bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of pinacol esters of 1‐alkyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐yl‐ and 1‐alkyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐ylboronic acids
Authors: Ivachtchenko Alexandre V. , Kravchenko Dmitry V. , Zheludeva Valentina I. , Pershin Dmitry G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractStarting from 1H‐pyrazol, a wide number of 1‐alkyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl and 1‐alkyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐ylboronic acids and their pinacol esters were synthesized and characterized. The key step in the described methodology is the regioselective lithiation of the pyrazole ring. The synthesized pinacolates are stable under prolonged storage and can be used as convenient reagents in organic synthesis.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of N‐(substituted)‐N‐[1,2,4,8,10,11‐hexachloro‐6‐oxido‐12H‐dibenzo(d,g)(1,3,2)‐dioxaphosphocin‐6‐yl]ureas
Authors: Haranath P. , Anasuyamma U. , Reddy P. Vasu Govardhana , Reddy C. Sureshx 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSubstituted dibenzo dioxaphosphocin‐6‐yl ureas were synthesized by reacting hexachlorophene (4) with different carbamidophosphoric acid dichlorides (3) in the presence of triethylamine in dry toluene at 45‐50 oC. Their IR, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectral data is discussed. These compounds were found to possess good antimicrobial activity.
Effect of temperature on lipid‐derived volatile compounds in boiled potato during storage
Authors: Blanch Gracia Patricia , Flores Gema , Ruiz del Castillo Maria Luisa 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The aroma of boiled potatoes is greatly appreciated by consumers. Although it is formed by 150 volatile compounds, only a few seem to actually contribute to the characteristic aroma. In addition, potatoes have to be stored at a low temperature after harvest to guarantee a year‐round supply. However, even at low temperatures, tuber volatile composition is modified during storage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of storage temperature on boiled potato volatile constituents, mainly focused on lipid‐derived components, by considering different varieties stored at 4 °C and 8 °C.RESULTS: It was found that fewer lipid‐derived components were obtained when the potato tubers were stored at 4 °C rather than 8 °C. Specifically, the amounts of 2,4‐decadienal isomers and hexanal increased with the storage time, particularly at 8 °C. Similarly, pentanal and nonanal, which are autoxidation products, occurred to a greater extent at higher temperatures. In contrast, the levels of sugar‐derived compounds, in general, increased during storage at 4 °C rather than 8 °C as a result of higher content of sugars at low temperature.CONCLUSION: The effect of storage temperature on lipid‐derived volatile components in boiled potato appears to depend on the variety studied. Generally speaking, lower temperatures during storage promote sugar content and, as a consequence, sugar‐derived products. At the same time, lower temperatures result in less lipid oxidation and, therefore, a fewer lipid‐derived compounds. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of a real‐time multiplex PCR system for the quantitative detection of Chinese GM rice
Authors: Gu Shao‐bin , Wu Ying , Li Shi‐Chang , Li Li , Yang Jian‐bo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Rice is one of the most important staple food crops for more than half the global population, who rely on it for as much as 80% of their diet. By one estimate, the world population is projected to grow to approximately 11 billion people by the year 2050. So it is a formidable task to meet the future demand. For this reason, breeders make a great deal of effort to produce new rice varieties with traits such as higher yield, improved nutritional content and better resistance to disease and pests, via transgenic biotechnological protocols. Dozens of transgenic rice lines have been developed since the first transgenic rice plant production in the late 1980s. With the rapid approach of transgenic rice commercialisation, it is becoming necessary to develop techniques capable of detecting and quantifying genetically modified (GM) rice.RESULT: Here we describe a method in which transgenic DNA is quantified by amplifying part of the 35S‐CaMV promoter and standardising it against an amplified portion of an endogenous single copy, rice specific gene encoding sucrose phosphate synthase. Both reactions are performed simultaneously in a single tube. Standard calibration curves were developed by diluting DNA extracted from a blend of non‐transgenic (c.v., Nipponbare) and 5% KMD2 transgenic rice. The method was tested for the quantification of the five GM rice events, including KMD2, Wan 21A, GC‐1, H1597 and TR4, which contain the 35S‐CaMV promoter. The coefficient of variation varied from 3.15% to 12.84%, which is up to acceptance criterion over the dynamic range of the method.CONCLUSION: In this study, we successfully applied a multiplex real‐time PCR assay to GM rice, which employed SPS as the endogenous reference gene and the gene regulation element 35S‐CaMV promoter as a GMO marker. The detection limit and limit of quantification is sufficient to comply with all relevant regulations in the EU and worldwide. The detection system could be applied in routine analysis for the quantification of GM rice in food materials, such as instant rice, unpolished rice, rice flours, biscuit powders, and starch. It may prove useful with regard to a robust screening technique of broad utility as transgenic rice enters global commodity markets. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Estimating potential evapotranspiration from limited weather data over Gangetic West Bengal, India: a neurocomputing approach
Authors: Chattopadhyay Surajit , Jain Rajni , Chattopadhyay Goutami 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper reports the development of a neurocomputing‐based model for estimating the potential evapotranspiration over Gangetic West Bengal, India during the summer monsoon months of June, July and August. An artificial neural network is implemented in the form of multilayer perceptron to generate the model. Three weather variables, surface temperature, vapour pressure and rainfall are used as the independent variables in generating the model. The performance of the model is judged statistically against non‐linear regression in the form of asymptotic regression. The study reveals that an artificial neural network is more efficient than the regression approach to estimate the potential evapotranspiration in the summer monsoon months. Furthermore, it is established that the artificial neural network and non‐linear regression have almost equal efficiency in the previously mentioned estimation in the month of June. However, in July and August the higher values of correlation and Willmott's indices, and lower values of estimation error, indicate that the artificial neural network is more reliable than the non‐linear regression approach. Since evapotranspiration is one of the basic components of the hydrological cycle and is essential for estimating irrigation water requirement, an efficient estimation procedure may help in agrometeorological modelling and irrigation scheduling in the summer monsoon months, which are of high importance for agriculture in the study zone. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Synthesis and characterization of a novel electrochromic aromatic polyamide from AB‐type triphenylamine‐based monomer
Authors: Liou Guey‐Sheng , Lin Kai‐Han 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new triphenylamine‐based polyamide I was prepared by direct polycondensation of AB‐type monomer, 4‐amino‐4′‐carboxy‐4″‐methoxytriphenylamine (4), in the presence of triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensation agents. The obtained polyamide I showed excellent solubility in aprotic polar solvents such as NMP, DMAc, DMF, and DMSO and could be cast into transparent film with weight‐average molecular weight (Mw = 63,400) and polydispersity index (PDI = 1.79). The polyamide I exhibited good thermal stability with relatively high glass‐transition temperature (282 °C), 10% weight‐loss temperature above 470 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere, and char yield at 800 °C in nitrogen higher than 64%. It also showed maximum ultraviolet‐visible absorption at 362 nm and exhibited fluorescence emission maxima at 493 nm in NMP solution with fluorescence quantum yield 4.4%. Cyclic voltammogram of polyamide I film cast onto an indium tin oxide coated glass substrate exhibited one oxidative redox couple at 0.72 V (oxidation onset potential) versus Ag/AgCl in acetonitrile solution and revealed good stability of the electrochromic characteristic with a color change from colorless to green at applied potentials ranging from 0.00 to 1.10 V. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1988–2001, 2009
Star‐shaped polypeptide/glycopolymer biohybrids: Synthesis, self‐assembly, biomolecular recognition, and controlled drug release behavior
Authors: Qiu Shuo , Huang Hui , Dai Xiao‐Hui , Zhou Wei , Dong Chang‐Ming 
Published: March 2009

AbstractStar‐shaped polypeptide/glycopolymer biohybrids composed of poly(γ‐ benzyl L‐glutamate) and poly(D‐gluconamidoethyl methacrylate), exhibiting controlled molecular weights and low polydispersities, were synthesized by the combination of ring‐opening polymerization of γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate N‐carboxyanhydride and the direct atom transfer radical polymerization of unprotected D‐gluconamidoethyl methacrylate glycomonomer. These biohybrids were characterized in detail by means of FTIR, 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide angle X‐ray diffraction. Independent of weight fraction of hydrophilic glycopolymer segment, the biohybrids self‐assembled into large spherical micelles in aqueous solution, which had a helical polypeptide core surrounded by a multivalent glycopolymer shell. The deprotected poly(L‐glutamate)/glycopolymer hybrid exhibited a pH‐sensitive self‐assembly behavior, and the average size of the nanoparticles decreased gradually over the aqueous pH value. Moreover, whatever these biohybrids existed in unimolecular level or glycopolymer‐surfaced nanoparticles, they had specific biomolecular recognition with Concanavalin A compared with bovine serum albumin. Furthermore, star‐shaped biohybrids showed a higher doxorubicin loading efficiency and longer drug‐release time than linear analogues. This potentially provides a platform for fabricating targeted anticancer drug delivery system and studying glycoprotein functions in vitro. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2009–2023, 2009
1,4‐Dilithio‐1,1,4,4‐tetraphenylbutane in diethyl ether: An effective initiator for the living anionic polymerization of dienes
Authors: Dimitrov Philip , Iyer Pradeep , Van Beylen Marcel , Hogen‐Esch Thieo E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe anionic polymerization of butadiene initiated with 1,4‐dilithio‐1,1,4,4‐tetraphenylbutane (LiTPB) in diethyl ether (DEE) gives polybutadiene (PBD) with high 1,2 content (>70%), narrow polydispersities (1.04 < Mw/Mn < 1.20), and predicted molecular weights. In THF, this polymerization does not work very well. After removal of DEE and addition of THF, the PBD dianion is end capped quantitatively by addition of 1,1‐diphenylethylene (DPE) to give the diphenylalkyl end capped PBD dianion. Subsequent addition of methyl methacrylate at low temperatures results in the formation of well‐defined PMMA‐b‐PBD‐b‐PMMA triblock copolymers. The results are accounted for by taking into account the effects of Li ion solvation on the BD initiation and end capping of the PBD anion by DPE. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2198–2206, 2009
Hardware implementation of fault‐tolerance in dual computer systems
Authors: Samet Refik 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we propose an architectural design for a dual computer system (DCS) that operates in real‐time with the fault‐tolerance implemented purely by hardware. We have a novel design allowing the implementation of hardware that performs the following key services: the determination of fault type (temporary or permanent) and the localization of the faulty computer without using self‐testing techniques and diagnosis routines. We also propose a non‐trivial sequence of services for fault‐tolerance in which the determination of the fault type and the recovery of computational processes after a temporary fault are realized before fault localization. Our design has several benefits: the designed hardware shortens the recovery point time period; the proposed non‐trivial sequence of fault‐tolerant services reduces (to two) the number of logical segments that should be re‐run to recover the computational processes; and the determination of the fault type allows eliminating only the computer with a permanent fault. These contributions bring both an increase in system performance and an increase in the degree of system reliability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Immunodeficiency Disease: How Should It Affect Surgical Decision Making?
Authors: Madiba T. E. , Muckart D. J. J. , Thomson S. R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe ever‐increasing prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the continued improvement in clinical management has increased the likelihood of surgery being performed on patients with this infection. The aim of the review was to assess current literature on the influence of HIV status on surgical decision‐making.MethodsA literature review was performed using MEDLINE articles addressing “human immunodeficiency virus,” “HIV,” “acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,” “AIDS,” “HIV and surgery.” We also manually searched relevant surgical journals and completed the bibliographic compilation by collecting cross references from published papers.ResultsResults of surgery between noninfected and HIV‐infected individuals and between HIV‐infected and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients are variable in terms of morbidity, mortality, and hospital stay. The risk of major surgery is not unlike that for other immunocompromised or malnourished patients. The multiple co‐morbidities associated with HIV infection and the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy must be considered when assessing and optimizing the patient for surgery. The clinical stage of the patient’s disease should be evaluated with a focus on the overall organ system function. For patients with advanced HIV disease, palliative surgery offers relief of acute problems with improvement in the quality of life. When indicated, diagnostic surgery assists with further decision‐making in the medical management of these patients and hence should not be withheld.ConclusionHIV infection should not be considered a significant independent factor for major surgical procedures. Appropriate surgery should be offered as in normal surgical patients without fear of an unfavorable outcome.
Genetic diversity of the endangered Chinese endemic herb Saruma henryi Oliv. (Aristolochiaceae) and its implications for conservation
Authors: Zhou Tian‐Hua , Qian Zeng‐Qiang , Li Shan , Guo Zhi‐Gang , Huang Zhao‐Hui , Liu Zhan‐Lin , Zhao Gui‐Fang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSaruma henryi Oliv., the only representative of the monotypic genus Saruma Oliv. (Aristolochiaceae), is an endangered perennial herb endemic to China. It is a phylogenetically, ecologically, and medicinally important species. In the present study, inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were employed to investigate the genetic diversity and differentiation of 14 populations. A total of 16 selected primers yielded 175 bright and discernible bands, with an average of 10.94 per primer. POPGENE analysis showed that the genetic diversity was quite low at the population level (h = 0.0447–0.1243; I = 0.0642–0.1853; PPB = 10.29–36.57%), but pretty high at the species level (h = 0.2603; I = 0.3857; PPB = 73.71%). The hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a high level of genetic differentiation among populations (67.18% of total variance components, P < 0.001), in line with the gene differentiation coefficient (GST = 0.6903) and the limited among‐population gene flow (Nm = 0.2243). Both Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and UPGMA cluster analysis supported the grouping of all 14 populations into three geographic groups, among which there occurred a moderate level of genetic differentiation (33.18% of total variance components, P < 0.001) as shown by AMOVA analysis. In addition, Mantel test revealed a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances among populations (r = 0.7792, P = 0.001), indicating the role of geographic isolation in shaping its present population genetic structure. The present levels and patterns of genetic diversity of S. henryi were assumed to result largely from its breeding system, geographic isolation, clonal growth, its unique biological traits and evolutionary history. The high genetic differentiation among populations implies that the conservation efforts should aim to preserve all the extant populations of this endangered herb.
Nonlinear acoustic–gravity waves
Authors: STENFLO L. , SHUKLA P. K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPrevious results on nonlinear acoustic–gravity waves are reconsidered. It turns out that the mathematical techniques used are somewhat similar to those already adopted by the plasma physics community. Consequently, a future interaction between physicists in different fields, e.g. in meteorology and plasma physics, can be very fruitful.
Why Sārus Cranes epitomize Karuṇarasa in the Rāmāyaṇa
Authors: HAMMER NIELS 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBy correlating literary evidence, avian ethology and neurophysiology I will try to demonstrate why Vālmīki chose a pair of Sārus Cranes, and not any other avian species, to epitomise grief and sorrow in the Rāmāyaṇa. This choice illustrates the importance of personal experience of the living reality (behaviour of Sārus Cranes); but the grief,śoka, as experienced by Vālmīki, became in later critical literature, therasaofkaruṇa, the aesthetic appreciation of grief, as suggested by Ānandavardhana and explained by Abhinavagupta. By emphasising the central importance of affective states (sthāyibhāvas) in life as well as in the arts (rasas) Vālmīki, Abhinavagupta and Ānandavardhana appear to have had a perception of the human condition that is consistent with recent developments in affective neuroscience; and thus it is the pitch and the tonal quality of the cries of grief that convey the depth and universality (sādhāraṇatva) of the emotion.
Khān al-Ẓāhir – bi-Ẓāhir al-Quds!
Authors: CYTRYN-SILVERMAN KATIA 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn Jumādā II 661/April 1263 the Mamlūk sultan al-Ẓāhir Baybars visited Jerusalem and undertook various pious works, including the erection of a public khān for lodging those visiting the Holy City. Unfortunately Baybars's khān has not survived and much speculation has been made regarding its location. The Arabic sources relating to Baybars's deeds provide a good deal of information relating to his khān, which, once combined with western sources and archaeological evidence, allows us to suggest its probable site, its architectural type, and even range of services.
Smoothing waves in array CGH tumor profiles
Authors: van de Wiel Mark A. , Brosens Rebecca , Eilers Paul H. C. , Kumps Candy , Meijer Gerrit A. , Menten Björn , Sistermans Erik , Speleman Frank , Timmerman Marieke E. , Ylstra Bauke 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMotivation: Many high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization tumor profiles contain a wave bias, which makes accurate detection of breakpoints in such profiles more difficult.Results: An efficient and highly effective algorithm that largely removes the wave bias from tumor profiles by regressing the tumor profile data on data of profiles from the clinical genetics practice. Results are illustrated on two independent datasets. The algorithm is shown to be robust against the presence of true copy number aberrations. Moreover, the smoothed profiles are able to recapitulate the aberration location and signal for simulated tumor profiles.Availability: Easy-to-use R scripts, user instructions and data are available from http://www.few.vu.nl/~mavdwiel/nowaves.html.Contact: mark.vdwiel@vumc.nlSupplementary information: Supplementary information are available at Bioinformatics online.
[FeFe]‐hydrogenase‐like gene is involved in the regulation of sensitivity to oxygen in yeast and nematode
Authors: Fujii Michihiko , Adachi Noritaka , Shikatani Kazuki , Ayusawa Dai 
Published: March 2009

Oxygen is essential for the life of aerobic organisms, but reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from oxygen can be a threat for it. Many genes are involved in generation of ROS, but not much attention has been focused on the reactions from which ROS are generated. We therefore screened for mutants that showed an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and isolated a novel mutant, oxy‐4(qa5001). This mutant showed an increased sensitivity to a high concentration of oxygen, and decreased longevity at 20 °C but not at 26 °C. The genetic analysis has revealed that oxy‐4 had a causative mutation in an [FeFe]‐hydrogenase‐like gene (Y54H5A.4). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a deletion of NAR1, a possible homologue of oxy‐4, also caused a similar increased sensitivity to oxygen. [FeFe]‐hydrogenases are enzymes that catalyze both the formation and the splitting of molecular hydrogen, and function in anaerobic respiration in anaerobes. In contrast, [FeFe]‐hydrogenase‐like genes identified in aerobic eukaryotes do not generate hydrogen, and its functional roles are less understood. Our results suggested that [FeFe]‐hydrogenase‐like genes were involved in the regulation of sensitivity to oxygen in S. cerevisiae and C. elegans.
Prognostic importance of epithelial–mesenchymal transition‐related protein expression in gastric carcinoma
Authors: Kim Min A , Lee Hye Seung , Lee Hee Eun , Kim Ji Hun , Yang Han‐Kwang , Kim Woo Ho 
Published: March 2009

Aims:  Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is defined as switching of polarized epithelial cells to a migratory fibroblastoid phenotype. EMT is known to be involved in the progression and metastasis of various cancers. The aim was to evaluate the expression of EMT‐related proteins in gastric carcinoma (GC).Methods and results:  The expression of nine EMT‐related proteins in the GC tissues of 598 patients was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using a tissue array method. In addition, clinicopathological characteristics and survival were compared with the expression of EMT‐related proteins. Loss of epithelial protein and/or acquisition of the expression of mesenchymal proteins were observed in GC. These protein alterations were associated with diffuse type histology, advanced stage and poor patient outcome, respectively. Subjects were divided into three groups according to degree of EMT‐related protein alteration. Increases in alteration of EMT‐related protein were found to be significantly associated with poorly differentiated histology, higher pTNM stage and unfavourable outcome. Multivariate analysis showed that alterations in the expression of EMT‐related proteins were independently associated with poor prognosis.Conclusions:  Loss of epithelial proteins and/or the acquisition of mesenchymal proteins are associated with poorly differentiated histology, advanced stage and poor outcome in GC. The awareness and inhibition of EMT offer a promising target for prevention of metastatic progression and invasion.