bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water-Mass Transformations in a Neutral Density Framework and the Key Role of Light Penetration
Authors: Iudicone Daniele , Madec Gurvan , McDougall Trevor J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A new formulation is proposed for the evaluation of the dianeutral transport in the ocean. The method represents an extension of the classical diagnostic approach for estimating the water-mass formation from the buoyancy balance. The inclusion of internal sources such as the penetrative solar shortwave radiation (i.e., depth-dependent heat transfer) in the estimate of surface buoyancy fluxes has a significant impact in several oceanic regions, and the former simplified formulation can lead to a 100% error in the estimate of water-mass formation due to surface buoyancy fluxes. Furthermore, internal mixing can also be overestimated in inversions of in situ data when the shortwave radiation is not allowed to be penetrative.
The method examines the evolution equation of neutral density via the tendencies of potential temperature and salinity. The neutral density framework does not require the choice of a reference pressure and thus, unlike previous approaches that consider potential density, it is well suited for examining the whole open-ocean water column.
The methodology is easy to implement, particularly for ocean numerical models. The authors present here its application to a long simulation made with an ice–ocean global model, which allowed the method to be validated.
Elongation and Contraction of the Western Boundary Current Extension in a Shallow-Water Model: A Bifurcation Analysis
Authors: Primeau François , Newman David 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The double-gyre circulation, formulated in terms of the quasigeostrophic equations, has a symmetry about the basin midlatitude (y → −y, ψ → −ψ), which is absent in a formulation based on the shallow-water equations. As a result, the shallow-water model does not have the pitchfork bifurcation structures that, in the case of the quasigeostrophic model, connect together multiple solution branches with elongated and contracted recirculation gyres. For the shallow-water model, solution branches with elongated recirculation gyres are disconnected, and a one-parameter bifurcation analysis is unable to detect their existence. The deeply penetrating jet solution branches do, however, continue to exist, and can be found using a bifurcation analysis couched in terms of two parameters. An effective pair of parameters is the viscosity and a parameter controlling the symmetry of the wind stress profile. A bifurcation analysis with these parameters reveals the existence of new solution branches that were not found in previous bifurcation analyses of the shallow-water model. The new solutions have a jet extension that penetrates farther eastward and that is more stable than the jet-up and jet-down solutions found in previous studies. Furthermore, the origin of the low-frequency variability at low viscosities is associated with a sequence of bifurcations originating from one of the new steady-state solution branches. In particular, the eigenmode analysis of the new branch reveals that a so-called gyre mode is at the origin of the model’s low-frequency variability at decadal time scales.
Wind Wave Growth at Short Fetch
Authors: Lamont-Smith T. , Waseda T. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Wave wire data from the large wind wave tank of the Ocean Engineering Laboratory at the University of California, Santa Barbara, are analyzed, and comparisons are made with published data collected in four other wave tanks. The behavior of wind waves at various fetches (7–80 m) is very similar to the behavior observed in the other tanks. When the nondimensional frequency F* or nondimensional significant wave height H* is plotted against nondimensional fetch x*, a large scatter in the data points is found. Multivariate regression to the dimensional parameters shows that significant wave height Hsig is a function of U2x and frequency F is a function of U1.25x, where U is the wind speed and x is the horizontal distance, with the result that in general for wind waves at a particular fetch in a wave tank, approximately speaking, the wave frequency is inversely proportional to the square root of the wind speed and the wavelength is proportional to the wind speed. Similarly, the wave height is proportional to U1.5 and the orbital velocity is proportional to U. Comparison with field data indicates a transition from this fetch law to the conventional one [the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP)] for longer fetch. Despite differences in the fetch relationship for the wave tank and the field data, the wave height and wave period satisfy Toba’s 3/2 power law. This law imposes a strong constraint on the evolution of wind wave energy and frequency; consequently, the energy and momentum retention rate are not independent. Both retention rates grow with wind speed and fetch at the short fetches present in the wave tank. The observed retention rates are completely different from those typically observed in the field, but the same constraint (Toba’s 3/2 law) holds true.
Length Scales of Eddy Generation and Nonlinear Evolution of the Seasonally Modulated South Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent
Authors: Qiu Bo , Scott Robert B. , Chen Shuiming 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe dynamical processes behind the seasonal modulation of the two-dimensional eddy kinetic energy (EKE) wavenumber spectrum in the Subtropical Countercurrent region of the South Pacific are investigated with 14 yr of satellite altimeter data and climatological hydrographic data. The authors find a seasonally modulated generation of EKE via baroclinic instability in modes with larger meridional length scales. Subsequent nonlinear eddy–eddy interactions redistribute the EKE to larger total horizontal length scales, and larger zonal scales in particular. This is confirmed by diagnosing the spectral transfer of EKE in the surface geostrophic flow, which is found to drive an anisotropic inverse cascade, being redirected in the sense consistent with the β effect, as predicted by geostrophic turbulence theory on the β plane. Because of the seasonal renewal of meridionally elongated anomalies by baroclinic instability and possibly because of the barotropization process, however, the net outcome for the formation of surface zonal flows is observed to be limited.
The Role of Southern Ocean Surface Forcings and Mixing in the Global Conveyor
Authors: Iudicone Daniele , Madec Gurvan , Blanke Bruno , Speich Sabrina 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Despite the renewed interest in the Southern Ocean, there are yet many unknowns because of the scarcity of measurements and the complexity of the thermohaline circulation. Hence the authors present here the analysis of the thermohaline circulation of the Southern Ocean of a steady-state simulation of a coupled ice–ocean model. The study aims to clarify the roles of surface fluxes and internal mixing, with focus on the mechanisms of the upper branch of the overturning. A quantitative dynamical analysis of the water-mass transformation has been performed using a new method. Surface fluxes, including the effect of the penetrative solar radiation, produce almost 40 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) of Subantarctic Mode Water while about 5 Sv of the densest water masses (γ &gt; 28.2) are formed by brine rejection on the shelves of Antarctica and in the Weddell Sea. Mixing transforms one-half of the Subantarctic Mode Water into intermediate water and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water while bottom water is produced by Lower Circumpolar Deep Water and North Atlantic Deep Water mixing with shelf water. The upwelling of part of the North Atlantic Deep Water inflow is due to internal processes, mainly downward propagation of the surface freshwater excess via vertical mixing at the base of the mixed layer. A complementary Lagrangian analysis of the thermohaline circulation will be presented in a companion paper.
A General Analytic Method for Assessing Sensitivity to Bias of Performance Measures for Dichotomous Forecasts
Authors: Brill Keith F. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Performance measures computed from the 2 × 2 contingency table of outcomes for dichotomous forecasts are sensitive to bias. The method presented here evaluates how the probability of detection (POD) must change as bias changes so that a performance measure improves at a given value of bias. A critical performance ratio (CPR) of the change of POD to the change in bias is derived for a number of performance measures. If a change in POD associated with a bias change satisfies the CPR condition, the performance measure will indicate an improved forecast. If a perfect measure of performance existed, it would always exhibit its optimal value at bias equal to one. Actual measures of performance are susceptible to bias, indicating a better forecast for bias values not equal to one. The CPR is specifically applied to assess the conditions for an improvement toward a more favorable value of several commonly used performance measures as bias increases or decreases through the value one. All performance measures evaluated are found to have quantifiable bias sensitivity. The CPR is applied to analyzing a performance requirement and bias sensitivity in a geometric model.
Clues That Aid in the Diagnosis of Nonaccidental Trauma Presenting as an Apparent Life-Threatening Event
Authors: Vellody Kishore , Freeto Jennifer P. , Gage Sandra L. , Collins Nicole , Gershan William M. 
Published: July 2008

Background Apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) can encompass many different diagnoses. Nonaccidental trauma (NAT) is one potential serious diagnosis. Objective (1) To identify key elements in the history and physical exam in infants presenting with an ALTE that aid in the subsequent diagnosis of NAT; and (2) to evaluate the role of diagnostic studies in these infants in confirming the diagnosis of NAT. Design/Methods A retrospective chart review analysis, over a 2-year period, of infants with an ALTE was performed. From this group, all children with a discharge diagnosis of child physical abuse, shaken infant syndrome, or NAT were included in the study. Results 4 patients were found to be victims of NAT based on their clinical histories and physical examinations. Although confirmatory, ophthalmologic exams, skeletal surveys, and head CT scans had a lower sensitivity for NAT. Conclusions NAT should be considered when an infant is admitted for evaluation of an ALTE.
Breast-Feeding Rates at an Inner-City Pediatric Practice
Authors: Furman Lydia , Combs Bridget C. , Alexander Ashley D. , O'riordan Mary Ann 
Published: July 2008

Objective To determine rates of breast-feeding in the first 2 months of life at an inner-city pediatric practice. Methods Using retrospective chart reviews, we examined all visits through 2 months of age for infants seen from April 1, 2007, to June 29, 2007, at the Pediatric Practice of Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, which serves a low-income urban population. Rates of breast-feeding were analyzed by visit number and by infant age category. Results We reviewed all 557 visits occurring between birth and 2 months of age for all 223 eligible infants. At visit 1 (median age 5 days), the rates of exclusive and any breast-feeding were 22.0% and 40.8%, respectively. By visit 3 (median age 43 days), the rates of exclusive and any breast-feeding were 10.6% and 24.5%, respectively. Conclusions These inner-city breast-feeding rates are substantially below reported regional and national rates. Barriers to implementing urgently needed interventions are discussed.
Association Between the Frequency of Disposable Diaper Changing and Urinary Tract Infection in Infants
Authors: Sugimura Tetsu , Tananari Yoshifumi , Ozaki Yukiko , Maeno Yasuki , Tanaka Seiji , Ito Shinichi , Kawano Keiko , Masunaga Kumiko 
Published: July 2008

Background Often diapers are not changed after infants pass urine. Aim To define the association between the frequency of changing diapers and urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants. Methods Urine samples were tested in 131 infants (aged from 2 months to 2.5 years) who had a temperature ≥38°C. The authors investigated the number of times diapers were changed daily. A total of 128 infants, excluding 3 cases, were divided into 2 groups: group A, without UTI (n = 96); group B, with UTI (n = 32). The number of times diapers were changed was compared between the groups. Results In group A and group B, the number of times diapers were changed daily were 7.5 ± 1.4 and 4.7 ± 1.4, respectively. The number of times diapers were changed was significantly lower ( P < .0001) in group B than in group A. Conclusions Among infants wearing disposable diapers, there is an increased risk of UTI as the frequency of changing diapers decreases.
Antioxidant potential of thyme extract: alleviation of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced oxidative stress
Authors: Rana P , Soni G 
Published: July 2008

Protective role of thyme extract against N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced oxidative stress has been evaluated in albino rats. For this, one group of rats were fed diet supplemented with thyme extract (0.5%) and served as the test group, whereas animals of the other group fed on normal diet served as the control group. The rats were fed on respective diets for a period of 2 weeks after which stress was induced to half the animals of each group by i.p. administration of NDEA at 200 mg/kg body weight. Animals were killed 48 h post stress-induction period. Feed intake and body weight decreased significantly in both test and control groups, the effect being less in test group. Increase in osmotic fragility and in-vitro lipid peroxidation (LPO) on stress induction was of lower degree in the test group. NDEA toxicity was mainly reflected in liver as evidenced by increased activities of plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. The effect was of lower degree in test group as compared with that in the control group. Increase in urea levels observed following NDEA administration was also of lower degree in test groups. Blood glutathione (GSH) levels increased more so in test group compared with control group on stress induction. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (Px), and catalase (CAT) activities decreased significantly on stress induction in erythrocytes. LPO increased in all the tissues through varying degree, and the increase was appreciably of lower degree in test group. The activity of SOD increased significantly in both test and control group on stress induction, whereas activities of Px and CAT decreased following NDEA treatment, and the effects were of lower degree in test group. Thus, supplementation of diet with thyme extract can improve antioxygenic potential and hence help to prevent oxidative stress.
Oral exposure of male and female mice to formulations of organophosphorous pesticides: congenital malformations
Authors: Gomes J , Lloyd OL , Hong Z 
Published: July 2008

Birth outcome was studied in pre-partum litters of mice exposed to oral doses of organophosphorous pesticides at low and high concentrations before mating. Exposed and unexposed pregnant dams were delivered by Caesarean section 1 day before partum, the fetuses were collected, counted and weighed, and the numbers of resorptions were recorded. Live litter sizes were non-significantly higher in all the exposed groups compared with the control group. The numbers of resorptions were significantly higher in all the exposed groups than in the comparison groups. The incidence of intra-uterine growth retardation was significantly higher in all the exposed groups than in the comparison groups. The incidences of congenital malformations were significantly higher in the exposed groups than in one or more of the comparison groups for the defects of the ears, eyes, jaws, brain, and tongue in all the exposed groups. Low set microtia, cataract or open eyelids, microcephaly or anencephaly, maxillary or mandibular hypoplasia, and protruding tongue were observed in all groups, but the numbers were significantly higher in the exposed groups compared with one or more of the comparison groups. Curled or missing tail and intra-auricular septal or intra-ventricular septal defects were observed in higher numbers in the groups in which both the males and the females were exposed than in the comparison groups. Male:female sex ratios were significantly higher in the groups in which males only and females only were exposed.
Tramadol intoxication: a review of 114 cases
Authors: Shadnia S , Soltaninejad K , Heydari K , Sasanian G , Abdollahi M 
Published: July 2008

Tramadol as a centrally acting analgesic is extensively used in the management of moderate to severe pain. It slightly affects opioid receptors and inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrin and serotonin in the CNS. There are reports about toxicity and abuse of tramadol. The objective of the present study was to evaluate epidemiology of intentional tramadol intoxications. All poisoning cases that admitted to Loghman-Hakim Hospital Poison Center from April to May 2007 were studied. A total of 114 cases (82 men and 32 women) of intentional tramadol intoxications with the median age of 23.66 ± 6.87 years (range 16–54 years) were identified. Other illicit drugs were found to be used in combination with tramadol in some of the cases, which among them benzodiazepines were the most common. Tramadol overdose has been one of the most frequent causes of drug poisoning in the country in the recent years, especially in male young adults with history of substance abuse and mental disorders. Nausea, vomiting, Central Nervous System (CNS) depression, tachycardia, and seizure are the most common findings in this kind of poisoning. Cardiopulmonary arrest was found as the cause of death in cases who had ingested more than 5000 mg tramadol.
A nutrient mixture prevents acetaminophen hepatic and renal toxicity in ICR mice
Authors: Roomi MW , Kalinovsky T , Ivanov V , Rath M , Niedzwiecki A 
Published: July 2008

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is often fatal, leading to fulminant hepatic and renal tubular necrosis in humans and animals. We studied the effect of a nutrient mixture (NM) containing, among other nutrients, lysine, proline, ascorbic acid, N-acetyl cysteine, and green tea extract, which has previously been demonstrated to exhibit a broad spectrum of therapeutic properties on APAP-induced hepatic and renal damage in ICR (Imprinting Control Region) mice. Seven-week-old male ICR mice were divided into four groups (A–D) of five animals each. Groups A and C mice were fed a regular diet for 2 weeks, while groups B and D mice were supplemented with 0.5% NM (w/w) during that period. Groups A and B received saline i.p., while groups C and D received APAP (600 mg/kg) i.p. All animals were killed 24 h after APAP administration, serum was collected to assess the liver and kidney functions, and the livers and kidneys were excised for histology. Mean serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), creatinine, and BUN/creatinine ratios were comparable in groups A and B, increased markedly in group C and significantly lower in group D compared with group C. APAP caused significant centrilobular necrosis and glomerular damage in unsupplemented animals, while NM prevented these alterations. The results indicate that NM has potential to protect against APAP-induced liver and kidney damage.
Decrease of muscarinic cholinergic receptors expression in placenta from rats exposed to methyl parathion
Authors: González-García B , Olave ME , Ramos-Martínez E , González-Horta C , Levario-Carrillo M , Sánchez-Ramírez B 
Published: July 2008

Placental transfer of methyl parathion (MP), an organophosphate pesticide, could involve effects on cholinergic system. To analyze whether placental cholinergic system is altered by prenatal exposure to MP, expression of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (M1 and M2 subtypes; mAChR) was determined in pregnant rats exposed to MP at 0.0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/kg. An immunohistochemical analysis for M1 and M2 mAChR was performed, and the density of the mAChR signal was measured by image analysis. M1 and M2 mAChR were found in the trophoblast present in the labyrinth, with an 18% predominance of M2 over M1 in the non-exposed group. The expression of M1 and M2 mAChR in placentas exposed to MP showed a decrease when compared with the non-exposed group ( P < 0.05); a dose–response effect was not detected. These results demonstrate that prenatal exposure to MP causes changes in the placental expression of mAChR M1 and M2, suggesting that related placental cholinergic functions could be affected.
Human natural killer cells
Authors: Caligiuri Michael A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells were discovered more than 30 years ago. NK cells are large granular lymphocytes that belong to the innate immune system because unlike T or B lymphocytes of the adaptive or antigen-specific immune system, NK cells do not rearrange T-cell receptor or immunoglobulin genes from their germline configuration. During the past 2 decades there has been a substantial gain in our understanding of what and how NK-cells “see,” lending important insights into their functions and purpose in normal immune surveillance. The most recent discoveries in NK-cell receptor biology have fueled translational research that has led to remarkable results in treating human malignancy.
Pegylated interferon-alfa-2a induces complete hematologic and molecular responses with low toxicity in polycythemia vera
Authors: Kiladjian Jean-Jacques , Cassinat Bruno , Chevret Sylvie , Turlure Pascal , Cambier Nathalie , Roussel Murielle , Bellucci Sylvia , Grandchamp Bernard , Chomienne Christine , Fenaux Pierre 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Interferon-α (IFN-α) is a nonleukemogenic treatment of polycythemia vera (PV) able to induce cytogenetic remissions. Its use is limited by toxicity, leading to treatment discontinuation in approximately 20% of patients. We completed a phase 2 multicenter study of pegylated IFN-α-2a in 40 PV patients. Objectives included evaluation of efficacy, safety, and monitoring of residual disease using JAK2V617F quantification (%V617F). Median follow-up was 31.4 months. At 12 months, all 37 evaluable patients had hematologic response, including 94.6% complete responses (CRs). Only 3 patients (8%) had stopped treatment. After the first year, 35 patients remained in hematologic CR, including 5 who had stopped pegylated IFN-α-2a. Sequential samples for %V617F monitoring, available in 29 patients, showed %V617F decrease in 26 (89.6%). Median %V617F decreased from 45% before pegylated IFN-α-2a to 22.5%, 17.5%, 5%, and 3% after 12, 18, 24, and 36 months, respectively. Molecular CR (JAK2V617F undetectable) was achieved in 7 patients, lasting from 6+ to 18+ months, and persisted after pegylated IFN-α-2a discontinuation in 5. No vascular event was recorded. These results show that pegylated IFN-α-2a yields high rates of hematologic and molecular response in PV with limited toxicity, and could even eliminate the JAK2 mutated clone in selected cases. Available at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00241241.