bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The stimulation by dendritic cells of host‐versus‐graft reactivity in vivo
Authors: CHAUDHURI S. , CHAUDHURI SWAPNA , BARFOOT R. , DENHAM S. , HALL J. G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryDendritic cells (DC) isolated from peripheral intestinal lymph of inbred Wistar rats were injected into the hind footpads of Hooded CBH/Cbi rats. Administration of 104 and 5 ′ 105 allogeneic DC produced approximately six‐fold increase in popliteal node weight. This is only marginally greater than that caused by similar doses of syngeneic DC and about 30% greater than that caused by allogeneic mononuclear cells. The data indicated that allogeneic DC were not effective stimulators of host‐versus‐graft reactions in this assay.
BCG vaccination in deer: Distinctions between delayed type hypersensitivity and laboratory parameters of immunity
Authors: GRIFFIN J. FRANK T. , HESKETH JAN B. , MACKINTOSH COLIN G. , SHI YOU‐EN , BUCHAN GLENN S. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryGroups of deer were vaccinated with live or killed Bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG), with and without oil adjuvant, to compare their immune responses with those found in naturally infected animals. Killed BCG in oil induced strong lymphocyte transformation (LT) and antibody (ELISA) responses specific forMycobacterium bovisantigens. Serum inflammatory proteins (SIP) were also induced after these animals were skin tested. This pattern of reactivity mirrored that found in naturally infected deer with active tuberculosis. Animals vaccinated with live BCG without oil adjuvant also produced strong LT reactivity hut this was directed at common mycobacterial antigens found on bothM. bovisandM. avium, although no antibody or SIP were detected at any stage of the experiment. The pattern of immune responsiveness to live BCG was similar to that found in naturally infected, but non‐diseased deer, and may represent the immunoprotective response to tuberculosis. Significant differences in specificity of lymphocyte transformation and intradermal skin test reactivity to mycobacterial antigens were also identified. Vaccination with BCG in various formulations provides an experimental probe to evaluate the immunological hasis of immunity to tuberculosis.
Transient retention of Strongyloides ratti in the caecal mucosa during infection in mice
Authors: ABE T. , YOSHIMURA K. , NAWA Y. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAdult worms of Strongyloides ratti, after elimination from the small intestine, were retained in the caecum for at least three days during the infection in mice. This retention was a biological event but not due to a simple mechanical trapping in faeces. In addition to the local mucosal mastocytosis, eosinophil infiltration was remarkable in the caecum around day 10 when adult worms were expelled from there.
Cyclic regulation of B220 antigen expression in immature B cell lines
Authors: OKA Y. , SHIMIZU Y. , TSUKADA S. , SUGIYAMA H. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThree independent immature B cell lines transformed with temperature‐sensitive mutants of Abelson murine leukaemia virus (A‐MuLV) persistently expressed B22O antigen detected by both of the anti‐B220 antibodies RA3‐6B2 and 14.8 during culture at the permissive temperature (35°C). RA3‐6B2 recognizes the B220 epitope and that 14.8 is a CD45RA antibody. However, when the culture temperature was shifted up to the non‐permissive temperature (39°C) and the culture was continued for 2–3 weeks, a population of the cells (RA3‐6B2− 14.8+ cells) that lost RA3‐6B2 antigen appeared in all three cell lines. From these populations, RA3‐6B2− 14.8 + subclones were independently isolated by limiting dilution and the phenotype was stable during culture at the permissive temperature. When the culture temperature of the RA3‐6B2− 14.8 + subbclones was shifted up to the non‐permissive temperature and the culture was continued for 2–3 weeks, RA3‐6B2 antigen was re‐expressed in a subpopulation of the RA3‐6B2 − 14.8 + cells. These results demonstrated cyclic regulation of B220 antigen expression during proliferation and/or differentiation of immature B cell lines.
Lipid peroxidation, glutathione levels and changes in glutathione‐related enzyme activities in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: MUKHERJEE BISWAJIT , MUKHERJEE JAYANTA RANJAN , CHATTERJEE MALAY 
Published: July 2007

SummaryLevels of lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney, brain and blood, liver glutathione (GSH) and several enzymes in liver tissue associated with antioxidant defence mechanism, namely Catalase (EC: 1.11.1.6), GSH reductase (EC:1.6.4.2) and GSH‐s‐transferase (EC: 2.5.1.18), were investigated in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. The single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) caused a four‐, eight‐ and seven‐fold increase in lipid peroxidation in brain, liver and kidney, respectively. A decline in GSH levels both in blood (two–fold) and liver (16%) compared with normal counterparts was also observed. A marginal increase in catalase activity, a 20% decrease in GSH reductase and an increase of GSH‐5‐transferase activity was also found in this experimental diabetic condition. These results suggest experimental diabetes, induced by streptozotocin, can produce biochemical changes not only in pancreas but also in liver, kidney and brain tissue.
Response of peripheral blood leucocytes to mitogenic factor(s) in porcine seminal plasma
Authors: KOVACS D. PAUL R. , TEKPETEY FRANCIS R. , ARMSTRONG DAVID T. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryPorcine seminal plasma (PSP) contains a potent mitogenic substance capable of causing proliferation and extensive agglutination in cultured porcine peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL). In order to determine the specific leucocyte cell population affected by this mitogen, lymphocyte, monocyte and polymorphonuclear (PMN)‐enriched cell fractions were separated from PBL and treated with increasing concentrations of PSP (1–8%, v/v). For monocyte cell populations enriched through elutriation and adherence to plastic, cell proliferation in response to PSP treatment was consistently higher than PSP‐treated unfractionated PBL. Monocyte‐depleted PBL and lymphocyte populations enriched through elutriation demonstrated a decrease in proliferation compared to PSP‐treated unfractionated PBL. PMN populations separated from PBL by discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation were unresponsive to PSP. Agglutination was observed for the unfractionated PBL and each enriched cell population. These results demonstrate that PSP contains a potent mitogen which induces proliferation in monocyte‐enriched cell populations and may reflect the potential of PSP to act as an immune regulator in the uterine environment during early embryo development and implantation.
An alteration in the host‐parasite relationship in subjects with chronic bronchitis prone to recurrent episodes of acute bronchitis
Authors: TAYLOR DIANA C. , CLANCY ROBERT L. , CRIPPS ALLAN W. , BUTT HENRY , BARTLETT LAWRENCE , MURREE‐ALLEN KEITH 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAcute episodes of bronchitis have been shown to be unequally distributed within a population of subjects with chronic bronchitis. Two groups were identified based on incidence of acute bronchitis — subjects who were ‘infection‐prone’ (2–5 infections per year) and those who were ‘non‐infection‐ prone’ (0–1 infections per year). Minor differences in clinical parameters existed, except for smoking experience. The non‐infection‐prone group included more current smokers, and the total smoking experience (in ‘pack years’) was significantly greater in this group. Between‐year analysis demonstrated a stability of classification, established after a minimum of two years’ prospective observation. Parameters of the host‐parasite relationship were assessed in both groups. A significantly greater polybacterial colonization of the oropharynx was observed for chronic bronchitics, both infection‐prone (P < 0.0001) and non‐infection‐prone (P < 0.001), compared with control subjects. Infection‐prone chronic bronchitics had significantly greater total bacteria cultured from the oropharynx compared to the non‐in feet ion‐prone group (P < 0.05); adherence of indigenous microflora to buccal epithelial cells, in particular Gram‐positive cocci (P < 0.01) and in vitro adherence of non‐serotypable Haemophilus influenzae to buccal cells (P < 0.05) compared with the control and non‐infection‐prone groups. These studies suggest that an important variation in subjects with chronic bronchitis is the binding capacity of epithelial cells for bacteria, which when increased enhances susceptibility to colonization and clinical infection.
Phenotype and morphology of murine NC‐1.1+ natural cytotoxic cells
Authors: BRIEN J. H. , SMART Y. C. , FARRELLY M. L. , BURTON R. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe morphology and phenotype of cells identified by the anti‐NC‐1.1 mAb, 1C4, were studied in CBA and (CBA × C57BL/6) F1 mice. This mAb blocked splenic natural cytotoxic (NC) cell activity in vitro and in vivo. Single colour flow cytometric analysis showed that 6±1% of all CBA splenocytes were NC‐1.1+, and that granular cells of varying sizes, as defined by their forward and side light scatter, contained the highest proportion of NC‐1.1+ cells (29±7%). When analysed by two colour flow cytometry, the large and the granular NC‐1.1+ spleen cells in CBA mice were shown to co‐express Thy‐1.2 and L3T4 (≤ 33%), Mac‐1 (≤ 26%), IgM (≤ 60%) and FcRγII and J11d (≤ 100%). In contrast, T cell markers were not co‐expressed on the small agranular NC‐1.1+ spleen cells. This pattern of marker expression was evident in CBA spleens from 2 days of age. When (CBA × C57BL/6) Fl spleen cells were similarly analysed, 82% of granular NC‐1.1+ cells also co‐expressed NK‐1.1. Single colour analysis of CBA bone marrow, thymus, lymph node and peripheral blood leucocytes revealed that ≤10% of all cells examined were NC‐1.1+ while the most granular cells in these organs were 16–43% NC‐1.1+. These results support the ‘horizontal lineage’ theory that NC cells are cells of different lymphohaemopoietic cell lineages at particular stages of differentiation.
Cytomegalovirus infection of vascular endothelial cells alters production of GM‐CSF and G‐CSF
Authors: WOODROFFE S. B. , GARNETT H. M. , LAYTON J. E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryInfection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with the clinical isolate of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV; at a multiplicity of infection of 2) severely suppresses the production of granulocyte‐CSF and granulocyte‐macrophage‐CSF at late stages of infection (6 days post infection onwards). The effect was produced by actively multiplying virus which indicates that HCMV antigen expression is important for this suppression. The suppression in the production of these two cytokines was not due to their accumulation inside the cell nor to cell damage or lysis after infection.
Effects of sex steroids on the proliferation of thymic epithelial cells in a culture model: A role of protein kinase C
Authors: SAKABE KOU , KAWASHIMA ISSEI , URANO RIE , SEIKI KANJI , ITOH TSUNETOSHI 
Published: July 2007

SummaryUsing a rat thymic epithelial cell line (TEC; IT‐45R1), the present study attempted to elucidate the mechanism of action of sex steroid hormones (SH) on the proliferation of TEC The findings were as follows: (a) the proliferation of TEC in response to SH was mediated through protein kinase C activity introduced as a result of interaction between SH and plasma‐borne inhibitors; (b) the strong inhibitory effect of SH on TEC proliferation might be mediated through the SH receptor pathway because the proliferative response was triggered by progesterone (P) and androgen (A), whereas the inhibitory response was triggered by P, A and oestrogen. These results clearly suggest that the control of TEC proliferation is a ‘shut‐off’ mechanism triggered by high plasma levels of SH. This further refers to the speculation that the development of the normal thymus may be due to a lack of this ‘shut‐off’ mechanism so that development occurs at the adequate plasma SH levels that are often observed before puberty. However, this development is inhibited at the high plasma SH levels after puberty and/or during pregnancy.
Regulation of vascular permeability by macrophage‐derived chemotactic factor produced in Japanese encephalitis
Authors: KHANNA NIVEDITA , MATHUR ASHA , CHATURVEDI U. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe vascular effects of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)‐stimulated splenic macrophage‐derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDF) were evaluated in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of MDF in mice resulted in a rapid increase in capillary permeability in a dose‐dependent manner as assessed by leakage of intravenously injected radiolabelled albumin ([125I]‐albumin) or Evans blue dye. Intradermal inoculation of MDF in rabbits caused [51Cr]‐labelled neutrophil emigration and accumulation into injected sites. Peak plasma leakage and neutrophil infiltration were observed at 1 h following MDF inoculation, and plasma leakage was restored by 2.5 h. The increase in capillary permeability was sensitive to pretreatment of mice with avil and ranitidine (H1 and H2 histamine receptor blockers, respectively), resulting in abrogation of the response; indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, did not have any effect.
Mechanisms involved in the inhibition of growth of a human B lymphoma cell line, B104, by anti‐MHC class II antibodies
Authors: HIGAKI Y. , HATA D. , KANAZASHI S. , HORIGUCHI Y. , YAMAOKA K. , OHSHIMA Y. , KIM K.‐M. , HEIKE T. , MAYUMI M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe mechanisms involved in the inhibition of growth of a human B lymphoma cell line, B104, by anti‐MHC class II antibodies (Ab) were compared with those in anti‐IgM Ab‐induced B104 growth inhibition. Two anti‐MHC class II Ab, L227 and 2.06, inhibited the growth of B104 cells, although 2.06, but not L227, needed to be further cross‐linked with a goat anti‐mouse IgG Ab (GAM) to show the effect. L227 induced an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) from the intracellular pool and little or no protein tyrosine phosphorylation. phosphatidyl inositol turnover, or expression of Egr‐1 mRNA, whereas 2.06 plus GAM induced an increase in [Ca2+]i from both the intracellular and, in particular, the extracellular pools. The inhibition of B104 cell growth induced by anti‐MHC class II Ab was Ca2+ ‐independent and not inhibited by actinomycin D or cyclosporin A, and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M interphase was not observed. These features are very different from those observed in B104 cell death induced by anti‐IgM Ab. Neither DNA fragmentation nor the morphology of apoptosis was observed. These findings demonstrate that cross‐linking of MHC class II molecules transduced the negative signals through intracellular mechanisms different from those present in the cross‐linking of surface IgM.
Identification of a Mycobacterium leprae‐specific T cell epitope on the 70 kDa heat shock protein
Authors: ROCHE P. W. , PEAKE P. W. , DAVENPORT M. P. , BRITTON W. J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA major antigen of the leprosy bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae, is the 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70), which has significant sequence homology with Hsp70 from other Mycobacterial species as well as Hsp70 from eukaryotes. A unique region of 70 amino acids at the C‐terminus of the M. leprae Hsp70 has been previously identified. This study investigated whether mice immunized with the C‐terminal fragment of M. leprae Hsp70 recognize T cell epitopes in this species‐specific portion of the molecule. Murine lymphoproliferative responses to overlapping peptides spanning the C‐terminal 70 amino acids were restricted to mice of an H‐2b haplotype and identified the presence of a determinant in sequence 567–591. Lymph node cells from mice immunized with this peptide recognized both the C‐terminal fragment and the whole Hsp70 molecule. Moreover, mice immunized with the same peptide responded to the whole Hsp70 molecule in a delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction. The significance of M. leprae‐specific T cell epitopes in the host response to Mycobacterial infection is discussed.
Upregulation of human neutrophil CD59, a regulator of the membrane attack complex of complement, following cell activation
Authors: GORDON D. L. , PAPAZAHAROUDAKIS H. , SADLON T. A. , ARELLANO A. , OKADA N. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryCD59 is a membrane glycoprotein that regulates the membrane attack complex of complement and protects cells from autologous complement damage. Human polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) expression of CD59 was confirmed by flow cytometry following staining with mAb 1F5, and western blotting revealed staining of a 19–23 kDa band. Warming of PMN from 4 to 37°C resulted in spontaneous CD59 upregulation. A dose‐dependent increase in expression following PMN stimulation with FMLP was observed and occurred within minutes, indicating that new protein synthesis was not required. Treatment of PMN with calcium ionophore A23187 resulted in similar increases in CD59 expression. This occurred in the presence or absence of extracellular calcium, indicating that upregulation was dependent on release of calcium from intracellular stores. Evidence for a mobilizable intracellular pool of CD59 was obtained by detection of increased binding of 1F5 following PMN permeabilization; CD59 could also be re‐expressed after stripping by phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C (PI‐PLC) by treatment with FMLP or A23187. There was a correlation between CD59 upregulation and lactoferrin release, suggesting that stores of CD59 may be associated with secondary granules. These studies indicate that PMN expression of CD59 is enhanced by cell activation and suggest the presence of an intracellular pool of CD59 which can be translocated to the cell membrane upon PMN stimulation.
Detection of cells producing murine interferon‐α using antipeptide antibodies
Authors: HWANG SEUNG Y. , GREENWAY ALISON L. , McMULLEN GABRIELLE L. , HERTZOG PAUL J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to produce antibodies which could be used to investigate the expression of murine (Mu)IFN‐α. Rabbits were immunized with a peptide, corresponding to the 15 COOH‐terminal amino acids of MuIFN‐α‐1, conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), and the resulting antipeptide antibodies were identified by indirect ELISA. Antipeptide antibodies were purified from rabbit immune sera by immunoadsorption to peptide immobilized on nitrocellulose and any remaining antibodies to KLH removed by immunoadsorption to KLH‐Sepharose. The characterization of the antipeptide antibodies by ELISA, immunoprecipitation, affinity chromatography and immuno‐fluorescence demonstrated that the antibodies recognize the peptide immunogen and the native IFN‐α molecule. Using these antibodies for immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometric analyses of stained cells, we have shown that unstimulated murine spleen cells produce IFN‐α This finding is in agreement with the recent demonstration of constitutive IFN‐α production by unstimulated human leucocytes and has important implications for the functions of interferons. The production, characterization and use of antipeptide antibodies as described herein may also have broader application for studies of the expression of other cytokines.
The major histocompatibility complex and peptide vaccines in domestic animals
Authors: OUTTERIDGE P. M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThree hypotheses are suggested to explain the phenomenon of low responsiveness in domestic animals after injection of peptide vaccines. The first hypothesis proposes involvement of MHC haplotype and the special case in livestock breeding, where inheritance of the sire's haplotype can be closely examined by injection of antigen into a large number of paternal half‐sib progeny. The second hypothesis examines the effect of repeated antigen injections in overcoming age and MHC haplotype effects and distinguishing these effects from those caused by deficiencies in the T cell repertoire. The third hypothesis concerns non‐MHC effects that influence the expression of MHC haplotype effects and enable the host to mount an effective immune response. It is suggested that the antigen recognition signal from T cell receptor/MHC interaction is amplified to a varying extent in animal populations. Deficiency in this amplification through myeloid cell or cytokine responses may be yet another factor limiting immune responsiveness.
Immunity and inflammation: The cosmic view
Authors: QUINTÁNS JOSÉ 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis paper presents an overview of the evolution of defence reactions in multicellular animal life. The co‐evolution of hosts and pathogens provides the context to describe the major features of defence reactions and the countermeasures they evoke in their targets. Three major types of solutions to the riddle of self‐non‐self discrimination are discussed briefly: non‐clonal recognition mediated by lectins, the preferential accumulation of C3 in microbial surfaces and vertebrate clonal immunity. Vertebrate immunity is described as a specialized type of inflammation against infectious agents that evolved in response to countermeasures successfully used by intracellular pathogens against non‐specific defences.
Differential modulation of human multinegative (CD3− 4 − 8 −) thymocyte proliferation by monoclonal antibodies to CD45RA or to CD45
Authors: DEANS JULIE P. , LEDBETTER JEEEREY A. , PILARSKI LINDA M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryHuman multinegative (CD3 −4 −8 − 19−; MN) thymocytes proliferate optimally in response to anti‐CD2 plus anti‐CD28 mAb plus PMA or IL‐7. The role of CD45 was assessed by the addition of mAb to a CD45 common determinant, or to CD45RA. MN thymocytes are unresponsive to anti‐CD2 mAb. Co‐stimulation with anti‐CD45RA generated 1.6–5.7‐fold enhancement of a proliferative response, with maximal enhancement by cross‐linkage of CD45RA molecules. The response to anti‐CD2/28 mAb was reproducibly enhanced only by immobilized anti‐CD45RA. Cross‐linking of CD45RA and CD28 through the use of heteroconjugates of mAb did not enhance the co‐stimulation by CD45RA. The most marked enhancement by anti‐CD45RA occurred in suboptimal activation conditions. In contrast, the response to anti‐CD2 or anti‐CD2/28 was inhibited by mAb to CD45 common determinants (anti‐CD45) in the presence or absence of PMA or IL‐7, with the most profound inhibition (6–8‐fold) detected in optimal proliferative conditions. Cross‐linking of CD45 and CD28 through heteroconjugates of mAb was required as soluble anti‐CD45 or immobilized anti‐CD45 were unable to mediate inhibition. This inhibitory effect of (anti‐CD45 × 28) was specific to MN thymocytes as no inhibition was detectable when peripheral blood T cells were treated with anti‐CD2/28 and the same heteroconjugate. The differential effects of anti‐CD45 and anti‐CD45RA may reflect either CD45 heterogeneity on MN thymocytes, or the physical modulation of a single CD45 molecules by interactions at different epitopes, and the avidity of the relevant CD45 mAb for thymocyte CD45 isoforms may play a role. We conclude that the molecular associations between signal transduction molecules on progenitor thymocytes differ significantly from those assembled on peripheral blood T cells.