bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic Sequence of
Spodoptera frugiperda Ascovirus 1a
, an Enveloped, Double-Stranded DNA Insect Virus That Manipulates Apoptosis for Viral Reproduction
Authors: Bideshi Dennis K. , Demattei Marie-Véronique , Rouleux-Bonnin Florence , Stasiak Karine , Tan Yeping , Bigot Sylvie , Bigot Yves , Federici Brian A. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Ascoviruses (family
Ascoviridae
) are double-stranded DNA viruses with circular genomes that attack lepidopterans, where they produce large, enveloped virions, 150 by 400 nm, and cause a chronic, fatal disease with a cytopathology resembling that of apoptosis. After infection, host cell DNA is degraded, the nucleus fragments, and the cell then cleaves into large virion-containing vesicles. These vesicles and virions circulate in the hemolymph, where they are acquired by parasitic wasps during oviposition and subsequently transmitted to new hosts. To develop a better understanding of ascovirus biology, we sequenced the genome of the type species
Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a
(SfAV-1a). The genome consisted of 156,922 bp, with a G+C ratio of 49.2%, and contained 123 putative open reading frames coding for a variety of enzymes and virion structural proteins, of which tentative functions were assigned to 44. Among the most interesting enzymes, due to their potential role in apoptosis and viral vesicle formation, were a caspase, a cathepsin B, several kinases, E3 ubiquitin ligases, and especially several enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, including a fatty acid elongase, a sphingomyelinase, a phosphate acyltransferase, and a patatin-like phospholipase. Comparison of SfAV-1a proteins with those of other viruses showed that 10% were orthologs of
Chilo
iridescent virus proteins, the highest correspondence with any virus, providing further evidence that ascoviruses evolved from a lepidopteran iridovirus. The SfAV-1a genome sequence will facilitate the determination of how ascoviruses manipulate apoptosis to generate the novel virion-containing vesicles characteristic of these viruses and enable study of their origin and evolution.
Common and Specific Properties of Herpesvirus UL34/UL31 Protein Family Members Revealed by Protein ComplementationAssay
Authors: Schnee Margit , Ruzsics Zsolt , Bubeck Anja , Koszinowski Ulrich H. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
The proteins encoded by the UL34 and UL31 genes of herpes simplex virus are conserved among herpesviruses. They form a complex that is essential for the egress of the herpesvirus nucleocapsids from the nucleus. In previous work on the homologous protein complex in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), we defined their mutual binding domains. Here, we started to map binding domains within the UL34/UL31 proteins of alpha-, beta-, and gammaherpesviruses and to locate other functional properties. A protein complementation assay (PCA) using the TEM-1 β-lactamase fragments fused to UL31 and UL34 protein homologues was used to study protein-protein interactions in cells. Wild-type MCMV M50 and M53 provided a strong reaction in the PCA, whereas mutants unable to form a complex did not. The homologous pairs of herpes simplex virus type 1, pseudorabies virus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and murine herpes virus 68 proteins also reacted, with the exception of the EBV proteins. Cross-complementation was found to be positive only within the same herpesvirus subfamily. Moreover, the HCMV homologues rescued replication-defective MCMV genomes lacking one or the other gene. We identified the binding site of M53 for M50 in the first conserved region (CR1) (M. Loetzerich, Z. Ruzsics, and U. H. Koszinowski, J. Virol. 80:73-84). Here we show that the CR1 of all tested UL31 proteins contains the UL34 binding site, and chimeric proteins carrying the subfamily-specific CR1 rescued the ability to cross-complement in the PCA.
Evidence that the Immediate-Early Gene Product ICP4 Is Necessary for the Genome of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 ICP4 Deletion Mutant Strain
d
120 To Circularize in Infected Cells
Authors: Su Ying-Hsiu , Zhang Xianchao , Wang Xiaohe , Fraser Nigel W. , Block Timothy M. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Following infection, the physical state of linear herpes simplex virus (HSV) genomes may change into an “endless” or circular form. In this study, using Southern blot analysis of the HSV genome, we provide evidence that immediate-early protein ICP4 is involved in the process of converting the linear HSV-1 ICP4-deleted mutant strain
d
120 genome into its endless form. Under conditions where de novo viral DNA synthesis was inhibited, the genome of the ICP4 deletion mutant
d
120 failed to assume an endless conformation following infection of Vero cells (compared with the ability of wild-type strain KOS). This defect was reversed in the Vero-derived cell line E5, which produces the ICP4 protein, suggesting that ICP4 is necessary and sufficient to complement the
d
120 defect. When ICP4 protein was provided by the replication-defective DNA polymerase mutant HP66, the genomes of mutant
d
120 could assume an endless conformation in Vero cells. Western blot analysis using antibody specific to the ICP4 protein showed that although the
d
120 virions contained ICP4 protein, the majority of that ICP4 protein was in a 40-kDa truncated form, with only a small fraction present as a full-length 175-kDa protein. When expression of ICP4 protein from E5 cells was inhibited by cycloheximide, the
d
120 virion-associated ICP4 protein was unable to mediate endless formation after infection of E5 cells. Collectively, these data suggest that ICP4 protein has an important role in mediating the endless formation of the HSV-1 genome upon infection and that this function can be provided in
trans
.
Bringing the Courts Back In: Interbranch Perspectives on the Role of Courts in American Politics and Policy Making
Authors: Barnes Jeb 
Published: November 2006

▪ Abstract  Understanding the role of law and courts in American politics and policy making is inherently complex. The dominant response to this problem has been to specialize narrowly in Supreme Court decision making. The problem is that American politics and policy making are inherently interactive and thus cannot be easily parsed into component parts. Consistent with this observation, a growing literature assumes that courts must be studied from an interbranch perspective, which holds that American politics and policy making emanate from interaction among overlapping and diversely representative forums. The result is studies that analyze how law and courts fit into broader political and policy-making processes and reveal the political significance of seemingly technical legal matters. By redescribing courts and judicial decision making in political terms, interbranch analysis not only enriches the study of judicial behavior but also promises to bring law and courts back into the mainstream of the study of American politics and public administration—where they belong.[N]o skill in the science of government has yet been able to discriminate and define, with sufficient certainty, its three great provinces—the legislative, executive, and judiciary. … Questions daily occur in the course of practice which prove the obscurity which reigns in these subjects, and which puzzle the greatest adepts in political science.James Madison, Federalist Paper No. 37 (1788 [1987], p. 244)
Network Composition and Health Behaviors Among Older Samoan Women
Authors: Levy-Storms Lené , Lubben James E. 
Published: November 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explore how kin and nonkin social support networks influence health behaviors among older Samoan women. Method: Using a cross-sectional survey design, 290 Samoan women who were age 50 years and older were interviewed. Using separate logistic regressions, each health behavior was regressed on age and kin and nonkin social support networks after controlling for background characteristics and health status. Results: In multivariate analyses, higher scores on kin increased the likelihood of never salting food, getting screened for diabetes in the past year, and having had a mammogram in the past 2 years, whereas higher scores on nonkin increased the likelihood of exercising at all and ever trying to lose weight. Discussion: Kin networks positively affect mostly chronic disease-related health behaviors, whereas nonkin networks positively affect mostly lifestyle-related health behaviors.
Variation in Long-Term Care Needs Assessors’ Willingness to Support Clients’ Requests for Admission to a Residential Home
Authors: Jörg Frederike , Borgers Natacha , Schrijvers Augustinus J. P. , Hox Joop J. 
Published: November 2006

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine what client, needs assessor, and agency factors explain variation in decision making by long-term care needs assessors concerning clients requesting admission to a residential home. Method: Hypothetical case vignettes were sent to needs assessors allocating services for the elderly. Multilevel logistic regression analysis provided random and fixed effects. Results: The authors found random effects of the level of needs assessors are negligible, of the level of agencies small though statistically significant, clients receiving largest relative share of the variance. The amount of care already present appeared most important in the decision. Needs assessors were willing to support their clients’ wishes only when they were clearly motivated. Policy implications considering the tension between clients’ preferences and equity are discussed.
Care at the End of Life
Authors: Zapka Jane G. , Carter Rickey , Carter Cindy L. , Hennessy Winnie , Kurent Jerome E. , DesHarnais Susan 
Published: November 2006

Objective: To profile communication and recommendations reported by adults with terminal illness and explore differences by patient and physician characteristics. Method: This pilot was a cross-sectional study sample of 90 patients (39 Caucasian, 51 African American) with advanced heart failure or cancer. Participants completed an in-person, race-matched interview. Results: Participation was high (94%). Discussion about end-of-life topics was low. For example, only 30% reported discussion of advance directives, and 22% reported their physician inquired about spiritual support. Participants with cancer were significantly more likely to be receiving pain and/or symptom management at home, aware of prognosis, and participating in hospice. African American participants who were under the care of African American physicians were less likely to report pain and/or symptom management than other racial matches. Discussion: Although additional research on factors related to communication is important, initiation of patient-centered counseling by all physicians with seriously ill patients is essential.
Derivation and Confirmation of Scales Measuring Medical Directors’ Attitudes About the Hospitalization of Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Marcantonio Edward R. , O’Malley A. James , Murkofsky Rachel L. , Caudry Daryl J. , Buchanan Joan L. 
Published: November 2006

Objectives: To derive and confirm scales measuring medical director’s attitudes about hospitalization of nursing home residents. Method: The authors surveyed nursing facility medical directors about the necessity of hospitalizing residents for eight clinical conditions and compared the ratings to those obtained from an expert panel to derive a relative hospitalization score. They also asked about factors that might influence hospitalization decisions. They performed a factor analysis to derive scales that measure attitudinal determinants of hospitalization and used the relative hospitalization score to confirm the scales. Results: The survey had a 79% response rate. The relative hospitalization score demonstrated that medical directors were slightly less likely to recommend hospitalization than expert panel physicians. Factor analyses yielded 10 scales focusing on nursing home functioning, economics, resident specific considerations, and physician attitudes. Eight of the 10 scales had significant bivariable associations with the relative hospitalization score, and 6 had significant multivariable associations. Discussion: Medical directors identify multiple determinants of hospitalization for nursing facility residents across several domains. Hospitalization decisions for nursing facility residents are complex and involve clinical and nonclinical factors.
Evaluation of Culturable Particle Load on HVAC Filters Before and After Remediation: A Pilot Study
Authors: Perez Hernando R. , Zimmerman Neil J. , Berhane Zekarias 
Published: November 2006

This pilot research was performed to evaluate a quantitative method for culturing particles on HVAC filters. The reasons were to compare relative concentrations of culturable fungi found in two separate rooms of a six-floor building and to re-evaluate culturable fungi in the same building after remediation efforts. The evaluated quantification method involved shaking samples of filter materials in sterile saline followed by plating out. The pilot study consisted of two phases. Firstly, a case study comparison of two HVAC filters from a building with a history of indoor air quality concerns in the space served by one of the filters. The second, following remediation efforts in the same building. This involved the quantification of culturable fungal particles on each of ten filters serving ten separate areas of the building. Statistical analysis of the phase I results indicated a significantly greater number of viable particles on the complaint filter than on the non-complaint filter following culture and quantification on either malt extract agar (p=0.02) or potato dextrose agar (p=0.03). Phase II results suggested a factor of four decrease in culturable fungal load following remediation. This limited study was performed for preliminary assessment of the use of a filter quantification method to estimate relative airborne fungal load. The results suggest that more work is merited but limitations in the scope of the research and the statistical power of the analysis mean further conclusions regarding method efficacy cannot be drawn.
Comparison of Social Work Practice in Teams Using a Video Vignette Technique in a Multi-method Design
Authors: Eskelinen Leena , Caswell Dorte 
Published: November 2006

English This article focuses on the use of the vignette method in social worker teams and thereby collective or shared aspects of practice, which cannot be reached through a presentation of a vignette separately to the individual members of the team. A video vignette case was presented to four social worker teams in connection with a focus group session in order to compare the teams’ assessment of the client. The negotiations in the focus groups accentuate how teams interpret the same client in different ways and actualize questions as to where these differences stem from and what they are related to. The results support two methodological conclusions that we discuss in the article: that it is beneficial to use vignette in a multi-method design when comparing teams and that a focus group context is an advantage, when the characteristics of the team should be accentuated, while individual differences become secondary. Danish Denne artikel sætter fokus påbrug af vignettemetoden i socialarbejderteam og dermed kollektive aspekter af praksis, der ikke kan studeres ved at præsentere en vignette separat for enkelte medlemmer af et team. En videovignettesamtale mellem socialarbejder og klient blev præsenteret for fire socialarbejderteam i forbindelse med et fokusgruppeinterview med henblik påat sammenligne teamenes vurderinger af klienten. Forhandlingerne i fokusgrupperne synliggjorde, at teamene fortolker den samme klient forskelligt og førte til spørgsmål om, hvor disse forskelle stammer fra og hvad de er relateret til. Resultaterne understøtter to metodologiske konklusioner, som vi diskuterer i artiklen. For det første er det gavnligt at bruge videovignettemetoden i et multimetodedesign, når sigtet er at sammenligne teamenes vurderinger. For det andet er fokusgruppemetoden en fordel, når interessen er rettet mod at studere karakteristika ved teamene i stedet for individuelle forskelle.
Use of a chronic disease management programme in COPD to reduce hospital admissions
Authors: Pushparajah S , Mcclellan R , Henry A , Kuitert L ME 
Published: November 2006

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) accounts for a large number of hospital admissions and numerous interventions have attempted to reduce exacerbations requiring hospitalization. This paper describes the implementation of a community based COPD management programme led by a respiratory physiotherapist to improve home management of COPD and its effect on reducing readmissions and/or length of stay in hospital. One-hundred and twenty-five patients (median age73) referred with COPD exacerbations met the criteria for the service; 95 received the intervention and data were available for 80. Median FEV1 was 0.86 L. Admission data, length of stay and total hospitalization days with COPD were compared for one year before and after the intervention. Overall there was no reduction in length of stay, admission frequency, or adjusted total hospitalization days with COPD, but median time interval to next exacerbation increased by 29%. In those who had had previous admissions (mean FEV1 0.58 L) total hospitalization days fell by 27%, length of stay fell by 58% despite an increase in admission frequency from one to two per year, and there was no change in median time interval to next hospitalized exacerbation. In our patients implementation of a Chronic Disease Management programme increased the time to next hospitalized exacerbation. Benefit was seen in the more severe patients however, with a significant reduction in both length of stay and total hospitalization days.
Mecanisme de passage de l'etat hydrate a une couche a l'etat ‘zero couche’ d'une vermiculite-Li de Santa-Olalla
Authors: Pons C. H. , Pozzuoli A. , Rausell-Colom J. A. , De La Calle C. 
Published: November 2006

RésuméPar diffraction des Rayons X sur la vermiculite-Li de Santa-Olalla, il a été montré en fonction de la température qu'il existait différentes phases homogènes (d001 = 12·17 Å, T = 25°C; d001 = 12·02 Å, T = 60°C; d001 = 11·89 Å, T = 70°C; d001 = 10·04 Å, T = 100°C). Par ailleurs, pendant le processus de déshydratation entre les phases homogènes à 11·89 Å et 10·04 Å, il a été mis en évidence l'apparition d'états inhomogènes (interstratifiés). L'utilisation parallèle des méthodes directes d'étude des diagrammes de rayons X par transformée de Fourier monodimentionnelle pour les phases homogènes et d'une méthode indirecte de modélisation pour les états interstratifiés a permis de montrer que le passage de la phase 11·89 Å à la phase 10·04 Å se fait conjointement par une ségrégation de ces phases et un interstratifié aléatoire (11·89–10·04). Ce travail a en outre montré que la caractérisation des états intermédiaires entre phases homogènes ne peut être faite sans une étude structurale préalable des phases homogènes.
The surface energies of cation substituted Laponite
Authors: Norris J. , Giese R. F. , Costanzo P. M. , van Oss C. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLaponite RD forms stable, coherent films which adhere strongly to glass slides. Such films are capable of supporting liquid drops allowing the direct measurement of contact angles for five liquids of which, two were apolar (0:-bromonaphthalene and diiodomethane) and three were polar (water, formamide, glycerol); surface tension components and parameters (γLw, γ⊕ and γ⊖) were determined by solving the Young equation. These determinations were made for homoionic samples saturated with Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and NH4 as well as the natural material. Whereas the values of γLw (the apolar Lifshitz-van der Waals component) varied only within narrow limits (41-44 mJ/m2), the Lewis base parameter varied comparatively widely (24-41 mJ/m2). The Lewis acid parameter was small and relatively constant (1·3-3·0 mJ/m2). The variation of γ⊖ as a function of the exchangeable cation suggests that the divalent cations are shielded from the silicate surface by the water molecules of their sphere of hydration, whereas the monovalent cations are in direct contact with the oxygen atoms of the silicate surface. Furthermore, the divalent cations may screen the Lewis base sites to a greater degree than do the monovalent cations. Lithium behaves anomalously and this may indicate that it physically enters into the ditrigonal hole in the silicate layer.
Preparation and properties of a basic lead carbonate–montmorillonite complex
Authors: Tsutsumi S. , Yamazaki A. , Uehara M. , Otsuka R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA basic lead carbonate-montmorillonitec omplexw as prepared by treating a natural montmorillonite hydrothermally for 120 h at 250°C with lead powder, dry ice and lead nitrate solution. The product is a non-swelling material showing well-outlined, hexagonal, thin plates <1 µm in size; the symmetry is pseudo-orthorhombic, a = 5·141(7) Å, b = 9·005(5) Å, c = 17·420(4) Å, and Z = 2. The X-ray powder pattern is characterized by a 17·4 Å reflection and an integral series to the 14th order. The TG-DTA curves of this 17 Å-mineral showed one endotherm around 400°C accompanied by weight loss and two exthotherms at about 680 and 780°C By applying hightemperature X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, it was found that the endotherm is due to decomposition of carbonate hydroxide in the interlayer, while the two exthotherms are caused by crystallization of a hexagonal phase of PbAl2Si2O8 and by the conversion of this phase into lead feldspar, respectively. The crystal structure of the 17 Å-mineral was determined and refined as a 2:1 dioctahedral smectite interlayered with a hydrocerussite-like layer by a one-dimensional Fourier synthesis method.
Synthesis of illite-smectite from smectite at Earth surface temperatures and high pH
Authors: Eberl D. D. , Velde B. , Mccormick T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is well known that illite-smectite can form from smectite at elevated temperatures in natural and experimental systems. However, the conversion of smectite to illite-smectite is also found in some natural systems that have never been heated. The present experiments show that illite layers can form from smectite by chemical reaction at 35° and 60°C at high solution pH. The rate of this reaction is accelerated by wetting and drying.
De-intercalated kaolinites: The nature of created defects and estimation of structural characteristics by the expert system of Plançon and Zacharie
Authors: Plastinina M. A. , Fedorenko Ju. G. , Shpigun A. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInitial and de-intercalated (by washing with water from formamide molecules) kaolinite was investigated by X-ray and IR spectroscopic methods. As a result of de-intercalation by water washing, changes in structural characteristics and in some physical-chemical properties of kaolinites take place: (1) the content of low-defect phase (%ldp) evaluated by the expert system of Plançon & Zacharie (1990) decreases; (2) the degree of order of the structure as determined by the Hinckley index decreases; (3) the size of coherent scattering regions (CSR) determined by the method of fourth moments decrease; (4) the rate of repeated introduction of the formamide molecules to the interlayer increases. The cause of these changes are water molecules introduced into the kaolinite interlayer as a result of de-intercalation. These water molecules have IR absorption bands at 3646 (vas), 3550 (vs) and 1650 (vα) cm-1. The results obtained are discussed in relation to modern ideas on disorder models of kaolinite crystals.