bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of surface heating over Indochina and India landmasses on the summer monsoon over South China
Authors: Chow K. C. , Liu Yiming , Chan Johnny C. L. , Ding Yihui 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSensitivity experiments have been performed using a regional climate model to study the effect of land‐surface heating over the Indochina and Indian Peninsulas on the summer monsoon over South China. The term surface heating is defined here as the sum of sensible heat flux and net flux of longwave radiation from the surface. In each sensitivity experiment, the surface heating over the land surface of the region considered is cut off, but evaporation over the land surface and latent heat release are still permitted.Compared with that of the Indian Peninsula, surface heating over the Indochina Peninsula has a much more significant effect on both the monsoon circulation and precipitation over South China and the East Asia regions, particularly during the onset period of the summer monsoon over South China. The effect of this surface heating on the vertical velocity over Indochina extends much deeper into the upper troposphere. Precipitation is reduced significantly not only locally, but also extends to South China, as well as the remote regions of East China and the western North Pacific. The variations in geopotential height fields in the lower troposphere and the zonal wind field in the upper troposphere suggest that the surface heating over Indochina may have an important effect on the strength of the subtropical high, and is closely related to the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon.On the other hand, the surface‐heating effect of the Indian Peninsula on precipitation as well as the monsoon circulation is found to be relatively local and mainly affects the Bay of Bengal region. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Glycosidic aroma compounds of some Portuguese grape cultivars
Authors: Cabrita Maria João , Freitas Ana M Costa , Laureano Olga , Stefano Rocco Di 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn order to evaluate the potential aroma of some Portuguese grapes, several glycosidically bound aroma compounds of ten grape varieties grown in Évora, Alentejo, Portugal, were released, identified and quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry. White varieties were Arinto, Perrum, Rabo‐de‐Ovelha, Roupeiro and Antão Vaz. Red varieties were Trincadeira, Aragonez, Tinta Caiada, Moreto and Castelão. Grapes of Roupeiro and Trincadeira from five other vines in the Alentejo region were also studied. For each variety pulp and skin were analyzed separately. The compounds produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of glycoside precursors extracted from pulps and skins of these grapes were similar to the ones appearing in the so‐called ‘aromatic’ varieties; however, the amounts found were significantly lower. These results seem to show the neutral characteristic of these grapes to indicate that each variety has a distinctive profile regarding compounds from the linalool class. The ratios of trans : cis forms of some linalool compounds remain the same in all samples of Roupeiro and Trincadeira, regardless their origin. In Trincadeira grapes no linalool was detected. Skins are always richer than pulps. The acid hydrolysis of norisoprenoid aglycons produced highly odorant compounds previously described in grape varieties. Although some differences between varieties could be detected, the red grapes Aragonez and Castelão are richer in vitispiranes while Moreto, Trincadeira and Tinta Caiada are richer in actinidols; in white grapes, only Roupeiro and Perrum show detectable amounts of vitispiranes. These results need further investigation and analysis to be considered as a statement and should be confirmed in an extended study. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Urea treatment of whole‐crop triticale at four growth stages: effects on chemical composition and on in vitro digestibility of cell wall
Authors: Guedes Cristina M , Rodrigues Miguel M , Gomes Maria J , Silva Severiano R , Ferreira Luís M , Mascarenhas‐Ferreira Armando 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the preservative and upgrading potential of urea added to whole‐crop triticale. Triticale, harvested at different growth stages according to Feekes' scale (10.51, 10.54, 11.1 and 11.2), was ensiled with four levels of urea (0, 30, 60 and 90 g kg−1 dry matter (DM)) and stored in plastic bags for 60 days. Data were analysed as a factorial design with growth stage and urea level as the main factors. Urea was extensively hydrolysed (more than 90% of added urea). Urea breakdown was not affected by urea level (P > 0.05) but decreased significantly with growth stage (P < 0.001). Microbial activity measured by pH, volatile fatty acid production and total non‐structural carbohydrate concentration was significantly reduced by the urea level. Urea treatment significantly (P < 0.001) increased water‐soluble and ammonium nitrogen; more than 85% of the added nitrogen was retained. Application of urea at a rate of 60 and 90 g kg−1 DM significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content and increased (P < 0.05) the NDF and acid detergent fibre in vitro digestibility. Whole‐crop triticale harvested at later growth stages (approximately 60% DM) can be effectively preserved and upgraded by ensiling with 60–90 g urea kg−1 DM. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Sensorial and chemical changes in honey roasted peanuts and roasted peanuts stored under different temperatures
Authors: Nepote Valeria , Mestrallet Marta G , Ryan Liliana , Conci Silvia , Grosso Nelson R 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to determine the oxidative stability in honey roasted peanuts (HRP) and roasted peanuts (RP). Chemical analysis and descriptive analysis were performed on samples of HRP and RP stored at −15, 23 and 40 °C. The chemical analyses, peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values, and the descriptive analysis were performed during 126 days of storage to determine protective effect of honey coating on the product stability. Peroxide and TBARS values, oxidized and cardboard flavors increased and roasted peanutty flavor decreased across the storage time for both products. Addition of honey coating provided protection against lipid oxidation. Peroxide value reached 10 meqO2 kg−1 after 6 days in RP and 36 days in HRP at 23 °C. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of solution pH on solubility and some structural properties of soybean protein isolate films
Authors: Mauri Adriana N , Añón María C 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChanges in solubility and molecular properties of protein films obtained from soy protein isolate (SPI) solutions at different pH values (2, 8 and 11) were investigated to study protein behavior during film formation. Proteins retained their native conformation in films at pH 8, but were partially or extensively denatured at pH 11 and 2. Although film protein networks were maintained by the same type of interactions at different pH values—covalent (disulfide bonds) and non‐covalent bonds (especially hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds)—the intensity of each type of interaction (predicted from solubility tests in buffers with different chemical action) depended on the pH of the initial solution. Films obtained at pH 8 presented the highest solubility in all the buffers, whereas films at formed pH 2 presented the lowest, except in the buffer of pH 8 that contained urea, SDS and 2‐mercaptoethanol, which totally dissolved 100% of the film proteins. Films prepared at extreme pH values had a denser microstructure than those at pH 8. SDS–PAGE patterns indicated that films were mainly formed by β‐conglycinin and glycinin, which aggregated in different forms during film formation, depending on the pH of the initial solutions. Some of these proteins remained weakly bonded and/or were held by the network of films. These differences in the protein networks structure would affect the physical, mechanical and barrier properties of the films. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Gas‐phase rate coefficients for the reactions of O(3P), S(3P), Se(3P), and Te(3P) with alkenes: Application of perturbation frontier molecular orbital theory, correlations, and structure–activity relations (SARs)
Authors: Pfrang Christian , King Martin D. , Canosa‐Mas Carlos E. , Wayne Richard P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of the reactions of the atoms O(3P), S(3P), Se(3P), and Te(3P) with a series of alkenes are examined for correlations relating the logarithms of the rate coefficients to the energies of the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) of the alkenes. These correlations may be employed to predict rate coefficients from the calculated HOMO energy of any other alkene of interest. The rate coefficients obtained from the correlations were used to © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 351–356, 2006
Morphological Behaviour of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes During Repeated Deformation
Authors: Laity Peter R. , Taylor Jennifer E. , Wong Steven S. , Khunkamchoo Peck , Cable Martin , Andrews Geoffrey T. , Johnson Anthony F. , Cameron Ruth E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: SAXS was used to investigate the morphological responses of two commercial thermoplastic poly(ether‐co‐urethane) elastomers during repeated uniaxial extension and stress‐relaxation at constant strain. Experimental data was analysed using a ‘globular’ morphological model, which has previously been shown to provide a good interpretation of the SAXS from these polymers. The results indicated that microdomain rotation and fragmentation coincided with and may have contributed to the strain‐softening observed during the initial deformation cycles and stress relaxation. However, these morphological changes appeared to be largely reversed, when the material was allowed to retract; consequently, they appeared insufficient to account for the dramatic changes in mechanical properties and permanent set observed between the first and second extension cycles. One possible explanation is that the mechanical properties may have been dominated by a few, larger microdomains that were too large to be observed by SAXS. Alternatively, the considerable changes in scattering intensity suggested a mechanism based on the slippage of entanglements as a result of strain‐induced segmental mixing.2D‐SAXS patterns of poly(ether‐co‐urethane)s during second uniaxial extension.magnified image2D‐SAXS patterns of poly(ether‐co‐urethane)s during second uniaxial extension.
Calixarene Derivatives as Novel Nanopore Generators for Templates of Nanoporous Thin Films
Authors: Yim Jin‐Heong , Kim Jongseob , Gidley David. W. , Vallery Richard S. , Peng Hua‐Gen , An Duk Keun , Choi Byoung‐Ki , Park Young‐Kwon , Jeon Jong‐Ki 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: We report herein calixarene derivatives, which could adapt to various fields of application, as novel pore generators for making nanoporous materials. The pore structure of nanoporous materials exhibits disordered pores with small mesopore diameter (2–3 nm), which is similar to the micelle‐like assembled structure of the calixarene compounds. The electro‐optical properties such as dielectric constants and refractive indexes of these porous thin films can easily be manipulated. The calixarene‐templated nanoporous films could find a variety of potential applications, such as low‐dielectric constant (k) materials and high‐surface area materials for catalysis and biotechnology.PM3‐optimized structures of CA[4] and CA[6].magnified imagePM3‐optimized structures of CA[4] and CA[6].
Synthesis and Photopolymerizations of New Crosslinkers for Dental Applications
Authors: Yagci Baris , Ayfer Burcu , Albayrak Aylin Z. , Avci Duygu 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: Five new crosslinkers for use in dental composites were synthesized. Four are based on TBHMA: 1 via reaction of TBBr and Bisphenol A; 2 by hydrolysis of t‐butyl groups of the first monomer to give a diacid derivative; 3 by conversion of the first monomer to an amide derivative using benzyl amine; 4 by conversion of the first monomer to amide derivative using APTES. The AHM‐based monomer 5 was synthesized from the Michael addition of APTES to AHM. The photopolymerization behaviors of the synthesized monomers with Bis‐GMA, TEGDMA and HEMA were investigated using photodifferential scanning calorimetry at 40 °C using DMPA as photoinitiator. The polymerization rates and degrees of conversion for mixtures of any of the monomers 1–4 with Bis‐GMA:TEGDMA were found to be similar to Bis‐GMA:TEGDMA, higher than Bis‐GMA:HEMA, and also higher than mixtures with Bis‐GMA:HEMA. The incorporation of TBHMA‐based monomers into the conventional resin mixture (Bis‐GMA and TEGDMA) reduced the polymerization shrinkages. Monomer 5 and its mixtures polymerized much faster and to higher degrees of conversion than the other investigated systems, however, this system exhibited the largest volume shrinkage.Structures of some of the new crosslinkers synthesized.magnified imageStructures of some of the new crosslinkers synthesized.
Striatal subregional 6‐[18F]fluoro‐L‐dopa uptake in early Parkinson's disease: A two‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Brück Anna , Aalto Sargo , Nurmi Elina , Vahlberg Tero , Bergman Jörgen , Rinne Juha O. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThirty‐one drug‐naive patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) underwent 6‐[18F]fluoro‐L‐dopa (F‐dopa) positron emission tomography (PET) scan at the time of the diagnosis (baseline) and 2 years later in order to investigate F‐dopa uptake in striatal and extrastriatal regions during the first years of early PD. Twenty‐four healthy controls underwent one F‐dopa PET scan. The regional differences in the striatal and extrastriatal regions were analyzed with statistical parametric mapping and automated region of interest analyses. Our study shows that the F‐dopa uptake in unmedicated early PD is most severely decreased in the dorsal part of caudal putamen but significant decrease can be seen throughout the striatum compared with controls. During the first years of PD, there is a progressive regional decline in striatal F‐dopa uptake, the dorsal part of caudal putamen being still the most severely affected region. The absolute decline is equal between the striatal subregions. This suggests that the decline of dopamine function starts from the dorsocaudal putamen, but once started, the rate of progression is equal between the subregions of the striatum. In contrast to the striatal decline, the increased cortical F‐dopa uptake prevails at least during the first years of PD. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and risk of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ton Thanh G. , Heckbert Susan R. , Longstreth W.T. , Rossing Mary Anne , Kukull Walter A. , Franklin Gary M. , Swanson Phillip D. , Smith‐Weller Terri , Checkoway Harvey 
Published: March 2006

AbstractInflammation and oxidative stress have been implicated as pathogenic mechanisms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Evidence from in vitro and animal studies suggests a possible protective role of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin. We investigated the risk of PD associated with use of aspirin and nonaspirin NSAIDs in a population‐based case‐control study among enrollees of Group Health Cooperative, a health maintenance organization in the Seattle area. Subjects included 206 cases between ages 35 and 89 with a new diagnosis of idiopathic PD between 1992 and 2002, and 383 randomly selected controls frequency‐matched by age, sex, duration of enrollment, and clinic. We obtained information on participants' age, smoking, and medical history from interview. Exposure to NSAIDs was ascertained from an automated pharmacy database. Medications filled within 5 years of the interview were excluded. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, duration of enrollment, and clinic, the risk of PD among individuals who received nonaspirin NSAIDs between 1977 and 1992 was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.59–1.35) and 1.67 (95% CI: 0.60–4.60) between 1993 and 2002. Use of ibuprofen was not associated with PD (OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.60–1.32). The risk of PD associated with aspirin or aspirin‐containing medications was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.49–1.12). We observed no trend in risk according to number of fills for these drugs. Our results provide only limited support for the hypothesis that use of aspirin may reduce the risk of this disease, and no indication of protection from other NSAIDs. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Ergot alkaloids in cereal products
Authors: Bürk Gisela , Höbel Werner , Richt Anita 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe danger of ergot alkaloids has been well known for centuries. The origin and toxicology of these compounds have been clarified and flour mills assure us that they have mastered the problem technologically. Nevertheless, one can find food products with sometimes relatively high contents of these toxic alkaloids. Here we report on our experiences and results of an LC‐MS/MS‐method which we have developed to determine ergot alkaloids and which was applied to commercial products during the past two years.
Modulation of oxidative cell damage by reconstituted mixtures of phenolic apple juice extracts in human colon cell lines
Authors: Schaefer Sandra , Baum Matthias , Eisenbrand Gerhard , Janzowski Christine 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDiets rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with a lower risk of tumour induction in the intestine and other sites. Apple juice with high amounts of antioxidative phenolics might protect the intestine against reactive oxygen species‐mediated cell damage. We investigated to which extent the preventive effectiveness of polyphenolic juice extracts is governed by the amounts of five major constituents (rutin, phloridzin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and epicatechin). In human colon cell lines (Caco‐2, HT29), reconstituted mixtures of these phenolics were investigated in comparison to the original juice extracts, originating from cider and table apples. Parameters studied were (oxidative) DNA damage (Comet assay), cellular redox status (dichlorofluorescein assay) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). The TEAC of the reconstituted mixtures was higher compared to the respective original extracts (4.7–7.3 mM vs. 3.6–4.2 mM Trolox). After 24 h cell incubation, menadione‐induced (oxidative) DNA damage was more effectively reduced by the reconstituted mixtures (1–100 μg/mL, 24 h), as compared to the original extracts. In contrast, the cellular ROS level was reduced to a rather similar extent by original extracts and reconstituted mixtures. The results lead to the conclusion that the selected constituents in their authentic proportions substantially account for the antioxidative effectiveness of phenolic apple juice extracts.
Preparative isolation of isoflavones from soy and red clover
Authors: Stürtz Melanie , Lander Vera , Schmid Wolfgang , Winterhalter Peter 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNumerous studies have demonstrated the potential of isoflavones occurring in soy (Glycine max L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) to alleviate climacteric complaints. They have also shown beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and in the prevention of osteoporosis. As a result, several companies offer nutraceuticals based on soy or red clover extracts. The aim of the present study was the isolation of pure isoflavones on a preparative scale, in order to obtain standards for biological tests and for the quantification of isoflavones in nutraceuticals and foods. High‐speed countercurrent chromatography, a special type of liquid–liquid partition chromatography, was applied to the preparative isolation of isoflavones. By using this technique the major monoglucosylated and acetylated isoflavones from soy extracts were obtained after a cleaning‐up step on Amberlite XAD‐7 material. Furthermore, it was possible to isolate isoflavone aglycones as well as glycosides from a red clover extract. Purity and identity of the isolated isoflavones were confirmed by HPLC with DAD, HPLC‐ESI multiple‐MS, and NMR spectroscopy.
Studies on apple and blueberry fruit constituents: Do the polyphenols reach the colon after ingestion?
Authors: Kahle Kathrin , Kraus Michael , Scheppach Wolfgang , Ackermann Matthias , Ridder Friederike , Richling Elke 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe aim of our studies was to determine the amount of polyphenols reaching the colon after oral intake of apple juice and blueberries. After a polyphenol‐free diet healthy ileostomy volunteers consumed a polyphenol‐rich cloudy apple juice while others consumed anthocyanin‐rich blueberries. Ileostomy effluent was collected and polyphenols were identified using HPLC‐DAD as well as HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS; quantification was performed with HPLC‐DAD. Most of the orally administered apple polyphenols were absorbed from or metabolized in the small intestine. Between 0 and 33% of the oral dose was recovered in the ileostomy bags with a maximum of excretion after 2 h. A higher amount of the blueberry anthocyanins under study (up to 85%, depending on the sugar moiety) were determined in the ileostomy bags and therefore would reach the colon under physiological circumstances. Such structure‐related availability has to be considered when polyphenols are used in model systems to study potential preventive effects in colorectal diseases.
Rule‐of‐thumb adjustment of sample sizes to accommodate dropouts in a two‐stage analysis of repeated measurements
Authors: Overall John E. , Tonidandel Scott , Starbuck Robert R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRecent contributions to the statistical literature have provided elegant model‐based solutions to the problem of estimating sample sizes for testing the significance of differences in mean rates of change across repeated measures in controlled longitudinal studies with differentially correlated error and missing data due to dropouts. However, the mathematical complexity and model specificity of these solutions make them generally inaccessible to most applied researchers who actually design and undertake treatment evaluation research in psychiatry. In contrast, this article relies on a simple two‐stage analysis in which dropout‐weighted slope coefficients fitted to the available repeated measurements for each subject separately serve as the dependent variable for a familiar ANCOVA test of significance for differences in mean rates of change. This article is about how a sample of size that is estimated or calculated to provide desired power for testing that hypothesis without considering dropouts can be adjusted appropriately to take dropouts into account. Empirical results support the conclusion that, whatever reasonable level of power would be provided by a given sample size in the absence of dropouts, essentially the same power can be realized in the presence of dropouts simply by adding to the original dropout‐free sample size the number of subjects who would be expected to drop from a sample of that original size under conditions of the proposed study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.