bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obtaining Informed Consent for Children Receiving Dental Care: A Pilot Study
Authors: Shahid Swarngit K , Godson Jennifer H , Williams Sonia A , Nykol Joanne 
Published: January 2008

Aim To explore the outcome of the consent process with parents/carers of children of different ethnic minority backgrounds in a primary care salaried dental service setting. Materials and Methods One hundred parents of children were recruited to the study. The sample was balanced by ethnicity (White and Pakistani) and type of care (routine and general anaesthesia [GA]). Subjects were interviewed using a questionnaire enquiring about the various aspects of the consent process. Results For routine care, 53% of parents were unaware of the type of pain relief to be used. The majority (78%) knew of the benefits of treatment but few (7%) were aware of risks or alternative treatment options (5%). Significantly more White parents were able to recall the treatment their child was to receive compared with Pakistani parents ( P<0.01). With respect to GA, there were no significant differences according to ethnicity. Most parents (95%) could recall risks of treatment and 72% of parents could report benefits; however, only 20% could recall discussion of alternative treatment options. Conclusion For procedures involving GA, consent is more likely to be informed. For routine care, a more structured approach is required and Pakistani parents in particular need more support. A third of all parents (routine and GA group) felt that they had not been involved in the final treatment decision.
Training parents to help their children read: A randomized control trial
Authors: Sylva Kathy , Scott Stephen , Totsika Vasiliki , Ereky‐Stevens Katharina , Crook Carolyn 
Published: January 2008

Background. Low levels of literacy and high levels of behaviour problems in middle childhood often co‐occur. These persistent difficulties pose a risk to academic and social development, leading to social exclusion in adulthood. Although parent‐training programmes have been shown to be effective in enabling parents to support their children's development, very few parent interventions offer a combination of behavioural and literacy training.Aims. This paper (1) reports on a prevention programme which aimed to tackle behaviour and literacy problems in children at the beginning of school, and (2) presents the effects of the intervention on children's literacy.Sample. One hundred and four 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children selected from eight schools in an inner city disadvantaged community in London participated in the intervention.Methods. This is a randomized control trial with pre‐ and post‐measurements designed to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention. The behavioural intervention consisted of the ‘Incredible Years’ group parenting programme combined with a new programme designed to train parents to support their children's reading at home.Results. Analyses demonstrated a significant effect of the intervention on children's word reading and writing skills, as well as parents' use of reading strategies with their children.Conclusion. A structured multicomponent preventive package delivered with attention to fidelity can enable parents to support their children's reading at home and increase their literacy skills. Together with the improvement in child behaviour, these changes could improve the life chances of children in disadvantaged communities.
Task‐ and self‐related pathways to deep learning: The mediating role of achievement goals, classroom attentiveness, and group participation
Authors: Lau Shun , Liem Arief Darmanegara , Nie Youyan 
Published: January 2008

Background The expectancy‐value and achievement goal theories are arguably the two most dominant theories of achievement motivation in the contemporary literature. However, very few studies have examined how the constructs derived from both theories are related to deep learning. Moreover, although there is evidence demonstrating the links between achievement goals and deep learning, little research has examined the mediating processes involved.Aims The aims of this research were to: (a) investigate the role of task‐ and self‐related beliefs (task value and self‐efficacy) as well as achievement goals in predicting deep learning in mathematics and (b) examine how classroom attentiveness and group participation mediated the relations between achievement goals and deep learning.Sample The sample comprised 1,476 Grade‐9 students from 39 schools in Singapore.Methods Students' self‐efficacy, task value, achievement goals, classroom attentiveness, group participation, and deep learning in mathematics were assessed by a self‐reported questionnaire administered on‐line. Structural equation modelling was performed to test the hypothesized model linking these variables.Results and conclusions Task value was predictive of task‐related achievement goals whereas self‐efficacy was predictive of task‐approach, performance‐approach, and performance‐avoidance goals. Achievement goals were found to fully mediate the relations between task value and self‐efficacy on the one hand, and classroom attentiveness, group participation, and deep learning on the other. Classroom attentiveness and group participation partially mediated the relations between achievement goal adoption and deep learning. The findings suggest that (a) task‐ and self‐related pathways are two possible routes through which students could be motivated to learn and (b) like task‐approach goals, performance‐approach goals could lead to adaptive processes and outcomes.
Lack of concordance between subjective improvement and symptom change in psychotic episodes
Authors: Kupper Zeno. , Tschacher Wolfgang. 
Published: January 2008

ObjectivesSubjective, self‐rated improvement in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders can carry significance as a first‐person account of treatment outcome, and can be of importance for the individual patient's acceptance of further treatment, including psychological treatments. This study assessed the concordance between post‐treatment subjective improvement and the observed symptom change after a psychotic episode.DesignLongitudinal study based on daily symptom ratings.MethodThe study sample consisted of 43 younger, primarily first‐ or second‐episode patients. Observed symptom change was calculated as both pre–post differences and symptom trajectories. Subjective improvement was assessed at the end of treatment by using the ‘Emotional and Behavioural Changes in Psychotherapy Questionnaire’ (VEV), a retrospective measure of subjective change.ResultsThe findings indicated no significant concordance between pre–post differences in symptoms and self‐rated improvement, nor were final levels of symptoms related to subjective improvement. Higher initial and mean symptom levels for positive symptoms were related to a lower degree of subjective improvement. A shorter duration of an initial trend‐like improvement in psychosis was shown to be associated with greater subjective improvement.ConclusionsSubjective assessment of improvement may differ markedly from symptom change. In psychotic episodes, more severe initial positive symptoms as well as a delayed improvement of positive symptoms may be related to a reduced subjective experience of improvement for the duration of the entire episode. The treatment of psychosis should take a possible discordance between subjective and objective change into account.
An index‐based short form of the WAIS‐III with accompanying analysis of reliability and abnormality of differences
Authors: Crawford John R. , Allum Samantha. , Kinion Jess E. 
Published: January 2008

ObjectivesTo develop an index‐based, seven subtest, short form of the WAIS‐III that offers the same comprehensive range of analytic methods available for the full‐length version.Design and MethodsPsychometric.ResultsThe short‐form indices had high reliability and criterion validity. Scores are expressed as index scores and as percentiles. Methods are provided that allow setting of confidence limits on scores, and analysis of the reliability and abnormality of index score differences. A computer program that automates scoring and implements all the analytical methods accompanies this paper and can be downloaded from the following web address: http:www.abdn.ac.uk psy086Deptsf_wais3.htm.ConclusionsThe short form will be useful when pressure of time or client fatigue precludes use of a full‐length WAIS‐III. The accompanying computer program scores and analyses an individual's performance on the short form instantaneously and minimizes the chance of clerical error.
The role of motivational and volitional factors for self‐regulated running training: Associations on the between‐ and within‐ person level
Authors: Scholz Urte , Nagy Gabriel , Schüz Benjamin , Ziegelmann Jochen P. 
Published: January 2008

ObjectivesMost studies examine associations between social‐cognitive variables and self‐regulated behavioural change across two or three occasions only. This study adopts an innovative perspective by analysing associations across 11 occasions, which allows examining patterns of associations both on the between‐ and within‐person levels.MethodThirty initially untrained participants of a running training programme completed 11 monthly questionnaires. All questionnaires assessed motivational and volitional variables and self‐reported running. Additionally, net running time of marathon, or half‐marathon distance at the end of programme, was available.ResultsSelf‐efficacy turned out to be associated with intentions on the between‐ and within‐person levels. Individual differences in change patterns and within‐person fluctuations in volitional variables, intentions, and self‐efficacy turned out to be consistently associated with change patterns and within‐person fluctuations in self‐regulated running training over time and with successfully running marathon or half‐marathon distance.ConclusionsIn contrast to examining only one facet of change, this study is the first to differentiate two components of change in health behaviour self‐regulation: a systematic trend component, and a component representing within‐person unsystematic fluctuations. Thus, results of the present study provide a comprehensive picture of the dynamic relations between motivational, volitional, and behavioural characteristics which occur between and within persons.
Predicting quality of life and self‐management from dyadic support and overprotection after myocardial infarction
Authors: Joekes Katherine , Maes Stan , Warrens Matthijs 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. Using a self‐regulatory framework, this study aims to identify how couples perceive a partner's support style after myocardial infarction (MI), and whether this predicts the patient's health‐related quality of life (HR‐QoL) and self‐management (S‐M) 9 months later.Method. This longitudinal dyadic study includes 73 couples (86% of patients were men), recruited from two cardiac rehabilitation programmes in the Netherlands. Mean age of patients was 54.8 (SD = 9.6) and of partners 52.5 (SD = 9.8). Participants were interviewed and completed questionnaires at baseline (T1). Repeat questionnaires were returned by 69 and 67 couples after 3 (T2) and 9 months (T3), respectively.Results Support by partners is conceptualized in this study as ‘active engagement’ (AE), which involves the extent to which a partner engages the patient in conversations which focus on emotional support and problem solving. Levels of AE do not change over time, nor do they differ between members of the dyad. Levels of overprotection (OP) diminish with time, whilst patients consistently perceive more OP than partners report providing. Patients' experience of goal hindrance (at T3) due to the MI is associated with a decreased HR‐QoL at T3 (controlling for baseline measures). The perception of having a supportive (AE) partner at T1 contributes to enhanced patient HR‐QoL at each subsequent time point, although not to physical functioning. Perceiving a partner as overprotective (at T1) predicts worsened physical functioning in patients (at T3). Improvements in S‐M at T3 (controlling for baseline measures) are reported by patients whose partner displays active engagement at T1.Conclusions Cardiac rehabilitation should aim to redress the experience of goal disturbance and advise partners on how to provide support.
A longitudinal study of the relationship between psychological distress and recurrence of upper respiratory tract infections in chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Faulkner Susan , Smith Andrew 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. Previous research has found that chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients report increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract illnesses (URTIs) when compared with healthy volunteers. This study aimed to replicate and extend this research by investigating the role of psychological distress (stress and negative mood) in the recurrence of URTIs in CFS patients as well as its role in the recurrence of CFS symptoms.Design. A 15‐week diary study.Methods. Measures of psychological stress, negative mood, recurrence of URTIs and symptoms were recorded each week for a 15‐week period. CFS patients (N = 21), who had been assessed and diagnosed according to the Oxford criteria, were recruited from the Cardiff Chronic Fatigue Clinic and compared with a matched group of healthy controls (N = 18). Frequency of occurrence of infectious illness and the relationship between psychological stress/negative mood and occurrence of illness were assessed.Results. CFS patients reported more URTIs than the controls. Stress scores (and negative mood) were significantly higher in the week prior to the occurrence of URTIs than in weeks when no subsequent illness occurred. High levels of psychological stress also preceded the severity of reported symptoms of fatigue in the CFS group.Conclusions. CFS patients reported more frequent URTIs than healthy controls and these recurrences were preceded by high levels of psychological stress. High levels of stress were also associated with greater subsequent fatigue. Possible explanations of these results are discussed.
Different methods of single‐session disclosure: What works for whom?
Authors: Cohen Jay L. , Sander Lindsay M. , Slavin Olga M. , Lumley Mark A. 
Published: January 2008

Objective. Examine distress, emotional approach coping, and attachment as moderators of effects of written (WED) versus interpersonal (IED) emotional disclosure and written time management (WTM).Design/Methods. Fifty‐seven undergraduates with stressful experiences randomized to a single session of WED, IED, or WTM. Assessment of immediate reaction (NA) and 6‐week follow‐up (intrusions/avoidance).Results. Those with higher baseline distress had increased NA, avoidance and intrusions when engaged in WED or IED (vs. WTM). For emotional processors, WED (vs. IED) produced less NA, avoidance, and intrusions. Attachment predicted increased NA in WTM.Conclusions. Baseline distress and personality characteristics form boundary conditions for written disclosure.
Variations in the spacing of expressive writing sessions
Authors: Chung Cindy K. , Pennebaker James W. 
Published: January 2008

Objectives.In a test to determine whether a brief version of the expressive writing (EW) method was viable, 106 college students participated in an experiment dealing with the study of life transitions.Design.Individuals were randomly assigned to write for 15 minutes on three occasions: either three times separated by 10‐min break (1‐hour condition), 35‐min break (3‐hour condition), or 24‐hour break (3‐day condition).Methods.Participants were randomly assigned to write about their thoughts and feelings about the transitions (N= 80), or to describe daily behaviours surrounding the transitions in a non‐emotional way (N= 26).Results.The three emotional writing conditions did not vary in terms of their engagement with writing, their emotional reactions, short‐ or long‐term reactions to the intervention. Compared to controls, those in the experimental conditions evidenced fewer symptom reports 9 months after writing.Conclusions.The findings suggest that a brief 1‐hour EW is more emotionally demanding, but that it has comparable effects on physical symptoms as the traditional 3‐day method.
Enhanced wound healing after emotional disclosure intervention
Authors: Weinman John , Ebrecht Marcel , Scott Suzanne , Walburn Jessica , Dyson Mary 
Published: January 2008

Objectives.Psychological stress is believed to impair wound healing via a down‐regulation of the immune system. Since previous research suggests that disclosure of tra‐umatic experiences can result in an up‐regulation of immune function, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of a disclosure intervention on the progress of wound healing.Design.The study used a prospective, longitudinal design with random assignment to the control (writing about time management) and experimental group (writing about a traumatic event).Methods.Participants (N= 36) completed questionnaires measuring perceived and emotional distress, loneliness, self‐esteem, social support, dispositional optimism, and health‐related behaviours. Accurate indication of the healing of a small punch biopsy wound was determined by using a high‐resolution ultrasound scanner.Results.Repeated measures ANOVA indicated that the disclosure intervention impacted wound healing. Participants who wrote about traumatic events had significantly smaller wounds 14 and 21 days after the biopsy compared with those who wrote about time management.Conclusions.It is concluded that a relatively brief and easy to administer intervention can have beneficial effects on wound healing. The potential for use in patient samples is indicated.
Informed consent and psychotherapy: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of therapists' views
Authors: Goddard Angela , Murray Craig D. , Simpson Jane 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. To examine the issue of informed consent and how this is translated into clinical psychotherapy practice.Design. A qualitative approach was taken in which interviews were used to produce data.Methods. Nine clinical psychologists with specialist psychodynamic training took part in the research. Participants were interviewed using a semi‐structured interview schedule. The interviews were transcribed and the data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.Results. The tensions between balancing the requirements of informed consent with psychodynamic practice were explored and the notion of whether clients can truly be ‘informed’ prior to undertaking psychodynamic therapy was raised. Four major themes emerged from the data: ‘psychodynamic therapy as risky’; ‘balancing expectations between therapist and client’; ‘psychodynamic therapy as unique and experiential’; and ‘informed consent as complex: a linguistic conceit?’Conclusions. This research has been valuable in identifying therapists' views and experiences of how the issue of informed consent is addressed in therapeutic practice. In the light of the findings of this research, future investigation would benefit from more detailed examination of the process of providing informed consent, examining whether, and how often, consent issues are revisited by therapists. More research focusing on the views and need of clients are also warranted.
Core beliefs and narcissistic characteristics among eating‐disordered and non‐clinical women
Authors: Sines Jennie , Waller Glenn , Meyer Caroline , Wigley Laura 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. Narcissism is a personality trait that can interfere with the application of evidence‐based therapies for the eating disorders, influencing collaboration and the patient's willingness to take responsibility for participating in change. In order to understand and work with this personality characteristic, it is important to understand the cognitions that underpin the traits concerned.Design. This study examined the associations between schema‐level core beliefs and narcissism in eating disorders. Narcissism was conceptualized in terms of both its core element (entitlement and grandiosity) and the narcissistic defences (‘bad you’ and ‘poor me’ attitudes).Methods. Validated measures of the different elements of narcissism and of core beliefs were completed by 80 eating‐disordered patients and 70 non‐clinical comparison women. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the core beliefs associated with each aspect of narcissism.Results. The pattern of association differed across the two groups. Among the eating‐disordered women, different core beliefs were associated with core narcissism and with each of the two defences.Conclusions. Unconditional schema‐level beliefs are associated with narcissistic personality traits in the eating disorders suggesting that these therapy‐interfering personality characteristics might be addressed by modifying the relevant core beliefs, thus making it possible to work more directly with the eating disorder itself.
Evaluation of Single-Pass Electrofishing and Rapid Habitat Assessment for Monitoring Redside Dace
Authors: Reid S. M. , Jones N. E. , Yunker G. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
To date, monitoring of the status of the provincially threatened redside dace Clinostomus elongatus in Ontario has been ad hoc or incidental to other sampling programs. We evaluated the efficacy of single-pass backpack electrofishing without block nets to detect redside dace, provide an index of abundance, and characterize size-class distributions. We also examined whether a rapid stream habitat assessment method was suitable for monitoring habitat condition at redside dace sites. Based on 40 sites across 7 Lake Ontario tributaries, catch data and length frequency distributions from single-pass sampling were compared with those from multiple-pass depletion sampling. Single-pass electrofishing captured 47% of estimated redside dace abundance and 34% of biomass. Abundance and biomass data from the single-pass method were positively correlated (abundance r2 = 0.83; biomass r2 = 0.52) with estimates from the multiple-pass depletion method. Probability of detection and precision of single-pass estimates of abundance were similar to those reported in previous studies on stream salmonids. Single-pass and multiple-pass length frequency distributions were not significantly different. The habitat assessment method failed to detect expected habitat differences between sites that contained redside dace and those that did not. Habitat monitoring could be improved by including more detailed measurements of fine sediment, pool depth, and riparian vegetation.