bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Sclerotinia minor Infecting Ipomoea hederacea and I. coccinea in Texas
Authors: Woodward J. E. , Batla M. A. , Dotray P. A. , Wheeler T. A. , Baughman T. A. 
Published: February 2008

Sclerotinia blight, caused by the soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger, is a major disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in parts of west Texas. Previous reports have indicated that annual weed species may serve as collateral hosts for S. minor (2). Several Ipomoea spp. are commonly found in peanut fields throughout the region. In September of 2007, Ipomoea hederacea and I. coccinea plants with bleached, shredded stems, and signs of black sclerotia were collected from a field known to be infested with S. minor. Symptomatic stem sections were rinsed in tap water, surface disinfested in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, air dried, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Pure cultures of S. minor consisting of white, fluffy mycelia and small (<2 mm), black, irregular sclerotia were consistently recovered. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by wound-inoculating healthy I. hederacea and I. coccinea transplants (n = 3) with agar plugs obtained from the edges of actively growing S. minor cultures. Plants were incubated in a dew chamber at 20°C and 95% relative humidity for 5 days. Plants inoculated with sterile PDA plugs served as controls (n = 3). A similar test was conducted using the susceptible peanut cultivar Flavorunner 458. Characteristic symptoms of Sclerotinia blight (3) were observed on all inoculated weed and peanut plants; whereas, the controls remained healthy. Pathogenicity tests were repeated with similar results. Cultures of S. minor were obtained from all symptomatic tissues, fulfilling Koch's postulates. These results indicate that I. hederacea and I. coccinea are additional hosts of S. minor and that sclerotia produced on infected plants can significantly augment soil inoculum. S. minor has been observed to infect I. batatas seedlings in New Jersey (1); however, this to our knowledge is the first report of S. minor infecting Ipomoea spp. in Texas. Therefore, weed management should inevitability be a part of disease management strategies for the control of Sclerotinia blight in peanut. References: (1) Anonymous. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. USDA Handb. No. 165, 1960. (2) J. E. Hollowell et al. Plant Dis. 87:197, 2003. (3) D. M. Porter and H. A. Melouk. Sclerotinia blight. Page 34 in: Compendium of Peanut Diseases. 2nd ed. N. Kokalis-Burelle et al., eds. The American Phytopathologicial Society, St. Paul, MN, 1997.
First Report of Gummosis Disease of Plum (Prunus salicina) Caused by a Botryosphaeria sp. in Taiwan
Authors: Ko Y. , Yao K. S. , Chen C. Y. , Liu C. W. , Maruthasalam S. , Lin C. H. 
Published: February 2008

Plum (Prunus salicina Lindell) is grown on more than 3,870 ha in Taiwan. In 2004, a gummosis disease was observed on plum in the Ming Jian Region of Nantou County (120.675°E, 23.919°N), with 15% of the trees affected. Infections started on the current year's growth, primarily through lenticels, and formed small, sunken, discolored lesions. At later stages, white gum exuded from the lesions. Circular to oval, brown, necrotic areas were seen on the inner bark. Severely infected twigs showed defoliation and dieback. During the winter months, numerous black pycnidia or perithecia formed on infected twigs. Single conidial isolates of the pathogen were obtained from diseased twigs on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 ± 1°C for 3 days. On the basis of morphological traits, the fungus was identified as a Botryosphaeria sp. according to the CMI descriptions of Botryosphaeria ribis (3). Conidia (14.2 to 26.8 × 4.3 to 7.2 μm) were single celled, hyaline, and spindle shaped. Asci (105 to 135 × 12.5 to 15.5 μm) were hyaline, clavate, and bitunicate. Ascospores (18 to 22 × 7.0 to 8.2 μm) were hyaline and spindle shaped or fusoid. For pathogenicity tests, inoculum was prepared by culturing the fungus on PDA under continuous fluorescent light (128 ± 25 μE·m–2·s–1) at 25°C for 3 days. Two twigs on each of six trees were inoculated. Sharp incisions (3 × 3 × 3 mm) were made on healthy twigs (12 to 15 months old) with a sterilized scalpel and inoculated with either a 5-mm mycelial disc or 0.5 ml of a conidial suspension (105 conidia/ml) of the fungus. Inoculated areas were covered with moist, sterile cotton and the entire twigs were enclosed in plastic bags. Twigs inoculated with 5-mm PDA discs or sterile water alone served as controls. The symptoms described above were observed on all inoculated twigs 14 days after inoculation, whereas control twigs did not develop any disease symptoms. Reisolation from the inoculated twigs consistently yielded the Botryosphaeria sp., thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Botryosphaeria spp. have been reported to cause stem blight of many plants in temperate and tropical regions of the world (4). In Taiwan, B. dothidea has been reported as the causal agent of gummosis disease of peach (1) and fruit ring rot of pear (2); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of a Botryosphaeria sp. causing gummosis of plum. References: (1). Y. Ko et al. Plant Pathol. Bull. 1:70, 1992. (2) Y. Ko et al. Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan) 35:211, 1993. (3) E. Punithalingam and P. Holliday. No. 395 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1973. (4) W. A. Sinclair et al. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1987.
Bacterial Wilt of Mulberry (Morus alba) Caused by Enterobacter cloacae in China
Authors: Wang G. F. , Praphat K. , Xie G. L. , Zhu B. , Li B. , Liu B. , Zhou Q. 
Published: February 2008

In August of 2006, a new bacterial disease was noted in Hangzhou mulberry orchards of Zhejiang Province, China where bacterial wilt of mulberry caused by Ralstonia solanacearum was previously reported (3). In the summer, the disease caused severe wilt, especially on 1- or 2-year-old mulberry plants, that resulted in premature plant death. Leaf wilt symptoms generally started on older leaves at the bottom of the plant and spread to the younger leaves. The leaves of infected plants became withered and dry, turned dark brown, and eventually the plants became defoliated. The root xylem of infected plants was moist and discolored with brown stripes. The phloem was asymptomatic, however, in severe infections, the phloem was decayed. The observation of wilting proceeding from the bottom of the plant to the top distinguishes this disease from bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum. Five bacterial strains isolated from infected mulberry plants showed characteristics similar to those of the standard reference strain of Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae IBJ0611from China, but differed from R. solanacearum IBJ35, E. cancerogenus LMG2693T, and E. cloacae subsp. dissolvens LMG2683T from the University of Gent, Belgium in phenotypic tests, including the Biolog Identification System version 4.2 (Biolog Inc., Hayward CA), pathogenicity tests, transmission electron microscopy (TEM,KYKY-1000B, Japan) observation, and gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using the Microbial Identification System (MIDI Company, Newark, DE) with the aerobic bacterial library (TABA50). Isolates were gram negative, facultative anaerobic, rod shaped, 0.3 to 1.0 × 1.0 to 3.0 μm with peritrichous flagella. Colonies on nutrient agar were light yellow, smooth, circular, entire, and convex with no green fluorescent diffusible pigment on King's medium B (3). Weak hypersensitive reaction was observed on tobacco 3 days after inoculation. All five strains were identified as E. cloacae with Biolog similarity of 0.662 to 0.863 and FAMEs similarity of 0.632 to 0.701. Inoculation of 10 6-month-old intact mulberry plants of cv Husang with cell suspensions containing 109 CFU/ml by pinprick at the base of the stem reproduced symptoms observed in natural infections. No symptoms were noted on the two control plants inoculated by the same method but with sterilized distilled water. The bacterium was reisolated from the symptomatic mulberry plants. E. cloacae has been reported from the United States as the cause of internal yellowing of papaya fruits (1) and rhizome rot of edible ginger (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of mulberry wilt caused by E. cloacae in China. References: (1) K. Nishijima et al. Plant Dis. 71:1029, 1987. (2) K. Nishijima et al. Plant Dis. 88:1318, 2004. (3) L. Xu et al. Acta Phytophylacica. Sin. 34:141, 2007.
Association of Pythium aphanidermatum with Root and Crown Rot of Melons in Honduras
Authors: de Cara M. , López V. , Santos M. , Tello Marquina J. C. 
Published: February 2008

Approximately 10,000 ha of melon (Cucumis melo L.), primarily cantaloupe and honeydew types, are grown in Honduras for export to U.S. markets. In 2004 and 2005, several soil surveys were conducted in areas with a history of vine decline. Twenty-nine soil samples from six farms were collected from the rhizosphere of wilted plants. Thirty-six melon plants were planted in a mixture of each rhizosphere sample and vermiculite (1:6 v/v). The plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 23 to 25°C with a 16-h photoperiod. The first symptoms, which appeared at the one- or two-true-leaf stage, were girdling of the lower stem, leaf chlorosis, and wilting. Affected plants exhibited necrotic crowns and roots and half of all plants died less than 3 days after wilting. Isolations from washed and dried crown and roots pieces from affected plants were placed on malt extract agar. Colonies were transferred to potato carrot agar and into dishes of sterile water and immature carnation petals to aid in the identification of recovered fungi. Nearly 500 isolates of Pythium species were cultured, and approximately 60% were identified as P. aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. on the basis of their toruloid sporangia, aplerotic oospores, terminal and smooth oogonia, monoclinous sac-shaped antheridia (one to two per oogonium), and abundant appressoria. The pathogenicity of nine isolates was confirmed in a growth chamber. Ten plants of melon cv. Amarillo Canario, grown in sterilized vermiculite, were inoculated at the two- or three-true-leaf stage by drenching pots with 100 ml of a suspension of each isolate (103 CFU ml–1). Noninoculated plants served as controls. There were three replicates per isolate. Plants began to die 7 days after inoculation and the incidence of the affected plants reached an average of 70%. P. aphanidermatum causing decline of melon plants has been previously reported in hot and semi-arid areas in Israel and Spain (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. aphanidermatum pathogenic to melon plants in Honduras. References: (1) S. Pivonia et al. Plant Dis. 81:1264, 1997. (2) J. Gómez Enfermedades del Melón en los Cultivos “Sin Suelo” de la Provincia de Almería. Junta de Andalucía, 1993.
First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum on English Daisy (Bellis perennis) in Italy
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Minuto A. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: February 2008

Bellis perennis (English daisy) is a flowering plant belonging to the Asteraceae and is increasingly grown as a potted plant in Liguria (northern Italy). In February 2007, severe outbreaks of a previously unknown powdery mildew were observed on plants in commercial farms at Albenga (northern Italy). Both surfaces of leaves of affected plants were covered with white mycelia and conidia. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow. Mycelia and conidia also were observed on stems and flower calyxes. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid, borne in chains (as many as three conidia per chain), and measured 27.7 × 16.9 (15.0 to 45.0 × 10.0 to 30.0) μm. Conidiophores measured 114.0 × 12.0 (109.0 to 117.0 × 11.0 to 13.0) μm and showed a foot cell measuring 78.0 × 11.0 (72.0 to 80.0 × 11.0 to 12.0) μm followed by two shorter cells. Fibrosin bodies were absent. Chasmothecia were not observed in the collected samples. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLASTn analysis (1) of the 415 bp obtained showed an E-value of 7e–155 with Golovinomyces cichoracearum (3). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned the GenBank Accession No. AB077627.1 Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculations by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of healthy B. perennis plants. Twenty plants were inoculated. Fifteen noninoculated plants served as a control. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at temperatures ranging from 10 to 30°C. Seven days after inoculation, typical symptoms of powdery mildew developed on inoculated plants. The fungus observed on inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed. Noninoculated plants did not show symptoms. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew on B. perennis in Italy. The disease was already reported in other European countries (2). Voucher specimens are available at the AGROINNOVA Collection, University of Torino. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) U. Braun The Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) of Europe. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Germany, 1995. (3) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:1, 2000.
First Report of Tobacco streak virus on Dahlia in the Czech Republic
Authors: Mokra V. , Gotzova B. , Bezdekova V. , Dedic P. , Ptacek J. 
Published: February 2008

Dahlia is an important ornamental crop in the Czech Republic where they have been grown for more than 150 years. New dahlia cultivars have been selected by Czech plant breeders. Virus diseases, including mosaic and stunt caused mostly by Dahlia mosaic virus, have been a problem. From 2003 to 2005, color breaking was observed in several dahlia cultivars of foreign and Czech origin. White stripes in blossoms were most frequently expressed in the second half of the flowering season. No symptoms are visible in flowers of white and yellow cultivars. It was difficult to characterize symptoms on leaves because most cultivars were infected simultaneously by Dahlia mosaic virus. Sap inoculations of Chenopodium quinoa produced local lesions after 5 to 7 days, followed by systemic chlorosis, necrosis of younger leaves, and death of the shoot apex, indicating possible Tobacco streak virus (TSV) infection (2). Spherical particles (25 to 30 nm) were observed in leaf-dip preparations of samples from experimentally infected C. quinoa plants and analyzed by using transmission electron microscopy. These particles became decorated when using immunoelectron microscopy with TSV IgG (Bioreba, Reinach, Switzerland and Neogen, Ayrshire, Scotland). Samples of 80 dahlia cultivars were tested for TSV infection by ELISA using commercially available kits (Bioreba and Neogen). Most of the samples were grown in a collection of dahlia cultivars of Czech and foreign origin and some were obtained from growers in the Czech Republic. Fifty six dahlia cultivars were shown to be TSV infected. ELISA also indicated a higher concentration of the virus in flowers. The identity of the virus isolated from symptomatic plants was confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using total RNA extraction from symptomatic plants. RT-PCR (4), using a primer pair (1) derived from the coat protein gene sequence of TSV (3), was followed by electrophoresis on 1.0% agarose gels. Products of the predicted size (approximately 700 bp) were found in naturally infected dahlia plants (n = 10), systemically infected host plants C. quinoa (n = 10), and symptomatic Nicotina megalosiphon (n = 10) that scored as TSV positive by ELISA. No bands of this size were seen in negative controls. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of TSV in the Czech Republic. References: (1) A. I. Bhat et al. Arch. Virol. 147:651, 2002. (2) A. A. Brunt Plant Pathol. 17:119, 1968. (3) B. J. C. Cornelissen et al. Nucleic Acids Res.12:2427, 1984. (4) S. S. Pappu et al. J. Virol. Methods 4:9, 1993.
First Report of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-9 in Washington State Vineyards
Authors: Jarugula S. , Soule M. J. , Rowhani A. , Naidu R. A. 
Published: February 2008

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) has been recognized as one of the major constraints to the production of wine grapes in Washington State. At least nine distinct Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaV-1 to -9) have been detected in grapevines showing GLD symptoms in grape-growing areas of several countries. Previous studies documented the presence of GLRaV-1, -2, and -3 in Washington State (3). We initiated a program to test grapevine cultivars with GLD symptoms for the occurrence of the other GLRaVs. Leaf samples were collected from individual grapevines of red-berried grapevine cultivars showing typical GLD symptoms and tested by single-tube reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Of nearly 300 samples from 13 cultivars in 19 vineyards, 14 samples from 5 cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Mourvedre, and Lagrein) in different vineyards tested positive for GLRaV-9 using primers LR9 F/F (5′-CGG CAT AAG AAA AGA TGG CAC-3′) and LR9 R/R (5′-TCA TTC ACC ACT GCT TGA AC-3′), specific for the HSP-70h gene of GLRaV-9 (1). To confirm the identity of the RT-PCR products, the 393-bp amplicons obtained from each of these five cultivars were cloned individually into the pCR2.1 plasmid (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA). Two independent clones per amplicon were sequenced from both orientations. Pairwise comparisons of these sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. EF101737, EF101738, EF101739, EF101740, and EU252530) with corresponding sequences of other GLRaVs in GenBank showed 94 to 100 and 96 to 100% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively, with the sequence of HSP-70h gene of GLRaV-9 (GenBank Accession No. AY297819). Antiserum specific to GLRaV-9 was not accessible, therefore, an additional 540-nucleotide fragment specific to the coat protein (CP) gene of GLRaV-9 was amplified from cv. Lagrein using primers LR9-CP-F (5′ TAC CGT CGA CAC TTT CGA AGC ACT 3′) and LR9-CP-R (5′ TGA GGC GTC GTA ACC GAA CAA TCT 3′). PCR amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced. A comparison of this sequence (GenBank Accession No. EU251512) with corresponding nucleotide sequences of other GLRaVs in GenBank showed 96% identity with CP of GLRaV-9 (GenBank Accession No. AY297819), further confirming the presence of GLRaV-9. Previously, GLRaV-9 was reported in grapevines in California (1), Tunisia (2), and Western Australia (4). To our knowledge, our results are the first evidence for the occurrence of GLRaV-9 in Washington State vineyards. Results from our study and previous reports (1,2,4) indicate the wide distribution of GLRaV-9 in several Vitis vinifera cultivars. The economic impact of GLRaV-9 on wine grape cultivars, however, remains to be determined. References: (1) R. Alkowni et al. J. Plant Pathol. 86:123, 2004. (2) N. Mahfoudhi et al. Plant Dis. 91:1359, 2007. (3) R. R. Martin et al. Plant Dis. 89:763, 2005. (4) B. K. Peake et al. Aust. Plant Pathol. 33:445, 2004.
First Report of Passiflora latent virus in Banana Passionfruit (Passiflora tarminiana) in New Zealand
Authors: Tang J. , Clover G. R. G. , Alexander B. J. R. , Quinn B. D. 
Published: February 2008

Passiflora latent virus (PLV) naturally infects cultivated and wild Passiflora species in Australia, Germany, Israel and the United States (1–3). In March 2004, chlorotic lesions were observed on leaves of three vines of Passiflora tarminiana on one site in Auckland, New Zealand. Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa inoculated with sap from symptomatic leaves developed chlorotic local spots, followed by systemic leaf chlorosis and necrosis. Local symptoms appeared more quickly on C. quinoa (12 days) than on C. amaranticolor (20 days). No symptoms were observed on inoculated plants of Nicotiana benthamiana, N. clevelandii, N. occidentalis, N. tabacum, or Phaseolus vulgaris. Electron microscopy of crude sap preparations from infected C. quinoa, C. amaranticolor, N. occidentalis, and P. tarminiana showed flexuous, filamentous virus particles approximately 650 nm long. Plants of P. tarminiana and the three inoculated indicator species containing virus particles tested positive by PLV polyclonal antiserum in double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany) and immunosorbent electron microscopy (Stephan Winter, DSMZ, personal communication). Nucleic acid was extracted from leaves of plants of each of the four viruliferous species with an RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Doncaster, Australia) and then used in reverse transcription (RT)-PCR tests with novel forward (5′-CGAGACACACGCAAACGAA-3′) and reverse (5′-CAGCAAAGCAAAGACACGA-3′) primers specific to a 523-bp fragment of the PLV polyprotein. PCR products of the expected size were obtained, and an amplicon from P. tarminiana was directly sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EU257510). A BLAST search in GenBank showed 94% nucleotide sequence identity with a PLV isolate from Israel (GenBank Accession No. DQ455582). To our knowledge, this is the first finding of PLV in P. tarminiana and the first report of the virus in New Zealand. Chenopodium spp. have been reported previously as experimental hosts (2,3), and this study revealed that N. occidentalis also can be infected latently with PLV. P. tarminiana is a weed in New Zealand and subject to active control measures to manage the species. Economically important species such as P. edulis and P. ligularis are potentially susceptible to the virus. These species are not grown commercially in the surrounding area but are common in domestic Auckland gardens. Infected vines were removed from the site and destroyed, and symptomatic vines have not been observed at other sites. References: (1) R. D. Pares et al. Plant Dis. 81:348, 1997. (2) S. Spiegel et al. Arch. Virol. 152:181, 2007. (3) A. A. Stihll et al. Plant Dis. 76:843, 1992.
Long‐term outcome of 495 TNM stage I or II patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma followed up with neck ultrasonography and thyroglobulin measurements on T4 treatment
Authors: Pelttari Hanna , Laitinen Kalevi , Schalin‐Jäntti Camilla , Välimäki Matti J. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryObjective  Recent guidelines for surveillance of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma emphasize TSH‐stimulated serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements and neck ultrasonographies (US) over Tg measurements on T4 and diagnostic whole body scans (DxWBS). We evaluated the safety and efficacy of a surveillance paradigm comprising yearly T4‐suppressed Tg measurements and neck US every second year, with an increase in Tg to a detectable level being a prompt indication for DxWBS.Design  A retrospective study with a median follow‐up of 11·6 years.Patients and measurements  Recurrences, cancer‐specific deaths and number of neck US, fine needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs) and operations performed were evaluated in 495 low‐risk (TNM stage I and II) patients, the majority of whom had total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine remnant ablation as initial treatment.Results  Forty‐four patients (8·9%) experienced a recurrence in the neck and one patient died. Recurrences were established histopathologically in 26 and by a new uptake in DxWBS in 16 cases. A combination of neck US and high Tg revealed 42 of 44 recurrences. Of 993 ultrasonographies, 149 led to FNAB and 28 FNABs to surgery. Serum Tg was elevated 173 times, indicating a recurrence in 23 patients.Conclusions  Although longer follow‐up is still needed, monitoring low‐risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients with neck US and T4 – suppressed Tg appears to be safe, provided radioactive iodine remnant ablation has been given and a low‐alarm threshold for Tg indicating further evaluation, is used. The number of additional studies caused by this surveillance paradigm was reasonable. DxWBS was helpful in selected cases. Comparative studies are warranted to show how much rhTSH‐stimulation tests add to this surveillance scheme.