bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Midday depression in root respiration of Quercus crispula and Chamaecyparis obtusa: its implication for estimating carbon cycling in forest ecosystems
Authors: Bekku Yukiko Sakata , Sakata Tsuyoshi , Nakano Takashi , Koizumi Hiroshi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe observed the phenomenon of midday depression in the rate of tree root respiration. Diurnal changes in the root respiration rate of Quercus crispula and Chamaecyparis obtusa were measured under intact conditions using a closed chamber method and a soil respiration measurement system (LI‐6400 with a root respiration chamber) in a forest in the foothills of Mt. Fuji. After the measurement of intact root respiration in the field, the root was excised and taken to the laboratory, and the temperature dependence on the respiration rate of the detached root was measured using an open‐flow gas exchange system with an infrared gas analyzer (LI‐6252). The measurement was conducted in September 2003, August and November 2005, and June 2006. Whereas the root respiration rate of both species under intact conditions increased with increasing soil and root temperatures from dawn to early morning, the respiration rate decreased around midday from 10:00 to 15:00 despite an increment of soil and root temperatures. There was no clear relationship between the intact root respiration rate and root temperature in either species, although the detached root respiration rate of both increased exponentially with the temperature. The amount of the CO2 efflux estimated using the temperature dependence of detached root respiration tended to underestimate the actual measurement value (intact respiration rate) by 20–50% in both species. These results indicate that evaluating midday depression in root respiration would be important for a more accurate estimation of the carbon cycle or net ecosystem production in forests.
Successful treatment of heart failure with devices requires collaboration
Authors: Swedberg Karl , Cleland John , Cowie Martin R. , Nieminen Markku , Priori Silvia G. , Tavazzi Luigi , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Alonso‐Pulpon Luis , Camm John , Dickstein Kenneth , Drexler Helmut , Filippatos Gerasimos , Linde Cecilia , Lopez‐Sendon José , Santini Massimo , Zannad Faiez 
Published: November 2008

AbstractImplanted biventricular pacemakers (cardiac resynchronisation therapy, CRT) with or without implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) improve survival and morbidity in some patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) who are optimally treated with pharmacologic agents according to current guidelines. Correspondingly, ICDs improve survival.However, there is only limited evidence for device treatment in certain patient subgroups, such as the impact of ICD on outcomes in patients with reduced ejection fraction in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class I or IV heart failure. Similarly, limited evidence exists for CRT in patients with only modest QRS prolongation or only modestly reduced ejection fraction.Despite evidence for a beneficial effect of device therapy in CHF, only a minority of eligible patients are currently offered these options. Multiple reasons contribute to the underuse of these potentially life‐saving therapies. A lack of adherence to guidelines by health care professionals is an important barrier. Clearly, efforts should be made to improve the standard of care and to familiarise all physicians involved in managing CHF patients with the indications and potential efficacy of these devices. Increased collaboration between structured heart failure care and pacemaker clinics as well as between electrophysiologists, heart failure clinicians, and primary care physicians is required. Such team collaborations should lead to improved care with reduced mortality and morbidity and increased cost effectiveness. Treatment strategy should be based on a structured approach tailored to local practice and national priorities.
Quality cesarean delivery in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: A comprehensive approach
Authors: Richard F. , Ouédraogo C , De Brouwere V. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effects of a comprehensive intervention (staff training, equipment, internal clinical audits, cost sharing system, patients–providers meetings) in improving cesarean delivery access and quality in an urban district of Burkina Faso.MethodsWe conducted a before‐after study in the health district sector 30 in Ouagadougou between 2003 and 2006. We measured cesarean delivery quality (accessibility, diagnosis, procedure, postoperative follow‐up) and maternal and neonatal health in 1371 sections.ResultsThe number of cesarean deliveries performed increased each year, from 42 in 2003 to 630 in 2006. This increase happened without increase in maternal and perinatal post‐cesarean mortality (respectively 1.1% and 3.6% in 2006). The cesarean delivery rate for women of the district increased from 1.9% to 3.3% of expected births between 2003 and 2005.ConclusionTo improve access to quality cesarean delivery, we have shown that it was necessary to have a systemic approach combining technical, operational, sociocultural, and political factors.
Institut de Recherches et d'Applications des Méthodes de Développement, Paris
Authors: Chaponay Henryane De 
Published: November 2008

The Institute for Research and Experiment in Development Methods is an international, private, non-profit-making association under Swiss law. Its headquarters are in Geneva and its management in Paris (Rue Réaumur). The constitution requires that all its activities shall be carried out without political, religious, or racial distinction.I.R.A.M. was born along with the newly independent countries, to answer the historical need for research and action to ensure the participation of the people in development programmes. It is based on the notion of‘animation’, which arose resulting from a meeting between African and South American leaders and a small group of Europeans who had been actively involved in the struggle for independence in many countries under colonial rule before 1956.
Laissez-Faireism for Africa?
Authors: Schatz Sayre P. 
Published: November 2008

There are fads in development economics,1and the latest today, at least in the North, is what may be calledlaissez-faireism. This states the belief that a retreat from government activism in economic affairs is the major means of improving the quality of a country's performance. It is seen as ‘central to the solution of a lot of the problems we see around the world’.2Such a strategy stresses the benefits of reliance on markets, on profit incentives, and on the growth of private sectors. Free-market pricing is crucial not only for products (in Africa, particularly agricultural products), but also in factor markets and in international transactions. Wages should be allowed to find their own level, as determined by supply and demand. Exchange rates should also be permitted to approach their natyral levels, for artificially over-valued exchange rates are especially damaging. Tariffs and other forms of protection should be cut back. Countries should turn away from inward-looking import-substitution towards outward-looking export-orientation.3
The Malawi—Tanzania Boundary Dispute
Authors: Mayall James 
Published: November 2008

Since Malawi became independent on 6 July 1964 diplomatic relations with her eastern neighbour, Tanzania, have been almost permanently strained. Differences between the two states have focused on three sets of issues: contrasting attitudes and policies towards the white minority régimes to the South, President Banda's suspicion that Tanzania was aiding and abetting the attempts by certain prominent Malawi exiles to subvert his régime,1and a dispute over the de-limitation of the boundary between the two states along Lake Malawi (Nyasa).These issues are not easily separable: for if it had not been for Banda's outspoken policy towards the white South (which led him alone amongst African statesmen to establish diplomatic relations with South Africa), there would have been no compelling grounds for Tanzania, which opposed this policy, to offer asylum and support to his political opponents; and if it had not been for Tanzania's confrontation, not only with South Africa but also with the Portuguese authorities in Mozambique (with whom Malawi also maintained close relations), it is doubtful whether President Nyerere would have been provoked during May 1967 into bringing the Lake dispute into the open. There is no doubt also that Malawi exiles in Dar es Salaam were actively campaigning against Banda's régime, at this time, over the whole range of his policies, including the question of the Lake.
Socialism and the ‘Soft State’ in Africa: an Analysis of Angola and Mozambique
Authors: Scott Catherine V. 
Published: November 2008

The overthrow of Haile Selassie in Ethiopia in 1974, and the independence of Angola and Mozambique in 1975, as well as Zimbabwe in 1980, seem to have strengthened the case for classifying African régimes on the basis of their ideology.In a collection of mainly country-studies of socialism in sub-Saharan Africa edited by Carl Rosberg and Thomas Callaghy in 1978, various explanations were advanced about why the so-called ‘first wave’ of radicals failed to transform African societies successfully, and a common theme was the major rô played by ideology in differentiating ‘African’ from ‘scientific’ socialist régimes.1In 1981 David and Marina Ottaway contrasted the ‘African socialism’ of Guinea, Zambia, and Tanzania with the ‘Afrocommunism’ of Angola, Mozambique, and Ethiopia, and contended that ideology was the best indicator of the clear differences that existed in both their institutions and policy choices.2In 1982 Crawford Young placed African régimes in three ideological categories: ‘Populist socialist’, and ‘African capitalist’.3
Coffee After Copper? Structural Adjustment, Liberalisation, and Agriculture in Zambia
Authors: Kydd Jonathan 
Published: November 2008

In contrast to its policies in the economic sphere, Zambia has one of Africa's most liberal approaches to press freedom. To convey the flavour of public debate during, or immediately after, the 19-month experiment with a market-determined exchange rate, 10 quotations are presented below:Large scale mining will continue for 12 to 20 years, but small-working may go on for 50–60 years.– Francis Kaunda, Chairman, Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines, June 1987.Coffe after copper.– Campaign slogan of the Coffee Growers Committee of the Commercial Farmers' Bureau.Even real socialist countries have to find and use foreign exchange.– Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister, replying to a question in the National Assembly, August 1986.Zambia's cardinal mistake was to subsidise consumption for a long time, thereby delaying diversification.– Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia, May 1986.The economic reform programme has begun to succeed: devaluation has stimulated exports.– Kenneth Kaunda, August 1936, Opening the 21st U.N.I.P. National Council Meeting.It was not socialist principles which ruined the Zambian economy, but unfavourable economic terms which the North has imposed on the South…I have no power…we agreed to the IMF reform programme much against out better judgement.– Kenneth Kaunda, August 1986, interviewed by Swedish, West German, and Cuban journalists.
The challenge of monitoring and evaluation under the new aid modalities: experiences from Rwanda
Authors: Holvoet Nathalie , Rombouts Heidy 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTMonitoring and evaluation (M&E) are sensitive issues in relations between donor agencies and recipient governments, especially in a time when the responsibility for implementing aid activities is shifting towards recipients. This paper deplores that, so far, donors and recipients have adopted an overly technocratic approach to M&E, largely disregarding broader institutional and systemic issues. Using case study material from Rwanda, we illustrate that assessments regarding the quality of a country's M&E efforts may differ sharply depending upon one's perspective. At the core of the matter is ‘the denial of politics’, one of the most serious flaws in the new aid paradigm promoted in the OECD's 2005 ‘Paris Declaration’. We argue that while a narrowly defined technocratic vision of M&E may seem ‘politically neutral’, in fact it may jeopardise M&E's functions of ‘accountability’ and ‘feedback’. This can eventually undermine the effective implementation of some of the key principles of the ‘new aid approach’.
Recognition, reflection, and role models: Critical elements in education about care in medicine
Authors: Janssen Anna L. , MacLeod Roderick D. , Walker Simon T. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTObjective:Medical education can be described as a socialization process that has a tendency to produce doctors who struggle to convey to patients that they care. Yet, for people who are suffering, to enjoy the quality of life they are entitled to, it is important that they feel cared for as people, rather than simply attended to as patients.Method:This article addresses how we teach medical students the art of caring for the person rather than simply treating the disease—a question particularly relevant to end-of-life care where, in addition to the physical needs, attention to the psychosocial, emotional, and spiritual needs of the patient is paramount. Following an overview of what it is to care and why it is important that patients feel cared for, we investigate how we learn to care and develop caring human relationships, describing the development and display of empathy in adulthood and the developmental impact of human interaction.Results:We outline evidence of situational barriers to effective education about care in medicine including role models, ward culture, and the socialization process.Significance of results:We then propose a model for medical education based on patient contact, reflection, self-care, role model development, and feedback that will see students learn the art of human care as well as the science of disease management.
Intracellular catalase/peroxidase from the phytopathogenic rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea: expression analysis and biochemical characterization of the recombinant protein
Authors: Zamocky Marcel , Furtmüller Paul G. , Bellei Marzia , Battistuzzi Gianantonio , Stadlmann Johannes , Vlasits Jutta , Obinger Christian 
Published: November 2008

Phytopathogenic fungi such as the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea are unique in having two catalase/peroxidase (KatG) paralogues located either intracellularly (KatG1) or extracellularly (KatG2). The coding genes have recently been shown to derive from a lateral gene transfer from a (proteo)bacterial genome followed by gene duplication and diversification. Here we demonstrate that KatG1 is expressed constitutively in M. grisea. It is the first eukaryotic catalase/peroxidase to be expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli in high amounts, with high purity and with almost 100% haem occupancy. Recombinant MagKatG1 is an acidic, mainly homodimeric, oxidoreductase with a predominant five-co-ordinated high-spin haem b. At 25 °C and pH 7.0, the E0′ (standard reduction potential) of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple was found to be −186±10 mV. It bound cyanide monophasically with an apparent bimolecular rate constant of (9.0±0.4)×105 M−1·s−1 at pH 7.0 and at 25 °C and with a Kd value of 1.5 μM. Its predominantly catalase activity was characterized by a pH optimum at 6.0 and kcat and Km values of 7010 s−1 and 4.8 mM respectively. In addition, it acts as a versatile peroxidase with a pH optimum in the range 5.0–5.5 using both one-electron [2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) o-dianisidine, pyrogallol or guaiacol] and two-electron (Br−, I− or ethanol) donors. Structure–function relationships are discussed with respect to data reported for prokaryotic KatGs, as is the physiological role of MagKatG1. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that (intracellular) MagKatG1 can be regarded as a typical representative for catalase/peroxidase of both phytopathogenic and saprotrophic fungi.
Genetic association analysis with FAMHAP: a major program update
Authors: Herold Christine , Becker Tim 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Summary: FAMHAP is an established software for haplotype association analysis of nuclear families. We have released a major update that comprises various new features for case-control data. Furthermore, weprovide an additional program runFamhap that allows users to start the same method repeatedly for varying sets of genetic markers. In addition, a platform-independent graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to simplify the usage of both FAMHAP and runFamhap. The runFamhap program greatly facilitates the application of FAMHAP to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and supports flexible genome-wide haplotype analysis. As an example, we describe application to HapMap data.
Availability: The software is available at http://famhap.meb.uni-bonn.de
Contact: herold@imbie.meb.uni-bonn.de; becker@imbie.meb.uni-bonn.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ingredient Characterization and Hardening of High‐Protein Food Bars: an NMR State Diagram Approach
Authors: Li Yun , Szlachetka Kristin , Chen Paul , Lin Xiangyang , Ruan Roger 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTA second‐degree simplex lattice mixture design was used to study the effects of soy, dairy, and soy‐dairy blends of powdered proteins in three high‐protein food bar models (sugar syrup, polyol syrup, and reduced‐sugar syrup). Overall protein performance was evaluated based on textural changes during accelerated storage, bar integrity, and dough stickiness and was a strong function of the syrup model used (R2 = 92.33%). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry was used to measure relaxation times (T2, T2*, and T1) at 20°C and to create state diagrams (temperature, T2* curves) for the individual powdered proteins and syrups over a temperature range of –35 to 50°C. Increases in relaxation times for powdered protein samples were indicative of better overall protein performance, whereas increases in relaxation times for syrup samples were associated with increases in moisture content and concentration of polyols. Increases in water activity (aw) of the bars during accelerated storage suggested an elevated rate of hardening for polyol‐containing bars that was caused by a decrease in the amount of water capable of acting as a plasticizer in the product. Proteins were separated into four types (A, B, C, and D) based on the shape of the state diagram curve. Predicted to be the most stable, type D proteins (SUPRO 313 and SUPRO 430) offered the most versatility and, when blended with other proteins, often induced synergistic softening effects in the nutrition bars which led to an extended product shelf life. The NMR state diagram technique appears to be a valuable tool for predicting overall performance of powdered proteins in sugar‐, polyol‐, and reduced‐sugar syrup based food bars.
First Report of Phytophthora cactorum Associated With Beech Decline in Italy
Authors: Vettraino A. M. , Jung T. , Vannini A. 
Published: November 2008

During 2006 and 2007, declining mature beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) were recorded in two stands in the Natural Park of Monti Cimini in central Italy. Symptoms included crown thinning and the presence of bleeding lesions on the main roots and lower stem. Incidence of decline was approximately 5%. Samples of necrotic bark tissue were collected, cut into 5 mm long segments, plated on PARPNH, and incubated at 20°C (1). Phytophthora isolates were obtained from necrotic tissues of 25% of the sampled declining trees. Colonies were rosaceous on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and homothallic. Papillate, ovoid-to-obpyriform, caducous sporangia (mean 38 × 26.2 μm) were produced in soil extract. Oospores were plerotic (mean diameter of 22 to 32 μm) and antheridia paragynous. Optimum growth temperature was 23 to 25°C, minimum 6 to 8°C and maximum 30 to 33°C. A portion of the internal transcribed spacer sequence has been deposited in the NCBI database (GenBank Accession No. FJ183724). A BLAST search of the NCBI database revealed Phytophthora cactorum, Accession No. EU194384, as the closest match with 100% sequence similarity. Pathogenicity of two isolates, PFE3 and IFB-CAC 38, collected from distressed beech trees was tested using a soil infestation test (10 beech seedlings per isolate and control) and an under the bark inoculation method (10 twigs per isolate and controls, wounded and noninoculated taken from a declining beech tree) (2). After 2 weeks at 20°C, twigs and seedlings inoculated with each isolate developed extensive necrotic lesions around the inoculation sites and the collar, respectively, and P. cactorum could be reisolated from all lesions. Controls showed no symptoms. P. cactorum is widespread in declining beech forests in central Europe (1). In Italy, P. cactorum occurs in soils of chestnut and oak forests and was isolated from collar and root lesions of declining walnut trees (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cactorum being associated with declining beech trees in Italy. References: (1) T. Jung. Forest Pathol. Online publication. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2008.00566.x, 2008. (2) T. Jung et al. Eur. J. For. Pathol. 26:253, 1996. (3) A. M. Vettraino et al. Plant Pathol. 52:491, 2003.