bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Roles of Private Actors in EU Business Regulation and the Erosion of Rhenish Capitalism: the Case of Antitrust Enforcement
Authors: WIGGER ANGELA , NÖLKE ANDREAS 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe 2004 antitrust reform is the most important change in the history of EU competition policy. It amounts to a major shift in both the mode of regulation (towards private enforcement) and the substance (towards the Anglo‐Saxon model). These changes erode crucial elements of the Rhenish variety of economic organization.
Principals’ and teachers’ attitudes and knowledge of inclusive education as predictors of effective teaching practices in Ghana
Authors: Kuyini Ahmed Bawa , Desai Ishwar 
Published: May 2007

Surveys and observations were undertaken in selected primary schools in Ghana to determine whether principals’ and teachers’ attitudes towards and knowledge of inclusive education, as well as principals’ expectations of teachers in implementing inclusion, were predictors of effective teaching practices in their classrooms. The sample of 128 educators (20 principals and 108 teachers) drawn from 20 primary schools in two districts, were required to respond to questionnaire measures of Attitude Towards Inclusive Education Scale (ATIES), Knowledge of Inclusive Education Scale (KIES) and Principals’ Expectations Scale (PES). Of the total number of teachers (N = 108), 37 were observed during instructional delivery in their classrooms. The data were analysed by a variety of statistical procedures including Regression Analysis and Discriminant Function Analysis. In the context of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1985), the results showed that whilst attitudes towards inclusion (attitude element) and knowledge of inclusion (perceived behavioural control element) predicted effective teaching practices, principals’ expectations (subjective norm) did not. Implications for the implementation of effective inclusive practices in Ghanaian schools and the need for future research are discussed.
Using the Mini‐Mental State Examination for Tracking Cognition in the Older Population Based on Longitudinal Data
Authors: Chatfield Mark , Matthews Fiona E. , Brayne Carol ,   the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVES: To estimate population norms for use in assessment of individuals in relation to their age‐matched peers using true longitudinal patterns of decline.DESIGN: Longitudinal study of 10 years of follow‐up data from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS) on the most commonly used cognitive test across clinical and research settings.SETTING: England and Wales.PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen thousand four people were seen in five sites at baseline, with follow up at 2, 5, and 10 years.MEASUREMENTS: Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score at three interviews over 10 years. A total of 42,777 MMSE scores were used in the analysis.RESULTS: MMSE norms are presented according to age and split according to sex using longitudinal data. Potential cohort effects and dropout of individuals with low MMSE scores have been accounted for.CONCLUSION: It is likely that the cognitive MMSE scale will continue to be used in many settings and across the age range. The figures presented here can be used to plot individual performance and chart where there is change in the relative position of one individual compared with others.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Criteria for Urinary Tract Infection in a Cohort of Nursing Home Residents*
Authors: Juthani‐Mehta Manisha , Tinetti Mary , Perrelli Eleanor , Towle Virginia , Van Ness Peter H. , Quagliarello Vincent 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively evaluate nursing home residents with suspected urinary tract infection (UTI) to determine whether they met the McGeer, Loeb, or revised Loeb consensus‐based criteria and whether any set of criteria was associated with laboratory evidence of UTI, namely bacteriuria (>100,000 colony forming units) plus pyuria (>10 white blood cells).DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.SETTING: Three New Haven–area nursing homes.PARTICIPANTS: Of 611 residents screened, 457 were eligible, 362 consented, and 340 enrolled.MEASUREMENTS: Participants underwent prospective surveillance from May 2005 to April 2006 for the development of suspected UTI (defined as a participant's physician or nurse clinically suspecting UTI). One hundred participants with suspected UTI and a urinalysis and urine culture performed were included in the analyses.RESULTS: Participants were identified who met the criteria of McGeer, Loeb, revised Loeb, and laboratory evidence of UTI. Using laboratory evidence of UTI as the outcome, the McGeer criteria demonstrated 30% sensitivity, 82% specificity, 57% positive predictive value (PPV), and 61% negative predictive value (NPV); the Loeb criteria showed 19% sensitivity, 89% specificity, 57% PPV, and 59% NPV; and the revised Loeb criteria demonstrated 30% sensitivity, 79% specificity, 52% PPV, and 60% NPV.CONCLUSION: All of the consensus‐based criteria have similar test characteristics. The diagnostic accuracy of UTI criteria in nursing home residents could be improved, and the data suggest that evidence‐based clinical criteria associated with laboratory evidence of UTI need to be identified and validated.
Immunohistochemical expression of β‐catenin, E‐cadherin, cyclin D1 and c‐myc in benign trichogenic tumors
Authors: Demirkan Neşe Çallı , Bir Ferda , Erdem Özlem , Düzcan Ender 
Published: May 2007

Background:  β‐catenin gene mutations have been reported in vast majority of pilomatrixomas (PMXs). β‐catenin, a component of the adhesion molecules of the cytoskeleton, is degraded at the cytoplasm. Excess cytoplasmic β‐catenin enters into the nucleus and activates the transcription of several genes encoding c‐myc, cyclin D1 and others. Sublocation of β‐catenin has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The aim of this study was to determine the role of β‐catenin‐related proteins in various benign trichogenic tumors.Methods:  We investigated the expression of β‐catenin, E‐cadherin, c‐myc and cyclin D1 immunohistochemically, and the expression of these molecules were compared between two groups consisting of 12 PMXs and 12 other benign trichogenic tumors (OBTTs).Results:  In PMX group, nuclear and/or cytoplasmic expression of β‐catenin was associated with a loss of membranous expression of E‐cadherin (p = 0.002). In OBTT group, a membranous expression of E‐cadherin and β‐catenin was observed, and there was a stronger nuclear immunoreactivity of cyclin D1 compared with PMX group (p = 0.006).Conclusions:  In PMX, nuclear and/or cytoplasmic β‐catenin expression of tumoral cells is not related with β‐catenin‐related gene expressions (c‐myc or cyclin D1). The molecular behaviour of OBTTs is clearly different from that of PMXs in terms of to E‐cadherin and β‐catenin expression.
Atherogenic lipoprotein parameters in patients with aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Rufail M. L. , Schenkein H. A. , Koertge T. E. , Best A. M. , Barbour S. E. , Tew J. G. , Van Antwerpen R. 
Published: May 2007

Background and Objective:  Certain types of chronic infection increase the plasma level of very‐low‐density lipoprotein, leading to formation of the particularly atherogenic low‐density lipoprotein subclass, small dense low‐density lipoprotein. In the present study, we examined whether aggressive forms of periodontis are associated with these atherogenic lipoprotein parameters.Material and Methods:  Twelve healthy control subjects without periodontitis, 12 subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis and 12 subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis were studied. Lipoprotein subclass levels were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance methodology.Results:  Healthy control subjects, localized aggressive periodontitis subjects and generalized aggressive periodontitis subjects had progressively higher plasma levels of very‐low‐density lipoprotein and progressively smaller average low‐density lipoprotein size (p < 0.05, one‐way analysis of variance). In pairwise comparisons, differences were only significant between healthy controls and generalized aggressive periodontitis subjects (p < 0.05, Tukey's post test). After adjustment for body mass index, the mean periodontal pocket depth correlated positively with plasma very‐low‐density lipoprotein levels (p = 0.047). Very‐low‐density lipoprotein concentrations correlated positively with small dense low‐density lipoprotein levels and negatively with average low‐density lipoprotein size. Prevalence of the atherogenic lipoprotein pattern‐B in healthy controls, localized aggressive periodontitis subjects and generalized aggressive periodontitis subjects was 8.3%, 33.3% and 66.6%, respectively.Conclusion:  These results indicate that periodontal infection is associated with elevated plasma levels of atherogenic lipoprotein species. This association may account for the increased risk of periodontitis patients for cardiovascular disease.
Interdisciplinary Approach to Treating a Patient with Amelogenesis Imperfecta: A Clinical Report
Authors: Akin Hakan , Tasveren Semi̇h , Yeler Defne Yalçin 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTreatment of a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) presents a real problem from both functional and esthetic points of view. An esthetic result also will result in an improvement in the patient’s quality of life. This clinical report illustrates the oral rehabilitation of a 24‐year‐old man diagnosed with hypomature type of AI. The aim of treatment was to both restore esthetics and improve masticatory function. Esthetic expectations of the patient were successfully attained by placing all‐porcelain crowns from canine to canine in each arch, 12 crowns total. Moreover, metal‐ceramic three‐unit fixed partial dentures for the missing mandibular right first molars were fabricated for the patient’s masticatory function. Resin composite restorations were applied to the maxillary premolars, the maxillary right first molar, the mandibular left premolars, and the right first premolar to modify the occlusion. No deterioration in the restorations and no pathology associated with the rehabilitation were found at the 1‐year recall, and the patient’s esthetic and functional expectations were satisfied.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThis article provides an overview of an interdisciplinary approach to treating the difficult condition of AI using a combination of treatments to achieve optimal esthetics and function.
Effect of Zoe Temporary Restoration on Resin‐Dentin Bond Strength Using Different Adhesive Strategies
Authors: Carvalho Ceci Nunes , De Oliveira Bauer José roberto , Loguercio Alessandro Dourado , Reis Alessandra 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTStatement of the Problem:  Eugenol is a radical scavenger that inhibits the polymerization of resin materials. Little is known about the effect of a eugenol‐containing temporary restorative material on the resin‐dentin bond strength of adhesive systems that partially dissolves and modifies the smear layer.Purpose of the Study:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eugenol‐containing temporary restoration (zinc oxide eugenol [ZOE]) on the resin‐dentin microshear bond strength of etch‐and‐rinse and self‐etch adhesives.Material and Methods:  The roots of 18 human molars were removed and the crowns of the teeth were transversally sectioned into two halves. The dentin surfaces were embedded in acrylic resin. Half of the samples were stored while the remaining specimens were restored with eugenol‐containing temporary restoration. After 24 hours, the ZOE restoration was mechanically removed and dentin surfaces were ultrasonically cleaned. Dentin surfaces were treated with one of the following adhesives: Single Bond, Clearfil SE, and iBond. Six cylinders of Z250 (0.5 mm high and 0.75 mm in diameter) were applied to each bonded dentin surface using a tygon tube. After storage for 24 hours, the specimens were subjected to micro‐shear testing. The data was subjected to a two‐way analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (α=0.05).Results:  Similar bond strength values were obtained for Single Bond (p=0.48) either in the control or in the ZOE‐treated group. For both self‐etch systems, the bond strength in the ZOE‐treated group was statistically lower than the control group (p < 0.01).Conclusions:  Although the prior use of eugenol‐containing temporary restoration (IRM) affects the resin‐dentin bond strength of the etch‐and‐rinse Single Bond, a more pronounced reduction on bond strength was observed for the two self‐etch systems evaluated (iBond, Clearfil SE Bond).CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEEugenol‐containing provisional restorations (IRM) should not be used prior to the placement of resin restorations bonded with the two‐step etch‐and‐rinse Single Bond and the self‐etch adhesives systems iBond and Clearfil SE Bond.
Clinical Trials of Xenotransplantation: Waiver of the Right to Withdraw from a Clinical Trial Should Be Required
Authors: Spillman Monique A. , Sade Robert M. 
Published: May 2007

Xenotransplantation is defined as “any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation, or infusion into a human recipient of either (a) live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal source, or (b) human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues, or organs.” Xenotransplantation has been viewed by desperate patients and their surgeons as a solution to the problem of the paucity of human organs available for transplantation. Foes of xenotransplantation argue that the use of animal organs degrades the human race and should be avoided.In this paper, we briefly review the cultural context of xenotransplantation and explore the infectious disease risk of xenotransplantation. The United States Code of Federal Regulations requires life-long surveillance of a xenotransplantation recipient due to the largely unknown risk of novel infectious disease transmitted across species, known as xenogeneic infectious disease. We argue that despite being in the interest of protecting the public health, the imposition of lifelong surveillance requirements on xenotransplant recipients effectively abrogates the right to withdraw from a clinical trial after the transplantation has taken place. Moreover, we argue that a waiver of the right to withdraw should be made explicit in the interest of full disclosure, out of respect for the research subject’s right of self-determination.
Ethics of Population-Based Research
Authors: Taylor Holly A. , Johnson Summer 
Published: May 2007

Multiple scholars and institutions have asked what distinguishes public health research from public health practice. Most often, they ask in order to have a clear definition of what one does in various public health settings to assess oversight and/or regulation of human subjects research. More importantly, however, whether something is considered public health research or public health practice has real ethical implications in terms of the general moral considerations at stake and the obligations of public health researchers/practitioners to the populations they serve or study.Numerous examples in recent history of research ethics, including the Kennedy Krieger Lead Abatement Study and EPA’s Children’s Environmental Exposure Research Study (CHEERS), suggest that an exploration of the ethics of public health, or more generally population-based research, may be warranted. Although we acknowledge that there are important ethical issues to consider in the implementation of public health practice, we leave that discussion for other authors.
Diversity of Nitrite Reductase Genes in “
Candidatus
Accumulibacter phosphatis”-Dominated Cultures Enriched by Flow-Cytometric Sorting
Authors: Miyauchi Ryuki , Oki Kazuma , Aoi Yoshiteru , Tsuneda Satoshi 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

“
Candidatus
Accumulibacter phosphatis” is considered a polyphosphate-accumulating organism (PAO) though it has not been isolated yet. To reveal the denitrification ability of this organism, we first concentrated this organism by flow cytometric sorting following fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using specific probes for this organism. The purity of the target cells was about 97% of total cell count in the sorted sample. The PCR amplification of the nitrite reductase genes (
nirK
and
nirS
) from unsorted and sorted cells was performed. Although
nirK
and
nirS
were amplified from unsorted cells, only
nirS
was detected from sorted cells, indicating that “
Ca
. Accumulibacter phosphatis” has
nirS
. Furthermore,
nirS
fragments were cloned from unsorted (Ba clone library) and sorted (Bd clone library) cells and classified by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The most dominant clone in clone library Ba, which represented 62% of the total number of clones, was not found in clone library Bd. In contrast, the most dominant clone in clone library Bd, which represented 59% of the total number of clones, represented only 2% of the total number of clones in clone library Ba, indicating that this clone could be that of “
Ca
. Accumulibacter phosphatis.” The sequence of this
nirS
clone exhibited less than 90% similarity to the sequences of known denitrifying bacteria in the database. The recovery of the
nirS
genes makes it likely that “
Ca
. Accumulibacter phosphatis” behaves as a denitrifying PAO capable of utilizing nitrite instead of oxygen as an electron acceptor for phosphorus uptake.
Suitability of Flow Cytometry for Estimating Bacterial Biovolume in Natural Plankton Samples: Comparison with Microscopy Data
Authors: Felip Marisol , Andreatta Stefan , Sommaruga Ruben , Straskrábová Viera , Catalan Jordi 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

The relationship between flow cytometry data and epifluorescence microscopy measurements was assessed in bacterioplankton samples from 80 lakes to estimate bacterial biovolume and cell size distribution. The total counts of 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole-stained cells estimated by both methods were significantly related, and the slope of their linear regression was not significantly different from 1, indicating that both methods produce very similar estimates of bacterial abundance. The relationships between side scatter (SSC) and 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole fluorescence and cell volume (microscopy values) were improved by binning of the data in three frequency classes for each, but further increases in the number of classes did not improve these relationships. Side scatter was the best cell volume predictor, and significant relationships were observed between the SSC classes and the smallest (
R
2
= 0.545,
P
< 0.001,
n
= 80) and the largest (
R
2
= 0.544,
P
< 0.001,
n
= 80) microscopy bacterial-size classes. Based on these relationships, a reliable bacterial biomass estimation was obtained from the SSC frequency classes. Our study indicates that flow cytometry can be used to properly estimate bacterioplankton biovolume, with an accuracy similar to those of more time-consuming microscopy methods.
Mutations of the
Corynebacterium glutamicum
NCgl1221 Gene, Encoding a Mechanosensitive Channel Homolog, Induce
l
-Glutamic Acid Production
Authors: Nakamura Jun , Hirano Seiko , Ito Hisao , Wachi Masaaki 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Corynebacterium glutamicum
is a biotin auxotroph that secretes
l
-glutamic acid in response to biotin limitation; this process is employed in industrial
l
-glutamic acid production. Fatty acid ester surfactants and penicillin also induce
l
-glutamic acid secretion, even in the presence of biotin. However, the mechanism of
l
-glutamic acid secretion remains unclear. It was recently reported that disruption of
odhA
, encoding a subunit of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, resulted in
l
-glutamic acid secretion without induction. In this study, we analyzed
odhA
disruptants and found that those which exhibited constitutive
l
-glutamic acid secretion carried additional mutations in the NCgl1221 gene, which encodes a mechanosensitive channel homolog. These NCgl1221 gene mutations lead to constitutive
l
-glutamic acid secretion even in the absence of
odhA
disruption and also render cells resistant to an
l
-glutamic acid analog, 4-fluoroglutamic acid. Disruption of the NCgl1221 gene essentially abolishes
l
-glutamic acid secretion, causing an increase in the intracellular
l
-glutamic acid pool under biotin-limiting conditions, while amplification of the wild-type NCgl1221 gene increased
l
-glutamate secretion, although only in response to induction. These results suggest that the NCgl1221 gene encodes an
l
-glutamic acid exporter. We propose that treatments that induce
l
-glutamic acid secretion alter membrane tension and trigger a structural transformation of the NCgl1221 protein, enabling it to export
l
-glutamic acid.
Cryptococcus neoformans
Biofilm Formation Depends on Surface Support and Carbon Source and Reduces Fungal Cell Susceptibility to Heat, Cold, and UV Light
Authors: Martinez Luis R. , Casadevall Arturo 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

The fungus
Cryptococcus neoformans
possesses a polysaccharide capsule and can form biofilms on medical devices. We describe the characteristics of
C. neoformans
biofilm development using a microtiter plate model, microscopic examinations, and a colorimetric 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium-hydroxide (XTT) reduction assay to observe the metabolic activity of cryptococci within a biofilm. A strong correlation between XTT and CFU assays was demonstrated. Chemical analysis of the exopolymeric material revealed sugar composition consisting predominantly of xylose, mannose, and glucose, indicating the presence of other polysaccharides in addition to glucurunoxylomannan. Biofilm formation was affected by surface support differences, conditioning films on the surface, characteristics of the medium, and properties of the microbial cell. A specific antibody to the capsular polysaccharide of this fungus was used to stain the extracellular polysaccharide matrix of the fungal biofilms using light and confocal microscopy. Additionally, the susceptibility of
C. neoformans
biofilms and planktonic cells to environmental stress was investigated using XTT reduction and CFU assays. Biofilms were less susceptible to heat, cold, and UV light exposition than their planktonic counterparts. Our findings demonstrate that fungal biofilm formation is dependent on support surface characteristics and that growth in the biofilm state makes fungal cells less susceptible to potential environmental stresses.
Novel Redox Potential-Based Screening Strategy for Rapid Isolation of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Mutants with Enhanced 1,3-Propanediol-Producing Capability
Authors: Du Chenyu , Zhang Yanping , Li Yin , Cao Zhu'an 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

This report describes a novel redox potential (oxidoreduction potential [ORP])-based screening strategy for the isolation of mutants of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
which have an increased ability to produce 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD). This method can be described as follows: first, to determine an ORP range which is preferred for the wild-type strain to grow and to produce 1,3-PD; second, to subject a chemically mutagenized culture to a reduced ORP level which is deleterious for the wild-type strain. Colonies that showed high specific growth rates at deleterious ORP levels were selected, and their abilities to produce 1,3-PD were investigated. In an ORP-based screening experiment where the ORP was controlled at −280 mV, 4 out of 11 isolated strains were recognized as positive mutant strains. A mutant which is capable of producing higher concentrations of 1,3-PD was subjected to fed-batch fermentations for further characterization. Its preferred ORP level (−280 mV) was significantly lower than that of its parent (−190 mV). The highest 1,3-PD concentration of the mutant was 915 mmol liter
−1
, which was 63.1% higher than that of the parent. Metabolic-flux analysis suggested that the intracellular reductive branch of the mutant was strengthened, which improved 1,3-PD biosynthesis. The procedure and results presented here provide a novel method of screening for strains with improved product formation.