bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANTIGEN‐SPECIFIC HELPER FACTOR REACTS WITH ANTIBODY TO THE T‐CELL RECEPTOR
Authors: Deans J. P. , Krowka J. F. , Mosmannt T. , Pilarski L. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAntigen‐specific helper factor (ASHF), a soluble product of T helper (Th) cells, binds antigen and can induce B‐cell and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte (CTL) differentiation. Its relationship to the T‐cell surface antigen receptor (TcR) is unknown. Both have MHC‐restricted recognition of nominal antigen, thus they may share very similar combining sites. Using monoclonal anti‐TcR to imrnunoprecipitate partially purified ASHF, we have obtained evidence for shared determinants between ASHF and the TcR. Antigen affinity‐enriched supernatants of a Th clone, LB19, are functionally active in antigen‐specific, help‐dependent CTL assays. FPLC anion exchange salt fractions of these supernatants were 125I‐labelled and immunoprecipitated with KJ16.133 monoclonal anti‐TcR coupled to Sepharose 4B. Precipitates were analysed by SDS‐PAGE. We have obtained clear evidence that functionally active Th culture supernatants contain molecules specifically precipitable by anti‐TcR antibody.
MODE OF ACTION OF ANTIGEN‐SPECIFIC T‐CELL HELPER FACTORS SECRETED BY A T‐CELL LINE AND CLONES
Authors: And O. Axelrod , Mozes E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAntigen‐specific T‐cell helper factors were secreted from a (T,G)‐A—L specific T‐cell line and clones. The factors were released upon antigenic stimulation and could be induced by a low or a high dose of antigen. The factors secreted upon low‐dose stimulation possessed the antigenic specificity of the secreting cells, while the high dose‐induced factors had a broader antigenic specificity and could react with the closely related polypeptide (Phe,G)‐A—L, even when the cells were restricted to (T,G)‐A—L. Both the low dose‐ as well as the high dose‐induced factors could not trigger antibody production in the presence of a non‐relevant antigen, and did not collaborate with B cells immunized with a non‐related antigen for the production of antibodies. The helper factors, like their secreting cells, were H‐2‐restricted in the collaboration with B cells. In contrast to the helper cells, however, they did not require accessory cells for triggering the B cells in the process of antibody production. Some preparations of helper factors were found to be inactive. The helper activity could be restored by IL‐2. Thus, IL‐2 is an additional essential factor required for the antigen‐specific collaboration of B cells and T‐cell helper factors.
RECENT RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATION AND EXPRESSION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN V REGION GENES
Authors: Taussig M. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe first Jacques Monod Conference was held in Roscoff, Brittany on 1–5 June 1987 and dealt with the topic of 'Selection of Lymphocyte Repertoires’(organizers F. W. Alt, Columbia University, New York. P.‐A. Cazenave, Institut Pasteur, Paris and A. Coutinho, Institut Pasteur, Paris). Much of the meeting was concerned with the recent developments in immunoglobulin and T‐cell receptor V region organization and expression. This review is based on the contributions and discussions on Ig V genes, in particular their organization, rearrangements, allelic exclusion and somatic mutation. (Names without references indicate the conference speaker on that topic.)
STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN B STIMULATION OF BALB/c LYMPHOCYTE MITOGENESIS AND POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIP TO THE Mls RESPONSE
Authors: And S. Buxser , Vroegop S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYStaphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a T cell mitogen with properties different from the plant lectin mitogens. We examined the stimulation of mitogenesis induced by SEB in BALB/c mouse spleen cells and its relationship to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and related cell surface proteins. Based on the ability of specific monoclonal antibodies to block mitogenesis, SEB stimulation appears to be more dependent on interaction with I‐E than with I‐A class II MHC molecules. Additionally, anti‐L3T4, and possibly other antibodies specific for proteins related to the T cell receptor complex, were inhibitory. When A20 cells were treated with SEB and used to stimulate BALB/c spleen cells which were not otherwise exposed to SEB, the treated A20 cells were capable of stimulating mitogenesis of the BALB/c spleen cells. The data support the hypothesis that SEB stimulation is mediated primarily by interactions with class II MHC proteins and possibly proteins in the T cell receptor complex. We also observed that the presence of SEB in DBA/2 (Mlsa)‐stimulated BALB/c (Mlsb) spleen cell cultures enhanced the BALB/c mitogenesis three‐fold over the sum of the SEB‐ plus Mls‐stimulated mitogenesis. These results suggest that SEB may be a useful tool for further exploration of the Mls response.
FURTHER SEROLOGICAL AND RFLP ANALYSIS OF THE MRL‐+/+ AND MRL‐lpr/lpr MICE
Authors: DeLarbre C. , Bobe P. , Kiger N. , Kourilsky P. , Gachelin G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDuring their ageing, MRL‐lpr/lpr mice (H‐2k) suffer from progressive lymph node enlargement, associated with the development of several acute autoimmune lesions. The primary effect and location of the lpr mutation is unknown. However, a minority of the lymphoid cells of some MRL‐ +/+, as well as MRL‐lpr/lpr mice, express ‘alien’ H‐2d antigenic specificities. In the course of the investigation of the origin of the latter, we have carried out the genotyping of the MHC of several MRL‐+/+ and MRL‐lpr/lpr mice using the Southern blotting technique and employing a variety of MHC class I and class II probes, and restriction enzymes known to discriminate between the d and the k haplotypes. None of the results obtained so far suggests the contribution of genuine H‐2d genes to the MHC of the MRL‐+/+ and MRL‐lpr/lpr mouse strains. Alternative hypotheses for the generation of the ‘alien’ epitopes are discussed.
GENETIC CONTROL OF C3 PRODUCTION BY THE S REGION OF THE MOUSE MHC
Authors: Dieli F. , Lio D. , Sireci G. , Salerno A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe present paper reports evidence indicating that the level of the third complement component (C3) is regulated by the S region of the murine H‐2 complex. In fact, using congenic strains of mice we demonstrate that mice with the k haplotype at the S region show high C3 levels, whereas mice with the d haplotype at the S region show low C3 levels.
RABBIT MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.: III. MULTIPLE CLASS II DRβ GENES AND RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM OF THE CLASS II α AND β GENES
Authors: Sittisombut N. , Tissot R. G. , Knight K. L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSeveral class II α and β chain genes of the rabbit MHC have been cloned and classified into three distinct subregions,R‐DP, R‐DQandR‐DR, based on their homology to the corresponding HLA‐DP, ‐DQ and ‐DR genes. The organization of the rabbit MHC class II genes has now been studied in greater detail by analysing genomic DNA of an inbred III/J strain and several otherRLA‐Dhomozygous rabbits, with DNA probes derived from cloned R‐DRβ genes. Eight previously cloned R‐DRβ genes were shown to be allelic forms of fiveR‐DRβ loci. Genomic blot analyses of DNA from seven rabbits homozygous for differentRLAhaplotypes revealed that the germline contains a total of approximately seven class II β genes, one DQβ, one DPβ and five DRβ. Extensive allelic polymorphism was identified by RFLP analysis using DQ and DR probes; limited RFLP was observed with DP probes. RFLP analyses allowed us to distinguish two haplotypes which had not been previously distinguished by MLR. Such RFLP analyses will be useful for identifying MHC ‘compatible’ rabbits for various immunobiological studies, including transplantation.
RAPID IMMUNOMAGNETIC PHENOTYPING OF CELLS
Authors: Gaudernack G. , Lundin K. E. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA new method for immunophenotyping of cells in suspension has been developed. The method is based on identification of cells that have formed rosettes with superparamagnetic particles (Dynabeads) conjugated with monoclonal antibodies directed against cell‐surface antigens. The method is extremely simple. Twenty‐five μl of cells are mixed with 5 μl of Dynabeads in U‐bottom microtitre wells. Following a I‐min centrifugation step, rosette formation can be inspected in the microscope. Staining of the cells before rosetting with acridine orange/ethidium bromide allows direct quantification of viable cells carrying a given marker. The method is limited to detection of cell‐surface antigens, and the results obtained are comparable to those seen with indirect immunofluorescence. The method may be used for phenotyping of leukaemia and other cancer cells, and can also be used for phenotyping of cells that can only be obtained in small numbers, such as spinal fluid cells.
QUANTIFICATION OF LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS BASED ON POSITIVE IMMUNOMAGNETIC SELECTION OF CELLS DIRECTLY FROM BLOOD
Authors: Brinchmann J. E. , Leivestad T. , Vartdal. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYLymphocyte subset quantification can be performed directly in unseparated anticoagulated blood by means of immunomagnetic (IM) particles. The method is fast and reliable and so simple as to be employable in small laboratories. This article reviews the method in detail and describes the results obtained with the IM quantification method in some clinical situations.
ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING OF BOVINE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX CLASS I MOLECULES
Authors: Watkins D. I. , Shadduck J. A. , Stone M. E. , Lewin H. A. , Letvin N. L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci regulate an individual's immune response to pathogens. Cattle provide an important model to study the relationship between disease susceptibility and MHC haplotype since large half‐sibling families are common. The definitive demonstration, however, of a firm relationship between MHC phenotype and disease susceptibility in cattle will require a precise definition of the bovine MHC allelic products. Available reagents for serological characterization of the bovine MHC gene products have not been adequate for these purposes. We have shown that existing mouse monoclonal antibodies and rabbit anti‐human antisera precipitate bovine class I molecules, that these structures separate well by one‐dimensional isoelectric focusing (1‐DIEF), and that immunoprecipitation followed by 1‐DIEF allows the detection of bovine class I MHC allelic products. Through this technique, we have identified previously undetected class I products. This approach will facilitate a detailed characterization of the bovine MHC class I gene products.
LACK OF COMMON HAPLOTYPE AMONG FOUR FAMILY MEMBERS WITH LATE‐ONSET KAPOSI'S SARCOMA
Authors: Neefe J. R. , Treat J. A. , Chun B. K. , Schein P. S. , Johnson A. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYKaposi's sarcoma is associated with an increased frequency of HLA‐DR5. The hypothesized model of a susceptibility gene in linkage disequilibrium with DR5 may be tested by haplotype analysis in familial Kaposi's sarcoma. Our finding of no common haplotype among afflicted members of a family provides evidence against the hypothesized linkage.
WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRESENCE OF MHC MOLECULES ON THE SURFACE OF PARASITES IN HUMAN NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS?
Authors: Trejo V. , Talamas O. , Granados G. , Castro L. , Rabiela M. T. , Sotelo J. , Gorodezky C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSixteen cysticerci excised from 15 surgery patients were examined for the presence of HLA molecules on their surface, to confirm the role of these molecules in parasite damage and to investigate if HLA products are host specific or perhaps host‐like antigens synthesized by the parasite. MoAbs against monomorphic and polymorphic HLA were chosen according to the patients HLA phenotypes. MoAbs against host and non‐host antigens were selected and tested on cyst slides by indirect immunofluorescence assays. Host molecules were present in 43.7% of the cysts, but non‐host antigens were also apparent in 62.5%. These results suggest mimicry as a possible mechanism to explain the presence of MHC products on the surface of the parasite; inflammation may also induce the expression of HLA that could become associated with the parasite. In vitro cellular immune response to specific antigens was also performed and positive responses correlated with the presence of HLA molecules on the cyst's surface. Moreover, damaged parasites had host molecules as well. Parasites from responder patients had all kind of HLA molecules or at least, antigenic determinants while the cysts from non‐responders did not have molecules on their surface. These data support the role of HLA in cyst destruction.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE ANTIGENS DEFINED AT THE THIRD INTERNATIONALBoLAWORKSHOP
Authors: Stear M. J. , Pokorny T. S. , Fryda‐Bradley S. , Lie Ø. , Bull R. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA comparison of lymphocyte antigens showed that 32 of the 33BoLAantigens defined at the third internationalBoLAworkshop (Bullet al., 1989) corresponded to previously defined local antigens (Stearet al., 1988). The third workshop antigen w18 had no locally defined equivalent. All 32 antigens were shown in family studies to be expressed by autosomal co‐dominant genes, and all 32 workshop antigens were shown to be products of theBoLAsystem. After excluding the supertypic antigens, nearly all animals tested possessed only one or two antigens and there were no observed recombinants in family studies. These results do not exclude the possibility that the 32 workshop antigens are the products of one locus (BoLA‐A).
METHYLATION PATTERN OF THE HLA‐DRα GENE IN HUMAN TISSUES
Authors: Barbieri R. , Nastruzzi C. , Volinia S. , Villa M. , Piva R. , Giacomini P. , Natali P. G. , Gambari R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe CCGG and GCGC sites of the human HLA‐DRα gene are hypermethylated in human tissues (including B‐lymphocytes, T‐lymphocytes, muscle, brain, sperm, skin, kidney, suprarenal and mammary glands) and three B‐lymphoid cell lines. Therefore, the HLA‐DRα gene can be transcribed even though extensively methylated. The only exception to the hypermethylated state of the HLA‐DRα gene is represented by one or both of the two HhaI sites (H1 and H2) localized in the 5’portion of the gene. Analysis of the computer‐generated secondary structure of the HLA‐DRα mRNA suggests that the H1 and H2 sites belong to a region (5′‐GAGCGCCCA‐3′/5′‐UGAGCGCUC‐3′) exhibiting extensive base pairing. Therefore, unmethylation of these CG sites can contribute in preventing mCG→TG/CA changes in this region, which would lead to extensive alterations of the secondary structure of the 5’portion of the HLA‐DRα MRNA.On the other hand, the selective pressure to maintain unaltered the methylated CG dinucleotides in the coding regions of the HLA‐DRα gene could be due to codon restrictions, since the majority of the methylation‐related CG→TG or CG→CA variations would generate aminoacid changes.Accordingly, the analysis of different HLA‐DRα genomic sequences indicates that variations of the CpG dinucleotides occur only in the non‐coding portions of the HLA‐DRα gene.
INACTIVATION OF THE H‐2K1k GENE COULD INVOLVE THE SUBSTITUTIONS OF METHYLATED CpGs
Authors: Sim B. C. , Grosveld F. G. , Hui K. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYBy the isolation of overlapping cosmid clones and ‘chromosome walking’ studies from the H‐2Kk gene, we have obtained cosmid clones encoding the H‐2K1k gene from two separate cosmid libraries. The nucleotide sequence of one of the clones was determined. The cloned H‐2K1k gene could be transcribed in vitro to give a normal H‐2 class I mRNA of 1.7 kb. However, the deletion of four nucleotides in exon 3 of the H‐2K1k gene results in a translation termination codon at the beginning of exon 4. In agreement with this, when expressed in human cells, the H‐2K1k gene gave a truncated, cytoplasmic polypeptide of Mr 36,000. Therefore, although the H‐2K1k gene is homologous to other class I MHC genes in its molecular organization and nucleotide sequence, it is a pseudogene. When compared to the nucleotide sequence of the H‐2Kk gene, the H‐2K1k gene has undergone many substitutions of methylated CpG residues (meCpG). This represents further evidence to suggest that this gene is inactive.
CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLUBLE HLA MOLECULES IN SWEAT AND QUANTITATIVE HLA DIFFERENCES IN SERUM OF HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Zavazava N. , Westphal E. , Muller‐Ruchholtz W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSoluble class I molecules were immunoprecipitated from human sweat and serum using the BB7.7 monoclonal antibody (mAb) coupled to immunomagnetic beads. Molecules were analysed biochemically on SDS‐PAGE gels and finally by 1D‐isoelectric‐focusing (IEF). Serum‐ and sweat‐HLA IEF‐band patterns of the same individual were fully identical, showing that HLA excreted in sweat possess polymorphic structures like those in serum. Quantitatively, we used a highly sensitive competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay to determine soluble class I concentrations. The first group was that of non‐HLA‐A9 and ‐Bw62 sera, which were found to contain HLA levels with a mean concentration of 0.82 ± 0.63 μg/ml (n= 44). However, sera that were HLA‐A23 or −24 (splits of HLA‐A9) contained higher levels, with a mean of 3.2 ± 0.94 μg/ml (n= 20). Similarly, HLA‐Bw62 individuals had a higher mean of 2.05 ± 0.65 μg/ml (n= 10). The difference of the HLA‐A9 group to the first group was statistically highly significant, P < 0.0001, and that of the HLA‐Bw62 to the first was also significant, P < 0.004. Individuals who were both HLA‐A9 and ‐Bw62 (n = 5) did not express significantly higher levels than those who only had one of these specificities. Sweat HLA levels had a mean of 0.42 ± 0.4 μg/ml (n= 10). These results show for the first time that soluble class I peptides are excreted in relatively high concentrations in sweat and possess polymorphic structures identical to those of serum HLA and that serum HLA levels are allotype dependent.
PCR‐SSO TYPING FOR HLA‐DRB ALLELES
Authors: Vaughan R.W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the second exon of DRB genes from genomic DNA is described. Sequence‐specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probes have been designed to allow for the typing of DRB alleles. The methods are described in detail and the results of a trial on both homozygous typing cells and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)‐typed local caucasoid controls are given. The ease of use of this form of DRB typing is emphasized and potential complications are discussed.
PCR‐SSO TYPING IN HLA‐DISEASE ASSOCIATION STUDIES
Authors: WORDSWORTH P. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAssociations between a large number of diseases and markers within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been described. In particular, susceptibility to several autoimmune disorders, including type I diabetes mellitus and rheumatoid arthritis, is linked to genes within the MHC and strong population associations are demonstrable between certain HLA class II alleles and these conditions. Genetic mapping of HLA susceptibility loci has traditionally relied on the use of phenotypic markers defined by alloantisera, cellular typing reagents and biochemical analysis of histocompatibility antigens. Polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific oligonucleotide (PCR‐SSO) typing combines the ability to define the finest of HLA specificities, by analysis of the corresponding DN A sequences, with the possibility of studying large populations of normal and affected individuals. The applications of this technology to characterizing precisely the MHC loci associated with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes mellitus, coeliac disease and pemphigus vulgaris are reviewed here.
ANALYSIS OF Ly5 CHROMOSOME 1 POSITION USING ALLELIC DIFFERENCES AND RECOMBINANT INBRED MICE
Authors: Zebedee S.L. , Barritt D. , Epstein R. , Raschke W.C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDifferences between the mouse Ly5a and Ly5b alleles can be distinguished on the basis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐restriction enzyme analysis and differential monoclonal antibody reactivities. To more precisely map the Ly5 gene on the mouse chromosome 1, analytical DNA and protein tests were performed on recombinant inbred strains of mice prepared from SJL/J (Ly5a) and B ALB/cke (Ly5b) progenitor strains. Each recombinant inbred strain was characterized to determine whether it carried the Ly5a or Ly5b allele. Both assays, DNA‐PCR and protein‐immunofluorescence, yielded identical results for each strain examined. Placement of the Ly5 gene with respect to other characterized markers of mouse chromosome 1 for these recombinant inbred mouse strains shows a gene order of Idh‐1.Ity:Pep3:/Ly5, CfhJ.
PHAGOCYTOSIS OF FLUORESCENT LATEX MICROBEADS BY PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES IN DIFFERENT STRAINS OF MICE: A FLOW CYTOMETRIC STUDY
Authors: ÁBel G. , Szollösi J. , Fachet J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe phagocytosis of uniform fluorescent latex particles by resident and thiogiycollate‐elicited macrophages was analysed by flow cytometry. The percentage of phagocytos‐ing macrophages and the number of internalized microspheres per cell was determined from cell size and fluorescence histograms. Results were corrected for the adherence of microbeads to the cells in the presence of sodium azide in the medium. Human C3b‐or murine monoclonal IgG‐coated microspheres were applied to assess receptor‐mediated phagocytosis in different inbred strains of mice. Phagocytic activity of thioglycollate‐elicited macrophages was consequently higher than that of resident macrophages. A decreasing gradient of C3b and Fc receptor‐mediated phagocytosis was established in the following order: B10.BR, BIO, C3H/Di and C3H.SW strains. Our results indicate that the phagocytic function of murine macrophages is under control of both the somatic (non‐H‐2) and H‐2 genes.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BOVINE MHC CLASS II POLYMORPHISM USING THREE TYPING METHODS: SEROLOGY, RFLP AND IEF
Authors: Davies C. J. , Andersson L. , Joosten I. , Mariani P. , Gasbarre L. C. , Hensen E. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYVarious methods, with different strengths and weaknesses, are currently used to define polymorphism of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes. A more complete characterization of bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA) haplotypes can be achieved by combining several of these methods. In this study BoLA class II polymorphism was characterized using three typing methods: serology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and isoelectric focusing (IEF). Twenty six Holstein‐Friesian and 15 Angus cattle that carried an array of serologically defined BoLA haplotypes were selected for the study. The panel included 12 BoLA complex homozygotes. The three class II typing methods recognized polymorphism associated with the same or very tightly linked genes in the DQ‐DR class II subregion. In total 25 BoLA‐A locus (class I) —DQ‐DR subregion (class II) haplotypes were defined. Three of the serological class II specificities, Dx1, Dx3, and Dx4, were associated with more than one RFLP defined DQ‐DR haplotype. The other 4 class II specificities behaved as private specificities. One BoLA haplotype was found in both Holstein and Angus cattle. Two other BoLA haplotypes defined here have previously been described in other breeds. This suggests that these haplotypes exist in strong linkage disequilibrium.