bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TRANSURETHRAL PROSTATIC RESECTION.
Authors: Earlam M. S. S. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. Transurethral resection is indicated, and open operation contra‐indicated, in the small fibrous prostate and prostatic carcinoma.2. It is the treatment of election of the small adenomatous prostate requiring operation.3. It is preferable to prostatectomy in the aged patient and the poor surgical risk, and to cystostomy where prostatectomy is out of the question. Its indications otherwise are the same as for prostatectomy, the extent of its use depending on the attitude and technical qualifications of the surgeon.4. When resection is employed in the treatment of simple prostatic hypertrophy, the prospects of permanent cure depend on the completeness of the resection and the patient's expectancy of life.
ARTERIAL EMBOLUS: REPORT OF CASES, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONDITION AND ITS TREATMENT1
Authors: Jose I. B. , Bonnin N. J. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA brief account is presented of the ætiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of arterial embolus. The various therapeutic procedures which may be employed are described. The following scheme of management for these cases is suggested. For emboli in the great arteries of the lower limb the treatment should be primarily operative, with general heat, papaverine and passive vascular exercise used as adjuncts. The only exceptions should be in the treatment of those patients seen after twenty‐four hours, or those, seen in the second ten‐hour period, to whom on account of general or local considerations embolectomy is unlikely to be of benefit. The treatment of the majority of emboli in the arm will be conservative, but embolectomy may still be performed with benefit in favourable cases when the patient is seen early.
CEREBRO‐CRANIAL INJURIES1
Authors: Swift George W. 
Published: January 2008

Summary of Post‐Traumatic TreatmentThe following are the problems which demand consideration in posttraumatic treatment:1. Classification of cases as those of (a) simple concussion, (h) concussion with skull fractures, fe) concussion with brain tissue damage, (d) concussion with skull fracture and brain tissue damage.2. Operative interference.3. Dehydration.4. Spinal drainage.5. Post‐traumatic neurosis.6. Traumatic psychosis.
ACHALASIA OF THE OESOPHAGUS
Authors: Flynn Richard 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. Eight cases of cardiospasm, five in males and three in females, are reported, with the subsequent history of each.2. Dilatation in each case was carried out on one occasion only.3. The method of dilatation over a previously swallowed silk thread, with either a Plummer hydrostatic dilator or a Moerseh‐Plummer bougie, is advocated.
PERFORATION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE BY SWALLOWED FOREIGN BODIES2
Authors: MELVILLE C. B. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

Five cases of perforation of the ileum and one case of perforation of a Meckel's diverticulum by an ingested foreign body have been reported. In addition, nine cases from the literature have been reviewed.
The condition is not common, and apparently has never been diagnosed before operation or autopsy.
This is because of a close similarity to acute appendicitis in some cases; in others, the clinical features have been too confusing to suggest an origin for the peritonitis.
This latter group may be confusing because of the rarity of similar cases in any one surgeon's experience.
To aid in the diagnosis of the condition a theoretical postulate, consisting of (a) colic, (b) peritonitis, and (c) lower abdominal locus, has been advanced.
When analysed, many of the acute cases actually do approximate to this theoretical concept.
The influence of the omentum and of the effective size of the perforation lias been stressed as modifying the above features of a typical case.
Although uncommon, a perforation of the small gut by a foreign body should be kept in mind as a possible cause of an obscure peritonitis.
DISLOCATION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE, NECESSITATING FIXATION AT OPEN OPERATION1
Authors: AINSLIE JAMES P. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. The treatment of a patient suffering from dislocation of the cervical spine is described in whom the usual non‐operative treatment failed to achieve reduction.2. At open operation full reduction could not be attained and dislocation recurred in spite of fixation in plaster of Paris.3. For mechanical fixation of two vertebra a device (Figure V) is described which proved extremely successful in this case.
HYDATID DISEASE OF THE KIDNEY
Authors: Reay E. R. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.The life cycle of the hydatid parasite and the mode of human infestation have been described. Involvement of the kidney is uncommon.The evolution of the cystic stage in renal tissue is subject to modification owing to the presence of the urinary channels.Systemic effects of hydatid disease form the basis of the reliable laboratory procedures–the Casoni and complement fixation tests. When the cysts are closed, the symptoms are often obscure and the diagnosis is difficult. Open cysts are often associated with suggestive symptoms and reliable clinical findings.The special diagnostic methods of radiography and pyelography provide useful information regarding the nature and localization of the cysts.Methods of operative procedure have been briefly reviewed.The material from which this paper was drawn is contained in the records of the Hydatid Registry of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and a personal series of seven cases.
TRAUMATIC OBSTRUCTION OF THE AXILLARY VEIN (PRIMARY THROMBOSIS OF THE AXILLARY VEIN), WITH A REPORT OF TWO CASES
Authors: O'Regan Rolland 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Two cases of traumatic obstruction of the axillary vein are described.2. The nature and ætiology of the condition are discussed.3. The available literature on the subject is reviewed.
DIVERTICULOSIS AND DIVERTICULITIS.1
Authors: Poate Hugh R. G. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. Diverticula of the colon are of common occurrence and, being' narrow‐necked thin‐walled herniae of mucous membrane covered by peritoneum beneath which there may be variable amounts of fat, they are liable to cause various troubles if inflammation sets in.2. The aetiology of the condition is probably a summation of several factors acting on an area of bowel wall where some muscular weakness has developed in relation to the site of entry of the blood vessels.3. The principal factors precipitating acute diverticulitis include straining at stool, the use of harsh cathartics, enemata given with excessive pressure and strenuous exertion.4. The most common cause of pain in the left iliac fossa in patients over forty years of age is diverticulitis of one form or another.5. The younger the patients, the more likely are they to develop acute surgical complications which have a high mortality if subjected to immediate operation.6. The main thing to remember in dealing with acute diverticulitis is to display a watchful masterly inactivity, and if any surgical interference is demanded, to do as little as possible.7. The incidence of carcinoma with diverticulitis is incidental rather than actual, but the chronic sclerosing diverticulitis may be difficult to differentiate clinically from carcinoma.
MULTIPLE ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC HYDATID CYSTS (PERITONEAL CYSTS): A STUDY OF 228 CASES
Authors: BARNETT SIR LOUIS 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe main points in this study of hydatid cysts of the peritoneal cavity are:

The cysts, usually multiple, but sometimes single, are with rare exceptions secondary and brought about by leakage from a primary cyst of the liver many years previously. Such leakage more often than not has been insidious or completely forgotten by the patient. Cases are frequently met with; 228 are noted among 1,455 hydatid records in the Hydatid Registry at the end of the year 1939.
Errors in diagnosis are common.
Prognosis is not so bad as it is painted. The prospects of their reaching old age are remote, but most patients have a fairly long and useful life.
Surgical treatment is sooner or later called for and operations may have to be repeated again and again.
THE TRANSFUSION OF WHOLE BLOOD
Authors: SMITH JULIAN 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. An improved arm‐to‐arm transfusion device is offered which provides for a continuous stream and avoids other disadvantages associated with syringes.2. It is possible in a high percentage of cases to transfuse a pint of blood within six minutes of running time.3. If cutting down on and canalization of donor's vein are permitted, the operation is easy and always successful.4. The so‐called speed shock to the recipient has not been observed.5. The machine offers excellent alternative uses both as an aspirator and for massive injection of local anaesthetic, and of course in determining the flow and injection of citrated blood.
CARBUNCLE OF THE KIDNEY: A REPORT OF THREE CASES AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Howard Russell N. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThree successful cases of renal carbuncle (one bilateral) are reported, and a total series of eighty‐four cases are reviewed, eighty‐one case records being obtained from a perusal of the literature.The pathology of renal carbuncle is discussed in relation to that of other members of the metastatic staphylococcal group of renal lesion.The importance of the complete investigation of all cases of “perinephric abscess” is emphasized.On the basis of the results obtained in this series, a rational line of treatment for renal carbuncle is suggested.
PHE LOCAL USE OF SULPHONAMIDE COMPOUNDS.1
Authors: WILSON T. E. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.As judged by a clinical trial in more than one hundred patients, the local application of sulphanilamide to wounds, ulcers, burns and skin grafts is often of considerable value.Sulphapyridine, sulphathiazole and sulphanilamide were implanted in the tissues and body cavities of one hundred rats. Seventeen rats were used as controls. Prom these experiments it may be concluded that only extremely large amounts of these drugs produce deleterious effects on the tissues, and that lesser amounts do not inhibit reparative processes. Because solid sulphapyridine is rapidly walled off by granulation tissue, this drug is much less suitable for local application than sulphanilamide. Sulphathiazole, having a solubility intermediate between those of sulphanilamide and of sulphapyridine and only rarely being walled off by granulation tissue, is indicated for local application when delay in absorption is desirable or when the special effects of sulphathiazole are necessary. Local chemotherapy is not advisable for the treatment of diffuse pleural or peritoneal infections. No significant differences were found in the blood or bone marrow of a small series of rats in which sulphapyridine was implanted.
FRACTURES OF THE FEMUR IN WAR‐TIME: A REVIEW OF THIRTY‐TWO CASES
Authors: Keon‐Cohen B. T. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA series of thirty‐two fractures treated in an Australian general hospital between May, 1941, and January, 1942, is reviewed. Particular attention has been paid to the following points:1. Equipment.2. The problem of transport from field to hospital.The fact that many of these fractures are actually “civilian” type injuries, and should be treated as such.Special problems relating to the initial treatment of compound fractures due to gunshot wounds.Routine treatment at the Australian general hospital.6. The place of the plaster spica both in transport and treatment of fractured femurs.7. The treatment of wounds associated with compound fractures.8. Functional activity during recumbency.9. Problems associated with repatriation.10. The comminuted fracture.11. Sepsis, particularly the gravitational abscess.Several case histories have been given in detail where they illustrate particular problems or difficulties in treatment.
A REPORT OF FORTY CASES OF GUNSHOT WOUNDS OF THE CHEST TREATED AT A BASE HOSPITAL
Authors: Horsley C. H. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Forty cases of gunshot wounds of the chest in patients treated at an Australian general hospital and the results obtained are reviewed.2. The morbidity following penetrating and perforating wounds of the chest is discussed and a comparison is made.3. A conservative scheme of treatment is outlined and the. results of the various methods employed are reviewed.
TRAUMATIC INJURIES OF PERIPHERAL NERVES: II. AN ANALYSIS OF THE INCIDENCE IN 301 CONSECUTIVE CASES OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES
Authors: SUNDERLAND SYDNEY 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAn analysis has been made of the incidence and distribution of the lesions occurring in 301 cases of peripheral nerve injuries. Reference should be made to the text for detailed information relating to the incidence and distribution of the lesions in individual nerves.The following significant points have emerged from this analysis:

In the upper limb injuries of single nerves outnumbered combined lesions by six to one.
Lesions in the upper limb were approximately three times as numerous as in the leg.
With the exception of brachial plexus lesions, gunshot lesions greatly outnumbered those due to other causes, though in the case of single lesions in the upper limb the former did not predominate to the extent that might be anticipated.
Gunshot lesions of the brachial plexus and those due to other causes occurred in about equal proportions, but whereas the former were three times as numerous on the right, the latter occurred twice as frequently on the left.
Gunshot lesions of the sciatic nerve were approximately nine times as numerous as those due to other causes, where, incidentally, the incidence was very low.
The percentage incidence of concomitant bone injury in the various lesions was as follows: radial, 52; median, 25; ulnar, 38; and sciatic, 37.
Lesions due to gunshot wounds:(a) Ulnar nerve lesions predominated. This nerve was more frequently the common factor in combined lesions than either the radial or median nerve.(b) Lesions of the radial, median and sciatic nerves occurred in about equal proportions.(c) The incidence was approximately the same on the two sides for the radial and median nerves, but was greater on the left for the ulnar, posterior interosseous and sciatic, and on the right for the brachial plexus.(d) Gunshot lesions, when totalled, occurred with equal frequency on the two sides in the upper limb, but in the leg they were twice as numerous on the left.(e) The number of radial nerve lesions, single and combined, associated with a fracture greatly exceeded that in which there was no bone injury, while the reverse obtained in the case of the median, ulnar and sciatic nerves.
Lesions due to other causes:(a) Lesions of the ulnar nerve were double those of the median or radial nerves, which were involved in about equal proportions.(b) In combined lesions the radial, median and ulnar nerves were involved in approximately equal proportions.(c) Lesions occurred more frequently on the right in the case of the radial, median and ulnar nerves and on the left in plexus lesions.
EXTENSIVE AIRSCREW INJURIES OF THE SKULL AND BRAIN WITH RECOVERY OF THE PATIENT.
Authors: ROSE THOMAS F. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe report of a patient with severe airscrew injuries to the brain and skull is presented.Though she suffered from extensive open lacerations of the right frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, perfect functional recovery of the central nervous system ensued, save for an evanescent left hemiplegia.It is thought that this good result occurred because the injury involved the right cerebral hemisphere in a right‐handed patient in whom the left cerebral hemisphere is the more important for the higher functions.The twelve months' follow‐up is given and her prognosis is discussed.
ANTICOAGULANT EFFECT OF SPLEEN.1
Authors: TRETHEWIE E. R. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

A variation in the size of the spleen occurred following removal, and this effect was reduced by means described in the text.
When diluted heparinized blood is perfused through the spleen, the fluid develops increased anticoagulant activity, and this was found to be unassociated with alterations in the number of platelets in the fluid, or heparin or the prothrombin.
EMPYEMA OF INTRAHEPATIC GALL‐BLADDER: REPORT OF A CASE.1
Authors: LANE W. R. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA case of empyema occurring in an intrahepatic gall‐bladder is described and the relevant literature briefly reviewed.Two points particularly worthy of notice are the complete absence of any previous history of biliary disease and the very rapid progress to empyema formation from the onset of the first symptoms.
ACUTE REGIONAL ENTERO‐COLITIS WITH A REPORT OF THREE CASES
Authors: ROSE THOMAS F. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Three cases of acute enterocolitis (Crohn's disease) are presented.2. A discussion of this disease is undertaken, with special regard to aetiology, pathology, treatment and prognosis.3. On the pathological side, the presence of hypertrophy of the mesenteric lymph nodes is emphasized. It is pointed out that in their absence acute Crohn's disease should not be diagnosed.4. The difficulties of preoperative diagnosis are stressed.5. Conservative treatment of the affected bowel is advised.6. Prognosis of the acute disease is shown to be good.
RESECTION OF PULMONARY TISSUE IN TUBERCULOSIS1
Authors: ROBB DOUGLAS 
Published: January 2008

Summary and ConclusionsThree cases of pneumonectomy and two of lobectomy for pulmonary tuberculosis are described. There was no operative mortality. Three of the patients died of tuberculosis elsewhere in lung or abdomen, three weeks, four months and twelve months after operation. One i s doing well five months later, and one is apparently cured thirteen months later. All were unfavourable cases.The general position of resection in tuberculosis is discussed, and technical points, chiefly In the matter of bronchial closure, are mentioned.
A METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE EXPANDED ENDS OF LONG BONES1
Authors: Christie H. K. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA simple clamping appliance for treatment of fractures of the expanded ends of long bones is described.Cases illustrating its use in fractures above and below the knee are described.The outstanding advantage of the appliance is close coaptation of the fragments and such firm retention that movements at the joint can be commenced at once.Eadioscopic control is required during use of the apparatus.
AN ABNORMAL BRONCHUS ARISING FROM THE TRACHEA
Authors: Monk Ian 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. An abnormal bronchus, arising from the right side of the trachea and running to the right upper lobe of the left lung, is described. A pulmonary vein running from the posterior aspect of the upper lobe of the lung to the auricle is also described.2. A review is made of some of the relevant literature.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE EARLY MANAGEMENT OF GUNSHOT WOUNDS OF THE ARTERIES
Authors: Leslie Douglas 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. The management of certain clinical problems presented by gunshot wounds of the larger arteries has been discussed from the point of view of the field surgeon, who sees all the cases, including those early failures in patients who die or lose their limbs and therefore never reach a special vascular centre. Observations under these conditions are, however, hampered by lack of special facilities and equipment and by difficulty of long‐term follow‐up.2. Certain problems of arterial injury at special sites have been discussed.
INDIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA: A CONTRAST BETWEEN THE SITES OF RECURRENCE AFTER THE SIMPLE AND AFTER THE PLASTIC OPERATION1
Authors: Craig C. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Two series of cases of indirect inguinal hernia operated on by the method of R. Hamilton Russell are reported. The second of these series consisted of 154 operations personally conducted. There was a close personal follow‐up. The recurrence rate in this last series was 3‐2%. As 31 cases of large hernia were excluded from this series, it is thought that the recurrence rate was too high.2. An analysis of the 20 recurrences occurring after both series showed that 19 were indirect in type. Tn those operated on it was found that the new sac reproduced the original one exactly, as far as site was concerned. The one direct recurrence occurred live years after the previous operation and was of the Ogilvie “tubular” type. It is thought that this was a new hernia. The state of affairs described above is contrasted with what obtains after the plastic operations involving gross interference with the muscles surrounding the inguinal canal. After these operations not only are there indirect recurrences, but there are also direct recurrences.3. It is suggested that, in the great majority of cases, these direct recurrences are due not to the presence of an overlooked sac, but to the operative interference with the posterior Avail of the canal.4. Because of the reasons given above it is thought, firstly, that the simple operation should be strengthened and, secondly, that, except for certain types of advanced hernia, the plastic operations should be abandoned altogether. It is suggested that a new operation be devised which has as its main principle the establishment of a strong sheet of fascia between the exposed transversalis fascia and the origin of the cord. Part of the procedure would be reeducation of the muscles.5. Two additional methods are described, to be used either alone or as adjuncts to other methods, (a) The injection of sclerosing solutions during operation, (b) Inversion of the sac. Ten large sliding hernias treated by this method are described. The method used in ordinary cases is also described.
INTRACRANIAL HYDATID DISEASE, WITH REPORT OF A CASE
Authors: Miller Douglas , Fleming Justin 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Primary hydatid cyst of the brain with calcification of the ectocyst and secondary echinococcosis is described.2. The Casoni test gave a negative result.3. Post‐operative internal hydrocephalus developed.4. Post‐mortem examination disclosed a basal meningitis causing ventricular obstruction.
THE INEFFECTIVENESS OF PRESENT‐DAY RADIOLOGY IN DIAGNOSIS OF CARCINOMA OF THE CARDIAC END OF THE STOMACH WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT
Authors: Kinsella V.J. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe defective use of radiology by clinician and radiologist is prevalent. The causes and consequences are discussed in regard to carcinoma of the cardiac end of the stomach.Present‐day results are so poor that a new approach is suggested. A comprehensive setof films should be secured to show adequately all regions of the stomach, each region in two planes, and the gastro‐enterologist, as well as the radiologist, should set his mind to the interpretation of these films. Such methods, applied in other branches of surgery and medicine, have led to an increase in diagnostic efficiency.The failure of the cardiac end to balloon when the patient is supine, with the stomach as full as possible, is a sign of advanced carcinoma. Attention is drawn to this, not as a new sign, but as one that is frequently overlooked.A technique has been suggested in the hope of securing the detection of growths when they are as large as a cherry, to supplement the present technique, which often overlooks them even when they are the size of a cricket ball. These supplementary views are like all other methods in medicine. They have their fallacies and their difficulties. But they should not be discarded on this account.
PLASMA CELL MASTITIS: REPORT OF TWO CASES
Authors: Newton Noel C. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

A short historical survey of plasma cell mastitis is given.
The clinical picture is described.
The possible aetiology is discussed and the typical pathology described.
Two cases considered to have had plasma cell mastitis are reported.
The best treatment would appear to be simple mastectomy when a diagnosis is made.