bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Integrative Micro- and Macroergonomic Framework for the Reduction of Human Error Potential: A Case Study of an Oil and Gas Pipeline System’s Control Room
Authors: Meshkati Najmedin 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Human error plays a significant role in oil and gas pipeline systems’ incidents and accidents. According to one study, operator error was the "direct cause" and was responsible for 30.9% of 500 incidents involving pipework failure and subsequent chemical release. The material presented in this paper is based on findings of an investigation of control room operations of a U.S.- based oil and gas pipeline company. Notwithstanding, the utilized framework and its findings could be applied to the control rooms of other pipeline systems. Both the micro- and macroergonomic considerations are discussed; suggestions for the reduction of potential for human error through the elimination of human-task and human-machine mismatches are offered.
Implementing Tripod-DELTA in a Major Contractor
Authors: Hudson P. T. W. , Primrose M. J. , Edwards Cliff 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Tripod-DELTA, the D iagnostic EvaLuation Tool for Accident Prevention1 based upon the Tripod model2, is aimed primarily at understanding how human error causes accidents. Instead of concentrating upon immediate or active failures, usually by front-line operators such as rig floor workers, helicopter pilots etc., Tripod stresses the existence of latent failures, pre-date problems and weaknesses within a system which predate and cause active failures.
Tripod stresses that the most useful information from incidents is that reflecting the General Failure Types (GFTs) which represent underlying rather than immediate causes. Tripod-DELTA is a tool for assessing the state of the GFTs directly, without waiting for incidents. Tripod-DELTA generates a Failure State Profile (Fig 1) and then defines procedures for interpreting such profiles to improve the organisation's safety.
In order to get such a 'safety health’ profile, the DELTA approach uses checklists of indicators drawn from a larger database of indicators of weakness or success within the operation under study, related to the individual GFTs. Databases comprise indicator questions proposed by operators and specialists in the operation, based upon their own experience and developed in terms of features of the ‘ideal operation’.
Groundwater Monitoring: A Proven Sampling System for Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Authors: Welch W. R. , Dines C. A. , Shy Perry 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In a groundwater reservoir, pollutants generated by various industrial processes can be present, and in many cases, can be radioactive or hazardous for other reasons. Operational trends in the oilfield have continuously stressed operational efficiency, and with it, safety of personnel and the environment. Now, however, a pronounced increase in regulatory requirements has been noted, which attests to the fact that there is increased governmental awareness throughout the world of the existence of these potential dangers. Subsequently, the need to monitor groundwater sources to ensure that contamination resulting from pollutants does not exceed levels of safety has reached new levels of importance in industrial operations.
A system that can respond to this need has recently been developed from proven oilfield technology. This system has the capability to monitor groundwater sources by sampling groundwater from potentially contaminated aquifers without damaging the wellbore or the well formation and efficiently segregating the sample into a safe, clean, and controlled environment.
The system incorporates a subsurface-actuated isolation device, which is permanently installed as part of a borehole/well completion. Suspect groundwater sources can be sampled by running a multi-function electro-mechanical tool on electric line into this isolation device. Once the locking profile in the isolation device has been located, a sequence of events is initiated from the surface that ultimately results in a sample being captured within the isolation device.
Since many contaminants are hazardous, the sampling system operates in a manner such that the wellbore is protected from exposure to any of the sampled fluids, and at the same time, the formation is protected from exposure to wellbore fluids. After the sample(s) is captured, it is brought to the surface and transported in an intrinsically-safe, pressurized container to a laboratory for analysis.
Application of the Incident Potential Matrix Technique to Marine Seismic Operations
Authors: Karlsson T. V. , Jahre B. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes a marine seismic operation in Europe and Africa which operated on average 15 deep marine seismic vessels in 1993. Most of the vessels were active in the North Sea. The majority of the vessels were involved in complex multistreamer 3D seismic projects.
An integrated plan has been developed to minimise the risk of accidents happening in this operation. An electronic mail system is used to report accidents and near-accidents to the office.
Investigations are initiated onboard the vessels and in the office to identify root causes and necessary actions. Actions may involve improvement of equipment, development or improvement of procedures or new training programs for personnel.
Environmental Monitoring as the Basis for Effective Management
Authors: Wright R. A. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There is an assertion that "what you can't measure you can't manage". This is especially true for environmental management which has the particular difficulty of addressing a variety of issues with generally qualitative and moving targets associated with them. Effective environmental management requires that the issues are clearly defined, that goals and objectives are specified, and that where possible these are translated into quantitative targets against which performance may be monitored.
Australia's North West Shelf Gas Project involves the production of gas at North Rankin ‘A’ platform some 130km offshore and its transport by pipeline to an onshore treatment and liquefaction plant (see Figure No.1). The liquefied natural gas (LNG) is shipped to Japan. Environmental protection has been an essential feature of the Project since its inception twenty years ago. The environmental management system that has emerged can best be described by reference to Figure No. 2. The key issues are defined in a strategic plan. Goals and objectives for these issues are specified based on legal compliance, industry norms, and company policy which is to better these standards wherever practical. The main environmental issues for the North West Shelf Gas Project have been, identified as: drilling mud and cuttings discharges, planning new developments. product i on eff1uents, production emissions, ozone depleting substances, liquid and solid wastes and contingency planning.
Monitoring performance related to these issues is done in four ways: Routine discharges (effluents, emissions and waste) are regularly quantified.Non-routine discharges such as spillages are reported as soon as they occur.Effects are assessed through a programme of studies of key features of the environment.The adequacy of the environmental management system is checked by a dedicated audit every three years.
Base Line Study of the Tambora-Tunu (TATUN) Gas Field
Authors: Dwistiadi Dyan , Alamsyah Chandra , Soeprijadi Soeprijadi 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Situated in the Mahakam Delta on the East Coast of Kalimantan, Indonesia, mainly in the inter-distributory zone, development of TATUN gas field may have some environmental impacts such as destruction of the vegetation by dredging, possibility of pollution and erosions caused by the drilling (especially which use oil base muds) as well as impact due to local population activities.
Coiled-Tubing Drilling: A Directional Service Company Point of View
Authors: Lenhart R. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Horizontal and highly deviated well bore drilling has been the catalyst for developing new and innovative drilling techniques and procedures over the last 10 years. Coiled tubing drilling is one of these new techniques which has proven its viability after being employed to drill five slimhole horizontal well bores. This paper will discuss drilling tools, drilling procedures, and surface equipment as it compares to conventional slimhole steerable drilling equipment and techniques.
Balanced Drilling with Coiled Tubing
Authors: MacDonald R. R. , Crombie D. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Re-entry and under balanced drilling have accelerated interest in coiled tubing drilling. Whether this interest is attributable to a prize of lower cost wells or improved productivity due to reduced formation damage, the technique has the potential to have significant impact on reservoir depletion plans. This paper presents the strategy used to drill at or near balanced reservoir pressure with coiled tubing and foam. Surface handling of wellbore effluent, particularly when sour reservoirs are being drilled, necessitates that the surface system effectively break the foam to allow safe handling of the effluent. Full scale testing of separation equipment provided the necessary data to design the surface system. Down hole, real time monitoring of bottom hole pressures both inside the coil and in the annulus was accomplished. This allowed calibration of a circulation model and real time control of the bottom hole pressure.
The Fatigue Life of Coiled Tubing
Authors: Sisak W. J. , Crawford D. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A model of coiled tubing fatigue is presented. Failures at high internal pressure are predicted when the net cumulative axial plastic strain reaches a critical failure strain that can be approximated as the local fracture strain measured in a uniaxial tensile test. Failures at low internal pressure can be predicted using standard low-cycle fatigue approaches. Fatigue-life predictions using the new model are in close agreement with results of full-scale tests of 70 ksi yield, 1-¼-inch OD, 0.087-inch wall thickness steel coiled tubing manufactured by the conventional resistance weld and anneal process. Plots are developed that relate fatigue life to hoop stress and axial strain amplitude. Based on these curves a methodology is proposed that can be used together with full scale data as a guide for selecting drilling conditions to optimize tubing fatigue life.
Minimum Area Rig Concept: Second Generation
Authors: Fullerton R. D. , Svendson L. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Minimum Area Rig Concept (MARC) platform rig continues to be a cost effective alternative to the typical self contained platform rig. The first MARC platform rig, Helmerich & Payne International Drilling Company's Rig 101, was designed for ARCO Oil & Gas Company. It has been working in ARCO's South Pass 61 field of the Gulf of Mexico since 1983. A paper introducing the original MARC rig was presented by ARCO to the 1983 IADC/SPE conference1. ARCO's success with H&P Rig 101 has led to the development of a second MARC rig. Current technology and operating experience assisted H&P in engineering, building and operating a second generation MARC rig, H&P Rig 108.
The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the selection, design, construction and operational characteristics of the H&P Rig 108 MARC rig. Improved rig design and advances in equipment technology led to a rig that combines the operational efficiencies that benefit the operator and mechanical efficiencies that benefit the contractor. The MARC rig maintains its original design parameter of moving without a derrick barge in addition to providing H&P with a more versatile platform drilling fleet. Other upgrades that are addressed include a TDS-3H top drive system, larger capacity cranes cascading shaker system, larger engines and pumps, a BOP handling system and a vertically erecting mast.
In summary, a decade of operational experience with the original MARC rig design coupled with advances in industry technology has led to the construction and operation of a second generation MARC rig.
Performance of a Complete ABS Special Survey with Repair of an EPU While on Location
Authors: Hinloopen Gerry 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The "Ocean Zephyr", a semisubmersible drilling unit, was converted to an FPU in stages, the latest upgrade being performed in the latter part of 1987 after which it was connected via flexible flow lines to subsea well completions and sales lines in Petrobras' Viola Field offshore Macae' Brazil. This made the unit a significant component of the entire fields production, a fact which five (5) years later made it very undesirable to remove it from service even for a short period.
In early 1993 the rig was due for ABS surveys including renewal inspections for Load Line and Class, Drydocking, MODU, etc. In addition, repair work was scheduled to renew large areas of column shell plate at the wind and wave elevation which was discovered wasted during normal company inspection and maintenance. Both parties, the operator and contractor had strong economic incentive to find ways to perform this work offshore without disruption of production, rather than shut in production and bring the unit into sheltered waters, generally at an established shipyard. To complicate the operational planning a corporate decision was made to ensure that the operator was not inconvenienced during this period.
This paper explores the preparations and modifications performed prior to the unit's conversion to - an FPU so this type of inspection and repair can be done on locations as well as the pre-project planning. It also addresses the special considerations for major hull shell plate renewal at and below the water line without shutting in or loss of production. The "Ocean Zephyr" yields insight into resolving the problem facing FPU's for long term operation at a single location while meeting regulatory body requirements and performing repairs to the areas most susceptible to damage and wastage.
Integrated Automation for a Mud System
Authors: Murch D. K. , White D. B. , Prouvost L. P. , Michel G. L. , Ford D. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In today's operating environment we strive to increase safety, improve working conditions and reduce costs. Optimum control of the mud system, which is at the heart of drilling, is a key contributor to successful operations and to meeting these objectives.
This paper describes a joint industry project to demonstrate the potential benefits of an integrated, automated mud system. This system has combined recent developments to produce an overall package which offers characteristics of safety, environmental acceptability, efficiency, economics, operability and ergonomics. Some of its key sub-components are:
– Automated monitoring of solids control equipment – Automated addition of mud chemicals – Continuous monitoring of key mud parameters – Automation of mud system valve control and tank line up – Central monitoring and integrated process control
A demonstration system has been installed on a working offshore rig for full scale evaluation during late 1993 and the first half of 1994.
An extensive study was made of the manpower and activities needed for mud system operations on rigs worldwide. This work helped to define the system and will form a bench mark against which the benefits of the new system, in terms of HSE, cost reduction and quality, can be evaluated.
In this paper we describe mud activities on today's rigs, the development of the demonstration system, its implementation and the methods currently being used to prove its benefits.
Glycol-Enhanced Water-Based Muds: Case History to Demonstrate Improved Drilling Efficiency in Tectonically Stressed Shales
Authors: Twynam A. J. , Caldwell P. A. , Meads Kevin 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Glycol and glycol derivatives are now being used to enhance water based muds and the use of such systems can have a real application in areas where oil based muds would be considered as first choice. Results (both from the laboratory and field use) indicate that glycol type and concentration can be modified to suit a particular drilling application: to effectively reduce HTHP fluid loss values, improve shale inhibition, increase lubricity and reduce differential sticking potential.
This paper discusses the planning and eventual field application of such an optimised mud programme for a second appraisal well on an onshore Papua New Guinea field. From offset and previous well data, it was realised that the correct choice and optimised engineering of the mud system was of primary importance to the success of the project. The trial proved extremely successful with a large reduction in drilling days, elimination of balling, reduction in the occurrence of swelling and sloughing shale, elimination of stuck pipe and excellent dilution rates thereby reducing the volume of mud materials required in such a remote location.
The paper outlines the laboratory assessment of the chosen fluid, provides detailed field performance review with comparison made with previously used drilling fluids and discusses the mechanisms which resulted in such improved performance over other water based muds.
Rheologically Stable Deepwater Drilling Fluid Development and Application
Authors: Elward-Berry Julianne , Thomas E. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In offshore deepwater drilling, the drilling fluid should be selected to inhibit the formation of gas hydrates that could plug the BOP stack in the event of a gas kick. However, at water depths in excess of 4000 ft, the concentrations of salts and polyalcohols required for hydrate inhibition make it difficult to achieve stable drilling fluid properties, particularly rheological control.
Laboratory development of stable drilling fluids in such media required modified testing procedures to confirm fluid stability over the cooler operating temperature range. Field experience with drilling fluids that were required for wells in water depths of 4356 ft and 4645 ft is reviewed. The use of a dewatering system to recycle the expensive aqueous phase, and the use of a chloride measuring instrument for consistent and accurate concentration values are described.
Improving Drilling Performance through Continuous Operations - A Worldwide Study
Authors: Hinkel R. M. , Bush G. S. , Bell R. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents detailed evidence of performance improvement and cost reduction in drilling projects with continuous operations. The data includes drilling performance curves from major programs in different locations worldwide. The discussion focuses on the major parameters that contribute to learning curve development, or continuous improvement with time in the drilling operation, including:
continuity and similarity of operations simplification of operations incentive contracting performance management technology application
The data presented in this paper demonstrates conclusively that progressive improvement, of up to 75% over a five year program, in the drilling operation can be achieved through continuous drilling programs that are properly planned, engineered, and managed, without sacrifice to operational safety and prudent operating practices. The authors realize that many of the discussed factors reflect good common sense and sound operating practices, however, we have found that it is crucial that all factors be prudently applied for total optimization of drilling performance.
The paper also emphasizes that optimization of drilling performance and the elusive "win-win" ideal for both operator and contractor can only be achieved through continuous operations. Properly managed, continuous drilling operations provide both operator and contractor a long term, vested interest in improving drilling performance.
Drilling a Blind-Entry 4,000-ft Horizontal Well in a Depleted Sandstone Reservoir
Authors: Beardmore D. H. , Gent J. L. , Esbaugh R. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Phillips drilled a 4000' horizontal oil well at 6048' true vertical depth in a depleted (1 Ib/gal equivalent mud weight) sandstone reservoir in Caddo Co., Oklahoma, to combat gas coning problems. Seven external casing packers were set in the slotted liner for production control. Initial production from the well was 1800 barrels of oil per day (BOPD) with little gas.
Unique Roller Cone Bit Design Improves Economics of Soft Formation Drilling
Authors: Isbell M. R. , Besson Alain , Torgerson T. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Until recently, long intervals of homogenous, low compressive strength formations were most economically drilled with steel tooth or PDC rock bits. Conventional tungsten carbide insert (TCI) bits were generally too slow to be competitive.
The TCI bits developed for increasingly softer applications have been highly successful in terms of increasing penetration rates with longer life. Even so, PDC and steel tooth bits still dominate the softest drilling, leading to an effort to develop a softer TCI bit. The result is a novel cutting structure engineered for soft shales and sandstones. This premium package, featuring irregular insert spacing and arrangement with optimized hydraulics, has dramatically improved the economics of TCI bits. The aggressive TCI cutting structure drills soft formations with the penetration rate of sharp steel tooth bits and the durability of conventional TCI bits.
This paper describes the design criteria and development of the new cutting structure, which was specifically designed to drill faster and longer than the conventional TCI bit and multiple steel tooth bits in soft formation drilling programs.
The design effort included full-scale simulator tests of steel tooth and TCI bits in both new and dull conditions to define and quantity key performance characteristics and to measure the improvement of the new design. The new IADC class 417 design was successfully field tested in a variety of applications, including directional drilling. Field tests have shown this new cutting structure to be a premium tool for high-speed drilling long intervals of low compressive strength formations.
Analysis of field performance shows significant improvements in ROP, bit life, and drilling costs. Case studies of drilling applications in the Gulf Coast, South America, and the Asia Pacific region show the success of the new design.
A Quality Approach to Safety Management
Authors: Fitts T. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Safety systems typically produce inconsistent results. Erratic safety performance promotes anxiety in the boardroom and skepticism on the shop floor. This paper presents a quality approach to safety management that will produce a more consistent level of safety performance. The system can be measured, continuously improved, implemented anywhere in the world and utilized as a foundation upon which to establish partnerships between client and contractor.
Quality Systems: A Software Approach
Authors: Brooks K. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
It's a given that the concept of Quality is having a major impact in the petroleum arena today. More and more companies realize that in order to do business in Europe and other parts of the world, a focus on quality has to become an integral part of the company's culture. This paper will look at an innovative approach to Quality Systems through the use of a custom software system which governs the major elements of the ISO 9000 standard for quality.