bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two years oral use of chlorhexidine in man
Authors: Nuki Klaus , Schlenker R. , Löue H. , Rindom Schiöutt C. 
Published: June 2006

Ultramicrochemical methods were used to assay lactic dehydrogenase, (L.D.H.) malic dehydrogenase (M.D.H.) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐P.D.H.) in biopsy specimens obtained from palatal mucosa and gingiva of young human volunteers. Half the specimens examined came from individuals who had used a chlorhexidine containing mouthrinse for 18 months and the other half from individuals using a placebo mouthrinse.There were no statistically significant differences in enzyme activity between the two groups. It is concluded that the activities of the glycolytic processes investigated, confirm the lack of any chronic inflammatory process in the chlorhexidine exposed tissue.
Composite jaw and iliac cancellous bone grafts in intrabony defects in monkeys
Authors: Ellegaard B. , Nielsen I. M. , Karring T. 
Published: July 2006

Thirty‐six two‐wall periodontal intrabony defects were produced adjacent to incisors and canines in 12 monkeys. Following a reverse bevel incision mucoperiostal flaps were raised on the buccal and lingual aspect of the defects. After removal of all soft tissue, fresh iliac bone marrow grafts were transplanted into eighteen of the defects. The remaining eighteen defects on contralateral teeth, were treated in the same way except that cancellous bone grafts from an edentulous area of the maxillary jaw were placed against the root surface prior to the transplantation of iliac bone marrow. After transplantation the tissue flaps were repositioned and sutured. The animals were treated and sacrificed to yield observation periods from 3 to 24 weeks. After decalcification and embedding in paraffin, serial sections were cut at 8 microns and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Ankylosis and active resorption of the root surface was found in the majority of the defects grafted with fresh iliac bone marrow. In defects treated with the composite grafts ankylosis and root resorption occured with considerably less frequency.These results suggest that ankylosis and root resorption can be minimized if iliac bone marrow grafts are effectively separated from the root surface.
Experimental gingivitis in immunized dogs
Authors: Rylander Harald , Lindhe Jan , Ahlstedt Staffan 
Published: June 2006

The present experiment was performed to study the clinical and histopathological features of developing gingivitis in eight dogs, of which four were repeatedly immunized with plaque antigens prior to the start of a defined plaque accumulating period. The dogs were, after weaning, fed a soft diet but also twice daily subjected to meticulous tooth cleaning. When they were 10 months old and their gingiva were in excellent health, all tooth cleaning procedures were terminated and dental plaque was allowed to accumulate for 4 weeks. Clinical examinations and gingival biopsy sampling were performed during this period. The biopsies were analyzed morphometrically.In the injected dogs the levels of specific serum antibodies, as determined by an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), were raised 3–4 fold. No antibody increase was observed in the controls. After the termination of the tooth‐cleaning period, the immunized dogs seemed to accumulate dental plaque at the same rate as non‐immunized controls. The gingiva of the immunized animals reacted to initial plaque formation with symptoms such as redness, swelling and bleeding in a manner very similar to the controls. The degree of gingival exudation and the size of the gingival connective tissue lesion was, however, less pronounced in the immunized dogs compared to the non‐immunized controls.The results indicate that raised immunity to plaque antigens may have a protective function in the dento‐gingival tissues during the development of plaque induced gingivitis.
Monocyte chemotactic activity in human dental plaque
Authors: Helldén Leif 
Published: July 2006

The monocyte chemotactic activity elaborated by soluble dental plaque material and by various fractions of the plaque material was studied in vitro with the modified Boyden chamber technique. Monocytes were harvested from the peritoneal cavity of rabbits after intraperitoneal injection of a 1 % suspension of hydrolysed starch. The plaque material was separated in Sephadex gel columns (G‐25 and G‐20Q). Three fractions differing from each other in molecular size were selected from the protein peaks in the chromatograms.The results showed that dental plaque material contains factors with a chemotactic effect on monocytes. Examination of various fractions of dental plaque material revealed that the major part of the monocyte chemotactic activity resided in a fraction with an appoximate molecular size of 10,000–70,000.
Immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes and plasma cells in human periodontal disease
Authors: Mackler B. F. , Frostad K. B. , Robertson P. B. , Levy B. M. 
Published: July 2006

Gingival biopsies from areas characterized as clinically normal, mild gingivitis, or periodontitis were examined. Immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD) bearing cells at the sulcular and oral epithelium ‐ lamina propria junctions as well as the central lamina propria areas were quantitated. Normal gingiva (P. I. = 0‐0·2) contained few lymphocytes and plasma cells. Biopsies from areas of mild gingivitis (P. I. = 0·2‐1) were infiltrated at the sulcular epithelium ‐ lamina propria junction by lymphocytes lacking membrane associated immunoglobulins (94 %). Few plasma cells were evident. In contrast, tissue associated with periodontitis (P. I. = 4·0–8·0) contained significant numbers of immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes (78 %, IgG; 9 %, IgM; and 4 % IgA) and plasma cells (67 %, IgG; 24 %, IgM; and 8 % IgA) distributed throughout all three major tissue areas.These findings indicated that the nature of cellular infiltrates differed in mild gingivitis and periodontitis. The presence of predominantly IgG and IgM containing cells in periodontitis had important implications for the contribution of nonspecific effector mechanisms to the destruction of periodontal tissue.
Bacteriological studies of developing supragingival dental plaque
Authors: Socransky S. S. , Manganiello A.D. , Propas D. , Oram V. , Van Houte J. 
Published: July 2006

The predominant flora of plaque developing on an area of about 1 sq cm. on the middle third of the buccal surface of the upper first molar of one individual was studied. Samples were taken at 5 and 15 min, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hr, and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 days; the tooth surface was cleaned prior to each period. Plaque samples were handled and cultured under anaerobic conditions utilizing various growth media. AH isolates from blood agar plates in Brewer jars with 30 to 100 colonies were characterized. Streptococcus sanguis, the single‐most predominant organism, and Actinomyces viscosus were consistently found. Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Actinomyces israelii, Peptostreptococcus sp. and Veillonella alcalescens were found at more than one time period. High proportions of “suspected pairs” (mixtures of 2 or more intimately‐associated organisms), were regularly detected. Bacterial population changes with time were observed.Many isolates, particularly those present in plaques up to 8 hr, agglutinated in the presence of saliva. Less than half of the isolates, including Gram‐positive saccharolytic rods, staphylococci and some S. sanguis strains, formed plaque in vitro on wires in the presence of sucrose or glucose.The data suggest that the nature of the early microflora observed is determined by bacterial attachment which may be influenced by, amongst others, salivary constituents. Subsequent cell multiplication leads to a large bacterial increase in which proportional changes may occur as a result of differences in bacterial growth.
Attempts to increase viable count recovery of human supragingival dental plaque
Authors: Manganiello A. D. , Socransky S. S. , Smith C. , Propas D. , Oram V. , Dogon I. L. 
Published: July 2006

Studies of the microbiota of dental plaque have been hampered by an inability to cultivate all or even a majority of microorganisms present in this site. Failure to recover the microorganisms could be attributed to at least 3 types of losses; inadequate dispersion, adhesion to glassware used in dilution and spreading, and an inability of any single cultural environment to recover all of the resident microorganisms. Clumps of microorganisms could be more effectively dispersed by sonic oscillation than tissue grinders. Anaerobic sonication proved to be significantly more effective in maintaining viability of plaque isolates than aerobic sonication while dispersion in dilute salt solutions permitted recovery of greater numbers of organisms than dispersion in broth.About 5% of the organisms were lost due to adsorption to glassware as determined by pouring molten agar media over the used apparatus and counting the resultant colonies.Optimum recovery of plaque organisms occurred in this study when samples were dispersed by anaerobic sonic oscillation in pre‐reduced anaerobically sterilized 1/4 strength Ringer's solution supplemented with 1% sodium metaphosphate, 0.05% L cysteine, and 0.0001% resazurin. When the resulting suspension was anaerobically serially diluted, and plated on trypticase soy 5% sheep blood agar plates which were incubated in Brewer jars containing 80% N2, 10% H2. and 10% CO2, 60% of the total microscopic cell count could be recovered.The use of additional primary isolation environments including blood agar plates incubated aerobically, as well as trypticase soy and reduced benzyl viologen roll tubes increased the recovery an additional 15%. Thus an average of 75% of the microscopic count could be cultivated. An additional 5% was lost due to adsorption to glassware and an average of 10% of the microbiota remained undispersed in clumps.
Diagnostic reproducibility of periodontal indices
Authors: Shaw L. , Murray I. J. 
Published: July 2006

Relatively few studies have assessed the diagnostic reproducibility of periodontal indices. In the present investigation, the changes in Gingival Index and Plaque Index scores were measured by carrying out 203 duplicate examinations on 11–13 year old children.Reproducibility of diagnosis was assessed by applying the paired t test and the coefficient of linear correlation. There was no significant difference between the mean G.I. scores on first and second examinations both within and between examiners. High correlation coefficients of +0·81, +0·84 and +0·79 indicated that the ranking order of subjects was very similar on both occasions. However, the mean Pl.I. scores were significantly lower on the second examination compared with the first occasions for both participating examiners, although the correlations between first and second Pl.I. scores were comparable to those calculated for the G.I. data. In general the results indicated that PI. I. scores cannot be reproduced within a six‐hour period, but the ranting order of the subjects can be maintained.
Autoradiographic assessment of the distal response to gingival injury
Authors: Tonna E. A. , Stahl S. S. , Slywka J. 
Published: July 2006

Twelve young BNL mice received a “gingivectomy” excising the gingival papilla mesial to the left maxillary first molar. Twelve additional young mice served as uninjured controls. One hour prior to sacrifice, each animal received a subcutaneous injection of 1 μCi H3‐TDR per gm body weight. Animals were sacrificed 2, 4, 6, and 8 days after injury. At time of sacrifice, maxillae, femora, and a portion of abdominal skin were obtained from each animal for histologic and autoradiographic analysis.In most tissues analyzed, the gingivectomy led to a significant reduction in labeling indices at tissue sites distant from the gingivectomy. This effect was short‐lived, however, and could not be noted at time periods later than two days post‐injury. Since such distal effects are of short duration, it is questionable whether they would affect therapeutic sequences currently used in periodontal treatment.
Lymphocyte blastogenesis to plaque antigens in human periodontal disease
Authors: Smith Frederic N. , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: July 2006

This study undertook to correlate lymphocyte transformation to human dental plaque antigens with clinical estimates of periodontal disease.Forty‐eight patients with periodontal conditions ranging from normal gingivae to severe periodontitis were examined clinically. Oral cleanliness was determined by the Plaque Index System (Silness & Löe 1964) and gingival health was assessed using the criteria of the Gingival Index System (Löe & Silness 1963). Pocket depth and loss of periodontal attachment from the cementoenamel junction (Ramfjord 1959, Glavind & Löe 1967) were also measured. Triplicate microcultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated with four different concentrations of human plaque antigens. The uptake of 3H‐thymidine during blastogenesis was measured by liquid scintillation counting. There was no correlation between the stimulation by most of the isolated plaque antigens or pooled plaque and the periodontal conditions as determined by plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth and loss of attachment. However, there was a significant, although low, correlation between clinical parameters and the stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by B. melaninogenicus and A. viscosus. Stimulation with B. melaninogenicus correlated more highly with pocket depth and loss of attachment, while stimulation with A. viscosus and A. naeslundii correlated more highly with plaque and gingivitis scores. The possible role of these organisms in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease involving cellular immunity was discussed as was the interpretation of data obtained in blastogenesis using peripheral blood lymphocytes and its relevance to the local phenomenon of delayed hypersensivity.
Calcium deficiency, pregnancy and lactation in rats
Authors: Rasmussen P. 
Published: July 2006

Adult female rats were subjected to severe calcium deprivation by feeding them a calciumdeficient diet containing oxalate (Test group a), and in addition by subjecting them to pregnancy and lactation (Test group b).The effect on the mandible of the present regimen was that of typical osteoporosis. Great amounts of bone tissue had been removed from the endosteal aspects of the bone, while the periosteal surfaces were almost intact, leaving the mandibular outline close to the normal. Alveolar bone loss did not seem exceptional when compared to the mandibular body. Bone resorption had occurred mostly on lamina dura. Horizontal bone loss was observed in a few cases where the gingival tissues were inflamed. The bone loss seemed to have been mediated by osteoclasts as well as mononuclear, hypertrophied, elongated cells, the former mostly in the alveolar process, the latter in the spongiosa and the endosteal cortical bone of the mandibular body. No signs of osteocytic osteolysis could be observed.
The capacity of lipopolysaccharides from bacteroides, fusobacterium and veillonella to produce skin inflammation and the local and generalized Shwartzman reaction in rabbits
Authors: Sveen Kjell 
Published: July 2006

Purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from strains of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella were tested for endotoxic activity, utilizing the primary skin reaction and the Shwartzman phenomena in rabbits. Comparisons were made to Salmonella LPS. Each LPS preparation produced the primary skin reaction in a typical dose‐response fashion. Skin sites injected with 400 μg of Fusobacterium LPS often produced necrotic lesions. In the comparisons made between the skin lesion doses (SLD50) of the Veitlonella LPS and the Salmonella LPS, the difference was either non‐significant or the Salmonella LPS was only slightly more active (P <0.02). LPS from the Fusobacterium and the Bacteroides were significantly less toxic than the Salmonella LPS (P <0.005). All LPS preparations did prepare the skin for the local and the specific organs for the generalized Shwartzman reaction. The toxicity of the Bacteroides LPS was, however, very low in the local reaction (P <0.005). For all LPS preparations the sensitivity of the primary skin test (SLD50) was superior to the local Schwartzman reaction (SPD50) (P <0.005).Twenty‐four hours after challenge for the generalized Shwartzman reaction, extensive fibrin thrombi in the capillaries of the renal glomeruli were found, as well as thrombi containing necrotic blood cells, both in the veins of the liver and in the arteries of the lungs.The high endotoxic activity of the Fusobacterium and the Veillonella LPS may reflect a similarity between their lipid A and that of the Salmonella LPS.
Vascular permeability during initial gingivitis in dogs
Authors: Söderholm Göran , Attström Rolf 
Published: July 2006

Variations in the permeability of dento‐gingival blood vessels during initial gingivitis have been studied in four beagle dogs. On two occasions during a four‐day period of developing gingivitis, increased permeability of the dento‐gingival blood vessels was provoked by inserting filter paper strips into the dento‐gingival junction. Vessels in a state of abnorma permeability were labelled on one occasion during the four‐day period by intravascularly injected colloidal carbon and by fluorescent microspheres on the other occasion. The vascular labelling scores for each of the two tracers were determined in gingival biopsies. An experimental outline was used which allowed comparison of the permeability characteristics of the vessels on day 0 with those on day 2 and on day 2 with those on day 4 of the initial gingivitis.At each time interval (day 0, 2 and 4) the vascular labelling of the dento‐gingival blood vessels was found evenly distributed in the coronal‐apical direction of the vascular plexus. The labels were most frequently found in vessels 10–50 microns in width. In three of the dogs the vascular label scores were found to be significantly higher on day 2 compared with day 0 and on day 4 compared with day 2.The results indicate the development of a vasculitis in the dento‐gingival blood vessels during initial gingivitis involving most vessels of venular type in the vascular plexus.
Studies in plaque pathogenicity
Authors: Fine D. H. , Tabak L. T. , Oshrain H. , Salkind A. , Siegel K. 
Published: July 2006

A study was undertaken to assay and compare the pathological potential of loosely adherent plaque (LAP) with that of adherent plaque (AP) using the limulus lysate assay (LLA). A technique was devised for collection both AP And LAP from supra‐ as well as subgingival tooth areas under pyrogen‐free conditions. Five supragingival samples (AP & LAP) were collected from teeth (G.I.= < 1) after subjects had abstained from tooth cleaning for two weeks. Five subgingival samples were collected from mylar strips one week after placement in periodontal pockets not less than 4 mm and not more than 7 mm in depth. All samples were lyophilized, recontituted and analyzed for plaque mass by the quantitative ninhydrin reaction (Moore and Stein, 1954). Samples were analyzed for limulus lysate activity by a modification of the LLA of Levin and Bang (1964).Results from the five supragingival samples indicate that plaque mass, as determined by the ninhydrin reaction, was 4–5 fold greater in AP than in LAP. In the five subgingival samples, ninhydrin values for AP were two times higher than LAP. In spite of these differences in plaque mass, limulus activity in all LAP samples was consistently higher than in comparable AP samples when expressed as limulus activity per mole of amino acid. These preliminary findings suggest that subgingival LAP, situated in a position of strategic importance, is biologically active and deserves further study.
Cell mediated immune responses to plaque antigens during experimental gingivitis in man
Authors: Smith Frederic N. , Lang Niklaus P. , Löe Harald A. 
Published: July 2006

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the ability of antigens of human dental plaque microorganisms to stimulate peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from humans during the development and recovery from experimental gingivitis.Eleven healthy dental students (22–36 years) participated in the study. At the start of the experiment, they exhibited clean teeth and clinically healthy gingivae. They then abstained from all oral hygiene measures for four weeks according to the model proposed by Löe et al. (1965). At the start, after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of abolished oral hygience and 2 weeks following reinstitution of oral hygiene, the oral conditions were assessed, using the critieria of the Plaque Index system (Löe & Silness 1964) and the Gingival Index system (Löe & Silness (1963).At each examination triplicate microcultures, each containing 2 × 105 viable PBL in .2 ml TC 199 with glutamine and antibiotics containing 10% fetal calf serum, were stimulated with four concentrations of sonicates from V. alcalescens, F. nucleatum, B. melaninogenicus, A. viscosus, A. naeslundii, S. sanguis and pooled dental plaque all obtained from the previsouly performed experimental gingivitis. The cultures were incubated for 78 hours at 37°C in 5% CO2. 3H‐thymidine was added for the final 8 hours.Only A. viscosus was able to stimulate PBL to undergo blastogenesis during the development of experimental gingivitis. A. viscosus stimulated the PBL of 3 subjects after one week but all subjects after 2 weeks of abolished oral hygiene. The stimulation indices (SI) remained >2.5 for the rest of the experimental period. Following 2 weeks of reinstituted oral hygiene, the SI reached preexperimental levels.These results suggest that A. visocus is capable of inducing a specific cellular immune response during the development of experimental gingivitis and may be important as a causative plaque constituent. Further research is indicated to study this association.
The effect of levamisole on experimental gingivitis in juvenile periodontitis
Authors: Budtz‐Jörgensen E. , Ellegaard B. , Ellegaard J. , Jörgensen F. , Kelstrup J. 
Published: July 2006

In four patients with juvenile periodontitis (group A), five adults with advanced periodontitis (group B), and in four controls (group C) the concentration of serum immunoglobulins, serum complement (C3C4, and C5) T and B lymphocyte ratio, leukocyte migration inhibition and lymphocyte transformation responses to dental plaque bacteria (A. viscosus, B. melaninogenicus, F. nucleatum, and V. parvula) and PPD or PHA, and lymphocyte ATP‐ase activity were assessed before and during development of experimental gingivitis.All the patients in group A and B Had completed extensive periodontal treatment, and at the time of the experiment the periodontal conditions were excellent. Plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation were assessed and blood samples were drawn: at day 0; after plaque accumulation for 14 d (no oral hygiene) (period I); after 14 d with optimal oral hygiene (period II); after plaque accumulation for 14 d (no oral hygiene) and concomitant immunostimulatory treatment with levamisole (period III); after 14 d with optimal oral hygiene. After period I, gingival inflammation and increased gingival fluid flow developed in all groups; however, in group C some of the clinical and immunological responses were slightly enhanced as compared wiht group A and group B. On the other hand, after period III (plaque accumulation + levamisole) more pronounced clinical and immunological changes were recorded in group A and B than in group C, including a significant rise in gingival fluid flow, LIF production, and lymphocyte ATP‐ase activity. The present study has supported the asumption that a state of immunodeficiency can be an underlying, predisposing factor for juvenile periodontitis. The results, however, give only vague information on the nature of this deficiency