bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of phytohemagglutinin-induced bovine lymphocyte blastogenesis by leukotrienes
Authors: Atluru D. , Goodwin J. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Leukotriene (lt) B4, a 5-lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, is a potent inducer of suppressor cells in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cultures of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In contrast, ltc4 and ltd4 have little activity. Incubation of T lymphocytes with ltb4 at concentrations as low as 1 × 10−l2M rendered these lymphocytes suppressive of [3H]thymidine incorporation in subsequent phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cultures of fresh autologous lymphocytes. This ltb4-induced cell was radiosensitive to irradiation at 2,000 rads. Leukotriene B4 may have an important part in immunoregulation during hypersensitivity reactions.
Channel catfish virus: Use of nucleic acids in studying viral relationships
Authors: Colyer Tracey E. , Bowser Paul R. , Doyle James , Boyle John A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Restriction digestion patterns were used to determine differences in the DNA of various isolates of channel catfish virus (ccv). All viruses were different from each other and from the type strain of ccv. The differences in the digestion patterns were used to relate the viruses quantitatively as to sequence divergence between all pairs of viruses. A range of values from 104 nucleotide changes to 1,690 nucleotide changes/total DNA of ccv was found for the various pairs.
A cladistic analysis produced a phylogenetic network relating the viruses by possible ancestory. This network indicated that some viruses were relatively more separated from other viruses that were clustered in the network. A phenetic analysis indicated that the viruses that were clustered in the network were also reasonably similar to one another.
Comparison of four test procedures to identify Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine intramammary infections
Authors: Hogan Joseph S. , Cornetta Angelyn , Pankey J. Woodrow 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A comparison was made between conventional tube coagulase, macrocupsular coagulase, latex agglutination, and miniaturized biochemical test systems for identification of Staphylococcus aureus of bovine origin. A total of 303 gram-positive, catalase-positive cocci of bovine origin were tested. Agreement between each pair of 4-hour tube coagulase, macrocupsular coagulase, latex agglutination, and miniaturized biochemical test results within isolates was > 95.0.
Seventeen (5.6%) isolates were test negative for 4-hour tube coagulase, but test positive for 24-hour tube coagulase. Thirteen (76.5%) of these isolates were identified as S hyicus, 3 were S aureus, and 1 was not identified.
Detection of mink enteritis virus in mink feces, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination, and electron microscopy
Authors: Shen David T. , Ward Alton C. S. , Gorham John R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-five mink were inoculated with mink enteritis virus (mev). Fecal specimens were collected daily and were simultaneously evaluated for mev antigen by use of a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), hemagglutination (ha), and electron microscopy. Results of the evaluations indicated that mev was shed in the feces on postinoculation days 5 and 6. The virus was not detectable by elisa or ha after postinoculation day 6, although viruses were found in reduced numbers by use of electron microscopy. The elisa was specific for mev, and the sensitivity of the elisa for mev was comparable with that of ha.
Anthelmintic treatment of pastured dairy cattle in California
Authors: Miller James E. , Baker Norman F. , Farver Thomas B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The relationship of anthelmintic treatment for subclinical gastrointestinal nematode parasitism with resultant milk production was studied on 3 California dairies where animals were maintained on a pasture-based nutritional program. All of the animals that started lactating (freshened) during a 12-month period participated in trials in which coumaphos was given as a feed top dressing to animals averaging 30 days into lactation. All of the animals that freshened during the subsequent 12-month period from 2 of the same 3 dairies participated in trials in which thiabendazole was administered at or within 2 weeks before freshening.
Anthelmintic administration during 2 consecutive lactation cycles under the conditions of the present study resulted in no consistent reproducible significant changes in milk production.
Xenobiotic metabolism in suspensions and primary cultures of isolated hepatocytes prepared from the caudate process of bovine liver
Authors: Shull Lee R. , Kirsch Donald G. , Lohse Carleton L. , Carlson Gary P. , Doody Linda A. , Wisniewski Joy A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Isolated hepatocytes were prepared from 100- to 125-kg Holstein male calves (n = 10) by perfusion of the caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver. The 11th or 12th rib on the right side was resected to provide exposure of the caudate process. Complete postsurgical recovery of the donor from partial lobectomy was confirmed by growth data and serum chemical and hematologic criteria. Hepatocytes were isolated under aseptic conditions, using a 2-step collagenase vascular perfusion procedure. Hepatocyte preparations averaged 85% viability, and the yield averaged 1.2 × 107 viable hepatocytes/g of (wet weight) liver.
Morphologic characteristics of hepatocytes examined under light and scanning electron microscopy were considered normal, except for occasional surface blebs. Freshly isolated hepatocytes in suspension rapidly decreased in viability and xenobiotic metabolizing capacity (aldrin epoxidation and ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylation and 7-hydroxycoumarin glucuronidation and sulfation), and hepatocytes surviving the initial 2 to 3 hours appeared to undergo repair.
As an alternative, primary monolayer cultures on collagen-coated plates were evaluated. Hepatocytes attached to the collagen surface within 4 hours and appeared flattened by 12 hours. Although metabolic activity decreased about 30% over 8 hours in culture, the pattern of ethoxycoumarin metabolites was relatively constant. It was not determined to what extent the apparent loss of metabolic capacity was caused by hepatocyte detachment from the collagen surface. Although complicated by the requirement for asepsis, primary cultures were superior to suspensions for xenobiotic metabolism studies in cattle.
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of orally administered bishydroxycoumarin in the goat
Authors: Gross David R. , Kramer William G. , McCord Fiona , Wagner-Mann Colette 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eight goats, 2 nontreated controls and 6 treated, were used to study the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of bishydroxycoumarin. In 5 of the 6 treated goats, there was a significant relationship between prothrombin times and drug concentrations. Activated clotting times did not change with time in either the controls or the treated goats. Five of 6 treated goats reached a plateau of drug concentration after 24 to 36 hours. Lag times for onset of pharmacologic effect ranged from 12 to 24 hours. The one goat (No. 3) that did not respond in concert with the other 5 was extremely nervous and became anorectic during the period of indoor confinement.
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a slow-release cefotaxime suspension in the dog and in sheep
Authors: Guerrini V. H. , English P B. , Filippich L. J. , Schneider J. , Bourne D. W. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three Merino ewes were given cefotaxime im, and 3 were given cefotaxime subcutaneously (50 mg/kg of body weight each); each dose was suspended in 6 ml of oil. Five dogs were also given an oily suspension of cefotaxime subcutaneously (sc) (50 mg/kg of body weight). The plasma concentrations (Cp) and pharmacokinetic data obtained after cefotaxime in the oily suspension was injected im and sc were compared with data from the same animals after they were given an aqueous solution of cefotaxime by the same routes. Key pharmacokinetic values obtained after cefotaxime was administered iv to sheep and to dogs are discussed.
Mean peak Cp (Cpeak) in sheep when given the oily suspension im was approximately 53 μg/ml at 0.18 to 0.40 hour, and that value in sheep given the aqueous preparation was 62 μg/ml 0.08 to 0.18 hour. Mean Cpeak values after the oily suspension and the aqueous preparation were injected sc were 11.0 μg/ml (between 0.8 and 1 hour) and 51 μg/ml (between 0.25 and 1 hour), respectively. Bioavailabilities were approximately 70% after im injection was done and 90% after sc injection was done. The P-plasma half-lives were 0.7 hour after im injection was done and 2.9 hours after sc injection was done.
Mean Cpeak in dogs when given the oily suspension sc was 30 μg/ml at 1.0 hour, and when dogs were given the aqueous preparation sc, Cpeak was 27 μg/ml at 0.6 hour. Absorption was virtually complete after the oily suspension and aqueous preparations were given. The (β-plasma half-lives were 0.9 hour and 1.1 hour after the oily and aqueous preparations were injected, respectively.
The sc administration of cefotaxime in an oil suspension in dogs and sheep provided satisfactory and more prolonged Cp than did aqueous preparation given im (sheep only) or given sc (sheep and dogs).
Barbiturate anesthesia in Greyhound and mixed-breed dogs: Comparative cardiopulmonary effects, anesthetic effects, and recovery rates
Authors: Robinson E. P. , Sams R. A. , Muir W. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The cardiovascular effects, anesthetic effects, and recovery rates were evaluated in racing Greyhounds under barbiturate anesthesia. Greyhounds and mixed-breed dogs of similar body weights were given (by iv route) thiopental (15 mg/kg), thiamylal (15 mg/kg), methohexital (10 mg/kg), and pentobarbital (20 mg/kg).
The anesthesia lasted longer in Greyhound than in non-Greyhound mixed-breed dogs given thiopental, thiamylal, and methohexital. The mean times from recumbency to standing were 3 to 4 times longer for Greyhounds anesthetized with thiobarbiturates than for non-Greyhound mixed-breed dogs anesthetized with the same drugs, with recovery times for some Greyhounds lasting more than 8 hours. With thiobarbiturate anesthesia, Greyhounds had long periods of respiratory depression, struggled, and relapsed into sleep, whereas in the other dogs, the recovery was quiet.
Respiratory depression related to the stage of anesthesia was produced by all barbiturates, but did not result in significant changes in blood gas values. Rectal temperature decreased in all dogs, but did not result in significant hypothermia. Cardiovascular variables and acid-base estimations in Greyhounds were not significantly different from those in mixed-breed dogs before and during barbiturate anesthesia. Packed cell volumes in Greyhounds were significantly higher than those in non-Greyhound mixed-breed dogs after the thiobarbiturates and methohexital were administered. Total plasma protein concentrations were significantly lower in Greyhounds, compared with those in the other dogs before and during barbiturate anesthesia.
Methohexital is a useful alternative to thiobarbiturates for short-duration barbiturate anesthesia in Greyhounds.
Effect of acepromazine on the anesthetic requirement of halothane in the dog
Authors: Heard Darryl J. , Webb A. I. , Daniels R. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Five adult dogs were used to determine whether acepromazine maleate (acp) administered im, decreases the maintenance requirement of halothane and to measure any decrease for the acp dosages of 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/kg. The value minimal alveolar concentration, a measure of anesthetic potency, was used as the measure of anesthetic requirement of halothane before and after acp was administered.
All dogs were randomly exposed to each dosage of acp, as well as to the control of 0.2 ml of sterile water. At all dosages of acp, the decrease in the minimal alveolar concentration of halothane was significant (P ≤ 0.05) when compared with that of the control. The decreases at the 0.04 and 0.20 mg/kg dosages were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater than those at the 0.02 and 0.00 mg/kg dosages. Halothane requirements at all other acp dosages (0.08 and 0.10 mg/kg) were not significantly different from each other or from those at any of the other dosages. The percentage of decrease in anesthetic requirement after acp was administered varied from 34% to 46%, with a mean decrease of 40%. The largest decrease was recorded at the dosage of 0.04 mg/kg.
Pharmacokinetics of sodium amoxicillin in foals after intramuscular administration
Authors: Carter G. Kent , Martens Ronald J. , Brown Scott A. , Martin Michael T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetic values of sodium amoxicillin (22 mg/kg of body weight) in foals were determined after a single im injection in 6 Quarter Horse foals at 3, 10, and 30 days of age. Serum amoxicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 24-hour period. The absorption of amoxicillin was rapid and followed a 1st-order elimination. Mean peak serum concentrations occurred 30 minutes after the injection in foals at all ages and were 17.31 ± 9.59 μg/ml when the foals were 3 days old, 23.28 ± 9.86 μg/ml when the foals were 10 days old, and 21.35 ± 6.39 μg/ml when the foals were 30 days old. Serum samples collected beyond 8 hours after administration contained amoxicillin concentrations < 0.05 μg/ml.
The elimination rate constant increased with increasing age (0.5265 ± 0.0891 hour−1 when the foals were 3 days old, 0.6494 ± 0.1114 hour−1 when the foals were 10 days old, and 0.7112 ± 0.1016 hour−1 when the foals were 30 days old). Serum clearance increased with increasing age (498.4 ± 82.6 ml/hr/kg at 3 days, 631.6 ± 170.5 ml/hr/kg at 10 days, and 691.2 ± 127.3 ml/hr/kg at 30 days). Serum half-life decreased with increasing age (1.34 ± 0.243 hour at 3 days, 1.10 ± 0.239 hour at 10 days, and 0.991 ± 0.139 hour at 30 days), whereas the extrapolated concentration at time zero and apparent volume of distribution did not change during the first 30 days of age.
Detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in feces from pigs by reversed passive hemagglutination
Authors: Asagi Masayoshi , Ogawa Tetsuo , Minetoma Toshimi , Sato Kunihiko , Inaba Yuji 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A reversed passive hemagglutination (rpha) method was developed for the detection of transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus in the fecal specimens from pigs. Ovine erythrocytes fixed with glutaraldehyde and treated with tannic acid were coated with anti-tge virus swine antibodies, which were purified by affinity chromatographic technique linked with purified tge virus. The rpha test was done by the Microtiter method. Erythrocytes coated with purified specific antibodies were agglutinated by tge virus, but not by porcine rotavirus or porcine enterovirus. The reaction was specifically inhibited by antiserum against tge virus, confirming the specificity of the reaction.
A litter of seven 3-day-old pigs was orally inoculated with tge virus, and fecal specimens were obtained once a day and serum was obtained every 4th day. With the rpha test, tge virus was detected in the diarrheal feces; all of the inoculated pigs developed virus-neutralization antibody for the tge virus.
The rpha test detected tge virus in feces from pigs with naturally occurring diarrhea. The rpha test detected tge virus in 5 of 6 fecal specimens (80%), whereas the positive rate was only 50% (3/6) for the imrnunofluorescent staining of primary cultures of porcine kidney cells inoculated with the specimens. The advantages of the rpha method are simplicity, high sensitivity, and rapid to do.
Cervical spine motion: Radiographic study
Authors: Morgan Joe P. , Miyabayashi Takayoshi , Choy Susan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Knowledge of the acceptable range of motion of the cervical spine of the dog is used in the radiographic diagnosis of both developmental and degenerative diseases. A series of radiographs of mature Beagle dogs was used to identify motion within sagittal and transverse planes. Positioning of the dog's head and neck was standardized, using a restraining board, and mimicked those thought to be of value in diagnostic radiology. The range of motion was greatest between C2 and C5. Reports of severe disk degeneration in the cervical spine of the Beagle describe the most severely involved disks to be C4 through C7. Thus, a high range of motion between vertebral segments does not seem to be the cause for the severe degenerative disk disease. Dorsoventral slippage between vertebral segments was seen, but was not accurately measured. Wedging of disks was clearly identified. At the atlantoaxio-occipital region, there was a high degree of motion within the sagittal plane at the atlantoaxial and atlanto-occipital joints; the measurement can be a guideline in the radiographic diagnosis of instability due to developmental anomalies in this region. Lateral motion within the transverse plane was detected at the 2 joints; however, motion was minimal, and the measurements seemed to be less accurate because of rotation of the cervical spine. Height of the vertebral canal was consistently noted to be greater at the caudal orifice, giving some warning to the possibility of overdiagnosis in suspected instances of cervical spondylopathy. The possible error in radiographic measurements was recognized; however, it was felt that this study showed a reproducibility of most measurements and could serve as a guideline for further studies in other breeds.
Gastric emptying of a radionuclide-labeled test meal in healthy dogs: A new mathematical analysis and reference values
Authors: van den Brom W. E. , Happé R. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The gastric retention of a semisolid meal, labeled with 99mTc, was measured in 27 clinically healthy dogs, using a gamma camera coupled to a data acquisition and analysis system. A new mathematical analysis was introduced describing the retention (Q [t]) of a unit meal as a function of time (t), as follows:

Where α and p are fitting variables. The rate of gastric emptying depends strongly on the variable α. The shape of the retention pattern is influenced by the variable p, particularly by the value of 1-1/p (median, 0.51). The description includes the exponential and the linear model.
Initial half-time (median, 87 minutes), real half-time (median, 66 minutes), and 95% emptying time (median, 148 minutes) were determined from α and p, the latter being obtained from computer fitting Q (t) to the data. A wide variation of the values between the dogs was observed. Initial half-time and the value of 1-1/p varied strongly in the individual dogs, but the real half-time was reproducible (r = 0.85, P < 0.01, 10 dogs).
High-sensitivity radioimmunoassay screening method for fentanyl
Authors: Woods W. E. , Tai H. H. , Tai C. , Weckman T. , Wood T. , Barios H. , Blake J. W. , Tobin T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A radioiodinated analog of fentanyl was synthesized for use with a commercially available radioimmunoassay for fentanyl. The sensitivity of the modified assay was at least 100 times greater than that of the original assay. Using this modified assay, concentrations of fentanyl as low as 1 pg/ml of fentanyl or fentanyl equivalents in equine urine were detected.
Doses of fentanyl 100 times smaller than the minimum dose for a pharmacologic effect were detectable and a pharmacologically effective dose of fentanyl was detectable for up to 96 hours or more. The high sensitivity of the assay indicated that large numbers of urine samples (ie, 10 to 20) probably could be pooled and screened simultaneously, which would result in an economical analysis for fentanyl in the urine of horses after a race. Sufentanil and its metabolites also were detectable, using this assay, but at only about 1% of the efficiency at which fentanyl was detectable.
Changes in equine metabolic characteristics due to exercise fatigue
Authors: Miller P. A. , Lawrence L. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eight horses exercised to fatigue were used to characterize the resulting changes in blood pH, in blood lactate, free fatty acid, bicarbonate, and ammonia concentrations, and in muscle glycogen concentrations. The exercise test was conducted at a speed of 4.5 m/s on a motorized equine treadmill set at a 9% grade. At fatigue, all variables differed significantly (P < 0.05) from base-line values. Heart rate averaged 191.1 ± 6.5 beats/min at fatigue, and the plasma lactate concentrations increased from 7.8 ± 0.95 mg/dl to 94.3 ± 19.2 mg/dl. Ammonia concentrations increased from 66.7 ± 6.9 μmol/L before exercise to 136.9 ± 18.6 μmol/L at fatigue. Bicarbonate concentrations decreased from 31.3 ± 0.4 mM to 21.1 ± 1.8 mM, and pH decreased from 7.37 ± 0.01 to 7.28 ± 0.04. Free fatty acid concentrations were higher at fatigue and increased throughout the recovery period. Exercise resulted in a 25% decrease of muscle glycogen concentration in gluteus medius specimens.
Coagulation assays and platelet aggregation patterns in human, baboon, and canine blood
Authors: Feingold Hollace M. , Pivacek Linda E. , Melaragno Anthony J. , Valeri C. Robert 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Coagulation assays in citrated plasma and platelet-aggregation patterns in citrated platelet-rich plasma were performed, using human, baboon, and canine blood. Similar fibrinogen concentrations, factor VIII antihemolytic factor (ahf) clotting protein concentrations, and thrombin times were seen in human and baboon plasma, whereas prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times were significantly (P < 0.017) more prolonged in baboon plasma than in human plasma. Canine plasma had significantly lower prothrombin times, activated partial thromboplastin times and thrombin times, and significantly higher concentrations of fibrinogen and factor VIII (ahf) clotting protein than did human plasma. The baboon factor VIII antigen cross-reacted with an antibody against human factor VIII antigen, whereas the canine factor VIII antigen did not.
Human and canine platelets had similar aggregation patterns to adenosine diphosphate (adp), whereas baboon platelets were less responsive to adp than were human platelets. The response to collagen-induced aggregation in human and baboon blood was similar at concentrations of 0.190, 0.100, 0.050 and 0.025 mg/ml, whereas the response in human and canine blood was similar at concentrations of 0.190, 0.100, and 0.050 mg/ml. The lag time before aggregation with collagen was 2 to 3 times longer for canine platelets than for human platelets; human and baboon platelets had similar lag times. Baboon platelets were more responsive to arachidonic acid than were human platelets at concentrations of 0.25, 0.12, and 0.06 mg/ml, whereas canine platelets were less responsive than were human platelets at the highest concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Human platelets were more responsive to epinephrine than were baboon or canine platelets. Human and baboon platelets aggregated to ristocetin, but canine platelets did not. Human and baboon platelet-aggregation patterns were comparable after treatment with 0.025 mM and 0.012 mM of adp, the 4 concentrations of collagen, 0.5 mg/ml of arachidonic acid, and 0.012 mg/ml of ristocetin. Human and canine platelet-aggregation patterns were similar after treatment with the 4 concentrations of adp, and with arachidonic acid at concentrations of 0.12 and 0.25 mg/ml.
In vitro responses of bronchial spirals and parenchymal strips from healthy and heartworm-infected dogs
Authors: O'Malley Nancy A. , Crawford M. Patrick , Venugopalan Changaram S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bronchial spirals and pulmonary parenchymal strips from control (noninfected) and Dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs were tested for isometric contractile response to histamine and carbamylcholine. Responses of bronchial spirals from control dogs and from D immitis-positive groups did not differ in responses to histamine or carbamylcholine. Parenchymal strips from D immitis-positive dogs showed greater response to histamine than did those from controls; responses to carbamylcholine did not differ.