bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infil Drilling In Old Fields
Authors: Mangunkusumo Rashid I 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For the past several years P.T. STANVAC INDONESIA has been actively engaged in an infill drilling program in its old fields onshore Sumatra. The primary purpose of this program is to identify and recover remaining accumulations of oil which can not or will not be drained by existing wells.
This paper reviews the results of such infill drilling in Stanvac Is Raja and Abab fields in South Sumatra. The program has already provided a sizeable increase in oil production and reserves in both fields while extending the productive limits well beyond what had been considered to be the field limit.
The program has shown that original field development drilling on 80-acre spacing did not define all of the hydrocarbon bearing zones nor establish ail of the drainage points required to efficiently recover the moveable hydrocarbons in the stratigraphically complex Talang Akar formation. Improved economics resulting from higher energy prices has provided the incentive required to pursue the development of these incremental reserves.
Offshore LNG Production And Storage Systems
Authors: Barden James K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A barge, outfitted with gas liquifaction processing equipment and LNG storage tanks, is suggested as a possible way to exploit remote offshore gas production. A similar study with a barge-mounted methanol plant was done several years ago, also using remote offshore feed gas.
This barge-mounted, LNG system, is bow moored to a single point mooring through which feed gas is piped via seafloor pipeline from a nearby gas production facility. The barge is arranged with personnel accommodation forward, LNG storage midships, and gas liquifaction processing equipment aft. A flare boom is cantilevered off the barge's stem.
The basis of design stipulates feed gas properties, area environmental data, gas liquifaction process, LNG storage tank type plus other parameters desirable in a floating process plant. The latter were concerned with safety, low maintenance characteristics, and the fact that the process barge would also serve as an offshore port where LNG export tankers would periodically moor.
The liquifaction process facilities are described, then the product storage and loading facilities. Relief and flare, hot oil circulation, plant and instrument air, inert gas systems, etc. are described under "other process facilities." The barge itself, ballast, lifesaving and safety systems, quarters and shops, plus the single point mooring are outlined in the next section.
A brief summary of results for a barge-mounted methanol plant from an earlier study is then followed by a comparison of LNG and methanol alternatives. The LNG option appears more favourable than the methanol option.
The Geothermal Potential of Indonesia
Authors: Seal K E 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An upsurge of interest in the indigenous geothermal potential of Indonesia has followed the Governments encouragement to develop other energy resources as alternatives to oil for the generation of electricity. Accordingly fresh estimates for the geothermal potential of known prospects is proposed.
Only the major fields in Java, Bali, Sulawesi and Sumatra, and which are expected to be developed rapidly, are considered. A brief description of each field is included in the paper and the basis on which the estimates are made is given. Using a modification of the concept, estimation and terminology used in defining mineral reserves, these estimates are quantified. Other factors, expected to influence either way the actual rate of development, are included.
The geothermal potential that is conservatively estimated can be developed in the next 10 ∙ 15 years, is predicted as totalling 1500 MW (e) for the whole of Indonesia. Of this some 900 MW (e) te confined to Java which has the main demand for power.
As well as these major fields, numerous other good prospects are known. Together they may increase the ultimate potential of Indonesia many times what is here suggested. As they are thought unlikely to be rapidly exploited they are not included in these estimates which have been kept deliberately conservative.
A method by which these and future prospects can be ranked in priority is suggested. Based on crude statistical probabilities, the method allows for the combination of factors, other than geothermal, to be taken into account. The resultant quantitative combination, which gives an overall and relative priority, can be of assistance in future planning.
Geothermal Field Development System
Authors: Hirakawa Seiichi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The present situation of the geothermal energy developments in Japan is such that six geothermal power stations are being operated and one under construction. Although there are still many geothermal areas to be explored, it will take a long time to realize them. For such a geothermal field development, it is expected to develop a simulation model which can give rational data for planning strategies. With a view to it, the model should be able to simulate physical phenomena in the geothermal field. The system shown in this paper is composed mainly of two principal physical models; Reservoir Model and Well Model. The former is based on the mathematical description of fluid flow through porous media and the latter through vertical pipes. The final purpose of this study is to develop simulation models for optimizing the scheme of geothermal field development.
Drilling Unconsolidated Surface Alluvium with a Downhole Mud Motor
Authors: Pyle Delbert E. , Bush John D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Drilling the 26 in. surface hole in the Tiwi Geothermal Field in the Philippines is characterized by low penetration rates and rough drilling due to the presence of hard andesite boulders in the unconsolidated surface alluvium. This paper describes how drilling time and problems associated with rough drilling were reduced by using a downhole mud motor to power a stabilized 26 in. drilling assembly.
Exploration Trends in Southeast Asia — An Overview
Authors: Fletcher G. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Exploration in the Far East Region has a very healthy glow at the moment. Significant petroleum related investments are being made in nearly every part of the region. We are even seeing hitherto aloof Governments such as those of Burma, Bangladesh, North Korea, etc. investigate the benefits of foreign investment to spur development of energy resources.
Major investments are being made by Asean countries such as Japan in other Asean countries in order to spur more rapid development of resources and to, intum, secure a supply of energy within the region.
Petroleum related investments are being channeled into two areas, exploration for new hydrocarbon reserves and development or enhancement of existing reserves. The latter emphasis is a relativel new phenomenon which has taken the form of "assistance contracts" in Bangladesh, Burma, Indonesia and recently India. Apparaently the price of oil is such that these projects are, in certain economic circumstances, preferable to straight exploration projects.
As far as geologic trends throughout the region are concerned we are in the midst of an exploration boom in the better known, petroliferous basins. However more and more necomers are arriving on the scene. These entities are pushing back the preconceived frontiers in their competition for exploration acreage. The trend is towards more diverse exploration in lesser known basins and areas. Certainly this also means probing of deeper, older parts of the section in many areas.
Subcontinents such as India with approximately 25 land rigs compared to nearly 4000 in the United States or China with only 300, give one a sense of "room to play". Many explorationist are looking in Southeast Asia with that view. Exploration in Southeast Asia is on the upswing. Geologic and geophysical data is being acquired at an unpresidented rate. All these data indicates strongly that the region is a viable area in which to invest in the search for hydrocarbons.
Drag Reducer Increases Oil Pipeline Flow Rates
Authors: Wahl H A , Beaty W R , Hass G R 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of a polymeric drag reducer to increase the flow capacity of crude oil pipelines is described in this paper. The first commercial drag reducer application began in July 1979, in the Trans Alaska Pipeline. By 1980, flow through the TAPS line had increased to the 1.5 million bbl/D (9,940 m3/h) level. Approximately 200,000 bbl/D (1,300 m3/h) of this throughput was a direct result of injecting a drag reducing additive. In 1981, drag reducers continue to contribute to the TAPS throughput.
In commercial operations, a drag reducer must be shear stable during line flow and must be effective at very low concentrations. In addition, the treated crude must not cause any downstream refining problems. CDR™ Drag Reducer meets these requirments and has proven to be a viable means of increasing pipeline flow rates.
Recent modifications of the polymeric additive have raised drag reducer performance levels. New performance data from 8, 12, and 48-inch diameter pipelines are discussed. Offshore production operations would clearly benefit from improved performance. Shipping and handling of products present a special problem in onshore operations … particularly in periods with bad weather. Reducing the required storage will proportionally reduce platform space and weight requirements.
Udang "B" Insulated Subsea Pipelines – Design and Installation
Authors: Tillinghast W. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The development of the Udang "B" project in the Indonesian Natuna Sea required the installation of two insulated submarine pipelines in nearly 300 feet of water. These pipelines carry 100° F pourpoint crude, water, and gas from the recently installed Udang "B" platform to the Udang "A" platform. At the Udang "A" platform, the produced fluids are processed. The crude oil is then transported to a permanently moored storage tanker through two other insulated submarine pipelines.
The Udang "B" pipelines have a 12¾ inch inner pipe with an 18 inch outer pipe. The annulus between the two pipes is filled with a polyurethane insulating foam. That annular cavity is then sealed with a steel washer plate at either end of the insulated pipe joint. The pipeline system is designed to withstand a 190° F operating temperature and to comply fully with applicable pipeline codes. The pipeline is designed so that the polyurethane insulating foam is protected from the 140 psi external hydrostatic pressure.
The pipelines were installed offshore using a lay barge with innovative methods used at the field joints to insure the uniform structural integrity of the pipeline and the continuity of the insulation system. The risers were also insulated and installed in one piece with a flanged connection completed on the seafloor to connect the riser with the pipeline. Third party underwater inspection of the jacket, risers, and pipeline connections was provided by a remote controlled vehicle (RCV).
This paper discusses the insulated pipeline system as it evolved through the design, onshore pipe insulation and joint fabrication, and offshore construction. The paper reviews the design and construction techniques used successfully for these offshore insulated pipelines. These techniques could be applicable for other similar deep water insulated pipeline applications.
Dynamic Response Of Offshore Structures
Authors: Jan Hsien Y , Chen Hsao H , Conlon John F 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of dynamic effects on load predictions and structural responses for various types of offshore structures. In addition to wave, wind and current loads, seismic and vibration analyses are emphasized for pile-supported structures. When floating platforms are considered, emphasis is focused on motion and wave load calculations. The calculation procedures and the dynamic effects are illustrated through numerical examples of both bottom-supported and floating platforms.
A sample application of 20-year hindcast wave data is given for predicting wave loads on a column-stablized unit in the Celebes Sea. Problem areas which deserve further research are also identified in the paper.
Use of the Dual Laterolog for the Evaluation of the Fracture Porosity in Hard Carbonate Formations
Authors: Boyeldieu C. , Winchester A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In hard formations (dolomite — limestone — quartzitic sandstone or even volcanics) the matrix is often of low to very low porosity and of extremely low permeability. Such formations are only considered as potential producers when fractures and fissures drain the hydrocarbons to the well bore. It is therefore extremely important to detect the presence of fractures, and several logging toots are able to give a good and reliable information about the location and even the orientation of those fractures. The combination Dual Laterolog-Microspherical log is one of the fracture indicators used nowadays. When analysing the process of mud or mud filtrate invasion in a fractured reservoir and observing die effect on the resistivity logs it was discovered that the Dual Laterolog itself was a fracture indicator and that the difference in conductivity between the two measurements — deep and shallow was a function of the volume of hydrocarbon displaced from the fracture system during the invasion process. It allows to compute a lower limit of the fracture porosity — the technique has been successfully applied in various formations and examples are presented.
Development and Reservoir Engineering Studies for the Pulai Field Offshore Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Flores J , Kelm C H 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
Comprehensive preliminary reservoir studies and subsequent detailed geological analysis and surveillance programs were combined to plan and implement an efficient depletion scheme for the Pulai Field. A highly sophisticated three-dimensional mathematical model was developed to provide effective reservoir management. Model predictions shown an incremental recovery of 10 1% the original oil-in-place through implementation of a gas injection scheme. Drilling of four additional wells in the two major sands provides an additional recovery of 7% of the original oil-in-place. The models will be periodically updated as production progresses and new information becomes available through development drilling. Revised predictions from the updated models will be used in our continuing optimization of the Pulai Field.
The Role of Pressure, Dipmeter and Seismic Data in Planning the Development of the Structurally Complex South Furious Field, North West Borneo.
Authors: Guest J. W. , Deckers F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The South Furious Field is a complexly faulted, upthrust anticline with a prospective sequence consisting of a Middle Miocene, lower coastal plain clastic succession. The field is characterised by extremely incoherent seismic data from which only a late Middle Miocene unconformity can be mapped with confidence.
The dense faulting and the discontinuous nature of the reservoir sands have made attempts at log correlation virtually impossible. However, in the Eastern Area of the field an extensive set of RFT derived pressure data has revealed several correctable pressure zones. The pressure zones have defined at least six major accumulations and several minor ones. Furthermore, at least two different aquifer regimes have been identified.
Early seismic interpretations, although unable to resolve the structural complexity of the prospective sequence, noted a correlation between hydrocarbon bearing intervals in wells and the occurrence of low frequent ‘wormy’ shaped reflections on seismic sections. In area without well control such anomalies were used as hydrocarbon indicators. These together with the pressure zone correlations and a simplified faulting pattern derived from HDT interpretation were used to construct maps of the top seals of each of the major accumulations.
The maps derived from this approach have been used for development planning, well targetring and oil-in-place estimations.
Arun Field Development Phase
Authors: Seipel J. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Following discovery of the Aran Gas Field in 1971 and subsequent appraisal drilling to obtain essential reservoir data, a development project based on delivery of sufficient gas to supply a six train LNG plant, with a coincident cycling operation, was planned. High wellstream temperatures, pressures, gas throughput rates and corrosive CO2 content, placed producing, safety, security and environmental constraints on the design of surface wellstream gathering and processing facilities and led to the selection of the cluster development concept.
Producing capacity, dedicated to LNG plant demand, has resulted in a two phase field development program. Program I, consisted of two producing clusters each containing two producing trains and five high rate gas wells, a central control and power site (point "A"), a gas cycling system consisting of three injection compressors, eight injection wells and injection lines, and a 16-inch condensate transmission pipeline to the LNG plant. Production from the two clusters has supplied the three train (first phase) LNG plant, completed in late 1978, and the Arun Field cycling project. Program II commencing in 1981, will provide for an additional two producing clusters, each consisting of two producing trains and six producing wells, as dictated by the LNG plant expansion program.
This paper will provide an overview of the Arun Field production mode design concepts, detail the problems encountered in the surface producing facilities following start-up, i.e. corrosion, separator carryover and recycling compressor limitations, and define how these problems have been, or are being, resolved. This will include a projection of anticipated equipment modifications and additions which will be required to accommodate to changing reservoir conditions during the producing life of the Arun Gas Field.
The Krisna High: Its Geologic Setting And Related Hydrocarbon Accumulations
Authors: Ardila L. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Krisna Field, located on the western flank of the Sunda Basin, constitutes one of the most significant petroleum discoveries by PERTAMINA-IIAPCO in the Southeast Sumatra Production Sharing Contract Area. The oil accumulations found to date are associated with the "Krisna High", an old paleotopographic basement high which in late-Oligocene time acted as a source of terrigenous material and later became a favorable site for the growth/sedimentation of reefal carbonates. Deposition of the reservoir rocks took place mainly under transgressive conditions, although some regressive pulses have been recognized. As the rate of transgression of the "Krisna High" increased, reefal growth could not keep pace and ceased.
Hydrocarbon accumulations found on the "Krisna High" are mainly of a stratigraphic nature; however, the structural component in some instances plays an important role.
Geochemical data indicate that Krisna hydrocarbons were generated in the Sunda Deep. Therefore, moderate-to-long distance migration is postulated via the basal unconformity and major fault zones.
A preliminary interpretation of the relationship between facies distribution and porosity development is presented in the discussion to follow. Porosity in the reservoirs is mainly secondary, and is associated with low energy back-reef facies.
Effects of Pentadiagonal Matrix Ordering Schemes on Iterative Methods
Authors: Cheng M. C. "Aaron" 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
It is well known that the ordering of the unknowns on a finite-difference grid had effects on the computing efficiency of direct matrix solution methods. In reservoir simulation, diagonal ordering scheme (D2), alternating point ordering scheme (A3), and alternating diagonal ordering scheme (D4) have been found theoretically and experimentally to improve the performance of Gaussian type direct solution methods. This paper investigates the effects of D2, A3 and D4 ordering schemes on the performance of iterative matrix methods. The test model is the typical two-dimensional parabolic partial differential equation with Neumann type boundary conditions and the iterative method used is the point successive overrelaxation (PSOR). Ten different cases are presented.
An Automatic Time-Step Selector For Reservoir Models
Authors: Mehra Rakesh , Hadjitofi Michael , Donnelly John K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an algorithm for the selection of an optimal time step sequence for use in a thermal simulator. The algorithm is based on the observation that a solution vector always tracks the locus of stationary points on the surface mapped by the residual function. This provides a simple relation for obtaining a sensitivity vector which is then used to determine a time step length that gives a global error of the norm less than the prescribed tolerance. In addition, the sensitivity vector is used to seek a close initial solution for Newtonian iteration. When applied to practical problems the numerical scheme results in substantial computer cost savings.
The Evaluation of Interblock Mobility Using a Modified Midpoint Weighting Scheme
Authors: Yoshiaki Ito 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A modified midpoint weighting scheme is a technique which can be used for increasing the accuracy and stability of finite difference numerical simulations. Generally, if midpoint weighting is used to evaluate the transmissibility at an interface between adjacent blocks, explicit methods may not produce the correct solution and implicit methods may lead to an oscillatory behavior. Reasons for this behavior have been investigated and it has been found that these problems occur because of numerical limitations during accumulation of the displacing fluid within the upstream block.
A proposed modified version of midpoint weighting appears to eliminate this problem and several linear displacement test runs have indicated that the local truncation errors are comparable to those in the two-point upstream weighting scheme. The overall accuracy of results in areal systems appears to be better than the two-point upstream scheme the use of which is constrained due to its assymetric character. The results were also compared to the single-point upstream weighting method and it was found that the modified midpoint weighting scheme allowed the use of a coarser grid while maintaining similar accuracy. An additional advantage to this new technique is that it can also be used in an implicit formulation.
The Use of Variable Weighting to Eliminate Numerical Diffusion in Two-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media
Authors: Lasseter Thomas James , Karakas Metin 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A simple numerical method has been developed that largely eliminates numerical diffusion errors associated with saturation discontinuities or shocks for two-phase flow in one and two dimensions. The important aspect of the approach is the computation of a variable weighting factor for the interface fractional flow between grid blocks. In order to eliminate numerical diffusion at shocks, the appropriate weighting has been found to be downstream weighting just ahead of the shock and upstream weighting otherwise.
In one dimension, the Buckley-Leverett problem as well as the motion of an oil bank and a more general initial saturation have been analyzed. In two dimensions, five-spot pattern floods with both homogeneous and heterogeneous permeability distributions have been modelled.
In all cases examined, shocks are confined to a single grid block in the direction of flow. Numerical diffusion is present only where there are steep saturation gradients that are not shocks.
The approach appears to be generalizable to the multicomponent, multidimensional case including gravity and capillarity.