bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transgenic plants: Risks, Concerns and Effects on Ecosystem and Human Health
Authors: Islam Ahmad S , Miah Siddique Ali 
Published: September 2008

The review portrays the current status of transgenic crops in the backdrop of sharply divided opinion of anti-GM group vis-Ã -vis those who advocate that genetically engineered crops do not pose any threat to human or animal health nor does it disrupt the environment through introduction of superweeds. While acknowledging the concern of anti-GM activists, the article supports the view of NE Borlaug who sees no difference between the birth of a genetically complex crop such as hexaploid bread wheat and a bioengineered crop except that the former occurs in mother nature and the latter in the laboratory through genetic manipulation by molecular breeders. The article brings into focus that the methods now being employed to bring about genetic change in crops are safer as the use of antibiotic markers have been replaced by biolistic mode of gene delivery or use of chemicals such as mannose 6-phosphate marker. The article also points out that the chances of birth of âsuperweeds' destroying the environment will be minimized, if genetic transformation is brought about using chloroplasts. Another important role of biotechnology that is expected to be realized soon is its use in commercial production of oral vaccines for both humans and animals. The article mentions of some of the recent gene discovery such as genes for submergence tolerance in rice or genes that minimizes allergenicity in peanuts. Production of rice varieties capable of withstanding flood will dramatically increase rice yield in flood-prone countries and peanut lines with minimum or no allergen will be welcome in the consumer market where a sizeable portion of people suffer from peanut allergy. The article emphasizes the fact that every GM crop must be subject to rigorous scrutiny to ensure that it is free from any allergen, or hazardous toxic substance and that it is environmentally safe. The article supports the idea that in Europe GM crops with built-in terminator gene and traditional crops may coexist; i.e., may be planted in the same area as the European farmers buy their seeds every year unlike their counterparts in Asia and Africa. Finally the article recommends that the selected GM crops should be grown in the developing countries where the option before the resource-poor population lies between going without food or fall prey to the misinformation of anti-GM activists.Key words: GM Crops, Anti-GM activists, Coexistence, Superweed, Chloroplast Transformation, Oral vaccines, Golden rice, Biosafety, Food securityDOI = 10.3329/ptcb.v16i2.1114Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 16(2): 139-164, 2006 (December)
Abstract Data Types
Authors: Cowan Donald , Alencar P.S.C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article contains a description of the concepts related to abstract data types (ADTs). Specifically, the presentation contains a explanation of the syntax and semantics of ADTs and uses algebraic semantics to describe the properties of the operations on the data types: stack, queue, set, and bag. A program for a stack ADT in the language C is presented to illustrate a practical implementation. Two different versions of the program use an array and a linked list as the underlying data structures to implement the stack ADT without any effect on its interface and hence the program that uses the stack.
Analog‐to‐Digital Conversion in the Early Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Walden R. H. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Analog‐to‐digital converters (ADCs) continue to be important components of signal‐processing systems, such as those for mobile communications, software radio, radar, satellite communications, and others. This article revisits the state‐of‐the‐art of ADCs and includes recent data on experimental converters and commercially available parts. Converter performances have improved significantly since previous surveys were published (1999–2005). Specifically, aperture uncertainty (jitter) and power dissipation have both decreased substantially during the early 2000s. The lowest jitter value has fallen from approximately 1 picosecond in 1999 to < 100 femtoseconds for the very best of current ADCs. In addition, the lowest values for the IEEE Figure of Merit (which is proportional to the product of jitter and power dissipation) have also decreased by an order of magnitude. For converters that operate at multi‐GSPS rates, the speed of the fastest ADC IC device technologies e.g., InP, GaAs, is the main limitation to performance; as measured by device transit‐time frequency, f
T
, has roughly tripled since 1999. ADC architectures used in high‐performance broadband circuits include pipelined (successive approximation, multistage flash) and parallel (time‐interleaved, filter‐bank) with the former leading to lower power operation and the latter being applied to high‐sample rate converters. Bandpass ADCs based on delta‐sigma modulation are being applied to narrow band applications with ever increasing center frequencies. CMOS has become a mainstream ADC IC technology because

it enables designs with low power dissipation and

it allows for significant amounts of digital signal‐processing to be included on‐chip. DSP enables correction of conversion errors, improved channel matching in parallel structures, and provides filtering required for delta‐sigma converters. Finally, a performance projection based on a trend in aperture jitter predicts 25 fs in approximately 10 years, which would imply performance of 12 ENOB at nearly 1‐GHz bandwidth.
Answer Set Programming
Authors: Faber Wolfgang , Leone Nicola , Ricca Francesco 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAnswer set programming (ASP) evolved from logic programming, deductive databases, knowledge representation, and nonmonotonic reasoning, and it serves as a flexible language for solving problems in a declarative way. The user does not need to provide an algorithm for solving the problem; rather, it is sufficient that (s)he specifies the properties of the desired solution for its computation. ASP is highly expressive and allows us to solve problems even beyond the complexity class NP. The main representation feature of ASP are rules, which are interpreted according to common sense principles. In ASP, one writes a program, that is, a collection of rules, which represent a problem to be solved. This program, together with some input, usually expressed using factual rules, possesses a collection of models (possibly also no model), called answer sets, which correspond to the solutions of the modeled problem. Efficient systems for computing answer sets are available and have stimulated the development of applications relying on ASP, in both academia and, business. The field of ASP is growing, and several extensions of the basic language have been proposed and used in applications.
Vienna Development Method
Authors: Fitzgerald John S. , Larsen Peter Gorm , Verhoef Marcel 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe Vienna Development Method (VDM) is one of the longest establishedmodel‐oriented formal methodsfor the development of computer‐based systems and software. It consists of a group of mathematically well‐founded languages and tools for expressing and analyzing system models during early design stages, before expensive implementation commitments are made. The construction and analysis of the model help to identify areas of incompleteness or ambiguity in informal system specifications, and to provide some level of confidence that a valid implementation will have key properties, especially those of safety or security. VDM has a strong record of industrial application, in many cases by practitioners who are not specialists in the underlying formalism or logic. Experience with the method suggests that the effort expended on formal modeling and analysis can be recovered in reduced rework costs that develop from design errors.
Entity‐Relationship Model
Authors: Ling Tok Wang , Lee Mong Li 
Published: September 2008

AbstractData modeling is an important phase in the development of a database system. The Entity‐Relationship (ER) model was introduced by Peter Chen in 1977. This model has been widely used for conceptual data modeling and has become a tool for communication between database designers and end users at the analysis phase of database development. This article presents the main constructs of the ER model, namely, entities and relationships and their associated attributes, as well as some of its extensions. We also discuss how conceptual database design can be carried out using the ER model, the normal form ER diagram and the translation of ER diagrams to the relational model.
Data Classification
Authors: Juhola Martti 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Classification is one of the most essential data‐analysis tasks independent of the data to be considered. Numerous classification problems and methods to solve them have been introduced in computer science literature are the past 50 years. These methods are presented in artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, and machine learning. In classification, the main aim is to group different instances according to their properties into different classes. This article describes from the applied viewpoint how an actual dataset is prepared for classification and how it is classified with different methods.
State‐feedback adaptive tracking of linear systems with input and state delays
Authors: Mirkin Boris , Mirkin Eugene L. , Gutman Per‐Olof 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA state‐feedback Lyapunov‐based design of direct model reference adaptive control is developed for a class of linear systems with input and state delays based only on lumped delays without so‐called distributed‐delay blocks. The design procedure is based on the concept of reference trajectory prediction, and on the formulation of an augmented error. We propose a controller parametrization that attempts to anticipate the future states. An appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii type functional is found for the design and the stability analysis. A simulation example illustrates the new controller. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urbanisation in Contemporary China Observed: Dramatic Changes and Disruptions
Authors: Weiwen Huang 
Published: September 2008

AbstractShenzhen is one of the fastest‐growing cities in China, having leapt from fishing village to a global city in a matter of a couple of decades. Here Huang Weiwen, the Deputy Director of the Urban and Architecture Department at Shenzhen Municipal Planning Bureau, provides the background to China's unrivalled urbanisation, which is unmatched in terms of both its speed and intensity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Street Life and the ‘People’s City’
Authors: Jian Shi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCould large‐scale urban development and an erosion of rights to public space prove the death knoll for China’s vibrant street life? Shi Jian, Planning Director of ISreading Culture in Beijing, looks at the tradition of Chinese street culture and how it is currently shifting and reinventing itself for new urban contexts. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐Event Cities
Authors: Wenjun Zhi , Yuyang Liu 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPlanning ‘events’ such as the 19th‐century foreign concessions in the sink ports and the late 20th‐century Special Economic Zones (SEZs) have proved an important catalyst for development in China. Professor Zhi Wenjun, chief editor of Time + Architecture magazine, and architect Liu Yuyang look at how the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2010 Shanghai World Expo are redefining urbanism in China and raising significant questions about the sustainability of the post‐event city. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insight into the Role of Oxygen Diffusion in the Sensing Mechanisms of SnO2 Nanowires
Authors: Hernandez‐Ramirez Francisco , Prades Joan Daniel , Tarancon Albert , Barth Sven , Casals Olga , Jimenez‐Diaz Roman , Pellicer Eva , Rodriguez Jordi , Morante Joan Ramon , Juli Miguel Angel , Mathur Sanjay , Romano‐Rodriguez Albert 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe role of oxygen diffusion in the response of individual SnO2 nanowires to this gas is studied. Different oxygen partial pressures lead to strong changes of their electrical resistance, even at room temperature. Since surface models fail to explain the experimentally observed long‐term resistance transients, it is necessary to make a description of the interaction mechanisms between oxygen species and SnO2 nanowires by taking ion diffusion into account. Our model correctly describes the experimentally measured dependence of the nanowire resistance with oxygen partial pressure, and it can be applied to the characterization of other metal oxide materials.
A Novel Cross‐linked Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) for Vascular Grafts
Authors: Chaouat Marc , Le Visage Catherine , Baille Wilms E. , Escoubet Brigitte , Chaubet Frédéric , Mateescu Mircea Alexandru , Letourneur Didier 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a water‐soluble synthetic polymer with excellent film‐forming, emulsifying, and adhesive properties. The aim of this study is to design a simple process for PVA cross‐linking with sodium trimetaphosphate to form membrane devices suitable for biomedical applications. This procedure requires no organic solvent, nor melting process to obtain films with high mechanical strength. Fabrication of a small diameter tube from a PVA film is easy with a single wrapping step around a Teflon rod. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated that, upon removal of the applied stress, the PVA film with a Young's modulus of 2 × 105 kPa returns to its original size and shape. The wall thickness of PVA tubes is 344 ± 13 µm (n = 12), which is close to the wall thickness of a human artery (350–710 µm). Suture retention of a PVA tube is excellent (140 ± 11 g), close to that of human vessels. The burst pressure of PVA tubes is found to be 507 ± 25 mm Hg, more than three times higher than the human healthy systolic arterial pressure. Under arterial pressure, there was no leakage even after needle puncture, contrary to clinical vascular expanded polytetrafluoroethylene prostheses. Finally, PVA tubes of 2 mm in diameter are used to replace a segment of an infrarenal aorta in rats. For at least one week, no mechanical nor thrombotic complications are noticed even in the absence of anticoagulant or antiplatelet treatment. Graft patency is also evidenced with non‐invasive imaging techniques. As a conclusion, this novel cross‐linking method confers to poly(vinyl alcohol) particular mechanical properties such as compliance, elasticity and resistance to mechanical stress, compatible with the circulatory blood flow.
Surface‐Directed Phase Separation of Conjugated Polymer Blends for Efficient Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Yim Keng‐Hoong , Zheng Zijian , Friend Richard H. , Huck Wilhelm T. S. , Kim Ji‐Seon 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe ability to control organic‐organic interfaces in conjugated polymer blends is critical for further device improvement. Here, we control the phase separation in blends of poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) and poly(9,9‐di‐n‐octylfluorene‐alt‐(1,4‐phenylene‐((4‐sec‐butylphenyl)imino)‐1,4‐phenylene) (TFB) via chemical modification of the substrate by microcontact printing of octenyltrichlorosilane molecules. The lateral phase‐separated structures in the blend film closely replicate the underlying micrometer‐scale chemical pattern. We found nanometer‐scale vertical segregation of the polymers within both lateral domains, with regions closer to the substrate being substantially pure phases of either polymer. Such phase separation has important implications for the performance of light‐emitting diodes fabricated using these patterned blend films. In the absence of a continuous TFB wetting layer at the substrate interface, as typically formed in spin‐coated blend films, charge carrier injection is confined in the well‐defined TFB‐rich domains. This confinement leads to high electroluminescence efficiency, whereas the overall reduction in the roughness of the patterned blend film results in slower decay of device efficiency at high voltages. In addition, the amount of surface out‐coupling of light in the forward direction observed in these blend devices is found to be strongly correlated to the distribution of periodicity of the phase‐separated structures in the active layer.
Sequential Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Reaction of Amines with o‐Acetylenyl‐Substituted Phenyldiazoacetates
Authors: Peng Cheng , Cheng Jiajia , Wang Jianbo 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA highly efficient, tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) hexafluorophosphate [Cu(MeCN)4PF6]‐catalyzed tandem Cu(I)‐carbene NH insertion/Cu(I)‐catalyzed hydroamination of alkynes, which leads to sequential formation of two CN bonds to yield isoindole derivatives, has been developed.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones in Water using a Polymer‐Supported Chiral Catalyst Containing a Hydrophilic Pendant Group
Authors: Arakawa Yukihiro , Chiba Atsuko , Haraguchi Naoki , Itsuno Shinichi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHydrophilic polymers having pendant groups of carboxylates or sulfonates have been used as a polymer support for chiral 1,2‐diamine monosulfonamides. The polymeric chiral complex prepared from the polymer‐supported chiral ligand with ruthenium dichloride⋅p‐cymene was used in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of prochiral ketones in water. The balance between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the polymer support influenced both the reactivity and the enantioselectivity of the reaction in water. The chiral polymeric complex having a quaternary ammonium salt structure as the pendant group worked well in water. In most cases the polymer‐supported catalyst having a quaternary ammonium sulfonate pendant group showed superior enantioselectivity compared to the corresponding non‐supported model catalyst in the solution system. The polymeric catalysts can be reused without loss of catalytic activity.
Perfluorocarbon Soluble Crown Ethers as Phase Transfer Catalysts
Authors: Pozzi Gianluca , Quici Silvio , Fish Richard H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFluorous derivatives of dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6 ether were readily prepared by means of metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions, and then successfully applied as catalysts in representative solid‐liquid phase transfer catalysis (PTC) reactions, which were performed in standard organic solvents, such as chlorobenzene and toluene, and also in fluorous solvents, such as perfluoro‐1,3‐dimethylcyclohexane (PFDMC). It was clearly shown that properly designed fluoroponytailed crown ethers can promote the disintegration of the crystal lattice of alkali salts and transfer anions from the solid surface into an apolar, non‐coordinating perfluorocarbon phase. Far from being a simple chemical curiosity, this unprecedented observation has relevant implications in the design of PTC scenarios of wide applicability. This new paradigm represents an advance in crown ether chemistry, and their use as recyclable phase transfer catalysts.
Catalytic Synthesis of Indoles from Alkynes
Authors: Krüger (née Alex) Karolin , Tillack Annegret , Beller Matthias 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn the past decade alkynes have become attractive starting materials for the synthesis of a variety of indole derivatives. This review summarizes the development of diverse homogeneous catalytic methods for the synthesis of indoles from alkynes and different N nucleophiles such as arylhydrazines, aniline derivatives, aryl isonitriles and nitroarenes.
Metallic Li in carbonaceous nanotubes grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition from a metalorganic precursor
Authors: Das Mahua , Bittencourt C. , Pireaux J‐J , Shivashankar S. A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMetallic Li in carbonaceous nanostructures was obtained in high concentration (as much as 33.4%) through metalorganic chemical vapor deposition involving certain lithium–aminoalkyl moieties, which are formed in situ, by decomposition of a precursor containing both cobalt and lithium. The bimetallic complex containing both lithium and cobalt was characterized by IR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements performed on the as‐grown films demonstrate that lithium can be stable in metallic form in such a film. Results of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of the as‐grown films are presented as direct evidence of the formation and stabilization of metallic lithium in carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes, encapsulating metallic lithium, can potentially act as a miniaturized nanobattery. Such a battery would be potentially useful in the next generation of communication and remote sensing devices, where a pulse of current is required for their operation. In addition, with metallic lithium, having an effective nuclear magnetic moment, such materials can be envisioned to show potential applications in devices based on nuclear magnetic resonances. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estuarine eutrophication in the UK: current incidence and future trends
Authors: Maier Gerald , Nimmo‐Smith Rebecca J. , Glegg Gillian A. , Tappin Alan D. , Worsfold Paul J. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Increased inputs of nutrients to estuaries can lead to undesirable effects associated with eutrophication, including algal blooms, changes in species composition and bottom anoxia. Several estuaries and coastal areas around the UK have increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations, elevated concentrations of chlorophyll a and changes in algal community composition and abundance. This paper reviews the pressures that lead to high nutrient concentrations in estuaries and considers the likely effectiveness of current and proposed regulatory actions.
The main sources of nutrients to estuaries are river runoff, sewage discharges, atmospheric inputs and possibly submarine groundwater discharges, although little is known about the latter. Significant reductions in N and P inputs have been realized following application of the EU's Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive. Atmospheric NOx and NHx emissions have also decreased and are expected to decrease further in the next decade as implementation of existing legislation continues, and new controls are introduced for activities such as shipping.
Agricultural inputs reach estuaries principally through diffuse sources, either in surface water (and in some areas possibly groundwater) or, for N, via the atmosphere. Over 10 years ago the Nitrates Directive was introduced to tackle the problem of N discharges from agriculture but little change in N loads to estuaries has been recorded.
To meet the aims of the EU Water Framework Directive, for at least ‘good’ ecological status, more rigorous application and implementation of the Nitrates Directive, together with changes in the Common Agriculture Policy and farming practice are likely to be needed. Even then, the slow response of the natural environment to change and the inherent variability of estuaries means that their responses may not be as predicted. Research is needed into the relationship between policy drivers and environmental responses to ensure actions taken will achieve the planned results.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empfehlungen des Arbeitskreises 6.1 “Geotechnik der Deponiebauwerke” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V. (DGGT)
Authors: Witt Karl Josef , Ramke Hans‐Günter 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDer Arbeitskreis “Geotechnik der Deponiebauwerke” hat in den Empfehlungsgruppen E 1 bis E 5 bisher 76 Empfehlungen veröffentlicht. Die jährliche Publikation wird fortgesetzt durch eine grundlegend überarbeitete Fassung der zuletzt im Jahre 1998 erschienenen Empfehlung E 2‐7 “Gleitsicherheit der Abdichtungssysteme”. In die grundlegende Überarbeitung sind die Erfahrungen aus jüngeren Schadensfällen und die mittlerweile verpflichtende Nachweismethode mit Teil sicherheitsbeiwerten nach DIN 1054 eingeflossen.