bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of nitrogen fertilisers on the persistence of carbaryl and carbofuran in flooded soils
Authors: Rajagopal B. S. , Sethunathan N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmmonium sulphate and urea, but not potassium sulphate, increased the persistence of carbaryl in a flooded laterite soil with a low native nitrogen content (0.04%), but not in an alluvial soil with a higher nitrogen content (0.11%). Thus, NH4+ but not SO42‐, contributed to the increased persistence of carbaryl. Likewise, ammonium sulphate increased the persistence of carbofuran in the laterite soil, but not in the alluvial soil. Significant accumulations of 1‐naphthol and 2,3‐dihydro‐2, 2‐dimethylbenzofuran‐7‐ol (‘carbofuran phenol’), in soils treated with carbaryl or carbofuran, suggested hydrolysis as the major pathway of degradation. Treatment of the two soils with ammonium sulphate, urea or potassium sulphate led to a decrease in soil‐bound residues and an increase in the respective hydrolysis products, compared with untreated soils. Sorption studies indicated that NH4+ and SO42‐ compete with carbaryl, 1‐naphthol and carbofuran for sorption and exchange sites in the complex soil system. Evolution of [14C]carbon dioxide from ring‐14C in carbaryl and carbofuran was negligible. Consequently, after 40 days, more than 50% of the 14C in [14C]carbaryl and [14C]carbofuran remained in the soils as hydrolysis products (1‐naphthol or 2,3‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethylbenzofuran‐7‐ol) plus soil‐bound residues.
Correlations between three methods for determining the toxicity of chemicals to earthworms
Authors: Heimbach Fred 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree different laboratory methods for determining the toxicity of chemicals to earthworms were tested with a variety of pesticides and other chemicals. These methods, proposed by the EEC (Determination of Ecotoxicity of Chemicals), were: the Contact Filter Paper Test, in which the skin contact toxicity is tested by placing the organisms on treated filter paper; the Artificial Soil Test, in which the toxicity by skin and gut uptake is determined by adding the earthworms to an artificial soil made of sand, clay mineral and peat; and the Artisol Test, in which the toxicity by skin and gut uptake is determined by placing the worms in an artificial substrate consisting of silica, water and glass balls. (In the Artisol Test, the earthworms ingest the silica paste as they do soil.) With several chemicals, the Artificial Soil Test was conducted as described in an early guideline of the BBA. This test is similar to that proposed by the EEC. Results from the Contact Filter Paper Test were poorly correlated to those obtained by the other two methods (correlation to the Artificial Soil Test, r=0.55; correlation to the Artisol Test, r=0.48). In contrast, there was a high correlation between the Artificial Soil Test and the Artisol Test (r=0.91). This indicated that the mode of uptake of the chemicals (skin uptake and/or gut uptake) may be the same. As the Artisol Test seems to be readily handled and standardised, it could be useful for obtaining reproducible data on the ecotoxicity of chemicals to earthworms.
Studies on the sorption of organochlorine insecticides by flour stored on or near treated laminated timber or plywood as used in freight containers
Authors: Paton Robert , Luke Barry G. , Roberts Graham 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWood preservatives containing a number of organochlorine insecticides, including aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane and lindane, have been approved in Australia for treating timber used as structural components in cargo containers. Studies on the migration of these insecticides from treated laminated timber and plywood, using commercial containers and in the laboratory, are reported here. The highest insecticide residue levels were found in flour samples stored on newly treated laminated sawn timber. Physical pick‐up of insecticide from the surface of the floor was considered to be the major source of contamination. Sorption of insecticides from the atmosphere of the container was the most likely source of contamination in samples stored on or near treated plywood.
Synergistic antifungal interactions of zinc or copper with anilazine
Authors: Goss Veronica , Marshall William D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo isolates of Botrytis cinerea and one of Colletotrichum coccodes were used to test for synergistic or antagonistic interactions (a) between pairs of 11 common fungicides and (b) between mixtures of individual fungicides with components of foliar fertilisers. Two screening assays monitored the effects with time of inhibitor combinations on spore germination and subsequent mycelial growth. The combinations that gave positive results for interaction in the screening assays were further investigated by a third quantitative assay, which compared the observed inhibition of mycelial growth with the net inhibition predicted by a non‐interaction model. This model assumed that the components of a combination of substances each inhibited the test fungus independently of one another. Only mixtures of anilazine with zinc or copper resulted in appreciable deviation from the predicted behaviour based on a non‐interaction model. The inhibition of mycelial growth by combinations of anilazine with Zn2+ (inorganic salt or formulated with urea) was consistently greater than predicted for each of three fungi on either of the two test media. Similar effects were observed with Cu2+, although the synergism was less marked.
Phosphonic analogues of morphactins. Part III: Peptides containing p‐terminal 9‐aminofluoren‐9‐ylphosphonic acid
Authors: Lejczak Barbara , Kafarski Pawel , Gancarz Roman , Jaskulska Elzbieta , Mastalerz Przemyslaw , Wieczorek Jan Sylwester , Król Marta 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPeptides of 9‐aminofluoren‐9‐ylphosphonic or 1‐aminocyclohexylphosphonic acids were synthesised and found to have typical morphactin activity when tested on Lepidium sativum and Triticum vulgare. The observed effects included root elongation with simultaneous stem shortening. The results obtained indicate that these phosphonic acid derivatives of cyclohexylamine and fluoren‐9‐ylamine may have a similar mechanism of action.
Bioassays using detached tobacco leaves to determine the sensitivity of Peronospora tabacina to fungicides
Authors: Reuveni Moshe , Siegel Malcolm R. , Nesmith William C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo bioassay methods are described which use detached tobacco leaves to measure the sensitivity of Peronospora tabacina to systemic fungicides. Tobacco leaves (13–15 cm2), treated with fungicides before or after detachment from the plant, were inoculated with sporangia in water drops and, after incubation in beakers and Petri plates, the disease severity and/or production of sporangia was determined 4–7 days after treatment with the fungicides. Of 15 systemic fungicides applied to detached leaves, eight N‐phenylamides at 0.066−1.0 μg ml−1 controlled blue mould; metalaxyl was the most effective fungicide. Isolates of P. tabacina, collected in the field from tobacco plants grown in soil treated with metalaxyl, were not resistant to the fungicide applied to detached leaves prior to inoculation. The fungicide, applied to leaves before detachment, was used to measure the efficacy of five systemic N‐phenylamide fungicides sprayed on the basal and unsprayed distal portions of the leaves. Blue mould was controlled on the basal portion of the leaf by all the fungicides at 0.66−1.0 μg ml−1, but it required the application of 3–30 times more chemical on the basal portion to achieve comparable blue mould control on the distal part of the leaf.
Uptake and distribution of [14C]metalaxyl by detached tobacco leaves
Authors: Reuveni Moshe , Siegel Malcolm R. , Nesmith William C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen the petioles of detached tobacco leaves (10–17 cm2) were incubated in aqueous solutions containing [14C]metalaxyl, uptake of the fungicide was dependent on the temperature and photoperiod. Detached leaves took up 78% more [14C]metalaxyl at 26°C than at 16°C. The rate of uptake in the light at 21°C was linear, but after an additional 20h in the dark, there was only twice as much fungicide in the leaves. Different sized leaves contained the same amount of fungicide per cm2 area. Uptake by detached leaves of the 14C‐labelled anilide lactones ofurace and RE‐26940 [2‐methoxy‐N‐(tetrahydro‐2‐oxo‐3‐thienyl)acet‐2′,6′‐xylidide] was similar to that of metalaxyl. At the concentration of metalaxyl (66 ng ml−1) that controlled blue mould (Peronospora tabacina) on detached tobacco leaves, the amount of fungicide in the leaves was found to be 7.25 ng. Autoradiography showed that the distribution of [14C]metalaxyl in detached leaves after incubation for 23h was uniform, although higher concentrations of the label were present in the smaller veins of the leaves.
Detection of halogenated biphenyls from sunlight photolysis of chlorinated herbicides in aqueous solution
Authors: Tanaka Fred S. , Hoffer Barry L. , Wien Ronald G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA survey study was conducted to determine the generality of chlorinated biphenyl formation from the photolysis of chlorine‐containing herbicides in aqueous solution. Seven herbicides from the phenylurea, anilide and carbamate classes were examined. In this study, the photoreaction under investigation proceeded via the coupling of two herbicide molecules to yield a chlorinated biphenyl with concomitant loss of hydrogen chloride. In preliminary studies using ultraviolet lamps, 4‐chlorophenyl methylcarbamate (PPG‐124) gave a chlorinated biphenyl with only one carbamate side chain, and chlorpropham gave no chlorinated biphenyl, but rather a hydroxylated biphenyl. Employing ultraviolet lamps or natural sunlight, photolyses of monuron, diuron, linuron, metobromuron and propanil produced halogenated biphenyls according to the photocoupling reaction under investigation. All yields of chlorinated biphenyls from sunlight photolysis were approximately 1% or lower.
Recent progress in the field of N‐acylalanines as systemic fungicides
Authors: Gozzo Franco , Garlaschelli Luigi , Boschi Pier M. , Zagni Angela , Overeem Jean C. , de Vries Lambertus 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of structural variations in compounds of the N‐acylalanine type, on their fungicidal activity towards Peronosporales, was examined. Within a series of methyl N‐(acyl)‐N‐(2,6‐xylyl)alaninates (I), a quantitative structure‐activity relationship was given for the curative action against Plasmopara viticola, through a Hansch‐type equation. A deviation from this equation is discussed with reference to benalaxyl (I; acyl=phenylacetyl). Syntheses and qualitative indications of activity are reported for structural changes in the xylyl and in the alanine moieties. Progress in the latter approach is briefly outlined.
Excretion and residues of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in lactating cows
Authors: Croucher Andrew , Hutson David H. , Stoydin George 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo radiolabelled forms of racemic [14C]cypermethrin (14C at the benzylic carbon or at C‐1 of the cyclopropane ring) were separately administered twice daily to lactating cows in portions of the feed. The amounts dosed were equivalent to 0.2, 5 and 10 μg of cypermethrin per g of feed. The radioactivity eliminated in the milk indicated that the ingestion and elimination of radioactivity were in balance at about day 4 after the start of dosing. Urine and faeces were equally the major routes of elimination, and only a fraction of a percent of the dose appeared in the milk. The residue in the milk was unchanged cypermethrin and was found at a concentration that was proportional to the dose. At the high cypermethrin intake of 10 μg g−1 of diet, the residue in the milk was 0.03 μg g−1. Concentrations of residues in the tissues, measured after 7, 20 or 21 days of treatment, were low and in the order: liver>kidney>renal fat>subcutaneous fat>blood>muscle>brain. The major residue in the liver and kidney of a cow that received 10 μg of cypermethrin per g of diet was N‐(3‐phenoxybenzoyl)glutamic acid. Other conjugates of 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid and of 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid (unidentified, with the exception of the glycine conjugate) were also present. The residue in fat (about 0.1 μg g−1 from an intake of 10 μg g−1 of feed) consisted mainly of cypermethrin.
The toxicity of two pyrethroids to Encarsia formosa and its host Trialeurodes vaporariorum; Prospecting for a resistant strain of the parasite
Authors: Delorme Robert , Berthier Andrée , Augé Danielle 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of bioresmethrin and deltamethrin has been studied on the host‐parasite couple Trialeurodes vaporariorum‐Encarsia formosa. Long term trials were used under laboratory conditions. The insecticides were applied to the plant at all stages of host and parasite development. The two products studied showed some toxicity to E. formosa. Bioresmethrin, a poorly persistent insecticide, could be used with care in integrated control; deltamethrin, a highly persistent product, must be excluded. Attempts to obtain strains of E. formosa resistant to deltamethrin were made. The selection pressure applied during 21 successive generations failed to produce a significant and stable resistance level.
Inactivation of seed‐treatment fungicides by Rhizobium
Authors: Kataria Hans R. , Yadav Jaipal S. , Garg Faquir C. , Grover Rajendra K. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract2‐Methoxyethylmercury chloride (MEMC) applied to cowpea seeds with Rhizobium provided little or no control of seedling rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani; similar treatment, but without Rhizobium, gave >40% control of disease. Treating seeds with quintozene and then with Rhizobium rendered the fungicide completely ineffective against R. solani infections; disease control was >70% when seeds were treated with quintozene only, and >60% when seeds were coated first with Rhizobium and then with quintozene; treatment with quintozene+Rhizobium gave about 25% control. Simultaneous treatment with Rhizobium considerably reduced the efficacy of captafol, chloroneb, carbendazim and thiophanate‐methyl. Disease control by carboxin, benomyl and thiabendazole remained unaltered in the presence of Rhizobium, but only thiabendazole gave good control. Seeds treated with MEMC and Rhizobium produced seedlings without root nodules; nodulation was also decreased by captafol and by carboxin but six other fungicides had no effect. The implications of Rhizobium‐fungicides interactions are discussed in the context of fungicidal control of root diseases.
The effect of the annual use of pesticides on soil microorganisms, pesticide residues in the soil and barley yields
Authors: Heinonen‐Tanski Helvi , Rosenberg Christina , Siltanen Hilkka , Kilpi Sisko , Simojoki Paavo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study has been made of the influence of pesticides used annually on soil microorganisms and crop yields. The persistence of these pesticides in the soil was also investigated. The herbicides MCPA, glyphosate, maleic hydrazide and tri‐allate, and the insecticide parathion, were applied on experimental plots on which barley was grown during the years 1973‐1981. The fungicide 2‐methoxyethylmercury chloride was used every year for dressing the seeds grown in pesticide‐treated plots. The pesticide treatments did not affect significantly the numbers of several groups of soil microorganisms. A slight increase was, however, observed in the nitrification activity in the soil. The barley yields were on average higher on pesticide‐treated plots than on controls because of successful weed control. Pesticide residues in the soil were generally very low; for example, for parathion they were below 0.02 mg kg−1 within 11 days, and for MCPA 0.06 mg kg−1 within 7 days. However, the glyphosate residue was 1.6 mg kg−1 in the autumn 2 days after the treatment, and the residue settled to a level of 0.2 mg kg−1 during the following summer. No clear dependence was observed between the residue level and the time between treatment and sampling.
Surfaces and other factors modifying the effectiveness of pyrethroids against insects in public health
Authors: Chadwick Peter R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFeatures of the evolution of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides are reviewed and related to the target function in control. The factors affecting residual activity are discussed and related to the surfaces to which different formulations are applied. Many insecticide/formulation/surface combinations lose effectiveness rapidly. The consequence of this in relation to the recovery of cockroach populations are discussed using mathematical models and field observations.
Gamma‐HCH in rape seedlings grown from treated seeds
Authors: Westcott Neil D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRape seedlings grown from seeds treated with a gamma‐HCH seed dressing at a dose rate of 15.7 g kg−1 had a maximum gamma‐HCH concentration of 380 mg kg−1 in seedlings collected 1 day after emergence. The mean gamma‐HCH concentration in the seedlings decreased to 2.6 and to 0.9 mg kg−1 by 7 and 15 days after emergence, respectively. Gamma‐HCH was chemically detected in true leaves, at concentrations up to 1.9 mg kg−1, indicating translocation of gamma‐HCH in young plants.
A rapid bioassay for the detection of photosynthesis inhibitors in water
Authors: Saltzman Sarina , Heuer Bruria 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA modified leaf disc buoyancy procedure for the detection of photosynthesis‐inhibiting residues in water is described. The modifications proposed, mainly the presence of sodium hydrogen carbonate in the infiltration solution, increased the sensitivity of the method and reduced the time required. The substituted urea and 1,3,5‐triazine herbicides diuron, linuron, monuron, atrazine, ametryn and atraton were detected below 0.7 mg litre−1 using cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cv. ‘Dalia’) leaf discs. A concentration as low as 0.09 mg diuron litre−1 could be detected. Although bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. ‘Bulgarian’) leaf tissue was less sensitive in this bioassay than cucumber, 0.3 mg diuron litre−1 could still be detected. The test, being very rapid (less than 30 min per determination) and relatively sensitive, could be used for the detection of photosynthesis inhibitors in recycled water used for irrigation.
Effects of the pyrethroids bioallethrin, deltamethrin and RU‐15525 on the electrical activity of a cuticular mechanoreceptor of the cockroach Periplaneta americana
Authors: Roche Michel , Guillet Jean C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study has been made of the effects of bioallethrin, RU‐15525 [5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (1R)‐cis‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐(tetrahydro‐2‐oxo‐3‐thienylidenemethyl)‐cyclopropanecarboxylate, ‘Kadethrin’], and deltamethrin on the electrical activity, measured in vivo, of a cuticular mechanoreceptor of Periplaneta americana. The modifications induced by these pyrethroids on the membrane excitability can be classified into two groups: Type I effects (bioallethrin) are characterised by a substantial increase in the number of action potentials triggered at the initiation site by a given mechanical stimulation, by an electrical activity persisting after mechanical stimulus has been stopped (repetitive activity), and possibly, by an inhibition of excitability of the cell membrane. Type II effects (RU‐15525 and deltamethrin), are characterised by an inhibition of the excitability of the initiation site. In the case of RU‐15525, there was a transient spontaneous electrical activity. Both types of effects have been linked to an action on the sodium channel, particularly at the initiation site. The preparation studied, which possessed no synapses, was shown to be more sensitive to deltamethrin (which is also the most insecticidal of the three pyrethroids) than to either allethrin or RU‐15525. These results suggest that it is unnecessary to envisage a main target (sodium channel) that is different for the two types of pyrethroid.
Multifactorial resistance to transpermethrin in field‐collected strains of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens F.
Authors: Nicholson Russell A. , Miller Thomas A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe penetration, degradation and excretion of [3H]transpermethrin were examined in susceptible and field‐collected pyrethroid‐resistant strains of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens. No consistent differences in labelled materials excreted or recovered in cuticle rinses were found between the resistant (R) and susceptible (S) larvae. Considerably lower levels of the parent compound were present internally in R compared with S larvae after 24h (P <0.01), clearly identifying a metabolic resistance mechanism in Meloland and Westmorland larvae. Moderate levels of absorbed permethrin accompanied by an absence of poisoning symptoms were observed in certain individuals of both R strains, suggesting a second resistance mechanism. Neurobioassays of R larvae showed a consistently lower sensitivity of the neuromuscular system to pyrethroids when compared with the S larvae, thus confirming the indication from metabolic studies of the additional (site‐insensitive) mechanism. Toxicity values suggest a cross‐resistance to other pyrethroids.
Actions of pyrethroid insecticides on insect axonal sodium channels
Authors: Laufer Jerome , Pelhate Marcel , Sattelle David B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe actions of pyrethroid insecticides were tested on isolated giant axons of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, using oil‐gap, single‐fibre recording techniques. Current‐clamp and voltage‐clamp experiments were used to determine the actions of pyrethroids on axonal membrane potentials and ionic currents. Treatment with deltamethrin at micromolar concentrations caused gradual depolarisation of the axon accompanied by a reduction in amplitude of the action potential. This depolarisation was enhanced by an increase in stimulation frequency. Other synthetic pyrethroids: 3,4,5,6‐tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl (1RS)‐cis‐3‐[(RS)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropyl]‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, biopermethrin and its (1S)‐enantiomer, (1R)‐tetramethrin, S‐bioallethrin, bioresmethrin and its (1S)‐enantiomer, cismethrin, and 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (E)‐(1R)‐cis‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐(2‐oxothiolan‐3‐ylidenemethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (RU‐15525, ‘Kadethrin’) were investigated. The (1S)‐enantiomers were inactive, but all the other pyrethroids tested, apart from deltamethrin, induced prolonged negative (depolarising) after‐potentials.All the treatments with the active pyrethroids resulted in the appearance of a voltage and time‐dependent ‘maintained’ sodium conductance. The duration of this ‘slow’ conductance varied considerably depending on the pyrethroid under test. Clearly, the effectiveness of pyrethroids on whole insects is not determined only by the degree to which they directly modify the properties of sodium channels. Nevertheless, voltage‐clamp experiments on isolated axons readily permit direct comparison of the actions of different pyrethroids on the sodium channels of insect neurones.