bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
6 Issues for debate on international assistance
Authors: del Castillo Graciana 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter argues that a stronger capacity for international assistance, in conjunction with a sound strategy for economic reconstruction at the country level, would greatly improve a country's chances of success in consolidating peace and in fully devoting its resources and energies to the normal challenge of development and poverty alleviation. The chapter argues in favor of greater flexibility and more aid on concessional terms from the international financial institutions (IFIs) and other donors on the one hand, and on the other, for post-conflict countries to assume greater responsibility and accountability for dealing with aid and reconstruction issues. The chapter discusses issues of aid (official flows, tied aid, post-conflict vs development aid); budgets; external debt; conditionality; concessionality; technical assistance; and governance related to economic reconstruction. It also proposes measures to improve the mechanisms and capabilities of the international community as a whole to carry out effective reconstruction in the future.
Retail capitalism in the parlour: mail order catalogues
Authors: O'Connell Sean 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter explains how catalogue retailers successfully expropriated working class social networks. Mail order evolved from an experiment with draw clubs to a billion pound credit base industry. Its mainly female agents were largely socially rather than financially motivated, and they embedded the catalogue in many social networks. However, until the 1930s catalogue retailers were reluctant to appoint female agents due to concerns about the legal status of married women's credit bargains. Credit assessment and policing by agents allowed mail order to keep bad debts at low levels. Agents were typically of a higher social status than customers and acted as a gatekeeper to credit for them. From the 1980s, increasing female employment, greater access to other forms of credit, and declining levels of trust in working-class neighbourhoods created ‘credit orphans’ of some former customers. Together with computerization and credit scoring, this was a significant factor in financial exclusion.
The Causes of Motivating Passions
Authors: Cohon Rachel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers two ways to interpret Hume's understanding of the roles of pleasure and pain, desire and aversion, in the production of motivating passions and so of actions. Its upshot is that even on the most subtle interpretation of the text, the best evidence shows that for Hume beliefs about available pleasure and pain cause new motivating passions and do not merely direct existing passions. Since this is his position, we must rethink what he means when he argues that reason alone is not a motive to the will, and we must reinterpret his arguments to show that moral distinctions are not derived from reason. For on the common reading, those were all based on the claim that no belief can cause a motivating passion without the causal assistance of some prior passion not of its making. And that is not Hume's view.
Reason Alone and Moral Discrimination
Authors: Cohon Rachel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter offers a new account of why Hume thinks reason alone cannot be a motive to the will, and a new explanation of his claim that moral distinctions are not derived from reason. ‘Reason’ for Hume is the name of a process or activity, one of comparing perceptions, and given the nature of this activity, no new impression can be its outcome. When he says that no passion or action can be produced by reason alone, he means that none can be produced by the reasoning process without another process. Passions, however, are made by a different process, even when they are caused by beliefs without any independent causal assistance. Thus, although causal inference produces the belief that drinking the cold beverage before me would give me pleasure, and that belief causes me to want to drink it, and this desire in turn causes me to act, neither the desire nor the action is produced by reason alone. Discerning the difference between virtue and vice, good and evil, is also a distinct process from reasoning, since the process of moral discrimination is one that can result in new passions, and the reasoning process cannot do so. The two processes, reasoning and moral discrimination, are not identical.
Criticizing Hume's List of Virtues and Vices
Authors: Cohon Rachel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question whether Hume sees himself as merely a psychologist describing the human mind and its moral proclivities, or also as an advocate for a particular way of life or list of virtues and vices that should replace its competitors, and so a potential critic of socially accepted lists of virtues and vices. It is argued that Hume makes normative claims on behalf of the traits he lists as virtues and vices, and that his moral theory provides readers with some grounds on which to criticize the shared ethical standards of a particular society or historical era, though not adequate grounds to enable a reader to make all the criticisms he or she might wish to make.
Achieving Compliance: Positive Duties Beyond the Courts
Authors: Fredman Sandra 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines non-justiciable compliance mechanisms. Drawing on regulatory theory, it argues that such mechanisms should move away from a fault-based notion, to focus on the body in the best position to bring about change. Rather than leaving enforcement to the ad hoc initiative of an individual, it aims to stimulate an internalization of the validity of human rights obligations. Sanctions or penalties are utilized only as the fall-back. Also of key importance is the involvement of stakeholders and others. The chapter also considers the risk that positive human rights duties might become severed from their roots as fundamental human rights and merge with policy-making. The chapter then considers possible applications of these theoretical insights, with a focus on the EU's Open Method of Coordination; reporting mechanisms, and human rights commissions. It concludes by constructing a ‘synergistic’ approach in which political, judicial, and non-judicial mechanisms work together to produce positive outcomes.
Equality
Authors: Fredman Sandra 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the interaction between equality of status, found in anti-discrimination law, and distributive equality, found in the Welfare State and socio-economic rights. The development of substantive equality has required greater attention to be paid to the relationship between these two spheres. Applying the work of Fraser and others, the chapter considers the interaction between recognition and redistribution, arguing for a better integration of positive and negative dimensions. It applies the analysis in Chapter 4 to fashion an appropriate judicial role. It then considers positive duties to promote equality outside the courts. Rather than requiring proof of individual fault through litigation, proactive models impose responsibility with those best placed to bring about change. However, proactive models risk slipping into pure policy without a human rights dimension. The chapter addresses the key challenge: to structure the duty round the concept of a fundamental right, without reverting to individualized complaints mechanisms.
Socio-economic Rights and Positive Duties
Authors: Fredman Sandra 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter applies the approach developed in this book to familiar topics of socio-economic rights, focussing on housing, education, and welfare, and drawing on comparative experience in selected jurisdictions. In each case, it considers how the infusion of values of positive freedom, solidarity, and equality opens up the possibility of recognizing positive duties even in relation to civil and political rights. The interaction between positive and negative duties is then considered: for example, the duty not to evict unlawfully is closely related to a duty to provide housing in the context of severe housing shortages, as in South Africa or India. The chapter then examines how the content of the positive duty can be ascertained; and the role of the minimum core. The role of courts in insisting on accountability, equality of participation and enhanced deliberative democracy is then evaluated. Finally, non-judicial compliance mechanisms are considered.
Introduction
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the purpose of the book, which is to delineate and to practice a particularly austere form of naturalism. It coins a new term, ‘Second Philosophy’, to distinguish this form of naturalism from other ‘naturalism’, and introduces an idealized inquirer called the Second Philosopher. The Second Philosopher's approach is what is typically termed ‘scientific’, and she is fully capable of appreciating and addressing a wide range of questions we would just as typically regard as ‘philosophical’. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Hume's naturalism
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA kindred spirit to the Second Philosopher, Hume sets out to be the Newton of the Science of Man, to bring empirical methods to the study of human nature. Alas, for all his good intentions, Hume is led to scepticism about the external world. Here the relations between Hume's naturalism and his skepticism are examined. One strong line of interpretation has it that it was Hume's very naturalistic methods that ultimately led him to his ‘barren rock’. Unlike Hume, the Second Philosopher wouldn't despair, wouldn't fear that all her beliefs are unreasonable; rather she would conclude that there is some hitch somewhere in her methods and turn to re-examining and revising them. (Hume might have done well to turn a more careful look at some of his presuppositions about the nature of perception.)
Carnap's rational reconstruction
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLike Kant, Carnap holds that many traditional philosophical controversies are actually ill-posed pseudo-problems. In Carnap's eyes, for example, there's no fact about which the skeptic and the non-sceptic are disagreeing. The only real question in the vicinity concerns the best kind of linguistic framework to adopt — in particular, whether or not to adopt evidential rules strong enough to allow the existence of physical objects to be confirmed — and this is a matter of conventional, pragmatic choice, not of truth or falsity. When the Second Philosopher insists she has good evidence for the existence of ordinary objects, and even of unobservable atoms, Carnap's response echoes Kant's: for her purposes, operating inside the linguistic framework of science, she's quite right, but there is another inquiry, the Logic of Science, where other concerns (ending the pseudo-debate between the sceptic and his opponent or the scientific realist and his opponent) are addressed by other methods (rational reconstruction). Like Kant, Carnap sees two distinct levels of inquiry, the Second Philosopher only one.
What's left to do?
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOpponents of a ‘scientistic’ approach as austere as Second Philosophy often imagine that philosophy just becomes science, that there's nothing left for the philosopher to do. The book as a whole aims to demonstrate that this isn't true, that questions traditionally regarded a philosophical can be effectively addressed from a second-philosophical perspective. This chapter points out the heuristic value of training in the historical and contemporary practice of philosophy, and introduces the topic of word-world connections to trace second-philosophical and un-second-philosophical themes in the current debate between correspondence and disquotational theories of truth.
Minimalism
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWright's minimalism about truth is a version of or a descendent of disquotationalism. According to minimalism, a discourse is truth-apt if it has a certain syntactic flexibility and agreed upon standards of proper and improper use. Here the surface syntax is to be trusted implicitly: what looks and acts like a conditional is one; what looks and acts like an existence claim is one. In sum, then, any discourse with suitable syntax and discipline has a legitimate truth predicate, and any statement satisfying its standards of proper use is true. Of course the Second Philosopher holds that truth and existence aren't matters of syntax and discipline, that these aren't determined from the discourse down but from the world up. This chapter draws a sharp division between minimalism and the Second Philosopher's disquotationalism.
Naturalistic options
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHere the book turns to doing, rather than describing, Second Philosophy. In preparation for the philosophy of mathematics in Part IV, Part III takes up the question of the nature of logical truth. In this chapter, several naturalistic possibilities are surveyed and critiqued: psychologism, empiricism, conventionalism and analyticity. This sets the stage for a distinctive second-philosophical account.
The logical structure of the world
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that ordinary physical objects stand in relations, with ground-consequent dependencies, and that these objects and relations admit of vague boundaries — all as in an abstract KF-structure. However, given our best understanding of quantum mechanics, the world in the small doesn't consist of spatiotemporal objects of the usual sort, and even the bare notion of an individual object is problematic; similar troubles arise for properties and relations and ground-consequent dependencies. Thus, the Second Philosopher fine-tunes the first component of her account to read: a rudimentary logic is true of the world insofar as it is a KF-world, and in many but not all respects, it is.
Introduction
Authors: Hudson Hud 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis introductory chapter contains a number of stage-setting discussions, offering an analysis of the term ‘material object’. It also introduces the book's background metaphysics by identifying and taking sides on substantivalist disputes, on occupation and location relations, on principles of composition and decomposition, on the nature of material simples and material atomless gunk, on theories of persistence for material objects, on eternalism, on modality and recombination principles, on vagueness, on bruteness, and on the epistemic role of intuitions.
8 Hyperspace and Christianity
Authors: Hudson Hud 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFrequently, Christian doctrines and themes come under fire from some alleged incompatibility between their content and something called ‘our modern worldview’. This chapter takes issue with a number of such critiques not by contesting our modern worldview or by claiming it unfit to generate verdicts of that kind, but by challenging the relevant incompatibility claims. Amusing and interesting results are to be had for such topics as heaven and hell, the Garden of Eden, angels and demons, and a variety of New Testament miracles.
Bar Wars
Authors: Hadfield Phil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn Britain today, if you are in the business of fighting crime, then you have to be in the business of dealing with alcohol. ‘Binge drinking’ culture is intrinsic to urban leisure and has come to pose a key threat to public order. Unsurprisingly, a struggle is occurring. Pub and club companies, local authorities, central government, the police, the judiciary, local residents, drug and alcohol campaign groups, and revellers all hold competing notions of social order in the night-time city and the appropriate uses and meanings of its public and private spaces. Bar Wars explores how official discourses of ‘partnership’ and ‘self-regulation’ belie the extent of fierce adversarial contestation between and within these groups. Located within a long tradition of urban ethnography, the book offers unique and hard-hitting analyses of social control in bars and clubs, courtroom battles between local communities and the drinks industry, and street-level policing. These issues go to the heart of contemporary debates concerning urban civility, alcohol and drugs policies, and the impacts of and justifications for new police powers introduced as part of the Licensing Act 2003 and Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006. The author's experiences as a disc jockey and as an expert witness to the licensing courts provide a unique perspective, setting his work apart from other academic commentators. Bar Wars takes the study of the ‘night-time economy’ to a new level of sophistication, making it essential reading for all those wishing to understand the policing and regulation of contemporary British cities.
‘Couldn't Give a XXXX for Last Orders?’: The Politics of the Night
Authors: Hadfield Phil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes the genesis of the book, its theoretical and methodological framework and the social, political, and economic context in which it was written. In particular, it charts the hotly debated and contentious development of the Licensing Act 2003, the most important legislation in British alcohol policy for 40 years. The chapter shows how alcohol-related disorder became a staple of mass media attention in Britain, whilst central government continued in its struggle to bound public debate within the parameters of its light-touch ‘drinks industry-friendly’ intentions for the Act. A chronology of key events in the Act's development is provided and analysed with reference to the international research literature on nightlife-related crime and disorder.
The Combatants
Authors: Hadfield Phil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces the third and final section of the book, entitled ‘Contemporary Contestations’. The concern here is to provide an account of licensing litigation which explains how we have come to have night-time cities that are dominated by branded bar chains and so-called ‘circuit drinking’. The adversarial nature of the licensing trial is emphasized and the chapter presents a typology of the various groups one encounters as participants to such proceedings, including residents and day-time businesses, alcohol campaigners and moral entrepreneurs, police licensing officers, applicants (including pub chain executives and independent entrepreneurs), their customers, competitors and wider industry lobby groups, local authorities, expert witnesses, and licensing consultants. The chapter describes the relative positioning and power bases of each group as players within a high stakes regulatory game.
The place of the Advocate General in the procedure of the European Community Courts
Authors: Burrows Noreen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the role of the Advocate General in the context of proceedings before the European Court of Justice. Topics covered include procedure in the European Court of Justice (written, oral, and deliberation), Article 300(6) EC procedure, Article 103 EUROATOM procedure, and the Court of First Instance.
Walter van Gerven and the principle of equal treatment of men and women
Authors: Burrows Noreen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on Advocate General Walter van Gerven and his contributions to the principle of equal treatment of men and women. Walter van Gerven was Advocate General in the European Court of Justice for six years between 1988 and 1994. During that time he delivered Opinions in almost 200 cases. Van Gerven delivered Opinions in 15 cases involving aspects of gender discrimination. His was the most significant analysis available to the Court on the very contentious issues arising in cases relating to occupational pension schemes.
Conclusion
Authors: Burrows Noreen , Greaves Rosa 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the authors. It argues that Advocate General is very much involved in the decisions taken by the Court in managing its case-load, and is fully involved in judging the importance of the issues raised in the case and how the case should proceed. It is further argued that in exercising their function, the Advocates General need to address all the issues and arguments that have been raised in the case. The future role of Advocates General is then discussed.
Atlantic Families
Authors: Pearsall Sarah M. S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The Atlantic represented a world of opportunity in the 18th century, but it represented division also, separating families across its coasts. Whether due to economic shifts, changing political landscapes, imperial ambitions, or even simply personal tragedy, many families found themselves fractured and disoriented by the growth and later fissure of a larger Atlantic world. Such dislocation posed considerable challenges to all individuals who viewed orderly family relations as both a general and a personal ideal. The more fortunate individuals who thus found themselves ‘all at sea’ were able to use family letters, with attendant emphases on familiarity, sensibility, and credit, in order to remain connected in times and places of great disconnection. Portraying the family as a unified, affectionate, and happy entity in such letters provided a means of surmounting concerns about societies fractured by physical distance, global wars, and increasing social stratification. It could also afford social and economic leverage to individual men and women in certain circumstances. This book explores the lives and letters of these families, revealing the sometimes shocking stories of those divided by sea in a series of microhistories. Ranging across the Anglophone Atlantic, including mainland American colonies and states, Britain, and the British Caribbean, the book argues that it was this expanding Atlantic world — much more than the American Revolution — that reshaped contemporary ideals about families, as much as families themselves reshaped the transatlantic world.
The Repentant Son and the Unforgiving Father: Making a Man of Feeling, a Man of Credit
Authors: Pearsall Sarah M. S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter, which focuses on Virginia and Scotland, looks at a rupture between a father and a prodigal son, over issues of sensibility and sentiment, but mainly over issues of credit, in the period immediately following the American Revolution. It seeks to understand why a father remained so furious at a son who died young that it was difficult for the son to obtain forgiveness, even in death. The importance of credit, in economic, political, and domestic terms, is central to this story. The chapter also sketches the ways that the social and political merged, so that a political background could significantly affect the way a father-son relationship played out. It corrects notions of rigid Loyalism or anxious patriarchy, and instead concentrates on the pressures of an Atlantic economic and credit system.
The Paradigm of Law Enforcement
Authors: Melzer Nils 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the concept of law enforcement. The basic concept of law enforcement comprises all territorial and extraterritorial measures taken by a State to vertically impose public security, law, and order or to otherwise exercise its authority or power over individuals in any place or manner whatsoever. The normative paradigm of law enforcement comprises the rules, principles, and standards of international law, which govern the conduct of law enforcement activities and determine the lawfulness of such activities. In terms of substance, the normative paradigm of law enforcement essentially includes the totality of international rules, which balance the collective interest in enforcing public security, law and order against the conflicting interest in protecting individual rights and liberties.