bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polystyrene/Phosphonium Organoclay Nanocomposites by Melt Compounding
Authors: Calderon J. U. , Lennox B. , Kamal M. R. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Polystyrene-montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding, using several ammonium and phosphonium organoclays. Melt processing was carried out in a twin screw extrusion system, specially modified to produce improved dispersion and longer residence time. The effect of molecular weight of polystyrene on clay dispersion and property enhancement was evaluated. Nanocomposite structure was characterized by wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thermal stability and mechanical and barrier properties were also determined. The quality of dispersion of organically modified montmorillonite depended on the molecular weight of the polystyrene resin. Barrier properties were measured and compared to predictions of permeability models available in the literature. Clay dispersion and property enhancement were explained in relation to the surface characteristics of the organoclays, and the work of adhesion at the polystyrene-clay interface was correlated with the tensile modulus of the nanocomposites.
Risk of Cardiac Arrhythmias Among Climbers on Mount Everest
Authors: Sherpa Kunjang , Sherpa Pasang Phurba , Sherpa Tendi , Rothenbühler Martina , Ryffel Christoph , Sherpa Dhukpa , Sherpa Dawa Renji , Sherchand Ojaswee , Galuszka Oskar , Dernektsi Chrisoula , Reichlin Tobias , Pilgrim Thomas 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceArterial hypoxemia, electrolyte imbalances, and periodic breathing increase the vulnerability to cardiac arrhythmia at altitude.ObjectiveTo explore the incidence of tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias in healthy individuals at high altitudes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study involved healthy individuals at altitude (8849 m) on Mount Everest, Nepal. Recruitment occurred from January 25 to May 9, 2023, and data analysis took place from June to July 2023.ExposureAll study participants underwent 12-lead electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiography, and exercise stress testing before and ambulatory rhythm recording both before and during the expedition.Main OutcomeThe incidence of a composite of supraventricular (&amp;gt;30 seconds) and ventricular (&amp;gt;3 beats) tachyarrhythmia and bradyarrhythmia (sinoatrial arrest, second- or third-degree atrioventricular block).ResultsOf the 41 individuals recruited, 100% were male, and the mean (SD) age was 33.6 (8.9) years. On baseline investigations, there were no signs of exertional ischemia, wall motion abnormality, or cardiac arrhythmia in any of the participants. Among 34 individuals reaching basecamp at 5300 m, 32 participants climbed to 7900 m or higher, and 14 reached the summit of Mount Everest. A total of 45 primary end point–relevant events were recorded in 13 individuals (38.2%). Forty-three bradyarrhythmic events were documented in 13 individuals (38.2%) and 2 ventricular tachycardias in 2 individuals (5.9%). Nine arrhythmias (20%) in 5 participants occurred when climbers were using supplemental bottled oxygen, whereas 36 events (80%) in 11 participants occurred at lower altitudes when no supplemental bottled oxygen was used. The proportion of individuals with arrhythmia remained stable across levels of increasing altitude, while event rates per 24 hours numerically increased between 5300 m (0.16 per 24 hours) and 7300 m (0.37 per 24 hours) before decreasing again at higher altitudes, where supplemental oxygen was used. None of the study participants reported dizziness or syncope.Conclusion and RelevanceIn this study, more than 1 in 3 healthy individuals experienced cardiac arrhythmia during the climb of Mount Everest, thereby confirming the association between exposure to high altitude and incidence of cardiac arrhythmia. Future studies should explore the potential implications of these rhythm disturbances.
Barriers and Facilitators Affecting Long-Term Antibiotic Prescriptions for Acne Treatment
Authors: Festok Ronnie A. , Ahuja Avni S. , Chen Jared Y. , Chu Lena , Barron Jason , Case Katherine , Thompson Elaine , Chen Suephy C. , Weiss Jonathan , Swerlick Robert A. , Escoffery Cam , Yeung Howa 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceDermatologists prescribe more oral antibiotics per clinician than clinicians in any other specialty. Despite clinical guidelines that recommend limitation of long-term oral antibiotic treatments for acne to less than 3 months, there is little evidence to guide the design and implementation of an antibiotic stewardship program in clinical practice.ObjectiveTo identify salient barriers and facilitators to long-term antibiotic prescriptions for acne treatment.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis qualitative study assessed data collected from stakeholders (including dermatologists, infectious disease physicians, dermatology resident physicians, and nonphysician clinicians) via an online survey and semistructured video interviews between March and August 2021. Data analyses were performed from August 12, 2021, to January 20, 2024.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOnline survey and qualitative video interviews developed with the Theoretical Domains Framework. Thematic analyses were used to identify salient themes on barriers and facilitators to long-term antibiotic prescriptions for acne treatment.ResultsAmong 30 participants (14 [47%] males and 16 [53%] females) who completed the study requirements and were included in the analysis, knowledge of antibiotic guideline recommendations was high and antibiotic stewardship was believed to be a professional responsibility. Five salient themes were to be affecting long-term antibiotic prescriptions: perceived lack of evidence to justify change in dermatologic practice, difficulty navigating patient demands and satisfaction, discomfort with discussing contraception, iPLEDGE-related barriers, and the absence of an effective system to measure progress on antibiotic stewardship.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this qualitative study indicate that multiple salient factors affect long-term antibiotic prescribing practices for acne treatment. These factors should be considered in the design and implementation of any future outpatient antibiotic stewardship program for clinical dermatology.
Human Leukocyte Antigens and Sulfamethoxazole/Cotrimoxazole–Induced Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions
Authors: Wu Po-Chien , Chen Wei-Ti , Huang I-Hsin , Chen Chun-Bing , Wang Chuang-Wei , Tai Cheng-Chen , Chung Wen-Hung , Chi Ching-Chi 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceSulfamethoxazole (SMX) and cotrimoxazole (CTX), a fixed-dose combination of SMX and trimethoprim in a 5:1 ratio, are antibacterial sulfonamides commonly used for treating various diseases. A substantial prevalence of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) following the administration of these drugs has been reported. However, the association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes and SMX/CTX-induced SCARs has remained unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between HLA genotypes and SMX/CTX-induced SCARs.Data sourcesA comprehensive search was conducted in CENTRAL (Cochrane Library), MEDLINE, and Embase from inception to January 17, 2023.Study SelectionCase-control studies that recruited patients who had experienced SCARs following SMX or CTX were included, and HLA alleles were analyzed.Data Extraction and SynthesisTwo independent authors extracted data on study characteristics and outcome data. The Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) reporting guideline and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines were followed. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for case-control studies was used to assess study quality. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a random-effects model for meta-analysis.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe prespecified outcome was the OR comparing SMX/CTX-induced SCARs with healthy or SMX/CTX-tolerant controls based on different HLA alleles.ResultsSix studies involving 322 patients with SCAR were included, including 236 patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, 86 with drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, 8448 healthy controls, and 229 tolerant controls. Significant associations were found in HLA-A*11:01 (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.11-4.00), HLA-B*13:01 (OR, 5.96; 95% CI, 1.58-22.56), HLA-B*15:02 (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.20-4.14), HLA-B*38:02 (OR, 3.47; 95% CI, 1.42-8.48), and HLA-C*08:01 (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.07-6.44) compared with tolerant controls. In the Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis subgroup, significant associations were found in HLA-B*15:02 (OR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.56-5.80) and HLA-B*38:02 (OR, 5.13; 95% CI, 1.96-13.47). In the drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms subgroup, significant associations were found in HLA-A*68:01 (OR, 12.86; 95% CI, 1.09-151.34), HLA-B*13:01 (OR, 23.09; 95% CI, 3.31-161.00), HLA-B*39:01 (OR, 4.56; 95% CI, 1.31-15.82).Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that multiple HLA alleles (HLA-A*11:01, HLA-B*13:01, HLA-B*15:02, HLA-B*38:02, and HLA-C*0801) are associated with SMX/CTX-induced SCARs.
Photochromic Thermoelectric Smart Window for Season‐Adaptive Solar Heat and Daylight Management
Authors: Meng Weihao , Kragt Augustinus J.J. , Hu Xiaowen , van der Burgt Julia S. , Schenning Albertus P.H.J. , Yue Yuchen , Zhou Guofu , Li Laifeng , Wei Ping , Zhao Wenyu , Li Yong , Wang Jingxia , Jiang Lei 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPhotochromic smart windows have drawn increasing attention as an approach to improve building energy efficiency and enhance indoor daylight comfort. However, existing photochromic smart windows still block sunlight from entering the room on sunny winter days, causing additional energy consumption for heating. Herein, a dual‐mode smart window is designed with decoupled photo and thermal functions by combining colorless Fe‐doped WO3 photochromic film with window rotation. Based on this, selective heating and cooling of the room between winter and summer is achieved while maintaining the daylight comfort benefits during all seasons. As a proof of concept, the smart window reduces the temperature of a model house by up to 7.9 °C in summer mode, while in winter mode the temperature is only reduced by 0.7 °C. The proposed seasonally adaptive dual‐mode smart window obtains by window rotation overcomes the limitations of conventional photochromic smart windows, which not only achieves better energy efficiency but also retains improved daylight comfort. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the heat absorbed by the smart window can be harnessed to produce electricity through the integration of thermoelectric modules within the glazing, which enhances its impact on reducing energy consumption.
Biocompatible Electronic Skins for Cardiovascular Health Monitoring
Authors: Du Yucong , Kim Ji Hong , Kong Hui , Li Anne Ailina , Jin Ming Liang , Kim Do Hwan , Wang Yin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCardiovascular diseases represent a significant threat to the overall well‐being of the global population. Continuous monitoring of vital signs related to cardiovascular health is essential for improving daily health management. Currently, there has been remarkable proliferation of technology focused on collecting data related to cardiovascular diseases through daily electronic skin monitoring. However, concerns have arisen regarding potential skin irritation and inflammation due to the necessity for prolonged wear of wearable devices. To ensure comfortable and uninterrupted cardiovascular health monitoring, the concept of biocompatible electronic skin has gained substantial attention. In this review, biocompatible electronic skins for cardiovascular health monitoring are comprehensively summarized and discussed. The recent achievements of biocompatible electronic skin in cardiovascular health monitoring are introduced. Their working principles, fabrication processes, and performances in sensing technologies, materials, and integration systems are highlighted, and comparisons are made with other electronic skins used for cardiovascular monitoring. In addition, the significance of integrating sensing systems and the updating wireless communication for the development of the smart medical field is explored. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for wearable electronic skin are also examined.
Wearable Coaxially‐Shielded Metamaterial for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Zhu Xia , Wu Ke , Anderson Stephan W. , Zhang Xin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractRecent advancements in metamaterials have yielded the possibility of a wireless solution to improve signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Unlike traditional closely packed local coil arrays with rigid designs and numerous components, these lightweight, cost‐effective metamaterials eliminate the need for radio frequency cabling, baluns, adapters, and interfaces. However, their clinical adoption is limited by their low sensitivity, bulky physical footprint, and limited, specific use cases. Herein, a wearable metamaterial developed using commercially available coaxial cable, designed for a 3.0 T MRI system is introduced. This metamaterial inherits the coaxially‐shielded structure of its constituent cable, confining the electric field within and mitigating coupling to its surroundings. This ensures safer clinical adoption, lower signal loss, and resistance to frequency shifts. Weighing only 50 g, the metamaterial maximizes its sensitivity by conforming to the anatomical region of interest. MRI images acquired using this metamaterial with various pulse sequences achieve an SNR comparable or even surpass that of a state‐of‐the‐art 16‐channel knee coil. This work introduces a novel paradigm for constructing metamaterials in the MRI environment, paving the way for the development of next‐generation wireless MRI technology.
Recent Progress in High‐Entropy Alloy Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Qian , Xie Jiacheng , Qin Yao , Kong Yafen , Zhou Shunxin , Li Qingyi , Sun Qian , Chen Bo , Xie Peng , Wei Zengxi , Zhao Shuangliang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHigh‐entropy alloys (HEAs) materials, as promising nanomaterials, have garnered significant attention from researchers due to their excellent performance in the field of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The four core effects of HEAs, including the high‐entropy effect, severe lattice distortion effect, sluggish diffusion effect, and cocktail effect, are pivotal in underpinning their remarkable mechanical and thermodynamic properties. Nevertheless, the intricate geometric and electronic structures of HEAs make their catalytic mechanisms exceptionally complex and challenging to decipher. In particular, a thorough analysis of the underlying factors responsible for the outstanding catalytic activity, selectivity, and the ability to maintain stable hydrogen production, even at high current densities, in HEAs is lacking. To provide a systematic exploration of the design and application of HEAs in HER systems, this review commences with an examination of the physicochemical properties of HEAs. It covers a wide range of topics, including the synthesis methods of HEAs, and the major reaction mechanisms of HERs, and presents innovative methods and approaches for designing HEAs specifically in the context of HERs.
Plasma‐Damage Free Efficiency Scaling of Micro‐LEDs by Metal‐Assisted Chemical Etching
Authors: Chan Clarence Y. , Roberts Henry C. , Xiao Yixin , Froeter Paul J. , Sievers Dane J. , Mi Zetian , Li Xiuling 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSince its inception, LEDs have slowly transitioned from traditional solid‐state lighting applications to full‐color, self‐emissive displays. Micro‐LEDs (µLEDs) are poised to become the next mass‐market technology for displays in lower pixel‐density, large‐area and mobile devices alongside emerging applications for high pixel‐density augmented, virtual and mixed reality. However, it is well known that µLEDs suffer from efficiency cliff – a drastic efficiency reduction as device dimension reduces with increased severity at the single digit micron scale, often attributed to material damage from reactive ion etching (RIE) that is fundamental to the process. In this paper, a first‐ever demonstration of µLED devices ranging from 45 µm down to 5 µm fabricated by the plasma‐free metal‐assisted chemical etching (MacEtch) is presented. These devices demonstrate converging external quantum efficiencies (EQE) irrespective of mesa dimension with a spread of only 3.7% without optimization. Additionally, a multi‐pronged comparison between MacEtch and RIE is provided in terms of smoothness, material damage, macroscale uniformity and throughput. These findings carry profound implications for damage‐free scaling of multi‐heterojunction III‐V optoelectronic devices, providing a pathway for high‐density, high performance top‐down fabricated µLED arrays.
Double Passivation Using Ultra‐Thin Insulators for Improved Stability and Efficiency of Quasi‐2D Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Laxmi  , Misra Manas , Gaur Nrita , Gupta Saurabh , Kabra Dinesh 
Published: April 2024

AbstractInterface engineering is a critical parameter for optimal optoelectronic device performance. In quasi‐2D perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs), traditional poly (3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) hole injection layer (HIL) is replaced by self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) [2‐(3,6‐dibromo‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl) ethyl] phosphonic acid (Br‐2PACz) HIL. The deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO @ −5.73 eV) of Br‐2PACz facilitates the efficient hole‐injection along with a reduction in leakage current by 4–5 orders of magnitude as compared to PEDOT:PSS (HOMO @  −5.00 eV) HIL based optimized PeLEDs. Ultra‐thin SAM‐based Br‐2PACz HIL presents two challenges: i) device reproducibility is hindered by spatial inhomogeneity, and ii) it fails to regulate nonradiative recombination at the perovskite/HIL interface. To address these challenges, the ultra‐thin interlayer of atomic layer deposited aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is utilized between Br‐2PACz, and perovskite which aids in passivating the interfacial states at the HIL/perovskite interface. With the optimized thickness of Al2O3 interlayer (3 nm), the device's external quantum efficiency (EQE) improved from 9.47% to 13.14%, accompanied by luminous efficiency of 42.8 cd A−1. An ultra‐thin interlayer of lithium fluoride (LiF) (2 nm) is implemented on the top side of the perovskite, which can provide 1.5 times increase in the device's LT50 stability.
Laser Processing of Emerging Nanomaterials for Optoelectronics and Photocatalysis
Authors: Lipovka Anna , Garcia Aura , Abyzova Elena , Fatkullin Maxim , Song Ziyang , Li Yuxiang , Wang Ranran , Rodriguez Raul D. , Sheremet Evgeniya 
Published: April 2024

AbstractOptoelectronics and photocatalysis are two rapidly developing photonic fields that are revolutionizing green energy, medicine, communications, and robotics. To advance these areas and explore new applications, there is a need for new materials and technologies that enable fast, scalable, and customizable production of high‐performing optoelectronics, including the future development of flexible devices. This review is focused on the strategies to synthesize novel, not fully explored materials and/or enhance their properties using the powerful method of laser processing. The discussion includes the laser treatment of MXenes, Metal‐Organic Frameworks, and perovskites, materials' advantages in terms of structural, electronic, and optical properties, and the role of different laser‐based techniques in boosting their performance. Additionally, there is a demonstration of the existing and potential applications of these three materials and their combinations, especially in optoelectronics and photocatalytic platforms. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state‐of‐the‐art in this field to help researchers identify opportunities and challenges in laser processing of emerging nanomaterials for optoelectronics and photocatalysis.
3‐Amido‐benzo[b]silines: Straightforward Modular 2‐Step Synthesis and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Golling Stéphane , Yan Tianhong , Mazan Valérie , Leroux Frédéric R. , Ciofini Ilaria , Donnard Morgan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn this manuscript we report the synthesis of 3‐amido‐benzo[b]silines thanks to a 2‐step strategy involving a 3‐component silylformylation of ynamides followed by a Friedel‐Crafts cyclization/isomerizing dehydration domino sequence. This reaction is tolerant to various structural variations and has allowed us to synthesize a library of diversely substituted silacycles with yields from 33 to 85%. We also studied the fluorescence properties of these compounds which show structural similarities with recognized probes such as Si‐Rhodamine for example.
YBX1 Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression via m5C‐Dependent SMOX mRNA Stabilization
Authors: Liu Liwen , Chen Yu , Zhang Tao , Cui Guangying , Wang Weiwei , Zhang Guizhen , Li Jianhao , Zhang Yize , Wang Yun , Zou Yawen , Ren Zhigang , Xue Wenhua , Sun Ranran 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe modification and recognition of 5‐methylcytosine (m5C) are involved in the initiation and progression of various tumor types. However, the precise role and potential mechanism of Y‐box‐binding protein 1 (YBX1) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. Here, it is found that YBX1 is frequently upregulated in ESCC compared with matched nontumor tissues. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function assays show that YBX1 promoted the proliferation and metastasis of ESCC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Functional studies revealed that NOP2/Sun RNA methyltransferase family member 2 (NSUN2) is a critical RNA methyltransferase that facilitates YBX1‐mediated ESCC progression. Mechanistically, integrated analysis based on RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (RIP‐seq) and m5C methylated RNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing (MeRIP‐seq) assays identified spermine oxidase (SMOX) as a target gene containing an m5C site in its coding sequence (CDS) region, which coincided well with the binding site of YBX1. Overexpression of SMOX‐WT but not SMOX‐Mut partially restored the proliferation and invasion ability of ESCC cells curbed by YBX1 knockdown. Moreover, YBX1 activated the mTORC1 signaling pathway by stabilizing SMOX mRNA. The study reveals that YBX1 promotes ESCC development by stabilizing SMOX mRNA in an m5C‐dependent manner, thus providing a valuable therapeutic target for ESCC.