bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facilities Design Focus for Health, Safety, and Environment: Compliance and Compliance Monitoring
Authors: Amato F. S. , Resweber L. R. , Jones M. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Shell Oil Company's goal to be an industry leader in HS&E has placed even greater emphasis on the design of its production facilities so they will meet or exceed not only all regulatory requirements, but Shell's very demanding internal design standards as well. In addition to the many traditional equipment and process design requirements, there is also a need to incorporate Human Factors Engineering (HFE) into the design process. How the equipment will be operated and the potential for incorrect operation are very important safety design considerations as evidenced by recent industry disasters. Finally, the designs must not only achieve compliance with safety and environmental requirements, they must also consider how that compliance will be monitored and verified.
This paper addresses the approach utilized and some of the design considerations currently being made to provide for a safe and environmentally sound operation of Shell Oil Company's deepwater Tension Leg Platform (TLP). It also identifies some of the HFE efforts being applied in the TLP design and describes the HS&E monitoring techniques used to verify and document compliance.
Assessing the Risk of Riser and Pipeline Failures on Offshore Installations
Authors: Comer P. J. , Clements F. , Van Der Graf G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the aftermath of the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988, considerable attention was given by many companies to the risks posed by riser and pipeline failures to their installations. Particular attention was focused on ways of reducing the impact of failures, including specifically sub-sea isolation valves (SSIV). The decision process for deciding whether or not to install a SSIV is complex, and the Exploration and Production function of Shell International Petroleum Mij B.V. (SIPM-EP) felt that a consistent approach for assessing the safety benefit of SSIVs should be adopted by Shell companies. As a result, SIPM commissioned a study to develop a method which would enable their own staff to carry out risk assessments in a standardized repeatable manner. In parallel with the development of the method, a series of six risk assessment studies were carried out, followed by a further two once the method development had been completed.
This paper will describe the key aspects of the methodology and how it is applied, and will present a summary of the results of the applications to the eight installations. The installations studied included a widerange of platform types and environments from shallow water platform complexes in tropical areas to large integrated north sea platforms. Gas, oil and two-phase risers were included in the work. Each study considered a number of options including the installation of top of riser valves and sub-sea valves close to and remote from the facility. These were compared with the base case risk. The results will show that the risk reduction potential of an SSIV varies significantly from installation to installation depending on specific circumstances, and demonstrates the need to consider each case individually in order to ensure that cost effective risk reducing measures are adopted.
Emergency Management in Oil and Gas Exploration
Authors: Heidebrink I. , Bockholts P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the past years all kind of activities in the field of emergency management have been taken in order to handle accidents. In the scope of this paper emergencies are those accidents that may lead to severe releases of oil and gas, whereby also attention is payed to collisions between off-shore installations and drifting objects and the situation where people fall overboard. Case histories show that coping with these serious accidents is not always as effective and successful as intended.
The stage from being aware of the risks, to being prepared to cope with the consequences, to actually being capable to combat is long and consists of many elements. This paper will deal with the general approach of emergency management, the development of automated tools for decision support on emergencies as well as some fate and effect models.
Statfjord Field: Risk Analysis
Authors: Petterson G. , Nygaard M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Statfjord Field vas discovered in 1974. It turned out to be the largest oil field in the North Sea. The field straddles the Norwegian/United Kingdom borderline. The participants in the Statfjord Group are as follows:
Amerada Hess Norge A/S
Amoco Norway Oil Co.
BP Petroleum Development Ltd.
Chevron U.K. Ltd.
Conoco (U.K.) Ltd.
Conoco Norway Inc.
Den norske stats oljeselskap a.s.
Driftsdivisjon Stavanger
Enterprise Oil Norge Ltd.
Esso Norge a.s Expl. & Prod.
Mobil Exploration Norway Inc.
A/S Norske Shel1
Saga Petroleum a.s
Presently the recoverable reserves are estimated to 3,3 billion barrels of oil, and 75,13 MMM Sm3 of gas. The field is developed and operated under a Unitization Agreement between Norwegian and British interest owners. Mobil Exploration Norway Inc. was the operator till 1. January 1987, whereupon the operatorship was transferred to Statoil.
The field is developed by three fully integrated concrete gravity base platforms of the condeep type. Oil is lifted from the field by tankers through an offshore loading system. The gas is exported through two pipeline systems to continental Europe and United Kingdom respectively.
Quantitative Assessment of Blowout Data as It Relates to Pollution Potential
Authors: Kato S. , Adams N. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A large blowout database has been developed. It has been analysed for various trends and quantitative data relating to blowouts and pollution. Pollution from blowouts is a rare occurrence and has a low probability. However, when an event occurs, it may involve large spill volumes.
Blowout trends have been analysed for some well control purposes. Techniques to mitigate pollution damage from an offshore blowout are presented.
Applying QRA to an Extensive Onshore Oil and Gas Operation
Authors: Rashid D. A. , Henderson G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An extensive QRA study has been performed to assess the level of risk to the local population presented by Brunei Shell's onshore facilities and to identify suitable areas for future BSP and urban expansion.
The results of the study are presented in the form of individual risk contours plotted onto maps of the local area and societal risk F/N plots, the risk contributing factors are identified leading to the specification of effective risk reducing measures; the major hazard is shown to be associated with the use of liquid chlorine.
Benefits of Joint Audits of Service Company and Operator Personnel
Authors: Ritchie R. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Companies operating in the petroleum industry are showing an increasing collective awareness of safety and environmental issues. The objective of management in any organization is to identify potential hazards and develop and implement an action plan to eliminate these hazards.
Joint audits between operating companies and service companies have proved an effective means of developing an objective and realistic safety awareness program. Joint audits, unlike external audits, enable both companies to develop, implement and monitor a meaningful safety policy based on factual information.
Audit findings which are classified as either positive or areas in need of improvement are then reclassified into sub-groups according to the time frame required to complete the action item.
Findings are then analyzed to ensure that the internal safety management policies of the operator and contractor are in place and adhered to.
To date, the most beneficial point of interest from these joint audits is the reaction of management to translate the audit findings into tools with which to improve and enhance their existing safety and environmental management policies.
The paper describes the planning, execution and follow up of an in-depth joint audit. Analysis of the audit results generated action plans to correct areas in need of improvement for both the operating and service companies.
Of these areas, most could be corrected and resolved within three months while the remainder were targeted for remedial action to be completed within one year.
The paper provides a thorough set of guidelines for all stages of a successful joint audit and illustrates, with examples, the operational improvements to be gained from such operator/service-company cooperation.
Operability and Safety Audit: A Tool for Safety Management
Authors: Cote B. , Rochet B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
During the last 10 years, TOTAL has developed and refined a specific methodology to assess the operating and safety conditions of hydrocarbon processing installations.
This methodology has proven to be extremely effective to highlighting existing or potential hazards, due to the following techniques: –a detailed survey of facilities and documents–the use of a comprehensive check-list that enables:a break down of complex issues into simpler elements which are easier to address ;a careful investigation into activities where hazardous occurrences arise ;–a series of exercises and tests which assess plant conditions, site organisation and personnel behaviour.–a reporting system that keeps the operating company in touch with the auditors.–a rating system to provide precise reference which enables comparison with other installations.
Personal, Place, and Time Characteristics of Offshore Accidents in Five Oil Companies Operating in Indonesia
Authors: Rahardjo Rahardjo , Sudjoko Sudjoko , Sebayang Sebayang 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This study is to determine personal, place and time characteristics of offshore accidents during the year of 1987, 1988 and 1989 of five oil companies operating in Indonesia.
Access to records of accidents was made through BPPKA, a production sharing coordinating body. Those records were transfered into a precoded forms for easy computer entry. Only five companies that submitted their data.
Age, length of service, employment status, job characteristics, work cycles, work schedules, marital status, citizenship, disability, anatomy and nature of accident were personal variables. Location of accident and number of inhabitants of offshore installation were place variables. Month, day of the week, date, hours, losstime and length of day working offshore before accidents were time variables. Description of these characteristics will be presented in proportion.
During the three years period there were 208 casualties (100%) in five companies. 43.75% of their age were between 31-40 years. 59.13% have been working with the companies for less than 10 years. 43.27% were permanent employees. 12.50% of them were mechanics. 61.06% were shiftworkers. 62.01% were working under schedule of two weeks on and 1 week off. 30.29% were married employees. 95.19% were national employees. 49.52% resulted in temporary disability. 29.32% caused injured hands and fingers. 44.71% striked by something. 44.71% of accidents were in production platforms. 54.33% of accidents were happened in installation with inhabitant less than 50 persons. 12.02% were happened during the month of May. 16.35% of accident were happened on Tuesday. 8.58% of accidents were happened at 10:00am and 7.50% at 16:00pm.
The younger the age of the employees the more prone they to an accident. Injury to hands and fingers were significantly high, if it was compared with the other anatomical section. Hours of the accident were also significantly high at 10am and 4pm. This would be very interesting with it was correlated with blood sugar level. A further study should be done in this matter.
Training should be emphasized for those younger and less experienced employees. Machineries that may caused hands and fingers injury should be replaced by robotics. Implementation of extra food between meals may be beneficial.
"FIRE-PRAN": A Technique for Fire Protection Analysis
Authors: Waterfall K. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V. ("SEPM"), is a service company in the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of Companies who provides services worldwide (outside of the USA) to Shell Operating Companies. It has defined and recommended for implementation by Shell Companies a policy on safety ("Enhanced Safety Management policy") to manage the total safety aspects of all they do, including the design, engineering, installation and operation of their facilities worldwide. This policy affects all activities in such a way as to avoid harm to health of, or injury to employees and others as well as avoiding damage to property. This in turn reflects through specific policies and standards for investment strategy, engineering and operations of facilities.
From the development of this policy SIPM has established tools and techniques for assessing and improving the safety of design and operations in its activities.
Two relatively independent tasks face the manager in concerning the HSE aspects of his work: –to optimise the development of the facilities and the associated procedures, and technical information so as to minimise the hazards during their operating life and subsequent abandonment;–to exercise full control of the HSE aspects in the execution of the work itself.
Enhanced Detection of Hazardous Gas Releases Using Open-Path Infra-Red Sensors
Authors: Skippon S. M. , Roberts I. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Open-path infrared gas sensors have recently become commercially available for offshore applications, but most operators are still unfamiliar with their use. The principle of operation of this type of sensor is reviewed. They have several significant advantages over conventional point-type gas detectors; they are failsafe, immune to poisoning by airborne contaminants, and they are able to give much more effective area coverage than point detectors. Results are presented of experiments to determine their response to realistic gas releases in large enclosures. The results indicate that they have greater sensitivity and faster response than conventional detectors. These advantages are examined, and the practical application of this type of detector to the protection of offshore installations is discussed.
Safety Requirements and Standards in Relation to Transport of Crude Oil, Products, and Gas
Authors: Lerstad A. , Sangvig M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This Paper describes the quality assurance (QA) system developed and used by Statoil (the Norwegian stateowned oil company) in relation to the company’s shipping activities. The objective of the QA system is to reduce the risk of accidents and to maintain a high level of performance by increasing the quality of the internal and external shipping activities.
Produced Water Management
Authors: Lyngbaek M. E. , Blidegn L. H. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
Produced water represents an increasing part of the total production from the process centres operated by Mærsk Olie og Gas in the Danish part of the North Sea. Long term production forecasts predict that some 200 million bbls produced water will require cleaning the next ten years. Due to this significant increase and to the growing environmental concern in connection with this discharge, some of the existing water treatment facilities will require some upgrading and additional capacity. This paper gives an overview of the presently installed equipment, its performance with respect to oil/water separation, operational problems and some of the considerations for the expansion of the purification plant for the Gorm process centre. Further, it describes briefly the observed effect on the marine environment around the Gorm process centre.
The Dispersion of Produced Water
Authors: Nguyen V. T. , Prandle D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A study has been carried out to estimate the dispersion of produced water which is a major component of the effluent water discharged into the North Sea as a result of oil production. The study involved the application of a dispersion model developed for the northwest European continental shelf seas to Shell/Esso production operations in the northern and central North Sea. The produced water discharged from these operations represents around 22% of the total discharged in the UK sector.
The background to the model used in the calculations is outlined and the validation data are discussed. The results show that the produced water is diluted by factors around one million before the prevailing currents take it out of the North Sea off the Norwegian coast. This dilution and the natural decay effects reduce the concentrations of the environmentally sensitive components in the produced water to less than 1 ppb.
Environmental Guidelines for Worldwide Exploration and Production Activities: Do They Make Sense?
Authors: Armstrong K. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Environmental issues are receiving increasing attention in countries throughout the world, resulting from growing public and government concerns and pressures to address them. In turn, greater attention is being focused on environmental aspects of oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) activities in many countries.
Major international oil companies are being asked to demonstrate to the public and governments in most countries where they operate that the companies are committed to environmental protection. Many have therefore adopted corporate environmental policies that articulate that commitment. Industry trade associations have similarly adopted mission statements or guiding principles for the industry as a whole.
However, environmental commitment must be demonstrated in the field through actual performance. Environmental policies alone usually cannot assure such performance. Companies must establish their own environmental standards to guide their operations and defend them to the public and government, especially in countries with few or no environmental laws and regulations.
For these reasons, many companies and industry trade associations have developed or are developing internal operating requirements or guidelines for their units or members. Such requirements and guidelines can bring significant benefits to individual companies and to industry as a whole.
Companies have used varying approaches in developing internal operating requirements. Some appear to be more effective than others. However, any approach must deal with certain significant issues. Primary is the inevitable balance that must be achieved between the need for company-wide or industry-wide consistency and specificity in standards and the need for flexibility to address local and project- specific conditions.
Whatever approach is used, the requirements must be part of a more comprehensive environmental management program. Such a program is the only way to assure that' the standards the company adopts will be effectively implemented in the field.
Oil Production and Water Management in Oman
Authors: Parker D. H. , Kuijvenhoven C. A. T. , Waterland R. D. , Smies M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the development of integrated (production) water management in Petroleum Development Oman. In its existing oil fields the water cut is rising rapidly and water production is expected to increase two to three times in the next 15 years. Reinjection of production water will continue to account for less than half of the volume of co-produced water.
Current subsurface disposal of production water to shallow Tertiary formations is based on thorough knowledge of the local hydrogeology and does not affect potable water resources. However, in view of the expected increase in production water volume, utilisation and disposal options have been re-evaluated.
This review has been facilitated by recently acquired data on production water quality and by the results of research in dehydration and de-oiling technologies and of tests with production chemicals. The combined knowledge base is used to arrive at water management strategies for individual oil fields that are sound both in principle and in practice.
Baseline Air Quality Evaluation for the Venezuelan Orinoco Bitumen Belt
Authors: Arrocha A. , Octavio K. H. , Sanhueza E. , Cedeno A. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
To achieve a harmonic relationship between oil exploration and production activities and the environment, Petrdleos de Venezuela and its affiliated companies conducted environmental evaluations of the physical and biotic media in the Orinoco Bitumen Belt. This region covers an area of approximately 42000 km2 with estimated bitumen reserves on the order of 3xl012 barrels, one of the largest bitumen reservoirs in the world. This paper presents the results of a study of baseline air quality conditions: an emissions inventory, surface and upper layer meteorological conditions and measurements of air quality parameters of interest (CO, HC, NOx, SO2, H2S and T.S.P.) taken by a network of automated air quality stations using standard international reference techniques. The temporal (hourly and daily basis) and spatial air quality variability and the variables/activities that might determine the observed trends are discussed. NO, NO2, SO2 and H2S concentrations were lower than the detection limits of the analytical methods, while O3 and CO 1-hour average levels ranged from 5-30 ppb and 0.5-1.8 ppm, respectively, and T.S.P. daily means varied from 10-50 ng/m, all of which is close to natural background concentrations. Maximum hourly average reactive hydrocarbon concentrations of 0.37 ppm were found near a producing oil field.
Reduction of Degassing During Offshore Loading of Crude Oil in the Norwegian Sector
Authors: Oldervik O. , Lerstad A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with emission of hydrocarbon gas to the atmosphere from shuttle tankers loading crude oil at offshore fields in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Model tests which have been carried out, give relations between this emission and governing parameters.
The emission has been measured during 9 offshore loadings.
The variation of the magnitude of the emissions is discussed.
The paper also includes conclusions and corrective actions implemented, as well as further work to reduce the emission.