bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unexpected complexity of the budding yeast transcriptome
Authors: Ito Takashi , Miura Fumihito , Onda Miyuki 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe genome of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was sequenced over a decade ago and has been annotated to encode ∼6,000 genes. However, recent high throughput studies using tiling array hybridization and cDNA sequencing have revealed an unexpectedly large number of previously undescribed transcripts. They largely lack protein‐coding capacity and are transcribed from both strands of intragenic and intergenic regions in the genome. Accordingly, pervasive transcription leading to a plethora of noncoding RNAs, which was first revealed for mammalian genomes to attract intense attentions, is likely an intrinsic feature of eukaryotic genomes. Although it is not clear what fraction of these transcription events are functional, some were shown to induce transcriptional interference or histone modifications to regulate gene expression. The budding yeast may serve as an excellent model to study pervasive transcription and noncoding RNAs. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(12): 775–781, 2008
Laboratory simulations of astrophysical blast waves with high energy lasers
Authors: Ditmire T. , Edens A.D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe review recent efforts to simulate aspects of supernova remnants in laboratory experiments by creating energetic explosions with high energy lasers. High energy pulsed lasers are uniquely suited for these kinds of studies. By focusing a laser with pulse energy of a few joules to many hundreds of joules onto a solid target or into a dense gas target, explosive shock waves of very high Mach number can be created. With a well chosen set of laser and target parameters it has been shown by a number of groups that radiative blast waves can be produced. Such blast waves have dynamics dominated by radiation transport and exhibit unusual characteristics, the most important of which include hydrodynamic instabilities which may play an important role in the structure of the interstellar medium. As a result there are now prospects for gaining new insights into astronomical observations of supernova remnants by studying laboratory laser driven plasma systems.
Helicobacter pylori infection and motor fluctuations in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lee Won Yong , Yoon Won Tae , Shin Hee Young , Jeon Seong Hee , Rhee Poong‐Lyul 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTo investigate whether Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection affects the clinical response to levodopa and whether its eradication could improve motor fluctuation in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Using the [13C] urea breath test, we monitored HP infection in 65 patients with PD and motor fluctuations of the “wearing‐off” or delayed “on” types, with or without dyskinesia. We compared the clinical features and response to L‐dopa between HP noninfected (n = 30) and HP infected patients (n = 35) by reviewing home diaries kept for 72 hours. Among HP infected patients, we compared the differences in L‐dopa “onset” time, “on‐time” duration, and scores on the motor examination section of the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS‐III) during the medication “on” phase before and after HP eradication. There were no differences in the age, disease duration, Hoehn and Yahr stage, UPDRS‐III score, L‐dopa daily dose, and frequency of dyskinesia between HP noninfected and HP infected groups. However, L‐dopa “onset” time was longer and “on‐time” duration was shorter in HP infected patients than in HP noninfected patients (78.4 ± 28.2 vs. 56.7 ± 25.1 and 210.0 ± 75.7 vs. 257.7 ± 68.9 min, respectively, P < 0.05). HP eradication improved the delay L‐dopa “onset” time and short “on‐time” duration (to 58.1 ± 25.6 and to 234.4 ± 66.5 min, respectively, P < 0.05). These data demonstrated that HP infection could interfere with the absorption of L‐dopa and provoke motor fluctuations. HP eradication can improve the motor fluctuations of HP infected patients with PD. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
A‐WING: an ad hoc wireless inter‐network gateway
Authors: Brogan D. , Ganchev I. , O'Droma M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a design and implementation of a novel ad hoc wireless inter‐network gateway and research platform (A‐WING) which supports heterogeneous wireless and wired networking infrastructures and ad hoc wireless protocols. The driving goal is to explore and realize ways of increasing the ‘always best connected’ options for mobile wireless devices. The platform currently supports IEEE 802.11 (Wi‐Fi), IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet), Bluetooth, IPv4, IPv6, broadcasting and multicasting, stream and datagram transport protocols. The gateway can be readily expanded by the addition of new functionality or support for other networking hardware. This functional variety and inbuilt extensibility ensures that A‐WING can facilitate research into multi‐mode multi‐protocol wireless networking. The A‐WING design is based on a new generic description of link layer services called the ‘9Cs’ and includes a new method for the hierarchical description of networks incorporating nodes with multiple interfaces together with the development of a new XML schema for network, node and interface descriptive inter‐nodal messaging. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A smoothing Newton's method for the construction of a damped vibrating system from noisy test eigendata
Authors: Bai Zheng‐Jian , Ching Wai‐Ki 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this paper we consider an inverse problem for a damped vibration system from the noisy measured eigendata, where the mass, damping, and stiffness matrices are all symmetric positive‐definite matrices with the mass matrix being diagonal and the damping and stiffness matrices being tridiagonal. To take into consideration the noise in the data, the problem is formulated as a convex optimization problem involving quadratic constraints on the unknown mass, damping, and stiffness parameters. Then we propose a smoothing Newton‐type algorithm for the optimization problem, which improves a pre‐existing estimate of a solution to the inverse problem. We show that the proposed method converges both globally and quadratically. Numerical examples are also given to demonstrate the efficiency of our method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On computing the forces from the noisy displacement data of an elastic body
Authors: Reddy A. Narayana , Ananthasuresh G. K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study is concerned with the accurate computation of the unknown forces applied on the boundary of an elastic body using its measured displacement data with noise. Vision‐based minimally intrusive force‐sensing using elastically deformable grasping tools is the motivation for undertaking this problem. Since this problem involves incomplete and inconsistent displacement/force of an elastic body, it leads to an ill‐posed problem known as Cauchy's problem in elasticity. Vision‐based displacement measurement necessitates large displacements of the elastic body for reasonable accuracy. Therefore, we use geometrically non‐linear modelling of the elastic body, which was not considered by others who attempted to solve Cauchy's elasticity problem before. We present two methods to solve the problem. The first method uses the pseudo‐inverse of an over‐constrained system of equations. This method is shown to be not effective when the noise in the measured displacement data is high. We attribute this to the appearance of spurious forces at regions where there should not be any forces. The second method focuses on minimizing the spurious forces by varying the measured displacements within the known accuracy of the measurement technique. Both continuum and frame elements are used in the finite element modelling of the elastic bodies considered in the numerical examples. The performance of the two methods is compared using seven numerical examples, all of which show that the second method estimates the forces with an error that is not more than the noise in the measured displacements. An experiment was also conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the second method in accurately estimating the applied forces. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cracking node method for dynamic fracture with finite elements
Authors: Song Jeong‐Hoon , Belytschko Ted 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA new method for modeling discrete cracks based on the extended finite element method is described. In the method, the growth of the actual crack is tracked and approximated with contiguous discrete crack segments that lie on finite element nodes and span only two adjacent elements. The method can deal with complicated fracture patterns because it needs no explicit representation of the topology of the actual crack path. A set of effective rules for injection of crack segments is presented so that fracture behavior beginning from arbitrary crack nucleations to macroscopic crack propagation is seamlessly modeled. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated with several dynamic fracture problems that involve complicated crack patterns such as fragmentation and crack branching. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity analysis of flexible multibody systems using composite materials components
Authors: Neto Maria Augusta , Ambrósio Jorge A. C. , Leal Rogério Pereira 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this paper, a general formulation for the computation of the first‐order analytical sensitivities based on the direct method using automatic differentiation of flexible multibody systems is presented. The direct method for sensitivity calculation is obtained by differentiating the equations that define the response of the flexible multibody systems of composite materials with respect to the design variables, which are the ply orientations of the laminated. In order to appraise the benefits of the approach suggested and to highlight the risks of the procedure, the analytical sensitivities are compared with the numerical results obtained by using the finite difference method. For the beam composite material elements, the section properties and their sensitivities are found using an asymptotic procedure that involves a two‐dimensional (2‐D) finite element analysis of their cross section. The equations of the sensitivities are obtained by automatic differentiation and integrated in time simultaneously with the equations of motion of the multibody systems. The equations of motion and the sensitivities of the flexible multibody system are solved and the accelerations, velocities and the sensitivities of accelerations and velocities are integrated in time using a multi‐step multi‐order integration algorithm. Through the application of the methodology to two simple flexible multibody systems the difficulties and benefits of the procedure, with respect to finite difference approaches or to the direct implementation of the analytic sensitivities, are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geographical variation of the conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules in Europe
Authors: Huld Thomas , Šúri Marcel , Dunlop Ewan D. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe present a geographical assessment of the performance of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules over Europe. We have developed a method that is based on a material specific analytical expression of the PV conversion efficiency, relative to nominal efficiency, as a function of module temperature and irradiance. This method is combined with a climate database that includes average daytime temperature and irradiance profiles. It is found that the geographical variation in ambient temperature and yearly irradiation causes a decrease in overall yearly PV performance from 3 to 13% relative to the performance under Standard Test Conditions, with the highest decrease found in the Mediterranean region. Based on the above results we developed a simplified linear expression of the relative PV module efficiency that is a simple function of yearly total irradiation and yearly average daytime temperature. The coefficients to the linear expression are found by fitting to the map resulting from the above‐mentioned analytical approach. The prediction of total yearly PV output from this linear fit deviates less than 0·5% from the more detailed calculation, thus providing a faster and more simplified alternative to the yield estimate, in the case when only limited climate data are available. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonisothermal crystallization behaviors of polypropylene with α/β nucleating agents
Authors: Bai Hongwei , Wang Yong , Liu Li , Zhang Jihong , Han Liang 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this work, the nonisothermal crystallization and subsequent melting behaviors of polypropylene (PP) nucleated with different nucleating agents (NAs) have been studied. α‐phase NA 1,3:2,4‐bis (3,4‐dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol (DMDBS, Millad 3988), β‐phase NA aryl amides compound (TMB‐5), and their compounds were introduced into PP matrix, respectively. The results show that the nonisothermal crystallization behaviors and crystalline structures of PP with compounded NAs are dependent on the composition of NAs. In the sample of PP with 0.1 wt % DMDBS and 0.1 wt % TMB‐5, the nucleation efficiency (NE) of TMB‐5 is much higher than that of DMDBS and PP crystallizes mainly nucleated by TMB‐5, and in this condition, β‐phase PP is the main crystallization structure. For the sample of PP with 0.2 wt % DMDBS and 0.2 wt % TMB‐5, 0.2 wt % DMDBS has higher NE than 0.2 wt % TMB5, and α‐phase is the main crystalline structure. The cooling rate is proved to be very important in controlling the nonisothermal crystallization behavior and the final crystalline structure of nucleated PP. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1853–1867, 2008
Analysis of cyanoacrylate ultraviolet absorbers using liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry: influence of fragmentor voltage and solvent on ionization and fragmentation behaviors
Authors: Choi Sung‐Seen , Song Min Ju 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIonization efficiencies and fragmentation patterns of cyanoacrylate ultraviolet (UV) absorbers, Uvinul 3035 and Uvinul 3039, were studied using liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC/APCI‐MS). Solvent effect on the ionization efficiencies was investigated using methanol, ethanol, acetone, and chloroform. The fragmentation patterns were also investigated by varying the fragmentor voltage. Solvated ions, the [M+H + solvent]+ of methanol, ethanol, and acetone were detected, but the [M+H + chloroform]+ ion was not observed. For Uvinul 3039 in chloroform, the [M+CHCl2]+ ion was detected instead of the solvated ion. Relative abundance of the solvated ion was decreased by increasing the fragmentor voltage. Fragment ions of m/z 250, 232, and 204 were detected and their abundance increased with an increase in the fragmentor voltage. The m/z 250 ion can be accounted for by a McLafferty rearrangement. The fragment ions of m/z 232 and 204 were formed not only by subsequent fragmentations of the m/z 250 ion, but also by ion‐molecule reactions of solvent ion and neutral analyte. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust control of uncertain systems with polynomial nonlinearity by output feedback
Authors: Lei Hao , Lin Wei 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe problem of global robust stabilization by output feedback is investigated for two classes of uncertain systems with polynomial nonlinearity—one is with controllable/observable linearization and the other is not. The uncertainties in the systems are assumed to be dominated by both lower‐ and higher‐order nonlinearities multiplying by an output‐dependent growth rate. There are two ingredients in this study. One is to exploit the idea of how to handle polynomial growth conditions via homogeneity and domination without introducing an observer gain updated law. The other is the development of a recursive design algorithm for the construction of reduced‐order observers, which is not only interesting in its own right but also has a valid counterpart, capable of dealing with strongly nonlinear systems, even lack of uniform observability and smooth stabilizability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Healing with ‘spirits’: ethical issues arising from neoshamanistic practices and similar forms of alternative healing
Authors: Mayer Gerhard 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe communication with spirits in the ‘non‐ordinary reality’ (NOR) represents a central element in neoshamanistic treatment methods. Shamanistic practitioners each have their own personal ‘power animals’ or ‘spirit helpers’. These provide information that is used both for diagnostic purposes and for everyday practical decisions. Even in the healing rituals, it is not the shamanistic practitioners who initiate the healing process but thespirits. On the one hand, this viewpoint leads to a certain humility, but on the other hand, it also presents the question of responsibility because the helping spirits from the NOR are made into authorities that define the actual happenings.After the introductory part, which will introduce the basics of neoshamanistic practice, ethical problems that may occur in this context will be discussed on the basis of data from a qualitative study on neoshamanism in Germany. These problems are not restricted to neoshamanism and can also be found in other related practices of alternative healing but can be clarified particularly well by this example. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social identification, stress and citizenship in teams: a five‐phase longitudinal study
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Jetten Jolanda , Waghorn Claire 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPrevious theorizing and research in the social identity tradition suggests that identification with a group is a major determinant both of individuals' citizenship behaviour and their experience of, and responses to, social and organizational stressors. To provide a longitudinal exploration of these processes, the present study examines the patterns of group identification, work‐related attitudes and burnout within two theatre production teams on five occasions, from audition to post‐performance. As predicted, identification with the production team at the outset predicted positive perceptions and attitudes at the productions' conclusion. Specifically, high identifiers were more willing to display organizational citizenship, had greater work satisfaction and had more pride in their work than those lower in identification. Compared with low identifiers, high identifiers were also less likely to experience burnout during the most demanding phases of a production (i.e. dress rehearsal and performance). Moreover, path analysis indicates that the effect of initial identification on the level of citizenship that was ultimately displayed was partly attributable to the role that group identification played in protecting individuals from burnout during these demanding periods. Findings thus suggest that social identification not only motivates individuals to contribute to group success but also protects them from the stressors they encounter in the process of making that contribution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angle random forwarding (AnRaF) for wireless sensor networks: performances and realization
Authors: Dong Fang , Qiu Peiliang , Zhang Zhaoyang 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA novel random forwarding protocol for distributed wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is reported in this paper. The proposed protocol features the utilization of azimuth angle of the nodes involved and opportunistic selection of the relaying nodeviacontention among neighbors. First, the protocol with precise angle information is discussed and its multi‐hop performance is evaluated by means of both simulation and analysis in terms of average number of hops to the sink node. Simulation results show that it performs well especially in network connectivity. As a complement, node mobility is also introduced to evaluate multi‐hop performance in real environments. Then, a simple MAC scheme to ensure that the node with the highest angular advantage will be selected as a relay is proposed, and subsequently energy and latency performances based on it are evaluated. It is shown that our protocol can effectively deliver data with half number of active neighbors required in geographical random forwarding (GeRaF). Finally, a practical method is presented to estimate azimuth angle, combined with which, our forwarding protocol is shown to achieve the performance very close to the case with precise angle information. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Putting spiritual development of young people on the map: An English perspective
Authors: Green Maxine 
Published: July 2008

AbstractYouth work in the United Kingdom is a profession requiring three years of training, and its beginnings are strongly rooted in a spiritual (often specifically Christian) context. Until the past few decades, spirituality was also integrated within the educational system. The author argues that intentionally bringing spirituality to the center of youth work is a return to the historical and philosophical roots of youth work, with its value on the whole person, including beliefs and values. Yet there are obstacles. For example, rising concerns to protect children from abuse eclipse efforts to extend young people's development. Youth workers also report a reluctance to address spiritual questions with young people either because of their own lack of knowledge or because they fear offending someone. Two areas that would benefit from further research and reflection in the field are how spirituality can be measured, and how a youth worker's own spiritual journey shapes and is shaped by her or his work with youth. Green reminds readers that lighthearted and playful but deeply meaningful approaches are common in many traditions.
Evaluating sampling designs by computer simulation: a case study with the Missouri bladderpod
Authors: Morrison Lloyd W. , Smith David R. , Young Craig C. , Nichols Doug W. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTo effectively manage rare populations, accurate monitoring data are critical. Yet many monitoring programs are initiated without careful consideration of whether chosen sampling designs will provide accurate estimates of population parameters. Obtaining accurate estimates is especially difficult when natural variability is high, or limited budgets determine that only a small fraction of the population can be sampled. The Missouri bladderpod, Lesquerella filiformis Rollins, is a federally threatened winter annual that has an aggregated distribution pattern and exhibits dramatic interannual population fluctuations. Using the simulation program SAMPLE, we evaluated five candidate sampling designs appropriate for rare populations, based on 4 years of field data: (1) simple random sampling, (2) adaptive simple random sampling, (3) grid‐based systematic sampling, (4) adaptive grid‐based systematic sampling, and (5) GIS‐based adaptive sampling. We compared the designs based on the precision of density estimates for fixed sample size, cost, and distance traveled. Sampling fraction and cost were the most important factors determining precision of density estimates, and relative design performance changed across the range of sampling fractions. Adaptive designs did not provide uniformly more precise estimates than conventional designs, in part because the spatial distribution of L. filiformis was relatively widespread within the study site. Adaptive designs tended to perform better as sampling fraction increased and when sampling costs, particularly distance traveled, were taken into account. The rate that units occupied by L. filiformis were encountered was higher for adaptive than for conventional designs. Overall, grid‐based systematic designs were more efficient and practically implemented than the others.