bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of SPE in International Oil
Authors: Chatas A.T. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Although the oil industry was born and reared in the U.S.A., its centroid of activity has shifted to an international base. As a consequence, an effective program by the SPE is required in foreign countries for foreign-based engineers. The planning and implementation of such a program should consider certain apparent differences between foreign and domestic oil operations and also the problems facing the expatriated engineer. Several specific objectives are recommended for incorporation in this program.

Introduction
Historically speaking, the "story of petroleum" stretches back into the limbo of pre-civilized man. Surface oil seeps had been known in ancient times, and the Zante field of Greece is still often referred to as the world's oldest oilfield. In the Far East, wells were used in Burma to recover oil by Mining methods as far back as the Thirteenth Century. Official archives record petroleum production in Roumania in 1857. production in Roumania in 1857. Nevertheless, the fact remains that the "oil industry", as we now know it, was born in the U.S.A. It was born with the completion of Drake's well at Titusville Pennsylvania on 27 August 1859. This was the first well ever drilled with success deliberately to search for oil. Subsequently, the oil industry grew and matured in this country, and for almost a century America predominated virtually every phase of petroleum activity. As recently as the era of the Second World War, the U.S.A. led the rest of the world in every significant category. American petroleum reserves were abundant, we out produced all other countries combined, and we were the world's principal petroleum consumer.
Two-Phase Transient Testing of Water Injection Wells in Layered Reservoirs
Authors: Abbaszadeh M. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents analytical solutions and interpretation methods for transient testing of water injection wells in a commingled multilayer oil reservoir without crossflow in the formation. The solutions account for saturation distributions that are established in the layers due to relative permeability effects. These solutions show that pressure falloff data usually provide averaged waterflooding parameters for a layered reservoir, and that the properties of individual layers may not be obtained uniquely from such data. An alternate testing and interpretation technique based on simultaneous acquisition of transient downhole layer flowrates and bottomhole pressure is presented. The sensitivity of the interpretation method to errors in flowrate measurements is discussed.
A New Technique for Linear Boundary Detection with Wellbore Storage and Wellbore Skin
Authors: Chu L. , Grader A. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an analytical solution for a finite radius well with wellbore storage and skin in a two-composite reservoir separated by a linear boundary. The constant-pressure and impermeable linear boundary are limiting forms of the composite case. The solution technique, which employs the Laplace transformation and the addition theorem for Bessel functions, is new and is different from past works. This solution is a subset of a generalized multi-well composite-reservoir solution.1
An analysis technique, both predictive and interpretive, for detecting an impermeable linear boundary using pressure transient data from a well with storage and skin is presented. A new set of pressure and pressure-derivative type curves are advanced along with a new correlating parameter, CD es / LD. This parameter correlates all the responses when CD / LD2 ≥ 0.1, where combined effects of wellbore storage and the boundary interfere with the formation of the first infinite-acting, semi-log straight line. The interpretation technique yields estimates of the distance to the linear boundary, reservoir transmissivity and wellbore storage. The effects of a constant-pressure linear boundary on a constant-rate well with storage and skin are discussed. Also, the parametric behavior of true composite reservoirs separated by a linear boundary is presented.
Development and Applications of an Improved Cubic Equation of State
Authors: Haynes B. , Silberberg I. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Compositional reservoir simulators require volumetric and compositional predictions of reservoir fluids from an Equation of State (EOS). This paper presents a method to optimize the parameters of a General Cubic EOS. The generalized cubic has four parameters that are related to the compositions of mixtures through pure component critical properties and binary interaction parameters.
The method to improve density predictions is a two-step process. First, the EOS parameters ξc, b, and γ are optimized from a nonlinear least squares regression of pure component volumetric data. This step insures that the critical constraints and the fugacity criterion are met. The second step extends the predictions to binary mixtures by introducing quadratic mixing rules to the parameters a, b, α, and β, including binary interaction parameters kij. Two iterative techniques were developed to establish values for the kij.
The average density predictions of three single-phase multicomponent hydrocarbon systems and 26 pure components were within 1% and 0.5% of their respective experimental values. The commonly used Peng-Robinson EOS (PR) predicted densities of these multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures and pure components within 4% and 3%, respectively. Although emphasis was placed on improving density predictions, phase composition predictions of seven multicomponent hydrocarbon systems were also compared to the predictions from the PR EOS.
Futurizing the Continuing Education Program For SPE Members
Authors: Sarem A.M. Sam 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
The SPE was one of the first technical societies to formally initiate a continuing education and refresher course program on the national level. Although this program was enthusiastically supported at the start, a decrease of enthusiasm has recently been observed. It is hoped that a review of the program at this time will help to renew program at this time will help to renew enthusiasm among the membership. In this paper the author, who recently taught the paper the author, who recently taught the SPE Advanced Reservoir Engineering course for the LA Basin Section (last course organized by the late Floyd Schoonover), discusses some of the problems that are arising and offers some possible solutions to them. possible solutions to them. The suggestions detailed below are concerned with type of material and technical content of the courses (whether they should be practical or theoretical), fields covered, types of presentation (short course, study group, forum, etc.), duration of each course, spacing of various courses, desired varieties, and requirements of small sections versus large sections.
Included in the Paper are suggestions offered by students who have taken some of the SPE courses.

Introduction
The inability of a professional man to keep abreast of the new technical developments in his field and to retain the knowledge he gained through his formal schooling is termed technical obsolescence. The problem is not new; it is as old as civilization itself. However, because of its increasing intensity in recent years, we have now become more aware of the problem. We now live in an age where technical development in any given decade is equal to, if not greater than, all prior technical development.
The traditional means of warding off technical obsolescence has been continuing education. For the reason noted above, this is more important today than it has ever been. Today, as a consequence of the ever-increasing production of new knowledge, the conventional production of new knowledge, the conventional methods and tools used by the professional man to solve his technical problems are no longer sufficient. They must continually be augmented by up-to-date information.
Almost all technical societies have met this challenge squarely by providing continuing education programs for their members.
Influence of Multiphase Flow in Well Test Analysis of Nonflowing Wells
Authors: Kato E. T. , Serra K. V. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This work considers the influence of multiphase flow (oil and gas) in well testing analysis of non-flowing wells: For example, Drill Stem Test (DST) and Slug Test. The problem is solved by a two-dimensional (r-z), variable bubble-point, black oil simulator that incorporates the typical DST inner boundary condition. Initially, the oil in the reservoir is in equilibrium condition at the initial reservoir pressure which is considered greater or equal to the initial oil bubble-point pressure. A sequence of flow and/or buildup periods can be imposed at the reservoir sandface to simulate a non-flowing well test condition. Inertial, friction, and multiphase flow effects in the wellbore are neglected. Comparisons with analytical methods (developed for single phase flow of a fluid of small and constant compressibility) traditionally used to obtaining reservoir parameters (eg., transmissibility) are made to determine how good or bad these methods are in the presence of more than one phase flowing in the porous medium. During flow periods significant discrepancies are obtained, whereas in buildup flow periods these discrepancies are less significative. Explanation to these multiphase flow effects on the determination of reservoir parameters are given in detail, and justify why, usually, reservoir parameters obtained from flow tests do not match results obtained from build up periods in well test analysis.
Pressure Transient Behavior of Slanted Wells in Single- and Multiple-Layered Systems
Authors: Khattab H. A. , Yeh N-S. , Agarwal R. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In recent years, a need has been recognized to develop pressure transient technology for slanted wells in single and multiple layered systems. To date, none of the published results pertains to the pressure transient response of a slanted well in a layered system. Moreover, the published pressure transient response of a slanted wellbore for single layered systems is based on a uniform flux assumption along the wellbore surface. Therefore, a 3-D finite element numerical model utilizing the infinite conductivity wellbore assumption was developed to study the pressure transient behavior of slanted wells in both single and multiple layered systems.
The purpose of this paper is to present pressure transient responses for a variety of cases using the finite element and the analytical solutions. The slanted wellbore cases include the effect of partial penetration, wellbore storage, and reservoir heterogeneity for single layered systems, and typical pressure transient responses for multiple layered systems. The important parameters which influence the pressure behavior of slanted wells in a layered reservoir, with and without interlayer cross-flow, will be presented. In addition, the response of a slanted well in a naturally fractured (dual porosity) system will be discussed. Finally, the pressure transient analysis of the data using field examples will be shown to demonstrate the usage of the developed model.
The present study of the pressure transient responses of slanted wells in both single and multiple layered systems should enhance our understanding and add to our capability to design and analyze well tests.
An Advanced and Integrated Approach to Coal Formation Evaluation
Authors: Ahmed U. , Johnston D. , Colson L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The new surge in drilling for coalbed methane gas brought on by the attractive tax credits has increased the need for quantitative evaluation of coal formations. The potential resource base in the U.S. alone is on the order of 422 Tcf. Currently available petrophysical and fluid flow mechanistic models for gas reservoir analysis in traditional clastic or carbonate environments are notably inadequate for coal formation evaluation and well productivity assessment. Existing coal formation evaluation techniques rely on core measurements and certain basic log measurements such as "bulk" density, The evaluation program as such, is typically site specific and devoid of critical answers like recoverable reserves and well productivity assessment. Additions and improvements to the existing technology are needed to efficiently exploit the production of methane gas from coalbeds.
In this paper we present a methodology that integrates the existing technology with new measurements and techniques. Such a procedure can allow one to evaluate the coal formation specifically for identification, resource definition (thickness), gas content (reserves), recoverable reserves (permeability, porosity and reservoir pressure) and to plan for the de-watering process (reservoir performance). The methodology provides evaluation alternatives depending on the coal seam thickness and the type and concentration of the fracture system. The thin laminated coal seams found in basins like the Black Warrior and the Appalachian require a different evaluation suite of logs compared to those required for the relatively thick (greater than 2 ft) coal seams found in the San Juan and Piceance Basin. Also, the type and concentration of fractures within the cleat system dictate the capillary pressure pattern and thus may require specific transient pressure tests. The majority of coal basins found in the U.S., Canada, U.K., Central Europe and Australia can be broadly categorized within the above aspects of seam thickness and fracture system distribution.
Improved Models for Interpreting the Pressure Response of Formation Testers
Authors: Waid M. C. , Proett M. A. , Chen C. C. , Ford W. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
New finite element models are presented in this paper which describe the pressure response of formation testers. The influences of formation anisotropy, bed thickness, and horizontal and dipping bed boundaries are investigated. The simulator utilizes techniques for grid optimization already used in improving the quality of finite element solutions for stress analysis of elastic solids and structures. Examples are given comparing interpretation results using the simulator against results obtained using prior standard models.
Near-wellbore simulation (NEWS©) permits the investigator to introduce factors into the model in a manner consistent with basic principles of physics. A new analytic model is presented which incorporates some of the new observations from the finite element models, maintains space-dimensional consistency, and decouples the formation anisotropy and fluid compressibility relationship assumed in the development of the classical spherical flow model by Moran and Finklea.1
Observation points placed at strategic locations in the formation and around the wellbore allow investigation of the pressure response of formation testers with multiple-sensor capability.
New techniques are presented for interpreting the pressure response of formation testers. NEWS© is a powerful tool for understanding and predicting the near-wellbore production dynamics of a well. It is anticipated that the simulations will lead to verification of new or existing models and will aid in developing improved tools and interpretation techniques.
The Combined Use of Sedimentary Process Modeling and Statistical Simulation in Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Tetzlaff D. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The results of a sedimentary process model are used to provide lithologie variability information to a stochastic conditional simulation model. The scenarios thus produced incorporate constraints imposed by geologic processes, yet honor hard data. The method appears to have advantages over other methods when data are sparse.
A New Economical Method of Subsea Completion for Jackup Depth Waters
Authors: Brown R. , Pierce J. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes a new economical concept in subsea drilling and completion that has allowed the justification and recent installation of a diver-assist wet subsea tree in the Gulf of Mexico from a jack-up rig. This concept reduces costs on subsea completions and now makes profitable the production of innumerable small reservoirs, either looked at and counted uneconomical by previous parameters, or yet to be discovered small reservoirs in the marine environment. The simplicity of this concept greatly reduces costs and allows the operator to use the concept on every exploratory well drilled from a jack-up rig.
Optical Methods for Monitoring Treating Chemicals in Oilfield Water Systems
Authors: Brost D. F. , Rexach F. M. , Winslow G. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Spectroscopic methods of analysis have been developed for the determination of treating chemicals in oilfield water systems.
Part 1 describes a xenon flash photometer (XFP) that was designed for on-line measurements under harsh, oilfield conditions. The instrumentation is capable of absorption and fluorescence measurements in the ultraviolet and visible spectral ranges. Chemicals are determined by virtue of their ability to absorb or emit light at characteristic wavelengths. Light signals are carried between a central photometric console and remote analysis sites by fiber optic cables, eliminating the need for troublesome flow-through cells. Aspects of instrumental design, drift compensation, and calibration methodology are discussed. Laboratory and field data are presented.
Part 2 describes the potential of short-wave ultraviolet spectroscopy for the simultaneous determination of multiple treating chemicals in supply water. Absorption measurements at wavelengths between 190 and 250 nm are shown to yield part-permillion sensitivity for a wide range of chemical products. The severe spectral overlap, which has previously limited the analytical utility of this portion of the spectrum, is overcome by multivariate calibration. Using this technique, a scale and corrosion inhibitor were simultaneously determined from a single spectrum with approximately 2% relative error.
Walking Beam Pumping Unit System Efficiency Measurements
Authors: Kilgore J. J. , Tripp H. A. , Hunt C. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The cost of electricity used by walking beam pumping units is a major expense in producing crude oil. However, only very limited information is available on the efficiency of beam pumping systems and less is known about the efficiency of the various components of the pumping unit.
This paper presents and discusses measurements that have been made on wells at several Shell locations and on a specially designed walking beam pump test stand at Lufkin Industries. These measurements were made in order to determine the overall system efficiency and efficiency of individual components.
The results of this work show that the overall beam pumping system efficiency is normally between 48 and 58 percent. This is primarily dependent on the motor size, motor type, gearbox size, system’s age, production, pump size, tubing size, and rod sizes. Typically the surface unit efficiency (including the motor) is between 60 and 75 percent and the subsurface equipment efficiency is between 70 and 85 percent for well designed systems.
Alternate Path Gravel Packing
Authors: Jones L. G. , Yeh C. S. , Yates T. J. , Bryant D. W. , Doolittle M. W. , Healy J. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new and superior gravel packing method called ALLPAK™, for alternate path gravel packing, is reported here. It has been found that gravel packing problems associated with formation of sand bridges in the annulus outside the screen can be eliminated by adding alternate flow paths for slurry flow. The alternate paths are provided by perforated shunts or secondary piping placed in the annulus, usually by attaching the tubes to the screen. Laboratory gravel pack simulator tests indicate that essentially complete annulus packs can always be obtained, even in cases where current methods provide very poor pack efficiencies. This paper describes the laboratory experiments and field tests which verify the advantages from this new concept.
Measurement of Additional Skin Resulting From Perforation Damage
Authors: Behrmann L. A. , Pucknell J. K. , Bishop S. R. , Hsia T.-Y. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Single shot laboratory flow tests were performed on perforated Berea and Gold sandstone cores to determine the additional skin caused by the presence of a perforation damage zone. A variety of underbalances, stresses and wellbore volumes were used.
Whole core diametral and axial permeabilities were measured for each core tested. Cores were then perforated under simulated downhole conditions, and radial flow tests were conducted to determine the skin due to the perforation damage zone. Because these measurements gave no information on the distribution of permeability damage, further experiments were carried out using a radial flow permeameter to directly measure the permeability distribution.
The radial flow permeameter confirmed the presence of a low permeability region around, but not always adjacent to, the perforation tunnel. Permeability damage at the outside of the cores due to the coring process was also determined.
Although one set of experiments shot under identical conditions, at a low underbalance, showed a degree of randomness in the results, the following observations could be made: 1) For the conditions tested, there is no apparent stress effect on the perforation damage skin, 2) The size of accumulator attached to the wellbore affected the resulting skins, and 3) Results of single shot experiments should be used with extreme care.
Mathematical Simulation of Nonequilibrium Separation in Gas Production Equipment
Authors: Sinaisky A. G. , Zaitsev Y. V. , Shevelev D. I. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
New methods for predicting non-equilibrium phase behavior of natural multicomponent gas/gas-condensate dispersed systems in regions with sharp change of pressure, temperature and geometric parameters with application to main processes of gas preparation for transport such as separation, absorption and dewatering are developed. Mathematical simulation includes processes of mass-transfer flow with sedimentation and deposition, breakage and coagulation of droplets in gas flow.
Using these methods efficiency of gas production equipment with change of pressure, temperature, physico-chemical properties of gas/gas-condensate mixture and constructive design parameters of equipment may be determined without carrying out experiments.
As a result application programs for computing phase separation parameters are created. Appropriate software structure is described. Some examples of determining efficiency of different separators (gravitational, centrifugal, with droplet capture sections), co- and counter- current absorbers for extracting higher hydrocarbons and water from natural gas and whole technological plant for gas and gas-condensate preparation are presented. Received results are in good agreement with experimental ones.