bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient-Oriented Methotrexate Information Sites on the Internet: A Review of Completeness, Accuracy, Format, Reliability, Credibility, and Readability
Authors: THOMPSON ANDREW E. , GRAYDON SARA L. 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveWith continuing use of the Internet, rheumatologists are referring patients to various websites to gain information about medications and diseases. Our goal was to develop and evaluate a Medication Website Assessment Tool (MWAT) for use by health professionals, and to explore the overall quality of methotrexate information presented on common English-language websites.MethodsIdentification of websites was performed using a search strategy on the search engine Google. The first 250 hits were screened. Inclusion criteria included those English-language websites from authoritative sources, trusted medical, physicians’, and common health-related websites. Websites from pharmaceutical companies, online pharmacies, and where the purpose seemed to be primarily advertisements were also included. Product monographs or technical-based web pages and web pages where the information was clearly directed at patients with cancer were excluded. Two reviewers independently scored each included web page for completeness and accuracy, format, readability, reliability, and credibility. An overall ranking was provided for each methotrexate information page.ResultsTwenty-eight web pages were included in the analysis. The average score for completeness and accuracy was 15.48 ± 3.70 (maximum 24) with 10 out of 28 pages scoring 18 (75%) or higher. The average format score was 6.00 ± 1.46 (maximum 8). The Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level revealed an average grade level of 10.07 ± 1.84, with 5 out of 28 websites written at a reading level less than grade 8; however, no web page scored at a grade 5 to 6 level. An overall ranking was calculated identifying 8 web pages as appropriate sources of accurate and reliable methotrexate information.ConclusionWith the enormous amount of information available on the Internet, it is important to direct patients to web pages that are complete, accurate, readable, and credible sources of information. We identified web pages that may serve the interests of both rheumatologists and patients.
Changes in the relationship between children and television
Authors: Fuenzalida-Fernández Valerio 
Published: November 2008

This paper presents some changes occurring in Latin America related to the relationship between children and television channels and programs. There are new ways of television consumption by children at home, and new tendencies in the understanding of reception processes in children programming. Television production has had considerable change and this has produced important transformations in children’s representations inside the text. Mediation is required in order to take advantage of this programming.
En este artículo se presentarán algunos cambios que están apareciendo en América Latina en la relación de los niños con los canales y programas televisivos. Estos cambios aparecen en las nuevas formas de consumo infantil y en nuevas tendencias en el análisis de la recepción de los programas infantiles; pero también en las nuevas formas de realización de los programas, que involucran cambios en la representación infantil simbólica en el texto. La plena utilidad de estos programas requiere del proceso de mediación.
Do young audiences learn from media?
Authors: López-de-la-Roche Maritza 
Published: November 2008

The article revisits the old debate about media influence, focusing on whether children learn from television or not. It argues that TV per se does not guarantee that a child will build knowledge because mediations connected to family members, peers, or school teachers are necessary to activate learning processes. From this perspective the issue of media influence is related to cultural and school capital and to impersonal communication. Attention is drawn to the contribution of the media to the child’s acquisition of cultural capital.
El artículo retoma el antiguo debate acerca de la influencia de los medios, enfocándolo en la pregunta acerca del aprendizaje del niño a partir de la televisión. Plantea que si no ocurren procesos de comunicación interpersonal, como las mediaciones de los adultos y pares del grupo familiar o las de los maestros en el sistema escolar, este medio «per se» no garantiza que el niño construya conocimiento. El problema de la influencia se analiza entonces relacionándolo con los factores de capital escolar/cultural del niño y su familia, y con los procesos de interacción. Se tiene en cuenta la contribución actual a la adquisición de capital escolar y cultural del niño.
The right to access to the media: methodological reflections
Authors: Callejo-Gallego Manuel Javier 
Published: November 2008

The objective of the article is to show the possibility that the monitoring of the presence of the social groups in the mass media of public ownership has, because of the lack of development of the Right of Access. A minimum empirical approximation to such presence highlights two aspects. On the one hand, the scarce presence of the social groups and, therefore, of the civil society, in the media. On the other hand, some essential methodological decisions that should be previously taken.El objetivo del artículo es mostrar la posibilidad que tiene el seguimiento de la presencia de los grupos sociales en los medios de comunicación de titularidad pública, ante la falta de desarrollo del derecho de acceso. Una mínima aproximación empírica a tal presencia pone de relieve dos cuestiones. Por un lado, la escasa presencia de los grupos sociales y, por lo tanto, de la sociedad civil, en los medios. Por otro lado, algunas decisiones metodológicas esenciales que debieran resolverse de manera previa.
Language’s alterations in the digital era
Authors: Parrilla Ernesto Antonio 
Published: November 2008

Language is historically subject to changes. At the present time the principle of alteration postulated one hundred years ago by Ferdinand de Saussure, father of modern linguistics, is easily observed in new mass media such as those generated by computer science (chat, msn, forums, etc.) and the mobile phones (sms). Although this principle guarantees the continuity of languages, it is not taken into account when debating, when voices arise in favour and against the new codes of communication arise.
El lenguaje, históricamente, está sujeto a cambios. En la actualidad el principio de alteración postulado hace cien años por Ferdinand de Saussure, padre de la lingüística moderna, se observa con fuerza en los nuevos medios de comunicación que posee el hombre para interactuar, como los generados por la informática (chat, msn, foros, etc.) y la telefonía móvil (sms). Si bien este principio garantiza la continuidad de la(s) lengua(s), no es tenido en cuenta a la hora del debate, donde se levantan voces a favor y en contra de los nuevos «códigos» de comunicación.
Renewal movements in the Spanish television series
Authors: García-de-Castro Mario 
Published: November 2008

The present paper analyzes the results of a qualitative investigation developed by the Spanish public television on the values and characteristics of the national television fiction genre, as well as other aspects of its latest evolution. The conclusions of this qualitative analysis and the audience ratings confirm the hegemony of the genre within the generalist television programming. In the same sense, the paper analyzes its latest tendencies and what is called the last renewal of domestic television fiction.
El presente trabajo analiza los resultados de una investigación cualitativa desarrollada por la televisión pública de España en torno a los valores y características del género de la ficción televisiva nacional, así como otros aspectos de la evolución última del género. Las conclusiones del análisis cualitativo y los datos de audiencia confirman la hegemonía del género dentro de la programación televisiva generalista de nuestro país. De igual forma se analizan sus tendencias más recientes y lo que llega a calificarse como última renovación de la ficción televisiva doméstica que podría denominarse la del hiperrealismo, por sus características extremas.
Multi-screen society: a challenge for media literacy
Authors: Pérez-Tornero José Manuel 
Published: November 2008

Conventional television is getting transformed and diversified to adapt to the new requirements and conditions of the new digital contexts. This means deep transformations in the production, distribution and reception systems; in the programs, genres, and contents in general; and in the commercialization channels and financing systems. This work gathers the new challenges of the “multi-screen society” that is appearing in our horizon.
La televisión convencional, en sus inicios medios de comunicación centralizada y de audiencia masiva, se está actualmente transformando y diversificando para acomodarse a las nuevas exigencias y condiciones de los nuevos contextos digitales. Se están produciendo, en este sentido, profundas y progresivas transformaciones en los sistemas de producción, distribución y recepción; en los programas, géneros, y contenidos en general; e incluso en las formas de comercialización y financiación. Este trabajo recoge los nuevos retos de la «sociedad multipantallas» que se abre ya de forma inexorable en nuestro horizonte.
How to educate the gaze and manufacture the news: the citizen in the BBC broadcast information
Authors: Lamuedra-Graván María , Lara-Padilla Tíscar 
Published: November 2008

This article analyzes the strategies followed by the BBC channel to legitimize its role as public television through an approach to the citizens and a diversification of contents in order to face the challenge posed by the current fragmentation of audiences. The study is based on interviews with BBC news professionals about their concept of the public and their gaze on citizens. The aim of this paper is to identify ways to help TVE to face the challenge of its legitimating as public service television.El presente artículo analiza la estrategia de la BBC para legitimar su papel como televisión pública a través de un mayor acercamiento a los ciudadanos y una diversificación de los contenidos ante la creciente fragmentación de audiencias. El estudio se basa en una serie de entrevistas a profesionales de los servicios informativos de la BBC sobre su concepto de público y su mirada sobre los ciudadanos. El propósito de este estudio es identificar fórmulas que puedan ayudar a las televisiones públicas españolas a afrontar, en el actual contexto, el reto de su legitimación como televisión de servicio público.
«Infant television newscast»: learning resource in TV
Authors: Sánchez-Carrero Jacqueline 
Published: November 2008

Infant television newscasts are news programs for children and teenagers. In some countries they are among top places. This article will research on the origin of the first television newscasts and will show some of their uses. The format offers an advantage for parents and teachers interested in teaching such important things to children and pupils about television. Due to their short duration it is possible to learn to see and analyze them together with the children. It is an opportunity to know the news and to discover how they are constructed across an entertaining dialogue among adults and children.
Los telediarios infantiles son programas de noticias destinados a niños y adolescentes. En algunos países han logrado posicionarse entre los lugares preferidos por ese tipo de telespectador. Indagar en el origen de los primeros telediarios y mostrar algunas de sus utilidades es el objeto de este trabajo. Así se concluye que el formato ofrece una ventaja a padres y maestros interesados en enseñar a sus hijos y alumnos cuestiones importantes sobre el medio televisivo: por su corta duración se puede aprender a ver y analizar conjuntamente con la infancia. Se trata, sin duda, de una oportunidad para conocer las noticias y descubrir cómo están construidas a través de un diálogo lúdico y entretenido entre adultos y nuevas generaciones.
Pass in language, maths... and TV
Authors: Jiménez-Palacio Tania , Revuelta-Bayod María José 
Published: November 2008

A new debate has arrived to the Education System. It deals with the need of an alternative teaching, an education that exceeds the academic traditions and studies the social relations, such as the relationship between media and society. Citizens must access an audiovisual teaching, because it is important to unders-tand how television, radio stations, newspapers, etc., work when they inform us, show us the culture or even build our dreams. People must know about the media’s economic and political interests, and also how the audience could make use of communication mass media.En el sistema educativo se ha abierto un debate acerca de la importancia de alfabetizar en otros sentidos que sobrepasan la tradición académica y que se adentran en el análisis de relaciones sociales contextualizadas, como puede ser la relación medios de comunicación-sociedad. Las autoras defienden que es importante que los ciudadanos accedan a una alfabetización audiovisual que les permita contar con recursos para entender el funcionamiento de los medios informativos y culturales como fabricantes de sueños, conocer sus intereses como empresas y poderes fácticos que son, captar sus estrategias de manipulación y persuasión, y comprender cómo nosotros, receptores, podemos utilizarlos.
Molekulare Faktoren der katalytischen Selektivität
Authors: Somorjai Gabor A. , Park Jeong Y. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSelektivität – die Bildung eines bestimmten Produkts aus einer Auswahl von thermodynamisch möglichen molekularen Produkten – ist der Schlüssel zur Entwicklung sauberer Prozesse, bei denen keinerlei Nebenprodukte entstehen (“grüne Chemie”). Kleine Unterschiede in den Aktivierungsbarrieren für einzelne Schritte bestimmen, über welchen Reaktionsweg das gewünschte molekulare Produkt gebildet wird (Selektivität), wohingegen die Aktivierungsbarriere der Gesamtreaktion die Umsatzgeschwindigkeiten vorgibt (Aktivität). Kürzlich wurde gezeigt, wie Parameter auf atomarer oder molekularer Ebene abgestimmt werden können – beispielsweise hängen Umsatzgeschwindigkeiten und Selektivitäten von der Größe und Form von Nanopartikeln ab, weil sich die aktiven Zentren auf ihren Oberflächen unterscheiden. Hier rücken wir sieben molekulare Faktoren in den Blickpunkt, die die Selektivität heterogenkatalytischer Reaktionen an Metalleinkristall‐Modelloberflächen und an Kolloidnanopartikeln beeinflussen: die Oberflächenstruktur, Strukturveränderungen durch Adsorbatbindung, die Beweglichkeit des Adsorbats, Reaktionszwischenstufen, die Oberflächenzusammensetzung, der Ladungstransport sowie der Oxidationszustand. Wir stellen die Bedeutung der einzelnen Faktoren anhand von Beispielen heraus und beschreiben, welche Methoden uns zur In‐situ‐Untersuchung ihrer Rolle bei Oberflächenreaktionen zu Gebote stehen.
Highly Active Potential Antituberculotics: 3‐(4‐Alkylphenyl)‐4‐thioxo‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2(3H)‐ones and 3‐(4‐Alkylphenyl)‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4(3H)‐dihiones Substituted in Ring‐B by Halogen
Authors: Waisser Karel , Matyk Josef , Kuneš Jirí , Doležal Rafael , Kaustová Jarmila , Dahse Hans‐Martin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA series of 6‐chloro‐3‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐4‐thioxo‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2(3H)‐ones, 7‐chloro‐3‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐4‐thioxo‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2(3H)‐ones, 6‐bromo‐3‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐4‐thioxo‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2(3H)‐ones, 6,8‐dibromo‐3‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐4‐thioxo‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2(3H)‐ones, 6‐chloro‐3‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4(3H)‐dithiones, 7‐chloro‐3‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4(3H)‐dithiones, 6‐bromo‐3‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4(3H)‐dithiones and 6,8‐dibromo‐3‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4(3H)‐dithiones was synthesized. The compounds exhibited in‐vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. kansasii (two strains), and M. avium. 6‐bromo‐3‐(4‐propylphenyl)‐4‐thioxo‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazin‐2(3H)‐one and 6‐bromo‐3‐(4‐propylphenyl)‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazin‐2,4(3H)‐dithione are the most active compounds against M. tuberculosis. The activity is similar to isoniazid (INH). The compounds under study have a broad spectrum of activity against potential pathogenic strains. The replacement of the oxo group by thioxo group of 3‐(4‐alkylphenyl)‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4(3H)‐diones often led to an improvement in the antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis.
Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of 5‐Phenyl‐[1,2,4]‐triazolo[4,3‐a]quinolines
Authors: Guan Li‐Ping , Jin Qing‐Hao , Wang Shou‐Feng , Li Fu‐Nan , Quan Zhe‐Shan 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA series of novel 5‐phenyl‐[1,2,4]‐triazolo[4,3‐a]quinoline derivatives was synthesized by the cyclization of 2‐chloro‐4‐phenyl‐1,2‐dihydronaphthalene with formohydrazide. The starting material 2‐chloro‐4‐phenyl‐1,2‐dihydronaphthalene was synthesized from ethyl‐3‐oxo‐3‐phenylpropanoate and substituted aniline. Their anticonvulsant activities were evaluated by the maximal electroshock (MES) test and their neurotoxicity was evaluated by the rotarod neurotoxicity test (Tox). The maximal electroshock test showed that 7‐hexyloxy‐5‐phenyl‐[1,2,4]‐triazolo[4,3‐a]quinoline 4f was found to be the most potent compound with an ED50 value of 6.5 mg/kg and a protective index (PI = ED50 / TD50) value of 35.1, which was much higher than the PI of the reference drug phenytoin.
Synthesis and Positive Inotropic Evaluation of 2‐(4‐(4‐Substituted benzyloxy)‐3‐methoxybenzyl)‐1,4‐diazepan‐1‐yl)‐N‐(4,5‐dihydro‐1‐methyl[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]quinolin‐7‐yl)‐acetamides
Authors: Li Jing‐Yuan , Cui Xun , Liu Xue‐Kun , Hong Lan , Quan Zhe‐Shan , Piao Hu‐Ri 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn an attempt to search for more potent positive inotropic agents, a series of 2‐(4‐(4‐substituted benzyloxy)‐3‐methoxybenzyl)‐1,4‐diazepan‐1‐yl)‐N‐(4,5‐dihydro‐1‐methyl[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]quinolin‐7‐yl)acetamides was synthesized and their positive inotropic activities were evaluated by measuring left atrium stroke volume on isolated rabbit‐heart preparations. Several compounds showed favorable activity compared with the standard drug Milrinone among which 2‐(4‐(4‐(2‐chlorobenzyloxy)‐3‐methoxybenzyl)‐1,4‐diazepan‐1‐yl)‐N‐(4,5‐dihydro‐1‐methyl‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]quinolin‐7‐yl)acetamide 6e was found to have the most desirable potency with the 6.79 ± 0.18% increased stroke volume (Milrinone: 1.67 ± 0.64%) at a concentration of 1×10–5 M in our in‐vitro study. The chronotropic effects of those compounds having inotropic effects were also evaluated in this work.
Three‐Dimensional Ultralarge‐Pore Ia3d Mesoporous Silica with Various Pore Diameters and Their Application in Biomolecule Immobilization
Authors: Vinu Ajayan , Gokulakrishnan Narasimhan , Balasubramanian Veerappan V. , Alam Sher , Kapoor Mahendra P. , Ariga Katsuhiko , Mori Toshiyuki 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHighly ordered mesoporous three‐dimensional Ia3d silica (KIT‐6) with different pore diameters has been synthesized by using pluronic P123 as surfactant template and n‐butanol as cosolvent at different synthesis temperatures in a highly acidic medium. The materials were characterized by XRD and N2 adsorption. The synthesis temperature plays a significant role in controlling the pore diameter, surface area, and pore volume of the materials. The material prepared at 150 °C, KIT‐6‐150, has a large pore diameter (11.3 nm) and a high specific pore volume (1.53 cm3 g−1). We also demonstrate immobilization of lysozyme, which is a stable and hard protein, on KIT‐6 materials with different pore diameters. The amount of lysozyme adsorbed on large‐pore KIT‐6 is extremely large (57.2 μmol g−1) and is much higher than that observed for mesoporous silicas MCM‐41, SBA‐15, and KIT‐5, mesoporous carbons, and carbon nanocages. The effect of various parameters such as buffer concentration, adsorption temperature, concentration of the lysozyme, and the textural parameter of the adsorbent on the lysozyme adsorption capacity of KIT‐6 was studied. The amount adsorbed mainly depends on solution pH, ionic strength, adsorption temperature, and pore volume and pore diameter of the adsorbent. The mechanism of adsorption on KIT‐6 under different adsorption conditions is discussed. In addition, the structural stability of lysozyme molecules and the KIT‐6 adsorbent before and after adsorption were investigated by XRD, nitrogen adsorption, and FTIR spectroscopy.
Difluorocarbene Studied with Threshold Photoelectron Spectroscopy (TPES): Measurement of the First Adiabatic Ionization Energy (AIE) of CF2
Authors: Innocenti Fabrizio , Eypper Marie , Lee Edmond P. F. , Stranges Stefano , Mok Daniel K. W. , Chau Foo‐tim , King George C. , Dyke John M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe first photoelectron band of difluorocarbene CF2, has been studied by threshold photoelectron (TPE) spectroscopy. CF2 was prepared by microwave discharge of a flowing mixture of hexafluoropropene, C3F6, and argon. A vibrationally resolved band was observed in which at least twenty‐two components were observed. In the first PE band of CF2, the adiabatic ionization energy differs significantly from the vertical ionization energy because, for the ionization CF2+ (X̃2A1)+e− ← CF2 (X̃1A1), there is an increase in the FCF bond angle (by ≈20°) and a decrease in the CF bond length (by ≈0.7 Å). The adiabatic component was not observed in the experimental TPE spectrum. However, on comparing this spectrum with an ab initio/Franck–Condon simulation of this band, using results from high‐level ab initio calculations, the structure associated with the vibrational components could be assigned. This led to alignment of the experimental TPE spectrum and the computed Franck–Condon envelope, and a determination of the first adiabatic ionization energy of CF2 as (11.362±0.005) eV. From the assignment of the vibrational structure, values were obtained for the harmonic and fundamental frequencies of the symmetric stretching mode (ν1′) and symmetric bending mode (ν2′) in CF2+ (X̃2A1).
Absorption Spectrum of A–T DNA Unraveled by Quantum Mechanical Calculations in Solution on the (dA)2⋅(dT)2 Tetramer
Authors: Santoro Fabrizio , Barone Vincenzo , Improta Roberto 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe absorption spectrum of A–T DNA is computed for the first time in aqueous solution by means of quantum mechanical calculations performed on realistic models, thereby accounting for both stacking and base pairing interactions and including solvent effects through the polarizable continuum model. The computed and experimental spectra are in close agreement. Our analysis allows the identification of all the electronic transitions hidden in the broad absorption spectrum of A–T DNA, thus determining their most relevant properties and providing an explanation for the most significant experimental features, such as the small blue shift of the band maximum and the appearance of a shoulder on the red wing of the absorption band. The lowest‐energy dark excited state corresponds to a charge‐transfer state between two stacked adenine bases.