bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFLORESCENCE STRUCTURE IN PRIMITIVE ANGIOSPERMS
Authors: Weberling Focko 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe inflorescences of Magnoliales exhibit a wide range of diverse forms. Monotelic inflorescences prevail by far. Panicles or thyrses terminating the flowering shoots are relatively rare, mostly the main axis shows a proliferating growth, then bearing “axillary” inflorescences only. By reduction of the ramification of the flower bearing axis, botryoids or even further reduced inflorescences can be formed. Solitary flowers terminating leafy shoots are also found in several families of the Magnoliales (as well as in Dilleniales). Highly specialized long shoot–short shoot systems are not rare (Calycanthaceae, Schisandraceae, Winteraceae, Eupteleaceae, Tetracentraceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Eucommiaceae, Myristicaceae), and even cauliflory occurs. Progression to an inflorescence of the polytelic type is relatively rare and occurs especially in some genera of the Lauraceae and apparently generally in Hernandiaceae and probably in members of Myristicaceae.
CARL LINNAEUS'S ACQUAINTANCE WITH TROPICAL PLANTS
Authors: Stearn William T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCarl Linnaeus (1707–1778) made his first acquaintance with a tropical flora about 1744 when studying a large collection of herbarium specimens and drawings made in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) by Paul Hermann, and on these he based his Flora Zeylanica (1747). Otherwise, down to the publication of the Species plantarum (1753), his knowledge of tropical plants was based on a limited number in cultivation and on a large number of illustrations in the works of Kaempfer, van Rheede, J. and C. Commelin, Merian, Plumier, Petiver, Sloane, and Rumpfis, but relatively little on herbarium material. These works provide iconotypes for many 1753 Linnaean binomials. In 1758 Linnaeus bought Patrick Browne's Jamaican herbarium. He also received specimens from former students visiting tropical countries. Long before then European trading activities had dispersed some ruderal plants from port to port, making them almost pantropical. Collections often contained specimens of these. Hence Linnaeus tended to regard the tropical floras as rather uniform over the world instead of regionally very diverse. Nevertheless he devised a methodology and a nomenclature fundamental for the later development of tropical botany.
COMPACTORIZATION IN HERBARIA: PLANNING FACTORS AND FOUR CASE STUDIES
Authors: Touw Mia , Kores Paul 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCompactors using open shelving and taking advantage of all available vertical space can allow specimens to be stored at significantly higher densities than in immobile systems. Space gain, however, is not automatic with compactors, and there is no substitute for careful consideration of local conditions and needs.
ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY STUDIED USING SEQUENCES OF FIVE MACROMOLECULES
Authors: Martin P. G. , Boulter D. , Penny D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPhylogenetic trees for 11 angiosperm families have been constructed using data from 106 macro‐molecular sequences, 12 of them new and the rest from published sequences of cytochrome c, plastocyanin, ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit, ferredoxin and 5S‐ribosomal‐RNA. Analyses of data from single macromolecules are not consistent with one another but, for nine families, a phylogenetic tree derived from three macromolecules remains consistent as a fourth macromolecule is added. This nine‐family tree is thought to be reliable. The positions of the other two families, Malvaceae and Ranunculaceae, remain uncertain. A relationship between Chenopodiaceae and Polygonaceae confirms other taxonomic work but an equally reliable and close relationship between Fabaceae and Brassicaceae merits further taxonomic investigation.
BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF NOTHOFAGUS (FAGACEAE)
Authors: Heads Michael 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe purpose of this article is to present a short critique of the modern school of vicariance/cladistic biogeography. To achieve this aim recently published work on biogeographical methods and the southern beeches (Nothofagus) by Dr. C. J. Humphries is discussed in some detail.
A NEW LECTOTYPIFICATION PROPOSED FOR THE GENUS NOTOSCEPTRUM BENTH. (LILIACEAE)
Authors: Codd L. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn Farr, Leussink and Stafleu, Index Nominum Genericorum 2: 1185 (1979) the lectotype for the genus Notosceptrum Benth. (Liliaceae) is listed as N. alooides (H. Bol.) Benth., following Phillips, Genera of South African Flowering Plants ed. 2: 186 (1951). Reasons are given below for superseding this choice as unsatisfactory and for replacing it with N. benguellense (Bak.) Benth. as lectotype for the genus.
PHENETIC AND CLADISTIC RELATIONSHIPS IN COLLYBIA SECT. LEVIPEDES (FUNGI: BASIDIOMYCETES)
Authors: Vilgalys Rytas 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPhenetic and cladistic methods were both used to study phylogenetic relationships of fungi in the genus Collybia section Levipedes. Ten North American taxa were scored for 23 morphological and ecological traits, and the resulting data set was used for both kinds of analysis. Essentially identical phenograms were generated regardless of the type of similarity or dissimilarity coefficient used. Both principal coordinate and minimum spanning tree analyses also produced results congruent with the various phenograms. For cladistic analysis, parsimony analysis was chosen to construct Wagner trees, which were rooted using several criteria. With only in‐group taxa in the analysis, a single Wagner tree resulted when the dictum ‘common is primitive’ was used to root the tree. Outgroup taxa were chosen from sections Striipedes, Vestipedes and Maculatae. Of the various runs using outgroup taxa from different sections of Collybia, only that with section Striipedes as outgroup resulted in a single unequivocal tree being resolved. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that Striipedes is most closely allied to Levipedes. All parsimony analyses indicated a high level of parallelism in section Levipedes. Both phenetic and cladistic analyses grouped taxa in a similar manner, although several differences in branching pattern were apparent. The C. dryophila complex was clearly distinguished from the rest of the section by all analyses. Other close relationships were suggested between C. alkalivirens and C. fuscopurpurea, and between C. spongiosa and C. kaufmanii. The Wagner trees are presented as hypotheses of phylogenetic relationship in Levipedes.
VARIATION IN LEAFLET MORPHOLOGY AMONG THREE POPULATIONS OF ZAMIA L. IN PUERTO RICO
Authors: Newell Sandra J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryZamia leaflet morphology is compared among three populations in Puerto Rico. The variables measured were leaflet length, width, area, length : width ratio, number of leaflets per leaf, and leaf area. One population (Susúa) is highly significantly different in all variables from the other two populations. The Susúa plants have much longer and narrower leaflets and more leaflets per leaf. This population represents what is known as the narrow‐leaflet form and is considered by some to be a different species from the wide‐leaflet form. The other two populations (Arecibo and Santa Rosa) represent the wide‐leaflet form, although these two populations are significantly different from each other in all but one of the variables. The Arecibo plants have wider leaflets and more leaflets per leaf than the Santa Rosa plants. All four of the leaflet variables were non‐normally distributed and various transformations of the data did not entirely solve this problem. In the few cases where transformation produced a normal distribution of the data, the variances were highly significantly heterogeneous. The failure of this type of data to meet the assumptions of parametric statistics may limit the usefulness of these characters for taxonomic studies. The results are further discussed within the context of Zamia taxonomy.
ON THE IDENTITY OF ISOËTES TRIQUETRA A. BRAUN
Authors: Hickey R. James 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVegetative characters of Isoëtes are generally thought to be of little diagnostic value because of their plasticity and limited number of distinctive character states. The neglect of these vegetative features has resulted in incomplete species descriptions and taxonomic confusion. This problem is exemplified by I. triquetra, a name based on a single sterile collection, which has previously been assumed, but never shown, to be synonymous with I. andina. A comparative study of ligule morphology indicates that the two names are indeed synonymous.
NOTHOSCORDUM GRACILE, THE CORRECT NAME OF N. FRAGRANS AND THE N. INODORUM OF AUTHORS (ALLIACEAE)
Authors: Stearn William T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryExamination of the holotype (BM) of Allium inodorum Aiton (1789), basionym of Nothoscordum inodorum (Aiton) Nicholson, reveals this as conspecific with Allium neapolitanum Cyrillo (1788) and not a member of the genus Nothoscordum Kunth (Alliaceae). The correct name for the widely naturalized weedy species known as N. inodorum or as N. fragrans (Vent.) Kunth is N. gracile (Aiton) Stearn, syn. Allium gracile Aiton (1789). The current misapplication of the epithet inodorum goes back to an illustrated article by Ker‐Gawler in Curtis's Botanical Magazine 28: t. 1129 (1808) where N. gracile is depicted as A. inodorum; his later (1810) correction has been overlooked or ignored.
STATE‐OF‐THE‐ART HERBARIUM COMPACTOR SYSTEMS FOR DAO AND DAOM
Authors: Barr D. J. S. , Cody W. J. , Parmelee J. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHigh density storage of botanical and mycological specimens was achieved by using specially built, open‐faced cabinets on electrically operated, compactor mobiles. By utilizing as much height as possible and allowing two aisles per compactor module (block), 2‐3 times as much space was obtained as in conventional herbarium storage. The largest module comprises 11,200 pigeonholes on 16 double carriages and three single carriages each 18 ft long and 9 ft 2 in. high. The reduced aisle space was made practical by the use of a totally flexible aisle system where one wide or two smaller aisles can be placed anywhere in a module. Protection from insects and air tightness was obtained by use of a highly compressible, perimeter gasket around cabinet faces. Decks (false floors at rail height) were made of concrete in the basement and wood in the upper floors. Independently operated safety features include a floor‐level sweep and a locking mechanism for the aisles. Calculations on the weight of compactors, for purposes of floor loading, are given.
NEOTYPIFICATION OF TRIFOLIUM STOLONIFERUM MUHL. EX A. EAT. (FABACEAE)
Authors: Brooks Ralph E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDuring an investigation to determine the distribution, abundance, and populational characteristics of the little known Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. ex A. Eat., it became evident that type material was not clearly identifiable, and therefore a neotype is here designated.
CHROMOSOMAL FEATURES AS GENERIC CRITERIA IN THE ASTEREAE
Authors: Jones Almut G. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySeveral examples may serve to address four basic questions concerning the applicability of chromosomal features to the determination of generic limits in the Astereae: 1) What do chromosome numbers per se tell us? 2) Can we assume that x = 9 (or any other base number) is homologous for all taxa sharing the character state? 3) Can genera with more than one basic chromosome number be regarded as monophyletic? and 4) are chromosomal features correlated with gross morphological characters that will render them useful in the construction of general classifications? The evolutionary conservatism that makes chromosomal features very strong characters also limits the usefulness of the most common feature studied: the basic chromosome number. Chromosome count statistics are presented as a partial answer to the first question and, to prove a point, a “new” chromosome count is reported for Aster carolinianus. Examples are cited (e.g., Astranthium, Brachyscome, Chrysopsis, and Aster sensu lato) to show that base numbers may be primitive, or they may be derived by way of either dysploid reduction or amphidiploid increase. It is mainly with regard to the third question that concepts diverge, and there is no simple answer. The true situation may be that most genera are monobasic, but that there are a few which are not. In this connection, a well‐known example in the Aster alliance is discussed, which leads to an answer regarding the last question. Chromosomal features are basic to an understanding of relationships in the Astereae, but more so at the infrageneric than the generic level. Unless correlated with gross morphological (and/or distributional) characteristics, they are of limited value in the determination of generic boundaries.
TRENDS OF VARIATION AND SYSTEMATICS OF POACEAE
Authors: Hilu Khidir W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPrincipal coordinate (PCA) and minimum spanning tree (MST) techniques were used to analyze trends of variation in the Poaceae. The distribution of the 214 grass genera on the first three factors is presented in two‐ and three‐dimensional diagrams. The Pooideae, Eragrostoideae and Panicoideae appeared at the extreme ends of the three factors. The two major tribes of the Panicoideae, Paniceae and Andropogoneae, were distinct particularly on the third factor. Bambusoideae, Arundinoideae, Centostecoideae, Oryzoideae, and the genera Nardus, Lygeum and Diarrhena occupied intermediate positions and were less divergent from the center of variation. Minimum spanning tree analysis showed that, except for the Arundinoideae, Centostecoideae and the nardoid group, connections among members of each subfamily are considerably higher than those between different subfamilies. This indicates a lack of distortion in the PCA and confirms the naturalness of these taxa. There was only one connection between the Paniceae and Andropogoneae, underscoring the distinctness of the two tribes. The genera Nardus, Diarrhena and Lygeum appeared in adjacent positions but were linked to different subfamilies. The implications of these analyses on the evolution of the Poaceae and the role of polyploidy and hybridization is discussed.
LECTOTYPIFICATION, TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF MORUS ALBA, M. TATARICA AND M. INDICA (MORACEAE)
Authors: Rao C. Kameswara , Jarvis C. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLectotypes are designated for Morus alba, M. tatarica and M. indica. Morus tatarica is treated as synonymous with M. alba and following Bureau's treatment, M. indica is recognised as a variety of M. alba.
NAMES AND TYPES IN CORTADERIA STAPF (GRAMINEAE) II
Authors: Connor H. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFour further names are included in the synonymy of species of Cortaderia including one from Calamagrostis and another from Danthonia. The reproductive system in C. bifida is confirmed as autonomous apospory; no polliniferous plants of C. pungens have been seen in herbaria and it is suggested that this taxon may also be apomictic. Gynodioecism, the prevalent mode in the genus, is recorded for C. planifolia.
AGARDHIELLA VERSUS NEOAGARDHIELLA (SOLIERIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA): ANOTHER LOOK AT THE LECTOTYPIFICATION OF GIGARTINA TENERA
Authors: Gabrielson Paul W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe specimen currently recognized as the lectotype of Gigartina tenera J. Agardh does not agree with the original protologue and is superseded. A new lectotype is designated which belongs to the taxon currently named Agardhiella subulata (C. Agardh) Kraft et Wynne. Neoagardhiella baileyi (Harvey ex Kuetzing) Wynne et Taylor and Agardhiella tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz, the generic type, are synonyms of A. subulata. A correct name is needed for the plant currently named Solieria tenera (J. Agardh) Wynne et Taylor, and Euhymenia filiformis Kuetzing appears to be the earliest available, resulting in Solieria filiformis (Kuetzing) Gabrielson comb. nov.
NOMENCLATURE AND TYPIFICATION OF LEPTARRHENA (SAXIFRAGACEAE)
Authors: Gornall R. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe correct name for the species in a monotypic Leptarrhena (Saxifragaceae) is L. pyrolifolia (D. Don) R. Br. ex Seringe. Reasons are outlined for believing that Rafinesque was the first to lectotypify the genus (with L. pyrolifolia) and for believing that Small's choice of L. amplexifolia should be superseded. Both species names are lectotypified here, however. In a conspectus of the genus, nine synonyms are identified and one species name excluded.
REJECTION OF THE NAMES MAGNOLIA HEPTAPETA AND M. QUINQUEPETA (MAGNOLIACEAE)
Authors: Meyer Frederick G. , McCliniock Elizabeth 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBuchoz (1779) published the genus Lassonia with two species, L. heptapeta and L. quinquepeta based on plant figures of Chinese origin first published by Buchoz in 1776. Only the Chinese vernacular names Yulan and Xinyi (or Mulan) appear on the original plates. In 1934, Dandy transferred both L. heptapeta and L. quinquepeta to the genus Magnolia, but these names of Buchoz were later rejected by him in preference of Magnolia denudata and M. liliiflora of Desrousseaux. More recently the Buchoz names have been resurrected by several authors which has resulted in a running controversy over the Buchoz names as to their application in the genus Magnolia. In fact, the figures themselves are without any redeeming botanical value whatsoever, as a close scrutiny of the figures reveals. The names Magnolia heptapeta (Buchoz) Dandy and M. quinquepeta (Buchoz) Dandy are categorically rejected as incertae sedis, because the Buchoz figures do not match the species to which some people apply his names, thus leaving the names unapplied and without identifiable types. The earliest applicable names for the taxa in question with the Chinese names Yulan and Mulan are Magnolia denudata and M. liliiflora, respectively, both of Desrousseaux (1791), based on the earlier illustrations of Kaempfer.
ON CORNERIAN AND OTHER TERMINOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMOUS AND GYMNOSPERMOUS SEED COATS: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND TERMINOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Schmid Rudolf 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA revision of Corner's (1976) classification of angiospermous (especially dicotyledonous) seeds is given in outline form according to the histology of the seed coat, namely, exo‐, meso‐, and endotestal seeds versus exo‐, meso‐, and endotegmic seeds. This revision is presented in the context of a historical perspective, and with certain explanations and caveats for the use of the classification. A digression pursues the terminology of the gymnospermous seed coat, in particular its division into sarco‐, sclero‐, and endotestal layers. An appendix lists published reviews of Corner's 1976 book The seeds of dicotyledons.
HAECKEL ET LA SYSTEMATIQUE VEGETALE
Authors: Barabé Denis 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHaeckel outlined the first genealogical trees for plants and animals. A small portion of his work was dedicated to plant evolution. Haeckel gave a phylogenetic interpretation of the natural classification of plants as it existed at his time, deriving phylogeny from classification. According to him, a phylogeny based on comparative anatomy and upon which systematic evolution is founded, will be identical to that which could have been derived from ontogenesis or from paleontology if they had been known.RésuméHaeckel ébaucha les premiers arbres généalogiques des plantes et des animaux. Une petite partie de son oeuvre est consacrée à l‘évolution des plantes. Haeckel a donné une interprétation phylogénétique de la classification naturelle des plantes qui existait à son époque. Il retrace la phylogénie à partir de la classification. Selon cet auteur une phylogénie établie d'après l'anatomie comparée‐sur laquelle se fonde l‘évolution systématique‐sera identique à celle que l'on aurait pu construire à partir des données de l'ontogenèse ou de la paléontologie, si elles avaient été connues.
AUGUSTIN AUGIER'S “ARBRE BOTANIQUE” (1801), A REMARKABLE EARLY BOTANICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM
Authors: Stevens P. F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAugustin Augier, an obscure scientist from Lyon, published in 1801 a detailed “Arbre botanique,” a tree‐like diagram that depicted the natural relationships he believed to exist among members of the plant kingdom. He attempted to produce a natural classification based on several parts of the flower, rather than on a single one, that would also function like a key. The botanical tree was the result, and Augier described in considerable detail the methodology that he used to produce this tree, a way of representing natural relationships distinctly uncommon at the time. Augier used the botanical tree to distinguish between different kinds of relationships, two of which are similar to those currently called homology and analogy. It is suggested that Augier's botanical tree is an example in miniature of some of the major changes that were shortly to transform early ninteenth century systematics.
THE ORIGIN OF LAND PLANTS: SOME ANSWERS, MORE QUESTIONS
Authors: Taylor Thomas N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe discovery of new fossil plant remains, together with new interpretations of previously described forms, suggests that some ideas regarding the origin of land plants need to be modified. Some evidence suggests that perhaps plants with a bryophytic level of organization were on the land as early as the Ordovician. This suggestion is strengthened by a number of Devonian plants that lack tracheide despite possessing a suite of morphological features generally attributed to vascular plants. Such information necessitates that the current classification of early land plants be re‐examined, together with ideas about the origin and subsequent evolution of vascular plants and bryophytes.
THE HISTORIC AND CURRENT STATUS OF HERBARIA IN CHINA
Authors: Ma Wei‐liang 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChina is a large country, vast in territory and rich in natural resources. But the country has been isolated from the international botanical community for the past several decades. Since Liberation in 1949 the number of herbaria in China has increased by more than 500%. At the same time an extensive program to inventory the nation's botanical wealth and produce a flora for all of China has been undertaken. This paper attempts to summarize the history of herbaria in China and to make known their current status so that the rich resources they contain may become better known to the world's botanists.
NOTES ON ACAMPE PAPILLOSA LINDLEY, NOM. ILLEG. (ORCHIDACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAcampe papillosa Lindley is an illegitimate name for A. praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. and McCann and A. carinata (Griff.), comb. nov. based on Saccolabium carinatum Griff. is proposed for A. papillosa auctt. non Lindley. Incidentally, A. multiflora (Lindl.) Lindl. is treated as conspecific with A. rigida (Smith) P. F. Hunt, in conformity with J. D. Hooker (1890), Seidenfaden (1977) and Jayaweera (1981).
Hoplophyllum DC., the sister group to Eremothamnus O. Hoffm. (Asteraceae)?
Authors: Karis Per Ola 
Published: April 2006

SummaryKaris, P. O.: Hoplophyllum DC., the sister group to Eremothamnus O. Hoffm. (Asteraceae)? ‐ Taxon 41: 193–198. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The two South African‐Namibian genera Hoplophyllum and Eremothamnus share two unique floral microcharacters. It is concluded that they are sister groups belonging in an extended tribe Eremothamneae.
Genera of Cyperaceae: interactive identification and information retrieval
Authors: Bruhl Jeremy J. , Watson Leslie , Dallwitz Michael J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBruhl, J. J., Watson, L. & Dallwitz, M. J.: Genera of Cyperaceae: interactive identification and information retrieval. ‐ Taxon 41: 225–234. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.An automated data bank of the sedge genera of the world has been developed using the DELTA system. The 122 narrowly defined genera are described in detail in terms of morphology, anatomy, photosynthetic pathways, synonyms, ecology, distribution, and classification. This paper describes an INTKEY version of the data bank (available for MS‐DOS microcomputers), and illustrates its use for interactive identification and data retrieval.