bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Immunological Activity of Five Defined Antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Seven Inbred Guinea Pig Strains. The 38‐kDa Antigen is Immunodominant
Authors: HASLØV K. , ANDERSEN Å. B. , LJUNGQVIST L. , BENTZON M. WEIS 
Published: June 2006

We have examined the immunological activity of five affinity‐purified protein antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in seven inbred and one outbred guinea pig strains. The test systems were measurements of delayed‐type hypersensitivity (Dth) responses, lymphocyte stimulation assays (LS), and antibody response measurements. The results showed significant differences in the immunogenicity of the single‐protein antigens and, when the antigens were considered separately, highly significant guinea pig strain differences The outbred guinea pig strain behaved as a Dth high responder to all antigens studied. The order of magnitude of the Dth responses was not usually correlated with that of the corresponding antibody responses for the individual guinea pig strain‐antigen combinations. In particular, when compared with the other strains, strain 2 guinea pigs generally gave the lowest Dth, but the highest antibody responses.A 38,000 molecular weight protein, possessing M. tuberculosis complex‐specific B‐cell determinants, appeared immunodominant in 5 out of 7 strains. Our Dlh data in the inbred strains further suggest the presence of an M. turberculosis‐specific‐ T‐cell epitope. A T‐cell line, 11D9, derived from the high‐responder guinea pig strain 13 reactive to this prolein, was shown to be able to confer a tuberculin‐like skin reaction in vivo. LS assays with recombinant 38‐kDa protein and truncated versions of the protein mapped the 1lD9‐defined T‐cell epitope to the middle parl of the molecule.
Monocyte Function in IDDM Patients and Healthy Individuals
Authors: MØLVIG J. , POCIOT F. , BÆK L. , WORSAAE H. , WOGENSEN L. DALL , CHRISTENSEN P. , STAUB‐NIELSEN L. , MANDRUP‐POULSEN T. , MANOGUE K. , NERUP J. 
Published: June 2006

Interleukin 1β(IL‐1β) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) may be pathogenetically important in insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), which is associated with genes of the HLA region. Since a regulatory role of HLA region genes on monokine production may exist, we looked for an association between the monokine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) responses of monocytes (Mo) from 20 healthy males (18–50 years) with HLA‐DR types relevant for IDDM susceptibility and resistance (DR 1,2, DR 1,3, DR 1,4, DR 3,4). Monokine assays were established and evaluated and the secretions of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and PGE2 measured in Mo cultures (2 h, 6 h, 20 h) prepared by endotoxin‐free techniques and stimulated by low‐dose E. coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). There were no significant associations between Mo responses and HLA‐DR phenotype. Likewise, Mo from DR2 (n=5) and DR4 (n= 5) homozygous healthy males demonstrated no significant differences in monokine and PGE2 responses of Mo.In the HLA class III region a diallelic TNF‐β gene Ncol polymorphism consisting of alleles of 5.5 kb and 10.5 kb was recently described and associated with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases including IDDM. We report that IL‐1β and TNF‐α responses of Mo from TNF‐β 10.5 kb homozygous healthy individuals were significantly higher than for TNF‐β 5.5/10.5 kb heterozygotes.IL‐1β and TNF‐α responses of Mo from males (18–35 years) with newly diagnosed (n= 10) and long‐standing IDDM (n= 10) and from age‐ and HLA‐DR‐matched healthy males (n= 10) were studied. LPS, gamma interferon (IFN), and TNF‐α‐stimulated Mo cultures were investigated. No significant differences were found between Mo responses of IDDM patients and controls. IFN (1000 U/ml) in the presence of LPS significantly potentiated LPS‐stimulated Mo TNF‐α secretion and reduced the levels of IL‐β immunoreactivity in Mo lysates. IFN and TNF‐α did not have any effects on LPS‐stimulated Mo secretion of IL‐1 β immunoreactivity.We conclude that Mo IL‐1β and TNF‐α production is normal in patients with recent‐onset and long‐standing IDDM. The interindividual differences in monokine responses may be accounted for by the diallelic human TNF‐β gene polymorphism rather than by HLA class II genes. This observation may be important for understanding the association of certain H LA haplotypes with autoimmune phenomena and disease.
Dynamics of Blood Components and Peritoneal Fluid during Treatment of Murine E. coli Sepsis with β‐1, 3‐D‐Polyglucose Derivatives
Authors: RASMUSSEN L.‐T. , SELJELID R. 
Published: June 2006

Beta‐1, 3‐D‐polyglueose derivatives protect mice against otherwise lethal bacterial infections This protective effect has previously been considered to be mediated through mononuclear phagocytes. We have now investigated the cellular composition in blood and peritoneal fluid after administration of the β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose before and after challenge with Escherichia coli. In animals treated with β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose derivatives, the total white cell number was significantly increased in both blood and peritoneal fluid before and after challenge with E. coli. The increased total cell number was mainly the result of raised levels of granulocytes. The effects of β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose‐derivatized microbeads (GDM) and soluble aminated β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose (AG) were similar.Bacterial counts in peripheral blood in GDM‐ and AG‐treated animals increased until 6 h after challenge and approached zero after 24 h. In untreated animals the bacterial counts increased gradually until the animals died after about 12 h. Bacterial counts in peritoneal fluid of GDM‐and AG‐treated animals declined to zero after 24 h. In untreated animals there was a slight increase in bacterial counts until the animals died after about 12 h.By using radioactive labelling, we localized the bacteria as well as the β‐1,3‐D‐polyglueosc derivatives during the period following injection. Particle‐bound β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose was recovered mainly in the milky spots of the omentum. A conspicuous number of bacteria were also recovered in the milky spots. The soluble aminated β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose was recovered mainly in the liver. However, on a weight basis, the greatest concentration of radioactivity was in the milky spots.
Tγδ Cells and their Subsets in Blood and Synovial Tissue from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: SMITH M. D. , BRÖKER B. , MORETTA L , CICCONE E. , GROSSI C. E. , EDWARDS J. C. W. , YÜKSEL F. , COLACO B. , WORMAN C. , MACKENZIE L. , KINNE R. , WESELOH G. , GLÜCKERT K. , LYDYARD P. M. 
Published: June 2006

We have examined the frequencies of Tγδ cells in blood, synovial fluids, and synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in blood from age‐matched controls Immunocyto‐chemical and immunohistochemical techniques were used with monoclonal antibodies BB3 and A13 to define a major and minor blood subset of Tγδ cells respectively. Together, these antibodies identify the majority (if not all) of the peripheral blood Tγδ cells.Significantly lower levels of Tγδ cells were found in the blood of RA patients compared with controls, whilst higher but not significant numbers were found in the synovial fluids or paired samples Scattered Tγδ cells were found only in some synovial membranes with A distribution similar to the Tγδ cells Analysis of the two different Tγδ ‐cell subsets indicated a ratio of BB3 to A13 of about 5:1 in control and RA blood. However, this ratio was less than 1:1 in the RA synovial fluids and membranes. The migratory nature of the A13+ cells could account for their predominance in these sites the possible pathological significance of these cells in the rheumatoid synovial fluid and synovial membranes is discussed.
The Antibody Repertoire of Early Human B Cells
Authors: LYDYARD P. M. , QUARTEY‐PAPAFIO R. P. , BRÖKER B. M. , MACKENZIE L. , HAY F. C. , YOUINOU P. Y. , JEFFERIS R. , MAGEED R. A. 
Published: June 2006

Our previous studies have shown that a high frequency of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐immortalized cord blood (CB) and fetal liver (FL) clones produce IgM antibodies which display extensive autoreactivity for IgG Fc (rheumatoid factor, RF). To investigate further the repertoire of these early B B cells we have examined the expression of CRI associated with RF paraproteins in relation to antibody specificity and polyreactivity. CRI were detected by ELISA and/or flow cytometry using a panel of well‐characterized monoclonal antibodies defining idiotopes associated with particular VKand VH gene family products and raised against Fc‐specific paraproteins.Many of the CRI were expressed by these clones, suggesting that they may be markers of early B cells. The presence of the CRI was not always associated with Fc specificity. Three of eight CB/FL clones expressed the VKII subgroup of light chains, and two of these expressed the VK sub‐subgroup associated CRI, 17‐109. These two clones reacted with IgG Fc, and one also bound to single‐stranded DNA. The VHIII‐associated idiotope D12 was expressed on IgM from 4 out of 9 FL and 5 out of 12 CB clones. D12 and B6(also a VH‐III‐associated CRI) were coexpressed in 4 out of 5 CB clones but not in the four FL clones. Seven out of nine clones expressing these idiotopes were polyreactive. and five had Fc‐binding activity.Three of the 12 CB clones expressed the VHI‐associated conformational idiotope G8. One of 20 CLL clones expressed both B6 and D12, and another expressed both 17‐109 and the VH‐I associated G6and G8 idiotopes. Taken together, these data provide evidence for the frequent usage, in early B cells, of VK subgroups and VH‐associated idiotopes of RF paraproteins. The expression of these CRI was not a prerequisite for binding to IgG Fc. but there was a frequent association of these idiotopes with it. Differences in expression of CRI between CLL and early B‐cell clones may suggest differences in the pattern or VH usage between these subsets of B cells.
Presence of NAP‐1/IL‐8 in Synovial Fluids Indicates a Possible Pathogenic Role in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: PEICHL P. , CESKA M. , EFFENBERGER F. , HABERHAUER G. , BROELL H. , LINDLEY I. J. D. 
Published: June 2006

The synovial fluid in affected joints of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients contains many cells, in numbers strongly correlated with the severity of disease. As the disease worsens and the cell count increases, the polymorphonuclear leucocyte becomes the predominant cell type. Although the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 (IL‐I) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) have no direct neutrophil‐attractant activity, they are both potent inducers of interleukin 8(IL‐8) in a variety of cell types, Chemotactic attraction of neutrophils is a major activity of IL‐8.Examination of a number of synovial fluids showed that significant levels of IL‐8 art present in a high proportion of R A cases (10 out of 17). at concentrations directly related to the number of cells in the joint, and to circulating C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels. The cytokine is present only at background levels in other diseases accompanied by arthritic manifestations, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and induced arthritis. The progressive joint destruction seen in all cases where high IL‐8 levels were measured, coupled with the neutrophil‐rich cell count and the strong correlation between concentration of IL‐8 and both serum CRP and cellular influx into the joint, is strongly suggestive of a pathogenic role for IL‐S in RA.
Separation of Leucocytes: Improved Cell Purity by Fine Adjustments of Gradient Medium Density and Osmolality
Authors: BØYUM A. , LØVHAUG D. , TRESLAND L. , NORDLIE E. M. 
Published: June 2006

This paper briefly reviews commonly used procedures for separation or mononuclear cells (MNC) and granulocytes from human blood with X‐ray contrast media as gradient material, and also presents new and modified procedures for leucocyte preparation. Standard techniques for human blood do not always yield satisfactory results with blood from other species. In general pure MNC are easily obtained (top fraction), but often the granulocyte fraction has a low purity, due to contamination with MNC that move to the bottom during centrifugation and contaminate the granulocyte suspension. Obviously the density distribution of MNC differs between species, However. the separation can be improved by tine adjustment of gradient medium osmolality. For this purpose we have used Nycodenz a non‐ionic X‐ray contrast medium, A favourable property of Nycodenz solutions is that the osmolality and density can easily be varied over a broad range. The cells react promptly to a change of medium osmolality. In hypertonic medium the cells expel water. shrink, their density increases and they sediment faster, in spite of a smaller radius. Further. the cells may pass what was initially a density barrier. A hypotonic environment has the opposite effect.In the present work we were able to show that a slight change of medium osmolality clearly improved different techniques for separation of leucocyte subgroups. For instance, the Isopaque Ficoll (IF) technique consistently yielded MNC and granulocytes of high purity with human blood. However, with blood from rabbits, rats and mice the granulocyte suspensions were contaminated by 40‐60%, MNC‐ By utilizing Nycodenz. and lowering the osmolality by 10‐12 per cent (at constant density–1.077 g/ml) we obtained satisfactory separation of MNC as well as granulocytes with blood from these species.A problem in the routine separation of granuloccytes (IF) is a high contamination of erythrocytes (2 5 per cell) in the granulocyte suspension. With a two‐layer technique with Nycodenz solutions of different densities it was possible lo separate granulocytes almost devoid of erythrocytes. after proper adjustment of osmolatily, By appropriate combination of density and osmolality, Nycodenz was a suitable gradient material in other separation procedures as well, e.g. the separation of monocytes and mast cells.To facilitate the use of Nycodenz as a versatile gradient material, a computer program providing recipes for various Nycodenz solutions is included as an appendix.
Regulation and Functional Involvement of Distinct Determinants of Leucocyte Function‐Associated Antigen 1 (LFA‐1) in T‐Cell Activation In Vitro
Authors: DESROCHES C. VERMOT , RIGAL D. , ANDRÉONI C. 
Published: June 2006

The expression of leucocyte function‐associated antigen 1 (LFA‐1) was studied by immunofluorescence method on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated by the phytohaemagglutinin lectin (PHA).Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) Mas 191c. IOT18 (directed against the β‐chain. 95 kDa. CDI8) and IOT16. SPVL7, MHM24 (identificating the α‐chain. 180 kDa, CD11a) were used, defining the CD 11a/ CD18' antibody panel.By means of cross‐linking or competitive experiments, we showed that these antibodies recognized al least four distinct and spatially distant domains on the LFA‐t molecule.Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the up‐regulation of LFA‐1 expression was a late event, similar to the expression kinetics of the HLA DR and CD38 molecules, and followed the appearance of 0025 and CD71 molecules. Moreover, it was established that the LFA‐1 up‐regulation required mRNA and protein synthesis.Functional activity comparison of the different anti LFA‐1 MoAb showed that the CDI la MoAb significantly inhibited the proliferation of lymphocytes stimulated by the phytohaemagglutinin lo various extents, as the LFA‐ 1α determinant identified, By contrast, the CD 18 MoAb did not influence strongly this cell process. We observed only n dim inhibitory effect with the CD18 MoAb recognizing an epitope common or very close to an LFA‐1 α determinant.These results suggested that the LFA‐1 antigen was important, at a molecular level, in the regulation of T‐cell activation.
Characterization of Nickel‐Specific T Cell Clones
Authors: SILVENNOINEN‐KASSINEN S. , POIKONEN K. , IKÄHEIMO I. 
Published: June 2006

Nickel is the major cause of metal‐induced allergic dermatitis. Twelve nickel‐specific T cell clones were used to investigate the cellular immune reactions occurring in nickel sensitivity. The selection between the alternative T cell receptors α and βγδ and two alternative Vβ genes (Vβ5 and Vβ8) were studied to see if nickel induces a selective pressure for clones bearing particular genes. Cell surface markers were studied by monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. Soluble mediators were measured by an ELISA method.The clones used T cell receptor αβ genes but did not use Vβ5 or Vβ8. They were T helper clones with a primed memory marker (CD3+CD4+CD8−CD45RO+) and carried HLA‐DR. None of the clones secreted IL‐1α, all of them secreted IL‐2 receptor. Four clones secreted IL‐lβ, six IL‐4 and seven IL‐6, the peaks in IL‐2Rand IL‐6 secretion preceding 1L‐4 secretion. The clones helped immunoglobulin synthesis.The clones from late effector phase of the nickel allergic reaction favours the use of T cell receptors αβ genes. Nickel‐specific clones were phenotypically indistinguishable but differed in soluble mediators produced.
Human Follicular Dendritic Cells: Isolation and Characteristics in Situ and in Suspension
Authors: PARMENTIER H.K. , VAN DER LINDEN J. A. , KRIJEN J. , VAN WICHEN D. F. , RADEMAKERS L. H. P. M. , BLOEM A. C. , SCHUURMAN H‐J. 
Published: June 2006

Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in human tonsils, either in situ in follicular germinal centres or isolated from tissue, were characterized by immunohistochemical. enzyme cytochemical and electron microscopical methods. Using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, expression of DRC‐1. Ki‐M4, HLA‐DR, CRI, Clq antigens, a macrophage marker, and surface IgG and IgM were found on isolated FDC and on FDC in situ. None of these reagents proved to be specific for FDC. e.g. the FDC‐directed antibodies DRC‐1 and Ki‐M4 labelled B lymphocytes in cytofluorography.Enzyme cytochemical staining revealed activities of non‐specific esterase, acid α‐naphthylacetate esterase and ATPase in germinal centres and in freshly isolated FDC.Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a weak expression of CD4 by a fraction of isolated FDC, which was confirmed by two‐colour immuno‐staining and immuno‐electron microscopy.
A Tumour Necrosis Factor Beta Gene Polymorphism in Relation to Monokine Secretion and Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: POCIOT F , Mølvig J. , WOGENSEN L. , WORSAAE H. , DALBØGE H. , BAEK L. , NERUP J. 
Published: June 2006

HLA‐class III region genes may be associated with susceptibility to insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). In this study an Ncol polymorphism of the tumour necrosis factor beta (TNF‐β) gene, which is positioned next lo the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) gene in the HLA class 111 region, was detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). This polymorphism has previously been reported lo be located in the TNF‐α gene. Caucasian HLA‐DR3.4 heterozygous IDDM patients (n=‐26) and DR‐matched healthy controls (n=19). as well as randomly selected IDDM patients (n = 27) and controls (n = 25) were studied. In addition four multiplex families (49 individuals) and eight HLA‐non‐identical sibpairs concordant for IDDM were analysed.The TNF‐β gene RFLP analysis showed fragments of 5.5 kb and 10.5 kb, which behaved as alleles. In all groups there was a haplotype assignment of the TNF‐β 5.5‐kb allele to BS, DR3 haplotypes, and of the TNF‐β 10.5‐kb allele to B15.DR4‐positive haplotypes. The allelic and genotypic frequencies differed between DR3.4 IDDM patients and DR3,4 controls, and the DR3.4 control group differed significantly from the randomly selected control group (P < 0.0079), In HLA‐DR3,4‐atid DQw8‐positive persons, the DR3 haplotypes carried the 10.5‐kb allele ihrcL‐ times more frequently in IDDM patients than in controls, suggesting that the 10.5‐kb allele when present on DR3 haplotyes may contribute lo susceplibility to IDDM in DR3.4 heterozygous individuals, A contributory role of the Hl.5‐kballele in genetic IDDM susceptibility was supported by the sibpair analysis, in which all were TNF‐/1 identical. Five were 10,5 kb homozygous. and the remaining three pairs were 5.5.10,5 kb heterozygous.Twenty‐five healthy and eight newly diagnosed IDDM patients were randomly selected to study the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS)‐purified protein derivate (tuberculin) (PPD)‐, and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)‐stimulated monocyte (Mo) secretions of interleukin 1 bela (IL‐1/J)and TNb‐α in relation lo the Ncol TNF‐/f gene polymorphism. The LPS‐ and PHA stimulated Mo IL‐l/f and TNF‐a: secretions were significantly lower for the TNF‐β 5.5.10,5 kb heterozygous individuals than for TNF‐β 10.5 kb homozygous individuals. Furthermore, the Mo IL‐1β and TNF‐a secretions of IDDM patients were significantly higher than the Mo secretions of TNF‐β genolype‐matched healthy controls.This study suggests an association between the 10.5 kb TNF‐β allele and IDDM, and demonstrates an association between monokine responses and TNF‐β genotypes. These observations may have implications for understanding the pathogenesis of HLA‐associated autoimmune diseases including IDDM.
Experimental Infection with a Haemorrhage‐Causing Trypanosoma vivax in N'Dama and Boran Cattle
Authors: WILLIAMS D. J. L. , LOGAN‐HENFREY L. L. , AUTHIÉ E. , SEELY C. , MCODIMBA F. 
Published: July 2006

N'Dama cattle control experimental infections with clones of Trypanosoma congolense of varying degrees of virulence, but nothing is known about their capacity to control infections caused by highly virulent. East African stocks of T. vivax. Thus four N'Damas and four trypanosusceptible Borans were infected with a tsetse‐transmitted stock of T. vivax. IL2337. In Ayrshire cattle this stock is known to cause severe haemorrhagic disease.No differences were observed in the parasitaemia between the two groups. Both groups became anaemic. The mean packed cell volume fell to 16.8 ± 5.0% in the N'Dama cattle and to 24.2 ± 2.2% in the Borans on day 26 post infection. These differences were not significant. Antibody responses to invariant trypanosome antigens were analysed. No differences were observed between the groups in the pattern of recognition or the isotype elicited. Antibody bound to the surface of erythrocytes was occasionally detected. No anti‐platelet activity was observed.The results show that N'Dama cattle, which are known to be resistant to disease caused by T. congolense and by T. vivax stocks from West Africa, were highly susceptible to an infection of T. vivax which causes acute haemorrhagic disease.
Evidence of Immunosuppression by Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Authors: WOLDEHIWET Z. , SHARMA R. 
Published: July 2006

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major respiratory pathogen in human infants and calves. Calves and lambs infected with bovine RSV show mild clinical signs but they are more susceptible to secondary infection with Pasteurella haemolytica. Lambs infected with P. haemolytica 6 days after experimental infection with bovine RSV had significantly greater magnitudes of fever, higher disease and lesion scores and higher mortality rates than those infected with P. haemolytica or bovine RSV alone (P < 0.05).Experimental infection with bovine RSV is characterized by alterations in lymphocyte subpopulation sand down‐regulation of some of their functions. For example, the number of T helper cells is significantly reduced during the first week of infection and peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from bovine RSV‐infected lambs were less responsive to the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin but more susceptible to P. haemolytica cytotoxin than those obtained from control lambs. Infection with bovine RSV does not significantly affect the humoral immune responses of lambs against P. haemolytica cytotoxin. Bovine RSV does not appear to affect the capacity of alveolar macrophages to present antigens in vitro.