bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Portfolio Modeling: A Technique for Sophisticated Oil and Gas Investors
Authors: Hightower M. L. , David A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the past three decades, much work has been conducted in the development and application of various analytical techniques used in investment decisions. Two of the most powerful of these techniques include risk analysis and portfolio analysis. Because of the speculative nature of the petroleum industry, risk analysis has become readily acceptable and widely used by most oil and gas investors. Meanwhile, portfolio analysis has gained little acceptance and remains a mystery to most of the petroleum sector. Like risk analysis, portfolio analysis evaluates projects based upon the investment's expected return and its perceived risk or uncertainty. However, while risk analysis limits its perspective to the merits of the individual project, portfolio analysis expands this view to include the effects and contributions that potential projects will have on the investor's entire portfolio. In turn, portfolio analysis broadens the restrictive, myopic view of selecting projects based solely on individual merit and criteria and allows the investor to determine how potential investments will affect the goals and objectives of his overall portfolio.
This analytical technique is based upon modern portfolio theory which provides a conceptual framework for selecting projects in order to create portfolios that offer the best combination of risk and return. Within this framework, Harry Markowitz proposed a mathematical model that utilizes quantifiable risk/return parameters to create efficient and optimal portfolios designed to meet the goals and risk preferences of the large private or institutional investor. While sophisticated investment managers have successfully applied this portfolio model to the capital markets, this quantitative method has obtained little exposure in the oil industry. Earlier studies have shown, however, that the conceptual application of portfolio analysis has much merit and utility in the decision process employed by oil and gas investors. Yet none of these qualitative applications utilize the full potential that the Markowitz model provides.
While not applicable in its original form, the portfolio model needs modification to meet the investment objectives and information limitations characteristic of the oil industry. It is the objective of this paper to demonstrate how a modified model can be effectively applied to the selection process of petroleum ventures. To illustrate its applicability, this modeling technique is applied to an investment decision involving the construction of an exploratory drilling program. In this example, this analytical technique predicts how an efficient and optimal portfolio can be constructed given an opportunity set of investments and the goals of the oil and gas investor. It is believed that from this illustration investors will be able to effectively apply portfolio modeling as a tool to optimize their own selection of petroleum investments.
Xanthan and Welan: The Effects of Critical Polymer Concentration on Rheology and Fluid Performance
Authors: Powell J. W. , Parks C. F. , Seheult J. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Achieving optimal fluid performance with biopolymer viscosifiers, xanthan and welan, depends on reaching or exceeding a minimum or critical polymer concentration (CPC). CPC is affected by a variety of fluid and wellbore conditions, including: temperature and salinity, average shear rate, shear history, velocity gradients, hole angle, polymer configuration and rigidity, and the size, density, and concentration of suspended solids. The suspension and transport properties of xanthan and welan correlate directly to low-shear-rate-viscosity (LSRV) and elasticity (G'), properties which cannot be quantified with a conventional field viscometer. LSRV and G' are qualitatively related to a polymer's molecular rigidity and configuration, and quantitatively to the number of physical and chemical polymer chain associations, referred to as polymer networks and structures.
Waterflood Monitoring Technique Results in Improved Reservoir Management for the Hemlock Reservoir, McArthur River Field, Cook Inlet, Alaska
Authors: Starzer M. R. , Borden C. U. , Schoffmann A. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTA peripheral waterflood monitoring method of subdividing the Hemlock Reservoir into areal groups has aided in development decisions for the McArthur River Field, Cook Inlet, Alaska. This analysis technique improved assessment of remaining development potential by separating the reservoir into more manageable areas. By respecting the inaccuracies associated with production data, the analysis method simplified reservoir management and improved performance predictions.Seven "performance areas" were established to monitor waterflood performance and identify areas of remaining recovery potential. Each performance area represents an accounting block in which recovery and performance prediction methods were applied to monitor waterflood progress. Prediction methods for the undersaturated reservoir included water-oil ratio trending, material balance and decline analysis. Comparison of each area's performance with others and with analytical performance predictions easily identified local areas of unrealized potential. This method of waterflood management aided in assembling management strategies and promptly examining those strategies as conditions changed.
Development of Procedures for Hot Tap Welding Onto Sour Service Pipelines
Authors: Felix R. D. , Bruce W. A. , Threadgill P. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the development of welding procedures for welding onto in-service pipelines that are used to transport mildly sour produced gas. The development of the procedure focused on obtaining a resulting weldment which met the hardness criterion of Rockwell C22 (Rc22), which is the maximum allowable hardness recommended in National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) MR-01-75 to avoid sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in subsequent service. 1
Several techniques for minimizing weld hardness were investigated. Welds made included baseline single-pass welds at various heat inputs, standard multi-pass welds, multipass welds made at high heat inputs and various temper bead deposition sequences. The optimized procedure involved applying weld metal buttering to the fitting side of the weld joint by the fitting manufacturer prior to installation using preheat. Weld metal buttering was also used on the pipe side of the joint. The buttering was then ground to allow tempering by subsequent passes. A gas tungsten arc weld (GTAW) root pass with an autogenous remelt pass was used to allow tempering in the root region. A unique scheme to facilitate weld toe placement was devised to ensure that these areas received adequate tempering.
A quality assurance method for determining that the hardness criterion had been met was devised. Using this scheme, the suitability of the welding procedure was determined based on a series of measurements on confirmation welds made on the coupon that would later be removed by the action of the hot tap cutter.
Foundation Heave Induced by a Subgrade Cooling System Over Permafrost
Authors: Scher R. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The ADOT Jim River Maintenance Building, located over permafrost in central Alaska, has experienced significant floor heave following startup in late 1986 of an active subgrade cooling system (SCS), even though foundation soils appear to remain frozen year round. After constructing a new floor in mid-1987, cumulative floor heave by 1990 ranged from about 1-5 inches (25-127 mm). However, the annual heave rate has been decreasing as the mean frozen ground temperature progressively cools.
Published unfrozen moisture, hydraulic conductivity, and thermal induced heave relationships were used to reasonably model the recorded floor heave and rates. At Jim River, 25-50% of the heave recorded since mid-1987 may be associated with redistribution of unfrozen water under influence of thermal gradients established during operation of the SCS. The results suggest this phenomenon should be considered for some SCS designs, especially over warm permafrost.
State-of-the-Art Review of Nondestructive Testing with Computer-Assisted Tomography
Authors: Bansal A. , Islam M. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTComputer assisted tomography (CAT) has been a revolutionary technique in medical radiology. Recently, CAT scanners started to be used as non-destructive testing facilities in different industrial applications. Most of the applications of the new technology are in the areas of petroleum engineering. Majority of this CAT scanner technology has been developed in the U.S.A. However, several Canadian companies have acquired CAT scanners and are using for novel commercial as well as research applications. This paper presents a comprehensive review of advances made in the areas of CAT scan technology as applied to the petroleum industry.Recent efforts in developing CAT scan technology has been in the areas of core analysis methods. The ultimate objective is the quantitative monitoring of dynamic two- and three-phase experiments in porous media. Even though advances have been made in using CAT scan for quantitative evaluation of fluid flow, more research has to be done before gaining confidence in such a technique. This paper presents a critical review of recent research publications. Also, discussed is the possibility of using CAT scan as a unique reservoir characterization tool. Reservoir properties, such as direction and frequency of fractures, the presence of vuggs, stratification in the bedding plane, etc. may be identified only through non-destructive testing of reservoir cores. Various applications of CAT scanning to oil industry are discussed in detail.
Real Prospects for Further Utilization of Mineral Resources in the Arctic: Technology Adaption to Environment
Authors: Zamoshch M. N. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Development of mineral resources in the Arctic is fraught with distructive environmental effects of currently used technologies.Therefore a protest arises with the public against deposit mining. Presently in use reclamation methods are expensive, can't provide complete restoration of initial landscape, and reduce to a great extent numerous favourable effects of a technogenic landscape. Ecological problems of the Arctic might be successfully solved by designing technogenic landscapes before starting mining operations provided they are most fully adapted to environment. Maximum favourable result from technology adaptation might be reached in case of international cooperation of experience in mining and protecting mineral resources in the Arctic.
Horizontal Wells - A Test on Infinite Conductivity Solutions
Authors: Jelmert T. A. , Thompson L. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Line source solutions for uniform flux horizontal wells are well known The infinite conductivity well model has not received the same attention. An objective of the present paper is to investigate the behavior of some possible infinite conductivity well models. We test the properties of the step function and the piecewise linear rate density function.
We find that the linear rate density distribution model oscillates at late times. Depending on the solution strategy, these oscillations may come early or late in the second `radial flow period. We believe that this numerical phenomenon is connected to numerical interaction between steep gradients and the numerical Laplace transform inversion scheme. The solution resulting from the piecewise constant rate function is complete in the sense that it can handle all flow periods from the early linear to the pseudo steady period.
The results from the infinite conductivity models are compared to the results from the uniform flux model. For easy identification of possible linear flow periods, we plot the square-root derivative. A straight line at a constant value indicates that the pressure drop is a linear function of the square-root of time.
Computer User Groups: The Overlooked Source of Training
Authors: McGinnis B. , Flanders W. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Petroleum companies, recognizing the need for computer use, have invested millions of dollars in compíuter hardware, software, and training. While large productivity increases have been achieved through initial training (Phase One), even larger gains can be accomplished through the computer skill-building process called optimized training (Phase Two). Traditional sources provide excellent Phase One training, but lack the resources and format capabilities to provide complete Phase Two training.
Computer user groups (CUG's) can provide an efficient, cost-effective way to supply Phase Two training Presently, however, CUG's are not widely used for this purpose. For this to change, CUG members and their companies must cooperate to develop programs that provide this training. Increased productivity can be realized by working together.
An Integrated Three-Dimensional Wellstring Analysis Program
Authors: He Xiaojun , Sangesland S. , Halsey G. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A Well String Simulator (WSS) computer program has been developed to analyze well string performance in high-angle and horizontal wells. The program can calculate the axial force, pick-up/slack-off loads, bending moment, rotating torque, buckling load, and stress along the well string (drill string/casing/coiled tubing) in any well profile. The effects of well string running speed and rotating speed on the axial forces and torque can be considered in the calculations.
A menu-driven data input interface with on-line help and a graphics post processor has been integrated into the program for easily inputing data and visualizing results immediately after the calculations. Dynamic memory allocation and overlay techniques are used to minimize the memory requirements of the program. As a result, the program can run comfortably on an IBM PC with 512 KB memory.
Using Computer Graphics and Animation To Teach Petroleum Engineering Concepts
Authors: Whitman D. L. , Evers J. F. , Terry R. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The authors have developed a number of microcomputer-based programs that use the graphical capability of this computer to teach petroleum engineering concepts to students. Students have consistently-commented that the use of this software, both for in-class demonstration and out-of-class assignments, is very beneficial to their understanding of certain petroleum engineering problems. The programs also eliminate the tedium that is involved in many of these computations, without removing the requirement that the student must understand the concept of what the program is demonstrating.
Details on these programs have been published previously1–4 and, therefore, no detailed explanation will be presented in this paper. Brief descriptions will be given for the following microcomputer-based teaching programs:
Monte-Carlo Simulation Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Experiment Gas Kick Control Water Flooding
Advancements in Remote Completion and Operation of Underwater Satellite Wells
Authors: Childers T.W. , Langley J.O. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for the 43rd Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Houston, Tex., Sept. 29-Oct. 2, 1968. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made. provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Humble recently demonstrated an important advancement in subsea completion technology by remotely completing a satellite underwater well with pump-down tools. This was Industry's first known attempt to perform completion operations with the rig off location. Pump-down tools and techniques were used Pump-down tools and techniques were used to perforate and consolidate the producing sand at 10, 100 feet TVD. This pump-down completion along with onshore tests simulating other pump-down completion-workover operations demonstrates the capability to remotely perform virtually all through-tubing type well servicing operations necessary to complete and maintain satellite subsea wells. This technology, in addition to significantly lowering completion costs of subsea wells, will substantially reduce maintenance costs by eliminating the need for many vertical re-entry workovers.
The subsea wellhead, tree and control system used for completion of this well and Humble's experience in operating underwater completions in the Gulf of Mexico are reviewed in this paper.

Introduction
Several significant advancements have recently been made in underwater completion technology. These advancements include both new and improved pump-down tools and well completion systems, as well as continued successful operating experience with underwater completions. They combine to greatly enhance the capabilities, economics, and application of the underwater completions, as well as overall confidence in the system.
Specific advancements that have been made Humble are:
The development of a complete suite of pump-down production maintenance an workover tools. The development of these tools has eliminated the need for expensive mobile rigs to perform most completion well servicing, and routine workover operations. The development of an unassisted diver connection system for tubing extensions.
Acoustic Controlled Subsea Completion System
Authors: Coburn William L. 
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
This paper was prepared for the 43rd Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Houston, Tex., Sept. 29-Oct. 2, 1968. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made. provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Introduction
Water depths in the recent Santa Barbara and Texas lease sales have focused attention on the need for a technique to remotely control and monitor wellhead completion systems. There is a need for a remote control system that eliminates the requirement for either fixed electric cables or hydraulic control lines linking the surface and the subsurface wellhead equipment. Physical control cables or lines are very Physical control cables or lines are very susceptible to physical damage from various sources. If these cables become severed, complete loss of control of the subsea equipment is experienced.
The use of acoustic communications as a means of reliable underwater remote control and telemetry is now a working concept. It is the only technique which can provide remote control without interconnecting cables and still maintain the required security. The AMF acoustic system was designed specifically for remote control applications where multiple commands. are required. It is secure from undesired responses to either ambient or man-made noises. This system has proved itself over the past four years in many varied underwater remote control and monitoring applications.
A prime consideration in the design of a remotely controlled subsea system is the selection of the power supply. Power can be supplied in many ways:
via a subsea primary battery system, via a subsea storage battery system trickle-charged by a subsea nuclear generator, and via a subsea storage battery system tackle-charged over a hard wire line from a surface platform.
There are numerous trade-offs in each of the above mentioned power supply systems, such as water depth, life expectancy and cost (initial and maintenance).
The Geology and Reservoir Characteristics of the Zakum Oil Field, Abu Dhabi
Authors: Fox A.F. , Brown R.C.C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The structure and stratigraphy of the area are discussed and related to the geology of the surrounding areas. Possible correlations of the various beds penetrated with the successions in bordering territories are suggested.
The geological characteristics of the producing horizons are described and their effect on the reservoir properties discussed.
The subdivision of the oil-bearing horizons into recognisable reservoir units, their physical characteristics and influence on the methods of production currently in use are described.

Introduction
The Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Concession, originally of about 12,000 sq. miles, is held by Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd. in which The British Petroleum Company has a two thirds interest. The terms of the concession were revised during 1966 and two areas totalling about 1705 sq. miles were relinquished by Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd. on 10th January 1967. A map showing the area and the location of the various oilfields is at Figure 1.
Exploration has been active and continuous since the original grant of the concession by the Ruler of Abu Dhabi in March 1953. The first phase was a topographical and geological investigation of the sea bed combined with a reconnaissance gravity survey carried out from the m.v. CALYPSO under the command of Cdt. J.Y. Cousteau, by BP surveyors and geologists, and geophysicists of the Geophysical Prospecting Company's staff.
The second phase consisted of a reflection seismograph survey, the traverse lines for which were laid out in accordance with an interpretation of the previous gravity survey. This survey ran from 14th December, 1954 until 23rd April, 1955 and included 2760 miles of single cover line. Most of the traverse lines were laid out on a 10 mile grid but indications were sufficiently conclusive for a location for a test well to be selected at Umm Shaif the results from which have already been described.
Reliable Deepwater Structural Casing Installation Using Controlled Jetting
Authors: Beck R. D. , Jackson C. W. , Hamilton T. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a method for installing structural casing from floating drilling vessels in a manner such that the casing is proof loaded and will not settle when other casing is landed later. The method borrows from geotechnical principles and pile installation observations. In addition to structural casing installation, this method can be used to install lightly loaded piles (e.g., anchor piles) in clay soils.