bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fifty‐three polymorphic microsatellite loci in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica
Authors: KUBISIAK T. L. , DUTECH C. , MILGROOM M. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe report on 53 microsatellite loci for use in population genetic or linkage mapping studies in Cryphonectria parasitica. In 40 isolates collected from throughout the Northern Hemisphere, the number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 14 (mean 5.17) with gene diversity values ranging from 0.049 to 0.859 (mean 0.437). Samples from Asia were more diverse than those from Europe and North America. Most of the markers (48 of 53) were developed from an expressed sequence tag library, and hence, offer the opportunity to examine population structure or provide genome location information for specific expressed genes vs. anonymous genomic regions.
Ictal Hyperperfusion Patterns in Relation to Ictal Scalp EEG Patterns in Patients with Unilateral Hippocampal Sclerosis: A SPECT Study
Authors: Kim Ji Hyun , Im Ki Chun , Kim Jae Seung , Lee Sang‐Ahm , Lee Jung Kyo , Khang Shin Kwang , Kang Joong Koo 
Published: November 2006

Summary:  Purpose: The aims of the present study were to explore the relation between ictal scalp EEG patterns and ictal hyperperfusion patterns in patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis–associated mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (HS‐MTLE) by using semiquantitative single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) analysis and to assess clinical significance of ictal hyperperfusion patterns. Methods: We studied retrospectively 39 consecutive patients with surgically proven HS‐MTLE. All had both interictal and ictal SPECTs with the tracer injection during a complex partial seizure (CPS) typical of MTLE semiology. According to initial ictal discharge (IID) frequency on scalp EEG, two lateralizing patterns were identified: (a) a sustained regular 5‐ to 9‐Hz rhythm with a restricted temporal or subtemporal distribution (group 1); and (b) an irregular 2‐ to 5‐Hz rhythm with a widespread distribution (group 2). We performed group analysis by using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) of paired ictal–interictal SPECTs to identify regions of significant ictal hyperperfusion and compared clinical characteristics, tracer‐injection time, semiology, pathologic HS grade, and surgical outcome between two groups. Results: Of the 39 patients, 19 patients (10 males, nine right HS) were designated as group 1, and the remaining 20 patients (eight males, seven right HS), group 2. Group 1 showed hyperperfusion mainly confined to the ipsilateral temporal lobe, whereas group 2 showed widespread hyperperfusion in the extratemporal structures such as ipsilateral basal ganglia, brainstem, and bilateral thalamus, in addition to the ipsilateral temporal lobe. No significant difference was found between two groups in clinical characteristics, injection time, pathologic HS grade, and surgical outcome. Among semiologic features, dystonic limb posturing was more frequently observed in group 2 (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Scalp EEG IID frequency in HS‐MTLE can be an important determining factor of ictal hyperperfusion patterns. The lack of difference in surgical outcome between two groups implies that different hyperperfusion patterns, according to their IID frequencies, reflect only preferential pathways of ictal propagation rather than intrinsic epileptogenic region.
Use of Levetiracetam in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Falip Mercè , Carreño Mar , Amaro Sergio , Donaire Antonio , Delgado Raquel , Toledo Manuel , Maestro Iratxe 
Published: November 2006

Summary:  Purpose: The objective of the study was to analyze the short‐term efficacy and safety of levetiracetam (LEV) to treat repetitive seizures in hospitalized patients. Methods: During admission to a tertiary hospital, we retrospectively identified patients with repetitive seizures who were treated for the first time with LEV during a hospital stay. LEV was considered effective if seizure cessation or >75% seizure reduction occurred in the 24 h after starting LEV (compared with the previous 48 h), requiring no further antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment. Results: Thirty patients (12 men, 18 women) were included. Mean age was 59.7 years. Most frequent seizure type was focal motor in 12 (40%) of 30 patients. Most frequent etiology was stroke: nine (30%) of 30 patients. Relevant medical conditions included atrial fibrillation (three) and hepatic disease (three). Concomitant medications included oral anticoagulants (seven), corticosteroids (two), and chemotherapy (two). Four patients received LEV as the only AED. Six patients with focal SE and 20 (66.6%) patients with clusters of seizures but not in SE received LEV as add‐on treatment after lack of response to first‐line AEDs. Mean LEV dose during first day was 1,119 mg. Mean daily maintenance dose was 1,724 mg. LEV was effective in 24 (80%) patients, all four patients who received it as the only AED, four of six patients with focal SE, and 16 of 20 patients with clusters of seizures. Three (10%) elderly patients with seizures secondary to stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) reported moderate/severe somnolence and dizziness, leading to treatment discontinuation in one. On discharge, 20 (66.7%) patients continued on LEV, nine (30%) as the only AED. Conclusions: LEV is effective and safe to treat repetitive seizures in hospitalized patients, including patients in focal SE.
Postictal But Not Interictal Hemispatial Neglect in Patients with Seizures of Lateralized Onset
Authors: Prilipko Olga , Seeck Margitta , Mermillod Bernadette , Landis Theodor , Pegna Alan J. 
Published: November 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Unilateral spatial neglect, defined as a failure to report, respond, or orient to stimuli that are presented contralaterally, has been widely documented after brain damage to right, and to a lesser degree, left frontotemporoparietal networks. Group studies involving patients with seizures with a lateralized focus have demonstrated transient dysfunctions in memory and language; however, so far, only two case reports have described transient neglect after an epileptic seizure. Methods: To assess the existence and consistency of this phenomenon, we evaluated 33 epilepsy patients on a line‐bisection task in interictal and postictal states as compared with an age‐ and sex‐matched control group. Results: Spatial neglect, as determined by this test, was found in the postictal but not interictal examination in patients with right parietal epileptic foci and was maximal for the left‐positioned lines, whereas no neglect was found in other groups. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that patients with right parietal foci can present a transient neglect phenomenon on the line‐bisection task in the postictal period, even in the absence of overt clinical neglect signs. These findings might be useful in establishing the laterality and even localization of epileptic foci based on the postictal neuropsychological evaluation.
Epilepsy and the Impact of an Epileptology Clinic for Patients with Mental Retardation and Associated Disabilities in an Institutional Setting
Authors: Arain Amir , Shihabuddin Bashir , Niaz Faiz , Modur Pradeep , Taylor Henry , Fakhoury Toufic , Abou‐Khalil Bassel 
Published: November 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Epilepsy is a common problem in institutionalized patients with multiple handicaps. Limited data exist on the characteristics of epilepsy in this patient population and the impact of systematic evaluation by an epilepsy service. Methods: We evaluated 138 patients with epilepsy, institutionalized at a facility that cares for 324 patients with multiple handicaps. Evaluation included EEG, MRI, and video‐EEG monitoring. The medication regimen was changed according to seizure diagnosis and the status of seizure control. Follow‐up was available for ≥6 months in 110 patients, 1 year for 89, and 1.5 years for 49 patients. We analyzed the seizure and epilepsy diagnosis in this population, as well as the seizure frequency after evaluation and treatment Results: The 76 male and 62 female patients' ages ranged from 14 to 73 years. Seventy‐three patients had fewer than one seizure per month, whereas 29 patients had at least one seizure per month. Of 131 patients taking antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), 62 were receiving monotherapy, and 69 were receiving two or more AEDs. At the last follow‐up, overall 55% of patients had reduced seizure frequency, including 23% who became seizure free. Two of 36 patients had spontaneous seizure recurrence after being seizure free with no AEDs for 4 months in one patient and 3 years for the other. Attempts were made to discontinue phenobarbital, primidone, and clonazepam in 21 patients. However, these were discontinued in only five patients. Conclusions: Epilepsy is heterogeneous in institutionalized patients with multiple handicaps. It is often responsive to medical therapy. Evaluation and treatment by epilepsy specialists had an overall favorable impact on seizure control.
Evaluation of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Drug Refractory Epilepsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial in South Africa—A Pilot Study
Authors: Lundgren Tobias , Dahl JoAnne , Melin Lennart , Kies Bryan 
Published: November 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Psychological interventions in the treatment of epilepsy have been developed and evaluated for many years but the amount of research has hardly made an impact on how epilepsy is treated. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a psychological treatment program consisting of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) together with some behavioral seizure control technology shown to be successful in earlier research. Methods: The method consisted of a randomized controlled trial group design with repeated measures (n = 27). All participants had an EEG verified epilepsy diagnosis with drug refractory seizures. Participants were randomized into one of two conditions, ACT or supportive therapy (ST). Therapeutic effects were measured by examining changes in quality of life (SWLS and WHOQOL) and seizure index (frequency × duration). Both treatment conditions consisted of only nine hours of professional therapy distributed in two individual and two group sessions during a four‐week period. Results: The results showed significant effects over all of the dependent variables for the ACT group as compared to the ST group at six‐ and twelve‐month follow‐ups. Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that a short‐term psychotherapy program combined with anticonvulsant drugs may help to prevent the long‐term disability that occurs from drug refractory seizures.
Postictal Mania versus Postictal Psychosis: Differences in Clinical Features, Epileptogenic Zone, and Brain Functional Changes during Postictal Period
Authors: Nishida Takuji , Kudo Tatsuya , Inoue Yushi , Nakamura Fumihiro , Yoshimura Masaki , Matsuda Kazumi , Yagi Kazuichi , Fujiwara Tateki 
Published: November 2006

Summary: Purpose:To clarify the differences between postictal mania (PIM) and postictal psychosis (PIP).Methods:Five patients with PIM were compared to 17 patients with PIP, with respect to clinical, epileptological, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging features. PIM was distinguished from PIP by the symptoms observed in the postictal period based on the ICD‐10 criteria.Results:Postictal manic episodes lasted for a longer period than postictal psychotic episodes. Patients with PIM had more recurrent postictal episodes than patients with PIP. The age at onset of epilepsy in patients with PIM was older than that in patients with PIP. PIM was associated with frontal lobe and temporal lobe epilepsies, whereas PIP was associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. The estimated epileptogenic zone was on the language dominant side in PIM, whereas there was no predominant hemispheric laterality in PIP. Electroencephalography (EEG) performed during the early period of postictal manic and psychotic episodes showed decreased frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges in both PIM and PIP. Single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) during postictal manic and psychotic episodes showed increased perfusion in the temporal and/or frontal lobes in both PIM and PIP. Three patients with PIM showed increased perfusion during postictal episodes on bilateral or the language nondominant side, which were contralateral to the estimated epileptogenic zone, whereas three patients with PIP showed increased perfusion on the areas, which were ipsilateral to the estimated epileptogenic zone.Conclusions:PIM has a distinct position among the mental disorders observed in the postictal period.
Molecular detection and identification of Synergistes phylotypes in primary endodontic infections
Authors: Siqueira JF , Rôças IN 
Published: November 2006

Aim:  Uncultivated phylotypes from the Synergistes group have recently emerged as suspected endodontic pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the presence and identity of these bacteria in primary endodontic infections using a 16S rRNA gene‐based group‐specific heminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol.Materials and methods:  Genomic DNA was isolated directly from clinical samples and used as templates for PCR. Amplicons from positive specimens were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed to determine species identity.Results:  Overall, about one‐third of the samples harbored Synergistes bacteria. The following phylotypes were disclosed: oral clones W028, BA121/P4G_18 P1, W090, BH017 and E3_33.Conclusions:  These results demonstrated that as‐yet uncultivated Synergistes phylotypes are present in the endodontic microbiota and a role in causation of apical periodontitis is suggested though remains unproven.
Deal or No Deal?
Authors: Wolstenholme Linda , Haigh John 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Deal or No Deal? , a game show fronted in the UK by TV smoothie Noel Edmonds, has been a surprise hit of TV scheduling. In the interests of statistical analysis Linda Wolstenholme sat through 30 hours of recordings of daytime television. With John Haigh she tells us what competitors should do to win.
Centennial history and leadership of College of Nursing, Yonsei University
Authors: LEE Chung Yul , HAM Ok Kyung 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn 2006, the College of Nursing, Yonsei University, celerated its centennial history as being the first formal nursing education institution that has been producing graduates every year in Korea since 1906. The purpose of this paper was to illustrate the contribution to nursing education, nursing and health policy, international participation, and nursing leadership of the college. Based its contribution, the college can be recognized as the leading nursing school in South Korea, leading Korean nursing throughout the 20th century.
First e-VLBI observations of GRS 1915+105
Authors: Rushton A. , Spencer R. E. , Strong M. , Campbell R. M. , Casey S. , Fender R. P. , Garrett M. A. , Miller-Jones J. C. A. , Pooley G. G. , Reynolds C. , Szomoru A. , Tudose V. , Paragi Z. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We present results from the first successful open call electronic very-long-baseline interferometry (e-VLBI) science run, observing the X-ray binary GRS 1915+105. e-VLBI science allows the rapid production of VLBI radio maps, within hours of an observation rather than weeks, facilitating a decision for follow-up observations. A total of six telescopes observing at 5 GHz across the European VLBI Network (EVN) were correlated in real time at the Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE). Constant data rates of 128 Mbps were transferred from each telescope, giving 4 TB of raw sampled data over the 12 hours of the whole experiment. Throughout this, GRS 1915+105 was observed for a total of 5.5 h, producing 2.8 GB of visibilities of correlated data. A weak flare occurred during our observations, and we detected a slightly resolved component of 2.7 × 1.2 ms with a position angle of 140°± 2°. The peak brightness was 10.2 mJy per beam, with a total integrated radio flux of 11.1 mJy.
Antiviral Activities of Novel 5-Phosphono-Pent-2-en-1-yl Nucleosides and Their Alkoxyalkyl Phosphonoesters
Authors: Choo Hyunah , Beadle James R. , Kern Earl R. , Prichard Mark N. , Keith Kathy A. , Hartline Caroll B. , Trahan Julissa , Aldern Kathy A. , Korba Brent E. , Hostetler Karl Y. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Three acyclic nucleoside phosphonates are currently approved for clinical use against infections caused by cytomegalovirus (Vistide), hepatitis B virus (Hepsera), and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (Viread). This important antiviral class inhibits viral polymerases after cellular uptake and conversion to their diphosphates, bypassing the first phosphorylation, which is required for conventional nucleoside antivirals. Small chemical alterations in the acyclic side chain lead to marked differences in antiviral activity and the spectrum of activity of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates against various classes of viral agents. We synthesized a new class of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates based on a 5-phosphono-pent-2-en-1-yl base motif in which the oxygen heteroatom usually present in acyclic nucleoside phosphonates has been replaced with a double bond. Since the intrinsic phosphonate moiety leads to low oral bioavailability and impaired cellular penetration, we also prepared the hexadecyloxypropyl esters of the 5-phosphono-pent-2-en-1-yl nucleosides. Our earlier work showed that this markedly increases antiviral activity and oral bioavailability. Although the 5-phosphono-pent-2-en-1-yl nucleosides themselves were not active, the hexadecyloxypropyl esters were active against DNA viruses and hepatitis B virus, in vitro. Notably, the hexadecyloxypropyl ester of 9-(5-phosphono-pent-2-en-1-yl)-adenine was active against hepatitis B virus mutants resistant to lamivudine, emtricitabine, and adefovir.
Putative Role of β-1,3 Glucans in
Candida albicans
Biofilm Resistance
Authors: Nett Jeniel , Lincoln Leslie , Marchillo Karen , Massey Randall , Holoyda Kathleen , Hoff Brian , VanHandel Michelle , Andes David 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Biofilms are microbial communities, embedded in a polymeric matrix, growing attached to a surface. Nearly all device-associated infections involve growth in the biofilm life style. Biofilm communities have characteristic architecture and distinct phenotypic properties. The most clinically important phenotype involves extraordinary resistance to antimicrobial therapy, making biofilm infections very difficulty to cure without device removal. The current studies examine drug resistance in
Candida albicans
biofilms. Similar to previous reports, we observed marked fluconazole and amphotericin B resistance in a
C. albicans
biofilm both in vitro and in vivo. We identified biofilm-associated cell wall architectural changes and increased β-1,3 glucan content in
C. albicans
cell walls from a biofilm compared to planktonic organisms. Elevated β-1,3 glucan levels were also found in the surrounding biofilm milieu and as part of the matrix both from in vitro and in vivo biofilm models. We thus investigated the possible contribution of β-glucans to antimicrobial resistance in
Candida albicans
biofilms. Initial studies examined the ability of cell wall and cell supernatant from biofilm and planktonic
C. albicans
to bind fluconazole. The cell walls from both environmental conditions bound fluconazole; however, four- to fivefold more compound was bound to the biofilm cell walls. Culture supernatant from the biofilm, but not planktonic cells, bound a measurable amount of this antifungal agent. We next investigated the effect of enzymatic modification of β-1,3 glucans on biofilm cell viability and the susceptibility of biofilm cells to fluconazole and amphotericin B. We observed a dose-dependent killing of in vitro biofilm cells in the presence of three different β-glucanase preparations. These same concentrations had no impact on planktonic cell viability. β-1,3 Glucanase markedly enhanced the activity of both fluconazole and amphotericin B. These observations were corroborated with an in vivo biofilm model. Exogenous biofilm matrix and commercial β-1,3 glucan reduced the activity of fluconazole against planktonic
C. albicans
in vitro. In sum, the current investigation identified glucan changes associated with
C. albicans
biofilm cells, demonstrated preferential binding of these biofilm cell components to antifungals, and showed a positive impact of the modification of biofilm β-1,3 glucans on drug susceptibility. These results provide indirect evidence suggesting a role for glucans in biofilm resistance and present a strong rationale for further molecular dissection of this resistance mechanism to identify new drug targets to treat biofilm infections.
Potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) in industry trial testimony
Authors: Wayne Geoffrey Ferris 
Published: November 2006

Objective:To identify patterns in trial testimony that may reflect on the intentions or expectations of tobacco manufacturers with regard to the introduction of potential reduced exposure products (PREPs).Design:Research was conducted using the Deposition and Trial Testimony Archive (DATTA) collection of trial testimony and depositions housed online at Tobacco Documents Online (www.tobaccodocuments.org). Relevant testimony was identified through full-text searches of terms indicating PREPs or harm reduction strategies. The role and function of PREPs in testimony were classified according to common and contrasting themes. These were analysed in the context of broader trial arguments and against changes in time period and the market.Results:Analysis of testimony suggests that the failure of PREPs in the market tempered initial industry enthusiasm and made protection of the conventional cigarette market its major priority. The “breakthrough” character of PREPs has been de-emphasised, with trial arguments instead positioning PREPs as simply another choice for consumers. This framework legitimises the sale of conventional brands, and shifts the responsibility for adoption of safer products from the manufacturer to the consumer. Likewise, testimony has abandoned earlier dramatic health claims made with regard to PREPs, which had undermined industry arguments regarding efforts to reduce harm in conventional products. More recent testimony advocates the broad acceptance of independent guidelines that would validate use of health claims and enable the industry to market PREPs to consumers.Conclusion:Trial testimony reflects the changing role and positioning of PREPs by the tobacco industry. The findings are of particular importance with regard to future evaluation and potential regulation of reduced harm products.