bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eosinophil Activity inSchistosoma mansoniInfections In Vivo and In Vitro in Relation to Plasma Cytokine Profile Pre- and Posttreatment with Praziquantel
Authors: Reimert Claus M. , Fitzsimmons Colin M. , Joseph Sarah , Mwatha Joseph K. , Jones Frances M. , Kimani Gachuhi , Hoffmann Karl F. , Booth Mark , Kabatereine Narcis B. , Dunne David W. , Vennervald Birgitte J. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTEosinophil activity in vivo and in vitro was studied in relation to infection intensities and plasma cytokine profiles of 51Schistosoma mansoni-infected Ugandan fishermen before treatment and 24 h and 3 weeks posttreatment. Blood eosinophil numbers significantly declined 24 h posttreatment, but significant eosinophilia had developed by 3 weeks posttreatment. Cellular eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) content increased significantly during the transient eosinopenia but was significantly reduced 3 weeks later. No similar reduction in cellular eosinophil protein X (EPX) content was seen. Before treatment,S. mansoniinfection intensity was positively correlated with 24-h boosts in plasma interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-6 levels, which were in turn negatively correlated with the posttreatment fall in eosinophil numbers. Significant correlations were observed between pretreatment infection intensities and plasma IL-10 and eotaxin levels. Treatment induced significant fluctuations in plasma IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and eotaxin levels. Optimal relative release of ECP and EPX in vitro was detected inS. mansonisoluble egg antigen-stimulated cultures during transient eosinopenia. Our data suggest that blood eosinophils are activated duringS. mansoniinfection and that treatment induces a burst in released antigens, causing increased production of IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and eotaxin; a drop in TNF-α levels; and a transient sequestration of eosinophils, which leaves fewer degranulated eosinophils in the circulation 24 h posttreatment, followed by the development of eosinophilia 3 weeks later. During these events, it appears that preferential release of ECP occurs in vivo. Moreover, it is possible that infection intensity-dependent levels of plasma IL-10 may be involved in the prevention of treatment-induced anaphylactic reactions.
Evidence of mRNA-Mediated Intron Loss in the Human-Pathogenic Fungus
Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Stajich Jason E. , Dietrich Fred S. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT

Introns are a defining feature of eukaryotic genomes, though the mechanism of intron gain or loss is not well understood. Reverse transcription of mRNA followed by homologous recombination with the genome has been posited as a mechanism of intron loss, though little direct evidence of recent loss events has been described to support this model. We find supporting evidence for an mRNA-mediated mechanism of loss through comparative genome analyses that revealed a recent loss of 10 adjacent introns in a 22-exon gene in the human-pathogenic fungus
Cryptococcus neoformans
. We surveyed the gene structures of the entire genomes of
Cryptococcus gattii
, which diverged from the
C. neoformans
lineage 37 million years ago (Mya), and
C. neoformans
var.
grubii
and var.
neoformans
, which diverged 18 Mya. Our comparison revealed greater than 99.9% intron conservation, with evidence from 20 genes showing evidence of intron loss, but no convincing evidence of intron gain. Our findings confirm that
Cryptococcus
introns have been quite stable over recent evolutionary time, with occasional mRNA-mediated intron loss events.
The photochemistry of RDX in solid argon at 10 K
Authors: Alix Jeff , Collins Susan 
Published: May 2006

The photochemistry of RDX was studied in argon matrices at 10 K and examined by FTIR spectroscopy. The spectra and kinetics of product growth indicate that there are two decomposition pathways: [I]        RDX → 4NO + 2CH2O + N2 + CH2 → 4NO + 2CO + N2 +CH4 + H2 [II]        RDX → N2O + [O3 + N2] or [N2O3] + CO2 + C2H2 +N2 + 2H2 The mechanism II nitrogen products can easily be rationalized for the chair configuration of RDX with axial NO2 groups adjacent (Cs symmetry). When considering the carbon products of II, it may be necessary to postulate intermolecular reactions. Our studies gave no evidence for the symmetric triple fission path, which leads to N2O and CH2O, nor for the NO2 stripping mechanism reported for the gas-phase thermal reactions, which leads to the formation of NO2 and HCN. Rather, our findings were more consistent with the known condensed phase products. The production of CH4, C2H2, N2O3, and O3 are unique to the matrix study. Key words: RDX, photochemistry, argon matrices.
Photoelectrochemical and optical properties of porphyrin thin films prepared by the electrolytic micelle disruption method
Authors: Takeda Kazuhiko , Harima Yutaka , Yamashita Kazuo 
Published: May 2006

Photoresponses for various porphyrin films prepared by the electrolytic micelle disruption (EMD) method have been investigated in the indium-tin oxide / porphyrin / I3, I  / Pt cell. The EMD film of an n-type porphyrin, 5, 10, 15, 20-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (T(4-py)P), exhibited a clear optical filtering effect (OFE), while not for the EMD films of p-type porphyrins such as (5, 19, 15, 20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)zinc(II) (ZnTPP). For the EMD-ZnTPP film, the photocurrents at 500700 nm were remarkably enhanced by increasing the film thickness. These photoelectrochemical properties were explained in terms of the electrolyte-permeability of the EMD films, which were confirmed by the electrochemical measurements and electron microscopic observations. The high conversion efficiency of the EMD-ZnTPP film was explained on the same basis. The difference in the thickness dependence of OFE between T(4-Py)P films prepared by the EMD and physical vapor deposition method was elucidated by the differences in diffusion lengths of excitons and in widths of photoactive layers in the films. In addition, a modified version of the EMD method was described in conjunction with a morphology control of the porphyrin solids. Key words: porphyrin, organic thin film, photoresponse, micelle, electrochemistry.
Engagement theory
Authors: Miliszewska Iwona , Horwood John 
Published: May 2006

A Computer Science degree is offered by Victoria University both locally in Australia and transnationally in Hong Kong. The degree includes a compulsory final year Project subject. The Project, a team effort, involves the design and implementation of a real-life computer application for an external client. Academics responsible for the degree consider Project and its three components of group context, project-based problems, and outside focus essential to transforming computing students into competent graduates. Do Project students support this view? This paper reports on a comparative study of the students' perceptions of the project experience and the relative importance of its three components. The paper discusses the results of the study with respect to the different locales, Melbourne and Hong Kong, and concludes by considering the implications of the study on the Project model.

Erratum
:

This paper is slightly edited from: Miliszewska, I., & Horwood, J. (2004). Engagement Theory: A Framework for Supporting Cultural Differences in Transnational Education, Proceedings of the HERDSA Conference, Miri, Malaysia, July 2004, (electronic proceedings).
This is a revised and extended version of: Miliszewska, I., Horwood J., & McGill, A. (2003). Transnational Education through Engagement: Students Perspective, Proceedings of the Informing Science and IT Education Conference IS2003, Pori, Finland, June 2003, 165-173.
The "Gospel According to the Hebrews" in the Apostolic Fathers
Authors: Beatrice Pier Franco 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis article deals with two very strange Gospel quotations found in the letter of Ignatius of Antioch To the Smyrnaeans and in a fragment of the treatise of Papias of Hierapolis An Exegesis of the Sayings of the Lord. By means of an in-depth analysis of the available Patristic evidence and a comparison with the Judaeo-Christian Gospel tradition, the author tries to demonstrate that these are the two oldest known quotations of the Gospel according to the Hebrews, and shows the possible consequences to be drawn for a better understanding of the developments of the Gospel tradition from its origins until the end of the second century.
Parameterization of Inversion Breakup in Idealized Valleys. Part I: The Adjustable Model Parameters
Authors: Zoumakis N. M. , Efstathiou G. A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe factors that affect the atmospheric energy budget approach used in the thermodynamic valley inversion destruction model of Whiteman and McKee are investigated theoretically. The height at which the sinking inversion top meets the rising convective boundary layer to destroy valley inversions can be uniquely determined by the topographic characteristics of the valley and an adjustable model parameter, relating to the fraction of sensible heat flux going to convective boundary layer growth, through a simple parabolic relationship. The time required to break a temperature inversion can be expressed with very good approximation as a simple power-law function of the topographic parameters and the fraction of extraterrestrial solar flux that is partitioned to sensible heat flux in the valley atmosphere. The theoretical estimates compare very favorably to predictions from the bulk thermodynamic model of Whiteman and McKee. A new approach to handle time-dependent sensible heat fluxes is outlined. The paper ends with recommendations for future research.
Dynamics of Atmospheric Regression Patterns: Regional Mountain Torque Events
Authors: Egger Joseph , Hoinka Klaus-Peter 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The regression of atmospheric fields against a parameter P with lag τ is a standard procedure in meteorology. Here, the torque exerted by a mountain massif is chosen as a parameter in order to study the interaction of weather systems with orography on a statistical basis. It is normally found that the amplitudes of the correlation patterns increase with τ → 0 and decrease for increasing positive lag. It is proposed to explain this ubiquitous feature in the orographic case on the basis of the covariance equations that govern these regressions. Two examples are discussed. First, a version of the low-order Charney–DeVore model of β-plane flow over a mountain is considered where stochastic forcing stirs a Rossby wave mode. It is found that the general increase of covariance amplitudes for τ → 0 (if it occurs) is mainly due to the forcing, but triple covariances of mountain torque and vorticity advection are important as well. A new covariance energy equation is derived to demonstrate that the frictional decay for τ &gt; 0 is supported by these triple covariances while the stationary wave acts as a source for τ &gt; 0. A dynamical interpretation of the triple terms is given. Next, data from the ECMWF 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA-40) set are used to study mountain torque events in winter near Greenland, where the covariances of all standard variables with the torque P exhibit a rapid quasi-barotropic increase with τ → 0 near Greenland. This amplification process is investigated by looking at the barotropic vorticity equation adapted to this statistical problem. This equation captures the evolution of the regression patterns reasonably well in the range −2 ≤ τ ≤ 2 days. The triple covariances of torque and nonlinear vorticity advection play the key role in the amplification process. In particular, covariance enstrophy is generated and destroyed by these terms, a process without counterpart in the standard vorticity equation. Stochastic forcing is presumably unimportant. The interpretation of the triple terms is difficult in contrast to that of the other “linear” terms of the vorticity equation. The angular momentum in the Greenland domain decreases during events of positive torque.
ARCIC on Mary: An Historical Consideration of the Use of Early Church Evidence in the Seattle Statement
Authors: Painter John 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe ARCIC Statement on Mary features an underlying agreement on Mary as a basis for recommending that Anglicans accept the two Marian dogmas of the Immaculate Conception and the Assumption as matters of faith. In outlining the case it becomes clear that the place of Scripture, as expressed in Article 6 of the Thirty Nine Articles, is different in the two Communions. The two Marian dogmas shift the focus of the underlying agreement so that Mary becomes more aligned with Jesus than believers. Mary's sinlessness, which is the focus of the dogma of Immaculate conception, apparently involves her continuing virginity. Though perpetual virginity is assumed in the creeds and theBook of Common Prayer, it is not explicitly connected with Mary's purity or sinlessness. This move is consistent with the place of virginity and celibacy in the Roman Catholic Church. It is a serious difference from the Anglican position. In addition, ecumenical research brings into question the view that Mary remained ever a virgin recognizing children born to Joseph and Mary. Historically and exegetically the mother and brothers of Jesus are seen as believers and followers of Jesus.
Perfect Stereochemical Control in the Synthesis of syn-α-Methyl-β-hydroxy Thioesters by Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Silyl Enol Ethers with Aldehydes
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Uchiro Hiromi , Kobayashi Shu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Perfect stereochemical control in the synthesis of syn-α-methyl-β-hydroxy thioesters are achieved by the asymmetric aldol reaction between silyl enol ether of S-ethyl propanethioate and aldehydes by the use of a chiral promoter consisted of chiral diamine coordinated tin(II) triflate and tributyltin fluoride.
Convenient Determination of Rate Constants of Quenching of Singlet Oxygen and Its Reaction with Dithiolene Nickel Complexes
Authors: Nakazumi Hiroyuki , Shiozaki Hisayoshi , Kitao Teijiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The rate constants of quenching of singlet oxygen (kq) and its reaction (kr) with bis(dithiobenzil)nickel complexes have been determined by a simulation method from photo-irradiation of rubrene in the presence of oxygen, and the substituent effects in these complexes on kr and kq values have been discussed.
Photolysis of an Azidogermane. Observation of a Germanimine (Ge=N) in Hydrocarbon Matrices
Authors: Tsumuraya Takeshi , Ando Wataru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Irradiation of Mes3GeN3 in a 3-methylpentane matrix at 77 K yields the germanimine, Mes2Ge=NMes, which is intensely yellow in color with maxima at 309 nm and 459 nm.
Dimethylgermylene Insertion into the Si–H Bond
Authors: Mochida Kunio , Hasegawa Asako 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The relative reactivity of seven substituted aryldimethylsilanes to unsubstituted phenyldimethylsilane was examined in the reaction with dimethylgermylene which was generated thermally from 7-germanorbornadiene in benzene at 70 °C. Electron-withdrawing substituents enhanced the reactivity, and the relative rates could be correlated with the Hammett p value of 1.04. Nucleophilic attack by dimethylgermylene at the Si–H bond was postulated via a pentacoordinated intermediate where little charge separation was involved.
Thermal Rearrangement of Dimethylaminomethylenethiaspirononenes and thiaspirodecenes
Authors: Cotelle Philippe , Barbry Didier , Hasiak Bruno , Couturier Daniel 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Enamines are the thermal rearrangement products of (5R*,6R*)-6-dimethylamino-4-methylene-1-thiaspiro(4,5)-2-decene and (4,4)-2-nonene, and (5R*,6S*)-6-dimethylamino-1-methylene-2-thiaspiro(4,4)-3-nonene. The mechanism of formation of these compounds is discussed.
Effect of Amines on the Epoxidation of Alkenes with H2O2 in the Presence of Molybdenum(VI) Oxide-Bis(tributyltin) Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Kamiyama Tsutomu , Inoue Masami , Enomoto Saburo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The epoxidation of alkenes with H2O2 was carried out in the presence of molybdenum oxide(VI)–(Bu3Sn)2O in CHCl3 at 25 °C. In the oxidation of cyclohexene, styrene, and α-pinene, the addition of amines was indispensable and the yields of oxides reached 87 to 57%.
Dephosphorylation of 1-Substituted F-1-Alkenyl Phosphates with Diisobutylaluminium Hydride. A New Highly Efficient Method for Generating F-Alkyl Ketone Aluminium(III) Enolates
Authors: Ishihara Takashi , Yamaguchi Koichi , Kuroboshi Manabu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
1-Substituted F-1-alkenyl phosphates, prepared easily from F-alkyl ketones, were treated with diisobutylaluminium hydride in tetrahydrofuran at 0 °C for 5 min or at room temperature for 30 min to generate quantitatively the corresponding ketone aluminium(III) enolates, which underwent the aldol reaction with various aldehydes at 0 °C to give α-fluoro-α-F-alkyl β-hydroxy ketones in good to excellent yields.
Acid-Catalyzed Electron-Transfer Processes in Hydride-Tansfer Reactions from 10-Methylacridan to p-Benzoquinone Derivatives
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Ishikawa Masashi , Tanaka Toshio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The pH dependences of the second-order rate constants and the primary kinetic isotope effects for hydride-transfer reactions from an acid-stable NADH model compound, 10-methylacridan (AcrH2), to a series of p-benzoquinone derivatives (Q) in H2O–EtOH (5:1 v/v) have revealed that the hydride transfer proceeds via acid-catalyzed electron-transfer from AcrH2 to Q.
Stereoselective Conjugate Addition of Halide Anion to Acetylenic Carbonyl Compounds Promoted by Lanthanoid Reagents
Authors: Fujisawa Tamotsu , Tanaka Akihiko , Ukaji Yutaka 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The conjugate addition of halide anion to acetylenic ketones proceeded by the combined use of cerium salts, halotrimethylsilanes and sodium or tetrabutylammonium salts to afford trans-β-halo enones stereoselectively. On the other hand, N,N-diethyl cis-β-haloacrylamides were synthesized from propiolamide.
The Oxidative Coupling Reaction of Allylstannanes with Trimethylsilyl Enol Ethers
Authors: Takeda Takeshi , Ogawa Sinji , Koyama Masatoshi , Kato Tetsuya , Fujiwara Tooru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
γ,δ-Unsaturated ketones were obtained by the reaction of trimetylsilyl enol ethers with allylstannanes in the presence of tin(IV) or copper(II) salt in good yields.
The Addition Reaction of Acetals(Aldehydes) to Simple Olefins by the Use of a New Catalyst System
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Wariishi Koji , Furuya Minoru , Kobayashi Shu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In the coexistence of catalytic amounts of trimethylsilyl chloride and tin(II) chloride with a stoichiometric amount of lithium perchlorate, acetals react with simple 1,1-di-substituted olefins to afford the corresponding adducts in good yields. Aldehydes also react with the olefins to form the Prins-type reaction products by further addition of alkoxy trimethylsilane to the above catalyst system.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Retinal Derivatives
Authors: Ikeda Hidetsugu , Kawabe Yutaka , Sakai Toshio , Kawasaki Kenji 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Retinal derivatives with electron donors or acceptors were synthesized and their second order nonlinear optical properties were investigated by electric field induced second harmonic generation(EFISH) method. Retinal derivatives were found to have large second order optical nonlinearities.
Lithium Selective Complexation by a Novel Cyclophane-type Macrocyclic Ligand
Authors: Kihara Nobuhiro , Saigo Kazuhiko , Kabata Yoshio , Ohno Mami , Hasegawa Masaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A novel cyclophane consisting of diphenylamine and piperazine skeletons was synthesized by their direct 2:2 condensation using benzene as a template. The cyclophane was a very effective ligand for alkaline metal and ammonium cations, and showed highly selective extractability for lithium cation.
Photolysis of 1,1,1-Triarylhept-2-ynes. Generation of Phenyl(hex-1-ynyl)carbene
Authors: Shi Min , Okamoto Yoshiki , Takamuku Setsuo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Photolysis of 1,1,1-triarylhept-2-yne in methanol gave biaryl and 1-aryl-1-methoxyhept-2-yne, which may be derived from the insertion of aryl(hex-1-ynyl)carbene into the OH bond of methanol. The carbene may be generated by photo-α,α-elimination of two aryl groups from the substrate.
Amino Acid and Urea Sensors Using Parsley Leaves as Catalytic Material
Authors: Sato Yuichi , Chikyu Katsuhiko , Kobayakawa Koichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The minced parsley leaves coupled with potentiometric ammonia gas sensing electrode showed effective biocatalytic activity, i.e. responded for L-glutamine, L-asparagine and urea with a Nernstian slope of 47–48 mV per decade of substrate concentrations. Very good time stability with no significant loss of biocatalytic activity over 40 days was maintained.
Facile Reduction of Organometallic Halides with Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)ytterbium and the X-Ray Structure of (C5Me5)2YbCl(THF)
Authors: Yasuda Hajime , Yamamoto Hitoshi , Yokota Kiyohiko , Nakamura Akira 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Reduction of (C5H5)2MCl2 (M = Ti, Zr) and TiCl4 with one equiv. of (C5Me5)2Yb(THF)2 gave rise to the formation of [(C5H5)2MCl]2 and TiCl3(THF)3, respectively, together with (C5Me5)2YbCl(THF). The molecular structure of (C5Me5)2YbCl(THF) has been determined by the X-ray analysis. The reaction of (C5Me5)2Yb(THF)2 with Me3SiCl yielded a mixture composed of [(C5Me5)YbCl]n and C5Me5(CH2)4OSiMe3.
Photochemistry in the Adsorbed State. Energy Transfer from Electronically Excited SO2 to 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene
Authors: Anpo Masakazu , Yamamoto Yasushi , Suzuki Satoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Photoluminescence spectrum of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene adsorbed on porous Vycor glass has been studied in the absence and presence of SO2, O2, N2, or N2O. The yields of the phosphorescence increase with increasing the amount of added SO2, but not with added O2, N2, or N2O, indicating that an intermolecular energy transfer occurs from the electronically excited SO2 to 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in the adsorbed layer.
The γ-Gauche Effect in the Se–Ge(α)–C(β)–C(γ) System as Detected by 77Se-NMR
Authors: Tomoda Shuji , Shimoda Masakatsu , Takeuchi Yoshito 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The steric compression effect (γ-effect) of γ-carbon on 77Se chemical shift in mono- and diselenogermanes has been first evaluated by 77Se NMR spectroscopy. The γ-gauche effect falls in the range between −59.1 and −13.6 ppm (upfield shift).
Efficient Solid Catalyst Systems for Cyanosilylation of Carbonyl Compounds with Cyanotrimethylsilane
Authors: Onaka Makoto , Higuchi Katsumi , Sugita Keisuke , Izumi Yusuke 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Clay montmorillonite, calcium fluoride, and hydroxyapatite are found to be effective solid catalysts for the reactions of cyanotrimethylsilane with carbonyl compounds. Different catalytic functions of the solid catalysts are also elucidated.
Cross-Coupling Reaction of Alkyl- or Arylboronic Acid Esters with Organic Halides Induced by Thallium(I) Salts and Palladium-Catalyst
Authors: Sato Makoto , Miyaura Norio , Suzuki Akira 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The cross-coupling reaction of alkylboronic acid esters with 1-alkenyl- or aryl halides is successfully catalyzed by PdCl2(dppf) or Pd(PPh3)4 in the presence of thallium(I) hydroxide or carbonate to give the corresponding alkenes or arenes in good yields. The coupling reaction of arylboronic acid esters with aryl halides under similar conditions to provide biaryls is also described.
Total Synthesis of (−)-Avenaciolide
Authors: Tsuboi Sadao , Sakamoto Jun-ichi , Sakai Takashi , Utaka Masanori 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
(−)-Avenaciolide 1 was synthesized highly stereoselectively in 7 steps from ethyl 3-chloro-4-oxododecanoate via the kinetic resolution of ethyl 4-acetoxy-3-chlorododecanoate by lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis.