bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerische Simulation der nicht‐isothermen Strömung in Einwellenextrudern
Authors: Conzen Carsten , Wünsch Olaf 
Published: December 2005

AbstractExtruder werden hauptsächlich zum Aufschmelzen und Fördern von Kunststoffen verwendet. Die heie Kunststoffschmelze ist ein nicht‐newtonsches Fluid, dessen Viskosität von der Temperatur und der Schergeschwindigkeit anhängt. Die Strömung und das Temperaturfeld in der Schmelze werden analysiert und in Form von Kennlinien für Durchsatz und Leistung präsentiert. Ausserdem wird der Einfluss der kinematischen Randbedingungen auf das Temperaturfeld gezeigt. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Critical Velocities and Flow Rate Limitations in Open Capillary Channel Flows (CCF)
Authors: Haake Dennis , Rosendahl Uwe , Ohlhoff Antje , Dreyer Michael 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn the present study a forced liquid flow through an open capillary channel is investigated experimentally and numerically under reduced gravity conditions (microgravity). An open capillary channel is a structure that establishes a liquid flow path at low Bond numbers, when the capillary pressure caused by the surface tension force dominates in comparison to the hydrostatic pressure induced by gravitational or residual accelerations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experiments on the flow stability in a double‐lid‐driven cavity
Authors: Siegmann‐Hegerfeld T. , Schmidt J.‐R. , Albensoeder S. , Kuhlmann H. C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe stability of the two‐dimensional, steady, incompressible flow in a rectangular square cavity is investigated experimentally for the parallel motion of two facing walls. The critical Reynolds numbers for the onset of three‐dimensional steady flow, its structure, and the bifurcation diagram of the velocity field, measured by LDV, agree with numerical predictions. It is observed that the wavelength of the selected pattern increases with the Reynolds number. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Understanding the Robustness of Dynamic model in Large Eddy Simulation
Authors: Kumar Akula Rajani , Sadiki Amsini , Janicka Johannes 
Published: December 2005

AbstractOne of the main question faced by the large eddy simulation(LES) users is, why dynamic model works? Many authors have tried to answer this question with little sucess. In the present work we would like to show the insensitiveness of the dynamic model to the externaly introduced variation in the model coefficent, which proves the robustnessof the model. Analytical and physical reasoning for this behaviour is given by simulating the fully developed channel flow case. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wind Gusts and Small Scale Intermittency in Atmospheric Flows
Authors: Barth Stephan , Böttcher Frank , Peinke Joachim 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe introduce a model that interprets atmospheric increment statistics as a large scale mixture of subsets of isotropic statistics. When mixing is weak the same statistics as for isotropic turbulence is recovered while for strong mixing robust intermittency is obtained. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
DNS and Experiment of a Turbulent Channel Flow with StreamwiseRotation ‐ Study of the Cross Flow Phenomena
Authors: Weller Tanja , Oberlack Martin , Recktenwald Ingo , Schröder Wolfgang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractModelling of rotating turbulent flows is a major issue in engineering applications. Intensive research has been dedicated to rotating channel flows in spanwise direction such as by [1], [2] to name only two. In this work a turbulent channel flow rotating about the streamwise direction is presented. The theory is based on the investigations of [4] employing the symmetry theory. It was found that a cross flow in the spanwise direction is induced. A series of direct numerical simulations (DNS) at different rotation numbers is carried out to examine these effects. Further, the results of the DNS are compared to the measuremets of a corresponding experiment. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bacterial gene therapy strategies
Authors: Vassaux Georges , Nitcheu Josianne , Jezzard Sarah , Lemoine Nick R 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe ability of bacteria to mediate gene transfer has only recently been established and these observations have led to the utilization of various bacterial strains in gene therapy. The types of bacteria used include attenuated strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, and Yersinia, as well as non‐pathogenic Escherichia coli. For some of these vectors, the mechanism of DNA transfer from the bacteria to the mammalian cell is not yet fully understood but their potential to deliver therapeutic molecules has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo in experimental models. Therapeutic benefits have been observed in vaccination against infectious diseases, immunotherapy against cancer, and topical delivery of immunomodulatory cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. In the case of attenuated Salmonella, used as a tumour‐targeting vector, clinical trials in humans have demonstrated the proof of principle but they have also highlighted the need for the generation of strains with reduced toxicities and improved colonization properties. Altogether, the encouraging results obtained in the studies presented in this review justify further development of bacteria as a therapeutic vector against many types of pathology. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPV‐mediated cervical carcinogenesis: concepts and clinical implications
Authors: Snijders Peter JF , Steenbergen Renske DM , Heideman Daniëlle AM , Meijer Chris JLM 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPersistent infection with a high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is generally accepted as a necessary cause of cervical cancer. However, cervical cancer is a rare complication of an hrHPV infection since most such infections are transient, not even giving rise to cervical lesions. On average, it takes 12–15 years before a persistent hrHPV infection may ultimately, via consecutive premalignant stages (ie CIN lesions), lead to an overt cervical carcinoma. This argues that HPV‐induced cervical carcinogenesis is multi‐step in nature. In this review, the data from hrHPV‐mediated in vitro transformation studies and those obtained from analysis of clinical specimens have been merged into a cervical cancer progression model. According to this model, a crucial decision maker in the early stages following infection involves individual susceptibility for certain HPV types depending on the genetic make‐up of immune surveillance determinants. Once a CIN lesion has developed, altered transcriptional regulation of the viral E6/E7 oncogenes, resulting in genomic instability and distinguishing the process of cell transformation from a productive viral infection, probably provides the subsequent important step towards malignancy. The additional (epi)genetic alterations that subsequently accumulate in high‐grade CIN lesions may result in overt malignancy via immortality and growth conditions that gradually become less sensitive to growth‐modulating influences mediated by cytokines and cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesions. The potential implications of hrHPV testing and some other biomarkers deduced from this model for cervical screening and the clinical management of CIN disease are also discussed. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Helicobacter infection and gastric neoplasia
Authors: Peek Richard M , Crabtree Jean E 
Published: December 2005

AbstractChronic gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori is the strongest known risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the distal stomach, yet only a minority of people who harbour this organism ever develop cancer. H. pylori isolates possess substantial genotypic diversity, which engenders differential host inflammatory responses that influence clinical outcome. H. pylori strains that possess the cag pathogenicity island and secrete a functional cytotoxin induce more severe gastric injury and further augment the risk for developing distal gastric cancer. However, carcinogenesis is also influenced by host genetic diversity, particularly involving immune response genes such as IL‐1ß and TNF‐α. It is important to gain insight into the pathogenesis of H. pylori‐induced gastritis and adenocarcinoma, not only to develop more effective treatments for gastric cancer, but also because it might serve as a paradigm for the role of chronic inflammation in the genesis of other malignancies that arise within the gastrointestinal tract. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morbilliviruses and human disease
Authors: Rima Bertus K , Duprex W Paul 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMorbilliviruses are a group of viruses that belong to the family Paramyxoviridae. The most instantly recognizable member is measles virus (MV) and individuals acutely infected with the virus exhibit a wide range of clinical symptoms ranging from a characteristic mild self‐limiting infection to death. Canine distemper virus (CDV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) cause a similar but distinctive pathology in dogs and cattle, respectively, and these, alongside experimental MV infection of primates, have been useful models for MV pathogenesis. Traditionally, viruses were identified because a distinctive disease was observed in man or animals; an infectious agent was subsequently isolated, cultured, and this could be used to recapitulate the disease in an experimentally infected host. Thus, satisfying Koch's postulates has been the norm. More recently, particularly due to the advent of exceedingly sensitive molecular biological assays, many researchers have looked for infectious agents in disease conditions for which a viral aetiology has not been previously established. For these cases, the modified Koch's postulates of Bradford Hill have been developed as criteria to link a virus to a specific disease. Only in a few cases have these conditions been fulfilled. Therefore, many viruses have over the years been definitely and tentatively linked to human diseases and in this respect the morbilliviruses are no different. In this review, human diseases associated with morbillivirus infection have been grouped into three broad categories: (1) those which are definitely caused by the infection; (2) those which may be exacerbated or facilitated by an infection; and (3) those which currently have limited, weak, unsubstantiated or no credible scientific evidence to support any link to a morbillivirus. Thus, an attempt has been made to clarify the published data and separate human diseases actually linked to morbilliviruses from those that are merely anecdotally associated. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational design of gene‐based vaccines
Authors: Barouch Dan H 
Published: December 2005

AbstractVaccine development has traditionally been an empirical discipline. Classical vaccine strategies include the development of attenuated organisms, whole killed organisms, and protein subunits, followed by empirical optimization and iterative improvements. While these strategies have been remarkably successful for a wide variety of viruses and bacteria, these approaches have proven more limited for pathogens that require cellular immune responses for their control. In this review, current strategies to develop and optimize gene‐based vaccines are described, with an emphasis on novel approaches to improve plasmid DNA vaccines and recombinant adenovirus vector‐based vaccines. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The function of immunoglobulin A in immunity
Authors: Woof Jenny M , Kerr Michael A 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe vast surfaces of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts represent major sites of potential attack by invading micro‐organisms. Immunoglobulin A (IgA), as the principal antibody class in the secretions that bathe these mucosal surfaces, acts as an important first line of defence. IgA, also an important serum immunoglobulin, mediates a variety of protective functions through interaction with specific receptors and immune mediators. The importance of such protection is underlined by the fact that certain pathogens have evolved mechanisms to compromise IgA‐mediated defence, providing an opportunity for more effective invasion. IgA function may also be perturbed in certain disease states, some of which are characterized by deposition of IgA in specific tissues. This review details current understanding of the roles played by IgA in both health and disease. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathogenesis and prevalence of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Authors: Hilton David A 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was widespread exposure of the UK population to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)‐contaminated food products, which has led to over 150 deaths from variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). Although the pathogenesis in humans is not fully understood, data from animal models and, to a lesser extent, patients with vCJD suggest that oral exposure to BSE is rapidly followed by accumulation of PrPres in gut‐associated lymphoid tissue, then, after haematogenous spread, throughout the lymphoreticular system. Spread to the central nervous system may not occur for several years, but blood from individuals in the pre‐clinical phase appears to be able to transmit disease. The incidence of vCJD has remained low and is in decline, but it is known from iatrogenic CJD and kuru that human prion disease can have incubation periods of up to 40 years. Cases of vCJD are therefore likely to occur for many more years and alternative phenotypes may develop in individuals with different PRNP genotypes to those seen to date. Studies in transgenic mice have shown that sub‐clinical infection is frequent following oral exposure to BSE and a study looking at the accumulation of PrP in anonymized human lymphoid tissue samples found positive cases. There are likely to be a number of asymptomatic ‘carriers’ of disease within the UK and although it is unclear whether these individuals will develop clinical disease, there is a potential for iatrogenic spread to others. These uncertainties highlight the importance of developing a reliable blood test for vCJD and the continued need for surveillance. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subversion of cellular functions by Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Pizarro‐Cerdá Javier , Cossart Pascale 
Published: December 2005

AbstractListeria monocytogenes is a Gram‐positive bacterium that is able to invade and multiply within eukaryotic cells. Its intracellular life‐cycle includes pathogen‐induced phagocytosis, lysis of the phagocytic vacuole, movement in the cytoplasmic environment, and a cell‐to‐cell spread mechanism. Many L. monocytogenes virulence factors have been studied in detail, certain of which subvert specific eukaryotic cell functions in order to favour infection. During entry, the invasion protein InlA takes advantage of the adhesion molecule E‐cadherin and the adherens junction machinery to adhere to target and invade polarized epithelial cells. Another invasion protein of the internalin family, InlB, subverts the signalling pathway of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor Met to induce endocytosis of the receptor and also to favour internalization of the bacteria in non‐polarized epithelial cells. Once inside the cell, the haemolysin of L. monocytogenes—the listeriolysin O or LLO—is secreted to lyse the phagocytic vacuole, and when the bacteria is freed in the cytoplasm, the activity of the LLO is in part regulated by the infected cell itself, taking advantage of the pH sensitivity of the LLO that leads to its inactivation in the neutral eukaryotic cell cytoplasm. Finally, to induce bacterial movement in the cytoplasm, the L. monocytogenes surface protein ActA mimics the activity of the eukaryotic WASP family of proteins to recruit to the bacteria the actin nucleation machinery required for actin polymerization and for the formation of the actin structures (called ‘actin comet tails’) that propel the parasite in the cytosol and help it to invade neighbouring cells. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPV‐associated skin disease
Authors: Akgül Baki , Cooke James C , Storey Alan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) are DNA tumour viruses that induce hyperproliferative lesions in cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. The relationship between HPV and non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is important clinically since NMSC is the most common form of malignancy among fair‐skinned populations. It is well established that solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is the major risk factor for developing NMSC, but a pathogenic role for HPV in the development of NMSC has also been proposed. Recent molecular studies reveal a likely role for HPV infection in skin carcinogenesis as a co‐factor in association with UV. This review summarizes the literature describing these data, highlights some of the important findings derived from these studies, and speculates on future perspectives. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viral gene therapy strategies: from basic science to clinical application
Authors: Young Lawrence S , Searle Peter F , Onion David , Mautner Vivien 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA major impediment to the successful application of gene therapy for the treatment of a range of diseases is not a paucity of therapeutic genes, but the lack of an efficient non‐toxic gene delivery system. Having evolved to deliver their genes to target cells, viruses are currently the most effective means of gene delivery and can be manipulated to express therapeutic genes or to replicate specifically in certain cells. Gene therapy is being developed for a range of diseases including inherited monogenic disorders and cardiovascular disease, but it is in the treatment of cancer that this approach has been most evident, resulting in the recent licensing of a gene therapy for the routine treatment of head and neck cancer in China. A variety of virus vectors have been employed to deliver genes to cells to provide either transient (eg adenovirus, vaccinia virus) or permanent (eg retrovirus, adeno‐associated virus) transgene expression and each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. Paramount is the safety of these virus vectors and a greater understanding of the virus–host interaction is key to optimizing the use of these vectors for routine clinical use. Recent developments in the modification of the virus coat allow more targeted approaches and herald the advent of systemic delivery of therapeutic viruses. In the context of cancer, the ability of attenuated viruses to replicate specifically in tumour cells has already yielded some impressive results in clinical trials and bodes well for the future of this approach, particularly when combined with more traditional anti‐cancer therapies. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How the SARS coronavirus causes disease: host or organism?
Authors: Lo Anthony WI , Tang Nelson LS , To Ka‐Fai 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe previous epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has ended. However, many questions concerning how the aetiological agent, the novel SARS coronavirus (CoV), causes illness in humans remain unanswered. The pathology of fatal cases of SARS is dominated by diffuse alveolar damage. Specific histological changes are not detected in other organs. These contrast remarkably with the clinical picture, in which there are apparent manifestations in multiple organs. Both pathogen and host factors are important in the pathogenesis of SARS. The choice of specific receptors and the unique genome of the SARS‐CoV are important elements in understanding the biology of the pathogen. For the host cells, the outcome of SARS‐CoV infection, whether there are cytopathic effects or not, depends on the cell types that are infected. At the whole‐body level, immune‐mediated damage, due to activation of cytokines and/or chemokines and, perhaps, autoimmunity, may play key roles in the clinical and pathological features of SARS. Continued research is still required to determine the pathogenetic mechanisms involved and to combat this new emerging human infectious disease. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Innate defences against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection
Authors: Komatsuzawa Hitoshi , Ouhara Kazuhisa , Yamada Sakuo , Fujiwara Tamaki , Sayama Koji , Hashimoto Koji , Sugai Motoyuki 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe innate immune system is the primary defence against bacterial infection. Among the factors involved in innate defence, anti‐microbial peptides produced by humans have recently attracted attention due to their relevance to some diseases and also to the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major human pathogens, causing a variety of infections from suppurative disease to food poisoning. Methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a clinical problem and with the recent emergence of a vancomycin‐resistant strain, this will pose serious problems in the near future. In investigating the molecular biology of S. aureus infections to develop new chemotherapeutic agents against MRSA infections, knowledge of the interaction of innate anti‐microbial peptides with S. aureus is important. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that exposure of S. aureus to host cells can induce the anti‐microbial peptides β‐defensin‐2 (hBD2), hBD3, and LL37/CAP18. The induction level of these peptides differs among strains, as does the susceptibility of the strains, with MRSA strains exhibiting lower susceptibility. In summary, the susceptibility of S. aureus strains, including MRSA strains, to components of the innate immune system varies, with the MRSA strains showing more resistance to both innate immune factors and chemotherapeutic agents. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.