bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catholicism and Nationalism in Latin America
Authors: Turner Frederick C. 
Published: March 2007

Dans l'Amérique latine contemporaine, le catholicisme et le nationalisme semblent être en corrélation étroite et positive. Dans les pays où l'édification et l'intégration nationale sont les plus avancées, la force institutionnelle de l'Eglise est aussi à son point maximum. Une corrélation statistique a été établie dans les différentes républiques latino-américaines entre la typologie du nationalisme construite par K.H. Silvert et la proportion de prêtres par habitants. On a obtenu un coeffi cient de corrélation .554, avec un niveau de signification de .05. Cette information statistique vient appuyer ce que l'on sait sur l'interprétation que donnent du nationalisme, à travers leurs interviews et leurs déclarations, les ecclésiastiques latino américains. Les interviews et les lettres pastorales montrent que les autorités religieuses reconnaissent la force du natio nalisme et que, si certains associent les appels nationalistes à des invitations aux réformes, d'autres rejettent tout rôle poli tique ou clairement nationaliste de l'Eglise. L'analyse de la répartition du personnel religieux étranger à travers le con tinent montre que l'enracinement du nationalisme n'a qu'une faible incidence sur le nombre de prêtres attribué à chaque pays.
Les rôles religieux dans le contexte multi-racial sud-africain : le profil du ministère dans le calvinisme et le catholicisme
Authors: Higgins Edward , Rousseau André 
Published: March 2007

In the first part of the article the author describes the position of Calvinism and Catholicism in South Africa from the historical, demographic and socio-cultural points of view. Following this there is a report, with comments, on two studies carried out on religious roles in these two Churches. The first of these studies was conducted by C.J. Alant on the role of the pastor in the Dutch Reformed Church (Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk) and the second by J. Kiernan on the Catholic priest. Among the most outstanding aspects of these two studies the author emphasises that in both Churches the roles of religious still are closely linked with their functions relating to the sacraments and worship. He emphasises that, as a result, these role models tend to maintain the status quo ; from the point of view of non-involvement in politics and privatisation of religion the Catholic priest may be able to play a more vital role than the Calvinist pastor.
Loi Rituelle et Structuration de l'Attitude Religieuse chez l'Enfant
Authors: Jaspard Jean-Marie 
Published: March 2007

The author bases himself on a series of previous broader research work, concerning the religious mediations in the world of the 6-to-12-year old child. He takes up once again some of the data which he thinks may help him understand the impact of ritual laws and norms in the structuring of the socialized religious attitude. The results reveal sharp differen ces between boys and girls in the degree of interest in ritual laws as well as in the function allotted to them. The religious attitude tends to be more socialized and ritualized among boys, while it tends to be loosely and subjectively structured among girls. An analysis of how boys and girls approach respectively the Divine makes this clear. Among girls, it discloses a close presence relationship with God that is experienced as being with and, among boys, an identification oriented life relation ship which mediates through necessarily ritualized acts. The stability and the function of the law are obviously correlated with this double perception of the divine and shape the resultant religious attitude. This study among children shows that any socio-cultural structure as the religious rite does not shape some unique attitude automatically, but that it is assimilated by the in dividual according to his desire and deep psychological tendencies.
Social History and Millennial Movements : the Watch Tower in South Central Africa
Authors: Cross Sholto 
Published: March 2007

Durant la période coloniale, le Mouvement de la Tour de Garde s'est adapté de façon remarquable à une grande va riété de contextes sociaux en Afrique centrale. Tout essai d'évaluation sociologique de cette période de l'histoire du continent africain doit nécessairement en tenir compte. La tendance actuelle qui consiste à analyser la participation au Mouvement comme typique de l'imergence d'une religio sité de prolétaires apparait comme contestable à l'Auteur. Cette approche se borne trop exclusivement à prendre en con sidération les revendications de travailleurs migrants sur le continent noir à un stade bien précis de leur prise de conscience sociale et psychologique. Les succès du Mouvement de la Tour de Garde doivent au contraire être expliqués comme ceux d'un culte lié au déracinement de la sorcellerie, aux rébellions millénaristes dans un contexte tribal ou même dans des con textes plus « orthodoxes » proches de la forme « église ». La formation des Etats nationaux en Afrique centrale et les changements politiques qui s'y sont opérés durant la période coloniale doivent aussi être pris en considération. L'Auteur conclut son article en défendant l'idée que les concepts issus de la perspective théorique « pluralisme/masse » se révèlent plus féconds que ceux issus des théories concernant la for mation des classes sociales si l'on veut évaluer la signification historique du Mouvement de la Tour de Garde en Afrique centrale.
The Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Southern Africa
Authors: Jubber Ken 
Published: March 2007

Cet article, qui traite de la persécution des Témoins de Jéhovah dans les pays d'Afrique du Sud, montre que celle-ci est considérable, tant en intensité qu'en fréquence. L'Auteur examine et discute les antécédents historiques expliquant éventuellement les modalités actuelles de ces per sécutions. Mais c'est surtout l'analyse des éléments particuliers de la doctrine et des comportements des Témoins servant à justifier officiellement ces persécutions par les gouvernements d'Afrique du Sud qui retient son attention. Dans le contexte de l'Afrique du Sud contemporaire, la position politiquement neutre des Témoins semble constituer l'élément le plus provocateur. Selon l'Auteur, et compte tenu des développements de la situation en cours dans cette région, il semble probable que la persécution des Témoins de Jéhovah y deviendra encore plus courante et plus intense dans un proche avenir qu'elle ne l'est actuellement.
Le renouveau charismatique au Bresil
Authors: Ribeiro De Oliveira Pedro A. 
Published: March 2007

This article, based upon a survey carried out in Brazil, is a study of the charismatic renewal as it presents itself within Brazilian Catholicism. First of all, it poses the question of the religious status of the members of this movement : the empirical data which have been gathered indicate clearly that the charismatic renewal is not a movement of conversion, but of re ~activation of Ca tholic spirituality. When we approach the problem of the social bases of the Catholic charismatic movement in Brazil, it appears that these bases are composed of the culturally and professionally privi ledged social strata. In this regard, the Charismatic renewal is clearly distinguished from the " popular Catholicism" widely present in the subordinate classes of society. The central theme of the Catholic charismatic renewal is that of liberation in Jesus-Christ. But this liberation is viewed in almost exclusively optimistic and intimistic terms. This corresponds well to the social position of the members of this movement which is composed of people whose basic needs — food, lodging, clothing — are satisfied. Does this necessarily lead to the conclusion that the Catholic charismatic renewal in Brazil is merely a spiritual movement ? This is by no means the case, for its function within Brazilian Catholicism as a whole could well be that of opposition to the liberation movement as it is conceived in basic Church communities. It thus would oppose the religious movement which is developing in a popular milieu and which views the question of the Kingdom of God as a reality which occurs within history, through the struggle against diverse forms of oppression and injustice.
The Social Philosophy of Buddhism and the Problem of Inequality
Authors: Chakravarti Uma 
Published: March 2007

L'auteur de cet article analyse la relation existant entre le Bouddhisme et la société indienne du VIe siècle avant J. C. qui I'a vu apparaître. Cette période fut marquée par le processus de formation de l'Etat basé sur une société rurale en expansion. Un phénomène de profonde stratification engendra l'émergence d'une grande pau vreté des uns face à la prospérité des autres. Les rapports de pro duction (avec leurs inégalités sociales, économiques et hiérarchiques) inhérents à cette nouvelle société se cristallisèrent dans des institutions permanentes. L'Auteur examine la réponse des philosophes de cette période aux problèmes posés par une société en évolution rapide. Il analyse en particulier les principales idées de la philosophie boud dhiste face au problème de l'inégalité. Cette dernière se limita à préconiser une attitude humaine vis-à-vis de ceux se trouvant au bas de l'échelle sociale plutôt qu'elle ne chercha à abolir les insti tutions se trouvant à l'origine de l'inégalité socio-économique.
Liberal Equality and Inherited Wealth
Authors: Levy Michael B. 
Published: March 2007

I am sure there are no men marked of God above another; for none comes into the world with a saddle on his back, neither any booted and spurred to ride him. A Leveller Commonplace, circa 1647 ... the day will come when the individual will no more be permitted to bequeath his property to his descendents even by means of a will thatn he has been permitted (since the French Revolution) to bequeath his offices and his status. Emile Durkheim, 1892 ... despite the ideology of the `open society' and social democratic attacks upon inherited wealth through the imposition of estate and death duties, inheritance remains an important factor in the distribution of control over resources, especially wealth. Roderick Martin, 1977
Children and Young People Living in Changing Worlds
Authors: Cockburn Laura 
Published: March 2007

'What is my identity? Although I was born in Singapore I never once had the opportunity to study in a local school and to mix with local friends. In fact I have had very few local friends because for the past seven years of primary education, I studied in a Japanese school, surrounded only by Japanese people. Naturally my spoken Japanese became slightly better than my English but, despite having a lot of Japanese friends, I still feel closer to Singapore and I'm proud to be a Singaporean. But sometimes I feel that I don't belong here because I don't speak Chinese. At times when I am with my local friends I feel that I'm a bit of a foreigner to them. I don't feel this way (like a foreigner) when I'm with my Japanese friends because I speak fluent Japanese. However, I hardly know much about the Japanese culture, so again sometimes I feel, what's my identity? Japanese? Singaporean?' A 15-year old girl placed in a special school within an international context as a result of her learning difficulties. 'The art of life lies in a constant readjustment to our surroundings'. Okarkura Kazuzo
Economic Democracy and Civil Sociely
Authors: Pusic Vesna 
Published: March 2007

This paper is an attempt to identify and analyse the relevant context of workers' management, the type of environment by which any scheme of democratization of decision-making in industrial organizations stands or falls. This context consists of political and economic democracy. Meeting workers' interests is one of the main goals of industrial democracy, but the concept of interest is also what makes industrial democracy closely related to the democratic political system which uses articulation of collective interests as a strategy for social regulation. I will also analyse social ownership as, in theory, the most democratic scheme of ownership distribution, and the problem of its dual role as a program for social transformation. The mines of Asturia were controlled by a council composed of a director representing the State, certain technicians, a deputy director and secretary chosen by the Asturias mines councillor, and three workers. The director could not act without the workers' agreement, and this administration can be therefore regarded as a unique mixture of nationalization and workers' control. H. Thomas, The Spanish Civil War'
Myth, Legitimation, and Stress in Formal Sport Organizations
Authors: Santomier James 
Published: March 2007

Myths permeate formal sport organizations and are reflected in their practices, pro cedures, techniques, and policies. Institutionalized myths and their relationship to: (1) the legitimation of formal sport organizations; (2) the production of cynical knowledge by members of formal sport organizations; and (3) the reduction of occupational stress among sport professionals were examined. It was concluded that institutionalized myths may serve to legitimatize formal sport organizations, but may also act to constrain organizational and individual behavior. "Like all social institutions, sport has legitimations which justify its ex istence, [and] rules which guide the interaction of individuals holding posi tions within its structure" (Ingham and Loy, 1973:3). These institutionalized rules, which function as potent myths, may have significant effects upon the structure and upon the athletes, coaches, and administrators of formal sport organizations. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship of institutionaliz ed myths to: (1) the legitimation of formal sport organizations; (2) the produc tion of cynical knowledge by members of formal sport organizations; and (3) the reduction of occupational stress among sport professionals.
Athletic Scholarships as Contracts of Employment: the Rensing Decisions and the Future of College Sports
Authors: Porto Brian L. 
Published: March 2007

In 1982 and 1983, the Indiana Court of Appeals and the Indiana Supreme Court, respective ly, reached opposite answers to the question: Is an athletic scholarship an employment contract which entitles an injured athlete to workers' compensation? Both decisions, in Rensing v. Indiana State University, highlight the inability of narrowly drawn judicial rulings to recognize and remedy the most egregious manifestations of professionalism in college athletics. The following article draws two lessons from the limitations of the Rensing decisions. First, judicial involvement is necessary when due process or procedural fairness are implicated, but when the athlete's "conditions of participation" (based upon the scholarship agreement) are at issue, judges must permit educators to make necessary policy choices. Second, the existing system of college athletics is beset by a host of problems which derive from the "employment- like" conditions under which the scholarship athlete lives. Several means of diminishing the resemblance between athletic participation and employment are suggested.
Voluntary Action: a Stalking Horse for the Right?
Authors: Lawrence Roger 
Published: March 2007

Support for voluntary action has become a major part of the Conservative Party's social policy. This article identifies the range of action undertaken in the 'voluntary sector' of the social services. Conservative policy is examined through the statements of leading politicians over recent years. These are related to ideological differences within the Conservative Party and an attempt is made to assess the way in which these policy statements have been reflected in practice. It is suggested that any development of policy in this field will be accompanied by increasing government control over voluntary groups. In addition ways in which the left has responded to the growth of voluntary action are examined and the conclusion highlights the dangers of both the current policy and of some of the left wing reactions to these policies.
ASUWADA PRINCIPLE: AN ANALYSIS OF AKIWOWO'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE FROM AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Makinde M. Akin. 
Published: March 2007

This paper provides an analysis of the asuwada principle as recently discussed in Akiwowo's `Contributions to the Sociology of Knowledge from an African Oral Poetry'. Accepting the concept of asuwada as an innovation and a valuable concept in sociological knowledge, the author gives further interpretations of this concept, which develop into a principle of sociation in the light of Akiwowo's other works. Akiwowo's derivative concepts of ajobi and alajobi are developed into specific social units - the family and society or individuals-writ-large respectively - and are discussed in the context of the asuwada principle and human society. Of particular interest is the breakdown of ajobi (the family) associated with the total breakdown of ties of consanguinity which, the author argues, must also lead to the breakdown of alajobi (society) since both derive their `appeal' from the asuwada principle. And if this is the case, then the very principle of asuwada breaks down, probably owing to the collapse of reason. In this case, the regeneration of society can occur either through a revolution or, better still, by means of ifogbontaayese, a concept which the author sees as providing a sound theoretical background for the unity of knowledge in which intellectuals of all disciplines must join in order that ifogbontaayese may serve as an important antidote against societal problems as well as for the regeneration of modern societies.
THE DECLINING POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCIAL CLASS
Authors: Clark Terry Nichols , Lipset Seymour Martin , Rempel Michael 
Published: March 2007

Social classes have not died, but their political significance has declined substantially; this justifies a shift from class-centred analysis towards multi-causal explanations of political behaviour and related social phenomena. This contribution extends key propositions from Clark and Lipset and adds new empirical evidence to the commentaries by Hout et al. and Pakulski. Four general propositions are stated concerning where and why class is weaker or stronger. The propositions are then applied to several areas, considering how class has weakened in its impact, especially on politics. We cite several writers of Marxist background to show how they have converged with others in interpreting central developments. The paper notes the impact of organisations like parties and unions, independent of classes, in affecting political processes. It points to the rise of the welfare state as generally weakening class conflict by providing a safety-net and benefits. The diversification of the occupational structure toward small firms, high tech and services weakens class organisational potentials. So does more affluence. Political parties have correspondingly shifted from class conflict to non-economic issues like the environment. The Socialist and Communist Parties have drastically altered their programmes in dozens of countries, away from traditional class politics toward new social issues, and often even toward constraining government. New nationalist parties have arisen stressing national identity and limiting immigration. These developments cumulatively weaken class politics.
Politics, Legislatures, and Public Administration
Authors: Cox Raymond W 
Published: March 2007

In 1960, Samuel Huntington noted that governmental decision-making was quite similar in the executive and legislative branches. Huntington went so far as to suggest that the decision process is legislative rather than executive in character. Thus, the governmental executive lives in an environment which is as much "legislative" as "executive." However, by training and professional orientation that official perceives that legislative process as confusing, irrational and contradictory. The result is threefold. First, the role of the legislature in executive activities is downplayed. Second, the political powers of the executive agencies are marshalled to thwart what is regarded as unnecessary and inappropriate intrusion. Third, and most important, the role of agency politics is misunderstood because the administrator's concept of politics is shaped by the caricatures and misleading views developed during the period when the politics-administration dichotomy was the dominant view. Huntington's comments deserve more consideration. This paper suggests a framework by which to yield lessons for practice based upon Huntington's perspective. The legislative process should not be examined because it is different, but precisely because aspects are so similar. Further, in examining the legislative decision process and administration, those who have sought change from the rigid adherence to "bureaucratic norms" should find support for alternative styles. Politics, as played out in the legislative organization, incorporates many of the elements required for successful management. Further, factors not suggested there, such as an altered understanding of communication and the inclusion of multiple perspectives, promote management. Concepts such as consensus, value judgment and expertise carry a different connotation in the legislative arena. By accepting those connotations the executive can begin to recognize the legislative element in his/her decision-making.
An Optical Sensor for Measuring Overall Direction of Action by Using a Projected Image
Authors: Okada Tokuji 
Published: March 2007

The development of an optical sensor for measuring overall direction of action is treated. The measurement principle is based on distortions found in the projected image of a ball moving freely in liquid within a spherical vessel under the in fluence of the acceleration of gravity and motion. The sensor has an opaque ball housed in a bigger, transparent, spherical vessel. The opaque ball is illuminated by light coming from a pinhole, which is located close to a subminature lamp. The light passes through the spherical vessel to a translucent screen placed behind the vessel, and the image silhouetted on the screen is projected through a lens toward an area sensor. This lens is ball shaped so as to reduce the large image from the screen. Digitized signals from the area sensor are transferred into a microcomputer to obtain the farthest and nearest positions of the image from the center of the sensor. Next, the direction of the opaque ball is calculated. The measurement is carried out in a static condition. Thus, the sensor output stands for the direction of the gravitational field. Experimental results are presented to show that the angular errors are within 12° for the overall direction. This sensor can be applied widely to the measuring of angular variations from the direction of the gravitational field.
Award of the Stein Rokkan Prize 1981 to Manfred G. Schmidt
Authors: Schmidt Manfred G. 
Published: March 2007

The Stein Rokkan Prize was set up by the International Social Science Council and the Conjunto Universitario Candido Mendes to honour a seminal work by a young social scientist in comparative social science. The Prize, in the sum of two thousand dollars, was awarded for the first time on 17 November 1981 at a session of the General Assembly of the ISSC to Manfred G. Schmidt, Lecturer in Politics at the University of Konstanz, for his manuscript entitled: “Wohlfahrtstaatliche Politik unter bürgerlichen und sozialdemokratischen Regierungen. Ein internationaler Vergleich”. We are pleased to print the speech he made on receiving the award.