bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moisture Modes and the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Raymond David J. , Fuchs Željka 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMoisture mode instability is thought to occur in the tropical oceanic atmosphere when precipitation is a strongly increasing function of saturation fraction (precipitable water divided by saturated precipitable water) and when convection acts to increase the saturation fraction. A highly simplified model of the interaction between convection and large-scale flows in the tropics suggests that there are two types of convectively coupled disturbances: the moisture mode instability described above and another unstable mode dependent on fluctuations in the convective inhibition. The latter is associated with rapidly moving disturbances such as the equatorially coupled Kelvin wave.A toy aquaplanet beta-plane model with realistic sea surface temperatures produces a robust Madden–Julian oscillation–like disturbance that resembles the observed phenomenon in many ways. Convection in this model exhibits a strong dependence of precipitation on saturation fraction and does indeed act to increase this parameter in situations of weak environmental ventilation of disturbances, thus satisfying the criteria for moisture mode instability. In contrast, NCEP’s closely related Global Forecast System (GFS) and Climate Forecast System (CFS) models do not produce a realistic MJO. Investigation of moist entropy transport in NCEP’s final analysis (FNL), the data assimilation system feeding the GFS, indicates that convection tends to decrease the saturation fraction in these models, precluding moisture mode instability in most circumstances. Thus, evidence from a variety of sources suggests that the MJO is driven at least in part by moisture mode instability.
Particle Impact and Breakup in Aircraft Measurement
Authors: Vidaurre German , Hallett John 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Measurements of cloud particle properties from aircraft by optical and impact techniques are subject to artifacts following particle breakup prior to detection. The impact kinetic energy to surface energy ratio (ℒ) provides a breakup criterion at ℒ ≥ 7 for water and ice with major fragmentation for ℒ &gt; 100. This applies to optical imaging probes for particle concentration, size, and projected area spectra measurement. Uncertainty arises should impacting particles shatter and disperse, defeating the intent of the original measurements. Particle shatter is demonstrated in Formvar replicas (University of North Dakota Citation) and video records of particle approach and impact on the Cloudscope (NCAR C-130, NASA DC-8) at airspeeds of 130 and 200 m s−1. Sufficient impact kinetic energy results in drop splash and ice shatter, with conversion to surface energy and ultimately thermal energy through viscous dissipation and ice defect production occurring down to the molecular scale. The problem is minimized in design by reducing the regions responsible for particle breakup to a minimum and locating sensors in regions inaccessible to shatter fragments.
Vertical Air Motion from T-REX Radiosonde and Dropsonde Data
Authors: Wang Junhong , Bian Jianchun , Brown William O. , Cole Harold , Grubišić Vanda , Young Kate 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe primary goal of this study is to explore the potential for estimating the vertical velocity (VV) of air from the surface to the stratosphere, using widely available radiosonde and dropsonde data. The rise and fall rates of radiosondes and dropsondes, respectively, are a combination of the VV of the atmosphere and still-air rise–fall rates. The still-air rise–fall rates are calculated using basic fluid dynamics and characteristics of radiosonde and dropsonde systems. This study validates the technique to derive the VV from radiosonde and dropsonde data and demonstrates its value. This technique can be easily implemented by other users for various scientific applications.The technique has been applied to the Terrain-induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX) dropsonde and radiosonde data. Comparisons among radiosonde, dropsonde, aircraft, and profiling radar vertical velocities show that the sonde-estimated VV is able to capture and describe events with strong vertical motions (larger than ∼1 m s−1) observed during T-REX. The VV below ∼5 km above ground, however, is overestimated by the radiosonde data. The analysis of derived VVs shows interesting features of gravity waves, rotors, and turbulence. Periodic variations of vertical velocity in the stratosphere, as indicated by the radiosonde data, correspond to the horizontal wavelength of gravity waves with an averaged horizontal wavelength of ∼15 km. Two-dimensional VV structure is described in detail by successive dropsonde deployment.
Using Surface Pressure Variations to Categorize Diurnal Valley Circulations: Experiments in Owens Valley
Authors: Li Yanping , Smith Ronald B. , Grubišić Vanda 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Harmonic analysis has been applied to data from nearly 1000 Automatic Surface Observation System (ASOS) stations over the United States to extract diurnal pressure signals. The largest diurnal pressure amplitudes (∼200 Pa) and the earliest phases (∼0600 LST for surface pressure maximum) were found for stations located within deep mountain valleys in the western United States. The origin of these unique characteristics of valley pressure signals is examined with a detailed study of Owens Valley, California. Analysis of observational data from the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX) project shows that the ratio of the valley surface pressure to temperature amplitude can be used to estimate the daily maximum mixed-layer depth H. On days with strong westerly winds above the valley, the mixed layer is found to be shallower than on quiescent days because of a flushing effect in the upper parts of the valley. Idealized two-dimensional Weather Research and Forecasting Model simulations were used to explain the pressure signal. In agreement with observations, the simulations show a 3-h difference between the occurrence of a surface pressure minimum (1800 LST) and a surface temperature maximum (1500 LST). The resolved energy budget analysis reveals that this time lag is caused by the persistence of subsidence warming in the upper part of the valley after the surface begins to cool. Sensitivity tests for different valley depths and seasons show that the relative height of the mixed-layer depth with respect to the valley depth, along with the valley width-to-depth ratio, determine whether the diurnal valley circulation is a “confined” system or an “open” system. The open system has a smaller pressure amplitude and an earlier pressure phase.
Psycholinguistic Evaluation of Children Referred For Private Consultation to a Child Psychiatrist
Authors: Battin R. , Kraft Irvin A. 
Published: December 2008

A child psychiatrist had 446 children referred to him for a combination of behavioral and school performance problems. A uniformity of disorder persisted in the basic motor patterns of these children at rest and in activity. As a part of the complete psychiatric consultation, the children were tested for achievement and reading levels. From the total of 446 children a random sample of 33 children were then studied by psycholinguistic techniques to determine whether such an evaluation should be a routine part of the child's work up.
Viewpoint
Authors: Hall Nancy 
Published: December 2008

… The use of the telephone as a supplement to tutoring in reading… Time for tutoring as well as other teaching time is difficult to find. Can the phone be used to tutor reading? Yes, if the schedule, length of lesson, and frequency of lessons is taken into careful consideration by the tutor. The student needs absolute privacy and possibly a headset to respond well to telephone tutoring. The contents of the lessons can deal with developing auditory skills, language patterns, experience stories, and even visual skills. The use of the telephone is far from a cure-all but it can be helpful in reading tutoring.
A Preliminary Psycholinguistic Study of Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Rosenthal Joseph H. 
Published: December 2008

Linguistic competence was tested and evaluated in five children who had a definitive diagnosis of minimal brain dysfunction, and in three control children whose physical, neurological, and school functions were well within normal limits. Definitive differences between the two groups were noted in sentence completion and especially in the ability to formulate sentences of negation. Repetition was found to be a useful tool for testing linguistic competence of both normal and neurologically malfunctioning children.
Paradigmatic Language Training for Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Cartelli Lora M. 
Published: December 2008

In last month's Journal, Suiter and Potter demonstrated that like normals, LD children use categories to organize material for recall. Similarly, this article shows that LD children can benefit from preorganized material and that the positive effects are not lost soon after teaching, as is often reported in clinical observations of LD children. These studies may suggest avenues of strength—avenues differing in their conceptual level as opposed to their modality — which can be used in the teaching process. — G.M.S. The effect that training paradigmatic language structures has upon the reading process is investigated with LD children. The effects of intelligence, special training, and training over time were analyzed in a pretest-posttest control group design. Findings reveal that paradigmatic thought products are both testable and teachable structures and are inherent in both oral and written communication. Children who received training made rapid and positive gains on all criterion measures, and gains were residual over time. It appears that the ability to manipulate and apply paradigmatic operations has a favorable effect upon the understanding of written language and helps LD children to process and organize information.
Error Monitoring of Schoolwork by Learning Disabled Adolescents
Authors: Deshler Donald D. , Ferrell William R. , Kass Corrine E. 
Published: December 2008

Considerable current research and theory regarding learning disabilities concern the role of possible attentional deficits. Critical among the many sources of information in the learning situation is the correctness of the learner's own response — monitoring one's own errors provides the basis for their elimination. Using a sophisticated research paradigm, described in some detail, the authors examine how learning disabled children notice their own errors compared to the process used by their normal-learning peers. — G.M.S. Monitoring on some school-related tasks (editing, writing, spelling, and synonyms) was studied in learning disabled and normal adolescents. Signal detection was used to conceptualize the monitoring process. While learning disabled and normal students appeared to use similar and appropriate criteria for detecting errors in externally generated material, the learning disabled students were less willing to call an element an error in material they produced themselves. It is suggested that external monitoring done by the teacher while the student is doing his work teaches monitoring better than correcting errors after the work is completed.
The Assessment of Children with Learning Problems
Authors: Ozer Mark N. 
Published: December 2008

Planning and evaluating the success of short-term objectives can too easily be overlooked due to the demands that surround IEP construction. Rather than increase teacher dependence on evaluation teams and their diagnostic findings, the author proposes a planning process designed to enhance individual problem-solving. — G.M.S. The role of the special resource teacher is redefined as that of a consultant to the classroom teacher in increasing the teacher's awareness of his or her own problem-solving experiences with the referred child. A specified planning process emphasizing what has been accomplished and what has been effective is carried out. The product of this ongoing staff development program is greater participation by the classroom teacher in writing plans and greater awareness of the process of problem solving itself. This process of independent problem solving may then be transferred to the child.
The Effects of Megadoses of Selected B Complex Vitamins on Children with Hyperkinesis
Authors: Brenner Arnold 
Published: December 2008

One hundred children with hyperkinesis and cerebral dysfunction were given individual three-day trials of pharmacologic doses of thiamin, calcium pantothenate, pyridoxine, and placebo. When beneficial response was noted, a second week-long trial of vitamins was given, alternating with placebo, followed by long-term therapy. Two-thirds of the remaining children not responding to this schedule were then given pharmacologic doses of niacinamide, combinations of B-complex vitamins, or elimination diets. Eight children dramatically responded to pharmacologic doses of thiamin, of which four still require the vitamin either intermittently or continuously after four years. Nine children responded to 300 mg of pyridoxine; an additional 5 patients responded only after receiving larger doses. Only one child could be maintained on placebo. In subsequent trials, 11 responded to niacin or to combinations of B-complex vitamins with minerals. In a two-year follow-up, six children who had demonstrated no beneficial response to these clinical trials had spontaneously improved. Eight children responded to dietary manipulations alone. Half the children found to be “dependent” on pharmacological doses of thiamin worsened with administration of B6. Conversely, half of the pyridoxine responders worsened when given large doses of thiamin. Blood zinc levels dropped substantially with administration of pyridoxine. The experience suggests that the hyperkinetic cerebral dysfunction syndrome is multifactoral. A significant number are caused by vitamin deficiency or pharmacologic dependency.
Persistent Auditory Language Deficits in Adults with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Blalock Jane W. 
Published: December 2008

To the casual observer, learning disabled adults' oral language appears adequate. When they enter college, heavy demands are placed on both receptive and expressive oral language abilities, but typically only reading and written language abilities are assessed. Dr. Blalock describes below the auditory processing, receptive, and expressive language deficits she found in her study of 80 LD adults and how they themselves observed the effects of these deficits on their performance in a variety of settings; academic, social, and vocational. Because oral language is not evaluated consistently in LD adults entering college LD programs, her findings have significant implications for assessment and program development at the college level if inroads are to be made in the improvement of the most severe and widespread deficit in LD adults, namely, the deficit in written language. Of 80 young adults diagnosed as having learning disabilities, 63 were found to have oral language and/or auditory processing deficits. These problems included deficits in auditory discrimination, comprehension, memory, auditory recall, oral formulation, and pronunciation of multisyllabic words. Problems in metalinguistic abilities were seen most frequently. These residual auditory deficits were reported to interfere with social and vocational functioning as well as with academic performance.
Cognitive Profile of Children Referred to a Clinic for Reading Disabilities
Authors: Harness B. Z. , Epstein Rachel , Gordon H. W. 
Published: December 2008

Cognitive performance asymmetries in favor of functions attributed to the right cerebral hemisphere are reported for 105 out of 108 subjects referred to a clinic for reading difficulties. Children were referred by their parents, teachers, psychologists or doctors for diagnosis and treatment of reading difficulties in school. Virtually all subjects who were behind in reading—not explained by intelligence or opportunity factors—performed, on the average, better than the norm by about 0.50 S.D. on tests usually attributed to the right cerebral hemisphere and poorer than the norm by the same amount on tests attributed to the left cerebral hemisphere. The sample had four times as many males as females and reading retardation in females was only slightly greater Both overall performance as well as degree of asymmetry increased with parent education. These results suggest that reading disabled children are homogeneous with at least the right/left asymmetry aspect of their cognitive profile. The consistent asymmetry further suggests that the concept of cognitive laterality, as well as the test instrument used here to measure it, may be of diagnostic value and be useful in the establishment of risk factors in a nonidentified population
Peer Relations in Children with Hyperactivity/Attention Deficit Disorder
Authors: Pelham William E. , Milich Richard 
Published: December 2008

The first two of this year's Topical Reviews provided a primarily educational perspective on the social skills problems of learning disabled children. As a compliment to that perspective, this month's Topical Review, written by two clinical psychologists, discusses the identification and treatment of social/behavioral problems in hyperactive children. As is well known, hyperactive and learning disabled children have many difficulties in common, and disturbed social/peer relationships appear to be one of them. The present review discusses the potential causes of disturbed peer relationships in these children, as well as evaluating the relative effectiveness of behavioral, pharmacological, and educational treatments for them. What is known and what needs to be known regarding the peer relationships of hyperactive children is reviewed. Hyperactive children, particularly those who are also aggressive, have serious disturbances in peer relations. Although several treatments have been investigated, no sufficient intervention has yet been discovered. Suggestions are offered for future studies of the nature, treatment, and predictive importance of these children's problems in peer relations.
Curvilinear Coordinate Condition for Antiplane Strain Deformation in Power Law Plastic Solid
Authors: Weertman J. 
Published: December 2008

A desirable curvilinear coordinate system for problems in antiplane strain is one in which the shear stress acting across orthogonal trajectories is either zero or has the maximum value. In elastic isotropic solid problems any coordinate system given by z ≡ x+ iy = f ( w) ≡ f ( u + iv) satisfies this condition. This paper examines some requirements for curvilinear coordinate systems with a power law plastic solid (of power m). In particular, if the curvilinear trajectories are given by x = x ( u, v) and y = y ( u, v) the trajectories must satisfy the equation where 7 represents either x or y.
Near-infrared Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopic Study of the Reaction of Methylperoxy Radical with Nitrogen Monoxide
Authors: Enami Shinichi , Yamanaka Takashi , Kawasaki Masahiro 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Time-resolved near-infrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy was applied to the kinetics of the gas-phase reaction of CH3O2 with NO at 100 Torr total pressure and 298 K. After flash photolysis of the CH4/Cl2/O2/N2 mixture at 355 nm or the CH3I/O2/N2 mixture at 266 nm, the CH3O2 absorption at 1.36 μm was monitored for the kinetic study. The reaction rate constants determined in two different radical sources are essentially the same and in agreement with the recently proposed values.
Infrared Spectrum of Nitro(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)(4-methylpyridine)cobalt(III)
Authors: Yamamoto Kenichi 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
IR spectrum of the title compound is measured in the 500 to 300 cm−1 region. The band at 346 cm−1 is shifted depending on the fifth ligand (L) and assigned to the skeletal deformation vibration band coupled with the Co–NO2 stretching and Co–L stretching vibration bands.
Oxygen Permeation of a Dense/Porous Asymmetric Membrane Using La0.6Ca0.4CoO3−δ–BaFe0.975Zr0.025O3−δ System
Authors: Watanabe Ken , Yuasa Masayoshi , Kida Tetsuya , Shimanoe Kengo , Teraoka Yasutake , Yamazoe Noboru 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
To achieve a high oxygen permeation rate at medium and high temperature, an asymmetrically structured membrane, in which a thin dense layer (30 μm) made of La0.6Ca0.4CoO3−δ (LCC) and BaFe0.975Zr0.025O3−δ (BFZ) was formed on a porous LCC support, was fabricated and tested for its oxygen permeability. The oxygen permeation flux significantly increased by mixing BFZ with LCC and reached a fairly high value of 1.60 cm3 min−1 cm−2 even at 780 °C.
A reference interval for sweat chloride in infants aged between five and six weeks of age
Authors: Jayaraj Rajamanickam , Barton Paul V , Newland Paul , Mountford Roger , Shaw Nigel J , Mccarthy Emma , Isherwood David M , Southern Kevin W 
Published: December 2008

Background This study was designed to establish a reference interval for sweat chloride for infants without evidence of cystic fibrosis (CF), aged between 5 wk and 6 wk, a time when sweat testing is an integral part of newborn screening for CF. In addition, we compared the gold standard method of sweat testing (quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis [QPIT, coulometry]) with an emerging methodology (Macroduct™ [ISE]). Methods This was a prospective study on healthy infants at 5–6 wk of age. Sweat collection was undertaken at home on both outer thigh areas using two methods (QPIT and Macroduct™). The order of testing was randomly assigned. Filter paper samples (QPIT) were analysed using flame photometry and coulometry. Macroduct™ samples were analysed using ion-selective electrodes (ISE, Abbott Architect c8000, UK). Results Insufficient sweat was collected on 28 occasions with the QPIT (coulometry) method and on 31 with the Macroduct™ (ISE) capillary system. We achieved a 92% success rate in undertaking two sweat collections consecutively (n = 177). Sweat chloride concentrations were normally distributed with excellent limits of agreement between the two methods of sweat collection and analysis (n = 150). Median (IQR) sweat chloride was 11.2 mmol/L (8–13) with QPIT (coulometry) method with a 99.5th centile (n = 165) of 24 mmol/L. Conclusion The Macroduct™ (ISE) capillary sweat collection system is valid in this age group. Sweat chloride concentrations above 30 mmol/L should prompt assessment in a specialist CF centre.