bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of topical corticosteroid treatment under occlusion for severe alopecia areata in children: a single-centre retrospective analysis
Authors: Lee Young Yoon , Lim Han Hyuk , Son Seungjin , Jin Soyoung , Shin Jung-Min , Hong Dong-Kyun , Jung Kyung Eun , Seo Young-Joon , Lee Tae Kwan , Kim Yoo-Mi , Lee Young 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Alopecia areata (AA) has a poor clinical course in children. There are no reliable therapeutic options for children with severe AA, including alopecia totalis (AT) and alopecia universalis (AU).

Objectives
We evaluated the efficacy and adverse effects of a potent topical corticosteroid (TCS) under occlusion in paediatric patients with severe AA.

Methods
We reviewed records of 23 patients under the age of 10 years with AT or AU treated with a potent TCS (0.05% clobetasol propionate or 0.3% diflucortolone valerate) for 8 h under occlusion with a plastic film. We used the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) to measure clinical improvement. The primary endpoint was a SALT score of ≤ 20 at 6 months. We analysed the change in cortisol levels to identify the long-term safety of TCS therapy on the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis.

Results
Nineteen of the 23 patients (83%) reached SALT ≤ 20 at 6 months. Six patients relapsed over the 6-month follow-up period. Four patients were suspected of having adrenal insufficiency. However, the cortisol levels of the patients recovered to normal within 1 month of lowering the TCS potency or changing to nonsteroidal treatments. Limitations include the retrospective design and small sample size.

Conclusions
This study shows that a potent TCS occlusion may be a safe treatment option in paediatric patients with severe AA. Further long-term studies are required to evaluate the safety and recurrence of TCS occlusion therapy for paediatric AA.
The effect of Brexit on British workers living in Portugal: a synthetic control method approach
Authors: Venâncio Ana , Pereira dos Santos João 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The effect of Brexit is an important topic in European and British political agendas. In this study, we examine the effect of Brexit on the Portuguese labour market. We apply the synthetic control method to estimate how the number of UK citizens working in Portugal would have evolved if the Remain vote had won the referendum. Our results suggest that the Brexit referendum reduced the number of UK-dependent workers in Portugal, particularly in the case of non-university-educated, male individuals with temporary employment contracts. This reduction is explained by the decrease in the number of incomers. We also find that those UK citizens who were already working in Portugal before Brexit were more likely to continue working in the host country.
Intensity of educational expansion: a key factor in explaining educational inequality across regions and cohorts in Spain
Authors: Manzano Dulce , Cordero-Coma Julia , Valdés Manuel T 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Previous sociological research has indirectly examined the association between educational expansion and inequality by analysing changes in inequality over cohorts during the expansion process. This study tests the impact of educational expansion in Spain by using the proportion of people with a specific level of education in a particular region cohort as a direct measure of expansion. More importantly, this study focuses on the intensity of the expansionary process (of one level of education) as a crucial dimension that influences inequality (in the attainment of the next level). We argue that an intense expansion may strengthen the motivation of advantaged families to increase their investments in their children’s education but limit their capacity to undertake effective educational responses, particularly during the initial stages of the expansionary process. We use the socio-demographic survey conducted in Spain in 1991, which provides representative samples for different cohorts and regions in the country, and employ multilevel modelling to analyse the effect of the phase and intensity of the expansion on inequality. Our findings show a strong positive relationship between the intensity of expansion and the level of inequality that, nonetheless, is less strong at the initial stage of the expansionary process.
Hamiltonian Monte Carlo based elastic full-waveform inversion of wide-angle seismic data
Authors: Dhabaria Nirmit , Singh Satish C 
Published: March 2024

SUMMARY
Full-waveform inversion (FWI) of seismic data provides quantitative constraints on subsurface structures. Despite its widespread success, FWI of data around the critical angle is challenging because of the abrupt change in amplitude and phase at the critical angle and the complex waveforms, especially in the presence of a sharp velocity contrast, such as at the Moho transition zone (MTZ). Furthermore, the interference of refracted lower crustal (Pg) and upper mantle (Pn) arrivals with the critically reflected Moho (PmP) arrivals in crustal and mantle studies makes the application of conventional FWI based on linearized model updates difficult. To address such a complex relationship between the model and data, one should use an inversion method based on a Bayesian formulation. Here, we propose to use a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) method for FWI of wide-angle seismic data. HMC is a non-linear inversion technique where model updates follow the Hamiltonian mechanics while using the gradient information present in the probability distribution, making it similar to iterative gradient techniques like FWI. It also involves procedures for generating distant models for sampling the posterior distribution, making it a Bayesian method. We test the performance and applicability of HMC based elastic FWI by inverting the non-linear part of the synthetic seismic data from a three-layer and a complex velocity model, followed by the inversion of wide-angle seismic data recorded by two ocean bottom seismometers over a 70 Ma old oceanic crustal segment in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The inversion results from both synthetic and real data suggest that HMC based FWI is an appropriate method for inverting the non-linear part of seismic data for crustal studies.
The Russian approach to peacekeeping
Authors: Hansen Flemming Splidsboel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Peacekeeping is a central element of Russian foreign policy. The country has been deploying peacekeeping troops under highly controversial circumstances for more than three decades. A major power and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, Russia obviously plays an important role in defining the standards by which peacekeeping is and may be done. When Russian troops invaded Ukraine in an unprovoked aggression on 24 February 2022, Russian politicians initially referred to them as ‘peacekeeping troops’. This led UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres to declare his concern about ‘the perversion of the concept of peacekeeping’. This article offers a discussion of the Russian approach to peacekeeping as this has been and is being expressed in both recent conceptual thinking and implementation. Relying on a large pool of Russian policy documents and scholarly works, the article finds that Russia is likely to execute more operations with a lowered threshold for intervention and under conditions of greater flexibility. It is a more pragmatic approach. Operations will increasingly be designed comprehensively across the physical, cyber and cognitive domains and will include the use of private military companies. This will almost inevitably bring Russian interests to clash even more with the interests of western states.
Regulatory Considerations in the Approval of Rezafungin (Rezzayo) for the Treatment of Candidemia and Invasive Candidiasis in Adults
Authors: Smith Heidi L , Bensman Timothy J , Mishra Shrimant , Li Xianbin , Dixon Cheryl A , Sheikh Jalal , McMaster Owen G , Joshi Abhay , Rubin Daniel B , Goodwin Avery , Miller Terry J , Danielsen Zhixia Y , Syed Irum , Shukla Sunita J , Iarikov Dmitri , Kim Peter W , Farley John J 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
On 22 March 2023, the FDA approved rezafungin (Rezzayo) for the treatment of candidemia and invasive candidiasis in adults with limited or no alternative treatment options. Rezafungin is an echinocandin that supports weekly dosing, enabling outpatient parenteral treatment that potentially avoids the need for a central venous catheter. Approval of rezafungin was based on a single adequate and well-controlled phase 3 study designed with a day 30 all-cause mortality primary end point and 20% noninferiority margin, which demonstrated that rezafungin is noninferior to the comparator echinocandin. Nonclinical studies of rezafungin in nonhuman primates identified a neurotoxicity safety signal; however, rezafungin's safety profile in the completed clinical studies was similar to other Food and Drug Administration-approved echinocandins. Here we describe the rationale for this approval and important considerations during the review process for a flexible development program intended to expedite the availability of antimicrobial therapies to treat serious infections in patients with limited treatment options.
Clinical Trials Registration . NCT02734862 and NCT03667690.
Collision induced molecular rotation of SiC4–He for astrophysical implications
Authors: Chefai Atka , Khadri Fehmi , Alsubaie Nahaa Eid , Elabidi Haykel , Hammami Kamel 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
To probe the physical conditions in molecular clouds, observations of the rotational transitions of a molecular system are very important. Thus, accurate modelling of the emission spectra of silicon carbides requires the calculation of collision rate coefficients for its systems. We determine here, the collisional rate coefficients for the excitation of SiC4 by He using a new potential energy surface. The state-to-state rate coefficients between the lower levels (j ≤ 28) are calculated using the coupled-channel and coupled-state methods for temperatures ranging from 5 to 300 K. Finally, we model the excitation of the SiC4 radical in cold molecular clouds and star-forming regions using a radiative transfer model. For this purpose, the new rate coefficients are used to estimate the molecular abundances in interstellar clouds. Therefore, we recommend the use of this new data set in any astrophysical model of SiC4 radical excitation.
Revisiting the Dragonfly galaxy II. Young, radiatively efficient radio-loud AGN drives massive molecular outflow in a starburst merger at z = 1.92
Authors: Zhong Yuxing , Inoue Akio K , Sugahara Yuma , Morokuma-Matsui Kana , Komugi Shinya , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Fudamoto Yoshinobu 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Radio-loud active galactic nuclei (RLAGNs) are a unique AGN population and were thought to be preferentially associated with supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at low accretion rates. They could impact the host galaxy evolution by expelling cold gas through the jet-mode feedback. In this work, we studied CO(6−5) line emission and continuum emission in a high-redshift radio galaxy, MRC 0152−209, at z = 1.92 using ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array) up to a 0.024″ resolution (corresponding to ∼200 pc at z = 1.92). This system is a starburst major merger comprising two galaxies: the north-west (NW) galaxy hosting the RLAGN with jet kinetic power Ljet ≳ 2 × 1046  erg s−1 and the other galaxy to the south-east (SE). Based on the spectral energy distribution fitting for the entire system (NW+SE galaxies), we find an AGN bolometric luminosity LAGN, bol ∼ 3 × 1046  erg s−1 with a lower limit of ∼0.9 × 1046  erg s−1 for the RLAGN. We estimate the black hole mass through MBH–M⋆ scaling relations and find an Eddington ratio of λEdd ∼ 0.07–4 conservatively by adopting the lower limit of LAGN, bol and considering the dispersion of the scaling relation. These results suggest that the RLAGN is radiatively efficient and the powerful jets could be launched from a super-Eddington accretion disc. ALMA Cycle 6 observations further reveal a massive (${M}_\mathrm{H_2}=(1.1-2.3)\times 10^9\ \rm M_\odot$), compact (∼500 pc), and monopolar molecular outflow perpendicular to the jet axis. The corresponding mass outflow rate ($1200^{+300}_{-300}-2600^{+600}_{-600}\ \mathrm{M_\odot }\ \rm yr^{-1}$) is comparable with the star formation rate of at least $\sim 2100\ \mathrm{M_\odot }\ \rm yr^{-1}$. Depending on the outflowing molecular gas mass, the outflow kinetic power/LAGN, bol ratio of ∼0.008–0.02, and momentum boost factor of ∼3–24 agree with a radiative-mode AGN feedback scenario. On the other hand, the jets can also drive the molecular outflow within its lifetime of ∼2 × 105 yr without additional energy supply from AGN radiation. The jet-mode feedback is then capable of removing all cold gas from the host galaxy through the long-term, episodic launching of jets. Our study reveals a unique object where starburst activity, powerful jets, and rapid BH growth co-exist, which may represent a fundamental stage of AGN-host galaxy co-evolution.
Accretion onto disc galaxies via hot and rotating CGM inflows
Authors: Stern Jonathan , Fielding Drummond , Hafen Zachary , Su Kung-Yi , Naor Nadav , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Quataert Eliot , Bullock James 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Observed accretion rates onto the Milky Way and other local spirals fall short of that required to sustain star formation for cosmological timescales. A potential avenue for this unseen accretion is a rotating inflow in the volume-filling hot phase ($\sim 10^6\, {\rm K}$) of the circumgalactic medium (CGM), as suggested by some cosmological simulations. Using hydrodynamic simulations and a new analytic solution valid in the slow-rotation limit, we show that a hot inflow spins up as it approaches the galaxy, while remaining hot, subsonic, and quasi-spherical. Within the radius of angular momentum support ($\sim 15\, {\rm kpc}$ for the Milky Way) the hot flow flattens into a disc geometry and then cools from $\sim 10^6$ to $\sim 10^4\, {\rm K}$ at the disc–halo interface. Cooling affects all hot gas, rather than just a subset of individual gas clouds, implying that accretion via hot inflows does not rely on local thermal instability in contrast with ‘precipitation’ models for galaxy accretion. Prior to cooling and accretion the inflow completes ≈tcool/tff radians of rotation, where tcool/tff is the cooling time to free-fall time ratio in hot gas immediately outside the galaxy. The ratio tcool/tff may thus govern the development of turbulence and enhancement of magnetic fields in gas accreting onto low-redshift spirals. We show that if rotating hot inflows are common in Milky-Way-size disc galaxies, as predicted, then signatures of the expected hot gas rotation profile should be observable with X-ray telescopes and fast radio burst surveys.
Amalia Holst (1758–1829)
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Amalia Holst’s writings expose a paradox at the heart of the German Enlightenment. While philosophers made significant gains in unearthing the social conditions of human freedom, they failed to advance either the political status or the education of women. Holst’s major work, On the Vocation of Woman to Higher Intellectual Education (1802), was the first text to criticize the Enlightenment project from a woman’s standpoint and to advance the improvement of women’s education from Enlightenment principles. In this chapter I examine Holst’s conception of the sexless mind as an attempt to vindicate woman’s equal share in the human vocation while accommodating socially defined norms. To grasp the philosophical importance of Holst’s arguments, I argue, we must not simply unearth her striking critique of the Enlightenment but also situate her response within the challenges facing women philosophers in Germany at the turn of the nineteenth century.
Lou Salomé (1861–1937)
Authors: Kraus Katharina Teresa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Lou Salomé (1871–1937) was one of the most prolific women writers in Germany at the turn of the century, producing both literary works and essays on topics of religion, philosophy, gender theory, and psychoanalysis. This chapter explores her philosophy of life as a philosophical position in its own right by clarifying the major influences on her position and discussing it in the context of the contemporary philosophy of life movement in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Section 1 examines, in The God and related texts, her critique of religious experience and her positive account of life and the “faith in life,” highlighting specifically the Spinozist and Nietzschean influences on her position. Section 2 focuses on her feminist writings, especially The Human Being as a Woman, and shows how her philosophy of life is reflected in her gender theory, according to which womanhood is understood in terms of a female way of life and development.
Marxism and the Woman Question in Imperial and Weimar Germany
Authors: Moir Wolfe Cat 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the thought of the socialist and working-class women’s movement in Imperial and Weimar Germany through the lens of Marxism’s relation to the woman question. Because most socialist women were not trained philosophers, though they were often steeped in the Marxist and socialist theory of their time, and many were autodidacts, reconstructing their ideas involves an exercise in intellectual history from below, where labor history meets the history of ideas, social history meets history of philosophy. The chapter begins with a brief account of the history of the proletarian women’s movement in German-speaking Europe and then examines the ideas advanced by its participants. While proletarian women often focused on topics characteristic of feminist philosophy, such as suffrage, motherhood, and prostitution, their concerns were not limited to women’s issues. The chapter examines socialist and Marxist women’s contributions to the theory of the state, revolution, nationalism, colonialism, war, and welfare.
Social and Political Philosophy
Authors: Gjesdal Kristin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the contributions of nineteenth-century women to social and political thought. Focusing on the works of Germaine de Staël, Karoline von Günderrode, Bettina Brentano von Arnim, Hedwig Dohm, Clara Zetkin, and Rosa Luxemburg, it makes visible the important philosophical arc from early romanticism to late nineteenth-century socialism. The chapter concludes with a brief reflections on the legacy of these movements and how they contribute to the shaping of phenomenology and later twentieth-century thought.
The Philosophical Letter and German Women Writers in Romanticism
Authors: Fuchs Renata 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter discusses German Romantic women writers’ contributions to Romantic philosophy in the context of dialogical networks of love. Their personal, fictionalized, and literary letters not only represent dialogue in writing (an extension to salon conversations) but also reinvent and retheorize the Romantic notions of sociability, symphilosophy, and sympoetry (as theorized by men) as well as retheorizing the concepts of love. Dorothea Mendelssohn Veit Schlegel, Rahel Levin Varnhagen, and Bettina Brentano von Arnim suggested a new vision for an emancipated community of women that develops and creates together through philosophical discourse and poetry. These women authors both fashioned epistolary culture bordering on the private conversation and public sphere while in dialogue with free equal women and men, and fused the roles of erotic and intellectual partners. They provided a model for shaping intellectual and cultural life in the modern world while challenging rigid dichotomies of class, gender, and ethnicity.
Hedwig Dohm (1831–1919)
Authors: Shapshay Sandra 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the contribution of German feminist philosopher and writer Hedwig Dohm (1831–1919) to the debate on the nature and value of compassion (Mitleid) between Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche. I argue that her contribution consists of three main points. First, she highlights the gendered nature of compassion, taking Schopenhauer’s discussion out of the transcendental realm and situating it in a dynamic social context. Second, Dohm illuminates parallels between the norms of the nineteenth-century bourgeois woman’s lifecycle and the increasing degrees of self-lessness in Schopenhauer’s Mitleids-Moral. Thus, she joins Nietzsche in the criticisms of its harmful effects on the self, but Dohm focuses her attention on the half of the human population that is intensively socialized to fall under its sway. Third, she criticizes Nietzsche’s ideal of the Overman or Zarathustra, replacing it with the ideal of “The New Mother,” an ideal that feels timely even today.
Dynamic Form
Authors: Mailman Joshua Banks 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses dynamic form—form arising from the flux of a designated property, with the retrospective contour of such flux representing the dynamic form as experienced and remembered. To forge this representation, quantitative models called vessels, which are proxy listener scanning functions, relate an idealized listener directly to the score, traversed automatically, thus emulating an idealized real-time hearing. A vessel of dynamic form focuses on features of texture, rhythm, pitch, or timbre, or any appropriate combination of these. The chapter discusses listener phenomenology and compositional poetics and planning. It also discusses smooth or gradated change arising from interpolation, frequency modulation, and ring modulation, as well as their relations to proto-spectralist techniques of Reich, Murail, Ligeti, and Saariaho. It considers granularity and ontology of sound and score. Excerpts are drawn from Grisey’s Partiels, Ligeti’s Atmosphéres, Reich’s Drumming, Murail’s Territoires de L’oubli, and Saariaho’s Io, Lichtbogen and Papillon II.
Revival Zion and Spiritual Baptists
Authors: Duncan Carol B. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the traditions of Revival Zion and Spiritual Baptists. Both religions emerged in the English-speaking Caribbean in Jamaica and St. Vincent and Trinidad and Tobago, respectively. Moreover, both Spiritual Baptists and Revival Zion expressed anticolonial, national cultural identities and their contributions to expressive oral cultures. The chapter explains that the Spiritual Baptists and Revival Zion represent evolving African Caribbean worldviews, ritual practices, and cultural expressions rooted in the traditions of enslaved Africans and their descendants. It details the historical overview of the introduction of Christianity taken up by enslaved Africans before considering its historicity and its embeddedness in colonial frameworks.
Afro-Cuban Religions in Cuban Literature
Authors: Presas Alex 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter cites the influence of archival oralities of culture in correlation with Afro-Cuban religions featured in Cuban literature. It starts with a short overview of Manga-Mocha: cuento ñáñigo, representing Afro-Cuban themes in Spanish Caribbean literature. Even though the publication of Manga-Mocha was over a century ago, its thematic representation of Afro-Cuban religions has expanded into the portrayal of a strong communal identity in Cuban literature and culture. The conformation of a more diverse Cuban culture began with the gradual integration of Afro-Cuban values into the island’s sociopolitics during the second half of the nineteenth century. Moreover, Cuban ethnographer Fernando Ortiz’s sense of intermeshed transmutations also resulted in a complex system in which Afro-Cuban religions influenced the poetic and fictional representation of Cuban writers.