bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extensional quotients for type theory and the consistency problem for NF
Authors: Antonelli Gian Aldo 
Published: April 2006

Quine's “New Foundations” (NF) was first presented in Quine [10] and later on in Quine [11]. Ernst Specker [15, 13], building upon a previous result of Ehrenfeucht and Mostowski [5], showed that NF is consistent if and only if there is a model of the Theory of Negative (and positive) Types (TNT) with full extensionality that admits of a “shifting automorphism,” but the existence of such a model remains an open problem.In his [8], Ronald Jensen gave a partial solution to the problem of the consistency of Quine's NF. Jensen considered a version of NF—referred to as NFU—in which the axiom of extensionality is weakened to allow forUrelementeor “atoms.” He showed, modifying Specker's theorem, that the existence of a model of TNT with atoms admitting of a “shifting automorphism” implies the consistency of NFU, proceeding then to exhibit such a model.This paper presents a reduction of the consistency problem for NF to the existence of a model of TNT with atoms containing certain “large” (unstratified) sets and admitting a shifting automorphism. In particular we show that such a model can be “collapsed” to a model ofpureTNT in such a way as to preserve the shifting automorphism. By the above-mentioned result of Specker's, this implies the consistency of NF.Let us take the time to explain the main ideas behind the construction. Suppose we have a certain universeUof sets, built up from certain individuals or “atoms.” In such a universe we have only a weak version of the axiom of extensionality: two objects are the same if and only if they are both sets having the same members. We would like to obtain a universeU′that is as close toUas possible, but in which there are no atoms (i.e., the only memberless object is the empty set). One way of doing this is to assign to each atom ξ, aset a(perhaps the empty set), inductively identifying sets that have members that we are already committed to considering “the same.” In doing this we obtain an equivalence relation ≃ overUthat interacts nicely with the membership relation (provided we have accounted for multiplicity of members, i.e., we have allowed sets to contain “multiple copies” of the same object). Then we can takeU′=U/≃, the quotient ofUwith respect to ≃. It is then possible to define a “membership” relation overU′in such a way as to have full extensionality. Relations such as ≃ are referred to as “contractions” by Hinnion and “bisimulations” by Aczel.
The algebraic sum of sets of real numbers with strong measure zero sets
Authors: Nowik Andrej , Scheepers Marion , Weiss Tomasz 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe prove the following theorems:(1) IfXhas strong measure zero and ifYhas strong first category, then their algebraic sum has property S0.(2) IfXhas Hurewicz's covering property, then it has strong measure zero if, and only if, its algebraic sum with any first category set is a first category set.(3) IfXhas strong measure zero and Hurewicz's covering property then its algebraic sum with any set inis a set in. (is included in the class of sets always of first category, and includes the class of strong first category sets.)These results extend: Fremlin and Miller's theorem that strong measure zero sets having Hurewicz's property have Rothberger's property, Galvin and Miller's theorem that the algebraic sum of a set with the γ-property and of a first category set is a first category set, and Bartoszyfński and Judah's characterization of-sets. They also characterize the property (*) introduced by Gerlits and Nagy in terms of older concepts.
An Inaccurate Description of Midwestern Taxonomy
Authors: McKern W. C. 
Published: April 2006

For reasons best known to him, McGregor has included in his recent book on Southwestern archaeology a brief statement regarding the midwestern taxonomic method, although this method is not used in the Southwest. The statement is in error on several fundamental points, and it seems important to publish a correction just to keep the record straight.First: the interpretation of “diagnostic culture traits” as traits which are standard for a culture complex in all cultural comparisons (p. 61) is not in accord with the usual concept as employed in midwestern terminology. As originally proposed by Ritchie, and as previously pointed out in my review of Cole's and Deuel's Rediscovering Illinois, the diagnostic trait is determined by a specific comparison of two culture complexes, and applies only to a culture in that comparison. A trait which is diagnostic in one comparison may appear as a link trait in another, and so can not be generally diagnostic for a given culture complex in all comparisons.
A Unique Specimen of Pressure-Flaked Pyrite from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska
Authors: Norman  , Potosky Romayne L. 
Published: April 2006

Attention is invited to a unique flaked pyrite object from the ancient village of Miyowaghameet, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. While specimens of unworked pyrite and certain pyrite-studded artifacts1 have been found at this and other Arctic sites, the specimen illustrated (Fig. 40) is, to the best of our knowledge, the only object of pressure-flaked iron pyrite reported from St. Lawrence Island and possibly from the Arctic coastal sites.Miyowaghameet lies in a gravelly plain at the foot of Cape Chibukak, approximately one mile east of the Eskimo village of Gambell. Collins gives the average diameter for the site as one hundred yards; however the long axis runs roughly NE/SW, and the specimen herein described, while located within the eastern half of the midden, was found approximately sixty-five yards from the eastern edge.
Guess Dating for Jarmo
Authors: Braidwood Robert J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe original guess dates for Jarmo were about 6000 B.C. (and thus close to the recent Washington and Heidelberg radiocarbon dates of 6750 B.C.) rather than about 4750 B.C. (the date derived from Libby's original radiocarbon determinations) as suggested in the papers on obsidian dating in American Antiquity, Volume 25, Number 1.
The Ware Site, Salem County, New Jersey
Authors: McCann Catherine 
Published: April 2006

The Ware site is located in the northern part of Salem County, southwestern New Jersey, on the farm of Mr. Lee Ware. It is on the south bank of Salem Creek, extending to within about 100 feet from the creek, a location which would be flooded only in times of especially high water. The total extent of the site is not known, but it occupies an area of at least 400 feet by 150 feet. It is rather thickly wooded in places, with a mixed growth of cedars, hickory, dogwood, several species of oaks, and a variety of other trees, The soil is, in general, light and sandy.Excavation was begun in the autumn of 1947 and continued in the summer of 1948.
A New Earth-Shaking Machine
Authors: Bird Junius B. , Ford James A. 
Published: April 2006

In the fall of 1954 the undersigned had occasion to investigate the discovery of an eastern fluted projectile point in an excavation being made for the erection of a flagpole memorial to the man who originated the Tadpole Club. In preparation for this expedition to a Boy Scout camp near the Delaware Water Gap we decided to build a motor-driven sifter. This machine has operated so well on this and succeeding trips that it seems to warrant a brief description.The accompaning sketch (Fig. 128) shows the basic principles. The screen, mounted at a slant on 1/4-inch thick plywood legs, is free to move back and forth due to the flexibility of the plywood. A little experimentation demonstrated that about 150 strokes was right for most sifting operations.
The Exhibition of Chancery Italic Manuscripts
Authors: Nash Ray 
Published: April 2006

Oregon was put prominently on the calligraphy map last autumn with the premier showing at the Portland Art Museum of an ambitious exhibition: ‘Calligraphy: The Golden Age and its Modern Revival’. It reopened, with a number of additions and subtractions, at the Grolier Club of New York City in mid-December to a large and appreciative audience. Never before, in this country anyway, has the art of the writing master been seen in so many fine examples written viva mano. It was done to the taste of a Montefeltro duke—not a page of paper or vellum in the whole show had passed through printing press or camera.The Portland Art Association confessed to an ulterior motive.
The Sacred Music of Vincenzo Ruffo
Authors: Lockwood Lewis 
Published: April 2006

The range of the practical and esthetic reform of sacred music in the second half of the sixteenth century can no longer be equated solely with the achievement of Palestrina. Musical scholarship, in quest of a truer picture of the musical aspects of the Counter-Reformation, has revealed other factors and other figures, intrinsically as well as historically interesting. Among these is the Italian composer Vincenzo Ruffo (ca. 1520-87).Ruffo's most important post, after leaving his native Verona, was as chapelmaster at the Duomo in Milan (1563-72), where he worked under the direct supervision of one of the most powerful leaders of the Counter-Reformation, Cardinal Carlo Borromco. The Cardinal had played an important role in the final sessions of the Council of Trent and in the Commission of Cardinals for the study of sacred music (1564) before assuming active control of liturgical affairs at Milan in 1565.
Jodelle's ‘Eugène, ou La Rencontre’ Again
Authors: Graham Victor E. 
Published: April 2006

A most intriguing problem in the history of the French theatre of the sixteenth century concerns Jodelle's lost comedy La Rencontre. In the eighteenth-century Histoire du théâtre français by Claude and François Parfaict, Jodelle's one extant comedy is listed as Eugène, ou La Rencontre. This double title, accepted also by the Chevalier de Mouhy and some later literary historians, does not square with a very explicit paragraph in Estienne Pasquier's Recherches de la France VII, vi:Il [Jodelle] fit deux Tragedies… et deux comedies, la Rencontre et l'Eugene. La Rencontre ainsi appellée, parce qu'au gros de la meslange, tous les personnages s'estoient trouvez pesle-mesle casuellement dedans une maison; fuzeau qui fut fort bien par luy demeslé par la closture du jeu. Ceste Comedie, et la Cleopatre furent representées devant le Roy Henry à Paris en l'Hostel de Reims, avec un grand applaudissement de toute la compagnie: Et depuis encores au College de Boncourt, où toutes les fenestres estoient tapissées d'une infinité de personnages d'honneur, et la Cour si pleine d'escoliers que les portes du College en regorgeoeint. Je le dis comme celuy qui y estois present, avec le grand Tornebus en une mesme chambre.
‘The Soul in Paraphrase’: George Herbert's ‘Library’
Authors: Endicott Annabel M. 
Published: April 2006

A Priest to the Temple, Herbert's handbook of practical wisdom for the country parson, is justly praised for directness and common sense. But there is one chapter in it which seems to belong to another kind of discourse–to belong to the hterature not of wisdom but of wit. This chapter, ‘The Parson's Library,’ has provoked the editorial comment that the contents ‘correspond so little with the title, except for elaborating a paradox, that the chapter is possibly misnamed.’ The paradox, however, is not restricted to the title, but is elaborated in the chapter itself:The Countrey Parson's Library is a holy Life: … For the temptations with which a good man is beset, and the ways which he used to overcome them, being told to another, whether in private conference, or in the Church, are a Sermon. Hee that hath considered how to carry himself at table about his appetite, if he tell this to another, preacheth; and much more feelingly, and judiciously, then he writes his rules of temperance out of bookes. So that the Parson having studied, and mastered all his lusts and affections within, and the whole Army of Temptations without, hath ever so many sermons ready penn'd, as he hath victories.
Willem Bosman's New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea: How Accurate is It?
Authors: van Dantzig Albert 
Published: April 2006

When Willem Bosman wrote his Naauwkeurige Beschryving van de Guinese- Goud-Tand- en Slavekust in 1702 the Guinea coast was perhaps enjoying more public interest in Europe than ever before. The Gold Coast and its interior had long appealed to the imagination of the western world, because it was one of the few gold-producing areas open to traders of all nations. But around 1700 interest in the whole coast of west Africa, particularly the east-west stretch or ‘Lower Guinea,’ further increased because of the rapidly increasing demand in the West Indies and Latin America for slaves from that area. As a matter of fact the “Asiento question” was one of the major issues at stake at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession. Bosman, late Chief Merchant on behalf of the Dutch West India Company on the coast of Guinea, was in an excellent position to satisfy public curiosity.Dutch contacts with the lower Guinea coast dated from 1595 when the then newly-emerging Republic of the Northern Netherlands or the United Provinces was badly in need of a regular supply of gold in order to finance its war efforts against the Spanish crown. Dutch trade expanded quickly in west Africa, at the expense of the Portuguese, who pretended to have a trade monopoly in the area. On the Gold Coast in particular the Portuguese were in a strong position, with fixed bases in the form of their castle at Sao Jorge da Mina (later Elmina) and supporting forts at Shama and Axim. But Portugal had been under the Spanish crown since 1580 and the Dutch considered their overseas possessions as legal prey and the undermining of their trade as a valid political aim. The Dutch were able to bring cheaper and better trade goods to the coast, and this prompted the ruler of the small state of Asebu near Elmina to defy openly the supposedly exclusive rights of the Portuguese, and, in 1612, to invite the Dutch to build a fort of their own at Mori. A Dutch attack in 1625 on the great castle of Elmina failed, but in 1637 they were successful and by 1641 they had expelled the Portuguese from their last possessions on the Guinea coast. But the Dutch were never able to enjoy the kind of monopolistic position the Portuguese had had; in 1631 the English built their first Gold Coast fort at Cormantin and other nations soon joined the rush to the profitable gold trade. By the end of the century no fewer than twenty-six fortified trade posts, belonging to the chartered companies of five nations, littered the coastline.
Language, Literature, and Culture
Authors: Hopgood C. R. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis article discusses the place of the vernacular and of vernacular literature in African education. It is written from the standpoint of Northern Rhodesia, and the Ila-Tonga group of peoples known to the writer have been particularly in mind. Many of the general principles enunciated, however, will be found to apply over a much wider area.
A Simplified Mode Classification for Traditional Anglo-American Song Tunes*
Authors: Cazden Norman 
Published: April 2006

This paper might well be subtitled, Why call it Ionian Heptatonic when we mean Major?In the rosy romantic image invoked long ago by Chappell and Wooldridge, as also on the European continent by Combarieu, the archaic song of the common people has ever been drawn by instinctive tropism towards the musical forms and formulas taught over the centuries by a benevolent Church. These writers, no more alert than many among their modern successors to the observation that their information necessarily went back ultimately to Church-sponsored sources alone, sensed a natural linkage between melodic mode usages in popular tunes and the theoretical classifications that had been ordained, though retroactively, for the ancient sacred chant, and they took this connection to be symbolic and symptomatic of a profound cultural and psychological impulse.
Microwave Breakdown Field in a Resonant Spherical Cavity
Authors: Tomala R. , Jordan U. , Anderson D. , Lisak M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the present work, the microwave breakdown threshold in a gas‐filled spherical resonator, is determined for the case when the cavity is excited in its lowest order mode, which implies that the microwave field strength depends on both radius and azimuthal angle. A semi‐analytical approximation of the breakdown threshold is found using a direct variational approach. The variational predictions are compared with the results of full numerical calculations and demonstrate very good agreement
Titanium–Alkaline Earth Molecular Oxides as Supports for Carbanions Derived from μ3‐Ethylidyne Groups
Authors: Martín Avelino , Mena Miguel , Morales‐Varela María del Carmen , Santamaría Cristina 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTreatment of the μ3‐ethylidyne complex [{TiCp*(μ‐O)}3(μ3‐CMe)] (1) (Cp* = η5‐C5Me5) with the alkaline earth amides [M{N(SiMe3)2}2(thf)2] (M = Mg, Ca, Sr) promotes the deprotonation of the alkylidyne moiety μ3‐CMe and leads to the oxoheterometallocubane derivatives [{(thf)x(Me3Si)2NM}(μ3‐O)3{Ti3Cp*3(μ3‐CCH2)}] [M = Mg, x = 0 (2a); Ca, x = 1 (3); Sr, x = 1 (4)]. In the case of the magnesium amide, complex 2a is obtained together with the isomer [{(Me3Si)2NMg}(μ3‐O)3{Ti3Cp*3(μ3‐η2‐CHCH)}] (2b). The addition of pentamethylcyclopentadiene (C5Me5H) or triphenylmethanol (Ph3COH) to these compounds causes the displacement of the amide fragment to give the heterometallocubanes [RM(μ3‐O)3{Ti3Cp*3(μ3‐C2H2)}] [R = C5Me5, M = Ca (5), Sr (6); R = Ph3CO, M = Mg (7a,b), Ca (8), Sr (9)]. This substitution can also be performed on 3 and 4 by treatment with the starting complex 1, which gives the corner‐shared doublecubanes [M{(μ3‐O)3(Ti3Cp*3)(μ3‐CCH2)}2] [M = Ca (11), Sr (12)]. Complexes 2a,b do not react with 1, and heating of this mixture affords the edge‐linked double cubane [Mg(μ4‐O)(μ3‐O)2{Ti3Cp*3(μ3‐CCH)}]2 (10). The combination of the barium reagents [Ba(CH2Ph)2] or [Ba{N(SiMe3)2}2] with 1 leads to the corner‐shared double cubane [Ba{(μ3‐O)3(Ti3Cp*3)(μ3CCH2)}2] (13). The molecular structures of 3 and 10 have been established by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Cover Picture: Fluorous Synthesis of Hydantoin‐, Piperazinedione‐, and Benzodiazepinedione‐Fused Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Ring Systems (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 9/2006)
Authors: Zhang Wei , Lu Yimin , Chen Christine Hiu‐Tung , Curran Dennis P. , Geib Steven 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe cover picture shows a range of molecular scaffolds that can be achieved through fluorous enhanced diversity‐oriented synthesis. Construction of the ring skeletons is accomplished by multicomponent reactions followed by post‐condensation modifications. The reactions are accelerated by microwave irradiation, and purifications are facilitated by fluorous separation. This new solution‐phase synthetic technique is presented in the Short Communication by W. Zhang et al. on p. 2055 ff.
Preparation of Porosity–Graded SOFC Anode Substrates
Authors: Holtappels P. , Sorof C. , Verbraeken M. C. , Rambert S. , Vogt U. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPorosity graded anode substrates for solid oxide fuel cells are considered to optimise the gas transport through the substrate by maintaining a high electrochemical activity for fuel oxidation at the anode/solid electrolyte interface. In this work, the fabrication of porosity graded anode substrates, made from nickel oxide and yttria‐modified zirconia and produced by dry uni‐axial pressing, are described. Using carbon as pore formers and adjusting the particle size distribution in the ceramic NiO‐YSZ masses, samples with gradually changing porosity are built up. The sintering behaviour of the individual layers is analysed and partly adjusted so the multi‐layer support can be co‐fired together with the YSZ electrolyte layer. In the oxidized state, four‐layer, porosity graded anode supported half‐cells with a dense YSZ electrolyte are demonstrated.
Estimating and predicting multivariate volatility thresholds in global stock markets
Authors: Audrino Francesco , Trojani Fabio 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe propose a general double tree structured AR‐GARCH model for the analysis of global equity index returns. The model extends previous approaches by incorporating (i) several multivariate thresholds in conditional means and volatilities of index returns and (ii) a richer specification for the impact of lagged foreign (US) index returns in each threshold. We evaluate the out‐of‐sample forecasting power of our model for eight major equity indices in comparison to some existing volatility models in the literature. We find strong evidence for more than one multivariate threshold (more than two regimes) in conditional means and variances of global equity index returns. Such multivariate thresholds are affected by foreign (US) lagged index returns and yield a higher out‐of‐sample predictive power for our tree structured model setting. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tandem Action of TpMsNiCl and Supported Cp2ZrCl2 Catalysts for the Production of Linear Low‐Density Polyethylene
Authors: Kuhn Maria Cristina A. , da Silva Jaqueline L. , Casagrande Adriana C. A. , Mauler Raquel S. , Casagrande Osvaldo L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: Linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) samples with different properties were prepared from ethylene, without the addition of an α‐olefin co‐monomer, using a combination of the catalyst precursors TpMsNiCl (TpMs = hydridotris(3‐mesitylpyrazol‐1‐yl) and Cp2ZrCl2/SMAO‐4, by varying the nickel loading mole fraction (xNi). Upon activation with methylaluminoxane (MAO), this binary catalytic system showed activities varying from 12.3 to 309.1 kg of PE · (mol[M] · atm · h)−1. The properties of the polymeric materials are influenced by xNi as well as by the temperature of polymerization, affording the copolymers with a melting point (Tm) between 118 and 135 °C. The GPC results show that the molecular weight ($\overline M _{\rm w}$) of the polymers is sensitive to the xNi. In all of the cases studied, the GPC curves displayed monomodal molecular weight distributions (MWDs) with the average molecular weight varying from 30 000 to 507 000 g · mol−1. Studies using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) show that the formation of different polymeric materials is associated with the branching content, with the stiffness varying according to the xNi and the temperature used in the polymerization reaction.Overview of the copolymerization process, from ethylene in the presence of MAO, mediated by catalysts 1 and 2/SMAO.imageOverview of the copolymerization process, from ethylene in the presence of MAO, mediated by catalysts 1 and 2/SMAO.
Salicylaldiminato Pyrrolylaldiminato Group 4 Metal Alkene Polymerization Catalysts: Combining High Activity with High Comonomer Incorporation
Authors: Pennington Dale A. , Coles Simon J. , Hursthouse Michael B. , Bochmann Manfred , Lancaster Simon J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: Treatment of Zr{3‐But‐2‐(O)C6H3CHN(C6F5)}Cl3(THF) with K[2‐(C6H5NCH)C4H3N] yields Zr{3‐But‐2‐(O)C6H3CHN(C6F5)}{2‐(C6H5NCH)C4H3N}Cl2, the first example of a (salicylaldiminato)(pyrrolylaldiminato)zirconium complex. The catalytic behavior of both the new zirconium pre‐catalyst and its titanium analogue have been determined. The titanium system is the more effective catalyst for both ethene homopolymerization and copolymerizations with hex‐1‐ene, norbornene, and cyclopentene. The titanium catalyst combines the high productivities of the bis(salicylaldiminato) parent complex with the more favorable comonomer incorporation of the bis(pyrrolylaldiminato) series.Copolymerizations with pre‐catalysts 1 and 2.magnified imageCopolymerizations with pre‐catalysts 1 and 2.