the most common alleles and DRB1*1103/04‐DQA1*0501‐DQB1*0301 was the most frequent haplotype in both populations. No significant difference was observed in HLA class II allele distribution between these populations except for DQB1*0503 which showed a higher frequency in Kurds. Neighbor‐joining tree based on Nei's genetic distances and correspondence analysis according to DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 allele frequencies showed a strong genetic tie between Kurds and Azeris of Iran. The results of amova revealed no significant difference between these populations and other major ethnic groups of Iran. No close genetic relationship was observed between Azeris of Iran and the people of Turkey or Central Asians. According to the current results, present‐day Kurds and Azeris of Iran seem to belong to a common genetic pool.
Association of MCP‐1 and CCR2 polymorphisms with the risk of late acute rejection after renal transplantation in Korean patients
Authors: Kang S. W. , Park S. J. , Kim Y. W. , Kim Y. H. , Sohn H. S. , Yoon Y. C. , Joo H. , Jeong K. H. , Lee S. H. , Lee T. W. , Ihm C. G. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryAmong the factors modulating transplant rejection, chemokines and their respective receptors deserve special attention. Increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and its corresponding receptor (chemokine receptor‐2, CCR2) has been implicated in renal transplant rejection. To determine the impact of the MCP‐1‐2518G and CCR2‐64I genotypes on renal allograft function, 167 Korean patients who underwent transplantation over a 25‐year period were evaluated. Genomic DNA was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Fifty‐five (32.9%) patients were homozygous for the MCP‐1‐2518G polymorphism. Nine (5.4%) patients were homozygous for the CCR2‐64I polymorphism. None of the investigated polymorphism showed a significant shift in long‐term allograft survival. However, a significant increase was noted for the risk of late acute rejection in recipients who were homozygous for the MCP‐1‐2518G polymorphism (OR, 2.600; 95% CI, 1.125–6.012; P = 0.022). There was also an association between the MCP‐1‐2518G/G genotype and the number of late acute rejection episodes (P = 0.024). Although there was no difference in the incidence of rejection among recipients stratified by the CCR2‐V64I genotype, recipients with the CCR2‐V64I GG genotype in combination with the MCP‐1‐2518G/G genotype had a significantly higher risk of acute or late acute rejection among the receptor‐ligand combinations (P = 0.006, P = 0.008, respectively). The MCP‐1 variant may be a marker for risk of late acute rejection in Korean patients.
Feminist Mentoring and Female Graduate Student Success: Challenging Gender Inequality in Higher Education
Authors: Dua Priya 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThere has been much research on gender inequality in higher education and the benefits of mentoring. However, since mentoring has been a predominantly male experience, most research with female students focuses on advising relationships. For women, there is a significant difference between experiences of advising and mentoring with problematic effects for them. Attrition rates are high for both men and women but the causes of female attrition are unique and possibly related to their mentoring experiences. Mentoring remains largely an informal activity in most graduate departments, and due to the patriarchal nature of graduate education, it has been a predominantly male experience (Lovitts 2001). In this paper, I provide an overview of the different types of advising/mentoring relationships for women in doctoral programs and the benefits of these for them. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implications for graduate departments, suggestions for future research, and a call for developing and implementing feminist models of mentoring for all graduate students.
On the Use of High-Order Accurate Solutions of PNS Schemes as Basic Flows for Stability Analysis of Hypersonic Axisymmetric Flows
Authors: Hejranfar Kazem , Esfahanian Vahid , Darian Hossein Mahmoodi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
High-order accurate solutions of parabolized Navier–Stokes (PNS) schemes are used as basic flow models for stability analysis of hypersonic axisymmetric flows over blunt and sharp cones at Mach 8. Both the PNS and the globally iterated PNS (IPNS) schemes are utilized. The IPNS scheme can provide the basic flow field and stability results comparable with those of the thin-layer Navier–Stokes (TLNS) scheme. As a result, using the fourth-order compact IPNS scheme, a high-order accurate basic flow model suitable for stability analysis and transition prediction can be efficiently provided. The numerical solution of the PNS equations is based on an implicit algorithm with a shock fitting procedure in which the basic flow variables and their first and second derivatives required for the stability calculations are automatically obtained with the fourth-order accuracy. In addition, consistent with the solution of the basic flow, a fourth-order compact finite-difference scheme, which does not need higher derivatives of the basic flow, is efficiently implemented to solve the parallel-flow linear stability equations in intrinsic orthogonal coordinates. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to evaluate the effects of numerical dissipation and grid size and also accuracy of computing the basic flow derivatives on the stability results. The present results demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of using high-order compact solutions of the PNS schemes as basic flow models for stability and transition prediction in hypersonic flows. Moreover, indications are that high-order compact methods used for basic-flow computations are sensitive to the grid size and especially the numerical dissipation terms, and therefore, more careful attention must be kept to obtain an accurate solution of the stability and transition results.
Linear Instability of Entry Flow in a Pipe
Authors: Sahu Kirti Chandra , Govindarajan Rama 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
We show that flow in the entry region of a circular pipe is linearly unstable at a Reynolds number of 1000, a factor of 10 smaller than assumed hitherto. The implication that dynamics in this region could greatly hasten the transition to turbulence assumes relevance because in spite of major recent progress, the issue of how pipe flow becomes turbulent is far from settled. Being axisymmetric and close to the centerline, the present instability would be easily distinguishable in an experiment from other generators of turbulence.
Use of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
-Expressed Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein To Detect Hantaan Virus-Specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM in Oral Fluid
Authors: Petraitytė Rasa , Jin Li , Hunjan Rashpal , Ražanskienė Aušra , Žvirblienė Aurelija , Sasnauskas Kęstutis 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Hantaan virus is the causative agent of severe hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Clinical surveillance for Hantaan virus infection is unreliable, and laboratory verification is essential. The detection of virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG in serum is most commonly used for the diagnosis of hantavirus infection. Testing of oral fluid samples instead of serum offers many advantages for surveillance. However, commercial tests for hantavirus-specific antibodies are unavailable. For the detection of Hantaan virus in the oral fluid of humans, we have developed a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent IgM assay (IgM capture ELISA) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent IgG and IgM assays (indirect IgG and IgM ELISAs) for paired serum and oral fluid samples using the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
yeast-expressed nucleocapsid protein of the Hantaan-Fojnica virus. The sensitivity and specificity of the oral fluid IgM capture ELISA in comparison with the results of the serum Hantaan virus IgM assay were 96.7% and of 94.9%, respectively. Thus, data on the overall performance of the oral fluid IgM capture ELISA are in close agreement with those of the serum IgM assay, and the method exhibits the potential to serve as an easily transferable tool for large-scale epidemiological studies. Data on the indirect IgM ELISA also showed close agreement with the serum IgM assay data; however, the indirect IgG ELISA displayed a lower sensitivity and a lower specificity. In conclusion, the IgM capture ELISA can be used with oral fluid instead of serum samples for the diagnosis of Hantaan virus infection.
Use of a Standardized Bovine Serum Panel To Evaluate a Multiplexed Nonstructural Protein Antibody Assay for Serological Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Perkins Julie , Parida Satya , Clavijo Alfonso 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Liquid array technology has previously been used to show proof of principle of a multiplexed nonstructural protein serological assay to differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated animals. The current multiplexed assay consists of synthetically produced peptide signatures 3A, 3B, and 3D and the recombinant protein signature 3ABC in combination with four controls. To determine the diagnostic specificity of each signature in the multiplex, the assay was evaluated against a naive population (
n
= 104) and a vaccinated population (
n
= 94). Subsequently, the multiplexed assay was assessed by using a panel of bovine sera generated by the World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease in Pirbright, United Kingdom. This serum panel has been used to assess the performance of other singleplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based nonstructural protein antibody assays. The 3ABC signature in the multiplexed assay showed performance comparable to that of a commercially available nonstructural protein 3ABC ELISA (Cedi test), and additional information pertaining to the relative diagnostic sensitivity of each signature in the multiplex was acquired in one experiment. The encouraging results of the evaluation of the multiplexed assay against a panel of diagnostically relevant samples promote further assay development and optimization to generate an assay for routine use in foot-and-mouth disease serological surveillance.
Development of a Rapid and Convenient Method for Determination of Rubella Virus-Specific Immunoglobulin G Avidity
Authors: Vauloup-Fellous Christelle , Ursulet-Diser Jessica , Grangeot-Keros Liliane 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

We describe here a rapid and semiautomated method for the determination of rubella virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity with the VIDAS instrument. A total of 153 serum samples from persons with naturally acquired rubella virus infections (
n
= 98), from vaccinated persons (
n
= 44), and from patients with autoantibodies (
n
= 11) were included in this study. The rubella virus-specific IgG avidity assay we developed for the VIDAS instrument was evaluated by comparison with an in-house method. Results obtained with the VIDAS instrument allow considering this method valuable to help confirm or exclude acute primary infection or recent vaccination.
Suture-Related Keratitis Caused by
Corynebacterium macginleyi
Authors: Suzuki Takashi , Iihara Hirotoshi , Uno Toshihiko , Hara Yuko , Ohkusu Kiyofumi , Hata Hiroyuki , Shudo Masachika , Ohashi Yuichi 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

We report two cases of suture-related keratitis following penetrating keratoplasty. In both cases,
Corynebacterium macginleyi
was isolated from corneal specimens. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that corynebacteria could aggregate and form a biofilm. The MICs of sulbenicillin and fluoroquinolones were high for both isolates. Our findings show that
C. macginleyi
can cause keratitis with biofilm formation.
Rapid, Standardized Method for Determination of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Drug Susceptibility by Use of Mycolic Acid Analysis
Authors: Parrish Nicole , Osterhout Gerard , Dionne Kim , Sweeney Amy , Kwiatkowski Nicole , Carroll Karen , Jost Kenneth C. , Dick James 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Multidrug-resistant (MDR)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and extrensively drug-resistant (XDR)
M. tuberculosis
are emerging public health threats whose threats are compounded by the fact that current techniques for testing the susceptibility of
M. tuberculosis
require several days to weeks to complete. We investigated the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based quantitation of mycolic acids as a means of rapidly determining drug resistance and susceptibility in
M. tuberculosis
. Standard susceptibility testing and determination of the MICs of drug-susceptible (
n
= 26) and drug-resistant
M. tuberculosis
strains, including MDR
M. tuberculosis
strains (
n
= 34), were performed by using the Bactec radiometric growth system as the reference method. The HPLC-based susceptibilities of the current first-line drugs, isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), and pyrazinamide (PZA), were determined. The vials were incubated for 72 h, and aliquots were removed for HPLC analysis by using the Sherlock mycobacterial identification system. HPLC quantitation of total mycolic acid peaks (TMAPs) was performed with treated and untreated cultures. At 72 h, the levels of agreement of the HPLC method with the reference method were 99.5% for INH, EMB, and PZA and 98.7% for RIF. The inter- and intra-assay reproducibilities varied by drug, with an average precision of 13.4%. In summary, quantitation of TMAPs is a rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for antibiotic susceptibility testing of all first-line drugs currently used against
M. tuberculosis
and offers the potential of providing susceptibility testing results within hours, rather than days or weeks, for clinical
M. tuberculosis
isolates.
Promoter- and Cell-Specific Transcriptional Transactivation by the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ORF57/Mta Protein
Authors: Palmeri Diana , Spadavecchia Sophia , Carroll Kyla Driscoll , Lukac David M. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) Mta protein, encoded by open reading frame 57, is a transactivator of gene expression that is essential for productive viral replication. Previous studies have suggested both transcriptional and posttranscriptional roles for Mta, but little is known regarding Mta's transcriptional function. In this study, we demonstrate that Mta cooperates with the KSHV lytic switch protein, Rta, to reactivate KSHV from latency, but Mta has little effect on reactivation when expressed alone. We demonstrate that the Mta and Rta proteins are expressed with similar but distinct kinetics during KSHV reactivation. In single-cell analyses, Mta expression coincides tightly with progression to full viral reactivation. We demonstrate with promoter reporter assays that while Rta activates transcription in all cell lines tested, Mta's ability to transactivate promoters, either alone or synergistically with Rta, is cell and promoter specific. In particular, Mta robustly transactivates the nut-1/PAN promoter independently of Rta in 293 and Akata-31 cells. Using nuclear run-on assays, we demonstrate that Mta stimulates transcriptional initiation in 293 cells. Rta and Mta physically interact in infected cell extracts, and this interaction requires the intact leucine repeat and central region of Rta in vitro. We demonstrate that Mta also binds to the nut-1/PAN promoter DNA in vitro and in infected cells. An Mta mutant with a lesion in a putative A/T hook domain is altered in DNA binding and debilitated in transactivation. We propose that one molecular mechanism of Mta-mediated transactivation is a direct effect on transcription by direct and indirect promoter association.
Overexpression of the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Transactivator K-Rta Can Complement a K-bZIP Deletion BACmid and Yields an Enhanced Growth Phenotype
Authors: Kato-Noah Taeko , Xu Yiyang , Rossetto Cyprian C. , Colletti Kelly , Papousková Iva , Pari Gregory S. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) ORF50 encodes a transactivator, K-Rta, which functions as the switch from latent to lytic virus replication. K-bZIP interacts with K-Rta and can repress its transactivation activity for some viral promoters. Both K-Rta and K-bZIP are required for origin-dependent DNA replication. To determine the role of K-bZIP in the context of the viral genome, we generated a recombinant HHV8 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) with a deletion in the K-bZIP open reading frame. This BACmid, BAC36ΔK8, displayed an enhanced growth phenotype with respect to virus production and accumulation of virus-encoded mRNAs measured by real-time PCR when K-Rta was used to induce the virus lytic cycle. Conversely, induction of the virus lytic cycle using tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate/
n
-butyrate resulted in no virus production and an aberrant gene expression pattern from BAC36ΔK8-containing cells compared to wild-type (wt) BAC. This null virus phenotype was efficiently complemented by the expression of K-bZIP in
trans
, restoring virus production to wt BAC levels. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that subcellular localization of K-Rta was unchanged; however, a disruption of LANA subcellular localization was observed in cells harboring BAC36ΔK8, suggesting that K-bZIP influences LANA localization. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that K-bZIP interacts with LANA in BCBL-1 cells and in cotransfection assays. Lastly, the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that, in an environment where K-Rta is overexpressed and in the absence of K-bZIP, K-Rta binds to CAAT enhancer binding protein α sites within oriLyt, suggesting that it is K-Rta that supplies an essential replication function and that K-bZIP may serve to augment or facilitate the interaction of K-Rta with oriLyt.
Dendritic Cells Are Less Susceptible to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) Infection than to HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Duvall Melody G. , Loré Karin , Blaak Hetty , Ambrozak David A. , Adams William C. , Santos Kathlyn , Geldmacher Christof , Mascola John R. , McMichael Andrew J. , Jaye Assan , Whittle Hilton C. , Rowland-Jones Sarah L. , Koup Richard A. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of dendritic cells (DCs) has been documented in vivo and may be an important contributor to HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis. HIV-1-specific CD4+T cells respond to HIV antigens presented by HIV-1-infected DCs and in this process become infected, thereby providing a mechanism through which HIV-1-specific CD4+T cells could become preferentially infected in vivo. HIV-2 disease is attenuated with respect to HIV-1 disease, and host immune responses are thought to be contributory. Here we investigated the susceptibility of primary myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) to infection by HIV-2. We found that neither CCR5-tropic primary HIV-2 isolates nor a lab-adapted CXCR4-tropic HIV-2 strain could efficiently infect mDCs or pDCs, though these viruses could infect primary CD4+T cells in vitro. HIV-2-exposed mDCs were also incapable of transferring virus to autologous CD4+T cells. Despite this, we found that HIV-2-specific CD4+T cells contained more viral DNA than memory CD4+T cells of other specificities in vivo. These data suggest that either infection of DCs is not an important contributor to infection of HIV-2-specific CD4+T cells in vivo or that infection of DCs by HIV-2 occurs at a level that is undetectable in vitro. The frequent carriage of HIV-2 DNA within HIV-2-specific CD4+T cells, however, does not appear to be incompatible with preserved numbers and functionality of HIV-2-specific CD4+T cells in vivo, suggesting that additional mechanisms contribute to maintenance of HIV-2-specific CD4+T-cell help in vivo.