bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Inelastic Parameters of Geologic Materials from Incremental Creep Experiments
Authors: Hardy Reginald H. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
In spite of the increased research on the behavior of geologic materials which has been undertaken in recent years, many of the most important mechanical properties have not been investigated in detail. In particular the effect of time has received very little attention from the experimental point of view, although its importance has been suggested by many workers. Many workers have reported that test results appeared to be influenced by the rate and duration of loading, although few have been willing to accept the fact that such behavior is indicative of an inelastic material.
A general study of the Mechanical properties of geologic materials was initiated in 1951 in The Mining Research Section of the Fuels and Mining Practice Division, Mines Branch, Canadian Dept. of Energy, Mines and Resources, as part of a fundamental study of ground stress in Canadian Coal Mines. initial work was restricted to short-period tests on typical mine rock under uniaxial compressive stress, but as the importance of the "time factor" became more obvious, studies were undertaken to investigate time-dependent behavior. These studies, which were initiated in 1957, consisted mainly of a comprehensive literature search on the subject, and the initial development of experimental facilities. This research project was inactive during the period 1959–1961 due in part to the relocation of laboratory facilities.
In the fall of 1961 the project was reactivated with the proposed research program being broadly outlined as follows:
"To study experimentally the mechanical behavior of selected geologic materials and to analyze these experimental data using the concept of Technical models and the analytical methods of viscoelasticity. In particular to develop governing equations for these materials based on suitable laboratory experiments and valid at least within a range of stress, confining pressure, duration of loading, and temperature consistent with practical applications."
The first phase of this research program included the experimental investigation of the inelastic behavior of a number of "simple" geologic materials using incremental creep experiments, and the associated development of the necessary experimental facilities and analytical methods. This paper outlines briefly the experimental and analytical techniques developed, and presents experimental results for the initial deformation studies carried out on Wombeyan marble.

THEORY
Papers dealing with the behavior of geologic materials are found to be widely dispersed throughout the literature. However, extensive bibliographies dealing with the general mechanical properties of these materials have been published recently by Griggs and Handin and Mitra and Willson. In the more specific field of time-dependent behavior of geologic materials extensive bibliographies have been given in papers by Hardy, Murrell and Misra, and Robertson.
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A Unified Approach to the Solution of Reservoir Simulation Equations
Authors: Abou-Kassem J. H. , Farouq Ali S. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper develops a general method for solving reservoir simulation equations, which is based upon an implicit finite difference formulation of the partial differential equations of compositional thermal simulation, permitting the simulation of nearly all enhanced oil recovery techniques. The general method is used to derive 10 solution schemes, which include the well-known IMPES, Simultaneous Solution (SS), and Sequential Solution (SEQ) methods as sub-cases. The novelty of the general method lies in showing the interrelations of these methods, and also affording the possibility of deriving still other methods.
The theoretical development of the general method is given in detail, and the special methods are derived in reference to the reservoir problems for which they were employed. The starting point is a system of nonlinear finite difference equations, typical of compositional thermal simulation. Newtonian iteration then leads to a system of equations. The partitioning of the left-hand side (containing the unknown vector) in a particular manner permits the derivation of 10 solution approaches, which are identified in detail.
The proposed general method bridges the gap in the development of the reported solution methods, and also points to several new approaches. The procedure described can be utilized for a variety of simulation problems, with fully implicit source-sink terms (including heat loss, thermal cracking, etc.), for both the standard and multipoint difference schemes in multi dimensions.
Utilization of Gravity Drainage Holes in Shallow Oil Recovery by Mining: Part II—A Conceptual Model for Drainage Hole Recovery
Authors: LeBlanc J. L. , Ghalambor A. , Asadi M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Oil production by gravity drainage is affected by many factors in addition to reservoir fluid and rock properties. When the production of oil is through a drainage hole system established by oil mining techniques, the force of gravity and the characterization of the drainage holes also provide the means for the recovery of oil. Characteristic parameters such as length, diameter, number of holes and inclination angle of the drainage holes can influence the gravity drainage mechanism. The intent of this paper is to present a conceptual mathematical study of this gravity drainage process, whereby the recovery of oil is through a system of drainage holes penetrating the oil bearing formation. Production from the reservoir occurs through a completion interval located at the base of the sand.
A simplified gravity drainage model was developed based on Darcy's Law expressed in terms of the flow potential change during gravity drainage. Conceptually, the model combines a mass flow rate balance with one-dimensional vertical drainage based on Darcy flow to formulate a new frontal velocity equation for the demarcator. The finite-difference model restrictively computes oil production rate and recovery performance for simulated drainage areas with unconventional drainage hole completions.
An intrinsic limitation of the model is its dependence on a known value of the equilibrium height for a given drainage hole configuration. The combined effects of capillary gradients, relative permeability and gravity head in the transitional zone are excluded in the model's formulation. When permeability is sufficiently high, this later assumption may be compensated for by utilization of capillary pressure data to obtain iterative values of displaceable porosity. Continued mathematical development should enable this model to evolve as a reliable predictive tool.
A New Wellhead Installation Technique
Authors: Talbot K. J. , Schmitz T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new wellhead installation technique has been developed and field tested. The new wellhead system employs a cold forging process which eliminates the need for welding the casing head to the initial casing string an operator sets. Advantages of the new system are its speed of installation, elimination of undesirable welding stresses, and the technique's insensitίvity to weather. Described in this paper are the features of the new wellhead installation technique and details surrounding the industry's first installation on a 13-3/8″ casing string in July of 1987 in the Gulf of Mexico. Also documented is a discussion of field and engineering data to test its metal to metal sealing characteristics.
Laboratory and Field Evaluations of Novel Inorganic Drilling Fluid Additive
Authors: Burba J. L. , Holman W. E. , Crabb C. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A novel inorganic compound has been developed that combines with dispersed bentonite producing a fluid which exhibits unusual shale inhibition, solids suspension, and contamination resistance. Laboratory and field test data are discussed.
Drillstring Identification to Reduce Drillstring Failures
Authors: Twilhaar G. D. Nijen , Hogen Esch J. H. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A novel system has been developed, which reduces the number of drillstring failures by enabling the accumulated fatigue load of each individual drillstring component to be recorded. A prototype is currently undergoing field tests. Labels incorporated in drillpipes are used to identify the components. Information on the accumulated fatigue load of each component can then be stored in the label. Besides labelling drillstring components, the labels have many other applications in the drilling industry.
Time and Cost Reductions Through a Database-Designed Directonal Drilling Program
Authors: Allison J. L. , Rezvani M. , Leake R. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The key to drilling a successful well, from a directional point of view, is having an organized program to follow beforehand. This program should foresee all possible problem areas and include all drilling parameters, Bottom Hole Assemblies (BHA) and individual tools. The tools alone will not drill the hole, but with the support of operators and office personnel as well as an organized and readily retrievable pool of information, time on bottom will increase while costs dec rease.
This combination of experienced personnel and computerized information constitutes what we refer to as "Know-How". Actual drilling data retrieved from a computerized database adds to the validity of a directional decision. The database aids in the planning and drilling of the well while reducing costs by eliminating uncertainty. Drilling technology has increased tremendously over the past five (5) years. Associated with this technological growth, unfortunately, comes an upswing in complexity that requires know-how for proper utilization. Improper utilization will reverse the trend of cost and result in higher expenses. By efficiently utilizing technology and preserving this knowledge in the form of a directional database, reproduction is only a page away.
This new concept allows educated decisions to be made long beforehand as well as concise immediate decision making. The program is designed to make hole. Staying on bottom, eliminating unnecessary trips and motor runs, reducing time and costs as well as hitting targets are all results of the concept. The system is an additional engineer with expertise in hydraulics, Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) design, MWD's, mud motors, bits and conventional as well as advanced directional drilling techniques. The concept has been proven very effective throughout the Gulf of Mexico.
Mud Pump Liner Size and the SCR Rig
Authors: Schmidt G. J. , Broussard W. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Mud pump liner selection in today's drilling operations seldom (at best) considers electrical implications. Perhaps, with more available useful information about the relationships between mud pump liner size and operational effects on the electrical system, certain potential problems can be avoided. The intent of this paper is to develop those relationships and show how they affect an electrical system on example SCR rigs.
Lateral Drilling Technology Tested on UCG Project
Authors: Tracy P. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This case history describes state-of-the-art lateral drilling technology used to complete an underground system of process wells for a UCG project In central Wyoming. The Gas Research Institute and the U.S. Department of Energy funded the project. Eastman Christensen's medium-radius system was selected to drill the wells.
The Rocky Mountain 1 Underground Coal Gasification Project required that six wells, grouped into two parallel modules, be drilled into a 30-ft thick coal seam. Vertical depth for the wells was approximately 390 ft. Each module will be used to test a different coal burning process.
Key achievements of the drilling phase of the project include placing multiple lateral wellbores in the bottom 3 ft of a relatively thin coal seam located at shallow vertical depths; running and cementing 7-5/8 ln. casing In boreholes with curvatures of 20 deg/100 ft; and completing all lateral and vertical wells on-target and within stated tolerances.
The Navigation Drilling System Proves Effective in Drilling Horizontal Wells in the Java Sea
Authors: Barrett S. L. , Lyon R. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the progress of the ATLANTIC RICHFIELD INDONESIA INC. horizontal drilling program. The program was initiated in the BIMA Field of the Java Sea for sixteen horizontal and high angle wells during 1986-1987. It was then extended to other development prospects in 1987. To date, eighteen horizontal wells have been drilled using standard rotary drilling techniques, standard mud motors with bent subs and the Navigation Drilling System. A total of 24,909 feet of horizontal hole has been drilled.
The wells were designed with the hole angle building to 86 degrees in the 12 1/4″ hole section and running intermediate 9 5/8″ casing. They were then maintained near horizontal in the 8 1/2″ hole through the relatively soft limestone pay section. Horizontal hole sections as long as 2351 feet were achieved.
The Navigation Drilling System consists of a positive displacement mud motor, a specially designed double tilted U-joint (DTU) and an MWD system. The use of the Navigation Drilling System became standard procedure to help overcome the unpredictable behavior of conventional drilling assemblies and to respond to changing lithology. The Navigation Drilling System substantially increased the confidence level for hitting small targets and drilling pre-described courses through the pay section. Targets as near as 830 feet horizontally from the surface location were achieved; and, long horizontal sections were repeatedly drilled successfully. To date, 7133 feet of horizontal hole has been drilled using the Navigation Drilling System.
Concurrent with the introduction of the Navigation Drilling System, drilling costs were steadily reduced while drilling accuracy steadily improved. Relatively inexpensive, lightly dispersed, polymer muds were utilized successfully over a wide range of hydraulic conditions. Hole cleaning, hole stability, torque and drag were never a problem.
A Stress-Controlled Drag-Reduction Phenomenon
Authors: Savins J.G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An unusual stress controlled turbulent flow phenomenon observed in aqueous solutions of some derivatives of an unsaturated 18 carbon atom fatty acid is described. Some other unusual viscometric and rheogoniometric properties of these solutions are also discussed.

Introduction
The unique ability of certain macromolecules to reduce friction losses inturbulent duct flow has been amply demonstrated by a number of investigations, including among others. It has been suggested that this phenomenon of drag reduction is a direct consequence of viscoelastic behavior because the occurrence of markedly viscoelastic properties in solutions of certain macromolecules is characterized by the appearance of this unusual turbulent flow behavior. Recent measurements suggest that the reduced drag is a function of the ratio of elastic to viscous forces developed in these fluids. Tentative explanations put forth are based on a mode of elastic interaction between the dissolved macromolecules and the perturbed micromolecular solvent e.g., the strength of the drag reduction activity is determined by the time dependent processes or characteristic relaxation functions descriptive of the viscoelastic solution. All of the investigations of drag reduction in aqueous viscoelastic solutions involve so called "high polymers". Typical examples include synthetic polymers such as poly(acrylamides), poly(ethyleneoxides), and copolymer derivatives such as partially hydrolyzedpoly(acrylonitriles). A variety of naturally occurring polymeric substances are also characterized by the property of drag reduction, including guar gum, and the sodium salt of alginic acid.
It is generally agreed that when a high polymer dissolves, depending upon the concentration, some fraction of these macromolecules form a loose three-dimensional network. The networks and localized junctions can apparently arise for a number of reasons, e.g., as a result of a distribution of inter-and intramolecular forces, gross physical entanglements, disturbances of the flow field, and perhaps combinations of these and other effects.
viscoelastic surfactant
Certifying Agencies, Classification and Surveying Societies, Governmental and Regulatory Agencies, and Standards Writers
Authors: Gordon T. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Various Groups such as Certifying Agencies, Classification and Surveying Societies, Governmental and Regulatory Agencies, as well as Standards Writers all play roles in the sequence of events which are required in order that a particular piece of drilling instrumentation can be installed and operated in the jurisdiction of any particular country. The degree of involvement of each Group depends on the design of the drilling instrumentation being installed and the probability of hazardous mixtures of gases and air being present where the equipment is used.
This paper will describe, in general terms, the functions of each of the above Groups as well as locating each Group in the order in which they affect the design, manufacture, certification and installation of instrumentation. The difficulties encountered when attempting to design instrumentation which will comply with all national and international requirements is included, as well as some of the steps being proposed to lessen these problems.
It is necessary to understand the sequence of events in order to be in a position to offer products which are successful in the instrumentation market. Some basic instrumentation designs will be used as examples to depict the sequence of events from conception of design thru completion of installation.
Development and Use of a Gas-Tight Cement
Authors: Grinrod M. , Vassoy B. , Dingsoyr E. O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes development of a cement slurry composition designed to cope successfully with gas migration problems. The gas blocking effect is obtained by addition of microsilica, a pozzolanic material of extremely fine particle size. Numerous tests have been performed under laboratory conditions to investigate the phenomena of gas migration through cements, and the corresponding amount of specially selected microsilica needed to effectively prevent gas flow.
Optimization of Fracture Stimulation within the North Ward Estes Field
Authors: Griffith P. J. , Madison J. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An investigation was initiated to optimize final sand concentrations and profitability in refracturing the North Ward Estes Field in Ward County, Texas.
This study involved the construction of a fracture enhanced production model. The model relates the final fracture width to the associated productivity increase. The fracture model data was utilized to determine the economic performance as a function of final sand concentration, accounting for operating expenses.
The simple mathematical procedure presented will aid the design engineer to quickly predict the average fracture width, frac fluid volume and total sand requirement.
Proper Application of Crosslinked Polymer Decreases Operating Costs
Authors: Mody B. G. , McKitrick R. S. , Shahsavari D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In-situ crosslinking and subsequent gelation of water-soluble polymer solution in the vicinity of the wellbore has caused drastic reduction in water mobility of treated production wells. Relative permeability to water has been sharply decreased allowing increases in oil fractional flow toward the wellbore. The favorable changes in the reservoir near the wellbore have caused a considerable reduction in operating costs by reducing water production and associated lifting, separation and treating, transportation, and disposal costs.
Fracturing Process Control and Automation
Authors: Tomlinson H. L. , Byrd A. C. , VanBerg C. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
As the result of studies of (1) trends in the petroleum industry (2) surveys of Halliburton field operating units and (3) surveys of operating companies, a decision was made to automate and remotely control as many well completion processes as were found to be feasible. In Phase 1 of a long range plan, fracture stimulation was automated and placed on remote control.
A dedicated team was organized to accomplish the automation. The first system is operating in the Permian Basin and has been used to fracture stimulate 30 wells as of this writing.
This paper presents the management approach to organization for the required implementation tasks. Mechanical equipment, computing equipment and software, operating procedures, and documentation are discussed. A case history of field use in the Permian Basin is presented.
Performance of Hawkins Field Unit Under Gas Drive-Pressure Maintenance Operations and Development of an Enhanced Oil Recovery Project
Authors: Carlson L. O. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In-depth studies of the Hawkins Field Unit revealed that gas drive-gravity drainage had a recovery efficiency of over 80 percent whereas the recovery efficiency from water drive was about 60 percent. These studies led to unitization of the Hawkins Field on January 1, 1975 and initiation of a gas injection project using produced gas and inert gas. This gas injection project has been very successful in converting the combination gas drive - water drive recovery mechanism to essentially all gas drive.
Recent studies indicate that immiscible gas drive of the water invaded portion of the reservoir should recover additional oil. These studies show that the minimum residual oil saturation from gas displacement of water invaded oil column is essentially the same as that from gas displacement of original oil column. Thus, potential exists for reducing the average residual oil saturation in the water invaded oil column from 35 percent to about 12 percent by gas drive-gravity drainage.
The process of gas displacement of a water invaded oil column has been termed Double Displacement Process (DDP).
This paper reviews the performance of the Hawkins Field Unit under the existing gas drive-pressure maintenance project. It also discusses the development work recently completed supporting the Double Displacement Process and the initiation of an enhanced recovery project using DDP in the East Fault Block.