bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Downhole Tool for ECD Reduction
Authors: Bern P. A. , Hosie Dave , Bansal R. K. , Stewart Donald , Lee Bradley 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Wellbore pressure management is a critical part of normal drilling practices, where static and dynamic fluid pressures are used to contain formation pressures and to assure wellbore stability. Excessive fluid pressure while circulating can create problems including reduced operating margins between fracture and pore pressures and, in the extreme, lost circulation. To address these problems, an Equivalent Circulation Density (ECD) Reduction Tool (RT) has been developed.
The ECD RT is designed to counter the frictional pressure effects that exist while circulating. The tool is expected to have a broad range of drilling applications including the narrow pore/fracture pressure margin deepwater environment, wellbores prone to instability, pressure depleted reservoirs and extended reach wells.
The tool has the potential to:
Improve wellbore stability. Extend hole intervals and reduce casing requirements. Improve rate of penetration (ROP). Reduce lost circulation. Reduce differential sticking. Improve hole cleaning in extended-reach drilling (ERD) wells through the use of higher flow rates.
This paper describes a new downhole tool for ECD reduction, which is run as an integral part of the drill string. A prototype tool has been built, to operate inside 10-3/4″ to 13-3/8″ casing strings, which has undergone testing in a flow loop and in two experimental wells. The design features of this prototype and the test results obtained so far are discussed in this paper.
The joining and splicing of internal cable CT strings to enable deeper Coiled Tubing Deployed ESP completion
Authors: Ivey Martin S , Macleod Alistair I 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Coiled Tubing conveyed Electrical Submersible Pump completions (CT-ESP) have now been established as a cost-effective means of improving production in pressure depleted reservoirs, with low installation and work over costs. However, due to max lift limitations, and crane down grading practices associated with offshore platforms, the use of CT-ESP’s in many cases cannot be considered, because it is simply impossible to lift a CT-ESP reel of the required length on board the platform. This paper describes a worked solution (1) for a conventional CT reel that exceeded the platform crane lift capacity. A worked solution (2) for a CT-ESP re-completion, followed by a proposal (3) for a complete CT-ESP solution, with a focus on overcoming the max crane lift issue, thereby allowing deeper CT deployed ESP completions in the future.
Field Validation of a Coiled Tubing Fatigue Model
Authors: Behenna F. R. , Myrick D. D. , Stanley R. K. , Tipton S. M. , Hammond W. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Tracking the bending and internal pressure history of coiled tubing (CT) at the reel and guide arch, as it is run in and out of wells during field operations, is accepted throughout the industry as the preferred method for predicting the fatigue damage distribution along the string throughout its life. A mathematical model, relating bending strain and hoop stress (from internal pressure) to cumulative fatigue damage can be applied to this recorded field loading history. Such models determine when tubing should be retired or when tubing cuts should be made in order to maximize the utilization of the pipe while minimizing the chance of pipe failure. The problem of CT fatigue has been studied extensively in the lab, using constant pressure bend cycling and/or axial coupon testing. However, models resulting from experimental programs have seldom been correlated in the literature with CT behavior under field loading conditions.
This paper presents such validation by correlating the experimentally determined cycles to failure of CT samples which have had extensive use in field operations, to predictions from an advanced predictive fatigue algorithm. The string, from which the samples were taken, had been removed from service based on criteria specified by the operating company for which the CT work was being performed. This stated that strings were to be retired after a given value of "running meters" had been reached, rather than on the actual bending and internal pressure history.
Excellent agreement is demonstrated between the actual remaining fatigue life of the tubing, determined experimentally, and the estimated cycles to failure predicted by the fatigue model. Therefore, it is shown that the string could have been safely utilized much longer than the current string retirement specification allows. Based on the results of this testing, the operating company has changed its criterion for CT string retirement to one that relies on tracking of bending and internal pressure history and subsequent predictive fatigue modeling based on this history.
Damage Removal in Screened Horizontal Wells
Authors: McCulloch D. J. , Mann J. , Macmillan P. , Ali S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The requirement for screened and gravel packed completions in horizontal wells has led to the development of alternative stimulation fluids and placement techniques.
This paper describes a common damage mechanism in this type of completion and the remedial cleanup procedures developed.
While horizontal wells do not normally require stimulation for primary production reasons, it is often necessary to clean up the drill in fluid (DIF) filtercake.
A placement technique was developed that includes a coiled tubing, controlled injection technique (CIT) in combination with a true fluidic oscillator (TFO) to aid in placing a modified propriatory scale and DIF filtercake solvent (PSDS) fluid behind the screen into the gravel packed annulus.
The placement technique is supported with surface testing results of two standard jetting tools vs. a TFO for the placement of the stimulation fluid.
This PSDS fluid was specifically modified to improve the effectiveness of removing filtercakes layed down with a drill solids-laden DIF mud sample from the field. The presence of formation-drilled solids results in a much more tenuous filtercake than one created with a clean DIF.
The technique was developed for a long horizontal gravel-packed North Sea well, however the procedure has global applications.
Improved Nondestructive Inspection During Tubing Manufacture and Servicing
Authors: Stanley R. K. , Martin J. R. , McCoy T. , Rosine R. , Aulert C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In SPE 74830, a paper presented at the 2002 SPE ICoTA Conference in Houston, an inspection program was presented that would take coiled tubing (CT) quality to the next level. The program was aimed at total prevention of strip and mill defects and to determine the capability of field inspection units for CT. From these tests and investigations, it was determined that a higher level of nondestructive examination (NDE) could be achieved. This paper covers the NDE work performed since SPE 74830 was published.
This work includes the design and operation of an electromagnetic tool for incoming strip inspection, and the results of strip inspection over a 4-month period. In addition, work included operational design of a phased-array shear wave ultrasound system capable of inspecting continuously tapered CT and the results over a 3-month period. The results of tests of butt-welds at an experimental stage using sophisticated ultrasonic technology are also presented.
Innovative Casing Exit System for CT/TT Applications: System Description, Validation Surface Test and Field Runs
Authors: Desai Praful , Dewey Charles , Cruickshank Brian , McGarian Bruce 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Historically, in CT/TT application, sidetracking through the casing requires multiple trips to effectively produce a useable window for the next directional drilling assembly. The number of trips needed depends upon the performance of the window milling system and the comfort level of the system operator.
This paper presents an innovative one trip casing exit system especially tailored for the CT/TT operation. The system includes a hydraulically set anchor which can pass through a restriction and expands to a larger diameter, a whipstock, that incorporates a hydraulically activated hinge mechanism, which provides the optimum trajectory for the mill with multiple ramps for strategically guiding the milling tool, a lead mill with tightly spiraled blades dressed with cylindrical inserts for aggressive milling action and a retrieval tool in case the system is to be recovered.
The paper will also present a detail description of validation surface test equipment for a 4½" X 7" TT system, test procedure and test results. The test set up included a 90 ft. long ‘I’ beam test bed, triplex pumping unit, data acquisition system and video camera for recording the milled window profile and rat hole conditions.
The initial test objectives were (1) to functionally test the anchor and hinge mechanism; (2) test the TT Whipstock system inside a test fixture and successfully mill a window; (3) evaluate various mill configurations utilizing the TT Whipstock system.
The second test objectives were (1) to mill window in the 7"-26#, P-110 casing buried in a 3’ x 3’ x 40’ concrete block; (2) drift directional drilling assembly through the window consisting of 3⅛" O.D. mud motor with a 3.2 degree bent housing and 3¾" X 4⅛" Bi-Center bit below the motor; (3) Retrieve the system with a hook. All of the objectives were successfully achieved.
Additionally, the paper will detail field runs of above described system along with lesson learned, conclusions and way forward.
Dealing with Russia: A Chinese Perspective
Authors: Huang Yu , Ge Aiji , Xu Xiaojie 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Russia's opening-up to the outside world has been a great event for the world in general and its neighboring countries in particular. Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Russia started in 1992 and expanded in 1998. Currently, there are 26 foreign companies from eleven countries active in the petroleum upstream sector in Russia, six of which are international majors including BP-Amoco, Shell, Exxon-Mobil, TotalFinaElf and Texaco-Chevron and the like. Europe and US based companies dominate the foreign investment in Russia. E&P projects totaled 44, which are located mainly in Timen-Pechoran, Sakhalin, Eastern Siberia and Western Siberia, regionally speaking. As the largest neighboring country of Russia, China has not concluded any major petroleum direct investment projects in the country except for oil and gas pipeline to be finally approved. Authors will make quantitative analyses of the FDI in Russia here.
Currently, China imported about 60 million tones of oil in 2001 by the sea lance from the Middle East. Against the growing domestic demand, the single source based route makes China's energy less secure. A search for additional sources from Russia and Central Asia has been emphasized and escalated since the opening up of Russia's energy sector. Beyond the pipeline transportation, China is continuing to seek for major undeveloped oil researves, oil pipelines associated projects, along with business alliance through privatization or M&A activities. There are huge issues to be tackled, accordingly.
Chinese petroleum companies are negotiating with Russian counterparts on this matter. Results remain less bright because of corporate strategic and cultural differentials. Some oil and gas provisions remain less clear in Russia.
China has learned from the lessons of western oil companies doing businesses in Russia in the last decade. Long lasting procedure of legislative approval and negotiation with local counterparts thereafter disappointed many western companies. Meanwhile, among several obstacles are contractual system and tax arrangements. However, the paper suggest that
The authors suggest that bidding for undeveloped oil fields and the shares of privatized oil companies in Russia are among choices. PSA along with joint venture arrangement are effective ways available for consideration. However, favorable and transparent policies should be prioritized for any success of business in Russia.
International investors have to realize that Russian need for multiple routes and exporting outlets to ship oil and gas to the regional market. However, the primary for Russia and China or others alike is further close work on contractual conciliation and legal and administrative regulations of the oil and gas pipelines.
Judgment in Probabilistic Analysis
Authors: Purvis D. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The chief use of probabilistic methods is to assess risk and opportunity, making them most applicable to situations of significant uncertainty. Hence, the cardinal sin unique to probabilistic analysis is to underestimate the range of outcomes. Unfortunately, the situations of the greatest uncertainty are also the ones where poor judgment is most likely to create unreliable results and dangerous decisions. The best judgment in probabilistic analysis is that which recognizes the full range of uncertainty by carefully framing the problem and by avoiding pitfalls which artificially reduce the range of results.
A Model to Describe Fugibility
Authors: Erb Terri , Tobin John 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The "Model to Describe Fungibility" was built as a hands-on educational tool for public use in an effort to illustrate the concepts of fungibility as well as supply and demand related specifically to the energy industry. The need for such a model came as a response to public concern over international issues and their connection to the energy industry. This visual representation of the fungible nature of energy provides a more comprehensive understanding of how and why certain actions affect or do not affect global markets. Although extremely simplified, the model clearly illustrates that as long as the world inventory of energy is constant, the origin of the commodity is insignificant to the consumer. Disruption to the quantity and price of an inventory is a direct result of any change to the amount of supply or demand. Thus there is an evident balance between the amount of energy available and the amount of energy consumed. The contribution of "green energy" and the "strategic petroleum reserve" are also considered in the operation of this model. "Green energy" contributes a mere trace of energy to the energy mix and therefore, as the model indicates, becomes virtually indistinguishable as it mixes with the contribution from fossil fuels. As the strategic reserve is used, it is clear that this is a finite resource and is non-replaceable. Altering the flow of water by means of adjusting faucets that represent energy production and consumption is the method of operating this model. Concepts discussed above are visually observed in an effective manner. The model is appropriate for all audiences ranging from elementary school children to government officials.
A Discussion on the Effect of International Fiscal Regimes on Portfolio Selection in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Back Michael J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The corporate planner in an international petroleum company is faced with the difficult task of comparing potential investment opportunities across different geographic and fiscal regimes. The economics in many global fiscal regimes such as production sharing contracts (PSC) requires advanced modeling capabilities, iterative calculations and consolidated economics at a field or block level for appropriate accuracy. This process can be both computationally intensive and nonlinear in nature requiring a recalculation of each proposed portfolio including any delay and working interest factor applied to each project in the portfolio.
This paper will review and compare the effects of several typical international fiscal regimes with both traditional project ranking and more modern portfolio management techniques used in the exploration and production (E&P) capital investment process. The ability to use sophisticated optimization algorithms while achieving maximum computational efficiency and economic accuracy will be explored. The effects of stand-alone vs consolidated project economics at a PSC level will be discussed as well as key issues associated with using portfolio management to compare assets in a variety of fiscal regimes. A personal computer will be used to model several typical international fiscal regimes and analyze a set of petroleum assets in the context of choosing an optimal corporate portfolio.
Analyzing the Sensitivity of Production Sharing Contract Terms Using Simulation
Authors: Mudford B. , Stegemeier D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Fiscal regimes, such as production sharing contracts (PSC's), specify how hydrocarbons and costs are shared between host governments and contractors. An important part of the economic analysis in any new country or region involves modelling the fiscal terms for that area and determining the value of a new opportunity. In most cases there is uncertainty in the technical components of an opportunity. In addition, there may be uncertainty in fiscal terms since they could be open to negotiation. In either case it is necessary to analyze the fiscal regime under conditions of uncertainty.
Most PSC's are composed of royalty, cost recovery, profit split and taxation components. In older PSC's profit splits between the government and the contractors were often based on quantities such as oil production. More recently it has become common to base profit splits on measures of profitability such as the ratio of costs to revenue, or the rate of return. In this paper we will analyze and compare PSC's in several countries, assuming similar-sized discoveries in each country. Our analysis will include both technical uncertainties around volumes and costs, and fiscal regime and price uncertainties. These simulation techniques can be used to establish thresholds for volumes or costs that will enable an economic development to be carried out. In essence thresholds represent lost value in a project, which can manifest itself in projects not done or redevelopments not carried out. It is to the benefit of all parties to try and minimize that lost value. The simulation methods we will outline can be used to determine the fiscal terms that maximize value for both host countries and contractors where these terms are subject to negotiation. These methods can also be used to estimate the value of tradeoffs made during fiscal regime negotiation.
There is Value in Operational Flexibility: An Intelligent Well Application
Authors: Han John T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Intelligent well completion technology provides a broad spectrum of value generating functionality for oil and gas field operations, all derived from the ability to monitor and control fluid production and injection by zone in real-time. A major barrier to intelligent well technology adoption has been the lack of method to quantitatively define the value associated with various applications of the technology. Most companies often use a Net Present Value (NPV) analysis to quantify and rank project proposals. Due to the nature of intelligent well technology, NPV analysis is not applicable to a wide range of applications and invariably underestimates the value associated with the technology. Operators intuitively understand the benefits of the technology, but are unable to represent it with conventional NPV valuation techniques, and thus are unable to justify intelligent well completion deployment against more conventional, better-understood, but lower valued, completion technology.
An approach has been developed to define and solve the intelligent well valuation problem using mathematical techniques from the financial community called Real Options analysis, specifically, the concept of Flexibility Options. It quantifies the option value derived from the flexibility offered by the application of intelligent well technology enabling the ability to monitor and respond to reservoir uncertainties as it is manifested throughout the field life cycle.
Case study has been developed using well data from field in the Gulf of Mexico region incorporating the level of smartness, the associated system reliability, and the projected reservoir performances to quantify the flexibility option value offered through the implementation of intelligent well over conventional completion technology.
This paper will support the conclusions that application of field proven intelligent well technology can increase asset value. The case study use intelligent well critical variables to quantify the value of operating flexibility derived from implementing intelligent well technology. However, some important points should be considered. Firstly, equipment reliability is vital in the valuation. Secondly, economic justification including option value is required to assess the business case in face of reservoir uncertainties. Thirdly, the relationship between resolving reservoir uncertainty, system reliability and functionality must be understood to realize "The right level of Smartness…"
Methodology for Field Development Optimization with Water Injection
Authors: Schiozer Denis J. , Mezzomo C. Christina 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Field development planning comprises a very complex decision making process. Due to the restricted amount of information available in this initial stage, a great amount of parameters must be estimated and analyzed to propose an adequate and profitable recovery strategy. Therefore, it is very important to develop fast and flexible methodologies with a low computational cost that into account the uncertainties related to economic circumstances to assess the risks in the decision making process.
This paper shows a new approach applied to field development planning with horizontal wells using reservoir simulation to provide coherent production/injection forecasts for the field performance assessment. In order to achieve good quality solutions, different financial scenarios must be included in the optimization procedure, regarding constraints previously imposed to the project. An economic sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate the influence of the dynamic behavior of parameters like oil price and interest rates in the results obtained with this methodology. The procedure is applied to some selected cases with different natural drives and the results obtained will be presented.
The proposed methodology does not offer a unique solution, but a set of good alternatives to be analyzed by the management. It helps the management to identify field recovery alternatives that are less affected by changes in the economic scenario thus presenting lower risk. The procedure is fast, requiring an adequate number of simulation runs and can be easily adapted according to the characteristics and restrictions defined for each project. It can also be automated to reduce the global time required for the process.
Comparison of LNG Contractual Frameworks and Fiscal Systems
Authors: Kellas Graham 
Published: December 2007

abstract
There is an increasing number of competing existing and potential suppliers of liquefied natural gas (LNG) (Fig. 1). Which of these projects will succeed, in large part, be determined by their price competitiveness.
Many factors in the derivation of the minimum, or breakeven, price for an LNG project are driven by technical and logistic considerations - however, the price also needs to be sufficient to cover government taxation and other fiscal impositions at different stages of the project.
The fiscal arrangements for LNG projects are often complex and misunderstood and this paper includes a review of contractual and fiscal arrangements for existing LNG projects and certain proposed LNG projects worldwide.
Particular attention is paid to the different terms applicable to upstream and downstream components of each project and how transfer prices and the fiscal "ring fence" is established.
Finally, the paper discusses the impact of both existing and possible fiscal incentives and considers the role of the Government Take in determining breakeven LNG prices for a number of existing and potential LNG projects.