bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High‐Risk for Endarterectomy: SAPPHIRE Worldwide Registry First 2,001 Patients
Authors: Massop Douglas , Dave Rajesh , Metzger Christopher , Bachinsky Williams , Solis Maurice , Shah Rasesh , Schultz Greg , Schreiber Theodore , Ashchi Majdi , Hibbard Robbert 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundPreviously, the Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection of Patients with High Risk for Endarterectomy (SAPPHIRE) randomized trial showed that carotid artery stenting (CAS) was not inferior to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in the treatment of high‐surgical risk patients.ObjectiveThe primary objective of the SAPPHIRE Worldwide Registry is to evaluate 30‐day major adverse events (MAE) after CAS performed by physicians with varied experience and utilizing a formal training program. Data will be analyzed on the overall patient population and by high‐risk inclusion criteria.MethodsSAPPHIRE Worldwide is a multicenter, prospective, postapproval registry to evaluate CAS with distal protection in patients at high‐risk for surgery using the Cordis PRECISE Nitinol Stent and ANGIOGUARD™ XP/RX Emboli Capture Guidewire. Participating physicians are encouraged to treat patients according to their standard of practice and consistent with current Food and Drug Administration‐approved labeling.ResultsEnrollment began in October 2006. Data are available on the first 2,001 patients enrolled and followed to 30 days. Of these patients, the mean age was 72.2 ± 9.75 yr; 62% were male; and 27.7% were symptomatic. Entry criteria for surgical high‐risk included anatomic (n = 716), physiologic (n = 918), or both risk factors (n = 327). At 30‐day follow‐up, the MAE was 4.4% (death 1.1%, stroke 3.2%, MI 0.7%) for the overall population. Patients with anatomic risk had a significantly lower 30‐day MAE than patients with physiologic risk (2.8% vs. 4.9%, P = 0.0306), respectively.ConclusionsWhile the number of physicians performing CAS continues to increase, MAE rates seen in this registry (4.4%) are well within an acceptable range, as was first seen in the SAPPHIRE randomized trial (4.8%). A significant decrease in MAE was seen in patients with anatomic risk compared with physiologic risk factors. The SAPPHIRE Worldwide Registry supports the use of CAS as an alternative to CEA in patients who are at high‐risk for surgery due to anatomic risk factors. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Valence‐State Analysis through Spectroelectrochemistry in a Series of Quinonoid‐Bridged Diruthenium Complexes [(acac)2Ru(μ‐L)Ru(acac)2]n (n=+2, +1, 0, −1, −2)
Authors: Ghumaan Sandeep , Sarkar Biprajit , Maji Somnath , Puranik Vedavati G. , Fiedler Jan , Urbanos Francisco A. , Jimenez‐Aparicio Reyes , Kaim Wolfgang , Lahiri Goutam Kumar 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe quinonoid ligand‐bridged diruthenium compounds [(acac)2Ru(μ‐L2−)Ru(acac)2] (acac−=acetylacetonato=2,4‐pentanedionato; L2−=2,5‐dioxido‐1,4‐benzoquinone, 1; 3,6‐dichloro‐2,5‐dioxido‐1,4‐benzoquinone, 2; 5,8‐dioxido‐1,4‐naphthoquinone, 3; 2,3‐dichloro‐5,8‐dioxido‐1,4‐naphthoquinone, 4; 1,5‐dioxido‐9,10‐anthraquinone, 5; and 1,5‐diimido‐9,10‐anthraquinone, 6) were prepared and characterized analytically. The crystal structure analysis of 5 in the rac configuration reveals two tris(2,4‐pentanedionato)ruthenium moieties with an extended anthracenedione‐derived bis(ketoenolate) π‐conjugated bridging ligand. The weakly antiferromagnetically coupled {RuIII(μ‐L2−)RuIII} configuration in 1–6 exhibits complicated overall magnetic and EPR responses. The simultaneous presence of highly redox‐active quinonoid‐bridging ligands and of two ruthenium centers capable of adopting the oxidation states +2, +3, and +4 creates a large variety of possible oxidation state combinations. Accordingly, the complexes 1–6 exhibit two reversible one‐electron oxidation steps and at least two reversible reduction processes. Shifts to positive potentials were observed on introduction of Cl substituents (1→2, 3→4) or through replacement of NH by O (6→5). The ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT) absorptions in the visible region of the neutral molecules become more intense and shifted to lower energies on stepwise reduction with two electrons. On oxidation, the para‐substituted systems 1–4 exhibit monocation intermediates with intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) transitions of RuIIIRuIV mixed‐valent species. In contrast, the differently substituted systems 5 and 6 show no such near infrared (NIR) absorption. While the first reduction steps are thus assigned to largely ligand‐centered processes, the oxidation appears to involve metal–ligand delocalized molecular orbitals with variable degrees of mixing.
Endocyclic Extension of Porphyrin π‐System by Interior Functionalization of N‐Confused Porphyrins
Authors: Toganoh Motoki , Kimura Tomoyuki , Furuta Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2008

AbstractInternally alkynylated or cyanated N‐confused porphyrins have been prepared, and these have been characterized by NMR, UV/Vis/NIR absorption, and X‐ray analysis. The desired porphyrins have been synthesized by interconversion between an N‐confused porphyrin and an N‐fused porphyrin. In the case of terminal alkyne derivatives, intramolecular addition of a pyrrolic NH moiety to the triple bond occurred at ambient temperature to give etheno‐bridged N‐confused porphyrins. Significant bathochromic shifts in the absorbances of these compounds may be reasonably explained in terms of an increase in their HOMO energy levels due to effective overlap of the porphyrin π‐orbital and the bridged alkene π‐orbital. The corresponding rhodium(I) complexes have also been prepared, and these have been characterized by NMR and X‐ray analysis.
Restructuring‐Induced Activity of SiO2‐Supported Large Au Nanoparticles in Low‐Temperature CO Oxidation
Authors: Qian Kun , Sun Huaxing , Huang Weixin , Fang Jun , Lv Shanshan , He Bo , Jiang Zhiquan , Wei Shiqiang 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLarge Au nanoparticles with an average size of approximately 10 nm supported on inert SiO2 become active in low‐temperature CO oxidation after the addition of NaNO3. The catalyst structures have been characterized in detail by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The NaNO3 additive in Au/SiO2 catalysts does not lead to the formation of fine Au nanoparticles, which are generally considered to be inevitable in low‐temperature CO oxidation catalyzed by gold, nor does it alter the electronic structure of Au. The NaNO3‐induced restructuring of large Au nanoparticles was proposed to create low‐coordinated Au sites on the surface capable of catalyzing low‐temperature CO oxidation. These results experimentally prove that the activity of supported Au nanoparticles in low‐temperature CO oxidation could solely arise from their geometric structure, which greatly deepens the fundamental understandings of Au nanocatalysis.
A DFT‐Based Investigation of Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions from Methylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Hemelsoet Karen , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Waroquier Michel 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is in many areas of combustion and pyrolysis of hydrocarbons an inconvenient side effect that warrants an extensive investigation of the underlying reaction mechanism, which is known to be a cascade of radical reactions. Herein, the focus lies on one of the key reaction classes within the coke formation process: hydrogen abstraction reactions induced by a methyl radical from methylated benzenoid species. It has been shown previously that hydrogen abstractions determine the global PAH formation rate. In particular, the influence of the polyaromatic environment on the thermodynamic and kinetic properties is the subject of a thorough exploration. Reaction enthalpies at 298 K, reaction barriers at 0 K, rate constants, and kinetic parameters (within the temperature interval 700–1100 K) are calculated by using B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p) geometries and BMK/6‐311+G(3df,2p) single‐point energies. This level of theory has been validated with available experimental data for the abstraction at toluene. The enhanced stability of the product benzylic radicals and its influence on the reaction enthalpies is highlighted. Corrections for tunneling effects and hindered (or free) rotations of the methyl group are taken into account. The largest spreading in thermochemical and kinetic data is observed in the series of linear acenes, and a normal reactivity–enthalpy relationship is obtained. The abstraction of a methyl hydrogen atom at one of the center rings of large methylated acenes is largely preferred. Geometrical and electronic aspects lie at the basis of this striking feature. Comparison with hydrogen abstractions leading to arylic radicals is also made.
Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids for the Efficient Treatment of Iron Gall Inked Papers
Authors: Ceres Gabriele , Conte Valeria , Mirruzzo Valentina , Kolar Jana , Strlič Matija 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIron gall inks have been known since Roman times, were widely used in the Medieval Age, and became the most used ink in the Renaissance period. They were still officially used by the German Government as recently as 1973. The two main constituents of the ink are tannic acid and ferrous sulfate (vitriol). The vitriol normally used was not very pure and likely contained a mixture of iron sulfate with traces of other metals, in particular, copper. Certain transition‐metal ions contained in iron gall inks and their acidity are known to deteriorate paper. Therefore, stabilization treatments consist of deacidification and the addition of antioxidants. To this end, the use of tetraalkylammonium bromides was recently proposed. Here, it is shown that 1‐butyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium bromide both in aqueous and in alcoholic solution can prevent the oxidative deterioration of cellulose. Furthermore, it does not lead to the yellowing of paper nor does it significantly affect the colour of the ink.
Cranial radiation therapy and damage to hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Monje Michelle 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCranial radiation therapy is associated with a progressive decline in cognitive function, prominently memory function. Impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis is thought to be an important mechanism underlying this cognitive decline. Recent work has elucidated the mechanisms of radiation‐induced failure of neurogenesis. Potential therapeutic interventions are emerging. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008;14:238–242.
Neurodevelopmental impact on children treated for medulloblastoma: A review and proposed conceptual model
Authors: Palmer Shawna L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe population of survivors following diagnosis and treatment for medulloblastoma is thankfully on the rise. An increased focus on the quality of that survivorship has expanded the concept of cure to include efforts aimed at improving long‐term cognitive outcome. It is well established in the literature that decline in overall intellect and academic performance is experienced by a majority of those undergoing treatment for pediatric medulloblastoma. This decline is believed to be secondary to decline in core cognitive abilities, which in turn are related to underlying damage to neuroanatomical substrates. A review of research on neurodevelopmental impacts following diagnosis and treatment for pediatric medulloblastoma is presented. Particular consideration is given to studies recently published that also reflect critical collaboration among those within the fields of neuropsychology and neuro‐imaging. Results from the review are combined within a conceptual model upon which to guide future research and clinical efforts. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008;14:203–210.
Fluid dynamics in zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle
Authors: Okabe Noriko , Xu Bo , Burdine Rebecca D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWork in mouse has implicated cilia motility and leftward nodal flow as the mechanism for breaking left‐right symmetry. In zebrafish, it is assumed that Kupffer's vesicle is analogous to the mouse node. However, its architecture is different and the fluid dynamics inside Kupffer's vesicle is not completely understood. We show that cells lining both the dorsal roof and the ventral floor of Kupffer's vesicle possess posteriorly pointed cilia that rotate clockwise when viewed apically. Analysis of bead movements within Kupffer's vesicle shows a net circular flow but the local flow differs in direction depending on the location within the vesicle. Histological analysis suggests that the orientation of the cells at anterior–dorsal region likely direct net flow in the vesicle. Our data suggest that the plane of the circular net flow is tilted with respect to the D–V axis, which may be converted to a local leftward flow in the anterior–dorsal region of the vesicle. Developmental Dynamics 237:3602–3612, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biphasic Ngn3 expression in the developing pancreas
Authors: Villasenor Alethia , Chong Diana C. , Cleaver Ondine 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNgn3 is a bHLH transcription factor critical for the specification of endocrine cells in the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans. Previous studies in mouse embryos have reported transient expression of Ngn3 in scattered cells within the developing pancreatic epithelium during midgestation (Schwitzgebel et al. [2000] Development 127:3533–3542). Specifically, these Ngn3‐expressing cells have been shown to be progenitor cells fated to give rise to islet endocrine cells (Gradwohl et al. [2000] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:1607–1611). Here, we characterize the expression of Ngn3 transcripts and protein throughout pancreatic development. Interestingly, we identify and define a dramatic and previously unnoticed gap in developmental Ngn3 expression. We show that both Ngn3 transcript and protein expression occur in two distinct temporal waves, the first occurring early from approximately E8.5 to E11.0, and the second initiating at approximately E12.0. Strikingly, this observed biphasic expression correlates with the “first” and “second” transitions, which encompass two distinct waves of embryonic endocrine differentiation. In addition, our studies demonstrate that Ngn3 transcripts are markedly more widespread in the pancreatic epithelium than NGN3 protein, indicating that post‐transcriptional regulation is likely to play a critical role during endocrine differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 237:3270–3279, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anterior regeneration in the hemichordate Ptychodera flava
Authors: Rychel Amanda L. , Swalla Billie J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPtychodera flava is a hemichordate whose anterior structures regenerate reproducibly from posterior trunk pieces when amputated. We characterized the cellular processes of anterior regeneration with respect to programmed cell death and cell proliferation, after wound healing. We found scattered proliferating cells at day 2 of regeneration using a proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibody. On day 4, most proliferating cells were associated with the nerve tract under the epidermis, and on day 6, a small proboscis derived from proliferated cells was regenerated, and a mouth had broken though the epidermis. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick end‐labeling) detected elevated levels of apoptosis in the endoderm that began furthest away from the region of wound healing, then moved anteriorly over 8 days. Posterior to anterior apoptosis is likely to remove digestive endoderm for later differentiation of pharyngeal endoderm. We hypothesize that P. flava regeneration is nerve dependent and that remodeling in the gut endoderm plays an important role in regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 237:3222–3232, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NG2‐expressing cells in the nervous system revealed by the NG2‐EYFP‐knockin mouse
Authors: Karram Khalad , Goebbels Sandra , Schwab Markus , Jennissen Katja , Seifert Gerald , Steinhäuser Christian , Nave Klaus‐Armin , Trotter Jacqueline 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe NG2 glycoprotein is a type I membrane protein expressed by immature cells in the developing and adult mouse. NG2+ cells of the embryonic and adult brain have been principally viewed as oligodendrocyte precursor cells but have additionally been considered a fourth glial class. They are likely to be a heterogeneous population. In order to facilitate studies on the function of NG2+ cells and to characterize these cells in situ, we generated an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) “knockin mouse.” EYFP‐expressing cells in heterozygous knockin mice expressed the NG2 protein in all regions and at all ages studied. The EYFP+ cells did not express markers of mature glia, developing or mature neurons or microglia, but expressed markers typical for immature oligodendrocyte‐lineage cells. Examination of the hippocampus showed heterogeneity in the population with regard to expression of S100ß and glutamine synthetase. Furthermore, different subpopulations of NG2+ cells in the hippocampus could be recognized by their electrophysiological properties. genesis 46:743–757, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of amino acid precursors from simulated interstellar media by high‐energy particles or photons
Authors: Kobayashi Kensei , Ogawa Tomoya , Tonishi Hisako , Kaneko Takeo , Takano Yoshinori , Takahashi Jun‐ichi , Saito Takeshi , Muramatsu Yasuyuki , Yoshida Satoshi , Utsumi Yuichi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractExtraterrestrial organic compounds have been considered as important sources for the origin of life on the Earth. In order to study the formation of organic compounds found in extraterrestrial bodies, simulated interstellar media were irradiated with high‐energy particles or photons. Particles used were protons from a Van de Graaff accelerator, protons and helium ions from a cyclotron, electrons from a synchrotron, and heavy ions from the “HIMAC” heavy ion accelerator. Photons used were UV light and soft X‐rays from a synchrotron. Gamma‐ray irradiation was performed by using a 60Co source. Amino acid precursors were formed from a mixture of carbon monoxide (or methodanol), ammonia (or nitrogen), and water by high‐energy particles, gamma rays, or X‐rays. If nitrogen molecule was used as N‐source, amino acid precursors could be formed by high‐energy particles, X‐rays and gamma rays, but not by UV light. When ammonia was used, amino acid precursors were detected in all cases, but energy yields (G‐values) of amino acid precursors by high‐energy particles were much higher than those by UV or X‐rays photons. Possible formation of amino acid precursors in interstellar environments was discussed from the point of view of chemical evolution toward origins of life. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(3): 15– 21, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10069
A search method of multiple local optimal solutions based on the nonlinear dynamical system
Authors: Nakazawa Chikashi , Oi Akihiro , Kitagawa Shinji , Fukuyama Yoshikazu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a systematic and efficient search method for obtaining multiple local optimal solutions based on the stability theory of nonlinear dynamical systems. The method consists of two steps. The first step is a local search step for obtaining a local optimal solution. The second step is a search step for escaping from the stability region of the obtained local optimal solution via a decomposition point. Identifying the decomposition point represents a challenge for the method. In this paper, bifurcation and a continuation method are applied for obtaining the decomposition point. For the purpose of illustrating the proposed method, well‐known test functions including high‐dimensional functions are applied and the numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(4): 1– 11, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10075
Increase of late MEG component by perceptual transition in binocular rivalry
Authors: Shinozaki Takashi , Takeda Tsunehiro 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBinocular rivalry is a phenomenon created by presenting similar but different images for both eyes simultaneously. Many previous studies have investigated various brain responses to binocular rivalry. However, the response of the perceptual transition in binocular rivalry has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to measure the response of the perceptual transition in binocular rivalry by using motion rivalry stimuli with various motion angles. It is known that the perception of motion rivalry stimuli has two conditions depending on the angle between the two directions of motion. One is a rivalrous condition that causes binocular rivalry and perceptual transition, and the other is a fused condition that does not cause them. The visual evoked fields (VEFs) in five healthy subjects were recorded with a 440‐channel whole‐head magnetoencephalogram (MEG) system. We classified the trials as representing the rivalrous or fused conditions and calculated the time averages of root mean square (RMS) values at every 100 ms in each condition. The time averages of the RMS values of the rivalrous condition were significantly larger than those of the fused condition after 400 ms poststimulus. These results suggest that the perceptual transition in binocular rivalry increased the late MEG component. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(4): 12– 19, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10076
Application of digital polarity correlators in a sonar ranging system
Authors: Kodama Tetsuji , Nakahira Kenji , Kanaya Yuuki , Yoshikawa Takahiko 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn robotics applications, ultrasonic transducers are frequently used as rangefinders, due to their low cost and small size. The pulse compression techniques were adopted to locate multiple objects at the same time and to eliminate frequent misreadings caused by crosstalk or external ultrasound sources. However, a few problems become apparent when implementing the pulse compression techniques. First, each transducer must be equipped with a processing system for the implementation of correlation functions. This may significantly increase the complexity of the total system, cutting down one of the advantages of ultrasonic systems. Second, the majority of transducers for use in air are based on piezoelectric design, which is usually used over a narrow bandwidth. Among digital correlators, significant reductions of the processing cost can be achieved with a polarity correlator. However, this polarity correlation adds quantization noise to the signals and leads to a degradation of the output signal‐to‐noise ratio. This paper presents an analysis of the polarity correlator applied to a sonar ranging system, consisting of piezoelectric transducers and a chirp filter. A numerical evaluation of the output signal shows that the signal‐to‐noise ratio degrades only a small amount comparable with that obtained by direct digital correlators. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(4): 20– 26, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10077