bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Infection Structures of Sderotium cepivorum on Onion
Authors: Stewart A. , Backhouse D. , Sutherland P. W. , Fullerton R. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGrowth of Sderotium cepivorum mycelium on root tissue differed from that on stem tissue. Hyphae grew along the lines of the longitudinal epidermal cell walls often producing side branches which resulted in a distinctive pattern of growth. Penetration occurred mainly between anticlinal wall junctions with occasional direct penetration through the periclinal wall. Growth on the surface of the stem resulted in the formatíon of donne shaped infection cushions, arising from repeated dichotomous branching of hyphal tips. Penetration of the stem tissue occurred solely from these structures.The results of experiments using artificial membranes and surface replicas indicated that the stimulus for attempted penetration was chemical in nature but that the nature of the infection structure produced was determined by the relative strength of the tissue under attack.
Epirus Cherry Virus, an Unusual Virus Isolated from Cherry with Rasp‐Leaf Symptoms in Greece
Authors: Avgelis A. , Barba Marina , Rumbos I. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSevere rasp‐leaf symptoms were observed on a cherry tree in an orchard in northwestern Greece. A virus, given the proposed name Epirus Cherry Virus (EpCV), was mechanícally isolated, which on the basis of biological, morphological and serological properties, appeared different from all known viruses associated with or causing rasp‐leaf symptoms on cherry. The virus has at least three types of particles sedimenting as three components in a sucrose density gradient. No serological relations were found with other similar viruses.
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies for Differentiation of Different Isolates of Phytomonas (Plant Trypanosomatids)
Authors: Petry K. , Gargani D. , Baltz Th. , Kastelein P. , Dollet M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Phytomonas genus was created arbitrarily to designate plant trypanosomes. A serological study with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies was carried out to situate these trypanosomatids with respect to other trypanosomatids ‐ Herpetomonas, Crithidia, Trypanosoma ‐ and to compare different plant trypanosome strains with each other. The use of monoclonal antibodies directed against two different isolates makes it possible to distinguish plant trypanosomatids according to their geographical origin and to separate clearly the plant trypanosomatids from the South of France from other lower trypanosomatids, which seems to justify creating the Phytomonas genus.
Elimination of Mycoplasma‐like Organisms from Witches' Broom Infected Sweet Potato
Authors: Green S. K. , Luo C. Y. , Lee D. R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe witches' broom disease of sweet potato has so far been reported only from Asia and the South Pacific. To insure safe distribution of germplasm it is important that vegetative material introduced from regions in which this disease is present has to be free of this pathogen. Meristem tip culture was found to be effective in eliminating MLO from infected sweet potato tissue. On the other hand, all plantlets originating from 1 cm long stem tips immediately below the meristems developed typical witches' broom symptoms as early as 5 weeks after excision of the stem tips. A high percentage of stem tips originating from cuttings previou.sly treated with 25, 50 and 100 mg tetracycline for 3 days developed into healthy plants. Similarly, more than 90 % of plants derived from stem tips excised from cuttings which had received a one‐month heat treatment at 37°C remained without symptoms for 9 months.
Induction of Disease Resistance by Nɛ‐Trimethyl‐L‐Lysine in Bean Plants Against Uromyces phaseoli
Authors: Tyihák E , Steiner U , Schönbeck F 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe endogenous primary amino acid derivative N‐Trimethyl‐L‐lysine (TML) induces resistance in bean plants against the biotrophic fungi Uromyces phaseoli The effectiveness of protection depends on the interval between treatment and inoculation of the plants and on the dosage of applicated TML It acts as resistance inducer within two concentration ranges of 103–10‐3 and 103–1010 mol/l, respectively, if applied 6 or 8 days after inoculation
Detection of Petunia Asteroid Mosaic, Carnation Ringspot and Tobacco Necrosis Viruses in Ditches and Drainage Canals in a Grapevine‐Growing Area in West Germany
Authors: Koenig Renate , Rüdel Maria , Lesemann D.‐E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA number of virus isolates were obtained from ditches and drainage canals in the Palatinate grapevine‐growing area (‘Rheinpfalz’) in West Germany. By means of the immunoelectron microscopical decoration and the agar gel double diffusion tests these isolates were identified as petunia asteroid mosaic virus, carnation ringspot virus and tobacco necrosis virus strain D, respectively.
Pod Spot and Seed Blight: A New Disease of Mesquite Caused by Macrophomina phaseoVma
Authors: Muchovej J. J. , Campelo C. R. , Dos Santos J. M. , da Cruz Filho J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA new disease of pods and seeds of mequite caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is described from Northeastern Brazil. Affected pods showed a brown discolouration which often included pycnidia of the fungus. Infected seeds did not germmate.
UDP‐N‐Acetylglucosamine and Uridine Pools in Puccinia striiformis Infected Wheat
Authors: Backer A. , Wagner K. G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe uridine diphosphate sugar pools were analyzed in young wheat plants at the three leaf stage in which the distal half of the second leaf was uniformly infected with Puccinia striiformis. Whereas UDP‐glucose did not change significantly, UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine, the precursor of fungal chitin synthesis, was very low in the control and the healthy proximal part of the infected second leaf but increased markedly (250 nmol per g dry weight) in the infected distal half. Of the nucleosides only uridine increased in the infected distal half which was interpreted to indicate a recycling of the UDP moiety of the chitin precursor. Inorganic phosphate determinations showed a strong accumulation not only in the infected distal half but also in the healthy proximal part of the infected second leaf.
Protection Induced by Protein‐Lipopolysaccharide Complexes in Tobacco Leaves: Role of Protected Tissue Free‐space Solutes*
Authors: Minardi Paola , Fede Alessandro , Mazzucchi Umberto 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHypersensitive confluent necrosis in tobacco leaves, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata, is prevented by an intercellular injection of protein‐lipopolysaccharide (pr‐LPS) complexes 48 h earlier. An increase (48 %) in the peroxidase activity and a new low molecular weight protein (ε 17.5 kD) were found in the intercellular fluid of protected tissue (treated fluid) 48 h after pr‐LPS infiltration. Up to 24 h after pr‐LPS infiltration the treated fluid did not inhibit the in vitro growth of heterologous bacteria. Injected into tobacco leaves 30 min before the bacteria, the treated fluid retarded the rate of intercellular bacterial growth between 8 and 12 h after infiltration of the bacteria compared with the control fluid. Up to 4 h after injection, the attachment of live and dead bacteria to the cell walls occurred in both the protected tissue and in the control; 4 h after injection, however, the dead bacteria were only weakly attached in the protected tissue. Within 20 min after the intercellular infiltration, there was a decrease in the heterologous bacterial number in the protected tissue, 33 % less than that in the control tissue.Protected tissue free‐space solutes did not have a direct antibacterial effect but activated an antibacterial response in the leaf tissue. Attachment of bacteria to the cell walls did not in itself trigger hypersensitive confluent necrosis. The protected tissue was initially more favourable for the survival of heterologous bacteria.
Assessment of the Effect of Oil on the Potyvirus Aphid Transmission Process
Authors: Qiu Ji Yan , Pirone ThomasP. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMineral oil sprays applied to plants or to artificial membranes were assessed for their effect on virus and helper component (HC), both of which are required for aphid transmission. Probing oil‐treated surfaces prior to or after probing a virus‐HC mixture, HC, or virus, reduced or abolished transmission. Oil also inhibited transmission when contacted after aphids had penetrated membranes which contained a virus + HC mixture. Oil had no apparent effect on aphid probing behaviour. The data support the hypothesis that oil affects the interaction of virus and HC with aphid mouthparts or alimentary tract.
Haustorium Formation and Cell Wall Appositions in Susceptible and Partially Resistant Wheat and Barley Seedlings Infected with Wheat Leaf Rust
Authors: Jacobs Th. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPhase contrast light microscopy observations of wheat and barley seedlings infected with wheat leaf rust spores suggested that cell wall appositions are structural barriers against haustorium formation leading to abortion of infection structures. Nearly equal numbers of cell wall appositions per infection structure were detected in seedlings of susceptible and partially resistant wheat genotypes. Differences between susceptible and partially resistant genotypes became evident after the first haustorium had been formed. This again indicates the presence of a post‐haustorial effect of partial resistance. Some factors influencing nutrient uptake are discussed.Wheat leaf rust colonies hardly formed haustoria in barley seedlings, the few not aborted infection structures were accompanied by cell collapse. The mechanisms of partial resistance in wheat and barley to their respective leaf rust fungi seem different, but their non‐host reactions appear similar.
Infectivity Studies on Cucumber Mosaic Virus Treated with a Clay Material
Authors: Piazzolla P. , Palmieri F. , Nuzzaci M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMontmorillonite, an expansible layer silicate, proved to be the main component of the sediments present in river waters in which cucutnber mosaic virus (CMV), a widespread plant virus, was found. Infectivity assays carried out after treatment of a virus suspension with this clay material, revealed that montmorillonite adsorbed most of the virus‐associated infectivity and saved the infectivity of a CMV suspension even after exposure at high ionic strength (lM LiCl).
Extracellular Enzymes of Colletotrichum nicotianae Causing Tobacco Leaf Anthracnose in Nigeria
Authors: Oke O. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBioassays for extracellular enzyme production were carried out in cultures of Colletotrichum nicotianae and in tobacco leaves infected with the same organism. Pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzymes were produced abundantly in culture and in diseased leaves. The activity of pectinesterase was highest at 40 °C and about pH 6. The greatest activity of carboxylcellulase was between 40° and 50 °C and at pH 6. These findings are discussed in relation to the probable roles of these enzymes in pathogenicity.
Analysis of Cross‐Reactive Antigens of Phytophthora fragariae and Strawberry and their Relation to Resistance and Susceptibility
Authors: Mohan Sudesh B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe presence of cross‐reactive antigens between five isolates of P, fragariae (Pf 1, Pf 2, Pf 3, Pf 10 and Pf 11) belonging to five physiological races of the fungus and five strawberry cultivars (Cambridge Favourite, Hapil, Red Gauntlet, Siletz and 52AC18) exhibiting different disease responses to the five isolates was demonstrated by Western blotting. Antiserum anti‐H, raised against extracts of healthy Cambridge Favourite roots, detected two antigens which were common to all isolates. Concentration of one of these antigens might be related to the pathogenicity of P. fragariae isolates. Antiserum anti‐PfM, raised against mycelial suspensions from the five isolates, detected a doublet of 64 and 61 kDa in the soluble extracts of healthy roots from the five cultivars tested. The corresponding root suspensions revealed numerous other antigens which reacted with anti‐PfM.In susceptible interactions, the doublet described above and two additional polypeptides of 38 and 31 kda were detected in large concentrations in both the soluble extracts and root suspensions. These four polypeptides were shown to be present in the healthy roots as well as in the mycelial extracts. In resistant interactions, a 116 kDa polypeptide, present in the root suspensions of the healthy host, was detected in the soluble extracts of the infected roots. It is suggested that these antigens might have a role in resistance and susceptibility.
A New Leaf Spot of Ginger in Southern Africa and its Control
Authors: Grech N. M. , Wtllers P. , Frean R. T. , Marx D. H. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Khuskia oryzae Hudson was consistently isolated from ginger plants with a severe leaf spot disease, and its pathogenicity confirmed experimentally. All available commercial ginger selections were found to be susceptible to the disease in field and glasshouse trials, selection Gl being the most susceptible. In chemical control trials in the field, iprodione and a mixture of benomyl, mancozeb and soluble boron gave the best control. Soil fumigation with hot methyl bromide also reduced disease.
Efficacy of Certain Nonfumigant Nematicides on the Control of Pigeonpea Wilt Involving Heterodera cajani and Fusarium udum
Authors: Hasan A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe efficacy of aldicarb, carboturan and phorate nematicides on the control of wilt disease complex involving Fnsarium udum was studied in pot culture. The two pathogens interacted synergistically. The severity of the disease complex was significantly reduced at all the dosages of these nematicides but the greatest reduction occurred at the highest dosage (20 mg a. i. Kg soil). The final total population of H. cajani was significantly reduced by F. udum as well as by these nematicides. These nematicides adversely affected not only the developmental stages of nematode resulting in a significant increase in 3rd—4th stage juveniles and decrease in 2nd stage juveniles, adults and cysts, even impeded the fecundity of the nematode.
Oversummering Hosts For Some Cucurbit Viruses in the Jordan Valley
Authors: Al‐Musa A. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractVariable mosaic and yellow symptoms were often encountered in weeds growing during the summer of 1987 and 1988 in the Jordan Valley. Cucumber mosaic virus was recovered in the summer only from Dolicus lablab or from Solatium nigrum. In addition to the cucurbit weeds watermelon mosaic virus‐2 occurred in Malva parviflora. Zucchini yellow mosaic virus was found in all tested cucurbit weeds except for Ecballium elaterium. Moreover this virus was isolated from Sysimbirium irio and Crepis aspera. Cucumber vein yellowing virus was recovered from some cucurbits with vein yellowing.
Systemic Invasion of Plum Seed and Fruit by Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni through Stalks
Authors: Plessis H. J. du 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMany fruits on Golden King plum trees inoculated through the stalks with Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni developed unusual lesions extending from the exocarp to the endocarp. A few uninoculated, diseased fruits had similar lesions. The pathogen was isolated from both inoculated and uninoculated stalks and from seeds inside fruits. Scanning electron microscopy of inoculated stalks and mature fruits with unusual lesions revealed that vascular channels of the stalk, seed coat, stony endo, carp, and mesocarp were filled with masses of X. campestris pv. pruni. Bacterial colonies also occurred in other tissues of these fruit parts but were apparently absent from the starchy endosperm or surface of the diseased exocarp. This is the first full report of systemic movement of X. campestris pv. pruni to seed and fruit through stalks.
A Rapid Viability Test for Sclerotia with Fluorescein Diacetate
Authors: Dittmer U. , Weltzien H. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFour different fluorescent dyes Acridine Orange (AO), Fluorescein Diacetate (FDA), Calcofluor White M2R (CW), and Europium (III) Thenoyltrifluoroacetonate, 3‐Hydrate (Eu(TTA)3) were tested to distinguish rapidly between dead and living sclerotia from Sclerotinia trifoliorum. FDA, 0.01% diluted in phosphate buffer, had the shortest staining period and was easy to handle. It is especially suitable to test large numbers of sclerotia for viability. Furthermore the preparation of the samples for the staining procedure is described in this paper.
Nachweis des Teleomorph Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Schroeter (Anamorph: Septoria tritici Rob. apud Desm.) in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Verreet J. A. , Hoffmann G. M. , Portner J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract Evidence of the teleomorph Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Schroeter. (anamorph: Septoria tritici Rob. apud Desm.) in the Federal Republic of Germany Due to the fullfillment of certain biological requirements, the dominant occurrence of Septoria tritici is restricted mainly to the milder climate of maritime regions. However, following mild winters in continental climatic zones, an increased and yield damaging appearance, which is additionally influenced by early sowing dates, can be observed. Previous proofs of the teleomorph Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Schroeter were found in Australia, Brazil, Great Britain, Chile and the USA., With the first proof of teleomorph in Bavaria and herewith the complete life cycle, the optimum mechanism for an early and widespread primary infection of young wheat plants has been confirmed.
Assessment of Anthracnose Disease in Some Cultivars of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Authors: Latunde‐Dada A. O. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAnthracnose disease was assessed in populations of five cowpea cultivars: Farin Juda‐C, Ife Brown, Market Brown, IT82E‐60 and TVX 3236. Disease progress was estimated by weekly measurements of the length of necrotic lesions on stems as well as by a visual symptom assessment key. Direct significant correlations were obtained between visual assessment scores and the lengths of peduncle lesions in three comparisons using cultivars of varying susceptibility. In addition, the response of hypocotyls excised from the seedlings of these cultivars corresponded with adult plant reactions to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to currently available information on other anthracnose diseases.
Analysis of Pectic Enzyme Zymograms of Fusarium Species.
Authors: Szécsi Á. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractZymograms of the extracellular polygalacturonase (PG), produced by isolates of F. culmorum and F. graminearum originating from different geographic locations and different sources, were compared. PG patterns were prepared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF) of untreated fluid from liquid pectin salts cultures.There was no intraspecific variability between isolates of both Fusarium species. Electrophoretic and isofocusing PG patterns were species specific. On the basis of IEF patterns, F. culmorum (4 isozymes, estimated pI's 6.4, 6.6, 6.9, 7.1) and F. graminearum (5 isozymes, estimated pI's 6.4, 6.6, 6.9, 7.1, 7.5) could be separated from one another by the pH 7.5 PG isozyme.
Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum Chemotypes Towards Corn, Wheat, Triticale and Rye
Authors: Logrieco A. , Manka M. , Altomare C. , Bottalico A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe pathogenicity of nine Fusarium graminearum isolates belonging to three different trichothecene‐producing chemotypes, i.e. NIV + FUS, DON + 3‐AcDON, and DON + 15‐AcDON was tested on corn, wheat, triticale and rye. Although these compounds are known to have different toxicity, no difference in pathogenicity was observed among the mean values for chemotypes. However, within each chemotype there were isolates with different pathogenicity which was not correlated with the ability to produce trichothecenes in vitro. The pathogenicity of each isolate was almost the same for all tested cereals. The involvement of trichothecenes in pathogenesis was investigated in infected corn stalk tissues. All the expected trichothecenes were detected with the exception of NIV and FUS.
Characterization and Serological Detection of Four Closterovirus‐like Particles Associated with Leafroll Disease on Grapevine
Authors: Zimmermann D. , Bass P. , Legin R. , Walter B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFour serologically unrelated closterovirus‐like particles (GLRV‐1, GLRV‐2, GLRV‐3 and GLRV‐4) were isolated in our laboratory from leafroll diseased grapevines. Polyclonal antibodies raised against these particles were useful for their characterization and their detection in infected plants.The coat proteins of these four serotypes were characterized by a SDS‐PAGE after denaturation, followed by a transfer on nitrocellulose sheet and immunoprinting using the specific polyclonal antibodies. The capsid of GLRV‐1, GLRV‐2, GLRV‐3 and GLRV‐4 contains a single protein species with molecular weight of about 39 Kd, 26 Kd, 43 Kd and 36 Kd respectively. No serological relation was found between these four filamentous particles either by ELISA, immuno electron microscopy or immunoblotting experiments.Serological analysis of many grapevines originating from the Middle East and Europe showed a very close association between the presence of GLRV‐1, GLRV‐2, GLRV‐3 and GLRV‐4 antigens, and leafroll symptoms on Vitis vinifera Pinot Noir. This association was confirmed by testing symptomless and diseased grapevines collected in the field, and by serological analysis of heat treated plants originally infected by GLRV‐1 and GLRV‐3, which are the most widespread antigens detected in leafroll infected grapevines.
Features of Resistance to Take‐all Disease in Cereal Species Evaluated by Laboratory Assays
Authors: Solel Z. , Ben‐Ze'ev I. S. , Dori S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDevelopment of take‐all disease, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, on wheat, barley and rye, respectively, susceptible, moderately susceptible and resistant under field conditions, was evaluated by laboratory assays. The root system, which grew either in vermiculite in plastic tubes or polyethylene sleeves, or in a sand mix in plastic pots, was inculated, and lesion frequency and extension, both considered as resistance factors, were monitored. In assays in tubes and pots, both enabling multiple infection points, the infection scores of wheat, barley and rye on a scale of 0–5 were in decreasing order. In assays in sleeves, with a single point inoculation, lesion length on barley and rye was similar and less than thaton, wheat, but percentage of infected roots was markedly lower on rye than on barley. For large‐scale screening programs we suggest to employ both the Tube Assay, which is reliable and easy to perform and the Slanted Sleeve Assay, which is more sensitive allowing detection of even a small degree of resistance. Selected accessions could be subsequently evaluated by the Pot Assay, under more natural conditions, and the resistance to take‐all must eventually be verified under field conditions.