bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fenske Conservation Method for Pressure Transient Solutions With Storage
Authors: Horne Roland N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A method for determining pressure transient solutions for wells with storage (and skin) is presented; this method is based on an approach developed by Fenske1 in the groundwater literature. By specifically conserving the entire mass of the system, including the wellbore or wellbores, it is possible to generate many common type curves. The procedure can be developed in an exact manner, in which case it is equivalent to existing techniques; however, a simple approximation step makes possible the generation of common solutions without recourse to numerical or ornate analytical techniques. In some cases, the approximation provides equivalent solutions with substantially less computation; in other cases, the solutions are significantly in error, although perhaps still usable. The achievement of computationally rapid, closed-form solutions is of significant advantage for current developments in computerized interpretation. The evaluation of a solution can be hastened by three orders of magnitude over conventional methods in some cases.
Examples given in this paper demonstrate the application of the approximate Fenske method and its exact generalization. The approximate method gives agreement within 2% of the standard single-well, storage, and skin type curves. However, as the storage becomes small, as for example in the cylindrical wellbore case (where it is zero), the accuracy becomes unacceptable at early time. As an example of how the method can be applied to configurations other than those developed by Fenske, the derivation of the method for the slug test problem is demonstrated. The slug test solution obtained by the approximate method is within acceptable accuracy.
The Fenske method is applicable to a wide variety of problems with storage and skin, probably including problems as yet unsolved. An approximate form is available for fast calculation, and die more correct form is equivalent to standard analytical methods.
Experts Discuss Future of the Turbodrill
Authors: Jones John M. , Bingman W.E. , Mitchell J.A. , Brantly M.M. 
Published: December 2007

Turbodrill Components Appraised in Field Test Program by W.E. Bingman
Turbodrill Operational Characteristics by J.A. Mitchell

Why the French Turned to the Turbodrill by M.M. Brantly
Featured at the first 1959 meeting of the Mid-Continent Section Study Group which recently met in Tulsa, Okla., were reports of turbodrill operational characteristics, an appraisal of turbine components by a coordinated field test program, a first-hand account of latest developments of the turbine by the French and a panel moderated question and answer session.
The panel, moderated by Arthur A. Lubinski, Pan American Petroleum Corp., Tulsa, Okla., consisted of four authorities on turbodrilling. Panelists were Joseph A. Mitchell, manager, field and technical service department, Turbodrill Div., Dresser Industries, Inc., Dallas; W. E. Bingman, turbodrill project engineer for Shell Oil Co., Midland, Tex.; M. M. Brantly, president of Brantly Drilling Co., Inc., Midland; and Madden T. Works, manager of operations for Dresser's Turbodrill Div., Dallas.
During the question and answer session inquiries from the floor regarding aspects of turbo drilling resulted in comments by the panel on fishing operations, costs of renting the turbo drill, excessive wear of thrust bearings due to abrasive fluids and many other topics of general industry interest in the turbine.

Comparison of Fishing Operations
In answer to a query to compare the rotary in the U. S. with the turbodrill in Europe regarding time spent on fishing operations, the consensus of the panel was that the percentage of time spent on fishing in this country is about the same in rotary drilling as with the turbine in France.
Further discussion among the panelists indicated that in rotary drilling in France the percentage of time spent on fishing operations is several times greater than in the U. S. In other words, because of the difference in drill pipe quality, fishing considerations are important in drilling economics in the U. S. mainly for exceptional cases such as the drilling string being subjected to a high level of shock and vibration when drilling very large holes (15 in. or larger). In such cases turbodrilling with rock bits results in savings.

Turbine Life Depends on Thrust Bearing
The panel generally agreed that the life of a turbine is about 100 hours. The part which generally needs replacing at this time is the thrust bearing which wears out due to abrasive mud conditions.
At this point the question was raised as to whether the use of extreme pressure lubricants would sufficiently prevent thrust bearing wear of rock bits by abrasive fluids in order that they might be economically used with the turbodrill. In answer, the panel jointly opined that these lubricants might somewhat improve rock bit performance, but limited field experience has not indicated sufficient improvement to make rock bit usage generally attractive in turbodrilling.
Matching Simulator Wellblock Pressures With Observed Buildup Pressures in Two-Layer Reservoirs
Authors: Litlehamar Terje , Larsen Leif 
Published: December 2007

Summary
An equation is given for the buildup time at which the wellbore pressure should match the kh average of the simulator wellblock pressures in history-matching procedures of two-layer reservoirs. The equation takes into account contrasts in flow capacities, porosity/compressibility/thickness products, and skin factors and makes use of fractional flow rates given by the simulator. The equation is derived for reservoirs without crossflow, but it can also be used for reservoirs with interlayer crossflow. Also included is a method to handle cases when only a single buildup pressure is recorded. To check the validity of the results, data from a three-dimensional (3D) reservoir simulator were compared with buildup data from an analytical solution for systems without crossflow and with data from a radial reservoir simulator for systems with crossflow.
Oil Production from Frozen Reservoir Rocks, Umiat, Alaska
Authors: Baptist Oren C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Umiat oil field is in Naval Petroleum Reserve No.4 between the Brooks Range and Arctic Ocean in far-northern Alaska. The Umiat anticline has been tested by 11 wells, six of which produced oil; however, the productive capacity and recoverable reserves of the field are subject to considerable speculation because of unusual reservoir conditions and because several wells appear to have been seriously damaged during drilling and completion.
Oil is produced at depths of 275 to 1,100 ft; the depth to the bottom of the permanently frozen zone varies from about 800 to 1,100 ft, so that most of the oil reserves are in the permafrost. Reservoir pressures are estimated to range from 50 to 350 psi, increasing with depth, and the small amount of gas dissolved in the oil is the major source of energy for production.
Laboratory tests were made on cores under simulated permafrost conditions to estimate oil recoverable by solution-gas expansion from low saturation pressures. The cores were also tested for clay content and susceptibility to productivity impairment by swelling days and increased water content if exposed to fresh water.
The results indicate that oil can be produced from reservoir rocks in the permafrost and that substantial amounts of oil can be produced from depletion-drive reservoirs by a pressure drop of as little as 100 psi below the saturation pressure. Freezing of formation water reduces oil productivity much more than that due to increased oil viscosity. Failure of wells drilled with water-base mud to produce is attributed to freezing of water in the area immediately surrounding the wellbore. Swelling clays apparently contributed very little to the plugging of the wells.

Introduction
Naval Petroleum Reserve No.4 lies between the Brooks Range and the Arctic Ocean in northern Alaska. The Umiat oil field is located in the southeastern part of the Reserve and is about 180 miles southeast of Point Barrow (the only permanent settlement in the Reserve and the primary supply point for drilling of the wells at Umiat).
Relating Slim-Hole Drilling Performance to South Louisiana Drilling Problems
Authors: Pedersen Jan N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Slim-hole drilling has been utilized in many areas of the world to reduce drilling costs. It has been used successfully in exploratory as well as in development drilling, and many published articles have pointed to the savings made possible with slim-hole drilling. Until the present, however, very little slim-hole drilling has been attempted in South Louisiana, principally because of the deep drilling depths and the complex hole problems encountered. Deeper drilling and complex hole problems mean higher costs which may make certain exploratory drilling prospects unattractive or may preclude further development of oil or gas discoveries. This paper recounts some of the advantages of slim-hole drilling and suggests how proper application of slim-hole drilling techniques could appreciably reduce exploratory and development drilling costs in South Louisiana.

Introduction
The uses of slim-hole drilling are listed in Table 1. It is significant to note that the slim hole is not intended to replace the conventional-size hole. The smaller diameter hole imposes restrictions on formation evaluation tools, fishing tools and completion tools, and these limitations should be recognized when planning slim-hole drilling. However, these limitations can be tolerated if the wells fall within the categories listed in Table 1.
Certainly there are many opportunities for drilling cost reductions through slim-hole drilling in South Louisiana. However, recognition of limitations and careful planning to operate within these limitations are essential to any slim-hole drilling operation.

Drill Tubing Increases Rig Depth Capacity
Probably the most significant contribution to the success of slim-hole drilling has been the use of drill tubing or thin-walled drill pipe. In addition to reducing the weight of the drill string, the use of drill tubing has resulted in a more efficient hydraulic system in drilling slim holes.
A Laboratory Technique for Measuring Dielectric Properties of Core Samples at Ultrahigh Frequencies
Authors: Shen Liang C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an automated laboratory system that can measure accurately the dielectric properties of core samples in the ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) range. The system consists of a precision coaxial-line sample holder, a network analyzer, a plotter, a printer, and a desk computer. The computer is for measurement control, data acquisition, and data analysis. A new method is developed to measure and to compensate for the error of the network analyzer system. This method uses a brass sample and does not require standard terminations. A procedure for core sample preparation is also recommended to ensure accuracy of the data.
Identifiability of Estimates of Two-Phase Reservoir Properties in History Matching
Authors: Watson A. T. , Gavalas G. R. , Seinfeld J. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since the number of parameters to be estimated in a reservoir history match is potentially quite large, it is important to determine which parameters can be estimated with reasonable accuracy from the available data. This aspect can be called determining the identifiability of the parameters. The identifiability of porosity and absolute and relative permeabilities on the basis of flow and pressure data in a two-phase (oil/water) reservoir is considered. The question posed is: How accurately can one expect to estimate spatially variable porosity and absolute permeability and relative permeabilities given typical production and pressure data? To gain insight into this question, analytical solutions for pressure and saturation in a one-dimensional (ID) waterflood are used. The following conclusions are obtained.
1. Only the average value of the porosity can be determined on the basis of water/oil flow measurements.
2. The permeability distribution can be determined from pressure drop data with an accuracy depending on the mobility ratio.
3. Exponents in a power function representation of the relative permeabilities can be determined from WOR data alone but not nearly so accurately as when pressure drop and flow data are used simultaneously.
Microemulsion Phase Behavior: A Thermodynamic Modeling of the Phase Partitioning of Amphophilic Species
Authors: Prouvost Laurent , Pope Gary A. , Rouse Bruce 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A thermodynamic model is presented for modeling the partitioning of amphiphilic species between the different phases of systems typically used for chemical flooding. The model, an extension of the pseudophase model by Biais et al.1 that can analyze only a four-component system, can work with five-component systems, including two partitioning amphiphilic species (e.g., two alcohols or one alcohol and a partitioning cosurfactant species).
The self-association of alcohol in the organic phases, which results in a variable alcohol partition coefficient, is considered.
Experiments to determine thermodynamic constants (which are entered into the model) are described for four-component systems, including one alcohol. The salinity dependence of these parameters is also studied. Brine/ decane/isobutanol/TRS 10-410 as well as brine/nonane/ isopropanol/TRS 10-80 systems are considered.
Some computations of pseudophase compositions for the five-component model and for various overall compositions are included. This partitioning model has been included in the chemical-flooding simulator developed at the U. of Texas; the results of this model have been presented in another paper.2 The model used for the binodal surface that is required to calculate phase compositions from pseudophase compositions is presented in this paper, as well as comparisons with experimental data for both four- and five-component systems. Reservoir simulation results are presented in Ref. 3.
Miscible Flood Forecasting Technique at Judy Creek
Authors: Biberdorf O. C. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A simplified forecasting technique was developed to predict the recovery performance of a hydrocarbon miscible flood in the Judy Creek Beaverhill Lake (BHL) A Pool in Alberta. This technique incorporates the physics of the hydrocarbon miscible-displacement process as well as the complex geological reservoir description across the entire pool. The advantages of the technique over conventional three-dimensional (3D) reservoir simulation include cost-effectiveness, speed, and flexibility of parametric evaluations.
A single-layer areal reservoir simulation model described the areal sweep; oil recovery performance as a function of injection and solvent bank size; and solvent, chase gas, and postmiscible water breakthrough times. A cross-sectional reservoir model determined the effect of gravity override. A geological model provided the porosity and permeability distribution for every 0.6-m [2-ft] interval in each injection pattern as well as the continuous PV-i.e., the volume that is available for miscible displacement. These results were combined into a simplified algorithm (the Forecast Model) to predict tertiary recovery. The Forecast Model adds the tertiary recovery forecast to the waterflood forecast developed from decline analysis to generate a total oil forecast under miscible flooding. This miscible flood forecast is physically reasonable and predicts recovery levels consistent with observed performance of large-scale miscible projects. This technique is being extended for use in other reservoirs that are candidates for miscible flooding.
Trends in Engineering Education Indicate Need for Five-Year Curricula
Authors: Langenheim R.L. , Guerrero E.T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the training of engineers, engineering education has and continues to perform a major role. This paper analyzes trends in engineering education and accreditation and points out the role that educators and professional engineers must assume in guiding it. Curricula in chemical, mechanical, and petroleum engineering are presented for 1925 and 1958 in order to show significant trends that have occurred in the past 33 years.
The 1958 curricula are compared with the ASEE and ECPD accreditation recommendations and the differences discussed. The authors express personal views regarding current accreditation procedures and the emphasis placed on the humanities and number of semester hours included in curricula.
It is concluded that engineering education should be recognized as a five-year program and that engineering societies should join educators and participate actively in determining future trends.

Introduction
Engineering can generally be defined as the application of science to machines, vehicles, processes and procedures for the improvement of living conditions. It is through engineering that scientific discoveries are applied and the necessity for additional investigation discovered. Science and engineering are strongly interdependent, yet are distinct fields of endeavor. A vast new source of energy has been discovered through nuclear fission yet it remains for engineers to find practical uses for it. In the training of engineers, engineering education has and continues to perform a major role. It is the objective of this article to analyze trends in engineering education and accreditation and to point out the role that educators and professional engineers must assume.

Typical Engineering Curricula
Engineering curricula vary in content depending upon where the work is offered and the major field of concentration. In order to use some degree of quantitative interpretation in this discussion, mechanical, chemical, and petroleum engineering curricula of three major universities were selected. These are shown in Table 1 with the most current and late 1920's curricula included. Note that in the basic sciences, chemical and petroleum show an increase in physics requirements and a decrease in chemistry. Petroleum also shows a decrease in geology.
A New Approach to Instability Theory in Porous Media
Authors: Bernsen R. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Early work in the area of instability theory is limited in that it is based on first-order perturbation theory and the concept of a velocity potential. Thus, while it can deal with an incipient finger, it cannot deal with the subsequent growth of a finger. This paper develops a new approach to the instability theory that overcomes this limitation. The new approach, like earlier work, is based on the assumption that the immiscible displacement of one fluid by another can be treated as a moving-boundary problem. Therefore, two solutions arise, one for each side of the plane interface that initially separates the two fluids. Because the new approach makes use of a force potential rather than a velocity potential, it is possible to impose several new conditions on these two solutions. As a consequence, further extensions to the stability theory have been obtained. In particular, it is now possible to predict the steady-state velocity at which a finger propagates and, consequently, the breakthrough recovery obtained not only when the displacement is stable, but also when it is pseudostable.
An Integral Approach for Discretizing the Reservoir Flow Equations
Authors: Nghiem Long 
Published: December 2007

Summary
An approach for discretizing the integral form of the flow equations in porous media is proposed. The method has the advantage of providing the correct block volume calculations and steady-state flow in curvilinear coordinates. The harmonic mean for permeability is also obtained from the discretization. The equations are developed for a general orthogonal curvilinear grid system in terms of the components of the metric tensor.
Geothermal Reservoir Evaluation Considering Fluid Adsorption and Composition
Authors: Economides M. J. , Miller F. G. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The concept that adsorbed water is a major source of production fluid in vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs is presented. The implications of adsorption on material-balance calculations and on well test analysis are determined by incorporation of adsorption effects into existing models. New analysis methods introduced here provide a more realistic estimate of the nature and extent of the vapor-dominated zone. The methods result in a considerable reduction in the estimated formation thickness and suggest that fracture porosity has been underestimated with conventional models for a naturally fractured reservoir.
The presence of noncondensable gases in the geothermal fluid has a profound effect on the thermodynamics associated with vapor/liquid equilibrium and adsorption. Noncondensable gases can cause the dewpoint pressure of a noncondensable gas/water mixture to be elevated substantially, above the vapor pressure for pure water at reservoir temperature. Hence, the presence of gas in geothermal steam extends the pressure range where vapor adsorption phenomena are in effect. Monitoring of gas production in the produced geothermal fluids provides additional data useful in evaluating adsorption effects.
The adsorption phenomenon in reserve estimation is of considerable importance. This work shows that a reserve estimate based on geologic evidence and the thermodynamic properties of steam could be as much as an order of magnitude lower than the actual mass of water present.
Geology of Devonian Shale Oil and Gas in Pleasants, Wood, and Ritchie Counties, West Virginia
Authors: Filer J. K. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe Upper Devonian shale play of western West Virginia is an area of active development of unconventional oil and gas reserves. It is unconventional in that production is from fine-grained fractured reservoirs. Examination of recent drilling results has led to a more detailed understanding of the structure and stratigraphy of the area, which in turn can explain some of the production trends observed. Areas of greater fracture density and therefore higher productivity are related to areas of shearing motion in the Burning Springs thrust sheet. Open flows after stimulation in these wells can be very high, but first-year decline is rapid. It is uncertain at this time how long a production life these wells will have.
Silica Removal From Steamflood-Produced Water: South Texas Tar Sands Pilot
Authors: Thomas S. A. , Yost M. E. , Cathey S. R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Steamflood-produced waters commonly contain suspended solids, oil, hardness-causing minerals, sulfide, and silica. Removal of these contaminants would make many of these waters suitable for recycling as steamer feedwater. Reuse of steamflood-produced waters increases steamer feedwater supplies and reduces water disposal requirements.
This paper describes a field pilot study of silica removal from steamflood-produced water in the south Texas tar sands region. A hot-lime precipitation process was used to reduce dissolved silica (SiO2) concentrations from 400 to less than 50 mg/L SiO2 in Mary R. Saner Ranch produced water. Most water systems using hot-lime precipitation for silica removal require the addition of magnesium salt, as well as lime, to enhance silica removal. In this field study, however, addition of magnesium salt did not improve silica removal efficiency. Hydrated lime, Ca(OH)2, alone was sufficient to attain desired silica residual, 50 mg/L SiO2. The dissolved silica adsorbed onto the CaCO3 crystals formed by lime reacting with the alkalinity present in the produced water. Required lime dosage was approximately 900 mg/L Ca(OH)2.
Residual silica concentration was found to be strongly related to both precipitator effluent pH and calcium ion concentration. Therefore, on-line pH and hardness monitoring may be used to estimate and to control residual silica concentration. A 50,000-B/D [7950-m3/d] produced-water treating plant has been designed from the results of this pilot study.