bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pattern of Virtual Consultations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Epidemiological Nationwide Study
Authors: AlOmar Reem S. , AlHarbi Muaddi , Alotaibi Nijr S. , AlShamlan Nouf A. , Al-Shammari Malak A , AlThumairi Arwa A. , AlSubaie Mona , Alshahrani Mohammed A. , AlAbdulaali Mohammad K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Background
In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), little is known about the adoption of virtual consultations (VCs), with most studies being survey-based leading to varying results. This study aims to utilise secondary collected data on the use of both kinds of VCs currently available, and to epidemiologically describe the adoption of these consultations.

Methods
This retrospective study analysed data provided by the Ministry of Health between January 1st 2021 and June 30th 2022. For both the home-based and the hospital-based consultations, variables included the age and sex of patients, date of consultation, duration in minutes, closure status for the appointment and the governorate in which the patient is residing. A heat map was drawn to present patterns of utilisation across the country.

Results
The total number of VCs for both types were 1,008,228. For both types, females were higher adopters (54.73%). Of the total number of consultations, 751,156 were hospital-based. Of these consultations, family medicine consultations were the most common (20.42%), followed by internal medicine. Maternity follow-up clinics were higher in home-based clinics. The proportion of patient no-shows was high overall (48.30%). Utilisation was high in urban governorates, and low in rural ones.

Conclusion
Findings have several implications on health policy. It provides further evidence of the importance of family medicine, where it was the most common speciality even in hospital-based settings. The high variability in the adoption of consultations across rural and urban areas as well as the extremely high number of patient-no-shows warrants further investigation.
Risk of sleep disorders in patients with pneumoconiosis: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lin Yen-Sung , Shen Te-Chun , Lin Cheng-Li , Tu Chih-Yen , Hsia Te-Chun , Hsu Wu-Huei , Cho Der-Yang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Background
Pneumoconiosis is associated with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases; however, the link between pneumoconiosis and sleep disorders is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the connection between pneumoconiosis and subsequent risk of sleep disorders.

Methods
This population-based retrospective cohort study used data from the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan. The pneumoconiosis cohort consisted of 13,329 patients newly diagnosed between 2000 and 2015. The comparison group included 53,316 age-, sex-, and diagnosis date-matched individuals without pneumoconiosis. The development of sleep disorders was monitored until the end of 2018. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for risk assessment.

Results
The incidence of sleep disorders was 1.31 times higher in the pneumoconiosis cohort than in the comparison cohort (22.8 vs. 16.2 per 1000 person-years). After controlling for age, sex, comorbidity, and medication, the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) was 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17–1.32). Stratified analyses by age group, sex, and comorbidity status showed significant associations between pneumoconiosis and sleep disorders (aHRs, 1.19–1.64). In addition, patients with pneumoconiosis had a significantly increased risk of developing sleep apnea (aHR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.31–2.22).

Conclusion
This study demonstrates that patients with pneumoconiosis are at a higher risk of developing sleep disorders and sleep apnea. Healthcare professionals should pay close attention to sleep quality and disturbances in patients with pneumoconiosis.
Evaluating the Usefulness of Counterfactual Explanations from Bayesian Networks
Authors: Butz Raphaela , Hommersom Arjen , Schulz Renée , van Ditmarsch Hans 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBayesian networks are commonly used for learning with uncertainty and incorporating expert knowledge. However, they are hard to interpret, especially when the network structure is complex. Methods used to explain Bayesian networks operate under certain assumptions about what constitutes the best explanation, without actually verifying these assumptions. One such common assumption is that a shorter length of the causal chain of one variable to another enhances its explanatory strength. Counterfactual explanations gained popularity in artificial intelligence over the last years. It is well-known that it is possible to generate counterfactuals from causal Bayesian networks, but there is no indication which of them are useful for explanatory purposes. In this paper, we examine how to apply findings from psychology to search for counterfactuals that are perceived as more useful explanations for the end user. For this purpose, we have conducted a questionnaire to test whether counterfactuals that change an actionable cause are considered more useful than counterfactuals that change a direct cause. The results of the questionnaire indicate that actionable counterfactuals are preferred regardless of being the direct cause or having a longer causal chain.
Towards a holistic view of bias in machine learning: bridging algorithmic fairness and imbalanced learning
Authors: Dablain Damien , Krawczyk Bartosz , Chawla Nitesh 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMachine learning (ML) is playing an increasingly important role in rendering decisions that affect a broad range of groups in society. This posits the requirement of algorithmic fairness, which holds that automated decisions should be equitable with respect to protected features (e.g., gender, race). Training datasets can contain both class imbalance and protected feature bias. We postulate that, to be effective, both class and protected feature bias should be reduced—which allows for an increase in model accuracy and fairness. Our method, Fair OverSampling (FOS), uses SMOTE (Chawla in J Artif Intell Res 16:321–357, 2002) to reduce class imbalance and feature blurring to enhance group fairness. Because we view bias in imbalanced learning and algorithmic fairness differently, we do not attempt to balance classes and features; instead, we seek to de-bias features and balance the number of class instances. FOS restores numerical class balance through the creation of synthetic minority class instances and causes a classifier to pay less attention to protected features. Therefore, it reduces bias for both classes and protected features. Additionally, we take a step toward bridging the gap between fairness and imbalanced learning with a new metric, Fair Utility, that measures model effectiveness with respect to accuracy and fairness. Our source code and data are publicly available at https://github.com/dd1github/Fair-Over-Sampling.
Babylonian Jews and Sasanian Imperialism in Late Antiquity
Authors: Gross Simcha 
Published: April 2024

From the image offered by the Babylonian Talmud, Jewish elites were deeply embedded within the Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE). The Talmud is replete with stories and discussions that feature Sasanian kings, Zoroastrian magi, fire temples, imperial administrators, Sasanian laws, Persian customs, and more quotidian details of Jewish life. Yet, in the scholarly literature on the Babylonian Talmud and the Jews of Babylonia , the Sasanian Empire has served as a backdrop to a decidedly parochial Jewish story, having little if any direct impact on Babylonian Jewish life and especially the rabbis. Babylonian Jews and Sasanian Imperialism in Late Antiquity advances a radically different understanding of Babylonian Jewish history and Sasanian rule. Building upon recent scholarship, Simcha Gross portrays a more immanent model of Sasanian rule, within and against which Jews invariably positioned and defined themselves. Babylonian Jews realized their traditions, teachings, and social position within the political, social, religious, and cultural conditions generated by Sasanian rule.
Care, Ecology, and the Crisis of Eco-social Reproduction: Politicizing More-than-Human Care
Authors: Silberzahn Léna 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWhile the ethics of care has considered the possibility that caring occurs for the environment, it often remains silent about the caregiving that humans receive from the environment. This essay suggests that ecological justice requires humans to consider themselves not only as ecological caregivers, but also as care receivers from more-than-human earth dwellers. The argument is built by first accounting for the diverse forms of care that humans receive from other-than-humans. The focus then turns to eco-feminist and eco-Marxist thought to denaturalize this care, highlighting how capitalist economies put other-than-humans to work and appropriate their efforts to maintain the world. The fact that they cannot demand a salary and that the commodification of life increases its depletion leads to an examination of how the conceptual recognition of more-than-human care can be translated politically. The article sketches how the political tensions at work in practices and conceptions of care outlined by feminist and indigenous thought could allow to engage more critically with environmental issues, notably by blending environmental humanities’ emphasis on affective dispositions and attachments towards other-than-humans, with materialist ambitions to highlight exploitation and invisible labor.
How the Public Became the Caller: The Emergence of Reactive Policing, 1880–1970
Authors: Gillooly Jessica W. , Thacher David 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWhy is the police role so broad in the United States today? Carceral state scholars have investigated how and why policymakers have treated so many social problems as policing problems, but they have not yet recognized the degree to which the call-for-service system has marginalized political control over police strategy. This Article traces the historical sources of this arrangement through extensive archival research into its evolution. We find that over the course of the twentieth century, the rise of new communications technologies gradually shifted the power to decide which problems are proper subjects of police attention to private individuals, eventually channeling their demands through centralized call centers that had been stripped of the authority and contextual knowledge needed to govern them in a meaningful way. That process fundamentally altered the character of public oversight over policing, elevating a distinctive set of individual interests as largely unchallenged determinants of the kinds of situations that are policeable. By illustrating how sociotechnical change unintentionally reallocated the authority to define the scope of an important institution’s mandate, this case sheds new light on the factors that shape the police role and the role the public plays in defining it.
ADDRESSING THE INTENSITY OF CHANGES IN THE PREHISTORIC POPULATION DYNAMICS: POPULATION GROWTH RATE ESTIMATIONS IN THE CENTRAL BALKANS EARLY NEOLITHIC
Authors: Blagojević Tamara , Porčić Marko , Stefanović Sofija 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACTThe intensity of changes in the population dynamics of the Early Neolithic (ca. 6250–5300 cal BC) communities in the Central Balkans was addressed by estimating the growth rate values. The Bayesian approach (Crema and Shoda 2021) of estimating intrinsic growth rates by fitting different models of population growth was applied to radiocarbon dates from the Early Neolithic sites in Serbia. We explored two possible episodes of population growth based on the results of the population dynamics reconstruction using the summed calibrated radiocarbon probability distributions (SPD) method. The results have shown that, within the first episode of growth, the intrinsic growth rate mean values are higher than the estimated continental average (between 1% and 2%). The results indicate a sudden and fast rise in population size, possibly due to the influx of the new population settling in the region at the beginning of the Neolithic. Lower values for the second episode could indicate more gradual population growth due to the mechanisms associated with the Neolithic Demographic Transition and the rise in fertility.
Sibelian Formal Principles in the First Movement of Malcolm Arnold’s Fifth Symphony
Authors: ROSS RYAN 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMalcolm Arnold’s symphonies have persistently divided critical opinion because of their problematic relationship with traditional genre expectations. This is especially the case in works that eschew sonata-style tonal conflicts and formal markers in favour of theme- and timbre-driven processes. In these respects, Sibelius, rather than members of the Austro-German symphonic tradition, was an important model for Arnold’s individual approach to symphonic composition. This article applies four formal principles (content-based forms, teleological genesis, rotational form and klang meditation), which James Hepokoski has explicitly identified with Sibelius’s later symphonic style, to the first movement of Arnold’s Fifth – one of his most admired and yet most unconventional symphonic structures. The resulting analysis shows a complex and yet accessible movement that generates its own unique tension and dramatic interest. Far from being the feeble work of a symphonic lightweight, it is an impressively realized landmark of the genre in the late twentieth century.
Structure-function coupling and hierarchy-specific antidepressant response in major depressive disorder
Authors: Wang Xinyi , Xue Li , Hua Lingling , Shao Junneng , Yan Rui , Yao Zhijian , Lu Qing 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackgroundExtensive research has explored altered structural and functional networks in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, studies examining the relationships between structure and function yielded heterogeneous and inconclusive results. Recent work has suggested that the structure-function relationship is not uniform throughout the brain but varies across different levels of functional hierarchy. This study aims to investigate changes in structure-function couplings (SFC) and their relevance to antidepressant response in MDD from a functional hierarchical perspective.MethodsWe compared regional SFC between individuals with MDD (n = 258) and healthy controls (HC, n = 99) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. We also compared antidepressant non-responders (n = 55) and responders (n = 68, defined by a reduction in depressive severity of >50%). To evaluate variations in altered and response-associated SFC across the functional hierarchy, we ranked significantly different regions by their principal gradient values and assessed patterns of increase or decrease along the gradient axis. The principal gradient value, calculated from 219 healthy individuals in the Human Connectome Project, represents a region's position along the principal gradient axis.ResultsCompared to HC, MDD patients exhibited increased SFC in unimodal regions (lower principal gradient) and decreased SFC in transmodal regions (higher principal gradient) (p < 0.001). Responders primarily had higher SFC in unimodal regions and lower SFC in attentional networks (median principal gradient) (p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur findings reveal opposing SFC alterations in low-level unimodal and high-level transmodal networks, underscoring spatial variability in MDD pathology. Moreover, hierarchy-specific antidepressant effects provide valuable insights into predicting treatment outcomes.
Efficacy of catheter ablation in ganglionated plexus for malignant vasovagal syncope children
Authors: Li Hongxia , Shao Wei , Yu Xia , Gao Lu , Yuan Yue 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAim:Malignant vasovagal syncope in children seriously affects their physical and mental health. Our study aimed to explore the efficacy of catheter ablation in ganglionated plexus with malignant vasovagal syncope children.Conclusion:Catheter ablation of ganglionated plexus was safe and effective in children with malignant vasovagal syncope and can be used as a treatment option for these children.Methods:A total of 20 children diagnosed with malignant vasovagal syncope were enrolled in Beijing Children’s Hospital, affiliated with Capital Medical University. All underwent catheter ablation treatment of ganglionated plexus. Ganglionated plexuses of the left atrium were identified by high-frequency stimulation and/or anatomic landmarks being targeted by radiofrequency catheter ablation. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by comparing the remission rate of post-operative syncopal symptoms and the rate of negative head-up tilt results. Safety and adverse events were evaluated.Results:After follow-up for 2.5 (0.6–5) years, the syncope symptom scores were decreased significantly compared with before treatment [3 (2–4) versus 5 (3–8) scores, P < 0.01]. Eighty-five per cent (17/20) children no longer experienced syncope, whilst 80% (16/20) children showed negative head-up tilt test after treatment. No adverse effects such as cardiac arrhythmia occurred in the children.
Monetary policy in advanced and emerging economies
Authors: Serletis Apostolos , Dery Cosmas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We are motivated by central bank responses to the rise in inflation in the aftermath of the coronavirus pandemic and investigate monetary policy behavior in advanced and emerging economies. We speak to the debate on whether the conduct of monetary policy in emerging economies is fundamentally different from that in advanced economies. We also address the issue of whether the common practice of using market rates (instead of policy rates) to proxy for the stance of monetary policy leads to different conclusions regarding the cyclicality of monetary policy in emerging economies. Using time series data for the G7 and EM7 countries, we show that the conventional wisdom that monetary policy in emerging economies is different from monetary policy in advanced economies still holds.
Response to Critics: Kant’s Theory of Labour
Authors: Pascoe Jordan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractElvira Basevich, Martin Sticker, and Helga Varden offered generative criticism of my monograph, Kant’s Theory of Labour. In this response, I explore how the resources they offer for thinking about gender, labour, and the state’s responsibility to ensure the material conditions of freedom can deepen both our attentiveness to patterns of systemic injustice in Kant’s political philosophy, and the resources Kant offers for addressing contemporary patterns of intersectional and material injustice.
Inferring the Paleo‐Location of Proto‐Arc Magmas During Subduction Infancy in the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana
Authors: Ribeiro Julia M. , Gerya Taras 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSubduction zones are one of the principal drivers of the modern‐day plate tectonics, but the processes that develop as incipient subduction zones mature are yet to be understood. Finding modern analogs for different stages of subduction infancy remains an outstanding challenge to answer questions on how and when an oceanic subduction zone reaches a quasi‐steady state to become long‐lived. Here, we compare the southern Mariana intra‐oceanic arc, in which near‐trench spreading and infant arc magmatism developed ∼3–4 Myr ago, with the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana (IBM) proto‐arc magmas that formed during subduction infancy ∼52 Myr ago. Building upon this comparison, we propose that the Southern Mariana may be considered as a modern analog to subduction infancy. The similarities between the Southern Mariana arc magmas and the IBM Eocene proto‐arc magmas suggest that the IBM proto‐arc crust might have formed within 80–90 km from the paleo‐trench (slab at < 90 km paleo‐depth), while the Eocene infant arc was likely located at ∼100 km from the paleo‐trench (∼100–125 km slab paleo‐depth). We use our constraints further to propose a new conceptual model of subduction evolution for IBM. In this model, development of the subduction channel during arc infancy facilitated downward slab penetration and intensified corner flow in the sub‐arc asthenosphere of the mantle wedge. As such, cooling and serpentinization of the fore‐arc mantle might be considered as the principal drivers of subduction maturation and stabilization over the IBM lifetime.
Signatures of Dipolarizing Flux Bundles in the Nightside Auroral Zone
Authors: Engebretson Mark J. , Gaffaney Sean A. , Ochoa Jesus A. , Runov Andrei , Weygand James M. , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Hartinger Michael D. , Pilipenko Vyacheslav A. , Moldwin Mark B. , Connors Martin G. , Mann Ian R. , Xu Zhonghua , Rodriguez Juan V. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDipolarizing flux bundles (DFBs) have been suggested to transport energy and momentum from regions of reconnection in the magnetotail to the high latitude ionosphere, where they can generate localized ionospheric currents that can produce large nighttime geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs). In this study we identified DFBs observed in the midnight sector from ∼7 to ∼10 RE by THEMIS A, D, and E during days in 2015–2017 whose northern hemisphere magnetic footpoints mapped to regions near Hudson Bay, Canada, and have compared them to isolated GMDs observed by ground magnetometers. We found 6 days during which one or more of these DFBs coincided to within ±3 min with ≥6 nT/s GMDs observed by latitudinally closely spaced ground‐based magnetometers located near those footpoints. Spherical elementary current systems (SECS) maps and all‐sky imager data provided further characterization of two events, showing short‐lived localized intense upward currents, auroral intensifications and/or streamers, and vortical perturbations of a westward electrojet. On all but one of these days the coincident DFB—GMD pairs occurred during intervals of high‐speed solar wind streams but low values of SYM/H. The observations reported here indicate that isolated DFBs generated under these conditions influence only limited spatial regions nearer Earth. In some events, in which the DFBs were observed closer to Earth and with lower Earthward velocities, the GMDs occurred slightly earlier than the DFBs, suggesting that braking had begun before the time of the DFB observation.
Banding in the Margins of Basaltic Dykes Indicates Pulsatory Propagation During Emplacement
Authors: Allgood C. , Llewellin E. W. , Humphreys M. C. S. , Mathias S. A. , Brown R. J. , Vye‐Brown C. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBasaltic fissure eruptions, which are the most common type of eruption on Earth, are fed by dykes which mediate magma transport through the crust. Dyke propagation processes are important because they determine the geometry of the transport pathway and the nature of any geophysical signals associated with magma ascent. Here, we investigate small‐scale (mm–cm wide) banding features at the margins of dykes in the Teno Massif (Tenerife, Spain) and the Columbia River Basalt Province (CRBP) (USA). Similar marginal bands have been reported for dykes in numerous localities around the world. Dyke margins record valuable information about propagation because they are the first material to solidify against the host rock at the propagating dyke tip. We find that the marginal bands are defined by cyclic variations in phenocryst concentration and vesicularity, and we infer that these cyclic variations in texture are a product of cyclic variations in magma flow rates and pressures within the dyke tip. This indicates that dyke emplacement occurs in pulses, with propagation repeatedly hindered by the rapid cooling and solidification of magma in the narrow dyke tip. Using a 1D conduction model, we estimate the time taken for each band to cool and solidify, which provides a timescale of several minutes to tens of minutes for the pulses. The occurrence of similar bands in various volcanic settings suggests that pulsatory propagation is a common, if not ubiquitous, process associated with dyke emplacement.