bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of the trypanocidal activity of triterpene acids isolated from Miconia species
Authors: Cunha Wilson Roberto , Crevelin Eduardo J. , Arantes Glenda M. , Crotti Antonio E. Miller , Silva Márcio L. Andrade e , Furtado Niege A. J. Cardoso , Albuquerque Sérgio , Ferreira Daniele da Silva 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTriterpene acids, including ursolic acid (1), urjinolic acid (4) and oleanoic acid (5) along with a mixture of 2α‐hydroxyursolic acid (2) and maslic acid (3) were isolated from methylene chloride extracts of the Miconia sellowiana and M. ligustroides species and their activities against the trypomastigote blood forms of Trypanosoma cruzi were evaluated. The potassium salt derivative of ursolic acid (1a) was also tested. The in vitro assays showed that compounds 1, 5 and 1a were the most active (IC50 17.1 µm, 12.8 µm and 8.9 µm, respectively). In contrast, a mixture of 2 plus 3, that exhibit a hydroxyl at C‐2 and C‐3, is much less potent than a mixture of 1 and 5 (IC50 48.5 µm and 11.8 µm, respectively). In the same manner, compound 4, that differs from 5 by two additional hydroxyl groups (at C‐2 and C‐23) displayed weak trypanocidal activity (IC50 76.3 µm) when compared with the other triterpenes. These results suggest that the free hydroxyl at C‐3 and the polarity of C‐28 are the most influential structural features for determining the in vitro trypanocidal activity of triterpenes. In vivo assays were also undertaken for the most active compounds 1, 1a and the mixture of 1 plus 5. The most significant reduction in parasite number in the parasitemic peak were obtained for compound 1 and its salt derivative 1a (75.7% and 70.4%, respectively). Moreover, the survival time was increased for all the treated animals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Butea superba Roxb. enhances Penile erection in rats
Authors: Tocharus Chainarong , Smitasiri Yuthana , Jeenapongsa Rattima 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanol extracts of Butea superba in increasing intracavernous pressure (ICP) in vivo. The extracts were prepared from fresh and dried root cores and fresh and dried root barks. Penile erection was induced in aged rats by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve. Cavernous smooth muscle relaxation was also observed in vitro in the presence of the extract, cGMP or isobutyl‐methylxanthine (IBMX) alone or the extract together with cGMP or IBMX. The dried root core extract from Phrae was the most effective in increasing the ICP. The dose‐response relationship study revealed a bell‐shape curve with the maximum effective dose at 1 mg/kg. The ICP of the control and 1 mg/kg extract‐treated animals were 45.3 ± 2.5 and 100.9 ± 14.0 mmHg, respectively. The extract, cGMP and IBMX alone induced dose dependent muscle relaxation. B. superba significantly enhanced the effects of cGMP and IBMX. The results suggest that ethanol extracts of B. superba are effective in enhancing penile erection. The dried root core extract from Phrae is the most effective part with a maximal dose of 1 mg/kg. The results also suggest that B. superba may act through cAMP/cGMP pathways. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatty acids profile and antiinflammatory activity of Nonea setosa R. et S.
Authors: Curini Massimo , Epifano Francesco , Genovese Salvatore , Menghini Alessandro , Altinier Gianmario , Tubaro Aurelia , Menghini Luigi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn order to verify the antiinflammatory properties of Nonea setosa R. et S. (Fam. Boraginaceae) and to identify the relevant active principles, aerial parts of this plant were extracted with increasing polarity solvents. The antiinflammatory activity was investigated by a bioassay‐oriented fractionation using the inhibition of the croton oil‐induced ear oedema in mice as an experimental model of inflammation. GC‐MS analysis of the most active fraction revealed the presence of high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐influenza agents from plants and traditional Chinese medicine
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Jia Wei , Zhao Aihua , Wang Xiaorong 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInfluenza is a serious threat to health in all parts of the world. The control and treatment of influenza depends mainly on chemical or biochemical agents and, to date, some anti‐influenza agents have been isolated from plants as a result of chemical and pharmacological studies. These agents include a variety of polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, glucosides and alkaloids. Traditional medicine focuses on the use of herbs and traditional Chinese medicine has performed well in clinical practice and shows a potential in the therapy of influenza and its symptoms. The present paper reviews some constituents and extracts from plants and traditional Chinese medicine with anti‐influenza activity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous Synthesis of Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles via a Multicomponent Reaction under Microreactor Conditions
Authors: Acke Davy R. J. , Orru Romano V. A. , Stevens Christian V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUsing a modified Radziszewski reaction, a procedure has been optimized for the generation of tri‐ and tetrasubstituted imidazoles via microreactor technology. Optimization included the search for a suitable solvent mixture, temperature and reaction time. Finally, the generality of the optimized reaction was tested using different starting materials. It was possible to create a variety of tri‐ and tetrasubstituted imidazoles in moderate to good yields via a continuous procedure.
Expeditious Access to Diversely Substituted Indolizines Using a New Multi‐component Condensation
Authors: Bedjeguelal K. , Bienaymé H. , Poigny S. , Schmitt Ph. , Tam E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMulti‐component condensations are among the most powerful tools in the arsenal of the modern medicinal chemist. Herein we disclose a new, highly efficient, three‐component synthesis of diversely substituted fused amino‐pyrrolo‐heterocycles by the condensation of activated methylene compounds, aldehydes and isonitriles.
Use of Enhanced Natural Gestures to Foster Interactions Between Children With Angelman Syndrome and Their Parents
Authors: Calculator Stephen N. 
Published: April 2006

The acceptability and feasibility of a home-based gestural training program for nine children with Angelman syndrome (AS), deletion positive, and their parents were examined. Children with AS have been found to exhibit a variety of challenges, including severe communication disabilities for which different Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) systems have been of limited use (Alvares & Downing, 1998). Parents in this study were taught to recognize and then enhance their children's use of natural gestures as enhanced natural gestures (ENGs). ENGs are intentional behaviors that are present in a child's motor repertoire or can be easily taught based on a child's extant motor skills. Unlike contact gestures, such as grabbing objects from partners or pulling partners toward preferred activities, ENGs do not require physical contact with entities or interactants and are readily understood by others in context.
Parents were taught to use four primary teaching techniques: environmental sabotage, mand-model, expectant delay, and molding/shaping, and then to use these techniques over a period of 16 to 18 weeks to foster their child's use of ENGs. A questionnaire Enhanced Natural Gestures-Acceptability Rating Form (ENG-ARF), was administered to sample parents' perceptions about the acceptability and feasibility of the ENG training program. With few exceptions, parents described this method as acceptable, effective, reasonable, and easy to teach others, with minor negative consequences and side effects. Implications for subsequent research are discussed.
Clinical Guide for Audiologic Tinnitus Management I
Authors: Henry James A. , Zaugg Tara L. , Schechter Martin A. 
Published: April 2006

Purpose:This article is the first of 2 that present basic guidelines for audiologists to provide clinical management of tinnitus. The method, termed audiologic tinnitus management (ATM), was developed to incorporate management strategies that can be implemented most efficiently by audiologists.Method:Development of ATM has been drawn from the clinical and research experience of the authors and numerous audiologists. Certain elements of ATM are adapted from the methods of tinnitus masking and tinnitus retraining therapy. Procedures are described in the present article for performing the intake assessment, while the companion article (J. A. Henry, T. L. Zaugg, & M. A. Schechter, 2005) describes treatment methodology.Results:Development of ATM has resulted in defined procedures to conduct a basic tinnitus assessment that includes written questionnaires, an intake interview, audiologic evaluation, and a psychoacoustic assessment of tinnitus perceptual characteristics. If patients report a sound tolerance problem (hyperacusis), loudness discomfort levels are measured at audiometric frequencies. There are special procedures for selecting hearing aids, ear-level noise generators, combination devices (noise generator and hearing aid combined), and personal listening devices (i.e., portable radios and tape, CD, and MP3 players).Conclusions:This article explains each of these assessment components in detail. Adoption of the ATM assessment protocol by audiologists can contribute to the establishment of uniform procedures for the clinical management of tinnitus patients.
Mechanisms of Discourse Comprehension Impairment After Right Hemisphere Brain Damage
Authors: Tompkins Connie A. , Lehman-Blake Margaret T. , Baumgaertner Annette , Fassbinder Wiltrud 
Published: April 2006

This study examined the generality of a previous finding indicating that difficulty suppressing or inhibiting context-inappropriate interpretations is an important predictor of narrative discourse comprehension for adults with right brain damage RBD) (C. A. Tompkins, A. Baumgaertner, M. T. Lehman, & W. Fassbinder, 2000). Forty adults with RBD and 39 without brain damage listened to two-sentence stimuli and judged whether a probe word fit with the overall stimulus meaning. An ambiguous initial sentence elicited both dominant and less preferred inferences, and the second sentence resolved the ambiguity toward the initially less-likely interpretation. Probes represented the dominant inference for the first sentence and were presented at two poststimulus intervals.
Probe judgment response times indicated that neither group suppressed the eventually inappropriate inferences in the time intervals studied. However, multiple regression analysis demonstrated that for individual participants with RBD, the extent of suppression from one interval to the next was a significant predictor of performance on a specialized measure of inference comprehension. The discussion evaluates these findings and identifies directions for future research.
Intelligibility of Modified Speech for Young Listeners With Normal and Impaired Hearing
Authors: Uchanski Rosalie M. , Geers Ann E. , Protopapas Athanassios 
Published: April 2006

Exposure to modified speech has been shown to benefit children with languagelearning impairments with respect to their language skills (M. M. Merzenich et al., 1998; P. Tallal et al., 1996). In the study by Tallal and colleagues, the speech modification consisted of both slowing down and amplifying fast, transitional elements of speech. In this study, we examined whether the benefits of modified speech could be extended to provide intelligibility improvements for children with severe-to-profound hearing impairment who wear sensory aids. In addition, the separate effects on intelligibility of slowing down and amplifying speech were evaluated.
Two groups of listeners were employed: 8 severe-to-profoundly hearingimpaired children and 5 children with normal hearing. Four speech-processing conditions were tested: (1) natural, unprocessed speech; (2) envelope-amplified speech; (3) slowed speech; and (4) both slowed and envelope-amplified speech. For each condition, three types of speech materials were used: words in sentences, isolated words, and syllable contrasts. To degrade the performance of the normal-hearing children, all testing was completed with a noise background.
Results from the hearing-impaired children showed that all varieties of modified speech yielded either equivalent or poorer intelligibility than unprocessed speech. For words in sentences and isolated words, the slowing-down of speech had no effect on intelligibility scores whereas envelope amplification, both alone and combined with slowing-down, yielded significantly lower scores. Intelligibility results from normal-hearing children listening in noise were somewhat similar to those from hearing-impaired children. For isolated words, the slowing-down of speech had no effect on intelligibility whereas envelope amplification degraded intelligibility. For both subject groups, speech processing had no statistically significant effect on syllable discrimination. In summary, without extensive exposure to the speech processing conditions, children with impaired hearing and children with normal hearing listening in noise received no intelligibility advantage from either slowed speech or envelope-amplified speech.
Parent-Reported Language Skills in Relation to Otitis Media During the First 3 Years of Life
Authors: Feldman Heidi M. , Dollaghan Christine A. , Campbell Thomas F. , Colborn D. Kathleen , Janosky Janine , Kurs-Lasky Marcia , Rockette Howard E. , Dale Philip S. , Paradise Jack L. 
Published: April 2006

As part of a larger study of the potential impact of early-life otitis media (OM) on speech, language, cognition, and behavior, we studied the degree of association between parent-reported language scores at ages 1, 2, and 3 years and the cumulative duration of middle-ear effusion (MEE) during the first 3 years of life in a demographically diverse sample of 621 children. We estimated the cumulative percentage of days with MEE from prospective monthly observations of middle-ear status and interpolations for periods between visits. For each child, parents completed the appropriate inventory of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (CDI; L. Fenson et al., 1993) at ages 1, 2, and 3 years. We also evaluated the contribution of maternal education, as a proxy for socioeconomic-status, to scores on the parent reports.Scores on the new CDI-III (B. Oliver et al., in press) varied positively with sociodemographic variables and were significantly correlated with scores from the CDI used when the children were younger. Unadjusted correlations between scores at ages 1 and 2 years and the percentages of days with MEE in the respective antecedent periods were statistically nonsignificant or of questionable clinical importance. The correlations between parent-reported scores at age 3 years and children's cumulative percentage of days with MEE in Years 1, 2, and 3 combined ranged from –.187 to –.248 (allpvalues < .001). The percentage of days with MEE and maternal education each contributed independently to scores at age 3 years. In the light of other findings from the larger study, we think it likely that the negative associations between language measures and MEE reflect confounding factors that contribute, on the one hand, to the duration of OM in young children and, on the other hand, to slow development of their language skills.
Auditory Serial Position Effects in Story Retelling for Non-Brain-Injured Participants and Persons With Aphasia
Authors: Brodsky Martin B. , McNeil Malcolm R. , Doyle Patrick J. , Fossett Tepanata R. D. , Timm Neil H. , Park Grace H. 
Published: April 2006

Using story retelling as an index of language ability, it is difficult to disambiguate comprehension and memory deficits. Collecting data on the serial position effect (SPE), however, illuminates the memory component. This study examined the SPE of the percentage of information units (%IU) produced in the connected speech samples of adults with aphasia and age-matched, non-brain-injured (NBI) participants. The NBI participants produced significantly more direct and alternate IUs than participants with aphasia. Significant age and gender differences were found in subsamples of the NBI controls, with younger and female participants generating significantly more direct IUs than male and older NBI participants. Alternate IU productions did not generate an SPE from any group. There was a significant linear increase from the initial (primacy) to the final (recency) portion of the recalled alternate IUs for both the NBI group and the group of participants with aphasia.Results provide evidence that individuals with aphasia recall discourse length information using similar memory functions as the nonimpaired population, though at a reduced level of efficiency or quantity. A quadratic model is suggested for the recall of information directly recalled from discourse-length language material.
Intraperitoneal fluid therapy: an alternative to intravenous treatment in a patient with limited vascular access
Authors: Åsheim P. , Uggen P. E. , Aasarød K. , Aadahl P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWe describe a 58‐year‐old female with Crohn's disease and short bowel syndrome after repeated intestinal resections, with only 90 cm of small intestine left. She had been dependent on vascular access for total parenteral nutrition for 16 years. Due to intravascular complications after numerous long‐term central venous catheters, her vascular accessibility became limited. During the course of a year she was fed enterally through a gastrostomy, but required supplementary fluid therapy through peripheral venous route. Because of extremely limited venous access, we decided to implant an intraperitoneal catheter for administration of crystalloid fluid. The first intraperitoneal catheter had to be removed because of a postoperative infection, but after antibiotic treatment, a second intraperitoneal catheter was implanted without complications, through which the patient is now fully provided with crystalloid fluid (Ringer's acetate). Abdominal ultrasound examination shows good absorption of the fluid, and for the first time in 16 years the patient does not need intravascular access. We suggest that intraperitoneal administration of fluid may be an alternative for patients with limited vascular access.
THE CRUCIFIXION AS REALISATION OF IDENTITY: THE GIFT OF RECOGNITION AND REPRESENTATION
Authors: HENRIKSEN JAN‐OLAV 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis essay approaches the complex structure of the Christian's identity from the perspective of the crucifixion of Christ. Central to this approach are the concepts of recognition and representation, which are employed to clarify presuppositions of Christian identity that can be seen as theologically and philosophically prior to the doctrinal conceptions of reconciliation and atonement. The cross can be seen as a gift only if it is simultaneously conceived of as a possibility for receiving a new identity through the recognition of God both as the other represented and representing the human on the cross. On the basis of recognition and representation, implications concerning the more doctrinal formulation of Christology, anthropology and soteriology are spelled out.
THE ESCHATOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF GOD
Authors: MACDONALD PAUL A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this essay, I show how Thomas Aquinas circumscribes epistemological questions concerning both the possibility and character of our knowledge of God within a larger eschatological framework that acknowledges the beatific vision as the ultimate good that we desire as well as the ultimate end for which we were created. Thus, knowledge of God is possible and actual on Aquinas's view because it is eternally rather than merely temporally indexed—that is, properly attributable to the blessed in heaven and only derivatively attributable to persons of faith. I further argue that interpreting Aquinas's account of faith in the light of his account of the beatific vision allows us to carve out polemical space for the theologically realist claim that there can be and in fact is objectivity in our knowledge of God, whether that knowledge comes through faith (in this life) or the beatific vision (in the next life).
Injury severity: Role of alcohol, substance use and risk‐taking
Authors: Watt Kerrianne , Purdie David M , Roche Ann M , McClure Rod 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:  The objective of the present study was to quantify the relationship between acute alcohol consumption and injury severity.Methods:  A cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Gold Coast Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia between October 2000 and October 2001. Data were collected from a systematic sample of patients greater than 15 years of age who presented to the ED for treatment of an injury sustained less than 24 h prior to presentation. Study participants were interviewed face to face on‐site. Information obtained included: demographics details; situational variables relative to time of injury (i.e. location, activity and companions at time of injury); self‐reported alcohol consumption in the 6 and 24 h prior to time of injury; usual alcohol consumption patterns; self‐reported substance use in the 6 and 24 h prior to time of injury; and risk‐taking behaviour. Injury severity was coded from patient medical records using the New Injury Severity Score.Results:  Of 789 eligible patients presenting during the study periods, 593 were interviewed (75.2%). Patients who reported drinking above low‐risk levels (odds ratio [OR] = 3.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–9.6) or who drank beer (OR = 3.54; 95% CI 1.1–11.1) in 6 h prior to injury were significantly more likely to sustain serious than minor injury. Drinking setting and usual drinking patterns were not significantly associated with injury severity, either in crude analyses, or after adjusting for relevant variables.Conclusion:  The results of the present study support the conclusion that among injured patients who presented for treatment at a large metropolitan ED, although acute alcohol consumption does not appear to be associated with minor or moderate injury, there is some evidence to suggest that acute alcohol consumption is associated with serious injury.
On the ground in Nias in response to an earthquake – an emergency team's experience
Authors: Jackson Angela , Little Mark 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWithin a few short months of the tsunami, an earthquake measuring 8.7 on the Richter scale devastated the Indonesian island of Nias. The present paper describes the experiences of two emergency medicine staff deployed to the island operating in small teams on the remote western part of the island. It discusses the benefits of utilizing experienced emergency medicine staff and looks at lessons learnt from the deployment.