bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faster and easier chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with high sensitivity
Authors: Kohzaki Hidetsugu , Murakami Yota 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays are widely used to investigate where chromatin‐binding proteins bind to the genome. The standard assay is very time consuming. We have developed a rapid ChIP assay in which the immunoprecipitates serve directly as PCR templates. This assay eliminates the step to reverse the crosslinking, shortening the assay by 1 day. It also requires a less immunoprecipitating antibody, permits many samples to be tested simultaneously, and is more sensitive than the standard ChIP assay.
High‐throughput synthesis of conopeptides: a safety‐catch linker approach enabling disulfide formation in 96‐well format
Authors: Brust Andreas , Tickle Alice E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractConotoxins exhibit a high degree of selectivity and potency for a range of pharmacologically relevant targets. The rapid access to libraries of conotoxin analogues, containing multiple intramolecular disulfide bridges for use in drug development, can be a very labor intensive, multi‐step task. This work describes a high‐throughput method for the synthesis of cystine‐bridged conopeptides.Peptides were assembled on a peptide synthesizer employing the Fmoc solid‐phase strategy using a safety‐catch amide linker (SCAL). Side‐chain protecting groups were removed on solid phase before SCAL activation with ammonium iodide in TFA, finally releasing the peptide into the TFA solution. Disulfide bond formation was performed in the cleavage mixture employing DMSO.This improved method allows mixtures of oxidized peptides to be obtained in parallel directly from a peptide synthesizer. A single HPLC purification of the resulting crude oxidized material produced peptides of >95% purity. Copyright © 2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zanzibar and its Chinese communities
Authors: Hsu Elisabeth 
Published: December 2006

AbstractZanzibar hosts three different groups of Chinese: the so‐called huaqiao community with beginnings that can be traced to the 1930s; the government‐sent teams of experts who since the revolution of 1964 have consolidated the links to the People's Republic of China (PRC); and a new wave of business people since the late 1990s, individual migrants who engage in various trades and generally are very mobile. Through ethnographic fieldwork in Zanzibar in 2001–2004, I explore the backgrounds of these communities and their social relations, as expressed through kinship ties, businesses, medical services, food exchanges and other means of interaction. With few exceptions, members of the three groups were not much interested in increasing relations between each other. They represent different economic positions and wealth, and different allegiances to the local community and to China. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suburbanisation in relation to education in the Tallinn metropolitan area
Authors: Tammaru Tiit , Leetmaa Kadri 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSignificant changes occur in the social stratification order and spatial redistribution of population in countries in transition. One of the important dimensions in the changing social stratification order is related to the increased importance of education. Dominance of suburbanisation is an important dimension in spatial population change. The aim of the current article is to study these two important dimensions of social and spatial change by analysing suburbanisation with regard to the level of education of residential migrants in the Tallinn metropolitan area, Estonia. The study is based on census data from the year 2000 and it employs logistic regression to compare suburbanisers with stayers in Tallinn and its suburbs. The main findings indicate that suburbanisation reduces inequalities in the educational composition of people living in Tallinn and its suburbs on the one hand, but increases socio‐spatial segregation within the suburbs on the other. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coulomb crystal and quantum melting in electron–hole plasmas of semiconductors under high pressure
Authors: Filinov Vladimir , Bonitz Michael , Fortov Vladimir , Fehske Holger , Levashov Pavel 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA phase diagram for variable hole to electron mass ratio of two‐component Coulomb crystals is presented as result of the first‐principle computer simulations. A critical mass ratio for the existence of quantum Coulomb crystals is of the order of 80 in three dimensions. At very low temperature the electron–hole system with decreasing hole mass can form antiferromagnetic crystal structure composed by two perfect hole lattices each consisting of the holes with the same spin projections. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antinociceptive activity of natural honey in thermal‐nociception models in mice
Authors: Azim M. Kamran , Perveen Humera , Mesaik M. Ahmed , Simjee Shabana U. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSeveral honey samples of Pakistani origin have been analysed for their effect on nociception. Among the tested samples, Acacia honey showed most effective dose‐dependent antinociceptive activity which was significantly different from the untreated group in tail‐flick and paw‐withdrawal tests (p < 0.01 and p < 0.003), respectively. The antinociceptive activity of honey reached a maximum at 60 min post‐treatment and then gradually decreased, whereas the activity of indomethacin was persistent at 120 min post‐treatment. The absence of antinociceptive activity in simulated honey (which contained fructose, glucose, maltose and sucrose representing the major constituents of honey) indicated that the active principle(s) might be present in minor constituents of honey. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Toki‐shakuyaku‐san on acetylcholine level and blood flow in dorsal Hippocampus of intact and twice‐repeated ischemic rats
Authors: Hatip‐Al‐Khatib Izzettin , Hatip Funda Bölukbaşõ , Yoshimitsu Yoshitaka , Iwasaki Katsunori , Egashira Nobuaki , Liu An‐Xin , Mishima Kenichi , Fujiwara Michihiro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe effects of Toki‐shakuyaku‐san (TSS) ingredients on acetylcholine (ACh) release in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) were investigated in intact and twice‐repeated ischemic rats using in vivo microdialysis‐HPLC. Moreover, the effect of TSS on blood flow was investigated in intact rats using laser Doppler flowmetry. TSS at 300 mg/kg p.o. increased ACh and blood flow after 40 min in intact rats. TSS also increased ACh in ischemic rats but to a lesser extent than in intact rats. These results could suggest that TSS‐increased ACh and blood flow in DH may contribute in the cognition improving property of TSS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of different gravity conditions on self organizing biological systems
Authors: Wiedemann Meike , Piffel Alexandra , Hanke Wolfgang 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe effects of different gravity conditions on the retinal Spreading Depression (rSD) were investigated. The rSD, an excitation depression wave in retinal tissue is used as an example of self organization and pattern formation in the central nervous system (CNS). The properties of such phenomena depend critically on the parameters of the system, small changes in the system can thus induce significant changes in the propagation properties of the SD. Gravity is a small but permanently stimulus on earth, absence of gravity and amplification respectively may have severe consequences for the function of the brain as an excitable medium. Microgravity experiments were performed on a TEXUS sounding rocket mission (5 min μg) and two DLR parabolic flight missions (20 s μg), hypergravity experiments were performed in the centrifuge in the lab. In this presentation we summarize the effects of altered gravity conditions on different parameters of the rSD. The results are discussed also in their relation to other earlier experiments with propagating action potentials under different gravity conditions. For both self organized biological systems a gravity dependence could be shown.
A comparison of noninternalizing (herkinorin) and internalizing (DAMGO) μ‐opioid agonists on cellular markers related to opioid tolerance and dependence
Authors: Xu Heng , Partilla John S. , Wang Xiaoying , Rutherford John M. , Tidgewell Kevin , Prisinzano Thomas E. , Bohn Laura M. , Rothman Richard B. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPrevious studies established that Tyr‐D‐Ala‐Gly‐N‐Me‐Phe‐Gly‐ol (DAMGO) and (2S,4aR,6aR,7R,9S,10aS,10bR)‐9‐(Benzoyloxy)‐2‐(3‐furanyl)dodecahydro‐6a,10b‐dimethyl‐4,10‐dioxo‐2H‐naphtho‐[2,1‐c]pyran‐7‐carboxylic acid methyl ester (herkinorin) are fully efficaciousμ‐agonists. Herkinorin (HERK), unlike DAMGO, does not recruit β‐arrestin and promoteμ‐receptor internalization, even in cells that over express β‐arrestin. We hypothesized that chronic HERK and DAMGO treatment will differentially affect cellular markers of tolerance and dependence. CHO cells expressing the cloned humanμ‐receptor were treated for 20 h with 10 μM DAMGO, HERK, morphine, or medium. Both DAMGO and HERK acted as full agonists in the [35S]GTP‐γ‐S binding assay withEMAXvalues of 230% and EC50values of 12.8 and 92.5 nM, respectively. In the cAMP assay, DAMGO and HERK had similarEMAXvalues of ∼80% and EC50values of 3.23 and 48.7 nM, respectively. Chronic exposure to both drugs produced moderate tolerance to both drugs (∼2 to 5 fold) in the [35S]GTP‐γ‐S binding assay. In the cAMP assay, chronic DAMGO produced tolerance to both drugs (∼3 to 4 fold). Chronic HERK eliminated the ability of either drug to inhibit forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation. Chronic DAMGO increased, and chronic HERK decreased, forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation. Naloxone, after chronic HERK (but not DAMGO) induced a large increase in forskolin‐stimulated cAMP accumulation. Viewed collectively with published data, the current data indicate that both internalizing and noninternalizingμ‐agonists produce cellular signs of tolerance and dependence. Synapse 61:166–175, 2007. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carcass and meat from intact and castrated Desert male goats of different ages
Authors: El‐Hag FM , Mudalal MO , Ahmed M‐K A , Mohamed AS , Khair MA Mohamed , Elbushra OE , Mekki MA , Ahmed TK , Fadlalla B 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCastrates consumed more feed and had higher feed intake as a percentage of body weight than intact Desert male goats. Older males had a higher dressing percentage than younger ones. Castration improved meat juiciness and tenderness scores and resulted in a relatively higher flavour score. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Population consequences of huge nesting aggregations of Ropalidia plebeiana (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Itô Yosiaki , Yamane Soichi , Spradbery J. P. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryNest survival rates and reproductive rates of females of the Australian paper wasp, Ropalidia plebeiana, in nest aggregations under a concrete bridge were studied. The annual colony cycle commenced in August with the reutilization of old nests and by the founding of new nests, mainly by associations of foundresses. Distribution patterns of the number of foundresses per nest was nearly random on new nests while contagious on old nests. About one‐third of the increase in number of nest was achieved by dividing large, old nests and two‐thirds by founding new nests. Nest survival rates for old nests (August to April) and new nests (November to April) were 89.6% and 88.8% respectively, far higher rates than those of other polistine wasps so far reported. The numbers of nests and reproductive females increased during a colony cycle by 2.30 and 10.98 times, respectively. Thus, huge aggregations of nests are probably beneficial for this species by enabling the realization of high reproductive rates. We could find no density‐dependent effect in nest growth rate or production of female reproductives. Ratio of cells parasitized by ichneumonid wasps was low. Nests in the central part of an aggregation were prasitized at significantly lower rates than nests on the periphery or scattered nests outside a dense aggregation, suggesting a selfish herd effect.
Consequences of competition on the reproduction and mortality of three species of terrestrial slugs
Authors: Rollo C. David 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe interaction of three species of terrestrial slugs was studied in six field cages containing monocultures and 2‐way combinations. A. columbianus and A. ater were non‐aggressive species and L. maximus was highly aggressive during the summer. All three species were similar in body design and resource utilization. Reproduction (egg size, eggs/batch, number of batches, wet‐weight productivity) and mortality were monitored through the 1977 season. L. maximus drastically reduced reproductive success of the non‐aggressive slugs and increased their mortality. There were also significant interactions between the non‐aggressive species.Compared to other invertebrates, the life history characteristics of A. columbianus are strongly K‐selected and probably evolved through intraspecific exploitative competition in predictable, stable forest habitats. A. ater is best classified as a refuging r‐selected species adapted to less predictable, unstable field environments. L. maximus appears to be α‐selected and its overall design is suited to density‐dependent regulation in fields.
The influence of a fish oil‐enriched diet on the phospholipid fatty acid turnover in the rabbit red cell membranein vivo
Authors: van den Boom M. A. P. , Groot Wassink M. , Roelofsen B. , de Fouw N. J. , Op den Kamp J. A. F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe influence of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of the diet on the rate of fatty acid turnover of individual phospholipids in the erythrocyte membranein vivo was studied. Following modification of the fatty acid composition of the membrane phospholipids by the use of a fish oil or a linoleic acid enriched diet, phospholipids—labelled in the unsaturated fatty acid at the 2‐position of the glycerol moiety—were introduced into the membrane of freshly isolated rabbit erythrocytes. Thereafter, the labelled erythrocytes were reinjected into the bloodstream of the animal. It appears that, with the exception of 1‐palmitoyl,2‐linoleoyl phosphatidylcholine, all other phosphatidylcholines disappear faster from the erythrocytes of fish oil‐fed rabbits than from the red cells of linoleic acid‐fed rabbits. Another parameter, which possibly influences the turnover rates of PUFA containing phospholipids, can be peroxidation. An attempt was made to measure peroxidative damage of lipidsin vivo by the introduction of 1‐palmitoyl,2‐cis‐parinaroyl phosphatidylcholine (PnPC)—a probe to measure oxidative stress—into the membrane of freshly isolated erythrocytes, in the same way as is described for the radioactive phospholipids. The data demonstrate that the fluorescent signal from the PnPC decreases at a fast rate which is independent of the dietary conditions.
The species‐area relation III. A third model for a delimited community
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA mathematical model of the species‐area relation is described for a group of limited species. This model is a modification of that proposed earlier (Kobayashi, 1975), being assumed that the limited species are expected to occur in a habitat under consideration. The model equation gives a sigmoid species‐log area curve implying that few rare species are found in a group of species. The good agreement between observation and this model is exemplified with the data of plant and arthropod communities. The implication of parameters involved are examined in connection with those of the preceding model, and the underlying ecology of the model is discussed.
The allocation process and between‐tree survival probabilities in Dendroctonus frontalis infestations
Authors: Pope D. N. , Coulson R. N. , Fargo W. S. , Gagne J. A. , Kelly C. W. 
Published: December 2006

ConclusionWe have presented two transfer functions for allocating populations of D. frontals adults in spots: a fixed probability TF and a time‐temperature dependent TF. Both procedures produced essentially equivalent results when applied to actual population measurements taken from spots. The time‐temperature TF was more realistic than the constant probability TF, but introduced an added source of variation into the transfer. Temperature was demonstrated to have a significant effect on adult longevity. The time‐temperature dependent TF provides a means of incorporating this important variable. the F1 and F2 values obtained from this time‐temperature dependent TF were also judged to be superior to the values obtained from the constant probability TF. Survival of reemerged and emerged beetles were shown to be cyclic and compensatory.
Preliminary life table of the spotted tortoise beetle, Aspidomorpha miliaris (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Sumatra
Authors: Nakamura Koji , Abbas Idrus 
Published: December 2006

SummaryFrom December, 1981 to February, 1982, a population study of the spotted tortoise beetle, Aspidomorpha miliaris, feeding on a shrub‐like morning glory, Ipomea carnea, was conducted in Padang, Sumatra with the construction of a life table.
Dissection of oothecae collected from the field after hatching clarified that the average egg mass size was 43.4 and hatching rate was 25.0%. Causes for egg mortality included: parasitism by a wasp, Tetrastichus sp. A(Europhidae) (49.8% of eggs laid), predation (12.8%), disappearance of egg masses (5.3%) and hatching failure (7.1%). An ant, Dolichoderus bituberculatus, visiting the extrafloral nectaries of the host plnts was responsible for predation and disappearance of the egg masses. The ants again attacked the larvae and pupae.
Larvae showed a gregarious habit for almost the entire larval period. Survival rates between two successive instars were low and constant, ranging from 70 to 90%, but only 1.3% of final (5th) instars become pupae (six individuals). Since the growth of host plants was extremely rapid, shortage of food was rare in larval stages. The sudden drop in numbers after 5th instar may be due to predation and/or dispersal of matured larvae from the host plants for pupation.
Pupae were attacked by three species of parasitic wasps:Tetrastichus sp. C, Pediobius elasmi (Eulophidae) and Cassidocida aspidomorphae (Tetracampidae). Among the six pupae, two were parasitized, one died of disease and two disappeared. Out of 4078 eggs laid, only one emerged to adult.
Rice bran FFA determination by diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy
Authors: Özgül‐Yücel Sevil , Proctor Andrew 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRice bran with FFA levels above 0.1% cannot be used as a food ingredient due to oxidative off‐flavor formation. However, extracting high FFA oil from bran by in situ methanolic esterification of rice bran oil to produce methyl ester biodiesel produces greater yields relative to low‐FFA rice bran oil. Therefore, high‐FFA bran could be exploited for biodiesel production. This study describes an FTIR spectroscopic method to measure rice bran FFA rapidly. Commercial rice bran was incubated at 37°C and 70% humidity for a 13‐d incubation period. Diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform spectra of the bran were obtained and the percentage of FFA was determined by extraction and acid/base titration throughout this period. Partial least squares (PLS) regression and a calibration/validation analysis were done using the IR spectral regions 4000‐400 cm−1 and 1731‐1631 cm−1. The diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform spectra indicated an increasing FFA carbonyl response at the expense of the ester peak during incubation, and the regression coefficients obtained by PLS analysis also demonstrated that these functional groups and the carboxyl ion were important in predicting FFA levels. FFA rice bran changes also could be observed qualitatively by visual examination of the spectra. Calibration models obtained using the spectral regions 4000‐400 cm−1 and 1731‐1631 cm−1 produced correlation coefficients R and root mean square error (RMSE) of cross‐validation of R=0.99, RMSE=1.78, and R=0.92, RMSE=4.67, respectively. Validation model statistics using the 4000‐400 cm−1 and 1731‐1631 cm−1 ranges were R=0.96, RMSE=3.64, and R=0.88, RMSE=5.80, respectively.
Oil‐in‐water emulsions formulated with sunflower lecithins: Vesicle formation and stability
Authors: Pan L. G. , Tomás M. C. , Añón M. C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractOil‐in‐water emulsions (30∶70, vol/vol) were formulated with sunflower lecithin to characterize the destabilization processes and the vesicles formed. Dispersions containing levels of 0.1% lecithin were more stable against coalescence than the control system. When the lecithin concentration was increased to 0.5%, the presence of spherical structures, such as vesicles, was recorded that occluded the emulsion inside. Vesicles underwent a creaming process, and a narrow coalescence zone was detected in the upper layers of the samples. As the lecithin concentration was increased, more vesicles were formed, representing as much as 80% of the system volume. A reduction in the average size of vesicles was observed at high lecithin concentrations (2.5 and 5.0%). The vesicle size distribution changed as a function of lecithin concentration, decreasing the ratio of large to small particles in the same way. Coalescence took place in zones where large‐volume vesicles were in contact in the upper portion of the tube sample. The results obtained suggest that sunflower lecithins present interesting emulsifying properties that may prove useful in food technology.
Chemical characterization of oils and meals from wild sunflower (helianthus petiolaris nutt)
Authors: Perez Ethel E. , Carelli Amalia A. , Crapiste Guillermo H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemical characterizations of oils and meals from the wild sunflower species Helianthus petiolaris Nutt and their comparison with those from cultivated sunflower (H. annuus) were performed. Seeds from indigenous populations of H. petiolaris were harvested in Argentina in different years. The analytical parameters studied were as follows: (i) FA profile, PV, p‐anisidine value, oxidative stability, phosphorus and phospholipid content, tocopherols, polar compounds, and waxes in the extracted oils; and (ii) moisture, ash, crude fiber, metals, sugars, urease activity, starch, protein, available lysine, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, gross energy, and amino acid content in the residual meals. The products from wild sunflower seed, which yielded 27–30% oil by solvent extraction, showed some characteristics similar to the commercial products. Nevertheless, the oil had lower quality and stability owing to the high unsaturation levels and lower concentrations of antioxidant components, and the meal had a lower protein content. The phospholipid content was significantly lower than in industrial crude sunflower oils. Most of the important parameters in the meal such as available lysine, gross energy, and digestibility compared favorably with those for cultivated sunflower meals. The results showed the potential for using these meals for animal feed.