bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid diversification of colouration among populations of a poison frog isolated on sky peninsulas in the central cordilleras of Peru
Authors: Roberts Jennifer L. , Brown Jason L. , Schulte Rainer , Arizabal Wilfredo , Summers Kyle 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAim  Comparison of Epipedobates bassleri (Myers, 1987), which occurs on high‐altitude mountain ridges (‘sky peninsulas’) in the Andean transition zone and demonstrates high levels of divergence in colouration among populations, and Epipedobates hahneli (Schulte, 1999), which occurs throughout the lowland regions of the Amazon basin and is morphologically conserved, using phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial sequence data and comparison of colour pattern.Location  Central cordilleras of Peru (near Tarapoto, San Martin).Methods  DNA was extracted from individuals of E. bassleri from the central cordilleras of Peru, and from individuals of E. hahneli from across Peru. The cytochrome b mitochondrial gene region was amplified and sequenced for individuals of each species, and phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Bayesian inference. Genetic distances among populations and geographic distances of each species were examined and compared using Mantel tests. Parametric bootstrapping was used to test the monophyly of E. bassleri.Results  Epipedobates bassleri formed a well‐supported monophyletic group and showed higher levels of genetic divergence among populations than was shown among populations of E. hahneli from the same region. Distinct clades representing different geographic regions were recovered for E. hahneli. Levels of divergence among more geographically distant populations of E. hahneli were higher than levels of divergence among E. bassleri populations. We found a significant correlation between genetic divergence and geographic distance as measured along a 1000‐m contour line, but not as measured by direct routes (crossing putative biogeographical barriers).Main conclusions  Levels of genetic divergence were higher among populations of morphologically conservative E. hahneli than among populations of morphologically variable E. bassleri, suggesting rapid divergence in colouration among populations of E. bassleri. These patterns support previous arguments concerning the role of the montane transition zone between the high mountains and lowlands in divergence and speciation. High levels of both genetic and phenotypic divergence among populations of E. bassleri indicate that ecological or behavioural factors may be responsible for the high levels of colour variation seen among E. bassleri, but not among E. hahnleli, populations.
Chloroplast DNA variation in the Turnera sidoides L. complex (Turneraceae): biogeographical implications
Authors: Speranza P. R. , Seijo J. G. , Grela I. A. , Solís Neffa V. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAim  To analyse the current geographical structure of chloroplast DNA variation in the Turnera sidoides L. complex in order to establish historical biogeographical hypotheses for the mid‐latitude South American lowlands. During the Quaternary, the climate shifted from tropical humid to cold dry, and the vegetation cover has not been stable. The consequences of these processes on the current distribution of the vegetation of this area have received very little attention.Location  The mid‐latitude South American lowlands extend between c. 20 and 40°S and include Uruguay, northern, central and eastern Argentina, southern Brazil, and parts of southern Paraguay and Bolivia. They are surrounded by higher‐elevation systems.Methods  Turnera sidoides is a well‐studied polyploid complex of perennial rhizomatous herbs occurring throughout the area of interest. We analysed 321 individuals from 79 populations of the five recognized subspecies. We also included progenies from artificial crosses in order to analyse chloroplast inheritance. After screening sequences for four non‐coding chloroplast DNA regions, the trnL–trnF spacer was selected to characterize the collection.Results  Three haplotypes can be easily identified, with each differing from the others in two independent characters. A clear geographic structure is revealed when haplotypes are plotted for the complex as a whole regardless of subspecies and cytotype. Three distinct regions can be identified.Main conclusions  We propose three putative refugial areas for the Turnera sidoides complex, which are associated with the orographical systems of the region. Ravines and slopes in the Haedo Cuchilla system in northern Uruguay, the elevations of the western side of the area in Argentina, and the eastern Serranías system in south‐eastern Uruguay may each have served as refugia in which the A, B and C haplotypes became fixed during the drier climatic phases. Biogeographical patterns in the area covered by T. sidoides, particularly east of the Uruguay River, have not previously been analysed from a historical perspective.
Classification of feline intraocular neoplasms based on morphology, histochemical staining, and immunohistochemical labeling
Authors: Grahn Bruce H. , Peiffer Robert L. , Cullen Cheryl L. , Haines Deborah M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to evaluate morphologic, histochemical, and immunohistochemical characteristics of well‐differentiated and anaplastic intraocular neoplasms of cats, and to develop a diagnostic algorithm for, and investigate the association of ruptured lenses with these neoplasms. Seventy‐five feline globes with intraocular neoplasms were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined by light microscopy. Morphologic diagnoses included 33 intraocular sarcomas, 17 diffuse iris melanomas, 15 lymphosarcomas, three ciliary adenomas, one metastatic carcinoma, and six undifferentiated intraocular neoplasms. Sections of these globes were then stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS), and immunohistochemical (IHC) labels for various cellular markers. Histochemical staining and IHC labeling confirmed cellular differentiation in 73/75 neoplasms but was discordant with morphologic diagnoses in 8/75. These included four neoplasms morphologically diagnosed as lymphosarcomas but which expressed differentiation antigens consistent with melanoma (n = 3) or ciliary adenocarcinoma (n = 1), and four tumors morphologically diagnosed as intraocular sarcomas that expressed differentiation antigens for melanoma (n = 2), metastatic carcinoma (n = 1), or remained undifferentiated (n = 1). Immunohistochemical labeling suggested a diagnosis in 5/6 morphologically undifferentiated neoplasms including one intraocular sarcoma, two diffuse iridal melanomas, and two ciliary adenocarcinomas. Based upon morphologic, histochemical, and IHC characterization, ruptured lens capsules were detected in 28/30 intraocular sarcomas, 3/24 diffuse iris melanomas and 1/11 lymphosarcomas, but not in ciliary epithelial neoplasms, metastatic carcinomas, or undifferentiated intraocular neoplasms. An algorithm is provided that facilitates stain and IHC label selection for differentiating anaplastic intraocular feline neoplasms.
Amniotic membrane transplantation for corneal surface reconstruction after excision of corneolimbal squamous cell carcinomas in nine horses
Authors: Ollivier F. J. , Kallberg M. E. , Plummer C. E. , Barrie K. P. , O’Reilly S. , Taylor D. P. , Gelatt K. N. , Brooks D. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of permanent amniotic membrane transplantation as an adjunctive treatment to superficial keratectomy alone or combined with strontium‐90 irradiation for treatment of equine corneolimbal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to decrease corneal scarring and recurrence rate.Study The retrospective case study included 11 horses (n = 12 eyes) diagnosed and treated for ocular SCC that involved the limbus and cornea. Nine of those horses (n = 9 eyes) were treated between 2002 and 2006, with superficial lamellar keratectomy alone or combined with strontium‐90 irradiation and followed by placement of a permanent amniotic membrane graft in the surgical defect. The level of scarring (i.e. the clarity of the cornea) resulting with the use of amniotic membrane was subjectively compared to cases where a permanent bulbar conjunctival graft was performed following keratectomy combined with strontium‐90 irradiation or cryotherapy (n = 3 eyes). Recurrence was defined as the postoperative and postirradiation regrowth of SCC in the same site and globe.Results The nine horses that received an amniotic membrane graft after keratectomy alone or combined with irradiation showed a minimal level of scarring in a cornea that regained a greater transparency in comparison to the horses that were treated with a bulbar conjunctival graft. All of the horses that received an amniotic membrane graft had 226 ± 218 days of follow‐up without tumor recurrence (mean ± SD), ranging from 21 days to 778 days.Conclusions The combination of superficial keratectomy alone or associated with β‐irradiation and permanent amniotic membrane transplantation is an effective treatment of corneal or corneolimbal SCC in horses. The placement of an amniotic membrane material represents an alternative surgical procedure to bulbar conjunctival grafts, especially if there is a lack of bulbar conjunctiva tissue available after tumor resection or if a particularly large corneal resection is necessary. The amniotic membrane is incorporated into the corneal defect and seems to create noticeably much less scarring than a corneal defect covered by bulbar conjunctiva.
Is Fiscal Policy Sustainable in Developing Economies?
Authors: Ghatak Subrata , Sánchez‐Fung José R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates fiscal policy sustainability in Peru, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, and Venezuela using competing methodologies. Standard unit roots and cointegration analyses do not endorse the validity of the intertemporal budget constraint. In contrast, to varying degrees across countries, alternative testing employing a fiscal policy reaction function indicates sustainability defined as surplus adjustments in response to higher debt‐to‐income ratios. Corresponding debt‐dynamics analyses show that corrective measures were put in place to revert non‐sustainable trends in government debt. However, ancillary variables in the debt modeling produce statistically weak evidence of procyclical fiscal behavior in the Latin American countries.
New Child–Caregiver Attachment Relationships: Entering Childcare When the Caregiver Is and Is Not an Ethnic Match
Authors: Howes Carollee , Shivers Eva Marie 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe goal of the research reported in this article was to examine the process of forming attachment to caregivers in children new to childcare. We examined child and adult behaviors and the adult's perception of the child at entry, and the ethnic/racial match between the child and caregiver as predictors of attachment relationship quality measured six months later. Adult perceptions of the child did not predict attachment security. Children who did not share an ethnic heritage with their caregiver and had conflictual interactions with her at entry or at Time 2 had the lowest attachment security at Time 2. Children who shared an ethnic heritage with their caregivers and either did or did not engage in conflictual interaction and children who did not share an ethnic heritage and had low conflict at entry and at Time 2 were similar in security.
Media Exposure, Aggression and Prosocial Behavior During Early Childhood: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Ostrov Jamie M. , Gentile Douglas A. , Crick Nicki R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPreschool children (N = 78) enrolled in multi‐informant, multi‐method longitudinal study were participants in a study designed to investigate the role of media exposure (i.e., violent and educational) on concurrent and future aggressive and prosocial behavior. Specifically, the amount of media exposure and the nature of the content was used to predict concurrent and future physical, verbal and relational aggression as well as prosocial behavior for girls and boys. This two‐year longitudinal study found that media exposure predicted various subtypes of aggression and prosocial behavior. These findings are qualified by the gender of the focal child. That is, parental reports of media exposure were associated with relational aggression for girls and physical aggression for boys at school. Ways in which these findings extend our understanding of the role of media during early childhood are discussed.
Appearance Culture in Nine‐ to 12‐Year‐Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction
Authors: Clark Levina , Tiggemann Marika 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLittle research has investigated sociocultural factors in the development of body dissatisfaction in preadolescent girls. This study examined the combined influence of media and peer factors. The participants were 100 girls aged nine to 12 years. The girls completed questionnaire measures of media exposure (television and magazines), peer influences (appearance norms, appearance conversations), internalization and body dissatisfaction. Their height and weight were also measured. About half (49 percent) of the girls displayed a desire to be thinner. The influence of sociocultural factors was confirmed in addition to biological determinants, such as body mass index. Their exposure to appearance‐focused media was not directly related to their body dissatisfaction, but was indirectly related via their conversations about appearance among peers. The path analysis showed that peer appearance conversations demonstrated a significant relationship with internalization of thin ideals, which was, in turn, significantly related to body dissatisfaction. Like their adolescent counterparts, preadolescent girls are also exposed to appearance ideals presented in the media and manifested among peers. The results provided evidence for the existence of an ‘appearance culture’ consisting of interrelated media and peer influences among girls as young as nine to 12 years of age.
Measuring State Welfare Policy Changes: Why Don't They Explain Caseload and Employment Outcomes?*
Authors: Cadena Brian , Danziger Sheldon , Seefeldt Kristin 
Published: October 2006

Objectives. Since the implementation of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, many analysts have attempted to measure the effects of new state welfare policies, particularly work requirements, sanctions, and time limits, on the Act's key goals—reducing cash assistance caseloads and increasing employment among single mothers. De Jong et al. present new measures of state policy variations, but they do not attempt to evaluate the relationships between these measures and welfare reform outcomes. For their analysis to be meaningful, it should contribute to a better understanding of cross‐state variations in caseload declines and increased employment among single mothers.Methods. We first raise conceptual questions about the extent to which their measures are meaningful in a policy sense. We then present analyses of Current Population Survey data.Results. We find that differences in the De Jong et al. stringency measures (factor scores) are not significantly correlated with differences in welfare reform outcomes by state.
Simplified Methods of Implant Treatment in the Edentulous Lower Jaw. A Controlled Prospective Study. Part I: One‐Stage versus Two‐Stage Surgery
Authors: Engquist Bo , Åstrand Per , Anzén Bengt , Dahlgren Simon , Engquist Eva , Feldmann Hartmut , Karlsson Ulf , Gunnar Nord Per , Sahlholm Sten , Svärdström Pia 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: The original protocol for Brånemark System implants in the mandible was a two‐stage procedure with 3 months healing time. With five or six implants and a cast framework of gold, the treatment is rather expensive, and simplified methods would be desirable. Purpose: The goal of this controlled serial study was to investigate the outcome of a simplified procedure with one‐stage surgery, four Brånemark implants, shortened healing time, and a new titanium‐acrylic fixed full prosthesis. Materials and Methods: Eighty‐two patients were treated in three different groups at two specialist centers. All patients were provided with four implants, loaded with a Procera All‐in‐One bridge (Nobel Biocare, Gothenburg, Sweden) after 12 weeks. In group A (n = 30), one‐stage surgery was combined with two‐piece implants. In group B (n = 30), the control group, two‐stage surgery and two‐piece implants were used. In group C (n = 22), one‐stage surgery was combined with one‐piece implants. Marginal bone level was rated from radiographs at implant insertion, at baseline, and after 1 year. Results: The survival rate after 1 year for group A was 93.3%; group B, 97.5%; and group C, 93.2%. The differences were not statistically significant. Between fixture insertion and baseline, the average bone loss for group A was 1.2 mm; group B, 1.3 mm; and group C, 1.3 mm. No complications in the form of bridge loosening or acrylic fractures were recorded during the first year. Conclusions: The survival rates and the marginal bone changes did not differ significantly between the one‐stage groups and the control group. The survival rate and the marginal bone changes were similar for one‐piece and two‐piece implants. Four implants were sufficient to support full fixed prostheses in the mandibles. The Procera All‐in‐One bridges proved to be of high quality, and no complications were experienced.
Stability Measurements of Osseointegrated Implants Using Osstell in Partially Edentulous Jaws after 1 Year of Loading: A Pilot Study
Authors: Balleri Piero , Cozzolino Annunziata , Ghelli Luca , Momicchioli Guido , Varriale Angelo 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: The introduction of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) as a commercially available technique has made it possible to measure implant stability in implant stability quotient (ISQ) units at any time during the course of implant treatment and loading. However, no information on normal ISQ levels can be found in the literature. Purpose: The aim of this pilot study was to measure the stability of clinically successful implants in partially edentulous patients after 1 year of loading and to study the influence of jaw, anterior/posterior position, implant length, and marginal bone level on implant stability. Materials and Methods: Fourteen partially edentulous patients previously treated with 45 implants were subjected to clinical and radiographie evaluations and RFA measurements using Osstell (Integration Diagnostics, Sävedalen, Sweden) after 1 year of loading. Results: All 45 implants were stable, and implant stability levels were in the range of 57 to 82 ISQ units with a mean of 69 ± 6.5 ISQ after 1 year of loading. Mandibular implants were more stable than were maxillary ones. There were no differences between anterior and posterior implants. No correlation could be found between implant length and stability. Only minor marginal bone resorption was observed. Conclusions: The results from this limited material showed that successfully integrated implants have ISQ levels from 57 to 82 ISQ with a mean of 69 ISQ after 1 year of loading. Mandibular implants are more stable than are maxillary ones. High implant stability can be achieved with short implants and placement in posterior regions.
rhBMP‐2/αBSM® Induces Significant Vertical Alveolar Ridge Augmentation and Dental Implant Osseointegration
Authors: Wikesjö Ulf M.E. , Sorensen Rachel G. , Kinoshita Atsuhiro , Wozney John M. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP‐2) in a carrier has been shown to induce significant bone formation. Several candidate carriers, however, lack structural integrity to offset compressive forces that may compromise rhBMP‐2 bone induction, in particular, for challenging onlay indications such as alveolar ridge augmentation. Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate rhBMP‐2 in a calcium‐phosphate cement carrier, αBSM, for vertical alveolar ridge augmentation and immediate dental implant Osseointegration. Materials and Methods: Six adult Hound Labrador mongrels with 5 mm critical size supra‐alveolar peri‐implant defects were used. Three animals received rhBMP‐2/αBSM (rhBMP‐2 at 0.40 and 0.75 mg/mL) in contralateral jaw quadrants (total implant volume/defect ∼ 1.5 mL). Three animals received αBSM without rhBMP‐2 (control group). The animals were euthanized at 16 weeks post surgery, and block biopsies were processed for histologie and histometric analysis. Results: rhBMP‐2/αBSM induced substantial augmentation of the alveolar ridge. Control sites exhibited limited new bone formation. Vertical bone augmentation averaged (SD) 4.9 ± 1.0 mm (rhBMP‐2 at 0.40 mg/mL), 5.3 ± 0.3 mm (rhBMP‐2 at 0.75 mg/mL), and 0.4 ± 0.4 mm (control); new bone area 8.5 ± 4.2 mm 2, 9.0 ± 1.9 mm 2, and 0.5 ± 0.4 mm 2; new bone density 55.1 ± 6.4%, 61.1 ± 6.0%, and 67.7 ± 9.5%; and new bone‐implant contact 26.9 ± 17.5%, 28.5 ± 1.4%, and 24.6 ± 16.1%, respectively. Residual αBSM comprised 1% of the new bone. Bone density for the contiguous resident bone ranged from 65 to 71%, and bone‐implant contact ranged from 49 to 64%. Conclusions: Surgical implantation of rhBMP‐2/αBSM appears an effective protocol for vertical alveolar ridge augmentation procedures and immediate dental implant Osseointegration and for onlay indications of lesser complexity.
Retention Mechanisms and Prosthetic Complications of Implant‐Supported Mandibular Overdentures: Long‐Term Results
Authors: Dudic Alexander , Mericske‐Stern Regina 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: Although many studies report high survival rates of mandibular implants supporting an overdenture, complications with prostheses and the need for prosthetic maintenance are not so well documented. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to analyze three categories of prosthetic complications in relation to the type of retention mechanism for overdenture connection to the implants (ie, rigid or resilient). Materials and Methods: One hundred nineteen patients with a total of 258 implants participated in the study. They had been monitored regularly during an observation period of 5 to 15 years (mean 9.3 yr). Seventy‐five patients had a resilient retention device (ball anchors or a round clip bar); 44 patients had a rigid bar with or without distal extensions. The incidence and rate of complications were calculated for the overall‐ and for the 2‐ and 5‐year observation periods. Comparisons were made between the three categories of maintenance and the two types of retention. A Kaplan‐Meier analysis was applied for calculations of changes of the retention mechanism. Results: The mean number of complications per overdenture during the entire observation period was 3.5; this did not differ statistically between the two retention groups. Some significant differences were found only for the 2‐ and 5‐ year period. Broken, loose, or lost female parts were more frequently observed with resilient devices, as were repairs and relining of the resin denture base, whereas tightening of bar retainers was more typical with rigid bars. A change from a resilient retention device to a rigid bar was performed more often than vice versa but not at a statistically significant level. Conclusion: Although these long‐term results do not indicate a significant difference between the retention groups, a slight superiority of the rigid bar is suggested.