bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Studies on the Hydrolysis of Soluble and Cassava Starches by Maltogenase
Authors: Gaouar Ouassila , Aymard Christian , Zakhia Nadine , Rios Gilbert M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn view of utilizing the commercial enzyme Maltogenase for the production of maltose syrup in a continuous membrane reactor, some kinetic properties of this enzyme were investigated. Preliminary tests were conducted using Zulkowsky soluble starch as substrate. At pH 5.0 and 60°C, the Michaelis and Menten kinetic constants Vmax and KM were respectively 2.47mmol of maltose equivalents·min−1·dm−3 and 9.64g of Zulkowsky soluble starch·dm−3. Initial hydrolysis velocity was reduced at high starch concentrations and in the presence of maltose. When liquefied cassava starch (≈60 to 340g·dm−3) was used as substrate, hydrolysis kinetics was modelled by analyzing whole progress curves. A simple empirical modell was established and allowed satisfactory descriptions of the experimental data for the formation of maltose over time at large enzyme/substrate ratios.
Amino Acids as Plasticizers for Starch‐based Plastics
Authors: Stein Thomas M. , Greene Richard V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmino acids of differing hydrophobicity were tested as plasticizers in starch‐glycerol (4:1 weight ratio) blends and were compared to the more conventional plasticizers, urea, sucrose and ammonium chloride. In mechanical tests (tensile strength and percent elongation) on extruded ribbons containing up to 20 weight percent plasticizer, glycine and isoleucine hydrochloride were found to be extremely poor plasticizers. However, lysine behaved similarly to sucrose. Proline compared favorably to urea. Moreover, at concentrations of 23 and 29 weight percent, proline was superior to urea in its ability to increase the percent elongation of the starch‐glycerol mixture. The glass transition temperature (Tg) for the standard starch‐glycerol samples was 40°C, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Added lysine hydrochloride, sucrose, proline and urea effected the Tg similarly. At 5 weight percent all Tg's increased, while at 20 weight percent they dropped to room temperature or below. Isoleucine, at low or high concentration, yielded a Tg of 60°C, consistent with very brittle material. Biodegradation experiments were conducted on selected formulations by monitoring CO2 evolution after inoculation with Aspergillus niger. Little CO2 accumulated from the standard starch‐glycerol mixture or sucrose plasticized blends, likely due to a lack of combined nitrogen. In contrast, proline and urea‐plasticized blends were rapidly metabolized.
Effect of Moisture Level on the Crystallinity of Wheat Starch Aged at Different Temperatures
Authors: Jang J. K. , Pyun Y. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDifferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to study retrogradation of wheat starch. For storage at 4°C, enthalpy (ΔH) values of retrogradation endotherm (recrystallization) of wheat starch containing various moisture levels (25–80%) slowly continued to increase except in samples with moisture level of 50, 60 and 70%. For storage at 26°C and 32°C, most recrystallization of wheat starch occured within one and two weeks of storage time, while recrystallization with a moisture level of 50% at 26°C occurred for 4 weeks. The peak temperatures of retrogradation endotherm at various moisture levels (25–80%) after 4 weeks of storage time increased largely as the storage temperatures increased from 4 to 32°C. The enthalpy values of retrogradation endotherm after 4 weeks of storage occurred to a greater extent at a lower storage temperature. The glass transition temperature and starch recrystallization have a close relationship. In the recrystallization of wheat starch, the nucleation and propagation rate after 4 weeks of storage can be converted into enthalpy and peak temperature of retrogradation endotherm.
High Specific Activity of Raw‐Starch Digesting‐Glucoamylase Producing Rhizopus sp. A‐11 in Liquid Culture
Authors: Morita H. , Fujio Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlucoamylase (GA) (EC 3.2.1.3) from Rhizopus sp. A‐11 using metalion regulated liquid medium was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography on CM‐Sephadex C‐50. Since purification was easy, the enzyme was purified about 5.0 fold with a 72.9% yield. The enzyme was proved to be homogeneous as judged by SDS‐PAGE, and has a molecular weight of about 72.4kDa. The enzyme strongly digested against raw starches. Raw cassava, wheat, and corn starch digesting relative specific activities of the purified enzyme were 15, 13, and 15%, respectively, as compared with soluble starch digesting specific activity (21,360 units/mg protein). Raw cassava, wheat, and corn starch adsorption rates were 99,99, and 99%, respectively. This culture produced little acid or neutral protease. According to the high raw starch digesting activity, high raw starch adsorption rate, low protease activity, and high molecular weight of the GA, it may be classified as GA‐I. Most proteins in the culture were GA. These results suggest a considerable advantage for GA production by liquid cultivation.
Starch and Starch Derivatives Industry in India
Authors: Dias Fausto F. , Mehta Darshan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTapioca and maize are the major sources of starch in India. Tapioca starch is produced in very small units which are not extensively mechanized. This quality of the starch produced is not of a high quality. Maize starch is produced in mechanized units. The liberalization of the economy and growing consumerism bode well for the starch industry in India. Growth of the starch industry would depend on developing applications for starch as well as optimizing usage to derive maximum benefits. The unique properties of maize and tapioca should be considered.
An Attempt to Evaluate the Subsite Structure of Cycloamylose glucanotransferase from Bacillus stearothermophilus: Based on its Transfer Reaction with Substrate Malto‐oligosaccharides
Authors: Ohnishi Matasake , Mitsune Tamaki , Tabata Mihoko , Kubota Michio , Rokushika Souji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBased on determination of the transferred products (maltooligosaccharides Gn), the plausible degradation modes of G2, G3, and G4 were analyzed quantitatively, and it was made an attempt to evaluate the binding affinity Ai on some subsites of cycloamylose glucanotransferase (CGT) from Bacillus stearothermophilus. This method can be employed instead of the technique using a radioisotope. The quantities of the substrates (G2–G4) and products Gn were measured by using the HPLC techniques as a function fo time for the CGT‐catalysed reaction.
Surface Modification of Water‐insoluble Drug Particles with Starch
Authors: Rein Hubert , Steffens Klaus‐J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractParanterally applied, water‐insolubile drug‐particles are better tolerated if theParticle surface is hydrophil enoughSurface‐charge (measured as ζ‐potential) in physiological liquids does not exceed +8mV resp. ‐8mV.It is possible to coat lipophilic drug‐particles with a thin – hydrophilic – amylosefilm by a new, only temperature‐controlled setback – (=retrogradation) – technique. Thus, it is not necessary to use any unphysiological agents such as monomers or organic solvents. This process requires starches with low set‐back‐temperature (TR), e.g. Schneeapfel – (TR49°C), banana (plantains) – (TR54°C) and chickpea starch (TR55°C) or one of the investigated tapioca starches (Maizena #A6, TR61°C). Starches with higher set‐back‐temperature (cave: particle growth), e.g. lentil‐ and plantains starch (TR94°C) are not recommended. Potato starches (Südstärke, Roquette, Emsland, Klenk) do not retrograde at lowering temperature. Therefore, these starches are not usable for the investigated set‐back‐method.Amylose coated particles show not only optimal surface‐charge, but also a reduced sedimentation‐velocity, caused by an enlarged hydrodynamic‐diameter.
Inner Structure of Potato Starch Granules
Authors: Tamaki Shinji , Teranishi Katsunori , Hisamatsu Makoto , Yamada Tetsuya 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA combination treatment (dry‐heat and glucoamylase) was applied on potato starch granules. Many inner granules in the granules after the treatments were observed by SEM. The inner granule located near edge of ellipsoid of granule was partially degraded X‐ray diffraction pattern of starch granules did not change before and after the treatments in spite of over 50% loss by amylase digestion. GPC and iodine reaction of the sample showed the treatments brought about fairly large degradation of both amylopectin and amylose components, but GPC of debranched sample after the combination treatments showed amylose was thoroughly degraded while peaks pattern of amylopectin did not change. Small size granules were more susceptible than large size granules by the treatments.
Säureabbau von Stärke unter semi‐dry Bedingungen
Authors: Klingler Rudolf , Busch Karl‐Georg , Vahedi Bibi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBei der Anwendung des semi‐dry Prozesses zur Säuremodifizierung der Stärke wird die granuläre Substanz in einem Mischer mit Säure in katalytischer Konzentration besprüht, danach kurzzeitig im Mikrowellenfeld gezielt erhitzt, anschließend durch Aufsprühen einer Sodalösung neutralisiert und gleichzeitig gekühlt.Im Verlauf der milden Säurehydrolyse werden unspezifisch glycosidische Bedingungen der Glucosepolymere gespalten, wovon die Amylopektinfraktion zunächst stärker betroffen ist als die Amylose. Durch die Variation der Modifizierungsbedingungen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Katalysatormenge und der Erhitzung, ließen sich unterschiedliche Typen dünnkochender Stärke mit variablen Gelbildungseigenschaften bis hin zu reversibel gelbildenden Dextrinen herstellen, die sich gut als Fettreplacer eignen.Der semi‐dry Prozeß ist besonders umweltfreundlich und bietet gegenüber dem gebräuchlichen Slurry‐Verfahren entscheidende Vorteile: eine kleinere Chemikalienmenge, eine kürzere Reaktionsdauer, kein Auswaschen, kein Abwasser, kein Substanzverlust.
Amylose Conformational Transitions in Binary DMSO/Water Mixtures
Authors: Cheetham Norman W. H. , Tao Leping 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of percentage water content in DMSO/water mixtures on amylose conformation were measured by following changes in specific optical rotation, limiting viscosity number, and 13C‐NMR chemical shifts. The temperature dependence of specific optical rotation showed differences in amylose conformation for four ratios of dimethyl suphoxide/water. The changes in limiting viscosity of amylose in different proportions of DMSO/water with increasing temperature, and the effect of tetramethylurea on the specific rotation of amylose, indicate that the number of intramolecular hydrogen bonds decreases with increased water content. An amylose conformational change was also deduced from 13C‐NMR chemical shift changes. Thirty‐three percent water appears to be a crossover concentration. above which the helical conformation is progressively lost with increased temperature. With further increase in water conent to 66.6%, transition to a random coil conformation is complete, and iodine complexation may take place. The transition of amylose conformation from helix to loose helix to random coil with increasing water content was deduced from the experimental results.
Rapid Measurement of Potassium Ion in Wheat Flour Using a FIA‐Ion Selective Electrode Based Sensing System
Authors: Haginoya Ryuichi , Nomura Yoko , Sakai Kuniko , Komatsu Takashi , Nagao Seiichi , Sakai Aki , Henmi Hideaki , Ito Satoshi , Asano Yasukazu , Karube Isao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ash content of wheat flour is used to evaluate its quality but the conventional method of analysis takes several hours. This paper proposes using the potassium ion concentration of wheat flour samples instead of the ash content since the correlation between the two is very good (the correlation coefficient was 0.99). A flow injection analysis (FIA) system based on a potassium ion selective electrode took less than 10min per measurement with a coefficient of variation less than 3%.
Determination of the Substitution Pattern of Cationic Starch Ethers
Authors: Wilke Olaf , Mischnick Petra 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDegradation of cationic starches and subsequent permethylation and Hofmann‐elimination of the methyl‐glucosides yields the corresponding enolether derivatives, which can be analyzed by GLC and GLC‐MS. The relative ratio of 2‐, 3‐ and 6‐substitution in the anhydroglucose unit as well as of un‐, mono‐, di‐ and trisubstitution in the anhydroglucose unit as well as of un‐, mono‐, di‐ and trisubstituted monomers can be determined. The experimental results are compared with the data calculated by means of a kinetic model. Only slight deviations from a random distribution in the anhydroglucose unit are observed and discussed. Enzymatic degradation of the cationic starch ethers and measurement of the liberated glucose should give indication to the distribution along the polymer chain.
Characteristics of Canaryseed (Phalaris canariensis L.) Starch
Authors: Abdel‐Aal E.‐S. M. , Hucl P. , Sosulski F. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCanaryseed starches from three locations were isolated by an alkali steeping process and evaluated for their chemical, pasting and structural properties by amylograph, scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter, X‐ray diffractometer and image analysis, in comparison with isolated wheat starch. The average yield of canaryseed starch was 50 ± 2.9g starch per 100g of groat with a mean extraction efficiency of 77%. The starch isolates contained from 93 to 97% starch with amylose contents ranging from 16 to 22%. Canaryseed starch was uniform in appearance, being small polygonal granules having an average diameter of 2.0 μm. The granules were stable when subjected to shear and heat effects as indicated by visco/amylograph response and SEM‐photomicrographs. The transition temperatures (peak and conclusion) and enthalpy of gelatinization of canaryseed starch were higher than those of wheat starch. Canaryseed starch showed major peaks around d‐spacings of 5.9, 5.2, 4.8 and 3.8 Å similar to wheat starch which are characteristics of an A‐type starch. Canaryseed starch was also more susceptible to α‐amylase hydrolysis and more soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide as compared with wheat starch. Based on its ease of extraction and functional properties, canaryseed starch could have potential for food and non‐food uses.
Zur Elektronenstruktur hochsymmetrischer Verbindungen der f‐Elemente. 41 Synthese, Kristall‐, Molekül‐ und Elektronenstruktur eines Bis(cyclohexylisonitril)‐Addukts des Grundkörpers Tris(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)erbium(III) sowie Elektronenstrukturen ausgewählter Monoaddukte
Authors: Jank Stefan , Guttenberger Clemens , Reddmann Hauke , Hanss Jan , Amberger Hanns‐Dieter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractElectronic Structures of Highly Symmetrical Compounds of f Elements. 41 Synthesis, Crystal, Molecular and Electronic Structure of a Bis(cyclohexylisonitrile) Adduct Derived from the Tris(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)erbium(III) Moiety and Electronic Structures of Selected Mono AdductsThe reaction of tris(bis(trimethylsilyl)amido)erbium(III) (Er(btmsa)3) with two equivalents of cyclohexylisonitrile yields the corresponding bis adduct [Er(btmsa)3(CNC6H11)2] (1). Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 2542.9(11) pm, b = 1208.4(4) pm, c = 1783.0(2) pm, β = 122.39(3)°, V = 4.638(5)·109 pm3, Z = 4 and R = 0.0380. The structure of compound 1 features the five coordinate Er3+ central ion in a nearly exact trigonal bipyramidal environment, with three btmsa ligands in the equatorial and the two cyclohexylisonitrile molecules in the axial positions. On the basis of the absorption spectra of bis adduct 1 and the mono(tetrahydrofuran) as well as the mono(triphenylphosphine oxide) adducts [Er(btmsa)3(THF)] (2) and [Er(btmsa)3(OPPh3)] (3), respectively, the underlying truncated crystal field (CF) splitting patterns of these compounds could be derived, and simulated by fitting the free parameters of a phenomenological Hamiltonian. Reduced r.m.s. deviations of 13.0 cm−1 (42 assignments), 16.0 cm−1 (63 assignments) and 17.5 cm−1 (55 assignments) could be achieved for compounds 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Making use of the phenomenological CF parameters of the fits, the experimentally based non‐relativistic molecular orbital schemes of complexes 1, 2 and 3 were set up, and compared with that of base‐free Er(btmsa)3.
Synthesis and Characterization of [Zn2(4,4′‐bipy)n(AcO)4] – One‐dimensional Chain (n = 1) and One‐dimensional Double‐Chain (n = 2) Coordination Polymers
Authors: Amiri Maryam Ghoreishi , Morsali Ali 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo new ZnII(μ‐4,4′‐bipy) coordination polymers with acetate anions, [Zn(4,4′‐bipy)(AcO)2] (1) and [Zn2(4,4′‐bipy)(AcO)4] (2), have been synthesized. The compounds were characterized with elemental analysis, IR‐, 1H NMR‐, 13C NMR spectroscopy and studied by thermal analysis, fluorescence measurements and x‐ray crystallography. The structural studies of compound 1 suggest the structure is a coordination polymer of zinc(II) consisting of linear double chains formed by bridging 4,4′‐bipy ligand and connection of the acetate‐bridged centrosymmetric [Zn2(OAc)2]2+ nodes.
Utilizing Program Evaluation as a Strategy to Promote Community Change: Evaluation of a Comprehensive, Community‐Based, Family Violence Initiative
Authors: Kaufman Joy S. , Crusto Cindy A. , Quan Michael , Ross Ellen , Friedman Stacey R. , O'Rielly Kim , Call Stephanie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the authors' work in a community that received Federal funding for an integrated system of care to reduce the impact and incidence of exposure to violence for children less than six years of age. The paper includes a review of the conceptual framework that guided the work of the authors and provides a brief overview of the issue of family violence, the impact of this violence on young children, and the Federal response to this issue. In addition, a description of the Initiative and the community in which it was based is provided along with some aspects of the evaluation plan. Finally, the authors discuss how their work with this Initiative depicts an approach to facilitating change within communities.
Genome-Wide Analysis of the Arabidopsis Leaf Transcriptome Reveals Interaction of Phosphate and Sugar Metabolism
Authors: Müller Renate , Morant Marc , Jarmer Hanne , Nilsson Lena , Nielsen Tom Hamborg 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlobal gene expression was analyzed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by microarrays comprising 21,500 genes. Leaf segments derived from phosphorus (P)-starved and P-replenished plants were incubated with or without sucrose (Suc) to obtain tissues with contrasting combinations of P and carbohydrate levels. Transcript profiling revealed the influence of the two factors individually and the interactions between P- and sugar-dependent gene regulation. A large number of gene transcripts changed more than 2-fold: In response to P starvation, 171 genes were induced and 16 repressed, whereas Suc incubation resulted in 337 induced and 307 repressed genes. A number of new candidate genes involved in P acquisition were discovered. In addition, several putative transcription factors and signaling proteins of P sensing were disclosed. Several genes previously identified to be sugar responsive were also regulated by P starvation and known P-responsive genes were sugar inducible. Nearly 150 genes were synergistically or antagonistically regulated by the two factors. These genes exhibit more prominent or contrasting regulation in response to Suc and P in combination than expected from the effect of the two factors individually. The genes exhibiting interactions form three main clusters with different response patterns and functionality of genes. One cluster (cluster 1) most likely represents a regulatory program to support increased growth and development when both P and carbohydrates are ample. Another cluster (cluster 3) represents genes induced to alleviate P starvation and these are further induced by carbohydrate accumulation. Thus, interactions between P and Suc reveal two different signaling programs and novel interactions in gene regulation in response to environmental factors. cis-Regulatory elements were analyzed for each factor and for interaction clusters. PHR1 binding sites were more frequent in promoters of P-regulated genes as compared to the entire Arabidopsis genome, and E2F and PHR1 binding sites were more frequent in interaction clusters 1 and 3, respectively.
Transcriptome changes in the phenylpropanoid pathway of Glycine max in response to Pseudomonas syringaeinfection
Authors: Zabala Gracia , Zou Jijun , Tuteja Jigyasa , Gonzalez Delkin O , Clough Steven J , Vodkin Lila O 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Reports of plant molecular responses to pathogenic infections have pinpointed increases in activity of several genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to the synthesis of lignin and flavonoids. The majority of those findings were derived from single gene studies and more recently from several global gene expression analyses. We undertook a global transcriptional analysis focused on the response of genes of the multiple branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway to infection by the Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea with or without the avirulence gene avrB to characterize more broadly the contribution of the multiple branches of the pathway to the resistance response in soybean. Transcript abundance in leaves was determined from analysis of soybean cDNA microarray data and hybridizations to RNA blots with specific gene probes.

Results
The majority of the genes surveyed presented patterns of increased transcript accumulation. Some increased rapidly, 2 and 4 hours after inoculation, while others started to accumulate slowly by 8 – 12 hours. In contrast, transcripts of a few genes decreased in abundance 2 hours post inoculation. Most interestingly was the opposite temporal fluctuation in transcript abundance between early responsive genes in defense (CHS and IFS1) and F3H, the gene encoding a pivotal enzyme in the synthesis of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins and flavonols. F3H transcripts decreased rapidly 2 hours post inoculation and increased during periods when CHS and IFS transcripts decreased. It was also determined that all but one (CHS4) family member genes (CHS1, CHS2, CHS3, CHS5, CHS6 and CHS7/8) accumulated higher transcript levels during the defense response provoked by the avirulent pathogen challenge.

Conclusion
Based on the mRNA profiles, these results show the strong bias that soybean has towards increasing the synthesis of isoflavonoid phytoalexins concomitant with the down regulation of genes required for the synthesis of anthocyanins and proanthocyanins. Although proanthocyanins are known to be toxic compounds, the cells in the soybean leaves seem to be programmed to prioritize the synthesis and accumulation of isoflavonoid and pterocarpan phytoalexins during the resistance response. It was known that CHS transcripts accumulate in great abundance rapidly after inoculation of the soybean plants but our results have demonstrated that all but one (CHS4) member of the gene family member genes accumulated higher transcript levels during the defense response.