bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signaling Cascades Triggered by Bacterial Metabolic End Products during Reactivation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
Authors: Morris T. L. , Arnold R. R. , Webster-Cyriaque J. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
The present studies explore the role of polymicrobial infection in the reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and analyze signaling pathways activated upon this induction. We hypothesized that activation of the cellular stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 pathway would play a key role in the bacterium-mediated disruption of viral latency similar to that of previously reported results obtained with other inducers of gammaherpesvirus lytic replication. KSHV within infected BCBL-1 cells was induced to replicate following exposure to metabolic end products from gram-negative or -positive bacteria that were then simultaneously exposed to specific inhibitors of signal transduction pathways. We have determined that bacterium-mediated induction of lytic KSHV infection is significantly reduced by the inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. In contrast, inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway did not impair induction of lytic replication or p38 phosphorylation. Protein kinase C, though activated, was not the major pathway used for bacterium-induced viral reactivation. Furthermore, hyperacetylation of histones 3 and 4 was detected. Collectively, our results show that metabolic end products from these pathogens induce lytic replication of KSHV in BCBL-1 cells primarily via the activation of a stress-activated MAPK pathway. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time a mechanism by which polymicrobial bacterial infections result in KSHV reactivation and pathogenesis.
Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus Subgenomic Replicon Resistance to Cyclosporine In Vitro
Authors: Robida John M. , Nelson Heather B. , Liu Zhe , Tang Hengli 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been met with less than satisfactory results due primarily to its resistance to and significant side effects from alpha interferon (IFN-α). New classes of safe and broadly acting treatments are urgently needed. Cyclosporine (CsA), an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drug for organ transplant patients, has recently been shown to be highly effective in suppressing HCV replication through a mechanism that is distinct from the IFN pathway. Here we report the selection and characterization of HCV replicon cells that are resistant to CsA treatment in vitro, taking advantage of our ability to sort live cells that are actively replicating HCV RNA in the presence of drug treatments. This resistance is specific to CsA as the replicon cells most resistant to CsA were still sensitive to IFN-α and a polymerase inhibitor. We demonstrate that the resistant phenotype is not a result of general enhanced replication and, furthermore, that mutations in the coding region of HCV NS5B contribute to the resistance. Interestingly, a point mutation (I432V) isolated from the most resistant replicon was able to rescue a lethal mutation (P540A) in NS5B that disrupts its interaction with its cofactor, cyclophilin B (CypB), even though the I432V mutation is located outside of the reported CypB binding site (amino acids 520 to 591). Our results demonstrate that CsA exerts selective pressure on the HCV genome, leading to the emergence of resistance-conferring mutations in the viral genome despite acting upon a cellular protein.
Physical Activity and Colon Cancer Risk among Women in the California Teachers Study
Authors: Mai Phuong L. , Sullivan-Halley Jane , Ursin Giske , Stram Daniel O. , Deapen Dennis , Villaluna Doojduen , Horn-Ross Pamela L. , Clarke Christina A. , Reynolds Peggy , Ross Ronald K. , West Dee W. , Anton-Culver Hoda , Ziogas Argyrios , Bernstein Leslie 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Background: Existing data suggest that physical activity reduces colon cancer risk, but the association is not consistently observed in women. One potential explanation for this inconsistency is that hormone therapy, which is associated with lower colon cancer risk, acts as a modifier of the physical activity/colon cancer relationship.
Methods: Participants in the California Teachers Study (N = 120,147), a prospective cohort of female teachers and administrators residing in California, ages 22 to 84 years at baseline and with no prior history of colon cancer were eligible for study. Between 1996 and 2002, 395 patients were diagnosed with invasive colon cancer. The relative risks (RR) associated with lifetime (high school through age 54 years or current age) and recent (past 3 years) strenuous and moderate recreational physical activity were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.
Results: Combined lifetime moderate and strenuous recreational physical activity was only modestly associated with colon cancer risk in the cohort [≥4 versus ≤0.5 h/wk/y: RR, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-1.00; Ptrend = 0.23]. Lifetime physical activity reduced colon cancer risk among postmenopausal women who had never taken hormone therapy (≥4 versus ≤0.5 h/wk/y: RR, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.85; Ptrend = 0.02). Postmenopausal women with histories of hormone therapy use had lower colon cancer risk, but their risk was not associated with physical activity. The likelihood ratio test for interaction between hormone use and lifetime moderate plus strenuous physical activity was of borderline statistical significance (P = 0.05). We observed no effect modification by age, body mass index, smoking status, menopausal status, or folate intake.
Conclusions: Lifetime recreational physical activity may protect against colon cancer among postmenopausal women who have never used hormone therapy. Among hormone therapy users, who have lower risk of colon cancer, recreational physical activity does not seem to provide any additional benefit. With declining rates of hormone therapy use, physical activity offers one possible means for reducing women's colon cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):517–25)
Correlates and Predictors of Colorectal Cancer Screening among Male Automotive Workers
Authors: McQueen Amy , Vernon Sally W. , Myers Ronald E. , Watts Beatty G. , Lee Eun Sul , Tilley Barbara C. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Background: Most studies examining factors associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) screening (CRCS) are cross-sectional and thus temporal relationships cannot be determined. Furthermore, less attention has been paid to psychosocial predictors of CRCS. We examined both cross-sectional correlates of prior CRCS and predictors of prospective CRCS initiation and maintenance during The Next Step Trial, a 2-year worksite behavioral intervention to promote regular CRCS and dietary change.
Method: The sample included 2,693 White male automotive workers at increased occupational risk for, but no history of, CRC who completed a baseline survey. Stratified analyses were conducted for three dependent variables (prior CRCS, CRCS initiation, and CRCS maintenance). We also assessed prior CRCS as a moderator in prospective analyses. Multivariable logistic regression analyses with generalized linear mixed models were used to adjust for cluster sampling.
Results: Except for education, cross-sectional correlates of prior CRCS including older age, family history of CRC or polyps, personal history of polyps, self-efficacy, family support, and intention were also significant prospective predictors of increased CRCS during the trial. Despite differences in the patterns of association for CRCS initiation and maintenance in stratified analyses, the only associations with prospective CRCS that were significantly moderated by prior CRCS were family history and CRCS availability.
Conclusions: Correlates of prior CRCS that also were prospective predictors of CRCS may be suitable targets for intervention. Additionally, intervention messages addressing psychosocial constructs may be relevant for both CRCS initiation and maintenance. However, studies with more diverse samples are needed to replicate the results reported here. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):500–9)
The Professionalization of Organized Youth Sport: Social Psychological Impacts and Outcomes
Authors: Brower Jonathan J. 
Published: March 2007

The notion of professionalism in sport is not a well-defined one. In essence, it is the degree of seriousness and importance given to it by the athletes, management, and spectators. Organized competitive youth sports ostensibly are for the young athletes, but the cross pressures and often overburdening demands from coaches and parents serve to make the sporting experience considerably less than relaxed and recreational. In most youth leagues the model of how sport should be approached is that of the adult professional ranks—those athletes who earn a living from their sport. The concern with winning above the concern with enhancing the experience of the athlete is at the core of the professionalization of youth sports. Little League baseball is used to illustrate some of the dynamics and processes by which the young athletes and the adults on the scene—coaches, parents, umpires, and league officials—interact and perpetuate a highly competitive, organized game for youngsters in the mold of the big leagues.
Knee Cartilage Morphologic Characteristics and Muscle Status of Professional Weight Lifters and Sprinters
Authors: Gratzke Christian , Hudelmaier Martin , Hitzl Wolfgang , Glaser Christian , Eckstein Felix 
Published: March 2007

Background Whereas muscle and bone mass have been shown to strongly depend on mechanical stimulation (loading history), this relationship has not been established for articular cartilage. Hypothesis Subjects with high muscle strength display thicker knee cartilage and larger joint surface areas than nonathletic volunteers, and knee cartilage morphologic characteristics correlate more strongly with muscle force than with muscle cross-sectional areas. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Fourteen young, healthy adult professional athletes (7 weight lifters and 7 bobsled sprinters) were examined and compared with 14 adult nonathletic volunteers who had never performed strength training. Muscle moments were measured with a dynamometer and muscle cross-sectional areas and knee cartilage morphologic characteristics with magnetic resonance imaging. Results Weight lifters and sprinters displayed significantly (P < .001) larger extensor muscle moments and cross-sectional areas. They showed significantly greater (P < .01) patellar cartilage thickness than nonathletic volunteers (+14% [95% confidence interval, 6% to 22%] and +17% [95% confidence interval, 9% to 26%], respectively) but no significant differences in the cartilage thickness of the other knee joint cartilage plates or joint surface areas. Muscle moments did not correlate more strongly with knee cartilage volume or thickness than muscle cross-sectional areas of the thigh. Conclusions Direct measurements of muscle forces do not predict cartilage thickness more accurately than muscle cross-sectional areas. These findings suggest that cartilage thickness has much less ability, if any, to adapt to mechanical loading than muscle. Large cohorts of athletes will need to be studied to detect potentially significant differences in cartilage versus nonathletic controls.
History and Language At Rome
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: March 2007

The impact of war accelerates many processes in the development of a language that otherwise might have been slow, gradual and imperfect. First and most palpable, the enrichment of the vocabulary—novelties and the new words to describe them. But change may go deeper and further.The struggle for Sicily in the first Punic War engaged a large proportion of the Roman manpower for more than twenty years. Returning, the soldiers brought with them the words they had used in Sicily day by day. Hence the wide knowledge of Greek revealed by Roman comedy a generation later, before the end of the second war. Then, in a few years Rome became protector of Hellas and arbiter of the civilized world; the language and the literature of the Greeks at once permeated the upper classes.
The Algebraic and the Experienced
Authors: Berque Jacques 
Published: March 2007

Among the Arabs, wijdân means a particularly rich and moving relationship between essence and existence (and vice versa). In recent periods of their history it has been interpreted as mass movements, emotional violence, and the impulse to change life. Is this but one aspect, one of several effects, or is it the substance of revolutions? Does the concept “to change life” have a value by itself, or is it only a symptom or corollary of more hidden movements which justify such an abstraction?Etymologically thawra in arabic means “effervescence.” Moreover, it does not just partially include, but surpasses our understanding of revolutions. We have become accustomed to defining them as changes in class relationships. The exercise of a secret logic can be seen which would determine, in the end, the fortunes of production relationships. This is, at any rate, what Marxist doctrine maintained, until recent studies revealed more shades of meaning and completed it. This is not the place to take up in our turn the debate about genesis/structure, structure/superstructure, the predominant factor and its consequences or effects, or “superdetermination,” which is the contingency to use ruses.
Slogans and Education
Authors: Reboul Olivier 
Published: March 2007

The title of this essay may look surprising, if not provocative. What connection is to be found between education and slogans? The latter, first and foremost, are part of the world of publicity and propaganda; they obey a concise, punch-packing formula which aims not to instruct, but to provoke action. The word slogan is furthermore distinctly pejorative. Well…?Well, I shall raise two questions. First: does not education in effect make use of slogans, unintentionally? After all, the slogan is not confined to the area of publicity and propaganda; slogans existed before them, and they exist apart from them; they are a function of language. It is therefore justifiable to look for slogans where one least expects to find them, and where it is hardest to recognize them for what they are.
From Science To Metaphysics and Philosophy
Authors: Lalumia Joseph 
Published: March 2007

Most historians of science and historians of philosophy have advanced the doctrine that philosophy preceded science, the so-called Pre-socratics from Thales to Democritus being the philosophers who provided the stimulus for science to begin.There are a few historians who see the Pre-socratics as scientists. However, these historians seem without exception to be uncertain about two of the Pre-socratics: Parmenides, who appears to them to be essentially a philosopher or a logician, and Zeno, the Eleatic, who excites their attention mainly because of the influence of his paradoxes reflected in the history of mathematics.
Population Problems in the Contemporary World
Authors: Ourlanis Boris 
Published: March 2007

Earthly civilization has now entered a phase of development which requires urgent need of imagination to discern its eventual evolution.Demographic problems occupy a considerable place in global development. Numerous authors interested in the future of the planet have referred to the important factor of population increase. Nevertheless their attitudes toward demographic problems, the manner in which they conceive their own roles, their forecasts are all diverse and reflect a wide range of ideas from serene optimism to nihilistic pessimism.
Public culture, independent online news and the Tasmanian Times
Authors: Hutchins Brett 
Published: March 2007

This article presents a case study of an independent online news site, the Tasmanian Times (http://www.tasmaniantimes.com), to highlight and analyse a number of critical issues in contemporary media culture and journalism practice. These issues include the social and political functions of online news sources, the interplay between contending discourses of `quality' and `tabloid' journalism, the role of celebrity culture and reporting in news media, and the implications of using the world wide web to deliver news and information to readers, as well as to interact with them. The site was selected for study because of the impact that it has made in Tasmania, which is an Australian state and island home to almost half a million people who live in regional cities and rural settlements. This essay is part of a larger research project that seeks to demonstrate that news media in culturally and geographically marginal regional areas is of significance in the creation and functioning of the'network society'. The sociology of Richard Sennett and Jürgen Habermas are applied selectively in order to demonstrate the deeply rooted social, cultural and historical processes informing the content and journalistic practices that sustain the Tasmanian Times. Evidence is drawn from in-depth interviews with the award-winning journalist running the site, continuing email correspondence with him, and observation of the Tasmanian Times website.
Disruptive coloration in cuttlefish: a visual perception mechanism that regulates ontogenetic adjustment of skin patterning
Authors: Barbosa Alexandra , Mäthger Lydia M. , Chubb Charles , Florio Christopher , Chiao Chuan-Chin , Hanlon Roger T. 
Published: March 2007

Among the changeable camouflage patterns of cuttlefish, disruptive patterning is shown in response to certain features of light objects in the visual background. However, whether animals show disruptive patterns is dependent not only on object size but also on their body size. Here, we tested whether cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) are able to match their disruptive body patterning with increasing size of background objects as they grow from hatchling to adult size (0.7 to 19.6 cm mantle length; factor of 28). Specifically, do cuttlefish have a single `visual sampling rule' that scales accurately during ontogeny?For each of seven size classes of cuttlefish, we created black and white checkerboards whose check sizes corresponded to 4, 12, 40, 120, 400 and 1200%of the area of the cuttlefish's White square, which is a neurophysiologically controlled component of the skin. Disruptive body patterns were evoked when,regardless of animal size, the check size measured either 40 or 120% of the area of the cuttlefish's White square, thus demonstrating a remarkable ontogenetic conformity to a single visual sampling rule.Cuttlefish have no known visual feedback loop with which to adjust their skin patterns. Since the area of a cuttlefish's White square skin component is a function of body size, our results indicate that cuttlefish are solving a visual scaling problem of camouflage presumably without visual confirmation of the size of their own skin component.
Development of Fabrication of Giant Nanomembranes
Authors: Watanabe Hirohmi , Vendamme Richard , Kunitake Toyoki 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Large nanomembranes, which are characterized by aspect ratios (size/thickness) of greater than one million, are described. The combination of nanometer thickness and macroscopic size facilitates important applications in materials separation, selective transport and electrochemical devices. In the past, only small pieces of nanomembranes have been fabricated, in spite of intensive research. We describe here the first examples of a general fabrication procedure. Spin coating of the precursor solutions on appropriate underlayer was effectively used to prepare 10–30 nm thick nanomembranes of metal oxides, interpenetrating network of cross-linked acrylate with metal oxide, and highly cross-linked organic polymers (epoxy resin, etc.). The underlayer is composed of an affinity (e.g., poly(vinyl alcohol)) layer and/or sacrificial layer, and the role of these layers is discussed. Some of the mechanical properties of nanomembranes were measured by using a bulge test and a compression method. The nanomembranes of the organic and inorganic hybrids and the purely organic resins were surprisingly robust and defect-free.
Guest-Induced Supramolecular Isomerism and Chirality of Brucine Inclusion Crystals with Aliphatic Alcohols: A Hierarchical Interpretation
Authors: Watabe Tsuyoshi , Kobayashi Kenji , Hisaki Ichiro , Tohnai Norimitsu , Miyata Mikiji 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Cocrystallization of brucine with a series of aliphatic alcohols was systematically investigated to understand molecular recognition through supramolecular isomerism and chirality. Guest-induced supramolecular isomers of brucine were obtained by cocrystallization and were categorized into three structural types based on the common 21 helical tape-like assemblies. These supramolecular isomers were elucidated from the molecular structures on the basis of qualitative hierarchical structural analysis through supramolecular chirality. Moreover, it was found that the supramolecular isomerization occurred depending on the size of the guest molecules. This dependence was clearly evaluated on the relationship between the volume of the guest molecules and the packing coefficient of the void spaces in the host cavities.
Effects of personality, interrogation techniques and plausibility in an experimental false confession paradigm
Authors: Klaver Jessica R. , Lee Zina , Rose V. Gordon 
Published: March 2007

Purpose. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of personality variables, interrogation techniques and the plausibility level of an alleged transgression on the experimental elicitation of false confessions.Methods. Two hundred and nineteen undergraduate students assessed on measures of compliance, self‐esteem, locus of control and interrogative suggestibility participated in the Kassin and Kiechel (1996) paradigm. Experimental manipulations included minimization and maximization interrogation techniques and high and low plausibility of the alleged typing mistake to examine rates of false confession and internalization.Results. The overall false confession and internalization rates across all conditions were 43 and 10%, respectively. An increased likelihood of false confession behaviour was associated with higher Shift scores on the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale, the use of minimization interrogation techniques and an increase in the plausibility of the allegation. Females were more likely to falsely confess than males in the high plausibility condition, whereas Caucasian and Asian participants were equally likely to falsely confess. Personality variables, such as compliance, most influenced the behaviour of males and Asians.Conclusions. The results of this study offer insight into false confession behaviour, suggesting that individuals who have a tendency to change their responses in the face of negative feedback may be more prone to false confession behaviour. The findings also serve to highlight the dangers of using minimization interrogation techniques and elucidate the limited generalizability of the paradigm to situations in which the alleged transgression is less plausible.