bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study on why foreign-born East Asians but not US-born East Asians are underrepresented in leadership attainment in the U.S.
Authors: Cao Jing , Zhang Song 
Published: April 2024

AbstractA recent study investigated the impact of culture of Asian groups on leadership attainment in the U.S. It revealed that East Asians (EAs) are less likely than South Asians (SAs) and white people (WP) to attain leadership positions, and SAs may even surpass WP in leadership attainment. The study explained that the underrepresentation of EAs in leadership positions in the U.S. (the so called bamboo ceiling) is partly because EAs communicate less assertively. Specifically, EA cultures value collectivism (e.g., humility and harmony), which are at odds with western cultures that value individualism (e.g., extraversion and assertiveness), whereas SA cultures are congruent with western cultures. However, the study did not distinguish the different impact of home culture (i.e., EA cultures) and host culture (i.e., western cultures) on US-born EAs versus foreign-born EAs. We argue that for US-born EAs (i.e., second generation EAs), host culture plays a more important role than home culture in their growth and they may not be underrepresented in leadership attainment compared to WP. The bamboo ceiling effect is mostly demonstrated among foreign-born EAs (i.e., first generation EAs) who are shaped mainly under the home culture. We support the argument by conducting analysis on one of the datasets in the original study and a new dataset from Fortune’s 40-under-40 list. Our study suggests that when studying the underrepresentation of leadership attainment for EAs, US-born EAs and foreign-born EAs should not be aggregated in one category. Considering the ethnic EA group, the bamboo ceiling phenomenon may exist mainly among foreign-born EAs because US-born EAs, with a median age of 21.3, are much younger than the general American population, who may not be experienced enough to be considered for leadership positions in established large companies.
Classification and counting of cells in brightfield microscopy images: an application of convolutional neural networks
Authors: Ferreira E. K. G. D. , Silveira G. F. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMicroscopy is integral to medical research, facilitating the exploration of various biological questions, notably cell quantification. However, this process's time-consuming and error-prone nature, attributed to human intervention or automated methods usually applied to fluorescent images, presents challenges. In response, machine learning algorithms have been integrated into microscopy, automating tasks and constructing predictive models from vast datasets. These models adeptly learn representations for object detection, image segmentation, and target classification. An advantageous strategy involves utilizing unstained images, preserving cell integrity and enabling morphology-based classification—something hindered when fluorescent markers are used. The aim is to introduce a model proficient in classifying distinct cell lineages in digital contrast microscopy images. Additionally, the goal is to create a predictive model identifying lineage and determining optimal quantification of cell numbers. Employing a CNN machine learning algorithm, a classification model predicting cellular lineage achieved a remarkable accuracy of 93%, with ROC curve results nearing 1.0, showcasing robust performance. However, some lineages, namely SH-SY5Y (78%), HUH7_mayv (85%), and A549 (88%), exhibited slightly lower accuracies. These outcomes not only underscore the model's quality but also emphasize CNNs' potential in addressing the inherent complexities of microscopic images.
C16, a PKR inhibitor, suppresses cell proliferation by regulating the cell cycle via p21 in colorectal cancer
Authors: Hashimoto Yu , Tokumoto Yoshio , Watanabe Takao , Ogi Yusuke , Sugishita Hiroki , Akita Satoshi , Niida Kazuki , Hayashi Mirai , Okada Masaya , Shiraishi Kana , Tange Kazuhiro , Tomida Hideomi , Yamamoto Yasunori , Takeshita Eiji , Ikeda Yoshio , Oshikiri Taro , Hiasa Yoichi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDouble-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) is highly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of PKR in CRC remains unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify whether C16 (a PKR inhibitor) exhibits antitumor effects and to identify its target pathway in CRC. We evaluated the effects of C16 on CRC cell lines using the MTS assay. Enrichment analysis was performed to identify the target pathway of C16. The cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry. Finally, we used immunohistochemistry to examine human CRC specimens. C16 suppressed the proliferation of CRC cells. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the cell cycle-related GO category was substantially enriched in CRC cells treated with C16. C16 treatment resulted in G1 arrest and increased p21 protein and mRNA expression. Moreover, p21 expression was associated with CRC development as observed using immunohistochemical analysis of human CRC tissues. C16 upregulates p21 expression in CRC cells to regulate cell cycle and suppress tumor growth. Thus, PKR inhibitors may serve as a new treatment option for patients with CRC.
Impact of fellowship training for specialists on thyroidectomy outcomes of patients with thyroid cancer
Authors: Lin Rujiao , Huang Sitao , Guo Xiumei , Gao Shengnan , Zheng Feng , Zheng Zhengrong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe aimed to evaluate the impact of fellowship training (FT) for thyroid specialists on the outcomes of patients with thyroid cancer. We reviewed surgeries performed for thyroid cancer before (non-FT group) and after (FT group) fellowship training and compared several variables, including length of stay of patients, tumor diameter, surgical method, lymph node dissection, parathyroid implantation, surgical duration, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications. Compared with the non-FT group, the FT group had a shorter hospital stay, more adequate fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid, less intraoperative blood loss, higher rate of parathyroid implantation, higher lymph node dissection rate, and lower nerve injury and hypoparathyroidism rates. When the surgical duration was < 200 min and/or only central lymph node dissection was performed, the FT group had a lower incidence of postoperative complications than the non-FT group. When, the incidence of postoperative complications, including postoperative nerve injury and hypoparathyroidism. In conclusion, FT for thyroid specialists is beneficial for patients with thyroid cancer and may allow a shorter hospital stay and reduced incidence of postoperative complication. Accordingly, FT may facilitate a more appropriate surgical approach with a preoperative pathological diagnosis.
The synergy complement control approach for seamless limb-driven prostheses
Authors: Kühn Johannes , Hu Tingli , Tödtheide Alexander , Pozo Fortunić Edmundo , Jensen Elisabeth , Haddadin Sami 
Published: April 2024

AbstractLimb-driven control allows for direct control by using residual limb movements rather than unnatural and complex muscle activation. Existing limb-driven methods simultaneously learn a variety of possible motions, ranging from a residual limb to entire arm motions, from human templates by relying on linear or nonlinear regression techniques. However, the map between a low-dimensional residual limb movement and high-dimensional total limb movement is highly underdetermined. Therefore, this complex, high-dimensional coordination problem cannot be accurately solved by treating it as a data-driven black box problem. Here we address this challenge by introducing the residual limb-driven control framework synergy complement control. Firstly, the residual limb drives a one-dimensional phase variable to simultaneously control the multiple joints of the prosthesis. Secondly, the resulting prosthesis motion naturally complements the movement of the residual limb by its synergy components. Furthermore, our framework adds information on contextual tasks and goals and allows for seamless transitions between these. Experimental validation was conducted using subjects with preserved arms employing an exo-prosthesis setup, and studies involving participants with and without limb differences in a virtual reality setup. The findings affirm that the restoration of lost coordinated synergy capabilities is reliably achieved through the utilization of synergy complement control with the prosthesis.
Viruses in glioblastoma: an update on evidence and clinical trials
Authors: Gunasegaran Bavani , Ashley Caroline L. , Marsh-Wakefield Felix , Guillemin Gilles J. , Heng Benjamin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Background
Glioblastoma (GB) is a lethal and aggressive brain tumour. While molecular characteristics of GB is studied extensively, the aetiology of GB remains uncertain. The interest in exploring viruses as a potential contributor to the development of GB stems from the notion that viruses are known to play a key role in pathogenesis of other human cancers such as cervical cancer. Nevertheless, the role of viruses in GB remains controversial.

Methods
This review delves into the current body of knowledge surrounding the presence of viruses in GB as well as provide updates on clinical trials examining the potential inclusion of antiviral therapies as part of the standard of care protocol.

Conclusions
The review summarises current evidences and important gaps in our knowledge related to the presence of viruses in GB.
Self-Reported Home Program Adherence by People With Aphasia: Exploring Construct Validity
Authors: Wallace Sarah E. , Donoso Brown Elena V. , Lee Jaime B. , Janov Katherine L. , Busquets Mariana Pachecho 
Published: April 2024

Purpose:
The study purpose was to compare the practice patterns captured by self-reported logbook data and those recorded by a computerized home program application. The current study is part of a larger single-case research design study aimed at investigating the effect of logbook use on home program adherence in people with aphasia poststroke.

Method:
Data from six adults with chronic aphasia with interest in improving their reading were used in this secondary analysis. Participants completed reading comprehension therapy tasks using a mobile application and tablet. The activities were self-directed and designed for people with aphasia to complete independently. We created an aphasia-friendly logbook based on best practices to allow participants to record their estimated total minutes practiced. Participants received instructions to practice the reading therapy application 80 min a day 7 days a week for the duration of the study. We calculated the difference in the total time per day recorded by each participant to the application data collected.

Results:
All participants used the logbook to record their practice. There was a strong relationship between self-reported logbook practice and application-recorded practice for four of the six participants. Individual differences were noted and explored.

Conclusion:
These results suggest that some people with aphasia can use logbooks with aphasia-friendly modifications to accurately estimate the amount of practice completed outside of therapy sessions.
Parent and Child Experiences of Bone-Conduction Hearing Devices for Unilateral Microtia–Atresia: Decisions and Outcomes
Authors: Edwards Lindsey , Middleton-Curran Laura , Wright Gillian , Rooney Natasha , Wong Anita , Hill Rebecca , Bulstrode Neil , Nash Robert 
Published: April 2024

Purpose:
The decision to proceed with bone-conduction hearing devices is not an easy one despite being the audiological management of choice for the majority of children with unilateral hearing loss secondary to microtia–atresia, and the outcome is not always as hoped for. This study aimed to explore parent and child views on decision making and outcomes.

Method:
Qualitative methods (focus groups and individual interviews) were used to explore parent and child opinions on factors influencing the decision to try a bone-conduction device and their subsequent use or nonuse. Quantitative methods (questionnaires) investigated the impact of hearing loss on listening effort and fatigue, quality of life, and learning, including executive functions such as working memory, information processing, and attention. Twelve parent–child dyads participated in the study, with children aged 9–14 years.

Results:
A thematic analysis of qualitative data highlighted the importance to parents of timely, consistent, and accessible device information as well as concerns regarding bullying, psychosocial well-being, and educational impacts. Children's concerns included feeling different from their peers, bullying, device appearance, and sound quality, as well as the support they wanted and received. Questionnaire results provided useful confirmatory information on the impacts of unilateral hearing loss on learning for a substantial proportion of the children in this sample.

Conclusion:
The findings provide insights into the wide range of issues that have implications for the provision of audiological services as well as educational and psychological support for children with unilateral microtia–atresia.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25583361
Protostellar disk accretion in turbulent filaments
Authors: Heigl S. , Hoemann E. , Burkert A. 
Published: April 2024

Context. Recent observations of protostellar cores suggest that most of the material in the protostellar phase is accreted along streamers. Streamers in this context are defined as velocity coherent funnels of denser material potentially connecting the large-scale environment to the small scales of the forming accretion disk.
Aims. Using simulations that simultaneously resolve the driving of turbulence on the filament scale as well as the collapse of the core down to protostellar disk scales, we aim to understand the effect of the turbulent velocity field on the formation of overdensities in the accretion flow.
Methods. We performed a three-dimensional numerical study on a core collapse within a turbulent filament using the RAMSES code and analysed the properties of overdensities in the accretion flow.
Results. We find that overdensities are formed naturally by the initial turbulent velocity field inherited from the filament and subsequent gravitational collimation. This leads to streams that are not really filamentary but show a sheet-like morphology. Moreover, they have the same radial infall velocities as the low density material. As a main consequence of the turbulent initial condition, the mass accretion onto the disk does not follow the predictions for solid body rotation. Instead, most of the mass is funneled by the overdensities to intermediate disk radii.
Diabetische Nephropathie und Progressionsverlangsamung der CKD
Authors: Krüger Thilo 
Published: April 2024

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Verlangsamung des Krankheitsverlaufs bei chronischer Nierenkrankheit (CKD: „chronic kidney disease“) stellt eine wesentliche, wenn nicht die wesentlichste Aufgabe von Nephrologinnen und Nephrologen dar. Aufgrund der Häufigkeit von Diabetes mellitus kommt der diabetischen Nephropathie dabei ein bedeutender Stellenwert zu. Erfreulicherweise haben sich in den letzten Jahren zahlreiche Neuerungen in Bezug auf therapeutische Möglichkeiten ergeben. Dieser Artikel fasst sowohl altbekannte als auch neue Behandlungsmethoden zur Progressionsverlangsamung der diabetischen Nephropathie zusammen.
Terminüberschreitung
Authors: Hünig Johanna 
Published: April 2024

Warten oder Handeln?Pünktlichkeit ist eine Tugend – jedoch nicht immer notwendig. Nur ein sehr kleiner Teil der Kinder
wird tatsächlich am errechneten Termin geboren. Die Ansicht darüber, wann ein Kind als kritisch
zu spät dran ist, variiert. Während im deutschsprachigen Raum 40+0 SSW als errechneter Termin
und die Zeit bis 41+6 SSW als Terminüberschreitung bezeichnet wird, gilt in Norwegen 40+3 SSW
als Termin und ≥42+3 SSW als Übertragung. Manchmal wird ein Kind bereits in der 38. SSW intrauterin
nicht mehr ausreichend gut versorgt. In anderen Fällen geht es dem Kind auch bei 42+5
SSW noch gut oder es überrascht uns dann mit reichlich Vernix bei der Geburt.
Theoretical and practical investigation of ion–ion association in electrolyte solutions
Authors: Naseri Boroujeni Saman , Maribo-Mogensen B. , Liang X. , Kontogeorgis G. M. 
Published: April 2024

In this study, we present a new equation of state for electrolyte solutions, integrating the statistical associating fluid theory for variable range interactions utilizing the generic Mie form and binding Debye–Hückel theories. This equation of state underscores the pivotal role of ion–ion association in determining the properties of electrolyte solutions. We propose a unified framework that simultaneously examines the thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions and their electrical conductivity, given the profound impact of ion pairing on this transport property. Using this equation of state, we predict the liquid density, mean ionic activity coefficient, and osmotic coefficient for binary NaCl, Na2SO4, and MgSO4 aqueous solutions at 298.15 K. Additionally, we evaluate the molar conductivity of these systems by considering the fraction of free ions derived from our equation of state in conjunction with two advanced electrical conductivity models. Our results reveal that, while ion–ion association has a minimal influence on the modification of the predicted properties of sodium chloride solutions, their impact on sodium and magnesium sulfate solutions is considerably more noticeable.
Improving the market for household livestock production to alleviate food insecurity in the Philippines
Authors: Duong Minh-Phuong Thi , Sari Ni Putu Wulan Purnama , Mazenda Adrino , Nguyen Minh-Hoang , Vuong Quan-Hoang 
Published: April 2024

Context Food security is one of the major concerns in the Philippines. Although livestock and poultry production accounts for a significant proportion of the country’s agricultural output, smallholder households are still vulnerable to food insecurity. Aims The current study aims to examine how livestock production and selling difficulties affect food-insecure conditions of smallholder households. Methods The study employed the mindsponge theory as its theoretical foundation for constructing the models. Subsequently, it applied the Bayesian mindsponge framework (BMF) analytics to analyse a dataset sourced from the Data in Emergencies Monitoring (DIEM) system of the Food and Agriculture Organization. Key variables in the dataset were transformed into indicators, enabling a detailed examination of smallholder livestock farmers’ difficulties in production or selling over the past 3 months. Production difficulties include hurdles in raising and producing livestock, covering aspects such as resource acquisition, animal health, and breeding. Selling difficulties involve obstacles in selling livestock products, including issues related to market access, pricing, and transportation. Key results Production and selling difficulties significantly adversely affect food security in the Philippines, with varying impacts according to the severity of food insecurity. In particular, production and selling difficulties equally affect the households’ likelihood of eating less healthy and nutritious food. However, the production difficulties have more negligible impacts on the possibility of skipping meals than do selling difficulties, and even ambiguous impacts on the likelihood of not eating for a whole day compared with the effects of selling difficulties. Moreover, we also found that the market plays a crucial role in facilitating not only livestock trading but also livestock production (e.g. purchase of feed and medicines). Conclusions Our research has highlighted the complex connection among livestock, markets, and food security within the Philippine setting. It emphasised the significant impact of selling difficulties, particularly the heavy reliance on nearby local and regional markets, in exacerbating the severity of food insecurity. Implications On the basis of these findings, we suggest that the livestock market needs to be expanded and regulated to balance livestock products and services used for livestock production and facilitate the product-exchanging mechanism.
Delimitación, visualización y metalenguaje
Authors: Carbajal-Carrera Beatriz 
Published: April 2024

Abstracta
El presente artículo adopta el marco teórico del Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje (DUA) como acercamiento cualitativo para examinar la accesibilidad de la enseñanza de las emociones en los manuales de español lengua extranjera (ELE). En concreto, se aplican de forma sistemática las tres pautas del principio de representación del DUA en el análisis de unidades didácticas sobre las emociones de 16 manuales de ELE de nivel B1. El análisis aborda de forma crítica las limitaciones presentes en estos materiales con un foco en tres factores clave en la representación de emociones: su delimitación, su visualización y su metalenguaje. La revisión de materiales se estructura en torno a las tres pautas del principio de representación y revela conexiones entre las carencias curriculares identificadas por estudios previos y los aportes del principio de representación. Las conclusiones de estudio contribuyen al creciente cuerpo de investigaciones sobre DUA en entornos de aprendizaje con diversos grados de competencia lingüística.
Pixel-by-pixel correction of beam hardening artifacts by bowtie filter in fan-beam CT
Authors: Ye Ping , Zhao Wei , Shimomura Taisei , Li Kai-Wen , Haga Akihiro , Geng Li-Sheng 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objective. Beam hardening (BH) artifacts in computed tomography (CT) images originate from the polychromatic nature of x-ray photons. In a CT system with a bowtie filter, residual BH artifacts remain when polynomial fits are used. These artifacts lead to worse visuals, reduced contrast, and inaccurate CT numbers. This work proposes a pixel-by-pixel correction (PPC) method to reduce the residual BH artifacts caused by a bowtie filter. Approach. The energy spectrum for each pixel at the detector after the photons pass through the bowtie filter was calculated. Then, the spectrum was filtered through a series of water slabs with different thicknesses. The polychromatic projection corresponding to the thickness of the water slab for each detector pixel could be obtained. Next, we carried out a water slab experiment with a mono energy E = 69 keV to get the monochromatic projection. The polychromatic and monochromatic projections were then fitted with a 2nd-order polynomial. The proposed method was evaluated on digital phantoms in a virtual CT system and phantoms in a real CT machine. Main results. In the case of a virtual CT system, the standard deviation of the line profile was reduced by 23.8%, 37.3%, and 14.3%, respectively, in the water phantom with different shapes. The difference of the linear attenuation coefficients (LAC) in the central and peripheral areas of an image was reduced from 0.010 to 0.003

cm

−
1

and 0.007

cm

−
1

to 0 in the biological tissue phantom and human phantom, respectively. The method was also validated using CT projection data obtained from Activion16 (Canon Medical Systems, Japan). The difference in the LAC in the central and peripheral areas can be reduced by a factor of two. Significance. The proposed PPC method can successfully remove the cupping artifacts in both virtual and authentic CT images. The scanned object’s shapes and materials do not affect the technique.