bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE VITAMIN D3 METABOLITE‐TYPE ACTIVITY OF SOLANUM MALACOXYLON
Authors: BASUDDE C. D. K. , HUMPHREYS D. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY1. Administration of an aqueous extract of the dried leaves of Solanum malacoxylon (DLSM) to rats causes a rapid hyperphosphataemia and a decrease in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity; the two effects are typical of 1,25(OH)2D3, the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D3.2. DLSM, like both vitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone, increases plasma calcium and citrate levels in rats. The effect of DLSM in influencing plasma citrate, and the role of this important metabolite in mineral metabolism is discussed.3. A decrease of plasma magnesium levels occurs in rats following treatment with DLSM. This decrease, which is associated with a renal loss of this cation, is remarkably similar to that produced by hypervitaminosis D3.4. Prolonged administration of DLSM to vitamin D deficient rats causes a polyuria, hypercalciuria, hyperphosphaturia, hypermagnesuria, an increase in urinary total hydroxyproline, an increase in plasma total hexosamines, and a corresponding decrease in the bone total hexosamines. These effects, some of which can also be produced by hyperparathyroidism, or following the administration of parathyroid extract (PTE), large doses of vitamin D3, or 1,25(OH)2D3, suggest that DLSM, like the latter compounds, is capable of causing bone mineral mobilization, and the dissolution of bone organic matrix.
THE CHEMISTRY AND CONFORMATIONAL AND BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN D3, ITS METABOLITES AND ANALOGUES
Authors: NORMAN ANTHONY W. , JOHNSON R. LORNE , OSBORN TERRY W. , PROSAL DANA A. , CAREY STEPHEN C. , HAMMOND MILTON L. , MITRA MANINDARAN N. , PIRIO MARCEL R. , REGO ALBERT , WING RICHARD M. , OKAMURA WILLIAM H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe chemical properties, sterochemical relationships and solution confromation, as assessed in part by proton NMR spectroscopy, for vitamin D3, its major metabolites [including 1α, 25‐(OH)2 D3, its hormonally active form] and a number of A‐ring and side chain analogues are evaluated and discussed in relation ot their biological activity. In particular the relative ability of many of these seco‐steroids to compet both with 25‐OHD3 for its chick serum binding protein and 1α, 25‐(OH)2‐D3 for its chick intenstinal cytosol‐chromation receptor systme was quantitated, in vitro, Further, the relative effectiveness of all these metabolites and analogues to mediate in vivo intestinal calcium absorption and bone calcium mobilization was determined. Collectiveily these chemical and bilogical studies constitute a ‘systems analysis’of the various steroid structural parameters both required and tolerated by the multi‐stepped endocrine system associated with the bilogical actions of vitamin D.
TREATMENT OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM WITH 1,25‐DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL
Authors: HILL L. F. , DAVIES M. , TAYLOR C. M. , STANBURY S. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFive patients with hypoparath;yroidism (three post thyroidectomy and two idiopathic) were treated with synthetic 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25‐(OH)2‐D3) for up to 6 months. In each case daily oral administration of 1 μg 1,25‐(OH)2D3 either alone or with additional calcium, raised the serum calcium into the normal range. The serum pnhosphorus and the renal tubular reabsorption of phosphorus fell during treatment. None of these patients developed hypercalcaemia and no other complications of treatment have been recorded. 1,25‐(OH)2D3 seems to represent a significant improvement over conventional methods for treating hypoparath;yroidism.
THE HETEROGENEITY OF GASTRIN, WITH REFERENCE TO CONVERSION OF GASTRIN‐17
Authors: REHFELD J. F. , CHRISTIANSEN L. A. , MALMSTRØM J. , SCHWARTZ T. , STADIL F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHigh‐resolution gel chromatography monitored by a sensitive radioimmunoassay for gastrin has disclosed that gastrin circulates in twenty different components. Since the assay is specific for the biological active sequence of gastrin (‐Trp‐Met‐Asp‐PheNH2), we conclude that all the twenty circulating molecular forms of gastrin encountered in this study may participate in the regulation of gastric acid secretion.There are two dominating forms of gastrin in serum: gastrin‐34‐like components and gastrin‐17‐like components. The former constitutes 60% and the lattr constitutes approximatly 30% of the immunoreactive gastrins.We suggest that extragastrointestinal conversion of gastrin‐17, released from tissue, is an important source of gastrin‐34‐like components. Such conversion has been observed in intact man and pig. Studies with the isolated perfused porcine liver indicate that the liver is important in the metabolism of gastrin‐17, and that conversion may be a hepatic function.
REGULATION OF CALCITONIN SECRETION IN VITRO
Authors: ROOS BERNARD A. , DEFTOS LEONARD J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have developed methods for the long‐term maintenance of monolayer cultures of both human and trout calcitonin‐secreting (C‐) cells (Roos et al., 1974a, 1975). Secreted calcitonin (CT) can be measured by specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays for human calcitonin (HCT) and trout calcitonin (TCT) (Deftos, 1971; Deftos et al., 1974; Roos et al,, 1974b). The combined application of these cell culture and radioimmunoassay methods to the in vitro study of CT secretion has revealed fundamental differences in the regulation by divalent ions of CT secretion in mammalian and nonmammalian C‐cells. Our results also indicate a specific role for secretin as a CT secretagogue in trout. In addition to establishing the individual secretory effects of calcium and the enteric polypeptide hormones on the C‐cells of both species, we have investigated the combined effects of these agents in both human and trout C‐cell cultures. The noncompetitive augmentation of the secretory effects resulting from the actions of specific combinations of these secretagogues in each of these C‐cell populations suggests that CT secretion is regulated by co‐ordinate interaction of specific ionic and peptide secretagogues. An elucidation of the cellular mechanisms involved in such multifactorial control of C‐cell function should result from the continued investigation of CT secretion in these C‐cell cultures.We have developed methods for the long‐term maintenance of monolayer cultures of both human and trout calcitonin‐secreting (C‐) cells (Roos et al., 1974a, 1975). Secreted calcitonin (CT) can be measured by specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays for human calcitonin (HCT) and trout calcitonin (TCT) (Deftos, 1971; Deftos et al., 1974; Roos et al., 1974b). In addition to establishing the individual secretory effects of calcium and the enteric polypeptide hormones on the C‐cells of both species, we have investigated the combined effects of these agents in both human and trout C‐cell cultures.
VIP MEASUREMENT IN DISTINGUISHING VERNER‐MORRISON SYNDROME AND PSEUDO VERNER‐MORRISON SYNDROME
Authors: BLOOM S. R. , POLAK J. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY1. Plasma VIP immunoreactivity is always diagnostically raised in patients with pancreatic tumour causing the Verner‐Morrison syndrome.2. Human tumour VIP is physico‐chemically similar to porcine VIP.3. The only other situation in which plasma VIP is very elevated is in patients with ganglioneuroblastomas associated with diarrhoea.4. VIP is not elevated in patients with diarrhoea associated with pancreatic islet hyperplasia, designated the pseudo Verner‐Morrison syndrome.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RELEASING FACTOR CONCEPT
Authors: FINK G. 
Published: March 2008

?summaryAter four decades of intense and competitive research, three hypothalamic releasing hormones (formerly factors) hav recently been isolated and characterized. These are the decapeptide gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), tripeptide thyrotorphin releasing hormone (TRH), and the teradecapeptide somatotain. Some aspects of these hormones are discussed, and CnRH is considered in greater details to demonstrate the difficulties involved in fulfilling completely the criteria which edtermine whether a substance can be accepted as a physiologica releasing hormone. A substance immunologically similar to GnRH is present in rat phypophysial portal vessel blood, but, while the amount of this substance released into the portal circulation can be increased significantyly by electrical stim;ulation of the preoptic area, no significant ch;anges occur during the oestrous cycle or after long‐term castration. This may be due to interference with the normal secretion of GnRH by the trauma and anaesthesia which necessarilyl accompany exposure of the pituitray stalk. However, the possibility exists that our preonceived jnotions regarding the changes in plasma levels of releasing hormones under physiological conditions may be incorrect. Thus it seems likely that changes in the rate of secretion of thyrotrophin is effected by thyroid hormones modulating the responsiveness of the thyrotrophs to steady input of TRH. Evidence is presented for the existence of a similar mechanism for gonadotrophin secretion, and the role of steroid hormones and the priming effect of GnRh in modulating the responsiveness of the gonadotrophs is considered. The interinsic connexions of the hypothalamu;s, the role of the hypothalamic aminergic systems and the autonomy of the hypothalamus with repect to anterior pituitary contro present many problems which will prove difficult to solve.
STRUCTURE ACTIVITY STUDIES ON SOMATOSTATIN
Authors: SARANTAKIS D. , McKINLEY W. A. , JAUNAKAIS I. , CLARK D. , GRANT N. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeven synthetic analogues of somatostatin helped clarify structural requirements for suppression of growth hormone secretion in rats. Size of the ring is not critical; deletions of serine‐13, lysine‐4 or asparagine‐5 result in peptides which retain an appreciable fraction of the activity. The analogue des‐Ala1, Gly2, Asn5‐somatostatin lowers plasma growth hormone and insulin levels without affecting plasma glucagon levels significantly.
INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF ANALOGUES OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE‐RELEASING HORMONE (LH‐RH) IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Authors: FERLAND L. , LABRIE F. , SAVARY M. , BEAULIEU M. , COY D.H. , COY E. J. , SCHALLY A. V. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYImproved inhibitors of LH‐RH are those which, beside removal of the histidine residue at position 2 of LH‐RH, include replacement of glycine at position 6 by a d‐amino acid. A still better modification is replacement of the histidine residual at position 2 by d‐phenylalanine. As examples, when tested in pituitary cells in culture, [Des‐His2]LH‐RH, [Des‐His2, D‐Leu6] LH‐RH, [Des‐His2, D‐Phe6]‐LH‐RH, [D‐Phe2]LH‐RH, [D‐Phe2, D‐Leu6]LH‐RH and [D‐Phe2, D‐Phe6]LH‐RH inhibit 50% of LH release induced by LH‐RH at molar ratios (MR50s) of 3000, 500, 60, 1000, 150 and 25, respectively. [D‐Phe2, Phe5, D‐Phe6]LH‐RH have MR50 values of respectively 400, 100, and 75. When evaluated in vivo, some of the mentioned structural modifications permit inhibition of LH‐RH action at molar ratios lower than observed in vitro. At a 500 molar ratio, [D‐Phe2, Phe5, D‐Phe6]‐LH‐RH inhibits the plasma LH rise induced by LH‐RH by 75% up to 5 h after its injection. When administered at 12.00 hours at the dose of 2 mg, this analogue inhibits the sponatenous pro‐oestrus LH surge and ovulation by 85 and 75%, respectively.
ROLE OF GLUCAGON IN HUMAN DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS: STUDIES USING SOMATOSTATIN
Authors: GERICH JOHN E. , SCHNEIDER VICTOR S. , LORENZI MARA , TSALIKIAN EVA , KARAM JOHN H. , BIER DENNIS M. , FORSHAM PETER H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe present studies demonstrate that endogenous glucagon is hyperglycaemic, lipolytic and ketogenic in man, and that insulin deficiency is necessary, but is in itself not sufficient, to cause fulminant diabetic ketoacidosis. Furthermore, continuous elevation of endogenous glucagon secreation appears to be necessary for the maintenance and continued development of the characteristic metabolic consequences of insulin lack.
HEREDITARY BONE DYSPLASIA WITH HYPERPHOSPHATASAEMIA: RESPONSE TO SYNTHETIC HUMAN CALCITONIN
Authors: HORWITH M. , NUNEZ E. A. , KROOK L. , VITERI F. , TORUN B. , MENA E. , SUH S. M. , EISENBERG E. , MacINTYRE I. , WHALEN J. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFour cases of familial bone dysplasia with hyperphosphatasaemia were treated with synthetic human calcitonin. Prior to therapy, all four cases were characterized by marked bone deformity, pain, tenderness and elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline. Treatment with calcitonin produced in each case a striking clinical, biochemical and radiographic remission. Pain and tenderness was greatly diminished and urinary hydroxyproline and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly decreased. Radiographic regression of the bony abnormalities was apparent as early as 41/2 months after the start of treatment, Prior to therapy bones exhibit no real organization. After calcitonin treatment, the radiographic appearance of a normal cortex and medullary cavity was clearly evident for the first time.
CONCEPTS IN ECTOPIC HORMONE PRODUCTION
Authors: REES LESLEY H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYNon‐endocrine tumours are capable of production of ectopic hormones, precursor molecules subunits and hormone‐related fragments. The measurement of these may provide biochemical markers of maligancy, allowing presymptomatic diagnosis which may lead ultimatley to an improved prognosis for the patient. The study of ectopic humoral syndromes may yield new insights into the nature of cellular differentiation and the fundamental process of malignant change.
HORMONE RECEPTORS AND CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM IN CANCER CELLS
Authors: MARTIN T. J. , HUNT N. H. , BOYD HELEN , ELLISON MORAG , MICHELANGELI V. P. , ATKINS D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe possibility of a relationship between cyclic AMP formation and metabolic processes in tumours has been investigated. Changes in basal activity and hormone‐responsiveness of adenylate cyclase were demonstrated in plasma membranes and intact cells from pre‐cancerous liver of rats fed a diet containing the carcinogen 3′‐methyl‐4‐dimethylaminoazobenzene. Basal adenylate cyclase activity in hyperplastic parathyroid gland membranes was 200% higher than that in parathyroid adenoma membranes, corresponding with their relative rates of parathyroid hormone secretion in vitro. Membrane adenylate cyclase activity in hypernephromas was consistently 100–300% higher than in adjacent human renal cortex. Furthermore the adenylate cyclase activity of the tumour membranes was not influenced by a wide range of hormones which were effective stimulants in ‘normal’renal cortex membranes. Conversion of 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25‐dihydrocholecalciferol could not be demonstrated in either hypernephroma or adjacent renal cortical tissue. However, three of the four hypernephromas tested secreted a bone‐resorbing factor. Cyclic AMP formation was increased by salmon, human and porcine calcitonins in both plasma membranes and intact cells from a poorly differentiated epidermoid cell carcinoma which was itself secreting calcitonin in culture. This phenomenon might be related to a feedback regulation of calcitonin production in this cell line.The observations are consistent with the concept of a relationship between cyclic AMP formation and certain metabolic functions (e.g. hormone production) in tumour cells.
Adiponectin, skeletal muscle adiponectin receptor expression and insulin resistance following dexamethasone
Authors: Jang Christina , Inder Warrick J. , Obeyesekere Varuni R. , Alford Frank P. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryObjective  Skeletal muscle is a major site of adiponectin action and of glucocorticoid‐induced insulin resistance. Little human data exist however, regarding the impact of exogenous glucocorticoids on adiponectin receptors in skeletal muscle.Design and patients  Twelve subjects with type 2 diabetes and 12 controls underwent blood sampling and muscle biopsy of vastus lateralis before and after 4 days of 4 mg dexamethasone.Measurements  (i) Total and high molecular weight (HMW) plasma adiponectin, glucose and insulin; (ii) Skeletal muscle adiponectin receptor AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 mRNA levels by quantitative real time RT‐PCR.Results  Baseline total adiponectin (8·0 ± 0·89 vs. 12·5 ± 1·46 µg/ml, P = 0·013), HMW adiponectin (2·8 ± 0·44 vs. 5·9 ± 1·04 µg/ml, P = 0·014) and AdipoR2 mRNA levels (mean ΔCT 14·71 ± 0·35 vs. 13·37 ± 0·28, P = 0·017) were significantly lower in diabetic subjects. After dexamethasone, AdipoR2 mRNA fell in the controls but there was no change in the diabetic group, while there was a significant increase in total (P = 0·002) and HMW adiponectin (P < 0·001) across both groups. Total and HMW plasma adiponectin correlated with clinical and biochemical measures of insulin sensitivity. However following dexamethasone which increased insulin resistance, the relationship between adiponectin and the biochemical measures was lost.Conclusions  Plasma adiponectin and skeletal muscle AdipoR2 mRNA expression are reduced in subjects with diabetes; both are likely to contribute to the observed insulin resistance. Dexamethasone inhibits AdipoR2 mRNA expression in nondiabetic subjects, while there is a small rise in plasma adiponectin levels. The close relationship between plasma adiponectin and biochemical measures of insulin sensitivity is lost in the setting of glucocorticoid‐induced insulin resistance.
Occupational therapists prefer combining multiple intervention approaches for children with learning difficulties
Authors: Nelson Alison , Copley Jodie , Flanigan Kerry , Underwood Katherine 
Published: March 2008

Background/aim:  Research to date has not fully explored how occupational therapists provide intervention for children with learning difficulties in their day‐to‐day practice. The purpose of this study was to provide an in‐depth description of the approaches and techniques used and how they are applied and combined to meet the complex and multifaceted needs of these children. Methods:  In‐depth interviews and short questionnaires were completed by seven occupational therapists who had provided intervention to children with learning difficulties. Observations of therapy sessions were also conducted. Thematic analysis gained insight into the approaches and techniques therapists used and how these were applied in practice. Results:  Therapists use a wide range of approaches in various combinations because they feel that these best meet the needs of individual children. Sensory‐based and cognitive approaches were most frequently drawn from and combined with other approaches such as visual information analysis, biomechanical and psychosocial approaches added for particular purposes. Approaches were usually combined simultaneously within an activity or session. Conclusions:  Therapists create their own ‘multimodel’ approach in order to best meet the needs of their clients. They are able to articulate the theoretical basis behind these choices, although lack of clarity exists about the frames of reference being used.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Lokalisation der Seh‐ und Hörfunktionen auf der Großhirnrinde des Kaninchens und der Katze.
Authors: Satô Syôdi 
Published: March 2008

Zusammenfassung.

Das auf Lichteinwirkung erregbore Rindengebiet Das durch Lichteinwirkung erregbare Rindengebiet bei der Katze liegt nach meiner Untersuchung im Gyrus marginalis und im Gyrus Suprasylvius. Seine Ausdehnung reicht nach vorn etwa bis zur Mitte der Längefurche, nach hinten bis zum Okzipitalpol.

Munk untersuchte Hunde mittels der Exstirpationsmethode und kam zu dem Schluß, daß das Sehzentrum des Hundes in einem ausgedehnten Gebiete der Konvexität des Okzipitallappens zu suchen war. Nach ihm schließt das Sehzentrum nämlich folgende Windungszüge ein: Die hintere Hälfte des Gyrus suprasylvius und ectolateralis, und die hintere Ecke des Gyrus ectosylvius. Brodmonn, Campbell, Minkowski u. a., die alle histologische Untersuchungen anstellten, haben beinahe übereinstimmende Ergebnisse erzielt, nämlich, daß die Area striata im großen und ganzen auf die hintere Hälfte des Gyrus marginalis und des Gyrus suprasplenialis lokalisiert ist. Daß sie also auf dem durch den Sulcus splenialis und den Sulcus lateralis begrenzten Windungsabschnitte nach vorn bis etwa zur Mitte des horizontalen Teiles dieser Gyri reichend liegt. Brodmann behauptet, daß die Grenzen seiner Area striata sich nirgends mit denen der Munkschen Sehsphäre decken. Andererseits soll nach Köppen und Löwenstein das histologische Sehfeld sich auch nur annähernd mit der physiologischen Sehregion nach Munk decken.

Das durch Schalleinwirkung erregbare Rindengebiet bei der Katze.

Beim Kaninchen ist das auf Schalleinwirkung bioelektrische Erscheinungen aufweisende Rindenfeld, wie oben auseinander gesetzt wurde, von viel kleinerer Ausdehnung, als das durch Lichtreize erregbare. Dasselbe gilt auch für die Katze. Ich konnte bei der letzteren nämlich an einem kleinen Feld, welches sich oberhalb des Sulcus sylvius über dem Gyrus suprasylvius und dem Gyrus ectosylvius erstreckt, auf Schalleinwirkung hin Widerstandsänderungen nachweisen. Seine Ausdehnung beträgt etwa 0.5 cm im Durchmesser.Da die Freilegung der ventrolateralen Hemisphärenfläche mir nicht ohne stärkere Blutung geglückt war, konnte ich die Frage nicht entscheiden, ob auch an jener Rindenfläche sensorische Felder lokalisiert sind oder nicht. Bringt doch selbst die kleine Blutung an der Rindenfläche die Beurteilung der Experimente zum Wanken.
STUDIES OX THE FUNCTIONS AND FIRER CON‐NECTIONS OF THE AMYGDALOID NUCLEI AND PERIAMYGDALOID CORTEX. EXPERIMENT ON THE RESPIRATORY MOVEMEIVTTS (I).
Authors: Koikegarni Haruymhi , Fuse Shigeaki 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThrough electrical stimulation of a delimited part of the amygdaloid nuclei remarkable change in respiratory movements was recognized in the cat and rabbit. The change is typified in diminution of amplitude and increase in the rate of respiration. Sometimes apnoea was seen at the beginning of stimulation. Experiments ascertained that these phenomena resulted by merit of the neuronal transmission through stria terminalis upon the respiratory cent‐r in hypothalamus. By dissections of the stimulated animals it was found that the lung exhibited in all cases many flecks of hemorrhage. In general, change was more pronounced in the stimulated side of the lung than in the opposite side. Through injection of aqueous solution of sodium glutaminate we could obtain also a peculiar change in respiratory movements, dissection showing unusually severe damage in the lung.