bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional and morphological affinities of the subadult hand (O.H. 7) from Olduvai Gorge
Authors: Susman Randall L. , Creel Norman 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStudy of the O.H. 7 hand was based primarily on morphological comparisons with a large series of hand skeletons of extant hominoid primates. Most of the hand elements are fragmentary or have missing epiphyses and only comparisons based on qualitative morphological observations are possible. The distal phalanges are complete, however, and were analyzed metrically utilizing univariate and multivariate statistical techniques. To compensate for size differences among the Hominoidea a number of size adjustments were employed. None of the adjustments were totally satisfactory from theoretical and practical standpoints and none completely eliminated the influence of size. There is no entirely satisfactory procedure to eliminate size and it is advisable to use several techniques that are not closely related, to compare the results and interpret them with caution.In certain features the wrist and fingers resemble those of African apes; in others they are more like modern human hands; in still others they are unique. The scaphoid and the proximal articular surface of the trapezium retain apelike features, as do the proximal and middle phalanges. The pollical carpometacarpal joint and the distal phalanges are closer in morphology to those of modern humans. The scaphoid, proximal phalanges and middle phalanges of rays II‐V indicate a hand capable of a strong power grip. A number of features of the thumb and the distal phalanges suggest that the O.H. 7 individual was capable of more precise manipulation than extant apes. FLK NN‐A, a first distal phalanx, does not closely resemble the first distal phalanx of any of the living Hominoidea. Multivariate distance analysis indicates, however, that it is closest in overall morphology to the pollical distal phalanx of modern humans. In some features not included in the metric analysis, FLK NN‐A also resembles the hallucial distal phalanx of modern humans.
The assessment and meaning of intraobserver error in population studies based on discontinuous cranial traits
Authors: Molto J. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIntraobserver scoring precision of 50 discontinuous (discrete) cranial traits was assessed on a sample of 125 intact Iroquois crania using the square of the phi coefficient. Scoring consistency was high for most traits though several were subject to low precision (θ2<0.7). Most errors were random rather than systematic. Taken collectively the problematic traits exceeded their expected contribution to MMD coefficients among four Woodland samples from southern Ontario. A traitlist with the problematic variants excluded produced more meaningful biological relationships among the samples. Further the % contribution of the problematic traits increased with the time interval between the scoring of the individual samples. It was suggested that intraobserver error could effectively distort the interpretation of biological relationships and that it must in part be responsible for the poor performance reported for discontinuous traits in some studies. Therefore, it was argued that the results support rather than compromise the use of discontinuous skeletal traits in population studies and that the assessment of intraobserver error should be a standard procedure of the research design.
Percentage ash content of nonhuman primate long limb bones
Authors: Burr David B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTrotter and Hixon ('76) and Vose and Roach ('72) presented conflicting data about percentage ash content of the long limb bones of M. mulatta and M. nemestrina. The suggestion of Trotter and Hixon ('76) that this discrepancy was due to methods of preparing the bone prior to ashing, rather than to species differences, was tested using data collected by Gong ('72) on the volumetric composition of nonhuman primate bone. Masses of the various chemical fractions of bone reported by Gong ('72) were used to compute ash content as a percentage of total dry weight and ash content as a percentage of fat‐free dry weight. Good agreement was found between ash content as a percentage of total dry weight and the data of Vose and Roach ('72); good agreement was also found between ash content as a percentage of fat‐free dry weight and the data of Trotter and Hixon ('76). This suggests that the data of Vose and Roach ('72) conflict with those of Trotter and Hixon ('76) because Vose and Roach ('72) failed to defat the bones prior to ashing. No actual species differences exist in the ash content of bones of M. mulatta, and M. nemestrina. The data of Trotter and Hixon ('76) are most likely a more adequate reflection of both the magnitude and the regional similarity of ash content in nonhuman primate bone.
A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus. I. Specific sensory relay nuclei
Authors: Armstrong Este 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStudies to date have indicated few differences in sensory perception among hominoids. Sensory relay nuclei in the dorsal thalamus‐portions of the medial and lateral geniculate bodies (MGBp, LGBd) and the ventrobasal complex (VB)—in two gibbons, one gorilla, one chimpanzee and three humans were examined for anatomical similarity by measuring and estimating the nuclear volumes, neuronal densities, numbers of neurons per nucleus, and volumes of neuronal perikarya. The absolute volumes of these nuclei were larger in the larger brains; however, with the volume of the dorsal thalamus as a standard, these sensory relay nuclei showed negative allometry. The gibbons had about half as many neurons as did the other hominoids. Although the human VB had slightly more neurons, the numbers of neurons in LGBd and MGBp did not significantly differ between the great apes and humans. The volumetric distribution of the neuronal perikarya were similar among these hominoids. Other thalamic nuclei had much more diverse numbers of neurons and relative frequencies of their neuronal perikarya. The sensory relay nuclei appear to be a group of conservative nuclei in the forebrain. These results suggest that as a neurological base for complex behaviors evolved in hominids, not all parts of the brain changed equally.
On the relationship between psychometric and anthropometric traits
Authors: Susanne C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMany authors have already studied the correlation between stature and psychometric traits; these studies indicate a low but significant correlation coefficient. Others have shown (Clark et al., '61; Schreider, '68; Susanne and Sporcq, '73) a correlation between head size and psychological traits. We have studied the influence of the correlation between stature and psychometric variables on the correlation of head size and psychometry in a sample of 2,071 Belgian men selected at random from the population of those liable to military service. Eleven measurements of the head were taken and six psychological tests were given.The relationship between psychometry and anthropometry remains low but significant when the relationship between stature and head size is taken into account. These partial correlation coefficients are significant for head length and cranial perimeter, and to a lesser extent for head breadth and bizygomatic breadth.
Patterns of tooth size variability in the dentition of primates
Authors: Gingerich Philip D. , Schoeninger Margaret J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPublished data on tooth size in 48 species of non‐human primates have been analyzed to determine patterns of variability in the primate dentition. Average coefficients of variation calculated for all species, with males and females combined, are greatest for teeth in the canine region. Incisors tend to be somewhat less variable, and cheek teeth are the least variable. Removing the effect of sexual dimorphism, by pooling coefficients of variation calculated for males and females separately, reduces canine variability but does not alter the basic pattern. Ontogenetic development and position in functional fields have been advanced to explain patterns of variability in the dentition, but neither of these appears to correlate well with patterns documented here. We tentatively suggest another explanation. Variability is inversely proportional to occlusal complexity of the teeth. This suggests that occlusal complexity places an important constraint on relative variability within the dentition. Even when the intensity of natural selection is equal at all tooth positions, teeth with complex occlusal patterns must still be less variable than those with simple occlusion in order to function equally well. Hence variability itself cannot be used to estimate the relative intensity of selection. Low variability of the central cheek teeth ( \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm M}\frac{1}{1} $\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm M}\frac{2}{2} $\end{document}) makes them uniquely important for estimating body size in small samples, and for distinguishing closely related species in the fossil record.
Problems in the aging of females using the Os pubis
Authors: Suchey Judy Myers 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Gilbert‐McKern method for aging the female Os pubis has attained popularity following Gilbert's ('73) demonstration that the McKern‐Stewart male standards are not directly applicable to females. In order to assess the reliability of the method, forensic anthropologists were asked to age a set of 11 pubes of known age. There was a great deal of variability in the responses of the 23 participants. Three, four, and five different responses (out of a 6‐scale system) were given for each component of each pubic bone. Only 51% of the assessments yielded age ranges which would include the known age of the specimens. Analysis of the errors showed that one of the focal problems of the Gilbert‐McKern system was the difficulty in judging whether the ventral rampart was building up or breaking down.
Parturition and pelvic changes
Authors: Kelley Marc A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA detailed analysis of the female bony pelvis in relation to parity status was made. A total of 198 complete pelves were inspected for five features considered to be associated with pregnancy and parturition. During final analysis two features were eliminated. Three remaining features — dorsal pubic pitting, pre‐auricular grooves, and grooves located at the site of interosseous ligament insertion were found to be significantly related to parturition. Other findings of interest were: (1) pits and grooves acquired through pregnancy and parturition appear to become obliterated in old age, (2) the preauricular groove is the most sensitive indicator of pregnancy and parturition, (3) moderate‐large pitting in the dorsal pubic region rarely occurs in nulliparous females, and (4) it is doubtful that more precise statements than “no children” and “one or more children” can be made on the basis of skeletal remains alone.
Developments in the identification of human skeletal material (1968–1978)
Authors: Bass William M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA review of publications over the last ten years of methods in the field of physical anthropology for determining age, sex, race and stature of human skeletal material is presented. Comparisons are made with the types of papers published in the previous ten years (1958–1968) in six categories: (1) Visual examination of bones (2) Anthropometric measurements of bones (3) Anthropometric measurements with subsequent use of statistics in the form of discriminate function analyses (4) Time and sequence of eruption of the teeth (5) X‐ray examination of the internal structure of bone sections (6) Microscopic examination of the internal structure of bone.
Aging changes in the medullary cavity of the proximal femur in American Blacks and Whites
Authors: Ericksen Mary Frances 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study explores changes with age in the medullary cavity in an area of the femur which is becoming of increasing clinical interest. It is based on measurements of medial‐lateral and posterior‐anterior radiographs of the proximal one‐third of the right femur, below the greater trochanter. The study population consisted of 257 individuals from the Terry collection in the Smithsonian Institution and included Blacks and Whites, males and females, aged 20 to 90 years. Medullary cavity and external diameters were measured at 11 levels, beginning with a line drawn perpendicular to the linea aspera at the level of the inferior border of the greater trochanter. To correct for size differences, the interval between levels was set at one‐fourth the individual femoral head diameter. The data were subjected to regression analysis and analysis of variance.Anterior‐posterior medullary diameter is more highly correlated with age than medial‐lateral diameter. Females show the greatest relative increase with age in both dimensions, especially at subtrochanteric levels, and they tend to have relatively larger medullary cavities than males at all ages. White males have relatively larger medullary diameters than Black males. Younger White females have relatively larger medullary cavities than Black females, but the latter reach parity with White females in middle age and show a greater overall percentage of medullary expansion.
Human treponematosis and tuberculosis: Evidence from the New World
Authors: El‐Najjar Mahmoud Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study has been first, to critically review the evidence for the presence of human treponematosis and tuberculosis in the skeletal remains of prehistoric natives in the New World, and second, to report on nine new cases dated to before contact and suggesting the presence of these two disease conditions.A review of the medical history and findings by human paleopathologists leaves little doubt that both diseases originated in the Old World. The findings of this study lend further support to the fact that, although rare, human treponematosis and tuberculosis were indeed endemic in the pre‐Columbian New World before contact. There is no evidence that these two diseases could have arisen independently and de novo, especially during the relatively short time since man's arrival in the New World. Where a disease has been endemic for quite some time as appears to be the case with human treponematosis and tuberculosis, milder forms of the disease and improved host response could have developed in which only the most severe cases would be observable. This explains the rarity of skeletal lesions suggestive of these two human disease conditions in prehistoric human populations.
Log‐linear analysis of dental caries occurrence in four skeletal series
Authors: Burns Peter E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFour skeletal series (Corinth, Greece; Gran Quivira, New Mexico; Semna South, Sudanese Nubia, and a large group from scattered sites in England) were coded for sex, jaw, tooth group, dental attrition, dental caries, site and time period. Through the concepts of a basal level of caries and a cariosity gradient, a single model was found which best described the occurrence of this disease in these samples. All factors were found to contribute significantly to the model.Within the possible subsamples the general characteristics are that the profiles of males, of the mandibulae and of those with light attrition are more likely to have lower overall dental caries levels and to be relatively more carious in the back of the mouth than the front when compared to the pooled sample of all teeth and caries. The opposite is also found to be generally true: the teeth of females, maxillae and heavy attrition are associated with more caries, especially toward the front of the mouth. These results imply that samples appearing otherwaise homogeneous display much variation. They also reveal distinct regu‐larites in the reactions of diverse human groups to dental caries.
Health and differential survival in prehistoric populations: Prenatal dental defects
Authors: Cook Della Collins , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLinear hypoplasia of the deciduous teeth is rare in most human populations, but common where nutritional status is poor. Deciduous enamel hypoplasia, hypocalcification, and hypoplasia‐related caries are described in Middle and Late Woodland skeletal series from the Lower Illinois Valley. Gross enamel defects that can be referred to pre‐natal development are found in 83 of 170 children under six years of age at death. Circular caries secondary to hypoplasia is significantly more common in the Late Woodland series, reflecting the apparent higher cariogenicity of Late Woodland diets. There is a significant association between prenatal dental defects and bony evidence for anemia and infectious disease. Children with enamel defects show relatively higher weaning age mortality than those without. These relationships suggest that at least moderate levels of malnutrition existed in Illinois Woodland populations.
Skeletal evidence for kneeling in prehistoric Ecuador
Authors: Ubelaker D. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBony changes on the superior distal surface of the metatarsals and the superior proximal surface of the first proximal foot phalanx are described in a prehistoric skeletal sample from Coastal Ecuador. The location and morphology of the alterations, as well as their association with femoral “squatting facets” strongly suggests they were produced by prolonged hyperdorsiflexion of the toes, probably resulting from habitual kneeling posture. Comparative data are presented from five other New World skeletal samples.
The incidence of bilateral nonmetric skeletal traits: A reanalysis of sampling procedures
Authors: Korey Kenneth A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFor reporting the incidence of bilateral skeletal traits, the choice between sampling statistics depends upon more than their relative efficiencies. Of overreaching importance are the fundamentally different assumptions about the genetic significance of bilateral asymmetry represented by the two principal sampling approaches. Sampling by side is consistent with the premise that trait expression on each side reflects an additive component of genetic variation. Implicit in sampling by individual, by contrast, is the proposition that asymmetries of expression result chiefly from developmental noise. The pattern of age‐regression indicated for many of these traits, suggesting a transient developmental role for unilateral expression, supports both this latter view and the thesis of stress asymmetry. Given this pattern, furthermore, incorporating unadjusted trait frequencies into divergence statistics would seem injudicious.
The mylohyoid bridge in the Khoisan of Southern Africa and its unsuitability as a Mongoloid genetic marker
Authors: Lundy John K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frequency of expression of the mylohyoid bridge was studied in the mandibles of 73 Khoisan. A high incidence (32.2%) of mylohyoid bridge was found, and this is compared with frequencies reported for other populations. The concept of D.R. Sawyer and co‐workers that the mylohyoid bridge is a significant genetic marker for Mongoloid affinity is discussed, and shown to be invalid by the results of this study.
Cranial capacity/cranial base relationships and prediction of vault form: A canonical correlation analysis
Authors: Taylor James V. , Dibennardo Robert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCanonical correlation analysis was used to test an hypothesized morphological relationship between vault form and cranial capacity relative to length of the chondrocranium. Ninety‐five adult male Czech skulls were measured for vault form expressed as length, width and height of the brain case; the chondrocranium was represented by nasion‐basion and basion‐opisthion lengths. In terms of explained variation, the first and most important dimension of covariation between vault and chondrocranial variables was size. The second most significant dimension of covariation expressed the hypothesized shape relationships—i.e., overall size being equal, the shorter the chondrocranial base relative to cranial capacity, the shorter and wider the vault. Furthermore, the competing hypothesis that vault form is determined by facial length proved untenable since facial length was predictive of vault shape only when measured as prosthion‐basion, a measure that incorporates basal length. When corrected for basal length, facial length is unrelated to vault form. The results are consistent with the assumption that phylogenetic and microevolutionary trends toward brachycephaly in man stem from changes in the relationship between two components of skull growth, the chondrocranial base and the brain.
Marital structure and genetic isolation in a rural Hispanic population in Northern New Mexico
Authors: Devor Eric J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn investigation of the mating structure of the rural Hispanic population of the village of Abiquiu in northern New Mexico was carried out using village marriage registers. Marital movement and departure from random mating were analyzed by the distribution of birth places of marriage partners and by surname isonymy. The time periods studied were 1882 to 1910 and 1947 to 1977. The results of these analyses show marked marital isolation (median marital distances by birthplace of 11.5 and 20.0 miles, respectively) and a significant departure from random mating (F = 0.0556 and F = 0.0495, respectively). In each case the non‐random component of the isonymy coefficient (Fn) greatly exceeds the random, or expected, component. Assortative mating for culture and proximity governed by the historical settlement pattern is indicated as the process producing these results. Isolation has begun to break down in recent years but as yet has had no great effect on the genetic structure of the Abiquiu population.
Heritability of deciduous tooth size in Australian aboriginals
Authors: Townsend Grant C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe contributions of genetic and evironmental influences to observed variability of deciduous tooth size were quantified in a group of Australian aboriginals. Phenotypic variability was partitioned into four components; between sides, between fathers, between mothers, and between offspring. Results suggested that about 58% of deciduous tooth‐size variability was due to additive genetic variance and 15% to common environmental variance. It appears that additive genetic variance is similar in both deciduous and permanent dentitions, but that common maternal effects are more important in determining deciduous tooth‐size variability.
Complex segregation analysis of Carabelli's trait in a melanesian population
Authors: Kolakowski Donald , Harris Edward F. , Bailit Howard L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA complex segregation analysis was performed on Carabelli's trait on the upper first molar utilizing 358 nuclear families from the Solomon Islands of Bougainville and Malaita. Simultaneous estiamtion of three sources of variation by the method of maximum likelihood demonstrates a significant effect of shared sibling environment which accounts for over 19% of the variance in liability for the trait. In addition, a statistically significant major gene influence is discussed and suggestions for quantifying individual liability levels for this and other dental traits are outlined.
Cross‐sectional morphometric data on a population of semifree‐ranging squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus (Iquitos)
Authors: Scollay Patricia A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEight morphometric measurements and weights were taken on 169 members of a semifree‐ranging population of squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus (Iquitos), at the MonkeyJungle, Goulds, Florida. Age‐ and sex‐related differences were determined. Weight and brow‐rump length correlated most highly with age. Sexually dimorphic differences were particularly evident in weight and head width, and both of these showed seasonal variation in the males.