bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsurface Geologic Formations and Site Variation in Upper Sand Hills of South Carolina
Authors: Dearing Oliver Chadwick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the southeastern Sand Hills, the undulating surface of a less permeable, compact formation beneath the superficial sands was found to have a major influence on the rooting pattern of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) and the moisture available to it by subsurface lateral movement. Site index of longleaf pine was related to the thickness of the sand layer and the buried topography of the compact formation.
Using a Chainsaw to Control Brush
Authors: Bernstein Arthur 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
When chainsaws were used to control brush on small tracts in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon, 56 percent of suppressed conifer seedlings were released but about one-third of these were damaged from saws, piled slash, or trampling by workers. Worker production was one-fifth that obtained for precommercial thinning, a similar operation. The slash created an extreme fire hazard.
SIGHTLINE, PERSPECTIVE PLOT, SCOPE–Three Desktop Computer Programs for Forest Landscape Design
Authors: Nickerson Devon B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
SIGHTLINE, PERSPECTIVE PLOT, and SCOPE are new computer programs to assist the forest manager in predicting the visual consequences of timber harvest. Developed by the U.S. Forest Service for use on desktop computer systems, they can depict (1) terrain and timber stands from a viewpoint, (2) clearcut harvest blocks and ridgelines in true perspective from a viewpoint, and (3) partially cut harvest blocks and associated features in true perspective from a viewpoint.
Realities of Nonindustrial Private Forest Ownership in Northern Michigan: An Extension Forester's Opinion
Authors: Olson David D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Nonindustrial private owners control 47 percent of northern Michigan's commercial forests. The trend is toward smaller parcels. Absentee owners are rapidly increasing in number. Owners' objectives and use of land strongly emphasize nonfiber products or general recreational interests, and management quality must be measured accordingly. Taxation, subdivision, and appreciation are problems.
Bird Response to Snag Removal in Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Scott Virgil E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In an Arizona study the population of cavity-nesting birds declined by 52 percent on a plot in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) when conifer snags were removed during a timber harvest but some quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) snags were left standing. On an adjacent plot where snags were left standing, birds increased by 23 percent. There was also a 31-percent increase on an unharvested control plot. Population of violet-green swallows (Tachycineta thalassina) decreased from 20.7 pairs per 100 acres to 2.2 pairs on the plot where snags were removed. There was no significant change in populations of open-nesting birds but gray-headed juncos (Junco caniceps) and American robins (Turdus migratorius) increased on all plots.
Snow Distribution Behind Single-Row Field Windbreaks
Authors: Scholten Harold 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Single-row windbreaks of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.) trapped too much snow when trees were spaced 5 or 10 feet apart. Even 15-foot spacing, with pruning to a height of 3 feet, was unsatisfactory. When trees were purned to 6 feet, though, the 15-foot spacing gave snow distribution patterns similar to those on open fields. Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) held back too much snow at 5-foot spacing but allowed a fairly uniform spread when spacing was 10 or 15 feet. No pruning was required.
How Gifting Between Spouses can Reduce Forest Estate Taxes
Authors: Sutherland Charles F. , Siegel William C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The 1976 Tax Reform Act contains features designed to lower federal death taxes. The key provisions are the combining of estate and gift taxes, and the associated rate and exemption changes. Single unified rates and exemptions now apply to both taxes. The act also provides an opportunity for further reduction, in certain situations, of estate taxes on real property held jointly by husband and wife. The procedure involves making lifetime gifts between spouses of the jointly owned property rights. A forest ownership example is used to show how taxes may be saved under these provisions.
Oak Stump Sprouts in Regeneration on a Good Site
Authors: Ward W. W. , Bowersox T. W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Treatment of oak stumps with herbicides substantially reduced the percentage of stumps with living sprouts, but regeneration frequency and abundance 15 years after cutting of the stand did not differ between treated and control areas. Dominant-codominant oak stump sprouts were present on only 3 percent of the sample plots and constitued about 3.5 percent of the 373 dominant-codominants per acre. On this good site in central Pennsylvania, aspen, red maple, and black cherry seedlings and seedling sprouts completely dominated the slower growing black, scarlet, and white oak sprouts.
World Forestry: Silviculture of the Southern Pines in South Africa
Authors: Kevin Darrow William 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The forest industries of the Republic of South Africa depend heavily on introduced tree species such as the American southern pines, slash and loblolly (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii P. taeda.) Because only a very small area is available for high-quality plantations, South Africa has developed an intensive management system which aims for short rotations and high product quality, particularly for sawlogs and peeler logs.
National Forests and Reserved Water Rights in the Western United States: Another Perspective
Authors: Lapping Mark B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recent litigation on the subject of reserved water rights on national forestlands may have a significant influence upon the planning and management of all federal lands. The problem must be seen in the wider context of an evolving national water policy. The analysis by Fairfax and Andrews in the October 1979 issue of the Journal of Forestry is astute, though the interpretations they provide are open to question.
Tree Age and Cavity Initiation By Red-cockaded Woodpeckers
Authors: Jackson Jerome A. , Lennartz Michael R. , Hooper Robert G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis, is an endangered species that has declined in numbers with loss of nesting habitat. This loss is due partly to the increased prevalence of short rotations in southern pine forests. Data from Mississippi and South Carolina indicate that, for cavity initiation, the species needs living trees averaging approximately 75 years old for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and 95 years old for longleaf pine (P. palustris).
How Many Technician Schools, and Students? How Much Employment?
Authors: Coufal James E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A Survey located 69 two-year forest technician schools in 26 states. More than 3,600 students were enrolled in the fall of 1977, and 1,200 graduated ht 1978. Of 1977 graduates, 64.1 percent had found jobs in forest technology by early 1978, and 18.7 percent had other employment. This total of 82.8 percent compares with 63.2 percent for 1977 graduates with bachelor's degrees. Industry was the main employer of 1977 technician graduates.
Shelterwood Cutting in Allegheny Hardwoods
Authors: Marquis David A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In a study of four levels of cutting (removal of none, one-third, two-thirds, or all of a fully stocked 55-year-old stand), removal of one-third of the basal area provided best conditions for the establishment of new seedlings of preferred species, especially black cherry. Height growth was limited, an indication that the remaining over-story should be removed in 5 to 10 years. Fern and grass cover increased after all levels of cutting on poorly drained soils, creating potential interference with the seedlings. These plants were not a problem on well-drained soils.
Impacts of RARE II Withdrawals on Softwood Prices, Consumption, and Production
Authors: Haynes Richard W. , Adams Darius M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Market simulation studies suggest that withdrawing all RARE II roadless areas could raise U.S. lumber prices by about 4 percent and reduce domestic lumber consumption by 3 percent by the year 2000. Total annual wholesale expenditures on lumber and plywood might rise by $110 million. Price and consumption effects at the consumer level would be moderated by a 19-percent increase in lumber imports from Canada. Reductions in domestic wood products output would be concentrated in the Douglas-fir and the Rocky Mountain regions, with 17- and 28-percent declines in lumber output, respectively. Southern lumber output would increase by 1 percent. If Canadian lumber imports were restricted to a maximum of 13.25 billion board feet, lumber price and consumption effects might double by 2000 with only modest reductions in the regional impacts.
Dendrology Education in the United States
Authors: Steiner Kim C. , Kunsman John R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A survey was made of dendrology instruction at professional and technician forestry schools in the United States. In continuation of trends noted earlier, total instructional time has declined 20 percent since 1965 and most schools now require only one term of dendrology. Schools in the East require the most credits in the subject and cover the most species. Course content varies widely, and there is overlap in every respect between courses taught at professional and at technician schools.
Use Rationing in Two Southern California Wildernesses
Authors: Stankey George H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A majority of applicants supported visitor quotas in two wildernesses on the San Bernardino National Forest in southern California. Even persons who did not obtain a permit agreed rationing was needed. The most common problem was inadequate advance knowledge about the rationing system. People obtained information about the system chiefly from the Forest Service, but also from other visitors, conservation organizations, and news media.
Natural Fire in Subalpine Meadows: A Case Description from the Sierra Nevada
Authors: DeBenedetti Steven H. , Parsons David J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During a severe drought in the summer of 1977, a lightning-ignited fire entered and spread throughout Ellis Meadow (elevation 8,800 feet) in Kings Canyon National Park in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. This is the first time that a naturally ignited fire has been documented as burning a significant portion of a Sierran subalpine meadow. It provides evidence that fires may have significantly influenced the evolution and maintenance of these high-elevation plant communities.
Habitat Management for Hole-Nesting Birds in Forests of Western Larch and Douglas-fir
Authors: McClelland B. Riley , Frissell Sidney S. , Fischer William C. , Halvorson Curtis H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During a 3-year study in western larch (Larix occidentalis)-Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests of northwestern Montana, 273 active nest trees of 20 hole-nesting bird species were located. Stands with major components of old-growth western lurch, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), or black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) supported the highest density and diversity of hole-nesters. On commercial forests, managers should maintain units of old growth and prepare silvicultural prescriptions that will provide continuing replacement in the future.
Nature of New England Forests
Authors: Smith David M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Because moisture supplies are abundant, forests are the natural vegetation of nearly all of New England, and most sites are of commercial quality. Stands in the southern portions are extensions of the Appalachian hardwood forest, with northern red oak common in the main canopy and eastern hemlock in the understory. Yellow-poplar, scarlet oak, white oak, and hickories drop out successively northeastward, to be replaced by maples, birches, and beech of the northern hardwood forest. In the north, where soil drainage is often poor, the spruce-fir type is wide-spread. White pine is found throughout New England; sugar maple is restricted to the best soils. Species regenerate so readily from advance growth that planting is not widely practiced. Fires are infrequent.
Regenerating the Natural Longleaf Pine Forest
Authors: Boyer William D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Natural regeneration by the shelterwood system is a reliable, low-cost alternative for existing longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forests. The system is well suited to the natural attributes and requirements of the species. It may be attractive to landowners wishing to retain a natural forest and avoid high costs of site preparation and planting. Seven successive regeneration steps are: (1) thin over-stocked stands to about 70 square feet of basal area per acre; (2) about 5 years before the scheduled harvest reduce the stand to a basal area of 30 square feet per acre of best crop trees: (3) monitor seed crops through annual checks of flowers and conelets on sample trees: (4) prepare a seedbed when a good crop is forecast: (5) check regeneration areas for seedling stocking: (6) after an adequate seedling stand is established remove the overstory: (7) control hardwood competition and brown-spot as needed.
Birds in Six Communities within a Lodgepole Pine Forest
Authors: Austin Dennis D. , Perry Michael L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Birds were censused in six communities within a lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forest in the Uinta Mountains of Utah: wet and dry meadows, mature and stagnated lodgepole pine stands, and openings made by clearcutting in 1940 and 1960 and presently having regenerating lodgepole pine stands. The richest avifauna was in the dry meadows, a finding that suggests the need to protect these areas from disturbance. Although a few bird species were adversely affected by clearcutting, many were more numerous in the clearcut areas than in unlogged stands, and the number of species remained about the same. Disturbance of the stagnated stands would be highly beneficial to birds.
Dispersal of Limber Pine Seed by Clark's Nutcracker
Authors: Lanner Ronald M. , Vander Wall Stephen B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A 90+ year-old burn in the Raft River Mountains, Utah, is being restocked with limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) and other conifers. Limber pine's large wingless seeds are incapable of wind dispersal, and are being brought to the burn area by Clark's nutcracker, a bird that stores them in the soil for food. Unretrieved seeds germinate, often in clumps, and are reestablishing limber pine on this site. In some years nearly the entire seed crop may be harvested by nutcrackers. No other reliable dispersal agent of limber pine seed has been identified.
Growth Gains from Moving Black Walnut Provenances Northward
Authors: Bey Calvin F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 1967, black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) seedlings from 15 to 25 provenances were planted at eight locations in the Midwest. In 1973, a similar plantation was established near Yoncalla, Oregon. Results show that, within the species' natural range, provenances can be moved as much as 200 miles northward without the likelihood of cold damage. In general, growth of trees from southern sources exceeds that of trees from northern sources.
Selection of Basal Area Factor in Point Sampling
Authors: Wensel Lee C. , Levitan Jack , Barber Klaus 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The basal area factor is preferably chosen by dividing the estimated stand basal area by the desired average tree count per sampling point. Bias may be introduced, generally in the form of overestimates, if the factor is varied from point to point in order to keep the count constant.
To Burn or Not to Burn: Fire and Chaparral Management in Southern California
Authors: Leisz Douglas R. , Wilson Carl C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Fire hazard is high in the chaparral type of southern California but the highly flammable vegetation, rugged topography, and strong, dry winds necessitate protection from wildfires by means other than, or additional to, prescribed burning to remove the fuel. Frequent burns on steep slopes can degrade the soils and flora and cause serious off-site damages.
Of Special Interest: SAF Membership Status for Technicians: A Viewpoint
Authors: Coufal James E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Judged by criteria social scientists find common to all professions, forestry is seen as being a profession when the specific characteristics of professionalism are defined as existing on a continuum. The criterion that forestry appears to satisfy least is that of public recognition of its professionalism. Forest technicians are also seen as possessing many traits of professionalism, and the author therefore feels they should be accepted as voting members of the Society of American Foresters.
Even-Aged Development of Mixed-Species Stands
Authors: Oliver Chadwick Dearing 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forests in the eastern and northwestern United States often develop in even-aged patterns, with certain species predictably forming the upper canopy and others relegated to lower strata. The vertical sorting (or stratification) by species and broad ranges of diameters has sometimes led foresters and ecologists to assume these stands are all-aged. For this reason the stands have often been selectively logged and thereby degraded unintentionally. If manipulated as even-aged or in age classes, these mixtures can often be as economically and ecologically advantageous to manage as pure stands are.
Clearcutting Patterns Affect Nitrate and Calcium in Streams of New Hampshire
Authors: Martin C. Wayne , Pierce Robert S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Streams draining seven forested watersheds in the White Mountains of New Hampshire had average annual nitrate and calcium ion concentrations of about 1.8±1.0 mg/l between 1971 and 1973. Nitrate concentrations in streams from nine watersheds that had been clearcut (all stems larger than 5.0 cm cut) rose to maximums of 25.1 ± 4.2 mg/l. In all streams, the maximum occurred during the second year after cutting. Calcium concentrations rose to maximums of 6.5 ± 1.5 mg/l during either the first or second year after cutting. Both nutrients generally returned to reference levels within five years after clearcutting. Streams draining seven partially clearcut watersheds exhibited a wide range of nitrate and calcium concentrations. Clearcutting less than entire watersheds and leaving buffer strips along the streams reduced the magnitude and duration of increases in concentrations. Progressive strip cutting with a buffer strip caused the lease increase.
Retention and Condition of Agricultural Conservation Program Conifer Plantings
Authors: Kurtz William B. , Alig Ralph J. , Mills Thomas J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Of 312 conifer plantings examined 10 to 15 years after establishment under the Agricultural Conservation Program, 95 percent were being retained for timber production, at least to some degree. The plantations were in five eastern states. Eleven percent did not warrant further retention for timber growing. Forty-three percent needed silvicultural work, chiefly thinning of conifers. The other 41 percent required no immediate attention.
Influence of Habitat on Silvicultural Prescriptions in New England
Authors: Leak William B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Silvicultural prescriptions in New England can be improved if land is classified by habitats within areas of a given rock type and climate. Habitat definition primarily in terms of glacial soil material provides insight into successional trends, species productivity, and managerial problems. On the basis of these factors, species and silvicultural treatments can be chosen logically for stands on granitic drift in the White Mountains of New Hampshire.
Logging, Infiltration Capacity, and Surface Erodibility in Western Oregon
Authors: Johnson Michael G. , Beschta Robert L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Infiltration capacity and erodibility were measured three to six years after portions of forested watersheds in western Oregon had been logged. Overall values on the logged portions did not differ significantly from values on unlogged portions. Areas that had been heavily disturbed--skid trails, cable log paths, and places where slash had been windrowed by tractors and then burned--had reduced infiltration capacity and increased surface erodibility but also had partially recovered to prelogging conditions.
Fleischmann Grant Will Fund Resources Center -- A Million Begets a Million After a Long Struggle
Authors: Glascock Hardin R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A grant of one million dollars from the Max C. Fleischmann Foundation makes it possible to begin construction of a Renewable Natural Resources Center to provide headquarters and services for a consortium of professional resource societies. The center will be in the metropolitan area of Washington, D.C., on a 35-acre tract where the Society of American Foresters (SAF) and American Fisheries Society are already located. Purpose is to strengthen relationships among the member societies, and enable them, singly and jointly, to improve their contributions to conservation and management of the renewable resources. The idea of the consortium developed gradually over the past dozen years, with SAF taking a leading part. It was advanced materially in the early 1970s when money received from the late Tom Gill, and matched by contributions from SAF members, enabled acquisition of the site.
Geology of the Columbia Basin
Authors: Scott W. Frank 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Columbia Basin is the northern basin of the Columbia Plateau, and is separated from the Snake River Plains by the Blue Mountains uplift. The Columbia Plateau is a geologically exciting area where gigantic geologic processes are displayed. Within the last 10 million years great basalt outpourings have covered an area of about 150,000 square miles with basalt flows up to 10,000 feet in depth. An estimated 100,000 cubic miles of molten lava has thus poured to the surface from deep in the earth beneath the Columbia Plateau. Within the last million years, multiple ice-age floods have raged across the Columbia Basin, sculpting the surface into spectacular physiographic forms which testify to the power of running water. The greatest of these was the largest flood ever documented.
Dendrology and the Profession of Forestry
Authors: Fralish James S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Dendrology is a carry-over from the early twentieth century, when forestry was not a fully developed discipline. Today the importance of dendrology in its traditional form may be questioned, and thus it appears desirable to split dendrology into woody plant taxonomy and forest ecology. This suggestion is made in view of the substantial body of knowledge in both areas and in order to develop better ecosystem managers.
Timber Volume Stratification on Small-Scale Aerial Photos
Authors: MacLean Colin D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Data from a timber inventory of western Oregon were analyzed to test whether interpretation of photos with a scale of 1:63.000 could be used to improve efficiency of timber volume estimates. When photo plots classified on this scale were used to stratify a field sample, the resulting double-sample design provided estimates of total cubic-foot volume with twice the efficiency of a simple field-plot survey--i.e., precision was improved without an increase in cost. Results were similar to those obtained from an earlier study testing interpretation on 1:12,000 to 1:20,000 scale photos.