bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from plasma during primary HIV infection
Authors: Albert Jan , Gaines Hans , Sönnerborg Anders , Nyström Gunnel , Pehrson Pehr Olov , Chiodi Francesca , von Sydow Madeleine , Moberg Lars , Lidman Knut , Christensson Bertil , Åsjö Birgitta , Fenyö Eva Maria 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been isolated from plasma in 6 of 7 patients showing clinical symptoms of a primary HIV infection. Parallel cultures from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) yielded virus in 5 patients. In one case, virus could only be isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid but not from peripheral blood. Detectable viremia was transient and preceded the appearance of HIV specific antibodies. After cessation of acute symptoms, the frequency of HIV isolations was similar to that of asymptomatic carriers (23 and 26%, respectively). The role of the immune response in terminating detectable viremia remains to be established.
Virological markers and antibody responses in fulminant viral hepatitis
Authors: Bal V. , Amin S. N. , Rath S. , Kamat S. A. , Zuckerman A. J. , Marathe S. N. , Kamat R. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractClinical profiles, serological markers, and antibody responses to antigens of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were studied in patients with fulminant viral hepatitis. Whereas hepatitis A and B were found to be uncommon causes (6.9% and 12.2%, respectively), non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis was found to be the most common cause of fulminant hepatitis (80.9%). As against this, the incidence of hepatitis B and NANB hepatitis was very similar in nonfulminant acute viral hepatitis in adults (41.2% and 51.9%, respectively). Pregnancy with labour was an important precipitating factor for development of fulminant hepatitis of the NANB type only; 32% of fulminant NANB hepatitis patients were pregnant women and 22.6% had a history of labour preceding hepatic coma. Only 0.8% of nonfulminant NANB hepatitis cases were pregnant women. Another major precipitating factor for the development of the fulminant form of NANB hepatitis was concomitant chronic HBV carrier state. A total of 38.6% of fulminant NANB hepatitis patients were HBV carriers, whereas only 19.2% of nonfulminant acute NANB hepatitis cases were HBV carriers. Sera of 32 chronic HBV carriers with fulminant NANB hepatitis and 10 cases of fulminant hepatitis B were tested for delta antibody, and all were nonreactive.The antibody responses of the fulminant hepatitis B patients to the antigens of HBV were found to be greater compared to those of patients with nonfulminant acute hepatitis B. Antibody responses of chronic HBV carriers with fulminant NANB hepatitis to antigens of HBV were found to be depressed in comparison with those of chronic asymptomatic carriers.
Direct detection of rhinoviruses by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Dearden C. J. , Al‐Nakib W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the first enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of rhinovirus antigens in clinical specimens (nasal washings), either directly or following overnight cell culture amplification. The assay takes approximately 48 hours to perform and utilizes the same rabbit antirhinovirus hyperimmune serum as both the capture and detecting antibody. The latter has been biotin‐labelled and is detected via a streptavidin 3‐galactosidase preformed complex. This new assay has been found to be very sensitive, detecting human rhinovirus (HRV)‐EL and HRV‐2 at titres as low as 101.8 TCID50 100 μl−1 and < 101 TCID50 100 μl−1, respectively. Furthermore, when 57 different human rhinovirus serotypes were tested in both the HRV‐EL and HRV‐2 ELISA systems a total of 49 (86%) were found to be cross‐reactive. Of 36 clinical specimens tested by virus isolation, cell‐culture‐amplified (CCA) ELISA, and direct ELISA, 15 were positive by isolation, 11 by CCA‐ELISA, and 11 by direct ELISA. The overall correlation of the CCA and direct ELISA techniques with virus isolation was found to be 88.9% and 66.7%, respectively. The present study demonstrates that the ELISA system developed is a sensitive technique for the diagnosis of rhinovirus infections.
Comparison of two commercially available anti‐HIV ELISAs: Abbott HTLV III EIA and Du Pont HTLV III‐ELISA
Authors: Burkhardt U. , Mertens Th. , Eggers H. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerum specimens were tested for HIV antibodies by two commercially available ELISAs (Abbott HTLV III EIA and Du Pont HTLV III‐ELISA). The specificity and sensitivity of these assays were determined by comparison with indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Specificity ranged from 94.3% in the Abbott assay to 97.9% in the Du Pont‐ELISA. The sensitivity was 100% in the Abbott‐ELISA and 99% in the Du Pont test. With both tests, false‐positive results occurred predominantly in sera from patients with immunological disorders (kidney transplant recipients, lymphoma, Stevens‐Johnson syndrome, etc.), whereas symptomatic AIDS‐patients, patients with ARC, and persons with a defined risk for HIV infection could be diagnosed unequivocally. Specificity and sensitivity of anti‐HIV ELISAs seemed to depend not only on definition of the cutoff value but also on other factors, such as antigen preparation and inactivation measures. Testing of ELISA‐reactive sera by confirmatory tests remains necessary.
Endogenous production of infectious Inoue‐Melnick virus in a human meningioma cell line
Authors: Nishibe Y. , Inoue Y. K. , Hollinshead A. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe investigated continuous production of Inoue‐Melnick virus (IMV) in the MG‐1 cell line, established from human meningioma. The infectious virus, identified as a type 1 virus, was mostly recovered extracellularly. Assay of MG‐1 cells as infective centers indicated that most of the cells were capable of producing infectious virus. By immunofluorescence, more than 90% of the cells were found to have IMV‐associated cytoplasmic antigen(s) (IMCA).
Tacaribe virus: A new alternative for Argentine hemorrhagic fever vaccine
Authors: Carballal Guadalupe , Calello Miguel A. , Laguens Rubén P. , Weissenbacher Mercedes C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTacaribe virus is know to protect guinea pigs and primates against lethal challenge with Junín virus. A long‐term study on the effect of Tacaribe virus infection in the guinea pig was carried out to determine the extent of cross‐protection and whether antigen and/or viral persistence and tissue damage could be detected in immune animals. Viral titers, antigen expression in organs, and histologic lesions were sequentially searched for up to 540 days postinfection (pi). Neutralizing antibodies (Abs) and cross‐protection to Junín virus were evaluated up to 660 days pi. Tacaribe virus titers and antigen peaked at 7–10 days pi to become undetectable after 30 days pi, except for a transient viral recovery from salivary gland. Virus was undetectable by coculture at 365 and 540 days pi.No immunoglobulins or C3 deposits were detected by immunofluorescence in brain or kidney at any stage, and histologic lesions were absent throughout. Anti‐Tacaribe and anti‐Junín neutralizing Abs were detected up to 660 days and full protection against challenge was achieved at 365 and 540 days, declining to 33% at 660 days pi. The results warrant consideration of Tacaribe virus as potential heterologous vaccine against Argentine hemorrhagic fever.
Therapeutic effect of (E)‐5‐(2‐bromovinyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine, caffeic acid oxidation product, and trisodiumphosphonoformate on cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in guinea pigs
Authors: Helbig Bjorn , Sauerbrei Andreas , Klöcking Renate , Wutzler Peter , Wicht Norbert , Wiedemann Uwe , Herrmann Gottfried 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe influence of (E)‐5‐(2‐bromovinyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BVDU), caffeic acid oxidation product (KOP), and trisodiumphosphonoformate (TPF) on the course of the primary cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection was investigated by means of a guinea pig test model. The antiviral substances were applied in an ointment with 10% urea as a penetration mediator.When the treatment was initiated 15 minutes after virus inoculation, 3% BVDU effectively inhibited the development of herpetic vesicles and 0.1% BVDU prevented the appearance of herpetic satellites. Under the same conditions 1% and 3% KOP ointments inhibited the appearance of satellites; and 0.5% TPF ointment completely inhibited the development of cutaneous herpes lesions. Prophylactic drug administration given 24, 20, and 4 hours before virus inoculation was without any protective effect.
BK virus specific humoral and cell mediated immunity in allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients
Authors: Drummond James E. , Shah Keerti V. , Saral Rein , Santos George W. , Donnenberg Albert D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBKV specific humoral and cell mediated immunity was examined weekly in 19 allogeneic BMT recipients and correlated with the occurrence of BKV shedding. Responses to staphylococcal antigen (SPL) and tetanus toxoid (TET) were measured as specificity controls. Responses and virus shedding were assayed weekly for up to 15 weeks after BMT. Fourteen of 19 patients enrolled in this study were immunized with TET on the day of transplant. Significant rises in TET specific IgG were observed in TET immunized, but not in unimmunized, subjects. Similarly, TET specific lymphoproliferative responses were observed only in TET immunized subjects when they emerged from aplasia 3 to 4 weeks later. In contrast, all subjects had positive lymphoproliferative responses to SPL, an antigen derived from a ubiquitous agent. All subjects were assayed weekly for the presence of BKV in the urine as detected by ELISA. By 15 weeks, 11 (58%) of these patients shed detectable quantities of BKV antigen at least once. Subjects who excreted BKV (BKV +) maintained BKV specific IgG at pretransplant levels, whereas levels steadily declined in those who did not (BKV‐) (p < 0.001). Lymphoproliferative responses to BKV, TET, and SPL antigens were not significantly different across time or between excretion groups. The temporal relationship of BKV shedding and the expression of BKV specific immunity was investigated by examining average responses measured in 5‐week intervals surrounding positive and negative antigen detection assays. Both BKV specific IgG and BKV specific lymphoproliferative responses were higher (1.8 fold, p < 0.005 and 2.5 fold, p = 0.06, respectively) surrounding positive detection assays. These findings indicate a strong association between BKV excretion and the development of indicators of virus specific immunity following BMT.
Serologic characteristics of a human rotavirus isolate, AU‐1, which has a “long” RNA pattern and subgroup I specificity
Authors: Kitaoka S. , Nakagomi T. , Fukuhara N. , Hoshino Y. , Suzuki H. , Nakagomi O. , Kapikian A. Z. , Ebina T. , Konno T. , Ishida N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn unusual human rotavirus (HRV) isolate, designated AU‐1, has a “long” RNA electrophoretic pattern and subgroup I specificity, in contrast to properties common to HRVs previously isolated. Hemagglutination activity of the AU‐1 strain was demonstrated using erythrocytes of 1‐day‐old chicken. Neutralization assays revealed that the AU‐1 strain was crossneutralized by hyperimmune antisera against the MO strain (serotype 3). However, antiserum directed against a reassortant in which the gene for Vp7 was replaced by the corresponding AU‐1 gene neutralized the AU‐1 strain to a significantly higher titer than the MO strain.
Nosocomial rotaviral diarrhea: Pattern of spread on wards in a children's hospital
Authors: Pacini David L. , Brady Michael T. , Budde Christopher T. , Connell Mary J. , V. Hamparian Vincent , Hughes John H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNoscomial gastroenteritis in a 315‐bed hospital for children was examined prospectively from January 11 through May 31, 1985. There were 85 cases of nosocomial diarrhea during the study period, and these were identified on each of the 13 hospital wards. Rotavirus was identified in 40% of cases. Incidence of nosocomial rotavirus was highest on wards where most children were less than 2 years of age, except for the infectious diseases (isolation) ward (0.24 versus 2.30 cases per 100 admissions, p= 1.70 × 10−4, Fisher exact test). The lower incidence on the infectious diseases ward occurred despite the greater potential for exposure to rotavirus, since 70% of children admitted with community‐acquired rotavirus diarrhea were placed on the infectious diseases ward. Better infection control, especially hand washing, aided by the structure of the infectious diseases ward, may have been responsible for this difference.
Detection of human cytomegalovirus DNA in human tonsillar lymphocytes
Authors: David Daniella , Ravid Zohar , Morag Abraham 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was first isolated in cell cultures from the oropharynx, which is thought to be a site of primary infection. Although HCMV can be recovered from the oropharynx during reactivation phases, its exact site of latency is not known. In the present study we demonstrated evidence suggesting the presence of latent HCMV in this anatomic region‐in the palatine tonsils.Samples from 30 tonsils obtained by tonsillectomy were screened for the presence of HCMV. Out of the 30 tonsil donors, 23 were seropositive for HCMV.Three methods were used in attempts to demonstrate HCMV's presence in the tonsils: (1) viral isolation attempts on various cell cultures, (2) immunohistochemical staining‐immunoperoxidase method‐designed to detect viral antigens, and (3) DNA dot hybridization with a HCMV‐DNA probe designed to detect viral DNA.Neither infectious HCMV nor other viruses were isolated in cell cultures. No viral antigens were detected by immunoperoxidase staining in the tonsillar tissue.Four out of the 30 tonsils studied were found to contain viral DNA. In one case in which the tonsillar mononuclear (MN) fraction was separted from the polymorphonuclear (PMN) fraction, only the first fraction contained the viral DNA.
Use of cRNA probes for the detection of enteroviruses by molecular hybridization
Authors: Cova L. , Kopecka H. , Aymard M. , Girard M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSubgenomic fragments of cDNA from poliovirus type 1 were inserted downstream from the SP6 or the T7 promoter in a Gemini riboprobe vector and their in vitro synthesized RNA transcripts were used as radiolabeled probes for the detection of enteroviral RNAs by molecular hybridization. The cRNA transcripts appeared to be more sensitive probes than the corresponding cDNAs. In vitro transcripts of the 5′ noncoding region (5′ nc riboprobe) were able to detect all of 14 reference enterovirus strains tested, as well as human rhinovirus 2, by dot blot hybridization with infected cell lysates. The same riboprobe also detected the enteroviral RNAs present in 16 of 18 samples of successive passages of stools in tissue culture and in some cases even in crude stool extracts. A riboprobe from the VP 1 region detected specifically poliovirus types 1,2, and 3 in lysates of infected cells and in 50% of the infected stool specimens tested. These probes could be of particular interest for the epidemic survey of poliovirus infections.
Detection of mononuclear cells expressing hepatitis B virus in peripheral blood from HBsAg positive and negative patients by in situ hybridisation
Authors: Hadchouel M. , Pasquinelli C. , Fournier J. G. , Hugon R. N. , Scotto J. , Bernard O. , Brechot C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn situ hybridisation was used to detect RNA of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in peripheral mononuclear blood cells. Presence of HBV‐RNA was detected in 10/17 HBsAg positive HBeAg positive patients, in 8/18 HBsAg positive HBeAg negative patients, in 1/3 anti‐HBs positive subjects. Four control subjects were negative. The frequency of labelled cells varied from 1 to 10% of mononuclear cells. These results indicate that the DNA detected so far in mononuclear blood cells may be transcriptionally active.
Use of serotype‐specific monoclonal antibodies to study the epidemiology of rotavirus infection
Authors: Birch C. J. , Heath R. L. , Gust I. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe development of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) capable of serotyping human rotavirus (HRV) in faecal extracts has enabled us to retrospectively study the epidemiology of rotavirus infection in Melbourne. Of 552 stored specimens obtained from individuals with rotavirus‐associated gastroenteritis between 1975 and 1986, the serotype could be determined in 62%. Infection was most prevalent in two groups, neonates and children aged between 12 and 24 months. In these groups infection was due to different serotypes, type 1 in older children and an untypable virus in infants. Serotype 1 strains were detected in greater numbers than the other serotypes and circulated in each year of the study. Serotype 2 rotaviruses were associated with a large epidemic in 1978, but have been detected only rarely since.
Presence of a partially acid‐labile alpha‐interferon in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with cytomegalovirus pneumonitis is associated with a poor prognosis
Authors: Lever A. M. L. , Milburn Heather J. , du Bois R. M. , Griffiths P. D. , Grundy Jane E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn 30 patients with pneumonitis, 16 of whom had undergone bone marrow transplantation, 13 episodes of cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis were diagnosed. In three of these, alpha‐interferon, which in two cases was partially acid‐labile, was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. All three of these patients died. Only two deaths occurred in ten patients without detectable levels of alpha interferon in the lavage fluid. CMV pneumonitis in immunocompromised patients appears to stimulate the local production of a partially acid‐labile alpha‐interferon, and its presence is associated with a poor prognosis. Gamma‐interferon was not found in the lavage fluid of any patient with pneumonitis.
Two new genome types of adenovirus 7c
Authors: Kannemeyer Jennifer R. , Brooks Louise A. , Dumbell K. R. , Keen G. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAdenovirus type 7 is the type most frequently associated with serious disease. Eighteen different genome types of adenovirus type 7 had been reported up to October 1986. The genome type Ad7c, based on the restriction enzyme profiles of SmaI and BamHI, has been reported from Europe prior to 1969 and more recently from South Africa. Here, we report two new genome types of adenovirus 7c that have not previously been identified and that have been isolated in South Africa between 1975 and 1986 from children with postmeasles pneumonia. The two new genome types differ from the prototype Ad7c virus in having two (Ad7c1) or one (Ad7c2) extra cleavage sites for the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. These sites have been located at 3.68kb and 5.32kb from the left terminus of the genome map published for the prototype Ad7c strain. A strain resembling the prototype Ad7c was also isolated in 1986 from a case of post measles pneumonia.
An electron microscopical investigation of faecal small round viruses
Authors: Oliver A. R. , Phillips A. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA retrospective study of small round featureless viruses (SRVs) initially identified by negative‐staining electron microscopy of stool samples was performed. A variety of techniques, including immunoelectron microscopy and caesium chloride gradient centrifugation, was applied in an attempt to classify further these viruses.Over a four‐year period, 64 SRV‐positive samples were reported (1.8% of the stool samples sent for electron microscopy and 6.2% of the total number of positive samples), of which 53 were available for further study. A significant degree of misclassification was found. Viruses previously identified as SRVs were shown to be astrovirus (n = 14), calicivirus (n = 2), and “Norwalk‐like” virus (n = 1). The majority of the 36 remaining samples were identified as parvovirus‐like (n = 27) (75%), 14 of which were associated with the presence of adenovirus particles. Enteroviruses (n = 3) and hepatitis A virus (n = 1) were infrequently detected. The remaining viruses (n = 5) could not be adequately classified.Parvovirus may be the predominant SRV associated with acute diarrhoeal disease in childhood.
Immunoreactivity of human and rabbit antisera to hepatitis A virus
Authors: Gauss‐Müller Verena , Deinhardt Friedrich 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRabbit antibodies produced by immunization with complete hepatitis A virions (HAV) recognized all the viral structural proteins and neutralized HAV infectivity in cell culture. Rabbit antibodies to chromatographically purified individual viral proteins and to synthetic peptides representing epitopes on the structural viral protein VP1 neither recognized whole virus nor neutralized infectivity, indicating that native epitopes on the virus surface are necessary for virus recognition and neutralization. Human anti‐HAV‐positive sera of the acute and convalescent phase of disease recognized and neutralized viral particles. Analysis of the immunoreactivity of these human sera in immunoblot showed that the IgM antibody preferentially recognizes the structural viral proteins VP0 and VP3 of HAV, whereas IgA and IgG antibodies reacted more strongly with VP1.
Serial assay for IGM anti‐HBc in patients with anti‐HBe‐positive chronic hepatitis and its significance for long‐term prognosis
Authors: Kiyosawa Kendo , Sodeyama Takeshi , Franca Suenia T. M. , Yoda Hidetoshi , Ohike Yoshimoto , Imai Haruhiko , Imai Yasuharu , Furuta Seiichi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerial assays for immunoglobulin M antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti‐HBc) were performed in 51 patients with antibody to hepatitis B e antigen (anti‐HBe) in their sera. IgM anti‐HBc was detected periodically and persistently in 8 (53%) of 15 patients with chronic hepatitis whose serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels were elevated and was not detected in 36 patients with normal serum GPT levels. Antibody to delta agent was not detected in any of the patients. Of the eight patients positive for IgM anti‐HBc, four had a high titer of IgM anti‐HBc and either developed liver cirrhosis (three cases) or died due to massive hepatic necrosis (one case); the other four showed a low level of IgM anti‐HBc and either recovered (two cases) or developed chronic persistent hepatitis (two cases). Of seven patients negative for IgM anti‐Hbc, two had a fatty liver, and five, who had a history of blood transfusion, had chronic hepatitis. Thus, even though anti‐HBe may be present, if the titer of IgM anti‐HBc is high, the histological activity can be expected to increase, and the prognosis will be poor. If the titer of IgM anti‐HBc is low, the histological activity may be expected to decrease, and the prognosis may be good. In patients with abnormally high serum GPT but without IgM anti‐HBc, another type of hepatitis or a secondary form of liver disease should be considered.