bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthèse de quatre méthyl (D3) phénanthrènes et des dix diméthyl (D3) naphtalènes
Authors: Dizabo P. , Mouneyrac M. F. , Pasquier‐Chenon B. , Leitch L. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLes méthyl (D3)‐1, ‐2, ‐3, et ‐9 phénanthrènes, les diméthyl (D3)‐1,3 ‐1,4 ‐1,5 ‐1,6 ‐1,7 ‐1,8 et ‐2,6 naphtalènes, de haute pureté isotopique, ont été préparés à partir des bromophénantrènes ou des dibromonaphtalènes et du bromure de méthyl (D3) par L'intermédiaire du dérivé lithié. Les diméthyl (D3) ‐2,7 et ‐2,3 naphtalènessont obtenus par réduction du diester correspondant à L'aide du deutériure de lithium‐aluminium, chloruration du diol et réduction déshalogénante.
Preparation of formaldehyde by photochemical condensation of carbon monoxide and tritiated hydrogen, and the synthesis of a tritiated morphine derivative
Authors: Lane A. C. , McCoubrey A. , Peaker R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTritiated formaldehyde, required for labelling 6: 14‐endo‐etheno‐7‐(2‐hydroxy‐2‐butyl)‐tetrahydro‐oripavine ( M99 ), was prepared by photochemical condensation of carbon monoxide and tritiated hydrogen. The specific activity of the M99 ( 48 C/mmole ) was about one half that of the source of isotope. The loss was traced to undefined secondary decompositions during the photochemical reaction.
Syntheses of tritium‐labeled surface‐active substances
Authors: Muramatsu M. , Tajima K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDodecanoic‐2,3‐3H, 3H acid was synthesized by addition of tritiated hydrogen to 2‐dodecenoic acid which was obtained by bromination and subsequent dehydrobromination of dodecanoic acid. Urushibara nickel has proven to be effective for the hydrogenation. Reduction of dodecanoic‐2,3‐3H, 3H acid with lithium aluminium hydride led with good yield to 1‐dodecanol‐2,3‐3H, 3H from which sodium dodecyl‐2,3‐3H, 3H sulfate was synthesized successfully. Advantage of the present method includes the easiness of separation of resultant from reactant mixture at each stage of the synthetic route. The method seems to assure the obtaining of the surface‐active substances whose purities are high enough to be used for determining the adsorbed amount by means of radiotracer method.
New possibilities to obtain 32P‐labelled inorganic compounds of high specific activity
Authors: Bebeşel P. I. , Turcanu C. N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe found that inorganic compounds labelled with 32P such as P2S5, PCl3, PSCl3, POCl3, and H3PO4 can be obtained by a newsimple method, with good yields and a high specificactivity. The carrier free 32P resulting through the nuclear reaction 32S(n, p)32P from elementary sulphur was concentrated on red phosphorus and active carbon. Then, by chemical reactions with phosphorus pentachloride or elementary sulphur, PCl3, POCl3, PSCl3, and P2S5 labelled with 32P are obtained. Carrier free H332PO4 is obtained by desorption of radiophosphorus from active carbon with 2M HNO3 at 80 °C.
Synthesis of tributyltin‐113 benzoate
Authors: Otto P. Ph. H. L. , Creemers H. M. J. C. , Luijten J. G. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTributyltin‐113 benzoate was prepared from tin metal labelled with tin‐113, by a three step synthesis, with a chemical yield of 37%. The radio‐chemical yield was 22%.The amount of tributyltin‐113 benzoate prepared was 1.3 g, the specific activity 0.7 mC/gram, and the radiochemical purity 98.9%.Apart from Sn‐113 no other gamma‐emitting tin isotopes were present, neither did antimony radio‐isotopes occur.
Synthesis of tritiated biphenyls, labelled at specific positions
Authors: Otto P. Ph. H. L. , Juppe G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe tritiated compounds biphenyl‐2‐T, ‐3‐T and ‐4‐T have been synthesized by catalytic reduction of the corresponding bromobiphenyls with tritium gas under mild conditions. The specificity of labelling, expressed in % of total activity found at the desired position, and determined by degradation of the molecules, was 96.1 ± 1.5, 99.29 ± 0.01 and 98,68 ± 0.02, respectively.Syntheses and degradations were similar to those described previously for tritiated p‐terphenyls(1). For biphenyl‐3‐T, a second degradation, giving more precise results, has been worked out.
Comparison of T‐recoil and Wilzbach labeling of methylamine (preparation of methylamine‐CH2T)
Authors: Cipollini R. , Stöcklin G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecoil labeling of methylamine via the 6Li(n,α) T‐reaction, using solutions of LiBr in liquid anhydrous methylamine, leads to a 10% radiochemical yield of methylamine‐CH2T. The yield is independent of the accompanying radiation dose within a wide range, thus allowing high‐dose pile irradiation. Specific activities up to 100 μC/mM can easily be obtained. For comparison Wilzbach labeling of gaseous methylamine has also been studied. Here, in contrast, poor tritium incorporation is observed, the L‐value for methylamine‐CH2T being 2.3 × 10−2.
The preparation of tritium labeled N‐nitrosamines
Authors: Lijinsky W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDimethylnitrosamine, nitrosomorpholine, nitrosopyrrolidine, nitrosopiperidine, nitrosoazetidine, hexamethylenenitrosamine, nitrosomethylcyclohexylamine, nitrosomethylaniline and dinitrosopiperazine have been prepared labeled with tritium by nitrosation of the corresponding amines which had been labeled by exposure to tritium gas. The nitrosamines were purified by distillation in aqueous solution and by extraction with ether or chloroform. The specific activities varied from 17 μc/mg for nitrosomorpholine to 540 μc/mg for nitrosomethylaniline.
L‐lysine 14C et L‐histidine 14C Séparation chromatographique préparative sur papier
Authors: Sala E. , Maier‐Hüser H. , Fromageot P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOn a examiné de façon critique les possibilités de séparation de la lysine 14C et de L'histidine 14C par chromatographie préparative sur papier ou sur couches minces, avec les solvants usuels.On décrit une technique plus satisfaisante que les méthodes antérieures, qui comporte une chromatographie sur papier Whatman 3 dans le solvant pyridine/n.butanol/eau/ammoniaque 14 N (5/3/3/1).30 mg de chacun de ces deux amino‐acides peuvent ětre séparés.
Improvement of the method of synthesis of δ‐Aminolevulinic acid‐4‐14C hydrochloride
Authors: Mitta A. E. A. , Ferramola A. M. , Sancovich H. A. , Grinstein M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstractδ‐aminolevulinic acid‐4‐14C was built up from phthalimide using K14CN as the radioactive starting material. This method avoids the less practical synthesis via glycine‐14C and its condensation with phthalic anhydride to afford phthalylglycine‐1‐14C whose yield, based on K14CN, is thus considerably improved.
Liquid scintillation counting with a single photomultiplier tube
Authors: Ayrey G. , Mazza R. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe channels ratio method of quench correction has been examined and found to be applicable when a single photomultiplier is used for liquid scintillation counting of carbon‐14 and tritium. The relatively simple equipment is also suitable for assay of doubly labelled compounds provided that quenching is not important.
Tritium labelling of 2‐(O‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(methylamino)‐Cyclohexanone (ketamine; CI‐581) by acid catalyzed exchange: An example of intramolecular competition for tritium between substituted aromatic and cyclohexanone rings
Authors: Blackburn C. E. , Ober R. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe preparation and characterization of tritium‐labelled 2‐(o‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(methylamino) cyclohexanone hydrochloride is described. Under the exchange conditions employed (CF3COOH, 10 c3H2O, Pt), it was expected that the tritium would be distributed between the phenyl and cyclohexanone rings. Our observations indicated that the major portion of the tritium was located in the cyclohexanone ring.
La thyroglobuline, protéine iodée naturelle
Authors: Nunez J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCertain critical observations can be made with regard to the preparation and properties of artificially halogenated proteins on the basis of the study of the iodination and biosynthesis of thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland and its physico‐chemical properties. It appears that iodination causes two types of changes. The first has to do with halogenation method used. The damage is caused by the actual iodination conditions and can be avoided if the chemical iodination methods are replaced by enzymatic techniques. The second is an inevitable consequence of the introduction of the halogen (which is tantamount to changing the primary structure of the molecule). The physico‐chemical properties (probably the conformation of the protein) depend on the halogen content and its distribution. In the case of thyroglobulin, two types of change are observed. For fairly low halogen contents, each iodine atom introduced causes an increase in the sedimentation factor (from 17 to 20 S). When the iodine content is increased, the molecule, which has hitherto been broken down by the detergent into sub‐units of 12 S, develops a resistance to this treatment, so that iodination modifies the interaction between sub‐units.
A semimicro synthesis of Ferrocene (59Fe) and some derivatives useful as « tags » for proteins
Authors: Mann Lewis T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFerrocene‐59 Fe has been prepared with ferric chloride as the limiting reagent. Specific activities of five millicuries per millimole could be readily achieved. Ferrocene was converted to ferrocenylmethyl isothiocyanate and β‐ferrocenylpropionic acid and these compounds were used in metabolic studies as “tags” for a series of synthetic polypeptides with molecular weights in the range of 50‐100,000. Tagging at a level of about 5 microcuries per milligram of peptide obtained by direct reaction of the isothiocyanate with the ε‐amino groups of lysine in a glutamic acid‐lysine‐tyrosine copolymer or by an activated coupling of ferrocenylpropionic acid and the synthetic polypeptide with a carbodiimide derivative. Some observations on the mechanism of tagging are included.
Preparation of 3–5 dipropionilamino 2, 4, 6, triiodo benzoic acid I‐131
Authors: Mitta A. E. A. , Camin L. L. , Huala H. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method is discussed for the labelling of Diprocon by interchange between 131I and inactive Diprocon, obtaining a radiochemical yield over 95% in only five minutes.The effect of pH, temperature and molar relation between the reactants on the radiochemical yield is determined as well as the maximum sterilization time and the optimal storage conditions for the labelled molecule.
Steroids CCCI (1). Radiochemical syntheses. Part I. Preparation of tritiated 6α, 9α‐difluoro cortical hormones
Authors: Wren D. L. , Siddall J. B. , Edwards J. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA six‐step synthesis of tritiated 6α, 9α‐difluroro‐16α‐methy‐11β, 17 α.,21‐trihydroxypregna‐1,4‐diene‐3,20‐dione (5) and 6α.,9α‐difluro‐11β,16α.,17α.,21‐tetrahydroxypregna‐1,4‐diene‐3,20‐dione 16,17‐acetonide (7) from the appropriate Δ.l,4,9(11)‐3‐keto intermediates is described. Isotope incorporation was achieved by selectively reducing the 1,2 and 4,5‐double bonds with tritium gas followed by regeneration of the Δ.l,4‐3‐keto system by dehydrogenation with D.D.Q.
Formation de composés marqués à partir de méthane ‐14C sous l' effet de décharges électriqnes
Authors: Bertrand R. , Adloff J. P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOn décrit les effets d'une décharge électrique de haute fréquence dans le méthane ‐14C pur et en mélange avec les halogènes. Une fraction importante du radiocarbone est fixée dans des hydrocarbures de C2 à C4, ainsi que dans les halogénures substitués du méthane. L'activité spécifique des composés marqués est celle du méthane mis en æuvre.
Zur Synthese und Analyse deuterierter Bi‐und Terphenyle
Authors: Geiss F. , Sandroni S. , Blech G. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract16 spezifisch deuteriummarkierte Bi‐ und Terphenyle wurden dargestellt. Die totaldeuterierten Verbindungen wurden durch Pt‐katalysierten Isotopenaustausch mit Schwerwasser bei Temperaturen über 200 °C erhalten. Auch die bei tieferen Temperaturen verlaufende Teildeuterierung sowie intra‐ und intermolekulare Isomerisierungen verlaufen unspezifisch. Die chemische Strukturanalyse und die Isotopenbestimmung wurden über MS‐, IR‐ und KMR‐Spektren ausgeführt.
Recoil labeling and selective radiation labeling a novel synthesis of propanol‐2,3‐14C1
Authors: Oae Shigeru , Redvanly Carol S. , Wolf Alfred P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA recoil labeling method for the production of propanol‐2,3‐14C1 and other simple alcohols is described. In addition propanol‐2,3‐14C and 2‐methyl propanol‐3‐14C were prepared by the irradiation of methanol solutions of ethylene‐14C and propene‐1‐14C, respectively, in „scavenger”︁ concentration. This latter approach called selectiveradiation labeling is explored as a method for the preparation of specifically labeled compounds by „non‐synthetic”︁ methods. The advantages of selective radiation labeling are : 1. specificity of label; 2. ready control of desired specific activity; 3. efficient use of the labeling isotope in an appropriate precursor; 4. ease of purification and isolation of products; 5. minimum labor. Any source of penetrating radiation can be used in selective radiation labeling.
Zur Synthese 14C‐markierter Terphenyle
Authors: Hafferl W. , Juppe G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Synthese von fünf spezifisch mit 14C markierten Terphenylen wird beschrieben. Brombenzol‐4‐14C und p‐Dibrombenzol‐1‐14C wurden aus Anilin‐1‐14C hergestellt. Aus Brornbenzol‐4‐14C konnte durch Umsetzung mit Butyllithium und 1‐ Phenylcyclohexanon‐2 und 1‐Phenylcyclohexanon‐4 und anschließende Dehydrierung o‐ und p‐Terphenyl‐4‐14C bereitet werden. p‐Dibrombenzol‐1‐14C ergab durch doppelte Umsetzung mit Cyclohexanon p‐Terphenyl‐1′‐14C. Entsprechend lieferte p‐ Dibrombenzol‐ U14C p‐Terphenyl‐(1′, 2′, 3′, 4′, 5 ′, 6′)‐14C. Aus Cyclohexanon‐1‐14C konnte über Phenylcyclohexanon und folgende Reaktion mit Phenylmagnesiumbromid o‐Terphenyl‐1‐′14C erhalten werden.
A study of the stability and radiochemical purity of some radiopharmaceuticals. 1. Calculations of absorbed radiation energy
Authors: Cífka J. , Buriánek J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe radiation energy absorbed in solutions of phosphorus‐32, iodine‐125 and ‐131, mercury‐197 and ‐203 was calculated and tabulated for various time of storage. The influence of geometrical shape of solutions was also evaluated. An experimental verification of calculations was carried out for solutions of iodine‐131, the good agreement was obtained. The possibilities and limitations of the use of external gamma irradiation for estimating the self‐radiation effect were discussed.
Synthese von o‐Terphenyl‐2‐13C
Authors: Geiss F. , Blech G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Synthese lief uber folgende Zwischenstufen : Umsetzung von Cyclopentanon mit KCN, Reduktion des gebildeten Cyanhydrins mil LiAlH4 zum Aminol, Demjanov‐Ringerweiterung zu 2‐markiertem Cyclohexanon, Reaktion desselben mit 2‐Diphenylyl‐magnesiumjodid, Dehydratisierung und Dehydrierung des gebildeten Carbinols zu o‐Terphenyl‐13C. Ausbeute 16 % bez. auf KCN. Die Reinigung erfolgte mit präparativer DC auf Kieselgel. Die wichtigsten Nebenprodukte des letzten Schrittes sind o‐Xneyl‐cyclohexan, das unbekannte Hexahydrotriphenylen, p‐Terphenyl, o‐Quatervhenvl und Trivhenvlen.
Studies on methylazoxymethanol synthesis of 14C and 3H labelled methylazoxymethyl‐acetate
Authors: Horisberger Marc , Matsumoto Hiromu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of 14C and 3H labelled methylazoxymethylacetate, ( MAM‐ O Ac), a hepatotoxic and carcinogenic compound, was accomplished by the incorporation of a radioisotope labelled methyl group into N,N′ ‐dimethylhydrazine with methyl iodide instead of dimethyl sulfate. Monosodium dibenzoylhydrazine was methylated with labelled methyl iodide and the second methyl group was subsequently added with unlabelled dimethyl sulfate to produce N,N′ ‐dimethylhydrazine. This modification made it possible to prepare labelled N,N′ ‐dimethylhydrazine with a small amount of total radioactivity and avoid an excessive waste of the methyl label. The labelled compound was then used in the synthesis of MAM‐OAc by a previously published procedure. The incorporation of radioactivity into N,N′‐dimethylhydrazine was in the range of 75‐95 %. Better yields were obtained for 3H than for 14C MAM‐OAc.
Biosynthesis of alginic acid‐C‐14 (G)
Authors: Doshi Y. A. , Rao P. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe brown algae are characterised by their accumulation of polysaccharides, the more important ones being laminarin, fucoidin and alginic acid. It has been established by Bidwell et al. (1,2), that alginic acid is the most rapidly accumulated insoluble product on photosynthesis. The rapid appearance of such a large proportion of photosynthetic carbon in alginic acid suggests a possible method for the biosynthesis of radioactive alginic acid‐C‐14 (generally labelled, G). Such a synthesis is now carried out on laboratory scale and the details are given. The radioactive alginic acid‐C‐14(G) thus synthesised finds many uses, such as (1) for quantitative determination and estimation of alginic acid present in various seaweeds and (2) for ascertaining the role alginic acid plays in the metabolism of brown algae.
Synthesis of meta‐Terphenyl‐ 2,4,6,2′,5′,2″,4″,6″‐D8
Authors: Otto P. Ph. H. L. , Stein F. , Juppe G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA synthesis of meta‐terphenyl‐2,4,6,2′,5′,2″,4″,6″‐D8 has been carried out. From iodobenzene‐2,4,6‐D3 and 2,6‐dibromo‐1,4‐dinitrobenzene, the compound 2′,5′‐dinitro‐meta‐terphenyl‐2,4,6,2″,4″,6″‐D6 is formed (Ullmann reaction). By reduction of the nitrogroups and subsequent reductive diazotization, two deuterium atoms are introduced into the centre ring at positions 2′ and 5′. The labelled meta‐terphenyl has been obtained in 15 % yield, based on labelled iodobenzene. Deuterium substitution is ≥ 98% at positions 2,4,6,2′,5′,2″,4″ and 6″, and ≤ 1 % at the other positions.
Préparation de Stéroïdes 16‐3H à partir du 3α‐Acetoxy 20‐Oxo (5β) Pregna‐16‐ENE
Authors: Weinman S. , Livet J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLes quatre stéroïdes suivants — 3α‐hydroxy 20‐oxo (5β) prégnane 16‐3H — 3α, 17α‐dihydroxy 20‐oxo (5β) prégnane 16‐3H — 3α, 17α, 20β‐trihydroxy (5β) prégnane 16‐3H — 3α‐hydroxy 17‐oxo (5β) androstane 16‐3H ainsi que les acétates correspondants, ont tous été obtenus à partir du 3α‐acétoxy 20‐oxo (5β) prégna‐16‐ène dans un état de pureté radiochimique satisfaisant, en peu d'étapes, au moyen de réactions de bon rendement de marquage.
Labelling of thioxanthine, thioguanine and 2‐thio‐uracil with 35S by isotopic exchange
Authors: Choitan C. , Zamfir I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe labelling of TX and TG with 35S has been performed by Moravek and Nejedly (1), by isotopic exchange with elemental radiosulphur in boiling pyridine solution. The authors do not give any indications regarding the kinetics and the exchange yields. 2‐Thio‐uracil has been labelled only by synthesis in 1958 by Ziegler (2).We have done this study, aiming to find some simpler labelling methods than those described in the literature.
Synthesis of DL‐tyrosine‐4‐14C
Authors: Kim J. H. , Creger C. R. , Couch J. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDL‐tyrosine‐4‐14C has been synthesized with an overall yield 29.3 % based on phenol‐1‐14C as the starting material. Anisole‐I‐14C was prepared by methylation of phenol‐1‐14C with dimethyl sulfate. The radioactive anisole was then converted to p‐anisaldehyde‐4‐14C by a modified Gattermann reaction and then condensed with hydantoin to give 5‐(4‐methoxybenzylidene‐4‐14C) hydantoin. The hydantoin was then converted into DL‐tyrosine‐4‐14C.
Microsynthèse du parapolyphényle tritié à très haute activité spécifique
Authors: Péters J. M. , Guillaume M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLe parapolyphényle (C6H4)n présente une grande stabilité thermique et moléculaire (anneau benzénique) alliée à une haute teneur en hydrogène. Ces caractéristiques nous autorisent à tenter la tritiation de ce polymère à très haute activité spécifique. Ainsi trilié, ce dernier est susceptible ďětre utilisé comme cible pour la production de neutrons de 14 MeV dans les petits accélérateurs. Ľétude de la microsynthèse du polyphényle tritié fait ľobjet de ce travail.Deux microsynthèses ont été effectuées conduisant à des activités spécifiques de 17 C/mM et 31 C/mM. Les rendements isotopiques de synthèse et ľautoradiolyse de ces polymères tritiés ont été évalués.
Specific 3H‐labelling by diimide reduction of unsaturated bonds. I. Mechanism of reductions with hydrazine in aprotic solvents
Authors: Koch G. K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe applicability of aprotic solvents for hydrazine reductions was studied for labelling purposes and acetonitrile was found to be a favourable medium for this reaction. The reaction can be carried out in the absence of protons, but small amounts of acetic acid have a catalytic effect. Kinetic investigations have shown that oxygen supply in the medium is the rate‐determining step under the conditions applied. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed. No explanation can be given of the autocatalytic and acid‐catalysed acceleration of the reaction.
Preparation of millicurie quantities of oxygen‐15 labeled water
Authors: Welch Michael J. , Lifton Judith F. , Ter‐Pogossian Michel M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDue to the annihilation radiation of the positron emitting oxygen‐15, H215O has great potential for tracer studies. The method of preparation utilized the fast exchange reaction between carbon dioxide and carbonic acid. It was found that the rate of exchange depended on the temperature, the solution used and the dynamic state of the solution. Utilizing this exchange reaction, water with a specific activity of 80 mCi/cc was prepared.
Reactions of salts of aromatic carboxylic acids in an atmosphere of 14CO2 and preparation of some of these acids labelled with 14C
Authors: Ratusky J. , Tykva R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe transcarboxylation reaction mechanisms of aromatic carboxylic acid salts in an atmosphere of 14CO2 was studied 2,6‐Naphthalenedicarboxylic, 2,5‐pyridine‐dicarboxylic and 2,5‐furanedicarboxylic acids, labelled with 14C in the carboxylic groups were prepared.
The preparation and purification of anomer‐free methyl α‐D‐ [gluco‐14C(U)] pyranoside
Authors: Bartlett Gillian M. , Sheppard G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMethyl α‐D‐[gluco‐14C(U)] pyranoside was synthesized from D‐glucose‐14C(U) and methanol using a cation exchange resin catalyst, but was found to contain 10 % of the β‐anomer as a radiochemical impurity. This was conveniently removed by treatment with a β‐glucosidase — almond emulsin — to yield the pure α‐anomer whose analysis is fully described.
Synthese yon 4‐14C, 7‐3H und Heptanoyl‐1′‐14C markiertem 17 β‐Heptanoyloxy‐17α‐äthinyl‐4‐östren‐3‐on
Authors: Schulze P. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEs wird die Synthese eines 14C und 3 H markierten 17β‐Heptanoyloxy‐17α‐äthinyl‐4‐östren‐3‐on beschrieben.Die 14C Markierung erfolgte in der Position 4 des Steroidmoleküls (VIIa) sowie in der Position ľ der Oenanthsäure (XII) und die 3H Markierung in Position 7 des Steroidmoleküls (VIIb).Wir benutzten Ba14CO3 als Ausgangsmaterial und erreichten Ausbeuten über alle Stufen von 6% (VIIa) und 35% (XII); ausgehend vom Tritiumgas betrug die Ausbeute 6% (VIIb). Die Endprodukte wurden sorgfältigst gereinigt und der chemische und radiochemische Reinheitsgrad in mindestens zwei Dünnschichtsystemen und einer Verdünnungsanalyse geprüft. Die Verunreinigungen waren <3 %.