bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlating Fluid Lubrication Characteristics to Pump Wear Using a Bench Top Surface Contact Test Method
Authors: Eleftherakis JG , Webb RP 
Published: March 2009

One measure of a good test procedure ultimately answers the question, “How well does the procedure duplicate field observed results?” This is especially true with test methods for hydraulic components such as pumps due to the unique wear processes at play in today's high performance hydraulic systems.
This paper discusses the development of a benchtop, surface contact pin and journal wear test method and the research conducted to determine its usefulness in predicting the wear characteristics of fluid system components. Discussed are the limitations discovered in the various other machines and methods used for assessing the antiwear characteristics of fluids (i.e., lack of fluid circulation system, lack of contamination control and lack of variable speed control of the wearing surfaces). These limitations are emphasized when applied to hydraulic system related testing.
Further discussed in the paper are two surface wear studies--one on the lubrication characteristics of hydraulic fluids and the other a wear assessment of fuel pumps. Both studies are shown to correlate well with actual field experience.
These studies are the basis to justify further efforts to correlate results from the bench test proposed with hydraulic pump testing. Such correlation would minimize the need to conduct the more expensive and time consuming pump testing.
Spectator Safety Management in Baseball/Softball
Authors: Lucenko LK 
Published: March 2009

A major area of concern when planning, constructing and managing a baseball/softball facility should be the provision of an adequate spectator protection system. The administrators of such a facility must consider the concepts of risk management to insure that the spectators will be provided a safe environment when attending a baseball/softball game.
This paper examines spectator safety considerations which should be implemented at all stadia that are designed to attract spectators. The paper also undertakes an analysis and comparison of three representative baseball/softball facilities; a professional baseball field in Salt Lake City, Derk’s Field; the Board of Education/Recreation Department Softball Complex in Wappinger’s Falls, New York and the Municipal Recreation Field, in Purchase, New York. In addition to a comparison of the exemplary fields, recommendations are made regarding the reduction of spectator injuries and subsequent litigation.
Short Fatigue Crack Characterization and Detection Using Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM)
Authors: Varvani-Farahani A , Topper TH 
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a new technique for studying the growth and morphology of fatigue cracks. The technique allows short fatigue crack growth, crack depth, aspect ratio (crack depth/half crack length), and crack front configuration to be measured using a Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope (CSLM). CSLM measurements of the initial stage of crack growth in Al 2024-T351 revealed that microstructurally short fatigue cracks grew initially along a plane inclined to the applied stress. The angle of the inclined plane (Stage I crack growth) was found to be about 45 degrees to the axis of the applied tensile load. Aspect ratio and the angle of maximum shear plane (Mode II), obtained using the CSLM technique, showed a good agreement with those obtained using a Surface Removal (SR) technique. The aspect ratios obtained using the CSLM technique were found to remain constant with increasing crack length in Al 2024-T351 and SAE 1045 Steel at 0.83 and 0.80, respectively.
Optical sectioning along the length of a crack revealed that the crack front in the interior of the materials has a semi-elliptical shape. These results are in good agreement with results obtained using the SR technique.
The CSLM technique was employed to characterize the fracture surface of fatigue cracks in an SAE 1045 Steel. CSLM image processing of the fracture surface near the crack tip constructed a three dimensional profile of fracture surface asperities. The heights of asperities were obtained from this profile.
Optical sectioning from a post-image-processed crack provided crack depth and crack mouth width at every point along the crack length for each load level. The crack opening stress was taken as the stress level at which the crack depth stopped increasing with increases in applied stress.
Test Method for the Assessment of Fretting at the Femoral Head and Neck Taper Interface
Authors: McLean TW , Lambert RD 
Published: March 2009

Today in the United States, 95% of all total hip implants contain at least one modular junction. The most common of these junctions connects the femoral head and neck taper. Because this connection utilizes a Morse taper, various materials and design variables can influence fretting and corrosion behavior at the mating surfaces, and ultimately the longevity of the device.
In order to isolate and study the behavior of the femoral head/neck taper connection, a simplified model of a neck taper was designed. Test specimens were manufactured of Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr, and were designed to accept a Co-Cr femoral head. These constructs provided control in the experiment by focusing on the femoral head/neck taper interface, and by facilitating debris collection. Each construct was encapsulated with Ringer's solution and subjected to a fatigue load of 490 N to 4900 N at a rate of 10 hertz for ten million cycles. Using direct current plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (DCP-OES), the Ringer's solution was analyzed for titanium and cobalt ions after the fatigue test. The titanium level measured for the Ti-6Al-4V/Co-Cr constructs was less than 0.05 mg/L. For the Ti-6Al-4V/Co-Cr and Co-Cr/Co-Cr constructs, the cobalt levels were 0.95 – 0.23 mg/L and 1.16 – 0.57 mg/L, respectively.
This test method was designed to determine the debris generated at the femoral head/neck taper interface by controlling for specific design/fixation variables. It can be used to predict how such factors as material, taper diameter, taper angle, taper engagement, and tolerances affect the generation of wear debris during fatigue. Although the results do not predict the debris generation of an actual hip prosthesis, they may indicate performance characteristics which can be generalized to in-vivo behavior of the device.
Fretting Corrosion Fatigue Study of Modular Joints in Total Hip Replacements by Accelerated In Vitro Testing
Authors: Bhambri SK , Gilbertson LN 
Published: March 2009

The performance of modular head/taper joints in total hip replacements now in use for nearly two decades can be easily termed as a clinical success. However, associated with concerns of metal particulates found in retrieved tissues, a critical review of modularity in hip joints has recently emerged. Evaluation of retrieved modular joints has shown some surface morphological changes and debris generated at the mating surfaces which has not been demonstrated equally by any in vitro laboratory testing.
In this investigation, an experimental setup was developed to conduct fretting corrosion tests of modular head/taper assemblies in an aggressive environment to accelerate the in vivo phenomena. The fretting corrosion tests were conducted in a low pH Ringer's solution at 50°C. A maximum cyclic load of 5.34 kN was applied at 5 Hz on simulated modular head/taper assemblies mounted in a 15° valgus anatomic orientation. Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr- Mo alloy tapers and Co-Cr-Mo alloy (cast or wrought) and zirconia ceramic femoral heads in various combinations were evaluated. The morphology evaluation of taper and head bore surfaces after 10 million cycles revealed features such as etching of structure, preferential leaching and fretting in congruence to those reported for retrieved modular hip joints. Nitrogen diffusion surface hardening of Ti-6Al-4V alloy tapers resulted in an increase in resistance to fretting corrosion-induced changes, and a reduction in generated debris. A zirconia ceramic femoral head tested on either a Ti-6Al-4V or a Co-Cr-Mo alloy taper showed an enhanced resistance to both mechanical and chemical phenomena.
Effect of Crumb Rubber Particle Size and Concentration on Performance Grading of Rubber Modified Asphalt Binders
Authors: Tayebali AA , Vyas BB , Malpass GA 
Published: March 2009

This study evaluates two aspects of the performance related Superpave™ binder specification methodology: 1) the applicability of the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) to crumb rubber modified binders, and 2) the effect of crumb rubber particle size and concentration on the higher temperature performance grading of rubber modified asphalt binders.
Results indicate that the Superpave™ DSR test protocol is applicable to the modified binders used in this study. The average coefficient of variation for the different specimen thickness and replicate testing based on the measured property G*/sinδ obtained was 6.2% and 6.5%, respectively. In general, the crumb rubber particle size did not affect the performance grading of the modified binders. A 7% crumb rubber modification increased the high temperature performance grading by one grade; whereas, the 14% crumb rubber modification increased the performance grading by two grades. For high temperature range, the unmodified and modified binders with the same performance grade appear to show similar characteristics.
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Fate and Effects in Alaskan Waters
Authors: Wells PG , Butler JN , Hughes JS 
Published: March 2009

Description
The first definitive exploration of the effects of this catastrophic oil spill since its occurrence in 1989. In addition to a comprehensive overview of the issues involved, 25 peer-reviewed papers cover the following key topics: • Chemistry and Fate of the Spill • Shoreline Impacts of the Spill • Effects on Fish and Fisheries • Effects on Wildlife • Archaeological Site Impact.
Structural Integrity Criteria for Commercial Transport Aircraft
Authors: Watanabe RT , Scheumann TD 
Published: March 2009

The criteria and procedures used to develop and maintain commercial transport aircraft have produced long-life structure with credible service records. These criteria have evolved over time and address a multitude of regulatory and manufacturer-specific requirements to ensure long-term structural integrity of these aircraft. Structure designed to meet these requirements must balance detail design, manufacturing processes, and ease of maintenance, and must be expected to operate at high stresses because of weight objectives. Static strength requirements ensure that any failure due to static overload is unlikely. Operator service period expectations are met with durability requirements, while detection of damage prior to compromising structural safety is ensured by damage tolerance and fail-safety criteria.
The evolution of structures design criteria is briefly reviewed with major focus on current guidelines for structural durability and damage tolerance.
Performance of Protective Clothing: Fifth Volume
Authors: Johnson JS , Mansdorf SZ 
Published: March 2009

Description
This fully-illustrated publication addresses a wide range of technical areas. 37 peer-reviewed papers are presented in the following sections:
• Physical Test Methods for Protective Clothing and Components
• Chemical and Biological Test Method Development and Applications
• Protective Clothing Issues Relating to Pesticides
• Protective Clothing Testing and Evaluation
• Protective Clothing Program Management
• Protective Clothing Standards and Regulations
• Thermal Test Method Development and Applications.
For safety directors, industrial hygienists, health physicists, occupational physicians, occupational nurses, fire fighters, fire chiefs, emergency medical technicians.Also for chemists (research and teachers), chemical technicians, medical technicians, and environmental professionals and technicians.
Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: Seventh Volume
Authors: Janoff DD , Royals WT , Gunaji MV 
Published: March 2009

Description
The most current information on oxygen compatibility of materials and risk management concepts and practices for oxygen systems design. Features 18 comprehensive peer-reviewed papers in the following key areas:
• Test Method Development
• Ignition and Combustion of Metals
• Ignition and Combustion of Nonmetals
• Cleaning for Oxygen Service
An extensive comparison of national training courses in Medical Oxygen Administration is presented in one paper.The final paper discusses a crucial case study of an oxygen-acetylene torch failure resulting from flashback reactions.
Effects of Radiation on Materials: 17th International Symposium
Authors: Gelles DS , Nanstad RK , Kumar AS , Little EA 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 1270 features the latest information from the world's leading experts on how radiation impacts a wide range of metals. This extensive volume includes 68 peer-reviewed papers organized into 8 comprehensive categories:
Modeling of Controlling Mechanisms -- 8 papers explore mechanisms controlling the behavior and process of radiation embrittlement and segregation in reactor pressure vessel steel.
MicrostructureStudies -- The precipitation process that controls reactor pressure vessel steel embrittlement is discussed in 6 papers.
Charpy Impact Response -- 14 papers explore such properties topics as the effects of annealing, irradiated welds and specific reactor parts, consequences of flux, and the use of small specimen technology and reconstitution.
Strength and Toughness Issues -- 11 papers expand the mechanical properties data base on reactor pressure vessel steels.
Ferritic and Martensitic Steels -- Steels with increased chromium levels for use at higher temperature are examined in 6 papers.
Austenitic Steels -- 12 papers present topics including microstructural response, fundamentals of radiation damage and mechanical properties.
Other Materials -- Nickel, aluminum alloys, vanadium and a zirconium alloy are the focus of 7 papers.
Special Procedures and Techniques -- 4 papers feature procedures for avoiding long term radioactivity and unique methods such as positron measurements and laser extensometry.
Performance of Protective Clothing: Sixth Volume
Authors: Stull JO , Schwope AD 
Published: March 2009

Description
Offers the most current information and latest technological advances on the subject of protective clothing evaluation and use. A wide spectrum of experts in the field have presented 28 peer-reviewed papers ranging from testing the integrity of fabrics to withstand numerous hazards to fitting considerations for pregnant women. The following comprehensive topics are discussed:
• Materials development and testing in such areas as thermal protection, physical hazards and dangerous biological exposure
• Innovative performance evaluation methods and current test procedure reassessment
• Testing and performance of entire items of industrial protective clothing in a variety of work environments
• Combining the human factor with the challenge of defining and producing protective clothing that is both comfortable and efficient.
Electrochemical Noise Measurement for Corrosion Applications
Authors: Kearns JR , Scully JR , Roberge PR , Reichert DL , Dawson JL 
Published: March 2009

Description
Presents a state-of-the-art review on electrochemical noise as it is applied to corrosion today. Many diverse industrial applications for electrochemical noise measurement (ENM) are presented along with the latest laboratory methods of analysis techniques. Strategies to monitor and control corrosion in heat exchangers, pipelines,storage tanks, and steam generators using ENM technology are discussed from an industrial perspective.
28 peer-reviewed papers represent a variety of industrial and academic perspectives on ENM. In 6 sections:
• Correlations to other Electrochemical Techniques
• Data Analysis
• Industrial Applications
• Pitting
• Methods
• and Standardization.
Geostatistics for Environmental and Geotechnical Applications
Authors: Rouhani S , Srivastava RM , Desbarats AJ , Cromer MV , Johnson AI 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 1283 gives you the opportunity to review several practical exercises conducted by authorities in this discipline. The 300-page volume opens with a four-part introduction to geostatistics:
Geostatistics for Environmental and Geotechnical Applications: A Technology Transferred examines the practicality of geostatistical methods and concludes with a case study that thoroughly executes the geostatistical approach.
Describing Spatial Variability Using Geostatistical Analysis discusses the interpretation and modeling of experimental measures of spatial variability and demonstrates with examples based on a hypothetical data set consisting of lead and arsenic measurements collected from a contaminated soil site.
Geostatistical Estimation: Kriging discusses ordinary kriging (including a case study of the kriging of lead data); block kriging;alternative forms of kriging, and sources for more information.
Modeling Spatial Variability Using Geostatistical Simulation describes the application of simulation to site investigation problems, and shows how simulated fields can be used to answer questions concerning alternative site remediation strategies.
14 peer-reviewed papers follow in sections on Environmental Applications and Geotechnical and Earth Sciences Applications.
Clinical Wear Performance of Metal-on-Metal Hip Arthroplasties
Authors: Rieker CB , Köttig P , Schön R , Windler M , Wyss UP 
Published: March 2009

Thirty old (1st generation) Cobalt-Chromium metal-on-metal (Müller design) hip components and 83 new (2nd generation) Cobalt-Chromium metal-on-metal (METASUL™ design) hip components were examined for their in-vivo wear behaviour. The in-vivo wear behaviour of these retrievals was compared with their in-vitro wear behaviour. A running-in period of about one year is observed where the in-vivo wear rate for the whole bearing is approximately 25 μm/year. After this running-in period, the measured in-vivo wear rate of the whole bearing decreases to about 5 μm/year. A very good consistency is found between the in-vitro and in-vivo wear rate. The examination of the wear pattern shows abrasive wear for all the prostheses and some adhesive-fatigue wear areas for 10 per cent of the prostheses. The observed wear rate is independent of the wear mechanisms.
The metal-on-metal bearing can be considered as a very low wear articulation system.
Skiing Trauma and Safety: Eleventh Volume
Authors: Johnson RJ , Mote CD , Ekeland A 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 1289 features comprehensive material from the world's leading experts on the primary causes of serious skiing accidents, as well as the most current research and information on advances in skiing safety.
12 peer-reviewed papers cover the following subjects in 3 key areas:
Epidemiology--Olympic alpine racer injuries • The impact of alcohol on injury rates • Fatalities resulting from cardiac causes and trauma during skiing *Skiing injury trends over a twenty-three year period • An overview of snowboard injuries from 1988 - 1995.
Skiing Equipment--Boot design impact on muscle activity • The dynamics of an electromechanical ski binding release system • Ski binding minimum retention requirements.
Knee Injuries--A seven year evaluation of over 7300 ski injuries and their relationship to demographics, gender, experience and conditions • The impact of heel-low types of bindings on knee injuries • A computer simulation investigation tool for preventing injuries that occur during landing from a jump.
Modularity of Orthopedic Implants
Authors: Marlowe DE , Parr JE , Mayor MB 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 1301 is the first publication of its kind to present a complete compilation of research on testing methods of potential use in orthopedic implant product development.
18 comprehensive peer-reviewed papers are divided into 3 key categories: Clinical Relevance; • Issues of Concern; • and State of the Art in Properties Testing.
Safety in American Football
Authors: Hoerner EF 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 1305 presents up-to-date information on the risk factors for and concerning injuries that occur in the playing and participation of the game of American football. It provides a valuable resource for identifying these risk factors and establishing procedures and techniques to reduce injuries that occur in this athletic and recreational activity.
22 peer-reviewed papers in sections on
• Analyzing Risks,
• Assessment,
• Science,
• Management: Facilities,
• Management: Surfaces,
• and Management: Systems.
Characterization and Properties of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene
Authors: Gsell RA , Stein HL , Ploskonka JJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
Features the most up-to-date research on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as used in medical and surgical devices.
This new publication provides you with a thorough and overall understanding of UHMWPE. 11 comprehensive papers are divided into 3 sections on properties and characteristics; morphology; and sterilization and wear.
Topics explored include: In-vivo wear rates, wear patterns, and new wear debris morphology • Relationships between the material’s consolidation quality and its clinical performance • Consequences of various packaging and sterilization techniques on its properties and performance • Effects of various post-consolidation techniques on its properties and performance.
A valuable resource for orthopedic surgeons, product development engineers, senior chemists.
Testing and Acceptance Criteria for Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Authors: Well LW 
Published: March 2009

Description
Provides insight, guidance, and confidence in proper applications of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) in containment systems for liquid, solid, and hazardous waste containment systems. Summarizes the types of products, special test procedures developed over the last several years, and results of studies of hydraulic, chemical compatibility and stability issues.
The text (18 peer-reviewed papers) progresses from special testing procedures, shear strength and creep testing results, hydraulic conductivity testing, chemical compatibility issues, and specification suggestions for GCL applications. The paper Effect of Swell Pressure on GCL Cover Stability indicates greater swell pressure than typical overburden loading provides, which may compromise slope stability. The papers on shear strength and long term creep also provide important insight into slope stability issues.
Computerization and Networking of Materials Databases: Fifth Volume
Authors: Nishijima S , Iwata S 
Published: March 2009

Description
Features leading edge research, new philosophies and innovative methodologies on materials information and database system utilization.
21 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers from an international body of materials data professionals are divided into the following key areas:
Materials Science and the Role of Virtual Experiments -- 3 papers discuss alternative ways computers can best be used to support materials research and development.
Progress and Refinement of Data Models -- Using the Internet for comprehensive knowledge sharing; data model flexibility; and a new international standard, STEP, for representing and exchanging product data are among the issues explored in 4 papers.
Expert Systems and Knowledge Organization -- 5 papers examine how modern software technologies can be used to explore such areas as corrosion data, environmentally assisted cracking; and the exploration of unconventional natural gas reserves.
New Aspects of Data Content, Data Evaluation -- Environmental impact evaluation of materials engineering; concrete materials database guidelines; superconductor data evaluation methodology; and long term field corrosion test databases are among the topics presented in 5 papers.
Advancement of Computer Technologies -- 4 papers discuss the significance of materials microstructural information; microstructural classification; database performance and application; and future information systems designed for open world problem solving.