bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kranbahnträger aus warmgewalzten Mannesmann‐Stahlhohlprofilen (MSH)
Authors: Dittmann Cornelius , Herion Stefan , Josat Ole , Sunder Philipp 
Published: November 2008

AbstractFür den Neubau einer Hofkranbahn des Werks Düsseldorf der Vallourec & Mannesmann Deutschland GmbH sollte für den Einsatz von quadratischen warmgefertigten Hohlprofilen ein neues Designkonzept untersucht und umgesetzt werden. Bis dahin wurden Kranbahnträger für größere Stützweiten und höhere Beanspruchungen durch Hohlkastenträger oder individuelle Sonderkonstruktionen realisiert. Sowohl die Fertigung dieser Träger als auch die spätere Montage auf der Baustelle ist komplex, zeit‐ und kostenintensiv. In enger Zusammenarbeit aller an dem Projekt Beteiligten und unter Federführung des Ingenieurbüros Dittmann & Pollmann in Hagen ist es gelungen, die technischen Herausforderungen des Projekts zu bewältigen und einen neuen Kranbahntyp zu realisieren, wie der folgende Beitrag zeigt.
Christ and the CIO: Blue-Collar Evangelicalism's Crisis of Conscience and Political Turn in Early Cold-War California
Authors: Dochuk Darren 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article explores tensions within the Democratic Party's uneasy alliance of grassroots labor and blue-collar evangelicalism that collapsed in heated confrontation during California's postwar political realignment. The context in which this played out is Ham and Eggs, one of California's largest old-age welfare movements during the 1930s which, in the midst of economic reconstruction, found new (but short-lived) relevance in the late 1940s. From spring 1945 until summer 1946 Ham and Eggs rallied workers behind its message of economic redistribution and Christian Americanism in hopes of forcing new legislation on behalf of pensions for the elderly. In the process, it stirred a political storm that thrust it into a significance exceeding its original intent. At issue was the “labor question,” the vexing uncertainty animating American politics at this juncture about the extent to which New Deal liberalism's labor-friendly initiatives and progressive impulses for economic freedom, racial equality, and social justice would be extended. Caught between a labor-Left movement within the Democratic Party that looked to extend New Deal liberalism and a galvanized Christian Right, which looked to roll it back, blue-collar evangelicals affiliated with Ham and Eggs confronted a new political reality that compelled them to choose between their class and faith commitments. With reluctance they chose the latter over the former. The decision marked the beginning of blue-collar evangelicalism's shift to the Right and ultimately the formation of a broader evangelical political alliance that would prove instrumental in the rise of California's conservative Republican movement.
The relevance of spoken features in English as a foreign language (EFL)
Authors: Markus Manfred 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTAn analysis of the need for attention to the spoken word and phonetics in the teaching of English world-wide. It is a truism that English is increasingly becoming a world language. Even in China a ‘craze for English’ has been, in view of the fact that over 200 million children (about 20% of all children in the world) now1 learn English in Chinese schools. McArthur has estimated that c.250 million Indians use English every day. All these speakers of English use it their own way. This localisation of English has been variously detected, for example in Hong Kong. It is also well known from versions of African English and, in fact, from most English varieties that have been attributed to the ‘Outer’ or ‘Extended. However, as early as 1983 Kachru voiced a caveat: ‘A large majority of the non-native speakers of institutionalised varieties of English use a local variety of English, but when told so, they are hesitant to accept the fact’.
Soil and light effects on the sapling performance of the shade-tolerant speciesBrosimum alicastrum(Moraceae) in a Mexican tropical rain forest
Authors: Lopez-Toledo Leonel , Martínez Mariana , van Breugel Michiel , Sterck Frank J. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract:Many studies conclude that light is the most important resource that determines plant performance of tree saplings in tropical rain forests, and implicitly suggest that soil resources are less important. To provide a quantitative test for soil versus light effects on sapling performance, we studied how saplings of the shade-tolerant tree speciesBrosimum alicastrumresponded to contrasting levels of light availability and soil fertility in a Mexican tropical rain forest. Therefore saplings were selected from ten low-light exposure (crown position index <1.5) and ten high-light exposure (crown position index ≥2.5) sites either on productive alluvial soils, or on poor sandy soils on adjacent hills. Annual growth responses were scored for 58 saplings. The soil–light interaction had a strong positive effect on branching rate and leaf area production, rather than light or soil alone. Height growth only increased at higher light availability. Herbivore damage was higher on the more productive soil and, to a lesser extent, at higher light availability. Our results suggest that saplings (1) responded differently to soil and light availability, (2) expanded in overall size when both soil and light limitations are released, but only increased in height with increasing light intensity (3) and faced a trade-off between expansion and defence along both soil and light gradients. This study emphasizes the role of soil resources, in interaction with light availability, on the plastic responses in saplings living in a tropical forest understorey.
Beyond output: the analysis of interlanguage development
Authors: Kohn Kurt 
Published: November 2008

One of the main challenges faced by second langague acquisition research is to find an answer to the question of which processes and strategies guide the learner's attempt to acquire a foreign language. Whereas most investigations are based on the learner's output, this paper argues in favor of a more comprehensive approach. It tries to close the speculative gap between output and the underlying processes by integrating three types of questions:(a) What requirements do learners impose on their own interlanguage output?(b) What linguistic knowledge concerning the fulfillment of their requirements do learners have stored in their memories?(c) What linguistic forms do learners actually use in their interlanguage output and how do these comply with their underlying knowledge?An analysis which goes beyond the bounds of output by combining what learners want with what they know along with what they produce leads to insights into their interlanguage processes.Quantitative procedures are introduced which measure learners' knowledge with respect to their requirement of correctness and also the extent to which their output complies with what they know. Three empirical studies are presented. They demonstrate that an analysis which combines information about requirements, knowledge and output can deal effectively with some of the dynamic aspects of interlanguage behavior.
Language lateralization in adult bilinguals
Authors: Wesche Marjorie B. , Schneiderman Eta I. 
Published: November 2008

Recent experimental studies of bilinguals have provided evidence of less left lateralization (i.e. greater right hemisphere participation) for verbal tasks in the second language than in the first. Other clinical and experimental studies of adults suggest that the normal adult right hemisphere has certain residual language-related capacities and that it plays a role in the early stages of both child and adult language acquisition. These findings lead us to postulate a link between right hemisphere involvement in the early stages of first and second language acquisition.Two studies were designed to investigate this issue. The subjects of the studies were adult French-English bilinguals, with one group dominant in English and a second in French. A single word dichotic listening paradigm was employed in both studies. Following Obler (1981), the hypotheses were 1) that the second language dichotic task would show less left lateralization (greater right hemisphere involvement) than the first and 2) that greater proficiency in the second language would correlate with a higher degree of left lateralization (less right hemisphere involvement) on the dichotic test in that language. The studies provide some support for these hypotheses and thus, indirectly, for a unified theory of first and second language acquisition.
The Pettis integration of a perturbed wave equation
Authors: Fink James P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the integrability of the vector field of the initial-value problem associated with certain nonlinear wave equations. This vector field involves translations and as such is not a strongly continuous or even strongly measurable L∞-valued function. It is shown that such a vector field, although not generally Pettis integrable, does turn out to be so in an important situation. We then indicate how this result can be used to obtain pseudo-solutions of the initial-value problem.
The isotropic scattering of radiation from an asymmetric spherical source in a finite atmosphere
Authors: Smith M. G. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA singular integral equation is derived for the three-dimensional Fourier transform of the source function, when the scattering atmosphere is contained in a finite convex volume.This equation is shown to reduce to the usual equation in the case of an isotropic point source in a finite spherical atmosphere of radius R0, and is used to solve the same problem when the source is anisotropic.It is shown that in the latter case an expansion in Legendre polynomials results, in which the coefficients are obtained from the integral equations of a similar construction to those for an isotropic source. The error in taking the dominant part is now however of order 1/R0 and not e–R0.
Ringing the cosets. II
Authors: White Arthur T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHamiltonian circuits with associated word an n-cycle, in Schreier right coset graphs for symmetric groups Sn mod cyclic groups Zn, correspond to change ringing principles on n bells for which the plain course is the extent; that is, neither bobs nor singles are required. This connection is made explicit for the general case, and then specialized to the cases n = 4 (minimus) and n= 5 (doubles). In particular, all 102 no-call doubles principles on three generators are found and catalogued.
Isometries of self-adjoint complex function spaces
Authors: Ellis A. J. 
Published: November 2008

By a complex function space A we will mean a uniformly closed linear space of continuous complex-valued functions on a compact Hausdorff space X, such that A contains constants and separates the points of X. We denote by S the state-spaceendowed with the w*-topology. If A is self-adjoint then it is well known (cf. [1]) that A is naturally isometrically isomorphic to , and re A is naturally isometrically isomorphic to A(S), where (respectively A(S)) denotes the Banach space of all complex-valued (respectively real-valued) continuous affine functions on S with the supremum norm.
A distance formula and Bourgain algebras
Authors: Younis R. , Zheng D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper, a distance formula to a Douglas algebra is established. We use this distance formula to show that the distance of an L∞ function to the intersection of arbitrary Douglas algebras is equivalent to the supremum of the distance of that function to these algebras. As an application, we prove that the Bourgain algebra of the intersection of two Douglas algebras is equal to the intersection of the Bourgain algebras of these two algebras.
Multifractal dimensions of product measures
Authors: Olsen L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe study the multifractal structure of product measures. for a Borel probability measure μ and q, t Є , let and denote the multifractal Hausdorff measure and the multifractal packing measure introduced in [O11] Let μ be a Borel probability merasure on k and let v be a Borel probability measure on t. Fix q, s, t Є . We prove that there exists a number c > 0 such that

for E ⊆k, F ⊆l and Hk+l provided that μ and ν satisfy the so-called Federer condition.Using these inequalities we give upper and lower bounds for the multifractal spectrum of μ × ν in terms of the multifractal spectra of μ and ν
Abstract Definitions for the Symmetry Groups of the Regular Polytopes, in Terms of Two Generators. Part I: The Complete Groups
Authors: Coxeter H. S. M. , Todd J. A. 
Published: November 2008

The groups of rotations that transform the regular polygons and polyhedra into themselves have. been studied for many years. Lately, increasing interest has been shown in the “extended” groups, which include reflections (and other congruent transformations of negative determinant). Todd has proved that every such group can be defined abstractly in the formThis group is denoted by [k1, k2, …, kn−1], and is the complete (extended) group of symmetries of either of the reciprocal n.-dimensional polytopes {k1, k2,…, kn−1}, {kn−1, kn−2,…, k1}. There is a sense in which these statements hold for arbitrarily large values of the k's. But here we are concerned only with the cases where the groups and the polytopes are finite. The finite groups are[k] is simply isomorphic with the dihedral group of order 2k (e.g. [2], the Vierergruppe). [3, 3,…, 3] with n − 1 threes, or briefly [3n−1], is simply isomorphic with the symmetric group of order (n + 1)!.
Canonical Forms of the Quaternary Cubic associated with arbitrary Quadrics
Authors: Turnbull H. W. 
Published: November 2008

§ 1. The general quaternary cubiccan be expressed in various interesting canonical forms involving suitably chosen linear forms Xi, Yi, Ai. Thus, referred to the pentahedron. X1X2X3X4X5 of Sylvester the cubic becomes the sum of five cubeswith its Hessian in the formwhere the coefficients ai may if necessary be taken as equal to unity and the five linear forms Xi each contain four independent parameters, making a total of twenty parameters which is the number of coefficients aijk in the given cubic C3
On Five Lines, in Space of Four Dimensions, which lie upon a, Quadric Threefold and the Normal Quartic Curves of which they are Chords
Authors: Bath F. 
Published: November 2008

The connexion between the conditions for five lines of S4(i) to lie upon a quadric threefold,and (ii) to be chords of a normal quartic curve,leads to an apparent contradiction. This difficulty is explained in the first paragraph below and, subsequently, two investigations are given of which the first uses, mainly, properties of space of three dimensions.
On Appell's function F2
Authors: Manocha H. L. 
Published: November 2008

1. It has been observed that certain problems in quantum mechanics have their exact solutions which can be expressed in terms of Appell's function F2 as defined by (e.g. (7), p. 211)Having regard to this fact, Srivastava (5) proved a summation formulawhere R(λ) > 1, R(α) > − 1 and x⇌y indicates the presence on the right of a second term that originates from the first by interchanging x and y.
On the function
Authors: Meligy A. S. , EL Gazzy E. M. 
Published: November 2008

In a previous paper (3) one of us reported an expansion for the exponential integralin terms of Bessel functions. In this note, we shall obtain the more general formulawhere n is any positive integer, γ is Euler's constant andIt reduces to that in (3) when n = 1.
On the relative merits of correlated and importance sampling for Monte Carlo integration
Authors: Halton John H. 
Published: November 2008

Given a totally finite measure space (S, S, μ) and two μ-integrable, non-negative functions f(x) and φ(x) defined in S, such that whenthenwe define correlated sampling as the technique of estimatingby sampling an estimator functionwhere ξ is uniformly distributed in S with respect to μ (i.e. for any T ∈ S, p(T) = μ(T)/μ(S) is the probability that ξ lies in T): and importance sampling as estimating L by sampling the estimator functionwhere η is distributed in S with probability density φ(x)/ΦThen, clearly,It follows that υ(ξ) and ν(η) are both unbiased estimators of L, and that their variances can both be made to approach zero arbitrarily closely by making φ(x) a sufficiently close approximation to f(x).
An approximate solution for two-dimensional transonic flow past thin airfoils
Authors: Evans T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe transonic, two-dimensional flow past a thin airfoil is treated by approximating the transonic small perturbation equation by a linear equation valid in the neighbourhood of the airfoil. The solution is derived by representing the body by a line of suitable sources. Pressure distributions are given for airfoils with maximum thickness both forward and aft, and agreement with experiment improves as the position of maximum thickness moves aft.
Lines and Planes in a Metrical Space
Authors: Hunter W. 
Published: November 2008

§ 1. “Stretches” joining Points in a Metrical Space.If x, y, z are any points in a metrical space, then by definitionRegarding x and y as fixed, we may define the set of points z for whichas the “stretch joining the points xy” or more shortly the stretch xy*. Then for points z not on the stretch,The stretch xy always contains the points x and y themselves, which we may call the “end-points” of the stretch. In particular cases, it may contain no other points: e.g. with the function δ0(x, y) = 1 when xǂy, each stretch contains only its end-points †.
The influence of an illuminated mercury surface on the Franck-Cario reactions
Authors: Hirst Herbert Sim 
Published: November 2008

It has been found that illumination of a mercury surface by ultraviolet light strong in the line λ=2536·7 Å., exerts a marked influence on the photochemical union of hydrogen andgases such as oxygen, ethylene, and carbon monoxide. The rate of reaction is proportional to the first order to the area of surface exposed.The formation of a mercuric oxide film has been shown to occur only in the presence of a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, and alternative mechanisms for its formation are suggested.In the case of nitrogen-hydrogen mixtures, hydrazine and ammonia have been identified in the reaction products, and in the case of hydrogen and oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and water have been found, and it is suggested that the reactions proceed in steps.The catalytic efficiency of the surface depends on its cleanness and is cut down by poisons, such as the reaction products in the case of the combination of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
Further Investigations of the Amplitude Variations of Downcoming Wireless Waves
Authors: Pawsey J. L. 
Published: November 2008

Experiments are described for measuring the lateral deviation of wireless waves after reflection from the E and F regions of the ionosphere. It was found that the greatest lateral deviation observed, 20° or more, was that due to the e region, and the least, about 0·5°, was due to the normal E region in the case of a distant transmitter.The time variation of amplitude of a reflected wave was found to be consistent with a random scattering at the ionosphere.In the theoretical discussion it is shown that changing horizontal irregularities, ion clouds, are a very important cause of fading. Values are calculated for the average fading periods which would result from the horizontal winds in the neighbourhood of the E region known to exist from other evidence. These calculated periods agree with the observed and it is inferred that horizontal winds are a very important cause of fading.
Potenzreihen mit mehrfach monotoner Koeffizientenfolge und ihre Legendrepolynome
Authors: Fejér Von Leopold 
Published: November 2008

1. In den folgenden Zeilen möchte ich einige Sätze mit Beweisandeutungen mitteilen, die sich teilweise auf die Besonderheiten der Konvergenz der Partial-summen zur entwickelten Funktion teilweise auf die Eigenschaften der “Legen-dreschen Polynome” einer Potenzreihebeziehen, in welcher die Koeffizientenfolge {αn} mehrfach monoton ist. Eine Folge {αn} heisst k-fach monoton, wenn die Zahlen der k + 1 unendlichen Folgen {αn}, {δ1αn} {δ2αn}, …,{δkαn}, n = 0, 1, 2, …, durchwegs nichtnegativ ausfallen. Hier bezeichnet δvαn die v-te Differenz von αn, d.h.
Geometrical Properties of Three Symmetric Matrices
Authors: Turnbull H. W. 
Published: November 2008

In the early editions of the Geometry of Three Dimensions Salmon had stated that the equations of any three quadric surfaces could be simultaneously reduced to the sums of five squares. Such a reduction is not possible in general, but can be performed if and only if a certain combinant Λ, of the net of quadrics, vanishes. Algebraically the theory of such a net of quadrics is equivalent, as Hesse(2) showed, to that of a plane quartic curve: and the condition for the equation a quartic to be expressible to the sum of five fourth powers is equivalent to the condition Λ = 0(1). While Clebsch(3) was the first to establish this condition, Lüroth(4) gave it more explicit form by studying the quartic curvewhich satisfies the condition. Frahm(5) seems to have been the first to prove the impossibility of the above reduction of three general quadric surfaces, by remarking that the plane quartic curve obtained in Hesse's way from the locus of the vertices of cones of the net of quadrics would be a Lüroth quartic. Frahm further remarked that the three quadrics, so conditioned, could be regarded as the polar quadrics belonging to a cubic surface in ∞2 ways; but that for three general quadrics no such cubic surface exists. An explicit algebraical account of these properties was given by E. Toeplitz(6), who incidentally noticed that certain linear complexes associated with three general quadrics became special linear complexes when Λ = 0. This polar property of three quadrics in [3] was generalized to n dimensions by Anderson (7).
The Electronic Structure of
Authors: Coulson C. A. 
Published: November 2008

The molecular-orbital method has been applied to a study of in its ground state and excited levels, and the relative importance of the perturbation and variational methods has been considered in some detail, as well as the effect of certain integrals which, in discussions of molecular structure, have often been neglected. It appears that the ion should exist in stable equilateral form with a nuclear distance about 0·85 Å., and that all excited levels are unstable.Reasons are given for supposing that the molecule H3 is linear and not triangular.
On the Theorem of Pappus
Authors: Newman M. H. A. 
Published: November 2008

1. The axioms necessary for the construction of a proof of Pappus' Theorem, regarded as a theorem in the geometry of projective space of three dimensions, fall into three groups:I. Axioms of Incidence;II. Axioms of Order, giving the properties of the relation “between”, and establishing the order type of the projective line as cyclical and dense in itself;III. An Axiom of Continuity.It is customary in treatises on projective geometry to adopt in Group III the Axiom of Dedekind, which states that if the points of a segment are divided into two classes, L and R, which have each at least one member, and are such that no member of L lies between two points of R, nor vice versa, then there is a point of the segment, not an end-point, which is neither between two points of L nor between two points of R. This axiom, however, assumes considerably more than is necessary for the proof of the theorem.