bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress and slabbing in massive rock
Authors: Chappell B. A. , Williams J. R. , Pollard A. N. 
Published: November 2007

Introduction

The measurement of
in situ
stresses is now much easier and more reliable than seven or eight years ago. This is primarily due to improvements, both in the solid state electronics of read out devices and in the epoxy glues used to attach strain gauges to rock. In addition the micro computer now facilitates immediate evaluation of field test data.

This paper discusses the results of a field investigation into the measurement of locked-in stress in a massive sandstone. In addition, the geological factors affecting the behaviour of the sandstone, including changes of loading and geometry due to a road cutting excavation, are examined. Finally, a remedial treatment is proposed to overcome problems which developed after construction and as a consequence of the locked-in stress.
A major road cutting constructed by the Department of Main Roads, New South Wales is located south of Wyong within the Sydney Basin of eastern Australia (Fig. 1). The general profile of the road cutting incorporating the site stratigraphy is shown in Fig. 2.> Thirty-five metres of shale overlie a massive sandstone exposed for 25 m of a known 30-m thickness. Underlying the sandstone is additional shale.
Excavation of the cutting was achieved by ripping in the shale layers and by blasting in the massive Wyong sandstone. The sandstone was presplit prior to blasting. Two years after excavation, and before the road has been opened to public traffic, continual spailing of the 1/4:1 sandstone batter has occurred and become steadily worse. Over a three
The occurrence and mitigation of volcanic hazards in Indonesia as exemplified at the Mount Merapi, Mount Kelut and Mount Galunggung volcanoes
Authors: Suryo I. , Clarke M. C. G. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Indonesia is one of the most active volcanic areas in the world and has a population of 150 million. Natural disasters affecting large areas and numbers of people are therefore a common occurrence and the authorities have developed strategies to cope with them. On 5 April 1982 Mt Galunggung in W Java suddenly erupted after 64 years and it is still active. From April to June this activity coincided with the rainy season; the volcanic mud and boulder flows (lahars) which were generated ended in late November. Tens of millions of cubic metres of unconsolidated volcanic ejecta, mostly ash and sand size, were deposited around the newly formed crater on the slopes of the volcano and over a wider area. In anticipation of the next rains check dams and other works were planned, as it was feared that as many as 250 000 people might be affected, and further large areas of agricultural land inundated as a result of rain generated lahar. A civil defence system has been initiated, utilizing the experience gained as result of previous similar disasters. The paper summarizes the geological background, and describes the related types of primary and secondary hazards and the attempts being made to mitigate the effects of these hazards.
The application of ground conductivity measurements to geological mapping
Authors: Zalasiewicz J. A. , Mathers S. J. , Cornwell J. D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Non-contacting terrain conductivity meters can greatly assist geological mapping of sedimentary sequences. Case histories from varied geological settings show that clays and clay-rich sediments can be rapidly and effectively distinguished from sands, sandstones and limestones. It is concluded that conductivity methods improve mapping accuracy whilst saving time and effort.
Development and application of a combined soil water-slope stability model
Authors: Anderson M. G. , Howes S. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A general one-dimensional soil water infiltration scheme is coupled to an infinite slope stability analysis model to illustrate the potential of exploring the impact of soil suction and parameter variability in stability analysis. The primary data base used for this investigation is published data for the Mid-Levels area of Hong Kong. The model is used to show that current procedures in the estimation of c′ and φ′ derived from strength tests do not perhaps accurately reflect the strength of the residual soils examined. More generally, the desirability of two-dimensional modelling in the context of both soil suction/pore pressure models and stability analysis is discussed, but the parameterization and validation problems of such a scheme are considered to be immense.
Engineering geology related to quarrying at Port Stanley, Falkland Islands
Authors: Rosenbaum M. S. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The engineering geological characteristics affecting quarrying in the area around Stanley in the Falkland Islands are described. The hardness of the highly cemented sandstone bedrock, the overburden lithologies of clay, sand and peat, and the relatively high water table are shown to be major controlling factors in the excavation of rock aggregate.
Dissolved iron in chalk groundwaters from Norfolk, England
Authors: Lin-Hua Song , Atkinson T. C. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The chemical principles governing iron dissolution in groundwaters are reviewed. In the upper River Bure catchment in Norfolk the Chalk aquifer is covered by sand and gravel drift aquifers and a leaky till aquiclude. Iron contents of groundwaters are several mgl
−1
beneath till, but less beneath valleys where the till is not present. The iron contents and redox potentials of chalk waters are related to groundwater flow in two separate circulation cells. In the larger cell, chalk beneath the higher parts of the catchment receives recharge which has high Fe and low Eh due to oxidation of pyrite in the drift formations. Iron contents in the chalk groundwater decrease with depth and towards discharge areas, probably reflecting precipitation of iron carbonate. Iron content decreases further where ground-waters discharge upwards beneath the Bure valley and mix with waters of the second circulation cell which occurs where the till has been removed by erosion. Oxygenated, iron-poor waters recharge the chalk beneath the upper parts of the valley sides and discharge through the valley floor. Mixing between waters in the two cells may cause precipitation of iron oxides. Similar flow patterns have been demonstrated elsewhere in East Anglia and it is likely that iron contents will generally be lowest where active groundwater circulation occurs beneath till-free valley floors.
Introduction
Authors: Puri S. , Puri K. 
Published: November 2007

‘Exotic uses of aquifers’ was the unusual title of a Hydrogeology Group meeting held on 9th October 1984; the title was inspired by a scientific paper written by Kazmann in 1979.
The majority of U.K. hydrogeologists are concerned with fresh groundwater, usually for potable supply. Increasingly, however, they are being called upon to take part in a wider scientific debate, for example, that concerned with contaminants arising from disposal of environmentally unacceptable waste. Viewed from an alternative point of view, a ‘disposal’ site is a ‘repository’. From such alternative standpoints it is easy to see how the subsurface can be used for storage of gas, petroleum or other fluids. Similarly, pre-existing fluids in the subsurface space can be utilized by heat pumps or even for hot spas and health resorts.
The purpose of the meeting, therefore, was to compare techniques used by non-hydrogeologists who also deal with the subsurface space. To fulfil these objectives the meeting was organized in three parts: an Overview, followed by a consideration of Physical Processes and, finally, Case Histories.
In their Overview, Edworthy & Puri deal only with porous medium (granular) aquifers, arguing that fractured rocks, or those where caverns can be constructed, require a separate extensive consideration. They consider ‘exotic’ uses to be covered under four headings, stating that an exotic use is undertaken in order to obtain some form of social benefit:
Fluid Storage and Waste Disposal
Energy Conservation

In situ
Leaching of Minerals

Groundwater Quality Management.
They show that to achieve benefits
Mathematical modelling of radionuclide migration in groundwater
Authors: Herbert A. W. , Hodgkinson D. P. , Lever D. A. , Rae J. , Robinson P. C. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
This paper reviews recent work on the development of mathematical models for the transport of radionuclides in flowing groundwater. These models have an important role to play in assessing the long-term safety of radioactive waste burial, and in the planning and interpretation of associated experiments.
Firstly, general multi-dimensional numerical models for the flow of water and the transport of dissolved radionuclides through permeable media are described. Their use in assessing the importance of possible transport pathways is illustrated by examples of flow in rocks with high permeability fracture zones.
Secondly, recent advances in the description of flow and transport through fractured rock masses are considered. The results of field experiments are used to examine the characteristics of single fractures such as transmissivity, the proportion taking flow and the diffusion of ions into the surrounding rock. In addition, network models are used to examine the connectivity, flow and hydrodynamic dispersion through fracture systems and to assess how well transport can be modelled by an equivalent permeable medium model. The fracture systems are defined by probability distributions for the orientations, lengths and hydraulic apertures of fractures together with information about the number of fractures per unit volume. It is found that, providing the region size is much bigger than the mean fracture length, the permeability is constant, but that hydrodynamic dispersion is not adequately modelled by a diffusion-like term.
Production of borehole logs using a microcomputer
Authors: Chaplow R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A software package has been developed and implemented on a BBC microcomputer system which allows borehole data to be entered into disc files and full borehole logs, including both graphical and textual components, to be prepared automatically from the stored data. The operator can select the required format and scale from a menu of standard options or can set up any required special layout. Any required scale can be selected and log headings may be printed in either the English or French language. Once a set of data has been entered into a disc file, the information can be replotted at will to any required format and scale. Thus, after having prepared a detailed log at say 1:50 scale, the same data can be replotted as a summary log at, for example, 1:200 for direct inclusion in an interpretative drawing and as a simplified log at 1:100 scale.
Detailed borehole logs can be prepared using the computer system with man-hour inputs of around 300f those required to prepare similar logs manually. Overall cost savings increase dramatically if there is a need to replot the same data to produce summary or simplified logs as would be required for the preparation of interpretative reports and drawings.
Site investigation practice
Authors: Hawkins A. B. 
Published: November 2007

Site investigation is at the heart of engineering geology. Consequently, when the subject of the Guildford Conference was known it was not surprising that a large number of papers was offered. This interest warranted a change in the usual format of the Regional Meetings of the Group, and allowed the production of pre-prints of the Conference papers and the introduction of each session by a lead speaker. The traditional field day was also modified as a number of the leading site investigation firms had kindly offered to demonstrate the performance of in situ field testing. Fortunately, the layout of the University of Surrey campus allowed these field demonstrations to take place close to the Conference Exhibition, and hence half of the Tuesday was devoted to watching these tests and inspecting the very large display of goods and techniques in the Trade Exhibition. A number of interesting field visits were arranged for the rest of the day.
Nearly 240 people registered for the Conference, making it the largest Regional Meeting for over a decade. The forty-five papers accepted were off-set lithoed and Volume I was issued several weeks before the Conference.
The papers submitted by the lead speakers after the Conference were combined with the written discussion contributions to form Volume II of the Conference Proceedings. In view of the interest shown, the Geological Society agreed to have both volumes printed as a Special Publication of the Engineering Group.
As the full papers will not appear in the Quarterly Journal of
Groundwater management problems in abandoned coal-mined aquifers: a case study of the Forest of Dean, England
Authors: Aldous P. J. , Smart P. L. , Black J. A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

An examination has been made of groundwater related problems experienced in the Forest of Dean since abandonment of the major collieries in 1965. Careful planning prior to abandonment of collieries can reduce the number of poor quality discharges, and so substantially limit surface water pollution. Small-scale mining activity continuing after major colleries have been abandoned can have a serious hydrogeological effect by removal of
in situ
coal from drainage barriers designed to promote free drainage of the mines. In association with the deterioration of lined river channels which retard surface water infiltration, this disruption of subsurface can result in a drainage significant loss of summer base-flow from surface rivers.

Two case histories show that safe disposal of wastes to voids in mined Coal Measures aquifers is possible. Prediction of the hydrogeological behaviour of the mined aquifer is, however, difficult because of the possibility of unrecorded workings, random collapse and associated ponding, and uncertainty over the hydrological behaviour of the coal barriers. Direct investigation of the groundwater flow regime using boreholes and water tracing techniques is recommended.
Engineering properties and behaviours of stabilized compressed tropical soils
Authors: Ola S. A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This paper summarizes the work done so far on stabilized compressed tropical soils as a replacement for sandcrete blocks. The study shows that the effects of compaction far outweight the effect of cement content in a compressed block; however, compaction pressures greater than 8 MN/m
2
will increase neither the tensile strength nor the compressive strength significantly. The ratio √length × breadth/thickness is a very important ratio for compressed blocks, and the crushing strength increases with the increase of this ratio for constant compaction pressure and constant cement content. Thus the cinva-ram press will give the highest strength whilst the tek-block will give the lowest strength. The work recommends a minimum wet (soaked) strength of 1.4 MN/m
2
for soilcrete blocks, and 2.8 MN/m
2
for dry strength to be used for building. For the most economic benefit, a compactive pressure of 4–8 MN/m
2
and a cement content of 5–9% are recommended for a commercial soilcrete venture.
The origin of structuration of the Grande-Baleine marine sediments, Québec, Canada
Authors: Locat J. , Lefebvre G. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Sediments of the Grande-Baleine River were deposited in a brackish sea about 7000 years ago; the salinity was not less than 8 g/1. This fine-grained sediment was uplifted more than 150 m above sea level. The soil is extremely sensitive (S
t
> 200 as measured by the fall cone), the liquidity index is often above 2. In the odeometer, this sediment is highly compressible and presents an overconsolidation ratio greater than 2 and this with signs of little erosion. Research work has yielded a behavioural model that includes different processes such as early cementation during or soon after deposition and leaching to the actual porewater salinity of 0.5 g/1. Both processes have resulted in a sediment with abnormally high water content (with respect to effective stress) and a high liquidity index, due in part to leaching. Field and laboratory work demonstrate that for this soil, processes responsible for its structuration are leaching and cementation (or anything that has prevented the soil from consolidating completely). No evidence could be found that would suggest the action of delayed consolidation. Today this soil appears geologically normally consolidated (i.e. there is no erosion or surcharge), mechanically overconsolidated (O.C.R. >2), and physico-chemically underconsolidated (abnormally high water content).
The use of geophysical surveying methods in the detection of natural cavities and mineshafts
Authors: McCann D. M. , Jackson P. D. , Culshaw M. G. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The use of geophysical methods for the location of cavities and mineshafts is reviewed in relation to engineering problems at the site investigation stage. Their success is limited by the resolution and penetration achieved by the particular method applied in a given situation. It is shown that no one single geophysical method will provide the answer to all the problems associated with cavity location but considerable improvement can be achieved by the application of several methods to a given problem.
It is suggested that for most standard geophysical methods it is possible to detect a cavity whose depth of burial is less than twice its effective diameter. The concept of effective diameter is shown to be of considerable importance since the presence of the cavity or mineshaft does affect the physical properties of the surrounding rock mass and, hence, gives rise to a far larger anomalous zone than that produced by the cavity on its own.
The design and construction of a grade-separated interchange over soft alluvial and estuarine soils, A38 trunk road, Plymouth
Authors: Harris J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a case history of the ground investigation, design, construction and performance of a grade-separated interchange on the A38 trunk road at Plymouth, which was built over a low lying, marshy site, underlain by a complex distribution of soft organic silt and clay and landfill.
The geology of the site and the integration of the geotechnical study into the design process in an interactive manner are described. Earth and rockfill embankments of up to 10 m in height were built in stages, using vertical band drains to accelerate the rate of consolidation of the soft foundation soils. Soft ground beneath one of the bridge sites was pre-loaded by a temporary surcharge of fill, before installing the pile foundations. The ground treatment and the earthworks are described, the use of extensive instrumentation to control construction is discussed and the results of monitoring are presented.
The location, design and construction of the structural elements of the interchange, including two single span bridges, three culverts and a pedestrian underpass, were severely constrained by the geological conditions at the site and are described in the paper. The contribution which careful geotechnical study integrated with ground treatment and instrumentation can make to design and construction of such schemes is discussed.
The engineering geology of the Kielder Dam
Authors: Anderson J. G. C. , McNicol R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Kielder Dam on the River North Tyne, northwest of Hexham in Northumberland, retains Kielder Water, an artificial lake impounded in 1982. The earth embankment dam and its associated concrete structures are founded on both drift deposits and rocks of the Scremerston Coal Group, a very mixed sedimentary succession of Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) age affected by moderate folding and faulting. Aspects discussed include the staged site investigation for determination of construction materials, the stratigraphy and structure, the groundwater regime before and after dam construction, the relief well testing and the constructional geology. The latter is described in the form of a ‘guided tour’ through the dam foundations and covers, mapping, the recognition and treatment of adverse conditions arising from tectonic and glacially related processes of the past, reservoir impounding and its effects.
Groundwater sampling techniques for organic micropollutants: UK experience
Authors: Clark L. , Baxter K. M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Sampling for organic micropollutants on a regional scale is from existing public supply or production boreholes. These give good samples for analysis but they will be of mixed waters and may not indicate the true occurrence of organic compounds in the groundwater. The most widely applicable groundwater sampling methods from open observation boreholes in the UK are based on submersible pumps. Several systems are now in use but all have drawbacks when used for organic micropollutant sampling. The present systems, particularly when used in conjunction with straddle-packers, are suitable for studies of inorganic groundwater quality or organic pollution at concentrations above about lmg1
-1
. There are increased difficulties, however, when sampling for trace organic contaminants below concentrations of 1μg1
-1
because of the ease of cross-contamination by the organic materials so prevalent in our environment. Great care has to be taken during sampling to minimize the cross-contamination.
Airborne multispectral scanning of subsidence caused by Permian gypsum dissolution at Ripon, North Yorkshire
Authors: Cooper A. H. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Around Ripon, North Yorkshire, catastrophic subsidence locally occurs because of natural underground dissolution in the Permian gypsum. This airborne study assesses the merits of multispectral scanning (MSS) as a method of detecting incipient subsidence areas and as an aid to geological mapping. The multispectral method indicates subsidence areas by vegetation, soil colour and temperature variations. Computer enhancement of the multispectral images allow some subsidence details not seen by conventional photography to be delineated. The MSS images are two-dimensional and even the most detailed ones have a fairly coarse resolution (1.5–2.0m). Because of this, conventional 3D interpretation of stereo air photographs better indicates the morphology of the subsidence hollows and the geology.
The 1985 Bairaman landslide dam and resulting debris flow, Papua New Guinea
Authors: King Jonathan , Loveday Ian , Schuster Robert L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

On 11 May 1985 a magnitude 7.1 (Richter scale) earthquake occurred on the island of New Britain, Papua New Guinea. The earthquake caused localized property damage and initiated widespread landsliding up to 30 km from the epicentre. One of the largest landslides, with an estimated volume of 180 x 10
6
m
3
, occurred in the narrow, steep-sided Bairaman River valley. This landslide started as a rockslide in weathered limestone and rapidly transformed into a debris avalanche, filling over 3 km of the Bairaman River valley to a maximum depth of 200 m and creating a landslide dam which impounded the Bairaman River. By August 1986 the resultant lake had attained a volume of about 50 x 10
6
m
3
and posed a grave threat to downstream inhabitants of the Bairaman valley. By September 1986 the lake was close to overtopping, the people were evacuated and the dam was breached. The failure of the dam took about 3 hours and generated a debris flow with an estimated volume of 120 x 10
6
m
3
and average velocity of 20 km h
-1
that travelled 39 km down the Bairaman valley to the Solomon Sea. At the river mouth the flood was 8 m above normal river level and swept away Bairaman village. Due to the evacuation no lives were lost.