bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strand bias of ultraviolet light‐induced mutations in a transcriptionally active gene in human cells
Authors: Basic‐Zaninovic Tamara , Meschini Roberta , Calcagnile Angelo Salvatore , Palombo Fabio , D'errico Mariarosaria , Sanctis Lorenzo Proietti‐De , Dogliotti Eugenia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUltraviolet (a) ‐induced repair and mutational spectra were analyzed in an inducible marker gene, the metallothionein‐l/guamine‐xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (a) fusion gene, carried by an Epstein‐Barr virus‐derived shuttle vector episomically maintained in human cells. The repair rate of UV photodimers from the shuttle‐vector molecules was typical of transcriptionally active sequences, 70% of the dimers being removed within 8 h after irradiation. The spectrum obtained under basal gene transcription was compared with that obtained under induced transcription. In both cases, base substitutions at dipyrimidine sequences predominated. Multiple mutations and deletions probably due to recombinational events induced by UV damage were also observed. Most of the UV‐mutated dipyrimidine sites were located in the transcribed strand and were independent of the transcriptional activity of the target gene. In contrast, the distribution of mutations throughout the coding region of the gpt gene was affected by transcription, with a preferential clustering of mutations occurring in the 3′ half of the gene after transcription induction. The strand bias observed in the UV spectra most likely reflects selection for nonfunctional gpt protein. © 1995 Wiley‐ Liss, Inc.
Characterization of a promoter for γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase activated in rat liver in response to aflatoxin B1 and ethoxyquin1
Authors: Griffiths Susan A. , Good Valerie M. , Gordon Linda A. , Hudson E. Ann , Barrett Mandy C. , Munks Rebecca J. L. , Manson Margaret M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstractγ‐Glutamyl transpeptidase (a) is normally absent from adult rat hepatocytes but is induced by a range of xenobiotics, including carcinogens and chemoprotective agents. As many as six mRNA species for this enzyme have been described in both rat and mouse, with various degrees of tissue specificity. These originate from one gene and have separate promoters within alternative 5′ untranslated sequences. By using a cDNA‐derived sequence specific for GGT mRNA III to screen a rat genomic library, a clone that contains the promoter region for this mRNA was isolated and characterized. The transcriptional start site lay some 3.5 kb upstream from that already characterized for mRNA II in rat kidney. Luciferase activity was obtained after transfection of rat hepatoma‐derived cell lines with constructs containing the putative promoter III fused to a luc reporter. Although this promoter lacks a TATA box, a sequence close to the start site that binds the transcription factor TFIID in vitro was identified. By using PCR techniques, mRNA III (homologous to both mouse III and IV) and an mRNA (a) with homology to VI in mouse were found in ethoxyquin‐ and aflatoxin B1‐treated rat liver and kidney as well as in a hepatoma‐derived cell line. No evidence was found for a product homologous to mRNA from promoter V described in the mouse. © 1995 Wiley‐ Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication and enhancement of growth in BALB/c 3t3 cells treated with connexin43 antisense oligonucleotides
Authors: Ruch Randall J. , Guan Xiaojun , Sigler Kristi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany studies have correlated reductions in gap junctional intercellular communication (a) with altered cellular growth, tumor promotion, and neoplastic transformation. To test directly whether reduced GJIC affects cellular growth, GJIC was inhibited in murine BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts by treatment with a phosphorothioatemodified antisense oligonucleotide targeted against the connexin43 translation start codon, and in vitro cell growth was monitored. The cells were incubated with the oligonucleotide (0.1‐0.5 μM) in liposomes in serumless culture medium for 16 h; washed and refed with serum‐containing medium; and analyzed for dye‐coupling, connexin43 protein and mRNA levels, and cell growth over the next 5 d. The antisense oligonucleotide inhibited dye‐coupling and reduced connexin43 protein levels in a concentration‐dependent manner but had no effect on connexin43 mRNA levels. Cell growth rate was not affected, but saturation density was increased approximately threefold by the oligonucleotide. These data support a role for GJIC in the establishment of contact inhibition of in vitro cell growth. © 1995 Wiley‐ Liss, Inc.
Bed‐wetting in Chinese children: Epidemiology and predictive factors
Authors: Wang Qing Wei , Wen Jian Guo , Song Dong Kui , Su Jing , Zhu Qing Hua , Liu Kui , Che Ying Yu , Du Ai Min , Wei Jin Xing 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAimsTo estimate the prevalence and severity of bed‐wetting in 1–18‐year‐old Chinese children.Materials and MethodsA cross‐sectional study of bed‐wetting was performed by using 13,515 self‐administered questionnaires distributed to the parents of 1–18‐year‐old Chinese children in Henan province. The prevalence of bed‐wetting was determined. The relationship of wetting to age, gender, community characteristics (rural or urban), arousal dysfunction, associated day‐time symptoms (frequency, urgency, and incontinence), and family history were analyzed.ResultsThere was a response rate of 87% (5,978 boys and 5,786 girls). The overall prevalence of bed‐wetting was 23.03% in those aged 1–4, 5.66% in those 5–12, and 1.37% in those 13–18. When a logistic regression analysis was applied to determine risk factors for the bed‐wetting, a positive relationship was seen with male gender and living in rural areas. Further, living in rural areas, arousal dysfunction, and associated day symptoms were significantly related to more severe bed‐wetting. Only 3.64% of the children had undergone professional evaluation.ConclusionThe prevalence of bed‐wetting is significant in Chinese children, but lower than in most western countries, which is likely due to cultural differences. Living in rural areas, having arousal dysfunction, and having associated day‐time symptoms may be predicative factors for marked bed‐wetting. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:512–517, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of graft and block copolymers from 2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and caprolactone
Authors: Motala‐Timol Shaheen , Jhurry Dhanjay 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper outlines the synthesis of a range of graft and block copolymers containing 2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and caprolactone sequences by means of two distinct strategies. In the first place, common to both pathways, low‐molar‐mass hydroxyl end‐capped polycaprolactone (PCL‐OH) was prepared by the ring‐opening polymerization of caprolactone in the presence of an aluminium alkoxide Schiff's base (HAPENAlOiPr) as initiator followed by hydrolysis of the AlO bond. For the synthesis of copolymers with a main vinyl carbon–carbon backbone and PCL grafts, PCL‐OH was initially converted into ω‐methacryl‐PCL using methacryloyl chloride. This macromonomer was then copolymerized with 2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). For the synthesis of block copolymers, PCL‐OH was first transformed into a bromine end‐capped PCL (PCL‐Br) with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide. PCL‐Br was then used as macroinitiator in various concentrations for the ATRP of 2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, thus leading to PCL and poly(DMAEMA) blocks of varying lengths. The formation of both graft and block copolymers was thoroughly checked using NMR and size exclusion chromatography. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of a topologically linked branch polymer containing cyclodextrin
Authors: Tamura Kiyoshi , Hatanaka Kenichi , Yoshie Naoko 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMacromolecules containing topological linkages made of α‐cyclodextrin (αCD) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were prepared by condensation of mono‐6‐O‐deoxy‐mono‐6‐amino‐α‐cyclodextrin (NH2‐αCD) with PEG dicarboxylic acid (PEG‐diCOOH) having one carboxyl group at both chain ends. The analysis of 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra of the condensation products showed completion of the condensation reaction between NH2 and COOH groups, and the absence of ester linkages, thus indicating that all of the PEG chains carried one αCD molecule at both chain ends through amide linkages. Gel permeation chromatography analysis of these condensation products showed that NH2‐αCD formed inclusion complexes with PEG‐diCOOH prior to condensation, resulting in macromolecules having topological linkages. In addition, the amount of the topological linkages increased with the increase of molecular weight of PEG‐diCOOH. This result shows that the complexation equilibrium of NH2‐αCD with PEG‐diCOOH depends on the concentration of ethylene glycol units. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of histological grading (Gleason) in carcinoma of the prostate: Adverse influence of highest grade
Authors: McGowan David G. , Bain Gordon O. , Hanson John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe value of the Gleason system of histological grading in carcinoma of the prostate is a subject of considerable controversy. The value of this system is demonstrated in a group of 488 patients treated radically with radiation therapy.Analysis, utilizing the Gleason system in these patients, indicates that the worst histological grade identified is most important in determining the prognosis. Since nearly 18%of our patients have more than two grades identified, simple identification of primary and secondary grades, ie, the two predominating grades, is inadequate and may underestimate the aggressiveness of the tumor. This finding has implications in the analysis of the results of treatment and in determining the method of treatment in individual patients.
Human benign prostatic hyperplasia in organ culture: Studies on iododeoxyuridine uptake
Authors: Masters J. R. W. , O'Donoghue E. P. N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProstate tissue architecture and function may be retained in vitro using organ culture. However, the application of the technique is limited due to the lack of simple means for measuring tissue response, for instance to factors controlling cell growth. It is confirmed in this study that measuring the uptake of the radioactive precursor of DNA, 5‐[125I]‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine, is simple, rapid, and reproducible provided the heterogeneity of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is taken into account. Factors affecting the reproducibility (numbers of replicate explants and dishes), specificity (removal of unbound radioactivity and uptake into killed tissue), and sensitivity (radioactive concentration and exposure period) of this technique were investigated. A particular advantage of this approach is that histological assessments are made on the same tissue used for biochemical measurements. Furthermore, the method is sufficiently simple to permit serial investigations chronologically concerning factors, such as hormones, controlling BPH cell growth.
Morphologic and endocrine aspects of prostatic function
Authors: Aumüller Gerhard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCurrent topics on the normal anatomy and functional organization of the human prostate are presented and related to endocrine principles studied experimentally in dogs and rats. While detailed internal organization and gross anatomical structure of the human gland are still debated by some, there is considerable unanimity on the functional interdependence and relationship between the stroma and the epithelium, as has been concluded from experimental, embryological, and pathological observations. This review also focuses on prostatic secretion, its normal postnatal development, and its functional and possible regulatory significance. Secretion is closely related to both hormonal and neurovascular regulatory mechanisms, and any changes in their balance evoke characteristic, and in some instances species‐specific, morphological and functional reactions in the prostate. An hypothesis is presented on the interdependence of secretion and cell proliferation in the prostate.
Elimination of stored material from the seminal vesicles of the guinea pig following castration
Authors: Shepherd Benjamin A. , Martan Jan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExperiments were carried out to determine what factors are involved in the disappearance of stored secretion from the seminal vesicles of the giunea pig and in the concurrent decline in weight of these glands following castration. Seminal vesicles of sexually mature males were unilaterally ligated, and the males were either castrated or left testes intact for a 14‐day period. At necropsy, the seminal vesicles were removed and weighed, and biopsies were collected for histological inspection.The weight of nonligated vesicles from castrated males declined to less than half that of ligated sides. In testes‐intact males, the weight of ligated vesicles was nearly double that of nonligated vesicles. Epithelial cell heights remained unchanged during the study. The rapid decline in weight of the guinea pig seminal vesicles following castration was attributed to the elimination of stored secretion by way of the urethra rather than by absorption.
Combined external radiotherapy and hormonal therapy for localized carcinoma of the prostate
Authors: Mukamel Eliahu , Servadio Ciro , Lurie Hedwig 
Published: February 2007

AbstractForty‐nine patients with localized carcinoma of the prostate were treated by external radiotherapy together with hormonal manipulation and were followed up to six years. Hormonal manipulation included bilateral orchiectomy and diethylstilbestrol, 3 mg/day. The cumulative five‐year survival for the 49 patients was 87.6%, with 11 % progression rate to stage D during that period. In 40 patients (81.6%), a decrease in the size of the prostate was noted. In none of the patients was there local recurrence of the tumor during the period of follow‐up. Transient gastrointestinal and/or urinary symptoms occurred following radiotherapy in 11 patients (22.4%), and in four patients severe cystitis or proctitis appeared. Complications related to hormonal therapy occurred in 11 patients (22.4%).The high survival rates reported herein, together with the low progression rate to stage D during six years of follow‐up, may justify the early institution of radiotherapy in combination with hormonal manipulation for patients with localized carcinoma of the prostate. A randomized study with an extended number of patients is underway to further evaluate this mode of therapy.
Organ culture studies of human prostatic adenocarcinomas
Authors: Mistry Damienti , Riches Andrew , Patrick Weaver J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe proliferative responses of human prostatic carcinoma have been evaluated in organ culture using [125I]‐iododeoxyuridine ([125I]UdR) to monitor DNA synthesis. The morphological preservation was not influenced by the addition of fetal calf serum or insulin (5 μgm/ml), transfemn (10 μgm/ml), and thyrotropin releasing hormone (10−9 M) to the active medium. Testosterone (4 ± 10−6 M) stimulated [125I]UdR uptake, whereas diethylstilboestrol (4 ± 10−6 M) had no direct effect on uptake. Both estramustine phosphate (4 ± 10−6 M) and oestradiol‐17β (4 ± 10 −6 M) inhibited uptake in a similar manner. Thus while explants of human prostatic carcinoma derived from transurethrally resected specimens can be well maintained in organ culture for a few days, proliferative responses are small and difficult to measure for individual patients.
Autoradiographic localization of androgen binding in the developing mouse prostate
Authors: Shannon John M. , Cunha Gerald R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ontogeny of expression of [3H]dihydrotestosterone (3H‐DHT) binding in the developing mouse prostate was studied using steroid autoradiography. At all prenatal stages examined, 3H‐DHT binding in the urogenital sinus was restricted to the stromal tissue compartment. This pattern of binding continued until approximately day 4 of postnatal life, when some epithelial cells began to exhibit nuclear localization of 3H‐DHT. The pattern of binding was asynchronous within the prostate, with the onset of nuclear labeling seemingly correlated with canalization of prostatic ducts. By 3 weeks of age, virtually all prostatic epithelial cells exhibited nuclear labeling with 3H‐DHT. The significance of these results, with respect to the role of epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions in hormone‐induced development, are discussed.
Inhibition of prostate tumors by agonistic and antagonistic analogs of LH‐RH
Authors: Schally Andrew V. , Redding Tommie W. , Comaru‐Schally Ana Maria 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have compared the effects of chronic administration of D‐Trp6‐LH‐RH, a superactive agonist of LH‐RH, and a potent antagonist, (NAc‐p‐CI‐D‐Phe1,2, D‐Trp3, D‐Arg6, D‐Ala10)LH‐RH, on male Copenhagen F‐1 rats bearing the Dunning R‐3327H prostate adenocarcinoma. Treatment with 25 μg of D‐Trp6‐LH‐RH bid for 21 days decreased the weights of the ventral prostate, testes, and adrenals, but had no effect on the weight of the anterior pituitary gland. Administration of similar doses of the antagonist reduced the weight of the ventral prostate, anterior pituitary gland, and adrenals, but did not change the weight of the testes. Both the agonist and antagonist greatly and significantly reduced tumor weight and volume as compared to controls. Serum LH, prolactin, and testosterone levels in Copenhagen F‐1 rats bearing Dunning tumors were significantly decreased after treatment with D‐Trp6‐LH‐RH as well as the antagonist. The inhibition of rat prostate tumors achieved with D‐Trp6‐LH‐RH and the antagonistic analog raised the possibility that these compounds could be used clinically in the treatment of prostate carcinoma and other endocrine‐dependent neoplasias. The antagonistic analogs have not yet been tried clinically on a chronic basis. However, the data accumulated so far from clinical trials in men with prostate carcinoma suggest that D‐Trp6‐LH‐RH and other LH‐RH agonists can be used for an effective therapy which avoids the side effects of estrogen and the pyschological impact of castration.
The use of multiparameter flow cytometry to assess tumor cell heterogeneity and grade prostate cancer
Authors: Benson Mitchell C. , McDougal Denise C. , Coffey Donald S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMultiparametric flow cytometry has permitted the quantitative assessment of tumor cell heterogeneity within a single tumor. This technique was applied to four tumor lines with biological activity similar to the variety observed in human prostate cancer. These tumors were derived from the Dunning R3327 transplantable rat prostatic adenocarcinoma and have permitted the development of an index to assess, quantitate, and discriminate variation in the aggressive nature of these tumors. The index is based upon measurements of the mean and the variance for perpendicular light scatter and forward light scatter. Perpendicular light scatter has been shown to correlate with nuclear shape, volume, and roundness as measured by digitized image analysis. Forward light scatter increases in quantity and range as the tumors become more undifferentiated. This technique is rapid, reproducible, and applicable to the quantitative measurement of cytometric parameters on large numbers of individual tumor cells.
Metabolic epidemiology of prostatic cancer
Authors: Wynder E. L. , Laakso K. , Sotarauta M. , Rose D. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA review of the epidemiological evidence indicates that dietary fat very likely has an etiologic role in the development of prostatic carcinoma. While this effect may be mediated by way of altered hormonal action on the prostate, there is little supporting evidence from assays of plasma or urinary hormones in case‐control studies or the investigation of high‐risk and low‐risk groups. The application of metabolic epidemiology to this problem is most likely to succeed by direct studies of the prostate gland, and the performance of relevant assays on prostatic fluid. Estradiol and estrone levels were found to be higher in prostatic fluid than in serum, whereas for prolactin the reverse was true. Testosterone concentrations were very low in prostatic fluid, perhaps because of the high degree of plasma protein binding. Preliminary data indicated that prostatic fluid estradiol and prolactin levels are elevated in some prostate cancer patients; estrone levels appear to be normal.
Estramustine‐induced mitotic arrest in two human prostatic carcinoma cell lines du 145 and PC‐3
Authors: Hartley‐Asp Beryl 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn growth proliferation experiments on two human prostatic carcinoma cell lines, DU 145 cells were found to be more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of estramustine and nor‐nitrogen mustard than PC‐3 cells. Estramustine was, however, much more cytotoxic in both cell lines than nor‐nitrogen mustard.Cytogenetic experiments revealed that estramustine produced a drastic increase of the mitotic index in both these cell lines. This increase could be accounted for by the arrest of cells in their first treatment‐metaphase. The arrested metaphases exhibited all the characteristics commonly found for stathmokinetic agents such as colchicine and vinca‐analogues. No mitotic arrest was found for nor‐nitrogen mustard but chromosomal aberrations were found at toxic concentrations. Estradiol exhibited minimal toxicity and caused no mitotic arrest in these cell lines. The mitotic arrest induced by estramustine was found to be reversible on removal of the drug.
Androgen receptor binding characteristics in the cytosol of the rat dorsolateral prostate gland and the dunning R‐3327 prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Rowley David R. , Thompson Sue Ann , Lubaroff David M. , Heidger Paul M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe incidence of prostatic cancer is highly correlated with advanced age, and it has been suggested that changes in androgen binding may be important in age‐associated alterations in growth regulatory mechanisms of prostatic epithelial cells. In this study the effects of age on androgen binding characteristics in the dorsolateral prostate glands of young and aged Copenhagen rats were determined and the binding properties in the Dunning R3327/130 subline of rat prostatic adenocarcinoma were characterized. Tritium‐labeled and nonlabeled methyltrienolone analogs (R1881) were used to study the binding properties of 5α‐dihydrotestosterone receptor in the cytosol of tumors and prostate glands. Binding of R1881 was low but specific for the androgen receptor as shown by competition studies in which nonlabeled R1881, 5α‐dihydrostestosterone, and testosterone competed successfully with 3H‐R1881 for binding sites, but 17β‐estradiol and low levels of progesterone did not. In Copenhagen dorsolateral prostate, Scatchard analysis suggested a single class of binding sites. In young animals (three to five months) the average binding capacity was 10.36 fmol/mg cytosol protein with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 2.28 nmol/L. The dorsolateral prostate of aged rats (11–16 months) showed no significant difference in specific binding characteristics as compared to the younger age group. Specific binding of 3H‐R1881 in R3327/130 tumor was saturable with a single class of high‐affinity binding sites having an average binding capacity of 64.77 fmol/mg cytosol protein and a Kd of 2.76 nmol/L. These data show that the tumor had approximately 6.5 times the number of binding sites as did the normal Copenhagen rat dorsolateral prostate gland. However, no age‐related changes were detected through 11–16 months of age in the androgen binding characteristics of normal rat dorsolateral prostate gland that could be correlated with the higher concentration of androgen binding sites in the R3327/130 tumor subline.