bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dermoscopy is a suitable method for the observation of the pregnancy‐related changes in melanocytic nevi
Authors: Aktürk AS , Bilen N , Bayrämgürler D , Demirsoy EO , Erdogan S , Kiran R 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackground  It is a common opinion that expansion and darkening in melanocytic nevi may occur during pregnancy. The main problem is that whether it is a usual finding, or it is a condition that requires suspicion about melanoma.Objectives  It was aimed to find the changes that might occur in the sizes and structures of melanocytic nevi during pregnancy.Methods  Ninety‐seven nevi of the 56 pregnant women in the first trimester were evaluated in the study. The localization and size of the nevi were recorded on a standard body diagram. After clinical examination, dermoscopic analyses were applied. Pattern analyses were done, and total dermoscopy scores (TDS) were calculated by applying ABCD scoring system. All subjects were seen again during the third trimester.Results  There was a statistically significant difference between the mean diameters of nevi in the first and third trimester (P = 0.001). Of nevi whose diameters increased, 10 (50.00%) were localized on the front of body, 6 (30.00%) on the face and neck, 3 (15.00%) on the legs, and 1 (5.00%) on the back. The enlargement in diameters was more significant on the front of the body, but there was no statistically significant difference. Compared according to the pattern analysis, new dot formation was observed only on the structure of six nevi during the last trimester. Four of them were localized on the front of the body. There was statistically significant increase in mean TDS in comparison between the first and third trimesters (P = 0008).Conclusions  During the pregnancy, widening in diameters and structure changes of nevi may be seen especially on the front of the body. We also think that these findings might be connected with expansion of the skin during pregnancy. Dermoscopic controls are the first choice of method to analyse the nevi since the patient may not recognize these changes.
Premature atherosclerosis in patients with xanthelasma
Authors: Noël B 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground  Only about half the patients with xanthelasma are hyperlipidemic. The clinical significance of xanthelasma as a marker of cardiovascular disease is not yet well defined.Objective  To determine the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic xanthelasma.Methods  Carotid ultrasonography (7 MHz using B‐mode images, Advanced Technology Laboratories) was used to detect carotid plaques and measure the intima‐media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid arteries. Seventeen patients with normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic xanthelasma were examined and compared with 21 age‐matched normal subjects.Results  The risk of cardiovascular disease was significantly increased in patients with xanthelasma. Carotid plaques were more frequent in patients with xanthelasma than in controls (64.7% and 23.8%, respectively; P = 0.020), and IMT was significantly higher (mean ± SD: 1.1 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ± 0.2 mm, respectively; P < 0.001). The difference of carotid IMT between normolipidemic xanthelasma and hyperlipidemic xanthelasma was not statistically different (mean ± SD: 1.1 ± 0.1 and 1.1 ± 0.2 mm, respectively; P = 0.577).Conclusion  Premature carotid atherosclerosis is observed in patients with normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic xanthelasma. Patients with xanthelasma should be considered to have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease independently to the level of plasma lipids. A larger number of patients is, however, needed to confirm this preliminary study.
Brush cells in the human duodenojejunal junction: an ultrastructural study
Authors: Morroni Manrico , Cangiotti Angela Maria , Cinti Saverio 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBrush cells have been identified in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract mucosa of many mammalian species. In humans they are found in the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal apparatus, in both the stomach and the gallbladder. The function of brush cells is unknown, and most morphological data have been obtained in rodents. To extend our knowledge of human brush cells, we performed an ultrastructural investigation of human small intestine brush cells. Six brush cells identified in five out of more than 300 small intestine biopsies performed for gastrointestinal tract disorders were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Five brush cells were located on the surface epithelium and one in a crypt. The five surface brush cells were characterized by a narrow apical pole from which emerged microvilli that were longer and thicker than those of enterocytes. The filamentous core extended far into the cell body without forming the terminal web. Caveolae were abundant. Filaments were in the form of microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Cytoplasmic projections containing filaments were found on the basolateral surface of brush cells. In a single cell, axons containing vesicles and dense core granules were in close contact both with the basal and the lateral surface of the cell. The crypt brush cell appeared less mature. We concluded that human small intestine brush cells share a similar ultrastructural biology with those of other mammals. They are polarized and well‐differentiated cells endowed with a distinctive cytoskeleton. The observation of nerve fibres closely associated with brush cells, never previously described in humans, lends support to the hypothesis of a receptor role for these cells.
Variation in community intervention programmes and consequences for children and families: the example of Sure Start Local Programmes
Authors: Melhuish Edward , Belsky Jay , Anning Angela , Ball Mog , Barnes Jacqueline , Romaniuk Helena , Leyland Alastair , Research Team The NESS 
Published: May 2007

Background:  An area‐based initiative, Sure Start Local Programmes (SSLPs), was established by the UK government to reduce social exclusion through improving the well‐being of children aged 0–3 years and their families in disadvantaged communities; a true community intervention in that all children under four and their families in specified areas served as targets of universal services. A national evaluation examined the links between variation in programme implementation and effectiveness.Methods:  Data gathered from multiple sources produced measures of implementation in terms of proficiency, services and staffing. Measures of programme impact on child/parenting outcomes derived from multilevel models, controlling for child, family and area characteristics, were identified to demonstrate programme effectiveness.Results:  Some modest linkage between programme implementation (e.g., proficiency, empowerment of parents and staff, identification of users) and effectiveness for child and parenting outcomes.Conclusions:  Overall proficiency and specific aspects of implementation may influence effectiveness, which should guide the design of other child, family and community services.
Transitional Spaces: Mapping Physical Change
Authors: Sprake Juliet , Thomas Helen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMuseums and buildings are both considered immutable by the majority of people who use them. A small team from Goldsmiths College, the V&A+RIBA Architecture Partnership and Pimlico School set out to challenge this preconception. The Victoria & Albert museum was taken as a case study to investigate how buildings are a physical manifestation of an institute, and how their physical presence records the way the museum has to respond to outside criteria, from government funding strategies to cultural trends.This article puts forward the argument that a museum building as a subject is a constantly changing environment, through which young learners can develop their historical imagination and critical abilities. It describes the process and findings from a project carried out with students from Pimlico School, who were asked to find and respond to evidence in the fabric of the V&A museum buildings of the substantial physical changes that it is currently undergoing. By choosing specific sites, the students put together a series of PDA‐based threads to describe and archive different narratives about the museum at the moment of their mapping. These are made for future visitors to see, hear and compare the museum environment they are experiencing with the one that the students recorded.
Conditions for Learning: Partnerships for Engaging Secondary Pupils with Contemporary Art
Authors: Burgess Lesley , Addison Nicholas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article examines the findings of the London Cluster research, ‘Critical Minds’, in which the Institute of Education, University of London (IoE) worked in collaboration with Whitechapel Chapel Art Gallery (the lead London gallery), Bow Arts, Chisenhale Gallery and Space ‐The Triangle, and four east London comprehensive schools. By collaborating with art departments and by focusing on learning within the gallery context, the research team questioned whether the perceived constraints of traditional art and design pedagogy can be overcome by changing the conditions in which learning takes place. The following analysis focuses on these conditions as outlined in the research report's recommendations.
Cardiovascular Outcomes Using Doxazosin vs. Chlorthalidone for the Treatment of Hypertension in Older Adults With and Without Glucose Disorders: A Report From the ALLHAT Study
Authors: Barzilay Joshua I. , Davis Barry R. , Bettencourt Judy , Margolis Karen L. , Goff David C. , Black Henry , Habib Gabriel , Ellsworth Allan , Force Rex W. , Wiegmann Thomas , Ciocon Jerry O. , Basile Jan N. 
Published: May 2007

Insulin resistance underlies most glucose disorders in adults and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Alpha blockers decrease insulin resistance, whereas diuretics increase insulin resistance. The authors studied the effects of these two classes of hypertension medications (doxazosin, an α blocker, and chlorthalidone, a diuretic) on cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults aged >55 years with hypertension and glucose disorders who were participants in the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (8749 had known diabetes mellitus and 1690 had a newly diagnosed glucose disorder [fasting glucose ≥110 mg/dL]). There was no difference in either group between the chlorthalidone‐ and doxazosin‐based treatments with regard to fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or all‐cause mortality. There was, however, a difference for combined cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, revascularization procedures, angina, stroke, heart failure, and peripheral arterial disease) in favor of the diuretic. This difference was due primarily to an increased heart failure risk in those treated with doxazosin (relative risk, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.56–2.19) in the known diabetes mellitus group and a relative risk of 1.63 (95% confidence interval, 1.05–2.55) in those with a newly diagnosed glucose disorder despite lower glucose levels on follow‐up in those treated with α blockers. The authors conclude that treatment of hypertension with doxazosin in adults with glucose disorders incurs the same risk of coronary heart disease as treatment with chlorthalidone; however, treatment with doxazosin increases the risk of combined cardiovascular disease and heart failure despite lower glucose levels.
Na/K Pump Current in Guinea Pig Cardiac Myocytes and the Effect of Na Leak
Authors: DOBRETSOV MAXIM , STIMERS JOSEPH R. 
Published: May 2007

Na/K Pump Current. Introduction: Steady‐State Na/K pump current (Ip) in adult guinea pig ventricular myocytes was studied to determine the effect on the Na/K pump of transmembrane Na leak, membrane potential, and pipette Na concentration. Methods and Results: Using conventional whole cell, patch clamp techniques, Ip was identified as either K0‐sensitive or ouabain‐sensitive current when most other membrane currents were inhibited. Control experiments showed that there were no K0‐sensitive currents other than Ip under the conditions of our experiments. Ip was found to be similar to that reported by others being voltage dependent between −130 and 0 mV and having a half maximal activation hy Nai of 28 mM. Ouabain sensitivity was also measured, and it was found that there were two binding sites with the high affinity site comprising 5% to 10% of the total and having an apparent affinity 1000‐fold higher than the low affinity site. Apparent affinity of both sites was shifted about 10‐fold (higher affinity) by increasing Nai from 10 to 85 mM. When internally perfused with 0 Na solution, Na leak through the membrane was found to be linearly related to Na/K pump activity. In contrast to prior suggestions, Ip was not correlated with series resistance when there was a large transmembrane Na gradient. Conclusion: These data suggest that, under conditions of high transmembrane Na gradient, Na leak through the membrane plays a significant role in determining Na/K pump activity.
Pericardial Lipoma: An Autopsy Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Durak Dilek , Eren Bülent 
Published: May 2007

Abstract:Postmortem examination performed on a 70‐year‐old man revealed a thinly encapsulated, ovoid, large mass in the right hemithorax. The tumor was attached with its pedicle to the atrioventral pericardium and adjoined the diaphragm with compression of the right lower lobe of the lung. There was no adhesion between the tumor and the surrounding organs. Light microscopy showed a lipoma consisting of mature adipose tissue, and no malignancy was found.
Cutting More from Cut Forests: Edge Effects on Foraging and Herbivory of Leaf‐Cutting Ants in Brazil
Authors: Urbas Pille , Araújo Manoel V. , Leal Inara R. , Wirth Rainer 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTEdge‐mediated changes in species composition are known to result in modified species interactions. Because of the crucial trophic position of herbivores and their far‐reaching impact on plant communities, it is important to understand how edge influences herbivory. In the present paper, we investigated whether and how leaf‐cutting ant foraging is altered in the forest edge, as this habitat is characterized by an increased proportion of pioneer species. We assessed basic foraging data as well as the herbivory rate (i.e., the proportion of the leaf material harvested by a colony in relation to the available leaf area in the foraging area) of Atta cephalotes colonies at the edge versus interior sites of a large remnant of the Atlantic forest in Northeast Brazil. Our results indicated clear edge effects on leaf‐cutting ants: equally sized A. cephalotes colonies located at the forest edge removed about twice as much leaf area from their foraging grounds than interior colonies (14.3 vs. 7.8%/col/yr). This greater colony‐level impact within the forest edge zone was a consequence of markedly reduced foraging areas (0.9 vs. 2.3 ha/col/yr) and moderately lower leaf area index in this habitat, whereas harvest rates were the same. Our results suggest that forest edges induce increased leaf‐cutting ant herbivory, probably via the release of resource limitation. Together with the increase of leaf‐cutting ant populations along forest edges, this may amplify environmental changes induced by habitat fragmentation.
Asteroseismic signatures of stellar magnetic activity cycles
Authors: Metcalfe T. S. , Dziembowski W. A. , Judge P. G. , Snow M. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Observations of stellar activity cycles provide an opportunity to study magnetic dynamos under many different physical conditions. Space-based asteroseismology missions will soon yield useful constraints on the interior conditions that nurture such magnetic cycles, and will be sensitive enough to detect shifts in the oscillation frequencies due to the magnetic variations. We derive a method for predicting these shifts from changes in the Mg ii activity index by scaling from solar data. We demonstrate this technique on the solar-type subgiant β Hyi, using archival International Ultraviolet Explorer spectra and two epochs of ground-based asteroseismic observations. We find qualitative evidence of the expected frequency shifts and predict the optimal timing for future asteroseismic observations of this star.
SALT CONCENTRATION, TYPE OF PHOSPHATE AND FILM SEALANT EFFECTS ON MEAT ADHESION TO PACKAGING FILMS
Authors: KENDRICK C.A. , ACTON J.C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTPackaging film adhesion strength at the meat‐film interface was measured on a vacuum‐packaged, cook‐in‐the‐film prepared turkey product using an approximate 90° peeling angle from the plane of the meat surface. Adhesion increased (P<0.05) as added NaCl increased from 0.75% to 2.0% (w/w) but not with further increase to 2.5%. Sodium phosphates at 0.4% (w/w) increased (P<0.05) adhesion strength as follows: pyrophosphate > tripolyphosphate > monophosphate > no phosphate = hexametaphosphate. Film sealants of nylon blend and Surlyn® produced more (P<0.05) adhesion to meat surfaces than linear low densiq polyethylene‐Surlyn® blend, linear low density polyethylene‐ethyl vinyl acetate or ethylene‐propylene copolymer. Nylon blend sealant had the most surface adhesion (171.2 g/cm) and surface energy (56.2 dynes/cm) whereas ethylene‐propylene copolymer yielded the lowest measures (6.3 g/cm and 31.7 dynes/cm, respectively). Film‐to‐meat adhesion responded to NaCl concentration and type of phosphate in the sume manner as water and meat‐to‐meat binding respond during meat processing.
SODIUM LEVULINATE AND SODIUM LACTATE EFFECTS ON MICROBIAL GROWTH AND STABILITY OF FRESH PORK AND TURKEY SAUSAGES1
Authors: VASAVADA MIHIR , CARPENTER CHARLES E. , CORNFORTH DAREN P. , GHORPADE VISWAS 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis study compared the effects of 1.4% or 2.7% sodium levulinate or sodium lactate on aerobic plate count (APC), color, pH, and TBA values of fresh pork and turkey sausage. Both sodium lactate and levulinate inhibited growth of aerobic microorganisms during storage compared to controls. Antimicrobial effects of sodium lactate were dose‐dependent, where as 2.7% lactate was significantly more antimicrobial than 1.4% lactate. This was not the case for sodium levulinate where 1.4% sodium levulinate was as inhibitory to microbial growth as 2.7% sodium levulinate. Additionally. 1.4% sodium levulinate was as inhibitory to microbial growth CIS the higher level (2.7%) of sodium lactate. TBA values, color and pH were not affected by either sodium lactate or levulinate. In conclusion, sodium levulinate may have potential as an antimicrobial agent in fresh sausage if it can be obtained at a reasonable cost on a commercial basis.
EVALUATION OF COOKING METHODS ON VARIOUS BEEF STEAKS1
Authors: HERRING J. L. , ROGERS R. W. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to evaluate sensory attributes and physical differences among steaks from two different cooking methods. Beef steaks (n=516) were cooked either with a conventional electric broiler oven (EB) or a gas infrared oven broiler unit (IR). Three 1.27 cm diameter cores were removed from each steak for Warner‐Bratzler shear determinations. Three 2.54 em cubes were removed for texture profile analysis. The remaining meat was evaluated by a trained sensory panel for scoring tenderness and juiciness. The average time required to cook the steaks with IR was 4 min 56 s less (P<0.05) than with EB, a reduction of 25%. Based on sensory data. sirloin tip steaks and rib steaks were more tender and juicy (P<0.05) when cooked with IR, however sensory attributes of round steaks and top butt steaks were not (P>O.OS) affected.
Advanced practice nurse attitudes toward sex offender patients
Authors: Rash Elizabeth , Winton Mark A 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPurpose: To determine advanced practice nurses’ (APNs’) attitudes and behaviors toward patients in their practices who are registered sex offenders.Data sources: An online survey of 300 APN members of a local APN organization asking respondents to identify the behavioral actions they were likely to agree or disagree with when faced with a scenario of realizing that a sex offender was a patient in their practice. Sixty‐nine respondents submitted completed surveys.Conclusions: There was an ambiguity of behavioral responses and no consensus among APNs on how to respond to the issue of a sex offender patient in a healthcare practice. There was also a lack of awareness of whether sex offenders were patients in their practice.Implications for practice: The modest number of respondents and their demographic homogeneity limit the ability to draw any conclusions or generalizations from this study. While awareness of a known sex offender in a practice is unlikely to alter direct patient care, it may have an impact on office policies and procedures and should be a consideration of all involved staff, including providers, ancillary team members, and administrative personnel.
Separation of early afterdepolarizations from arrhythmogenic substrate in the isolated perfused hypokalaemic murine heart through modifiers of calcium homeostasis
Authors: Killeen M. J. , Gurung I. S. , Thomas G. , Stokoe K. S. , Grace A. A. , Huang C. L.‐H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAims: We resolved roles for early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and transmural gradients of repolarization in arrhythmogenesis in Langendorff‐perfused hypokalaemic murine hearts paced from the right ventricular epicardium.Methods: Left ventricular epicardial and endocardial monophasic action potentials (MAPs) and arrhythmogenic tendency were compared in the presence and absence of the L‐type Ca2+channel blocker nifedipine (10 nm–1 μm) and the calmodulin kinase type II inhibitor KN‐93 (2 μm).Results: All the hypokalaemic hearts studied showed prolonged epicardial and endocardial MAPs, decreased epicardial‐endocardial APD90difference, EADs, triggered beats and ventricular tachycardia (VT) (n = 6). In allspontaneously beatinghearts, 100 (but not 10) nmnifedipine reduced both the incidence of EADs and triggered beats from 66.9 ± 15.7% to 28.3 ± 8.7% and episodes of VT from 10.8 ± 6.3% to 1.2 ± 0.7% of MAPs (n = 6 hearts,P < 0.05); 1 μmnifedipine abolishedallthese phenomena (n = 6). In contrast programmed electrical stimulation (PES) still triggered VT in six of six hearts with 0, 10 and 100 nmbut not 1 μmnifedipine. 1 μmnifedipine selectively reduced epicardial (from 66.1 ± 3.4 to 46.2 ± 2.5 ms) but not endocardial APD90, thereby restoring ΔAPD90from −5.9 ± 2.5 to 15.5 ± 3.2 ms, close to normokalaemic values. KN‐93 similarly reduced EADs, triggered beats and VT in spontaneously beating hearts to 29.6 ± 8.9% and 1.7 ± 1.1% respectively (n = 6) yet permitted PES‐induced VT (n = 6), in the presence of a persistently negative ΔAPD90.Conclusions: These findings empirically implicatebothEADs and triggered beatsalongsidearrhythmogenic substrate of ΔAPD90in VT pathogenesis at the whole heart level.
Globalization and legal change: The “Americanization” of European law?
Authors: Kagan Robert A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIntensified global economic competition, economic liberalization, and the rise of EU governance have led some observers to argue that there has been a trend toward the “Americanization” of the European “way of law.” This article addresses that contention, focusing on legal change in European member states. It first describes ways in which the American legal tradition has differed most sharply from the national legal systems of Western Europe (including Great Britain) and the political and economic factors that account for this “American legal distinctiveness.” Similar political and economic factors currently are at work in Europe, the article acknowledges, creating incentives for legal convergence. But it also argues that European legal culture and the political organization of European national states generate path‐dependent forces that impede European movement toward American ways of law, and it discusses six important differences between European and American law that remain entrenched and are unlikely to disappear.