bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and quantitation of phenolic compounds in faecal matrix by capillary gas chromatography and nano‐electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Knust Ulrike , Erben Gerhard , Spiegelhalder Bertold , Bartsch Helmut , Owen Robert Wyn 
Published: September 2006

AbstractVery few relevant methods have been described for the detection and quantitation of phenolic compounds in faecal matrix. Extraction with conventional organic solvents such as chloroform/methanol (2:1, Folch reagent), methanol and ethanol (72%) showed high extraction efficiency for lipids and also gave good recovery of the major phenolic compounds present in the matrix. However, in comparison with a newly developed phosphate buffer method, the yield of minor phenolics was negligible when detected by these conventional methods. Conventional methods also lead to contamination of the ion source of the mass spectrometer and rapid deterioration of column performance mostly due to the high concentration of lipids. However, if the faecal matrix is initially extracted with phosphate buffer, and the extract acidified and re‐extracted with diethyl ether, the range and yield of phenolic compounds are enhanced and the problem of lipid contamination is substantially alleviated. Following pilot studies and optimisation of the procedure, individual phenolic compounds (n = 29) were identified by nano‐electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (nano‐ESI‐MS), nano‐ESI‐tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/EI‐MS) and quantitated (n = 27) by GC/MS in subsets (n = 5) of faecal samples, collected during the European Agency for Cancer Prevention calcium/fibre intervention study from four European countries (Italy, Germany, Spain and Denmark). A range of phenolic compounds (mainly acids) was detected, dominated by phenylacetic, benzoic, phenylpropionic and m‐hydroxyphenylpropionic acids, representing on average 9.91 (93%), 8.25 (92%), 9.45 (95%) and 11.05 (98%) mM in the Italian, German, Spanish and Danish samples, respectively. The new method should enable large epidemiologic, case‐control and intervention studies on the relevance of phenolic antioxidants in the aetiology of colorectal cancer to be conducted in the future. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic internal calibration in liquid chromatography/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of protein digests
Authors: Palmblad Magnus , Bindschedler Laurence V. , Gibson Trevor M. , Cramer Rainer 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAccurately measured peptide masses can be used for large‐scale protein identification from bacterial whole‐cell digests as an alternative to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) provided mass measurement errors of a few parts‐per‐million (ppm) are obtained. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry (MS) routinely achieves such mass accuracy either with internal calibration or by regulating the charge in the analyzer cell. We have developed a novel and automated method for internal calibration of liquid chromatography (LC)/FTICR data from whole‐cell digests using peptides in the sample identified by concurrent MS/MS together with ambient polydimethylcyclosiloxanes as internal calibrants in the mass spectra. The method reduced mass measurement error from 4.3 ± 3.7 ppm to 0.3 ± 2.3 ppm in an E. coli LC/FTICR dataset of 1000 MS and MS/MS spectra and is applicable to all analyses of complex protein digests by FTICRMS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐layer enhancement of TCP split‐connections over satellites links
Authors: Peng Fei , Wu Lijuan , Leung Victor C. M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSatellites have played an important role in global telecommunications. However, transmission control protocol (TCP) suffers performance degradations over satellite links due to the long propagation delay and high bit‐error rate. Among methods proposed to alleviate the impact of satellite link characteristics on TCP performance, split TCP connections separated by performance enhancement proxies (PEPs) have been proven attractive because they can keep TCP configurations in the end systems unchanged. While many protocols applied over satellite links between PEPs can effectively mitigate the effect of high loss rates, the long latency still limits the effectiveness of congestion control in these protocols. To minimize the effect of congestion we propose to take advantage of active queue management at the medium access control layer to provide immediate cross‐layer feedback to the TCP segment over satellite. This approach also achieves proper differentiation between packet losses due to channel errors and congestion. Simulation results show that our novel mechanism can give substantial improvements in TCP performance over satellite networks, compared to the best performing version of TCP with or without PEPs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic resource allocation based on a TCP‐MAC cross‐layer approach for DVB‐RCS satellite networks
Authors: Chini Paolo , Giambene Giovanni , Bartolini Danilo , Luglio Michele , Roseti Cesare 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSatellite communication networks can provide multimedia broadband services to fixed and mobile users in several scenarios where terrestrial networks are not present or where they need to be complemented. Moreover, satellite links can be useful to bypass crowded terrestrial networks, thus helping in reducing congestion. In such a scenario, characterized by a high propagation delay and a radio channel affected by losses, standard bandwidth allocation schemes prove to be inefficient when Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is running. Hence, we propose a novel resource allocation scheme based on the cross‐layer interaction between TCP and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers. The interest is here in achieving an efficient transfer of files by means of the FTP application protocol. Our scheme permits to avoid network congestion, to reduce the average file transfer time and to achieve a fair sharing of resources among competing flows. The allocation technique has been applied to an Interactive Satellite Network (ISN) based on the DVB‐RCS standard with a group of fixed satellite terminals, which communicate with a Network Control Center (NCC) through a geostationary bent‐pipe satellite, according to a classical star topology. Results are obtained through a network simulator. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
QOS considerations for future military satcom networks with link layer dynamic resource allocation
Authors: Narula‐Tam Aradhana , Wysocarski Jeff , Yao Huan , Wang Mu‐Cheng , Macdonald Thomas , Huang Orton , Pandya Julee 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTo efficiently utilize limited RF resources, future military packet‐switched satellite networks will dynamically allocate resources on the uplink and downlink. Designing the resource allocation algorithms to maximize link layer efficiency is insufficient. The resource allocation algorithms must work cooperatively with the network layer and transport layer to optimize network layer performance and provide quality of service (QoS) to applications and users. Several mechanisms for facilitating this required cooperation between the layers are presented. The individual roles and actions of the layers as well as their interaction are defined. QoS schedulers that continue to provide service differentiation in the presence of link variations are illustrated. Downlink scheduling architectures that provide terminal QoS guarantees are demonstrated. Finally, the interaction between TCP and the dynamic resource allocation algorithms is investigated, leading to suggested modifications of either the resource allocation algorithms, the TCP protocol, or both. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
System dynamics modelling for strategy implementation—case study and issues
Authors: Snabe Birgitte , Größler Andreas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSystem dynamics have over the years proven its usefulness in corporate strategy forming. The purpose of the paper is to investigate, how system dynamics modelling can be supportive for strategy implementation in organizations. In order to do so, we briefly discuss prospective features of strategy implementation interventions. Besides conceptual considerations, we base our arguments on a detailed case study from a high‐tech company. Findings of this paper are that system dynamics modelling can be helpful for strategy implementation in regards to both strategy refinement and transfer of insights and understanding underlying the strategy forming. Research implications comprise the further evaluation of the approach and the discussion of potential ethical issues. The originality of this paper lies in the proposition of the usage of system dynamics modelling in change management settings, where the field of system dynamics traditionally make use of flight simulators or qualitative system dynamics, rather than formal modelling and simulation. © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexible study processes in ‘knotty’ system dynamics projects
Authors: Winch Graham , Derrick Sonja 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSystem dynamics is generally selected as an analytical approach because it is believed to be particularly good with complex issues both in terms of the core model and the environment. The SD literature devotes considerable space to study and intervention processes, often suggesting general models, protocols or procedures that have worked in specific applications or a range of similar applications. This paper describes an ongoing project in which a complex system operates within a complex and fast‐changing environment with major and overlapping organizational changes, a wide and diverse set of stakeholders and difficult national political agendas. The project concerns the nature of ‘quality and effective training’ for junior doctors in the UK against the backdrop of major changes in working hours and conditions driven by national safety concerns and the overarching requirements of the EU Working Time Directive. Early models are already yielding valuable insights for those at a large teaching hospital wrestling with the seemingly impossible task of maintaining levels and quality of both doctor training and service to patients. However, the study is also highlighting that in such high‐complexity the study process itself can be problematic. This paper considers the issues raised and relates them to the literature on model‐based interventions and concludes that flexible and adaptive processes are needed to effectively manage such ‘knotty’ projects. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic Engineering and Characterization of phaC1 and phaC2 Genes from Pseudomonas putida KCTC1639 for Overproduction of Medium‐Chain‐Length Polyhydroxyalkanoate
Authors: Kim Tae‐Kwon , Jung Young‐Mi , Vo Minh Tri , Shioya Suteaki , Lee Yong‐Hyun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTwo PHA synthase phaC1 and phaC2 genes cloned from the new strain Pseudomonas putida KCTC1639 were metabolically engineered for the overproduction of medium‐chain‐length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl‐PHA). The overexpressed phaC1 and phaC2 genes in P. putida KCTC1639 were compared in terms of the biosynthesis of mcl‐PHA, fatty acid assimilation, distribution of 3‐hydroxylacyl monomer units, granular morphology, and thermophysical properties of the accumulated mcl‐PHA. The biosynthesis of mcl‐PHA was enhanced only by the overexpressed phaC1 gene up to 2.86‐fold, in contrast, the phaC2 gene did not activate the biosynthesis of mcl‐PHA. The overexpressed phaC1 gene tended to form enlarged, high molecular weight, and lower crystalline mcl‐PHA granules, whereas the amplified phaC2 gene induced the fragmentation of mcl‐PHA into a few small‐sized granules. The transformant P. putida KCTC1639 overexpressing the phaC1 gene encoding PHA synthase I was cultivated by pH‐stat fed‐batch cultivation, and the concentration and content of mcl‐PHA increased up to 8.91 g L−1 and 70.5%, respectively.
Amine Neurotransmitters
Authors: Pearl Sandra M , Zigmond Michael J 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Biogenic amines can serve as neurotransmitters, released from one nerve to act on another. Amine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine and epinephrine are important in many physiological functions including sleep, arousal, reinforcement and regulation of heart rate and blood pressure.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Festoff Barry W 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a heterogeneous
neurodegenerative syndrome that has been described in the medical literature
for 150 years. Numerous theories of cause and pathogenesis have been
advanced but specific mechanisms have not yet been established. What is highly
likely is that numerous injurious agents can precipitate the cascade of events
that results in this well‐known syndrome. In the absence of knowing specific
cause(s), understanding this pathogenetic mechanism may be a target for novel
drug discovery efforts.
Auditory Processing
Authors: Forsythe Ian D 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSound is encoded as action potential trains by the cochlea and transmitted along the 8th nerve into the cochlear nucleus. Central auditory processing exemplifies several general principals of sensory neuronal conduction and control. Information is processed in parallel, with subdivisions of the auditory pathway adapted for specialized feature extraction and it is hierarchical. The temporal properties of sound mean that the preservation of timing information during auditory processing is of fundamental importance.
Brain Imaging: Observing Ongoing Neural Activity
Authors: DiGirolamo Gregory J , Clegg Benjamin A 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The methods available to observe ongoing brain activity during human cognition include functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), event‐related electrical potentials (ERPs), magnetoencephalography (MEG) and event‐related optical imaging (EROS). They measure changes in either blood flow or the electrical or magnetic signals that emanate from the brain during human thought and emotion.
Cerebellar Plasticity
Authors: Ito Masao 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Plasticity has been deemed as one of the characteristic functional features of the cerebellum based on classical observations of various compensation phenomena that follow cerebellar lesions. Advances in neurophysiology and computational neuroscience have yielded a new interpretation of the cerebellar plasticity, that it reflects the major mechanism of motor learning to acquire skills through repeated exercise. Mechanisms of motor learning have been investigated extensively in various simple forms of motor learning including the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) adaptation. Synaptic plasticity, termed long‐term depression (LTD), has been identified in the cerebellum as a core process of motor learning.
Voltage‐gated Potassium Channels
Authors: Heinemann Stefan H , Hehl Solveig 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Voltage‐gated potassium channels are oligomeric membrane proteins that form ion pores highly selective for K
+
ions. Upon depolarization of the cell membrane, these channel proteins undergo molecular rearrangements leading to rapid activation, i.e. opening of the channels and, in some cases, subsequent inactivation.
Olfaction
Authors: Breer Heinz 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Olfaction, the ability to recognize and discriminate myriad airborne molecules with great accuracy and sensitivity, is one of the most remarkable but least understood senses. It permits continuous monitoring of the surroundings for small volatile molecules, including chemical signals that identify territories, food, predators and mates; thus, olfaction plays a key role in survival and adaptation in the animal world.
Synaptic Vesicle Proteins
Authors: Bean Andrew J , Vida Thomas A 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Synaptic transmission underlies much of interneuronal communication and is essential for nervous system function. Small vesicles, initially observed by morphological methods, and abundant in the nerve terminal, are filled with neurotransmitters and fuse with the plasma membrane, enabling secretion into the synaptic cleft. In the last 10 years, molecular details of the synaptic vesicle life cycle have emerged, allowing a more complete understanding of neurotransmitter secretion.
Postsynaptic Membranes at the Neuromuscular Junction: Molecular Organization
Authors: Cartaud Jean , Kordeli Ekaterini , Cartaud Annie 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction requires the
precise spatial registration and a high degree of local molecular
differentiation of both presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane domains. At
these two sites, the accumulation of various proteins, particularly ion
channels, is responsible for the regulated secretion of the neurotransmitter
by the nerve terminal and for the subsequent depolarization of the
postsynaptic membrane.
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline: Introduction
Authors: Stanford S Clare 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The catecholamines, noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine), are found both in the adrenal gland and in neurons which have distinct distributions throughout the nervous system. The synthesis and release of these catecholamines are tightly regulated to ensure their sustained influence on internal body state and brain functions such as arousal and mood.
Bacterial Cell Wall
Authors: Beveridge Terry J 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Bacterial walls are constructed from a variety of macromolecules and polymers to provide an outer skin around the protoplast, encompassing the cell. In Gram‐positive bacteria, the cell wall consists of peptidoglycan and associated secondary polymers, whereas in Gram‐negative bacteria it consists of an outer membrane and an underlying thin peptidoglycan layer.
Bacterial Intracellular Membranes
Authors: Stolz John F 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Bacterial intracellular membranes differ widely in their functions, topology and composition and include the thylakoids of cyanobacteria and chloroxybacteria, the intracytoplasmic membranes of purple bacteria and chemoautotrophic bacteria, and the membranes associated with the chlorosomes of green bacteria.
Fungal Pathogens of Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Smith John MB 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Fungal infections of nonhuman animals, including domestic companion and farm animals, fish and other aquatic vertebrates are common and involve an increasing variety of environmental and occasionally endogenous fungi. In most cases, the causal fungi are of low virulence and require that the host be immunologically compromised in order to initiate active disease. Methods of control and possible treatment of these diseases are poorly understood.
Hyphae
Authors: Ross Ian K 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Fungal hyphae are cylindrical, apically extending, branching cells that are the basic units of the modular organisms called filamentous fungi. They have the potential to be highly plastic in form and function and, although behaving as coordinated individuals during vegetative growth and assimilation, can differentiate into highly regulated multicellular structures containing a wide variety of tissues and cell types.
Nematophagous Fungi
Authors: Nordbring‐Hertz Birgit , Jansson Hans‐Börje , Tunlid Anders 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Nematophagous fungi are microfungi that can capture, kill and digest nematodes. They use special mycelial structures, so‐called traps, or spores to trap vermiform nematodes or hyphal tips to attack nematode eggs and cysts before penetration of the nematode cuticle, invasion and digestion.
Hydrothermal Vent Communities
Authors: Canganella Francesco 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Deep‐sea hydrothermal vents are hydrogeological phenomena occurring on the deep ocean bottom, wherever it is a tectonically active area and heated waters reach the seafloor with significant temperatures and pressures. Specific animal communities are strongly associated with these hydrothermal areas, and unique trophic relationships are established among chemolithotrophic bacteria, clams and mussels.
Microorganisms in High‐temperature Sulfur Environments
Authors: Stetter Karl O 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Sulfur‐rich high‐temperature environments such as solfataric fields, hot springs and ‘black smokers’ provide habitats for microbial life at the upper temperature border. During recent years, such regions have yielded hyperthermophilic bacteria and archaea that grow optimally at temperatures above 80°C, some even above 100°C.
Immunity to Infection
Authors: Pedersen Anders Elm 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The immune system comprises the innate immune response and the adaptive immune system. Innate immunity is an immediate response to a pathogen but has limited capacity to recognize antigens. In contrast, induction of the adaptive immune response takes several days but it has the capacity to recognize an almost unlimited number of antigens and also comprises memory. Innate and adaptive immune responses cooperate during an infection and are constantly regulated to mount the most appropriate response to an antigen.
Immune Defence: Role of Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates
Authors: Wink David A , Citrin Deborah , Vitek Michael P , Colton Carol , Pacelli Roberto , Ogawa Rygeio , Thomas Douglas D , Miranda Katrina M , Espey Michael G 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn exploration of the different facets of the NO redox chemistry in the immune response to different pathogens.
Immune Response: Evasion and Subversion by Pathogens
Authors: Milon Geneviève , David Peter 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms may evade rapid clearance by effectors of the immune system of the hosts they encounter, or they may subvert the regulatory pathways of the immune system of the hosts. These two processes are essential for microorganisms' fitness, transmissibility and perpetuation, the very essence of host‐dependent/parasitic microorganisms.
Antibiotic Molecules: Intracellular
Authors: Borregaard Niels 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Intracellular antibiotic molecules are the essential components of innate, i.e. nonadaptive, immunity. Some are stored proteins with highly specific antibiotic activity, others are stored peptides that have a broad antibacterial spectrum, yet others are short‐lived molecular reagents that are generated by specific activation of phagocytes, the cells equipped especially for microbicidal activity
Complement
Authors: Sunyer J Oriol , Lambris John D 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The mammalian complement system consists of a complex group of more than 30 soluble proteins and receptors that play an important role in innate and acquired host defence mechanisms against infection, and participate in various immunoregulatory processes. The functions mediated by complement activation products include phagocytosis, cytolysis, inflammation, solubilization of immune complexes and promotion of humoral immune responses.
Ribosomal Proteins: Structure and Evolution
Authors: Wittmann‐Liebold Brigitte , Graack Hanns‐Rüdiger 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Ribosomal proteins (r‐proteins) are constituents of the ribosome, the organelle in the cell that provides the translation of the genetic message into proteins. The r‐protein number varies from about 55 to more than 70 in different organisms. Together with 3–4 ribosomal RNA strains (rRNAs) they constitute the two subunits of the ribosome, the small and the large subunits. By specific interaction the r‐proteins are bound to the rRNAs and the neighbouring proteins of the organelle and constitute together the protein biosynthesis machinery of the cell.