bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Papillomavirus-16 Is the Predominant Type Etiologically Involved in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Heideman Daniëlle A.M. , Waterboer Tim , Pawlita Michael , Delis-van Diemen Pien , Nindl Ingo , Leijte Joost A. , Bonfrer Johannes M.G. , Horenblas Simon , Meijer Chris J.L.M. , Snijders Peter J.F. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are suggested to be involved in the development of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but comprehensive studies to define the association are limited. Therefore, we performed molecular and serologic analyses for a broad spectrum of HPV types on a large series of 83 penile SCCs, and we compared serological findings to those of age-matched male controls (N = 83). Methods Penile SCCs were subjected to detection and typing assays for mucosal and cutaneous HPVs and to subsequent, type-specific viral load and viral gene expression assays. Sera of patients and of controls were analyzed for type-specific mucosal and cutaneous HPV L1, E6, and/or E7 antibodies using bead-based, multiplex serology. Results HPV DNA of mucosal and/or cutaneous types was found in 46 of 83 (55%) penile SCCs. HPV16 was the predominant type, appearing in 24 (52%) of 46 of penile SCCs. The majority of HPV16 DNA–positive SCCs (18 of 24; 75%) demonstrated E6 transcriptional activity and a high viral load. Additionally, HPV16 molecular findings were strongly associated with HPV16 L1-, E6-, and E7-antibody seropositivity. Furthermore, serologic case-control analyses demonstrated that, in addition to the association of HPV16 with penile SCC, seropositivity against any HPV type was significantly more common in patients compared with in controls. HPV18 and HPV6 seropositivity were associated with HPV16-negative SCCs but were not correlated to molecular findings. Conclusion HPV16 is the main HPV type etiologically involved in the development of penile SCC. Although individuals who develop penile SCC show a greater prior exposure to a broad spectrum of HPV types, insufficient evidence was found to claim a role for HPV types other than HPV16 in penile carcinogenesis.
Cisplatin Plus Gemcitabine or Vinorelbine for Elderly Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: The MILES-2P Studies
Authors: Gridelli Cesare , Maione Paolo , Illiano Alfonso , Piantedosi Franco Vito , Favaretto Adolfo , Bearz Alessandra , Robbiati Sergio Federico , Filipazzi Virginio , Lorusso Vito , Carrozza Francesco , Iaffaioli Rosario Vincenzo , Manzione Luigi , Gallo Ciro , Morabito Alessandro , Perrone Francesco 
Published: October 2007

Purpose Two phase I/II trials were done to evaluate the feasibility of cisplatin combined with gemcitabine or vinorelbine in elderly patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and Methods Patients with advanced NSCLC who were older than 70 years of age and who had a performance status of 0 to 1 were eligible. Cisplatin was given on day 1 (a starting dose of 50 mg/m2 with increasing increments of 10 mg/m2 at each level) and gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2) or vinorelbine (25 mg/m2) on days 1 and 8. Cycles were repeated every 21 days. A two-stage flexible optimal design was applied in the phase II study, and unacceptable toxicity was the primary end point. Results Overall, 159 patients were enrolled: 38 in phase I and 121 in phase II studies. Cisplatin was feasible at 60 mg/m2 with gemcitabine and at 40 mg/m2 with vinorelbine. With the former combination, 50 of 60 (83.3%) patients were treated without unacceptable toxicity; objective responses were reported in 26 of 60 patients (43.5%; 95% CI, 30.6 to 56.8); median progression-free and overall survivals were 25.3 and 43.6 weeks, respectively. With the latter combination, 50 (82.0%) of 61 patients were treated without unacceptable toxicity; objective responses were reported in 22 of 61 patients (36.1%; 95% CI, 24.2 to 49.4); median progression-free and overall survivals were 21.1 and 33.1 weeks, respectively. Conclusion Both cisplatin (60 mg/m2) plus gemcitabine and cisplatin (40 mg/m2) plus vinorelbine are feasible and active in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced NSCLC. The former combination, which provides a higher dose of cisplatin, deserves comparison versus single-agent chemotherapy in this setting of patients.
Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Primary Amines in Polar NMR Solvents
Authors: Ahn Hee Choon , Choi Kihang 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
N-(2-Nitrophenyl)proline (2-NPP) can be used in a wide range of solvents as an effective chiral auxiliary for the absolute configuration assignment of α-chiral primary amines. Even in competitive hydrogen-bonding solvents, 2-NPP amides of primary amines retain the conformation preference for intramolecular hydrogen bonding and produce significant anisotropic effects on the amine substituents. As a result, the absolute configuration can be assigned by comparing the 1H NMR spectra of diastereomeric 2-NPP amides recorded in polar NMR solvents.
Biochemical analysis of pleural and ascitic fluid: effect of sample timing on interpretation of results
Authors: Jenkinson Fiona , Murphy Michael J 
Published: October 2007

Background: Modified Light's criteria are widely used to categorize pleural fluids as either exudates or transudates. Similarly, the serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) is used in the differential diagnosis of ascites, particularly with reference to the prediction of portal hypertension. Fluid and serum samples are required for both of these to be applied. The effect of the time interval between fluid and serum samples on the interpretation of results has not been studied. Methods: We examined the effect of sample timing on (a) the application of modified Light's criteria, and (b) the categorization of SAAG as wide (≥11 g/L) or narrow (<11 g/L). Specifically, we compared the use of a 'routine' serum sample, i.e. one that was not formally paired by the requesting clinician with the fluid sample, with serum samples collected within 2 h of the fluid sample. Results: Of 77 pleural fluids included for analysis, 45/47 were categorized as exudates, and 32/30 as transudates, using near-simultaneous/routine serum samples respectively. Discrepant categorization was observed in two cases ( P=0.74). Of 109 ascitic fluids, SAAG was ≥11 g/L in 100/95 cases, and <11 g/L in 9/14, using near-simultaneous/routine serum samples respectively. Discrepant categorization was observed in five cases ( P=0.27). Conclusions: With reference to categorizing pleural and ascitic fluids as described above under (a) and (b), in most cases the use of routine serum samples does not alter the fluid categorization compared with the use of serum samples collected within 2 h.
Can we manage demand for allergy testing by restricting requests to a small number of prime target allergens?
Authors: Reynolds Timothy M , Twomey Patrick J 
Published: October 2007

Background: Demand for expensive tests such as allergen-specific IgE is expanding far faster than for cheaper tests: at Burton Hospital the annual growth rate is 24%. Different hospitals have different policies on allergen testing. We report a comparison of the effect of requesting policy on diagnostic yield. Methods: All results from five years of allergen testing were downloaded from the data warehouse at Burton, and a representative sample of recent results was evaluated from Ipswich Hospital. Statistical analysis by x2 test and significance tests for differences of proportions were carried out. Results: Ipswich hospital used a standard four-allergen panel for respiratory patients and demonstrated a statistically significantly lower positivity rate for three of those four allergens. No relationship between the number of allergens tested and the probability of a positive result was shown - the probability of a positive result was approximately 0.3. Number of allergen-specific IgE tests requested/patient have remained roughly constant over 5&frac12; years but total demand has increased. Conclusions: Selective requesting for allergen-specific IgE testing may be more effective than use of a standard panel but this cannot be conclusively proven. It is not appropriate to attempt to limit workload by specifying a maximum number of tests that are allowed for any individual patient.
Evaluation of a card test for procalcitonin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis
Authors: Yilmaz Fatma Meriç , Yilmaz Gülsen , Akay Hatice , Duranay Murat , Yücel Doğan 
Published: October 2007

Background: Peritonitis is an important complication in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Procalcitonin (PCT) has recently been identified as an inflammation marker and recommended as a new potential marker in CAPD peritonitis. We aimed to study a card test for PCT and compare the results with the conventional markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and white blood cell (WBC) count. Patients and methods: A total of 40 CAPD patients; 20 patients with an episode of peritonitis and 20 patients without any clinical or laboratory sign of infection were included in the study. PCT, CRP, ESR, WBC and dialysate cell count were performed at the beginning of the clinical signs of peritonitis. Results: CRP and ESR had the highest sensitivities (100% for both) but lower specificities (55 and 10%; respectively) and PCT had the highest specificity with a relatively low sensitivity (100 and 70%) according to the calculated results. Conclusions: The card test for PCT seems to be suitable for the adjunctional use in CAPD peritonitis, with its shorter turn-around time, appropriateness for near-patient testing and high specificity.
The relation among the diameter of the great saphenous vein, clinical state and haemodynamic pattern of the saphenofemoral junction in chronic superficial venous insufficiency
Authors: Mdez-Herrero A , Gutiérrez J , Camblor L , Carreño J , Llaneza J , Rguez-Olay J , Suarez E 
Published: October 2007

Objective: To find out if there is a relation among the diameter of the great saphenous vein (GSV) when it is incompetent, the clinical gravity of the varicose syndrome and the type of insufficiency of the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) in patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) by means of duplex exploration. Methods: The sample included 145 extremities, 38 normal as a control group and 107 with incompetence of the GSV. According to the results of the Valsalva and Parana manoeuvres in the SFJ, they were distributed into four groups. The diameter of the GSV and the clinical state according to the clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathological element classification were recorded for each group. Results: Statistically significant differences were obtained for the diameter and the clinical state in patients with positive manoeuvres with regard to other groups. The diameter was greater and the clinical state more severe (C4, C5 and C6) when two manoeuvres were positive. Conclusions: The presence of both positive manoeuvres in the SFJ is related to severe clinical states and greater diameters of the GSV, allowing the establishment of a prognosis of the CVI and the most suitable surgical approach.
Embryology and three-dimensional anatomy of the superficial venous system of the lower limbs
Authors: Uhl J-F , Gillot C 
Published: October 2007

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to better understand the anatomy of the venous network of the lower limbs by using new imaging techniques, particularly the three-dimensional modelling by computerized tomographic (CT) venography. This new tool is combined with anatomical dissection techniques and the results of Duplex ultrasound imaging. Methods: The embryogenesis of the venous network, which explains the main variations of the venous system, and a description using the new terminology of the veins. Results: Physiologically, the muscular veins play a crucial role, owing to the effect of the muscular pumps by their aspiration power on the superficial system via the perforators. They always act at the same level. This explains the fixity of the main perforator veins and the interest of their anatomical knowledge. Conclusion: The new imaging techniques and treatments dedicated to the venous system of the lower limbs make their descriptive anatomy increasingly useful. It will be the basis of a common language between radiologists, phlebologists and surgeons.
Newborn sickle cell disease screening: the Jamaican experience (1995–2006)
Authors: King L , Fraser R , Forbes M , Grindley M , Ali S , Reid M 
Published: October 2007

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the existing newborn sickle haemoglobinopathy screening programme in Jamaica. Methods: A retrospective analysis of infants screened during the period 8 November 1995 to 22 July 2006 was performed. Patient data for analyses was restricted to patients with homozygous (Hb SS) sickle cell disease. Published data from the Jamaican Sickle Cell Cohort Study was used to make comparisons with the study sample. Results: The study sample consisted of 435 patients with Hb SS disease. Acute chest syndrome was the most common clinical (non-death) event accounting for ∼50% of all events. Acute splenic sequestration, no longer a significant cause of mortality, was responsible for ∼32% of clinical events. Seven deaths (1.8%) occurred during the study period compared with 17.6% to the same age in the Jamaican Sickle Cell Cohort Study. There was a lower proportion of hospital admissions and episodes of serious illness in the study group compared with controls. Conclusions: Survival estimates for the study sample showed improvement compared with the Jamaican Sickle Cell Cohort Study. This study continues to demonstrate the benefits of, and as such shows support for, newborn screening and early interventions in sickle cell disease. In addition, it highlights some of the areas for continued focus and research development. Although the current system is providing an essential and beneficial service, the study emphasizes the need for newborn screening programmes to be comprehensive care systems to be fully effective.
Improved survival rate for women with interval breast cancer – results from the breast cancer screening programme in Malmö, Sweden 1976–1999
Authors: Zackrisson Sophia , Janzon Lars , Manjer Jonas , Andersson Ingvar 
Published: October 2007

Objective: Breast cancers detected between screening examinations can influence the sensitivity of a screening programme. Studies of the prognosis of these so-called interval breast cancers show diverging results. We investigated the course of interval breast cancer over time in the Malmö Mammographic Screening Trial (MMST) 1976–86 and the Malmö Mammographic Service Screening Programme (MMSSP) 1990–99. Material and methods: Stage distribution and survival of interval cancers in MMSSP were compared with screen-detected and non-attender cancer cases in MMSSP, with interval cancers in MMST and with breast cancer cases in a non-screened population five years before the start of MMSSP (pre-screening cancer cases). Results: In MMSSP 1990–99, the interval cancers did not differ in stage distribution or survival compared with cancer cases in non-attenders, while screen-detected cancer cases had more favourable stage distribution and rate of survival than had the interval cancer cases. The MMST interval cancer cases, 1976–1986, had more favourable stage distribution but higher overall case fatality rate, relative risks (RR) 1.78 (1.00–3.20), and breast cancer case fatality rate, RR 2.05 (1.05–4.00), compared with the more recent MMSSP interval cancer cases. No significant difference in five-year survival was seen in the MMSSP interval cancer cases compared with pre-screening cancer cases not exposed to screening. Conclusion: In this urban population invited to mammographic screening, the survival rate for women with interval cancer has improved over a period of 20 years. Further studies are needed to assess what factors might explain changes in the course of interval breast cancer.
Exclusion on grounds of language ability – a reporting gap in health services research?
Authors: Murray Susan , Buller Ana Maria 
Published: October 2007

Background: Health services research practices in the context of ethnic and cultural diversity are under scrutiny. One issue that needs to be considered is that of inclusion in, and exclusion from, research studies on the basis of language ability. We explore current reporting practice concerning recruitment of participants in health services research using examples from one 'high impact' journal and suggest ways in which future reporting can be strengthened. Methods: Retrospective review of 207 'original research pieces' published in the BMJ. Inclusion criteria: articles published in 2003 and 2004 reporting research entailing direct communication between a researcher and health service users. A data extraction checklist was applied concerning the reporting of language-related decisions in recruitment. Results: Eighty-four percent of the research articles did not engage with language issues at all. For most papers it was impossible to ascertain whether research was carried out in a monolingual population or whether researchers had effectively excluded non-primary language speakers in their recruitment procedures. Over half ( n = 34) of the papers that mentioned language did so in relation to exclusion criteria, usually without further comment. Conclusions: Reporting practice on language-related decisions in recruitment and on the exclusion of research participants on grounds of language ability needs to be improved. A checklist for authors, reviewers or editors is offered with the aim of encouraging fuller reporting on the language composition of source and sample populations, and greater consideration of any implications that exclusion/inclusion on the grounds of language may have for studies and their findings.
Review essay: “The truest belief is compulsion”: Othering, the unconscious, and ethnographic inquiry
Authors: WILLFORD ANDREW 
Published: October 2007

The Cunning of Recognition: Indigenous Alterities and the Making of Australian Multiculturalism. Elizabeth Povinelli. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002. xi + 338 pp., illustrations, photographs, notes, bibliography, index.The Promise of the Foreign: Nationalism and the Technics of Translation in the Spanish Philippines. Vicente Rafael. Durham, NC: Duke University Press 2005. xviii + 231 pp., photographs, notes, references, index.The Puerto Rican Syndrome. Patricia Gherovici. New York: Other Press, 2003. xviii + 296 pp., bibliography, index.Naming the Witch. James Siegel. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006. xiii + 253 pp., photographs, illustrations, notes.
Adherence to Nasal Positive Airway Pressure Therapy Among School-aged Children and Adolescents With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Uong Elizabeth C. , Epperson Mary , Bathon Sharon A. , Jeffe Donna B. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVES. Although many children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome have complete resolution of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome after adenotonsillectomy, some patients have persistent obstructive sleep apnea syndrome requiring positive airway pressure treatment. Little is known about positive airway pressure adherence among school-aged children and adolescents.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. We retrospectively reviewed records from January 2000 through December 2004 to assess positive airway pressure adherence following a comprehensive patient- and parent-focused positive airway pressure education program for children 7 to 19 years of age with persistent obstructive sleep apnea syndrome subsequent to indicated adenotonsillectomy. A polysomnogram was obtained before and after initiation of positive airway pressure therapy. Adherence was defined as &gt;4 hours per night and ≥5 nights per week of positive airway pressure use. Clock-counter meters determined hours per night and nights per week of positive airway pressure use; parents estimated hours per night of positive airway pressure use. Nonparametric tests assessed associations between adherence and various clinical parameters and symptoms.
RESULTS. Forty-six patients (56% male; 39% black, 61% white; mean age: 13.6 years; mean BMI: 39.8 kg/m2) were included. Two refused positive airway pressure. Meter readings were available for 27 patients (59%); positive airway pressure was used, on average, 7.0 hours per night, 73% of the week, and for a mean of 18.1 months. Nineteen (70%) were adherent regardless of age. There was good agreement between parental report and meter readings. Patients with greater improvement in apnea-hypopnea index were more likely to be adherent. Clinical parameters and symptoms improved after positive airway pressure therapy regardless of age or adherence.
CONCLUSIONS. In this retrospective study, positive airway pressure adherence and symptom improvement among school-aged children and adolescents was achieved with comprehensive patient and parent education and follow-up.
Taboo terms in a sexual abuse criminal trial
Authors: Cooper Burns 
Published: October 2007

Taboo language in the courtroom has been studied rarely, if at all. However, in the case this article examines, such language is used frequently. Certain witnesses’ use of taboo terms actually becomes an explicit part of the argument for guilt or innocence, based on the ‘affirmative defense of mistake of age’. Witnesses and lawyers use these terms repeatedly during the trial. This article analyzes taboo and non-taboo sexual language in the trial: its wide range of forms and registers, and the linguistic features and distancing tactics that accompany its introduction into a formal situation. These include various types of hesitation and disfluency, disclaimers of responsibility, indirection, euphemism, and apologies. The article briefly examines how existing theories of discourse and pragmatics can explain such features. Lastly, an analysis of lawyers’ usage of taboo language sheds some light on its correlation to prosecution and defense strategies.
Constitutive neutrophil apoptosis: Mechanisms and regulation
Authors: Luo Hongbo R. , Loison Fabien 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNeutrophil constitutive death is a critical cellular process for modulating neutrophil number and function, and it plays an essential role in neutrophil homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation. Neutrophils die due to programmed cell death or apoptosis. In this article, we review recent studies on the mechanism of neutrophil apoptosis. The involvement of caspase, calpain, reactive oxygen species, cellular survival/death signaling pathways, mitochondria, and BCL‐2 family member proteins are discussed. The fate of neutrophils can be influenced within the inflammatory microenvironment. We summarize the current understanding regarding the modulation of neutrophil apoptotic death by various extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion, phagocytosis, red blood cells, and platelets. The involvement of neutrophil apoptosis in infectious and inflammatory diseases is also addressed. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.