bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of the engineering behaviour of soils and rocks with respect to groundwater
Authors: Bell F.G. , Cripps J.C. , Culshaw M.G. 
Published: December 2007

In this appendix some information on aggregate properties is given. First some properties of currently produced British aggregates, second some more generalized data on aggregate properties worldwide, and third some information on how weathering affects the properties of aggregates. It is strongly emphasized that all the information given in this Appendix must be regarded as providing only a general appreciation of aggregate properties and should not be relied upon for specific test values for particular rocks or sources.
Table A1 gives some test results for 96 aggregates from quarries in Great Britain. The information is not exhaustive but comes solely from fact-sheets issued by the suppliers or from information provided to members of the Working Party by the suppliers. None of the data has been confirmed independently. Where the quarry is not named in the Table this omission is at the request of the supplier. Because aggregate properties are liable to vary, the test results in the Table should not be taken as an indication of present production for particular quarries; instead prospective users should seek up-to-date information from the suppliers. It should be borne in mind that suppliers will not usually work poor quality sources of aggregate, nor provide data on them.
The rock descriptions are those of the suppliers, supplemented in some cases by reference to entries in directories of quarries (BGS 1984 and BACMI 1986). The classification in Table A1 is by the broad rock groups used in the aggregates industry, including many of the suppliers of
Engineering classification for environmental performance
Authors: Charman J. H. , Carey P. J. , Fookes P. G. 
Published: December 2007

The condition of natural soils and rocks reflects the impact of a historical sequence of geological processes (Fookes 1997), including plate tectonics, depositional environment, structural and diagenetic change. Climate influences the effect of the atmosphere in producing surface-related weathering and, in particular, the climatic changes of the Quaternary have significantly modified the properties of near-surface soils and rocks. Such modifications continue under present-day environmental conditions.
Man-made or engineering structures are much younger compared to the geological time-scale but they also undergo change as a result of the effect of the natural environment in which they have been placed. The impact of these changes is governed by the materials that have been used in the construction, the way in which they have been incorporated in the design, and the quality of the workmanship. The materials are not always suitable for the environment in which they have been placed. An example is the use of pre-cast concrete with shallow reinforcement cover in a coastal environment where it is subject to seawater attack.
It follows, therefore, that engineering structures may be placed in a wide variety of environments in which chemical and physical attack will vary from harsh to benign. For each environment the factors which may influence the rate of attack can be developed into a rating system which will allow the assessment of the condition of the structure and its constituent materials. This provides a framework for:

development of a monitoring and maintenance programme;
Rapid evaluation of ground conditions for the AVE railway, Spain
Authors: Birch G. P. 
Published: December 2007

Objectives

The development of high-speed railways across Europe, spurred on by the commencement of the Channel Tunnel in 1986, saw the development of Spain’s first European gauge high-speed line, the Alta Velocidad Espana (AVE), between Madrid and Sevilla, southern Spain, aided by European Economic Community funding (Fig. 1). The construction timetable required completion by April 1992, in time for inauguration by King Juan Carlos at the opening of Expo’92 in Sevilla.
Whilst the greater part of the 470 km new alignment from Madrid was advancing well, the final 125 km between Cordoba and Sevilla had to be squeezed into a 2½ year design and construct period. This followed a late decision to switch from an upgrade of the existing route to a new alignment along the valley of the River Guadalquivir, one of Spain’s five major rivers (Fig. 2).
Low-cost road construction and rehabilitation in unstable mountain areas
Authors: Hearn G. J. 
Published: December 2007

Rationale

When designing the construction or rehabilitation of roads in unstable mountain regions subjected to floods, landslides, erosion and earthworks failures, it has become usual practice to employ a selection of the techniques described in Section 2. The need for adequate land surface evaluation in this context is obvious: (i) the information so produced is essential to many if not most design processes; and (ii) proper evaluation of topography, materials and geohazard is central to the performance of the road construction, and its maintenance in the longer term. These concepts are embodied in Fookes
et al.
(1985) and in Overseas Road Note 16 (Transport Research Laboratory 1997) which deals specifically with geohazards and road design in unstable mountain areas.

The selection of the techniques, and the manner in which they are applied, will depend on project area conditions, the availability of the necessary data or documents, and the nature of the engineering scheme being proposed. The techniques are usually applied in a progressive manner, with the need to refine and detail ground conditions more closely as the site selection and design procedure takes place. The conclusion to this process is the usual inevitability that final design will not be established until ground conditions are fully defined during construction.
In the case of road rehabilitation projects, existing cut slope exposures provide a more or less continuous record of soil and rock conditions above the road, while the stability of slopes and the observed distress to the existing road pavement provides a useful overview of stability, and the reaction of slopes and drainage channels to road works in general. These benefits obviously do not accrue in the case of new road construction.
The design case studies for a proposed new road in Nepal and the rehabilitation of an existing road in the Philippines are described below to illustrate the value of land surface evaluation techniques in each case.
Evaluation in urban and industrial environments: the Docklands Light Railway, Lewisham Extension, London
Authors: Shilston D. T. , Harrison N. E. , French D. J. 
Published: December 2007

Objectives

This case history describes the use of information obtained from the initial desk-based engineering geological and geotechnical studies carried out as part of the design of civil engineering works for the Lewisham Extension of the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) which was constructed in a heavily developed urban environment. The desk study aimed to make best use of available information in order to evaluate the terrain, limit the need for further ground investigation and provide geological and geotechnical information to the design teams as quickly as possible.
A desk study is an integral part of terrain and site evaluation and, wherever possible, should be carried out in conjunction with a reconnaissance survey (or walk-over) of the site. Together they are likely to be of greatest value and most cost-effective when carried out early in the investigations for a proposed development. They can provide the project team with an early indication of the conditions at the site, such information being essential for master planning and concept design. As the project is advanced the desk study findings become the basis for the planning and interpretation of the subsequent more expensive and lengthy stage of physical investigation by (for example) boreholes and trial pits.
Conceptually, it should be self-evident that it is cheaper to obtain and evaluate information that already exists than to obtain new investigation data. But this is not the only reason for carrying out desk studies. Their ability to recover information that cannot be obtained by other means is also very
Structural geometry and timing of deformation in the Chainat duplex, Thailand
Authors: Smith M. , Chantraprasert S. , Morley C. K. , Cartwright I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Chainat duplex is about 100 km in a north–south direction, and was developed along the predominantly sinistral Mae Ping fault zone, which was active during the Cenozoic. The duplex is manifested as eroded, north–south- and NW–SE-striking outliers of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks rising from the surrounding flat plains of the Central Basin (a Pliocene–Recent post-rift basin). Satellite images, geological maps and magnetic maps have been used to reconstruct the structural geometry of the duplex, which is composed of a series of north–south-striking ridges, bounded to the north and south by NW–SE-striking faults. Overall, the duplex has the geometry of analogue restraining-bend models with relatively low displacement. No well-developed duplex-traversing short-cut faults linking the principal displacement zones are apparent. The duplex shows evidence for widespread sinistral motion, as well as some dextral reactivation the latter of which is particularly marked in the eastern part of the duplex. The main sinistral activity ended at about 30 Ma: subsequently, minor, episodic reactivation of the duplex may have occurred. Detailed timing of events cannot be determined from structures within the duplex, but the evolution of adjacent rift basins suggests that stresses developed during episodes of inversion may have also caused reactivation of strike-slip faults (sinistral for NW–SE to north–south striking faults) during the Miocene. Minor episodic dextral motion may also have been of Late Oligocene–Miocene and/or Pliocene–Recent age.
Morphology, structure and evolution of California Continental Borderland restraining bends
Authors: Legg M.R. , Goldfinger C. , Kamerling M. J. , Chaytor J. D. , Einstein D. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Exceptional examples of restraining and releasing bend structures along major strike-slip fault zones are found in the California continental Borderland. Erosion in the deep sea is diminished, thereby preserving the morphology of active oblique fault deformation. Long-lived deposition of turbidites and other marine sediments preserve a high-resolution geological record of fault zone deformation and regional tectonic evolution. Two large restraining bends with varied structural styles are compared to derive a typical morphology of Borderland restraining bends. A 60-km-long, 15° left bend in the dextral San Clemente Fault creates two primary deformation zones. The southeastern uplift involves ‘soft’ turbidite sediments and is expressed as a broad asymmetrical ridge with right-stepping en echelon anticlines and local pull-apart basins at minor releasing stepovers along the fault. The northwest uplift involves more rigid sedimentary and possibly igneous or metamorphic basement rocks creating a steep-sided, narrow and more symmetrical pop-up. The restraining bend terminates in a releasing stepover basin at the NW end, but curves gently into a transtensional releasing bend to the SE. Seismic stratigraphy indicates that the uplift and transpression along this bend occurred within Quaternary times. The 80-km-long, 30–40° left bend in the San Diego Trough–Catalina fault zone creates a large pop-up structure that emerges to form Santa Catalina Island. This ridge of igneous and metamorphic basement rocks has steep flanks and a classic ‘rhomboid’ shape. For both major restraining bends, and most others in the Borderland, the uplift is asymmetrical, with the principal displacement zone lying along one flank of the pop-up. Faults within the pop-up structure are very steep dipping and subvertical for the principal displacement zone. In most cases, a Miocene basin has been structurally inverted by the transpression. Development of major restraining bends offshore of southern California appears to result from reactivation of major transform faults associated with Mid-Miocene oblique rifting during the evolution of the Pacific–North America plate boundary. Seismicity offshore of southern California demonstrates that deformation along these major strike-slip fault systems continues today.
Stepovers that migrate with respect to affected deposits: field characteristics and speculation on some details of their evolution
Authors: Wakabayashi J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTraditionally, geologists have viewed strike-slip stepover regions as progressively increasing in structural relief with increasing slip along the principal displacement zones (PDZs). In contrast, some stepover regions may migrate along the strike of the PDZs with respect to deposits affected by them, leaving a ‘wake’ of formerly affected deposits trailing the active stepover region. Such stepovers generate comparatively little structural relief at any given location. For restraining bends of this type, little exhumation and erosion takes place at any given location. Another characteristic of migrating stepovers is local tectonic inversion that may migrate along the strike of the PDZs. This is most easily observed for migrating releasing bends where the wake is composed of former pull-apart basin deposits that have been subject to shortening and uplift. This type of basin inversion occurs along the San Andreas Fault, wherein the wake is affected by regional transpression. Some migrating stepovers may evolve by propagation of the PDZ on one side of the stepover, and shut-off of the PDZ on the other side. Possible examples of migrating stepovers are present along the northern San Andreas fault system at scales from metres (sag ponds and pressure ridges) to tens of kilometres (large basins and transpressional uplifts). Migrating stepovers and ‘traditional’ stepovers may be end members of stepover evolutionary types, and the ratio of wake length to the amount of slip along the PDZs during stepover development measures the ‘migrating stepover component’ of a given stepover. For a ‘pure’ migrating type, the wake length may be equal to or greater than the PDZ cumulative slip during the time of stepover evolution, whereas for a ‘pure’ traditional type, there would be no wake.
Structural and topographic characteristics of restraining bend mountain ranges of the Altai, Gobi Altai and easternmost Tien Shan
Authors: Cunningham D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Restraining bend mountain ranges are fundamental orogenic elements in the Altai, Gobi Altai and eastern Tien Shan. In this paper, 12 separate restraining bends are reviewed to identify common structural and topographic characteristics. The 12 restraining bends occur in one of three different tectonic settings: (1) strike-slip fault termination zones; (2) at a major strike-slip fault bend where the individual strike-slip fault can be traced continuously from one end of the range to the other; and (3) where two separate strike-slip fault segments converge and overlap. Fault maps of the 12 separate bends reveal that they are all flower or half-flower structures in cross-section, but there is considerable architectural diversity and all have unique individual topographic, structural and dimensional characteristics. Many factors account for the architectural diversity of the restraining bend mountains, especially stepover width, total amounts of strike-slip displacement, reactivation of older structures, tectonic setting, and the angular relation between fault trace and maximum horizontal stress. The stepover sense for regionally important strike-slip faults is controlled by pre-existing basement heterogeneities and is dominantly contractional. Therefore, releasing bends and transtensional basins are largely absent. Throughout the region there is a continuum of mountain range types, from purely contractional ridges to isolated restraining bends along strike-slip-dominated zones. Nucleation, topographic uplift, along- and across-strike growth of the bend, and restraining bend coalescence with adjacent ranges appears to be an important mountain-building process in the Altai, Gobi Altai and eastern Tien Shan; similar processes are likely in other intracontinental transpressional orogens.
Toward a better understanding of the Late Neogene strike-slip restraining bend in Jamaica: geodetic, geological, and seismic constraints
Authors: Mann P. , Demets C. , Wiggins-Grandison M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

We describe the regional fault pattern, geological setting and active fault kinematics of Jamaica, from published geological maps, earthquakes and GPS-based geodesy, to support a simple tectonic model for both the initial stage of restraining-bend formation and the subsequent stage of bend bypassing. Restraining-bend formation and widespread uplift in Jamaica began in the Late Miocene, and were probably controlled by the interaction of roughly east–west-trending strike-slip faults with two NNW-trending rifts oriented obliquely to the direction of ENE-trending, Late Neogene interplate shear. The interaction of the interplate strike-slip fault system (Enriquillo- Plantain Garden fault zone) and the oblique rifts has shifted the strike-slip fault trace
c
. 50 km to the north and created the 150-km-long by 80-km-wide restraining bend that is now morphologically expressed as the island of Jamaica. Recorded earthquakes and recent GPS results from Jamaica illustrate continued bend evolution during the most recent phase of strike-slip displacement, at a minimum GPS-measured rate of 8±1 mm/a. GPS results show a gradient in left-lateral interplate strain from north to south, probably extending south of the island, and a likely gradient along a ENE–WSW cross-island profile. The observed GPS velocity field suggests that left-lateral shear continues to be transmitted across the Jamaican restraining bend by a series of intervening bend structures, including the Blue Mountain uplift of eastern Jamaica.
BCL-2 and Mutant NRAS Interact Physically and Functionally in a Mouse Model of Progressive Myelodysplasia
Authors: Omidvar Nader , Kogan Scott , Beurlet Stephanie , le Pogam Carole , Janin Anne , West Robert , Noguera Maria-Elena , Reboul Murielle , Soulie Annie , Leboeuf Christophe , Setterblad Niclas , Felsher Dean , Lagasse Eric , Mohamedali Azim , Thomas N. Shaun B. , Fenaux Pierre , Fontenay Michaela , Pla Marika , Mufti Ghulam J. , Weissman Irving , Chomienne Christine , Padua Rose Ann 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal stem cell hematologic disorders that evolve to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and thus model multistep leukemogenesis. Activating RAS mutations and overexpression of BCL-2 are prognostic features of MDS/AML transformation. Using NRASD12 and BCL-2, we created two distinct models of MDS and AML, where human (h)BCL-2 is conditionally or constitutively expressed. Our novel transplantable in vivo models show that expression of hBCL-2 in a primitive compartment by mouse mammary tumor virus–long terminal repeat results in a disease resembling human MDS, whereas the myeloid MRP8 promoter induces a disease with characteristics of human AML. Expanded leukemic stem cell (Lin−/Sca-1+/c-Kit+) populations and hBCL-2 in the increased RAS-GTP complex within the expanded Sca-1+ compartment are described in both MDS/AML–like diseases. Furthermore, the oncogenic compartmentalizations provide the proapoptotic versus antiapoptotic mechanisms, by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT signaling, in determination of the neoplastic phenotype. When hBCL-2 is switched off with doxycycline in the MDS mice, partial reversal of the phenotype was observed with persistence of bone marrow blasts and tissue infiltration as RAS recruits endogenous mouse (m)BCL-2 to remain active, thus demonstrating the role of the complex in the disease. This represents the first in vivo progression model of MDS/AML dependent on the formation of a BCL-2:RAS-GTP complex. The colocalization of BCL-2 and RAS in the bone marrow of MDS/AML patients offers targeting either oncogene as a therapeutic strategy. [Cancer Res 2007;67(24):11657–67]
Concordant Epigenetic Silencing of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway Genes Occurs Early in Breast Carcinogenesis
Authors: Hinshelwood Rebecca A. , Huschtscha Lily I. , Melki John , Stirzaker Clare , Abdipranoto Andrea , Vissel Bryce , Ravasi Timothy , Wells Christine A. , Hume David A. , Reddel Roger R. , Clark Susan J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) grown under standard cell culture conditions enter a growth phase referred to as selection, but a subpopulation is able to escape from arrest and continue to proliferate. These cells, called post-selection or variant HMECs, may be derived from progenitor cells found in normal mammary epithelium that subsequently acquire premalignant lesions, including p16INK4A promoter hypermethylation. Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes through DNA methylation and histone modification is an early event in tumorigenesis. A major challenge is to find genes or gene pathways that are commonly silenced to provide early epigenetic diagnostic and therapeutic cancer targets. To identify very early epigenetic events that occur in breast cancer, we used microarrays to screen for gene pathways that were suppressed in post-selection HMECs but reactivated after treatment with the demethylation agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. We found that several members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway were consistently down-regulated in the post-selection HMEC populations, and this was associated with a marked decrease in Smad4 nuclear staining. Gene suppression was not associated with DNA methylation but with chromatin remodeling, involving a decrease in histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation and an increase in histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation and deacetylation. These results show for the first time that TGF-β2, its receptors TGF-βR1 and TGF-βR2, and activator thrombospondin-1 are concordantly suppressed early in breast carcinogenesis by histone modifications and indicate that the TGF-β signaling pathway is a novel target for gene activation by epigenetic therapy. [Cancer Res 2007;67(24):11517–27]