bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of trituration on thermal degradation of lactose using thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Shukla Richa , Jain G.L. , Gupta V.K. , Surana Vidhi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe effect of trituration on thermal degradation of lactose (sugar of milk) was studied using a thermogravimetric analyser. A correlation between the rate of degradation with increased potency observed up to 600°C suggests that the vehicle plays an important role in the bioavailability of the drug. Comparison was also made between machine and hand triturated lactose. For lower potencies (up to the 2x) machine triturated lactose was found to degrade faster than hand triturated lactose, whereas at higher potencies hand triturated lactose showed faster degradation as compared to machine triturated lactose.
Homoeopathic treatment of HPV infections previously treated by other methods
Authors: Queralt Gimeno Lluïsa 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFourteen patients with recurring HPV (human papillomavirus) infections in the form of genital and/or cervical condyloma diagnosed on examination, by cytology, PAP and biopsy, and in most cases associated with CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) were assessed. All had been previously treated with a variety of microsurgical procedures with the infection recurring. They attended the homoeopathic clinic for treatment.The aim of this paper is to collect the results obtained with this chronic disease and to carry out a survey of different strategies in the administration of homoeopathic treatment, according to the different conventional treatments used.
August Bier and German homoeopathy in the early 20th century
Authors: Ernst E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAt the end of the last century, debate on the pros and cons of homoeopathy was lively in Germany. By 1920 it had died down almost entirely and homoeopathy seemed to have gone into a decline. In 1925 the prominent surgeon August Bier published a paper which immediately revived the discussion and helped homoeopathy become a prevalent form of treatment again in Germany. His paper and the at times emotional exchanges that followed were directly responsible for a change of climate in the discussion between homoeopaths and representatives of the conventional school, a number of clinical investigations into the question of clinical efficacy and the creation of a university chair of homoeopathy in 1929. Reading this story one can hardly help being impressed and amused by similarities between then and now.
Cervical spondylosis—a clinical study
Authors: Jayalakshmi C. , Devi A.L. Meena , Mohan G.R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAbout 300 cases of confirmed cervical spondylosis of both sexes and different age groups were included in the trial. Group A (n = 154) were mostly unilateral with few symptoms. Calcarea fluorata (Calc-f) was given in various potencies, clinical improvement was 60.38%. Group B (n = 54) with many characteristic mental and physical generals were repertorized (Kent); clinical improvement was 48%. In Group C (n = 86) the condition was mostly associated with other diseases, with frequently changing symptoms. Drug selection was on the totality of symptoms, and clinical improvement was 12.8%. Calc-f given on the basis of pathological prescription gave good results.
Homoeopathic treatment of malaria in Ghana
Authors: Van Erp Veronique M.A. , Brands Martien 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn a clinic in Tamale (Ghana, Northern Region) patients with malaria were treated with homoeopathic drugs in an open study (n=75), of whom 90.7% (n=68) showed clinical improvement.Subsequently in a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial, one group (n=30) received homoeopathic drugs, of which 83.3% improved clinically, whereas the other group (n=25) received chloroquine with improvement in 72% patients. This difference is not statistically significant due to the limited samples. The results do, however, suggest further research with larger groups.
Sectarian identity and the aim of integration
Authors: Wolff Eberhard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBasic information on the history of vaccination and anti-vaccinationism in the US and Germany is followed by discussion of the various opportunities for homeopaths to assess vaccination and the different assessments made in the early history of homoeopathy. Attitudes to vaccination are explored in American homoeopathic publications (books, selected journals, family medical guides). American homoeopathy is shown to have tended toward integration with conventional medicine rather than criticism of and opposition to it. Late 19th century American homoeopathy is shown to have been influenced by non-homoeopathic ideas. It did, however, have some characteristic ways of focusing on diseases, especially chronic diseases and their treatment in a specifically homoeopathic way, with homoeopathic physicians thinking in terms of ‘constitution’ and showing therapeutic optimism.
A possible characterization of the homoeopathic effect
Authors: Vega Guadalupe Ruiz , Torres José-Leonel 
Published: September 2006

AbstractElectrical signals from a photoelectric plethysmograph are used to test peripheral blood circulation as a source of a homoeopathically relevant parameter that will vary in a reproducible and systematic way following exhibition of specific medicines in homoeopathic doses. Mathematical treatment of the signals gives a Fourier power spectrum with an approximately linear profile (in a log-log plot) at the lowest frequencies. The gradient of this line seems to meet the above requirements of reproducible and systematic variation under a homoeopathic stimulus, and this is our basis to propose an analogous treatment for other electrical signals from the body, especially those from the heart and brain.
Homoeopathic Arnica and Rhus toxicodendron for delayed onset muscle soreness
Authors: Jawara N. , Lewith G.T. , Mullee M.A. , Smith C. , Vickers A.J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe intend to develop a simple, reproducible, clinical model to test the null hypothesis thatthe effects of ultramolecular homoeopathic preparations are always equivalent to placebo. A pilot of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the effects of Arnica and Rhus tox 30c on delayed onset muscle soreness. 50 healthy volunteers undertook a standard bench-stepping exercise, with outcome assessed using a validated soreness scale. Though the results of the trial favoured homoeopathy, differences between groups were small and did not reach statistical signficance (p>0.2). A sub-group analysis of subjects who did not take vigorous exercise and who would therefore be expected to be more responsive to treatment showed clinically but not statistically significant differences between groups (p>0.2). A second trial is currently under way in an attempt to replicate these findings.
Homoeopathic effect on the sleep pattern of rats
Authors: Torres José-Leonel , Ruiz Guadalupe 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe effect of Nux vomica on the EEGs of rats during sleep was quantified in terms of suitable statistical parameters that showed systematic changes after the homoeopathic stimulus. Our results are consistent with a decrease in the coherence of the brain signal compared to results obtained by using either the solvent on its own or pure water, and can be interpreted in terms of irritation of the animals' central nervous system due to the applied stimulus. This coincides with the effect Nux vomica has on healthy humans and suggests a means of characterizing the homoeopathic effect in physicochemical terms, based on parameters similar to those found appropriate in this study, calculated for physiological data from animal models for specific conditions. It also lends scientific support to ongoing attempts to extend Hahnemann's principles of similitude and potentiation beyond their original context, into the realm of veterinary medicine.
Electric measurement of ultra-high dilutions—a blinded controlled experiment
Authors: Asseldonk Tedje Van , Bourkas Pericles , Delinick Alexandra , Ives Galen , Karragiannopoulos Costas , Lüdtke Rainer , Wassenhoven Michel van , Witt Claudia , Walach Harald 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis experiment was designed to test the hypothesis put forward by P. Bourkas, A. Delinick and C. Karragiannopoulos of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) that Ultra High Succussed Dilutions (UHSD) can be distinguished from control solutions by an Electric Measurement Device (EMD), developed by the NTUA team. A pre-formulated experimental protocol was followed, measuring in random sequence test solutions of double-distilled and deionised water (aqua injectabile), potentised water (6 cH, 30 cH), Natrum muriaticum (Nat mur) potentised in aqua injectabile (6 cH, 30 cH), either blind or open. The number of measurements was determined by a power analysis based on open pilot readings. While the open pilot trial performed by the NTUA team showed a large difference in readings for the controls and test-solutions, the experimental blind test was negative. The only significant difference observed was between Nat mur 6 cH and Nat mur 30 cH, and the direction of the difference was in the opposite direction from that predicted by theory and found in the pilot experiment. No differences were found between any other conditions, and in particular Nat mur 30 cH and aqua 30 cH could not be distinguished. It was suggested that the failure to detect a difference in the main trial resulted from a different brand of water being used in the main trial; the likelihood of this, and other alternative explanations, is discussed. It was concluded that the EMD is a highly sensitive apparatus for measuring impurities in water. As yet there is no obvious link between the measurement of impurities in water and the purported alteration of solvent in the process of homoeopathic potentisation.
The heresy of homoeopathy
Authors: Ernst Edzard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCriticism of homoeopathy started in Germany as soon as this new form of medicine became widely known-and has not stopped since. Early criticism came from non-homoeopaths and centred around the theme that homoeopathy's basic assumptions were not supported by demonstrable facts. Simultaneously, criticism from within homoeopathy attacked some of the rigid, dogmatic rules set out by Hahnemann. Today's opponents of homoeopathy argue predominantly that the efficacy of homoeopathic remedies beyond that of placebo has not been established. Polemic and emotive as this historical debate has been, much of it makes sense to the outside observer. Homoeopaths, it seems, would be well advised to take the reasoned elements of this criticism seriously. They might even attempt to turn seemingly unfair attacks into constructively working towards determining the truth.
Introduction
Authors: HORNE JOHN 
Published: September 2006

International trials of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide are currently a matter of considerable interest – legal, political and human. The work of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda (ICTY and ICTR), set up respectively in 1993 and 1994, and the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) at the Hague in 2002, have focused attention on the practice and value of such juridical processes both as forms of law and in terms of the events they address. The unexpected death of Slobodan Milosevic during his trial at the ICTY has only intensified the controversy aroused by such proceedings. Politics, history, memory, mourning, reparation and even reconciliation are inescapably part of the legal process, often in an explicit and even formal manner. This means that scholars in disciplines other than legal science and people from many backgrounds are interested in the work of such international tribunals and in the types of ‘truth’ that they seek to establish.Such trials are not new. The idea stems directly from the intersection of military violence and humanitarian impulses in the 19th century. Geneva law, emanating from the International Red Cross (founded after the main war of Italian unification), dealt with the humane treatment of wounded and prisoners. Hague law, which codified the conduct of belligerents towards non-combatants, grew from the Lieber Code devised by the Union during the American Civil War and from the attempts by European powers to regulate military conduct after the Franco-Prussian War, culminating in the Hague conferences of 1899 and 1907.
France and the ‘Anglo-Saxon’ Model: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives
Authors: JENNINGS JEREMY 
Published: September 2006

Beginning with a discussion of current debate in France about its own ‘social model’, this articles analyses French interpretations of the ‘Anglo-Saxon’ model in both a contemporary and historical context. It argues specifically that present-day criticisms of what is taken to be Britain's liberal, free-market model are nothing new and find distinct echoes in a literature that dates back to the late 17th century. Even for its French admirers, England was seen as a country of inequality, whilst for its critics inequality was a reflection of a broader system of poverty and misery inflicted upon the mass of the population. In brief, the parameters of the debate – inequality compared with the virtues of equality, commerce against the claims of justice, individual liberty contrasted with solidarity, the market versus the State – have not changed significantly for over two centuries. The article concludes by referring to current misconceptions in France of policies pursued by the current Labour government.In memory of Andre Prochasson
Isolation and Purification of Tetrahymena Nuclei
Authors: Sweet Melody T. , Allis C. David 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONThe procedures described below allow the isolation of nuclei from all stages of the Tetrahymena life cycle in high yield with a high degree of purity. This method gives highly purified populations of both micronuclei and macronuclei.
Antibody Addition to Drosophila Specimens and Detection Using Enzyme-Linked Reagents
Authors: Harlow Ed , Lane David 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONEnzyme-linked reagents give excellent sensitivity and use a simple light microscope for detection. A range of enzymes is available, but for staining in situ, horseradish peroxidase will suit most needs. Diaminobenzidine (DAB) is one of the most sensitive substrates for horseradish peroxidase. It yields an intense brown product that is insoluble in both water and alcohol. It can be made more sensitive by adding metal salts such as cobalt or nickel to the substrate solution. The reaction products are slate gray to black, and they are stable in both water and alcohol. DAB/metal staining is compatible with a wide range of common histological stains.
Lysing Tissue-Culture Cells for Immunoprecipitation
Authors: Harlow Ed , Lane David 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONFor cells grown in tissue culture, the most useful method of lysis is treating with detergents, as described in this protocol. Non-ionic detergents, such as NP-40, solubilize the plasma and intracellular membranes, break many weak intermolecular bonds, and solubilize most of the commonly studied protein antigens. RIPA lysis buffer, which contains non-ionic detergents mixed with ionic detergents, may be used as a more rigorous extraction buffer to release all but the insoluble proteins of the cell and to break most weak noncovalent interactions. The resulting lysate is ready for preclearing.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions Using a Two-Hybrid Array: Amplification of ORFs
Authors: Hazbun Tony R. , Miller John P. 
Published: September 2006

INTRODUCTIONThe two-hybrid array method described in this protocol was applied to ~6000 open reading frames (ORFs) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, but it could be applied to any collection of ORFs, including the genome complements of other organisms or smaller sets of functionally related ORFs. The method relies on a spatially ordered set of yeast strains, each expressing a different protein fused to the Gal4 activation domain (AD). A mating strategy is used in which a strain expressing a protein fused to the Gal4 DNA-binding domain (BD) (the bait) is mated to each array strain (the prey). Construction of the array is achieved using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and recombinational cloning in conjunction with high-throughput transformation of the appropriate yeast strain. To capitalize on the advantageous use of the mating procedure, the array strains must be haploid yeast. This allows the introduction of the Gal4 BD and AD fusions into the same diploid cell by mating of the haploid array strains with a haploid strain of the opposite mating type containing the BD. Diploid yeast strains expressing both of these protein fusions are selected using auxotrophic media, and subsequently, two-hybrid positives are selected for the activation of a reporter gene that allows their growth on the appropriate media. This protocol describes the first step in constructing an array: amplification of the predicted ORFs that are to be included in the array. Gene-specific primers containing vector-specific flanking sequences that facilitate recombinational cloning are used to amplify each ORF. A secondary amplification can be used to extend the length of the homologous vector sequence flanking the ORF.
Efficacy and safety of melphalan, arsenic trioxide and ascorbic acid combination therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a prospective, multicentre, phase II, single‐arm study
Authors: Berenson James R. , Boccia Ralph , Siegel David , Bozdech Marek , Bessudo Alberto , Stadtmauer Edward , Talisman Pomeroy J. , Steis Ronald , Flam Marshall , Lutzky Jose , Jilani Syed , Volk Joseph , Wong Siu‐Fun , Moss Robert , Patel Ravi , Ferretti Delina , Russell Kit , Louie Robert , Yeh Howard S. , Swift Regina A. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryWe assessed the safety and efficacy of melphalan, arsenic trioxide (ATO) and ascorbic acid (AA) (MAC) combination therapy for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who failed more than two different prior regimens. Patients received melphalan (0·1 mg/kg p.o.), ATO (0·25 mg/kg i.v.) and AA (1 g i.v) on days 1–4 of week 1, ATO and AA twice weekly during weeks 2–5 and no treatment during week 6 of cycle 1; during cycles 2–6, the schedule remained the same except ATO and AA were given twice weekly in week 1. Objective responses occurred in 31 of 65 (48%) patients, including two complete, 15 partial and 14 minor responses. Median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 7 and 19 months respectively. Twenty‐two patients had elevated serum creatinine levels (SCr) at baseline, and 18 of 22 (82%) showed decreased SCr levels during treatment. Specific grade 3/4 haematological (3%) or cardiac adverse events occurred infrequently. Frequent grade 3/4 non‐haematological adverse events included fever/chills (15%), pain (8%) and fatigue (6%). This steroid‐free regimen was effective and well tolerated in this heavily pretreated group. These results indicate that the MAC regimen is a new therapeutic option for patients with relapsed or refractory MM.
Congenital hypothyroidism caused by new mutations in the thyroid oxidase 2 (THOX2) gene
Authors: Pfarr Nicole , Korsch Eckhard , Kaspers Stefan , Herbst Antje , Stach Armin , Zimmer Claudia , Pohlenz Joachim 
Published: September 2006

SummaryObjective  Congenital primary hypothyroidism (CH) occurs in one of 4000 births and in 20% of the cases CH is due to a defect in thyroid hormonogenesis. Candidate genes were examined to determine the precise aetiology of suspected dyshormonogenesis in CH.Design  The genes that code for thyroid peroxidase (TPO), pendrin (PDS), sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and thyroid oxidase 2 (THOX2) were sequenced directly from genomic DNA.Patients  Two girls found to have CH in the neonatal screening programme and suspected of having thyroid dyshormonogenesis were investigated to identify their molecular defect.Results  Patient A had a novel heterozygous 1 bp insertion in the THOX2 gene (ins602g). This insertion results in a frameshift that predicts a premature stop at codon 300. Analysis of cDNA, transcribed from lymphocyte RNA, showed that this mutation causes skipping of exon 5, resulting in a frameshift and a premature stop at codon 254. The euthyroid mother was also a heterozygous carrier of the mutation whereas the father was homozygous for the wild‐type THOX2 gene. In patient B, compound heterozygous mutations (ins602g→fsX300 and D506N) were identified. D506N was present in one allele of the clinically unaffected mother and in a brother, whereas the euthyroid father was heterozygous for ins602g. Sixty normal individuals did not harbour the mutations. Sequencing of the TPO, PDS and NIS genes revealed no mutations.Conclusions  The identified THOX2 mutations, which have not been described previously, are the probable causes of CH in the patients. Mutations in the THOX2 gene should be considered as the molecular cause of CH in young patients with thyroid dyshormonogenesis.
Thermoregulatory trade‐offs result from vegetation removal by a harvester ant
Authors: BUCY AVE MARIE , BREED MICHAEL D. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract 1. Analyses of ecological trade‐offs help to explain how organisms balance competing demands. Harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex occidentalis), are conspicuous residents of shortgrass prairie in western North America; worker P. occidentalis actively clear all vegetation from the immediate vicinity of their large gravel mounds. This study is based on the prediction that vegetation clearing yields a thermal trade‐off by increasing soil temperatures; during cool periods the resulting increase in soil temperature opens new time windows for activity, while during hot periods the soil temperature is more likely to exceed the maximum thermal tolerance for this species. To test the hypothesis that daily and seasonal trade‐offs in ant activity result from vegetation removal, the effects of experimentally applied shade on activity patterns were measured.2. Harvester ant activity correlated highly with ground temperature; experimental shading of ant mounds shifted daily activity patterns by lowering ground temperature. Shading in the morning significantly delayed the onset of ant activity by preventing solar warming of the mound. In contrast, mid‐day experimental shading prevented elevation of ground temperatures to above 50 °C and allowed ants to remain active when lethally high temperatures would normally force them inside the mound.3. A model derived from field data predicted surface ground temperature (and therefore ant activity) based on air temperature and solar radiation, under conditions of sun and shade. For each of six seasons modelled, shade removal yielded a net gain of activity time. These results indicate that vegetation removal by harvester ants produces an advantageous thermoregulatory effect by helping to maximise activity time.