bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual recruitment of the corals Favia fragum and Agaricia humilis in a 30‐m3 exhibit aquarium: species‐specific limitations and implications on reproductive ecology
Authors: Petersen Dirk , Laterveer Michaël , Visser Gerard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe studied the recruitment of the Caribbean reef building corals Favia fragum (F. fragum) and Agaricia humilis(A. humilis) in captivity. Thirty colonies of each species collected in Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles, reproduced sexually during a temporary stay in a 30‐m3 closed system from November 2001–January 2002. Twelve months later, the F1 generation of F. fragum started reproducing and formed an F2 generation. No reproduction of the F1 recruits of A. humilis was observed. Two years after the introduction of the field colonies, sexual recruits of both species were assessed using two different methods: recruits were estimated using quadrats (quadrat sampling method) and the total number of recruits was counted by creating a map of the artificial rock work divided in distinct areas (area census method). Recruitment rates of F. fragum were highest for the F2 generation on horizontal surfaces (area census method: 137.9±191.7 recruits m−2; quadrat sampling method: 272.0±254.8 recruits m−2; mean±SD) and were overall lowest for the F1 generation on overhanging areas of the tank (area census method: 3.8±4.0 recruits m−2; quadrat sampling method: 4.0±6.1 recruits m−2; mean±SD recruits m−2). The populations of both species showed similar patterns independent of the applied assessment method with highest densities on horizontal surfaces followed by vertical surfaces and lowest densities on overhanging surfaces; however, both methods showed conflicting results when the influence of the surface orientation on the population densities was statistically analyzed. The maximum density of A. humilis (1.4±2.7 recruits m−2 on horizontal surfaces) was much lower than the maximum density of the F1 generation of F. fragum (24.7±18.3 recruits m−2). Colony sizes of recruits within each population (F. fragum F1: 3.12±0.98 cm, F2: 0.83±0.41 cm; A. humilis F1: 3.79±1.35 cm; maximum diameter±SD) did not differ between different orientations (horizontal vs. vertical vs. overhanging). Calculated growth rates in the aquarium reflected those observed for F. fragum in the field, whereas A. humilis showed slower growth in the aquarium than in the field. Factors such as competition, sedimentation, and predation, that generally reduce in situ recruitment may be excluded in captivity resulting in far higher recruitment rates. This study confirms that aquarium exhibits can serve as a comparative model to study the ecology of corals under semi‐controlled conditions. Zoo Biol 0:1–17, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The hydrolysis of soap solutions. II. The solubilities of higher fatty acids
Authors: John Lucille M. , McBain James W. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe solubilities of capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids in water at 25° and 50°C. were determined by use of conductivity measurements. Correction was made for carbon dioxide; and total solubilities, together with the concentration of dissociated and of undissociated acid were calculated. Their solubilities range from 359×10−6 M for capric acid to 2.1×10−6 M for stearic acid at 25°C. The solulility of laric and myristic is approximately doubled by an increase of temperature from 25° to 50°C., that of capric, palmitic, and stearic acids increases by 25 to 40%.
A comparison of wesson loss and cup refining loss analyses of crude cottonseed and soybean oils
Authors: King R. R. , Wharton F. W. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryWesson loss and cup refining loss were determined on 100 samples of crude cottonseed and soybean oils produced in different sections of the country. The Wesson method gave more reproducible results than the cup method. Wesson loss results were found to be closely indicative of the total neutral oil content of crude oils. The average ratio of cup loss to Wesson loss was 2.3 for crude cottonseed oil and 1.7 for crude soybean oil. The ratio varied considerably for individual crude oils of a given kind, or type within each kind, or a local producing section.Therefore, no real useful correlation between the results of the two methods was found to exist.
Arylstearic acids from oleic acid. Variables affecting the yield and properties
Authors: Stirton A. J. , Schaeffer B. B. , Stawitzke Anna A. , Weil J. K. , Ault Waldo C. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryTwenty‐six aromatic compounds were compared in the synthesis of arylstearic acids from oleic acid by the Friedel and Crafts reaction. Xylylstearic acid was the arylstearic acid obtained in the highest yield (92.4%) from technical m‐xylene and commerical oleic acid. The various side reactions are disussed including the possible conversion of oleic acid into products which on vacuum distillation of the crude arylstearic acid appear as a forerun and as a still residue. Oleic acid of about 98% purity did not improve the yield but resulted in nearly colorless, rather than yellow viscous oils.Crystalline arylstearic acids have for first time been isolated from the reaction products but only in small yields.
Components of “soybean lecithin”
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J. , Tanner F. W. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe acetone‐insoluble material from soybean “lecithin” has been fractionated by submitting alcohol‐soluble and alcohol‐insoluble portions to countercurrent distribution between hexane and methanol. The alcohol‐soluble portion was found to contain lecithin, cephalin, and sugars or glycosides; the alcohol‐insoluble portion was separated into two major inositol‐containing phosphatides and sugars or glycosides. While the commonly accepted value of 30–35% for lecithin in the phosphatides was confirmed, it appears that the accepted value of 65% of cephalin needs revision. The approximate composition for one sample of soybean phosphatides is estimated to be 29% lecithin, 31% cephalin, and 40% inositol‐phosphatides.
Application of the line‐width method to the spectrochemical analysis of oils, fats, and related substances
Authors: O'Connor R. T. , Heinzelman D. C. , Jefferson M. E. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe application of the line‐width method to the spectrochemical analysis of oils and fats in conjunction with the use of an improved ashing technique has been shown to permit the quantitative determination of copper, iron, manganese, nickel, and tin in quantities as low as 1 part in 10 million.The procedure has been critically examined by precision tests on commercial and experimental samples, by accuracy tests on synthetic samples, and by recovery tests.Results of actual analysis of 30 vegetable oils and fats indicate the use of the procedure as a research tool.The procedure may be used for the trace element analysis of organic material low in ash content.
Ultraviolet spectrophotometric characteristics of unhydrogenated fish oils
Authors: Lambert Reuben S. , Andrews J. T. R. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryTypical ultraviolet spectrophotometric absorption curves are presented for unhydrogenated fish oils of commercial importance, before and after alkali isomerization. These curves show the usual maxima for isomerized polyunsaturated fatty acids, including five, and possibly six, double bonds. Tetraene absorption is sufficient to obliterate that of trienes completely. Such a method of analysis affords an easy means of detecting unhydrogenated fish oil contamination in the ordinary vegetable and animal oils and fats as well as a test for the presence of fish oils in admixture with raw linseed oil.
Low‐temperature solvent fractionation of corn oil and calculation of its glyceride structure
Authors: Doerschuk Albert P. , Daubert B. F. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryCorn oil was subjected to a low‐temperature solventfractionation process and separated into 19 glyceride fractions; the glyceride structures of the fractions were calculated and added to obtain the glyceride structure of the oil. The experimentally obtained glyceride structure was compared to the structures calculated according to the mono‐acid triglyceride, random, even, and partial random schemes and was found to agree most closely with the partial random system.
Changes in a fat with prolonged storage and the palatability of doughnuts cooked in the fat
Authors: Overman Andrea , Lowe Belle , Shannon W. J. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe storage for 2.5 years did not appreciably affect the smoke point, nor did storage for 3.5 years cause appreciable changes in the iodine value or the refractive index. There was a perceptible change, in the free fatty acid content after storage for 3.5 years, but none after 2.5 years. The peroxide value was higher after 2.5 years' storage than at 6 months, but unaccountably was lower after 3.5 years than after 2.5 years' storage of the fat.The chemical and physical constants, of the fats were changed appreciably and, in general, consistently during the use of the fat for cooking 24 lots of doughnuts. The rapidity with which chemical changes took place in the fats during their use for cooking was not influenced by the length of time the fat had been stored previous to use.In general, the constants of the fat extracted from the doughnuts closely paralleled the corresponding samples of fat in which the doughnuts were cooked. Iodine values of extracted fats tended to be lower than the kettle fats for the first two storage periods and about the same after 3.5 years. The free fatty acid content was slightly higher in the extracted fat than in the kettle fat at the 6‐month period, and slightly lower at the 3.5‐year period. Volatile acids were higher in extracted than in kettle fats.The desirability of doughnuts fried in the fat was not affected by storage of the fat 2.5 years prior to use, but was lowered after the fat was stored for 3.5 years.
The effect of dielectric heating on storage quality of cottonseed
Authors: Lyman Carl M. , Burda Edward J. , Olschner Paul Q. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryIt was found that the exposure of moist cottonseed to a radio frequency electric field for a period of from two to five minutes effectively reduced the formation of free fatty acids during subsequent storage of the seed. Two primary factors were involved in this action. First, moisture was rapidly removed from the seed and second, the enzymes responsible for free fatty acid formation were destroyed. Cottonseed containing 20% moisture accumulated free fatty acids only very slowly on storage at 38.5°C. after a brief dielectric heat treatment. The temperature inside the cottonseed was measured during the dielectric heat treatment. Temperature above 100°C. were attained in less than one minute.
The state of methods and tools for social systems change
Authors: Parsons Beverly A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe last decade or so has seen an increase in the rate of attention to systems change and the application of multiple theories to study and influence change in systems. This article considers how these theories, described in other articles in this issues, plus theories about complex adaptive systems open opportunities for us to continue to expand our repertoire of tools and methods to address systems change. These conceptual frameworks, tools, and methods are expected to help us increase our capacity to study and influence both planned and self‐organizing systems change. New tools and methods have emerged and others are needed to help us continue to explore and influence the complex social systems within which we operate.
Glycaemic index and glycaemic load values of cereal products and weight-management meals available in the UK
Authors: Henry C. Jeya K. , Lightowler Helen J. , Dodwell Lis M. , Wynne Jacqueline M. 
Published: March 2007

There is currently an increased global interest in the published glycaemic index (GI) values of foods. The aim of the present work was to supplement a previous study on the glycaemic response of 140 foods available in the UK by studying a further forty-four foods. One hundred and twenty-two healthy subjects, with a mean age of 32·4 (sd 11·4) years and a mean BMI of 23·6 (sd 3·6) kg/m2, were recruited to the study. Subjects were served equivalent available carbohydrate amounts (50 or 30 g) of test foods (cereal products and weight-management meals) and a standard food (glucose) on separate occasions. Capillary blood glucose was measured from finger-prick samples in fasted subjects (0 min) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after starting to eat each test food. For each test food, the GI value was determined, and the glycaemic load was calculated as the product of the GI and the amount of available carbohydrate in a reference serving size. The GI values of the foods tested ranged from 23 to 83. Of the forty-four foods tested, thirty-three were classified as low-GI, eight as medium-GI and three as high-GI foods. Most GI values of the foods tested compared well with previously published values for similar foods. In summary, this study provides reliable GI and glycaemic load values for a range of foods, further advancing our understanding of the glycaemic response of different foods. The data reported here make an important addition to published GI values.
Impact of high-protein diets with either moderate or low carbohydrate on weight loss, body composition, blood pressure and glucose tolerance in rats
Authors: Lobley Gerald E. , Bremner David M. , Holtrop Grietje , Johnstone Alexandra M. , Maloney Christopher 
Published: March 2007

One approach to achieve weight loss and decrease both obesity and associated morbidities involves high-protein, low-carbohydrate (HPLC) diets. This study compares the impact on metabolic health of HPLC and high-protein, medium-carbohydrate (HPMC) diets offered to diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. Weanling male rats were fed either a 37 % fat diet (n48) or stock pellets (n12) for 22 weeks. Rats fed the 37 % fat diet accumulated more body fat (26·6versus14·8 % body weight,P < 0·001) compared with those on stock diet. The DIO rats had higher systolic blood pressure (+6·6 mmHg,P = 0·002), fasting insulin (+63 %P = 0·006) and areas under the glucose (+21 %,P < 0·001) and insulin (+81 %,P < 0·001) curves following an oral glucose tolerance test. DIO rats were then separated into four groups and offered for 8 weeks either: (1) the 37 % fat diet; (2) an HPLC or (3) HPMC diet; or (4) fed the 37 % fat diet to the intake of the HPMC group. Rats offered the 37 % fat or HPLC diets gained while those on HPMC lost body fat. Blood pressure was not altered by the dietary switch. Both HPLC and HPMC rats had lowered fasting insulin (P = 0·027) and improved homeostatic assessment (HOMA;P = 0·011) that was not different from those of stock animals. These improvements occurred despite differences in fat gain, and indicate that both weight loss and macronutrient intake can impact favourably on obesity-associated morbidities.
Empirical evaluation of the ability to learn a calorie counting system and estimate portion size and food intake
Authors: Martin Corby K. , Anton Stephen D. , York-Crowe Emily , Heilbronn Leonie K. , VanSkiver Claudia , Redman Leanne M. , Greenway Frank L. , Ravussin Eric , Williamson Donald A. ,   for the Pennington CALERIE Team
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to determine if: (1) participants could learn the HMR Calorie System© by testing if their use of the system was more accurate after training; and (2) estimated portion size and food intake improved with training. A secondary aim was to use PACE (photographic assessment of calorie estimation) to assess if participants learned the HMR system. The PACE consists of pictures of foods, the energy content of which is known. A within-subjects design was used to test the aims of this study. Participants were 44 overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) adults who were randomly assigned to one of three calorie restriction groups or a weight maintenance group for 6 months. Participants attended weekly sessions and were trained to use the HMR system from weeks 5 to 8. Participants were provided with foods to test if they could effectively use the HMR system and accurately estimate portion size and the amount of food eaten. The PACE was also used to quantify accuracy at using the HMR system. Training resulted in more accurate estimation of food intake, use of the HMR system and estimated portion size when presented with food. Additionally, training resulted in significantly more accurate use of the HMR system when measured with PACE. It is concluded that people can learn the HMR Calorie System© and improve the accuracy of portion size and food intake estimates. The PACE is a useful assessment tool to test if participants learn a calorie counting system.
Standardization of measles, mumps and rubella assays to enable comparisons of seroprevalence data across 21 European countries and Australia
Authors: TISCHER A. , ANDREWS N. , KAFATOS G. , NARDONE A. , BERBERS G. , DAVIDKIN I. , ABOUDY Y. , BACKHOUSE J. , BARBARA C. , BARTHA K. , BRUCKOVA B. , DUKS A. , GRISKEVICIUS A. , HESKETH L. , JOHANSEN K. , JONES L. , KUERSTEINER O. , LUPULESCU E. , MIHNEVA Z. , MRAZOVA M. , DE ORY F. , PROSENC K. , SCHNEIDER F. , TSAKRIS A. , SMELHAUSOVA M. , VRANCKX R. , ZARVOU M. , MILLER E. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYThe aim of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network is to establish comparability of the serological surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases in Europe. The designated reference laboratory (RL) for measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) prepared and tested a panel of 151 sera by the reference enzyme immunoassay (rEIA). Laboratories in 21 countries tested the panel for antibodies against MMR using their usual assay (a total of 16 different EIAs) and the results were plotted against the reference results in order to obtain equations for the standardization of national serum surveys. The RL also tested the panel by the plaque neutralization test (PNT). Large differences in qualitative results were found compared to the RL. Well-fitting standardization equations withR2⩾0·8 were obtained for almost all laboratories through regression of the quantitative results against those of the RL. When compared to PNT, the rEIA had a sensitivity of 95·3%, 92·8% and 100% and a specificity of 100%, 87·1% and 92·8% for measles, mumps and rubella, respectively. The need for standardization was highlighted by substantial inter-country differences. Standardization was successful and the selected standardization equations allowed the conversion of local serological results into common units and enabled direct comparison of seroprevalence data of the participating countries.
Host-shaped segregation of theCryptosporidium parvummultilocus genotype repertoire
Authors: GRINBERG A. , LOPEZ-VILLALOBOS N. , POMROY W. , WIDMER G. , SMITH H. , TAIT A. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYCattle are among the major reservoirs ofCryptosporidium parvumin nature. However, the relative contribution ofC. parvumoocysts originating from cattle to human disease burden is difficult to assess, as various transmission pathways – including the human to human route – can co-occur. In this study, multilocus genotype richness of representative samples of human and bovineC. parvumare compared statistically using analytical rarefaction and non-parametric taxonomic richness estimators. Results suggest that in the time and space frames underlying the analysed data, humans were infected with significantly wider spectra ofC. parvumgenotypes than cattle, and consequently, a significant fraction of human infections may not have originated from the regional bovine reservoirs. This study provides statistical support to the emerging idea of the existence of distinct anthroponoticC. parvumcycles that do not involve cattle.
Serological responses toCryptosporidium-specific antigens in Czech populations with different water sources
Authors: KOZISEK F. , CRAUN G. F. , CEROVSKA L. , PUMANN P. , FROST F. , MULLER T. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYSerological responses toCryptosporidium-specific antigens (15/17 and 27 kDa) were compared among populations in four areas of the Czech Republic that use drinking water from clearly defined sources: (1) wells in a fractured sandstone aquifer, (2) riverbank infiltration, or (3) two different filtered and chlorinated surface waters. Among persons surveyed in the area with riverbank-infiltration water, 33% had a strong serological response to the 15/17-kDa antigen group whereas, in the other three areas, over 72% of persons had a strong response. These response differences suggest thatCryptosporidiumexposures and infection were lower in the area with bank infiltration. The large percentage of the study population with a strong serological response to both antigens suggests high levels of previous infections that may have resulted in protective immunity for cryptosporidiosis. This may be one reason why no waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreaks and few cases of cryptosporidiosis have been reported in the Czech Republic.
Cervical phIGFBP‐1 in the evaluation of the risk of preterm delivery
Authors: MARIA PATERNOSTER DELIA , MURESAN DANA , VITULO ANNA , SERENA ANDREA , BATTAGLIARIN GIUSEPPE , DELL'AVANZO MARINELLA , NICOLINI UMBERTO 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground. To evaluate the accuracy of the decidual phosphorylated isoform of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 in endocervical secretions to predict premature delivery in symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women. Methods. The study included 332 pregnant women: 109 symptomatic patients (study group) and 223 asymptomatic women (control group). For all women, qualitative and quantitative assessment of the decidual phosphorylated isoform of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 in endocervical secretions was carried out, but the quantitative assay was finally performed in 282 of 332. Student's test, the φ2 test, and Fisher's exact test were used as appropriate. Results. The phosphorylated insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 qualitative test was positive in 35 of 301 women (11.6%) and 11 (31.4%) of them delivered before 37 weeks; in the remaining 266 women with a negative test, there were 11 (4.7%) premature deliveries (relative risk=5.8; 95% CI=3.3–10.3). The mean values of quantitative phosphorylated isoform of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 were 56.9 µg/l (95% CI=40.7–73.1) in cases of a positive qualitative test and 6.1 µg/l (95% CI=4.0–8.3; p = 0.0001) in women with a negative result. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for phosphorylated isoform of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 test in symptomatic patients were 69.2%, 90.5%, 50%, and 95.6% respectively, while in the asymptomatic patients they were 22.2%, 91.8%, 11.8%, and 96% respectively. Conclusions. The phosphorylated isoform of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 in cervical secretions is a potential specific marker for preterm delivery occurring before 37 weeks. This test may have an important role in the management of women presenting with symptoms suggestive of preterm labour.