bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanotechnology potential in forest products  a US perspective.
Authors: Risbrudt C. D. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Nanotechnology has become recognized as a stimulus for innovation, involving new concepts across the standard scientific discipline lines, representing unexplored areas for discovery. Knowledge and innovation are being pursued in a substantially different manner, with substantial anticipated opportunities to be captured. Nanotechnology will enable many of the technological advances we need to achieve sustainable forestry in the US. This area of research holds much potential for significant improvements in forest products manufacturing processes and new and improved wood-based products.
Laser Spectroscopic Investigations of CaCl. II. Rotational Analysis of the B2Σ- X2Σ Transitions
Authors: L-E Berg  , L Klynning  , H Martin  
Published: January 2007

Diatomic calcium chloride has been examined by means of laser excitation and fluorescence spectroscopy. A small resistance furnace and a c.w. Rhodamine 6G dye laser were used to produce the spectra. The absorption spectrum of CaCl was also recorded by using a 5 m Jarrel Ash spectrograph. The following rotational and vibrational constants of theB2Σ andX2Σ states have been derived (cm-1):B2Σ+X2Σ+Te16 856.684(4)0.0ωe367.196(6)370.201(1)ωexe1.524(2)1.3732(1)ωeye8.6(2) × 10-39.3 × 10-3ωeze-3.8(2) × 10-4-4.8(2) × 10-4Be0.154 704(1)0.152 233αe8.835(3) × 10-47.92 × 10-4De1.1409(4) × 10-71.068 × 10-7γe-6.531(7) × 10-21.38 × 10-3γD1.36(6) × 10-70.0αγ-4.0(6) × 10-40.0The figures in parentheses stand for one standard deviation in the last digit for the computed quantity.
Spurious counts and spurious results on haematology analysers: a review. Part II: white blood cells, red blood cells, haemoglobin, red cell indices and reticulocytes
Authors: ZANDECKI M. , GENEVIEVE F. , GERARD J. , GODON A. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryHaematology analysers provide quick and accurate results in most situations. However, spurious results, related either to platelets (part I of this report) or to other parameters from the cell blood count (CBC) may be observed in several instances. Spuriously low white blood cell (WBC) counts may be observed because of agglutination in the presence of ethylenediamine tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA). Cryoglobulins, lipids, insufficiently lysed red blood cells (RBC), erythroblasts and platelet aggregates are common situations increasing WBC counts. In most of these instances flagging and/or an abnormal WBC differential scattergram will alert the operator. Several situations lead to abnormal haemoglobin measurement or to abnormal RBC count, including lipids, agglutinins, cryoglobulins and elevated WBC counts. Mean (red) cell volume (MCV) may be also subject to spurious determination, because of agglutinins, excess of glucose or salts and technological considerations. In turn, abnormality related to one measured parameter will lead to abnormal calculated RBC indices: mean cell haemoglobin content (MCHC) is certainly the most important RBC indices to consider, as it is as important as flags generated by the haematology analysers (HA) in alerting the user to a spurious result. In many circumstances, several of the measured parameters from CBC may be altered, and the discovery of a spurious change on one parameter frequently means that the validity of other parameters should be considered. Sensitive flags now allow the identification of several spurious counts, but only the most sophisticated HA have optimal flagging and more simple HA, especially those without a WBC differential scattergram, do not possess the same sensitivity for detecting anomalous results. Reticulocytes are integrated now into the CBC in many HA, and several situations may lead to abnormal counts.
The −35 sequence location and the Fis–sigma factor interface determine σS selectivity of the proP (P2) promoter in Escherichia coli
Authors: Typas Athanasios , Stella Stefano , Johnson Reid C. , Hengge Regine 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe P2 promoter of proP, encoding a transporter for proline and glycine betaine in Escherichia coli, is a unique paradigm, where master regulators of different growth stages, Fis and σS (RpoS), collaborate to achieve promoter activation. It is also the only case described where Fis functions as class II transcriptional activator (centred at −41). Here we show that the degenerate −35 sequence, and the location of the Fis binding site, which forces a suboptimal 16 bp spacing between the −35 and −10 elements, allow only σS but not σ70 to function at proP (P2). Moreover, the interface between Fis and σS seems better suited to σS, due to a single residue difference between σS and σ70. Nevertheless, Fis can activate RNA polymerase containing σ70 at a proP (P2) promoter variant, in which a typical σ70−35 recognition sequence has been introduced at a 17 bp distance from the −10 hexamer. In summary, we elucidate the rules that govern sigma factor selectivity in the presence of a class II activator, provide new insight into transcriptional activation by Fis from this position, and clarify, why the proP (P2) promoter is precisely activated during a short time window of the growth cycle, when Fis and σS are both present.
Portal circulation aneurysms: Two case reviews
Authors: Perret WL , De Silva A , Elzarka A , Schelleman A 
Published: January 2007

SummaryVenous aneurysms of the superior mesenteric vein and portal vein are an uncommon occurrence and often an incidental finding. They can also be associated with hepatocellular disease and portal hypertension. We present CT and ultrasound findings of these entities. The management of venous aneurysms is generally conservative with serial imaging.
Inguinal endometriosis attaching to the round ligament
Authors: Hagiwara Y , Hatori M , Moriya T , Terada Y , Yaegashi N , Ehara S , Kokubun S 
Published: January 2007

SummaryWe report a case of endometriosis in the right inguinal region, attached to the right round ligament in a 28‐year‐old woman. At the age of 20, laparoscopic left ovarian cystectomy and pelvic adhesiolysis for endometriosis was carried out. She noticed a right tender groin mass 7 months previously, and the tumour size fluctuated with the menstrual cycle. A poorly circumscribed elastic hard mass, measuring 3 cm in diameter, was palpated in her right inguinal region. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 2.5 cm × 2.5 cm mass in the right inguinal canal and a 5.4 cm × 6.8 cm mass was seen in the left ovary. The mass enlarged during menstruation. The groin mass was removed, in addition to carrying out laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy. At operation, the groin mass was found to be in continuity with the round ligament of extraperitoneal portion. Histological diagnosis of endometriosis was made in both ovarian and inguinal tumours. After surgery, the pain disappeared completely. Worth mentioning is that MRI clearly showed the change of tumour size depending on the menstrual cycle, which aided in arriving at the correct diagnosis of endometriosis in an unusual location.
Characterization of strength properties of thin polycrystalline silicon films for MEMS applications
Authors: Boroch R. , Wiaranowski J. , Mueller‐Fiedler R. , Ebert M. , Bagdahn J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work is to characterize the strength properties of polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) with the use of tensile and bending test specimens. The strength of thin polysilicon films with different geometry, size and stress concentrations has been measured and correlated with the effective size of the specimen and its stress distribution.The test results are evaluated using a probabilistic strength approach based on the weakest link theory with the use of STAU software. The use of statistic methods of strength prediction of polysilicon test structures with a complex geometry and loading based on test values for standard material tests specimen has been evaluated.
Specimen aligning techniques in tensile and fatigue tests for thin films
Authors: KIM S.‐W. , OH C.‐S. , LEE H.‐J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTMeasurements of the mechanical properties of a thin film are strongly influenced by the test procedures. The aim of this paper is to introduce specimen aligning techniques for tensile and fatigue tests with thin films. The calculated modulus for polycrystalline silicon can vary from 100 to 160 GPa according to the alignment condition and reaches a peak at the best alignment as determined from an extensive pre‐tensile test. The ‘modulus alignment method’ is utilized to ensure the specimen alignment before doing tensile and fatigue tests based on the fact that the better the alignment, the higher the modulus. In addition to that, a closed loop control scheme is applied during a fatigue test to maintain the constant load. An S–N curve for polysilicon film is obtained and compared with the results of other researchers.
Tourniquet use in childhood: a harmless procedure?
Authors: SINICINA INGA , BISE KARL , HETTERICH REINHARD , PANKRATZ HELMUT 
Published: January 2007

SummaryTourniquet ischemia is widely used in limb surgery in every age group. In adults, tourniquet‐related deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are recognized complications of tourniquet use. In healthy children, tourniquet‐associated alterations of blood clotting physiology are assumed to have no clinical impact. Antithrombotic prophylaxis is, therefore, recommended only in the presence of pertinent risk factors such as extensive surgery, congenital thrombophilia, prolonged immobilization, and indwelling central venous line, however, it is not practiced in obese, otherwise healthy children. We describe the first case of fatal pulmonary thromboembolism in an obese 12‐year and 3‐month old boy (body mass index 27.6 kg.m−2) following tourniquet‐deflation after minor surgery on the lower extremity.
Increased forearm blood flow in longstanding Type 1 diabetic patients without microvascular complications
Authors: Van Gurp P. J. , Lenders J. W. M. , Tack C. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAims  According to the ‘haemodynamic hypothesis’, chronic hyperglycaemia induces an increase in tissue perfusion that predisposes to microangiopathy. We hypothesized that patients with longstanding diabetes mellitus (DM), who have not developed microvascular complications, would have normal tissue perfusion.Methods  In six Type 1 diabetic patients (age 43.4 ± 1.1 years; DM duration 25.3 ± 2.6 years.; HbA1c 8.5 ± 0.7%), who had no evidence of microvascular complications, and six age‐ and gender‐matched healthy volunteers (Control) we measured haemodynamic parameters including forearm blood flow (FBF; plethysmography) and sympathetic tone, an important regulator of blood flow, by the combination of plasma sampling (catecholamine levels), microneurography and power spectral analysis of blood pressure and heart rate.Results  FBF was increased in the diabetic compared with control subjects (4.8 ± 1.2 vs. 2.2 ± 0.3 ml/dl per min, P < 0.05) and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) was decreased (25 ± 6 and 43 ± 3 arbitrary units, P < 0.05). Heart rate was higher in diabetic subjects (77 ± 10 vs. 57 ± 2 beats/min, P < 0.05). All parameters of sympathetic tone were similar in diabetic and control subjects.Conclusions  In patients with Type 1 diabetes, without signs of microvascular complications and with diabetes duration of > 20 years, skeletal muscle blood flow was increased while sympathetic tone was normal. These results suggest that increased blood flow does not inevitably lead to microvascular complications and challenge the hypothesis that it has a causative role in the pathophysiology of complications.
Can we identify adolescents at high risk for nephropathy before the development of microalbuminuria?
Authors: Dunger D. B. , Schwarze C. P. , Cooper J. D. , Widmer B. , Neil H. A. W. , Shield J. , Edge J. A. , Jones T. W. , Daneman D. , Dalton R. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAims  To determine whether higher than average albumin excretion during early puberty identifies subjects who will subsequently develop microalbuminuria (MA) and clinical proteinuria.Methods  Longitudinal data from the Oxford Regional Prospective Study of Childhood Diabetes (ORPS; n = 554, median duration of follow‐up 10 years; range 3.0–16.7) with assessment of albumin/creatinine ratios in three early morning urine samples collected annually. An albumin excretion phenotype was derived from longitudinal data, for each individual, defining deviation from the mean of regression models, including covariates gender, age, duration of diabetes and age at assessment. Tracking of the phenotypes was confirmed in a second independent cohort from Perth, Australia.Results  The albumin excretion phenotype showed reasonable correlation between age 11–15 years and age 16–18 years in both cohorts, indicative of good ‘tracking’. In the ORPS cohort, tertiles of the albumin excretion phenotype at aged 11–15 years were predictive of subsequent risk for the development of MA. All of the subjects developing clinical proteinuria had an albumin excretion phenotype in the upper tertile or an HbA1c > 9% at aged 11–15 years.Conclusions  Identification of adolescents at risk of diabetic nephropathy using an albumin excretion phenotype is feasible. When combined with elevated HbA1c, it may identify subjects for trial of early intervention with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin‐II receptor antagonists and statins to improve long‐term prognosis in these subjects where sustained improvement in glycaemic control may be difficult to achieve.
Pentraxin 3 in plasma and vaginal fluid in women with preterm delivery*
Authors: Assi F , Fruscio R , Bonardi C , Ghidini A , Allavena P , Mantovani A , Locatelli A 
Published: January 2007

Objective  To investigate the role of pentraxin 3 (PTX3), an acute‐phase protein produced by cells of innate immunity in response to inflammatory signals, in spontaneous preterm delivery (PTD).Design  Cohort study.Setting  Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Milano‐Bicocca.Population  Forty‐six pregnant women with preterm rupture of membranes (n= 33) or preterm labour with intact membranes (n= 13) delivering at <34 weeks of gestation and 34 women with uncomplicated pregnancies (control group).Methods  We compared plasma and vaginal PTX3 levels between study group and controls, and in women with versus women without clinical or histologic evidence of intrauterine infection using statistical analysis.Main outcome measures  Peak PTX3 concentration.Results  Peak PTX3 concentration in plasma samples of study group was significantly higher than that in controls (1175, 0–9630 versus 650, 0–1450 pg/ml; P= 0.0003) but not in vaginal swabs (1660, 0–6604 versus 457, 0–4649 pg/ml; P= 0.386). PTX3 levels in plasma were significantly higher in women with placenta vasculopathy compared with that in women with no placental lesions (2910, 0–9630 versus 636, 0–5692 pg/ml; P= 0.04). Peak plasma and vaginal PTX3 concentrations were not significantly different in women with versus women without intrauterine infection (1168, 0–7110 versus 845, 0–9630 pg/ml, P= 0.34 and 1975, 471–6604 versus 1919, 0–4150 pg/ml, P= 0.38, respectively).Conclusions  Spontaneous PTD is associated with a significant increase of maternal plasma concentrations of PTX3. PTX3 seems to be a marker of placenta vasculopathy rather than intrauterine infection.
Nonviolence and Differentiation in the Equal Rights Movement
Authors: Wehr Paul E. 
Published: January 2007

The larger movement for racial equality in the United States has experienced considerable structural and ideological differentiation in the past decade, largely as a consequence of disagreement over tactics to be employed. Two direct‐action sub‐movements, the southern sit‐ins and the urban riots, best illustrate the divergence with the former committed to tactical nonviolence and the latter to violent means of effecting social change.To regain the momentum lost through this differentiation, certain leaders must reorganize a major part of the black population around a tactical approach that acknowledges both the peculiar needs and temper of the potential protestors, and the nature and tolerance level of the system it seeks to change. Responding to these criteria, the approach may develop in the form of an extremely militant but basically nonviolent tactic of social disruption, combining all but the most violent techniques used to date by equal rights activists.
A Parsonian Scheme for the Study of Man and Environment, or What Human Ecology Left Behind in the Dust
Authors: Michelson William 
Published: January 2007

Although one might have expected human ecologists to have analyzed the interrelations of the physical environment with social phenomena, their efforts, while valuable in many ways, were largely inconsequential toward that end. This paradox may be explained by 1) their conceptualization of the environment, 2) their fixation on aggregates, 3) their erection of disciplinary boundaries, and 4) the acceptance of intervention with its concomitant pressures for basic knowledge only recently.To get at this information, an orientation very different from that of traditional human ecology is required, and the Parsonian systems approach suggests the use of an intersystem congruence model, which is outlined.
The Replication Problem in Sociology: A Report and a Suggestion*
Authors: WILSON FRANKLIN D. , SMOKE GALE L. , MARTIN J. DAVID 
Published: January 2007

The deleterious effects of joint bias in favor of statistical inference and against replication are becoming well known. The acceptance of numerous Type I errors into the literature is by far the most serious of these. Data on the contents of three major journals support the contention that a joint bias for statistical significance tests, for rejections, and against replication exists in modern sociology. This finding replicates that of Sterling (1959) for psychology.A speculative analysis of the dynamics of publication decisions suggests that a compact format for reporting replications might make their publication more attractive to editors, and thus increase their frequency in the literature. A possible format for briefly reporting replication studies is suggested.
Group Decision by Consensus: Reaching Unity in the Society of Friends1
Authors: Hare A. Paul 
Published: January 2007

For over 300 years the members of the Society of Friends (Quakers) have been making group decisions without voting. Their method is to find a ”sense of the meeting’which represents a consensus of those involved. Ideally this consensus is not simply “unanimity,” or an opinion on which all members happen to agree, but a “unity”: a higher truth which grows from the consideration of divergent opinions and unites them all. Friends can “unite” in support of action which shows due consideration to the individuality of each member and to their corporate concerns.As an illustration of this method, we will analyze in some detail the group process of a Quaker committee as it worked with a difficult social problem over a period of one year. Before beginning the analysis, we will summarize some of the main points in the process of reaching the “sense of the meeting” as it has been described by Friends and others. Also we will review the functional theory of social interaction which will provide the basis for theoretical analysis.
Employment and Social Integration Among the Skid Row Population
Authors: ROONEY James F. 
Published: January 2007

Employment among skid row residents had no significant independent association with measures of social integration: number of friends, frequency of visiting, basic conceptions of friendship, helping friends, or to any reference group measure, but retained significance with the percentage of friends in skid row, and intimacy to close friends. The lack of association with reference group measures indicates that working patterns and group identification have become independent phenomena, constituting a partial shift from the former economic functions of skid row.The theory of the disaffiliating effects of skid row living was upheld only for loss of friends outside the area, and acceptance of skid row as one's place of permanent residence. There was no association of residence in skid row and change in the qualitative components of friendship.
CULTURAL ACTION AND HEROIN ADDICTION
Authors: Gerstein Dean R. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the contemporary culture of heroin addiction in the United States, using a revised portion of the general theory of action. The concept of a cultural action system is introduced and somewhat reformulated. The micro evolution of heroin culture from its generating conditions in inner‐city street youth culture is reviewed. An LIGA analysis of the system of heroin culture is presented. There is a summary with concluding remarks.
The Interaction Between Role Structures and Self‐Conceptions in Fostering Different Types of Self‐Esteem in Innovative and Traditional Elementary Schools*
Authors: Marolla Joseph A. , Franks David D. 
Published: January 2007

A two‐dimensional model of inner and outer self‐esteem is discussed wherein inner self‐esteem is hypothesized to be an outcome of self‐evaluations of performance in prominent role identities. Outer self‐esteem is hypothesized to be related to self‐evaluations of both prominent and nonprominent role identities. The research context is a comparison of the different processes facilitating self‐esteem in innovative schools (emphasis on student‐initiated activities and control) and traditional (emphasis on pre‐determined curriculum and teacher‐administrator control).Data across school type demonstrate a modest correlation between positive self‐evaluations of performance in prominent role identities and both types of self‐esteem. The data suggest that high evaluation of performance in nonprominent role identities is related to outer self‐esteem but not to inner self‐esteem. Further empirical clarification of the concepts was established by viewing the relationships within school type. In the innovative schools both types of self‐esteem were predominantly related to positive evaluations of prominent role identities, whereas in the traditional schools both types of self‐esteem were related to both performance in prominent and nonprominent role identities. Thus the theoretical distinction gained partial support while the process of gaining self‐esteem was shown to be essentially different between alternate school structures. Controls for social desirability, race, sex, and father's occupation did not change these findings.
Correlates of Mental Hospital Admission Status
Authors: Jan Lee‐jan , Miller Kent S. 
Published: January 2007

The legal admission status (voluntary v. involuntary) of patients admitted to a state mental hospital was compared with the patients' willingness to enter the hospital, social resources, dangerousness, and management within the hospital. The legal admission status was found to be strongly associated with a willingness to enter, but there is much continued resistance and coercion associated with hospital admission. Indices of social power were not related to legal admission status with the exception that blacks were disproportionately admitted involuntarily.The only significant finding about legal status and judgments of dangerousness was that people judged to be dangerous to self were more frequently admitted as voluntary. Legal status was not significantly related to time prior to gaining ground privileges or discharge from the hospital.