bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The reinterpretation hypothesis: Explanation or redescription?
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPenn et al. propose the relational reinterpretation hypothesis as an explanation of the profound discontinuities that they identify between human and nonhuman cognition. This hypothesis is not a genuine replacement for the explanations that they reject, however, because as it stands, it simply redescribes the phenomena it is trying to explain.
Bottlenose dolphins understand relationships between concepts
Authors: Herman Louis M. , Uyeyama Robert K. , Pack Adam A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe dispute Penn et al.'s claim of the sharp functional discontinuity between humans and nonhumans with evidence in bottlenose dolphins(Tursiops truncatus)of higher-order generalizations: spontaneous integration of previously learned rules and concepts in response to novel stimuli. We propose that species-general explanations that are “bottom-up” in approach are more plausible than Penn et al.'s innatist approach of a genetically prespecified supermodule.
Quotidian cognition and the human-nonhuman “divide”: Just more or less of a good thing?
Authors: Rendall Drew , Vokey John R. , Notman Hugh 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe make three points: (1) Overlooked studies of nonhuman communication originally inspired, but no longer support, the blinkered view of mental continuity that Penn et al. critique. (2) Communicative discontinuities between animals and humans might be rooted in social-cognitive discontinuities, reflecting a common lacuna in Penn et al.'s relational reinterpretation mechanism. (3) However, relational reinterpretation need not be a qualitatively new representational process.
If we could talk to the animals
Authors: Siegal Michael , Varley Rosemary 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe thesis of discontinuity between humans and nonhumans requires evidence from formal reasoning tasks that rules out solutions based on associative strategies. However, insightful problem solving can be often credited through talking to humans, but not to nonhumans. We note the paradox of assuming that reasoning is orthogonal to language and enculturation while employing the criterion of using language to compare what humans and nonhumans know.
Minding the gap: Why there is still no theory in comparative psychology
Authors: Wynne Clive D. L. , Bolhuis Johan J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe prevailing view that there is significant cognitive continuity between humans and other animals is a result of misinterpretations of the role of evolution, combined with anthropomorphism. This combination has often resulted in an over-interpretation of data from animal experiments. Comparative psychology should do what the name indicates: study the cognitive capacities of different species empirically, without naive evolutionary presuppositions.
Visual prediction: Psychophysics and neurophysiology of compensation for time delays
Authors: Nijhawan Romi 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA necessary consequence of the nature of neural transmission systems is that as change in the physical state of a time-varying event takes place, delays produce error between the instantaneous registered state and the external state. Another source of delay is the transmission of internal motor commands to muscles and the inertia of the musculoskeletal system. How does the central nervous system compensate for these pervasive delays? Although it has been argued that delay compensation occurs late in the motor planning stages, even the earliest visual processes, such as phototransduction, contribute significantly to delays. I argue that compensation is not an exclusive property of the motor system, but rather, is a pervasive feature of the central nervous system (CNS) organization. Although the motor planning system may contain a highly flexible compensation mechanism, accounting not just for delays but also variability in delays (e.g., those resulting from variations in luminance contrast, internal body temperature, muscle fatigue, etc.), visual mechanisms also contribute to compensation. Previous suggestions of this notion of “visual prediction” led to a lively debate producing re-examination of previous arguments, new analyses, and review of the experiments presented here. Understanding visual prediction will inform our theories of sensory processes and visual perception, and will impact our notion of visual awareness.
Anticipation requires adaptation
Authors: Balkenius Christian , Gärdenfors Peter 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTo successfully interact with a dynamic world, our actions must be guided by a continuously changing anticipated future. Such anticipations must be tuned to the processing delays in the nervous system as well as to the slowness of the body, something that requires constant adaptation of the predictive mechanisms, which in turn require that sensory information be processed at different time-scales.
Visual prediction as indicated by perceptual adaptation to temporal delays and discrete stimulation
Authors: Cunningham Douglas W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAnalogous to prism adaptation, sensorimotor compensation for existing neural delays has been clearly demonstrated. This system can also adapt to new delays, both internal and external. This seems to occur at least partially in the sensor systems, and works for discrete, stationary events. This provides additional evidence for visual prediction, but not in a manner that is consistent with spatial extrapolation.
Asynchronous neural integration: Compensation or computational tolerance and skill acquisition?
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNijhawan argues that neural compensation is necessary to account for couplings of perception and action. Although perhaps true in some cases, computational tolerance for asynchronously arriving continuous information is of more importance. Moreover, some of the everyday venues Nijhawan uses to argue for the relevance of prediction and compensation can be better ascribed to skill.
Mental and sensorimotor extrapolation fare better than motion extrapolation in the offset condition
Authors: Kerzel Dirk , Müsseler Jochen 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEvidence for motion extrapolation at motion offset is scarce. In contrast, there is abundant evidence that subjects mentally extrapolate the future trajectory of weak motion signals at motion offset. Further, pointing movements overshoot at motion offset. We believe that mental and sensorimotor extrapolation is sufficient to solve the problem of perceptual latencies. Both present the advantage of being much more flexible than motion extrapolation.
Unconscious inference and conscious representation: Why primary visual cortex (V1) is directly involved in visual awareness
Authors: Lin Zhicheng 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe extent to which visual processing can proceed in the visual hierarchy without awareness determines the magnitude of perceptual delay. Increasing data demonstrate that primary visual cortex (V1) is involved in consciousness, constraining the magnitude of visual delay. This makes it possible that visual delay is actually within the optimal lengths to allow sufficient computation; thus it might be unnecessary to compensate for visual delay.The time delay problem – that perception lives slightly in the past as a result of neural conduction – has recently attracted a considerate amount of attention in the context of the flash-lag effect. The effect refers to a visual illusion wherein a brief flash of light and a continuously moving object that physically align in space and time are perceived to be displaced from one another – the flashed stimulus appears to lag behind the moving object (Krekelberg & Lappe 2001). In the target article, Nijhawan compellingly argues that delay compensation could be undertaken by a predictive process in the feedforward pathways in the vision system. Before jumping into the quest for the mechanism of delay compensation, however, I would like to argue that the magnitude of delay has been overestimated, and that it might even be unnecessary to compensate for such a delay.
Anticipating synchronization as an alternative to the internal model
Authors: Stepp Nigel , Turvey Michael T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe fundamental assumption of compensation for visual delays states that, since delays are dealt with, there must be compensatory mechanisms. These mechanisms are taken to be internal models. Alternatives for delay compensation exist, suggesting that this assumption may not be fundamental, and nor should the existence of internal models be assumed. Delays may even be employed in their own compensation.
Motion as a reference for positions
Authors: van de Grind Wim 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIs the position of a moving target “predicted”? I argue that we should regard moving targets as the natural (veridical) position references. Motion is probably perceptually absolute, whereas position and time are relative quantities, as in physics. According to this view, processing delays are incorporated in the abstract local signs of motion signals. The flash-lag effect is one case in point.
Compensation for time delays is better achieved in time than in space
Authors: Zago Myrka , Lacquaniti Francesco 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMechanisms of visual prediction based on spatial extrapolation work only for targets moving at constant speed, but do not easily accommodate accelerating or decelerating motion. We argue that mechanisms based on temporal extrapolation deal with both uniform and non-uniform motion. We provide behavioural examples from interception of falling objects and suggest possible neurophysiological substrates of time extrapolation.
The Bosnia Genocide Case
Authors: AMERASINGHE C. F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Bosnia Genocide case dealt with several important matters of international law, apart from the issue of responsibility proper for genocide. The Court began by addressing issues of state succession in order to identify the proper respondent. It then found that the objection to jurisdiction raised by the respondent was res judicata. It held that the Genocide Convention created state responsibility in addition to international criminal responsibility of the individual. The contribution of the judgment to the law of evidence, in particular with reference to the standard and methods of proof, is significant. Finally, the Court applied the codification by the International Law Commission of attribution in state responsibility to the situation before it in deciding that the genocidal acts subject of the case were not attributable to Serbia, while also holding that Serbia was, nevertheless, responsible for omitting to prevent genocide.
State Co-operation and International Criminal Court Bargaining Influence in the Arrest and the Surrender of Suspects
Authors: ROPER STEVEN D. , BARRIA LILIAN A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWhile much has been written about the formation of the International Criminal Court (ICC), less attention has been focused on the enforcement capability of the Court. As demonstrated by the history of the ad hoc international tribunals, one of the most pressing problems for international criminal courts is the arrest and the surrender of suspects, which often requires substantial bargaining between the court and the state in which the suspect resides. We develop a classification of the issues which have the greatest impact on the bargaining influence of the ICC to secure the arrest of indictees, and apply this classification scheme to a study of the four ongoing situations at the ICC in order to explore the bargaining environment in which the ICC operates. While many of the cases have features which should assist the ICC in bargaining with the state, the situation in Sudan represents the greatest challenge for the Court.
Bargaining for Arrests at the International Criminal Court: A Response to Roper and Barria
Authors: BURKE-WHITE WILLIAM W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis comment questions some of the key assumptions in the article by Roper and Barria with respect to the ICC's power to bargain with territorial states to attain the apprehension and surrender of indictees. The comment notes that, while factors such as the nature of the referral to the Court, the crimes charged, and whether the conflict is still ongoing are likely relevant to the ICC's bargaining power, the effect of these factors is indeterminate. The comment highlights the regional political dimension of the ICC's bargaining leverage in the Great Lakes region of Africa and suggests that the Court's bargaining power is engaged in a path-dependent three-level bargaining game.
A distance metric for a class of tree-sibling phylogenetic networks
Authors: Cardona Gabriel , Llabrés Mercè , Rosselló Francesc , Valiente Gabriel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMotivation: The presence of reticulate evolutionary events in phylogenies turn phylogenetic trees into phylogenetic networks. These events imply in particular that there may exist multiple evolutionary paths from a non-extant species to an extant one, and this multiplicity makes the comparison of phylogenetic networks much more difficult than the comparison of phylogenetic trees. In fact, all attempts to define a sound distance measure on the class of all phylogenetic networks have failed so far. Thus, the only practical solutions have been either the use of rough estimates of similarity (based on comparison of the trees embedded in the networks), or narrowing the class of phylogenetic networks to a certain class where such a distance is known and can be efficiently computed. The first approach has the problem that one may identify two networks as equivalent, when they are not; the second one has the drawback that there may not exist algorithms to reconstruct such networks from biological sequences.Results: We present in this article a distance measure on the class of semi-binary tree-sibling time consistent phylogenetic networks, which generalize tree-child time consistent phylogenetic networks, and thus also galled-trees. The practical interest of this distance measure is 2-fold: it can be computed in polynomial time by means of simple algorithms, and there also exist polynomial-time algorithms for reconstructing networks of this class from DNA sequence data.Availability: The Perl package Bio::PhyloNetwork, included in the BioPerl bundle, implements many algorithms on phylogenetic networks, including the computation of the distance presented in this article.Contact: gabriel.cardona@uib.esSupplementary information: Some counterexamples, proofs of the results not included in this article, and some computational experiments are available at Bioinformatics online.
Invasibility of experimental grassland communities: the role of earthworms, plant functional group identity and seed size
Authors: Eisenhauer Nico , Scheu Stefan 
Published: May 2008

Invasions of natural communities by non‐indigenous species threaten native biodiversity and are currently rated as one of the most important global‐scale environmental problems. The mechanisms that make communities resistant to invasions and drive the establishment success of seedlings are essential both for management and for understanding community assembly and structure. Especially in grasslands, anecic earthworms are known to function as ecosystem engineers, however, their direct effects on plant community composition and on the invasibility of plant communities via plant seed burial, ingestion and digestion are poorly understood.In a greenhouse experiment we investigated the impact ofLumbricus terrestris, plant functional group identity and seed size of plant invader species and plant functional group of the established plant community on the number and biomass of plant invaders. We set up 120 microcosms comprising four plant community treatments, two earthworm treatments and three plant invader treatments containing three seed size classes.Earthworm performance was influenced by an interaction between plant functional group identity of the established plant community and that of invader species. The established plant community and invader seed size affected the number of invader plants significantly, while invader biomass was only affected by the established community. Since earthworm effects on the number and biomass of invader plants varied with seed size and plant functional group identity they probably play a key role in seedling establishment and plant community composition.Seeds and germinating seedlings in earthworm burrows may significantly contribute to earthworm nutrition, but this deserves further attention.Lumbricus terrestrislikely behaves like a ‘farmer’ by collecting plant seeds which cannot directly be swallowed or digested. Presumably, these seeds are left in middens and become eatable after partial microbial decay. Increased earthworm numbers in more diverse plant communities likely contribute to the positive relationship between plant species diversity and resistance against invaders.
Asking the right questions in the right way: the need for a shift in research on psychological treatments for addiction
Authors: Orford Jim 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTAim  To identify possible reasons for the disappointingly negative results of methodologically rigorous controlled trials of psychological treatments in the addictions field.Method  A selective overview of the literature on addictive behaviour change.Findings  Eight failings of existing research are described: failing to account for the outcome equivalence paradox; neglecting relationships in favour of techniques; failing to integrate treatment research and research on unaided change; imposing an inappropriate time‐scale on the change process; failing to take a systems or social network view; ignoring therapists' tacit theories; not including the patient's view; and displaying an ignorance of modern developments in the philosophy of science.Conclusion  Treatment research has been asking the wrong questions in the wrong way. Three necessary shifts in ways of conducting research are proposed: (i) the field should stop studying named techniques and focus instead on change processes; (ii) change processes should be studied within the broader, longer‐acting systems of which treatment is part; and (iii) science in the field should be brought up to date by acknowledging a variety of sources of useful knowledge.
Do acamprosate or naltrexone have an effect on daily drinking by reducing craving for alcohol?
Authors: Richardson Kylie , Baillie Andrew , Reid Sophie , Morley Kirsten , Teesson Maree , Sannibale Claudia , Weltman Martin , Haber Paul 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTAim  To explore the effect of acamprosate and naltrexone on craving and alcohol consumption in the treatment of alcohol dependence.Design  A randomized, double‐blind, single‐dummy, placebo‐controlled trial.Setting  Three treatment centres in Sydney, Australia.Participants  A total of 169 alcohol‐dependent subjects were given naltrexone (50 mg/day), acamprosate (1998 mg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks, in conjunction with manualized medication compliance therapy.Intervention  During the course of the trial, participants kept a daily diary which included the number of standard drinks they consumed and their peak craving for alcohol that day rated on a 0–10 scale.Measurements  Subjective ratings of daily craving and daily drinking for the first 6 weeks of treatment.Findings  Mixed/hierarchical linear models were employed on an intention‐to‐treat basis. Analyses revealed that craving was a significant predictor of daily drinking and baseline levels of depression were the best predictor of daily craving. There was no significant improvement in model fit when treatment group was added both in models of daily craving and daily drinking. Daily alcohol consumption was best predicted by a model incorporating baseline dependence and depression scores, and daily craving, entered as a time‐varying covariate. However, there was a significant craving × time × treatment interaction (t = −3.365, df = 4413.712, P < 0.001), suggesting that at higher levels of craving drinking was reduced at a significantly greater rate with naltrexone compared to acamprosate.Conclusions  Naltrexone had a greater effect on drinking when craving was high. These results support the role of naltrexone in reducing craving when that craving is highly salient. The role of acamprosate in reducing craving was not supported by these findings.
What did you drink yesterday? Public health relevance of a recent recall method used in the 2004 Australian National Drug Strategy Household Survey
Authors: Stockwell Tim , Zhao Jinhui , Chikritzhs Tanya , Greenfield Tom K. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTAim To (i) compare the Yesterday method with other methods of assessing alcohol use applied in the 2004 Australian National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS) in terms of extent of under‐reporting of actual consumption assessed from sales data; and (ii) illustrate applications of the Yesterday method as a means of variously measuring the size of an Australian ‘standard drink’, the extent of risky/high‐risk alcohol use, unrecorded alcohol consumption and beverage‐specific patterns of risk in the general population.Setting The homes of respondents who were eligible and willing to participate.Participants A total of 24 109 Australians aged 12 years and over.Design The 2004 NDSHS assessed drug use, experiences and attitudes using a ‘drop and collect’ self‐completion questionnaire with random sampling and geographic (State and Territory) and demographic (age and gender) stratification.Measures Self‐completion questionnaire using quantity–frequency (QF) and graduated‐frequency (GF) methods plus two questions about consumption ‘yesterday’: one in standard drinks, another with empirically based estimates of drink size and strength.Results The Yesterday method yielded an estimate of 12.8 g as the amount of ethanol in a typical Australian standard drink (versus the official 10 g). Estimated coverage of the 2003–04 age 12+ years per‐capita alcohol consumption in Australia (9.33 ml of ethanol) was 69.17% for GF and 64.63% for the QF when assuming a 12.8 g standard drink. Highest coverage of 80.71% was achieved by the detailed Yesterday method. The detailed Yesterday method found that 60.1% of Australian alcohol consumption was above low‐risk guidelines; 81.5% for 12–17‐year‐olds, 84.8% for 18–24‐year‐olds and 88.8% for Indigenous respondents. Spirit‐based drinks and regular strength beer were most likely to be drunk in this way, low‐ and mid‐strength beer least likely.Conclusions Compared to more widely used methods, the Yesterday method minimizes under‐reporting of overall consumption and provides unique data of public health significance. It also provides an empirical basis for taxing alcoholic beverages in accordance with their contributions to harm and can be used to complement individual‐level measures such as QF and GF.