bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the acidification process, hydrocolloids and protein fortifiers on the physical and sensory properties of frozen yogurt
Authors: SOUKOULIS CHRISTOS , TZIA CONSTANTINA 
Published: April 2008

In our study, two acidification procedures, three stabilizers (guar gum, xanthan and carboxymethylcellulose) and two protein‐fortifying agents (skim milk powder and whey powder) were evaluated based on their impact on the quality characteristics of frozen yogurts. Indirect acidification (blending of plain acidified milk with ice cream mix) was found to favour texture while direct acidification (fermentation of ice cream mix with starter culture), although it improved viscosity of mixes, did not enhance the sensory acceptance of frozen yogurts. The addition of 0.2% xanthan gum and the partial substitution (at the ratio of 3 : 1) of skim milk powder by whey powder increased overall acceptance and creaminess.
Influence of added calcium chloride on the heat stability of unconcentrated and concentrated bovine milk
Authors: SIEVANEN KATJA , HUPPERTZ THOM , KELLY ALAN L , FOX PATRICK F 
Published: April 2008

The influence of added calcium chloride (1–10 mmol/L) on the heat‐induced coagulation of skim bovine milk was examined. Unconcentrated milk displayed a pH‐heat coagulation time (HCT) profile with a maximum at pH 6.6 and minimum at pH 7.0. Adding calcium chloride to unconcentrated milk progressively reduced the HCT at the maximum, increased the pH at which the maximum occurred and reduced the HCT at pH > 7.0. For concentrated milk, the shape of the pH‐HCT profile, that is, a maximum at pH 6.6, was not altered by added calcium chloride, but HCT was reduced progressively with increasing concentration of calcium chloride. Preheating (90°C for 10 min) shifted the maximum in the pH‐HCT profile of unconcentrated milk to a more acidic pH, and addition of 5 mmol/L calcium chloride to preheated milk induced changes in heat stability similar to those noted for unheated milk. Addition of calcium chloride to milk prior to preheating strongly reduced the stability of milk against heat‐induced coagulation. These data suggest that calcium has a strong destabilizing effect on the stability of milk systems against heat‐induced coagulation.
Compositional characteristics of Murcia al Vino goat's cheese made with calf rennet and plant coagulant
Authors: TEJADA LUIS , ABELLÁN ADELA , PRADOS FRANCISCO , CAYUELA JOSÉ MARÍA 
Published: April 2008

The aims of the present study were to determine compositional characteristics of Murcia al Vino goat's cheese and to evaluate the effect of different types of coagulants (animal rennet and powdered vegetable coagulant obtained from the cardoon Cynara cardunculus) on the improvement of the technological quality of Murcia al Vino goat's cheese. Only the pH, TA and ash and Ca contents were affected in a significant way by the type of coagulant used. There was a decrease in the moisture and an increase in the sodium chloride during ripening, while other parameters were unchanged. The pH and titratable acidity (TA) values of the cheeses were affected significantly by the time of ripening. There was an increase of the Na as well as a significant decrease of the Ca, P, Zn, Cu and Fe components, as a consequence of the increase of the acidity of the cheese during ripening. The esterified fatty acids were not modified significantly by the type of coagulant or by the time of ripening. Those most abundant in this type of cheese were C16 and the C18 : 1.
Immediate central and peripheral haemodynamic effects of a new vasodilating agent Pinacidil (P1134) in hypertensive man
Authors: Carlsen Jan E. , Kardel Troels , Hilden Tage , Tangø Mogens , Trap‐Jensen Jens 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immediate central and peripheral haemodynamic effects of a new vasodilating agent P 1134, in hypertensive man.After oral administration of 25 mg P 1134, the maximal haemodynamic changes were (mean±1 SEM): mean blood pressure fell from 121‐8 ±6‐5 to 80‐5 ±7–8 mmHg, heart rate increased 24‐2±4–5 beats/min, cardiac output rose 2–9±0–3 1/min and forearm blood flow increased 1 ‐0±0‐l ml/100 ml tissue/min. Stroke volume increased 17‐0 ±2‐1 ml and the inotropic state of the heart as judged from systolic time intervals increased. Total peripheral resistance and forearm vascular resistance were both reduced by approx. 50%. Linear correlations were found between the serum concentration of P 1134 and the change in mean blood pressure and total peripheral resistance. Changes in the other parameters mentioned above occurred progressively with changes in mean blood pressure and total peripheral resistance.It can be concluded that P 1134 is a very potent hypotensive agent with a haemodynamic profile identical to that seen with vasodilators which preferably act on precapillary resistance vessels. Potency and maximal efficacy exceeds that of hydralazine and seems like that of minoxidil. P 1134 is remarkably free from side‐effects apart from causing water retention as all other vasodilators. It can be administered orally as well as intravenously. This makes P 1134 a very interesting compound in the treatment of moderate to severe hypertension, and further studies are well‐founded.
Pathophysiology of metabolic acidosis: effect of low pH on the hepatic uptake of lactate, pyruvate and alanine
Authors: Sestoft L. , Bartels P. D. , Folke M. 
Published: April 2008

Summary.The uptake of lactate, pyruvate and alanine in perfused rat liver was investigated under normal perfusion conditions (pH 7.4, Pco240 mmHg) and under conditions mimicking partially compensated metabolic acidosis (pH 6·9, Pco220 mmHg).At 1 mM lactate as well as 10 mM lactate in the medium a lowering of pH from 7.4 to 6.9 did not affect the lactate plus pyruvate uptake. A significant effect of the low pH was seen on pyruvate uptake which at 1 mM lactate was increased from 0·027 ± 0.008(4) μmol/min per g liver at normal pH to 0.084 ± 0.013(4) at low pH. At 10 mM lactate the liver produced pyruvate, but the production was significantly reduced by a lowering of the pH, being 0·45 ± 0·13(8) μmol/min per g liver at pH 7·4 and 0·22 ± 0·06(4) at pH 6·9. The counterbalancing changes in lactate metabolism were too small to attain statistical significance. The stimulation of gluconeogenesis by an increase in FFA from 0 to 1 mM in the medium was unaffected by pH. Alanine uptake was decreased from 0·48 ± 0·05(6) to 0·39 ± 0·07(3) by lowering of the pH from 7·4 to 6·9.We conclude that metabolic acidosis does not in itself inhibit the capacity of the perfused rat liver to remove lactate and pyruvate from the blood. If the same is true in man, no beneficial effect of bicarbonate treatment on lactate clearance in patients with lactic acidosis should be expected.
Non‐invasive determination of the distribution of cardiac output in man at rest and during exercise
Authors: Svensson S‐E. , Lomsky M. , Olsson L. , Persson S. , Strauss H. W. , Westling H. 
Published: April 2008

Summary.The distribution of cardiac output, as expressed by the regional uptake of thallium‐201 following injection, has been studied by whole body scanning with a gamma‐camera in six healthy persons and eight patients with aortic valvular disease. In the patients, cardiac output at rest and during exercise was also measured by the dye dilution technique. Combining the values of cardiac output and regional thallium uptake enabled the calculation of organ blood flow.The myocardial uptake of thallium at rest was 3·2 ± 0·32% in the control group, which is significantly lower than 8·3 ± 1·52%, found in the patients. The corresponding values measured in the kidneys were 12·5 ±1·91% in the healthy subjects and 7·1 ± 0·50% in the patient material.Myocardial uptake increased and kidney uptake decreased in both groups following injection at peak exercise. Thallium uptake in the legs increased from about 13% at rest to about 39% at exercise in both groups. Distribution of thallium after injection at peak exercise did not, however, vary significantly between the two groups in the kidneys, abdominal area or the legs.Further methodological work is required before it can be ascertained to what extent the regional thallium uptake reflects the distribution of cardiac output. We nevertheless propose that the technique should be explored further, since it appears to be a simple non‐invasive means of visualizing the distribution of the cardiac output in man under certain conditions.
Effect of cigarette smoking on basal and carbon dioxide stimulated cerebral blood flow in man
Authors: Wennmalm Åke 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The effect of cigarette smoking on the basal cerebral blood flow (CBF) and on the cerebral hyperemia induced by CO2 breathing was investigated in healthy human volunteers. CBF was measured with the N2O‐wash‐in technique in the basal state and during inhalation of 5% CO2, before and after smoking of two commercial filter tipped cigarettes. In parallel the (arterial‐jugular venous) difference in O2 content, arterial and jugular venous pCO2, pulmonary ventilation, heart rate and systemic blood pressure were followed.During smoking there was a 10–15 mmHg increase in systemic blood pressure and a parallel elevation of heart rate (+20 beats/min). Cerebral blood flow increased by about 25%, and cerebral vascular resistance fell about 15%. The cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) was elevated by about 30% above control. Inhalation of 5% CO2 by itself markedly increased CBF and decreased cerebral vascular resistance, while leaving CMRO2 unaffected. Cigarette smoking did not significantly change either of these effects of CO2 breathing.From these data it is concluded that cigarette smoking elevates systemic blood pressure and decreases cerebral vascular resistance, and thereby augments basal CBF. This flow‐promoting effect of smoking is probably due to an increased cerebral consumption of oxygen. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that smoking does not interfere with the cerebral vascular response to increased arterial pCO2.
Oesophageal transit of a radionuclide solid bolus in normals
Authors: Kjellén Gerhard , Svedberg John S. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological transit pattern of a compact bolus through the oesophagus in normal subjects. A standard gelatine bolus labelled with 99mTechnetium pertechnetate was swallowed in the erect and the supine positions and traced by a gamma‐camera in 20 subjects. In the erect position, the mean overall transit time was 5·5 ± 1·1 s (SD) which differed significantly (P< 0·001) from the longer mean overall transit time of 6·9 ± 1·4 s (SD) in the supine position. The transit patterns differed between erect and supine positions. In the erect position, the bolus travelled at a constant velocity until the most distal part of the oesophagus where a slight retardation of the velocity occurred, whilst in the supine position, a uniform retardation of the velocity was seen which was slightly accentuated in the most distal part.The present data provide a basis for the evaluation of studies on the bolus transport in patients with suspected oesophageal dysfunction.
Vascular recruitment in forearm muscles during exercise
Authors: Palm T. , Nielsen S. L. , Lassen N. A. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Blood flow and filtration of water across the vascular bed in human forearm muscles were studied at rest and during graded exercise with a hand ergometer. Blood flow was measured by dye dilution and water filtration was determined after injection of hyperoncotic albumin solution (23%) in the brachial artery creating a tissue to blood ultrafiltration measurable as a dilution in the effluent blood. The filtration constants were expressed as a filtration coefficient Fe (ml water/ml plasma mmHg increase in oncotic pressure), and, multiplying by the plasma flow, as a filtration capacity Kf (ml water/100 ml tissue min mmHg increase in oncotic pressure). During the increase in plasma flow induced by exercise, Fe remained constant at about 0·0007, but Kf increased in parallel with the hyperaemia from 0·0031 to 0·038 when plasma flow increased from 4 to 48 ml (100 ml min)‐1.The data suggest a more massive recruitment of exchange area during exercise (a factor 12) than suspected on the basis of ultrafiltration in animals made with the prolonged venous stasis technique (showing a factor 2–5). The estimated variability in exchange surface area indicates, that animal studies of muscle circulation, whether pertaining to capillary permeability or capillary filtration should gain by an independent estimate of the number of capillaries that are flowing during the particular experimental situation.
Human myocardial and skeletal muscle enzyme activities: creatine kinase and its isozyme MB as related to citrate synthase and muscle fibre types
Authors: Sylvén Christer , Jansson Eva , Olin Christian 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Activities of myocardial and skeletal muscle total creatine kinase (CK) and its isozyme MB were related to the oxidative capacity [measured as the citrate synthase (CS) activity] and to the contractile characteristics (estimated as the percentage of type I muscle fibres). Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained both from physically trained and untrained men and myocardial biopsies from patients subjected to open‐heart surgery performed because of mitral or aortic valve disease. Enzyme activities were determined on freeze‐dried muscle specimens.The CK‐MB activity was about twice as high in trained skeletal muscle as in untrained ones reaching the myocardial level. The total CK activity was about three times higher in skeletal muscle than in myocardium; the myocardium, however, had CS activity 3–4 times larger than that of skeletal muscle. A close correlation was demonstrated between activities of CK‐MB on one hand and CS (r= 0·76) or percentage type I fibres (r= 0·83) on the other hand suggesting a connection between CK‐MB activity and the oxidative capacity of the cell. This was in contrast to total CK where different regressions were obtained when comparing the myocardium and the skeletal muscle of trained or untrained men. In conclusion, CK‐MB activity in trained skeletal muscle in athletes were similar to that in myocardium. CK‐MB was related to the oxidative capacity and formation of cellular energy in skeletal and heart muscle.
Supine and sitting maximal workload difference and response to long‐term enalapril therapy in congestive heart failure
Authors: Pöyhönen Lauri 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Maximal workloads in supine and sitting bicycle stress tests were compared in 12 patients with congestive heart failure during long‐term therapy with the vasodilator enalapril. The response to the therapy was observed with the supine and sitting bicycle stress tests and gated equilibrium ventriculography.The maximal workload was 68 W in the supine position and 84 W in the sitting position; the mean difference was 15 W. The difference was highly significant (P < 0–001). Both the supine and sitting workloads were significantly higher (P < 0–02 and P < 0–05) in the enalapril group than in the placebo group. The findings in the gated equilibrium ventriculography were not significantly different between the two groups.
TRANSPORT BY GAS‐PHASE DIFFUSION: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE HEN'S EGG
Authors: Rahn H. , Paganelli C. V. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYDiffusive gas transport obeys laws which differ from those of con‐vective transport. Diffusive gas transport can be described as an elite transport system because it not only distinguishes between O2, CO2, and water vapor molecules, but it is also influenced by barometric pressure and the presence of particular inert gas species. In the presence of air binary diffusion coefficients are applicable, but in the presence of He or SFg effective diffusion coefficients must be used.
The effect of posture and pH on solid and liquid oesophageal emptying
Authors: Maddern Guy J. , Slavotinek John P. , Collins Peter J. , Jamieson Glyn G. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Oesophageal emptying of solids and liquids has been assessed in normal subjects using radionuclide techniques. The solid bolus comprised a 10 g disc of cooked minced beef which was labelled with 160 μCi; 99m Tc macro‐aggregated albumin (MAA). The liquid bolus consisted of 15 ml of water labelled with 300 μCi; 99m Tc. Studies were performed in the upright and supine positions and repeated after ingestion of 30 ml of 0.1m HC1 diluted to pH 1.6. Solid and liquid assessments were performed separately with a scintillation camera positioned posteriorly. Subjects were instructed to swallow at the commencement of the test and at 15 s intervals subsequently, until the bolus entered the stomach.Oesophageal emptying in the supine position was significantly slower than emptying in the upright position. This was true for both solid and liquid emptying, in the neutral and in the acidified oesophagus. Emptying of a solid bolus did not appear to be influenced by oesophageal pH. However, emptying of a liquid bolus was significantly slower when the oesophageal pH was acid, for both the supine and upright positions.We conclude that the supine posture delays both liquid and solid oesophageal emptying. The presence of acid in the oesophagus at a pH of 1.6 delayed liquid emptying, but not solid emptying, from the oesophagus.
The blood supply to fingers during Raynaud's attack: a comparison of laser‐Doppler flowmetry with other techniques
Authors: Engelhart Merete , Nielsen Henrik V. , Kristensen Johannes K. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Responses to combined body and finger cooling were recorded by laser‐Doppler flowmetry, Xenon‐113 washout and strain‐gauge plethysmography in 22 patients (seven patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon (PR) and 15 with generalized scleroderma (GS)) and nine healthy, warm‐handed subjects.Finger systolic blood‐pressure decreased to zero in 100% of the patients, after body and finger cooling as measured with strain‐gauge plethysmography. With the laser‐Doppler flowmeter a low‐positive blood‐pressure was registered in two patients.The duration of a Raynaud's attack was found to vary from 0.5 to > 5 minutes as observed by the laser‐Doppler flowmeter.Xenon‐133 washout from the fingertips, during a zero blood‐flow situation, insignificantly deviated from the washout during vascular occlusion.It is concluded that; (1) the elicitation and duration of Raynaud's phenomenon could be clearly observed by laser‐Doppler flowmetry; (2) the zero blood‐flow observed by laser‐Doppler flowmetry could be confirmed by Xenon‐133 washout and (3) in GS cases, the laser‐Doppler flowmetry seemed more sensitive than the strain‐gauge, at extremely low blood flow values.
QT and QT‐peak interval measurements. A methodological study in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage compared to a reference group
Authors: Rudehill A. , Sundqvist K. , Sylvén C. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. To study the properties of QT and QT‐peak intervals, ECGs were compared between 56 consecutive patients who were suffering from subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and 50 reference subjects. The routine QTC interval was compared to the mean QTC from all of the 12 leads with identifiable U waves and to the mean QT‐peake. The interval between peak and end of T(Tp‐ Te) was subsequently calculated. In the reference group the mean QT‐peak correlated with the mean QT(r=0.925). The rate‐dependence of the mean QT‐peak was not different from that of the mean QT and showed the same correlation (r= ‐0.607 and ‐0.630, respectively). No rate‐dependence for the Tp‐Tc interval could be demonstrated. Following SAH, ECG abnormalities were most pronounced after 8–9 days, and increased with age and the degree of cerebral dysfunction. Two patient groups, where the mean QTc of each particular patient was either below (n=27) or above (n=29) the reference limit, were analysed. For the group without an abnormally prolonged mean QTc, the average of the individual mean QTc was significantly longer than in the reference group. Both groups had longer mean QT‐peakc intervals than the reference group. About 70% of the patients with an abnormally prolonged mean QTC also had a prolonged mean QT‐peakc interval, while the rest had a prolonged Tp‐Tc interval; simultaneous prolongation of these two intervals also occurred. Prolongation of the Tp‐Tc interval did not occur in the group without an abnormally prolonged mean QTc. Routine QTC and mean QT‐peakc had sensitivities of 96% and 67% respectively, specificities of 76% and 96% and predictive values of 81% and 95%.In conclusion, the routine QTC measurements, without reference to an identified U wave, may result in falsely prolonged estimates of cardiac repolarization time. In this respect the mean QT‐peakc may provide additional information. In the majority of patients the prolonged mean QTC was dependent on a disturbed rate‐dependent function (prolonged mean QT‐peakc) while some patients had an increased asymmetry of the repolarization process within the myocardium (prolonged Tp‐Tc).
Progressive central hypovolaemia in man—resulting in a vasovagal syncope?
Authors: Sander‐Jensen K. , Menken J. , Secher N. H. , Bach F. W. , Bie P. , Giese J. , Schwartz T. W. , Trap‐Jensen J. , Warberg J. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Hypotensive functional haemorrhage induced by venous pooling of blood in the legs has been reported to be characterized by a vasovagal reaction. In the present study these observations were extended by determination of the hormonal profile developed during progressive central hypovolaemia and an emotionally induced vasovagal syncope. In six subjects venous pooling resulted in normotensive central hypovolaemia, in one subject hypotensive central hypovolaemia was induced, and one subject experienced an emotionally induced vasovagal syncope.During normotensive central hypovolaemia heart rate increased from 58 ± 4 to 76 ± 4 beats min‐1 (P<0·05) and cardiac output fell from 6·1 ± 0·4 to 4·1 ± 0·21 min‐1. Pulse pressure and central venous pressure decreased from 64 ± 4 to 53 ± 4 mmHg, and from 8 ± 2 to 3 ± 2 mmHg, respectively. Adrenalin and noradrenalin increased from 87 ± 10 to 120 ± 20 pg/ml and from 196 ± 33 to 370 ± 50 pg/ml, respectively. Angiotensin II increased from 13 ± 4 to 36 ± 6 pg/ml and aldosterone from 63 ± 9 to 180 ± 27 pg/ml.In hypotensive central hypovolaemia the decrease in mean arterial pressure was accompanied by a decrease in heart rate and increments in the plasma concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide, indicating increased vagal activity and β‐endorphin, while plasma noradrenalin was unchanged.In emotionally induced syncope heart rate decreased to cardiac arrest for 13 s, associated with increments in the plasma concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide and β‐endorphin.It is concluded (1) that normotensive functional haemorrhage in man is associated with increased sympathetic activity and (2) that the qualitatively similar observations obtained during an emotionally and a hypovolaemic‐induced hypotensive episode indicate that the hypotensive functional haemorrhage is characterized by a vasovagal reaction.