bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linking the Practice Environment to Nurses' Job Satisfaction Through Nurse‐Physician Communication
Authors: Manojlovich Milisa 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To investigate direct and indirect relationships among the practice environment, nurse‐physician (RN‐MD) communication, and job satisfaction, as is posited in the nursing role effectiveness model (NREM).
Design: Survey.
Methods: Surveys were sent to a random sample of 500 hospital nurses throughout Michigan, and 332 (66%) responded. Main study instruments were the Conditions for Work Effectiveness Questionnaire‐II (CWEQ‐II), the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES‐NWI), the ICU Nurse‐Physician Questionnaire, and the Index of Work Satisfaction (IWS), Part B. Inferential statistical tests included multiple regression, t tests, and one‐way analysis of variance.
Findings: Practice environment (PES‐NWI) and empowerment (CWEQ‐II) scales explained 20% of the variance in RN‐MD communication. The combination of both environment scales (PES‐NWI and CWEQ‐II) and RN‐MD communication explained 61% of the variance in nursing job satisfaction scores. RN‐MD communication was also a significant mediating variable in the relationship between structure (practice environment and empowerment scales) and outcome (nursing job satisfaction).
Conclusions: Factors in the practice environment contributed both directly to nursing job satisfaction and also indirectly through RN‐MD communication. Study findings showed that a practice environment favorable to nurses improved both nurses' perceptions of their communications with physicians and their job satisfaction.
Leadership Styles and Nursing Faculty Job Satisfaction in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Hsiu‐Chin , Beck Susan L. , Amos Linda K. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To examine nursing faculty job satisfaction and their perceptions of nursing deans' and directors' leadership styles, and to explore how the perceptions of leadership styles relate to faculty job satisfaction in Taiwan.
Methods: Descriptive, correlational, and cross‐sectional study with self‐administered questionnaires. The sample was recruited from 18 nursing programs, and 286 questionnaires were returned.
Results: Faculty perceived that Taiwan's nursing deans and directors showed more transformational than transactional leadership. Taiwan's nursing faculty were moderately satisfied in their jobs, and they were more satisfied with deans or directors who practiced the transactional leadership style of contingent reward and the transformational style of individualized consideration. A style with negative effect was passive management by exception.
Conclusions: Three types of leadership behaviors explained significant variance (21.2%) in faculty job satisfaction in Taiwan, indicating the need for further attention to training and development for effective leadership behaviors.
Glutamate receptors on human melanocytes regulate the expression of MiTF
Authors: Hoogduijn M. J. , Hitchcock I. S. , Smit N. P. M. , Gillbro J. M. , Schallreuter K. U. , Genever P. G. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but has also important functions in the epidermis. It is involved in keratinocyte barrier function and in re‐epithelialization processes after wounding. Recently, glutamate signalling has been suggested to be implicated in the development of melanoma. The present study examined the expression and functionality of metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors on normal human melanocytes. We found that cultured melanocytes expressed the ionotropic glutamate receptors GluR2 and 4 [α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxsazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors] andN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors 2A and 2C and possibly the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1. Melanocytes were also found to express specific glutamate transporters and decarboxylases, but appeared neither to produce nor to releasel‐glutamate. Stimulation with 10 or 100 μM AMPA or NMDA elevated intracellular calcium concentrations in melanocytes, and thus demonstrated the functionality of the glutamate receptors. Millimolar concentrations ofl‐glutamate did not induce melanocyte toxicity and had no stimulating effect on melanin production. However, blockage of AMPA and NMDA receptors with CFM‐2, memantine or MK801 caused a rapid and reversible change in melanocyte morphology, which was associated with disorganisation of actin and tubulin microfilaments. After 24 h of treatment with the AMPA receptor inhibitor CFM‐2, there was a sharp reduction in the expression of the crucial melanocyte differentiation and proliferation factor MiTF. The results of this study demonstrate a role for glutamate in melanocyte regulation that may have implications in melanocyte associated disorders.
DIFFERENCES IN LIPID PROFILE OF NEW ZEALAND MARINE SPECIES OVER FOUR SEASONS
Authors: MCLEAN CARLENE H. , BULLING KIM R. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT New Zealand Greenshell mussels and hoki are caught throughout the year and oil is extracted from the processing discards. However, there is little information on the variability in the lipid profile during the annual cycle. The livers of male and female hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae), Greenshell mussels (Perna canaliculus), blue mussels (Mytilus edulis aoteanus) and rock oysters (Saccostrea cucullata) were therefore collected four times during a 12‐month period, and their lipid and lipid‐soluble components were analyzed. The yield of oil obtained from hoki livers ranged from 21 ± 1 to 70 ± 2% (w/w), with a low yield occurring during their winter spawning season. Female livers generally contained a higher level of lipid than male livers. The yield of oil from whole shellfish was relatively small, ranging from 0.5 to 2% (w/w), with a higher lipid content in the summer season than in winter. Levels of omega‐3 fatty acids in hoki liver oil, 18–22% (w/w) of oil, were consistent throughout the year. Omega‐3 fatty acids in the three shellfish species were present at 9–20% (w/w) of oil, and showed large variations in quantity at different sampling dates. Blue mussels and rock oysters both produced lower levels of oil and omega‐3 fatty acids, and showed more variability compared with Greenshell mussels.
DETERMINATION OF SPHINGOLIPIDS IN NUTS AND SEEDS BY A SINGLE QUADRUPOLE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD
Authors: FANG FANG , HO CHI‐TANG , SANG SHENGMIN , ROSEN ROBERT T. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT Studies with experimental animals have shown that dietary sphingolipids significantly reduce the early stages of colon carcinogenesis and tumor formation, but knowledge about the amount and structure of sphingolipids in foods, especially foods of plant origin, is sparse because of lack of effective identification and quantification methods. Also, it is critical to know the structure of sphingolipids in plants in order to understand the potential link between diet and cancer. In this study, we developed a liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry method with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization positive ion mode to separate, identify and quantify ceramide and cerebroside species simultaneously in 10 plant samples. The ceramides found in the samples contained mainly trihydroxy bases, especially 4‐hydroxy‐8‐sphingenine (t18:1). Both nonhydroxy fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids were found, and these were mostly very long chain fatty acids (C > 20). Cerebrosides of the plant samples had both dihydroxy and trihydroxy bases, with dihydroxy base 4,8‐sphingadienine (d18:2) dominating. The fatty acids were composed mainly of α‐hydroxy fatty acids. Using an external calibration method, the major cerebroside found in the plants examined was quantified. This is the first report of sphingolipid content in most of the species studied.
Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Expressing Nonoverlapping Tax and Rex Genes Replicates and Immortalizes Primary Human T Lymphocytes but Fails To Replicate and Persist In Vivo
Authors: Younis Ihab , Yamamoto Brenda , Phipps Andrew , Green Patrick L. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus associated primarily with adult T-cell leukemia and neurological disease. HTLV-1 encodes the positive
trans
-regulatory proteins Tax and Rex, both of which are essential for viral replication. Tax activates transcription initiation from the viral long terminal repeat and modulates the transcription or activity of a number of cellular genes. Rex regulates gene expression posttranscriptionally by facilitating the cytoplasmic expression of incompletely spliced viral mRNAs. Tax and Rex mutants have been identified that have defective activities or impaired biochemical properties associated with their function. To ultimately determine the contribution of specific protein activities on viral replication and cellular transformation of primary T cells, mutants need to be characterized in the context of an infectious molecular clone. Since the
tax
and
rex
genes are in partially overlapping reading frames, mutation in one gene frequently disrupts the other, confounding interpretation of mutational analyses in the context of the virus. Here we generated and characterized a unique proviral clone (H1IT) in which the
tax
and
rex
genes were separated by expressing Tax from an internal ribosome entry site. We showed that H1IT expresses both functional Tax and Rex. In short- and long-term coculture assays, H1IT was competent to infect and immortalize primary human T cells similar to wild-type HTLV-1. In contrast, H1IT failed to efficiently replicate and persist in inoculated rabbits, thus emphasizing the importance of temporal and quantitative regulation of specific mRNA for viral survival in vivo.
Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Dimerization-Induced Assembly
Authors: Alfadhli Ayna , Dhenub Tenzin Choesang , Still Amelia , Barklis Eric 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT
The nucleocapsid (NC) domains of retrovirus precursor Gag (PrGag) proteins play an essential role in virus assembly. Evidence suggests that NC binding to viral RNA promotes dimerization of PrGag capsid (CA) domains, which triggers assembly of CA N-terminal domains (NTDs) into hexamer rings that are interconnected by CA C-terminal domains. To examine the influence of dimerization on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein assembly in vitro, we analyzed the assembly properties of Gag proteins in which NC domains were replaced with cysteine residues that could be linked via chemical treatment. In accordance with the model that Gag protein pairing triggers assembly, we found that cysteine cross-linking or oxidation reagents induced the assembly of virus-like particles. However, efficient assembly also was observed to be temperature dependent or required the tethering of NTDs. Our results suggest a multistep pathway for HIV-1 Gag protein assembly. In the first step, Gag protein pairing through NC-RNA interactions or C-terminal cysteine linkage fosters dimerization. Next, a conformational change converts assembly-restricted dimers or small oligomers into assembly-competent ones. At the final stage, final particle assembly occurs, possibly through a set of larger intermediates.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Immediate-Early and Early Gene Expression during Reactivation from Latency under Conditions That Prevent Infectious Virus Production
Authors: Pesola Jean M. , Zhu Jia , Knipe David M. , Coen Donald M. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT
The program of gene expression exhibited by herpes simplex virus during productive infection of cultured cells is well established; however, less is known about the regulatory controls governing reactivation from latency in neurons. One difficulty in examining gene regulation during reactivation lies in distinguishing between events occurring in initial reactivating cells versus events occurring in secondarily infected cells. Thus, two inhibitors were employed to block production of infectious virus: acyclovir, which inhibits viral DNA synthesis, and WAY-150138, which permits viral DNA synthesis but inhibits viral DNA encapsidation. Latently infected murine ganglia were explanted in the presence of either inhibitor, and then amounts of RNA, DNA, or infectious virus were quantified. In ganglia explanted for 48 h, the levels of five immediate-early and early RNAs did not exhibit meaningful differences between acyclovir and WAY-150138 treatments when analyzed by in situ hybridization or quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. However, comparative increases in viral DNA and RNA content in untreated ganglia suggested that virus was produced before 48 h postexplant. This was confirmed by the detection of infectious virus as early as 14 h postexplant. Together, these results suggest that high levels of viral gene expression at 48 h postexplant are due largely to the production of infectious virus and subsequent spread through the tissue. These results lead to a reinterpretation of previous results indicating a role for DNA replication in immediate-early and early viral gene expression; however, it remains possible that viral gene expression is regulated differently in neurons than in cultured cells.
The AAUAAA Motif of
Bamboo Mosaic Virus
RNA Is Involved in Minus-Strand RNA Synthesis and Plus-Strand RNA Polyadenylation
Authors: Chen I-Hsuan , Chou Wen-Jen , Lee Pei-Yu , Hsu Yau-Heiu , Tsai Ching-Hsiu 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

Bamboo mosaic virus
(BaMV) has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome with a 5′-cap structure and a 3′ poly(A) tail. Deleting the internal loop that contains the putative polyadenylation signal (AAUAAA) in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of BaMV genomic RNA appeared to diminish coat protein accumulation to 2% (C. P. Cheng and C. H. Tsai, J. Mol. Biol. 288:555-565, 1999). To investigate the function of the AAUAAA motif, mutations were introduced into an infectious BaMV cDNA at each residue except the first nucleotide. After transfection of
Nicotiana benthamiana
protoplasts with RNA transcript, the accumulations of viral coat protein and RNAs were determined. Based on the results, three different categories could be deduced for the mutants. Category 1 includes two mutants expressing levels of the viral products similar to those of the wild-type virus. Six mutations in category 2 led to decreased to similar levels of both minus-strand and genomic RNAs. Category 3 includes the remaining seven mutations that also bring about decreases in both minus- and plus-strand RNA levels, with more significant effects on genomic RNA accumulation. Mutant transcripts from each category were used to infect
N. benthamiana
plants, from which viral particles were isolated. The genomic RNAs of mutants in category 3 were found to have shorter poly(A) tails. Taken together, the results suggest that the AAUAAA motif in the 3′ UTR of BaMV genomic RNA is involved not only in the formation of the poly(A) tail of the plus-strand RNA, but also in minus-strand RNA synthesis.
Resistance to Friend Virus-Induced Erythroleukemia in
W
/
W

v

Mice Is Caused by a Spleen-Specific Defect Which Results in a Severe Reduction in Target Cells and a Lack of
Sf-Stk
Expression
Authors: Subramanian Aparna , Teal Hami E. , Correll Pamela H. , Paulson Robert F. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT

The characteristic progression and specificity of Friend virus for the erythroid lineage have allowed for the identification of a number of host-encoded loci that are required for disease progression. Several of these loci, including the Friend virus susceptibility gene 2 (
Fv2
), dominant white spotting gene (
W
), and Steel gene (
Sl
), regulate the initial polyclonal expansion of infected erythroid progenitor cells.
W
and
Sl
encode the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand, stem cell factor, respectively.
W
mutant mice are severely anemic, and earlier work suggested that this defect in erythroid differentiation is the cause for the resistance to Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia. Here we show that in bone marrow,
W
/
W

v

mice have near normal numbers of target cells and the initial infection of bone marrow occurs normally in vivo. In contrast, spleen cells from
W
/
W

v

mice infected both in vitro and in vivo with Friend virus failed to give rise to erythropoietin-independent colonies at any time following Friend virus infection, suggesting that mutation of the Kit receptor specifically affects target cells in the spleen, rendering the mutant mice resistant to the development of Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia. In addition, we show that the Kit
+
pathogenic targets of Friend virus in the spleen are distinct from the pathogenic targets in bone marrow and this population of spleen target cells is markedly decreased in
W
/
W

v

mice and these cells fail to express
Sf-Stk
. These results also underscore the unique nature of the spleen microenvironment in its role in supporting the progression of acute leukemia in Friend virus-infected mice.
Protective and Therapeutic Capacity of Human Single-Chain Fv-Fc Fusion Proteins against West Nile Virus
Authors: Gould L. Hannah , Sui Jianhua , Foellmer Harald , Oliphant Theodore , Wang Tian , Ledizet Michel , Murakami Akikazu , Noonan Kristin , Lambeth Cassandra , Kar Kalipada , Anderson John F. , de Silva Aravinda M. , Diamond Michael S. , Koski Raymond A. , Marasco Wayne A. , Fikrig Erol 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTWest Nile virus has spread rapidly across the United States, and there is currently no approved human vaccine or therapy to prevent or treat disease. Passive immunization with antibodies against the envelope protein represents a promising means to provide short-term prophylaxis and treatment for West Nile virus infection. In this study, we identified a panel of 11 unique human single-chain variable region antibody fragments (scFvs) that bind the envelope protein of West Nile virus. Selected scFvs were converted to Fc fusion proteins (scFv-Fcs) and were tested in mice for their ability to prevent lethal West Nile virus infection. Five of these scFv-Fcs, 11, 15, 71, 85, and 95, protected 100% of mice from death when given prior to infection with virus. Two of them, 11 and 15, protected 80% of mice when given at days 1 and 4 after infection. In addition, four of the scFv-Fcs cross-neutralized dengue virus, serotype 2. Binding assays using yeast surface display demonstrated that all of our scFvs bind to sites within domains I and II of West Nile virus envelope protein. These recombinant human scFvs are potential candidates for immunoprophylaxis and therapy of flavivirus infections.
ACE2 Receptor Expression and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Depend on Differentiation of Human Airway Epithelia
Authors: Jia Hong Peng , Look Dwight C. , Shi Lei , Hickey Melissa , Pewe Lecia , Netland Jason , Farzan Michael , Wohlford-Lenane Christine , Perlman Stanley , McCray Paul B. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACT
Studies
of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) demonstrate
that the respiratory tract is a major site of SARS-coronavirus (CoV)
infection and disease morbidity. We studied host-pathogen interactions
using native lung tissue and a model of well-differentiated cultures of
primary human airway epithelia. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2),
the receptor for both the SARS-CoV and the related human respiratory
coronavirus NL63, was expressed in human airway epithelia as well as
lung parenchyma. As assessed by immunofluorescence staining and
membrane biotinylation, ACE2 protein was more abundantly expressed on
the apical than the basolateral surface of polarized airway epithelia.
Interestingly, ACE2 expression positively correlated with the
differentiation state of epithelia. Undifferentiated cells expressing
little ACE2 were poorly infected with SARS-CoV, while
well-differentiated cells expressing more ACE2 were readily infected.
Expression of ACE2 in poorly differentiated epithelia facilitated SARS
spike (S) protein-pseudotyped virus entry. Consistent with the
expression pattern of ACE2, the entry of SARS-CoV or a lentivirus
pseudotyped with SARS-CoV S protein in differentiated epithelia was
more efficient when applied to the apical surface. Furthermore,
SARS-CoV replicated in polarized epithelia and preferentially exited
via the apical surface. The results indicate that infection of human
airway epithelia by SARS coronavirus correlates with the state of cell
differentiation and ACE2 expression and localization. These findings
have implications for understanding disease pathogenesis associated
with SARS-CoV and NL63
infections.
Neutrophils Interact with Adenovirus Vectors via Fc Receptors and Complement Receptor 1
Authors: Cotter Matthew J. , Zaiss Anne K. , Muruve Daniel A. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTNeutrophils are effectors of the innate immune response to adenovirus vectors. Following the systemic administration of Cy2-labeled AdLuc in mice, flow cytometry and PCR analysis of liver leukocytes revealed that 25% of recruited neutrophils interacted with adenovirus vectors. In vitro, flow cytometry of human neutrophils incubated with Cy2-labeled AdLuc also demonstrated a significant interaction with adenovirus vectors. Fluorescence and electron microscopy confirmed vector internalization by neutrophils. The AdLuc-neutrophil interaction reduced vector transduction efficiency by more than 50% in coincubation assays in epithelium-derived cells. Adenovirus vector uptake by neutrophils occurred independently of coxsackievirus adenovirus receptor (CAR) and capsid RGD motifs, since neutrophils do not express CAR and uptake of the RGD-deleted vector AdL.PB* was similar to that of AdLuc. Furthermore, both AdLuc and AdL.PB* activated neutrophils and induced similar degrees of L-selectin shedding. Neutrophil uptake of AdLuc was dependent on the presence of complement and antibodies, since the interaction between AdLuc and neutrophils was significantly reduced when they were incubated in immunoglobulin G-depleted or heat-inactivated human serum. Blocking of complement receptor 1 (CD35) but not complement receptor 3 (CD11b/CD18) significantly reduced neutrophil uptake of AdLuc. Blocking of FcγRI (CD64), FcγRII (CD32), and FcγRIII (CD16) individually or together also reduced neutrophil uptake of AdLuc, although less than blocking of CD35 alone. Combined CR1 and Fc receptor blockade synergistically inhibited neutrophil-AdLuc interactions close to baseline. These results demonstrate opsonin-dependent adenovirus vector interactions with neutrophils and their corresponding receptors.