bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ACTION OF OESTRADIOL AND DIMETHYLSTILBOESTROL ON EARLY PREGNANCY AND DECIDUOMA FORMATION IN THE MOUSE
Authors: STONE G. M. , EMMENS C. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Maximum sensitivity to oestradiol-3:17 β and dimethylstilboestrol (DMS) in interrupting pregnancy or inhibiting deciduoma formation occurred approximately 72 hr. after mating. Administration of the two compounds together resulted only in additive action and not antagonism. The inhibitory action of DMS in these experiments may have been due to its pro-oestrogenic rather than to its anti-oestrogenic activity, but this is by no means certain.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOME OESTROGENS AND PROGESTOGENS ON THE ACTIVITY OF GLYCERYLPHOSPHORYLCHOLINE DIESTERASE IN RINSINGS OF THE RAT UTERUS
Authors: WALLACE J. C. , STONE G. M. , WHITE I. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of some oestrogens and progestogens on the glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) diesterase activity and the protein concentration of rinsings of the rat uterus have been studied in relation to changes in the weight of this organ. Both enzyme activity and protein concentration were increased by subcutaneous administration of oestradiol-3:17β, oestriol, oestrone and diethylstilboestrol to ovariectomized rats and these responses were inhibited by progesterone and 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone. The GPC diesterase activity and protein content of uterine rinsings were affected independently of each other and of changes in the uterine weight.
THE URINARY EXCRETION OF GONADOTROPHINS BY SHEEP: THE EFFECT OF SOME NUTRITIONAL FACTORS ON THE EXCRETION OF GONADOTROPHINS BY CASTRATED MALE SHEEP
Authors: SYMINGTON R. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Male castrated Merino sheep were fed indoors on a dry ration or grazed on a good quality pasture. Despite the much greater urine volumes excreted by the grazing animals, the mean daily rates of excretion of total gonadotrophic activity and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were very similar in the two groups. Corresponding levels of excretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) were very variable, owing apparently to deficiencies in the assay technique.
When sheep were fed indoors on freshly cut grass, the urine output was almost three-quarters of that of grazing animals but the rate of excretion of total gonadotrophic activity and of FSH was considerably greater than that of grazing animals.
The daily output of urine by sheep fed indoors on a dry ration was adjusted to equal that of grazing sheep. Although the amounts of total gonadotrophic activity were smaller than those in the previous experiments, the amounts of FSH excreted were the highest recorded in the entire investigation.
The possibility of a temporal fluctuation in the excretion of gonadotrophins is discussed.
CORTISOL BINDING IN THE SERUM IN KWASHIORKOR
Authors: LEONARD P. J. , MacWILLIAM K. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The binding by serum and the urinary excretion of cortisol was investigated before and after treatment in eleven children with kwashiorkor. The 24-hourly output of cortisol in the urine was unaltered but after treatment the percentage of free cortisol in the serum fell to one half of the pretreatment value. Changes in the concentration of free steroid were inversely related to the serum albumin level. It was concluded that changes in the binding of adrenal steroids of the magnitude observed may account for the sodium retention and oedema of kwashiorkor.
URINARY EXCRETION OF 17-DEOXYCORTICOSTEROIDS BY MAN
Authors: EXLEY D. , NORYMBERSKI J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Determinations of urinary 17-deoxycorticosteroids (17H-CS) and, in most instances, the concurrent determination of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17OH-CS) led to the following findings.
1. Healthy adults excreted 17H-CS at the rate of 3·4 ± 1·0 mg./24 hr. (mean ± s.d.) with a ratio of 17OH-CS to 17H-CS of 2·8 ± 0·6.
2. The assay of urinary 17H-CS accounted for 14–19% of the corticosterone acetate given orally to an Addisonian patient.
3. Stimulation or suppression of the adrenal cortex gave rise to changes in the excretion of 17H-CS closely paralleling those of 17OH-CS.
4. During the course of pregnancy the excretion of 17H-CS rose more steeply than that of 17OH-CS with the ratio of the latter to the former falling to 0·5–1·2 during the last two trimesters.
5. In children aged 1–12 days, the 17OH-CS: 17-H-CS ratio was 0·3 ± 0·1. In the sole case investigated, this ratio remained essentially unchanged until the age of 2 months; it rose from the 3rd month and attained a normal adult value at the age of 5 months.
THE EFFECTS OF CONSTANT DOSES OF OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON THE TRANSPORT OF ARTIFICIAL EGGS THROUGH THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF OVARIECTOMIZED RABBITS
Authors: HARPER M. J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The technique of tracing the movement of 'artificial eggs' (radioactive spheres) by autoradiography was used to study the effects of progesterone and oestrogen either alone, or in combination, on egg movement through the reproductive tract of ovariectomized rabbits.
Ovariectomy was performed 7 days before the transport experiments, except in one treatment group when it was done 35 days previously. The animals were autopsied at 8, 24, 48 or 56 hr. after insertion of the spheres into the ampullae of the Fallopian tubes. There were five or more animals in each group except one.
The effects of various hormonal replacements were studied. It was found that removal of the ovaries, whether 7 or 35 days before the transport experiments commenced, caused extremely irregular movement of the spheres through the Fallopian tube. Marked differences were recorded between the behaviour of the spheres in animals ovariectomized for the shorter as compared with the longer period.
None of the hormonal treatments produced normal movement of the spheres through the Fallopian tube. Progesterone delayed movement of the spheres through the ampulla very markedly, but if the spheres reached the isthmus they passed into the uterus on all occasions. Neither the isthmus nor the utero-tubal junction in animals so treated proved a barrier to the movement of the spheres into the uterus. Movement of the spheres through the uterus of these animals was inhibited, and most of the spheres recovered were found in the half of the uterus nearest to the utero-tubal junction.
Oestradiol benzoate, in the dose administered, had an accelerating effect on the passage of the spheres through the tube, and also through the uterus. Some spheres were found to have entered the vagina in three out of the four time-groups studied. It was observed that despite the accelerating effect of oestrogen on the movement of the spheres through the Fallopian tube a certain percentage, even after the longest interval studied, was trapped at the junction of the ampulla and the isthmus.
The two groups treated with oestrogen and progesterone in combination tended to produce results similar to those observed after treatment with either progesterone or oestrogen alone, depending on which hormone was dominant.
It is concluded that the amount of oestrogen present is critical in ensuring rapid transport through the ampulla, but that a proper balance of oestrogen and progesterone must be maintained to ensure retention of the spheres or eggs in the isthmus until the correct time for entry into the uterus. It is clear that this pattern of egg movement through the Fallopian tube cannot be re-created by fixed daily doses of progesterone and oestrogen.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE USE OF TETRAZOLIUM IN THE BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF OESTROGENS
Authors: MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An extensive description is given of the techniques and schedules used in the tetrazolium assay for oestrogens. Among the variables studied, volume of tetrazolium solution, dissection speed and the use of albumen solution were without effect. Priming of mice increased overall formazan production and reduced variability, but did not increase sensitivity or slope of the dose response line for oestrone. Other possible variables affecting the assay are discussed. Three randomly bred strains of mice were comparable in sensitivity and precision, while a single inbred strain (CBA) was so variable as to be unsatisfactory for routine use.
Oestradiol-3:17β was 3·7 times as active as oestrone, and oestriol approximately half as active. The slope of the dose-response line for oestriol was significantly lower than those for oestrone and oestradiol. Diethylstilboestrol was slightly less active than oestradiol-3:17β and equal in slope.
BINDING OF VASOPRESSIN AND OXYTOCIN TO PROTEIN IN EXTRACTS OF BOVINE AND RABBIT NEUROHYPOPHYSES
Authors: GINSBURG M. , IRELAND M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Association of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin with protein in bovine and rabbit neurohypophysial extracts has been studied by co-precipitation of the hormones with protein on addition of NaCl, by gel filtration and by dialysis. Although precipitates formed by addition of NaCl (2·5–20 g./100 ml.) to bovine neurohypophysial extracts at pH 3·1 contain both hormones, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin were partially separated at 5·0 g. NaCl/100 ml. when the proportion of oxytocin precipitated was approximately double that of arginine vasopressin. No precipitate formed on addition of NaCl (15 g./100 ml.) to bovine neurohypophysial extract at pH 5.8.
Experiments by gel filtration and dialysis showed that the binding of oxytocin and vasopressin to protein in neurohypophysial extracts is pH dependent and is maximal in the range pH 5·2–5·8. Dilution of a solution containing neurohypophysial hormones and protein results in dissociation of the complexes and this could account for differences observed in experiments with bovine and rabbit neurohypophysial extracts. It is suggested that the mode of binding between the hormones and protein is ionic association between the cationic free terminal NH2 of the cystine residue in the hormones and free carboxyl groups in protein.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROCORTISONE ON THE VENTRAL AND ANTERIOR PROSTATE GLAND OF THE RAT GROWN IN CULTURE
Authors: LASNITZKI ILSE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of hydrocortisone was studied in organ cultures of the ventral and anterior prostate gland of young rats grown in natural and semi-defined medium and the action of hydrocortisone on the ventral gland was compared with that of testosterone.
In natural medium the ventral prostates showed a reduction of the number of alveoli, a lowering of the epithelium and a striking increase of the stroma. In the semi-defined medium the changes were confined to a lowering of the epithelium and a reduction of secretory activity.
Hydrocortisone counteracted this regression in all cultures to which it had been added. In natural medium it preserved the number of alveoli, maintained epithelial height and suppressed the proliferation of the stroma. In the semi-defined medium the hormone preserved the height and function of the epithelium.
Testosterone added to natural medium inhibited stromal growth and partially maintained the epithelium; in semi-defined medium it maintained the epithelium but the cells were better preserved by hydrocortisone.
The anterior prostate gland showed epithelial hyperplasia and increase of connective tissue in both media; hydrocortisone inhibited both changes and produced cultures that resembled the organ in vivo.
MYOMETRIAL ACTIVITY IN THE PREGNANT GUINEA-PIG
Authors: SCHOFIELD BRENDA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Observations are reported on the effect of gestagens, oxytocin and Infonutrol on pregnancy in the guinea-pig.
2. In mid-pregnancy a series of oxytocin injections (each of 5 i.u.) was required in most animals to produce abortion but this treatment was not always effective. Abortion occurred several hours after an injection and often not all the foetuses were extruded on the same day.
3. Towards the end of pregnancy the myometrium became more sensitive and within 2 days of term a small dose of oxytocin resulted in the prompt delivery of the entire litter.
4. Neither progesterone nor 6α-methyl 17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate were effective in delaying spontaneous or oxytocin-induced delivery in the doses tried (2·5 mg. 12-hourly i.m. or 10 mg. daily s.c.).
5. In a small number of experiments Infonutrol was not effective in disturbing pregnancy.
6. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the mechanisms for the control of the myometrium which have been established in the rabbit. There seems no reason to believe the basic mechanisms are necessarily different in the guinea-pig.
EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS HORMONES ON THE TACTILE SENSITIVITY OF THE CANARY BROOD PATCH
Authors: HINDE R. A. , STEEL ELIZABETH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
0·05 mg. oestradiol benzoate, injected thrice weekly alone or in combination with either 0·25 mg. progesterone or 75 i.u. prolactin, induced an increase in tactile sensitivity in the female canary's brood patch. Progesterone and prolactin alone did not produce this effect; 0·3 mg. of the oestrogen was also ineffective alone and in combination with the other hormones.
LACTOSE CONTENT OF MAMMARY GLANDS OF PREGNANT RATS NEAR TERM: EFFECT OF REMOVAL OF OVARY, PLACENTA AND FOETUS
Authors: SHINDE Y. , ÔTA K. , YOKOYAMA A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The time of initiation of copious milk secretion in the mammary glands of pregnant rats and the effects of removal of ovaries and/or placentae with foetuses on lactogenesis were investigated by measuring the lactose content of the mammary glands.
In the normal pregnant rat, lactose was detected in the mammary gland on the 20th day of pregnancy, but not on the 15th. An abrupt increase in lactose content occurred on the 21st day of pregnancy.
Bilateral or unilateral ovariectomy, and Caesarean section, with or without ovariectomy, performed on the 18th or 19th day of pregnancy all resulted in a marked increase in the lactose content on the 2nd day after operation. Bilateral ovariectomy caused early delivery of the young and lactose content in the gland increased further after delivery. Foetuses in the unilaterally ovariectomized rats were retained normally to term.
Possible participation of placentae and foetuses in the mechanism of lactogenesis in pregnant animals by controlling the activity of the ovary is discussed.
LACTOGENIC AND PIGEON CROP-STIMULATING ACTIVITIES OF HUMAN PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE PREPARATIONS
Authors: FORSYTH ISABEL A. , FOLLEY S. J. , CHADWICK A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The ability of human pituitary growth hormone (HGH) to induce milk formation in the pseudopregnant rabbit and to stimulate the crop gland of the pigeon has been investigated. Assayed against purified sheep prolactin, fourteen preparations of HGH all showed marked lactogenic activity in the rabbit mammary intraductal test and the majority of preparations were highly active. On the other hand, in the pigeon, the classical test animal for prolactin assay, low activity in stimulating the crop gland was usual and only two preparations showed activity comparable with that shown by purified sheep prolactin. The finding that HGH has consistently high activity in a mammalian lactogenic test, which may in suitable circumstances provide good estimates of potency, is discussed in the light of the possibility that HGH may be the only human pituitary lactogen.
THE EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON THE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF THE LAMPREY LAMPETRA FLUVIATILIS
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. , FOLLETT B. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
River lampreys regulated their blood glucose concentration when injected with glucose. Mammalian insulin decreased the blood glucose concentration in the lamprey while adrenaline, cortisol and arginine vasotocin increased it. Glucagon had no effect initially but after a delay of 4 hr. decreased the blood glucose level. Insulin and cortisol increased the liver glycogen concentration. Adrenaline decreased the muscle glycogen concentration; vasotocin increased it. Treatment with alloxan increased the blood glucose concentration. Fat and glycogen in the lamprey are stored mainly in the skeletal muscles and their histochemical distribution in muscle is described. The results are discussed in relation to the metabolism of the migrating lamprey and the evolution of the control of carbohydrate metabolism in vertebrates.
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF CRYSTALLINE SUSPENSIONS OF HEXOESTROL AND OF OESTRADIOL MONOBENZOATE IN INDUCING MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT AND LACTATION IN THE GOAT; AND EFFECTS OF RELAXIN ON MAMMOGENESIS AND LACTATION
Authors: COWIE A. T. , COX C. P. , FOLLEY S. J. , HOSKING ZENA D. , TINDAL J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Suspensions of oestradiol monobenzoate crystals (three intramuscular injections of 25 mg. at intervals of 50 days) in combination with suspensions of progesterone crystals (five injections of 2·1 g. at intervals of 30 days) were more effective in inducing mammary growth and lactation in ovariectomized goats than suspensions of hexoestrol and progesterone crystals administered at similar dose levels and intervals.
Daily injections of relaxin during the last 30 days of the above treatments reduced the milk yields apparently by inhibiting mammary growth.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON 3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN THE MOUSE LEYDIG CELL
Authors: BAILLIE A. H. , GRIFFITHS K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
One hundred and ten male Swiss white mice were killed in batches of ten weekly between birth and the end of the 10th week of postnatal life. To demonstrate 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity histochemically, sections of testis from every animal were incubated with the following steroid substrates: (1) sodium 3β-sulphoxypregn-5-en-20-one (pregnenolone sulphate), (2) sodium 3β-sulphoxy-17α-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (17α-hydroxypregnenolone sulphate), (3) sodium 3β-sulphoxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA sulphate), (4) 3β,16α-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one (16α-hydroxypregnenolone), (5) pregn-5-ene-3β,20β-diol (pregnenediol), (6) androst-5-ene-3β, 17β-diol (androstenediol).
Pregnenolone sulphate was rapidly used by the entire interstitium at all ages. 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone sulphate was metabolized by some Leydig cells of all age groups. DHA sulphate was not utilized histochemically by the Leydig cells of the various age groups, but formazan deposition occurred in the mature seminiferous epithelium. This is the only steroid so far investigated to give an histochemical reaction with the germinal epithelium, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity has not previously been described in the seminiferous tubules. The utilization of steroid sulphates differently from the free steroids in the histochemical demonstration of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity suggests that the presence of a sulphate group may affect enzyme-substrate binding.
With 16α-hydroxypregnenolone and pregnenediol as substrates, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was demonstrable at birth, increased progressively until the 6th week of postnatal life, and subsequently decreased during the ensuing 4 weeks. This growth curve closely resembles the growth curve obtained with pregnenolone. Androstenediol gave a histochemical reaction with the Leydig cells of all age groups studied, and the sigmoid growth curve resembles that obtained with 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA). These differing growth curves are regarded as further evidence of substrate-specific 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.
THE EFFECTS OF DECREASING DOSES OF OESTROGEN AND INCREASING DOSES OF PROGESTERONE ON THE TRANSPORT OF ARTIFICIAL EGGS THROUGH THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF OVARIECTOMIZED RABBITS
Authors: HARPER M. J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
By means of the technique of tracing the movement of 'artificial eggs' (radioactive spheres) by autoradiography (Harper, Bennett, Boursnell & Rowson, 1960) a study has been made of the effects of a decreasing oestrogen and various increasing progesterone doses on egg movement through the reproductive tract of ovariectomized rabbits. Five or more animals were autopsied at 8, 24, 48 and 56 hr. after insertion of the spheres into the ampulla of the Fallopian tube.
It was hoped that such treatments would produce hormonal conditions similar to those in intact rabbits after ovulation, and that therefore normal tubal transport would occur. The treatments used produced normal movement of the spheres through the ampulla and the isthmus, and most of them were retained in the Fallopian tube up to 48 hr. after insertion. However, by 48 hr. one or more spheres were observed to have entered the vagina in all treatment groups. None of the treatments caused most of the spheres to enter the uterus between 48 and 56 hr. after insertion, as would be the case in intact animals at a similar time after ovulation. It was concluded, however, that such treatments could produce tubal transport normal up to 48 hr. in ovariectomized rabbits, and that the presence of oestrogen appeared to be the controlling factor.
CHANGES IN LEVELS OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN THE BOVINE PITUITARY GLAND AT OVULATION
Authors: RAKHA A. M. , ROBERTSON H. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A significant (P < 0·05) drop in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) content of the pituitary was shown to occur in the cow during the period 0–18 hr. after the onset of oestrus.
Calculation of the ratio of LH to FSH in the pituitary during the ovulatory period, suggests that this ratio varied and hence that the ratio of LH to FSH secreted may also vary.
THE EFFECT OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS ON GROWTH AND THE RAT TIBIA TEST
Authors: ZOR U. , DIKSTEIN S. , SULMAN F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A large number of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors: pivhydrazine (Tersavide), nialamide (Niamide), isocarboxazid (Marplan), mebanazine (Actomol), phenelzine (Nardil), pheniprazine (Catron) and tranylcypromine (Parnate), decrease cartilage growth in normal rats. This inhibition is not directly due to their properties as MAO inhibitors. Thus, for example, iproniazid (Marsilid), 2,5-dichlorophenylhydrazine, etryptamine (Monase) and amphetamine (Benzedrine) did not decrease epiphysial growth of the tibia in immature female rats. MAO inhibitors with a methyl residue on the α-carbon atom inhibited growth to a greater extent than those with a hydrogen in place of the methyl group.
Pargyline (Eutonyl) did not depress cartilage growth in adrenalectomized rats, even when they received large doses of adrenaline. However, pargyline inhibited cartilage growth in adrenalectomized animals receiving hydrocortisone and in normal rats. Thus the growth-inhibiting effect of pargyline seems to be mediated by its potentiating effect on corticosteroids.
Growth hormone prevented the inhibitory effect of pargyline on cartilage growth. Pargyline alone given to normal young male or female rats decreased weight gain for 2 weeks. Later the experimental animals caught up with the controls. It is assumed that the transient weight loss is due to the sympathomimetic effect of the MAO inhibitor, which depresses hypothalamic centres concerned with appetite, weight gain and growth.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON THE ACTION OF THYROXINE AND ADRENALINE ON THE METABOLIC RATE OF MICE
Authors: SUBRAHMANYAM SARADA , LOCKETT MARY F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of thyroxine on the oxygen uptake of mice was abolished either by hypophysectomy or by adrenalectomy and was restored in adrenalectomized mice by very small s.c. doses of adrenaline.
Hypophysectomized and neurohypophysectomized mice failed to respond by increase in oxygen uptake to subcutaneous doses of adrenaline which were calorigenic in normal and in adrenalectomized mice. Oxytocin, 4 m-u. s.c. per mouse, restored the effect of adrenaline on the oxygen consumption of neurohypophysectomized adrenalectomized mice.