bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Of War-Leaders and Fire-Makers: A Rejoinder
Authors: Knighton Ben 
Published: October 2007

If there is to be a “great Karamoja debate”, then it is necessary to keep in focus the leading issues, with the constraints of historiographical and methodological concerns. Since 1990 publications on the Karamojong have in general taken the line expressed in Mirzeler and Young's abstract: “The transformation of local modes of conflict by large-scale infusion of the AK-47 has had far-reaching effects …”. Against this trend I cite the French critic, Alphonse Karr (1808-1890), “Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose”. My perversity is sustained by studying the Karamojong over 23½ years, living there 1984-86, and returning for fieldwork across Karamoja in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2005. Taking copies of my monograph to deposit for Karamojongliteratito read, the dominant impression was that mobile telephones notwithstanding, this was the same Karamoja. I will not have the last word, but history will.The issue in Mirzeler's paper above is that “Pastoral Politics” has been mis-represented. Of course any part of an article cannot fully represent the whole, but my book cites Mirzeler no less than 49 times, often giving multiple page references. There is therefore no attempt at disguise or misappropriation: readers are invited and enabled to see for themselves. Where I have fallen down is in five sentences in one chapter, which Allen enjoys for its rare antipathy, where I have inverted commas in manifestly the wrong places. Sadly this is merely where my incompetence got the better of my conscientiousness. These five sentences were my précis, which I knew contained phrases it would have been appropriate to quote, so I marked them with inverted commas with the full intention of checking with the original article. Since I did not have it in my study, my intention was never executed, so now Mirzeler has his reward and I a lifetime's chagrin.
Towards a Reassessment of the Dating and the Geographical Origins of the Luso-African Ivories, Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Mark Peter 
Published: October 2007

Fifty years ago, a group of 100 ivory carvings from West Africa was first identified by the English scholar William Fagg as constituting a coherent body of work. In making this important identification, Fagg proposed the descriptive label “Afro-Portuguese ivories.” Then, as now, the provenance and dating of these carved spoons, chalices (now recognized as salt cellars), horns, and small boxes posed a challenge to art historians. Fagg proposed three possible geographical origins: Sierra Leone, the Congo coast (Angola, ex-Zaïre), and the Yoruba-inhabited area of the old Slave Coast. Although Fagg was initially inclined on stylistic grounds to accept the Yoruba hypothesis, historical documents soon made it clear that the ivories—or at least many of them—were associated with Portuguese commerce in Sierra Leone. This trade developed in the final decades of the fifteenth century.Today approximately 150 works have been identified by scholars as belonging to the “corpus” of carved ivories from West Africa. Although the sobriquet “Afro-Portuguese” remains the most common appellation, these pieces should more appropriately be referred to as Luso-African ivories. The latter term more accurately reflects the objects' creation by West African sculptors who were working within Africa. The works, although hybrid in inspiration, are far more African than they are Portuguese. In addition, no documentary evidence exists to indicate that any of the ivories were carved by African artists living in Portugal. West African artists created the sculptures within the context of their own cultures.
The Akoko-Ikale: A Revision of Colonial Historiography on the Construction of Ethnic Identity in Southeastern Yorubaland
Authors: Ogen Olukoya 
Published: October 2007

The Akoko-Ikale constitute a significant part of the Ikale sub-ethnic group in southeastern Yorubaland. However, as far as Yoruba historiography is concerned, the Akoko-Ikale and indeed the larger Ikale nation have suffered from neglect because they remain one of the least researched groups in Yorubaland. As a result of the dearth of serious academic works on the Ikale people, official and hegemonic accounts of Ikale's origin and ethnic identity that became institutionalized during the colonial era have become the abiding mantra in Ikale contemporary historical discourse.3 For instance, the Akoko-Ikale, as well as the generality of the people of Ikale, who are culturally, linguistically, and biologically of Yoruba stock, are widely perceived to have originated from Benin and so are Edoid people.The need to address and underscore the threat to identity posed by Ikale's historigraphical neglect and its fundamentally flawed Edo identity constitutes the major plank for this study. It is against this backdrop that this paper finds it expedient to focus on the origin and ethnic identity of the Akoko-Ikale. This important Ikale sub-group is singled out for scrutiny because of my belief that a systematic attempt at tracing the origin and pattern of migration of specific and very significant Ikale lineage groups such as the Akoko-Ikale represents the best way to discredit Ikale's widely alleged Edo identity and Benin ancestry.
The Future of Africa's Past: Observations on the Discipline
Authors: Schmidt Heike 
Published: October 2007

In April 2007 David William Cohen and his graduate students held a symposium on the future of African Studies at the University of Michigan. David Cohen, two graduate students—Isabelle de Rezende and Clapperton Mavhunga—as well as five invited speakers with different disciplinary backgrounds—Pius Adesanmi, Tim Burke, Jennifer Cole, Paul Zeleza, and myself—contributed papers. The purpose of the conference, entitled “2020: Re-Envisioning African Studies,” was twofold. First, it appeared timely to reflect yet again on the state of African Studies in disciplinary-based and area studies departments. Second, David Cohen had the idea of 2020 representing both the utopia of ideal vision and the concrete question of what the field might look like when the graduate students participating might conceive their second book projects. What follows are the thoughts—not a list of solutions—by a historian who has studied in three academic contexts—Germany, Zimbabwe, Britain—who has taught in as many—Britain, Germany, USA—and who has gathered experience both in area and disciplinary-based departments.Finding one's intellectual home in area studies is problematic for a range of reasons, not least for the exoticization and marginalization of non-western world regions in the global flows of ideas. At the same time, African Studies make for a comfortable sense of belonging. This is a community of scholars who provide a productive and engaging, if at times impassioned, conversation with colleagues across disciplinary boundaries, time periods, and the great diversity of African and diasporic societies and regions. The question is: what place does the historical discipline occupy within this field, and what is its future?
The Ìkál (Yorùbá, Nigeria) Migration Theories and Insignia
Authors: Sheba Eben 
Published: October 2007

Ìkàl is one of the several dialects spoken by the Yorùbá of Nigeria (Adeoye 1979:5). The name also refers to the people who speak the dialect. This subgroup is made up of fourteen communities in the southwestern part of Ondo State of Nigeria. They share boundaries with the Ìlàjẹ, Ìj Àpì, and Ìj Àrògbò to the south; Òdígbó Local Government to the north; Edo State to the east; and Ògùn State to the west. Ìkàl communities include Ìkyà, Òde-Ìrèlè, mn, Igbódìgò, Àyèká, Ìdèpé (Òkìtìpupa), Òde-Aye, Erínjẹ, Òṣóòró and Ìgbìnsìn-Ọlt. Others are Àkótógbò, Àjàgbà, Ìyànsàn and Ijù-ṣun. These last four communities were formerly grouped under the Benin Confederation. Traces of Edo language and culture show very clearly in their ways of life. Òṣóòró is a conglomeration of Igbótako, Ìlútitun, Iju-Odò, Iju-Òkè, Erékìtì, and Òṣmtṣ towns. The Ìkál also have kindred communities in parts of Ògùn State, viz., Ayédé, Àyílà, Aràfn and Moblrundúró.While some Ìkál communities claim direct descent from Ilé-If, others claim Benin, or Ugbò descent, and a few others elsewhere. Oral tradition confirms that there were migrations from If Oòyè before the Benin contact of the sixteenth century, which tend to link Ìkál dynasty to Ọba Esigie (Bajowa 1992:3). In an interview with Chief M.A. Fabunmi, he narrated the If version of the Ìkál migration from Ile-If.
Agency and Analogy in African History: the Contribution of Extra-Mural Studies in Ghana
Authors: Skinner Kate 
Published: October 2007

As the pioneering generation of postwar British academics retired, some produced autobiographical texts which revealed the personal circumstances and intellectual influences that brought them to the study of Africa. Edited volumes have also provided broader reflections on the academic disciplines, methodologies, and institutions through which these scholars engaged with the continent. In one such text, Christopher Clapham and Richard Hodder-Williams noted the special relationship between extramural studies (also known as university adult education) and the academic study of Africa's mass nationalist movements:The impetus for this study came to a remarkable degree from a tiny group of men and women who pioneered university extra-mural studies in the Gold Coast immediately after the [Second World War], and to a significant extent established the parameters for subsequent study of the subject [African politics]. Gathered together under the aegis of Thomas Hodgkin […], they were led by David Kimble […], and included among the tutors Dennis Austin, Lalage Bown and Bill Tordoff, all of whom were to play a major role in African studies in the United Kingdom over the next forty years.
“Se Débrouiller” or the Art of Serendipity in Historical Research
Authors: Wild-Wood Emma 
Published: October 2007

A school has no textbooks: the teachers are told “débrouillez-vous,” use the notes you took as a pupil. The pickup truck breaks down and will go no further: the passengers realize they will have to find another way home— “débrouillons-nous.” A resourceful man, who has learnt to turn his hand to a variety of things in order to survive, gives his job description with a smile as “débrouillard.” In the Democratic Republic of Congo the phrase “se débrouiller” has entered the realm of myth, joke, and national identity. The French words even puncture conversations in vernaculars. Congo has suffered from a long history of colonial oppression, economic mismanagement, political dictatorship, and most recently violent internal warfare.The Congolese know that they must learn how to manage on their own, to sort things out by themselves, to cope somehow, to get by. Such is the necessity of being able to deal with the unexpected or the unfortunate that Congolese joke—and many sincerely believe—that “débrouillez-vous” the “golden rule of resourcefulness” is written into the constitution. In a difficult situation they will remind each other of “Article Quinze.” Congolese people understand themselves as those who endure hardship, but have the resilience to rise to whatever comes their way, to cope with the unexpected. Indeed, so often does the unexpected occur that managing events as they happen rather than planning ahead for events that might not happen often seems the most effective way to cope with life.
Scavenger Receptor of Class B Expressed by Osteoblastic Cells Are Implicated in the Uptake of Cholesteryl Ester and Estradiol From LDL and HDL3
Authors: Brodeur Mathieu R , Brissette Louise , Falstrault Louise , Luangrath Vilayphone , Moreau Robert 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Lipoproteins transport many vitamins and hormones that have been shown to be necessary for bone formation. However, the metabolism of LDL and HDL3 by bone-forming osteoblastic cells remains unknown. Here we report that osteoblastic cells express scavenger receptors of class B that are implicated in the uptake of cholesterol and estradiol from LDL and HDL3.
Introduction: The bone tissue is continuously remodeled, and its integrity requires a balance between osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation. Recent studies have reported the importance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins for the delivery of lipophilic vitamins necessary for normal bone metabolism. However, the ability of osteoblastic cells to process low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL3) and the receptors involved remain unknown.
Materials and Methods: Binding, competition, degradation, and selective uptake assays with LDL and HDL3 radiolabeled in their protein and lipid moieties or with [3H]estradiol were conducted on human osteoblasts (MG-63 cell line and primary cultures of human osteoblasts [hOB cells]) and on mouse osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1 cell line and primary cultures of murine osteoblasts [mOB cells]). The expression of scavenger receptors (SRs) by osteoblastic cells was determined by RT-PCR and Western immunoblotting, and cellular localization was assessed by sucrose gradient fractionation.
Results: Osteoblastic cells were able to bind, internalize, and degrade HDL3 and LDL and are capable of selectively taking up cholesteryl esters (CEs) from these lipoproteins. Also, we provide evidence that osteoblastic cells express SR-BI, SR-BII, and CD36 (SR-Bs receptors) and that these receptors are localized in membrane lipid rafts or caveolin-rich membranes. The selective uptake of CE from LDL and HDL3 by osteoblastic cells was strongly inhibited by the known SR-B ligand oxidized LDL, indicating that SR-B receptors are responsible for the selective uptake. Finally, estradiol carried by LDL and HDL3 was selectively transferred to the osteoblastic cells also through SR-B receptors.
Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest a novel mechanism for the routing of cholesterol and estradiol to osteoblasts involving the metabolism of LDL and HDL3 by SR-B receptors.
Chronic Ethanol Consumption Inhibits Postlactational Anabolic Bone Rebuilding in Female Rats
Authors: Shankar Kartik , Hidestrand Mats , Liu Xiaoli , Chen Jin Ran , Haley Rani , Perrien Daniel S , Skinner Robert A , Lumpkin Charles K , Badger Thomas M , Ronis Martin J J 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
EtOH consumption significantly impaired anabolic rebuilding of bone after lactation. Lower BMD and BMC in EtOH-fed rats were associated with decreased bone formation in the proximal tibia, increased proportion of adipocytes, and increased expression of TNF-α. EtOH-induced skeletal deficits were prevented by treatment with either NAC or sTNFR1. These data suggest that postlactational anabolic rebuilding is influenced by EtOH consumption and may affect the long-term risk of osteopenia.
Introduction: Despite significant loss of bone during lactation, BMD is restored by a powerful anabolic rebuilding process after weaning. A significant number of women resume alcohol consumption after weaning their offspring from breast feeding. The objectives of this study were to examine the consequences of chronic ethanol (EtOH) consumption on the postlactational rebuilding process and to investigate the underlying mechanisms by which EtOH mediates its detrimental effects.
Materials and Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 7–9 per group) were fed EtOH-containing diets (13 g/kg/d) for 1, 2, or 4 wk after weaning of their offspring. Skeletal parameters in the proximal tibia were examined using pQCT, μCT, and histomorphometric techniques, and interventional studies were performed on the mechanistic roles of EtOH-induced oxidative stress and TNF-α.
Results and Conclusions: EtOH consumption completely abolished the anabolic bone rebuilding that occurred after lactation. Decreased BMD and BMC were associated with decreased bone formation and not with increased osteoclast activity. Furthermore, EtOH-fed rats showed greater proportion of fat volume/bone volume and expression of adipocyte-specific genes. EtOH-induced skeletal effects were mitigated by the dietary antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine or by blocking TNF-α signaling. These data suggest EtOH consumption in the period immediately postweaning may significantly impair the mother's skeletal health and lead to long-term osteopenia.
Murine and Chicken Chondrocytes Regulate Osteoclastogenesis by Producing RANKL in Response to BMP2
Authors: Usui Michihiko , Xing Lianping , Drissi Hicham , Zuscik Michael , O'Keefe Regis , Chen Di , Boyce Brendan F 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Chondrocytes express RANKL, but their role in osteoclastogenesis is not clear. We report that hypertrophic chondrocytes induce osteoclast formation through RANKL production stimulated by BMP2 and Runx2/Smad1 and thus they may regulate resorption of calcified matrix by osteoclasts at growth plates.
Introduction: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and Runx2 regulate chondrogenesis during bone development and fracture repair and RANKL expression by osteoblast/stromal cells. Chondrocytes express RANKL, and this expression is stimulated by vitamin D3, but it is not known if chondrocytes directly support osteoclast formation or if BMPs or Runx2 is involved in this potential regulation of osteoclastogenesis.
Material and Methods: The chondrocyte cell line, ATDC5, primary mouse sternal chondrocytes, and chick sternal chondrocytes were used. Cells were treated with BMP2, and expression of RANKL and chondrocyte marker genes was determined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Chondrocytes and spleen-derived osteoclast precursors ± BMP2 were co-cultured to examine the effect of chondrocyte-produced RANKL on osteoclast formation. A reporter assay was used to determine whether BMP2-induced RANKL production is through transcriptional regulation of the RANKL promoter and whether it is mediated by Runx2.
Results: BMP2 significantly increased expression of RANKL mRNA and protein in all three types of chondrocytes, particularly by Col X-expressing and upper sternal chondrocytes. Chondrocytes constitutively induced osteoclast formation. This effect was increased significantly by BMP2 and prevented by RANK:Fc. BMP2 significantly increased luciferase activity of the RANKL-luc reporter, and Smad1 increased this effect. Deletion or mutation of Runx2 binding sites within the RANKL promoter or overexpression of a dominant negative Runx2 abolished BMP2- and Smad1-mediated activation of RANKL promoter activity.
Conclusions: Hypertrophic chondrocytes may regulate osteoclastogenesis at growth plates to remove calcified matrix through BMP-induced RANKL expression.
Fetal Growth Velocity, Size in Early Life and Adolescence, and Prediction of Bone Mass: Association to the GH–IGF Axis
Authors: Jensen Rikke Beck , Vielwerth Signe , Frystyk Jan , Veldhuis Johannes , Larsen Torben , Mølgaard Christian , Greisen Gorm , Juul Anders 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Poor growth in early life is associated with numerous adverse outcomes later in life. In 123 adolescents 16–18 yr of age, the previous findings of a positive relation between size in early life and later bone mass was confirmed. These associations were mediated by the current height and weight, but it was not confirmed that alterations of the GH–IGF axis cause this.
Introduction: Numerous studies have found associations between low birth weight and disease later in life, including decreased bone mass.
Materials and Methods: A longitudinal cohort of 16- to 19-year-old adolescents (n = 123) with data on third trimester fetal growth velocity (FGV) was assessed by serial ultrasound measurements, birth weight (BW), and weight at 1 yr. A follow-up study included DXA scan, anthropometric measurements, and measurements of the growth hormone (GH) –IGF-I axis in a representative subpopulation (n = 30).
Results: BW and weight at 1 yr were positively associated with whole body BMC (p = 0.02 and p &lt; 0.0001, respectively), lumbar spine BMC (p = 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively), and lumbar spine BMD (p = 0.04). After correction for adolescent height and weight, no association remained significant. There was no relation between IGF-I and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) levels in adolescence and size in early life or bone mass. In the subpopulation, GH secretion (median, 2.58 versus 4.05), GH pulse mass (median, 10.7 versus 19.4 mU/liter), and total GH (median, 74.9 versus 108.8 mU/liter/12 h) were decreased in the small for gestational age (SGA) group compared with the appropriate for gestational age (AGA) group; this did not reach statistical significance. Likewise, there were no differences in IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-1, −2, and −3 levels between the SGA and AGA groups. A statistically significant positive association between FGV and adolescent IGF-II was found (B = 199.9, p = 0.006). Significant negative associations between GH measurement and BMC, as well as BMD, were found (B = −0.008, p = 0.005 and B = −0.008, p = 0.006, respectively).
Conclusions: This study confirms the previous findings of a positive relation between size in early life and later BMC, an association apparently independent of the distal part of the GH/IGF-I axis. However, this association may be mediated mainly by postnatal growth determining size of the skeletal envelope rather than an effect of fetal programming on bone mass per se.
One-Dimensional Compression Tests on Stabilized Clays Incorporating Shear Wave Velocity Measurements
Authors: Hird Charles , Chan Chee-Ming 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Laboratory experiments were carried out on stabilized clays to study the relationship between shear wave velocity and one-dimensional compressibility. One artificial clay, kaolin, and two natural clays, from Malaysia and Sweden, were tested. These were stabilized with either Ordinary Portland cement or a 1+1 mix of cement and unslaked lime. A purpose-built oedometer was equipped with bender elements in order to monitor the shear wave velocity during tests on 100-mm diameter, 70-mm high samples cured for a set period of seven days. Lateral stresses were also measured. Supplementary tests were conducted in standard oedometers, mainly to study the effect of the curing period. In all these tests vertical yield stresses were identified and corresponded to the onset of changes in shear wave velocity, when measured. After yield, the constrained moduli could be correlated with shear wave velocity.
Ventricular Fibrillation and the Use of Automated External Defibrillators on Children
Authors: Markenson David , Pyles Lee , Neish Steve ,   and the Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Section on Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery
Published: October 2007

This Technical Report was retired June 2011.
The use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) has been advocated in recent years as a part of the chain of survival to improve outcomes for adult cardiac arrest victims. When AEDs first entered the market, they were not tested for pediatric usage and rhythm interpretation. In addition, the presumption was that children do not experience ventricular fibrillation, so they would not benefit from use of AEDs. Recent literature has shown that children do experience ventricular fibrillation, and this rhythm has a better outcome than do other cardiac arrest rhythms. At the same time, the arrhythmia software on AEDs has become more extensive and validated for children, and attenuation devices have become available to downregulate the energy delivered by AEDs to allow their use in children. Pediatricians are now being asked whether AED programs should be implemented, and where they are being implemented, pediatricians are being asked to provide guidance on the use of AEDs in children. As AED programs expand, pediatricians must advocate on behalf of children so that their needs are accounted for in these programs. For pediatricians to be able to provide guidance and ensure that children are included in AED programs, it is important for pediatricians to know how AEDs work, be up-to-date on the literature regarding pediatric fibrillation and energy delivery, and understand the role of AEDs as life-saving interventions for children.