bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Teen Driver Fatality Rates by Vehicle Type in the United States
Authors: Trowbridge Matthew J. , McKay Mary Pat , Maio Ronald F. 
Published: September 2007

Objectives: To compare national fatality rates for teen drivers by vehicle type.Methods: Fatality rates were calculated for 16‐ to 19‐year‐old drivers by vehicle type using data from the Fatal Analysis Reporting System (1999–2003) and estimates of miles driven from the National Household Transportation Survey (2001). Relative fatality risks for teen drivers of sports utility vehicles (SUVs) and pickups were calculated using passenger cars as a reference.Results: Per vehicle mile driven, the fatality risk for both male and female teens driving SUVs was decreased relative to passenger car drivers (male teens: relative risk [RR], 0.33 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.29 to 0.37]; female teens: RR, 0.45 [95% CI = 0.34 to 0.59]). Fatality rates for male teens driving pickups were also lower per mile driven compared with male passenger car drivers (RR, 0.55 [95% CI = 0.51 to 0.60]). Fatality rates for female teens driving pickups and passenger cars were not statistically different but appear potentially higher for pickups (RR, 1.19 [95% CI = 0.98 to 1.44]). Both SUVs and pickups demonstrated significantly higher rates of fatal rollovers than passenger cars. Female adolescent drivers of SUVs and pickups were at particularly high risk for fatal rollovers per vehicle mile driven compared with passenger cars (SUV: RR, 1.88 [95% CI = 1.19 to 2.96]; pickup: RR, 3.42 [95% CI = 2.29 to 5.10]).Conclusions: Fatality rates for teen drivers vary significantly by vehicle type. From 1999 to 2003 in the United States, fatal rollovers were significantly more likely per mile driven for teen drivers of both SUVs and pickups compared with passenger cars. However, overall fatality rates (i.e., all crash types) for teen drivers of SUVs and male drivers of pickups were lower per mile driven than for teen drivers of passenger cars. The results of this ecological analysis cannot predict the individual‐level fatality risk for teens driving different vehicle types. However, the significant variability in fatality rates among SUVs, pickups, and passenger cars seen at a population level suggests that vehicle choice should be further explored as a potentially modifiable risk factor in interventions to address teen driver safety.
Use of Ultrasound Measurement of the Inferior Vena Cava Diameter as an Objective Tool in the Assessment of Children with Clinical Dehydration
Authors: Chen Lei , Kim Yunie , Santucci Karen A. 
Published: September 2007

Objectives: Bedside ultrasonography (US) measurement of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and aorta (Ao) may be useful in objectively assessing children with dehydration. The objectives of this study were 1) to compare the IVC and Ao diameters (IVC/Ao) ratio of dehydrated children with controls and 2) to compare the IVC/Ao ratio before and after intravenous (IV) rehydration in children with dehydration.Methods: This prospective observational study was performed in an urban pediatric emergency department. Children between 6 months and 16 years of age with clinical evidence of dehydration were enrolled. Bedside US measurements of the IVC and Ao were taken before and immediately after IV fluids were administered. An age‐, gender‐, and weight‐matched control without dehydration was enrolled for each subject. The IVC/Ao ratios of subjects and controls were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank test, as were the ratios before and after IV hydration for each subject.Results: Thirty‐six pairs of subjects and matched controls were enrolled. The IVC/Ao ratios in the subjects were lower as compared with controls (mean of 0.75 vs. 1.01), with a mean difference of 0.26 (95% confidence interval = 0.18 to 0.35). In subjects, the IVC/Ao ratios were significantly lower before IV hydration (mean of 0.75 vs. 1.09), with a mean difference of 0.34 (95% confidence interval = 0.29 to 0.39).Conclusions: As measured by bedside US measurement, the IVC/Ao ratio is lower in children clinically assessed to be dehydrated. Furthermore, it increases with administration of IV fluid boluses.
Crosslinking of Guar and Guar Derivatives
Authors: Lei Cuiyue , Clark Peter E. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryCrosslinking of guar and guar derivatives has played a major role in improving stimulation of oil and gas wells. While crosslinking has been used for a number of years, many facets of crosslinked systems are still not well understood. Part of the problem is that the traditional methods of determining the properties of crosslinked fluids work well for obtaining the data necessary for treatment design, but yield little insight into the nature of the crosslinked system. A good example of this is found in the development of low polymer concentration crosslinked gels. These gels are important because they lower costs and help to minimize formation damage. In this paper, methods for predicting crosslinkability at low concentrations are reported.The polymer literature is filled with methods for characterizing polymer solutions almost none of which find wide use in the development of crosslinked fracturing fluids. Dawson et al. (2000) first reported that the concentration at which a polymer solution transitions from dilute to semidilute could be used as a method for determining the potential for low concentration crosslinking in guar or guar-derivative solutions. To test this assertion, we have conducted a series of experiments that not only shows that the dilute-semidilute transition concentration is an important indicator for the polymers used in this study, but also presents a framework for exploring the potential of other polymer systems. These experiments show conclusively that low-polymer concentration crosslinking is strongly related to the value of the critical overlap concentration, c*. Both the critical overlap concentration and the critical crosslinking concentration increase in the order guar-3 &lt; CMG &lt; CMHPG &lt; guar &lt; HPG. In addition, we show that the critical crosslinking concentration for the range of polymer-crosslinking systems studied is correlated to the critical overlap concentration (ccc = 1.8(c*)0.77). A strong case is presented for the ability to crosslink at low concentrations is a strong function of the polymer type and a weak function of the crosslinker type.
Assessing the Uncertainty in Reservoir Description and Performance Predictions With the Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Zafari Mohammad , Reynolds Albert C. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryRecently, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has gained popularity in atmospheric science for the assimilation of data and the assess ment of uncertainty in forecasts for complex, largescale problems. A handful of papers have discussed reservoir characterization appli cations of the EnKF, which can easily and quickly be coupled with any reservoir simulator. Neither adjoint code nor specific knowledge of simulator numerics is required for implementation of the EnKF. Moreover, data are assimilated (matched) as they become available; a suite of plausible reservoir models (the ensemble, set of ensemble members or suite or realizations) is continuously up dated to honor data without rematching data assimilated previously. Because of these features, the method is far more efficient for history matching dynamic data than automatic history matching based on optimization algorithms. Moreover, the set of realizations provides a way to evaluate the uncertainty in reservoir description and performance predictions.Here we establish a firm theoretical relation between randomized maximum likelihood and the ensemble Kalman filter. Although we have previously generated reservoir characterization examples where the method worked well, here we also provide examples where the performance of EnKF does not provide a reliable char acterization of uncertainty.
Incorporating 4D Seismic Data in Reservoir Simulation Models Using Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Skjervheim J.-A. , Evensen G. , Aanonsen S. I. , Ruud B. O. , Johansen T. A. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
A method based on the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for continuous model updating with respect to the combination of production data and 4D seismic data is presented. When the seismic data are given as a difference between two surveys, a combination of the ensemble Kalman filter and the ensemble Kalman smoother has to be applied. Also, special care has to be taken because of the large amount of data assimilated. Still, the method is completely recursive, with little additional cost compared to the traditional EnKF. The model system consists of a commercial reservoir simulator coupled with a rock physics and seismic modeling software. Both static variables (porosity, permeability, and rock physic parameters) and dynamic variables (saturations and pressures) may be updated continuously with time based on the information contained in the assimilated measurements. The method is applied to a synthetic model and a real field case from the North Sea. In both cases, the 4D seismic data are different variations of inverted seismic. For the synthetic case, it is shown that the introduction of seismic data gives a much better estimate of reservoir permeability. For the field case, the introduction of seismic data gives a very different permeability field than using only production data, while retaining the production match.
Taming Complexities of Coupled Geomechanics in Rock Testing: From Assessing Reservoir Compaction to Analyzing Stability of Expandable Sand Screens and Solid Tubulars
Authors: Kanj M. Y. , Abousleiman Y. N. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Well geomechanics and "smart" completion designs in many of Saudi Aramco's fields are essential in supporting the company's efforts to apply the extended-reach and MRC well technologies. MRC wells are being aggressively targeted to optimize development economics, enhance recovery, maximize production, minimize differential drawdown across the sand face, reduce sanding potential, and defer water coning. In addition, many unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs require positive sand-control measures. As such, Expandable Sand Screen (ESS) tubulars have seen a recent surge in applicability for completing conventional and MRC wells in sand-prone, troublesome formations. Today, solid expandable tubulars are being tested on a number of wells in a pseudomonodiameter structure. Though attractive, the long-term performance of these tools in the Arabian Reservoir environments is yet to be explored.
This paper simulates the impact of reservoir production and depletion on expandable tubulars and sand-screen completions when the compacting reservoir behaves as a permeable poroelastic medium. A general poroelastic solution model encompassing a multitude of boundary and initial conditions is discussed in this paper. The model simulates the uniaxial (Ko) testing of solid and hollow geomaterial cylinders (Geertsma 2005). Thus, it helps infer about potential problems that might influence the survivability of "expandables" and disrupt the outflow from the well. The proof cases on reservoir and caprocks presented herein are supported with numerical application, experimental validation, and physical interpretation of the coupled poromechanical processes that are reflected in the anisotropic, time-dependent rock responses during testing. The manuscript also demonstrates that this enhanced approach to modeling visualization will ultimately ease the tractability of the pertinent physical phenomena as well as support the model's computational credibility to engineers and experimentalists in the oil and gas industry.
A Fully Implicit, Parallel, Compositional Chemical Flooding Simulator
Authors: Han C. , Delshad M. , Sepehrnoori K. , Pope G. A. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
A fully implicit, parallel, compositional reservoir simulator has been developed that includes both a cubic equation of state model for the hydrocarbon phase behavior and Hand's rule for the surfactant/oil/brine phase behavior. The aqueous species in the chemical model include surfactant, polymer, and salt. The physical property models include surfactant/oil/brine phase behavior, interfacial tension, viscosity, adsorption, and relative permeability as a function of trapping number. The fully implicit simulation results were validated by comparison with results from our IMPEC chemical flooding simulator (UTCHEM). The results indicate that the simulator scales well using clusters of workstations. Also, simulation results from parallel runs are identical to those using a single processor. Field-scale surfactant/polymer flood simulations were successfully performed with over 1,000,000 gridblocks using multiple processors.
Control-Volume Model for Simulation of Water Injection in Fractured Media: Incorporating Matrix Heterogeneity and Reservoir Wettability Effects
Authors: Monteagudo J. E. P. , Firoozabadi A. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The control-volume discrete-fracture (CVDF) model is extended to incorporate heterogeneity in rock and in rock-fluid properties. A novel algorithm is proposed to model strong water-wetting with zero capillary pressure in the fractures. The extended method is used to simulate: (1) oil production in a layered faulted reservoir, (2) laboratory displacement tests in a stack of matrix blocks with a large contrast in fracture and matrix capillary pressure functions, and (3) water injection in 2D and 3D fractured media with mixed-wettability state. Our results show that the algorithm is suitable for the simulation of water injection in heterogeneous porous media both in water-wet and mixed-wettability states. The novel approach with zero fracture capillary and nonzero matrix capillary pressure allows the proper prediction of sharp fronts in the fractures.
Use of Virtual Reality to Improve Upper-Extremity Control in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Single-Subject Design
Authors: Chen Yu-Ping , Kang Lin-Ju , Chuang Tien-Yow , Doong Ji-Liang , Lee Shwn-Jan , Tsai Mei-Wun , Jeng Suh-Fang , Sung Wen-Hsu 
Published: September 2007

Background and Purpose
Virtual reality (VR) creates an exercise environment in which the intensity of practice and positive feedback can be systematically manipulated in various contexts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the training effects of a VR intervention on reaching behaviors in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Participants
Four children with spastic CP were recruited.

Method
A single-subject design (A-B with follow-up) was used. All children were evaluated with 3 baseline, 4 intervention, and 2 follow-up measures. A 4-week individualized VR training program (2 hours per week) with 2 VR systems was applied to all children. The outcome measures included 4 kinematic parameters (movement time, path length, peak velocity, and number of movement units) for mail-delivery activities in 3 directions (neutral, outward, and inward) and the Fine Motor Domain of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales–Second Edition (PDMS-2). Visual inspection and the 2-standard-deviation–band method were used to compare the outcome measures.

Results
Three children who had normal cognition showed improvements in some aspects of reaching kinematics, and 2 children’s change scores on the PDMS-2 reached the minimal detectable change during the intervention. The improvements in kinematics were partially maintained during follow-up.

Discussion and Conclusion
A 4-week individualized VR training program appeared to improve the quality of reaching in children with CP, especially in children with normal cognition and good cooperation. The training effects were retained in some children after the intervention.
High‐molecular‐weight polyurethanes prepared by one‐step miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Li Chien‐Yu , Li Yuan‐Hau , Hsieh Kuo‐Huang , Chiu Wen‐Yen 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThrough one‐step miniemulsion polymerization, hydrophobic polyurethane (PU) dispersions were prepared, with hexadecane (HD) as costabilizer in the oil phase and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant in the water phase. The oil phase, including isophorone diisocyanate, poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol, a costabilizer HD, a chain extender 1,4‐butanediol, a crosslinking agent trimethylol propane, and a catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate (SnDBL), was dispersed in the water phase containing SDS. The influences of experimental parameters, such as SnDBL, NCO/OH equivalents, and concentrations of surfactant, were discussed. The particle size and the molecular weight of PU polymer were measured by light scattering and gel permeation chromatography, respectively. With the addition of SnDBL and higher NCO/OH ratio, PU films with higher molecular weights were produced. The chemical structure of the PU polymer was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and the adsorption of urethane group was observed. Thermal gravimetric analysis was used to characterize the thermal stability of PU. Furthermore, mechanical property was also investigated and characterized by tensile strength and elongation at break. With a higher NCO/OH ratio and the existence of SnDBL, the tensile strength of PU films was significantly increased. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Synthesis and thermal behavior of some anthracene‐based copolymers obtained by Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions
Authors: Grigoras M. , Sava M. , Colotin G. , Simionescu C. I. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNew polymer structures have been synthesized via Diels–Alder cycloaddition of bisdiene compounds bearing two anthracene groups and different bisdienophiles, all containing bismaleimide or biscitraconimide functions. The monomers and polymers were characterized by FTIR, UV, and 1H NMR techniques and compared with two models having a cycloadduct structure. The polymers were studied by thermogravimetric analyses. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
When do researchers collaborate? Toward a model of collaboration propensity
Authors: Birnholtz Jeremy P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis exploratory study compares two approaches to understanding the “collaboration propensity” of individual researchers. On the one hand, social comparisons of disciplines would suggest that collaboration is a function of orientation toward individual versus collective responsibility for discovery. A contrasting approach would hold that collaboration depends on the work researchers are engaged in—when it is useful to collaborate, they will do so regardless of the social climate. Results presented here suggest that this latter approach is potentially more powerful but that there are complexities in measurement and operationalization that urge a more nuanced treatment of collaboration propensity.
Trends in mesospheric turbulence at 70°N
Authors: Hall C. M. , Brekke A. , Manson A. H. , Meek C. E. , Nozawa S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe have examined the temporal development of an established proxy for turbulent intensity for the mesosphere/lower thermosphere region above Tromsø (70°N, 19°E) for the period 1999 to present. We find an indication of steadily increasing turbulence in the upper mesosphere and the lower thermosphere and decreasing turbulence in the mid‐mesosphere, the height of the demarcation between positive and negative trends varying somewhat with season. Although beyond the scope of this study, anthropological sources, causing lower atmosphere warming and upper atmosphere cooling, are strong candidates for the underlying cause of the trend. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
A doubly resonant cavity for detection of RF demodulation by living cells
Authors: Balzano Quirino , Hodzic Vildana , Gammon Robert W. , Davis Christopher C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe describe the design, construction, and operating characteristics of a doubly resonant cylindrical microwave cavity. This cavity has been developed to allow a search for nonlinear RF energy conversion in biological cells. Cells with a diode‐like nonlinearity could demodulate a modulated RF carrier wave and generate low frequency signals in an exposed biological preparation. The cavity is designed to be resonant on the TE111 mode at about 890 MHz and on the TE113 mode at about 1780 MHz. The cavity performs exactly as designed and has proved capable of detecting the nonlinearity in a microscopic Schottky diode test structure. The sensitivity is sufficient to detect any nonlinearity in a collection of biological cells that could have any potential biological significance. Bioelectromagnetics 29:81–91, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elder research: filling an important gap in psychology and law
Authors: Brank Eve M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn the past few decades, psychology–law as a discipline has made great strides in understanding and guiding public policies on issues related to eyewitnesses, confessions, juries, judges, juveniles, the mentally ill, and many others. As a field, we have largely neglected the oldest subset of the population, with only a few scholars focusing specifically on elder issues or systematically including elders in their studies. The current article is a call to research. It first outlines why elders should be considered as a specific subset of the population even though they have not been an area of focus in the field. Second, the article provides suggestions for integrating elder issues into more common psychology–law research as well as some new areas for research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
P38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways are involved in the hypertrophy and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis conditioned medium
Authors: Wu Hsi‐Chin , Yeh Yu‐Lan , Kuo Wei‐Wen , Huang Shu‐Kuei , Kuo Wu‐Hsien , Hsieh Dennis Jine‐Yuan , Wu Ching‐Lin , Tsai Chang‐Hai , Lee Shin‐Da , Huang Chih‐Yang 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe surrounding medium of periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) increased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis whereas Actinobaeillus actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia had no effects. The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of p38 pathway in P. gingivalis conditioned medium‐induced H9c2 myocardial cell hypertrophy and apoptosis. DNA fragmentation, cellular morphology, nuclear condensation, p38 protein products, and mitochondrial‐dependent apoptotic related proteins in cultured H9c2 myocardial cell were measured by agarose gel electrophoresis, immunofluorescence, DAPI, and western blotting following P. gingivalis conditioned medium and/or pre‐administration of SB203580 (p38 inhibitor). The p38 protein products and associated activities in H9c2 cells were both upregulated by P. gingivalis conditioned medium. P. gingivalis conditioned medium increased cellular sizes, DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation, mitochondrial Bcl2‐associated death promoter (Bad), cytosolic cytochrome c (cyt c), and the activated form of caspase‐9 proteins in H9c2 cells. The increased cellular sizes, DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation, Bad, cyt c, and caspase‐9 activities of H9c2 cells treated with P. gingivalis conditioned medium were all significantly reduced after pre‐administration of SB203580. Our findings suggest that the activity of p38 signal pathway may be initiated by P. gingivalis conditioned medium and further activate mitochondrial‐dependent apoptotic pathways leading to cell death in cultured H9c2 myocardial cells. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.