bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work and Sing
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers how the conditions of production and dissemination of children's literature changed beginning in the mid-1930s, and looks at the particular ways that leftists, in response to these changes, began to reshape the field and its output in the years prior to the onset of the Cold War. Beginning in the mid-1930s, especially thanks to a Popular Front effort to broaden left-wing influence in American life, members of the Communist milieu began to write children's books that were geared toward a wide audience. This effort intersected with a growing sense among librarians, teachers, and other established members of the children's literature field (including the influential Child Study Association) that children should be exposed to real-world issues and cultural diversity (“interracial books”), a theme that became especially pronounced during World War II. Following discussions of left-wing efforts through the New Masses and organizations such as the League of American Writers to expand a leftist presence in children's literature, and institutional developments among educators, librarians, and publishers (including union efforts among teachers, the formation of a Progressive Librarians Council, and the development of the 25-cent Little Golden Book). The chapter concludes with an analysis of several books that promote an anti-fascist and anti-racist sensibility in children. Among the authors discussed in this chapter are Harry Granick, Marshall McClintock, Mary Elting, Lavinia Davis, John R. Tunis, Florence Crannell Means, Doris Gates, Henry Gregor Felsen, and Emma Gelders Sterne.
What Parents Say—and Do Not Say—about Essences
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFrom an empiricist view, children learn about essences by observation, either direct or indirect — including via the stories told by their parents. This view is appealing in many respects, particularly since children believe many other sorts of surprising things (the existence of Santa Claus and the Tooth Fairy, for instance) because they are told to and they are trusting. Also, if parents transmit these beliefs to children directly, then we do not have to grapple with the disquieting implications of the possibility that children are somehow biased in constructing stereotypes. However, not all stories told to children are essentialist. The input that children hear is more complicated, and the acquisitional account is correspondingly more interesting. This chapter details a systematic investigation about what parents say about essences — and what they do not say.
Essentialism in Language
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that language exerts important influences on essentialist reasoning. Two primary ways that language seems to affect the construction of essentialized kind are discussed: one is by conveying membership in a richly structured category (naming), the other is by expressing the scope of a proposition (generic noun phrases). These are then contrasted with two forms that, although potentially relevant to essentializing, are not used to essentialize (the word “kind” and universal quantifiers). The discussion ends by cautioning that, despite the importance of language, there is no compelling evidence as yet that language creates an essentialist stance, or that essentialism requires language.
The Wild Gangs of the Chesapeake
Authors: DeJohn Anderson Virginia 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that labor shortages and the availability of land encouraged Chesapeake colonists to abandon English practices and adopt free-range livestock husbandry. Many animals, especially swine, strayed from plantations and feral populations resulted. These developments loosened the colonists' hold on their livestock, complicated claims to animal property, and compromised domestic animals' usefulness as symbols of English civility.
Re-Forming the Immigrant Masses
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the convergence of ideas and practices regarding respective nation-building among the educated elements of Issei men and women, Tokyo's diplomats, and white Californians. It also hopes to shed light on their divergence from ordinary Japanese immigrants, who never seriously heeded the elite vision of ideal citizen-subjects. The formation of Japanese immigrant leadership and community, and moral reform under racial exclusion are discussed.
Epilogue
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the wartime and post-war phases of Japanese American history. The Pacific War led to the demise of transnational immigrant history. The collective world view that inspired Issei to search for a pioneer past and strive for a better future vanished with the collapse of the Japanese settlement communities and industries in the American West — tangible markers of racial development. The post-war phase of Japanese American history diverged from the Issei's original designs. Under the War Relocation Authority (WRA) policy, the leadership of the community fell into the hands of the second generation, notably senior members of the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL). Along the line of the WRA-JACL collaboration, integration into mainstream society, rather than racial development, became the central concern of the ethnic community in the wake of internment.
FROM THE PLATFORM TO THE STAGE: CLINGING TO FAME
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
After the Panic of 1873 the lyceum circuit fell into decline. Anna Elizabeth Dickinson still enjoyed tremendous popularity and could fill the occasional hall, but she would need new strategies to capitalize on that fame. Even as she climbed summits in Colorado and basked on beaches in New Jersey, Dickinson was contemplating her options. Since her youth, she had dreamed of going on the stage, but as long as lecturing provided an outlet for her passions it would have been folly to change careers. But even as she kept her distance from the theater, Dickinson grew friendly with several actors and actresses. Dickinson would eventually turn to the stage in 1876, opening herself up to particular national scrutiny in the process.
A Return to Order
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes Stalin's relationships with members of the ruling group during the period of reconstruction after World War II. What emerges is a picture of Stalin's relentless severity applied in equal measure to all members of the group, be they old Bolsheviks such as Molotov, second-generation functionaries such as Malenkov, or new recruits such as the younger Zhdanov. Despite the sharpness of some of these attacks, this period is characterized ironically by a sense of equilibrium within the leadership.
Awakening to Crisis
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Stalin and his coterie's pursuit of their own goals left large swathes of their country in dire poverty. As became apparent from the mounting flow of complaints to the center, some sectors of the economy, most notably agriculture and the labor camp system were — after years of relentless exploitation — on the verge of crisis. This chapter examines the leadership's response to these signs of crisis. It focuses on these two policy areas that presented particular problems to the leadership in the late Stalin era and that would subsequently lie at the heart of the new course followed by the post-Stalin leadership.
Creating the Future
Authors: DeLong David W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes five things leaders must do to support strategic thinking about knowledge retention. This includes: (1) always linking organizational strategy to knowledge management initiatives; (2) coping with the uncertainty created by changing workforce capabilities; (3) taking a systemic approach when addressing knowledge retention problems and seeking solutions integration; (4) recognizing that knowledge loss can seriously hurt organizational learning capabilities by undermining a firm's absorptive capacity; and (5) using a strategic planning framework to take a long-term perspective on challenges posed by changing workforce demographics and the resulting threats of knowledge loss.
The Beauty of the Primitive
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
For the past forty years shamanism has drawn increasing attention among the general public and academics. So far no one has tried to understand why and how Western intellectual and popular culture became so fascinated with the topic. Behind fictional and non-fictional works on shamanism, this book uncovers an exciting story that mirrors changing Western attitudes toward the primitive. It explores how shamanism, an obscure word introduced by the 18th-century German explorers of Siberia, entered Western humanities and social sciences, and has now become a powerful idiom used by nature and pagan communities to situate their spiritual quests and anti-modernity sentiments. Moving from Enlightenment and Romantic writers and Russian exile ethnographers to the anthropology of Franz Boas to Mircea Eliade and Carlos Castaneda, the book details how the shamanism idiom was gradually transplanted from Siberia to the Native American scene and beyond. It also looks into the circumstances that prompted scholars and writers at first to marginalize shamanism as a mental disorder and then to recast it as high spiritual wisdom in the 1960s and the 1970s. Linking the growing interest in shamanism to the rise of anti-modernism in Western culture and intellectual life, it examines the role that anthropology, psychology, environmentalism, and Native Americana have played in the emergence of neo-shamanism. It discusses the sources that inspire Western neo-shamans and seeks to explain why lately many of these spiritual seekers have increasingly moved away from non-Western tradition to European folklore.
Enlightenment and Romantic Writers Look at Shamans
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses Enlightenment travel writings on Siberia as well as contributions from Romantic writers and scholars, who laid the foundations of shamanism studies. Among them are such pioneers of shamanology as Orientalist Dorji Banzarov and Finnish folklore scholars and writers. Although inspired by different intellectual and cultural ideals, all of them found tribal spirituality attractive and worthy of recording. Wilhelm Radloff, one of the prominent representatives of European Romantic Orientalism, is a Russian-German linguist and ethnographer who pioneered shamanism studies and wrote a book that remained the major source on “classical” shamanism for Western audiences until 1900. The word shaman originated from the language of the Tungus (Evenki), one of the Siberian indigenous groups. Russian settlers in Siberia chose this expression and eventually began to apply it to all native spiritual healers. Russian-educated people learned about Siberian shamans from original or translated writings of Western explorers of Siberia.
Single-Scale Sampling
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter provides examples and discusses several single-scale sampling techniques for measuring plant diversity. Common techniques include: searching, where a species list is obtained for a site, natural area, of ecosystem; single-scale plots, where plant species and their foliar cover are commonly recorded; and nested-plot designs, where large plots are used to measure trees, and nested smaller plots are used to measure saplings or herbs and grasses. The benefits of single-scale sampling include simplicity, large sample size, and ease of analysis. The limitations of single-scale sampling also are discussed.
Multiscale Sampling
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reveals that sampling plant diversity at multiple spatial scales may allow for a deeper understanding of relationships between species distributions and composition shifts relative to changing environmental gradients. Like single-scale techniques, different multi-scale techniques have various strengths and weaknesses, and some may be better suited than others for particular study goals and objectives. No single design will be the “end all, be all” for plant diversity sampling. All designs have advantages and disadvantages that must be carefully evaluated. An experimental approach is almost always warranted. Several examples provide a glimpse of the profound potential of multi-scale sampling for plant diversity.
F. Scott Fitzgerald's Spectroscopic Fiction
Authors: North Michael 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes two different ways in which Fitzgerald's fiction absorbs the influence of photography and film. On one level, particularly evident in The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald delights in reproducing the “flicker” of film, the disorienting modernity of it. On another level, though, he clearly fears the retrograde repetitiousness of all recording media, which appears in Tender Is the Night as an experiential and narrative “rewind.” In both its positive and its negative senses, film pivots on the image of the black body, which appears in these novels either as a liberating or a particularly enigmatic object of sight.
Conclusion
Authors: North Michael 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Modern writers value modern recording media because of the novelty these have incorporated into the sensory experience of modern times. Yet, it is interesting to note that for many American writers, race seems to set a limit to the innovation such media can bring. There is a reminder, even in the most experimental of these writers, of the deadliness of recording, and the retrograde force it exerts even as recording media accelerate the pace of change in the modern world.
Virgil Recomposed
Authors: McGill Scott 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Virgilian centos, in which authors reconnect discrete lines taken from Virgil's Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid to create new poems, are some of the most striking texts to survive from antiquity. This book examines the twelve mythological and secular examples, which probably date from c.200-c.530. While verbal games, the centos deserve to be taken seriously for what they disclose about Virgil's reception, late-antique literary culture, and other important historical and theoretical topics in literary criticism. As radically intertextual works, the centos are particularly valuable sites for investigating topics in allusion studies: when can and should audiences read texts allusively? What is the role of the author and the reader in creating allusions? How does one determine the functions of allusions? This book explores these and other questions, and in the process comes into dialogue with major critical issues.
1 The Question
Authors: Olson Eric T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explains what it means to ask what we are. It begins by breaking the question up into smaller ones, such as what we are made of, what parts we have, and whether we are substances. It makes clear that the question is not about people in general, but only about us human people. It considers two ways of rephrasing the question: What do our personal pronouns and proper names refer to? and What sorts of beings think our thoughts and perform our actions? The question is distinguished from the question of personal identity over time and from the mind‐body problem. It is then argued that thinking about personal identity without considering what we are leads to metaphysical trouble.
Gender in New Religions
Authors: Pike Sarah M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNew religious movements have typically emerged and thrived in times of social upheaval during which normative gender roles are challenged, such as in the United States during the industrializing mid-19th century and in the 1960s-1970s. New religions offer a range of roles for men and women that are shaped by a variety of different factors, including mythology, conceptions of deity, the role and teachings of the founder and leaders, and the demographic background of participants. Gender roles in NRMs include hierarchical models, role reversals, partnerships, and androgynous models. NRMs have typically experimented with alternative sex, marriage, and family structures, including celibacy, polygamy, and free love.
The Curse can appear anywhere
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
While Tyco demonstrates the winner’s curse at the highest levels of the firm and in the serial acquisition of hundreds of other firms, a well-known editor in a publishing company described the winner’s curse in her business: the tendency to try and hit “home-runs” with every new book published. In such a climate, in cases when successful first-time authors negotiate for a second manuscript, their agents are able to secure very large advances. Oftentimes when the second book is published, it may have reasonable sales, but not high enough sales to justify the huge advance. As a result, the book, however good, is regarded as unsuccessful and the “winning” author is “cursed” by the publishing industry being gun-shy of bidding for the third book. The sports industry has a number of very famous instances of winner’s curse, many of them centered around team owners competing with each other to hire a “star” who turns out to disrupt the chemistry in the locker room, the finances of the team, and also does not live up to promise. Additionally, Bristol Myers Squibb demonstrates the curse at the level of a single product, the licensing of a cancer drug from ImClone.
Dot-coms: On top of the world for a while
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Many dot.com companies, declared to be the winners in the new economy, were expected to change completely the paradigm of doing business and drive down the market shares of traditional “bricks and mortar” firms in their industries. These “winners” attracted huge amounts of capital and the adulation of stock market analysts. All of the parties involved overestimated the value and likely success of dot.com business models and the impact of technology. In the space of less than two years, the winner’s curse surfaced with a vengeance: the dot.coms and their prospects had been highly overvalued by their founders, venture capitalists, and the investing public. The business models in many cases were just not realistic. This chapter examines several of the dot.coms to learn how “irrational exuberance” and excessive optimism led to the demise of firms like Webvan and Boo.com.
Winners and losers in the securities industry
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a major force in the economy, and one that is key to the capitalist system: securities markets and the brokerage industry. Although Nasdaq online securities market was one of the first movers in electronic markets, when Electronic Communications Networks (ECNs) came along and siphoned a considerable amount of trade away, Nasdaq, with its very survival in question, took a long time to respond to the threat. The chapter relates the story of how organizational factors made it difficult for the most successful broker, Merrill Lynch, to respond with a new price structure for trading stocks when electronic brokerages like Schwab and e-Trade came along. These examples illustrate a winner’s curse that comes from complacency and the psychological and organizational factors that often prevent a winner from responding to new events and challenges.
Complacency in the computer industry
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores what happened to IBM — the early victor in the computer industry — and how complacency and a focus on a single technology the mainframe computer, almost ruined the company. Digital Equipment succeeded because Ken Olson and his colleagues recognized that because the central processing unit of a computer was rapidly becoming cheaper to design and fabricate, small computers could offer a price/performance advantage over larger mainframe computers, the staple of the industry in 1960. Seemingly blinded by its own success and victory over mainframes, when personal computers came along, Olson felt they were a “toy” and did not pursue the market aggressively. Although DEC was a winner with minicomputers, it exhibited a sense of managerial optimism, hubris, and invulnerability when confronted with PCs, leading to the winner’s curse. DECs PCs were late to market, and were not particularly competitive.
Avoiding the Winner's Curse
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In many cases, company executives have turned away from continuing on a path to actually winning a venture that they started pursuing. This chapter examines the reason why these managers were willing to walk away and considers a number of potential ways in which companies can avoid the winner’s curse. A process for avoiding the curse is presented. The process includes steps that can be done to guard against the excess risk of “winning” and provides a number of “take-aways” for senior management.
ARGUMENTS OF VERBS
Authors: Devine A. M. , Stephens Laurence D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter establishes a default order for arguments and adjuncts in the Latin simple sentence and proposes a syntactic structure with pragmatically defined functional projections. Deviations from the default order are handled by scrambling, which is a pragmatically conditioned rule. Postverbal constituents include prepositional phrases in Caesar and additionally tail and nonreferential phrases in the historians. The latter are explained in terms of informational individuation, which can be represented typetheoretically.
“All the Gentiles Will Be Blessed in You”
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter proposes a context for interpreting the phrase “in Christ” that would have resonated with Paul's audience: the ideology of patrilineal descent. The same logic which underlies the notion of “coming out of” (ek) your ancestors also shapes the concept of being “in” your ancestors. Indeed, these are two ways of expressing the same relationship: ancestors contain descendants. To understand how “in Christ” fits in with this descent logic, it is instructive to consider the other contexts in which Paul applies a similar concept of being “in” someone: the gentiles are blessed “in” Abraham (Gal 3:8), and true descendants of Abraham are said to be “in” Isaac (Rom 9:7). This chapter discusses a range of texts — Greek, Roman, and Jewish — that maintain similar notions about ancestors and descendants, and then focuses on the Septuagint (Paul's source for this “in” language) and Paul's letters to show how Paul turns this phrase into his own discourse of kinship for gentiles.
Conclusion
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This concluding chapter begins with a discussion of whether the assemblies in Paul's letters would have been understood as ethnic groups or some other sort of community. While they did speak in terms of common ancestry, they were not concerned with future generations like other ethnic groups in the ancient world and much of Paul's language comes from the practice of psychagogy, as in schools of philosophy. Some final reflections consider the relevance of this study for Christians today, for feminist concerns, and for Jewish-Christian relations. Ethnic discourses thus serve as tools not only in Paul's mythmaking, but also in the mythmaking engaged in by interpreters.