bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preference and performance linkage in a Phyllocolpa sawfly on the willow, Salix miyabeana, on Hokkaido
Authors: Price Peter W. , Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA leaf‐folding sawfly in the genus Phyllocolpa (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) attacking Salix miyabeana (Salicaceae) was studied near Sapporo, Hokkaido, along the Ishikari River in 1993. Host plant individuals were young trees 4–7 years old which were growing rapidly, producing some long shoots with large leaves. On a gradient of shoot length classes from 0–5 cm long to over 80 cm long, shoots were much more abundant in the shorter shoot length classes. However, attacks by ovipositing females increased as shoot length increase from 0 attacks on the shortest shoots to 5.17 attacks per shoot on the longest shoots. The frequency of attack per leaf increased from 0 to 0.13 over the same range of shoot lengths. This pattern of attack resulted in a high frequency of larval establishment in feeding sites, between 0.96 and 1.00, in all attacked shoot length categories. However, probability of survival to a late instar larva increased with shoot length and corresponded to the attack pattern, indicating a preference‐performance linkage between female ovipositional decisions and larval survival. The patterns found for this Phyllocolpa species are similar for galling sawflies in North America and Europe, especially in the genus Euura, members of which make stem, bud and leaf midrib galls. Extending the pattern to a Phyllocolpa species broadens identification of pattern and ultimately the generality of the emerging theory on populations of galling sawflies.
Ant reproductive strategies
Authors: Heinze Jürgen , Tsuji Kazuki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn contrast to what is generally believed, the reproductive strategies of ants are remarkably diverse and include such different phenomena, as wingless female and male sexuals, reproduction by mated workers, thelytokous parthenogenesis, and complete workerlessness. We review the various reproductive life histories and investigate them in the light of recent models on the evolution of dispersal strategies and multiple‐queening. It appears that most deviations from “normal” colony propagation can be explained by a decreased success of dispersal and solitary founding by solitary queens in certain types of habitats. Consequently, alternative reproductive strategies are found especially in those species, in which environmental conditions or a highly specialized way of life are thought to make solitary founding costly. Among the key factors, which determine the success of reproductive strategies, appear to be spatial and temporal distribution of habitats and the availability of nest sites.
Variations in carambola infestation rates by Bactrocera carambolae drew and hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae) with fruit availability in a carambola orchard
Authors: Chua T. H. , Khoo S. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relationship between the infestation rate of carambola fruits by Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock was investigated in a carambola orchard. Phenology of the fruits was found to influence percentage infestation of fruits by B. carambolae. The proportion of unbagged or susceptible fruits infested varied with time of year and tended to decrease with the increase of unbagged fruits available on the tree. The number of ovipunctures per fruit varied with fruit size and was also found to be indicative of the number of adult insects (B. carambolae and parasitoids) that will emerge from each fruit. Higher number of susceptible fruits available on each tree also decreased both the number of ovipunctures per fruit and the number of eggs laid per fruit, which could possibly be due to the strategy of spreading the risk adopted by the female B. carambolae or a result of random selection with more hosts available. The main parasitoids recorded were Biosteres vandenboschi (Fullaway) and B. arisanus (Sonan). The mean percentage of parasitism was 38.3% and it followed roughly that of infestation of fruits.
Population dynamics of a phytophagous lady‐beetle, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius), living in spatio‐temporally heterogeneous habitats. III. Effects of habitat structure on population dynamics
Authors: Hirano Kohji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTemporal changes in the population size of a phytophagous lady‐beetle were analyzed to identify mechanisms affecting lady‐beetle population dynamics at different spatial scales. The study area (15 ha) included 18 habitat patches. The major host plants were potato for first generation larvae and eggplant for second generation larvae. The habitat patches were classified into three groups according to the major host plants in each patch: P‐E patches (both host plants available), P patches (potato only), and E patches (eggplant only). The winter disappearance of adults in the whole study area, and larval mortality in E patches were apparently the most important factors disturbing the overall population density. Density‐dependent movement of females appeared to have the greatest stabilizing effect on the yearly fluctuation of population density. Rate of increase of female adults from the first to the second generation, R, was generally higher on eggplants in E patches than in P‐E patches because the adult density of the first generation was much higher in P‐E patches. The yearly fluctuation of adult density in each generation tended to be less in patches with all habitat components necessary for the full life cycle (P‐E patches). However, such patches were not favorable for first generation females, as indicated by the lower rate of increase from the first to the second generation. The density and stability of lady‐beetle populations is discussed in relation to habitat structure.
A likelihood ratio test for equality of deviations from randomness
Authors: Johnson D. L. , Petkau A. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of the sample variance‐to‐mean ratio as a measure of deviation from randomness in spatial pattern is reviewed. The likelihood ratio method of constructing a statistical test for the equality of several population variance‐to‐mean ratios is described, and details are provided for the special case where counts are modelled as arising from a negative binomial distribution. This test is illustrated by application to example data sets in ecology. Likelihood ratio tests represent a general methodology whereby relationships among several indices of aggregation can be systematically investigated, provided one is able to specify a suitable parametric form for the underlying distributions.
Dispersal of adult grasshoppers, Mecostethus magister, under the field condition
Authors: Nakamura Kazuo , Itô Yosiaki , Miyashita Kazuyoshi , Takai Akira 
Published: November 2006

SummaryEstimation of the number of adult grasshoppers, Mecostethus magister, was made by means of the mark‐and‐recapture method. The birth and death rates are possible to be estimated at the same time, but the immigration and the emigration rate are inevitably involved in these respectively. The immigration and emigration rates must be made clear to know the true birth and death rates. For this purpose the movement of the marked males in 1963 was analyzed.The grasshoppers dominantly moved in the directions of N, NW and W, and the difference in frequency among the movement directions was not so large. The distribution of the dispersal‐distance relationship of each quadrate on each released day was fitted approximately to normal distribution. It could be concluded that almost all of the grasshoppers moved within the range of about 31–35m. The emigration rate from the quadrate (12×12m2) was about 0.73–0.77 and the difference in the rate among the released days was small. From these values the emigration rate from the station (84×60m2) was estimated as 0.21–0.23.Subtracting the emigration rate from the death‐and‐emigration rate, the true death rate was calculated. The death rate was very low until the number of males reached to the peak, then increased gradually. Supposing that immigration rate was equal to the emigration rate, the true birth rate was also estimated. But the presumption might not be pertinent, for the value of birth rates became negative.
Natural control of populations of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula
Authors: Kiritani Keizi 
Published: November 2006

SummaryBased on the results of five‐year study on the Nezara population, it was concluded that the level of abundance of the insect was determined partly by the combination and relative adundance of the host plants and partly by the climatic factors. The endless increase of the population was checked by the deleterious effects associated with the overpopulation which occurred locally. The degree of such overpopulation was determined by the relative abundance of host plants to the current level of the population. Therefore, even when the general level of Nezara population seemed to be low, there still exists the possibility of overpopulation in some areas.Winter was the critical period which threatened the persistence of Nezara population. The survival of the hibernating adults was partly dependent on the physiological state of adults which was determined in the period of pre‐hibernation. But when the severity of a winter exceeded the tolerance limit of the insect, the only safety‐valve which prevented the elimination of Nezara was the heterogeneity of hibernacula. Therefore,Milne's theory (1957) was closest to the known facts.
Towards a theory of insect epidemiology
Authors: Berryman Alan A. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryAn attempt is made to consolidate and extend some of our current thoughts on insect epidemiology using graphical reproduction models. Starting with a simple model with a single equilibrium point, the elementary hypothesis is proposed that epidemics erupt when this equilibrium point increases substantially through improvement of the insect's habitat. The extension of this model to more than one coincident equilibria, some of which may be locally stable, is discussed and generalized using the theory of habitat suitability. Use of equilibrium manifolds is suggested to permit greater dimensionality. Lastly, an explanation of insect epidemics, based on the effects of time delays in the response of density‐dependent processes, is elaborated and generalized. The influence of spatial dimensions and insect dispersal on the theory is discussed.
Host‐attacking behavior of a eulophid parasite, Kratochviliana sp., to the leaf mining host, Phytomyza ranunculi (Diptera: Agromyzidae) during its stay on the leaf
Authors: Sugimoto Tuyosi 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe present paper studies how the female parasite of Kratochviliana sp. visits and attacks its host larvae of Ranunculus leaf mining fly, P. ranunculi at a single leaf visit. The parasite visited its hosts at random on the leaf. The frequency of host visits was independent of the host density and the proportion of hosts survived from the parasite attack, in a leaf and its distribution was expressed as a single straight line. It almost always attacked living hosts at the first host visit after isolated from them for one day but with the rate of about 0.5 at the subsequent visits. In consequence, the relationships of the number of host attacks and killed hosts to the host density drew satulated curves in each. A model of host attack by this parasite at its single leaf visit was formulated by modifyingBakkeret al.'s model (1972) basing upon these observations and the attack avoidance by the parasite to already attacked hosts previously reported.
Larval movement of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) in a plane
Authors: Lefkovitch L. P. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe mean maximum change in position of larvae of Lasioderma serricorne (F.) at 30°C, 60% RH increased by 0.290 cm/day, their mean position at the end of a 24 hour period increased by 0.245 cm/day. The linear distance from the point of origin was equal to approximately one third of the total distance moved. Either density or high numbers increased the rate of movement.
Procedures in the biochemical estimation of age of vertebrates
Authors: Otero Joseph G. , Dapson Richard W. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe most accurate method known to data for estimating age of wild vertebrates involves biochemical assay of eye lens proteins. Laboratory procedures that may be unfamiliar to many ecologists are described in detail. The method is based on precise changes in the amount of insoluble lens protein, and consists of two procedures: obtaining the appropriate lens fraction, and quantitatively analyzing its protein composition. Lenses are homogenized, and the insoluble fraction isolated by centrifugation. Protein content is measured colorimetrically by using the Lowry test. Instructions are given for single and double‐beam spectrophotometers.
On the abundance of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart, 1897) (Pyroglyphidae: Acarina) in house dust
Authors: van Bronswijk J. E. M. H. , Schoonen J. M. C. P. , Berlie M. A. F. , Lukoschus F. S. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe dominance of the Pyroglyphidae in house dust has been influenced by a number of factors. The humidity in houses dropped recently to such an extent that only Pyroglyphidae can survive. When temperature and relative humidity are favorable for Acarus siro and Glycyphagus destructor as well as Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides diminished in numbers by competition. Introduction of the predator Cheyletus eruditus into this mixed breeds causes the extermination of Dermatophagoides. The vacuum cleaner trapped mites, but Dermatophagoides was protected by its habit to hide in cracks and crevices. The use of insecticides has a more killing effect on Acarus and Glycyphagus than on Dermatophagoides.
The impact of extreme run‐off events from the Sakasagawa river on the Senjogahara ecosystem, Nikko National Park. V. The importance of adventitious root systems for burial tolerance of different tree species
Authors: Yoshikawa Masato , Hukusima Tukasa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe surveyed the morphological responses of tree species buried by alluvial deposits, and measured the physicochemical properties of alluvial materials which buried each of the individual trees, on Senjogahara moor, Nikko National Park, Japan. The results showed that these species had a different capcity to form adventitious roots. Malus toringo Sieb. individuals, which had survived in spite of heavy deposits over the past 10 years, developed many adventitious roots from the buried parts of their trunks. However, Larix kaempferi Carr. and Betula platyphylla Sukatchev var. japonica Hara, which both died in heavy deposit areas, were inferior to M. toringo in the formation of adventitious roots. From these facts, we presumed that the ability to develop adventitious roots contributed to the survival of trees and resulted in the difference in burial tolerance among each species. Adventitious roots tended to form in the depositional layers which consisted of fine particle size materials. It is thought that these layers prevent gas exchange between soil and air, causing a lack of oxygen to the rhizosphere. Thus, we concluded that adventitious roots have a physiological importance in reducing the obstruction, and in the survival of buried trees.
Photosynthesis and micro‐environmental factors in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium japonicum, from native and open habitats
Authors: Sawada Shinichi , Yamashita Masanori , Kasai Minobu , Harada Akira , Hashimoto Akiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEnvironmental factors affecting photosynthetic activity of the typical vernal species Erythronium japonicum Decne were examined on the floor of a deciduous broad‐leaved Quercus mongolica forest (Q.m. stand) and on bare land left undisturbed for 4 years after forest clearing (bare stand). Daytime solar irradiation and air and leaf temperatures at the bare stand were significantly higher than those at the Q.m. stand. The relative air humidity was very low and did not differ much between the stands, although the leaf‐air vapor pressure differences (VPD) at the bare stand were about twice as high as those at the Q.m. stand. The plants at both stands were supplied with sufficient soil water throughout their growing season by a large snowmelt. However, the aboveground parts of the plants at the bare stand were subjected to much more severe heat stress, caused by the strong radiations and high leaf temperatures, and water stress, caused by the highly transpiring conditions, than those at the Q.m. stand. When the radiation on leaves, leaf temperatures and VPD in the assimilation chamber were changed from those observed at the Q.m. stand to those at the bare stand, the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance fell significantly. However, the rate and conductance were immediately restored to the respective values near those measured under the conditions at the Q.m. stand when only VPD was dropped to the value similar to that observed at the Q.m. stand. These results indicate that the photosynthetic rate of the plants at the bare stand was lowered largely by a decrease in stomatal conductance. The internal CO2 partial pressure was considerably greater in leaves placed under environmental conditions similar to those at the bare stand.
Analytical studies of light trap records in the Hokuriku district, II the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps
Authors: Ôtake Akio 
Published: November 2006

SummaryLight‐trap records on the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps, were dealt with to study its population fluctuations in the Hokuriku district. Crude data were modified for distinguishing years of the low intensity of infestation by the insect from the rest of years. It is then clearly demonstrated that the low intensity of infestation were ordinarily preceded by heavy snowfall, although heavy snowfall could not be regarded as the only factor checking the vigorous multiplication of the populations.
Preliminary studies on the respiratory energy loss of a spider, Lycosa pseudoannulata
Authors: Itô Yosiaki 
Published: November 2006

SummaryTo elucidate the basic food requirement of spiders, the important polyphagous predators of rice‐plant insect pests, an attempt was made to measure the respiratory energy loss of fasting spiders, Lycosa pseudoannulata.Relationship between fresh (y) and dry (x) weights of spiders inhabiting the bottom layer of the rice‐plant community was represented by the following allometric equation:y=0.428x0.872.The carbon dioxide production by previously fed and unfed females under the dark at 29°C 100% R. H. was measured by a titration technique. The relationship between fresh body weight and CO2 production by unfed animals could be represented by the equation M=aWb, M being the CO2 output per individual per day and W the fresh body weight. The constant b, which determines the slope of curve, was 0.808. Respiration of the adult female with 100 mg fresh weight was 1.155±0.250 mg CO2/100 g fresh weight/day or 48.69 mg CO2/g dry weight/day. This value corresponds to 35.81 cal/g fresh weight/day or 150.94 cal/g dry weight/day. Supposing the calorific content of spiders to be 5820 cal/g dry weight, rate of the respiratory energy loss to total energy of the body was estimated to be 2.60%. This rate did not strongly contradict with the loss of fresh body weight before and after the measurement.The metabolic rate showed remarkable fluctuation with changing food supply. The CO2 production of starved individuals decreased to 83.63±16.34% as compared with individuals which were fed before the measurement.
Silicones—Basic chemistry and selected applications
Authors: O'Lenick Anthony J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of this review is to provide a working knowledge of the chemistry of silicone compounds to the practicing chemist. Although silicone compounds have been known for over 50 yr, the chemistry of these materials remains elusive to the average formulating chemist. This is indeed unfortunate, since the chemistry of the silicon atom and resulting silicone compounds is every bit as wide in scope and rich in content as the chemistry of the carbon atom and the resulting surfactant chemistry upon which it is based. Only in the past decade has the use of silicone as a hydrophobic building block for the preparation of surfactants become common. The recent trend to combine silicone, fatty and polyoxyalkylene moieties in the same molecule has resulted in a plethora of new compounds with new properties.
Relationship between foaming properties and solution properties of protein/nonionic surfactant mixtures
Authors: Wei Xiao‐fang , Liu Hui‐zhou 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe foaming properties of bovine serum albumin (BSA), in the absence and presence of Triton X‐100 (TX‐100), have been investigated using shaking tests. The results showed that increases in the TX‐100 bulk concentration rapidly reduced both foam height and foam stability at TX‐100 concentrations below about 0.25 mM, but increased foam height and foam stability at TX‐100 concentration above 0.3 mM. The interaction between BSA and TX‐100 has been studied using fluorescence spectroscopy. The surfactant appeared to bind to BSA with a low molar ratio (about one surfactant molecule per protein molecule) at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC); the binding became weaker at concentrations above the CMC. It was confirmed that protein‐protein or protein‐surfactant interactions had significant influence upon foaming properties of mixed protein/surfactant system.
Fatty Acid soil detergency performance of poly(sodium α‐hydroxyacrylate)
Authors: Komaki Motoko , Kim Suk Kyung , Hashimoto Toshimasa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEffects and properties of poly(sodium α‐hydroxyacrylate) (PHA) on removal of stearic and oleic acids from cellulosic filter paper under various wash conditions were evaluated and compared with those of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) by using differential scanning calorimetry. PHA had a much greater effect on the removal of stearic and oleic acids than SDS under the same washing conditions. PHA produces complexes with fatty acids on filter paper during the washing process, and in DSC these complexes have endothermic peaks at temperatures higher than the melting point of the fatty acids. The complexes are formed at temperatures both below and above the melting point of the fatty acid and are removed completely from filter paper by rinsing. The conditions of temperature, time, and PHA concentration during washing all affected the formation of the complex and the removal of fatty acid. Whether the fatty acid chain was saturated or not did not affect the formation of a complex.
Dishwashing performance of mixed palm stearin sulfonated methyl esters and polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters
Authors: Lim Wen Huei , Ahmad Salmiah 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe detergency profiles of sodium salt α‐sulfonated methyl esters derived from palm stearin (α‐SMEPS) and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monoesters (POESE) in mixed micelle systems were evaluated as a function of the weight ratios of α‐SMEPS/POESE [polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (12), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (18∶0), and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (18∶1)] at different water hardness values (5.12, 51.2, and 512.0 ppm CaCO3) and temperatures (20, 30, 45, and 65°C), respectively. All the mixtures of α‐SMEPS/POESE (12, 18∶0, and 18∶1) systems exhibited a synergistic effect at 65°C in the absence of hardness. This was evaluated by measuring the percentage of soil removed. The systems showed an increase in detergency with both the temperature and water hardness. Maximal detergency was observed with 5.12 ppm CaCO3in the mixed surfactant solution.