bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment on body composition and bone mineral density in short children born small‐for‐gestational‐age: six‐year follow‐up of a randomized controlled GH trial
Authors: Willemsen Ruben H. , Arends Nicolette J. T. , Bakker‐van Waarde Willie M. , Jansen Maarten , Van Mil Edgar G. A. H. , Mulder Jaap , Odink Roelof J. , Reeser Maarten , Rongen‐Westerlaken Ciska , Stokvis‐Brantsma Wilhelmina H. , Waelkens Johan J. J. , Hokken‐Koelega Anita C. S. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryContext  Alterations in the GH‐IGF‐I axis in short small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) children might be associated with abnormalities in bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition. In addition, birth weight has been inversely associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Data on detailed body composition in short SGA children and long‐term effects of GH treatment are very scarce.Objective  To investigate effects of long‐term GH treatment on body composition and BMD by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) in short SGA children.Design  Longitudinal 6‐year GH study with a randomized controlled part for 3 years.Results  At baseline, fat percentage standard deviation score (SDS) and lumbar spine BMD SDS corrected for height (BMADLS SDS) were significantly lower than zero. Lean body mass (LBM) SDS adjusted for age was also reduced, but LBM adjusted for height (LBM SDSheight) was not decreased. GH treatment induced a decrease in fat percentage SDS and an increase in BMADLS SDS. LBM SDSheight remained similar in GH‐treated children, but deteriorated in untreated controls. When these untreated controls subsequently started GH treatment, their LBM SDSheight rapidly normalized to values comparable with zero.Conclusion  During long‐term GH treatment in short SGA children, fat percentage SDS decreased and BMADLS SDS increased. These effects of GH treatment were most prominent in children who started treatment at a younger age and in those with greater height gain during GH treatment. LBM SDSheight remained around 0 SDS in GH‐treated children, but declined to low normal values in untreated controls.
Determining the dilation factor in 4D monitoring of compacting reservoirs by rock‐physics models
Authors: Carcione José M. , Landrø Martin , Gangi Anthony F. , Cavallini Fabio 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTHydrocarbon depletion and fluid injection cause compaction and stretching of the reservoir and overburden layers. 4D prestack seismic data can be used to detect these changes because compaction/stretching causes changes in traveltimes and seismic velocities. We show that, by using two different petro‐elastic models at varying effective pressures, a good approximation is to assume that the fractional changes in layer thickness, ΔL/L, and seismic velocity, Δv/v, are related by a linear function of ΔL/L. The slope of this function (the dilation factor, α= (Δv/v)/(ΔL/L)) is negative and its absolute value generally decreases (shale, low porosity) or increases (sandstone, high porosity) with increasing layer thickness and decreasing effective pressure. The analysis is mainly performed for isotropic deformations. The dilation factor for uniaxial deformations is smaller in absolute value.The dilation factor, which can be calculated from time‐lapse data, can be used to predict reservoir compaction/stretching as a function of depth and surface subsidence.
Detection of preferential infiltration pathways in sinkholes using joint inversion of self‐potential and EM‐34 conductivity data
Authors: Jardani A. , Revil A. , Santos F. , Fauchard C. , Dupont J.P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe percolation of water in the ground is responsible for measurable electric potentials called self‐potentials. These potentials are influenced by the distribution of the electrical conductivity of the ground. Because sinkholes are associated both with self‐potential and electrical conductivity anomalies, a joint inversion of EM‐34 conductivity and self‐potential data is proposed as a way of delineating the location of these features. Self‐potential and EM conductivity data were obtained at a test site in Normandy (France) where sinkholes and crypto‐sinkholes are present over a karstic area in a chalk substratum overlain by clay‐with‐flint and loess covers. The presence of sinkholes and crypto‐sinkholes is associated with negative self‐potential anomalies with respect to a reference electrode located outside the area where the sinkholes are clustered. The sinkholes also have a conductivity signature identified by the EM‐34 conductivity data. We used the simulated‐annealing method, which is a global optimization technique, to invert jointly EM‐34 conductivity and self‐potential data. Self‐potential and electrical conductivity provide clear complementary information to determine the interface between the loess and clay‐with‐flint formations. The sinkholes and crypto‐sinkholes are marked by depressions in this interface, focusing the groundwater flow towards the aquifer contained in the chalk substratum.
Understanding the changing value of natural resources: an integrated palaeoecological–historical investigation into grazing–woodland interactions by Loch Awe, Western Highlands of Scotland
Authors: Davies Althea L. , Watson Fiona 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAim  We aim to compare fine resolution pollen data from a former seasonal pasture with historical evidence for grazing and woodland use. We discuss the complexities and benefits of integrating qualitative and quantitative information, and the implications for studies of past wood–grazing interactions and their relevance to current conservation management.Location  Corries is an abandoned farm township in Scotland's Western Highlands.Methods  Two sources were used: (1) pollen evidence from a former seasonal pasture, analysed at c. 20‐year intervals and dated using 14C and 210Pb, provides a c. 1100‐year local vegetation and land‐use history; (2) written sources document resource regulation and changing socio‐economic circumstances at local to national scales over the last c. 400 years.Results  Each source records woodland and livestock management at different spatial and temporal scales: written evidence provides a clearer understanding of general (estate) rather than farm‐scale changes, while small pollen basins record localized woodland–grazing dynamics, which can be difficult to extrapolate to the landscape scale. Both sources indicate a dynamic wood–grazing balance and together provide clearer evidence for incentives and drivers controlling this relationship. The first palynological phase of woodland incursion (adc. 1210–1490) pre‐dates the surviving written records, but a second (adc. 1680–1760) occurs during a period of increasing market value for cattle, when farmers may have increased grazing despite regulations to protect woods. The site is not representative of grazing intensification associated with the introduction of extensive sheep farming because the farmer protected the woods (adc. 1760–1880) until they were cleared (adc. 1880–1920) for quarrying (ad 1885–1904), which accounts for the limited palynological evidence for grazing.Main conclusions  Written evidence for past stocking levels is too fragmentary and ambiguous to allow long‐term quantitative analysis, but a local historical context is important for interpreting local pollen records. Management decisions that determined grazing–woodland interactions were shaped by changing values, markets, agricultural practices and regulatory structures, which can result in nonlinear relationships between stocking levels and woodland continuity. Many woods were managed for multiple purposes in the past and promoting natural processes or pursuing pre‐anthropogenic baselines will result in the erosion of cultural features that have shaped present landscape values.
Mechanism of chloride corrosion of dental amalgam
Authors: FINKELSTEIN G. F. , GREENER E. H. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryPolarization of conventional dental amalgam in Ringer's solution produces a dissolution of the γ2 phase at –250 mV (SCE) and formation of Sn—Cl and Sn—O—Cl. This study was undertaken to determine the electrochemical nature of these reactions. Potentiostatic polarization scans were run at 4, 37 and 50°C in several dilutions of aerated Ringer's solution. Manipulation of reactant concentrations and electrolyte temperature produced shifts in the potentiostatic profiles. At 50°C, a γ2 dissolution peak shift to —300 mV was observed, and at 4°C the peak shifted to—200 mV. Dilution of Ringer's solution with respect to [Cl−] over three orders of magnitude produced a linear shift in the noble direction of 500 mV. Cathodic polarization appears to be limited by the oxygen half cell reaction. Changes of [Cl−] affect the shape of the peak, round out its approach to the current maximum. Shifts in peak potential due to temperature and concentration changes agreed with calculations based on critical pitting potential for γ2 dissolution due to a chloride reaction. Polarization profiles in pooled saliva agreed with calculated potentials based on known saliva [Cl−].
Relationship of the preferred vertical dimension of occlusion to the height of the complete dentures in use
Authors: BROEKHUIJSEN M. L. , VAN WILLIGEN J. D. , WRIGHT SUSAN M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe dependence of the preferred vertical dimension of occlusion (PVDO) of edentulous subjects on the height of the complete dentures the subjects were wearing was investigated. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment I tested whether PVDO is influenced by a change in the vertical dimension of occlusion of the dentures. Experiment II compared PVDO values before and after insertion of dentures that had been constructed with an occlusal vertical dimension equal to PVDO. It is concluded that PVDO is independent of the height of the complete dentures the subject is wearing. Clinical implications are discussed.
Global warming and the disruption of plant–pollinator interactions
Authors: Memmott Jane , Craze Paul G. , Waser Nickolas M. , Price Mary V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAnthropogenic climate change is widely expected to drive species extinct by hampering individual survival and reproduction, by reducing the amount and accessibility of suitable habitat, or by eliminating other organisms that are essential to the species in question. Less well appreciated is the likelihood that climate change will directly disrupt or eliminate mutually beneficial (mutualistic) ecological interactions between species even before extinctions occur. We explored the potential disruption of a ubiquitous mutualistic interaction of terrestrial habitats, that between plants and their animal pollinators, via climate change. We used a highly resolved empirical network of interactions between 1420 pollinator and 429 plant species to simulate consequences of the phenological shifts that can be expected with a doubling of atmospheric CO2. Depending on model assumptions, phenological shifts reduced the floral resources available to 17–50% of all pollinator species, causing as much as half of the ancestral activity period of the animals to fall at times when no food plants were available. Reduced overlap between plants and pollinators also decreased diet breadth of the pollinators. The predicted result of these disruptions is the extinction of pollinators, plants and their crucial interactions.
Adaptive social and maternal induction of antipredator dorsal patterns in a lizard with alternative social strategies
Authors: Lancaster Lesley T. , McAdam Andrew G. , Wingfield John C. , Sinervo Barry R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMaternal effects facilitate adaptation to changing environments because they alter individual offspring traits to match current conditions. We show that maternal effects can also resolve context‐dependent, correlational selection on multiple offspring traits, promoting adaptation to more complex environments. In side‐blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana), two alternative pathways of dorsal pattern induction involve maternal oestradiol and alleles for throat colouration (∼social strategy). In one pathway, females increased yolk oestradiol when mated to yellow‐throated sires; oestradiol induced dorsal barring in yellow‐throated progeny of both sexes. In another pathway, females elevated yolk oestradiol in response to a high frequency of orange alleles in experimental social neighbourhoods. When the sire lacked yellow alleles, this secondary pathway resulted in striped, orange sons and striped, non‐orange daughters. All maternally induced types had high fitness in the wild. These results illustrate a (previously undescribed) mechanism for females to simultaneously resolve differing correlational selection pressures on different progeny.
The relationship between dispersal ability and geographic range size
Authors: Lester Sarah E. , Ruttenberg Benjamin I. , Gaines Steven D. , Kinlan Brian P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere are a variety of proposed evolutionary and ecological explanations for why some species have more extensive geographical ranges than others. One of the most common explanations is variation in species’ dispersal ability. However, the purported relationship between dispersal distance and range size has been subjected to few theoretical investigations, and empirical tests reach conflicting conclusions. We attempt to reconcile the equivocal results of previous studies by reviewing and synthesizing quantitative dispersal data, examining the relationship between average dispersal ability and range size for different spatial scales, regions and taxonomic groups. We use extensive data from marine taxa whose average dispersal varies by seven orders of magnitude. Our results suggest dispersal is not a general determinant of range size, but can play an important role in some circumstances. We also review the mechanistic theories proposed to explain a positive relationship between range size and dispersal and explore their underlying rationales and supporting or refuting evidence. Despite numerous studies assuminga priorithat dispersal influences range size, this is the first comprehensive conceptual evaluation of these ideas. Overall, our results indicate that although dispersal can be an important process moderating species’ distributions, increased attention should be paid to other processes responsible for range size variation.
Marine extinctions revisited
Authors: Monte‐Luna Pablo del , Lluch‐Belda Daniel , Serviere‐Zaragoza Elisa , Carmona Roberto , Reyes‐Bonilla Héctor , Aurioles‐Gamboa David , Castro‐Aguirre José Luis , Próo Sergio A. Guzmán del , Trujillo‐Millán Oscar , Brook Barry W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn recent years, more than 130 extinctions have been estimated to have occurred in the marine realm. Here we review this body of evidence and show that this figure may actually be overestimated by as much as 50%. We argue that previous estimates have not fully taken into account critical uncertainties such as naturally variable geographical distributions, and have misinterpreted documentary evidence. However, current evidence indicates that some sharks, rays and reef‐associated species, although not necessarily geographically restricted, are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts and now occur in very low numbers. Overestimating extinctions is of concern because it could reduce confidence in the credibility of the ‘extinct’ category in threatened species lists and, ultimately, be used to question the integrity of conservation and management policies. We suggest that when integrating future checklists of marine extinct species, there needs to be a more rigorous use of the terminology of extinction, and participation by specialists in each of the particular taxonomic groups involved.
Landings, logbooks and observer surveys: improving the protocols for sampling commercial fisheries
Authors: Cotter A J R , Pilling G M 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe sampling of commercial marine fisheries for management purposes often displays a key weakness in the form of poor documentation of the scientific basis of sampling and estimation, the assumptions made, and the practical constraints. This paper reviews systematically the theoretical and practical options that can remedy this situation and recommends that decisions be archived in regularly updated ‘Sampling Approach and Modifications’ (SAM) documents. Defining the target population, the observable population (usually a subset of the target), and the assumed links between them is important, along with the distinction between design‐ and model‐based sampling approaches. Fleet‐targeted and stock‐targeted sampling strategies are contrasted, the latter being much harder to implement. Sampling protocols aimed at estimating quantities of fish landed and discarded, length–frequency distributions, length‐related variables such as age, weight and maturity, and ratio variables such as catch per unit of effort and the proportions of discards are discussed, together with the raising of estimates to fleet and/or stock levels. The ideas are summarized in the specific contexts of landings sampling, logbook schemes and sea‐going observer surveys. SAMs are commended for enhancing the scientific value of fishery sampling, and for encouraging methodological discussions among users and producers of the data.
Keeping watch on the unwatchable: technological solutions for the problems generated by ecosystem‐based management
Authors: McShane Paul E. , Broadhurst Matt K. , Williams Alan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEcosystem‐based management is an emerging paradigm influencing the management of commercial fisheries. Increasingly, developed nations are adopting explicit legislation and policy governing the assessment and management of their fisheries against criteria of ecological sustainability. Yet the ability to evaluate ecosystem impacts of fisheries is compromised by a general lack of understanding of marine ecosystem function (beyond the population level) and a lack of robust and practical indicators for ecosystem health and management. Recent technological advances can assist in developing criteria, including structural analyses of seafloor communities potentially impacted by fishing gears (e.g. demersal trawling). Similarly, advances in fishing gear technology, including improved selectivity and the development of gears which have a more benign environmental impact, can mitigate some of the ecological impacts of fishing. Such technological advances are summarized in the context of contemporary fisheries management.
Experimental calibration of the vapour–liquid phase relations and lithium isotope fractionation in the system H2O–LiCl at 400°C/20–28 MPa
Authors: LIEBSCHER A. , MEIXNER A. , ROMER R. L. , HEINRICH W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe experimentally determined the vapour–liquid two‐phase field and the vapour–liquid fractionation of the lithium isotopes in the system H2O–LiCl along the 400°C isotherm at 20–28 MPa. The critical point of the 400°C isotherm is at 27.6 MPa/750 mmol kg−1 LiCl, i.e. at slightly lower pressure but higher salt concentration than in the H2O–NaCl system. At a given pressure, the vapour in the H2O–LiCl system has higher salt concentrations compared to the vapour in the H2O–NaCl system whereas salt concentrations in coexisting liquid are comparable in both systems. The vapour–liquid two‐phase field in the H2O–LiCl system therefore opens less with decreasing pressure. The available data indicate that adding LiCl to a predominantly H2O–NaCl fluid may notably increase salt concentrations in the vapour. The lithium isotope fractionation between vapour and liquid is only minor with a slight preference of 7Li for the liquid. The data do not allow quantifying Δ7Livapour‐liquid precisely, but they suggest Δ7Livapour‐liquid ≤ −0.5‰. Even for extreme Rayleigh fractionation in an open system the lithium isotopic signature of vapour, liquid, and bulk system will not be altered by more than 1‰. The lithium isotopes are a conservative tracer during aqueous fluid phase separation and lithium isotope fractionation observed in natural hydrothermal systems reflects the combined effects of source reservoir and fluid–mineral interactions.
Reproduction in a population of the endangered Leadbeater's possum inhabiting lowland swamp forest
Authors: Harley D. K. P. , Lill A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDenning groups (colonies) of Leadbeater's possum Gymnobelideus leadbeateri inhabiting nest boxes in lowland swamp forest were characterized by the presence of only a single breeding pair. The percentage of adult females and males in the population that held the position of ‘resident breeding individual’ within their colony was 66±12 and 62±13%, respectively. The remaining animals were mainly younger adults yet to acquire breeding positions within established colonies. Male and female Leadbeater's possums that attain breeding status within a colony usually reproduced for more than 3 years. Breeding vacancies that arose following the death of an individual were quickly filled by immigrants from neighbouring colonies. Typically, both male and female possums did not commence breeding until they were more than 2 years of age and had dispersed from their natal colony to a neighbouring group. Births were recorded in every month, with no discernible peaks in reproductive activity. This is the first reported case of aseasonal reproduction by a small petaurid species in temperate Australia. The mean litter size was 1.55, and females typically produced two litters per year. The reproductive ecology of Leadbeater's possum differs from that of other small (<260 g), communally denning petaurids in temperate Australia in the following respects: (1) first breeding occurs when individuals are older, (2) breeding occurs throughout the year, (3) the natality rate per female is higher and (4) at any time, reproduction appears to be restricted to a single pair of animals within each colony.