bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Billroth II Gastrojejunostomy in Dogs Stapling Technique and Postoperative Complications
Authors: AHMADU‐SUKA FAISAL , WITHROW STEPHEN J. , NELSON A. WENDELL , HUSTED PAUL W. , GILLETTE EDWARD L. , WHITEMAN C. E. 
Published: February 2008

Billroth II gastrojejunostomy was performed with surgical staplers in 6 dogs that were not irradiated and in 11 dogs that subsequently received radiation to the pancreas and proximal part of the duodenum. The dogs were monitored clinically for 135 days and then euthanatized and necropsied. Each gastrojejunostomy site was preserved in formalin and the stomal diameter was measured. No mechanical complications were encountered with the use of surgical staplers and no leakage was observed at the staple closure sites before abdominal closure. All dogs vomited approximately 100 ml of coagulated blood 4 to 8 hours after surgery, and 300 to 400 ml of brown fluid after approximately 24 hours. Vomiting was the most common clinical finding after the first 24 hours. Vomiting was subjectively graded from 1 to 3 with grade 1 representing the least severe problem and grade 3 the most severe. Grade 1 vomiting occurred in 12 of 16 dogs that survived 135 days; in the other four dogs, vomiting was classified as grade 2 or 3. All dogs with grade 1 vomiting had stomal diameters of 1.7 to 2.9 cm (mean, 2.2 ± 0.4 cm standard deviation). Dogs with grade 2 or 3 vomiting had stomal diameters of 2.2 to 4.0 cm (mean, 3.2 ± 0.8 cm standard deviation). The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.005). The percentage of weight gained or lost was recorded for each dog. Two nonirradiated dogs gained body weight, whereas the other nonirradiated dogs and all irradiated dogs lost body weight. The overall mean loss of body weight of dogs with grade 1 vomiting was 16.7 ± 12.0% (± standard deviation), compared with 35.5 ± 6.6% (± standard deviation) for dogs with grade 2 or 3 vomiting; the difference was significant (p < 0.01).Routinely scheduled clinical laboratory test results were within normal limits in nonirradiated dogs. Clinical problems other than vomiting and weight loss were anorexia, gastric dilatation, and diarrhea. One nonirradiated dog died on day 56 after rupture at the gastric stump staple line.
Determination of Safe Depth of Pin Penetration for Repair of Distal Femoral Physeal Fractures in Immature Dogs: A Comparison of Normograde and Retrograde Pin Placement
Authors: LORINSON DRAGAN , MILLIS DARRYL L. , BRIGHT RONALD M. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to determine the depth that implants may be safely placed into the distal femoral epiphysis (DFE) for the repair of distal femoral physeal fractures. Study Design—The depth of the DFE was related to the radiographic thickness of the patella in this experimental study. Animals or Sample Population—Twenty immature canine cadavers. Methods—Patella thicknesses were measured from lateral radiographs. Actual DFE depths were determined for pins driven in normograde fashion and for pins driven retrograde from the central depression between the metaphyseal pegs and from the cranial pegs. The association of DFE depth and patella thickness was evaluated using linear regression analysis. Using 95% confidence intervals, rules for estimating the safe depth of implant placement into the DFE were determined. Results—DFE depth had significant correlation with patella thickness for pins placed in retrograde fashion from the central depression between the metaphyseal pegs (r2= .83) and from the cranial pegs (r2= .82) and for pins placed in normograde fashion (r2= .65). Conclusions—Based on 95% confidence intervals, pins placed in retrograde fashion from the central depression between the metaphyseal pegs may be safely driven into the DFE a distance equal to 140% of patella thickness. Pins placed from the cranial metaphyseal pegs may be driven to a depth equal to 80% of patella thickness, and pins placed in normograde fashion may be driven to a depth equal to 30% of patella thickness. Clinical Relevance—Measurement of patella thickness assists the surgeon in determining the approximate depth that pins may be driven into the DFE without penetrating the articular surface of the stifle joint.
Unilateral Nephrectomy in a Juvenile Llama
Authors: HOOGMOED LINDA VAN , SNYDER JACK R. , ROBERTS GREGORY , HARMON FA YE A. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—The purpose of this study was to decribe the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and surgical management of a llama with an ectopic ureter.Animals or Sample Population—Nine‐month‐old female llama.Results—The diagnostic evaluation included the use of computed tomography and an excretory ureterogram to confirm and identify the location of the ectopic ureter. Surgical management involved a unilateral nephrectomy.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Computed tomography is a valuable asset to diagnose the presence and terminal location of an ectopic ureter in llamas, and nephrectomy appears to be a viable procedure to resolve the subsequent urinary incontinence.
Feasibility of Implant Driven Micturition in Paraplegic Dogs
Authors: PECK JEFFREY N. , WALTER JAMES S. , MERKLEY DAVID F. , GREER MARY HELEN 
Published: February 2008

Objective— This study evaluates the feasibility of using existing technology for implant driven micturition in paralyzed dogs (part I) and also examines a less invasive technique for implant driven micturition (part II).Study Design— Part I. Sacral nerve root dimensions and bladder and urethral pressure responses to intradural and extradural sacral nerve root stimulation were measured to determine the optimal location and size for sacral nerve root electrodes. Part II. Sacral nerve roots were stimulated via wire electrodes introduced into the S2 foramina.Animals or Sample Population— Ten dogs (five dogs in part I and five dogs in part II).Methods— Part I. Microtip pressure transducers were used to monitor bladder and urethral pressure responses to sacral nerve root stimulation with tripolar hook electrodes. After euthanasia, sacral nerve root, and spinal canal dimensions were measured. Part II. Bipolar electrical stimulation of the sacral nerve roots was performed by introducing wire electrodes into the S2 foramina. Bladder and urethral pressures were recorded as in part I.Results— Part I. Stimulation of S1 produced an increase in urethral, but not bladder, pressure. Stimulation of S2 or S3 produced increases in bladder pressure and decreases in urethral pressure. Intradural and extradural nerve roots were not significantly different with respect to nerve dimensions or effects on nerve stimulation. Part II. High bladder pressures were achieved, but effective voiding could not be produced, primarily because of urethral resistance.Conclusions— Part I. Extradural implantation was determined to be the most appropriate site based on ease of dissection, nerve root dimensions, and decreased risk of iatrogenic trauma. Enough space is available to implant two to four tripolar spiral nerve cuffs. Part II. Transforaminal sacral nerve root stimulation did not effectively empty the bladder.Clinical Relevance— Clinical trials in paraplegic dogs are necessary to evaluate the number of sacral nerve cuff electrodes necessary to produce effective bladder emptying.
The Effects of Active Peripheral Skin Warming on Perioperative Hypothermia in Dogs
Authors: CABELL L.W. , PERKOWSKI S.Z. , GREGOR T. , SMITH G.K. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— This study evaluates the efficacy of three perioperative warming protocols to improve control of body temperature in anesthetized dogs. Study Design— A randomized controlled clinical trial. Animals or Sample Population— Thirty‐two client‐owned dogs. Methods— We prospectively studied dogs entering the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Teaching Hospital for orthopedic or dental procedures and assigned them to one of three perianes‐thetic warming protocols. Group 1 (n = 10) had a single circulating warm water mattress applied over the trunk (single‐trunk warming). Group 2 (n = 12) had two circulating warm water mattresses, one placed over and one under the trunk (double‐trunk warming). Group 3 (n = 10) had warm circulating mattresses applied only around the feet and legs of all available limbs (peripheral warming). The warm water mattresses were prewarmed and maintained at 40°C (104°F) and applied immediately after induction of general anesthesia. All dogs had a layer of thick terry cloth toweling beneath and above the trunk. Body temperature measurements were recorded every 15 minutes for the first 2.5 hours of anesthesia. Results— The lowest mean temperature for dogs in group 3 was 37.4 ± 0.2°C (99.5°F), compared with 36.4 ± 0.2°C (97.4°F) and 36.7 ± 0.2°C (98.0°F) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusions— Dogs in the peripheral warming group maintained significantly higher core body temperatures than dogs in either trunk warming groups throughout the 2.5‐hour study period. Clinical Relevance— To maintain body heat in dogs during anesthesia, it is more effective to warm the feet and legs than to warm the trunk.
Axial Pattern Flap Based on the Superficial Temporal Artery in Cats: An Experimental Study
Authors: FAHIE MARIA A. , SMITH MARK M. 
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to determine the surgical guidelines for and the survivability of an axial pattern flap based on the superficial temporal artery in cats.Study Design— The mean survival length and mean percentage area of survival of flaps after 7 days in control and experimental groups, are assessed and compared.Animals— Ten mature, domestic shorthair cats.Methods— The superficial temporal artery and vein were incorporated in the flaps of the experimental group (n = 5) and were ligated in the control group (n = 5). Seven days postoperatively, the length of tissue that remained viable in each flap was determined by measurement of the length of the grossly devitalized tissue and subtracting this from total flap length.Results— Mean width and length of all flaps was 2.0 ± 7.0 cm, respectively. Mean survival length (±SD) of experimental and control flaps was 6.9 (0.2) cm and 4.4 (2.2) cm, respectively. Necrosis occurred in all control flaps, resulting in a mean percentage area of survival of 62.8 (11.7)%, compared with 98.6 (3.2)% for experimental flaps. Results were significantly different (P <.05) between the experimental and control groups.Conclusions— A flap based on the superficial temporal artery may be a source of skin for reconstructive procedures of the maxillofacial region in cats.Clinical Relevance— Knowledge of the anatomic landmarks and survivability of an axial pattern flap are essential considerations when planning a reconstructive technique.
Use of a Medial Bone Plate for Repair of Radius and Ulna Fractures in Dogs and Cats: A Report of 22 Cases
Authors: SARDINAS JUAN C. , MONTAVON PIERRE M. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—This study evaluates the technique of medial bone plating in the repair of radius fractures in dogs and cats.Study Design—A retrospective study was made of patients diagnosed with fractures of the radius that were stabilized by application of a bone plate to the medial side of the bone.Animal Population—Sixteen client‐owned dogs and 4 client‐owned cats. The animals' ages varied from 5 months to 8 years, and their weight varied from 1.3 to 49 kgs.Methods—Animals were evaluated using radiography or client assessment, or both.Results—Medial plate application was technically easier to do than cranial plate application, the technique avoided the extensor tendons, and permitted greater versatility in the selection of smaller plates for the fixation of distal radius fractures. All fractures repaired by this method healed with no postoperative complications.Conclusions—Medial plate application may be used for osteosynthesis of distal or middiaphy‐seal radius fractures. Further studies are needed to evaluate the use of this technique in morphologically complex fractures. In patients with fractures of the proximal radius, cranial plate application is considered more appropriate.Clinical Relevance—Medial plating of radial fractures has significant advantages compared with conventional plate application; it provides the surgeon with an alternative method of fixation for selected radius fractures in dogs and cats.
Systemic and Local Effects Associated With Long‐Term Epidural Catheterization and Morphine‐Detomidine Administration in Horses
Authors: SYSEL ANNETTE M. , PLEASANT R. SCOTT , JACOBSON JOHN D. , MOLL H. DAVID , WARNICK LORIN D. , SPONENBERG D. PHILLIP , EYRE PETER 
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this study was to determine the systemic and local effects associated with long‐term epidural catheterization and epidural morphine‐detomidine administration in horses.Study Design— Development of systemic or local effects was assessed by placing caudal epidural catheters in study horses and administering injections through the catheters every 12 hours for 14 days.Animals— Ten horses with epidural catheters that received daily injections; six uncatheterized horses presented for euthanasia.Methods— Horses received either 0.2 mg/kg morphine sulfate and 30 μg/kg detomidine hydrochloride or an equivalent volume of physiologic saline solution through epidural catheters. Systemic effects were compared between control and treatment horses by measuring physical parameters and hay and water consumption, as well as by evaluating major organs after euthanasia. Local effects were studied by examining cerebrospinal fluid and by grading representative samples of the spinal cord and surrounding tissues histologically for inflammation and fibrosis. Local effects were compared between control and treatment horses, as well as between catheter‐ized (control plus treatment) horses and uncatheterized horses.Results— No significant difference was identified in daily variables or hay and water consumption between control and treatment horses. No growth was obtained from cerebrospinal fluid cultures. No significant difference in cerebrospinal fluid values or spinal tissue inflammation or fibrosis grades was shown between control and treatment horses. However, when compared with uncatheterized horses, cerebrospinal fluid red blood cell values were marginally higher and protein concentrations were significantly higher in the catheterized group. Lumbosacral and sacral spinal tissue segment inflammation grades, and sacral segment fibrosis grades were significantly higher in catheterized horses.Conclusions— Long‐term epidural administration of a morphine‐detomidine combination is not associated with apparent adverse systemic effects in horses. Localized inflammation and fibrosis seem to be catheter‐related.Clinical Relevance— Potential systemic and local effects are important considerations with long‐term administration of a morphine‐detomidine combination through indwelling epidural catheters for alleviation of chronic musculoskeletal pain in horses.
Role of Endothelium and Nitric Oxide in the Response of Equine Colonic Arterial Rings to Vasoconstrictor Agents
Authors: VENUGOPALAN CHANGARAM S. , MOORE RUSTIN M. , HOLMES EARNESTINE P. , SEDRISH STEVEN A. 
Published: February 2008

Objective‐To determine the in vitro contractile responses of equine colonic arteries to angiotensin II, histamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, prostaglandin F2α, vasopressin, and a thromboxane‐B2‐analogue.Study Design‐The tension generated in colonic arterial rings placed in organ baths with oxygenated Tyrode's solution at 37°C after exposure to the previously mentioned chemical agents was measured using force‐transducers interfaced with a polygraph.Sample Population‐Large colon arterial rings collected from eight horses.Methods‐The rings were allowed to equilibrate for 45 minutes after applying 2 g tension. Bath solution was replaced and tension reapplied at 15‐minute intervals. Cumulative‐concentration‐responses were determined for concentrations ranging from 10‐8M to 10‐4M on three vessel groups namely endothelium intact, endothelium denuded, and L‐NAME treated. The maximal response for each vessel was considered as 100%; responses to lower concentrations were calculated as a percentage of the maximum. The EC50value was determined for each concentration‐response relationship of each agent.Results‐Vessels with denuded endothelium or those incubated with L‐NAME had greater contractile responses. Angiotensin, histamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine produced greater maximal responses than the other agents. Endothelium denuded rings had lower EC50values. Responses to norepinephrine and serotonin were affected less by denudation.Conclusion‐Endothelium plays an important role in modulating responses of colonic arterial rings to contractile agents. Endothelium‐derived vasodilators, other than nitric oxide, may modulate contractile responses of equine colonic arteries.Clinical Relevance‐Endothelial damage associated with colonic vovulus may be a major factor for sustained reduced perfusion after surgical correction.
Results of Screw/Wire/Polymethylmethacrylate Composite Fixation for Acetabular Fracture Repair in 14 Dogs
Authors: LEWIS DANIEL D. , STUBBS W. PRESTON , NEUWIRTH LISA , BERTRAND SCOTT G. , PARKER ROBERT B. , STALLINGS JEFFREY T. , MURPHY SCOTT T. 
Published: February 2008

Objective‐ To assess the clinical results in dogs with acetabular fractures stabilized using a screw‐wire‐polymethylmethacrylate (SWP) composite fixation. Study Design‐ A retrospective study of client‐owned dogs with acetabular fractures. Animals‐ Fourteen dogs ranging in age from 4 to 95 months (mean, 34 ±25 months; median, 25 months) and body weight from 8 to 39 kg (mean, 25 ±6 kg; median, 27 kg). Methods‐ Medical records and radiographs were retrospectively evaluated to determine location of the fracture, presence of preexisting degenerative joint disease, accuracy of fracture reduction and complications associated with surgery. Long‐term results were evaluated by subjective assessment of lameness, elicitation of pain and/or crepitus on manipulation of the coxofemoral joint, measurements of pelvic limb circumference, coxofemoral joint goniometric measurements, and radiographic evaluation. Results‐ Fracture reduction was considered anatomic in 13 dogs. At the time of the last follow‐up evaluation (mean, 347 ±261 days; median, 380 days) 10 dogs were sound on the affected limb, three dogs had a subtle weight‐bearing lameness of the affected limb, and the remaining dog had a consistent non‐weight‐bearing lameness of the affected limb. Mild (n = 10) or moderate (n = 1) degenerative changes of the affected coxofemoral joint attributed to the acetabular fracture and its repair were noted on the follow‐up radiographs in 11 dogs. Limb circumference of the affected limb ranged from ‐8.2% to +10.8% (mean, ‐0.8 ±4.2%; median, ‐0.7%) of the contralateral limb. Conclusions‐ The SWP composite fixation consistently maintained anatomic reduction, was associated with few complications, and yielded satisfactory clinical results. Clinical Relevance‐ The SWP composite fixation technique would seem to be an acceptable means of stabilizing acetabular fractures in dogs.
Evaluation of Percutaneous Gastrostomy as a Technique for Permanent Gastropexy
Authors: WASCHAK MICHELLE J. , PAYNE JOHN T. , POPE ERIC R. , JONES BRENT D. , WAGNER‐MANN COLETTE C. 
Published: February 2008

Objective‐This study was designed to evaluate right‐sided percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) as a method for creation of a permanent gastropexy.Study Design‐Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy adhesions were evaluated by gross examination and by mechanical testing and the results were compared with those obtained by conventional incisional gastropexy.Animals or Sample Population‐Fourteen mixed‐breed dogs.Methods‐Incisional gastropexies were performed on the dogs of group one (N = 7) and PEG tubes were placed in the dogs of group 2 (N = 7). All skin sutures (group 1) and PEG tubes (group 2) were removed on day 14. The animals were maintained for an additional 44 days before euthanasia and immediate necropsy. Gastropexy adhesions were evaluated and collected for biomechanical evaluation using a materials testing machine.Results‐The duration of the procedure for group 2 was less (32.86 min ±7.65) than for group 1 (56.29 min ±8.28). The number of complications was not significantly different between group 1 and group 2 (P=.103). Gastroperitoneal adhesions were present in 7 of 7 dogs in group 1 and 4 of 7 dogs in group 2. The adhesion lengths and widths were significantly larger in dogs in group 1 compared with those in group 2. The adhesions present in group 1 dogs sustained significantly greater tensile loads to failure (61.98 ±14.65 N), compared with the adhesions present in group 2 dogs (22.31 ±26.87 N).Conclusions‐Right‐sided PEG inconsistently formed a weak gastropexy and the procedure was associated with a trend toward greater morbidity than incisional gastropexy.Clinical Relevance‐Right‐sided PEG is not recommended as a means of prophylactic gastropexy.
Application of Ventral Pins and Polymethylmethacrylate for the Management of Atlantoaxial Instability: Results in Nine Dogs
Authors: SCHULZ KURT S. , WALDRON DON R. , FAHIE MARIA 
Published: February 2008

Objective— The purpose of this report was to determine the efficacy of the application of ventral pins and polymethylmethacrylate for the management of congenital and traumatic atlantoaxial instability (AAI) in dogs. Study Design— Medical records and radiographs of nine dogs with AAI were reviewed for neurological deficits, clinical diagnosis, surgical technique, and long‐term outcome. Sample Population— Six toy breed dogs with congenital AAI and three medium or large breed dogs with traumatic AAI were identified for inclusion in the study. Methods— The atlantoaxial joints of nine dogs with AAI were surgically stabilized using ventral application of pins and polymethylmethacrylate. Follow‐up evaluation for resolution of clinical signs and possible complications of surgery was performed in all dogs. The median follow‐up time for surviving dogs (8) was 11.5 months with a mean of 13 months. Results— An excellent outcome was identified in five patients. Three dogs had a good outcome and one dog died of respiratory complications. Cervical pain was eliminated or significantly reduced in all dogs that survived and none of the dogs had major residual neurological deficits. Conclusions— Arthrodesis could not be confirmed on follow‐up radiographs due to the presence of the polymethylmethacrylate; however, adequate stabilization of C1‐C2 appears to have been achieved based on the resolution of clinical signs. Clinical Relevance— Application of ventral pins and polymethylmethacrylate is an effective means of surgical treatment for congenital and traumatic AAI.