bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffuse interface method for simulation of the chemical vapor deposition of pyrolytic carbon: Aspects of the mathematical formulation
Authors: Dimitrov S. , Ekhlakov A. , Langhoff T.‐A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe present work is inspired by Anderson et al. (Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom. 2000; 135(1–2):175–194) and Noll (http://www.math.cmu.edu/wn0g/noll) and falls in the conceptual line of the Ginzburg–Landau class of first‐order phase‐transition models based on the concept of phase‐field parameter. Trying to keep the exposition as much general as possible, we develop below a thermodynamically consistent rationalization of the physical process of (anisotropic) deposition of pyrolytic carbon from a gas phase. The derivation line we follow is well established in the field of the modern continuum physics. From the covariance of the first principle of thermodynamics, the second Newton's law and the Liouville's theorem with respect to the one‐dimensional Lie groups of transformations, the balance laws for the temperature, linear momentum and density are formulated. This system of partial differential equations is comprehended further by the constitutive laws for the phase field, the stress, and the heat and entropy fluxes obtained in a form consistent with the Clausius–Duhem understanding of the second law. The result referred to as a local, strongly coupled initial boundary value problem of chemical vapor deposition (IBVP‐CVD) constitutes the general mathematical description of the CVD process. The weak form of isotropic IBVP‐CVD is then derived and discretized by means of the discontinuous Galerkin method. At the end of the paper, we also derive the weak formulations for the local lifting operators that provide the stabilization mechanism for the discontinuous Galerkin discretization scheme. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic numerical simulations of void growth and coalescence with stress triaxiality maintained constant—Application to ductile solids with secondary voids
Authors: Siad L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDynamic explicit finite element analysis is used to investigate void growth and plastic collapse of an axisymmetric unit cell model with a primary spherical void imbedded in a porous matrix material. The Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman homogenized model is used to describe the plastic behaviour of the matrix material. The simulations are performed under large strain conditions for varying secondary void volume fractions and quasi‐static loading controlled by constant stress triaxiality. The proposed accomplishment of constant stress triaxiality associated with dynamic explicit computations provides a method allowing to trace the collapse of the unit cell from the onset of coalescence to practically its final failure. Consistent with experimental and theoretical results available in the literature, the obtained results substantiate the sensitivity of coalescence to the presence of secondary voids. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting value‐at‐risk with a parsimonious portfolio spillover GARCH (PS‐GARCH) model
Authors: Mcaleer Michael , da Veiga Bernardo 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAccurate modelling of volatility (or risk) is important in finance, particularly as it relates to the modelling and forecasting of value‐at‐risk (VaR) thresholds. As financial applications typically deal with a portfolio of assets and risk, there are several multivariate GARCH models which specify the risk of one asset as depending on its own past as well as the past behaviour of other assets. Multivariate effects, whereby the risk of a given asset depends on the previous risk of any other asset, are termed spillover effects. In this paper we analyse the importance of considering spillover effects when forecasting financial volatility. The forecasting performance of the VARMA‐GARCH model of Ling and McAleer (2003), which includes spillover effects from all assets, the CCC model of Bollerslev (1990), which includes no spillovers, and a new Portfolio Spillover GARCH (PS‐GARCH) model, which accommodates aggregate spillovers parsimoniously and hence avoids the so‐called curse of dimensionality, are compared using a VaR example for a portfolio containing four international stock market indices. The empirical results suggest that spillover effects are statistically significant. However, the VaR threshold forecasts are generally found to be insensitive to the inclusion of spillover effects in any of the multivariate models considered.  Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheological properties of immiscible polymer blends under parallel superposition shear flow
Authors: Chen Quan , Yu Wei , Zhou Chixing 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe small amplitude oscillations can be superimposed parallelly on steady shear flows. The resulting moduli provide information about time‐ and shear‐dependent microstructure. For this purpose, model blends composed of polydimethylsiloxane and polyisobutylene with the viscosity ratio of 7.9 and 0.25 are investigated. The resulting moduli are compared with the results derived from numerical calculation as well as analytical solutions, developed here by introducing the conditions under parallel superposition flow field into MM model. Good agreement is found in the interfacial contribution of the storage moduli for blend with low volume fraction. Moreover, detailed analysis on hydrodynamic interaction between droplets is given to explain the discrepancies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 431–440, 2008
Skin‐Sparing Mastectomy with Immediate Breast Reconstruction by a New Modification of Extended Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap
Authors: Denewer Adel , Setit Ahmed , Hussein Osama , Farouk Omar 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe introduction of skin‐sparing mastectomy has revolutionized both breast cancer surgery and breast reconstruction. Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is a versatile flap that is gaining renewed popularity with the development of flap modifications and the continued recognition of its reliability and safety. We report our results with a new modification of the extended latissimus dorsi flap after skin‐sparing mastectomy for breast cancer.MethodsFrom January 2002 to January 2006, 140 patients of breast carcinoma had unilateral skin‐sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. A total of 132 cases of invasive duct carcinoma and eight cases of invasive lobular carcinoma are included. Age ranged from 27 to 53 (median, 40.5) years. Tumor stage was stage I in 22 cases, stage II in 100 cases, and stage III in 18 cases. We performed a new modification to the standard extended latissimus dorsi flap, which allowed us to obtain enough autologous tissue to reconstruct the relatively large breast of the Egyptian women without implant. The postoperative aesthetic results and donor side morbidity, including contour deformity and scaring, were examined.ResultsWe applied both an objective and subjective aesthetic result monitoring. Aesthetic grading results of breast reconstruction were excellent in 85, good in 42, fair in ten and poor in three cases. Both flap and donor site complications were minor. Patients were followed for a median of 32.4 (range, 12‐48) months. During this period of follow‐up, no episode of local or distant failure was observed.ConclusionsSkin‐sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction using our new modification of extended latissimus dorsi flap allows single‐stage, totally autologous reconstruction with satisfactory aesthetic results and low morbidity.
Greenland's new legislation on commercial and research-related use of biological resources: implications for the International Polar Year and later
Authors: Leary David 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTNew possibilities for economic development have been identified by the Greenland Home Rule Government in recent years. One of these is the potential for development of biotechnology based on Greenland's biodiversity. To ensure that Greenland shares in benefits derived from the exploitation of these resources the Home Rule Parliament recently enacted legislation on commercial and research-related use of biological resources that is premised on rights recognised by the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity. This legislation represents the first law in an Arctic jurisdiction specifically to create a mechanism for access and benefit sharing in relation to Arctic genetic resources. The main area of research and commercial interest so far relates to potential developments in biotechnology from the microbial diversity of ikaite tufa columns located in the Ikka Fjord in southwest Greenland. The legislation seeks to provide a mechanism for regulating access to such biological resources and a means for Greenland to share in the potential benefits that may come from scientific research on them and subsequent commercialisation. Much research in Greenland now falls within the scope of this legislation. The purpose of this article is to explain the provisions of the legislation to the polar research community as well as to review its implications for research in the International Polar Year and later. The legislation imposes many new obligations on researchers in Greenland including obligations to obtain survey licences, obligations on reporting and the regulation of publication of scientific research. Commercially focussed research is also tightly regulated with a particular emphasis on patent rights. However, many aspects of the legislation are uncertain and it is unclear how much of the legislation will be implemented in practice.
Jenti: an efficient tool for mining complex inbred genealogies
Authors: Falchi Mario , Fuchsberger Christian 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Summary: An efficient tool for mining complex inbred genealogies that identify clusters of individuals sharing the same expected amount of relatedness is described. Additionally it allows for the reconstruction of sub-pedigrees suitable for genetic mapping in a systematic way.
Availability: http://www.jenti.org
Contact: m.falchi@imperial.ac.uk
Analysis of theArabidopsis O-Acetylserine(thiol)lyase Gene Family Demonstrates Compartment-Specific Differences in the Regulation of Cysteine Synthesis
Authors: Heeg Corinna , Kruse Cordula , Jost Ricarda , Gutensohn Michael , Ruppert Thomas , Wirtz Markus , Hell Rüdiger 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCys synthesis in plants takes place in plastids, cytosol, and mitochondria. Why Cys synthesis is required in all compartments with autonomous protein biosynthesis and whether Cys is exchanged between them has remained enigmatic. This question was addressed using Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertion lines deficient in the final step of Cys biosynthesis catalyzed by the enzyme O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OAS-TL). Null alleles of oastlA or oastlB alone showed that cytosolic OAS-TL A and plastid OAS-TL B were completely dispensable, although together they contributed 95% of total OAS-TL activity. An oastlAB double mutant, relying solely on mitochondrial OAS-TL C for Cys synthesis, showed 25% growth retardation. Although OAS-TL C alone was sufficient for full development, oastlC plants also showed retarded growth. Targeted affinity purification identified the major OAS-TL–like proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry showed no compensatory changes of OAS-TL isoforms in the four mutants. Steady state concentrations of Cys and glutathione and pulse-chase labeling with [35S]sulfate indicated strong perturbation of primary sulfur metabolism. These data demonstrate that Cys and also sulfide must be sufficiently exchangeable between cytosol and organelles. Despite partial redundancy, the mitochondria and not the plastids play the most important role for Cys synthesis in Arabidopsis.
Creating value through cooperation
Authors: Lawson Rob , Guthrie John , Cameron Alan , Fischer Wolfgang Chr. 
Published: January 2008

PurposeFarmers' markets have provided new alternatives for small producers to obtain direct distribution to consumers over the past few years. The growth has been spectacular in several countries and this paper aims to understand this growth and how value might be created by looking at participation and cooperation amongst the traders at these markets.Design/methodology/approachA survey of farmers' market members was undertaken and findings are reported with descriptive statistics and exploratory analysis to profile aspects of cooperation amongst stallholders.FindingsOver 80 per cent of the traders at the markets were involved in some form of cooperative activity, reinforcing the idea of markets as community‐based activities with high levels of interdependence amongst participants. Cooperation could be identified in different categories and increased over the length of time trading at the market but could not be directly related to performance or the reasons traders offered for doing business at the market.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was designed as an exploratory study and provides potential issues for further research as opposed to testing particular hypotheses.Practical implicationsThe categorisation of cooperation methods offers traders ways in which they might seek to more formally organise joint efforts. Monitoring the degree of cooperation between traders and linking to performance would also provide the organisers of markets with a potential way of managing aspects of competitive advantage against competing food retailers.Originality/valueThis is the first paper to examine value creation and cooperation in this context and it provides a potential base for working towards sustainable competitive advantage for farmers' markets.
Value innovation in the functional foods industry
Authors: Matthyssens Paul , Vandenbempt Koen , Berghman Liselore 
Published: January 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on how new value creation can be driven by value innovation. It aims to study the process of value innovation within the functional foods industry, one of the fastest‐growing segments of the food industry. The paper seeks to highlight value innovation efforts by ingredient suppliers in the functional foods industry and to describe how suppliers seek to break the dominant logic, highlighting drivers of and obstacles to doing so.Design/methodology/approachThe paper builds on a qualitative methodology. Two focus groups with participants from different levels in the industry's value chain were organized, combined with in‐depth interviews with managers and industry experts. This interpretive approach allows for the identifications of managerial cognitions, considered a necessity, given the fact that these types of innovations are hard‐to‐detect strategic “embryos” and they must be continuously contrasted against the experienced “industry recipe”.FindingsThe study pin‐points contrasting business logics at different levels in the chain, which might block value innovation. Value innovation initiatives in this industry are undertaken along two dimensions: breaking the dominant chain logic through new forms of collaboration and/or by crossing existing industry boundaries; and breaking the dominant product focus through introducing original value concepts. This study also revealed that upstream companies increasingly build competencies for value innovation.Research limitations/implicationsGiven the qualitative methodology, the study remains explorative in nature. Nevertheless, it can form the basis for further research by offering an approach to “operationalize” the identification of value innovation initiatives.Practical implicationsThis research provides tools for managers in the food industry to question their value creation processes. For food companies the paper contains interesting thoughts on the industry recipes, methods for value innovation in this industry and suggestions on how to boost the value innovation propensity.Originality/valueThis is a first application of value innovation in the functional foods industry. The methodological approach used to identify the industry recipe and the dimensions found for categorizing value innovation efforts are also contributing to the “general” value innovation literature.
Y2K: is there a lesson in the bug that did not bite?
Authors: King Ernest W. , Winters Drew B. 
Published: January 2008

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to determine if banks that solved the Y2K problem early created value for their shareholders.Design/methodology/approachThe method of analysis is an event study.FindingsThe primary finding of the analysis is that solving the Y2K problem did not create value for bank shareholders. That is, announcements of solving the Y2K problem were not accompanied with positive stock price reactions.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the paper does not find support for a positive reaction to solving Y2K, it does find some evidence of concerns about banks that were having trouble solving Y2K. However, the sample size of banks with problems was small and therefore we caution readers about generalizing these results.Practical implicationsAll banks needed to solve the Y2K problem, but those solving Y2K do not appear to create value for their shareholders. From this we conclude that it is better to buy the solution to a required project than to develop it internally.Originality/valueThis paper is of interest to anyone in a capital budgeting decision making process that includes required projects.
A model for outsourcing HRD
Authors: Simmonds David , Gibson Rebecca 
Published: January 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of approaches to outsourcing HRD in the UK.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs semi‐structured interviews and case studies. The research model was developed from a literature review.FindingsThere are many problems associated with outsourcing any or all aspects of the HRD function. Approaches to outsourcing vary between firms, largely because their impetus for taking training outside is likely to differ. There are certain key issues that need to be considered when trying to make an outsourced HRD strategy successful in any organization: making the right decision about what to outsource; engaging the right providers; and putting measures in place to build and maintain a strong, trusting, effective relationship.Research limitations/implicationsThe model should be further tested, applied and refined as necessary.Practical implicationsOrganizations wishing to outsource HRD could be guided by the model and findings of this research.Originality/valueA novel and innovative two‐part model was developed from a literature review and tested against two large well‐known UK organizations. It will be of value to HRD managers and researchers.
Novel benzothiazapine azo dyes: synthesis, characterisation and printing properties
Authors: Helal M.H. , Elgemeie G.H. , El‐kashouti M.A. , El‐zaher Ahmed K.A. 
Published: January 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to synthesise new heterocyclic disperse azo dyes based on benzothiazapine moiety and their printability on synthetic fabrics.Design/methodology/approachEthyl cyanoacetate was refluxed with aniline derivatives for 3 h to form cyanoacetanilides which coupled with different diazonium salts. The products obtained were cyclised with 2‐amino thiophenol to form arylazo benzothiazapine derivatives. The structures of the new dyes were characterised by micro‐analysis as well as IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Printing pastes containing the dyestuffs prepared and thickened with sodium alginate were used for printing synthetic fabrics using either transfer printing or traditional screen printing.FindingsNew heterocyclic monoazo dyes derived from benzothiazabine moiety were obtained by the coupling of diazotised aniline derivatives with ethylcyanoacetate anilides followed by cyclisation with 2‐amino thiophenol. The use of synthesised dyes for transfer‐ or screen‐printing polyester and nylon 6 fabrics has been studied. The synthesised dyes which contain electron withdrawing substituents (NO2) in the phenyl ring attached to the azo groups and electron‐donating (OCH3) group on the other phenyl ring exert a bathochromic effect.Research limitations/implicationsSynthesis of azo dyes containing benzothiazapine moiety has never been reported in textile printing.Practical implicationsProduction of simple and less costly dyes.Originality/valueSynthesis of aryl azo benzothiazapine dyes by a simple method and application in printing of synthetic fabrics.
Surface or deep change? How is a curriculum change implemented at ground level?
Authors: Bee Sng Bee 
Published: January 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to find out how organizational and contextual factors affect a curriculum change in a University in Singapore. There is a need to research the processes of educational change in Singapore as rapid changes can result in complex problems. The university is chosen as it is at the forefront of the government's strategy for economic planning. It is also hoped that through this case study investigation of curriculum educational change of this University's Engineering School, the importance of considering people's situations and their roles in the educational change can be highlighted. Previously, students undertook one year of common engineering curriculum when they enrolled in a Bachelor of Engineering program in this University. This has, however, been expanded to a two‐year common engineering program. This study examines the academic staff's collaboration and communication in implementing the curriculum change. This study investigates the organizational factors that influence the academics' communication in a curriculum change.Design/methodology/approachThe research method used is documentary analysis of curriculum, planning and policy documents as well as annual reports.FindingsThe interviewees concurred on the points that there should be more consideration of their views on the curricular issues in the University, and that top‐down decisions should be incorporated with bottom‐up input. This study discovers that more attention should be paid to students' learning, particularly in developing skills that will help them adapt to a knowledge‐based economy and rapid economic developments. In general, the academics desired a greater and deeper involvement in decisions on curriculum changes so that they could contribute their professional and pedagogical viewpoints.Originality/valueThis study show the importance of examining the factors that influence academics to change and the stages they go through. It also shows the need to involve academics at every stage of a curriculum change.