bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft Tissue Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography: A Novel Method for the Measurement of Gingival Tissue and the Dimensions of the Dentogingival Unit
Authors: JANUÁRIO ALESSANDRO LOURENÇO , BARRIVIERA MAURÍCIO , DUARTE WAGNER RODRIGUES 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe dimensions and relationships of the structures of the dentogingival unit have been greatly overlooked because of the inability to easily and precisely determine them. The purpose of the present study was to develop a soft tissue cone‐beam computed tomography (ST‐CBCT) to improve soft tissue image quality and allow the determination of the dimensions and relationships of the structures of the dentogingival unit. Two separate CBCT scans were obtained from three patients with different periodontal biotypes. The first was a scan following standard methods; however, for the ST‐CBCT the patients wore a plastic lip retractor and retracted their tongues toward the floor of their mouths. With the first scan, only measurements of the distance of the cementoenamel junctional (CEJ) to the facial bone crest, and the width of the facial alveolar bone were possible. In contrast, ST‐CBCT allowed measurements of the distance of the gingival margin to the facial bone crest, the gingival margin to the CEJ, and width of the facial gingiva. ST‐CBCT scans allowed a clear visualization, measurement of the dimensions, and analysis of the relationship of the structures of the periodontium and dentogingival attachment apparatus.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe dimensions and relationships of the structures of the dentogingival attachment apparatus are essential aspects in many fields of dentistry and this report describes a simple, novel, and noninvasive technique to determine them. This technique may aid clinicians in the planning and execution of procedures in several dental specialties.
Bleaching Agents with Varying Concentrations of Carbamide and/or Hydrogen Peroxides: Effect on Dental Microhardness and Roughness
Authors: FARAONI‐ROMANO JULIANA JENDIROBA , DA SILVEIRA ALESSANDRA GONÇALVES , TURSSI CECILIA PEDROSO , SERRA MÔNICA CAMPOS 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTPurpose:  To evaluate the effect of low and highly concentrated bleaching agents on microhardness and surface roughness of bovine enamel and root dentin.Methods:  According to a randomized complete block design, 100 specimens of each substrate were assigned into five groups to be treated with bleaching agents containing carbamide peroxide (CP) at 10% (CP10); hydrogen peroxide (HP) at 7.5% (HP7.5) or 38% (HP38), or the combination of 18% of HP and 22% of CP (HP18/CP22), for 3 weeks. The control group was left untreated. Specimens were immersed in artificial saliva between bleaching treatments. Knoop surface microhardness (SMH) and average surface roughness (Ra) were measured at baseline and post‐bleaching conditions.Results:  For enamel, there were differences between bleaching treatments for both SMH and Ra measurements (p = 0.4009 and p = 0.7650, respectively). SMH significantly increased (p < 0.0001), whereas Ra decreased (p = 0.0207) from baseline to post‐bleaching condition. For root dentin, the group treated with CP10 exhibited the significantly highest SMH value differing from those groups bleached with HP18/CP22, HP7.5, which did not differ from each other. Application of HP38 resulted in intermediate SMH values. No significant differences were found for Ra (p = 0.5975). Comparing the baseline and post‐bleaching conditions, a decrease was observed in SMH (p < 0.0001) and an increase in Ra (p = 0.0063).Conclusion:  Bleaching agents with varying concentrations of CP and/or HP are capable of causing mineral loss in root dentin. Enamel does not perform in such bleaching agent‐dependent fashion when one considers either hardness or surface roughness evaluations.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEBleaching did not alter the enamel microhardness and surface roughness, but in root dentin, microhardness seems to be dependent on the bleaching agent used.
Association of aphid life stages using DNA sequences: A case study of tribe Eriosomatini (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Pemphiginae)
Authors: Zhang He‐Cai , Zhang Dong , Qiao Ge‐Xia 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAssociation of aphid life stages based on a portion of COI sequence was applied in Eriosomatini. Three aphid specimens, nos. 17496, 19265a, and 19265b collected on Gramineae roots all clustered with Tetraneura chinensis Mordvilko with strong support. The average pairwise p‐distance among the four taxa was 0.001 (range, 0.000–0.002), and that among all the ingroup taxa was 0.065 (range, 0.000–0.141). This indicated that nos. 17496 and 19265 b were the secondary‐host morphs of T. chinensis. In this paper the secondary host morph of T. chinensis is described for the first time. With the identification of more species' secondary‐host morphs, aphids identification based on this morph will be made easily.
Variations in body melanisation, ovariole number and fecundity in highland and lowland populations of Drosophila melanogaster from the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Rajpurohit Subhash , Parkash Ravi , Ramniwas Seema , Singh Shama 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe investigated geographical variations in three fitness‐related traits (body melanisation, ovariole number and fecundity) in laboratory‐reared offspring of 10 populations of Drosophila melanogaster. The populations were collected from adjacent lowland and highland localities (∼80–100 km apart) in the tropical as well as subtropical regions (11.15–31.06 °N) covering a linear distance about 3 000 kilometers from south to north on the Indian subcontinent. Persistence of within‐as well as between‐population differences at 21 °C suggest that observed variations in fitness‐related traits have a genetic basis. Populations from higher altitudes showed consistently higher trait values (1.4‐fold increase) as compared with their corresponding lowland populations. By contrast, latitudinal variations were about two‐fold higher across the entire continent. Along latitude as well as altitude, population means showed higher correlation values (r > 0.98) between all the three fitness traits. However, on the basis of within‐population analysis (assorted darker and lighter flies), changes in body melanisation were significantly correlated with fecundity but not with ovariole number. Thus, analysis of within‐population trait variability should be preferred as compared with data on population means for adaptive significance of fitness‐related traits. In the present study, the role of climatic selection is evident from regression analysis with changes in annual average temperature of the sites of origin of populations along latitude as well as altitude.
ALPINE GEOWARPINGS IN THE ZAGROS‐TAURUS RANGE: INFLUENCE ON HYDROCARBON GENERATION, MIGRATION AND ACCUMULATION
Authors: Ameen M. S. 
Published: December 2008

Megascale monoclinal flexures (“geowarpings”) with maximum angles of dip ranging from 5° to 13° occur in the Zagros‐Taurus range of Iraq and Iran. They face south and SW, with amplitudes of 1.4 to 14.44 kms and axial lengths of 43 to 230 kms. Their axes are parallel to the host mountain range and lie in an en échelon configuration, and many are located in the high mountain zone, at or close to the mountain front (i.e. the border with the foothills zone).Neotectonic and stratigraphic evidence suggests the contemporaneous development of these flexures with their host fold‐belt during the collision of the Eurasian and Afro‐Arabian Plates, which culminated during Upper Miocene‐Pliocene time. Differential vertical movements caused greater shortening and thickening in the upwarded regions (10–33%), which lie closer to the plate suture zones, compared to the downwarped regions (3–17%).Development of the geowarpings resulted in circumstances favourable for hydrocarbon generation in downwarped regions, where source rocks were buried sufficiently deeply to produce oil and gas; this then migrated upwards to be trapped in the growing folds, and was sealed by Miocene evaporites. On the other hand, upwarped regions were elevated, and suffered extensive erosion, leading to a reduction in the depth of burial of potential source rocks, and consequently limited possibilities of hydrocarbon generation. Furthermore, the non‐deposition and/or erosion of Miocene evaporites in upwarped regions led to the dissipation of considerable volumes of the hydrocarbons which might have been generated. The effect of geowarpings on oil and gas reserves is evident from the distribution of oil‐ and gasfields, which are almost exclusively located in the downwarped foothills zone.Geowarpings may be located in the Taurus Range of E Turkey and NE Syria, but a lack of accurate data makes this difficult to investigate. Further studies are needed to develop an efficient exploration plan for oil and gas in that area.
SCALES OF PERMEABILITY HETEROGENEITY WITHIN THE BRENT GROUP
Authors: Daws J. A. , Prosser D. J. 
Published: December 2008

A selection of Brent Group reservoir sequences from the Murchison field were chosen to study the nature of permeability variation within the Brent Group, with particular emphasis on the Etive Formation, which forms one of the main reservoirs in the field.Preliminary core examination of potential permeability barriers, as identified using wireline log response, has indicated that permeability heterogeneities can be placed into a five‐fold hierarchy. Permeability heterogeneities resulting from depositional or syndepositional processes comprise the first four orders of heterogeneity and include formations, facies transitions, bedding surfaces and laminations. Permeability heterogeneities which are the product of diagenetic processes are classified as fifth‐order heteorgeneities.Two major types of permeability barrier have been identified in core and on wireline logs within the Etive Formation. They include permeability heterogeneities associated with a transition between the two major facies associations (tidal channel and beach/foreshore sandstones); and heterogeneities associated with the development of inactive channel‐fill sandstones and siltstones within the tidal‐channel facies association.A detailed sedimentological model has been developed which demonstrates the complexity of reservoir zonation in the Etive Formation within the Murchison field.
GEOLOGY OF THE PERMIAN “SUPER‐GIANT” GAS RESERVOIRS IN THE GREATER PERSIAN GULF AREA
Authors: Kashfi M. S. 
Published: December 2008

The Permian Dalan and Khuff Formations contain extensive gas reservoirs in the Greater Persian Gulf area. The Permian transgressive sea covered a vast area in the Middle East, and deposited a fairly thick sequence of shallow, epicontinental carbonates. These carbonates were deposited unconformably on Lower Paleozoic rocks in western Iran and on the basement in Central Arabia. The term “Khuff Formation” has been widely used by oil companies in the region, but its equivalent, the Dalan Formation, is a new name currently being used in Iran.The Permian Basin was an elongate trough, trending NW‐SE, parallel to the Cretaceous‐Tertiary Zagros geosyncline. The deepest part of the Permian Basin was in the extreme SE portion of the trough, in the vicinity of the present Oman Mountains, in which nearly 6,000 ft (1,830 m) of Permian sediments were deposited.Porosity and permeability are generally low in these carbonates. However, secondary fracture porosity and dolomitization are commonly developed throughout these rocks. Permian reservoirs are capped by impervious strata, and the gas seems to be sourced from within the Permian section.
Rate of Penetration of Ions through the Capillary Wall
Authors: HAHN L. , HEVESY G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Solutions of labelled chloride, bromide, sodium, potassium, phosphate and deuterium oxyde were injected into the circulation of rabbits and the speed of the escape of the labelled ions from the plasma was determined. Potassium was found to penetrate at a much faster rate through the capillary wall than any other ion investigated.Information on the permeability of the muscle and brain capillaries were obtained by comparing the labelled sodium, phosphate and heavy water content of muscle and plasma, respectively brain and plasma. The muscle endothelium was found to be more permeable to sodium and to phospate than the endothelium of the brain. The partition ratio of labelled sodium between plasma and the chloride space of the brain amounts after the lapse of 11 min. only to 1/10 of the equilibrium value; during that time a proportional partition of labelled sodium between plasma and the chloride space of the muscle was obtained.In the course of an hour, somewhat less than 1/3 of the proportional partition of bromine between plasma and the grey brain substance was reached. Proportional partition of labelled water between plasma and the muscle water was reached after about half an hour.We wish to express our hearty thanks to Professor Niels Bohr for kindly putting numerous facilities at our disposal.
The Plasma Prothrombin Level in Cats and Rabbits after Excluding the Liver from the Circulation, after Stimulation of the Splanchnic Nerve and after Intravenous Injection of Adrenalin.
Authors: UVNÄS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The plasma prothrombin level was studied in cats and rabbits after occlusion of the liver from the circulation with special care taken to avoid traumatization of the liver.The occlusion of the liver was performed in two ways, either by ligating the hepatic vessels in cats and rabbits or by applicating a modified Eck's fistula in cats. A rapid fall in plasma prothrombin was observed in all cases.After removing the intestines in cats the prothrombin level remained unchanged during 6–8 hours whereupon a quick fall in prothrombin ensued. If the spleen was left intact even a transient, but considerable increase in prothrombin, accompanied by an augmented coagulation tendency was found.In experiments in vitro with citrated blood, the prothrombin decreased at a higher rate than in experiments in vivo, where the liver was excluded from the circulation.Increased plasma prothrombin levels were observed in cats under slight ether anesthesia, after intravenous injections of adrenalin and after electric stimulation of the splanchnic nerve.
Contributions to the Chemistry of Prothrombin
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , DARLING SVEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. A unit for prothrombin (P. T. U.) is defined as the amount of prothrombin which by total activation yields one unit of thrombin.2. Prothrombin is prepared from ox plasma. It seems to be a protein of globulin character.3. The transformation of prothrombin into thrombin seems to be a conversion of a globulin into an albumin.
The Absorption of Calcium as a Function of the Body Saturation with Calcium
Authors: NICOLAYSEN RAGNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The speed of absorption of calcium in rats is influenced by the levels of calcium in the diet; but only as long as the skeleton is kept unsaturated with calcium salts from an early age.2. Calcium starvation in adult rats and in pregnancy does not increase the speed of absorption of calcium.3. Thymus and the gonads do not appear to influence the absorption of Ca.
On the Effect and Toxicity of Dimethyl Sulfide, Dimethyl Disulfide and Methyl Mercaptan.
Authors: LJUNGGREN GUSTAF , NORBERG BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A number of experiments on the effects and toxicity of dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and methyl mercaptan on rats are described. The effects of these sulfides are mainly the same as those of hydrogen sulfide. The toxicity, estimated from the concentration necessary to kill a rat in about 15 minutes, decreases in the order hydrogen sulfide ‐ dimethyl disulfide ‐ methylmercaptan ‐ dimethyl sulfide.
Computation of Results from Experiments with Indirect Calorimetry
Authors: ABRAMSON ERNST. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A simple method for computing results from experiments with indirect calorimetry is described.The formulae mentioned are not only applicable to the normal metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrate, but also when other substances, e. g. alcohol, are burned or when pathological final products appear in the urine. For practical use two nomograms are presented.
Cortical or Reflex Control of Respiration dnring Muscular Work?
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , NIELSEN MARIUS , WIETH‐PEDERSEN G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In experiments with voluntary and electrically induced work on a normal subject and on a patient (tabes dorsalis) in whom all the ordinary kinesthetic sensations were completely extinguished, the pulmonary ventilation increased during both kinds of work in the normal way i.e. corresponding to the oxygen consumption, in spite of the fact, that the cortical innervation during the electrically induced work was substituted by the apparatus for electrical stimulation.Prom these experiments it is concluded, that the nervous impulses which increase the excitability of the respiratory centre, thus causing the rise in the ventilation during work, are not of cortical origin, but most probably must be brought about reflexly from the working muscles.The experiments with the patient suffering from tabes dorsalis show further, that the reflex impulses must be carried to the centre through nerve paths outside the posterior fascicles, which are known to be destroyed in this disease.
The Renal Excretion of Fructose
Authors: HANSEN FOUL GADE , JACOBSEN ERLING ASCANIUS , PETERSEN MANFRED FROM 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The renal excretion of fructose is studied in dogs under different conditions. It is shown that the fructose is reabsorbed in the kidneys to some degree. The reabsorption is not influenced by alterations of the glucose concentration in the filtrate or by a considerable increase in the urine flow produced by the infusion of sulphate. On the other hand the excretion of fructose depends upon the concentration in the blood, a greater part of the filtered fructose being excreted at a higher plasma concentration.It is concluded, that a part of the filtered fructose is actively reabsorbed in the proximal part of the tubules by a process, the faculty of which to convey the fructose is not influenced by the amount of glucose which is simultaneously to be reabsorbed.
The Influence on Growth and Metabolism of the Relation between the Proportion of Proteins and of Aneurin and Lactoflavin in Food.
Authors: BORGSTRÖM STIG , HAMMARSTEN GRETA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Growth experiments have been performed on two series (A and B) of 100 and 50 albino rats (females). In each series the animals have been distributed on 5 groups with a varied supply of aneurin and lactoflavin in 4 groups and an extra supply of 5 % casein in the 5th group. Other B vitamins have been given in sufficient amounts. The diets have contained a high percentage of A and D vitaminsThe following results have been obtained: Lactoflavin is as important R growth factor as aneurin and stimulates the food consumption of the animals to the same degree. Both vitamins are necessary not only for the carbohydrate metabolism but also for the protein metabolism. If the protein supply is increased from 20 to 25 % at a relatively low‐ standard of lactoflavin supply, growth decreases. A high protein standard necessitates a high B vitamin supply. An optimal and mutually balanced supply of aneurin and lactoflavin is more important for growth than a high protein standard. A sufficient and well balanced supply of aneurin and lactoflavin together with a sufficient but not too great supply of proteins gives the best growth and the best economical utilization of the food.
Further Investigations on the Effect of Tyrosine and Related Substances on the Ripening of the Reticulocytes.
Authors: GAD INGER , JACOBSEN ERIK , PLUM CLAUS MUNK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.By means of tyrosinase from meal‐worms, indoline derivatives are formed from tyrosine, adrenaline and other related substances.It is shown that the effect on reticulocyte ripening of tyrosine. adrenaline, βp‐oxyphenylisopropylaniine and tyramiae is only 10 to 1 % of the effect of the corresponding indoline derivatives: hallachrome, adrenochrome etc. Dioxyindole and dioxyindole‐carbonic acid have no ripening effect.Tyrosine is decomposed by red blood corpuscles and from red blood corpuscles we have prepared enzymes able to convert tyrosine and dioxyphenylaniine into substances more active towards reticulocyte ripening. The same enzyme preparation is able to form melanine from tyrosine and dioxyphenylalanine, and to give rise to the oxygen consumption in solutions of these substances.This makes it possible that hallachrome can be formed from tyrosine in the erythrocytes and a calculation shows that the enzyme concentration inside the erythrocytes is sufficient to support the assumption that the effect of tyrosine on the reti‐culocytes is due to its conversion into liallachrome with the corpuscles.
Elasticity, Viscosity and Plasticity in the Cross Striated Muscle Fibre.
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , KAISER E. , KNAPPEIS G. G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

A new method is devised for continuous measurement of stiffness at rest and during contraction.
Tension increase in tetanic contraction is limited by a plastic lengthening of equilibrium length in the contracted fibre (yielding), the occurrence of which is most marked in the first 0.5 see of tetanic contraction. Yielding is characterised by a change in the gradient of static length‐tension diagrams and dynamically by a sudden decrease in stiffness occurring at a critical tension value. This tension may be due either to contraction or to tension induced externally in the contracted fibre.
Comparative determinations of stiffness with low and high frequencies of periodic length alterations show that stiffness proper is masked by yielding when low frequencies are applied while a frequency of 100 cycles per sec is well suited to measurements of actual stiffness.
In physiological muscular activity yielding ensures constant contraction tension over a large range of stretch.
Apart from yielding the increasing stiffness with increasing frequency is due to viscosity, not uniformly distributed over the fibre.
In the resting fibre no measurable dependence of stiffness on temperature can be observed at different frequencies (3–25°C). During contraction stiffness decreases essentially with increasing temperature.
Evidence is given that this frequency dependence of stiffness is due to “linkage modifications” in contractile elements and that intrinsic friction is quantitatively of minor importance.
The difference in temperature dependence of stiffness at rest and during contraction is probably due to the chain reaction occurring during contraction, the propagation of which is highly dependent on temperature.
At all degrees of stretch, tension in the resting muscle fibre increases with increasing temperature. The temperature dependence is highest at medium elongations and is always less than proportional with absolute temperature.
On the Presence of n laccase‐like Enzyme in Nerum and its Relation to the Copper in Serum.
Authors: HOLMBERG CARL G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The assumption of Eisler, Rosdahl and Theorell (1936) that all serum copper is bound to the albumin does not prove quite true. A small amount of the total serum copper is to be found in the euglobulin fraction, which Green has called PI.Keilin and Mann's suggestion that the haemocuprein is enzy‐matically inactive does not refer to all the protein‐bound copper in the blood. In Green's PI‐globulin there is a fraction which catalyzes the oxidation of paraphenylendiamine. The proteine component necessary for the formation of this enzyme seems normally to be present in surplus, so that the addition of copper is able to increase the activity.The blue colour of the active globulin fraction has no importance for its catalytic function. It may possibly be due to some oxidation product with great affinity for the enzyme.