bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The improved Clinical Global Impression Scale (iCGI): development and validation in depression
Authors: Kadouri Alane , Corruble Emmanuelle , Falissard Bruno 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Background
The Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI) is frequently used in medical care and clinical research because of its face validity and practicability. This study proposes to improve the reliability of the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale in depressive disorders by the use of a semi-standardized interview, a new response format, and a Delphi procedure.

Methods
Thirty patients hospitalised for a major depressive episode were filmed at T1 (first week in hospital) and at T2 (2 weeks later) during a 5' specific interview. The Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale and the Symptom Check List were also rated. Eleven psychiatrists rated these videos using either the usual CGI response format or an improved response format, with or without a Delphi procedure.

Results
The new response format slightly improved (but not significantly) the interrater agreement, the Delphi procedure did not. The best results were obtained when ratings by 4 independent raters were averaged. In this situation, intraclass correlation coefficients were about 0.9.

Conclusion
The Clinical Global Impression is a useful approach in psychiatry since it apprehends patients in their entirety. This study shows that it is possible to quantify such impressions with a high level of interrater agreement.
Phase III Trial of Fludarabine Plus Cyclophosphamide Compared With Fludarabine for Patients With Previously Untreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: US Intergroup Trial E2997
Authors: Flinn Ian W. , Neuberg Donna S. , Grever Michael R. , Dewald Gordon W. , Bennett John M. , Paietta Elisabeth M. , Hussein Mohamad A. , Appelbaum Frederick R. , Larson Richard A. , Moore Dennis F. , Tallman Martin S. 
Published: February 2007

Purpose The combination of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide is an effective regimen for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, it may be accompanied by increased toxicity compared with fludarabine alone. E2997 is a phase III randomized Intergroup trial comparing fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (FC arm) versus fludarabine (F arm) alone in patients receiving their first chemotherapy regimen for CLL. Patients and Methods Symptomatic, previously untreated patients with CLL were randomly assigned to receive either fludarabine 25 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) days 1 through 5 or cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 IV day 1 and fludarabine 20 mg/m2 IV days 1 through 5. These cycles were repeated every 28 days for a maximum of six cycles. Results A total of 278 patients were randomly assigned in this Intergroup study. Treatment with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide was associated with a significantly higher complete response (CR) rate (23.4% v 4.6%; P < .001) and a higher overall response (OR) rate (74.3% v 59.5%, P = .013) than treatment with fludarabine as a single agent. Progression-free survival (PFS) was also superior in patients treated with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide than those treated with fludarabine (31.6 v 19.2 months, P < .0001). Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide caused additional hematologic toxicity, including more severe thrombocytopenia (P = .046), but it did not increase the number of severe infections (P = .812). Conclusion Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide produced an increase in OR and CR, and it improved PFS in patients with previously untreated CLL compared with fludarabine alone and was not associated with an increase in infectious toxicity.
Comprehensive Assessment of Genetic and Molecular Features Predicting Outcome in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Results From the US Intergroup Phase III Trial E2997
Authors: Grever Michael R. , Lucas David M. , Dewald Gordon W. , Neuberg Donna S. , Reed John C. , Kitada Shinichi , Flinn Ian W. , Tallman Martin S. , Appelbaum Frederick R. , Larson Richard A. , Paietta Elisabeth , Jelinek Diane F. , Gribben John G. , Byrd John C. 
Published: February 2007

Purpose Genomic features including unmutated immunoglobulin variable region heavy chain (IgVH) genes, del(11q22.3), del(17p13.1), and p53 mutations have been reported to predict the clinical course and overall survival of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In addition, ZAP-70 and Bcl-2 family proteins have been explored as predictors of outcome. Patients and Methods We prospectively evaluated the prognostic significance of a comprehensive panel of laboratory factors on both response and progression-free survival (PFS) using samples and data from 235 patients enrolled onto a therapeutic trial. Patients received either fludarabine (FL; n = 113) or fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide (FC; n = 122) as part of a US Intergroup randomized trial for previously untreated CLL patients. Results Complete response (CR) rates were 24.6% for patients receiving FC and 5.3% for patients receiving FL (P = .00004). PFS was statistically significantly longer in patients receiving FC (median, 33.5 months for patients receiving FC and 19.9 months for patients receiving FL; P < .0001). The occurrence of del(17p13.1) (hazard ratio, 3.428; P = .0002) or del(11q22.3) (hazard ratio, 1.904; P = .006) was associated with reduced PFS. CR and overall response rates were not significantly different based on cytogenetics, IgVH mutational status, CD38 expression, or p53 mutational status. Expression of ZAP-70, Bcl-2, Bax, Mcl-1, XIAP, Caspase-3, and Traf-1 was not associated with either clinical response or PFS. Conclusion These results support the use of interphase cytogenetic analysis, but not IgVH, CD38 expression, or ZAP-70 status, to predict outcome of FL-based chemotherapy. Patients with high-risk cytogenetic features should be considered for alternative therapies.
Pearson's Hard-Soft Acid-Base Principle as a Means of Interpreting the Reactivity of Carbon Materials
Authors: Wiśniewski M. , Gauden P.A. 
Published: February 2007

In the current studies we are focusing on the utility of the theory of hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB), as proposed by Pearson, for the description of the reactivity of different types of two-radical graphene sheets where two neighbouring carbon atoms are unsaturated in the zigzag position. The closed- and open-shell systems were taken into account. The well-known theoretical reactivity indices (ionization potential, electron affinity and global softness) were calculated for the adsorbents analyzed. We have shown that the values of these parameters are independent of the size of the carbon models. To test the reactivity of adsorption sites as probe molecules, we have used the chloride anion (Cl−), cation (Cl+) and radical (Cl0), respectively. Respective correlations between the enthalpy of reaction, the ionization and/or electronic chemical potential of the carbon structures were found. The results obtained confirm the original HSAB concept of Pearson which has been improved recently by Nalewajski. A similar relationship was observed for the adsorbent charge-transfer term, i.e. the change in the electron densities of the analyzed graphene sheets before and after the adsorption process. From an analysis of the results presented, it has been deduced that a charge-transfer mechanism is probable for chloride ion/adsorbent complexes. Moreover, the acid–base duality of carbon models during the adsorption process was shown and confirmed.
Intra-Ethnic diversity in hispanic child mortality, 1890–1910
Authors: Gutmann Myron P. , Haines Michael R. , Frisbie W. Parker , Blanchard K. Stephen 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Using a representative sample of the Hispanic population of the United States based on the manuscripts of the 1910 census, we estimate childhood mortality for the period from approximately 1890 to 1910. We find high child mortality in the Hispanic population, higher than for non-Hispanic whites but not significantly different than among nonwhite non-Hispanics (mostly African Americans). Hispanic rural farm populations in California, Texas, and Arizona experienced high mortality, but not as high as other Hispanic populations. Child mortality was very high among Hispanic residents of New Mexico and those in Florida outside Tampa; it was especially low in the Hispanic population in Tampa.
A model of destination-language acquisition: Application to male immigrants in Canada
Authors: Chiswick Barry R. , Miller Paul W. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We develop a model using human capital theory and an immigrant adjustment process to generate hypotheses on the acquisition of destination-language skills among immigrants. The model is tested for adult male immigrants in the 1991 Census of Canada. Use of English or French is greater, the younger the age at migration, the longer the duration of residence, the higher the educational attainment, the farther the country of origin from Canada, and the linguistically closer the mother tongue to English or French, and among those who are not refugees, those from a former British, French, or American colony, and those who live in an area where fewer people speak the respondent’s mother tongue. The explanatory variables based on birthplace have behavioral interpretations and possess almost as much explanatory power as the birthplace dummy variables
The educational enrollment of immigrant youth: A test of the segmented-assimilation hypothesis
Authors: Hirschman Charles 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn analysis of 1990 census data on the educational enrollment of 15- to 17-year-old immigrants to the United States provides partial support for predictions from both the segmented-assimilation hypothesis and the immigrant optimism hypothesis. Most immigrant adolescents, especially from Asia, are as likely as their native-born peers to be enrolled in high school, or more so. The “at-risk” immigrant youths with above-average levels of nonenrollment that are not reduced with longer exposure to American society are primarily of Hispanic Caribbean origins (from Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba). Recent Mexican immigrants who arrived as teenagers have nonenrollment rates over 40%, but Mexican youths who arrived at younger ages are only somewhat less likely to be enrolled in school than are native-born Americans.
A Simple method for estimating age-specific rates from sequential cross sections
Authors: Schmertmann Carl P. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
I develop and demonstrate a simple formula for estimating age-specific event rates for a period from “before” and “after” cross sections. The general approach applies to a wide range of estimation problems in demography, the social sciences, and epidemiology. The method arises from the formal mathematics of unstable populations and is similar in spirit to “variable-r” methods. Unlike those methods, however, the new technique does not require specialized computer programming or iterative calculations, and event rates can be calculated directly from cross-sectional data in simple spreadsheets. The article includes a formal mathematical exposition of the method, simulation tests, and several examples.
Reporting of fertility events by men and women in rural Gambia
Authors: Ratcliffe Amy A. , Hill Allan G. , Harrington David P. , Walraven Gijs 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We conducted a survey of male and female fertility in rural villages in The Gambia and compared men and women’s reports of recent pregnancy events in the aggregate and of children ever born for matched couples. Despite widespread polygyny and sex differences in fertility, men’s and women’s reports were similar. Small sex differences in reports of recent stillbirths and neonatal deaths were found. For matched couples, husbands reported 0.23 more children ever born than their wives on average, but discordant reporting had little effect on recent marital fertility rates. Modeling of discordant reports indicates that fertility reports are more likely to be underestimated by both men and women for their earliest marriages. Reliable fertility data can be collected from men in this population.
Private schools and “Latino flight” from black schoolchildren
Authors: Fairlie Robert W. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Several recent studies provided evidence that white students’ choice between private and public schools is influenced by the racial composition of the local student population. None of these studies, however, examined whether Latinos are also fleeing to private schools in response to black schoolchildren. I explore the “Latino-flight” hypothesis using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study and a recently released confidential data set from the National Center for Educational Statistics. In probit regressions for the probability of Latinos attending private schools, I found a large, positive, and statistically significant coefficient on the black share of the school-age population. The coefficient estimates imply that a 10-percentage point increase in the black share increases the probability of private school attendance by 25.7% to 33.2% among Latino 8th graders and 35.2% to 52.2% among Latino 10th graders. I interpret these results as providing evidence of “Latino flight” from public schools into private schools. I did not find evidence that Latinos respond differently to black schoolchildren than do whites.
Appropriate methods for analyzing the effect of method choice on contraceptive discontinuation
Authors: Steele Fiona , Curtis Siân 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The contraceptive method chosen is an important determinant of contraceptive discontinuation. However, method choice is endogenous to contraceptive discontinuation. Using data from the 1997 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey, we apply a multilevel multiprocess model to examine the impact of method choice on three types of contraceptive discontinuation. We confirm that method choice is endogenous to the processes of contraceptive abandonment and method switching, but not failure. Ignoring the endogeneity of contraceptive choice leads to various biases in the magnitude of estimated effects of method choice on abandonment and method switching, but the general conclusions are robust to these biases.
Sin, Spirituality, and Primitivism: The Theologies of the American Social Gospel, 1885–1917
Authors: Bowman Matthew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article seeks to draw attention to an often overlooked aspect of the social gospel. Rather than explaining social gospelers as theological liberals who took an interest in social problems, as many historians have done, this essay argues that they were possessed of a unique theology, one which welded evangelical ideas of conversion and experiential Christianity with liberal postmillennial hopes. Their devotion to combating social ills should be understood, therefore, not solely as a secular commitment to social justice or a nebulous allegiance to Christian charity but also as a theological obligation tied to evangelical conversion and a repudiation of social sin, a crime as offensive to God as murder or theft. The social gospelers modeled the ideal Christian society upon that of the biblical patriarchs, one in which no distinction between the secular and sacred existed and sanctification guided the Christian's actions in the economy as well as in personal morality. That society, that postmillennial Zion, would come again when all humanity experienced a spiritual conversion and were truly born again as Christians—a transformation not limited to individual salvation but which brought with it a new understanding of the nature of Christian life.
Changes in attitudes towards war and violence after September 11, 2001
Authors: Carnagey Nicholas L. , Anderson Craig A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo inter‐related studies examined the effect of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on attitudes towards war and violence. A three‐wave between‐subjects analysis revealed that attitudes towards war became more positive after September 11, 2001 and remained high over a year afterwards. Self‐reported trait physical aggression also rose after September 11. Attitudes towards penal code violence (PCV) became more positive immediately after September 11, but were somewhat reduced a year afterward. A two‐wave within subjects study revealed that war attitudes became even more positive at 2 months post‐September 11. Attitudes towards PCV became less positive during this time period, but only for women. Other aggression‐related attitudes were not affected in either study. These studies demonstrate that a large‐scale event can change attitudes, but those attitudes must be directly relevant to the event. Aggr. Behav. 33:1–12, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss; Inc.
Self‐esteem, academic self‐concept, and aggression at school
Authors: Taylor Laramie D. , Davis‐Kean Pamela , Malanchuk Oksana 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present study explores the relation between academic self‐concept, self‐esteem, and aggression at school. Longitudinal data from a racially diverse sample of middle‐school students were analyzed to explore how academic self‐concept influenced the likelihood of aggressing at school and whether high self‐concept exerted a different pattern of influence when threatened. Data include self‐reported academic self‐concept, school‐reported academic performance, and parent‐reported school discipline. Results suggest that, in general, students with low self‐concept in achievement domains are more likely to aggress at school than those with high self‐concept. However, there is a small sample of youth who, when they receive contradictory information that threatens their reported self‐concept, do aggress. Global self‐esteem was not found to be predictive of aggression. These results are discussed in the context of recent debates on whether self‐esteem is a predictor of aggression and the use of a more proximal vs. general self‐measure in examining the self‐esteem and aggression relation. Aggr. Behav. 32:1–7, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss; Inc.
Anwendung der Theorie stochastischer Prozesse auf Wassergütedaten
Authors: Braun P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDie Anwendung der Theorie stochastischer Prozesse auf Zeitreihen von Meßwerten der Wasserbeschaffenheit wird am Beispiel eines Rückstaugewässers demonstriert. Neben der harmonischen Analyse werden Autokorrelationsfunktionen und Autoleistungsspektren berechnet. Dabei wurde im Falle der Temperatur‐ und Sauerstoffzeitreihe die Möglichkeit der Elimination des jahreszyklischen Trends dargelegt. Die Spektren der untersuchten Kriterien weisen alle ausgeprägten Jahresspeaks auf.Am Beispiel deń Cohärenzfunktion zwischen Sauerstoff und Temperatur werden die Möglichkeiten der Kreuzspektralanalyse von Zeitreihen der Wassergüte erörtert.
Die Wasserversorgung der Stadt Rostock und ihre chemischen Probleme zur Aufbereitung von Warnowwasser
Authors: Proske K. , Sellner G. , Reissaus K. , Rummel W. , Starke W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDie dargestellte Entwicklung der Wasserversorgung der Hafenstadt Rostock zeigt chronologisch den Verlauf der stattgefundenen Entwicklung des Wasseraufbereitungsprozesses. Der ständig zunehmende Wasserbedarf zwingt heute wiederum zu einer Erweiterung der Aufbereitungskapazität des Wasserwerkes. Hierfür soll eine moderne, d. h. qualitativ hoch‐wirksame und ökonomisch vertretbare Technologie zum Einsatz gelangen. Als Rohwasserquelle steht, wie bisher, ausschließlich das verschmutzte Oberflächenwasser der Warnow in genügender Menge zur Verfügung.Aus den erläuterten Ergebnissen zahlreicher Entwicklungsvarianten ist eine chemische Aufbereitungstechnologie festgelegt, bei der durch Chlorung, Flockung mit Aluminiumsulfat und durch den Einsatz von Aktivkohle die Gewinnung eines den Anforderungen der zuständigen Hygiene‐Institution entsprechenden, von organischen Substanzen weitgehend befreiten, organo‐leptisch einwandfreien und keimarmen Trinkwassers gewährleistet.
Die Beurteilung von Flockungsvorgängen im Wasser an Hand des Zetapotentials
Authors: Schulz G. , Starke W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractZur Bestimmung der Wanderungsgeschwindigkeit von Schwebstoffen und Kolloiden in Oberflächenwässern wurde eine modifizierte mikroelektrophoretische Meßzelle nach BRIGG gebaut und eingesetzt. Nach einer ausgewählten Methodik konnten Zetapotentiale an Rohwasserschwebstoffen und Kolloiden sowie an Eisen‐ und Aluminiumhydroxiden ermittelt werden. Versucht wurde, Zusammenhänge zwischen den errechneten Zetapotentialen und einigen für die Flockung charakteristischen Ergebnissen zu finden.
Spurenanalytik organischer Stoffe in der Wasserchemie – Fortschrittsbericht
Authors: Grahl K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDer Bericht gibt einen Überblick über die wesentlichen Veröffentlichungen in den Jahren 1970 und 1971. Der gegenwärtige Stand der Spurenanalytik organischer Stoffe wird diskutiert. Besondere Berücksichtigung finden Substanzen biogenen Ursprungs. In der Wasserchemie kann entsprechend dem gegenwärtigen Stand die Spurenanalytik organischer Stoffe durch drei Arbeitsschritte charakterisiert werden: Anreicherung – Stofftrennung – Identifizierung und quantitative Bestimmung. Bei der Stofftrennung, Identifizierung und quantitativen Bestimmung zeigt sich die dominierende Stellung der chromatographischen Analysenmethoden.
Auswirkungen von Temperaturerhöhungen in Gewässern
Authors: Rudolf G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn Gewässern vorwiegend durch Kühlwassereinleitungen hervorgerufene Temperaturerhöhungen ergeben auch aus wassergütewirtschaftlicher Sicht eine Reihe von Problemen. Die thermische Belastung beeinflußt Wasserqualität, Biocönose und verschiedene Nutzungen mit Überwiegen der ungünstigen Auswirkungen. Daraus ergibt sich die Forderung zur Begrenzung der thermischen Belastung in Form der Steuerung der Wärmezufuhr in die Gewässer oder ihrer Auswirkungen.
Einige Untersuchungsergebnisse über die Wasserbeschaffenheit des Greifswalder Boddens
Authors: Schoknecht G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDer Beitrag informiert über die Temperatur‐ und Sauerstoffverhältnisse sowie den Salzhaushalt des Greifswalder Boddens. Die mehrjährigen Untersuchungen wurden im Hinblick auf die Errichtung eines Kernkraftwerkes und der damit verbundenen Kühlwasserbelastung zur Prüfung des Beschaffenheitszustandes des Gewässers vor Inbetriebnahme der Anlage durchgeführt. Die Auswertung erfolgte durch statistische Aufarbeitung des Datenmaterials, wobei statistische Schäzmethoden und Prüfverfahren eingesetzt und stochastische Abhängigkeiten zwischen den verschiedenen Kriterien dargestellt wurden.
Der Einfluß von aromatischen nitrierten Kohlenwasserstoffen auf die Belebtschlammreinigung
Authors: Bogatyrev O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDurch Experimentaluntersuchungen wurde der Einfluß von aromatischen nitrierten Kohlenwasserstoffen auf den Belebtschlammprozeß untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß selbst bei Konzentrationen von 50 mg/1 nur eine teilweise Unterdrückung der Nitrifikation stattfindet. Die Beseitigung der einzelnen untersuchten Stoffe durch den Prozeß ist unterschiedlich, hierzu werden konkrete Angaben mitgeteilt.