bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF WATER ACTIVITY IN INTERMEDIATE MOISTURE PET FOODS BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Authors: MALLETT DAN , KOHNEN JAMES B. , SURLES TERRY 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSMeasuring water activity rapidly and inexpensively to determine whether intermediate moisture pet foods will have sufficiently low water activity to insure stable shelf life is a continuing problem. An attempt was made to adapt the solvent extraction method of Hasegawa and Sekine to IM dog foods and results were found in good agreement with those obtained from Hygrodynamics sensors. There was slightly more spread in results by solvent extraction, but a 75% saving in time: 2 hr vs. 8 for a similar run using sensors.
IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR MATHEMATICAL EVALUATION OF HEAT PROCESSES
Authors: HAYAKAWA KAN‐ICHI 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSIt is frequently necessary to determine the heating time of a thermal process producing a specified sterilizing value. This sterilizing value is one usually required for “microbially safe” heat processing. In most cases the determination is accomplished through iterative calculations. To minimize these calculations, an assumed heating time for the first iteration should be as close as possible to a correct onc. Since no reliable procedure for estimating the approximate heating times is published, mathematical procedures were developed for this estimation. Mathematical evaluation of safe thermal processes may be accomplished with considerably less computation through the application of the developed procedures.
EFFECT OF ESSENCE ENHANCEMENT AND STORAGE ON THE FLAVOR OF FROZEN CONCENTRATED ORANGE JUICE
Authors: DOUGHERTY MARSHALL H. , PETRUS DONALD R. , FELLERS PAUL J. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSBrix frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) were prepared using a commercially prepared 65° Brix Valencia frozen concentrated orange juice as a base product and essences produced by three different Florida commercial citrus processors. The essences differed in odor and flavor characteristics and chemical composition. Essence was added to twelve of the packs on the basis of total aldehydes. Each of the three essences was added to obtain levels of 5, 15, 30 and 45 mg/l of total essence aldehydes in the reconstituted juices. The 13th pack contained no essence and was used as a control. All packs had coldpressed Valencia orange oil added to a level of 0.019% v/v in the reconstituted products. The packs were stored at −22.2°C. Flavor evaluations were made by twelve experienced taste panelists after storage periods of 1.5, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 30 months. Results indicate that essences produced by different recovery systems are distinct and differ in their chemical composition and strength. In some cases there is an optimum level of essence that can be added to a juice to improve its flavor, and higher levels can lower its flavor quality. Storage at −22.2°C had no effect on the flavor of products containing essence as a flavor enhancement material.
Detecting impacts and setting restoration targets in arid‐zone rivers: aquatic micro‐invertebrate responses to reduced floodplain inundation
Authors: JENKINS K. M. , BOULTON A. J. 
Published: March 2007

Summary

Water extraction from arid‐zone rivers increases the time between floods across their floodplain wetlands. Less frequent flooding in Australian arid‐zone rivers has impaired waterbird and fish breeding, killed riparian vegetation and diminished invertebrate and macrophyte communities. Restoration currently focuses on reinstating floods to rejuvenate floodplain wetlands, yet indicators to measure the success of this are poorly developed.
We explored the application of criteria for ecologically successful river restoration to potential restoration of floodplain wetlands on the Darling River, arid‐zone Australia. Using emergence of micro‐invertebrates from resting eggs as an indicator, we compared responses of taxa richness, densities and community composition in floodplain lakes with different inundation histories.
Increased drying of floodplain lakes reduced the number of micro‐invertebrate taxa. Several key taxa were absent and faunal densities (particularly cladocerans) were reduced when the duration of drying increased from 6 to 20 years.
A conceptual model of the ecological mechanisms by which restoration of flooding regime could achieve the target of preserving micro‐invertebrate community resilience predicts that reducing the dry period between floods will minimize losses of viable resting eggs. Protection of this ‘egg bank’ permits a boom in micro‐invertebrates after flooding, promoting successful recruitment by native fish and waterbirds.
Synthesis and applications. In arid‐zone rivers, micro‐invertebrate densities and community composition are useful indicators of the impact of reduced flooding as a result of water extraction. Critical to successful native fish recruitment as their first feed and as prey for waterbirds, micro‐invertebrates are a potential early indicator of responses by higher trophic levels. Taxon richness, density and key taxa present after flooding, all indicators of resilience, can be incorporated into targets for arid‐zone river restoration. For example, one restoration target may be microcrustacean densities between 100 and 1000 L−1 within 2–3 weeks after spring flooding. These criteria can be applied to measure the ecological success of restoration projects seeking to recover natural flood regimes. Given the high economic cost of water in arid zones, convincing demonstrations of the ecological success of environmental water allocations are crucial.
An assessment of the peripheral antinociceptive potential of remoxipride, clonidine and fentanyl in sheep using the forelimb tourniquet
Authors: MAIN D.C.J. , WATERMAN A. E. , KILPATRICK I.C. , JONES A. 
Published: March 2007

A modification of the intravenous regional anaesthesia technique was used to assess the peripheral antinociceptive effect of remoxipride, clonidine and fentanyl. Drugs administered intravenously via peripheral catheters were restricted to the distal limb and nociceptive threshold test site by prior inflation of a tourniquet proximal to both the catheter and a threshold‐testing device. Lignocaine (1 mg/kg) induced peripheral antinociception during tourniquet inflation. Clonidine (6 μg/kg) only induced significant elevations in thresholds after tourniquet deflation. A low dose of remoxipride (2 mg/kg), which had no systemic antinociceptive effect, produced antinociception after its restriction to the periphery. Peripheral administration of saline and tourniquet‐induced restriction of blood flow to the distal limb did not alter threshold values. Peripheral administration of fentanyl was used to test a further modification of the injection protocol designed to reduce the incidence of leakage into the systemic circulation. Fentanyl administration (11.2 μg/kg) failed to elicit an increase in thresholds when it was restricted to the distal limb test site. The contribution of a peripheral mechanism to the antinociception induced by systemic administration of a higher remoxipride dose (7.5 mg/kg) was investigated using an inflated tourniquet to exclude remoxipride from the periphery. Exclusion of remoxipride from the periphery reduced its antinociceptive effect, i.e. threshold values were lower than if remoxipride was allowed free access to the limb prior to tourniquet inflation.The technique described here was effective in demonstrating that the increase in noninflammatory nociceptive thresholds seen with clonidine and fentanyl is not peripherally mediated whilst that seen with remoxipride has a peripheral component.
Variations in 13C discrimination during CO2 exchange by Picea sitchensis branches in the field
Authors: WINGATE LISA , SEIBT ULLI , MONCRIEFF JOHN B. , JARVIS PAUL G. , LLOYD JON 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTWe report diurnal variations in 13C discrimination (13Δ) of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. branches measured in the field using a branch chamber technique. The observations were compared to predicted 13Δ based on concurrent measurements of branch gas exchange. Observed 13Δ values were described well by the classical model of 13Δ including isotope effects during photorespiration, day respiration and CO2 transfer through a series of resistances to the sites of carboxylation. A simplified linear of model 13Δ did not capture the observed diurnal variability. At dawn and dusk, we measured very high 13Δ values that were not predicted by either of the said models. Exploring the sensitivity of 13Δ to possible respiratory isotope effects, we conclude that isotopic disequilibria between the gross fluxes of photosynthesis and day respiration can explain the high observed 13Δ values during net photosynthetic gas exchange. Based on the classical model, a revised formulation incorporating an isotopically distinct substrate for day respiration was able to account well for the high observed dawn and dusk 13Δ values.
Provenance analysis as a key to orogenic exhumation: a case study from the East Carpathians (Romania)
Authors: Panaiotu Cristina E. , Vasiliev Iuliana , Panaiotu Cristian G. , Krijgsman Wout , Langereis Cor G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractProvenance analysis of the sediments from foredeep basins is crucial in understanding the contemporaneous orogenic exhumation processes. We report in this paper complex sediment provenance analysis using sandstone petrography and mudstone geochemistry, combined with magnetic susceptibility of the Upper Miocene to Pliocene deposits from Focşani foredeep basin (Romania). Data show a change of source area between 5 and 6 Ma, from an active volcanic arc towards a recycled orogenic belt, concurrent with an important increase of accumulation rate. This change was triggered by exhumation and erosion of the outer nappes from East Carpathians.
Oligocene uplift of the Western Greater Caucasus: an effect of initial Arabia–Eurasia collision
Authors: Vincent Stephen J. , Morton Andrew C. , Carter Andrew , Gibbs Samantha , Barabadze Teimuraz G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Greater Caucasus is Europe's largest mountain belt. Significant uncertainties remain over the evolution of the range, largely due to a lack of primary field data. This work demonstrates that depositional systems within the Oligocene–Early Miocene Maykop Series on either side of the Western Greater Caucasus (WGC) display a similar provenance and divergent palaeocurrents away from the range, constraining a minimum age for the subaerial uplift of the range as early Early Oligocene. An Eocene–Oligocene hiatus, basal Oligocene olistostromes and a marked increase in nannofossil reworking also point to initial deformation in the earliest Oligocene. The initial uplift of the WGC occurred during the final assembly of the Tethysides to its south. Uplift commenced after the Late Eocene final suturing of northern Neotethys and during the initial collision of Arabia with the southern accreted margin of Eurasia. This suggests that compressional deformation was rapidly transferred across the collision zone from the indenting Arabian plate to its northern margin.
Post‐mortem Examination of Sows Genital Organs Culled for Reproductive Disturbances and Immunohistochemical Studies on ERα and PR A Receptors in the Anoestral Sows Uterus
Authors: Karveliene B , Zilinskas H , Riskevicience V 
Published: March 2007

ContentsThe aim of present study was post‐mortem examination of ovaries, uterus and plasma oestradiol‐17β (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations in the blood of sows with reproductive disturbances and the distribution of oestradiol receptor (ERα), as well as progesterone (PR‐A) in the anoestrous sows uteri. Reproductive organs of 150 crossbred sows (Lithuanian White × Danish Landrace) culled for the reasons of reproductive disturbances, were collected in local abattoir over a period of 3 months (September–November). Organs were assessed to determine the stage of the oestrous cycle or anoestrus and their development. Blood samples were collected for E2 and P4 analysis from the jugular vein 1 h prior to slaughter. For this study uterine samples only from pathological anoestrous sows were subjected to immunohistochemical staining to assess the distribution of ERα and PR‐A in surface epithelium, subepithelial connective tissue, glandular epithelium and myometrium. Macroscopic examination of the ovaries showed that 68.7% sows had active cycling ovaries, 26.6% sows were anoestrus, ovaries were small without CL, and 4.7% of sows had multiple follicular cysts. In anoestrous sows (n = 27) the number and intensity of the nuclear staining of ERα varied between different uterine tissue compartments. The highest number (>80%) and the strongest intensity (+++) of positively stained cells for ERα was seen in myometrium and glandular epithelium. In other uterine wall compartments the number and intensity of positively stained for ERα nuclei was lower (+/++). The PR‐A was absent from all tissue compartments. The intensity of the nuclear staining for ERα varied not only between the different uterine compartments but also between the sows. The 11.1% of the sows presented ERα in surface epithelium, 74.1% of the sows in glandular epithelium and 63.0% of sows in the myometrium.
Follicle Development during Luteal Phase and Altrenogest Treatment in Pigs
Authors: Soede NM , Bouwman EG , Langendijk P , Van Der Laan I , Kanora A , Kemp B 
Published: March 2007

ContentsSynchronization of the oestrous cycle of gilts using altrenogest treatment has been found to increase ovulation rate. The current experiment investigated if the increase in ovulation rate after altrenogest treatment is related to increased follicle size at the end of altrenogest treatment compared with late luteal phase follicles. Crossbred gilts (n = 15) received altrenogest during 18 days [20 mg Regumate (Janssen Animal Health, Beerse, Belgium)], starting 5–7 days after onset of first oestrus. Control gilts (n = 15) did not receive altrenogest. At days 10–12 of the oestrous cycle [i.e. in the presence of corpora lutea (CL)], average follicle development was 2.51 ± 0.20 mm (assessed with ultrasound) in altrenogest‐treated gilts and 2.58 ± 0.16 mm in control gilts (p > 0.10). During the last days of altrenogest treatment (i.e. when CL had gone into regression), average follicle size had increased to 3.01 ± 0.31 mm (p < 0.05). Subsequent ovulation rate was 16.6 ± 1.7 in altrenogest treated gilts and 15.1 ± 1.2 in control gilts (p < 0.05). Altrenogest treatment resulted in increased follicle size after regression of the CL, showing that suppression of follicle growth by altrenogest alone is less severe than suppression by endogenous progesterone (either with or without altrenogest). Altrenogest treatment also resulted in a higher ovulation rate. However, it is unclear if the increased follicle size and higher ovulation rate after altrenogest treatment are causally related, as the relation between the two on an animal level was not significant.
Post‐thaw Survival and Longevity of Bull Spermatozoa Frozen with an Egg Yolk‐based or Two Egg Yolk‐free Extenders after an Equilibration Period of 18 h
Authors: Muiño R , Fernández M , Peña AI 
Published: March 2007

ContentsThe aim of the present study was to determine the suitability of using two egg yolk‐free commercial extenders, Andromed® and Biociphos Plus®, as compared with the Tris‐egg yolk based diluent Biladyl®, for the cryopreservation of bull spermatozoa when the freezing protocol involved holding the extended semen at 4°C for 18 h before the freezing. Six ejaculates from each of 10 Holstein bulls were collected by using artificial vagina. The ejaculates were evaluated for volume, sperm concentration and motility, divided in to three equal volumes, and diluted, respectively, with the three extenders as specified above. Extended semen was equilibrated for 18 h at 4°C and frozen in 0.25‐ml straws. After thawing, 100‐μl aliquots of semen were labelled with SYBR‐14, PI and PE‐PNA (Phycoerythrin‐conjugated Peanut agglutinin) and analysed by flow cytometry at 0, 3, 6 and 9 h after incubation at 37°C. A General Lineal Model procedure for repeated measures was used to determine the effects of extender, bull, replicate and the interaction between them, on sperm viability and acrosomal integrity. Semen samples frozen with Biladyl® showed higher (p < 0.001) sperm survival after 0 h (47.9%) and 9 h (30.3%) of incubation than those frozen with Andromed® (38.5% and 17.3%, after 0 and 9 h respectively) or Biociphos Plus® (34.9% and 21.6%, after 0 and 9 h respectively). The bull and replicate had significant effects (p < 0.001) on both sperm viability and acrosomal integrity, but the interactions between bull and extender and between replicate and extender were not significant. It was concluded that, when holding the semen overnight before freezing, the use of Biladyl® results in higher sperm survival and longevity than the use of Andromed® or Biociphos Plus®.
Aspidistras, amphipods and Oz: Niche opportunism between strangers in a strange land
Authors: CONRAN JOHN G. , BRADBURY JOHN H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe subterranean flowers of Aspidistra in their natural habitat of moist temperate East Asian forests are reportedly pollinated by terrestrial amphipods. Seed set by cultivated plants growing in Adelaide, South Australia, suggests that a pollinator shift has occurred and the results show that despite their different origins, the apparently highly specialized pollination system of the Asian Aspidistra can be accomplished by an introduced eastern Australian amphipod, Arcitalitrus sylvaticus. Pollination is possibly also achieved by cosmopolitan collembolans that feed on pollen inside the floral chambers. It appears that by providing subterranean floral chambers, Aspidistra potentially exploits the cryptic, fugitive behavior of soil or litter‐dwelling invertebrates. This supports the theory of asymmetrical pollination where an apparently specialized flower is pollinated successfully through the generalized behavior of its pollinators.
8: Polygonatum odoratum (Miller) Druce var. pluriflorum (Miq.) Ohwi (Convallariaceae)
Authors: OHARA MASASHI , TAMURA MINORU , HIROSE TOMOYUKI , HIEI KAYAKO , KAWANO SHOICHI 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe life‐history characteristics of Polygonatum odoratum (Miller) Druce var. pluriflorum (Miq.) Ohwi (Convallariaceae) are described. This is a polycarpic perennial that occurs in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu in Japan, extending further to the Korean Peninsula and China. Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum is a late starter in spring, its shoots sprouting in late April to early May, while the upper canopy layer is gradually expanding its foliage leaves and casting shade on the forest floor. Flowering starts in mid‐May right after the aerial shoots sprout; flowers are axillary, with 0.8 to 2 cm pedicels; 1 to 2 flowers, white, greenish near the tip and 17–19 mm long, hang from several portions of the inflorescences of the angled stems, which attain 30–60 cm in height. This is a typical insect‐pollinated plant, and white tubular flowers with a large nectary hang down from the inflorescence. Flowering occurs sequentially from bottom to top. The numbers of ovules and pollen grains per flower were 14–18 and 42 000–90 000, respectively, and pollen/ovule (P/O) ratios of 3000/5300 indicate that this is an outbreeding species. There is a tendency for the P/O ratios to decrease gradually in later flowering upper flowers within an inflorescence. The fruit set within an inflorescence also showed a similar tendency, that is, approximately 55.2% in lower flowers, 35.8% in middle flowers and 17.3% in upper flowers. As was reported in var. odoratum, there may be resource competition among flowers within an inflorescence.
Changes in eye care utilization following an eye health promotion campaign
Authors: Müller Andreas , Keeffe Jill E , Taylor Hugh R 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground: The Vision Initiative is a public health campaign that promotes the early detection of the main causes of vision loss through regular eye examinations. Target groups are people over 50 years, with diabetes, a family history of glaucoma or age‐related macular degeneration and those who have noted a change in vision.Methods: In 2005, a range of initiatives promoted the main campaign messages using metropolitan and regional television, radio and newspapers. Campaign outcomes such as last visits to an eye specialist were evaluated comparing pre‐ and post‐campaign data. Participation was volunteer based from randomly selected Melbourne suburbs. Recruitment was by mail. Participants were between 70 and 79 years of age. A questionnaire collected information about demographics, utilization of eye care services, general health and lifestyle. Key features of the five main eye diseases that cause vision loss in Australia were assessed.Results: The percentage of people that reported to have visited an eye specialist within the last year increased significantly from 61% to 70% (P < 0.001). Also the percentage of people with diabetes that reported to have a dilated fundus examination within the last 2 years increased significantly from 52% to 70% (P < 0.001) and the percentage of people reporting to always wear sunglasses when going out in the sun increased significantly from 33% to 39% (P < 0.001).Conclusions: Following the campaign, there was an improvement in the utilization of eye care services, especially by people with diabetes. However, other Australian public campaigns may contribute to the increased awareness of the effect of diabetes on eye health.
Recruiters’ Perceptions and Use of Applicant Résumé Information: Screening the Recent Graduate
Authors: Cole Michael S. , Rubin Robert S. , Feild Hubert S. , Giles William F. 
Published: March 2007

Despite résumés being evaluated as an initial step in most employment decisions for professional‐level job openings, researchers have not adequately examined the influence that applicants’ résumé qualifications may have on recruiters’ initial impressions of applicants’ employability. Based on prior research, we hypothesised that recruiters’ perceptions of job applicant employability will be associated with varying levels of job applicants’ academic qualifications, work experience, and extracurricular activities as reported on applicants’ résumés. Experienced recruiters (N= 244) evaluated 122 actual applicant résumés of recent or soon‐to‐be college graduates. Results supported our hypotheses, indicating that recruiters’ perceptions of applicants’ academic qualifications, work experience, and extracurricular activities interacted to predict recruiters’ perceptions of applicants’ employability.Alors que les curriculum vitae sont évalués lors de l’étape initiale de la plupart des procédures de recrutement pour pourvoir des nouveaux emplois d’un niveau professionnel élevé, les chercheurs n’ont pas suffisamment étudié l’influence des qualifications inscrites dans le curriculum vitae sur les premières impressions des recruteurs quant à l’employabilité des candidats. Basée sur une recherche antérieure, notre hypothèse pose que les perceptions des recruteurs de l’employabilité des candidats à un emploi varieraient selon les qualifications académiques du candidat, l’expérience professionnelle et les activités extra‐professionnelles telles qu’elles sont présentées dans le curriculum vitae. Des recruteurs expérimentés (N= 244) ont évalué 122 curriculum vitae de candidats réels récemment ou sur le point d’être diplômés de l’université. Les résultats confirment nos hypothèses. Les perceptions des recruteurs quant aux qualifications universitaires des candidats, leur expérience professionnelle et leurs autres activités interagissent et permettent de prédire les perceptions que les recruteurs ont de l’employabilité des candidats.