bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF MICELLAR SOLUBILIZATION ON MUCOSAL METABOLISM OF ABSORBED GLYCERYL‐1‐MONOETHER
Authors: Hoffman NE , Simmonds WJ , Morgan RGH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA lipid mixture containing labelled oleic acid and labelled glycerol‐1‐monoether was infused intraduodenally at a steady rate for 6 hours in unanaesthetized rats with biliary and thoracic duct lymph fistulae. There were three groups, each of which received the same lipid mixture and dose but in dillerent physical states: micellar in bile salts 10 mM, micellar in non‐ionic detergent (Pluronic F68) and as a fine emulsion in bile salts 1 mM with no micellar phase. When a steady state of absorption had been reached the absorption rate relative to area of small intestine utilized was greatest for micellar bile salt infusate and least for non‐micellar emulsion, with intermediate values for non‐ionic micellar solution. There were differences in distribution of absorbed monoether label in the mucosa which suggested that metabolism of this model compound was affected by the rate of absorption. The percentage of monoether label which was saponifiable, i.e. which had been hydrolyzed and oxidized to fatty acid, was greater the more slowly the lipid was absorbed. On the other hand, the proportion of unsplit monoether label which was esterified was smaller the more slowly the lipid was absorbed. Since the results for non‐ionic micellar infusate, containing no bile salts, fell between those for high and low concentrations of bile salts, it seemed that metabolism of monoetber was affected more by the absorptive flux rate than by a metabolic effect of bile salts, per se.
COPPER DEFICIENCY IN THE RAT EFFECT ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HEPATOCYTES
Authors: Gallagher CH , Reeve Vivienne E , Wright R 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCopper deficiency produces a profound transformation of the ultrastructure of hepatocytes. The mitochondria become progressively enlarged and grossly misshapen with advancing copper deficiency. In severe deficiency the hepatocyte cytoplasmic space is crowded with giant, bizarre‐shaped mitochondria, many of which encircle other mitochondria. The possible mechanisms underlying mitochondrial enlargement and distortion are discussed. It is suggested that the changes in the components and properties of mitochondrial membranes in copper deficient livers cause the transformations of mitochondrial morphology.
ANTIGEN BINDING SPECIFICITY OF CELL SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULIN ISOLATED FROM T (HELPER) CELLS
Authors: Cone Robert E , Marchalonis John J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLactoperoxidase‐catalyzed radioiodination of cell surface proteins was employed in the isolation of cell surface immunoglobulin from T cells activated by sheep red blood cells. Immunoglobulin was identified by specific coprecipitation with rabbit anti‐mouse immunoglobulin antiserum and mouse Immunoglobulin. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reduced and alkylated precipitates showed that the immunoglobulin molecules possessed light chains And μ‐type heavy chains. Cell surface immunoglobulin isolated from activated T cells possessed binding specificity for the activating antigens which paralleled the functional activity of the cells The results indicate that the cell surface Immunoglobulin of activated T cells can function as the cell receptor for antigen.
PATHOGENESIS OF THE GRAFT‐VERSUS‐HOST REACTION IN CHICKEN EMBRYOS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HAEMORRHAGIC LESIONS
Authors: Walker Karen Z , Schoefl Gutta I , Lafferty KJ , Adams EP 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAdult, allogeneic lymphoid tissue was introduced into chicken embryos on day 4 or clay 6 by inoculation on the chorio‐allantoic membrane, intravenous injection or intracoelomic grafting. Severe haemorrhagic lesions appeared on the body surface and in the chorio‐allantoic membrane within 6 days after the inoculation of donor cells. However, there was no spleen enlargement in these embryos. The development of haemorrhages appeared to be the result of a graft‐versus‐host reaction since they were not observed in embryos inoculated with lymphoid tissue from a syngeneic adult donor. The vascular damage has been examined by light and electron microscopy. Vascular damage was associated with an elevation of lysosomal enzyme activity in the plasma ard the resulting haemorrhages could also be related to a low level of thrombocytes in the circulating blood.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PRECISION OF MICRO‐HAEMATOCRIT DETERMINATIONS OF SHEEP BLOOD
Authors: Dooley PC , Morris RJH , Williams VJ , Bofinger VJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDecreases in micro‐haematocrit for blood from intact sheep with increases in centrifugation time at constant rev/min were observed. These decreases were analysed into two‐exponential components. Parameters for the exponential function were not related to the red cell concentration of the sample.Micro‐haematocrit of blood from splenectomized sheep decreased with increased centrifugation time in the manner of a single exponential, that was of similar magnitude to the slower exponential function found for blood from intact sheep.Delay in measuring micro‐haematocrit after the collection of a blood sample resulted in a variable, though small, decrease in micro‐haematocrit.Variations in heparin concentration between 10 and 40 i.u./ml blood, and in the mains voltage supplying the haematocrit centrifuge in the range 220 to 260 V, caused no significant effects on the value of micro‐haematocrit.The accuracy in measurement of micro‐haematocrit was similar over a wide range of red cell concentrations.These studies showed that 8 min centrifugation at 10,000 g of blood collected into dried heparin (20 i.u./ml blood) was optimal for measuring the micro‐haematocrit of sheep blood. Lengths of blood column varying between 2 and 5 cm had no significant effect with this centrifugation time.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON CEREBRAL AND PULMONARY BLOOD VESSELS AFTER THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF ARTIFICIAL LIPID EMULSIONS CONTAINING BARBITURIC ACIDS
Authors: Jeppsson Roland , Schoefl Gutta I 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBarbiturates dissolved in lipid emulsions are more effective than aqueous preparations of the drugs for intravenous use. To test whether this effect might be related to adhesion of lipid particles to cerebral endothelium, various emulsions containing secobarbital or thiopental were injected intravenously into mice. Blood vessels of the brain and of the lung of animals killed at 5 minutes, 20 minutes and 24 hours were examined by electron microscopy. Though lipid particles were sometimes in contact with the vessel wall, preferential localization or sticking to the endothelium was not observed. Side effects which related to emulsifying agents were platelet aggregation and fat emboli in the lungs.
THE RESPONSES OF THE HUMAN TEMPORAL AND RABRIT EAR ARTERY TO 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND SOME OF ITS ANTAGONISTS
Authors: Carroll PR , Ebeling PW , Glover WE 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMethysergide, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine and 1‐methylergotamine potentiated the response of both the human temporal and rabbit ear artery to noradrenaline. In higher doses, these drugs caused constriction of the rabbit arteries, but had little constrictor effect on the human vessels. Cyproheptadine and pizotifen did not cause either potentiation or direct vasoconstriction on either artery type. Pizotifen abolished the direct constrictor action of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5HT) while leaving its potentiating properties unaffected; it also abolished the constrictor effects of methysergide but was without effect on the constrictor actions of the ergot derivatives. It is concluded that of the drugs tested only methysergide constricts the arteries by a direct action on 5HT receptors, and that 5HT, methysergide and the ergot derivatives have comparable activities at a separate receptor which is responsible for potentiation. It is suggested that, in the treatment of migraine, the therapeutic value of methysergide and the ergot derivatives, hut not cyproheptadine or pizotifen, may lie in their ability to replace 5HT as a sensitizing agent.
PROTECTION AGAINST CHOLERA
Authors: Knop Jürgen , Rowley Derrick 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn this paper a bactericidal mechanism operating on the mucosal surface of mouse small intestine is described. This mechanism, which is active against V. cholerae, operates also in germ‐free animals and seems therefore to be independent of the normal gut flora. Antibody has no promoting effect on this killing mechanism. The joint action of antibody, which diminishes absorption of the organisms to the intestinal wall, and this killing mechanism acting on those organisms which nevertheless attach to the mucosal surface, will efficiently remove pathogens from the small intestine.
GALACTOSE METABOLISM IN RELATION TO CATARACT FORMATION IN MARSUPIALS
Authors: Stephens Tanya , Crollini C , Mutton Patricia , Gupta JD , Harley JD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryErythrocytic galactokinase and/or galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyl transferase activity were low in many species of marsupials. However, cataract formation was observed only in pouch‐young members of these species when reared on cow's milk. The galactose tolerance of young kangaroos was found to be greatly impaired, but improved rapidly and markedly at the stage at which the definitive structure of the ruminant type of stomach as in adults is formed. The combination of high absorption of galactose and low levels of galactokinase and/or transferase thus appears to determine the predisposition of pouch‐young marsupials to galactose cataractogenesis.
AN ISOTOPIC STUDY OF OXALATE EXCRETION IN SHEEP
Authors: McIntosh GH , Belling GB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIntravenously injected 14C labelled oxalate was rapidly removed from the blood stream via the kidney in 2 sheep, 75% being cleared within 8 h. Mean daily urinary oxalate excretions over 5 days were 21·2 and 27·5 mg and the derived plasma oxalate concentrations were 52·6 and 74·4 μg/100 ml, respectively. Oxalate was both filtered and secreted by the renal tubule with oxalate/inulin ratios varying from 1·11 to 1·57 in 6 normal sheep. A large increase in calcium excretion induced by calcium borogluconate infusion over 5 days was accompanied by a small but consistent increase in urinary oxalate excretion relative to calcium.Oxalate in blood was to be found mainly in the plasma, there being a small (8%) proportion within erythrocytes. This is lower than that reported for man, and yet in its excretion of oxalate via the kidney the sheep appears to closely resemble man and dog.
EFFECT OF DENERVATION OF PYLORIC ANTRUM ON THE GASTRIC SECRETORY RESPONSE TO FOOD
Authors: Hunt DR , Forrest APM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of selective denervation of the pyloric antrum on secretory response to three types of food was determined in 3 dogs with innervated and 4 with denervated stomach pouches. With the antrum in situ this procedure has surprisingly little effect on the total meal responses in innervated pouches, on the variation in response induced by altered buffering capacity of the meals, or on the effect of subsequent vagotomy. However, the antrum appears less sensitive to local stimuli after denervation, as evidenced by the reduced meal response from the denervated indicator pouch after denervation of the antrum.
THE CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE TO ECTROMELIA VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Pang T , Blanden RV 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn in vitro culture method was used to study secondary cellmediated responses to ectromelia virus infection in mice. Infected, syngeneic spleen cells or peritoneal cells were efficient “stimulator” cells when cultured with “responder” cells obtained from mice infected with ectromelia 4–6 weeks previously. The kinetics of generation of cytotoxic cells in cultures were determined; a peak occurred on days 4–5. A separation procedure performed on the cytotoxic cells showed that activity was associated mainly with the Ig‐negative subpopulation (T cell‐rich) and that H‐2 compatibility between cytotoxic cells and target cells was required. The secondary response was virus‐specific, at the level of both induction and target cell lysis, at least so far as ectromelia and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) viruses are concerned. Separation of responder cells prior to culture showed that a potent secondary response was generated with the Ig‐negative (T cell‐rich) subpopulation and only a weak response was observed when the responder cells were Ig‐positive (rich in B cells). Infected stimulator cells did not appear to secrete significant amounts of soluble antigen into the medium over 4 days of culture. Thus, antigenic patterns effective in memory T cell stimulation may be largely associated with the surfaces of infected cells. Pretreatment of ectromelia virus with UV‐ or γ‐irradiation did not impair its ability to induce antigenic changes in stimulator cells. Stimulator cells treated with UV‐ or γ‐irradiated virus for 1 h and then immediately treated with pactamycin to inhibit further viral protein synthesis and replication were efficient stimulators, thus indicating that antigenic changes are induced very rapidly on the surface of stimulator cells after uptake of virus. These treatments are being used to further characterize the cellular requirements in the stimulator population.
SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF INTER‐EPIDEMIC INFECTION OF FERAL PIGS IN NEW SOUTH WALES WITH MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS
Authors: Gard GP , Giles JR , Dwyer‐Gray RJ , Woodroofe Gwendolyn M 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe sera of 617 feral pigs, collected from three widely separated areas of northern and central New South Wales, were examined for antibody to Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus and to Ross River virus. Haemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) antibody was detected to MVE in 58% of sera and to Ross River virus in 15% of sera.Neutralization tests suggested that the MVE HI antibody resulted from infection with MVE virus in the summers of 1971–1972 and 1972–1973 when the virus was not known to he active in New South Wales. These same tests suggested that more than one flavivirus infected the feral pigs in the summer of 1973–1974 and that Kunjin virus was active in the summer of 1975–1976.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TRANSFER OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM INTO MAMMARY SECRETION OF THE PARTURIENT EWE
Authors: Cripps AW , Fulkerson WJ , Griffiths DA , McDowell GH , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe experiment comprised two sections. First, radiotracer techniques were used to study the metabolism of IgG1 and IgG2 in 5 non‐pregnant and 4 pregnant ewes. In the pregnant ewes, the rates of synthesis for IgG1 and IgG2 were similar to the rates observed in non‐pregnant animals. However, the irreversible loss of IgG1 was significantly greater than IgG2 in pregnant ewes and IgG1 in non‐pregnant ewes. Additionally, it was found that most of the IgG1 and virtually all of the IgG2 in mammary secretion was serum derived.Secondly, the levels of sodium, potassium and lactose and the selective index for IgG1 in mammary secretions of 5 pregnant ewes were monitored over the parturient period. The values of all the measures remained relatively constant until one day before parturition. From one clay pre‐partum, the levels of potassium and lactose in mammary secretion began to increase and had risen 2‐3 fold by 5 days post‐partum. Over the same period, the selective index for IgG1 decreased 20 fold, whereas the level of sodium fell from approximately 32 mmol/l to 18 mmol/l. The concentration of IgG1 in plasma slowly declined from approximately 23 g/l to 15 g/l over the last 10 days of pregnancy.During the parturient period, the decline in plasma IgG1 levels, in comparison with IgG2, without alteration in the rates of synthesis of either immunoglobulin, supports the hypothesis that selective transport of IgG1 into mammary secretion occurs without degradation. The results also indicate that the transport of sodium and potassium into mammary secretions are altered over the parturient period.
ORD RIVER ARBOVIRUSES — SEROLOGICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Authors: Liehne CG , Stanley NF , Alpers MP , Paul S , Liehne PFS , Chan KH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThis paper presents the results of haemagglutination‐inhibition tests carried out on sera from 441 persons, 1,080 cattle and 335 birds in the Kimberley area. Two Alphaviruses (group A) (Ross River and Sindbis) and one Flavivirus (Murray Valley Encephalitis) were used for the preparation of haemagglutinins in the haemagglutination‐inhibition tests. The tests showed a high percentage of antibody to Murray Valley Encephalitis in humans, birds and cattle, with an obvious focus of infection in the study site when cattle sera from different geographic areas were compared. These results are discussed in relation to the evolution and ecology of arboviruses in the Ord River area.
STUDIES ON IMMUNE RESPONSES TO LARVAL CESTODES IN MICE. IMMUNOGLOBULINS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LARVAE OF MESOCESTOIDES CORTI
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Marchalonis John J , Smith Patricia M , Nicholas Warwick L , Warner Noel L 
Published: November 2007

SummaryHypothymic BALB/c.nu/nu (“hude”) mice were markedly more susceptible than their intact BALB/c.nu/+ littermates to infection with the murine larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, and antigens of this parasite induced T cell‐dependent immune responses in intact mice. Defective anti‐dinitrophenol (DNP) antibody responses were induced by DNP‐M. corti larvae and DNP‐human gamma globulin (HGG) in infected (parasitized) intact mice. However, on transfer to uninfected irradiated recipients, lymphoid cells from infected intact mice responded well to DNP‐M. corti larvae.By using washed peritoneal larvae from long term infected intact mice to absorb antisera directed against various Ig classes and IgG subclasses, and by analysis of acid eluates of such living larvae, large amounts of IgG1, lower amounts of IgM, trace amounts of IgG2 and IgG3 and no IgA immunoglobulins were found to be associated with the larvae. In the case of nu/nu derived larvae, IgM immunoglobulins predominated. Chronically infected intact mice contained large amounts of IgG1, immunoglobulins in their serum. The technique of lactoperoxidase‐catalysed radioiodination revealed that very few proteins were available for labelling on peritoneal larvae under conditions used for labelling of lymphoid cell surface molecules. In fact, proteins with Ig chain mobilities accounted for much of the labelled and extracted proteins detected by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). Patterns of labelled and extracted proteins from nu/nu derived larvae were even simpler and no clear protein peaks were detected consistently in material from labelled, acid treated, nu/nu derived larvae. Evidence is presented that at least the IgG1 molecules associated with M. corti larvae from long term infected mice include antiparasite antibodies. Immunoglobulins associated with M. corti larvae in long term infected mice are most unlikely to be useful to the mouse in terms of preventing parasite establishment (in secondary murine hosts) or reducing the proliferative rate of larvae. However, no clear cut evidence is as yet available to answer the question of whether the M. corti associated Ig (and, in particular, IgG1 which is reported to be relatively inert with respect to direct pathogenic effects) serves the function of masking parasite antigens and protecting the established parasites from more aggressive T cell‐dependent immunological effector mechanisms.
CHANGES IN ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY AND CYCLIC ADENOSINE‐3′‐5′‐MONOPHOSPHATE CONCENTRATIONS DURING THE CELL CYCLE OF SYNCHRONIZED BHK CELLS
Authors: Hibasami Hiroshige , Tanaka Minoru , Nagai Jun , Ikeda Tadao 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBHK cells were synchronized by excess thymidine treatment which rested in approximately 90% synchrony. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate‐limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, elevated in early S phase, decreased in G2 + M and G1 phase and then increased during late G1∼ second round of early S phase. The concentration of cyclic adenosine‐3′‐5’monophosphate (cAMP) gradually decreased during SG2 + M phase and then increased during late G1 second round of early S phase. preceding that of ODC activity. The data Suggest that ODC activity might be regulated by cellular cAMP level.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE MODE OF DONOR CELL DEATH IN UNMODIFIED REJECTION OF PIG LIVER ALLOGRAFTS
Authors: Searle J , Kerr JFR , Battersby C , Egerton WS , Balderson G , Burnett W 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe only type of cell death found in pig liver allografts 1 week after technically successful operation was apoptosis. Its extent paralleled the degree of mononuclear cell infiltration of the liver parenchyma, and mononuclear cells were found applied to the surfaces of hepatocytes showing early stages of the process. The results suggest that cellular immune attack induces apoptosis or donor cells, and that the action is a direct one. However, implication of other factors such as vascular damage in the induction of apoptosis in the grafts could not be excluded.
THE ORIGIN OF THE MUSCLE FASCICULATION CAUSED BY FUNNEL‐WEB SPIDER VENOM
Authors: Gage Peter W , Spence Ian 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe origin of the fasciculation of skeletal muscle produced by funnel‐web spider venom (FSV) has been examined in mouse phrenic nerve hemi‐diaphragm preparations. FSV from male spiders at concentrations greater than 10−6 g/ml invariably produced muscle fasciculation which could be prevented by d‐tubocurarine (14μM), tetrodotoxin (0·3 μM) or by increasing the external magnesium concentration or calcium concentration. Diphenylhydantoin (3·6 × 10−5 M) was able to reduce these fasciculations in some experiments. In curarized preparations, multiple end plate potentials (EPPs) in response to single stimuli and bursts of spontaneous EPPs were seen in the presence of FSV (10−5 g/ml). Extracellular recordings from phrenic nerves in the presence of FSV (10−1 g/ml) revealed additional components in compound action potentials elicited by single stimuli, and “spontaneous” electrical activity was observed in unstimulated nerves. This spontaneous activity was abolished by raising the divalent cation concentration in the bathing solution. These results suggest that a primary site of action of FSV is the surface membrane of nerve fibres and that muscle faseiculation arises as a consequence of spontaneous action potentials produced by the venom in motor nerves.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ANOMALOUS THERMOREGULATION IN THE PRE‐DIABETIC SPINY MOUSE (ACOMYS CAHIRINUS): OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Authors: Wise PH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn keeping with studies of other desert rodents, the potentially diabetic spiny mouse has been demonstrated to have a very low basal metabolic rate, disproportionate to its body weight. The maintenance of a lower body temperature in response to high environmental temperatures and a lack of increase in metabolic rate in response to cooling have also been demonstrated. Assessments of “mechanical efficiency” have shown that spiny mice carry a potential selective advantage under fasting conditions. The findings, some of which are similar to those noted in other desert rodents, and in other species showing either spontaneous or induced hyperglycemia, suggest that the low metabolic rate is at least partly based on ineffective glucose utilization. This phenomenon may be the common denominator of the survival advantage which has allowed both the successful evolution of species inhabiting warm, arid climes, and the persistence of the diabetic genotype in animal and human populations.