bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen peroxide‐induced oxidation of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
Authors: Chang Annie Tom , Ross Edward 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHydrogen peroxide‐induced oxidation of ascorbic acid was found to be catalysed by several fruit juices. Products exhibiting peroxidatic activity were passion fruit, orange and pineapple juices, papaya and guava purees, liquid coconut products, and bottled (pasteurised) apple juice. A mathematical relationship between logarithm of juice dilution to initial reaction rate was developed. Passion fruit juice exhibited the highest peroxidatic activity on the basis of calculated intercepts and slopes. Several other fresh juices exhibited peroxidatic activity. Although the fruit juices reduce the activity in Fenton's reaction with ascorbic acid as substrate, the oxidising activity of the juices may not be a Fenton reaction. Coconut skim milk showed the highest inhibitory effect and passion fruit juice was second highest. Mechanisms for the inhibitory effect are considered.
Effect of flour treatment on the suitability of bread as food for dogs
Authors: Impey S. G. , Moore T. , Sharman I. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDogs given bread‐crumbs made from flour heavily treated with agene promptly developed hysteria. No hysteria, or any other detectable ill effects, resulted from the prolonged inclusion in the diet of bread‐crumbs made from untreated flour, from flour ‘improved’ by prolonged aeration or by heavy treatment with chlorine dioxide, potassium bromate or ascorbic acid.
Antifungal activity of substituted nitroanilines and related compounds
Authors: Clark N. G. , Hams A. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe preparation of a group of nitroanilines and some related compounds is described, together with two of the biological methods adopted for the assessment of their antifungal activity. Certain of these compounds show high activity against Botrytis cinerea, and one of them, 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline, has been developed as a commercial fungicide (‘Allisan’).
Carbon dioxide production during incubation of soils treated with cellulose as a possible index of the nitrogen status of soils
Authors: Cornfield A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe amount of carbon dioxide produced during incubation (3 weeks at 28°) of 18 soils (of varying texture and pH) treated with 1% cellulose was highly correlated with the total mineral nitrogen content of unamended soils after 3 weeks’ incubation. This ‘indirect incubation technique appears a convenient method for assessing the nitrogen status of soils, as there is no need to extract and determine mineral nitrogen.
Colorimetric determination of 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline in plants and soil
Authors: Roburn J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractColour reactions of the fungicide 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline are discussed. An analytical method for the determination of its residues on the surface and within the tissues of lettuce and fruit and in soil is described in detail. Work carried out to demonstrate the validity of the method is summarised and discussed.The analysis is based on reduction to 2,6‐dichloro‐p‐phenylenediamine, followed by oxidation, in the presence of aniline, to a blue indamine dye.
Effects of air‐drying and air‐dry storage on the mineralisable‐nitrogen of soils
Authors: Gasser J. K. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of eight soils were air‐dried and stored in brown‐paper or in sealed polythene bags for periods up to 98 weeks. Portions of the fresh and re‐wetted air‐dry soils were incubated at 25° for 10–84 days. the soils were extracted before and after incubation and the increase in mineral‐N (NH4+‐N + NO3−‐N) content (Δ Mineral‐N) was measured. Air‐drying increased Δ Mineral‐N. Air‐dry storage further increased Δ Mineral‐N, the value increasing with the period stored, but the mineralisable‐N of soils kept in sealed polythene bags increased less than that of soils in paper bags, the increases occurring only in the easily mineralisable‐N; most of the extra mineral‐N was formed during the first 10 days incubation and all by 42 days, thereafter the air‐dried soils had the same rate of mineralisation as the fresh soils. the mineral‐N content of the air‐dry soils increased with storage.In a further similar test with 14 soils, air‐dried and stored in brown‐paper bags for periods up to 32 weeks, the mean value of Δ Mineral‐N varied irregularly with time of storage up to 18 weeks but thereafter increased with increasing period of storage before incubation. the mineral‐N content of the air‐dry soils varied, the maximum value being found in the samples stored for 12 weeks.
Field observations on the ‘Exhaustion’ of suspension and emulsion sheep dip formulations
Authors: Graham N. P. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ‘ exhaustion ’, or decrease in insecticide concentration, of sheep dip washes comprising emulsions, suspensions or colloidal suspensions of BHC, dieldrin or DDT was investigated under field conditions. All showed some degree of exhaustion during dipping, but the emulsions exhausted more rapidly than the suspensions. the ‘ exhaustion rate ’ was constant for each formulation, and the percentage drop in concentration was closely related to the percentage of the wash volume removed on the sheep.If dip washes are replenished with a certain concentration, sheep carry out the same mean deposit of insecticide irrespective of the rate of exhaustion of the formulation, the frequency of replenishments or the volume of wash through which they pass. These three factors, however, affect the extent of the variation about the mean value.If the wash is replenished continuously at approximately the same rate as it is being removed by the sheep, the deposit of insecticide per sheep will be constant for all sheep, and, with exhausting formulations, this system will give the highest minimum deposit for any concentration of replenishments.
Chemical studies on the herring (Clupea harengus). VI.—Carbonyl compounds formed during the heat processing of herring
Authors: Hughes R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHerring were cooked at 100° under a stream of nitrogen and the resulting vapour passed through a solution of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine. the main components of the resulting mixture of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones were shown to be the derivatives of acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, 2‐methylbutyraldehyde and acetone.
Studies on protein hydrolysis. V.—Anaphylactoid shock in guinea pigs, produced by casein degradation products
Authors: Bertok E. I. , Baker B. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe anaphylactoid shock in guinea pigs, produced by enzymic casein hydrolysates, has been determined by in vivo tests and by the Schultz‐Dale technique. Hydrolysates with low transmittances are more prone to produce anaphylactoid reaction than those with high transmittances. A study has been made of the possible conditions of manufacture that might affect the properties of the hydrolysates. Factors, such as efficiency in the filtration processes, drying temperature and purity of the casein, may play an important part in the degree to which casein hydrolysates can produce anaphylactoid reactions.
Evaluation of cereal protein quality for chicks by three different biological techniques
Authors: Butterworth M. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn evaluation of the protein and energy value of wheat, barley and maize when fed in conjunction with wheat offals was made. The Gross Protein Value test, and two methods of estimating protein and energy retention, one the conventional balance technique and the other body analysis, were used. For protein and energy provision, the cereals were of equal value when fed in this way. The values obtained by the two methods of determining protein retention varied significantly and this is discussed. The relative accuracy of the several methods is also discussed together with the validity of the Gross Protein Value test.
Chemistry of waterlogged soils. I.—Changes in oxidation‐reduction potentials of two soils on submergence; Influence of pH and organic matter
Authors: Rodrigo D. M. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen normally dry soils were submerged in water, the pH increased and Eh decreased in both soil and supernatant liquid, equilibrium values being attained in 80 days. This also occurred if the soil was treated with acid or compost was added, although the initial and final values were different. The iron content of the supernatant liquid was very low, but that in the ‘drained soil solution’ increased with fall of pH and Eh.
Starch‐gel electrophoresis of cereal proteins
Authors: Elton G. A. H. , Ewart J. A. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStarch‐gel electrophoresis has been found to be a valuable tool for the investigation of cereal proteins. Eight wheat varieties have been compared using aluminium lactate buffer of low pH. Although the albumin and globulin patterns appear to be very similar, there are significant differences among the patterns arising from the gluten proteins. It is thought that these differences may be sufficiently marked to give rise to variations in protein quality.Comparison of wheat with barley, maize, oats and rye shows that profound differences exist between the patterns. Most of the proteins of the four last‐named cereals are less soluble. Bands lying in the mobility range corresponding to wheat gluten arc less marked in rye, present only in small quantities in barley, and undetectable in maize and oats.
Composition of tomato fruit. III.—Juices from whole fruit and locules at different stages of ripeness
Authors: Winsor G. W. , Davies J. N. , Massey D. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChanges in the composition of tomato fruit during ripening have been studied with particular reference to titratable acidity, sugars and soluble solids. The analyses were made on juices expressed from whole fruit, and also on free juices from the locules.The content of sugars and of total solids in juices from whole fruit, and of sugars in the locular juices, increased from the mature green to the orange‐red or red stages of ripening.The acidity of the juices decreased progressively as orange and red pigments developed in the outer walls, the highest values in the locules generally occurring in the mature green fruit whereas for whole fruit a maximum was found at the first appearance of yellow areas in the malls.Storage of orange‐red tomatoes at room temperature for 6 days caused a significant decrease in sugars and titratable acidity in the expressed juices.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. XII.—Effect of malting conditions on malting losses and total amylase activity
Authors: Novellie L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe losses sustained in malting Kaffircorn are much higher than those in barley malting, and are greatly increased at high moisture levels. A true increase in amylase activity results from increasing the moisture content during malting; the rise in diastatic power in the later stages of malting is not therefore due to high malting losses.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. XIII.—Variation of diastatic power with variety, season, maturity and age of grain
Authors: Novellie L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of season, maturity at harvest, and storage on the diastatic power developed during malting has been studied for some common South African varieties of kaffircorn. Storage of the grain for somewhat over a year has been found to increase its potential for developing diastatic activity.
Physico‐chemical studies on agricultural sprays. IV.—The retention of spray liquids on leaf surfaces
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe retention of spray liquids has been measured on the surface of leaves of various plants. Various spray liquids, having a range of wetting abilities, were used and the retention was measured both by spraying the surface up to the point of spray run‐off, thus giving a measure of the maximum retention, and by spraying the surface to beyond run‐off conditions.For any given surface, the maximum retention was related to the theoretical retention factor, which was calculated from the values of the dynamic advancing and receding contact angles of the spray liquid on the solid surface and from the surface tension of the spray liquid. After spraying beyond run‐off, the theoretical retention factor will predict the relative levels of retention with reasonable accuracy.This agreement between measured and theoretical retention has enabled the retention theory to be used to study the importance of many of the variables that govern spray retention in practice. These variables are discussed.
Composition of tomato fruit. V.—Comparison of the differently coloured areas of the walls of ‘blotchy’ tomatoes
Authors: Winsor G. W. , Davies J. N. , Massey D. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA comparative study has been made of some components of the green and red areas of the walls of ‘blotchy’ tomatoes. The juices expressed from the green areas showed a significantly lower titratable acidity than those from the red areas, and had a lower content of sugars and nitrogenous compounds. Juices from the green areas also contained less soluble solids, as determined by oven‐drying, and had lower refractive indices.The content of ethanol‐soluble total sugars and free and total acids was significantly lower in the green than in the red areas. The proportion of alcohol‐insoluble solids was higher in the green areas.The results are discussed in relation to the changes in composition previously found during ripening. Some aspects of the results suggest that ‘blotchy’ cannot merely be attributed to delayed ripening in the affected areas.
Simple vacuum distillation procedure for determination of the volatile carbonyl content of autoxidising edible fats
Authors: Lea C. H. , Swoboda P. A. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA vacuum distillation procedure is described which, when applied to 10 g. of fat, will recover quantitatively added aliphatic aldehydes ranging in volatility from propanal to dodecanal at a concentration of 0.1 μmole/g. With autoxidising fats the method estimates, more directly than chemical tests for rancidity in present use, the class of substances responsible for rancid and reverted off‐flavours.
Influence of tetracycline antibiotics on the spoilage of herring (C. Harengus)
Authors: De Silva N. N. , Hughes R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of two antibiotics (chlor‐ and oxy‐tetracycline) on the spoilage of whole iced herring is studied. Spring and summer herring were improved (taste panel assessment, determination of total volatile bases) by the antibiotics, but autumn herring were unaffected. This is attributed to a seasonal variation in the nature of the bacterial flora present on the fish. Peroxide values were higher for oil from treated compared with that from untreated fish, but the production of free fatty acids and volatile fatty acids was not affected. The production of some free amino‐acids was higher in the treated compared with the untreated fish. An attempt is made to explain these results.
Phosphorus compounds of oats. III.—Composition of ‘phytin’ from oats and other cereals
Authors: Ashton W. M. , Evans C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of ‘phytin’ isolated from different cereals were not identical in composition. Moreover phytin fractions obtained from a given hydrochloric acid extract of wheat bran, oats, barley or rye varied considerably, and evidence is presented to show that magnesium is more strongly held than calcium. More calcium was precipitated from solution by oat than by wheat phytate, suggesting that this may be one reason for the observation that oats are more rachitogenic than wheat.
Estimation of calcium and phosphorus requirement in laying hens by balance techniques
Authors: Hurwitz S. , Griminger P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBalance studies with Leghorn hens in good production were conducted to estimate their calcium and phosphorus requirement. The requirement, defined as the dietary level of calcium that maintained calcium equilibrium and optimum shell thickness, was found to be 3 g./hen/day. Percentage calcium retention (% retention) at high levels of calcium intake was a linear function of the reciprocal of calcium intake, the slope being equal to absolute calcium retention, but at levels below the requirement % retention increased at a decreasing rate. In the zone of calcium requirement % retention was 50‐55.Phosphorus excretion behaved as a linear function of phosphorus intake. The failure of the extrapolation method to estimate endogenous phosphorus excretion in the laying hen is discussed. Phosphorus requirement, defined by phosphorus equilibrium, was found to be between 0.24 and 0.36 g./hen/day.Measurements of plasma alkaline phosphatase and plasma inorganic phosphorus substantiated the respective requirements for calcium and phosphorus as determined by balance studies.
The shade and fertiliser requirements of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Ghana
Authors: Cunningham R. K. , Arnold P. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments to examine the shade and nutrient requirements of cacaoIn this paper cacao applies to the tree and cacao to the dried, fermented beans
are described and preliminary results are presented. A significant response to phosphate was obtained under shade when pests, diseases and weeds were controlled. Removing shade results in highly significant increases in yield with a positive interaction between increased light and applied nutrients. Fertilised, unshaded cacao gave yields double that previously considered to be the maximum for Amelonado cacao. The application of these results to farmers' shaded cacao and to a more intensive system of growing the crop without shade are discussed. Attention is drawn to the dangers of removing shade and to the importance of associated factors such as pest distribution, incidence of weeds, adverse dry season effects and soil degradation.
After‐cooking blackening in potatoes. I.—Introduction and analytical methods
Authors: Hughes J. C. , Ayers J. E. , Swain T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA description is given of the analytical methods used to investigate the rǒle that certain chemical factors (citric acid, orthophosphoric acid, chlorogenic acid, total phenols and iron) play in after‐cooking blackening of potatoes. An objective method for measuring the intensity of discoloration in the tubers is also described.
Insecticidal activity of pyrethrum extract and its four insecticidal constituents against house flies. II.—Synergistic activity of piperonyl butoxide with the four constituents
Authors: Sawicki R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicity to female house flies, 5‐6 days old, of the four insecticidal constituents of pyrethrum, combined with piperonyl butoxide at six ratios (from 10 : 1 to 1 : 20 w/w), was determined by a measured drop technique. The order and magnitude of the toxicities of the synergised constituents (relative to synergised pyrethrum extract) vary with the amount of synergist present. At 1 : 8 (pyrethroid/piperonyl butoxide) the relative toxicities of the four constituents were: pyrethrum extract, 1.0 (1.0); pyrethrin I, 1.31 (0.85); cinerin I, 1.28 (0.53); pyrethrin II, 0.90 (1.37); cinerin II, 0.58 (0.49). (The relative toxicities of the constituents alone are given in brackets.) At this ratio, the synergistic factors of the four constituents were: pyrethrin I, 18; cinerin I, 27; pyrethrin II, 6; cinerin II, 14; pyrethrum extract, 10. The possible explanations for differences of the extent to which the constituents are synergised are discussed.
Treatment of meats with ionising radiations. IX.—Inactivation of liver autolytic enzymes
Authors: Rhodes D. N. , Meegungwan C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe irradiation of liver slices with 2 MeV electrons at 0° had no effect upon the phospholipase or lipase activity of the tissue at doses less than 6 Mrad. Proteolytic activity was reduced at doses as low as 0.1 Mrad and was 50% inhibited at 3.0 Mard. Considerable proteolytic and lipolytic activity remained after irradiation with 40 Mrad.
Insecticidal activity of pyrethrum extract and its four insecticidal constituents against house flies. IV.—Knock‐down activities of the four constituents
Authors: Sawicki R. M. , Thain E. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe knock‐down activities of pyrethrins I and II and cinerins I and II were studied on house flies (Musca domestica L.) by a measured drop technique. Unanaesthetised flies held by suction during dosage were inspected at frequent intervals for 5 h. The tests were done at 20† with the materials tested dissolved in n‐dodecane.The relative toxicities of the materials, measured at ED50 differed at different times after treatment; 4 min. and 2 h. after treatment they were, respectively : pyrethrum extract, 1.0, 1.0; pyrethrin II, 1.98, 1.58; cinerin II, 0.69, 0.51; pyrethrin I, 0.60, 1.07; cinerin I, 0.50, 0.64. The KD50 end‐points were : pyrethrin II, 10 min.; cinerin II, 11 min.; pyrethrum extract, 13 min.; pyrethrin I, 17 min.; cinerin I, 20 min. At KD50 end‐point the relative toxicities and the relative speeds of knock‐down (given in brackets) were: pyrethrum extract, 1.0 (1.0); pyrethrin II, 2.16 (1.30); pyrethrin I, 0.72 (0.76); cinerin II, 0.66 (1.18); cinerin I, 0.55 (0.65). The relative toxicities of pyrethrin II and cinerin II decreased with the passage of time after treatment because flies recovered sooner from them than from pyrethrin I and cinerin I.Possible reasons are discussed for the differences in the order of the relative toxicities of the constituents when determined by different methods.
Composition of the unsaponifiable material in tung oil
Authors: Shone G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe unsaponifiable matter of an Aleurites montana tung oil (Nyasaland) has been examined and found to contain some 46% of Δ5‐stigrnasten‐3βT‐ol, 9% of α‐tocopherol, 36% of y‐tocopherol, 3% of tocopherol artifact and 0.16% of carotenoid pigment (determined on the original oil). No evidence for the previously reported presence of α‐glyceryl ether or squalene to the extent suggested by former workers was found.
An antibiotic complex (A4788) containing Streptothricin and having activity against powdery mildews
Authors: Lumb M. , Chamberlain N. , Cross T. , Macey P. E. , Spyvee J. , Uprichard J. M. , Wright R. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of Streptomyces strains producing streptothricin‐like antibiotics have been examined, and their products compared with known members of this group. Circular paper chromatography has indicated that these antibiotics are mixtures of up to six components with high antibacterial and antifungal activity. Components separated by column chromatography and tested against powdery mildews on plants showed eradicant and protective action. Very high antimildew activity was found in a major component D and also in component F which corresponded to streptothricin. More detailed work showed that some of these components could be fractionated further. Details of the cultures and methods of fermentation and extraction are given.
Triphenyltin acetate residues on potato leaves in blight spraying trials
Authors: Lloyd G. A. , Otaci C. , Last F. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpraying the potato variety Ulster Supreme with triphenyltin acetate delayed the spread of Phytophthora infestans in 1960 and increased the gross yield of tubers from 13.5 in the unsprayed controls to 16.3 tons/acre. The sprayed plants also had fewer infected tubers and consequently the net weight of healthy tubers was increased by 3.8 tons/acre.A method for measuring triphenyltin acetate residues on celery was adapted to measure residues on potato leaves and tubers. The top and bottom leaves of plants had 31 and 36 p.p.m. of triphenyltin acetate immediately after the crop was sprayed; 2 weeks later the residues were 10 and 12 p.p.m. Tubers had < 0.3 p.p.m. which was indistinguishable from the apparent content of tubers from unsprayed plants.