bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Water on the Dynamic Adsorption of Chlorinated VOCs on Active Carbon: Relative Humidity of the Gas Phase versus Pre-Adsorbed Water
Authors: Cosnier F. , Celzard A. , Furdin G. , Bégin D. , Marêché J.F. 
Published: November 2006

The present work deals with the influence of water on the adsorption of two chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on activated carbons (ACs) having very different pore textures and surface chemistry. Two kinds of moisture were considered, viz. pre-adsorbed on the AC or present as steam in the gaseous phase, at various relative humidities ranging from 30% to 75%. It is shown that the adsorption of the VOCs depends on the kind of moisture. If the latter is pre-adsorbed, water is just displaced by the VOCs (overshoot). The adsorption capacities of the AC remain unchanged and only some minor changes in the shape of the breakthrough front, corresponding to hindered diffusion, may sometimes occur. In contrast, the simultaneous adsorption of steam and VOC leads to competition between water and the chlorinated compound, with direct consequences on the adsorption kinetics and capacities of the AC. However, the decrease of the water-induced adsorption performances depends strongly on the AC and the VOC (through different VOC/AC and water/VOC interactions), and on the concentration of the VOC.
Block merging for off‐line compression
Authors: Wan Raymond , Moffat Alistair 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo bound memory consumption, most compression systems provide a facility that controls the amount of data that may be processed at once—usually as a block size, but sometimes as a direct megabyte limit. In this work we consider the Re‐Pair mechanism of Larsson and Moffat (2000), which processes large messages as disjoint blocks to limit memory consumption. We show that the blocks emitted by Re‐Pair can be postprocessed to yield further savings, and describe techniques that allow files of 500 MB or more to be compressed in a holistic manner using less than that much main memory. The block merging process we describe has the additional advantage of allowing new text to be appended to the end of the compressed file.
Are practitioners incorporating a strengths‐focused approach when working with multi‐problem poor families?
Authors: Sousa Liliana , Ribeiro Cláudia , Rodrigues Sofia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMulti‐problem poor families have been characterized as dysfunctional and chaotic, and problem‐centred interventions have been developed. However, the activation of families' strengths has shown itself to be an important tool for intervention, hence the relevance of promoting the incorporation of a strengths‐focused approach. So, it becomes important to determine to what extent practitioners are thinking of incorporating a strengths‐focused approach when working with these families. To achieve this goal, a semi‐structured interview was administered to 23 practitioners. The findings suggest that practitioners are able to identify strengths but do not think in a strengths‐focused way. The main obstacles are: ambiguity in the definition of strengths, a focus on problems, lack of confidence in the possibility of improvement in the lives of families. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benefits of design modifications to the Birkbeck bedload sampler illustrated by flash‐floods in an ephemeral gravel‐bed channel
Authors: Bergman Nathaniel , Laronne Jonathan B. , Reid Ian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe benefits of three simple modifications to the design of a Birkbeck bedload slot‐sampling system that has been continuously operating in Nahal Eshtemoa, Israel, since the early 1990s are demonstrated. The modifications include the deployment of a removable slot cover which delays the accumulation of sediment, so allowing sampling at late stages of a flood and, in conjunction with other samplers, extending the period of sampling during a flood wave; inclusion of a slot the size of which is adjustable so that that the probability of sampling the largest clast sizes in transit as bedload can be increased post‐installation, once knowledge is gained about the bedload grain‐size distribution; and a sampler side‐wall door that allows stratification and textural changes within the accumulated bedload to be identified, so promoting intelligent sampling of the deposit for grain‐size determination. Results from seven flash‐floods are presented and discussed, with recommendations for bedload monitoring, particularly in rivers where sediment flux is high and dynamic sediment records are inevitably short because of instrumental limitations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The application of carnation in perfumery
Authors: Anonis Danute Pajaujis 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCarnation, Dianthus caryophyllus L., which originated in the Mediterranean countries, holds an important place in perfumery. Southern France, Italy, Egypt, and Kenya are now the main sources of carnation flowers for perfumery use. The flowers are extracted with volatile solvents, yielding carnation concrete, which on treatment with alcohol, gives carnation absolute.Until the 1930s, only a few components of steam‐distilled carnation oil were known. Carnation was not the subject of further research until in the 1980s over a hundred components were revealed in the steam‐distilled oil and in Egyptian carnation absolute. The difference in chemical compositions of absolutes and steam‐distilled oils, obtained from flowers cultivated in Kenya, Egypt and in South of France was also shown. Carnation absolute is very expensive, therefore synthetic carnation compounds have been developed, the main components being eugenol and its derivatives combined with salicylates, benzoates and rose components. Few illustrative conventional carnation formulas are shown. More recent carnation compounds include newer aromatics, amongst which cis‐hex‐3‐enyl esters are important. At the beginning of this century, pure concentrated carnation essence were used as perfumes. Later, carnation absolute served as modifier in many perfume compositions.Early carnation fragrances were based mostly on a few natural perfume materials, including carnation absolute. Later, a few essential oils and aromatics were added as they became available. Examples of carnation perfumes are given. In the late 1930s, alcohol‐free perfume concentrates were developed, among them carnation. Spicy notes are appealing to men, and many men's fragrances, ranging from the early to the sophisticated modern formulations contain carnation notes. Carnation perfumes have been used in brilliantines, hair oils, talcum powders and soaps. Apart from soap perfumes, they contained small amounts of carnation absolute. Carnation fragrances are still used to perfume colored soaps. In modern cosmetic perfumes, carnation is mostly used as a modifying component of a fragrance to give a warm spicy floral note. Carnation absolute is used today only in de luxe fragrances, because of its high price.* Synthetic carnation compounds or their components have replaced the absolute in less expensive perfumes. Efforts are being made to introduce a lower priced carnation ingredient, cultivated and produced in Kenya, to encourage its use in perfumery. The carnation odor is important in both women's and men's fragrances, and it will remain an indispensable component of fragrances created in the future.
The volatile oils of Euodia hortensis forma hortensis
Authors: Brophy Joseph J. , Rahmani Mawardi , Toia Robert F. , Croft Kevin D. , Lassak Erich V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe volatile leaf oil of Euodia hortensis forma hortensis contains menthofuran (64%) and evodone (27%) as its major components. Another forty‐two components have been detected in the oil of which twenty‐nine have been identified. The volatile oil from the flowers contains evodone as its main component with lesser amounts of menthofuran, α‐copaene, ar‐curcumene and caryophyllene.
Characterization of p‐menthanols and p‐menthanyl acetates
Authors: McMahon David H. , Michalis D. Glenn 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMenthanyl acetate is a commercial product used in the formulation of fragrances. This material and its precursor, p‐menthanol, were each found to be mainly mixtures of four isomers. The use of preparative GC and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy proved invaluable in distinguishing the isomers of the p‐menthanols and p‐menthanyl acetates. This work identifies each isomer and corrects spectroscopic assignments previously reported in the literature. 1H‐NMR distinguished isomers with axial and equatorial methyl and hydroxyl groups on a cyclohexane ring.
An approach to the isolation of the fragrant principle of the liverwort Lophocolea heterophylla
Authors: Herout Vlastimil 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe presence of a very fragrant component, C12H20O, in the liverwort Lophocolea heterophylla was proven. A possible method for the isolation of this still unknown substance is discussed. The special ‚mossy’︁ note of this natural product should be interesting as a possible component of fragrancies.
The effect of cyanine dyes on growth and essential oil production in sweet marjoram, Origanum majorana L
Authors: Ei‐Keltawi N. E. , Khalil Z. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of 2‐ and 4‐styryl cyanine dyes on growth and essential oil production in sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) was studied. Both 4‐styryl cyanine and its 2‐analogues were applied as foliar sprays at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm. Four sprays were applied at biweekly intervals.Foliar application of both styryl cyanines at concentrations of 25 and 50 ppm enhanced shoot and root systems as well as the yield of essential oil compared with the control treatment. Increasing the concentrations used more than 50 pp, of both styryls increased the number of main stems and reduced their fresh weight and plant height. However, the length of both internode and stems as well as the air dried weight of the marjoram stem were unaffected. The effective concentration of the two styryls on the air dried matter yield and oil percentage differed.
On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part XII. Characteristics of sicilian lemon essential oil produced with the fmc extractor
Authors: Cotroneo Antonella , Dugo Giovanni , Licandro Gianvincenzo , Ragonese Calogero , Di Giacomo Giovanni 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResults of a study made upon 85 samples of genuine Sicilian lemon essential oils obtained by industrial processing with the ‚FMC’︁ extractor during the 1983/84 citrus production season are reported.Gas chromatography of all samples was carried out using capillary columns; ‚citral’︁ and the CD‐values were also determined from the gas chromatographic analysis of the oils, and from the fractions obtained by separation on neutral _ and columns, it has been possible to identify 34 components, which correspond to about 99.3% of the volatile fraction of the essential oil, and to establish the class to which numerous other components belong.Results obtained are compared with those which resulted from an analogous study carried out during the period of citrus production using essential oils obtained with the ‚pelatrice’︁ and ‚sfumatrice’︁ systems. The fundamenental quantitative differences between the ‚FMC’︁ oil and those produced with the other two processes are illustrated.
Characterization of the odour principles of some basidiomycetes: Bjerkandera adusta, poria aurea, tyromyces sambuceus
Authors: Berger R. G. , Neuhäuser K. , Drawert F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVolatile concentrates from Bjerkandera adusta, Poria aurea, and Tyromyces sambuceus were prepared by liquid‐liquid extraction, and analysed by capillary gas chromatography, sniffing capillary gas chromatography, and coupled capillary gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A total of 26 compounds was identified in culture filtrates of Bjerkandera, 16 compounds in Poria, and 22 in Tyromyces. The spectrum of volatiles comprised aliphatic and terpenoid alcohols, 4‐and 5‐olides, and alicyclic and aromatic structures. Each species showed characteristic chromatographic patterns and odour profiles.
On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part XV. Detection of added orange oil terpenes in lemon essential oils
Authors: Verzera Antonella , Cotroneo Antonella , Dugo Giovanni , Salvo Franco 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSicilian lemon essential oil is a very high quality product which is offered to the international market at prices that are higher than those of the lemon essential oils produced in other citrus‐growing countries.Market competition sometimes leads producers to ‘blend’ genuine essential oil with less expensive products, which are generally ‘citral’ and orange terpenes.These terpenes, which are usually obtained from orange essential oil produced abroad, possess characteristics which modify the composition of lemon essential oil, even if added in only moderate quantities.In particular, the percentage of Δ3‐carene and the ratios of Δ3‐carene/α‐terpinene and Δ3‐carene/camphene can provide a good indication of the possible addition of orange essential oil or ‐of by‐products obtained therefrom to genuine lemon essential oil.After a study made on a great number of genuine lemon essential oils, on several samples of sweet orange terpenes, and on a large number of lemon oil and orange terpene blends we propose a gas chromatographic method which allows the detection of the addition of even 5% of sweet orange oil terpenes to genuine lemon essential oils.
Original flavour compounds and the essential oil composition of marjoram (Majorana hortensis moench)
Authors: Fischer N. , Nitz S. , Drawert F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe analysis of spice plant flavour compounds usually starts with the so‐called essential oil, which is obtained by steam‐distillation. Comparative investigations of marjoram flavour extracts, separated using different isolation techniques, showed the great influence of the isolation method on the composition of the resulting flavour extract.Experiments with triturations of leaf material under liquid nitrogen, extractions with supercritical carbon dioxide and direct injections of the oil of individual secretory cells demonstrated that cis‐sabinene hydrate and its acetate represent the original flavour compounds in the intact leaf. The great number of monoterpenes described in marjoram essential oils therefore appear to be artefacts, arising from a multitude of rearrangement, hydration and deprotonation reactions from cis‐sabinene hydrate acetate and from an activated precursor form, that possesses the sabinene hydrate skeleton.The nature of these artefact‐forming reactions was investigated by model experiments with synthetic sabinene hydrate and its acetate. The biosynthetic capacity of the marjoram plant with regard to the monoterpenes seems to be confined to the synthesis of the sabinene hydrate skeleton.
Composition of the essential oils from caraway herb and root
Authors: Wichtmann E.‐M. , Stahl‐Biskup E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBy means of GC and GC‐MS the herb oil of caraway (Carum carvi L.) was found to consist of germacrene D (75%) with β‐caryophyllene, β‐elemene, humulene, germacrene A and B, and two cadinenes. Two chemotypes, a germacrene A containing type and a type without germacrene A were found.Aliphatic aldehydes (68%), namely n‐octanal, n‐nonanal, trans‐2‐decenal, and a so‐far‐unknown aldehyde represent the main part of the root oil obtained from adult plants. The seedlings root oil consists mainly of germacrene B (51%), which decreases during development.
Aromatic plants of tropical central Africa. I. Volatile components of two annonaceae from cameroon: Xylopia aethiopica (dunal) A. Richard and Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal
Authors: Lamaty G. , Menut C. , Bessiere J. M. , Zoilo P. H. Amvam , Fekam  
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe essential oils of fruits of Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal (or ‘false’ nutmeg) and Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Richard were analysed by GLC and GC‐MS.The monoterpenoid content of M. myristica amounts to about 98%, mainly hydrocarbons (96.8%); among them, α‐phellandrene (48.8%), α‐pinene (15.9%), limonene (8.7%), myrcene (7.9%) and α‐thujene (6.3%) are the most important. A comparison is made with Myristica fragrans (the ‘true’ nutmeg) for which M. myristica is often used as a substitute.The composition of the oil of X. aethiopica is more diverse, with again mainly monoterpene hydrocarbons (66.6%) among which sabinene is the most abundant (23.9%), but with 25.1% of oxygenated compounds (essentially terpinen‐4‐ol and α‐terpineol) and 8.3% of sesquiterpenene hydrocarbons (with 4.3% of α‐muurolene).
Constituents of essential oils from Mentha × villoso‐nervata Opiz. growing wild in Greece
Authors: Kokkini S. , Papageorgiou V. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe essential oils of the hybrid Mentha × villoso‐nervata Opiz. growing wild in Greece were investigated by means of GC and GC‐MS. Two chemotypes have been found, which are characterized by the main components piperitone oxide/piperitenone oxide and carvone respectively.
The chemical composition of Thymus mongolicus Ronn. and T. quinquecostatus celak oils of chinese origin
Authors: Hong‐ju Fang , Jing‐hua Ni , Shou‐quan Lin , Yu‐xiu Feng 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEssential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Thymus mongolicus and T. quinquecostatus were analysed by GC and GC‐MS. The main constituents of the oils were linalol, carvacrol, and geranyl acetate.
Effect of some essential oil components on the growth of food‐borne bacteria and synergism with some food ingredients
Authors: Kivanc Merih , Akgäul Attila 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEight essential oil components added to growth media at concentrations ranging from 50 to 400 ppm were studied with respect to their inhibitory effects against 10 common food‐borne bacteria at two inoculum levels. The growth of the bacteria in culture media containing 50 ppm carvacrol or 100 ppm cuminaldehyde with 2.0% sodium chloride, 0.05% ascorbic acid or 0.5% sucrose in various combinations was also determined. Of essential oil components tested, carvacrol, thymol and cuminaldehyde were inhibitory at some concentrations, except against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The inoculum level had little effect on the inhibition. Pair combinations were not effective on any bacteria. Carvacrol or cuminaldehyde, when used in combination with sodium chloride and ascorbic acid, exhibited an enhanced inhibitory effect on certain bacteria. Thus, some combinations completely inhibited the growth of Ps. aeruginosa. Bacillus cereus also showed some sensitivity to these combinations.
Detection of adulteration of cold‐pressed lemon oil
Authors: McHale D. , Sheridan J. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAdulteration of cold‐pressed oil of the lemon Citrus limon with the lower quality steam‐stripped oil still occurs on a major scale. It has been known for many years that substances with ultraviolet absorption characteristics similar to those of the coumarins and psoralens present naturally in cold‐pressed lemon oil are added to the oil mixture to mask the adulteration. The present work has confirmed that substances such as ethyl p‐dimethylaminobenzoate and 7‐geranyloxycoumarin (auraptene) are still used to conceal the adulteration of cold‐pressed lemon oil. 7‐Methoxycoumarin (herniarin) and 5,7‐dipropyloxy‐4‐methylcoumarin were also identified in certain commercial lemon oil samples. These compounds are not natural components of lemon oil and have not been associated previously with its adulteration.A novel 5,8‐disubstituted psoralen was detected in authentic cold‐pressed lemon oil and identified as 5‐isopent‐2′‐enyloxy‐8‐(2′,3′‐epoxyisopentyloxy)psoralen(1). The concentrations of the natural coumarins and psoralens in lemon oil have been determined.
Carvacrol‐rich plants in Greece
Authors: Kokkini S. , Vokou D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe species which grow wild and are used as oregano in Greece are Coridothymus capltatus (L.) Reichenb. fil., Satureja thymbra L., Origanum onites L. and O. vulgare L. Because of their economic importance, we studied their distribution in Greece and their essential oils. By examining various populations from all over the country, intraspecific variability was detected as to essential oil contents and to the carvacrol content of the oils, the main component responsible for their use as oregano. The species were evaluated on the basis of their oil and carvacrol contents. O. onites proved to be the most stable species, that was always rich in carvacrol, whereas O. vulgare was the most variable one. O. vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) letswaart was very rich in essential oil; in some cases a content of about 8% was found and a carvacrol content ranging from 2.4% to 95%. O. vulgare subsp. vulgare contained only small amounts of essential oil (<0.3%) and amounts of carvacrol below 0.1 %. For these reasons the latter subspecies should not be used as oregano, although it belongs to the genus Origanum.
A re‐examination of the volatile leaf oils of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. P. Lawson using ion trap mass spectroscopy
Authors: Adams Robert P. , Edmunds George F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe composition of the volatile leaf oil of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Ex. P. Lawson was re‐examined by fused silica capillary gas chromatography‐ion trap mass spectroscopy. The leaf oil from Washington was high in α‐and β‐pinenes (9.1% and 37.9%), car‐3‐ene (19.3%), α‐terpineol (6.2%), myrcene (4.1%) and terpinolene (3.1%). A total of 52 components were identified. This analysis is compared and contrasted with the previous analyses which reported from 8 to 17 monoterpenoids plus estragole in Ponderosa pine leaf oil. The utility of ion trap mass spectroscopy is shown to be of general use for the identification of flavours and fragrances.
Microwave oven extraction of an essential oil
Authors: Craveiro A. A. , Matos F. J. A. , Alencar J. W. , Plumel M. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe essential oil, extracted by a current of air from the leaves of Lippia sidoides Cham, heated in a microwave oven for 5 minutes, was qualitatively identical with that obtained by conventional steam distillation for 60–90 minutes.
Terpenes fromOtacanthus coeruleusLindl.: Identification of β‐copaen‐4α‐ol and a new criterion for discriminating between isomeric copaene and ylangene structures
Authors: De Buyck L. F. , De Pooter H. L. , Schamp N. M. , De Bruyn Ré , Zhang Weiguo , Buděšínský M. , Motl O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe structure of the new sesquiterpene alcohol β‐copaen‐4α‐ol, isolated as a major constituent of the volatile fraction ofOtacanthus coeruleusLindl., was assigned using NMR information. The otherwise difficult discrimination between copaene and ylangene structures can be made unambiguously by a13C‐NMR criterion. All13C‐chemical shifts of the carbon atoms in copaene‐ylangene pairs are nearly superimposable, except for those of C‐2 and C‐6 which show striking differences (11 ppm). These differences are rationalized by invoking sterically induced shifts caused by 1,4‐'flagpole'‐interactions between the hydrogen atoms on C‐6 and C‐9 (for copaenes) or on C‐2 and C‐9 (for ylangenes) in boatlike conformations. In the1H‐NMR spectra, the chemical shift of the ‘compressed’ hydrogen atoms H‐6 (in the copaene) and H‐2 (in the ylangene) shows a 0.5 ppm downfield shift in comparison with the chemical shift of the unhindered ones (H‐2 in the copaene and H‐6 in the ylangene).
The essential oil of Thymus moroderi pau ex martínez (labiatae)
Authors: Adzet T. , Vila R. , Batllori X. , Ibáñez C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThymus moroderi Pau ex Martínez, an endemic plant of eastern Spain, yielded 1.2% of essential oil on hydrodistillation. The major components were 1,8‐cineole (24.5%), camphor (22.8%), camphene (10.6%), α‐pinene (6.4%) and borneol (5%).