bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A role for plant microtubules in the formation of transmission‐specific inclusion bodies of Cauliflower mosaic virus
Authors: Martinière Alexandre , Gargani Daniel , Uzest Marilyne , Lautredou Nicole , Blanc Stéphane , Drucker Martin 
Published: December 2008

SummaryInteractions between microtubules and viruses play important roles in viral infection. The best‐characterized examples involve transport of animal viruses by microtubules to the nucleus or other intracellular destinations. In plant viruses, most work to date has focused on interaction between viral movement proteins and the cytoskeleton, which is thought to be involved in viral cell‐to‐cell spread. We show here, in Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)‐infected plant cells, that viral electron‐lucent inclusion bodies (ELIBs), whose only known function is vector transmission, require intact microtubules for their efficient formation. The kinetics of the formation of CaMV‐related inclusion bodies in transfected protoplasts showed that ELIBs represent newly emerging structures, appearing at late stages of the intracellular viral life cycle. Viral proteins P2 and P3 are first produced in multiple electron‐dense inclusion bodies, and are later specifically exported to transiently co‐localize with microtubules, before concentrating in a single, massive ELIB in each infected cell. Treatments with cytoskeleton‐affecting drugs suggested that P2 and P3 might be actively transported on microtubules, by as yet unknown motors. In addition to providing information on the intracellular life cycle of CaMV, our results show that specific interactions between host cell and virus may be dedicated to a later role in vector transmission. More generally, they indicate a new unexpected function for plant cell microtubules in the virus life cycle, demonstrating that microtubules act not only on immediate intracellular or intra‐host phenomena, but also on processes ultimately controlling inter‐host transmission.
Surviving floods: leaf gas films improve O2 and CO2 exchange, root aeration, and growth of completely submerged rice
Authors: Pedersen Ole , Rich Sarah Meghan , Colmer Timothy David 
Published: December 2008

SummaryWhen completely submerged, the leaves of some species retain a surface gas film. Leaf gas films on submerged plants have recently been termed ‘plant plastrons’, analogous with the plastrons of aquatic insects. In aquatic insects, surface gas layers (i.e. plastrons) enlarge the gas–water interface to promote O2 uptake when under water; however, the function of leaf gas films has rarely been considered. The present study demonstrates that gas films on leaves of completely submerged rice facilitate entry of O2 from floodwaters when in darkness and CO2 entry when in light. O2 microprofiles showed that the improved gas exchange was not caused by differences in diffusive boundary layers adjacent to submerged leaves with or without gas films; instead, reduced resistance to gas exchange was probably due to the enlarged water–gas interface (cf. aquatic insects). When gas films were removed artificially, underwater net photosynthesis declined to only 20% of the rate with gas films present, such that, after 7 days of complete submergence, tissue sugar levels declined, and both shoot and root growth were reduced. Internal aeration of roots in anoxic medium, when shoots were in aerobic floodwater in darkness or when in light, was improved considerably when leaf gas films were present. Thus, leaf gas films contribute to the submergence tolerance of rice, in addition to those traits already recognized, such as the shoot‐elongation response, aerenchyma and metabolic adjustments to O2 deficiency and oxidative stress.
Feasibility of satellite image‐based sampling for a health survey among urban townships of Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Lowther Sara A. , Curriero Frank C. , Shields Timothy , Ahmed Saifuddin , Monze Mwaka , Moss William J. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryObjectives  To describe our experience using satellite image‐based sampling to conduct a health survey of children in an urban area of Lusaka, Zambia, as an approach to sampling when the population is poorly characterized by existing census data or maps.Methods  Using a publicly available Quickbird™ image of several townships, we created digital records of structures within the residential urban study area using ArcGIS 9.2. Boundaries were drawn to create geographic subdivisions based on natural and man‐made barriers (e.g. roads). Survey teams of biomedical research students and local community health workers followed a standard protocol to enrol children within the selected structure, or to move to the neighbouring structure if the selected structure was ineligible or refused enrolment. Spatial clustering was assessed using the K‐difference function.Results  Digital records of 16 105 structures within the study area were created. Of the 750 randomly selected structures, six (1%) were not found by the survey teams. A total of 1247 structures were assessed for eligibility, of which 691 eligible households were enroled. The majority of enroled households were the initially selected structures (51%) or the first selected neighbour (42%). Households that refused enrolment tended to cluster more than those which enroled.Conclusions  Sampling from a satellite image was feasible in this urban African setting. Satellite images may be useful for public health surveillance in populations with inaccurate census data or maps and allow for spatial analyses such as identification of clustering among refusing households.
Targeting the MHC class II pathway of antigen presentation enhances immunogenicity and safety of allergen immunotherapy
Authors: Martínez‐Gómez J. M. , Johansen P. , Rose H. , Steiner M. , Senti G. , Rhyner C. , Crameri R. , Kündig T. M. 
Published: December 2008

Background:  Current s.c. allergen‐specific immunotherapy (SIT) leads to amelioration of IgE‐mediated allergy, but it requires numerous allergen injections over several years and is frequently associated with severe side‐effects. The aim of this study was to test whether modified recombinant allergens can improve therapeutic efficacy in SIT while reducing allergic side‐effects.Methods:  The major cat allergen Fel d 1 was fused to a TAT‐derived protein translocation domain and to a truncated invariant chain for targeting the MHC class II pathway (MAT‐Fel d 1). The immunogenicity was evaluated in mice, while potential safety issues were assessed by cellular antigen stimulation test (CAST) using basophils from cat‐dander‐allergic patients.Results:  MAT‐Fel d 1 enhanced induction of Fel d 1‐specific IgG2a antibody responses as well as the secretion of IFN‐γ and IL‐2 from T cells. Subcutaneous allergen‐specific immunotherapy of mice using the modified Fel d 1 provided stronger protection against anaphylaxis than SIT with unmodified Fel d 1, and MAT‐Fel d 1 caused less degranulation of human basophils than native Fel d 1.Conclusion:  MAT‐Fel d 1 allergen enhanced protective antibody and Th1 responses in mice, while reducing human basophil degranulation. Immunotherapy using MAT‐Fel d 1 allergen therefore has the potential to enhance SIT efficacy and safety, thus, shortening SIT. This should increase patient compliance and lower treatment costs.
The influence of HLA‐A,B and ‐DR matching and pregraft blood transfusions on graft and patient survival after renal transplantation in a single centre
Authors: Ting Alan , Morris Peter J. 
Published: December 2008

The influence of HLA‐A,B and DR matching and pregraft blood transfusions on the graft and patient survival rate of 305 recipients of first cadaver grafts in a single centre has been studied.All three factors significantly influenced the graft survival rate. The effect of HLA‐A,B matching became apparent only after a follow‐up period of 3 years whereas the effect of HLA‐DR matching was seen within 3 months after transplantation. The survival rate of HLA‐DR compatible grafts was not improved by additional HLA‐A,B matching, but that of HLA‐DR mismatched grafts was improved by HLA‐A,B matching. The HLA‐DR matching effect was seen in both transfused and in non‐transfused patients. However, the highest graft survival rate seen was in the pregraft transfused patients who received a DR compatible kidney (87% at 1 year and 80% at 5 years).Both HLA‐A,B and DR matching significantly increased the patient survival rate whereas blood transfusion did not. The lower survival rate of patients receiving HLA poorly‐matched grafts was not related to the amount of methylprednisolone received during the first 3 months after transplantation, the age of the patient, or whether the patient was considered medically high risk at the time of transplantation.
Cross reaction of monoclonal antibodies to human MHC class I and class II products with bovine lymphocyte subpopulations
Authors: Spooner R. L. , Ferrone S. 
Published: December 2008

Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from cattle have been separated into T & B cell subpopulations using a panning technique. These T and B cell preparations have then been tested by direct and indirect complement mediated cytotoxicity tests with a series of monoclonal antibodies (Moabs) reacting with HLA class I and class II products.The anti‐class I monoclonals were monomorphic or non‐reactive and where reactive killed both B and T cells.The anti‐class II monoclonals reacted only with B lymphocytes. There was no relationship between their reactivity pattern and any BoLA specificity.This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health Grants AI21384 and CA38469.
Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, update May 1996
Authors: Marsh Steven G. E. 
Published: December 2008

The following sequences have been submitted to the Nomenclature Committee since the April 1996 Nomenclature update and, following agreed policy, have been assigned official allele designations. Full details of all sequences will be published in the forthcoming report Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1996.Below are listed the newly assigned sequences, confirmations of previously reported sequences and some sequences which are corrections of those originally reported. The accession number of each sequence is given and these can be used to retrieve the sequence files from either the EMBL, GenBank or DDBJ data libraries. Although accession numbers have been assigned by the data libraries and most sequences are already available, there is still the possibility that an author may not yet have allowed the sequence to be released; in such a case you will have to contact the submitting author directly.
TETRAHYDROAMINOACRIDINE: Clinical Use of a Cholinesterase Inhibitor in Conjunction with Succinylcholine
Authors: Benveniste D. , Dyrberg V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYTetrahydroaminoacridine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, has been used to extend the neuromuscular blockade produced by succinylcholine in anaesthesia for 23 cases of abdominal hysterectomy. The study was designed to provide means for comparison with a previously established control series. 25 mg of tetrahydroaminoacridine, given immediately before induction of the anaesthesia, was found capable of reducing the necessary amount of succinylcholine during anaesthesia to 24% of that used in the control series. The possible clinical usefulness of such an effect is briefly discussed.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGTetrahydroaminoacridin, ein Cholinesterasehemmer, wurde bei der Narkose für 23 abdominale Hysterectomien verwendet um die durch Succinylcholin erzeugte neuromuskuläre Blockade zu verlängern. Die Untersuchung wurde so durchgeführt, dass sie mit einer früheren Kontrollserie vergleichen werden konnte. 25 mg Tetrahydroaminoacridin, unmittelbar vor der Einleitung der Narkose verabreicht, war imstande, die während der Narkose notwendige Menge von Succinylcholin auf 24% der in der Kontrollserie benötigten Dosis zu reduzieren. Die mögliche klinische Nutzanwendung dieser Wirkung wird kurz diskutiert.
CARBON DIOXIDE TENSIONS IN NON‐ARTERIALISED CAPILLARY AND ARTERIAL BLOOD DURING ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Knudsen E. J. , Hansen P. 
Published: December 2008

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden die Werte der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration und der Kohlensäurespannung von 31 Kapillarblutproben aus den Ohrläppchen und 21 Proben aus den Fingerkuppen mit den Werten verglichen, die aus arteriellen Blutproben bei den gleichen Patienten stammten. Alle Proben wurden während der Narkose von chirurgischen Patienten abgenommen. Die Messungen wurden in der Hauptsache nach der Methode von P. Astrup (1959)1 und O. Siggaard Andersen et al. (1960)4,5 vorgenommen.Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass die pH‐ und PCO2‐Werte aus den Ohrläppchenproben für praktische Zwecke ausreichend mit denen übereinstimmten, die in gleichzeitig abgenommenem arteriellem Blut gefunden wurden. Dies war auch dann der Fall, wenn eine ausgesprochene respiratorische Alkalose vorlag und auch wenn keine Massnahmen getroffen wurden, das Kapillarblut des Ohrläppchens vor der Abnahme zu arterialisieren.Zwischen dem arteriellen Blut und dem nicht‐arterialisierten Kapillarblut, das aus der Fingerbeere entnommen wurde, fand sich eine geringere Übereinstimmung.
A NEW METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF RESPIRATORY WORK BY MEASUREMENTS OF THE ACTUAL POWER AS A FUNCTION OF GAS FLOW, PRESSURE AND TIME: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Engström C. G. , Norlander O. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA method is presented by which it is possible to analyse the respiratory work by measurements of the actual power as a function of gas flow, pressure and time.The power is the product of gas flow and the pressure gradients due to the various components of resistance of the lungs, airway and thorax.The power can be directly measured through the use of an electronic computer connected with the amplifiers for gas flow and differential pressure receptors.Examples of power curves from spontaneous and mechanically controlled ventilation are presented.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEine Methode, die es ermöglicht, die Atmungsarbeit durch Messung der wirksamen Kraft als eine Funktion von Gasstrom, Druck und Zeit zu analysieren, wird beschrieben.Die Kraft ist das Produkt aus Gasstrom und den Druckgradienten, die sich aus den verschiedenen Widerstandskomponenten in den Lungen, Luft‐wegen und dem Thorax ergeben.Die Kraft kann durch Anwendung eines elektronischen Zahlers, der mit den Verstörkern für die Messung des Gasstromes und der Drücke gekoppelt ist, direkt gemessen werden.Es werden Beispiele von Kraftverlaufskurven bei Spontanatmung und mechanischer Beatmung gegeben.
EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL EXPERIENCES WITH A NEW MUSCLE RELAXANT Ro 4–3816, DIALLYL‐NOR‐TOXIFERINE
Authors: Lund Ivar , Stovner Jacob 
Published: December 2008

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGRo 4–3816 (Diallyl‐nor‐toxiferin) ist ein neues nicht depolarisierendes Muskelerschlaffungsmittel. Dieses Derivat des Alkaloids Toxiferin C wurde experimentell und klinisch geprüft und mit d‐Tubocurarin verglichen. Es wurde bei insgesamt 400 Patienten erprobt.Bei der Prüfung der Greifkraft an unbetäubten Freiwilligen sowie des Ruhe‐Minutenvolumens an narkotisierten Patienten, erwies sich das neue Relaxans ungefähr 1,5 mal stärker als d‐Tubocurarine. Auch bei der klinischen Anwendung von Ro 4–3816 zur Erleichterung der endotrachealen Intubation und zur Erzeugung von Muskelerschlaffung während Laparotomien zeigte sich das gleiche Dosisverhältnis. Der Wirkungseintritt und die Wirkungsdauer dieses Mittels waren bei gleichwirksamen Dosen denen des d‐Tubocurarin ahnlich.Als Ergänzungsdosen von Ro 4–3816 während der 2. und 3. Stunden der Narkose waren nur ein Sechstel bis ein Neuntel der in der 1. Stunde gebrauchten Menge erforderlich. Das gleiche wurde für d‐Tubocurarin gefunden. Ein Unterschied in der kumulativen Wirkung der beiden Mittel konnte nicht gezeigt werden.0,5–1 mg Prostigmin oder 10 mg Tensilon führte immer zu rascher und vollständiger Wirkungsumkehr nach Ro 4–3816, wahrend fiir d‐Tubocurarin 1–2 mg Prostigmin benötigt wurden.Puls und Blutdruck blieben unter Ro 4–3816 unbeeinflusst. Bei 10 Patienten wurde das EKG kontrolliert und dabei keine Veränderungen gesehen. Desgleichen wurden weder Zeichen von Histaminfreisetzung noch andere unerwünschte Effekte beobachtet.
THE LOCALISATION OF THE EFFECT OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE IN THE NERVE APPARATUS OF THE DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Björk A. , Persson A. , Wåhlin Å. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe activity in the phrenic nerve and in the diaphragm of the anaesthetised cat was studied both before and after injection of succinylcholine.This was done with a view to ascertaining whether the impulse flow in the phrenic nerve continued after the motor‐unit activity in the diaphragm had ceased after injection of succinylcholine.It appeared from the investigations that the activity in the nerve did not seem to undergo any changes during the apnoeic period produced by succinylcholine and the simultaneous disappearance of activity in the diaphragm.The investigations showed that the impulse flow in the nerve apparently continues unchanged during the full effect of the agent, and this is regarded as evidence in support the assumption that succinylcholine has no influence on the central nervous system.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Aktivität des Nervus phrenicus und des Zwerchfels der narkotisierten Katze wurde vor und nach Injektionen von Succinylcholin studiert.Dies geschah um festzustellen, ob der Impulsstrom im Nervus phrenicus noch andauerte, nachdem die motorische Aktivität im Zwerchfell auf Grund der Injektion von Succinylcholin aufgehört hatte.Die Untersuchungen schienen zu bestätigen, dass die Nervaktivität während der durch Succinylcholin hervorgerufenen Periode der Apnoe und des gleichzeitigen Verschwinden der Aktivität im Zwerchfell keinerlei Veränderungen erfuhr.Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass der Impulsstrom im Nerven offenbar während der vollen Wirkung des Mittels unverändert anhielt. Dies wird als Beweis für die Annahme angesehen, dass Succinylcholin keinen Einfluss auf das zentrale Nervensystem hat.
POTENCY AND REVERSIBILITY BY PROSTIGMINE OF Ro 4–3816 AND d‐TUBOCURARINE: A “Blind” Study
Authors: Lund Ivar , Stovner Jacob 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYUsing a blind technique, the muscular relaxation produced by diallyl‐nortoxiferine (Ro 4–3816) during tracheal intubation and in abdominal operations have been compared with that of d‐tubocurarine.The potency of Ro 4–3816 in relation to d‐tubocurarine was found to be 1.7.The cumulative effect was the same for equipotent doses of the two relaxants. No difference could be demonstrated in the ability of prostigmine to reverse residual curarisation after Ro 4–3816 and d‐tubocurarine.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Muskelerschlaffung durch Diallyl‐nor‐toxiferine (Ro 4–3816) während der endotrachealen Intubation und bei Bauchoperationen wurde unter Verwendung der “Blindtechnik” mit der durch d‐Tubocurarin hervorgerufenen verglichen.Im Vergleich zu d‐Tubocurarin wurde fur Ro 4–3816 eine Wirkungsstarke von 1,7 ermittelt.Die kumulative Wirkung gleichstarker Dosen der beiden Relaxantien war die Gleiche. Es konnte kein Unterschied bezüglich der Aufhebung einer Restcurarisation durch Prostigmin nach Ro 4–3816, bezw. d‐Tubocurarin gezeigt werden.
THE TEACHING OF MEDICAL ELECTRONICS
Authors: Hill D. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA brief description is given of courses on ‘Measurement in Anaesthesia’ and ‘Practical Medical Electronics’ which have been organised at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. The courses are designed to allow students with little time to spare to be able to attend. Emphasis is placed on practical work and the use of equipment by the students.
EXPERIENCES WITH HALOPERIDOL (HALDOL®) AS A PREMEDICANT
Authors: Saarne A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA total of 1163 patients were premedicated with haloperidol. In 94% of the patients, 5 mg haloperidol given intramuscularly produced excellent results. This consisted of a vegetative stability and a condition of psychic indifference and removal from emotional and sensory stimuli. This condition, advantageous for the patient, could be extended to last throughout the entire day of operation thanks to the prolonged effect of the drug.The need for analgesics postoperatively was significantly decreased.Haloperidol has a very powerful antiemetic effect. Only 10 patients out of the entire series vomited and only three experienced nausea.The “inner anxiety” appearing in 4% of the patients probably depends on the patients' psychomotory basic attitude, expressing itself in a depressed and tense mood. Such patients should not be premedicated with haloperidol. In patients with increased muscle tonus and organic disorders of the central nervous system, haloperidol is contra‐indicated.The unforeseen development of extrapyramidal symptoms in two patients is the only disadvantage that has appeared in our investigation on the use of haloperidol as a premedicant.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG1163 Patienten sind mit Haloperidol (Haldol®) prämediziert worden. 5 mg Haloperidol, i.m. verabreicht, hatte in 94% der Fälle einen befriedigenden Erfolg, der sich in einer vegetativen Stabilität und in einem von psychischer Indifferenz und einer Distanz einem emotionellen und sensorischen Stimulus gegenüber, manifestiert. Dieser für den Patienten günstige Zustand konnte, infolge des langen Effektes des Haloperidols, auf den ganzen Operationstag erstreckt werden. Der postoperative Analgeticabedarf ist deutlich herabgesetzt. Haloperidol ist antiemetisch sehr wirksam. Insgesamt haben nur 10 Patienten erbrochen und 3 an Übelkeit gelitten.Die in 4% der Fälle entstandene “innere Unruhe” beruht wahrscheinlich auf der psychomotorischen Grundkonstellation der Patienten, die sich in einer deprimierten und gespannten Stimmung zeigt. Deshalb sollten solche Patienten mit Haloperidol nicht prämediziert werden. Bei Patienten mit gesteigertem Muskeltonus und organischen Krankheiten des ZNS ist Haloperidol kontra‐indiziert. Die Entstehung von extrapyramidalen Symptomen in zwei Fallen ist die einzige von uns beobachtete unangenehme Erscheinung.
LOCAL EFFECTS OF ADRENALINE AND PHENYLALANYL‐LYSYL‐VASOPRESSIN IN LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Klingenström P. , Westermark L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA study was performed on the colour reactions of the skin following adrenaline and Octapressin as vasoconstrictors in a local anaesthetic injected subcutaneously on the forearms of 15 healthy subjects. A comparison was also made with regard to the duration of anaesthesia and to the spread of skin pallor.Together with the pallor caused by vasoconstriction cyanosis was noted following adrenaline. This cyanosis is considered to be a sign of tissue hypoxia leading to increased tissue acidity and dilatation of capillaries and venules. Thus, tissue damage, an increased tendency to postoperative haemorrhage and oedema, and bad conditions for wound healing may arise.Following Octapressin no cyanosis could be seen and therefore this agent is believed to be more harmless to the tissues, less apt to cause postoperative haemorrhage and oedema, and less interfering with wound healing.The anaesthesia was prolonged to about the same extent by the two agents. Mostly the spread of skin pallor was wider after Octapressin.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGBei 15 gesunden Versuchstieren wurde die Farbreaktion der Haut des Vorderarmes nach subcutaner Injektion eines Lokalanaesthetikums, dem Adrenalin bzw. Octapressin zugesetzt war, untersucht. Ferner wurde die Anaesthesiedauer und die Ausbreitung der Hautblässe verglichen.Nach Adrenalin wurde neben der durch Vasokonstriktion verursachten Blässe auch eine Cyanose bemerkt. Diese Cyanose wird als ein Zeichen von Gewebshypoxie angesehen, die zu vermehrter Gewebsacidität und Erweiterung der Kapillaren und Venolen führt. Daraus kann Gewebsschädigung, eine erhöhte Neigung zu postoperativer Blutung und Ödembildung, sowie verzögerte Wundheilung resultieren.Nach Octapressin wurde keine Cyanose beobachtet und es wird daher angenommen, dass dieses Mittel harmloser für die Gewebe ist, weniger leicht zu postoperativer Blutung und Ödembildung führt und auch die Wundheilung weniger beeinträchtigt.Die Verlängerung der Anaesthesiedauer war bei beiden Mitteln etwa die gleiche. Die Ausbreitung der Hautblässe war nach Octapressin grösser.