bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ACTIVE FIN ROLL STABILIZATION
Authors: TINN S. J. O. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA detailed investigation of the control problems involved in an active fin roll stabilization system has been undertaken which has resulted in an improved and greatly simplified system.Transfer functions were derived to describe the dynamic performance of a ship in roll, the active fin servo system and the control signal generation process. Analogue computer simulations have examined existing systems and alternative methods of control signal generation.An optimum system has now been derived taking as its sole input, a roll angle signal from the ships central weapons stabilization system (Mk. 19 compass). This signal is processed electronically to derive a control transfer function in terms of roll angle, roll velocity and roll acceleration. Other features e.g. forced roll, stabilize with list, speed compensation of loop gain, helm compensation and fin limiting as a function of ship's speed, are incorporated as are testing and fault finding facilities, and static and dynamic calibrating signals.The system has been proved by breadboard models driving a computer, and at sea; a prototype has also been tested at sea. New system cost is about 50% of that presently in service and predicted reliability is much higher due mainly to the elimination of inbuilt gyros and electro/mechanical computing methods.
2001: THE AGE OF SHIP CONTROL
Authors: MURPHY RICHARD J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA variety of probable world political environments are postulated. From these environments, possible concepts for future warships, merchant ships, salvage ships, and research vehicles, both on the surface and undersea, are discussed. A forecast is made of the ship control systems requirements for these future ship concepts of the 21st century; and the needs for action today are highlighted.Because we can project the future best when we fully understand the past, such a history is included where suitable. Trends in ship control systems are traced up to the present time when navigation is assisted by spacecraft orbiting the earth, and these trends are projected into a future of high speed, unmanned and automated seapower.
NUCLEAR REACTOR COMPUTER STUDY FOR A TWO GROUP, TWO REGION MODEL
Authors: ECKLEY WAYNE F. , WIGGINS PETER F. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe computation of critical size for a reflected nuclear reactor is a complex problem. To obtain a rough approximation of the critical size and mass of the system, one group (energy level) of the neutrons could be used. However, because neutrons are released from the fission process in an energy spectrum with some neutron energies up to almost 10 MeV, it is necessary to introduce more energy groups. The use of a time sharing digital computer system at the U.S. Naval Academy has enabled Midshipmen to study the effect of the critical size and the flux distribution in a spherical reflected reactor using two energy groups, Fast (2 MeV) and Thermal (0.025 eV), given an operating temperature and fuel (percent enrichment of uranium‐235).
DETERMINING SHIP MANNING BY COMPUTER
Authors: NILSEN LLOYD 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTShip manning requirements are a function of many parameters such as ship design, operating profile, maintenance policies, and fleet constraints. Up until 1962 there was no reliable method of calculating shipboard manning. Over the past several years, a method, better known as “The Ship Manning Document (SMD) Process”, has been established and accepted. However, this process, when performed manually, is time consuming and costly. Because of the time involved, calculating ship manning always lagged behind the ship design process. Utilizing the computer significantly decreased the manhours and time involved in the SMD process. It also made it possible to calculate manning concurrent with the design process, thereby increasing the potential of incorporating manpower saving features into the ship.The computer program was developed to be sensitive and responsive to the ship design process. In addition, the program allows the manpower analyst the flexibility to exercise many parameters which previously were not available to him.
New Fuel for Naval Gas Turbine Engines
Authors: CARLTON G. A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper discussed the introduction of a new fuel into the Navy, the impact of this new fuel on gas turbine engines and means being taken by the Navy to evaluate this impact. Test methods and techniques for synthesizing some of the fuel characteristics and a comparison of current U.S. Navy fuel oils are presented.Over the past few years, there has been a rising interest in the U. S. Navy toward the use of a single distillate type fuel for use in boilers, diesel engines, and gas turbines. There are several reasons for such interest. The ones most commonly mentioned are the potential for decreased maintenance for boilers and the advantage at reducing the fuel storage and supply system by one fuel, thereby simplifying logistics. The supply system now supports two basic distillates JP‐5 and “Navy” diesel. The fuel used for boilers is Navy Special Fuel Oil (NSFO) which is approximately a 40–60 blend of distillate‐residual fuel. In going to a single distillate, there are many aspects to be carefully weighed in the cost, availability, and military areas. It is not our intent to go into these areas, but rather to discuss the change only in regard to its impact on the gas turbine engine. The one point with regard to economics we will mention is that the cheaper the distillate fuel we will be able to accomodate without increasing our maintenance in diesel and gas turbine engines, the more attractive it will be.
Requirement for Open Sea Oil Containment Barriers
Authors: BLOCKWICK THOMAS N. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTNavy oil pollution control can be divided into open sea and protected water situations. The more rigorous open sea containment requirements are considered in this paper. Containment must be achieved before skimming, removal and other measures can be initiated. The aspects of oil containment considered are spills associated with such ship accidents such as collisions and groundings and the subsequent ship salvage operations in the open sea. The required barrier characteristics and the deployment and recovery thereof are treated.
Controlling the Effects of Radio Noise Pollution
Authors: ENGLES JAMES W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe radio frequency spectrum is a limited resource; radio noise pollution, if not controlled, will restrict future progress. Procedures for controlling the electromagnetic environment require more information than is presently available. The major problem in measuring and controlling man‐made radio noise is lack of standardization of equipment and failure to measure the most useful parameters that describe the noise phenomena. Suggested approaches are discussed for improving naval communication systems operational effectiveness, protecting the Navy's investment in equipment and real estate and reducing operating costs. Pollution of the spectrum is a very complex problem that cannot be easily solved. A well‐coordinated national approach is required to minimize the undesirable effects of spectrum pollution.
Environmental Control at the Litton Advanced Marine Production Facility
Authors: RODY WALTER W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT“Factory chimneys belching black smoke once were hailed as signs of prosperity, of recovery from the Great Depression of the 1930's, of a future with two cars in every garage.Today, with eighty million more cars, trucks, and busses than 40 years ago, we see smoking stacks and acrid exhaust fumes as poisoners of the air we breathe, as examples and symbols of man's befoulment of the only home he has. Full realization of this sober truth has come since Christmas‐time 1968, when—through the eyes of cameras of moon‐orbiting astronauts Frank Bormann, James Lovell, Jr., and William Anders—we first saw our earth as a planet, and saw ourselves, in the words of poet Archibald MacLeish, “As Riders on the Earth Together, Brothers on that Bright Loveliness in the Eternal Cold—Brothers Who Know Now They are Truly Brothers.” Though worldwide and enormous, the problems of pollution surely are solved by a human race capable of such a feat of science and technology as flight to another heavenly body—given the most precious ingredient of all: “Peace on Earth, Good‐Will Toward Men.”
Structural Materials in the Sea
Authors: JOLLIFF JAMES V. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe demand for oceanographic knowledge is increasing in direct proportion to the awareness of its vast political, economic, and military importance. However, to effectively utilize the oceans depths, the materials barrier must be overcome. The ocean can be considered a hostile environment to most of our engineering materials even at shallow depths. The effects of environmental changes in pressure, temperature, salinity, oxygen content, and animal life on materials as ocean depth increases still requires much study before it will be totally understood.
A New Approach To Safety For Shipboard Systems
Authors: COVICH PHILIP 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe relatively new and broad area of system safety and the requirements for it in the development of shipboard systems is presented. Different analysis techniques such as Preliminary Hazards Analysis, Fault Hazard Analysis and Fault Tree Analysis are described and examples of their development are presented. The paper concludes with a brief summary of effort both current and future in which system safety techniques have been or are to be applied.
TITANIUM FOR MARINE APPLICATIONS
Authors: LITVIN DAVID A. , SMITH DAVID E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTTitanium, “the wonder metal of the future” is rapidly becoming the metal of the seventies. The high strength to weight ratio, the excellent corrosion resistance in many aggressive environments, and good elevated temperature properties have resulted in the widespread use of titanium and its alloys, particularly in the aerospace and chemical industries. Titanium has demonstrated its superiority in sea water environments, yet the marine industry has been slow to utilize titanium's benefits.The intent of this paper is twofold—First to inform the marine industry on many advantages of titanium alloys for sea water use by describing properties and successful applications. Second, to show how susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of certain titanium alloys, which became evident several years ago, is now understood and controllable. Well documented research has substituted knowledge for doubt and fear.Titanium and several titanium alloys are considered ready for use as engineering materials in the marine industry. Today, they are competitive with nickel base alloys in cost. Naval architects and design engineers may now use titanium in certain applications to provide superior performance over traditional marine materials.
THE OCEAN—AN ENGINEER'S CHALLENGE
Authors: JOLLIFF JAMES V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIt has been said that the primary goal of the ocean engineer is to understand the nature of the ocean and to make use of this understanding through his engineering skill for the benefit of mankind. Perhaps these goals can be said to consist of the following pursuits:

The scientific study of the world ocean by gathering and analyzing data relating to the ocean, its lithospheric and atmospheric interfaces, and their interrelationships.
The development of basic technology for furthering man's extension into the ocean technologies, for example, relating to structures and materials, hydrodynamic shapes, life support systems and sensor phenomena.
Specific task accomplishments such as coring the ocean floor, recovering ocean minerals, extending man himself into the sea and countering corrosion.
Utilization of the ocean and its resources for purposes of desalinization, weather and climate forecasting, liquid storage, mineral extraction, recreational park development, aquaculture, advanced commercial fishery development, undersea warfare, and proper waste disposal.

In fact, there is very little that is done on the continents today, that we should not seek to do in the oceans in the future.
Determination Of Bottom Breakout For Deep Submergence Vehicle Safety
Authors: KRIEDT FRED 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThere has been only one known test to date which has produced accurate data on submersible craft overcoming bottom suction. This paper proposes a method for calculating breakout force, based on test data. A relative index is then presented as a means of comparing the breakout capability of various craft now in operation and as a guide to designers of submersible vehicles.
COST ANALYSIS OF OPTIONAL METHODS OF SHIPBOARD DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL
Authors: PIERSALL CDR. CHARLES H. , BORGSTROM ROBERT E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe problem of sewage and waste disposal from U. S. Navy ships is recognized by the highest authorities in the Navy. Many activities and individuals are deeply involved in the total problem and its numerous subcategories. The problem of costs of disposal is one of these. This paper discusses four optional methods for the disposal of shipboard domestic wastes. The annualized investment and operating costs associated with the implementation of each of the options are presented. The model considers non‐nuclear, sea‐going surface ships with a manning level greater than 50 men. Estimates were developed on a per ship per class basis and aggregated for the total surface fleet. This approach permits the inevstigation of different combinations of the options by merely specifying the number and type of ships to be considered in any option. Changes in military effectiveness, which is at least an equally important problem as costing, were not addressed.
IN‐PLACE SYSTEMS FOR BETTER UTILIZATION OF PERSON POWER
Authors: GROSSON JOSEPH F. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses two in‐place techniques for more effective and efficient utilization of person power in Naval Material Command elements through the development of an organization keyed to traditional ILS (Integrated Logistics Support) Phases and the use of explicitly documented career developmental program based upon management reaction to individually prepared “professional aspirations” and “short range objectives.” One technique involves organization and the other involves management of the organizational resource.
EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRO‐HYDRAULIC RAPSON SLIDE STEERING GEAR
Authors: TAPLIN A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSteering gear mechanical efficiency was measured in drydock for USS KNOX (DE 1052) and found to be 72%. The associated gage readings were later used in sea trials, with inconclusive results. Efficiency of 70% for electro‐hydraulic Rapson slide steering gear is now recommended, rather than the traditional values of 80% or 85%.
Test and Evaluation Statistical Planning, Execution, and Analysis
Authors: ORLEANS BEATRICE S. , HIGDON HILARY E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe first part of the paper deals with the need for statistical planning of a test. The general approach to such planning, starting with the dialogue between the subject matter (Test Director) and the Statistician before any data are collected, is discussed. Various specific principles which are inherent in such test planning are defined and explained, and the type of analyses inherent in various plans are discussed.The second half of the paper provides the details on specific test plans which have been used for actual technical evaluations. The application of statistical designs in three separate tests are described, explaining the reasons for the specific designs, including a discussion of the analysis, if a completed test, or the proposed analysis. These three evaluations are Underwater Communication Equipment; Swimmer Hand‐Held Sonar Equipment; and the Submarine Acoustic Warfare System (SAWS). The particular designs used in the foregoing tests which are discussed are Randomized Blocks and Sequential Testing.
New Ship Automation
Authors: DOR JAY J. , LIDIAK JOSEPH E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the principal monitoring and control requirements of machinery and other nonelectronic systems on new Navy ships. Measurable parameters and control functions are defined. An automated system design concept is developed. Principal hardware and software modules are identified. The advantages of centralized automatic control and monitoring of ship's engineering systems are demonstrated in terms of reduced manpower, ease of operation, ease of maintenance, greater equipment safety, and improved system efficiencies and performance.The advantages of standardized and centralized ship's automation are profound. Computer facilities store and process all of the critical checks on ship's service and performance. Checks and balances are provided to insure that operating procedures are conducted rapidly, accurately, and without errors of omission or commission. Computer control counteracts the tendency for skill requirements to increase as a function of equipment complexity. It extends operating scope and efficiency of the skilled technician. It minimizes the need for meters and other manual instrumentation. It provides consistent performance independent of individual operator skills. It facilitates a maintenance schedule based on condition rather than time, hence, is more effective and reliable. It enables one system to support a whole class of tactical equipment with expandability to adapt to future needs.
A Systems Approach to Shipboard HF Communications
Authors: SELINGER ALAN B. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe subject of this paper deals with High Frequency Shipboard communications, past, present and future. An in‐depth analysis is provided which serves to isolate the performance limitations of electrical noise, inter‐modulation distortion, harmonic distortions and to break the corruption down to its component contributions. Solutions for resolutions of each of the contributing factors is offered in an intergrated fashion resulting in a preferred system which combines the best available attributes of existing equipment with that which is presently under development.The system is examined as to flexibility and applicability to various ship sizes and missions. The examination delves into the sets of combinations of transmitters, receivers, multicouplers, antennas and antenna diplexing schemes which yield optimal results.An in‐depth look at the total High Frequency communications effort aboard ship is analyzed from the standpoint of system implementation, hardware interpretation, and human utilization. Cost and technical “trade‐offs” are examined as to impact on the ship as a combat system, from the standpoint of surviveability and acquisition versus life‐cycle costing.The Fleet needs of the future are analyzed with concentration on higher density and closer spaced communications channels commensurate with the larger more agile needs that are projected. The strike capability of tomorrow's Navy cannot be limited by communications but rather the communications system must be an integrated portion and as advanced and flexible as the rest of the weapons systems.The objective is to finally achieve a communications system which is adequate for both long and short range. A desirable, however, not presently achieved goal is a higher radiated power, higher receive sensitivity system. This must all ***e accomplished with minimal frequency management for the larger, more complex systems and done at competitive cost and higher statistical reliability.
Marginal Cost—A Tool in Designing to Cost
Authors: SEJD JAMES J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe concept of marginal cost, i.e., the cost of one additional unit at some specified level, can be applied to naval ship design with considerable benefit. Weight, space, electric power and manning are commodities by which most subsystems and equipments influence ship size and cost. By developing marginal cost factors about a base‐line design for these commodities, it is possible to estimate the shipboard cost influence of a wide variety of subsystems without the necessity of a specific design studies. Answers can be provided in minutes rather than days or weeks. Additionally, marginal cost factors provide the naval architect with a new insight into his design, a guide for trading between commodities, and a means of quickly assessing his capability to reach a target cost.This paper shows the development of marginal cost factors for a Destroyer Escort of about 3,500 tons full load displacement. Potential problem areas are discussed and an example of marginal cost application is offered.
THE RATIONALE OF MODEL‐BASED SYSTEM ANALYSIS FOR COMBATANT CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT
Authors: ECKHART MYRON 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTShip design directions are towards closure of net design objectives in surface warships on direct measures of combatant capabilities. Simulation techniques are employed to model design conditions encompassing the dynamics of the ship system including its human action network; of the system environment; and of threat stresses. Capability objectives can then be evaluated in traceable relationships to working level design parameters of the mechanical system (“ship”), hardware, and software, as modified by system‐level variables. This paper describes the technical rationale which underlies the initial development of the prerequisite methodology in application to a surface warship taken from the waterline up. This application is dominated by the large class of system dynamics known as EM effects. Hence, the relationship of the general case to the particular area known as EM Effectiveness is considered.
COMBATANT CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT‐STATUS IN THE SHIP DESIGN PROCESS
Authors: PROUT FRANCES M. , BAKER ROBERT C. , DeMATTIA HENRY J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA recent research and development application was undertaken by NAVSHIPS and NAVSEC to address ship combatant capability while keeping pace with a typical ship design schedule during contract design. The Combatant Capability Assessment Program consisted of executing a comprehensive systems engineering effort to arrive at ship capability measures while providing traceability to subsystems and equipment design level parameters. This initial effort, while limited specifically to the ship AAW capability, resulted in the development of capability diagrams which are portrayals of a warship's capability in terms of responsiveness, capacity, and accuracy traceable to critical ship design variables. The application of this engineering approach in ship design will lead to the orientation of the ship design process toward closing the design gap between shipbuilders specification and the performance oriented dialog for ship acquisition.
ESSENTIAL MANNING—ITS IMPACT ON DESTROYER DESIGN, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Authors: FULTON W. LAWRENCE 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe “Essential Manning Concept” examines the potential for a dramatic reduction in manning aboard the 1980 generation of destroyers.This concept considers the transfer of technology from a variety of fields and addresses innovations in design, operation, and maintenance of these future escorts. It investigates, within a broad framework, the feasibility of significant changes which can simultaneously reduce manning and improve military capability.