bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representations of scientists in Canadian high school and college textbooks
Authors: van Eijck Michiel , Roth Wolff‐Michael 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis study investigated the representations of a select group of scientists (n = 10) in a sample of Canadian high school and college textbooks. Drawing on semiotic and cultural‐historical activity theoretical frameworks, we conducted two analyses. A coarse‐grained, quantitative analysis of the prevalence and structure of these representations exhibited bias toward particular scientists' representations and particular types of texts and inscriptions therein, suggesting a domain‐specific rhetorical structure. A fine‐grained, qualitative analysis of scientists' representations revealed that high school and college textbooks represent: (a) objects of scientific practice as projected or anticipated independently from human activity; (b) scientists' individual actions aiming at the creation of non‐tangible tools and rules by means of observation, modification, or manipulation of given, tangible objects; (c) scientific practice as isolated due to which the simultaneous belonging to different practices hardly determines the goals of scientists' actions; and (d) scientists as part of a small community of mainly other scientists who subsequently determine each other's individual actions. The implications of these outcomes were discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 1059–1082, 2008
Effects of experimenting with physical and virtual manipulatives on students' conceptual understanding in heat and temperature
Authors: Zacharia Zacharias C. , Olympiou Georgios , Papaevripidou Marios 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the comparative value of experimenting with physical manipulatives (PM) in a sequential combination with virtual manipulatives (VM), with the use of PM preceding the use of VM, and of experimenting with PM alone, with respect to changes in students' conceptual understanding in the domain of heat and temperature. A pre–post‐comparison study design was used which involved 62 undergraduate students that attended an introductory course in physics. The participants were randomly assigned to one experimental and one control group. Both groups used the same inquiry‐oriented curriculum materials. Participants in the control group used PM to conduct the experiments, whereas, participants in the experimental group used first PM and then VM. VM differed from PM in that it could provide the possibility of faster manipulation, whereas, it retained any other features and interactions of the study's subject domain identical to the PM condition. Conceptual tests were administered to assess students' understanding before, during, and after the study's treatments. Results indicated that experimenting with the combination of PM and VM enhanced students' conceptual understanding more than experimenting with PM alone. The use of VM was identified as the cause of this differentiation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 1021–1035, 2008
Feasibility of Family Member Presence in the OR During Breast Biopsy Procedures
Authors: Evans Linda A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTFAMILY‐CENTERED CARE IS AN ACCEPTED and promoted philosophy within the health care community. Perioperative nurses are empowered to support change in the health care arena and to examine and institute policies that affect patient care.THIS STUDY EXAMINED THE FEASIBILITY OF family presence in the OR during breast biopsy procedures performed with local anesthesia, by ascertaining perioperative nurses' attitudes toward the concept.FAMILY PRESENCE IN THE OR during breast biopsy procedures is considered a novel initiative. The results of this study indicate that the feasibility of instituting this intervention would be challenged by system barriers. AORN J 88 (October 2008) 568–586. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
A Voluntary Summer Program to Expose Nursing Students to the Perioperative Specialty
Authors: Sigsby Linda M. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTPERIOPERATIVE COURSES often are not available in undergraduate nursing programs, even though students are interested in the specialty.A VOLUNTARY SUMMER PROGRAM can provide opportunities that other clinical experiences cannot and can be a rewarding experience for faculty members and students.ONE SUCH PROGRAM has been established at a college in the southeastern United States. AORN J 88 (October 2008) 609–617. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
The Origins of Radical Mastectomy
Authors: Sakorafas George H. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTWILLIAM HALSTED is the 19th century surgeon whose name is most frequently associated with the radical mastectomy procedure; however, this type of surgery actually has been performed since the 16th century.THE DEVELOPMENT of radical mastectomy was a long process, and many surgeons over time have contributed valuable insights and alterations to this fundamental treatment for breast cancer.THIS PROCEDURE may be most commonly associated with Halsted because he promoted a meticulous operative technique, synthesized the best points in the techniques suggested by the most famous surgeons of the 19th century, and provided a scientific basis for the performance of radical mastectomy. AORN J 88 (October 2008) 605–608. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Understanding Current Steam Sterilization Recommendations and Guidelines
Authors: Spry Cynthia 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTPROCESSING SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS in preparation for surgery is a complex multistep practice. It is impractical to culture each and every item to determine sterility; therefore, the best assurance of a sterile product is careful execution of every step in the process coupled with an ongoing quality control program.PERIOPERATIVE STAFF NURSES and managers responsible for instrument processing, whether for a single instrument or multiple sets, must be knowledgeable with regard to cleaning; packaging; cycle selection; and the use of physical, chemical, and biological monitors. Nurses also should be able to resolve issues related to loaner sets, flash sterilization, and extended cycles. AORN J 88 (October 2008) 537–550. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Heart rate variability monitored by the implanted device predicts response to CRT and long‐term clinical outcome in patients with advanced heart failure
Authors: Landolina Maurizio , Gasparini Maurizio , Lunati Maurizio , Santini Massimo , Rordorf Roberto , Vincenti Antonio , Diotallevi Paolo , Montenero Annibale S. , Bonanno Carlo , de Santo Tiziana , Valsecchi Sergio , Padeletti Luigi ,   InSync/InSync ICD Italian Registry Investigators
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackground:Few data exist on the long‐term changes and the prognostic value of heart rate variability (HRV) assessed by implanted devices in heart failure (HF) patients treated with resynchronization therapy (CRT).Aims:To analyze the long‐term changes in the standard deviation of 5‐minute median atrial–atrial sensed intervals (SDANN), and assess its role in predicting CRT efficacy and major cardiovascular events.Methods and results:We included 509 consecutive patients implanted with CRT devices. At 12‐month follow‐up, 44 patients had died and 86 patients had at least one HF hospitalisation. A significant increase in SDANN occurred after 4 weeks of CRT (from 69±22 ms to 82±27 ms, p<0.001). A further increase in SDANN was observed 6 months after implantation. Multivariable analysis identified SDANN as the sole predictor of major cardiovascular events (p=0.03) among several baseline parameters. SDANN≤65 ms at the first week and SDANN≤76 ms after 4 weeks of CRT yielded the best prediction of all‐cause mortality and urgent heart transplantation on Kaplan–Meier analysis (log‐rank test p=0.015 and p=0.011, respectively for week 1 and 4 values). Moreover, relative reduction in LVESV after CRT significantly correlated with SDANN at week 1 (r=−0.596, p=0.012), and week 4 (r=−0.703, p=0.001).Conclusions:Device‐monitored HRV is a useful tool to identify, early after implantation, patients with a low likelihood of long‐term benefits from CRT and at high risk for cardiovascular events.
Globalisation, Institutions and Interests: Comparing Recent Changes in Industrial Relations Policy in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Wailes Nick , Ramia Gaby 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article explores the possibilities for an integrated theoretical framework which is capable of explaining similarities and differences in national industrial relations policies in the context of globalisation. The first half of the article reviews three theoretical frameworks that can be used to compare industrial relations developments in different countries- simple globalisation, the new institutionalism and a material interest approach to political economy. It argues that whilst institutionalist arguments tend to dominate analysis of the effects of globalisation on national patterns of industrial relations, a model which combines institutionalist and material interest approaches can overcome some of the anomalies attendant in institutionalist analysis. The second section demonstrates the benefits of an integrative theoretical framework for explaining patterns of industrial relations reform in Australia and New Zealand during the 1980s and 1990s. The article concludes by examining the implications of this discussion for broader debates about relationship between globalisation and national patterns of public policy.
The Old Boys’ Network? Social Ties and Policy Consensus amongst Australian and New Zealand Economic Policy Elites
Authors: Goldfinch Shaun 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
While much popular and academic work assumes strong links between elites, there is a surprising lack of empirical evidence for such beliefs, especially in New Zealand. This paper aims to address some of these empirical gaps by examining elite linkages in New Zealand and Australia, drawing on 180 interviews with economic policy elites in the two countries. It shows there are significant social network ties between economic policy elites within Australia and New Zealand and some evidence this has facilitated policy consensus.
Vietnam's Financial Services Sector: Prospects for Reform
Authors: Jarvis Darryl S L 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article explores the reform process currently underway in Vietnam's financial services sector, specially the strategic drivers of the reform process and the structural changes it is likely to bring about in the coming years. While Vietnam has remained mostly closed to external influences since 1975, especially the type of rapid financial sector liberalization that swept Southeast Asia in the late 1980s and 1990s, renewed pressures stemming from a desire to join the WTO as well as the recently ratified Vietnam-US Bilateral Trade Agreement, promise to open up Vietnam to foreign competition and initiate substantial structural economic reform. The article argues that this bodes well for Vietnam, since access to foreign investment capital and greater export trade will help secure enhanced growth and quicken the pace of poverty reduction.
Neo-Liberal Industry Policy and Employment Relations in Australia's Shipping Industry
Authors: Klikauer Thomas 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper examines Australian neo-liberal shipping policy and the resulting employment characteristics of the current era. The author argues on the basis of documentary and interview research, for a significant discontinuity in contemporary policy and employment practices. These discontinuities are cumulative, and are part of a causal chain involving government, employers, customers and trade unions. With the rise of neo-liberalism, Australian shipping policy has substantially changed course rejecting not only past forms, strategies, and cooperative approaches, but also extent the alternative norms and models of developed world practice in the staffing and regulation of merchant shipping.
The Influence of Culture and Values on Policy-Making and Teenage Pregnancy Rates in the United States, Canada, and Italy
Authors: Vlaicu Sorina 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Ignoring the heated morality debates and millions of dollars invested in educational programs, the teenage pregnancy rate (and consequently the adolescent birth rate) in the United States remains the highest among the developed countries, even though it had decreased during the 1990s. Adolescent birth rates are 2.5 times higher than Canada's, and 7.2 times the rate reported by Italy. To account for the differences in teenage pregnancy outcomes among the three developed countries – United States, Canada, and Italy – a complex theoretical model of attitudes, beliefs, values, and policy decisions was constructed. Departing from the rational model approach, the present analysis emphasizes culture and values, and the way in which they influence the political process, and are ultimately reflected in the policy-making decisions.
Data used to assess attitudes and beliefs prevalent in each of the three countries were obtained from the most recent release of the World Value Survey. Teenage pregnancy rates and other demographic data were drawn mostly from the World Bank's 2001 World Development Indicators. For the geographical analysis of the variations within the United States, data was obtained from the Center for Disease Control. The methodology combines cross-tabular and logistic regression analysis of individual attitudes and beliefs; a comparative table of social and economic indicators for a country-level analysis; a geographical information analysis (GIS) of the United States data; and a political analysis of the differences observed.
W(h)ither Women's Equality? Neoliberalism, Institutional Change and Public Policy in British Columbia
Authors: Teghtsoonian Katherine 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
In this article I provide an account of the elimination of Women's Equality as a freestanding ministry in the government of the Canadian province of British Columbia and its reconfiguration as Women's Services and Social Programs, one of several organizational elements in the newly-created Ministry of Community, Aboriginal and Women's Services. I also present an analysis of a number of policy developments with particular significance for women that have accompanied this institutional transformation. In my discussion I argue that while many of these policy directions date from the arrival in office of the current provincial Liberal government, others did not emerge de novo after the 2001 election. Rather, they originated while the left-of-centre New Democratic Party (NDP) formed the government provincially during the 1990s. I assess the relative contributions of ideology and institutional structure to the policy changes that are detailed in the article, and conclude that the relationships between ideology, institutions and policy can best be understood as complex and recursive.
Women and Proportional Representation in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Curtin Jennifer 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article examines the recent impact of proportional representation on women's parliamentary presence in four Australasian political systems: New Zealand, the Australian Senate, the lower house in the state of Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory's (ACT) Legislative Assembly. The question asked is: Why have women not achieved an equal presence in these parliaments, given the presence of proportional electoral systems? While it is evident that there is now a critical mass of women standing as candidates in all four constituencies, in only four of the 12 elections reviewed here, has the proportion of women elected reflected the proportion of women candidates. Moreover, women have yet to constitute more than 35 percent elected to these legislatures. Overall, the representation of women in these four systems seems to have stagnated, suggesting that proportional representation should be seen as only part of the solution to the under-representation of women.
Leadership in Bandwagon: A Historical Sketch of Japan's Security Policy
Authors: Ito Go 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article has two purposes. The first is to provide a historical overview of Japan's security leadership, while at the same time it seeks to locate Japan's response to the September 11 terrorism in the context of a larger process of defining its security leadership. As opposed to the Japanese transforming leadership that sought to balance the power of the United Nations, and that eventually invited unproductive consequences in the pre-World War II period, its pursuit of security roles in the postwar period has been well built in the U.S. hegemony. I then argue that Japan's security policy has rested on its principle of bandwagoning with the U.S. government, in which the Japanese government has transformed its own security policy so that it could present itself as a major ally with the United States.
The first section discusses the differences between “transforming” and “transactional” leaderships, and locates them in the context of how the Japanese government has addressed alliances. The second section depicts the structural constraints of the alliances in which allies have had the dilemma of being abandoned from or entrapped into the partner's security policy. It then documents the larger process of Japan redefining its security role in the Asia-Pacific region. In this context, the Japanese government's response to the September 11 terrorism is also addressed. Special attention is paid to how the government sought to maintain a balance between military contributions to U.S.-Japan security alliance and the restriction on the “threat and use of force” prescribed in the Constitution. The fourth section changes the focus, and examines Japan's recent transactional pro-activeness toward Asia and entry into regional politics. Japan's holding of the Conference on Reconstruction Assistance to Afghanistan will be also addressed, and this article argues the conference was the fruit of Japan's recent emphasis on human security. Finally, this article concludes that the combination of Japan's continued transforming security policy and its strenuous, transactional efforts to enter Asian regional politics will be the first step toward real “normalcy” of Japan.
Assessing Japan's Role as a Global Environmental Leader
Authors: Schreurs Miranda A 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Japanese government's attitude towards global environmental stewardship has changed dramatically in the period since the late 1980s. The government has introduced a wide array of new environmental regulations aimed at addressing domestic and international pollution and promoting greater conservation of resources. Environmental decision making has also been made more open to environmental citizens’ groups. What should be made of these changes? How does Japan rank as a global environmental leader? This article assesses Japan's performance in a comparative light and finds that while Japan has made considerable progress in pluralizing environmental policy making and introducing many new environmental laws there is still considerable room for improvement.
Beyond Good and Evil in Policy Implementation: Instrument Mixes, Implementation Styles, and Second Generation Theories of Policy Instrument Choice
Authors: Howlett Michael 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Dichotomous sets of policy alternatives – like market vs state – and metaphors – like carrots vs sticks – lend themselves to blunt thinking about instruments and their modalities. Administrators and politicians need to expand the menu of government choice to include both substantive and procedural instruments and a wider range of options of each, and to understand the important context-based nature of instrument choices. The paper illustrates the origins of the deficiencies of simple models of instrument choice and suggests that, ultimately, both scholars and practitioners are interested in the same thing: designing and adopting optimal “mixes” of instruments in complex decision-making and implementation contexts.
The Politics of SARS – Rational Responses or Ambiguity, Symbols and Chaos?
Authors: Christensen Tom , Painter Martin 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The main focus in this article is on the SARS event as a political process, involving political leaders, administrators and health professionals. How can we understand the reactions to SARS of some of the main actors and institutions? What aspects were they preoccupied with and did their definition of what SARS was all about change during the process? A selection of jurisdictions is chosen – China, the Hong Kong SAR, Canada and the World Health Organization – to explore these questions. The starting point is a view that the reactions cannot primarily be seen as an instrumental, based on rational, standard-operating-procedures (SOPs) and technical expertise, but may be better understood by a garbage can-perspective. From a review of the events as publicly reported, we find, as suggested by garbage can theory, that politicians’ and administrators’ responses to the SARS outbreak were a combination of competing rationalities and overlapping agendas. Critical decisions were triggered by extraneous factors and administrative actions were shaped by dramatic switches from one set of standard operating procedures to another, as events unfolded. The public health issues constantly vied with other agendas and only when compelling alignments among them occurred did professional or technical rationales for “solving the problem” become dominant.
Economic Development, Deregulation and Employment Conditions: The Indian Experience
Authors: Acharya Sarthi 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper attempts to trace the economic performance in India, first through periods of heavy labour regulation and thereafter, through periods of deregulation. Heavy regulation was accompanied by low economic growth rates while relatively free labour regimes have seen higher growth. However, in none of the periods did labour enjoy high earnings: during the first combination, a relatively small organized group of workers enjoyed high wages, while in the latter, the general wage level has been low. The paper argues that the demand and supply of workers matter much more than regulation and protection in determining employment levels and earnings. It further argues that in flexible labour regimes, it is more meaningful to protect workers through state-sponsored social security systems rather than through regulating employment conditions.
Global Subsidiarity and the WTO: An Analysis using Dworkin’s Conception of Democracy
Authors: Schofield Mark 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRonald Dworkin argues that democratic government means government subject to “democratic conditions”. The first type of condition is structural and these conditions set out the character that a community as a whole must have if it is to be a genuine political community. The second type is relational and these conditions describe how a person must be treated if she is to be considered a genuine moral member of the community.These conditions establish a framework that can be used to examine arguments that the WTO suffers from a democratic deficit as well as different arguments for democratic reform of the WTO. Using the democratic conditions, it is argued that a number of the more common allegations of democratic deficit are legitimate, and that instituting the Global Subsidiarity Model will go a long way to reforming the WTO.