bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
10 Psyche's Daughter: Pleasure and The Faerie Queene
Authors: Carver Robert H. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses Apuleian influences in The Faerie Queene. It argues that Spenser used different parts of The Golden Ass in various ways and with varying degrees of success. Meroë and Pamphile contributed to the pool of attributes from which Duessa and Acrasia emerged, and the combination of Homeric, Italian, and Apuleian elements was, by and large, an effective one. The account of Psyche's fall supplied a screen behind which Una could be clothed in the human colours that strict allegory would deny her, while Apuleius' description of her exile and her responses to trials and adversity provided a backdrop against which the virtues both of Una and Guyon could be measured. But it is when Spenser — in Muiopotmos as well as in The Faerie Queene — makes explicit reference to ‘Cupid and Psyche’ that the difficulties really begin.
Epilogue
Authors: Carver Robert H. F. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This epilogue begins with a brief discussion of the topics not covered in the preceding chapters. It then describes how Apuleius continues to exert his influence well beyond Milton in England. It also contends that many of the poetic and pictorial effusions inspired by ‘Cupid and Psyche’ have been bland, trite, or insipid.
6 Males, Females, and Households
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines gender differences in satisfactions, based on surveys of British and German household panels. It is shown that answers to subjective questions by partners living in the same household are very similar and correlated. This is particularly true for satisfactions with respect to health, leisure, and jobs. It is also shown that the unobservable characteristics that influence one domain satisfaction are correlated with the ones that influence another domain satisfaction.
7 The Impact of Past and Future on Present Satisfaction
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the theory that the individual's current satisfaction will depend on his or her own past experience and expected future. The study assumes that both the past and the future have an effect, and that the impact distribution is described by a mass-density function on the time axis. Estimates of this function show that its position and shape depend on age and other individual variables. The young and elderly place more weight on the past, while those in mid-life give more weight to the future.
8 The Influence of the Reference Group on our Norms
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the premise that in addition to lifetime experiences, an individual's reference group will have an impact on his or her norms and behaviour. Two cases are considered. In the first case, the person's reference group is known, such as people of the same age, education, and job type. In the second case, the person's reference group is not known beforehand, and the reference group is estimated based on the person's norms on income. The reference group is described by a social-filter model, which assigns much weight to persons who are ‘nearby’ and less to those ‘far away’, socially speaking.
9 Health and Subjective Well‐Being
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the possibility of measuring the effects of specific diseases on health and quality of life. Two methods have made this possible. The first is the satisfaction model developed in Chapter 4, which allows for the assessment of money values equivalent to the losses in well-being caused by illness. The second method is based on a new quality adjusted life year concept, which provides an intuitively plausible tool that is easy to interpret and cheap in terms of data collection.
10 The Effects of Climate on Welfare and Well‐Being—External Effects
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the effects of climate on welfare and well-being. Climate is shown to be a multidimensional phenomenon with complex effects on financial satisfaction and general satisfaction. This case is considered a particular instance of a more general problem: how to estimate the effect of an externality in terms of satisfaction and of monetary compensations in order to neutralize externality differences. Most external effects are neither completely internalized nor completely non-compensated through market income and prices. This method makes it possible to assess in how far the externality is compensated and what is the size of residual effects.
11 HOW to Find Compensations For Aircraft Noise Nuisance
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the monetary compensation needed to neutralize aircraft noise for households living around the main airport in Amsterdam. It is shown that housing costs in Amsterdam, due to the prevailing housing market disequilibrium, do not react to the level of prevailing aircraft noise, which implies that the housing prices and rents do not completely internalize the external effect caused by noise. Satisfaction analysis linked with an official aircraft noise zip-code differentiated database makes it possible to assess the monetary compensation, needed in order to neutralize aircraft noise. A differentiation is made between houses that are noise-insulated and those that are not.
13 Subjective Income Inequalities
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents a concept of subjective income inequality based on an extension of the objective income concept. Income satisfaction inequality differs from established measures of inequality using individual perceptions as the basis for making incomes comparable. Traditional measures of inequality introduce subjectivism via intuition by, for instance, imposing OECD-family equivalence scales or by choosing a specific welfare function specification. The introduction of income satisfaction does not imply that the objective measurement should be replaced by subjective concepts, but only that both the objective and subjective approach are complementary to each other.
Introduction
Authors: Pereiro James 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This Introduction outlines the purpose of the book, namely to study a very important but neglected aspect of the Oxford Movement. The student of the Oxford Movement is very familiar with the concept of ethos. The book's contention is that in the language of the Tractarians, ethos is a concept rich in consequences, involving a complex theory of religious knowledge which deeply influenced the genesis and development of the Oxford Movement. The Introduction talks about the genesis of the book and outlines the chapters in turn.
2 Genesis and Nature of the Oxford Movement
Authors: Pereiro James 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter approaches the character and identity of the Oxford Movement from an assessment of how far it might be considered a ‘revival’. The need for reform-revival in the early 19th century Anglican Church was a topic much under discussion both at the time and continues being a subject of debate in recent historiography. The present study helps to define the distinctive character of the Movement and to clarify its position in respect to other parties within the Church of England. From this survey it becomes apparent that the Tractarians saw the ‘revival’ as emerging from an ethos wholly different from that which had so far been prevalent.
4 Ethos and Development
Authors: Pereiro James 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the role ethos played in the genesis of Newman's theory of development. It begins with an analysis of Wood's theory of doctrinal development, and Newman's and Manning's negative response to it. The chapter tries to trace the intellectual difficulties and tensions Newman faced before his acceptance of doctrinal development, and shows how the concept of ethos contributed to the solution of those objections and to the formulation of his theory.
5 Ethos, History, and Religious Parties
Authors: Pereiro James 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter considers how far ethos determined the Tractarian stance towards the Reformers, the English Reformation, Church parties (Evangelical and High Church), and the Church of England itself. It also studies the Oxford Movement's historical analysis and predictions about how a defective ethos (Evangelical or High Church) leads toward rationalism, and later to infidelity. It ends with a study of the controversy about the arguments in favour or against remaining in the Church of England.
Adding a Conditional? Curry and Lukasiewicz
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the Lukasiewicz continuum-valued semantics as a way of improving upon the Kleene semantics as the basis for an account of truth. It is shown that it gives a very nice treatment of the paradoxes within a quantifier-free fragment of the language, but that it breaks down when quantifiers are added. This account will nonetheless serve as something of a model for the view to be advocated later, and so a number of issues that will arise later are discussed here. These include the Curry paradox, the meaning of semantic values, and the notion of determinate truth.
Interlude on Vagueness, and the Paradoxes of König and Berry
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses vagueness and its possible connection to the semantic paradoxes, with particular reference to the continuum-valued semantics. Focus is put on higher order vagueness and whether it ultimately collapses. A connection is drawn between the König and Berry paradoxes and a version of the Sorites paradox. The role of a classical meta-theory for a non-classical language is discussed, which is important for undercutting a certain kind of ‘revenge argument’.
Are Supervaluational and Revision Theories Self‐Undermining?
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the extent to which supervaluation and revision theories can declare that their rules all preserve truth. The extent varies from one such theory to another, but none can do so entirely, and many actually declare some of their rules not to be truth-preserving. The question is raised whether this makes the theories ‘self-undermining’, and a reason is given why it doesn't. Connections to Gödel's second incompleteness theorem are drawn.
Intersubstitutivity and the Purpose of Truth
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter investigates the importance of the intersubstitutivity of True(p) with p, which has to be abandoned in all classical-logic theories. It concedes that minor exceptions to intersubstitutivity (‘harmless gaps’) can be accommodated with little effect on truth serving its purposes, but argues that the failures of intersubstitutivity in gap and glut solutions to the paradoxes are far more serious. It also argues that while weakly classical theories do slightly better than gap and glut theories in this regard, it is only slightly.
Stratified and Contextual Theories
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter investigates stratified theories of truth, in both uncontextualized and contextualized variants, both ‘finely stratified’ theories like Tarski's and ‘coarsely stratified’ theories that build upon fixed point constructions. It is argued that the coarsely stratified theories have less advantage over the finely stratified than they initially appear to, and also that the usual kinds of stratified theories (whether contextualized or not) don't in the end have an advantage over unstratified. An alternative kind of stratified theory is then considered, which in a sense ‘reverses’ the Tarski hierarchy. This is shown to yield a better theory, but is best thought of not as involving ‘levels of truth’ but ‘levels of determinateness’.
An Introduction to Paraconsistent Dialetheism
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter introduces ‘dialetheic’ approaches, according to which Liar sentences are both true and false, indeed both true and not true. (Some contradictions are accepted.) Dialetheism provides another way (in addition to restricting excluded middle) to retain the Intersubstitutivity Principle, but some who believe in dialetheism (such as Priest) prefer to give up the Intersubstitutivity Principle. The rationales for going one way or the other on this, the topic of gluts and gaps, and the relation to the classical glut theories of Chapter 8 are discussed.
Some Dialetheic Theories
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter surveys a number of dialetheic theories, pointing out some difficulties with each. The theories differ over the kind of conditionals they contain. The dialetheic theory that in some ways does best among those now known is based on the semantics of Chapters 16 and 17; however, it is somewhat unsatisfactory in not allowing reasoning by cases. But there is no clear reason to rule out the possibility of better dialetheic theories in the future.
2 Explaining the Data
Authors: Burda Michael C. , Hamermesh Daniel S. , Weil Philippe 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter offers a variety of explanations for some of the facts discovered in Chapter 1. Of particular interest is the male-female differences in the amount of total work — market work plus household production. A theory of the mechanisms by which social norms can affect sex roles in market and non-market productive activities is developed. The chapter then proceeds to consider the welfare implications of coordinating non-market activities within a local or national economy and develops a model that helps to explain some of the findings in Chapter 1 on the timing of market work.
4 Reduction of Working Time and Employment
Authors: Kramarz Francis , Cahuc Pierre , Crépon Bruno , Skans Oskar Nordstörm , Schank Thorsten , Lomwel Gijsbert van , Zylberberg André 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the theoretical underpinnings of the effects of work-sharing on employment. The analysis proceeds as follows: Section 4.2 is devoted to an analysis of labour demand when the firm chooses the number of jobs and hours. The interactions between employers' choice and workers' choice over hours, employment, and wages are studied in Section 4.3. Finally Section 4.4 provides some concluding comments. It is shown that compulsory reductions in standard hours can increase employment only in very special circumstances that are very rarely met in the real world. Cross-country differences in working time can be related to differences in institutions and cultures. Although imperfect competition may imply that state regulation of hours is required, this does not mean that systematic reductions in standard hours can improve employment or welfare.
5 Working Time Developments in Germany
Authors: Kramarz Francis , Cahuc Pierre , Crépon Bruno , Skans Oskar Nordstörm , Schank Thorsten , Lomwel Gijsbert van , Zylberberg André 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The length of the standard workweek has been a contentious topic in Germany over the past thirty years. In the 1980s and 1990s, trade unions reached agreements to reduce normal hours, in order to raise employment. This chapter begins with an overview of the institutional context and the development of normal hours worked in Germany. Section 5.3 provides a review of the econometric evidence for Germany on the impact of reductions in standard hours on employment and wages. Section 5.4 shows that reductions in standard hours were accompanied by various forms of flexible working-time arrangements. Section 5.5 describes some well-known examples of firms which have increased normal hours and simultaneously pronounced working hours, employment, wages job guarantees. Section 5.6 presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between changes in standard hours and employment (and labor productivity) growth. Section 5.7 presents some concluding remarks.
8 Work‐Sharing, Part‐Time Employment, and Childcare
Authors: Kramarz Francis , Cahuc Pierre , Crépon Bruno , Skans Oskar Nordstörm , Schank Thorsten , Lomwel Gijsbert van , Zylberberg André 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of how work-sharing was implemented in the Netherlands. It shows that its employment effects were limited. However, work-sharing in the early 1980s was responsible for an unprecedented level of part-time employment in the Netherlands. This chapter is organized as follows. First, it discusses how work-sharing was implemented in the Netherlands. It then discusses the employment effects of work-sharing, especially regardng part-time employment. The influence of public policy and social values on labour force participation is considered.
On the Early Work of William Thomson: Mathematical Physics and Methodology in the 1840s
Authors: Grattan-Guinness I. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter reviews the early works of William Thomson. Thomson began to publish exceptionally early, in 1841, while still in his late teens; and a steady stream of papers came from him thereafter. Most of them in the 1840s concerned heat diffusion, electricity, or magnetism, and related mathematical methods such as the Fourier series and potential theory. These papers manifest a procedure of working by analogy in which methods were taken from one topic and adapted for use in another one.
James Thomson and the Culture of a Victorian Engineer
Authors: Bowler Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on William Thomson's brother, James. James Thomson was primarily an engineer. He was the second Professor of Engineering at Queen's College, Belfast, serving from 1857 to 1873, at which point he left to take up the Chair of Engineering at Glasgow. James and William Thomson collaborated actively in the studies of thermodynamics which made the latter's reputation, and James made important studies in other areas of physics bearing on the engineering problems he encountered in the course of his work.
Fifty‐Eight Years of Friendship: Kelvin and Stokes
Authors: Wood Alastair 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the friendship between Sir G. G. Stokes and Kelvin. Kelvin was Stokes's principal correspondent over a period of fifty-six years. The correspondence between the two provide valuable insight not only into the research and research methods of two giants of 19th-century British science, but also into the day-to-day running of Cambridge and Glasgow Universities and of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh at a critical time in their histories. The family backgrounds and formative influences of Kelvin and Stokes, their life in Cambridge, their early research correspondence, professorships, marriages, and political activities are discussed.
Kelvin on Atoms and Molecules
Authors: Garber Elizabeth 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Lord Kelvin's works on atoms and molecules. He published his first paper on the subject in 1861 and his last in 1907. His first foray into atoms and molecules was to estimate their size. His investigation of molecular models, his opposition to kinetic theory, his introduction of gyrostatic molecules, studies on electrons and radioactivity, and lectures at Johns Hopkins University are discussed.
Kelvin and the Development of Science in Meiji Japan
Authors: Latimer Colin 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The modern era in Japan is normally considered as beginning in 1868 when the feudal age, or Edo era, finally ended. The Emperor Meiji declared the restoration of Imperial rule in January 1868 (the Meiji restoration) and he and his entourage transferred the capital from Kyoto to Edo / Tokyo (Edo was renamed Tokyo) in September 1868. The new and globally ambitious Meiji government quickly realized the importance of science and technology. A major problem was the shortage of teachers capable of teaching advanced courses. So Japanese sought Kelvin's involvement in the appointment of teaching staff. This chapter discusses Kelvin's protégés in Tokyo and Japanese scholars in Glasgow.
Kelvin and Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Penrose Oliver 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Kelvin played a big part in the development of statistical mechanics, both for equilibrium and non-equilibrium. This chapter reviews these developments, taking a particular interest in Kelvin's own contributions. Topics covered include Kelvin and thermoelectricity, gas modeled as a collection of molecules, the reversibility paradox, mathematical probability models, and Boltzmann's equations.
Kelvin—The Legacy
Authors: Whitaker Andrew 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the legacy of Lord Kelvin. A century after his death, Kelvin's name is also associated with the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics, and several other effects, in particular the Joule-Kelvin effect. His substantial contributions to the development of physics during the 19th century, and his influence on the education of physicists, the application of physics, and the interactions between physicists and the political and service establishments are discussed.
Hinton and the Origins of Disjunctivism
Authors: Snowdon Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter investigates the central argument of Hinton's book Experiences. Hinton is credited with being the originator of disjunctivism, but his own writings are neglected. It is suggested that the idea of disjunctivism pre-dates Hinton's writings, but his achievement was being the first to focus on perception-illusion disjunctions, and to employ that kind of statement in an argument against a certain view of experience. It is argued that his account of them is not open to some objections that have been brought in the past, but it remains, in some respects, questionable. His main employment of them in an argument against the common element hypothesis is also questionable, but it is argued that he is right to object to that hypothesis on one central conception of it. It is hard to determine what his attitude is to that hypothesis on another conception, and that uncertainty represents the main mystery about his view.
Either/Or
Authors: Byrne Alex , Logue Heather 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter surveys the varieties of disjunctivism concerning perceptual experience. Disjunctivism comes in two main flavours: metaphysical and epistemological. Metaphysical disjunctivism is the view usually associated with the disjunctivist label. After some initial discussion of (metaphysical) disjunctivism, epistemological disjunctivism is explained. The rest of the chapter is solely concerned with explaining and assessing metaphysical disjunctivism, a theory of the nature of perceptual experience. The main conclusion is that although there is considerable insight in the vicinity, metaphysical disjunctivism is false.
Disjunctivism about Visual Experience
Authors: Sturgeon Scott 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores an approach to visual experience known as ‘disjunctivism’. Section 1 lays out a conception of visual experience focused on two charged aspects of the phenomenon: its conscious portrayal of the world, and its perceptual contact with the world. Section 2 lays out the backbone of disjunctivism and relates it to that conception of visual experience. Section 3 lays out a range of disjunctive positions and shows how they share the backbone. Section 4 canvasses major motivations for disjunctivism and shows how they confer a dialectical advantage on one version of the approach. Sections 5 and 6 sketch that version, explore its details, and show how they can be used to rebut criticism found in the literature. Section 7 presents new worries for the view. Section 8 explores a pure kind of disjunctivism — one which avoids these worries — sketching when it counts as well motivated.