bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagenetic control on porosity types of carbonate rocks of Late Triassic Baluti Formation in Northern Thrust Zone, Iraqi Kurdistan region, Northern Iraq
Authors: Asaad Irfan Sh. , Omer Muhamed F. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The carbonate rocks of Late Triassic Baluti Formation in Sararu outcrop, Northern Thrust Zone, Northern Iraqi Kurdistan region consist of brecciated marly limestone and sandy dolomitic limestone interbedded with shale that characterized by complex heterogeneity. The microscopic description of the porosity types and diagenetic processes controlled it were studied in current work. The petrographic study of 12 thin section of Baluti carbonate displayed that the main skeletal grains are shallow marine derivative fossils and non-skeletal grains are only monocrystalline quartz. The main matrix is micrite which sometimes changed to microspar and sparry calcite. Seven pore types were distinguished in the studied rocks of the formation from both primary and secondary stages. The primary porosity are interparticle and intraparticle pores. While, the secondary types were moldic, intercrystalline, fracture, vuggy and stylolitic porosities. The formation in studied outcrop was undergone in several diagenetic processes, that enhanced or reduced the porosity of the Baluti carbonates. Early micritization protect the primary pores from destroying by compaction. While, solution was assists in creating different secondary pores in different diagenetic stage of the formation particularly the dominant moldic porosity. Calcite cements aid in reducing all pore types in the studied formation. Late dolomitization contribute to formation intercrystalline and dolomoldic porosities. stylolites with dissolution helps to creating stylolitic porosity. Neomorphism, silicification and pyritization generally reduced porosity in the formation.
Clay minerals of Shiranish Formation in, Erbil, Duhok northern Iraq
Authors: Swadi Na’esa Hassan , Al-jaberi Mohanad Hamid , Alsultan Hamid A. A. , Al-Sudani Khaleel J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the Upper Cretaceous of northern Iraq (upper Campanian-Maastrichtian), the Shiranish Formation is examined for clay minerals using X-ray diffraction in the Duhok (Sandor section) and Erbil cities (Lailuk section). In the marl section of the Shiranish Formation, the layers of chlorite, illite, kaolinite, palygorskite, and a mixed layer of montmorillonite-chlorite strata were discovered to have formed antigenically. The variation in minerals indicates the Cretaceous’ changing climate. Palygorskite is a result of leaching processes that are more successful due to variations in the parent rocks. The transition of palygorskite from montmorillonite and illite can occasionally be impacted by post-depositional diagenetic processes. Because of the warm conditions that supply the eroded clastic materials from earlier successions of Cretaceous in the area, chlorite, mixed-layers, and illite may have predominated over kaolinite. The variation in source rocks and drainage conditions is reflected in the variation of clay minerals in the investigated sequence, which could improve leaching rate processes.
Spatial Distribution of Heterogeneity of the AB Reservoir Unit of Zubair Formation in the South Rumaila Oilfield, Southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Abadi Alaa M , Handhal Amna M , Saleh E Q , Aljasim M K , Hussein A A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Reservoir heterogeneity, a critical factor in fluid flow and recovery processes, manifests at various scales and is influenced by depositional facies, diagenesis, and structural features. This study aims to quantify and map the spatial heterogeneity within Unit AB of Zubair Formation, south Rumaila oilfield, utilizing the Lorenz coefficient (Lk
) for vertical heterogeneity and ordinary kriging for spatial interpolation. Analyzing porosity and permeability data from 44 boreholes using the Lk
coefficient revealed that the AB reservoir unit is primarily homogeneous, with 65% of boreholes exhibiting homogeneity. However, heterogeneity is present in the central and southeastern portions of the oilfield. Without considering the reservoir’s heterogeneity, placing injection wells along the eastern flank could lead to increased water production and reduced volumetric sweep efficiency.
Well Logs Analysis and Petrophysical Properties of Shiranish Formation in the East Baghdad Oil Field, Central Iraq
Authors: Hussien Ali Samer , Sahaab Abdalratha Mohammed 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study is to characterize of the petrophysical properties of Shiransih Formation in East Baghdad oilfield. The analysis involves both of examination of Well Log data obtained from specific wells, namely EB-86, EB-84, EBSK-10-4, EBSK8-2, and EBSK-5-4. The Gamma Ray Log is utilized to quantify volume of shale within the formation, while Porosity Logs, including Density Log, Neutron Log, and Sonic Log, are employed to determine effective porosity and index secondary porosity. Water saturation, movable hydrocarbon, and residual hydrocarbon are calculated using Resistivity logs (LLd, MSFL, and ILD). Additionally, a cross-plot analysis is performed utilizing Density Log and Neutron Log to determine the lithology of the Shiransih Formation.
Geochemical investigation and hydrocarbon generation–potential of the Chia Gara (Tithonian–Berriasian) source rocks at Hamrin and Kirkuk fields, Northwestern Zagros Basin, Iraq
Authors: Gharib Abbas F. , Haseeb Mustafa T. , Ahmed Mustafa S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon generation potential of the Chia Gara Formation (Tithonian–Berriasian) in the Northwestern (NW) Zagros Basin, Iraq. A comprehensive analysis of forty–seven extract samples and seven crude oil samples was conducted to evaluate the formation’s petroleum potential. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the analyzed samples ranged from 0.68% to 3.95%, indicating fair to excellent source rock quality. Rock–Eval parameters revealed thermal maturity, suggesting an environment favorable for both oil and gas generation.
Integrated analysis of TOC/Rock–Eval data, stable carbon isotope data, and biomarker parameters confirmed the existence of kerogen Type–II and mixed–II/III constituents, along with carbonate–rich deposits. These findings suggest deposition within an algal–dominant anoxic-marine environment.
Characterization of crude oils from these fields revealed paraffinic types, further supporting the interpretation of the Chia Gara interval as the primary source rock in the NW Zagros Basin. The oil–source correlation strengthens the evidence, consolidating the formation’s significance in the region’s petroleum system.
A Comparative Analysis and Environmental Interpretation of the First Cycle of Nfayil Formation in Two Distinct Southern Desert Locations, Iraq
Authors: Ajar Dhyaaldain K. , Mahdi Maher M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Nfayil Formation (Middle Miocene) is considered the equivalent of Fatha Formation; it is exposed in the western and southern Desert of Iraq with two members: a carbonate Lower Member that is composed of three cycles of limestone and marlstone intercalation and an Upper clastic Member of sandstone and claystone with thin layers of limestone. It extends from the western to the southern desert with a systematic succession of two or three cycles of lower members each one consisting of an interbedding of soft olive-green marl with medium tough shelly limestone rich with oyster shells. The upper member disappears in many localities due to erosion activity. From the field observation this succession was normally exposed in the southern Desert at the western parts of Al-Muthanna Governorate to the south of Dewaniyah Governorate, while in the eastern part of Al-Muthanna Governorate to the south of Al-Nasiriya Governorate, the beds showed a different lithology and fossil content. The olive-green marl turned to be rusty red with a higher content of fossils, the shelly limestone bed rich with oyster shells became red in colour, rusty and the oyster shells were substituted by pelecypods shells with the same concentration. A microfacies analysis study supported by chemical and X-ray analysis was carried out to predict the depositional environment and deposition circumstances in both sections. The thin section, chemical analysis and X-ray analysis were accomplished at the laboratories of the Iraq Geological Survey. Chemical analyses showed a high ratio of MgO oxide in Nasiriya section compare with Samawa section, that result was supported by X-ray analyses which refer to calcite mineral as the only mineral exists in Samawa beds wile in Nasiriya minerals of dolomite, quartz, feldspar and clay minerals were appeared.
Environments extracted from thin section study showed more local fluctuations in sea level in Samawa section.
Chromotherapy Method in Rehabilitation Center for Drug Addict
Authors: Fang H , Ardiani Y M , Sakina B 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study explains about color as a therapy in rehabilitation center for narcotics. Nowadays, color in architecture is not only aesthetically pleasing but also affects people emotionally and psychologically because it can stimulate the nervous system. Using color as a therapy or Chromotherapy has been used from ancient times until now and the effect of its application in health facilities can provide psychological well-being and create therapeutic environment for patients healing process. Narcotics patients get negative impact physically and psychologically from the drug itself, they usually have high stress levels. The factors that can increase stress in a drug addict patient are negative emotions, people, and environment. By paying attention to the quality of color in the drug healing environment, it can reduce or eliminate stressors that come from the environment. This can have positive effects such as a calming effect, reduce stress and make the patient feel better. In other words, architectural designs that tend towards quiet space will be a good design for building a rehabilitation center.
Memorialization at Conflict Heritage Sites in Aceh based on Major Events
Authors: Sabila F , Arafat P , Agustina S , Yusuf M A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Aceh’s conflict heritage is a category of dark heritage that has been taking shape since the start of the political conflict between the Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement in 1976 and the post-tsunami peace agreement in 2005. These events have left a contested tangible and intangible legacy. There is the need to learn from past events with the aim of truth-telling, restoration of victims’ rights, maintaining and nurturing peace. This research aims to identify conflict heritage sites in Aceh and see how the process of memorializing sites is starting to take place. The identification process was conducted through literature review, interviews, focused group discussions, and field verification. Preliminary findings show that 20 significant heritage sites have been mapped, concentrated in the main conflict zones. The heritage objects are identified based on main events timeline and collective narratives of conflict. It also examines the typology of the physical memorials built across the main conflict heritage location and analyzes the process and the results of these memorialization efforts. The results show memorialization efforts face challenges in both the process and form of memorialization. Also, in realizing inclusive and empathic memorialization, it does not only rely on the multi-parties involved but more on the local environmental and cultural context.
Renal proximal tubule-on-a-chip in PDMS: fabrication, functionalization, and RPTEC:HUVEC co-culture evaluation
Authors: Guimaraes Ana Paula Pereira , Calori Italo Rodrigo , Stilhano Roberta Sessa , Tedesco Antonio Claudio 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
‘On-a-chip’ technology advances the development of physiologically relevant organ-mimicking architecture by integrating human cells into three-dimensional microfluidic devices. This method also establishes discrete functional units, faciliting focused research on specific organ components. In this study, we detail the development and assessment of a convoluted renal proximal tubule-on-a-chip (PT-on-a-chip). This platform involves co-culturing Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells (RPTEC) and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) within a polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic device, crafted through a combination of 3D printing and molding techniques. Our PT-on-a-chip significantly reduced high glucose level, exhibited albumin uptake, and simulated tubulopathy induced by amphotericin B. Remarkably, the RPTEC:HUVEC co-culture exhibited efficient cell adhesion within 30 min on microchannels functionalized with plasma, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and type-I collagen. This approach significantly reduced the required incubation time for medium perfusion. In comparison, alternative methods such as plasma and plasma plus polyvinyl alcohol were only effective in promoting cell attachment to flat surfaces. The PT-on-a-chip holds great promise as a valuable tool for assessing the nephrotoxic potential of new drug candidates, enhancing our understanding of drug interactions with co-cultured renal cells, and reducing the need for animal experimentation, promoting the safe and ethical development of new pharmaceuticals.
Effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties of Al–7.5Cu–1Si alloy
Authors: Zhang Chaoyang , Deng Zhenghua , Shou Derong , Gong Xiaoxiang , Yang Qingfeng , Li Bo , Yuan Chenglong 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
With increasing requirements for environmental protection and energy conservation, Al–Cu powder alloys play an important role in machine weight reduction. During the preparation of the Al–Cu powder alloy, an appropriate sintering temperature helps improve the comprehensive performance of the alloys. In this study, powder metallurgy was used to prepare Al–7.5Cu–1Si alloys, and the effects of different sintering temperatures on their relative sintering density, hardness, and tensile strength were studied. The microstructure and phase composition of the alloy were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction, and the mechanical properties of the alloy were studied using a Brinell hardness tester and a universal material testing machine. By analyzing the microstructural changes of the alloys at different sintering temperatures, the optimal sintering temperature of the alloy was determined to obtain the best properties. The results demonstrated that the sintering temperature significantly affected the diffusion and migration of the metal particles inside the alloy. When the temperature was low, numerous pores were present in the alloy, and the degree of bonding between the metal particles was poor. As the temperature increased, the number of pores in the alloy decreased, and good metallurgical bonding occurred between the particles. The relative densities and mechanical properties of the alloys were significantly affected by the sintering temperature. When the temperature was below 570 °C, the relative density and mechanical properties were low. At 590 °C, the alloy underwent deformation and was in an over-sintered state. The best sintering temperature was 570 °C. This is because at this temperature, the relative sintering density, hardness, and tensile strength of the alloy all reached maximum values, which were 98.6%, 71 HB, and 153 MPa, respectively.
Enhancing CO2 transport with plasma-functionalized ionic liquid membranes
Authors: SHU 舒 Ruchen 茹晨 , XU 许 Hui 卉 , PEI 裴 Chenxiao 晨霄 , WANG 王 Nan 楠 , LIU 刘 Xingang 新刚 , HOU 侯 Jianyuan 剑源 , YUAN 袁 Yuan 圆 , ZHANG 张 Renxi 仁熙 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate treated with radiofrequency plasma is proposed for functionalization and immobilization on polyethersulfone supports to form supported ionic liquid membranes for CO2 separation. The effects of treatment time and transmembrane pressure difference on CO2 permeance were evaluated. The best gas permeation performance was obtained with a treatment time of 10 min and the transmembrane pressure difference was 0.25 MPa. Characterization of the materials by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrates that the IL is grafted with carboxyl groups and deprotonated through plasma treatment. A preliminary mechanism for the plasma treatment and facilitated transport of CO2 has been proposed on this basis.
TLD optimal vibration control for elevated concrete water towers
Authors: Cheng Xuansheng , Qi Guanjie , Li Guoliang , Chen Jianchao 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Considering the influence of earthquake and wind on the water tower, the analysis model of the elevated concrete water tower and its foundation is established. The dynamic response model and damping measures considering liquid–solid-soil interaction are determined. The influence of two kinds of circular tuned liquid dampers on dynamic response of elevated concrete water tower is studied. The results show that the peak values of displacement, acceleration and stress under the simultaneous action of wind field and earthquake exceed the peak superposition under the single factor of wind field and earthquake. However, the peak value of the liquid sloshing amplitude of the water tower under the earthquake-wind coupling does not exceed the sum of the wave peak values under the action of earthquake and wind alone. In addition, both circular TLDS have significant damping effect on elevated concrete water towers, but the damping effect of saturated salt water as TLD tempering fluid is better than that of pure water.
The Intentionality of Smell
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSome consider it obvious that vision represents. But argument is needed to show that smell does; it has never been obvious that smell represents. This chapter rebuts three reasons for doubting that smell represents, and offers several arguments that it does, based on the general idea that when we smell an object we noninferentially find out something about that object. The chapter then considers two recent proposals as to exactly what a smell represents, those of Clare Batty and Ben Young. But in each case it argues (while offering a concession or two) that so far as there is a substantive disagreement, Lycan’s older proposal is preferable: that a smell represents a miasma in the air. Finally, the question is raised as to whether smell does not represent, rather, whole environmental objects and types of object; that issue is postponed until Chapter 6.
Philosophy and the Duck-Rabbit
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter expounds the puzzle of “seeing as” and summarizes the philosophical state of play so long as aspect perception is considered only for the case of vision. Though ambiguous figures are the focus in popular literature, several different types of seeing-as are distinguished. Wittgenstein’s puzzle is stated: aspect-seeing is often a voluntary and thoughtful matter of interpretation; yet it is also a kind of seeing, a specifically perceptual phenomenon that is fundamental to visual phenomenology. The chapter lists 11 of Wittgenstein’s further observations that have had the status of truisms. Then it states two explanatory claims that have been made as to what underlies seeing-as: Gombrich’s idea of perceptual expectations and the projecting of possibilities, and the more recent suggestion that seeing-as is a matter of attentional focus. The chapter concludes by extending the expectation-plus-attending model to smelling-as, tasting-as, and tactual feeling-as; the model continues to work reasonably well. But we shall see in the following chapter that hearing-as simply blocks the attention idea.
ElemeNT 2023: an enhanced tool for detection and curation of core promoter elements
Authors: Adato Orit , Sloutskin Anna , Komemi Hodaya , Brabb Ian , Duttke Sascha , Bucher Philipp , Unger Ron , Juven-Gershon Tamar 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Prediction and identification of core promoter elements and transcription factor binding sites is essential for understanding the mechanism of transcription initiation and deciphering the biological activity of a specific locus. Thus, there is a need for an up-to-date tool to detect and curate core promoter elements/motifs in any provided nucleotide sequences.

Results
Here, we introduce ElemeNT 2023—a new and enhanced version of the Elements Navigation Tool, which provides novel capabilities for assessing evolutionary conservation and for readily evaluating the quality of high-throughput transcription start site (TSS) datasets, leveraging preferential motif positioning. ElemeNT 2023 is accessible both as a fast web-based tool and via command line (no coding skills are required to run the tool). While this tool is focused on core promoter elements, it can also be used for searching any user-defined motif, including sequence-specific DNA binding sites. Furthermore, ElemeNT’s CORE database, which contains predicted core promoter elements around annotated TSSs, is now expanded to cover 10 species, ranging from worms to human. In this applications note, we describe the new workflow and demonstrate a case study using ElemeNT 2023 for core promoter composition analysis of diverse species, revealing motif prevalence and highlighting evolutionary insights. We discuss how this tool facilitates the exploration of uncharted transcriptomic data, appraises TSS quality, and aids in designing synthetic promoters for gene expression optimization. Taken together, ElemeNT 2023 empowers researchers with comprehensive tools for meticulous analysis of sequence elements and gene expression strategies.

Availability and implementation
ElemeNT 2023 is freely available at https://www.juven-gershonlab.org/resources/element-v2023/. The source code and command line version of ElemeNT 2023 are available at https://github.com/OritAdato/ElemeNT. No coding skills are required to run the tool.