bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Recovery ofMycobacterium tuberculosisFrom Children Using the Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility Method
Authors: Oberhelman Richard A. , Soto-Castellares Giselle , Caviedes Luz , Castillo Maria E. , Kissinger Patricia , Moore David A.J. , Evans Carlton , Gilman Robert H. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE. The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis presents challenges in children, because symptoms are nonspecific, sputa are not accessible, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures and smears often are negative. The Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility technique is a simple, inexpensive method for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation with superior speed and sensitivity over Lowenstein-Jensen culture in studies of adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. The objective of this study was to determine whether Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility culture can improve the sensitivity and the speed of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recovery among Peruvian children with symptoms suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis.METHODS. Two specimens of each type (gastric aspirate, nasopharyngeal aspirate, and stool specimens) were collected from each patient, examined by auramine stain, and cultured by Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility and Lowenstein-Jensen techniques. Patients (n = 165) were enrolled between April 2002 and February 2004 at the Instituto de Salud del Niño, the major pediatric hospital in Lima, Peru. Inclusion criteria were age ≤12 years, Stegen-Toledo clinical score ≥5 points, and absence of antituberculous therapy. The main outcome measurements were (1) proportion of specimens that were culture positive by Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility versus Lowenstein-Jensen and (2) days required for positive culture result, stratified by specimen type and auramine stain result.RESULTS. Fifteen (9%) patients had at least 1 positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture (from stool in 3 cases, nasopharyngeal aspirate in 8 cases, and gastric aspirate in 15 cases). Thirty-eight culture-positive specimens were obtained (22 gastric aspirate, 12 nasopharyngeal aspirates, and 4 stools). Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility provided significantly more positive cultures than Lowenstein-Jensen (33 of 38 specimens culture positive by Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility vs 21 of 38 by Lowenstein-Jensen). This was attributed to enhanced recovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from auramine-negative specimens (19 of 23 by Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility vs 9 of 23 by Lowenstein-Jensen), in contrast to similar detection rates for the 2 tests with auramine-positive samples. Similar results were found for analyses that were limited to gastric aspirates. Isolation was faster by Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility than Lowenstein-Jensen.CONCLUSIONS. Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from children with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis by Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility demonstrated greater yield and faster recovery than by Lowenstein-Jensen method, significantly improving local capabilities to detect pediatric tuberculosis in resource-poor settings.
Vertical Mixing and Ecological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation in Planktonic Communities
Authors: Ferrero Emma , Eöry Matías , Ferreyra Gustavo , Schloss Irene , Zagarese Horacio , Vernet Maria , Momo Fernando 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTWe present a mathematical model for a phytoplankton‐zooplankton system, based on a predator‐prey scheme. The model considers the effects of sinking in the phytoplankton, vertical mixing and attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in the water column. In a first approach, the model was studied under conditions of average PAR irradiance and shows fluctuations and stable equilibrium points. Secondly, we introduced the effects of photoperiod and photoinhibition by UVR and vertical mixing. Under these conditions, the phytoplankton biomass oscillates depending on the combined effects of UVR and mixing. Higher inhibition by UVR and longer mixing periods can induce strong fluctuations in the system but can also produce higher plankton peaks.
Do Genetically Distinct Rougheye Rockfish Sibling Species Differ Phenotypically?
Authors: Gharrett A. J. , Mecklenburg C. W. , Seeb L. W. , Li Z. , Matala A. P. , Gray A. K. , Heifetz J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTwo cryptic species of rougheye rockfish Sebastes aleutianus, which we refer to as types I and II, have been identified independently from DNA (microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]) markers and from distributions of allozyme allele frequencies. Visual differences that discriminate between these species in the field would improve their conservation and management. To delineate species, we used two microsatellite loci, μSma6 and μSma7, in conjunction with mtDNA site differences for the restriction enzymes Cfo I in the region of NADH dehydrogenase (ND) subunits 3 and 4 and Mbo I in the region of ND subunits 5 and 6. We compared meristic characters and morphological dimensions of the genetically determined species and observed that although all parameters had overlapping distributions, type II rougheye rockfish have slightly fewer and shorter gill rakers and deeper bodies. Discriminant analysis of morphological characteristics accurately delineated the species (>94%). Rougheye rockfish have two color forms: Light and dark. We examined the correlation between coloration and genotype and observed that most type II fish had the light coloration, but type I fish were either light or dark and the proportion of each color form changed geographically. We also demonstrated that frequency differences in the distributions of allozyme markers are concordant with diagnostic differences at microsatellite loci and mtDNA markers, although the allozyme markers are not diagnostic.
Things Will Endure Less Than Us
Authors: Abley Ian 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIan Abley challenges the current architectural veneration of everything small and tailormade. Could a correlation between the small scale and the sustainable be entirely misplaced? Could our very predilection for ‘sensitive’ diminuitive design be causing us to completely overlook the potential of the megastructure? Shouldn't we be striving to deliver reusable spaces with recyclable parts to the greatest number of people?
People, Not Architecture, Make Communities
Authors: Heartfield James 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCommunity is an illusive and, in many respects, unpredictable quality. A sense of citizenship does not simply follow on from a replication of the Victorian, walkable city, just as public disengagement and a lack of social cohesion are not immediate attributes of car‐based and low‐density conurbations. As David Miliband MP, Minister of Communities and Local Government, asserts: ‘Architecture on its own can't make communities.’ Here, in conversation with James Heartfield, Miliband discusses the problems at the heart of sustainable communities ‐ at a time of pending urgency as housing demand far outstrips supply.
London 2030: Taking the Thames Gateway Seriously
Authors: Abley Ian 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEncouraged by Will Alsop's Supercities project, Ian Abley produced this map as an open invitation to start imagining the development of the Thames Gateway ‐ a doubling of London to the east. Your proposals and visions for a rethought London can be sent through to the guest‐editor of this issue of 4 at www.audacity.org.
Travelling in a Straight Line
Authors: Houchell Oliver 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the 1970s, when Paul Rudolph's Lower Manhattan Expressway project was featured on the cover of Reyner Banham's Megastructure, no urban scheme was complete without a rapid transit system running through it. Today, cities are serviced and connected by a range of technologies. Architect and technology‐transfer enthusiast Oliver Houchell talks about the need to use these to increase mobility and expand capacity into and between the world's megalopoli.
Architecture with Legs
Authors: Abley Ian , Schwinge Jonathan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDreaming of developing the Thames Estuary, Ian Abley and Jonathan Schwinge went to see the Maunsell Sea Forts, built off the coast of Herne Bay, Kent, in 1942. Here they met members of Project Redsand, a charitable organisation that aims to preserve the forts as a public museum, and which has so far received encouragement from both industry and government departments.
Why Drive a TT and Live in a Broken Teapot?
Authors: Abley Ian 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWhat is the fascination with do‐it‐yourself repairs and tweeness? Obviously old houses are great because they are large, and often stand in the best locations. And, of course, some old houses are the equivalent of classic cars. But most are old bangers ‐ after several owners they are worn‐out maintenance nightmares. Ian Abley asks: Why not knock them down and make way for the manufactured modular housing equivalent of an Audi TT in the gap site? A lot more demolition would result in far more interesting neighbourhoods, lower running costs, and less need for wind farms (as beautiful as they are).
Our Overdeveloped Sense of Vulnerability
Authors: Furedi Frank 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIndustrialised development and the suburban megalopolis are commonly regarded as a threat to nature, contributing to the increasing frailty of the planet and its delicate ecosystems. Here, Frank Furedi, Professor of Sociology at the University of Kent, looks beyond the immediate environmental factors and assesses the root causes of our ensuing sense of vulnerability, as our worldview is increasingly informed by a collapse in social self‐confidence.
Appreciating Cumbernauld
Authors: Murray Gordon 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBuilt between 1961 and 1969, Cumbernauld town centre was intended by the town's newly established architects' department to be the centrepiece of a Modernist ‘utopia’ that would absorb Glasgow's overspill. It initially attracted architectural honours, but coverage then became damning. Reyner Banham said of it: ‘It shaped its times, and was shaped by them, most notably and depressingly in the use of raw off‐the‐form concrete … a weeping, sweeping, drip‐stained brown.’ As a visiting professor at the University of Strathclyde, Gordon Murray has worked with the head of the school, Steven Spier, to focus all final‐year projects on Cumbernauld. This has resulted in a reappraisal and reappreciation of the much‐maligned megastructure.
Hollywood's Noir Detours: Unease in the Mental Megalopolis
Authors: Barnfield Graham 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHollywood cinema entertained urban audiences, but it also encapsulated their experiences in a paradoxical way. The us film noir cycle, commonly seen as downbeat B‐movies made between 1941 and 1958, presented negative counterpoints to the advantages of modern life. Graham Barnfield argues that film noir is nothing if not a mental megalopolis, originating a sensibility that continues to underpin cinematic visions of the future in our age of blinding computer‐generated imagery (CGI).
McLaren Technology Centre
Authors: Melvin Jeremy 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe product of a highly customised production process, the racing car is the very antithesis of the modular and the mass produced. Jeremy Melvin reveals how Foster and Partners has designed a headquarters for the McLaren Group ‐ a premier producer and promoter of Formula One cars ‐ that, despite its location on the site of an old farm in Woking, Surrey, is resplendent as a ‘late industrial vision of the object perfectly refined to fulfil its allotted task’.
Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis product grade optimization in a fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Fernandes Fabiano A. N. , Sousa Elida M. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFischer‐Tropsch synthesis is an important chemical process for the production of liquid fuels and olefins. In recent years, the abundant availability of natural gas and the increasing demand of olefins, gasoline, diesel and waxes have led to a high interest in further developing this process. A mathematical model of a fluidized‐bed reactor used for syngas polymerization was developed and the carbon monoxide polymerization was studied from a modeling point of view. Simulation results show that several parameters affect syngas conversion and carbon product distribution, such as operating pressure, superficial gas velocity, bed porosity, and syngas composition. Optimization of liquid hydrocarbon products was done and the best operating conditions for their production were found for an iron catalyst that produces hydrocarbon chains according to a dual mechanism theory. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Multiscale modeling and optimization of H2 storage using nanoporous adsorbents
Authors: Kikkinides Eustathios S. , Konstantakou Maria , Georgiadis Michael C. , Steriotis Theodore A. , Stubos Athanasios K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present study is the development of a multiscale modeling and optimization framework for hydrogen storage in carbon‐based nanoporous adsorbents. The outlined methodology is generic and can be easily adapted to the storage of several gases of relevant importance and/or different physisorbing nanoporous materials. The results indicate clearly how operating constraints (such as temperature limitations arising from safety considerations) can affect the material design in terms of its pore size distribution and how material design constraints (such as those arising from manufacturing limitations) can effect the operation and efficiency of the process. The ultimate objective is to systematically reveal the strong and highly related synergistic benefits between process design/operation decisions and material design aspects so as to ensure an economically attractive, technically feasible, and safe process. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Inpatient risk management with mentally ill offenders: results of a survey on clinical decision‐making about easing restrictions
Authors: STÜBNER SUSANNE , GROß GREGOR , NEDOPIL NORBERT 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground Procedures for easing restrictions in forensic hospitals are an important part of treatment and serve to prepare inpatients for community conditions. In spite of this, there are still very few empirical data on the assessment of the risks involved. Clinical experience, expert knowledge and theoretical considerations indicate that the risk factors for recidivism after discharge from hospital are not identical with those that predict incidents during hospitalization or during the easing of restrictions.Aims To determine both possible risk factors for incidents during hospitalization and criteria allowing easing of regulations and confinement.Methods A survey was conducted of clinicians in forensic hospitals concerning their perception of risk and protective factors.Results The survey revealed that stable dynamic factors were more relevant for clinicians than static risk factors. Furthermore, clinicians rated protective factors as being as important as risk factors. Depending on the rehabilitation process, aspects of the social network outside the institutions were also rated as being important.Conclusions and implications for practice These findings offer some clarification of the concept of clinical judgment as applied to assessment of readiness for discharge of offender patients from specialist forensic psychiatric hospitals. Research into risk assessment and management might be improved by taking account of explicit clinical concerns. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring engagement in therapy and motivation to change in adult prisoners: a brief report
Authors: MCMURRAN MARY , THEODOSI ELENI , SELLEN JOSELYN 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground The aim of this study was to examine the relative properties of the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) and the Treatment Motivation Questionnaire (TMQ) in assessing offenders' motivation to change.Method Thirty‐five male prisoners completed the URICA and the TMQ before and after treatment. The URICA scales were scored in three ways: Readiness to Change, the Italian Composite, and Committed Action. The TMQ was scored in four subscales: Internal motivation, External motivation, Help seeking, and Confidence in treatment. The criterion measure was staff‐reported treatment engagement.Results Significant positive change post‐treatment was evident on Committed Action of the URICA and the Confidence in Treatment scale of the TMQ. The three URICA composite scores correlated significantly and negatively with the criterion measure. Of the TMQ scales, only Confidence in Treatment correlated significantly with the criterion and this in a positive direction.Conclusion Overall, only the Confidence in Treatment scale of the TMQ provided consistent evidence of motivation for therapy and motivation to change. Better measures of motivation need to be developed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term prognostic implications of nonoptimal primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Parodi Guido , Valenti Renato , Carrabba Nazario , Memisha Gentian , Moschi Guia , Migliorini Angela , Antoniucci David 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAim: To evaluate the long‐term outcome of a nonoptimal result of a primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods and Results: An optimal PCI result was defined as TIMI flow grade 3 and residual stenosis ≤≤≤≤20%. Long‐term clinical follow‐up (51 ±± 21 months) data were collected from 1,009 consecutive patients with ST‐elevation AMI who underwent primary PCI. Overall, an optimal primary PCI result was achieved in 958 patients (95%). At 5‐year follow‐up, patients with nonoptimal PCI had a higher rate of all‐cause mortality (47% vs 19%; P < 0.00001 by log‐rank test) than those with an optimal mechanical reperfusion. Fifty‐two percent of the deaths in the nonoptimal PCI group occurred within the first month. Interestingly, after this period, estimated survival of 30‐day alive patients was not significantly different to that of patients with an optimal PCI (P = 0.06 by log‐rank test). Nonoptimal PCI result emerged as an independent predictor of 1‐month mortality (OR = 3.030, 95% CI = 1.265–7.254; P = 0.013), but not of 5‐year mortality. At long‐term follow‐up, comulative rates of nonfatal reinfarction, hospitalization for heart failure, and additional revascularization procedures were similar between patients with nonoptimal and optimal primary PCI (4% vs 5%, P = 0.695; 4% vs 5%, P = 921; and 22% vs 20%, P = 0.816, respectively). Conclusion: A nonoptimal primary PCI result represents a strong predictor of early mortality. However, in patients surviving the early phase, the incidence of clinical events at long‐term follow‐up seems to be similar to successfully reperfused AMI patients. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss., Inc.
Novel percutaneous catheter thrombectomy in acute massive pulmonary embolism: Rotational bidirectional thrombectomy (ROBOT)
Authors: Yoshida Masashi , Inoue Ichiro , Kawagoe Takuji , Ishihara Masaharu , Shimatani Yuji , Kurisu Satoshi , Kusano Kengo Fukushima , Ohe Tohru 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground: Although thrombolysis is a standard therapy in cases of pulmonary embolism (PE), fatal outcome is often observed. We designed and investigated the efficacy of a novel percutaneous catheter therapy, rotational bidirectional thrombectomy (ROBOT), for PE. Methods and Results: Eighteen patients with acute massive PE (Miller score ≥ 20) were included in this study. We separated them into two groups [group A (n = 10), thrombolysis; group B (n = 8): thrombolysis and ROBOT or ROBOT alone]. There was no difference in the hemodynamic indices between the groups at diagnosis. ROBOT was designed to fragment emboli by rotating a regular pigtail catheter. Three deaths occurred in group A because of hemodynamic impairment, but there was no death in group B. One day after treatment, systolic pulmonary artery pressure had decreased from 53 ± 8 to 30 ± 8 mm Hg (P < 0.05) in group B and from 54 ± 5 to 42 ± 19 mm Hg (NS) in group A. The hospitalization period in group B was shorter than that in group A (17 ± 6 vs. 27 ± 10 days, P < 0.05). Conclusion: ROBOT therapy results in a significant, rapid improvement in the hemodynamic situation and in a better outcome than conventional therapy in patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacokinetic evaluation and studies on the clinical efficacy of guar gum‐–based oral drug delivery systems of albendazole and albendazole‐β‐cyclodextrin for colon‐targeting in human volunteers
Authors: Shyale Somashekar , Chowdary K.P.R. , Krishnaiah Y.S.R. , Bhat Narasimha K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe present investigation assessed the in vivo properties of the guar gum–based colon‐targeted matrix tablets of albendazole‐β‐cyclodextrin (KA), albendazole matrix tablet (GA), and an immediate‐release albendazole tablet (CA) in humans. A single oral dose was administered in healthy human volunteers and a completely randomized, two‐way, three‐period crossover design was adopted. The data were statistically analyzed and a value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. In healthy human volunteers, guar gum colon‐targeted tablets showed delayed tmax and absorption time, decreased absorption rate constant, and unaltered t1/2indicating that albendazole is not released in stomach and small intestine, but is delivered to the colon, resulting in a slow absorption of the drug and making the drug available for local action in the colon. The increase in Cmax and AUC0‐∞ of KA shows that the bioavailability of albendazole in humans could be definitely improved by complexing the drug with β‐cyclodextrin. Furthermore, an open, parallel, single‐blind clinical study was conducted in patient volunteers who had helminthiasis. Clinical studies showed that the guar gum colon‐targeted tablets could reduce eggs per gram faster than conventional tablets could, resulting in improved clinical symptoms, Hb content, and decreased total count as compared to conventional tablets of albendazole. The investigation shows that albendazole, when complexed with β‐cyclodextrin, improves in vivo bioavailability of the drug and colon targeting using guar gum ensures drug delivery in the colonic fluids, and therefore improves clinical efficacy in human beings with helminthiasis. Drug Dev. Res. 67:154–165, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.