bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Juvenile renal disease in related Standard Poodles
Authors: DiBartola S. P. , Chew D. J. , Boyce J. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chronic renal failure was diagnosed in 6 young Standard Poodles from 2 related litters. Clinically, the disease was characterized by polydipsia, polyuria, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, and bony deformities suggestive of fibrous osteodystrophy. Laboratory evaluation revealed azotemia and hypercholesterolemia in all 6 dogs and nonregenerative anemia in 3 dogs. Two dogs had hyperphosphatemia and another 2 were hypercalcemic. Isosthenuria and proteinuria were found in both dogs for which urinalyses were available. The kidneys were characterized pathologically by interstitial fibrosis, variable interstitial infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells, tubular atrophy, tubular dilatation, tubular basement membrane mineralization, cystic glomerular atrophy, and immaturity of glomeruli, with inconspicuous capillary lumens.
Kochia scoparia poisoning in cattle
Authors: Dickie Charles W. , James Lynn F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cattle consuming only high-sulfate water (2.3 g/L) and Kochia scoparia in a marginal pasture in southeastern Colorado were periodically monitored by serum chemical profiles. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum sorbitol dehydrogenase, and serum bilirubin values were abnormally high over extended periods, suggesting chronic toxicosis, but the toxicosis seemed accentuated after substantial rains, when plant growth was accelerated, and flowering, pollination, and early seed development were occurring. Clinical disease was manifested primarily as photosensitization. Polio-encephalomalacia was also produced. Evidence of a thiamin-destructive principle in K scoparia was obtained.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the dog: A review of 30 cases
Authors: Matus Robert E. , Leifer Connie E. , MacEwen E. Gregory 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was diagnosed in 30 dogs. Diagnosis was confirmed by examination of blood smears and bone marrow aspirates. The most common clinical signs were lethargy, anorexia, splenomegaly, and pallor of mucous membranes. Three dogs were not treated, 3 dogs were treated with prednisone, and 3 dogs were treated with cyclophosphamide; survival times in these 9 dogs ranged from 1 to 60 days. Twenty-one dogs were treated with vincristine and prednisone; of these, complete remission was achieved in 4 dogs and partial remission was achieved in 4 dogs, with survival times ranging from 8 to 241 days.
Medical and surgical management of gastric obstruction from a hairball in the rabbit
Authors: Gillett Nancy A. , Brooks Dale L. , Tillman Philip C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Gastric hairballs in a colony of mature laboratory rabbits were associated with chronic, partial, or complete gastric obstruction and inanition. Clinical signs included anorexia, decreased fecal output, weight loss, and depression. The differentiation of anorexia induced by hairballs, stress, and other causes presented a diagnostic dilemma. Radiographs could not be relied upon to differentiate gastric hairballs from normal gastric contents. Combined medical and surgical management optimized successful recovery. Supportive therapy was given 12 to 24 hours before surgical removal of the hairball and was continued postoperatively for 72 hours.
Steatitis and fat necrosis in captive alligators
Authors: Larsen R. E. , Buergelt C. , Cardeilhac P. T. , Jacobson E. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Steatitis and fat necrosis were identified in a group of 123 American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) kept in an enclosed pond and fed a diet of only fish for more than 10 years. All affected animals were outwardly healthy and had had no signs of disease in the period immediately before slaughter. The diagnosis was made at the time of commercial slaughter for harvest of meat and hides. Lesions consisted of firm yellow-brown masses distributed in fat tissue throughout the body. The histopathologic diagnosis was granulomatous steatitis, with fat necrosis, based on the finding of multinucleated giant cells, ceroid, and multiple foci of inflammatory cells.
Pathophysiology of excessive iron storage in mynah birds
Authors: Gosselin S. J. , Kramer L. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hepatic iron overload was diagnosed in young and adult Rothschild's mynah birds. By light microscopic evaluation, it was determined that there was progressive accumulation of iron pigment with age in the hepatocytes. The Kupffer's cells of the liver, the reticuloendothelial cells of the spleen, and the phagocytic cells in the small intestine were negative for Prussian blue (iron) pigments. These observations suggested that diet had only a minor influence on the iron distribution in the mynah birds. This was confirmed by comparing iron distribution in the liver and spleen of mynah birds with that in other exotic birds receiving the same diet as the mynah birds. The syndrome of excessive iron overload in the mynah birds shared most of the important histopathologic characteristics with idiopathic (hereditary) hemochromatosis in human beings.
Prevalence of antibody to bovine herpesvirus 1 in wild ruminants captive in United States zoos
Authors: Doyle L. G. , Heuschele W. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum samples (n = 1,146) representing 100 species of exotic ruminants now captive in United States zoos were assayed for neutralizing antibody to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus (bovine herpesvirus 1). Thirty-four animals (3%) of 11 species had antibody to ibr virus. Because of the low prevalence of ibr antibody found, it was concluded that vaccination against ibr virus probably is not necessary for captive wild ruminants in United States zoos.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in captive exotic ruminants
Authors: Doyle L. G. , Heuschele W. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antibody to bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus was found in 174 of 1,905 (9.1%) exotic ruminants. Of the seropositive animals, 129 had titers of at least 1:8. When serums from zoos that had vaccinated against bvd were excluded from analysis, 60 of 1,390 samples (4.3%) were seropositive for bvd. Noncytopathogenic strains of bvd virus were isolated from 5 exotic ruminants.
Death of an African elephant from probable toxemia attributed to chronic pulpitis
Authors: McGavin M. D. , Walker R. D. , Schroeder E. C. , Patton C. S. , McCracken M. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 31-year-old captive male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) of 5,000-kg body weight died suddenly in ventral recumbency. Lesions seen at necropsy were bilateral purulent pulpitis and periodontitis of both tusks, serous atrophy of coronary groove fat, Grammocephalus cholangitis, myocardial and skeletal lipofuscinosis, and scattered segmental necrosis in the pectoral muscles. Nonhemolytic streptococci, Corynebacterium sp, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Bacteroides sp, were recovered from the exudate around one or both tusks. We postulated that the elephant died of hypoxia from prolonged ventral recumbency because ofweakness and inability to rise secondary to toxemia from bilateral pulpitis and periodontitis.
Abortion and stillbirth associated with Chlamydia psittaci var ovis in dairy goats with high titers to Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Gunson Diane E. , Acland Helen M. , Gillette Deborah M. , Pearson J.E. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
During two consecutive breeding seasons in a brucellosis-free dairy goat herd, approximately 40% to 70% of the does (mean herd size, 14.5) had stillbirths or aborted. None of the does aborted or had stillbirths twice. In the first breeding season, 9 of 13 does aborted in the last 2 months of gestation. Three fetuses and 2 fetal placentas from 2 does were examined. Microscopic findings included severe multifocal hepatic necrosis, mild pneumonia, and mild multifocal necrosis in the brain. Cultures for Listeria monocytogenes, Chlamydia psittaci, and Coxiella burnetii were negative. Paired sera from 3 of the does that had aborted or had stillbirths were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. On the basis of high titers, a tentative diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was made.
During the following breeding season, 6 of 16 does aborted during the last 2 months of gestation. A total of 6 fetuses and 4 fetal placentas from 5 of these does were examined. Microscopic findings included infiltration of mononuclear cells around hepatic vessels and multifocal necrosis and gliosis in the brain. Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from the tissues of 1 fetus, 2 aborting does had persistent, high antibody titers against C psittaci (1:160 and 1:320), and all except 2 other does in the herd had C psittaci titers of 1:20 to 1:40. All but 2 does had T gondii titers of 1:32 to 1:4096. Evidently there was mixed infection with C psittaci and T gondii in this herd, but the former organism probably was responsible for the abortions and stillbirths.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever in an urban canine population
Authors: Smith Robert C. , Gordon John C. , Gordon Scott W. , Philip Robert N. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A survey for the prevalence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever antibodies in dogs from a well-defined endemic area in Columbus, Ohio (Franklin County), was conducted during the summer of 1981. Seventy-three blood samples from dogs in this area were tested by microimmunofluorescence for antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii and other rickettsial antigens. Thirty-three (45.2%) of these samples were positive for R rickettsii, with titers ranging from 1:8 to 1:2,048. For comparison, 137 blood samples from dogs at the Franklin County Dog Pound also were tested. One dog (0.7%) from the comparison group was seropositive to R rickettsii, with a 1:64 titer. The results indicated a nidus of this disease within the city of Columbus, Ohio.
Establishment of a bovine leukosis virus-free dairy herd
Authors: Kaja R. W. , Olson C. , Rowe R. F. , Stauffacher R. H. , Strozinski L. L. , Hardie A. R. , Bause I. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A large dairy herd was established free of bovine leukosis virus (blv) infection at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wis. Cattle introduced into the herd originated from blv-infected herds, but only those negative for blv antibodies by an agar gel immunodiffusion test were accepted there. Cattle that were found to be seropositive after their arrival at the new facility were promptly removed. Embryo transfer and artificial insemination were used to introduce new genetic stock into the herd. All recipients receiving embryos from blv-positive donors and the 30 calves born from the successful transfers were seronegative at 21 months for blv antibodies. Thus, under these conditions, embryo transfer and artificial insemination did not spread blv. The agar gel immunodiffusion test was effective in screening cattle for blv antibodies.
Standardization of the equine infectious anemia immunodiffusion test and its application to the control of the disease in the United States
Authors: Pearson J. E. , Knowles R. C. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
In 1972 the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) established requirements that horses which had immunodiffusion antibody against equine infectious anemia could not be transported interstate. Forty-two states had regulations requiring that horses have a negative equine infectious anemia immunodiffusion test before movement. In order to standardize immunodiffusion testing, it was stipulated in the 1972 regulations that tests must be performed in approved laboratories. The approved laboratories were required to have personnel trained in the immunodiffusion test procedure, to follow the standard protocol, to use licensed reagents, successfully complete proficiency tests, and to report results to federal or state animal health officials. The number of approved laboratories was 160 in June 1983.
The number of immunodiffusion tests performed in the United States increased from 82,777 in 1972 to 793,536 in 1977, and has remained at about that level. The percentage of positive samples has decreased from 3.9 in 1972 to 0.6 in 1982. Due to the laboratory standardization program, the reproducibility of test results has been excellent.
Ultrasonography as an adjunct to pregnancy assessments in the mare
Authors: Pipers F. S. , Zent W. , Holder R. , Asbury A. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Ultrasonographic detection of pregnancy was performed in 952 Thoroughbred mares. Characteristic images were obtained between 12 and 55 days after breeding. Twins in the same uterine horn as well as twins in opposite horns were imaged, and for the first few months of gestation appeared similar to single pregnancies. Growth curves as a function of time were developed, utilizing horizontal diameters of the blastocysts versus breeding dates. Comparisons between horizontal and vertical diameters demonstrated no appreciable differences when observed as a group. Growth curves derived from twins did not differ significantly from those for single pregnancies during the period we observed them. Ultrasonographic evaluations were valuable in substantiating mechanical destruction of one of the twin blastocysts immediately following the maneuver.
Uterine artifacts such as endometrial and lymphatic cysts also were visualized and portrayed. Although these structures represented a source of false-positive results, they usually could be properly identified on the basis of their morphometric and growth characteristics.
Results of analyses and bacterial cultures of urine specimens obtained from clinically normal cats by three methods
Authors: Lees George E. , Simpson Russell B. , Green Robert A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six urine specimens were obtained from each of 6 male and 6 female cats in a 3-week period. The first and last specimens from each cat were obtained by cystocentesis, 2 were obtained by urethral catheterization, and 2 were caught during voiding stimulated by manual bladder compression.
Quantitative urine cultures did not reveal bacteriuria in specimens obtained by cystocentesis, and urinary tract infection did not develop during the study. Bacteria were found in 3 (25%) of 12 urine specimens obtained by catheterization of males and in 1 (8%) of 12 specimens obtained by catheterization of females. Magnitude of bacteriuria in specimens obtained by catheterization was 10 to 1,000 organisms/ml. Bacteria also were found in specimens obtained during voiding. Each of 11 (100%) cleanly caught specimens obtained from males and 7 (58%) of 12 voided specimens from females contained bacteria. Magnitude of bacteriuria in voided specimens was usually 100 to 10,000 organisms/ml, but 3 voided specimens contained >10,000 organisms/ml. Many bacteriuric specimens contained more than 1 type of organism; however, bacteria that might be suspected of causing urinary tract infections in cats were found frequently.
Urinalyses were performed on 66 specimens. Completeness of urinalyses depended on the volume of specimens available, but results were normal except for evidence of hematuria in a few specimens obtained by cystocentesis or catheterization. Hematuria was usually mild and was attributed to hemorrhage caused by minor urinary tract trauma during urine collection.
Neuroaxonal dystrophy of Rottweiler dogs
Authors: Chrisman Cheryl L. , Cork Linda C. , Gamble David A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Five Rottweiler dogs were examined because of progressive ataxia of thoracic and pelvic limbs of several months’ to 4 years’ duration. Hypermetria, especially of the thoracic limbs, and head incoordination and tremors were obvious features in the 3 older dogs. None of the dogs had evidence of weakness or loss of conscious proprioception. An electroencephalogram in 1 severely affected dog was normal. Electromyograms in 2 severely affected dogs were normal except for some positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials in the interosseus muscles of all 4 feet. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluations of 2 severely affected dogs were normal. A reduced number of sensory nerve endings, compared with age-matched controls, was seen on histologic examination of a conjunctival biopsy specimen in 1 severely affected dog.
An antemortem diagnosis of neuroaxonal dystrophy was suspected from the signalment, history, and neurologic examination findings. The diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of microscopic findings in 3 dogs necropsied.
Clinical, pathologic, and ultrastructural features of situs inversus and immotile-cilia syndrome in a dog
Authors: Afzelius B. A. , Carlsten J. , Karlsson S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Situs inversus, rhinitis, and bronchitis were diagnosed in a 7-month-old male Golden Retriever. Electron microscopic examination of tracheal and bronchial biopsy specimens revealed 9% of the cilia with abnormal axonemal pattern and 1.2% with a fibrous ring between the circle of microtubular doublets and the cell membrane. A permanent response to treatment with antibiotics was not obtained and the dog was euthanatized. At necropsy the thoracic and abdominal organs were found to be in reversed position. Microscopic examination revealed evidence of chronic bronchitis as well as cystic and distended distal tubules of the kidneys. Foci of fibrosis were observed in the renal cortex. The diagnosis was immotile-cilia syndrome.
Digoxin in dogs: Once a day or twice a day?
Authors: Hamlin R. L. , Hobson J. L. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Healthy mature dogs were given digoxin orally at the same dose once a day (sid) or divided (bid) at 12-hour intervals. Blood concentrations of digoxin were determined by radioimmunoassay. When the drug was given sid, peak blood concentrations were higher than, but lowest blood concentrations were not different than, those obtained when the drug was given bid. Thus, average blood concentration throughout 24 hours was significantly (P<0.05) greater when digoxin was given sid than when given bid. This suggested a reduced rate of clearance and an increased risk for toxicosis for digoxin when given sid versus bid. Peaks of digoxin blood concentrations were lower when the drug was given bid rather than sid; however, we do not know whether the smaller fluctuations can be translated into greater efficacy and/or less toxicity. Unless those questions are answered, we recommend that digoxin be administered bid to mature dogs.
Thoracic bite wounds and associated internal injury in 11 dogs and 1 cat
Authors: McKiernan Brendan C. , Adams William M. , Huse David C. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
In 11 dogs and 1 cat with thoracic bite wounds and associated internal injury, the most common radiographic findings were subcutaneous emphysema, pulmonary infiltrates (contusion), pneumothorax, and rib separation. Treatment consisted of simple wound cleansing/repair, extensive thoracic surgery, or pleural drainage. Three of the 12 animals died or were euthanatized as a result of their bite wounds, 1 from a nonthoracic injury and 2 as a result of pleural and/or parenchymal disease.
Continuous caudal epidural anesthesia in the horse
Authors: Green Eleanor M. , Cooper Robert C. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A technique for continuous caudal epidural anesthesia in the horse was developed in trials involving 8 healthy adult horses. The injection site was the first intercaudal (intercoccygeal) space. A Huber point directional needle (Tuohy or Hustead) with a stylet was preplaced into the epidural space, used as a guide for an epidural catheter, and then removed, leaving the catheter in situ in the epidural space. A 2% solution of lidocaine hydrochloride was used as the anesthetic agent at an initial dose of 8 ml for an adult animal (474 kg to 560 kg). Repeated 4-ml doses were administered immediately upon return of sensation. The technique was found to be easily performed and effective for prolonged caudal epidural anesthesia in the horse.
Modified intramedullary pin technique for repair of distal femoral physeal fractures in the dog and cat
Authors: Parker Robert B. , Bloomberg Mark S. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A modified intramedullary pin technique for surgical repair of distal femoral physeal fractures in dogs and cats provided stability at the fracture site and allowed early range of motion. The fixation and stability of this technique was compared with that achieved with a multiple pin technique. Fixation failure did not occur in 11 animals treated by the modified intramedullary pin technique, whereas there were 2 failures in 13 patients treated by a multiple pin technique.
Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in canine pyoderma
Authors: Slade E. Alison , Thompson F. N. , Lorenz M. D. , Kemppainen R. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In an effort to evaluate the effect of pyoderma on circulating iodothyronines, plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) values were determined before and after thyroid stimulating hormone administration in 25 dogs with pyoderma and in 15 controls. Basal T4 values were increased in dogs with pyoderma, but neither stimulated T4 nor T3 values were altered by this condition. On the basis of low values for circulating iodothyronines, hypothyroidism was suspected in 3 dogs in the pyoderma group. The dog with the most involved lesions had extremely low T3 and T4 values as well as an autoimmune disease. It was concluded that most dogs with pyoderma do not have thyroid dysfunction.
Diazepam and succinylcholine chloride for restraint of the American alligator
Authors: Spiegel R. A. , Lane T. J. , Larsen R. E. , Cardeilhac P. T. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Diazepam followed by succinylcholine chloride was administered intramuscularly to 26 healthy mature female alligators on 2 occasions. The mean diazepam dosage was 0.37 mg/kg (range, 0.22 mg/kg to 0.62 mg/kg) and the mean succinylcholine chloride dosage was 0.24 mg/kg (range, 0.14 mg/kg to 0.37 mg/kg). This drug combination reduced stress and allowed adequate immobilization for restraint and handling. The reduced drug volume, low dosage of succinylcholine chloride required, short induction period, maintenance of respiration, and adequate degree of immobilization make this drug combination a good alternative to the use of muscle relaxants alone in chemical restraint of alligators.
Relationships among serum immunoglobulin concentration in foals, colostral specific gravity, and colostral immunoglobulin concentration
Authors: LeBlanc M. M. , McLaurin B. I. , Boswell R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Postpartum, presuckle, colostrum samples were collected from 100 mares. Colostral specific gravities significantly correlated (r = 0.9) with colostral immunoglobulin (Ig)G concentrations. Foal serum IgG concentrations highly correlated (r = 0.82) with specific gravities of the colostrum each foal ingested. Eight of 48 foals (17%) had serum IgG concentrations <400 mg/dl. The dams of these 8 foals had colostral sp gr <1.06 and colostral IgG concentrations < 3,000 mg/dl. Foals had serum IgG concentrations >520 mg/dl 24 hours after parturition, when the colostral specific gravity of the dam was ≥1.06. Effects of breed on colostral specific gravity, colostral IgG concentrations, foal serum IgG concentrations, and mare serum IgG concentrations were not significant.