bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cheerleading-Related Injuries to Children 5 to 18 Years of Age: United States, 1990–2002
Authors: Shields Brenda J. , Smith Gary A. 
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVE. To describe the epidemiology of cheerleading-related injuries among children in the United States.
DESIGN. A retrospective analysis of data for children 5 to 18 years old from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1990–2002.
METHODS. Sample weights provided by the NEISS were used to make national estimates of cheerleading-related injuries. Injury rates were calculated for the most frequently occurring types of injury using cheerleading participation data.
RESULTS. An estimated 208 800 children (95% confidence interval [CI]: 166 620–250 980) 5 to 18 years of age were treated in US hospital emergency departments for cheerleading-related injuries during the 13-year period of 1990–2002. The number of injuries increased by 110% from 10 900 in 1990 to 22 900 in 2002, with an average of 16 100 (95% CI: 12 848–19 352) injuries per year (P &lt; .01). The average age of injured children was 14.4 years (median: 15.0 years); 97% were female; and 85% of injuries occurred to children 12 to 17 years old. The number of injuries per 1000 participants per year was greater for 12- to 17-year-olds (8.1) than for 6- to 11-year-olds (1.2) for all cheerleading-related injuries combined (P &lt; .01; relative risk [RR]: 6.49; 95% CI: 6.40–6.58), as well as for injuries grouped by body part injured and type of injury. The body parts injured were lower extremity (37.2%), upper extremity (26.4%), head/neck (18.8%), trunk (16.8%), and other (0.8%). Injury diagnoses were strains/sprains (52.4%), soft tissue injuries (18.4%), fractures/dislocations (16.4%), lacerations/avulsions (3.8%), concussions/closed head injuries (3.5%), and other (5.5%). Children in the 12- to 18-year age group were more likely to sustain strains or sprains to the lower extremity than 5- to 11-year-olds (P &lt; .01; RR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.50–1.88). The majority of patients with cheerleading-related injuries was treated and released from the emergency department (98.7%). Patients sustaining fractures or dislocations were more likely to be admitted to the hospital than those sustaining other types of injury (P &lt; .01; RR: 5.30; 95% CI: 3.29–6.43).
CONCLUSIONS. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report numbers, rates, and trends of cheerleading-related injuries to children using a nationally representative sample. Cheerleading is an important source of injury to girls. The number of cheerleading-related injuries more than doubled during the 13-year study period. A set of uniform rules and regulations directed at increasing the safety of cheerleading, that are universally enforced, should be implemented. Mandatory completion of a safety training and certification program should be required of all cheerleading coaches. Establishment of a national database for cheerleading-related injuries would facilitate the development and evaluation of injury-prevention strategies based on epidemiologic evidence.
Characterization of the Interaction of Hypericin with Protein Kinase C in U‐87 MG Human Glioma Cells
Authors: Kocanova Silvia , Hornakova Tekla , Hritz Jozef , Jancura Daniel , Chorvat Dusan , Mateasik Anton , Ulicny Jozef , Refregiers Matthieu , Maurizot Jean‐Claude , Miskovsky Pavol 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTA fluorescence imaging technique was used to monitor intracellular localization of protein kinase C (PKC) in U‐87 MG human glioma cells in the presence of hypericin (Hyp) and phorbol 12‐myristate‐13‐acetate (PMA). It is shown that PKC localization, which reflects its activity, is influenced by Hyp and this influence is different from that observed for PMA which acts as PKC activator. Fluorescence binding experiments were used to determine the binding constants of Hyp to several isoforms of PKC. The obtained values of Kds (∼100 nM) suggest that Hyp binds with high affinity to PKC. Finally, molecular modeling was used to compare structural models of the interaction of C1B domain of PKC (PKC isoforms α, δ, γ) with Hyp and our previously published model of the (C1B domain PKCγ)/PMA complex. The influence of Hyp on PKC translocation in U‐87 MG cells in comparison with PMA, colocalization fluorescence pattern of Hyp and PKC, the higher binding affinity of Hyp to PKC in comparison with known binding constants of phorbol esters, as well as the binding mode of Hyp and PMA to the C1B domain of PKC suggested by molecular modeling, support the idea that Hyp and PMA might competitively bind to the regulatory domain of PKC.
Myeloid Sarcoma Occurring Concurrently With Drug‐Induced Gingival Enlargement
Authors: Yoon Angela J. , Pulse Carla , Cohen Lori D. , Lew Timothy A. , Zegarelli David J. 
Published: January 2006

Background: Myeloid sarcoma is an extramedullary malignancy of myeloblasts. An unusual case of myeloid sarcoma presenting in the gingiva and affected by drug‐induced gingival enlargement is presented.Methods: A 63‐year‐old male taking amlodipine for his hypertension presented with a 3‐week gingival enlargement. Although the obvious clinical impression was that of drug‐induced gingival enlargement, an incisional biopsy was performed to corroborate chemical enlargement while ruling out diseases such as lymphoma and leukemia.Results: Microscopic examination of the thickened gingiva revealed surface stratified squamous epithelium having needle‐like rete pegs characteristic of drug‐induced gingival enlargement. Beneath the surface epithelium, the fibrous tissue was virtually replaced by a dense infiltrate of malignant cells. Immunohistochemical studies were performed with CD117 and myeloperoxidase identifying the malignant cell population as myeloblasts, leading to a diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma.Conclusion: Myeloid sarcoma and hematopoietic malignancies must be included in a differential diagnosis of gingival enlargement until the definitive diagnosis is reached by histologic/laboratory examination.
Ligneous Periodontitis and Ehlers‐Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Pierro Viviane S.S. , Vazquez‐Sullca Ramon , Vieira Áurea Simone Barrôso , Takiya Christina Maeda , Carakushansky Gerson , Feres‐Filho Eduardo J. 
Published: January 2006

Background: Generalized membranous gingival enlargement due to an accumulation of fibrin deposits associated with severe alveolar bone loss (ligneous periodontitis) is a rare condition, and plasminogen deficiency seems to play a central role in its pathogenesis. However, this condition has not been described in association with syndromes. This article reports a case of ligneous periodontitis in a boy with the classic type of Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (EDS).Methods: A 12‐year‐old white male presented with generalized gingival overgrowth and severe alveolar bone loss. A physical examination revealed clinical signs of EDS (velvety skin with mild hyperextensibility, marked hypermobility of the limb joints, atrophic scars on his knees, and easy bruising), which is associated with a positive family history for joint hypermobility. A biopsy of gingival tissues was submitted for routine histology, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and direct immunofluorescence (antifibrinogen). An evaluation of plasminogen activity was also performed.Results: Histopathology revealed chronic periodontitis with fibrinoid material deposition, and direct immunofluorescence proved to be positive for fibrin. Functional plasminogen was reduced. A conclusive diagnosis of ligneous periodontitis due to plasminogen deficiency associated with the classic type of EDS was rendered.Conclusions: Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome can be associated with ligneous periodontitis. In the present case, the histologic examination represented an important tool in the differential diagnosis, because it ruled out EDS type VIII as the associated systemic factor to periodontal breakdown.
Relationship of Serum Advanced Glycation End Products With Deterioration of Periodontitis in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Authors: Takeda Munehiro , Ojima Miki , Yoshioka Hideo , Inaba Hiroaki , Kogo Mikihiko , Shizukuishi Satoshi , Nomura Makoto , Amano Atsuo 
Published: January 2006

Background: A close relationship between diabetes and chronic periodontitis has been demonstrated. We previously found that Porphyromonas gingivalis with the type II fimA gene is an infectious factor closely associated with the deterioration seen in diabetic periodontitis patients. In the present study, we examined whether other biomarkers are related to the development and deterioration of periodontitis often seen in type 2 diabetic individuals.Methods: A total of 97 type 2 diabetes patients with and without periodontitis were recruited, and their periodontal and diabetic conditions were analyzed. The ratio (%) of teeth with an attachment loss >5 mm among all teeth in each subject was used as an index of periodontal deterioration. Peripheral blood was tested for levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), C‐reactive protein (CRP), and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]‐α and interleukin [IL]‐1β). Subgingival plaque samples were also examined for the occurrences of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola, and Prevotella intermedia.Results: Serum AGEs were significantly associated with deterioration of periodontitis, whereas no other serum biochemical marker or bacterial occurrence showed a clear relationship with that condition.Conclusion: AGEs may be factors associated with diabetic periodontitis and may be useful as biomarkers that reflect such deterioration.
Local Oxygen Therapy for Treating Acute Necrotizing Periodontal Disease in Smokers
Authors: Gaggl Alexander J. , Rainer Heribert , Grund Eveline , Chiari Friedrich M. 
Published: January 2006

Background: The main aim of treatment for acute necrotizing periodontal disease is fast and effective reduction of anaerobic destructive microorganisms to avoid periodontal damage. The effect of adjunctive local oxygen therapy in the treatment of necrotizing periodontal disease was examined in this study.Methods: Thirty patients with acute necrotizing periodontal disease were treated with the systemic antibiotics amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, and metronidazole. In 15 out of 30 patients, adjunctive local oxygen therapy was administered. The patients were followed from the first to 10th day of treatment with clinical and bacteriological examinations. The clinical examination registered gingival bleeding, periodontal probing depth, and attachment loss; to follow up microbiological colonization of the periodontal sulcus, five representative bacteria were registered by a semiquantitative DNA polymerase chain reaction test.Results: In both groups of patients, colonization with Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis, and Treponema denticola was initially positive. None of these three microorganisms were completely eradicated in any of the patients in the group without oxygen therapy within the first 10 days of treatment. In the group with adjunctive oxygen therapy, all patients either showed a reduction in or complete eradication of the microorganisms, resulting in more rapid clinical restitution with less periodontal destruction.Conclusions: Adjunctive oxygen therapy results in early eradication of pathogenic anaerobic microorganisms in cases of acute necrotizing periodontal disease. The damage to periodontal tissue is reduced.
Increase in Probing Depth Is Correlated With a Higher Number of Prevotella intermedia Genotypes
Authors: Alves Ana Cláudia B.A. , Napimoga Marcelo H. , Klein Marlise I. , Hofling Jose F. , Gonçalves Reginaldo B. 
Published: January 2006

Background: The aims of this study were to determine the genotypic diversity of Prevotella intermedia in subgingival plaque samples by using two techniques, arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP‐PCR) and heteroduplex analysis, and to assess the relationship of this diversity with increase in probing depth.Methods: The subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 12 patients using paper points inserted into periodontal pockets (diseased sites) and healthy gingival sulci (healthy sites) of the same subjects. After isolation and identification, AP‐PCR was performed for genotypic characterization of P. intermedia (80 isolates). The clinical samples with a positive result for P. intermedia were amplified by 16S rRNA‐based PCR method, and the amplicons were subjected to heteroduplex analysis.Results: The agreement between the two methods was very high; the AP‐PCR and heteroduplex analysis showed that subjects harbored between one and five distinct genotypes of P. intermedia, with a positive association between numbers of genotypes by AP‐PCR (P = 0.0042) or heteroduplex (P = 0.0099) and increase in probing depth. No matching of P. intermedia genotypes was observed between healthy and diseased sites of the same individual. Interindividual analyses demonstrated absence of identical clones and indicated a high level of genetic diversity in the species.Conclusion: A clear relationship was observed between a higher number of genotypes and increase in probing depth; these results suggest that environmental challenges in the periodontal pockets may modulate the microbiota by selecting genotypes best able to exploit the environment.
Experimental Investigation of Ethanol Enrichment Behavior in Batch and Continuous Feed Ultrasonic Atomization Systems
Authors: Suzuki K. , Kirpalani D. M. , McCracken T. W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe fragmentation of a liquid layer to form a fine droplet mist by high frequency ultrasonic atomization of liquids has been applied to a range of industrial applications such as fine chemical manufacturing, pharmaceutical production, and food processing. A recent development is the separation of alcohol from miscible alcohol‐water mixtures using ultrasonic atomization. In this work, the effect of high frequency ultrasonic atomization at 1.6 MHz on the enrichment of ethanol from ethanol‐water feed mixtures has been studied. Experiments for evaluating this enrichment process were conducted in batch and continuous feed processing systems. The continuous enrichment process generated product concentrations that were higher than the equivalent vapor‐liquid equilibrium curve at feed concentrations greater than 40 mol.‐% in a single stage. The role of the ultrasonic jet formed at the surface of the feed solution combined with the ethanol separation characteristics has been discussed.
Titanocene(II)‐Promoted Cross‐Coupling of Unsaturated Compounds
Authors: Ogata Akitoshi , Nemoto Masami , Arai Koutarou , Kobayashi Kenji , Tsubouchi Akira , Takeda Takeshi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractVinyl pivalate in the presence of the titanocene(II) reagent Cp2Ti[P(OEt)3]2reacts both with nonpolar C≡C triple bonds and with polar C=O double bonds, to produce conjugated dienes and allylic alcohols, respectively. Similar alkenylation also takes place when (Z)‐alkenyl sulfones are treated with alkynes and carbonyl compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Generation of a Snail1 (Snai1) conditional null allele
Authors: Murray Stephen A. , Carver Ethan A. , Gridley Thomas 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMembers of the Snail gene superfamily, which encode zinc finger transcriptional repressors, play critical roles in the establishment of the vertebrate body plan. The Snail1 (Snai1) gene promotes epithelial–mesenchymal transitions during development and disease progression, and Snai1 null mouse embryos exhibit defects in gastrulation. However, the early embryonic lethality of Snai1 null embryos precludes the study of Snai1 function in other developmental contexts or diseases. To overcome this restriction, we generated a Snai1 conditional null allele by flanking the promoter and first two exons of the Snai1 gene with loxP sites. Cre‐mediated deletion of the Snai1flox allele generates the Snai1del2 allele, which behaves genetically as a Snai1 null allele. This conditional null allele will enable investigation of Snai1 function in a variety of developmental and pathological contexts. genesis 44:7–11, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution mass spectrometric mapping of reovirus digestion
Authors: Hadžisejdić Ita , Cheng Keding , Wilkins John A. , Ens Werner , Coombs Kevin M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractReovirus is an enteric virus built from eight structural proteins that form a double‐layered capsid. During virus entry into cells the reovirus outermost capsid layer (composed of proteinsσ3 and µ1C) is proteolytically processed to generate first an infectious subviral particle (ISVP), then the transcriptionally active core particle. Previous studies have demonstrated that proteinσ3, the outermost protein in the viral capsid, is removed from virus particles extremely rapidly. Other studies, using the detergent tetradecyl sulfate (14SO4) in combination with the protease chymotrypsin, have shown that µ1C cleavage is not necessary for infectious viral processing. We have recently used mass spectrometry to characterize the cascade ofσ3 proteolysis in intact reovirus serotype 1 Lang (T1L) virions (Mendezet al.,Virology2003; 311: 289–304). In the present study, we use high‐resolution mass spectrometry to characterize the cascade of outer capsid digestion of both T1L and the other commonly used reovirus strain (serotype 3 Dearing [T3D]), with the protease trypsin, both in the presence and absence of 14SO4. These studies indicate that digestion kinetics and specificities are determined both by virus type and by presence or absence of detergent. Presence of detergent accelerated digestion of both outer capsid proteins. In contrast to chymotrypsin digestion, which segregatedσ3 digestion from µ1 digestion, both proteins were rapidly digested by trypsin in the presence of detergent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemimacroglossia Caused by Isolated Plexiform Neurofibroma: A Case Report
Authors: Guclu Ender , Tokmak Abdurrahman , Oghan Fatih , Ozturk Ozcan , Egeli Erol 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectives: The present case is a diffuse isolated plexiform neurofibroma of the tongue that was not associated with neurofibromatosis that we treated with intraoral surgery.Study Design: A case report.Methods: We present a 5‐year‐old girl with isolated plexiform neurofibroma of the tongue with infiltration of the tongue base and review treatment approaches for this very rare tumor.Results: An intraoral approach appears to be a good alternative method that allows both an acceptable exposure for total excision and limited postoperative sequelae.Conclusions: Isolated plexiform neurofibroma of the tongue is very rare. It causes a massive macroglossia that is progressive with advance of years and disturbs the patient's speech, occlusion, and tongue movements. Involvement of the tongue may be associated with infiltration into the deep structures of the neck by the tumor, thereby presenting considerable operative difficulties.
A cluster randomized‐controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of Stepping Stones in preventing HIV infections and promoting safer sexual behaviour amongst youth in the rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: trial design, methods and baseline findings
Authors: Jewkes R. , Nduna M. , Levin J. , Jama N. , Dunkle K. , Khuzwayo N. , Koss M. , Puren A. , Wood K. , Duvvury N. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryObjective  To describe the study design, methods and baseline findings of a behavioural intervention trial aimed at reducing HIV incidence.Method  A cluster randomized‐controlled trial (RCT) conducted in 70 villages in rural South Africa. A behavioural intervention, Stepping Stones, was implemented in 35 communities in two workshops of 20 men and 20 women in each community who met for 17 sessions (50 h) over a period of 3–12 weeks. Individuals in the control arm communities attended a single session of about 3 h on HIV and safer sex. Impact assessment was conducted through two questionnaire and serological surveys at 12‐month intervals. The primary outcome was HIV incidence and secondary measures included changes in knowledge, attitude and sexual behaviours. Qualitative research was also undertaken with 10 men and 10 women from two sites receiving the intervention (one rural and one urban) and five men and five women from one village in the control arm. They were interviewed individually three times prior to the workshops and then 9–12 months later.Results  A total of 2776 participants (1409 intervention and 1367 control) were enrolled at baseline and had an interview, and HIV sero‐status was established. HIV baseline prevalence rates in women were 9.8% in the intervention arm and 12.8% in the control arm. In men the prevalence was 1.7% in the intervention arm and 2.1% in the control arm. Demographic and behavioural characteristics were similar in the two arms. In the intervention groups 59.9% of participants attended more than 75% of the sessions. In the control group 66.3% attended the control session.Conclusion  This is the third RCT to be conducted in sub‐Saharan Africa evaluating a behavioural intervention using HIV incidence as a primary outcome. It is of particular interest as the intervention in question is used in many developing countries. There is good baseline comparability between the study arms and the process data on the workshops suggested that the interventions were feasible and adequately implemented.
HIERARCHICAL AND TOPOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PROTEIN–PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORKS
Authors: LEE PO-HAN , HUANG CHIEN-HUNG , FANG JYWE-FEI , LIU HSIANG-CHUAN , NG KA-LOK 
Published: January 2006

We employ the random graph theory approach to analyze the protein–protein interaction database DIP. Several global topological parameters are used to characterize the protein–protein interaction networks (PINs) for seven organisms. We find that the seven PINs are well approximated by the scale-free networks, that is, the node degree cumulative distribution Pcum(k) scales with the node degree k (Pcum(k) ~ k-α). We also find that the logarithm of the average clustering coefficient Cave(k) scales with k (Cave(k) ~ k-β), for E. coli and S. cerevisiae. In particular, we determine that the E. coli and the S. cerevisiae PINs are better represented by the stochastic and deterministic hierarchical network models, respectively. The current fruit fly protein–protein interaction dataset does not have convincing evidence in favor of the hierarchical network model. These findings lead us to conclude that, in contrast to scale-free structure, hierarchical structure model applies for certain species' PINs only.We also demonstrate that PINs are robust when subject to random perturbation where up to 50% of the nodes are rewired. Average node degree correlation study supports the fact that nodes of low connectivity are correlated, whereas nodes of high connectivity are not directly linked.