bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal distribution of human rotavirus serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 in venezuelan children with gastroenteritis during 1979–1989
Authors: White Laura , García Dorys , Boher Yordi , Blanco Mario , Pérez Mireya , Romer Hans , Flores Jorge , Pérez‐Schael Irene 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe temporal distribution and clinical severity of rotavirus VP7 serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 recovered from 427 Venezuelan children with acute gastroenteritis over a period of 11 years were studied. Rotavirus VP7 serotype was established by ELSA serotyping in 298 (69.78%) of the specimens while the serotype of the remaining 129 (30.21%) samples could not be determined. Of the specimens typed, 85 (19.90% of the total) were serotype 1, 43 (10.07%) were serotype 2, 105 (24.59%) were serotype 3, and 65 (15.22%) were serotype 4. Yearly changes in the frequency of individual serotypes were observed. The predominance of a single serotype with minor contribution from others was noted every year. In this study, serotype 1 appears to induce a less severe illness in comparison with serotypes 2, 3, and 4. No apparent association between the proportion of each serotype and the children's age were found.
Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomic RNA in plasma samples by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Bagnarelli Patrizia , Menzo Stefano , Manzin Aldo , Giacca Mauro , Varaldo Pietro Emanuele , Clementi Massimo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to the direct detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) viremia is described. The amplification of specific HIV‐1 sequences of gag and env viral genes was carried out after the reverse‐transcription of plasma samples (plasma RT‐PCR) from seropositive subjects. The assay is faster and cheaper than detection of specific HIV‐1 transcripts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by RT‐PCR. The data suggest that HIV‐1 viremia is detectable by plasma RT‐PCR in a large proportion of seropositive individuals.
Recombinant immunoblot assay for hepatitis C antibody in patients with posttransfusion non‐A, non‐B hepatitis
Authors: Wang Jin‐Town , Wang Teh‐Hong , Lin Jaw‐Town , Sheu Jin‐Chuan , Lin Sy‐Ming , Sung Juei‐Low , Chen Ding‐Shinn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn a prospective study of 287 patients who received blood transfusion, 26 who were found positive for hepatitis C antibody (anti‐HCV) by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) were studied by a recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). Nineteen of the 26 patients had posttransfusion non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis. Sixteen (84.2%) of the 19 patients with hepatitis had positive results by RIBA, 2 had indeterminate results, and 1 was negative. By contrast, five of the 7 recipients without hepatitis were negative, 1 indeterminate, and 1 positive by RIBA. Those with negative RIBA results had significantly lower optical density (OD) readings by ELISA than those with positive RIBA tests. Therefore, patients without hepatitis or lower OD value have a higher false‐positive rate in anti‐HCV ELISA than did those with a high OD value or with evidence of hepatitis.
Unlinked surveillance of the prevalence of HIV infection in antenatal patients in the west Midlands, England
Authors: Ala F. , Smillie Jane , Nicholson G. , Gough D. , Duddin R. , Knox G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the course of an unlinked, anonymous survey of anti‐HIV seroprevalence among antenatal patients in the West Midlands, carried out between November 1986 and March 1990, seven out of 202,012 patient samples were anti‐HIV seropositive.Although the numbers of women infected by heterosexual contact are still low in this region, it is likely that HIV infection is no longer limited to well‐defined, male risk groups. It is therefore increasingly important to monitor the course of the epidemic through large‐scale unbiased surveys of the heterosexual population in order to plan future preventive and health‐care strategies.
Lack of HBV and HDV replicative activity in HBsAg‐positive intravenous drug addicts with immune deficiency due to HIV
Authors: Monno L. , Angarano G. , Santantonio T. , Milella M. , Carbonara S. , Fiore J. R. , Fico C. , Pastore G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of HIV infection on HBV and HDV replication and liver damage were evaluated by comparing the findings from 48 anti‐HIV‐positive HBsAg chronic carriers with those from 22 matched anti‐HIV‐negative subjects. The state of HBV/HDV infection was also related to the degree of immunodeficiency of the anti‐HIV‐positive patients. Most patients were intravenous drug addicts (IVDA) (84.2%); male homosexuals represented only a small proportion (7.1%). Serum HBV‐DNA was detected more frequently in anti‐HIV‐negative than in anti‐HIV‐positive patients (50% vs. 35%) despite evidence of HDV replication in the anti‐HIV‐negative group (P=0.02). Seroconversion from ongoing to inactive HBV infection occurred in 45% of anti‐HIV‐negative patients as well as in 23% of anti‐HIV‐positive patients (P=ns). The difference in severity of liver damage between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.84). Furthermore, in the anti‐HIV‐positive subjects, HBV and/or HDV activity was detected in 63% of patients with mild immunodeficiency (CDC groups II and Ill with a total CD4 count >400/mm3) and also in 75% of ARC‐AIDS patients (CDC groups IV A‐IV C) (P = ns). Severe hepatic disease occurred in subjects with CD4 counts above or below 400/mm3 (13 vs. 6, respectively).In conclusion, the data do not demonstrate that HBV or HDV infections are modified by HIV. The epidemiological background of the patients investigated and the extensive spread of hepatitis viruses in Italy before the appearance of HIV may account for the lack of relationship between HIV and HBV/HDV infections.
Polyamine biosynthesis in cells infected with different clinical isolates of human cytomegalovirus
Authors: Clarke John R. , Tyms A. Stanley 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPrevious work in this laboratory showed that polyamine biosynthesis was stimulated in fibroblasts following infection with the AD169 strain of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) or with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) (Tyms et al: Biophysics Research Communications 86:312–318, 1979; Advances in Polyamine Research 4:507–517,1983). Here we compare the affect of AD169 on polyamine production in infected fibroblasts with that of the unusual Colburn strain of HCMV. The Colburn virus is unusual in that it was isolated from a 7 year old boy with encephalitis and molecular studies indicated the virus was simian like (Huang et al: Journal of Virology 26:718–723, 1978).As a consequence of CMV infection a two to ten fold increase in the spermine content of fibroblast cells is observed. Radiolabel transfer experiments show that spermine is synthesized throughout virus infection. Indeed, spermidine and spermine are specifically incorporated into the purified virions of the AD169 and Colburn strains of HCMV. Furthermore, polyamine biosynthesis is stimulated in fibroblast cells infected with a number of low passage clinical isolates of HCMV. Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis in HCMV infection may provide a specific and novel target for antiviral chemotherapy.
Outbreak of acute hepatitis E virus infection among military personnel in northern Ethiopia
Authors: Tsega Edemariam , Krawczynski K. , Hansson B.‐G. , Nordenfelt E. , Negusse Y. , Alemu W. , Bahru Y. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection occurred from October 1988 to March 1989 in military camps in northern Ethiopia. The epidemic was waterborne and entirely confined to military men, of whom 423 hospitalized, icteric patients were studied. The clinical course was mild and short, without any fulminant hepatitis or death. All sera tested for anti‐HAV‐lgM were negative and among 54(13%) patients who were positive for HBsAg, 7(2%) were positive for anti‐HBc IgM. On the other hand, 28 of 30 (93%) patients had antibodies against hepatitis E virus (anti‐HEV) in contrast to 1 of 29 (3%) asymptomatic controls (P< 0.01). The need for an easily available, inexpensive serologic test for HEV infection, protection of water supplies from fecal contamination, adequate chlorination and/or boiling of drinking water, and health education about personal and environmental hygiene, especially in communities at high risk, is emphasized.
Detection of two antigenic subpopulations of A(H1N1) influenza viruses from pigs: Antigenic drift or interspecies transmission?
Authors: Donatelli I. , Campitelli L. , Castrucci M. R. , Ruggieri A. , Sidoli L. , Oxford J. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerological analysis of a group of 63 influenza H1N1 viruses isolated from pigs in Italy in the period 1976–1988 revealed the presence of two distinct antigenic subpopulations: some viruses possessed a haemagglutinin indistinguishable from that of viruses typically associated with pigs, i.e., A/New Jersey/8/76 (H1N1), whereas others showed a close antigenic relatedness with the haemagglutinin of avian‐like HI viruses. These findings represent further evidence that influenza A viruses from avian species may be transmitted to mammals. The surface and internal proteins of some of these viruses were also analyzed biochemically to evaluate the molecular relatedness among viruses circulating in nonhuman hosts.
Antibody response to the immediate early protein of cytomegalovirus in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Shiraki Kimiyasu , Ishibashi Michio , Okuno Toshiomi , Yamanishi Koichi , Takahashi Michiaki , Tanaka Kazuko , Baba Koichi , Yabuuchi Hyakuji , Kokado Yukito , Takahara Siro , Sonoda Takao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe antibody response to the immediate early protein (IEP) of cytomegalovirus (CMV) was examined in seven renal transplant recipients during CMV reactivation and associated clinical abnormalities. Three cases with antibody increase to the IEP in the week after CMV isolation had no CMV‐induced disease. The four patients without antibody increase exhibited laboratory abnormalities and three of them had renal dysfunction. In this small number of patients, the antibody response to the IEP in the week after isolation of CMV was associated with absence of abnormal clinical laboratory findings including renal function, and the prognosis was good for graft function in renal transplant recipients with CMV reactivation.
Brief report: Parainfluenza virus type 3 infections: Findings in sydney and some observations on variations in seasonality world‐wide
Authors: De Silva L. M. , Cloonan M. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractParainfluenza virus type 3 (Para 3) is an important childhood pathogen causing a significant amount of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. Virus data were analysed over a twelve‐year period (197–1989), and a peak incidence of infection was observed in spring as in Houston, USA, unlike in the United Kingdom where summer epidemics appear to be the norm. The temperature ranges were analysed in the different study areas during Para 3 epidemics and similar ranges in temperature were noted which might provide an explanation for the apparently discordant findings in seasonality reported from different parts of the world.
Removal of parvovirus B19 from contaminated factor VIII during fractionation
Authors: Schwarz Tino F. , Roggendorf Michael , Hottenträger Barbara , Stolz Wilhelm , Schwinn Horst 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA solution of pooled cryo‐precipitate for preparing factor Vlll (F VIII) by the solventi/detergent method was contaminated experimentally with parvovirus B19‐positive plasma to evaluate virus reduction achieved by the final steps of the F Vlll production process. Virus reduction was at least 2 logs of the total amount of B19 virus added to the pooled cryo‐precipitate. The major amount of B19 virus was detected in the solution used to regenerate the F VIII‐selective anion exchange chromatography column. A few viral particles were detected in the final F Vlll concentrate before filtration but these were aggregates and were removed by filtration, and in the solution used to regenerate the anion exchange resin. It is not known whether the residual viral DNA present in the final product represents infectious or inactivated particles.
Treatment with human gamma interferon of chronic hepatitis B: Comparative study with alpha interferon
Authors: Kakumu Shinichi , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Mizokanii Masashi , Orido Etsuro , Yoshioka Kentaro , Wakita Takaji , Yamamoto Masahiko 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA pilot study was designed to determine the tolerance and effectiveness of natural or recombinant gamma interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Sixteen patients received 0.5 to 3.0 million units (MU) per day of gamma interferon (IFN‐γ) for 7 days. Nineteen chronic hepatitis B patients who were treated with 5–6 MU leukocyte‐derived alpha interferon (IFN‐α) daily served as controls. All completed the treatment schedule. IFN‐γ exerted mild, but significant inhibitory effects ( P < 05) on serum DNA polymerase levels. However, the changes were significantly less (P < 001) than those seen with IFN‐α therapy when compared with percent change from basal values. In contrast, serum 2', 5'‐oligoadenylate synthetase (2–5 AS) activities were markedly enhanced t o a similar extent during therapy with both IFNs. Serum β2‐micro‐globulin values were significantly increased by administration with both IFNs, although higher values were seen with IFN‐γ. Five patients received 1 MU IFN‐γ for 28 consecutive days and their HBeAg levels similarly decreased as those seen in patients treated with IFN‐α. Side effects seemed to be greater during IFN‐γ therapy than IFN‐α despite the lower doses used. The antiviral effect on serum HBV levels appeared less with IFN‐γ than with IFN‐α. Alternatively immunomodulatory functions may have been enhanced with IFN‐γ in patients with chronic HBV infection.
Direct measurement of viraemia in patients infected with HIV‐1 and its relationship to disease progression and zidovudine therapy
Authors: Semple Malcolm , Loveday Clive , Weller Ian , Tedder Richard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCell‐free human immunodeficiency virus type‐I (HIV‐1) was precipitated from archival serum with polyethylene glycol (PEG), and HIV‐1 RNA was detected and quantified by reverse transcription and amplification in a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The assay of endpoint dilutions cDNA in nested PCRs allowed an estimation of the minimum RNA copies per unit volume of serum. RNA titres correlated with the classification of HIV‐1 infection by CDC disease groups (30 patients). The geometric mean titres of HIV‐1 serum RNA from patients grouped by disease stage gave minimum estimates of 340 and 400 virions per millilitre of serum in CDC groups II and Ill (n = 6 and 10, respectively) and 4,240 virions per millilitre in CDC group IV (n = 14). An overall fall in viral titre measured in this way was observed in 3 patients during zidovudine treatment. HIV‐1 titres increased in a further 4 patients when therapy was interrupted, stopped, or complicated by secondary infection.
Coxsackie virus B4 infection of the mouse pancreas: I. Detection of virus‐specific rna in the pancreas by in situ hybridization
Authors: Vella C. , Easton A. J. , Eglin R. P. , Brown C. L. , Perry L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe pathology of Coxsackie virus B4 (CVB4) infection in a murine model was investigated by in situ hybridization using a biotinylated cDNA probe derived from CVB4. During the acute phase of infection virus RNA sequences were detected in the exocrine pancreas of 60% of mice infected with a pancreotropic variant of CVB4. A positive hybridization signal was observed in other organs in some animals including the heart and liver of 1 mouse 28 days after infection. The cellular distribution of virus RNA sequences corresponded well with the histological findings in most tissues. Possible causes for failure of hybridization in some infected pancreases are discussed in conjunction with potential application of the technique in human pancreas biopsy samples.
Influence of volume expansion on capillary transport in the gut of pichindé virus infected strain 13 guinea pigs
Authors: Katz Murray A. , Starr James F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHydropenic strain 13 guinea pigs (GP13) injected with Pichindé virus show marked jejunal capillary disruption determined by a reduction in protein reflection coefficient (σ) [Katz and Starr, 1990]. These studies examined whether this is reversed by a 2% Ringer's expansion, and whether anorexia may contribute to reduced σ. GP13 were either infected or given a 60% expected ad lib diet, and were studied while under a 2% Ringer's expansion. The results showed 1) infected GP13 separated into groups with either a persistently low u (volume unresponsive) or a normal σ (volume responsive), but no obvious feature of the animals could predict responsiveness; 2) caloric restriction had minimal to no effect on σ; and 3) both responsive and unresponsive GP had increased heart, lung, and kidney weights. Volume expansion may have salutary effects in some infected GP13, and this is probably due to pressure mediated effects on the capillary wall. The findings support the possibility that conservative management of hemorrhagic fevers may directly ameliorate capillary leak.
Molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of poliomyelitis in South Africa in 1987/1988
Authors: Tsilimigras C. W. A. , Rossouw E. , Schoub B. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn Outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred in the Republic of South Africa in 1987/88. The epidemic took place in the Natal/KwaZulu region of South Africa and was due to type 1 poliovirus. Twenty‐four isolates were characterised by 1‐and 2‐ dimensional oligonucleotide mapping and a single strain of wild‐type poliovirus was identified. The same strain of virus was also isolated in other areas of South Africa at the time of the outbreak and has persisted into 1989.
A novel approach to enterovirus typing
Authors: Lee Spencer H. S. , Boulilier James E. , Macdonald Margaret A. , Forward Kevin R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA novel method was developed for typing enteroviruses producing cytopathic effect. Mono‐layers of primary or secondary rhesus monkey kidney cells were prepared and covered with an agarose overlay. Wells were formed in the agarose, the well bottom being optimally determined to be 3 mm from the monolayer and homotypic enterovirus antiserum, intersecting antiserum pool or antiserum‐diluent as control was added. After 2 h at 37°C, the test virus isolate was added to each well. Cultures were incubated at 37°C and were examined daily until cytopathic effect was readily observed in the control well. Monolayers were fixed and stained for macroscopic reading. Enterovirus identity based on the inhibition of cytopathic effect was confirmed with a conventional micro‐neutralization method. In all, 51 enterovirus isolates were typed. Included were 21 polioviruses, 9 coxsackieviruses and 21 echoviruses, all of which were correctly identified. This method takes advantage of the ability of enterovirus and antibody to diffuse through agarose. It is simple to perform. It does not require preliminary titration of the test virus isolate and tolerates 1,000 fold fluctuations in virus concentration, thereby offering laboratories a more rapid and efficient means of typing enteroviruses.
Lack of evidence of occult human immunodeficiency virus in seronegative individuals at very high risk of infection
Authors: Crowe Suzanne M. , Elbeik Tarek , Ulrich Paul P. , Mills John , Moss Andrew 
Published: March 2007

AbstractReports of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in seronegative individuals prompted the authors to investigate subjects who are at very high risk of acquisition of HIV in San Francisco. Nine HIV seronegative subjects were evaluated extensively, eight of whom were drawn from a well‐characterized cohort of seropositive and seronegative homosexual men who have been followed prospectively since 1983‐1984. These men have calculated probabilities of infection based on a fitted model of between 0.22 and 0.94. One additional subject is an intravenous drug user who has shared needles with HIV‐infected individuals extensively. Peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes were separately cultured from each subject and evidence of HIV infection was sought by a reverse transcriptase assay, enzyme immunoassay, and immunocytofluorographic analysis for HIV antigens, in situ hybridization, RNA slot blot analysis, and polymerase chain reaction amplification of HIV cDNA. Uncultured monocytes and lymphocytes from each donor were also examined by these techniques. Evidence of HIV infection was not found in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these high risk individuals.
Effects of purine nucleoside analogues with a cyclobutane ring and erythromycin A oxime derivatives on duck hepatitis B virus replication in vivo and in cell culture and HIV‐1 in cell culture
Authors: Hung Li‐Fang , Brumbaugh Amy E. , Bhatia Gulshan , Marion Patricia L. , Hung Paul P. , Norbeck Daniel W. , Plattner Jacob J. , Robinson William S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects on duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) replication of specific analogues of two classes of chemical compounds not previously tested against hepadnaviruses are described. One is erythromycin A‐9‐methyloxime (EMO) and other oxime derivatives of erythromycin A, and the other is purine nucleoside analogues (cyclobut A and cyclobut G)with cyclobutane rings. Viral replication was assessed by measuring serum levels of DHBV DNA in infected ducklings and DHBV DNA in infected primary duck hepatocyte cultures.Administration of EM0 15 mg/kg of body weight IM to infected ducklings resulted in a rapid fall in DHBV DNA levels during therapy and a return to pretreatment levels after EM0 administration was stopped. There was local toxicity at injection sites with muscle necrosis in some animals. When 100 mg/kg EM0 was administered by gastric tube no such viral response was observed. The difference in virus response to EM0 15mgikg IM and 100 mgikg by gastric tube was not due to failure to achieve comparable blood and tissue levels of EM0 administered by the different routes. The results suggest an indirect effect dependent on IM injection of EM0 rather than a direct antiviral effect of the compound.Administration of cyclobut G or cyclobut A at 70 mg/kg IM led to a rapid reduction of DHBV DNA to undetectable levels in serum, and in only 1 of 4 animals did DHBV DNA became detectable again within 10 days after stopping the drug. lntragastric administration of cyclobut G at 180 mg/kg per day was also associated with rapid reduction of serum DHBV DNA with onset of treatment in all animals, undetectable levels in 4 of 5 animals during therapy, and return to pretreatment levels in all animals after the drug was stopped. There were no apparent toxic effects. In cell culture 1 μM cyclobut A or cyclobut G inhibited virus production by more than twentyfold without apparent toxic effects. The results indicate that cyclobut A and cyclobut G are more active on a molar basis than other compounds tested against DHBV in these models, and they appear to be effective byu the oral route. Cyclobut G was much less active than AZT in inhibiting HIV‐1 in cell culture.