bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Panel considers future of U.S. land imaging
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

A U.S. government interagency working group charged with developing a strategy for the future of U.S. land imaging began eliciting comments from the users of Landsat data at a public workshop held on 26 July in Washington, D.C.The U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy, in December 2005, announced that it would acquire the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM), which for a time had been planned to be part of the National Polarorbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System. In addition, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) and other government agencies would develop a plan for what to do after Landsat and the LDCM to acquire moderate‐resolution land images.
Ionoquakes: Earthquake precursors in the ionosphere?
Authors: Rishbeth Henry 
Published: October 2006

The ionospheric literature is sprinkled with descriptions of phenomena observed near the site of future earthquakes. Any real connection, reliably established, clearly would be of practical value as well as of scientific interest, so the topic is worthy of debate.Ionospheric effects following an earthquake have been well observed.They include large‐scale waves, known as traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs),that travel thousands of kilometers. TIDs normally are launched by auroral disturbances in the highlatitude ionosphere or by storms and weather fronts in the lower atmosphere.Those observed on 28 March 1964 by sounders (ionosondes) in Alaska, California, and Hawaii [Leonard and Barnes, 1965] and Colorado [Davies and Baker, 1965] apparently originated earlier that day in the vicinity of the great Alaskan earthquake (M=9.2).Artru et al. [2001] have shown that seismic waves indeed can couple to the atmosphere.The reported ‘earthquake precursors’ are ionospheric phenomena recorded within a few hundred kilometers of the epicenter of a quake that occurred up to a few days later. The data come from ionosondes, of which about 100 worldwide make hourly records, and from instruments aboard orbiting satellites that happened to be passing near the site of the earthquake. Orbiting satellites offer global coverage, but their data are limited by the vagaries of orbits. Recently, precursors have been detected by monitoring the total ionospheric electron content along slant paths from radio transmitters on Global Position System satellites to a ground receiver.With its great advantages of continuity and wide geographic coverage, this technique deserves wider use.
NSF updates science board on major facilities projects
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

The Scientific Ocean Drilling Vessel (SODV) is expected to cost more than initial estimates but other U.S. National Science Foundation‐sponsored major research facilities currently under construction are largely running on schedule and within budget, NSF Deputy Director Kathie Olsen told the U.S. National Science Board on 9 AugustThe SODV project, in which a ship will be converted into a deep‐sea drilling vessel, is about 7% complete, Olsen said. NSF and the Joint Oceanographic Institutions are preparing to negotiate with bidders on this conversion. However, the cost of the project is expected to be higher than anticipated due to increased steel and oil prices, she said
Proposal would define “planets” and “plutons”
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Pluto would be classified as a type of planet named a ‘pluton’ under a new definition of ‘planet’ that is being considered by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) General Assembly, the IAU announced on 16 August.IAU President Ron Ekers said, ‘Recent new discoveries have been made of objects in the outer regions of the solar system that have sizes comparable to and larger than Pluto. These discoveries have rightfully called into question whether or not they should be considered as new planets.”
Hold your breath: The economic impact of human respiration
Authors: Mackie Douglas S. 
Published: October 2006

The definition of anthropogenic emissions in the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change contains a loophole that could be exploited to destabilize the ratification process. I point out this loophole here so that others may use it to prevent effective implementation of the Protocol, alongside arguments of equal scientific weight and credibility currently used by the administrations of some western nations against the Protocol, in particular, and the need to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, in general.Under the Protocol, the emission permitted (CP ) by a country is defined in terms of a fraction of CO2 emissions for a given baseline year (CB); CP= CB x q, where q is an agreed factor that varies from country to country and is set out in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol. CB is unique to each country and represents the emissions of a country in the baseline year, usually 1990. If actual emissions fall below CP, then the difference may be traded, and recent sales have been at about € 5.50 (US$7.05) per ton of C02.The intent of the Kyoto Protocol is to constrain gases released through source activities that, in general, burn fossil fuels. However, enteric fermentation (ruminant digestive fermentation producing methane) is specifically included as a source activity in Annex A of the Protocol. The definition of emissions used in the Protocol thus may be interpreted to include other non‐fossil‐fuel, natural metabolism sources of carbon, such as the products of human respiration.
AGU briefs Congressional Staff on Hurricane Report
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

AGU President Tim Killeen and two authors of AGU's recent report “Hurricanes and the U.S. Gulf Coast: Science and Sustainable Rebuilding” held two briefings on the report's findings for congressional staff members on 29 June in Washington, D.C.“This is an effort on the part of a large scientific society to say that we have a body of knowledge that is relevant, and it ought to be connected into the decision‐making that is very important to the nation,” Killeen noted.
Congress assesses climate change paleodata
Authors: Bierly Eugene W. 
Published: October 2006

The ‘hockey stick’ graph of surface temperature change over the past millennium and implications for climate change assessments was the subject of two hearings held by the U.S. House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, on 19 and 27 July. These hearings marked only the second time that the committee has discussed climate issues since George W. Bush became president.The hearings were called to investigate papers published in 1998 and 1999 by Michael Mann (Pennsylvania State University) et al. that showed that surface temperatures for most of the past millennium were flat and then rose significantly in the late twentieth century like the blade of a hockey stick. Their graph of temperature in the Northern Hemisphere during the past 1000 years was reconstructed from proxy data, such as tree rings, ice cores, and other indirect data sources.
Significance of backwards sunspots debated
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

The appearance within the past five weeks of two sunspots with ‘backwards’ magnetic polarity has scientists debating whether they are the first sunspots of the new solar cycle. An early start to cycle 24, originally predicted to begin in 2007, could indicate that it will be more active than the current one, said David Hathaway, a solar physicist at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.Nearly all of the sunspots in a solar cycle have the same magnetic polarity, which alternates with each new cycle, but sunspots from each cycle can overlap for a year or two during the switch.The official beginning of a new cycle, however, is determined from monthly averages of sunspot activity; only months after a minimum in activity has occurred can scientists say that a new cycle has begun.
Petroleum geologists' award to novelist Crichton is inappropriate
Authors: Brigham‐Grette Julie , Anderson Scott , Clague John , Cole Julia , Doran Peter , Gillespie Allan , Grimm Eric , Guccione Peggy , Hughen Konrad , Jackson Stephen , Jull Timothy , Leavitt Steven , Mandel Rolfe , Ortiz Joseph , Rodbell Donald , Schweger Charlie , Smith Alison , Styles Bonnie 
Published: October 2006

The American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) announced in February that the group had given novelist Michael Crichton its 2006 Journalism Award for his novels Jurassic Park and State of Fear. AAPG states that the Journalism Award is intended to acknowledge those who have contributed to the public understanding of geology.The Council of the American Quaternary Association (AMQUA),a professional organization of scientists who study the recent (Quaternary) period of geologic time in which mankind has flourished, feels it was inappropriate for AAPG to give a journalism award for State of Fear for two reasons. The novel is not journalism. Furthermore, it is fiction that presents a distorted view of global warming as a scientific hoax, and Crichton is using his prominence as a novelist and movie director to push his views into the scientific debate on global warming and its consequences.
Towards real‐time tsunami amplitude prediction
Authors: Sobolev Stephan , Babeyko Andrey , Wang Rongjiang , Galas Roman , Rothacher Markus , Lauterjung Jorn , Sein Dmitry , Schröter Jens , Subarya Cecep 
Published: October 2006

The catastrophic consequences of the 2004 Indian Ocean and the recent (17 July) Java tsunamis demand the development of modern and robust tsunami early warning systems.The greatest challenge of the German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS), led by the National Center of Geosciences (GeoForschungsZentrum) in Potsdam, Germany, is to provide early tsunami warnings for the Indian Ocean coast of Indonesia where tsunamis can arrive 20–40 minutes after an earthquake.This article shows that reliable prediction of tsunami wave heights at the Sumatra coast cannot be provided using traditional, earthquake‐magnitude‐based methods. Instead, a novel, real‐time warning technique based on special types of near‐field global positioning system (GPS) arrays—a ‘GPS shield’—may be more appropriate for Sumatra and elsewhere around the globe.
Ital's investment in research
Authors: Boschi Enzo 
Published: October 2006

In their letter entitled “Italy's investment in research” (Eos, 87(26), 258, 27 June 2006), Benedetto De Vivo et al. present their views on several aspects of the Italian research system, with special emphasis on volcanologyItaly's public sector research is managed by the Ministry for University and Research (MIUR) through two channels: the universities and ‘public research institutions’ (EPRs). While the universities have education and basic research as their primary goals, the EPRs are dedicated to research in fields of industrial, technological, or environmental interest. Much like NASA, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the United States, the Italian National Institute for Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) is one of these EPRs, with its primary goal being basic and applied research in various areas of geophysics.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic Oceans
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Marine sedimentary rocks now exposed on land are mainly deposits of shallow shelf seas, although ancient deep‐sea sediments do occur in the mountains. Thanks largely to the 15‐year effort by the Deep Sea Drilling Project of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI) Deep Earth Sampling Program, we have made quantum jumps in our understanding of the history of the ocean. Time has been added as the fourth dimension to oceanography, giving birth to a new interdisciplinary science, paleoceanography.The International Lithosphere Program is a successor to the International Geodynamics Program of the 1970s. The program is coordinated by the Inter‐Union Commission on Lithosphere (ICL), a commission of the International Council of Scientific Unions. This volume, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Oceans, is an interim report of Working Group 7 of the International Lithosphere Project.
Federal money for R&D levels off
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

The federal government spent slighdy less money on research and development at U.S. colleges and universities in 1986 than in 1985 after adjustment for inflation, according to figures released by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Despite sizable growth in the early 1980s, federal obligations for geoscience research in 1986 were also about the same as for the previous year. The recent stall comes at a time when the White House and Congress have been scrutinizing what has been widely perceived as a loss of competitiveness in U.S. science and technology.Federal support for science and engineering research and development (R&D) in 1986 was $6.54 billion, while the private sector spent 10 times less, $657 million. Total federal assistance to colleges and universities was $11.6 billion, including $4.2 billion for Pell and Supplemental Education Opportunity grants. The information comes from an early release of an NSF report on federal support of university‐based research.
Fall business meeting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

As an alternative to the usual luncheon and business meeting, AGU sections had wine and cheese parties at the 1987 Fall Meeting. The Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism (GP) Section preceded this informal gathering with its annual fall business meeting on Thursday, December 12. It was attended by some 60 people.The first order of business was a comment by Richard Blakely (U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.) thanking all those who assisted with and wrote articles for the GP section o f the U.S. National Report to the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). Then Subir Banerjee (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis) announced that the final report of the Asilomar Workshop on Rock Magnetism was available. Copies were passed out at the meeting; additional copies may be obtained from Banerjee or from AGU Headquarters.
Streamflows in western states lowest in over a decade
Authors: Hubbard Larry L. 
Published: October 2006

In 1987, the western United States experienced the lowest streamflows since the 1977 drought. Provisional data indicate that summer flows in southern Idaho were the lowest ever recorded for that time of year, and in western Washington flows were the lowest in 40 years.Severe water shortages occurred only in localized areas that were without adequate reservoir storage. In much of the west, storage levels in reservoirs at the beginning of the 1987 water year (October 1, 1986, to September 30, 1987) equaled or exceeded the average for that time of year. The quantity of water in storage and efficient management practices provided an a dequate supply of water for most uses, but some municipalities and other water suppliers instituted either voluntary or mandatory use restrictions.
Global geoscience transects in the Arab region
Authors: Barazangi Mauwia 
Published: October 2006

The Global Geoscience Transects (GGT) project is one of the most recent initiatives of the International Lithosphere Program (ILP). The GGT project is represented by ILP Coordinating Committee 7 (CC7), which is coordinated by J . Monger (Geological Survey of Canada, Vancouver). M. Barazangi (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.) is responsible for the coordination of the Middle East and North Africa region, which includes most of the Arab countries.The main objective of the GGT project is to strengthen and broaden international cooperation mainly through active participation of Earth scientists in constructing geological and geophysical transects, especially cross sections. The transects will be at least to Moho depth and will contain as much detail as transects of geological structures mapped on Earth's surface. The transects are being selected by the participating geoscientists to traverse all continents and, as much as possible, to form a continuous grid across political boundaries. Members of CC7 act as regional coordinators to help the local Earth scientists to initiate and implement GGT objectives. The implementation phase has to a large extent been standardized to follow clear guidelines that were developed by CC7 members. These guidelines are based on a modified and expanded version of the recent highly successful Continent‐Ocean Transect project of the Geological Society of America.
DOE to drill in Long Valley
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Magma Energy Technology Program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Technology Division is planning to drill a deep exploratory well in Long Valley Caldera, Calif. The objective of the program is to evaluate the engineering feasibility of an advanced geothermal technology, which involves placing a heat exchanger directly into partially molten crustal rock.The researchers' objective for this first deep well is to encounter temperatures of 500°C or to drill to depths of 6–7 km, which‐ever comes first. If it can be verified that partially molten rock exists within the caldera, a later stage in the program will include penetrating that region. Drilling of this first well will begin in September 1988 at a prepared site on the south central region of the resurgent dome. The operational plan provides for drilling to proceed in four stages over 4 years.
Energy Research Awards established
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Department of Energy has established two new scientific and technical awards and is seeking nominations for them. The establishment of the awards honors two 19th‐century scientists, John Ericsson and Sadi Carnot.The John Ericsson Award recognizes achievements in the field of renewable energy resources. Ericsson immigrated to the United States from Sweden in 1839 and became famous for designing the battleship Monitor. His contribution to the field of renewable energy resources lies in his design of a solar‐powered steam engine and his efforts to design other items of solar‐powered machinery. The Sadi Carnot Award recognizes achievement in energy conservation. Carnot, a French scientist (1796–1832), devoted the last 13 years of his life to theoretical studies of efficiency in steam engines. His work contained concepts that were later incorporated in the First Law of Thermodynamics.
Needed: Climate research stations
Authors: Miller David H. 
Published: October 2006

Many scientists investigating climatic fluctuations are encountering serious data base inadequacies: observing stations that moved to new locations without concern for homogeneity of record, or observational procedures that abruptly changed, for instance. In addition, at many climatic stations the coverage of physical parameters (not to say chemical also) at any particular place is incomplete for any integrative or impact study.Last summer, a possible aid to research on climatic fluctuations and their impact on other environmental parameters developed in a workshop of the International Geographic Union (IGU) Commission on Geographical Monitoring, which met for about 10 days in Moscow and the Caucasus Mountains. This meeting had support from the U.N. Environmental Programme (UNEP) and was cochaired by Svendel Evteev, a Soviet Antarctic scientist (Institute of Geography, Soviet Academy of Sciences, Moscow), and Nigel Wace, an Australian biogeographer (Australian National University, Canberra), with the active participation of Soviet academician Kirill Kondrat'ev (Institute of Limnology, Leningrad) and Michael Gwynne of UNEP, which operates the Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS). The outcome of the workshop may be of interest to environmentally aware geoscientists in the United States.
1987: A year of AGU achievements
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The achievements of any scientific society can be measured in a steady, slow pace of change or in major, dramatic advances. In 1987, AGU produced both kinds of achievement.The Union continued to meet obligations to member geophysicists and the geophysics community by publishing more scientific papers, holding more meetings, and reaching more people than ever before. The details of this work follow. What is not discussed here and what of course constitutes the true measure of success is the achievements of the Union's individual members and of geophysicists around the world.
Best student papers from 1987 Fall Meeting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

As a means of encouraging student participation, a number of AGU sections have selected best student papers at AGU's meetings.At the 1987 AGU Fall Meeting, three sections chose to award Best Student Papers.The Geodesy Section awarded its Best Student Paper to Allan M. Rubin for his paper on “Fault Slip Within Spreading Centers as a Response to Dike Intrusion.” Rubin, who received his B.A. in Earth sciences from Dartmouth College (Hanover, N.H.) in 1982, is currently a graduate student at Stanford University (Stanford, Calif.), where he works with David Pollard, the coauthor of his Fall Meeting paper. He expects to finish his Ph.D. dissertation, “Dike Intrusion and Crustal Deformation in Volcanic Rift Zones,” in June 1988. Rubin's current research interests lie in the field of magma transport, physical volcanology, and rock deformation.
Acid rain study: Do it again
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

James Mahoney, newly appointed head of the Reagan administration's National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), got a writing assignment last week from Rep. James Scheuer (D‐N.Y.) , a subcommittee chairman of the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology (SST).At a hearing on April 27, 1988, Mahoney agreed to Scheuer's request that he rewrite by Labor Day the executive summary o f an interim report o n NAPAP's progress that was submitted to Congress during September 1987. The summary, written by Mahoney's predecessor, J. Laurence Kulp, was immediately criticized by scientists, legislators, and environmental groups as a distortion of facts and a whitewash of the scientific conclusions of the interim report. Kulp resigned within a week of the summary's release.
Early HVO Bulletins collected, published
Authors: Takahashi T. Jane 
Published: October 2006

The volcanology bulletins published since the early 20th century by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) are now available as a three‐volume set. In this collection, the contents of The Volcano Letter and other early HVO publications are fully indexed for the first time.The HVO collection, entitled The Early Serial Publications of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, was inspired by the Smithsonian Institution's 1987 reprint The Volcano Letter, 1925– 1955. The new work includes an index to The Volcano Letter as well as to the other early HVO publications, a long with a bibliography. In the preface to the HVO volumes, compilers Darcy Bevens, Taeko Jane Takahashi, and Thomas L. Wright explain that this collection completes the reprinting o f the early HVO serial publications. Each volume is separately paginated and indexed, and the collection spans works from 1913 to 1955.