bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visually mediating knowledge construction in project-based doctoral design research
Authors: Melles Gavin 
Published: October 2007

Practice-based research projects in design often require students to construct contextual reviews of multiple fields. In this interdisciplinary territory of an emerging academic field, supervisors and students must work jointly to construct a mutually satisfactory outcome and avoid
producing a body of dissonant voices. Knowledge and practice precedents must be actively constructed into a coherent map of the research terrain so that the project focus can be foregrounded. While the project-based component of practice-based doctorates is familiar creative territory for
design students, balancing this with textual scholarship can lead to loss of focus and unstructured proliferation of sources.
The use of two-dimensional visualization strategies, such as mind-mapping, can contribute to clarifying research positions and gaps but has limited capacity to dynamically
integrate visual and textual sources. Digital visualization tools can facilitate the mutual student and supervisor organization of knowledge, exploit the visual literacy of design students and respond dynamically to project changes. This article shows how one visual tool may better mediate
supervisory dialogues with students particularly in the context of practice-based doctorates of design incorporating project components. Following a review of existing research visualization strategies, I exemplify the potential of a hypertext tool to mediate the supervision and knowledge
construction process with two narrative cases of student work.
Non-tectonic deformations of Pleistocene sediments in the eastern Paris basin, France
Authors: Baize Stéphane , Coulon Michel , Hibsch Christian , Cushing Marc , Lemeille Francis , Hamard Erwan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDeformations observed within Quaternary alluvium in the Champagne region (Paris Basin) comprise faults, folds and soft-sediment deformation structures. Their occurrence is linked to the subjacent weathered chalk. Previously interpreted as neotectonic features, the deformations are reinterpreted as karst subsidence features or/and soil displacements due to periglacial processes. Dissolution of chalk has produced superficial subsidence, explaining the geometry of some faults and their large offsets within surface deposits. The freezing-thawing cycles in the porous superficial layers have also favoured gravity instability and deformations, and this can explain local small-scale deformations but also mass movement (sliding). The seismotectonic hypothesis is rejected, because of the absence of regional faults able to generate such large co-seismic offsets. The fault directions and the apparent vertical offsets are not homogeneous at regional scale and they are often inconsistent with the Quaternary stress field. Moreover, the rooting of faults into the basement is not documented and therefore, the neotectonic origin is very doubtful.
Thermodynamic modeling of the stability and melting properties of sodium borates relevant to black liquor combustion and gasification
Authors: Lindberg Daniel , Backman Rainer , Hupa Mikko 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The use of borates as an autocausticizing agent in kraft recovery boilers of pulp mills is an interesting concept for decreasing the lime consumption at pulp mills. The main autocausticizing reaction is between NaBO2and Na2CO3 forming Na3BO3 and CO2 at high temperatures in a liquid phase in the recovery boiler. The thermodynamic and phase equilibrium data of the Na2CO3 – NaBO2 – Na3BO3 system were evaluated and optimized. The liquid phase was modeled with the modified quasichemical model. The thermodynamic database obtained can be used to calculate the phase equilibrium and thermodynamic properties of multicomponent sodium salt mixtures of importance for the borate autocausticizing concept. The thermodynamic database is a part of an extensive thermodynamic database for alkali salt mixtures of importance for black liquor combustion in the pulp and paper industry.
Propene epoxidation with in‐site H2O2 produced by H2/O2 non‐equilibrium plasma
Authors: Zhao Jianli , Zhou Juncheng , Su Ji , Guo Hongchen , Wang Xiangsheng , Gong Weimin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA novel in‐site H2O2 strategy is proposed for the liquid‐phase epoxidation of propene catalyzed by titanium silicalite (TS‐1). Said in‐site H2O2 strategy is based on the direct synthesis of H2O2 from H2 and O2 under atmospheric pressure via nonequilibrium plasma reactions. Methanol is used to absorb H2O2 from the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. Methanol also serves as the desired solvent for the liquid‐phase epoxidation reactor. The efficiency of the integrated process for in‐site synthesis of H2O2 reached 69% selectivity, and 62% yield with a nonexplosive H2/O2 mixture when the DBD reactor worked at an input power of 3.5 W (energy consumption 12.4 kWh/kg H2O2). The liquid‐phase epoxidation of propene using the in‐site H2O2 successfully proceeded over an 18 h time course under the conditions of 50 °C and 3.0 MPa, more than 92% H2O2 conversion and more than 93% PO selectivity were obtained. The two‐reactor integrated process worked smoothly during continuous operation, no performance decay was observed for both the DBD reactor and the epoxidation reactor. These facts mean that our in‐site H2O2 strategy for PO synthesis is promising. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Environmental and economic analysis of a water network system using LCA and LCC
Authors: Lim Seong‐Rin , Park Jong Moon 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWater network synthesis has been used to conserve water resources and reduce costs. The objective of this study was to verify the higher eco‐efficiency of a water network system (WNS), and to identify principal contributors to environmental burdens and economic costs using life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC). The WNS was compared to the conventional water system (CWS). LCA and LCC results showed that the total environmental burdens and life cycle cost of the WNS were lower than those of the CWS. The consumptions of industrial and ionized water were principal contributors to the environmental and economic burdens. The third principal contributor to the environmental burdens was electricity consumption, but that to the economic costs was piping cost. These principal contributors can be employed to obtain the simple and practical mathematical optimization models synthesizing the most environmentally friendly, economical, or sustainable WNSs. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Ionic conductivity and morphology of semi‐interpenetrating‐type polymer electrolyte entrapping poly(siloxane‐g‐allyl cyanide)
Authors: Min Ki Hong , Kim Dae Beom , Kang Yong Ku , Suh Dong Hack 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe prepared a semi‐IPN (interpenetrating network)‐type solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) using poly (ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) as a polymer matrix containing a monocomb‐type poly(siloxane‐g‐allyl cyanide) and poly(ethylene glycol)dimethylether (PEGDME) for the lithium secondary battery. The poly(siloxane‐g‐allyl cyanide)s were prepared by a hydrosilation reaction of poly (methyl hydrosiloxane) with allyl cyanide and characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR. The semi‐IPN‐type electrolyte was prepared by thermal curing, and conductivities of samples were measured by impedance spectroscopy using an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The ionic conductivity of the semi‐IPN‐polymer electrolyte was about 1.05 × 10−5 S cm−1 with 60 wt % of the poly(siloxane‐g‐allyl cyanide) and 6.96 × 10−4 S cm−1 with 50 wt % of the PEGDME and 10 wt % of the poly(siloxane‐g‐allyl cyanide) at 30°C. The SEM morphology of the cross section of the semi‐IPN‐polymer electrolyte film was changed from discontinuous network to continuous network as increasing the PEGDME content and decreasing the poly(siloxane‐g‐allyl cyanide) content. The mechanical stability was also enhanced when increasing the PEGDME content. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A Phenomenological Calculus of Wiener Description Space
Authors: Richardson I. W. , Louie A. H. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe phenomenological calculus is a categorical example of Robert Rosen's modeling relation. This paper is an alligation of the phenomenological calculus and generalized harmonic analysis, another categorical example. Our epistemological exploration continues into the realm of Wiener description space, in which constitutive parameters are extended from vectors to vector‐valued functions of a real variable. Inherent in the phenomenology are fundamental representations of time and nearness to equilibrium.
Organizational Invariance in (M,R)‐Systems
Authors: Cornish‐Bowden Athel , Cárdenas María Luz 
Published: October 2007

AbstractRobert Rosen's concept of (M,R)‐systems was a fundamental advance in our understanding of the essential nature of a living organism as a self‐organizing system, one that is closed to efficient causation, synthesizing, and maintaining all of the catalysts necessary for sustained operation during the whole period of its lifetime. Although it is not difficult to construct a model metabolic system to represent an (M,R)‐system, such a model system will typically appear to lack organizational invariance, an essential property of a living (M,R)‐system. To have this property, an (M,R)‐system must not only be closed to external causation, it must also have its organization coded within itself, i.e., the knowledge of which components are needed for which functions must not be defined externally. In this paper, we discuss how organizational invariance may be achieved, and we argue that the apparent failure of previous models to be organizationally invariant is an artifact of the usual practice of treating catalytic cycles as ‘black boxes’. If all of the steps in such a cycle are written as uncatalyzed chemical reactions, then it becomes clear that the organization of the system is fully defined by the chemical properties of the molecules that compose it.
Some Reflections on Rosen's Conceptions of Semantics and Finality
Authors: Goudsmit Arno L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe present contribution departs from Rosen's idea that the semantics of a natural language cannot be fully reduced to syntactical rules. In the first place, this surplus value can be found in the relational organization of living beings as well as in intuitive observational descriptions of them. Second, to recognize meaning and to ascribe sense and intentionality to a living being, we observers take recourse to the notion of finality, which is considered here as the upshot of a bifurcation between logical levels of processes. Finally, a particular class of geometrical constructions is proposed as a domain in which the origination of such bifurcations can be visualized.
Modeling Relations in Nature and Eco‐Informatics: A Practical Application of Rosennean Complexity
Authors: Kineman John J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe purpose of eco‐informatics is to communicate critical information about organisms and ecosystems. To accomplish this, it must reflect the complexity of natural systems. Present information systems are designed around mechanistic concepts that do not capture complexity. Robert Rosen's relational theory offers a way of representing complexity in terms of information entailments that are part of an ontologically implicit ‘modeling relation’. This relation has corresponding epistemological components that can be captured empirically, the components being structure (associated with model encoding) and function (associated with model decoding). Relational complexity, thus, provides a long‐awaited theoretical underpinning for these concepts that ecology has found indispensable. Structural information pertains to the material organization of a system, which can be represented by data. Functional information specifies potential change, which can be inferred from experiment and represented as models or descriptions of state transformations. Contextual dependency (of structure or function) implies meaning. Biological functions imply internalized or system‐dependent laws. Complexity can be represented epistemologically by relating structure and function in two different ways. One expresses the phenomenal relation that exists in any present or past instance, and the other draws the ontology of a system into the empirical world in terms of multiple potentials subject to natural forms of selection and optimality. These act as system attractors. Implementing these components and their theoretical relations in an informatics system will provide more‐complete ecological informatics than is possible from a strictly mechanistic point of view. This approach will enable many new possibilities for supporting science and decision making.
Glycosynthase Activity of Geobacillus stearothermophilus GH52 β‐Xylosidase: Efficient Synthesis of Xylooligosaccharides from α‐D‐Xylopyranosyl Fluoride through a Conjugated Reaction
Authors: Ben‐David Alon , Bravman Tsafrir , Balazs Yael S. , Czjzek Mirjam , Schomburg Dietmar , Shoham Gil , Shoham Yuval 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGlycosynthases are mutant glycosidases in which the acidic nucleophile is replaced by a small inert residue. In the presence of glycosyl fluorides of the opposite anomeric configuration (to that of their natural substrates), these enzymes can catalyze glycosidic bond formation with various acceptors. In this study we demonstrate that XynB2E335G, a nucleophile‐deficient mutant of a glycoside hydrolase family 52 β‐xylosidase from G. stearothermophilus, can function as an efficient glycosynthase, using α‐D‐xylopyranosyl fluoride as a donor and various aryl sugars as acceptors. The mutant enzyme can also catalyze the self‐condensation reaction of α‐D‐xylopyranosyl fluoride, providing mainly α‐D‐xylobiosyl fluoride. The self‐condensation kinetics exhibited apparent classical Michaelis–Menten behavior, with kinetic constants of 1.3 s−1 and 2.2 mM for kcat and KM(acceptor), respectively, and a kcat/KM(acceptor) value of 0.59 s−1 mM−1. When the β‐xylosidase E335G mutant was combined with a glycoside hydrolase family 10 glycosynthase, high‐molecular‐weight xylooligomers were readily obtained from the affordable α‐D‐xylopyranosyl fluoride as the sole substrate.
Palladium‐Catalysed [3+2] Cycloaddition of Alk‐5‐ynylidenecyclopropanes to Alkynes: A Mechanistic DFT Study
Authors: García‐Fandiño Rebeca , Gulías Moisés , Castedo Luis , Granja Juan R. , Mascareñas José L. , Cárdenas Diego J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe mechanism of the palladium‐catalysed [3+2] intramolecular cycloaddition of alkylidenecyclopropanes to alkynes has been computationally explored at DFT level. The energies of the reaction intermediates and transition states for different possible pathways have been calculated in a model system that involves the use of PH3 as a ligand. The results obtained suggest that the most favourable reaction pathway involves the initial CC oxidative addition of the cyclopropane to a Pd0 complex to give an alkylidenepalladacyclobutane, which isomerises to a methylenepalladacyclobutane intermediate. Subsequent cyclisation by alkyne carbometallation, followed by reductive elimination affords the final product. An alternative mechanism consisting of a palladaene‐type rearrangement is less probable in terms of Gibbs energy, but cannot be fully discarded because it is competitive if one considers electronic energies. For substrates that present an ester group at the terminal position of the triple bond we have found an alternative, more favourable mechanistic route that explains why the [3+2] cycloaddition of these types of systems does not lead to the expected cycloadducts.
The value of medical interventions for lung cancer in the elderly
Authors: Woodward Rebecca M. , Brown Martin L. , Stewart Susan T. , Cronin Kathleen A. , Cutler David M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Lung cancer is the leading source of cancer mortality and spending. However, the value of spending on the treatment of lung cancer has not been conclusively demonstrated. The authors evaluated the value of medical care between 1983 and 1997 for nonsmall cell lung cancer in the elderly US population.METHODS.The authors used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data to calculate life expectancy after diagnosis over the period 1983 to 1997. Direct costs for nonsmall cell lung cancer detection and treatment were determined by using Part A and Part B reimbursements from the Continuous Medicare History Sample File (CMHSF) data. The CMHSF and SEER data were linked to calculate lifetime treatment costs over the time period of interest.RESULTS.Life expectancy improved minimally, with an average increase of approximately 0.60 months. Total lifetime lung cancer spending rose by approximately $20,157 per patient in real, ie, adjusted for inflation, 2000 dollars from the early 1980s to the mid‐1990s, for a cost‐effectiveness ratio of $403,142 per life year (LY). The cost‐effectiveness ratio was $143,614 for localized cancer, $145,861 for regional cancer, and $1,190,322 for metastatic cancer.CONCLUSIONS.The cost‐effectiveness ratio for nonsmall cell lung cancer was higher than traditional thresholds used to define cost‐effective care. The most favorable results were for persons diagnosed with early stage cancer. These results suggested caution when encouraging more intensive care for lung cancer patients without first considering the tradeoffs with the costs of this therapy and its potential effects on mortality and/or quality of life. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Emotional well‐being does not predict survival in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Coyne James C. , Pajak Thomas F. , Harris Jonathan , Konski Andre , Movsas Benjamin , Ang Kian , Watkins Bruner Deborah 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.The objective of the current study was to examine whether emotional well‐being predicted survival in a large sample of patients with head and neck cancer who were participating in multicenter clinical trials.METHODS.Participants were enrolled in 2 Radiation Oncology Group (RTOG) clinical trials (RTOG 9003 and RTOG 9111) and completed a baseline measure of quality of life (the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐General [FACT‐G]), which included an Emotional Well‐Being subscale. The outcome measure was overall survival. Main statistical analyses included overall survival rates, which were estimated by using the Kaplan‐Meier method with univariate comparisons analyzed using the log‐rank test. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine whether emotional well‐being had prognostic impact on survival after accounting for tumor‐related and sociodemographic variables. Additional exploratory analyses examined possible subgroup effects.RESULTS.No statistically significant univariate or multivariate effects were observed for emotional well‐being, and there were no effects limited to subgroups. These results stand in sharp contrast to the prognostic value of a variety of demographic and clinical variables.CONCLUSIONS.The current results add to the weight of the evidence that emotional functioning is not an independent predictor of survival in cancer patients. The study had the advantage of a large number of deaths to be explained in a sample with the uniformity of treatment and quality of care that is required in clinical trials. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Analysis of mechanical vibrations and forces using amalgamated decoupling method in multibody mechanical systems
Authors: Hwang Yunn‐Lin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to develop an efficient method for decoupling joint and elastic accelerations, while maintaining the nonlinear inertia coupling between rigid body motion and elastic body deformation. Almost all of the existing recursive methods for analysis of flexible open‐loop and closed‐loop multibody mechanical systems lead to dense coefficient matrices in the equations of motion, and consequently there are strong dynamic couplings between the joint and elastic coordinates. When the number of elastic degrees of freedom increases, the size of the coefficient matrix in the equations of motion becomes large and unfortunately the use of these methods for solving for the joint and elastic accelerations becomes less efficient. This paper discusses the problems associated with the inertia projection schemes used in the existing recursive methods, and it is shown that decoupling the joint and elastic accelerations using these methods requires the factorization of nonlinear matrices whose dimensions depend on the number of elastic degrees of freedom of the system. An amalgamated method that can be used to decouple the elastic and joint accelerations is then proposed. In this amalgamated decoupling formulation, the relationships between the absolute, elastic, and joint variables and the generalized Newton–Euler equations are used to develop systems of loosely coupled equations that have sparse matrix structure. Utilizing the inertia matrix structure of flexible manufacturing systems and the fact that the joint reaction forces associated with the elastic coordinates do represent independent variables, a reduced system of equations whose dimension is dependent on the number of elastic degrees of freedom is obtained. This system can be solved for the joint accelerations as well as for the joint reaction forces. The application of the procedure developed in this paper is illustrated using flexible open‐loop robotic manipulators and closed‐loop crank‐slider mechanical systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics and key findings for ‘Corticosteroids for treating dengue shock syndrome’
Authors: van Dalen Elvira , Offringa Martin , Kremer Leontien 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThese are the characteristics and key findings for a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Panpanich R, Sornchai P, Kanjanaratanakorn K. Corticosteroids for treating dengue shock syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD003488. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD003488.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Commentary articles. Copyright © 2007 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Three commentaries on ‘Corticosteroids for treating dengue shock syndrome’, with introduction by EBCH editor
Authors: Robinson Joan L. , Wills Bridget , Halstead Scott B. , Mathew Joseph L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Panpanich R, Sornchai P, Kanjanaratanakorn K. Corticosteroids for treating dengue shock syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD003488. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003488.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying EBCH Summary and Characteristics and Key Findings Tables articles. Copyright © 2007 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration