bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
English Historical Documents, 1485–1558
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter continues the close analysis of discourses on “religion” and related categories such as “politic order” and the “commonweal” and shows how in significant texts of the period there was nothing like a modern concept of the nonreligious secular, or some conceptual or social space from which an attitude of neutrality could be taken toward some putatively separate domain called “religion.” The commonweal or politic body, based on a holistic analogy with the well‐functioning human body, is embedded in a God‐given hierarchical cosmos that legitimated rank and degree long after the Reformation. The editor of these texts, C. H. Williams, is aware of the problem of using modern concepts such as “class” to represent the realities of the early modern period. Yet editorial needs of the twentieth century in effect compel him to classify these texts according to modern categories, thus creating a contradiction between what the texts imply and what we need them to mean.
English Historical Documents, 1660–1832
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe changes in typical usage of the various key categories discussed in previous chapters become more pronounced in certain contexts after the late seventeenth century, and the connection with colonies, plantations, and the increasing need for new forms of classification tends to relativize Religion as Christian Truth. This should not be exaggerated. In England the dominance of the church state continues, and the social order is still characterized more in terms of a hierarchy of rank and degree than in terms of Dissenting Individuals motivated by the need for justification and economic salvation. Even Locke's contemporary John Bunyan, whose pilgrimage is an interior moral one, and whose use of the term religious does not refer at all to monastic orders but to a special kind of inner life, still has no concept of a world which is neutral to religion. However, by the early nineteenth century in England there is a clearly gathering momentum to the discourse on “politics” as essentially separate from “religion,” even though the boundaries are hotly disputed and thus by no means yet inscribed into the order of things.
Introduction
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The introduction argues that a study of black religion in the Delta in the post‐Reconstruction era promises to introduce new theoretical perspectives to three overlapping academic disciplines: American religious history, African American history, and southern history. It offers a working definition of American religion that integrates popular, church, and racial history; a sense of black history in which the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries represent a time of profound cultural experimentation that belie its label as the nadir of African American cultural accomplishment; and a view of southern history in which the religion of rural poorer blacks emerges as a rich and varied source of protest to segregation.
The Intersecting Rhythms of Spiritual and Commercial Life
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the intersection between consumer capitalism and black religion in the Delta. After Reconstruction, African Americans increasingly turned to the market to raise money for their churches, schools, and newspapers and to expand their access to manufactured goods. Preachers began to serve as peddlers to their congregations, advertising and selling domestic consumer goods produced by northern white manufacturers and netting a small commission every time they sold a bolt of cloth, a pair of shoes, a stove, or an organ. Religious newspapers counseled readers on what to buy and where to buy it. The effect was to change the character of relationship between the consumer market and black religion in the South: consumer capitalism spread to blacks partly through their own networks of religious leaders and institutions and, in turn, black Baptists and Methodists integrated the language and practices of the market more directly into their spiritual lives.
The Material Culture of Religion
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter probes how Delta blacks developed a new material culture of religious experience. It illuminates how the purchase and display of certain types of consumer goods became crucial elements of new ideas about respectability, domesticity, and the ‘black Christian home.’ Congregants purchased staid clothes, lithographs of church leaders, and religious wall‐hangings to model self‐restraint and racial pride; preachers symbolized progress by purchasing drapes, pipe organs, and electric chandeliers for their churches. Central to these new consumer and spiritual practices was the shifting association between politics, black women, and religion. As disfranchisement expelled all blacks from the politics, denominational churches increasingly excluded women from traditional leadership posts, and fraternal orders evolved as new centers of community affairs run only by men, women, in an attempt to capture a new measure of social authority, defined themselves as the curators of home and church decoration. With the support of male clerics, they openly championed themselves as the market's arbiters of public taste and domestic consumption.
Epilogue
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The conclusion explores the legacies of religious change among Delta blacks, including those who left for Chicago as part of the Great Migration of African American southerners northward beginning in the mid-1910s. It tracks the explosive career of Rosetta Tharpe, a Gospel and blues singer from the Arkansas Delta who embodied the new intersection between the sacred and commercial world. It also reveals how key features of modern black sacred life in Chicago actually took root during in the rural South the post-Reconstruction era, especially black nationalism and Garveyism, the linking of spiritual identity and consumption, and civil rights protests that focused on boycotting racist stores.
Introduction: Rethinking Ritual Practice in Zen Buddhism
Authors: Wright Dale S. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The ritual dimension of the Zen tradition in East Asia took the particular shape that it did primarily by means of thorough absorption of two different cultural legacies in China, one—the Confucian —indigenous to China and one entering East Asia from India and Central Asia in the form of the Buddhist tradition, and influence Zen even today. The introduction places the Zen ritual tradition in relation to the growing interdisciplinary field of critical ritual studies. Relevant contemporary ritual theories include those that focus on the non‐intellectual dimensions of life, where the emotive and bodily dimension of learning and culture are given greater appreciation, and theories of ritual change that attempt to see how rituals tend to evolve over time without practitioners necessarily being aware of that transformation.
Chan Rituals of the Abbots' Ascending the Dharma Hall to Preach
Authors: Poceski Mario 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter 2 describes a ritual tradition that clearly goes back to the beginnings of Zen. These ritual occasions, sometimes daily and at other times less frequent, brought the entire assembly of monks together in a formal ceremony in which the abbot of the monastery would present a sermon on Zen doctrine or practice. Although these were the occasions most often valorized as expressions of the Zen master's spontaneity, in fact these sermons follow highly stylized and scripted patterns of Zen thought. Only certain doctrines and formats of delivery were appropriate for these sermons, and even the greatest of the early Zen masters rarely diverged from the “pre‐existing templates” that were bequeathed to them by their predecessors. Although the talks would sometimes involve transgressions or critiques of the ritual order, in fact they validated and maintained that order by carefully setting their remarks within the all‐encompassing sphere of Zen ritual.
Zazen as an Enactment Ritual
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter 5 addresses what many today would consider the central ritual of Zen—zazen—or seated meditation. Although zazen is commonly understood by way of instrumental logic as a means or method for attaining enlightenment, from the Sōtō Zen perspective initiated by Dōgen and featured in this essay, the order of cause and effect is reversed—zazen is “the practice‐realization of totally culminated awakening.” In developing this approach to meditation, Leighton traces its roots to Vajrayana teachings that were influential not simply in Japanese Shingon, but also in Nichiren, Tendai, Jōdo, and Zen. Upon that Buddhist foundation, the essay develops the “unity of practice and realization” by showing how this theme appears in Dōgen's instructions for meditation ritual (Eihei shingi), in his extended essays (Shōbōgenzō), and in direct teachings to his monks (Eihei kōroku). The essay claims that when meditation is taken as “the expression or function of buddhas,” rather than as a technique of spiritual acquisition, an emphasis on meditative awareness in everyday life is made possible.
Meditation in Motion: Textual Exegesis in the Creation of Ritual
Authors: Riggs David E. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter 8 seeks to uncover the historical origins of kinhin, the ritual of walking meditation as it has been practiced in the Sōtō school of Japanese Zen. Practiced today between periods of zazen, the Sōtō style of kinhin entails an exceptionally slow pace of walking in order to coordinate each step with a full cycle of respiration. Although Sōtō monks typically attribute this practice to the founding figure, Dōgen and his teacher in China, Riggs finds the origins of the practice considerably later than this in the eighteenth century Sōtō leader Menzan Zuihō's writings, the Kinhinki, a brief text describing the practice of kinhin, and the Kinhinkimonge, a commentary connecting this practice to traditional Buddhist texts.
Reputation
Authors: Guzman Andrew T 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents a theory of reputation to complement that discussion in Chapter 2. Here, the way in which reputation is acquired and lost is presented. It is explained that the reputational impact of state actions depends critically on the expectations of other states as well as the non‐reputational payoffs faced by the acting state. In order to understand the role of reputation, then, one must consider both reputational and non‐reputational payoffs. The extent to which reputations are compartmentalized (by issue area, by governing regime, by dyad) also impacts the force of reputational concerns, and the chapter clarifies how alternative categories of reputation can affect outcomes.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Maher Neil M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This introduction asks two questions that are central to this book. First, how did Progressive Era conservation become post–World War II environmentalism? And second, how did Franklin Roosevelt forge and maintain his liberal New Deal coalition? One answer to both questions, the introduction argues, is the New Deal's unique brand of conservation. The introduction then describes the differences between conservation and environmentalism, explaining that while progressive conservation involved elites interested in the efficient use of natural resources, postwar environmentalism represented a more grassroots phenomenon concerned with more human-centered and non-utilitarian issues including wilderness preservation, ecological balance, and health through outdoor recreation. This introduction also explains the peculiar politics of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal coalition, which brought together an unlikely alliance of eastern intellectuals and western farmers, urban immigrants and rural native-born Americans, the American working class and a particular type of industrial capitalist. The introduction concludes by suggesting that New Deal conservation in general, and the CCC in particular, helped transform progressive conservation into postwar environmentalism while simultaneously aiding Franklin Roosevelt in overcoming various divisions within this New Deal coalition.
“Defended by Lord Jehovah”
Authors: Peters Shawn Francis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyzes a series of influential (but heretofore largely unexamined) manslaughter and neglect cases involving a British spiritual healing sect known as the Peculiar People, whose adherents rejected conventional medicine and treated their children solely with prayer. As recounted here, throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, prosecutors responded to deaths of children in the sect by charging Peculiar People with manslaughter and neglect. Over time, the British courts developed a relatively consistent approach to these cases, generally rejecting claims that the religious liberty of parents would be violated if they were prosecuted for faith-based medical neglect. In addition to tracing the evolution of the British approach to such cases and its profound effect on the American courts in the early 20th century, this chapter details both the sincerity and the intransigence of spiritual healers.
“We Need to Change the Statute”
Authors: Peters Shawn Francis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter entails a discussion of how lawmakers in several states – including Colorado, Massachusetts, and Oregon – have reacted to prominent cases of religion-based medical neglect by attempting to clarify and strengthen state manslaughter and child neglect laws. The stories of these reform efforts demonstrate how the issue of faith-based medical neglect has generated spirited public policy debates over the parameters of the state's power to regulate religious practice and its obligation to safeguard the rights of children. The chapter also tackles questions that haunt even the staunchest advocates for reform: will bolstering temporal laws really alter the behavior of deeply religious parents who trust in the efficacy of spiritual healing? Or, given the intensity of spiritual healers’ beliefs, will the welfare of their children remain in jeopardy whenever a serious illness strikes? Also included is a detailed examination of the prosecution of Ray Hemphill, a Wisconsin minister who faced criminal charges after he led an exorcism ceremony in which a toddler died.
Models of Christian‐Muslim Dialogue in America
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA one-shot meeting for the purpose of getting to know each other is often the only way Christians and Muslims engage with each other. For groups who want to continue, however, it is important to determine what kind of dialogue participants are interested in. Groups often peter out simply for lack of direction and guidance. Here a number of different kinds of dialogue are discussed, from debate and confrontation to classroom discussions, theological engagement, attempts to worship together, and movements to form interfaith teams to work for some aspect of social action. Some groups simply want to learn how to live together as neighbors, to practice what is called the dialogue of life.
The Manly Voice of Orthodoxy
Authors: Najar Monica 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter maps the religious landscape of the late colonial Upper South, examining the patterns of religious practice of the state-established Church of England, which opened the door for competition from the small dissenting sect of the Baptists. While Baptist churches grew exponentially, the Church of England labored to gain the lay adherence necessary even to support existing churches, let alone create new ones. The Anglican Church's difficulty in keeping pace with the population of the Upper South opened the door for competing sects to recruit unchurched populations. This contest between established and dissenting churches introduced a new and compelling definition of “church” and religiosity that would ultimately reshape the religious landscape in the region and alter the concept of the state's place in the religious realm.
We, the Male and Female
Authors: Najar Monica 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that during the 1760s and 1770s, distinctly evangelical visions of manhood and womanhood emerged which became structured into early church membership. In the late colonial era, Baptist ministers and converts to the faith found the South a hostile and often dangerous place. Colonial authorities attacked and imprisoned preachers; Anglican ministers denounced Baptists from their pulpits; mobs disrupted Baptist services and dragged ministers from their congregations. This era of conflict acted as a defining moment for the Baptists and helped them to construct an identity for themselves as a heroic and martyred people. Baptist ministers began to write and collect firsthand accounts of persecution and new conversions in the 1770s. The stories that Baptists told about the disputes centered on gender, and gender became an integral part of the conflicts between dissenting sects and the established church. In particular, embracing new gender norms became a chief strategy for countering opposition and spreading the faith. Women and men were constantly praised for discarding conventional gender roles and assuming new behaviors to serve the evangelical cause. Not only did the Baptists explore distinctly evangelical visions of manhood and womanhood, but they structured them into church membership.
Our Domestic Peace
Authors: Najar Monica 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses how churches consistently involved themselves in the intimate matters of their members' lives and claimed an expansive influence over their members' familial relations. In claiming authority over marriage and family relations, churches intruded on matters that were being increasingly defined as under the sole purview of the white, male householder, and proved a countervailing influence against the trend toward household privacy and autonomy then under way in the late 18th- and early 19th-century South. This broad trend encompassed a series of architectural, legal, and cultural changes that worked to transform the physical space of the household and the social understandings of the household unit.
Unusual Strugglings of Mind
Authors: Najar Monica 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the vital paradoxes in Baptists' understanding of the relationship between religious and political authority. It begins by examining the debates over church and state in Virginia. In North Carolina, disestablishment occurred relatively quickly and with much less public debate. In Virginia, however, the process of disestablishment involved a complicated negotiation among different civil and sectarian factions that carried on for years and ultimately resulted in a far-reaching statement for religious liberty. The chapter then turns to Baptists' involvement in political debates and political culture in the early republic.
God and the Victim
Authors: Beste Jennifer Erin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractHow does severe interpersonal harm affect our freedom and the ways in which we relate to ourselves, others, and God? God and the Victim addresses the challenges that trauma and feminist theory pose to cherished theological convictions about human freedom and divine grace. Overall, the Christian tradition has held that a person's response to God's grace is not entirely vulnerable to earthly contingencies: interpersonal harm, however severe, cannot separate one from the grace of God and from the power to love others. Does this longstanding belief remain credible, however, in light of social scientific research on the insidious effects of interpersonal violence? Should we not consider more carefully the possibility that individuals can harm one another to such an extent that the other's capacity to respond to God's grace is severely diminished, if not altogether destroyed?Drawing on insights present in feminist and trauma theory, this book articulates a revised Rahnerian theology of freedom and grace responsive to trauma survivors in need of healing. Such a revised theology of freedom and grace is marked most distinctively by two claims: (1) human freedom to respond to God's grace can possibly be destroyed by severe interpersonal harm, and (2) divine grace is mediated at least in part through loving interpersonal relations. This book argues that survivors' experiences of both interpersonal harm and support offer crucial insights that shed light on God's grace and human freedom. Ultimately, such insights promise profound ethical implications, altering our perceptions of the obligations we have toward one another.
Challenges of Interpersonal Harm for a Theology of Freedom and Grace
Authors: Beste Jennifer Erin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter introduces theological questions about the extent to which interpersonal harm can damage an individual's freedom to respond to God's grace and relate with love to oneself, others, and God. It provides an overview of the field of trauma studies, an explanation of posttraumatic stress disorder, and a rationale for focusing on child sexual abuse in the book. Next, this chapter examines historical and contemporary theological perspectives about the impact of interpersonal harm on a person's selfhood, freedom, relationality, and ability to receive and respond to God's grace. The chapter argues that trauma theory challenges cherished Christian beliefs regarding the human self, freedom, and God's grace, and this in turn suggests the need for a revised theology of God's grace and human freedom that resonates with trauma survivors’ experiences and facilitates healing. The purpose of the book is to offer such a theology and explore its resulting ethical implications.
The Vulnerable Self and Loss of Agency
Authors: Beste Jennifer Erin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the impact of severe trauma on persons' selfhood, capacity for relationality, and freedom for self‐determination. To address the complex effects of trauma on the sense of self and capacity for freedom, this book focuses on women survivors who experienced severe incestuous trauma as young girls. It examines incest survivors’ posttraumatic stress systems, focusing in particular on how their behavior attempts to reenact the trauma severely compromises their sense of self and their agency. Incestuous abuse also damages survivors' ability to develop trusting, intimate relationships with others and God. Many incest victims frequently report, in comparison to nonabused women, experiencing more anger, shame, and feelings of distance toward God. While more research is needed, it is reasonable to take seriously the possibility that severe trauma such as incestuous abuse can negatively impede and perhaps destroy a person's ability to relate to God and neighbor with faith, trust, and love.