bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the metabolism of linoelaidic acid in the essential fatty acid‐deficient rat
Authors: Privett O. S. , Blank M. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMale weanling rats of the Sprague‐Dawley strain were made essential fatty acid (EFA)‐deficient by feeding them a fat‐free diet for five months. The animals were then fed a supple‐ment of methyltrans‐9,trans‐12‐octadecadienoate (methyl linoelaidate), as 5% of the dietary calo‐ries (approximately 400 mg/animal/day) for 19 days, and killed by exsanguination. The com‐position of the liver, kidney, epididymal and plasma lipids was determined and compared with that obtained from EPA‐deficient rats given oral supplements of methylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadeca‐dienoate (linoleate) and methylcis‐9,trans‐12‐ octadecadienoate. Linoelaidic acid was depos‐ited in the phospholipids, sterol esters and tri‐glycerides in all of the tissues examined. Iso‐lation analysis of the fatty acids showed no evidence that linoelaidic acid was converted to higher polyunsaturated fatty acids in the EFA‐deficient rat.
The effect of unsaponifiable matter on the properties of coffee seed oil
Authors: Hartman Leopold , Lago Regina C. A. , Tango J. S. , Teixeira C. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe unsaponifiable matter of coffee seed oil has been shown to be responsible for the comparatively low melting‐point (approximately 8C) of this oil. The melting point of coffee oil fatty acids, free of unsaponifiable matter, is 40−42C, and their esterification with glycerol produces an oil with a melting point of 34−36C. The unsaponifiable matter is probably responsible for high refining losses of coffee oil since the surface activity of its main constituents facilitates a partial saponification or emulsification of neutral oil during the treatment with alkalies, especially in oils with high acidity.
cis‐bond‐producing hydrogenation of polyunsaturates catalyzed by polymer‐complexed Cr(CO)3 catalysts
Authors: Awl R. A. , Frankel E. N. , Friedrich J. P. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstractcis‐Bond‐producing chromium carbonyl catalysts were prepared by complexing conventional or macroreticular, styrene‐divinylbenzene copolymers or cross‐linked poly (vinyl benzoate) with Cr(CO)6. With one exception, these polymer‐Cr(CO)3 catalysts were as selective as the corresponding homogeneous arene‐Cr(CO)3 complexes for the formation ofcis‐monoenes from methyl sorbate and from conjugated, polyunsaturated fatty esters in cyclohexane. Although several of the polymer catalysts were very active when fresh, they all lost activity on recycling. They could not be recycled more than two times before a marked decrease in activity occurred due to loss of Cr, as shown by elemental analysis and infrared absorption in the recovered catalyst. Thermal analysis indicated instability of the polymer complexes at hydrogenation temperatures.
Fractional distillation
Authors: Berger R. , McPherson W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhile practically all the fatty acids produced in the fatty acid industry are distilled products, these materials are all, at least to some degree, fractionated fatty acids. Rarely indeed are today's fatty acids suited for any of the many applications to which they are put without the quality and homolog distribution improvements which only fractional distillation can guarantee. Thus, this separation is of vital importance within the fatty acid and derivative industries. Fractional distillation is industrially a practical separative method for: (a) 16:0 and 18:0 fatty acids, such as those derived from hydrogenated fats and oils like tallow, soybean, cottonseed soapstocks, palm oil and others; (b) 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 fatty acids from hydrogenated fish oils or high erucic rapeseed oil; and (c) 8:0, 10:0, 12:0, and 14:0 fatty acids from the hydrogenated fatty acids from the lauric oils group (coconut, palm kernel, babassu, etc.). While theoretically possible under idealized conditions in the laboratory, it is not practical to separate palmitic, oleic, heptadecanoic, and stearic acids by means of fractional distillation
Tall oil fatty acids
Authors: Logan R. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAbout 1949, with the advent of effective fractional distillation, the tall oil industry came of age, and tall oil fatty acids (TOFA), generally any product containing 90% or more fatty acids and 10% or less of rosin, have grown in annual volume ever since, until they amount to 398.8 million pounds annual production in the U.S. in 1978. Crude tall oil is a byproduct of the Kraft process for producing wood pulp from pine wood. Crude tall oil is about 50% fatty acids and 40% rosin acids, the remainder unsaps and residues; actually, a national average recovery of about 1–2% of tall oil is obtained from wood. On a pulp basis, each ton of pulp affords 140–220 pounds black liquor soaps, which yields 70–110 pounds crude tall oil, yielding 30–50 pounds of TOFA. Separative and upgrading technology involves: (a) recovery of the tall oil; (b) acid refining; (c) fractionation of tall oil; and occasionally (d) conversion to derivatives. TOFA of good quality and color of Gardner 2 corresponds to above 97% fatty acids with the composition of 1.6% palmitic & stearic acid, 49.3% oleic acid, 45.1% linoleic acid, 1.1% miscellaneous acids, 1.2% rosin acids, and 1.7% unsaponifiables.
Recent advances in the analytical chemistry of fatty acids and derivatives
Authors: Metcalfe L. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecent advances in the analysis of industrial fatty acids and their derivatives almost always involve complex instrumentation. One of the most important developments in the analysis of fatty acids and their derivatives was the application of gas chromatography (GC). The result has been so effective that the time‐consuming fractional distillation and detailed analysis of fractions previously employed are rarely used. Even though the so‐called GLC technique has now been applied for over twenty years, new advances continue to be made in this area. Perhaps the most potentially valuable new development is the coupling of GLC with mass spectrometry (GLC‐MS). Two newer chromatographic methods which have great potential in the field of fatty material analysis are thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The former is applicable to difficult separations; e.g., separation of broad lipid classes, in microquantities. The latter has already been applied with some success to the separation of individual component triglycerides of fats and oils and fatty acids using reverse phase HPLC. Instrumentation techniques include supportive methods which are frequently used in conjunction with other methods. Among these, the techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared absorption (IR) are the most prominent.13C NMR is useful in defining fine structure of fatty acids, particularly with respect to branching. X‐ray diffraction is used to study polymorphism in fatty acids.
Fat‐Based synthetic lubricants
Authors: Matthews D. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSynthetic lubricants derived from fat‐based materials are almost exclusively esters of the following type: (a) mono and dibasic acid esters, e.g., laurates, stearates of short chain aliphatic alcohols, azelates and sebacates of oxo alcohols; (b) polyalkylene glycols and glycol esters, e.g., triethyleneglycol dicaprylate caprate and others; (c) branched polyol or nucleic polyol esters derived from pentaerythritol or trimethylol alkanes and saturated short chained acid of the C6, C8, C9type; (d) triglycerides, specifically tailored by the rearrangement of two or more naturally occurring triglycerides. Among the unique but desirable characteristics of synthetic lubricants are: good lubricity, minimum viscosity change with temperature (high VI), low temperature fluidity, high thermal and oxidation stability, low volatility, excellent additive response, seal and gasket compatability and high fire and flash points.
Analysis of flavor quality and residual solvent of soy protein products
Authors: Rayner E. T. , Wadsworth J. I. , Legendre M. G. , Dupuy H. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple, direct, gas Chromatographic technique is described for eluting and resolving residual solvent and flavor‐related volatile components from soy products such as flour and protein isolates. No prior enrichment of volatiles is necessary. A sample, together with a small amount of water, is secured in a glass liner and placed in the heated injection port of a gas Chromatograph. The volatiles are rapidly steam distilled from the sample by the heat, moisture, and flow of carrier gas and are adsorbed on the chromatographic column in situ. Residual solvent and other volatiles adsorbed on the column are resolved by temperature‐programmed gas chromatography and identified by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The correlation between taste panel flavor score and concentration of volatile components is significant at the 1% level.
Phase behavior of tristearin/trioctanoin mixtures
Authors: Barbano P. , Sherbon J. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe thermal behavior of mixtures of two monoacid, saturated triglycerides, tristearin (TS) and trioctanoin (TOC), was investigated with the intent of determining the liquid‐solid and solid‐solid solubility relationships. A Differential Scanning Calorimeter (Perkin‐Elmer Model DSC‐1) was used for the thermal analysis. Two different high purity grades of each component triglyceride were used. No large deviations from the ideal liquidus curve were exhibited by either system studied, regardless of purity. Polymorphism was not exhibited in TS/TOC binary mixtures Polymorphic transitions were observed during the heating curve when the individual components were analyzed under the same conditions of analysis as the mixtures. In mixtures less than 73–86% TS, the TOC melted at a constant temperature that was 0.9 K lower than when TOC was melted alone. At higher TS concentrations, no TOC peak was seen in the thermograms. Solid solutions of TS and TOC were indicated at weight percent TS compositions greater than 73–86%. If a TS/TOC eutectic mixture existed, it would contain less than 3% (w/w) TS.
The composition of the oil of starfruit (Averrhoa carambola, Linn.) seeds
Authors: Berry Shiv K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe starfruit (Averrhoa carambola, Linn.) seeds were found rich in oil. The oil was examined for its refractive index, iodine value, acid value, saponification number, unsaponifiable matter, and fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography. The values (area percent) for fatty acids as methyl esters were: C14:0 (0.67%); C16:0 (21.34%); C18:0 and C24:0 (trace).
Phospholipid content of foods
Authors: Weihrauch John L. , Son Young‐Sun 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe content of total lipids and total and component phospholipids in ca. 140 foods was compiled in response to frequent requests for data by researchers in nutrition and medicine, and to fill the appar‐ent need for a reliable up‐to‐date tabulation of recent data. Eggs, organ meats, lean meats, fish, shellfish, cereal grains and oilseeds are good sources of phospholipids, especially the choline phosphatides: phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine. Leafy vegetables, fruiting parts, roots and tubers are, with few ex‐ceptions, relatively poor dietary sources of total lipids and phospho‐lipids. Foods or tissues in which the phospholipids perform similar functions also have similar relative phospholipid distributions. The data were tabulated by food group in separate tables with appropri‐ate discussion. The use of conversion factors for calculating the total and individual phospholipids, sources of error, and research needs are discussed.
The effect of rapeseed oil added to control grain dust on the quality of wheat
Authors: Hsieh Fu‐Hung , Daun J. K. , Tipples K. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of spraying edible rapeseed oil on controlling dust in barley, oat, rye and wheat has been investigated. Both the amount of rapeseed oil deposited and initial dust level govern the dust reduction level whereas the type of grain is immaterial. Regarless of the initial dust concentration, about 80% dust could be reduced with only 0.05% rapeseed oil addition. When the initial dust level exceeded 750 mg/m3, dust reduction could reach 90%. Although some dust adhered to the wheat kernels after rapeseed oil application, except for slight deteriorations in flour ash and color, other flour analytical properties, physical dough properties, and milling and baking qualities were unaffected.
Laboratory‐scale continuous hydrogenation: Effect of pressure
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Mounts T. L. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA laboratory‐scale, high‐pressure, continuous reactor was used to partially hydrogenate soybean oil with copper catalysts. Effects of pressure on the kinetics of the reaction were studied by conducting experiments in a central composite design. The interaction of pressure (75\s‐200 psig) with the other independent variables of temperature (155\s‐255 C) and copper concentration (0.15\s‐1.85%) was evaluated. Dependent variables studied were linolenate selectivity and formation of trans isomers and conjugated dienes. in addition, effects of pressure up to 500 psig, use of experimental and commercial copper catalysts and comparison of continuous with high‐pressure batch rections were investigated. Linolenate selectivity (8\s‐10) and trans‐isomer formation were not significantly affected by any of the independent variables. Conjugated dienes were eliminated as products of the reaction when pressure was above 200 psig. Experimental copper‐silica catalyst gave a 1.6‐fold increase in reaction rate over commercial copper catalysts.
Qualitative and quantitative comparison of minor constituents in different commercial oleic acids
Authors: Lin Sherman S. , Murase Yukinobu , Min David B. S. , Hsieh Oliver A. L. , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe minor constituents from a high quality commercial oleic acid (SCOA) were isolated and fractionated by liquid column chromatography. They were chemically characterized and their effects on the color stability of oleic acid during heating were determined. The results were compared qualitatively and quantitatively with those from a mixture of commercial oleic acids (MCOA) manufactured by 10 companies. It was found that, qualitatively, SCOA and MCOA contained the same type of minor constituents. However, quantitatively, the MCOA contained 1.18% of minor constituents whereas the SCOA contained only 0.81% of minor constituents. The amount of effective minor constituents which had an adverse effect on the color stability of oleic acid during heating was 0.09% for SCOA vs 0.45% for MCOA.
Gas chromatographic separation of diterpene acids on glass capillary columns of different polarity
Authors: Mayr M. , Lorbeer E. , Kratzl K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMixtures of resin acids from tall oil distillation products and from naturally occurring rosins (colophony) were separated on WCOT glass capillary columns coated with SE 30, FFAP, DEGS and BDS, and the resin acids were identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). In contrast to previous investigations, the identified diterpene acids are characterized by Kovats index values. These retention values are correlated with the different polarity of the stationary phase. The advantages of columns coated with FFAP for the separation of crude and distilled tall oil and fatty acid samples are discussed.
Nucleation behaviour of tripalmitin from a triolein solution
Authors: Ng W. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNucleation of tripalmitin (PPP) crystals from melt and from its binary triolein (OOO) solutions was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical microscopy. Cooling DSC thermograms for either pure PPP or OOO exhibits a single exotherm. For the solutions, two widely separated peaks due to PPP and OOO were observed. The PPP peak is broadened and shifts down to a lower temperature as the OOO content in the solution increases. A modified Turnbull and Fisher equation was used for nucleation data analysis. The temperature for maximum supercooling of the solution is reduced by OOO but the degree of maximum supercooling remains unchanged at 22oK. An interfacial free energy of 9.45 erg/cm2 for β‐PPP/ melt was deduced. This value drops rapidly to a slightly lower value of 8.95 erg/cm2, in triolein solution. The effect of a reduced interfacial free energy on nucleation is critically discussed in the light of a simultaneous reduction in the melting point of β‐PPP in the solution.
Determination of chlorophyll pigments in crude and degummed canola oils by HPLC and spectrophotometry
Authors: Daun J. K. , Thorsteinson C. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChlorophyll pigments in crude and degummed canola oils were analyzed by spectrophotometry using a modified AOCS Method and by reversed phase HPLC. HPLC showed that crude canola oils contained very littlechlorophyll a orb, these pigments having been converted to pheophytins and other pigments with similar spectral properties. The ratio ofchlorophyll a∶b in the seed was found to be about 3∶1 while the ratio ofpheophytin a∶b in the oil was about 9∶1. As the AOCS Method for determining oil chlorophyll was calibrated for pure chlorophyll, the use of this method on crude canola oil results in a significant error. Recalibration of the spectrophotometric procedure with pheophytin gave better agreement with the HPLC method.
Resistance of lipid films to oxygen transmission
Authors: Kester J. J. , Fennema O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVarious lipids, mounted on a polar filter paper matrix, were evaluated as barriers to O2 transmission Among those lipids tested, stearyl alcohol was most resistant to oxygen transmission, the most likely reason being its ability to crystallize as compactly overlapping platelets with their planes normal to the direction of O2 diffusion. Tristearin, beeswax, and acetylated monoglycerides were, respectively, 39, 43 and 61% less resistant to O2 transmission than the fatty alcohol. Activation energies of O2 transport were. 7.0, 7.5, 15.0 and 27.5 kcal/mole, respectively, for stearyl alcohol, tristearin, beeswax, and acetylated monoglycerides. Stearic acid was substantially less resistant to O2 flux than the above four lipids. In addition, the fatty acid was unique among the, lipids tested in its temperature dependence, i.e., resistance to O2 transmission increased with elevation of temperature yielding a negative activation energy of −17.2 kcal/mole. This was attributed to the presence of small interplatelet channels in the stearic acid film, which presumably act as the principal route for gas transport. Hexatriacontane displayed poor O2 barrier properties compared to the other lipids, a consequence of relatively large pores in the alkane film.
Rat models in protein quality evaluation
Authors: Mariani A. , Spadoni M. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe ideal methodology for establishing protein quality has not yet been elaborated. On the other hand, the proposed introduction on the market of novel protein sources urges the industry to ask for an in vitro test, characterized for being inexpensive fast, reliable, and acceptable at an official level. Obviously, the in vitro test must be confirmed by an appropriate in vivo test. In this connection the problems relative to the species on which to experiment if it should or should not be the one to whom the protein food is directed—and the characteristics of the in vivo test are discyssed. Although the rational appears to be to assay on man protein directed to him, the cumbersomeness of the procedure, technical difficulties, uncertainties in the interpretation of the results as wel as ethical considerations for what children are concerned, don't favor experimentation on man. An extensive experimental study, aimed at testing various conventional and novel proteins, confirmed that the multiple doses test, as proposed by Samonds and Hegsted (RPV), has the highest discriminating capacity and is scientificically the most reliable. A research project to verify the correlation between the two methods for evaluating biological quality, namely PRV and the method of the in vitro ultrafiltered digest (EUD), is under investigation.
A case study of the introduction of vegetable protein into school meals
Authors: Simpson D. S. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Inner London Education Authority operates 1,070 Schools in the 12 Central Boroughs of London. The Education Act of 1944 imposed on Local Education Authorities a statutory duty to provide school lunches for all maintained Primary and Secondary School pupils who wanted them. In I.L.E.A. schools some 230,000 (65%) children take school meals daily. The Department of Education and Science gives local Authorities detailed advice on the nutritional content of the school meal and how it should be achieved. The last review of these standards was carried out by a Government Working Party in 1975. Concurrently the Food Standards’ Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food was reporting on its investigation into Novel Protein Foods. It was these two reports which opened the way to the introduction of Vegetable Protein into school meals. In this paper the Principal Education Catering Organizer for I.L.E.A. discusses how these two reports were implemented in his Authority and describes in detail the program of introduction to brief the 8,000 catering staff involved. Vegetable protein has been incorporated into the I.L.E.A. school meals program since January 1977, and the success of this program is discussed.
Vegetable protein application in yogurt, coffee creamers and whip toppings
Authors: Kolar C. W. , Cho I. C. , Watrous W. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoy proteins and, in particular, isolated soy proteins are being used in coffee creamers and whip toppings. With the increasing cost of traditional protein sources, more food manufacturers are investigating and utilizing soy proteins in other dairy type products. Isolated soy protein added as a replacement for the nonfat dry milk in the production of yogurt increased the viscosity and gel strength to a greater amount than nonfat dry milk and sodium caseinate added on an equivalent protein basis.
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of sodium sulfate in anionic surfactants
Authors: Kudoh Megumu , Kusuyama Takashi , Yamaguchi Shinichiro , Fudano Shintaro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSodium sulfate is separated from anionic surfactants on a separation column packed with strong anion exchange resin, and is detected by a post column derivatization method based on a chemical reaction between sulfate and ferric ion. A calibration curve shows a linear relationship in the range of 10\s‐300 mg/100 mL for sodium sulfate. The lower limit of determination is 2 mg/100 mL. Anionic surfactants such as sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate and sodium alkyl sulfate do not interfere with the determination. A personal computer was connected to the chromatographic system for data processing and control of an automatic sampler. This personal computer controlled liquid chromatographic system provides good recovery, reproducibility, agreement with conventional methods and full automatic determination.
Effects of surfactants and inorganic phosphates upon apparent viscosities of pigment‐water (50–50) suspensions
Authors: Moriyama Noboru 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effects of various types of surfactants and inorganic phosphates upon the apparent viscosities of pigment‐water (50/50) suspensions are examined. The additions of surfactants or inorganic phosphates to the pigment‐water suspensions depress the apparent viscosities from the values of more than 10,000 centipoise to those of ca. 10 centipoise. The concentration of surfactants or inorganic phosphates required to depress the apparent viscosity depends upon the chemical composition and the mol wt of surfactants or inorganic phosphates. The effects are correlated with zeta potential, adsorption, and pH data.