bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outbreaks ofShigella sonneiinfections in Denmark and Australia linked to consumption of imported raw baby corn
Authors: LEWIS H. C. , ETHELBERG S. , OLSEN K. E. P. , NIELSEN E. M. , LISBY M. , MADSEN S. B. , BOEL J. , STAFFORD R. , KIRK M. , SMITH H. V. , TIKUMRUM S. , WISETROJANA A. , BANGTRAKULNONTH A. , VITHAYARUNGRUANGSRI J. , SIRIARAYAPORN P. , UNGCHUSAK K. , BISHOP J. , MØLBAK K. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYWe investigated an outbreak ofShigella sonneiinfections in Denmark and Australia associated with imported baby corn from one packing shed in Thailand. We reviewed nationwide surveillance and undertook case finding, food trace-back and microbiological investigation of human, food and environmental samples. A recall of baby corn and sugar snaps was based on descriptive epidemiological evidence. In Denmark, we undertook a retrospective cohort study in one workplace. In total, 215 cases were laboratory-confirmed in Denmark, and 12 in Australia. In a multivariable analysis, baby corn was the only independent risk factor. Antibiotic resistance and PFGE outbreak profiles in Denmark and Australia were indistinguishable, linking the outbreaks. Although we did not detectS. sonneiin baby corn, we isolated high levels of other enteric pathogens. We identified a packing shed in Thailand that supplied baby corn to Denmark and Australia, and uncovered unhygienic practices in the supply chain. This outbreak highlights the importance of international communication in linking outbreaks and pinpointing the source.
Self‐perception in overweight and obese children: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: McCullough N. , Muldoon O. , Dempster M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim  The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between obesity and self‐esteem in children in relation to specific domains of their self‐perception, and further to explore the extent to which this may vary by gender and economic circumstances.Method  A total of 211 children aged 8–9 years drawn from both advantaged and disadvantaged areas of Belfast completed the Harter Self‐Perception Profile for Children and measures of body mass index were obtained.Results  Overweight, impoverished children had significantly reduced social acceptance and physical competence scores. Boys had significantly lower scores than girls in the behavioural conduct domain. Girls had significantly lower scores than boys for the athletic competence.Conclusion  These results suggest that risk factors of increased weight and impoverished backgrounds have a combined negative effect, placing some children at increased risk of having lower self‐perceptions in some, but not all domains. Health interventions for childhood obesity should consider the likelihood of specific relationships between physical and psychosocial factors.
Parenting knowledge and its role in the prediction of dysfunctional parenting and disruptive child behaviour
Authors: Morawska A. , Winter L. , Sanders M. R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground  There is a paucity of research on the relationship between parental knowledge, parenting and parenting self‐efficacy, and some inconsistencies have been reported in the literature.Method  Parent knowledge of effective parenting strategies was assessed among 68 parents from a non‐clinic sample, who also completed questionnaires relating to parenting confidence, quality of parenting and child behaviour.Results  Parents with greater knowledge tended to be less dysfunctional, and reported significantly higher education and income levels. Parenting confidence explained a significant proportion of the variance in reported frequency of disruptive child behaviour while knowledge did not independently contribute to the prediction. However, the relationship between parenting confidence and dysfunctional parenting was moderated by the level of knowledge. There was a stronger negative relationship between confidence and dysfunctional parenting when knowledge level was low than when it was high. Post hoc analyses indicated that the relationship between parenting knowledge and disruptive child behaviour was moderated by the level of parenting dysfunction. Parenting knowledge and reported frequency of disruptive behaviour were positively related when the level of dysfunction was low, but were unrelated when it was high.Conclusions  Parents with low levels of knowledge and confidence in their parenting may be at greater risk of dysfunctional parenting and might benefit from interventions designed to enhance both knowledge and confidence. Results are interpreted in relation to inconsistencies with previous research and implications for future methodologies.
Geographic variation in prey preference in bark beetle predators
Authors: REEVE JOHN D. , STROM BRIAN L. , RIESKE LYNNE K. , AYRES BRUCE D. , COSTA ARNAUD 
Published: January 2009

Abstract1. Bark beetles and their predators are useful systems for addressing questions concerning diet breadth and prey preference in arthropod natural enemies. These predators use bark beetle pheromones to locate their prey, and the response to different pheromones is a measure of prey preference.2. Trapping experiments were conducted to examine geographic variation in the response to prey pheromones by two bark beetle predators,Thanasimus dubiusandTemnochila virescens.The experiments used pheromones for severalDendroctonusandIpsprey species (frontalin, ipsdienol, and ipsenol) and manipulated visual cues involved in prey location (black vs. white traps). The study sites included regions where the frontalin‐emitterDendroctonus frontaliswas in outbreak vs. endemic or absent.3. There was significant geographic variation in pheromone preference forT. dubius.This predator strongly preferred a pheromone (frontalin) associated withD. frontalisat outbreak sites, while preference was more even at endemic and absent sites. No geographic variation was found in the response byT. virescens.White traps caught fewer insects than black traps for both predators, suggesting that visual cues are also important in prey location.4. The overall pattern forT. dubiusis consistent with switching or optimal foraging theory, assumingD. frontalisis a higher quality prey thanIps.The two predator species partition the prey pheromones in areas whereD. frontalisis abundant, possibly to minimise competition and intraguild predation.
ARISE: a classification tool for Alpine RIver and Stream Ecosystems
Authors: BROWN LEE E. , HANNAH DAVID M. , MILNER ALEXANDER M. 
Published: January 2009

Summary1. Alpine river basins are dynamic and heterogeneous environments both hydrologically and biologically. However, classification approaches that identify structure and patterns in alpine river ecosystems are not well developed or evaluated compared with methods for streams at lower altitude.2. We undertook field validation of the novel Alpine RIver and Stream Ecosystem classification (ARISE) approach, using data collected from three streams in the French Pyrénées. Specifically, we evaluated the potential of ARISE to differentiate physicochemical habitat and benthic macroinvertebrate communities between sites in space and time.3. Using quantitative water source contributions to classify samples, ARISE differentiated streams with contrasting electrical conductivity, water temperature and channel stability. Significant differences were identified between ARISE classifications for selected benthic macroinvertebrate community level descriptors (taxonomic richness, beta diversity, total abundance) and for some individual species.4. Although ARISE needs to be validated further for other alpine river systems, our results indicate its potential in providing a more objective, quantitative basis to underpin management of alpine stream ecosystems.
Identification of the gene encoding pro‐phenoloxidase A3 in the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Asano T. , Takebuchi K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, has three proPO genes (DoxA1, CG8193 and CG2952). DoxA1 has been shown to encode proPO A1, one of the two proPO isoforms (A1 and A3). However, which of CG8193 or CG2952 encodes proPO A3 has so far remained elusive. In Northern analysis, CG8193 expression was strong during the larval stage, yet expression of CG2952 was not detected at any stage. Immunoblot analyses with specific antibodies detected CG8193 in the larval hemolymph at the mobility of the endogenous proPO A3, though no signal for CG2952. These results indicate that the expression of CG2952 is very low and that CG8193 is the gene that encodes proPO A3. Processing of A1 and A3 isoforms in adult homogenate and activity of recombinant proPOs were also investigated.
In vitroandin vivoapproaches to the characterization of the α2‐adrenoceptor
Authors: Hudson A. L. , Robinson E. S. J. , Lalies M. D. , Tyacke R. J. , Jackson H. C. , Nutt D. J. 
Published: January 2009

Summary1In order to more fully understand the role of the α2‐adrenoceptor in brain function, a combination ofin vitroandin vivotechniques were utilized including radioligand binding, autoradiography, brain microdialysis and antisense oligonucleotides.2Binding studies showed the tritiated form of the selective α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, RX821002 (methoxy‐idazoxan) labelled an apparent single population of sites in rat brain membranes with high affinity (1 nM), for which prazosin had low affinity (1107 nM). Similar studies in rabbit brain membranes found that prazosin and oxymetazoline were able to displace. [3H]‐RX821002 in a biphasic manner indicating the presence of subtypes of α2‐adrenoceptors.3Receptor autoradiography revealed a distribution of [3H]‐RX821002 binding in rat brain consistent with the labelling of all %aL2‐adrenoceptor subtypes, namely α2A/D‐, α2Band α2C.4In rat,in vivobrain dialysis experiments demonstrated peripherally administered RX821002 elevated basal noradrenaline in frontal cortex and also, although to a lesser extent, in ventral hippocampus. RX821002 was also able to elevate extracellular dopamine in the striatum.5A 7‐day i.c.v. infusion of an antisense oligonucleotide targeting the α2A/D‐adrenoceptor, resulted in a significant reduction in the autoradiographic density of [3H]‐RX821002 binding in specific brain areas, notably the lateral septal nuclei and anterior hypothalamic area.6Several years of research by our group has extended our knowledge of the pharmacology and function of the α2‐adrenoceptor and has provided evidence of the roles of this receptor in the control of monoamine turnover. The successful use of antisense technology to knockdown expression of the α2A/Dsubtype provides future opportunities to explore the physiology of this receptor subtype.
Diabetes mellitus impairs CD133+ progenitor cell function after myocardial infarction
Authors: Vöö S. , Dunaeva M. , Eggermann J. , Stadler N. , Waltenberger J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract.Background.  Circulating progenitor cells (PC) can positively influence the healing of ischaemic myocardium. Cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes mellitus (DM) may have a negative influence on both number and recruitment of PC. Recent evidence suggests that less differentiated CD133+PC contribute to myocardial healing and are promising candidates for therapy. Therefore, we investigated whether DM affects CD133+PC.Methods.  CD133+PC were analyzed in patients following acute myocardial infarction and successful reperfusion [acute myocardial infarction (AMI, n = 45) with/without non‐insulin‐requiring type 2 DM (T2DM)]. Stable coronary artery disease patients (CAD, n = 45) served as stable controls. Number and phenotype of CD133+PC were assessed by flow cytometry. CD133+PC chemotaxis was assessed towards vascular endothelial growth factor, an angiogenic stimulus upregulated in AMI. The expression of anti‐oxidant enzymes in CD133+PC was detected by reverse‐transcriptase PCR.Results.  In non‐DM patients, the number of CD133+PC increased on day 3 following AMI (P = 0.0001). In contrast, no changes were observed in AMI patients with T2DM. Regarding the function of CD133+PC, an enhanced chemotactic response was observed following AMI in both non‐DM (P = 0.0001) and T2DM (P = 0.007). However, the AMI‐related functional activation was significantly weaker in diabetic patients (P = 0.001). Moreover, the expression of catalase was lower in CD133+PC from T2DM.Conclusions.  Our results show that T2DM not only limits the abundance of CD133+PC following AMI, but also limits their activation. This might be explained by a lower resistance of CD133+PC to oxidative stress. Our data provide a possible explanation for the delayed postischaemic vascular healing and myocardial recovery in DM.
Mitochondrial medicine: entering the era of treatment
Authors: Koene S. , Smeitink J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract.Research of patients with defects in cellular energy metabolism (mitochondrial disease) has led to a better understanding of mitochondrial biology in health and disease. The obtained knowledge is of increasing importance for physicians of all medical disciplines. It assists in enabling the development of rational treatment strategies for diseases or conditions caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. The still frequently used classical interventions with vitamins or co‐factors are only beneficial in some rare mitochondrial disease conditions, like coenzyme Q biosynthesis defects. For that reason alternative strategies to correct disturbed energy metabolism have to be developed. New approaches in this direction include nutrition and exercise therapies, alternative gene expression, enzyme‐replacement, scavenging of potentially toxic compounds and modulating cell signalling. The effect of some of these interventions has already been explored in humans whilst others are still at the level of single cell research. We review the state of the art of the development of mitochondrial treatment strategies and discuss what steps need to be taken to efficiently approach the huge burden of disease caused by dysfunctional mitochondria.
De‐regulated expression of the plant glutamate receptor homolog AtGLR3.1 impairs long‐term Ca2+‐programmed stomatal closure
Authors: Cho Daeshik , Kim Sun A. , Murata Yoshiyuki , Lee Sangmee , Jae Seul‐Ki , Nam Hong Gil , Kwak June M. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryCytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) mediates diverse cellular responses in both animal and plant cells in response to various stimuli. Calcium oscillation amplitude and frequency control gene expression. In stomatal guard cells, [Ca2+]cyt has been shown to regulate stomatal movements, and a defined window of Ca2+ oscillation kinetic parameters encodes necessary information for long‐term stomatal movements. However, it remains unknown how the encrypted information in the cytosolic Ca2+ signature is decoded to maintain stomatal closure. Here we report that the Arabidopsis glutamate receptor homolog AtGLR3.1 is preferentially expressed in guard cells compared to mesophyll cells. Furthermore, over‐expression of AtGLR3.1 using a viral promoter resulted in impaired external Ca2+‐induced stomatal closure. Cytosolic Ca2+ activation of S‐type anion channels, which play a central role in Ca2+‐reactive stomatal closure, was normal in the AtGLR3.1 over‐expressing plants. Interestingly, AtGLR3.1 over‐expression did not affect Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ oscillation kinetics, but resulted in a failure to maintain long‐term ‘Ca2+‐programmed’ stomatal closure when Ca2+ oscillations containing information for maintaining stomatal closure were imposed. By contrast, prompt short‐term Ca2+‐reactive closure was not affected in AtGLR3.1 over‐expressing plants. In wild‐type plants, the translational inhibitor cyclohexamide partially inhibited Ca2+‐programmed stomatal closure induced by experimentally imposed Ca2+ oscillations without affecting short‐term Ca2+‐reactive closure, mimicking the guard cell behavior of the AtGLR3.1 over‐expressing plants. Our results suggest that over‐expression of AtGLR3.1 impairs Ca2+ oscillation‐regulated stomatal movements, and that de novo protein synthesis contributes to the maintenance of long‐term Ca2+‐programmed stomatal closure.
Relative roles of life‐form, land use and climate in recent dynamics of alien plant distributions in the British Isles
Authors: HULME P E 
Published: January 2009

SummaryClimate change may increase the number and distribution of alien plant species, where these taxa are better suited to future climates, comprise life‐forms known to benefit from a warmer environment, and/or possess life‐history traits that facilitate the rapid tracking of climate change. Sequential atlases of the British flora enable assessment of the role of climate in changes in native and alien plant distributions over the latter half of the 20th century, a period coincident with marked climatic warming. While the climate profiles (e.g. frost‐sensitive) and life‐forms (e.g. therophytes and geophytes) of aliens suggest a high likelihood of becoming more widespread under a warmer, drier climate, this is not evident from changes in distributions since the 1960s. The strong association of aliens with anthropogenic habitats and the tendency for species spread to consolidate occupancy within the current range rather than extending range boundaries, indicate that land‐use change may be a driver of species distributions. Nevertheless, problems arising from the consolidation of a species range may warrant as much concern as any poleward expansion of its distribution. While certain species may respond more to future climates than others, changes in the alien flora as a whole will probably also reflect other drivers, such as land use, propagule pressure and human‐mediated dispersal. The importance of land‐use change in the spread of alien plants is expected to continue even in the face of future climate change, not only in the UK, but also worldwide.
The influence of water level and nutrient availability on growth and root system development of Myriophyllum aquaticum
Authors: HUSSNER A , MEYER C , BUSCH J 
Published: January 2009

Summary Myriophyllum aquaticum is an aquatic plant of still or slow flowing waters. The species mostly occurs in its emerged growth form in dense stands, but submerged shoots can also be found. Due to its rapid growth, M. aquaticum is considered one of the most important aquatic weeds worldwide. In southern Europe, M. aquaticum occurs in irrigation and drainage systems, rice fields and lowland wetlands. In this study, root development and growth response of M. aquaticum to different water levels and nutrient availabilities were investigated in a rhizotron experiment under Central European climatic conditions. The species shows an ability to respond to drained soil conditions by a rapid root growth (up to >1 cm day−1), resulting in a deep root system under drained conditions. In waterlogged soil, the root system spreads more horizontally. Root density increased with increasing nutrient availability. Root:shoot ratio increased significantly with decreasing nutrient availability. In addition, total shoot length, shoot biomass, root biomass and total biomass differed significantly between different water levels and different nutrient availabilities. Relative growth rate increased with increasing water level and nutrient availability. Shoot porosity was higher in nutrient rich substrate than in nutrient low substrate. Root porosity increased with increasing water level. In conclusion, M. aquaticum shows a high tolerance to different water levels, which may be important for future habitat conditions in waterbodies and wetlands in Central Europe under the impact of global change with increased water level fluctuations.
Estimating the outcrossing rate of Cyperus difformis using resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides and molecular markers
Authors: MEROTTO JR A , JASIENIUK M , FISCHER A J 
Published: January 2009

Summary Cyperus difformis (smallflower umbrella sedge) is an economically important weed of rice in California where its control has recently been complicated by the evolution of herbicide resistance. Knowledge of the mating system of this weed is needed to elucidate the dynamics of resistance evolution and to design mitigation strategies that delay its occurrence. The aim of this study was to estimate the outcrossing rate of C. difformis using molecular and phenotypic markers. Outcrossing rates were estimated in natural field populations using sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) molecular markers and in glasshouse and field experiments using resistance to the acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicide bensulfuron‐methyl as a phenotypic marker. Using SRAP markers, the multilocus (tm) and average single‐locus (ts) outcrossing rates varied from 0.014 to 0.025 and from 0.008 to 0.012, respectively, among natural weed populations in rice fields. Using resistance to bensulfuron‐methyl as a genetic marker, the average C. difformis outcrossing rate estimated was 0.009 in the glasshouse and 0.0084 in the field. These results indicate that C. difformis is a highly self‐fertilising species. Therefore, the primary mechanism by which genes for herbicide resistance can be transferred among C. difformis populations in different rice fields is probably seed dispersal. Weed management should emphasise prevention of seed production and dispersal to preclude the further spread and evolution of resistance in C. difformis.
Modelling the emergence pattern of six summer annual weed grasses under no tillage systems in Argentina
Authors: LEGUIZAMÓN E S , RODRIGUEZ N , RAINERO H , PEREZ M , PEREZ L , ZORZA E , FERNANDEZ‐QUINTANILLA C 
Published: January 2009

SummaryField trials were established in various growing seasons in four experimental sites with soyabeans or maize grown under no tillage systems. Seeds of Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, Sorghum halepense, Setaria geniculata, Echinochloa colonum and Urochloa platyphylla were incorporated in surface soil, under the crop residues of the previous season, each autumn. Regular records of seedling emergence during the following spring and summer were used to model the pattern of each species as a function of the thermal time in the 2 cm upper layer of the soil profile. A Weibull function closely described (r2 = 0.73–0.93) the relationship between thermal time and seedling emergence for all species in each site and year. The coefficient of determination for the model verification ranged from 0.71 to 0.98. Species may be grouped into three emergence time‐span groups. Eleusine indica, U. platyphylla and E. colonum had a long‐lasting emergence, requiring 940–1660 d°C (growing day degrees) to complete this process. Digitaria sanguinalis and S. halepense had an intermediate emergence time‐span, completing this process in 540–1090 d°C. Setaria geniculata exhibited the shortest emergence time‐span (290–660 d°C required for full emergence). Different hypotheses were tested in order to explain species model parameter differences in different sites and to establish the basis for more refined models with improved prediction capabilities.