bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality process in relation to aggregation in the southern green stink bug
Authors: Hokyo Nibuhiko , Kiritani Keizi 
Published: November 2006

SummaryA simple experiment of simulation was done to analyze the natural mortality process of young larval colonies and egg masses of the southern green stink bug. In this experiment, a degree of contagiousness was allowed in regard to the action of a mortality factor, and was defined as the mean number killed per a colony or an egg mass by the mortality factor within a unit time and the number killed per a colony was assumed to follow the Poisson series with the mean . Thus each component of the Poisson series was opposed to each colony or egg mass which was taken at random from 162 egg masses, 135 and 117 colonies of the first and the second instar larvae, respectively.It was revealed that mortality factors in the field did not act with a small degree of contagiosness, e. g., on all colonies or egg masses, but acted with a large degree of contagiousness, e. g., on some of the colonies or egg masses. Thus differential survival somewhat in all or none way occurred among the insect colonies irrespective of their initial sizes. These results were well explained by taking actual mortality factors into account.
Spatial distribution of eggs by ovipositing Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Arbogast Richard T. , Mullen Michael A. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryA series of increasing egg densities was obtained by releasing various numbers of female Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) in rooms where dishes of moth rearing medium were evenly spaced on the floor. The number of larvae produced in each dish was taken as an indication of the number of eggs that had been laid. At all egg densities, the eggs were aggregated, and most of the distributions conformed quite well with the negative binormial, but the degree of aggregation denreased as mean egg density increased. The implications of the results for the development of ware‐house sampling strategies are discussed.
A preliminary simulation model of movement of larvae of Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) (Experimental studies on the dispersal of insects, II)
Authors: Sirota Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2006

SummaryExperiments for analyzing the movement and dispersal of larvae of C. pipiens molestus were made and preliminaly simulation models were constructed. The models were based on two distributions, the distance and direction of movements between 1 minute intervals. The distribution of distance is represented by a unimodal curve, and that of angle by a bimodal one. The results of simulation reasonably depicted the actual process of movements. Nevertheless, the simulated time‐dispersal curves overestimated the number of dispersed individuals. This might be due to mutual attraction among the larvae.
On the problem of trap‐response types of small mammal populations
Authors: Tanaka Ryo 
Published: November 2006

Conclusions
So far as the population data thus far amassed go, commensal rats in residential habitats are of type II; house mice may be of type I or III in fields but might show type II in residences, and fieral species or subspecies may range from type I to III. Altogether alloresponsive populations seem to be much commoner than the isoresponsive.
It is as yet little disclosed to what degree the differentiation of the type is correlated with speciation or subspeciation, even if only a proof that a subspecific population would hold type III as its fixed feature is given.
The response types are supposed to be associated with the levels of population shyness. Hence some characters reflected in those may possibly be connected with sexual isolation provoking speciation.
Some awkward respects due to the heterogeneous trappability, depending upon the trap‐response type, among a mixed population of marked and unmarked animals have been confirmed regarding the methodology for estimating parameters.
Mark‐recapture estimates of overwintering survival of the Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni, in field cages
Authors: Sonleitner Frank J. 
Published: November 2006

Summary
Four groups of 75 pairs each of marked adult Dacus tryoni that had emerged from field‐collected guavas were liberated into cage‐covered guava trees at the end of May, 1960 and sampled at weekly intervals to estimate the overwintering survivorship.
Estimates of numbers were made using three different methods as described byLeslie (1952) and one byJolly (1965). The Method A, approximate Method B andJolly models gave quite similar results although the Method A model was shown to be more sensitive to stochastic changes in the R/r ratios. The complete Method B model produced much smaller variances, due to its full utilization of the information in the data but it was very sensitive to small biases—even those caused by the restriction that recaptures must be whole numbers—and thus could not quite approach the exact expectations.
Although in some instances, statistical tests (Leslie, 1958) showed some significant deviations from randomness in recapture, these were not appreciable and did not affect the estimates.
When sufficient food was available, the flies in the field cages exhibited survival rates during the winter months of 1960 quite comparable to those of laboratory flies kept at room temperature with several exceptions: (a) there was a high mortality among the newly emerged flies during the initial week after release, (b) a high mortality during the last week of June and (c) a high mortality during the third week in July and the end of August which can be correlated with lack of rain, low humidity and warm daytime temperatures. Low temperatures apparently had little effect on survival.
There was no difference in the survival of males and females.
One replicate cage, whose flies had been anesthetized with carbon dioxide prior to release, exhibited significantly higher mortality rates than the other replicates.
Data from a fifth cage indicated that females were not inseminated during the winter months and did not produce mature eggs until the beginning of September.
Computing a population budget from sequentially sacrificed, replicated cultures
Authors: Sokal Robert R. , Bryant Edwin H. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryWhen a population budget must be obtained from censuses based on replicated, sacrificed cultures, it is difficult to obtain estimates of transition probabilities and of the errors of such estimates, because there is no logical basis for pairing successive census counts. In a study of this nature estimating a population budget of immature stages of the housefly, the problem was solved by a randomization treatment of the original census results obtained at two densities. One hundred randomly generated census matrices over all census times for each density were smoothed to remove the effects of sampling error and a population budget constructed according to defined rules. Transition probabilities computed from the population budget were plotted on triangular coordinate paper and mean probabilities, 95% confidence regions for these means, and 95% equal frequency ellipses computed. All computations and the graphing of the results were carried out on a digital computer. The computer program, available from the authors, is written in FORTRAN IV and could be easily modified for similar studies.
A model of the plant‐to‐plant movement of aphids I. Description of the model
Authors: Shiyomi Masae 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe plant‐to‐plant movement of insects in one of the factors determining the distribution of individuals in insect populations. In this report the movement of barley aphids was analyzed by a statistical model.The model is represented as the convolution of three probability functions:
The probability that s individuals are found on a plant at time t0:Q(s);
The probability that i individuals leave the plant and remain on the ground from time t0 to t1:sCipiqs−i and p+q=1, where p and q are the proportions of individuals which do not leave a plant and which leave it once or more, respectively;
The probability that j individuals climb a plant between time t0 to t1 and stay there at time t1:e−λλj/λ!, where λ is the mean of the individuals.
The probability that l individuals are located on a plant at time t1 is represented by the following equation
urn:x-wiley:14383896:pope0053:equation:pope0053-math-0001
It was shown by simple experiments that the experimental populations were well fitted to the model.
Growth characteristics of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. in response to water depth and flooding
Authors: Nohara Seiichi , Kimura Makoto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree experiments on the effects of water depth and flooding on Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. were made in the artificial environment of concrete ponds. First, plants were harvested in autumn after growing under seven different water levels ranging from 0.2–3 m The number of floating leaves, the total number of leaves and the leaf area index of emergent leaves were greatest in the tanks at 0.5 m depth. The petiole dry weight per unit length of emergent leaves and the ratio of aboveground to belowground biomass rose with increasing water depth up to 2 m. In contrast, that of floating leaves was constant at about 10 mg dry weight cm−1. The proportion of biomass in tubers fell from 20% at 0.2 m to 6% at 2 m. Second, petiole elongation responses to the amplitude of flooding were investigated in early summer. The maximum rate of petiole elongation was 25 cm per day at 2.4 m water depth. This was the maximum depth at which N. nucifera could grow. No petioles could elongate from 3 m to 5 m depth. Finally, the effects of timing of flooding on growth were investigated. At the end of growing season, the belowground biomass of plants in the flooding treatment in late summer was smallest among the flooding treatment plants (P<0.05), and was most severe when flooding occurred in this season. Based on the results of these experiments, the growth characteristics of N. nucifera in relation to petiole elongation, biomass allocation, and flooding tolerance were discussed.
Can the tortoise beat the hare? A possible mechanism for the coexistence of competing mosquitoes in bamboo groves
Authors: Sunahara Toshihiko , Mogi Motoyoshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe studied interspecific competition between the larvae of the two mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Tripteroides bambusa, which are predominantly found in water‐filled bamboo stumps in northern Kyushu, south‐western Japan, using microcosms with dead bamboo leaves in the laboratory. We compared short‐term competition between single cohorts of the two species and long‐term competition involving four cohorts of each species, which were introduced at 6‐day intervals. In the single cohort experiment, A. albopictus grew faster than T. bambusa. However, in the multiple cohort experiment, although the first cohort of A. albopictus grew faster and began to pupate earlier than that of T. bambusa, molting rates of later cohorts of A. albopictus, that were introduced on the 12th and the 18th day, were lower than those of T. bambusa. The survival rate of A. albopictus became lower than that of T. bambusa after the 18th day. The cumulative number of the pupated T. bambusa individuals exceeded that of A. albopictus on the 96th day. The final pupation success was higher in T. bambusa than in A. albopictus, especially when additional leaves were supplied on the 48th and the 96th days. The reversed outcomes between short‐ and long‐term interspecific competition and the variation in the lifespans of small aquatic sites may contribute to the coexistence of the two mosquito species in bamboo groves.
Distribution and regeneration strategies of major canopy dominants in species‐rich subtropical/warm temperate rainforests in south‐western Japan
Authors: Takyu Masaaki , Ohsawa Masahiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution and regeneration strategy of the major canopy dominants in species‐rich subtropical/warm temperate rainforests in south‐western Japan was studied in a hilly zone below 1100 m a.s.l. Using the patch sampling method, four dominance‐community types were numerically identified and they corresponded to four habitats which represented a combination of topography and altitude (i.e. ridges vs slopes, and below vs above 500 m a.s.l.) Seven major canopy dominants had their respective distributional core in one of these topo‐altitudinal habitats. The seven canopy dominants could be classified into three species groups according to their size structure and growth habits. Group A (Tsuga sieboldii and Quercus gilva) and group B (Quercus acuta, Quercus salicina, Machilus thunbergii) were restricted to the emergent and canopy layer, respectively. These two groups had only a few subcanopy trees and saplings. Saplings of group B showed a rapid growth rate in canopy gaps. Group C (Distylium racemosum) was characterized by many subcanopy trees and saplings that grew steadily under the closed canopy. Castanopsis sieboldii showed intermediate characteristics between group B and C in the size structure and growth habit of its saplings. The density of D. racemosum canopy trees was markedly reduced on ridges and slopes above 500 m and on slopes below 500 m. In these marginal habitats, the three species groups coexisted by sharing different strata within a community. This situation was possible due to the differences in regeneration strategies among the canopy species.
Relatedness among females in a peak phase population of Japanese field voles
Authors: Mashima Hiroshi , Satoh Toshiyuki , Obara Yoshiaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpatial and genetic relationships among females in a peak population of Microtus montebelli were studied by live‐trapping and DNA fingerprinting. In the early period of the spring breeding season, a close genetic relationship was not observed between neighboring overwintered females, while in the late period, a proximity among highly related females and a dispersed distribution among intermediately related females was observed. These associations among relatives did not last very long, however, as female pairs who remained in the neighborhood for more than 150 days, covering two breeding seasons were not relatives. The possibility of cooperation among relatives in this species may thus be low, except among philopatric females in the late period of a single breeding season.
Nutrient‐uptake and nutrient‐use efficiency ofPinus thunbergiiParl. along a topographical gradient of soil nutrient availability
Authors: Enoki Tsutomu , Kawaguchi Hideyuki , Iwatsubo Goro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo examine responses of a plant species to nutrient availability, we investigated changes in soil nutrient availability, litterfall production and nutrient content in litterfall along a topographic gradient in aPinus thunbergiiParl. plantation. Responses were evaluated in terms of three efficiency indices: (i) nutrient‐uptake efficiency (the ratio of nutrient return in litterfall to soil nutrient availability); (ii) nutrient‐use efficiency (the ratio of litterfall mass to nutrient return in litterfall); and (iii) nutrient‐response efficiency (the ratio of litterfall mass to soil nutrient availability). These indices can distinguish the ability of a species to acquire nutrients and its ability to use them in litterfall production. Nitrogen and phosphorus availabilities in soil were lower in upper slope positions. The three efficiencies were higher in upper slope positions and negatively correlated with soil nutrient availability for both nitrogen and phosphorus. An increase in nutrient‐response efficiency was achieved by both increases in nutrient‐uptake and nutrient‐use efficiencies.
Major substrates for microbial sulfate reduction in the sediments of Ise Bay, Japan
Authors: Fukui Manabu , Suh Jungin , Yonezawa Yoshitaka , Urushigawa Yoshikuni 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo clarify the anaerobic microbial interactions in the process of carbon mineralization in marine eutrophic environments, the microbial sulfate reduction and methane production rates were examined in coastal marine sediments of Ise Bay, Japan, in autumn 1990. Sulfate reduction rates (51–210 nmol ml−1 day−1 at 24°C) were much higher than the methane production ones (<1.78 nmol ml−1 day−1) in the surface sediments (top 2 cm) at the six stations surveyed (water depth: 10.7–23.3 m). Substrates for sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) were estimated after the addition of a specific inhibitor for SRB (20 mmol l−1 molybdate) into the sediment slurry, from the substrate accumulation rates. In the presence of the inhibitor, sulfate reduction was completely stopped and volatile fatty acids (mainly acetate) were accumulated, although hydrogen was not. Methane production occurred markedly accompanied by consumption of the accumulated acetate from the third day after the addition of molybdate. The maximum rate of methane production was 1.2–1.9 μmol ml−1 day−1, which was similar to those in highly polluted freshwater sediments such as the Tama River, Tokyo, Japan. These results show that acetate is a common major substrate for sulfate reduction and methane production, and SRB competitively inhibit potential acetoclastic methanogenesis in coastal sediments. Methanogens may potentially inhabit the sediments at low levels of population density and activity.
Measurement of non‐randomness in spatial distributions
Authors: Green Roger H. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe measurement of departure from randomness in spatial distributions has widespread application in ecological work. Several “indices of non‐randomness” are compared with regard to their dependence on sample number, sample size and density. Criteria for the best choice of index for specific situations are discussed. A new coefficient Cx is proposed for use with positively contagious distributions and tests of significance are given. When Cx and another index (S2/m−1) are used for positive and negative contagion respectively, values ranging from −1 through 0 (random) to +1 are obtained, regardless of sample number, sample size or density.
Wave-driven currents and vortex dynamics on barred beaches
Authors: BÜHLER OLIVER , JACOBSON TIVON E. 
Published: November 2006

We present a theoretical and numerical investigation of longshore currents driven by
breaking waves on beaches, especially barred beaches. The novel feature considered
here is that the wave envelope is allowed to vary in the alongshore direction, which
leads to the generation of strong dipolar vortex structures where the waves are
breaking. The nonlinear evolution of these vortex structures is studied in detail
using a simple analytical theory to model the effect of a sloping beach. One of our
findings is that the vortex evolution provides a robust mechanism through which the
preferred location of the longshore current can move shorewards from the location
of wave breaking. Such current dislocation is an often-observed (but ill-understood)
phenomenon on real barred beaches.To underpin our results, we present a comprehensive theoretical description of the
relevant wave–mean interaction theory in the context of a shallow-water model for the
beach. Therein we link the radiation-stress theory of Longuet-Higgins & Stewart to
recently established results concerning the mean vorticity generation due to breaking
waves. This leads to detailed results for the entire life-cycle of the mean-flow vortex
evolution, from its initial generation by wave breaking until its eventual dissipative
decay due to bottom friction.In order to test and illustrate our theory we also present idealized nonlinear
numerical simulations of both waves and vortices using the full shallow-water equations with
bottom topography. In these simulations wave breaking occurs through shock
formation of the shallow-water waves. We note that because the shallow-water equations
also describe the two-dimensional flow of a homentropic perfect gas, our theoretical
and numerical results can also be applied to nonlinear acoustics and sound–vortex
interactions.
Temperament and the Discounting of Delayed and Probabilistic Rewards
Authors: Ostaszewski Pawel 
Published: November 2006

The present study attempts to combine the more European tradition of studying temperament and individual differences with the more North American tradition of functionalism and behavior analysis by examining the relationship between several temperamental traits (sensation seeking, extraversion, and impulsivity) and discounting of delayed and probabilistic rewards. To evaluate discounting of delayed rewards, participants chose between hypothetical immediate monetary rewards and larger amounts that could be obtained after a specified delay. To evaluate discounting of probabilistic rewards, participants chose between monetary rewards that were certain and larger amounts that could be obtained with a specified probability. Hyperbolic functions described well the discounting of both delayed and probabilistic rewards for all groups of participants. The rate at which delayed rewards were discounted was related to extraversion and impulsivity, but not to the sensation-seeking dimension. Both extraverts and high impulsive individuals showed higher temporal discounting rates than introverts and low impulsive individuals. Differences in their subjective perception of time might account for the different rates of discounting between these groups. On the other hand, the rate at which probabilistic rewards were discounted did not differ between high and law impulsive participants, nor between introverts and extraverts. That temperament was related to differences in discounting of delayed but not probabilistic rewards in extraverts versus introverts and high versus low impulsive participants suggests that, although the same mathematical function describes both forms of discounting in all groups, delay and probability might not be functionally equivalent.
Are clonal T‐cell large granular lymphocytes to blame for unexplained haematological abnormalities?
Authors: Sabnani Indu , Tsang Patricia 
Published: November 2006

SummaryAbnormalities diagnosed on routine blood work, such as mild neutropenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia and relative lymphocytosis, often have obscure aetiologies. A series of 30 patients were evaluated for various unexplained haematological abnormalities between 1997 and 2005, and found to have circulating monoclonal T‐cell large granular lymphocytes (T‐LGL). These patients fit the diagnosis of T‐cell clonopathy of unknown significance (TCUS), which may represent a clinical spectrum of clonal T‐LGL proliferation. Our patients were characterised by a complete absence of severe neutropenia (<0·5 × 109/l), absence of recurrent neutropenic infection (0%), negative rheumatoid serology (0%) and a low incidence of constitutional symptoms (20%). This overall asymptomatic clinical presentation appeared to be different from other previously reported series of TCUS or T‐LGL leukaemia who typically had symptomatology and required treatment. Our series of 30 patients represented the benign end of the spectrum of clonal T‐LGL proliferation, and might reflect diagnosis at earlier stages of the condition relative to other reported series. TCUS may be a heterogeneous and under‐diagnosed condition. This study further broadens our understanding of the clinical and laboratory manifestations of indolent clonal T‐cell proliferation, and raises our awareness of this condition. We suggest that TCUS should be considered in the diagnostic evaluation of unexplained haematological problems.