bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Journalism and the Public Mind
Authors: Minogue Kenneth 
Published: April 2007

IT WAS MACHIAVELLI, THE FIRST MODERN POLITICAL THINKER, who distinguished between two kinds of problem a prince might have to face. The first sort was easy to cure but difficult to recognise, the second easy to recognise but very hard to cure. The key to successful management of a state was thus the prescience to recognise problems early on, and the will to take the necessary action.Five centuries later, the basic situation remains the same, but the terms have changed. First, whereas a prince merely took advice from a few counsellors, the contemporary ruler is at the centre of a complex network of committees which act, so to speak, as his channel of cognition. Such channels can get blocked. The effectiveness of governments thus depends on how successful experts are in translating their reports on new developments into terms which can serve the cause of wise political action.
Letter from Paris
Authors: Manent Pierre 
Published: April 2007

In previous letters from Paris, which Government and Opposition has been kind enough to publish, I do not believe that I erred on the side of complacency about my country. This is why I have less hesitation in writing today that France is at present the victim of a gale of calumny, the intensity and extent of which leaves one bewildered, incredulous and unhappy.A particular and aggravating circumstance is that these aspersions are believed in, or at least spread, by the French media and the political elite itself. According to them the moral health of France is threatened. It is in danger of being submerged by a wave of racism, of anti-Semitism and even of neo-Nazism. The most implacable vigilance is necessary. This new official doctrine, it must be said, is quite simply absurd.
A Map of Political Participation in Britain
Authors: Parry Geraint , Moyser George 
Published: April 2007

WHEREVER ONE TAKES A POSITION IN THE GREAT DEBATE between representative and participatory democrats it is clear that no democracy can function without the involvement of its citizens. What is at issue is the extent and nature of the citizen participation which is thought to be required if a democracy is to be worthy of its name. Whilst this is a fundamentally normative issue, the protagonists on both sides regularly cite evidence as to actual levels of participation and draw inferences from that evidence in support of their contentions.On the one side are those who assert that in Britain ‘some of the spectators have begun to descend on to the field’; on the other are those who say that ‘the “grass roots” of politics seem shrivelled and starved of the nourishment of participation by the citizens’. For this reason, as Jane Mansbridge has said, ‘field studies of what happens to various ideals when people try to live by them could prove useful in clarifying a wide range of normative questions.
Transition to Democracy—or Anschluss? The Two Germanies and Europe
Authors: von Beyme Klaus 
Published: April 2007

TO ANALYSE THE GERMAN QUESTION IN THIS TRANSITORY moment is risky in several respects. The German novelist Martin Walser who underwent a metamorphosis from a fellow traveller of the communists to a German nationalist put it bluntly: ‘He who does not get below his intellectual level when talking about Germany has no intellectual level at all.’ The topic has pitfalls everywhere:— it is deeply connected with emotions, whatever the view of the writer;— it is in flux, ‘words are already out of date in your mouth’ as a cynic put it. The increasing number of actors who claim to have a say in the German unification process makes prognosis almost impossible;— scientific analysis of this unique event lacks concepts. Transition to democracy in a highly penetrated system does not follow the established rules of this branch of knowledge.
The Parliamentary Monitoring of Science and Technology in Britain
Authors: Hayter P. D. G. 
Published: April 2007

THROUGHOUT THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THE HOUSE OF Lords has been looking for a role. It lost its original power base with the decline in influence of the landed aristocracy and the growth of the party system. At the same time the composition of the House became increasingly difficult to justify; membership based on the accidents of birth no longer seemed an adequate justification for the right to legislate or to overrule the people's elected representatives.The Parliament Act 1911, which took away the Lords' absolute right to veto legislation, promised reform. But nothing happened. In 1968 the Labour government introduced a reform bill. It failed, the victim of assaults from Left and Right in the House of Commons.
Studies on North Africa–Introduction to A New Series
Authors: Gellner Ernest 
Published: April 2007

The shadow of islamic fundamentalism hovers over all of North Africa, notwithstanding the profound differences between the historic fates of the various Maghrebin countries.Algeria suffered by far the longest and most disruptive colonial period, In fact, Algeria had been colonized by the Ottoman empire before it had begun its French colonial period in 1830. A prolonged and brutal war of conquest was eventually followed by the establishment of a large European population, which acquired effective local political control under the Third Republic. Result: pre-colonial social institutions were largely destroyed, and Algerian society consisted mainly of a pulverized and oppressed rural proletariat. There were exceptions: a Muslim bourgeoisie survived in some centres such as Tlemsen, Constantine and even Algiers itself vigorous local institutions survived in the Berber hills and a few other places. But all in all, one could say that there were neither traditional institutions nor any Algerian nation.
Sliding Towards EC Membership: Norway in Scandinavian Perspective
Authors: Svåsand Lars , Lindström Ulf 
Published: April 2007

THIS ARTICLE ADDRESSES THE PROBLEM OF NORWEGIAN membership in the EC. Why is it so difficult for Norway to follow in the tracks of Sweden and Finland, and for that matter the rest of Western Europe?The changes on the European continent since the collapse of the East-West divide have also altered the political agenda in the Scandinavian countries. The ambitions of the EC-internal market as well as the Single European Act speeded up a discussion of how Finland, Norway and Sweden should position themselves in order not to lose out economically and become marginalized politically. In Norway, the traumatic EC debate in 1972 had split the country, and the parties, into two camps, resulting in the rejection of EC membership by 53 per cent of the electorate. Since then, the issue has been absent from political debate. In Finland and Sweden the official rationale for not discussing the issue disappeared simultaneously with the regimes in Eastern Europe, suddenly pushing the topic onto the political agenda, causing an abrupt change in Swedish EC policy.
Science, Technology and the Large Corporation
Authors: Wilks Stephen 
Published: April 2007

ECONOMIC HISTORY IS FAR REMOVED FROM PRECISE SCIENCE and cannot offer an unambiguous explanation of the initiation, pace and causes of rapid industrial growth. Nevertheless, few economic historians would disagree that the pattern of growth is not random; and that in evaluating it, technological innovation must be a central element.The landmarks of industrial development are conventionally thought of in terms of science and technology. From the adoption of the stirrup and the plough, which heralded the feudal age in Europe; to the spread of the silicon chip and the microprocessor, which lie at the core of the emergent IT economy, the development of society can be charted in terms of technological change. And just as the analysis of technological change has become one of the dominant tools of the economic historian, so ‘futurology’ is centred around trajectories of innovation. Over the next century changes are projected which are just as profound as those experienced since 1890. The world of 2090 will be different, and while the fundamental political differences may be unpredictable, there is a presumption that it will be technologically very different from the present. It is appropriate that popular speculation about future society is termed not ‘future fiction’ but ‘science fiction’.
Social Justice in Europe: An Evaluation of European Regional Policy
Authors: Bufacchi Vittorio , Garmise Shari 
Published: April 2007

WHEN RAWLS FORMULATED HIS VIEWS ON SOCIAL JUSTICE IN the 1950s and 1960s, leading to the publication of ATheory of Justicein 1971, he based his theory on a simple but unconditional assumption, namely, that justice is the first virtue of social institutions. This assumption Rawls considers to be beyond doubt, so much so that in the very first page of his treatise he claims that ‘laws and institutions no matter how efficient and well-arranged must be reformed or abolished if they are unjust’.Largely as a result of Rawls's ATheory of Justice, over the last 25 years questions of social justice have dominated most debates on political theory. And while vast quantities of ink were expended over philosophical discussions on significant but detailed aspects of Rawls's theory, principally on the plausibility of his meta h sical assumptions on individuals and human psychology, it is unfortunate that not enough attention has been paid to Rawls's initial recommendation of adopting normative criteria as a tool for evaluating political institutions.
Arms Control and Nuclear Safety: The National and International Politics of Russia's Nuclear Arsenal
Authors: Bluth Christoph 
Published: April 2007

RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY IS STILL IN A STATE OF FLUX. LIKE the other former republics of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation seeks to come to terms with being an independent state needing to define its national interests and foreign and security policy objectives.The principal element in the new frame of reference for Moscow is the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union itself. For forty years, most of the territories controlled by Moscow were adjacent to territories protected by the United States, or else to China. The Russian Federation is now virtually surrounded by former Soviet republics, all with deep political, social and economic problems, and some of which are highly unstable and subject to violent civil conflicts. The territory of the Russian Federation itself, about 75 per cent of the territory of the former USSR with about 60 per cent of its population, is still not properly defined, given that significant sections of the borders are purely notional, and the degree of control that Moscow can exercise over the entire Federation is uncertain.
Russia at the Crossroads
Authors: Gordon Leonid 
Published: April 2007

THE CURRENT CRISIS IN RUSSIAN SOCIETY HAS BEEN THE SUBJECT of all manner of scholarly investigations, essays and editorials. But the clear economic reverses, distinctly felt by all, have caused analysis to focus almost exclusively on this aspect of the crisis. A more constructive approach to the problem might be to examine it as a process, as an objective result of all aspects of the country's development and contemporary civilization as a whole.This approach presupposes that the rejection of socialism in Russia and Eastern Europe, the major reforms in China and Vietnam, and the dead-end situation in Cuba are not chance, but form a pattern. In each case, the crisis is a function of the transition from one social system to another. This transitional crisis is all-encompassing; its economic component is no more important than the political, social, ethical, cultural, or that of daily life. A transitional crisis is the harbinger of a Time of Troubles when all of society — not just isolated elements — is thrown into turmoil.
Motility in Scenedesmus dimorphus, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Coelastrum microporum
Authors: TRAINOR FRANCIS R. , BURG CAROL ANN 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Motility was observed in Scenedesmus dimorphus, S. obliquus, and Coelastrum microporum incubated at IS C in a medium lacking a nitrogen source. Flagellated cells of the WH 50 strain of S. obliquus could not be cultured in a variety of organic media. From this and the occasional occurrence of quadriflagellated cells in C. microporum, if appears possible that the motile cells are gametes.
COMPOSITION AND SUCCESSION OF CYANOPHYCEAN WATER BLOOMS1
Authors: Vance B. Dwain 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY To elucidate cause and effect relationships operating within cyanophycean water blooms, preliminary laboratory and field studies were made to discern physiologically active metabolites affecting the growth of various algal species in 3 ponds of different nutritional types. Blue‐green algal blooms in Missouri ponds were composed of relatively few species. Microcystis aeruginosa, the most prevalent species, was a major constituent of most of the blooms in which it occurred. Dense cyanophycean blooms occurred only in ponds having a high organic content. Growth inhibitors apparently were produced by blue‐green algae in nature as well as in the laboratory. The results suggest that these active metabolites may be important in controlling species succession and species dominance within a given phytoplankton population.
NATURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CAROTENOIDS IN THE XANTHOPHYTA (HETEROKONTAE)
Authors: Thomas D. M. , Goodwin T. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe carotenoids of nine heterokonts grown in axenic culture, Vischeriasp., Heterococcus fuorensis, Bumilliopsis brevis, Ophiocytum majus, Chlorocoster engaginalis, Heterothrix debelis, Tribonema aequale, Chloriclella neglecta,andBotrydiopsis alpina,are qualitatively the same. The pigments have been identified as β‐carotene and three xanthophylls, antheraxanthin, lutein5,6‐epoxide and an unidentified compound which is possibly a hydroxy derivative of lutein, 5,6‐epoxide, trollixanthin. The significance of these observations in relation to algal phylogeny is briefly discussed.
UNUSUAL MOTILITY OF TUBE‐DWELLING PENNATE DIATOMS1
Authors: Williams Richard B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Several species of tube‐dwelling, pennate diatoms present in salt marshes adjoining Sapelo Island, Georgia, possessed previously undescribed types of motility. The tubes penetrated into the sediment, permitting the diatoms to retreat from the sediment surface in response to stimuli. Cells of Nitzschia ob‐tusa withdrew down their lubes at 120 to 240 ^jsec. Colonies of Frustulia asymmetrica withdrew at 44 to 500 μ/sec, with the cells remaining motionless relative to the tube. Tubes containing colonies of Gyro‐sigma scalproides var. eximia and a Navicula sp. moved slowly into or out of the sediment.
NITELLOPSIS BULBILLIFERA IN NORTH AMERICA12
Authors: Tindall D. R. , Sawa T. , Hotchkiss A. T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYNitellopsis bulbillifera, known previously only from the type locality in Argentina, is reported from near Roswell, New Mexico. Specimens from the natural population and from culture show only minor variations in respect to the description of the type specimen. A description of male plants and chromosome counts are presented for the first time. Similarities between N. bulbillifera and Chara buckellii are discussed.
GLUCOSE‐6‐PHOSPHATE UTILIZATION BY MARINE ALGAE1
Authors: Kuenzler Edward J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY A good relationship was found between the amount of phosphatase present at the surface of marine unicellular algae and their ability to utilize glucose‐6‐phosphate (G‐6‐P) as a phosphorus source. Algae did not take up the whole molecule of G‐6‐P; those with phosphatase hydrolyzed the ester extracellularly and assimilated the PO 4. The phosphatases were usually phosphate‐repressible, and they usually showed optimum activity at pH±7. Algae lacking phosphatases that could act on external substrates did not assimilate G‐6‐P; they became phosphorus‐deficient and stopped growing. Of 13 species studied, only Cyclo‐tella cryptica was capable of assimilating glucose for cell growth in darkness. Cyclotella utilized both the glucose and the phosphate of G‐6‐P, but only after hydrolysis by the alkaline phosphatase at the cell surface.
THE SOIL ALGAL COMMUNITY. II. SOVIET SOIL STUDIES
Authors: Forest Herman S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The enormous quantity of work done in the Soviet Union is inadequately known elsewhere. Soviet generalizations rest on extensive data published in the Russian and Ukranian languages. The primary criterion of community analysis is now the total algal flora, but it is foreseen that the ecology of individual species is a more desirable parameter. Methods of sampling and culture in the Soviet Union are largely the same as those used elsewhere. The basic problems of sampling and quantification have not been solved yet. It is felt that the prerequisite to understanding the Soviet experience is a commonly held taxonomy. Soviet taxonomists are judged as fully competent, but lack communications with outside taxonomists in respect to methodology and references. As a contribution to the common understanding, new identifications of Soviet species (mostly blue‐greens) are included in this paper. These were derived from: a study of moist soil dishes from collections made according to a horizontal distribution plan in a single field; collections from near Leningrad, Middle Asia (Alma‐Ata, Tashkent, Samarkand, Buchara); liquid cultures of soil collected by a Soviet investigator in Kazakistan; and agar cultures of soil algae which are maintained in Soviet laboratories. Also included is a selected bibliography, in English translation, of 71 Soviet publications.
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS AND RELATED SPECIES1
Authors: Pringsheim Ernest G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY All the described species and varieties of the genus Haematococcus were available. After isolation in pure culture they were used studying their nutritional requirements.H. buetschlii and H. droebakensis had already been shown by Droop to need vitamin B12. H. capensis typ., H. capensis var. borealis, and H. zimbabwiensis were found to do so also. The 7 strains of H. pluvialis from various localities investigated showed slight physiological deviations, although morphologically they were so similar that they should not be described as varieties. A dilute inorganic nutrient solution with trace elements and iron kept in solution by EDTA was suitable cither as such or supplemented with growth‐promoting compounds. The growth was speeded by low concentrations of acetate and by enhancing photosynthesis. No strain of H. pluvialis absolutely required cobalamin, although it stimulated. Thiamine had a much more pronounced effect; for some strains it was indispensable. Although the response varies slightly from strain to strain, a luxuriant growth for all was obtained only with acetate and B1, and usually enhanced by B12. A peculiar feature of H. pluvialis is the catching up of cultures initially retarded by thiamine deficiency (probably due to slow B1 synthesis). When H. pluvialis multiplied fast its appearance differed from that considered typical: no red pigment and the cell wall not inflated. In nature it evidently lives under conditions unfavorable for good growth although suitable for survival in competition with other organisms.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND ILLUMINANCE ON CELL DIVISION RATES OF THREE SPECIES OF TROPICAL OCEANIC PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Thomas William H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Three species of tropical oceanic phytoplankton were isolated from two locations in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Unialgal cultures were maintained in an enriched seawater medium. The effects of temperature, and, in separate experiments, illuminance, on the exponential cell division rates of those algae were investigated. For 2 isolates of Gymnoclinium sp. (probably G. simplex), maximum growth rates were 1.25 and 1.7 divisions/24 hr, the optimum temperature range was 23‐29 C, the compensation illuminance was 35 ft‐c, and the saturation illuminance was 750 ft‐c and above. For a small species of Chaetoceros, the maximum growth rate was 6.0 divisions/24 hr, the optimum temperature range was 23‐37 C, the compensation illuminance was 10 ft‐c, and the saturation illuminance was 600 ft‐c. For a small Nannochloris species, the maximum growth rate was 4.5 divisions/ 24 hr, the optimum temperature range was 27‐37 C, and the saturation illuminance was 800 ft‐c. Nannochloris grew heterotrophically by apparently utilizing organic matter supplied by soil extract.
EXTRACTIVE AND ENZYMATIC ANALYSES FOR LIMITING OR SURPLUS PHOSPHORUS IN ALGAE
Authors: Fitzgerald George P. , Nelson Thomas C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY An extractive procedure for detection of surplus‐stored phosphorus (luxury consumption) in algae and an enzymatic analysis for conditions of P‐limited growth in algae have been evaluated. A simple 60‐min boiling water extraction of algae known to contain surplus P separates essential P compounds and surplus‐stored P compounds. Surplus P compounds can be measured in the extract as orthophosphate. Extracts of algae limited in their growth by the amount of available P contain little or no orthophosphate. Limitation of algal growth by P supply induces the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The activity of this enzyme can be measured at pH 9 using p‐nitro‐phenylphosphate as substrate. Algae which were P‐limited and contained no extractable orthophosphate have as much as 25 times more alkaline phosphatase activity than algae with surplus available P.
TRANSLOCATION IN MACROCYSTIS. III. COMPOSITION OF SIEVE TUBE EXUDATE AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAJOR C14‐LABELED PRODUCTS1
Authors: Parker Bruce C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY The major C14‐labeled substance in sieve tube exudate of M. pyrifera is D‐mannitol, comprising 3.6% (w/v). No sugars are detectable. Certain amino acids also possess some C14‐labeling and occur in significantly high concentrations in exudate. The exudate contains negligible ether‐soluble lipid, but has a large amount of protein and a high concentration of K+ Neither protein nor lipid become labeled significantly in sieve tubes during short‐term translocation experiments with C14. In general the chemical composition of the assimilate stream is comparable to that of vascular plants and does not, consequently, necessitate a different mechanism for translocation.
LOLA IRREGULARIS (CHLOROPHYTA‐CLADOPHORACEAE) : A NEW SPECIES FROM THE ROSS SEA, ANTARCTICA1
Authors: Zaneveld Jacques S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY A small, loose lying, unbranched, filamentous alga from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, is described as a new species, Lola irregularis. The genus Lola is closely related to the genera Hormiscia, Rhizoclonium, and Chaetomorpha in the family Cladophoraceae. A key to all known species of Lola is included. This is the first record of a species of Lola south of the Antarctic convergence.
SCENEDESMUS WALL ORNAMENTATION. I. SCENEDESMUS PARISIENSIS CULTURES1
Authors: Trainor Francis R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Four strains of Scenedesmus parisiensis Chodat were studied in xenic and axenic culture in 3 media as well as in cultures incubated in sterile vessels in nature. Organized coenobia are usually produced but these may have merely short spines, spines and serrate edges, or lack wall ornamentation. Because the serrate edge is either not formed or cannot be readily detected in most cases, it is not a satisfactory morphological feature for delimiting this species. In laboratory studies it is noted that S. parisiensis might be confused with S. denticulatus rather than S. brasilien‐sis. Inasmuch as both xenic and axenic cultures of the ‐f strains produced similar results, S. parisiensis can be readily characterized.