bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnic stratification in Northwest China: Occupational differences between Han Chinese and national minorities in Xinjiang, 1982–1990
Authors: Hannum Emily , Xie Yu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe debate on market reforms and social stratification in China has paid very little attention to China’s ethnic minorities. We explored rising occupational stratification by ethnicity in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Analyses of census data from 1982 and 1990 pointed to educational disadvantages faced by ethnic minorities as the most plausible explanation for the change. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant increase in the effect of education on high-status occupational attainment but no change in the effect of ethnicity. Net of education, ethnic differences in high-status occupational attainment were negligible. In contrast, large ethnic differences in manufacturing and agricultural occupations persisted after education and geography were statistically controlled.
Gender, migration, and career trajectories in Malaysia
Authors: Chattopadhyay Arpita 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
With data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey, I use a continuous-state hazards model to study the impact of migration on the dynamics of individuals’ careers. I distinguish between the effects of family migration and solo migration by gender. The results show that migration alters the career trajectory primarily by accelerating the process of occupational mobility rather than by increasing the level of occupational attainment. Further, the effect of migration on careers varies by type of migration, especially for women. Male-female differences in the outcome of family migration, however, are visible only in transitions into and out of employment.
Educational attainment and transitions in functional status among older Taiwanese
Authors: Zimmer Zachary , Liu Xian , Hermalin Albert , Chuang Yi-Li 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDespite considerable research examining the influence of socioeconomic status on health, few studies have considered this relationship as it pertains to older adults in non-Western societies. We attempt to ascertain the influence of education on changes in physical functioning in a rapidly developing country. Data come from the 1989 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan and a follow-up interview in 1993 (N = 4,049, age = 60+). Individuals are conceptualized to be in a state of functional independence or functional limitation at the time of origin, based on their ability to perform three physical functioning tasks. The outcome at the follow-up interview is categorized as functionally independent, limited, or dead, allowing for six probabilities, one from each state of origin to each outcome. These are calculated using a multinomial logit model, controlling for other factors often thought to be associated with health transitions. High levels of educational attainment result in a decreased incidence of functional limitation for those originating in a state of independence. Contrary to expectations, however, education has little influence on those who originate functionally limited. Thus, higher education plays a substantial role in primary prevention of morbidity, delaying the onset of disability, but other factors are more important once limitations begin. We speculate on the reasons behind these findings, including that the results may be culturally dependent.
Father by law: Effects of joint legal custody on nonresident fathers’ involvement with children
Authors: Seltzer Judith A. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Family membership and household composition do not always coincide. Joint legal custody after divorce formalizes the relationship between fathers and children who live apart. Policymakers hope that explicit acknowledgment of nonresident fathers’ rights and responsibilities will increase their involvement with their children. I use prospective data from the National Survey of Families and Households to examine the association between joint legal custody and two aspects of nonresident fathers’ contributions to their children—the frequency of visits between fathers and children and child-support payments. The analysis examines approximately 160 families in which parents divorced between interviews conducted for Wave 1 (1987–1988) and Wave 2 (1992–1994) of the survey. I investigate the effects of joint legal custody holding constant physical custody or placement by restricting the analysis to children who live with their mothers most of the year. Controlling for socioeconomic status and the quality of family relationships before separation, fathers with joint legal custody see their children more frequently and have more overnight visits than do other fathers. The positive effect of joint legal custody on frequency of visits persists once unobserved differences among families are taken into account. Although fathers with joint legal custody pay more child support than those without joint legal custody, this difference lacks statistical significance when other family characteristics are taken into account. These findings support the view that joint legal custody may encourage some aspects of paternal involvement after divorce.
Young unwed fathers of afdc children: do they provide support?
Authors: Rangarajan Anu , Gleason Philip 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
We examine the support provided by fathers of children born to disadvantaged teenage mothers. Our sample includes the fathers of 6,009 children born over a two-year period to 3,855 teenage mothers receiving AFDC in three economically depressed inner cities. These fathers provide little social and economic support to their children. Support declines as their children age from infants to toddlers and as fathers’ relationships with the mothers grow more distant. Fathers’ employment status and educational attainment positively affect the amount of economic support that they provide but do not strongly influence the amount of social support they provide.
Men’s career development and marriage timing during a period of rising inequality
Authors: Oppenheimer Valerie Kincade , Kalmijn Matthijs , Lim Nelson 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBased on data from 1979–1990 NLSY interviews, we investigate the implications of rising economic inequality for young men’s marriage timing. Our approach is to relate marriage formation to the ease or difficulty of the career-entry process and to show that large race/schooling differences in career development lead to substantial variations in marriage timing. We develop measures of current career “maturity” and of long-term labor-market position. Employing discrete-time event-history methods, we show that these variables have a substantial impact on marriage formation for both blacks and whites. Applying our regression results to models based on observed race/schooling patterns of career development, we then estimate cumulative proportions ever married in a difficult versus an easy career-entry process. We find major differences in the pace of marriage formation, depending on the difficulty of the career transition. We also find considerable differences in these marriage timing patterns across race/schooling groups corresponding to the large observed differences in the speed and difficulty of career transitions between and within these groups
Couple childbearing desires, intentions, and births
Authors: Thomson Elizabeth 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Using new panel data from the National Surveys of Families and Households, I investigate the effects of wives’ and husbands’ childbearing desires on their spouses’ intentions, and the effects of spouses’ desires and intentions on subsequent births. The results show clearly that husbands’ desires and intentions influence couples’ births, with approximately equal force to that of wives’ desires and intentions. When couples disagreed about wanting a child, each partners’ intentions were shifted toward not having a child; and disagreement in desires or intentions were reflected in birth rates that were lower than average. These patterns were generally not different for couples with more or less traditional gender roles or attitudes.
Learning in social networks and contraceptive choice
Authors: Kohler Hans-Peter 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A puzzling observation in the diffusion of modern fertility control is the persistent diversity in contraceptive practices across communities or social strata. I propose a model of “learning in social networks” to explain this diversity with the random dynamics of word-of-mouth communication. Women are uncertain about the merits of modern contraception and estimate the different qualities of available methods based on imprecise information from network partners. Their contraceptive choices are determined by this estimate and by private knowledge about one s personal characteristics. This process of social learning leads to path-dependent adoption of fertility control within, and diversity in contraceptive practices across villages or social strata.
Community-level determinants of contraceptive use in the Philippines: A structural analysis
Authors: Degraff Deborah S. , Bilsborrow Richard E. , Guilkey David K. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
We use household and community data from the Philippines to estimate a multilevel model of contraceptive use. We go beyond previous efforts in this field by developing a structural model that recognizes joint endogeneity and the temporal ordering of variables, by considering a wider range of community influences on fertility behavior, and by employing an econometric procedure allowing for a multilevel error structure. The results suggest that there are significant effects on fertility behavior of community-level family planning services, labor-market conditions, and infrastructure development. These results provide insights regarding the structural determinants of contraceptive use and fertility that are useful for drawing policy implications.
Premature birth and the changing composition of newborn infectious disease mortality: Reconsidering “exogenous” mortality
Authors: Sowards Kathryn A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLinked death and birth records from San Antonio, Texas reveal that infectious infant mortality is increasingly a function of premature birth and low birth weight. Between 1935 and 1944, 4% of infectious infant deaths had associated causes involving prematurity and related conditions; by 1980, 25% of infectious infant deaths involved prematurity and more than 40% of those infants weighed less than 2,500 grams. The shift in birth-weight composition results almost entirely from an increase in very low-weight births. Under conditions of advanced perinatal technology, infectious infant mortality should no longer be viewed as wholly exogenous. These findings further undermine the contemporary relevance of the exogenous-endogenous distinction.
Population momentum expresses population aging
Authors: Kim Young J. , Schoen Robert 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Population momentum and population aging occur when an initially growing population experiences a reduction in fertility to replacement level. Conceptually and empirically, momentum and aging express the same change, albeit on different scales. Fundamentally, they are two manifestations of the underlying process of demographic transformation. We consider three measures of aging over the transition to stationarity: the increase in mean population age, the decrease in the proportion under age 30, and the increase in the proportion over age 65. The three measures of aging are highly correlated, though the relationship to momentum is weakest for the increase in the proportion over age 65. We find that momentum is linearly related to aging. In both model and actual populations, a one-year increase in mean age translates into about 4.5% more population growth. The population below age 30 does not grow over the transition to stationarity, and the ratio of initial to ultimate proportions under age 30 is virtually identical to momentum.
Ideen zu einer Theorie des Magneten
Authors: von Arnim L. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractResultat der Untersuchungen über die negative Schwere des Phlogistons. Die Anziehung wirkt chemisch und ist qualitativ bestimmt. — Die organische Welt zeigt auch hier andere qualitative Bestimmungen. Das Veränderliche der Witterung wird durch diese organische Welt bestimmt. ‐ Auch die magnetische wie die electrische Anziehung sind qualitativ; ihr Gesetz ist Anziehung des Entgegengesetzten. Diesem steht ein allgemeines chemisches Gesetz entgegen: das Oxydirte verbindet sich nur dem Oxydirten, das Desoxydirte nur dem Desoxydirten. Aus diesem Gegensatze zwischen chemischer Durchdringung und magnetischer Vertheilung werden ihre Gesetze entwickelt. ‐ Das Verhältniss zwischen Magnetismus, Cohärenz und Wärme wird weiter verfolgt und beiläufig ein neues Gesetz der Cohärenz entwickelt. (Beweis, dass die magnetische Zurückstossung nur scheinbar, dass die Pole nicht Punkte, sondern Durchschnittsflächen sind. Der Magnet zerfält dadruch in zwei gleiche und einen ungleichen Abschnitt. Nothwendigkeit dreier Körper zur magnetischen Kette.) ‐ Die Polarität der Wärme wird durch neue Erfahrungen bewiesen, ihr Gegensatz zu der Krystallisation ausgesucht; das Zwischenliegen der Polarität vermuthet. Vermuthungen über den Einfluss der Nord‐und Südlichter u.f.w. auf die Magnetnadel.
VERSUCHE und BEMERKUNGEN über den Galvanismus der Voltaischen Batterie
Authors: Ritter J. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUntersuchungen zur Beantwortung der Frage: Welche Seite, welches Ende der Voltaischen Batterie hat man, Gründen zu Folge, das Zink‐, welches das Silberende derselben zu nennen? Resultat: Die Oxygenseite der Batterie, oder die positive in electrischer Hinsicht, ist die wahre Zinkseite, die Hydrogenseite, oder die negative, ist die wahre Silberseite derselben. Widerlegung der Gründe, durch die man ein diesem ganz entgegengesetztes Resultat erwiesen glaubt. Bemerkungen über Enden und Pole galvanischer Batterien überhaupt.
VERSUCHE und BEMERKUNGEN über den Galvanismus der Voltaischen Batterie
Authors: Ritter J. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractI. Erklärung, betreffend die Einfachheit des Wassers und die Versuche, welche dafür oder dagegen scheinen. ‐ II. Vermischte Bemerkungen. Verhalten der Flamme in der Kette der Batterie. Beweis, dass auch bei den chemischen Wirkungen der Batterie auf trocknem Wege die Zinkseite die Oxygenseite, die Silberseite die Hydrogenseite sey. Lichtenbergische Figuren besondern Ursprungs. Funken unter seltnen Bedingungen. Funken bei der Trennung.
Predicting blood pressure improvement in hypertensive patients after renal artery stent placement
Authors: Mitchell Jason A. , Subramanian Rajesh , White Christopher J. , Soukas Peter A. , Almagor Yaron , Stewart Richard E. , Rosenfield Kenneth 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground: Renal stent placement improves or cures hypertension in only 60–70% of patients with renal artery stenosis (RAS) and uncontrolled hypertension. There is a need to better identify patients who are likely to respond to percutaneous renal revascularization. We investigated whether an abnormal renal fractional flow reserve (FFR) would predict blood pressure improvement in patients undergoing renal artery stent placement. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 17 patients with unilateral RAS and medically refractory hypertension (BP > 140/90 mm Hg). Renal FFR was measured at maximal hyperemia induced by papaverine followed by renal stent placement. Blood pressure improvement was defined as a blood pressure of ≤140/90 mm Hg or an absolute decrease in diastolic blood pressure by 15 mm Hg on the same or less number of medications. Patients not meeting the above criteria were nonresponders. Results: Renal stent placement was successful in all patients. The average follow‐up was 10 ± 2 months. In patients with an abnormal renal FFR (< 0.80) blood pressure improved at 90 days in 86% compared with 30% in the normal renal FFR group (P = 0.04). Translesional pressure gradients (resting, peak, or hyperemic) alone failed to differentiate blood pressure responders from nonresponders. Conclusions: Renal FFR is a promising tool to identify patients likely to benefit following renal stent placement. This finding was independent of translesional pressure gradients, which did not predict blood pressure improvement. The ability to segregate patients with RAS and coexisting hypertension from those with renovascular hypertension may help clinicians select patients most likely to benefit from revascularization. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Five‐year survival after surgical treatment for kidney cancer
Authors: Hollingsworth John M. , Miller David C. , Daignault Stephanie , Hollenbeck Brent K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Kidney cancer's rising incidence is largely attributable to the increased detection of small renal masses. Although surgery rates have paralleled this incidence trend, mortality continues to rise, calling into question the necessity of surgery for all patients with renal masses. Using a population‐based cohort, a competing risk analysis was performed to estimate patient survival after surgery for kidney cancer, as a function of patient age and tumor size at diagnosis.METHODS.With data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (1983–2002), a cohort was assembled of 26,618 patients with surgically treated, local‐regional kidney cancer. Patients were sorted into 20 age‐tumor size categories and the numbers of patients that were alive, dead from kidney cancer, and dead from other causes were tabulated. Poisson regression models were fitted to obtain estimates of cancer‐specific and competing‐cause mortality.RESULTS.Age‐specific kidney cancer mortality was stable across all size strata but varied inversely with tumor size. Patients with the smallest tumors enjoyed the lowest cancer‐specific mortality (5% for masses ≤4 cm). Competing‐cause mortality rose with increasing patient age. The estimated 5‐year competing‐cause mortality for elderly subjects (≥70 years) was 28.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.9%–30.8%), irrespective of tumor size.CONCLUSIONS.Despite surgical therapy, competing‐cause mortality for patients with renal masses rises with increasing patient age. After 5 years, one‐third of elderly patients (≥70 years) will die from other causes, suggesting the need for prospective studies to evaluate the role of active surveillance as an initial therapeutic approach for some small renal masses. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Cognitive function during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer
Authors: Hermelink Kerstin , Untch Michael , Lux Michael P. , Kreienberg Rolf , Beck Thomas , Bauerfeind Ingo , Münzel Karin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.It is believed widely that chemotherapy‐induced cognitive impairment occurs in a subgroup of patients with breast cancer. However, recent reports have provided no evidence that chemotherapy affects cognition. In this study, the authors questioned whether cognitive compromise in patients with breast cancer is attributable to chemotherapy. In addition, the effects of therapy‐induced menopause and of the erythropoiesis‐stimulating factor darbepoetin α on cognitive performance were assessed.METHODS.A battery of neuropsychological tests was used to assess cognitive performance in 101 patients with breast cancer before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (T1) and toward the end of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (T2) with combined epirubicin, paclitaxel, and cyclophosphamide with concomitant darbepoetin α. Repeated‐measures multiple analyses of variance and a reliable‐change approach were used for statistical analyses.RESULTS.At T1, the group means ranged below the test norms in 5 of 12 cognitive tests. At T2, multiple analyses of variance (MANOVA) indicated a significant overall improvement in the test results (P < .001). After correcting for practice effects, cognitive decline predominated in 27% of patients, whereas improvement predominated in 28% of patients. Cognitive performance was not related significantly to self‐reported cognitive problems, anxiety and depression, menopause, or darbepoetin α administration.CONCLUSIONS.Even before chemotherapy, a subgroup of patients with breast cancer showed cognitive compromise that was unrelated to anxiety or depression. During chemotherapy, cognitive function remained stable in most patients, improved in a subgroup, and deteriorated in another subgroup. The deterioration may have been caused by side effects of chemotherapy, but it also may have been related to currently unidentified factors that cause prechemotherapy cognitive compromise. Therapy‐induced menopause and darbepoetin α did not appear to influence cognition. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis of polymeric core–shell particles using surface‐initiated living free‐radical polymerization
Authors: Jhaveri Sarav B. , Koylu Damla , Maschke Dominik , Carter Kenneth R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn easy and novel approach to the synthesis of functionalized nanostructured polymeric particles is reported. The surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of the crosslinking reagent 2‐ethyl‐2‐(hydroxy methyl)‐1,3‐propanediol trimethacrylate was used to in situ crosslink colloid micelles to produce stable, crosslinked polymeric particles (diameter size ∼ 100–300 nm). A functionalized methacrylate monomer, 2‐methacryloxyethyl‐2′‐bromoisobutyrate, containing a dormant atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) living free‐radical initiator, which is termed an inimer (initiator/monomer), was added to the solution during the polymerization to functionalize the surface of the particles with ATRP initiator groups. The surface‐initiated ATRP of different monomers was then carried out to produce core–shell‐type polymeric nanostructures. This versatile technique can be easily employed for the design of a wide variety of polymeric shells surrounding a crosslinked core while keeping good control over the sizes of the nanostructures. The particles were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, optical microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Raman spectroscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1575–1584, 2007