bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of androgen receptor through androgen-converting enzymes is associated with biological aggressiveness in prostate cancer
Authors: Wako K , Kawasaki T , Yamana K , Suzuki K , Jiang S , Umezu H , Nishiyama T , Takahashi K , Hamakubo T , Kodama T , Naito M 
Published: August 2007

Aims:The association between the expression of androgen receptor (AR) or androgen-converting enzymes and malignant potential in prostate cancer (PCa) was examined.Methods:PCa specimens from 44 cases of stage II, 10 cases of stage III, four cases of stage IV and two recurrent cases were semi-quantitatively studied with immunohistochemistry for AR and androgen-converting enzymes.Results:The expression scores for AR, 5α-reductase type 1 (SRD5A1), 5α-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2), and aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) in the metastatic lesion of stage IV or recurrent cancer (n = 6) were 284.2 (30.1), 300 (0.0), 279.2 (51) and 254.2 (74.9), respectively; these scores were significantly higher than the respective scores of 121.8 (82.1), 135.1 (59.7), 167.0 (66.4) and 150.5 (62.8) for stage II and III cancer (n = 54) (p<0.001, p<0.001, p = 0.002 and p = 0.018, respectively). The expression scores for AR and SRD5A1 in stage II and III cancer with Gleason score 7 (n = 19) were 128.7 (72.3) and 150.5 (52.9); these were significantly higher than the scores of 78.8 (67.2) and 100.0 (39.6), respectively, for cancers with a Gleason score of ⩽6 (n = 20) (p = 0.032 and p = 0.002, respectively). The expression scores for AR, SRD5A1 and AKR1C3 in stage II and III cancer with primary Gleason pattern ⩾4 (n = 21) were 158.1 (84.3), 158.3 (61.1) and 173.8 (64.8); these were significantly higher than the scores of 98.6 (72.8), 120.3 (54.7) and 135.6 (57.6), respectively, for cancers with primary Gleason pattern ⩽3 (n = 33) (p = 0.011, p = 0.026 and p = 0.034, respectively). Within Gleason score 9 cancer, the expression scores for AR and SRD5A1 in the primary lesion of stage IV (n = 3) were 276.7 (5.8) and 283.3 (28.9); these scores were significantly higher than the scores of 182.1 (86.0) and 140.0 (56.6), respectively, for stage II and III cancer (n = 7) (p = 0.027 and p = 0.001, respectively).Conclusions:Both AR and androgen-converting enzymes were upregulated in high-grade or advanced PCa.
Structural refinement of neutron powder diffraction data of two-stage martensitic phase transformations in
Ti50.75Ni47.75Fe1.50 shape memory alloy
Authors: Sitepu Husin 
Published: August 2007

Transformation behaviors of the technologically important polycrystalline
Ti50.75Ni47.75Fe1.50 shape memory alloy were investigated using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and powder diffraction techniques. DSC revealed that there are two-stage (i.e., cubic→trigonal→monoclinic) martensitic phase transformations on cooling and a one-step transformation (monoclinic→cubic) on heating. In situ structural refinement of cubic→trigonal→monoclinic on cooling was carried out using the D1A high-resolution neutron powder diffractometer at the Institut Laue-Langevin Neutrons for Science in Grenoble, France. Results showed that the phases involved during the phase transition are consistent with the differential scanning calorimeter cooling curve, and the refined crystal structure parameters obtained from Rietveld refinements with the generalized spherical harmonic description agreed reasonably well with X-ray single-crystal data. Subsequently, a combined neutron and synchrotron structural refinement for each phase was conducted because the trial refinements initially using only the synchrotron data of trigonal phase yielded a false minimum with a somewhat high goodness-of-fit χ2. Results obtained from the combined neutron and synchrotron data of the cubic, trigonal, and monoclinic phases show that the same minimum goodness-of-fit indices were always obtained.
Terrestrial Carbon Sinks for the United States Predicted from MODIS Satellite Data and Ecosystem Modeling
Authors: Potter Christopher , Klooster Steven , Huete Alfredo , Genovese Vanessa 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used to estimate monthly carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States over the period 2001–04. Predicted net ecosystem production (NEP) flux for atmospheric CO2 in the United States was estimated as annual net sink of about +0.2 Pg C in 2004. Regional climate patterns were reflected in the predicted annual NEP flux from the model, which showed extensive carbon sinks in ecosystems of the southern and eastern regions in 2003–04, and major carbon source fluxes from ecosystems in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Northwest regions in 2003–04. As demonstrated through tower site comparisons, net primary production (NPP) modeled with monthly MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) inputs closely resembles both the measured high- and low-season carbon fluxes. Modeling results suggest that the capacity of the NASA Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model to use 8-km resolution MODIS EVI data to predict peak growing season uptake rates of CO2 in irrigated croplands and moist temperate forests is strong.
Submicroscopic bone marrow involvement in isolated extramedullary relapses in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a more precise definition of “isolated” and its possible clinical implications, a collaborative study of the Resistant Disease Committee of the International BFM study group
Authors: Hagedorn Nikola , Acquaviva Cécile , Fronkova Eva , von Stackelberg Arend , Barth Andrea , zur Stadt Udo , Schrauder André , Trka Jan , Gaspar Nathalie , Seeger Karl , Henze Günter , Cavé Hélène , Eckert Cornelia 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis study investigates the extent of bone marrow (BM) involvement at diagnosis of apparent isolated extramedullary (AIEM) relapses of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and its relation to prognosis. Sixty-four children with first AIEM relapse treated in Germany, Czech Republic, or France were included. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction using T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin gene rearrangements provided a sensitive measure of submicroscopic BM involvement, which was detectable at a level of 10−4 or higher in 46 patients and less than 10−4 in 11 patients, and was nondetectable (sensitivity: 10−4) in 7 patients. In the total cohort, the probability of event-free survival (pEFS) for children with BM involvement of 10−4 or higher was 0.30 (0.09 ± SE) versus 0.60 (± 0.12) for those with less than 10−4 (P = .13). The cumulative incidence of subsequent relapse was 0.24 (± 0.01) for patients with BM involvement less than 10−4 and 0.65 (± 0.01) for those with 10−4 or higher (P = .012). Restricted to central nervous system (CNS) relapses, pEFS was 0.11 (± 0.09) for patients with BM involvement 10−4 or higher and 0.63 (± 0.17) for those with less than 10−4 (P = .053). CNS relapses were associated with a higher (≥ 10−4: 80%) submicroscopic BM involvement than testicular relapses (≥ 10−4: 57%, P = .08). In summary, we show marked heterogeneity of submicroscopic BM involvement at first AIEM relapse diagnosis in children with ALL, and demonstrate its possible prognostic relevance.
Proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim is essential for developmentally programmed death of germinal center-derived memory B cells and antibody-forming cells
Authors: Fischer Silke F. , Bouillet Philippe , O'Donnell Kristy , Light Amanda , Tarlinton David M. , Strasser Andreas 
Published: August 2007

AbstractT cell–dependent B-cell immune responses induce germinal centers that are sites for expansion, diversification, and selection of antigen-specific B cells. During the immune response, antigen-specific B cells are removed in a process that favors the retention of cells with improved affinity for antigen, a cell death process inhibited by excess Bcl-2. In this study, we examined the role of the BH3-only protein Bim, an initiator of apoptosis in the Bcl-2–regulated pathway, in the programmed cell death accompanying an immune response. After immunization, Bim-deficient mice showed persistence of both memory B cells lacking affinity-enhancing mutations in their immunoglobulin genes and antibody-forming cells secreting low-affinity antibodies. This was accompanied by enhanced survival of both cell types in culture. We have identified for the first time the physiologic mechanisms for killing low-affinity antibody-expressing B cells in an immune response and have shown this to be dependent on the BH3-only protein Bim.
Chemical proteomic profiles of the BCR-ABL inhibitors imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib reveal novel kinase and nonkinase targets
Authors: Rix Uwe , Hantschel Oliver , Dürnberger Gerhard , Remsing Rix Lily L. , Planyavsky Melanie , Fernbach Nora V. , Kaupe Ines , Bennett Keiryn L. , Valent Peter , Colinge Jacques , Köcher Thomas , Superti-Furga Giulio 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib represents the current frontline therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia. Because many patients develop imatinib resistance, 2 second-generation drugs, nilotinib and dasatinib, displaying increased potency against BCR-ABL were developed. To predict potential side effects and novel medical uses, we generated comprehensive drug-protein interaction profiles by chemical proteomics for all 3 drugs. Our studies yielded 4 major findings: (1) The interaction profiles of the 3 drugs displayed strong differences and only a small overlap covering the ABL kinases. (2) Dasatinib bound in excess of 30 Tyr and Ser/Thr kinases, including major regulators of the immune system, suggesting that dasatinib might have a particular impact on immune function. (3) Despite the high specificity of nilotinib, the receptor tyrosine kinase DDR1 was identified and validated as an additional major target. (4) The oxidoreductase NQO2 was bound and inhibited by imatinib and nilotinib at physiologically relevant drug concentrations, representing the first nonkinase target of these drugs.
Protective role of vascular endothelial growth factor in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in mice
Authors: Koh Hidefumi , Tasaka Sadatomo , Hasegawa Naoki , Yamada Wakako , Shimizu Mie , Nakamura Morio , Yonemaru Makoto , Ikeda Eiji , Adachi Yoshiyuki , Fujishima Seitaro , Yamaguchi Kazuhiro , Ishizaka Akitoshi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a substance that stimulates new blood vessel formation, is an important survival factor for endothelial cells. Although overexpressed VEGF in the lung induces pulmonary edema with increased lung vascular permeability, the role of VEGF in the development of acute lung injury remains to be determined.MethodsTo evaluate the role of VEGF in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, we first evaluated the effects of exogenous VEGF and VEGF blockade using monoclonal antibody on LPS-induced lung injury in mice. Using the lung specimens, we performed TUNEL staining to detect apoptotic cells and immunostaining to evaluate the expression of apoptosis-associated molecules, including caspase-3, Bax, apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), and cytochrome C. As a parameter of endothelial permeability, we measured the albumin transferred across human pulmonary artery endothelial cell (HPAEC) monolayers cultured on porous filters with various concentrations of VEGF. The effect of VEGF on apoptosis HPAECs was also examined by TUNEL staining and active caspase-3 immunoassay.ResultsExogenous VEGF significantly decreased LPS-induced extravascular albumin leakage and edema formation. Treatment with anti-VEGF antibody significantly enhanced lung edema formation and neutrophil emigration after intratracheal LPS administration, whereas extravascular albumin leakage was not significantly changed by VEGF blockade. In lung pathology, pretreatment with VEGF significantly decreased the numbers of TUNEL positive cells and those with positive immunostaining of the pro-apoptotic molecules examined. VEGF attenuated the increases in the permeability of the HPAEC monolayer and the apoptosis of HPAECs induced by TNF-α and LPS. In addition, VEGF significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α- and LPS-induced active caspase-3 in HPAEC lysates.ConclusionThese results suggest that VEGF suppresses the apoptosis induced by inflammatory stimuli and functions as a protective factor against acute lung injury.
Setting up a large set of protein-ligand PDB complexes for the development and validation of knowledge-based docking algorithms
Authors: Diago Luis A , Morell Persy , Aguilera Longendri , Moreno Ernesto 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

Background
The number of algorithms available to predict ligand-protein interactions is large and ever-increasing. The number of test cases used to validate these methods is usually small and problem dependent. Recently, several databases have been released for further understanding of protein-ligand interactions, having the Protein Data Bank as backend support. Nevertheless, it appears to be difficult to test docking methods on a large variety of complexes. In this paper we report the development of a new database of protein-ligand complexes tailored for testing of docking algorithms.

Methods
Using a new definition of molecular contact, small ligands contained in the 2005 PDB edition were identified and processed. The database was enriched in molecular properties. In particular, an automated typing of ligand atoms was performed. A filtering procedure was applied to select a non-redundant dataset of complexes. Data mining was performed to obtain information on the frequencies of different types of atomic contacts. Docking simulations were run with the program DOCK.

Results
We compiled a large database of small ligand-protein complexes, enriched with different calculated properties, that currently contains more than 6000 non-redundant structures. As an example to demonstrate the value of the new database, we derived a new set of chemical matching rules to be used in the context of the program DOCK, based on contact frequencies between ligand atoms and points representing the protein surface, and proved their enhanced efficiency with respect to the default set of rules included in that program.

Conclusion
The new database constitutes a valuable resource for the development of knowledge-based docking algorithms and for testing docking programs on large sets of protein-ligand complexes. The new chemical matching rules proposed in this work significantly increase the success rate in DOCKing simulations. The database developed in this work is available at http://cimlcsext.cim.sld.cu:8080/screeningbrowser/.
The quality of communication about older patients between hospital physicians and general practitioners: a panel study assessment
Authors: Garåsen Helge , Johnsen Roar 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

Background
Optimal care of patients is dependent on good professional interaction between general practitioners and general hospital physicians. In Norway this is mainly based upon referral and discharge letters. The main objectives of this study were to assess the quality of the written communication between physicians and to estimate the number of patients that could have been treated at primary care level instead of at a general hospital.

Methods
This study comprised referral and discharge letters for 100 patients above 75 years of age admitted to orthopaedic, pulmonary and cardiological departments at the city general hospital in Trondheim, Norway. The assessments were done using a Delphi technique with two expert panels, each with one general hospital specialist, one general practitioner and one public health nurse using a standardised evaluation protocol with a visual analogue scale (VAS). The panels assessed the quality of the description of the patient's actual medical condition, former medical history, signs, medication, Activity of Daily Living (ADL), social network, need of home care and the benefit of general hospital care.

Results
While information in the referral letters on actual medical situation, medical history, symptoms, signs and medications was assessed to be of high quality in 84%, 39%, 56%, 56% and 39%, respectively, the corresponding information assessed to be of high quality in discharge letters was for actual medical situation 96%, medical history 92%, symptoms 60%, signs 55% and medications 82%. Only half of the discharge letters had satisfactory information on ADL. Some two-thirds of the patients were assessed to have had large health benefits from the general hospital care in question. One of six patients could have been treated without a general hospital admission. The specialists assessed that 77% of the patients had had a large benefit from the general hospital care; however, the general practitioners assessment was only 59%. One of four of the discharge letters did not describe who was responsible for follow-up care.

Conclusion
In this study from one general hospital both referral and discharge letters were missing vital medical information, and referral letters to such an extent that it might represent a health hazard for older patients. There was also low consensus between health professionals at primary and secondary level of what was high benefit of care for older patients at a general hospital.
Comparison of cooling methods to induce and maintain normo- and hypothermia in intensive care unit patients: a prospective intervention study
Authors: Hoedemaekers Cornelia W , Ezzahti Mustapha , Gerritsen Aico , van der Hoeven Johannes G 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Background
Temperature management is used with increased frequency as a tool to mitigate neurological injury. Although frequently used, little is known about the optimal cooling methods for inducing and maintaining controlled normo- and hypothermia in the intensive care unit (ICU). In this study we compared the efficacy of several commercially available cooling devices for temperature management in ICU patients with various types of neurological injury.

Methods
Fifty adult ICU patients with an indication for controlled mild hypothermia or strict normothermia were prospectively enrolled. Ten patients in each group were assigned in consecutive order to conventional cooling (that is, rapid infusion of 30 ml/kg cold fluids, ice and/or coldpacks), cooling with water circulating blankets, air circulating blankets, water circulating gel-coated pads and an intravascular heat exchange system. In all patients the speed of cooling (expressed as°C/h) was measured. After the target temperature was reached, we measured the percentage of time the patient's temperature was 0.2°C below or above the target range. Rates of temperature decline over time were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance. Differences between groups were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
Temperature decline was significantly higher with the water-circulating blankets (1.33 ± 0.63°C/h), gel-pads (1.04 ± 0.14°C/h) and intravascular cooling (1.46 ± 0.42°C/h) compared to conventional cooling (0.31 ± 0.23°C/h) and the air-circulating blankets (0.18 ± 0.2°C/h) (p < 0.01). After the target temperature was reached, the intravascular cooling device was 11.2 ± 18.7% of the time out of range, which was significantly less compared to all other methods.

Conclusion
Cooling with water-circulating blankets, gel-pads and intravascular cooling is more efficient compared to conventional cooling and air-circulating blankets. The intravascular cooling system is most reliable to maintain a stable temperature.
Usefulness of C-reactive protein in monitoring the severe community-acquired pneumonia clinical course
Authors: Coelho Luís , Póvoa Pedro , Almeida Eduardo , Fernandes Antero , Mealha Rui , Moreira Pedro , Sabino Henrique 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Background
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the C-reactive protein level, the body temperature and the white cell count in patients after prescription of antibiotics in order to describe the clinical resolution of severe community-acquired pneumonia.

Methods
A cohort of 53 consecutive patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia was studied. The C-reactive protein levels, body temperature and white cell count were monitored daily.

Results
By day 3 a C-reactive protein level 0.5 times the initial level was a marker of poor outcome (sensitivity, 0.91; specificity, 0.59). Patients were divided according to their C-reactive protein patterns of response to antibiotics, into fast response, slow response, nonresponse, and biphasic response. About 96% of patients with a C-reactive protein pattern of fast response and 74% of patients with a slow response pattern survived, whereas those patients with the patterns of nonresponse and of biphasic response had a mortality rate of 100% and 33%, respectively (P < 0.001). On day 3 of antibiotic therapy, a decrease in C-reactive protein levels by 0.31 or more from the previous day's level was a marker of good prognosis (sensitivity, 0.75; specificity, 0.85).

Conclusion
Daily C-reactive protein measurement after antibiotic prescription is useful in identification, as early as day 3, of severe community-acquired pneumonia patients with poor outcome. The identification of the C-reactive protein pattern of response to antibiotic therapy was useful in the recognition of the individual clinical course, either improving or worsening, as well as the rate of improvement, in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia.
Entropy generation in laminar natural convection from a constant temperature vertical plate in an infinite fluid
Authors: Ozkol I , Komurgoz G , Arikoglu A 
Published: August 2007

In the work presented here, the entropy generation due to heat transfer and fluid flow has been carried out for laminar natural convection from a constant temperature vertical plate in an infinite fluid. Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics on a constant temperature vertical plate are some of the fundamental problems in engineering. The problem is discussed by considering the entropy generation profiles and the heat transfer irreversibility characteristics. An analytical expression, in terms of entropy generation number ( NG) and Bejan number ( Be) are derived in dimensionless form using velocity and temperature profiles. In addition, temperature profiles, entropy generation profiles and flow profiles characteristics, and relations between them are figured out. Obviously the maximum temperature line along the vertical plate corresponds to the maximum entropy generation line. The mechanism responsible for that is the enhancement in heat transfer rates and fluid friction in this region. Also, another important issue noticed during the analysis is the wall itself which emerges as a source of irreversibility or powerful entropy generator.
Asymmetric Catalytic Redox System: Tethered Bis(8-quinolinolato) (TBOx) Chromium(III/II) Complexes
Authors: Yamamoto Hisashi , Xia Guoyao 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The TBOxCrIIICl/TBOxCrII system is ideal for catalytic asymmetric redox process. Because of the electron density of the TBOxH ligand high turnover numbers are expected, hence allowing decrease in the chromium catalyst loadings and acceleration of the reaction rate. High reactivity and high diastereo-/enantioselectivity are shown in asymmetric pinacol coupling reactions of aldehydes, asymmetric NH allylation reaction of aldehydes, asymmetric allenylation reactions of aldehydes, and some other reactions. These proceed exceedingly efficiently catalyzed by the TBOxCrIIICl redox system due to the well-designed chiral environment of the ligands and the cis-β configuration of the center Cr metal.