bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostatic involvement by urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: clinicopathological features and outcome after radical cystectomy
Authors: Ayyathurai Rajinikanth , Gomez Pablo , Luongo Tony , Soloway Mark S. , Manoharan Murugesan 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVESTo review the long‐term outcome of prostatic involvement in patients with bladder cancer (BC) treated with radical cystectomy (RC), as urothelial carcinoma (UC) involving the prostate occurs in such patients, and prostatic invasion by UC is by transmural invasion (contiguous), or when UC develops from the epithelium of the prostatic urethra (not contiguous).PATIENTS AND METHODSBetween 1992 and 2006, 351 men had RC for BC by one surgeon at our centre; they were stratified into those with contiguous or non‐contiguous disease, based on prostatic stromal involvement. Relevant clinical and pathological data were collected and the survival analysed.RESULTSIn all, 24% (78/320) of the patients who had RC had prostatic involvement; 29 (9%) and 49 (15%) had contiguous and non‐contiguous involvement, respectively. In the non‐contiguous group, there was stromal and non‐stromal UC involvement in 18 (37%) and 31 (63%), respectively. The overall 5‐year survival of contiguous, non‐contiguous and no prostatic involvement was 6%, 57% and 66% (P < 0.001). The 5‐year overall survival of stromal and non‐stromal UC was 26% and 74% (P = 0.008). There was no statistical difference in survival between contiguous and non‐contiguous stromal involvement (P = 0.58).CONCLUSIONSProstatic UC with no stromal involvement did not alter the survival predicted by the primary bladder stage. Stromal involvement of the prostate has a poor prognosis regardless of the mode of invasion.
Research Note: Identifying the Invisible Colleges of the British Journal of Industrial Relations: A Bibliometric and Social Network Approach
Authors: McMillan G. Steven , Casey Debra L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe academic field of industrial relations has gone through much change in the last 20 years. On account of the rapid decline in union membership in the USA and the UK, industrial relations, which historically has focused on the employment relationship, has been searching for a new intellectual base. By conducting a bibliometric analysis of the journal British Journal of Industrial Relations (BJIR), we uncover the intellectual bases for that publication outlet for two time periods, 1986–1995 and 1996–2005. From the late 1980s to the mid‐1990s, BJIR's articles relied on the economics literature, while in the later period, it moved to the human resource and management journals, authors and articles. The possible explanations and implications of these findings are discussed.
The Division of Labor, Capital, Communication Technology and Economic Growth: The Case of China 1952–99
Authors: Narayan Paresh Kumar , Sun Guang‐Zhen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe implications of the division of labor, capital, and technology for economic growth have long been a fundamental issue in development economics. This paper employs the bounds testing approach to cointegration to examine the relationship between the division of labor, capital accumulation, communication technology, and economic growth for China over the period 1952–99. We find that in the long run, capital stock and the division of labor both have statistically significant positive effects on growth, while in the short run the effects are not significantly positive. Telecommunication technology, rather surprisingly, has a statistically insignificant impact on growth both in the long run and in the short run. Our findings indicate that there exists a long run equilibrium relationship between capital and the division of labor on the one hand, and economic growth on the other, thereby lending support to the division of labor theory of growth.
Brecht and Sinn und Form: The Creation of Cold War Legends
Authors: Parker Stephen 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTBrecht and Peter Huchel's Sinn und Form are among the few examples of early GDR cultural life with a genuine capacity to accumulate cultural capital on the international stage.The analysis of Brecht's collaboration with Sinn und Form in the Deutsche Akademie der Künste offers a fresh perspective upon their attainment of a legendary pre‐eminence in German cultural life during the Cold War. Brecht's espousal of Marxism‐Leninism and of a relative artistic autonomy, informed by political constraints, ensured some common ground with the SED leadership. However, the Party's enforcement of a binary opposition between Socialist Realism and Formalism became a crucial field of conflict, spawning major illusions and antagonisms between the artistic and political elites. In key contributions to Sinn und Form, Brecht foregrounded aesthetic considerations and historical responsibility, yet the SED's nationalistic discourse colouring Socialist Realism was motivated by the geopolitical imperative of justifying the GDR's status among the people's democracies of the Eastern Bloc. This, in turn, justified the SED's subordination of cultural to political capital, dismissing the claims of elite culture in a series of staged events. The position of Brecht and his supporters was relentlessly eroded until, quite improbably, the crisis of 17 June 1953 allowed them to turn the tables. While popular opposition was suppressed, Brecht simultaneously re‐affirmed his loyalty to the weakened SED leadership, whose revolutionary achievements he continued to praise, and re‐asserted the relative autonomy of the elite Akademie and its journal. Brecht and Sinn und Form capitalised upon their enhanced reputations, securing the legendary status that later repression did nothing to diminish.
What Are We? The Social Construction of the Human Biological Self
Authors: SEILER LAUREN H. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThis essay explores how the human biological self is socially constructed, and rejects various truisms that define our character. Rather than being stand‐alone entities, the human biological self forms what biologists call “superorganisms” and what I call “poly‐super‐organisms.” Thus, along with prokaryotes (bacteria), viruses, and other entities, we are combined in an inseparable menagerie of species that is spread across multiple bodies. Biologists claim that only males and females are organisms. As described here, however, human sperm and eggs are equally entitled to that rank. Much about human reproduction is also socially constructed. For example, contrary to scientific wisdom, humans have always reproduced both sexually and asexually. Moreover, human life (the creation of a new organism) does not begin between conception and birth, and neither event creates new life. In addition, some cancer cells are organisms; they are contagious entities formed by asexual human reproduction. Finally, while science universally describes humans as being living entities, accumulating evidence makes clear that the life concept is failing. In fact, much that originates from human bodies does not fall under current biological or cultural classifications.How we construct the human biological self has consequences for understanding our health, how we reproduce, and what we are. These social constructions greatly influence our views on abortion, stem‐cell research, human cloning, and our post‐human future. A more accurate construction of the human biological self will help us better navigate these contentious issues.
Philosophical Anthropology Can Help Social Scientists Learn from Empirical Tests
Authors: WETTERSTEN JOHN 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTPopper's theory of demarcation has set the standard of falsifiability for all sciences. But not all falsifiable theories are part of science and some tests of scientific theories are better than others. Popper's theory has led to the banning of metaphysical and/or philosophical anthropological theories from science. But Joseph Agassi has supplemented Popper's theory to explain how such theories are useful as research programs within science. This theory can also be used to explain how interesting tests may be found. Theories of rationality may be used to illustrate this point by showing how they fail or succeed in producing interesting and testable hypotheses in the social sciences.
The posterior part of the human cerebral arterial circle (CAC): arterial caliber from gestational weeks 13 to 24
Authors: Vasović Ljiljana P. , Jovanović Ivan D. , Ugrenović Sladjana Z. , Anđelković Zlatibor P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNumerous studies have reported that all components of the cerebral arterial circle in the 4‐month‐old human fetus are more slender than adult vessels, and of equal caliber. After that period, a degree of caliber differentiation is present, especially at the level of the posterior communicating arteries. The aim of this study was to determine arterial diameters in the posterior part of the fetal cerebral arterial circle from the 4th month (IV) to the 6th (VI). One hundred and seventy‐two fetal cerebral arterial circles were examined by means of a surgical microscope. It was determined that average diameters of the left (right) pre‐communicating parts of the posterior cerebral artery ranged from 0.30 ± 0.03 (0.29 ± 0.02) mm in month IV, to 0.36 ± 0.04 (0.36 ± 0.03) mm during month V and up to 0.55 ± 0.22 (0.50 ± 0.18) mm in month VI. The average diameters of the left (right) posterior communicating artery ranged from 0.24 ± 0.02 mm (0.25 ± 0.02) in month IV, to 0.30 ± 0.03 mm (0.29 ± 0.05) during month V and up to 0.38 ± 0.08 (0.44 ± 0.10) in month VI. Gender differences between posterior cerebral artery and posterior communicating artery diameters were not significant. Average posterior cerebral artery diameters were significantly larger than posterior communicating artery diameters in months IV and V, but not in month VI. It was established that caliber differentiation in the posterior part of the cerebral arterial circle began from gestational month IV, and that gender differences in arterial diameters were not significant until month VI of gestation.
Progress in neuroimaging of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: MATSUDA Hiroshi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe main purposes of neuroimaging in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have progressed from diagnosis of advanced AD to diagnosis of very early AD at a prodromal stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), prediction of conversion from MCI to AD and differential diagnosis from other diseases causing dementia. Structural MRI studies and functional studies using FDG‐PET and brain perfusion SPECT are widely used in diagnosis of AD. Outstanding progress in the diagnostic accuracy of these neuroimaging modalities has been obtained using statistical analysis on a voxel‐by‐voxel basis after spatial normalization of individual scans to a standardized brain‐volume template instead of visual inspection or a conventional region of interest technique. In a very early stage of AD, this statistical approach revealed gray matter loss in medial temporal areas prominently in the entorhinal cortex and hypometabolism or hypoperfusion in the posterior cingulate cortex and precunei. These two findings might be related in view of anatomical knowledge that the regions are linked through the circuit of Papez. This statistical approach also offers a predictive value of conversion from MCI to AD and accurate evaluation of therapeutic effects on brain metabolism or perfusion. This development in functional and structural imaging might be an important surrogate marker for trials of disease‐modifying agents.
Mild cognitive impairment in a population‐based epidemiological study
Authors: ISHIKAWA Tomohisa , IKEDA Manabu 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground:  It would be of considerable importance to be able to estimate the rate at which subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) progress to dementia in a cohort of a population‐based epidemiological study and to establish simple diagnostic methods for the identification of people at high‐risk of dementia. Subjects in a community based elderly cohort of MCI were followed longitudinally.Methods:  Subjects were selected from participants in the first epidemiological study conducted on all persons aged 65 years and older residing at home in Nakayama, Japan, using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Mild cognitive impairment was defined as memory deficit with objective memory assessment, without dementia, impairment of general cognitive function or disability in activities of daily living. The conversion rate was calculated using the person–year method.Results:  At baseline, the sample consisted of 104 subjects selected from 1162 community dwellers aged over 65 years of age. During the 5‐year follow up, 11 subjects (10.6%) were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD), five (4.8%) were diagnosed with vascular dementia (VaD) and six (5.8%) were diagnosed with dementia of other etiology. In this survey, the annual conversion rate of MCI to AD was calculated as 8.5% per 100 person–years and shifted to dementia at a rate of 16.1% per 100 person–years. The proportion of subjects with MCI who progressed to develop dementia was the same as in previous reports. However, nearly 40% of subjects returned to normal.Conclusion:  The MCI concept, as currently defined, is an unstable and heterogeneous group.
Imaging Depression in Epilepsy: Hints at the Biology of Despair
Authors: Garcia Paul A. 
Published: September 2007

Major Depression in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Hippocampal Sclerosis: Clinical and Imaging Correlates. Briellmann RS, Hopwood MJ, Jackson GD. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007 Jan 26; [Epub ahead of print] PURPOSE: Refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is often associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). Patients with Major Depression (MD) may also show structural abnormalities in the limbic system. Co-occurrence of TLE with HS and MD is not uncommon. We investigate clinical and morphological characteristics of TLE patients in relation to MD. METHODS: Thirty-four TLE patients with HS were assessed at a Comprehensive Epilepsy Program. All relevant clinical data were obtained, including the history of antecedent events to epilepsy. MD was diagnosed based on detailed psychiatric investigation. MRI was used to measure the volume and tissue signal (T2-relaxometry) of the hippocampus and amygdala. The imaging data were expressed as percentage of the values obtained in a series of 55 controls. RESULTS: A history of MD was present in 15 (44%) of the 34 patients. Patients with MD had a longer duration of their epilepsy ( p < 0.05), and a lower frequency of antecedent events (13% with MD, 58% without MD, p < 0.05). Both groups had a similar degree of ipsilateral HS (small hippocampal volume, increased hippocampal T2-relaxation time), and demonstrated bilateral amygdaloid atrophy. However, the contralateral amygdala showed lower signal in presence of MD (97 ± 9 msec; no MD: 103 ± 8 msec, ANCOVA, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The integrity of the amygdala may influence mood disturbances in TLE patients with HS, as depression was associated with a relative preservation of the contralateral amygdala. In contrast, hippocampal abnormalities were not related to the presence of depression. Hippocampal 1H-MRSI Correlates with Severity of Depression Symptoms in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Gilliam FG, Maton BM, Martin RC, Sawrie SM, Faught RE, Hugg JW, Viikinsalo M, Kuzniecky RI. Neurology 2007;68(5):364–368. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of an indicator of hippocampal function with severity of depression symptoms in temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS: We evaluated 31 patients with video/EEG-confirmed temporal lobe epilepsy using creatine/ N-acetylaspartate ratio maps derived from a previously validated 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI) technique at 4.1 T. We also assessed depression symptoms, epilepsy-related factors, and self-perceived social and vocational disability. We used conservative nonparametric bivariate procedures to determine the correlation of severity of depression symptoms with imaging and clinical variables. RESULTS: The extent of hippocampal 1H-MRSI abnormalities correlated with severity of depression (Spearman rho = 0.65, p value < 0.001), but other clinical factors did not. CONCLUSION: The extent of hippocampal dysfunction is associated with depression symptoms in temporal lobe epilepsy and may be a more important factor than seizure frequency or degree of disability.
Cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality in Japan
Authors: Ide R , Mizoue T , Fujino Y , Hoshiyama Y , Sakata K , Tamakoshi A , Yoshimura T ,   for the JACC Study Group
Published: September 2007

Objectives:  To prospectively examine the association of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking with oral and pharyngeal carcinogenesis, we analyzed data from a nation‐wide large‐scale cohort study in Japan.Methods:  A total of 34 136 men and 43 711 women aged 40–79 years were included in the study. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of oral and pharyngeal cancer for smoking and drinking by sex, while adjusting for age, consumption of green tea, preference for salty foods, and consumption of green yellow vegetables.Results:  Current smokers were found to have a higher risk of death caused by oral and pharyngeal cancer compared with non‐smokers in both sexes: the RR was 2.6 (95% CI: 1.0–6.7) in men and 8.2 (95% CI: 2.1–32.1) in women. Men who drank more than 46 g ethanol per day had an approximately threefold increased risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Simultaneous exposure to both factors was significantly associated with an elevated risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer (RR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.1–9.6).Conclusions:  The result supports the carcinogenic effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking on the oral cavity and pharynx.
Ecological characterization of three different phylogenetic groups belonging to the cellulolytic bacterial species Fibrobacter succinogenes in the rumen
Authors: SHINKAI Takumi , MATSUMOTO Nobuya , KOBAYASHI Yasuo 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTTo study the group‐dependent ecology of Fibrobacter succinogenes in the rumen, real‐time polymerase chain reaction assays for two phylogenetic groups (groups 2 and 3) of F. succinogenes were newly established and applied to rumen samples. Both the assays targeting the bacterial 16S rDNA were sensitive and accurate, showing wide quantifiable ranges (104−109 and 102−109 copies of 16S rDNA) and high recoveries of known amounts of added DNA (96.9 and 98.0%). The quantity of group 1 was confirmed to be numerable by subtracting assay values of groups 2 and 3 from that of F. succinogenes species (groups 1–3). By using the developed assays and the above subtractive calculation, the quantities of all three groups were evaluated in solid and liquid fractions of the rumen content and also on hay stems. In the solid fraction, groups 1 and 2 were abundantly present, compared with group 3 (P < 0.05). On untreated hay stems, group 1 was dominant throughout 48 h. In addition, group 1 showed growth even on the cellulase‐treated hay stems, unlike the other two groups. These results suggest that F. succinogenes group 1 greatly contributes to rumen fiber digestion, even for less degradable materials.
Analysis of methanogens in the bovine rumen by polymerase chain reaction single‐strand conformation polymorphism
Authors: TATSUOKA Noriko , MOHAMMED Nazimuddin , MITSUMORI Makoto , TAJIMA Kiyoshi , HARA Kozo , KURIHARA Mitsunori , ITABASHI Hisao 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThe polymerase chain reaction single‐strand conformation polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) method reported by Schwieger and Tebbe (1998) was used to analyze the diversity of methanogens inhabiting the rumen. Partial 16S rRNA gene fragments were amplified from DNA extracted from rumen contents by PCR with archaea‐specific primers, Ar1000F and Ar1500R, or methanogen‐specific primers, M301F and M915R, with one primer phosphorylated at the 5′ end. The amplified DNA fragments were analyzed by SSCP gel electrophoresis after the phosphorylated strands of the PCR products were digested with λ exonuclease. When we analyzed samples collected from the six Holstein cows used in a previous study, in which cows were given feed with or without α‐cyclodextrin‐horseradish oil complex (CD‐HR), nine and six bands were identified in the profiles generated by PCR products amplified with archaea‐specific and methanogen‐specific primers, respectively. While dendrogram analysis based on SSCP gel profiles found that the methanogens from each rumen showed a particular composition of methanogens, the profiles of the methanogens isolated from two of three cows fed with CD‐HR fell into the same branch in the dendrogram constructed from the profiles. Therefore, this study demonstrates the potential of the PCR‐SSCP method in the methanogenic community analysis of the rumen and in investigating changes in the methanogenic community due to the addition of CD‐HR to the rumen.
Season‐dependent effect of daily frequency of feed distribution on the rate of feed consumption and reproductive performance in sows during lactation
Authors: IMAEDA Noriaki , YOSHIOKA Gou 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of the daily frequency of feed distribution (once, One; twice, Two; and four times, Four,) on the rate of feed consumption (RFC) and reproductive performance were investigated in Large White sows farrowing in the hot season from June to September (H sows) and in the rest of the year (R sows). The RFC was greater in feeding treatmentFourthanTwo(P < 0.01) in H sows; however, bodyweight loss during lactation was not affected by the feeding treatment. No difference in effects of frequency of feed distribution for sows was observed on piglet growth. The survival rate of the piglets was not different between feeding treatments. The number of sows that came into estrus within 7 days post‐weaning was smaller in the feeding treatmentFourthanOne(P < 0.05) in H sows and those ofFourthanOne(P < 0.01) andTwo(P < 0.05) in R sows. These results suggest that in sows during lactation increasing the daily frequency of feed distribution may have a negative effect on reproductive performance.
Feeding the 1 to 7‐year‐old child. A support paper for the South African paediatric food‐based dietary guidelines
Authors: Bowley Nadia A. , Pentz‐Kluyts Megan A. , Bourne Lesley T. , Marino Louise V. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractYoung children embark on a transitional nutritional journey, progressing from total reliance on caregivers to independence, autonomy and self‐determination. Appropriate nutritional intake in young children is a diverse concept, incorporating suitable nutritional choices and feeding behaviours. Lessons learnt in childhood will have long‐term effects on the individual and society overall. Since South African children are raised in a country where under‐ and over‐nutrition exist simultaneously, a careful balance should be achieved in any national public health message. The South African paediatric food‐based dietary guidelines for children younger than 7 years strive to facilitate the education of carers of young children in the adoption of healthy eating practices. The guidelines address issues regarding variety in the diet that has been shown to improve both micro‐ and macronutrient intakes. Specific reference is made to starchy foods, vegetables, fruit and water along with protein sources, which should be consumed regularly. Milk, has been emphasised in these guidelines because of the poor calcium intake in South African children. The only guideline that limits intake is the sweet treats or drinks message, because of public health concerns such as obesity and dental caries. Other messages pertaining to eating habits take cognisance of the child's physiological limitations in gastric capacity and suggest small regular meals. Clean, safe drinking water is the beverage of choice. Non‐food‐based guidelines are also included, which recognize the importance of active play, for developmental and health purposes, as well as regular clinic attendance.