bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple phase stability‐testing algorithm in the reduction method
Authors: Hoteit Hussein , Firoozabadi Abbas 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStability analysis is generally faster than phase‐split calculations because the Rachford–Rice equation is not part of stability testing. However, there are occasions in which one may encounter computational inefficiency and indeed divergence in the single‐phase region far away from the critical point. The computational inefficiency is found in various formulations of the stability analysis calculations. In this work, the cause of the problem is explained. A simple algorithm is also presented for stability analysis calculations in the reduction method. As in the past, only the Newton method is used in the solution of nonlinear equations except in some isolated iterations when one single successive substitution (SSI) iteration may be required to avoid nonphysical conditions. Results show that the stability analysis for the proposed algorithm is fast and robust. Results also show that the simple algorithm in the reduction method is superior to the combined SSI–Newton and quasi‐Newton methods with conventional variables. Results are also presented showing that the stability analysis in two‐phase is faster than phase‐split calculations even when the initial guess is from the stability testing. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Preparation of highly monodisperse droplet in a T‐junction microfluidic device
Authors: Xu J. H. , Li S. W. , Tan J. , Wang Y. J. , Luo G. S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn our previous work, a new flow route was developed—a so‐called perpendicular shear force–induced droplet formation—in a self‐designed simple T‐junction microchannel device. In this work, the crossflowing rupture technique was used to prepare monodisperse droplets in a similar device and successfully prepared monodisperse droplets ranging from 50 to 500 μm with polydispersity index (σ) values of <2%. Two kinds of flow patterns of plug flow and drop flow in the T‐junction microchannels could be formed. By changes in the surfactant concentration, the interfacial tension and the wetting ability varied, and the disordered or ordered two‐phase flow patterns could be controlled. Evolutions of the contact angle of the oil in contact with the wall surface were explained by the adsorption of surfactant molecules to the solid–liquid interface. The increase of continuous phase flow rate and viscosity resulted in the decrease of the droplet size, and the droplet size was correlated with capillary number Ca. By comparing the variation range of drop size using the two methods, it was found that the method of perpendicular flow‐induced droplet formation can control the drop size over a much wider range. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Matrices for capillary gel electrophoresis—a brief overview of uncommon gels
Authors: Mikšík Ivan , Sedláková Pavla , Mikulíková Kateřina , Eckhardt Adam , Cserhati Tibor , Horváth Tibor 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article gives an overview of uncommon replaceable matrices (gels) for capillary gel electrophoresis. This electrophoretic technique is useful mainly for the separation and analysis of biopolymers—nucleic acids and their fragments, and proteins/peptides. Commonly used gels are not reviewed. Those mentioned and discussed here are gels containing saccharides, newly developed acrylamide‐based gels and thermoadjustable viscosity polymers, namely triblock copolymers and grafted polyacrylamide. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Array‐comparative genomic hybridization of central chondrosarcoma
Authors: Rozeman Leida B. , Szuhai Karoly , Schrage Yvonne M. , Rosenberg Carla , Tanke Hans J. , Taminiau Antonie H. M. , Cleton‐Jansen Anne Marie , Bovée Judith V. M. G. , Hogendoorn Pancras C. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Enchondromas are benign lesions that can occur as solitary tumors or multiple tumors (Ollier disease) and may be precursors of central chondrosarcomas. Recurrent chondrosarcomas can be of a higher grade compared with primary tumors, suggesting possible progression.METHODS.Genome‐wide array‐comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to investigate copy number changes in enchondromas and central chondrosarcomas to elucidate both primary genetic events and the events related to tumor progression. Analyses of variance, Student t tests, and hierarchical clustering were used for the current analyses. Array‐CGH data were compared with complementary DNA (cDNA) and quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction expression array data.RESULTS.Genomic imbalances were rare in enchondromas and in grade I chondrosarcomas, whereas they were frequent in high‐grade tumors. No genomic imbalances that were specific for Ollier disease were found. The authors identified 22 chromosome regions that were imbalanced in ≥25% of tumors, and 3 of those regions were located on chromosome 12 (12p13, 12p11.21‐p11.23, and 12q13, containing among others the PTPRF‐interacting protein‐binding protein 1 (PPFIBP1) gene. Loss of chromosome 6 and gain of 12q12 were associated with higher grade. Comparison of array‐CGH with cDNA expression showed correlations for the ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) and cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) genes.CONCLUSIONS.In the current study the authors identified genomic regions and new candidate genes (RPS6, CDK4, and PPFIBP1) that were associated with tumor progression and prognosis in patients with high‐grade chondrosarcomas. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Research on color in architecture and environmental design: Brief history, current developments, and possible future
Authors: Caivano José Luis 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article examines some of the outstanding contributions or points of interest in the research and application of color in architecture, from ancient times to the present. The discourses about color are classified by periods and according to the utterers: theoreticians or writers of architectural treatises, archeologists and historians of architecture, architects who have been relevant in professional practice, color theorists coming from the fields of architecture and design, and color researchers related to the International Color Association. As a conclusion, the main characteristics of these discourses about color are summarized, and a point is made about the use of instruments derived from color science in color design, implying that the evolution in the use of color in environmental design and the research in this field will increasingly rely on the interaction between scientists and designers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 350–363, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20224
Scene illuminant estimation: Past, present, and future
Authors: Hordley Steven D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article addresses the problem of colour constancy: how a visual system is able to ensure that the colours it perceives remain stable, regardless of the prevailing scene illuminant. My aim is first to summarize and review the most important theoretical advances that have been made in this field. Second, I present a comparative analysis of algorithm performance that we use as the basis of a discussion of the current state of colour constancy research and of the important issues that future research in this field should address. Finally, I highlight some areas of recent research that are important in the context of further improving the performance of colour constancy algorithms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 303–314, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20226
Corporate social responsibility in Asian supply chains
Authors: Welford Richard , Frost Stephen 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis research provides an overview of CSR practices in Asia, evaluates the usefulness of codes of conduct, reviews the benefits of CSR in supply chains and reviews obstacles for companies wishing to adopt good CSR practices. In order to achieve this, interviews were undertaken with CSR managers, factory managers and other experts, conducted in confidence and anonymously. Codes of conduct and associated inspections and audits are common practice but in most cases flawed. Labour issues and the rights of workers are generally seen as the most important aspect of CSR in the region. Benefits of CSR include risk reduction, staff recruitment and retention, cost savings and building good relationships with stakeholders. Obstacles include a lack of resources and skills, a lack of awareness of stakeholders' demands and inefficient production techniques. It is noted that larger firms are more able to overcome such obstacles, with clear adverse implications for smaller companies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Separate brain regions code for salience vs. valence during reward prediction in humans
Authors: Jensen Jimmy , Smith Andrew J. , Willeit Matthäus , Crawley Adrian P. , Mikulis David J. , Vitcu Irina , Kapur Shitij 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPredicting rewards and avoiding aversive conditions is essential for survival. Recent studies using computational models of reward prediction implicate the ventral striatum in appetitive rewards. Whether the same system mediates an organism's response to aversive conditions is unclear. We examined the question using fMRI blood oxygen level‐dependent measurements while healthy volunteers were conditioned using appetitive and aversive stimuli. The temporal difference learning algorithm was used to estimate reward prediction error. Activations in the ventral striatum were robustly correlated with prediction error, regardless of the valence of the stimuli, suggesting that the ventral striatum processes salience prediction error. In contrast, the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior insula coded for the differential valence of appetitive/aversive stimuli. Given its location at the interface of limbic and motor regions, the ventral striatum may be critical in learning about motivationally salient stimuli, regardless of valence, and using that information to bias selection of actions. Inc. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell mimetic monolayer supported chitosan‐haemocompatibility studies
Authors: Mathews Smitha , Kaladhar K. , Sharma Chandra P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractChitosan is a natural polymer, widely explored for biomedical and tissue engineering applications. However the thrombogenic nature limits their application in blood contacting devices and implants. Here, we have attempted to understand the haemocompatibility of chitosan by immobilizing a monolayer of cell mimetic lipid compositions. The phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/galactocerebroside lipid composition (PC/Chol/GalC, 1:0.35:0.125) was deposited onto the chitosan films. Characterization of the modified surface was done by sessile drop contact angle measurement. The contact angle of the chitosan film reduced from 80.65 ± 1.4 to 23.5 ± 1.9 after the surface modification. Swelling nature of chitosan seemed to influence the orientation and packing of the lipid monolayer. In vitro calcification studies with metastable salt solution indicated increased calcification on the modified surface. This may be due to formation of nuclei for calcification on the expanding monolayer. The preliminary haemocompatibility studies with washed platelets, leukocytes and erythrocytes showed overall reduction in blood cell adhesion to the modified surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy was used for morphological characterization of platelet adhesion and activation on the surfaces. On the bare chitosan surface, fully spread platelets with extending pseudopodia indicated platelet activation. The smooth surface of the modified film did not activate platelets. These studies showed that, though the lipid monolayer on chitosan film is able to reduce the over all blood cell adhesion and platelet activation it is prone to calcification. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Evaluation of pegylated lipid nanocapsules versus complement system activation and macrophage uptake
Authors: Vonarbourg A. , Passirani C. , Saulnier P. , Simard P. , Leroux J.C. , Benoit J.P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis work consisted in defining the in vitro behavior of pegylated lipid nanocapsules (LNC) toward the immune system. LNC were composed of an oily core surrounded by a shell of lecithin and polyethylene glycol (PEG) known to decrease the recognition of nanoparticles by the immune system. The “stealth” properties were evaluated by measuring complement activation (CH50 technique and crossed‐immunoelectrophoresis (C3 cleavage)) and macrophage uptake. These experiments were performed on 20‐, 50‐, and 100‐nm LNC before and after dialysis. A high density of PEG at the surface led to very low complement activation by LNC with a slight effect of size. This size effect, associated to a dialysis effect in macrophage uptake, was due to differences in density and flexibility of PEG chains related to LNC curvature radius. Thanks to a high density, 660‐Da PEG provided LNC a steric stabilization and a protective effect versus complement protein opsonization, but this protection decreased with the increase of LNC size, especially versus macrophage uptake. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Respiratory chain deficiency slows down cell‐cycle progression via reduced ROS generation and is associated with a reduction of p21CIP1/WAF1
Authors: Schauen Matthias , Spitkovsky Dimitry , Schubert Jens , Fischer Jürgen H. , Hayashi Jun‐Ichi , Wiesner Rudolf J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe have used HeLa cells without mitochondrial DNA (ρ0‐cells) and transient ρ0‐phenocopies, obtained from wild‐type cells by short‐term treatment with ethidium bromide, to analyze how the absence of a functional mitochondrial respiratory chain slows down proliferation. We ruled out an energetic problem (ATP/ADP content) as well as defective synthesis of pyrimidine, iron‐sulfur clusters or heme as important causes for the proliferative defect. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that reactive oxygen species were reduced in ρ0‐cells and in ρ0‐phenocopies, and that, quite unusually, all stages of the cell cycle were slowed down. Specific quenching of mitochondrial ROS with the ubiquinone analog MitoQ also resulted in slower growth. Some important cell‐cycle regulators were reduced in ρ0‐cells: cyclin D3, cdk6, p18INK4C, p27KIP1, and p21CIP1/WAF1. In the ρ0‐phenocopies, the expression pattern did not fully duplicate the complex response observed in ρ0‐cells, and mainly p21CIP1/WAF1 was downregulated. Activities of the growth regulatory PKB/Akt and MAPK/ERK‐signaling pathways did not correlate with proliferation rates of ρ0‐cells and ρ0‐phenocopies. Our study demonstrates that loss of a functional mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibits cell‐cycle progression, and we postulate that this occurs through the decreased concentration of reactive oxygen species, leading to downregulation of p21CIP1/WAF1. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 103–112, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in patients with nontraumatic femoral head osteonecrosis
Authors: Koo Kyung‐Hoi , Lee Jong Seok , Lee Yun Jong , Kim Ki‐Jeong , Yoo Jeong Joon , Kim Hee Joong 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAs endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has beneficial effects on skeletal, vascular, and thrombotic systems, the association between nontraumatic femoral head osteonecrosis (FHON) and eNOS gene polymorphisms was investigated in Korean patients with FHON. Genomic DNA from 103 patients with nontraumatic FHON (idiopathic in 50, steroid‐induced in 29, and alcohol abuse in 24) and 103 control subjects matched for gender and age (3‐year range) was analyzed for the 27‐bp repeat polymorphism in intron 4 and Glu298Asp polymorphism in exon 7. The frequencies of alleles and genotypes were compared between patients and control subjects. The frequency of 4a allele was significantly higher in total patients than control subjects [6.8% vs. 2.4%, p = 0.0345, odds ratio (OR) 2.931]. In subgroup analysis, the 4a allele significantly increased in patients with idiopathic FHON versus control subjects (9.0% vs. 2.4%, p = 0.0297, OR 3.976). The frequency of the 4a/b genotype in total patients (13.6% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.0302, OR 3.083) as well as patients with idiopathic FHON (18.0% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.0246, OR 4.302) was higher than control subjects. The distribution of Glu298Asp polymorphisms was not significantly different between patients and control subjects. Microstellate polymorphism in intron 4 of eNOS polymorphism was significantly associated with idiopathic FHON in Korean patients. Because 4a allele is associated with lower synthesis of eNOS, these results suggest that carrier state of 4a allele in intron 4 might be a genetic risk factor of FHON and could provide insight into the protective role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of FHON. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1722–1728, 2006
Test of AMS 14C dating of pollen concentrates using tephrochronology
Authors: Newnham Rewi M. , Vandergoes Marcus J. , Garnett Mark H. , Lowe David J. , Prior Christine , Almond Peter C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPrevious attempts to radiocarbon date sediments >10 kyr from the high rainfall region of Westland, New Zealand, a critical location for investigation of interhemispheric patterns of climate change, have been problematic. This study, building on recent work by Vandergoes and Prior (2003), shows that AMS 14C dating of pollen concentrates has potential to provide more reliable ages than other sediment constituents, including plant macrofossils. The method was applied to sediments from three sites containing the 22.6k 14C yr Kawakawa Tephra, which provided an independent test of the 14C ages. Although some minor laboratory contamination was detected in tests on background standards, the modelled relationship between sample mass and measured 14C content permitted an appropriate correction to be determined. Improved pollen concentrations derived by density separation between 1.4 and 1.2 specific gravity and sieving in the range 10–50 μm provided either older ages than other fractions of the same sample or, where in situ contamination was not evident, equivalent ages. Differences in degree of in situ contamination between depositional environments indicated that, in Westland, lake sites may be less susceptible to contamination by younger carbon than peat sites, where this process may be facilitated by root penetration into underlying sediments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of carbohydrates in grain, feed and food
Authors: McCleary Barry V , Charnock Simon J , Rossiter Patricia C , O'Shea Michelle F , Power Aisling M , Lloyd Ruth M 
Published: June 2006

AbstractProcedures for the measurement of starch, starch damage (gelatinised starch), resistant starch and the amylose/amylopectin content of starch, β‐glucan, fructan, glucomannan and galactosyl‐sucrose oligosaccharides (raffinose, stachyose and verbascose) in plant material, animal feeds and foods are described. Most of these methods have been successfully subjected to interlaboratory evaluation. All methods are based on the use of enzymes either purified by conventional chromatography or produced using molecular biology techniques. Such methods allow specific, accurate and reliable quantification of a particular component. Problems in calculating the actual weight of galactosyl‐sucrose oligosaccharides in test samples are discussed in detail. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Failure to detect seasonal changes in the song system nuclei of the black‐capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)
Authors: Smulders T. V. , Lisi M. D. , Tricomi E. , Otter K. A. , Chruszcz B. , Ratcliffe L. M. , DeVoogd T. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMost temperate songbird species sing seasonally, and the brain areas involved in producing song (the song system) vary in size alongside the changes in behavior. Black‐capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) also sing seasonally, and we find that there are changes in the stereotypy and the length of the fee‐bee song from the nonbreeding to the breeding season. Yet despite these changes, we fail to find any evidence of seasonal changes in the song system. The song system of males is larger than that of females, as is typical in songbirds, but the ratio between the sexes is small compared to other species. We suggest three hypotheses to explain our failure to find seasonal variation in the chickadee song system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006
Automated analysis of behavior: A computer‐controlled system for drug screening and the investigation of learning
Authors: Hicks Caitlin , Sorocco Debra , Levin Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEfforts to understand cognition will be greatly facilitated by computerized systems that enable the automated analysis of animal behavior. A number of controversies in the invertebrate learning field have resulted from difficulties inherent in manual experiments. Driven by the necessity to overcome these problems during investigation of neural function in planarian flatworms and frog larvae, we designed and developed a prototype for an inexpensive, flexible system that enables automated control and analysis of behavior and learning. Applicable to a variety of small animals such as flatworms and zebrafish, this system allows automated analysis of innate behavior, as well as of learning and memory in a plethora of conditioning paradigms. We present here the schematics of a basic prototype, which overcomes experimenter effects and operator tedium, enabling a large number of animals to be analyzed with transparent on‐line access to primary data. A scaled‐up version of this technology represents an efficient methodology to screen pharmacological and genetic libraries for novel neuroactive reagents of basic and biomedical relevance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006
Experiences of siblings of patients with Fanconi anemia
Authors: Hutson Sadie P. , Alter Blanche P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundClinical management of families with autosomal recessive genetic disorders focuses almost exclusively on the affected family members. However, clinically unaffected members of such families may also be severely troubled by the serious illness in a family member. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of healthy siblings of patients with a chronic genetic disease, Fanconi Anemia (FA).ProcedureWe used a qualitative, descriptive design, which consisted of in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews. A convenience sample of nine siblings of patients with FA was recruited from a National Cancer Institute clinical research protocol, which targets families with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. NVivo 2.0 software facilitated qualitative content analysis of the data.ResultsSiblings' rich descriptions provided novel insights into the intricate hardships of living within a family in which a rare, life‐threatening, chronic genetic illness in one member is the focus of daily life. Four major themes of the sibling experience emerged from the interview data: (1) containment, (2) invisibility, (3) worry, and (4) despair.ConclusionsOur data suggest that unrecognized psychosocial issues exist for the apparently healthy siblings of patients with FA. This study explores the psychosocial consequences of living in a family with FA and one of only a few studies to explore the sibling experience of chronic illness using a contemporaneous approach. These findings support the need for an increased awareness among health care providers; future hypothesis driven investigation, and improved assessment of problems with potential psychological morbidity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:72–79. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.