bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Form, Force and Structure: A Brief History
Authors: Pedreschi Remo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOver the last century, engineers' and architect‐engineers' approach to the relationship between form, force and mass has changed significantly, both on a conceptual and methodological level. It is a shift only made possible by the collaborative efforts of design, engineering and construction expertise. Professor Remo Pedreschi discusses the work of Robert Maillart, Pier Luigi Nervi, Eduardo Torroja, Felix Candela, Heinz Isler and Eladio Dieste to illustrate the important changes and contributions that have taken place and how they influence the way we think about performance from an engineering point of view today. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Form, Force, Performance: Multi‐Parametric Structural Design
Authors: Bollinger Klaus , Grohmann Manfred , Tessman Oliver 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn the 20th century, the classification of structures according to defined building typologies was central to engineering design. Here Professor Klaus Bollinger, Professor Manfred Grohmann and Oliver Tessmann of design engineers Bollinger + Grohmann challenge this preconception. By considering each structure as an individual case in point with inherently complex behaviour, they move away from the notion of a building being a variant of an established type. They further discuss this mode of working, in relation to their own recent projects, in terms of relevant methods and generative techniques, as well as the respective consequences that it has had on the relationship between force, form and structural performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolism and Morphology
Authors: Weinstock Michael 
Published: March 2008

AbstractArchitecture is on the cusp of systemic change, driven by the dynamics of climate and economy, of new technologies and new means of production. There is a growing interest in the dynamics of fluidity, in networks and in the new topologies of surfaces and soft boundaries. This is part of a general cultural response to the contemporary reconfiguration of the concept of ‘nature’ within the discourse of architecture; a change from metaphor to model, from ‘nature’ as a source of formal inspiration to ‘nature’ as a mine of interrelated dynamic processes that are available for analysis and digital simulation. Michael Weinstock presents an account of the dynamics of natural metabolisms, and suggests an agenda for the development of metabolic morphologies of buildings and cities. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material Performance
Authors: Hensel Michael , Sunguroglu Defne , Menges Achim 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA central concern of architecture as a material practice is the way in which built and natural environments interact to provide exciting and sustainable modes of habitation. Key to this is the way in which material performance is understood and instrumentalised. In the first part of this article, Michael Hensel and Defne Sunguroglu research the characteristics of wood in order to explore how a material's variable behaviour and its response to extrinsic stimuli might substantially contribute to performance‐oriented design. This leads them to argue for a wider, more inclusive definition for ‘smart materials’ that puts less emphasis on the new and fully recognises the potential of variable behaviour. In the second part, Achim Menges discusses a research project that demonstrates the full impact of this approach to material performance and the integral relationship between formation and materialisation processes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manufacturing Performance
Authors: Menges Achim 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe use of rapid prototyping to produce scale models has in recent years become commonplace in architectural practices and universities. Employing such layer manufacturing processes at the scale of construction opens up entirely new possibilities for articulating and manufacturing a performative built environment. Achim Menges discusses Freeform Construction, a collaborative effort between Loughborough University's Civil & Building Engineering Department and Loughborough's Wolfson School of Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering to develop construction‐scale rapid manufacturing processes. Crossing conventional boundaries of the manufacturing domain, the research is not only concerned with developing new modes of production, but also contributes to establishing an alternative approach for designing performative architecture where form, material, structure and performance are understood as inherently related and integral aspects of the manufacturing and construction process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance‐Orientated Design Precursors and Potentials
Authors: Hensel Michael 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPerformance‐oriented design is not without precedent. In the past, architecture responded with great sophistication and beauty to the need to preserve local resources and provide diverse and suitable conditions for human habitation. In the current context of escalating environmental and ecological changes, learning from precedents and developing their potential is becoming increasingly important. However, many architects refuse to look back in fear of returning to an imagined medieval condition, preferring instead to invest in the technologies that lie at the core of the environmental change and spatial and social division, which we may no longer be able to afford. In response to these circumstances, Michael Hensel examines the potential of past approaches to passive environmental modulation as a reworked spatial paradigm for design that interrelates material, spatial and environmental dynamics with dynamic patterns of habitation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inclusive Performance: Efficiency Versus Effectiveness Towards a Morpho‐Ecological Approach for Design
Authors: Hensel Michael , Menges Achim 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAt a time of accelerated global urbanisation and climate change, performance‐oriented design has an increasingly important role to play. Here, Michael Hensel and Achim Menges describe their own ‘Morpho‐Ecological’ approach to design, which challenges some of the most deeply entrenched dogmas of architecture as a material practice, such as the notion of ‘efficiency’ in design and construction. It focuses specifically on the integral relationship between form‐generation, material behaviour and capacity, manufacturing and assembly, environmental modulation and a type of spatial conditioning that is set to deliver a richly heterogeneous space. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Membrane Spaces
Authors: Hensel Michael , Menges Achim 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMembrane structures are becoming increasingly popular in architectural design. This is exemplified by mechanically pretensioned systems, such as Foster + Partner's roof for Dresden Station and even by large‐scale art installations, such as Anish Kapoor's Tarantantara or MARSYAS; and also by pneumatically pretensioned systems, such as Herzog & de Meuron's Allianz Arena in Munich or PTW's Watercube in Beijing. But how might membrane systems and their performative potential be developed further? Here, Michael Hensel and Achim Menges discuss the findings of a series of membrane‐research studios that they conducted at the Architectural Association in London and the Rotterdam Academy of Architecture and Urban Design. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aggregates
Authors: Hensel Michael , Menges Achim 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn their bound form, aggregates are by far the most ubiquitous materials in architectural construction. However, there are few precedents for using loose aggregates in any significant way, despite their ability to swiftly interact with a given environment. Michael Hensel and Achim Menges argue for a better understanding of the behaviour of such materials in order that they can be used in their loose form. Aggregates are formed not through the connection of elements with joints or a binding matrix, but through the loose accumulation of separate elements. This approach therefore requires a radical departure from architectural design based on assemblies and assembly processes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental Intensifiers
Authors: Jaeschke Aleksandra 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFibre‐reinforced composite materials have significant potential in performance‐oriented design. Composites enable seamless transitions between material make‐up, characteristics and effects, and fibre directionality can yield variable context‐specific behaviour. Such materials are the closest to those in living nature and could be further developed to mimic or optimise natural processes. Aleksandra Jaeschke examines developments in this field at the Department of Form Generation and Materialisation at the Hochschule für Gestaltung (HfG) in Offenbach, Germany, led by Achim Menges. She also looks at the specific ways in which integrated form‐generation and materialisation are being used in design that engages with composites. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing Morpho‐Ecologies: Versatility and Vicissitude of Heterogeneous Space
Authors: Hensel Michael , Menges Achim 
Published: March 2008

Abstract‘Morpho‐Ecology’ is a concept and design approach that combines the notion of ‘morphology’, and thus intrinsically ‘morphogenesis’, with the notion of ‘ecology’. In the early 19th century, in the context of his studies in botany, the poet and writer Goethe defined morphology as the study of forms; he combined the study of ‘Gestalt’, or structured form, with the process of ‘Bildung’, or formation, which acts continuously upon form.1 Later on in the century, the term ‘ecology’ was coined by the German physician and zoologist Ernst Haeckel, who defined it as the science of relationships between organisms and their environment.2 Here Michael Hensel and Achim Menges outline their theoretical and methodological framework for ‘morpho‐ecological design’ in architecture, illustrating it further with two projects that combine research and design. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renewable Types and the Urban Plan
Authors: Lee Christopher , Jacoby Sam 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe notion of designing according to building type for some might imply constraint, or even a reversion to convention. In Diploma Unit 6 at the AA in London, Christopher Lee and Sam Jacoby have proved typology can be used to liberating effect, producing series that harness ‘the cumulative intelligence’ of type, while ‘surpassing both its idea and its deep structure’. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Social Call
Authors: Croci Valentina 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEvery time you text or call from your mobile phone, you may be unknowingly providing essential data that is being captured for public or commercial research. Valentina Croci describes how The Senseable City Lab at MIT and the Estonian group Positium LBS with the Department of Geography at the University of Tartu have been developing projects that enable us to sense the city, dynamically mapping social movement. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In search of the psychosis gene in people with Prader‐Willi syndrome
Authors: Webb Tessa , Maina Esther N. , Soni Sarita , Whittington Joyce , Boer Harm , Clarke David , Holland Anthony 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe two main causes of Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) are a paternally derived deletion in the maternally imprinted 15q11–q13 region or UPD(15)mat. Both mechanisms result in a loss of the active paternal contribution to the region. The affective psychosis associated with PWS has been found to be mainly confined to the propositi with UPD(15)mat rather than to those with a deletion. This suggests that the psychosis may be related to the presence of two copies rather than a single copy of a gene or genes located in the distal half of the region which is paternally imprinted, but maternally active, and whose loss results in Angelman syndrome (AS). A large population‐based study of PWS allowed the identification of 12 people with a 15q11–q13 deletion who had suffered psychotic episodes and four adults with UPD(15)mat who so far had not. When these people were investigated using microsatellite markers, the 12 with a deletion were found to have two maternally derived copies of a narrow region between D15S975 and D15S661 making them effectively disomic for these loci. Thus all of the people with psychosis had two active copies of any imprinted genes in the region while all non‐psychotic people (including controls) had only one. Quantitative RT‐PCR studies suggest that a lack of expression of FLJ33332, either as a result of or resulting in gene dysregulation, may be associated with psychosis in PWS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Enamel thickness trends in the dental arcade of humans and chimpanzees
Authors: Smith Tanya M. , Olejniczak Anthony J. , Reh Stefan , Reid Donald J. , Hublin Jean‐Jacques 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn addition to evidence for bipedality in some fossil taxa, molar enamel thickness is among the few characters distinguishing (thick‐enameled) hominins from the (thin‐enameled) African apes. Despite the importance of enamel thickness in taxonomic discussions and a long history of scholarship, measurements of enamel thickness are performed almost exclusively on molars, with relatively few studies examining premolars and anterior teeth. This focus on molars has limited the scope of enamel thickness studies (i.e., there exist many fossil hominin incisors, canines, and premolars). Increasing the available sample of teeth from which to compare enamel thickness measurements from the fossil record could substantially increase our understanding of this aspect of dental biology, and perhaps facilitate greater taxonomic resolution of early hominin fossils. In this study, we report absolute and relative (size‐scaled) enamel thickness measurements for the complete dentition of modern humans and chimpanzees. In accord with previous studies of molars, chimpanzees show lower relative enamel thickness at each tooth position, with little overlap between the two taxa. A significant trend of increasing enamel thickness from anterior to posterior teeth is apparent in both humans and chimpanzees, indicating that inter‐taxon comparisons should be limited to the same tooth position in order to compare homologous structures. As nondestructive imaging techniques become commonplace (facilitating the examination of increasing numbers of fossil specimens), studies may maximize available samples by expanding beyond molars. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of the ontogeny of shape variation in the anthropoid scapula: Functional and phylogenetic signal
Authors: Young Nathan M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article compares ontogenetic shape variation in the scapula of 17 anthropoid species using three‐dimensional landmark‐based geometric morphometrics. These data are used to investigate functional and phylogenetic signal in the major components of scapular variation and to evaluate the degree to which postnatal growth contributes to interspecific differences in shape. Results indicate that the shape of the infant and adult scapula is primarily associated with positional behavior (e.g., orthograde suspensory nonquadrupeds versus pronograde quadrupeds), but within this functional structure there is phylogenetic signal, particularly at infant stages. Growth most closely correlates with infant/adult shape and locomotor function. These results suggest that the shape of the infant scapula drives the pattern of postnatal scapular growth and adult morphology. As such, variation in postnatal growth is not the primary source of interspecific variation in adult shape. Instead, interspecific differences in scapular morphology are hypothesized to be the result of selection for variation in embryonic developmental processes that affect shape. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The range of passive arm circumduction in primates: Do hominoids really have more mobile shoulders?
Authors: Chan Lap Ki 
Published: March 2008

AbstractHominoids and lorines are assumed to possess greater shoulder mobility than other primates. This assumption is based on morphological characteristics of the shoulder, rather than on empirical data. However, recent studies have shown that the glenohumeral joint of hominoids is not more mobile than that of other primates (Chan LK. 2007. Glenohumeral mobility in primates. Folia Primatol (Basel) 78(1):1–18), and the thoracic shape of hominoids does not necessarily promote shoulder mobility (Chan LK. 2007. Scapular position in primates. Folia Primatol (Basel) 78(1):19–35). Moreover, lorines differ significantly from hominoids in both these features, thus challenging the assumption that both hominoids and lorines have greater shoulder mobility. The present study aims to test this assumption by collecting empirical data on shoulder mobility in 17 primate species. Passive arm circumduction (a combination of glenohumeral and pectoral girdle movement) was performed on sedated subjects (except humans), and the range measured on the video images of the circumduction. The motion differed among primate species mostly in the craniodorsal directions, the directions most relevant to the animal's ability to brachiate and slow climb. Hylobatids possessed the highest craniodorsal mobility among all primate species studied. However, nonhylobatid hominoids did not have greater craniodorsal mobility than arboreal quadrupedal monkeys, and lorines did not have greater craniodorsal mobility than arboreal quadrupedal prosimians. Nonhylobatid hominoids and lorines had similar craniodorsal mobility, but this was due to a longer clavicle, more dorsal scapula, and lower glenohumeral mobility in the former, and a shorter clavicle, less dorsal scapula, and greater glenohumeral mobility in the latter. This study provides evidence for the reexamination of the brachiation, slow climbing, and vertical climbing hypotheses. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomechanical implications of degenerative joint disease in the apophyseal joints of human thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Authors: Brown Kate Robson , Pollintine Phill , Adams Mike A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn experimental technique for quantifying load‐sharing in cadaveric spines is used to test the hypothesis that degenerative changes in human apophyseal joints are directly related to high levels of compressive load‐bearing by these joints. About 36 cadaveric thoraco‐lumbar motion segments aged 64–92 years were subjected to a compressive load of 1.5 kN. The distribution of compressive stress was measured in the intervertebral discs using a miniature pressure transducer, and stress measurements were summed over area to give the compressive force resisted by the disc. This was subtracted from the applied 1.5 kN to indicate compressive load‐bearing by the apophyseal joints. The cartilage of each apophyseal joint surface was then graded for degree of degeneration. After maceration, each joint surface was scored for degenerative joint disease (DJD) affecting the bone. Results demonstrated that the apophyseal joints resisted 5–96% (mean 45%) of the applied compressive force. A significant positive correlation was demonstrated between age and cartilage degeneration, age and DJD bone score, apophyseal joint load‐bearing and bone score, and cartilage score and load‐bearing. The latter correlation was strongest for load‐bearing above 50%. Ordinal regression showed that the variables describing bone DJD (marginal osteophytes, pitting, bony contour change, and eburnation) were significantly correlated with degree of cartilage degeneration. It is concluded that in elderly individuals apophyseal joint load‐bearing above a threshold of 50% is associated with severe degenerative changes in cartilage and bone, and that markers of DJD observed palaeopathologically may be used as predictors of such loadingin life. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization, and property of end‐functionalized telechelic PST via ATRP
Authors: Lu Jian‐Mei , Xia Xue‐Wei , Guo Xiang , Xu Qing‐Feng , Yan Feng , Wang Li‐Hua 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPolystyrene incorporating carboxylate group as α‐end was synthesized by using initiator 4‐chloromethyl benzoic acid via atom transfer radical polymerization. Its ω‐chlorine end‐group was transformed by cumic acid, diethyl malonate, and thiol, respectively, to form end‐functionalized telechelic polystyrenes. These PSts with different functionalized ω‐end group (PSt1, PSt2, and PSt3) were obtained and characterized by H NMR and TGA. This type of end‐functionalized telechelic polymers can further act as polymeric ligands to form polymeric metal complexes. In this study, PSt1 with carboxylate group at each end was allowed to react with Eu(DBM)2Cl·2H2O to afford a new polymeric complex PSt1‐Eu(III) showing significant red‐light emission. Moreover, the film of PSt1‐Eu shows similar emission pattern with its DMF solution. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Ultraviolet‐induced decomposition of acrylicacid‐based superabsorbent hydrogels crosslinked with N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide
Authors: Li Xinming , Cui Yingde 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMost acrylic acid‐based superabsorbent hydrogels, which have been widely used in many applications, are crosslinked with water‐solvable crosslinker N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA), which is easy to hydrolyze when radiated by ultraviolet, leading to decomposition of the superabsorbent hydrogels. In this article, ultraviolet‐induced decomposition of acrylic acid‐based superabsorbent hydrogels crosslinked with NMBA was investigated by weight loss method under ultraviolet radiation. The results showed that the decomposition rate of the superabsorbent hydrogels was controlled by ultraviolet‐induced activation of amide groups on the networks when the intensity of ultraviolet radiation was low, whereas it was controlled by hydrolysis of amide groups on NMBA molecules when the intensity of ultraviolet radiation was high. The ultraviolet stability of acrylicacid‐based superabsorbent hydrogels crosslinked with NMBA can be improved by increasing the neutralization degree of acrylic acid, increasing the dosage of crosslinker NMBA, or introducing acrylamide as comonomer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Study on physicochemical properties of thermosensitive hydrogels constructed using graft‐copolymers of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and Guar gum
Authors: Lang Yi‐Yong , Jiang Tong‐Ying , Li San‐Ming , Zheng Liang‐Yuan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA copolymer, poly (N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐g‐Guar gum (PNIAAm‐g‐GG, GPNA), was synthesized using N‐isopropylacrylamide (IPAAm) and Guar gum (GG). Thermosensitive hydrogels were obtained by crosslinking GPNA with glutaraldehyde (GA). The hydrogels were pseudoplastic fluid at the temperature below lower critical solution temperature (LCST), but they were dilatant fluid at temperature above LCST. With an increase in GA, hydrogels changed from dilatant fluid to pseudoplastic fluid. The state and content of water in GPNA hydrogels were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicated the existence of freezing bound water and free water when water content of the hydrogel was more than 98.4%. The melting enthalpy of freezing bound water was higher than that of free water, but the melting temperature was lower. The content of freezing bound water was more than that of nonfreezing water. At 40°C, above the LCST of hydrogel, water loss of the GPNA hydrogel was slow at the beginning, and then became more rapid with disorganization in hydrogel structure. At 35°C below LCST of hydrogel, amount of water loss in hydrogels increased with square root of time. The drug was released slowly from the gel at 40°C, and released more rapidly at 35°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008