bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working for Corporate Actors: Social Change and Elite Attorneys in Chicago
Authors: Slovak Jeffrey S. 
Published: July 2006

Elite attorneys have been the objects of social scientific study and speculation for many years. This article contributes to that body of thought by reporting some of the results of a research project that studied 59 members of Chicago's corporate actor legal elite-the lawyers who serve the city's major business, social, civic, political, and cultural organizations.The article briefly defines the elite studied and the design of the overall re-search project. It then focuses on the working situations of these lawyers and the professional roles they play for their respective corporate actors. A division of legal labor that is discovered to separate house counsel from law firm partners among the elite is analyzed in some depth.Since the professional roles of these elite attorneys differ from those de-scribed by other social scientists earlier, the article concludes by offering a theory to explain this apparent social change. By tapping recent discussions of the coming of postliberal society, it suggests that corporate actors engineer this new division of legal labor for their attorneys in response to the complex new legal problems posed by institutional changes in the larger society.
How Planned Is “Planned Litigation”?
Authors: Wasby Stephen L. 
Published: July 2006

Civil rights litigation undertaken by lawyers associated with interest groups, particularly the NAACP and the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF), is of ten described as planned” litigation. This article examines litigation by these organizations from the late 1960s through the early 1980s to explore the extent to which “planned litigation” is planned. The author interviewed both staff attorneys for organizations participating in race relations litigation and “cooperating attorneys” associated with such organizations.Elements of planned litigation discussed are litigating organizations’ choices—of areas of law on which to focus, of cases, of federal or state courts, and of amicus curiae participation—and the dynamics of litigation—including relations between staff and cooperating attorneys, litigators’ control of cases, and the effect of Supreme Court decisions on litigation strategy.The interviews reveal that much interest-group civil rights litigation is not selected deductively on the basis of previously developed criteria but instead develops inductively from cases that come to the organizations and is affected by pressure and circumstance. Counter to the view, stemming from Brown v. Board of Education, that civil rights litigation is undertaken as planned “campaigns” based on “blueprints,” it appears that much about “planned” litigation is problematic, with many constraints imposed by the actions of others and by resource problems, with the result that many deviations from litigation strategy occur. Thus much “planned” litigation is responsive and reflexive and beyond litigators’ control.
Examining Local Legal Culture
Authors: Church Thomas W. 
Published: July 2006

This study examines the contours of local legal culture in four criminal trial courts. Local legal culture is conceptualized as common practitioner norms governing case handling and participant behavior in a court. A questionnaire consisting of descriptions of 12 hypothetical cases, together with questions regarding the appropriate mode of disposition, disposition speed, and sentence, was completed by judges, defense attorneys, and prosecutors in each of the courts. Responses on these questions are compared across courts and various types of practitioners. The responses are also compared with analogous data on actual case dispositions in each of the courts.
The major substantive conclusion of the research is that the existence of local legal culture—if defined as attitudinal agreement on proper disposition of criminal cases—is most apparent on issues of a procedural nature: disposition time and the necessity of a trial to resolve issues in the case. On these procedural dimensions there is general agreement among the lawyers and judges practicing in a court; furthermore, the contours of this agreement tend to differ across courts and to be related to actual practices (as illustrated by the samples of closed cases). On issues relating more to the substance of the cases—the appropriateness of plea concessions and the proper sentence—much more intracourt disagreement emerges. This disagreement is consistent with traditional notions of the roles of opposing counsel in an adversary setting, suggesting that at least attitudinal adversariness is present in the courts examined.
Caste, Class, and Counsel for the Poor
Authors: Katz Jack 
Published: July 2006

In modern society, poverty has been defined not only by quantitative measures of well-being but as a morally distinct category. In turn, the moral status of poverty has frequently been associated with primordial characteristics of race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion. In these moral and ascriptive respects, the social structure of poverty has been related systematically to the thrust of civil legal assistance on behalf of the poor.Cyclically over the past century in the industrialized West, the poor have been organized into a social status with castelike features. In alternating historical periods, not only have the poor been culturally differentiated as an inherently different status group, their qualitative distinction has been institutionally constructed by practices of segregation legally sanctioned by the state. By noting the historically fluctuating phases in the construction of a modern caste of the poor, we may better understand the sociological significance of providing counseling to the poor on their civil legal problems. Modern law quite generally and civil legal assistance to the poor in some narrow but notable ways have significantly promoted the structuring of poverty into caste forms. And the caste status of poverty has shaped the role of lawyers for the poor in several important respects.
Policing Soviet Society: The Evolution of State Control
Authors: Shelley Louise I. 
Published: July 2006

The Soviet militsiia (regular police) has evolved in the past 70 years from a feeble body seeking to ensure the survival of Soviet rule to a massive bureaucracy corrupted by nearly absolute power. As the Soviet militia has developed the focus of its activities, its ethos, professionalism, and its relationship to both the Party and KGB have changed in all periods, the militia has had political, economic, and social responsibilities, but the balance among the three has shifted depending on the conditions of the state.
The militia, like the Soviet state, is currently in crisis. It remains an instrument of the party that is losing its legitimacy among the population. Perestroika's objective of making institutions subordinate to the law is a sharp deviation from existing practice. But even if the militsiia responds to these new expectations, because of the demands of a centrally planned socialist state the regular police will remain we intrusive into the lives of the citizenry than are police in Western democratic societies.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (HDI) Cause DNA Damage in Leukemia Cells: A Mechanism for Leukemia-Specific HDI-Dependent Apoptosis?
Authors: Gaymes Terry J. , Padua Rose Ann , Pla Marika , Orr Stephen , Omidvar Nader , Chomienne Christine , Mufti Ghulam J. , Rassool Feyruz V. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI) increase gene expression through induction of histone acetylation. However, it remains unclear whether increases in specific gene expression events determine the apoptotic response following HDI administration. Herein, we show that a variety of HDI trigger in hematopoietic cells not only widespread histone acetylation and DNA damage responses but also actual DNA damage, which is significantly increased in leukemic cells compared with normal cells. Thus, increase in H2AX and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) phosphorylation, early markers of DNA damage, occurs rapidly following HDI administration. Activation of the DNA damage and repair response following HDI treatment is further emphasized by localizing DNA repair proteins to regions of DNA damage. These events are followed by subsequent apoptosis of neoplastic cells but not normal cells. Our data indicate that induction of apoptosis by HDI may result predominantly through accumulation of excessive DNA damage in leukemia cells, leading to activation of apoptosis. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(8):563–73)
The Microemulsion Synthesis of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Silicon Nanocrystals
Authors: Tilley R. D. , Yamamoto K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSilicon nanocrystals, also called quantum dots, have unique optical properties when in the quantum‐confinement regime. These optical properties make silicon nanocrystals promising materials for a wide variety of applications ranging from optoelectronic devices to fluorophores in biological imaging. A liquid‐phase synthetic approach is reported using surfactant molecules to control particle growth, producing highly monodisperse silicon particles. The surface of the nanocrystals are capped by functional organic molecules that passivate and protect the silicon particles from oxidation, enabling the particles to be used in hydrophobic and hydrophilic applications. The use of hydrophilic silicon quantum dots as optical probes is illustrated by the imaging of Vero cells.
Dimensional anxiety mediates linkage of GABRA2 haplotypes with alcoholism
Authors: Enoch Mary‐Anne , Schwartz Lori , Albaugh Bernard , Virkkunen Matti , Goldman David 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe GABAAα2 receptor gene (GABRA2) modulates anxiety and stress response. Three recent association studies implicate GABRA2 in alcoholism, however in these papers both common, opposite‐configuration haplotypes in the region distal to intron3 predict risk. We have now replicated the GABRA2 association with alcoholism in 331 Plains Indian men and women and 461 Finnish Caucasian men. Using a dimensional measure of anxiety, harm avoidance (HA), we also found that the association with alcoholism is mediated, or moderated, by anxiety. Nine SNPs were genotyped revealing two haplotype blocks. Within the previously implicated block 2 region, we identified the two common, opposite‐configuration risk haplotypes, A and B. Their frequencies differed markedly in Finns and Plains Indians. In both populations, most block 2 SNPs were significantly associated with alcoholism. The associations were due to increased frequencies of both homozygotes in alcoholics, indicating the possibility of alcoholic subtypes with opposite genotypes. Congruently, there was no significant haplotype association. Using HA as an indicator variable for anxiety, we found haplotype linkage to alcoholism with high and low dimensional anxiety, and to HA itself, in both populations. High HA alcoholics had the highest frequency of the more abundant haplotype (A in Finns, B in Plains Indians); low HA alcoholics had the highest frequency of the less abundant haplotype (B in Finns, A in Plains Indians) (Finns: P = 0.007, OR = 2.1, Plains Indians: P = 0.040, OR = 1.9). Non‐alcoholics had intermediate frequencies. Our results suggest that within the distal GABRA2 region is a functional locus or loci that may differ between populations but that alters risk for alcoholism via the mediating action of anxiety. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in the epidemiology of total shoulder arthroplasty in the United States from 1990–2000
Authors: Jain Nitin B. , Higgins Laurence D. , Guller Ulrich , Pietrobon Ricardo , Katz Jeffrey N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveLongitudinal trends in epidemiology and utilization of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) have not been previously reported. We evaluated trends in the distribution of age, race, hospital volume and teaching status, outcomes, and indications for TSA during the last decade.MethodsTSA cases (n = 12,758) were extracted from the 1990–2000 Nationwide Inpatient Sample databases. TSA trends were obtained for 3 time periods: 1990–1993 (period I), 1994–1997 (period II), and 1998–2000 (period III).ResultsBetween 1990 and 2000, there were minor increases in the rate of TSA in most age groups. Ninety‐three percent of the patients undergoing TSA in all 3 time periods were white. An increased proportion of patients were operated on in high volume hospitals in period III as compared with period I. Patients discharged to inpatient rehabilitation facilities after surgery had longer lengths of in‐hospital stays as compared with those discharged home. Osteoarthritis was diagnosed in an increasing proportion of patients undergoing TSA (56.6% in period I versus 70.9% in period III).ConclusionThere was a minor increase in the rate of TSA, and almost no change in use of TSA by nonwhites from 1990 through 2000. Efforts to understand and narrow this apparent underutilization of TSA among nonwhites are required. Further research should determine whether the observed shift of TSA to high volume centers improves surgical outcomes.
Study of subcutaneous fat in children with juvenile dermatomyositis
Authors: Verma Sumit , Singh Surjit , Bhalla Anil Kumar , Khullar Madhu 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveLipodystrophy is a recently recognized complication of juvenile dermatomyositis (juvenile DM). Until now, the diagnosis has been based only on the physical appearance of the patient. We quantified the patterns of fat distribution in a cohort of patients with juvenile DM.MethodsTwenty patients with juvenile DM were enrolled along with a matching number of controls. Both groups underwent standard anthropometric measurements including assessment of skinfold thickness using Harpenden Skinfold Caliper (Holtain, Dyfed, UK). Glucose tolerance test and serum lipid estimates were performed in the study group but not in controls.ResultsPatients with juvenile DM had lower mean weight, height, and mid–upper‐arm circumference as compared with controls; these differences were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Eight (40%) of 20 patients had lipodystrophy on physical appearance. When assessed by skinfold caliper, there was loss of subcutaneous fat at the mid‐axillary site in 65% of patients, at the subscapular in 60%, and at the suprailiac site in 55%. Serum triglyceride levels were increased in 12 of the 18 patients who underwent this test. Oral glucose tolerance test results were normal in all 20 patients.ConclusionSixty‐five percent of our patients with juvenile DM were found to have loss of subcutaneous fat on quantification compared with 40% on physical appearance alone. Maximum fat loss occurred at the mid‐axillary skinfold site. A significant number of patients with juvenile DM (66%) had hypertriglyceridemia. We hypothesize that lipodystrophy and hypertriglyceridemia could well be integral components of what may be an expanded juvenile DM syndrome.
Feeling good rather than feeling better matters more to patients
Authors: Tubach Florence , Dougados Maxime , Falissard Bruno , Baron Gabriel , Logeart Isabelle , Ravaud Philippe 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the most appropriate means to assess the response to treatment in terms of pain and functional impairment in a chronic rheumatic condition (knee osteoarthritis [OA]) and an acute rheumatic condition (rotator cuff syndrome [RCS]).MethodsTwo prospective studies were conducted consisting of 1,019 outpatients with knee OA and 271 patients with acute RCS. The minimal clinically important improvement and the patient acceptable symptom state were determined for knee OA pain using a visual analog scale, and for knee OA function using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index function subscale; for acute RCS pain, a numeral rating scale was used, and the Neer function subscale was used for RCS function.ResultsThe minimal clinically important improvement was shown to be the change required to achieve the patient acceptable symptom state, whatever the baseline level of symptom, the outcome (pain or function), or type of condition (chronic or acute). This acceptable state for pain was higher for chronic (27.0–36.4 across the baseline score) than acute (16.7–24.1) conditions. The level of functional impairment considered satisfactory by patients with knee OA was higher for more disabled patients (43.1) than for less disabled patients (20.4).ConclusionPatients consider that they experienced an important improvement only if this improvement allowed them to achieve a state they consider satisfactory. The most appropriate means to assess the response to therapy seems to be to assess whether patients feel good (i.e., achieve the patient acceptable symptom state).
A sensitive inhibition chemiluminescence method for the determination of trace tannic acid using the reaction of luminol–hydrogen peroxide catalysed by tetrasulphonated manganese phthalocyanine
Authors: Yang Ping , Li Yongxin , Wang Po , Wang Lun 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA novel CL method for the determination of tannic acid (TA) was established based on TA inhibition of the chemiluminescence (CL) emission of the luminol–hydrogen peroxide CL system catalysed by tetrasulphonated manganese phthalocyanine (MnTSPc) under alkaline conditions. The peak height is proportional to the natural logarithm of concentration of TA in the range 1.0 × 10−7–3.0 × 10−10 mol/L with a detection limit of 5.6 × 10−11 mol/L and the relative standard deviation was 2.5% for the determination of 1.0 × 10−8 mol/L TA (n = 11). The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of TA in Chinese gall and industrial wastewater. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homogeneous electrogenerated chemiluminescence immunoassay for the determination of digoxin employing Ru(bpy)2(dcbpy)NHS and carrier protein
Authors: Zhang Chengxiao , Qi Honglan , Zhang Meining 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA highly sensitive homogeneous electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay for the determination of anti‐digoxin antibody and digoxin hapten was developed employing Ru(bpy)2(dcbpy)NHS (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridyl; dcbpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid; NHS = N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester) as an electrochemiluminescent label and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein. A digoxin hapten was indirectly heavily labelled with Ru(bpy)2(dcbpy)NHS through BSA to form Ru(bpy)2(dcbpy)NHS–BSA–digoxin conjugate. The ECL intensity of the immunocomplex of the conjugate with anti‐digoxin antibody markedly decreased when the immunoreaction between Ru(bpy)2(dcbpy)NHS–BSA–digoxin conjugate and anti‐digoxin antibody took place. Two formats, direct homogeneous immunoassay for anti‐digoxin antibody and competitive immunoassay for digoxin, were developed to determine anti‐digoxin antibody and digoxin, respectively. The anti‐digoxin antibody concentration in the range 7.6 × 10−8–7.6 × 10−6 g/mL was determined by direct homogeneous format. Digoxin hapten was determined throughout the range 4.0 × 10−10–1.0 × 10−7 g/mL with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10−10 g/mL by competitive format. The relative standard derivation for 6.0 × 10−9 g/mL was 4.3%. The method has been applied to assaying digoxin in control human serum. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systems biology approach to study glucose repression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Westergaard Steen Lund , Oliveira Ana Paula , Bro Christoffer , Olsson Lisbeth , Nielsen Jens 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGlucose repression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has evolved as a complex regulatory system involving several different pathways. There are two main pathways involved in signal transduction. One has a role in glucose sensing and regulation of glucose transport, while another takes part in repression of a wide range of genes involved in utilization of alternative carbon sources. In this work, we applied a systems biology approach to study the interaction between these two pathways. Through genome‐wide transcription analysis of strains with disruption of HXK2, GRR1, MIG1, the combination of MIG1 and MIG2, and the parental strain, we identified 393 genes to have significantly changed expression levels. To identify co‐regulation patterns in the different strains we applied principal component analysis. Disruption of either GRR1 or HXK2 were both found to have profound effects on transcription of genes related to TCA cycle and respiration, as well as ATP synthesis coupled proton transport, all displaying an increased expression. The hxk2Δ strain showed reduced overflow metabolism towards ethanol relative to the parental strain. We also used a genome‐scale metabolic model to identify reporter metabolites, and found that there is a high degree of consistency between the identified reporter metabolites and the physiological effects observed in the different mutants. Our systems biology approach points to close interaction between the two pathways, and our metabolism driven analysis of transcription data may find a wider application for analysis of cross‐talk between different pathways involved in regulation of metabolism. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 134–145. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reevaluation of the Violacein Biosynthetic Pathway and its Relationship to Indolocarbazole Biosynthesis
Authors: Sánchez César , Braña Alfredo F. , Méndez Carmen , Salas José A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe biosynthetic pathways for violacein and for indolocarbazoles (rebeccamycin, staurosporine) include a decarboxylative fusion of two tryptophan units. However, in the case of violacein, one of the tryptophans experiences an unusual 1→2 shift of the indole ring. The violacein biosynthetic gene cluster was previously reported to consist of four genes,vioABCD. Here we studied the violacein pathway through expression ofviogenes inEscherichia coliandStreptomyces albus. A pair of genes (vioAB), responsible for the earliest steps in violacein biosynthesis, was functionally equivalent to the homologous pair in the indolocarbazole pathway (rebOD), directing the formation of chromopyrrolic acid. However, chromopyrrolic acid appeared to be a shunt product, not a violacein intermediate. In addition tovioABCD, a fifth gene (vioE) was essential for violacein biosynthesis, specifically for production of the characteristic 1→2 shift of the indole ring. We also report new findings on the roles played by the VioC and VioD oxygenases, and on the origin of violacein derivatives of the chromoviridans type.