bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melting and crystallization of vegetable waxes
Authors: Dodsworth Machado Raul 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA rapid but sufficiently accurate method is applied to the observation of phase changes in vegetable waxes and is suggested for adoption as a routine procedure. Five indications are obtained in about 20 minutes for each sample: odor, surface appearance, initial melting, melting and crystallization points. A hot stage is used, designed by the author, and made under his supervision at the Instituto de Óleos.Data are discussed concerning carnuauba (Copernicia cerifera, Mart.) and licuri or ouricuri (Syagrus coronata, Mart., Becc.) waxes. Some results related to carandá (Copernicia australis, Becc.), cuban carnauba, sugar cane,Heliconia farinosa, Raddi.,Heliconia pendula, Wawra., candelilla, and caá‐uassú (Calathea lutea, Mey.) waxes are also included.
Pilot plant development of the alkali cooking process for cottonseed meats. I. Effect of flake, thickness and of time, temperature, and moisture content during cooking
Authors: King W. H. , Knoepfler N. B. , Hoffpauir C. L. , McCourtney E. J. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionsResults obtained from alkaline cooking experiments show that all of the four variables studied—cooking mousture content, temperature, time and flake thickness—influenced the properties of the resultant meals in varying degrees. Under the experimental conditions used a high initial moisture content, above 18%, is necessary to lower the free gossypol content in the finished meal to less than 0.04%. When this amount of moisture is used, a plastic mass results at the beginning of the process which requires special equipment to supply the mechanical action necessary to break the pigment glands at a low temperature. In the presence of high moisture content and alkali the gossypol, which is released when the glands are ruptured, is bound to the meal. When sufficient initial moisture is present (24–31%), only traces of gossypol (0.010% or less) are found in the extracted crude oil.High temperatures in the presence of high moisture content reduce the solubility of the meal protein (in 0.02N NaOH). Under the conditions of moisture, temperature, and time of cooking used in the experiments the maximum nitrogen solubility obtained under conditions necessary to produce low free gossypol content was 64%. This differs from results obtained in previous work performed under different conditions. A probable reason for the difference is given based on the interrelationship of the three variables.The results demonstrated further that finer comminution of the raw meats by rolling to 0.005‐in. thick flakes results in lower free gossypol content in the finished meal and lower gossypol content of the oils as well as more complete removal of the oil by the filtration‐extraction procedure used.
A note on improved isolation of concentrates of linolenic acid and ethyl linolenate from linseed oil
Authors: Parker Winfred E. , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2007

SummaryLinolenic acid and ethyl linolenate concentrates (80–85%) have been obtained from linseed oil fatty acids or ethyl esters in 50–60% yield, based on linolenic recovery, by a single urea complex separation at room temperature.
Research on the effects of detergents (Alkylbenzenesulfonates and phosphates) in sewage systems. A progress report
Authors: Justice J. D. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySeveral university research programs on the effects of alkylbenzenesulfonate (ABS) and condensed phosphates on water‐treatment plants and sewage‐treatment plants are reviewed. Methods of analyzing for very small amounts of these materials have been developed. The concentration of condensed phosphates in surface waters was determined, and it was found that even at several times these levels the effect on normal water‐treatment procedures is slight. In sewage treatment plants the presence of ABS is only one of the factors in the frothing problem. Ammonia nitrogen, BOD, and temperature are also involved. Most of the ABS entering an activated sludge process is biologically degraded, and it has no toxic effect on sewage bacteria. At the levels found in surface waters ABS does not have a toxic effect on aquatic life.
Composition of the seed oil of sterculia foetida, Linn
Authors: Varma J. P. , Dasgupta Sharda , Nath Bhola , Aggarwal J. S. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySterculia foetida oil has been found to contain 71.8% of sterculic acid and minor proportions of oleic, linoleic, and saturated acids. The saturated component consists mostly of myristic and palmitic acids.The oil consists of traces of tristearin (0.8%) and a major quantity of tristerculin (31.4%) together with different amounts of the glycerides of the type GS2U, GSU2, and GU3 of other fatty acids.
Toxic protein from trichloroethylene‐extracted soybean oil meal
Authors: McKinney L. L. , Weakley F. B. , Campbell R. E. , Eldridge A. C. , Cowan J. C. , Picken J. C. , Jacobson N. L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFractionation studies have been carried out on a specially prepared undenatured toxic trichloroethylene‐extracted soybean oil meal to determine which component of the meal is associated with the toxicity. Calf‐assay of the samples indicated that the toxic factor is associated with the protein.The toxic factor associated with the protein is labile to strong acid hydrolysis. Measurable destruction of the toxic factors occurs when the protein is treated with alkali at pH 11–12 at 60°C. Because destruction of the toxic factor occurred when the neutral protein dispersion was autoclaved for 1 hr. and was followed by an alkaline treatment simulating the pH conditions encountered in tryptic digestion, it was not possible to evaluate the effect of tryptic digestion upon the toxic factor.Analyses of the toxic protein failed to indicate the nature of the reaction of trichloroethylene with the protein to produce the toxicity.
Infrared absorption of branched‐chain fatty acids and derivatives in the carbon‐hydrogen stretching region
Authors: Guertin Donald L. , Wiberley Stephen E. , Bauer Walter H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAn investigation of the lithium fluoride region makes it possible to characterize a number of structural isomers of branched‐chain fatty acids. For example, 2‐methyl, 3‐methyl, and 5‐methyl hexanoic acids may be distinguished. Similarly a number of isomers of octanoic acid may be identified ; 2‐n‐propyl and 2‐isopropyl hexanoic acid may be differentiated. The isomers of 2‐n‐butyl hexanoic acid may also be identified.Absorption bands at 2960 cm−1 and 2930 cm−1 have been assigned, respectively, to asymmetrical methyl stretching modes and in‐phase vibrations of the methylene group. Absorption at 2870 cm−1 is associated with symmetrical stretching modes of the methyl group. The absorption at 2860 cm−1 has been assigned to the out‐of‐phase vibrations of the methylene group. These assignments correspond to those of Fox and Martin and of Pozefsky and Coggeshall.The absorption bands at 2930 cm−1 and 2860 cm−1 are stronger than those at 2960 cm−1 and 2870 cm−1 when the ratio of methylene groups to methyl groups equals or exceeds three to one. The one exception to this rule is the case of 2‐methyl hexanoic acid and the corresponding silver salt and di‐soap. An interaction between the methyl group in the two‐position and the acid group has been proposed as an explanation for this case.As the spectra of the fatty acids and their silver salt and aluminum di‐soap derivatives are identical in the carbon‐hydrogen region, it is obvious that other derivatives of these acids may be identified by reference to the spectra reported.
Isomerization of linoleic, linolenic, and other polyunsaturated acids with potassium tertiary butoxide and its application in the spectrophotometric estimation of these acids
Authors: Sreenivasan B. , Brown J. B. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIt has been shown that potassium tertiary butoxide isomerizes such unsaturated fatty acids as linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, and pentaenoic at a temperature of 90°. With 5% potassium‐t‐butanol reagent conjugation of linoleic acid attains a maximum at the end of 2 hrs. and remains steady thereafter even up to 10 hrs. while with linolenic, arachidonic, and pentaenoic acids it is still occurring at the end of such long times of reaction as 48 and 10 hrs., respectively. This continuance of reaction at the end of such long periods with these higher unsaturated acids demonstrates that the isomerization with the tertiary butoxide reagent at 90° is not complicated by side reactions, such as polymerization and deisomerization. All the methods studied give high absorption coefficients in the lower regions of maxima—233 mµ with linolenic, 233 mµ and 268 mµ with arachidonic acids—showing thereby that isomerizations of these acids occur stepwise. Based on this study, a method using 5% potassium‐t‐butanol as reagent, at 90° with a time of reaction of 4 hrs., has been proposed for the estimation of linoleic and linolenic acids. The k233 value for linoleic acid (94.0) obtained by this method compares very well with those by the 6.6% KOH‐glycol and 21% KOH‐glycol methods while with linolenic acid the k233 value (63.2) is higher and k268 value (74.2) lies intermediate between those by the other methods. The proposed method is shown to estimate the linoleic and linolenic acid contents of several typical oils with about the same degree of accuracy as either the 6.6% KOH‐glycol or 21% KOH‐glycol methods.Appendix. When this paper was ready to be submitted, a note (27) describing the use of tertiary butoxide reagent on the kinetic study of isomerization of linoleic and linolenic acids came to our attention. Extinction coefficients at 235 mµ and 268 mµ are reported for linolenic acid and the values (61.4, 74.2) obtained by isomerization with a molar solution of the reagent at 99.5° and 180 minutes’ time of reaction are about the same order as those reported in this paper. It is of interest to note that these authors have also noted that no destruction of the product occurs at this temperature and time of heating.
Tocopherols as carry‐through antioxidants
Authors: Dugan L. R. , Kraybill H. R. 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. Tocopherols have been found to be carry‐through antioxidants in lard.2. Gamma tocopherol, which is a better antioxidant than alpha tocopherol, is also a better carry‐through antioxidant.3. Higher levels of tocopherol provide increased carry‐through stability although the AOM stability of lard is decreased.4. Combinations of BHA with tocopherol in lard provide increased carry‐through stability but do not increase the AOM stability.
Metal ion catalysis of autoxidation in a lard gel
Authors: Ellis R. , Currie G. T. , Gaddis A. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe prooxidant effects of transition metal compounds upon lard triglycerides in an aqueous heterogeneous model system were examined. Catalytic activity of a metal salt depended on its identity, the phase in which it is dissolved, the buffering salts and pH of the system. The iron and copper inorganic salts dissolved in the aqueous phase were powerful catalysts. Other transition metal salts had little positive effect on autoxidation at acid and neutral pH values. Manganous chloride had an inhibiting action. Freeze‐drying reversed catalysis patterns, and Mn++ and Co++ became the strongest prooxidants. Cobaltous and manganese stearates were the most active of such compounds. Reversals in catalytic activity were due to the formation or disappearance of aquo ions.
2‐trans‐nonenal, the hardened flavor present in hydrogenated peanut oil
Authors: Feenstra W. H. , Meijboom P. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOils belonging to linoleic‐oleic acid group may have a characteristic hardening flavor after hardening and refining. This flavor was isolated from hardened peanut oil by degassing and preparative gaschromatography. An investigation into the structure of this flavor showed it to be 2‐trans‐nonenal. The structure was confirmed by comparison with an authentic synthesized product. 10‐Octadecenoic and 11‐octadecenoic acid which are formed during the hardening process (isomerization) of linoleic and oleic acids, are proposed as precursors of the hardening flavor.
Lubricating greases
Authors: Carmichael E. S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA brief review has been given of the principal types of lubricating greases and of the fatty materials used therein. No attempt has been made to include a discussion of all conditions which may affect grease structure. However it has been indicated that various factors, as far as the grease itself is concerned, influence performance because they either affect the size and shape of the dispersed particles of the thickening agent, or affect the solubility relationship between the dispersed particles and the oil.
Cationic flotation of silica from magnetic iron‐ore concentrates
Authors: Hedberg M. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwelve cationic, amine‐salt silica‐collectors were evaluated on three samples of magnetic iron‐ore concentrate. Coco primary amine acetate was used as the standard of comparison. Lauryl primary amine acetate is somewhat more efficient in collecting silica than the standard, and equally selective. Tallow primary amine acetate is equally selective and somewhat less efficient than the the standard. Coco diamine is more selective and somewhat more efficient than the standard. Oleyl and tallow diamines are more selective and somewhat less efficient than the standard. Trimethyl alkyl ammonium chloride compounds are more selective but less efficient than primary amines and diamines. Selectivity, in general, is inversely proportional to efficiency (silica pulling strength). Strong collectors, in other words, tend to float small amounts of iron along with the silica. Finely ground (90% less than 325 mesh or finer) magnetic concentrates with iron and silica almost completely liberated are highly responsive to upgrading. Concentrates of the same fine mesh size but containing unliberated iron‐silicate are less responsive.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil: VII. Poisons and inhibitors for copper catalysts
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHydrogenation rates for the catalytic reduction of soybean oil with a copper‐on‐silica catalyst increased when the oil was re‐refined and bleached in the laboratory. Purification of the re‐refined and bleached oil by passage through alumina further enhanced hydrogenation rates. Since these observations suggested that poisons were present in the oil, the effect of minor components of soybean oil upon the activity of copper catalysts was investigated. Free fatty acids, monoglycerides, β‐carotene, phosphoric acid, sodium soaps, phosphatides, glycerine, choline, ethanolamine, water, pheophytin, and pyrrole all reduced hydrogenation rates when added to the oil. Organic sulfur added to the oil was a more effective catalyst inhibitor than inorganic sulfur added to the gas. Catalyst activity was affected adversely when iron was added to the oil as a soap or when deposited on the catalyst during its preparation. Squalene, copper soaps, and carbon monoxide had no influence on the activity of the catalyst. Aging of soybean oil also had no effect. There was no significant change in either selectivity or formation oftrans or conjugated diene isomer when these additives were added to the oil.
α‐Sulfonated fatty acids and esters: Manufacturing process, properties, and applications
Authors: Stein W. , Baumann H. 
Published: May 2007

Abstractα‐Sulfonated fatty acid esters, because of their wide‐range of application and biological properties, represent an interesting class of surfactants. A technical method for the preparation of α‐sulfonated fatty acid esters is described. By using special reaction conditions it is possible to α‐sulfonate saturated fatty esters directly without the use of solvents. The use of gaseous SO3 gives the product in greater than 97% yield. A process for the bleaching of the α‐sulfonated fatty esters has been developed, whereby a product of faultless color is produced without the necessity of further purification or separation techniques. The sulfonation and bleaching processes operate continuously. The process has been tried successfully on a commercial scale using the methyl esters of technical fatty acids. Methods for the preparation of α‐sulfonated fatty acids are given. The chemical, technical, and biological properties of the α‐sulfonated fatty acids and their esters are discussed. α‐Sulfonated fatty esters possess good washing and foaming properties, have good biological degradability, possess good skin compatibility and low acute toxicity. They can be considered as surfactant components for phosphate‐free or low‐phosphate detergents. α‐Sulfonated fatty acids and esters also possess other favorable technical properties which allow them to be used in cosmetics, as auxiliary agents in the production of fibers, plastics, and rubber, and in leather manufacture.
Neutrals in southern pine tall oil
Authors: Conner A. H. , Rowe J. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBlack‐liquor soap skimmings from commercial pulping of southern pine wood contained 4.8% neutrals by wt. The neutrals were quantitatively analyzed and more than 80 compounds found. All of the compounds that comprised 0.1% or more of the neutrals were identified; these included 0.3% α‐terpineol, 2.5% diterpene hydrocarbons, 8.1% resin alcohols, 10.0% resin aldehydes, 0.5% resin acid methyl esters, 1.2% norditerpene alcohols, 16.8% labdane diterpenes, 2.1% other diterpenes, 32.4% steroids, 0.6% triterpenes, 0.7% polyprenols, 6.1% wax alcohols, 5.7% stilbenes, 4.4% lubricating oil, and 8.6% minor (<0.1%) constituents. Sitosterol, campesterol, stigmastanol, pinosylvin dimethyl ether, lignoceryl and ceryl alcohols, agathadiol, isoagatholal, communol, abietal, and diterpenes with the pimarane or isopimarane skeleton were the major components.
A test method for analyzing anionic or cationic surfactants in industrial water
Authors: Wang L. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA general 2‐phase titration method is introduced for the quantitative identification of either anionic or cationic surface active agents commonly used in the domestic and industrial applications. Initially, an appropriate amount of quaternary ammonium compound is added to an unknown water sample to be analyzed and to ensure the treated sample contains excess amount of quaternary ammonium compound, and thus, is cationic in nature. The amount of excess quaternary ammonium compound is then quantitatively determined by titration with a standard anionic surfactant in the presence of methyl orange dye, buffer reagent, and chloroform. If the original surfactant in the tested sample is anionic, the anionic surfactant content (μM) is equal to the known amount (μM) of the added cationic quaternary ammonium compound minus the amount (μM) of standard anionic titrant spent in the neutralization reaction. If the original surfactant in the tested sample is cationic, the cationic surfactant content (μM) is equal to the amount (μM) of standard anionic titrant spent in the titration minus the known amount (μM) of the added cationic quaternary ammonium compound. The test procedure is simple and can be successfully completed within 5–7 min by a laboratory technician. For research or industrial application, a specific anionic or cationic surfactant to be used should be selected for the surfactant calibration. For the water quality control of unknown samples, the most common anionic surfactant, linear alkylate sulfonate, and the most common cationic surfactant, quaternary ammonium chloride, are selected as surfactant standards. The anionic surfactant concentration of a sample can be reported to be mg/liter as linear alkylate sulfonate while the cationic surfactant concentration of a sample can be reported to be mg/liter as cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride. Other alternatives for the use of the proposed general 2‐phase titration method are suggested. Effective elimination of the interference caused by the presence of oil in an industrial water is also discussed. The proposed method is limited in application to the measurement of free ionic surface active agents only.
Safflower, its development and utilization
Authors: Purdy R. H. , Cummings L. O. , Claassen C. E. , Kneeland J. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySafflower, a relatively insignificant oilseed crop early in this decase, has become a well‐established source of oil for the surface‐coatings industry and protein for animal feeds. Through extensive breeding programs, higher yielding, higher oil‐bearing varieties have been developed. Research in agronomy is now directed toward improving resistance to rust and root rot in order to allow safflower to be grown as an irrigated crop.The oil's composition, which is largely made up of linoleic acid with a practical absence of linolenic acid, results in very nearly an ideal drying oil. Protective coatings made with safflower oil are characterized by rapid dry, good through‐dry, excellent coloer and color retention, and good exterior durability.Recent interest in the unsaturated vegetable oils and their relation to the etiology of atherosclerosis has catalyzed the development of an edible grade of the oil. Safflower oil with approximately 75% linoleic acid and less than 10% saturated acids compares quite advantageously with other liquid oils for use as a dietary supplement. With the proper use of antioxidants, good flavor stability and resistance to oxidative deterioration is achieved. This qualifies safflower oil for use as a salad oil and as an ingredient in many food and pharmaceutical products.Prepress‐solvent‐extraction operations result in an 18–21% protein meal, which is consumed primarily in dairy cattle feed. Decortication of the seed, now feasible, yields a 40% protein meal suitable for laying‐hen rations.
Direct extraction of sunflower seed by filtration‐extraction
Authors: Furman J. L. , Amadori E. M. , Guzman O. F. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsThe influence of certain variables upon the direct, continuous, solvent extraction of sunflower seed meats has been discussed. It has been shown that the ideal preparation consisted of first reducing the hull content to about 10% by weight. Then the dehulled meats were rolled, cooked, crisped, and re‐rolled prior to solvent extraction. Drying before rolling, followed by cooking and crisping, was also helpful in the reduction of residual lipids content but to a lesser degree than was re‐rolling after cooking.It has been shown that the use of relatively low solvent/meats ratios required initially high mass velocities and that mass velocity during extraction was higher than that realized during cake washing.The full industrial‐scale run confirmed the experimental findings; thus the direct, continuous, solvent extraction of sunflower seed meats is a commercial reality. An oil‐content reduction from 53% to 1.68% in one operation is a technological advance of great magnitude.Except for periods when rice bran is processed, the plant is in continuous operation on sunflower seed meats and consistently produces meals containing between 1.5% and 1.7% oil content.
Effect of catalytic treatment with sodium methylate on glycerine composition and properties of lard and tallow
Authors: Luddy Francis E. , Morris S. G. , Magidman P. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryTreatment of lard with sodium methylate did not affect fatty acid composition nor the usual chemical constants and melting points. The glyceride composition however was altered considerably and showed close agreement with values calculated for random distribution. This change in glyceride composition was accompanied by significant changes in physical character as shown by consistency numbers, dilatometric and micropenetration measurements, and cooling curves.Beef tallow remained almost unaffected by the sodium methylate treatment. The glyceride composition before and after treatment as determined by Kartha's method agreed well with values calculated for random distribution. Only the cooling curves indicated any change induced by the treatment.