bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal textual analysis: an innovative method for analysing how realised strategies evolve
Authors: Langley A. , Kakabadse N. , Swailes S. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to present an innovative methodological framework developed out of primary research that will lead to new understanding about patterns in the strategic actions realised by firms within an industry. The framework is to be applied to increase understanding of how realised strategies evolved in the pharmaceutical industry and overcomes some of the limitations of other methods.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach was developed adapting techniques from text, thematic and content analysis to identify and categorise strategic actions realised by pharmaceutical firms (referred to as grand strategies). Strategic actions were not pre‐selected but allowed to emerge during the data collection process from public announcements by firms in the industry's main journal,Scrip. Building upon the work of Pearce and Robinson grand strategies can be understood as the packages of strategic actions that firms had planned and/or realised in order to achieve long‐term objectives.FindingsA framework of realised strategic actions and grand strategies in the pharmaceutical industry was developed with 23 mutually exclusive categories. The paper shows how the framework can be used as an analytical tool to explore patterns in strategic action and grand strategy evolution, temporal patterns in strategy development and strategic action coevolution.Research limitations/implicationsA limitation of the categorisation is that it is based on material collected from two years of empirical data fromScripin order to develop the methodological framework. The framework was applied to data collected over an 11 year period in order to explore how the strategic actions of individual firms had evolved and co‐evolved. Data sources were limited to published sources.Originality/valueThe qualitative approach presented here offers a level of depth that has not been achieved by methodological approaches previously used to explore and compare patterns in realised strategic actions by firms operating in the pharmaceutical industry. The innovative approach contributes to management research in two key ways: providing a methodological framework that overcomes the limitations of previous studies into strategy evolution; and providing a systematic approach to data collection and analysis that can contribute to theory building with regard to strategy evolution.
Liminal ethnography: understanding segregated organisations
Authors: Bargiela‐Chiappini Francesca 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe paper aims to discuss liminal ethnography as a new approach for conducting research in segregated organisations.Design/methodology/approachThe paper proposes liminality as a conceptual key to understanding both the condition of the organisational ethnographer and that of her interlocutors.Conversatiois the novel hermeneutical method that is discussed in conjunction with liminal ethnography.FindingsLiminal ethnography as outlined in the paper emerged as an approach from preliminary contact with the organisational reality of the monastery as a type of total institution. Similarly,conversatiosuggested itself as a method that maximises limited face to face contact with interlocutors whose access to the external world is restricted by a behavioural code enshrined in a Rule.Research limitations/implicationsParadoxically, the restrictions imposed on the researcher provided inspiration for the analytical approach proposed by the paper therefore initial limitations such as restricted access eventually spurred conceptual development.Originality/valueThe original approach should be of interest to organisational researchers operating in total institutions or in organisations where severely restricted access renders extant methodologies only partly applicable, if at all. The paper also discusses ethical issues arising from collaboration with rule‐governed communities.
Working with blinders on
Authors: Marri Anand R. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a critical race theory content analysis of research on technology and social studies education.Design/methodology/approachThis study, using a critical race theory (CRT) framework, investigates how social studies education scholars have critically addressed the intersection between technology and race/ethnicity through a content analysis of articles in the journalsTheory and Research in Social Education(TRSE) andContemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education(CITE) since 1990.FindingsThis paper contends that the interaction between technology and race/ethnicity is rarely critically examined in these two prominent social studies education research journals.Originality/valueIn light of this neglect, the paper discusses the need for an in‐depth analysis of the reification of low‐level pedagogical methods with racial/ethnic minority students, an unexplored area of research.
Multicultural e‐learning project and comparison of teachers', student teachers' and pupils' perceptions about e‐learning
Authors: Orly Michael 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe a special multicultural project in e‐learning that was accompanied by a research. In this project, student teachers experience the planning, implementation and receiving of feedback on computerized teaching of children from diverse multicultural groups. The aim of the research was to examine what e‐learning is according to teachers, pupils and student teachers from diverse cultural backgrounds.Design/methodology/approachThe research population in the sample included 130 respondents in three groups: teachers', student teachers' and pupils'.FindingsThe uniqueness of this research is the comparison of the three groups and the results that show that in most areas that were checked, significant differences were found between the perception of the teachers, pupils and student teachers.Practical implicationsTeachers and student teachers should know what their pupils think of e‐learning and should consider it in order to improve their performance in e‐learning. The study's findings have significant implications for education systems and teachers in the design and implementation of online projects.Originality/valueThe value of the research findings is that they illuminate similar and differing viewpoints concerning e‐learning in culturally as well as functionally diverse populations. Teachers and pupils perceive e‐learning differently, and this has a direct influence on teaching and learning.
A conceptual model for the internet's impact on marketing in Iran
Authors: Ghazisaeedi Mehdi , Pitt Leyland F. , Kamal Chaharsooghi S. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe potential impact of the internet on marketing is a common topic of discussion in marketing literature. However, there is still much debate on exactly what impact it will have on developing countries. To perceive this impact world‐wide, it is essential to spread some light to the less investigated parts of the globe as well. This study aims to reach a better conceptual model for the internet's impact on marketing in Iran, by examining Iranian marketing managers' perceptions of the internet's impact on their key marketing activities and comparing the results with other parts of the world.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs a cross‐sectional research design involving self‐administered delivery and collection surveys to Iranian marketing decision makers.FindingsThe findings suggest that the impact of these new media will be to cause firms to redefine markets, marketing activity and value creation, although these changes are not dramatic.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings reported here are snapshots in time. The internet's rapid evolution and growth demand that regular tracking with longitudinal designs be implemented.Practical implicationsFirms need to make changes in the marketing activities and market definitions and to try to reach the new ways that are created through the internet.Originality/valueA modified model for the world wide web marketing that seems to be more realistic for developing countries is presented.
The whole truth and nothing but the truth? The role of data quality today
Authors: Scarisbrick‐Hauser AnneMarie , Rouse Christina 
Published: August 2007

PurposeHistorically, firms have done very well in collecting a large volume of data. Unfortunately, the data are often collected and stored without proper consideration being given to how they will be used later. This paper aims to consider how firms can more effectively gather usable data.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology used was a conceptual approach using real‐time examples.FindingsThe findings indicate that organizations do not lack for data – they lack high quality, analyzable data.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper does not provide an empirical sample. Future research should focus more specifically on the type of data firms collect and the reasons for collecting those data.Practical implicationsThe paper shows the difference between simply collecting data and collecting data, which can be used at a later date.Originality/valueThe paper provides a blueprint for firms to enable more effective data collection and use.
External cost of air pollution from thermal power plants: case of Greece
Authors: Georgakellos Dimitrios A. 
Published: August 2007

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to quantify the external cost of airborne pollutants (i.e. sulphur and nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, and particulate matters) generated during electricity production in the thermal power plants in Greece.Design/methodology/approachThis paper applies the EcoSenseLE online tool to examine the external cost of air pollution generated in all thermal power stations of 50 MW or higher capacity in Greece. The external cost has been calculated for five damage categories and by fuel types. Data for 2004 has been used and projections up to 2030 have been made.FindingsThis research finds that the external cost of the natural gas power plants is €13.87 per MWh which is the lowest for the system while the cost is estimated at €43.89 per MWh for lignite plants. The external cost of air pollution from the power sector in 2004 has been estimated at €1.89 billion and is expected to increase to €2.48 billion in 2025. The marginal external cost at the plant level varies from €8.76 to 93.15 per MWh. This variation is due to the quality of fuel, and the technology of plants.Research limitations/implicationsThe general limitation of the external cost methodology applies to this work as it uses the standard method developed for the ExternE project. Similarly, the data limitations as well as assumptions related to the costs and exclusions/omissions of cost elements affect the results.Practical implicationsThe estimation of external costs is important for decision makers in the electricity sector to develop strategies for emission reduction and to develop environmental and energy policies.Originality/valueThe contribution of the paper lies in its use of recent data for the estimation and projection of the external costs until 2030. This allows an understanding of the changes in the external costs from power generation in the country.
Simultaneous effect of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid on epidermal permeability barrier function and epidermal keratinocyte differentiation via peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α
Authors: LIM Suk Won , HONG Seung Phil , JEONG Sung Won , KIM Bora , BAK Hana , RYOO Hee Chang , LEE Seung Hun , AHN Sung Ku 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTUrsolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (ONA) are pentacyclic triterpenoids, which naturally occur in many medicinal herbs and plants. Recent research revealed that several pharmacological effects could be attributed to UA and ONA, such as anti‐tumor, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐microbial activities. To evaluate the effects of UA and ONA on epidermal permeability barrier recovery and normal skin, both flanks of hairless mice were topically treated with either 0.01~0.1 mg/mL UA or 0.1~1.0 mg/mL ONA after tape stripping and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were assessed, and then hydration and TEWL were measured for 3 weeks with application of UA and ONA (2 mg/mL). We also investigated the morphological changes using light (LM) and electron microscopic (EM) examination. Finally, we observed that UA and ONA stimulated epidermal keratinocyte differentiation via peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐α using Western immunoblotting. The recovery rate of epidermal permeability barrier after tape stripping increased in the UA‐ and ONA‐treated groups (0.1 mg/mL UA and 0.5 mg/mL ONA) at 6 h to more than 20% when compared to the vehicle‐treated group (P < 0.05). In both groups, hydration was increased compared to the vehicle group from 1 week without TEWL alteration (P < 0.05). An LM finding showed that epidermal thickening was frequently observed (UA > ONA > vehicle). EM examination revealed an increase in secretion and in the number of lamellar bodies in treated groups and that complete formation of lipid bilayers was also prominent (ONA > UA > vehicle). Protein expression of PPAR‐α, involucrin, loricrin and filaggrin increased twofold and threefold in HaCaT cells treated for 24 h with either ONA (10 µmol/L) or UA (10 µmol/L), respectively, reflecting that the UA and ONA can improve the recovery of skin barrier function and induce epidermal keratinocyte differentiation via PPAR‐α. Taken together, these results suggest that UA and ONA will be pertinent candidates for the improvement of epidermal permeability barrier function.
Toll‐like receptor 2 –196 to 174del polymorphism influences the susceptibility of Japanese people to gastric cancer
Authors: Tahara Tomomitsu , Arisawa Tomiyasu , Wang Fangyu , Shibata Tomoyuki , Nakamura Masakatsu , Sakata Mikijyu , Hirata Ichiro , Nakano Hiroshi 
Published: August 2007

Toll like receptors (TLR) play important roles in the signaling of many pathogen‐related molecules and endogenous proteins associated with immune activation. The –196 to –174del polymorphism affects the TLR2 gene and alters its promoter activity. We investigated the influence of the TLR2–196 to –174del polymorphism on the occurrence of non‐cardiac gastric cancer (NCGC) in a Japanese population. The study was carried out with 289 patients with NCGC, 309 non‐cancer patients with abdominal discomfort and 146 healthy controls. The –196 to –174del TLR2 polymorphism was investigated using the allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction method in all of the subjects. The –196 to –174del/del genotype of TLR2 showed a significantly higher frequency in NCGC patients than in healthy controls (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 6.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.86–19.72). Similarly, the frequency of the –196 to –174del/del genotype was significantly higher among NCGC patients than in non‐cancer patients (adjusted OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.22–3.34). The same genotype was associated with an increased risk of both intestinal (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.12–3.60) and diffuse‐type (OR = 2.05; 95% CI = 1.11–3.79) histopathology. There were no significant associations between TLR2 genotypes and tumor stage and anatomical location. Our data suggest that the –196 to –174del/del genotype of TLR2 may increase the risk of gastric cancer in the Japanese population. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1790–1794)
Respiratory hospital admissions were associated with ambient airborne pollen in Darwin, Australia, 2004–2005
Authors: Hanigan I. C. , Johnston F. H. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryBackground
Although the role of pollen and fungus in specific allergic disorders has been well established, the public health impacts of ambient concentrations of airborne pollen and fungal spores; the shapes of concentration–response relationships; and the relative effects of different taxa are gaps in current knowledge.Objective
To investigate associations between daily average ambient pollen and fungal spore concentrations with hospital admissions for total respiratory diseases; asthma; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); and respiratory infections in Darwin, Australia, during the period from April 2004 to November 2005.Methods
We assessed these relationships in a two‐stage modelling approach designed to quantify potential non‐linear relationships. First, generalized additive models determined the shapes of concentration–response relationships. Second, linear associations were examined using generalized linear models. Non‐linear relationships were analysed by categorizing pollen and fungal spore concentrations based on their distributions.Results
Positive linear associations were found between total pollen concentrations and hospital admissions for total respiratory diseases and COPD. While our exploratory first‐stage analysis suggested non‐linear relationships for total pollen with asthma and respiratory infections, no convincing evidence for these relationships was found in the second‐stage analysis. When individual taxa were investigated, associations were the strongest in relation to Myrtaceae pollen (the dominant tree taxa in the region), while positive associations not attaining statistical significance were observed for Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Arecaceae. No associations were evident for any conditions with fungal spores.Conclusions
Our finding of an association between pollen count and respiratory hospital admissions that could not be explained by asthma admissions suggests that ambient airborne pollens might have a wider public health impact than previously recognized.
Is the effect of the NAO on North‐east Arctic cod, Gadus morhua, recruitment stock‐dependent?
Authors: SOLOW ANDREW R. , BEET ANDREW R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere is considerable interest in understanding the effect of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on recruitment to North Atlantic cod stocks. An earlier analysis of data for the North‐east Arctic cod stock showed that, while there is an empirical relationship between recruitment and the NAO over the period 1973–96, this relationship was absent over the period 1946–72. It has recently been suggested that the effect of the NAO on recruitment depends on the size of the spawning stock. Here, the possibility that this explains the earlier result for North‐east Arctic cod is tested and rejected.
The marine temperature and depth preferences of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and sea trout (Salmo trutta), as recorded by data storage tags
Authors: RIKARDSEN AUDUN H. , DISERUD OLA H. , ELLIOTT J. MALCOLM , DEMPSON J. BRIAN , STURLAUGSSON JOHANNES , JENSEN ARNE J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEleven Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) (370–512 mm) and eight sea trout (Salmo trutta) (370–585 mm in length) were tagged externally or internally with depth‐ and temperature‐measuring data‐storage tags (DST) before they were released into the sea in the Alta Fjord in north Norway in June 2002. All sea trout were recaptured after they spent 1–40 days at sea, while all Arctic charr were recaptured after 0.5–33 days at sea. On average, trout preferred water about 0.6 m deeper and 1.3°C warmer than Arctic charr. Arctic charr spent >50% of their time between 0 and 1 m depth, while trout spent >50% of their time between 1 and 2 m depth. Both species spent >90% of their time in water no deeper than 3 m from the water surface. However, sea trout dove more frequently and to greater depths (max. 28 m) than Arctic charr (max. 16 m), and these deep dives were most frequently performed at the end of the sea migration. Arctic charr demonstrated a diel diving pattern, staying on average about 0.5 m deeper between 08:00 hours and about 15:00 hours than during the rest of the 24 h, even though there was continuous daylight during the experiments. When comparing data obtained from the DSTs with temperature measurements within the fjord system, the two species were observed to select different feeding areas during their sea migration, the sea trout choosing the inner and warmer parts of the fjord, in contrast to the Arctic charr that preferred the outer, colder parts of the fjord. The observed differences in migration behaviour between the two species are discussed in relation to species preferences for prey and habitat selection, and their optimal temperatures for growth.
Striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) movements and habitat utilization during a summer and autumn in the Southwest Pacific Ocean
Authors: SIPPEL TIM J. , DAVIE PETER S. , HOLDSWORTH JOHN C. , BLOCK BARBARA A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSix striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) were caught on hook and line from recreational fishing boats near northern New Zealand (34°S, 174°E) and tagged and released with pop‐off satellite archival tags. For periods ranging from 22 to 60 days over the geographical range 168°E–170°W and 13–34°S, five tags collected a total of 202 days (range of 21–60 days) of data. These data permit the investigation of striped marlin geographical and vertical movements and water temperatures occupied from February to June 2003. One hundred and one days of geoposition data showed a preliminary view of their movements in and around New Zealand waters. Transmitted temperature and depth data indicated striped marlin spent 80% (±2%) of their time in the mixed layer including 72% (±2%) of their time in the top 5 m. Temperature data indicated 75% (±10%) of the striped marlin’s time was spent in water temperatures between 20.1 and 24.0°C. Tagged striped marlin moved faster during periods of directed movement away from New Zealand versus periods of passive movements when the fish were proximal to New Zealand or not moving in any specific direction. These data support some existing hypotheses about striped marlin physiological ecology and allow preliminary suggestions about how striped marlin bycatch might be reduced.
Optimized biophysical model for Icelandic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae
Authors: BRICKMAN DAVID , TAYLOR LORNA , GUDMUNDSDÓTTIR ÁSTA , MARTEINSDÓTTIR GUDRUN 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA characteristic of biophysical models (BPM) is that they contain a number of parameters that are poorly known or only known within a range of possible values. This paper describes an efficient optimized BPM developed to simulate the Icelandic cod pelagic 0‐group survey data. The method is based on presenting the results as a probability density function (PDF) that a particle released from a given spawning drifts downstream to a given grid location some time later. The model determines egg production model parameters (peak spawning time, spawning duration, number of eggs released) for each of 15 spawning grounds as the solution of a bound constrained optimization problem that minimizes model‐data misfits in abundance and age distributions. The model is applied to simulating the 2002 and 2003 summer survey data. The model does a reasonable job of simulating the observed inshore / offshore abundance gradient and spatial age gradient for each year. Problem areas are explained from the point of view of model limitations. We caution that the results from an optimized model should always be assessed with the model’s limitations in mind and with respect to whatever biological data are available.