bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing Information Technology in the Clinical Setting: Lessons Learned in a Trauma Center
Authors: Paré Guy , Elam Joyce J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUsing a case study methodology, we examined the implementation of a nursing flow sheet system in the trauma center of a large, not-for-profit, teaching hospital. Findings add new insights to the existing body of knowledge in the information technology and medical informatics fields. First, results reveal that the success of clinical information systems requires a proactive stance where key actors anticipate and address the challenges ahead and capitalize on opportunities. Second, empirical evidence indicates that project outcomes ultimately depend on how the implementation process is managed and what the organization and its members do with the system once it is introduced. Finally, the case at hand shows that the nature and overall quality of the implementation strategy can be largely predicted by the key actors involved in the project, given their own background, skills, interest, and level of motivation.
Evidence Into Practice:Prescribing Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Authors: Freemantle Nick , Mason James M. , Watt Ian 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis descriptive analysis examines prescribing trends of antidepressants in English primary care, providing analysis of NHS reimbursement data for groups of antidepressants between 1989 and 1994. Prescribing trends seem unaffected by the release of information on the effectiveness and costeffectiveness of antidepressant drugs. We found that simple distribution of the results of health technology assessments may not be sufficient to influence practice.
Norwegian Experiences: Competence of the Providers and Compliance to the Treatment Program for Antenatal Care in Norway
Authors: Backe Bjørn 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAntenatal care was established in Norway during the 1930s. Unlike the other Nordic countries, care is provided by general practitioners, not be midwives. Guidelines were first issued in 1984 after a debate about the quality of the care. This article reports providers' compliance to important parts of the guidelines.
Screening for Hypertension in Pregnancy
Authors: Goldenberg Robert L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe literature dealing with screening for hypertension in pregnancy was reviewed. No level of blood pressure or any other factor provides a guarantee of no risk for the development of preeclampsia. However, higher blood pressure in early pregnancy and a failure to decrease blood pressure in midpregnancy are both associated with the development of preeclampsia. The development of proteinuria, rather than the level of blood pressure, is the best predictor of poor pregnancy outcome. Multiparas, especially those with severe chronic hypertension who develop preeclampsia, are at greatest risk of poor pregnancy outcome.
Diagnostic Methods for Pregnancy Hypertension: Significance of Standardized Conditions
Authors: Åberg Anders 
Published: March 2009

AbstractStandardized conditions for blood pressure measurements and strict definitions of systolic and diastolic blood pressure are essential for a consequent management of hypertension during pregnancy. In Sweden, it has been agreed to measure blood pressure with the pregnant women sitting in upright position. Home-monitoring of blood pressure is recommended in women at risk of preeclampsia.
Cost-Effectiveness of Present Programs for Detection of Asymptomatic Hypertension in Relation to the Severity of Hypertension Andproteinuric Hypertension
Authors: Hall Marion , Campbell Doris 
Published: March 2009

AbstractProteinuric hypertension is an important cause of maternal and perinatal mortality. Eclampsia cannot always be prevented. The likelihood of identifying a new case of proteinuric hypertension at any particular visit is very low using traditional antenatal care schedules, and care could be focused on women at higher risk.
The Et Interview: Professor Sir Richard Stone
Authors: Pesaran M. Hashem 
Published: March 2009

Sir Richard Stone, knighted in 1978 and Nobel Laureate in Economics in 1984, is one of the pioneering architects of national income and social accounts, and is one of the few economists of his generation to have faced the challenge of economics as a science by combining theory and measurement within a cohesive framework. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for his “fundamental contributions to the development of national accounts,” but he has made equally significant contributions to the empirical analysis of consumer behavior. His work on the “Growth Project” has also been instrumental in the development of appropriate econometric methodology for the construction and the analysis of large disaggregated macroeconometric models.Throughout his long and productive career, stretching over more than half a century, Stone has been an inspiration to applied econometricians all over the world. His influence goes well beyond his written work. He has made a lasting impact on the large number of (now prominent) economists and statisticians who visited the Department of Applied Economics when he was its Director. He is a scientist, a scholar, and above all, a gentleman. He gives generously of himself and is always willing to help the cause of applied econometrics. He has been a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge since 1945 and has served as the President of the Econometric Society (in 1955) and the President of the Royal Economic Society (during 1978–1980). In the interview that follows, Richard Stone gives us a delightful account of his time as a student at Westminster School, his early introduction to economics at Cambridge University, and he shares with us his memories and thoughts on a long and productive career. The interview was conducted in Stones' magnificent private library in Cambridge, and I hope that readers enjoy reading the interview as much as I enjoyed recording it.Further details of Richard Stone's biography and research activities can be found in:Deaton, A. Stone, John Richard Nicholas. In J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman (eds.), The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, Vol. 4, pp. 509–512. London: Macmillan, 1987.Stone, J.R.N. An autobiographical sketch. In Les Prix Nobel 1984. Stockholm: Almquist and Wicksell International, 1985.
Some Aspects of Asymptotic Theory with Applications to Time Series Models
Authors: Jeganathan P. 
Published: March 2009

The primary purpose of this paper is to review a very few results on some basic elements of large sample theory in a restricted structural framework, as described in detail in the recent book by LeCam and Yang (1990, Asymptotics in Statistics: Some Basic Concepts. New York: Springer), and to illustrate how the asymptotic inference problems associated with a wide variety of time series regression models fit into such a structural framework. The models illustrated include many linear time series models, including cointegrated models and autoregressive models with unit roots that are of wide current interest. The general treatment also includes nonlinear models, including what have become known as ARCH models. The possibility of replacing the density of the error variables of such models by an estimate of it (adaptive estimation) based on the observations is also considered.Under the framework in which the asymptotic problems are treated, only the approximating structure of the likelihood ratios of the observations, together with auxiliary estimates of the parameters, will be required. Such approximating structures are available under quite general assumptions, such as that the Fisher information of the common density of the error variables is finite and nonsingular, and the more specific assumptions, such as Gaussianity, are not required. In addition, the construction and the form of inference procedures will not involve any additional complications in the non-Gaussian situations because the approximating quadratic structure actually will reduce the problems to the situations similar to those involved in the Gaussian cases.
The Chinese Food Purchases
Authors: Barry Allan J. 
Published: March 2009

After three years of agricultural calamities, both natural and man-made, China has begun the importation on a substantial scale of foodstuffs— a dramatic departure from previous policy. The chief beneficiaries abroad are the grain producers of Canada and Australia.Actual quantities involved may be regarded as small from the standpoint of total Chinese food consumption, but remarkably significant when considered in terms of the actual addition to domestic supplies of wheat and barley, the probable consumption of grain in the seaboard cities, the amount of foreign exchange required, the concomitant decline in other imports (including machinery and raw materials), and the enormous demands usually made upon transportation facilities by agricultural shipments from the interior to the coast. These food purchases are also significant from the standpoint of both Canada and Australia.
Victims of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Authors: Klein Donald W. 
Published: March 2009

The political demise of Politburo member P'eng Chen in 1966 is one of the most significant political events in the Chinese Communist movement since Mao Tse-tung gained control of the Party in the late thirties and early forties.The 64-year-old native of Shansi is a tall, robust man who worked in north China in the labour movement during the twenties and early thirties. He has been a Party member since 1926. P'eng allegedly spent some time in jail in the early thirties, but by the mid-thirties he was a top Party operative in the Peking area where he played a major role in contacting and recruiting students into the CCP. In these endeavours he seems to have been working directly under Liu Shao-ch'i.
Power and Pressure Groups in North Vietnam
Authors: Fall Bernard B. 
Published: March 2009

As in many other Communist states (and quite a few non-Communist ones) there is in the DRV (Democratic Republic of [North] Vietnam) a sharp difference between the theoretical and the actual structure of governmental powers.Article 4 of the DRV Constitution of January 1, 1960, adequately covers the subject of the theoretical source of power in North Vietnam: “All powers of the DRV belong to the people, who exercise them through the intermediary of the National Assembly and of People's Councils at every echelon, elected by it and responsible to it….”
Communist China's Agricultural Calamities
Authors: W. K.  
Published: March 2009

Communist China is entering yet another year of calamities of major proportions. They stem chiefly from its unbalanced fanning industry and affect every sector of its economy.Chinese and Western analysts have come full circle in their assessment within the last three years. In China the exuberance of the Great Leap Forward has given way to the gloom of austerity programmes and emergency regulations. Abroad, the voices praising the miracles of 1958 have been displaced by those reporting disaster and starvation. Those advising caution and moderation in the face of obvious Chinese exaggerations tend to be dismissed now as they were then.
Developments in Tibetan Studies in China Today
Authors: Grunfeld A. Tom 
Published: March 2009

In July and August 1987 I spent several weeks in Beijing engaged in lengthy discussions with scholars and officials whose work concerns Tibet.The most prominent of these people were Wang Furen, chairman of the Department of Ethnology at the Central Institute of Nationalities (CIN); Wang Xiaoyi, associate research fellow at CIN; Huang Hao, associate research fellow at the Institute of Nationalities of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS); Liu Shengqi, research fellow at the Institute of Nationalities of CASS; Yao Zhaolin, chief of the Tibetan Section of the Ethnology Department of CIN; Pan Naigu, chairman of the Department of Sociology at Beijing University; and Dorji Tseten, former head of the Tibet Autonomous Region and currently the chairman of the China Tibetology Research Centre.
China and the Overseas Chinese: Perceptions and Policies
Authors: Fitzgerald Stephen 
Published: March 2009

The Chinese Communist Party and the “Overseas Chinese Problem”The “Overseas Chinese problem” in South-East Asia is most commonly understood to be a problem which confronts the governments and indigenous peoples of the region, or other governments which have an interest in South-East Asia, or sometimes the Overseas Chinese themselves. It is seldom perceived as a “problem” for the Chinese Government, except in so far as China is thought to have encountered certain obstacles to political and economic exploitation of a relationship which appears deceptively simple, and which seems to offer very considerable advantages to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Yet the evolution of China's Overseas Chinese policy since 1949 reveals a growing awareness on the part of the CCP that there were many intractable problems associated with its overseas population, both in the pursuit of foreign policies in South-East Asia and in the very nature of the Overseas Chinese relationship with China.
Is “Treat your child normally” helpful advice for parents of survivors of treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
Authors: Rempel Gwen R. , Harrison Margaret J. , Williamson Deanna L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundDeveloping technology affords children with complex congenitally malformed hearts a chance for survival. Parents gratefully pursue life-saving options on behalf of their children, despite the risks to the life of their child, and uncertainty about outcomes. Little is known about how mothers and fathers experience parenting a child whose new state as a survivor may include less than optimal developmental sequels.MethodOur study involved multiple interactive interviews with 9 mothers and 7 fathers of infants and preschool children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who had survived the Norwood surgical approach. Qualitative methodology included grounded theory methods of simultaneous collection and analysis of data, and we used open and selective coding of transcribed interviews.ResultsParents used normalization in the context of uncertainty regarding the ongoing survival of their child. Parents described their underweight children as being on their own growth curve, and viewed their developmental progress, however delayed, as reason for celebration, as they had been prepared for their child to die.ConclusionThere is growing evidence that children with congenitally malformed hearts who require surgical intervention during the first year of life may experience developmental delay. The use of normalization by their parents may be effective in decreasing their worry regarding the uncertain future faced by their child, but may negatively affect the developmental progress of the child if they do not seek resources to assist development. Advice from paediatric specialists for parents to view their children as normal needs to be balanced with assistance for parents to access services to support optimal growth and development of their child.
Circulating and muscle glutathione turnover in human endotoxaemia
Authors: Fläring Urban B. , Hebert Christina , Wernerman Jan , Hammarqvist Folke , Rooyackers Olav E. 
Published: March 2009

Patients with septic shock have high plasma glutathione concentrations, whereas intracellular concentrations in erythrocytes and muscle are low. In the present study, we investigated the temporal pattern of glutathione status and glutathione kinetics in healthy volunteers during the initial phase of sepsis using a human endotoxin model. The present study was a descriptive pilot study in healthy male volunteers (n=8) before and after an endotoxin challenge. The glutathione status was determined in plasma and whole blood at baseline and hourly for 4 h after intravenous endotoxin injection and in skeletal muscle at baseline and at 2 and 4 h after endotoxin injection. In plasma, the concentration of total glutathione decreased 24% (P&lt;0.05) at 3 h after endotoxin injection and 32% (P&lt;0.001) at 4 h. In whole blood and skeletal muscle, the concentrations of both GSH and total glutathione as well as the redox status remained unaltered during the initial 4 h after the endotoxin challenge. The FSR (fractional synthesis rate) of glutathione in whole blood was 38±20%/day before and 59±22%/day 4 h after the endotoxin challenge (P=0.088) and in skeletal muscle this was 41±25 and 46±18%/day (P=0.68) respectively. During the initial phase of sepsis, as represented by an intravenous endotoxin challenge to healthy volunteers, plasma concentrations of total glutathione decreased, whereas glutathione status and synthesis rate in skeletal muscle and whole blood remained unaltered. However, due to the variation in the synthesis measurements, larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Birth complications, overweight, and physical inactivity
Authors: VOLDNER NANNA , FRØSLIE KATHRINE FREY , HAAKSTAD LENE ANETTE HAGEN , BØ KARI , HENRIKSEN TORE 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective. Maternal lifestyle factors are potential predictors of pregnancy complications. We examined relations between modifiable factors and delivery complications. Design. Prospective cohort. Setting. University hospital antenatal clinic, Oslo, Norway. Sample. A cohort of 553 women followed through pregnancy and delivery. Main outcome measures. Pre‐specified birth complications: cesarean section (CS), operative vaginal deliveries (VDs), third and fourth degree of perineal lacerations and hemorrhage (≥1,000 ml). Methods. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Besides high birthweight (≥4,200 g), modifiable predictors (high body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose and physical inactivity) and non‐modifiable predictors (parity, maternal age, gestational age, and gender) were considered. Results. Significant predictors for induction of labor were parity (odds ratio (OR): 2.1; 95% CI 1.3–3.5), maternal age (OR: 2.0; 1.2–3.4), gestational age (OR: 1.9; 1.1–3.1), and BMI ≥30 (OR: 4.2; 2.2–7.8, p<0.01). High birthweight and high BMI were overrepresented among CSs. Emergency CS was associated with birthweight (OR: 3.7; 1.7–8.1), parity (OR: 3.5; 1.7–7.2), maternal age (OR: 2.6; 1.3–5.3), and induction of labor (OR: 4.8; 2.6–9.1). After excluding CS, operative VD was associated with parity (OR: 8.7; 3.8–20) and gender (OR: 2.2; 1.2–14.1). Perineal laceration was associated with pre‐gestational physical inactivity (OR: 6.1; 1.6–22.9) and operative VD (OR: 5.1; 1.5–17.6). Hemorrhage was associated with high birthweight (OR: 4.2; 1.2–4.7) and BMI ≥30 (OR: 4.6; 1.2–17.7). Conclusions. Pre‐gestational physical inactivity increased the risk of perineal lacerations and male infants were associated with higher risk of vaginal operative delivery.
Cutaneous manifestations in Hymenoptera and Diptera anaphylaxis: relationship with basal serum tryptase
Authors: Potier A. , Lavigne C. , Chappard D. , Verret J. L. , Chevailler A. , Nicolie B. , Drouet M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryObjectives
To compare the clinical presentation of systemic anaphylaxis to Hymenoptera and Diptera with regard to basal serum tryptase (BT) and to evaluate mastocytosis in patients with elevated tryptase.Patients and Methods
The medical records of 140 patients with a history of a systemic reaction to venom were retrospectively reviewed. Symptoms and severity of anaphylaxis and BT were recorded. Most patients with elevated tryptase were screened for mastocytosis: a dermatological examination with a skin biopsy was performed in 19 cases and a bone marrow biopsy in 14 cases.Results
Tryptase was elevated in 23 patients. These patients reported fewer usual skin reactions (urticaria in 26.1% of cases with raised tryptase vs. 76.1% of cases with normal tryptase), more flushing (52.2% vs. 4.3%) and frequently did not present skin reaction (26.1% vs. 9.4%). They presented a more severe reaction (mean grade of severity: 3.48 vs. 2.69). Mastocytosis was diagnosed in seven patients with elevated tryptase: indolent systemic mastocytosis in six cases and cutaneous mastocytosis without systemic involvement in one case. In five cases, mastocytosis was previously undiagnosed. Lesions of cutaneous mastocytosis, diagnosed in five patients, consisted of urticaria pigmentosa in all cases and were often inconspicuous.Conclusion
These results demonstrate particular clinical features of the allergic reaction in patients with elevated BT and the higher frequency of mastocytosis in this population. In patients with a severe anaphylactic reaction without urticaria, but with flushing, tryptase should be assayed and an underlying mastocytosis should be considered.
Genetic effect of the NPHS2 gene variants on proteinuria in minimal change disease and immunoglobulin A nephropathy
Authors: ZHU LI , YU LEI , WANG CHEN‐DAN , LV JI‐CHENG , LI GUI‐SEN , ZHANG HONG , WANG HAI‐YAN 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY:Background:  Proteinuria varies in different glomerular diseases and even the same one. Podocin, encoded by gene NPHS2, is important in maintaining the integrity of slit diaphragm structure and avoiding proteinuria. Presently, case–control association studies were performed to investigate the genetic effect of variants in NPHS2 in a mass proteinuric glomerulopathy, minimal change disease (MCD) at first, followed by further investigation in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN).Methods:  At first, 214 northern Chinese patients with MCD and 493 geographically‐matched healthy controls were enrolled. Variants of the NPHS2 were screened. SNP‐2 (rs3829795:C>T, c.‐670C>T) and SNP‐5 (rs3738423:C>T, c.288C>T) were selected as tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and haplotypes were reconstructed. Association was analyzed in MCD patients. Then, the identified SNP site was analyzed in IgAN patients with mild histological changes (Haas subclass I and II).Results:  The C allele and CC genotype frequencies at the SNP‐2 site, as well as the frequency of haplotype CC, were significantly lower in MCD patients than in healthy controls. Furthermore, they were also associated with the degree of proteinuria in MCD patients. But in IgAN patients, no such association was identified.Conclusion:  The study suggested the polymorphism and haplotype of NPHS2 gene were associated with the genetic susceptibility and also the degree of proteinuria to MCD. Proteinuria in MCD and IgAN might occur through different mechanisms.
Review article: Biomarkers of clinical outcomes in advanced chronic kidney disease
Authors: KOVESDY CSABA P , KALANTAR‐ZADEH KAMYAR 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex condition, where the decrease in kidney function is accompanied by numerous metabolic changes affecting virtually all the organ systems of the human body. Many of the biomarkers characteristic of the individually affected organ systems have been associated with adverse outcomes including higher mortality in advanced CKD, whereas in persons without CKD these biomarkers may have no bearing on survival. It is believed that the high mortality seen in CKD is a result of several abnormalities conspiring to induce or aggravate a heightened degree of cardiovascular morbidity and predisposition to wasting syndrome. Not all the biomarkers may, however, be causally responsible for the adverse outcomes associated with them. We review various biomarkers of protein‐energy wasting, inflammation, oxidative stress, potassium disarrays, acid‐base disorders, bone and mineral disorders, glycemic status, and anemia. Although all of these biomarkers have shown associations with worsened outcomes in CKD, markers of protein‐energy wasting, especially serum albumin, remain the strongest predictor of survival in CKD patients, especially those undergoing maintenance dialysis treatment. We also review the putative pathophysiologic mechanisms behind these associations, and present potential therapeutic interventions that could result in remedies to improve poor clinical outcomes in CKD, pending the results of current and future controlled trials.