bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of penicillin resistance on the outcome of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in children
Authors: Rowland K. E. , Turnidge J. D. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Invasive infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to penicillin are increasing in prevalence in Australia. Aims: To determine the impact of reduced susceptibility of S. pneumoniae to penicillin on morbidity, mortality and treatment of invasive infection. Methods: Retrospective case note review of children with invasive S. pneumoniae infection over a 26 month period. Penicillin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by E test. Primary clinical outcome measures included days to defervescence, duration of hospital stay, complication rates and mortality. The secondary outcome of financial cost was examined. Comparisons between outcomes of patients with infections caused by susceptible and non‐susceptible strains were performed with Student's t test. Pearson χ2, Mann‐Whitney U tests and multiple logistic regression. Results: Sixty‐eight episodes of invasive pneumococcal disease were reviewed: 14 isolates (21.1%) had reduced susceptibility or resistance to penicillin (PNSSP, MIC 0.125 mg/L‐1.5 mg/L). Ten patients had meningitis, 21 had pneumonia, 22 had bacteraemia with another focus and 15 had bacteraemia without an obvious focus. PNSSP were more common in patients with meningitis and pneumonia. No patients died. Overall, patients with infections caused by PNSSP had significandy longer hospitalisation and longer time to defervescence. Complication rates were not significantly different between groups. Outcome differences were no longer significant when meningitis patients were excluded from the analysis. The PNSSP group received more expensive intravenous antibiotics and their infections were significandy more costly to treat. Conclusions: Infections widi penicillin non‐susceptible S. pneumoniae are associated with higher morbidity than infections with penicillin susceptible strains, and treatment of diese infections is more expensive, due to higher drug costs and longer hospital stay.
Group B streptococcal meningitis in adults: recent increase in Southeast Asia
Authors: Wilder‐Smith E. , Chow K. M. , Kay R. , Ip M. , Tee N. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Meningitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) is rare in adults and usually affects patients with predisposing conditions. Aims: To describe an increase in adult group B streptococcal meningitis occurring in parallel in Hong Kong and Singapore. Methods: All cases of bacterial meningitis admitted to the Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong and Singapore General Hospital in 1998, aged 15 years or above, were reviewed. Medical records for the previous ten years were searched for previous cases of adult group B streptococcal meningitis. Results: In 1998, 29 adult patients with bacterial meningitis were admitted to the two hospitals. S. agalactiae was isolated in 11 cases, Streptococcus pneumoniae in three cases, Klebsiella pneumoniae in two cases, and Pseudomonas pseudomallei in one case. In 11 cases no bacteriological diagnosis could be made. Two patients with adult group B streptococcal meningitis had predisposing conditions for infection. One patient died before a definite diagnosis could be established. A ten year review of records revealed one previous case of adult group B streptococcal meningitis in a patient with multiple risk factors. Conclusions: An increase of group B streptococcal meningitis has occurred among adults admitted to two major hospitals in two Southeast Asian cities. In the majority of cases there were no identifiable predisposing conditions. The cause of this increase of group B streptococcal remains unclear.
The future of human geography? Reflections on reading three recent texts
Authors: WILDE P.D. 
Published: March 2008

It is vital that we teach our students to understand and evaluate the rich diversity of geography's conceptual and philosophical approaches. If we do not, they will be in a poor position in their future careers to justify the application of particular geographical skills, or to understand the linkages between geography and other disciplines. Society's respect for the value and relevance of geography will be diminished and the subject's future placed in jeopardy.This article gives some pointers to the conceptual and philosophical bases of different approaches, and expresses concern that, despite the considerable strengths of two of the three text books reviewed they all fail to discuss the differences of approach evident in their source material and the implications of these differences.
Mapping the Australian Duricrusts: Can distribution be derived from terrain maps?
Authors: DESEN TIAN , PETERSON JIM 
Published: March 2008

Duricrust distribution patterns can be used to debate the significance. in engineering, geomorphological and palaeoenvironmental terms. of any displayed regional components of variability. An apparently obvious source for such an exercise lies in the duta base fields devoted to duricrust types accompanying the Australia‐wide terrain tnups by Grant et al., (1984) and Chan et al., (1986) (published at scales of I:2 1/2 million and 1:5 million respectively).However, curtographic principles indicate that although there are inany attributes in common among the data base fields of these two separately conceived and generated maps (polygon sets), congruent distribution patterns for selected common attributes tire unlikelv. In this case a comparison of patterns shows that they are far from congruent. We conclude that these maps. while fulfilling their original purpose, have limited value in geomorphological debaies about the significance of duricrust distribution patterns.
DIE VERBREITUNG NICHTLANDWIRT‐SCHAFTLICHER EINKÜNFTE BEI LANDBEWIRTSCHAFTENDEN FAMILIEN IN DER BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND1
Authors: KUHNEN FRITHJOF 
Published: March 2008

SummaryTHE DISTRIBUTION OF NON‐AGRICULTURAL INCOME AMONG LAND CULTIVATING FAMILIES IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANYThe industrial penetration of the rural areas in Germany led to a close involvement between agriculture and industry in terms of occupation as well as income. The interpretation of a representative inquiry for the year 1956 reveals the following results as to the distribution of non‐agricultural income among farm families: Of every 100 farms there are 99 cases of non‐agricultural income. In 42 of these cases the farmer himself draws this income, in the remaining 5 7 cases members of his family.Most often, non‐agricultural income is found among very small farms; however it can also be found often among larger farms. There are, for example, 37 cases of non‐agricultural income for every 100 farms with 10 to 20 hectares of cultivated land.To get an idea of the amount of non‐agricultural income received by farm families, an estimate has been made. This showed, that families with farms of less than 2 hectares of cultivated land obtain on the average 4600 DM per annum; families with farms of 10 to 20 hectares 880 DM per annum.The total non‐agricultural income of farm families in the Federal Republic of Germany amounts to 4–6 billion DM per annum.ZusammenfassungDIE VERTEILUNG VON NIC HT‐L AND WIRTSC HAPTLI CHEN EINKOMMEN LAND‐BEWIRTSCHAFTENDER FAMILIEN IN DER BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLANDDas Eindringen der Industrie in die ländlichen Gebiete Deutschlands hat zu einer engen Verflechtung zwischen Landwirtschaft und Industrie sowohl in berufsmäßiger wie in einkommensmäßiger Hinsicht geführt. Eine repräsentative Untersuchung für das Jahr 1956 zeigt die folgenden Resultate bezüglich der Verteilung von nichtlandwirt‐schaftlichen Einkommen bei landwirtschaftlichen Familien:Auf je ioo Betrieben entfallen 99 nicht‐landwirtschaftliches Ein‐kiinfte. In 42 dieser Fälle ist der Betriebsleiter selbst der Einkommens‐empfänger, in den verbleibenden 57 Fällen sind es Mitglieder seiner Familie.Besonders oft findet sich das nicht‐landwirtschaftliche Einkommen bei sehr kleinen Betrieben. Es kann jedoch ebenso bei größeren Betrieben festgestellt werden. So hatten beispielsweise von 100 Betrieben mit einer landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche von 10 bis 20 ha 37 Betriebe ein nichtlandwirtschaftliches Einkommen.Um eine Vorstellung über die Höhe des nicht‐landwirtschaftlichen Einkommens landwirtschaftlicher Familien zu bekommen, wurde eine Schätzung gemacht. Diese zeigte, daß Familien mit Betrieben, die kleiner sind als 2 ha LN, im Durchschnitt 4600 DM pro Jahr nichtlandwirtschaftliches Einkommen haben; bei Familien mit Betrieben zwischen 10–20 ha LN beträgt das nicht‐landwirtschaftliche Einkommen 880 DM je Jahr.Das gesamte nicht‐landwirtschaftliche Einkommen landwirtschaftlicher Familien in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland beläuft sich auf etwa 4 bis 6 Millarden DM je Jahr.
LA CAMPAGNE MONDIALE CONTRE LA FAIM
Authors: CÉPÈDE MICHEL 
Published: March 2008

SummaryTHE FREEDOM FROM HUNGER CAMPAIGNThe Freedom from Hunger Campaign was launched in 1960 and was a five‐year project. It reached a new high level with the World Food Congress on the twentieth anniversary of the final session of the Hot Springs Conference which was held on June 3rd., 1943.The four programmes of the Commissions of the World Food Congress ‐ technical, economic and social, research and education, public opinion and the role of non‐government organisations ‐ show that the implications of this Campaign are important to rural sociologists.Demography, social anthropology, problems of structure, ‘intellectual investments’ are quoted as examples of possible areas from which rural sociologists might contribute to the success of the FFHC. The impact of agricultural changes on society (the subject of the congress of the European Society for Rural Sociology in 1964) is relevant in this respect. This Congress will support the aims of the FFHC and the ‘development decade’ of the war against misery. We are in a changing world, we need even a more changing one. Such change comes also in the scope of sociology. Why should we hesitate to study it?ZusammenfassungDIE ‘FREEDOM FROM HUNGER CAMPAIGN’Die Freedom from Hunger Campaign wurde 1960 initiiert und ist ein 5‐Jahres‐Projekt. Sie erreichte einen Höhepunkt mit dem Welter‐näherungskongress am 20. Jahrestag der Schlußsitzung der Hot Springs‐Conference, die am 3. Juni 1943 stattgefunden hat.Die vier Programme der Kommissionen des Welternährungskongresses, die sich mit technischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Fragen, wie auch mit Forschung, Ausbildung, Öffentlicher Meinung und der Rolle nicht‐behördlicher Organisationen befassen, zeigen, daß diese Campaign auch für den Landsoziologen bedeutsam ist. Demographie, Sozial‐Anthropologie, Strukturprobleme, ‘intellek‐tuelle Investitionen’ werden als Beispiele für Gebiete genannt, auf denen die Landsoziologie zum Erfolg der Freedom from Hunger Campaign beitragen könnte.Der Einfluß der Wandlungen in der Landwirtschaft auf die Gesellschaft (Gegenstand des Kongresses der Europaischen Gesellschaft für ländliche Soziologie 1964) ist in dieser Beziehung von Bedeutung. Dieser Kongress wird die Ziele der FFHC in ihrem Kampf gegen das Elend unterstützen. Wir befinden uns in einer sich wandelnden Welt und diese Welt muß sich noch weiter wandeln. Dieser Wandel ist auch eine Angelegenheit der Soziologie. Warum sollten wir zögern, ihn zu studieren?
THE PATRON‐DEPENDANT RELATIONSHIP IN BRAZIL: A PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Authors: HUTCHINSON BERTRAM 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe Patron‐Dependant Relationship in Brazil: A Preliminart ExaminationIn considering problems of economic development in the underdeveloped countries, too little attention has been paid to the possibility of a social ethos inimical to changes in work habits. It is suggested that one such obstacle visible throughout Brazilian life is that of the patron‐dependant relationship, which substitutes for self‐reliance a dependence on the assistance of the powerful. This, it is argued, may be associated with the absence in Brazil of a mystique of ‘work for work's sake7rsquo;. Some of the possible origins of the relationship, of its manifestations in rural and urban life, are mentioned, together with some implications for a successful programme of rural change and agrarian innovation.
CONTRIBUTION DE LA SOCIOLOGIE A L‘ÉCONOMIE RURALE1
Authors: MADEC MICHEL CÉPÈDE ET ANNE 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe Contribution of Sociology to Agricultural EconomicsContrary to the views of a number of economists, who look at agricultural economics as the application of economic theory to agriculture, the authors of the present article consider agricultural economics as a biological science applied to social phenomena, of which the purely economic approach explores only some aspects, often over‐simplified. This view is of importance, not only for the establishment of the problems to be studied by rural sociology, but also for ascertaining the right application of research findings for practical purposes. Several examples, chosen from the studies carried out by the authors, illustrate that the position taken is more realistic than it seems.
CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS IN RURAL LIFE IN EUROPE
Authors: NEWMAN J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryContemporary Developments in Rural Life in EuropeRunning through a great deal of discussion in contemporary rural sociology in Europe is to be found the question: “Will there be a genuine rural‐urban difference in the Europe of the future?”It is against the background of an ever‐developing urban‐industrial society that what is called rural society is increasingly studied. In America an analogous development has led rural sociologists to formulate a new interpretation of rural life, in which the key concept is urbanised social organisation, in the sense that rural people as well as urban are said to live in the same essential pattern of social organisation.Should this tendency be carried to its logical extremes, there would be little future for a specifically rural sociology or rural life in Europe. It is for this reason that a good deal of heart‐searching is going on in the ranks of European rural sociologists at the present time. There is a real danger that rural sociology could become almost exclusively a descriptive and adaptative excursus in the processes of an urbanising society.If this danger exists it is due in large measure to a lack of an adequate conceptual apparatus such as would ensure due definition and orientation to studies. This situation is reflected in a noticeable concentration on micro‐social as against macro‐social studies, with the result that rural sociologists are far from certain as to what indeed is, rural society as such.The reasons for this situation are connected with the pragmatic origins of rural sociology, both in America and Europe, and with a general reaction to the exaggerated conceptualisation and systematisation of earlier theoretical sociology.There is need for a renewed effort at an understanding of the meaning and nature of rural society as such. In particular, the question should be asked whether it is possible to develop a progressive rural society, yet one that is not characterised by an urban social organisation in the specific city sense?In undertaking this task, rural sociology should place more emphasis than has been customary on an understanding of rural life and society through an understanding of rural people. This calls for the use of the techniques of social psychology, anthropology, etc. as well as those of strict sociology. It calls also for the bestowing of more attention than is usual on the ‘guiding images’, ‘goals’, and ‘values’ of different rural societies in different parts of Europe.
THE ETHNIC FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN ISRAEL
Authors: WEITZ RAANAN 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe Ethnic Factor in the Development of Rural Settlements in IsraelSurveys of development were carried out in 1958 and 1963 in 223 co‐operative, small‐holder villages which had been newly settled in Israel. The farmers in each village belonged to one of three groups ‐ North African, Asiatic and Western ‐ each one with sufficient distinct characteristics to warrant terming them ‘ethnic’ groups.In order to separate the effect of the ethnic factor, four external parameters which might have influenced the development of the villages were examined first. Only one, the allocation of natural means of production, was found to be unequally distributed among the three ethnic groups. The development of each ethnic group was then determined according to a model based on ten criteria, bearing on the social and economic situation of the villages.The study showed that the ethnic factor was important in determining the rate of development. The group with the highest level of technical background, the Western, exhibited the highest level of development in both survey years, but by the end of the five‐year period, its level was slightly declining, while the levels of the other two groups were tending to catch up. Each ethnic group exhibited a specific rate of development, with the lower the starting point, the greater the development rate.The study bears on the adaptation of ‘folk’ people, who in most cases were not originally farmers, to modern agriculture with a complicated technology and organization, and on the importance of settling homogeneous ethnic groups, particularly in the case of non‐modern people.
RELATIVE PREDICTABILITY OF FIVE INDICES OF ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED FARM PRACTICES1
Authors: DASGUPTA SATADAL 
Published: March 2008

SummaryRELATIVE PREDICTABILITY OF FIVE INDICES OF ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED FARM PRACTICES: The central concern of this study was to compare five indices of adoption of recommended farm practices in terms of their capacities to predict variations in variables theoretically expected and empirically established to be related to adoption. Of the five indices of adoption, three were conventional indices widely used by rural sociologists in measuring the adoption behaviour of farmers. The first index was comparatively crude ‐ the per cent of applicable practices adopted. The other was an improvement over the first in that the years of use of the adopted applicable practices were taken into consideration. The third index involved a categorization of farmers into five groups in terms of the degree to which each of them was relatively earlier to adopt new ideas than other members of his social system.Besides these three indices, two adoption scales were constructed with the use of trace line analysis and Guttman's scalogram analysis, respectively. The predictive utility of each of these five indices was measured by computing Gutman's coefficient of predictive utility for each of the twenty‐one variables known to be related to measures of adoption.ZusammenfassungDIE BRAUCHBARKEIT VON FÜNF INDIZES FÜR DIE RELATIVE VORAUSSAGE DER ADOPTION EMPFOHLENER L ANDWIRTSC H AFTLIC HERAußer diesen drei Indizes wurden zwei Maßstäbe der Adoption festgelegt, und zwar unter Anwendung der trace line‐Analyse bzw. des Guttman‐Skalogramms. Die Brauchbarkeit der Voraussage jedes dieser fünf Indizes wurde durch Berechnung des entsprechenden Guttman‐Koeffizienten für jede der 21 Variabelen, die für die Be‐stimmung des Adoptionsgrades bekannt sind, ermittelt.
LES PRÊTRES CATHOLIQUES DEVANT DÉVOLUTION ÉCONOMIQUEDES CAMPAGNES FRANÇAISES
Authors: MAîTRE JACQUES 
Published: March 2008

SummaryCATHOLIC PRIESTS AND THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OP THE FRENCH COUNTRYSIDE: Research among 1,200 Roman Catholic priests has been concerned with their attitudes regarding actual developments in the French countryside including questions on economic change. The principal themes of this investigation were the effects of technological progress, the establishment of industries, the decrease in the population working in agriculture, emigration to urban areas, family enterprise, cooperation, professional organization, and credit. It appears that the clergy in rural parishes have more positive attitudes towards change than is generally supposed. This openness is the least with regard to family life, and strongest concerning economic rationality. Clear differences exist in attitudes between the generations of priests in relation to the majority of the topics.ZusammenfassungDER KATHOLISCHE PRIESTER UND DIE WIRTSCHAFTLICHE ENTWICKLUNG AUF DEM LANDE IN FRANKREICH: Eine Befragung von 1200 römisch‐katholischen Priestern über ihre Ansichten zu der Entwicklung auf dem Lande in Frankreich enthält Fragen über den wirtschaftlichen Wandel. Die Auswirkungen des technischen Fortschritts, die Industrieansiedlung, die Verminderung der landwirtschaftlichen Bevölkerung, die Abwanderung in städtische Gebiete, das Familienunternehmen, die Kooperation, die berufliche Organisation und das Kreditwesen bilden die Hauptthemen dieser Untersuchung. Es scheint, daß der Klerus der ländlichen Pfarr‐gemeinden eine positivere Haltung gegenüber diesem Wandel ein‐nimmt, als allgemein vermutet wird. Die größte Zurückhaltung wurde bei Fragen über das Familienleben geübt, jedoch sprach man über Probleme des rationalen wirtschaftlichen Verhaltens mit aller Offenheit. Generationsbedingte Unterschiede in den Ansichten der Priester werden bei der Mehrzahl der Themen ganz deutlich.
SOCIOLOGIA RURALIS ON THE BALANCE
Authors: Munters Q. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySOCIOLOGIA RURALIS ON THE BALANCEIn this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the contents of volumes I to X of Sociologia Ruralis(1960–1970), with the understanding that only the (75) English written papers are being reviewed. The main starting points have been derived from Article 4 of the Constitution of the European Society for Rural Sociology.After having proposed a number of critical remarks on the subjects that have been dealt with in the papers concerned, a tentative evaluation has been made of the practical, theoretical, and methodological relevance of these papers.In the final section, some ideas are suggested which might be useful in order to remove several shortcomings brought to light in the previous sections.ZusammenfassungSOCIOLOGIA RURALIS ‐ EIN UBERBLICKIn diesem Beitrag wird versucht, den Inhalt der Jahrgange I bis X der Sociologia Ruralis (1960‐70) auszuwerten. Dabei beschrankte sich der Verfasser auf die 75 englischsprachigen Artikel. Die wesentlichen Ansatzpunkte wurden dem Artikel 4 der Satzung der Europaischen Gesellschaft fur landliche Soziologie entnommen.Nach einigen kritischen Bemerkungen zu den Themen der o.a. Beitrage versucht der Verfasser, zu einer zuriickhaltenden Bewertung der praktischen, theoretischen und methodologischen Relevanz der einzelnen Beitrage zu gelangen. AbschlieBend werden einige Vor‐schlage gemacht, wie moglicherweise einige Unzulanglichkeiten, auf die in den vorangegangenen Abschnitten hingewiesen wurde, beseitigt werden konnten.RésuméSOCIOLOGIA RURALIS: UNE TENTATIVE DEVALUATIONCet article constitue un essai devaluation des volumes I a X de Sociologia Ruralis (1960–1970); cette analyse est cependant limited par le fait que, seuls les articles de langue anglaise (75) sont pris en consideration.Les principales hypotheses de travail decoulent de Particle 4 des statuts de la Socidte Europeenne de Sociologie Rurale.Aprés avoir émis un certain nombre de critiques sur les themes traités, un essai devaluation de la pertinence theorique, methodolo‐gique et pratique de ces articles, est realisedDans la derniére partie, l'auteur avance quelques idées susceptibles de pallier plusieurs des insuffisances mises en lumiere par cette analyse.