bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are government or private enterprises more likely to engage in dumping? Some international evidence
Authors: Lott John R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper provides the first systematic evidence comparing the incidence of below‐cost dumping among state and privately owned firms. Recent economic theory indicates that government enterprises, if motivated by goals such as output or revenue maximization rather than profit maximization, face higher returns to engaging in below‐cost pricing than private enterprises. International data from anti‐dumping investigations strongly confirm this prediction. Between 43% and 94% of initiated below‐cost dumping cases and between 54% and 100% of affirmative dumping decisions against exporting firms from nonmarket economies are attributable to those firms' publicly owned status. We are able to reject the hypotheses that this result is explained by political biases against nonmarket economies in anti‐dumping procedures or from possible political biases stemming from the industry composition of nonmarket exports. In fact in both cases, we find that the above results may understate the true effect of market organization on a country's propensity to engage in dumping.
The MNE investment location decision: Some empirical evidence
Authors: Mudambi Ram 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFactors governing MNE investment are typically divided into three groups‐infrastructural variables, location‐specific risk factors and government policy variables. The first objective of this paper is to assess the influence of these factors on MNE location decisions. The second objective is to test whether government participation in location tournaments (whereby local governments offer incentives to MNEs to influence their location decisions) is worthwhile. Arthur (1986,1990) points out that such participation is worthwhile if government policy has irreversible effects that persist after policy is withdrawn. In the estimation of the model, neither risk nor infrastructural factors are found to have a significant effect on the MNE investment location decision. However, there seems to be some evidence indicating that past investment decisions tend to have irreversible effects. Thus, government participation in location tournaments may be worthwhile.
Merger analysis in the courts
Authors: Coate Malcolm B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of the merger decisions between 1982 and 1992. The survey of cases suggests that the plaintiffs win roughly half the time, a result which is invariant to the inferred political affiliation of the judge and within the time period under study. Further analysis suggests that barriers to entry and various competitive factors supplement the Herfindahl statistic in predicting the outcome of the case. Additional models link barrier and competitive conditions findings to exogenous factors such as the DOJ as a plaintiff and the filing for a preliminary injunction.
Video analysis of motor events in REM sleep behavior disorder
Authors: Frauscher Birgit , Gschliesser Viola , Brandauer Elisabeth , Ulmer Hanno , Peralta Cecilia M. , Müller Jörg , Poewe Werner , Högl Birgit 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), several studies focused on electromyographic characterization of motor activity, whereas video analysis has remained more general. The aim of this study was to undertake a detailed and systematic video analysis. Nine polysomnographic records from 5 Parkinson patients with RBD were analyzed and compared with sex‐ and age‐matched controls. Each motor event in the video during REM sleep was classified according to duration, type of movement, and topographical distribution. In RBD, a mean of 54 ± 23.2 events/10 minutes of REM sleep (total 1392) were identified and visually analyzed. Seventy‐five percent of all motor events lasted <2 seconds. Of these events, 1,155 (83.0%) were classified as elementary, 188 (13.5%) as complex behaviors, 50 (3.6%) as violent, and 146 (10.5%) as vocalizations. In the control group, 3.6 ± 2.3 events/10 minutes (total 264) of predominantly elementary simple character (n = 240, 90.9%) were identified. Number and types of motor events differed significantly between patients and controls (P < 0.05). This study shows a very high number and great variety of motor events during REM sleep in symptomatic RBD. However, most motor events are minor, and violent episodes represent only a small fraction. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Characterization of the fraction components using 1D TOCSY and 1D ROESY experiments. Four new spirostane saponins from Agave brittoniana Trel. spp. Brachypus
Authors: Macías Francisco A. , Guerra José O. , Simonet Ana M. , Nogueiras Clara M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA careful NMR analysis, especially 1D TOCSY and 1D ROESY, of two refined saponin fractions allowed us to determine the structures of four new saponins from a polar extract of the Agave brittoniana Trel. spp. Brachypus leaves. A full assignment of the 1H and 13C spectral data for these new saponins, agabrittonosides A–D (1–4), and one previously known saponin, karatavioside A (5) is reported. Their structures were established using a combination of 1D and 2D (1H, 1H‐COSY, TOCSY, ROESY, g‐HSQC, g‐HMBC and g‐HSQC‐TOCSY) NMR techniques and ESI‐MS. Moreover, the work represents a new approach to structural elucidation of saponins in refined fractions by NMR investigations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prehistoric dental disease and the dietary shift from cactus to cultigens in northwest Mexico
Authors: Watson J. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDifferences in dental health of prehistoric human groups are commonly attributed to specific subsistence practices, whereby food foragers generally have a lower incidence of dental disease than agriculturalists. Dental health was assessed on a sample of 135 human skeletons from northwest Mexico that date to the Early Agricultural period (1600 BC–AD 200), which coincides with the initial introduction of domesticated cultigens into the region c. 2000 BC. High rates of dental caries (13.5%) and antemortem tooth loss (17.6%) encountered in these prehistoric forager‐farmers from the Sonoran Desert were determined to be the result of the consumption of highly cariogenic local wild resources such as cactus. These patterns mask the degree of reliance on agriculture in the area and highlight the importance of constructing local nutritional histories to better understand the diversity of human diets and their relationships to health and disease. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐range orientation correlations and molecular alignment in sheared thermotropic copolyester. In situ light and X‐ray scattering
Authors: Romo‐Uribe Angel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOrientation correlations induced by shear flow and their relaxation were investigated using in situ small‐angle light scattering (SALS) in the thermotropic random copolyester of 60 mol% hydroxybenzoic acid (B) and 40 mol% ethylene terephthalate (ET). B‐ET displays a nematic polydomain texture, the SALS and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) patterns are amorphous and isotropic. Shear flow produced optical defect multiplication with the consequent reduction of the micro–domains size. However, SALS detected long‐range spatial correlations within the optically chaotic texture, the SALS patterns showed bimodal orientation of defects. After cessation of shear the orientation correlation rapidly relaxed back to a polydomain and the SALS pattern became again isotropic. Above a threshold shear rate of about $\dot {\gamma}_c \sim 2\; {\rm sec}^{-1}$ the SALS pattern showed unimodal orientation arising from line defects oriented nearly orthogonal to the velocity axis. Strikingly, the texture relaxation now showed the well known “banded texture”. The threshold shear rate coincided with a significant increase in the degree of molecular alignment as determined from in situ X‐ray scattering. This technique also showed that shear flow always oriented the molecular chains along the flow direction regardless of the shear rate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A population study of neutering status as a risk factor for canine prostate cancer
Authors: Bryan Jeffrey N. , Keeler Matthew R. , Henry Carolyn J. , Bryan Margaret E. , Hahn Allen W. , Caldwell Charles W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate cancer has been reported to occur more commonly in neutered than intact male dogs in several case series. This study was undertaken to evaluate risk of prostate cancer in a large population database. The hypothesis was that castration is a risk factor for prostate cancer in male companion dogs.METHODSData were derived from recorded visits to North American veterinary teaching hospitals. The Veterinary Medical Databases (VMDB) were queried to yield male dogs with urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), prostate adenocarcinoma (ACA), prostate TCC, prostate carcinoma (CA), and prostate tumors. A second query yielded all male dogs over the age of 4 years without a diagnosis of urinary tract cancer. These populations were compared to determine relative risks for developing each disease, singly and collectively, associated with neutering status. Odds ratios were calculated for breed as a risk factor.RESULTSNeutered males had a significantly increased risk for each form of cancer. Neutered males had an odds ratio of 3.56 (3.02–4.21) for urinary bladder TCC, 8.00 (5.60–11.42) for prostate TCC, 2.12 (1.80–2.49) for prostate adenocarcinoma, 3.86 (3.13–4.16) for prostate carcinoma, and 2.84 (2.57–3.14) for all prostate cancers. Relative risks were highly similar when cases were limited to those with a histologically confirmed diagnosis.CONCLUSIONSBreed predisposition suggests that genetic factors play a role in the development of prostate cancer. The risk associated with being neutered is highest for TCC, supporting previous work identifying the urothelium and ductular rather than acinar epithelium as the source of these tumors. Prostate 67: 1174–1181, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron‐beam‐induced current study of grain boundaries in multicrystalline Si
Authors: Chen Jun , Sekiguchi Takashi , Yang Deren 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSystematical studies on the intrinsic and extrinsic recombination activities of grain boundaries (GBs) in multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) were reported by using temperature‐dependent electron‐beam‐induced current (EBIC). EBIC results revealed that in the clean mc‐Si, all the GBs exhibited weak EBIC contrasts at 300 K, suggesting their recombination strengths were weak and the energy levels were associated with shallow levels. The effect of impurity contamination was also evaluated by employing different contamination levels of Fe. The EBIC contrasts of GBs were enhanced after Fe contamination and showed a strong dependence on both the GB character and contamination level. The impurity gettering abilities of GBs were as following, SA > R > high‐Σ > low‐Σ. SA GBs were found with the strongest impurity gettering ability and tended to be the most detrimental GBs. Finally, the effect of H‐passivation on different GBs with or without contamination was evaluated. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Oxygen gettering at defects introduced by plastic deformation in silicon
Authors: Yarykin N. , Hieckmann E. , Vdovin V. I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDecay of the supersaturated oxygen solid solution during annealing at 500–800 °C is studied in plastically deformed silicon crystals. The plastic deformation up to 4–5% is found to significantly increase the rate of the decay. In the samples deformed at 700 °C the decay is governed by the oxygen diffusion not to dislocations but to other defects created during deformation. These defects are recovered due to the short annealing at 1150 °C. In the annealed samples the decay of oxygen solution is determined by the oxygen diffusion to dislocations. In both cases the activation energy of oxygen transport in the temperature range (500–700) °C is about 1.5 eV. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical properties of dislocation trails in n‐Si
Authors: Feklisova O. V. , Yakimov E. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe deep level centers introduced by plastic deformation at 620 °C in n‐type silicon are quantitatively studied by the electron beam induced current and deep level transient spectroscopy techniques. It is shown that the most efficient deformation‐induced electrically active defects in Si are located in the dislocation trails. The deep level spectrum associated with these defects is obtained. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ninth‐grade student engagement in teacher‐centered and student‐centered technology‐enhanced learning environments
Authors: Wu Hsin‐Kai , Huang Ya‐Ling 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEngagement has been viewed as an important construct to understand students' learning performances in classroom settings. Taking an interactive perspective, the study investigates ninth graders' cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement in teacher‐centered (TC) and student‐centered (SC) technology‐enhanced classrooms. 54 students from two science classes in Taiwan participated in this study. Multiple sources of data were collected during a 3‐week instructional unit. The statistical results showed that although students in the SC class reported having significantly higher emotional engagement, the emotional engagement level had no impact on students' learning achievement. Analyses of qualitative data showed that students in both classes spent a majority of class time on cognitive involvement in learning activities, but there were qualitative differences in cognitive and behavioral engagement between the two classes. One type of activities that did not occur in the TC class was making reflections in which students in the SC class self‐assessed what they did. In addition, the SC class usually interacted through group discussions provoked by the simulations, whereas the TC class frequently interacted through initiation–response–evaluation sequences and engaged in student‐initiated discussions. The findings suggest that both instructional approaches promoted students' conceptual understanding and provided students with different opportunities to engage in science learning. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed91:727–749, 2007
The spectrum of stress
Authors: Hordern Anthony 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe spectrum of stress, inter alia, comprises: the concept of stress — originated in its present form by Hans Selye; technosocial contributory factors — urbanization, oral contraception, television, microelectronics; individual vulnerability — overall effects, age and personality factors, common sources; reactions and responses — getting emotional support, coping behaviour, the development of illness(es); and depressive illness as a stress paradigm — its nature, management and growing importance in the world today.
Psychosocial factors in breast cancer
Authors: Cheang A. , Cooper C. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOne hundred and twenty‐one patients who were admitted for breast biopsy were interviewed on the day before the operation. They were asked to recall all stressful life events which had occurred during the two years that preceded the onset of cancer. An appropriate control group of 42 healthy patients from a well woman clinic were also interviewed. All patients also completed a self‐rating questionnaire. Scaling of life events was done by another group of hospital inpatients.The results showed that cancer patients experienced significantly more stressful life events in the two years that preceded the onset of cancer than the non‐cancer and well woman patients. Cancer and non‐cancer patients experienced events with medium and high stress factors, while the well woman patients experienced events with low and medium stress factors. The main difference in personality was that cancer patients tended to ‘conceal their feelings’, while the non‐cancer and well woman patients were more ‘expressive of their feelings’. The differences in personality profile and experience of stressful life events between the three groups of patients could be explained in terms of coping strategies and locus of control. The implications of this study are also discussed.
Antidepressants, stress and cardiotoxicity
Authors: Davidson W. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVarious types of cardiomyopathies have been induced in rats, which were then subjected to a standard noise stress. This resulted in immediate death due to ventricular fibrillation in some 2 per cent of the animals. Pretreatment with tricyclic antidepressants increased this mortality dramatically to 70–90 per cent, although concomitant administration of propranolol and various anxiolytic drugs protected against this effect to varying degrees.Further experiments, using cold and exercise stressors, produced similar results, although the noise stress was by far the most lethal. Propranolol protected the animals against the effects of cold and exercise stressors but diazepam did not.Experiments with the second generation antidepressants, trazadone and nomifensine, were completely negative and it would appear that, in the context of this animal model, these drugs possess no cardiotoxic effects.There would seem to be a direct parallel between these animal experiments and tricyclic cardiotoxicity in man, the depressive illness itself or its precipitating causes constituting the stress factor. Our results suggest that the second generation antidepressants would appear to be safer from this point of view.
The interactive patterns of occupations and workers in predicting excessive occupational stress
Authors: McKenna Jack F. , Scholl Richard W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA rural hospital was selected for this research. Respondents (n = 330) completed questionnaires which collected biographical/occupational characteristics and perceptions regarding five dimensions of occupational stress. A two‐way ANOVA procedure indicated that substantial interactive effects existed between a number of respondent characteristics and their departmental affiliation with regard to predicting elevated stress perceptions in four of the five categories.
Sleep and coronary heart disease
Authors: Partinen Markku 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe relations of sleep and cardiovascular functions are not clear. Cardiac output tends to decrease during sleep in general, but during REM sleep arterial pressure and heart and respiratory rates vary. Occasionally systolic pressure may exceed daytime values. In general, the reduced sympathetic activity during sleep decreases the vulnerability of the heart to ventricular premature beats and tachycardias. Bradyarrhythmias and conduction blocks, on the other hand, are fairly common, especially during REM sleep. Usually these arrhythmias are not dangerous, and there is no risk in dreaming a lot. However, in some pathological conditions, eg among patients with severe coronary heart disease, an imbalance of vagal and sympathetic activity might contribute to fatal arrhythmias. In practice, this means that in such conditions it might be wise to avoid REM‐rebounds with nightmares, eg after sudden cessation of use of sedative drugs or alcohol. Sleep hypoxaemia due to apnoeas, and secondary cardiac arrhythmias, might explain some cases of nocturnal sudden deaths. Habitually snoring obese men have an elevated risk of obstructive sleep apnoeas. It remains to be studied whether habitual snorers and patients with sleep apnoeas have a higher risk of myocardial infarction than occasional snorers.
Effects of noise on health and well‐being
Authors: Rehm S. , Gros E. , Jansen G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNoise‐induced hearing loss due to intense and long‐term noise exposure is no longer disputed since the etiology is well defined. However, the influence of noise on the vegetative functions is not so clear. In addition to existing investigations on vegetative functional disturbances, the role of noise as a risk factor has to be determined and its effects have to be quantified. The significance of noise‐induced sleep disturbances in relation to health and well‐being, is also controversial. The hypothesized causal connection between acoustical stimulation and the occurrence of disorders, includes primary‐effects (e.g. awakenings) and after‐effects (e.g. changes in mood or performance). To date, it has not been feasible to determine late after‐effects, such as health disorders. The most often reported sociopsychological effect of noise is general annoyance, whereby annoyance is defined as disturbance of communication, rest, recreation or concentration. Some results indicate a higher sensitivity of critical groups (e.g. old people, the sick, children, pregnant women).
Stress and alcohol
Authors: Stockwell Tim 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUsing alcohol to cope with stress is a common reason for drinking, and alcohol has the pharmacological capability of reducing states of tension when used in moderate doses. This effect may, however, be dependent to some extent on the drinker's faith as to its anxiolytic powers. On the other hand, regular and heavy consumption of alcohol is likely to increase the risk of various mental health problems and enhance any states of ‘tension’. These conclusions highlight the importance of screening for alcohol abuse when attempting to intervene in any psychological or emotional problems.
Cancer mortality following widow(ER)hood: Some further results from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys Longitudinal Study
Authors: Jones D. R. , Goldblatt P. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMany studies have suggested that following the experience of ‘stressful’ life events the risks of myocardial infarction, accidents and perhaps other diseases including cancer are elevated. In the OPCS Longitudinal Study (LS) routinely collected data on deaths, and deaths of a spouse occurring in a 1 per cent sample of the population of England and Wales in the period 1971‐81, are linked together and with 1971 census records of sample members. The timing and patterns of death following the potentially very stressful event of conjugal bereavement may thus be analysed.Overall the mortality in widowers, but not widows, was about 10 per cent in excess of that in all members of the LS sample for most major cause of death groups. As in many earlier studies, some increases in death rates shortly after widow(er)hood are observed. Unusually, for deaths from all causes these increases are more marked in widows than in widowers, with, for example, a twofold increase in mortality from all causes in the first month after widowhood. However, no peak of postbereavement mortality from malignant diseases is clearly established in either sex.Although the study is large, with a well‐chosen control group, only a limited characterization of study members from data collected in the census is possible. In particular no measures of personality or behaviour are available. Gradients in postbereavement mortality similar to those in general mortality were found with several measures of socioeconomic status, including social class. Investigation of potential effects of social or familial support, as measured by household structure and numbers of children, led to equivocal results.The observed patterns, although consistent with an early effect of a stressful life event, do not strongly suggest that stress following bereavement leads to an excess of cancer mortality. The limited follow‐up of the study cohort since widowhood must, however, be kept in mind.