bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age Disorientation in Chronic Schizophrenia is Associated with Global Intellectual Impairment
Authors: Liddle P. F. , Crow T. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFrom a population of long-stay patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the St Louis criteria, a group of 21 patients with ‘age disorientation’ was selected, and compared on a series of tests of intellect and learning capacity with a matched control group of 21 schizophrenic patients without this feature. The age-disorientated patients demonstrated substantial impairments on tests of orientation and general knowledge, associational learning, the ‘famous personality’ test, tests of vocabulary and aphasia, Raven's matrices, the digit–symbol substitution test and the mental test score. We conclude that profound ‘organic-type’ psychological deficits (global impairment of intellectual function associated with temporal disorientation) undoubtedly occur in chronic schizophrenia. The findings on the ‘famous personality’ test and the Peabody vocabulary test did not exclude the possibility that such impairment arises early in life, at a time preceding the onset of the illness which leads to hospital admission.
Hormonal Effects of Apomorphine in Schizophrenia
Authors: Ferrier I. N. , Johnstone E. C. , Crow T. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe hormonal effects of apomorphine, a direct-acting dopamine receptor agonist, in schizophrenic patients are of interest in view of the therapeutic efficacy of dopamine receptor antagonists. In this study, apomorphine (0.75 mg s.c.) and placebo were administered to unmedicated acute and chronic schizophrenics and controls. Apomorphine-induced prolactin suppression did not discriminate between the groups. However, an inverse relationship between basal prolactin levels and the severity of positive symptoms was detected in the patients with acute schizophrenia, consistent with a role for dopamine in the genesis of these symptoms. Growth hormone increments after apomorphine administration were blunted in the chronic schizophrenic patients, particularly those with ‘negative’ symptoms. It is argued that this blunting is not due to previous neuroleptic therapy and may represent evidence of structural change in the hypothalamus in this group of patients.
Depression, Recognition-Memory and Hedonic Tone a Signal Detection Analysis
Authors: Dunbar G. C. , Lishman W. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA signal detection analysis was used in a recognition memory task involving material of varying hedonic tone. Major differences were found between the control and depressed states. Although overall recognition rates were the same, pleasant material was recognised less and unpleasant material more easily by depressives. Neutral material was recognised equally well by both groups. In the depressed state, response biases were altered such that unpleasant material was handled in a preferential way to neutral or pleasant material.
Assessing Family Relationships: A Multi-method, Multi-situational Approach
Authors: Walker L. G. , Thomson N. , Lindsay W. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRatings of behaviour and family relationships were made on the basis of (a) a non-schedule standardised interview, (b) direct observation of family interaction during a meal time and (c) direct observation of mother-child interaction during free play. A number of scales met a battery of reliability and other criteria, and possible generalisation of these ratings across methods (interview versus direct observation) and settings (meal time versus free play) was assessed. For the vast majority of scales this was low. Reasons for this, together with some clinical implications, are discussed.
Cognitive Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder in Primary Care
Authors: Teasdale John D. , Fennell Melanie J. V. , Hibbert George A. , Amies Peter L 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCognitive therapy for depression is a psychological treatment designed to train patients to identify and correct the negative depressive thinking which, it has been hypothesised, contributes to the maintenance of depression. General practice patients meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for primary major depressive disorder were randomly allocated either to continue with the treatment they would normally receive (which in the majority of cases included antidepressant medication) or to receive, in addition, sessions of cognitive therapy. At completion of treatment, patients receiving cognitive therapy were significantly less depressed than the comparison group, both on blind ratings of symptom severity made by psychiatric assessors and on a self-report measure of severity of depression. At three-month follow-up cognitive therapy patients no longer differed from patients receiving treatment-as-usual, but this was mainly as a result of continuing improvement in the comparison group.
Interactional Correlates of Expressed Emotion in the Families of Schizophrenics
Authors: Miklowitz David J. , Goldstein Michael J. , Falloon Ian R. H. , Doane Jeri A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMeasures of intrafamilial expressed emotion (EE) predict relapse in schizophrenic patients, but previous research has not investigated whether EE scores are representative of ongoing family transactions. Parents of 42 hospitalized schizophrenic patients were rated for level and type of EE. Following the patient's discharge, families participated in two 10-minute direct interaction tasks. Transcripts from these interactions were coded on dimensions of affective communication.High-EE parents exhibited more negatively charged emotional verbal behaviour in direct transaction with their schizophrenic offspring than did low-EE parents. Some parents rated high-EE were distinguished by their frequent usage of critical comments during the interactions, whereas high-EE overinvolved parents used more intrusive, invasive statements. These findings support the construct validity of expressed emotion.
Cognitive Vulnerability to Auditory Hallucination Impaired Perception of Meaning
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B. , Blum Nancy A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty-four psychiatric patients were separated into four groups on the basis of presence/absence of hallucinations and reactive/process status. Reactive hallucinators were found to be singularly impaired in two aspects of cognitive processing: (1) tolerance of ambiguity; and (2) availability of alternative meanings. The perceptual errors produced by premature judgment and limited consideration of alternative meanings for misperceptions are discussed as factors predisposing to auditory hallucination.
Dysmorphophobia: a Question of Definition
Authors: Thomas Christopher S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDysmorphophobia is an uncommon psychiatric syndrome characterized by a subjective feeling of ugliness or physical defect. Although appearance is within normal limits, the patient feels that this is noticeable to others. Views on the nature of this condition are illustrated by two case histories. It is proposed that dysmorphophobia is a discrete psychiatric illness. The symptoms arise in individuals with schizoid, narcissistic, or obsessional personality traits and should be distinguished from those phenomena which are secondary to morbid psychological processes.
Personality and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow
Authors: Mathew Roy J. , Weinman Maxine L. , Barr Deborah L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe extraversion–introversion dimension of personality is believed to have an inverse relationship with cortical arousal. Brain capillary perfusion is a well established index of brain function and arousal. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured in 51 right-handed females whose personality structure was examined with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). Significant inverse correlations were found between the brain blood flow and the extraversion–introversion score of EPI.
The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Survey: IV. Social Adjustment by Self-Report
Authors: McCreadie R. G. , Barron E. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe Social Adjustment Scale Self-report (SAS-SR) was completed by chronic schizophrenics (N = 82) living in Nithsdale, in Dumfries and Galloway region. Relatives also assessed patients' adjustment. The questionnaire response indicated that scrutiny of the form by a professional immediately after completion is necessary. Patients' and relatives' assessment of the patients' overall adjustment correlated very closely, thus suggesting a schizophrenic can satisfactorily describe his own adjustment. The patients were less well adjusted than a normal community population in all areas except the parental role. The SAS-SR highlights for each individual where many of his problems lie, and therefore may act as a guide to specific rehabilitative measures.
The Clarification and Assessment of a Method of Psychotherapy
Authors: Goldberg D. P. , Hobson R. F. , Maguire G. P. , Margison F. , O'Dowd T. , Osborn M. , Moss S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe ‘conversational model’ of psychotherapy was investigated with a view to discovering which behaviours distinguish psychotherapists trained in this method from others, of equal clinical experience. A rating scheme designed to capture the theoretical aspects of the model, and 30 predictions were made concerning behaviours which were expected to distinguish the psychotherapists. Five psychotherapists were matched to five psychiatrists who had not been trained in this method; each doctor took on four patients for therapy, and each patient was seen on five occasions. All interviews were recorded, and excerpts from the recordings rated. Only ten of the 30 predictions were upheld. In ten further predictions, the psychotherapists displayed the appropriate behaviours, but the behaviours were not peculiar to the model, since eclectic psychiatrists also displayed them. Six model behaviours were not practised frequently by the psychotherapists, and four ‘non-model’ behaviours were equally common in either group. The research formed the basis for the preparation of materials to teach psychotherapeutic skills in a more efficient way.
Ideational Components of Anxiety: Their Origin and Content
Authors: Hibbert G.A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-five out-patients with generalised anxiety or panic disorders were interviewed. A characteristic ideational component was identified, centering on the theme of personal danger and, in particular, on physical harm. A range of features of the ideational content is described. In the 12 months preceding onset 88 per cent of the patients had experienced significant stresses. For 50 per cent the onset of panic attacks was precipitated by somatic symptoms other than those of anxiety. The relationship between ideational content, stress and somatic symptoms is discussed.
Prolactin Levels after Bilateral and Unilateral ECT
Authors: Swartz Conrad , Abrams Richard 
Published: August 2008

SummarySerial post-ictal serum prolactin levels were obtained over a period of one hour after bilateral or unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in six patients. Bilateral ECT yielded significantly higher mean post-ictal prolactin levels than unilateral ECT at the 15,20,30 and 60 minute sampling times. These findings demonstrate a greater hypothalamic-stimulating effect of bilateral than unilateral ECT, and may explain the reported therapeutic advantage of bilateral over unilateral ECT in the treatment of patients with melancholia.
A Syndrome of Misinterpreting Role Changes as Changes of Person
Authors: MacCallum W. A. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA syndrome is described in three elderly women who all suffered from cerebral arteriosclerosis, and who in their dependent condition were looked after by their daughters. These women accepted their daughters as their daughters when carrying out directly caring tasks related to them, but spoke of them and addressed them as different women, with the same forenames as their daughters, when their daughters were engaged in other duties. This syndrome is compared with the syndromes of Capgras and similar conditions. It is likely to be detected with increasing frequency as psychiatrists become involved in the community aspects of the speciality.
Visual Hallucinations and Sensory Delusions in the Elderly
Authors: Berrios G. E. , Brook P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and fifty successive referrals to a psychogeriatrician were assessed for visual hallucinations. Forty-four (29.33 per cent) patients reported visual perceptual disturbances. No differences between hallucinators and non-hallucinators were found in terms of sex, age, length of illness, underlying psychiatric diagnosis or cognitive score. There was a significant correlation between presence of hallucinations and eye pathology (<.001) and delusions (<.001). The phenomenological characteristics of the visual hallucinations are analyzed. The “picture” sign is described in 7 patients and the Charles Bonnet syndrome in two. The significance of these findings is discussed.
General Practice Psychiatric Clinics
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Seivewright Nicholas , Wollerton Stanley 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe impact of devolving out-patient care to general practice (GP) psychiatric clinics over a two-year period is examined by comparing the frequency of contact with different psychiatric services in practices with and without psychiatric clinics. The clinics led to an increase in the number of outpatients seen, but to a fall in the number of new referrals. There was also a relative increase in the number of domiciliary visits and increase in acute day hospital referrals. The most important result was a 20 per cent fall in the number of admissions to the psychiatric hospital, which took place at a time when the national trend of falling admission rates was reversed. The findings suggest that psychiatric resources for in-patients can be deployed successfully in primary care without any increase in staffing.
Hypocholesterolaemia in Cancer and Other Causes of Death in the Mentally Handicapped
Authors: Jancar J. , Eastham R. D. , Carter G. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySerum cholesterol levels were estimated in 313 mentally handicapped patients who subsequently died from various causes. Although cholesterol levels in the mentally handicapped are lower than those in the general population, it was found that there was still an association between relatively low serum cholesterol values and mortality due to cancer of the colon. Similarly, patients who died from myocardial infarction had relatively high serum cholesterol levels. The mechanism of the relationship between hypocholesterolaemia and cancer of the colon is unclear, but the increasing longevity of the mentally handicapped is an important factor which has contributed to a rising incidence of cancers, particularly gastrointestinal forms, in this group.
Children who Poison Themselves II. Prediction of Attendance for Treatment
Authors: Taylor E. A. , Stansfeld S. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe factors making for therapeutic engagement were examined in a series of 50 schoolchildren who had deliberately poisoned themselves. Of these 28 kept an appointment for psychiatric treatment: they were characterised by high levels of psychological symptoms, especially those of depression. The kind of treatment offered was not predictive, but parental attitudes and background contributed to the likelihood of returning for treatment. Psychiatric treatment, if effective, would be appropriate for many such children, and should be offered to them.
Testosterone Therapy for Low Sexual Interest and Erectile Dysfunction in Men: a Controlled Study
Authors: O'Carroll Ronan , Bancroft John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA double blind cross-over comparison of testosterone and placebo injection was carried out in two groups of men with normal circulating testosterone levels, 10 complaining principally of loss of sexual interest and 10 complaining principally of erectile failure. A significant increase in sexual interest was produced by testosterone in the first group. There was no effect on erectile function in either group. These results support previous findings from hypogonadal men that testosterone influences sexual interest but not erectile function, and indicate that increasing plasma testosterone can effect sexual interest even in men with pre-treatment testosterone levels within the normal range.
Modern or Traditional? A Study of Treatment Preference for Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Botswana
Authors: Dale Jeremy R. , Ben-Tovim David I. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySubjects in Botswana were asked to state their preference between modern (doctor or nurse) or indigenous (traditional or religious healer) care for three case vignettes of epilepsy, psychosis, and tuberculosis. Nurses, medical patients, and a general village population were studied. Many subjects preferred modern care for all disorders, whilst a small number favoured indigenous treatment only. A significant percentage discriminated between disorders, choosing indigenous care for some and modern for others. Indigenous care was most favoured for epilepsy, and least for tuberculosis. Psychosis took an intermediate position. The size of the discriminating group varied between populations, but the overall pattern of attitudes remained the same. Neither demographic factors nor aetiological beliefs consistently identified those who choose indigenous care.
Psychophysiological Assessment of Expressed Emotion in Schizophrenia: A Case Example
Authors: Tarrier Nicholas , Barrowclough Christine 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPrevious research has demonstrated a different psychophysiological response of schizophrenic patients depending on whether their key relative was rated high or low on Expressed Emotion (EE). A case assessment is described in which a young man suffering from schizophrenia, who lived with both a high EE and a low EE parent, was tested psychophysiologically in their presence using an ABAC design. The patient demonstrated a significantly higher amount of spontaneous activity in skin conductance level when the high EE parent was present. The high EE parent also demonstrated a greater perceived inability to cope, and a higher level of personal distress.
Psychosis in Bipolar and Unipolar Affective Illness with Special Reference to Schizo-affective Disorder
Authors: Winokur George 
Published: August 2008

SummaryBipolar and unipolar patients respectively were separated into psychotic and non-psychotic sub-types. The bipolar psychotic patients were more likely to have certain severe symptoms, such as hallucinations and motor abnormalities, than were the unipolar patients, but the family histories of the four sub-groups were identical. The psychotic sub-groups had a different course of illness, in that they were less likely to have had a history of multiple episodes on admission and were more likely to show chronicity for a period of time on discharge. The data are interpreted as being opposed to the concept of a continuum of vulnerability in the affective disorders, and as not favouring either psychotic unipolar or psychotic bipolar illnesses or schizo-affective disorder being considered autonomous. One possible interpretation of the findings is that a trait or propensity to psychosis is transmitted totally independently of the major affective illness, and that this propensity is silent or not observed when the patient is in remission.
A Re-Evaluation of the Viral Hypothesis: Is Psychosis the Result of Retroviral Integration at a Site Close to the Cerebral Dominance Gene?
Authors: Crow Timothy J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe extent to which concordance rates for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins (between 36 and 58%) fall short of 100% is often taken as an index of the role of an environmental factor in schizophrenia, but such an agent remains elusive. That schizophrenic symptoms are observed in some viral illnesses suggests that schizophrenia might be due to a gene-virus interaction, but analysis of age of onset in pairs of siblings with the disease rules out horizontal transmission. An alternative hypothesis is proposed that onset of disease is due to the expression of a ‘provirus', which is integrated in the genome, having been acquired either by prenatal infection or in the germ-line from an affected parent; this could explain why the season of birth effect is accentuated in, and perhaps confined to the group of patients without a family history of the disease.Germ-line integration is known to occur following infection with agents of the retrovirus class.∗ Such agents can integrate at many sites in the host genome, but their interactions with proto-oncogenes (cellular genes which may act as growth factors) identify one type of integration site, and are. associated with some of their pathogenic effects. Some characteristics of schizophrenic illness, particularly their selectivity for the dominant hemisphere, can be understood on the assumption that the virus (perhaps a retrovirus) responsible for the disease interacts with a proto-oncogene, which induces the asymmetrical brain growth responsible, for laterality and cerebral dominance. The aetiologies of manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia may be related (the season of birth and onset effects are the same for the two conditions) and there is some evidence that the former transmutes into the latter in succeeding generations. The persistence of the functional psychoses may be due to the ability of the psychosis gene (or ‘provirus’) to induce change in the genetic mechanisms responsible for the development of laterality. (∗ See postscript pp 253).
Psychiatric Aspects of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Surridge D. H. C. , Erdahl D. L. Williams , Lawson J. S. , Donald M. W. , Monga T. N. , Bird C. E. , Letemendia F. J. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA descriptive study of the psychiatric findings in 50 insulin—dependent diabetics is presented. Among the symptoms found were a marked reduction in energy level, increased fatigue and irritability, depression, and delayed psychosexual maturation. Diabetes mellitus is commonly considered to be a disease that, if properly controlled, allows the patient to lead a relatively normal life. We found, however, that these symptoms often made the patients' lives uncomfortable, reduced their functional capacity, disrupted their family life, and disturbed the adolescence of those who were affected at an early age.
Mortality of a Lithium-Treated Population
Authors: Norton Beverley , Whalley Lawrence J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn South-East Scotland, 791 subjects treated with lithium for more than two months during 1967–76 were traced, using public and health service records; 751 were traced alive, 33 had died, and seven remained untraced. The standardised mortality rate was 2.83, and excess mortality was attributable to suicide (increased 36-times) and cardiovascular disease (increased 2.15-times); deaths from nephropathy, cancer or leukaemia were not increased. Comparison of the 33 deaths and 33 matched patients, selected from the 751 survivors, showed that patients dying on lithium were similar in most respects to survivors, but when first starting lithium, they had more signs of physical disease.
Why are the Mentally Handicapped admitted to Hospital?
Authors: Carter G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAdmissions of mentally handicapped patients over a ten-year period to a hospital group with a catchment area population of 213, 000 are described and discussed. During this time, there was a progressive increase in temporary admissions for assessment, day care, and for both planned and emergency respite care. There were also 89 admissions for permanent care associated with conditions such as psychiatric disorder, multiple handicap, and changed family circumstances.