bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involvement of aSalmonellaGenomic Island 1 Gene in the Rumen Protozoan-Mediated Enhancement of Invasion for Multiple-Antibiotic-ResistantSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium
Authors: Carlson Steve A. , Sharma Vijay K. , McCuddin Zoe P. , Rasmussen Mark A. , Franklin Sharon K. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTMultiple-antibiotic-resistantSalmonella entericaserotype Typhimurium is a food-borne pathogen that may be more virulent than related strains lacking the multiresistance phenotype.Salmonella entericaserotype Typhimurium phage type DT104 is the most prevalent of these multiresistant/hypervirulent strains. Multiresistance in DT104 is conferred by an integron structure, designatedSalmonellagenomic island 1 (SGI1), while we recently demonstrated DT104 hyperinvasion mediated by rumen protozoa (RPz) that are normal flora of cattle. Hyperinvasion was also observed in otherSalmonellastrains, i.e., otherS. entericaserovar Typhimurium phage types and otherS. entericaserovars, likeS. entericaserovar Infantis, possessing SGI1, while DT104 strains lacking SGI1 were not hyperinvasive. Herein we attempted to identify SGI1 genes involved in the RPz-mediated hyperinvasion ofSalmonellastrains bearing SGI1. Transposon mutagenesis, coupled with a novel reporter system, revealed the involvement of an SGI1 gene previously designated SO13. Disruption of SO13 expression led to an abrogation of hyperinvasion as assessed by tissue culture invasion assays and by bovine challenge experiments. However, hyperinvasion was not observed in non-SGI1-bearing strains ofSalmonellaengineered to express SO13. That is, SO13 and another SGI1 gene(s) may coordinately upregulate invasion in DT104 exposed to RPz.
Evidence for an Intramacrophage Growth Phase ofMycobacterium ulcerans
Authors: Torrado Egídio , Fraga Alexandra G. , Castro António G. , Stragier Pieter , Meyers Wayne M. , Portaels Françoise , Silva Manuel T. , Pedrosa Jorge 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTMycobacterium ulceransis the etiologic agent of Buruli ulcer (BU), an emerging tropical skin disease. VirulentM. ulceranssecretes mycolactone, a cytotoxic exotoxin with a key pathogenic role.M. ulceransin biopsy specimens has been described as an extracellular bacillus. In vitro assays have suggested a mycolactone-induced inhibition ofM. ulceransuptake by macrophages in which its proliferation has not been demonstrated. Therefore, and uniquely for a mycobacterium,M. ulceranshas been classified as an extracellular pathogen. In specimens from patients and in mouse footpad lesions, extracellular bacilli were concentrated in central necrotic acellular areas; however, we found bacilli within macrophages in surrounding inflammatory infiltrates. We demonstrated that mycolactone-producingM. ulceransisolates are efficiently phagocytosed by murine macrophages, indicating that the extracellular location ofM. ulceransis not a result of inhibition of phagocytosis. Additionally, we found thatM. ulceransmultiplies inside cultured mouse macrophages when low multiplicities of infection are used to prevent early mycolactone-associated cytotoxicity. Following the proliferation phase within macrophages,M. ulceransinduces the lysis of the infected host cells, becoming extracellular. Our data show thatM. ulcerans, likeM. tuberculosis, is an intracellular parasite with phases of intramacrophage and extracellular multiplication. The occurrence of an intramacrophage phase is in accordance with the development of cell-mediated and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in BU patients.
Socioeconomic provisions for specialist training in Italy and the UK: integrating the differences
Authors: Fusar-Poli Paolo , McLoughlin Sean , Mongelli Alexis , Cortesi Mariachiara , Politi Pierluigi 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Despite new insights on objectives, programmes, standards, curriculums and assessment of European postgraduate medical education being published all the time, few papers deal with the social situation of doctors in training across all European countries. By comparing the socioeconomic provisions for specialist training in Italy and the UK, this work identified several determinants negatively influencing the environment in which junior doctors practise. Modernisation of European postgraduate medical education can be taken forward, provided some regulation and some consistency in socioeconomic provisions for specialist training can be promoted by competent authorities across all European countries.
Prevention of venous thromboembolism in medically ill patients: a clinical update
Authors: Turpie Alexander G G , Leizorovicz Alain 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalised medically ill patients is often underestimated, despite the fact that it remains a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in this group. It is not well recognised that the risk of VTE in many hospitalised medically ill patients is at least as high as in populations after surgery. This may partly be attributed to the clinically silent nature of VTE in many patients, and the difficulty in predicting which patients might develop symptoms or fatal pulmonary embolism. Two large studies, Prospective Evaluation of Dalteparin Efficacy for Prevention of VTE in Immobilized Patients Trial and prophylaxis in MEDical patients with ENOXaparin, have shown that low-molecular-weight heparins provide effective thromboprophylaxis in medically ill patients, without increasing bleeding risk. Recent guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians recommend that acutely medically ill patients admitted with congestive heart failure or severe respiratory disease, or those who are confined to bed and have at least one additional risk factor for VTE, should receive thromboprophylaxis.
Exploring the views of second-year Foundation Programme doctors and their educational supervisors during a deanery-wide pilot Foundation Programme
Authors: O'Brien M , Brown J , Ryland I , Shaw N , Chapman T , Gillies R , Graham D 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Aim
To explore the views of second-year Foundation Programme doctors (F2s) and their educational supervisors taking part in a deanery-wide pilot Foundation Programme, in order to gain an understanding of their perceptions of the available learning experiences, support and supervision.

Methods
20 semi-structured interviews were undertaken with randomly selected F2 doctors and educational supervisors participating in the deanery-wide pilot Foundation Programme.

Results
F2 trainees received appropriate and sufficient support and supervision from a variety of sources during their placements; however, it was believed that additional training of educational supervisors was required. Trainees reported some problems with the perception of the role of an F2; further understanding of the purpose and role of the F2 programme is required at trust level. The portfolio was viewed positively as a record and a learning tool, but was thought to be too bureaucratic. Trainees believed that it was more beneficial to their careers to take part in a foundation programme as opposed to a traditional senior house officer post, but both trainees and educational supervisors expressed some concerns about the generic nature of some skills F2s were expected to acquire.

Conclusions
This evaluation has highlighted successful aspects of the Foundation Programme, particularly with regard to the level of support and range of experiences provided for trainees. Issues of concern to both trainees and educational supervisors have been identified, which require additional understanding.
Serosal appendicitis: incidence, causes and clinical significancePart of this study was presented as a poster at the Tripartite Coloproctology Meeting, Dublin, Ireland, July 2005, and published in abstract form in Colorect Dis 2005:7(Suppl 1): poster 289, p 140.
Authors: Pranesh Nagarajan , Sathya Venkitaraman , Mainprize Karl S 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
Serosal appendicitis is a histopathological diagnosis of an inflammatory reaction on the surface of the appendix caused by an extra appendiceal source of inflammation.

Objective and methods
A retrospective review of a pathology database in a district general hospital identified patients with serosal appendicitis and a preoperative diagnosis of appendicitis. Two groups emerged: patients with serosal appendicitis secondary to a known cause of intra-abdominal inflammation and those in whom the cause remained unknown. The groups were compared with respect to postoperative complications, referral to outpatient clinics, admissions and procedures by case-note analysis.

Results
The incidence of serosal appendicitis was 0.01% (19/1379); 17 women; mean age 31.63 (10.49) years. Lanz incision was used in 16 patients, midline laparotomy in two and laparoscopy in one. A preoperative ultrasound scan was carried out in 5 of 19 patients. The cause of serosal appendicitis was confirmed in eight patients (intraoperatively or postoperatively) and remained unknown in 11 patients. The groups were comparable with respect to age, sex and mean follow-up. No significant difference was observed between them with respect to the above parameters.

Conclusions
No further investigation is necessary in patients who undergo an appendicectomy but in whom the pathological diagnosis is serosal appendicitis. However, considering the patient demographics and the fact that patients with serosal appendicitis have probably undergone an unnecessary appendicectomy, the proportion of patients who underwent ultrasound scanning and diagnostic laparoscopy was small.
Stress, emotion and the heart: tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy
Authors: Iqbal M Bilal , Moon James C , Guttmann Oliver P , Shanahan Paul , Goadsby Peter J , Holdright Diana R 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy is a cardiac syndrome precipitated by profound emotional stress and anxiety, particularly in middle-aged women. It presents as a mimic of acute myocardial infarction, but coronary angiography shows normal coronary arteries and a characteristic left ventriculogram resembling an “octopus pot”. The condition seems to have a favourable prognosis. Initially described in Japan, and with many names in the literature, it is being increasingly recognised in the West owing to early coronary angiography and primary coronary intervention, accounting for up to 1 in 30 primary cases of angioplasty in some institutions. A typical case is described, and the clinical features, pathophysiology and management reviewed.
Earth Community in Joel 1-2: A Call to Identify with the Rest of Creation
Authors: Braaten Laurie 
Published: December 2006

AbstractEarth is the major participant in the events depicted in Joel 1-2 [Eng. 1:1-2:27], calling for a geocentric interpretation of this material. A locust plague (and drought) is wreaking havoc on the Earth. God and Earth are mourning the affliction of the soil, animals, and plants brought on by human sin and a concomitant divine judgment. As members of the Earth Community, humans are expected to join with, comfort, and mourn with the rest of Creation. While the nonhuman members of Earth Community are quick to mourn the crisis, the human members are the last to respond. This is troublesome, since human sin and God's judgment have brought about the demise of creation, and human repentance is expected to effect a restoration. Once humans begin to respond to the calls to mourn with creation, however, God repents of the divine judgment and intervenes to restore Earth Community.
The Formation of Chinese Maritime Networks to Southern Asia, 1200-1450
Authors: Sen Tansen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe period between the thirteenth and mid-fifteenth centuries marked a distinct and important phase in the history of India-China relations. This new phase was triggered by the formation of Chinese maritime networks to southern Asia. While the Song period witnessed the formation of private trade and shipping networks, the aggressive foreign policy of the Yuan court led to the establishment of a government maritime network. The maritime networking to southern Asia culminated in the increased numbers of Ming emissaries, including the fleets of the admiral Zheng He, who visited Indian ports in the fifteenth century and intervened in the diplomatic affairs of several strategic Indian commercial zones. La période qui s'étend du treizième jusqu'au milieu du quinzième siècles présente une phase distincte et importante des relations indo-chinoises. Cette nouvelle phase résulta de la création des réseaux maritimes chinois vers l' Asie du Sud. La période Song est marquée par la formation d'un commerce privatiséet des réseaux maritimes; or, l'agressive politique extérieure de la dynastie Yuan eut comme conséquence la création d'un réseau maritime officiel. Les voies maritimes qui s'ouvraient vers le sud d'Asie ont fait augmenter le nombre d'émissaires, dont la flotte de Zheng He;celui-ci visita les côtes indiennes au XVe siècle et intervint dans les affaires diplomatiques de plusieurs stratégiques zones commerciales des Indes.
Maritime Diasporas in Asia before da Gama: An Introductory Commentary
Authors: Clark Hugh 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis preface introduces the five essays that comprise this special issue of JESHO. The author provides a synoptic overview of western scholarship on the Indian Ocean and on trade diasporas in order to situate the papers. This scholarship has only recently begun to recognize the important role of the Indian Ocean in early modern history, a change that the author traces to the work of K.N. Chaudhuri, Janet Abu-Lughod, and Philip Curtin. He concludes that the five papers in this special issue collectively mark an important step forward in the historiography of the Indian Ocean. Les cinq articles qui font partie du numéro du JESHO sont précedés d'une préface ou l'auteur donne une vue d'ensemble du travail scientifique occidental qui parle de l'océan Indien et des diasporas mercantiles. D'après l'auteur, le role capital de l'océan Indien au début de l'époque moderne commence à être mieux connu grace aux publications de K.N. Chaudhuri, de Janet Abu-Lughod et de Philip Curtin. Les cinq articles ci-compris représentent, donc, un pas en avant pour l'historiographie de l'océan Indien, selon cet auteur.
"Diasporic Identities in the Historical Development of the Maritime Muslim Communities of Song-yuan China"
Authors: Chaffee John 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe Muslim communities that flourished in the ports of southeastern China c. 10th-14th centuries AD were part of a trade diaspora that played a central role in the commercial life of maritime Asia. In contrast to past treatments which portray these communities as essentially static entities, this paper proposes a tripartite periodization. In the first (c. 907-1020), trade and merchants were concentrated in Guangzhou, with frequent tribute missions playing a major role. In the second (1020-1279), maritime trade involved multiple ports and free trade under the supervision of the maritime trade superintendencies, and the Muslim communities became increasingly integrated into the society of southeastern China. In the third period (1279-1368), preferential Mongol policies towards Muslims significantly altered the nature of the communities and their diasporic identity. Les communautés musulmanes qui se sont épanouies dans les ports de la Chine du sud-est des 10th-14th siècles faisaient partie d'une diaspora commerciale qui a joué un rôle central dans la vie commerciale de l'Asie maritime. Contrairement aux traitements passés qui dépeignent ces communautés en tant qu'essentiellement entités statiques, cet article propose un periodization triple. Dans la premiere période (c. 907-1020), le commerce et les n eacute;gociants ont été concentrés dans Guangzhou, avec des missions fréquentes d'hommage jouant un rôle important. Dans la deuxième period (1020-1279), le commerce maritime a impliquéles ports multiples et le libre échange, quoique sous la surveillance des surintendances du commerce maritime, et les communautés musulmanes est devenu de plus en plus intégré dans la société de la Chine du sud-est. Dans la troisième période (1279-1368), les politiques mongoliennes préférentielles envers des musulmans ont changéde manière signi fi cative la nature des communautés et de leur identité diasporic.
All about Money: Maritime Trade in Makassar and West Java, around 1775
Authors: Knaap Gerrit 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn the last few decades the debate about the characteristics of early modern maritime trade in Southeast Asia has received extra impetus through the provision of new empirical substance. Amongst others the use of eighteenth-century shipping lists from the archives of the Dutch East India Company has brought the analysis to a higher level. For Makassar, Batavia, Banten and Cirebon this article connects the statistics on ships' volume and commodities exchanged to scattered information about prices of products in order to establish the total value of trade for these ports. By doing so, more light is shed on the leading commodities and the dominant participants in the commerce. Finally, this study addresses whether the eighteenth century in insular Southeast Asia was either a 'Chinese century' or already a 'European century.' Ces dernières décennies, la disponibilité de nouvelles données empiriques a fortement stimulé le débat sur les traits caractéristiques du commerce maritime prémoderne. C'est entre autres en utilisant des inventaires maritimes de la Compagnie hollandaise des Indes orientales du dix-huitième siècle que l'on a pu porter l'analyse à un niveau plus élevé. Pour les villes de Makassar, Batavia, Banten et Cirebon, les statistiques du volume de navigation et des produits échangés seront dans cet article mis en rapport avec des informations éparses sur les prix des produits a fin de pouvoir déterminer la valeur totale du commerce dans ces ports. Cette approche nous permet de mieux comprendre quels étaient les principaux produits échangés et qui étaient les principaux participants au commerce maritime. Finalement, nous nous poserons la question de savoir si en Asie du Sud-Est insulaire le dix-huitième siècle doit être considéré comme un 'siècle chinois' ou bien déjà comme un 'siècle européen.'
"Multi-Dimensional Networking: Fifteenth-Century Indian Ocean Maritime Diaspora in Southeast Asian Perspective"
Authors: Hall Kenneth 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study addresses the different types of diasporic spread in the island world on the eve of European contact, in a shifting optic that raises issues of ethnicity and urbanism, and how the two are linked. By examining the wider patterns of sojourners moving through the Southeast Asia region this study emphasizes that developing urbanisms were predicated and dependent on shifting population flows, and not on the agglomeration of people in one place at one time to produce settlements of any size. The fifteenth century was the critical era, in which political embassies, trade missions, and emigration all intersected and interacted to create a world that had not existed previously. Cette étude adresse les différents types d'étendre diasporic dans le monde d'î le la veille du contact européen, dans un décalage optique qui soulève des questions d'appartenance ethnique et d'urbanism, et la façon dont les deux sont liés. En examinant les modèles plus larges des sojourners se déplaçant par la région de Sud-est asiatique cetteétude souligne cela des urbanisms se développants ont été affirmées et personne à charge sur des écoulements de décalage de population, et pas sur l'agglomération des personnes dans un endroit en même temps pour produire des règlements de n'importe quelle taille. Le quinzième siècle était l'ère critique, l'où les ambassades politiques, les missions commerciales, et l'émigration ont tout intersecté et ont agi l'un sur l'autre pour créer un monde qui n'avait pas existéprécédemment.
Stop Grumbling and Start Eating: Gospel Meal Meets Scriptural Spice in the Bread of Life Discourse
Authors: Burroughs Presian 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNarrating Jesus' feeding of the five thousand and his subsequent discourse on the bread of life, John creates a literary entrée with such complex flavors that the inattentive palate may fail to appreciate its more subtle seasonings. Yet, as readers develop their taste for detecting the Old Testament (OT) imagery generously sprinkled throughout John 6, they can come to savor John's unique blend of scriptural spice. Like a master chef, John de ly uses the Hebrew Scriptures to add subtle yet significant seasoning to this gospel meal. For example, in discussing the bread of life, Jesus reminds his audience of a significant OT event occurring in Numbers, the death of the Israelites who ate manna in the wilderness. The bitter flavor of this statement contrasts with Jesus' sweet promise that those who eat the true bread from heaven will have eternal life. Those in the audience with ears to hear and palates to taste apprehend that the manna and the true bread are substantially different, for only the true bread can impart eternal life.
The Theological Function of Repetition in the Old Testament Canon
Authors: Briggs Richard 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIt is notable feature of the Old Testament that several accounts or passages occur more than once, often in similar but not identical fashion. Such repetitions have o en been a key feature leading to source-critical analyses of Old Testament texts, but several different types of examples of repetition are discussed in order to demonstrate that there is a bigger question to hand: why should the Old Testament canon be so marked by repetitions of material large and small? It is suggested that such repetition is not an unforeseen by-product of the editing and collation process, nor is it simply an editorial desire to include all tried and tested texts regardless of overlap. Rather repetition serves a theological function, which comes into focus when we consider Old Testament texts as a form of testimony. In the light of Deuteronomy 19:15 and questions of trustworthy testimony, it is suggested that textual repetition in the Old Testament serves to foreground a claim to the nature of these texts as reliable witness to the God of Israel. Some hermeneutical implications are explored briefly.
Quality of life in patients with advanced gastric cancer: a randomized trial comparing docetaxel, cisplatin, 5-FU (TCF) with epirubicin, cisplatin, 5-FU (ECF)
Authors: Sadighi Sanambar , Mohagheghi Mohammad Ali , Montazeri Ali , Sadighi Zahra 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
Health related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important outcome after treatment for upper gastrointestinal carcinoma. This study aimed to compare HRQOL in patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC) receiving either a standard or an experimental treatment.

Methods
Seventy-one patients have been treated in Cancer Institute (Tehran, Iran) with docetaxel, cisplatin, 5 FU (TCF) or epirubicin, cisplatin, 5-FU (ECF) and were followed from Jan 2002 to Jan 2005. End points were response rate, HRQOL and survival. HRQOL was assessed using the EORCT QLQ-C30 at baseline and after the third cycle of chemotherapy.

Results
The baseline HRQOL scores were comparable between two groups. After treatment improvement was seen in a number of items and domains except for cognitive functioning, and diarrhoea. Pain decreased and physical functioning improved in both groups. However, only the TCF group showed statistically and clinically meaningful improvement in global QOL (P = 0.001). Surgical and pathologic response was better with TCF but there was no difference in survival rate between two groups.

Conclusion
Docetaxel based treatment (TCF) showed better palliation and improvement of global QOL as compared with epirubicin based treatment (ECF). However, it seems that regardless of treatment offered, effective chemotherapy was the most important factor affecting QOL in these patients.