bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced low viscosity synthetic passenger vehicle engine oils
Authors: Bergstra R. J. , Baillargeon D. J. , Deckman D. E. , Goes J. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPremium quality synthetic passenger vehicle engine oils have been marketed by the authors' company since the early 1970s. During this time, the performance benefits of synthetic‐based engine oils have been documented in a wide variety of engine and vehicle tests. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that, with the use of synthetic base oils and advanced additive technology, low viscosity oils can be formulated that have high fuel efficiency but which retain superior engine protection and performance reserves. Specifically, two synthetic engine oils, an SAE OW–40 and an SAE OW–30, have been developed that exceed the highest industry standards in both US (AP1)and European (ACEA) fuel economy and durability engine tests. The high quality of this technology is demonstrated in industry‐standard engine and laboratory performance tests, as well as non‐standard tests, such as extended‐length engine tests, vehicle fuel economy tests, high mileage chassis rolls tests, and extended oil drain ‘over‐the‐road’ vehicle tests.
Ecological cutting: Feasible or not?
Authors: De Bruyn K. , Crauwels N. , Van Stappen M. , Perremans P. , Celis J. P. , Stals L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the results of a two‐year research project on ecological cutting, in which four different applications, namely, cutting, pocket milling, face milling, and drilling, were investigated under dry and lubricated conditions. A traditional cutting fluid and an environmentally friendly cutting fluid were used for the latter. TiN‐, Ti (C,N), and (Ti,Al)N‐coated tools were tested, together with commercially‐available multilayer coated tools, to analyse to what extent the use of coatings could reduce or even eliminate the need for cutting fluids. The machined materials include an unalloyed steel, I.0503, a low alloyed steel, 1.2312, a stainless steel, 1.4306, and cast iron, ADI. End‐of‐ life tests were done in all cases and the wear of the tools was examined with SEM. The research showed that the results are strongly dependent on the application. For cutting, coated tools result in the best tool lives although tools used under lubricated conditions still outperform their dry used counterparts. For milling, dry machining is advantageous. The drilling tests showed better results under lubricated conditions mainly due to the cooling and chip removal capacity of the lubricants. In this case, the (Ti,Al)N‐coated drill out‐performed the commercially available coated tool.
Suitability and environ mental compatibility of rapeseed oil based hydraulic fluids for agricultural machinery
Authors: Remmele Edgar , Widmann Bernhard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHydraulic fluids based on rapeseed oil tend to oxidise and hydrolyse, especially at temperatures above 80°C. Long‐term testing, with thirty‐seven agricultural machines, of an Esso PFL hydraulic fluid was carried out to investigate the suitability of rapeseed oil based hydraulic fluids. The operating conditions, notably the kind of work being done and the thermal regime of the hydraulic fluids, were monitored for each machine. Oil refill quantities, repairs, and maintenance were also documented. Samples of the hydraulic fluids were analysed for technical characteristics and element content. Unused rapeseed oil based hydraulic fluids are more rapidly biodegradable and less toxic than mineral oil based hydraulic fluids. However, hydraulic fluids most often come into contact with the environment when they are used, either through accidents or through oil dripping from the hydraulic couplers. It was, therefore, the purpose of a second research project to investigate the environmental impact of rapeseed oil based hydraulic fluids in the course of use. Four rapeseed oil based hydraulic fluids were tested in the field on eight agricultural machines. The relevant operating conditions, such as thermal changes and pressure load, were monitored, and oil samples were analysed, as in the first project. Biodegradability was tested with the CEC L‐33‐A‐94 test and the OECD 302 B test (the Zahn‐Wellens method). Aquatic toxicity was determined by different test systems: waste water bacteria, photobacteria, plankton alga, garden cress, Daphnia, and Leuciscus. It was found that, generally, the candidate hydraulic fluids were suitable for use in the machines tested. It was also found that high biodegradability and low ecotoxicity were constant properties throughout the test period. Thus, the hydraulic fluids tested are suitable for application in agricultural machinery.
On the feasibility of using cryo‐treatment as a tool to enhance the abrasive wear behaviour of solid‐lubricated polymeric composites
Authors: Indumathi J. , Bijwe J. , Ghosh A. K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCryo‐treatment, a bulk modification technique, is fast emerging as a way with which to improve the wear resistance of metals. This technique has also shown the ability to enhance significantly the abrasive wear performance of some polymers and their short glass‐fibre reinforced composites. In this work, short carbon‐fibre reinforced composites of some heat resistant polymers, such as polyetherimide, polyethersulphone, polyamide 6,6, polyetheretherketone, and polytetrafluoroethylene, were selected to explore the potential of cryo‐treatment. The selected materials were cryogenically treated by cooling them to the temperature of liquid nitrogen. The abrasive wear tests were carried out at ambient temperature in single pass conditions at various loads, on a pin‐on‐disc machine, using silicon carbide paper as a counterface. The investigations revealed that this technique has definite potential to increase the wear performance of carbon‐fibre reinforced composites. An increase in hardness due to cryo‐treatment was thought to be responsible for an observed improvement in wear performance. However, the extent of improvement in the wear performance was not matched by an increase in the hardness value. Scanning electron microscopy proved useful in examining the morphological changes in the composites due to cryo‐treatment.
Thermo‐oxidative stability of high‐temperature stability polyol ester jet engine oils — a comparison of test methods
Authors: Bartl P. , Völkl Chr. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThermo‐oxidative stability in aerospace turbine oils is an important criterion. A new category (HTS) of turbine oil has been introduced, and the present work compares data on the oxidation stability of HTS oils obtained using the FTM 791, method 5308 test, at various temperatures, and PDSC experimental data, to standard class oils (STD). PDSC has become established in recent years as an effective means with which to establish the thermo‐oxidative stability of oils. The purpose of the present work was to find out whether PDSC could identify HTS oils correctly, and also to increase our understanding of some of the chemical processes behind the test results. Analogies in the degradation of the oligomer antioxidants have been confirmed by MALDITOF mass spectra.
The tribological behaviour and mechanism of action of sulphur‐containing borate esters in rape seed oil
Authors: Gong Qingye , Yu Laigui , Ye Chengfeng 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThree sulphur‐containing borate esters and one borate ester based on boric acid and n‐octanol were synthesised. The antiwear and friction‐reducing properties of these synthetic compounds as additives in rape seed oil were examined using a four‐ball machine. The relationship between the additive structure and tribological properties was explored, and the lubrication mechanisms of the additives investigated. The worn surfaces of a steel ball lubricated with the additive‐containing rape seed oil were analysed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The elemental compositions of, and distributions in, the worn steel surfaces were determined with an electron probe micro‐analyser. It was found that sulphur‐containing borate esters as additives in rape seed oil at appropriate concentrations can be effective in improving antiwear and friction‐reducing behaviour. The rape seed oil base stock experiences competitive adsorption and tribochemical reactions with additives on the rubbing steel surface. The introduction of the active element sulphur into the borate ester additives functions to improve the tribological behaviour of the base stock by increasing the rate of formation of a protective layer on the rubbing steel surface. However, the tribological behaviour of the additives is not dependent on the number of sulphur atoms in the additive molecules, and further work is needed to investigate the possible dependence of this behaviour on the ratio of boron to sulphur in the additive molecules.
Friction and wear of PTFE seal materials
Authors: Haiser H. , Haas W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractShaft seals made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) materials, called PTFE lip seals, have been successfully used for decades in the chemical industry. Owing to their chemical and thermal stability, PTFE lip seals are used instead of elastomeric lip seals in many automotive and hydraulic applications. This paper deals with the fundamental tribological properties and effects of filled PTFE materials employed in rotary shaft seals, mainly on the basis of experimental work done in the authors' laboratory. The tribological components of a sealing system and the main influences on the sealing function are briefly surveyed. The test methods and conditions used are also described. The experimental results show that the fillers used in the PTFE compounds, as well as the topography of the shaft, play a crucial role in fluid sealing.
Tribological behaviour of polyalphaolefins: Wear and rolling‐contact fatigue tests
Authors: Fernández Rico E. , García Cuervo D. , Hernández Battez A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPolyalphaolefin (PAO) fluids have become widely accepted as high‐performance lubricants and functional fluids due to certain inherent, and highly desirable, characteristics. One of these characteristics is their low toxicity, which, combined with excellent viscometrics and lubricity, have made low‐viscosity PAO fluids an important component in lubricant formulations.Typical data found in product specifications for lubricants are the kinematic viscosity and the viscosity index. These values do not give enough information with which to choose the optimum lubricant for a lubricated contact. In mechanical systems, rolling, sliding, and rolling/sliding contacts occur, and lubricants have to work optimally under these operating conditions.In this study the rolling‐contact fatigue lives (L50 and L10) of PAOs of different viscosities were experimentally determined. The tests were carried out using a four‐ball machine. Wear tests were also carried out using another four‐ball tester in order to measure the wear‐scar diameter and the flash temperature parameter. The lubricants were characterised by infrared spectroscopy, and the pitting of the balls was observed using scanning electron microscopy.
Performance of synthetic oils in the hydrodynamic regime — 1. experimental
Authors: Glavatskih Sergei B. , Larsson Roland 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn investigation of the performance of environmentally adapted synthetic oils in the hydrodynamic lubrication regime has been carried out. Four oils have been tested: polyalphaolefin and ester based ISO VG46 oils as well as mineral ISO VG68 and VG46 oils. Tests were conducted in a facility containing two identical tilting‐pad thrust bearings typical of the design in general use. The differences between the mineral and synthetic oils in terms of maximum operating temperature, minimum oil film thickness, and bearing power loss have been examined. Substitution of the mineral ISO VG68 oil with an ISO VG46 oil slightly reduces the bearing operating temperature. This is due to a decrease in the basic viscosity. It is concluded that the ester base ISO VG46 oil can be used as an environmentally adapted replacement for the mineral ISO VG68 oil without sacrificing bearing safety. Such a change also offers noticeable energy savings. If the ester based oil is used instead of a mineral oil of the same viscosity grade, bearing reliability is improved by the increased oil film thickness.
The properties of various antiwear and extreme‐pressure additives in pentaerythritol ester
Authors: Min Xu , Di Li 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe tribological properties of three representative antiwear and extreme‐pressure additives, tricresylphosphate (TCP), triphenylthiophosphate (TPPT), and α‐mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), in pentaerythritol ester at different concentrations were studied. It was found that TCP could react with Fe to form an organic phosphate film containing 4% P on the scar surface, while TPPT formed a blended organic phosphate and inorganic FeS film, containing 4% P and 6% S, respectively. MBT formed an inorganic FeS film containing 45% S. Ferrographic analyses of wear particles collected from oil samples after four‐ball tests showed that the higher the temperature the better the tribological performance of the additivated ester, due to its reaction with the metal surface.
European ecolabels for biodegradable hydraulic oils — a challenge to base material producers and formulators
Authors: Bongardt F. , Willing A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract‘Ecolabels’ are a means to guide the user to more environmentally favourable products. With regard to lubricants, the German Blue Angel UZ‐79 and the Swedish standard SS 155434 for biodegradable hydraulic fluids are perhaps the most important. Whereas the Blue Angel is optional, the Swedish standard SS 155434 is a legal requirement: hydraulic fluids not fulfilling the criteria of SS 155434 are not permitted on the Swedish market. Version 4 of SS 155434, which came into effect in July 2000, introduced new and more stringent ecological requirements. In view of the growing importance of the Swedish market for biodegradable hydraulic oils, the authors' company launched a research programme in early 2000 with the aim of offering SS‐155434‐compliant oleochemical base oils by the end of the year.First, the effects and the plausibility of the new assessment criteria for the ready biodegradability of raw materials were studied. A systematic comparison based on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) evaluations confirmed that unqualified reliance on the COD parameter can lead to false positive evaluations. The studies also showed, however, that results based on COD determined by chemical analysis are valid, provided a suitable oxidation method is used and the completeness of the oxidation is carefully monitored.Moreover, it was shown that the required use of the reference parameter ThOD does not necessarily require complicated elementary analyses of the test substance. Even in the case of oleochemical products with indefinable structural formulas (C‐chain fractions, alkoxylated compounds), structural estimates enabled sufficiently accurate ultimate oxidation values to be calculated. The studies also showed that the restriction to only two degradation test methods is scientifically unfounded. An extension of the approved test methods to include the scientifically accepted CO2 headspace test and two‐phase closed bottle test would enable existing data to be used without detracting from the environmental standard.On the basis of more recent degradation studies, it has been shown that synthetic esters, especilay various saturated and unsaturated TMP fatty acid esters, satisfy the stringent sriteria of the new SS 155434, Supplementary studies of low‐viscocity XXX‐oils (hydrocrackates) and mixtures of XXX‐oils and synthetic esters indicated that this product class could be optimised to make it satisfy the criteria of the Swedish ecolabel.
Alkylated naphthalenes as high‐performance synthetic fluids
Authors: Hessell E. T. , Abramshe R. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe physical and chemical properties for a series of structurally well‐defined, alkylated naphthalenes have been compared. Structural characteristics, such as the alkyl chain length, alkyl chain branching, and number of alkyl groups on the naphthalene ring, have been correlated with physical properties, such as viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, and aniline point. The thermo‐oxidative stability of the alkylated naphthalenes was evaluated by the rotating pressure vessel oxidation test (RPVOT), a bulk oxidation test (BOT), and pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). Although all of the alkylated naphthalenes showed better thermo‐oxidative stability than other traditional hydrocarbon‐based fluids, the relative performance of the structurally different alkylated naphthalenes was found to be test dependent. Initial RPVOT studies with a linear polyalkylated naphthalene show that it gives good additive response to the incorporation of traditional antioxidants.
Coated gearings and bearings optimised for environmentally acceptable lubricants
Authors: Weck M. , Hurasky‐Schönwerth O. , Bugiel C. , Krell M. , Spechtel B. , Boutemy F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGearings and bearings are machine elements that are subjected to heavy tribological stresses. The pressures are high in the rolling contacts of these machine elements, and this leads to slippage between the surfaces of the contact partners. Correspondingly, the demands on the lubricants are also quite high. Nowadays, additives are used to reduce the friction and wear. However, the biodegradability of additivated lubricants is often not known, although the use of such lubricants can be critical for the environment. The objective of the investigations described in the present paper is to find a way of using lubricants with as few additives as possible but without decreasing the capability, reliability, and life of the machine elements. Thin coatings seem to be a good solution to substitute for the additives. The wear protection of coatings is investigated here with respect to gearings and spindle bearings for machine tools.
Friction and film‐forming behaviour of five traction fluids
Authors: Anghel V. , Glovnea R. P. , Spikes H. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThere is growing interest in the use of toroidal‐type traction drives to provide continuously variable transmissions for use in medium‐ to high‐power automotive engines. These transmissions require the use of specially designed traction fluids to provide high friction in full‐film elastohydrodynamic lubricated contacts. This study has measured the film‐forming and traction properties of five commercially available and developmental traction fluids to provide data needed to predict their performance in traction drives. Some differences in performance between the fluids have been noted.
Investigation of the torque capacity of automatic transmission fluids with various oil additives
Authors: Shengxue Hu , Xisheng Fu , Mei Zhang , Lei Guo , Weimin Liu 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA slip‐controlled lock‐up clutch system is very efficient in improving the fuel economy of automatic transmission‐equipped vehicles. However, a special automatic transmission fluid (ATF), which combines anti‐shudder properties with a high torque capacity, is required for such a system. An ATF with various oil additives was formulated, the torque capacity of which was evaluated. The results show that certain additives, especially sulphur‐containing extreme‐pressure and antiwear additives, have an important effect on the torque capacity. Analyses by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the steel surfaces tested clearly reveal the presence of the elements carbon, sulphur (S2−, S6+), oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, boron, and calcium. Among them, sulphur and phosphorus have the more important effects on the torque capacity of the ATF, while the presence of nitrogen is important with regard not only to torque capacity but also to antiwear characteristics.
Effects of sunflower oil added to base oil on the friction coefficient of statically loaded journal bearings
Authors: Durak E. , Çetinkaya M. , Yeinigün B. , Karaosmanoǧlu F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this study, sunflower oil at different concentrations of between 1 and 50% was added to base oil to obtain lubricating oil candidates. The lubricating oil candidates were characterised by ASTM methods, and their effects on the friction coefficient at 25 and 100°C at different speeds and loads in a statically loaded journal bearing were determined. The technological characteristics of the sunflower oil were determined according to standard methods.The study shows clear evidence that the modification of friction by sunflower oil is at least equivalent to that by mineral oil, and the lubricationg oil candidates containing sunflower oil show a reduction in the coefficient of friction.
Effect of the chemical structure of fluorinated esters on the tribological properties of a steel‐on‐steel system
Authors: Zhu J. M. , Liu W. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effect of the chemical structure of fluorinated esters on the friction and wear behaviour of a steel‐on‐steel system was investigated. The friction and wear testing of a steel disc sliding against a counterpart ball of the same steel was carried out using an Optimal SRV oscillating friction and wear tester. The chemical features of the worn steel surfaces were analysed by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the morphologies and elemental compositions of the worn steel surfaces observed and determined using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that a fluorinated ester with methylene groups that are not substituted by fluorine in the acid structure gives the best friction‐reducing behaviour and a keto‐ester shows the best antiwear properties.
Antiwear performance of modern industrial gear oils
Authors: Matsuo K. , Yoshida A. , Obata F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThermally refined gears were tested under the effects of various modern industrial gear oils, viscosity 1SO VG 220. The wear of the gears was measured for each oil, including tooth surface roughness and the tooth fillet strain of the pinion. It is concluded that graphite additivated gear oil shows excellent wear resistance and surface roughness over sulphur‐phosphorus and organic Mo compound added oils, as well as less iron oxide.
Developments in the field of hydrogenated diene copolymers as viscosity index improvers
Authors: Eckert R. J. A. , Covey D. F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper briefly reviews the development of linear hydrogenated diene copolymers as VI improvers, and reports on a novel class of VI improvers, the hydrogenated, star‐branched polyisoprenes. The viscometric properties of multigrade oils containing such products and their performance in gasoline and diesel engines will be described.
Metalworking additives: A new approach to EP properties
Authors: Clason D. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWork in the author's laboratory has shown that certain specially designed overbased sulphonate‐compounds function as extreme pressure agents in heavy duty metalworking operations. Depending upon the application, these materials may be used individually or in combination with conventional EP agents; they have also shown a synergism with active sulphur compounds. Film strength tests, controlled tool life evaluations, and field trials confirm that high load‐bearing properties are imparted to metalworking fluid formulations. In addition, we have seen dramatic effects on the quality of machined metal surfaces. As an extremely important benefit, these unconventional extreme pressure agents are environmentally acceptable.