bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in therapist effectiveness in the treatment of patients with substance use disorders: an empirical review
Authors: Najavits Lisa M. , Weiss Roger D. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Despite the widespread use of psychotherapy for patients with substance use disorders, the effectiveness of psychotherapists conducting such treatment has received little research attention. In this paper, empirical studies of therapists' differences in patient outcome and dropout rates are comprehensively reviewed. The main conclusions are that therapists show diverse rates of effectiveness, and that such differences appear independent of both therapists' professional background and of patient factors at the start of therapy. The primary therapist characteristic thus far associated with higher effectiveness is the possession of strong interpersonal skills. Guidelines for research on therapist effectiveness are presented.
Drinking in California: theoretical and empirical analyses of alcohol consumption patterns
Authors: GRUENEWALD PAUL J. , NEPHEW THOMAS 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA theoretical model is presented in which alcohol consumption patterns are expressed in terms of frequencies of initiation and probabilities of continued drinking once consumption has begun. The model is used to explicate the relationships between measures of drinking frequency, drinking quantity, modal or typical drinking and total alcohol consumption. A mathematical realization of this, model is developed and applied to data on quantities and frequencies of alcohol use obtained from a general population survey of California consumers. These data were used to estimate the basic parameters of the alcohol consumption model, obtain drinking pattern estimates derived from the model and analyse these measures in the context of background demographic variables. Pattern estimates from I fie model mere bench‐marked against, self‐reports available in the original data. The results of these analyses showed that: (1) frequencies of drinking were exponentially distributed; (2) probabilities of continued drinking were best characterized by a log‐logistic function; and (3) estimates of modal and total drinking levels derived from the model were substantively related to self reports. Estimates of total consumption obtained from the model were 28% greater than those obtained from standard quantity‐frequency estimates. This difference was consistent with expectations based upon the theoretical model.
What is the average price of an illicit drug?
Authors: CAULKINS JONATHAN P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEstimates of the total dollar value of the markets for illicit drugs are valuable for policy making. Such estimates are usually produced by multiplying estimated consumption by price. This paper argues that the relevant price for such calculations is not simply the price of one standard unit. There are substantial quantity discounts for illicit drugs, and there is a distribution of retail purchase sizes. Hence, the average price paid per gram need not equal the price of one gram. This concept is illustrated with calculations for heroin and
The generalizability of the dependence syndrome across substances: an examination of some properties of the proposed DSM‐IV dependence criteria
Authors: MORGENSTERN JON , LANGENBUCHER JAMES , LABOUVIE ERICH W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDSM‐III‐R and proposed DSM‐IV schemes for the diagnosis of psychoactive substance use disorders art‐based largely mi the dependence syndrome concept. However there is an absence of empirical support for the generalizability of the dependence syndrome across substances, flits study examines how consistently proposed DSM‐IV dependence criteria function to measure dependence across seven substances: alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, stimulants, hallucinogens, sedatives and opiates. Using structured research diagnostic interviews, dependence diagnoses were determined for 295 American subjects in treatment for alcohol/drug problems. Several factor analytic techniques were used la assess whether criteria fanned single dimensions and ham consistently individual criteria measured dependence across substances. The ability and consistency of criteria to measure a continuum of severity across substances were also assessed. Only subjects who used the substance at least six times were entered in the analyses. Overall, results provide strong support fur the DSM approach for alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, stimulants, sedatives and opiates, but not for hallucinogens. Results indicate that a single strong factor adequately described the criteria for these six substances. All criteria loaded strongly and uniformly on single factors indicating that all litre good measures of dependence. Criteria provided a dimensional measure of severity based on several indices for these substances. In addition, four criteria provided relatively stable indicators of high or tow severity across these substances. Results did not support the use of dependence criteria for Hallucinogens as these criteria did not form a single factor. Results suggest that very few hallucinogen users experience an inability to cut down or control use, a key indicator of loss of control.
Evaluation of two student and teacher involved alcohol prevention programmes
Authors: WILHELMSEN BRITT UNNI , LABERG JON CHRISTIAN , KLEPP KNUT‐INGE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwo versions of a school‐based alcohol prevention programme for 7th grade students were evaluated against a non‐treated comparison condition. Both programme versions were based on a social‐cognitive theory approach to alcohol prevention, and differed in the level of role‐specifications for participating teachers and peer leaders. Twelve schools with 955 students m Bergen, Norway, participated in the study. Four schools were randomly assigned to each of the three conditions, and the programme was implemented during 10 class periods over 2 months in Spring, 1992. Pre‐ and post‐test surveys were conducted, assessing alcohol use, as welt as cognitive variables related to alcohol use in a specific context (intentions, attitudes, norms and self‐efficacy expectations). Results showed that the highly role‐specified (HRS) version had a higher degree of student involvement than the less role‐specified (LRS) version, indicating that the HRS programme was more successful in engaging students in alcohol prevention activities. A significant difference in programme effectiveness was found, as measured by an overall programme effect across all dependent variables. This effect was explained by significantly more positive outcomes in the HRS version compared to both the LRS and the non‐treated conditions, while the LRS version did not differ significantly from the non‐created condition.
“Physician heal thyself”: drink, temperance and the medical question in the Victorian and Edwardian Church of England, 1830–1914*
Authors: OLSEN GERALD WAYNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the connection between medical research and temperance from the point of view of the Anglican temperance movement in three periods: (1) 1830–55, when Anglican clergymen resisted teetotalism in favour of mideration, in keeping with accepted medical opinion; (2) 1855–73, when a miniority of Anglican teetotal clergymen attempted unsuccesfully to convert the Anglican Church to teetotalism and prohibition, as the medical profession in theory, but not always in practice, disoruaged excessive therapeutic reliance on alcohol; and (3) 1873–1914, when the prestigious Church of England Temperance Society, with a dual basis, promoted teetotalism among the majority but affirmed the legitimacy of moderate drinking among the British medical and social elite.
Evaluation of a mass media campaign on smoking and pregnancy
Authors: CAMPION PATRICK , OWEN LESLEY , MCNEILL ANN , McGUIRE CHRISTINE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwo surveys were conducted among pregnant women throughout England, before (n = 625) and after (n = 607) a mass media campaign on smoking and pregnancy targeted at women aged 15–24 years, in the social grade C2DE. The majority of the post‐campaign sample recalled having seen at least one of the campaign's series of press advertisements. There was a significant increase among this sample in those considering smoking to be very dangerous to the unborn child, in those understanding the term passive smoking and in those considering passive smoking to be very dangerous. During the campaign there was a 14% increase in the number of calls to a cessation helpline from pregnant women. Over the campaign there were no significant changes in smoking prevalence and consumption among pregnant women or partners or in the numbers of partners offering suggestions to pregnant women about their smoking behaviour.
Mortality in men with drinking problems: a 20‐year follow‐up
Authors: MARSHALL E. JANE , EDWARDS G. , TAYLOR C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study presents mortality data from a 20‐year follow‐up of 99 married men with drinking problems. Party‐four of the sample had died and death certificates were obtained on 43. Cause of death was classified according to the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Most of the mortality excess was in the 45–54 year age group. The observed/expected mortality ratio was 3.64 for the group as a whole, 2.93 for the moderately dependent group and 4.41 for the severely dependent group. The commonest causes of death were carcinoma of the bronchus and diseases of the circulatory system. Cause of death was analysed in terms of years of life lost. The number of yean of life lost per death was highest for injury and poisoning. Only four of the 43 death certificates obtained mentioned “chronic alcoholism”.
Death and survival in a cohort of heroin addicts from London clinics: a 22‐year follow‐up study
Authors: OPPENHEIMER EDNA , TOBUTT CLIVE , TAYLOR COLIN , ANDREW TOBY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractData are presented on the 43 people who died over a 22‐year follow‐up period of a cohort of 128 heroin addicts drawn in 1969 from the newly opened London clinics. The main causes of death were drug‐related, with 18 deaths specifically determined as due to overdose, of which the great majority were among people being prescribed opiates at the lime. The mortality rate was a mean of 1.84% annually, and the excess mortality ratio was 11.9. This excess was highest at the beginning and varied over the period of study, appearing higher at the opening of the clinics and again in the mid‐1980s. No sex differences in mortality rates were demonstrated but the excess mortality wan concentrated at younger ages. No prediction of the 85 survivors could be made on the basis of length of heroin use prior to study intake, nor on age at intake.
The prevalence of drug use in urban Aboriginal communities
Authors: PERKINS J. J. , SANSON‐FISHER R. W. , BLUNDEN S. , LUNNAY D. , REDMAN S. , HENSLEY M. J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe use of both licit and illicit drugs has been identified as a major health issue for Australian Aborigines. However, data on the proportion of people who use such drugs is scant. This cross‐sectional survey of a randomly selected sample of urban Aboriginal people provides information on the use of the drugs alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, heroin as well as petrol sniffing. Overall, a significantly smaller proportion of Aboriginal people were found to be current alcohol drinkers compared to non‐Aboriginal Australians. A larger proportion of these drinkers were, however, found to be drinking at levels that were hazardous to their health. A significantly greater proportion of people from the Aboriginal sample were also found to be smokers compared to their non‐Aboriginal counterparts. An examination of the use of the illicit substances revealed that a greater proportion reported they had ever used marijuana, compared to the other substances. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the health of Aboriginal people.
Alcohol consumption and insomnia in a sample of Japanese alcoholics
Authors: SHINBA TOSHIKAZU , MURASHIMA YOSHIYA L. , YAMAMOTO KEN‐ICHI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe amount of ethanol consumed by chronic alcoholics in a Japanese slum area with persistent insomnia (n = 40) and those without it (n = 40) was compared using a questionnaire. For both groups, the present habitual consumption (PHC) of ethanol per day was most frequently between 60 g and 150 g and no difference was observed between the two groups. In contrast, the maximum habitual consumption (MHC) of ethanol per day throughout the alcoholic history was found to be greater for the insomnia patients than the non‐insomniacs (p < 0.001). No difference between the groups was found in the kind of alcoholic drink consumed, with sake (Japanese rice wine) being the most popular in both groups. The results suggest that persistent insomnia in alcoholics is related to excessive alchol intake and persists even when drinking levels have fallen.
A profile of tobacco smoking
Authors: JARVIS MARTIN J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCigarette smoking has for years been declining slowly in a number of major Western countries. It nevertheless remains highly prevalent, with one‐quarter to one‐third of adults being current smokers in the USA and Britain, and only some 40 per cent of those who have ever smoked cigarettes regularly have given up. Smoking is increasingly becoming a marker for deprivation and for a stressful life‐style, and is also associated with consumption of other drugs. There is abundant and convincing evidence that, far from being confined to a minority of problem users, high levels of dependence on tobacco are experienced by a majority of smokers in the general population, with an onset early in the smoking career. The rewards which underpin continued smoking are unclear, but it may be that avoidance of the unpleasantness of not smoking is more significant than positively rewarding effects.
Biological processes in benzodiazepine dependence
Authors: LADER MALCOLM 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe indications for the benzodiazepines include anxiety, insomnia, muscle spasm and epilepsy and each disorder has a variety of biological substrates. Limbic structures and the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, 5‐HT and GABA have all been implicated. Benzodiazepines act on alloosteric receptor sites and potentiate the actions of GABA in modulating chloride ionophores across nerve membranes. These effects can be blocked by the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil. The molecular pharmacology of the benzodiazepine‐GABA‐chloride receptor is complex, with a wide range of different subunits. Animal models of dependence have suggested that the changes associated with long‐term benzodiazepine use are related more to receptor‐effector coupling than to the receptor characteristics themselves. Thus, benzodiazepine agonists on long‐term use lose their efficacy, antagonists become partial inverse antagonists, and inverse agonists increase in efficacy. Various clinical implications are explored, including the use of flumazenil to prevent and to treat benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes.
Overview: The treatment of drug dependence
Authors: O'BRIEN CHARLES P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAddictive disorders resemble other chronic medical disorders in that they are characterized by relapses and remissions. This central feature of the addictions is addressed by many of the contributors in their individual chapters. There are also several specific points raised in the chapters which merit further discussion. For instance, any assumption that long–term anti–anxiety treatment with benzodiazepines implies a form of dependence that requires treatment could be set against an alternative view that there may be appropriate medical/psychiatric indications for such prolonged treatment. There are also interesting questions which deserve discussion surrounding the debate over treatment setting for opiate dependence treatments. The paper by Johns presents a case for inpatient treatment whereas in the United States long–term methadone maintenance is seen as one of the most effective treatments. Given the complexity of the bio–psycho–social mechanisms involved in Addiction a combination of therapeutic approaches tailored to individual needs should probably continue to be the guiding principle.
The impact of alcohol beverage container warning labels on alcohol‐impaired drivers, drinking drivers and the general population in northern California
Authors: PARKER ROBERT NASH , SALTZ ROBERT F. , HENNESSY MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing data collected in a random‐digit dial telephone survey in a northern California county, an examination of the impact of alcohol beverage container warning labels was conducted. In a broadly conceived approach to the possible impact of warning labels we examined recall and content as well as risk assessment and the use of warning labels as public policy to combat drunk driving. In a repeated measures pre‐ and post‐design, respondents reported significantly higher recall of labels and their content in the post‐introduction period. Evidence from a multivariate analysis of post‐introduction data indicate that both drinking drivers and impaired drivers (based on self‐reports) were more likely to recall the labels and their content, an indication that wanting labels are reaching “at risk” individuals. In addition, increases in the perceived risk of driving and drinking are consistent with the notion that warning labels, as one part of a larger social movement, are helping to create an atmosphere in which drinking and driving is less acceptable. However, our findings also indicate that, at least among at risk drinking and impaired drivers, increased use of public policies such as warning labels in an effort to reduce the negative consequences of drinking and driving may generate a public opinion backlash.
Negative alcohol expectancy predicts post‐treatment abstinence survivorship: the whether, when and why of relapse to a first drink
Authors: JONES BARRY T. , MCMAHON JOHN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing survival analysis, the association was explored between positive and negative alcohol expectancies measured on admission to a non‐residential alcohol dependence treatment unit and post‐treatment relapse to a first drink (first slip). A reliable association between negative alcohol expectancy (but not positive) and relapse was found. The active negative alcohol expectancies were distal rather than proximal: proximal expectancies surround consumption (‘same day’ expectancies) and distal expectancies relate to the ‘next‐day’ following consumption or those longer term expectancies coming from ‘continued drinking’. Only the ‘next day’ component of distal expectancies formed a reliable association with relapse. The use to which negative alcohol expectancy as measured by the Negative Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire might be put is discussed in terms of (i) a bottom‐up representation of motivation for recovery to help treatment match and (ii) a provisor of detailed, client‐specific information for structuring motivational interventions.
Pseudoaneurysm in injecting drug abusers: cases from India
Authors: BASU D. , MATTOO S. K. , ARORA A. , MALHOTRA A. , VARMA V. K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPseudoaneurysm, a known complication of arterial needle puncture, is also an uncommon complication of parenteral drug abuse. India is currently witnessing an upsurge of abuse of injectable drugs. Five cases of pseudoaneurysm developing as a complication of intra‐artenal drug abuse are reported. The need for early recognition and proper timely intervention is highlighted.
Predictors of patient retention in a newly established methadone maintenance treatment programme
Authors: DEL RIO MIGUEL , MINO ANNIE , PERNEGER THOMAS V. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Aims. To identify predictors of patient retention in methadone maintenance. Design. Prospective study. Setting. Methadone maintenance treatment programme newly established in Geneva, Switzerland. Participants. All patients who initiated treatment between February 1991 and January 1995. Measurements. Baseline patient characteristics, dose of methadone, year of enrollment and retention in treatment. Findings. Overall, 111 patients contributed 164.4 person‐yean of follow‐up. The retention rate was 84% after 12 months. In multivariate analysis, the risk of dropping out was significantly higher for patients who had been using opioids for 7 years (relative hazard (RH) 3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2‐7.4), and for patients who had no stable income at baseline (RH 3.3, 95% CI 1.2‐9.1). Dropouts were less frequent at the highest doses of methadone (65‐110 mg/day, RH 1.0) than at middle doses (45‐60 mg/day, RH 2.0, 95% Cl 0. 7‐5.5) but, quite unexpectedly, dropouts were least likely at the lowest doses (15‐40 mg/day, RH 0.5, 95% CI O.J‐1.8). Dropouts were more likely among patients who enrolled in the first (RH 6.2, 95% CI 2.3‐16.7) and second (RH 1.9, 95% CI 0.6‐5.6) years of the programme, compared with subsequent years (RH 1.0). Conclusions. Patients who have a long history of drug use and who have a stable income were more likely to stay in methadone maintenance treatment. Independent of patient characteristics, retention improved dramatically in the first years of programme functioning, suggesting that patient retention is a sensitive indicator of programme performance.
The effect of changes in alcohol consumption on mortality and admissions with alcohol‐related diagnoses in Stockholm County‐a time series analysis
Authors: LEIFMAN HÅKAN , ROMELSJÖ ANDERS 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Aim. To study the effect of changes in per capita alcohol sales and indicators of alcoholism treatment on admissions to inpatient care and mortality for liver cirrhosis and alcoholism, alcohol intoxication and alcohol psychosis (AAA). Design. Bivariate and multivariate time series analyses was conducted by applying the ARIMA‐modelling technique. Setting and participants. All analyses were conducted on quarterly data from Stockholm County 1980‐94 with a population of 1.7 million people. Measurements. Data on sales of alcohol and disulfiram/calcium carbimide were used as input variables. Inpatient data (from the Stockholm Inpatient Care Register) and mortality dam (from the Cause of Death Register) on all cases with alcoholism, alcohol psychasis and alcohol intoxication (AAA) and liver cirrhosis as underlying or contributory diagnoses were used as output variables. Findings. Alcohol sales affected the cirrhosis rate. For cirrhosis mortality, but not for cirrhosis admissions, the effect was not only direct but also distributed over time. Significant direct and time lag effects of alcohol sales on both AAA series and cirrhosis admissions were found only during earlier, shorter periods, e.g. 1980‐90. All four output series showed significant effects of sales of disulfiram/calcium carbimide and were the only significant predictors for the two AAA endpoints for the whole study period. Conclusions. These results suggest that to reduce the rate of alcohol‐related problems caused by socially deteriorated and severely alcohol‐dependent subjects (i. e. AAA), reduction of overall consumption should be complemented by treatment of alcohol‐dependent subjects.