bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rate Superposition for Generating Pressure Falloff Solutions
Authors: Peres Alvaro M. M. , Boughrara Amina A. , Reynolds Albert C. 
Published: September 2006

Summary
Although the Thompson-Reynolds steady-state theory has proved useful for explaining the relation between reservoir physics and the pressure/pressure derivative response for both injection and falloff tests, until now, we have been unable to apply this method to construct analytical solutions for the falloff response. In this work, we remedy this deficiency by constructing approximate analytical solutions for the pressure falloff response sub sequent to water injection at a vertical or horizontal well. By comparison with a finite-difference simulator using grid refinement and a hybrid grid, it is shown that our multiphase flow solutions are accurate.
The falloff solution can be written as the sum of the single-phase falloff solution based on oil properties at initial water saturation plus a multiphase flow term, which reflects the deviation of the total mobility (in the region contacted b y injected water) from oil mobility at initial water saturation. The multiphase term is presented as an integral in the vertical w ell case and a sum of one to three integrals in the horizontal w ell case. For the purpose of constructing an accurate estimate of the falloff multiphase pressure change term, one can use a series of 1D Buckley-Leverett solutions (one for each integral in the multiphase term) and assume that, throughout the falloff period, the total mobility profile in the reservoir is equal to the total mobility profile that existed at the instant of shut-in. Evaluation of each integral in the multiphase term requires the 1D mobility profile constructed from the Buckley-Leverett solution and a corresponding 1D flow rate profile during falloff.
For linear single-phase flow, it is shown that rate superposition applies and w e use this concept in a reasonable but adhoc w ay to estimate the rate profiles needed to compute the multiphase pressure term.
It is show n that even in cases w here falloff data allow one to accurately estimate the properties of the oil zone, k now ledge of the multiphase term is critical in order to ob tain an accurate estimate of the mechanical skin factor.
Preventing Lost Circulation by Use of Lightweight Slurries with Reticular Systems: Depleted Reservoirs in Southern Mexico
Authors: Romero S. N. , Monroy R. R. , Johnson C. , Cardenas F. , Abraham G. A. T. 
Published: September 2006

Summary
In southern Mexico, 65% of the oil and 74% of the gas production comes from Mesozoic formations—naturally fractured carbonates—with a high potential for loss of circulation. Lost circulation during drilling and cementing often leads to formation damage and can severely impact well costs.
This paper describes the implementation of lightweight (9.17 lbm/gal) slurries and a reticular-product technology to avoid losses while cementing and to improve zonal isolation and post-cement job evaluation. Applying this combination of technologies improved the success ratio of primary isolation of the wells.
Lightweight cementing slurries with reticular systems were used in two wells in Mexico: a development well (Copano 32) and an exploration well (Malva 201). The wells were drilled underbalanced, and in both cases, lost circulation was a problem during drilling and cementing. Using this technology, circulation of the slurry was regained while cementing and returns reached the designed cement top, avoiding an anticipated remedial cementing job. The pressure behavior during cementing clearly showed the plugging effect of the fiber-laden slurry in the formation; periodic low-pressure intervals were encountered before the final constant increase in pressure, which indicated that the designed-cement job objectives had been achieved.
In these wells, implementation of lightweight slurries and reticular-product technology prevented further cement invasion into the production zone. Savings in rig downtime and improved zonal isolation led to a significant reduction in costs during the construction of the wells.
The cementing solution represented at least a 300% cost savings related to the cementing process. He also confirmed that lightweight cement slurries with reticular products are a viable solution for the depleted reservoirs, in southern Mexico and similar wells around the world, in which lost-circulation problems of this kind exist.
Exhuberance Over Exubera
Authors: Hite Pamela F. , Barnes Ann M. , Johnston Philip E. 
Published: September 2006

IN BRIEF
The isolation, purification, and clinical use of insulin has been enhanced many times in the past 80 years. This article outlines the development of insulin and describes the formulation, activity, and practical use of a newly approved inhaled form of insulin sold under the trade name Exubera.
Clinical Use of the Metabolic Syndrome: Why the Confusion?
Authors: Blaha Michael , Elasy Tom A. 
Published: September 2006

IN BRIEFThe term “metabolic syndrome” refers to a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes that occurs as a result of obesity and insulin resistance. Considerable confusion surrounding the precise use of this term in the clinical setting has led to difficulty in assessing the utility of this concept. This article provides a simple framework for understanding the disparate approaches to this syndrome. This understanding will facilitate decision-making regarding the role of the metabolic syndrome in everyday clinical practice.
The Diabetes Patient Portal: Patient Perspectives on Structure and Delivery
Authors: Hess Rachel , Bryce Cindy L. , McTigue Kathleen , Fitzgerald Katharine , Zickmund Susan , Olshansky Ellen , Fischer Gary 
Published: September 2006

In Brief
This article describes the recent development of a diabetes-specific patient portal that is linked to an existing electronic medical record system. The portal was designed to provide patients with a secure means of electronic access to preventive health care reminders, information concerning their medications and health histories, educational materials, and self-management resources concerning diabetes-related risks. The authors briefly describe their work on the portal to date and discuss future directions for their research.
Educating Medical Office Staff: Enhancing Diabetes Care in Primary Care Offices
Authors: Celeste-Harris Sonya , Maryniuk Melinda 
Published: September 2006

In Brief
This article describes Joslin Diabetes SmartStart, a program through which the provision of educational materials and training to the office staff of primary care providers has resulted in improved clinical and behavioral patient outcomes. Certified diabetes educators provided participating clinics with basic diabetes education for clinical staff; a set of diabetes patient education flipcharts, booklets, and handouts in English and Spanish; and patient access to a call center. Positive outcomes included decreases in hemoglobin A1c and blood pressure levels and increases in patient-reported quality of life and confidence in diabetes self-management ability.
Group Education Strategies for Diabetes Self-Management
Authors: Tang Tricia S. , Funnell Martha M. , Anderson Robert M. 
Published: September 2006

In BriefEmpowerment-based diabetes group education emphasizes strategies that are patient centered, problem based, culturally relevant, integrative, and evidence based. These programs and strategies can be conducted across a variety of educational and clinical settings with the goal of responding to the unique diabetes-related needs of each patient.
Patterned Color and Fluorescent Images with Polydiacetylene Supramolecules Embedded in Poly(vinyl alcohol) Films
Authors: Kim J.‐M. , Lee Y. B. , Chae S. K. , Ahn D. J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films embedded with functional polydiacetylene (PDA) are efficiently prepared for color and fluorescence imaging. Intensely blue films are obtained by mixing and drying solutions containing PDA vesicles and PVA. A blue‐to‐red color transition is observed upon heating the polymer films. In addition, selective UV irradiation (through a photomask) of PVA films containing diacetylene monomer results in the generation of micropatterned color (without heating) and both color and fluorescent images (after heating the films at 120 °C for 10 s). Patterned two‐color (blue and red) images in the polymer film are readily obtained by a sequential process of photomasked irradiation, heating, and unmasked irradiation.
Physical fitness indices and anthropometrics profiles in schoolchildren with sickle cell trait/disease
Authors: Moheeb Hisham , Wali Yasser A. , El‐Sayed Mahmoud S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe current studies aimed at determining physical fitness indices and anthropometrics profiles of school children with sickle cell trait (SCT) and sickle cell disease (SCD). Male school children (150) comprising 3 Groups participated in the studies. Group 1 has 50 normal healthy controls, while Groups 2 and 3 each has 50 children who were suffering from SCT and SCD, respectively. Anthropometrics measurement and parameters of physical fitness were assessed in all subjects. All children were also subjected to a 5‐min running exercise test on a flat motorized treadmill at speed corresponding to 5 km/hr. Throughout the test, heart rate was monitored and recoded during exercise and for 10‐min during recovery. Blood lactate was measured before and 5 min following the completion of test. The mean values of lean body mass and height were lower in the SCD children (P < 0.05) compared with the healthy subjects and SCT individuals. Children with SCD exhibited a higher mean value (P < 0.05) for percent body fat and fat mass than the normal healthy subjects and SCT individuals. Although all groups tolerated well the treadmill exercise protocol, the SCD group exhibited higher (P < 0.05) mean values of heart rate during exercise than those observed in the SCT and normal control children. In addition, SCD children showed higher serum lactate values before and after treadmill exercise compared to the other groups. Children with SCD exhibit high level of adiposity; low level of fitness and their exercise performance appears to be physiologically more stressful as indicated by heart rate and blood lactate concentration responses. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the Unpredictability of Odor
Authors: Sell C. S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe relationship between molecular structure and odor has fascinated and puzzled chemists for more than a century. Despite a great deal of research on structure–odor relationships, prediction of the odor of a novel molecule remains a statistical exercise and models only provide a probability of the character, threshold, and intensity. Surprises are still commonplace, and serendipity continues to be an important factor in the discovery of novel fragrant molecules. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of olfaction provide an explanation for this and suggest that our ability to predict odor properties of molecules will not improve significantly in the near future.
A sidelong look at storm tracks
Authors: James I. N. , Burkhardt Ulrike 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe three‐dimensional structure of time‐mean eddy statistics and the time evolution of longitude‐height sections suggest that the storm tracks form a single structure in the upper troposphere and indicate that eddies regularly propagate from the Pacific to the Atlantic. The model of storm tracks as independent meta‐systems is inadequate. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Algen unter Strom: Das Experiment
Authors: Lühring Hinrich 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDie Methode der lokalen ‘Anästhetisierung’ eines definierten Abschnitts einer riesigen Internodialzelle von Characeen ist geeignet, sich im Schulunterricht auch experimentell der Membranphysiologie anzunehmen. Characeen sind robuste Systeme, die leicht in einfach herzustellenden Lösungen akklimatisieren. Experimente zu den meisten Fragestellungen wie Membranspannung und ‐widerstand, Erregbarkeit, elektrogene Ionenpumpen oder Cotransportsysteme etc. können innerhalb von 45 Minuten mit geringer Vorbereitung durchgeführt werden.
Proteinspleißen: Inteine – die “Introns” der Proteine und ihre biotechnologische Anwendung
Authors: Elleuche Skander , Pöggeler Stefanie 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEin Intein ist eine Sequenz, die sich posttranslational und autokatalytisch aus einem Vorläuferprotein herausgespleißt. Inteine kommen in allen drei Bereichen des Lebens (Prokaryoten, Eukaryoten, Archaea) vor und werden auch als “Proteinintrons” bezeichnet. Im Gegensatz zu Introns, bei denen die Spleißreaktion auf RNA‐Ebene stattfindet, schneiden sich Inteine aus Proteinen heraus und verknüpfen die flankierenden Proteinbereiche (Exteine) über eine neue Peptidbindung. Viele Inteine besitzen außerdem noch eine Endonuklease, die sie nutzen, um sich durch horizontalen Gentransfer zu verbreiten. Das Intein‐Spleißen kann an verschiedenen Reaktionsschritten beeinflusst und reguliert werden. Dies macht Inteine zu einem vielseitig einsetzbaren Werkzeug in der molekularen Biotechnologie und ermöglicht die Zusammensetzung verschiedener Proteinfragmente in vitro.
Das gläserne Insekt: Einblick in die inneren Organe von Arthropoden
Authors: Kühmstedt Joachim , Melzer Roland R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDie durchsichtigen Larven der Büschelmücke (Chaoborus crystallinus) eignen sich hervorragend, um im Biologieunterricht einen Blick auf die inneren Organe von Insekten zu werfen. Strickleiternervensystem und Gastransport, aber auch ethische Fragestellungen zum Umgang mit Versuchstieren lassen sich beispielsweise anhand des “gläsernen Insektes” diskutieren. Ein Arbeitsblatt zum Download bietet eine praktische Anregung für den Unterricht.
Was ist ein Gen?
Authors: Kronberg Inge 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDer Begriff “Gen” hat eine wechselvolle Geschichte: Nach klassischer Vorstellung handelt es sich um eine Vererbungseinheit, über die Anlagen für ein Merkmal von einer Generation an die nächste weitergegeben werden. Molekularbiologische Erkenntnisse verknüpfen das Gen mit der Codierung von Proteinen. Ein Gen ist demnach der Abschnitt eines DNAMoleküls, der für ein RNA‐Molekül codiert. Die RNA schreibt die in der DNA‐Basensequenz verschlüsselte genetische Information ab und bringt sie an die Stätten der Proteinsynthese. Dieses relativ einfache Bild eines Gens hat viel von der tatsächlichen Komplexität verhüllt und musste in den vergangenen Jahren zunehmend abgewandelt werden.
Genetik der Alkoholabhängigkeit
Authors: Treutlein Jens , Schumann Gunter 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDass Menschen unterschiedliche Alkoholtrinkgewohnheiten haben, ist in den Genen verankert. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes im Nationalen Genomforschungsnetz (NGFN) entdeckten Forscher zwei Varianten im Gen CRHR1, die einen Einfluss darauf haben, ob man es bei mäßigem Alkoholkonsum belässt oder nicht. Betroffene trinken nicht häufiger als andere, dafür aber bei jedem Anlass im Schnitt wesentlich mehr.
Zugvögel: Kompass im Kopf
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm 
Published: September 2006

AbstractZugvögel navigieren nach dem Stand der Sonne, den Sternen und dem Erdmagnetfeld. Ein Forscherteam am Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften der Universität Oldenburg ist der Lokalisierung des rätselhaften Magnetsinns nun ein gutes Stück näher gekommen.
Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer
Authors: Bujko K , Nowacki M P , Nasierowska-Guttmejer A , Michalski W , Bebenek M , Kryj M 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy does not alter anal sphincter preservation or postoperative complications compared with short-course radiotherapy alone in patients with clinical stage T3 or T4 resectable rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to compare survival, local control and late toxicity in the two treatment groups.

Methods
The study randomized 312 patients to receive either preoperative irradiation (25 Gy in five fractions of 5 Gy) and surgery within 7 days or chemoradiation (50·4 Gy in 28 fractions of 1·8 Gy, bolus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin) and surgery 4–6 weeks later. The median follow-up of living patients was 48 (range 31–69) months.

Results
Early radiation toxicity was higher in the chemoradiation group (18·2 versus 3·2 per cent; P &lt; 0·001). The actuarial 4-year overall survival was 67·2 per cent in the short-course group and 66·2 per cent in the chemoradiation group (P = 0·960). Disease-free survival was 58·4 versus 55·6 per cent (P = 0·820), crude incidence of local recurrence was 9·0 versus 14·2 per cent (P = 0·170) and severe late toxicity was 10·1 versus 7·1 per cent (P = 0·360) respectively.

Conclusion
Neoadjuvant chemoradiation did not increase survival, local control or late toxicity compared with short-course radiotherapy alone.
A Ring‐Fusion/Ring‐Fission Mechanism for the Metathesis Reaction of Macrocyclic Formaldehyde Acetals
Authors: Cacciapaglia Roberta , Di Stefano Stefano , Mandolini Luigi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractImportant insight has been obtained into the mechanism of the reversible acid‐catalysed transacetalation of cyclophane formaldehyde acetals (formals) Ci in CDCl3, at 25 °C. The order of appearance of the lowest oligomers in the early stages of the equilibration reaction is fully consistent with ring‐fusion/ring‐fission processes in which oxonium ion intermediates undergo SN2 reactions, according to an acid‐catalysed bimolecular (A2) mechanism. The alternative acid‐catalysed monomolecular (A1) reaction path, based on “back‐biting” processes of carbenium ions generated by SN1‐type cleavage of oxonium ion intermediates, predicts sequences that are in marked contrast with experimental findings.
A new approach to study fibroblast migration
Authors: Thampatty Bhavani P. , Wang James H.‐C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a new approach to study cell migration. Human tendon fibroblasts were plated on silicone membranes coated with 10 μg/ml ProNectin‐F. The silicone surfaces were micro‐fabricated with parallel microgrooves, with 10 μm ridge and groove width, and 3 μm groove depth. Fibroblasts grown in the microgrooves had an elongated shape and oriented along the microgroove direction. They also moved along the same direction instead of “random walk” when cells migrate on smooth culture surfaces. In response to TGF‐β1 (5 ng/ml) treatment, these fibroblasts on the microgrooved surfaces were differentiated into myofibroblasts, as judged by an elevated expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), a specific marker for myofibroblasts. Moreover, these myofibroblasts were found to be ∼30% less motile compared to that of untreated fibroblasts. Thus, use of microgrooved surface may be an effective approach to detect difference in cell motility because cell migration on the microgrooved surface is one dimensional and hence easier to be quantified than two‐dimensional random movement on conventional smooth culture surfaces. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An efficient Green's function for acoustic waveguide problems
Authors: Santiago J. A. F. , Wrobel L. C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEfficient implementations of the boundary element method for underwater acoustics should employ Green's functions which directly satisfy the boundary conditions on the free surface and the horizontal parts of the bottom boundary. In the present work, these Green's functions are constructed by using either eigenfunction expansions or Ewald's method. This method is discussed in detail, including an attempt to optimize the value of the parameter b, which splits the integral employed in Ewald's representation.A numerical analysis of the infinite series used in the two‐dimensional acoustic waveguide problem is described, considering the following simplifications: the source of acoustic disturbance is time‐harmonic, the velocity of sound is constant and the medium in the absence of perturbations is quiescent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell death and thymic export during fetal life
Authors: Holder Joanne E. , Washington Elizabeth A. , Cunningham Craig P. , Cahill Ross N. P. , Kimpton Wayne G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn the fetus the peripheral T cell pool expands as the fetus grows, but the mechanisms that regulate T cell homeostasis during fetal life are unknown. Here, we show that the peripheral T cell pool in the sheep fetus is established by the export from the fetal thymus of twice as many CD8+ as CD4+ thymic emigrants every day. Clonal deletion of CD4+ thymocytes in the fetal thymus appeared to be more stringent than was the case for CD8+ thymocytes because only 1 in 35 single‐positive CD4 (SPCD4) thymocytes was exported from the thymus whereas the majority (2/3) of the single‐positive CD8 (SPCD8) thymocytes were exported from the fetal thymus each day. Furthermore, within the thymus, the number of apoptotic SPCD4 thymocytes was 40 times greater than the number of apoptotic SPCD8 thymocytes. A tissue‐specific migration of CD8+ emigrants localizing in the spleen was also established in the fetus in contrast to CD4+ emigrants, which migrated randomly to spleen and LN.
Pentagons and cycle coverings
Authors: Wang Hong 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLet G be a graph of order n ≥ 5k + 2, where k is a positive integer. Suppose that the minimum degree of G is at least ⌈(n + k)/2⌉. We show that G contains k pentagons and a path such that they are vertex‐disjoint and cover all the vertices of G. Moreover, if n ≥ 5k + 7, then G contains k + 1 vertex‐disjoint cycles covering all the vertices of G such that k of them are pentagons. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 54: 194–208, 2007
A bound on the chromatic number using the longest odd cycle length
Authors: Kenkre Sreyash , Vishwanathan Sundar 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLet G be a non‐bipartite graph with ℓ as the length of the longest odd cycle. Erdös and Hajnal proved that χ(G) ≤ ℓ + 1. We show that the only graphs for which this is tight are those that contain Kℓ + 1 and further, if G does not contain Kℓ then χ(G) ≤ ℓ −1. We then extend these results and show that if we exclude a large clique, we can prove better bounds for χ(G) as a function of ℓ. Specifically, we show that if ω(G) ≤ ⌈ℓ(1 − ϵ)⌉ for ϵ ≤ 4/15, then χ(G) ≤ ⌈ℓ(1 − ϵ/2)⌉. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 54: 267–276, 2007
Collision‐induced fragmentation pathways including odd‐electron ion formation from desorption electrospray ionisation generated protonated and deprotonated drugs derived from tandem accurate mass spectrometry
Authors: Williams Jonathan P. , Nibbering Nico M. M. , Green Brian N. , Patel Vibhuti J. , Scrivens James H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe rapid desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) of some small molecules and their fragmentation using a triple‐quadrupole and a hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (Q‐ToF) have been investigated. Various scanning modes have been employed using the triple‐quadrupole instrument to elucidate fragmentation pathways for the product ions observed in the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) spectra. Together with accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) measurements performed on the hybrid Q‐ToF mass spectrometer, unequivocal product ion identification and fragmentation pathways were determined for deprotonated metoclopramide and protonated aspirin, caffeine and nicotine. Ion structures and fragmentation pathway mechanisms have been proposed and compared with previously published data. The necessity for elevated resolution for the differentiation of isobaric ions are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.