bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
H2S Hazard on ODP Leg 146
Authors: Francis T. J. G. , Olivas R. E. 
Published: October 2006

On the Ocean Drilling Program's Leg 146, extremely high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were encountered in cores acquired from the top 17 m of the sedimentary section at Site 892, in 674‐m water depth off the coast of Oregon. The amount of H2S given off by these cores on the deck of the drill ship was sufficient to create a safety hazard and, if improperly handled, could have administered a lethal dose. The purpose of this article is to warn the scientific community of the dangers of handling this naturally occurring material.The cores were several orders of magnitude richer in H2S than any previously recovered by DSDP/ODP in 25 years of scientific ocean drilling. Gas hydrates were recovered from the same interval, and it is possible that the H2S may have been stored in a hydrate structure. The cores were split and allowed to degas in the open air before being taken into the ship's laboratory. ODP technical staff handling the cores wore breathing apparatus and used hand‐held H2S detector instruments. Key personnel on the drill ship are regularly trained in the hazards of H2S, which is commonly encountered in oil and gas drilling.
Do you know of an isolated swarm of small earthquakes?
Authors: Crampin Stuart 
Published: October 2006

Occasionally in intraplate areas, isolated swarms of small earthquakes occur with hypocenters only a kilometer or two apart, many kilometers away from any other seismic activity [Crampin, 1991]. The Blue Mountain Lake swarm, N.Y., 1972–1973, and the Enola swarm, Ark., 1982–1983, were two such swarms.The largest events in isolated swarms, which I shall call “typical events,” are usually smaller than magnitude 4 and typically tend to repeat with similar magnitudes and locations every few days or weeks. These typical events have shown precursory phenomena similar to those seen before much larger earthquakes in regions of higher seismicity. Changes in Vp/Vs ratios were observed at Blue Mountain Lake [Aggarwal, 1973] and at Enola [Chiu et al., 1984], and changes in shear‐wave splitting were also observed at Enola [Booth et al., 1990]. Presumably the reason for the sensitivity that allows precursors to be observed before comparatively small events in isolated swarms is that the behavior before small earthquakes can be identified in quiet aseismic areas that would be hidden in the tectonic complexity of more active seismic regions.
Symposium probes materials science approaches in geophysics
Authors: Cooper Reid F. , Fredrick Joanne T. , Green David J. , Kronenberg Andreas K. 
Published: October 2006

The mechanisms of fracture and flow in rocks and ceramics are remarkably similar. As a result, studies of the mechanical properties of Earth materials that ultimately govern the behavior of the lithosphere have benefitted from mineral and rock physics approaches resembling those taken in the study of structural ceramics. Laboratory studies of fracture propagation and frictional sliding in rocks have led to advances in our understanding of earthquake mechanics [e.g., Tullis, 1986; Segall, 1991] much as experimental studies of engineering materials have aided in the prediction of failure and wear of critical structural components.Studies of mineral plasticity and ductile flow of rocks [e.g., Evans and Dresen, 1991] have revealed that nonlinear time‐dependent rheologies, as first described for metals and ceramics, govern mechanical response at high temperatures and pressures with pronounced effects on the scaling and evolution of continental collisions [England et al, 1985; Houseman and England, 1993]. Studies of the mechanical and transport properties of partial melts and glass ceramics [Cooper, 1990] are now providing insights into the delivery of melts to active ridge axes [e.g., Phipps Morgan, 1991]. Investigations of phase transformations in silicate and oxide systems have revealed mechanisms that are both thermally driven and stress‐induced, and experiments designed to examine phase transformations under nonhydrostatic stresses have provided insight into the source mechanisms of deep‐focus earthquakes [Kirby et al., 1991; Green et al., 1992].
Earthquake Hazards Report completed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

“Applications of Research from the U.S. Geological Survey Program, Assessment of Regional Earthquake Hazards and Risk Along the Wasatch Front, Utah” (USGS Professional Paper 1519) is a report that explains how new information about earthquake hazards was applied in Utah. The report, edited by Paula Gori, is now available.In 1983, the USGS targeted the Wasatch Front, Utah, for a multiyear program that focused on earthquake research and hazards reduction. An earlier report, “Assessment of Regional Earthquake Hazards and Risk Along the Wasatch Front, Utah” (USGS Professional Paper 1500 A‐J) contained the results of much of the scientific research undertaken from 1983 to 1988. This new report contains the results of research undertaken during the latter phases of the Wasatch Front Program and presents examples of how the research was applied at the local level.
“Precision” parameter: A misnomer
Authors: Gillett Stephen L. 
Published: October 2006

The parameter K that describes the concentration of paleomagnetic directions about The parameter K that describes the concentration of paleomagnetic directions about their mean is commonly termed the “precision” parameter, a terminology that goes back toFisher's[1953] original paper. However, it does not measure “precision” as the term is now used in the physical sciences.“Precision” is a measure of how well a result is experimentally defined ]e.g.,Bevington, 1960], and this definition is drummed into beginning science students, commonly starting at the high‐school level. For paleomagnetic data, however, “precision” in this sense is expressed by a confidence limit, such as a95; thus it depends on N (the number of samples) as well as K. For this reason, more modern treatments of directional statistics instead usually call K the “concentration” parameter, which is a neutral (and natural) geometric description [e.g.,Mardia, 1972, 1975;Fisher et al, 1987].
Proposed NSF name change includes engineering
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

An indication of some of the thinking on Capitol Hill about the nature of federal support for science and technology is reflected in a recent letter from House Science Committee Chairman George Brown (D‐Calif.) and Subcommittee Chairman Rick Boucher (D‐Va.) to the American Physical Society. In the August 9 letter, Brown and Boucher request comments on changing the name of the National Science Foundation to the National Science and Engineering Foundation. APS unequivocally opposes the name change.A portion of the Brown and Boucher letter states, “The authorization of appropriations for the NSF expires at the close of Fiscal Year 1993, and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology is now drafting reauthorizing legislation for the next fiscal years. On May 20, the Science Subcommittee held hearings on the reauthorization of the foundation. At those hearings the American Association of Engineering Societies recommended that the name of the NSF be changed to the National Science and Engineering Foundation and the name of the National Science Board be changed to the National Science and Engineering Board.”
Crisis for NSF
Authors: Tullis Terry 
Published: October 2006

The Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee that funds the VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies, chaired by Barbara Mikulski (D‐Md.), has produced a report (number 103–137) that threatens the existence of the National Science Foundation as we know it.The report accompanied NSF's appropriations bill, HR2491, for the upcoming 1994 fiscal year. The language of this report is inflammatory and seems designed to hinder cooperation between the committee and the scientific community. It states that if NSF does not redirect a minimum of 60% of its research effort into strategically‐driven science as opposed to curiosity‐driven science, NSF will “diminish into becoming nothing more than a national endowment for science,” and “future R&D budgets should instead be allocated more generously to agencies such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NASA, the national energy labs, or the National Institutes of Health, all of whom seem poised to pursue critical technologies with entrepreneurial vigor and enthusiasm.”
New findings challenge beliefs about solar‐terrestrial physics
Authors: Gosling J. T. 
Published: October 2006

Solar flares are intense, short‐lived brightenings that occur near sunspots on the Sun's surface. Large geomagnetic storms, intense auroral displays, large energetic particle events in interplanetary space, and major shock wave disturbances in the solar wind often occur in close association with large solar flares. Over the years, the common association of these events in near‐Earth space with solar flares led to a paradigm of cause and effect in which large solar flares came to be understood as the fundamental cause of these disturbances.Certain aspects of this paradigm were developed in the early 1930s [e.g., Hale, 1931], and by the early 1960s it had become part of the underlying dogma central to the discipline of solar‐terrestrial physics. This paradigm still dominates the popular perception of the relationship between solar activity and interplanetary and geomagnetic events and continues to provide much of the pragmatic rationale for the study of the solar flare phenomenon.
Greatest barrier is retaining young scientists
Authors: Chandler Mark , Hopper John 
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation's top priorities as listed by director Neal Lane in Eos (November 9) are to strengthen NSF and its support of scientific research and education, to better articulate to the public why it is so important that support of science and engineering be strengthened, and to continue to lower barriers that discourage young people from choosing careers in science.While we firmly support the first two priorities, we are concerned about the underlying assumptions and implications of the third. Barriers discouraging women and minorities from considering careers in math and science do exist within our educational system, and there is now abundant statistical evidence showing these groups are under‐represented in most fields of science. However, as stated in the Eos article, solving these problems and leveling the playing field is not the primary goal of the NSF policy.
National science and technology council established
Authors: Mockter Susan Bucci 
Published: October 2006

A cabinet‐level National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) was established by President Clinton on November 23, fulfilling a key recommendation of the National Performance Review to strengthen and streamline the White House science and technology policy function. “Investing in science and technology is investing in America's future.… During the campaign and in my first days in office, I committed to reorganize and strengthen the White House science and technology function in order to implement my science and technology agenda,” said the president at the signing of the executive order.The NSTC will be a single, strengthened science and technology policy council within the White House intended to significantly improve decision making by consolidating and elevating functions previously carried out by interagency councils such as the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (FCCSET), the National Space Council, and the National Critical Materials Council, the president said.
Canopy Research Network seeks input
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

In July 1993, the Canopy Research Network was established with a 2‐year planning grant from the National Science Foundation to bring together forest canopy researchers, quantitative scientists, and computer specialists to establish methods for collecting, storing, analyzing, interpreting, and displaying three‐dimensional data that relate to tree crowns and forest canopies.The CRN is now soliciting input from scientists in other fields who may have developed techniques and software to help obtain answers to questions that concern the complex three‐dimensional structure of tree crowns and forest canopies. Over the next 3 years, the CRN plans to compile an array of research questions and issues requiring information on canopy structure, examine useful information models and software tools already in use in allied fields, and develop conceptual models and recommendations for the types and format of information and analyses necessary to answer research questions posed by canopy researchers.
California quake assessed
Authors: Wuethrich Bernice 
Published: October 2006

On January 17, at 4:31 A.M., a 6.6 magnitude earthquake hit the Los Angeles area, crippling much of the local infrastructure and claiming 51 lives.Members of the Southern California Earthquake Network, a consortium of scientists at universities and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), entered a controlled crisis mode. Network scientists, including David Wald, Susan Hough, Kerry Sieh, and a half dozen others went into the field to gather information on the earthquake, which apparently ruptured an unmapped fault.
Global Ocean Observing System gains momentum
Authors: Briscoe Melbourne G. , Cole Muriel 
Published: October 2006

The concept of a Global Ocean Observing System, an internationally coordinated, scientifically based program for systematic data collection and exchange, is taking shape and gaining momentum at the national and international level.The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental organization of twenty‐four countries with advanced market economies, is holding a series of Megascience Forums to discuss science projects of an international scale.
Coral bleaching threatens oceans, life
Authors: Montgomery R. S. , Strong A. E. 
Published: October 2006

People around the world depend on the resources provided by the ocean to support life. But global‐scale damage to the coral reefs, a large and integral part of the ocean environment that supports a variety of sea life, is a frightening prospect that may unfold in the coming years.Recently, a phenomenon called coral bleaching has raised concerns about the deteriorating conditions in the world's oceans and the implications for life on our planet.Coral bleaching occurs as coral tissue expels zooxanthellae, a symbiotic algae that resides in the structure of the coral and is essential to its survival. The widespread nature of the bleaching threatens the state of the environment.
Underwater sound tests meet controversy
Authors: White M. Catherine 
Published: October 2006

Researchers for the Acoustic Thermometry Ocean Climate (ATOC) program are meeting negative public reaction to their plan to install powerful underwater loudspeakers at two sites in Hawaii and California, one of which is within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.If the project is approved, the loudspeakers, which are about the size of cylindrical water heaters, will emit acoustic signals to receivers in other parts of the ocean. The ATOC researchers will compute the signals' travel times to accurately measure internal ocean temperatures.
Atmospheric information available on Gopher
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Atmospheric Sciences Department at the University of Illinois, Urbana‐Champaign, is opening a new full‐scale World Wide Web (WWW) server, The Daily Planet. This environmental information server will continue the work started with the university's Weather Machine and offers new and useful capabilities to the atmospheric sciences community.The server features current weather information, lists of other weather servers and sources of weather data, atmospheric sciences community information, information about the university's department, plus a look at some online hypermedia instructional modules for atmospheric sciences under development.
Space exploration: The geophysics of new worlds
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Spring Meeting Union session U11B, “Space Exploration: The Geophysics of New Worlds,” will give a comprehensive overview of recent planetary research and put into perspective its implications for the solar system. Because the session involves topics ranging from planetary sciences to chemistry to volcanology, it should interest scientists from various disciplines.In “Mercury 20 Years After Mariner 10,” Bruce Hapke will discuss what is and is not known about Mercury, a planet that is difficult to observe because of its proximity to the Sun. Hapke says that ironically, we know less about Mercury than about Triton, a similarly sized body orbiting distant Neptune. He will also raise questions about the planet's core, whether it is solid or molten, and he will discuss several hypotheses about the composition of its crust.
Undersea research proposals solicited
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The University of Hawaii's Undersea Research Laboratory, funded by NOAA, is soliciting preproposals for research to be conducted in the Pacific in 1995 using its submersible and/or remotely operated vehicle.Expected areas of operations are the southern Hawaiian islands; Johnston Island; and the Western Pacific, including Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, and Papua New Guinea. Scientists and engineers at any university or research institution may apply.
Assessing the magnetic reconnection paradigm
Authors: Akasofu S.‐I. 
Published: October 2006

The hypothesis of magnetic reconnection was originally proposed as an attempt to explain solar flares. Solar flares dissipate as much as 1029 erg/s in about 30 min, the total consumed energy being ∼1032 erg. Since there was no obvious phenomenon that could be identified as the power supply process, it was assumed that the necessary energy was stored prior to flare onset and was then released and dissipated very rapidly.Since solar flares tend to occur near complex sunspot groups, it was hypothesized that the necessary energy was stored as magnetic energy. The hypothesis of magnetic reconnection was introduced as the process that spontaneously converts the stored magnetic energy for flare processes. Thus it was hypothesized that to provide as much as 1029 erg/s, the process must also be explosive.
Turning attention to reservoir surfaces, a neglected area in greenhouse studies
Authors: Kelly Carol A. , Rudd John W. M. , St. Louis Vincent L. , Moore Tim 
Published: October 2006

Carol A. Kelly, Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2; John W. M. Rudd, Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6; Vincent L. St. Louis, Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2; Tim Moore, Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6With reservoir construction increasing worldwide since the 1950s, the volume of water retained in these structures today is so great that if they didn't exist, sea level would be 3 cm higher. Despite the 500,000 km2 global area reservoirs comprise—about twice the area of the Laurentian Great Lakes—almost nothing is known about reservoir surfaces as sources or sinks of the “greenhouse” gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4).
Experiment evaluates ocean models and data assimiliation in the Gulf Stream
Authors: Willems Robert C. , Glenn S. M. , Crowley M. F. , Malanotte‐Rizzoli P. , Young R. E. , Ezer T. , Mellor G. L. , Arango H. G. , Robinson A. R. , Lai C.‐C. A. 
Published: October 2006

Using data sets of known quality as the basis for comparison, a recent experiment explored the Gulf Stream Region at 27°–47°N and 80°–50°W to assess the nowcast/forecast capability of specific ocean models and the impact of data assimilation. Scientists from five universities and the Naval Research Laboratory/Stennis Space Center participated in the Data Assimilation and Model Evaluation Experiment (DAMEÉ‐GSR).DAMEÉ‐GSR was based on case studies, each successively more complex, and was divided into three phases using case studies (data) from 1987 and 1988. Phase I evaluated models' forecast capability using common initial conditions and comparing model forecast fields with observational data at forecast time over a 2‐week period. Phase II added data assimilation and assessed its impact on forecast capability, using the same case studies as in phase I, and phase III added a 2‐month case study overlapping some periods in Phases I and II.
Storms in space: A fictionalized account of “The Big One”
Authors: Freeman John W. 
Published: October 2006

This article is intended to illustrate, for a general audience, how solar, interplanetary, and magnetospheric physics are giving birth to the concept of “space weather,” and to remind those of us who do space physics that the fruits of our labors may soon have practical applications that will touch many lives.The scene is a darkened spacecraft operations control room. Across one wall are TV monitors displaying live pictures. The first monitor carries the Super Bowl. The others display a soap opera, a weather channel, and a Spanish language commentator. Only the sound from the Super Bowl monitor can be heard. The panel behind a long console desk has more monitors; this time containing tables and graphs with data on the status of seven satellites. The night shift operations crew is gathered around the Super Bowl monitor.
Recent directions taken in water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets research
Authors: Lins Harry F. 
Published: October 2006

Understanding and predicting global change is a major scientific focus of the late 20th century. Although atmospheric scientists have made substantial progress in developing models that account for many components of the climate system, significant progress is needed in understanding processes associated with the exchange of water, energy, and carbon between terrestrial systems and the atmosphere.To strengthen terrestrial process research, especially research associated with the interactions of water, energy, gases, nutrients, and vegetation, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated an intensive study of Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB). WEBB is aimed at improving understanding of processes controlling terrestrial water, energy, and biogeochemical fluxes, their interactions, and their relations to climatic variables; and the ability to predict continental water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets over a range of spatial and temporal scales.
Toward establishing an international continental scientific drilling program
Authors: Zoback Mark D. , Emmermann Rolf 
Published: October 2006

Geologists, geophysicists, and science administrators from over 25 countries gathered in Potsdam, Germany, from August 30 to Septmeber 1, 1993, to review the scientific rationale for establishing an International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP). Such a program is intended to complement the highly successful Ocean Drilling Program and would operate on a similar scale.The meeting was convened under the auspices of the Coordinating Committee for Continental Drilling (CC‐4) of the International Lithosphere Program, a joint program of the International Union of Geological Sciences and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. The conference was hosted by the recently established GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ), a major new Earth science research institution in Potsdam, founded by the German Ministry for Research and Technology.