bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suicide and community psychiatric care — a preliminary report
Authors: Cantor C. H. , Burnett P. C. , Quinn J. , Nizette D. , Brook C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA preliminary survey of 34 suicides among patients attending community services for the chronically mentally ill revealed a rate of 520 per 100,000 admitted. In contrast to earlier hospital surveys, no risk variables were identified for patients dying by suicide. Thirty‐four percent of suicides occurred within one week of the last treatment and 59% within 3 months of service entry. It appears that early and intensive follow‐up may be necessary to prevent suicide among patients receiving community psychiatric care.
Recent life events, Social support and suicide
Authors: Heikkinen M. , Aro H. , Lönnqvist J. 
Published: August 2007

The occurrence of recent life events during the last 3 months, and Social support received were studied in a nationwide suicide population (N = 1,067) in Finland. Recent life events were reported in 80 % of the suicides. Job problems (28 %), family discord (23 %), somatic illness (22 %), financial trouble (18 %), unemployment (16 %), separation (14 %), death (13 %) and illness in family (12 %) were the most common life events. Sex differences were found in recent life events: any life event, separation, financial trouble, job problems and unemployment were more common among males. The mean number of life events was also higher among males.Living alone was more common among female victims. Females had children more often than males. In terms of friendships, more females had a close friend, whereas more males had friends sharing common interests. Females had complained of loneliness more often than males. Those females who had lived alone had encountered a recent death more often than other females. The male victims who had lived alone had experienced separation, financial trouble and unemployment during the last 3 months more frequently than other males, suggesting a concurrent stressor effect of these recent life events with living alone in male suicides.
Familial‐genetic and reproductive epidemiology of schizophrenia in rural Ireland: age at onset, familial morbid risk and parental fertility
Authors: Waddington J. L. , Youssef H. A. 
Published: August 2007

Waddington JL and Youssef HA. Familial‐genetic and reproductive epidemiology of schizophrenia in rural Ireland: age at onset, familial morbid risk and parental fertility Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 62–68. © Munksgaard 1996.Among all ascertainable cases of DSM IIIR schizophrenia within an unusually homogeneous region of rural Ireland, family history information was sought from multiple sources. Morbid risk for schizophrenia among probands' first degree relatives was 6.1% and did not differ between male (6.5%) and female (5.5%) probands; risk among probands' siblings (8.3%) exceeded that among their parents (1.4%), with only 2% of male and 31% of female probands being themselves married. Both age at onset <25 and having >7 siblings were associated with elevated morbid risk, particularly among relatives of male probands (11.9% vs. 2.2% and 11.8% vs. 3.7%, respectively). Increased fertility particularly among parents of male patients with high familial‐genetic loading may contribute to perpetuation of the disorder in the face of those patients' own extremely low fecundity.
An analysis of age and gender influences on the relative risk for suicide and psychotropic drug self‐poisoning
Authors: Buckley N. A. , Dawson A. H. , Whyte I. M. , Hazell P. , Meza A. , Brie H. 
Published: August 2007

Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Whyte IM, Hazell P, Meza A, Britt H. An analysis of age and gender influences on the relative risk for suicide and psychotropic drug self‐poisoning. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 168–171. © Munksgaard 1996.Psychiatric illness is a significant risk factor for both attempted and completed suicide and psychotropic medications account for 80% of all drug overdoses involving prescription medications. One challenge facing clinicians is to balance the benefit of treatment against the risk of drug overdose. The aim of the present study was to compare the age and gender distribution of patients prescribed psychotropic drugs with patients attempting and completing suicide with these drugs. Data were obtained from the Australian census and studies of general practitioner prescribing, patients who committed suicide or presented with self‐poisoning within a defined geographic area. The characteristics of these populations were compared to calculate odds ratios for attempting or completing suicide with psychotropic drugs, before and after correction for rates of prescription, in different age and gender groups. The odds ratios (ORs) for self‐poisoning were higher for those aged less than 45 years and yet this group was least likely to be prescribed psychotropic drugs. Men had a much higher rate of completed suicide using more lethal methods. The ORs for self‐poisoning and suicide with psychotropic drugs, after correction for prescription rates, for those aged 15 to 24 years were 11.1 and 1.7, respectively. Those aged 25 to 44 years had ORs of 4.9 and 4.3, and, by contrast, those over 75 years had ORs of 0.03 and 0. Women were slightly more likely to poison themselves with psychotropic drugs (OR 1.2). However, the situation reversed after correction for prescription rates (OR 0.69). It is concluded that greater caution should be exercised in prescribing for those under 45 years of age, given their relatively higher risk of drug overdose, and that the least toxic compounds should be used. The risk (of self‐poisoning) among the elderly may have been overstated, so that some patients may have been denied the benefit of adequate treatment.
Long‐term effects of transference interpretations: comparing results from a quasi‐experimental and a naturalistic long‐term follow‐up study of brief dynamic psychotherapy
Authors: Høglend P. 
Published: August 2007

Herglend P. Long‐term effects of transference interpretations: comparing results from a quasi‐experimental and a naturalistic long‐term follow‐up study of brief dynamic psychotherapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 205–211. © Munksgaard 1996.A follow‐up study, using a quasi‐experimental non‐equivalent groups comparison design, the so‐called regression discontinuity design, reported a negative long‐term effect of a high frequency of transference interpretations given to patients in brief dynamic psychotherapy who had been deemed highly suitable for such treatment. The major threat to internal validity of the findings was the possibility that the patients who were evaluated as highly suitable for dynamic psychotherapy might be the ones with the naturally worst outcomes, independent of therapy technique (selection maturation). Data from a similar naturalistic study with no quasi‐experimental manipulation of the treatment technique revealed, however, that highly suitable and relatively less suitable patients had similar outcomes. This makes selection maturation a less plausible confound of the (negative) treatment effect estimated in the quasi experimental study. A high frequency of transference interpretations in brief dynamic psychotherapy seems to be causally related to less favourable long‐term dynamic change.
Alcohol‐related problems in primary care patients in Nigeiia
Authors: Abiodun O. A. 
Published: August 2007

Abiodun OA. Alcohol‐related problems in primary care patients in Nigeria.Scand 1996: 93: 235–239. © Munksgaard 1996.A total of 440 (50.1%) drinking patients were found in a study of 878 primary care patients in Nigeria, of whom 126 (28.6%) of drinking patients were observed to have alcohol‐related problems. Those with alcohol‐related problems were significantly more likely to be males, middle‐aged and to belong to higher occupational groups. In addition, they were also more likely to be separated, divorced or widowed, made more frequent visits to health care facilities and were more likely to have associated mental morbidity. The primary health care (PHC) workers did not recognize these problem drinkers in their care. The need to improve the ability of PHC workers to detect and manage primary care patients with alcohol‐related problems in developing countries through the use of reliable and valid short alcohol screening instruments (e.g. CAGE, AUDIT) and brief intervention techniques is emphasized. It is also suggested that, on a long‐term basis, the training curricula for medical and paramedical primary care personnel in third world countries should include more hours on alcohol education.
Hypochondriacal fears and beliefs in obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Savron G. , Fava G. A. , Grandi S. , Rafanelli C. , Raffi A. R. , Belluardo P. 
Published: August 2007

Savron G, Fava GA, Grandi S, Rafanelli C, Raffi AR, Belluardo P. Hypochondriacal fears and beliefs in obsessive‐compulsive disorder.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 345–348. © Munksgaard 1996.The relationship of obsessions and compulsions with hypochondriasis is receiving increasing attention, but has not been substantiated by adequate research. The Illness Attitude Scales (IAS), which identify hypochondriacal patients, were administered to 30 patients with DSM‐IV obsessive‐compulsive disorder and 30 healthy control subjects matched for sociodemographic variables. All IAS scales were significantly higher in patients with obsessions and compulsions. However, there were no significant differences between patients and controls in the number of subjects whose symptom intensity exceeded a clinical threshold for hypochondriasis and disease phobia. Furthermore, hypochondriacal fears and beliefs were poorly correlated with obsessions and compulsions. The results suggest the presence of mild abnormal illness behaviour in patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder. unlike the situation in patients with panic disorder and depression.
Course of illness and pattern of recurrences in patients with affective disorders during long‐term lithium prophylaxis: a retrospective analysis over 15 years
Authors: Berghöfer A. , Kossmann B. , Müller‐Oerlinghausen B. 
Published: August 2007

Berghöfer A, Kossmann B, Müller‐Oerlinghausen B. Course of illness and pattern of recurrences in patients with affective disorders during long‐term lithium prophylaxis: a retrospective analysis over 15 years.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 349–354. © Munksgaard 1996.We analysed the recurrences of 86 patients with monopolar and bipolar mood and schizoaffective disorders treated with lithium over a period of 8.2 years on average in a specialized out‐patient clinic. Lithium medication was discontinued by 24% of patients. Diagnosis, age and gender had no influence on the mean morbidity index. Bipolar and schizoaffective patients suffered from more severe recurrences, resulting in hospital admissions, than monopolar patients. A significant decrease in intensity of manic episodes and a significant shortening of depressive episodes was observed over a 10‐year treatment period. However, the percentage of manic episodes among all episodes remained constant. There was no indication of a loss of the prophylactic effect in a subgroup of 30 patients who had been treated for a minimum of 10 years. The morbidity index also remained constant over 10 years in the whole sample. Furthermore, the mean lithium blood levels as well as the additional medication in this subgroup could be lowered in the second half of the treatment decade as compared to the initial 5 years.
Suicide in the People's Republic of China categorized by age and gender: evidence of the influence of culture on suicide
Authors: Pritchard C. 
Published: August 2007

Pritchard C. Suicide in the People's Republic of China categorized by age and gender: evidence of the influence of culture on suicide.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 362–367. © Munksgaard 1996.Throughout the developed world suicide is predominantly associated with psychiatric disorders and substance misuse. The main social factors are age, as suicide increases with each decade, and gender, as suicide is more frequent among men than women, and proportionately more young men die than their female peers. An analysis of suicide in the People's Republic of China found that the profile was the opposite to that reported in the rest of the world, as more female subjects kill themselves than males, particularly younger women. Also, unlike the situation in other countries, suicide occurred more often in rural than in urban areas. It is argued that the Chinese data provide evidence of a greater cultural influence upon suicide rates than had previously been realized.
Schizophrenic patients' experiences of neuroleptic medication: a Q‐methodological investigation
Authors: Day J. C. , Bentall R. P. , Warnel S. 
Published: August 2007

Day JC, Bentall RP, Warner S. Schizophrenic patients' experiences of neuroleptic medication: a Q‐methodological investigation.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 397–402. © Munksgaard 1996.Q‐methodology was used to explore the experiences of 50 medicated schizophrenic patients. Four main factors were identified. Participants loading on the first factor agreed with statements suggesting an uncomplaining attitude towards their medication and also with statements indicating a dependent attitude towards the medical profession. Those loading on the second factor endorsed statements indicative of a sceptical attitude towards medication, together with a concern for personal autonomy. Participants loading on the third factor had apparently made a balanced appraisal of the advantages and disadvantages of their medication, whereas those who loaded positively on the final factor reported positive benefits of medication but a sceptical attitude towards medical advice. The study highlights the complexity of psychiatric patients' attitudes to treatment.
Mechanical loading and Δ12prostaglandin J2 induce bone morphogenetic protein‐2, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ‐1, and bone nodule formation in an osteoblastic cell line
Authors: Siddhivarn C. , Banes A. , Champagne C. , Riché E. L. , Weerapradist W. , Offenbacher S. 
Published: August 2007

Background and Objective:  We have previously reported that mechanical strain applied at a 1% level to an osteoblastic cell line induces the transcription of prostaglandin D2 synthase and increases the levels of prostaglandin D2 and its Δ12prostaglandin J2 metabolite. Mechanical strain also induces the expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ‐1 and bone nodule formation. We hypothesized that mechanical load induces bone formation via Δ12prostaglandin J2‐dependent synthesis of bone morphogenetic proteins. Our goal was to investigate the molecular events involved in osteogenesis induced by mechanical loading and Δ12prostaglandin J2, namely the induction of bone morphogenetic proteins and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ‐1, a nuclear receptor for Δ12prostaglandin J2.Material and Methods:  Osteoblast monolayers were stretched for 1 h with a 1‐h resting period and stretched for another hour at 1 Hz with 1% elongation. Cells were collected 0, 1, 6 and 16 h after stretching. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and Δ12prostaglandin J2 were added in some experiments. Relative quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction was used to examine whether the mRNA of bone morphogenetic protein‐2, ‐4, ‐6, ‐7 and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ‐1 was induced. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate bone morphogenetic protein expression in cells.Results:  Mechanical strain significantly increased the mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein‐2, ‐6, ‐7 and of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ‐1, but not of bone morphogenetic protein‐4. In stretched cells, bone morphogenetic protein‐2 and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ‐1 expression was blocked by cyclooxygenase inhibitors, but restored by exogenous Δ12prostaglandin J2. Δ12Prostaglandin J2 significantly enhanced bone nodule formation and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 expression when added alone to resting osteoblasts.Conclusion:  These results suggest that the osteoblastic biomechanical pathways that trigger bone formation involve cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin D2 synthase activation, induction of Δ12prostaglandin J2 and its nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ‐1, and increased expression of bone morphogenetic protein‐2. These data suggest that the Δ12prostaglandin J2/peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ‐1/bone morphogenetic protein‐2 pathway plays an important role in osteogenesis.
Molecular Characterization of Clinical Isolates ofMycobacterium tuberculosisand Their Association with Phenotypic Virulence in Human Macrophages
Authors: Wong K. C. , Leong W. M. , Law H. K. W. , Ip K. F. , Lam J. T. H. , Yuen K. Y. , Ho P. L. , Tse W. S. , Weng X. H. , Zhang W. H. , Chen S. , Yam W. C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAmong 125 clinical isolates ofMycobacterium tuberculosiscollected in Hong Kong and Shanghai, China, between 2002 and 2004, IS6110typing revealed that 71 strains (57%) belonged to the Beijing family. The intracellular growth of the strains in human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages was measured ex vivo on days 0, 3, 6, and 10. Among all tested strains, three hypervirulent strains showed significant increases in intracellular growth after 10 days of incubation. With an initial bacterial load of 104CFU, most of the clinical isolates and H37Ra (an avirulent strain) exhibited no intracellular survival on day 10, while the three hypervirulent strains together with H37Rv (a virulent strain) showed on average a two- to fourfold rise in CFU count. These three hypervirulent strains belonging to a non-Beijing family were isolated from patients suffering from tuberculosis meningitis. Cytokines secreted by gamma interferon-activated macrophages were measured daily after challenge with selected strains ofM. tuberculosis. The levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha were elevated after 24 h of infection among all strains, but the levels were significantly lower among the three hypervirulent strains, whereas interleukin 10 (IL-10) and IL-12 were not detected. Results were concordant with the differential expression of the corresponding cytokine genes in activated macrophages, as monitored by real-time PCR. Our findings highlighted that these three hypervirulent strains may possess an innate mechanism for escaping host immunity, which accounts for their characteristic virulence in patients presenting with a more severe form of disease.
Characterization of Metacaspases with Trypsin-Like Activity and Their Putative Role in Programmed Cell Death in the Protozoan Parasite
Leishmania
Authors: Lee Nancy , Gannavaram Sreenivas , Selvapandiyan Angamuthu , Debrabant Alain 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

In this report, we have characterized two metacaspases of
Leishmania donovani
,
L. donovani
metacaspase-1 (LdMC1) and LdMC2. These two proteins show 98% homology with each other, and both contain a characteristic C-terminal proline-rich domain. Both genes are transcribed in promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of
L. donovani
; however, LdMC1 shows increased mRNA levels in axenic amastigotes. An anti-LdMC antibody was obtained and showed reactivity with a single ∼42-kDa protein band in both promastigote and axenic amastigote parasite whole-cell lysates by Western blotting. Pulse-chase experiments suggest that LdMCs are not synthesized as proenzymes, and immunofluorescence studies show that LdMCs are associated with the acidocalcisome compartments of
L. donovani
. Enzymatic assays of immunoprecipitated LdMCs show that native LdMCs efficiently cleave trypsin substrates and are unable to cleave caspase-specific substrates. Consistently, LdMC activity is insensitive to caspase inhibitors and is efficiently inhibited by trypsin inhibitors, such as leupeptin, antipain, and
N
α
-tosyl-
l
-lysine-chloromethyl ketone (TLCK). In addition, our results show that LdMC activity was induced in parasites treated with hydrogen peroxide, a known trigger of programmed cell death (PCD) in
Leishmania
and that parasites overexpressing metacaspases are more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide-induced PCD. These findings suggest that
Leishmania
metacaspases are not responsible for the caspase-like activities reported in this organism and suggest a possible role for LdMCs as effector molecules in
Leishmania
PCD.
Role of Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Activation of the Cyclic AMP Pathway and
HWP1
Gene Expression in
Candida albicans
Authors: Wolyniak Michael J. , Sundstrom Paula 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Changes in gene expression during reversible bud-hypha transitions of the opportunistic fungal pathogen
Candida albicans
permit adaptation to environmental conditions that are critical for proliferation in host tissues. Our previous work has shown that the hypha-specific adhesin gene
HWP1
is up-regulated by the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathway. However, little is known about the potential influences of determinants of cell morphology on
HWP1
gene expression. We found that blocking hypha formation with cytochalasin A, which destabilizes actin filaments, and with latrunculin A, which sequesters actin monomers, led to a loss of
HWP1
gene expression. In contrast, high levels of
HWP1
gene expression were observed when the F-actin stabilizer jasplakinolide was used to block hypha formation, suggesting that
HWP1
expression could be regulated by actin structures. Mutants defective in formin-mediated nucleation of F-actin were reduced in
HWP1
gene expression, providing genetic support for the importance of actin structures. Kinetic experiments with wild-type and actin-deficient cells revealed two distinct phases of
HWP1
gene expression, with a slow, actin-independent phase preceding a fast, actin-dependent phase. Low levels of
HWP1
gene expression that appeared to be independent of stabilized actin and cAMP signaling were detected using indirect immunofluorescence. A connection between actin structures and the cAMP signaling pathway was shown using hyper- and hypomorphic cAMP mutants, providing a possible mechanism for up-regulation of
HWP1
gene expression by stabilized actin. The results reveal a new role for F-actin as a regulatory agent of hypha-specific gene expression at the bud-hypha transition.