bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infrared Surveys of Hawaiian Volcanoes
Authors: Fisher W. A. , Moxham R. M. , Polcyn F. , Landis G. H. 
Published: October 2006

Aerial infrared-sensor surveys of Kilauea volcano have depicted the areal extent and the relative intensity of abnormal thermal features in the caldera area of the volcano and along its associated rift zones. Many of these anomalies show correlation with visible steaming and reflect convective transfer of heat to the surface from subterranean sources. Structural details of the volcano, some not evident from surface observation, are also delineated by their thermal abnormalities. Several changes were observed in the patterns of infrared emission during the period of study; two such changes show correlation in location with subsequent eruptions, but the cause-and-effect relationship is uncertain.
Thermal anomalies were also observed on the southwest flank of Mauna Loa; images of other volcanoes on the island of Hawaii, and of Haleakala on the island of Maui, revealed no thermal abnormalities.
Approximately 25 large springs issuing into the ocean around the periphery of Hawaii have been detected.
Infrared emission varies widely with surface texture and composition, suggesting that similar observations may have value for estimating surface conditions on the moon or planets.
The Revolution in Birth Control Practices of U.S. Roman Catholics
Authors: Westoff Charles F. , Bumpass Larry 
Published: October 2006

There has been a wide and increasing defection of Roman Catholic women from the traditional teaching of their Church on the subject of birth control over the past two decades and a resulting convergence of Catholic and non-Catholic contraceptive practices. By 1970, two-thirds of all Catholic women were using methods disapproved by their Church; this figure reached three-quarters for women under age 30. Considering the fact that most of the one-quarter of young Catholic women conforming to Church teaching had never used any method, the percentage of those deviating may well reach 90 as these women grow older and the problems of fertility control become more important.
Much of this increasing deviation has been among the more educated Catholics, who were formerly the most faithful adherents to Church teaching. The change between 1965 and 1970 was especially striking for Catholic women who had attended college.
Perhaps the most significant finding is that the defection has been most pronounced among the women who receive Communion at least once a month. Even among this group, the majority now deviates from Church teaching on birth control; among the younger women in this group, the proportion not conforming reaches two-thirds.
It seems abundantly clear that U.S. Catholics have rejected the 1968 papal encyclical's statement on birth control and that there exists a wide gulf between the behavior of most Catholic women, on the one hand, and the position of the more conservative clergy and the official stand of the Church itself, on the other. That many Catholics can continue in their other religious practices and simultaneously deviate on the issue of birth control is an interesting commentary on the process of social change.
Ultimately this crisis of authority will probably be resolved by a change in official teaching, since it seems doubtful that such a major discrepancy can continue indefinitely without other repercussions. At a minimum, the cost to the Roman Catholic Church will be a loss of authority in a major area of life: that of sex and reproduction.
Earliest Radiocarbon Dates for Domesticated Animals
Authors: Protsch Reiner , Berger Rainer 
Published: October 2006

Our dates show that cattle and pigs were first domesticated in Europe. Sheep, which were thought to have become extinct in Europe during the terminal Pleistocene, also appear first in Europe. However, there remains little doubt that sheep were first domesticated in the Near East or Turkey, since no wild sheep appear to have existed in Europe at the beginning of the Holocene. Dogs were domesticated in both the Near East and Europe at virtually the same time. In the Near East, Asiab, at around 8000 B.C., qualifies as the first center of goat domestication. It is also the earliest center of domestication for all animals we have dated here. Horses were first domesticated in the steppes of the Ukraine, perhaps even earlier than our dates indicate, since all of the samples found at Polling are virtually contemporaneous (Fig. 1).
Undoubtedly, future research will alter the details of our overall impressions, especially after bones at earlier sites such as Nea Nikomedeia have been dated directly. But, on balance, there can be no doubt that southeastern Europe was as much an early center of domestication as the Near East was.
Phototaxis and Sensory Transduction in
Euglena
Authors: Diehn Bodo 
Published: October 2006

The accumulation of
Euglena gracilis
in an illuminated region is brought about by two main mechanisms: orientation and subsequent directed movement (positive phototaxis) toward light scattered from particles in the illuminated zone; and by the trapping of cells in this region because of shock reactions experienced upon the cells encountering a sudden decrease of light intensity at the light-dark boundary (inverse photophobic responses). Phototactic orientation is mediated by inverse photophobic reactions which occur when the shadow of the stigma periodically falls upon the photoreceptor proper.
Euglena
also exhibits shock reactions when an already high light intensity is increased further (direct photophobic responses).

The expression of both types of phobic responses depends upon stimulus intensity and adaptation of the sensory system in a seemingly complex way. A definition of the minimum components of the stimulus transduction system and a systems analytical approach to the study of input-output relationships enables one to construct an electronic analog of the cell's signal processing system that converts the photoreceptor input to commands which activate or inhibit flagellar reorientation. Computer simulation studies show that this model has considerable predictive value.
It is hoped that with the approach presented in this article, a generalized model has become available for dealing with the questions of sensory transduction in aneural systems. Certainly, at this point more questions have been raised than have been answered. Where is the processing device located? Are its kinetic properties determined by electrical processes or by the rates of chemical reactions? Is the processor, and thereby the behavior of the organism, modulated by natural environmental parameters, and can it be modified permanently through more drastic chemical treatment of the cell? Is the system capable of permanent or transitory modification through repeated response, that is, does it exhibit phenomena analogous to learning and memory in higher organisms? These are only a few of the problems that require study in the future.
Directed Chromosome Loss by Laser Microirradiation
Authors: Berns Michael W. 
Published: October 2006

In this article I have presented data that indicate the feasibility of attaining the five objectives outlined in the introduction. It should be possible to assign genes to specific chromosome regions by (i) selective DNA deletion of a 0.25- to 0.5-μm segment of one or both homologous chromosomes, (ii) deletion of one or both entire homologous chromosomes, or (iii) combining cell fusion with selective deletion of whole chromosomes and then deletion of chromosome segments.

By laser microirradiation it should be possible to determine which chromosomes and chromosome regions are essential for immediate cell survival by removing from individual cells whole chromosomes, and chromosome segments from each of the chromosomes in the karyotype, and then assessing the cloning efficiency of each cell. For example, we have already determined that removal of one large chromosome No. 1 from PTK
2
cells does not prevent the cell from undergoing a subsequent mitosis.

It should also be possible to generate new classes of mutants by damaging small selected areas of DNA with the laser beam and then cloning the irradiated cells—but this has yet to be demonstrated. This procedure might reveal recessive alleles on the nonirradiated homolog, or might result in the direct production of a genetic mutation. Irradiation of identical places on both homologous chromosomes could result in deletion of a genetic locus which ultimately might be detected as a deficiency in a metabolic pathway or some other cellular abnormality.
Studies on chromosome stability and DNA constancy can be conducted with laser irradiated cells. For example, the karyotypic analysis of chromosome No. 1 suggests that a cellular mechanism exists to maintain the constancy of this chromosome in both the diploid and tetraploid cell lines. The same approach could be used with each of the chromosomes in the karyotype. Various cytochemical procedures could be used for making quantitative DNA studies of the cells, and chromosome and DNA analyses could be performed at varying times following laser microirradiation.
It might also be possible to study the repair of chromosomal damage caused by laser irradiation. The cells could be examined by autoradiographic, cytochemical, and electron microscopy procedures at varying times after irradiation, and because the precise location, time, and nature of the mutational event would be known, subsequent analysis of repair and alteration would be facilitated.
Solar Heating and Cooling
Authors: Duffie John A. , Beckman William A. 
Published: October 2006

We have adequate theory and engineering capability to design, install, and use equipment for solar space and water heating. Energy can be delivered at costs that are competitive now with such high-cost energy sources as much fuel-generated, electrical resistance heating. The technology of heating is being improved through collector developments, improved materials, and studies of new ways to carry out the heating processes.
Solar cooling is still in the experimental stage. Relatively few experiments have yielded information on solar operation of absorption coolers, on use of night sky radiation in locations with clear skies, on the combination of a solar-operated Rankine engine and a compression cooler, and on open cycle, humidification-dehumidification systems. Many more possibilities for exploration exist. Solar cooling may benefit from collector developments that permit energy delivery at higher temperatures and thus solar operation of additional kinds of cycles. Improved solar cooling capability can open up new applications of solar energy, particularly for larger buildings, and can result in markets for retrofitting existing buildings.
Solar energy for buildings can, in the next decade, make a significant contribution to the national energy economy and to the pocketbooks of many individual users. very large aggregate enterprises in manufacture, sale, and installation of solar energy equipment can result, which can involve a spectrum of large and small businesses. In our view, the technology is here or will soon be at hand; thus the basic decisions as to whether the United States uses this resource will be political in nature.
Agriculture and Behavioral Science: Emerging Orientations
Authors: Saint William S. , Coward E. Walter 
Published: October 2006

New research orientations are emerging in behavioral science approaches to agricultural development. These new orientations are the product of both experience gained during the era that followed the Green Revolution and a response to changing goals in agricultural development that now place a greater emphasis on considerations of participation and equity. They also reflect a more general concern with the relation of technology and society growing out of efforts to understand energy and environmental problems. These orientations are characterized by a shift away from a conceptual perspective emphasizing communication to one in which technology and social organization are deemed essential in understanding and promoting agricultural development.
This changing conceptual perspective is being manifested in the research process from which technology develops. Use of ecological systems approaches to the study of farming systems is increasing. The importance of understanding traditional agriculture is becoming evident and technology development methodologies are beginning to simulate farm conditions at the research center and to conduct experimental research on the farm. The appreciation of technology as a variable is leading to the development of alternative technologies adapted to different socionatural situations. As these emerging orientations become elaborated, they enhance the contributions which behavioral scientists can make to agricultural development.
The Rôle of Epithelium in Experimental Immunization
Authors: Sewall Henry 
Published: October 2006

When a small amount of blood serum is dropped into the nose of a guinea pig the serum is absorbed by the mucous membrane and, after a definite period of incubation, the animal can be shown to have become profoundly changed.
Depending upon the number of instillations, the interval between them and, especially, the quantity of serum instilled, the animal becomes either highly hypersensitive or strongly resistant to a toxic injection given by the vein. This resistance withstands a considerable series of increasing toxic injections and is strengthened with lapse of time,—contrary to the state of tolerance produced by traumatic methods.

It is inferred that the absorption of foreign protein by the nose causes the formation of two different antibodies. One of these is
allergic
and excites to anaphylaxis; the other is
protective
and leads to true immunity. The relative amount of either antibody can be regulated by modifying the amount of serum instilled.

Added to a state of general allergy it is easy to produce, in the guinea pig, a special sensitization of the respiratory apparatus which leads, under appropriate stimulation, to attacks resembling those of bronchial asthma in man.
No conclusion can be drawn at present concerning the nature or mode of action of the protective or immunizing antibody; but the indications are that its relations to the circulation and to tissue fixation resemble those which have been developed by other investigators in regard to the anaphylactic antibody.
Evidence has been submitted that the living epithelium mediates between foreign protein and the organism in a way to favor specifically the elaboration of true immunity.
American School of Prehistoric Research
Authors: MacCurdy George Grant 
Published: October 2006

Of the eleven students taking part, about half were unable to remain for the entire term; these were permitted to join for short periods. In addition to the student body, permission was granted thirty-four other persons interested in our work to take part in our program—especially in Brittany and the Dordogne.
Of the fifty conferences given, twenty were by the director and thirty by twenty-eight specialists. To the latter, the director desires to express his deep sense of appreciation. Sixty-three important prehistoric sites and thirty-five museums and special collections were examined. As a result of the twenty-five days of digging, collections were sent to seven contributing institutions. At the end of the season five students remained in the Old World for further study and field work.
Metallized Food in the Regeneration of Hemoglobin in Rat and Man
Authors: McGhee J. L. 
Published: October 2006

(1) Metals dissolve enough in milk to supply the requirements for rapid regeneration of hemoglobin in rat and man.
(2) Copper alone is effective but less so than when accompanied by other metals, especially iron.
(2) Much less mortality occurs among rats fed on metallized milk than when salts of the metals are used in anemia tests.
(4) These metals produce no odor, color, taste or other observed change in milk with the quantities used unless they are exposed to air and milk.
Low-Risk Cigarettes: A Prescription
Authors: Gori GB 
Published: October 2006

Antismoking education campaigns in our society have met with only partial success: today 55 to 60 million Americans smoke, and the habit is increasing among teenagers and women. It is important to protect individuals who continue to smoke despite all warnings. There is evidence that this can be accomplished in at least two ways.
First, it may be possible to remove toxic smoke components and thus reduce specific hazards. Second, the dose-response evidence suggests that, if the total intake of smoke can be reduced, after an appropriate time a reduction in disease incidence should occur. The technology to achieve these results has been developed and can be applied to the manufacture of commercial cigarettes. These cigarettes will not conform to traditional flavor patterns, but consumer perception can be made to change and compensating flavors and fragrances can be added.
The feasibility of less hazardous cigarettes raises the question of whether there are limits of cigarette and smoke composition that may approach relative safety. These limits can be defined as the smoke intake doses at which the risk of disease in smokers approaches that in nonsmokers. Such values can be estimated by dose-response analysis of several epidemiological studies and by extrapolation of blood concentrations at different rates of intake for certain smoke components, such as carbon monoxide. Critical values determined by these methods should not be interpreted as indicators of safe smoking levels; they do imply, however, that a rapid shift in cigarette consumption habits toward the proposed range of values will make possible a substantial reduction in the current epidemic proportions of smoking-related diseases.
Joint work and power for both the forelimb and hindlimb during trotting in the horse
Authors: Dutto Darren J. , Hoyt Donald F. , Clayton Hilary M. , Cogger Edward A. , Wickler Steven J. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYThe net work of the limbs during constant speed over level ground should be zero. However, the partitioning of negative and positive work between the fore- and hindlimbs of a quadruped is not likely to be equal because the forelimb produces a net braking force while the hindlimb produces a net propulsive force. It was hypothesized that the forelimb would do net negative work while the hindlimb did net positive work during trotting in the horse. Because vertical and horizontal impulses remain unchanged across speeds it was hypothesized that net work of both limbs would be independent of speed. Additionally because the major mass of limb musculature is located proximally,it was hypothesized that proximal joints would do more work than distal joints. Kinetic and kinematic analysis were combined using inverse dynamics to calculate work and power for each joint of horses trotting at between 2.5 and 5.0 m s–1.Work done by the hindlimb was indeed positive (consistently 0.34 J kg–1 across all speeds), but, contrary to our hypothesis, net work by the forelimb was essentially zero (but also independent of trotting speed). The zero net work of the forelimb may be the consequence of our not being able to account, experimentally, for the negative work done by the extrinsic muscles connecting the scapula and the thorax. The distal three joints of both limbs behaved elastically with a period of energy absorption followed by energy return. Proximal forelimb joints (elbow and shoulder) did no net work, because there was very little movement of the elbow and shoulder during the portion of stance when an extensor moment was greatest. Of the two proximal hindlimb joints, the hip did positive work during the stride,generating energy almost throughout stance. The knee did some work, but like the forelimb proximal joints, had little movement during the middle of stance when the flexion moment was the greatest, probably serving to allow the efficient transmission of energy from the hip musculature to the ground.
Negative pressure in the middle ear by ciliary propulsion of mucus through the eustachian tube
Authors: Murphy David 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMucus was placed in the middle ears of 11 cats. A needle and stop‐cock placed in the bulla communicated with the tympanic cavity. The pressure changes in the needle were transcribed on a flowing graph via a transducer in communication with the stop‐cock. Negative pressure developed in each test ear. The average maximum negative pressure was 12 mm Hg with a minimum of 2 mm Hg and maximum of 24 mm Hg. The peak negative pressure, reached in 30 to 60 min. in most ears, occurred in 10 min. in one and in 3 hrs. in another. The qualitative results show all ears developed a negative pressure when mucus was in the tympanic cavity. The quantitative data suggest an average maximum negative pressure of 12 mm Hg reached at about 1 hr.
The changing characteristics of acoustic neuroma patients over the last 10 years
Authors: Glasscock Michael E. , Levine Samuel C. , Mckennan Kevin X. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe first 100 patients in a series of 616 cerebellopontine angle tumors were compared to the most recent 100 patients. All of the first 100 patients were evaluated prior to the common use of CT or ABR. Recently, improved diagnostic studies have resulted in the discovery of significantly smaller tumors. The later group of patients was also found to have their symptoms for a shorter period of time and had better overall hearing at the time of diagnosis. Reductions in the rates of various complications were also observed. These trends are felt to be the direct result of improved audiologic and radiologic diagnostic studies. A heightened awareness of all otolaryngologists to seek the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma also improved early diagnosis.
Book Review
Authors: Economidou Marina , Toner-Edgar Maggi , Kennard Alison , O'Riordan Kate 
Published: October 2006

Problem-based Learning in Higher Education: Untold Stories by Maggi Savin-Baden Edited

Problem-based Learning: case studies, experience and practice Editors: Peter Schwartz, Stewart Mennin and Graham Webb
Online Learning and Teaching with Technology Case Studies,
Experience and Practice Edited by David Murphy, Rob Walker and Graham Webb
A Transactional Perspective on Teaching and Learning: A Framework for Adult and Higher Education by D. Randy Garrison and Walter Archer
Feminist Media Studies (Volume 1 Numbers 1, 2 and 3 March, July and November
2001) Edited by Cynthia Carter and Lisa McLaughlin
Doctoral education in design, the process of research degree study, and the trained researcher
Authors: Newbury Darren 
Published: October 2006

Whilst the contribution to knowledge has long been understood as an outcome of doctoral research, in more recent times the spotlight has increasingly shifted to that other outcome of doctoral education: the trained researcher. The aim of this paper, similarly, is to set aside the epistemological
and definitional issues that surround any notion of design knowledge and how one contributes to it, in favour of a focus on the process of studying for a research degree, the knowledge and skills one might reasonably expect research students to acquire, and the structuring of doctoral training
programmes.
Drawing on recent papers and policy documents in this area, as well as personal experience of developing a formal postgraduate research training programme, the paper identifies three key areas for consideration in the development of new doctoral training programmes for design.
First, preparation for research degree studies. Second, the development of competence in research skills and procedures, including associated research career skills. Third, the promotion of methodological reflexivity. The paper expands on the implications of each for the structure and content
of research training programmes in design. The intention is not to develop a definitive programme for doctoral education; rather it is to set out a framework for the discussion of a diversity of practices.