bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated blood cell differential: State of the art and eye to the future1
Authors: Nebe C. Thomas , Baurmann Herrad , Kuling Gudrun , Diem Heinz 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Complete blood count including automated blood cell differential is one of the most frequent tests in the medical laboratory. How reliable is the method representing a diagnostic sieve in a stepwise diagnostic approach? Which pathologic conditions will be overlooked? Which body fluids can be investigated? What are the preanalytical requirements? When is a microscopic review required? Reimbursement has reached a level where a personal review of the diagram of cell clusters and of the blood film cannot be afforded. As the technology of blood cell analyzers has recently been described in this journal, this article focuses on the strengths and weaknesses of the automated blood cell differential. This allows judgment of the risks of a stepwise approach dependent on the medical discipline sending the sample.
Messunsicherheitsschranke der Doppler-Global-Velozimetrie mit LaserfrequenzmodulationFundamental Measurement Uncertainty Limits of Doppler Global Velocimetry with Laser Frequency Modulation
Authors: Fischer Andreas , König Jörg , Büttner Lars , Czarske Jürgen , Eggert Michael , Müller Harald 
Published: January 2009

Zusammenfassung
Es wird ein Doppler-Global-Velozimeter mit sinusförmiger Laserfrequenzmodulation (FM-DGV) vorgestellt, mit welchem Geschwindigkeitsfelder in Strömungen berührungslos gemessen werden können. Eingesetzt wird dabei ein Diodenlaser (852,36 nm), eine Cäsium-Absorptionszelle und ein fasergekoppeltes Lawinenphotodiodenarray. Die minimal erreichbare Messunsicherheit wird anhand einer Berechnung der Cramér-Rao-Schranke abgeschätzt und mit der der konventionellen DGV-Messtechnik verglichen. Die betrachteten Rauschquellen sind das Quantenschrotrauschen sowie das thermische und Dunkelstromrauschen der Photodetektoren. Die Berechnungen zeigen in Übereinstimmung mit Messungen, dass minimal 0,03 m/s bei einer Streulichtleistung von 3nW, einer Zeitauflösung von 16 ms und bei einem minimalen NEP-Wert des Detektors von 35 fW/√Hz erreicht werden können. Zwar wird für die betrachteten Störquellen die resultierende Unsicherheit bei konventionellen DGV-Systemen als ähnlich hoch abgeschätzt, jedoch entfallen beim FM-DGV die u. U. hohen Bildausrichtungs- und Strahlteilungsfehler, da keine Referenzkamera benötigt wird. Es ergeben sich somit vielversprechende Perspektiven in der Anwendung z.B. bei der präzisen Vermessung von 2D3K-Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten in Turbomaschinen und, aufgrund der möglichen hohen Zeitauflösung von bis zu 10 μs, bei der simultanen ortsaufgelösten Messung von Geschwindigkeitsspektren im Rahmen einer Turbulenzanalyse.
Laserbasierte Strahler-Empfänger-Baugruppe mit integrierter Mikrooptik zur Messung von StreulichtLaser-based Emitter-Receiver-Device with Integrated Micro-Optics for the Measurement of Scattered Light
Authors: Müller Ralf , Förster Erik 
Published: January 2009

Zusammenfassung
Die Messung von gestreutem Licht in klaren Flüssigkeiten dient für den Nachweis von Abrieb und die Qualitätskontrolle. Die Entwicklung eines optischen Modells zeigt die Vorteile eines mikrooptischen Elementes. Es wird eine planare Strahler-Empfänger-Baugruppe mit integriertem vertikal emittierenden Laser (VCSEL) in Kombination mit einem Streumedium (MIE-Berechnungen) und einem strukturierten Absorber-/Reflektor-Element beschrieben. Die Geometrie des Reflektors wurde optimiert. So können Reflexionen kontrolliert werden. Durch den Einsatz der Mikrooptik kann die Effizienz des Sensors gesteigert werden. Der Beitrag beinhaltet die technische Beschreibung und Charakterisierung einer bisher realisierten Strahler-Empfänger-Baugruppe.
Methotrexate-Associated Biochemical Alterations in a Patient with Chronic Neurotoxicity
Authors: Vezmar Sandra , Bode Udo , Jaehde Ulrich 
Published: January 2009

Methotrexate-Associated Biochemical Alterations in a Patient with Chronic Neurotoxicity
Intrathecal and/or high-dose intravenous administration of methotrexate (MTX) in the treatment of malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) has been associated with cases of mild to severe neurotoxicity. The pathogenic mechanism of neurotoxicity is not clear, possibly MTX-associated biochemical alterations of the folate and methyl-transfer metabolic pathways play an important role. We report a case of an adult patient treated for ALL relapse with signs of chronic leukoencephalopathy associated with MTX administration. In order to assess alterations in the folate and methyl-transfer pathway we determined 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methyl-THF), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the patient. Three CSF samples were obtained by lumbar punction within a four-month period. Concentrations of the metabolites were measured using validated bioanalytical methods based on HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection. The results showed two-fold lower 5-methyl-THF levels (29.3-31.8 nmol/L) in all obtained samples compared to reference values. SAM concentrations were even more than five-fold lower in two samples (5-34.2 nmol/L). SAH concentrations were in the range 7.5-14.3 nmol/L. Our patient had pronounced alterations in the folate and methyltransfer pathway which indicate that MTX-associated biochemical alterations of these pathways may play an important role in the development of leukoencephalopathy.
Receptors and Binding Proteins for Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factors in the Placenta of Healthy Mothers and Mothers with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Weber Milena , Baričević-Jones Ivona , Masnikosa Romana , Filimonović Dejan , Miković Željko , Nedić Olgica 
Published: January 2009

Receptors and Binding Proteins for Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factors in the Placenta of Healthy Mothers and Mothers with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
The IGF system of human placenta consists of insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I and -II, their receptors (IGF-1R and IGF-2R), and binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to -6). Due to many structural and metabolic similarities with insulin, the IGF system cannot be examined separately from insulin and its receptor (IR). In this study gel filtration was used to detect solubilized membrane proteins of the placenta obtained from healthy mothers and mothers with IDDM. In order to detect placental membrane proteins that bind IGF molecules (and insulin), the solubilized membranes were incubated with each of the three 125I-labelled ligands: 125I-IGF-I, 125I-IGF-II and 125I-insulin prior to gel filtration chromatography. The biochemical evidence of the presence of receptors for insulin and IGFs, as well as that of IGFBP-1 were obtained by immunoblotting. Herein we demonstrated that, considering IGF and insulin receptor content, the placental tissue obtained from mothers with IDDM was not different from that obtained from healthy mothers. However, the concentration of IGFBP-1 differed between the examined placentas. IDDM in mothers caused an increase in the amount of IGFBP-1 in their placentas and, consequently, the amount of the labelled ligand bound to it. The redistribution of IGFs between the receptors and IGFBP-1 may be involved in regulatory mechanisms in the placenta of mothers with IDDM.
Association Between Osteoarticular Scores and Acute Phase Reactant Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kafeđiska Irena , Spasovski Dejan , Gruev Todor , Grličkov Mane , Cakalaroski Kočo , Serafimovski Vlado , Sotirova Tatjana , Miloševski Petar 
Published: January 2009

Association Between Osteoarticular Scores and Acute Phase Reactant Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis
The aim of this prospective control study was a quantitative evaluation of the activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in certain time intervals, using articular indexes (set of 28 sensitive and 28 swollen joints), laboratory parameters (Hb, Hct, Er, Le and Plt) and acute phase reactants (ESR, RF, CRP); to determine which of the acute phase reactants is the most useful biochemical marker for the evaluation of disease activity in RA; to quantify the therapeutical and laboratory differences in certain time intervals in the group with and without immunomodulatory therapy with Methotrexate. Sixty patients with RA were included, 27 of who were treated with non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Methotrexate (MTX). The control group consisted of 33 patients treated only with NSAIDs because of irregular controls. In the first group of patients the disease activity was estimated at four time intervals, and in the control group of patients at three time intervals following the scores of the articular indexes, blood cell counts, ESR and CRP in every patient. In the first group of patients decreased activity of RA was found upon every following control with a consecutive decrease in mean values of the scores of articular indexes with statistically significant differences at the four time intervals. Considering laboratory parameters, there were statistically significant differences in the mean values of Hb, Er, Plt, ESR, (p=0.0462, p=0.0076, p= 0.0058, p= 0.0003). Mean values of CRP did not show statistically significant differences, but the number of patients who were CRP negative increased (there were great standard deviations). In the group of patients treated only with NSAIDs, there were statistically significant differences in the mean values of the scores of articular indexes with an increse at every following control (in favour of progression of the disease). There were no statistically significant differences considering blood cell counts, ESR and CRP (in favour of permanently active disease). In conclusion, CRP is the most useful marker for the prospective follow-up of patients with RA.
Karst and saltwater intrusion mapping using electric resistivity tomography: case study at the site of Cap Rhir, Southern Morocco
Authors: Toto El Arbi , Basri Mohamed El , Al‐Hajari Saif Ali , Hafid Mohamad , Benammi Mohamed , Ibenbrahim Aomar 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTA 2D electrical resistivity method was used to survey the site of Cap Rhir, which is located on the Atlantic Coast, about 30 km north of Agadir, Southern Morocco. This site was proposed by the National Office of Electricity (ONE) for the construction of a large thermal plant for the provision of electrical power to the region. Nineteen 2D electrical resistivity tomography profiles with electrode spacings of 3 m and 5 m were acquired across the study area using the dipole‐dipole electrode configuration. The apparent resistivity measurements were taken by the Sting R8 system (AGI) and the inversion of the data was accomplished by the EarthImager 2D software.The integration of the apparent resistivity inversion results, the surface geology and the borehole cores data indicate, in addition to the near surface topsoil cover, two prominent high and low resistivity areas on all the resistivity profiles. The high resistivity readings of up to 2000 Ohm.m correlate with the very compact reef limestone that crops out in the southern portion of the study area and with the more or less resistive block‐faulted limestone that occurs in the northern portion of the study area.Nevertheless, the most important findings that might have a negative impact on the thermal plant project construction, local ecosystems and groundwater resources farther inland, are the low resistivity anomalies that dominate all the 2D resistivity profiles at relatively shallow depth. They show low resistivity values between 10 Ohm.m and 20 Ohm.m and have geometrical forms of alternating nearly spherical and elongate bodies. In accordance with the outcrops and the borehole cores, these features are likely to represent saltwater‐filled buried karstic cavities connected by channels, caused by limestone dissolution. An alternative interpretation could be that excessive carbonate dissolution has resulted only in a nested network of large communicating pores filled with marine waters. Major faults, spanning the entire study area, were imaged on the resistivity profiles; sharp cliffs were also identified and were interpreted as marks of ancient shorelines.
Fabrication and Electromechanical Characterization of a Piezoelectric Structural Fiber for Multifunctional Composites
Authors: Lin Yirong , Sodano Henry A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe use of piezoceramic materials for structural sensing and actuation is a fairly well developed practice that has found use in a wide variety of applications. However, just as advanced composites offer numerous benefits over traditional engineering materials for structural design, actuators that utilize the active properties of piezoelectric fibers can improve upon many of the limitations encountered when using monolithic piezoceramic devices. Several new piezoelectric fiber composites have been developed; however, almost all studies have implemented these devices such that they are surface‐bonded patches used for sensing or actuation. This paper will introduce a novel active piezoelectric structural fiber that can be laid up in a composite material to perform sensing and actuation, in addition to providing load bearing functionality. The sensing and actuation aspects of this multifunctional material will allow composites to be designed with numerous embedded functions, including structural health monitoring, power generation, vibration sensing and control, damping, and shape control through anisotropic actuation. This effort has developed a set of manufacturing techniques to fabricate the multifunctional fiber using a SiC fiber core and a BaTiO3 piezoelectric shell. The electromechanical coupling of the fiber is characterized using an atomic force microscope for various aspect ratios and is compared to predictions made using finite element modeling in ABAQUS. The results show good agreement between the finite element analysis model and indicate that the fibers could have coupling values as high as 68% of the active constituent used.
Acetylide aus Alkylpropiolaten als Bausteine zur C3‐Homologisierung
Authors: Tejedor David , López‐Tosco Sara , Cruz‐Acosta Fabio , Méndez‐Abt Gabriela , García‐Tellado Fernando 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAller guten Dinge sind drei: Metallacetylide aus Alkylpropiolaten ermöglichen C3‐Homologisierungen, bei denen Produkte mit vielfältigen Reaktivitätsprofilen erhalten werden, die ohne Funktionalisierung direkt weiterreagieren können. Metallfreie Acetylide, die durch den Angriff eines starken Nucleophils auf das Alkylpropiolat entstehen, können durch verschiedene Dominoreaktionen mit geeigneten Elektrophilen vielfältige Gerüste aufbauen.magnified imageAlkylpropiolate sind Reagentien mit einem vielfältigen Reaktivitätsprofil, das sie durch C3‐Homologisierungen vollständig auf die homologisierten Produkte übertragen. Für effiziente C3‐Homologisierungen wird eine geeignete Methode zur Erzeugung des Acetylidions benötigt, die sowohl mit der konjugierten Esterfunktion als auch mit dem elektrophilen Reaktionspartner kompatibel ist. Fortschritte in dieser Richtung umfassen die katalytische Erzeugung solcher Acetylide in situ in Gegenwart von Elektrophilen. Metallorganische Ansätze haben zu stereoselektiven Reaktionen geführt, und organokatalytische Methoden haben die Grundlage für effiziente Dominoprozesse geschaffen, die in komplexen Produkten resultieren.
Trimetallic Nitride Endohedral Fullerenes: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for the M3N6+@C2n6− model
Authors: Chaur Manuel N. , Valencia Ramón , Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Poblet Josep M. , Echegoyen Luis 
Published: January 2009

AbstractKeine Frage der Größe: Die Redoxeigenschaften endohedraler Metallnitridfullerene (MNEFs) hängen nicht von der Größe des Kohlenstoffkäfigs, sondern von dessen elektronischen Eigenschaften ab. Dies spricht für einen ionischen Aufbau der MNEFs.magnified image
Formate as a Surface Probe for Ruthenium Nanoparticles in Solution 13C NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Tedsree Karaked , Kong Adam T. S. , Tsang Shik Chi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDie Adsorption von Ameisensäure auf unterschiedlich großen Ru‐Nanopartikeln ermöglicht die Differenzierung verschieden gebundener Formiatspezies durch 13C‐NMR‐Spektroskopie in Lösung (siehe Bild). Die chemischen Verschiebungen sind ähnlich zu denen von metallorganischen Analoga; dies lässt den Schluss zu, dass Formiat als Sonde zur Unterscheidung von Oberflächenmerkmalen gelöster Metallnanopartikel mit guter Quantifizierung und Auflösung dienen kann.magnified image
Barrier Compression Enhances an Enzymatic Hydrogen‐Transfer Reaction
Authors: Hay Sam , Pudney Christopher R. , McGrory Tom A. , Pang Jiayun , Sutcliffe Michael J. , Scrutton Nigel S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBindung unter Druck: Hydrostatischer Druck staucht die Ladungstransferbindung in dem binären Komplex aus Morphinon‐Reduktase und NADH4 (siehe Spektrum). Moleküldynamiksimulationen implizieren, dass die Einwirkung von Druck die Reaktionsbarriere erniedrigt, indem der dem Flavinmononucleotid und NADH zugängliche Konformationsraum innerhalb des aktiven Zentrums eingeschränkt wird. Die effektive Katalysegeschwindigkeit steigt mit zunehmendem Druck.magnified image
The Norbornene Shuttle: Multicomponent Domino Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Helical Alkenes through Multiple CH Functionalization
Authors: Gericke Kersten M. , Chai David I. , Bieler Nikolas , Lautens Mark 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDarf ich bitten? Teil des für die palladiumkatalysierte Titelreaktion vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus ist, dass das gespannte Alken Norbornen (oder Norbornadien) den Katalysezyklus wie bei einem katalytischen „Square Dance“ betritt und wieder verlässt, wobei es als Promotor und als Kupplungspartner bei der Bildung von vier C‐C‐Bindungen fungiert, von denen zwei eine schwierige C‐H‐Aktivierung erfordern.magnified image
Aus dem Schatten ins Rampenlicht: Eisen(‐Domino)‐Katalyse
Authors: Fürstner Alois 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDornröschen: Ist die chemische Fachwelt dabei, die seit Jahrzehnten schlummernde Eisenkatalyse „wachzuküssen“? Jedenfalls scheint eine kürzlich erschienene Arbeit ein wichtiger Schritt in diese Richtung zu sein. Darin wird ein anwenderfreundliches Verfahren zur direkten Kreuzkupplung von Alkyl‐ und Arylhalogeniden vorgestellt, bei dem ein Eisenkatalysator nacheinander zwei verschiedene Elementarschritte induziert.magnified image
Trimetallic Nitride Endohedral Fullerenes: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for the M3N6+@C2n6− model
Authors: Chaur Manuel N. , Valencia Ramón , Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Poblet Josep M. , Echegoyen Luis 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSize doesn't matter: Metallic nitride endohedral fullerenes (MNEFs) exhibit redox properties that are not dependent on the size of the carbon cage, but on its electronic properties. These findings support the ionic model of MNEFs.magnified image
Selective Fluorescence Labeling of Lipids in Living Cells
Authors: Neef Anne B. , Schultz Carsten 
Published: January 2009

AbstractClick chemistry in vivo: Three phosphatidic acid derivatives with alkyne groups in their fatty acid chains were synthesized and incorporated into mammalian cell membranes. Copper(I)‐catalyzed and strain‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions were used for their visualization (see schematic representation and fluorescence microscopic image).magnified image
Synthesis and Characterization of Homopolymers and Copolymers Containing closo‐[B12H12]2− Boron Cage Derivatives
Authors: Yisgedu Teshome B. , Chen Xuenian , Schricker Scott , Parquette Jon , Meyers Edward A. , Shore Sheldon G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChains of cages: Neutral/ionic [B12H12]2− boron‐cage‐functionalized methacrylate and styrene homopolymers or copolymers (see picture) are non‐crystalline solids, Tg increases as the number of B12 cages in the chain of polystyrene increases, and homopolymers retain more weight than the copolymers when heated to 400 °C.magnified imageNew [B12H12]2− boron cage functionalized neutral and ionic methacrylate and styrene monomers (1, 2, 3) were synthesized and these monomers were used to prepare homopolymers (4, 5, 6) and copolymers with methylmethacrylate (MMA) (7, 8), 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) (11, 12, 13, 17), 2‐hydroxyethylacrylate (HEA) (14, 15, 18), acrylamide (AA) (16), and styrene (9, 10, 19) with different monomer ratios. Free‐radical initiated bulk and solution polymerization methods were used to synthesize these polymers and they were characterized by 1H NMR, 11B NMR, and IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Generally, the polymers show broad 1H NMR and 11B NMR peaks compared to their respective monomers. The copolymers have high molecular weights with higher [B12H12]2− boron cage mole ratios. All the polymers on which DSC experiments were conducted (4 b, 5 b, 6 b, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, and 19) are non‐glassy amorphous solids, except styrene copolymers (9, 19) and homopolymer (6 b) which show Tg values of 100, 117, and 162 °C, respectively. Copolymers 9 and 10 have higher thermal stability (320 °C) than polymers 5 b, 4 b, and 8, which are stable up to 244, 250, and 260 °C, respectively. The homopolymers retained more weight than the copolymers when they were heated to 400 °C.