bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing and enhancing switchgrass as a bioenergy feedstock
Authors: Mitchell Rob , Vogel Kenneth P. , Sarath Gautam 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe United States Department of Energy (DOE) has identified switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as a viable perennial herbaceous feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production. Although switchgrass bioenergy research was initiated by USDA‐ARS, Lincoln, NE, USA in 1990, switchgrass research has been conducted at this location since the 1930s. Consequently, a significant amount of genetic and agronomic research on switchgrass has been conducted for the Corn Belt and Central Great Plains of the USA that is directly applicable to its use as a biomass energy crop. Similar research must be conducted in other major agroecoregions to verify or modify switchgrass management practices (agronomics) for bioenergy production. The technology to utilize switchgrass for producing ethanol using a cellulosic platform or by pyrolysis to generate syngas is advancing rapidly. Regardless of platform, using switchgrass for ethanol production will require the development of improved bioenergy cultivars or hybrids and improved agronomics to optimize production and will introduce competing uses for the land base. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
CAY10499, a Novel Monoglyceride Lipase Inhibitor Evidenced by an Expeditious MGL Assay
Authors: Muccioli Giulio G. , Labar Geoffray , Lambert Didier M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMonoglyceride lipase (MGL) plays a major role in the metabolism of the lipid transmitter 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG). This endocannabinoid is known to mediate a large number of physiological processes, and its regulation is thought to be of great therapeutic potential. However, the number of available monoglyceride lipase inhibitors is limited, mostly due to the lack of rapid and accurate pharmacological assays for the enzyme. We have developed a 96‐well‐format assay for MGL using a nonradiolabeled substrate, 4‐nitrophenylacetate. The IC50 values that were obtained for known inhibitors of MGL using 4‐nitrophenylacetate were similar to those reported by using the radiolabeled form of an endogenous substrate, 2‐oleoylglycerol. In a first small‐scale screening, we identified CAY10499 as a novel monoglyceride lipase inhibitor. Thus, we report here the characterization of this submicromolar inhibitor, which acts on MGL through an unprecedented mechanism for inhibitors of this enzyme.
Highly Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Amidation of Aldehydes by CH Activation
Authors: Wang Long , Fu Hua , Jiang Yuyang , Zhao Yufen 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe have developed a highly efficient method for the copper‐catalyzed amidation of aldehydes in the presence of N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS). This method is simple, economical, and has practical advantages for synthesis of imides.
Characterisation of Cisplatin Binding Sites in Human Serum Proteins Using Hyphenated Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography and ESI Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Will Joanna , Wolters Dirk A. , Sheldrick William S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCisplatin binding sites in human serum proteins have been characterised by using combined multidimensional liquid chromatography and ESI tandem mass spectrometry (MudPIT). Following incubation periods of 3 h for cisplatin–blood serum mixtures and subsequent trypsin digestion, MS–MS spectra were recorded for individual peptides that had been separated by SCX and RP liquid chromatography. Matching of the MS–MS spectra to theoretical sequences that were generated for human proteins in the SWISS‐PROT database led to the identification of specific binding sites in human serum albumin (HSA), serotransferrin (Trfe) and other abundant serum proteins (A2mg, A1at, Apoa1, Apoa2). The cisplatin coordination sites in HSA and Trfe were confirmed by independent MudPIT studies on cisplatin reaction mixtures with the individual proteins. A total of five specific binding sites were identified for HSA, including the cysteine residue C34, two methionine sites (M329, M548) and the tyrosine and aspartate O‐donor sites Y150 (or Y148) and D375 (or E376). Methionine‐256 was established as a cisplatin coordination site for Trfe in addition to the O‐donor sites E265, Y314, E385 and T457. Inspection of the protein structures indicates that the preferred residues belong either to peripheral α helices or to flexible loops within the protein‐binding pockets. O‐donor residues dominate as cisplatin binding sites for other abundant serum proteins.
Optimization of 5‐Aryloxyimidazole Non‐Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Authors: Jones Lyn H. , Allan Gill , Corbau Romuald , Hay Duncan , Middleton Donald S. , Mowbray Charles E. , Newman Sandra D. , Perros Manos , Randall Amy , Vuong Hannah , Webster Rob , Westby Mike , Williams David 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA major problem associated with non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for the treatment of HIV is their vulnerability to mutations in the allosteric binding site of reverse transcriptase that can result in the development of a resistant virus. Herein we present the optimization of a series of 5‐aryloxy imidazoles, which possess a balanced pharmacological profile against both wild‐type enzyme and the clinically relevant mutations K103N and Y181C. Subtle structural changes were used to probe structure–activity relationships relating to both potency and metabolic stability, which led to an imidazole derivative with an impressive overall profile.
Protochlorophyllide a: A Comprehensive Photophysical Picture
Authors: Dietzek Benjamin , Tschierlei Stefanie , Hermann Gudrun , Yartsev Arkady , Pascher Torbjörn , Sundström Villy , Schmitt Michael , Popp Jürgen 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe photochemistry of protochlorophyllide a, a precursor in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and substrate of the light regulated enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, is investigated by pump‐probe spectroscopy. Upon excitation into the lowest lying Q‐band the light induced changes are recorded over a wide range of probe wavelengths in the visible and near‐IR region between 500 and 1000 nm. Following excitation, an initial ultrafast 450 fs process is observed related to the motion out of the Franck‐Condon region on the excited state surface; thus directly unraveling previous suggestions based on time‐resolved fluorescence measurements (ChemPhysChem 2006, 7, 1727–1733). Furthermore, the data reveals a previously concealed photointermediate, whose formation on a nanosecond timescale matches the overall fluorescence decay and is assigned to a triplet state. The implications of this finding with respect to the photochemistry of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) are discussed.
Reconstructing ripeness I: A study of constructive engagement in protracted social conflicts
Authors: Coleman Peter T. , Hacking Antony G. , Stover Mark A. , Fisher‐Yoshida Beth , Nowak Andrzej 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWhat moves people to work with each other rather than against each other when locked into destructive, long‐term conflicts? Ripeness theory has been a useful starting point for understanding such motives, but has limited explanatory power under conditions of intractable conflict. This article is the first of a two‐part series presenting the findings from a study that explored various methods of eliciting constructive engagement from stakeholders through interviews with expert scholarpractitioners working with protracted conflicts. A grounded theory analysis was applied to the interviews to allow new insights into constructive conflict engagement to emerge from the data. Our objective was to develop more robust theories and practices. A dynamical systems synthesis of the findings is presented, and its implications for reconceptualizing ripeness are discussed.
Reconstructing ripeness II: Models and methods for fostering constructive stakeholder engagement across protracted divides
Authors: Coleman Peter T. , Fisher‐Yoshida Beth. , Stover Mark A. , Hacking Anthony G. , Bartoli Andrea 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA priority objective for diplomats, mediators, negotiators, and other individuals working to rectify seemingly intractable conflicts is to help foster stakeholder “ripeness,” or a willingness and commitment to engage constructively in the conflict. This is often extremely difficult to achieve due to long histories between the parties of animosity, suspicion, hostility, and fear. Ripeness theory has been a useful starting point for understanding such motives, but has limited explanatory power under conditions of intractable conflict. The second in a two‐part series, this article outlines the implications for practice resulting from an analysis of interviews with expert scholar‐practitioners working in the field with intractable conflicts.
SLM‐based PAPR reduction method using partial data circulation and side information insertion in OFDM systems
Authors: Wen Jyh‐Horng , Lee Shu‐Hong , Cheng Chu‐Hsuan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this paper, two selected mapping (SLM)‐based schemes are proposed to reduce the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. One is SLM‐based partial data circulation (PDC) scheme. The other is SLM‐based PDC with hamming coded side information (SI) scheme. In the PDC scheme, the partial samples within the data sequence are scrambled by circularly shifting to obtain a set of candidate sequences and, then, each sequence is combined with the corresponding SI to form the candidate OFDM symbol. With the selection of the candidate OFDM symbols with the lowest PAPR, the PAPR of the transmitted signal could be greatly reduced. In the other scheme, hamming code is used to protect the SI to improve the system performance. Simulation results show that the proposed method could reduce PAPR and it has a better bandwidth efficiency and less modules of inverse fast Fourier transform than that with the SLM‐based dummy sequence insertion scheme. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) orchestrates the defense program of innate immune cells
Authors: Schmitz Frank , Heit Antje , Dreher Stefan , Eisenächer Katharina , Mages Jörg , Haas Tobias , Krug Anne , Janssen Klaus‐Peter , Kirschning Carsten J. , Wagner Hermann 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) can be viewed as cellular master complex scoring cellular vitality and stress. Whether mTOR controls also innate immune‐defenses is currently unknown. Here we demonstrate that TLR activate mTOR via phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt. mTOR physically associates with the MyD88 scaffold protein to allow activation of interferon regulatory factor‐5 and interferon regulatory factor‐7, known as master transcription factors for pro‐inflammatory cytokine‐ and type I IFN‐genes. Unexpectedly, inactivation of mTOR did not prevent but increased lethality of endotoxin‐mediated shock, which correlated with increased levels of IL‐1β. Mechanistically, mTOR suppresses caspase‐1 activation, thus inhibits release of bioactive IL‐1β. We have identified mTOR as indispensable component of PRR signal pathways, which orchestrates the defense program of innate immune cells.
Non‐uniform surface charge distributions in CE: Theoretical and experimental approach based on Taylor dispersion
Authors: Danger Grégoire , Pascal Robert , Cottet Hervé 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe control of the EOF direction and magnitude remains one of the more challenging issues for the optimization of separations in CE. In this work, we investigated the possibility to use non‐uniform surface charge distribution for the modulation of the EOF in CE. Non‐uniform zeta potentials were obtained by modifying a section of the capillary surface using adsorption of polyelectrolytes. Three different methods were studied: (i) partial polycation coating on a fused silica capillary, (ii) partial polycation (or polyanion) coating on polyelectrolyte multilayers, and (iii) partial polycation coating on a capillary previously modified with poly(ethylene oxide). The magnitude and the direction of the EOF as a function of the coated capillary length were first studied. The stability of the EOF and the separation performances were also considered taking two dialanine diastereoisomers as model compounds. In partially coated capillaries, the average solvent flow is the sum of two contributions: a non‐dispersive electroosmotic contribution related to the capillary surface charge, and a dispersive hydrodynamic contribution that depends on the difference of surface charge between the coated and the non‐coated capillary zones. To get a better insight into the influence of the hydrodynamic contribution to the total peak dispersion, the peak variances corresponding to the Taylor dispersion, the injection plug, and the axial diffusion were calculated. This work demonstrates that peak dispersion in a capillary partially coated by the inlet end is different from that obtained when the coating is performed by the outlet end. Experimentally, the combination of a partially coated capillary with a large volume sample stacking preconcentration step can be used for injecting up to 95% of the capillary volume. This approach leads to a preconcentration factor of 60 compared with CZE with classical injection.
The genus Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) in Europe with exclusion of the former Soviet Union
Authors: Podlech D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA modern treatment of the European species of the genus Astragalus with complete descriptions of all species and a key is given. Excluded are the species which occur only in the former Soviet Union (Baltic states, White Russia, Ukraine, Moldavia and Russia itself) and those of Turkey in Europe, because these will by treated by Andrej Sytin (St. Petersburg) in a special paper and due to the fact, that I could not investigate enough material of all the species concerned. 112 species will be treated here. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Heimische Orchideen in urbanen Biotopen
Authors: Heinrich W. , Dietrich H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren häufen sich Angaben über das Auftreten von Orchideen an sekundären und vor allem auch urbanen Standorten. Durch diese auffällige Biotoperweiterung muss die Aussage, dass Orchideen als Anzeiger intakter Lebensräume gelten, relativiert werden. Gerade als konkurrenzschwache Arten haben dabei vermutlich euryöke Orchideen mit einer relativ breiten ökologischen Amplitude auf jungen, anthropogen entstandenen Böden, zumindest über eine begrenzte Zeit, Chancen einer Erstansiedlung, teilweise mit Massenvorkommen. Zahlreiche konkrete Beispiele werden dafür aus Deutschland mit Schwerpunkt Jena und Thüringen aufgeführt. Es wird belegt, dass vor allem klonal wachsende Orchideen (Epipactis helleborine, Listera ovata, Cephalanthera damasonium) sowie die autogame Ophrys apifera ihre ökologische Amplitude und ihre Biotopbindung erweitert haben. Man sollte aber auch in diesem Zusammenhang Aspekte eines Klimawandels berücksichtigen.Lohnenswert erscheint es, diese Prozesse weiter zu verfolgen, auf neue Fundorte an urbanen Standorten in Städten und Dörfern zu achten. Wichtig aber ist es, künftig die Zusammenhänge zwischen Keimungsbedingungen, Individualansiedlung und Populationsbildung im Wechselspiel mit Klima und Bodeneigenschaften (und ihren darin siedelnden Organismen) gezielt in solchen Biotopen zu erforschen. Weitere populationsökologische Studien sind daher dringend erforderlich, um diese neuen Prozesse folgerichtig interpretieren zu können. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Potamogeton‐Hybriden in Deutschland
Authors: Wiegleb G. , van de Weyer K. , Bolbrinker P. , Wolff P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAlle in Deutschland nachgewiesenenPotamogeton‐Hybriden werden aufgelistet und beschrieben. Bestimmungsprobleme, Verbreitung und Häufigkeit werden jeweils diskutiert.Potamogeton‐Hybriden sind seit mehr als 200 Jahren aus Deutschland bekannt. Insgesamt sind 16 Taxa sicher nachgewiesen. Davon sind nurP. ×angustifolius,P. ×nitensundP. ×salicifoliusverbreitet und häufig und treten in vitalen Populationen auf. Drei weitere Taxa kommen wahrscheinlich vor, bedürfen aber noch der endgültigen Bestätigung. Fünf in der Literatur genannte Taxa wurden gestrichen. Weitere Aufsammlungen und molekulargenetische Untersuchungen der kritischen Fälle sind notwendig. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new temperature based method to separate rain and snow
Authors: Kienzle Stefan W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper presents the development and testing of a new method to estimate daily snowfall from precipitation and associated temperature records. The new method requires two variables; the threshold mean daily air temperature at which 50% of precipitation is considered snow, and the temperature range within which mixed precipitation can occur. Sensitivity analyses using 15 climate stations across south‐western Alberta, Canada, and ranging from prairie to alpine regions investigates the sensitivity of those two variables on mean annual snowfall (MAS), the coefficient of determination, and the MAS‐weighted coefficient of determination. Existing methods, including the static threshold method, one linear transition method used by Quick and Pipes, and the Leavesley method employed in the PRMS hydrological modelling system are compared with the new method, using a total of 963 years of daily data from the 15 climate stations used for the sensitivity analyses. Four different approaches to using the two input variables (threshold temperature and range) were tested and statistically compared: mean annual variables based on the 15 stations, mean annual variables for each station, mean monthly variables for each station, and a sine curve representing seasonal variation of the variables. In almost all cases the proposed new method resulted in higher MAS‐weighted coefficients of determination, and, on average, they were significantly different from those of other methods. The paper concludes with a decision tree to help decide which method and approach to apply under a variety of data availabilities. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annexin A2 positively contributes to the malignant phenotype and secretion of IL‐6 in DU145 prostate cancer cells
Authors: Inokuchi Junichi , Narula Navneet , Yee David S. , Skarecky Douglas W. , Lau Alice , Ornstein David K. , Tyson Darren R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSeveral groups, including ours, have reported that annexin A2 (ANXA2) expression is reduced in most prostate cancer (CaP). More recently, however, we reported that ANXA2 is expressed in some high‐grade tumors, but the biologic consequence of this is currently unknown. To elucidate the function of ANXA2 in CaP, we reduced its expression in DU145 cells using shRNA and tested the impact on characteristics of malignancy. Reduction of ANXA2 suppressed anchorage‐dependent and ‐independent cell growth without affecting invasiveness. Interestingly, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) secretion was reduced concomitantly with the reduction of ANXA2 but independently of S100A10. IL‐6 expression was restored when wild type but not mutant ANXA2 was reexpressed in these cells. In a retrospective study of radical prostatectomy specimens from patients with nonmetastatic CaP, 100% of patients with ANXA2‐positive tumors (n = 4) had a biochemical relapse while only 50% of patients with ANXA2 negative tumors (n = 20) relapsed, suggesting that ANXA2 expression in prostate tumors may be predictive of biochemical relapse. Significant cytoplasmic staining of ANXA2 was detected in 3 of 4 ANXA2‐positive tumors, whereas ANXA2 is localized to the plasma membrane in benign prostatic glands. These finding, taken together, suggests a possible mechanism whereby ANXA2 expression positively contributes to an aggressive phenotype in a subset of CaP and suggest that ANXA2 has markedly different functions depending on its cellular context. Finally, this is the first description of a role for ANXA2 in IL‐6 expression, and ANXA2 represents a new therapeutic target for reducing IL‐6 in high‐grade prostate cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defining a role for Sonic hedgehog pathway activation in desmoplastic medulloblastoma by identifying GLI1 target genes
Authors: Yoon Joon Won , Gilbertson Richard , Iannaccone Stephen , Iannaccone Philip , Walterhouse David 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA subgroup of medulloblastomas shows constitutive activation of the Sonic hedgehog pathway with expression ofGLI1. We identified the subset of GLI1 transforming target genes specifically expressed in medulloblastomas by comparing GLI1 targets in RK3E cells transformed byGLI1with the gene expression profile of Sonic hedgehog signature medulloblastomas. We identified 1,823 genes whose expression was altered more than 2‐fold in 2 independent RK3E +GLI1cell lines. We identified 25 whose expression was altered similarly in medulloblastomas expressingGLI1. We identified potential GLI binding elements in the regulatory regions of 10 of these genes, confirmed that GLI1 binds the regulatory regions and activates transcription of select genes, and showed that GLI1 directly represses transcription of Krox‐20. We identified upregulation ofCXCR4, a chemokine receptor that plays roles in the proliferation and migration of granule cell neuron precursors during development, supporting the concept that reinitiation of developmental programs may contribute to medulloblastoma tumorigenesis. In addition, the targets suggest a pathway through which GLI1 may ultimately affect medulloblastoma cell proliferation, survival and genomic stability by converging onp53,SGK1,MGMTandNTRK2. We identify ap53mutation in RK3E +GLI1cells, suggesting thatp53mutations may sometimes shift the balance toward dysregulated tumor cell survival. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biodiversity Effects on Aquatic Ecosystem Functioning – Maturation of a New Paradigm
Authors: Gamfeldt Lars , Hillebrand Helmut 
Published: October 2008

AbstractStarting with the publication of some influential studies in the early 1990's, the topic of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has emerged as a major field within ecological research. Within this framework, the diversity of genotypes, species and functional groups are considered as explanatory variables of ecosystem functions rather than response variables of factors such as productivity and disturbance. Biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning research has received considerable attention, and new publications are emerging at a high pace. Both the validity of experimental approaches and the way the results may be extrapolated to natural systems have, however, been widely discussed. The width of the debate regarding whether or not biodiversity is important for ecosystem functioning have encouraged many scientists to refine both experiments and theory, as well as develop novel methods to analyse the relationship between diversity and functioning. Aquatic ecologists have contributed greatly to the evolution of ideas and concepts within the field. In this review, we discuss how the paradigm that biodiversity is an important factor for the functioning of aquatic ecosystems is currently maturing with more realistic studies embracing both new and innovative approaches. We also suggest fruitful areas for future research.Each of us is trapped in a place, a time, and a circumstance, and our attempts to use our minds to transcend those boundaries are, more often than not, ineffective.From the book “Stumbling on happiness” by Daniel Gilbert (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)