bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Countercurrent extraction‐isoelectric precipitation of sunflower seed protein isolates
Authors: Taha Fakhriya S. , Abbasy Mehassen , El‐Nockrashy Ahmed S. , Shoeb Zein E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA countercurrent extraction‐isoelectric precipitation procedure for the preparation of protein isolates from defatted sunflower seed meal is described. Using 0.04M NaOH and a solvent:meal ratio of 20:1, as much as 95% of meal nitrogen was extracted. Precipitation at pH 4.0 resulted in an isolate containing 88.4% of the meal protein. Using 0.1% sodium sulphite with the alkaline solution in the countercurrent extraction resulted in a white, bland and highly pure protein isolate. Isolated sunflower seed protein is limiting in the amino acid lysine, while other essential amino acids are present in amounts which meet the dietary requirements of chicks and human adults.
Effects of adding chelated and non‐chelated copper and cobalt to a deficient soil on the content of these nutrients in clover and ryegrass
Authors: McLaren Ronald G. , Williams John G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn a pot trial carried out with a mineral‐deficient soil, applications of copper and cobalt significantly increased the content of these nutrients and manganese in ryegrass and clover. When used at the same rate of application of copper or cobalt, EDTA chelates were found to be no more effective than simple sulphates in increasing the copper and cobalt content. Low rates of application of copper‐EDTA produced insignificant increases in the copper content of herbage, and increases in cobalt content brought about by low application rates of cobalt‐EDTA were short lived. Incorporation of copper sulphate into the soil produced far larger increases in herbage copper concentration than copper sulphate applied to the soil surface.
Evaluation of sulphate status of soils by plant and soil tests
Authors: Scott Norman M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe relationships of the amounts of sulphate extracted by different extractants with the yield, response to added sulphate, and the sulphur uptake of oats in pot cultures have been studied for ten acid soils. The L‐value, representing the quantity of isotopically exchangeable sulphur sampled by the plants, was estimated using radioactive sulphur. The best relationships with the crop variables were given by sulphate extracted with calcium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium bicarbonate. Critical values, below which a response to added sulphate is likely to be obtained under the pot conditions, are given for the phosphate and bicarbonate extractants.
An investigation of analytical procedures for predicting soil nitrogen supply to grass in the field
Authors: Whitehead David C. , Barnes Ralph J. , Morrison John 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProcedures based on five methods of soil analysis for predicting potentially mineralisable N, and hence soil N supply, have been evaluated and compared with prediction based on total soil N. The effect of adjusting the analytical results for differences in soil temperature and water status between sites has also been examined. The evaluation was performed by calculating the extent to which the results accounted for variation in the amounts of N in the herbage of perennial ryegrass plots receiving no fertiliser N. The plots were situated at 18 sites throughout the UK: at some sites results were available for more than 1 year, giving a total of 29 site/years. The best prediction, accounting for 65 % of the variation in herbage N yield, was obtained when the amounts of ‚glucose’︁ extracted from the soils by 0.05M Ba(OH)2 were combined with the amounts of NO3‐N extracted by 2M KC1, and the combined values adjusted for soil temperature and water status. A procedure based on the measurement of the NH4‐N released by autoclaving the soils with 0.01M CaCL2 accounted for 51 % of the variation However, procedures based on (a) NH4‐N extracted by acid KMnO4, (b) non‐NO3‐N extracted by 0.01M NaHCO3, and on (c) measurement of the absorbance at 260 nm of NaHCO3 extracts, were no more effective than was analysis for total soil N (less than 36% of the variation accounted for when values were adjusted for soil temperature and water status).
Emission of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere from direct‐drilled and ploughed clay soils
Authors: Burford John R. , Dowdell Rodney J. , Crees Rachel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe emission of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere was measured for 2 years (1977‐79) from two clay soils (Denchworth and Lawford series) that had either been directdrilled or ploughed. On almost all sampling occasions the emission from directdrilled plots exceeded that from the ploughed plots by factors ranging up to 15‐fold. Rates of nitrous oxide loss reached peaks of 2.5‐3.0 mg N m‐2 h‐1 (equivalent to 0.6‐0.7 kg N ha‐1 day‐1) from the direct‐drilled plots on the Denchworth soil. Emissions of nitrous oxide from the Lawford soil were only 10‐20% of those from the Denchworth soil. The total amount of nitrous oxide‐N lost during each year from the Denchworth soil was estimated to be 5.4‐8.6 kg N ha‐1 from the direct‐drilled plots and 0.9‐5.6 kg N ha‐1 from the ploughed plots.
Scanning electron microscopy studies of wheat protein fractions from doughs mixed with oxidants at high temperature
Authors: Nagao Seiichi , Endo Shigeru , Tanaka Kenji 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProtein from flour and doughs mixed with a Do‐Corder at high temperatures in the presence and absence of oxidants (potassium bromate, potassium iodate and L‐ascorbic acid) was fractionated according to solubility into water‐, salt‐, alcohol‐, acetic acid‐soluble protein fractions and insoluble residue protein. All fractions were freeze‐dried and subjected to scanning electron microscopy to observe visually the changes in protein structure. Acetic acid‐soluble and insoluble residue protein are alike in structure, but the former was thermally denatured easily, while the latter was very stable to heat treatment. Salt‐ and alcohol‐soluble protein were not deformed, but the water‐soluble protein was deformed by heat treatment in the absence of oxidant. Oxidants generally promoted deformation of protein structure with the exception that bromate partly protected acetic acid‐soluble protein from deformation.
Changes in the limonin monolactone content during development of Washington Navel oranges
Authors: Casas A. , Rodrigo M. I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA study of the changes in the limonin monolactone content of Washington Navel oranges, grown on sour orange rootstock, from blossom until maturity was carried out. At the same time the changes in the limonin monolactone content in the leaves from the spring‐flush, adjoining the fruits used in the investigation, were studied. From the start of development of the fruits there was an important biosynthetic activity of limonin monolactone, as indicated by its accumulation up to a maximum of 47 mg per fruit—around 130 days after anthesis. Throughout the whole development of the fruit the total limonin monolactone content in the endocarp was found to be greater than in the peel. The limonin monolactone content in the leaves decreased gradually from the start of the experiment until 130 days after anthesis.
Structural functions of taste in the sugar series: Function of the γ‐attribute in the sweet glycophore
Authors: Dziedzic Stanley Z. , Birch Gordon G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe tastes of chlorinated derivatives of simple monosaccharides, their alcohols, and the disaccharides maltose and trehalose were examined in relation to existing theories of sweetness sensation. Conclusions have been drawn about the importance of the γ‐lipophilic constituent as the third site in the sweet glycophore and its function as a vector for sweet taste.
Changes in the lipid components of minced carp (Cyprinus carpio) following cooking
Authors: Mai Jimbin , Kinsella John E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe changes in weight, moisture, lipid content and composition, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and carbonyl values were determined in minced carp following cooking by baking and deep‐frying. Baked samples lost lipid via drip while the deep‐fried samples absorbed oil. Free fatty acids decreased following cooking. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values increased following cooking by either method. Antioxidants (TBHQ and BHA) inhibited the production of TBA‐reactive compounds though the production of carbonyls during deep‐frying was enhanced. Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) was slightly more effective than BHA in inhibiting the formation of TBA‐reactive compounds.
Measurement of the degree of starch damage in flour by near infrared reflectance analysis
Authors: Osborne Brian G. , Douglas Stuart 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe degree of mechanical damage imparted to starch granules during flour milling is of importance in relation to the baking properties of the flour. A calibration is presented which enables the degree of starch damage to be measured by near infrared reflectance. This technique is rapid and non‐destructive so facilitating quality control of a flour mill. The results obtained using 148 UK commercial flour samples were a correlation coefficient of 0.906 and a residual standard deviation of 3.5 Farrand units using 74 of the samples covering the range 6‐47 Farrand units. The calibration was obtained using log (1/R) data at 1442, 1580, 2060 and 2258 nm. The residual standard deviation increased to 4.2 Farrand units when the calibration was used to predict the values of 68 further samples of commercial flour. The wavelengths at which reflectance measurements were taken corresponded to overtones and combinations of vibration frequencies due to free and hydrogen‐bonded O—H bonds in starch.
A rapid test for identifying potential malting quality in the early generations of a barley breeding programme
Authors: Morgan Alan G. , Gothard Peter G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe nitrogen content of barley grains and the viscosity and glucose content of an acid extract from the corresponding barley flour were used to predict, with sufficient accuracy for selection purposes, the hot‐water extract obtained after the samples were micro‐malted. Optimum procedures were established using grain samples from several varieties and environments. Prediction equations were obtained by multiple regression and tested using samples of spring and winter barleys from the Plant Breeding Institute breeding programmes. The accuracy of prediction was greater with spring than with winter barleys. Approximately 70 samples can be tested by one person in 1 day and only a small amount of seed (2 g) is required. The method is considered suitable for screening material from early generations of breeding programmes when numbers are high and quantities of seed are insufficient for micromalting.
An improved chemical extraction method for predicting the supply of available soil nitrogen
Authors: Whitehead David C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn improved method for predicting the supply of available soil N has been developed, based on the concept of determining simultaneously the mineral N (NO3‐N+NH4‐N) present in the soil at the time of sampling, and the mineralisable N that would become available during the growing season through mineralisation of organic matter. The method entails the determination, by automated colorimetry, of NO3‐N and NH4‐N extracted from the soil by boiling with 1M KCl. The method was evaluated, in comparison with others, using 21 soils. The values for predicted soil N supply from the various methods were correlated with the amounts of N, summated over six harvests, in the herbage of perennial ryegrass grown on the soils in pots kept under uniform conditions. The method based on extraction by boiling with 1M KCl accounted for 80% of the variation between soils in herbage N yield. A second method, based on the determination of NO3‐N+NH4‐N extracted by 0.05M Ba(OH)2, was equally as effective but was considered less suitable for routine use.
The estimation of lysine by a simplified dansylation procedure
Authors: Smith Terence A. , Best Graham R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method is described for the estimation of free lysine which depends on its reaction with excess dimethylaminonaphthalene sulphonyl (dans) chloride to form dans‐5‐aminovaleraldehyde. This product is extracted into toluene, separated by thin layer chromatography and estimated by fluorimetry. The mean recovery of lysine added to casein hydrolysate using this method was 99% (s.e. 4.3%).
The lipids of young cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) leaves
Authors: Khor Hun‐Teik , Tan Hui‐Ling 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLipids were extracted quantitatively from young cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves with a chloroform‐methanol mixture. Total lipids were purified by the Folch procedure and separated into non‐polar lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions by column chromatography. Lipids of each fraction were further subjected to thin layer chromatography and gas‐liquid chromatography. Young cassava leaves were found to have low content of lipids (3.02%) of which 22.4, 25.1 and 48.2 were non‐polar lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Pigments (11.5%), wax and hydrocarbons (1.2%), steryl esters (2.9%), methyl esters of fatty acids (2.0%), trigly‐cerides (1.5%), fatty acids (2.1%), diglycerides (1.1%) and sterols (0.1%) constituted the leaf non‐polar lipids. The leaf glycolipids were made up of esterified steryl glycosides (2.1%), monogalactosyl diglycerides (12.5%), steryl glycosides (1.1%), cerebrosides (4.2%) and digalactosyl diglycerides (5.2%). The leaf phospholipids were found to include cardiolipin (3.6%), phosphatidylglycerol (21.5%), phosphatidylethanolamine (16.4%), phosphatidylserine (0.7%), phosphatidylinositol (4.0%) and other unidentified phospholipids (2.5%). Phosphatidylcholine was present only in trace quantity. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of each of the leaf lipids revealed that, with the exception of steryl esters, all leaf lipids have high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Electrophoretic separation and properties of winged bean seed trypsin inhibitor
Authors: Hildebrand David F. , Hettiarachchy Navagnana S. , Hymowitz Theodore , Erdman John W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeparation of the major trypsin inhibitor protein from crude extracts of winged bean seeds (WBTi) was accomplished using a cathodic polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoretic system. The molecular weight of the WBTi protein was determined to be about 20 000. Winged bean seed extracts showed trypsin‐inhibiting (Ti) activity similar to soya bean seed extracts, but large genotypic differences of the Ti activity in winged beans were found. Preliminary studies on the effects of processing on WBTi indicate that aqueous extracts of WBTi are at least as heat‐labile as the Ti of aqueous extracts of soya bean seeds. Autoclaving winged bean seed meal prior to protein extraction resulted in considerable reduction of protein solubility.
Lipolytic activity of fungi on rapeseed oil
Authors: El Azzabi Taher S. , Clarke James H. , Hill Simon T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMany species of fungi grow on stored seeds of oilseed rape causing the development of high levels of free fatty acids. However, the presence of a fungus on the seed does not imply that it is lipolytic. The work reported here was performed to test the ability of fungi isolated from stored rapeseed to release fatty acids from refined rapeseed oil. Lipolytic activity was assessed by growing fungi on agar, incorporating the oil as droplets and the indicator Nile blue sulphate. Of 18 species tested, only Aspergillus versicolor showed no lipolytic activity. Another method of testing for lipolysis was used for three of the fungi. They were grown in a liquid medium containing oil and the amount of free fatty acids was measured titrimetrically. The results show that many fungi can cause lipolysis of rapeseed oil, but there are great differences in the lipolytic activity between species.
Constitution of leguminous seeds. The effect of some physico‐chemical factors on the yield of proteins isolated from Phaseolus beans
Authors: Alli Inteaz , Baker Bruce E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe yields of acid‐soluble proteins isolated from white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), navy beans (P. vulgaris) and baby lima beans (P. lunatus) were determined under different conditions of extraction. Highest yields of protein material were obtained when malic acid solutions [0.4M (pH 3.5) white kidney bean and navy bean; 0.05M (pH 3.5) baby lima bean] were used and under the following conditions: shaking time 20‐30 min; extraction temperature 40‐45°C; particle size 0.50‐1.00 mm.
Artificial gravel produced by sintering soil
Authors: Hautala Earl , Menefee Emory 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA montmorillonite‐type clay soil was sintered at 800°C to form a permeable gravel substitute suitable for use as a drainage envelope material. Compression testing showed the sintered soil to be water‐stable with deformation characteristics that resemble sand more than the original soil. Hydraulic conductivity of the soil was increased more than ten‐fold by sintering. The economics of sintering may be favourable depending on the costs of mining and hauling gravel from local deposits.
Analysis of yield of winter wheat grown at increasing levels of potassium
Authors: Haeder Hans E. , Beringer Helmut 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWinter wheat was grown in pots receiving 0 (K0), 60 (K1) and 120 (K2) mg K 100 g−1 soil to investigate the effect of potassium (K) supply on the following yield components: number of ears, number of grains per ear and single grain weight. Mature grain yield increased from 34.5 g per pot at K0 to 81 g at K1 and 89.9 g per pot at K2. Straw yield increased from 35.4 (K0) to 123.2 g per pot (K2), reflecting an increase in leaf area and photosynthesis. K fertiliser lengthened the period of grain filling by 3‐4 weeks both by advancing anthesis and delaying senescence. The longer grain filling period fed by more abundant assimilates resulted in single grain weights of about 40 mg in central and lower spikelets and as much as 30 mg in the apical spikelets.
Influence of potassium nutrition and water stress on the content of abscisic acid in grains and flag leaves of wheat during grain development
Authors: Haeder Hans E. , Beringer Helmut 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIncreasing the potassium (K) supply to wheat plants grown in pots extended the period of grain filling and increased the rate of grain growth, thus increasing the single grain weight. In all K treatments abscisic acid (ABA) content in the grain reached a maximum and this occurred when the growth rate of the grain declined and full ripening commenced. Increasing the K supply delayed the occurrence of the ABA maximum and reduced its absolute value. It seems that an extension of the grain filling period by better K nutrition might not only be due to a longer production of assimilates, but also due to a retarded and lower production of ABA in the grain. This result is supported by the finding that withholding of water supply for 1‐week periods during grain development increased ABA content in the grain and reduced single grain weight.
The metabolism of alcohols by apple fruit tissue
Authors: Knee Michael , Hatfield Stephen G. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe interconversion of short‐chain aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes and esters by apple fruit has been studied by gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of the products when substrates (mainly alcohols) were supplied as vapours to fruit slices at 20°C, and to whole fruit during storage at 3°C. In preliminary experiments with fruit from various sources after different periods of storage, cortical tissue slices formed corresponding aldehydes and acetate esters from alcohols; esterification was more rapid with higher alcohols. Esterification by peel tissue slices was more rapid initially but quickly declined. Metabolism was further investigated with a batch of apples during storage under different conditions. Both cortex and peel tissue were capable of acetylating butanol and 2‐methyl propanol at all stages of maturity, from the pre‐climacteric state at normal harvest time, when endogenous ester levels were low, through 58 days ripening at 12°C. The tissues showed constant hydrolytic activity towards butyl acetate throughout this period. Whole apples in air and 2% O2 at 3°C took up ethanol but formed little ethyl acetate and retained very little free ethanol. In both atmospheres whole apples metabolised approximately 40% of added hexanol to hexyl acetate and up to 8% to hexanal. The low levels of esters in apples from low oxygen atmospheres (and the absence of esters in unripe apples) are, therefore, a consequence of low rates of alcohol synthesis.
The reactivation of ‚exhausted’︁ cellulose acetate gel beads used commercially for debittering orange juice
Authors: Johnson Robert L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCellulose acetate gel beads, when used commercially for removing the bitter principle, limonin, from orange juice, may eventually become so loaded with organic matter that simple water washes are no longer adequate to reactivate them. Such exhausted beads may be readily and economically restored to their original activity by washing with a small volume of warm water which is recycled through a small active carbon bed. Evidence is presented to indicate that limonin and hesperidin are not the only adsorbed compounds involved in loss of bead activity.
Patulin production by Paecilomyces species isolated from silage in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hacking Arthur , Rosser William R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwenty‐six Paecilomyces spp. isolated from silage in the UK were tested in a potato dextrose broth for the ability to produce the mycotoxin patulin. Of the 26 isolates 21 were shown to be capable of producing patulin. The ability of such isolates to produce patulin does not seem to be influenced by the grass species ensiled nor the pH of the silage. Patulin was not detected in any of the silage samples.
Nutritive value of cassava root meal enriched by trichoderma harzianum for chickens
Authors: Muindi Pancras J. , Hanssen Jon F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA study was conducted with chickens to establish the content of metabolisable energy (ME) and the content and apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in cassava root meal (CRM) enriched by the fungus Trichoderma harzianum. The ME content of this enriched CRM was found to be about 9.1 MJ kg−1 dry matter (DM). This value was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of non‐enriched CRM (12.2 MJ kg−1 DM). The CP content of the enriched CRM product used was 37.6 on DM basis. The non‐protein nitrogen content accounted for about 30% of the total CP value. The mean apparent digestibility coefficient of the CP was about 66% whereas that of AA was about 81%. Data from this study indicate that fungal enriched CRM could be used in chicken diets.