bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micrometastases in Sentinel Lymph Node in a Multicentric Study: Predictive Factors of Nonsentinel Lymph Node Involvement—Groupe Des Chirurgiens De La Federation Des Centres De Lutte Contre Le Cancer
Authors: Houvenaeghel Gilles , Nos Claude , Mignotte Hervé , Classe Jean Marc , Giard Sylvie , Rouanet Philippe , Lorca Frédérique Penault , Jacquemier Jocelyne , Bardou Valérie Jeanne 
Published: March 2006

PurposeTo determine the rate of nonsentinel lymph node (NSN) involvement at axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and predictive factors of this involvement following detection of micrometastasis in sentinel nodes (SN).MethodsWe analyzed 700 observations of SN micrometastases with additional ALND with the characteristics of the patients, tumors, and SN.ResultsInvolvement of SN was diagnosed 388 times by serial sections (55.4%) with standard hemoxylin and eosin staining (HES) and 312 times solely on immunohistochemical analysis (IHC; 44.6%). The accurate size of the micrometastases was indicated in 488 cases: 301 larger than 0.2 mm (61.7%) and 187 ≤ 0.2 mm (38.3%). Ninety-four patients (13.4%) presented an NSN involvement with only one NSN involved in 62 cases (66%). Predictive factors of NSN involvement were in univariate analysis (pT stage [P < .000], menopausal status [P = .048], T stage [P = .006], grade [P = .013], lymphovascular invasion [LVI; P = .013], histologic tumor type [P = .017], and method of micrometastasis detection, by HES or IHC [P = .015]) and in multivariate analysis (pT stage ≤ or > 20 mm [odds ratio, 2.54], micrometastases detected by HES or IHC [odds ratio,1.734], presence or absence of LVI [odds ratio, 1.706]). Micrometastasis size ≤ or greater than 0.2 mm was not predictive.ConclusionThis study confirms the value of serial sections and the vital role played by IHC in screening for small micrometastases. Omission of additional ALND may be envisaged with minimal risk for pT1a and pT1b tumors, and pT1a-b-c tumors corresponding to tubular, colloidal, or medullar cancers.
Endogenous Steroid Hormone Concentrations and Risk of Breast Cancer: Does the Association Vary by a Woman's Predicted Breast Cancer Risk?
Authors: Eliassen A. Heather , Missmer Stacey A. , Tworoger Shelley S. , Hankinson Susan E. 
Published: March 2006

Purpose To examine whether the associations of endogenous estrogens and testosterone with breast cancer risk differ between high- and low-risk women, as determined by the Gail model and the Rosner and Colditz model, and by family history of breast cancer. Methods We conducted a prospective nested case-control study within the Nurses' Health Study. From 1989 or 1990 until June 2000, blood samples were collected, 418 breast cancer patient cases were identified, and two controls (total n = 817) were matched to each case. We classified women as high or low risk based on their family history of breast cancer, their 5-year Gail risk score, and their 5-year Rosner and Colditz risk score. Multivariate relative risks (RR) and 95% CI were calculated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for matching and breast cancer risk factors. Results Estrone sulfate was statistically significantly associated with breast cancer risk among women with low (< 1.66%) and high (≥ 2.52%; 75th percentile) Gail predicted risk (fourth v first quartile RR = 3.6; 95% CI, 1.9 to 7.0; RR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 5.1, respectively). Testosterone results were similar across strata of predicted risk, with two times the risk in the fourth (v first) quartile. Estradiol appeared more strongly associated with breast cancer in women with higher predicted risk (RR = 4.5; 95% CI, 2.1 to 9.5) compared with women with lower risk (RR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.6), but differences were not statistically significant. Results were similar across predicted Rosner and Colditz risk scores. Conclusion These data suggest that higher levels of endogenous estrogens and testosterone are associated with increased breast cancer risk, regardless of predicted risk or family history of breast cancer.
Prospective Evaluation of the Relationship of Patient Age and Paclitaxel Clinical Pharmacology: Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB 9762)
Authors: Lichtman Stuart M. , Hollis Donna , Miller Antonius A. , Rosner Gary L. , Rhoades Chris A. , Lester Eric P. , Millard Frederick , Byrd John , Cullinan Stephen A. , Rosen D. Marc , Parise Robert A. , Ratain Mark J. , Egorin Merrill J. 
Published: March 2006

Purpose To prospectively evaluate the pharmacokinetics and toxicity profile of paclitaxel in relation to patient age in adults ≥ 55 years old. Patients and Methods Paclitaxel was administered at 175 mg/m2 for 3 hours to 153 patients, 46 of whom were ≥ 75 years of age. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity assessments were performed. Data were analyzed by cohort (cohort 1, age 55 to 64 years; cohort 2, age 65 to 74 years; cohort 3, age ≥ 75 years). Results Paclitaxel concentration versus time (AUC) and total-body clearance (CLtb) data were available for 122 patients (cohort 1, 46 patients; cohort 2, 44 patients; cohort 3, 32 patients). Mean paclitaxel AUC increased across cohorts (P = .01). Mean (SE) AUCs were 22.4 (2.5) μmol/L × hour, 26.2 (2.8) μmol/L × hour, and 31.7 (5.6) μmol/L × hour for cohorts 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There was a corresponding significant (P = .007) age-related decrease in mean (SE) paclitaxel CLtb (cohort 1, 11.0 [0.7] L/h/m2; cohort 2, 9.3 [0.6] L/h/m2; cohort 3, 8.2 [0.6] L/h/m2). Patients in cohort 3 experienced significantly lower absolute neutrophil count nadirs than did younger groups (P = .02). There was also a significant increase in percentage of patients with ≥ grade 3 neutropenia across age cohorts (cohort 1, 22%; cohort 2, 35%; cohort 3, 49%; P = .006). However, the increased exposure of patients to paclitaxel and increased neutropenia were not reflected in adverse clinical sequelae such as hospitalization for toxicity (P = .82), receiving intravenous antibiotics (P = .21), or experiencing a temperature more than 38°C (P = .45). Conclusion Although paclitaxel CLtb decreases with increasing patient age, there is great interpatient variability. Cooperative group studies to evaluate the effect of aging on pharmacokinetics are feasible.
Genomics Identifies Medulloblastoma Subgroups That Are Enriched for Specific Genetic Alterations
Authors: Thompson Margaret C. , Fuller Christine , Hogg Twala L. , Dalton James , Finkelstein David , Lau Ching C. , Chintagumpala Murali , Adesina Adekunle , Ashley David M. , Kellie Stewart J. , Taylor Michael D. , Curran Tom , Gajjar Amar , Gilbertson Richard J. 
Published: March 2006

Purpose Traditional genetic approaches to identify gene mutations in cancer are expensive and laborious. Nonetheless, if we are to avoid rejecting effective molecular targeted therapies, we must test these drugs in patients whose tumors harbor mutations in the drug target. We hypothesized that gene expression profiling might be a more rapid and cost-effective method of identifying tumors that contain specific genetic abnormalities. Materials and Methods Gene expression profiles of 46 samples of medulloblastoma were generated using the U133av2 Affymetrix oligonucleotide array and validated using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Genetic abnormalities were confirmed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and direct sequencing. Results Unsupervised analysis of gene expression profiles partitioned medulloblastomas into five distinct subgroups (subgroups A to E). Gene expression signatures that distinguished these subgroups predicted the presence of key molecular alterations that we subsequently confirmed by gene sequence analysis and FISH. Subgroup-specific abnormalities included mutations in the Wingless (WNT) pathway and deletion of chromosome 6 (subgroup B) and mutations in the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway (subgroup D). Real-time RT-PCR analysis of gene expression profiles was then used to predict accurately the presence of mutations in the WNT and SHH pathways in a separate group of 31 medulloblastomas. Conclusion Genome-wide expression profiles can partition large tumor cohorts into subgroups that are enriched for specific genetic alterations. This approach may assist ultimately in the selection of patients for future clinical trials of molecular targeted therapies.
The Effect of Timing of Cord Clamping on Neonatal Venous Hematocrit Values and Clinical Outcome at Term: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Ceriani Cernadas José M. , Carroli Guillermo , Pellegrini Liliana , Otaño Lucas , Ferreira Marina , Ricci Carolina , Casas Ofelia , Giordano Daniel , Lardizábal Jaime 
Published: March 2006

BACKGROUND. The umbilical cord is usually clamped immediately after birth. There is no sound evidence to support this approach, which might deprive the newborn of some benefits such as an increase in iron storage.OBJECTIVES. We sought to determine the effect of timing of cord clamping on neonatal venous hematocrit and clinical outcome in term newborns and maternal postpartum hemorrhage.METHODS. This was a randomized, controlled trial performed in 2 obstetrical units in Argentina on neonates born at term without complications to mothers with uneventful pregnancies. After written parental consents were obtained, newborns were randomly assigned to cord clamping within the first 15 seconds (group 1), at 1 minute (group 2), or at 3 minutes (group 3) after birth. The infants' venous hematocrit value was measured 6 hours after birth.RESULTS. Two hundred seventy-six newborns were recruited. Mean venous hematocrit values at 6 hours of life were 53.5% (group 1), 57.0% (group 2), and 59.4% (group 3). Statistical analyses were performed, and results were equivalent among groups because the hematocrit increase in neonates with late clamping was within the prespecified physiologic range. The prevalence of hematocrit at &lt;45% (anemia) was significantly lower in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1. The prevalence of hematocrit at &gt;65% was similar in groups 1 and 2 (4.4% and 5.9%, respectively) but significantly higher in group 3 (14.1%) versus group 1 (4.4%). There were no significant differences in other neonatal outcomes and in maternal postpartum hemorrhage.CONCLUSIONS. Delayed cord clamping at birth increases neonatal mean venous hematocrit within a physiologic range. Neither significant differences nor harmful effects were observed among groups. Furthermore, this intervention seems to reduce the rate of neonatal anemia. This practice has been shown to be safe and should be implemented to increase neonatal iron storage at birth.
Evaluation of Natural-Source Vitamin E, RRR-α-Tocopheryl Acetate, as a Micronutrient in Sunshine Bass Feed
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T , Kohler Christopher C 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A variety of vitamin E isomers can be used in the manufacture of animal feeds, though the efficacy of these sources varies. Our purpose was to evaluate natural-source vitamin E, RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate (NSVE), as an alternative to synthetic vitamin E, all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (SYNE), in the diets of sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis). Our specific objectives were to evaluate graded levels of NSVE in terms of meeting the vitamin E requirement of sunshine bass and to address the physiological and economic suitability of NSVE by direct comparison with SYNE. Five isocaloric, isonitrogenous, semipurified diets were prepared and supplemented with NSVE at 0, 10, 20, or 30 mg/kg or SYNE at 30 mg/kg. Each dietary treatment was fed to fish in four replicate tanks, each housing 10 juvenile sunshine bass (mean weight = 25.1 g) in a recirculating system. One-way multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated that significant differences among treatment groups (Wilks' λ = 0.006) were most greatly attributable to differential survival, growth, food conversion ratio, and liver aldehyde concentration. Fish fed diets containing NSVE at less than 22 mg /kg (as-fed concentration, or 20 mg/kg supplemental dietary treatment) exhibited significantly lower survival (≤65% versus ≥92%) and weight gain (≤359% versus ≥591%), impaired food conversion ratio (2.9 versus ≤1.9), and evidence of heightened liver tissue oxidation (aldehyde, 0.62 nmol/g of tissue versus ≤0.22 nmol/g). Fish fed diets containing an NSVE as-fed concentration of 22 mg/kg or more exhibited performance equivalent to those fed the SYNE control within all parameters. Accordingly, we conclude that NSVE is as effective as SYNE, but at lower concentrations, and that it may be of greater value as a micronutrient source for aquaculture feeds.
Profile of Microflora of the Posterior Intestine of Chinook Salmon before, during, and after Administration of Rations with and without Erythromycin
Authors: Moffitt Christine M , Mobin Saleh M A 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
We describe the resident heterotrophic aerobic microflora of the salmonid posterior intestine before, during, and after the administration of rations with erythromycin in a hatchery raceway environment. We compare the profiles of medicated Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha with those of control fish that were not fed erythromycin. The combined counts of bacteria and yeasts per gram of fish intestine originating from four upstream raceways ranged from 3.0 × 102 to 9.6 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU) over the study period. Yeasts were commonly identified in the gut, and abundances ranged from 0% to more than 80% of the CFU. Erythromycin therapy decreased the total microbial population and altered the bacterial diversity in the gut during treatment. The intestinal microbial populations in fish medicated with erythromycin increased rapidly after treatment ceased, and by 25 d after treatment the CFU were similar in samples from both medicated and control fish populations. Of 325 isolates from fish selected for biochemical profiles, we identified a total of eight gram-positive and eight gram-negative genera. Bacillus spp. were common throughout sampling and were identified in samples of fish feed. Erythromycin-resistant, gram-positive bacteria were observed throughout the sampling in medicated and control fish. We identified seven gram-positive and two gram-negative genera in 74 selected isolates from control and erythromycin feeds. Our studies suggest that the aerobic microflora of the posterior intestine varies over time, and it is likely that few resistant genera of concern to human health are present.
Comparing Historical Catch Rates of American Shad in Multifilament and Monofilament Nets: A Step toward Setting Restoration Targets for Virginia Stocks
Authors: Maki Kristin L. , Hoenig John M. , Olney John E. , Heisey Dennis M. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Recreational and commercial harvest of American shad Alosa sapidissima in the Virginia waters of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries has been prohibited since 1994. The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Shad and River Herring Management Plan requires that Virginia develop restoration targets for its shad populations, but estimates of their sizes are not available and there is little information about historic population levels. Thus, establishing restoration targets based on population size is problematic. A current spawning stock monitoring program yields catch rate information that can be compared with historic catch rate information recorded in commercial fishery logbooks from the 1950s and the 1980s. However, multifilament gill nets were used in the 1950s and monofilament nets were used in the 1980s (as well as in the current monitoring program). A Latin square design was employed to test the differences in relative fishing power of the two gear types over 2 years of seasonal sampling on the York River, Virginia. Estimates are that the monofilament nets are roughly twice as efficient as the multifilament nets. Reported catch rates in the 1950s and 1980s are roughly equivalent. However, when adjustments are made for the differences in fishing gear, catch rates for the 1950s are twice as high as those during the 1980s. These results provide valuable information for setting restoration targets for Virginia stocks of American shad.
Sound Production by Atlantic Cod during Spawning
Authors: Rowe Sherrylynn , Hutchings Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractUsing captive groups of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua from two Northwest Atlantic populations (western Scotian Shelf and southern Gulf of St. Lawrence), we quantified the temporal patterns and behavioral contexts of sound production during the spawning season. We found that sound production occurs most frequently during the peak of the spawning period, particularly after the onset of darkness. The rate of sound production by males in the western Scotian Shelf group was 8.4 times greater on average than that of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence group, and this corresponded to differences in the mass of the sound‐producing musculature. Based on behavioral observations during daylight hours, we found that sounds were associated with both courtship behavior and agonistic displays. Although sounds were produced on only 14.5% of the occasions in which a male and female swam together in a “ventral mount,” limited data suggest that ventral mounts accompanied by sound were more likely to lead to spawning. While almost all sounds produced by Atlantic cod in our study matched the short “grunt” type previously documented for this species, we report evidence for another sound, described as a “hum,” which occurs during the ventral mount immediately before gamete release. We hypothesize that sound production is related to competition among males for access to females and may help synchronize gamete release, underscoring the potential importance of sound production to Atlantic cod spawning behavior.
Temporary Staging of Columbia River Summer Steelhead in Coolwater Areas and Its Effect on Migration Rates
Authors: High Brett , Peery Christopher A. , Bennett David H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe used radiotelemetry to evaluate the temporary staging of adult migrating steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss into nonnatal tributary rivers of the Columbia River and to determine the effects of staging behavior on migration rate. By monitoring the movement patterns of 2,900 individual steelhead over 3 years (1996, 1997, and 2000), we determined that an average of 61% of the steelhead destined for upstream areas temporarily staged in one or more tributaries in the lower Columbia River for durations from less than 1 h to 237 d. Median residence time varied significantly by tributary used and year and, based on canonical correlation analysis, was correlated with main‐stem Columbia River water temperature. Steelhead that temporarily staged in tributary rivers migrated through the lower Columbia River significantly more slowly than steelhead that did not use tributaries. Use of coolwater tributaries as thermal refugia during warm summertime conditions significantly influences the migratory behavior of Columbia River adult steelhead. Our results highlight the need to preserve the water quality parameters of existing cooler‐water Columbia River tributaries and to rehabilitate watersheds that historically maintained cooler‐water tributaries as sources of thermal refugia for adult summer steelhead returning to the basin.
Distribution and Movement of Humpback Chub in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Based on Recaptures
Authors: Paukert Craig P. , Coggins Lewis G. , Flaccus Christopher E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMark–recapture data from the federally endangered humpback chub Gila cypha in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, were analyzed from 1989 to 2002 to determine large‐scale movement patterns and distribution. A total of 14,674 recaptures from 7,127 unique fish were documented; 87% of the recaptures occurred in the same main‐stem river reach or tributary as the original captures, suggesting restricted distribution by most fish. A total of 99% of all recaptures were from in and around the Little Colorado River (LCR), a tributary of the Colorado River and primary aggregation and spawning location of humpback chub in Grand Canyon. Time at liberty averaged 394 d, but some fish were recaptured near their main‐stem capture location over 10 years later. Proportionally fewer large (>300‐mm) humpback chub exhibited restricted distribution than small (<200‐mm) fish. However, several fish did move more than 154 km throughout Grand Canyon between capture and recapture, suggesting that limited movement occurs throughout Grand Canyon. The majority of the recaptured fish remained in or returned to the LCR or the Colorado River near the LCR. Although many large‐river fishes exhibit extensive migrations to fulfill their life history requirements, most of the humpback chub in Grand Canyon appear to remain in or come back to the LCR and LCR confluence across multiple sizes and time scales. Detecting trends in the overall abundance of this endangered fish in Grand Canyon can probably be accomplished by monitoring the area in and around the LCR.
Genetic Diversity of Chinese Cultivated Soybean Revealed by SSR Markers
Authors: Wang Lixia , Guan Rongxia , Zhangxiong Liu , Chang Ruzhen , Qiu Lijuan 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTChina is the center of origin of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and is therefore expected to represent a primary source of germplasm for this crop. Genetic diversity assessments among Chinese soybean accessions should provide useful information for local and international soybean researchers to more effectively utilize this material. A sample of 129 accessions were selected to represent phenotypic variability for 14 agronomic and morphological traits in the Chinese soybean collection. These accessions were analyzed with 60 mapped simple sequence repeats (SSRs) to determine the genetic diversity represented. In total, 732 alleles were detected (12.2 alleles per locus) and the polymorphic information content (PIC) among accessions varied from 0.5 to 0.92 with a mean of 0.78. Pairwise coefficients of genetic distance among all accessions ranged from 0.05 to 0.91 (mean 0.23). Unweighted pair‐group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis showed that the accessions formed five major clusters; two contained primarily Northern ecotypes, one contained primarily Yellow River Valley ecotypes, and one contained Southern ecotypes. The fifth cluster contained a mixture of Northern and Yellow River Valley ecotypes. Accessions from the lower regions of the Yellow River Valley possessed the greatest allelic richness, had the lowest pair‐wise genetic diversity estimates, and were dispersed throughout the five clusters, suggesting that the Yellow River Valley may be center of diversity for Chinese cultivated soybean. The results indicated that stratified sampling based on seven primary ecotypes may represent an optimal strategy for assembling a representative core collection of Chinese soybean.