bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The National Black United Fund: From movement for social change to social change organization
Authors: Carson Emmett D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAfter the Watts riots in 1965, a group of black community activists created the Brotherhood Crusade to raise funds to support their community's institutions and to empower other blacks to improve their socioeconomic status. Their efforts inspired a national movement, the National Black United Fund, which raised over $7 million in 1990 and opened up America's workplaces for fundraising by black organizations and other groups.This chapter represents the views of the author and not those of the Ford Foundation. The author thanks the National Black United Fund for making all of its files available as well as the numerous individuals who consented to be interviewed.
Violence against women: The success of a pioneering effort in the development of services for victims
Authors: Tropp Naomi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1975, rape, child sexual abuse, and domestic violence were viewed as isolated misfortunes. The voice of The Julian Center, a small women's agency in the heartland of America, was rarely heard, and the center's future did not appear promising. Since then, the situation has changed dramatically; by January 1992, the center was thriving financially, growing, and, due to the Tyson rape trial, receiving international media attention.
By women, for women: The women's funding movement
Authors: Church Susan , Mollner Carol 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEfforts to focus philanthropic resources on women's special needs and to empower women of all socioeconomic and multicultural groups as philanthropists have created a rapidly growing complex of women's foundations and federations committed to funding, educating, training, and advocating to meet the needs of women donors, philanthropists, and grant recipients.
Preserving family assets: The use of planned charitable giving
Authors: Weber Gerald A. , Korman Thomas A. , Gustafson Steven C. , Silverman John R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the compatibility of the goals and objectives of the prospective donor family and the charitable organization and the ways in which the implementation of a deferred charitable giving program can advance those goals. The role of the family counselor in helping to defne and prioritize these goals and objectives is discussed.
The perceptions of do‐not‐resuscitate policies of dying patients with cancer
Authors: Olver Ian , Eliott Jaklin A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPatients in hospitals must authorize do‐not‐resuscitate (DNR) orders or the default cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) occurs. Using discursive analysis, we examined the speech of 28 cancer patients, judged as within 3 months of death, to determine how they justified preferences for DNR orders. Most saw these as a positive outcome of not interfering with a natural death with the decision being personal and the legal right of a competent autonomous person. If surrogates were required, they needed knowledge of the medical facts and the patient's wishes. The doctor was crucial, while family although likely to be supportive may be burdened by the responsibility. Some favored an early DNR discussion, but the majority favored a later discussion when it was applicable. At interview, 58% patients had a DNR order, rising to 82% by the time of death. Written orders were favored, yet 9 of 21 who did not want CPR had no DNR order. Hope was mentioned spontaneously by 25 patients, both as a thing over which patients had little control and as the desire of a positive future outcome. If doctors' and patients' assessments of eligibility for DNR orders do not coincide, the process and documentation of decision‐making needs revision. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synchrotron radiation is not a blackbody but a graybody
Authors: Tanigaki Takeshi , Kawai Jun 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThough synchrotron radiation and blackbody radiation are considered as completely different phenomena, spectral shape of synchrotron radiation is somewhat similar to that of the blackbody radiation. Synchrotron radiation is a graybody radiation with a finite value of emmisivity, which varies as a function of wavelength. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymerization of styrene in the presence of fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Falkenburg L. B. , Hill W. H. , Wolff Hans 
Published: July 2007

SummaryData on the products obtained on polymerizing styrene in the presence of various methyl esters of fatty acid have been presented. These data show that no copolymerization between the esters and styrene occurs and that homogeneity of some of the reaction products cannot be considered as proof for interpolymerization.
Fatty acid amides. IV. Reaction of fats with ammonia and amines
Authors: Roe Edward T. , Stutzman Jeanne M. , Scanlan John T. , Swern Daniel 
Published: July 2007

SummaryConditions have been worked out for the quantitative conversion of oleo oil, olive oil, castor oil, and tobacco seed oil to amides and glycerol by reaction with liquid ammonia under pressure. Similarly methyl oleate has been converted to oleamide in excellent yield. The reaction of aqueous ammonia with methyl oleate, however, gives a maximum yield of isolated oleamide of only 50%, apparently because of competition between hydrolytic and ammonolytic reactions.N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐ and N‐(n‐dodecyl) amides have also been prepared by the reaction of oleo oil with monoethanolamine andn‐dodecylamine, respectively, at atmospheric pressure. Particularly significant is the quantitative conversion of oleo oil to N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) amides by refluxing with monoethanolamine for only 15 minutes. The conversion to N‐(n‐dodecyl) amides however required three hours heating at 230° C. withn‐dodecylamine, and conversion to unsubstituted amides required six hours heating at 170°C. under pressure with liquid ammonia.Crystallization of the amides obtained from the various fats yielded oleamide (purity, 92%) from olive oil, ricinoleamide (purity, >95%) from castor oil, and N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) oleamide (purity, 90%) from oleo oil. Little fractionation was accomplished with the amides of tobacco seed oil however. In the fractionation of the unsubstituted and N‐(n‐dodecyl) amides from oleo oil, fractions which were predominantly saturated and monounsaturated were obtained readily, but no greater purification could be effected by recrystallization.Unsubstituted and N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) amides were readily converted to the corresponding free acids by refluxing for two hours with constant boiling (approximately 20%) aqueous hydrochloric acid.
Characterization of corn oil, soybean oil and sunflowerseed oil nonpolar material
Authors: Trost Vernon W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNormal phase preparative and semi‐preparative liquid chromatography were used to isolate fractions of varying polarity from corn, soybean and sunflowerseed oils. Reported here is the composition of one fraction, less polar than triglycerides, determined by isolating the individual «peaks» of a semi‐preparative separation using as starting material the mix of compounds obtained from a large scale separation. These peaks were then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (LC) gas chromatography (GC), mass‐spectrometry (MS) with and without GC, in both electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) modes, and carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Semi‐quantitative data were obtained for many of the components found in these semi‐preparative isolates including hydrocarbons, steryl esters, triterpenyl esters, phytyl esters and geranylgeranyl esters. The weight percent and composition of the preparative fraction differed substantially among the three oils. Corn oil had the greatest amount, at 1.25% of the starting oil, and was composed mostly of steryl and triterpenyl esters. Sunflowerseed oil, at 0.7%, and soybean oil, at 0.3%, showed greater variety in that branched chain esters were included with the steryl/triterpenyl distributions.
Preparation of 9,15‐octadecadienoate isomers
Authors: Butterfield R. O. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLinolenic acid was reduced with hydrazine to produce a mixture containing a max of dienoic acids. After methylation this mixture was separated into trienoic, dienoic, monoenoic, and saturated esters by countercurrent distribution (CCD) with acetonitrile and hexane. The dienoic ester was further fractionated by CCD with methanolic silver nitrate and hexane to separate purecis,cis‐9,15‐octadecadienoate and the equimixture ofcis,cis‐9,12‐ and 12,15‐octadecadienoates.Following isomerization of thecis,cis‐9,15‐octadecadienoate with selenium, the geometric isomers were fractionated by CCD with methanolic silver nitrate and hexane. Puretrans,trans and purecis,cis isomers were isolated, as well as an unresolved mixture ofcis,trans andtrans,cis isomers. The characteristics of these isomers and related compounds are compared as determined by CCD, IR absorption, and capillary gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC).
Metal pelleting and cooling
Authors: Robinson Roy A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryPelleting is a process of conditioning, compacting, and extruding a finely divided material resulting in larger particle sizes with greater bulk density and improved flow characteristics in which dust is essentially eliminated. The process has a relatively short history beginning in 1929 with the conception and design of equipment using the die and roller principle. Conditioning is accomplished by the use of good quality steam added at a controlled rate to a regulated flow of material in a paddle type mixer integrally mounted on the pellet mill. This steam adds heat and moisture to enhance the pelleting characteristics of the material. Compaction is accomplished by the action of the rolls upon the die face which also supplies the force necessary to extrude the material through the die holes thus forming pellets. In the pelleting of oilseed meals the sizes of pellets are generally limited to 1/4 in, diameter for export with 1/4 in., 3/4 in., and 7/8 in. being quite common for animal feeding. Many times the 3/4 in. or 7/8 in. pellets are broken through crumbling rolls to form a coarse, granular product. A cooling and drying step is necessary following the pelleting process to remove heat and excess moisture to result in a stable product. This step is accomplished by the use of either a vertical or horizontal cooler by means of which ambient air is drawn through a moving bed of pellets. Exhaust air from this process must be discharged to atmosphere through an efficient cyclone collector to remove entrained dust and feed particles. Following the cooling step the pellets are usually screened to remove the particles smaller than the pellet, thought in the export trade this step may be eliminated. It is desirable to remove extraneous material from the feedstock ahead of the pellet mill in order to protect the dies and rolls. This is accomplished by magnets in the case of magnetic materials and high capacity centrifugal screeners for nonmagnetic materials. In the case of solvent extracted meals with a very low residual oil content, it is usually customary to blend back refinery residues to supply a small amount of oil to enhance pellet quality and equipment capacity. Various oilseed meals exhibit different pelleting characteristics resulting in a wide variation in pellet mill performance.
Sperm oil replacements: Synthetic wax esters from selectively hydrogenated soybean and linseed oils
Authors: Bell E. W. , Gast L. E. , Thomas F. L. , Koos R. E. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummarySynthetic wax esters with properties similar to those of sperm whale oil have been prepared entirely from soybean and linseed oils. the synthesis required: (a) selective hydrogenation of the oils with copper‐on‐silica gel catalyst, (b) hydrogenolysis of fatty acids to fatty alcohols with copper‐cadmiumchromium catalyst, and (c) esterification of hydrogenolysis products to yield predominantly long chain fatty esters which contained unsaturation in both the alcohol and acid moieties. Similarity of physical and chemical properties indicate that these wax esters are possible replacements for sperm oil. After sulfurization, the wax esters also have potential as extreme pressure lubricant additives.
Preparation and surface‐ active properties of new amphipathic compounds with two phosphate groups and two long‐ chain alkyl groups
Authors: Zhu Yun‐ peng , Masuyama Araki , Okahara Mitsuo 
Published: July 2007

New compounds bearing two dihydrogen phosphate groups and two long‐ chain alkyl groups (octyl or decyl) were prepared in good yields by the reaction of 1,ω‐bis(alkyloxymethyl)‐ oligo (ethylene glycol)s with polyphosphoric acid.Amphipathic di‐ or tetrasodium phosphates were obtained by neutralization of the free acids with sodium hydroxide, and their surface‐ active properties in water were measured. Almost all these di‐ or tetrasodium phosphates showed good water solubility. Their abilities to form micelles and to lower surface tension were fairly good as compared with general monoalkyl phosphates consisting of one longer alkyl chain and one hydrophilic group. The foaming property of aqueous solutions of the tetrasodium salts was different from that of the disodium salts. The former showed very low foaming ability.
The industrial uses of special lecithins: A review
Authors: Van Nieuwenhuyzen Willem 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe surface activity and ultimately the performance of commercial lecithin can be improved by physical, chemical or enzymatic methods. These methods are reviewed along with a brief survey of the use of special lecithins in certain food and non‐food applications. Emphasis is placed on margarine, instant foods, leather fatting and mosquito control systems.
Simultaneous analysis of BHA, TBHQ, BHT and propyl gallate by gas chromatography as extracted from refined vegetable oil
Authors: Wyatt D. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method has been developed for the simultaneous gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of 4 phenolic antioxidants extracted from refined cottonseed oil. The antioxidants in the study were butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and propyl gallate (PG). The method involves extraction with acetonitrile, followed by silyl derivatization prior to GC injection. The method was applied to a study designed to measure the percentage of recovery of each antioxidant at the 100 ppm level over a two‐week time span. Statistical treatment of the results indicate there is no significant time trend in any of the 4 antioxidants. The percentage recoveries range from 84% to 108%. The standard deviations for the analysis range from 8 ppm to 10.2 ppm.
Some observations on the AOAC method for the analysis of brominated oils
Authors: Lowry R. R. , Tinsley I. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIncreased sensitivity and improved reproducibility in the analysis by gas liquid Chromatograph y of brominated oils has been ob‐tained by re‐esterification following denomination. The variety of reactions that can occur at various temperatures and their effects on the procedure are discussed. In addition to defining optimal pro‐cedures, it was established that reagents that are more easily and safely handled than metallic sodium give equivalent results. Technical paper no. 5831, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.
A comparison of the stability of sunflower oil and corn oil
Authors: Huang A. S. , Hsieh O. A. L. , Huang C. L. , Chang S. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe stability of a northern sunflower oil was evaluated against a corn oil. The sunflower oil was tested before and after winteriza‐tion, as well as with and without the addition of methyl silicone and antioxidants. The corn oil was tested after winterization with and without the addition of methyl silicone and antioxidants. Under normal use conditions at room temperature and 35 C, in the pres‐ence of air in the headspace gas, sunflower oil samples developed peroxides more rapidly than corn oil. However, these higher perox‐ide numbers did not seem to affect their organoleptic scores. Starch chunks, deep‐fat fried in corn oil, had better flavor stability than those fried in sunflower oil. The peroxide values of the corn‐oil‐fried starch chunks were consistently lower than the sunflower‐oil‐fried starch chunks at various stages of aging. The chemical and physical changes of the corn oil and sunflower oil samples during simulated deep‐fat frying were compared. The stability of the corn oil was approximately the same as that of the sunflower oil.
Determination of tocopherols in vegetable oils
Authors: Carpenter A. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA rapid (ten minute) and selective method for measuring individual tocopherols found in vegetable oils has been developed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet absorbance detection. The samples are analyzed directly following dissolution in the mobile phase. α ‐and γ‐tocopherols are quantitated based upon their peak areas relative to standard calibration curves. The measurement of β ‐ and δ‐tocopherols in the samples is also based upon the calibration data for the α ‐ and δ‐tocopherol standards since the individual β‐ and δ‐ standards were unavailable. The data obtained are compared with the total tocopherol content as found by a standard colorimetric procedure. The results indicate the HPLC method to be more reliable in the measurement of samples with high α ‐tocopherol levels. Soybean, safflower, sunflower, cottonseed, corn, peanut and olive oils have been examined using this method.
Characterization of lipids extracted from pickled lambskins by a new industrial degreasing process
Authors: Rajonhson O. , Rocrelle C. , Delmas M. , Gaset A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the manufacturing of leather from lambskins, skin degreasing is an important preliminary stage in which excess fats are removed. A new solvent‐phase degreasing process, which leads to a complete recovery of extracted fats, has been studied and scaled up in our laboratory. In this paper, we study the characteristics of these extracted fatty substances that have not been reported previously. Extracted fats which, up to now, were considered waste, can be used. Different methods have been proposed for their possible utilization.
Adsorption isotherms of squash (Cucurbita moschata) seed oil on activated carbon
Authors: Toro‐Vazquez Jorge F. , García‐L O. Elizabeth , Guerrero‐E Liliana L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWith vegetal carbon as adsorbent (5% w/w), the effects of temperature (30°C and 50°C), concentration of H2O (0% and 25%) and adsorption time (0 hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr) on the chemical characteristics of unrefinedCucurbita moschata seed oil were studied in a batch adsorption system by using a “split‐plot” experimental design. With the exception of the iodine value, the chemical properties of the oil (saponification and peroxide value, carotenoid, and free fatty acids concentration) were affected significantly by interactions among the adsorption time, temperature and concentration of H2O in the adsorption system. The results suggest that the physicochemical characteristics of the oil, and therefore its functional properties, may be modified and controlled by the conditions utilized during the adsorption process.
Reconsideration of polymorphic transformations in cocoa butter using the DSC
Authors: Schlichter Aronhime Judith , Sarig Sara , Garti Nissim 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCocoa butter was crystallized in the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) in the presence and the absence of sorbitan monostearate at different cooling rates. The solidification and fusion curves were recorded. It was found that cooling rate affects enthalpies and temperatures of phase transitions. The very slow cooling rate causes a significant decrease in crystallization enthalpy, suggesting that fractionation of glycerides occurs under these conditions. In the presence of sorbitan monostearate 5%, cooling and heating curves of cocoa butter are sharper, the solidification point is higher and the fusion point is slightly lower. Further, in the presence of sorbitan monostearate both crystallization and fusion enthalpies are lower than in pure cocoa butter. The presence of the emulsifier seems mainly to promote the fractional crystallization.Fusion curves after different periods of isothermal crystallization suggest that higher polymorphic forms differ in chemical composition from lower ones, and that the presence of sorbitan monostearate affects the fractionation in the fat.
Evaluation of the mechanism of dilauryl thiodipropionate antioxidant activity
Authors: Karahadian C. , Lindsay R. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDilauryl thiodipropionate (DLTDP) was ineffective as an antioxidant for decomposing lipid hydroperoxides when incorporated into fish oil at concentrations less than 50,000 ppm (0.1 M) at 50 C. However, some general antioxidant properties for DLTDP were observed in fish oil containing 200 ppm DLTDP at 50 C under oxygen for 72 hr. An anomolous prooxidant behavior for DLTDP in fish oil was observed under some conditions of accelerated oxidation which was attributed to the formation of the bisulfite ion free radicals derived from DLTDP degradations. DLTDP was effective for inactivating peracids in model systems containing performic acid and nonanal, ethyl oleate or cholesterol. In these systems DLTDP (2:1 DLTDP:performic acid mole ratio) was preferentially oxidized to the sulfoxide, and prevented the formation of nonanoic acid, 9‐epoxy ethyl oleate and 5,6‐epoxy cholesterol, respectively.
The inhibitory effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts on aflatoxin synthesis inAspergillus parasiticus
Authors: Bhatnagar Deepar , McCormick Susan P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts onAspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis was investigated. The extracts were prepared by blending 50 g (wet weight) of fresh leaves in one 1 of 10 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.0) or by boiling the leaves in the buffer. Extracts were added to fungal growth media at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50% (vol/vol) concentrations prior to inoculation. The formulations did not affect fungal growth (i.e., mycelial dry weight) but essentially blocked (>98%) aflatoxin biosynthesis at concentrations greater than 10% (vol/vol). The inhibitory effect was somewhat diminished (60–70%) inhibition) in heated leaf extracts. Volatile components of the extracts were analyzed using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; the major volatile component was 3‐methyl 2‐buten‐1‐ol. However, volatiles from blended leaf extracts did not affect either aflatoxin synthesis or fungal growth. The neem‐mediated inhibition appears to involve regulation of secondary metabolism, because once secondary biosynthesis was initiated the inhibitory effect of the neem leaf constituents was lost.