bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diesel jet impingement on small cylindrical obstacles for mixture homogenization by late injection strategy
Authors: Weclas M , Faltermeier R 
Published: October 2007

The paper deals with ‘destroying’ a high-velocity diesel fuel jet by impingement on small cylindrical obstacles. This process permits very quick jet distribution in the volume. Essential is a process of impingement on a first obstacle: its diameter, distance from the nozzle outlet, and injection pressure play a dominant role in characterizing jet distribution in space. This spatial distribution is based on a multijet model, initially observed by diesel jet impingement on a porous structure. In diesel jet impingement on a single obstacle with a smaller diameter (d=1 mm), the distribution angle decreases with an increase of injection pressure. For bigger obstacle diameters (d = 2 mm) the angle between both jets increases almost independently with regard to injection pressure. This angle does not change with time after initial impact. It decreases, however, with an increasing distance between nozzle and obstacle. For diesel jet impingement on more than one single obstacle, jet distribution depends on the obstacle's geometrical configuration but not necessarily on the number of obstacles. Quite similar distribution has been obtained for configurations with four and eight obstacles. It is possible to design a configuration of small obstacles such as to permit very good charge homogenization within a defined space (combustion chamber). Such an example of five-obstacle configuration has also been investigated in the paper. A multijet structure also permits higher air entrainment as compared with a free jet configuration. All these effects would promote fast spatial distribution of diesel jets and, under hot conditions, faster vaporization and better mixing with air.
Decentralisation and Primary Care Groups: a paradigm shift for the National Health Service in England?
Authors: Hudson Bob 
Published: October 2007

English
As the National Health Service (NHS) celebrates its 50th birthday, the new Labour government has proposed a radical shake-up in the way it is organised. The most innovative feature is the creation of localised Primary Care Groups (PCGs) with commissioning and providing functions. Although undoubtedly new, there have been earlier initiatives in the NHS which give insights into the problems PCGs will encounter. This article draws upon evidence from these initiatives and places it in a framework for analysis based upon the concept of localisation. It argues that PCGs are more likely to succeed if they are rooted in an evidence-based approach to policy and management.
Discourses of collaborative medical work
Authors: Måseide Per 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article looks at the hospital as an expert system organized to promote distributed processes of collaborative medical problem solving. It is composed by subsystems and the collaborative processes resemble processes of socially distributed cognition. Terms like ‘medical discourse’ or ‘institutional interaction’ have been used to describe verbal activities in collaborative medical practice. But the definitions of these terms give a limited understanding of collaborative medicine. Observations of medical practice in a thoracic ward show that medical discourses work at institutional, professional, and moral levels. They deal with a multiplicity of problem types, involve a diversity of human and nonhuman agents, and take place within and generate complex layers of contexts. The development of the problem complex has to be professionally but subtly managed at an interactional level to reach conclusions that are institutionally, professionally, and morally acceptable. While extra-situational contexts may have a strong impact on these processes, medical problems are met and dealt with as concrete situational tasks, in restricted settings with different but concrete participants that operate within and generate local, linguistic, and interactional contexts.
The Gallup poll, democracy, and the vox populi: Ideologies of interviewing and the communicability of modern life
Authors: Briggs Charles L 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOne of Aaron Cicourel's most critical contributions to social science lies in his pioneering work on gaps between the complex pragmatics of research interviews and the ways that they are conceptualized by practitioners. This article argues for systematic attention to ideological constructions of interviewing, taking as its focus George Gallup's ‘civic model’ of polls and his efforts to transform them into a crucial foundation for democratic governance in the United States and beyond. Countering deep skepticism about polling among social scientists, politicians, and journalists in the 1930s and 1940s, Gallup fused ideologies of science, quantification, and democracy with a construction of the production, circulation, and reception of discourse about ‘public opinion’. This communicable cartography (or ideological map) shapes how the current Gallup ‘Editor-in-Chief ’ positions polling as the sine qua non for constructing subjects and states in a neoliberal age. An analysis of a Gallup poll suggests that this communicable cartography is inscribed in multiple ways in each presentation of polling data, thrusting readers into a textual universe that claims to know the ‘real vox populi’ and how it has connected US citizens and politicians for six decades.
Popular Prosody: Spectacle and the Politics of Victorian Versification
Authors: Hall Jason David 
Published: October 2007

Jason David Hall, “Popular Prosody: Spectacle and the Politics of Victorian Versification” (pp. 222–249)
In July of 1845 a Somerset man named John Clark exhibited an invention called the Eureka, “a machine for making Latin verses,” at the Egyptian Hall in London. This midcentury spectacle was, I argue, much more than a showplace diversion; rather, it was at once the uncanny technological embodiment and a parodic indictment of the Victorian science of prosody, and it functioned, moreover, as an interactive discursive site where debates about the function of prosody as part of a pedagogical model in the universities and, more specifically, the public schools became immediately visible and accessible to a popular and reform-minded audience. As the Latin hexameters that it was capable of “grinding out” were transcribed, explicated, and judged in the improving pages of popular print media, the Eureka figured briefly as the material signifier of an education-reform agenda that was, by and large, hostile to the centrality of prosody in Victorian pedagogy.
Transparency and Epistemology in George Eliot's Daniel Deronda
Authors: Law Jules 
Published: October 2007

Jules Law, “Transparency and Epistemology in George Eliot's Daniel Deronda” (pp. 250–277)
The recent turn in George Eliot scholarship toward historicism—and in particular toward intellectual and political history—has tended to occlude the epistemological metaphors in the author's work: those persistent figures that conjoin George Eliot's ethics to her aesthetics but that, according to an earlier generation of critics, also point to the essentially unstable nature of knowledge, whether ethical or aesthetic. This essay examines the figurative schematics and the epistemology by which George Eliot's politics are elaborated in her writing, focusing in particular on the figure of transparency and the thematics of political vocation, and culminating in the figure of the spectral Jew. Every end or purpose, like every origin, in George Eliot's novels is calibrated in relation to the twin horizons of absolute sameness and absolute difference. The tension between these two limits constitutes not only an epistemological, but also a cultural and political, dilemma: one that George Eliot broods constantly upon, most particularly in her ceaseless interrogation of what it would mean for a person to “merge” with his or her political or cultural destiny. This essay argues that George Eliot's uneasy reliance on the concept of transparency—of goals, of motives, of minds—bespeaks her yearning not only for self-evidence in the realm of meanings, but also for a sense of belonging in the realm of culture: a sense of belonging that is inextricable from a certain experience, and thus figuration, of language.
On the Genealogy of a Duplicated Microsatellite
Authors: Zhang Kangyu , Rosenberg Noah A 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
When a microsatellite locus is duplicated in a diploid organism, a single pair of PCR primers may amplify as many as four distinct alleles. To study the evolution of a duplicated microsatellite, we consider a coalescent model with symmetric stepwise mutation. Conditional on the time of duplication and a mutation rate, both in a model of completely unlinked loci and in a model of completely linked loci, we compute the probabilities for a sampled diploid individual to amplify one, two, three, or four distinct alleles with one pair of microsatellite PCR primers. These probabilities are then studied to examine the nature of their dependence on the duplication time and the mutation rate. The mutation rate is observed to have a stronger effect than the duplication time on the four probabilities, and the unlinked and linked cases are seen to behave similarly. Our results can be useful for helping to interpret genetic variation at microsatellite loci in species with a very recent history of gene and genome duplication.
An Unusually Low Microsatellite Mutation Rate in Dictyostelium discoideum, an Organism With Unusually Abundant Microsatellites
Authors: McConnell Ryan , Middlemist Sara , Scala Clea , Strassmann Joan E , Queller David C 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is known to have a very high density of microsatellite repeats, including thousands of triplet microsatellite repeats in coding regions that apparently code for long runs of single amino acids. We used a mutation accumulation study to see if unusually high microsatellite mutation rates contribute to this pattern. There was a modest bias toward mutations that increase repeat number, but because upward mutations were smaller than downward ones, this did not lead to a net average increase in size. Longer microsatellites had higher mutation rates than shorter ones, but did not show greater directional bias. The most striking finding is that the overall mutation rate is the lowest reported for microsatellites: ∼1 × 10−6 for 10 dinucleotide loci and 6 × 10−6 for 52 trinucleotide loci (which were longer). High microsatellite mutation rates therefore do not explain the high incidence of microsatellites. The causal relation may in fact be reversed, with low mutation rates evolving to protect against deleterious fitness effects of mutation at the numerous microsatellites.
Detection of Quantitative Trait Loci Influencing Recombination Using Recombinant Inbred Lines
Authors: Dole Jefferey , Weber David F 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The genetic basis of variation in recombination in higher plants is polygenic and poorly understood, despite its theoretical and practical importance. Here a method of detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing recombination in recombinant inbred lines (RILs) is proposed that relies upon the fact that genotype data within RILs carry the signature of past recombination. Behavior of the segregational genetic variance in numbers of chromosomal crossovers (recombination) over generations is described for self-, full-sib-, and half-sib-generated RILs with no dominance in true crossovers. This genetic variance, which as a fraction of the total phenotypic variance contributes to the statistical power of the method, was asymptotically greatest with half sibbing, less with sibbing, and least with selfing. The statistical power to detect a recombination QTL declined with diminishing QTL effect, genome target size, and marker density. For reasonably tight marker linkage power was greater with less intense inbreeding for later generations and vice versa for early generations. Generational optima for segregation variance and statistical power were found, whose onset and narrowness varied with marker density and mating design, being more pronounced for looser marker linkage. Application of this method to a maize RIL population derived from inbred lines Mo17 and B73 and developed by selfing suggested two putative QTL (LOD &gt; 2.4) affecting certain chromosomes, and using a canonical transformation another putative QTL was detected. However, permutation tests failed to support their presence (experimentwise α = 0.05). Other populations with more statistical power and chosen specifically for recombination QTL segregation would be more effective.
Quantitative Trait Loci for the Circadian Clock in Neurospora crassa
Authors: Kim Tae-Sung , Logsdon Benjamin A , Park Sohyun , Mezey Jason G , Lee Kwangwon 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Neurospora crassa has been a model organism for the study of circadian clocks for the past four decades. Among natural accessions of Neurospora crassa, there is significant variation in clock phenotypes. In an attempt to investigate natural allelic variants contributing to quantitative variation, we used a quantitative trait loci mapping approach to analyze three independent mapping populations whose progenitors were collected from geographically isolated locations. Two circadian clock phenotypes, free-running period and entrained phase, were evaluated in the 188 F1 progeny of each mapping population. To identify the clock QTL, we applied two QTL mapping analyses: composite interval mapping (CIM) and Bayesian multiple QTL analysis (BMQ). When controlling false positive rates ≤0.05, BMQ appears to be the more sensitive of the two approaches. BMQ confirmed most of the QTL from CIM (18 QTL) and identified 23 additional QTL. While 13 QTL colocalize with previously identified clock genes, we identified 30 QTL that were not linked with any previously characterized clock genes. These are candidate regions where clock genes may be located and are expected to lead to new insights in clock regulation.
Revisiting the X:A Signal That Specifies Caenorhabditis elegans Sexual Fate
Authors: Gladden John M , Farboud Behnom , Meyer Barbara J 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans, sex is determined by the opposing actions of X-signal elements (XSEs) and autosomal signal elements (ASEs), which communicate the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (X:A signal). This study delves more deeply into the mechanism by which XSEs transmit X chromosome dose. We determined the relative contributions of individual XSEs to the X:A signal and showed the order of XSE strength to be sex-1 &gt; sex-2 &gt; fox-1 &gt; ceh-39 ≥ region 1 XSE. sex-1 exerts a more potent influence on sex determination and dosage compensation than any other XSE by functioning in two separate capacities in the pathway: sex-1 acts upstream as an XSE to repress xol-1 and downstream as an activator of hermaphrodite development and dosage compensation. Furthermore, the process of dosage compensation affects expression of the very XSEs that control it; XSEs become fully dosage compensated once sex is determined. The X:A signal is then equivalent between XO and XX animals, causing sexual differentiation to be controlled by genes downstream of xol-1 in the sex-determination pathway. Prior to the onset of dosage compensation, the difference in XSE expression between XX and XO embryos appears to be greater than twofold, making X chromosome counting a robust process.
The Role of Stn1p inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeTelomere Capping Can Be Separated From Its Interaction With Cdc13p
Authors: Petreaca Ruben C , Chiu Huan-Chih , Nugent Constance I 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe function of telomeres is twofold: to facilitate complete chromosome replication and to protect chromosome ends against fusions and illegitimate recombination. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, interactions among Cdc13p, Stn1p, and Ten1p are thought to be critical for promoting these processes. We have identified distinct Stn1p domains that mediate interaction with either Ten1p or Cdc13p, allowing analysis of whether the interaction between Cdc13p and Stn1p is indeed essential for telomere capping or length regulation. Consistent with the model that the Stn1p essential function is to promote telomere end protection through Cdc13p, stn1 alleles that truncate the C-terminal 123 residues fail to interact with Cdc13p and do not support viability when expressed at endogenous levels. Remarkably, more extensive deletions that remove an additional 185 C-terminal residues from Stn1p now allow cell growth at endogenous expression levels. The viability of these stn1-t alleles improves with increasing expression level, indicating that increased stn1-t dosage can compensate for the loss of Cdc13p–Stn1p interaction. However, telomere length is misregulated at all expression levels. Thus, an amino-terminal region of Stn1p is sufficient for its essential function, while a central region of Stn1p either negatively regulates the STN1 essential function or destabilizes the mutant Stn1 protein.
Developmental and Cell Cycle Progression Defects in Drosophila Hybrid Males
Authors: Bolkan Bonnie J , Booker Ronald , Goldberg Michael L , Barbash Daniel A 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Matings between D. melanogaster females and males of sibling species in the D. melanogaster complex yield hybrid males that die prior to pupal differentiation. We have reexamined a previous report suggesting that the developmental defects in these lethal hybrid males reflect a failure in cell proliferation that may be the consequence of problems in mitotic chromosome condensation. We also observed a failure in cell proliferation, but find in contrast that the frequencies of mitotic figures and of nuclei staining for the mitotic marker phosphohistone H3 in the brains of hybrid male larvae are extremely low. We also found that very few of these brain cells in male hybrids are in S phase, as determined by BrdU incorporation. These data suggest that cells in hybrid males are arrested in either the G1 or G2 phases of the cell cycle. The cells in hybrid male brains appear to be particularly sensitive to environmental stress; our results indicate that certain in vitro incubation conditions induce widespread cellular necrosis in these brains, causing an abnormal nuclear morphology noted by previous investigators. We also document that hybrid larvae develop very slowly, particularly during the second larval instar. Finally, we found that the frequency of mitotic figures in hybrid male larvae mutant for Hybrid male rescue (Hmr) is increased relative to lethal hybrid males, although not to wild-type levels, and that chromosome morphology in Hmr− hybrid males is also not completely normal.
Accelerated Rate of Gene Gain and Loss in Primates
Authors: Hahn Matthew W , Demuth Jeffery P , Han Sang-Gook 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe molecular changes responsible for the evolution of modern humans have primarily been discussed in terms of individual nucleotide substitutions in regulatory or protein coding sequences. However, rates of nucleotide substitution are slowed in primates, and thus humans and chimpanzees are highly similar at the nucleotide level. We find that a third source of molecular evolution, gene gain and loss, is accelerated in primates relative to other mammals. Using a novel method that allows estimation of rate heterogeneity among lineages, we find that the rate of gene turnover in humans is more than 2.5 times faster than in other mammals and may be due to both mutational and selective forces. By reconciling the gene trees for all of the gene families included in the analysis, we are able to independently verify the numbers of inferred duplications. We also use two methods based on the genome assembly of rhesus macaque to further verify our results. Our analyses identify several gene families that have expanded or contracted more rapidly than is expected even after accounting for an overall rate acceleration in primates, including brain-related families that have more than doubled in size in humans. Many of the families showing large expansions also show evidence for positive selection on their nucleotide sequences, suggesting that selection has been important in shaping copy-number differences among mammals. These findings may help explain why humans and chimpanzees show high similarity between orthologous nucleotides yet great morphological and behavioral differences.
Major Regulatory Genes in Maize Contribute to Standing Variation in Teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis)
Authors: Weber Allison , Clark Richard M , Vaughn Laura , de Jesús Sánchez-Gonzalez José , Yu Jianming , Yandell Brian S , Bradbury Peter , Doebley John 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In plants, many major regulatory genes that control plant growth and development have been identified and characterized. Despite a detailed knowledge of the function of these genes little is known about how they contribute to the natural variation for complex traits. To determine whether major regulatory genes of maize contribute to standing variation in Balsas teosinte we conducted association mapping in 584 Balsas teosinte individuals. We tested 48 markers from nine candidate regulatory genes against 13 traits for plant and inflorescence architecture. We identified significant associations using a mixed linear model that controls for multiple levels of relatedness. Ten associations involving five candidate genes were significant after correction for multiple testing, and two survive the conservative Bonferroni correction. zfl2, the maize homolog of FLORICAULA of Antirrhinum, was associated with plant height. zap1, the maize homolog of APETALA1 of Arabidopsis, was associated with inflorescence branching. Five SNPs in the maize domestication gene, teosinte branched1, were significantly associated with either plant or inflorescence architecture. Our data suggest that major regulatory genes in maize do play a role in the natural variation for complex traits in teosinte and that some of the minor variants we identified may have been targets of selection during domestication.
Selection Against Demographic Stochasticity in Age-Structured Populations
Authors: Shpak Max 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
It has been shown that differences in fecundity variance can influence the probability of invasion of a genotype in a population; i.e., a genotype with lower variance in offspring number can be favored in finite populations even if it has a somewhat lower mean fitness than a competitor. In this article, Gillespie's results are extended to population genetic systems with explicit age structure, where the demographic variance (variance in growth rate) calculated in the work of Engen and colleagues is used as a generalization of “variance in offspring number” to predict the interaction between deterministic and random forces driving change in allele frequency. By calculating the variance from the life-history parameters, it is shown that selection against variance in the growth rate will favor a genotypes with lower stochasticity in age-specific survival and fertility rates. A diffusion approximation for selection and drift in a population with two genotypes with different life-history matrices (and therefore different mean growth rates and demographic variances) is derived and shown to be consistent with individual-based simulations. It is also argued that for finite populations, perturbation analyses of both the mean and the variance in growth rate may be necessary to determine the sensitivity of fitness to changes in the life-history parameters.