bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expectations and Variances of Basal Area Estimates Using Remeasured Horizontal Line Sampling
Authors: Yang Yong-Chi , Wang Chao-Huan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the expectations and variances of the estimators of basal area and basal area growth using the remeasured horizontal line sampling. The estimators are classified by fixed diameter factor method and variable diameter factor method, and the former is further subdivided into direct and indirect methods. Variances were compared on one actual forest and two hypothetical forests simulated by computer. The basal area results reveal that (1) the estimator based on the fixed diameter factor method has smaller variance than that of the variable diameter factor method for the first measurement, (2) the estimator based on the direct method has smaller variance than that of the variable diameter factor method for the first measurement, (3) the estimator based on the direct method has smaller variance than that of the indirect method for the subsequent remeasurement. The basal area growth results reveal that (1) the estimator based on variable diameter factor method has smaller variance than that of the direct method, (2) the indirect method has a smaller variance when the basal area growth is less than the original basal area. For. Sci. 33(1):174-184.
Relating Forestry Investment to the Characteristics of Nonindustrial Private Forestland Owners in Northern California
Authors: Romm Jeff , Tuazon Raul , Washburn Courtland 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Logit regression is used to relate characteristics of nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) owners and ownerships to the probability of forestry investment in Northern California. Full-time residence, high income, and young age are the most significant predictors of NIPF forestry investment in general. Absentee ownership, middle income, and old age are the most significant predictors of no investment. Large ownership size is the best predictor of investment that is associated with timber harvesting. The results are used to classify groups of owners by similar probability of forestry investment. Implications for the design and analysis of NIPF policy are discussed. For. Sci. 33(1):197-209.
Variation in Growth of Red Alder Families in Relation to Shallow Water Table Levels
Authors: Hook Donald D. , Murray Marshall D. , DeBell Dean S. , Wilson Boyd C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Growth of 24 Alnus rubra Bong. families was studied on wet microsites within a 5-year-old progeny trial in western Washington to evaluate variation in response to waterlogged soil. Depth to water table varied from 0 to 30 cm and was determined by depth of rusting on steel rods placed in the soil near each tree. By plotting the data and use of correlation matrices and regression analyses, tree height was found to be related to water table level. Eighteen families had a linear and 6 families a curvilinear relationship between height and water table level. Analysis of covariance, with water table as the covariate, showed that family slope coefficients were heterogeneous, hence families varied in height response to water table level. Several families showed no change in height across the water table level range (30 to 0 cm), but the most sensitive families showed more than a 50% decrease in height across this range. The results suggest that growth of red alder on wet sites may be enhanced by selection and propagation of progeny tolerant of waterlogging. For. Sci. 33(1):224-229.
Dry Weight Partitioning and Its Relationship to Productivity in Loblolly Pine Seedlings From Seven Sources
Authors: Bongarten Bruce C. , Teskey Robert O. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Dry weights of leaves, stems, and roots in loblolly pine seedlings from seven diverse geographic origins were determined after one year's growth in a green-house under (a) moist and (b) droughty soil conditions. In the moist soil regime, seedlings from each of the four coastal sources produced significantly more dry weight than seedlings from each of the three continental sources. Under moist conditions, coastal trees also allocated more dry weight to leaves and less to root than trees from two of the three continental sources. Seedlings grown in the dry regime were considerably smaller and generally allocated a greater portion of their dry weight to root and less to stem than trees grown in the moist regime. Furthermore, seedlot differences in total dry weight and dry weight distribution among plant organs were much reduced in the dry regime compared to the moist regime. These patterns of dry weight allocation were correlated with differences in seedling productivity in some, but not all respects. Patterns of relative plant organ growth appear to be one of the factors causing provenance differentiation in growth rate. For. Sci. 33(2):255-267.
A Model For Recognizing Forestwide Risk in Timber Management Scheduling
Authors: Hoganson Howard M. , Rose Dietmar W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper presents one method of recognizing risk in formulating and solving timber management scheduling problems. Emphasis is given to developing a schedule for the short run that will perform well over a range of plausible future conditions. The method merges linear programming formulations for specific scenarios describing the future. Separate schedules are determined for each scenario with the added requirement that all of the schedules are identical for the short run. This formulation is shown to be a simplified form of the multistage recourse problem as described by Dantzig (1963). The solution technique developed by Hoganson and Rose (1984) is proposed as a possible solution technique. This technique decomposes the problem into subproblems of manageable size. The subproblems are simply decision-tree problems describing options for individual stand types, with specific branches of the trees representing stochastic elements of the problem. The key to the solution process is the interpretation and predictability of the key dual variables of the formulation. A large-scale example is given, and results are examined to consider how methods might be refined to better deal with uncertainty. For. Sci. 33(2):268-282.
Comparison of Constant and Variable Allometric Ratios for Estimating Populus tremuloides Biomass
Authors: Ruark Gregory A. , Martin George L. , Bockheim James G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An allometric model that incorporates a variable allometric ratio (VAR) was fitted to Populus tremuloides biomass data for bolewood, bolebark, live branch, leaf, and current twig stem components. This model was compared to a log-liner transformation of the power function, which imposes a constant allometric ratio (CAR). Although the VAR model did not improve the estimation of bolewood biomass, it significantly improved the estimation of live branch and leaf biomass, and provided less biased estimates of bolebark and current twig weights relative to the CAR model. The VAR model was superior to the power function as a model of allometric relationships that do not remain constant as the organism grows. It allowed for initially large allometric ratios that declined linearly with increasing stem diameter. For. Sci. 33(2):294-300.
Competitive Effects of Various Grasses and Forbs on Ponderosa Pine Seedlings
Authors: Elliott Katherine J. , White Alan S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Competition between ponderosa pine seedlings and various grasses and forbs was studied on a site in northern Arizona burned in 1982 by a wildfire. Two-year-old pine seedlings were planted in 3.05 x 3.05 m plots in April 1983, followed by the sowing of grass and forb seeds on the same plots in July 1983 after summer rains had begun. Predawn xylem water potential of the pine seedlings was measured biweekly throughout the 1983 and 1984 growing seasons. Extractable soil nitrogen was measured at the beginning and end of both growing seasons. After the wildfire, nitrate and ammonium levels were significantly higher in the burned area than in an adjacent unburned area. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations in various grass treatment plots were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) different at both the beginning and end of the growing season. Pine seedling xylem water potential differed among treatments, with potentials being lowest on plots sown with Agropyron desertorum. The differences in seedling xylem water potential and available soil nitrogen were reflected in differences in pine seedling growth. The most effective competitors were Agropyron desertorum and Dactylis glomerata. Results indicated that competition occurred for both moisture and available nitrogen. For. Sci. 33(2):356-366.
The Influence of Shoot Ontogeny on Juvenile-Mature Correlations in Loblolly Pine
Authors: Williams Claire G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A short-term genetic test of 18 open-pollinated loblolly pine families and two checklots was destructively measured over 18 months after germination. The purposes of the study were to detect change in juvenile-mature family mean correlations as shoot development progressed and to reevaluate shoot dry weight as a juvenile indicator trait. Height at the first bud was negatively correlated with eight-year height, whereas height accrued after first budset was positively correlated (r≥ + 0.59) at all measurement ages. Juvenile-mature correlations between total seedling height and eight-year height rose as height after first budset increased. Seedling shoot length was more strongly correlated with eight-year height than was seedling dry weight. Dry weight was negatively correlated with eight-year height in the first year but in the second year the correlation rose to near zero. Date of second year growth cessation was not related to later growth performance in field tests. Length of shoot beyond first budset (cyclic growth length) was the best juvenile indicator of eight-year height. For. Sci. 33(2):411-422.
An Approach for Predicting Snow Damage to Ponderosa Pine Plantations
Authors: Megahan Walter F. , Steele Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Snow damage to ponderosa pine plantations is common at many locations in the mountains of central Idaho. A procedure was developed using discriminant analysis techniques to predict snow damage hazards. Two approaches were used: one based on computed values of 20-year average annual maximum snow pressures; and the other based on elevation and the average slope gradient on the sample plantations. Snow pressures were computed from plantation site properties including elevation, slope gradient, aspect, and a classification of surface roughness. Prediction success was best with the snow pressure approach and amounted to 74% for damaged plantations and 91% for undamaged plantations for an overall prediction success of 82%. A sensitivity analysis of the snow pressure equations showed that snow depth was the most important variable influencing snow pressure. Evaluations of annual variability in maximum snow pressures suggest that the 20-year average is a reasonable figure for prediction purposes. Ponderosa pine in the study area has a window of vulnerability of about 13 years. The probability of trees surviving this period without damage in high hazard snow pressure sites is very small. An evaluation of the potential benefits of predicting snow pressure damage along with suggestions for use of the procedures are provided. For. Sci. 33(2):485-503.
Summertime Radiation Balances of Clearcut and Shelterwood Slopes in Southwest Oregon
Authors: Holbo H. R. , Childs S. W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Measurements of incoming solar radiation, reflected solar radiation, net radiation, and outgoing longwave radiation were made on three clearcuts and below three shelterwood canopies in southwest Oregon. This dataset was used to characterize the radiation balance of reforestation sites. The fraction of incoming solar energy (K ↓) producing the near surface microclimate (i.e., the net radiation, Q*) was 0.5 ± 0.06 for all sites studied. This value is appreciably lower than commonly measured values of uncut forest (Q*/K ↓ = 0.7 to 0.9). Although Q*/K ↓ is the same for clearcuts and shelterwoods, shelterwood understories have smaller net radiation because the overstory partially intercepts incoming solar radiation. Shelterwood data also exhibit the expected decrease in longwave radiation loss at night. The major factor affecting site albedo in both shelterwoods and clearcuts was slashburning, which decreased albedo to 0.13 as compared to 0.21 for unburned sites. Net radiation for entire sites was estimated with a simple model to sum ground surface net radiation and shelterwood canopy net radiation. Model calculations suggest that harvested sites average a 36% reduction in total net radiation when compared to unharvested stands. Shelterwood understory environments are less harsh than clearcut environments because much of the total site net radiation is dissipated in the overstory canopy. The model is also used to estimate the effect of canopy density on net radiation below the canopy. For. Sci. 32(2):504-516.
The Influence of Benomyl on Blue Stain Infestation, Oleoresin Synthesis, and Growth in Paraquat-Treated Loblolly Pine
Authors: Clason Terry R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Benomyl was applied singularly or combined with paraquat to xylary tissue either on a strip of exposed xylem or in a tangential bore hole. Blue stain infestation was assayed from wood disks collected at five different levels above the treatment area of each sample tree. Oleoresin accumulation was analyzed at 15 and 60 cm above the treatment area. Blue stain was not controlled by benomyl in paraquat treated trees. However, benomyl increased resin acid yields in paraquat and nonparaquat treated trees 20 and 270%, respectively. Resin acid accumulation increased and tree growth losses decreased when paraquat plus benomyl was applied to exposed xylem. For. Sci. 33(2):552-557.
Provenance and Progeny Variation in Pitch Pine from the Atlantic Coastal Plain
Authors: Kuser John E. , Ledig F. Thomas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A test of open-pollinated pitch pine families from 17 different locations on the Atlantic Coastal Plain was evaluated at 12 years of age. Genetic variation for growth was almost totally on the provenance level and was detectable among families within provenances in only a few cases. Mean volume decreased with latitude and also with distance of the seed origin from the test site. Provenances with the largest mean volume per tree came from locations 5.3 and 24.8 km distant from the test site and those with the smallest, from 349 and 388 km distant. The frequency of trees with serotinous cones varied from 2% to 48% and followed closely the pattern observed at the provenance origin. The frequency of epicormic sprouts was generally high, but differed significantly among provenances. For. Sci. 33(2):558-564.
Photosynthesis and Growth Response of Red Spruce and Loblolly Pine to Soil-Applied Lead and Simulated Acid Rain
Authors: Seiler John R. , Paganelli David J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Soils from red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands were amended with either 0, 150, 300, 600 or 1200 mg/kg Pb as PbCl2. Six-month-old spruce and six-week-old pine seedlings were planted in their respective native soils and treated for 19 weeks with simulated rain of either pH 4.5 or 3.0. Rain was applied directly to the soil at a rate of 1.5 cm per week. Net photosynthesis, height, and needle, shoot, and root dry weights were measured at the completion of the experiment. In both soils, pH decreased and nitrate concentration increased with the application of a simulated rain solution of pH 3.0. Despite these changes in soil chemistry, simulated rain pH had no significant effect on the growth of either species. Red spruce photosynthesis was 35% higher; however, at a pH of 3.0. Loblolly pine photosynthesis was not affected by solution pH. Growth and photosynthesis of red spruce were inhibited even at the 150 mg/kg Pb level, with additional Pb resulting in increasing inhibition. Growth of loblolly pine seedlings was less sensitive to Pb, and decreased only at the higher concentrations. Loblolly pine photosynthesis exhibited no decline even at the highest Pb level. These results suggest that both red spruce and loblolly pine are more sensitive to soil Pb than to acid precipitation. In addition, loblolly pine appears to be more tolerant of Pb than red spruce, when both species are grown in their respective native soils. For. Sci. 33(3):668-675.
Testing a Photographic Method for Measuring Stem Cross-Sections
Authors: Goelz J. C. G. , Burk Thomas E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Digitized measurements from four photographic procedures using standard 3½ x 5 in. prints were evaluated for measurement of annual radial increments on cross-sectional discs from felled trees. All four procedures worked well for fast-growing trees. Growth increments for slow-growing trees were estimated relatively poorly, but varied over different photographic methods. For the slow-growing trees, 5 x 7 in. enlargements of black and white photographs of unplaned discs provided measurements that were not significantly different from hand-measured radial increments. For. Sci. 33(3):784-789.
Winter Branch Nutrients in Northern Conifers and Hardwoods
Authors: Hendrickson Ole 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Distributions of N, K, Ca, and Mg were examined in branch wood and bark of five common forest species growing in a mixed stand in central Ontario. Branches were divided into the following diameter classes (cm): 0.0-0.5, 0.5-1.5, 1.5-2.5, 2.5-5.0, and 5.0-7.5. Concentrations of nutrients in both wood and bark declined exponentially with branch diameter. Wood N concentrations declined more rapidly in hardwoods than in conifers. While K and Mg were strongly concentrated in branch tips, they did not vary significantly along the length of branches &gt;1.5 cm diameter. Levels of Ca in bark did not vary along the entire length of the branch. Proportionately greater declines in nutrient concentrations were found in wood than in bark, indicating a higher degree of nutrient recycling during branch wood formation. Total branch nutrients were greater in hardwoods than in conifers, with higher amounts in hardwood bark more than compensating for the lack of foliage in winter. Although branch bark is the major nutrient reserve for spring growth in hardwoods, nutrients stored in wood may also be significant. For. Sci. 33(4):1068-1074.
Multiattribute Decision Theory and Forest Management: A Discussion and Application
Authors: Hyberg Bengt T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The procedures required to implement Multiattribute Decision Theory (MDT) are presented. MDT is then applied to the management of a stand of timber owned by a nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowner who wanted to maximize both timber income and esthetic benefits. Harvesting/regeneration procedures of intermediate intensity maximize the well-being of a segment of NIPF landowners. For. Sci. 33(4):835-845.
Age-Density Distributions of Tall Shrubs in Minnesota
Authors: Balogh James C. , Grigal David F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Age-density distributions were developed for tall shrubs in 34 upland aspen and conifer stands in northern Minnesota. Age-density distributions of the entire population of shrubs and of most individual species were best described by a negative exponential model. Distributions of a few shrub species were better described by a power function. Slopes of the distributions for any single species or for the entire population of all species did not differ across the range of sampled stands. Intercepts of the age-density distributions differed among the sampled stands. The age-density structure of shrub stems is similar in form and in descriptive statistics among the sampled aspen and conifer stands. For. Sci. 33(4):846-857.
Root and Foliar Nutrient Concentrations in Loblolly Pine: Effects of Season, Site, and Fertilization
Authors: Adams M. B. , Campbell R. G. , Allen H. L. , Davey C. B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the roots and foliage of plantation-grown loblolly pine were examined over a period of 18 months. Samples were collected from 4 sites on the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, each representing a distinct combination of soil moisture and soil fertility. The patterns in foliar and root nutrient concentrations followed similar trends over the course of this study. However, seasonal trends were irregular, suggesting that annual climatic variation may affect seasonal nutrient levels. Nutrient concentrations varied among sites, as did effects of fertilization (225 kg N ha -1, 225 kg N ha -1 + 75 kg P ha -1) on nutrient concentrations. Significant fertilizer effects on nutrient concentrations did not always result in increased volume growth. On some sites, root N and P concentrations appeared to be more sensitive to fertilizer-induced changes than did foliar nutrient levels and may have integrated site factors more effectively than foliar concentrations. Foliage seemed more sensitive to N deficiencies, while the roots detected P deficiencies more often. For. Sci. 33(4):984-996.
PPS and Random Sampling Estimation Using some Regression and Ratio Estimators for Underlying Linear and Curvilinear Models
Authors: Schreuder H. T. , Li H. G. , Hazard J. W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Two thousand samples of 30 units were drawn from selected populations for which linear or curvilinear underlying models were postulated between the variable of interest and a covariate. Ratio, and linear and nonlinear regression estimators were compared for bias and relative efficiency of the estimates generated.
Regression estimators were found to be the most precise estimators of totals for both random and probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling for a series of tree populations for samples of size 30. The weighted regression estimator in PPS sampling was consistently more efficient than the standard Horvitz-Thompson estimator. For the populations studied, the nonlinear and polynomial regression estimators were not efficient except in very specific cases, probably due to the absence of clear nonlinear trends in most of the populations. (Such nonlinear or curvilinear models do exist in specific stands for certain variables.) The quadratic polynomial regression estimator had the smallest variance in the case where a clear nonlinear relationship existed in the population for the variable pair considered. A general nonlinear regression estimator was inefficient for a population with a nonlinear relationship. Generally, estimation bias was small and coverage probabilities (containing the parameter of interest) were high for all estimators and populations. Jackknife variance estimates were not consistently better than the classical variance estimates of the true variances for any of the estimators. For. Sci. 33(4):997-1009.