bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcium, nutrient and food intake of Greek Orthodox Christian monks during a fasting and non-fasting week
Authors: Papadaki Angeliki , Vardavas Constantine , Hatzis Christos , Kafatos Anthony 
Published: December 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the Ca, nutrient and food intake of Greek Orthodox Christian monks during a vegetarian-type fasting week, compared with their normal diet.DesignDietary data collection (using 7 d weighed food records), anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, as well as serum glucose and lipid analyses, were performed during Palm Sunday week (fasting) and the week following Pentecost Sunday (non-fasting). Mean daily nutrient and food (g/d) intakes were calculated from the food records.SettingThe study took place in two monasteries in the Municipality of Heraklion, Crete.SubjectsThe study involved ten healthy monks aged 25–65 years, with BMI > 30 kg/m2, who had been performing fasts for the last 24·4 (sd10·4) years and lived in monasteries in Crete during April–June 2005.ResultsNutrient and food intake profiles were more favourable during the fasting week, when participants had lower intakes of total and saturated fat andtrans-fatty acids, and higher intakes of dietary fibre, Fe, folate, legumes and fish/seafood. Ca intake was lower when participants fasted, whereas consumption of dairy products, meat and eggs increased significantly in the non-fasting week. Systolic blood pressure was significantly higher, whereas blood lipid levels were more favourable during the fasting week.ConclusionsThe periodic vegetarianism recommended by the Greek Orthodox Church contributes to the favourable profiles of several biomarkers of health among this sample of monks. The fasting rituals described are an important component of the traditional diet of Crete and should be emphasised in nutrition education programmes promoting this Mediterranean eating pattern.
Colorimetric Detection of Multidrug-Resistant or Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis by Use of Malachite Green Indicator Dye
Authors: Farnia Parissa , Masjedi Mohammad Reza , Mohammadi Foroozan , Tabarsei Payam , Farnia Poopak , Mohammadzadeh Ali Reza , Baghei Parvaneh , Varahram Mohammad , Hoffner Sven , Velayati Ali Akbar 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

The malachite green microtube (MGMT) susceptibility assay was performed directly on sputum specimens (
n
= 80) and indirectly on
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
clinical isolates (
n
= 60). The technique is based on the malachite green dye, which changes color in response to
M. tuberculosis
growth. The MGMT assay is simple and rapid and does not require expensive instruments.
Dominant-Negative FADD Rescues the In Vivo Fitness of a Cytomegalovirus Lacking an Antiapoptotic Viral Gene
Authors: Čičin-Šain Luka , Ruzsics Zsolt , Podlech Juergen , Bubić Ivan , Menard Carine , Jonjić Stipan , Reddehase Matthias J. , Koszinowski Ulrich H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

Genes that inhibit apoptosis have been described for many DNA viruses. Herpesviruses often contain even more than one gene to control cell death. Apoptosis inhibition by viral genes is postulated to contribute to viral fitness, although a formal proof is pending. To address this question, we studied the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) protein M36, which binds to caspase-8 and blocks death receptor-induced apoptosis. The growth of MCMV recombinants lacking M36 (ΔM36) was attenuated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, caspase inhibition by zVAD-fmk blocked apoptosis in ΔM36-infected macrophages and rescued the growth of the mutant. In vivo, ΔM36 infection foci in liver tissue contained significantly more apoptotic hepatocytes and Kupffer cells than did revertant virus foci, and apoptosis occurred during the early phase of virus replication prior to virion assembly. To further delineate the mode of M36 function, we replaced the M36 gene with a dominant-negative FADD (FADD
DN
) in an MCMV recombinant. FADD
DN
was expressed in cells infected with the recombinant and blocked the death-receptor pathway, replacing the antiapoptotic function of M36. Most importantly, FADD
DN
rescued ΔM36 virus replication, both in vitro and in vivo. These findings have identified the biological role of M36 and define apoptosis inhibition as a key determinant of viral fitness.
R-Peptide Cleavage Potentiates Fusion-Controlling Isomerization of the Intersubunit Disulfide in Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Env
Authors: Löving Robin , Li Kejun , Wallin Michael , Sjöberg Mathilda , Garoff Henrik 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Fusion of the membrane of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) Env protein is facilitated by cleavage of the R peptide from the cytoplasmic tail of its TM subunit, but the mechanism for this effect has remained obscure. The fusion is also controlled by the isomerization of the intersubunit disulfide of the Env SU-TM complex. In the present study, we used several R-peptide-cleavage-inhibited virus mutants to show that the R peptide suppresses the isomerization reaction in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Thus, the R peptide affects early steps in the activation pathway of murine leukemia virus Env.
Interglacial deposits in Barnfield pit, Swanscombe, and their molluscan fauna
Authors: KERNEY MICHAEL PHILIP 
Published: December 2007

This paper describes the non-marine Mollusca of the Pleistocene terrace deposits of Barnfield pit, Swanscombe, and discusses their ecological and climatic significance. Biostratigraphical relationships with Hoxnian deposits at Clacton-on-Sea and at certain other sites in the lower Thames basin are examined. It is suggested that the Lower Gravel and Lower Loam of Barnfield pit were formed in the early-temperate substage of the Hoxnian interglacial (zone Ho II), whereas the Middle Gravels began to accumulate not before the end of the late-temperate substage (zone Ho III), and probably extend into the early-glacial substage of the succeeding glaciation.New evidence bearing on the dating of the Clacton Channel deposits is contained in the appendix. The Clactonian flint industry at the type site is shown to belong at least partly in subzone Ho IIb of the interglacial.
Potassium-Argon ages & additions to the stratigraphy of the Malagarasian (Bukoban System of Tanzania) of SE Burundi
Authors: CAHEN LUCIEN , SNELLING NORMAN J. 
Published: December 2007

K-Ar ages on basaltic rock within the Malagarasian of Burundi and Bukoban of Tanzania are reported. Amygdaloidal lavas at the base of the Uha (Tanzania) and Mosso (Burundi) Groups are in stratigraphical continuity and give ages of 805 m.y. In Burundi, gabbros which intrude the underlying Musindozi Group (correlated with the Kigonero Flags of Tanzania) give ages of at least 890 m.y. The Kavumwe Group, which is continuous with the Bukoba Sandstone of Tanzania, is cut by quartz gabbros which are at least 1000 m.y. old. The correlation of the Kavumwe Group with the Nkoma Group which in Burundi is younger than the Musindozi Group is unsound, and this is confirmed by palaeomagnetic work which shows poles for the Bukoba Sandstone (= Kavumwe Gp), the Kigonero Flags (= Musindozi Gp), and the Gagwe Lavas and Manyovu Red Beds (= Mosso Gp) in that order on a polar wandering curve.
The Nkoma Gp is thus an independent formation situated between the Musindozi Group and Mosso Group in the time gap 890 to 805 m.y.
The Murchison–Sedgwick controversy
Authors: THACKRAY J. C. 
Published: December 2007

By the year 1839 Murchison had mapped and described the four groups that made up his Silurian System, defining each on the basis of fossils he had collected during five years fieldwork in South Wales and the Borders. His friend Professor Sedgwick had given only a brief lithological description of the Cambrian rocks of North Wales by this date. As it became clear the two great divisions did not lie one on the other but overlapped at their boundary, Murchison extended his Silurian terminology into Sedgwick's domain. The Professor's inability to give a palaeontological definition of even a restricted Cambrian System led Murchison to extend the Silurian System down to include the oldest fossiliferous strata.
Arguments over the limits and validity of these two Systems scarcely abated with the death of the two chief contestants. British geologists remained in opposing camps until the end of the century, when Lapworth's Ordovician System of 1879 was generally accepted as a compromise for the disputed strata.
New Tremadoc strata at outcrop in the Bristol Channel
Authors: Tappin D. R. , Downie C. 
Published: December 2007

In September 1972, as part of its offshore mapping programme, the Institute of Geological Sciences, using the chartered drillship MV
Whitethorn,
drilled a shallow borehole in the southern part of Carmarthen Bay. The hole, 72/60, was sited at latitude 51°34-80'N, longitude 4°34-71'W on Continuous Seismic Profile (CSP) 71/3/9 to determine the nature of the Palaeozoic rocks at this location. 5 m of sandy gravel, 3 m of stiff brown clay and 2-5 m of grey mudstone were cored. The mudstone was found to contain a rich assemblage of microplankton including the following taxa:

Acanthodiacrodium ubui?
Martin
Micrhystridium shinetonense
Downie
Cymatiogalea
cf.
multarea
Deunff
Cymatiogalea
cf.
membranispina
Deunff
Acanthodiacrodium angusta
(Downie)
Leiofusa squama
Deunff
Saharidia fragile
(Downie)
Possible chitinozoa
fragments
Acanthodiacrodium
sp. nov.
Acanthodiacrodium
cf.
decipiens
Timofeyev
Dasydiacrodium
sp. nov
Vulcanisphaera
africana Deunff
Micrhystridium robustum
Downie
Polygonium
sp. nov.
Polygonium
sp. nov
Vulcanisphaera
sp. nov.
Priscotheca complanata
Deunff
Archaeohystrichosphaeridium pungens
Timofeyev

The above assemblage is indicative of the Tremadoc and can be equated with that from the Brachiopod Beds of the Shineton Shales. It includes records of several new species, as yet undescribed, which have been recorded by Rasul (1971, unpublished Ph.D. Thesis) from Shropshire. No macrofossils have been found in the core.
The mudstone core is 2.5 m in length and vertically cleaved. It is dark grey, thinly laminated and micaceous. Examination in thin section reveals angular to sub-angular quartz grains tightly packed within a dense matrix of chlorite, which is in places iron stained. Muscovite flakes are orientated along
Magnetostratigraphy of the Tertiary igneous succession of Mull, Scotland
Authors: Mussett A. E. , Dagley P. , Skelhorn R. R. 
Published: December 2007

Measurements on 8 intrusive igneous bodies belonging to the central intrusive complex of Mull show that the earlier parts of the complex are reversely magnetized, whereas the later parts are normally magnetized.
Interpretation of these results and of published polarities of other parts of the Tertiary igneous succession is ambiguous because of the possibility of overprinting due to the heat of the central complex. Model 1 assumes that all polarities are primary and requires a polarity sequence R-N-R-N-R; Model 2, which assumes overprinting, requires only R-N-R.

A combination of radiometric dating and reference to the polarity time-scale limits the duration of activity to
c
. 3.5 Ma, at about 58 Ma.
A model for the deep structure of the Moine thrust zone
Authors: Soper N. J. , Barber A. J. 
Published: December 2007

Seismic refraction and electrical conductivity profiles across northern Scotland, together with geological and other geophysical data, are interpreted in terms of the deep structure of this part of the orthotectonic Caledonides. Our preferred interpretation is that the Moine thrust zone extends to the base of the crust and the Caledonian front is steep; this contrasts with recently proposed ‘ultra thin-skinned’ solutions. The results of the recently completed MOIST deep seismic reflection experiment should, inter alia, test our hypothesis.
In order to test the geometrical feasibility of our interpretation, balanced sections have been constructed to illustrate the crustal evolution of the region during the Caledonian orogeny. These sections permit estimates to be made of crustal shortening, thickening and erosion. Our model requires that the N Highlands were once overlain by major exotic nappes, which by analogy with NW Newfoundland may have been ophiolitic. The proposed regional structural pattern comprises a duplex of crustal dimensions. We suggest that crustal duplex development is an important mechanism in the orogenic deformation of previously thinned and extended passive continental margins.
Grampian metamorphic conditions deduced from mafic granulites and sillimanite–K-feldspar gneisses in the Dalradian of Glen Muick, Scotland
Authors: Baker A. J. , Droop G. T. R. 
Published: December 2007

Metamorphic conditions of 8 ± 1.5 kbar and 820 ± 50°C are estimated for garnet-clinopyroxene-bearing mafic granulites and associated garnet-sillimanite migmatitic gneisses from the Dalradian sillimanite zone. Revised estimates for the kyanite zone in Glens Avon and Ey (W of the regional andalusite and sillimanite zones) are
c
. 7 kbar at 500-600°C. Results from rocks close to the kyanite-sillimanite isograd in Glen Clova testify to the accuracy of the barometric calibrations.

Textural indications are that sillimanite preceded andalusite in the Glen Muick area: in this region the kyanite-andalusite isograd has no reality. In Glen Muick sillimanite grew synchronously with the development of the dominant steep foliation, and as part of a progressive evolution in metamorphic conditions, not as a separate late overprint. The western segment of the kyanite-andalusite isograd is thought to have developed before the attainment of the P-T conditions recorded in rocks from Glens Avon and Ey.
Metamorphic and geochronological data are examined in the light of the Banff Nappe hypothesis. It is suggested that the eastern high-temperature zones were thrust over the present western kyanite zone and that rocks to the W of the kyanite-andalusite isograd were metamorphosed by thermal relaxation beneath this thrust sheet.
Geological aid to developing countries
Authors: STOW DORRIK A. V. 
Published: December 2007

Report of the inaugural meeting of the UK section of the Association of Geoscientists for International Development (AGID-UK), now affiliated to the Geological Society, held in Burlington House, 15 February 1988.

AGID is a unique international association of geoscientists with some 90% of its 2500 membership drawn from over 100 Third World countries. After nearly 15 years in existence, it is still the only organization devoted to the application of science to the problems of developing countries. It works in co-operation with local, national and international groups on programmes related to the development of natural resources, environmental planning and geoscience education. Perhaps its most important function is the informal grassroots contact and worldwide collaboration between individual geoscientists who share many of the same problems and the determination to solve them.
The theme of the meeting was to explore the role that UK geologists could play towards these ends. Four speakers were invited to address aspects of ‘geological aid’ from personal experience.

Global geoscience.
Anthon R. Berger
(Ottawa, editor of
Episodes)
began by suggesting that ‘geological aid’ was a somewhat outmoded concept. However since geosciences are global in outlook, it is imperative that a proper understanding is developed of the natural forces that lead to global changes and of their interaction with society. It is also imperative to communicate effectively both the results of such research and any consequent warnings to planners, politicians and policymakers. None of this can be done without the full participation of Third World Scientists in the
Kinematics of the Alpine plate-margin: structural styles, strain and motion along the Penninic–Austroalpine boundary in the Swiss–Austrian Alps
Authors: RING U. , RATSCHBACHER L. , FRISCH W. , BIEHLER D. , KRALIK M. 
Published: December 2007

A structural and kinematic analysis of parts of the Alpine suture zone, i.e. the Arosa Zone and the edges of the overlying Austroalpine and underlying Penninic units, is presented. The Arosa Zone is interpreted as part of an accretionary wedge formed by the overriding of the Austroalpine units, the northern part of the Adriatic plate, over the Penninic units. Structures, strain and stretching trajectories indicate that two main deformation events followed each other discontinuously. The earlier event was a WSW- to NW-directed thrusting under noncoaxial deformation and led to melange-type structures. The second event, less penetrative in the Arosa Zone and with a downward increase in strain and noncoaxial flow, formed N- to NE-verging folds and imbrication zones. West-directed displacement commenced in the Early Cretaceous and the motion changed to a prevailing northerly direction during the Eocene, as revealed by sediments involved in thrusting and by radiometric dating of the mylonites.
The kinematic history deduced from structural analysis agrees with the history obtained by recent work on plate margin sediments. We correlate the anticlockwise rotation of the Adriatic plate relative to Europe between about 130 and 60 Ma with the west-directed motion in the Arosa Zone. A change to relative N-S motion during the Lower Tertiary led to the N to NE directed displacements. A direct relationship thus exists between the motion of the Adriatic plate and the resulting deformation along its northern margin during the early history of the Eastern Alps.
Partitioning in brittle and ductile deformation and structural slicing under noncoaxial deformation is responsible for the melange-type structures.
The Lower Carboniferous Stainmore Basin, N. England: extensional basin tectonics and sedimentation
Authors: COLLIER R. E. LI. 
Published: December 2007

Recently released industry seismic data image a 6 km thick Dinantian succession in the Stainmore Basin, and are used to interpret deposition in response to extensional subsidence. The basin is bounded to the north by the Lunedale–Wigglesworth–Butterknowle en echelon suite of normal faults. An early (?Courceyan–?Arundian) syn-rift sequence more than 4 km thick includes footwall-derived clastic fans. A basinal terrigenous sequence deposited through the Arundian, Holkerian and early Asbian contrasts with coeval carbonates on the Ravenstonedale Shelf and the Askrigg Block. Deposition continued in the basin whilst the Alston block and northern parts of the basin were emergent during early Asbian times. A late Asbian relative base level rise and the possible cessation of active rifting allowed both basin and structural highs to be inundated by shallow marine carbonates. Rhythmic ‘Yoredale’ sedimentation followed.
Dinantian depositional patterns reflect the interplay between active extensional faulting, a suspected local inversion event, changes in sediment influx rates, sea level variations and differential rates of compaction between basement highs and the basin. However, error margins on the available biostratigraphy and timing of active faulting prevent the detailed separation of these variables and their impact on sedimentation in the Dinantian.
High frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ cells in HTLV-1 infection: inverse correlation with HTLV-1–specific CTL response
Authors: Toulza Frederic , Heaps Adrian , Tanaka Yuetsu , Taylor Graham P. , Bangham Charles R. M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractEvidence from population genetics, gene expression microarrays, and assays of ex vivo T-cell function indicates that the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) controls the level of HTLV-1 expression and the proviral load. The rate at which CTLs kill autologous HTLV-1–infected lymphocytes differs significantly among infected people, but the reasons for such variation are unknown. Here, we demonstrate a strong negative cor-relation between the frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ Tax− regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the circulation and the rate of CTL-mediated lysis of autologous HTLV-1–infected cells ex vivo. We propose that the frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ Tax− Tregs is one of the chief determinants of the efficiency of T cell–mediated immune control of HTLV-1.
Sequencing analysis of 20,000 full-length cDNA clones from cassava reveals lineage specific expansions in gene families related to stress response
Authors: Sakurai Tetsuya , Plata Germán , Rodríguez-Zapata Fausto , Seki Motoaki , Salcedo Andrés , Toyoda Atsushi , Ishiwata Atsushi , Tohme Joe , Sakaki Yoshiyuki , Shinozaki Kazuo , Ishitani Manabu 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
Cassava, an allotetraploid known for its remarkable tolerance to abiotic stresses is an important source of energy for humans and animals and a raw material for many industrial processes. A full-length cDNA library of cassava plants under normal, heat, drought, aluminum and post harvest physiological deterioration conditions was built; 19968 clones were sequence-characterized using expressed sequence tags (ESTs).

Results
The ESTs were assembled into 6355 contigs and 9026 singletons that were further grouped into 10577 scaffolds; we found 4621 new cassava sequences and 1521 sequences with no significant similarity to plant protein databases. Transcripts of 7796 distinct genes were captured and we were able to assign a functional classification to 78% of them while finding more than half of the enzymes annotated in metabolic pathways in Arabidopsis. The annotation of sequences that were not paired to transcripts of other species included many stress-related functional categories showing that our library is enriched with stress-induced genes. Finally, we detected 230 putative gene duplications that include key enzymes in reactive oxygen species signaling pathways and could play a role in cassava stress response features.

Conclusion
The cassava full-length cDNA library here presented contains transcripts of genes involved in stress response as well as genes important for different areas of cassava research. This library will be an important resource for gene discovery, characterization and cloning; in the near future it will aid the annotation of the cassava genome.