bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Using Lymphoscintigraphy
Authors: Hader Deborah J. , Moss Kevin V. , Geier Noelle 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTCancer surgery has existed as an elective treatment modality for more than 150 years, yet it is relatively unsophisticated in light of the advances seen in other medical disciplines. Using the nuclear medicine technique of lymphoscintigraphy (ie, mapping lymph nodes using a radioactive isotope), the surgeon can perform a sentinel lymph node biopsy that targets only the lymph nodes that first drain a primary tumor site. This procedure can provide accurate staging information without risking the potential morbidity associated with lymph node dissection. This type of precise biopsy is made possible by using a gamma‐detecting instrument coupled with an ultrasenstive proble designed for intraoperative use.
Flashlamp‐pumped Pulsed Dye Laser Treatment of Vascular Birthmarks
Authors: Vanderhooft Sheryll L. , Doidge William W. , Maughan Tauni 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTBefore the availability of the flashlamp‐pumped pulsed dye laser (FPDL), patients with vascular birthmarks were treated with lasers that had a significant risk of scarring. For more than a decade, such patients have had the choice of being treated with the FPDL, which is safe, effective, and has a low risk of scarring; however, not all vascular birthmarks are amenable to treatment with the FPDL. The laser surgeon must understand the classification and natural history of the various vascular birthmarks to select the most appropriate therapy for a given patient. This article reviews FPDL treatment of port wine stains and hemangiomas, as well as the nursing care required for the laser procedure. AORN J 67 (June 1998) 1214–1223.
Advances in Endoscopic Neurosurgery
Authors: Gerzeny Michelle , Cohen Alan R. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis article describes the authors' experience using neuroendoscopes to perform a variety of intracranial procedures with minimal invasiveness to neural tissue. The article also presents the history of neuroendoscopy and provides information about current practice. Surgical technique and intraoperative and postoperative nursing considerations are reviewed. AORN J 67 (May 1998) 957‐965.
Can Providing Paging Devices Relieve Waiting Room Anxiety?
Authors: Topp Robert , Walsh Eileen , Sanford Carol 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of providing individuals who are waiting for surgical patients with digital pagers. Twenty‐eight subjects received routine waiting room procedures, and 29 subjects were given digital pagers during surgical procedures. Subjects completed questionnaires concerning activity, state anxiety, and their perceived threat while patients were undergoing surgical procedures. The group that received the paging devices reported significantly greater state anxiety (ie, P < .03) and a greater percentage of time spent outside surgical waiting rooms (ie, P < .00) than the group that did not receive paging devices. AORN J 67 (March 1998) 852‐861.
Topological Properties of Protein-Protein and Metabolic Interaction Networks of Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Rajarathinam Thanigaimani , Lin Yen-Han 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The underlying principle governing the natural phenomena of life is one of the critical issues receiving due importance in recent years. A key feature of the scale-free architecture is the vitality of the most connected nodes (hubs). The major objective of this article was to analyze the protein-protein and metabolic interaction networks of Drosophila melanogaster by considering the architectural patterns and the consequence of removal of hubs on the topological parameter of the two interaction systems. Analysis showed that both interaction networks follow a scale-free model, establishing the fact that most real world networks, from varied situations, conform to the small world pattern. The average path length showed a two-fold and a three-fold increase (changing from 9.42 to 20.93 and from 5.29 to 17.75, respectively) for the protein-protein and metabolic interaction networks, respectively, due to the deletion of hubs. On the contrary, the arbitrary elimination of nodes did not show any remarkable disparity in the topological parameter of the protein-protein and metabolic interaction networks (average path length: 9.42±0.02 and 5.27±0.01, respectively). This aberrant behavior for the two cases underscores the significance of the most linked nodes to the natural topology of the networks.
PHProteomicDB: A Module for Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Database Creation on Personal Web Sites
Authors: Pernet Pascal , Bruneel Arnaud , Baudin Bruno , Vaubourdolle Michel 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
PHProteomicDB is a PHP-written module to help researchers in proteomics to share two-dimensional gel electrophoresis data using personal web sites. No technical or PHP knowledge is necessary except a few basics about web site management. PHProteomicDB has a user-friendly administration interface to enter and update data. It creates web pages on the fly displaying gel characteristics, gel pictures, and numbered gel spots with their related identifications pointing to their reference pages in protein databanks. The module is freely available at http://www.huvec.com/index.php3?rub=Download.
Politics, Power and Contingency: Judging Hutton and Responding to Mendus
Authors: COOLE DIANA 
Published: August 2006

My purpose in the article was twofold: to commend to political theorists a method of critical analysis that can usefully be applied to texts that circulate within public life, and to apply it myself in reading the Hutton Report. Like many people, I was incredulous when the report appeared and suspicious of its conclusions. But I was also curious as to how it managed to appear simultaneously both objective and biased. Consequently, I wanted to investigate how political power was operating at a deeper discursive level. I welcome this opportunity to respond to Susan Mendus's detailed and thoughtful response, both to defend my methodology and to clarify those points where I think she misinterprets its implications. Because her reply is so clearly structured, I have replicated that structure in my responses.TRUTHI distinguished in the article between two competing views of truth, each of which may be situated in presuppositions regarding agency, language and meaning. In the first part of her reply, Mendus contests my observations regarding the empiricist and legalistic view of truth that I associated with the Hutton Report. She makes three observations here.First, she is sceptical that Hutton subscribed to this positivist-juridical conception at all and as evidence, she cites an early section of the report where he explains his intention to reproduce parts of the inquiry's transcript of evidence so that the public can understand why he reached his conclusions. ‘These are not’, Mendus concludes, ‘the words of a man who denies the need for
interpretation.’
Phytoplankton assemblages in coastal waters of the northern Ionian Sea (eastern Mediterranean), with special reference to cyanobacteria
Authors: Caroppo Carmela , Turicchia Silvia , Margheri Maria Cristina 
Published: August 2006

Sampling cruises were carried out on three coastal stations of the northern Ionian Sea over one year to investigate the effects of environmental factors on phytoplankton and picophytoplankton composition and succession. Larger phytoplankton (micro and nano fractions) was determined by using the Utermöhl settling technique, while picophytoplankton fraction was determined by epifluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, microbiological procedures were applied to investigate cyanobacterial diversity in the studied area. Results suggested that the most striking feature of phytoplankton communities was the high spatial variability in terms of abundance and biomass, which showed specific coastal Mediterranean values. Undetermined phytoflagellates and diatoms were the dominant groups of the Utermöhl fraction of phytoplankton, while round to rod-shaped small sized cyanobacteria represented the picophytoplankton fraction. Our data suggested that in the northern Ionian Sea the phytoplankton development was related to phosphorus availability and to ‘nitrogen-rich’ waters. Also the picophytoplankton seasonal trend was significantly correlated to N-compounds as well as to water temperature.In addition to the typical picoplanktonic Synechococcus, the culture techniques allowed us to isolate and identify cyanobacteria belonging to the pleurocapsalean genus Stanieria and the oscillatoriacean genera Geitlerinema, Leiblenia, Leptolyngbya, Oscillatoria, Pseudanabaena and Spirulina. These species represent a minor fraction of the total cyanobacterial community in terms of biomass, but their importance is related to their contribution to the phytoplankton diversity.
Proteomic Analysis for the Assessment of Different Lots of Fetal Bovine Serum as a Raw Material for Cell Culture. Part IV. Application of Proteomics to the Manufacture of Biological Drugs
Authors: Zheng Xiaoyang , Baker Haven , Hancock William S. , Fawaz Farah , McCaman Michael , Pungor Erno 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFetal bovine serum (FBS) is the most widely used growth supplement for cell cultures, primarily because of its high levels of growth stimulatory factors and low levels of growth inhibitory factors. Maintaining successful and consistent cell fermentations can be difficult, as FBS is a complex natural product and may vary from lot to lot even from a single manufacturer. The quality and concentration of both bulk and specific proteins can affect cell growth. Quality control tools for FBS are relatively primitive and expensive given the complexity of the sample and the large amounts of FBS used. We undertook this study to examine whether proteomics could be used as a tool to analyze the variability of different fermentation processes. We hypothesized that inconsistent cell growth in fermentations could be due to the quality of FBS and that different lots of FBS had varying concentrations of proteins such as growth stimulatory factors, growth inhibitory factors, and/or other proteins that may correlate with cellular growth rate. To investigate whether this was the case, we grew three batches of adult retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE‐19) using three different lots of fetal bovine serum (FBS‐Ia, FBS‐Ib, and FBS‐II). We found that the growth rate of the culture was significantly and consistently higher in the FBS‐II lot. To determine why the other lots promoted different growth properties, we used proteomic techniques to analyze the protein composition of the three lots. We then performed a time course study to monitor specific changes in individual proteins in the fermentation medium. The amount of several extracellular matrix and structural proteins, which are indicators of cell growth, increased over time. Alternatively, components supplied by the FBS addition, such as nutritional‐related and cell‐spreading‐related proteins, decreased over time.
Degradation of bradykinin by bovine tracheal epithelium and isolated epithelial cells
Authors: Dendorfer A , Vordermark D , Dominiak P 
Published: August 2006

The degradation of bradykinin (BK) labelled with tritiated proline at positions 2 and 3 ([3H]‐BK) was determined on the luminal surface of bovine tracheal epithelium, in supernatants obtained from incubations of the luminal tracheal surface, and in suspensions of isolated tracheal epithelial cells. Peptidase inhibitors and identification of peptide fragments were used for characterization of the metabolic pathways.
On the luminal surface of intact bovine trachea, [3H]‐BK was degraded with a half life of 12.8 min. [1‐7]‐BK and [1‐5]‐BK were the major direct metabolites which were further degraded via [1‐3]‐BK and [2‐3]‐BK to proline. Metabolism of [3H]‐BK was unaltered in the presence of ramiprilat (250 nm) or phosphoramidon (10 μm). Phenanthroline diminished the formation of [1‐7]‐ and [1‐5]‐BK and abolished the generation of proline.
Supernatants obtained from incubations of tracheal epithelium contained kininase activities which steadily increased when tracheae were incubated for longer than 30 min. After 60 min contact with epithelium, the incubation medium contained higher kininase activities than the epithelium itself. The spectrum of kinin metabolites generated by kininases in the supernatant was comparable to that formed by intact epithelium.
In suspensions of isolated epithelial cells, [3H]‐BK was degraded with a half life of 70 min. The metabolites [1‐3]‐ and [2‐3]‐BK were formed in parallel to [1‐7]‐ and [1‐5]‐BK; however, proline was not generated. Degradation of [3H]‐BK was not influenced by ramiprilat, but was inhibited by 85% in the presence of phosphoramidon. Phosporamidon markedly inhibited the generation of [1‐7]‐ and [1‐5]‐BK and nearly abolished the formation of [1‐3]‐ and [2‐3]‐BK.
In conclusion, angiotensin I‐converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 are not significantly involved in [3H]‐BK degradation on the luminal side of intact tracheal epithelium. The spectrum of metabolites found may in fact reflect the combined activities of metalloendopeptidase 24.15 and post‐proline cleaving enzyme. Enzymes showing similar kininase activities are also released from the epithelium. Isolated epithelial cells contain low activities of these kininases, but a high activity of neutral endopeptidases, which may reflect an exclusively basolateral localization of the latter.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 121–129; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700874
Hypoglycaemic and insulinotropic effects of a novel oral antidiabetic agent, (−)‐N‐(trans‐4‐isopropylcyclohexane‐carbonyl)‐d‐phenylalanine (A‐4166)
Authors: Ikenoue Takao , Akiyoshi Megumi , Fujitani Shoji , Okazaki Kyoko , Kondo Nobuo , Maki Toshio 
Published: August 2006

(−)‐N‐(trans‐4‐isopropylcyclohexanecarbonyl)‐d‐phenylalanine (A‐4166), a novel oral hypoglycaemic agent is a non‐sulphonylurea insulin secretagogue.
We investigated the insulin‐releasing action and hypoglycaemic effect of A‐4166 compared to sulphonylureas in vitro and in vivo.
A‐4166 stimulated insulin secretion from rat freshly isolated pancreatic islets at concentrations from 3×10‐6m to 3×10‐4m in the presence of 2.8 mm glucose. There was no obvious difference in glucose dependency between the insulinotropic effect of A‐4166 and that of glibenclamide, and no additive or synergistic effect was observed between these two drugs.
A‐4166 displaced [3H]‐glibenclamide bound to intact HIT‐T15 cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. The Ki value was 4.34±0.04×10−7m, and the displacement potency of A‐4166 was between that of glibenclamide and tolbutamide, being similar to that of gliclazide.
In fasted beagle dogs, A‐4166 showed a dose‐dependent hypoglycaemic effect after oral administration over the range 1 to 10 mg kg−1. The hypoglycaemic action of A‐4166 showed an earlier onset and a shorter duration than that of sulphonylureas.
Simultaneous measurement of plasma insulin levels revealed that the hypoglycaemic effect of A‐4166 was caused by a rapid‐onset and brief burst of insulin secretion.
The pharmacokinetic profile of A‐4166 was consistent with the changes of the blood glucose and plasma insulin levels.
Although the in vitro insulin‐releasing effect of A‐4166 was similar to that of sulphonylureas, its hypoglycaemic effect was more rapid and shorter‐lasting, associated with rapid absorption and clearance. Thus, A‐4166 may be useful in suppressing postprandial hyperglycaemia in patients with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 177–186; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700875
The relaxant effect of adrenomedullin on particular smooth muscles despite a general expression of its mRNA in smooth muscle, endothelial and epithelial cells
Authors: Nishimura Junji , Seguchi Hiroshi , Sakihara Chie , Kureishi Yasuko , Yoshimura Hayashi , Kobayashi Sei , Kanaide Hideo 
Published: August 2006

By use of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), we determined the expression of adrenomedullin (AM) mRNA in the various tissues of the pig. To evaluate the significance of the expression of AM mRNA, we also determined the effects of AM on the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and tension development of the porcine smooth muscle strips obtained from the coronary artery, pulmonary vein, trachea, ileum and urinary bladder.
AM mRNA was widely expressed in the porcine tissues examined, which included myocardium (left and right ventricle and right atrium), kidney, lung, endothelial cells (aorta and aortic valve), smooth muscles (aorta, main pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, renal artery and vein, coronary artery, ileum, trachea and urinary bladder) and epithelial cells (trachea and urinary bladder).
AM induced a decrease in [Ca2+]i and tension of the coronary artery, but not the pulmonary vein. AM had no effects on either the [Ca2+]i or tension of the trachea and urinary bladder strips or on the tension development of strips of ileum.
These results indicated that AM has a role as an autocrine and/or paracrine regulator of the coronary arterial tone. AM probably does not have an important role in the regulation of the pulmonary venous, tracheal, ileac and urinary bladder smooth muscle tone, even though AM mRNA is expressed in these tissues; the functional significance of AM in these smooth muscles remains to be determined.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 193–200; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700881
The influence of bumetanide on the membrane potential of mouse skeletal muscle cells in isotonic and hypertonic media
Authors: Van Mil H G J , Geukes Foppen R J , Siegenbeek van Heukelom J 
Published: August 2006

Increasing the medium osmolality, with a non‐ionic osmoticant, from control (289 mOsm) to 319 mOsm or 344 mOsm in the lumbrical muscle cell of the mouse, resulted in a depolarization of the membrane potential (Vm) of 5.9 mV and 10.9 mV, respectively.
In control medium, the blockers of chloride related cotransport bumetanide and furosemide, induced a hyperpolarization of −3.6 and −3.0 mV and prevented the depolarization due to hypertonicity. When bumetanide was added in hypertonic media Vm fully repolarized to control values.
In a medium of 266 mOsm, the hyperpolarization by bumetanide was absent.
At 344 mOsm the half‐maximal effective concentration (IC50) was 0.5 μm for bumetanide and 21 μm for furosemide.
In solutions containing 1.25 mm sodium the depolarization by hypertonicity was reduced to 2.3 mV.
Reducing chloride permeability, by anthracene 9 carboxylic acid (9‐AC) in 289 mOsm, induced a small but significant hyperpolarization of −2.6 mV. Increasing medium osmolality to 344 mOsm enlarged this hyperpolarization significantly to −7.6 mV.
In a solution of 344 mOsm containing 100 μm ouabain, the bumetanide‐induced hyperpolarization of Vm was absent.
The results indicate that a Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter is present in mouse lumbrical muscle fibre and that its contribution to Vm is dependent on medium osmolality.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 39–44; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700887
Pharmacology of two novel mixed ETA/ETB receptor antagonists, BQ‐928 and 238, in the carotid and pulmonary arteries and the perfused kidney of the rabbit
Authors: Maurice Marie‐Claude , Gratton Jean‐Philippe , D'Orléans‐Juste Pedro 
Published: August 2006

In the present study, we have pharmacologically characterized two novel mixed endothelin ETA/ETB receptor antagonists, namely BQ‐928 and BQ‐238, in ETA and ETB preparations, the rabbit carotid artery (RbCA) and the rabbit pulmonary artery (RbPA), respectively. These two antagonists were compared to established ETA (BQ‐123 and BMS 182874), ETB (BQ‐788) and mixed ETA/ETB (SB 209670) receptor antagonists.
In the RbCA, the ETA monoreceptor preparation, BQ‐238 and BQ‐928 had apparent affinities (pA2) of 7.42±0.22 and 7.22±0.18, respectively, BQ‐788 being inactive in this preparation. In the ETB monoreceptor preparation, the RbPA (when IRL‐1620 was used as an ETB receptor agonist), the pA2 for BQ‐238 was 7.05±0.14 and for BQ‐928 was 8.43±0.04. BQ‐123 and BMS 182874 were inactive in this preparation. Similar to SB 209670, BQ‐238 but not BQ‐928 had a higher affinity for the ETA than the ETB receptor.
All of the antagonists were tested for their ability to block and reverse endothelin‐1‐induced vasoconstrictions in the rabbit perfused kidney. In this preparation endothelin‐1‐induced increases in vascular resistance have been shown to be mediated solely by ETA receptors. All compounds (except BQ‐788) blocked the pressor effects of endothelin within the kidney; the calculated IC50 values for BQ‐123, BMS 182874, SB 209670, BQ‐928 and BQ‐238 were 0.4 μm, 2 μm, 0.01 μm, 0.4 μm and 0.09 μm, respectively.
In all experiments in the rabbit perfused kidney, endothelin‐1 was readministered for a third time, 60 min following cessation of infusion of the above‐mentioned antagonists. The response to the third infusion of endothelin‐1 following cessation of infusion of BQ‐123, BMS 182874 and SB 209670 was not significantly different from that to the third infusion of endothelin in control conditions. However, the response to endothelin‐1 was significantly higher than control in tissues pre‐infused with BQ‐788 or BQ‐928 (56±9 and 41.6±15%, respectively, n=8 each, P<0.05).
Our results suggest that in a system where ETA receptor activation is responsible for vasoconstriction and ETB‐receptor activation for vasodilatation, ETA receptor selective antagonists or mixed ETA/ETB receptor antagonists which possess high affinity for ETA receptors do not induce hyperresponsiveness to endothelin‐1. In contrast, ETB selective antagonists or mixed antagonists possessing a high affinity for ETB receptors (such as BQ‐928) interfere with the ETB‐receptor‐dependent physiological antagonism of endothelin‐1‐induced pressor responses in these same tissues.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 319–325; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700895
Potentiation of ATP‐responses at a recombinant P2X2 receptor by neurotransmitters and related substances
Authors: Wildman S S , King B F , Burnstock G 
Published: August 2006

The modulator effects of a series of neurotransmitters and related substances were tested on responses to adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) at a recombinant P2X2 receptor expressed in defolliculated Xenopus oocytes.
Nicotine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), noradrenaline, adenosine, bradykinin and histamine (all 100 μm) potentiated the responses to ATP (3 μm), an effect found due to acidification of the bathing solution by these drugs.
Arachidonic acid, met‐enkephalin, substance P, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) (all 100 μm) and nerve growth factor (NGF; 50 ng ml−1) potentiated the responses to ATP (3 μm) through a largely or wholly pH‐independent effect.
Small acidic and alkaline shifts, as little as 0.03 pH‐units, enhanced or diminished the responses to ATP, respectively. A linear relationship existed between the degree of potentiation of the ATP‐induced responses caused by nicotine, 5‐HT, noradrenaline, adenosine, bradykinin and histamine and the potentiation of these responses induced by the addition of acid to the superfusate.
Since P2X receptors on sensory neurones include P2X2 subunits, the attendant acidosis and ATP‐release associated with tissue injury may play a role in sensitizing sensory nerve fibres.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 221–224; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700903