bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Patients’ and Physicians’ Compliance to an ACE Inhibitor Treatment Based on Urinary N-Acetyl Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro Determination in the Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes, Hypertension, Microalbuminuria, Proteinuria, Cardiovascular Events, and Ramipril (DIABHYCAR) Study
Authors: Azizi Michel , Ménard Joël , Peyrard Séverine , Lièvre Michel , Marre Michel , Chatellier Gilles 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to assess patients’ and physicians’ compliance with ACE inhibitor treatment, by measuring an endogenous biomarker of ACE inhibition, urinary N-acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro (AcSDKP), in the Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes, Hypertension, Microalbuminuria, Proteinuria, Cardiovascular Events, and Ramipril (DIABHYCAR) trial, which compared ramipril (1.25 mg o.d.) with placebo in 4,912 patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria/proteinuria.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The urine AcSDKP-to-creatinine ratio was measured blind to treatment in all participants who completed follow-up and provided spot urine samples (n = 1,871).
RESULTS—The median urinary AcSDKP-to-creatinine ratio was six times higher for ramipril than for placebo. Urinary AcSDKP-to-creatinine ratios displayed a bimodal distribution in both groups, with a very large intergroup overlap. Based on cluster analysis, we defined truly adherent ramipril patients as those with a ratio ≥4 nmol/mmol and truly adherent placebo patients as those with a ratio &lt;4 nmol/mmol. After excluding patients withdrawing prematurely from the study or known to have used a nonstudy ACE inhibitor, 27.3% of the 597 ramipril patients had ratios &lt;4, indicating poor compliance, and 9.7% of the 621 placebo patients had ratios ≥4, indicating intake of a nonstudy ACE inhibitor. Correcting for compliance by using AcSDKP-guided analysis affected surrogate outcome results (decrease in systolic blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion) only slightly.
CONCLUSIONS—The systematic use of spot urinary AcSDKP determination facilitated the detection of defects in compliance with ACE inhibitor treatment in both patients and physicians. Urinary AcSDKP measurement could be a useful biomarker for assessing compliance with ACE inhibition in the routine care of diabetic patients.
1,5-Anhydroglucitol and Postprandial Hyperglycemia as Measured by Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Moderately Controlled Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Dungan Kathleen M. , Buse John B. , Largay Joseph , Kelly Mary M. , Button Eric A. , Kato Shuhei , Wittlin Steven 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—Postprandial hyperglycemia is often inadequately assessed in diabetes management. Serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) drops as serum glucose rises above the renal threshold for glucose and has been proposed as a marker for postprandial hyperglycemia. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the relationship between 1,5-AG and postprandial hyperglycemia, as assessed by the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in suboptimally controlled patients with diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and an HbA1c (A1C) between 6.5 and 8% with stable glycemic control were recruited from two sites. A CGMS monitor was worn for two consecutive 72-h periods. Mean glucose, mean postmeal maximum glucose (MPMG), and area under the curve for glucose above 180 mg/dl (AUC-180), were compared with 1,5-AG, fructosamine (FA), and A1C at baseline, day 4, and day 7.
RESULTS—1,5-AG varied considerably between patients (6.5 ± 3.2 μg/ml [means ± SD]) despite similar A1C (7.3 ± 0.5%). Mean 1,5-AG (r = −0.45, P = 0.006) correlated with AUC-180 more robustly than A1C (r = 0.33, P = 0.057) or FA (r = 0.38, P = 0.88). MPMG correlated more strongly with 1,5-AG (r = −0.54, P = 0.004) than with A1C (r = 0.40, P = 0.03) or FA (r = 0.32, P = 0.07).
CONCLUSIONS—1,5-AG reflects glycemic excursions, often in the postprandial state, more robustly than A1C or FA. 1,5-AG may be useful as a complementary marker to A1C to assess glycemic control in moderately controlled patients with diabetes.
Inside Front Cover: Rigid, Self‐Assembled Hydrogel Composed of a Modified Aromatic Dipeptide (Adv. Mater. 11/2006)
Authors: Mahler A. , Reches M. , Rechter M. , Cohen S. , Gazit E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFormation of a self‐assembled hydrogel with remarkable mechanical rigidity using a very simple building block, 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐diphenylalanine peptide, is reported by Gazit and co‐workers on p. 1365. The hydrogel forms under mild conditions in aqueous solution, using a much shorter peptide than previously reported, and has physical properties exceeding those of hydrogels formed by much longer polypeptides, as previously reported for diphenylalanine nanotubes. The rigidity is likely facilitated by the aromatic nature of the peptide building block. The hydrogel is stable under extreme conditions, and can be shaped in accordance to the vessel it is assembled in, making it useful for a variety of applications.
„Fremde Körperwelten”︁. Russische Anthropologie und Medizin im kolonialen Diskurs des ausgehenden Zarenreiches
Authors: Stolberg Eva‐Maria 
Published: May 2006

Abstract„Exotic Bodies”︁: Russian Anthropology and Medicine in the Colonial Discours of Late Imperial Russia. In the nineteenth century Russian anthropologists adopted Western theories on the biological superiority of the white man in order to justify Russian colonization at the Asiatic periphery. After the Great Reforms the imperial process of acculturation was discussed in the context of modernization that also touched the institutionalization of colonial medicine. Whereas Russian armchair anthropologists were operating with racial idioms, physicians as practitioners on the colonial spot were not receptive to the ideology of “white man's burden”. From experience with the socioeconomic backwardness of Russia's Asiatic periphery physicians stood up for the vital rights of the indigenous population in the colonial Public Health. With deep respect for indigenous medicine Russian physicians were not advocates of Russian colonial expansion and racial discrimination that made them different to their Western colleagues. On the basis of Russian nineteenth century medical literature and Siberian archival sources this paper outlines the critical reflections of Russian physicians on Tsarist colonialism
Wissenschaftswachstum in wichtigen naturwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen vom 17. bis zum 21. Jahrhundert
Authors: Behrens Heinrich , Lankenau Irmgard 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe Growth of Science within Important Scientific Disciplines from 17th to 21st century. – In this paper the growth of knowledge is investigated for the disciplines of Astrophysics / Astronomy, of Physics and of Chemistry in the last centuries. In this context the main emphasis is devoted to the discussion of the growth of literature. Besides, this is also illustrated by the growth of indicators like for example important books, new discoveries in science, the chemical elements, the known chemical compounds and the number of known inorganic chemical structures. Compared to numerous earlier studies a systematic evaluation of all presently available data sources is carried out. The data are fitted by different mathematical growth models (linear, quadratic, exponential, hyperbolic). These are discussed and compared. As far as the exponential growth model is applied the doubling periods obtained have values between 11 and 32 years for the cumulative total of publications, between 24 and 98 years for that of important books, between 79 and 163 years for that of new discoveries and between 10 and 14 years for that of chemical substances. From an order of magnitude point of view this is in agreement with the results of other authors. It is however also demonstrated that the exponential growth model which is normally used is not necessarily the best to describe the growth of the data. Other models are often better suitable to explain the growth. It is shown that linear growth of the yearly publications describes the data better than exponential growth in certain epochs. In this latter case it is demonstrated that the parameter (linear slope) for the rate of increase has a constant values in certain epochs, but rises in steps from epoch to epoch by a factor of 3 to 40. After the second world war the linear growth model for the yearly publications or the quadratic growth model for the cumulative total of publications respectively delivers the best results. This is therefore used for forecasting the future.
Maximally Selected Chi‐Square Statistics and Binary Splits of Nominal Variables
Authors: Boulesteix Anne‐Laure 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe address the problem of maximally selected chi‐square statistics in the case of a binary Y variable and a nominal X variable with several categories. The distribution of the maximally selected chi‐square statistic has already been derived when the best cutpoint is chosen from a continuous or an ordinal X, but not when the best split is chosen from a nominal X. In this paper, we derive the exact distribution of the maximally selected chi‐square statistic in this case using a combinatorial approach. Applications of the derived distribution to variable selection and hypothesis testing are discussed based on simulations. As an illustration, our method is applied to a birth data set. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis, Electrochemical and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Studies of Ruthenium(II) Bis(2,2′‐bipyridyl){2‐(4‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)benzo[d]‐X‐azole} Complexes
Authors: Gobetto Roberto , Caputo Giuseppe , Garino Claudio , Ghiani Simona , Nervi Carlo , Salassa Luca , Rosenberg Edward , Ross J. B. Alexander , Viscardi Guido , Martra Gianmario , Miletto Ivana , Milanesio Marco 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA series of photoactive complexes of [RuIIbis(bipyridyl){2‐(4‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)benzo[d]‐X‐azole}](PF6)2 (X = N–CH3, 1; S, 2; or O, 3) have been synthesized and fully characterized by proton and 13C NMR spectroscopy and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The X‐ray structure of 1 is also reported. The electrochemical behavior and the photophysical properties of 1–3 have been investigated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) reveals the presence of three consecutive one‐electron reduction processes and a single one‐electron oxidation process that are chemically and electrochemically reversible. In all cases, electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) has been observed in the presence of the co‐reactant tri‐n‐propylamine (TPA). An analogue of 1 has been synthesized, [RuIIbis(bipyridyl){2‐(4‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)benzo[d]‐X‐azole}](PF6)2 [X = N(CH2)5CO2H, 4], it has been coupled with bovine serum albumin (BSA), and its photophysical properties investigated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Tricarbonylchlororhenium(I) Carboxaldimine Derivatives: Synthesis, Structure, and NMR Characterization of Z and E Isomers
Authors: Garino Claudio , Ghiani Simona , Gobetto Roberto , Nervi Carlo , Salassa Luca , Croce Gianluca , Milanesio Marco , Rosenberg Edward , Ross J. B. Alexander 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe ligand N‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)anthracene‐9‐carboxaldimine (1) has been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopic techniques. The experimental procedure leads selectively to the E isomer, which has been studied by a combined theoretical (Density Functional Theory) and 2D NOESY NMR spectroscopic approach. The trifluoroacetic acid promotes the E to Z isomerization of 1. The process has been investigated by NMR spectroscopy and computationally for the neutral ligand 1. DFT methods calculate that the E isomer is 2.2 kcal/mol more stable than the Z isomer, whereas the reverse situation is observed for the protonated species, where the Z isomer is 4.5 kcal/mol more stable than the E isomer. Transition state calculations for the interconversion of the neutral and protonated E species into their corresponding Z isomers show that the energy barriers are 27.6 and 20.3 kcal/mol for the neutral and protonated species, respectively. The reaction with pentacarbonylchlororhenium leads, in the absence and in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid, to the synthesis of the corresponding tricarbonylchlororhenium isomer complexes Re‐E‐1 and Re‐Z‐1, respectively. Compounds Re‐E‐1 and Re‐Z‐1 were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy in solution, and their crystal structures were determined. Their photophysical and electrochemical properties are also reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Preparation, Characterization, and Aquation Kinetics of Pyridine N‐Oxide Complexes of Chromium(III)
Authors: Kotowski Mirjana , Marcec Radovan , Butkovic Vjera , Bakac Andreja , Orhanovic Matko 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA series of (H2O)5Cr(X‐pyO)3+ ions (pyO = pyridine N‐oxide, X = H, 3‐CH3, 4‐CH3, 4‐OCH3, 4‐NO2) were prepared by the reduction of the corresponding pyridine N‐oxide adducts of diperoxochromium(VI) species with acidic ferrous perchlorate. The (H2O)5Cr(X‐pyO)3+ complexes undergo aquation to yield Cr(H2O)63+ and X‐pyO according to the rate law kobs = ko + k–1[H+]–1. The values of the rate constants extrapolated to 298 K at 1.0 M ionic strength are: k0 = 2.80 × 10–6 s–1, k–1 = 1.86 × 10–8 M s–1 (X = 4‐NO2); 7.80 × 10–8, 6.27 × 10–10 (H);4.80 × 10–8, 3.20 × 10–10 (3‐CH3); 3.05 × 10–8, 1.60 × 10–10 (4‐CH3); and 2.37 × 10–9, 4.76 × 10–11 (4‐OCH3). The reaction of the 4‐OCH3 complex exhibits two additional terms in the rate law, k1[H+] + k–2[H+]–2. The binding of 4‐OCH3–pyO to chromium is suggested to take place through the methoxy group. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Convenient Synthetic Route to Tetrahydropyran‐Based Liquid Crystals
Authors: Kirsch Peer , Maillard David 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe tetrahydropyran moiety has been identified as a highly advantageous addition to the toolbox for the design of nematic liquid crystals for LCD applications. A new synthetic procedure based on the Lewis acid catalysed ring opening of oxetanes by lithium iminoenolates followed by reductive dehydroxylation of the resulting hemiketal provides a convenient preparative access to this class of materials.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Characterization of the antioxidative activity of novel nontoxic neuropeptides by using capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Vaher Merike , Viirlaid Säde , Ehrlich Kersti , Mahlapuu Riina , Jarvet Jüri , Soomets Ursel , Kaljurand Mihkel 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn the present study, we have monitored the oxidation process of novel nontoxic neuropeptides and determined its rate constants, which describe the antioxidative potential of the peptides. A capillary electrophoretic method was implemented which ensures the simultaneity of analysis of reactants and products in a short time of analysis. The rate constants of oxidation of the four novel peptides, 4‐methoxy‐L‐tyrosinyl‐γ‐L‐glutamyl‐L‐cysteinyl‐glycine (UPF1), D‐serinyl‐γ‐L‐glutamyl‐L‐cysteinyl‐glycine (UPF6), 4‐methoxy‐L‐tyrosinyl‐α‐L‐glutamyl‐L‐cysteinyl‐glycine and D‐serinyl‐α‐L‐glutamyl‐L‐cysteinyl‐glycine, designed by us, were compared with those of oxidation of glutathione (reduced glutathione) by using capillary electrophoresis. The second‐order rate constants were similar for all peptides if the oxidation was carried out with hydrogen peroxide (kII = 0.208 — 0.236×103/M·min). The rate constants were also determined for the mixtures of peptides. When the oxidation is caused by hydroxyl radical (OH*), the γ‐glutamate containing peptides (UPF1 and UPF6) exhibited two to four times higher antioxidative activity (kII = 4.428 and 2.152×103/M·min, respectively). The results suggest that the antioxidative potential of the peptides studied is not determined by the formation of disulphide bridge alone.
Bioanalytical interaction studies executed by preincubation affinity capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Østergaard Jesper , Heegaard Niels H. H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe versatility of CE is beneficial for the study of many types of molecular interactions, because different experimental designs can be made to suit the characteristics of a particular interaction. A very versatile starting point is the preequilibration type of affinity CE that has been used extensively for characterizing biomolecular interactions in the last 15 years. We review this field here and include a comprehensive overview of the existing preincubation ACE modes including their advantages and limitations as well as the methodological developments and applications within the bioanalytical field.
A Discrete, Space Variation Model for Studying the Kinetics of Shape Deformation of Vesicles Coupled with Phase Separation
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Zhang Hongdong , Tang Ping , Qiu Feng , Yang Yuliang 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSummary: The evolution dynamics of phase separation, coupled with shape deformation of vesicles is described by using dissipative dynamic equations, specifically the time‐dependent Ginzburg‐Landau (TDGL) equations. In order to improve the numerical stability and thus to efficiently deal with a large deformation of vesicles, a new algorithm, namely the discrete space variation model (DSVM) has been developed for the first time. The algorithm is based on the variation of the discretized free‐energy functional, which is constructed in discrete membrane space, in contrast to the commonly used continuous free‐energy functional. For the sake of numerical tractability, only the cylindrical vesicles (2D), with two components, are taken into consideration to illustrate the efficiency and validity of new algorithm. The simulation results, based on the DSVM algorithm have been compared with those from both linear analysis and strong segregation theory using the continuous space free‐energy functional. It is found that the DSVM algorithm can correctly describe the coupling between the lateral phase‐separation on the vesicle membrane and the vesicle shape deformation, both for early and late stages.A flower‐like vesicle obtained by DSVM simulation.magnified imageA flower‐like vesicle obtained by DSVM simulation.
Surface enhanced Raman scattering by GaN nanocolumns
Authors: Milekhin A. G. , Meijers R. , Richter T. , Calarco R. , Lüth H. , Paez Sierra B. A. , Zahn D. R. T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe GaN nanocolumns were grown by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) on Si(111) substrates. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the nanocolumns with diameters of 20–150 nm and lengths of 300‐500 nm grow parallel to the [111] direction of the Si substrate. The vibrational spectrum (including optical and interface phonons) of the nanocolumns was studied using conventional and surface enhanced Raman scattering. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of strain in AlN thin films grown on sapphire and 6H‐SiC by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Kato Naoto , Inushima Takashi 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe effect of growth rate on the strain in AlN films grown on sapphire and 6H‐SiC c‐planes at 1150 °C by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition was investigated. The strain was measured by X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the strain in the films was expressed by the biaxial stress and that it depended on the growth rate of the films and on the surface pre‐treatments. When the growth rate was lower than 2.4 nm/min, the strain was constant, and it was compressive for the films grown on sapphire, and tensile for those on 6H‐SiC. These stresses were produced by the differences of the thermal expansion coefficients between the films and substrates. The low temperature AlN‐buffer layer, which was useful for the high temperature growth of AlN on sapphire, was revealed not to be applicable for 6H‐SiC. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Observation of a filled electronic state in the conduction band of InN
Authors: Kim J. J. , Makino H. , Kobayashi K. , Chen P. P. , Ikenaga E. , Kobata M. , Takeuchi A. , Awaji M. , Hanada T. , Cho M. W. , Yao T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe have investigated the electronic structure of InN epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy at different growth temperatures by hard X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy. We observed filled electronic states in the conduction band of the InN films. Integral intensity of the filled electronic states developed with decreasing growth temperature. The decreasing growth temperature induced increasing oxygen incorporation into the InN films and increasing carrier concentration and optical band gap of the InN films. Therefore, the filled electronic states should be indicated the filling of carriers in the conduction band caused by oxygen incorporation and the present results support the Burstein‐Moss shift. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical properties of Ni/i‐AlGaN/GaN structures and influence of thermal annealing
Authors: Sawada T. , Kimura N. , Suzuki K. , Imai K. , Kim S.‐W. , Suzuki T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractElectrical properties of Ni/i‐AlGaN/GaN heterostructures prepared by various surface preparation conditions have been studied by I‐V and C‐V measurements. The surface native oxide lowered the effective Schottky barrier height (SBH) accompanied with significant increase of the reverse leakage current. Tunneling together with surface patches seems to take part in the reverse leakage current. Annealing in N2 improved the effective SBH and the leakage current. The optimum annealing temperature depended on both the surface preparation condition and the Al composition. Insertion of a thin anodic Al2O3 layer between Ni and i‐AlGaN effectively reduced the leakage current to 10–6 A/cm2. Hall effect measurements revealed that tharmal annealing of bare i‐AlGaN(x = 0.20)/GaN heterostructures, at above 600 °C, leads to reduction of the electron mobility and the 2DEG density. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anisotropic ambipolar diffusion of carriers in InGaN/GaN quantum wells
Authors: Wang Y. J. , Xu S. J. , Li Q. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBy directly imaging the photoluminescence of the samples, we observe strong anisotropic lateral diffusion of photogenerated carriers in InGaN/GaN quantum‐wells structures. For quantitative interpretation of the phenomenon, the ambipolar diffusion of carriers in such structures is calculated using the two‐dimensional drift‐diffusion equation when the huge piezoelectric field in the strained InGaN/GaN quantum wells is taken into account. Very good agreement between theory and experiment is achieved. Our results show that the strong piezoelectric field and crystalline direction dependence of the carrier mobility are responsible for the enhancement and anisotropy of carriers' lateral diffusion, respectively. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Depth profiling of ion‐implanted AlInN using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and cathodoluminescence
Authors: Martin R. W. , Rading D. , Kersting R. , Tallarek E. , Nogales E. , Amabile D. , Wang K. , Katchkanov V. , Trager‐Cowan C. , O'Donnell K. P. , Watson I. M. , Matias V. , Vantomme A. , Lorenz K. , Alves E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractInvestigation of the depth profiles and luminescence of Eu and Er‐ions implanted into AlInN/GaN bilayers differentiates between ions located in the two different III‐N hosts. Differences between samples implanted using channeling or off‐axis geometries are studied using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectometry. A fraction of ions have crossed the AlInN layer (either 130 or 250 nm thick) and reached the underlying GaN. Cathodoluminescence spectra as a function of incident electron energy and photoluminescence excitation data distinguish between ions within AlInN and GaN. The RE emission from the AlInN is broader and red‐shifted and the dependence of the intensity on host is discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)