bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An in vivo automated shimming method taking into account shim current constraints
Authors: Wen Han , Jaffer Farouc A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMany in vivo imaging techniques require magnetic field homogeneity in the volume of interest. Shim coils of the second and third order spherical harmonics have been used successfully to compensate for complicated field variations caused by the human anatomy itself. The available currents of these coils are invariably limited. In this note we demonstrate that these limits significantly affect the optimal shim condition. We propose an automated in vivo shimming method for arbitrary volumes of interest using 3‐dimensional (3D) field maps. This method is a modification of previous works using least‐squares criteria. The main difference is that a constrained optimization is performed in vivo under the current limits of the shim coils, which improved the field homogeneity significantly over simple truncations of the least‐squares solutions. This shimming method was used with head scans of five normal volunteers on a 4.0 tesla scanner. A fast double‐echo sequence was used to obtain field maps, and a new field uniformity measure was derived for this method. The field mapping sequence was tested against a standard single‐echo Dixon sequence used by previous investigators, and the stability of the shimming method was tested by repeated studies on the same subject.
Analysis of practical policies for a single link distribution system
Authors: Bertazzi Luca , Chan Lap Mui Ann , Speranza Maria Grazia 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper we consider a transportation problem where several products have to be shipped from an origin to a destination by means of vehicles with given capacity. Each product is made available at the origin and consumed at the destination at the same constant rate. The time between consecutive shipments must be greater than a given minimum time. All demand needs to be satisfied on time and backlogging is not allowed. The problem is to decide when to make the shipments and how to load the vehicles with the objective of minimizing the long run average of the transportation and the inventory costs at the origin and at the destination over an infinite horizon. We consider two classes of practical shipping policies, the zero inventory ordering (ZIO) policies and the frequency‐based periodic shipping (FBPS) policies. We show that, in the worst‐case, the Best ZIO policy has a performance ratio of
$\sqrt{2}$. A better performance guarantee of ${16\sqrt{3045}\over 255} - {37\over 17} \approx 1.286$
is shown for the best possible FBPS policy. The performance guarantees are tight. Finally, combining the Best ZIO and the Best FBPS policies, a policy that guarantees a $5\over 4$
performance is obtained. Computational results show that this policy gives an average percent optimality gap on all the tested instances of <1%. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Home blood glucose monitoring in children with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Tomalin Deborah , Moyer Alwyn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHome blood glucose monitoring (HBGM), if performed correctly, is potentially the most satisfactory way of monitoring diabetic control. This study describes the prevalence, pattern and performance of HBGM in 171 children, aged 10‐16 years, with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). All children had access to a diabetes specialist nurse (DSN) and all but two performed blood tests routinely, with 82% maintaining a record book. Blood tests were found to be adequate in number but failed to cover the ideal spectrum of test points over a one week period. The majority of children were responsible for their own HBGM and 79% altered their insulin without first consulting a doctor or nurse; 28% of those altering insulin did so without parental advice. Only 56% of children performed tests competently; skill was associated with age but not with duration of diabetes. Educational strategies are suggested.
Shared care for diabetes in Chester: Preliminary experience with a ‘clinic‐wide’ scheme
Authors: Worth R C , Nicholson Ann , Bradley Pam 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn conjunction with local general practices a scheme for shared care of diabetes was set up with an initial pilot study in 1985. Subsequently this was expanded to include virtually all patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes and non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes attending the hospital clinic and incorporated over 1200 patients by the end of 1989. In the pilot study the improved ability to screen for complications was not offset by any deterioration in biochemical control resulting from the reduced frequency of hospital visits. Patients and general practitioners appeared enthusiastic in support of the ‘clinic‐wide’ Chester shared care scheme.
Practical advice for new diabetes specialist nurses
Authors: Wallymahmed Maureen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe number of nurses specialising in the care of people with diabetes is increasing rapidly. On Merseyside in 1984 only four hospitals employed diabetes specialist nurses. However, six years later there are at least 16 specialist nurses working in the ten health districts and each district employs at least one specialist nurse.The British Diabetic Association (BDA) recommends that each district health authority should have, as an absolute minimum, one nurse whose full time work is with diabetic patients and their families. We are likely to see many more appointments made nationally in the next decade.Several useful articles have been written on the role of the diabetes specialist nurse1–5 but these contain limited practical guidelines for the newly appointed person.I have recorded my observations and experiences over my first two years as a diabetes specialist nurse and suggest guidelines for nurses joining this speciality.
Transplacental passage of insulin in pregnant women with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Menon R K, Cohen R M, Sperling M A, et al. New England Journal of Medicine, 1990; 323: 309–15
Authors: Shaw K M 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFifty one babies of insulindependent mothers had cord blood measured for levels of insulin and anti‐insulin antibody. of six mothers who only received human insulin during pregnancy, only human insulin was detected in cord blood, whereas 28 out of 45 of those whose mothers had received animal insulin, up to 27% of total insulin within cord blood proved to be of animal origin. significant correlation between maternal and cord blood levels of both insulin and anti‐insulin antibodies was found. suggesting that considerable amounts of anti‐body bound insulin could bc transferred across the placenta during pregnancy. Furthermore high concentrations of animal insulin in cord blood correlated with both increased birth weight and in particular macrosomia.
Prevalence of serological markers for hepatitis‐B in patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes
Authors: Pozzilli P , Pagani S , Buzzetti R , Cruciani L , Beales P E , Cucinotta D , Benzi L , Porta M , Biasio L , Zanetti A , Tanzi E , Andreani D 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of serological markers for hepatitis‐B infection was investigated in patients affected by insulin‐dependent diabetes (IDDM) living in different Italian regions and in the London area of the UK.Thirty five percent of Italian and 13% of British patients showed positive markers for hepatitis‐B infection but none was found to be HBsAg carrier positive.When these results are compared with data observed in control populations in both countries, these findings suggest a higher prevalence of hepatitis‐B infection in patients with IDDM. However, the negativity for HbsAg indicates that diabetic patients infected by the hepatitis‐B virus have an effective capacity for clearance of HBsAg.
Quality matters and standard setting
Authors: Craddock S , Girvin J 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article documented the problems of standard setting in a group of six ward nurses, a nurse teacher and the author, a senior nurse at the Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport.The group's knowledge of standard setting was limited, and in order to increase knowledge, members read about current work being conducted in other authorities and attended study days and seminars. The need to incorporate the views and advice of ward nurses was agreed.After a visit from Alison Kitson, the Royal College of Nursing's Standards of Care Project Director, the group devised, a strategy for setting standards in South Gwent based on the Dynamic Standard Setting System, which particularly points out the need for support at all levels of the organisation.The first priority was to devise an education programme that would reach all nurses throughout the unit rapidly.Half day seminars where small groups of nurses were given information on standards and practical experience of writing a standard for themselves were organised. About four half day seminars are run each month at the District General Hospital and the peripheral hospitals are served on an ad hoc basis.Guidance support and explanation of standards are given. Some standards are now being audited, and methods include patient questionnaires, nurse questionnaires, chart audit and direct observation.Provisional results show some significant changes are taking place, one ward has reduced the prevalence of pressure sores by 50 per cent, for example.It took nearly two years to get standard setting off the ground, but South Gwent nurses are now writing and measuring their own standards, and taking responsibility for identifying any necessary changes in their working practice.
Rotation of the anatomic regions used for insulin injections and day‐to‐day variability of plasma glucose in Type 1 diabetic subjects
Authors: Bantle J P , Weber M S , Thow J , Home P 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe paper by Bantle and colleagues from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, assesses the day‐to‐day variation in blood glucose concentrations following the commonly employed clinical practice or rotating anatomical sites for insulin injection.Twelve patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes had blood glucose profiles measured following insulin injections given in the abdomen for three days and then rotated around the arms, abdomen and thighs for three days using a cross‐over protocol. Considerable variation in terms of insulin absorption was found between the different injections sites and there was significantly less variability if insulin injections were confined to the abdomen alone.By following the common clinical practice of rotating sites for insulin injection, considerable day‐to‐day variation in blood glucose concentration can result from differences in insulin absorption. Therefore, the authors recommend that patients restrict insulin injections to a single site, preferably the abdomen, to reduce this variation and allow greater precision of insulin administration.The second paper by Jonathan Thow and Philip Home reviews the technique of insulin injection and, in particular, the depth of needle insertion. They observe that the change in the angle of insulin injection from 45° to a near perpendicular injection has important considerations in terms of insulin absorption, particularly for the thin patient.In such patients insulin may be injected almost into the muscle layer beneath the subcutaneous tissue, which will lead to variability in insulin absorption, often at a much quicker rate.A greater and more variable effect of physical exercise was also noted with intra muscular injection. Variability of insulin absorption after intra muscular injection also occurs between different types of insulin. Isophane insulins show considerable variability and are best not given via the intra muscular route.
The prevalence and risk factors associated with the onset f diabetic nephropathy in uvenile‐onset (insulin‐dependent) diabetics diagnosed under the age of 17 years in Leicestershire 1930‐1985
Authors: McNally P G , Burden A C , Swift P G F , Walls J , Hearnshaw J R 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeven hundred and eightynine patients, 93.2% of youngsters developing insulindependent diabetes under the age of 17 in Leicestershire over a 55‐year period were traced and examined for the development of diabetic nephropathy in terms of the presence of macroproteinuria.With a mean age at diagnosis of 9.3 years and mean duration of diabetes 17 years, 3.6% had developed persistent proteinuria and 5% intermittent proteinuria. Those with proteinuria were shown to have significantly higher blood pressure, a greater usage of once daily insulin injections and a history ofpoor clinic attendance.
Fructosamine as a screening test for diabetes mellitus
Authors: Begley J P , Stafford K A , Clark J D A 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effectiveness of serum fructosamine as a screening test for diabetes mellitus was assessed by comparison with the response to a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 114 non‐pregnant and 36 pregnant individuals. The mean fructosamine level was higher in diabetic than in normal subjects whereas the mean in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance was not significantly different from that of normal controls. In predicting an abnormal response to OGTT, the sensitivity of fructosamine was only 35%. Pregnant subjects had a lower mean fructosamine than normal; none of nine subjects with gestational diabetes had an elevated level. We conclude that fructosamine has no place as a diagnostic screening test for diabetes in pregnancy.
Association of accelerated retinopathy with restoration of normoglycaemia in Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Leslie P J , Frier B M , Clark C V 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree non‐insulin‐dependent (Type 2) diabetic patients were assessed for the presence of significant and progressive retinopathy within 12 months of diagnosis. All subjects required specialist referal for fluorescein angiography but retinal abnormalities regressed within two‐to‐six months possibly, due to relaxation of glycaemic control. Regular ophthalmological surveillance is required in all Type 2 diabetics following initiation of therapy to lower blood glucose.
Experience with the vacuum‐enhanced tumescence ErecAid system in the treatment of erectile impotence among diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Famuyiwa O O , Al‐Jasser S J , Ahmad A S , Al‐Nuaim A A , Yaqub B , Sulimani R A 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty diabetic patients (16 NIDDM, 4 IDDM) were managed for erectile impotence using a non‐surgical device‐the vacuum erection device (VED). Their ages ranged from 27 to 71 years with a mean of 50.4 and diabetes duration ranged from 6 to 21 years with a mean of 11.5 years. Duration of impotence ranged from one to 10 years with a mean of 3.3 years and the aetiology was neurogenic and/or psychogenic. One to 14 months after prescribing the device, (mean 3.7 months), four patients rated the system poorly while 16 expressed satisfaction with it. Faulty technique in use of the device was successfully corrected in two of the four and, overall, 18 patients (90%) expressed satisfaction with the VED, scoring it an average 7.7 out of 10 in its ability to correct impotence. Four spouses (20%) had sexual dissatisfaction, six patients (30%) had transient penile discomfort and there was impaired ejaculation in four patients (20%). The VED was effective and safe in managing erectile impotence of neurogenic or psychogenic orgin in Saudi diabetic patients. It was relatively easy to use and culturally acceptable. It could be particularly useful for treating erectile failure among diabetic patients in developing countries.
The treatment of diabetic lipohypertrophy by liposuction
Authors: Cole R P , Hobby J A E 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInsulin‐induced lipohypertrophy is common in diabetic patients using highly purified insulin. It is avoidable and when it occurs it is distressing for some patients. The technique of liposuction or suction lipectomy is widely used in aesthetic surgery for body contouring. It has found other roles in plastic and reconstructive surgery, including the thinning of flaps and recontouring of post‐traumatic fat necrosis. We report our experience of its use for the treatment of diabetic lipohypertrophy and illustrate this application with three case reports. It is likely to become a useful treatment in selected patients.
Diabetic offspring: Still overweight regardless of White classification and gestational age
Authors: Nielsen GL , Hostrup P 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo hundred and seventy‐six consecutive pregnancies among 186 women with diabetes mellitus from 1980–90 were studied. Diabetic offspring were a mean of 652g (124%) overweight compared with our reference population regardless of maternal White classification or gestational age. Glycosylated haemoglobin values below 10 SD above the reference value in a nondiabetic population did not correlate to fetal macrosomia. HbA1c is therefore considered an insensitive predictor of fetal macrosomia.
Self‐monitoring by patients receiving oral hypoglycaemic agents: A survey and a comparative trial
Authors: Gallichan Mj 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study consists of two parts: first, a survey of the current selfmonitoring preferences, attitudes and practices of 148 non‐insulindependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients on oral hypoglycaemic agents from three general practices in North Cornwall, and second, a clinical trial involving 24 of these patients who were randomly allocated to either home blood glucose monitoring or urine testing.The survey revealed wide variations in the method, timing, and frequency of home‐monitoring tests, and many unhelpful or unnecessary tests were performed. Most patients (71%) preferred urine testing, but significantly more patients in one practice used blood testing (p = <0.001). The trial showed no significant difference in the diabetes control of the blood testers and urine testers over a six month period.Blood testing is rapldly taking over from urine testing as the principal home‐monitoring method for all diabetics, but this study suggests that, for most NIDDM patients, this uncomfortable, unpopular and expensive method offers no advantage over urine testing.
Reassessment of a hospital diabetes clinic after audit
Authors: Soper CL , Hunter KR 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA previous audit had identified deficiencies in the care provided by a hospital diabetes clinic. Improvements were needed but the number of available doctors had decreased and extra resources were not available, therefore simple changes In the organisation of the clinic were made. Minimum standards were set: annual recording of HbA1c, blood pressure and fundoscopy; and more appropriate use of specialists (eg dietitians, health visitors, nephrologists). The audit was repeated and the activity in the clinic was found to have improved in most of the categories which were observed. The proportion of patients who had undergone recent fundoscopy remained unsatisfactory, however.
Field evaluation of precision of three capillary blood glucose monitors
Authors: Dougherty RC , Niu X‐F , Deeb LC 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses a procedure for independent evaluation of commercially available blood glucose meters. The evaluation exercise provides a basis for assessment of manufacturer's claims. It also provides solid experience in the reliability of blood glucose data obtained from a specific meter under field conditions.We report measurements of the precision of three capillary blood glucose measurement devices, commercially available in the USA, used under field conditions. We have compared the measurements of blood glucose samples analysed by three different instruments. The method of analysis involves making two blood glucose measurements from a single finger puncture. This experimental design in available to any clinician who would wish to try the expeiriment. We report values for the precision (reproducibility) of a single device and comparisons for pairs of meters using standard statistical techniques. The coefficient of variation for the difference between the first and second measurements obtained for three instruments was: A, ±28.7%; B, ±36.5%; C, ±10.2%. The data show that instrument C worked much better than either A or B for reproducing blood glucose values on the same sample under field conditions.
The ophthalmic screening of diabetic patients by general practitioners in Wessex: Results of a regional questionnaire
Authors: Alexander MM , Canning CR , Elkington AR 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study examined the ophthalmic screening practices for diabetic patients conducted by general practitioners throughout one health region of the United Kingdom. A malled questionnaire was despatched to 1,481 GPs in Wessex and achieved a response rate of 48%. Visual acuity checks were performed on a regular basis by 60% of the responders. Of these, 76% of the GPs performed fundoscopy although 41% of them failed to dilate the pupils before examination. This study indicates that optimum eye screening is not being carried out by GPs in Wessex and it could be likely that the study is representative of other regions in the United Kingdom.
What makes people with diabetes measure their own blood glucose?
Authors: Fox C , Wade G , Fox A 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDespite being ‘taught’ the importance of self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in the tight control of diabetes, significant numbers of patients with diabetes either never start doing SMBG or abandon it. This paper describes a qualitative study aimed at exploring any attitudinal differences amongst 48 patients, all of whom were taking insulin for their diabetes, but of whom 28 could be defined as carrying out SMBG and 20 as not. The two main findings were that: (a) there are strong and identifiable differences between the groups; and (b) these differences are predominantly psychological rather than mechanical in nature—that is, the usually ascribed reasons for poor testing frequency (such as messiness and soreness), do not apply to non‐testers. The central message was that testers make a direct connection between SMBG and diabetic control, while non‐testers do not. We need therefore to devise ways of teaching SMBG which convey this connection.
Effect of alcohol swabbing on capillary blood glucose measurements
Authors: Dunning PL , Rantzau C , Ward GM 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA study was conducted to determine the effects of alcohol swabbing on reagent strip blood glucose (BG) measurements using Reflolux and Glucometer GX meters and the Exac Tech Pen. Sixty subjects were randomly allocated to one of the three meters. Each had three separate fingerpricks after either swabbing with 70% isopropyl alcohol and testing immediately or after drying for two minutes; or after no preparation; (n=180). BG was also determined at alcohol concentrations of 0%, 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% on hypo (1.2 mmol/l), normo (4.0 mmol/l) and hyperglycaemic (>28 mmol/) blood in vitro (six strips/meter/concentration, n=270).Increasing concentrations of alcohol caused reduction of BG at all glycaemias using the two meters (p=<0.01) (ANOVA). At alcohol concentrations of 20% the pen showed an increase of 1.5 mmol/l at euglycaemia, and an increase of 2.7 mmol/l into the normal range at hypoglycaemia (<2 mmol). Alcohol concentrations of blood in vitro caused inaccuracies in reagent strip BG readings. The errors varied with the type of meter, decreasing with reflectance meters, and increasing with the pen. In practice, however, swabbing with alcohol prior to testing had no effect on meter accuracy in the clinical setting.