bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discussion affects memory for true and false childhood events
Authors: French Lauren , Sutherland Rachel , Garry Maryanne 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAlthough people often reminisce about their past experiences, little research has assessed how discussion might influence people's autobiographical memories. There were two major aims to this study: first, to assess how adults' memories for genuine childhood experiences might be affected by discussion, and second, to extend research on false memories by exploring how memories for false events might be affected by discussion. Siblings attempted to recall four childhood events—three true and one false—three times independently, and then discussed their memories with each other. Results showed that subjects incorporated elements from each other's reports into their own; 24% also reported details about the false event by the end of the individual phase, although false reports dropped dramatically after the discussion phase. Our research shows discussion can influence both true and false autobiographical memories. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unscrambling words increases brand name recognition and preference
Authors: Kronlund Antonia , Bernstein Daniel M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUnscrambling an anagram prior to making a recognition judgement about that target word or an unrelated word increases one's claims of having seen the target word before (the revelation effect). We examined whether a revelation effect would occur with brand name recognition and preference. When participants had to solve an anagram prior to seeing a target brand, they were more likely to claim to have seen the brand before (Experiment 1), to have known the brand in high school (Experiment 2), and to give higher preference ratings for the brand (Experiments 1 and 2). These results demonstrate that the revelation effect can be applied to brand names and preference judgements. We discuss our findings in terms of discrepancy‐attribution, whereby surprising fluency is misattributed to both past experience and preference. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ranking indirect connections in literature‐based discovery: The role of medical subject headings
Authors: Swanson Don R. , Smalheiser Neil R. , Torvik Vetle I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractArrowsmith, a computer‐assisted process for literature‐based discovery, takes as input two disjoint sets of records (A, C) from the Medline database. It produces a list of title words and phrases, B, that are common to A and C, and displays the title context in which each B‐term occurs within A and within C. Subject experts then can try to find A–B and B–C title‐pairs that together may suggest novel and plausible indirect A–C relationships (via B‐terms) that are of particular interest in the absence of any known direct A–C relationship. The list of B‐terms typically is so large that it is difficult to find the relatively few that contribute to scientifically interesting connections. The purpose of the present article is to propose and test several techniques for improving the quality of the B‐list. These techniques exploit the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) that are assigned to each input record. A MesH‐based concept of literature cohesiveness is defined and plays a key role. The proposed techniques are tested on a published example of indirect connections between migraine and magnesium deficiency. The tests demonstrate how the earlier results can be replicated with a more efficient and more systematic computer‐aided process.
Proteomic methods applied to the analysis of immobilized biocatalysts
Authors: Petry Inga , Ganesan Ashok , Pitt Andrew , Moore Barry D. , Halling Peter J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMethods adapted from proteomics can directly characterize proteins present in immobilized biocatalysts. Complete hydrolysis followed by HPLC analysis of Tyr and Phe estimates total protein bound, and is preferable to conventional difference methods, as tested with subtilisin Carlsberg on silica. This new method shows that various treatments give quantitative desorption of proteins immobilized by adsorption. Intact desorbed proteins may be analyzed by electrospray mass spectrometry. The Candida antarctica lipase B from Novozyme 435 was shown to be heavily glycosylated, while the lipase from Lipozyme RM IM was a mixture of four N‐terminally truncated forms. Peptides from selective cleavage were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry, leading to automatic identification of proteins present. A second major protein present in Lipozyme RM IM was thus found to be alpha‐amylase from Aspergillus oryzae. These methods should be valuable complements to activity measurements in understanding immobilized enzyme activity and stability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Empowerment to participate: a case study of participation by indian sex workers in HIV prevention
Authors: Cornish Flora 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe popularity of ‘participation’ and ‘empowerment’ in international development discourse is not matched by sophisticated conceptualisation of these terms. Critics have argued that their vagueness allows ‘participation’ and ‘empowerment’ to be used indiscriminately to describe interventions which vary from tokenism to genuine devolving of power to the community. This paper suggests that conceptualising empowerment and participation simply in terms of a scale of ‘more or less’ participation or ‘more or less’ empowerment does not capture the qualitatively different forms of empowerment that are necessary for different activities. Instead, the paper conceptualises participation in terms of concrete domains of action in which people may be empowered to take part. An ethnographic case study of a participatory HIV prevention project run by sex workers in Kolkata illustrates the argument. Four domains of activity in which sex workers may participate are distinguished: (1) participating in accessing project services; (2) participating in providing project services; (3) participating in shaping project workers' activity; (4) participating in defining project goals. To be empowered to participate in each domain depends upon a different set of resources. Asking the question ‘empowerment to do what?’ of health promotion projects is proposed as a way of facilitating appropriate project design. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Triad Based on an Iridium(III) Bisterpyridine Complex Leading to a Charge‐Separated State with a 120‐μs Lifetime at Room Temperature
Authors: Flamigni Lucia , Baranoff Etienne , Collin Jean‐Paul , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA triad D‐Ir‐A, where Ir is an IrIII bisterpyridine complex connected through an amidophenyl spacer to D, a triphenylamine electron donor, and to A, a naphthalene bisimide electron acceptor, has been synthesized and electrochemically investigated. The photoinduced processes in the triad, which is more than 4‐nm long, have been characterized by steady‐state and time‐resolved optical spectroscopy by comparison with the model dyads D‐Ir, Ir‐A, and the reference monomers D, Ir, and A. A sequential electron transfer occurs upon excitation of the D and Ir units, leading to the charge‐separated state D+‐Ir−‐A in 100 % yield and subsequently to D+‐Ir‐A− in about 10 % yield. The final charge‐separated state has a lifetime at room temperature of 120 μs in air‐free acetonitrile and of 100 μs in air‐equilibrated solvent. Excitation of the A units does not yield intramolecular reactivity, but the resulting triplet‐excited state localized on the acceptor, D‐Ir‐3A, displays intermolecular reactivity.
Host–Guest Chemistry of Copper(II)–Histidine Complexes Encaged in Zeolite Y
Authors: Mesu J. Gerbrand , Visser Tom , Beale Andrew M. , Soulimani Fouad , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStructural analysis has been carried out on copper(II)–histidine (Cu2+/His) complexes after immobilization in the pore system of the zeolites NaY and de‐aluminated NaY (DAY). The aim of this study was to determine the geometrical structure of Cu2+/His complexes after encaging, to obtain insight into both the effect of the zeolite matrix on the molecular structure and redox properties of the immobilized complexes. In addition to N2 physisorption and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses, a combination of UV/Vis/NIR, ESR, X‐ray absorption (EXAFS and XANES), IR, and Raman spectroscopy was used to obtain complementary information on both the first coordination shell of the copper ion and the orientation of the coordinating His ligands. It was demonstrated that two complexes (A and B) are formed, of which the absolute and relative abundance depends on the Cu2+/His concentration in the ion‐exchange solution and on the Si/Al ratio of the zeolite material. In complex A, one His ligand coordinates in a tridentate facial‐like manner through Nam, Nim, and Oc, a fourth position being occupied by an oxygen atom from a zeolite Brønsted site. In complex B, two His ligands coordinate as bidentate ligands; one histamine‐like (Nam, Nim) and the other one glycine‐like (Nam, Oc). In particular the geometrical structure of complex A differs from the preferred structure of Cu2+/His complexes in aqueous solutions; this fact implies that the zeolite host material actively participates in the coordination and orientation of the guest molecules. The tendency for complex A to undergo reduction in inert atmosphere to Cu1+ (as revealed by dynamic XANES studies) suggests activation of complex A by the interaction with the zeolite material. EXAFS analysis confirms the formation of a distorted four coordinate geometry of complex A, suggesting that the combination of zeolite and one His ligand force the Cu2+ complex into an activated, entactic state.
Lipopolysaccharides from Serratia marcescens Possess One or Two 4‐Amino‐4‐deoxy‐L‐arabinopyranose 1‐Phosphate Residues in the Lipid A and D‐glycero‐D‐talo‐Oct‐2‐ulopyranosonic Acid in the Inner Core Region
Authors: Vinogradov Evgeny , Lindner Buko , Seltmann Guntram , Radziejewska‐Lebrecht Joanna , Holst Otto 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe carbohydrate backbones of the core‐lipid A region were characterized from the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Serratia marcescens strains 111R (a rough mutant strain of serotype O29) and IFO 3735 (a smooth strain not serologically characterized but possessing the O‐chain structure of serotype O19). The LPSs were degraded either by mild hydrazinolysis (de‐O‐acylation) and hot 4 M KOH (de‐N‐acylation), or by hydrolysis in 2 % aqueous acetic acid, or by deamination. Oligosaccharide phosphates were isolated by high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography. Through the use of compositional analysis, electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy applying various one‐ and two‐dimensional experiments, we identified the structures of the carbohydrate backbones that contained D‐glycero‐D‐talo‐oct‐2‐ulopyranosonic acid and 4‐amino‐4‐deoxy‐L‐arabinose 1‐phosphate residues. We also identified some truncated structures for both strains. All sugars were D‐configured pyranoses and α‐linked, except where stated otherwise.
A Hyaluronidase Supercatalyst for the Enzymatic Polymerization to Synthesize Glycosaminoglycans
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro , Ohmae Masashi , Ochiai Hirofumi , Fujikawa Shun‐ichi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHyaluronidase (HAase) catalyzes multiple enzymatic polymerizations with controlling regio‐ and stereoselectivity perfectly. This behavior, that is, the single enzyme being effective for multireactions and retaining the enzyme catalytic specificity, is not usual, and hence, HAase is a supercatalyst. Various sugar oxazoline monomers prepared based on the concept “transition‐state analogue substrate” were successfully polymerized and copolymerized with HAase catalysis, yielding natural and unnatural glycosaminoglycans.
Molecular Structures and NMR Studies of Lithium and Germanium(II) Complexes of a New Chelating Amido–Imino Ligand Obtained by Addition of nBuLi to 1,2‐Bis(arylimino)acenaphthene
Authors: Fedushkin Igor L. , Hummert Markus , Schumann Herbert 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe reaction of 1,2‐bis[(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (dpp‐bian, 1) with 1 equiv. of nBuLi in diethyl ether or with 2 equiv. of nBuLi in hexane produces [{dpp‐bian(nBu)}Li(Et2O)] (3) and [{dpp‐bian(nBu)Li}nBuLi]2 (4), respectively. Complexes 3 and 4 are formed by the transfer of an nBu anion to one of the imine carbon atoms of the dpp‐bian ligand. Treatment of 3 and 4 with H2O affords the C‐alkylated N‐protonated amino‐imino compound dpp‐bian(H)(nBu) (5). The reaction of 3 with GeCl2(dioxane) affords the three‐coordinate germylene complex [{dpp‐bian(nBu)}GeCl] (6). The molecular structures of 3–6 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis. The lack of symmetry in the alkylated bian system in 3–6 causes the non‐equivalence of all protons except those of the CH3 groups of the iPr substituents. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Scaling Methods of Sediment Bioremediation Processes and Applications
Authors: Adriaens P. , Li M.‐Y. , Michalak A. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBioremediation has been argued to be one of the most cost‐effective remediation technologies available to reduce soil, sediment, or groundwater contamination, particularly because this approach may allow for the implementation of in‐place strategies. Recent trends have advocated the application of innovative sediment stabilization strategies through placement of (reactive) capping material to allow long‐term biodegradation of contaminants in these complex biogeochemical environments. The potential long‐term risk reduction associated with this approach requires a demonstration of causal relationships between sediment or contaminant stability on the one hand, and microbial reactivity on the other. The spatial analysis needed to fully understand and quantify these correlations requires sensitive probabilistic techniques. Geostatistics has been used for the characterization of multi‐scale spatial patterns for the last few decades, and the analysis of microbial attributes has shown significant spatial structures on microbial abundance and activity. However, there is a dearth of information on the applicability of geostatistics to quantitatively describe the interaction between the microorganisms and their environment. Using the Passaic River (NJ) dioxin data as a model dataset, multiple scaling models were applied to scale and interpolate sampled dioxin data and derive dechlorination signatures in sediments. Unlike conventional geostatistic tools that are based on the point‐to‐point spatial structures, the new multi‐scale model (M‐Scale) introduces a new framework for spatial analysis in which regional values at different scales are anchored by the correlations to each other. Spatial dioxin distributions and microbial dechlorination signatures were used as benchmarks for comparison of M‐Scale to ordinary kriging. The results from cross‐validation and jackknifing approaches applied to these datasets were analyzed and compared using Quantile‐Quantile (Q–Q) plots and reproduction coefficients. These plots indicated that the M‐Scale better preserves the local features of hotspots during data interpolation to a basin‐wide scale. Current efforts focus on mapping microbial abundance and respiratory competence in the Anacostia River, based on measurements at three different scales. The outcomes of this work will be used to develop an uncertainty‐based spatial decision tool for site remediation in this watershed using various capping strategies.
Dispersing Pollutant‐Degrading Bacteria in Contaminated Soil without Touching it
Authors: Harms H. , Wick L. Y. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEngineered bioremediation of soil‐bound contaminants relies on the presence of contaminant‐degrading microorganisms, optimal physical and chemical conditions for their catabolic activity and the bioavailability of the contaminants, which is often achieved by homogenization of the contaminated matrix. Mechanical treatment of soil for the stimulation of bioremediation is energy inefficient, since it moves the entire soil matrix just to facilitate the encountering of minor masses of microbes and pollutants. Moreover, it is not feasible for the remediation of entire (mega‐)sites. In this review, methods and mechanisms are presented that are capable of dispersing catabolically active bacteria in soil and sediment without the need of ex‐situ treatment. A less energy‐consuming and hence environmentally sounder biotechnology is proposed that makes use of the effects of electrical current, bacterial chemotaxis and bioturbation through the activities of soil animals, plant roots and fungal mycelia, all leading to increased pollutant bioavailability.
Assessment of Microbial In Situ Activity in Contaminated Aquifers
Authors: Kästner M. , Fischer A. , Nijenhuis I. , Geyer R. , Stelzer N. , Bombach P. , Tebbe C. C. , Richnow H. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMicrobial ecologists and environmental engineers share the interest in identifying the key microorganisms responsible for compound turnover in the environment and in estimating the respective transformation rates. For the successful application of Natural Attenuation processes, a reliable assessment of the in situ turnover of a contaminant in an aquifer is essential. Here, we review and present new details of two recently developed approaches concerning the assessment of in situ biodegradation: (i) determination of biodegradation caused by microbial metabolism in a contamination plume by stable isotope fractionation analysis (SIFA) and (ii) determination of the actual degradation under the respective environmental conditions in the aquifer by using in situ microcosms (BACTRAPS®) amended with 13C‐labeled substrates as tracer compounds. Based on stable isotope fractionation analysis, the degradation occurring under anoxic biogeochemical conditions at a respective site can be calculated for the entire plume. This has been shown for benzene and toluene at the Zeitz site and partly for chlorobenzene at the Bitterfeld site. By use of the in situ microcosm approach with 13C‐labeled compounds, the microbial in situ degradation under strictly anaerobic conditions could be proven for benzene and toluene in Zeitz and for chlorobenzene in Bitterfeld. The transformation of 13C‐carbon of the labeled substrate into microbial fatty acids confirmed the assimilation of the pollutant resulting in the formation of biomass. In addition, metabolites such as benzylsuccinic acid were found in the toluene‐amended microcosms indicating anaerobic degradation of toluene. This result corresponds to the geochemical conditions found at the field site and therefore, the microcosm approach with 13C‐labeled compounds can be used to assign the predominant in situ degradation pathways in a contaminated aquifer. Since fatty acids profiles alone are often too unspecific for a community analysis at species level, the composition of the microbial communities was analyzed by genetic profiling and sequencing of partial 16S rRNA genes PCR‐amplified from total DNA extracted directly from the microcosms. Sequences retrieved from the microcosms indicated a dominance of not yet cultivated bacteria. Several sequences were phylogenetically closely related to sequences of bacteria known to be iron and sulfate reducers, typically found at sites polluted with BTEX and/or mineral oil. The results show that the current methods for monitoring microbial in situ activity at present stage are valuable tools for improving environmental control of compound turnover and will speed up engineering approaches.
Biomass Digestion in Agriculture: A Successful Pathway for the Energy Production and Waste Treatment in Germany
Authors: Weiland P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMicrobial conversion of energy crops and organic wastes to biogas has become one of the most attractive technologies for energy production, resource recovery, and waste treatment. It creates a wide breadth of positive environmental impacts because it reduces emissions of greenhouse gases, improves the management of manure and organic wastes, and replaces mineral fertilizer. Biogas is used today mainly for electricity and heat production, but it can also be applied as a vehicle fuel or for the production of hydrogen which is necessary for fuel cells. Biogas production in the agricultural sector is a very fast growing market in many European countries. This paper presents the current situation in Germany which has the highest number of agricultural biogas plants in Europe.
Trace Metals in Anaerobic Granular Sludge Reactors: Bioavailability and Dosing Strategies
Authors: Zandvoort M. H. , van Hullebusch E. D. , Fermoso F. G. , Lens P. N. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe trace metal dynamics in anaerobic granular sludge bed reactors and their influence on reactor performance is reviewed in this paper. An insight into the metal dynamics is required from a practical point of view in order to be able to early recognize limitations for essential trace elements, viz., to know when dosing of these elements is required in full‐scale anaerobic bioreactor applications. Further such knowledge is indispensable for a rational dosage of these metals, e.g., to ensure maximum substrate conversion rates and to prevent disturbances in reactor performance using a minimum amount of metals. Therefore, the retention, accumulation and release of trace metals in anaerobic granular sludge and the factors affecting these processes need to be known.
Characterization of a Novel Glucoamylase from the Thermoacidophilic Archaeon Picrophilus torridus Heterologously Expressed in E. coli
Authors: Schepers B. , Thiemann V. , Antranikian G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThere is an interest in the production of heat‐ and acid‐stable enzymes due to their potential application in various industrial fields, particularly in the food, brewery, and textile industries. Microorganisms living in extreme habitats are a good source for such enzymes as they enable to perform biotransformation reactions under non‐conventional conditions. After the complete genome analysis of the thermoacidophilic archaeon Picrophilus torridus (optimal growth at pH 0.7 and 60 °C) a number of genes were identified that encode for amylolytic enzymes, proteases, and esterases. A gene encoding an intracellular glucoamylase from P. torridus was cloned and successfully expressed in E. coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity with a yield of 37 % by heat treatment, anion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. As revealed by non‐denaturating PAGE, the active enzyme forms a homotetramer (73 kDa/subunit). The recombinant glucoamylase shows activity between 30 °C and 65 °C and a pH of between 4.5 and 6.5. Interestingly, the enzyme shows unique substrate specificity compared to already known glucoamylases. In addition to the hydrolysis of branched and linear α‐glucans, the purified enzyme preferentially attacks maltotriose. The Vmax for maltotriose (10 U/mg) is even higher than the Vmax for starch (8 U/mg). The high maltotriose preference of this archaeal enzyme is unique among all glucoamylases described so far.