bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complex Signatures of Selection and Gene Conversion in the Duplicated Globin Genes of House Mice
Authors: Storz Jay F , Baze Monica , Waite Jessica L , Hoffmann Federico G , Opazo Juan C , Hayes Jack P 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Results of electrophoretic surveys have suggested that hemoglobin polymorphism may be maintained by balancing selection in natural populations of house mice, Mus musculus. Here we report a survey of nucleotide variation in the adult globin genes of house mice from South America. We surveyed nucleotide polymorphism in two closely linked α-globin paralogs and two closely linked β-globin paralogs to test whether patterns of variation are consistent with a model of long-term balancing selection. Surprisingly high levels of nucleotide polymorphism at the two β-globin paralogs were attributable to the segregation of two highly divergent haplotypes, Hbbs (which carries two identical β-globin paralogs) and Hbbd (which carries two functionally divergent β-globin paralogs). Interparalog gene conversion on the Hbbs haplotype has produced a highly unusual situation in which the two paralogs are more similar to one another than either one is to its allelic counterpart on the Hbbd haplotype. Levels of nucleotide polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium at the two β-globin paralogs suggest a complex history of diversity-enhancing selection that may be responsible for long-term maintenance of alternative protein alleles. The alternative two-locus β-globin haplotypes are associated with pronounced differences in intraerythrocyte glutathione and nitric oxide metabolism, suggesting a possible mechanism for selection on hemoglobin function.
Toward a Systems Biology of Mouse Inner Ear Organogenesis: Gene Expression Pathways, Patterns and Network Analysis
Authors: Sajan Samin A , Warchol Mark E , Lovett Michael 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe describe the most comprehensive study to date on gene expression during mouse inner ear (IE) organogenesis. Samples were microdissected from mouse embryos at E9–E15 in half-day intervals, a period that spans all of IE organogenesis. These included separate dissections of all discernible IE substructures such as the cochlea, utricle, and saccule. All samples were analyzed on high density expression microarrays under strict statistical filters. Extensive confirmatory tests were performed, including RNA in situ hybridizations. More than 5000 genes significantly varied in expression according to developmental stage, tissue, or both and defined 28 distinct expression patterns. For example, upregulation of 315 genes provided a clear-cut “signature” of early events in IE specification. Additional, clear-cut, gene expression signatures marked specific structures such as the cochlea, utricle, or saccule throughout late IE development. Pathway analysis identified 53 signaling cascades enriched within the 28 patterns. Many novel pathways, not previously implicated in IE development, including β-adrenergic, amyloid, estrogen receptor, circadian rhythm, and immune system pathways, were identified. Finally, we identified positional candidate genes in 54 uncloned nonsyndromic human deafness intervals. This detailed analysis provides many new insights into the spatial and temporal genetic specification of this complex organ system.
Evolutionary History and Positional Shift of a Rice Centromere
Authors: Ma Jianxin , Wing Rod A , Bennetzen Jeffrey L , Jackson Scott A 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Rice centromere 8 was previously proposed to be an “immature” centromere that recently arose from a genic region. Our comparative genomics analysis indicates that Cen8 was formed at its current location at least 7–9 million years ago and was physically shifted by a more recent inversion of a segment spanning centromeric and pericentromeric regions.
Genetic Analysis of Dauer Formation inCaenorhabditis briggsae
Authors: Inoue Takao , Ailion Michael , Poon Shirley , Kim Hannah K , Thomas James H , Sternberg Paul W 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMolecular changes that underlie evolutionary changes in behavior and physiology are not well understood. Dauer formation in Caenorhabditis elegans is a temperature-sensitive process controlled through a network of signaling pathways associated with sensory neurons and is potentially an excellent system in which to investigate molecular changes in neuronal function during evolution. To begin to investigate the evolution of dauer formation in the genus Caenorhabditis at the molecular level, we isolated dauer-formation mutations in C. briggsae, a species closely related to the model organism C. elegans. We identified mutations in orthologs of C. elegans genes daf-2 (insulin receptor), daf-3 (Smad), and daf-4 (TGF-β type 2 receptor), as well as genes required for formation of sensory cilia. Phenotypic analyses revealed that functions of these genes are conserved between C. elegans and C. briggsae. Analysis of C. briggsae mutations also revealed a significant difference between the two species in their responses to high temperatures (&gt;26°). C. elegans is strongly induced to form dauers at temperatures above 26°, near the upper limit for growth of C. elegans. In contrast, C. briggsae, which is capable of growth at higher temperatures than C. elegans, lacks this response.
Estimating Meiotic Gene Conversion Rates From Population Genetic Data
Authors: Gay J , Myers S , McVean G 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGene conversion plays an important part in shaping genetic diversity in populations, yet estimating the rate at which it occurs is difficult because of the short lengths of DNA involved. We have developed a new statistical approach to estimating gene conversion rates from genetic variation, by extending an existing model for haplotype data in the presence of crossover events. We show, by simulation, that when the rate of gene conversion events is at least comparable to the rate of crossover events, the method provides a powerful approach to the detection of gene conversion and estimation of its rate. Application of the method to data from the telomeric X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, in which crossover activity is suppressed, indicates that gene conversion occurs ∼400 times more often than crossover events. We also extend the method to estimating variable crossover and gene conversion rates and estimate the rate of gene conversion to be ∼1.5 times higher than the crossover rate in a region of human chromosome 1 with known recombination hotspots.
Synthesis and isomerism of hydrazones of 2-(5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthio)acetohydrazide
Authors: Kuodis Zenonas , Rutavičius Albertas , Matijoška Algirdas , Eicher-Lorka Olegas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNew hydrazones of 2-(5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthio)acetohydrazide have been obtained and the percentages of anti/syn - conformers were determined. Based on the analyses of 1H NMR spectra, it was concluded that for hydrazones obtained from the 2- hydroxybenzaldehydes and 2’-hydroxycetophenones the ratio between the anti-and syn-conformers depends on the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bond (IMHB) between the nitrogen atom of the imino group and the proton of the 2-hydroxy group. It was shown that increase in IMHB strength results in stabilization of the anti-conformer in solution.
Practical Kedem-Katchalsky equations and their modification
Authors: Jarzyńska Maria 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe research problem presented in this work concerns modification of the Kedem-Katchalsky (K-K) equation for volume flow (J v) through system (h|M|l), consisting of a membrane M and boundary layers h and l. Such boundary layers appear in the vicinity of the membrane on both sides due to the lack of mixing of solutions. This paper also includes the derivation of the equation for volume flow (J vr) dissipated on concentration boundary layers h and l. The derivation of these equations concerns the case in which the substance transport through the membrane is generated by the osmotic pressure gradient $$\Delta \dot \prod $$ . On the basis of the equations for the volume flows (J v) and (J vr), some calculations for a nephrophane membrane, used in medicine, and for aqueous glucose solutions have been carried out. In order to test the equations for (J v) and (J vr), we have also carried out calculations for the volume flow (J′ v) that is transferred through the membrane in the case of mixed solutions on both sides of the membrane. This volume flux has been calculated on the basis of the original (K-K) equation. The results are presented in Fig. 2.
Fossil cercopithecidae from the Middle Pleistocene Dawaitoli formation, Middle Awash valley, Afar region, Ethiopia
Authors: Frost Stephen R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of fossil cercopithecoids has been recovered from the Dawaitoli Formaiton, in the Middle Awash study area, Ethiopia. The Dawaitoli Fm. has been dated to ∼600 Ka. This series includes several partial crania of Theropithecus oswaldi leakeyi as well as other cranial and postcranial fragments. This material is some of the most complete to date and adds considerably to what is known of this widespread and abundant taxon. There are also two isolated papionin molars here allocated to Papio cf. hamadryas based largely on size grounds and similarity to contemporary material from other sites in the Afar Depression. Cercopithecoids are rare in the Dawaitoli Fm., and among them only large papionins are known. This is unique among known Pleistocene sites in the Afar region, but is most similar to the Daka Member of the Bouri Formation. It is quite different from the other known Middle Pleistocene sites in the Afar: Asbole and the geologically younger Andalee where cercopithecoids are abundant and colobines predominate. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantiomerically Enriched Cyclopropene Derivatives: Versatile Building Blocks in Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Marek Ilan , Simaan Samah , Masarwa Ahmad 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEnantiomerically enriched cyclopropene derivatives, the smallest possible unsaturated carbocycles, are of great synthetic interest since they serve as versatile reactive building blocks. Their reactivity results from the relief of the ring strain in the small molecule. They can be transformed into a wide variety of complex chiral structures and a special emphasis will be directed towards the preparation of enantiomerically enriched methylene‐ and alkylidenecyclopropane derivatives. The ready availability of a wide range of these chiral entities now provides an excellent opportunity to discover new and unique transformations that can further enrich mainstream synthetic methodology.
Retracted: Synthesis, characterization and reactivity towards first‐row d‐transition metals and biological significance of new pyridinyl derived N‐substituted sulfonamides
Authors: Naseer Muhammad M. , Chohan Zahid H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRetraction: The following article from the Journal of Applied Organometallic Chemistry, ‘Synthesis, characterization and reactivity towards first‐row d‐transition metals and biological significance of new pyridinyl derived N‐substituted sulfonamides’ by Muhammad M. Naseer and Zahid H. Chohan, published online on 20 July 2007 in Wiley Interscience (www3.interscience.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Peter J. Craig and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed at the authors' request.
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and biocidal activity of some diorganotin(IV) complexes of salicylaldehydethiosemicarbazones and related ligands. Molecular and supramolecular structures of [R2Sn(OArCHNNCSNH2)], where R = Me, Ph and Ar =  C6H4, C6H3(5‐Br) and C6H3(5‐Cl), and of [Me2Sn{OC6H3(5‐Br)CHNNCSNH2}]·OH2
Authors: Sarma Moumita Sen , Mazumder Shibnath , Ghosh Debabrata , Roy Abhijit , Duthie Andrew , Tiekink Edward R. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNine diorganotin(IV) compounds of Schiff bases derived from salicylaldehyde/substituted salicylaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide were synthesized. The compounds, with general formulae [R2Sn(OArCHNNCSNH2)], where R = Me, n‐Bu, Ph and Ar =  C6H4, C6H3(5‐Cl), C6H3(5‐Br), were characterized by UV and IR spectroscopy, NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. X‐ray crystallographic studies of five of these complexes indicate penta‐coordination of tin within a distorted C2NOS trigonal bipyramidal geometry in each case. The crystal packing in four of the structures features {··· NCNH}2 synthons, but in [Ph2Sn(OArCHNNCSNH2)] the {··· SCNH}2 synthon is predominant. The biological activity of these compounds against four fungal pathogens (Curvularia eragrostidis, Alternaria porri, Dreschlerea oryzae and Macrophomina phaseolina) of four different crops (Camellia sineusis, Guizotia abyssinica, Oryzae sativa and Solanum melongena) and some bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella flexnri, Escheria coli, Salmonella aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) were investigated. Their cytotoxicity was also investigated against several human cancer cell lines. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on alkali‐catalyzed gasification of coal black liquor slurry cokes made up by five different coals
Authors: Jian‐ping Kuang , Jun‐hu Zhou , Zhi‐jun Zhou , Jian‐zhong Liu , Ke‐fa Cen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe black liquor from paper mills contains large quantities of sodium compounds and other organic matter, such as lignin and cellulose. The sodium compounds will provide the catalytic action in coal black liquor slurry (CBLS) gasification, while lignin and cellulose can enhance the heat value in the process of gasification. Five black liquor slurries were made from coals from different regions: Xin Wen, Huang Ling, Zao Zhuang, Shen Mu and Shen Hua. Alkali‐catalyzed gasification experiments on the different samples of CBLS and coal water slurry (CWS) were made on a thermobalance and a fixed‐bed reactor. The residues of gasification were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results reveal that many mesopores and micropores exist on the surface of the CBLS coke, which play a key role in the catalytic gasification process, and sodium as a catalyst can quicken the gasification reaction rate. XRD shows that NaCl and sodium silicate are the main crystal components in dry samples of CBLS and CWS. The C‐O stretching vibration peak shifting to a lower wavenumber means that the energy for the C‐O stretching vibration in the CBLS carbon matrix decreases after partial gasification. Not only the coal rank but also the oxygen‐containing groups and minerals influence coal coke's gasification activity. Of the five different CBLS, the gasification reactivity of CBLS made by the Huang Ling coal was found to be higher than that of the others. The higher the degree of coalification, the lower the activity of the coke. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Archaeological questions and geophysical solutions: ground‐penetrating radar and induced polarization investigations in Munigua, Spain
Authors: Meyer Cornelius , Ullrich Burkart , Barlieb Christophe D.M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUn accordance with archaeological programmes several geophysical investigation campaigns were conducted at the Roman site of Munigua (Province of Seville, Spain). First, building structures such as the city wall and production sites extra muro were investigated by means of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) measurements. A new method is presented, ZODIAC, which enables virtual or physical reconstruction of archaeological features in the ground; ZODIAC uses the original geophysical data and avoids the speculative aspect of previous reconstruction techniques. Second, two geophysical survey campaigns on Roman archaeo‐metallurgical remains were undertaken at Munigua in November 2003 and April 2005. Methods of complex resistivity were used for a non‐destructive survey on slag heaps. The slag heaps are well‐defined by induced polarization effects from the bedrock with a phase angle of more than 30 mrad. The extension and depth of the slag heaps are estimated using two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional images of resistivity ρ and phase angle φ. The results fulfilled all expectations and for the first time allow an estimation of the amount of processed metal in Munigua. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐temporal geophysical survey of a Roman bath complex in Montegrotto Terme (Padova, northern Italy)
Authors: Finzi E. , Praticelli N. , Vettore L. , Zaja A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBetween 2000 and 2005, several geophysical surveys were carried out by the staff of the Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, on the site of the Terme Neroniane in Montegrotto, near Padova, covering a whole complex of Roman spa buildings. This work represented a good opportunity to compare the effectiveness of various techniques (ground‐penetrating radar, magnetic gradiometry and electrical resistivity tomography) and to seek the reasons for differing results. Depth, contrast between composition of the geological background and building materials, good state of structural preservation, and the lack of settlement following the Roman age supported experimental results. Old and more recent excavations, conducted in parallel with the University of Padova surveys, enabled continual comparisons between geophysical models and evidence from the site. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A superconducting quantum interference device system for geomagnetic archaeometry
Authors: Schultze Volkmar , Chwala Andreas , Stolz Ronny , Schulz Marco , Linzen Sven , Meyer Hans‐Georg , Schüler Tim 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA unique system for geomagnetic archaeometry is presented. It uses extremely sensitive superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) as magnetic field sensors, laid out as intrinsic gradiometers. These sensors are mounted on a non‐metallic cart, which guarantees smooth movement even at high speeds. Using a differential global positioning system (GPS) together with an inertial system the measured magnetic field gradient data are located on the mapped area with centimetre resolution and the height profile is also provided using the GPS. All data are stored in a data logger and partially online displayed on a laptop computer.At the time of this report, the system is pushed manually and has been tested on a Neolithic double ring ditch near Weimar, Germany. In a gateway through the rings, remains of palisades and buildings have been well resolved, confirming the high sensitivity of the SQUID‐based system. An excavation at the ring ditch showed that material with enhanced susceptibility was the origin of the magnetic field gradient signals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diltiazem in rats: comparing single vs repeated subcutaneous injectionsin vivo
Authors: Yeung Pollen K. F. , Alcos Angelita , Tang Jinglan , Tsui Ban 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe objective of the study was to determine the effect of repeated administration on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diltiazem (DTZ) using anin vivorat model. Male SD rats (n= 6–10 per group) weighing 350–450 g were used. Each rat received either a single 20 mg/kg dose of DTZ by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection or 5 mg/kg s.c. twice daily for five doses. Plasma concentrations of DTZ and its major metabolites were determined by HPLC for up to 8 h. Compared with the single dose, repeated administration resulted in higher dose normalized plasma concentrations of DTZ (AUC26.4±14.2 vs 13.9±11.5 µg‐h/ml), longer apparent half‐life (t1/2= 12.5±14.6 vs 3.7±1.4 h) and lower systemic clearance (CL= 1.1±1.0 vs 2.9±2.7 l/h/kg). Higher dose normalized plasma concentrations, longertmax, but shorter apparentt1/2of the major metabolites were observed following the repeated administration. The results also suggest that possible binding of DTZ may occur at the site of injection when administered subcutaneously in the higher dose. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Australian survey on community knowledge and attitudes regarding the fortification of food with folic acid
Authors: Molster Caron , Bower Carol , O'Leary Peter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND:In response to the proposal that mandatory fortification be introduced in Australia to reduce the incidence of NTDs, the purpose of this study was to establish, for the adult community, baseline data on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards the fortification of foods with folic acid.METHODS:A cross‐sectional, Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing survey with respondents recruited randomly from the electronic version of the Western Australian telephone directory was used. One thousand members of the community aged 18 years or older were interviewed for the study.RESULTS:Interviews were conducted in September 2006, with a response rate of 76%. Half the respondents were aware folate is currently added to some breakfast cereals (59%) and some breads (53%), but awareness of other food types that may be voluntarily fortified with folate was much lower. Only 13% of respondents were concerned about folate being added to bread, 10% believed folate should not be added to foods, and 9% said they would avoid foods with added folate. Generally, around half the respondents were uncertain about the benefits of fortifying foods with folate and around a quarter were uncertain about any risks or concerns with this practice.CONCLUSIONS:The community appears no more concerned about the fortification of bread with folate than they are about other existing fortification programs in Australia, and appear more likely to support rather than oppose the fortification of foods with folate, particularly if they are informed of the benefits of such a program. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A momentum‐based deformation system for granular material
Authors: Zeng Ya‐Lun , Tan Charlie Irawan , Tai Wen‐Kai , Yang Mau‐Tsuen , Chiang Cheng‐Chin , Chang Chin‐Chen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractComputer graphics animation often lacks interaction between rigid object and granular material. In this paper, we propose a method for the deformation of the ground surface that consists of granular material when it is penetrated by a rigid body object in motion. Meanwhile, the motion of the rigid object is also affected due to the collision with the ground surface. Our simulation model concerns: updating the motion of object, the collision detection between the rigid object and the ground surface, the distribution of the ground granular material and the deformation of the ground surface. Our contribution is that we present a method to simulate the interaction between the ground granular material and the rigid body object in motion. Moreover, a render to texture method is presented to accelerate the ray casting collision detection between the ground surface and the object. And, our implementation for the method can be simulated at interactive frame rates. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.