bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effectiveness of the Passenger Security Screening System
Authors: Childs RA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
On 5 Dec. 1972, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) promulgated Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 121.538, requiring that effective 5 Jan. 1973, all commercial airlines implement a system to screen all passengers and their carryon items to insure that no weapons, explosives, or incendiary devices were boarded in the cabin of aircraft. This regulation was issued as a direct response to the increased number of acts of air piracy, as well as the increased severity and danger resulting from these criminal acts. This afforded the air carriers only 30 days to implement the requirements of the FAR at over 500 airports of various sizes across the country. Initially, all inspections of hand carried items were conducted by individuals physically opening and checking the contents of each item carried by passengers before they boarded their flight. While this procedure could be used effectively at smaller airports boarding only a few passengers, it was obviously not a cost-effective or efficient method of fulfilling the requirements of the regulation at larger airports. Soon after the implementation of the screening program, the FAA approved the use of cabinet X-rays to meet the search requirements; sterile concourses were created to centralize the screening process and eliminate the need to conduct passenger inspections at each boarding gate. By the use of the sterile concourse concept, cabinet X-rays could be effectively used and the number of persons conducting searches drastically reduced. An individual conducting a hand search of carryon items took an average of 45 s to 1 min to conduct a thorough search of a carryon item; where the X-ray could reduce the amount of time required to an average of 5 to 7 s. From the beginning of the screening program to the present time, the number of passengers carried in commerical air transportation has steadily increased each year necessitating corresponding advances in the sophistication of the system and the equipment. The image quality of the X-ray, passenger flow patterns, and compatibility of the X-ray systems with the metal detectors are all necessary ingredients to a successful and cost-effective program.
Passenger Screening Requirements—The View from Europe
Authors: Keane AG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper examines the existing passenger screening procedures in use at airports throughout Europe. The question of numerous national boundaries over a relatively small distance and the problems these raise because of differing interpretation of national and international law is discussed. The function of the European Civil Aviation Conference in setting up a working group on security problems is explained and the matters under discussion by the two subgroups which deal with passenger screening. The one subgroup dealing with the study of administrative and operational aspects and the other subgroup focusing upon the study of technical aspects are put into perspective. The methods of financing security measures are explained, and a brief comparison of the systems used follows. The paper concludes with advice to security operatives on methods and practices for good screening.
Estimation of Fatigue Life at Elevated Temperature of Electron Beam Weldments of Alloy 718
Authors: Fukakura J , Mori T 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Axial displacement-controlled fatigue tests were conducted at 600°C on smooth solid cylindrical specimens of Alloy 718 with electron beam weldments. By monitoring the diametral strain response of the heat-softened region, relationships between strain amplitude and fatigue life, and between cyclic stress and strain, were obtained. Using the cyclic stress-strain curve of the soft region, the load-controlled fatigue test results corresponded to the axial displacement-controlled test results. Subsequently, a simple model of strain sharing in the weldment was established for cyclic loading in order to estimate the fatigue life. Using the model, the fatigue life of a welded specimen under axial loading was estimated as a function of gage length, considering the effect of gage length on strain concentration in the soft region.
References and Conference Proceedings Towards the Understanding of Fracture Mechanics
Authors: Toor PM , Hudson CM 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe study of the structural integrity of components using fracture mechanics has become an integral part of new designs and is being used to reevaluate old designs. ASTM Subcommittee E24.06, concerned with the application of fracture mechanics to real hardware, is dedicated to the education of its members in the areas of fracture application. As a first step, a list of basic references towards the understanding of fracture mechanics has been compiled. Textbooks, ASTM Special Technical Publications (STPs), ASTM standards, national and international journals, symposia and conferences, and basic references in the development of fracture toughness, stress intensity factors, fatigue crack growth, fracture testing, fracture of brittle materials, and fractography are listed by sections in chronological order. This is a first effort by Subcommittee E24.06 to compile the references; an update will include brief abstracts/descriptions of the references.
Simple Analysis of Gluconate in Cleaner
Authors: Hwang R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Two simple methods of gluconate analysis in a cleaner are described:
1. Gluconate is oxidized by periodate. The amount of formic acids are titrated by standard alkaline. 2. In the presence of acidic iodide solution, gluconate oxidized by hydroperiodic acid liberates iodine. At the same time its unreacted acid also liberates iodine. The amount of iodine is titrated by standard sodium thiosulphate.
In Situ Dynamic Estimates of the Equation of State for Alluvium for Intermediate Pressures and High Rates
Authors: Rinehart EJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Predictions of ground motion and stresses generated by high explosive events are only as good as the constitutive relationships used. Data for stress states in excess of 5 MPa (50 bar) that are reached with strain rates above 102 s−1 are very limited, especially for in situ materials. Three planar and one spherical in situ tests were fired in an attempt to obtain a direct estimation of the constitutive relationships for stresses up to 1 GPa at rapid loading rates. Reduction of the data by inverting the equations of motion in conjunction with the data directly has shown that there is an approximate doubling of the loading constrained modulus when rise times are shorter than 1 ms and stresses are in excess of 30 MPa (0.3 kbar). For the spherical case, peak stresses arrive earlier than peak strains at the higher loading rates. This appears to indicate a severe strength reduction at peak stress. The apparent modulus increase could be due to high shear strengths upon initial loading which become degraded after peak stress passage.
On the Determination of Crack Initiation Using Standard Test Methods
Authors: Hellmann D , Schwalbe K-H 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe results presented in this paper were obtained by participation in an ASTM experimental round-robin exercise. The roundrobin was aimed at verifying the appropriateness of ASTM Draft Test Method for Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Testing. It was demonstrated that the Draft Method is suitable for determining initiation values of CTOD and that more unequivocal values are obtained if the crack length is measured as the average of ten instead of three individual values distributed over the specimen thickness. This is consistent with the recent revision of the Draft Method.
Design and Development of a Biaxial Strength Testing Device
Authors: Ferron G , Makinde A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The apparatus described herein is designed for the performance of biaxial stretching tests on flat cross-shaped specimens. It can be used with a conventional uniaxial tensile testing machine. The device converts the machine from one that exerts a uniaxial force to one that applies a system of forces in two perpendicular directions. A fixed value of the logarithmic strain ratio ρ = ϵ2/ϵ1 can be imposed on the test specimen along these two directions. The fixed ρ-value may be chosen between 0 and 1 according to the geometrical configuration of the device.
The Risks of Extrapolations of Metal Fatigue Data
Authors: Fuchs HO , Johns MV 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The risks associated with extrapolations are quantified by simulation for the case of metal fatigue data. Extrapolations to 1% failures are made from samples of 10 or 20 or 50 specimens for four assumed distributions of the failures. Two methods of extrapolation are investigated. Method A corresponds to straight line fitting on lognormal probability paper. Method B applies extreme value theory to the 40% smallest values in a sample and gives superior results for samples of 50 specimens. For the small samples usual in metal fatigue, Method A gives equally good (or poor) results. Results are presented in several measures. An empirical risk divisor is introduced as a practical means of reducing the risk.
A Method for Generating Fatigue Marker Bands Using a ConstantKmax Test Procedure
Authors: Ragazzo C , Hertzberg RW , Jaccard R 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMarker bands were introduced onto fatigue fracture surfaces by a block loading technique wherein Kmax was held constant while Kmin was varied. Materials examined included Astroloy nickelbase superalloy, 1020 hot-rolled steel. AC112-TL aluminum, and 2024-T3 aluminum. The use of a constant Kmax test procedure allowed ΔK to be varied without affecting crack growth rates, thereby providing a convenient method for documenting the shape of a progressing flaw. The nature of contrast differences between marker bands generated at different ΔK levels were examined in terms of changes in fracture micromechanisms as well as changes in fracture surface roughness. Results indicate that a micromechanism transition from cleavage-like faceted growth at low ΔK to striated growth at intermediate ΔK was responsible for the major difference in fracture surface appearance.
Indentation Characterization of Silicon Nitride
Authors: Bolse W , Peteves SD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The hardness of hot-pressed silicon nitride ceramics has been measured over a wide range of applied loads, 0.02 to 300 N, for both Vickers and Knoop indenter geometries. The indentation size effect (ISE) was evident for loads less than about 1 N. The Vickers and Knoop hardness values agree provided they are compared at a given penetration of the respective indenter. The influence of the residual stresses of the ceramic surface on the indentation response in the as-machined, polished, and post-annealed state has been investigated. The results are discussed in relation to the characterization of indentation damage in brittle materials and fracture analysis models.
Relationships between Specimen Size, Stress Rate, and Load-Controlled Tensile Properties of AISI 300 Series Stainless Steels at 4 K
Authors: Lee HM , Moon H , Pyun S-I 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The effects of specimen size on the load-controlled tensile properties of AISI 304, 316, and 310S stainless steels at 4 K were examined at four different stress rates from 0.154 to 154 MPa/s. Diameters of the specimens were 4.5, 6.35, and 8 mm. The stress and strain at the onset of the discontinuous yielding decreased as the stress rate and specimen diameter increased. The effects of the discontinuous yielding on the ultimate tensile strength are discussed. The differences in the effect of the machine control mode on the mechanical properties are also discussed.
Characterization of Base/Subbase Materials under Repetitive Loading
Authors: Chen D-H , Zaman MM , Laguros JG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Testing of granular materials for evaluation of Resilient Modulus (MR) suffers from the lack of a standardized test method. Although AASHTO over the past six years (1986 to 1992) has proposed three different testing procedures (T274-86, T292-91I, and T294-92I), some state transportation departments have adopted their own MR testing procedures. In this study, the factors affecting the measurement of MR such as the testing method used and stress applied and its sequence are investigated. In addition, the updated methodologies proposed by various agencies for MR of granular materials and the MR values obtained are reviewed and evaluated. It is found that the applied stress sequence has some effects on MR of granular materials. For the two aggregate types investigated in this study, with the same location of LVDT and dynamic waveform, the T294-92I testing procedure yields higher MR than that obtained by using the T292-91I testing procedure. The stress sequence in T294-92I infers a stiffening and strengthening effect on the specimen structure as the stress level increases from low to high. The variation of MR values due to testing procedure is found to be higher than those due to the aggregate source. The MR values obtained in this study are found to be lower than those reported in the literature. Furthermore, with the updated testing procedure for MR, the correlation between the structural layer coefficients and MR of granular base and subbase proposed by the AASHTO needs to be modified accordingly.
Evaluation of the Corrosion of MoSi2 by Molten Glass
Authors: Sundaram SK , Speyer RF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Modification of ASTM C 621 is needed in order to determine the corrosion of the material MoSi2 by molten glass since this material reacts with the prescribed platinum crucible. The latter was replaced with a fusion-cast alumina-zirconia-silica refractory crucible. A correction for the width of the saw kerf is suggested. The modified method was carried out on a number of cylindrical samples in molten E-glass at 1550°C. The specimen-glass interfacial regions were characterized using SEM, EDS, and XRD.
Crack Initiation Fracture Toughness of Transmission Line Hardware Steels
Authors: Bhuyan GS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Initiation fracture toughness of some selected steels used for transmission line hardware components was measured using an AC potential drop method. The moderate upsetting due to the forging operation of the 1541 bar material increased the initiation fracture toughness by up to 27%, as compared to that of the rolled bar. Initiation fracture toughness of the oil-quenched 4140 steel increased by 60% with the decrease in hardness from Rc 40 to 28.
Ultra-High-Vacuum Chamber for Environmental-Fatigue Testing
Authors: Ruiz J , Elices M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes an ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) chamber for environmental fatigue crack growth tests. The main components of this testing device are the working chamber, where the test is conducted, the gas entry lines, and the quadrupole chamber, which is used for analyzing the environment. Advice on the assembly and behavior of these components is also given. As an example of the performance of the system, novel results are reported of crack growth rates in an aluminum alloy (AA7017-T651) when tested in high vacuum, pure oxygen, and at different water vapor pressures.
Effect of Cooling Rate Variables on the Solidification Time and Microstructure of Permanent Mold Magnesium-Treated Iron Castings
Authors: Narendranath CS , Srinivasan MN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper deals with studies on the effect of cooling rate variations on the solidification times and microstructure of permanent mold magnesium-treated cast iron. Cooling rate variations were brought about by changes in the casting size or mold preheating temperature or mold wall thickness.
The results of this investigation indicate that the solidification time of magnesium-treated iron casting is always greater than that of an untreated iron casting, when the cooling rate variables are similar. Since the morphology of graphite in the two cases is different, it is thus indicated that graphite morphology affects the solidification time. Though the solidification time of magnesium-treated iron permanent mold castings shows an increase when the casting size is increased, no unilateral increase or decrease is observed when the magnitudes of the other two variables, viz., mold wall thickness and mold preheating temperature favor decrease and increase in cooling rate respectively.
Microstructural analysis indicated that random variations in the graphite morphology, despite the residual magnesium being above the required limit, were primarily responsible for the random variations in solidification times. The reason for this randomness has been discussed in terms of heat transfer. Further experiments were conducted where the heat transfer variables were chosen based on this analysis and it was possible to achieve proper trends in the solidification time. The graphite shape of the castings in these experiments had good nodularity, with the size being related to the cooling rate.
Analysis of the Coherence of Published Data on Aluminum Matrix Composites
Authors: Eliasson J , Sandström R 
Published: February 2009

AbstractData on aluminum matrix composites were previously collected from scientific articles and analyzed. The purpose was to make it possible to select composite materials. During data analysis, incomplete representation of the information was discovered in many cases. Since this situation is not uncommon for advanced materials, it was decided to characterize the information that was missing. Important information has been divided into three main groups: mandatory, essential, and recommended meta data, where the meta data is the background information to actual data.Missing mandatory meta data make it impossible to verify the results by repeating the testing, e.g., when the composition of the matrix, the type and amount of reinforcement or the heat treatment is missing. The percentage of the 93 studied articles with such data missing was about 20%. If there is essential meta data missing, the precision in the interpretation of property data is significantly limited. Examples of essential information are processing steps, reinforcement length, and size. In about 60% of the articles some essential meta data were missing. Recommended meta data are, for example, description of the microstructure or other background information such as reinforcement distribution. The fraction of articles missing some recommended meta data is almost 100%. The lack of data leads to difficulties interpreting and modeling experimental data which will ultimately slow large-scale introduction of aluminum matrix composites.
A Pneumatic Pressure Bag Testing Machine for Applying a Uniform Load to Panels and Pallets
Authors: Mackes KH , Loferski JR , White MS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Methods for applying uniformly distributed loads to structures are evaluated. A detailed description is presented for a pneumatic pressure bag (airbag) testing machine built by researchers at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. A 48 in. (1.219 m) square steel plate with an average thickness of 0.498 in. (0.01265 m) was tested to determine whether the machine delivers a true uniformly distributed load. Experimental results are compared to an analytical solution obtained using the ABAQUS finite element program.
Results show that the deflection pattern of the plate along its length at midspan is parabolic, with deflections being greatest at the free edges and least at the plate center. Errors range from 0.6% at one free edge to 3.8% at the other. The error at the plate center is 1.4%. The close agreement between finite element and experimental values indicates that the load applied by the airbag testing machine is a good approximation of a truly uniform load.
A Modified Miniature Disk Test for Determining Material Mechanical Properties
Authors: Xu Y , Zhao Z 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper briefly describes the apparatus and experimental procedure for the modified miniature specimen test (MMST). The primary focus is on the thought and methodology of converting data. The accuracy and reliability of test results are emphasized. The fundamental relations for converting experimental data are established via analysis of elastic-plastic bulge deformation behavior of a middle-thick circular plate loaded at the center for which the circumference is fixed and points at the boundary can move in a radial direction. The formulas for calculating materials strength and ductility have been derived from the relation. Three types of unirradiated materials whose strengths are different and one kind of 316 SS irradiated by protons were tested with MMST. The test results along with the standard deviations are presented. The comparison of these data with that for uniaxial tension tests is also given. The evaluation of material equivalent fracture strain was also performed with the MMST.
Effect of Carbide and Oxide Coating Thickness on Cutting Tool Wear in the Turning Process
Authors: Kim J-D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In this investigation, tool grade P20 WC was coated using the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method. The specimen was coated uniformly with Al2O3 of 1.5 µm thickness over an additional coating of TiC. TiC coating thickness varied at four different thicknesses: 3 µm, 6 µm, 9 µm, and 12 µm. The investigation was conducted with a turning operation in high-strength steel at higher cutting speed. Using SEM and X-ray, the progress of crater wear was carefully observed.
Stiffening Effects of Photoelastic Coatings on Orthotropic Plates
Authors: Tew BW , Blackketter DM , Lemmon RK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Photoelastic coatings have been used successfully for years to help engineers understand the stress state within a test specimen or structural component under load. For very stiff specimens, the addition of a photoelastic coating does little to change the stress state within the specimens. However, photoelastic coatings used with relatively flexible specimens have a significant stiffening effect which has been quantified and documented for isotropic materials. Correction factors have been developed that allow the analyst to account for the stiffness added to the specimen by the coating. This technical note addresses the stiffening effect of isotropic photoelastic coatings on orthotropic specimens, and provides orthotropic correction factors needed to correctly interpret stress results obtained using photoelastic analyses. The derivation of these correction factors assumes that loads are applied only along principal planes. Consequently, shear stresses due to specimen orthotropy are not present.
Numerical Analysis of Ductile Fracture Experiments Using Single-Edge Notched Tension Specimens
Authors: Hollstein T , Schmitt W , Blauel JG 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe elastic compliance C and the J-integral are investigated for single-edge notched tension specimens. The parameters are discussed with respect to crack length, thickness of specimen, load level, stress state, and loading system. Test results for a structural steel St E 460 (nickel-vanadium) at room temperature are presented together with two- and three-dimensional finite element calculations for some of these specimens. The overall specimen behavior including J for the 10-mm-thick specimens is reproduced by a plane stress model. Even the 40-mm-thick specimens are better modelled in plane stress than in plane strain. The strong influence of the angular stiffness of the loading system on the specimen behavior is demonstrated. For the experimental arrangement used in this study a single-specimen estimation procedure is developed to calculate J from the work done on the specimen.