bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence for the origin of mineralizing fluids in south-west England
Authors: Alderton D. H. M. , Harmon R. S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of hydrothermal fluids associated with the Variscan granites of southwest England has been inferred from analysis of various silicate minerals (predominantly quartz) and by direct analysis of fluid inclusions within quartz and fluorite. These data have been combined with the results of a fluid inclusion study to develop a model for the origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids in the region. Magmatic fluids expelled from the granites had compositions in the range δD = −65 to −15‰, and δ18O = 9 to 13‰. Respective temperature, salinity, fluid δD, and fluid δ18O values for the (i) early Sn-W mineralization, (ii) later Cu-Pb-Zn sulphide mineralization, and (iii) latest ‘crosscourse’ Pb-Zn-F mineralization are: (i) 230–400 °C, 5–15 wt.% NaCl equiv., −39 to −16‰, and 7.0 to 11.2‰, (ii) 220–300 °C mostly 2–8 wt.% NaCl equiv., −41 to −9‰, and 2.3 to 8.1‰, and (iii) 110–150 °C 22–26 wt.% NaCl equiv., −45 to +2‰, and −1.8 to +5.5‰. These data highlight the important role of both magmatic fluids exsolved from the crystallizing granite, and basinal brines circulating within restricted fracture systems.
The crystal structure of fedotovite, K2Cu3O(SO4)3
Authors: Starova G. L. , Filatov S. K. , Fundamensky V. S. , Vergasova L. P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe crystal structure of fedotovite, K2Cu3O(SO4)3 has been determined, space group C2/c, a 19.037(6), b 9.479(2), c 14.231(5) Å, β 111.04(3)°, Z = 8, Dx = 3.09 g/cm3. The main units of the fedotovite structure are formed around two additional oxygen atoms and consist of edge-sharing [OCu4] tetrahedra and four [SO4] tetrahedra attached to them. The units are further connected by two [SO4] tetrahedra, building distinct layers parallel to the yz plane. These layers are interconnected by potassium atoms. In the fedotovite structure, the three kinds of copper atoms are fivefold (4 + 1) coordinated to oxygen atoms with a strong Jahn-Teller effect. The coordination polyhedra of Cu1 and Cu2 atoms are distorted and flattened orthorhombic pyramids with Cu-O distances varying from 1.912 to 2.333 Å, the sixth neighbour of the both atoms is the copper atom lying at 2.975 and 2.981 Å for Cu2 and Cu1 respectively. The coordination environment of the Cu3 atom is a distorted elongated orthorhombic pyramid with four Cu-O distances from 1.943 to 1.961 Å, a fifth at 2.558 Å, and further sixth and seventh neighbours (oxygen and copper atoms) at 2.809 and 2.806 Å, respectively.
Mineral chemistry and paragenesis of astrophyllite from Egypt
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Abdel-Fattah M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAstrophyllite is a rock-forming mineral (3.4 vol.%) in the metasomatized wallrocks within 2 to 3 km of the contact with the Mount Gharib A-type complex in northeastern Egypt. In the peralkaline A-type granites of the main complex, astrophyllite occurs in accessory amounts (0.1 to 0.5 vol.%), mostly in association with arfvedsonite. Eighteen chemical analyses of astrophyllite from both rock units have been used to discuss mineral chemistry, compositional variations and isomorphism.Substitutions in the astrophyllite unit cell [(Na,K)3Fe7Ti2Si8(O,OH)31] involve F, Ca, Mn, Zn, Mg, Nb, Zr, Sn and A1. The contents of the unit cell depart from ideal stiochiometry. Unusually high Nb contents (up to 5 wt.% Nb2O5) characterize the Egyptian astrophyllitcs. The replacement of Ti by Nb is balanced by cation vacancies (Nb5+→ Ti4++ □). The niobophyllite-astrophyllite relationship and the structure of astrophyllite in relation to mica and biopyriboles are discussed.Astrophyllite may have been formed at the expense of alkali amphiboles by metasomatic reactions involving Ti-Nb-rich alkaline fluids and arfvedsonite;Most astrophyllite reported in the literature occurs in association with alkali amphiboles, particularly arfvedsonite, thus suggesting that similar metasomatic reactions were responsible for the formation of astrophyllite in many other localities in the world.
Petrology of the nyböite-bearing eclogite in the Donghai area, Jiangsu Province, eastern China
Authors: Hirajima T. , Zhang R. , Li J. , Cong B. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNyböite occurs as porphyroblasts in the Jianchang eclogite in the Donghai area, northeastern Jiangsu Province, eastern China. The Jianchang eclogite contains some inclusions of quartz after coesite in clinopyroxene, garnet and epidote. It has colourless to pale-violet pleochroism. A thin rim with violet pleochroism often develops around nyb6ite and is taramitic. It is further retrogressed by the symplectite which is mainly composed of hornblende, aegirine-augite and albite. Nyböite is associated with jadeitic pyroxene in the Jianchang eclogite, although other porphyroblastic amphiboles in other Donghai eclogites are barroisitic to katophoritic and are associated with omphacite.Fe-Mg partitioning between garnet and clinopyroxene and the presence of coesite pseudomorphs indicate P-T conditions in the Jianchang eclogite of about 740 ± 60°C and more than 28 kbar. Similar P-T conditions were estimated for other porphyroblastic amphibole-bearing eclogites in the Donghai area. Nyböite can occur in the Na-Al-Fe-rich local bulk composition under the medium to high temperature and very high-pressure conditions. Retrograde rim amphibole is poorer in NaB, variable in Si content, and richer in NaA variable than the porphyroblastic amphibole in the Donghai area. This roughly implies a P-T path where P decreases without a large decrease of T.
A new occurrence of vesigniéite from the Gorob-Hope copper deposit, Namibia
Authors: Schneider G. I. C. , Lauenstein H.-J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAn iron-rich vesigniéite, [Ba(Cu,Fe)3(VO4)2(OH)2] with Cu : Fe near 4 : 1, was identified in samples from the submarine-exhalative Gorob-Hope copper deposit, Namibia. The olive-colour mineral occurs as mammillary encrustations and vein fillings in the gossan zone of this deposit; it often has a brownish oxidation coating. The main X-ray lines are 3.21 Å (100) [204, 113], 2.72 Å (63) [313,002] and 2.94 Å (61) [020, 311]. The cell parameters are a = 10.236, b = 5.905, c = 14.253 Å and B = 103.71°. The formation of vesigniéite took place during the alteration of the ore under strongly alkaline and slightly reducing to oxidizing conditions. While copper and barium were derived from the submarine exhalative mineralisation, vanadium was leached from the countryrock, a micea schist.
Petrogenetic implications of garnets associated with lithium pegmatites from SE Ireland
Authors: Whitworth Martin P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSpodumene pegmatites, aplites and schists from the Aclare Li prospect of SE Ireland host sporadically developed, small, red, euhedral garnets. Chemical data indicate that the pegmatite- and aplite-hosted garnets are rich in spessartine and are similar to garnets in many African Li-rich pegmatites. Partial melting as a source of the garnets is unlikely due to the large spessartine component, the abundance of inclusions within the garnets and the generalP-T-Xevolution of the pegmatite body. It is suggested that an aqueous fluid was exsolved during pegmatite crystallisation and complexed available Mn. Movement of this fluid to the intermediate zone of the pegmatite body produced areas of high Mn concentrations which permitted the crystallisation of spessartine-rich garnets at low pressures (<3 kbar).
Reflected-light microscopy of uraniferous bitumens
Authors: Eakin P. A. , Gize A. P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUraniferous bitumens from Great Britain, Scandinavia and South Africa have been studied by oilimmersion reflected-light microscopy and categorised into those formed either by replacement of preexisting uraninite and pitchblende or by complexation/reduction mechanisms in pre-existing hydrocarbons. The former are characterised by displaying normal replacive textures, and containing high concentrations of non-mineral-bound uranium, or later, occasionally exotic, uraniferous fracturefilling phases. Uraniferous bitumens formed during complexation/reduction reactions display monotonous mineralogies and ordered mineral-inclusion distributions.Radiolytic alteration of uraniferous bitumens induces both chemical and mechanical alteration. Early alteration is marked by the generation of mobile hydrocarbons during 'cracking reactions' with subsequent within-sample migration to form globular bitumens and dendritic interspersions of mineralrich and -poor uraniferous bitumen. Mobile hydrocarbons may act as lubricants during mechanical deformation. Advanced organic alteration is characterised by well-documented increased reflectance around uraniferous grains, and by fracturing of the bitumens.
The Tregonning granite: petrogenesis of Li-mica granites in the Cornubian batholith
Authors: Stone Maurice 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLi-mica (zinnwaldite and/or lepidolite)—topaz—albite granites in the Tregonning—Godolphin pluton and similar rocks in the St. Austell pluton appear to be petrogenetically unrelated to the spatially associated biotite granites. Evidence is provided by lack of development of Li-mica granites at roof zones of biotite granites and markedly different trends and composition fields in bivariate plots such as Li vs. Cs, Rb vs. Sr and Nb vs. Zr. Thus, differentiation of biotite granite magma is unlikely to have generated Li-mica granite magma, as also, on its own, is partial melting of biotite granite or biotiteabsent residual lower crust. However, partial melting of biotite-rich residual rocks involving biotite breakdown could yield a trace alkali- and F-enriched melt, although this would require marked femic mineral, K-feldspar and anorthite fractionation, and Na-enrichment. It is proposed that volatiles derwed from either a mantle source or the crust/mantle interface have aided metasomatism of either residual S-type crust that earlier provided S-type biotite granite magma, or basic (biotite-rich) granitoid, to produce a low-temperature, low-viscosity Li-mica granite melt that rose rapidly in the crust soon after the emplacement of associated biotite granites.
Thiosulphates as precursors of banded sphalerite and pyrite at Bleiberg, Austria
Authors: Kucha H. , Stumpfl E. F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBanded sphalerite from Bleiberg, Austria, contains ubiquitous relics of Fe-thiosulphates and Fesulphites up to 50 μm in size. Zn, Pb, Ni and As form admixtures ranging from a few to 12 wt.% in these compounds. It is suggested that banded sphalerite is formed by a replacement of banded thiosulphate and thiosulphite precursors. This suggestion is supported by a significant admixture of Fe 0.41-8.20 wt.%) and the presence of goethite inclusions in banded sphalerite. In contrast, crystalline ZnS intergrown with the banded variety is Ni-free and contains only 0.06-0.14 wt.% Fe.Banded pyrite contains inclusions of Fe-thiosulphate up to 200 μm in size. These thiosulphates contain (wt.%): 0.09-1.92 Zn, and 2.67−4.02 Pb. Pyrite formed by replacement (breakdown) of Fethiosulphate precursors contains 3.69-3.83 wt.% Pb.It is suggested that banded sulphides precipitate from solutions carrying sulphur with mixed valances, and crystalline sulphides grow from solutions where the dominant dissolved sulphur is in the form of sulphidic anions.
Maghemite in Icelandic basalts
Authors: Steinthorsson S. , Helgason Ö. , Madsen M. B. , Bender Koch C. , Bentzon M. D. , Mørup S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCurie temperatures indicating non-titaniferous magnetite are common in Icelandic basalts of all ages, especially Tertiary ones. Yet, microprobe analyses of such samples have shown high titanium in the magnetite. To resolve this paradox, and the mechanism at work, the magnetic mineral fraction of eight basalt samples with Js-T curves characteristic for pure magnetite was subjected to a multi-disciplinary analysis including Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. In most of the samples titanium in the magnetite, as analysed with the microprobe, ranged between 16 and 28 wt.%, indicating submicroscopic solvus exsolution in the titanomagnetite, beyond the power of resolution for the microprobe. More unexpectedly in view of the reversible Js-T curves, Mössbauer spectroscopy showed appreciable proportion of maghemite in the magnetic fraction. A three-stage mechanism is proposed for the formation of the mineral assemblages observed: (1) limited high-temperature oxyexsolution; (2) solvus exsolution during low-temperature hydrothermal alteration; and (3) maghemitization of the magnetite. Finally, the maghemite may transform to hematite with time. It is concluded that maghemite is much more common in Icelandic rocks than hitherto believed.
The zinc analogue of schulenbergite, from Ramsbeck, Germany
Authors: Livingstone A. , Jackson B. , Davidson P. J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA blue-green scaly coating on a slaty specimen from the Bastenberg mine, near Ramsbeck, Germany, yielded an X-ray powder pattern akin to schulenbergite. Chemically it is the zinc analogue of schulenbergite. Electron-probe data, XRF and ICP/OES analyses are presented which demonstrate two distinct zinc-rich compositions. Thermogravimetric analysis, together with CHN results, suggest the phase may contain 3-4 water molecules. Powder data are indexed on a hexagonal cell with a 8.293(2) Å, c 7.247(4) Å and cell volume 431.6(2) Å3, with Z = 1.
Vitusite — an apatite derivative structure
Authors: Finch Adrian A. , Fletcher James G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe uncommon sodium rare-earth phosphate mineral vitusite-(Ce) (Na3RE(PO4)2) can be considered as the extreme product of sodium and rare-earth substitution in the apatite structure. Lesser amounts of substitution provide sodium and rare-earth-bearing apatites up to about 80 mol.% exchange; beyond this point vitusite is the stable phase. The structure of vitusite, determined previously from a synthetic analogue, can also be considered as a derivative from apatite, but with cations exchanged on sites normally occupied by anions. Vitusite can therefore be considered as a sodium- and rare-earthrich apatite end-member, with a distinct, but apatite-derived, structure, formed in highly persodic and high rare-earth environments. From an examination of the literature on diffusion in apatite, vitusite in principle could be formed from apatite sensu stricto by subsolidus diffusion in response to late-stage Naand RE-rich hydrothermal fluids.
Layered rhyolite bands in a thick North Mountain Basalt flow: the products of silicate liquid immiscibility?
Authors: Greenough John D. , Dostal J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe upper 35 m of a thick (≤175 m) Early Jurassic North Mountain Basalt flow at KcKay Head contains 25 cm thick differentiated layers that are separated by 130 cm sections of basalt. The lower layers are mafic, pegmatitic, and contain thin (2 cm), fine-grained 'rhyolite' bands. Evidence that the rhyolite represents a Si-rich immiscible liquid includes: (1) textures such as fiine-grained globules of Ferich pyroxene (once Fe-rich liquid) bordering pegmatite feldspar grains; (2) structureless, microcrystalline, interstitial, polygonal patches of Si-rich minerals and similar areas of Fe-rich stilpnomelane surrounding skeletal Fe-Ti oxide grains, with bulk chemical compositions (to a first approximation), relative proportions and total modat percentages suggesting they were once Si-rich and Fe-rich glasses respectively; (3) basalt and pegmatite compositions (particularly their Fe, and Ti contents) similar to rocks known to contain immiscible liquids; (4) rhyolite major element compositions generally consistent with formation from an immiscible Si-rich liquid; (5) mineral compositions and temperature of pegmatite formation compatible with immiscibility; (6) the inability of mass balance calculations (crystal fractionation) to explain rhyolite formation unless mesostasis stilpnomelane (representing the Fe-rich liquid) is included in the caculations. If, as we suggest, these rocks are the result of immiscibility, they shed light on the incipient formation of granophyres in mafic intrusions and support liquid immiscibility as an important rock-forming process.
Composition of fluids in quartz: discrimination of magma pulses in a Caledonian granitoid
Authors: Batchelor R. A. , Armstrong D. C. , McDonald M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFluids trapped inside fluid inclusions in quartz from the multiphase Starav monzogranite in Etive, Argyll, were extracted under vacuum and quantitative data for H2O and CO2 were obtained manometrically. Na and K were determined on an aqueous leach from the decrepitated grains. A bivariate diagram of H2O/CO2 versus Na/K discriminates between magma pulses and mirrors the whole-rock trace-element chemistry. This work shows that compositional variations of fluids in quartz from a weakly mineralised granitoid intrusion are sensitive indicators of its magmatic history and identify subtle changes in its mineralogical composition.
The stabilities of antlefite and Cu3SO4(OH)4.2H2O: their formation and relationships to other copper(II) sulfate minerals
Authors: Pollard A. M. , Thomas R. G. , Williams P. A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe stabilities of antierite, Cu3SO4(OH)4, and a synthetic compound whose stoichiometry is here established as Cu3SO4(OH)4.2H2O, have been determined at 5°C intervals between 10°C and 45°C using solution methods. The results of the experiments show that antlerite is stable with respect to the compound Cu3SO4(OH)4.2H2O only at temperatures above 30°C Below 30°C a change in the relative stabilities of these two basic copper(II) sulfates occurs, and the compound Cu3SO4(OH)4.2H2O, although unknown at present as a mineral, instead, is stable. Under these conditions, it does not react to give antlerite if kept in contact with water. Once isolated from its mother liquor, however, the dihydrate undergoes rapid dehydration to yield antlerite. Thermodynamic quantities for the two phases have been derived from equilibrium measurements. At 298.2K, values of AfG° for the compounds Cu3SO4(OH)4.2H2O(s ) and antlerite are −1919.6(14) and −1445.0(10) kJ mol−1, respectively. The results have been used to construct stability field diagrams for the system CuO—H2O–SO3 at 25°C and at 35°C These diagrams have been used to illustrate the chemical conditions under which the two compounds might be expected to form in the oxidised zones of cupriferous base metal orebodies.
The crystal structure of russellite; a re-determination using neutron powder diffraction of synthetic Bi2WO6
Authors: Knight Kevin S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe crystal structure of the displacive ferroelectric mineral russellite, Bi2WO6, has been determined using Rietveld profile refinement of high-resolution, time of flight, neutron powder diffraction data on the synthetic compound. Russellite is orthorhombic, Pca21, with a 5.43726(2) Å, b 16.43018(5) Å, c 5.458422) Å, Z = 4 and is isostructural with the bismuth molybdate mineral koechlinite, Bi2MoO6. The structure consists of layers of tilted WO6 octahedra sandwiched between layers of bismuth and oxygen with the tungsten displaced from the centre of the octahedron by 0.278 Å. The orientations of the lone-pair electrons in the Bi3+ cations have been inferred from the 3.0 Å coordination shells of both crystallographically independent bismuths, and have been found to be non-centrosymmetric, an effect which may give rise to the tilting of the WO6 octahedra. New laboratory source X-ray powder diffraction data are presented for russellite, which, with supplementary synchrotron powder diffractometry, corroborate the new space group and structure determination.
The crystal structure of klyuchevskite, K3Cu3(Fe,Al)O2(SO4)4, a new mineral from Kamchatka volcanic sublimates
Authors: Gorskaya M. G. , Filatov S. K. , Rozhdestvenskaya I. V. , Vergasova L. P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe crystal structure of klyuchevskite, K3Cu3(Fe,Al)O2(SO4)4, was determined in space group I2 using the total of 715 independent reflections up to R 0.12. Klyuchevskite is a structural analogue of piypite (caratiite) K4Cu4O2(SO4)4MeCl with the substitution K+ + Cu2+ → (Fe3+,Al) + MeCl. Compared to piypite, the ordering of Cu2+ and Fe3+ cations in the klyuchevskite structure results in the distortion of the unit cell and in lowering the symmetry of the chains to 1.This brings about a more compact packing of the chains. The chain-like arrangement of the structure determines physical properties of the mineral, its acicular habit, perfect cleavage, strong anisotropy of optical properties and orientation of optical indicatrix.
Geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis of the main granitic intrusions of Greece: an application of trace element discrimination diagrams
Authors: Baltatzis E. , Esson J. , Mitropoulos P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGeochemical investigation of samples from 20 granitic intrusions in six tectonic zones of the Hellenides shows that both I-type and S-type granites occur in the region. The I-type granites from four of the zones, namely the Rhodope Massif (RM), the Serbomacedonian Massif (SMM), the Perirhodope Zone (PRZ) and the Attico-cycladic Zone (ACZ), show some systematic differences in their geochemistry. In particular, the Rb, Y, Nb, K and Ti contents increase in the sequence PRZ, SMM, RM and ACZ. The PRZ granites are of Jurassic age, those of the SMM and RM are Eocene to Oligocene and the ACZ ones are Miocene. The differences between zones are attributed to a combination of differences in partial melting and high-pressure fractionation processes. Geochemical differences within zones are explained by variable degrees of amphibole and apatite fractionation and accumulation.
Supergene gold mineralogy at Ashanti, Ghana: Implications for the supergene behaviour of gold
Authors: Bowell R. J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAt the Ashanti concession, Ghana, gold-bearing quartz veins and disseminated sulphide lodes occur in narrow (1-3 m) shear zones with altered argillites and metatholeiite host rocks. The mineralisation is concealed by up to 10 m of kaolinite-mica forest ochrosol soils, beneath which is a saprolitic zone of leached rock extending down 60-70 m to the hypogene ore zone. In the unweathered hypogene orebody, gold occurs as free grains in quartz, as sub-microscopic inclusions in the disseminated arsenopyrite, as gold tellurides and as aurostibite. The gold is released from the hypogene orebody by physical dissaggregation and chemical dissolution, the latter involving hydroxyl, thiosulphate, cyanide, and fulvate complexing. Dissolution and reprecipitation of the gold appears to have taken place largely in situ with little evidence of supergene enrichment. Consequently, the gold mineralogy of the soils is complex with residual and secondary gold grains exhibiting widely different textural and compositional characteristics. Residually enriched grains display pitted, rounded surfaces and have silver-depleted rims, while supergene gold grains are compositionally homogenous and have unpitted surfaces. The supergene grains display platelet, dendritic, irregular and octahedral habit. A fine grained spongy form of gold has also been observed from weathered telluride-bearing quartz veins. Much of the secondary gold is intergrown with iron oxides and hydroxides. The gold mineralogy of the Ashanti soils appears to be controlled by physico-chemical processes active during the lateritic pedogenesis producing residual and supergene enrichment of gold.