bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood Flow Changes in the Trapezius Muscle and Overlying Skin Following Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Sandberg Margareta L , Sandberg Matilda K , Dahl Johanna 
Published: June 2007

Background and Purpose: Various researchers have studied the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on hemodynamics. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of TENS on local blood flow in the trapezius muscle and overlying skin.
Subjects: Thirty-three women who were healthy, aged 25 to 55 years, were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 3 different modes of TENS.
Methods: Skin and muscle blood flow were monitored noninvasively using a new application of photoplethysmography for 15 minutes of TENS applied at high frequency (80 Hz) and sensory-level intensity and at low frequency (2 Hz) and motor-level intensity and for 15 minutes after stimulation. Subliminal 80-Hz TENS was used as a control. Blood flow was monitored simultaneously on stimulated and nonstimulated shoulders.
Results: Blood flow in the trapezius muscle, but not skin blood flow, increased significantly with motor-level 2-Hz TENS, whereas no increase occurred with sensory-level 80-Hz TENS or subliminal 80-Hz TENS.
Discussion and Conclusion: Muscle contractions induced by motor-level 2-Hz TENS appear to be a prerequisite for increasing blood flow in the trapezius muscle. However, high stimulation intensity may prevent increased blood flow in the overlying skin.
Gestion de la forêt tropicale en zone rurale: le transfert de technologies peut-il être le catalyseur de partenariats durables? | Management of tropical forests in rural areas: Can technology transfer really act as a catalyst for sustainable partnerships?
Authors: Pfund Jean-Laurent , Kistler Pierre , Guidese Stefano 
Published: June 2007

This article discusses the necessary adaptation of improvement techniques to local rural requirements, based on two case studies on (i) a forest with high timber potential and (ii) a forest with high agricultural pressure. Results underline the importance of the exchange of information and communication networks as essential components of a dynamic development.
In spite of fundamentally different forest management schemes, a number of analytical elements seem common in both cases studied (Congo Basin and Madagascar). According to these examples, one can see that the disabling factors arise,on the one hand, from classical problems of maladjustment to local conditions, and from deficiencies in the «tools» of information transmission and sustainability gaps, due to lack of support from the local population, on the other. Moreover, it is clear that a strategy needs to be adopted that grants the local system as much autonomy as possible. The strategy must satisfy the basic needs of the local population and also take the growing need for cash into account.
The article concludes that the transfer of technologies can indeed quickly become a catalyst of sustainable partnerships in favorable conditions of local development, provided that the local beneficiaries of the transfer are identified in an equitable manner. At the same time, preceding and normally complementary measures are necessary to improve local competences and organization. The setting up of lasting relations with partners and their organisations is the key to reaching a consensus on the definition of objectives, as well as to regular relations that allow for adjustments to the system should complications arise. Responsibility for the sustainability of the system remains with the State, which co-ordinates activities as a whole, while dynamic impulses come more from the economic sector. In addition to setting up long-term partnerships the central concerns of the system include local know-how, the capabilities of assimilation and negotiation between the principal local actors and sound financial analysis.
Processing Routes, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Glasses and their Composites
Authors: Eckert J. , Das J. , Pauly S. , Duhamel C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMetallic glasses represent an interesting group of materials as they are superior in certain mechanical properties, i.e. they reach near theoretical strength, exhibit large elastic strain (2 %) and low elastic modulus compared to their crystalline counterparts. The discovery of new alloy compositions solidifying into bulk glassy samples allows for conventional mechanical characterization and raises the hope for possible applications as structural material. In order to improve and tailor the mechanical properties, composite materials have been developed that consist of a glassy matrix with second phase dispersions of different chemical compositions, morphology, and different length scale. This article reviews the different processing routes, the evolution of different microstructures and the resulting elastic and plastic properties of metallic glasses and their composites. Additionally, the recently reported monolithic ductile bulk metallic glasses will be discussed in terms of their structure, chemical composition and their unique “work hardening”‐like behavior.
Phase Diagrams and Glass Formation in Metallic Systems
Authors: Baricco M. , Palumbo M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe basic thermodynamic aspects of glass‐formation in metallic systems are reviewed. In particular, the specific features of a phase diagram with respect to glass‐formation are evidenced. On the basis of the regular solution model, the effect of various thermodynamic quantities on the free energy difference between undercooled liquid and crystal phases are outlined. In order to describe the amorphous phase, a specific heat difference between liquid and solid phases in the undercooling regime is introduced in the CALPHAD assessment of various binary systems. The glass‐transition is described as a second order transition. Examples are given for different systems, including Fe‐B and Cu‐Mg. From the description of the free energy of various phases as a function of composition and temperature, the driving forces for nucleation of crystal phases and the T0 curves are estimated.
Characterization of dynamical emulsification process in concentrated conditions
Authors: Baravian Christophe , Mougel Julien , Caton François , Durand Alain 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEmulsification at constant shear rate in concentrated conditions (50% in volume fraction) is investigated experimentally by measuring simultaneously the droplet size and the global shear stress using a specially designed rheo‐optical “Steady Light Transport” apparatus. The capillary number is varied by changing the continuous phase viscosity, corresponding to disperse to continuous phase viscosity ratios between 0.02 and 2. We show that when the capillary number is large enough (>0.35), emulsification occurs. At constant shear rate, this time‐dependant process can be separated into four steps: (1) flow start‐up, (2) premix formation, (3) a progressive reduction in droplet size, associated with an increase in shear stress, (4) changes in droplet size and shear stress stop at a well‐defined emulsification time. Step (3), called dynamical emulsification, is fully controlled by the critical capillary number and the mechanism of drop size reduction stops when viscous dissipation dominates the droplet elongation and break‐up mechanism. This approach accurately describes both the variation in shear stress with droplet size during Stage (3) and the final state of the emulsion in terms of droplet size and viscosity. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Is the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism associated with bipolar disorder or with suicidal behavior of bipolar disorder patients?
Authors: Neves F.S. , Silveira G. , Romano‐Silva M.A. , Malloy‐Diniz L. , Ferreira A.A. , De Marco L. , Correa H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe serotonin transporter gene has a 44 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism within the promoter region (5‐HTTLPR) with two allelic forms, the long (L) and the short (S) variants. Association between the low‐activity S variant and bipolar disorder (BPD) has been shown but its replication has not been consistent. It has also been described as an association between the S allele and suicidal behavior. Since suicidal behavior is a rather frequent event in BPD, an important question is whether suicidality, instead of bipolarity itself, could be related to S allele. We assessed 351 subjects (167 bipolar inpatients and 184 healthy controls). Diagnosis was conducted by a psychiatrist using a structured interview (MINI‐PLUS), according to DSM‐IV criteria. Suicidal behavior was assessed using a semi‐structured instrument and a review of medical records. Genotyping of the 5‐HTTLPR was performed using PCR. There were 77 patients with a history of previous suicide attempts. Bipolar patients and healthy controls showed comparable genotypic and allelic frequencies. Patients carrying the S allele made violent suicide attempts more frequently (χ2 = 20.2; P = 0.0001) and made more suicide attempts (t = 2.6; P = 0.01). We were able to show an association between the S allele and suicidal behavior but not with BPD. Our data suggest that a phenotypic stratification, taking into account the suicidal behavior history, is of pivotal importance when performing association studies between BPD and 5‐HTTLPR genotypes, which could explain previous contradictory results. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing for gene × environment interaction effects in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated antisocial behavior
Authors: Langley K. , Turic D. , Rice F. , Holmans P. , van den Bree M.B.M. , Craddock N. , Kent L. , Owen M.J. , O'Donovan M.C. , Thapar A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGene × environment (G × E) interactions are increasingly thought to have substantial influence on the aetiology and clinical manifestations of complex disorders. In ADHD, although main effects of specific genetic variants and pre‐ or peri‐natal variables have been reported and replicated using pooled analyses, few studies have looked at possible interactions. In a clinical sample of 266 children with ADHD, we tested for interaction between gene variants (in DRD4, DAT1, DRD5, and 5HTT) found to be associated with ADHD in pooled analyses and maternal smoking, alcohol use during pregnancy and birth weight. First, G × E effects on a diagnosis of ADHD were tested using conditional logistic regression analyses. Second, possible modifying effects of G × E on symptoms of associated conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) were investigated using linear regression analysis. The sample size associated with each of the analyses differed as not each variant had been genotyped for each individual. No effects of G × E on ADHD diagnosis were observed. The results suggest that lower birth weight and maternal smoking during pregnancy may interact with DRD5 and DAT1 (birth weight only) in influencing associated antisocial behavior symptoms (ODD and conduct disorder). These preliminary findings showed no evidence of interaction between previously implicated variants in ADHD and specific environmental risk factors, on diagnosis of the disorder. There may be evidence of G × E on associated antisocial behavior in ADHD, but further investigation is needed. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between VNTR polymorphisms of the human dopamine transporter gene and expression in post‐mortem midbrain tissue
Authors: Brookes Keeley J. , Neale Benjamin M. , Sugden Karen , Khan Nadeem , Asherson Philip , D'Souza Ursula M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently one of the most prevalent childhood behavioral disorders. The disorder is found to be highly heritable, suggesting a large genetic component. Association studies have repeatedly implicated the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene, and in particular the 10‐repeat allele of a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism located in the 3′UTR of the gene. Inconclusive data has been generated from several earlier studies on the functional effects of this polymorphism. Therefore, there is call for further investigation and thus the focus on data described here from TaqMan RT‐PCR assays. The expression levels of the DAT1 gene from post‐mortem midbrain tissue was measured in relation to the polymorphism present at the 3′UTR VNTR, together with a further VNTR marker located within intron 8 of the gene (Int8 VNTR). The findings suggest that the presence of the 10‐repeat allele of the 3′UTR VNTR, the 3‐repeat of the intron 8 VNTR and both VNTR markers are correlated with increased levels of the DAT1 transcript in midbrain post‐mortem tissue. Further work using linear regression (LR) shows agreement with the correlation analysis, and either nominal significance or a trend in that direction. Given the small sample size, bootstrapping‐derived confidence intervals were calculated for the LR. These empirical analyses suggest that the 3′UTR VNTR to show a significant main effect on relative DAT1 expression. Furthermore, a significant effect was found for the combined model (3′UTR and Int8 VNTR markers) on expression. These data provide further evidence on the plausible molecular mechanism underlying the aetiology of the disorder. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary report of familial clustering of EEG measures in ADHD
Authors: Loo Sandra K. , Smalley Susan L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of the present study is to examine the familiality of electroencephalographic (EEG) measures among affected sibling pairs with Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). EEG was recorded during baseline (eyes open and eyes closed) and cognitive activation conditions on a sample of 58 children with ADHD (27 multiplex families), ages 6–18. EEG power in three frequency bands: theta (4–7 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (12–20 Hz) was tested for sibling correlation, familial co‐segregation and association with behavioral task performance on a sustained attention task. Sibling correlation for EEG measures was moderate during baseline conditions and significantly higher for the cognitive activation condition. Familial clustering of frontal and parietal alpha power was evident, but only during the cognitive activation condition. Theta and alpha power correlated significantly with CPT response variability and omission errors, respectively. Cognitive task performance did not exhibit familial clustering in our sample. EEG measures (i.e., alpha power) recorded during cognitive activation is a strongly familial trait in ADHD and may be a putative endophenotype for ADHD. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of selected process parameters on the morphology of poly(ethylene terephthalate) preforms and bottles
Authors: Hanley Tracey , Sutton David , Karatchevtseva Inna , Cookson David , Burford Robert , Knott Robert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSmall‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) studies and polarized optical microscopy were undertaken to explore possible morphological explanations for the poor mechanical strength in the petaloid bases of poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles. With a standard commercial production line, one set of injection‐molded preforms was overpacked by 1.1 wt % to investigate the effect on the molecular morphology with respect to a set of control samples. Both sets of preforms showed highly crystalline and oriented areas corresponding to the injection gate region. The main body of the control preform was amorphous, and although the overpacked preform was essentially amorphous, there was some evidence for weak crystallinity. The SAXS patterns of the bottle petaloid base blown from the corresponding preforms produced similar SAXS patterns for overpacked and control bottle bases, indicating that the commercial process is robust at least to this degree of overpacking. Optical microscopy showed detailed crystalline features around the gate region and thin crystalline layers sandwiched between a quenched skin layer in direct contact with the cold mold walls and the main flow of material into the mold. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Morphology and thermal properties of poly(L‐lactic acid)/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Lin Li‐Huei , Liu Hsin‐Jiant , Yu Neng‐Kai 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA modified clay was used to prepare poly(L‐lactic acid)/clay nanocomposite dispersions. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy experiments revealed that poly(L‐lactic acid) was able to intercalate the clay galleries. IR spectra of the poly(L‐lactic acid)/clay nanocomposites showed the presence of interactions between the exfoliated clay platelets and the poly(L‐lactic acid). Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were performed to study the thermal behavior of the prepared composites. The properties of the poly(L‐lactic acid)/clay nanocomposites were also examined as functions of the organoclay content. The exfoliated organoclay layers acted as nucleating agents, and as the organoclay content increased, the crystallization temperature increased. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Improving MCM‐41 as a Nitrosamines Trap through a One‐Pot Synthesis
Authors: Xu Jia Hui , Zhuang Ting Ting , Cao Yi , Yang Jing , Wen Jing Jia , Wu Zheng Ying , Zhou Chun Fang , Huang Li , Wang Ying , Yue Ming Bo , Zhu Jian Hua 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCopper oxide was incorporated into MCM‐41 by a one‐pot synthesis under acidic conditions to prepare a new mesoporous nitrosamines trap for protection of the environment. The resulting composites were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption, and H2 temperature‐programmed reduction techniques, and their adsorption capabilities were assessed in the gaseous adsorption of N‐nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR). The adsorption isotherms were consistent with the Freundlich equation. The copper salt was deposited onto MCM‐41 during the evaporation stage and was fixed on the host in the calcination process that followed. MCM‐41 was able to capture NPYR in air below 373 K but not at 453 K. Loading of copper oxide on MCM‐41 greatly improved its adsorption capability at elevated temperatures. The influence of the incorporation of copper into MCM‐41 samples and the adsorption behavior of these samples are discussed in detail.
Sugar‐Alcohol Complexes of Palladium(II): On the Variable Rigidity of Open‐Chain Carbohydrate Ligands
Authors: Allscher Thorsten , Kästele Xaver , Kettenbach Gerhard , Klüfers Peter , Kunte Thomas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe C4, C5, and C6 sugar alcohols erythritol (Eryt), D‐threitol (D‐Thre), D‐arabitol (D‐Arab), ribitol (Ribt), xylitol (Xylt), dulcitol (Dulc), and D‐mannitol (D‐Mann) form chelate complexes upon dissolution in Pd‐en, an aqueous solution of [PdII(en)(OH)2]. Stability rules are derived from the proportion of a respective species in the solution equilibrium. Crystal‐structure analysis supports the NMR spectroscopic results for a series of binuclear compounds that contain the sugar alcohols as tetraanionic polyolato ligands: [Pd2(en)2(ErytH−4)]⋅ 10H2O, [Pd2(en)2(D‐Arab1,2;3,4H−4)]⋅ 7H2O, [Pd2(en)2(Xylt1,2;3,4H−4)]⋅4H2O, [Pd2(en)2(D‐Mann1,2;3,4H−4)]⋅5H2O, and [Pd2(en)2(Dulc2,3;4,5H−4)]⋅6H2O. In the case of the pentitols and hexitols, the metalated tetraanions are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds uniformly connect an alkoxide acceptor to the hydroxy donor group located at the δ carbon atom. As a consequence of hydrogen bonding, the open‐chain carbohydrate ligands become rigid. Crystal‐structure analysis provides information on the configurational requirements for rigidity. According to these rules, the hydrogen‐bond‐supported Dulc2,3;4,5H−4 tetraanion provides a geometrically persistent ligating pattern. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding seems to be the most‐competitive variable to metalation of a polyol. [Pd2(tm‐2,1:3,2‐tet)(OH)3]OH (tm‐2,1:3,2‐tet=1,3‐bis(2′‐dimethylaminoethyl)hexahydropyrimidine) is a metallizing agent that can force full metalation even in a case as intractable as that of dulcitol. Accordingly, [Pd4(tm‐2,1:3,2‐tet)2‐(DulcH−6)]Cl2⋅16H2O contains the fully deprotonated hexitol as the ligand.
Preliminary results on the fundamental parameters of the eclipsing binary V398 Lacertae
Authors: Çakırlı Ö. , Frasca A. , İbanoǧlu C. , Soydugan F. , Deǧirmenci Ö. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission photometric observations of V398 Lac, led to the discovery of its variability, allowing to classify it as an eclipsing binary with an orbital period of about 5.4 days. This prompted us to acquire highresolution échelle spectra with the aim of performing accurate radial velocity measurements and to determine the main physical parameters of the system's components. We present, for the first time, a double‐lined radial velocity curve and determine the orbital and physical parameters of the two components, that can be classified both as late B‐type stars. In particular, we obtained an orbital inclination i ∼ 85°. With this value of the inclination, we deduced masses M1 = 3.83±0.35 M⊙ andM2 = 3.29±0.32 M⊙, and radii R1 = 4.89±0.18 R⊙ and R2 = 2.45±0.11 R⊙ for the more massive and less massive components, respectively. Both components are well inside their own Roche lobes. The mass ratio is M2/M1 ∼ 0.86. We derived also the projected rotational velocities as v1 sin i = 79±2 km s–1 and v2 sin i = 19±2 km s–1. Our measurements indicate that the rotation of the primary star is essentially pseudo‐synchronized with the orbital velocity at the periastron, while the secondary appears to rotate very slowly and has not yet attained synchronization. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low‐mass visual binaries in the solar neighbourhood: The case of HD 141272
Authors: Eisenbeiss T. , Seifahrt A. , Mugrauer M. , Schmidt T. O. B. , Neuhäuser R. , Roell T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe search for stellar and substellar companions of young nearby stars to investigate stellar multiplicity and formation of stellar and substellar companions. We detect common proper‐motion companions of stars via multi‐epoch imaging. Their companionship is finally confirmed with photometry and spectroscopy. Here we report the discovery of a new co‐moving (13 σ) stellar companion ∼17.8 arcsec (350AU in projected separation) north of the nearby star HD141272 (21 pc).With EMMI/NTT optical spectroscopy we determined the spectral type of the companion to be M3±0.5V. The derived spectral type as well as the near infrared photometry of the companion are both fully consistent with a $ 0.26^{+0.07}_{-0.06} $ M⊙ dwarf located at the distance of HD141272 (21 pc). Furthermore the photometry data rules out the pre‐main sequence status, since the system is consistent with the ZAMS of the Pleiades. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)