bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of impregnation and in‐situ polymerization of methacrylates on hardness of sugar maple wood
Authors: Zhang Yaolin , Zhang S. Y. , Chui Ying Hei , Wan Hui 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe improvement of Brinell hardness of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) samples through impregnation and in‐situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate, 2‐hydroxylethyl methacrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomers was investigated. The formulation combinations were determined by a mixture design. Sugar maple samples were impregnated with these mixtures by a vacuum and pressure process and polymerized in situ by a catalyst‐thermal procedure. The effects of the monomers and their combinations on Brinell hardness and hardness modulus were analyzed. Chemical impregnation enhanced both Brinell hardness and hardness modulus. A significant relationship between hardness modulus and Brinell hardness was found. Modulus of elasticity of sugar maple was also improved through impregnation with methacrylates. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1674–1683, 2006
A rheological study on kinetics of poly(butylene terephthalate) melt intercalation
Authors: Wu Defeng , Zhou Chixing , Zheng Hong 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA multilayered sample with alternatively superposed poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and nonpolar polymer/clay sheets was elaborately prepared to investigate the whole hybridization process of polar polymer. The kinetics of PBT melt intercalation was studied by a rheological approach. The whole intercalation process was demonstrated by the changes of the low‐frequencies viscoelastic response with annealing time. The results of the apparent diffusivities and the calculated activation energy indicate that the PBT/clay hybrid formation presents a molecular weight dependence, which may result from the enhancement of interactions between polar groups on PBT chains and the silicate surface. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1865–1871, 2006
Structure development in amorphous starch as revealed by X‐ray scattering: Influence of the network structure and water content
Authors: Bayer R. K. , Cagiao M. E. , Calleja F. J. Baltá 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe evolution of the amorphous structure of starch was characterized during the drying process by real‐time X‐ray wide‐angle scattering. The X‐ray diffractograms of injection‐molded starch show two superposed, rather broad, scattering maxima indicative of noncrystalline structures. The location of the two peaks has been associated to disordered starch single helices. A third maximum that arises upon drying the material in vacuum is associated to the scattering emerging from regions containing double helices. A model for the starch network is proposed, assuming a primary and a secondary component. The wider, temperature stable component appearing first, is correlated to the entanglement network of the melt. The narrower network component, which is created later, at lower temperature (secondary network), is explained by the formation of double helix regions that densify the wider primary network. The secondary network is increased strongly by the drying process. X‐ray experiments performed during the penetration of water, provoking a higher molecular mobility, reveal a better‐packed helical structure that becomes the precursor of a double helix crystalline formation. When temperature increases, the secondary network is dissolved and water molecules arrange themselves in better‐organized crystals as strongly bound crystal water. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1880–1886, 2006
Behavior of ionomers of sulfonated styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer in polymer blends with crystalline polyolefins and as compatibilizer
Authors: Xie Hong‐Quan , Liu Da‐Gang , Xie Dong , Guan Jian‐Guo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe blends of ionomers of sulfonated (styrene–butadiene–styrene) triblock copolymer with two polyolefins as well as the blends of polystyrene (PSt) with two polar, oil‐resistant elastomers, i.e., chlorohydrin rubber (CHR) and chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE), using the ionomer as compatibilizer were studied. The blends of the ionomer with polypropylene or high density polyethylene showed synergistic effects with respect to tensile strength. With increasing PSt content, the blends change their behavior from thermoplastic elastomer to toughened plastics. The synergism is probably because of the thermoplastic interpenetrating polymer networks formed in the blend. The blends exhibited high resistance against diesel oil or toluene. When PSt was blended with CHR or CSPE using the ionomer as compatibilizer, only 2 or 3% ionomer was needed to enhance the mechanical properties of the blends. The effect is due to the ion–polar interaction of the ionomer with the polar polymer. The enhanced compatibility of the blends by the ionomer was demonstrated by DSC and Scanning electron micrograph. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1887–1894, 2006
Effect of nonsolvent coagulant on the morphology and radionuclide detection efficiency of CAYS‐impregnated polysulfone films
Authors: Lee Kune‐Woo , Seo Bum‐Kyoung , Lim Nan‐Ju , Nam Suk‐Tae , Han Myeong‐Jin 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSingle‐ or double‐layered porous films consisting of polysulfone (PSF) and cerium‐activated yttrium silicate (CAYS) were prepared through the phase inversion of polymeric solutions. For a single‐layered structure, a casting solution including n‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent was cast on a glass substrate and solidified by immersing into a nonsolvent bath. In a double‐layered structure, the bottom layer is a dense PSF film, prepared by vacuum coagulation of a methylene chloride/PSF solution. The top layer was formulated by coagulating the NMP solution, cast over the dense film, in a nonsolvent bath. The morphology and the radionuclide detection efficiency of the prepared films were significantly affected by the nonsolvent coagulants used. The water‐coagulated, double‐layered film showed a relatively clear‐cut interface between the two layers, indicating the rapid coagulation of the second layer. On the contrary, the film coagulated by isopropanol retained well‐developed sponge structures highly intertwined in the interface, associated with the delayed precipitation of the second layer. When spotted on the prepared films, radionuclides stayed mainly on the top surface of the isopropanol‐coagulated film, but went deep into the substructure of the film coagulated with water. In comparison with the mono‐layered films, the double‐layered ones improved the detection capacity of the spotted radionuclides, owing to the dense support layer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99:1903–1909, 2006
Water sorption and diffusion behaviors in composite films of poly(ether imide) and bismaleimide
Authors: Seo Jongchul , Lee Choonkeun , Jang Wonbong , Sundar Saimani , Han Haksoo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe effect of a crosslinkable imide moiety, bismaleimide (BMI), on the water sorption properties of poly(ether imide) (PEl) was gravimetrically measured and interpreted together with the chemical and morphological structures in composite films. The morphological structure of composite films was investigated by using a prism coupler and X‐ray diffraction pattern. It indicated that the in‐plane orientation and intermolecular packing order increased as the content of BMI in composite films increased. The water sorption behaviors showed dependence on the morphological change originating from the addition of BMI to PEI. The composite film with relatively high content of BMI exhibited a relatively high degree of in‐plane orientation and a small mean intermolecular distance, which resulted in a decrease in the diffusion rate and water sorption and an increase in the activation energy in composite films. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1692–1697, 2006
Characterization of evaporated and sputtered thin Au layers on poly(ethylene terephtalate)
Authors: Švorčík V. , Slepička P. , Švorčíková J. , Špírková M. , Zehentner J. , Hnatowicz V. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractGold layers were prepared on poly(ethylene terephtalate) substrate by diode sputtering and vacuum evaporation. The mean layer thickness was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Sheet electrical resistance and reflection of electromagnetic waves were used for the characterization of layers. Surface morphology of the layers was determined using atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. While the sputtering was found to proceed with two different rates, the vacuum evaporation proceeds at a constant rate. Rapid decrease of the sheet resistance was observed during sputtering, depending on the layer thickness, in contrast to vacuum evaporation. This can be due to different mechanisms of the Au deposition. According to the measured reflection of electromagnetic waves, the layers prepared by both techniques, i.e., sputtering and vacuum evaporation, are discontinuous for thicknesses below 4 nm, continuous but heterogeneous for thickness from 4 to 10 nm, and continuous and homogeneous for thickness above10 nm. The morphology of the layers prepared by vacuum evaporation does not depend on the layer thickness. Rounded clusters are observed on the surface of the evaporated layers. The layers prepared by sputtering exhibit significantly different morphology with much smaller, pointed clusters. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99:1698–1704, 2006
Comparative measurement of interfacial tension by transient dynamic methods
Authors: Son Younggon 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAn experimental comparison between different techniques for the interfacial tension measurement is presented for polyamide‐6 and polystyrene pair. The techniques are transient dynamic methods, which include the breaking thread (BT) method, the imbedded fiber retraction (IFR) method, the deformed drop retraction (DDR) method, and two modified DDR methods. The modified DDR methods combine the analytical power of the DDR method with experimental simplicity of the BT and IFR methods, respectively. Interfacial tension values obtained by the modified DDR method that combines the BT method is much lower than those by the other methods. Among all techniques, the modified DDR that combines the IFR method is found to be most convenient and accurate method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99:1910–1918, 2006
Effects of aroma chemical vapor pressure and fiber morphology on the retention of aroma chemicals on cotton and poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabrics
Authors: Obendorf S. Kay , Liu Haiqing , Leonard Michael J. , Young Timothy J. , Incorvia Michael J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAroma chemicals with vapor pressure in the range of 10–7460 mPa were applied onto cotton and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics. Retentions on these two fabric substrates were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), while distribution on and within fiber was graphically demonstrated by backscattered electron microscopy (BSE). Aroma chemicals with low vapor pressures were retained on the fabrics to a larger extent than aroma chemicals with higher vapor pressures. Larger amounts of aroma chemicals were retained on cotton than on PET. Effect of fiber type on retention was largest for aroma chemicals with higher vapor pressures; for example, 20% of allyl cyclohexyl propionate (1360 mPa) was retained on cotton fabric after 480 min, while none was detected on PET as compared to ambrettolide (30 mPa) that had no difference between cotton and PET after 480 min. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1720–1723, 2006
A convenient method to determine the Rayleigh ratio with uniform polystyrene oligomers
Authors: Itakura Masanao , Shimada Kayori , Matsuyama Shigetomo , Saito Takeshi , Kinugasa Shinichi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe Rayleigh ratio of toluene at 25°C for a wavelength of 632.8 nm was determined by static light scattering measurement of a certified polystyrene reference material PS 2400 with exactly evaluated or certified mass‐average molecular mass (Mw). At first, static light scattering measurements were carried out for PS 2400 in toluene with a literature value of the Rayleigh ratio of toluene. Then, corrections of degree of depolarization, density fluctuations, and molecular mass dependence of refractive index increment were applied to the observed Mw of PS 2400 to obtain apparent Mw. Finally, from the ratio between the apparent Mw and the certified Mw, the Rayleigh ratio of toluene was reevaluated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99:1953–1959, 2006
Adhesion measurement of interfaces between gelatin and poly(ethylene terephthalate) using microscratch technique
Authors: Dai Chi‐An , Liao Chih‐Chien , Tsui Tai‐An , Chien Hao‐Ching , Liu Ming‐Wei 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA microscratch technique was used to evaluate the adhesion between interfaces of a gelatin coating and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film. The interface was reinforced by nitrogen plasma treatment on the PET surface and subsequently by heat treatment of each gelatin/PET sample to promote interactions at the interface. In the microscratch test, a normal load controlled conical stylus with 50‐μm radius tip was drawn over the gelatin coating surface under a continuously increasing normal load until failure occurred in the sample. Optical microscopy and depth profiling of the scratch track were used to detect failure and the failure mechanism. The critical normal load (Fc) was defined as when gelatin detached from the PET substrate or when a complete removal or plowing of the gelatin coating on the PET substrate occurred. With increasing plasma treatment time and heating treatment temperature, the Fc for both debonding and coating removal increased, which showed that both failure mechanisms are related to the adhesion. Different thicknesses of the gelatin coatings were also prepared under the same plasma and heat treatment conditions. It was found that the Fc increased with increasing coating thickness. The result demonstrated that both failure mechanisms depended on the plastic deformation of the coating and substrate. The Fc for coating detachment increased linearly with increasing coating thickness whereas the Fc for coating removal increased sharply with increasing thickness. Annealing temperatures ranging from 20 to 80°C exhibited a strong effect on the Fc, which increased with increasing annealing temperature. These results demonstrate that the microscratch technique can be used to access interfacial adhesion and that the Fc is a qualitative parameter for the evaluation of adhesion strengths. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1960–1974, 2006
Effect of molecular structure on performance of electroactive ionic acrylic copolymer–platinum composites
Authors: Jeong Han Mo , Woo Sung Min , Lee Sukmin , Cha Gook‐Chan , Mun Mu Seong 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe character and performance of a new ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) prepared with a melt‐processable fluorinated acrylic copolymer were examined. The fluorinated acrylic copolymer was synthesized by the copolymerization of fluoroalkyl methacrylate (DuPont Zonyl) and acrylic acid, and it was compression molded to attain membranes of various thicknesses. The current and displacement responses by electric stimulus were measured to study the effects of the ionic concentration, thickness, and countercation on the actuation of the IPMC. The ionic center of the acrylic copolymer was essential for the actuation of the IPMC; however, too much ionic center induced excessive water uptake, which caused adverse effects on the performance of the IPMC. When the applied voltage was 5 V, the largest current and displacement responses were observed with the IPMC prepared by a fluorinated acrylic copolymer containing 11.8 wt % acrylic acid. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1732–1739, 2005
Novel method for preparation of quaternary ammonium ionomer from epoxidized styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer and its use as compatibilizer for blending of styrene–butadiene–styrene and chlorosulfonated polyethylene
Authors: Xie Hong‐Quan , Chen Yong , Guan Jian‐Guo , Xie Dong 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA novel method for the preparation of a quaternary ammonium ionomer of styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer (SBS) was developed by a ring‐opening reaction of epoxidized SBS with triethylamine hydrochloride in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. The optimum conditions were studied. The ionomer was characterized by quantitative analysis, IR spectroscopy, and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. Its water absorbency, oil absorbency, dilute solution viscosity, and use as a compatibilizer for the blending of SBS and chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) were investigated. The results showed that, under optimum conditions, the epoxy groups can be completely converted to the quaternary ammonium groups. The IR spectrum did not exhibit the absorption peak for quaternary ammonium groups, whereas the 1H‐NMR spectrum and titration method demonstrated it. With increasing ionic group content, the water absorbency of the ionomer increased whereas its oil absorbency decreased. These indicated the amphiphilic character of the SBS ionomer. The dilute solution viscosity of the ionomer in toluene/methanol (9/1) solvent increased with increasing quaternary ammonium group content. The ionomer was used as a compatibilizer for the blends of SBS and CSPE. The addition of a small amount of the ionomer to the blend enhanced the mechanical properties of the blends: 2 wt % ionomer based on the blend increased the tensile strength and ultimate elongation of the blend nearly 2 times. The blends of equal parts SBS and CSPE behaved as oil‐resistant thermoplastic elastomers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1975–1980, 2006
Characterization and performance evaluations of sodium zeolite‐Y filled chitosan polymeric membrane: Effect of sodium zeolite‐Y concentration
Authors: Ahmad A. L. , Mohd Nawawi M. G. , So L. K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSodium zeolite‐Y (NaY zeolite) filled chitosan polymeric membranes were developed and characterized. The impact of adding different concentrations of NaY zeolite into the homogeneous chitosan membrane was investigated. The surface morphology, mechanical–physical properties, sorption, and pervaporation performance for the dehydration of isopropanol–water mixture separation by the pervaporation process were studied and evaluated. A homogeneous chitosan membrane showed preferential water sorption and permeation compared to isopropanol. The optimum concentration of NaY zeolite added to the homogeneous chitosan membrane was 0.4 wt %, which showed that the dispersion of the NaY zeolite was the most homogeneous and finely covered by the chitosan polymer in the zeolite–chitosan polymer interface. The tensile strength and percent strain at maximum of this membrane were 59.347 MPa and 27.5%, respectively. The sorption experiments showed that the degree of swelling was 6.54% with 1.01 wt % isopropanol sorbed in these membranes. The pervaporation separation tests demonstrated that the NaY zeolite filled chitosan membrane was capable for isopropanol–water mixture separation and improved the pervaporation separation index from 272 (homogeneous chitosan membrane) to 2687. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1740–1751, 2006
Preparation and characterization of microcellular thin polycarbonate sheets
Authors: Xiang Banglong , Guan Rong , Fang Quan , Xiao Zhaoxin , Jiang Yajing 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA new method was developed for the microcellular processing of polycarbonate (PC) thin sheets by compression molding above PC's glass‐transition temperature and below its melting temperature within a few minutes. The effects of the foaming time, foaming pressure, foaming temperature, and foaming agent active ratio on the cell size, cell density, and relative density were studied. The structures of the microcellular PC foam were controlled in the foaming process by carefully choosing the foaming parameters. In addition, the thermal, dynamic mechanical thermal, and electrical properties of the microcellular PC foam were investigated. A differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the microcellularly processed PC may have a plastication effect. The variation of the storage modulus, loss modulus, and tan δ under dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was in accord with the calorimetry analysis. The measurement of the electrical property demonstrated that the insulation ability of the microcellular PC thin sheet was obviously enhanced and the dielectric strength of the microcellular PC foam was decreased compared to the unfoamed PC. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1760–1766, 2006
Thermal decomposition behavior of γ‐irradiated poly(vinyl acetate)/poly(methyl methacrylate) miscible blends
Authors: El‐Din Horia M. Nizam , El‐Naggar Abdel Wahab M. , Ali Faten I. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMiscible polymer blends based on various ratios of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were prepared in film form by the solution casting technique using benzene as a common solvent. The thermal decomposition behavior of these blends and their individual homopolymers before and after γ‐irradiation at various doses (50–250 kGy) was investigated. The thermogravimetric analysis technique was utilized to determine the temperatures at which the maximum value of the rate of reaction (Tmax) occurs and the kinetic parameters of the thermal decomposition. The rate of reaction curves of the individual homopolymers or their blends before or after γ‐ irradiation displayed similar trends in which the Tmax corresponding to all polymers was found to exist in the same position but with different values. These findings and the visual observations of the blend solutions and the transparency of the films gave support to the complete miscibility of these blends. Three transitions were observed along the reaction rate versus temperature curves; the first was around 100–200°C with no defined Tmax, which may arise from the evaporation of the solvent. The second Tmax was in the 340–380°C range, which depended on the polymer blend and the γ‐irradiation condition. A third transition was seen in the rate of reaction curves only for pure PVAc and its blends with PMMA with ratios up to 50%, regardless of γ‐ irradiation. We concluded that γ‐irradiation improved the thermal stability of PVAc/PMMA blends, even though the PMMA polymer was degradable by γ irradiation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1773–1780, 2006
Influence of apple flavor absorption on physical and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films
Authors: Denktaş Cenk , Yıldırım Hüseyin , San Nevim 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films (280‐μm film thickness), which are used in food packaging, were immersed into 160‐ and 320‐ppm apple flavor solution for 14, 28, and 56 days at 5, 25, and 40°C, respectively. At the end of this period, the changes in the PET films were investigated by measuring the mechanical and physical properties. The mechanical properties were determined by examining changes in the Young's modulus. The changes in the physical properties were investigated by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The formation of microcracks in the structure of PET films was observed by SEM. According to the results of those investigations, the apple flavor affects PET films, even at very low concentrations and temperatures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1802–1807, 2006