bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BLISTERING PHENOMENA IN THE ENAMELING OF CAST IRON1
Authors: Krynitsky A. I. , Harrison W. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPhysical defects in the castings, especially “sponginess,” will cause blisters, as will also fanlty composition or application of enamels. There are, however, differences in the tendencies of different sound castings to give blisters when enameled under identical conditions. The gases forming these blisters are CO and CO2.A gray iron casting acquires in freezing and cooling a very thin surface skin, or “microchill,” of varying thickness and hardness. The data indicate that removal of this skin from sound castings eliminates blistering. During the enameling process the combined carbon of this skin tends to break down to a nascent, readily oxidizable form of carbon, which evolves CO and CO2. There are probably two kinds of nonblistering iron, one in which little combined carbon is present at the surface, and another in which it is stabilized. Some irons are more prone to give the “microchilled” layer than others. During the early stages of enameling both blistering and nonblistering irons evolve gas, which is attributed to quick oxidation of submicroscopic graphite and which escapes bcfore the enamel has fused to a retentive condition. Addition of graphitizing agents, such as silicon, may be beneficial, but the microchill is harder to avoid than the ordinary, or macrochill. Removal of the surface layer by deep sandblasting or “burning out” appears to be the most practical remedy for blistering of sound castings.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENAMEL ON A EUTECTIC BASIS1
Authors: Simpson Harold Ellis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe object of the investigation was to develop eutectic solvent for an enamel by the combination of several eutectics, then to add silica to increase the refractoriness of the enamel up to the limit of its capability to dissolve silica without endangering its bond to the metal body. This naturally involved a study of the entectic compositions of the RO–B2O3–SiO2 systems. Since the Na2O–B2O3‐SiO2, K2O–B2O3–SiO2, and PbO–B2O3‐SiO2 detormation eutectics are known a knowledge of the CaO‐B2O3‐SiO2 system was necessary. A study of the high B2O3 area of this system was made at approximately 4% intervals. A member high in CaO and SiO2, and which on repeated fusions showed practically 100% glass, was selected as a practical member to blend with the Na2O‐B2O3–SiO3 and the PbO‐B2O3–SiO2 eutedic to form a eutectic solvent for an enamel.Combinations of these eutectics and the CaO‐B2O3‐SiO2 mixture were made and applied to cast iron by the dry process. Additions of SiO2 were also made to these enamels up to 1.5 molecular equivalents. The physical properties of these enamels such as brilliancy, smoothness of surface, texture, bonding power, solubility in water, and resistance to acid attack were also determined.
FORMING PRESSURE OF DRY‐PRESSED REFRACTORIES. PART I1
Authors: Birch Raymond E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMaking use of a hydraulic press which presses standard fire brick, eight commercial mixtures were investigated to determine the effect of varying the forming pressure. To obtain pressures higher than those used commercially it was necessary to reduce the moisture content. The bulk density of uifired brick is shown to have increased directly with the pressure, as did the transverse strength. These changes, however, are lessened at the higher pressures. By comparing the green bulk density of brick formed on commercial, mechanically actuated presses, with those pressed hydraulically at known pressures it is concluded that industrial forming presses are operated at comparatively low pressures. Fireclay bodies do not attain a state of maximum compressibility within the limits of the study but continue to contract with additional pressure.
ACID‐RESISTING WHITE DRY PROCESS CAST‐IRON ENAMELS1
Authors: Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBeginning with simple compositions containing only those constituents necessary to make a glass, additions were systematically made in the development and study of acid‐resisting enamels.It was found that the acid resistance depends on the proper combination of constituents rather than the presence or absence of any particular material. It was shown that all fluorine compounds are detrimental to acid resistance but experience shows that some form of fluorine is necessary to obtain good quality opacity. Smelting, if properly done, milling, and firing have practically no effect on the acid resistance.
PROGRESS REPORT ON THE EFFECT OF FURNACE GASES ON THE QUALITY OF ENAMELS1
Authors: Andrews A. I. , Hertzell E. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe appearance of sheet‐steel enamels fired in atmopheres of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and Urbana city gas has been determined. A study of the effect of variations in the composition of sheet‐steel ground coats and sheet‐steel cover coats on their resistance to attack by sulphur gases has been made. Plans for future work on the problem are outlined.
FELDSPARS AND THEIR PECULIARITIES AS CERAMIC SOLVENTS1
Authors: Watts Arthur S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTData are presented to combat the fallacy that the chemical composition of a feldspar is a definite indication of its behavior as a vitrifying agent in ceramic bodies. A general presentation of data on the pure feldspar types and their constitution and mode of occurrence in commercial deposits is made. The effect of solid solution vs. associated or mixed feldspars on the physical properties of feldspars of similar compositions is outlined and the character of associated quartz and muscovite (white mica) is considered. A proposed basis of classification depending on the fusion behavior of the feldspar in the presence of quartz, kaolin, and ball clay is made.
PROGRESS REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAGGER CLAYS. VI The Life of the Sagger as Affected by Varying Certain Properties1
Authors: Heindl By R. A. , Mong L. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis report presents the results obtained in a study of sagger bodies and represents an enlargement of a similar study of a preliminary nature, the results of which have been published. The clays and grogs are combined to give bodies having wide variations in body structure and in the several properties which were studied. Data are given on the modulus of elasticity, transverse breaking strength, plastic flow, thermal expansion, and resistance to failure due to heat shock of thirty‐five laboratory prepared bodies and ten commercial bodies after firing at from one to three different temperatures. For comparative purposes data are given on two series of bodies, the one series containing coarse grog and the other fine grog. In addition body compositions were varied in order to compare the effect on sagger life of using open‐ and close‐firing grogs.
PROPORTIONING THE GRAIN SIZE IN CLAY REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Swain Stephen M. , Phelps Stuart M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA brief review is given of previous work pertaining to proportioning of the particle sizes. Experimental work presented has to do with the proportioning of three sizes of flint clay. To the proportioned particle sizes there were added different amounts of plastic or bond clay. There are given the effects of proportioning upon density, porosity, and change during firing. Clays from two producing districts were used, and although the experimental work on these was comprehensive, similar work should be continued in plant‐scale operations. The summary presents the benefits which may be expected from proportioning particle sizes of fireclay mixes used in refractories.
A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF SOME RECENT DATA ON THE IMPACT STRENGTH OF GLASS1
Authors: PRESTON P. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper attempts to analyze results provided by Dr. Guyer and Mr. Shenvood, with a view to finding out if anything useful is being obtained from impact testing figures beyond what is gotten from static tests. It is shown that in general, with the aid of the rationalization proposed in the foregoing paper, the impact and static tests can be compared as a simple ratio, and that this ratio has a pronounced tendency to be constant for given conditions of testing.
THE EFFECT OF FURNACE ATMOSPHERES ON THE QUALITY OF CERTAIN TYPES OF GLAZES1
Authors: Watts Arthur P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA research sponsored by the American Gas Association was begun at Rutgers University in January, 1929. One phase of this research is the determination of the effect of furnace atmospheres on glazes, By maintaining carefully controlled conditions all variables were eliminated except that of atmosphere. Tests were made in many atmospheres using several different glazes. These atmospheres were formed either of the individual products of combustion, of combinations of gases which simulated actual furnace conditions, or of the products of combustion of city gas.
A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF SHEET‐IRON COVER ENAMELS1
Authors: Andrews A. I. , Bennett D. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBased on the limits of composition for sheet‐iron cover enamels as commercially used, a systematic field of compositions was plotted and studied. The results show the relation between composition and properties of these enamels. The acid‐resisting properties were studied and a treatment developed for improving it.
ADDITIONAL DATA ON STOKER‐FIRED TUNNEL KILN1
Authors: Kent G. G. , Rupp B. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA description is given of the stokers, their operation, the difficulties that were overcome in order to adapt them successfully to this type of work, and the method of handling the fuel from hopper cars to the kiln. The economies effected by the installation and the subsequent changes in methods of handling the product are also given.
SUGGESTED RELATIONS OF SODIUM SILICATE, ADHESION TENSION, AND ANGLE OF CONTACT TO LIQUID ABSORPTION IN CLAYS1
Authors: Whitlatch George I. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis is a report of progress of an investigation concerning the effect of electrolytes on the liquid absorption of clays tempered to maximum plasticity. Data curves are presented to show that sodium silicates do have an influence on absorption when the silicates are added to the tempering water. The observed results are explained on the basis that the sodium silicate reduces the angle of contact and increases the adhesion tension of the clay‐water system. The results of this paper are suggestive of a possible extension of this principle to explain, a t least in part, some of the phenomena of deflocculation and plasticity.
THE DETERMINATION OF ZINC IN REFRACTORY BODIES AND SLAGS1
Authors: Marbaker Edward E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn earlier published method for the determination of zinc in discarded retorts and other refractory bodies was found to be accurate but too tedious for commercial work. An effort was made to develop a shorter method. It was found that the ordinary ammonia‐ammonium chloride separation of iron from zinc is not accurate in the presence of relatively large amounts of alumina. A rapid method involving the separation of zinc from iron and alumina under conditions involved in the analysis of refractory bodies was developed. The method consists in precipitating iron and zinc sulphides from an ammoniacal solution containing the three ions, in which the alumina is held in solution by the presence of citric acid, Methods for the determination of zinc are discussed and reasons given for the adoption of the gravimetric method involving the precipitation of zinc sulphide from a faintly acid solution.
THE INFLUENCE OF TIME ON THE MATURING TEMPERATURE OF WHITEWARE BODIES. II.1
Authors: Norton Charles L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis investigation deals with the microscopic examination of three of the whiteware bodies which were described in Part I of this paper. With respect to the influence of time of firing upon the crystalline texture, it was found that with samples which showed the same degree of maturity by physical test, the long‐fired, low‐temperature samples showed more quartz solution as well as more mullite development than the samples fired more quickly at higher temperatures.
EFFECTS OF AUTOCLAVE TREATMENTS ON CERAMIC BODIES AND CLAYS1
Authors: Holscher H. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt has been found that porous ceramic bodies increase in volume and weight due to an autoclave treatment in which the ware is subjected to steam at a pressure of 150 pounds per square inch. The change is rapid at first but decreases as the time of treatment is increased. Typical American and English china clays also increase in volume but ball clays when fired to the same temperature as the china clays do not increase in volume. The effect of prolonged drying treatments after the autoclave treatment is also studied. Data given indicate that the changes in volume are not necessarily caused by rehydration of the clay within the body. Bodies containing clay, feldspar, and flint show a greater increase in volume than do the pure clay constituents. It is shown that the composition is a more important factor than absorption in determining the reaction of ceramic products to the autoclave treatments.
INVESTIGATION OF FELDSPAR AND ITS EFFECT IN POTTERY BODIES*
Authors: Geller R. F. , Creamer A. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe history and purpose of the investigation are outlined and reports are made on (1) fineness determinations, chemical analyses, softening range, softening points, “true” specific gravity, thermal expansion, and petrographic analyses of the individual feldspars; (2) the results of porosity, volume shrinkage during firing, color and translucency, mechanical strength, petrographic analyses, effect of feldspar used on relative “glaze fit,” thermal expansion, and elasticity determinations on vitreous and semivitreous bodies in which feldspar is the only variable component.
THE RESISTANCE OF SINGLE CLAY BODIES TO THE ACTION OF STEAM1
Authors: Deeds C. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwelve whiteware bodies were made, consisting of 51.41%, clay, 10.69% North Carolina feldspar, and 37.9% flint, one clay being used in each body. Twelve clays were studied. The specimens made from these bodies were fired in the regular tunnel bisque kiln to cone 9, glazed on one side, and fired to cone 4 in the glost kiln. The trial pieces were then subjected to the autoclave test, with the steam at a pressure of 100 pounds per square inch, maintained for a period of 3 hours. Of three American ball clays none was found to have caused crazing. In the case of four domestic kaolin bodies, one crazed in part, two were noncrazing, and one shivered. Of five imported kaolins, one of the bodies was noncrazing. While lower absorptions bring about a craze‐resisting condition, it was shown that of two single clay bodies with practically the same absorption, one may resist the steam action and one may not. The structure of the clay is an important factor in this connection.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE, II
Authors: Rueckel Walter C. , King R. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect on adherence of the variation in the amount of cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, and manganese oxide, and the effect of atmosphere, air, oxygen, and nitrogen on ad‐ herence were studied. Enamels of same base but with varying amounts of the special oxides were made up, fired in the various atmospheres, and tested for adherence by drop‐ hammer impact methods and by flexure methods. A number of photographs of metallographic sections showing contact line between enamel and metal are given. General conclusions are (1) that adherence is not a function of the roughness of contact line, (2) that the adherence promoting effect of cobalt oxide is higher at 1.25% than at 2.5% or 5.0%, and (3) that the effect of oxygen and nitrogen in general is to decrease the adherence as measured by impact strength.
THE EFFECT OF PREPARATION AND CALCINATION TREATMENT ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE KAOLIN‐ALUMINA MIXTURES A1203. SiO2*
Authors: Riddle Frank H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCalcined mixtures of kaolin and alumina were prepared by grinding for different lengths of time and firing the several grinds at different temperatures ranging from slightly above dehydration temperature of clay to 1700°C. The X‐ray diffraction patterns revealed several interesting points relative to the degree of combination of the oxides present.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SPECIALIZED REFRACTORIES*
Authors: White Harold E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTests were made of the electrical resistivity of twelve commercially used special refractory brick at temperatures up to 1300°C. Standard 9‐inch brick were tested using apparatus which is standard equipment and readily obtainable. Temperature lag was eliminated by constant heating over a prolonged period of time at given temperatures. Results obtained indicate a decrease in resistivity with prolonged heating for some classes of refractories.Those refractories composed of minerals of the same petrographic classification appear to undergo the least change.
CONTROL OF PLASTICITIES OF CERAMIC SLIPS*
Authors: Shearer Walter 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn terms of a given apparatus of suitable standard dimensions the plastic flow characteristics of various ceramic slips may be measured and recorded. Each slip has its characteristic plasticity which is a highly important factor in connection with its successful use in the specific process for which it is intended and this plasticity may be adjusted at will in order to obtain the most desirable working condition. The types of flow which have been arrived at through long experience and employed in the art even without a means of measurement arc shown for various commercial enamels, glazes, and body slips. A useful deflocculation test for the classification of clays and the testing of their uniformity from time to time is specified. This description covers a means for control or regulation of the slip whereby (1) uniformity may be obtained in the application of white or colored enamels and glazes, (2) crawling and “settling out” difficulties may be avoided, (3) uniformity of consistency for spray operation from week to week may be checked, (4) accuracy of batch mixing may be checked, (5) casting slip control may be effected, and (6) in general, any other property such as case of filter‐pressing or sieving which depends wholly or partially on a proper slip consistency may be held at the most desirable value.
FURTHER WORK IN THE EXPERIMENTATION AND APPLICATION OF UNDERGLAZE COLOR CRAYONS*
Authors: Smith Kenaeth E. , Stevens William 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTVarious underglaze colors obtained from different ceramic color firms were mixed with gum tragacanth and molded into crayons. The preparation and use of the crayons for underglaze designing is discussed, and their advantages and disadvantages are pointed out through experimental results. The results were studied with an aim to using crayons instead of painting the colors on the bisque, as is now generally done. After more experimentation there is a possibility of developing the use of crayons for this purpose.
ON A NEW LIGHT‐SOURCE FOR ABSORPTION MEASUREMENTS OF GLASSES IN THE BLUE AND ULTRA‐VIOLET1
Authors: Cohn Willi M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTOn metallic thorium, when bombarded with cathode rays, a blue glow may be observed in high‐vacuum as well as in gas‐filled tubes. The spectrum of this phenomenon is continuous, the maximum of intensity being (according to photograph determinations) at 4.500 Å. The spectrum has been observed from A000 to 2200A. Lamps making use of the emission of the blue glow on thorium are described and their spectra discussed. It is shown that the new light‐source has several advantages in comparison with other light‐sources now in use.
DOMES FOR CIRCULAR KILNS*
Authors: Fellows J. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe object of this study was to find the shape of a dome having no circumferential stresses. To find such a surface of revolution, the calculus of variations was employed, and a differential equation set up whose solution would be a curve which, when revolved about the vertical axis, would give this surface. This differential equation was found to be unsolvable except by graphical methods. A graphical solution was obtained using an integrating machine. The vertical cross‐section of this surface is compared with well‐known curves. It is found that spherical domes with small heights lie inside the surface in question, and are therefore stable, while spherical domes which approach a hemisphere lie outside this surface at certain points, and are unstable. These conclusions are in accordance with the physical facts. Tables containing all the data relative to this derived surface are given. The relation between the resultant stress at the base and the height is shown graphically. The radial component of stress is found to approach infinity for a very flat dome, and to approach zero for a high dome. The value of this dome lies in the fact that stability of any curve may be determined by comparison with it. Any curve which lies outside this limiting curve at any point will give an unstable dome. It also makes it possible to find the surface having a minimum resultant stress for any given base diameter or any given height.
A COMPILATION OF PHASE‐RULE DIAGRAMS OF INTEREST TO THE CERAMIST AND SILICATE TECHNOLOGIST*
Authors: Hall F. P. , Insley Herbert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper is a compilation of phase‐rule diagrams, principally of silicates and the refractory oxides, that may be useful to the ceramist and the silicate technologist. The text of the paper includes definitions of terms used in discussion of the Phase Rule, a description of methods used in the study of systems at high temperatures, and an interpretation of Phase‐Rule diagrams for systems with one or more components.
TESTS OF REINFORCED BRICK COLUMNS*
Authors: Lyse Inge 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the data obtained in an extensive investigation on reinforced brick columns. The results furnished a basis for the development of rational design formulas. The strengths of the columns were found to be made up of the effective strength of the masonry plus the yield‐point strength of the longitudinal reinforcement. A study of the type of masonry mortars revealed the fact that Portland cement mortar containing 15% ordinary brick clay by weight of the cement gave better results than did any of the other types used.A review of all known experiments on brick piers and columns is given.
AN X‐RAY STUDY OF THE TOUGHNESS OF PAVING BRICK*
Authors: Stong Guy E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTX‐ray diffraction photographs of paving brick were compared with those of pure materials.The most important result obtained in this work is the discovery of a line in the X‐ray diffraction pattern of paving brick which is characteristic of high‐grade shale paving brick. This line, produced by an undetermined crystal, is more intense in the tougher than in the weaker brick. The line falls at 2.03 ± 0.01 Ångström units.A further result of this investigation is the proof that cristobalite, mullite, sillimanite, alumina, and cyanite are not present in the paving brick studied. This also shows that mullite is not produced in ceramic materials at the relatively low temperature at which paving brick are fired.
MODERN WASTE‐HEAT TUNNEL DRIERS*
Authors: Garve T. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe use of driers utilizing all waste heat available from kiln firing and cooling is advocated. Faults of waste‐heat tunnel driers in reference to the manner of heat application are eliminated by original methods reaching the vital points, which are incorporated in driers of the following types: (1) hot air (waste heat) from top, combustion gas from bottom (optional); (2) hot air (waste heat) from bottom, combustion gas from bottom; and (3) hot air (waste heat) from bottom.