bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Importance of Addressing Human Systems Integration Issues Early in the Science and Technology Process
Authors: WALLACE DANIEL F. , ROBERT BOST J. , THURBER JAMES B. , HAMBURGER PATRICIA S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHistorically, human systems integration (HSI) and other operational issues are not addressed during the science and technology (S&T) phase because the focus is on technology development. That view is to solve the “tough science” first, and the rest is simple application by a program office or operational forces. An imbalance between technology development efforts and total system performance considerations, e.g., total ownership cost, workload, manning, training, operational concept, skills, and human performance, leads to suboptimal solutions at best, and at worst prevents the technology's benefits from transitioning out of S&T at all. If HSI is not addressed during the S&T phase, the responsibility falls to the acquisition programs to ensure that operator, maintainer, and total system performance are optimized in the final design. By this point, cost and schedule constraints can make this prohibitive, limiting the options to either using a legacy system or accepting the technology with suboptimal performance and high life‐cycle costs (because design problems lead to manpower, training, and human error problems). However, if the S&T community uses HSI in their technology readiness level evaluation criteria, the Department of Defense can reduce its out‐year costs and recapitalize that funding to buy required weapons systems and platforms while still reaping the tactical benefits that a new technology offers.
Human Systems Integration in Education and Training: A Grassroots Effort to Obtain Total Systems Performance at an Affordable Cost
Authors: LINDBERG ROBERT M. , CARR LARRY A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHuman systems integration (HSI) requires highly qualified practitioners who can effectively and affordably integrate human capabilities into new and existing weapons systems. Over the past few years, Congressional support of National Defense Act (HR1522) for HSI continues as evident by this statement, “The committee recognizes HSI initiatives as a means for reducing total ownership costs of weapons programs, and continues to support efforts to more formally consider HSI issues earlier in the acquisition cycle.” To do so, organizations must focus attention within the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (CJCSI 3170.01) and the Department of Defense (DoD) acquisition framework (DoDI 5000.2) processes. More specifically, HSI practitioners center attention on total system performance by integrating trade‐offs within and across the HSI domains of manpower, personnel, training, human factors engineering, environment, safety, occupational health, survivability, and habitability. By conducting system‐level integration from concept inception to operational employment to eventual disposal, HSI practitioners can enable optimized total systems performance and reduce life‐cycle costs. Because very few qualified HSI practitioners are available and/or affordable, three critical ingredients need to be addressed: (1) greater demand for HSI as a result of better HSI requirements, (2) senior leadership and organizational motivation of subject matter experts to become HSI practitioners, and (3) availability of comprehensive education and training programs across the spectrum for new personnel to become HSI practitioners and existing practitioners to maintain proficiency and currency with changing technology. Education and training opportunities need to be cohesive and coherent across the spectrum of learning: initial qualification, continuing education, professional development, advanced credentials, and ultimately professional certification. These opportunities should be sufficient to create a near‐term DoD and industry certification standard and process that will support the growing demand for HSI in DoD systems acquisition and the industries that support the process.
Avoiding a Second Hollow Force: The Case for Including Crew Endurance Factors in the Afloat Staffing Policies of the US Navy
Authors: MILLER NITA LEWIS , FIREHAMMER ROBERT 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn order to meet its obligations for prompt and sustained combat at sea, the US Navy relies on sailors to perform relentlessly while underway in highly stressful combat environments. The Navy currently uses an afloat staffing policy that is calculated using a 70‐hour workweek per sailor metric. However, this construct fails to factor in an individual sailor's capacity to sustain performance and is based instead on a notional Navy standard workweek. Part of the inadequacy of the current staffing policy results from its failure to consider an inviolable and basic physiological requirement for adequate sleep and rest for sailors. Research indicates a strong causal relationship between sleep and performance. When deprived of sleep, either chronically or acutely, human performance suffers in a dramatic and predictable manner. These performance decrements have even been equated to the effects of alcohol. If the US Navy is to deliver the combat capability demanded by our government and stated in Navy governing documents, sleep and rest requirements must be accounted for in staffing methodologies. To achieve full combat capability, the Navy must change its culture and adopt programs that promote crew endurance. Human system integration can provide a means to accomplish this goal.
Applying Human Systems Integration to the Rapid Acquisition Process
Authors: MACK DEMETRIUS D. , HIGGINS LEON A. , SHATTUCK LAWRENCE G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe rapidly changing complexity of the Global War on Terrorism has changed the approach to equipping forward‐deployed military forces. Combatant Commanders conducting operations now require timely materiel solutions to enhance mission capabilities and reduce the risk for individual soldiers. To address this challenge, the US Army established the Rapid Equipping Force to assess emerging requirements, to propose solutions to those requirements, and to implement those solutions in an expedient time frame. Unfortunately, the REF lacks a consistent analytical methodology for assessing alternative materiel solutions. To address the need for a human systems integration (HSI) analysis method, the authors developed an Assessment‐Based Rapid Acquisition HSI Analysis Method (ABRAHAM) capable of generating tailored surveys and evaluating these surveys for unacceptable risks to soldiers. To validate ABRAHAM's concept and content, ABRAHAM was showcased in three Department of Defense settings: the Human Factors Engineering Technical Advisory Group, the REF, and the US Marine Corps' Operational Test and Evaluation Activity. The ABRAHAM appears to fill a gap in the current library of HSI tools. Based on the feedback provided during the product showcases, there is sufficient interest and technological maturity to further develop ABRAHAM to serve both the traditional and rapid acquisition processes.
A Human–Automation Interface Model to Guide Automation Design of System Functions
Authors: KENNEDY JOSHUA S. , McCAULEY MICHAEL E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA major component of the US Army's Future Combat Systems (FCS) will be a fleet of eight different manned ground vehicles (MGV). There are promises that “advanced automation” will accomplish many of the tasks formerly performed by soldiers in legacy vehicle systems. However, the current approach to automation design does not relieve the soldier operator of tasks; rather, it changes the role of the soldiers and the work they must do, often in ways unintended and unanticipated. This paper proposes a coherent, top‐down, overarching approach to the design of a human–automation interaction model. First, a qualitative model is proposed to drive the functional architecture and human–automation interface scheme for the MGV fleet. Second, the proposed model is applied to a portion of the functional flow of the common crew station on the MGV fleet. Finally, the proposed model is demonstrated quantitatively via a computational task‐network modeling program (Improved Performance Research and Integration Tool). The modeling approach offers insights into the impacts on human task‐loading, workload, and human performance. Implications for human systems integration domains are discussed, including Manpower and Personnel, Human Factors Engineering, Training, System Safety, and Soldier Survivability. The proposed model gives engineers and scientists a top‐down approach to explicitly define and design the interactions between proposed automation schemes and the human crew. Although this paper focuses on the Army's FCS MGV fleet, the model and analytical processes proposed, or similar approaches, are appropriate for many manned systems in multiple domains (aviation, space, maritime, ground transportation, manufacturing, etc.).
The unfalsifiability of cladograms and its consequences
Authors: Vogt L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPopper's falsificationism provides the normative reference system in recent discussions regarding theory and methodology of systematics. According to Popper, the falsifiability of a hypothesis represents a necessary precondition for its corroborability. It is shown that cladograms, independent of “strict”, “methodological” or “sophisticated” falsification, are not falsifiable in principle. No present observation is prohibited by any tree hypothesis and, thus, no Popperian test of cladograms exists. It is shown that the congruence test, which is commonly said to represent a Popperian test of cladograms, instead tests sets of apomorphy hypotheses. Three different strategies that have been proposed to circumvent this problem are discussed and refuted: (1) referring to Popper's convention to renouncead hocmaneuvers; (2) referring to Popper's treatment of probability hypotheses; and (3) decoupling corroboration from falsification. As a consequence, within a Popperian framework the unfalsifiability of cladograms implies that cladograms cannot explain any present day observation and, thus, represent metaphysical hypotheses.However, Popper's falsificationism has been criticized and questioned by many philosophers before and it seems to be about time that phylogeneticists develop their own philosophy of phylogenetics that meets their specific requirements of a historical science that is not seeking for universal laws and regularities, but instead reconstructing particular historical events.© The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
Phylogenetic placement of the Tasmanian spider Acrobleps hygrophilus (Araneae, Anapidae) with comments on the evolution of the capture web in Araneoidea
Authors: Lopardo Lara , Hormiga Gustavo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper studies the family‐level phylogenetic placement of the conflicting Tasmanian spider genus Acrobleps using both morphological and behavioral data. We also provide a formal taxonomic revision of Acrobleps, including information on its web architecture and natural history, as well as detailed morphological information for A. hygrophilus, its only species. Acrobleps hygrophilus lacks the typical mysmenid features. Furthermore A. hygrophilus does have all typical and diagnostic characteristics of Anapidae, except for the labral spur. We also discuss two noteworthy morphological features of Acrobleps: the pore bearing depressions of the carapace and the granulated cuticle of the spinnerets. Variation in the latter feature might provide a useful phylogenetic character. Based on the results of cladistic analyses we propose the transfer of Acrobleps from the Mysmenidae to its original placement within the Anapidae. We also propose a new lineage, informally labeled as the “clawless female clade”, which includes synaphrids, cyatholipids and “symphytognathoids.” The secondary absence of the female palpal claw provides support for the “clawless female clade.” We discuss the evolution of the orb web within anapids and other symphytognathoids based on the results of our cladistic analyses. The identical bi‐dimensional webs of the anapid Elanapis and of symphytognathids have evolved independently. Finally, we comment on the implications of one of our analyses regarding araneoid web evolution. We conclude that the taxon sample included in the previous orbicularian data matrix (modified and used in this study) is adequate to test the phylogenetic placement of Acrobleps in Anapidae but insufficient to significantly assess web evolution within Araneoidea.© The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
Cladistic analysis of Echinodorus (Alismataceae): simultaneous analysis of molecular and morphological data
Authors: Lehtonen Samuli , Myllys Leena 
Published: October 2007

Abstract Echinodorus is the second largest genus in the aquatic plant family Alismataceae. The genus is naturally distributed in the New World, but many species are known world‐wide as popular aquarium plants. The views upon species delimitation and infrageneric classification of the genus have been controversial. Phenotypic plasticity of aquatic plants combined with reduced and presumably convergent morphological structures pose serious problems to classification, emphasizing the need for molecular‐level data. A simultaneous cladistic analysis of molecular and morphological data was conducted to resolve the phylogeny of the genus. The results showed Echinodorus (as it is currently circumscribed) to be polyphyletic. None of the currently proposed infrageneric classifications of the genus were supported in the light of phylogenetic evidence. Also, many species and subspecies level rankings were found to be unnatural. Monophyly of Echinodorus is ascertained by separating Helanthium and the monotypic genus Albidella from Echinodorus. As a result, two new combinations (Helanthium bolivianum and H. zombiense) are made, and a detailed description of the genus Helanthium is provided.© The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
Molecular analysis of the pathophysiological binding of the platelet aggregation‐inducing factor podoplanin to the C‐type lectin‐like receptor CLEC‐2
Authors: Kato Yukinari , Kaneko Mika Kato , Kunita Akiko , Ito Hiromi , Kameyama Akihiko , Ogasawara Satoshi , Matsuura Nana , Hasegawa Yasushi , Suzuki‐Inoue Katsue , Inoue Osamu , Ozaki Yukio , Narimatsu Hisashi 
Published: October 2007

The mucin‐type sialoglycoprotein podoplanin (aggrus) is involved in tumor cell‐induced platelet aggregation and tumor metastasis. C‐type lectin‐like receptor‐2 (CLEC‐2) was recently identified as an endogenous receptor of podoplanin on platelets. However, the pathophysiological importance and function of CLEC‐2 have not been elucidated. Here we clarified the pathophysiological interaction between podoplanin and CLEC‐2 in vitro and in vivo. Using several deletion mutants of CLEC‐2 expressed as Fc chimeras, we first identified an important podoplanin‐recognition domain in CLEC‐2. Furthermore, the podoplanin–CLEC‐2 interaction was confirmed using several deletion mutants of podoplanin expressed as Fc chimeras. Not only the disialyl‐core1‐attached glycopeptide but also the stereostructure of the podoplanin protein was found to be critical for the CLEC‐2‐binding activity of podoplanin. We next synthesized various glycopeptides of podoplanin that included both the platelet aggregation‐stimulating domain and O‐glycan on Thr52. Interestingly, a disialyl‐core1‐attached glycopeptide was recognized specifically by CLEC‐2. Moreover, the anti‐podoplanin monoclonal antibody NZ‐1 suppressed both the podoplanin–CLEC‐2 interaction and podoplanin‐induced pulmonary metastasis, suggesting that CLEC‐2 is the first pathophysiological receptor of podoplanin to be identified. In summary, we clarified the molecular interaction in vitro and in vivo between a platelet aggregation‐inducing factor, podoplanin, and its specific pathophysiological receptor on platelets, CLEC‐2. Podoplanin and CLEC‐2 might represent promising therapeutic targets in cancer metastasis. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 54–61)
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma: overview of the descriptive epidemiology
Authors: Dores Graça M. , Anderson William F. , Curtis Rochelle E. , Landgren Ola , Ostroumova Evgenia , Bluhm Elizabeth C. , Rabkin Charles S. , Devesa Susan S. , Linet Martha S. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe 2001 World Health Organization classification scheme considers B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) in an aggregate category (CLL/SLL) because of shared clinicopathological features. We have estimated age‐adjusted incidence rates (IRs) of CLL and SLL in the population‐based Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program in the United States to analyse patterns of CLL and SLL separately and jointly. Age‐standardized to the 2000 US population, overall IRs were 3·83 per 100 000 person‐years for CLL (n = 15 676) and 1·31 for SLL (n = 5382) during 1993–2004. Incidence of the combined entity, CLL/SLL, was 90% higher among males compared to females, and the male:female IR ratio was significantly higher for CLL (1·98) than for SLL (1·67). CLL/SLL IRs were 25% and 77% lower among Blacks and Asian/Pacific Islanders, respectively, compared to Whites. A significant reporting delay was evident for CLL but not for SLL, so that CLL/SLL temporal trends must be interpreted cautiously. CLL and SLL IRs increased exponentially with age among all gender/race groups, with CLL IRs increasing more steeply with advancing age than SLL. Avenues of future research include assessment of delayed‐ and under‐reporting to cancer registries and exploration of race, gender, and age effects in epidemiological studies.
B‐cell repertoire and clonal analysis in unaffected first degree relatives in familial chronic lymphocytic leukaemia kindred
Authors: Abbasi Fatima , Longo Nancy S. , Lipsky Peter E. , Raveche Elizabeth , Schleinitz Therese A. , Stetler‐Stevenson Maryalice , Caporaso Neil , Marti Gerald 
Published: October 2007

SummaryMonoclonal B cell lymphocytosis (MBL) was detected in four unaffected first‐degree relatives (FDR) in a familial chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) kindred. The proband remains untreated and two male siblings have died. The four unaffected siblings have been followed for a five‐year period. All four FDR developed a kappa+CD5+ MBL detected by flow cytometry. Poymerase chain reaction (PCR) for IGHV rearrangement showed evidence of oligoclonality in three of these individuals. Single cell PCR of flow cytometric sorted kappa+ cells combined with Ig kappa light chain gene sequencing revealed further evidence of monoclonality in two of these individuals. Three of these individuals all showed evidence of hyper‐somatic mutations. The B‐cell repertoire in unaffected FDR in familial CLL offers a new area to investigate the interface between the immune system and lymphoid neoplasm.
Acquired immune‐related and inflammatory conditions and subsequent chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Landgren Ola , Gridley Gloria , Check David , Caporaso Neil E. , Morris Brown Linda 
Published: October 2007

SummaryImmune‐mediated pathways have been recognized to be of importance in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). We assessed a broad variety of immune‐related and inflammatory conditions and subsequent CLL development among 4 million adult male veterans admitted to VA hospitals. We identified 3,680 CLL cases with up to 27 years of follow‐up. Using Poisson regression analyses restricted to immune‐related or inflammatory conditions that occurred more than one year before CLL, we estimated relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals for CLL risk. Elevated CLL risk was found among individuals with prior chronic sinusitis (RR = 1·27, 1·01–1·61). Pneumonia had a borderline (RR = 1·13, 1·00–1·27) association with CLL; the risk was further elevated (RR = 1·35, 1·07–1·72) for latency <5 years. Conversely, chronic non‐rheumatic valvular heart disease was associated with 0·76‐fold (0·58–0·99) decreased risk. Herpes zoster and simplex were associated with increased (RR = 1·98, 1·40–2·79) and borderline increased (RR = 1·69, 0·96–2·98) CLL risk. There was no general association between autoimmunity and CLL; however, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia was associated with 3·86‐fold (1·93–7·74) elevated CLL risk. Individuals with chronic osteoarthritis and prostatitis had 1·14‐fold (1·03–1·25) and 1·64‐fold (1·14–2·37) elevated CLL risk. These association patterns suggest primary focus on infectious agents rather than autoantigens for future aetiologic CLL studies.
An exploratory study of parents' approaches to health promotion in families of adolescents with physical disabilities
Authors: Antle B. J. , Mills W. , Steele C. , Kalnins I. , Rossen B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBackground  The life expectancy of children with physical disabilities now extends into adulthood and has been accompanied by the transfer of rehabilitation services from institutions to the home. Thus, families must increasingly partner with health service providers to promote their child's health and prevent the development of secondary conditions that may contribute to heart disease, stroke, respiratory diseases, low endurance and emotional difficulties.Aim  To investigate within a family context the health promotion efforts of parents on behalf of a child with a physical disability.Method  The Long Interview Method was used to interview 15 families (11 two‐parent and 4 single‐parent) having a child 11–16 years of age with a physical disability including cerebral palsy (7), spina bifida (3), muscular dystrophy (3) and other conditions (2).Results  Parents' health promotion efforts were characterized by three main themes. First, parents emphasized traditional lifestyle health behaviours including nutrition, physical activity, tobacco, alcohol and drug use, and personal hygiene. Second, parents tried to foster their adolescent's social life and friendships. They expressed particular concern about how, and if, their child would develop a sense of purpose and have a productive future. Third, parents invested a great deal of effort into observing daily routines, making arrangements for their child's social inclusion and supporting their child in a way that balanced independence with safety and energy conservation.Conclusions  Parents recognize that their child with a physical disability faces greater obstacles, and work hard at health promotion. Healthcare workers need to work with parents to: (1) provide information about specific lifestyle health behaviours including nutrition, physical activity and sexuality; (2) advocate for resources to foster social inclusion; and (3) discuss family strategies that balance parental involvement with their child's need for independence and energy conservation for daily activities.