bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exercise-Related Leg Pain in Female Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Reinking Mark F. 
Published: April 2006

Background Exercise-related leg pain is a common complaint among athletes, but there is little evidence regarding risk factors for this condition in female collegiate athletes. Purpose To examine prospectively the effect of selected extrinsic and intrinsic factors on the development of exercise-related leg pain in female collegiate athletes. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Subjects were 76 female collegiate athletes participating in fall season sports, including cross-country running, field hockey, soccer, and volleyball. Athletes were seen for a preseason examination that included measures of height, weight, foot pronation, and calf muscle length as well as a questionnaire for disordered eating behaviors. Body mass index was calculated from height and weight (kg/m2). Those athletes who developed exercise-related leg pain during the season were seen for followup. All athletes who developed the condition and a matched group without such leg pain underwent bone mineral density and body composition testing. Statistical analyses of differences and relationships were conducted. Results Of the 76 athletes, 58 (76%) reported a history of exercise-related leg pain, and 20 (26%) reported occurrence of exercise-related leg pain during the season. A history of this condition was strongly associated with its occurrence during the season (odds ratio, 13.2). Exercise-related leg pain was most common among field hockey and cross-country athletes and least common among soccer players. There were no differences between athletes with and without such leg pain regarding age, muscle length, self-reported eating behaviors, body mass index, menstrual function, or bone mineral density. Athletes with exerciserelated leg pain had significantly (P < .05) greater navicular drop compared with those without. Conclusion Exercise-related leg pain was common among this group of female athletes. The results suggest that there are certain factors, including foot pronation, sport, and a history of this condition, that are associated with an increased risk of exerciserelated leg pain.
The 6 Degrees of Freedom Kinematics of the Knee after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency
Authors: DeFrate Louis E. , Papannagari Ramprasad , Gill Thomas J. , Moses Jeremy M. , Pathare Neil P. , Li Guoan 
Published: April 2006

Background Previous studies of knee joint function after anterior cruciate ligament deficiency have focused on measuring anterior-posterior translation and internal-external rotation. Few studies have measured the effects of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency on 6 degrees of freedom knee kinematics in vivo. Objective To measure the 6 degrees of freedom knee kinematics of patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods The knee joint kinematics of 8 patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament rupture was measured during a quasi-static lunge. Kinematics was measured from full extension to 90° of flexion using imaging and 3-dimensional modeling techniques. The healthy, contralateral knee of each patient served as a control. Results Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency caused a statistically significant anterior shift (approximately 3 mm) and internal rotation of the tibia (approximately 2°) at low flexion angles. However, ligament deficiency also caused a medial translation of the tibia (approximately 1 mm) between 15° and 90° of flexion. Conclusion The medial shift of the tibia after anterior cruciate ligament deficiency might alter contact stress distributions in the tibiofemoral cartilage near the medial tibial spine. These findings correlate with the observation that osteoarthritis in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injuries is likely to occur in this region. Clinical Relevance The data from this study suggest that future anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques should reproduce not only anterior stability but also medial-lateral stability.
An alternative flow cytometry strategy for peripheral blood dendritic cell enumeration in the setting of repetitive GM-CSF dosing
Authors: Wang Kehui , Nishimoto Kevin P , Mehta Rita S , Nelson Edward L 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundEnumeration of circulating peripheral blood dendritic cells (DCs) is complicated by the absence of a unique cell surface marker expressed on all DC subsets and by the use of various biological adjuvants to modulate the DC compartment, including granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Common methods employ a cocktail of antibodies, typically including anti-CD14, to define a lineage negative, MHC class II positive, putative DC population. Reported flow cytometry protocols include highly variable gating strategies and DC identification criteria. Increasing appreciation of DC pleiomorphism, GM-CSF biology, and recognition of CD14 expression in some DC subsets led us to consider an alternative lineage cocktail to improve identification of the circulating DC pool.MethodsStandard whole blood staining with appropriate fluorochrome conjugated antibodies to MHC class II and either standard CD14 containing, or an alternate CD66acde containing, lineage cocktail was performed on samples obtained from normal donors and breast cancer patients before and after administration of dose-dense, cytotoxic chemotherapy with daily GM-CSF hematopoetic growth factor support. Putative DCs were enumerated by standard flow cytometry. Data set differences were evaluated using two tailed Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Cellular morphology was examined in cell-sorted populations from post GM-CSF samples.ResultsUse of either antibody cocktail defined comparably sized lineage negative, MHC class II positive populations in normal donors and at baseline in cancer patients. However, selection of lineage negative subsets with increasing MHC class II expression levels yielded larger putative DC populations identified with the alternate cocktail. Both cocktails yielded highly reproducible data. Use of the alternate cocktail: 1) yielded a putative DC population, post GM-CSF that was more homogenous and consistent with DCs, 2) resulted in less data variation across gating strategies, and 3) resulted in more uniform and concordant longitudinal data, consistent with established GM-CSF biological activity.ConclusionAn alternative lineage negative cocktail substituting anti-CD66 antibody for anti-CD14 is a viable option for enumerating the circulating DC population, potentially more accurately defining the circulating DC pool by including CD14 positive immature DCs, and thus, may give more reliable data, particularly in the setting of sustained GM-CSF administration.
Ultrasonic Effects on Electroorganic Processes. Product-selectivity in Electroreduction of Benzaldehydes
Authors: Matsuda Kazuya , Atobe Mahito , Nonaka Tsutomu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Ultrasonic irradiation to electroorganic systems resulted in significant effects on product-selectivity in the reduction of benzaldehydes and others. By the irradiation, the selectivity of reduction products formed by consuming fewer electrons was drastically enhanced. The effects were rationalized as due to not cavitation but agitation of electrolytic solutions by ultrasonic waves.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Triangular Rhodium and Iridium Complexes with Triply Bridging Sulfido Ligands
Authors: Nishioka Takanori , Isobe Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Reaction of [MCp*(NCMe)3]2+ (M = Rh, Ir; Cp* = η5-C5Me5) with Na2S in MeCN affords [(MCp*)3(μ3-S)2]2+. X-Ray structural characterization of their BF4 salts shows that they have equilateral triangle M3 core with two triply bridging sulfido ligands on both sides of the M3 plane. Cyclic voltammograms of the rhodium and iridium complexes in MeCN show three and two chemically reversible processes, respectively.
Preference of an Unusual Pathway in the Formation of 8,8-Dicyano-2,3-benzoheptafulvene from the Reaction of 2,3-Benzotropone with Malononitrile
Authors: Machiguchi Takahisa 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Deuterium tracer experiment clarifies that the condensation reaction of 2,3-benzotropone with malononitrile forms 8,8-dicyano-2,3-benzoheptafulvene via reaction paths involving the preference of an abnormal (Michael type) attack of the nucleophile at the C-4 position to a normal (Knoevenagel type) attack at the C-1 position.
Structures and Magnetic Properties of Bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)manganese(II)Ligated with N-[3- and 4-(N-tert-Butyl-N-oxyaminophenyl)]imidazole
Authors: Ishimaru Yoichiro , Inoue Katsuya , Koga Noboru , Iwamura Hiizu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
X-Ray analyses revealed that bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)manganese(II) forms with 1-[3- and 4-(N-tert-butyl-N-oxyaminophenyl)]imidazoles cyclic dimer complexes in cis coordination. The long-range magnetic couplings between the two spin 4/2’s resulting from the strongly antiferromagnetic short-range interaction between the Mn(II) and the ligated nitroxide radical are regiospecific: antiferromagnetic for 3- and ferromagnetic for 4-nitroxide substitution on the phenyl ring.
A New Type of Inclusion Compounds Composed of a Charge-Transfer Complex between Tetrakis(phenylethynyl)ethene and 2,4,7-Trinitrofluorenone
Authors: Taniguchi Hiroshi , Hayashi Koji , Nishioka Keiko , Hori Yuji , Shiro Motoo , Kitamura Tsugio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Tetrakis(phenylethynyl)ethene and 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone form a deep red charge-transfer complex which gives the inclusion compound with benzene. The crystal structure of the inclusion compound with benzene was determined. The inclusion compound is composed of new frameworks possessing cavities for recognition of benzene molecules. Other examples of the inclusion compound are described.
Synthesis of Protoporphyrin IX Derivatives Having Four Amphiphilic and/or Lipophilic Alkyl Chains and Their Dispersing Behavior in Phospholipid Bilayer
Authors: Komatsu Teruyuki , Yamada Kazuhiro , Yanagisawa Satoru , Nishide Hiroyuki , Tsuchida Eishun 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
New protoporphyrin IX derivatives having four amphiphilic and/or lipophilic alkyl chains (lipidporphyrins) were synthesized. The lipidporphyrins were efficiently incorporated into the bilayer membrane of phospholipid vesicle without a stacked arrangement. Homogeneous dispersing property of the lipidporphyrins in the bilayer membrane was maintained after polymerization of the phospholipid molecules.
Syntheses of Rare Earth Dioxymonocyanamides (Ln2O2CN2, Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd)
Authors: Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Takahashi Masao , Kikkawa Shinichi , Kanamaru Fumikazu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A series of new compounds were prepared by heating Ln2O3 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd), Pr6O11, or Ce2(CO3)3·8H2O in the presence of carbon under an ammonia atmosphere. Thermogravimetric and CHN analyses revealed that these compounds are of rare earth dioxymonocyanamides (Ln2O2CN2). They are classified into two structure types depending on Ln3+ ionic radii, viz., type I (tetragonal) for Ln = La, Ce and type II (trigonal) for Ln = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd. Ce2O2CN2 takes both structure types depending upon preparative temperature.
Variables Influencing the Presence of Subyearling Fall Chinook Salmon in Shoreline Habitats of the Hanford Reach, Columbia River
Authors: Tiffan Kenneth F. , Clark Loreley O. , Garland Rodney D. , Rondorf Dennis W. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Little information currently exists on habitat use by subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha rearing in large, main-stem habitats. We collected habitat use information on subyearlings in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River during May 1994 and April–May 1995 using point abundance electrofishing. We analyzed measures of physical habitat using logistic regression to predict fish presence and absence in shoreline habitats. The difference between water temperature at the point of sampling and in the main river channel was the most important variable for predicting the presence and absence of subyearlings. Mean water velocities of 45 cm/s or less and habitats with low lateral bank slopes were also associated with a greater likelihood of subyearling presence. Intermediate-sized gravel and cobble substrates were significant predictors of fish presence, but small (&lt;32-mm) and boulder-sized (&gt;256-mm) substrates were not. Our rearing model was accurate at predicting fish presence and absence using jackknifing (80% correct) and classification of observations from an independent data set (76% correct). The habitat requirements of fall Chinook salmon in the Hanford Reach are similar to those reported for juvenile Chinook salmon in smaller systems but are met in functionally different ways in a large river.
Fallback by Adult Sockeye Salmon at Columbia River Dams
Authors: Naughton George P. , Caudill Christopher C. , Keefer Matthew L. , Bjornn Theodore C. , Peery Christopher A. , Stuehrenberg Lowell C. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We implanted radio transmitters into sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in 1997 to determine the (1) fallback percentage and rate at eight Columbia River dams, (2) effect of fallback on adult counts at each dam, (3) relations between spillway discharge and fallback, (4) relations between injuries and fallback, and (5) relations of fallback and survival to spawning tributaries. The rate of fallback, that is, the total number of fallback events at a dam divided by the number of fish known to have passed the dam, ranged from 1.9% to 13.7% at the eight dams. The rate of fallback was highest at Bonneville Dam, the dam with the most complex fishway. Fallback produced overcounts of 2% to 7% at most dams. Fallback was weakly related to spill volume at Bonneville Dam. Significantly more sockeye salmon with head injuries fell back than fish without head injuries. About 40% of the sockeye salmon had injuries from marine mammals, but these injuries were not associated with the rate of fallback. The rate of survival was similar between fish that fell back (68.0%) and fish that did not fall back (67.5%). We suggest that fisheries managers adjust counts for fallback but note that these relationships were obtained under high-discharge conditions. We conclude that fallback biases dam counts and that the relationship between spawning success and fallback should be an area of future research.
Chiliasm and the Hussite Revolution
Authors: Kaminsky Howard 
Published: April 2006

“… non estimemus fabulam illam quasi veram, quam quidam dicunt, quod instabit seculum bonum, in quo nullus erit malorum, et quod nihil paciantur, sed gaudio ineffabili sint prediti.” (From a Taborite commentary on Apocalypse, c. 1425.)In the years following John Hus' martyrdom the movement he had led developed from a Prague University reform movement into a national reformation. Ideas that had formerly existed as topics for discussion among university intellectuals were established as actual religious practice among large groups of people, of all estates and with widely varying interests and viewpoints. As each such group entered the national movement it necessarily contributed its own viewpoint, with the result that every extension of the reform involved almost as many difficulties for the Hussites as for the Catholics. Of course there had always been differences among the university masters themselves, the inevitable conservative-radical dichotomy based ultimately on differences of spiritual temperament that exist within any group. But far more significant was the social polarization that took form as the concept of reform held by the upper estates was opposed by programs deriving from the point of view of artisans, peasants, and “the poor.”
The Polish National Catholic Church: An Inquiry Into Its Origions
Authors: Platt Warren C. 
Published: April 2006

The last decade of the nineteenth century witnessed a number of trends in the American Catholic religious scene with special reference to new immigrants:(a) The immigrants developed a cohesion and identity based on language that tended to obscure provincial loyalties and to transcend village patriotism.(b) This new sense of identity, a product of nationalist ideology and the influence of the American experience, received its primary expression in the ethnic church. This institution, founded primarily on linguistic lines, encompassed those who spoke the same tongue and resided within the same ghetto or patch.
Schleiermacher and the Reformation: A Question of Doctrinal Development
Authors: Gerrish B. A. 
Published: April 2006

The month of December 1816 found Schleiermacher thinking about too many things at once and not at all in the best of health. To his friend Gass, who seemed to have no trouble combining scholarship with administration, he sent a plea for help:I have long been bent upon making just some superficial patristic and scholastic studies, in order to gather a few handy quotations for my dogmatics; and I never got around to it. I would be very much obliged if you would write me somewhat more exactly how you have gone about it and on what [passages] you have chiefly relied.
Microwave‐induced rapid one‐pot synthesis of κ‐carrageenan‐g‐PMMA copolymer by potassium persulphate initiating system
Authors: Prasad Kamalesh , Meena Ramavatar , Siddhanta A. K. 
Published: April 2006

Abstractκ‐Carrageenan‐g‐PMMA copolymer has been synthesized by copolymerizing κ‐carrageenan with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in aqueous medium at about pH 7. The copolymerization was carried out under microwave irradiation in the presence of a water‐soluble initiator potassium persulphate. Optimum microwave irradiation conditions for obtaining maximum yields are described. The structural characteristics and thermal stability of κ‐carrageenan‐g‐PMMA was studied by FTIR, NMR, and thermo gravimetric (TGA) measurements. Crystallinity of the copolymer was studied by powder X‐ray diffraction. TGA, IR, and XRD data indicated that the κ‐carrageenan was considerably modified. Optical micrograph of the copolymer was also studied. A probable mechanism of formation of the copolymer is proposed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 161–166, 2006
Secondary crystallization and premelting endo‐ and exotherms in oriented polymers
Authors: Correale S. T. , Murthy N. S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCrystallization in polyamide 6 (nylon 6) fibers during annealing was studied in detail by following the changes that occurred in the neighborhood of crystalline relaxation temperatures, by using wide‐ and small‐angle X‐ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two distinct crystallization regimes were observed depending on whether annealing was carried out below or above onset of crystalline relaxation at ∼190°C. In fibers annealed below 190°C, minor melting peaks were followed by exothermic transitions. These were attributed to ∼1.5% (by weight) of microcrystals formed during annealing that melt and recrystallize during the DSC scan. These microcrystals are nucleated from unoriented amorphous chains between the lamellar stack within a fibril, and are shown to account for the observed increase in the crystalline orientation and decrease in permeability. Fibers annealed above 190°C did not show the exotherm and had significantly fewer microcrystals. The crystallization in this regime was attributed to the growth of existing lamellae, as evidenced by the increase in crystallite size, crystalline density, crystalline orientation, lamellar spacing, and lamellar intensity. The changes at annealing temperatures >190°C are accompanied by increased dyeability, indicative of more open amorphous regions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 447–454, 2006
Thermal degradation of carboxylate‐based polyurethane anionomers
Authors: Matsunaga Katsuji , Tajima Masahiro , Yoshida Yasuhiko 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWith the purpose of elucidating the thermal degradation process of carboxylated polyurethane anionomers (PUAs), characterization of PUAs containing potassium and magnesium salts was conducted using thermogravimetry and FTIR spectroscopy. Potassium salt in PUA induced pronounced acceleration on the thermal degradation of urethane linkage in the hard segment as well as ester and carbonate linkages in the soft segment. The absorption bands of ν(NH), ν(C=O), δ(NH), ν (CN), and ν(COC) in FTIR spectra of PUAs recorded as a function of increasing temperature demonstrated abrupt changes around the initial thermal decomposition temperature, making possible comprehensive studies of the thermal degradation process of PUAs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 573–579, 2006
Effects of the structure of polymer and nanosilica additive on the sorption and electric properties of various alginate fibers
Authors: Mikołajczyk Teresa , Urbaniak‐Domagała Wiesława , Wołowska‐Czapnik Dorota 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEffects of the structure of polymer and nanosilica additive on the sorption and electric properties of various alginate fibers has been investigated. It has been found that regardless of the differences in the chemical structure and the presence of nanosilica, the examined types of alginate fibers show similar values of moisture absorption at relative humidity up to 85%. An exception is the fiber from sodium alginate. It has been found that the electric conductivity and the accompanying polarization processes of various types of alginate fibers depend on the chemical structure of the fiber‐forming polymer. It has been found that the amount of moisture absorbed by the fiber‐forming polymer of alginate fibers exerts a strong influence on their electric properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 686–694, 2006
Direct Asymmetric Intermolecular Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Amino Acids and Small Peptides
Authors: Córdova Armando , Zou Weibiao , Dziedzic Pawel , Ibrahem Ismail , Reyes Efraim , Xu Yongmei 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn nature there are at least nineteen different acyclic amino acids that act as the building blocks of polypeptides and proteins with different functions. Here we report that α‐amino acids, β‐amino acids, and chiral amines containing primary amine functions catalyze direct asymmetric intermolecular aldol reactions with high enantioselectivities. Moreover, the amino acids can be combined into highly modular natural and unusual small peptides that also catalyze direct asymmetric intermolecular aldol reactions with high stereoselectivities, to furnish the corresponding aldol products with up to >99 % ee. Simple amino acids and small peptides can thus catalyze asymmetric aldol reactions with stereoselectivities matching those of natural enzymes that have evolved over billions of years. A small amount of water accelerates the asymmetric aldol reactions catalyzed by amino acids and small peptides, and also increases their stereoselectivities. Notably, small peptides and amino acid tetrazoles were able to catalyze direct asymmetric aldol reactions with high enantioselectivities in water, while the parent amino acids, in stark contrast, furnished nearly racemic products. These results suggest that the prebiotic oligomerization of amino acids to peptides may plausibly have been a link in the evolution of the homochirality of sugars. The mechanism and stereochemistry of the reactions are also discussed.