bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diet and feeding behavior of Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu, Tibet: adaptations to a marginal environment
Authors: Xiang Zuo‐fu , Huo Sheng , Xiao Wen , Quan Rui‐chang , Grueter Cyril C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe diet and feeding ecology of a wild subpopulation of black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) were studied at Xiaochangdu in Honglaxueshan Nature Reserve, Tibet. This region is climatologically harsher than any other inhabited by non‐human primates. Black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys fed on 48 parts of 25 plant species, at least three species of lichens and seven species of invertebrates. The number of food items exploited varied markedly among seasons, with dietary diversity being greatest in spring and summer. In winter, black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys had to subsist on fallback foods such as dried grass and bark. Ubiquitous lichens formed a major dietary constituent throughout the year, contributing about 75% of feeding records. Even though lichens act as a staple, our findings signify that the monkeys at Xiaochangdu prefer feeding on foliage, which is higher in protein content than the former. We provide evidence that black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys are able to cope with an array of food items other than lichens and hence can be regarded as feeding generalists. We discuss the results with reference to previous studies on other subpopulations living in habitats that are floristically more diverse and offer more plant food items than the marginal habitat at Xiaochangdu. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1141–1158, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population genetic studies of Alouatta caraya (Alouattinae, Primates): inferences on geographic distribution and ecology
Authors: Do Nascimento Fabrícia F. , Bonvicino Cibele R. , Seuánez Héctor N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCytochrome b DNA sequence data (ca. 1,140 bp) of 44 Alouatta caraya, including 42 specimens from three localities of Brazil and two from Bolivia, were used for phylogenetic reconstructions and population studies. Seventeen haplotypes were identified, eight of which were present in more than one individual. Seven of these eight haplotypes were shared by individuals from a same locality and one by individuals from two localities. We found 26 variable sites along the entire gene, consisting of 18 transitions and eight transversions; most replacements occurring at the third codon position (65.39%) in contrast to first and second positions (26.92 and 7.69%, respectively). In the sample collected at Chapada dos Guimarães (Brazil), nucleotide and haplotype diversity estimates were π=0.002325 and h=0.8772, respectively. Maximum parsimony analysis grouped all haplotypes in two clades, separating Bolivian haplotypes from Brazilian haplotypes, the grouping of which did not show a straightforward correspondence with geographic distribution. Median‐joining and TCS network pointed to haplotypes 11 or 12 as the most likely ancestral ones. Mismatch distribution and the goodness‐of‐fit test (SSD estimate=0.0027; P=0.6999) indicated that the population from Chapada dos Guimarães experienced a demographic expansion, in agreement with the median‐joining star‐like pattern, although this finding could not be confirmed by Fu's Fs test. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1093–1104, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social capital and the search for information: Examining the role of social capital in information seeking behavior in Mongolia
Authors: Johnson Catherine A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe process of finding information to address problems that arise in everyday life situations is complex. Individuals are influenced by many factors when the information need occurs, including their social, psychological, political, economic, physical, and work environments. Research focusing on the social factors affecting information has stressed the importance of interpersonal communication and the quality of social networks in facilitating access to information. The study reported in this article investigates the role of social networks in affecting access to information and, more particularly, how social capital or the resources made available to individuals through their social networks influence their success in finding the information they need. Questionnaires were administered in a face‐to‐face format to a random sample of 320 residents of the city of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The theoretical framework for the study is Lin's theory of social capital whose main proposition is that the ability of people to achieve desired outcomes is positively associated with social capital. The findings indicate that social capital did have a significant effect on information behavior, particularly on the choice of source, which in turn had a direct influence on successful search outcomes.
The origin of chief and parietal cells in regenerating gastric mucosa
Authors: Lawson H H 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
No uptake of tritiated thymidine was observed in the chief and parietal cells of normal mice. When mice, labelled with tritiated thymidine while normal, recovered from irradiation gastritis, the radioactive index of the specialized cells increased to 10 per cent. It is concluded that in regenerating mucosa, chief and parietal cells are derived directly or indirectly from mucous neck cells.
The obturator canal as a route for iliofemoral by-pass
Authors: Spiro M , Cotton L T 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Three cases of iliofemoral arterial by-pass utilizing a route passing through the obturator canal are presented. The literature is reviewed and the indications for this operation discussed. In a group of patients all of whom would most certainly have lost a limb without reconstructive surgery our results are encouraging.
Non-vitelline accessory enteric formations
Authors: Howat J M , Grant J C 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Twenty-two patients with non-vitelline accessory enteric formations are reported. The clinical and pathological features and the management of the cases are described. The value of radiography of the whole vertebral column as an investigation in undiagnosed rectal bleeding is emphasized. The pathogenesis of non-vitelline accessory enteric formations and the significance of associated spinal malformations are discussed.
Gaucher's disease and portal hypertension
Authors: Sales J E L , Hunt A H 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Two cases of Gaucher's disease with portal hypertension are dscribed, of which one was relieved by splenectomy and the other, which had recurrent bleeding from oesophageal varices, by portacaval anastomosis. These cases demonstrate that portal hypertension in this condition may be due to increased forward portal blood-flow due to splenomegaly, to intrahepatic obstruction from extensive deposits of Gaucher cells, and probably in some cases to a combination of these factors. The case with bleeding oesophageal varices was also infantile and neither of these conditions has previously been described in Gaucher's disease.
Calcific enterolith obstruction of the intestine
Authors: McL. Singleton J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A case of acute intestinal obstruction in a woman aged 67 years, due to calcific enterolith obstruction, is presented. Enteroliths are defined; they are of endogenous origin and most usually formed from the bile constituents.
However, when calcium salts predominate (calcine enterolith), they form in the distal small bowel. It is suggested that stasis is the most important factor in their production as they are most commonly associated with an intestinal stricture. The clinical features of calcific enteroliths are reviwed.
Spinal-cord compression in paget's disease
Authors: Direkze M , Milnes J N 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The literature on the subject of spinal-cord compression in Paget's disease including its association with a paravertebral mass is reviewed. This mass is thought to be a pseudocallus and is an attempt on the part of the diseased bone to stabilize its structure and is seen at sites in the vertebral column where the disease process is most active. The symptoms including girdle pains are relieved by laminectomy. A decompressive laminectomy is indicated in the treatment of these patients and produces good results.
Ureteral varicosities—A cause of the corkscrew ureter
Authors: Heal Michael R 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Fifteen cases of ureteric varicose veins are discussed. They nearly all (a) present with haematuria or (b) show a scalloped corkscrew-like appearance to the ureter on the intravenous pyelogram without evidence of proximal obstruction. Varicose veins of the lower limbs and varicocoele are commonly present. It is suggested that there are two main types: those draining vertically via the renal pedicle and those draining via a ‘communicating’ vein in the gonadal vessels. Spermatic phlebography is suggested as a possible aid to differential diagnosis in the future.
Liver transplantation in man. The significance, patterns, and control of infection
Authors: Murray-lyon Iain M , Evans D B , Foster W D , Holden R J , Rake M O , Stern H , Calne R Y , Williams Roger 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Of 9 patients who survived the immediate postoperative period after hepatic transplantation, 6 later died from infection. Pulmonary infection was the major problem. Biliary infection related to bile fistulas may be less in the future with the improved technique of a cholecystdochostomy which was carried out in the last 2 patients. Frequent bacteriaemias were noted and the organisms were often the same as those found in the bile. Most infections were thought to be autogenous. Cytomegalovirus infection occurred in 6 patients, but in none was there evidence that the virus did harm. Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was freely used in the earlier patients but was often followed by superinfection with resistant organisms and fungi. The present policy is not only to use antibiotics sparingly but to rely on narrow-spectrum drugs wherever possible.
Vaginal avulsion complicating pelvic fracture
Authors: Ikpeme James O , Morison C Rutherford 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A case of vaginal avulsion complicating compression-type fracture of the pelvis is reported. It is a very rare injury. Although cases of rectal and anal avulsions have been described previously, we have so far not seen any comparable vaginal lesion mentioned. The likely mode of causation has been discussed.
Controlled trial of an anticoagulant (warfarin sodium) in the prevention of venous thrombosis following hip surgery
Authors: Pinto D J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A prospective study was undertaken to assess the value of warfarin sodium, given prophylactically, in the prevention of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis. The radio-isotope method was used for the detection of venous thrombosis and the results obtained were compared with physical signs of the disease process and phlebography. Fifty consecutive patients over the age of 50 years, undergoing hip operations, were studied. Twenty-five patients were treated with warfarin sodium and 25 acted as controls.
Nine in the treated group and 8 in the control group developed postoperative deep-vein thrombosis.
Subcutaneous liposarcoma of forearm followed by liposarcoma of omentum
Authors: Hassan M A 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A case of a well-differentiated subcutaneous liposarcoma, followed after an interval of over 8 years by a poorly differentiated myxoid liposarcoma of the omentum, is described. It is not possible to conclude whether this is a case of multicentricity or metastasis. From the review of the literature this appears to be the second case of subcutaneous liposarcoma reported.
Visceral complications of supervoltage radiotherapy for carcinoma of the bladder
Authors: Ram M D 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Thirteen of 65 patients suffering from carcinoma of the bladder and treated by supervoltage radiotherapy developed late visceral complications. In 8 patients these lesions were in the bladder and in 7 the gastrointestinal tract was involved. The factors that are responsible for these lesions and the problems in their management are discussed.
Pedicled skin-flaps: The fallacy of the length: Width ratio
Authors: Milton S H 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The viable length of a skin-flap is said to depend on the width of its pedicle. This is one of the established principles of plastic surgery, which is often quoted and never questioned. It was not intended to question this principle when the surviving lengths of flaps of different widths were measured in the pig. The intention was to correlate survival with the appearance after injection of an intravital dye. Flaps were made of different widths to spread the range of observations. The results were unexpected; surviving length was not directly proportional to width. Elaboration of this relationship, by experimental and mathematical methods, forms the subject of this paper. The old concept of a length: width ratio gradually evolved into a new one: that flaps made under similar conditions of blood-supply survive to the same length regardless of width. The steps of this change in concept will be presented.
The significance of rebound tenderness in the acute abdomen
Authors: Prout W G 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The physical sign of rebound tenderness has been studied in 100 patients with acute abdominal pain. In the majority of cases this sign proved unhelpful and was actually misleading in many instances. There seems little justification for the use of a sign which relies on causing a sudden and unexpected pain in a patient in whom confidence in the gentleness of the examining hand is vital.
The deep inguinal ring, development, function and repair
Authors: Lytle W J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The deep inguinal ring opening, due to the outgrowth of the processus vaginalis around the gubernaculum, appears at the end of the 2nd month of foetal life. Around this opening the U-shaped ring of transversalis fascia begins to develop about the 5th month. The U-shaped ring is well formed and its valvular design established at the 7th month. Descent of the testis usually takes place during the 7th or 8th month of intra-uterine life, but the processus vaginalis, which should normally close before or soon after birth, may remain open throughout life. The pressure valve of the deep inguinal ring, with its active closure mechanism, is capable of protecting an open processus vaginalis, often for months or years, against the onset of a hernia. The need to join together cut or raw edges to give sound union is emphasized and the indications for ring repair in oblique hernia and major repair in direct hernia are outlined.
Carcinoma of the stomach in a woman of 19
Authors: Kalbasi H 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Carcinoma of the stomach in the young is rare and often difficult to diagnose. At this stage the carcinoma appears usually to be superimposed on a previously existing peptic ulcer.
In this instance the case reported is that of a 19-year-old woman who gave a 2½-year history of gastric pain. A diagnosis of duodenal ulcer with pyloric hypertrophy was made and she was treated conservatively at first, but the symptoms persisted. She was admitted to hospital and an antecolic Polya gastrectomy was performed. Subsequent histological examination revealed a carcinoma of the stomach.
Chronic relapsing pancreatitis in childhood. A report of 3 cases
Authors: Vernon James K , Stening Frank , Smith Rodney 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Three cases of chronic relapsing pancreatitis arising in childhood are reported. The consideration of this condition in children with unexplained, recurrent abdominal pain is urged. The results of surgery in these 3 cases and in others elsewhere appear to be excellent.
Mortality of perforated duodenal ulcer treated by simple suture
Authors: Booth R A D , Williams J Alexander 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A 10-year experience is reported of 344 patients undergoing surgical treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer; almost all were treated by surgeons in training and all but 12 patients by simple suture of the perforation. The very low operative mortality of 2.9 per cent indicates the safety of simple suture closure in the hands of the inexperienced surgeon. Analysis of the régime of management of the 10 patients who died suggests that reduction in mortality might follow greater use of non-operative treatment in patients with severe complicating cardiorespiratory disease.
The place of subfascial ligation of perforating veins in the treatment of the post-phlebitic syndrome
Authors: Halliday P 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Subfascial ligation of incompetent perforating veins was employed in the treatment of 103 patients. The patients were selected on clinical grounds and the existence of perforating veins was established by phlebography.
The description of the technique employed stresses details contributing to safe and rapid healing when a radical exploration is performed through skin and subcutaneous tissues of poor vitality.
The role of subfascial ligation in the treatment of the post-phlebitic syndrome is to control the disordered venous return consequent on obstruction of the calf-muscle pump. As such, the procedure is one part of the treatment of the limb as a whole.
Polyposis of the stomach and small intestine in association with familial polyposis coli
Authors: Hoffmann D C , Goligher J C 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Three cases of familial polyposis coli with adenomatous polyps of the upper gastro-intestinal tract are reported. This association has not previously been described in Britain, probably because no special attempt has been made to detect polyps in these situations.
A careful study of known cases of polyposis coli is required to establish the frequency and fate of associated gastric or small intestinal polyps, with particular reference to the risk of malignant degeneration and the possibility of prophylactic surgical measures.
The effect of dipyridamole on tissue perfusion following freezing injury in the rat
Authors: da Costa John , Sharp F Ross , Gill William 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A drug with known platelet disaggregating properties, dipyridamole, has been used for the treatment of experimental frost-bite in the rat. A standardized cold injury applied to the rat tail was treated by a variety of régimes. Tissue survival was then assessed by several methods and correlated with the therapeutic régimes. The results suggested that dipyridamole had a beneficial effect on the maintenance of tissue perfusion and subsequent viability of the injured tail.
The healing of tissues incised by a carbon-dioxide laser
Authors: Hall R R 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The healing of surgical incisions made with a carbon-dioxide laser, cutting diathermy, and scalpel has been compared. Laser and diathermy incisions of skin healed more slowly than scalpel wounds, but no such delay occurred in incisions of the abdominal wall. It is suggested that the differences result from terminal necrosis of the wound edges and variations in the sequence of wound repair.
Effective and safe control of incontinence by the intra-anal plug electrode
Authors: Glen Eric S 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A régime is described for treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence by the intra-anal plug electrode, giving results in 30 patients. Therapy is safe, inexpensive, and involves the minimum of hospital or general practitioner supervision. Positioning and control are easy with the modified electrode. Stimulation causes no appreciable discomfort in most patients. Possible modes of action are discussed and it is suggested that stimulation works by strengthening levator tone rather than local sphincters. Perineal awareness is enhanced, making conscious muscle contraction easier in exercises. Greater use should be made of this device.
Effect of antroneurolysis on gastric secretion in dogs with total gastric fistula
Authors: Hall R , Humphrey C S , Wilkinson A R , Johnston D 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The operation of antroneurolysis is performed by circumferential sharp dissection in the submucosal plane of the entire gastric antrum, which severs the vagal nerve-supply to the antral mucosa. It might thus be regarded as a conservative variant of antrectomy, the purpose of which is to diminish gastrin release without disturbing antral peristalsis or the mechanism of the pylorus. Its possible value as an adjunct to highly selective vagotomy in man is evaluated in this study in the dog.
The antroneurolysed antrum was left in continuity with the remainder of the stomach whose vagal nerve-supply remained intact. Gastric secretion was collected via a cannula or fistula draining the whole stomach. Outputs of acid and pepsin in response to insulin, pentagastrin, meat extract, and acetylcholine were found to be undiminished after antroneurolysis. It is concluded that antroneurolysis has no place at present in clinical gastric surgery.
A bacteriological study of the immediate environment of a surgical wound
Authors: Davidson A I G , Smith G , Smylie H G 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In an attempt to assess the importance of different aspects of the immediate wound environment during an operation, detailed bacteriological data were obtained in the operating theatre from 1000 patients operated upon in two different theatres.
Nasal and skin carriage of Staphylococcus pyogenes were found to be associated with a small number of autogenous infections, but no significant increase in the staphylococcal wound infection incidence could be shown in these groups. Skin carriage of other pathogens seemed to be of no importance with the disinfection methods used in the present study.
Settle-plate studies showed no apparent difference in the bacteriological hazard of the two operating theatre environments, neither appearing to constitute any real danger. Samples at the end of operation confirmed the importance of endogenous contamination with intestinal organisms during potentially dirty operations. Apart from the few autogenous infections, there was little evidence of staphylococcal wound sepsis arising as a result of contamination in the operating theatre. Hands and masks of members of the operating team could not be demonstrated as sources of contamination during operation.
There was no apparent difference in the bacteriological findings as they related to the different operating theatre environments.
Effects of open and closed decompression on the water content and motility of experimentally obstructed small bowel in the rabbit
Authors: Shields M A , Dudley H A F 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Oedema is a feature of obstructed bowel. In experimental low small intestinal obstruction the obstructed bowel of the rabbit contained 7.4 per cent more water than normal. After relief of obstruction, with or without active surgical decompression, oedema regressed. However, when there was no net loss of fluid from the animal a temporary increase to 16.6 per cent of normal occurred at 12 hours after relief, diminishing to 6.1 per cent above normal at 24 hours. The rate of recovery of motility as measured by fluctuations in intraluminal pressure was unaffected by the temporary increase in oedema or by surgical decompression.