bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two possible classifications of facial skin type by two parameters in Korean women: sebum excretion rate (SER) and skin surface relief (SSR)
Authors: Park Sun Gyoo , Kim Young Deuk , Kim Jin Jun , Kang Seh Hoon 
Published: October 2006

Background/alms: Worldwide there are many skin care and makeup products intended to maintain good appearance or youthful skin. However consumers don't know which products are suitable for their skin because they don't know their skin type exactly. To solve this problem, this study suggests two possible classifications of facial skin type by using simple methods.Methods: In 662 healthy volunteers, sebum excretion rate (SER) on the forehead and cheek, and skin surface patterns on the cheek were examined by using Sebutape® and skin replica, respectively.Results: The measured SER values from the forehead were 0.06‐4.56 ng/cm2/min and those from the cheek were 0.04‐3.80 ng/cm2/min. From these data, five facial skin types were classified by SER: low SER type, medium SER type, high SER type, combination‐1 SER type, and combination‐2 SER type. Twelve facial skin types were also classified; they were determined by star formation (SF), primary lines (PL), secondary lines (SL) and pore size from magnified skin surface relief (SSR) of the cheek.Conclusions: From this study, we suggest new classifications of skin types by SER and SSR. The SER and the parameters of skin surface texture (SF, PL, and SL) decreased with age and the pore size increased with age. Although these methods did not classify facial skin types perfectly, we were able to check consumer's facial skin types simply and more quickly.
Rapid in vivo measurement of the topography of human skin by active image triangulation using a digital micromirror device
Authors: Jaspers S. , Hopermann H. , Sauermann G. , Hoppe U. , Lunderstädt R. , Ennen J. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Topometry is one of the most relevant methods for biophysical research on skin in dermatologic and cosmetic science, because it relates very closely to the perceived quality of skin. Taking silicon replicas of skin sites under investigation and measuring those imprints with mechanical or optical profilometers is still the most frequently used method. Direct measurement of the topography of human skin in vivo by active image triangulation avoids the need to make replicas and seems to be a promising alternative.Methods: The introduction of active image triangulation in conjunction with phase‐shift techniques in skin topometry enables a fast and non‐invasive measurement of the skin surface in vivo. The main attribute of the proposed system is the projection of a regular sinusoidal intensity pattern with a sophisticated digital projection device onto the surface of skin under a certain angle of incidence. The height information of the structured surface is coded in the distorted intensity pattern, which is recorded by an appropriate video technique.Results: Successful in vivo measurements of selected body sites and measurements on scar, nevus, wound and wrinkles are presented in this paper. Furthermore, irritation of skin, influence of hydration of skin, and differences between youthful and elderly skin can be detected in the measurement results of the new optical system.Conclusions: For measuring the topog raphy of human skin, active image triangulation is appropriate both for macrotopometry (nevus, scar, wound) and for microtopometry (casts, selected body sites). This new non‐contact technique allows dynamic measurements of alterations in skin topography as a consequence of certain treatments (e.g., application of ingredient, hydration of skin) without removal of corneocytes or scales. Optical three‐dimensional (3D) topometry using active image triangulation appears to offer a significant improvement in speed and flexibility, providing a fast and accurate analysis of skin surface topography.
Seasonal variation in adhesive tape stripping of the skin
Authors: Tokumura F. , Ohyama K. , Fujisawa H. , Nukatsuka H. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: The seasonal variation in various properties of adhesive tapes on the skin was evaluated.Methods: In February, April, and August, five general‐purpose adhesive tapes were applied on the forearms of 12 healthy male volunteers for 24 h. The dermal peeling force, the accumulation of fluid, the amount of stripped corneocytes, and the dermal reaction at 1 h after removal of the tapes were evaluated.Results/Conclusions: The various properties of adhesive tapes on the skin were closely related to the accumulation of fluid beneath the applied tape. Because the accumulation of fluid was significantly higher in summer than in winter, the dermal peeling force was lower in summer than winter. However, the number of stripped corneocytes and the dermal reaction of the inner area under the applied tapes were larger in summer than in winter. Though tha dermal peeling force, the accumulation of fluid, and the number of stripped corneocytes are generally considered as dermal irritation factors, the accumulation of fluid and the number of stripped corneocytes may exert a great influence on the seasonal variation in dermal irritation. On the other hand, the dermal reaction of the edge section had no tendency to vary with season. Because the edge reaction should be caused by interference with skin movement by the stiff backing or the adhesive, it seems to be uninfluenced by the accumulation of fluid.
Early adaptation of human skin following birth: a biophysical assessment
Authors: Visscher Marty O. , Maganti Srinath , Munson Karen A. , Bare Diane E. , Hoath Steven B. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Successful adaptation to postnatal life requires rapid physiological transitions in multiple organ systems. Mechanisms regulating stratum corneum water interactions and evaporative heat loss, for example, are pivotal in making the transition from the warm, aqueous prenatal state to a cold, dry postnatal environment. Understanding these mechanisms is important in formulating skin care guidelines in early infancy.Methods: One hundred and one full term infants were enrolled prospectively and evaluated in three maternity hospitals over the first few hours after birth. Skin surface electrical capacitance and optical imaging were performed over selected body sites after placement under a radiant warming device. A selected group of infants were occluded with a plastic wrap following towel drying in the delivery room. Specific measurements included baseline skin hydration, continuous capacitive reactance, peak water sorption, rate of water desorption, skin pH, and grading of optical images for abnormal skin desquamation.Results: Occlusion of the skin surface following birth delays the normal fall in surface hydration and transepidermal water movement (TEWM). Sites exposed to the radiant warmer (chest) exhibited decreased hydration and increased pH compared to non‐exposed sites (back). Desquamation was increased over the chest compared to the back as judged by optical image grades. Significant inverse correlations were noted between baseline skin hydration and the ability to desorb surface water. Unexpectedly, females exhibited significantly increased desorption of exogenously applied water with a near significant increase in maternal‐infant bonding time.Conclusions: Newborn infant stratum corneum undergoes a slow (minutes to hours) diminution in surface hydration following birth; this is a function of body site, position, and exposure to the radiant warmer. Practices such as occlusion of the skin surface at birth delay the normal drying process. The data support potential gender specific differences in skin surface water handling and/or delivery room practices. Focus on the complex process of newborn skin adaptation provides a physiological framework for skin care protocols extending into infancy, childhood, and later life.
Cutaneous pH in children affected by atopic dermatitis and in healthy children: a multicenter study
Authors: Sparavigna A. , Setaro M. , Gualandri V. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Several studies have been conducted in order to assess, objectively and non‐invasively, atopic skin parameters. Since little is known about clinically uninvolved, perilesional and lesional skin pH in atopic children at different stages of the disease, we studied cutaneous pH in atopic and healthy children and investigated possible relationships among different sites, phases of the disease and main symptoms.Methods: Two hundred and eighty‐four children of both sexes, 143 atopic and 141 healthy children, aged 3 months to 11 years, examined in 10 different Italian dermatological centres were included in the study and subjected to clinical examinations and pH measurements.Results: Atopic children presented statistically significant higher pH values than controls, not only at the level of eczematous lesions (P=0.004) and of perilesional skin (P=0.003) but also at the level of apparently healthy skin (P=0.002). A progressive statistically significant increase in pH values was observed from healthy to perilesional to lesional skin. In acute dermatitis, children affected by moderate itching (considering itching complaints and scratching lesions) presented, at the level of lesional and perilesional skin, statistically significant higher pH values than children affected by mild itching.Conclusion: The correlation found in this study between severity of itch and skin surface alkalinity, far from demonstrating a therapeutic role of acidic substances against itching in atopic children, deserves new epidemiological studies on a large scale in order to identify new strategies of treatment of atopic skin.
Ultrasound evaluation of acute experimental and chronic clinical wounds
Authors: Rippon M. G. , Springett K. , Walmsley R. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims:An ultrasonic pulse echo Imaging technique was used to visualise various characteristics of experimentally induced acute full‐thickness wounds. These characteristics were monitored over time as wound healing progressed. Data obtained from this work have been extrapolated to allow monitoring of healing and non‐healing wounds in a human clinical environment.Methods:Acute experimental full‐thickness wounds were monitored using pulsed ultrasound (20 MHz) over a period of 21 days. The scans were interpreted in the light of data obtained from previous studies, clinical observations and current knowledge of wound healing. Similarly, ultrasound scans of healing and nonhealing clinical wounds were evaluated over a 6‐week period. Ultrasound scans of amputated tissue were compared with the same site of histology to support scan evaluations of anatomical changes in ulcerated and adjacent tissue.Results:The serial ultrasound scans of acute experimental full‐thickness wounds demonstrated that changes in wounds could be observed and that specific events occurring during wound healing could be monitored, e.g., granulation tissue formation, reepithelialisation and wound contraction/fill. Specifically, these events were related to clinical observations of accumulation/synthesis of fibrotic (collageneous) tissue within the wound. Reepithelialisation of the wound could be monitored but was more problematic in quantitative evaluations.Conclusions:Ultrasound can be used to monitor non‐invasively and sequentially events that occur during acute wound healing. This information may be useful in extrapolating to healing and non‐healing clinical wounds and may provide a diagnostic tool to identify early signs of tissue breakdown prior to ulceration.
Palpation of the skin with a robot finger: an attempt to measure skin stiffness with a probe loaded with a newly developed tactile vibration sensor and displacement sensor
Authors: Sasai Shu , Zhen Ya‐Xian , Suetake Takaki , Tanita Yasuo , Omata Sadao , Tagami Hachiro 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Various attempts have been made to measure mechanical properties of the skin quantitatively and noninvasively. However, no attempt has been made to measure a tactile sense of our finger that palpates the skin; when we palpate the skin to search for any change, we at first rub the skin surface softly with a finger tip to detect a surface change and then press the finger against the skin to perceive any alteration in consistency. The problem here is how to record such tactile sense quantitatively, because the palpating examination for smoothness or softness of the skin totally depends on a subjective perception. A new tactile sensor from robot technology is equipped with a fingertip‐like sensing probe oscillating at a resonant frequency of 60 kHz; it is capable of clearly sensing small differences in hardness of solid substances from a change in the oscillating frequency and from a displacement sensor that detects depressability of the skin. We have used this new measuring system to evaluate the hardness and elasticity of skin.Methods: We constructed a probe with two independent sensors, i.e., a newly developed tactile vibration sensor and a displacement sensor. To determine its usefulness we first used an in vitro skin model and subsequently used normal and lesional skin, such as neutrophilic erythema, keloid, hypertrophic scar, and scleroderma.Results: Two parameters were obtained with our probe: one that reflected superficial firmness of the skin, which mainly correlated with the hydration state of the stratum comeum, and the other that reflected the firmness of deeper tissue.Conclusion: Our results showed that this probe is useful for evaluating the physical properties of skin lesions that accompany changes in skin firmness.
Single exposure phototesting utilizing a divergent ultraviolet beam
Authors: Ilias Michail A. , Anderson Chris , Wårdell Karin 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: Confident diagnosis of photosensitivity in patients with light dermatoses requires skin exposure to well determined ultraviolet (UV) light doses, most often from a solar simulator. The traditional test procedure results in a rough classification of skin sensitivity based on the minimal erythema dose (MED) found for each patient. The limited number of constant irradiance doses used during phototesting decreases the precision of the MED value. In the present study we aimed at developing the technical system for the determination of MED by using a single, centrifugally attenuating, UVB provocation.Methods: A divergent UV beam was achieved with the help of an optic lens. To investigate the irradiance profile, an irradiance acquisition system was built that produced three‐dimensional intensity maps. In addition, a laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) system was introduced in the evaluation of the skin response along with visual readings of the same exposed areas, in order to add a quantitative aspect to the assessment of erythema. The procedure was used on one test subject.Results: The divergent UV beam showed the desired profile. With the current setup 20 different UV‐dose levels could be discriminated. Relevant UV‐dose levels were determined and tested on a subject, which in practice gave results in the form of visual assessment as well as LDPI‐images. The visual or LDPI diameter gave the MED. Within the skin reaction, irradiance and the laser Doppler values could be compared mm for mm.Conclusions: A more accurate MED determination with a single UV exposure seems to be feasible by using the proposed method. Though further investigation is required, the technique appears to offer new possibilities for the association of dose to response. In addition LDPI is possibly a useful complement to the visual readings of the skin responses, since the method gives a quantification of the grade of erythema, as opposed to visual (+, ++, +++) readings that are subjective and at best semiquantitative.
Effect of antioxidants and free radical scavengers on protection of human skin against UVB, UVA and IR irradiation
Authors: Muizzuddin Neelam , Shakoori Abdul Rauf , Marenus Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2006

Background/aims: This study was designed to observe the effect of a mix of commercial antioxidants and free radical scavengers (AO) on protection of human skin against different wavelengths of the solar spectrum: 280‐320 nm (UVB), 320‐400 nm (UVA) and 400‐900 nm (IR).Methods: Healthy volunteers were chosen from the local population and exposed to the three aspects of the solar spectrum. Erythema at 24 h, immediate pigment darkening (IPD) and immediate erythema were employed as markers for UVB, UVA and IR exposure, respectively.Results: Based on 24 h erythema measurements, the AO mix afforded about 2.6‐fold (163%) protection against UVB‐induced erythema (Table 1). IPD measurements after UVA exposure exhibited 76% protection afforded by the AO mix. The AO mix reduced IR‐induced increases in erythema and blood flow by 43% and 52%, respectively (Table 1).Conclusions: Data from these studies suggest that treatment with antioxidants prior to exposure to solar irradiation allows protection of human skin against IR as well as UVB and UVA. Antioxidants and free radical scavengers may be valuable adjuncts to traditional sunscreens, for protection of skin against the effects of actinic exposure that, over a long term, can result in formidable consequences such as skin cancer and photo‐aging.
Diverse CD81 Proteins Support Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Flint Mike , von Hahn Thomas , Zhang Jie , Farquhar Michelle , Jones Christopher T. , Balfe Peter , Rice Charles M. , McKeating Jane A. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry is dependent on CD81. To investigate whether the CD81 sequence is a determinant of HCV host range, we expressed a panel of diverse CD81 proteins and tested their ability to interact with HCV. CD81 large extracellular loop (LEL) sequences were expressed as recombinant proteins; the human and, to a low level, the African green monkey sequences bound soluble HCV E2 (sE2) and inhibited infection by retrovirus pseudotype particles bearing HCV glycoproteins (HCVpp). In contrast, mouse or rat CD81 proteins failed to bind sE2 or to inhibit HCVpp infection. However, CD81 proteins from all species, when expressed in HepG2 cells, conferred susceptibility to infection by HCVpp and cell culture-grown HCV to various levels, with the rat sequence being the least efficient. Recombinant human CD81 LEL inhibited HCVpp infectivity only if present during the virus-cell incubation, consistent with a role for CD81 after virus attachment. Amino acid changes that abrogate sE2 binding (I182F, N184Y, and F186S, alone or in combination) were introduced into human CD81. All three amino acid changes in human CD81 resulted in a molecule that still supported HCVpp infection, albeit with reduced efficiency. In summary, there is a remarkable plasticity in the range of CD81 sequences that can support HCV entry, suggesting that CD81 polymorphism may contribute to, but alone does not define, the HCV susceptibility of a species. In addition, the capacity to support viral entry is only partially reflected by assays measuring sE2 interaction with recombinant or full-length CD81 proteins.
Rotavirus Infection Is Not Associated with Small Intestinal Fluid Secretion in the Adult Mouse
Authors: Kordasti Shirin , Istrate Claudia , Banasaz Mahanez , Rottenberg Martin , Sjövall Henrik , Lundgren Ove , Svensson Lennart 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTIn contrast to humans, adult but not infant small animals are resistant to rotavirus diarrhea. The pathophysiological mechanism behind this age-restricted diarrhea is currently unresolved, and this question was investigated by studying the secretory state of the small intestines of adult mice infected with rotavirus. Immunohistochemistry and histological examinations revealed that rotavirus (strain EDIM) infects all parts of the small intestines of adult mice, with significant numbers of infected cells in the ilea at 2 and 4 days postinfection. Furthermore, quantitative PCR revealed that 100-fold more viral RNA was produced in the ilea than in the jejuna or duodena of adult mice. In vitro perfusion experiments of the small intestine did not reveal any significant changes in net fluid secretion among mice infected for 3 days or 4 days or in those that were noninfected (37 ± 9 μl · h−1· cm−1, 22 ± 13 μl · h−1· cm−1, and 33 ± 6 μl · h−1· cm−1, respectively) or in transmucosal potential difference (4.0 ± 0.3 mV versus 3.9 ± 0.4 mV), a marker for active chloride secretion, between control and rotavirus-infected mice. In vivo experiments also did not show any differences in potential difference between uninfected and infected small intestines. Furthermore, no significant differences in weight between infected and uninfected small intestines were found, nor were any differences in fecal output observed between infected and control mice. Altogether, these data suggest that rotavirus infection is not sufficient to stimulate chloride and water secretion from the small intestines of adult mice.
Selection of Early-Occurring Mutations Dictates Hormone-Independent Progressionin Mouse Mammary TumorLines
Authors: Gattelli Albana , Zimberlin María N. , Meiss Roberto P. , Castilla Lucio H. , Kordon Edith C. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Mice
harboring three mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) variants develop
pregnancy-dependent (PD) tumors that progress to pregnancy-independent
(PI) behavior through successive passages. Herein, we identified 10
predominant insertions in PI transplants from 8 independent tumor
lines. These mutations were also detected in small cell populations in
the early PD passages. In addition, we identified a new viral insertion
upstream of the gene
Rspo3
, which is overexpressed in three of
the eight independent tumor lines and codes for a protein very similar
to the recently described protein encoded by
Int7
.
This study suggests that during progression towards hormone
independence, clonal expansion of cells with specific mutations might
be more relevant than the occurrence of new MMTV
insertions.
Interaction of Adenovirus Type 5 Fiber with the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor Activates Inflammatory Response in Human Respiratory Cells
Authors: Tamanini Anna , Nicolis Elena , Bonizzato Alberto , Bezzerri Valentino , Melotti Paola , Assael Baroukh M. , Cabrini Giulio 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
The innate immune response to adenovirus (Ad)-derived gene transfer vectors has been shown to initiate immediately after interaction of Ad with respiratory epithelial cells, through the induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and different proinflammatory genes. Ad serotypes 2 or 5 (Ad2/5) enter respiratory epithelia after initial binding of fiber with the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) or, alternatively, with cell surface heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Ad2/5 internalization is triggered by binding of penton base to cellular RGD-binding integrins. Here we investigated the role of the Ad5 surface domain proteins constituting the vector capsid, namely, the fiber, the penton base, and the hexon, on the transmembrane signals leading to the transcription of the different proinflammatory genes in the human respiratory A549 cell line. Interaction of Ad fiber with CAR activates both ERK1/2 and JNK MAPK and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, whereas no activation was observed after exposing A549 cells to penton base and hexon proteins. Moreover, interaction of Ad fiber with CAR, but not heparan sulfate proteoglycans, promotes transcription of the chemokines interleukin-8, GRO-α, GRO-γ, RANTES, and interferon-inducible protein 10. These results identify the binding of Ad5 fiber with the cellular CAR as a key proinflammatory activation event in epithelial respiratory cells that is independent of the transcription of Ad5 genes.