bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phototropic Leaflet Reorientation in Alfalfa Germplasm Selected for Leaf Color and Size
Authors: Travis R. L. , Reed R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSolar tracking has been described in several agronomic and wild species, yet variation within a given species has not been reported. To address that issue, photoperiod leaflet reorientation in response to vectorial light was measured in three alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) germplasm pools selected from the cultivar Ladak 65. Dark‐leaf germplasm responded to all photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) (100 to 700 μmol/m2/s) with no detectable lag period. Following a 24‐h dark treatment only high PPFD (600 to 700μmol/m2/s) elicited reorientation. Pale‐leaf germplasm responded to intermediate (300 to 400 μmol/m2/s) and high PPFD in a similar manner; however, the low (100‐125μmol/m2/s) PPFD treatment had little effect on reorientation. The 24‐h dark treatment decreased reorientation at all PPFD. Small‐leaf germplasm responded equally to all PPFD and was not affected by the 24‐h dark treatment. The results suggest that available energy levels may influence the reorientation response. Carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone, an inhibitor of photophosphorylation, and 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea, an inhibitor of non‐cyclic photosynthetic electron transport, reduced reorientation only in the pale‐leaf type. These results suggest that stored energy reserves were adequate to maintain leaflet reorientation in the absence of photosynthesis in all but the pale‐leaf germplasm. In that germplasm photosynthetically generated energy may be required to support reorientation.
Effect of Thermal Energy Intensity on Time and Rate of Nitrogen Accumulation by Maize (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Olness A. , Benoit G. R. , van Sickle K. , Rinke Jana 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of thermal energy intensity (TEI) on the rate of nitrogen (N) accumulation by maize from a Hamerly clay loam soil (Aerie Calciaquoll) was examined with and without supplemental irrigation. Soil‐ and air‐TEI expressed as cumulative growing degree days (GDD) was determined from hourly temperature measurements taken within each plot at soil depths of 0.05‐, 0.15‐, and 0.3‐m and at a height of 1.2‐m above ground surface. A daily mean TEI (GDD per day) was calculated for each growth period. Estimates of time coefficient(s), k, in uni‐ and diphasic tanhfk(time)] functions, plotted against mean TEI for the periods; 1) planting to emergence, 2) emergence to eighth leaf, 3) eighth leaf to time(s) of maximum N accumulation rate, (t0), 4) planting to t0, 5) emergence to t0, 6) first diphasic maximum accumulation rate (t01) to 50 % silking, and 7) silking to second diphasic maximum accumulation rate t02 showed several linear relationships. Uniphasic time coefficients were modelled as functions of air‐TEI. The first diphasic time coefficient, k, was modelled as a function of pre‐ and post‐emergent soil‐TEI. Attempts to model k2, the second time coefficient of the diphasic model were unsuccessful; however, this time coefficient was linearly related to TEI for the growth period ‘t01 to 50 % silking’ and curvilinearly related to k1.ZusammenfassungDer Einfluß thermaler Energieintensität auf Zeit und Rate der Stickstoffakkumulation bei Mais (Zea mays L.)Der Einfluß der thermalen Energieintensität (TEI) auf die Rate der Stickstoffakkumulation (N) bei Mais auf einem Hamerly ton‐lehmigen Boden (aerie calciaquoll) wurde mit und ohne zusätzliche Bewässerung untersucht. Boden‐und Luft‐TEI, ausgedrückt als kumulative Wachstumstage (GDD), wurden aus stündli‐chen Temperaturmessungen, die innerhalb der Parzellen in Bodentiefen von 0,05, 0,15 und 0,3 m und in Höhen von 1,2 m über dem Grund ermittelt wurden, bestimmt. Eine tägli‐che mittlere TEI (GDD/Tag) wurde für jede Wachstumsperiode kalkuliert. Die Ermittlungen der Zeitkoeffizienten, k, in ein‐ und zwei‐phasigen tanh[k(Zeit)]‐Funktionen wurden ge‐gen die mittlere TEI für die Perioden aufgetra‐gen; 1) Pflanzzeit bis Auflaufen, 2) Auflaufen bis 8‐Blattstadium, 3) 8‐Blattstadium bis zum Zeitpunkt der Maximal‐N‐Akkumulationsrate (t0), 4) Pflanzzeit bis t0, 5) Auflaufen bis t0, 6) erste zweiphasige Maximalakkumulationsrate (t01) bis 50 % Seidenauswurf und 7) Seidenaus‐wurf bis zur zweiten diphasischen Maximum‐akkumulationsrate t02 zeigten zahlreiche linea‐re Beziehungen. Die einphasigen Zeitkoeffizienten wurden als Modelle der Funktionen der Luft‐TEI dargestellt. Der erste zweiphasige Zeitkoeffizient, k1; wurde als Funktion der Vor‐ und Nachauflaufphase der Boden‐TEI behandelt. Versuche Modelle k2, der zweite Zeitkoeffizient für das diphasische Modell, waren nicht erfolgreich; allerdings war der Zeitkoeffizient linear bezogen auf TEI für die Wachstumsperiode t01 bis 50 % Seidenauswurf und kurvenlinear bezogen zu k1.
Variability and Correlations in Grain Sorghum Genotypes (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) Under Drought Conditions at Different Stages of Growth
Authors: Bakheit Bahy R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwenty‐two genotypes of grain sorghum were grown under drought conditions by omitting one irrigation during stages of before flowering period, kernel filling period, and physiological maturity period at Assiut Univ. Farm in 1987 and 1988 seasons. The results obtained revealed that considerable variation existed among genotypes for all the studied traits. The most effective moisture stress treatment in reducing grain yield, panicle weight and plant height was during flowering stage. While 1000‐kernel weight was much affected by moisture stress during grain filling period. The genotype X year interaction (o/y) was large compared to genotype X irrigation treatment (O2g) indicated that genotypes responded differently when they were grown from year to year. The genotypic variance (O2g) for all traits were large reflecting the importance of genetic variability. Both phenotypic and genotypic correlations among traits showed that plant height and 1000‐kernel weight were highly correlated with grain yield, while leaf area index was low associated with plant height.Zusammenfassung Variabilitat und Korrelationen bei Korn‐sorghum‐Genotypen (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) unter Durrebedingungen zu ver‐schiedenen Wachstumsstadien 22 Genotypen von Kornsorghum wurden unter Dürrebedingungen angezogen, indem eine Bewässerung vor der Blühperiode, wahrend der Füllungsperiode und der physiologischen Reife nicht angewendet wurde (Standort: As‐siut University Farm in den Jahren 1987 und 1988). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß eine erhebli‐che Variation zwischen den Genotypen für alle untersuchten Eigenschaften vorliegt. Der am stärksten ‐wirksame Wasserstreß trat während der Blühphase auf und reduzierte den Korner‐trag, das Rispengewicht und die Pflanzenhöhe. Das Tausendkorngewicht wurde stark durch Feuchtigkeitsstreß während der Kornfüllungs‐phase beeinträchtigt. Die Genotyp X Jahr‐Interaktion (o2gy) war im Vergleich zur Genotyp X Bewässerungsbehandlung (o2gy) hoch, was auf die unterschiedlichen Reaktionen der Genotypen zwischen den Jahren hinweist. Die genotypische Varianz (o2gy) war in alien Eigenschaften ausgeprägt, was auf eine erhebliche Bedeutung der genetischen Variabilität hinweist. Phänotypische und genotypische Korrelationen zwischen den Eigenschaften zeigten, daß die Pflanzenhöhe und das Tausendkorngewicht straff mit dem Kornertrag korreliert wa‐ren, während der Blattflächenindex nur lose mit der Pflanzenhöhe in Beziehung stand.
Influence of Seasonality on Certain Leaf Characteristics in Rice Cultivars
Authors: Mohandass S. , Natarajaratnam N. , Moosa Sheriff M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHigher growth and grain yield in rice was obtained in February planting as compared to July and October plantings. This was achieved through favourable leaf characteristics. In all the three plantings, leaf number monitored the leaf area rather than ILS which showed minimal alterations by the seasonality. There was a considerable variation in the attainment of critical leaf area index (LAI) among cultivars in different seasons. Thus, attainment of critical LAI would be necessary to influence the sink strength positively.
Nitrogen Transportation in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Plant during Flowering and Early Siliqua Developing
Authors: Zhang Q. Z. , Kullmann A. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNitrogen transportation from different organs was investigated by labelling pods, leaves and internodes of upper stem with 15N‐urea during flowering. Labelled plants were harvested one month after flowering and determined the amount of 15N in relative parts. The results of the experiment show the directions of 15N applied in different organs during flowering. Transportation of 15N applied in pods of lower terminal of the main stem and first branch was mainly directed to seeds inside the labelled pods, about 17 % of 15N entered into seeds 7 days after last labelling, a little transportation each other between the branch and terminal was found, more than 80 % of 15N applied on leaves during flowering was transported out of the leaves after flowering, 35 % and 67.93 % on average was translocated in pods for early and late flowering, respectively, while 55.97 % of 15N applied on surface of internodes of upper stem below terminal was found in pods. It was corroborated that nitrogen transportation also occurs within pods by labelling different parts of pods, much greater amount of nitrogen was transported from lower part to upper part of pods than those in opposite direction.
Standorterhebungen zur Stickstoffdynamik nach Anbau von Körnerleguminosen
Authors: Maidl F. X. , Suckert J. , Und R. Funk , Fischbeck G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField studies on nitrogen dynamics after cultivation of grain legumes Field trials were conducted in order to study the nitrogen dynamics in soil after cultivation of grain legumes and to investigate the possibility of reduction of nitrate leaching due to catch crops or suitable following crops. Accordingly, in 1989/90 soil samples were taken on 12 farms at depths of 0–80 cm in 4 week intervals and analysed for NO3‐N. Furthermore, Brassica napus and Sinapis alba were sown after grain legumes on two farms, and at the experimental station Roggenstein field trials were carried out with different catch crops (Sinapis alba, Raphanus sativus, Lolium multiflorum and Pisum sativum) after grain peas.Considerable amounts of nitrogen (100–150 kg N/ha) in the form of crop residues (straw and grains) were left on the fields cultivated with grain legumes. After harvesting, nitrate content in the soil layer 0–80 cm was on grain legume fields almost twice as high as on fields cultivated with winter wheat. During autumn, the soil nitrate contents increased remarkably. In the soil layer 0–80 cm the maximum values rose to 140 kg N/ha after peas, to 120 kg N/ha after faba beans and only to 65 kg N/ha after winter wheat. The more intensive N‐mineralization after peas compared to faba beans is due to a lower C/N‐ratio of crop residues and an earlier harvest time of 2‐3 weeks of peas.In winter extremely high N‐leaching was measured on fallow land after cultivation of grain legumes. Cultivation of catch crops makes it possible to retain up to 110 kg N/ha in plant material. Raphanus sativus and Sinapis alba are most suitable for this purpose due to their high N‐uptake even when they are sown late. Ploughing up catch crops in autumn results in a fast mineralization of their immobilized nitrogen. This implies the risk of N‐leaching into deeper soil layers during winter, depending on the amount of rainfall and water capacity of the soil. Particularly on soils with low water capacity, early N‐mineralization needs to be prevented by cultivating catch crops which freeze off or survive in winter. Cultivation of Brassica napus (winter form) after grain legumes leads to an extensive uptake of soil nitrate before the beginning of the seepage period, and therefore almost excludes enhanced N‐leaching.
Differential Response to Al‐Toxicity of Two Populations of Avena sterilis L.
Authors: Zavas T. , Symeonidis L. , Karataglis S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNegative correlation between Al concentrations and root and shoot growth was detected in two populations of Avena sterilis L. investigated [one from a bauxite area (1) and the other (2) from a pasture area]. Al solubility and Al content of plant tissue depend on pH levels of nutrient solution. Population‐1 although in all treatments contained greater amounts of Al in its roots, was grown better than population‐2, suggesting that population‐1 is more tolerant than population‐2. Al content of shoot and root of both populations was greater at pH 10.0 than at pH 4.5, a fact that may indicate that Al ions in alkaline medium are preferentially absorbed than Al ions in acid medium. The better growth of both populations observed in all Al concentrations at pH 10.0, where Al content of plant tissues was greater, may indicate that Al forms predominant in acid nutrient medium are more harmful than Al forms in alkaline nutrient medium.
Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Standort, Saatstärke, N‐Düngung, Sorte und Erntezeitpunkt auf den Ertrag und die Inhaltsstoffe von Zuckerhirse
Authors: Leible L. , Kahnt G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Investigations into the effect of location, planting density, N‐fertilization, variety and harvest date on yield and contents of sweet sorghum Looking for high yielding plant species as renewable resources, sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) seems to be an interesting crop.In field trials at three locations in the south‐west of Germany in 1983 and 1984 should be investigated the effect of N‐fertilization, planting density, variety and harvest date on yield, different morphological characteristics and contents of sweet sorghum.The results indicate that yields of 15‐20 t DM/ha are only feasible when the given temperature sum is higher than 2000 °C (> 5°C). The maximum yield of 22.7 t DM/ha resp. 6.5 t/ha “Free Fermentable Sugar” (FFZ) was realized when a sufficient water supply and N‐fertilization had been guaranteed.The different possibilities of utilization of sweet sorghum e.g. as sugar crop, agricultural raw material for combustion or as forage crop urge the plant breeder to intensify the breeding efforts adapting this crop at the climatic conditions of Germany.
Relationships between Leaf Water Potential, Canopy Temperature and Transpiration in Irrigated and Nonirrigated Wheat
Authors: Kumar Alok , Tripathi R. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResearch is needed to characterize the crop response to soil water deficit through plant parameters. Leaf water potential (LWP), canopy temperature (CT) and transpiration rate (TR) served as indicators of stress and were measured using a pressure chamber, infrared thermometer and porometer, respectively, in irrigated and nonirrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on Haldi loam soil. Nonirrigated wheat had consistently higher CT and, lower LWP and TR during the day. As drought intensified, differences between irrigated and nonirrigated wheat became large and the maximum differences in CT, LWP and TR occurred at 14.00 h where they equalled 3.8 °C, 9 bar and 7.6 μg cm−2: sec−1, respectively, on 109 days after sowing (DAS). In nonirrigated wheat LWP declined at a faster rate until the peak stress period (14.00 h) approached and recovered slowly in the later afternoon and TR increased slowly in the forenoon and declined rapidly in the afternoon as compared with irrigated wheat. Canopy temperature (CT) of nonirrigated plants increased earlier during forenoon and remained higher later in the afternoon than CT of irrigated plants. At a same TR, lower values of LWP and higher values of CT were observed in the afternoon than in the forenoon due to which the phenomenon of hysteresis exhibited. The degree of hysteresis increased with increasing plant water deficit and crop age.
Germplasm Evaluation of Annual Sown Forage Legumes under Environmental Conditions Marginal for Crop Growth in the Highlands of West Asia
Authors: Keatinge J. D. H. , Ali Asghar , Roidar Khan B. , Abd El Moneim A. M. , Ahmad S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the very large areas of arid highlands in West Asia, of which land over 1000 m in Balochistan is typical, as a result of rapidly increasing numbers of small ruminants and subsequent overgrazing of natural rangelands, severe shortages in animal feed are being experienced. To address this problem the And Zone Research Institute (AZRI) have been evaluating annual forage legume germplasm for adaptability to the harsh climatic conditions of highland Balochistan. Due to the marginality of the environment for sustained crop production an unconventional germplasm evaluation strategy has been adopted which emphasizes the introduction of landraces, particularly of the genus Vicia. The substantial risk of crop failure from either cold or drought, in any year, makes continuity of seed supply of selected lines a major problem. Support from ICARDA in Syria for re‐supply of seed is a major advantage to the AZRI program.In the last three years some tangible progress has been made in selection. V. villosa ssp. dasycarpa Ace. 683 has with autumn sowing shown sufficient cold tolerance and is highly productive in wet years. V. ervilia Ace. 2542 has shown some potential for drought tolerance which could be exploited for spring sowing.
Effect of Water Stress on Yield Components in Guar
Authors: Stafford R. E. , McMichael B. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study was undertaken to measure the effect of water stress on yield and yield components in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [L.] Taub.) grown under water‐stressed and water‐optimal field conditions. Fifteen guar germplasms were grown in irrigated and dryland tests at Lubbock, TX on an Amarillo loam (fine‐loamy, mixed thermic Aridic Paleustoll). Plants in each germplasm were hand harvested at maturity and data recorded for number of racemes/plant, pods/plant, seeds/pod, weight/100 seeds and g/seed/plant. We found differences among germplasms for yield components under both dryland and irrigated conditions. Germ‐plasms responded statistically the same in both moisture levels. Among three pre‐selected cultivars, water use efficiency did not differ statistically. Our analyses indicated that the component of yield most affected by water stress was number of pods/plant. Seed weight, seeds/pod, and racemes/plant each had progressively smaller effects on seed yield.
Plant Leaf Area Measurements by Personal Computers
Authors: Fladung M. , Ritter E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe introduce a method to measure leaf area from plant leaves using a personal computer, and a handy scanner with corresponding software. Measurement of standard areas revealed a very high correlation (r = 0.999) between the number of measured pixel (1540 pixel/cm2) and the tested areas. Comparisons of scanner derived measurements with those from a standard area meter instrument revealed a high correlation (r = 0.998). Our method is a cheap and efficient alternative to the conventional area meters and can also replace more laborious ‘home‐made’ methods of measuring plant leaf areas.
Korrelation zwischen Lysin‐, Tryptophan‐ und Prolamingehalt während der Reifung des Maiskornes
Authors: Horvatic M. , Balint L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Correlation between lysine, tryptophan and prolamine contents during maturation of the maize kernel Changes in the contents of total nitrogen, prolamine, tryptophan and protein bound lysine, and the relative nutritive quality of proteins were studied during the maturation of three normal maize varieties, grown under the same topographical and agrotechnical conditions, in two successive crop years.Total nitrogen was determined according to Kjeldahl's method, prolamine by the turbidity test, lysine by Carpenter's method and tryptophan was assessed fluorometrically.A significant decrease (p = 0.01) in total nitrogen, tryptophan and bound lysine content in the dry grain matter was found in the late milk and early dough ripeness stages of the maize kernel. Parallel with the decrease in these components, the relative nutritive quality of proteins also decreased during maturation. Prolamine, which was present in the early milk stage in low quantities, increased significantly (p = 0.01) with kernel maturity, reaching the highest level in the early dough ripeness stage. During further kernel maturation no significant changes in the components studied were observed. The correlation coefficients between the contents of prolamine and total nitrogen, lysine and tryptophan, during the ripening of maize kernel were highly significant (p = 0.001): ‐0.891, ‐0.938, ‐0.856, respectively in the first crop year and –0.844, ‐0.833, ‐0.867, respectively in the second crop year.
High Phytomass Producing Oats for Cultivation in Northern Growing Conditions
Authors: Peltonen‐Sainjo P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIt has been argued that the breeding of cultivars with higher weight per panicle but constant phytomass (i.e., improved harvest index) is unlikely to improve grain yield of cereals in the future. To examine this question in oats, this study observed relationships between above‐ground phytomass production and grain yield as well as 18 morphological and physiological traits representing maturity class and architecture of oat stand. The study was conducted in two dissimilar growing seasons. Material consisted of 29 Finnish and Scandinavian oat cultivars and breeding lines. Correlations between phytomass and other traits were evaluated by linear regression analysis. The study revealed that there has already been a trend toward improving the above‐ground phytomass production in cereal breeding in Finland. The phytomass elevation can be attributed to both higher panicle weight as well as increased above‐ground vegetative phytomass. Thus, improved grain yield of oats is not merely a consequence of increased harvest index, as is often mentioned, but is also a result of higher phytomass as such. The weight of the above‐ground phytomass did not correlate with undesirable traits such as plant height or susceptibility to lodging, but it did have a positive relationship with days to yellow ripening. The applicability of phytomass weight in indirect yield breeding of oats in the northern growing conditions is discussed.
Conversion of SO2−4‐S and Changes in Glucosinolate Content in Leaves of Rape Seedlings Transplanted
Authors: Qinzheng Zhang , Xiafua Lan , Haifu Xi , Xuequn Zhu , Yinhua Liu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe conversion of SO2‐4 ‐S and changes in content of S in various constituents in leaves of rape seedlings transplanted were investigated by using (NH4)235SO4 as a tracer to exploit formation and accumulation of glucosinolates in oilseed rape. Seedlings grown under sandy culture absorbed 35SO2‐4 which was added to the cultural solution and incorporated into amino acids, glucosinolates and proteins rapidly. Distribution of extractable 35S with 70 % methanol in glucosinolates in leaves declined with time from labelling, while those in amino acids rised correspondingly. Per cents of 35S incorporated into bound form in total 35S increased linearly and those of 35S into glucosinolates and amino acids decreased with time within five days from labelling. After that the relative amounts of 3SS in three constituents was basically constant. Content on dry weight basis of labelled glucosinolates and amino acids expressed as μmol S/g.d.w. increased linearly with time from labelling with absorption of 35SO2‐4from soil by the seedlings under soil culture. Compared with seedlings grown under sandy culture, more 35S was incorporated into glucosinolates in leaves of seedlings grown under soil culture.