bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncorrelated evolution between vocal and plumage coloration traits in the trogons: a comparative study
Authors: ORNELAS J. F. , GONZÁLEZ C. , ESPINOSA DE LOS MONTEROS A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe costs of bird song incurred in a diversity of ways may result in trade‐offs in the production and maintenance of elaborate plumage ornaments. In this paper, we examine evolutionary trade‐offs between acoustic and visual signalling in trogon birds (Trogonidae). Using multiple regressions with phylogenetically independent contrasts, we found that interspecific variation in male plumage coloration was not significantly predicted by song traits (reduced by PCA) or altitude. Although plumage coloration is expected to decrease with increases in song elaboration, both groups of variables were not related. Given that song and plumage coloration traits are likely targets of sexual selection, we also examined their relationships with sexual plumage dimorphism. We found that male carotenoid‐derived coloration was positively related to sexual plumage dimorphism, suggesting that sexual selection on male carotenoid‐derived coloration may be stronger than on melanin‐ or structurally based coloration, or than on acoustic traits. Comparative studies on other bird families accounting for the effects of phylogeny as well as environmental covariates are required to test the generality of our findings in trogons.
Degreening of the unicellular alga Euglena gracilis: thylakoid composition, room temperature fluorescence spectra and chloroplast morphology
Authors: Ferroni L. , Baldisserotto C. , Pantaleoni L. , Fasulo M. P. , Fagioli P. , Pancaldi S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThylakoid dismantling is one of the most relevant processes occurring when chloroplasts are converted to non‐photosynthetically active plastids. The process is well characterised in senescing leaves, but other systems could present different features. In this study, thylakoid dismantling has been analysed in dividing cells of the unicellular alga, Euglena gracilis, cultured in darkness. Changes in photosynthetic pigments and in the abundance of LHC and PSII core proteins (D2 and CP43) showed that: (i) during the 0–24 h interval, the decline in LHCII was faster than that in the PSII core; (ii) during the 24–48 h interval, PSII and LHCII were strongly degraded to nearly the same extent; (iii) in the 48–72 h interval, the PSII core proteins declined markedly, while LHCII was maintained. These changes were accompanied by variations in room temperature fluorescence emission spectra recorded from single living cells with a microspectrofluorimeter (excitation, 436 nm; range 620–780 nm). Emission in the 700–715 nm range was proposed to derive from LHCI‐II assemblages; changes in emission at 678 nm relative to PSII matched PSII core degradation phases. Overall, the results suggest that, in degreening E. gracilis, thylakoid dismantling is somewhat different from that associated with senescence, because of the early loss of LHCII. Moreover, it is proposed that, in this alga, disruption of the correct LHCI‐II stoichiometry alters the energy transfer to photosystems and destabilises membrane appression leading to the thylakoid destacking observed using transmission electron microscopy.
Scent‐Marking of Giant Otter in the Southern Pantanal, Brazil
Authors: Leuchtenberger Caroline , Mourão Guilherme 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGiant otters live in social groups, consisting of a mating pair and one or two litters. Groups are territorial and mark their territories often with scent‐marks. Our objectives were to evaluate the frequencies of marking and over‐marking according to the social status of the individuals and to define the different postures used during the marking. We observed four groups, totaling 25 individuals (five alpha males, four alpha females, seven adult females, one adult male and eight juveniles) with group size ranging between four and 13 individuals. The study was conducted between July 2006 and July 2007 in the Vermelho River and in a stretch of the Miranda River, in the Southern Pantanal. We observed the groups for a total of 2006 min and recorded 95 events of marking totaling 84.9 min. Time spent marking varied between groups and ranged from 4.3 to 44.7 min. The alpha males marked more frequently (62% of marking events, 55 min) than the alpha females (17% of marking events, 13.6 min). Of the 59 events of scent‐marking by the alpha males, 32 over‐marked the marks of other individuals from the group. Of the 16 events of scent‐marking of the alpha females, five over‐marked that of other females from the same group. When scent‐marking, alpha males used the ‘stepping’ posture most frequently (63%), then ‘fore‐paw rubbing’ (24%), ‘latrine use’ (7%), and ‘body rubbing’ (6%). Alpha females used the ‘stepping’ posture most frequently (65%), then ‘latrine use’ (19%) and ‘fore‐paw rubbing’ (12%), with only one event of ‘body rubbing’ observed during marking. Subordinate females used the ‘stepping’ posture (76%) and ‘latrine use’ (24%) during marking. Scent‐marking can play many roles in mammals and for giant otters, and the main roles appear to be communication of social and sexual status and territorial defense.
Increase in presynaptic territory of C‐terminals on lumbar motoneurons of G93A SOD1 mice during disease progression
Authors: Pullen A. H. , Athanasiou D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCompensatory synaptic plasticity is reported in muscle and the central nervous system of motor neuron disease patients, and transgenic SOD1 mice, but direct ultrastructural evidence for spinal motoneurons is lacking. Prompted by our observation in spinal cords from autopsied patients suggesting selective enlargement of the ultrastructurally distinctive C‐type terminal synapsing with spinal motoneurons, we examined the ultrastructural synaptology of lumbar motoneurons during disease progression in age‐ and sex‐matched wild‐type mice, transgenic G93A SOD1 mice, and mice overexpressing normal human SOD1 (WtSOD1). Prescribed criteria classified presynaptic terminals of motoneurons into five ultrastructural classes (S, F, T, M, and C). Computerized morphometry on electronmicrographs was used to measure their appositional lengths, coverage of the motoneuron membrane, and sizes of postsynaptic structures. No terminal degeneration occurred in wild‐type or WtSOD1 mice. In transgenic mice, degeneration of motoneurons and S‐terminals and F‐terminals commenced presymptomatically (10 weeks), and continued into the symptomatic stage (18 weeks). However, C‐terminals were preserved. Morphometry confirmed significant reductions in frequency and membrane coverage for S‐terminals and F‐terminals between 10 and 18 weeks, but a maintained frequency of C‐terminals coupled with increased appositional length and coverage of the motoneuron membrane. Increased C‐terminal size was matched by growth of its characterizing postsynaptic cistern and Nissl body. The results reveal selective preservation and increased presynaptic territory of the C‐type terminal. As C‐terminals derive from cholinergic intrasegmental propriospinal interneurons and may modulate motoneuron excitability, their increased presynaptic territory on surviving motoneurons of transgenic SOD1 mice may represent a means of maintaining excitability, compensating for the loss of overall presynaptic input.
A direct main olfactory bulb projection to the ‘vomeronasal’ amygdala in female mice selectively responds to volatile pheromones from males
Authors: Kang Ningdong , Baum Michael J. , Cherry James A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe main olfactory system, like the accessory olfactory system, responds to pheromones involved in social communication. Whereas pheromones detected by the accessory system are transmitted to the hypothalamus via the medial (‘vomeronasal’) amygdala, the pathway by which pheromones are detected and transmitted by the main system is not well understood. We examined in female mice whether a direct projection from mitral/tufted (M/T) cells in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) to the medial amygdala exists, and whether medial amygdala‐projecting M/T cells are activated by volatile urinary odors from conspecifics or a predator (cat). Simultaneous anterograde tracing usingPhaseolus vulgarisleucoagglutinin and Fluoro‐Ruby placed in the MOB and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), respectively, revealed that axons of MOB M/T cells projected to superficial laminae of layer Ia in anterior and posterodorsal subdivisions of the medial amygdala, whereas projection neurons from the AOB sent axons to non‐overlapping, deeper layer Ia laminae of the same subdivisions. Placement of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B into the medial amygdala labeled M/T cells that were concentrated in the ventral MOB. Urinary volatiles from male mice, but not from female conspecifics or cat, induced Fos in medial amygdala‐projecting MOB M/T cells of female subjects, suggesting that information about male odors is transmitted directly from the MOB to the ‘vomeronasal’ amygdala. The presence of a direct MOB‐to‐medial amygdala pathway in mice and other mammals could enable volatile, opposite‐sex pheromones to gain privileged access to diencephalic structures that control mate recognition and reproduction.
The Probation Officer at Court: From Friend to Acquaintance
Authors: McWilliams William 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIt is widely believed that probation officers have less influence, status and visibility in the criminal courts than hitherto, and that in some instances their relationship with the bench has declined to near‐estrangement. These changes are analysed in an historical and theoretical context; and against the touchstone of a virtually unchanging bench, the bureaucratisation of the justices' clerk and the professionalisation, bureaucratisation and increased executive accountability of the probation service are explored for explanation of the decline. Elements of a tentative solution to the problem involving organisational change and a reconceptualisation of the relationship between the bench and the probation service are offered for discussion.
An Analysis of Police Occurrence Book Entries: An Element in a Psychology of Policing
Authors: Taylor M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn analysis of the occurrence book entries from a police station in urban Belfast, and from a rural area of Northern Ireland are presented. Both areas are subject to high levels of civil unrest. A considerable service element is identified in the range of entries from both urban and rural areas. Analysis of the sources of entries revealed a high level of public involvement in reporting incidents, etc. The data are discussed in terms of the development of a descriptive analysis of policing.
Northern Irish Children's Conceptions of Violent Crime
Authors: Mcwhirter Liz 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe study examines the subjective interpretations of violence by nine and twelve year old children living in strife‐torn and peaceful areas in Northern Ireland. The study focuses on the range of acts and events included in essays entitled “Violence”, as part of an attempt to measure social awareness of potentially distressing topics. A specific examination is made of the effects of religious denomination and relative exposure to conflict on the frequency of citations of acts of violence and violent crime. Evidence is brought forward to show that conceptions of violence in Northern Ireland children embrace more than just the violence in Northern Ireland, and include misdemeanours, destruction, and crime generally. The actual levels and types of violence which vary by geographical area is reflected in the writings of different religious groups in these areas. The majority of children explicitly or implicitly condemn violence.
The Police, the Public and the Prevention of Crime
Authors: Heal Kevin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIt has long been recognised that crime prevention is an integral part of police work and one which requires public support. Nevertheless, in recent years the police have tended to emphasise a deterrent approach to crime control, a development which has pushed crime prevention into a backwater. If crime prevention is to develop, and there are sound reasons why it should, it must be crime specific in its approach and draw on the resources of the whole community. There are obstacles to be overcome; principally that for many the cost of living with crime is seen to be less than the cost of preventing it.
Am Tropf Russlands? Ein Konzept zur empirischen Messung von Energieversorgungssicherheit
Authors: Frondel Manuel , Schmidt Christoph M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAlong with the oil price, concerns about the security of energy supply have soared once again in recent years. Yet, more than 30 years after the OPEC oil embargo in 1973, energy security still remains a diffuse concept. This article conceives a statistical indicator that aims at characterizing the long-term energy supply risk of nations that are heavily dependent on energy imports. Our indicator condenses the bulk of empirical information on the imports of fossil fuels originating from a multitude of export countries as well as data on the indigenous contribution to the domestic energy supply, thereby providing us with a single parameter. Applying the proposed concept to empirical energy data on Germany (1980-2004), we find that the energy supply risk has increased substantially since the 1970s. This outcome is mainly due to the drastic raise of oil and gas imports from Russia.
The future of psychotherapy for mentally ill children and adolescents
Authors: March John S. 
Published: January 2009

Objective:  Given striking advances in translational developmental neuroscience and its convergence with developmental psychopathology and developmental epidemiology, it is now clear that mental illnesses are best thought of as neurodevelopmental disorders. This simple fact has enormous implications for the nature and organization of psychotherapy for mentally ill children, adolescents and adults.Method:  This article reviews the ‘trajectory’ of psychosocial interventions in pediatric psychiatry, and makes some general predictions about where this field is heading over the next several decades.Results:  Driven largely by scientific advances in molecular, cellular and systems neuroscience, psychotherapy in the future will focus less on personal narratives and more on the developing brain. In place of disorders as intervention targets, modularized psychosocial treatment components derived from current cognitive‐behavior therapies will target corresponding central nervous system (CNS) information processes and their functional behavioral consequences. Either preventive or rehabilitative, the goal of psychotherapy will be to promote development along typical developmental trajectories. In place of guilds, psychotherapy will be organized professionally much as physical therapy is organized today. As with other forms of increasingly personalized health care, internet‐based delivery of psychotherapy will become commonplace.Conclusion:  Informed by the new field of translational developmental neuroscience, psychotherapy in the future will take aim at the developing brain in a service delivery model that closely resembles the place and role of psychosocial interventions in the rest of medicine. Getting there will be, as they say, interesting.
Age, physical fitness, and attention: P3a and P3b
Authors: Pontifex Matthew B. , Hillman Charles H. , Polich John 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe influence of age and fitness on the neuroelectric correlates of attentional orienting and processing during stimulus discrimination were investigated. Younger and older adult participants completed a maximal aerobic exercise test and were separated into higher‐ and lower‐fit groups according to their cardiorespiratory fitness. Task performance and event‐related potential measures were obtained during two‐ and three‐stimulus oddball tasks. Results indicated that fitness may ameliorate or protect against cognitive aging for simple stimulus discriminations. Increases in task difficulty indicated that fitness may not be sufficient to overcome age‐related deficits in stimulus discrimination. Further, fitness did not influence attentional orienting. The findings suggest that fitness‐related changes in cognitive function may originate from other attentional mechanisms. Theoretical implications are discussed.
A STUDY OF INTER‐ETHNIC RELATIONSHIPS: THE GROWING ETHNIC COMPLEXITY IN THE JAPANESE CITY
Authors: Tani Tomio 
Published: January 2009

Abstract  In examining the growing inter‐ethnic complexity as an issue of social change in major Japanese cities since the mid‐1980s, it is essential that in addition to learning from the experience of Western society.

this discussion be carried out in the context of research on Korean residents in Japan, and
the analysis include an examination of the inter‐ethnic relationships.

These two essential points have largely been ignored in previous research on the internationalization of the Japanese city. This paper is based on field research from the Ikaino district of Osaka city, which is the largest non‐Japanese “ethnic” community in Japan. The research reveals hitherto neglected aspects of contemporary urban internationalization by examining the Korean community from the point of view of the relationship between the Korean and Japanese communities. We find that:

A Japanese community exists within Ikaino (widely known as “Korea town”).
The Korean and Japanese communities live side by side but emphasize their separate identities.
The only condition which offers hope for cooperation between the two groups is a common feeling of loss and deprivation.

Arguments for and against the employment of unskilled foreign laborers continue to be heard. It is the task of the sociologist to provide an objective, unbiased analysis and to accumulate relevant data, rather than to attempt a quick resolution by supporting one side or the other.
Sibling Configuration and Coresidence of Married Couples with an Older Mother in Japan
Authors: Kojima Hiroshi 
Published: January 2009

Abstract  This study aims to clarify the effects of sibling configuration on both current and prospective coresidence of married male household heads with their older mother or mother‐in‐law. Multinomial logit analysis is applied to the data from the 1985 national household survey conducted by the Institute of Population Problems in Tokyo. The analysis is restricted to those heads whose mother and mother‐in‐law are both aged 60 or older and who do not live or plan to live with both mothers.The results of multinomial logit analysis of current living arrangements show a positive effect of the head's eldest‐son status on coresidence with his mother and a positive effect of the wife's eldest‐daughter status (in the absence of brothers) on coresidence with her mother, which supports the Heir Priority Hypothesis. The positive effects of the wife having older brothers or older sisters on coresidence with the head's mother also supports this hypothesis. On the other hand, the negative effects of the head having younger brothers or younger sisters and the wife being the youngest child, as well as the positive effect of the wife being the oldest child, on coresidence with the head's mother seem to support the House Crowding Hypothesis.The results of multinomial logit analysis of plans for future living arrangements, controlling for the current living arrangements, also show a similar (positive) effect of the head's eldest‐son status on planned coresidence with his mother, supporting the Heir Priority Hypothesis. The reversed effect of the head having younger sisters on planned coresidence with his mother seems to be consistent with the Gender Role Crowding Hypothesis.
Is the Japanese Mobility Pattern Consistent?: Educational Expansion and its Effects
Authors: Seiyama Kazuo 
Published: January 2009

Abstract  Current empirical studies on social mobility generally emphasize an invariance of mobility pattern rather than variance. However, the industrialization thesis has not yet seriously been challenged by those researches, since they are only comparing different countries, not different developmental stages of one country. Besides, those researches have provided virtually no theoretical explanation for the invariance.This paper is an attempt to provide a longitudinal analysis of Japanese social mobility and to give an explanation for the consistency of mobility pattern found in that analysis. The key factor related to the consistency is the way education mediates the mobility. Our analysis presents a clear and exact picture of the longitudinal effect of educational expansion on the mobility pattern.
Sociological Determinants of Life Satisfaction in Japan: The Roles of Gender, Family, and Work
Authors: Kamo Yoshinori 
Published: January 2009

Abstract  This is one of the first studies on causes and correlates of life satisfaction among Japanese, based on the theoretical framework of Thibaut and Kelley (1959) on satisfaction and a nationally representative sample of Japanese adults. Emphasized are the effects of such demographic variables as gender, marital status, age, and work‐related characteristics on life satisfaction. It is found that Japanese women are more satisfied with their lives than are men on the average. This difference is not explained by the gender difference in employment statuses. When examined for each employment status category, women still show higher life satisfaction than men on the average, except those employed full‐time.While widowed women show lower life satisfaction, never‐married and divorced men show the same pattern. The detrimental effect of divorce on life satisfaction among women disappears when economic circumstances variables are controlled for. Age is found to be strongly related to life satisfaction, particularly among men. A non‐linear effect of age indicates both family responsibility and job responsibility decrease life satisfaction for Japanese men and women.The theoretical framework presented in American literature on the subject is largely supported in the present analysis with Japanese data. Rather than absolute levels of economic and/or social indicators, the salience each person places on them is found to be critical for life satisfaction. Given the cognitive definition of satisfaction adopted here which emphasizes comparisons, these results indicate the validity of this theoretical perspective.