bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Equality Constraint Formulations for Concurrent Design Optimization
Authors: Tappeta Ravindra V. , Renaud John E. 
Published: March 2007

In this research two comparative studies are conducted in application to the concurrent design optimization method of Simulta neous ANalysis and Design (SAND) In one study three different forms of equality constraints referred to as compatibility constraints in the SAND procedure are compared with respect to their impact on algorithm efficiency. Results indicate that the form of the compatibility con straints can have a significant impact on performance in the SAND based procedure. In a second study a Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) optimizer and a Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) optimizer are compared with respect to their efficacy as the internal opti mizer within the SAND based optimization procedure. Comparative studies indicate that the SQP method is preferred over the GRG method in application of SAND based design. The comparative studies were conducted in application to two Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) test problems. The method of SAND was originally developed as an optimization strategy for structural design problems. Recent studies have focussed on applying the principles of SAND to multidisciplinary design environments In this research we focus on the concurrency that can be achieved in multidisciplinary design environments using SAND. In a multidisciplinary design environment the SAND approach facilitates each of the seven principles of concurrent engineering as described in Prasad, 1996. The SAND based method provides for: parallel work groups, parallel product decomposition, concurrent resource scheduling, concurrent processing, minimal interfaces, transparent communi cation and quick processing. Application studies confirm that a significant savings in the number of analyses required for design optimiza tion are observed when using the SAND approach of concurrent design. SAND based design delivers on the promise of concurrent engi neering, namely to develop optimal designs, working concurrently, while reducing design cycle time.
The Role of Photo Documentation of Genital Findings in Medical Evaluations of Suspected Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Adams Joyce A. 
Published: March 2007

Results of a national survey of 104 nurse practitioners (NPs), registered nurses (RNs), and Physician Assistants (PAs) who conducted physical assessments in cases of suspected child physical abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse revealed that evaluation for suspected CSA was the type of evaluation conducted most often (92.5%), followed by physical abuse (70%), and neglect (54%). Most participants (76.9%) conducting CSA evaluations used a colposcope and interpreted colposcopic findings (70.2%). The mean number of years of speciality practice in CM reported by participants was 6, with a range of one to 20 years. While the majority (68%) of respondents were members of interdisciplinary child protection teams, only 10.7% were members of child fatality review teams. Although the vast majority (78.4%) of participants had testified in court on CM cases, most reported experiencing barriers to testifying in cases of CM. The barrier to testifying cited most often was a lack of credibility with the judicial system (60%), with 32% of respondents citing not being a physician (31%) as a major barrier in being accepted as an expert in CM. Implications for practice, policy, and future research are discussed.
Palatability of Ground Beef Home Frozen and Stored in Selected Wraps1
Authors: Baldwin Ruth E. , Borchelt Dorothy , Cloninger Marion 
Published: March 2007

A survey of household practices in wrapping, freezing, and storing ground beef was used as the basis for planning a laboratory study of the effects of packaging materials on palatability and weight loss of ground beef patties frozen and stored at ‐18°C. (0°F.) and at −9°C. (15°F.). Quality was monitored at 0‐, 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐, 6‐, and 12‐week intervals.Palatability of ground beef was affected less by storage temperature when packaged in aluminum foil than when wrapped in freezer paper, polyvinylchloride‐1 film, or wax paper. Storage at −18°C. (0°F.) was more effective than ‐9°C. (15°F.) in protecting flavor and aroma. Palatability of ground beef declined significantly between 6 and 12 weeks when stored at the high temperature. Wax paper permitted significantly more loss in weight in ground beef patties during freezer storage than did any of the other selected packaging materials.
Clothing Practices and Preferences of Blue‐Collar Workers and Their Families1
Authors: Kundel Carolyn 
Published: March 2007

The population of this study was married industrial workers who were employed in 1968 in Iowa metal processing industries. Fifteen companies participated in the study with com pleted data received on 186 families. The men and their wives were interviewed in their homes, and employee data sheets were completed by employers.Descriptive information was reported on clothing practices and preferences. The associa tion of clothing practices and preferences to level of education and to aspects of employ ment including absence from work, job attitude, and current job and advancement were ex amined. Higher levels of education correlated with more formal clothing worn by the husband to work, and the preference of the wife for one $14 dress over two $7 dresses. The variable describing current job and advancement was associated with higher levels of edu cation of both the employee and his wife, wearing more formal clothing to work by the hus band, and a preference of the wife for quality rather than quantity in clothing.
Attitudes Toward Food as Indicators of Subcultural Value Systems
Authors: Steelman Virginia Purtle 
Published: March 2007

The intent of this paper is to focus attention on the relationships of food habits to under lying attitudes and values of subcultures and to suggest a possible approach for studying these relationships. The specific research objective was to investigate the relationship of attitudes toward food to the subcultural variables of race, religious locality, and age of homemakers. The objective also was to relate these attitudes toward food to “American” value systems so that possible differences in subcultural value systems could be detected.Homemakers from a systematic random sample of two small towns with distinctive reli gious and race subcultures were interviewed. The following attitude indexes related to food were developed through the use of principal component factor analyses: Propensity to Change, Convenience, Frugality, Health, Social Status, and Sociability Aspects. Attitude index scores were subjected to least‐squares analyses of variance by the following variables: religious locality, race, age, age by race, education, and income.Significant differences by religious locality were found on the Social Status Index. Race differences were found for all indexes except Propensity to Change. An age by race interac tion was found on the Propensity to Change Index and an age difference was significant on the Convenience Index.
Clothing and Aesthetics: Perception of Form
Authors: DeLong Marilyn Revell 
Published: March 2007

Prior to and after 40 hours of visual exposure to, and discussion of, a wide range of costume body forms, 51 subjects were asked to respond to eight costume body forms varying in visual effect. Both pre‐ and post‐responses included a description of each costume body form and a selection of the slides liked best and least.Descriptions were compared as to: (1) orientation of the observer to the whole form and (2) the morphologic‐axiologic orientation. A majority of viewers increased in morphologic orientation and there was an increase in responses to the whole costume body form. A chi square test gave support to the hypothesis that viewers could separate their like or dislike of a costume body form from their descriptive consideration of that costume body form.
Household Task Performance Roles of Husbands and Wives
Authors: Lovingood Rebecca P. , Firebaugh Francille M. 
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study involved conceptualization and empirical analysis of household task per formance roles and social‐demographic characteristics. Roles were viewed as recurrent patterns of action resulting from a combination of human resources and household tasks, and affected by social‐demographic characteristics.Data were collected in 1972 from husbands and wives in 100 young families. Although spouses shared in making and implementing task decisions, they tended to specialize, i.e., they differentiated roles. Wives had somewhat more total responsibility than husbands, especially in implementing decisions.Factor analysis yielded 14 factors, indicating dimensional variations among five types of fami lies. Further research with a larger sample is needed to examine hypotheses that could be generated from the factor analysis.
The Seriation of Fashion
Authors: Turnbaugh Sarah Peabody 
Published: March 2007

The “seriational technique,” a new method for measuring and interpreting the incessant nature of stylistic change in fashion, is presented. Two established research methods—content analysis and seriation—are combined to form this technique. Content analysis of headgear featured in Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine, 1830—1898, is used to collect data pertaining to stylistic change in bonnets. A variant of seriation is then used to order these data for analysis and interpretation. Major nineteenth century American bonnet types illustrated in Godey's are dated and defined on the basis of style.The results obtained from using the “seriational technique” are then applied in both isolated and comparative situations. More generally, the approach should be relevant in all branches of home economics that use quantitative techniques for either historic or contemporary studies.
Home Economists as Cross‐Cultural Researchers: A Field Study of Ghanaian Clothin Selection
Authors: Littrell Mary Ann 
Published: March 2007

Participant observation procedures from cultural anthropology and social science research methods common to home economics were combined in assessing the cross‐cultural applica bility of the American clothing selection generalization: selection of American dress is based on certain aesthetic, psychological, sociological, economic and physiological attributes of the clothing.Ninety‐nine Ghanaian women consumers completed a questionnaire anvolving choices among cloths and ranking of reasons for the choices. Chi‐square and Spearman rank order correlations were used in analyzing the data. Consumers differed significantly in their cloth choices when analyzed by age and ethnic group but not when analyzed by occupation. How ever all individuals agreed on the reasons for their choices. Selection of Ghanaian wax print textiles was related to, in order of importance, aesthetic, psychological, and sociological but not economic or physiological clothing attributes.The combination of cultural anthropology and home economics research approaches was evaluated as useful in selection of a topic appropriate to the culture and informants, in collec tion of a wide variety of data bearing on clothing selection, and in comparison of “ideal” to “real” culture. The research methods provided checks on each other for conducting objective research in another culture.
Typical Chairs 1949–1968: An Analysis of Style and Evolution
Authors: Lane Alta N. , Stewart K. Kay 
Published: March 2007

This study defined the style of chairs for 1949–1968 as a basis for future study of social and cultural aspects of furniture. Objectives were to (1) develop a notation system for classifying and indexing traits of chair design; (2) identify chair traits which occurred year by year using this notation system; (3) determine traits characteristic of the period and anaylze those traits for patterns of evolution, and (4) examine relationships among the traits to identify the styles which occurred during the period.From 2000 chairs chosen as representative of chairs manufactured and/or distributed in the United States during the 20‐year period, 203 traits were identified within eight categories. Data were first analyzed by frequencies, percentages, graphs, and histograms and then by chi‐square to examine changes during the 20‐year period and identify evolutionary patterns. The relationships between traits were examined to identify typical chairs of the period.Findings indicated traits did not develop independently but in relation to other traits similar in appearance. Evolution was present as shown in patterns of change in traits.
Black‐White Differentials in the Demand for Children
Authors: Abdel‐Ghany Mohamed 
Published: March 2007

Using the 1970 National Fertility Survey, a multiple regression model was used to determine the effects of selected socioeconomic variables on the number of intended children by black and white families. The study also examined the extent to which the black‐white differentials in the demand for children can be accounted for by underlying differences in socioeconomic characteristics between the two racial groups.Results of the study indicate that differences in the socioeconomic characteristics between black and white families explained 50 percent of the difference in the intended number of children by the two racial groups.
Business Dress for Women Corporate Professionals
Authors: Dillon Linda S. 
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were (1) to determine any underlying considerations governing the perceptions of professional people as to the appropriateness of specific types of garment styles for female business dress and (2) to determine if a difference exists in the perceptions of appropriateness of garment styles by sex.Interviews were conducted with male and female professionals at 15 randomly selected com panies. Subjects responded by sorting a set of 36 garment‐photos. Preference data were sub mitted to analysis by multidimensional scaling. One photo from each of the twelve types of garment style categories was used to create a set of 66 ordered pairs which provided com parison data for multidimensional scaling analysis.For the preference data three interpretable dimensions are reported: Dimension one is a for mal to casual dimension which accounts for 50. 7 percent of the subjects' response variance. Dimension two is a dress versus coordinated outfit dimension which accounts for 10.9 percent of the subjects' response variance. Dimension three is a factor of the degree of bodice coverage and accounts for 6. 7 percent of the subjects' response variance.For the paired comparison data five interpretable dimensions are reported. Dimension one accounts for 53. 7 percent of the subjects' response variance and is a tailored versus casual or jacket versus no jacket dimension. Dimension two is a dress versus coordinated outfit dimen sion which accounts for 16.3 percent of the subjects' response variance. Dimension three is a factor of the amount of fit in the waistline area accounting for 7.1 percent of the subjects' response variance. Dimension four is a skirt versus pants dimension which accounts for 6.2 per cent of the subjects' response variance. Dimension five is a factor of surface interest of fabrics, accounting for 5.2 percent of the subjects' response variance.The only significant t‐test (α≤ .05) of sex group mean weights was for dimension one of the preference data, the formal, well‐tailored to informal, more casual dimension. Formality of dress may play a more significant role in the male's estimation of the appropriateness of a gar ment than it does for the female subjects.
Impact of Clothing on Impressions of Personal Characteristics and Writing Ability
Authors: Lapitsky Mary , Smith Cynthia M. 
Published: March 2007

The study was designed to determine if attractive clothing had a more positive effect than unattractive clothing on a perceiver's impressions of the personal characteristics of the writer of an essay and the qualities of the essay. Perceivers who assigned high interest/importance to clothing were expected to favorably rate both personal characteristics of an attractively dressed writer and the essay. A negative relationship was anticipated between high clothing interest/importance scores and ratings of an unattractively dressed writer and the essay.A total of 160 college coeds were divided equally among 8 experimental treatments: interest ing/uninteresting essay, two writers, and attractive/unattractive clothing. Significantly higher ratings were found with attractive clothing for the 5 personal traits and for 4 of the 5 essay qualities. Significant positive correlations occurred between high clothing interest/importance scores and ratings of personal traits and essay qualities. No significant negative correlations occurred between any evaluative ratings and high clothing interest/importance scores.
Clothing Satisfaction Determinants
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth D. , Dunsing Marilyn M. 
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate some of the socioeconomic and social‐psycho logical determinants of homemakers' satisfaction with their clothing. Data were collected from wives in 204 nuclear families residing in a north central SMSA (Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area) university town. Multiple regression analysis was employed to analyze the data, while an adaptation of the jackknife statistic was used for purposes of validation. A fairly extensive discussion of methodology has been included in order to introduce statistical tech niques which are somewhat new to this area of study.The results support the general hypothesis that satisfaction with clothing is a function of selected socioeconomic and social‐psychological variables. In descending order of importance, it was found that a homemaker was more satisfied with her clothing if she (1) was more satisfied with her material well‐being, (2) ranked herself higher in the proportion of the family's annual clothing expenditures spent for her, (3) perceived her clothing income to be adequate, (4) never felt restricted in what she wore, (5) spent fewer hours per week doing volunteer work, (6) bought new fashions sooner compared with those with whom she came in contact, and (7) had someone other than herself alone decide what styles of clothing were to be bought for her. The adjusted coefficient of multiple determination for the final regression model was 386, significant at the 001 level.
College Faculty Perception of the Importance of a Comprehensive View of Home Economics and an Orientation to the Field for Graduate Students
Authors: Kreutz Shirley 
Published: March 2007

The importance which home economics faculty places on colleagues having a comprehen sive view of home economics was of concern to members of the American Home Economics Association's Graduate Commission and Agency Member Units. A study was undertaken where two faculty members each from fifty 1978–79 Agency Member Units, provided data.Using the Scheffé Multiple Range test, there was a significant difference (at the 0.05 level) regarding how important respondents by type of faculty responsibility, type of degree, and type of institution with which employed, believed it was for faculty to have a comprehensive view of the field. When asked whether an interdisciplinary orientation to home economics should be provided to graduate students with different backgrounds, there was a significant difference by type of faculty responsibility and type of degree. The strength of the belief, or degree of importance, was the point at which these groups differed significantly. Data were also collected regarding respondents' views of the usefulness of selected experiences thought to convey an interdisciplinary orientation to home economics.Findings from the study indicate that home economics college faculty believe it important that its members have a comprehensive view of the field, that graduate students be provided an interdisciplinary orientation to home economics, and that experiences periodically bring ing students together for study and dialogue provide meaningful ways to attain such an orientation.
Gender, Delinquency and Child Welfare
Authors: ERICSSON KJERSTI 
Published: March 2007

The article explores how assumptions about gender are made visible in child welfare work. Boys and girls considered delinquent in post-war Norway have been placed in institutions for different reasons; boys for committing crimes, girls for being `sexually delinquent'. Socialization into the appropriate gender roles has been a main objective for correctional institutions: rebellious boys are to be subdued and made law-abiding without hurting their masculinity, while girls are to be restored to virtuous femininity. Standards used by child welfare to evaluate the parental performance of mothers and fathers also mirror the implicit, `self-evident truths' of the gendered order of society. The child welfare officials themselves, the vast majority of whom are women, are caught in the dichotomy between `professional' (with its masculine connotations) and `personal' (with its feminine connotations), and thereby have problems gaining professional recognition. Change seems to have occurred primarily in the applied, relatively flexible, `regulative rules', rather than in the basic `constitutive rules' of the gendered order.
Exploring stress in children's nurses
Authors: Doman Margaret J. 
Published: March 2007

■ Little research into stress has been conducted on nurses caring for children in hospital wards ■ Delegates at children's nursing conferences completed questionnaires which sought to identify potential work- related stressors and mediating factors ■ Quantitative analysis identified stress/difficulty in relation to various situations and caring for children with mental health problems ■ As predicted, qualified children's nurses reported lower levels of stress/difficulty overall than those without such training ■ The value of children's nursing courses and the apparent influence of the workplace on reported stress require further investigation
On the Relationship between Criminological Research and Policy:
Authors: SEBBA LESLIE 
Published: March 2007

The past two decades have seen a growing interest in the topic of crime victims. This has been reflected in intensive legislative activity and policy reforms, accompanied by a not inconsiderable body of research. The question arises, however, as to whether and to what extent there is any connection between the policy reforms and the research. This question arises, of course, in other areas of criminological policy—as, indeed, in other areas of social policy. Thus crime victims may be seen as a case study for the analysis of a more general issue.The current article attempts to evaluate how far criminological policy in general, and victim policy in particular, is research driven. The same issue is then approached from another perspective: what are the factors that influence policy making, and what, if any, is the role of research in this? This analysis is followed by a review of the findings of victim research, in order to indicate their implications for victim policy, in the event of such policy becoming research oriented.1