bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les interventions des Etats-Unis en Amérique centrale (1885-1980) : le poids du passé
Authors: Granjon Marie-Christine 
Published: November 2007

Les interventions des Etats-Unis en Amérique centrale: le poids du passé, par Marie-Christine Granjon
Cet article se présente comme une courte synthèse rétrospective des relations entre les "républiques" centro-américaines et les Etats-Unis, dominées longtemps par le problème-clef du contrôle américain sur la Zone du canal de Panama, mais marquées également par une tradition d'intervention directe - et militaire - du gouvernement de Washington dans les affaires intérieures de ces Etats fragiles, corrompus et oligarchiques.
La logique de l'URSS au Moyen-Orient
Authors: Mendras Marie 
Published: November 2007

Soviet policy in the Middle East, by Marie Mendras
The Soviet position in the Middle East has not deteriorated as much as certain commentators daim. Policies should be judged according to the goals pursued. At présent, the USSR's policy is one of realism and prudence. The break with Egypt demonstrated the limits of « spécial relationships ». The USSR no longer seeks to establish this kind of alliance in the region, and it remains very cautions in its relations with progressive movements. Its policy does not consist of exclusive support for socialist regimes. Its direct economie interests in the Arab world should not be overestimated and it is not seeking économie domination of the region. From this perspective, the post-Lebanese war situation does not seem unfavourable to Soviet interests.
L'Europe à re-formuler. La Communauté au lendemain de la clarification d'Athènes
Authors: Moreau Defarges Philippe 
Published: November 2007

A redéfinition of the European Community
after the Athens Conférence, by Philippe Moreau Defarges
The failure of the Athens Conference in December 1983 marked a historie turning point in the construction of Europe. The current crisis is essentially a budgetary one for ail the partners. Behind the issues of Britain's contribution and reform of the Common Agricultural Policy lies a questioning of the basic System on which the Community is built, thus calling for thorough reexamination on the part of its Members and institutions. The fields of technology and European security will be of particular importance in the redefinition of Europe. In this respect, the Franco-German bloc should play an essen-tial role and the United Kingdom must become a genuine European partner.
Ordre international, « transparence » et aides publiques à l'industrie
Authors: Corbet Hugh 
Published: November 2007

International order, « transparency »
and public aid assistance to industry, by Hugh Corbet
With the insidious spread of protectionism, the incidence and effects of which are not readily identified, « transparency » has become a fashionable word in the lexicon of commercial diplomacy. The article begins by focussing on the context in which the question of « policy transparency » has been raised in intergovernmental deliberations, then dwells on the consequences of governments trying to slow down the process of adjustment to changing économie circumstances, before emphasising the importance of securing public un-derstanding of the need to adjust to change.
Japon : sécurité nationale, influence internationale
Authors: Bertricau A. 
Published: November 2007

Japan's National Defence and International Influence, by A. Bertricau
Over recent years Japan has moved progressively from its earlier policy of pacifism to an acceptance of nuclear disuasion as a means of keeping peace. The reasons for this transformation are multiple. Japan had cause to question the extent of Washington's commitment in Asia when Nixon re-established contact with Peking with no prior warning to Tokyo. Japanese society itself was changing with the coming of age of the generation born after 1945, for whom the war was history. In fact current trends in foreign and defence policy seem set to outlast Yasuhiro Nakasone. The generation about to corne to power in Japan is no longer beset by guilt feelings and it is no longer satisfied simply with winning the economie race. It has regained a sense of national destiny.
Deux ou trois choses à propos du nouveau maître de la diplomatie soviétique
Authors: Kartveli S. 
Published: November 2007

A Look at the New Master of Soviet Diplomacy, by S. Kartveli
The choice of Eduard Shevardnadze to replace Andrei Gromyko cornes as a surprise. Nothing would seem to have predisposed this provincial apparatchik to diplomacy. However, his choice is perhaps well-considered and rational. A reformist, he was already practicing Gorbachevism in his previous functions before the advent of Gorbachev. He is a confidant of Gorbachev and a man of proven talents as a negotiator and political manipulator. In a world where image and appearance are often of paramount importance, the choice of Shevardnadze is also sound. He personifies the new breed of young, strong, reformist administrator, who is also less Russian and more authentically multinational. In the Russian subconscious, the prototype of a Georgian is a mixture of seducer, hunter, brave and vengeful fighter, and stubborn highlander with the soûl of an actor. Gorbachev undoubtedly took ail these factors into account in making his choice.
Une théocratie constitutionnelle : les institutions de la République islamique d'Iran
Authors: Roy Olivier 
Published: November 2007

Iran's Quest for Superpower Status, by Gary Sick
Since 1973 and the first oïl shock, the center of gravity of Middle Eastern politics has been gradually shifting — from the eastern Medi-terranean and the Arab-Israeli conflict toward the Gulf and Iran. That process was accelerated in 1979 by the signing of the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, and the nearly simultaneous climax of the Iranian revolution. Iran has long harbored ambitions to become the superpower of the Gulf. That prospect is not as improbable today as in the past. In the case of an Iranian victory, the Middle East could become polari-zed between two hostile régional superpowers — Israel in the west and Iran in the east — with dangerous and unpredictable consequences.
Politique étrangère des Etats-Unis : l'ordre du jour de George Bush
Authors: Nixon Richard 
Published: November 2007

Politique étrangère des Etats-Unis : l'ordre du jour de George Bush, par Richard Nixon
Revitaliser l'Alliance atlantique, réorienter le processus de maîtrise des armements et résoudre les graves conflits de l'Afghanistan et du Nicaragua, telles sont les priorités immédiates de la politique étrangère américaine qui requièrent l'attention du nouveau président George Bush. La reconnaissance par Mikhaïl Gorbatchev de l'échec économique de son pays et le besoin qu'il a d'obtenir un répit dans la compétition Est-Ouest afin d'enraciner sa perestroïka fournissent une excellente occasion aux Etats-Unis non-seulement de renforcer la sécurité de Occident, mais aussi de promouvoir une paix plus stable selon une stratégie bien définie.
Vers un nouvel équilibre international en Extrême-Orient
Authors: Joyaux François 
Published: November 2007

Towards a New International Balance in the Far East, by François Joyaux
Things are moving in the Far East, and the chances are that the regional balance will be altered in 1989. For now, it proceeds along the Unes drawn ten years ago. Founded on the Sino-Soviet rift, this System no longer fits the interests of régional states. The Sino-Soviet detente began a decade ago ; Soviet policy, hitherto mainly declaratory, has produced effects in certain North East Asian states which noticeably modify the regional balance ; and finally, diplomatic activity in South East Asia has been very intense these last few months. A closer look at the various prevailing attitudes indicates that the major reasons for the Far current evolution lie essentially in the economic realm.
La négociation sur les Forces armées conventionnelles en Europe
Authors: Plaisant François 
Published: November 2007

The Vienna Negotiations on Conventional Weapons, by François Marcel Plaisant
The Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe was signed at the Elysée Palace on 19th November, 1990. Analysis of its implementation reveals the complexity, technicality and close interrelationship of the subjects dealt with, whether they be different kinds of armament or different types of limitations placed upon them. It also throws light on the connections between these negotiations and the changes in the European political landscape over the last 2 years, i.e. the disappearance of the Warsaw Pact and the quick reunification of Germany. It demonstrated that the ultimate success of careful, technical, multilateral negotiations depends on political will.
La question française
Authors: Kramer Steven Philip ,   MIT Press Journals
Published: November 2007

The French Question, by Steven Philip Kramer
The end of the Cold War and the unification of Germany produced fears on the part of the French political class about France's capacity to continue to play a role of political leadership in Europe. That leadership had depended to a large extent on France's special relationship with Germany. By late 1990, Mitterrand was attempting to strike a new balance between France's desires for national independence, European construction and the Atlantic connection.
Quel avenir pour la « nomenklatura » : la retraite, la reconversion ou... le pouvoir ?
Authors: Gazier Anne 
Published: November 2007

What does the Future hold for the Nomenklatura - Conversion, Retirement or Power ?, by Anne Gazier
The nomenklatura has endured many reverses since 1987-1988. Since the August 1991 putsch its numbers have been eut, its sélection procedures have been democratised, and its ranks have been rejuvenated. It has nonetheless shown remarkable adaptability. A large majority have managed to hang on to power at many levels. In practice the personnel of the bureaucracy and the Soviets (local authorities) have changea only marginally. This durability is due to the relatively superficial institutional changes so far undertaken inside the new Federation.
L'eau et le processus de paix israélo-arabe
Authors: Beschorner Natasha 
Published: November 2007

Water and the Peace Process Between Israël and the Arabs, by Natasha Beschorner
This article examines the problem of competing demand for the limited water resources in the Jordan river basin. It looks at water supply and the issue of efficient water management in Israel, the Occupied Territories, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon highlighting Israel's dependence on water from beyond its pre-1967 borders. It focuses to a major extent on the attempts currently being made in the context of multilateral peace talks to develop a legal framework for equitable utilisation of the Jordan river System and for groundwater on the West Bank, and on why previous negotiations have failed. Territorial concessions by Israel are closely linked to the distribution of water resources. Finally policy options are assessed, in particular the potential for inter-state co-operation provided by water conservation measures and greater transparency of hydrological data.
Le Japon et l'Asie du Sud-Est : un nouveau partenariat
Authors: Boisseau du Rocher Sophie 
Published: November 2007

Japan and South-East Asia, a New Partnership, by Sophie Boisseau du Rocher
Over the last 40 years, Tokyo has created a network of commercial, financial and political ties that closely associates it with the future of liberal Southeast Asia. This plurality of influences raise issues concerning the political implications of Japan s economie power. Japan and Southeast Asia are evolving in increasingly subtle ways, from a relation of dependence to a relation of partnership. Japan, in order to assert itself as a political/global power, may eventually rely on the support of the ASEAN countries. Could this situation lead to the development of an economie block under japanese control, capable of rivalizing both with the European and North American markets ?
La France et les négociations du GATT
Authors: Saint-Etienne Christian 
Published: November 2007

France and the GATT Negotiations, by Christian Saint-Etienne
France is unable to pursue a trade policy independently from the European Community. Nevertheless, France can and should define its European policy taking into account the four following considerations : if « pure » (or so-called) free trade is hypocritical and destructive, what can it be replaced by ? If outward orientation increases economie efficiency at the price of augmenting social divisions, what can be done to enjoy the advantages of the one without the disadvantages of the other ? Under what circumstances can free trade remain an instrument that improves the standard of living without threatening the European political model ? What are specifie French interests in this domain ?
Faut-il réconcilier les Allemands avec eux-mêmes ?
Authors: Picht Robert 
Published: November 2007

German Reconciliation ?, by Robert Picht
Four years after the fall of the Wall, Germany appears more divided than ever. The current German crisis goes deeper than the problems of economie recession that was aggravated by massive financial transfers to the East. The psychological and cultural difficulties are considérable. The two former German states and their societies developed in opposite directions. On the one hand, the East-Germans must undergo a double frustration. They have to reject their past as a failure ; and they must accept that the dream of a brilliant capitalistic future is illusory. On the other hand, the West-Germans have problems justifying their policy of European integration as well as their former cooperation with the communist regimes. In this double crisis of national identity - one that raises old questions about German history and, in particular, about the nature of Nazism - it is more appropriate to consider the birth of the new Germany as unification than as reunification.
Caucase : le retour de la Russie
Authors: Yerasimos Stéphane 
Published: November 2007

Caucasia : the Return of Russia, by Stéphane Yérasimos
After its eclipse in Caucasia in 1990 Russia succeeded, by the end of 1993, in engineering an almost complete return to power in the area as it had similarly done between the years 1918 and 1921. During both these periods Western as well as neighbouring powers thought that they could filt the void left by Russia. However Russia's neighbours were forced back by the way in which Russia took control of the problems involved in maintening order in such a turbulent and poorly accessible country they resigned themselves to leaving the role of policeman to Russia. Moreover, in both periods Moscow skilfully used regional interethnic conflicts to achieve its return to power.
Après l'Europe ?
Authors: David Dominique 
Published: November 2007

After Europe ?, by Dominique David
1993 bas broken clown to pieces every prospect on the future of Europe. The heavy uncertainties on Russian future, the Yugoslav disorder that is undermining ail European security institutions, the problems facing any progress on European Union, the emergence of a zone of constant instability in the Maghreb : ail these factors do not leave many chances of success to the construction of a United Europe, as planned four years ago. We have to undergo a complete review of our strategy knowing that a united European continent will probably remain a dream for a long time. In this period of transition, new objectives have to be set. We have to redefine our relationship to Russia, accept and organize the coexistence of multiple Europes, reinforce the Western European construction, and build up a coherent strategy toward the South.
Les élections du 12 décembre 1993 dans la Fédération de Russie et "le phénomène Jirinovsky"
Authors: Salmine Alexeï 
Published: November 2007

The Elections of 12 December in the Federation of Russia and the « Zirinovsky Phenomenon », by Alexei Salmine
Alexei Salmine presents an analysis of the « Zirinovsky phenomenon » which characterized the parliamentary elections of 12th December 1993 in Russia. The complicated voting procedure, partly proportional representation and partly simple majority, chosen in order to give the advantage once and for ail to the liberal pro-reformists, benefited instead Vladimir Zirinovsky, the leader of the Liberal Democrat Party. The libéral pro-reformists, who hoped to carry the day led a disorganized campaign that, through lack of experience, was extremely boring. Moreover, the president Boris Yeltsin, who pronounced himself in favour of the Constitution for which the Russians voted at the same time by referendum, did not want to support directly his partisans. Using public opinion surveys, Alexei Salmineto analyses the electoral support of Zirinovsky. The people who voted for him tended to be middle-aged men with secondary school education whilst the typical reformist voter was younger and more highly educated. Nevertheless the Zirinovsky voter was not more affected by the fall in the standard of living than other voters.
Les détours de la démocratie en Russie
Authors: Bouthors Jean-François 
Published: November 2007

The Détours of Democracy in Russia, by Jean-François Bouthors
Russia began its third year of post-Soviet existence with a new constitution, adopted by referendum the 12th December 1993. However, the legislative elections saw the defeat of the pro-reform parties to the advantage of the ultra-nationalists, communists and their allies. As a resuit Boris Yeltsin, whose mandate runs until 1996, finds himself in a difficult position, whilst the prime minister, Viktor Chernomyrdin, former director of the Soviet national gas monopoly, seems to be the key-man to the situation in Moscow. The head of the government, with the president, aims to control inflation, give a neiv impetus to production and conduct a social policy whilst maintaining budgetary stringency. These objectives are contradictory but they correspond to the desires of the population (as shown by the results of the elections) and, at the same time, the specifie difficultes experienced by Russia coming out of Communism. The future of democratie Russia depends on this difficult wager and the collaboration between Boris Yeltsin and Viktor Chernomyrdin who, whilst allies today, could become rivals in the future.
Les mouvements de réfugiés dans l'après-guerre froide
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: November 2007

Refugee Movements in the Post-Cold War Era, by Gil Loescher
This article briefly describes the scope and dimensions of contemporary refugee movements by analyzing some of the forces which shape these flows. Democratization, problems of nationalite and minority rights, and structural, political, economie, environmental and social changes in the post-Cold War world (especially in large parts of the developing world and in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union), are likely to resuit in growing numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons in the years ahead. Refugees and asylum seekers are increasingly regarded not only as a major humanitarian challenge but as a political problem and a threat to the national security of Western states. Refugee policy involves much more than defining or adjudicating claims for asylum, safe haven and refugee status for those who seek to enter or stay in the West. It is now apparent that an effective response to thèse issues will have to involve major Western foreign policy and international actions.
L'asile et l'immigration en Allemagne
Authors: Angenendt Steffen 
Published: November 2007

Asylum and Immigration in Germany, by Stephen Angenendt
Germany, which used to be one of the most tolerant countries in matters concerning asylum, bas, since the eighties, been confronted by very large migratory flows. Immigration to the FRG consisted every year of hundreds of thousands of asylum-seekers, a similar number of 'pieds noirs' that is to say Germans from Russia, Kazakhstan, Roumania and Poland, as well as a large number of East Germans. On May 26th 1993, the Bundestag adopted a new law making asylum and immigration to Germany increasingly difficult. The problem of immigration has not been resolved, however, as is shown by the situation in the East European countries, Germany ys neighbours, who are suffering the consequences of the new asylum policy of the FRG. Henceforth the policy of immigration requires close coopération at a European level, not only within the European Union but also in association with the East European countries who are particularly concemed by this phenomenon.
L'Allemagne — un pays comme les autres ?
Authors: Nerlich Uwe 
Published: November 2007

Germany — a Country Like Others?, by Uwe Nerlich
All industrial democracies will have to find a new balance between their domestic problems and possible solutions at an international level. They will also have to redefine their international roles and leave a wider margin to nationalism. For Germany, the situation is not the same since there this sort of problem is posed in terms of 'crises of normalization '. What is more, the development of Germany lies within that of Europe. Conversely the security of Europe is directly linked to the European Union integration process which is equally dépendent upon the nature of the new Germany, vulnerable to the nationalisms of its partners. Germany's integration and security policy aims to maintain a balance between internal normalization, avoiding renationalisation, and an active European policy uncontaminated by vague desires of domination. Whilst this task is politically difficult to manage it is nevertheless made easier by the phenomenon of globalisation and the interdependence of our modem societies.
Révolution économique en Chine, réformes en Inde
Authors: Etienne Gilbert 
Published: November 2007

The Economic Revolution China Reforms in India by Gilbert Etienne
China is going through a spectacular expansion, the result of the vision promoted by Deng Xiaoping and his team. India proceeds in its own way, less buoyant, hut perhaps safer in the long run. Serious cracks are noticeable in the Chinese financial system, going along the powerful role of the Party and the lack of ra reliable legal basis. In these fields, India enjoys a number of advantages, now that its economy is picking up after a lull. One must also bear in mind that, unlike India, China enjoys two big advantages : Hong Kong and around its territory, a vast area in rapid expansion.
La France et l'Alliance : les limites du rapprochement
Authors: Bozo Frédéric 
Published: November 2007

France and NATO: The Limits of Rapprochement, by Frédéric Bozo
Thirty years after De Gaulle's décision to withdraw France from NATO's integrated structure, French policy towards NATO is called into question. The current phase of rapprochement between France and NA TO began a few years ago, partly as a result of domestic political changes and, more importantly, as a consequence both of NATO's transformation and of France's changing security policy after the Cold War. For the first time since 1966, the debate which deals with the two issues of Alliance reform and France-NATO relations is opened and has high priority on France's foreign policy agenda.
Pulsions et impulsions : l'euro-méditerranée comme enjeu de société
Authors: Kodmani-Darwish Bassma 
Published: November 2007

Drive and Impulse : Euro-Mediterranean Policy as a Challenge to Society, by Bassma Kodmani-Darwish
Euro-Mediterranean partnership is a challenge to society because the Barcelona process can only be successful if it acquires legitimacy in public opinion. This project is arousing great hopes in the South but also great fears. Its rationale of integration into the globalization dynamic implies far-reaching changes in these countries' structures, changes that are liable to fuel Islamic dissidence. Europe must therefore develop an Arabo-Muslim policy that is both external and internal, because the North-South borders are also internal, identity-related and cultural borders that run across European societies. The long-term challenge is the creation of an area under joint North-South responsibility. This is the only alternative to the Arab world's temptation to turn in on itself, submit or revolt.