bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Slow and Difficult Process: The Americanization of the French Steel-Producing and Using Industries after the Second World War
Authors: Kipping Matthias 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter shows that the Americanization of production technology, management methods, and market order in the French steel-producing and steel-using industries after the Second World War was a rather slow and difficult process. The steel-producing and steel-using industries have been chosen for in-depth analysis as they played a crucial role in post-war reconstruction and the subsequent ‘economic miracle’ in France. They also illustrate the effects of the mutual interdependence between basic materials and their transformation, mass-production industry, and machinery suppliers on the Americanization process. The chapter addresses both industries in turn, and this examination results in an overall conclusion and a brief epilogue dealing with the influence of Americanization during the immediate post-war period on subsequent developments.
The Governance of Innovation: The Case of Rolls-Royce plc
Authors: Lazonick William , Prencipe Andrea 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter highlights the regulatory power of a ‘soft’ mechanism, namely communities of expertise. It draws on an in-depth case study of the evolution of governance at Rolls-Royce. The study demonstrates how a strong and stable community of engineers, with extensive rights in resource allocation decision-making, has been central in sustaining growth, accumulation of experience and technical excellence, throughout the long history of the firm, a history marked by frequent changes in ownership structures and board composition. In other words, an informally governed horizontal organization, oriented to technical objectives and somehow decoupled from the financial objectives and structure of the firm, turned out to be compatible, if not complementary, with a variety of proprietary arrangements.
The Family in Christian Social and Political Thought
Authors: Waters Brent 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe book provides a critical and constructive overview of historic and contemporary themes on the family in Christian social and political thought. The principal historic sources examined include Greco-Roman and biblical texts, patristic and medieval literature, and selected Reformation, Puritan, and 19th century authors. The development of modern liberal thought on marriage and family is subjected to extensive scrutiny by surveying the works of some of its leading founders, proponents, and contemporary critics, including a range of Christian theological responses. The chief weakness of late liberalism is that it promotes a voluntaristic vision of civil society, which portrays human associations solely as the outcome of the corporate will of autonomous individuals. The central constructive argument of the book is that such a vision has effectively eroded an understanding of the family as the most basic and natural form of human association, thereby diminishing contemporary Christian social and political thought. In order to rectify this situation, the philosophical and ideological presuppositions of late liberalism is subjected to critical analysis regarding its understanding of the nature of human associations in general, and the familial association in particular. Building upon this analysis, an alternative set of philosophical, theological, and moral presuppositions are developed, which provide the basis for developing a normative account of the family in opposition to that offered by late liberalism. This alternative account in turn may be used to inform contemporary Christian social and political thought.
James Ussher
Authors: Ford Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The fractured identities of Ireland — religious, racial, cultural, and political — lie at the heart of modern Irish history: Catholic vs Protestant, Irish vs English, Nationalist vs Unionist. This book explores the nature and intellectual origins of one of these competing and mutually-hostile identities, Irish Protestantism, by examining the life and ideas of its effective creator, Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656). Born in Ireland of Anglo-Irish stock, Ussher — educated at Trinity College Dublin and the leading bishop of the Church of Ireland — became the dominant intellectual figure in early-modern Ireland and, almost single-handedly, mapped out the distinctive features of Irish Protestant identity: partly English, partly Irish, dependent on England yet proud of its separateness, deeply hostile to ‘popery’, yet living in a Catholic country. In exile in England in the 1640s, he contributed to the discussions about the nature of episcopacy and the government of the English church. After his death, he was feted by all, high and low churchmen, royalists, and parliamentarians, all of whom sought the posthumous endorsement of his saintly reputation. By looking at Ussher in three different contexts — as Protestant Irishman in Ireland, as an Irish scholar in England, and in terms of his posthumous reputation — this work brings out the tensions and ambiguities inherent in Ussher's life work, and in the relationship between Ireland and England.
Overview of the Host Business Systems
Authors: Edwards Tony , Gunnigle Paddy , Quintanilla Javier , Wächter Hartmut 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter establishes the distinctive characteristics of the four host business systems: the UK, Germany, Ireland, and Spain. After providing an overview of the role of foreign, particularly US, multinationals within each of the four economies, it establishes the key aspects of the industrial relations systems in each case, particularly those that contrast with the American system. Building on this, the chapter provides an analysis of the extent to which each of the countries are likely to be ‘receptive’ to the introduction of American-style employment practices.
Centralization
Authors: Ferner Anthony , Gunnigle Paddy , Quintanilla Javier , Wächter Hartmut , Edwards Tony 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers the balance between central control and subsidiary autonomy in HR policy and practice. US multinationals have been shown to centralize control of international HR policy compared with multinationals of other nationalities. This chapter examines the organizational processes whereby particular patterns of centralization or autonomy are maintained, and how such patterns evolve over time. In explaining the mechanisms that drive changes in the centralization-autonomy balance, the chapter highlights the ability of actors at different levels of the multinational to influence policy choices through the deployment of a variety of power resources; the latter includes the leverage that local managers derive from their expert knowledge of the distinctive constraints and possibilities of their host business system. The factors that explain differences in the balance of centralization and autonomy between different multinationals are also explored.
Enemies of Rome? The Symbolic Alternatives
Authors: Mariah Yarrow Liv 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAll the historians developed to a certain degree their characterizations of those peoples who opposed Rome and the nature of the documented objections to her rule. In contrast to the previous chapters where the characterizations have been representative of the authors' own opinions, in this case the minds are hostile. Although the overwhelmingly negative and emotive quality of many of these passages might tempt one to see the passions as a reflection of some part of the author's own experience, judgement must be reserved until adequate analysis has been conducted. The types of enemies which inspired elaborate discussion in the core authors are divided between Eastern kings and ‘barbarians’.
Pivot Theory and the typology
Authors: Yu Alan C. L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers the extent to which it is possible to delineate a set of attested phonological pivots without resorting to stipulation. It is devoted to articulating and substantiating a theory of what constitutes a possible phonological pivot in language. Section 4.1 advances a theory of one major source of inductive bias that is crucial for morphological learning, called the Pivot Theory. The general typology of infixation organized by pivot positions is explored in Sections 4.2-4.8. The chapter sets out any broad descriptive generalizations which emerge from the typological investigation, as well as illustrations of how infixes might be accounted for within the declarative framework laid out in Chapter 3.
The Decentralization of American Manufacturing
Authors: Whitford Josh 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the changing structure of American durable manufacturing and the ensuing importance of the interfirm relationship. It argues that the decentralization of production has created space for innovation and gains for collaboration even at the middle level of small- and medium-sized component suppliers, and that their creation requires that the parties cede some exit options. As OEMs and suppliers navigate uncertainties that follow from the devolution of innovation responsibilities, they hedge relationships at multiple levels, defying the predictions of the segmentation hypothesis.
Approaching the End
Authors: Jones David Albert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book considers two basic questions: how can we live well in the face of death?; and when, if ever, is it legitimate deliberately to bring human life to an end? It does so by considering the distinct theological approaches to death shown by four outstanding Christian thinkers: Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, and Karl Rahner. These philosophers' thoughts constitute a single extended argument on the theology of death which can be set out in relation to the practical realities of grief, fear, and hope in the face of death. There is a rightful place for grief, a good grief, even for a Christian. Augustine teaches us that death is something with which we have to contend, and indeed that the difficult and painful process of contending with death is a means through which we are brought to our final joyful end. A key point for Thomas Aquinas is that, in itself, it is always wrong to kill a human being on account of the dignity of human nature. Rahner adds that it also stands in contradiction to the supernatural destiny of human beings. Rahner is at his most profound in describing how the need to surrender oneself to God in death is anticipated throughout life. The aim of this book is not primarily to make a contribution to the knowledge of the history of theology, but rather, through engagement with the thought of theologians of the past, to reflect on some of the practical and existential issues that the approach of death presents for us.
2 In Every Way a Good Thing: Death in the Thought of Ambrose of Milan
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In De bono mortis, Ambrose puts forward three deaths: death to sin so as to live to God; death as the completion of this present life; and the death of the soul due to sin. Ambrose maintains that bodily death — death as the completion of this present life — is not neutral, but rather is always a good thing in itself. For everyone, it frees the soul from the prison of the body and for Christians it also brings the eternal joy of heaven. It was Ambrose's great achievement to unite Christian and Platonic piety and metaphysics into a single vision of the meaning of human death.
5 In One Way Natural, in Another Unnatural: Death in the Thought of Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In the Summa Theologiae, Thomas Aquinas develops Augustine's anthropology with the help of the rediscovered metaphysics of Aristotle. Thomas comes to stress that the power of understanding of the ‘separated soul’ is very weak. Death is natural as regards matter (the destructible body) but not as regards form (the indestructible soul). Death in itself is always a bad thing and it is only incidentally (per accidens) that death is, for some, the beginning of heavenly bliss. Thus, homicide and suicide can be seen to be wrong because, in themselves, they are acts of destruction.
11 How to Simplify Complex Electoral Systems
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Resistance to simplifying a complex electoral system is at its least when the existing number and size of parties are not altered. The existing effective number of parties is most likely to be maintained, when the district magnitude used in the new simple electoral system is taken as the sixth power of the effective number of parties, divided by assembly size. The task remains risky, especially when one party is very large and the others very small.
Practical Psychology
Authors: Thomson Mathew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a new picture of the extent and nature of as well as the channels for the popularization of psychological thought and practice in Britain, focusing on the period from the start of the 20th century to the end of the 1930s. It downplays the enthusiasm for Freud and psychoanalysis, instead draws attention to the ‘practical psychology’ and New Thought movements as well as spiritualism and Pelmanism. It highlights their suspicion of expertise and their interest in self-improvement via the interrelationship between mind, body, and spirit. It uncovers the role of clubs, correspondence courses, and advice literature in the transmission of practical understanding. It also demonstrates a shift in the nature of popular psychology in the interwar period, with greater interest, for instance, in psychoanalysis, sex, and lifestyle, relating this to class, gender, and the increasing influence of experts in the field.
After the New Age
Authors: Thomson Mathew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the interest in psychology among intellectuals in the first half of the century. It focuses on the trajectories of a series of figures, including A. R. Orage, Dimitri Mitrinovic, James Caruthers Young, Maurice Nicoll, and David Eder, involved in a group to discuss psychology associated with the radical literary journal, The New Age. In doing so, it presents interest in Freud, sex, and psychoanalysis as just one path, setting it alongside interest in Adler and Jung, but also mystics such as Gudjieff and Ouspensky. Parallels are drawn with popular psychology, particularly in relation to the emphasis on the practical, the spiritual, and social. Elitism and the appeal of gurus are also highlighted. The link between psychology and analysis of economics and class is a theme throughout.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomson Mathew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This conclusion reflects on the main arguments of the book. In particular, it highlights the role of psychology in offering values to ameliorate the difficulty of adjusting to and embracing secularization, democratization, expanding state welfare, mechanization, consumerism, total war, and the move towards a more permissive society. Psychological thinking imagined and designed practices for cultivating a subjectivity that was free but not self-centred, and that transcended mere individualism in its ethical, social, and spiritual ambitions. It summarizes the implications of the study for thinking about some of the central narratives in the writing of modern British history. Finally, it reflects on the extent to which its story is a peculiarly British one and highlights the links with and the comparison to developments in America.
Derived Categories of Surfaces
Authors: Huybrechts D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter completes the classification of algebraic surfaces from the point of view of their derived categories. Abelian, K3, and elliptic surfaces play a special role. For all other surfaces, the derived category determines the isomorphism type. The reduction to minimal surfaces is due to Kawamata, and the case of elliptic surfaces was dealt with by Bridgeland and Maciocia.
Security and techno-systems: A comparative analysis
Authors: Murayama Yuzo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter extends the discussion into the area of security, which was thrust onto the policy and innovation system debate agenda in the wake of 9/11. It compares key features of the US and Japanese national innovation systems, and the respective roles of defence. Defence has played a relatively minor role in Japan's innovation system, but like civilian industry in the 1990s, Japan's defence industry failed to adapt to a dramatically changed (post Cold War) environment in the 1990s. In the new century, however, anzen-anshin (safety and security/peace of mind) concerns have the potential to influence both. The trajectory of influence is still fluid, but preference is given for a civilian-oriented security techno-system.
Technology management training in Japan: Government initiatives and their effects
Authors: Kaneko Atsushi , Nakata Yoshi-fumi , Yokoyama Muneaki 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines skills, focusing specifically on MOT. Five problem areas for MOT are outlined, which must be addressed with new skill sets. Identifying these is one thing; supplying them is another. After reviewing MOT education in the US, Europe, and elsewhere in Asia, its provision in Japan is discussed, identifying problems in curriculum design (hastily assembled, objectives unclear), teaching methods (too much one-way transmission), and teaching resources (too few competent teachers). On the corporate side, there is also much reliance on tacit knowledge. A common challenge is to find ways to make the key precepts for MOT explicit, so that they can be debated, developed, and diffused.
Electronic government in Japan: Towards harmony between technology solutions and administrative systems
Authors: Kita Toshiro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at government and policy from a different perspective. E-Government has been an important if overlooked part of the e-Japan strategy, and central to this is Juki-net. The debacle of its introduction is analysed, which was marked by initial confrontation with anti Juki-net campaigners concerned about privacy and information security, and subsequently between administrative agencies and residents, where passive resistance virtually assigned the Juki-card to oblivion. A ‘customer-oriented’ solution to the impasse is proposed, which is considered symptomatic of the whole e-Japan programme. It is shown that policy makers are as much in need of MOT education as the engineers and managers who still believe in the linear model of innovation.
A New Race of Colletotrichum trifolii Identified on Alfalfa in Ohio
Authors: Ariss J. J. , Rhodes L. H. 
Published: September 2007

Anthracnose of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), caused by the fungus Colletotrichum trifolii Bain & Essary, was identified as a potential problem of alfalfa in the United States in the late 1960s. Races 1 and 2 are known in the United States, and recently, race 4 was described in Australia (1). An additional race, race 3, had previously been reported in the United States, but isolates of this proposed race were not preserved and its status as a distinct race of C. trifolii is unclear. In June 2003, an isolate of C. trifolii was collected in Columbus, OH from a 4-year-old alfalfa stand of cv. 520. The isolate was obtained from typical anthracnose stem lesions. Stem sections with lesions were scraped with a sterile inoculation loop, and conidia were directly streaked onto acidified potato dextrose agar. Individual colonies were transferred to half-strength oatmeal agar. Morphological characters (conidia, acervuli, and setae) of this isolate, designated OH-WA-520, were consistent with those of other C. trifolii isolates and clearly distinguishable from C. destructivum or other Colletotrichum spp. that occur on alfalfa. The alfalfa differential cultivars Arc (resistant to race 1 and susceptible to race 2 of C. trifolii), Saranac AR (resistant to race 1 and race 2), and Saranac (susceptible to both races) were inoculated with conidia of isolate OH-WA-520 per the North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference standard protocol for determining anthracnose resistance (2). Isolate OH-WA-520 was avirulent on Arc but virulent on Saranac AR and Saranac. In each of three repetitions of the protocol, more than 65% of Arc plants survived, while less than 18% of Saranac and Saranac AR plants survived. These results indicate a physiological race inconsistent in reaction with C. trifolii race 1 or race 2, but similar in reaction to race 4 isolates previously described only from Australia (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a C. trifolii isolate virulent on Saranac AR but avirulent on Arc. This is also the first report of C. trifolii race 4 in the United States. References: (1) J. M. Mackie et al. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 54:829, 2003. (2) N. R. O'Neill. Anthracnose resistance. Page D-1 in: Standard Tests to Characterize Alfalfa Cultivars. Online publication. North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference, Beltsville, MD, 1991.
Reoperation for sella haematoma after pituitary surgery
Authors: Atkinson John L. D. , Nippoldt Todd B. , Koeller Kelly K. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryObjective  Although occasionally discussed as a general complication in large pituitary series, the incidence of reoperation for postoperative sella haematoma is unclear. We retrospectively reviewed a large pituitary surgical series to determine the incidence and associated factors of this complication.Design  We reviewed all pituitary surgery at Mayo Rochester from January 1987 until January 2007. There were 2312 transsphenoidal procedures during this period.Patients  All patients had proven pituitary pathology by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging and pituitary function studies.Measurements  Reoperation for sella haematoma and perioperative clinical correlations were the only measurement tools. It is indeterminate how many patients had postoperative sella haematoma without visual loss because routine postoperative CT scanning was not performed.Results  Three patients underwent reoperation for postoperative haematoma in the sella by three different endocrine neurosurgeons, and all three patients had progressive postoperative visual loss. All initial operations were for large macroadenomas; two had early postoperative hypertension that may have been a contributor; and one had markedly thickened bone felt to be the source of bleeding and deterioration 24 h later.Conclusions  Reoperation for postoperative sellar haematoma is uncommon. However, postoperative progressive visual loss was clinically present in all three patients, and labile hypertension postoperatively may play a role.
Nodular Lesions of the Tongue in Canine Leishmaniosis
Authors: Pinna Parpaglia M. L. , Vercelli A. , Cocco R. , Zobba R. , Manunta M. L. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIn this case report, an atypical clinical presentation of leishmaniosis in a dog with multiple nodular lesions of the tongue is described. Haematological and biochemical analysis, serological test for Leishmania infantum antibodies and biopsy samples from several nodules of the tongue for histopathological examination were made. The final diagnosis of leishmaniosis was based upon the observation of amastigotes in the bioptic samples. It is recommended to consider leishmaniosis among the list of differentials of mucosal nodular lesions, at least in endemic areas.