bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fast processor for 3‐d device simulation using systolic arrays
Authors: Naritomi Takashi , Aso Hirotomo , Kimura Masayuki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo analyze the behavior of semiconductor devices numerically, we need to solve extremely large and sparse linear systems of equations as fast as possible. In this paper, parallel processing architectures using systolic arrays are proposed as a rapid solver of linear equations. The architectures are designed to reduce the number of processing elements, utilizing the regularity and the sparseness of coefficient matrices.The proposed systolic arrays consist of sixty‐four cells for incomplete matrix decomposition and of seven cells for matrix‐vector multiplication. This number is independent from the number N of grid points discretized for a three‐dimensional device. The processing time of the array to solve a system of equations is proportional to N. Furthermore, the architectures are revised for faster parallel computation. The acceleration is based on the fact that a coefficient matrix is decomposed of smaller matrices. By the acceleration for matrix‐vector multiplication, required cells are 8 × N1/3, but the processing time is proportional to N2/3.
An internal environment state variable in the human body and fundamental experiments
Authors: Yunokuchi Kazutomo , Furukawa Tetsuya 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe internal environment for maintaining life in the human body is supported by a particular control mechanism. The function of this internal environmental control mechanism is to transport organic materials and oxygen in a timely fashion according to the environment state information of the individual, to maintain the condition to acquire free energy. The fluid environment in the tissue is governed mostly by the oxygen state variable related to the adjustment of oxygen pressure of the tissue and the effective density of the substrate and electrolytes. While the human body is always in contact with the external environment, an adequate adjustment of the internal environment of the human body will be impossible without the state information. The internal environment near the body wall is separated from the external environment by the epithelial cell layer. The sodium ion density difference between the inside and the outside of the epithelial cell layer is maintained by the sodium pumping action of the epithelial cell. The electromotive pump of the epithelial cell and the sodium ion charge distribution of the tissue fluid are closely related to the oxygen state variable of the tissue. This paper discusses the measurement of the dynamical change of the state of the internal ions and the dynamical change of hemoglobin, produced by the modification of the internal environment, and the biomag‐netic phenomenon caused by the epithelial current (called receptor magnetic phenomenon). By discussing their relations, the function and the control of the internal environment state information receptor of the living body are investigated.
A compression and reconstruction system for medical images
Authors: Nakagawa Yukihiro , Yoshitake Toshiyuki , Shiohara Morito , Gotoh Toshiyuki , Yoshida Masumi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an efficient compression and reconstruction system for medical images which operates based on the authors' hybrid algorithm. This system consists of an image compression processor (ICP), a host mainframe computer and image reconstruction displays (IRDs). The ICP consists of a maximum of four parallel compression units with communication ports.In this architecture, the hybrid algorithm, which includes serial operations, can be processed at high speed by communicating the internal data. The compressed data are transferred to the host's image database. The IRD can receive the compressed data from the host computer and reconstruct images of good quality at high speed using four pipeline‐based microprocessors. This system can reduce the load of the host by distributed processing using ICP and IRDs.By experiments, the system was verified to be effective: ICP compressed alklk image in about 2 s. Even when three IRDs linked with the same communication line requested images simultaneously, less than 7 s were needed for all IRDs to transfer and to be reconstructed.
Reconstruction of magnetic resonance images by iterative methods
Authors: Kudo Hiroyuki , Saito Tsuneo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn MRI based on the time‐varying gradient magnetic field, the image must be reconstructed from the sampled values which are distributed in k‐space with nonuniform intervals. If there exists any static field inhomogeneity, gradient field nonlinearity, or patient motion, the image must be reconstructed considering these effects, thereby preventing the deterioration of the reconstructed image.This paper proposes a new MRI image reconstruction method to cope with the forementioned problems in a unified way. The proposed method of reconstruction is based on the principle whereby the imaging equation representing the relation between the spin density distribution and FID signal is solved directly by an iterative least‐squares method. The proposed reconstruction method strictly considers that mathematically the measured data are the finite number of sampled values of the FID signal. The minimum norm solution is obtained as the reconstructed image. Also, a method is proposed which improves the convergence of the iterative least‐squares method by utilizing the information concerning the density of the sampling point distribution in k‐space. An image reconstruction experiment is shown assuming the spiral k‐trajectory.
Backpropagation with selection—reduction of learning time and elimination of hidden units
Authors: Hagiwara Masafumi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a new backpropagation‐type learning algorithm which incorporates selection capability in the hidden‐layer units. This algorithm is simple and is effective in reducing both the number of training cycles required and the number of hidden‐layer units. In the proposed algorithm, the method consists of selecting the “worst” units from among those in the hidden layer and eliminating them. Before convergence is achieved, by resetting the connection weights of the selected “bad” units to small random values, an escape from a local minimum is effected and learning time is shortened. When the network is converging, by preferentially deleting units starting with the “worst,” a reduction in the number of units on the hidden layer is achieved. The reduction of the number of units on the hidden layer increases the generalization capability of the network and contributes to a reduction in the computation costs and the like. Through a computer simulation, the superior performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated.
Neural computer using electromagnetic coupling
Authors: Akamatsu Norio , Nakamura Yoshihiro , Kawabe Tohru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA neural computer is referred to as a connectionism or an ultraparallel distributed processing system, compared to a conventional computer. However, it is necessary to develop an effective wire connecting method among neurons to realize a large‐scale network involving a huge number of neurons.This paper proposes a new neural computer architecture in which each layer of the network is coupled electromagnetically. The effectiveness of the new neural computer is confirmed by computer simulation. Since the connection weights in the neural computer can be realized without the need for special devices, the proposed neural computer may easily be produced by the technology used for large‐scale integrated circuits.
Pastoral Nomadism and Tribal Power
Authors: Garthwaite G. R. 
Published: July 2007

The nomadic tribes of Iran have long attracted interest, yet despite many descriptive accounts there have been few critical studies of them. Major obstacles to analysis have been a romanticization of nomadism, a dichotomization that emphasizes the differences between nomadism and agriculture, and a disregard for the historical setting and change. Discussions have tended to obscure important economic and social relationships between nomadic and sedentary society, and within the tribal structure itself; moreover, it has often been assumed that an organic or deterministic, link between pastoralism and tribal political structures exists.The Bakhtiyārī are commonly associated with the central Zagros mountains. It is assumed that this rugged area in turn necessitates transhumant movement of the Bakhtiyārī with their flocks of sheep and goats and a tribal organization to accomplish this end. Furthermore, this environment isolates and gives the tribe autonomy vis-a-vis the state.
The Modernist Trend in Persian Literature and Its Social Impact
Authors: Hillmann Michael C. 
Published: July 2007

For over a thousand years imaginative Persian literature has more directly and comprehensively than any other art medium reflected and nurtured distinctively Iranian cultural themes and orientations and has more than any other single indigenous phenomenon defined Iranian culture for literate Iranians themselves, who through the centuries have often pointed to this literature as a sign of their special place in and distinctive contributions to human cultural expression.Now the phrase “imaginative Persian literature” can refer to various distinct traditions on the Iranian plateau. There is a folk tradition that emerged upon the heels of the appearance of the neo-Persian language in the 9th century. Then there is the better known belletristic court tradition that began in the same era and that persists today, albeit without court patronage, in the writings, particularly verse, of literary traditionalists who feel that the norms, forms, and themes of poets from Rudaki (d. 940) to Jami (d. 1492) constitute still relevant prescriptive standards.
Mehdi Qoli Hedayat: A Conservative of the Late Qajar Era
Authors: Barzegar Ali 
Published: July 2007

Mehdi Qoli Hedayat, Mokhber al-Saltaneh, was born in 1863 into an aristocratic family in Tehran. He was the son of Ali Qoli Khan, Mokhber al-Dowleh, the pioneer in Iranian telegraphy, and the grandson of Reza Qoli Khan Hedayat, the famous historian and teacher of the Qajar period.Mehdi Qoli went to school at age seven. At fourteen he was sent, in the company of his brother, Morteza Qoli (Sane ‘ al-Dowleh), to study in Germany. His stay lasted a little more than two months. He had intended to study medicine but returned home with his brother when their sister died. Feeling nostalgic for home, he did not heed his father's advice to stay and study. Later, reflecting on this decision, he said, "Alas, that if I had studied medicine I would be a free man and, now, I am bound, bound to a people...." Thus, Mehdi Qoli's education in Europe was limited to learning the German language and sightseeing in Germany and Switzerland.
The Life and Poetry of Mashreqi Tabrizi
Authors: Lewisohn Leonard 
Published: July 2007

Of the rhyme and verse of Shams-e Mashreqi Go tell the news to all who merit it Because the worth of pearls borne from sea all jewelers will appreciate.—MashreqiDuring the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century in Tabriz, the political and cultural capital of medieval Persia, a remarkable congregation of Sufi poets assembled whose society, fellowship, and fraternity in Sufism, made them all members of one literary movement in Persian poetry, known as the ‘School of Tabriz’. In presenting the literary accomplishments and the mystical outlook of this School to a wider audience, the present article attempts to introduce the least known member of this school, namely, the Sufi gnostic poet, ‘Abd al-Rahim Khalvatī (Mashreqī), whose poetic oeuvre and biography has, to date, been completely neglected by Persian literary historians, both east and west.
Client and contractor roles in a changing local government environment
Authors: Griffiths Bryn 
Published: July 2007

The advent of Compulsory Competitive Tendering (CCT)1 exposes large swathes of local authority services to private sector competition. The challenge facing those in local government who wish to protect in-house services is how to adjust to a new commercial contracting culture without losing the values of public service. The Audit Commission argues that such a culture requires a hard split between the Council as a client, who sets service standards and ensures value for money and its contractor side that concerns itself with performing to standard and price. This article looks at both the legal and operational impetus for such a client-contractor split, from a DSO (Direct Service Organisation) perspective, and examines the strategic issues raised for local authority reorganisation.
Innovation, Competition and the Structure of Local Production Networks
Authors: Hart Douglas , Simmie James 
Published: July 2007

This paper reports the initial findings of an ESRC-funded study in Hertfordshire into how award-winning innovative firms organise their production arrangements. The study is a pilot project which was based on three initial operational assumptions: first, that innovation is not entirely an aspatial phenomenon; second, that modern production structures are taking new forms - variously described as post-Fordist, or flexible specialisation (flex-spec) - particularly in areas which are rich in commercial research and development (R&D) activities; and, finally, that as a consequence innovative firms in these areas commonly form production linkages with each other to create local production networks (LPNs). The research was carried out in the county of Hertfordshire just to the north of Greater London. Hertfordshire was selected because, according to a number of measures, it is one of the key areas for R&D in the UK. On the basis of our initial, limited empirical sample of firms in Hertfordshire, a key finding of the research was that a significant majority of the innovative firms sampled - both large and small - were not actually organised in LPNs in any recognisable way and that local post-Fordist production was either extremely limited in its operation or, more commonly for most firms, was non-existent - instead, these firms normally acted as local, relatively free-standing entities which were much more likely to be in competition with other local firms, than form production linkages with them.
Vascular Dysfunction in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Frisbee Jefferson C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWith the growing prevalence of obesity and impaired glycemic control, and the correlation between these conditions and an elevated predisposition for the development of vascular disease, research emphases are increasingly being targeted to the mechanistic bases and functional outcomes of these relationships. Given this, the current issue of Microcirculation, presents a series of reviews that summarize knowledge on an array of topics relevant to obesity, insulin resistance, and vascular dysfunction. The first chapters discuss altered patterns of blood flow regulation, vascular reactivity, microvascular density, and vascular wall mechanics. The second grouping details alterations to coronary, renal, and hepatic circulations and the implications of these effects for organ function. Additionally, one article presents knowledge and outlines future research directions for the study of endothelial permeability and barrier function within insulin resistance. The last group of articles discusses the effects of inflammation with obesity and insulin resistance on vascular function, and also details the role of perivascular adipose tissue in contributing to vascular dysfunction. The final review extends this general topic to the effects of the metabolic syndrome on microvascular dysfunction, wherein obesity and impaired glycemic control are contributing elements to a larger constellation of systemic pathologies. The authors hope that this Special Topics Issue will be informative for its readers and will provide a basis for future investigation into microvasculopathy in obesity and insulin‐resistance.
Inhibitory effect of 4‐(2,6‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,2,5‐thiadiazol‐3‐yl‐N‐methyl, N‐ethylcarbamate on replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and the mechanism of action
Authors: Ijichi Katsushi , Fujiwara Masatoshi , Hanasaki Yasuaki , Katsuura Kimio , Shigeta Shiro , Konno Kenji , Yokota Tomoyuki , Baba Masanori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the search for effective antiviral agents, we have found 4‐(2, 6‐dichlorophenyl)‐1, 2, 5‐thiadiazol‐3‐yl‐N‐methyl, N‐ethylcarbamate (RD4‐2025) to be a highly potent and selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) in vitro. The 50% effective concentration of RD4‐2025 for HIV‐1‐induced cytopathic effect in MT‐4 cells was 37 nM, yet no antiviral activity was observed against HIV‐2. In HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (RT) assays, RD4‐2025 inhibited both RNA‐dependent and DNA‐dependent DNA polymerase activities of a recombinant HIV‐1 RT with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.11 and 3.5 µM, respectively. However, the compound did not affect the activity of human DNA polymerase α. Kinetic studies revealed that the inhibition was noncompetitive with respect to dGTP as the substrate and poly(C)/(dG)12‐18 as the template/primer. These results were in accordance with those of nonnucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs), such as R89439 (an α‐anilinophenylacetamide derivative) and nevirapine, indicating that RD4‐2025 also belongs to the family of NNRTIs.
Enhancement of barrier function of human aortic endothelial cells by activators of protein kinase C
Authors: Yamada Yoshiji , Yokota Mitsuhiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe investigated the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in regulating the permeability of human and bovine aortic endothelial cells (AECs) cultured on micropore filters. AECs cultured in the upper chamber were incubated with medium containing a PKC agonist, phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) or 1‐oleoyl‐2‐acetyl‐glycerol (OAG) for 15 min to 8 h, after which the cells were incubated with albumin for 1 h. The amount of albumin that had transferred through AECs was determined. Activation of PKC by exposure to PMA or OAG inhibited albumin permeability in human AECs, but increased it in bovine AECs. While the PKC inhibitor, staurosporine, did not itself influence endothelial permeability, it reduced the decrease or increase in permeability induced by exposure to PMA or OAG in human and bovine AECs, respectively. Activation of PKC thus enhanced the barrier function of human AECs, but reduced it in bovine AECs.
A novel guanyl‐preferable ribonuclease of Bacillus polymyxa: Isolation and characterization of the enzyme
Authors: Dementiev A. A. , Mirgorodskaya O. A. , Moiseyev G. P. , Yakovlev G. I. , Shlyapnikov S. V. , Kirpichnikov M. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThree forms of the extracellular alkaline ribonuclease of B. polymyxa (RNases Bpo I, Bpo II and Bpo III) were obtained in the homogeneous states. Relative molecular weights, N‐ and C‐terminal amino acid sequences of the proteins were determined. The two higher‐molecular weight forms of the enzyme (RNases Bpo I and Bpo III) were shown to be precursor molecules which differed from the mature B. polymyxa RNase (RNase Bpo II) by the presence of a extra twelve and six amino acid residues at the amino terminus, respectively. The study of catalytic properties of the enzyme elucidated that the extent of specificity of B. polymyxa RNase in respect to high‐polymeric substrates is different from that of other natural Bacillus RNases. Amino acid composition of B. polymyxa RNase was established and structural similarity within family of Bacillus RNases is discussed. B. polymyxa RNase was shown to be inhibited by intracellular protein inhibitor of B. amyloliquefaciens RNase with the dissociation constant of 2.7×10‐12 M.
Properties of 26S proteasome purified from rat skeletal muscles: Comparison with those of 26S proteasome from the rat brain
Authors: Akaishi Takahiro , Sawada Hitoshi , Yokosawa Hideyoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA ubiquitin/ATP‐dependent proteolytic complex (26S proteasome) was highly purified from rat skeletal muscles and its enzymatic properties were compared with those of the brain 26S proteasome. The purified 26S proteasome comprises 22‐110 kDa subunits characteristic of the typical 26S proteasome on the basis of SDS‐PAGE. The two‐dimensional PAGE (NEPHGE and SDS‐PAGE) pattern revealed that the pI values and molecular masses of the muscle 26S proteasome subunits were similar but not identical to those of the subunits of 26S proteasome purified from the rat brain. The enzymatic properties of the muscle 26S proteasome were very similar to those of the brain enzyme in substrate specificity and inhibitor susceptibility. The specific activities of the muscle 26S proteasome toward three fluorogenic peptide substrates were indistinguishable from those of the brain enzyme.
Phosphorylation of different human milk proteins by human catalytic secretory immunoglobulin A
Authors: Kit Yury Ya. , Semenov Dmitry V. , Nevinsky Georgy A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe ability of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) from milk of healthy mothers to phosphorylate various milk proteins in the presence of γ‐[32P]‐ATP was shown to be a property of the antibodies. The polyclonal sIgA was purified by sequential chromatography on Protein‐A Sepharose and DEAE‐cellulose, and then separated by chromatography on the ATP‐Sepharose. The preparations containing all milk proteins except for protein kinases [integrated milk proteins (IMP)] were obtained by extraction of the kinase activities from the milk using their affinity to the insoluble crosslinked staphylococcus. Addition of sIgA fractions (having a different affinity to ATP) to the IMP led to phosphorylation of casein and several other milk proteins with different efficiencies.
Bisindolylmaleimide inhibits the PMA‐induced down‐regulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblasts
Authors: Park Rang‐Woon , Kim In‐San , Jo Joon‐Seung 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe assessed the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of collagen synthesis. Two PKC activators, Phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) and 1‐oleyl 2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycerol (OAG), decreased the relative rate of collagen synthesis in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner in fibroblasts, whereas an inactive phorbol ester, 4α‐phorbol didecanoate failed to affect the collagen synthesis. In PKC‐depleted cells both PMA and OAG were unable to inhibit collagen synthesis. Bisindolylmaleimide, a specific inhibitor of PKC, completely abrogated PMA‐induced inhibition of collagen synthesis in a dose‐dependent fashion while two other PKC inhibitors with low specificity, H7 and staurosporin failed to block PMA effect on collagen synthesis. The results provide evidence that collagen synthesis is regulated through the signal pathway involving PKC activation.
Ginsenoside‐Rg1 positively regulates cyclin E‐dependent kinase activity in human hepatoma SK‐HEP‐1 cells
Authors: Lee Kwang Youl , Lee Seung Ki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the present study, we describe that ginsenoside‐Rg1 (G‐Rg1) stimulates the proliferation of cultured human hepatoma SK‐HEP‐1 cells. The incorporation of [3H] thymidine into DNA was increased in the cells in response to G‐Rg1. The stimulatory effect of G‐Rg1 on DNA synthesis in SK‐HEP‐1 cells require newly synthesized proteins, since cycloheximide blocked the DNA synthetic activity stimulated with G‐Rg1. Thus, we examined whether G‐Rg1 induces the intracellular protein levels of regulatory proteins for cell cycle progression using immunoblottings. The results from immunoblottings showed that G‐Rg1 induced the levels of cyclin E and cdk2 proteins in the cells. Furthermore, the results from immuno‐complex kinase assays for cyclin E‐dependent kinase showed that G‐Rg1 up‐regulates the kinase activity in a dose‐dependent manner. These results suggest that G‐Rg1 stimulates cell‐growth of SK‐HEP‐1 cells by inducing the intracellular levels of cyclin E/cdk2 complex, which in turn up‐regulates cyclin E‐dependent kinase activity.