bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race/Ethnicity and Nativity Differences in Alcohol and Tobacco Use During Pregnancy
Authors: Perreira Krista M. , Cortes Kalena E. 
Published: July 2006

Objectives. We examined race/ethnicity and nativity correlates of prenatal substance use. Methods. Using data on a nationally representative cohort of pregnant women in US cities (N=4185), we evaluated the relative importance of socioeconomic status, paternal health behaviors, social support, and maternal stress and health history in explaining variations in prenatal substance use by race/ethnicity and nativity. Results. Maternal stress and health history appeared to fully explain differences in alcohol use by nativity, but these and other factors could not explain differences in prenatal smoking. For all races/ethnicities, paternal health behaviors were most strongly associated with maternal substance use. Except among Black women, socioeconomic background bore little relation to prenatal substance use after adjustment for more proximal risk factors (e.g., paternal and maternal health behaviors). Social support was most protective among Hispanic women. Conclusions. Foreign-born immigrant women are at equal risk of prenatal alcohol use compared with similarly situated US-born women and should not be overlooked in the design of interventions for at-risk women. Furthermore, the inclusion of fathers and the development of social support structures for at-risk women can strengthen interventions.
School-Based Health Centers and the Decline in Black Teen Fertility During the 1990s in Denver, Colorado
Authors: Ricketts Sue A. , Guernsey Bruce P. 
Published: July 2006

Objectives. We examined the changes in Black adolescent fertility rates in high-school areas with school-based health centers and compared them over time with changes in rates in high-school areas without school-based health centers. Methods. Fertility rates were estimated for high-school areas with and without school-based health centers with geocoded birth certificate and school enrollment data. Results. A high adolescent fertility rate (165 births/1000) in 1992 among Black students in Denver high-school areas with school-based health centers declined to a low rate (38/1000) in 1997 that matched the rate of school areas that did not have school-based health centers. Rates declined for both types of areas over the study period, but the rate of decline in the areas with school-based health centers was significantly greater (77% vs 56%). Conclusions. The rapid and significant decline in Black adolescent fertility in school areas with school-based health centers strongly suggests that attending to the health needs of students at risk of pregnancy resulted in a radically lowered risk of fertility. The decline is likely the result of strategies to identify, intervene, and follow-up on students engaging in behaviors that place them at risk for unintended pregnancy.
Trends in Hospitalization and Sociodemographic Factors in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Populations in Germany: National Health Survey, 1990–1992 and 1998
Authors: Icks Andrea , Haastert Burkhard , Rathmann Wolfgang , Rosenbauer Joachim , Giani Guido 
Published: July 2006

Objectives. We examined time trends of hospitalization, a main outcome measure in health care, in the diabetic and nondiabetic populations in Germany and their associations with sociodemographic variables. Methods. Using data from 2 national health surveys, we estimated hospital days per person-year in the diabetic and nondiabetic populations in 1998 (n=5422) and 1990–1992 (n=7363) in Germany. We used Poisson regression to estimate relative risks and interaction of secular time with age, gender, and educational level, considering the cluster sample design of the study. Results. Hospital days per person-year decreased between 1990–1992 and 1998—from 3.59 (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.59, 4.97) to 3.14 (95% CI=2.16, 4.56) for the diabetic population and from 1.38 (95% CI=1.23, 1.55) to 1.33 (95% CI=1.17, 1.51) for the nondiabetic population—but the decrease was not statistically significant. In the diabetic population, the decrease tended to be more pronounced (interaction year × time not significant; P=.756). Also, there was a notable decrease in men and in the group aged 25 to 39 years, and a decrease in both high- and low-educational-level subjects. Conclusions. There seems to have been a larger decrease in hospitalization in the diabetic population than in the nondiabetic population in Germany. An increase in social disparity in this health outcome measure in the diabetic population could not be confirmed.
Missed Opportunities for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Screening Among Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kim Catherine , Tabaei Bahman P. , Burke Ray , McEwen Laura N. , Lash Robert W. , Johnson Susan L. , Schwartz Kendra L. , Bernstein Steven J. , Herman William H. 
Published: July 2006

Objectives. We sought to determine rates and factors associated with screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods. We retrospectively studied women with diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus who delivered at a university-affiliated hospital (n=570). Data sources included medical and administrative record review. Main outcome measures were the frequency of any type of glucose testing at least 6 weeks after delivery and the frequency of recommended glucose testing. We assessed demographic data, past medical history, and prenatal and postpartum care characteristics. Results. Rates of glucose testing after delivery were low. Any type of glucose testing was performed at least once after 38% of deliveries, and recommended glucose testing was performed at least once after 23% of deliveries. Among women with at least 1 visit to the health care system after delivery (n=447), 42% received any type of glucose test at least once, and 35% received a recommended glucose test at least once. Factors associated with testing were being married, having a visit with an endocrinologist after delivery, and having more visits after delivery. Conclusions. These findings suggest that most women with gestational diabetes mellitus are not screened for type 2 DM after delivery. Opportunities for DM prevention and early treatment are being missed.
Meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes for Fiber: Sociodemographic Characteristics of Preschoolers With High Fiber Intakes
Authors: Kranz Sibylle 
Published: July 2006

To better understand the public health impact of the National Academy of Sciences’ Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for fiber in preschoolers, I analyzed data from the United States Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intake in Individuals for 5437 preschoolers and examined sociodemographic predictors of meeting the DRIs. Overall, only 12% of the children met the DRIs. Older children (age 4 and 5 years) were less likely than younger children, girls were less likely than boys, and children from medium-income families (those earning 186% to 350% of the poverty guidelines, with poverty set at 100%) were least likely to meet the DRIs. Low-income children participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children were twice as likely as nonparticipants to meet the DRIs. The public should be educated about the importance of increasing fiber density in the diet.
Asthma and Enrollment in Special Education Among Urban Schoolchildren
Authors: Stingone Jeanette A. , Claudio Luz 
Published: July 2006

Objectives. We assessed whether asthma is associated with urban children’s use of special education services. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 24 randomly selected New York City public elementary schools using a parent-report questionnaire focusing on sociodemographic characteristics, special education enrollment, asthma diagnosis and symptoms, school absences, and use of health care services. Results. Thirty-four percent of children enrolled in special education had been diagnosed with asthma, compared with 19% of children in the general student population. After control for sociodemographic factors, children with asthma were 60% more likely than children without asthma to be enrolled in special education (odds ratio [OR] = 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22, 2.16). Asthmatic children in special education were significantly more likely to be from low-income families and to have been hospitalized in the previous 12 months than asthmatic children in general education. Conclusions. Inadequate asthma control may contribute to a greater risk of asthmatic children residing in urban areas being placed in special education. School health programs should consider targeting low-income urban children with asthma at risk for enrollment in special education through increased asthma interventions and medical support services.
Efficacy and Safety of Radiotherapy Plus Relugolix in Men With Localized or Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Spratt Daniel E. , George Daniel J. , Shore Neal D. , Cookson Michael S. , Saltzstein Daniel R. , Tutrone Ronald , Bossi Alberto , Brown Bruce A. , Lu Sophia , Fallick Mark , Hanson Sarah , Tombal Bertrand F. 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceCombination androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with radiotherapy is commonly used for patients with localized and advanced prostate cancer.ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and safety of the oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist relugolix with radiotherapy for treating prostate cancer.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter post hoc analysis of patients with localized and advanced prostate cancer receiving radiotherapy in 2 randomized clinical trials (a phase 2 trial of relugolix vs degarelix, and a subset of the phase 3 HERO trial of relugolix vs leuprolide acetate) included men who were receiving radiotherapy and short-term (24 weeks) ADT (n = 103) from 2014 to 2015 and men receiving radiotherapy and longer-term (48 weeks) ADT (n = 157) from 2017 to 2019. The data were analyzed in November 2022.InterventionsPatients receiving short-term ADT received relugolix, 120 mg, orally once daily (320-mg loading dose) or degarelix, 80 mg, 4-week depot (240-mg loading dose) for 24 weeks with 12 weeks of follow-up. Patients receiving longer-term ADT received relugolix, 120 mg, orally once daily (360-mg loading dose) or leuprolide acetate injections every 12 weeks for 48 weeks, with up to 90 days of follow-up.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCastration rate (testosterone level &amp;lt;50 ng/dL [to convert to nmol/L, multiply by 0.0347) at all scheduled visits between weeks 5 and 25 for patients receiving short-term ADT and weeks 5 and 49 for patients receiving longer-term ADT.ResultsOf 260 patients (38 Asian [14.6%], 23 Black or African American [8.8%], 21 Hispanic [8.1%], and 188 White [72.3%] individuals), 164 (63.1%) received relugolix. Relugolix achieved castration rates of 95% (95% CI, 87.1%-99.0%) and 97% (95% CI, 90.6%-99.0%) among patients receiving short-term and longer-term ADT, respectively. Twelve weeks post–short-term relugolix, 34 (52%) achieved testosterone levels to baseline or more than 280 ng/dL. Ninety days post longer-term ADT, mean (SD) testosterone levels were 310.5 (122.4) (106.7) ng/dL (relugolix; n = 15) vs 53.0 ng/dL (leuprolide acetate; n = 8) among the subset assessed for testosterone recovery. Castration resistance-free survival was not statistically different between the relugolix and leuprolide acetate cohorts (hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.35-2.72; P = .62). Adverse events grade 3 or greater for short-term or longer-term relugolix (headache, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation) were uncommon (less than 5%).Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of these 2 randomized clinical trials suggest that relugolix rapidly achieves sustained castration in patients with localized and advanced prostate cancer receiving radiotherapy. No new safety concerns were identified when relugolix was used with radiotherapy.
Multinational External Validation of Autonomous Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening
Authors: Coyner Aaron S. , Murickan Tom , Oh Minn A. , Young Benjamin K. , Ostmo Susan R. , Singh Praveer , Chan R. V. Paul , Moshfeghi Darius M. , Shah Parag K. , Venkatapathy Narendran , Chiang Michael F. , Kalpathy-Cramer Jayashree , Campbell J. Peter 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceRetinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of blindness in children, with significant disparities in outcomes between high-income and low-income countries, due in part to insufficient access to ROP screening.ObjectiveTo evaluate how well autonomous artificial intelligence (AI)–based ROP screening can detect more-than-mild ROP (mtmROP) and type 1 ROP.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis diagnostic study evaluated the performance of an AI algorithm, trained and calibrated using 2530 examinations from 843 infants in the Imaging and Informatics in Retinopathy of Prematurity (i-ROP) study, on 2 external datasets (6245 examinations from 1545 infants in the Stanford University Network for Diagnosis of ROP [SUNDROP] and 5635 examinations from 2699 infants in the Aravind Eye Care Systems [AECS] telemedicine programs). Data were taken from 11 and 48 neonatal care units in the US and India, respectively. Data were collected from January 2012 to July 2021, and data were analyzed from July to December 2023.ExposuresAn imaging processing pipeline was created using deep learning to autonomously identify mtmROP and type 1 ROP in eye examinations performed via telemedicine.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) as well as sensitivity and specificity for detection of mtmROP and type 1 ROP at the eye examination and patient levels.ResultsThe prevalence of mtmROP and type 1 ROP were 5.9% (91 of 1545) and 1.2% (18 of 1545), respectively, in the SUNDROP dataset and 6.2% (168 of 2699) and 2.5% (68 of 2699) in the AECS dataset. Examination-level AUROCs for mtmROP and type 1 ROP were 0.896 and 0.985, respectively, in the SUNDROP dataset and 0.920 and 0.982 in the AECS dataset. At the cross-sectional examination level, mtmROP detection had high sensitivity (SUNDROP: mtmROP, 83.5%; 95% CI, 76.6-87.7; type 1 ROP, 82.2%; 95% CI, 81.2-83.1; AECS: mtmROP, 80.8%; 95% CI, 76.2-84.9; type 1 ROP, 87.8%; 95% CI, 86.8-88.7). At the patient level, all infants who developed type 1 ROP screened positive (SUNDROP: 100%; 95% CI, 81.4-100; AECS: 100%; 95% CI, 94.7-100) prior to diagnosis.Conclusions and RelevanceWhere and when ROP telemedicine programs can be implemented, autonomous ROP screening may be an effective force multiplier for secondary prevention of ROP.
Water-Free Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Solution vs Vehicle for Dry Eye Disease
Authors: Peng Rongmei , Jie Ying , Long Qin , Gong Lan , Zhu Lei , Zhong Xingwu , Zhao Shaozhen , Yan Xiaoming , Gu Hao , Wu Huping , Li Gang , Zhang Kaiyun , Krösser Sonja , Xu Ruxia , Hong Jing 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceDry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent eye disorder. Cyclosporine is an effective immunomodulator that is widely used in DED; however, due to its highly hydrophobic nature, delivery of cyclosporine to the ocular surface is challenging.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of SHR8028, a water-free cyclosporine ophthalmic solution, 0.1%, compared with vehicle in Chinese participants with DED.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, phase 3 randomized clinical trial conducted from March 4, 2021, to July 22, 2022. Adult participants with moderate to severe DED were recruited from 12 hospitals in China. Study data were analyzed April 2, 2022, for the primary analysis.InterventionsFollowing a 14-day run-in period with an artificial tear, participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive water-free cyclosporine or vehicle (1 eye drop in each eye twice daily). After a 29-day treatment, participants of both groups were given the option to receive water-free cyclosporine for an additional 12 weeks for longer-term safety assessment.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary end points were changes from baseline in total corneal fluorescein staining (tCFS) using the National Eye Institute scale and in dryness score on a visual analog scale at day 29.ResultsA total of 206 participants (mean [SD] age, 47.8 [14.2] years; 185 female [90%]) were enrolled, with 103 each in the cyclosporine group and the vehicle group. At day 29, the cyclosporine group experienced improved tCFS compared with vehicle (change [Δ] = −1.8; 95% CI, −2.7 to −1.0; P &amp;lt; .001), with a tCFS score decrease from baseline of −4.8 in the cyclosporine group and −3.0 in the vehicle group. Dryness score decreased from baseline in both groups (−19.2 vs −15.4; Δ = −3.8; 95% CI, −9.2 to 1.6; P = .17). During the 29-day treatment, treatment-related adverse events were reported in 15 participants (14.6%) in the cyclosporine group and 11 participants (10.7%) in the vehicle group.Conclusions And RelevanceResults demonstrated superiority of a water-free cyclosporine, 0.1%, eye solution over vehicle in improving tCFS score at day 29 in Chinese participants with DED. However, dryness score (VAS) was not improved at day 29.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05841043
First density estimates for a recovering bobcat population in Ohio using DNA from scat
Authors: Dyck Marissa A. , Uhrig Genelle , Spear Stephen F. , Iosif Ruben , Popescu Viorel D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe recovery of mammalian species in the US Midwest through natural recolonization constitutes a conservation success story, yet management remains challenging due to many unknowns related to population dynamics and numeric trends. Abundance is a critical parameter for management decisions, and estimating the density and abundance of elusive species, such as terrestrial carnivores, remains challenging despite recent technological advances. In this study, we evaluated density and abundance of a recovering carnivore species, the bobcat (Lynx rufus) in two areas of Ohio using non‐invasive DNA from scat. The target areas in eastern and southern Ohio have been shown to have uneven dynamics and recolonization success and we expected that this would be reflected in differences in density and abundance. We collected 298 bobcat scats between July 2018 and April 2019 on 150 km of repeated transects. Of these, 102 scats were successfully genotyped, and 55 individuals were identified (33 in eastern Ohio and 22 in southern Ohio). Using Spatially Explicit Capture–Recapture models, we estimated 18.9 ± 4.1 and 10.9 ± 2.7 bobcats/100 km2 in eastern and southern Ohio study areas, respectively. Our results support prior telemetry data which indicated that bobcats in eastern Ohio had smaller home‐ranges than bobcats in southern Ohio, and thus could support a higher density of individuals. The higher densities were similar to other eastern US populations and are much higher than other Midwestern recovering populations. Our results provide a snapshot of the population status and can be used to determine sustainable management strategies for Ohio's bobcat population.
Command filter‐based adaptive robust prescribed performance formation control for nonlinear multi‐agent systems
Authors: Cao Xuemei , Li Kewen , Li Yongming 
Published: March 2024

SummaryThis paper investigates an observer‐based adaptive robust fuzzy formation tracking control method for nonlinear multi‐agent systems (MAS) with input delay. The considered nonlinear MAS contains the unknown nonlinear functions, that is, unmeasured states. The fuzzy logic systems (FLS) are used to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions, and then a fuzzy adaptive state observer is designed to estimate the unmeasured states. The Pade approximation approach is introduced to solve the input delay issue. By combining command filtering and backstepping recursive control techniques, a robust adaptive prescribed performance formation output feedback tracking controller is designed. Moreover, the proposed controller can avoid the “explosion of complexity” and “singularity” problems in the backstepping design framework. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, it is proved that all signals in the closed‐loop system are semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB), and the formation tracking errors do not exceed the prescribed performance bounds. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed control approach can be further verified through numerical and practical examples.
Efficient Generation of Skin Organoids from Pluripotent Cells via Defined Extracellular Matrix Cues and Morphogen Gradients in a Spindle‐Shaped Microfluidic Device
Authors: Quílez Cristina , Jeon Eun Y. , Pappalardo Alberto , Pathak Pooja , Abaci Hasan E. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPluripotent stem cell‐derived skin organoids (PSOs) emerge as a developmental skin model that is self‐organized into multiple components, such as hair follicles. Despite their impressive complexity, PSOs are currently generated in the absence of 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) signals and have several major limitations, including an inverted anatomy (e.g., epidermis inside/dermis outside). In this work, a method is established to generate PSOs effectively in a chemically‐defined 3D ECM environment. After examining various dermal ECM molecules, it is found that PSOs generated in collagen ‐type I (COLI) supplemented with laminin 511 (LAM511) exhibit increased growth compared to conventional free‐floating conditions, but fail to induce complete skin differentiation due in part to necrosis. This problem is addressed by generating the PSOs in a 3D bioprinted spindle‐shaped hydrogel device, which constrains organoid growth longitudinally. This culture system significantly reduces organoid necrosis and leads to a twofold increase in keratinocyte differentiation and an eightfold increase in hair follicle formation. Finally, the system is adapted as a microfluidic device to create asymmetrical gradients of differentiation factors and improves the spatial organization of dermal and epidermal cells. This study highlights the pivotal role of ECM and morphogen gradients in promoting and spatially‐controlling skin differentiation in the PSO framework.