bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kleine Geschichte der Schnee‐ und Windlastannahmen im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Holzer Stefan M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDie extremen Wetterereignisse der letzten Jahre haben die atmosphärischen Lasteinwirkungen auf Bauwerke zurück ins Bewußtsein gebracht. Während die Entwicklung der Lastannahmen für Wind und Schnee im 20. Jahrhundert recht bekannt sein dürfte, findet man wenige Informationen über die “Frühgeschichte” der Lastansätze. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die frühe Entwicklung der Lastannahmen im allgemeinen skizziert und insbesondere die Einführung der Schnee‐ und Windlast in die statische Berechnung untersucht. Anschließend wird die Geschichte der Schnee‐ und Windlastannahmen bis ins frühe 20. Jahrhundert verfolgt.
The role of women's self‐injury support‐groups: a grounded theory
Authors: Corcoran Jennifer , Mewse Avril , Babiker Gloria 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResearch evidence suggests that services are struggling to adequately address the increasing incidence of self‐injury and the needs of women who self‐injure, while national self‐injury support‐groups across the UK appear to be growing in number. Despite their reported value, evidence regarding the role of self‐injury support‐groups in women's management of their self‐injury is lacking although government policy and official guidelines are advocating the incorporation of support‐groups into self‐injury services. Seven semi‐structured interviews were conducted and analysed using Grounded Theory to investigate the role of three UK self‐injury support‐groups in women's management of self‐injury and associated difficulties. Empowerment‐as‐process emerged as the core theme of self‐injury support‐groups, mediated through experiences of belonging, sharing, autonomy, positive feeling and change. Findings are discussed in relation to relevant theory and research, followed by critical evaluation and implications of the study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mercury binding on activated carbon
Authors: Padak Bihter , Brunetti Michael , Lewis Amanda , Wilcox Jennifer 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDensity functional theory has been employed for the modeling of activated carbon (AC) using a fused‐benzene ring cluster approach. Oxygen functional groups have been investigated for their promotion of effective elemental mercury binding on AC surface sites. Lactone and carbonyl functional groups yield the highest mercury binding energies. Further, the addition of halogen atoms has been considered to the modeled surface, and has been found to increase the AC's mercury adsorption capacity. The mercury binding energies increase with the addition of the following halogen atoms, F > Cl > Br > I, with the fluorine addition being the most promising halogen for increasing mercury adsorption. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006
Isolation of optically pure (−)‐linalyl acetate from clary sage, Salvia dominica L., Lavender and Lavandin
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Putievsky Eli , Bassat Michal , Ikan Raphael , Weinstein Vera 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOptically pure (—)‐linalyl acetate was isolated from the essential oils of the plants clary sage, Salvia dominica L., lavender and lavandin belonging to the Labiatae family. 1H‐NMR of synthetic racemic and natural (—)‐linalyl acetate in the presence of various molar ratios of a chiral lanthanide shift reagent Eu(hfc)3 was performed.
The essential oils of some rosemary cultivars
Authors: Tucker Arthur O. , Maciarello Michael J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐three named cultivars of Rosmarinus officinalis L. were examined. These cultivars, derived from five botanical varieties, show wide ranges in the leading components: 0.06–57.45% α‐pinene, 3.55–42.69% 1,8‐cineole, 0.20–56.45% camphor, 0.66–21.03% bornyl acetate, and 0.40–14.69% borneol. They may be grouped into six chemical groups: (1) α‐pinene > 1,8‐cineole, (2) 1,8‐cineole > α‐pinene, (3) α‐pinene > camphor + camphene > 1,8‐cineole, (4) camphor + camphene > α‐pinene > 1,8‐cineole, (5) camphor + camphene > 1,8‐cineole > α‐pinene, and (6) borneol + bornyl acetate > camphor.
Additional neutral volatiles from litchi (Litchi chinensis sonn.) fruit
Authors: Fröhlich O. , Schreier P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe volatiles from fresh litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit pulp were separated by standard controlled high‐vacuum distillation with subsequent solvent extraction (pentane‐dichloromethane, 2:1) and silica gel liquid chromatography pre‐separation using a pentane‐diethyl ether gradient. Polar fruit constituents were separated by chloroform extraction and subsequent liquid‐liquid distribution. The concentrates were analysed by capillary gas chromatography (HRGC) and coupled HRGC techniques, i.e. on‐line capillary gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry using electron impact and chemical ionization mode (HRGC‐EI/CI‐MS) as well as capillary gas chromatography‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (HRGC‐FTIR). These techniques revealed the occurrence of 34 aroma components, not previously reported as litchi fruit constituents.
The volatile fraction of Senecio glaucus subsp. Coronopifolius
Authors: De Pooter H. L. , De Buyck L. F. , Schamp N. M. , Aboutabl E. , De Bruyn A. , Husain S. Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe volatile constituents of Senecio glaucus subsp. coronopifolius (Maire Alexander) were investigated by capillary GC‐MS of the essential oil obtained by steam distillation and of the headspace. Out of more than 80 volatiles, 30 components, accounting for 90% of the oil, were identified by their Kováts indices on stabilized OV‐1 columns and mass spectral data. Chief components of the oil are: myrcene (24%) and dehydrofukinone (I) (21%). (I) was isolated and characterized by UV, IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR and MS. The oil smells apricot‐like, while the odour of the intact plant is herbaceous, spicy and floral fruity. (I) is the character impact compound of the oil.
Antibacterial activities of essential oils from Turkish spices and citrus
Authors: Kivanç Merih , Akgül Attila 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of 22 essential oils (anise, calamint, celery, coriander, cornmint, cumin, dill, fennel, Laser, laurel, lemon peel, lemon leaf, orange peel, oregano, parsley, rosemary, sage, savory, tarragon, thyme, wild thyme, and Ziziphora) from Turkish spice and citrus plants against seven bacteria (Aerobacter aerogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus albus, and Staphylococcus aureus) were evaluated.The results showed that the essential oils tested varied in their antibacterial activity. Anise, celery, coriander, parsley, and sage were inactive or had little activity; while cornmint, cumin, laurel, lemon peel, orange, oregano, and Ziziphora were active against all tested bacteria to a variable extent. S. aureus and P. vulgaris were the most sensitive organisms, while P. aeruginosa was the most resistant except towards thyme oil. Fifteen essential oils had MBC lower than MIC and only seven were at about the same level. The results also showed that the bacteriostatic data obtained by agar diffusion and serial dilution methods were not always comparable; therefore, in testing the biostatic effects of essential oils it is advisable to carry out both techniques.
Composition of the volatile oil of Minthostachys glabrescens epl.
Authors: Svendsen A. Baerheim , Scheffer J. J. C. , Looman A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGas chromatographic analysis of the steam volatile oil of inthostachys glabrescens Epl. showed the presence of a large number of components, 36 of which comprised 95% of the oil. The major components were pulegone (45%) and menthone (18%). The identity of the components was checked by GC‐MS.
Application of isobutane and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the analysis of volatile terpene alcohols and esters
Authors: Lange G. , Schultze W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ionization and fragmentation behaviour of mono‐and sesqui‐terpene alcohols and esters in CI mass spectrometry was investigated. The reagent gases used were isobutane and ammonia. Isobutane yields the species [MH]+ as the quasimolecular ions which, however, are extremely small for many of the investigated compounds. Ammonia gives intense [M + 18]+ quasimolecular adduct ions. The assignment of the molecular mass is more reliable in ammonia than in isobutane CI. Alcohols and esters form characteristic fragment ions. Alcohols show the mass difference of 18 mass units and esters display the difference of the respective acid in the patterns of the CI spectra. This fact enables one to distinguish the classes of the terpene alcohols and esters by means of CI. Particular compounds, as well as cis/trans and stereoisomers, can be differentiated by their ion patterns. CI spectra are strongly dependent on experimental conditions. High ion source temperature favours fragmentation diminishing the relative intensity of the quasimolecular ion. High ammonia reagent gas pressure reduces the relative intensities of fragment ions enhancing the relative abundancies of the quasimolecular adduct ions.Mass spectrometry Chemical ionization (CI) Isobutane reagent gas Ammonia reagent gas Monoterpenes Sesquiterpenes Alcohols Esters.
Isolation and determination of optically pure carvone enantiomers from caraway (Carum carvi L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Bassat Michal , Putievsky Eli , Weinstein Vera , Ikan Raphael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOptically pure (S)‐(+)‐carvone was isolated from the essential oils of the fruits of caraway and dill. Optically pure (R)‐(−)‐carvone was isolated from the essential oils of the leaves of spearmint and Mentha longifolia. Determination of the enantiomeric purity of the natural flavour was performed by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy using a chiral lanthanide shift reagent, Eu(hfc)3.
A fresh look at the constituents of indian olibanum oil
Authors: Verghese J. , Joy M. T. , Retamar J. A. , Malinskas Griselda G. , Catalán C. A. N. , Gros E. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIndian olibanum oil obtained by steam distillation of Boswellia serrata Roxb. gum‐oleoresin has been analysed by a combination of GC, GC‐MS and 1H‐NMR. GC revealed 40 components of which 26 have been identified. With its high content of α‐thujene, the Indian oil differs from olibanum oils from other sources.
Infinite dilution activity coefficients and relative volatilities of some aroma compounds
Authors: Sadafian A. , Crouzet J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInfinité dilution activity coefficients of aroma compounds: acetaldehyde, octanal, octan‐2‐one, limonene, linalol, terpenyl acetate and β‐ionone were determined using the dynamic exponential method.The values obtained for two of these compounds (acetaldehyde and octanal) agree with those previously calculated from equilibrium data.The high values obtained for terpenic compounds are indicative of the hydrophobic interactions between the hydrocarbon skeleton and water. Relative volatilities of these compounds show that limonene is the more volatile, because of its low vapour pressure, β‐ionone presents a relative volatility of the same order of magnitude as that of terpenyl acetate. Presence of a hydroxyl group on the terpene skeleton leads to a considerable decrease of activity coefficient and relative volatility.
Sesquiterpenes from the myrrh‐type resins of some kenyan commiphora species
Authors: Provan Gordon J. , Gray Alexander I. , Waterman Peter G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of resin collected in Kenya and attributed to Commiphora myrrha and C. holtziana have been examined. These have yielded a wide range of sesquiterpenes, notably furanosesquiterpenes based on eudesmane, elemane and germacrane. The distribution of these compounds is discussed in relation to the collection and commerce of myrrh‐like resins in Kenya.
Monoterpene‐rich resins from some kenyan burseraceae
Authors: Provan Gordon J. , Gray Alexander I. , Waterman Peter G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVolatile oils obtained by the steam distillation of resins from Boswellia neglecta, Commiphora africana, C. campestris and C. ogadensis have been examined by capillary GC and GC‐MS. In each case the oils were found to be entirely monoterpenoid in constitution. All four oils were generally characterized by large amounts of α‐pinene. Other constituents that were important markers of individual species included α‐thujene (B. neglecta, C. africana), sabinene (C. campestris), myrcene and car‐3‐ene (C. ogadensis) and p‐cymene (B. neglecta, C. africana).
Essential oil of Monardafistulosa L. var. Menthaefolia, a potential source of geraniol
Authors: Mazza G. , Chubey B. B. , Kiehn F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of the distillation method, condition of plant material, cultivar and growing season on yield and quality of geraniol‐rich Monarda fistulosa L. var. menthaefolia was investigated. Based on gas Chromatographie analyses, the quality of the oil was not affected by the production and processing variables investigated. The major component of the oil was geraniol, followed by linalol, neral and ?‐terpinene. The yield of oil, however, was influenced by the method of distillation and condition of the plant material. Oil yield was higher from fresh and wilted plants than from baled material, higher from the circulatory glass still than from the pilot mint still hydrodiffusion apparatus, and higher from plants of Morden No. 3 than from plants of Moden No. 82‐IT Monarda.
Odoriferous compounds from liquid cultures of Gloeophyllum odoratum and Lentinellus cochleatus (basidiomycotina)
Authors: Hanssen H.‐P. , Abraham W.‐R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe basidiomycetes Gloeophyllum odoratum CBS 444.61 and Lentinellus cochleatus CBS 201.47 were cultivated on defined liquid culture media. Volatiles were obtained from 6‐weeks‐old cultures of G. odoratum and from 12‐weeks‐old cultures of L. cochleatus by circulation steam distillation and further analysed by GLC. Identification of individual constituents resulted from GC‐MS data and NMR spectroscopy. Predominant components of the distillate obtained from G. odoratum were drimenol, 3‐hydroxy‐3,7‐dimethyl‐oct‐6‐enoic acid methyl ester, and oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol.In the distillate of L. cochleatus we found mainly trans‐nerolidol, fokienol, and 6‐formyl‐2,2‐dimethyl chromene. Methyl 3‐hydroxy‐3,7‐dimethyloct‐6‐enoate and 6‐formyl‐2,2‐dimethyl chromene are described for the first time as natural products. Several minor constituents, mostly terpenes, could also be identified.
Accumulation of africanols in liquid cultures of Leptographium lundbergii
Authors: Abraham W.‐R. , Sprecher E. , Hanssen H.‐P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ascomycete Leptographium lundbergii Lag. et Mel. Ha2/82 was cultivated on a defined synthetic liquid medium. The accumulation of volatiles was determined over a culture period of 24 days by GC analysis of the steam distillates. Three sesquiterpene alcohols which had been identified as africanols were found to be the major constituents. Besides these, several components could be characterized as sesquiterpene hydrocarbons by their GC‐MS data.
Volatile constituents of Scutellaria lateriflora L
Authors: Yaghmai Mohammad Shahram 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe essential oil Scutellaria lateriflora L. (Labiatae) growing wild in northern Iran obtained by hydrodistillation was investigated using TLC, LSC, GLC, and GLC‐MS methods. The oil is mainly composed of sesquiterpenes (78.3%) of which τ‐cadinene (27%), calamenene (15.2%), β‐elemene (9.2%), α‐cubebene (4.2%), and α‐humulene (4.2%) are the major components. At least 73 compounds were present in the oil. Non‐terpenoid constituents were found in low concentrations.
Extraction and GC‐MS analysis of the essential oil of Comptonia peregrina (L.) coulter
Authors: Collin Guy J. , Hachey Jean‐Marie , Simard Sandra , Vernin Gaston , Fraisse Daniel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEssential oil extracted from Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter (sweet fern) harvested in the lake Saint‐Jean area (Québec) has been analysed using GC‐MS and Kovats indices techniques. The main identified products are (E)‐2‐hexenal (16.8–19%), β‐caryophyllene (10.7‐13.3%), 1,8‐cineole (9‐10%), myrcene (5‐7%), and linalol (4‐5.4%). More than fifty constituents, mainly oxygenated compounds, are reported for the first time in this essential oil.
Environmental factors affecting the oil composition of some Mentha species grown in north west Italy
Authors: Maffei Massimo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe chemical composition of eleven mint species, grown in Piedmont (North West Italy) in 1985 and 1986 were studied in relation to environmental factors. Thermoperiod and rainfall were measured and correlated with qualitative and quantitative oil composition changes. Temperature and rainfall changes were found to affect the oil composition of some of them, particularly peppermint. The degree of adaptation and some genetic considerations were also discussed.
Composition of the essential oil of the rhizome of Amomum pavieanum pierre & gagnep
Authors: Scheffer J. J. C. , Vreeke A. , Looman A. , Mondranondra Ing‐On 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe essential oil isolated from rhizomes of Amomum pavieanum Pierre & Gagnep., which are used as seasoning agent in Thailand, was analysed by capillary GC. Forty‐one components of the oil were identified, among which were many trace components. The identity of the components was confirmed by GC‐MS using an ion trap detector. The oil was characterized by a high content of methylchavicol (92%).
A re‐examination of mulanje cedarwood oil (Widdringtonia whytei Rendle)
Authors: Green C. L. , Wood A. B. , Robinson J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSawdust waste of Mulanje cedarwood (Widdringtonia whytei Rendle) from Malawi affords on steam‐distillation a yield of approximately 10ml of essential oil per 100g of moisture‐free sawdust (10%v/m). Raw material availability would permit the production of some 900kg of oil per annum in Malawi. The constituents of the Mulanje oil include thujopsene (32%), cedrol (ca 13%), α‐cedrene (2%), widdrol (ca 5%), thujopsadiene (7%) and cuparene (4%). The oil differs from Virginian cedarwood oil in both composition and aroma character.
Capillary gas chromatographic ‐ mass spectrometric determination of the flavour composition of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.)
Authors: Holm Yvonne , Hiltunen Raimo , Nykanen Irma 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe flavour composition of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) was analysed by capillary gas chromatography ‐ mass spectrometry. Altogether 57 compounds were identified and 11 unknown components detected. The volatile oil of dragonhead consists mainly of oxygenated, acyclic monoterpenes; geranyl acetate, geranial, neral, geraniol and neryl acetate together account for about 90% of the oil. Monoterpene hydrocarbons are present only in trace amounts. The compounds which could not be identified are oxygenated monoterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, one sesquiterpene hydrocarbon and a mixture of an oxygenated monoterpene and a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon.
Variation of the main terpenes in dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) during growth
Authors: Holm Yvonne , Galambosi Bertalan , Hiltunen Raimo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe essential oil from dragonhead, Dracocephalum moldavica L., was studied with special attention being paid to the yield of oil and how the amount of the main components changes during the vegetative period. The oil reaches its maximum level during the flowering, as is also the case with geranyl acetate, geranial and geraniol. The content of neral, however, decreases during flowering. These observations indicate that the biosynthesis of geranyl acetate is dominant at the beginning of the vegetative period, but is superseded by biosynthesis of geranial and geraniol, from the early stage of flowering. The optimum harvest time proved to be during the flowering stage, when the oil content is highest and thus also the amount of the main terpenes is highest.
The use of a chiral lanthanide shift reagent to determine the enantiomeric purity of some essential oil constituents
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Putievsky Eli , Bassat Michal , Ikan Raphael , Weinstein Vera 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChiral alcohols and acetates were isolated with high chemical purities from various essential oils. The enantiomeric purities of the chiral oxygenated terpenes were compared with the synthetic racemic terpenes by 1H‐NMR ‘polarimetry’ in the presence of various molar ratios of a chiral lanthanide shift reagent, Eu(hfc)3. The singlet methyl resonance of the acetate in the 1H‐NMR spectra is more helpful than the other resolved resonances of the alcohols in determining the enantiomeric purity. Efforts to use Eu(hfc)3 to determine the enantiomeric composition of 4‐substituted γ‐lactones were not successful.
Studies on the essential oils of dill herb, Anethum graveolens L.
Authors: Huopalahti R. , Lahtinen R. , Hiltunen R. , Laakso I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe essential oil of freeze‐dried dill herb was isolated by hydrodistillation, solvent extraction, and CO2‐extraction and analysed by combination of GLC‐MS. Head‐space gas chromatography (HSGC) was also used for analysing dill volatiles. Fifty compounds were detected, but only the ten main components were chosen to facilitate the comparison of the methods. Each method gave a different composition for the volatiles of the dill herb. However, the best result was achieved by HSGC, in that the yield of 3,6‐dimethyl‐2,3,3a, 4,5,7a‐hexahydrobenzofuran, the most important aroma compound of the dill herb, was highest with HSGC. Hydrodistillation also was a reproducible and convenient method for analysing dill aroma.
The essential oils of five Nepeta Species. A preliminary evaluation of their use in chemotaxonomy by cluster analysis
Authors: De Pooter H. L. , Nicolai B. , De Laet J. , De Buyck L. F. , Schamp N. M. , Goetghebeur P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe essential oils of Nepeta cataria L., N. x faassenii Bergm. ex Stearn, N. nepetella L., N. sibirica L. and N. nuda L., isolated by steam distillation, were analysed by GC and GC‐MS. The compositions of the oils were submitted to a cluster analysis by application of the CLUSTAN program, with a view to testing their use in chemotaxonomy.
On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. part xxv. the essential oil from ‘wenzhou honey’ oranges
Authors: Dugo Giovanni , Cotroneo Antonella , Trozzi Alessandra , Barbeni Massimo , Giacomo Angelo Di 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn November 1985, a batch of the Wenzhou honey variety of oranges from China (Linhai County, Zhejiang Province) was processed at a Sicilian citrus factory using an Indelicato ‘pelatrice’ extractor.The essential oil extracted by this process has a quite different bouquet from that normal in the essential oils of sweet oranges, being reminiscent of the essential oils of mandarins and clementines.The volatile fraction of this oil was studied using chromatography on a neutral alumina column, gas chromatography with SE 52 capillary column and mass spectrometry: its composition has been compared with that of the essential oils of sweet oranges, mandarins and clementines.
Conformational calculations on sandalwood odour molecules II.1 Force field investigations on β‐santalol
Authors: Beyer Anton , Wolschann Peter , Becker Armin , Buchbauer Gerhard , Winiwarter Susanne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe conformations of β‐santalol have been investigated by molecular mechanics and AMI. The comparison with two more rigid molecules of the same biological activity—a typical sandalwood odour—shows a common structural element for all three compounds. A bulky aliphatic centre is bound to a relatively flat molecule part to which an exposed hydroxyl group is connected at the other end.