bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient background of the Pokemon phenomenon: Questionnaire studies in multiple pediatric clinics
Authors: Furusho Junichi , Yamaguchi Katuhiko , Ikura Yoji , Kogure Tatuya , Suzuki Masakazu , Konishi Sachiko , Simizu Goroh , Nakayama Yasuko , Itoh Keiko , Sakamoto Yasutoshi , Ishikawa Atushi , Ezaki Sousuke , Nawata Jun , Kumagai Komei 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMany children in Japan developed various neuropsychological problems, including seizures, while watching the program Pocket Monster, televised on 16 December 1997. To examine the basis for this incident, we have performed a survey of volunteering children and their parents who visited our pediatric clinics for other reasons from 8 January to 28 February 1998. Children and their parents filled out questionnaires. Among the total of 662 children surveyed, the great majority (603, 91.1%) was found to have watched the Pocket Monster program and 30 individuals (5.0% of viewers) complained of variable degrees of neuropsychological abnormalities. These included seizures (two cases), headache (nine cases), nausea (eight cases), blurred vision (four cases), vertigo (two cases), dysthymia (two cases) and vomiting (one case). Nearly half (14) of these children developed symptoms during or immediately after watching the program, while the remainder did so later. Representative cases are reported and other statistical aspects are discussed.
PROSPECTIVE CHANGES IN KOREA'S INTERNATIONAL TRADE SPECIALIZATION
Authors: Noland Marcus 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this paper, factor endowment models of exports, imports, and net exports are estimated for 46 industries, spanning the traded goods sector. The regressions are estimated for a pooled sample of 30 countries over the period 1968–1984.Time‐series techniques are used to project the endowment vector for each country, and these are then combined with the estimated parameters to generate forecasts of trade patterns for the year 2000.The projected pattern of trade for Korea is examined in detail, and the sensitivity of these projections is investigated.
The New Roles of Japan in the Global Political Economy
Authors: Matsui Noriatsu 
Published: October 2007

Now that Japan is the world's largest creditor nation, her economic responsibility is the biggest ever. By examining the nature of the three revolutions in Japanese society since the Meiji Restoration, it is apparent that while the speed of economic structural change has been remarkably high, other aspects of the Japanese social framework have remained archaic and premodern.After discussing the structural changes in the Japanese, Asian, and U.S. economies, this paper makes a case for structural changes in the Japanese political, bureaucratic, and diplomatic world. The new perspective to be suggested is (1) to change the system to utilize more of individuals' initiatives, less of the regulated, restrained, and group‐shackled way of management, and (2) for Japan to take positive leadership in a new global political economy based on the principle of independent and equal partnership in the world for world peace and stability.
Effects of Exchange Rates on Debt, Debt Services and Public Debt Management in Thailand in the 1980s
Authors: Patrawimolporn Pichit 
Published: October 2007

This paper attempts to evaluate the effects of exchange rates on debt, debt services, and public debt management in Thailand in the 1980s. A simple differentiation technique is used to decompose the changes in debt and debt services into ‘management’ and ‘exchange rates’ effects. The latter became more pronounced in the second half of the 1980s largely because of the increased volatility in exchange rates among key currencies. The public sector responded to these changes by adjusting the debt portfolio through new commitment and refinancing, as well as restricting the level of external debt. As a result, a significant amount of debt services was saved in 1989, when the exchange rates among major currencies began to settle down, although the same adjustments initially led to temporary increases in the levels of debt and debt services during the mid‐1980s.Moreover, the diversified structure of public external debt made it possible to compensate a change of debt or debt service in one currency denomination by a counter change of those in another currency denomination. Such a compensating relationship (e.g. between Yen and US dollar during 1985–87) helped stabilise the effects of exchange rates. The baht is now pegged to a basket of currencies. In theory the effects of exchange rates may be completely neutralised if the debt portfolio reflects the weight of each currency in the basket. Such relationships may be incorporated to improve the efficiency of public debt management.
The External Debt Situation in Indonesia: Performance and Prospects
Authors: Woo Wing Thye 
Published: October 2007

In interviews with bankers, government economists and academic observers, most of them attributed the absence of an Indonesian debt crisis during 1982–84 to the fact that a significant portion of external public debt, an average of 37 percent, was long‐term concessionary loans from foreign governments and international agencies. Our analysis challenges this conventional explanation. We show that if Indonesia (1) had paid the same effective interest rate as Mexico, (2) had the same maturity structure as Mexican debt, and (3) had the same export‐GNP ratio as Mexico, then its average 1980–82 total debt service‐export ratio would have been 84.4% instead of the actual 30.1%. Our decomposition shows that concessional interest rates account for 5.8 percentage points of the gap, maturity structure for 17.7 percentage points and export orientation for 30.8 percentage points.We have concluded that the major cause for the favorable 1982–84 outcome is competent management of the exchange rate. The absence of protracted exchange rate overvaluation from 1979 onward was fundamental in maintaining a strong nonoil tradeable sector. The nonoil tradeable sector was able to earn enough foreign exchange to service Indonesian debts when the external shock of high interest rates increased debt service payments and the recession in industrialized countries lowered the price of oil. The absence of extended exchange rate overvaluation also kept the external debt down and the maturity structure on the long side by not encouraging capital flight. We ascribe this use of the exchange rate to protect the tradeable sector as much to the existence of an influential political constituency consisting of neoclassical economists, Javanese peasants and Outer Island residents as to balance‐of‐payments considerations.We recommend an aggressive exchange rate policy and two sets of supplementary measures to reduce the probability of a debt crisis in the medium run.
The Impact of Economic Reform on Productivity Growth in Chinese Industry: A Case of Xiamen Special Economic Zone
Authors: Perkins Frances , Yuxing Zheng , Yong Cao 
Published: October 2007

China's industrial and trade reforms were expected to stimulate growth in output and welfare by increasing the capacity of industry to absorb surplus factors of production, and by utilizing labour, capital, energy and materials more efficiently. The impact of the special economic zone reform policies on productivity and growth is assessed by studies of China's overall industrial sector performance and case studies in Xiamen and Shanghai Beijing, which is not subject to special policy initiatives, is used as a control. Although there were data limitations, several conclusions may be drawn.An increase in total factor productivity was found to have occurred in Xiamen during the reform period, but the creation of the special economic zone does not appear to have had a significant impact on productivity.Productivity performance in Beijing's state‐owned industry was considerably poorer than that of total Xiamen industry, including state, collective and firms jointly owned with foreign investors, and was also lower than the productivity performance of Xiamen's state sector. The productivity performance of Xiamen's joint ventures and collectively owned firms was, however, considerably superior to the state sectors in both cities.Due to data constraints, the analysis of productivity in Shanghai was for a shorter period. Most of Shanghai's state‐owned industry did better than the state‐owned sector in Beijing but did not perform as well as the non‐State sector in Xiamen over this period. Factor productivity in Shanghai industry was stagnant, Beijing's industrial productivity generally declined, but Xiamen's productivity improved considerably over the decade.One of the major strengths of this study is its access to new and more accurate disaggregated price indices to deflate capital investments on an industry by industry basis. Hence, the availability of the new capital stock deflator series should improve the total factor productivity estimates considerably.
Graphics Standards: The Pace Quickens
Authors: Straayer D H 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn recent months the pace of standards development for computer graphics has quickened. One standard has been adopted, accepted, and has already demonstrated its effectiveness. Another has now achieved the status of Draft International Standard, and is becoming an American National Standard as well. Several companies have made public announcements of their support for standards, and there has been extensive press coverage. This paper shall attempt to place all of this activity in perspective.
A Method for Choosing Tickmarks on a Nonlinear Scale
Authors: Kjelldahl L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe problem of choosing tickmarks for nonlinear scales is of interest for some kindsof diagrams, e.g., nomograms and contour plots. A method for getting “nice”values at the tickmarks is discussed based on a database of sequences. Each last digit inthe ticknumber has a set of tickmark sequences that may be used from the ticknumber. An implementation to test the method has been made.
A New Method Of Curve Parameterization with Applications in Computer Aided Design
Authors: Bez H E , Filipe A 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA new method of parameterization, based on areas, is suggested and some results obtained for planar cubic curves are presented and compared with standard methods. The new technique provides a “tight” interpolant, is axis independent and offers shape control via a set of off geometry data points (henceforth called poles) relative to which areas are computed. A simple algorithm for the computation of initial pole positions is given (this is based on obtaining agreement with a standard parameterized curve on the same data and with identical geometrical end conditions). Some additional properties of the parameterization are discussed including its limiting behaviour and its applicability to function drawing.
Colour Gradation, Shading and Texture Using a Limited Terminal
Authors: Magnetat‐Thalmann N , Chourot N , Thalmann D 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a method of colouring pictures by using three kinds of gradation techniques: gradation from a figure to a point, gradation from a figure to a line segment and gradation from a figure to another figure. Intermediate figures are computed by homothesis or interpolation. The gradation is obtained by colouring these intermediate figures. The colours are simulated by using programmed pattern. This approach has allowed us to produce realistic images with a hardware device that is not very good for these types of applications. because of its restricted intensity and colour capabilities. Colour distribution algorithms and gradation techniques are explained in detail. A few examples with shading and texture are shown.
IDECAP Interactive Pictorial Information System for Demographic and Environmental Planning Applications
Authors: van den Bos J. , van Naelten M. , Teunissen W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIDECAP is a database type information system. It is different from regular database systems as the information is mainly presented via thematic maps displayed on a graphics screen. Retrieval of information is usually achieved by means of graphical interaction with these images. The system utilizes interaction techniques and systems software from interactive computer graphics, using vector graphic and colour raster graphic stations for output. The present databank contains data based on grids and polygonal data. The system is being applied, but not restricted, to the Dutch 1971 Census data and the 1978 land use data. It allows the mapping of grid variables against a topographic background. Areas of interest can be investigated in detail by zooming in on a window drawn on the graphics screen by the user. Maps can be adjusted by user‐definable class distributions shown in the form of histograms with standard deviations.
Two Algorithms for Decomposing a Polyhedron into Convex Parts
Authors: Szilvási‐Nagy M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTwo algorithms are presented for splitting a polyhedron into convex components: one for the case of a simple polyhedron and one for a more general case, when the polyhedron may have ring‐shaped faces and cavities. The time requirement in both cases is O(DNlogN), where D is the number of concave dihedral angles and N is the number of edges. The algorithm for the simple oasis produces at most D+ 1 convex pieces which is the minimal number of the convex components.
Reconstruction of 3D Objects from Orthographic Projections
Authors: Gu Kaining , Tang Zesheng , Sun Jiaguang 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn algorithm for automatic reconstruction of 3D objects from their orthographic projections is presented in this paper. It makes some improvements to, and complements the, Wesley‐Markowsky algorithm, which is a typical hierarchical reconstruction algorithm limited to polyhedral objects, and extracts the idea of pattern recognition expressed in the Aldefeld algorithm. It is shown in theory by analysis and in practice by implementation that the proposed algorithm successfully rejected pathological cases and found all solutions with the same set of orthographic views. Compared with the existing algorithms presented in references, this algorithm covers some more complex cases of objects incorporating cylinders.
Scan Converting Extruded Lines at Ultra High Definition
Authors: Willis Philip , Watters Geoff 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe consider the problem of generating freehand raster graphics pictures at ultra high definition (typically one gigapixel per picture) by scan converting extruded lines. We describe a fast scan conversion algorithm which is linear in final resolution and which incorporates a number of features to ensure high efficiency. Sample pictures and corresponding performance figures are included.
First Impressions of NeWS
Authors: Roberts W. , Slater M. , Drake K. , Simmins A. , Davison A. , Williams P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe SUN Microsystems Network Extensible Window System (NeWS) is a display system that uses the PostScript page description language to provide fully device independent screen and input manipulation as a network service. This system has been available in the UK as a beta test product since April 1987 and this paper reports the work done with NeWS at Queen Mary College. A general introduction to NeWS is given, together with some more detailed information and reports of what each author has been doing with the system. We will try to predict the future of NeWS and its main rival (the MIT X‐Windows system) and to suggest changes to the NeWS beta product that will be necessary for it to realise its potential.
The Use of Digital Signal Processors in Computer Graphics
Authors: Bland D. , Bonnet T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe geometric processing stage in a computer graphic system is generally realised in VLSI or dedicated hardware, this paper describes the use of a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). By using a programmable DSP the hardware design effort is displaced into software. Using a single DSP in a co‐processor configuration the speed of the vertex processing stage within the geometric processor is increased by a factor of five compared to a high performance microprocessor. The use of DSPs in a multi‐processor system is also discussed.
GRAFLOG: Understanding Drawings through Natural Language
Authors: Pineda Luis A. , Klein Ewan , Lee John 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an experimental interactive graphics interface, GRAFLOG, in which drawings receive linguistic interpretations. It is possible to emulate linguistic interaction in situations where graphics is thought to be necessary. The paper presents examples of such a kind of dialogue and the architecture of the implementation. The paper explains how representations of drawings can be constructed by treating graphical symbols as “objects”, and how a parallel linguistic interpretation for these symbols can be constructed. It highlights the relevance of “deictic expressions” and “spatial prepositions” in building the interface mechanisms between these two kinds of representations. Lastly, it shows how a reasoning component is constructed for making deductions from premises that are found in both the graphical and linguistic domains. Using GRAFLOG, it is possible to represent knowledge through words and pictures. GRAFLOG is implemented, using an object oriented programming style, in PROLOG and GKS.
Construction of Interactive Programs in Computer Graphics
Authors: Dufourd Jean‐François 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn interactive computer graphics, one often finds a gap between sophisticated algorithms, using very high level data structures, and poor methods of program and object construction. Particular programming languages are too readily adopted for solving problems, before a precise specification of the problem to be solved has been formulated.This paper shows that progress can be made by using modern engineering methods to specify and develop graphical software. Two programming techniques are studied here: the algebraic specification of data types and a functional static modular method of problem statement.The paper also discusses these proposals in the context of other modes of computer graphics specification and programming.
A Proposal for a Distributed Model of GKS Based on Prolog
Authors: Milanese V. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe Graphical Kernel System GKS is so well established as a standard for graphics programming that quite a number of models for multiprocessor and distributed environments have already been suggested. It is therefore necessary to consider new languages and methodologies capable of supporting its distributed implementation. In this context, clausal logic languages provide suitable means for describing the system in a declarative form and, moreover, ensure the applicability of meta‐programming techniques for specifying the semantics of implementation. The Prolog language, extended with communication and modularization structures required by the distributed programming, is thus here considered as a feasible means for establishing a model of GKS organized in functional modules which could be supported by different processors. For such a model a two‐level implementation scheme is outlined and a reconfiguration and personalization methodology is suggested.
A Transputer Network for Fast Operations on Digitised Images
Authors: Arabnia H.R. , Oliver M.A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAlgorithms for the translation and scaling of a digitised image are described. The algorithms have been designed to work on a transputer network which has a simple topology. This transputer network was originally proposed for the arbitrary rotation operation on digitised images1. The data structure used to represent the image is closely related to mnlength encoding. Both operations can be performed in real time on non trivial images.
Photosimulation: Interreflection with Arbitrary Reflectance Models and Illumination
Authors: Neumann László , Neumann Attila 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMethods for realistic image synthesis are described. Exact mathematical establishment of reflectance models is presented, together with the development of feasible reflectance models meeting the energy balance. A new bidirectional reflectance type, separable reflectance, is introduced. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the iterative solution of the linear equation system of interreflection are presented. Lastly, a new method of inserting numerically defined objects into real optical surroundings is described.
Mass Market Applications for Real Time 3D Graphics
Authors: Plummer Michael , Penna David 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the applicability of real time 3D image synthesis to mass market products. Likely application areas are covered. There is discussion of the man machine interface problems arising in systems where it has to be assumed that little or no training will be provided. A research prototype package, a kitchen designer which allows a user to design and view a kitchen in real time, is described in some detail. Emphasis is given to aspects of the user interface design such as 3D navigational aids. Finally there is consideration of the system performance level required.
The Incremental Display of a Single‐Valued Curve
Authors: Smith F.J. , Leitch S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA new algorithm is described for the drawing of a single‐valued smooth function on a raster screen. It first approximates the function by a spline, normally cubic, and then displays the spline using a combination of finite differences and a special Bresenham type algorithm in integer arithmetic. Finite difference have not been successful previously, partly because of the build up of rounding errors. We show that for a modern workstation with 32 bit‐integers these errors can be estimated and the algorithm modified to minimise their effect.The result of combining all of these factors, spline, finite differences, error control, geometry and integer arithmetic is a powerful algorithm which we believe is generally more accurate and faster than previous algorithms for smooth curves.It is worth noting that when the curve is a straight line, our algorithm becomes an extension (and minor improvement) on Bresenham's algorithm.
Migration of GKS/GKS‐3D and PHIGS Discussed under the View of the Computer Graphics Reference Model
Authors: Poller Jochem , Noll Stefan , Rix Joachim 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe Migration Problem of GKS‐3D and PHIGS is discussed in this report under the view of the graphics reference model's description technique: the component and framework concept. Therefore the components of GKS‐3D and PHIGS are defined. The common and different concepts are indicated and the mapping from PHIGS to GKS‐3D and from GKS‐3D to PHIGS is done. This mapping is performed only on the components which have been proved as a description technique suited for such purposes. The migration has two different aspects. One is the theoretical approach to prove that such a migration is possible. The other one is more practical. It gives guide‐lines for the use of PHIGS and GKS‐3D and shows under which circumstances both can be used together.
A Method for the Representation, Evaluation and Display of CSG Models in PHIGS and PHIGS+
Authors: Patel Manjula 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (PHIGS) is about to become a standard graphics system† which caters for the definition, display and modification of two and three‐dimensional graphical data. PHIGS, however, is mainly a wireframe system, and the PHIGS+, extensions to it have been put forward to allow the incorporation of shaded 3D graphics into PHIGS.,One area that is important to a large constituency and which has so far not been considered in PHIGS, and PHIGS+, is that of solid modelling. This paper addresses one aspect of solid modelling by describing a simple method for the representation, evaluation and display of Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) models in PHIGS, and PHIGS+..