bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF CLOMIPHENE AND TAMOXIFEN TREATMENT ON THE CONCENTRATIONS OF OESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE IN THE PERIPHERAL PLASMA OF INFERTILE WOMEN
Authors: SENIOR B. E. , CAWOOD MARION L. , OAKEY R. E. , MCKIDDIE J. M. , SIDDLE D. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of clomiphene and tamoxifen treatment on the concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone in plasma were compared in the same infertile women. Nine patients, three with anovulation and six with suspected luteal phase deficiency, were given clomiphene during 2 months and tamoxifen during 2 months. Placebo treatment was given in the month before the first drug and during a month between drug treatments. The concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay in three samples collected each month between days 6 and 8, 11 and 13, and 18 and 20.The mean concentration of oestradiol at the time of the expected pre‐ovulatory rise was 0.82 nmol/l with placebo treatment, 1.20 nmol/l following tamoxifen treatment and 5.00 nmol/l after clomiphene treatment (normal menstrual cycle maximum, 2.0 nmol/l). The mean concentration of progesterone in the luteal phases reached maxima of 41 nmol/l, 47 nmol/l and >72 nmol/l, respectively (normal menstrual cycle maximum, 60 nmol/l). When the frequency distributions of hormone concentrations were examined for each treatment, clomiphene and tamoxifen were both found to alter the distribution from that of placebo treatment (Chi‐square analysis), giving a larger proportion of high concentrations.In the six patients with suspected luteal phase deficiency clomiphene treatment was followed by biochemical evidence of ovarian hyperstimulation. There was no evidence of this when any of these patients were treated with tamoxifen, nor in anovulatory patients treated with clomiphene.
INFLUENCE OF HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA DUE TO METOCLOPRAMIDE ON GONADAL FUNCTION IN MEN
Authors: FALASCHI P. , FRAJESE G. , SCIARRA F. , ROCCO A. , CONTI C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFive clinically normal male volunteers were given metoclopramide, 10 mg t.d.s. for 6 weeks. During treatment prolactin concentrations were elevated (over 50 ng/ml) in all. LH, FSH, testosterone and cortisol concentrations were not altered. No change was observed in LH or FSH responses to LHRH testing 4 weeks after the beginning of therapy, compared with pre‐treatment values. A reduction in seminal volume and total sperm count were observed in each subject. Four noticed a decrease in libido and three lost spontaneous erections. While the metoclopramide‐induced hyperprolactinaemia could be the cause of the observed changes in semen and erectile activity, it is possible that this dopamine receptor blocking drug might directly affect central or peripheral mechanism of erection, the testes or accessory organs.
A LOW T3 SYNDROME IN DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
Authors: NAEIJE R. , GOLSTEIN J. , CLUMECK N. , MEINHOLD H. , WENZEL K. W. , VANHAELST L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe pituitary‐thyroid axis was investigated in nineteen euthyroid patients with severe diabetic ketoacidosis. A ‘low T3 syndrome’ was found, with the following characteristics: lowered serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), increased reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), slightly low thyroxine (T4), normal thyrotrophin (TSH), slightly increased triiodothyronine uptake (RT3U) values, and a blunted TSH response to thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH). These disturbances in thyroid‐function tests required several days good control of the diabetes to be corrected, at least partially. The data suggest the presence of an abnormal extrathyroidal T4 metabolism as well as a pituitary defect. Caution is recommended in the interpretation of thyroid‐function tests during and several days after the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.
A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR 3,5‐DIIODOTHYRONINE*
Authors: MEINHOLD H. , SCHÜRNBRAND P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 3,5‐diiodothyronine (3,5‐T2) using a 3H‐labelled derivative of 3,5‐T2 as tracer has been developed. The cross‐reactivity of the antiserum was relatively high for T3 (3.1%) and low for T4 (< 0.0015%). 3,5‐T2 serum concentrations measured after fractional enrichment of 3,5‐T2 were near or below the detection limit of 0.1 nmol/l in ten normal subjects and 0.38 nmol/l in five hyperthyroid patients. 3,5‐T2 was also detected in thyroid tissue. The serum half‐time of 3,5‐T2 estimated after injection of 2 mg 3,5‐T2 in three normal volunteers was 4.5 h.
SERUM STEROIDS IN NORMAL MALES AND PATIENTS WITH PROSTATIC DISEASES
Authors: HAMMOND G. L. , KONTTURI M. , VIHKO P. , VIHKO R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe subjects investigated comprised 57 normal males between 30 and 80 years of age; 40 patients between 50 and 80 years of age suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and 11 untreated prostatic carcinoma (Ca) patients aged between 57 and 79 years. Serum concentrations of oestradiol, pregnenolone, progesterone, 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, 5α‐dihydrotestosterone and androsterone were determined from a single serum sample (1.6 ml). Oestradiol was determined by an automated non‐chromatographic radioimmunoassay, while other steroids were determined by radioimmunoassays, after solvent extraction and chromatographic purification on Lipidex‐5000(tm) microcolumns. When patient groups were compared with the 25 normal males between 50 and 80 years of age, several conclusions could be drawn. Serum concentrations of 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (P < 0.01) and 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone (P < 0.001) were both significantly higher in the BPH patients when compared with the normal males. This trend was also apparent in the serum concentrations of progesterone and testosterone in the older BPH patients. Although the mean concentrations of 5α‐dihydrotestosterone and 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone were slightly higher in carcinoma patients than normal males, these differences were not statistically significant. No differences were seen in the concentrations of pregnenolone, androstenedione, androsterone and oestradiol between normal subjects and patients with BPH or prostatic Ca.
ANDROGEN AND CORTISOL RESPONSES TO ACTH STIMULATION IN WOMEN WITH HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA
Authors: KANDEEL F. R. , RUDD B. T. , BUTT W. R. , DWARDS R. LOGANE , LONDON D. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBasal serum concentrations of androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) were measured in 7 normal and in 14 anovulatory women with raised serum prolactin. No patient had detectable skull x‐ray abnormalities. The mean DHAS, but not the androgens, were significantly higher in the women with hyperprolactinaemia (p < 0.01) and in 7 of the 14 the values were above the normal range which is 2.9–11.2 μmol/l. The 7 normal subjects and 9 of the women with hyperprolactinaemia were given ACTH (0.5 mg twice daily for four days). Cortisol and androgen concentrations in response to ACTH were not significantly different in the two groups, but the levels of DHAS (p < 0.001) were significantly higher over the four days in patients with hyperprolactinaemia. The concentrations of DHAS in these women were significantly higher by two days and continued to rise on day four of the test, but the concentration of androgens was greatest at two days as in the normal group.Treatment with bromocriptine to suppress plasma prolactin concentrations also lowered DHAS within 2–4 weeks, (p < 0.01) and the suppression was maintained for three months. Androgens initially increased significantly (p < 0.05) but by three months decreased again to the initial values.Taken together these results suggest that in the hyperprolactinaemic state biosynthesis by the Δ5 pathway to DHAS is favoured and there is partial inhibition of 3β‐ol‐dehydrogenase isomerase resulting in impaired conversion of Δ5 to Δ4 steroids.
A POSSIBLE ACTH SECRETING TUMOUR OF THE PITUITARY DEVELOPING IN A CONVENTIONALLY TREATED CASE OF ADDISON'S DISEASE
Authors: HIMSWORTH R. L. , LEWIS J. G. , REES LESLEY H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA patient with Addison's disease, treated with conventional corticosteroid therapy, developed endocrine and radiological features suggestive of an ACTH secreting pituitary tumour. The negative feedback control of ACTH secretion by the inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone was shown to be preserved although attenuated. Retiming and alteration of corticosteroid therapy reinforced this feedback control, without the need for supraphysiological amounts of steroid, and resulted in the regression of the endocrine disorder.
ECTOPIC INSULIN AND OCCAM'S RAZOR:* REAPPRAISAL OF THE RIDDLE OF TUMOUR HYPOGLYCAEMIA
Authors: SKRABANEK PETR , POWELL DAVID 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe concept of ectopic insulin production is challenged on the basis of a review of 120 cases from the literature on extrapancreatic tumours associated with hypoglycaemia in which insulin or insulin‐like activity were measured. No case met two or more of five criteria of ectopic hormone production. The evidence indicates that hypoglycaemia of extrapancreatic tumours cannot be attributed to insulin. In those rare cases in which plasma insulin was reported as high, pancreatic beta‐cells could not be excluded as the source of insulin. Interestingly, many of these dubious cases had carcinoid histology. The review also points out a close association between some spindle‐cell tumours and carcinoid tumours which may be relevant to discussion on the disputed origin of some “mesothelial” tumours.Nonsuppressible insulin‐like activity (NSILA) consists of a number of factors mimicking insulin activity which compete with insulin or proinsulin for membrane receptors and may crossreact in bioassays, immunoassays, and receptor assays. The question of whether one or several of these substances may be responsible for extrapancreatic hypoglycaemia remains to be elucidated.
TISSUE GROWTH HORMONE RELEASE INHIBITING HORMONE‐LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHYROIDISM AND HYPOPITUITARISM
Authors: BERELOWITZ M. , PIMSTONE B. , SHAPIRO B. , KRONHEIM S. , DE WIT D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHypothyroidism in rats was associated with an increase in immunoreactive GH‐RIH in brain, pancreas and gut, although release from the latter may be diminished as portal GH‐RIH‐like immunoreactivity was lower than control values. Hypophysectomy resulted in a depletion of immunoreactive GH‐RIH in the septum and preoptic area of the brain and gastric antrum, but an increase in pancreas; portal venous GH‐RIH‐like immunoreactivity was not different from control concentrations, possibly reflecting both elevated and lowered immunoreactive GH‐RIH in different regions of tissue subserved by the portal vein. Inferior vena caval GH‐RIH‐like immunoreactivity was always lower than in the portal vein and was not influenced by tissue pertubations in hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism which made regional blood sampling of great important in evaluating tissue changes.
EFFECTS OF ORAL TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE IN HYPOGONADAL MALE PATIENTS*
Authors: FRANCHIMONT P. , KICOVIC P. M. , MATTEI A. , ROULIER R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEffects on plasma T, DHT, A, FSH, LH and PRL concentrations and the pituitary responsiveness to the LHRH/TRH stimulation, as well as on libido and sexual, mental and physical activities were studied in ten hypogonadal male patients undergoing therapy with oral testosterone undecanoate (TU) for 9 weeks. The daily dose of TU needed for satisfactory clinical effect was 120 mg (6 cases) and 240 mg (4 cases).There was a significant rise in circulation androgen concentrations in all patients. Mean plasma T, DHT and A increased at 9 weeks from 1.20, 0.12 and 0.36 ng/ml to 4.34 (P < 0.0004), 0.39 (P < 0.0004) and 1.24 ng/ml (P < 0.005), respectively. In hypergonadotrophic patients (N = 6) plasma FSH and LH fell progressively (P < 0.05), while in hypogonadotrophic patients (N = 4) a marked rise in plasma FSH (P < 0.05) was found, while LH tended to rise as well. Base‐line plasma PRL remained unchanged. In three out of four patients with poor PRL response to TRH, normal responses were established after TU therapy.Increase in libido and sexual activity was reported by nine patients. An increase in mental and physical activity was found in seven and two patients, respectively. Tolerance was excellent. It was concluded that oral TU is an effective form of substitution therapy in male hypogonadal patients.
ON THE EFFECT OF THYROTROPIN AND IMMUNOGLOBULINS RELATED TO GRAVES' DISEASE ON THYROTROPIN SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION
Authors: DANDONA P. , EL KABIR D. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of exogenous thyroxine (T4), thyrotropin (TSH), long acting thyroid stimulator (LATS), immunoglobulin G fractions from (a) thyrotoxic sera without LATS and (b) sera from patients with ophthalmic Graves' disease, upon serum TSH concentration and pituitary TSH content has been investigated in the guinea‐pig. Pituitary TSH content was significantly lower in animals injected with T4 (1.80 mU), TSH (2.80 mU) and LATS (3.20 mU) than that in the controls (6.40 mU). Thyroidectomy caused a significant elevation in serum TSH concentration (22.30 mU/dl vs 6.67 in sham operated controls) but no significant alteration in pituitary TSH content (4.40 mU vs 3.80 mU in sham operated controls). TSH injections in thyroidectomised animals induced a significant increase in serum TSH concentration (31.60 mU/dl) and the pituitary TSH content (6.50 mU). Two out of four IgG samples from patients with ophthalmic Graves' disease caused a fall in serum TSH concentration (12.90 and 14.40 mU/dl) with a concomitant rise in pituitary TSH content (9.00 and 9.30 mU) in thyroidectomized animals. It is concluded (1) that exogenous TSH induces an enhanced TSH synthesis and release in thyroidectomised guinea‐pigs which suggests the presence of a positive ‘short loop’ feedback for TSH and (2) that IgG fractions from some sera of ophthalmic Graves' disease may have the ability to inhibit TSH release from the pituitary. This inhibitory effect, hitherto not described, may be responsible for the diminished TRH induced TSH release in some patients with euthyroid Graves' disease.
THYROID IODINE CONCENTRATION AND TOTAL THYROID IODINE IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN ENDEMIC GOITRE SUBJECTS
Authors: HELLSTERN PETER , KELLER HANS ERICH , WEINHEIMER BALTHASAR , WESCH HORST 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroid iodine concentration and total thyroid iodine were determined by an automated technique by means of the eerie arsenious acid reaction in 42 males and 13 females. The thyroids were taken from autopsy material in a region with a low dietary intake. The accuracy of the method to estimate iodine was checked by neutron activation analysis. There was an excellent correlation between the iodine contents of thyroid specimens, when measured by chemical or by activation analysis. The mean iodine concentration was 1.86 mg/g dry weight and was found to be lower than in non‐goitrous regions. In goitres, the mean iodine concentration was significantly lower, and the mean total thyroid iodine was significantly higher, when compared with the data of thyroids of normal weight. There was no significant difference in iodine concentration and total iodine between males and females. The thyroid iodine concentration did not depend upon age in adults. The data were log normally distributed. It was established that mean iodine concentrations under 2 mg/g dry weight or 0.45 mg/g fresh weight are to be regarded as an important index of iodine deficiency.
A SENSITIVE BIOASSAY OF PARATHYROID HORMONE IN PLASMA
Authors: CHAMBERS D. J. , DUNHAM JANE , ZANELLI JOAN M. , PARSONS J. A. , BITENSKY LUCILLE , CHAYEN J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYUnderstanding of calcium metabolism in health and disease has been retarded by the lack of an adequately sensitive bioassay of parathyroid hormone. The problem of dissociation of bioactivity and immunoactivity, well recognized for other polypeptide hormones, is exaggerated in the case of parathyroid hormone by the disproportionately long half‐time in the circulation of the immunoreactive fragments. A new method of assaying the biological activity of parathyroid hormone in plasma has been developed, based on the cytochemical methods which have yielded highly sensitive bioassays of other polypeptide hormones. It depends on the stimulation of glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the distal convoluted tubules of segments of guinea‐pig kidney maintained in vitro, and measured by microdensitometry. The limit of sensitivity of the assay is 5 fg/ml (bPTH); the index of precision is 0.09 ± 0.04 (mean ± SEM; n= 11).
‘LOW T3 SYNDROME’ IN PATIENTS CHRONICALLY TREATED WITH AN IODINE‐CONTAINING DRUG, AMIODARONE
Authors: JONCKHEER M. H. , BLOCKX P. , BROECKAERT I. , CORNETTE C. , BECKERS C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCardiac patients treated with the iodinecontaining drug ‘amiodarone’ undergo a significant iodine overload whch can last for months after the drug has been withdrawn. Some patients develop hyperthyroidism and others hypothyroidism. In the hyper‐ or hypothyroid patients, the indices of thyroid function are modified as usually observed in these situations. In the patients remaining euthyroid while taking amiodarone or after its withdrawal, but still under its influence as shown by the iodine overload, a ‘low‐T3 syndrome’ is observed, this state being characterized by a high total T4, a low free T4, a normal T3 resin uptake, a low total T3, a normal free T3, a high r‐T3 and a relative TSH‐unresponsiveness to TRH.
THE EFFECT OF PROPRANOLOL ON THYROID HORMONES AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: SAUNDERS J. , HALL SUSAN E. H. , CROWTHER A. , SÖNKSEN P. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe possibility that propranolol may exert its beneficial actions in thyrotoxicosis by an effect on thyroid hormone concentrations has been investigated by measuring these and oxygen consumption in a group of thyrotoxic patients before and after treatment with propranolol. Following treatment a significant fall in plasma T3 concentration and oxygen consumption occurred and a direct correlation was found between these two variables. Propranolol may, therefore, exert some of its beneficial effects in thyrotoxicosis by an action on T3 metabolism.
BROMOCRIPTINE TREATMENT OF MALES WITH PITUITARY TUMOURS, HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA, AND HYPOGONADISM
Authors: NAGULESPAREN M. , ANG V. , JENKINS J. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma prolactin concentrations were measured in thirty‐four males with pituitary tumours and twenty‐two patients (65%) were found to have hyperprolactinaemia. Plasma testosterone concentrations were subnormal in twenty‐nine patients. Ten patients with hyperprolactinaemia were treated with bromocnptine; prolactin was restored to normal values in eight patients but testosterone secretion remained deficient. Two patients were resistant to bromocriptine. Some improvement in libido and potency was obtained after restoration of normal prolactin concentrations in four cases in spite of persistently low testosterone secretion. For maximal improvement in sexual function treatmentwithbothbromocdptineand testosterone was required.
INFLUENCE OF LOWER BODY NEGATIVE PRESSURE UPON ARGININE VASOPRESSIN RELEASE
Authors: BAYLIS P. H. , STOCKLEY R. A. , HEATH D. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYLower body negative pressure (9‐12 kPa) was applied to ten normal subjects. Large increases in plasma arginine vasopression concentration occurred only in subjects that experienced syncopal symptoms and developed hypotension. Blood samples obtained from the superior vena cava at 1/2 min intervals during application of negative pressure showed that maximal plasma vasopressin concentrations occurred with hypotension. Chromatography of the presyncopal plasma on Sephadex G‐25 gave a large peak which eluted in the position of synthetic arginine vasopressin.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PROLACTIN AND PROGESTERONE, OESTRADIOL‐1 7‐β AND OESTRIOL DURING EARLY HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: And J. HERTZ. A. N. ANDERSEN , LARSEN J. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe correlations between serum prolactin and progesterone, oestradiol‐17‐β and oestriol were determineed in 125 pregnant females between the sixth and fourteenth week of pregnancy. No significant correlations were found between prolactin and progesterone. Correlations between prolactin and oestradiol‐17‐β and oestriol were mostly positive, but only significant during the twelfth week of pregnancy.
THYROXINE, TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROTROPHIN LEVELS IN MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS, TYPHOID FEVER AND OTHER FEBRILE CONDITIONS
Authors: MAHARAJAN G. , ETTA K. M. , SINGH AJIT , AHUJA I. S. , AHUJA G. K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroid status was estimated serially by measuring triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyrotrophin (hTSH) in 20 patients suffering from meningococcal meningitis, typhoid fever and other acute febrile illnesses.Significantly low T3 and only slightly increased T4 were observed in all the patients. hTSH was normal in all of these. A significant reciprocal relationship was found between the degree of fever and fall in T3 concentrations.T3 tended to rise in patients who recovered but in those who deteriorated or died, T3 remained persistently low.
INCREASED THYROTROPHIN SECRETION INDUCED BY SULPIRIDE IN MAN
Authors: MASSARA F. , CAMANNI F. , BELFORTE L. , VERGANO V. , MOLINATTI G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY100 mg i.m. sulpiride (a dopamine‐receptor‐blocking drug) led to a significant rise in plasma TSH in normal women, in female patients with galactorrhoea, and, to a much more marked degree, in male and female patients with primary hypothyroidism. In the hypothyroid patients, there was a significant positive correlation between basal TSH and its maximum increment after sulpiride. The drug proved to be an even more potent stimulator of PRL, at least in subjects with normal blood PRL. Normal males, on the other hand, displayed no significant changes in TSH after sulpiride. Continuous administration (150 mg/day per os for 15 days) also resulted in enhancement of TSH in normal women. These results suggest that TSH release is controlled by a dopaminergic mechanism in man. The more accentuated TSH response in hypothyroid patients may perhaps be attributable to the absence of negative‐feedback on the part of thyroid hormones.
HORMONAL RESPONSES DURING TREATMENT OF ACUTE DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS WITH CONSTANT INSULIN INFUSIONS
Authors: SCOTT R. S. , ESPINER E. A. , DONALD R. A. , LIVESEY J. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYChanges in glucagon, growth hormone (GH), cortisol, renin and aldosterone accompanying the metabolic disturbances and dehydration of severe diabetic ketoacidosis were studied over a 24 h period in eight patients treated with a constant intravenous insulin infusion. Mean steady state plasma‐free insulin levels achieved were 28.6–49 mu/l in patients receiving 2 u/h but a satisfactory rate of fall of glucose was not always obtained until the infusion dose was increased to 4 u/h or more. The total insulin dose administered was positively correlated with the level of plasma glucagon and cortisol on admission. During insulin infusion, both glucagon and cortisol fell but the rate of fall was not related to dose or plasma level of free insulin achieved. In six of eight patients studied increments in plasma GH above admission levels were observed during insulin treatment. Admission values of both plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were raised. The renin levels were highest in newly diagnosed diabetics, and two patients with long‐established diabetes showed only small increments despite profound dehydration. Plasma renin activity, but not plasma aldosterone correlated with the fluid and sodium retention over the initial 24 h treatment period, but not with potassium requirements. The urinary excretion rates of the small molecular weight proteins GH and insulin, were considerably elevated over the treatment and convalescent periods.