bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of a 25,000‐year‐old pictograph in Northern Australia
Authors: Watchman Alan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCarbon‐bearing substances (charcoal and oxalate minerals) contained in rock surface mineral accretions obscuring pictographs (rock paintings) provide an indirect way of radiocarbon dating the rock art. This article describes the chronological sequence of mineralogical laminations in rock crusts at an Aboriginal site in northern Australia and establishes conformable relationships between distinct compositional bands and past evidence of rock painting. Carbon in the mineral whewellite (CaC2O4. H2O), in a layer stratigraphically equivalent to evidence of an hematite paint, was dated by accelerator mass spectrometry 14C at 24,600 ± 220 years B. P. (NZA‐2559), making this one of the oldest known pictographs in the world. Implications for the archaeology of Australia are briefly discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hydrologic artifact dispersals at Pingasagruk, North Coast, Alaska
Authors: Reinhardt Gregory A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSituated on a coastal sand bar, Pingasagruk is a habitation site with prehistoric and historic components. Data from systematic surface sampling led to analyses that show different artifact distribution patterns on and off this site and suggest the dispersals are due to storms and erosion, in addition to human activity. To explain the disparate distributions of cultural materials, this study uses a model of hydrologic artifact dispersal and, possibly, differential sorting. Differences in distribution patterns at Pingasagruk highlight the importance of considering how cultural and noncultural transformation processes affect the occurrence of sites and their artifacts. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nonmarine ostracode shell chemistry from ancient hohokam irrigation canals in central Arizona: A paleohydrochemical tool for the interpretation of prehistoric human occupation in the North American Southwest
Authors: Palacios‐Fest Manuel R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental archaeology studies on samples from an agricultural context provide information that may be used to answer questions of climatic vs. human impact on Hohokam prehistory. Hohokam irrigation systems were fragile and subject to episodic damage and destruction. Ostracodes are sensitive to hydrochemical changes. Their fossil record in Hohokam canals can provide useful data to understand human/environment relationships in the past. Low‐Mg calcite ostracode carapaces form in thermal and chemical equilibrium with the host water. Magnesium and strontium are commonly incorporated into the shell as trace elements, which can be used to track paleotemperature and paleosalinity variations. Thus, fossil ostracodes reflect the water chemistry in which the valves were precipitated. Valves of Limnocythere staplini, Candona patzcuaro, and Cypridopsis vidua were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) to determine the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios. Trace element data were used to reconstruct the canal water chemistry and to propose paleoclimatic and human‐impact hypotheses for environmental change. The ostracode record shows some evidence of a progressive salinization process between A. D. 1025 and 1425 that may be the result of human disturbance; this inference is supported by independent evidence from geographic, palynologic, and dendroclimatologic data. In addition, two major climatic events, large enough not to be masked by human activity, were also recorded by ostracode geochemistry: a flood between A. D. 855 and 910, another flood prior to A. D. 1350, and a drought between A. D. 1365 and 1425. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Landscape and prehistoric chronology of West‐Central Jordan
Authors: Schuldenrein Joseph , Clark Geoffrey A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRemnant lake and stream terraces of the Wadi el Hasa (west‐central Jordan) are associated with in situ prehistoric sites spanning > 100,000 years. Eighteen radiocarbon dates from cultural and geological deposits on the terraces facilitate the first comprehensive prehistoric landscape chronology for the southern Levant east of the Jordan Rift. In the eastern Hasa basin, the uppermost of three cut and fill surfaces (>20 m) is linked to massive fossil spring deposits and an early Middle Paleolithic occupation (100,000–70,000 B. P.), suggestive of considerably wetter climates. A later Middle Paleolithic occupation may be synchronous with the emergence of Pleistocene Lake Hasa (ca. 70,000 B. P.). Peak lake levels were attained 40,000 years ago. Dates proliferate after 25,000 B. P. and register recession of Lake Hasa (ca. 20,000 B. P.), an intervening erosional phase, and the initiation of complex humid‐desiccation cycles for the terminal Pleistocene—Holocene (17,000–9,000 B. P.). The contemporary Wadi el Hasa channel began aggrading its floodplain after 8000 B. P. and was incised to its present depths 1000–500 years ago. The prehistoric landscape history of the Hasa drainage is broadly synchronous with sequences in the Rift Valley and Negev desert and offers baseline chronologies for the Late Quaternary of eastern Jordan and the Arabian peninsula. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Impact of hydro‐isostatic holocene sea‐level change on the geologic context of Island archaeological sites, Northern Ha'apai group, Kingdom of Tonga
Authors: Dickinson William R. , Burley David V. , Shutler Richard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractArchaeological sites in the northern Ha'apai Group of central Tonga occur on small islands within the uplifted forearc belt of the Tonga‐Kermadec arc‐trench system. The present inland positions of occupation sites that probably once occupied coastal settings imply significant expansion of some island shorelines during late Holocene time (ca. 3250 B.P. to present). Geologic processes leading potentially to enlargement of the islands include continuing forearc uplift, eustatic or glacio‐hydro‐isostatic fall in sea level following a mid‐Holocene highstand, and progressive accretion of beach ridges to island coasts, with or without changes in relative sea level. Radiometric dates for uplifted coral terraces in Tonga indicate that forearc uplift has been negligible during Holocene time. By contrast, theoretical considerations, regional analysis of shoreline indicators throughout the South Pacific, and limited empirical data from Tonga itself all imply that regional sea level has declined locally by 1–2 m since a mid‐Holocene highstand (ca. 6000‐3000 B.P.), which was a hydro‐isostatic response to transfer of water mass from Pleistocene ice caps to the ocean basins. Emergence of originally coastal sites is thus expected since initial settlement of the islands by Lapita peoples. Accretionary coastal flats composed of multiple beach ridges are 250–500 m wide on favorable leeward shores and the flanks of sand cays, but some presently unknown proportion of this incremental island growth may have occurred prior to the post‐mid‐Holocene decline in relative sea level. Ash falls from tephra eruptions at Tongan volcanoes also modified island environments through Quaternary time. Evidence for significant change in the configuration and morphology of islands in Ha'apai during the period of human settlement highlights the need for systematic interdisciplinary archaeological and geological research in the study of Pacific prehistory. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cultural responses to the altithermal: The role of aquifer‐related water resources
Authors: Sheehan Michael S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe focus of this research is Early Archaic adaptation to the hot and dry Altithermal in the North American Great Plains. The view presented here suggests a direct link between Altithermal climatic conditions and cultural responses to those conditions. Water was a key factor in cultural adaptation to arid Altithermal conditions. Statistical analysis reveals a significant relationship between Early Archaic site location and certain sources of groundwater that is not apparent during the periods preceding and succeeding the Altithermal. The distribution of Early Archaic sites may reflect increased emphasis on predictable water supplies offered by aquifers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Erosion of archaeological sites: Results and implications of a site simulation model
Authors: Wainwright John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA computer simulation model has been developed to investigate the postdepositional changes on archaeological sites due to soil erosion in a semiarid (Mediterranean) environment. Both soil matrix and archaeological artifact movement are accounted for by the model. The model is applied to a series of hypothetical site configurations on hillslopes, using archaeological structures, to observe the morphological changes due to slope form. The results show considerable variation in site preservation potential, relating to different initial spatial patterning of the site and initial slope form. The model predicts thresholds for the start of movement by artifacts, and suggests a correlation between the location of deposition and the potential for disturbance of the artifact record. Implications are drawn from the results of the simulations, both in terms of archaeological theory and practice, and in terms of site conservation and management. The simulation method is recognized as a useful tool for the investigation of natural site formation processes. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Petrographic thin sections of archaeologial sediments: A new method for paleobotanical studies
Authors: Goldberg P. , Lev‐Yadun S. , Bar‐Yosef O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use of petrographic thin sections to examine archaeological sediments has centered on the study of detrital and chemical components of the material. There has been relatively little effort made to study botanical remains—particularly charcoal—with this technique. This paper illustrates that millimeter‐size or even smaller fragments examined in undisturbed, artificially indurated samples, which normally would escape collection with standard flotation and sieving techniques, can furnish significant paleobotanical information about the types of vegetal matter found in a site. Samples from cave sediments in Israel and an open‐air site in Canada are presented. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bronze‐early iron age environment of the Iman River Basin, Russian far east
Authors: Verkhovskaya Natalya B. , Kundyshev Aleksandr S. , Kliuev Nikolay A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree archaeological sites of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages were investigated using palynological methods. To interpret the fossil spectra more accurately, recent pollen from alluvium, surface soil and cultural layers within modern villages were also studied in the area. During the time interval when the ancient cultural layers accumulated, thinned‐out birch forests were replaced by mixed coniferous and broad‐leaved trees. This might have been caused by climatic transition which possibly influenced the changing cultural traditions within the area. The climatic transition also includes a change in humidity. The wettest stages are recorded by pollen data during the transition period between the Bronze and Early Iron Age. This corresponds to the Subboreal/Subatlantic boundary within the European Holocene (around 2500 yr B.P.). © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How has coastal erosion affected the prehistoric settlement pattern of the boothbay region of maine?
Authors: Kellogg Douglas C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractErosion of complex, rocky coasts has largely been neglected by geologists. Thus, a geo‐archaeological study of coastal erosion was required before analysis of the prehistoric settlement pattern could be undertaken. Along the outer, wave‐dominated coast of Maine, erosion is episodic, occurring when large storms raise water levels to new heights. Along the inner, tide‐dominated coast, erosion occurs more frequently because unconsolidated sediments are exposed at low elevations in bedrock features. The shell midden archaeological sites of the Boothbay, Maine region are situated in the most rapidly eroding areas; therefore, it can be reasoned that localities without cultural deposits were never occupied. On the other hand, coastal erosion is widespread enough to insure that sites have been exposed to discovery by archaeological survey. Settlement pattern analysis of the study area is, therefore, not biased by differential preservation or discovery of archaeological sites.
Geophysical diffraction tomography: New views on the shiqmim prehistoric subterranean village site (israel)
Authors: Witten Alan J. , Levy Thomas E. , Ursic James , White Paul 
Published: February 2007

AbstractShiqmim is a late prehistoric farming village in the Beersheva river valley in Israel's northern Negev desert dating to the late 5th‐early 4th millennia B. C. Along with surface architecture, archaeologists discovered a sequence of large subterranean rooms interconnected by narrow tunnels. This discovery, found in the northern Negev, as well as similar subterranean features and dating back to the same period, has created considerable controversy as to the functions of this innovative architecture. To a large extent, this controversy results from conflicting hypotheses based on the small sample of subterranean Negev architectures. A fundamental task in the resolution of these problems is the location and investigation of similar features within this region. This is not a simple task because these subterranean features can be as much as 7 m deep in hard‐packed soil and are usually completely filled with fine sediment as a result of depositional forces acting over the 6 millennium since their abandonment. To help quantify the spatial extent of subterranean features at Shiqmim and identify particularly promising locations for excavation, an emerging geophysical method, known as geophysical diffraction tomography, was applied. This method is based on the propagation of acoustic waves and employs the mathematical concepts of optical holography to reconstruct quantitative, high‐resolution images of the subsurface environment. Two geophysical imaging field studies were performed at Shiqmim, and the results of these studies indicate that subterranean architecture is much more pervasive at this site than previously thought. The new geophysical studies help answer social questions and highlight the contribution of geoarchaeology to anthropological reconstructions of the past. This article discusses geophysical diffraction tomography and the first attempt to apply it in an archaeological context. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Archaeological implications of late‐holocene channel changes on the middle gila river, arizona
Authors: Huckleberry Gary A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractArchival and stratigraphic data from the middle Gila River, Arizona, provide insight into late‐Holocene floods and channel changes that affected the Hohokam, prehistoric agriculturalists who practiced canal irrigation 2000‐500 B.P. The relationship between floods and channel changes during the past 300 years is characterized by an increased frequency of wide, braided channel conditions during episodes of increased large flood frequency. Ten radiocarbon ages from overbank deposits from the middle Gila River flood plain indicate that the frequency of large floods was relatively low 4000‐1000 B.P. (14C years) but increased after 1000 B.P., a pattern supported by paleoflood slackwater sites in the upper Gila River watershed. This suggests that channel instability (shifts between narrow, single‐channel and wide, braided planforms) increased after 1000 B.P. The latter part of the 4000‐1000 B.P. period of relative channel stability corresponds in time with the development of Hohokam irrigation agriculture and expansion of canal systems, whereas increased fluvial dynamics beginning 1000 B.P. correlate (in time) to changes in settlement patterns during the Sedentary‐Classic period transition. Higher large flood frequency may be responsible for the consolidation of canal systems and relocation of villages along the middle Gila River after 1000 B.P. and during the Classic period. Increased flooding and concomitant channel changes alone, however, do not adequately explain the collapse of the Hohokam pattern.
Understanding the stratigraphic context of the maya postclassic in belize
Authors: Masson Marilyn A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Maya Postclassic (A. D. 900–1500) is a complex and poorly understood period of history which represents a conspicuous gap in the understanding of processes of social change in lowland Mesoamerica. Difficulties in interpreting this period are directly related to the stratigraphic context of Postclassic deposits such as those described in this examination of the site of Laguna de On, northern Belize. Belize Postclassic settlement has been heavily underestimated due to difficulties in detecting remains from this period in disturbed surface deposits. A lack of priority placed on Postclassic research in the southern Maya lowlands has also contributed to the relatively low number of large scale projects and refined descriptions of Postclassic remains that would enable regional synthetic reconstruction. Given the combined effect of problematic stratigraphy and limited professional attention, it is not surprising that the southern Maya lowlands are generally thought to have been drastically depopulated at the time of the collapse of Maya “civilization” around A.D. 900. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reconnaissance Limnology of Sub‐Antarctic Islands I. Chemistry of Lake Waters from Macquarie Island and the Iles Kerguelen
Authors: Tyler Peter A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe plateau lakes of Macquarie Island and Kerguelen illustrate the dominant role of the sea in the chemistry of lakes on Sub‐Antarctic islands. The salinity of the waters depends on distance from the coast in the direction of prevailing winds, and ionic composition points to sea spray as the major supplier of ions. Geochemical influence is slight but varies from lake to lake. The lake waters are soft, slightly‐coloured or colourless, and have a pH near neutrality or moderately acid.
Eastward and Westward Dispersal Across the Tropical Atlantic Ocean of Larvae Belonging to the Genus Bursa (Prosobranchia, Mesogastropoda, Bursidae)
Authors: Scheltema Rudolf S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLarvae of the genus Bursa are commonly found in the South Equatorial Current and the Equatorial Undercurrent of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Identification of Bursa veliger larvae in the plankton of such tropical waters is made possible by a comparison of larval shells with protoconchs of juvenile and well‐preserved adult specimens.The relationship between the average current velocity and the estimated minimum duration of larval development of Bursa thomae suggests that there is sufficient time to account for successful trans‐Atlantic transport of its veligers in either direction between West Africa and South America. The dispersal of veliger larvae explains the wide geographical distribution attained by the genus Bursa.
Species of the Genus ScrupocellariaVAN BENEDEN (Bryozoa, Anasca) from Indian Waters
Authors: Menon N. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNine species of the genus Scrupocellaria VAN BENEDEN are figured and described in this paper. They are:

Scrupocellaria maderensis BUSK.
S. obtecta HASWELL.
S. mansueta WATERS.
S diadema BUSK.
S. scruposa (LINNAEUS).
S. spatulata (D'ORBIGNY).
S. delilii (AUDOUIN).
S. bertholettii (AUDOUIN).
S. talonis OSBURN.
The specimens were collected from the south west and south east coasts of India. Six species are described for the first time from Indian waters. Variations noticed in the morphology of the above species with those described elsewhere are assessed and discussed.A study of the genus from the available material shows that characters like the number of spines and nature of scuta show considerable intraspecific differences. Variation in spine number is a common occurrence and undue importance to spine number, especially in the case of tropical species, should be given with due caution. The history of S. bertholettii is really confusing especially in view of the creation of the var. tenuirostris. A comparative study of the type specimens would help to clarify the taxonomic ambiguity of this species.
Growth‐potential Bioassay of Sea Waters Using Algal Cultures. I. Comparison of Methods of Estimation
Authors: Berland B. R. , Bonin D. J. , Maestrini S. Y. , Pointier J. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral methods of growth potential estimation of marine productivity are discussed: (1) simultaneous measurements of nutrient content and organic production, (2) chemical composition of algal cells, (3) bioassay with algal cultures. This last method appears to be the most convenient; it allows to study the role of a nutrient component both when utilized alone and when combined in a pool of nutrients. Several aspects of bioassay technology are discussed: test species, chemical enrichments and growth estimation of test cultures.
Seasonal Periodicity of Plankton in a Freshwater Pond in West Bengal, India
Authors: Jana B. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe paper describes a year‐round limnoplanktonic study of a freshwater pond in West Bengal, India. Always predominant over zooplankton, phytoplankton demonstrates three peaks. The relationships between pH and phytoplankton, between phosphate and green algae and between rotifers and diatoms are significant. The role of physico‐chemical factors in determining different planktonic population is discussed. The multiple correlation between several physico‐chemical factors and phytoplankton percentage is not significant.