bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Literary Reception: Structured and Unstructured Selves
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the potential relevance to the interpretation of later Greek and Roman literature of the competing Hellenistic-Roman patterns of thought about the development of character (and about the consequences of failure to develop properly) discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. The presentation of collapse of ethical character in Plutarch’s Lives is taken as illustrating the Platonic-Aristotelian (part-based) pattern of thinking. The depiction of psychological conflict and disintegration in Seneca’s Medea and Phaedra is seen as illustrating the contrasting Stoic (holistic) pattern. Tracing philosophical influence on Virgil’s Aeneid is acknowledged to be more difficult and complex. In the presentation of inner conflict and passions in Dido and Aeneas, there are grounds for seeing the influence of both Platonic-Aristotelian and Stoic-Epicurean patterns. But the latter pattern is presented as ultimately more important for making sense of the distinctive features of Virgil’s portrayal.
The Complexity of Linguistic Structure
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter seeks to establish a baseline of what a theory of linguistic structure must be responsible for. For linguists, the chapter should serve as a reminder of the scope of the enterprise and as an orientation into the outlook of the present study. Topics discussed include the structure of a simple sentence, phonological structure, syntactic structure, semantic/conceptual and spatial structure, connecting the levels, and anaphora and bounded dependencies.
An Evolutionary Perspective on the Architecture
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOne of the issues raised by the nativist claim is that the capacity to learn language must have emerged at some point in the evolution of the human species. However, it is difficult to see how a capacity of the complexity usually assumed by linguists could have evolved through natural selection. It turns out that the parallel model offers more attractive possibilities for an incremental evolution of the language capacity. This chapter discusses some possible stages in this evolution, showing how they are reflected in the organization of present day language. A glaring gap in most approaches to generative grammar has been the absence of a theory of semantics of any sophistication.
Parts of Speech
Authors: Croft William 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMost grammatical theories assume that the parts of speech — noun, verb, adjective — are categories of particular languages, but may be absent in some languages. But standard analyses are arbitrary and inconsistent about the constructions used to define syntactic categories, which leads some theorists to lump words into fewer categories and others to split words into more categories. One can be rigorous and consistent in analysis by using the same constructions across languages, namely the constructions denoting the propositional acts of reference, predication and modification, and comparing the structural coding and behavioral potential of semantic classes of lexical roots. This rigorous approach leads to universal prototypes for noun (reference to an object), verb (predication of an action), and adjective (modification by a property). Language-specific categories are represented as semantic maps on a universal conceptual space, constrained by the part of speech prototypes.
Harmonic morphisms defined by polynomials
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter establishes the Liouville-type theorem which asserts that any entire (i.e., globally defined) harmonic morphism from a Euclidean space of arbitrary dimension to a Euclidean space of dimension more than two is necessarily polynomial. In fact, the harmonic morphism need only be defined off a closed polar set. It is shown that any horizontally conformal polynomial mapping is necessarily harmonic and, hence, a harmonic morphism. At a critical point of finite order, a horizontally conformal mapping is approximated, at least at the level of the first non-constant term in its Taylor expansion, by a harmonic morphism. Important classes of polynomial harmonic morphisms are classified. This provides information on the local behaviour of a harmonic morphism near a critical point, and leads to global topological restrictions on its domain.
A Freshwater Perspective on Climate Variability and its Effect on Marine Ecosystems
Authors: Hessen Dag O. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
There are several points of departure when assessing the effects of climatic variations from a limnological perspective. First, to which extent do climatic effects on freshwaters per se impact marine ecosystems? Second, can the study of enclosed and comparatively simple ecosystems of lakes be used to gain insights in marine effects? And third, are there any pronounced and general differences in expected responses between limnetic and marine ecosystems? This chapter explores these subjects, focusing on the riverine efflux to marine areas. It is shown that climatic fluctuations indeed may influence marine ecosystems indirectly by way of freshwater systems. Processes related to weathering rate, temperature changes, and precipitation are key determinants of the fluxes of dissolved organic carbon and key nutrients to coastal marine regions, and thus play an important role in regulating productivity in the ecosystems of such areas.
What are the Ecological Effects of Climate Variation in the North Atlantic?
Authors: Harris Roger 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This final chapter draws insight from the subjects covered and looks towards the challenges ahead with respect to achieving further understanding of how climate affects the ecological patterns and dynamics in marine systems. It begins with a list containing one key point from each of the main Chapters (1-10), followed by a more general discussion. Although the focus has been throughout on the marine or marine-based systems of the North Atlantic, many of the findings reported apply to other regions and systems of the world.
Population genetics
Authors: Wayne Robert K. , Geffen Eli , Vilà Carles 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses patterns of genetic variation and subdivision in a wide variety of canids. The influence of demographic history and ecological and topographic barriers on levels of variation, and the effect of interspecific hybridization on the genetic composition of canid populations are discussed. Case studies on the Ethiopian wolf, African wild dog, grey wolf, African jackals, kit fox and swift fox, Island fox, Darwin's fox, Arctic fox, and red fox are reviewed, each ending with a discussion of conservation implications.
Arctic foxes
Authors: Angerbjörn Anders , Hersteinsson Pall , Tannerfeldt Magnus 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the life history characteristics of two Arctic fox populations, a relatively stable one in Iceland and a fluctuating one in Sweden. Intraspecific variation in reproductive and social strategies of Arctic foxes in Sweden and Iceland suggests that adaptations to different resource distributions in have resulted in divergence in strategies between the two populations. In Sweden, where food availability fluctuates widely in time but less in space, the foxes have adopted the ‘jackpot’ strategy which exhibits enormous variation in reproductive output from year to year with much inter-annual variation in cub and juvenile survival, depending on food availability. In Iceland, on the other hand, where food availability is predictable in time and space, reproductive output is stable with small litter sizes, high cub survival, and intermediate dispersal distances, and female yearlings frequently use their natal territories as a base while searching for a vacant territory or mate in the neighbourhood.
BEARING OF INTERPRETATIONS OF PROBABILITY ON STATISTICAL INDUCTION
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjective statistical induction may be behavioural, instantial, or pro-subjective (Bayesian), depending on the form of judging inferential uncertainty. In the behavioral case, the unknown parameters are fixed and uncertainty is judged by measures of procedural trustworthiness (like significance and confidence levels, power and risk functions), interpreted through repeated conceptual experimentation. Various principles are invoked for optimizing the procedure in different problems. The instantial approach (likelihood inference, P-value testing, and fiducial inference) remains pegged to the instance at hand without visualizing repetition, and weighs uncertainty in non-standard ways, although often like the behavioural approach, it also has to appeal to sampling theory. In the pro-subjective Bayesian approach, the unknown parameters are subjectively random with a known prior distribution, and inference is based on their posterior distribution. Various kinds of priors (improper/proper, impersonal/personal) fit in different tastes and situations. The subjective approach, based on a fully known subjective probability model, ‘previses’ about future observables, conditionally fixing the observations, often assuming exchangeability to simplify the process. Comparison of the different approaches shows that each has a natural setting in which it is advantageous.
PREHISTORY, BEGINNING OF HISTORY, AND THE TODDLING PERIOD
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAlthough probabilistic reasoning was implicit in man’s behaviour in uncertain situations even in primitive times, and can be traced in some ancient texts and medieval writings, probability as a branch of knowledge began with the studies of games of chance by Cardano (16th century) and Pascal, Fermat, and Huygens (middle of the 17th century). Around the latter time, studies of empirical frequencies of births, deaths, and survivals on the basis of the London Bills of Mortality were made by John Graunt, and Huygens, while reviewing Graunt’s work, pointed out its possible probabilistic interpretation. James Bernoulli derived his limit theorem while trying to demonstrate the connection mathematically. Thus, by the early 18th century, the standard probabilistic concepts and operations, and the interpretations of probability both as degree of belief and long-term relative frequency, became well-established.
PRO-SUBJECTIVE APPROACH LOSES AS SAMPLING THEORY GAINS GROUND
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In the first half of the 19th century, Laplace, Gauss, and a number of other contributors enriched statistical thought. The quest for a suitable model for the distribution of observational errors led to Gauss’s derivation of the normal model from the ‘A. M. postulate’. Laplace’s derivation of the Central Limit Theorem gave further support to the model. Different methods of curve fitting, of which the Least Squares method — which was heuristically proposed by Legendre and to which Gauss provided first a Bayesian and then a sampling theory justification — was the most important. During this period, Laplace worked on the large sample sampling theory approach to inference, and both he and Gauss introduced the idea of relative efficiency of estimates in the context of particular problems. In fact, the seeds of some later concepts like that of sufficiency, variance component models, and diffusion processes can be found in works carried out at this time.
Dynamics of Viscous Compressible Fluids
Authors: Feireisl Eduard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The book presents and develops the most recent ideas and concepts of the mathematical theory of viscous, compressible, and heat conducting fluids. Two main objectives are pursued: (i) global existence theory within the framework of variational solutions for the full Navier-Stokes-Fourier system supplemented with large data, and (ii) optimal existence results for barotropic flows with respect to the available a priori estimates.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter states the problem of image registration and presents various applications, including remote sensing and medical image registration. Three examples which serve as test cases throughout the book are introduced and explained: an academical test case, modified X-rays of hands, and magnetic resonance images of a female breast. Using these examples, this chapter explains the key issues of image registration: the formalization of similarity or distance of images and the reasonability of transformations. The overall organization of the book is outlined and an overview of the contents of the following chapters is provided.
REPRINT THE THEORY OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS AT INTERMEDIATE CONCENTRATION
Authors: Edwards S. F. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a paper arguing that polymer solutions can be classified into three broad types which may be characterized in terms of N the total number of (micro) molecules, n the number of polymer chains, l the effective length of a micromolecule, V the excluded volume per micromolecule, and V the total volume. The types are: (i) dense solutions in which V/N &lt; v; (ii) intermediate concentrations in which L 9/5 v 3/5 l -3/5 &gt; V/n &gt; v or (Ll)1/2 &gt; V/n &gt; v according to the magnitude of v, i.e., L -1/10 v -1/5 l 7/10 greater than 1 or less than 1; and (iii) dilute solutions in which V/n &lt; L 9/5 v 3/5 l -3/5. The intermediate case is discussed in detail and an expression for the partial pressure of the molecules is obtained. A discussion is given of the way this expression fails as one enters regions (i) and (iii).
REPRINT THEORY OF SPIN GLASSES
Authors: Edwards S. F. , Anderson P. W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a new theory of the class of dilute magnetic alloys, called the spin glasses, which offers a simple explanation of the cusp found experimentally in the susceptibility. The argument is that because the interaction between the spins dissolved in the matrix oscillates in sign according to distance, there will be no mean ferro- or antiferromagnetism, but there will be a ground state with the spins aligned in definite directions, even in a situation where these directions appear to be at random. At the critical temperature, the existence of these preferred directions affects the orientation of the spins, leading to a cusp in the susceptibility. This cusp is smoothed by an external field.
REPRINT THE SURFACE STATISTICS OF A GRANULAR AGGREGATE
Authors: Edwards S. F. , Wilkinson D. R. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper examines the problem of the surface fluctuations in a settled granular material. A simple model is given which describes the process by which a particle settles and comes to rest on the existing surface of the packing, and from this a set of Langevin equations for the Fourier modes of the surface are derived. These equations imply that the Fourier amplitudes behave like the velocities of a set of independent Brownian particles. This results in logarithmically divergent surface fluctuations if the flux of particles onto the surface is random, the divergence being removed by a more accurate description of the settling material, for example by having the granules fall through a sieve.
REPRINT THEORY OF POWDERS
Authors: Edwards S. F. , Oakeshott R. B. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
There is increasing interest in applying the methods of statistical mechanics and of transport theory to systems which are neither atomistic, nor in equilibrium, but which still fulfill a remaining tenet of statistical physics which is that systems can be completely defined by a very small number of parameters and can be constructed in a reproducible way. Powders fall into this category. This chapter sets up a framework for describing the state of the powder, basing the development on anologies with statistical mechanics. It is argued that powders have an entropy, but it will be the volume which plays the role of the energy in normal statistical mechanics: the energy corresponding to the powder's thermal temperature of 300 K is negligible. In statistical mechanics, the most fundamental entry is via the microcanonical ensemble. This is a closed system, contained in a volume V, which is assumed to take up all configurations subject to the Hamiltonian function taking the value E with equal probability.
Countershading and counterillumination
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers if and why lightening the ventral regions (through pigmentation or bioluminescence) can act to make an organism more difficult to detect as a three-dimensional object. The most common explanation for this is that countershading acts to cancel out shadowing since more organisms are generally lit from above. This and alternative hypotheses are compared to the available empirical data in an attempt to evaluate the importance of countershading to crypsis and its ecological distribution.
Invitation to Fixed-Parameter Algorithms
Authors: Niedermeier Rolf 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book provides an introduction to the concept of fixed-parameter tractability. The corresponding design and analysis of efficient fixed-parameter algorithms for optimally solving combinatorially explosive (NP-hard) discrete problems is a vividly developing field, with a growing list of applications in various contexts such as network analysis or bioinformatics. The book emphasizes algorithmic techniques over computational complexity theory. It is divided into three parts: a broad introduction that provides the general philosophy and motivation; followed by coverage of algorithmic methods developed over the years in fixed-parameter algorithmics forming the core of the book; and a discussion of the essentials of parameterized hardness theory with a focus on W[1]-hardness which parallels NP-hardness, then stating some relations to polynomial-time approximation algorithms, and finishing up with a list of selected case studies to show the wide range of applicability of the presented methodology.
TREE DECOMPOSITIONS OF GRAPHS
Authors: Niedermeier Rolf 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to tree decomposition and treewidth, important concepts from modern graph theory. Treewidth is one of the best studied and most significant structural parameters. The construction of tree decompositions is briefly discussed, followed by special considerations applying to planar graphs. The main focus of the chapter is on dynamic programming on tree decompositions, here demonstrated for the problems Vertex Cover and Dominating Set. The chapter closes by sketching the relationship to monadic second-order logic and some related graph width parameters.
CONTINUITY ON THE REAL LINE AND IN FORMAL SPACES
Authors: Palmgren Erik 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBrouwer introduced his axioms for intuitionism to regain central results on continuity. Special axioms were avoided instead in Bishop's development of constructive analysis. Bishop in fact modified the definition of continuous function on the real numbers to mean uniformly continuous on each finite and closed interval. Though a successful move in the context of metric spaces, this seems to lead to difficulties when considering general spaces, in particular as the composition of two continuous functions needs not to be continuous. Though little emphasized, the continuous functions of the category of locales or formal spaces agree with Bishop's definition of continuous function on real numbers. Proving this within the framework of (Bishop) constructive mathematics is the purpose of the present chapter. The upshot is that for formal spaces, it is not necessary to adopt special axioms to obtain a good category.
The Evolution of Organ Systems
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa Andreas 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe field of systematics has developed remarkably over the last few decades. A multitude of new methods and contributions from diverse biological fields — including molecular genetics and developmental biology — have provided a wealth of phylogenetic hypotheses, some confirming traditional views and others contradicting them. There is now sufficient evidence to draw up a ‘tree of life’ based on fairly robust phylogenetic relationships. This book aims to apply these new phylogenies to an evolutionary interpretation of animal organ systems and body architecture. Organs do not appear suddenly during evolution: instead they are composed of far simpler structures. In some cases, it is even possible to trace particular molecules or physiological pathways as far back as pre-animal history. What emerges is a fascinating picture, showing how animals have combined ancestral and new elements in novel ways to form constantly changing responses to environmental requirements. The book starts with a general overview of animal systematics to set the framework for the discussion of organ system evolution. The chapters deal with the general organization, integument, musculature, nervous system, sensory structures, body cavities, excretory, respiratory and circulatory organs, the intestinal and reproductive system, and spermatozoa. Each organ system is presented with its function, the diversity of forms that are realized among metazoan animals, and the reconstruction of its evolution.
The phylogenetic frame
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents the available data for the reconstruction of a tree. It shows that there is a robust backbone, along with several areas of uncertainty. Such controversies are discussed which provide alternative interpretations of the evolution of organ systems. The chapter starts with some general remarks on the current problems of phylogeny reconstruction. The phylogenetic relationships of all major taxa are then discussed in detail. This gives a presentation of the tree that is used as a basis for the book. Not one particular tree is used, but several areas are considered, in particular the position of acoelomorphs, the Ecdysozoa/Articulata debate, and the position of tentaculate taxa are regarded as not fully settled and treated with care.
Twenty-first century atmospheric change and deforestation: potential impacts on tropical forests
Authors: Cramer Wolfgang , Bondeau Alberte , Schaphoff Sibyll , Lucht Wolfgang , Smith Ben , Sitch Stephen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter quantifies the relative roles of carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature, rainfall, and deforestation on the future extent and condition of tropical rainforests, and examines the magnitude of their feedbacks on atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A dynamic global vegetation model is applied using multiple scenarios of tropical deforestation (extrapolated from two estimates of current rates) and multiple scenarios of changing climate (derived from four independent off-line general circulation model simulations). Results show that deforestation is likely to produce large losses of carbon, despite the uncertainty concerning exact deforestation rates. Estimates of additional carbon emissions during the 21st century, for all climate and deforestation scenarios, range from 101 to 367 Gt C, resulting in CO2 concentration increases above background values by between 29 and 129 ppm. Notwithstanding this range of uncertainty, continued tropical deforestation will most certainly play a very large role in the build-up of future greenhouse gas concentrations.