bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The International Social Security Association after 60 Years
Authors: Leach J. D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe International Social Security Association is marking this year its 60th Anniversary, and this is an appropriate time to consider and evaluate the organization's work. Does the apparatus of Committees, reports and a triennial Assembly justify the cost of participation by members, ultimately borne by contributors or taxpayers? The paper gives a brief history of ISSA and its forerunners, describes the working methods, gives an account of the 22nd Assembly held in 1986 in Montreal, and concludes with an assessment of its efficacy.
“Ask a Policeman”: Community Consultation in Practice
Authors: Savage Stephen P. , Wilson Charles 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article examines the development of police‐community consultation arrangements in one large county in southern England: arrangements made under Section 106 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. It analyses the various responses of the main parties in the process: the police, the police authority, and the local committees themselves; and considers the extent to which the practice of consultation relates to wider claims for the enhancement of police accountability.The main conclusions are that, at least in the force area concerned, the predominant conflict was not, as might have been expected, between police representatives and the local community, but rather between the police authority and the local committees, for which they were formally responsible.In so far as such tensions can occur, the article argues for a more cautious approach to the question of the democratic accountability of the police to the extent that the police authority is to be entrusted with a central role in the reform of the current system of police accountability.
The Privatization of Welfare
Authors: Johnson Norman 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe different forms of privatization all imply some diminution of the state's role in the provision, financing or regulation of welfare. Privatisation does not simply mean the sale of public assets and greater reliance on private enterprise and competitive markets; it also means the transfer of welfare responsibilities from the state to the voluntary and informal sectors. This is partly an ideological issue, concerning the state's relationship with individual citizens and social groups, and partly a matter of practicalities.Welfare pluralism implies a less dominant role for the state in the provision (as opposed to the financing and regulation) of welfare services: its major themes are decentralization and participation.Some doubt is cast on the capacity and the desirability of the informal and voluntary sectors substituting for the state in social service provision. The family is undergoing substantial changes which may reduce its capacity to provide care and, at the same time, the number of dependents is increasing. The voluntary sector is beset with problems of uneven and incomplete coverage, equity, fragmentation and accountability.The chief consequence of welfare pluralism has been the rapid development of the commercial sector.
Management of HIV/AIDS in the Australian federal system
Authors: Misztal Barbara 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to analyse the effect of the federal structure on public health policy in a crisis situation. Federalism has been one of the most important features of the Australian political system shaping AIDS policy because it has created problems with the coordination of policies and has limited the Commonwealth's capacity to introduce a coherent national monitoring, education, protection, testing and legal framework.My main point is that in the situation of crisis, there is a tendency to rely on the political will of the centre. The political will of the federal health department, subsumed by conflicts and difficulties, has not lasted long enough to construct a new, more uniform structure (a uniform surveillance, legal and health acts framework). It can be concluded that while political intervention and political will cannot be overestimated as means of overcoming organizational rigidities in an emergency situation, the need for a framework conducive to rapid and coordinated responses is obvious. The lesson from the AIDS epidemic points to the need for more uniform public health legislation, for more uniform system of recording data on HIV and for more uniform civil liberties legislation.
Social Workers as Entrepreneurs
Authors: Yanay Uri 
Published: February 2007

AbstractQualified social workers were employed in the newly established Community Service Centers (Matnas) in Israel to take part in efforts to initiate services and define each Matnas' domain. The organizational structure of a Matnas encourages its workers to use their professional skills in making entrepreneurial initiatives: The local board, the untenured, multidisciplinary staff, and the ability to utilize mixed resources, affords the Matnas the flexibility to easily contract ‘in’ and ‘out’ of programs, giving it and its staff a competitive position within the free market of service providers. This structure also permits the establishment of formal and informal contacts with constituents and authorities. This paper presents the case and discusses the role of social workers in innovating service programs.
Social Policies for the Elderly in the Republic of Korea and Japan: A Comparative Perspective*
Authors: Palley Howard A. , Usui Chikako 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Japan are highly industrialized and modern nations which are both influenced by the Confucian tradition of respect for the elderly and family responsibility for the care of aging parents. In both countries the proportion of the elderly population is increasing. Japan, since the end of World War II, has utilized its government bureaucracy to help develop the social welfare system and to formulate social policies and programs for the elderly. Japan's tradition of samurai Confucianism is congruent with the commitment of the Japanese government to such social development as a matter of national policy. The Republic of Korea has not assigned a comprehensive planning role to its government bureaucracy. Lacking the mix of industrial/post‐industrial infrastructure of Japan and not yet faced with the immediacy of a very large elderly population, the Republic of Korea's government has developed its social policies for the elderly in a more incremental manner, usually emphasizing small scale and piecemeal initiatives. With respect to social support, it has emphasized voluntary family efforts as congruent with the Korean (and Chinese) variant of Confucianism. This paper will compare and contrast these different approaches.
Halfway There? Policy, Politics and Outcomes in Community Care
Authors: Henwood Melanie , Wistow Gerald , Robinson Janice 
Published: February 2007

The community care reforms which followed the 1989 White Paper “Caring for People”were apparently focused on addressing the needs of people requiring long‐term care, and on achieving improved outcomes and better quality of life.The agenda set out by the White Paper was for community care in the next decade and beyond. Half way through this decade, we question the extent to which the objectives of promoting choice and independence for users and carers have been achieved. The paper draws particularly on a programme of monitoring conducted jointly by the Nuffield Institute for Health and the King's Fund, based on national and local focus groups meeting over a two‐year period. It proposes a framework for evaluation which consists of four components: the definition of desired outcomes; specification of service systems necessary to deliver such outcomes; promotion of access to services; and the development of supporting operational policies and resource allocation mechanisms.This framework offers a substantial step beyond much of the monitoring of the community care reforms which has taken place to date. This has assessed progress largely in terms of the establishment of new systems and processes. We conclude that such changes were essential building blocks for delivering better‐quality community care services, and in the short term it may have been legitimate to view their establishment as proxies for progress towards delivering user‐centred services. However, monitoring and evaluation should now be increasingly oriented towards ensuring that these changes are in fact producing the desired service outputs and urn outcomes. We propose that our framework offers one such way forward.
Measuring the Propensity to Volunteer
Authors: Bales Kevin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs charities are expected to take on more and more of the provision of services to the disadvantaged, they will be calling on volunteers to support that work. The use of volunteers means important cost savings when compared to the use of paid service providers, thus giving one advantage to the voluntary sector when bidding in the mixed economy of welfare. Given the potential for increased use of volunteers, questions of motivation and commitment become very important. Volunteers make up a significant proportion of the human resources used to service social needs, yet previous research has not made it clear why and how volunteers come to give so much of themselves. This research demonstrates that there is an underlying Volunteerism–Activism Attitude which can be measured, and which holds within its four dimensions the key motivations for volunteering. Use of the scale measuring this attitude allows prediction of those people who are most likely (and least likely) to volunteer for charity activity. For charities the scale might provide a useful tool in managing the personnel with whom they are now expected to bid in the quasi‐markets of service provision.
Social Policy in a Federal Europe
Authors: Spicker Paul 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe European Union has a federal structure, in which each citizen is subject to two governments. The position of social policy within the federation is contested, but the EU has gradually developed powers through the extension of its competence, direct intervention in social welfare issues and the push for “convergence”, or agreement on minimum standards. Consistent with its federal nature, the European model of the welfare state is based on convergence, integration of the excluded and social protection through the gradual extension of solidarity. The precise role that the federal government will take on within this is unclear, but it is already having a major impact on social welfare and its influence is likely to increase.
Rhetoric and Reality in European Co‐operation with Third Countries: A Case Study
Authors: Lewando‐Hundt Gillian 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis case study illustrates the reality of trying to achieve the European Commission objective of fruitful international research co‐operation with Third Countries. The process of responding to an EC research call, preparing a proposal and negotiating a contract are explored with areas of general applicability being highlighted. The case study is drawn from the Avicenne Initiative in the area of health systems research. The difficulties and inequality of access to information, administrative research support and resourcing are explored as both issues for individuals and institutions and also as part of the difficulties of developing south‐north or east‐west research partnerships. The backstage of research is explored in order to highlight issues of discourse, practice and procedure which, if tackled, could provide a more level playing field for researchers from a wide range of institutions and countries.
NEW FARMERS AND NETWORKS: HOW BEGINNING FARMERS BUILD SOCIAL CONNECTIONS IN FRANCE
Authors: MAILFERT KATE 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA significant number of people are moving ‘back‐to‐the‐land’ in search of a fulfilling lifestyle and self‐defined economic success. But do these ‘neo‐farmers’‘find their bliss’? Experiences are mixed. While some report feeling isolated, others tell stories of rapid integration into local agricultural and social networks. Although the literature is clear that networks play a critical role in providing newcomers to rural areas with support, few studies have addressed the specific experiences of beginning farmers and none has compared the networks of ‘neo‐farmers’ with those of farmers from farming origins. The study reported here examines the ways the personal networks of new farmers with differing backgrounds provide access to farm start‐up resources in France.
E‐SHOPPING VERSUS CITY CENTRE SHOPPING: THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED CITY CENTRE ATTRACTIVENESS
Authors: WELTEVREDEN JESSE W.J. , RIETBERGEN TON VAN 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe growing number of Internet users and the increasing volume of online sales gives rise to speculation about how e‐shopping will affect shopping centres as we know them. Since shopping centres differ in terms of their appeal to consumers, we expect the impact of e‐shopping on in‐store shopping to decrease with increasing attractiveness of the latter. To test this proposition, we examined how perceived attractiveness of city centres influences the relation between city centre shopping and e‐shopping for 3,200 Internet users in the Netherlands. Results showed that more than 20 per cent of the online buyers made fewer trips to the city centre and also made fewer purchases at city centre stores, due to e‐shopping. However, the higher the perceived attractiveness of the city centre, both in terms of range and convenience of shopping and accessibility, the less Internet users are inclined to shop online and to replace city centre shopping with e‐shopping.
Stress in patients with alopecia areata and vitiligo
Authors: Manolache Liana , Benea Vasile 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective  To study the involvement of stress before the onset/development of alopecia areata and vitiligo.Patients and method  Forty‐five outpatients with alopecia areata and 32 outpatients with vitiligo were enrolled. The design was a case‐control study (controls had skin diseases unrelated to stress). Stressful events were evaluated using Holmes and Rahe's social readjustment rating scale.Results  Mean age was around 30 years in both conditions. More than 65% of cases (both alopecia areata and vitiligo) experienced stressful events compared to 22% of controls. The odds ratio was 7.75 for alopecia areata and 6.81 for vitiligo. There was a significant difference in the mean number of stressful events between alopecia areata patients and controls (P = 0.005), and also a significant difference in the number of stressful events between men (P = 0.05) and women (P = 0.001) across these two groups. In the vitiligo group there was a significant difference in the mean number of stressful events between patients and controls only in women (P = 0.02). A potential stressful situation occurred more often in both patient groups. Alopecia areata patients described family problems in 45.6% of patients (especially women), which was statistically significant when compared to controls (P = 0.0004). Personal problems were reported by 35.7% of alopecia areata patients (P = 0.04 compared to controls). Vitiligo patients mentioned personal problems in 47% of cases (one‐third were related to exams) and 31% of cases were related to job/financial problems. Again, this was statistically significant when compared to controls (P = 0.0002).Conclusions  Stress seems to play an important role in the onset and aggravation of both alopecia areata and vitiligo, mostly with one stressful event before disease onset.
Information processing profiles of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: evidence from a population‐based sample of preadolescents
Authors: Agnes Brunnekreef J. , De Sonneville Leo M. J. , Althaus Monika , Minderaa Ruud B. , Oldehinkel Albertine J. , Verhulst Frank C. , Ormel Johan 
Published: February 2007

Background:  The present study explores the relationships between several information processing capacities and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in a general population sample of 10‐ to 12‐year olds (N = 2,037 51% girls).Methods:  Parent‐reported behavior problems as assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist were used to form four groups of children with 1) neither internalizing nor externalizing problems (n = 1,470), 2) only internalizing problems (n = 237), 3) only externalizing problems (n = 182), and 4) both internalizing and externalizing problems (n = 148). These groups were compared on measures of speed and accuracy from the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks program reflecting the efficiency of several input‐, central cognitive‐, and output‐related information processing capacities.Results:  Children with both internalizing and externalizing problems demonstrated the least efficient performance, followed by children with only externalizing problems, whereas children with only internalizing problems did not differ from children without problems. More specifically, response variability and the ability to maintain and quickly compare information in working memory were found to be related to the severity of problem behavior. The ability to inhibit prepotent responses was related to the type of problem behavior, discriminating between the children with only internalizing problems and only externalizing problems. However, this latter capacity no longer differentiated when controlling for IQ. No differences were found between boys and girls.Conclusions:  The results suggest that, in general, cognitive processing deficits are more strongly related to the degree than to the type of maladaptive behavior. Furthermore, response variability and working memory may serve as potential markers for identifying high‐risk children and response inhibition as an indicator of the type of maladaptive behavior.
GOALS AND METHODS OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
Authors: Ax Albert F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this essay is to identify the research area of psychophysiology by abstracting the goals and methods from reports which this author believes are properly called psychophysiological. The general goal of psychophysiology is to describe the mechanisms which translate between psychological and physiological systems of the organism. Specific goals are to identify and describe the physiological processes directly relevant to such psychological constructs as drive, motivation, attitude, emotion, and their modification by learning.Findings include the description by physiological patterns of several emotions, sleep, dreaming, hypnosis, psychiatric and psychosomatic conditions. Principles conceived are individual, stimulus, emotion and attitude specificities and the “law of initial values.”The progressive theme of psychophysiological method has been to extend measurement to more covert behavior with decreasing interference with the organism. Methods and special problem areas are reviewed under the categories of (a) the stimulus situation, (b) observation (sensors, recorders, signal transformation), and (c) analysis, synthesis, and interpretation. The major unsolved technical problem is the automatic detection of artifact. The chief theoretical problem is to “break the code” by which the organism translates between experience and physiology. The psychophysiological method is seen as having useful application in classification and training for motivational abilities and stress tolerance.Goal, Method, Application, Translation, Covert, Emotion, Motivation, Attitude, Specificity, Sensor, Recorder, Conversion, Computer, Analysis, Synthesis, Interpretation, Artifact, Learning, Stress‐tolerance. (A. F. Ax)
THE PARTIAL INDEPENDENCE OF SKIN POTENTIAL AND SKIN RESISTANCE FROM SWEATING
Authors: Wilcott R. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTResults of three experiments were as follows:1. After a 3‐ma DC current of 10‐min duration through the palmar skin, skin potential (SP) basal level is reduced in negativity and the positive wave of the SP response eliminated with no change in sweating (Sw) or skin resistance (SR). This demonstrates that SP basal level and the occurrence of the positive wave are not dependent on Sw or SR.2. Placing a potential between the SP electrodes to vary SP basal potential will produce variations in response wave form, amplitude and latency. An induced potential comparable to that used in SR recording will produce SP responses of large amplitude. This suggests that the SP and SR represent different aspects of the same physiological processes. The effects of a DC current through the skin and exsanguination can be overcome by varying the SP basal potential. These results further demonstrate that SP responses are a function of SP basal level.3. After atropinization, SP and SR return to their initial levels faster than Sw. It is concluded that SP and SR are partially produced by a process separate from Sw.Methodology, Human, Palmar sweating. Skin resistance. Skin potential, Atropine, Cholinergic, Exsanguination, Electrophoresis. (R. C. Wilcott)
SPONTANEOUS HEART RATE AND GSR CHANGES AS RELATED TO MOTOR PERFORMANCE
Authors: Docter Richard F. , Kaswan Jacques W. , Nakamura Charles Y. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSpontaneous heart rate changes and spontaneous galvanic skin response (GSR) fluctuations were compared with motor performance on a task said to measure motor impulsivity in two identical experiments. With the use of a total of 64 male college students as subjects, the conclusion drawn from the experiment was that neither of the physiological measures related significantly to impulsive performance. This was true for both a complex motor task and for simple reaction time performance. It is argued that if there is a relationship between spontaneous autonomic activity and motor impulsivity as has been previously reported, the conditions under which this may be demonstrated must be quite specific. The present findings are interpreted as requiring limitations on the generalizability of the relationship previously reported. Heart rate, GSR, Impulsivity, Reaction time. (R. F. Docter)
PSYCHORHYTHMICS: A SPECIAL REVIEW
Authors: Brozek Jonef 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose was to review systematically recent non‐periodical publications concerned with the behavioral aspects of cyclic phenomena, especially of the “circadian” rhythms, including sleep and wakefulness. The author considers the reports of the international conferences of the Society for Bilogical Rhythms as well as publications in English (rythmic annimal behavior, ibernation, sleep), German (periodicity in psychopathology, vircadian rhythms inman and shift‐work), and Russian (circadian rhythms in annimals). It is suggested that, while the mastery of fire‐making and invention of more modern means of artiticial illuminiation have long liberated man from dependence on the natural sequence of day and night, consderations of space flight put the whole subject of biological rhythms into a new, challenging perspective.
MODIFICATION IN AUTONOMICALLY MEDIATED PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO COLD PRESSOR BY WORD ASSOCIATIONS
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhysiological measures—basal skin resistance (BSR), galvanic skin resistance (GSR), electrocardiogram (EKG), and skin temperatures—were made on 120 consecutive days on 3 male subjects during rest, a 20‐item word association test, recovery, a cold‐pressor test, a combination of cold‐pressor and a second similar word‐association test, and final recovery. Each stimulus alone induced increased sympathetic activity. Ongoing stress (cold pressor) responses, however, were depressed during the word‐association test. Furthermore, the nature, reaction times, and commonalities of the associations were influenced by the stress. The inhibition was not due to order, threshold, adaptation, or conditioning effects.