bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of the Akt Substrate, AS160, with the Glucose Transporter 4 Vesicle Marker Protein, Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase
Authors: Peck Grantley R. , Ye Siying , Pham Vi , Fernando Ruani N. , Macaulay S. Lance , Chai Siew Yeen , Albiston Anthony L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractInsulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), a marker of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) storage vesicles (GSVs), is the only protein known to traffic with GLUT4. In the basal state, GSVs are sequestered from the constitutively recycling endosomal system to an insulin-responsive, intracellular pool. Insulin induces a rapid translocation of GSVs to the cell surface from this pool, resulting in the incorporation of IRAP and GLUT4 into the plasma membrane. We sought to identify proteins that interact with IRAP to further understand this GSV trafficking process. This study describes our identification of a novel interaction between the amino terminus of IRAP and the Akt substrate, AS160 (Akt substrate of 160 kDa). The validity of this interaction was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation of both overexpressed and endogenous proteins. Moreover, confocal microscopy demonstrated colocalization of these proteins. In addition, we demonstrate that the IRAP-binding domain of AS160 falls within its second phosphotyrosine-binding domain and the interaction is not regulated by AS160 phosphorylation. We hypothesize that AS160 is localized to GLUT4-containing vesicles via its interaction with IRAP where it inhibits the activity of Rab substrates in its vicinity, effectively tethering the vesicles intracellularly.
Perturbation of BMP Signaling in Somitogenesis Resulted in Vertebral and Rib Malformations in the Axial Skeletal Formation
Authors: Nifuji Akira , Kellermann Odile , Kuboki Yoshinori , Wozney John M. , Noda Masaki 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Axial skeletons such as vertebrae, ribs, and scapulae develop from the embryonic somitic mesoderm through interactions with neural tube/notochord and skin ectoderm. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) seem to play important roles in these tissue interactions; however, the relationship between BMP signaling and the early development of axial skeletons is poorly understood. In this report, we investigated possible roles of BMP signaling in axial skeletal formation. First, we describe the expression patterns of BMP4 and type I receptors for BMP during somitogenesis in chick embryos based on whole mount in situ hybridization. Next, the effects of BMP on axial skeletal morphogenesis were investigated by implantation of BMP proteins into the dorsal mesoderm at the time of somitogenesis. Transcripts for both BMP4 ligand and its receptors are expressed in the dorsal ectoderm and mesoderm. Implantation of BMP4 and BMP2 into the dorsal regions of embryos result in subsequent anomalies of vertebrae, ribs, and scapulae. The effects of BMP implantation on the skeleton are shown to be dependent upon the somitic stage. Vertebral anomalies are restricted to the dorsolateral elements of the vertebrae and specifically observed after BMP implantation into embryonic day 2 (E2) embryos, but not E3 embryos. These results indicate that implantation of BMP into the dorsal part of embryos where endogenous BMP ligand and BMP receptors are expressed perturbs BMP signaling and causes axial skeletal malformations. The findings presented here suggest that BMP signaling may be involved in the early developmental process of the axial skeleton.
Immunodetection of Enamel- and Cementum-Related (Bone) Proteins at the Enamel-Free Area and Cervical Portion of the Tooth in Rat Molars
Authors: Dr. Bosshardt Dieter D. , Nanci Antonio 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Enamel and dentin at the cervical portion of the tooth are frequently covered by a collagen-free matrix referred to as acellular afibrillar cementum (AAC). It is believed that AAC deposition occurs when the enamel organ is displaced or disrupted, and mesenchymal cells from the dental follicle gain access to the tooth surface, differentiate into cementoblasts, and secrete noncollagenous proteins typically found in collagen-based mineralized tissues. A similar thin layer of mineralized matrix is found at the enamel-free area (EFA) of rodent molars, but in this case the matrix is covered by inner enamel epithelium (IEE) throughout development. We have, therefore, used this site as a paradigm to test the hypothesis that typical mesenchymal matrix proteins can also be found in association with epithelial cells. To this end, we have analyzed the presence and distribution of enamel- and cementum-related matrix proteins at the EFA and at the cervical portion of the tooth. Rat mandibular molars were processed for colloidal gold immunolabeling with antibodies to amelogenins, bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OC), and dentin sialoprotein (DSP), and the plasma proteins α2HS-glycoprotein and albumin. The EFA matrix was immunoreactive for amelogenins as well as for BSP, OPN, OC, and α2HS-glycoprotein, but not for albumin and DSP. The AAC was, similar to the EFA matrix, labeled for BSP, OPN, OC, and α2HS-glycoprotein. These data show for the first time that the EFA matrix is comprised of a mixture of enamel- and cementum-related proteins, a situation that parallels the distribution of matrix constituents at the cervical portion of the tooth. Since the EFA matrix is deposited on top of the mineralized dentin, and since the enamel organ seals off the forming matrix, it is concluded that EFA cells are responsible for the production of these proteins. Consistent with previous reports showing that epithelial cells can produce both BSP and OPN in some circumstances, the data also suggest that AAC may be deposited by cells of epithelial origin. Furthermore, they lend support to the possibility that cells derived from Hertwig's epithelial root sheath may likewise be capable of producing cementum matrix proteins.
The Role of the T-Lymphocyte in Estrogen Deficiency Osteopenia
Authors: Sass D. A. , Liss T. , Bowman A. R. , Rucinski B. , Popoff S. N. , Pan Z. , Ma Y. F. , Epstein S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that the T-lymphocyte is critical in the development of cyclosporin A–induced osteopenia in the rat model. A similar state of osteopenia is induced by estrogen depletion in the ovariectomized (OVX) rat, which is the animal model of postmenopausal bone loss. However, the role of the immune system, and particularly the T-lymphocyte, in estrogen deplete osteopenia has not been elucidated. We used the Rowett athymic nude rat as our model of T-lymphocyte deficiency. In this study, the experimental rats were divided into four groups as follows: (1) sham-operated Rowett heterozygous (rnu/+) euthymic rats (control group); (2) OVX Rowett heterozygous (rnu/+) euthymic rats; (3) sham-operated Rowett homozygous (rnu/rnu) athymic nude rats, which are T-lymphocyte deficient; and (4) ovariectomized Rowett homozygous (rnu/rnu) rats. Rats were weighed, and venous blood was taken in weeks 2, 4, and 6 for determination of serum osteocalcin. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) was determined on the day of sacrifice. Following sacrifice, histomorphometry was performed on double-labeled proximal tibial metaphyses. Flow cytometric analysis of splenic mononuclear cell isolates stained for OX19-positive (CD5) T-lymphocytes was performed. T-lymphocyte analysis revealed significant reductions in both athymic nude groups, while OVX euthymic rats demonstrated a diminished number of T-cells relative to their sham-operated counterparts. Histomorphometric data indicated that both OVX groups exhibited a significant loss of trabecular volume, with associated increases in indices for bone formation and resorption, with resorption likely outstripping formation, resulting in osteopenia. Serum osteocalcin was significantly elevated in the ovariectomized euthymic group throughout the experimental period compared with the control group (p &lt; 0.01); it was elevated in the ovariectomized athymic group on week 4 only (p &lt; 0.01 vs. control). It appears that the T-lymphocyte may not be an essential component in the pathogenesis of estrogen deficiency osteopenia. The contribution of circulating T-lymphocytes as well as other T-lymphocyte–rich organs needs to be explored further.
Comparison of 6 Automated Assays for Total and Free Prostate-Specific Antigen with Special Reference to Their Reactivity toward the WHO 96/670 Reference Preparation
Authors: Kort Sheila AR , Martens Frans , Vanpoucke Hilde , van Duijnhoven Hans L , Blankenstein Marinus A 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Background: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assays have historically produced different results. Our aim was to investigate the comparability of assay results of selected commercially available assay methods designed to measure total, free, or complexed PSA (tPSA, fPSA, and cPSA).
Methods: We measured tPSA, fPSA, and cPSA in 70 samples and in the WHO PSA 96/670 reference preparation with 6 assays (Beckman-Coulter Access, Abbott ARCHITECT and AxSYM, Bayer Advia Centaur, DPC IMMULITE 2000, and Roche Modular Analytics E170). We also calculated the fPSA/tPSA ratio.
Results: The mean deviations from the expected tPSA and fPSA values for the WHO 96/670 reference preparation were 0.37 (range, 0.01–1.32) and 0.19 (range, 0.05–0.49) μg/L, respectively. When plotted against the expected WHO 96/670 reference preparation value, regression slopes varied from 0.99 to 1.22 and r2 from 0.9996 to 1.000. When total PSA was measured in mixtures of sera with high and low tPSA concentrations, the mean (SD) slope of regression of different assays against an in-house method was 1.04 (0.09). In these specimens, the fPSA/tPSA ratio was 0.11–0.14 with different methods. The tPSA and fPSA values in patient samples measured in different assays and plotted against ARCHITECT gave regression slopes from 0.88 to 0.97. The results of the studied assays for tPSA in serum samples agreed within 15%, from each other, and all results for the WHO 96/670 reference preparation were within 6.8% (confidence interval, 1.7%–15.2%) of the expected value. The results for fPSA were more diverse.
Conclusions: Differences among PSA assays appear to have decreased since introduction of the WHO 96/670 reference preparation, but further efforts are needed to harmonize fPSA assays.
Humor and leadership style
Authors: Holmes Janet , Marra Meredith 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDrawing on authentic workplace interactions, this paper examines the ways in which effective leaders use humor as a discursive resource to construct particular aspects of leadership style. The conventional wisdom in leadership studies suggests that humor is an important tool for “good” leaders who inspire and challenge their subordinates. The management studies literature suggests a basic distinction between a traditional transactional style, which is rule-driven and task focused, and a more favored transformational style, where leaders encourage creativity and innovation, and are characterized as inspirational. Using data collected in a range of New Zealand organizations, this paper explores and illustrates the wide range of functions served by humor, and the ways in which humor contributes to aspects of the construction of leadership styles. Our analysis supports recent proposals that many effective leaders combine aspects of both transactional and transformational styles of leadership.
Joke cruelty and joke appreciation revisited
Authors: Herzog Thomas R , Harris Anne C , Kropscott Laura S , Fuller Katherine L 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe investigated the relation between independently rated joke cruelty and joke appreciation within the thematically homogeneous category of jokes about the disabled. We found a negative linear relation between appreciation and cruelty for females and no relation for males. This remained true even after controlling statistically for four other rated joke properties: surprise, incongruity, difficulty, and resolution. There was no evidence of an inverted-U relation between appreciation and cruelty. We conclude that an optimal cruelty model of joke appreciation is not supported when thematic joke category and other rated predictors are controlled. In contrast, a previous finding that cruelty matters more for females than for males was replicated.
Bewährungswiderruf wegen Begehung einer neuen Straftat: Konsequenzen der Rechtsprechung des EGMR zur Unschuldsvermutung
Authors: Seher Gerhard 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
I. Problemstellung
Der Widerruf der Strafaussetzung zur Bewährung wegen Begehung einer neuen Straftat ist ein seit langem diskutiertes Thema. Letzthin wurde die Diskussion von der Praxis überholt. Die gegen Deutschland ergangene Entscheidung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte (EGMR) vom 3.10. 2002 hat – unter Berufung auf die Unschuldsvermutung des Art. 6 Abs. 2 EMRK – die Aburteilung der neuen Straftat zur unverzichtbaren Voraussetzung eines auf diese Tat gestützten Bewährungswiderrufs gemacht und eine Durchbrechung dieses Grundsatzes nur für den Fall zugelassen, dass der Täter deren Begehung glaubhaft gesteht. Seither beeilen sich deutsche Gerichte in schneller Folge, sich den Tenor der EGMR-Entscheidung zu eigen zu machen. Der Beschluss des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 14.10. 2004, der die Berücksichtigung der Rechtsprechung des EGMR durch die deutschen Gerichte explizit anmahnt, und zwei aktuelle Kammerentscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts beschleunigen diesen Prozess weiter. Auch mehrere diese Entwicklung aufgreifende Literaturbeiträgetreten den höchstrichterlich formulierten Grundsätzen bei. Es scheint, als werde die Rechtsprechung künftig einheitlich für einen Bewährungswiderruf nach § 56f Abs. 1 Satz 1 Nr. 1 StGB eine Aburteilung der neuen Straftat, hilfsweise ein glaubhaftes Geständnis, verlangen und zur Begründung dafür die Unschuldsvermutung aus Art. 6 Abs. 2 EMRK bzw. Art. 20 Abs. 3 GG benennen. Damit dürfte die bisher überwiegende Judikatur, derzufolge es genügen sollte, dass sich das Gericht im Freibeweisverfahren von der neuen Straftat des unter Bewährung Stehenden überzeugt, obsolet werden.
Aktuelle Fragen des materiellen Computer- und Internetstrafrechts im Spiegel neuerer Gesamtdarstellungen
Authors: Hilgendorf Eric 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Haug, Volker: Grundwissen Internet. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer 2005. XXX, 311 S.

Malek, Klaus: Strafsachen im Internet. Heidelberg: C.F. Müller 2005. XV, 140 S.

Marberth-Kubicki, Annette: Computer- und Internetstrafrecht. München: C. H. Beck 2005. XXVII, 252 S.

Heghmanns, Michael: Daten- und Datennetz-Delikte, in: Hans Achenbach und Andreas Ransiek (Hrsg.), Handbuch Wirtschaftsstrafrecht. Heidelberg: C.F. Müller 2005, S. 405–485.

Wall, David S.: Cyberspace crime. Ashgate: Dartmouth u. a. 2003. XXVI, 582 S.
Es vergeht kaum ein Tag, an dem nicht in der Tagespresse über neue Formen kriminellen oder zumindest sozialschädlichen Verhaltens im Internet berichtet wird. Einschlägige Stichworte sind betrügerische Passworterlangung („phishing”), Datenvandalismus („cracking”), die Verbreitung neuartiger Viren oder anderer Schadenssoftware, Datenspionage und massive Belästigungen über das Netz, das sog. „Cyberstalking”. Mit jeder technischen Innovation entstehen neue Missbrauchsmöglichkeiten. Längst hat das Internet begonnen, die Rechtsentwicklung in globalem Maßstab zu prägen; dem Gesetzgeber fällt es schwer, mit der rasant voranschreitenden Entwicklung Schritt zu halten.
Das Humanexperiment als völkerstrafrechtliches Verbrechen – Vom Nürnberger Kodex zum Rom-Statut für einen Internationalen Strafgerichtshof
Authors: Kiriakaki Irini 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
I. Einleitung
Das medizinische Experiment am Menschen als empirisches Verfahren ist seit dem 19. Jahrhundert eine wichtige Erkenntnisquelle der naturwissenschaftlich orientierten Medizin und ein unverzichtbares Instrument für die Sicherheit und Zuverlässigkeit der medizinischen Alltagspraxis. Wenn das Ziel hauptsächlich in der individuellen Behandlung des unmittelbar beteiligtenkranken Menschen durch die Erprobung oder erstmalige Anwendung einer therapeutischen Methode besteht, liegt ein Heilversuch vor. Beim wissenschaftlichen Versuch werden hingegen allgemeinmedizinische Fragestellungen am Menschen untersucht; das konkret-individuelle Behandlungsinteresse bleibt dabei im Hintergrund.
Generalized Linear Least-Squares Adjustment, Revisited
Authors: Broadhead BL , Williams ML , Wagschal JJ 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Tsurfer, a generalized linear least-squares (Glls) code, is a new module of the SCALE system. After a short introduction outlining the history and applications of the Glls methodology in reactor physics, a new application of the Glls methodology in criticality safety is discussed. Some characteristic Tsurfer input data are discussed in detail.
A Device to Continuously Monitor Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature at User-Selected Depths and Locations in Culture Ponds
Authors: Pearson Philip R , Green Bartholomew W 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Continuous measurement of dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature at two depths in the water column were needed for a 2004 field study conducted during actual harvests of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and for a small-scale research study conducted in 2005. In the on-farm field study, we collected data in grading nets loaded with high densities of channel catfish. The small-scale study was conducted in 0.1-acre channel catfish research ponds. Commercially available dissolved oxygen and temperature monitoring units did not meet study requirements, so we developed a free-floating data collection unit composed of state-of-the-art sensors, a data logger, and readily available materials. The data collection units proved to be durable under conditions existing in both loaded grading nets and in small research ponds.
Fractured Reservoir Characterization Using Dynamic Data in a Carbonate Field, Oman
Authors: Ozkaya S. I. , Richard P. D. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
The main objective of this study was to extract fracture data from multiple sources and present it in a form suitable for reservoir simulation in a fractured carbonate field in Oman. Production is by water injection. A combination of borehole image (BHI) logs and openhole logs from horizontal wells revealed that water encroachment occurs mostly through fracture corridors and appears as sharp saturation spikes across fracture clusters. Dispersed background joints have little flow potential because of cementation, lack of connectivity, or small size. Image logs indicate that fracture corridors are oriented dominantly in the west/northwest direction. Most of the several injector/producer short cuts are also oriented in the west/northwest direction, supporting the view that fracture corridors are responsible for the short cuts.
Flowmeter logs from vertical injector or producer wells intersecting a fracture corridor show a step profile. A comparison of the injection or production history of wells with or without a step profile provided a means to calculate permeability enhancement by fracture corridors. The field has more than 300 vertical wells and nearly 20 horizontal wells, which allowed us to generate detailed fracture-permeability enhancement and fracture-corridor density maps based on injector and producer data, short cuts, mud losses, openhole logs, and BHI logs. We also were able to build stochastic 3D fracture-corridor models using corridor density from dynamic data and orientation from BHI logs and seismic data. Fracture-corridor length and width were tied to fracture-permeability enhancement using wells with both image logs and production data. The fracture-permeability enhancement maps were verified independently by waterflood-front maps. Notwithstanding the uncertainties, the fracture data were sufficiently accurate and detailed to generate both single- and dual-porosity simulation results with good field-scale history match.
Interrelationship of Temperature and Wettability on the Relative Permeability of Heavy Oil in Diatomaceous Rocks
Authors: Schembre J. M. , Tang G. -Q. , Kovscek A. R. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
The evaluation of thermal-recovery processes requires relative permeability functions, as well as information about the effects of temperature on these functions. There are significant challenges encountered when estimating relative permeability from laboratory data, such as the accuracy of measurements and generalized assumptions in the interpretation techniques. A novel method is used here to estimate relative permeability and capillary pressure from in-situ aqueous-phase saturation profiles obtained from X-ray computerized tomography (CT) scanning during high-temperature imbibition experiments. Relative permeability and capillary pressure functions are interpreted simultaneously, including possible nonequilibrium effects. Results obtained show a systematic shift toward increased water-wettability with increasing temperature for diatomite reservoir core. The measured changes in relative permeability are linked to the effect of temperature on the adhesion of oil-coated fines to rock surfaces and, ultimately, to rock/fluid interactions.
Two Credibility Regression Approaches for the Classification of Passenger Cars in a Multiplicative Tariff
Authors: Sundt Bjørn 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the present paper we present two credibility regression models for the classification of passenger cars. As regressors we use technical variables like price, weight, etc. In both models we derive credibility estimators and find expressions for their estimation errors. Estimators for structure parameters are proposed. A numerical example based on real data is given. The second model is hierarchical with a level for make of car.
On the Probability and Severity of Ruin
Authors: Gerber Hans U. , Goovaerts Marc J. , Kaas Rob 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the usual model of the collective risk theory, we are interested in the severity of ruin, as well as its probability. As a quantitative measure, we propose G(u, y), the probability that for given initial surplus u ruin will occur and that the deficit at the time of ruin will be less than y, and the corresponding density g(u, y). First a general answer in terms of the transform is obtained. Then, assuming that the claim amount distribution is a combination of exponential distributions, we determine g; here the roots of the equation that defines the adjustment coefficient play a central role. An explicit answer is also given in the case in which all claims are of constant size.
Projecting Development of Losses During an Accident Year
Authors: Gogol Daniel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA method is presented for projecting the development of reported losses, or of paid losses, or the number of reported cases, for each of the first 12 months of an accident year. The method is based on the relationship between development patterns after the first 12 months of an accident year and development patterns during the first 12 months. A way of deriving the development pattern of an individual accident quarter or accident month is also described.It is pointed out that the method can be useful for underwriting decisions for which the most recent experience is relevant, or for estimating loss reserves at the end of a quarter or when earned premium differs greatly by month or quarter.