bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relative rates of destruction of propyl gallate and butylated hydroxyanisole in oxidizing lard
Authors: Mahon J. H. , Chapman R. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe rate of disappearance of propyl gallate and BHA has been studied in lard stored at 61°C. An antioxidant formulation containing 20% BHA, 6% propyl gallate, and 4% citric acid in 70% propylene glycol was employed. The rate of destruction of propyl gallate was approximately constant with respect to time, irrespective of the concentration, indicating a zero order reaction. The disappearance of BHA occurred in two stages, an initial slow loss which was partially attributed to evaporation of this compound from the surface of the lard, followed by a rapid decrease which was initiated coincident with the disappearance of the propyl gallate. The rapid increase of the fat peroxides in the oxidizing lard containing both BHA and propyl gallate was coincident in all cases with the complete disappearance of the propyl gallate. The results on the disappearance of the 2‐BHA and 3‐BHA isomers indicated that 3‐BHA reacted more readily with the oxidizing fat than 2‐BHA. This factor was considered to be at least partially responsible for the greater effectiveness of 3‐BHA as an antioxidant. The combination of propyl gallate and BHA was much more effective than the BHA alone as judged by peroxide accumulation in lard stored at 61°C.
Binary freezing‐point diagrams for palmitic acid with various amines and with 2,6‐dimethyl‐gamma‐pyrone
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIn connection with the search for molecular compounds which might prove applicable in the purification of long‐chain fatty acids, freezing‐point data have been obtained for binary systems between palmitic acid and the following: ortho‐phenylenediamine, alpha‐picoline, 4‐amino‐2,6‐dimethylpyrimidine, 2,6‐dimethyl‐gamma‐pyrone, 2‐aminothiazole, benzylamine, morpholine, 3‐aminopyridine, and 4‐aminopyridine. The freezing‐point diagrams for the first four of these binary systems are of the simple eutectic type. All the others indicate the existence of at least one crystalline molecular compound containing one or more moles of palmitic acid to one of amine. 2‐Aminothiazole forms an equimolar compound. Both benzylamine and morpholine form an equimolar and an incongruently melting 2∶1 compound. The position of the amino group in the pyridine ring has a marked effect on the behavior of the aminopyridines. Unlike 2‐aminopyridine, which forms a 1∶1 and a 4∶1 compound with palmitic acid, 3‐aminopyridine forms only an equimolar compound and 4‐aminopyridine forms only 4∶1 and 2∶1 compounds. The latter exists in two polymorphic modifications.
Interrelations of linoleic acid with medium‐chain and long‐chain saturated triglycerides
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Slanetz Charles A. , Johnson Ruth Ellen , Babayan Vigen K. 
Published: May 2007

Summary
Effects of medium‐chain (C6–C12) saturated triglycerides (MCT) and long‐chain (C14–C18) saturated triglycerides (LCT) with and without linoleic acid (LA) supplementation were studied on rats fed purified diets
With 2% linoleic acid rats fed MCT and LCT grew somewhat better than those on a low‐fat diet with the same supplement. Without linoleic acid those fed MCT grew better, and those fed LCT grew worse than those on the corresponding low‐fat diet. MCT seemed to decrease, and LCT to increase linoleic acid requirements.
In survival studies 14 out of 18 rats fed 20% MCT were alive after 2 years; of their controls fed 20% lard, 10 out of 19 survived.
Reproduction studies in females gave equally poor results on unsupplemented low‐fat, MCT, and LCT diets regarding implantation, birth weight, and survival rate. The weaning weights of the young on MCT were however the highest. With 2% LA weaning weights were equally high with LCT and MCT but lower with low‐fat diet.
In animals fed low‐fat diets not supplemented with LA, low serum cholesterol was associated with high liver cholesterol. With MCT, serum values were higher and liver values were significantly lower. With unsupplemented LCT, serum and liver values were high. When the three diets were supplemented with 2% LA, there were no longer any differences in the serum levels and in the liver levels. Whether ar not the presence of some oleate in the MCT and LCT influenced the cholesterol results is not certain.
The differences in the effects of MCT and LCT are discussed.
Glyceride structure of vegetable oils by countercurrent distribution. IV. Cocoa butter
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCocoa butter has been fractionated by countercurrent distribution between pentane‐hexane and furfural‐uitroethane solvent phases with the application of 1,100 transfer stages. Except for a small percentage of trisaturates and linoleic acid‐containing triglycerides, oleic acid occurs at least once in each glyceride molecule. Cocoa butter is composed principally of mono‐oleins: oleodistearin, 22%; oleopalmitostearin, 41%; and oleodipalmitin, 12%. Whereas the latter glyceride is not permitted under a pure even pattern, the low trisaturate content is not consistent with a random pattern. Cocoa butter follows neither a random nor an even pattern of glyceride structure.
The separation of glycerides by crystallization in a thermal gradient
Authors: Magnusson Jon R. , Hammond Earl G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAn apparatus designed to separate materials by automatic recrystallization in a thermal gradient has been tested for its ability to separate model glyceride mixtures. The theory of the separation has been discussed. The apparatus was able to separate the model mixtures efficiently; the separation was limited only by the actual relative solubilities of the components and the formation of eutectic mixtures. This apparatus should be useful in the separation of many lipide mixtures where crystallization is an appropriate technique.
Dynamic headspace capillary gas chromatographic analysis of soybean oil volatiles
Authors: Selke E. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo develop new knowledge on preventing or eliminating the formation of undesirable flavors in soybean oil, we analyzed quantitatively the major volatile products in samples that were oxidized during storage in the dark at ambient conditions. The volatiles formed were recovered and separated by dynamic headspace capillary gas chromatography. The effect of sampling temperatures was investigated by heating the sample, sweeping the volatiles with helium and trapping and desorbing them from a porous polymer Tenax trap. The volatiles were flushed from the trap onto a fused silica capillary column with a bonded mixed dimethyldiphenyl siloxane phase. At peroxide values between 2 and 13, the major volatile products found were acrolein, pentene, pentane, 1‐penten‐3‐ol, pentanal, hexanal, 2‐hexenal, 2‐heptenal, 2,4‐heptadienal, 2‐octenal and 2,4‐decadienal. The profile of volatiles was significantly affected by the sampling temperature used and by the presence or absence of citric acid in the oils before storage. The relative amounts of volatile thermal decomposition products of linolenate and linoleate hydroperoxides, such as 2,4‐heptadienal and 2,4‐decadienal, increased significantly when samples were heated above 90 C. Dynamic headspace gas chromatography made it possible to analyze the volatiles in samples heated to 60 and 90 C. These volatiles may be representative of those present in oils at time of tasting.
Viscous behavior of polymerized vegetable oils
Authors: Sims R. P. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryExtraction of thermally polymerized linseed oil with acetone at various temperatures yielded fractions at higher temperatures that had high molecular weights and gave intrinsic viscosity and critical miscibility plots resembling those of high polymers. Unheated oil was not an indifferent solvent for polymerized oil as judged by the temperature coefficient of intrinsic viscosity.Molecular weight information obtained with non‐randomized samples suggested a linear relation between log viscosity and (Mn)1/2 for molecular weights up to 2,500. With weight average molecular weights, a linear relation between log viscosity and (Mw)1/2 obtains at molecular weights greater than 40,000. Randomization of the samples decreased their bulk viscosity while increasing polymer content.
Spectrophotometric determination of total gossypol in cottonseed meal and cottonseed meats
Authors: Smith F. H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAn improved method has been developed for the determination of total gossypol in cottonseed and cottonseed meal. The sample is heated with aniline to convert the gossypol to dianilinogossypol, which is extracted with chloroform and measured spectrophotometrically. The values for total gossypol are slightly higher and more accurate and precise as determined by the proposed method because of more complete extraction than by a recent p‐anisidine method or the revised A.O.C.S. Tentative Method Ba 8‐55. The advantages of the proposed method are its simplicity, accuracy, reproducibility, and expeditiousness.
A comparison of six solvents for the extraction of jojoba seed
Authors: Knoepfler Nestor B. , McCourtney E. J. , Molaison L. J. , Spadaro J. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryData are presented which show the effects of different solvents on the yield and properties of liquid wax fromSimondsia chinensis (jojoba) and on the characteristics of the hydrogenated waxes obtained from the liquid waxes.Three reagent grade solvents, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and isopropyl alcohol, and three commercial grade solvents, heptane, hexane, and tetrachloroethylene, were evaluated as extractants for the liquid wax from jojoba. Soxhlet‐type of extractions were carried out under conditions in which the solvent was the only significant variable.Four of the solvents extracted essentially the same amount of material from the seed while isopropyl alcohol extracted significantly more material and tetrachloroethylene significantly less. Obviously the difficulties involved in separating the solids recovered from the isopropyl alcohol extraction preclude its use as the extracting solvent for jojoba wax.The density of the liquid waxes varies from 0.8631 to 0.8648; the waxes from the tetrachloroethylene and hexane extractions had the lowest value and the wax from isopropyl alcohol the highest.In each case, regardless of the solvent used, a precipitate developed in the liquid wax after it had been desolventized and stored for 7–10 days. Hydrogenation of clear fractions and precipitate containing fractions of these liquid waxes showed that the precipitate had no apparent effect upon the melting point or hardness of the resulting solid wax.Some of the liquid waxes required a longer hydrogenation time to attain an iodine value of about 1. At this iodine value all of the solid waxes had melting points between 66 and 68°C.Hardness values of all the solid waxes as measured by the Trionic hardness gauge were 90.
The cyanoethylation and infrared spectra of some ricinoleic acid derivatives
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Calderón Roberto , McCall E. R. , O'Connor R. T. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFive ricinoleic acid derivatives have been cyanoethylated with acrylonitrile, namely, 4‐ricinoleoylmorpholine, 4‐ricinelaidoylmorpholine, 4‐(12‐hydroxystearoyl) morpholine, 1,12‐dihydroxy‐9‐octadecene and 1,12‐dihydroxyoctadecane, using benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide as a cyanoethylation catalyst and water to retard the polymerization of acrylonitrile. Any polyacrylonitrile formed was readily precipitated out of an ethereal solution. Purification of the cyanoethylated products was accomplished by washing out the catalyst, rapid distillation under high vacuum, and crystallizations from methanol. In addition, 1,12‐bis(β‐cyanoethoxy)‐9‐octadecene was isomerized fromcis totrans form and crystallized successively from acetone and methanol. The infrared spectra of these compounds have been determined. It was found that the characteristic absorption for the nitrile group at 4.44 microns is about 67% greater in chloroform than in carbon tetrachloride and that it obeys Beer's law over a wide range of concentrations, thus permitting convenient infrared analysis of this type of compound. Some properties of these compounds are described.
Glyceride structure of fats
Authors: Youngs C. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA theory has been presented for the formation of fats which gives the amounts of the various glyceride types equivalent to a random or modified restricted random distribution and at the same time gives a predominance of specific positional isomers. The basis of the theory is a random attachment of the fatty acids at each stage of glyceride synthesis with an intramolecular rearrangement to a preferred form at the 1,2‐diglyceride level of fat formation. The theory gives a good correlation of much of the data available on glyceride structure at the present time.Like all previous theories, the present proposal is based on the analysis of the final products of fat synthesis without any definite knowledge of the mechanism of the synthesis. Much more work is required on the glyceride structure of fats and the mechanism of their biosynthesis before the distribution pattern of the fatty acids in natural fats can be definitely established.
“I wanted to get to know her better”: Adolescent boys’ dating motives, masculinity ideology, and sexual behavior
Authors: Smiler Andrew P. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTLittle is known about adolescent boys’ motives for dating, although stereotypical portrayals highlight a desire for sexual behavior. This issue was examined from a normative perspective that connected dating motives to intercourse motives, masculinity, and dating and sexual behaviors. Data from 105 racially and economically diverse 10th‐grade boys were analyzed. Results indicated that the most commonly endorsed motives for dating and intercourse focused on the boys’ partners and relationships, and that boys’ motives tended to be consistent across dating and sexual behavior. Peer conformity motives were less frequently endorsed and typically co‐occurred with other motives. Findings revealed few connections between motives, masculinity ideology, and sexual behaviors. Discussion highlights the importance of moving beyond stereotypes when examining boys’ romantic and sexual motives.
Pseudocyphellae and Pored Epicortex in the Parmeliaceae: Their Delimitation and Evolutionary Significance
Authors: Hale M. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe origin and development of pseudocyphellae and the pored epicortex are compared. Pseudocyphellae are pores through the paraplectenchymatous cortex which fill with medullary hyphae. The pored epicortex is a thin, perforated polysaccharide sheet lying over a loosely organized cortical layer. Both structures function in gas exchange and may represent two different phyletic lines.
Degelia, A New Lichen Genus in the Pannariaceae
Authors: Arvidsson L. , Galloway D. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe new genus Degelia (Pannariaceae) is described to accommodate three primarily Southern Hemisphere taxa: D. gayana (Mont.) comb, nov., D. duplomarginata (P. James & Henssen) comb, nov., and D. durietzii sp. nov. A key to the species is given, with data on synonymy, morphology, anatomy, chemistry, habitat and distribution. Coccocarpia gayana var. melacarpina Nyl. is reduced to synonymy with Degelia gayana. Relationships of Degelia with genera in the Pannariaceae and Coccocarpiaceae are discussed. Degelia is distinguished from other genera in the Pannariaceae by periclinal arrangement of cells in the upper cortex, a lower cortex of 2–3 layers of thick-walled periclinal hyphae, and Scytonema as the phycobiont; and from genera in the Coccocarpiaceae by the structure and ontogeny of the apothecia. D. duplomarginata is known from New Zealand and Hawaii, D. durietzii from New Zealand and Tasmania and D. gayana from New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia, Chile and Tristan da Cunha.
Lichen Products of Cladonia Stellaris and C. Rangiferina Maintained Under Artificial Conditions
Authors: Fahselt Dianne 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLichen thallus fragments were maintained in a growth cabinet under four differing conditions of light intensity. Levels of usnic acid and atranorin did not differ significantly from the control under any of the treatments. However, perlatolic acid and fumarprotocetraric acid per unit dry weight of thallus were dependent upon light availability.
The Genus Phyllopsora, With a Report On East African Species
Authors: Swinscow T. D. V. , Krog Hildur 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMorphological, anatomical, and chemical studies have been made of the types of about 90% of the world's reported Phyllopsora species, of types in related genera, and of much non-type material, including specimens collected in recent years by the authors and other botanists in East Africa. The findings are reported, and on their basis an attempt is made to delimit the genus. A detailed account is given, with key, of the East African species. The following 11 species are reported for East Africa, three of them being newly described: Phyllopsora albicans Mull. Arg., P. breviuscula (Nyl.) Mull. Arg., P. buettneri (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr., P. chlorophaea (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr., P. confusa sp.
nov., P. haemophaea (Nyl.) Mull. Arg., P. martinii sp. nov., P. mediocris sp. nov., P. pannosa Mull. Arg., P. santensis (Tuck.) comb, nov., P. thaleriza (Stirton) G. Schneider. In addition one species is reported as undetermined (Species A). The following taxa are reduced to synonymy: Phyllopsora porphyromelaena (Vainio) Zahlbr. and P. formosana Zahlbr. with P. albicans; P. brachyspora Mull. Arg. with P. breviuscula; P. subparvifolia (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg. and Lecidea schizophylla (Vainio) Malme with P. chlorophaea; P. kiiensis (Vainio) G. Schneider and Lecidea schizophylla var. isidiata Malme with P. haemophaea; P. miradorensis (Vainio) G. Schneider with P. santensis; Psora ochroxantha f. aelhiopica (Stizenb.) Dodge with P. thaleriza; Lecidea ernstiana Mull. Arg. with P. ochroxantha (Nyl.) Zahlbr.; P. melanocarpa Mull. Arg. with Neophyllis pachyphylla (Mull. Arg.) G. Schneider; P. schizophylloides (Malme) G. Schneider with P. munda (Malme) Zahlbr.; and P. spinulosa (Vainio) Zahlbr. with P. polydactyla (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr. The following new names and combinations are made: Bacidia laciniosa nom. nov., B. spruceana (Mull. Arg.) comb, nov., Phyllopsora bibula (Taylor) comb, nov., P. glabriuscula (Nyl.) comb, nov., P. janeirensis (Mull. Arg.) comb, nov., P. microphyllina (Tuck, ex Nyl.) comb, nov., P. pertexta (Nyl.) comb, nov., P. pyrrhomelaena (Tuck.) comb, nov., and P. santensis (Tuck.) comb. nov.
Secondary Compounds Following Northsouth Transplantation of Three Lichen Species
Authors: Fahselt Dianne 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWide north-south transplants were made with three lichen species, Parmelia cumberlandia, Cladonia turgida and Stereocaulon saxarile. The objective was to determine whether thallus chemistry would be altered due to wide geographic displacement of thallus segments from the control locations. Significant quantitative variation in microchemistry was observed among thalli of P. cumberlandia and among those of C. turgida, but there were no qualitative or quantitative effects on the lichen products, usnic acid, atranorin, constictic, stictic, norstictic, fumarprotocetraric and lobaric acids, due to transplantation.
Ramalina Leiodea (Syn. R. Boninensis)—A Common Maritime Species in Oceania
Authors: Stevens G. Nell 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe typification of Ramalina leiodea (Nyl.) Nyl. is discussed; R. boninensis Asah. and R. boninensis f. subcalicariformis are considered to be conspecific with R. leiodea. A description of the taxon is given, and the morphological and chemical variability considered. The distribution of both the boninic acid and cryptochlorophaeic acid races is discussed.
The Corticolous Species of Haematomma in Australia
Authors: Rogers R. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEight corticolous species of Haematomma are recognized in Australia, including four new species (H. eremaeum, H. pruinosum, H. sorediatum and H. stevensiae spp. nov.) and one new combination (H. infuscum). The characters found useful in differentiation of the species included apothecium form, apothecial pigmentation, spore septation, and thallus chemistry. Taxonomic and distributional data are provided for all species. Two taxa are reduced to synonymy for the first time, and a key is provided.
The Ascus Apex in Lichenized Fungi IV. Baeomyces and Icmadophila in Comparison with Cladonia (Lecanorales) and the Non-Lichenized Leotia (Helotiales)
Authors: Honegger Rosmarie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis comparative investigation on ascus fine structure and function substantiates the findings of Chadefaud (1960) and his coworkers indicating a close taxonomic relationship between the Baeomycetaceae and Leotia, a non-lichenized member of the Helotiales, rather than between the Baeomycetaceae and the Cladoniaceae and other members of the Lecanorales. Besides the distinct differences in ascus structure and function, cytological divergences were noted between the Baeomycetaceae and Leotia on one hand, and Cladoniaceae on the other. The occurrence of glycogen in the Baeomycetaceae and Leotia, but not in the Cladoniaceae and other members of the Lecanorineae, and the differences in phycobiont preference and thus in the mycobiont–phycobiont contact in the Baeomycetaceae and Cladoniaceae were discussed.
The Uptake of Nickel Ions by Lichen Thalli of the Genera Umbilicaria and Peltigera
Authors: Richardson D. H. S. , Nieboer E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBy using a dissection technique it was demonstrated that binding of Ni2+ ions occurred to both the algal zone and fungal medulla in various species of the lichen genus Umbilicaria. The algal zone, fungal medulla and lower surface plates in Umbilicaria muhlenbergii accumulated 21, 52 and 27% respectively of the total Ni2+ ions taken up. The amount of Ni taken up varied in different species of the same genus but in general the uptake by Peltigera (over 70 μmol g−1 dry weight) was some three times that by Umbilicaria under the same conditions.
A New Species of Chaenotheca From New Zealand
Authors: Tibell L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChaenotheca degelii sp. nov. is described from New Zealand. The position of the species in the genus and the chemistry are discussed briefly. Chaenotheca degelii is a lignicolous species mainly occurring in the Central Plateau of North Island, but one isolated occurrence in the South Island is also known.
A New Corticolous Sorediate Rinodina From Swedish Lapland
Authors: Coppins B. J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstracta new sorediate species of Rinodina (R. degeliana sp. nov.) is described from north Sweden where it occurs on old Salix. Apart from its distinctive appearance it is characterized by its markedly ornamented spores and chemistry. It is compared with similar taxa in north-west Europe.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Contact Site of Conidia and Trichogynes in Cladonia Furcata
Authors: Honegger Rosmarie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe contact sites of pycnidia and the terminal cells of trichogynes in Cladonia furcata were investigated using either freshly fixed material, or ascomatal primordia and pycnidia from which the gelatinous material either on the primordial surface, or in the pycnidial cavity, had been removed. The sickle-shaped conidia fused, tip first, with the cell wall of trichogynes. Circular holes of about the diameter of the conidia found in the cell walls of trichogynes arise from enzymatic degradation of the wall material by fusing conidia. As the conidia appear to stick on any gelatinous surface material of the thallus the adhesion process is presumed to be unspecific.