bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Live Attenuated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Is Immunogenic and Efficacious in Golden Syrian Hamsters
Authors: Lamirande Elaine W. , DeDiego Marta L. , Roberts Anjeanette , Jackson Jadon P. , Alvarez Enrique , Sheahan Tim , Shieh Wun-Ju , Zaki Sherif R. , Baric Ralph , Enjuanes Luis , Subbarao Kanta 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine consisting of a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus lacking the E gene (rSARS-CoV-ΔE) were studied using hamsters. Hamsters immunized with rSARS-CoV-ΔE developed high serum-neutralizing antibody titers and were protected from replication of homologous (SARS-CoV Urbani) and heterologous (GD03) SARS-CoV in the upper and lower respiratory tract. rSARS-CoV-ΔE-immunized hamsters remained active following wild-type virus challenge, while mock-immunized hamsters displayed decreased activity. Despite being attenuated in replication in the respiratory tract, rSARS-CoV-ΔE is an immunogenic and efficacious vaccine in hamsters.
Genotypic Features of Lentivirus Transgenic Mice
Authors: Sauvain Marc-Olivier , Dorr Alexander P. , Stevenson Brian , Quazzola Alexandra , Naef Félix , Wiznerowicz Maciej , Schütz Frédéric , Jongeneel Victor , Duboule Denis , Spitz François , Trono Didier 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
Lentivector-mediated transgenesis is increasingly used, whether for basic studies as an alternative to pronuclear injection of naked DNA or to test candidate gene therapy vectors. In an effort to characterize the genetic features of this approach, we first measured the frequency of germ line transmission of individual proviruses established by infection of fertilized mouse oocytes. Seventy integrants from 11 founder (G0) mice were passed to 111 first generation (G1) pups, for a total of 255 events corresponding to an average rate of transmission of 44%. This implies that integration had most often occurred at the one- or two-cell stage and that the degree of genotypic mosaicism in G0 mice obtained through this approach is generally minimal. Transmission analysis of eight individual proviruses in 13 G2 mice obtained by a G0-G1 cross revealed only 8% of proviral homozygosity, significantly below the 25% expected from purely Mendelian transmission, suggesting counter-selection due to interference with the functions of targeted loci. Mapping of 239 proviral integration sites in 49 founder animals revealed that about 60% resided within annotated genes, with a marked tendency for clustering in the middle of the transcribed region, and that integration was not influenced by the transcriptional orientation. Transcript levels of a set of arbitrarily chosen target genes were significantly higher in two-cell embryos than in embryonic stem cells or adult somatic cells, suggesting that, as previously noted in other settings, lentiviral vectors integrate preferentially into regions of the genome that are transcriptionally active or poised for activation.
Role of Initiating Nucleoside Triphosphate Concentrations in the Regulation of Influenza Virus Replication and Transcription
Authors: Vreede Frank T. , Gifford Hugh , Brownlee George G. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
The mechanisms regulating the synthesis of mRNA, cRNA, and viral genomic RNA (vRNA) by the influenza A virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase are not fully understood. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that virion-derived viral ribonucleoprotein complexes synthesize both mRNA and cRNA in vitro and early in the infection cycle in vivo. Our continued studies showed that de novo synthesis of cRNA in vitro is more sensitive to the concentrations of ATP, CTP, and GTP than capped-primer-dependent synthesis of mRNA. Using rescued recombinant influenza A/WSN/33 viruses, we now demonstrate that the 3′-terminal sequence of the vRNA promoter dictates the requirement for a high nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) concentration during de novo-initiated replication to cRNA, whereas this is not the case for the extension of capped primers during transcription to mRNA. In contrast to some other viral polymerases, for which only the initiating NTP is required at high concentrations, influenza virus polymerase requires high concentrations of the first three NTPs. In addition, we show that base pair mutations in the vRNA promoter can lead to nontemplated dead-end mutations during replication to cRNA in vivo. Based on our observations, we propose a new model for the de novo initiation of influenza virus replication.
Development of Cell Lines That Provide Tightly Controlled Temporal Translation of the Human Cytomegalovirus IE2 Proteins for Complementation and Functional Analyses of Growth-Impaired and Nonviable IE2 Mutant Viruses
Authors: Sanders Rebecca L. , Clark Charles L. , Morello Christopher S. , Spector Deborah H. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IE2 86 protein is essential for viral replication. Two other proteins, IE2 60 and IE2 40, which arise from the C-terminal half of IE2 86, are important for later stages of the infection. Functional analyses of IE2 86 in the context of the infection have utilized bacterial artificial chromosomes as vectors to generate mutant viruses. One limitation is that many mutations result in debilitated or nonviable viruses. Here, we describe a novel system that allows tightly controlled temporal expression of the IE2 proteins and provides complementation of both growth-impaired and nonviable IE2 mutant viruses. The strategy involves creation of cell lines with separate lentiviruses expressing a bicistronic RNA with a selectable marker as the first open reading frame (ORF) and IE2 86, IE2 60, or IE2 40 as the second ORF. Induction of expression of the IE2 proteins occurs only following DNA recombination events mediated by Cre and FLP recombinases that delete the first ORF. HCMV encodes Cre and FLP, which are expressed at immediate-early (for IE2 86) and early-late (for IE2 40 and IE2 60) times, respectively. We show that the presence of full-length IE2 86 alone provides some complementation for virus production, but the correct temporal expression of IE2 86 and IE2 40 together has the most beneficial effect for early-late gene expression and synthesis of infectious virus. This approach for inducible protein translation can be used for complementation of other mutations as well as controlled expression of toxic cellular and microbial proteins.
Cdc34p Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme Is a Component of the Tombusvirus Replicase Complex and Ubiquitinates p33 Replication Protein
Authors: Li Zhenghe , Barajas Daniel , Panavas Tadas , Herbst David A. , Nagy Peter D. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

To identify host proteins interacting with
Tomato bushy stunt virus
(TBSV) replication proteins in a genome-wide scale, we have used a yeast (
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
) proteome microarray carrying 4,088 purified proteins. This approach led to the identification of 58 yeast proteins that interacted with p33 replication protein. The identified host proteins included protein chaperones, ubiquitin-associated proteins, translation factors, RNA-modifying enzymes, and other proteins with yet-unknown functions. We confirmed that 19 of the identified host proteins bound to p33 in vitro or in a split-ubiquitin-based two-hybrid assay. Further analysis of Cdc34p E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, which is one of the host proteins interacting with p33, revealed that Cdc34p is a novel component of the purified viral replicase. Downregulation of Cdc34p expression in yeast, which supports replication of a TBSV replicon RNA (repRNA), reduced repRNA accumulation and the activity of the tombusvirus replicase by up to fivefold. Overexpression of wild-type Cdc34p, but not that of an E2-defective mutant of Cdc34p, increased repRNA accumulation, suggesting a significant role for the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme function of Cdc34p in TBSV replication. Also, Cdc34p was able to ubiquitinate p33 in vitro. In addition, we have shown that p33 becomes ubiquitinated in vivo. We propose that ubiquitination of p33 likely alters its function or affects the recruitment of host factors during TBSV replication.
Effect of graded bicycle seat pressure on perineal compression: a magnetic resonance imaging analysis: Figure 1
Authors: Bressel Eadric , Parker Dan 
Published: May 2008

ObjectiveTo identify a seat pressure threshold that corresponds to significant compression of the perineum.DesignQuasiexperimental crossover.SettingHospital radiology department.ParticipantsConvenience sample of six male recreational cyclists.InterventionCompression of the corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa of the perineum without bicycle seat pressure (0%) and at 10%, 40% and 80% of the mean bicycling pressure was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Seat pressure was applied using a custom loading device.Outcome MeasureMeasure Diameter measurements of the cavernous spaces at the point of peak compression.ResultsThe mean diameter values for the corpus spongiosum in the unloaded and 10% of load conditions were 105% and 172% greater than the 40% and 80% loaded conditions, respectively (p=0.002–0.004). The corpora cavernosa values displayed a similar trend.ConclusionsSubstantial compression of the perineal cavernous spaces may occur with total seat pressure values of less than 40% of typical seat loads.
Shoulder pain in elite swimmers: primarily due to swim-volume-induced supraspinatus tendinopathy
Authors: Sein Mya Lay , Walton Judie , Linklater James , Appleyard Richard , Kirkbride Brent , Kuah Donald , Murrell George A C 
Published: May 2008

Background/hypothesisShoulder pain in elite swimmers is common, and its pathogenesis is uncertain.Hypothesis/study designThe authors used a crosssectional study design to test Jobe’s hypothesis that repetitive forceful swimming leads to shoulder laxity, which in turn leads to impingement pain.MethodsEighty young elite swimmers (13–25 years of age) completed questionnaires on their swimming training, pain and shoulder function. They were given a standardised clinical shoulder examination, and tested for glenohumeral joint laxity using a non-invasive electronic laxometer. 52/80 swimmers also attended for shoulder MRI.Results73/80 (91%) swimmers reported shoulder pain. Most (84%) had a positive impingement sign, and 69% of those examined with MRI had supraspinatus tendinopathy. The impingement sign and MRIdetermined supraspinatus tendinopathy correlated strongly (rs=0.49, p<0.00001). Increased tendon thickness correlated with supraspinatus tendinopathy (rs=0.37, p<0.01). Laxity correlated weakly with impingement pain (rs=0.23, p<0.05) and was not associated with supraspinatus tendinopathy (rs=0.14, p=0.32). The number of hours swum/week (rs=0.39, p<0.005) and weekly mileage (rs=0.34, p=0.01) both correlated significantly with supraspinatus tendinopathy. Swimming stroke preference did not.ConclusionsThese data indicate: (1) supraspinatus tendinopathy is the major cause of shoulder pain in elite swimmers; (2) this tendinopathy is induced by large amounts of swimming training; and (3) shoulder laxity per se has only a minimal association with shoulder impingement in elite swimmers. These findings are consistent with animal and tissue culture findings which support an alternate hypothesis: the intensity and duration of load to tendon fibres and cells cause tendinopathy, impingement and shoulder pain.
The interaction between nitrogen source, soil pH, and drought in the growth and physiology of three poplar clonesThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Poplar Research in Canada.
Authors: DesRochers Annie , van den Driessche R. , Thomas Barb R. 
Published: May 2008

The objective of this study was to understand how nitrogen (N) source, soil pH, and drought interact in the growth and water-use efficiency of poplars. Rooted cuttings from two hybrid poplar clones, 24 (Walker) ( Populus deltoides × Populus ×petrowskyana ), and 794 (Brooks 6) (Populus deltoides × Populus ×petrowskyana), and one native balsam poplar clone 1004 ( Populus balsamifera L.), were grown in a greenhouse for a period of 8 weeks. Trees received a combination of two N sources (ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] and calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2]), two soil pHs (5 and 7), and two drought levels (85% and 40% field capacity, as determined by mass). Trees had reduced growth, net photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance with NO3– fertilization, and these effects were accentuated at soil pH 7. The drought treatment only slightly reduced growth and rarely interacted with N source or soil pH. Drought also did not affect instantaneous measurements of water-use efficiency, but it increased δ13C by an average of 0.55‰. The poplar clones used in this study appear to be better adapted to take up N from NH4+ than from NO3–-N sources.
Hoxb7 Inhibits Transgenic HER-2/neu–Induced Mouse Mammary Tumor Onset but Promotes Progression and Lung Metastasis
Authors: Chen Hexin , Lee Ji Shin , Liang Xiaohui , Zhang Huiping , Zhu Tao , Zhang Zhe , Taylor M. Evangeline , Zahnow Cynthia , Feigenbaum Lionel , Rein Alan , Sukumar Saraswati 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOur previous studies have shown that HOXB7 mRNA is overexpressed in ∼50% of invasive breast carcinomas and promotes tumor progression in breast cancer cells grown as xenografts in mice. In silico analysis of published microarray data showed that high levels of HOXB7 predict a poor outcome in HER-2–positive (P = 0.046), but not in HER-2–negative breast cancers (P = 0.94). To study the function of HOXB7 in vivo in the context of HER-2 overexpression, we generated mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Hoxb7 transgenic mice, and then crossed them with MMTV-HER-2/neu transgenic mice. In the mice carrying both Hoxb7 and HER-2/neu transgenes, Hoxb7 plays a dual role in mammary tumorigenesis. In double transgenic mice, overexpression of Hoxb7 delayed tumor onset and lowered tumor multiplicity. However, consistent with the clinical data, once the tumors appeared, their growth was faster and metastasis to the lungs occurred at a higher frequency. Our data show, for the first time, that deregulated expression of Hoxb7 in mammary tumor cells can significantly modulate HER-2/neu-oncogene induced tumorigenesis in vivo. [Cancer Res 2008;68(10):3637–44]
Dynamic Models for the Subgrid-Scale Mixing of Reactants in Atmospheric Turbulent Reacting Flows
Authors: Vinuesa Jean-François , Porté-Agel Fernando 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The effects of the subgrid scales on chemical transformations in large-eddy simulations of the convective atmospheric boundary layer (CBL) are investigated. Dynamic similarity subgrid-scale models are formulated and used to calculate the subgrid-scale covariance. The dynamic procedure allows for simulations free of parameter tuning since the model coefficients are computed based on the resolved reactant concentrations. A scale-dependent procedure is proposed that allows relaxing the assumption of scale invariance used in the dynamic similarity model. Simulation results show that both models are able to account in part for the effect of the segregation of the scalars at the subgrid scales, considerably reducing the resolution dependence of the results found when no subgrid covariance model is used. The scale-dependent dynamic version yields better results than its scale-invariant counterpart.
An Empirical Analysis of Bulk Cn2 Models over Water
Authors: Potvin Guy , Dion Denis , Claverie Jacques , Frederickson Paul A. , Davidson Kenneth L. , Forand J. Luc 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article examines some of the difficulties associated with the determination of C2n over water in a coastal region using a bulk model. The analysis shows the need to supplement bulk models with elements that do not belong to traditional Monin–Obukhov surface-layer theory. A reexamination of the scintillation measurements collected during the Electro-Optical Propagation Assessment in a Coastal Environment (EOPACE) campaign leads the authors to include 1) the nonuniformity of sensible heat and humidity fluxes and 2) a deficit of the scintillation that seems to depend only on the characteristic virtual potential temperature. It is suggested that the anomalous scintillation deficit represents an alteration of a characteristic length related to the optical turbulence, likely caused by the interaction of the surface layer with the sea surface. The new parameters are estimated using Bayesian regression methods applied to the EOPACE data. Predictions obtained with this new model are then compared with scintillation measurements obtained during the recent Validation Measurement for Propagation in the Infrared and Radar (VAMPIRA) campaign. Better agreement is obtained with the new model than with a conventional bulk model. The implications of the modifications made to the calculation of C2n are discussed.
Seasonal Variation of the Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall in Southern Contiguous China
Authors: Li Jian , Yu Rucong , Zhou Tianjun 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Hourly station rain gauge data are employed to study the seasonal variation of the diurnal cycle of rainfall in southern contiguous China. The results show a robust seasonal variation of the rainfall diurnal cycle, which is dependent both on region and duration. Difference in the diurnal cycle of rainfall is found in the following two neighboring regions: southwestern China (region A) and southeastern contiguous China (region B). The diurnal cycle of annual mean precipitation in region A tends to reach the maximum in either midnight or early morning, while precipitation in region B has a late-afternoon peak. In contrast with the weak seasonal variation of the diurnal phases of precipitation in region A, the rainfall peak in region B shifts sharply from late afternoon in warm seasons to early morning in cold seasons. Rainfall events in south China are classified into short- (1–3 h) and long-duration (more than 6 h) events. Short-duration precipitation in both regions reaches the maximum in late afternoon in warm seasons and peaks in either midnight or early morning in cold seasons, but the late-afternoon peak in region B exists during February–October, while that in region A only exists during May–September. More distinct differences between regions A and B are found in the long-duration rainfall events. The long-duration events in region A show dominant midnight or early morning peaks in all seasons. But in region B, the late-afternoon peak exists during July–September. Possible reasons for the difference in the diurnal cycle of rainfall between the two regions are discussed. The different cloud radiative forcing over regions A and B might contribute to this difference.
Collaborative Effects of Cold Surge and Tropical Depression–Type Disturbance on Heavy Rainfall in Central Vietnam
Authors: Yokoi Satoru , Matsumoto Jun 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This paper reveals synoptic-scale atmospheric conditions over the South China Sea (SCS) that cause heavy rainfall in central Vietnam through case study and composite analyses. The heavy rainfall event discussed in this study occurred on 2–3 November 1999. Precipitation in Hue city (central Vietnam) was more than 1800 mm for these 2 days. Two atmospheric disturbances played key roles in this heavy rainfall. First, a cold surge (CS) northerly wind anomaly in the lower troposphere, originating in northern China near 40°N, propagated southward to reach the northern SCS and then lingered there for a couple of days, resulting in stronger-than-usual northeasterly winds continuously blowing into the Indochina Peninsula against the Annam Range. Second, a southerly wind anomaly over the central SCS, associated with a tropical depression–type disturbance (TDD) in southern Vietnam, seemed to prevent the CS from propagating farther southward. Over the northern SCS, the southerly wind anomaly formed a strong low-level convergence in conjunction with the CS northeasterly wind anomaly, and supplied warm and humid tropical air. These conditions induced by the CS and TDD are favorable for the occurrence of the heavy orographic rainfall in central Vietnam. The TDD can be regarded as a result of a Rossby wave response to a large-scale convective anomaly over the Maritime Continent associated with equatorial intraseasonal variability.
Using a 24-yr (1979–2002) reanalysis and surface precipitation datasets, the authors confirm that the coexistence of the CS and TDD is important for the occurrence of heavy precipitation in central Vietnam. In addition, it is observed that CSs without a TDD do not lead to much precipitation.
Estrogen and progesterone receptor levels in nonneoplastic breast epithelium of breast cancer cases versus benign breast biopsy controls
Authors: Woolcott Christy G , SenGupta Sandip K , Hanna Wedad M , Aronson Kristan J 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
Previous studies and biological mechanisms of carcinogenesis suggest that the steroid receptor content of benign breast epithelium may be related to breast cancer risk. The objective in this study was to compare the levels of estrogen receptor-α (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in nonneoplastic breast epithelium between breast cancer cases and biopsy controls.

Methods
Between 1995 and 1997 at two sites (Women's College Hospital in Toronto and Kingston General Hospital), 667 women who were scheduled for diagnostic excisional breast biopsies completed a questionnaire providing personal information and agreed to allow analysis of routinely resected tissue. Histological slides with nonneoplastic epithelium were available for 101 cancer cases and 200 biopsy controls in Toronto and for 105 cancer cases and 119 controls in Kingston. Nonneoplastic epithelium was examined with immunohistochemical assays to determine the percent of epithelial cells staining for ER and PR. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) stratified by study site.

Results
The ER content of nonneoplastic tissue was higher in cases than biopsy controls in unadjusted analyses; after adjustment for age, however, a weak association remained in only one of the study sites. After adjustment for age, the PR content of nonneoplastic tissue was slightly lower in breast cancer cases than controls in one study site. Furthermore, this inverse association was confined to women with PR negative breast cancer in comparison to the controls. No interaction between ER and PR content of nonneoplastic tissue was observed in relation to the odds of having breast cancer.

Conclusion
The results of this study are consistent with only a slight indication of increased ER levels in nonneoplastic tissue in breast cancer cases relative to controls. This study contributes to the understanding of breast cancer by examining both ER and PR in nonneoplastic tissue. Limitations remain, however, such as the necessity of using as controls women with benign breast changes, difficulties in selecting the appropriate tissue for analysis, and tissue sampling concurrent to diagnosis.