bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symptoms, Wood Lesions and Fungi Associated with Esca in Organic Vineyards in Languedoc‐Roussillon (France)
Authors: Péros J.‐P. , Berger G. , Jamaux‐Despréaux I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe analysed symptoms, wood lesions and fungi associated with esca in mature organic vineyards in the Languedoc‐Roussillon region. Most previous surveys concerning esca syndrome were conducted in conventionally managed vineyards in other regions. We first found that esca may be present at a very low level in vineyards that were not treated with sodium arsenite. Affected vines displayed three types of symptoms: leaves with interveinal necrosis, wilt of entire branches and these two symptoms in combination. During the 3‐year survey, not all affected vines displayed symptoms every year and the same vine rarely displayed the same symptom or combination of symptoms in successive years. The incidence of esca appeared to be correlated with the percentage of vines that died during the survey but no correlation was found with either mortality before the survey or with the age of the vineyard. Observation of cross‐sections of a total of 210 vines with esca symptoms and isolation of fungi from the wood lesions led to similar results to those obtained in conventionally managed vineyards. Four different lesions were identified: a white rot lesion, a brown lesion in a central position, a brown lesion in a sectorial position and a scattered black spotting in healthy wood. The most frequently observed fungal species were Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fom), Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Eutypa lata. The white rot lesion caused by Fom was generally accompanied by one or more other lesions in the same vine. Similarly, Fom was generally isolated with one or several other fungi. No relationship was detected between the expression of external symptoms and any specific lesion or fungus. Our study also showed that esca and Eutypa dieback are often superimposed in our region of sampling.
Safflower Seedling a Selective Host to Discriminate Phytophthora melonis from Phytophthora drechsleri
Authors: Banihashemi Z. , Mirtalebi M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSafflower seedlings were used to discriminate two morphologically similar species of Phytophthora namely P. melonis and P. drechsleri. All isolates of P. melonis from different sources could not infect safflower seedlings under high inoculum potential whereas all isolates of P. drechsleri from various hosts attacked safflower within a short period. Of 31 authentic Phytophthora species inoculated to safflower seedlings only seven species including Phytophthora asparagi, Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora drechsleri, Phytophthora erythroseptica, Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora quercina caused hypocotyls infection. All cucurbit isolates of Phytophthora from different parts of Iran and one from China could not infect safflower seedlings and were identified as P. melonis which had been confirmed previously by molecular analysis.
Application of a Simplified Molecular Protocol to Reveal Mixed Infections with Begomoviruses in Cassava
Authors: Busogoro J. P. , Masquellier L. , Kummert J. , Dutrecq O. , Lepoivre P. , Jijakli M. H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSamples of cassava leaves exhibiting severe symptoms of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) were collected with the PhytoPASS kit in fields surrounding the city of Bujumbura (Burundi). These materials were then sent to Belgium for polymerase chain reaction determination of the CMD begomoviruses inducing the observed symptoms. Different pairs of specific primers were used to amplify DNA sequences specific to African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV), East African cassava mosaic Malawi virus (EACMMV), East African cassava mosaic Zanzibar virus (EACMZV), the Uganda variant of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV‐UG) and South African cassava mosaic virus (SACMV). It was revealed that mixed infections were prevailing in the analyzed materials. Most of the samples submitted to this analysis were found to be co‐infected by three different begomoviruses (ACMV + EACMV + EACMV‐UG). The so revealed mixed infections could explain the high severity of CMD symptoms noticed on cassava in the region of Bujumbura while the diversity within the CMD causal agents illustrates the importance to take this parameter into consideration for a successful use of plant genetic resistance to control the disease.
Serum Leptin Concentrations in Lipizzan Fillies
Authors: Čebulj‐Kadunc N. , Kosec M. , Cestnik V. 
Published: April 2008

ContentsTo determine seasonal changes in circulating leptin concentrations, as well as leptin fluctuations in various patterns of seasonal ovarian activity, blood samples were taken in 107 Lipizzan fillies aged 1–4 years over the whole year from January to December. Serum concentrations were measured in samples obtained once a month (leptin) or twice a month (progesterone), and evaluated with respect to the age of animals (yearlings, 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐year olds) and the pattern of ovarian activity (anoestrous, seasonal cycle, prolonged cyclicity, continuous cyclicity). The mean and monthly leptin concentrations in 3‐ and 4‐year olds were significantly higher than in yearlings and 2‐year olds (p < 0.001). Circulating leptin levels in 3‐ and 4‐year olds increased significantly in summer, to peak in August and then decline significantly (p < 0.001) in autumn. The fluctuations in younger fillies were less evident. The highest mean serum leptin concentrations were observed in fillies exhibiting continuous cyclicity and the lowest in those, exhibiting seasonal cyclicity (p < 0.001). In anoestrous fillies, leptin concentrations were lower than in fillies with prolonged or continuous cyclicity but higher than in fillies with seasonal cyclic activity (p > 0.05).
Expression of Genes in the Canine Pre‐implantation Uterus and Embryo: Implications for an Active Role of the Embryo Before and During Invasion
Authors: Schäfer‐Somi S , Beceriklisoy HB , Budik S , Kanca H , Aksoy OA , Polat B , Cetin Y , Ay SS , Aslan S 
Published: April 2008

ContentsThe aim of the present study was to assess genes expressed in maternal uterine tissue and pre‐implantation embryos which are presumably involved in maternal recognition and establishment of canine pregnancy. For this purpose, 10 pregnant bitches were ovariohysterectomized between days 10 and 12 after mating. Four non‐pregnant bitches served as controls. Early pregnancy was verified by flushing the uterine horns with PBS solution. The collected embryos (n = 60) were stored deep‐frozen (−80°C). Uterine tissue was excised, snaps frozen in liquid nitrogen and homogenized using TRI Reagent. All embryos from one litter were thawed together and also homogenized in TRI Reagent. RT‐PCR was performed to prove mRNA expression of progesterone receptor, key enzymes of the prostaglandin synthesis pathway, selected growth factors, cytokines, immune cell receptors, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and matrix‐metalloproteinases (MMP). Only pregnant uteri revealed the presence of mRNA for interferon (IFN)‐γ, IL‐4 and CD‐8, which resembles the milieu in humans and other mammalians. Similarly, in day 10 embryos, mRNA for transforming growth factor‐β, insulin‐like growth factor‐1,‐2, hepatocyte growth factor, leukaemia inhibitor factor, tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β,‐6,‐8, cyclooxygenase‐2, CD4+ cells, and MMP‐2 and ‐9 were detected, but not MHC‐I or ‐II. We therefore suppose that the canine embryo, like its human counterpart, actively initiates measures to prevent attacks from the maternal immune system to prepare its own adhesion, nidation, growth and further development.
Influenza‐associated pneumonia in a Turkish area with endemic avian influenza
Authors: ÖZBAY Bülent , SERTOĞULLARİNDAN Bunyamin , TEKIN Murat , ALTINOZ Orhan 
Published: April 2008

Background and objective:  The aim of the study was to describe the effects of influenza associated with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) on the outcome of patients in an area characterized by endemic avian influenza.Methods:  Sixty patients diagnosed with CAP and requiring hospitalization were studied for the presence of influenza. Based on the presence or absence of influenza, patients were divided into two groups: group 1 were CAP patients positive for influenza and group 2 included CAP patients negative for influenza. Laboratory investigations, CXR findings and prognosis were compared.Results:  Nasopharyngeal swabs or deep tracheal aspirates were tested for viral aetiology, and seven patients were positive for influenza AH3; one was positive for influenza AH1; seven were positive for influenza B; and one was positive for parainfluenza. Group 1 patients (n = 16) had a mean age of 56 years and group 2 patients (n = 45) had a mean age of 55 years. Significant increases in creatinine kinase and lymphopaenia were seen in group 1 patients. On CXR, interstitial infiltration was more marked in group 1. There was significantly higher mortality in group 1 than in group 2.Conclusion:  CAP associated with influenza had a different clinical picture and outcome compared with patients without evidence of influenza.
Validation of symptom‐based COPD questionnaires in Japanese subjects
Authors: KAWAYAMA Tomotaka , MINAKATA Yoshiaki , MATSUNAGA Kazuto , YAMAGATA Toshiyuki , TSUDA Tohru , KINOSHITA Masaharu , IWANAGA Tomoaki , ICHINOSE Masakazu , AIZAWA Hisamichi 
Published: April 2008

Background and objective:  Symptom‐based questionnaires may be helpful in diagnosing patients with COPD. The aim of this study was to determine whether two COPD questionnaires designed in Western countries were applicable to Japanese and other Asian patients.Methods:  The participants were Japanese people aged 40 years and over. Each subject answered questions on demographics and symptoms and underwent spirometry before and after administration of a bronchodilator. Questionnaire A was designed to identify previously undiagnosed COPD and questionnaire B was designed to differentiate between COPD and asthma.Results:  The numbers of COPD patients who answered questionnaires A and B were 33 of 169 (19.5%) and 112 of 168 (66.7%), respectively. Comparison of the COPD group with the non‐COPD group revealed a significant difference in total score in both questionnaire A and questionnaire B (both P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC‐ROC) for questionnaire A was 0.791. With a cut‐off value of 16.5 points, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.939 and 0.404, and with a 19.5‐point cut‐off, sensitivity and specificity were 0.848 and 0.647, respectively. The AUC‐ROC for questionnaire B was 0.765. With cut‐off values of 18.5 and 24.5 points, the respective sensitivities and specificities were 0.946 and 0.393, and 0.741 and 0.607.Conclusions:  A simple self‐administered questionnaire can help to diagnose COPD in Japanese subjects. When these questionnaires are used in Japan, cut‐off values should be set somewhat higher than in Western countries.
Peritoneal carcinomatosis in lung cancer
Authors: SU Hsuan‐Tsung , TSAI Chun‐Ming , PERNG Reury‐Perng 
Published: April 2008

Background and objective:  A survey was carried out of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) in lung cancer.Methods:  A retrospective analysis was conducted of all lung cancer patients with malignant ascites diagnosed between 1990 and 2005 at a general hospital in Taiwan.Results:  There were 30 lung cancer patients with documented PC. The most frequent abdominal symptom was abdominal distension. The most common histological type of lung cancer with PC was adenocarcinoma. Eighty per cent of the patients developed malignant pleural effusions before the diagnosis of PC. The median survival after diagnosis of PC was 15 days. Two adenocarcinoma patients with PC benefited from treatment with gefitinib.Conclusions:  Further study is warranted to investigate the use of gefitinib in treatment of patients with lung adenocarcinoma and PC.
Exhaled nitric oxide levels in patients with atopic cough and cough variant asthma
Authors: FUJIMURA Masaki , OHKURA Noriyuki , ABO Miki , FURUSHO Shiho , WASEDA Yuko , ICHIKAWA Yukari , HARA Johsuke 
Published: April 2008

Background and objective:  Atopic cough (AC) is an established clinical entity in Japan, in which patients present with a chronic persistent non‐productive cough. Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is a biomarker of eosinophilic airway inflammation. The present study examined whether exhaled NO levels were increased in AC in comparison with cough variant asthma (CVA) and bronchial asthma (BA).Methods:  Consecutive patients presenting with an isolated cough lasting at least 8 weeks were enrolled in the study. The aetiology of the chronic cough was determined according to the Japanese Respiratory Society guidelines for management of cough. Exhaled NO, capsaicin cough sensitivity (capsaicin concentration eliciting five or more coughs (C5)) and bronchial reversibility were measured at the patients’ first visit. Bronchial responsiveness (PC20 to methacholine) was measured at their second visit following a 6‐day course of bronchodilator therapy.Results:  There were 58 patients recruited and fully investigated; of these 9 and 11 patients were diagnosed with AC and CVA, respectively, as single causes of chronic cough. Ten patients with BA who had not received corticosteroid therapy in the previous 4 weeks and who attended the same clinic in the same time period acted as controls. Exhaled NO levels in patients with AC were significantly lower than those in patients with CVA and BA. There was no significant difference in the exhaled NO levels between patients with CVA and BA.Conclusions:  Exhaled NO may reflect eosinophilic inflammation of peripheral airways and its measurement may be useful in differentiating CVA from AC and other causes of chronic non‐productive cough.
Solid‐organ malignancy as a risk factor for tuberculosis
Authors: KIM Hye‐Ryoun , HWANG Seung Sik , RO Yun Kwan , JEON Chang Ho , HA Dong Yeob , PARK Sung Joon , LEE Chang‐Hoon , LEE Sang‐Min , YOO Chul‐Gyu , KIM Young Whan , HAN Sung Koo , SHIM Young‐Soo , YIM Jae‐Joon 
Published: April 2008

Background and objective:  The effective control of tuberculosis (TB) requires that people at high risk for the reactivation of TB are identified. Haematological malignancy has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of TB, either through immune suppression by the tumour or through the effects of chemotherapy. This study assessed the hypothesis that solid‐organ malignancy is a risk factor for the development of TB.Methods:  A retrospective cohort study was performed to determine the incidence of TB in patients with solid‐organ malignancy and in control subjects without malignancy. Risk factors for the development of TB among patients with cancer were also assessed.Results:  The study recruited 1809 cases with cancer and 1809 control subjects and followed them for 3 years. The incidence of active TB per 1000 person‐years was 3.07 in patients with cancer and 0.77 in controls (P = 0.009). Compared with the control group, patients with cancer had an increased risk of developing TB (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 4.69, 95% CI: 1.52–14.46). Proportional hazards regression analysis showed that the risk factors for development of TB were chronic renal failure (IRR 9.91, 95% CI: 1.17–83.60), old healed TB on CXR (IRR 45.05, 95% CI: 5.74–353.88), and anticancer chemotherapy (IRR 4.32, 95% CI: 1.10–16.89). An interaction between old healed TB and anticancer chemotherapy was observed.Conclusion:  These findings indicate that immune suppression by cancer or by anticancer chemotherapy increases vulnerability to reactivation of TB, especially in cancer patients with old healed TB.
Possible therapeutic effect of direct haemoperfusion with a polymyxin B immobilized fibre column (PMX‐DHP) on pulmonary oxygenation in acute exacerbations of interstitial pneumonia
Authors: ENOMOTO Noriyuki , SUDA Takafumi , UTO Tomohiro , KATO Masato , KAIDA Yusuke , OZAWA Yuichi , MIYAZAKI Hiroo , KUROISHI Shigeki , HASHIMOTO Dai , NAITO Tateaki , FUJISAWA Tomoyuki , MATSUI Takashi , INUI Naoki , NAKAMURA Yutaro , SATO June , MIZUGUCHI Tomoaki , KATO Akihiko , CHIDA Kingo 
Published: April 2008

Background and objective:  Acute exacerbations of interstitial pneumonias (IP) can occasionally occur, and have an extremely poor prognosis. Recently, direct haemoperfusion with a polymyxin B immobilized fibre column (PMX‐DHP) was shown to have a beneficial effect in acute exacerbations of IPF. However, little is known about the efficacy of PMX‐DHP in acute exacerbations of other IP. This study investigated the effectiveness and safety of PMX‐DHP in acute exacerbations of IP.Methods:  The study subjects consisted of five patients with an acute exacerbation of IP, including three with IPF, one with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) with atypical radiological findings of IPF, and one with myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO‐ANCA)‐related IP. The patients were treated with two courses of 3–12 h each of PMX‐DHP, concurrently with corticosteroids alone or plus cyclophosphamide.Results:  After two courses of PMX‐DHP, the PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) (P/F) ratio increased rapidly from an average of 93 to 260 mm Hg, and there was radiological improvement in all patients. However, one patient treated for 3 h each time eventually died of respiratory failure, and two patients treated for 6 h each time died from respiratory infections. The other two patients were treated for 12 h each time, and the therapeutic effects lasted longer, with both surviving longer than 48 days. No adverse effects were detected apart from thrombocytopaenia.Conclusion:  PMX‐DHP therapy was safe and effective in improving oxygenation in acute exacerbations of IPs, either with corticosteroids alone or plus cyclophosphamide, and may be beneficial for the treatment of this condition.
Are Humanitarian Military Interventions Obligatory?
Authors: DAVIDOVIC JOVANA 
Published: April 2008

abstract I argue here that certain species of war, namely humanitarian military interventions (HMIs), can be obligatory within particular contexts. Specifically, I look at the notion of HMIs through the lens of just war theory and argue that when a minimal account of jus ad bellum implies that an intervention is permissible, it also implies that it is obligatory. I begin by clarifying the jus ad bellum conditions (such as just cause, right intentions, etc.) under which an intervention is permissible. I then turn to the claim that permissibility necessitates obligation, by first showing that whenever an intervention is permissible, it is also minimally decent. Second, I show that minimally decent actions are morally obligatory by arguing that the notion of minimal decency is a conceptual bridge between negative and positive duties. Third, I argue that performing minimally decent actions is necessary for a state to be just. Ultimately, my conclusion arises from the following observation: if a humanitarian crisis is bad enough for one to hold that it is permissible to breach sovereignty of a nation, then it is bad enough to hold that there is an obligation to intervene.
Insect Sperm Motility
Authors: Werner Michael , Simmons Leigh W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe flagellosperm of insects, although following a general ground plan, exhibit considerable variation in morphology and ultrastructure across taxa, consistent with a history of rapid and divergent evolution. Sperm competition, which occurs when sperm of two or more males compete for the fertilization of a female’s ova, has been recognized as a significant driving force in the evolution of insect sperm structure. Despite a considerable volume of data on sperm morphology, little is known about the motility of insect sperm. Understanding insect sperm motility would help to refine models of sexual selection on insect sperm, and would throw light on the selective mechanisms that shape insect sperm structure and function. This review updates our present knowledge of the proximate and ultimate aspects of insect sperm motility.
Minding the PS, queues, and PXQs: Uniformity of semantic processing across multiple stimulus types
Authors: Laszlo Sarah , Federmeier Kara D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn assumption in the reading literature is that access to semantics is gated by stimulus properties such as orthographic regularity or familiarity. In the electrophysiological domain, this assumption has led to a debate about the features necessary to initiate semantic processing as indexed by the N400 event‐related potential (ERP) component. To examine this, we recorded ERPs to sentences with endings that were familiar and legal (words), familiar and illegal (acronyms), or unfamiliar and illegal (consonant or vowel strings). N400 congruency effects (reduced negativity to expected relative to unexpected endings) were observed for words and acronyms; these were identical in size, timing, and scalp distribution. Notably, clear N400 potentials were also elicited by unfamiliar, illegal strings, suggesting that, at least in a verbal context, semantic access may be attempted for any letter string, regardless of familiarity or regularity.
Autonomic and electrophysiological correlates of emotional intensity in older and younger adults
Authors: Dywan Jane , Mathewson Karen J. , Choma Becky L. , Rosenfeld Brianna , Segalowitz Sidney J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAnterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in the modulation of autonomic activity, emotional responsivity, and the monitoring of goal‐directed behavior. However, these functions are rarely studied together to determine how they relate or whether their pattern of relation changes with age. We recorded respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of autonomic activity, error‐related event related potentials (ERN/Pe), generated in ACC, and the self‐reported intensity of 5 basic emotions in older and younger adults. Emotional intensity did not differ with age. The ERN/Pe and RSA were reduced with age and related specifically to sadness intensity for both groups. When examined together, RSA accounted for the relation between ERN/Pe and sadness. This is consistent with a model of medial prefrontal function in which autonomic processes mediate the relation between cognitive control and affective regulation, a pattern that also did not differ with age.
Involvement of memory‐comparison‐based change detection in visual distraction
Authors: Kimura Motohiro , Katayama Jun'ichi , Murohashi Harumitsu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe involvement of memory‐comparison‐based change detection in visual distraction was elucidated. Not only luminance increments that engaged memory‐comparison‐based change detection and refractoriness‐based rareness detection but also luminance decrements that engaged only memory‐comparison‐based change detection caused behavioral distraction, which was mirrored by a posterior negativity (240–260 ms, posterior N2) and a broad positivity (420–460 ms, P3a) that reflected attentional capture. Preceding these effects, luminance increments elicited a posterior positivity (100–120 ms, change‐related positivity) and a posterior negativity (120–140 ms, change‐related negativity), whereas luminance decrements elicited only a posterior positivity (160–180 ms, change‐related positivity). These results suggest that memory‐comparison‐based change detection indexed by change‐related positivity is involved in visual distraction as a result of attentional capture.