bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychometric Validation of a Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire for Use in Men with Premature Ejaculation or Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Abraham Lucy , Symonds Tara , Morris Mark F. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
An instrument that can systematically capture the impact of sexual dysfunction on quality of life (QoL) in men is needed.

Aims
To psychometrically validate a sexual QoL instrument for men (SQOL-M) with premature ejaculation (PE) or erectile dysfunction (ED).

Methods
The main assessment populations were men participating in clinical trials of treatments for PE or ED. Men with PE had a confirmed intravaginal ejaculatory latency time of ≤2 minutes in ≥70% of attempts. Men with ED had a score of &gt;21 on the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Confirmatory psychometric testing was conducted in further groups of men with PE.

Main Outcome Measures
The internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, test–retest reliability, and known-groups validity of the instrument were assessed.

Results
An 11-item version of the SQOL-M was produced following factor analyses on men with either PE or ED. Psychometric testing showed no overlap between items and good item-total correlations. Factor analysis confirmed a one-factor solution. Excellent internal consistency was demonstrated, with a Cronbach's alpha of ≥0.82 in all groups. In men reporting no change in their symptoms, the SQOL-M showed excellent test–retest reliability: the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.77 for men with PE, and 0.79 for men with ED. Convergent validity was also good. In men with PE, the SQOL-M correlated with the satisfaction and distress domains of the Index of Premature Ejaculation. In men with ED, the SQOL-M correlated with the overall satisfaction domain of the IIEF. The measure also demonstrated excellent discriminant validity between men with PE or ED and men with no sexual dysfunction (P &lt;0.0001).

Conclusions
The SQOL-M instrument is a useful tool for evaluating sexual QoL in men with PE and ED.
Continuing Medical Education: The Role of Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy in the Treatment of Pelvic and Genital Pain-Related Sexual Dysfunction (CME)
Authors: Rosenbaum Talli Y. , Owens Annette 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTIntroductionChronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women and men is associated with significant sexual dysfunction. Recently, musculoskeletal factors have been recognized as significant contributors to the mechanism of pelvic pain and associated sexual dysfunction, and in particular, pelvic floor muscle hypertonus has been implicated.AimThe purpose of this Continuing Medical Education article is to describe the musculoskeletal components involved in pelvic and genital pain syndromes and associated sexual dysfunction, introduce specific physical therapy assessment and intervention techniques, and provide suggestions for facilitating an effective working relationship among practitioners involved in treating these conditions.MethodsA review of the relevant literature was performed, clarifying current definitions of pelvic pain, elucidating the role of musculoskeletal factors, and determining the efficacy of physical therapy interventions.ResultsA review of the role of physical therapy for the treatment of pelvic pain and related sexual dysfunction.ConclusionsPhysical therapy treatment of pelvic pain is an integral component of the multidisciplinary approach to CPP and associated sexual dysfunction.
Sickle Cell Disease Status and Outcomes of African-American Men Presenting with Priapism
Authors: Bennett Nelson , Mulhall John 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Priapism is associated with sickle cell disease (SSD); however, few men receive education about this condition, which contributes to attenuated return of functional erections.

Aim
To define the demographics, SSD status, and treatment outcomes of African-American men presenting with priapism.

Main Outcome Measures
Demographics, medical history, self-report of sickle cell status, and outcome assessment using International Inventory of Erectile Function (IIEF) of men with priapism were retrospectively reviewed.

Methods
A review of 39 cases of venocclusive priapism in African-American men was conducted. Charts were reviewed for demographics, medical history including SSD status by patient self-report, serum hemoglobin electrophoresis results, and priapism treatment and outcome.

Results
Mean duration of presenting priapism episode was 22 ± 12 hours (6–70 hours). Eight percent of men had priapism for &lt;12 hours, 59% 12–24 hours, 22% 24–36 hours, and 11% &gt;36 hours. All patients with priapism events of &gt;12 hours complained of reduction in erectile rigidity. No patients with priapism &gt;36 hours duration had return of spontaneous functional erections, but 44% (24–36 hours), 78% (12–24 hours) and 100% (&lt;12 hours) were able to generate functional erections with or without the use of sildenafil. Follow-up IIEF erectile function domain scores paralleled incidence of functional erections. Penile shunt surgery was required in 28%. Only 5% of men recalled learning that priapism was a complication of SSD. Six men denied a history of SSD; however, hemoglobin electrophoresis revealed abnormal hemoglobin S and elevated hemoglobin F levels in four of these men.

Conclusions
The association of SSD and venocclusive priapism is well known in the medical community, yet few patients ever receive education regarding the emergency nature of the condition. The majority of men presents in a delayed fashion, and a significant proportion requires shunt surgery leading to long-term erectile dysfunction. Of those who denied having SSD, two-thirds had SSD by hemoglobin electrophoresis.
STUDIES ON THE AETIOLOGY OF SUGAR‐CANE FROGHOPPER BLIGHT IN TRINIDAD
Authors: WITHYCOMBE C. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

The froghopper (Monecphora saccharina Dist.) is a serious pest of sugar‐cane in Trinidad.
Of the two important aspects of the problem namely (1) the factors controlling the numbers of the froghoppers themselves, and (2) the conditions influencing resistance of the canes to, and recovery from attack, the second is considered in the present paper.
The bionomics of the froghopper are briefly dealt with.
The saliva of the froghopper is slightly acid (pH. 6.0–6.2) and it contains amylytic and oxidising enzymes.
The effect of the froghopper sucking the cane leaf is described, noting especially the peculiar and primary effects upon the border parenchyma.
Later spread of injury is described in detail and various influences at work are considered.
The water relations of the plant appear to be highly important in connection with recovery from injury and retardation of the spread of injurious effects.
Fertilisers have not been shown to aid recovery.
The problem is discussed in several of its aspects and the contents of the paper, with suggestions for further investigation, summarised on pp. 102–106. “Canes do not necessarily show serious blight when froghoppers have been abundant, nor is abundance of the insect a necessary condition for serious blight.” Agreat abundance of froghoppers, of course, is bound to have a seriously deleterious effect, quite apart from the condition of the cane. The importance of water relations is emphasised.
SOME NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS OF THE TOMATO
Authors: BEWLEY W. F. , WHITE H. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

Blotchy ripening of tomato fruits is the result of malnutrition in respect of potash and nitrogen, especially the former. Phosphates seem to be unimportant in this respect.
The proportion of blotchy fruits may be reduced to less than 1 per cent, by suitable applications of sulphate of potash and sulphate of ammonia.
Blotchy ripening has not been eliminated entirely by manurial treatment. Other factors, probably climatic in nature, play some part in the incidence of this disorder.
Root invading fungi, such as Colletotrichum tabificum, interfere with the feeding of the plant and indirectly cause blotchiness of the fruit.
Exposure of the fruits to excessive sunlight causes a type of blotchiness known as “green back” if the nitrogen and potash supply is inadequate.
Blotchy ripening may be accompanied by necrosis of the vascular bundles of the fruit and breakdown of the adjacent tissues with the formation of canals.
A deficiency of nitrogen and potash in the soil in which tomato plants are growing causes distinctive colour changes in the leaf.
The leaves of tomato plants grown in soil deficient in nitrogenous foods, develop pale yellow blotches between the veins. The blotches gradually increase in size until the entire leaf surface is yellow.
Leaf scorch, characterised by a paling and subsequent desiccation of the leaf margin is due to potash starvation.
When potash is absent from the nutrient supply, the severity of leaf scorch increases as the nitrogen and phosphate supply is increased.
Leaf scorch can be eliminated completely by the application of sulphate of potash.
A SULPHUR‐DEFICIENCY DISEASE OF THE TEA BUSH
Authors: STOREY H. H. , LEACH R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.

The yellows disease of tea, the nature of which has hitherto remained obscure, has caused serious losses to planters in Nyasaland.
It is characterised by a progressive degeneration of the bush, in which the leaves become chlorotic, small, uprolled and of stiff texture, and are finally shed. Eventually the bush dies.
The disease usually only appears when the soil has been impoverished by erosion or cropping. On certain soil types it may appear in young plantings on newly cleared land.
In field experiments the disease was prevented or cured by treatment of the soil (a with mixed fertilisers that included sulphates, (b with the sulphates of ammonium, potassium, sodium or magnesium, or (c with elemental sulphur.
Typical symptoms of yellows disease appeared in tea seedlings grown in water culture deprived of sulphur.
Individual branches of diseased bushes in the field made normal healthy growth after absorbing through a side shoot a dilute solution of a sulphate.
The application of sulphates to certain roots only of a diseased bush caused a recovery only in the branches subtended by those roots.
Tobacco plants grown in Nyasaland soil without added sulphur developed a characteristic chlorosis, which was cured by the addition of sulphur.
The part played by Kkizoctonia bataticola was studied and it was concluded that this fungus was not concerned in the initiation of the disease.
This evidence has led us to conclude that tea yellows disease is produced by a deficit of sulphur in the plant in relation to other essential elements.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VIRUS DISEASES IN PLANTS IV. THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS AGENT OF AUCUBA OR YELLOW MOSAIC OF TOMATO
Authors: CALDWELL JOHN 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.In this paper the symptoms of aucuba mosaic of tomato in. N. glutinosa are described. A method is discussed whereby it is possible to count the spots formed after inoculation with juice diluted to different strengths. The fact that the number of spots formed is proportional to the amount of dilution is taken as indication of the particulate nature of the virus. A method is suggested for counting the number of virus particles present in a juice. It is shown that the amount of virus present in a juice does not increase after agitation or after treatment with proteolytic enzymes. With trypsin and diastase they were decreased. This decrease, it is suggested, is due to the adsorption rather than to the destruction of the virus. The amount of multiplication of the virus in the tissues of N. glutinosa is examined and compared with the much greater multiplication in tomato tissues.This work was carried out under the auspices of the Empire Marketing Board.
THE TOXICITY OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE TO CERTAIN WOOD‐BORING INSECTS
Authors: PARKIN E. A. , BUSVINE J. R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe relation of this investigation to other problems connected with wood fumigation is indicated and previous work bearing on the subject is reviewed.The technique is described by which the toxicity of hydrocyanic acid gas to certain wood‐feeding insects has been determined under standard conditions.Results of experiments withLyctussp. larvae at 20 and 25° C. and withLyctus brunneusbeetles andAnobium punctatumlarvae at 25° C. are given and resistance curves for different concentrations and exposures drawn from them.The relative resistances and the toxicity relationships of the different insects are discussed.Experiments withLyctuslarvae at 20 anu 25° C. show that the insects are more susceptible to HCN at the higher temperature.At 25° C.Lyctuslarvae are more susceptible to HCN thanLyctusbeetles orAnobiumlarvae.
FIELD EXPERIMENTS ON THE CONTROL OF APHIS‐TRANSMITTED VIRUS DISEASES OF HYOSCYAMUS NIGER
Authors: WATSON(HAMILTON) MARION A. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

Aphis infestation of the first‐year's growth of Hyoscyamus niger grown as a biennial crop, was reduced by spraying with a solution of nicotine and soft soap for the first 8 or 9 weeks.
The greatest effect was obtained by spraying at weekly intervals, but spraying fortnightly and spraying weekly in June or weekly in July, also slightly reduced the infestation.
The percentage of infection by aphis‐transmitted viruses was lower on the sprayed plots than on the unsprayed.
No effect of treatments on yield was obtained at the first cropping in the first year of growth which coincided with the end of the spraying period.
As a result of weekly spraying in the first year a 30 per cent increase of yield was obtained in the third crop taken in May of the second year.
Studies in the mechanism of fungicidal action: V. Non‐metallic and sodium dithiocarbamic acid derivatives
Authors: Parker‐Rhodes A. F. 
Published: February 2008

This investigation has as its object the elucidation of the mode of action of dithiocarbamic acid derivatives as fungicides, with die help of the theory of variability, heavy metal salts being dealt with separately.The experiments were carried out usingMacrospcrium sarcinaeformeas the test organism; the chemical materials used are listed.Deviations from the experimental and mathematical techniques described in previous papers of this series are explained.From the results it is inferred that: (a) dithiocarbamates are decomposed by the spores to a greater or lesser degree into amine and carbon disulphide, both being toxic; (b) the amines can be absorbed only in a combined form, which may be the dithiccarbamate itself but is more probably a derivative, possibly an ester; (c) the carbon disulphide probably acts through the mediation of a thiocarbonate; (d) thiuramsulphides act through being decomposed to dithiocarbamates (or their derivatives mentioned above). The monosulphides are largely, and the disulphides slightly, decomposed; in the latter case with reduction.It is suggested that the greater toxicity of the methyl‐derivatives over all others tested is due to the shortness of the hydrocarbon chain.It is concluded that the role of the carbon disulphide is chiefly that of a chemical carrier of the amino group, but that, owing to the negative index of variation of the spores to the latter, the carbon disulphide must play an essential part in completing the toxicity.It is suggested that heavy‐metal dimemyldithiocarbamates may show promise against M. sarcinaeforme, but that others may be effective against other fungi.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HOST SPECIES IN DETERMINING THE ACTION OF VIRUS INHIBITORS
Authors: GENDRON YVES , KASSANIS B. 
Published: February 2008

Some plant species from which viruses are difficult to transmit to other species by sap inoculation contain substances that inhibit infection. The extent to which infection is inhibited by these substances depends on the species of plants to which inoculations are made and not on the identity of the virus. The inhibitors are largely ineffective in preventing infection of the species which contain them.Infection of cucumber was less affected than any of the other species by all the inhibitors tested.
THE ABSORPTION, TRANSLOCATION AND BREAKDOWN OF SCHRADAN APPLIED TO LEAVES, USING 32P‐LABELLED MATERIAL
Authors: THOMAS W. D. E. , BENNETT S. H. 
Published: February 2008

A study of translocation of 3aP‐labelled schradan in apples, chrysanthemums, broad and runner beans and Coleus, has shown light to be an important factor.The main direction of translocation is upwards but some schradan does travel downwards. In apples translocation takes place mainly in the phloem but some may take place in xylem particularly upwards.No major difference has been observed in the ratio translocated/absorbed for Coleus, beans and chrysanthemums but in apples this proportion is greater.The breakdown of schradan into non‐chloroform extractables varies between the plant species and is far greater in beans than in Coleus.In chrysanthemums and apples the breakdown appears similar throughout the plant whilst in beans and possibly Coleus the breakdown in the untreated sections is higher.Concentrations necessary for the kill of certain species of aphides are given.
STUDIES ON PLANT CUTICLE: THE COMPOSITION OF THE CUTICLE OF APPLE LEAVES AND FRUITS
Authors: RICHMOND D. V. , MARTIN J. T. 
Published: February 2008

The levels of deposition of the waxy and cutin components of the cuticles of the mature leaves and developing fruits of the Merton Worcester and Cox's Orange Pippin varieties of apple over a period of 4 months are reported. The waxy materials on the leaves remain approximately constant at 20 μg./cm.2, and the cutin at about 100 μg./cm.2 of surface. The waxy and cutin deposits on the fruits increase markedly during the period of development, the wax and oil present on the surface and embedded within the cutin rising to 500 μg./cm.2 and the cutin to a little under 1000 μg./cm.2 of surface. Phenolic and acidic substances in the cuticles of the fruits are determined, and the possibility of their occurrence in surface deposits on the leaves is discussed.An examination is made of the effect of nutrient deficiency upon the formation of waxy and phenolic substances in the leaves. Nitrogen deficiency in Worcester Pearmain leaves leads to a reduced deposition of waxy materials, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium deficiency results in higher contents of phenolic compounds. The separation and nature of the waxy covering on leaves, the effect of environmental conditions on its formation, and its importance in relation to the application of crop protection chemicals are discussed.
Investigations on fungitoxic derivatives of salicylaldehyde
Authors: SMITH R. J. , READ W. H. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe eradicative and protective activities of the salicyl‐, 3‐chlorosalicyl‐, 5‐chlorosalicyl‐ and 3,5‐dichlorosalicyl‐anilides and ‐para‐chloroanilides, against cucumber powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.) and tomato leaf‐mould (Cladosporium fulvum Cke.) have been determined by in vivo glasshouse tests on pot plants. No compound was more effective than salicylanilide against either disease at a non‐phytotoxic concentration.In addition, the in vitro fungitoxic activities of these compounds against spores of tomato leaf‐mould have been determined; several were considerably more active than salicylanilide.
Potato haulm resistance to Phytophthora infestans
Authors: LAPWOOD D. H. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe slower increase of blight (Phytophthora infestans) (Mont.) de Bary in field plots of Majestic (MJ) and Arran Viking (AV) than of Up‐to‐Date (UD) and King Edward (KE) potatoes seems more closely related to the production of fewer spores than to greater resistance of leaves to infection.Sporing was decreased, not by differences in generation time, but because fewer spores were produced per lesion on MJ and AV, especially when lesions were small (young). Infected cells of AV died more rapidly than cells of UD and KE and so left a smaller area of sporing tissue in young lesions. Although the fungus advanced at much the same rate in leaves of the four varieties, sporing annuli were narrower on older (larger) lesions on AV unless high relative humidity persisted continuously. Sporangiophores and sporangia were formed more rapidly on UD than AV when non‐sporing lesions were transferred to high humidity. The ecoclimate of a crop of UD did not increase the sporulation on infected leaves of AV exposed within it, but sporulation was slightly decreased when infected UD leaves were exposed in a crop of AV. Generally KE behaved like UD, with MJ intermediate between these and AV.The lower leaf‐surface was more susceptible to infection than the upper. Differences in susceptibility of lamina between varieties were inconsistent. MJ and AV were more resistant than UD and KE when inoculated in leaf axils.
The depletion of insecticides on sheep fleece
Authors: HARRISON I. R. , JOHNSON C. A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSheep have been dipped in various concentrations of aldrin and dieldrin and the rate of loss of insecticide on the wool has been determined using a biological assay method. In one experiment with aldrin, the biological assay method was confirmed by chemical analysis. Depletion is rapid immediately following dipping for a period of 2–4 weeks, after this it is much slower. It has been shown that when dipping is carried out at the normal time, i.e. May to June, the chemical persists for a period of 3–4 months. When sheep are dipped in late July and August, however, the period of protection is much greater. The distribution of insecticide over the fleece has been examined; the area with least pick‐up of insecticide is in the tail region where the wool is coarse. Weather and rate of wool growth could not be correlated with rate of insecticide loss.
Studies on the fungitoxicity of captan
Authors: RICHMOND D.V. , SOMERS E. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe solubility, olelyl alcohol‐water partition coefficient, fungistatic activity to Alternaria tenuis and Neurospora crassa, and spore uptake by N. crassa of captan and six analogues have been determined. The analogues were structurally similar, possessing a phthalimide moiety and ‐NSCCl3 group, but differed in their lipid solubility. This variation in lipid solubility was not reflected in either fungitoxicity or spore uptake except for the two compounds with the lowest partition coefficients, N‐(trichloromethylthio)‐3,6‐endoxohexahydrophthalimide and N‐(trichloromethylthio)‐4,5‐epoxyhexahydrophthalimide. The high levels of uptake of the compounds required to inhibit spore germination and the high values of their estimated thermodynamic activities suggest unspecific mechanisms of toxicity and possible detoxication of the fungicides before they reach vital cellular sites.