bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Value and Course of Infection After Treatment of Cattle Having a Low Level of Nematode Parasitism
Authors: Leland S. E. , Davis G. V. , Caley H. K. , Arnett D. W. , Ridley R. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine whether it is economically advantageous to treat calves having inapparent parasitism, we conducted experiments from 1971 to 1976, involving more than 1,800 calves from 30 pens or lots, using formulations of thiabendazole, levamisole, and crufomate (ruelene). Differential egg counts, cultured larvae, and cultured parasitic stages were used to estimate the kind and degree of nematode parasitism. Differentiation of infective larvae consistently established Cooperia as the predominating (%) genus in all fecal samplings. Bunostomum, when initially present, decreased or disappeared, whereas Trichostrongylus increased; other genera fluctuated less consistently. These qualitative generic fluctuations were not primarily the result of treatment, but more likely were seasonal variation.
Judged by average daily gain (adg), anthelmintic treatment was statistically advantageous at one or more points during the observation periods in 10 of 13 treated groups. In seven treated groups, the observation periods were concluded with statistical advantage in adg, whereas in three groups, compensatory gain by corresponding controls had neutralized earlier advantages. The comparative influence of the various anthelmintics was not consistent from year to year.
When total cost/kilogram gain was calculated from feed efficiency measurements and other costs, economic treatment advantage was evident in seven of 11 tests (7 of 10 treatment groups) from 1973 through 1976. This financial advantage, due primarily to feed efficiency and noted after 28 to 51 days, justified anthelmintic treatment. This advantage was not likely lost by the animals in subsequent periods (to 218 days) on pasture or in lots, since adg indicated the treated calves performed either as well as, or better than, the nontreated controls. Considering all aspects of the study, the results indicate calves coming into Kansas from southern states and weighing 184 to 267 kg may possess a level of subclinical (symptomless) nematode parasitism that when treated will result in a response justifying expense for using anthelmintics.
Metabolic and Cellular Profile Testing in Calves Under Feedlot Conditions, Using Discriminant Analysis to Identify Calves with Low Potential for Weight Gain
Authors: Farver T. B. , Veshkini F. , Ruppanner R. , Norman B. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-eight variables were measured in blood samples of 48 calves at the beginning (day 0) of a feed trial. After 56 days, the calves were assigned (according to weight gain) into three groups: high gainers, medium gainers, and low gainers. Discriminant analysis was used on the variables that were measured to classify the calves into three groups. When the mean values for three overlapping groups of 16 calves each were analyzed, blood urea nitrogen data alone correctly classified 68.7% of the low gainers. Overall, correct classification never exceeded 58.3%. When three nonoverlapping groups of nine calves each were used, inorganic phosphate data (used first and alone) correctly classified 66.7% of the low gainers. After seven steps, 81.5% of the animals were correctly classified, including 88.9% of the low gainers. The two-group discriminant analysis identified 78% of the nine lowest gainers, and 90% of the remaining animals were correctly classified.
Immunofluorescent and Electron Microscopic Studies of Feline Small Intestinal Organ Cultures Infected with Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus
Authors: Hoshino Yasutaka , Scott Fredric W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pathogenesis, morphology, and morphogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis virus were studied in feline small intestinal organ cultures. Characteristic coronaviruses were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the extracellular organ culture fluid taken at 1 through 12, 15, 22, 31, and 43 days after the cultures were inoculated. Viral particles had a mean diameter of 94 nm. Numerous petal-shaped projections approximately 15 nm long were seen on the envelopes.
Specific immunofluorescence was detected in the absorptive epithelial cells of villi of small intestinal organ cultures at 1 through 12 days after they were inoculated. By electron microscopy, coronavirus particles were observed entirely in the cytoplasm of the infected columnar epithelial cells of villi with no apparent nuclear involvement. Thin sections of the villous epithelium of small intestinal organ cultures showed a number of ultrastructural alterations, and morphogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis virus in the absorptive epithelial cells of villi was consistent with that for other known human and animal coronaviruses.
Effect of Chronic Lead Exposure on the Canine Bone Marrow
Authors: Mitema Eric S. , Oehme Frederick W. , Penumarthy Lakshmiparthy , Moore William E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of chronic oral lead acetate administration on canine bone marrow was studied. Two dogs (group 1) were used as controls, 4 dogs (group 2) were given 2 mg of lead/kg of body weight daily, and 4 dogs (group 3) were given 5 mg of lead/kg daily. After a 7-day stabilization period, lead dosing was conducted for 91 days (13 weeks), after which half of each group was treated with calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. All dogs were then observed for another 28 days (4 weeks). Blood lead values and bone marrow cellular changes were monitored once a week during the 126 days (18 weeks) of study. Lead-dosed dogs had lower weight gains than the controls. Clinical signs of toxicosis were observed after 6 weeks in one dog in group 3. Anorexia, body weight loss, cns depression, muscular weakness, and trembling were seen. Blood lead concentrations increased in all group 2 and 3 dogs. Lead caused increases in bone marrow segmented neutrophils and myeloid series cells, and increased myeloid:erythroid ratios. Blood lead concentrations and myeloid:erythroid ratios decreased after cessation of lead administration.
Relation of Antibody-Coated Urine Bacteria to the Site(s) of Infection in Experimental Dogs
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Ackerman Norman , Ruby Annette L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antibody-coated bacteria tests, using fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-canine immunoglobulin (Ig)G and anti-IgA, were conducted on 77 specimens of bladder urine obtained by antepubic cystocentesis from 25 dogs with urinary tract infections. Urine specimens from 3 dogs infected with Staphylococcus aureus were tested a total of 27 times, specimens from 10 dogs infected with Escherichia coli were tested 25 times, urine from 6 dogs infected with Proteus mirabilis was sampled and tested 18 times, urine from 3 dogs with Klebsiella pneumoniae was sampled and tested 4 times, and specimens from 3 dogs infected with P rettgeri, Enterobacter cloacae, or Streptococcus faecalis were tested once each. Specimens of urine from the renal pelves of each dog were obtained by percutaneous nephropyelocentesis at the same time as the specimens of bladder urine. The results of bacterial cultures of these specimens were compared with the results of the corresponding antibody-coated bacteria tests.
False-positive results (ie, evidence of antibody coating of bladder urine bacteria but no bacterial growth from corresponding renal pelvis urine specimens) were obtained in 13 of 22 (59%) tests of dogs infected with S aureus, 12 of 13 (92%) tests in dogs infected with P mirabilis, 5 of 18 (28%) tests in dogs infected with E coli, and 1 of 4 (25%) tests in dogs infected with K pneumoniae. False-negative results (ie, bacterial growth from renal pelvis urine specimens but no evidence of antibody coating of bacteria in the corresponding specimen of bladder urine) occurred in 5 of 7 (71%) specimens infected with E coli, in 4 of 5 (80%) specimens infected with P mirabilis, and in 5 of 5 (100%) specimens infected with S aureus. It was concluded that the antibody-coated bacteria test does not provide accurate information to support the diagnosis of pyelonephritis in the dog.
Clinical Observations, Cutaneous Lesions, and Hematologic Alterations in Chronic Adriamycin Intoxication in Dogs with and Without Vitamin E and Selenium Supplementation
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Ferrans Victor J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chronic adriamycin (adr) intoxication with cardiomyopathy developed in young Beagle dogs given weekly iv injections (1 mg/kg of body weight) for 20 weeks (cumulative dose 400 mg/m2). Eighteen dogs were allotted equally to three groups: group A received adr only, group B was given adr and simultaneous weekly doses of vitamin E (17 mg/kg of body weight as α-tocopherol acetate), and group C received adr, weekly doses of vitamin E as in group B, and selenium (0.06 mg/kg of body weight as selenite). The dogs reacted with cutaneous hyperemia, head shaking, and vomiting immediately after adr injection. After 4 to 6 weekly injections, all the dogs developed alopecia that was present initially over the head and subsequently extended to the ventral portions of the neck, thorax, and abdomen and the proximal inner areas of the limbs. Other skin lesions present in alopecic areas were secondary ulcerative dermatitis and melanosis. Testicular atrophy and cachexia developed in the dogs, but damage was not present in bone marrow, alimentary tract, kidney, and bone with the dosage schedule utilized. Hematologic studies showed no significant alterations. Supplementation with vitamin E alone or with selenium failed to alter the incidence and severity of extracardiac adr-induced lesions. This study shows that the dog is a good model for studies of chronic adr-induced cardiotoxicity, as cardiac damage was consistently produced and adr-associated extracardiac lesions were of minimal severity.
Effect of Neonatal Thymectomy on Pathogenesis of Herpesvirus of Turkeys in Chickens
Authors: Sharma J. Μ. , Lee L. F. , Witter R. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effect of immunosuppression on pathogenicity of herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) in chickens was studied. In three experiments, newly hatched chickens of two genetic strains were surgically thymectomized and γ-irradiated and then exposed to hvt. Lymphoid cells of thymectomized-irradiated chickens had reduced in vitro mitogenic response; this result indicated that the immunosuppressive regimen caused suppression of T cell function. The immunosuppressed chickens had more circulating hvt and had a slightly higher frequency of microscopic lesions in peripheral nerves than the intact control chickens, although the intensity of lymphoproliferation remained very mild and no gross lesions or clinical disease was noted during the 5-week observation period. The absence of significant lesion development in an immunosuppressed host indicated that pathogenic potentials of hvt may be limited.
Heptachlor Residue Accumulation and Depletion in Broiler Chickens
Authors: Wagstaff D. J. , McDowell J. R. , Paulin H. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Broiler chickens were fed heptachlor in concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg of the ration for the first 8 weeks of life. There were no adverse effects on health or performance. Residue concentrations in adipose tissue increased rapidly for 1 to 2 weeks and then tended to plateau at concentrations about five times greater than those in the rations. Birds exposed only during the 7th week of life stored 25% as much residue as did the chickens exposed in the 1st week, but the former also ate only 63% as much feed. Fat extracted from liver and muscle contained more residue than did fat extracted from adipose tissue. The ratio of the concentration of heptachlor to its epoxide metabolite was higher in muscle fat than in hepatic or abdominal fat. Residue concentrations depleted by about half in the first 4 weeks after cessation of exposure.
Hemagglutination by Canine Parvovirus: Serologic Studies and Diagnostic Applications
Authors: Carmichael L. E. , Joubert J. C. , Pollock R. V. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Conditions for canine parvoviral hemagglutination (ha) and hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) reactions were defined. The ha phenomena were used to differentiate canine parvovirus (cpv) from feline panleukopenia virus (fpv), mink enteritis virus (mev), and minute virus of canines. Serologic comparisons of the cpv, fpv, and mev by ha-hi and serum-neutralization tests indicated that cpv, fpv, and mev were antigenically similar but were different from minute virus of canines.
Diagnostic application of ha tests to fecal samples from acute cases of enteritis was discussed. Combining ha tests with hi tests on fecal samples provided a rapid and specific diagnostic method for cpv infection.
Secular seroprevalence studies indicated the emergence of cpv infection in the United States dog population-at-large in 1978.
Experimental Toxoplasmosis in Elk (Cervus canadensis)
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Thorne E. Tom , Sharma S. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
One cow elk (approx 4 months pregnant) and one calf elk were each inoculated intraruminally with 105 infective oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. Both animals were seronegative when inoculated, but became seropositive to T gondii. Sabin-Feldman dye test antibody titers in relation to days postinoculation were as follows: 1: 1024, 1:1024, and 1:2048 (days 28, 69, and 73) for the calf; 1:2048, 1:128, and 1:128 (days 34, 69, and 73) for the cow; and 1:256 (73 days after inoculation of the cow) for the fetus. Indirect hemagglutination antibody titers were not detected in sera of the cow or her fetus and remained low (1:64 or lower) in calf sera. Both the cow and the calf remained asymptomatic until necropsy 73 days after they were inoculated. Toxoplasma was isolated in mice and cats after they were inoculated with brain, spinal cord, heart, diaphragm, liver, pancreas, cervical lymph nodes, and intestines of the infected calf; with brain, heart, diaphragm, and skeletal muscles of the infected cow; and with brain, heart, cervical lymph nodes, and spleen of the fetus.
Tissue Concentrations of Mast Cells and Lymphocytes of the Bovine Uterine Tube (Oviduct) During the Estrous Cycle
Authors: DuBois Jeffrey A. , Wordinger Robert J. , Dickey Joseph F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Estrous cycle fluctuations in the mast cell and lymphocyte counts (per mm2 of tissue) of the ampulla and isthmus of the bovine uterine tube (oviduct) were determined. Four random sections of each region of the uterine tube were prepared at 2 μm thickness and stained with toluidine blue.
The mast cell count of the isthmus was found to be significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the mast cell count of the ampulla for all stages of the estrous cycle. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in the mast cell value of the isthmus occurred during metestrus, diestrus, and proestrus. In the ampulla, metestrous and diestrous mast cell numbers were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than mast cell numbers during estrus. The lymphocyte numbers remained relatively constant in both the ampulla and the isthmus except during diestrus, when ampullary lymphocyte numbers increased significantly (P < 0.05). Lymphocytes were observed to migrate through the uterine tube epithelium and mast cells were observed only in the lamina propria.
Electromagnetic Measurement of Cardiac Output During Exercise in the Horse
Authors: Waugh S. L. , Fregin G. F. , Thomas D. P. , Gerber N. , Grant B. D. , Campbell K. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Aortic root blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic (em) flow meter in unanesthetized horses during rest and exercise. The cardiac output response to exercise, as determined by the em technique, was compared with the response reported by others who used indicator dilution techniques with good agreement. The em method will allow making measurement of cardiovascular responses to exercise in the horse, not obtainable with other techniques.
Enzyme-Linked Protein A: An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Reagent for Detecting Antibodies in Tuberculous Exotic Animals
Authors: Thoen Charles O. , Mills Ken , Hopkins Mary P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed, using protein A labeled with horseradish peroxidase for detecting antibodies in tuberculous exotic mammals (llamas, rhinoceroses, elephants). The modified elisa provides a rapid procedure for screening several animal species simultaneously for tuberculosis without the production of specific antispecies conjugates. Heat-killed cells of Mycobacterium bovis and Μ avium and purified protein-derivative tuberculin of Μ bovis were used as antigens for elisa.
Establishment of a Canine Cell Line: Derivation, Characterization, and Viral Spectrum
Authors: Binn L. N. , Marchwicki R. H. , Stephenson Ε. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A cell line, designated A-72, for virus studies was established from a tumor surgically removed from a female, 8-year-old Golden Retriever dog. Following explant culture, the cells were serially passaged 135 times. The A-72 cells maintained a fibroblastic appearance and, at the 123rd passage, had a population doubling time of approximately 27 hours. Karyotypic analysis of the high passage cells showed the modal 2n chromosome number was 92 to 93. Using starch gel electrophoresis for enzyme characterization, the electrophoretic mobilities of enzymes extracted from A-72 cells were identical with those of canine peritoneal fibroblasts and primary canine kidney cells. The A-72 cells were susceptible to infection with infectious canine hepatitis virus, canine adenovirus type II, canine herpesvirus, canine parainfluenza virus, and canine coronavirus, but were not susceptible to canine distemper virus or the minute virus of canines. These cells have been particularly useful for studies of the fastidious canine coronaviruses, as the commonly used primary canine kidney cells exhibit varied susceptibility to these viruses.
Reaginic Hypersensitivity in Otodectes cynotis Infestation of Cats and Mode of Mite Feeding
Authors: Powell M. B. , Weisbroth S. H. , Roth L. , Wilhelmsen C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Otodectes cynotis infestations were induced in barrier-reared mite-free cats. By monitoring the infested cats, sequence of humoral and cellular immune reactions to the mites was determined. Delayed hypersensitivity was not demonstrated in vivo, using intradermal skin tests. Reaginic (immunoglobulin E) antibodies, as detected by 72-hour passive cutaneous anaphylaxic reactions, were the earliest form of immune expression. Precipitating antibodies developed later in the course of the experimental infestation. Hematologic indices, including eosinophil counts, were not affected by established infestations.
Antibodies prepared against feline whole blood, lymph, epithelium, and rbc indicated that these regularly occurred in extracts prepared from whole mites. It was concluded, therefore, that the feeding mode of mites required that they ingest feline tissue fluids. This mode is the interface by which the host becomes exposed to, and immunized against, mite antigens.
Experimental Infection of Domestic Goats with Fascioloides magna
Authors: Foreyt William J. , Leathers C. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Development of the deer liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, was studied in seven domestic goats, each experimentally inoculated with 250 metacercariae. Six infected goats died between 89 and 195 days (mean 139) after inoculation. Infection did not develop in the seventh goat. Mortality was the result of unrestricted fluke migration before maturation or encapsulation of the flukes. A total of 144 F magna (mean intensity of 24.0) were recovered from inoculated goats, representing 8.2% of the metacercariae administered. Growth rate of F magna in goats was similar to that in cattle, white-tailed deer, and sheep.
Effects of Level of Nitrogen Fertilization of Fescue Pasture on Gastrointestinal Parasitism of Beef Cattle
Authors: Ciordia H. , Stuedemann J. A. , Ernst J. V. , McCampbell H. C. , Wilkinson S. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two established tall fescue pastures were used in a 4-year study of the relationship between the level of gastrointestinal parasitism in cattle and the level of nitrogen fertilization of the pasture. One pasture was fertilized with 224 kg of NH4NO3/ha each year and served as the control. A second pasture, referred to as the low-fertilized (lf) pasture, was fertilized with Ν at 84 kg/ha the first year and 74 kg/ha in each of the next 3 years. Both pastures were stocked with Angus cows (2.5/ha) and their calves. Rectal fecal samples obtained every 6 weeks from 10 cows and as many calves as possible in each pasture were examined for nematode eggs and coccidia oocysts. Two calves from each group were slaughtered at the end of each of the last 3 years to determine the numbers and species of parasites. Cows had significantly lower egg counts than did the calves. Egg counts did not differ between the two groups of cows, but the control cows had higher average weights than the cows on the lf pasture. Control calves had significantly lower egg counts than the calves on the lf pasture, but only slightly higher mean adjusted 205-day weights. At necropsy, significantly fewer worms were recovered from the controls (17,977) than from the lf-pastured calves (52,332). Cooperia oncophora was the predominant species. The level of coccidia infection did not differ between the two groups of cows and calves. The greater availability of forage in the control than in the lf pasture probably was responsible for the lower level of parasitism in the control calves and for the greater weight gains made by the control cows and calves.
Hyperlipemia in Horses: Effects of Undernutrition and Disease
Authors: Naylor J. M. , Kronfeld D. S. , Acland Helen 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lipid mobilization was followed in a study of healthy horses in which food but not water was withheld for 120 hours. The rise in serum lipids was consistent with an initial release of free fatty acids and glycerol from adipose tissue. This was followed by a rise in serum triglyceride as the liver took up free fatty acids and converted them to triglycerides. Changes in total lipids reflected increases in individual serum lipid constituents, especially triglycerides which underwent the greatest absolute increase during food deprivation. The concentration of many serum lipids increased until a new steady state was reached, presumably the point at which increased production was balanced by removal. Numerical values for free fatty acids were 1.61 ± 1.84 (mean ± sd) and 27.78 ± 8.24 mg/dl in fed and food-deprived horses at plateau, respectively; triglyceride values were 31.12 ± 6.86 and 194.7 ± 79.5 mg/dl, respectively.
Observations of healthy horses showed that serum triglyceride concentration rose to a variable extent and with a delay of at least 40 hours after food deprivation. Studies of sick horses confirmed that hypertriglyceridemia was associated with hypophagia, but that the converse was not always true. Thus hypophagia may exist without concomitant hypertriglyceridemia, but the presence of hypertriglyceridemia was a sound indicator of pre-existing hypophagia.
A few sick horses had hyperlipemia. These had very high serum lipid concentrations (up to 3,000 mg of triglyceride/dl), cloudy serum, and fatty infiltration of the liver. There was a statistically significant, Ρ < 0.001, association between serum creatinine and triglyceride concentrations. We postulated that a metabolic block in the removal of triglyceride from serum existed in azotemic horses and that this exacerbated the effect of hypophagia on serum lipid concentrations.