bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN OESTROGEN METABOLISM INDUCED IN RAT LIVER MICROSOMES BY SUBCUTANEOUS PELLETS OF OESTRONE AND TESTOSTERONE
Authors: JELLINCK P. H. , WOO JANETTE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Oestrone administered in the form of subcutaneous pellets produced marked changes in the metabolism of [14C]oestradiol by male rat liver microsomes. The high yield of both 2-hydroxyoestradiol and water-soluble metabolites was decreased to the level normally observed in females and this effect was induced by relatively small amounts of oestrogen within a few days after implantation. The action of testosterone on the hepatic metabolism of oestrogens was also investigated together with the effect of removing the hormone pellets at different time intervals. In addition, the rate of absorption of the steroids was determined by direct weighing and, in the case of oestrone, controlled by using radioactive pellets of known specific activity.
LIGHT AND THE CONTROL OF THE OESTROUS CYCLE IN THE FERRET
Authors: DONOVAN B. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of exposure to long-day conditions, begun at different times during the summer and autumn, on the timing of oestrus in the ferret has been studied. When ferrets were transferred to 16 hr. days in July or August, oestrus set in very rapidly or was inhibited, but when ferrets were subjected to prolonged illumination later in the year, in October or November, a more typical response ensued in that the animals came into heat after about 6 weeks.
Loss of hair, which proceeded to the development of bald areas, was observed after long exposure to 16 hr. light daily.
The period of illumination was reduced from 16 to 8 hr. daily for seven animals which had failed to come into heat after extended exposure to long-day conditions. After 8 weeks, long days were re-imposed and oestrus rapidly ensued in six females. Marked growth of hair took place under short-day conditions.
Exposure to short-day conditions from birth was compatible with a normal timing of oestrus in eight out of 12 females.
It is concluded that under certain conditions prolonged illumination can inhibit the secretion of gonadotrophin in the ferret and block the manifestation of an inherent rhythm of sexual activity.
LEVELS OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN THE NEWBORN INFANT AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ADRENAL DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE
Authors: LAURITZEN CH. , LEHMANN W.-D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) concentrations were measured in newborn infants. The levels of HCG were found to be higher in the umbilical vein than in the arteries. The hormone is eliminated within 72 hr. post partum. After the injection of HCG a mean of 3·6% of the administered dose appeared in the urine. The renal clearance was very low (0·006 ml./min.) in the newborn corresponding to the low volume of urinary output. HCG is also excreted in the meconium and in the faeces during the first day of life.
Administration of HCG to newborn infants significantly increased the urinary excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone. This rise was even more pronounced in premature infants. It is suggested that HCG is an adrenocorticotrophic hormone in the foetus, regulating the supply of foetal adrenal dehydroepiandrosterone as a precursor for the production of oestrogens in the placenta. The excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone in the urine of the newborn was found to lie between 78 and 277 μg./24 hr. After injection of sodium dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, 5% of the dose was excreted in the urine. Dehydroepiandrosterone was not converted into oestrogens by the newborn.
THE EXOPHTHALMOGENIC ACTIVITY OF BOVINE THYROTROPHIC PREPARATIONS
Authors: DEDMAN M. L. , FAWCETT J. S. , MORRIS C. J. O. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The quantitative determination of exophthalmogenic activity in pituitary fractions by means of a cross-over bioassay in Carassius auratus is described.
The ratio of exophthalmogenic to thyrotrophic activity of eight bovine pituitary fractions has been determined.
Contrary to previous claims no dissociation of the two biological activities could be demonstrated.
Reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF HUMAN SERUM AND PITUITARY FRACTIONS IN VITRO
Authors: BURNS T. W. , HALES C. N. , HARTREE A. STOCKELL 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Human sera and fractions derived from human pituitary tissue have been tested for lipolytic activity using intact epididymal fat pads of the rat and isolated cell suspensions prepared from rat fat pads and from human adipopose tissue.
(1) Glycerol release was enhanced when human serum was incubated with epididymal fat pads and with isolated rat adipose tissue cells. No difference in this effect was noted between fasting serum and serum obtained 30 min. after glucose administration.
(2) The three primary fractions of pituitary powder were assayed for lipolytic activity with rat cells, the one containing the gonadotrophins and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was highly potent while those containing human growth hormone (HGH) and corticotrophin respectively were inactive. The lipolytic activity was associated with TSH but not entirely due to TSH.
(3) Human cells were prepared from adipose tissue from both sexes, from ages 4 to 78 and from subcutaneous, perirenal and intra-abdominal sites.
(4) Compared with rat cells, human cells were less sensitive and less consistent in their pattern of response. Human cells reacted poorly or not at all to large doses of HGH while rat cells react to small doses.
NUCLEAR DNA ESTIMATIONS IN THE HOOKER AND FORBES TEST WITH SEX HORMONES
Authors: LEROY F. , MANAVIAN D. , HUBINONT P. O. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The DNA content of individual nuclei has been estimated histophotometrically in uteri of spayed mice submitted to intrauterine injections of progesterone, oestradiol, oestradiol plus progesterone and testosterone according to the method of Hooker and Forbes. The endometrial reaction to progesterone is shown to be correlated with a significant increase (20%) of DNA in the nuclei. Oestradiol promoted DNA synthesis to a lesser extent (11%). When a mixture of oestradiol and progesterone was used, the hormones acted antagonistically. High doses of testosterone did not affect DNA synthesis in the stromal nuclei.
THE INFLUENCE OF DEXAMETHASONE ON ADIPOSE TISSUE METABOLISM IN VITRO
Authors: YORKE R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The influence of dexamethasone on the metabolism of incubated rat epididymal fat pads was investigated.
In the presence of dexamethasone the glucose uptake and lactate and pyruvate outputs of the tissue, the concentration ratio lactate: pyruvate in the medium at the end of the incubation and the tissue content of glycogen, glucose-6-phosphate and l-glycerol-3-phosphate were decreased. No changes were observed in the rate of pyruvate utilization, the tissue content of ATP, ADP, AMP and citrate or the output of glycerol.
Studies on the kinetics of glucose uptake indicated that in the presence of dexamethasone the maximal rate of uptake (Vmax) was decreased from 0·63 mg./g. wet tissue/hr. to 0·31 mg./g. wet tissue/hr., whereas the glucose concentration in the medium for half-maximal uptake (Ku) (0·29 mg./ml.) was not changed.
These results confirmed that the effects of dexamethasone on the tissue were slow in onset, only appearing after 2 hr. pre-incubation with the hormone, but insulin (500 μ-u./ml.) released completely and rapidly the inhibition of glucose uptake induced by dexamethasone.
Dexamethasone was also found to cause a small reduction in the incorporation of [1-14C]glycine into adipose tissue protein and nucleic acid fractions.
EFFECT OF MELATONIN AND 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE ON ALDOSTERONE AND CORTICOSTERONE PRODUCTION BY ADRENAL GLANDS OF NORMAL AND HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: GROMOVA E. A. , KRAUS M. , KŘEČEK J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of subcutaneous injections of melatonin (50, 100 and 200 μg./100 g. body weight) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (100, 200 and 400 μg./100 g.) on the production of aldosterone and corticosterone by the adrenal glands of intact and hypophysectomized adult male rats were investigated.
Melatonin increased the production of corticosterone significantly and depressed simultaneously the production of aldosterone. In the hypophysectomized rats, melatonin was without effect.
5-Hydroxytryptamine increased the production of corticosterone but did not change that of aldosterone. The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on corticosterone production was abolished by hypophysectomy.
The possibility of the existence of a pituitary-dependent aldosterone-inhibiting mechanism is discussed.
INDUCTION OF OVULATION BY GONADOTROPHINS IN THE INDIAN FIVE-STRIPED PALM SQUIRREL FUNAMBULUS PENNANTI (WROUGHTON)
Authors: SETH PUSHPA , PRASAD M. R. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Superovulation was induced in palm squirrels by the administration of gonadotrophins. The regimen of treatment effective in inducing ovulation was 60 i.u. pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMS) administered in three doses of 20 i.u. on days 1, 4 and 7, followed by a single injection of 40 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) on day 14. The same schedule of PMS and HCG administration induced ovulation in mature and immature squirrels both during the breeding season and the period of sexual quiescence. Ovulation did not occur in PMS-treated females if HCG was not administered. The period required for follicular growth before the follicles responded to the ovulatory stimulus of HCG was 13–14 days; the interval for follicular maturation leading to the release of the ovum was approximately 24 hr. Variations in the numbers of ova shed by different groups of females are related to the phase of the reproductive cycle and the age of the squirrels.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF PREGNANT AND LACTATING RABBITS
Authors: YOUNG B. A. , FOSTER C. L. , CAMERON E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Greatly enhanced secretory activity was observed during pregnancy and during lactation in the adenohypophysis of the rabbit, in cells similar to those designated type 1 in normal animals. These cells, whose granules were up to 550 mμ in diameter, showed, under the electron microscope, a very well developed ergastoplasm, an enlarged Golgi region, frequent nuclear inclusions and, during lactation, extensive degranulation. These observations, taken together with the evidence provided by light microscopy (Allanson, Cameron & Foster, 1966), suggest that the type-1 cells are the producers of prolactin.
EFFECT OF HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS ON PITUITARY MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE
Authors: TALEISNIK S. , DE OLMOS J. , ORÍAS R. , TOMATIS MARÍA E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect on the content of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) activity in the pituitary of electrolytic lesions placed in different regions of the hypothalamus was studied in male rats. Lesions in the paraventricular nuclei resulted, after 15 days, in a decrease of pituitary MSH activity to 20·4 ± 4·5%/mg. gland as compared with the controls, without changes in the weight of the hypophyses. In a group of animals in which the lesions failed to destroy the paraventricular nuclei completely the MSH activity in the pituitary was 66·4 ± 7·5% of that of controls and the weight of the gland was significantly higher.
Hypothalamic lesions in the median eminence of the tuber cinereum produced 24 hr. later a decrease of pituitary MSH activity to 6·6 ± 0·8%, but 15 days later the values/mg. gland were almost normal. Lesions placed in the mammillary bodies or in the nucleus caudatus did not affect pituitary MSH content.
Extracts of stalk-median eminence or posterior lobe from animals with lesions in the paraventricular nuclei, failed to show MSH-releasing factor as it is found in intact animals, nor did they contain MSH-release-inhibiting factor.
The results support the concept that the paraventricular nuclei are involved in the control of pituitary MSH secretion and suggest that the MSH content of the disconnected hypophysis is to some degree regulated autonomously.
PATTERNS OF CELL DIVISION IN THE MOUSE UTERUS DURING EARLY PREGNANCY
Authors: FINN C. A. , MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Estimates were made of the number and distribution of cells undergoing division in the mouse uterus during the first 6 days of pregnancy. There was a spectacular change in the distribution of mitoses between days 3 and 4. On day 3 large numbers of mitoses were present in the luminal and glandular epithelium, with few in the stroma, whereas on days 4 and 5 very large numbers were present in the stroma with few in the epithelia.
On day 6 and late on day 5, in the vicinity of a blastocyst, the area containing decidual cells was free of mitoses. Many mitoses were found in the stroma immediately outside this area and there was evidence that the rate of division here was greater than in segments of the uterus unstimulated by a blastocyst.
STUDIES ON INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE OVARY AND PITUITARY FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE IN THE GOLDEN HAMSTER
Authors: GRADY K. L. , GREENWALD G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
During the first 3 days of the oestrous cycle of the hamster, pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is relatively constant. However, a decrease in concentration occurred between days 3 and 4. The drop in pituitary FSH—which was not statistically significant—coincided with a period of follicular atresia.
After unilateral ovariectomy on day 1, the remaining ovary ovulates twice the normal number of ova. After semi-spaying, pituitary FSH increased over control values on days 2 and 3 and then decreased sharply by day 4. This suggests that the release of FSH between days 3 and 4 prevents atresia and is therefore responsible for compensatory ovulation. Bilateral ovariectomy on day 1 resulted on days 2 and 3 in pituitary FSH concentrations comparable to those in the unilaterally ovariectomized group. However, pituitary FSH increased markedly on day 4 in the bilaterally ovariectomized hamster.
Superovulation of approximately 70 eggs occurs after the administration of 60 i.u. pregnant mare serum (PMS) on day 1. A drastic decrease in pituitary FSH took place on days 3 and 4, indicating reduced synthesis of the hormone. The decrease in pituitary FSH between days 2 and 3 is due to ovarian stimulation by PMS inasmuch as the decrease did not occur in animals bilaterally ovariectomized and injected with PMS. The existence of a 'short feedback loop' for FSH is demonstrated by the finding that the increase in pituitary FSH between days 3 and 4 was much greater in bilaterally ovariectomized females than in castrated animals injected with PMS.
OBSERVATIONS ON TRANSPORT OF OVA IN THE OVIDUCT OF THE MOUSE
Authors: HUMPHREY K. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The movement of ova in the excised mouse oviduct was observed before and after straightening of the tube and after compression under a glass coverslip. Ciliated cells were present only in the ampulla, and produced a current from the bursa to the ampulla. However, movement of ova in the dilated section of the ampulla was seen to be due solely to contractions of the walls. In the isthmus ova were found only in one or two adjacent loops. These were dilated and showed segmental contractions, producing pendular movements of the ova. Peristaltic contractions were only seen in loops containing ova and in the isthmus near the ampulla-isthmus junction; this may present adovarian movement of ova. In vivo, most ova pass through the isthmus in 12 hr. The sphincters at the ampulla-isthmus and isthmouterine junctions retain the ova for 24 and 30 hr. respectively of the 72 hr. spent in the tube.
PROLONGED GESTATION IN EWES AFTER FOETAL ADRENALECTOMY
Authors: DROST M. , HOLM L. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Complete bilateral removal of the adrenal glands of sheep foetuses in utero resulted in failure of the ewes to undergo labour. Thirty-seven ewes with dated pregnancies were operated on approximately 1 month before term. Eight foetuses were carried in utero past term; all showed definite signs of postmaturity.
THE HUMAN OVARY IN EARLY PREGNANCY
Authors: GOVAN A. D. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A histological and histochemical study has been made of ovaries obtained from patients in early pregnancy, the duration of pregnancy varying from 6 to 20 weeks. During the first 10 weeks of pregnancy ovarian structure is virtually unchanged, compared with the post-ovulatory state. From 10 weeks onwards new Graafian follicles appear. These are limited in size, most achieving a maximum diameter of 4 mm. They are characterized by an early and excessive thecal development. Atresia overtakes these follicles and this occurs at all stages of development, suggesting a sudden and possibly recurrent change in gonadotrophic stimulation. Despite atresia the theca persists but histochemical tests suggest that its functional activity is limited. This loss of activity is associated with a recognizable histological change in the thecal cell. It is suggested that most of the alterations in ovarian structure are due to changes in the quality and quantity of gonadotrophins produced at this period of pregnancy.
RING A AND SIDE-CHAIN REDUCTION OF [4-14C] PROGESTERONE BY RAT LIVER IN VITRO
Authors: SHIRLEY I. M. , COOKE B. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The metabolism of [4-14C]progesterone in vitro has been investigated in an attempt to compare the activity of the Δ4-3-oxo and 20-oxo reductases in the liver of female rats. At tissue:steroid ratios of 600:1 and 5000:1 the products reduced in ring A accounted for 57·5% and 24·6% of the initial radioactivity respectively, compared with 0·8% and 0·8% respectively for the products reduced in the side chain. The metabolites identified were 5αpregnane-3,20-dione, 3α- and 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one and 20α- and 20β-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. 3α-Hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one was the main identified metabolite at both tissue:steroid ratios (50·6% and 20·0% respectively). These results are discussed in relation to previous work on the metabolism of progesterone and its 6α-methyl and 17α-acetoxy derivatives.
THE WIDESPREAD OCCURRENCE OF A CORTICOSTEROID 1α-HYDROXYLASE IN THE INTERRENALS OF ELASMOBRANCHII
Authors: TRUSCOTT B. , IDLER D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A corticosteroid 1α-hydroxylase was demonstrated in interrenal tissue of eleven species of elasmobranchs by the production in vitro of 1α-hydroxycorticosterone from corticosterone, and in seven of nine species examined from endogenous precursors. Interrenal tissue was collected from the following species: the skates and rays, Raja laevis, R. clavata, R. erinacea, and Dasyatis violacea; the dogfish, Squalus acanthias and Scyliorhinus stellaris; and the sharks, Isurus oxyrinchus, Prionace glauca, Sphyrna lewini, Carcharhinus falciformis and C. obscurus.
1α-Hydroxycorticosterone was identified in interrenal incubates by determination of a constant isotope ratio (3H:14C) through chromatography and preparation of sequential derivatives. [7α-3H] 1α-Hydroxycorticosterone was biosynthesized from [7α-3H]progesterone and its identity verified by demonstration of the homogeneity of its 1-dehydrated derivative with 11β,21-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione prepared by microbial dehydrogenation of corticosterone. 14C-Labelled 1α-hydroxycorticosterone was obtained from incubations of interrenal glands as a transformation product of [4-14C]corticosterone, or by acetylation of radioinert 1α-hydroxycorticosterone with [1-14C]acetic anhydride.
11-Deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone were isolated and identified as metabolites of endogenous precursors from an interrenal incubate of P. glauca. In all species, 11-dehydrocorticosterone was noted as a metabolite in vitro of corticosterone and its identity was confirmed in an interrenal incubate of S. lewini.
The results of this survey are discussed in relation to earlier studies of steroidogenesis in Elasmobranchii.
PARAENDOCRINE BEHAVIOUR OF HUMAN BREAST CARCINOMA: IN VITRO TRANSFORMATION OF STEROIDS TO PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE HORMONES
Authors: ADAMS J. B. , WONG M. S. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Conversion in vitro of [4-14C]dehydroepiandrosterone and [4-14C]pregnenolone to Δ4-3-ketosteroids has demonstrated the occurrence of an isomerasedehydrogenase system in human breast carcinoma tissue. Aromatisation of [4-14C]testosterone to oestriol, via 16α-hydroxytestosterone, also occurred, thus demonstrating for the first time a paraendocrine activity associated with steroid hormone production. A major metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone was identified as androst-5-ene-3β, 16α, 17β-triol which may be an intermediate in the 'direct' pathway to oestriol. Steroid sulphatase activity was detected in homogenates of breast carcinoma tissue. This finding, and the previously demonstrated occurrence of steroid sulphokinases in the soluble fraction, suggest that sulphated forms of the steroid may act as intermediates in some of the transformations described. These observations can possibly explain previous unaccountable reports on the metabolism of steroids administered to oophorectomized and adrenalectomized patients with breast carcinoma.
The formation of oestriol and androst-5-ene-3β,16α,17β-triol by the carcinoma tissue may offer an explanation for the significant elevation of oestriol and the lowered dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations in the urine of postmenopausal women with breast cancer (Marmorston, 1966).
THE REGULATION OF ALDOSTERONE PRODUCTION IN NORMAL AND SODIUM-DEFICIENT RATS
Authors: CSÁNKY M. F. D. , van der WAL B. , de WIED D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Aldosterone secretion of rats on a standard diet, as determined by the rate of aldosterone produced by adrenal tissue in vitro, was not affected by exposure to ether, by hypophysectomy or by nephrectomy. Administration of high doses of long-acting corticotrophin (ACTH; 1·5 units) to rats hypophysectomized 24 hr. previously also failed to affect the rate of aldosterone production in vitro in rats on the standard diet. Only hypophysectomy and nephrectomy in the same rat induced a significant decrease in aldosterone production in vitro 6 hr. after operation in rats fed the standard diet.
Aldosterone production in vitro increased in rats fed a sodium-deficient diet. The increment was more pronounced in rats maintained on the diet for 14- than for 10-days. Hypophysectomy, or nephrectomy, caused no decrease in aldosterone production, when compared to sham-operated rats. However, hypophysectomy and nephrectomy together caused a marked decline in the rate of aldosterone production in vitro 6 hr. after operation as compared with sham-operated or non-operated rats.
The administration of relatively small amounts of ACTH (8 m-u.) induced a marked increase in the rate of aldosterone production in vitro of intact, and hypophysectomized sodium-deficient rats.
The results indicate that in the rat, as in other species, both the kidney and the pituitary contribute to the maintenance of the basal rate of aldosterone production in animals in normal sodium-balance and that these organs are responsible for the increased rate of aldosterone production in dietary sodium restriction. ACTH, however, though a potent stimulus for aldosterone secretion, appears only to augment the already enhanced production of aldosterone in the sodium-deprived rat.
THE LOCATION OF [6,7-3H]OESTRADIOL-17β IN MOUSE VAGINA
Authors: KING R. J. B. , GORDON J. , MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The retention of [6,7-3H]oestradiol-17β in fractions of the mouse vagina has been studied after direct application of 50 pg. of this oestrogen. Tritium was present in both epithelial and stromal cells. Most of the tritium was associated with the nuclear fraction from the epithelium. The nuclear binding was acid labile and only 30% of the nuclear tritium was extracted with 2 m-NaCl. The results obtained by sonic disruption of the nuclei were compatible with the view that the [6,7-3H]oestradiol-17β was associated with chromatin.
No evidence was obtained for the presence of a cytoplasmic oestradiol-binding component in the epithelium.